cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ripples run deep

Tiny, wind-generated ripples on the sea surface can interact and produce pressure changes felt on the ocean floor. The same line of study points to a basic distinction between two types of surface wave.
NEUREGULIN-1 INDUCES BRANCHING MORPHOGENESIS IN THE DEVELOPING LUNG THROUGH A PI3K SIGNAL PATHWAY

Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) induces signal transduction through the activation of its receptor, a heterodimer of human epidermal growth factor receptors 2 and 3 (HER2/HER3). Signal transduction through this receptor/ligand system plays a critical role in the developing heart, mammary gland, and nervous systems. Previous studies showed that NRG-1-induced HER2 activation resulted in pulmonary epithelial cell proliferation in the human fetal lung. The authors hypothesized that NRG-1 further contributes to lung development and maturation by inducing branching morphogenesis. In the present study, the authors show that NRG-1, HER2, and HER3, but not HER4, are expressed in the developing mouse lung. Addition of NRG-1 to fetal lung explants increased lung branching morphogenesis by 32% (P < .05). This increase in branching was blocked by 2C4, an antibody directed against HER2 that inhibits its dimerization and subsequent NRG-1-induced signal transduction. To gain an understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways involved in NRG-1-induced branching morphogenesis, the authors specifically blocked the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and mitogen activation protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Inhibition of PI3K signaling significantly decreased NRG-1-induced branching morphogenesis (P < .05). Inhibition of NRG-1-induced MAPK activation had no effect on explant branching morphogenesis. These data suggest that NRG-1, binding to the HER2/HER3 heterodimer receptor complex, induces pulmonary branching morphogenesis through HER2 activation of the PI3K pathway.
Anaesthetic and management dilemmas in office-based surgery

Abstract Given the changing patterns of healthcare delivery in the USA, it can be anticipated that office-based surgery and anaesthesia will continue to grow over the next few years. The development of newer surgical technologies and anaesthetics have facilitated the ability of the office to provide services that until recently were restricted to a hospital-based practice. Notwithstanding this shift of ‘more intensive’ surgical procedures to the ‘less intensive’ office environment, regulations need to be established to ensure patient safety. The anaesthesiologist must step forward as an advocate for patient safety and assume the leadership role in defining the practice environment, appropriate patient selection and types of anaesthetics for this site. Basic to the practice of office anaesthesia must be the tenet that the office be held to the same stringent standards that would apply in the traditional anaesthetizing locations.
WORKER POWER, FIRM POWER, AND THE STRUCTURE OF LABOR MARKETS

The purpose of this article is to advance the conceptual development of structurally-oriented approaches to stratification by elaborating a behavioral model of the structure of labor markets that i...
RNA and Its Ionic Cloud: Solution Scattering Experiments and Atomically Detailed Simulations

RNA molecules play critical roles in many cellular processes. Traditionally viewed as genetic messengers, RNA molecules were recently discovered to have diverse functions related to gene regulation and expression. RNA also has great potential as a therapeutic and a tool for further investigation of gene regulation. Metal ions are an integral part of RNA structure and should be considered in any experimental or theoretical study of RNA. Here, we report a multidisciplinary approach that combines anomalous small-angle x-ray scattering and molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations with explicit solvent and ions around RNA. From experiment and simulation results, we find excellent agreement in the number and distribution of excess monovalent and divalent ions around a short RNA duplex. Although similar agreement can be obtained from a continuum description of the solvent and mobile ions (by solving the Poisson-Boltzmann equation and accounting for finite ion size), the use of MD is easily extended to flexible RNA systems with thermal fluctuations. Therefore, we also model a short RNA pseudoknot and find good agreement between the MD results and the experimentally derived solution structures. Surprisingly, both deviate from crystal structure predictions. These favorable comparisons of experiment and simulations encourage work on RNA in all-atom dynamic models.
Ethylene Epoxidation on Ag-Cs/α-Al2O3 Catalyst: Experimental Results and Strategy for Kinetic Parameter Determination

The kinetics of ethylene epoxidation network were studied experimentally over a cesium-doped silver catalyst supported on α-Al2O3 pellets in a differential reactor. A variety of rate functions were considered and among these, expressions based on a dual-site Langmuir−Hinselwood mechanism: ri = kiPE /(1 + PE)2, fitted the data best with an average error of 13.0 and 10.7% for the epoxidation and the complete combustion reactions, respectively. Under the experimental conditions, both reactants influence both reaction rates; however, product influence is negligible because of their small partial pressures present in the reactor. High oxygen/ethylene ratios and lower temperature favored selectivity to the epoxidation reaction. The kinetic parameters obtained from the differential reactor experiments were refined to match the fixed-bed reactor experiments. With this, the average error in predicting both ethylene conversion and selectivity to ethylene oxide was 4.3%. The apparent activation energies for the ep...
Thermal stability of Pb‐alloy Josephson junction electrode materials. II. Effects of SiO coating on Pb‐In‐Au base electrode

