cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Interactive Parallel Processor for Data Analysis

A parallel array of eight minicomputers has been assembled in an attempt to deal with kiloparameter data events. By exporting computer system functions to a separate processor, we have been able to achieve computer amplification linearly proportional to the number of executing processors.
Membrane blisters: A fixation artifact a study in fixation for scanning electron microscopy

It is been shown by scanning electron microscopy that fixation in glutaraldehyde followed by fixation in osmium tetroxide results in the presence of membrane blisters on the surface of a variety of cells. Fixation in glutaraldehyde alone or osmium tetroxide alone does not result in such extensive artifacts. The blisters, usually 0.2–0.6 μm in diameter, are seen by transmission electron microscopy to be membrane-bound, virtually empty vesicles. It is concluded that the optimum preservation of the cell surface for scanning electron microscopy is provided by fixation in glutaraldehyde alone.
Shaking alone, without concurrent aeration, affects the growth characteristics of Escherichia coli

Aims: This study investigated the effects of linear vibration on cultures grown in both hard- and soft-sided containers to determine whether vibration alone affected the growth rate. Methods and Results: Cultures of Escherichia coli were exposed to vibrational acceleration with and without access to additional oxygen. Vibrated cultures grown in hard-sided containers exited lag phase earlier and had a higher final yield than identical unshaken cultures, whether or not the cultures had access to ambient air. Cultures grown in soft-sided containers showed no response to vibration. Conclusions: Vibration in hard-sided containers decreases the length of the lag phase and increases final OD in E. coli, with or without increased oxygenation. Increased mixing and improved suspension, which result from vibration of cultures in hard-sided containers, are the most likely physical mechanisms for the more favorable culture conditions. Significance and Impact of the Study: This paper demonstrates that growth enhancement of shaken cultures is a function of the rigidity of the vessel even without aeration of the medium.
Orientation effects on pool boiling critical heat flux (CHF) and modeling of CHF for near-vertical surfaces

Abstract Photographic studies of near-saturated pool boiling at various surface orientations were conducted in order to determine the critical heat flux (CHF) trigger mechanism associated with each orientation. Based on the vapor behavior observed just prior to CHF, it is shown that surface orientations can be divided into three regions: upward-facing (0–60°) , near-vertical (60–165°) , and downward-facing (>165°) ; each region is associated with a unique CHF trigger mechanism. In the upward-facing region, the buoyancy forces remove the vapor vertically off the heater surface. The near-vertical region is characterized by a wavy liquid–vapor interface which sweeps along the heater surface. In the downward-facing region, the vapor repeatedly stratifies on the heater surface, greatly decreasing CHF. The vast differences between the observed vapor behavior within the three regions indicate that a single overall pool boiling CHF model cannot possibly account for all the observed orientation effects, but instead three different models should be developed for the three regions. Upward-facing surfaces have been examined and modeled extensively by many investigators and a few investigators have addressed downward-facing surfaces, so this paper focuses on modeling the near-vertical region. The near-vertical CHF model incorporates classical two-dimensional interfacial instability theory, a separated flow model, an energy balance, and a criterion for separation of the wavy interface from the surface at CHF. The model was tested for different fluids and shows good agreement with CHF data. Additionally, the instability theory incorporated into this model accurately predicts the angle of transition between the near-vertical and downward-facing regions.
SJ-MOSFET Structure

The power MOSFET structures discussed in the last two chapters utilize two-dimensional charge coupling for supporting the drain voltage when operating in the blocking mode. The charge coupling is achieved in these devices by utilizing a source electrode located within an oxide coated trench oriented orthogonal to the wafer surface. In these structures, a depletion layer is simultaneously formed across a horizontal P-N junction and a vertical MOS interface at the trench sidewalls. The simultaneous depletion in the x- and y-directions produces the desired two-dimensional charge coupling which improves the electric field distribution and allows using very high doping levels for the drift region.
Anomalous signal of solvent bromides used for phasing of lysozyme.

Abstract The anomalous signal of bromide ions, present in the crystal structure of tetragonal hen egg-white lysozyme through the substitution of NaCl by NaBr in the crystallization medium, was used for phasing of X-ray data collected to 1.7 A resolution with a wavelength near the absorption edge of bromine. Phasing of a single wavelength data set, based purely on anomalous δf″″ contribution, led to easily interpretable electron density, equivalent to the complete multiwavelength anonalous dispersion phasing based on four-wavelength data. The classic small-structure direct methods program SHELXS run against all anomalous differences gave a successful solution of six highest peaks corresponding to six bromide ions in the structure with data limited up to a resolution of 3.5A. Interpretable maps were obtained at a resolution up to 3.0A using programs MLPHARE and DM. Bromide ions occupy well ordered positions at the protein surface. Phasing based on the single wavelength signal of anomalous scatterers introduced into the ordered solvent shell can be proposed as a tool for solving structures of well diffracting crystals.
Frequency-domain based feedback control of flow separation using synthetic jets

