cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Algorithms of Access: Immigrant Mothers Negotiating Educational Resources and Services for their Children

This article draws upon the narratives of immigrant mothers (e.g., Japanese, Dominican, Filipina) of children with disabilities who reside in New York City. Common to each mother’s narrative is a description of her ongoing negotiation between cultural meanings of disability and the American conceptualization of disability and its institutionalized response to disability. In considering these narratives through a disability studies lens, we identify ways in which race, class, culture, and language impact immigrant mothers’ access to disability resources and services for themselves and their children.
Prolapse of the umbilical cord

Abstract Prolapse of the umbilical cord is an infrequent complication of labor, which becomes significant because of the resultant high fetal mortality rate and the employment of radial operative procedures that increase the maternal hazard. Little is known about its etiology except that conditions which interfere with the proper filling of the pelvic cavity by the presenting part conduce to its development. This study was undertaken to ascertain whether any other factor, possibly nonpreventable in character, could be recognized as favoring funic prolapse.
The Marginalization of Intimate Friendship Between Women Within the Context of Therapy

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore intimate friendship between women and to examine how it is marginalized within the context of systemic therapy. I argue that the field of marriage and family therapy is a microcosm of societal norms, as patriarchal and heterosexist notions continue to inform clinical perceptions of intimacy. The narrowly defined relational categories of marriage and family therapy will be considered and critiqued. To understand the dynamics that perpetuate this oppression of women, a historical perspective will be employed to provide a context for current friendship patterns.
Neuroscience of Autism

Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder characterised by abnormal social–emotional behaviours, repetitive or stereotyped behaviours and delayed or impaired development of language skills. Neuropathological studies have revealed that multiple brain areas are affected in the disorder including the limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala and cingulate cortex), cerebellum, brain stem (inferior olivary nucleus) and parts of the cerebral cortex. There is a decrease in the number of cerebellar Purkinje cells in many individuals with autism. The cerebellum normally functions as an error correction system for fine motor behaviours and has also been implicated in cognitive behaviours. Over the past decade, research has focused on two transmitter systems, serotonin and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It has been reported that specific types of enzymes and receptors are deficient in individuals with autism. Despite these research findings, effective pharmacotherapies have not yet been developed and treatment outcomes vary. Key Concepts: Autism is characterised by deficits in social–emotional behaviour, stereotyped or repetitive behaviours and delayed/impaired development of language. Many individuals with autism have decreased numbers of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Neuropathology findings indicate that changes in the brain begin in prenatal development and extend into the postnatal period. Brain overgrowth occurs during the early postnatal period especially in the frontal lobe region in individuals with autism suggesting abnormal connectivity. Consistent results from postmortem studies indicate that in the central nervous system, the inhibitory GABA neurotransmitter system is involved in the disorder. Specific types of GABA, serotonin, acetylcholine and glutamate neurotransmitter receptors appear to be affected in the disorder. Imaging studies have demonstrated that in some brain areas in autistic individuals, differential activation patterns within a particular structure and in laterality. Research efforts are continuing to report interesting findings but no cure or consistent effective treatments have been found. Keywords: autism; autistic; neuropathology; GABA; serotonin; GAD; limbic system; cerebellum
Local business ambience characterization through mobile audio sensing

Local search users today decide what business to visit solely based on distance information, and business ratings that can be sparse or stale. We believe that when users search for local businesses, such as bars or restaurants, they need to know more about the ambience of each business, such as how crowded it is, how loud and of what type the music it plays is, as well as how loud the human chatter in the business is. Unfortunately, this information doesn't exist today. In this paper, we propose to automatically crowdsource such rich, local business ambience metadata through real user check-in events. Every time a user checks into a business, the phone is in user's hands, and the phone's sensors can sense the business environment. We leverage the phone's microphone during this time to infer the occupancy and human chatter levels, the music type, as well as the music and noise levels in the business. As people check-in to businesses throughout the day, business metadata can be automatically updated over time, enabling a new generation of local search experience. Using approximately 150 audio traces collected from real businesses of various types over a period of 3 months, we show that by properly extracting the temporal and frequency signatures of the audio signal, it is feasible to train models that can simultaneously infer occupancy, human chatter, music, and noise levels in a business, with higher than 79% accuracy.
Effect of inbreeding avoidance on Hardy-Weinberg expectations: examples of neutral and selected loci.