The preceding paper pertains to studies which were carried out for Pb‐In‐Au films without overlying SiO layers. Because use is made of configurations in Josephson junction integrated circuits presently under investigation in which Pb‐In‐Au base‐electrode films are coated by overlying layers of SiO, a study was undertaken of the effects of such layers on the strain behavior of Pb‐In‐Au films using an x‐ray diffraction technique. Pb‐12 wt. % In‐4 wt. % Au films were prepared at 298 or 77 K to obtain large or fine grains, respectively, and then thermally cycled between 300 and 4.2 K and between 300 and 350 K. In large‐grained Pb‐In‐Au films, the strain relaxation, upon thermal cycling, by dislocation glide or by grain‐boundary diffusion creep, was observed to be significantly inhibited by overlying SiO layers. However, in fine‐grained films, that was not observed. For junctions in which the tunnel oxide is formed within an opening in an overlying SiO layer, it is believed, e.g., that upon heating, a compress...
Efficacy of a computer-based hearing test and tailored hearing protection intervention.

Advances in computer technology and accessibility enable researchers to provide individually tailored interventions for behavioral change. Using multimedia technology, this study developed and tested a computer-based hearing test and a tailored intervention. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, using a randomized experimental design, the efficacy of the intervention to increase workers’ use of hearing protection. The tailored intervention developed by the research team showed more significant short-term effect measured immediately after the intervention than the control intervention. For the long-term effect measured 1 year after the intervention, both tailored and control groups showed significant increase in their reported use (7% vs. 6%) from preintervention to postintervention, but no significant difference between the two groups. The change accomplished in this study was small progress toward the desired level of 100% use of hearing protection to prevent noise-induced hearing loss. This finding showed that changing workers’ hearing protection behavior is difficult.
Psychological assessment of the Old Order Amish: Unraveling the enigma.

Old Order Amish define their existence as "in" but not "of' the world, expressing their spirituality in a culture currently unique among Christian sects. The mental health professional-"of" the world, by definition-faces the task of providing services to a sequestered people. This article examines the needed modifications in role, to accommodate expectations of equality, and respect for the boundaries that must always exist. Little professional literature-and almost none in recent years-addresses psychological interventions with the Amish. The challenge of providing services to this population illuminates the challenge of a sequestered people, the demands of cross-cultural service, and a humbling recognition of the limitations to existing psychological techniques and research.
HIV-relevant sexual behavior among a healthy inner-city heterosexual adolescent population in an endemic area of HIV

The AIDS crisis has devastated segments of the population including the gay community and those who use intravenous drugs. HIV has spread to other groups including prostitutes and those with other sexually transmitted diseases. We have been studying adolescents in a major Northeast city where there is a major HIV/AIDS epidemic. Despite high levels of AIDS related knowledge, these adolescents reported high levels of sex risk behaviors. In addition, our data suggests that even moderate alcohol or marijuana use predicts high risk sexual behaviors. These data indicate the urgent need to develop prevention strategies for the spread of HIV among inner-city youth based upon relevant predictors of risk behaviors. The coupling of HIV in inner-city populations with a high frequency of risk behaviors in adolescents demands an immediate public health response.
Genome-wide overexpression screen for sodium acetate resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The production of biofuels from cellulosic biomass is a promising technology for developing a renewable source of energy. Efforts to produce ethanol from cellulosic biomass using microbes, such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, face major challenges, including the need for detoxification. Here, we apply a strategy to discover genetic alterations that lead to improved robustness of S. cerevisiae in the presence of acetate, which is present at toxic concentrations in hemicellulose hydrolysates. Acetate in its protonated form (acetic acid) enters the cell through passive diffusion and dissociates into a proton and acetate, acidifying the cytosol and inhibiting cell function, an effect that is exacerbated in the presence of sodium. Through flow cytometry analysis, implemented as part of a novel cell culture technique, the Cytostat, we characterized the deleterious effects of sodium acetate on growth and on cell size homeostasis. Further, using the Cytostat to screen a genome-wide, gene overexpression library, we identified that overexpressing the ENA2 gene, a P-type sodium pump ATPase, provides a significant growth improvement in the presence of sodium acetate. Together, our data support the proposed mechanism for the synergistic growth inhibition exerted by acetate and sodium, as well as the mechanism that develops resistance.
Improving energy efficiency in robot limbs through hydraulic dangle