This research aims to facilitate feedback control of flow separation using synthetic jets. The effects of synthetic jets on flow separation are assessed via CFD simulations on a rounded backward-facing step. The NARMAX (Nonlinear Auto Regressive Moving Average with eXogenous inputs) system identification method is applied to develop a nonlinear flow model. Low-pass filtering is introduced as an effective method to facilitate a quasi-linear approximation of the nonlinear fluidic system including synthetic jet actuation in the frequency domain. Employing the describing function method, the approximate frequency response of the system is analyzed and implemented for the synthesis of a linear feedback controller. Finally, a PI controller is demonstrated to achieve tracking of a desired pressure with an improvement in the transient response over the open loop system.
A comparative evaluation of harmonic reduction techniques in three-phase utility interface of power electronic loads

Power electronic loads inject harmonic currents into the utility system. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of harmonic reduction techniques which satisfy the current harmonic limits specified by the IEEE Standard 519, and at the same time provide a regulated DC output voltage. The techniques considered include active and hybrid filters, and various current waveshaping approaches for a three-phase utility interface. These techniques are compared in terms of their complexity (number of switches) and their component ratings. Based on the application requirements and the cost of active and passive components, this paper enables the estimation of the minimum cost topology. >
Retrovirus-mediated transfer of viral IL-10 gene prolongs murine cardiac allograft survival

A murine heterotopic, nonvascularized cardiac allograft model was used to examine the effects of the immunosuppressive cytokine, viral IL-10 (vIL-10), delivered by gene transfer on graft rejection. Retroviral-mediated gene transfer and expression of vIL-10 significantly prolonged allograft survival, without conventional systemic immunosuppression, from 12.1 +/- 0.8 days to 39.4 +/- 2.5 days (p < 0.0001). The effect was specific, dose dependent, and restricted to the site of transplantation. PCR analysis demonstrated specific expression of the transferred gene within the allograft. Analysis of the cellular infiltrate in the allografts showed a reduction in T cells and alloantigen-specific cytotoxic T cells and IL-2 producing helper T cells. Thus, the transient local expression of a gene encoding an immunosuppressive protein within a graft can generate local immunosuppression, making gene therapy a viable approach for facilitating transplantation.
Complications after transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement with a balloon‐expandable prosthesis: The importance of preventative measures and contingency planning

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with balloon-expandable Edwards-SAPIEN valve was superior to standard therapy in inoperable patients and noninferior to surgical aortic valve replacement in high surgical-risk, but operable patients, with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis in the randomized controlled PARTNER trial. Since the first case of TAVR with a balloon-expandable valve in 2002, several groups have reported their experience with balloon-expandable valves with high-procedural success. In the United States, the balloon-expandable Edwards-SAPIEN valve is the only transcatheter heart valve approved by the FDA for commercial use. Moreover, this is only in high-risk inoperable patients. Despite increasing experience with the TAVR procedure, it can be associated with complications, which can be technically challenging, even for an experienced operator. Complications associated with TAVR include vascular complications, valve malpositioning, regurgitation, embolization, coronary compromise, conduction abnormalities, stroke/transient ischemic attack, acute kidney injury, cardiac tamponade, and hemodynamic collapse. A thorough understanding of the procedure is essential for pre-emptive planning for procedural complications and early identification and management of complications are necessary for procedural success. We hereby review our experience of transfemoral TAVR with balloon-expandable valves, offer practical tips to maximize the likelihood of procedural success, describe pre-emptive strategies to prevent peri-procedural complications and bailout measures to manage them, should they occur. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Co-operation as a Conditional Strategy among Peers: Influence of Social Ecology and Kin Relations

The goal of this study is to analyse sources of variation, residing within the individual or within the relationship, in the ability to balance co-operative and competitive behaviours in a dyadic c...
A Δ11 desaturase gene genealogy reveals two divergent allelic classes within the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)

Moth pheromone mating systems have been characterized at the molecular level, allowing evolutionary biologists to study how changes in protein sequence or gene expression affect pheromone phenotype, patterns of mating, and ultimately, the formation of barriers to gene exchange. Recent studies of Ostrinia pheromones have focused on the diversity of sex pheromone desaturases and their role in the specificity of pheromone production. Here we produce a Δ11 desaturase genealogy within Ostrinia nubilalis. We ask what has been the history of this gene, and whether this history suggests that changes in Δ11 desaturase have been involved in the divergence of the E and Z O. nubilalis pheromone strains. The Δ11 desaturase gene genealogy does not differentiate O. nubilalis pheromone strains. However, we find two distinct clades, separated by 2.9% sequence divergence, that do not sort with pheromone strain, geographic origin, or emergence time. We demonstrate that these clades do not represent gene duplicates, but rather allelic variation at a single gene locus. Analyses of patterns of variation at the Δ11 desaturase gene in ECB suggest that this enzyme does not contribute to reproductive isolation between pheromone strains (E and Z). However, our genealogy reveals two deeply divergent allelic classes. Standing variation at loci that contribute to mate choice phenotypes may permit novel pheromone mating systems to arise in the presence of strong stabilizing selection.
Computation as estimation: Estimation-theoretic IC design improves robustness and reduces power consumption