Although all human populations avoid close inbreeding, the effect of inbreeding avoidance on genotype proportions has not been formally considered. This paper examines the expected proportions of genotype frequencies after adjusting the Hardy-Weinberg model for close inbreeding avoidance in an inbred population. This corrected model was used to evaluate genotype distributions for HLA haplotypes and haplotypes created from three microsatellite loci on human chromosome 13 in a sample of 315 married Hutterites. In this sample, there were five individuals who were homozygous for an HLA haplotype and 15 individuals who were homozygous for a chromosome 13 haplotype. The expected numbers of homozygotes were 21 for HLA and 26 for chromosome 13 haplotypes using a model adjusted for overall inbreeding (P = 0.00031 for HLA and P = 0.019 for chromosome 13) and 18 for HLA and 22 chromosome 13 haplotypes using a model adjusted for both overall inbreeding and close inbreeding avoidance (P = 0.0016 for HLA and P = 0.099 for chromosome 13). The model that takes into account both overall inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance provided a better fit to the observed genotype distributions for chromosome 13 haplotypes (P = 0.099), suggesting that nonrandom aspects of Hutterite mating structure, other than inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance, have small effects on genotype distributions in the population. The fact that significant deficiencies of HLA homozygotes persist after taking into account inbreeding avoidance further suggests that factors related to the HLA haplotype per se influence the genotype proportions at HLA loci in the Hutterites. Genet. Epidemiol. 17:165–173, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Glutamate decarboxylase: inhibition by monocarboxylic acids.

Abstract Aliphatic monocarboxylic acids are demonstrated to be substrate competitive inhibitors of bacterial glutamate decarboxylase. A chain-length effect is observed in the inhibition by the monocarboxylic acids with n -valeric acid functioning as the most effective inhibitor. The inhibitor dissociation constant for the enzyme complex with n -valeric acid is dependent on pH. It would appear that the protonated form of valeric acid is the ionic form which interacts most effectively with the enzyme. n -Valeric acid and glutaric acid, another substrate-competitive inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase, compete for interaction with the enzyme. Chloride, an allosteric activator of the enzyme, inhibits the binding of glutaric acid, but not the binding of valeric acid to the enzyme.
Prediction of pyelocaliectasis in follow-up of patients with spinal cord injury.

Summary— Two hundred and fifty spinal cord injury patients were studied on each of two occasions, 12 to 24 months apart, to determine which urological findings could be used to predict the subsequent development of clinically significant pyelocaliectasis. An equation was developed which correctly classified 90% of the patients who remained free of clinically significant pyelocaliectasis and 82% of the patients who subsequently developed clinically significant pyelocaliectasis. The statistically significant risk factors were renal calculi, bladder diverticula and a decrease in effective renal plasma flow. This study suggests that the presence of these risk factors warrants careful monitoring of renal function in these patients and appropriate management of bladder dysfunction.
Incidence of acute myocardial infarction in patients with exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia

Fifty-five patients with angiographically proved coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent Bruce protocol exercise stress testing with thallium-201 imaging. Twenty-seven patients (group I) showed myocardial hypoperfusion without angina pectoris during stress, which normalized at rest, and 28 patients (group II) had a similar pattern of reversible myocardial hypoperfusion but also had angina during stress. Patients were followed for at least 30 months. Six patients in group I had an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 3 of whom died, and only 1 patient in group II had an AMI (p = 0.05), and did not die. Silent myocardial ischemia uncovered during exercise stress thallium testing may predispose to subsequent AMI. The presence of silent myocardial ischemia identified in this manner is of prognostic value, independent of angiographic variables such as extent of CAD and left ventricular ejection fraction.
Have sanctioned algorithms replaced empiric judgment in the selection process of antiarrhythmic drugs for the therapy for atrial fibrillation

Treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) includes rate control, anticoagulation, rhythm control, and therapy of any underlying structural heart disease and/or AF precipitant. Rhythm control, restoration of and maintenance of sinus rhythm (NSR), is required in patients who remain significantly symptomatic despite rate control. Rhythm control generally employs antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD). When the selection of AADs was limited, and included only class IA agents, the choice of drug to use was empiric, guided by anticipated tolerance and compliance. Now, with multiple classes of AADs available and with a better understanding of organ toxic and proarrhythmic risks, algorithms to guide drug selection have become both popularized and sanctioned. Notably, although such algorithms are now the standard of care and the norms to which practitioners should be held regarding the selection of an AAD for AF management, they have not removed empiricism and clinical judgment from the AAD selection process. Clinical decision making is still required to select from among any group of drug options as listed in the published algorithms, and to select the dosing regimen to use. Prior history, dosing frequency, desirability of a-blocking effect, electrolyte status, renal function, concomitant therapies, site of initiation, and anticipated patient compliance are also all nonalgorithmic issues in the decision process.
Geometrical optics: The dynamics of spinning light

The effect of spin on the trajectories of polarized light beams has now been experimentally observed, with results that agree with the predictions of Berry phase theory.
Rent Seeking in a Market with Morality: Solving a Puzzle About Corporate Social Responsibility.