Animals often allow their limbs to swing passively under their own inertia. For example, about 40% of a human walking gait consists of the primarily passive swing phase. Current hydraulic robots employ traditional actuation methods in which fluid power is expended for all limb movements, even when passive dynamics could be utilized. “Dangle” is the ability to allow a hydraulic actuator to freely sway in response to external loads, in which both sides of the actuator are disconnected from pressure and connected to the tank. Dangle offers the opportunity for efficiency gains by enabling the use of momentum, gravity, and external loads to move a limb without expending fluid power. To demonstrate these efficiency gains, this paper presents an experiment that compares the fluid power consumed to actuate a two degree of freedom hydraulic leg following a human walking gait cycle trajectory in both a traditional manner and utilizing dangle. It was shown that the use of dangle can decrease fluid power consumption by 20% by utilizing pendular dynamics during the swing phase. At speeds higher than the free dangling rate, more power must be used to maintain the desired trajectory due to damping inherent in the configuration. The use of dangle as a power saving method when driving hydraulic limbs could increase operation time for untethered hydraulic walking robots.
Spectroscopy in CdTe/MnTe and ZnTe/MnTe single quantum wells; new binary wide gap II VI heterostructures

Abstract With the incorporation of cubic zincblende MnTe, a range of optical studies have been carried out on single quantum wells of ZnTe/MnTe and CdTe/MnTe. By using thin MnTe barrier layers the structures appear to be nearly pseudomorphic and show evidence for good electron-hole confinement.
Evaluation of the Nitrogen Fertilizer Value of Plant Materials to Spring Wheat Production

Use of green manure crops has become a preferred alternative source of N. The objectives of this 3-yr field study were to evaluate the N supplying power of 1, 2, and 3 Mg ha −1 of Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense (L.) Poir), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residue. Residues were incorporated in September and the N contribution of each amendment to a subsequent spring wheat crop was calculated. We measured inorganic soil N levels and wheat yields in northern Idaho on Latahco silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Pachic Ultic Haploxeroll) soils. Soil samples were taken during July of each year to determine residual inorganic N. Plant material addition and incorporation affected spring wheat yield and soil inorganic N level in each study [...]
Repairing immediate proximal endoleaks during abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Introduction Successful endovascular exclusion of abdominal aortic aneurysms is largely dependent on adequate apposition of the stent graft to the aortic wall. Proximal endoleaks at the time of stent graft placement are uncommon but are more prevalent in patients with challenging neck anatomy. If these initial leaks do not respond to simple balloon angioplasty, Palmaz stents (Cordis Endovascular, Warren, NJ) and covered stent graft cuffs both have been used to seal the endoleak. Long-term data regarding the efficacy of one method over the other, however, is lacking. Methods We retrospectively reviewed a database of all infrarenal aortic aneurysm repairs with an intraoperatively diagnosed type Ia endoleak requiring Palmaz stent or covered stent graft cuff placement. Fenestrated and branch grafts were excluded. All records and appropriate imaging studies were reviewed. The primary end points were technical success of aneurysm exclusion, recurrence of a type Ia leak, and need for reintervention. Results At the time of the initial aneurysm repair, 72 patients required an adjunctive covered extension or Palmaz stent; of these, 24 (33%) underwent sole placement of a Palmaz stent, 45 (62.5%) underwent placement of a covered stent graft cuff, and 3 required both a cuff and a Palmaz stent. Aneurysmal exclusion was successful in all patients before leaving the operating room. No recurrent type Ia endoleak developed in patients who underwent Palmaz stent placement. Of the 45 patients who underwent cuff placement, proximal leaks developed in 3 that required reintervention: 1 was managed with a Palmaz stent and the other 2 required open surgical revision. Conclusions Palmaz stent placement and stent graft cuff placement are frequently used to seal immediate proximal endoleaks that do not resolve with balloon angioplasty. Both methods appear to be durable long-term options to facilitate endovascular exclusion of abdominal aortic aneurysms.
The usefulness of off‐balance sheet variables as predictors of auditors’ going concern opinions: an empirical analysis

Accounting literature is replete with quantitative models that use financial ratios to identify the probability of a going concern qualification. These studies, however, ignore qualitative cues that auditors use to identify going concern problems and mitigating factors (sound financial plans etc.) that auditors take into account in their choice of report. Tests whether, in the presence of financial distress, non‐financial cues play an important role in auditors’ choice. Results indicate that non‐financial variables can be used to discriminate between the auditor’s decision to issue the going concern qualified versus the clean report. Helps company management understand how auditors evaluate their clients and the importance of the qualitative criteria used in their evaluation. Can be used to predict the most probable outcome prior to the external audit. Second, facilitates understanding of the non‐financial red flags that could trigger the going concern report. Third, can be used to analyze potential acquisition targets, and, if the acquisition target is still otherwise desirable, be used in pricing negotiations. Fourth, can be applied to aspects of the firm’s own division’s operations in order to enable the internal audit department to better allocate its own investigational and problem‐solving resources. Finally, the fact that qualitative factors have power in predicting the going concern modified report suggests that company decision makers can evaluate others even if the auditor for political or other reasons has chosen not to render a modified report.
Lessons learned and future directions