Modern integrated circuits (ICs) are designed as massively parallel systems as a consequence of diminishing silicon feature sizes. This has adversely impacted reliability because of increased errors due to process and environmental variations, and particle hits. Viewing hardware errors as analogous to measurement or system noise allows us to borrow results from estimation theory and extend Moore's law. The estimation-theoretic framework provides a design optimization formalization that enables power/reliability trade-off in broad classes of applications. Two applications described here show that specific instantiations of the framework yield significant power savings and system reliability.
The zinc finger transcription factor EGR-1 impedes interleukin-1-inducible tumor growth arrest

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a growth arrest signal for diverse human tumor cell lines. We report here that the action of this cytokine in melanoma cells is associated with induction of EGR-1, a zinc finger protein that activates gene transcription. Both growth arrest and EGR-1 are induced via the type I receptor of IL-1. To determine the role of EGR-1 in IL-1 action in melanoma cells, we used a chimera expressing the transrepression domain of the Wilm's tumor gene, WT1, and the DNA binding domain of Egr-1. This chimera competitively inhibited EGR-1-dependent transactivation via the GC-rich DNA binding sequence, indicating that it acted as a functional dominant negative mutant of Egr-1. Melanoma cell lines stably transfected with the dominant negative mutant construct were supersensitive to IL-1 and showed accelerated G0/G1 growth arrest compared with the parental cell line. The effect of the dominant negative mutant construct was mimicked by addition of an antisense Egr-1 oligomer to the culture medium of the parental cells: the oligomer inhibited EGR-1 expression and accelerated the growth-inhibitory response to IL-1. These data imply that EGR-1 acts to delay IL-1-mediated tumor growth arrest.
New therapeutic possibilities for vein graft disease in the post-edifoligide era.

Vein graft neointimal hyperplasia involves proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells into the vessel intima, and ultimately engenders accelerated atherosclerosis and vein graft failure. Since a myriad of stimuli provoke smooth muscle cell proliferation, molecular therapies for vein graft disease have targeted mechanisms fundamental to all cell proliferation – the ‘cell-cycle’ machinery. Preclinically, the most successful of these therapies has been edifoligide (E2F decoy), a double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide that binds to the transcription factor known as E2F. Recently, PRoject of Ex vivo vein GRaft Engineering via Transfection (PREVENT) III and IV demonstrated that edifoligide failed to benefit human vein grafts employed to treat lower-extremity ischemia and coronary heart disease, respectively. The clinical failure of edifoligide calls into question previous models of vein graft disease and lends credence to recent animal studies demonstrating that vein graft arterialization substan...
Improved Structural Analysis Technique for Orthogonal Weave Carbon-Carbon Materials

An approximate technique is presented that enables one to use two-dimensional axisymmetric solid computer codes for the analysis of three-dimensi onal rectangularly orthotropic materials fabricated into axisymmetric shapes and loaded axisymmetrically. The technique consists of modifying the polar coordinate constitutive relations to accomodate a rectangularly orthotropic material Specifically the proposed constitutive modification: accounts for the transverse orthotropy by including Gxy in the equations as an independent variable; degenerates to the transversely isotropic relations for Ex = Ey = E and Gxy = Ex/2(l + vxy); and accurately predicts the stresses in a rotating and thermally loaded rectangularly orthotropic disk whereas analyses restricted to the assumption of transverse isotropy can lead to significant errors.
Development of superconducting magnets

With the application of superconducting magnets to magnetoplasmadynamic power generation and numerous fields of research, improvements in their stability and flux density are continually being sought.
Finite-horizon near optimal adaptive control of uncertain linear discrete-time systems

SUMMARY In this paper, the finite-horizon near optimal adaptive regulation of linear discrete-time systems with unknown system dynamics is presented in a forward-in-time manner by using adaptive dynamic programming and Q-learning. An adaptive estimator (AE) is introduced to relax the requirement of system dynamics, and it is tuned by using Q-learning. The time-varying solution to the Bellman equation in adaptive dynamic programming is handled by utilizing a time-dependent basis function, while the terminal constraint is incorporated as part of the update law of the AE. The Kalman gain is obtained by using the AE parameters, while the control input is calculated by using AE and the system state vector. Next, to relax the need for state availability, an adaptive observer is proposed so that the linear quadratic regulator design uses the reconstructed states and outputs. For the time-invariant linear discrete-time systems, the closed-loop dynamics becomes non-autonomous and involved but verified by using standard Lyapunov and geometric sequence theory. Effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by using simulation results. The proposed linear quadratic regulator design for the uncertain linear system requires an initial admissible control input and yields a forward-in-time and online solution without needing value and/or policy iterations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hadoop at home: large-scale computing at a small college