Rent seeking by lobbying for government favors is generally thought to be wasteful. In view of this wastefulness, it is puzzling that rent seeking by corporations has not been criticized as a failure to be socially responsible or even as an unethical business practice. This article examines the compatibility of rent seeking with corporate social responsibility by utilizing Thomas Dunfee’s idea of a marketplace with morality. This idea is useful for solving this puzzle because in considering whether rent seeking is compatible with corporate social responsibility, it is necessary, first, to define rent seeking, which this article argues is a normative concept, and, second, to find some principled way of identifying rent-seeking behavior. It also solves the puzzle about rent seeking by revealing that the concept of rent seeking itself is of little use in determining whether certain conduct is or is not socially responsible since rent seeking activity cannot be identified without first evaluating which activity is rent seeking.
Pyrogenic reactions in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization associated with contaminated glass medicine cups

Pyrogenic reactions are potentially life-threatening complications caused by bacterial endotoxin. After two cardiac catheterization patients developed rigors the same day, the procedures were halted and a case control study was conducted. To identify case patients (persons with rigors 10(4) colony forming units/mL) and endotoxin (434 endotoxin units [EU]/mL]); the reprocessed cups had no live bacteria but had elevated endotoxin levels (median 2,250 EU). Exposure to contaminated glass medicine cups probably resulted in pyrogenic reactions and contributed to death in two critically ill patients.
Wake response of a stationary finite-sized particle in a turbulent channel flow

Abstract Here we consider the effect of a finite-sized stationary particle in a channel flow of modest turbulence at Re τ = 178.12 . The size of particle is varied such that the particle Reynolds number ranges from about 40 to 450. The location of the particle is chosen to be either in the buffer layer ( y p + = 17.81 ) or at the channel center. Fully resolved direct numerical simulations of the turbulent channel flow around the particles is performed. Here the ambient turbulence intensity relative to the mean velocity seen by the particle is large ( I = 23.16 % ) in the buffer region, while it is substantially lower ( I = 4.09 % ) at the channel center. We present results on turbulence modulation due to the particle in terms of wake dynamics and vortex shedding.
Exploring the Edward J. Bloustein Dictionary Collection

It is a comparatively rare enterprise to amass a great personal collection of dictionaries. Unless they have a professional interest in lexicography, most people approach dictionaries in a more or less utilitarian spirit, and as often as not they tend to make do with whatever comes, conveniently or serendipitously, their way: the latest Merriam-Webster's Collegiate received as a graduation gift, a battered but still useful Funk & Wagnalls inherited from one's least favorite uncle, or perhaps even a Compact Oxford English Dictionary (with magnifying glass) picked up as a reward for joining the Book of the Month Club. And having found their dictionaries, most people fall in love with them--or at least grow used to them--and tend to hold on to them rather uncritically through the years. One dictionary is enough for most people, unlike, say, one book of poems, one novel, or even one history of the Civil War.
Guest editor introduction

Building complete systems and demonstrating that our research idea really works is always exciting. The goal of the ACM Mobicom 2007 Research Demonstrations was to foster this spirit of system building and prototyping. This year we introduced a new dimension to the research demonstration event --- the Student Demo Competition. This competition was open to any demonstration in which the lead participant was a student. The event generated quite a bit of excitement as the number of eligible student demonstration submissions was about 20 out of a total of 24 demos. This created a very exciting event on the day of the demo event, September 11, 2007. I would like to congratulate all the different participants of this event for a spectacular show.
Selective photothermolysis in skin by using subcutaneous optical fibers

Background and Objective Vascular selective photothermolysis has been shown to be effective in treating hypertrophic scars. Performing selective photothermolysis on the vasculature deep within thick scars requires new methods for delivering laser energy. It is the objective of this study to model the use of subcutaneous fiber optics to perform selective photothermolysis in skin as a possible aid in the treatment of thick scars. Study Design/Materials and Methods A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to study the expected region of vascular necrosis in a two layer skin model when 585-nm radiation is delivered into the dermis by means of subcutaneous optical fibers. Results The extent of vascular necrosis is independent of fiber diameter for a fixed total energy. A fiber penetrating barely below the epidermis decreases the maximum epidermal fluence by more than an order of magnitude relative to a superficial beam. Using four fibers simultaneously can significantly increase the depth of vascular necrosis. Conclusions Small diameter fibers are optimum if the maximum fluence tolerable in the dermis is not a limiting factor. Shallowly inserted fibers can significantly decrease epidermal damage to dark-skinned patients undergoing laser therapy. Lasers Surg. Med. 27:10–17, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A spatial decay estimate for the Navier-Stokes equations

An expression for the spatial decay of an energy functional of solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations is given. The decay is exponential in nature with a decay constant which depends only on the geometry of the flow region.
Congruent cuticular hydrocarbons: Biochemical convergence of a social wasp, an ant and a host plant