The definition of high blood pressure needs to be made more clinically relevant and predictive of future cardiovascular sequelae. Age, sex, genetic factors, diet, environment, behavior, and mental attitude can influence hemodynamics and cardiovascular outcomes. The greater the number of blood pressure determinations, the more valid the diagnosis of hypertension. Mean daily blood pressure determined by ambulatory monitoring is generally conceded to be the most significant prognosticator but is not suitable for routine use. Psychophysiologic stress testing may provide a means of estimating the mean daily blood pressure. Carbon dioxide rebreathing and other techniques being investigated may also provide useful hemodynamic measurements. Because of the adverse impacts of antihypertensive medications, nonpharmacologic approaches to treatment may be preferable where possible. Biofeedback and relaxation techniques have benefited certain persons. A comprehensive program that includes additional approaches has provided significant improvements and is briefly described. An overview of the conference presentations is also included.
Requiring Participation: An Instructor Strategy to Influence Student Interest and Learning

Instructors are faced with the challenge of engaging students in the learning process. This study examined the effects of participation requirements on students' (N = 258) affective learning, interest, and cognitive learning using the Affective Learning Model and the Instructional Beliefs Model. Affective learning mediated the relationship between student participation requirements and cognitive learning, and student interest mediated the relationships between participation requirements and cognitive learning, supporting the IBM. The results provide insight into course-specific structural tactics that instructors can employ to enhance the educational experience for college students.
Cross-response mode consistency in risk taking as a function of self-reported strategy and self-perceived consistency

Abstract Earlier work (Slovic, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1972, 22, 128–134) has found that consistency in preference for the same stimuli across two response modes, selling price and choice, is only moderate. The present study followed the same procedure and also asked subjects to report the strategies they used to determine their preferences and to state how consistent they usually were in gambling tasks. Greater consistency was found for those (1) who reported strategies for both response modes, (2) whose strategy type matched across response modes, and (3) who perceived themselves as consistent. Strategy differences were also found across response modes. The results were discussed in terms of the usefulness of assessing subjective task interpretation in predicting consistency and for the general desirability of greater idiographic assessment for increased predictability.
The site of the integration of muscular activity and respiration.

Acutely decerebrate (midcollicular) cats do not, or rarely if ever, walk spontaneously; nor do they show phasic movements of progression. After low thoracic cordotomy in a Schiff-Sherrington preparation with enhanced forelimb rigidity, appproximately 50% of the preparations begin to show spontaneous locomotory movements in the forelimbs. In some cases these movements are in periodic bursts, and at these times are associated with waxing hyperpnea beginning before the onset of the forelimb movements. This indicates the presence of an intrinsic exercise hyperpnea mechanism mediated within the central nervous system in centers caudal to the hypothalamus.
COMPARISON OF TWO RADIOASSAY METHODS FOR CYANOCOBALAMIN IN SEAFOODS

Concentrations of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) ranging from 0.64-186.6 μg/100g (fresh weight-edible tissue) were determined for seven different varieties of seafoods by two radioisotope dilution (RID) methods. The correlation coefficient for 156 RID seafood assays using both techniques was 0.99 and the mean relative standard deviation for samples was 12.05 ± 5.19%. The reproducibility and comparability of the two RID assays was attributable to the uniform implementation of a rigorous extraction procedure which isolated cyanocobalamin in an aqueous phase prior to radiometric evaluation.
Echelle observations of C iii λ1909 and Si iii λ1892

Profiles of C iiiλ1909 and Si iiiλ1892 obtained on and near the limb during the 1976 flight of the University of Hawaii echelle rocket spectrograph were reduced and analyzed to determine electron densities and mass motions. The electron pressure derived (NeTe ∼ 4 × 1015 cm−3) agrees well with that determined by Cook and Nicolas (1979) from ATM data. Nonthermal velocities in the region of formation of Si iiiλ1892 on the disk were found to be ∼ 10–12 km s−1, somewhat lower than the values obtained by Doschek et al. (1976), also from ATM spectra. However, velocities derived at and above the limb were in closer agreement, about 17 km s−1.
End-Tidal Carbon Monoxide and Regional Cerebral Oxygenation Saturation in Preterm Neonates with and Without a Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Background: Carbon monoxide (CO), an inflammatory marker, can be measured in exhaled air as end-tidal(et)CO. High levels of CO can induce vasodilatation and may alter cerebral perfusion/oxygenation. The inflammatory state can also influence the persistence of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Cerebral oxygenation can be monitored by near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS). Aim: To study the predictive value of etCO measured within 24 hours after birth for a PDA as well as the relationship between etCOc and NIRS on the first day of life in preterm infants. Patients and Methods: 91 preterm neonates (< 32 weeks GA) admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of the Wilhelmina children's hospital were included. EtCOc was measured within 24 hours after birth. 78 of the included infants were NIRS-monitored for regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) during the first day of life. PDA was diagnosed according to standard echocardiographic indices. Results: EtCOc measured within 24 hours after birth was significantly higher in preterm neonates who developed PDA (mean 2.34 PPM ± 0.71SD) compared to infants who did not develop PDA (mean 1.74 ± 0.63SD) (p< 0.001). Measuring etCOc within 24 hours after birth has a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 86% in predicting PDA. High values of etCOc are determined by a cut-off value of 2,4 PPM. No statistically significant correlation could be found between etCOc and NIRS-measured rScO2. Conclusion: High values of etCOc are related with PDA. EtCOc seems not to be related to rScO2 on the first day of life.
Evidence for Outer Hair Cell Driven Oscillatory Fluid Flow in the Tunnel of Corti