The potential benefits of data-intensive scalable computing (DISC) in CS education are considered in the context of a small college with an active student-operated Beowulf cluster initiative. The map-reduce computational model, of great importance in industry, is reviewed, and the Hadoop implementation of that model is connected to specific courses throughout the undergraduate CS curriculum. Concerns when running a local Hadoop-capable cluster at a small college are identified.
Effects of alcoholic beverages and congeners on psychomotor skills in old and young subjects.

Two groups of 30 volunteers each, one aged 60 to 85 and the other 21 to 35, were given 3 psychomotor tests before and 0.5 hour after drinking vodka, bourbon (both containing 0.75 g of alcohol per k...
The functional analysis of psychological terms: in defense of a research program.

In 1945, B. F. Skinner outlined a proposal that psychological or mentalistic terms found in natural language might be analyzed empirically in terms of the variables, conditions, and contingencies of which they may be observed to be a function. Such an analysis would enable discriminations to be made between different classes of variables that enter into the control of the term. In this way, the analysis would clarify what is traditionally called the “meanings” of such terms as they occur as properties of verbal behavior. Despite his expressed confidence in the success of such a program, Skinner largely abandoned the functional analysis of psychological terms in favor of the development of a promising new field; the experimental analysis of behavior. The present paper argues that the original program is of great importance as well, and for the following reasons: (a) to make full, immediate, and (most importantly) effective contact with the range of issues and terms of central importance to the traditionally and culturally important concepts of “mind” and “mental life” (and thereby demonstrating the relevance of radical behaviorism to the full range of human and verbal behavior); and (b) to extend the methodology of the functional analysis of verbal behavior more generally. Such a research program would demonstrate, through an empirically-based scientific analysis, that the philosophical problems concerning “mental life” may be productively analyzed as problems of verbal behavior. Issues of methodology are discussed, and possible methodological strategies are proposed regarding the confirmation of behavior analytic interpretations of mentalistic terms.
The Use of Underground Research Laboratories to Support Repository Development Programs. A Roadmap for the Underground Research Facilities Network.

Under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), nationally developed underground research laboratories (URLs) and associated research institutions are being offered for use by other nations. These facilities form an Underground Research Facilities (URF) Network for training in and demonstration of waste disposal technologies and the sharing of knowledge and experience related to geologic repository development, research, and engineering. In order to achieve its objectives, the URF Network regularly sponsors workshops and training events related to the knowledge base that is transferable between existing URL programs and to nations with an interest in developing a new URL. This report describes the role of URLs in the context of a general timeline for repository development. This description includes identification of key phases and activities that contribute to repository development as a repository program evolves from an early research and development phase to later phases such as construction, operations, and closure. This information is cast in the form of a matrix with the entries in this matrix forming the basis of the URF Network roadmap that will be used to identify and plan future workshops and training events.
The Militarization of Mexico, 1913-1914

THE Mexican Revolution was almost two and a half years old when General Victoriano Huerta captured the presidential chair. The chaotic period between November, 1910 and February, 1913 witnessed an ever-increasing militarization of the country which just a few years earlier had prided itself as the most stable republic and lucrative investment field in Latin America. When the military campaigns of the anti-Diaz movement began to assume serious proportions early in 1911, the government in Mexico City set out to increase at once the size and efficiency of the federal army and the rurales . Although Diaz efforts were for naught, the preparations themselves augured ominously for the immediate future. When the rebel general Pascual Orozco captured Ciudad Juarez in May of 1911, the die was cast. A small but effective revolutionary army, adept at guerrilla warfare, had humbled a professional fighting force schooled in the nineteenth-century German tradition.
Redefining the mission of family therapy training: Can our differentness make a difference?