Abstract The social wasp, Parachartergus aztecus , was shown to possess the same cuticular hydrocarbon composition as the ant, Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus . This identicalness of surface lipids is probably responsible for the fact that the ants allow the wasps to nest in ant-acacia trees which are normally kept free of intruders by the ants. Furthermore, the surface of the wasp nest and the surface of the thorns of the acacia were shown to have wax layers with hydrocarbon compositions similar in chain length distribution to those found in the wasp and ant cuticular waxes. These facts strongly support a biochemical coevolution of acacia, wasp and ant.
Modeling of Ca2+ flux in pancreatic β-cells: role of the plasma membrane and intracellular stores

We have developed a detailed mathematical model of ionic flux in β-cells that includes the most essential channels and pumps in the plasma membrane. This model is coupled to equations describing Ca2+, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), ATP, and Na+ homeostasis, including the uptake and release of Ca2+ by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In our model, metabolically derived ATP activates inward Ca2+ flux by regulation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels and depolarization of the plasma membrane. Results from the simulations support the hypothesis that intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ in the ER can be the main variables driving both fast (2–7 osc/min) and slow intracellular Ca2+ concentration oscillations (0.3–0.9 osc/min) and that the effect of IP3 on Ca2+ leak from the ER contributes to the pattern of slow calcium oscillations. Simulations also show that filling the ER Ca2+ stores leads to faster electrical bursting and Ca2+ oscillations. Specific Ca2+ oscillations in isolated β-cell lines can also be simulated.
Falls among older adults--risk factors and prevention strategies.

Abstract The Journal of Safety Research has partnered with the Injury Center at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, to briefly report on some of the latest findings in the research community. This report is the third in a series of CDC articles. Look for other such articles in future issue of the Journal of Safety Research.
Alcohol Abuse in Elderly Emergency Department Patients

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of alcohol abuse in elderly emergency department (ED) patients; to determine the prevalence of alcohol abuse for various categories of illness and injury among these patients; and to determine the frequency of detection of elderly alcohol abusers by ED physicians. Objective: Cross-sectional prevalence study. Setting: The emergency department of a 625-bed university hospital that serves a mixed urban and rural population. Patients: 205 patients aged 65 and over who came to the ED during an 8-week period. Measures: A structured interview, which included the CAGE questionnaire and other questions regarding alcohol use, was administered. Emergency department records and past medical records were reviewed. Results: The prevalence of lifetime alcohol abuse (CAGE positive or self-reported drinking problem) was 24%. The prevalence of current alcohol abuse (CAGE positive or self-reported drinking problem and alcohol use within the last year) was 14%. There was a particularly high prevalence (22%) among those presenting with gastrointestinal problems and a surprisingly low prevalence (7%) among those who presented with falls or other trauma. Physicians detected only 21% of the current alcohol abusers. Conclusions: Alcohol abuse is a prevalent and important problem among elderly ED patients. It is not well detected by physicians in this setting. Alcohol abuse appears to be less common among elderly trauma patients than their younger counterparts, but is very common among patients with gastrointestinal problems. J Am Geriatr Soc 40:1236–1240, 1992
Determinants of airline carrier conduct

Since Joe Bain' s seminal work I in 1959, industrial organization research has focused on structure, conduct, and performance. Bain thought that, aside from feedbacks of second order, structural variables determined industry conduct and that, in turn, structure and conduct determined industry performance. Subsequent scholars seized upon the structure-conduct relationship to suggest that structural theories could be used in antitrust analysis. 2 If structural variables (such as concentration) influence the likelihood of collusive conduct, an understanding of structural characteristics could then be used to (I) focus investigative resources on markets in which collusion is likely, (2) detect actual instances of collusion, and (3) reduce the likelihood of collusion by changing the structure itself.' Empirical tests of the ways in which structural variables influence collusion, however, have only been indirect. Dozens of econometric articles have examined the structure-performance relationship4 by regressing structural variables (such as concentration) on performance variables (such as profits). But these "structure on profits" regressions have only indirectly tested the relationship between structure and collusion-by assuming, often implicitly, that abnormal profits stem from collusion. Demsetz noted that often such indirect tests ofconduct are unidentified, because firm-specific efficiency as well as collusion could induce a positive correlation between profits and concentration. This article represents a first attempt to overcome the problems inherent in inferring conduct from performance by regressing estimates of conduct itself on the structural variables that theory suggests induce collusive behavior. Directly examining the relationship between conduct and structure can test not only traditional structural theories-such as Stigler's hypothesis!> that the number of sellers influences the degree of collusive behavior and Posner's hypothesis7 that collusion is likely to take place in markets in which the gains from collusion are the greatest-but also newer structural theories that have been explicitly advanced in the airline context, such as the hypothesis that airline routes are "contestable markets" that will be competitive regardless of concentration. R The tests in this article have important policy implications in detecting and deterring collusion. The analysis not only indicates where collusion has taken or will take place, but it also quantifies the extent to which structure influences behavior. While many theories predict that more competitors will induce more
Isotropically etched radial micropore for cell concentration, immobilization, and picodroplet generation.