Outer hair cell (OHC) somatic motility plays a key role in mammalian cochlear frequency selectivity and hearing sensitivity, but the mechanism of cochlear amplification is not well understood and remains a matter of controversy. We have visualized and quantified the effects of electrically evoked OHC somatic motility within the gerbil organ of Corti using an excised cochlear preparation. We found that OHC motility induces oscillatory motion of the medial olivocochlear fibers where they cross the tunnel of Corti (ToC) in their course to innervate the OHCs. We show that this motion is present at physiologically relevant frequencies and remains at locations distal to the OHC excitation point. We interpret this fiber motion to be the result of oscillatory fluid flow in the ToC. We show, using a simple one-dimensional hydromechanical model of the ToC, that a fluid wave within the tunnel can travel without significant attenuation for distances larger than the wavelength of the cochlear traveling wave at its peak. This ToC fluid wave could interact with the cochlear traveling wave to amplify the motion of the basilar membrane. The ToC wave could also provide longitudinal coupling between adjacent sections of the basilar membrane, and such coupling may be critical for cochlear amplification.
Dynamical models and numerical simulation of system-wide transients in loop-type LMFBRs

Abstract Dynamical models and numerical methods for a digital simulation of protected transients in loop-type LMFBRs resulting in EPRI-CURL code are presented. The model is capable of simulating operational transients, anticipated incidents, and postulated accidents which do not lead to sodium boiling. The dynamical models include: point reactor kinetics, primary, intermediate, and tertiary system heat transfer and coolant flow dynamics governed by forced and natural convection effects; and plant protection and control systems. A numerical method is incorporated which calculated the characteristic times of the 489 state variables modeling the entire system, and compares them with a variable preset integration timestep. A Runge-Kutta algorithm is applied to those state variables with moderate and slow response, and a quasistatic approximation is applied to those with rapid response; i.e., the ‘stiff’ equations. This assures numerical stability and is shown to greatly reduce the computation time requirements without much sacrifice in accuracy. The steady state (quasistatic) equations are further utilized to determine the unperturbed state of the system prior to transient initiation. The system response to a complete loss-of-electric power leading to buoyancy-induced natural circulation is calculated and compared to parallel calculations using DEMO and SSC-L simulation models.
Seasonal variation of some constituents of Antarctic tropospheric air

The interior of Antarctica is dominated by the continental Antarctic [cA] air mass, which resides entirely on the antarctic ice, and only receives heat, moisture and particles by exchange with surrounding air masses. The concentrations of carbon dioxide, total aerosol, and soot aerosol do not vary coincidentally in this air mass during antarctic spring. A hypothesis describing the modification of these properties within the cA air mass through exchange with the surrounding air masses and variation of the source strength of marine aerosol in maritime polar air masses is proposed.
Safety-net hospitals

Vulnerable populations, who have difficulty accessing the health care system, primarily receive their medical care from hospitals. Policy makers have struggled to ensure the survival of "safety-net hospitals," hospitals that provide a disproportionate share of care to these patient populations. The objective of this article is to develop measures to guide analysis and policy for urban safety-net hospitals. The authors developed three safety-net measures: the socioeconomic status of hospital service area, Medicaid intensity, and uncompensated care burden and its market share. Cluster analysis was used to identify break points that distinguish a safety-net hospital from a non-safety-net hospital. The measures developed were stable and independent, but a data-driven binary assignment of hospitals to a "safety-net" category was not supported. These analyses call into question the empirical basis for distinguishing a specific group of hospitals as safety-net hospitals.
Public interest anthropology, political market squares, and re-scripting dominance: from swallows to ‘race’ in San Juan Capistrano, CA

This article explores a disturbing irony of certain touristic festivals and heritage sites: although these festivals and sites tend to draw heavily on the language of shared heritage and community, the dominant narratives and cultural symbols embodied in these venues sometimes celebrate more traditional and problematic ‘racial,’ ethnic, and gender hierarchies. Via a case study of the annual swallows festival held in the California Mission town of San Juan Capistrano, this article offers an illustration of the value of embracing a public interest anthropology (PIA) framework for identifying and addressing the hidden racisms underlying some heritage tourism sites. Moreover, the article suggests that the political market square metaphor for conceptualizing tourism festival management could be productively reframed and paired with a PIA approach to facilitate more inclusive, color-blind approaches to developing tourism policy.
Effect of phenylhydrazine on the multiple hemoglobins of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles.