This paper argues for a broadening of the very mission of family therapy training. This challenge to family therapy trainers is organized according to the following four-tiered schema: a) within family therapy, b) between family therapy and psychotherapy, c) among family therapy and other related fields, and d) between family therapy and society. At each of these levels, important questions for family therapy trainers are posed and discussed.
Hub colonization of central line catheters in children with cancer

18530 Background: Central venous catheter (CVC) hub sites provide bacterial access to the blood stream through migration along the external and internal surfaces of the catheter. Hub colonization r...
The Pre-Employment Ethical Role of Lawyers

This article considers the nature and extent of lawyers' obligations to prospective clients. Most jurisdictions have rules forbidding certain kinds of representation, requiring that particular information be given clients in writing, and regulating fees. But professional code drafters, courts, and commentators have never addressed the broader issue of the lawyer's role at the retainer stage of representation, including whether lawyers have responsibility for providing prospective clients with candid advice regarding the course they should pursue. The issue is important to clients. A lawyer's action may determine whether a client obtains any representation, competent representation, or a lawyer well-suited to the task. It also affects the client's consideration of alternatives - including alternative methods of resolving the legal matter and whether lower cost or specialized representation might be available. The issue is equally important to the bar. Most legal ethics codes free lawyers to compete for all types of legal work, regardless of how experienced or qualified they are. The fiction that lawyers are fungible, or (at some level) equally competent, underlies the current regime of lawyer regulation and is designed, at least in part, to protect the guild. Although legal ethics regulation places restrictions on how lawyers may solicit business, once a prospective client comes to a lawyer, virtually the only explicit constraint on the lawyer's ability to accept the case is that the lawyer provide minimally competent service. This article argues that the professional regulatory scheme should clarify and facilitate enforcement of lawyers' pre-employment obligations. Depending on one's view of existing law, this can be accomplished either through refined interpretation of the professional rules and common law standards or through amendments to the legal ethics codes. The article then analyzes the significance of defining a lawyer's pre-employment role for the legal ethics regime and external law regulating the bar. The article concludes by offering options, some designed to enhance enforcement of lawyers' pre-employment obligations and others that might serve as independent alternatives for achieving client protection.
Judicial Policing in Consumer Contracting after Buckeye Check Cashing

The Supreme Court's 2005 decision in Buckeye Check Cashing v. Cardegna explicitly extended the Court's separability doctrine from commercial contracting to consumer contracting. This Article will discuss the conflicts between the traditional judicial role in policing the bargaining process and the imposition of mandatory arbitration through separability. The Article further discusses questions left open after Buckeye regarding the appropriate scope of the Court's embrace of mandatory arbitration in the consumer context. While this Article does not argue, as some have done, for abolition of binding pre-dispute arbitration clauses in the consumer context, it does argue that common-law doctrines designed to ensure fairness and freedom of assent in consumer contracting should be entrusted to those best able to apply them and implement their underlying policies - the courts.
X-ray computed tomography reveals the response of root system architecture to soil texture

Root system architecture (RSA) impacts plant fitness and crop yield by facilitating efficient nutrient and water uptake from the soil. A better understanding of the effects of soil on RSA could improve crop productivity by matching roots to their soil environment. We used x-ray computed tomography to perform a detailed three-dimensional quantification of changes in rice (Oryza sativa) RSA in response to the physical properties of a granular substrate. We characterized the RSA of eight rice cultivars in five different growth substrates and determined that RSA is the result of interactions between genotype and growth environment. We identified cultivar-specific changes in RSA in response to changing growth substrate texture. The cultivar Azucena exhibited low RSA plasticity in all growth substrates, whereas cultivar Bala root depth was a function of soil hardness. Our imaging techniques provide a framework to study RSA in different growth environments, the results of which can be used to improve root traits with agronomic potential.
Grandparent donors in a living related renal transplant program

Clinical renal transplantation is limited by the number of cadaver and living related donors. The use of kidneys from older donors and non-first-degree relatives, including grandparents, has increased the supply of organs for transplantation. The purpose of this study was to assess donor and recipient outcomes after living related renal transplants between grandparent donors and grandchild recipients. Fifteen living related renal transplants using grandparent donors were performed at the University of Minnesota from 1971 to 1995. All medical records from donors and recipients were retrospectively reviewed. In addition, all grandparents or, in one case, a surviving family member were contacted to obtain current information on medical health and feedback about the donation process. A current serum creatinine (Cr) level was obtained from 14 donors and 15 recipients. Statistical calculations were performed using the SAS system. Eleven grandmothers and four grandfathers, 34-70 yr old (mean, 55 yr) at the time of transplantation, donated a kidney to 15 grandchildren with end-stage renal disease. There were no major surgical complications in either group. One donor died from unrelated causes; the other 14 donors are alive with stable renal function (1.3 +/- 0.3 mg/dL). Of 15 transplanted kidneys, 10 remain functional (Cr 1.3 +/- 0.7 mg/dL) with 2- and 5-yr graft survival rates of 76% and 63%, respectively. Our results indicate that healthy grandparents provide an excellent population for living related kidney donation.
Reduction in myocardial ischemia by left ventricular bypass after acute coronary artery occlusion.

With the use of an epicardial ST mapping technique, left ventricular bypass (LVB) was shown to reduce effectively the myocardial ischemia associated with coronary artery occlusion in dogs in proportion to the extent of bypass. Pulsatile flow was equally, but not more, effective. A reduction in cardiac work is proposed as the basis for these benefits.
Caregiver support for women during childbirth: does the presence of a labor-support person affect maternal-child outcomes?