To enable several on-chip cell handling operations in a fused-silica substrate, small shallow micropores are radially embedded in larger deeper microchannels using an adaptation of single-level isotropic wet etching. By varying the distance between features on the photolithographic mask (mask distance), we can precisely control the overlap between two etch fronts and create a zero-thickness semi-elliptical micropore (e.g. 20 µm wide, 6 µm deep). Geometrical models derived from a hemispherical etch front show that micropore width and depth can be expressed as a function of mask distance and etch depth. These models are experimentally validated at different etch depths (25.03 and 29.78 µm) and for different configurations (point-to-point and point-to-edge). Good reproducibility confirms the validity of this approach to fabricate micropores with a desired size. To illustrate the wide range of cell handling operations enabled by micropores, we present three on-chip functionalities: continuous-flow particle concentration, immobilization of single cells, and picoliter droplet generation. (1) Using pressure differentials, particles are concentrated by removing the carrier fluid successively through a series of 44 shunts terminated by 31 µm wide, 5 µm deep micropores. Theoretical values for the concentration factor determined by a flow circuit model in conjunction with finite volume modeling are experimentally validated. (2) Flowing macrophages are individually trapped in 20 µm wide, 6 µm deep micropores by hydrodynamic confinement. The translocation of transcription factor NF-κB into the nucleus upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation is imaged by fluorescence microscopy. (3) Picoliter-sized droplets are generated at a 20 µm wide, 7 µm deep micropore T-junction in an oil stream for the encapsulation of individual E. coli bacteria cells.
Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts in a Human Skin Equivalent Model Enhance Melanocyte Survival and Melanin Synthesis After Ultraviolet Irradiation

To investigate paracrine effects of fibroblasts and keratinocytes on melanocyte behavior after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, we compared an in vitro skin equivalent model with melanocyte cultures. Human melanocytes were maintained alone in monolayer cultures or on dermal equivalents with or without keratinocytes and were irradiated daily with solar- simulated lights After seven daily UV irradiations, monolayer melanocytes displayed dose-dependent increases in cellular damage. In contrast, melanocytes on dermal equivalents survived strikingly better Moreover, UV-irradiated skin equivalent melanocytes became highly dendritic as compared with sham-irradiated cells, closely mimicking their morphology in UV-irradiated skins In addition, in skin equivalents melanocytes migrated from the center to the periphery of the keratinocyte layer after UV irradiation. Melanin production per culture, as measured by 14C-dihydroxyphenylalanine incorporation, was consistently higher in skin equivalent melanocytes than in monolayer melanocytes from the same donor, and it was highest in melanocytes from skin equivalents containing both keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Our data strongly suggest that fibroblasts and keratinocytes modulate melanocyte function in skin. The skin equivalent is a valuable model for investigating paracrine effects on melanocytes after UV irradiation.
The effects of respiratory failure on delivery in pregnant patients with H1N1 2009 influenza.

Background The majority of hospitalizations for H1N1 complications have been in people with high-risk comorbidities, including pregnancy. Here we describe the obstetric and critical care treatment of three patients with confirmed H1N1 influenza virus infection complicated by acute respiratory failure. Cases We describe the clinical and therapeutic courses of three patients with confirmed H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection complicating singleton, twin, and triplet gestations, each of which were complicated by respiratory failure. Conclusion These three cases illustrate that a high index of suspicion, prompt treatment, timing and mode of delivery considerations, and interdisciplinary treatment are integral to the care of pregnant patients with H1N1 influenza infections complicated by acute respiratory failure.
Models for the iron-sulfur protein rubredoxin: the use of sterically hindered thiolate ligands to stabilize [Fe(SR)4]1− complexes; some considerations of the structure of the [Fe(S-Cys)4] centers in oxidized rubredoxins