Abstract Tadpoles of Rana catesbeiana immersed in or injected with phenylhydrazine show a preferential loss from the circulation of the electrophoretically fastest hemoglobin (Hb) and retention of the electrophoretically slower Hb's on polyacrylamide disk-gels. The electrophoretically slowest Hb has previously been found to be synthesized in the kidney while the other Hb's are synthesized in the liver. We postulate that the differential response of the tadpole hemoglobins to the action of phenylhydrazine results from the different Hb's being found in different red blood cell lines that originate in different erythropoietic tissues.
Applying evidential reasoning methods to agricultural land cover classification

Land cover classification remains an important and complex problem when land observational satellites are involved. Conventional methods of image classification have been shown to provide adequate results; however, when complex surface arrangements are encountered the reliability of conventional approaches can be called into question. This situation is particularly apparent when land cover classes cannot be well discriminated, or when land cover categories are sufficiently broad in their definition that a single spectral response pattern cannot adequately capture the inherent within variation associated with that class. In this paper the problem of agricultural land mapping was examined and the potential for applying soft-classification procedures based on the Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence was demonstrated. Results of this study show that applying Dempster-Shafer Theory in image classification can yield thematic maps with accuracies that can support their operational use. In addition, through the app...
Scientific Counterpublics: In Defense of the Environmental Scientist as Public Intellectual

Global warming and climate change pose a significant threat to the livelihoods of future generations. Although there is a consensus among qualified climate scientists who believe that scientific evidence supports anthropogenic climate change (ACC) theories, this has not translated into public understanding or trust in these theories. In this essay, I trace policy debates in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s concerning the link between CFC pollution and ozone depletion. Based on a rich tradition of counterpublic scholarship and empirical success of ozone scientists, I argue that a rhetorical defense of global warming science in the form of counterpublic intellectualism may help environmental advocates overcome public disbelief in ACC theories.
Current understanding of the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of Johne's disease (or paratuberculosis). Paratuberculosis is a chronic gastroenteritis mainly affecting cattle, sheep and other ruminants. MAP is also of concern due to the heretofore unresolved issue of its possible role in Crohn's disease in humans. We present here a review of MAP (i) mobile genetic elements; (ii) repetitive elements; (iii) single nucleotide polymorphisms; and (iv) whole-genome comparisons to study the molecular epidemiology of MAP. A summary of the findings to date is presented, and the discriminatory power, advantage and disadvantages of each of the methods are compared and discussed.
Accurate and Reliable Cancer Classification Based on Probabilistic Inference of Pathway Activity

With the advent of high-throughput technologies for measuring genome-wide expression profiles, a large number of methods have been proposed for discovering diagnostic markers that can accurately discriminate between different classes of a disease. However, factors such as the small sample size of typical clinical data, the inherent noise in high-throughput measurements, and the heterogeneity across different samples, often make it difficult to find reliable gene markers. To overcome this problem, several studies have proposed the use of pathway-based markers, instead of individual gene markers, for building the classifier. Given a set of known pathways, these methods estimate the activity level of each pathway by summarizing the expression values of its member genes, and use the pathway activities for classification. It has been shown that pathway-based classifiers typically yield more reliable results compared to traditional gene-based classifiers. In this paper, we propose a new classification method based on probabilistic inference of pathway activities. For a given sample, we compute the log-likelihood ratio between different disease phenotypes based on the expression level of each gene. The activity of a given pathway is then inferred by combining the log-likelihood ratios of the constituent genes. We apply the proposed method to the classification of breast cancer metastasis, and show that it achieves higher accuracy and identifies more reproducible pathway markers compared to several existing pathway activity inference methods.
Remote sensing and spectral analysis of plumes from ocean dumping in the New York Bight Apex

The application of the remote sensing techniques of aerial photography and multispectral scanning in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of plumes from ocean dumping of waste materials is investigated in the New York Bight Apex. Plumes resulting from the dumping of acid waste and sewage sludge were observed by Ocean Color Scanner at an altitude of 19.7 km and by Modular Multispectral Scanner and mapping camera at an altitude of 3.0 km. Results of the qualitative analysis of multispectral and photographic data for the mapping, location, and identification of pollution features without concurrent sea truth measurements are presented which demonstrate the usefulness of in-scene calibration. Quantitative distributions of the suspended solids in sewage sludge released in spot and line dumps are also determined by a multiple regression analysis of multispectral and sea truth data.
The Rate of Unequal Crossing Over in the dumpy Gene from Drosophila melanogaster

The PIGSFEAST (PF) exon of the Drosophila dumpy gene is undergoing concerted evolution by the process of unequal crossing over. We have developed a long-range PCR-based assay to amplify the approximately 12 kb long exon which contains variable numbers of 303 or 306 nt long repeats in a tandem array. We applied this procedure to mutation accumulation lines of Drosophila melanogaster established by M. Wayne and L. Higgins. Nine new repeat length variants were found in these lines allowing us to measure the rate of unequal crossing over in the PF exon. The rate, which for several reasons is an underestimate, is 7.05 x 10(-4) exchanges per generation.
Palliative treatment of renal tumor by infarction