This review indicates that continuous caregiver support during childbirth has a number of benefits with minimal to no risks. It was less likely that women would need pain medications or have an operative vaginal delivery, a cesarean section, or a five-minute Apgar score of less than 7 when they had an experienced female care-giver—either a professional (nurse, midwife, or childbirth educator) or a nonprofessional (friend or family member who had given birth before or a doula)—with them continuously during labor and delivery. Benefits were independent of whether the patient's husband or partner was also present.
Quantum Mechanical Resonant Light Scattering

The problem of resonant light scattering was first treated correctly [1] by an adaptation of a Markoff method borrowed from quantum statistical mechanics [2]. The accuracy of the method, which relied upon an assumption of statistical factorization of atomic and emission field variables, was subsequently confirmed by theoretical analyses carried out both in the Schrodinger picture, where solutions for the complete correlated atom-field state vector were obtained [3,4], and the Heisenberg picture, where methods based on operator radiation reaction theory [5,6] yielded the same results [7–9]. In other analyses the incident field, which had been represented by a c-number in Ref. 1, was treated quantum mechanically [10,11,30]. Subsequently, the use of a c-number applied field was shown quite generally to be an exact quantum mechanical method [5]. Experimental studies, beginning with Schuda, Stroud, and Hercher’s important experiment [12] have with the more recent and precise measurements of Ezekiel and coworkers [13] and Walther and coworkers [14] amply confirmed the predictions of what is now the generally accepted theory [1].
Exploiting redundancy to improve bimanual telepresent manipulation

Teleoperated robots are used in scenarios that require a human operator due to complex unstructured environments and risks associated with mistakes. This work focuses on telepresent manipulation where the human operator is immersed in the environment of an explosive ordnance disposal robot equipped with an anthropomorphic bimanual manipulator of many degrees of freedom. Using an approach that extends the application of null space optimization to a manipulator with bifurcating kinematic structure, redundancy is exploited to allow the user easier, more natural control while the system improves robot pose with respect to task-centric cost functions. Early results reveal that actively optimizing a cost function for managing joint ranges of motion effectively permits exploitation of redundancy without requiring additional user input during teleoperation. Additional cost functions motivated by this result are presented to further improve bimanual telepresent manipulation.
Inhibition of HDAC enhances STAT acetylation, blocks NF-κB, and suppresses the renal inflammation and fibrosis in Npr1 haplotype male mice.

Guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A (GC-A/NPRA) plays a critical role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid volume homeostasis. Mice lacking functional Npr1 (coding for GC-A/NPR...
Catching the electron in action in real space inside a Ge–Si core–shell nanowire transistor

Catching the electron in action in real space inside a semiconductor Ge–Si core–shell nanowire field effect transistor (FET), which has been demonstrated (J. Xiang, W. Lu, Y. Hu, Y. Wu, H. Yan and C. M. Lieber, Nature, 2006, 441, 489) to outperform the state-of-the-art metal oxide semiconductor FET, is central to gaining unfathomable access into the origin of its functionality. Here, using a quantum transport approach that does not make any assumptions on electronic structure, charge, and potential profile of the device, we unravel the most probable tunneling pathway for electrons in a Ge–Si core–shell nanowire FET with orbital level spatial resolution, which demonstrates gate bias induced decoupling of electron transport between the core and the shell region. Our calculation yields excellent transistor characteristics as noticed in the experiment. Upon increasing the gate bias beyond a threshold value, we observe a rapid drop in drain current resulting in a gate bias driven negative differential resistance behavior and switching in the sign of trans-conductance. We attribute this anomalous behavior in drain current to the gate bias induced modification of the carrier transport pathway from the Ge core to the Si shell region of the nanowire channel. A new experiment involving a four probe junction is proposed to confirm our prediction on gate bias induced decoupling.
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in barrel racing horses in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States

BACKGROUND Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) refers to bleeding from the lungs in association with strenuous exercise. It has been documented in race horses but little information exists on EIPH in barrel racing horses. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Our goals were to evaluate the presence of EIPH in barrel racing horses and estimate its prevalence in the Pacific Northwest. ANIMALS 149 barrel racing horses enrolled at events in WA (11), ID (3), and MT (33). METHODS Observational cross-sectional study. Data collected included signalment, history of illness, respiratory disease, race division, and pre-race medications. Endoscopy was performed and tracheobronchoscopic (TBE) EIPH score was assigned based on quantity of blood in the trachea (0 = no blood to 4 = abundance of blood within the trachea). After TBE, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed. Erythrocyte (red blood cell, RBC) counts were obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Statistical analysis included linear and logistic regression, Fisher's exact t test, and calculation of correlation coefficient. Significance was set at P 1,000 cells, EIPH prevalence was 66%. Race time did not significantly affect the presence of EIPH. A significant (P < .0001) positive linear relationship between the TBE and BAL erythrocyte count was identified, but its strength was poor (r2 = .15). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE EIPH occurs in over 50% of barrel racing horses in the Pacific Northwest. Precise determination of the impact of EIPH on health of barrel racers requires further study.
Evaluation of the Impact of a senior mentor program on medical students' geriatric knowledge and attitudes toward older adults.