Abstract Sterically hindered aromatic thiolate ligands have been used to synthesize the first examples of [FeIII(SR)4]1− complexes with monodentate ligands. The reaction of FeCl3 with 4 equiv. of lithium 2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzenethiolate, Li[S-2,3,5,6-Me4C6H], lithium 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenethiolate, Li[S-2,4,6-i-Pr3CC6H2] and the appropriate cation gives high yields of [Et4N][Fe(S-2,3,5,6-Me4C6H)4] (1) and [Ph4P][Fe(S-2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)4], respectively (2). Compounds 1 and 2 were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction giving the crystallographic parameters: for 1, tetragonal space group I 4 with a = b = 12.366(2), c = 16.352(4) A , V = 2500 A 3 , Z = 2 ; for 2, triclinic space groups P 1 with a = 14.709(2); b = 20.928(5); c = 13.901(2) A , α = 90.97(3)°, β = 105.43(3)°, γ = 78.13(3)°, V = 4033 A 3 . The crystallographic symmetry of [Et4N][Fe(S-2,3,5,6-Me4C6H)4] requires the entire [Fe(SR)4]1−1 anion to have S4 point group symmetry and the [FeS[in4] core to have D2d symmetry. [Ph4P][Fe(S-2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)4]) possesses no crystallographi or apparent symmetry. It is suggested that the ability of the sterically hindered thiolate ligand to inhibit the autoredox reaction [ described by: Fe(III)SR → Fe(III) + 1 2 RSSR ] is due to the reduced tendency of these thiolates to bridge metal centers. Attention is drawn to the high idealized D2d symmetry of the [FeS4] cores and the [Fe(SCH2-)4] units of oxidized rubredoxins which are conserved in five different rubredoxins.
Machines of Turning Actions into Reactions: The German Novella and the Event

This essay examines features of the German Romantic novella and discusses the cognitive work the novella does. The novella presents an unheard‐of event, but does so in such a way which induces the reader to find an appropriate context explicating and rationalizing the event so that it “makes sense.” As a result, the event loses its quality of being a true and radical event. The radical event is thus both posited and undermined by the novella. The search for context, while the work of the reader, is prefigured by the novella through various contextualizations, justifications, and inquiries already occurring in the text. This essay proposes a cultural dynamic of transforming actions into reactions as the cause for the popularity of the novella in Germany. When actions can be explained as mere reactions, the novella can be seen as operating in the service of a self, a construct under pressure to excuse itself and to limit its responsibility. The article ends with considerations about the evolutionary origins...
Culture, Technology, Communication: Towards an Intercultural Global Village, edited by Charles Ess with Fay Sudweeks. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. 355 pp. $26.95. ISBN 0-7914-5016-3

This interesting anthology is one of the outcomes of the first international conference in the series “Cultural Attitudes Towards Technology and Communication” (CATaC'98). It contains a selection o...
Emergence and human uniqueness : Limiting or delimiting evolutionary explanation?

. Philip Clayton's book Mind and Emergence presents a highly sophisticated argument against any kind of uncritical theology that might want to follow science into a world of overly narrow, compartmentalized disciplines that do not sufficiently communicate between themselves. Clayton argues persuasively that the basic structure of the phenomenal world is multileveled, with emergent properties and degrees of freedom that cannot be adequately described, predicted, or explained in terms of lower-level phenomena only. Moreover, the various levels of organization are linked to one another by interfaces of mutual constraint in terms of upward and downward causation. The most valuable part of Clayton's argument, however, is that in a philosophy of emergence one must also, if not especially, account for the role of the biological sciences and especially for the influence of human thoughts and skills, human choices and actions, and—one of the most important causes of all—human purposes. Clayton's biggest challenge is that the level of human personhood offers us the only appropriate level to introduce the question of God and the possibility of divine agency. I critically evaluate this central claim and its implications not only for the extent of divine influence on the world but also for the scope and limitations of the interdisciplinary dialogue between theology and the sciences.
Social entrepreneurship as an employment pathway for people with disabilities: exploring political–economic and socio-cultural factors

The current economic climate demands more innovative approaches to increasing labor market participation for people with disabilities. Social entrepreneurship (SE) offers one alternative employment pathway. However, little is known about the broader factors influencing SE for people with disabilities. Using empirical data from focus groups comprised of social entrepreneurs with disabilities and interviews with key stakeholders working in the fields of policy, disability, and business, this research frames its analysis in the intersection of disability studies and entrepreneurship to explore which factors influence the potential for SE to provide equal participation opportunities for people with disabilities in the labor market. Findings suggest that further consideration of political–economic and socio-cultural factors is needed if we are to better understand the potential of SE for people with disabilities.
Regions of melanocortin 2 (MC2) receptor accessory protein necessary for dual topology and MC2 receptor trafficking and signaling.