Abstract The case of an elderly woman with a metastatic renal tumor is presented. Because of the patient's general medical status, it was decided to give palliative treatment to the tumor by infarction. The renal artery was injected with isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate causing obstruction of the artery. Follow-up studies showed a decrease in the size of the renal mass but active tumor was still present. This is presented as another way of palliatively treating inoperable renal tumors or possibly changing inoperable tumors to operable ones.
Self-employment in post-communist Eastern Europe: a refuge from poverty or road to riches?

Abstract Researchers analyzing self-employment in post-communist Eastern Europe have frequently adopted a “dualist” model which relegates the self-employed to marginal sectors of the economy. This paper challenges the dualist approach and argues that the self-employed cannot be regarded as refugees from poverty with few resources and few opportunities to earn high incomes and accumulate wealth. Data from the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia are used to show that self-employment in post-communist Eastern Europe encompasses two distinct class locations: the individually self-employed on the one hand, whose socioeconomic status differs little from that of ordinary workers, and employers on the other, who receive incomes and possess assets far in excess of that of both the individually self-employed and ordinary workers. A proper understanding of the manner in which systems of stratification have changed in Eastern Europe thus requires that one acknowledge processes of differentiation among the self-employed as well as the importance of property ownership in generating new forms of social inequality in the post-communist period.
Asperger syndrome and DSM-5: a dilemma for a college freshman.

CASE Angela is an 18-year-old college freshman who made an appointment with her pediatrician because of academic and social difficulties at college. She was diagnosed with Asperger disorder at age 6 based on difficulties relating to adults and peers, perseverative patterns of interest, and normal language development.She received special education services in middle school to help follow directions and complete assignments. She reports feeling very isolated during this time. In freshman year of high school, she insisted on discontinuing special education and managed with weekly private individual psychotherapy.In sophomore year, Angela learned strategies to get additional help from her teachers about assignments, and her grades improved. Socially, she formed a close friendship with a classmate who was also on the autistic spectrum, and she found a group of friends through this individual. As a senior with an upward grade trajectory and good SAT scores, she was admitted to a competitive 4-year college. In a precollege consult 6 months ago, she was anxious about fitting in.Angela began college classes without accommodations, but she now describes a challenging semester. She has not made many friends. She finds her courses difficult and does not fully understand assignments. She believes her peers dislike her. She thinks she would benefit from receiving note-taking and other services and asks you to document her disability for the college so that she might obtain accommodations.You point out that the DSM-5 eliminates the Asperger category. Angela is concerned. She does not believe that her profile is consistent with autism spectrum disorder, and she fears that being labeled as autistic will be prejudicial at school. Yet she is worried about retaining eligibility for services on the basis of a disability. How do you counsel her?
Molecular analysis of the variant alloantigen HLA-B27d (HLA-B*2703) identifies a unique single amino acid substitution.

HLA-B27 is a human major histocompatibility complex class I product defined by its antigenic specificity with conventional alloantisera. Detailed studies using monoclonal antibodies (MAb), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and isoelectric focusing (IEF) gel electrophoresis have demonstrated heterogeneity in the B27 antigen. We have previously identified a unique variant molecule of B27 designated B27d which is distinguished from other B27 variants by isoelectric point, serologic reactivity, and by a cloned CTL recognition (1). In this study, we report the cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding B27d.
Low-Band-Gap Polymers That Utilize Quinoid Resonance Structure Stabilization by Thienothiophene: Fine-Tuning of HOMO Level

Compared with the dominant donor−acceptor approach to construct low-band-gap polymers, the quinoid strategy has been much less explored. However, a new series of polymers based on a prequinoid structure, thieno[3,4-b]thiophene (TT), and a comonomer, benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene (BnDT), have recently achieved over 7% power conversion efficiency in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSC). In order to further explore the utility of the thienothiophene (TT), we studied a library of six polymers by varying the electronic properties of the comonomers (NDT, naphtho[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene, QDT, dithieno[3,2-f:2′,3′-h]quinoxaline, and BnDT) and those of the thienothiophene (TT and fluorinated TT (FTT)). It was discovered that the thienothiophene unit predominantly decides the low-band-gap characteristic of these polymers; however, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of these polymers can be tuned, depending upon the electronic properties of the comonomer and the substitution ...
Acquisition of a Specific and Potent PTP1B Inhibitor from a Novel Combinatorial Library and Screening Procedure

Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) form a large family of enzymes that serve as key regulatory components in signal transduction pathways. Defective or inappropriate regulation of PTPase activity leads to aberrant tyrosine phosphorylation, which contributes to the development of many human diseases including cancers and diabetes. For example, recent gene knockout studies in mice identify PTP1B as a promising target for anti-diabetes/obesity drug discovery. Thus, there is intense interest in obtaining specific and potent PTPase inhibitors for biological studies and pharmacological development. However, given the highly conserved nature of the PTPase active site, it is unclear whether selectivity in PTPase inhibition can be achieved. We describe a combinatorial approach that is designed to target both the active site and a unique peripheral site in PTP1B. Compounds that can simultaneously associate with both sites are expected to exhibit enhanced affinity and specificity. We also describe a novel affinity-based high-throughput assay procedure that can be used for PTPase inhibitor screening. The combinatorial library/high-throughput screen protocols furnished a small molecule PTP1B inhibitor that is both potent (K(i) = 2.4 nm) and selective (little or no activity against a panel of phosphatases including Yersinia PTPase, SHP1, SHP2, LAR, HePTP, PTPalpha, CD45, VHR, MKP3, Cdc25A, Stp1, and PP2C). These results demonstrate that it is possible to acquire potent, yet highly selective inhibitors for individual members of the large PTPase family of enzymes.
Prevention of protein denaturation under heat stress by the chaperonin Hsp60

The increased synthesis of heat shock proteins is a ubiquitous physiological response of cells to environmental stress. How these proteins function in protecting cellular structures is not yet understood. The mitochondrial heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) has now been shown to form complexes with a variety of polypeptides in organelles exposed to heat stress. The Hsp60 was required to prevent the thermal inactivation in vivo of native dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) imported into mitochondria. In vitro, Hsp60 bound to DHFR in the course of thermal denaturation, preventing its aggregation, and mediated its adenosine triphosphate-dependent refolding at increased temperatures. These results suggest a general mechanism by which heat shock proteins of the Hsp60 family stabilize preexisting proteins under stress conditions.
Saturated deep blue organic electrophosphorescence using a fluorine-free emitter

We demonstrate saturated, deep blue organic electrophosphorescence using the facial- and meridianal- isomers of the fluorine-free emitter tris(phenyl-methyl-benzimidazolyl)iridium(III)(f-Ir(pmb)3 and m-Ir(pmb)3, respectively) doped into the wide energy gap host, p-bis(triphenylsilyly)benzene (UGH2). The highest energy electrophosphorescent transition occurs at a wavelength of λ=389nm for the fac- isomer and λ=395nm for the mer- isomer. The emission chromaticity is characterized by Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage coordinates of (x=0.17,y=0.06) for both isomers. Peak quantum and power efficiencies of (2.6±0.3)% and (0.5±0.1)lm∕W and (5.8±0.6)% and (1.7±0.2)lm∕W are obtained using f-Ir(pmb)3 andm-Ir(pmb)3 respectively. This work represents a departure from previously explored, fluorinated blue phosphors, and demonstrates an efficient deep blue/near ultraviolet electrophosphorescent device.
An efficient method for dynamic magnetic resonance imaging

Many magnetic resonance imaging applications require the acquisition of a time series of images. In conventional Fourier transform based imaging methods, each of these images is acquired independently so that the temporal resolution possible is limited by the number of spatial encodings (or data points in the Fourier space) collected, or one has to sacrifice spatial resolution for temporal resolution. In this paper, a generalized series based imaging technique is proposed to address this problem. This technique makes use of the fact that, in most time-sequential imaging problems, the high-resolution image morphology does not change from one image to another, and it improves imaging efficiency (and temporal resolution) over the conventional Fourier imaging methods by eliminating the repeated encodings of this stationary information. Additional advantages of the proposed imaging technique include a reduced number of radio-frequency (RF) pulses for data collection, and thus lower RF power deposition. This method should prove useful for a variety of dynamic imaging applications, including dynamic studies of contrast agents and functional brain imaging.
Responses to diversity: A comparison of the libraries at Stanford and UCLA

Abstract Stanford and UCLA experienced increasingly diverse student populations from 1960 to 1990. This historical investigation, which compared the responses of the libraries at both universities to these changes in the student body, found that UCLA's response was earlier and more detailed.
POISSON DISTRIBUTION AND MULTIPERIPHERALISM.

Abstract The asymptotic behavior of the production cross sections and the particle distributions are related to the J -plane structure of the forward elastic amplitude in a general multiperipheral framework. The validity of the Poisson distribution is investigated, and it is suggested that certain sums over production cross sections can be of particular physical relevance.
Charge distributions in hadronic collisions

The distribution of charge versus rapidity is examined in the framework of available parton models for multiparticle production in hadron-hadron collisions. Fragmentation models with a twochain Pomeron contribution (based on the dual topological unitarization scheme) are shown to describe rather well the recently measured data on charge distributions in high energypp and πp collisions (140 GeV/c≦pLAB≦360 GeV/c). Carefully measured charge distributions at still higher energies which will be accessible in the near future offer a possibility of distinguishing between some of the current theoretical approaches.