Medical schools throughout the country struggle with how best to train students to provide quality, patient-centered care to the burgeoning population of older adults. The Senior Sages Program (SSP...
The Distribution of Ideals in a Number Ring

We are going to exploit the geometric methods of chapter 5 to establish results about the distribution of the ideals of a number ring R. In a sense to be made precise shortly, we will show that the ideals are approximately equally distributed among the ideal classes, and the number of ideals with ‖I‖ ≤ t, t ≥ 0, is approximately proportional to t.
Periorbital Fat Grafting: The 3D Lift

The eyes are probably the most intimate aspect of anyone’s appearance. As cosmetic and plastic surgeons, we have mainly focused on the vertical dimensions of the upper eyelid and aspects of redundant fat or skin in the lower eyelid. By now, it should be apparent that there is an important three-dimensional element to the periorbital area—something that has largely been neglected until recently. Now, we understand the importance of not just lifting the tissues upward or removing “unwanted” fat, but rather of lifting the skin in a specific anterior direction away from the underlying skeleton and soft tissue structures it covers.
Cardiac Rehabilitation for Elderly Cardiac Patients

Age itself is a powerful risk factor for cardiovascular disease. As a result, older adults are inherently prone to incident cardiac events as well as to insidious cardiovascular pathologies that often lead to major disability and frailty. Eighty percent of cardiac deaths,longer hospital stays, and greater subsequent disability all occur among cardiac patients aged=65 years (1), an age group that is also the fastest growing segment of the population.Given this fundamental vulnerability and these demographic trends, cardiac rehabilitation is an important consideration for elderly. This is especially relevant because an average 60-year-old can expect to live > 23 more years, an average 70-year-old > 15 more years, and an average 80-year-old > 8 more years (2). Cardiac rehabilitation may help improve mortality, morbidity, and quality of living among older cardiac patients.
The Gift of Tongues

Watt was written in France, in English, and published there in the same language. And when the character Watt makes his appearance in Beckett’s first full-length French novel, Mercier et Camier (written, 1946; published, 1970), he informs the peripatetic “pseudo-couple” that his own fame will never reach as far as London. Hardly ever has such a clear autobiographical reference been given in the fictional creations of this author — not even the veiled statement of his preference for the French language in the title “First Love.” Obviously he resented being ostracized by the English publishers; so, in a characteristic gesture, the Irish poet turned novelist rejected his native tongue, if not to take his revenge, at least to create his own characteristic means of expression, like Dante, the better to sound the depths of the creative word’s source.
The Role of Subjective Motivation in Girls' Secondary Schooling: The Case of Avoidance of Abuse in Belize

As in other Latin American and Caribbean nations, young women in Belize have made remarkable strides in enrollment in and completion of secondary schooling. In fact, adolescent girls did so well during the 1990s that the usual explanations of increased access to schooling and governmental policy aimed at increasing girls' education did not appear to fully explain girls' success at the time. Here, Eileen Anderson-Fye argues that secondary schoolgirls' subjective motivations played a key role in their educational experiences during the late 1990s. Based on data collected from a longitudinal study conducted between 1996 and 2001, Anderson-Fye suggests that many of the young women in this study saw education as a route to independence or as a way to avoid gender-based maltreatment for themselves and their future children. She asserts this "push" factor, combined with the "pull" factors of increased economic opportunities for young women with high school diplomas, led to increased educational outcomes for girl...
Introduction to Special Issue on Mental Disorders as a Chronic Issue

Welcome to the Special Issue of the American Journal of Health Education (AJHE) on mental health and children and adolescents. AJHE’s mission is to publish research manuscripts that focus on Health...
Preparation of Bifunctional Allylboron Reagent andApplication to Aldehyde Allylboration

Synthesis of a bifunctional allylboron reagent via Ni-catalyzed borylation of allylic acetate is reported. Subsequent allylation of aldehydes gave homoallylic alcohols in good yields. The allylsila...
Chondrocyte‐like nested cells in the aged intervertebral disc are late‐stage nucleus pulposus cells