MRAP, melanocortin 2 (MC2) receptor accessory protein, is required for trafficking by the MC2 (ACTH) receptor. MRAP is a single transmembrane protein that forms highly unusual antiparallel homodimers. We used molecular complementation to ask where MRAP achieves dual topology. Fragments of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) were fused to the NH2 or COOH terminus of MRAP such that YFP fluorescence could occur only in antiparallel homodimers; fluorescence was present in the endoplasmic reticulum. MRAP retained dual topology after deletion of most of the amino terminus. In contrast, deletion of residues 31-37, just NH2-terminal to the transmembrane domain, forced MRAP into a single Nexo/Ccyt orientation and blocked its ability to promote MC2 receptor trafficking and homodimerize. When the transmembrane domain of MRAP was replaced with the corresponding region from RAMP3, dual topology was retained but MRAP was inactive. Insertion of MRAP residues 29-37 conferred dual topology to RAMP3, normally in an Nexo/Ccyt orientation. When expressed with MRAPΔ1-30, MRAPΔ10-20, or MRAPΔ21-30, MC2 receptor was localized on the plasma membrane but unable to respond to ACTH. Residues 18-21 of MRAP were critical; MC2 receptor expressed with MRAP(18-21A) localized to the plasma membrane but did not bind 125I-ACTH or increase cAMP in response to ACTH. A newly identified MRAP homolog, MRAP2, lacks amino acids 18LDYI21 of MRAP and, like MRAP(18-21A), allows MC2 receptor trafficking but not signaling. MRAP2 with an LDYI insertion functions like MRAP. These results demonstrate that MRAP not only facilitates MC2 receptor trafficking but also allows properly localized receptor to bind ACTH and consequently signal.
Can gastrointestinal endoscopy transmit hepatitis B to patients

Peroral endoscopy was performed on a jaundiced patient who was later found to have type B hepatitis. Before this diagnosis was made, 4 patients had been endoscoped with the same instrument. None developed laboratory or clinical signs of hepatitis B infection during 6 months of observation, suggesting that routine cleansing procedures may prevent passage of hepatitis virus. The current status of sterilization of instruments contaminated with HB virus is discussed.
Site-directed mutagenesis of photosynthetic reaction centers

Recent progress in the isolation and characterization of site-directed mutants of several points the reaction centers of the purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacteria and of photosystem II has led to an improved understanding of several points: the reasons for the unidirectionality of electron transfer along only one of two branches of reaction-center cofactors; the mechanism by which proton and electron transfers are coupled during reduction of the secondary quinone electron acceptor to the quinol; and, the location and role of amino acid residues involved in donor-side electron-transfer reactions in photosystem II.
Peptide design and structural characterization of a GPCR loop mimetic

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) control fundamental aspects of human physiology and behaviors. Knowledge of their structures, especially for the loop regions, is limited and has principally been obtained from homology models, mutagenesis data, low resolution structural studies, and high resolution studies of peptide models of receptor segments. We developed an alternate methodology for structurally characterizing GPCR loops, using the human S1P4 first extracellular loop (E1) as a model system. This methodology uses computational peptide designs based on transmembrane domain (TM) model structures in combination with CD and NMR spectroscopy. The characterized peptides contain segments that mimic the self-assembling extracellular ends of TM 2 and TM 3 separated by E1, including residues R3.28(121) and E3.29(122) that are required for sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) binding and receptor activation in the S1P4 receptor. The S1P4 loop mimetic peptide interacted specifically with an S1P headgroup analog, O-phosphoethanolamine (PEA), as evidenced by PEA-induced perturbation of disulfide cross-linked coiled-coil first extracellular loop mimetic (CCE1a) 1H and 15N backbone amide chemical shifts. CCE1a was capable of weakly binding PEA near biologically relevant residues R29 and E30, which correspond to R3.28 and E3.29 in the full-length S1P4 receptor, confirming that it has adopted a biologically relevant conformation. We propose that the combination of coiled-coil TM replacement and conformational stabilization with an interhelical disulfide bond is a general design strategy that promotes native-like structure for loops derived from GPCRs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 86: 298–310, 2007. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Cyanide-resistant respiration in Cenococcum geophilum

The effects of cyanide, salicylhydroxamic acid and 2,4-dinitrophenol on oxygen uptake by intact mycelium of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum support previous findings obtained with field-collected ectomycorrhizas by demonstrating cyanide-insensitive hydroxamic acid-sensitive alternative oxidase activity.
The statistics of the mesoscopic field

We report measurements of field statistics of diffusive and localized waves transmitted through ensembles of random samples. The probability distribution of the field is a mixture of Gaussian functions, while its correlation function is a product of correlators of the Gaussian field and the square root of the total transmission.
Overexpression of APOBEC-1 Results in Mooring Sequence-dependent Promiscuous RNA Editing (∗)

Apolipoprotein B (apoB) RNA editing involves site-specific deamination of a cytidine to a uridine. A mooring sequence, a spacer region, and a regulator region are components of the apoB RNA editing motif of which only the mooring sequence is both necessary and sufficient for editosome assembly and editing. The catalytic component of the editosome is APOBEC-1. In rat hepatoma, stable cell lines, overexpression of APOBEC-1 resulted in 3 6-fold stimulation of the editing efficiency on either rat endogenous apoB RNA or transiently expressed human apoB RNA. In these cell lines, cytidines in addition to the one at the wild type site were edited. The occurrence and efficiency of this "promiscuous" editing increased with increasing expression of APOBEC-1. Promiscuous editing was restricted to cytidines 5' of the mooring sequence and only occurred on RNAs that had been edited at the wild type site. Moreover, RNAs with mutant editing motifs supported high efficiency but low fidelity editing in the presence of high levels of APOBEC-1. This study demonstrates that overexpression of APOBEC-1 can increase the efficiency of site-specific editing but can also result in promiscuous editing.
Fractal analysis of human retinal vessels