Aging is a major risk factor of intervertebral disc degeneration and a leading cause of back pain. Pathological changes associated with disc degeneration include the absence of large, vacuolated and reticular-shaped nucleus pulposus cells, and appearance of smaller cells nested in lacunae. These small nested cells are conventionally described as chondrocyte-like cells; however, their origin in the intervertebral disc is unknown. Here, using a genetic mouse model and a fate mapping strategy, we have found that the chondrocyte-like cells in degenerating intervertebral discs are, in fact, nucleus pulposus cells. With aging, the nucleus pulposus cells fuse their cell membranes to form the nested lacunae. Next, we characterized the expression of sonic hedgehog (SHH), crucial for the maintenance of nucleus pulposus cells, and found that as intervertebral discs age and degenerate, expression of SHH and its target Brachyury is gradually lost. The results indicate that the chondrocyte-like phenotype represents a terminal stage of differentiation preceding loss of nucleus pulposus cells and disc collapse.
Situational Awareness with Ubiquitous Sensing: The Case of Robust Detection and Classification of Targets in Close Proximity

With the ubiquity of powerful mobile computational and communications devices (e.g., smart-phones, vehicles), technical capability that enables the utilization of ubiquitous sensing for detection and classification of ‘targets' or ‘events' of interest is very likely to create a paradigm shift in the situational awareness domain. While the use of machine learning methods have achieved reasonable success in certain detection and classification tasks, difficult situational awareness tasks, such as close proximity target detection and classification still remains as a challenging and unresolved problem. In this paper, a multimodal fusion and belief revision approach is presented with a particular emphasis on robust detection and classification of close proximity targets. By viewing classifiers as logical sensors, measurement modeling, sensor alignment and fusion steps are derived based on classifier characteristics (e.g., scope of expertise, performance indices). With a particular application of ubiquitous road hazard detection in place, the presented modeling approach is evaluated based on a hypothetical scenario that mimics ubiquitous detections corresponding to a real-life multiple hazards in close proximity. Furthermore, a real-life hazard detection scenario is also illustrated using the presented approach. In conclusion, a discussion is provided on the choice of fusion parameters and their impact towards robust detection and classification of hazards in close proximity.
Antidepressant Use in a 3- to 12-Year Follow-up of Anxious Youth: Results from the CAMELS Trial.

The current study explored whether patient characteristics predicted patterns of antidepressant use (i.e., never used, single episode of use, or two or more episodes) in a naturalistic follow-up. Participants in the child/adolescent multimodal (CAMS) extended long-term study. (n = 318) indicated medication use over the course of eight follow-up visits, 3–12 years after receiving treatment in CAMS. 40.6% of participants reported never using an antidepressant during follow-up, 41.4% reported a single episode of antidepressant use, and 18.0% reported multiple episodes of antidepressant use. Greater baseline anxiety severity marginally predicted a single episode of antidepressant use; baseline depression severity predicted multiple episodes of use. Reasons for discontinuing antidepressants included perceived ineffectiveness (31.8%), side effects (25.5%), and improvement in symptoms (18.5%). Exploratory analyses examined predictors of medication use. Findings suggest that antidepressant use is common among anxious youth, as is discontinuation of antidepressant use. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
Investigation of Geographic and Macrolevel Variations in LGBTQ Patient Experiences: Longitudinal Social Media Analysis.

Background: Discrimination in the health care system contributes to worse health outcomes among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) patients. Objective: The aim of this study is to examine disparities in patient experience among LGBTQ persons using social media data. Methods: We collected patient experience data from Twitter from February 2013 to February 2017 in the United States. We compared the sentiment of patient experience tweets between Twitter users who self-identified as LGBTQ and non-LGBTQ. The effect of state-level partisan identity on patient experience sentiment and differences between LGBTQ users and non-LGBTQ users were analyzed. Results: We observed lower (more negative) patient experience sentiment among 13,689 LGBTQ users compared to 1,362,395 non-LGBTQ users. Increasing state-level liberal political identification was associated with higher patient experience sentiment among all users but had stronger effects for LGBTQ users. Conclusions: Our findings highlight that social media data can yield insights about patient experience for LGBTQ persons and suggest that a state-level sociopolitical environment influences patient experience for this group. Efforts are needed to reduce disparities in patient care for LGBTQ persons while taking into context the effect of the political climate on these inequities.
Faculty Self-Evaluation of Experiences with Delivering Feedback to Trainees Across Academic Ranks

The ability to provide feedback is a developable faculty skill; however, it is unclear how academic rank impacts experiences with feedback delivery. A survey was distributed to 1258 physicians of all academic ranks at a large academic medical center. Questions explored the respondent’s feedback delivery beliefs and barriers. In total, 96% of respondents agreed feedback is important to resident education. Higher academic rank correlated with increased comfort with feedback delivery, and 89% of respondents experienced at least 1 barrier to feedback delivery. Feedback experiences vary across academic ranks, with full professors being more comfortable with feedback delivery and less likely to experience barriers.