This paper describes the analysis of human retinal blood vessels in terms of their fractal dimension ( D I . 7 ) . The fractal analysis of fundus images has applications to studies on the development of the retina and to diagnostic retinal imaging. Since the value of the fractal dimension for the retinal vessels is similar to that found for a diffusion limited growth process the results supports the hypothesis that diffusion is the fundamental process in the formation of human retinal vessel patterns. The fractal classification methodology permits the rapid screening of clinical furidus images and may have diagnostic potential. 1.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of training on response latency and accuracy for a difficult visual discrimination

The learning of a difficult discrimination task was investigated in a laboratory simulation of a quality control task. In an earlier experiment, observers were trained to discriminate between 2 brief, masked stimulus patterns. Then, a trained and an untrained group of observers were tested on the same stimulus-discrimination task. Response latency as well as P(Dis) were measured in a forced-choice reaction time paradigm. Untrained observers responded with a mean probability of correct discrimination, P(Dis), = .65 for stimuli with 30-msec. duration and mean P(Dis) greater than or equal to .90 those stimuli with 100-msec. duration. Trained observers produced discrimination scores of P(Dis) greater than or equal to .90 for all stimulus durations tested. Despite this large, reliable training effect of P(Dis), response latencies did not differ reliably between the two groups but instead were a negative function of stimulus duration for both trained and untrained observers.
Treatment of oral candidiasis in HIV infection

Oral candidiasis is one of the most common clinical features of HIV infection. The lesion occurs in three predominant forms, and the two intraoral examples, pseudomembranous and erythematous, are equally predictive of the development of AIDS, independent of CD4 counts. The predominant species is C. albicans, although other species are occasionally found. Some studies claim correlation of salivary Candida counts with CD4 numbers or clinical stage of HIV-related disease, but this approach has not been used widely in HIV staging. Therapy with a variety of antifungal agents, including both topical and systemic drugs, is effective. New slow-release oral topical drug delivery systems may prove to be useful. Recently, examples of resistance to some drugs have been reported. Resistance may be associated with the emergence of different species.
The double-edged sword of secrecy in military weapon development

The Tomahawk missile is the United States Navy's premier land attack cruise missile and has enjoyed significant positive press during both Gulf Wars and in the recent strikes in Afghanistan. Considering the large and versatile weapon inventory of the U.S. military, it is no small achievement for a single weapon to be considered the "weapon of choice". In fact, the United States Air Force has its own land attack cruise missile called the Conventional Air-Launched Cruise Missile (CALCM). Both the Tomahawk and the CALCM were conceived and initially developed under the same Department of Defense (DoD) program, the Joint Military Cruise Program Office. These two missiles with nearly identical early development and missions experienced quite different fates. The success of the Navy's Tomahawk, a program with relatively low secrecy when compared to the Air Force's CALCM, should be a lesson to military managers of future weapons procurement programs.
Role of bone architecture and anatomy in osteoarthritis

When considering the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), it is important to review the contribution of bone in addition to the contribution of cartilage and synovium. Although bone clearly plays a role in determining the distribution of biomechanical forces across joints, which in turn plays a role in the initiation of OA, it has also more recently been appreciated that bone may contribute in a biological sense to the pathogenesis of OA. Far from being a static structure, bone is a dynamic tissue undergoing constant remodeling, and it is clear from a number of radiographic and biochemical studies that bone and cartilage degradation occurs hand in hand. Whether the initial instigating event in OA occurs in cartilage or bone is not known, but it is clear that bony changes occur very early in the pathogenesis of OA and often predate radiographic appearance of the disease. This review focuses on the structural variants of both hip and knee that have been associated with OA and the ultrastructural bone changes in these sites occurring in early OA pathogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Osteoarthritis".
Production of 6.5 km GdBCO Conductors for 66 kv-5 kA Class HTS Model Cable

Abstract We have fabricated coated conductors for 66 kv-5 kA class 3-in-One 15 m HTS model cable. One of the targets of the cable is low AC loss of 2W/m/phase at 5kA. For this purpose, the coated conductors that are 2 mm wide and 4 mm wide were used for the cable. For the production, we have been developing the stable production technique of high I c coated conductors. Recently the coated conductors for the cable were provided for the cable manufacturing.