cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural substrates of vocalizations in gulls and pigeons.

Vocalizations were obtained by electrically stimulating the inferior colliculus, the auditory thalamic nucleus and a medial hypothalamic nucleus of awake, unrestrained herring gulls, lesser black-backed gulls and pigeons. The significance of the involvement of auditory centres in the motor control of avian calling is discussed. The wide gammut of calls and accompanying behaviour that was elicited is described and related to the normal behaviour, typical of the species concerned. A difference between immature gulls and adult pigeons regarding this relationship is attributed to their differing hormonal states. Attention is drawn to the heterogeneity of temporal characteristics associated with the stimulus induced responses even when elicited from virtually the same site. Incorporating earlier work on the central mechanism of avian vocalizations and based on anatomical, physiological and behavioural considerations it is tentatively concluded that the neural structures involved are linearly organized into a telencephalofugal, efferent system. It is suggested that the inferior colliculus incorporates the origin of a final common pathway to medular motor centres for all vocalization generating structures.
Controlling axial p-n heterojunction abruptness through catalyst alloying in vapor-liquid-solid grown semiconductor nanowires

The p-n junction can be regarded as the most important electronic structure that is responsible for the ubiquity of semiconductor microelectronics today. Efforts to continually scale down the size of electronic components is guiding research to explore the use of nanomaterials synthesized from a bottom-up approach - group-IV semiconductor nanowires being one such material. However, Au-catalyzed synthesis of Si/Si1-x-Gex semiconductor nanowire heterojunctions using the commonly-used vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth technique results in diffuse heterojunction interfaces [1], leading to doubts of producing compositionally-sharp p-n junctions using this approach. However, we have recently reported the ability to increase Ge-Si nanowire heterojunction abruptness by VLS synthesis from a Au(1-x)Ga(x) catalyst alloy as shown by EDX analysis in an SEM [2]. In this work, we have extended the use of a AuGa catalyst alloy to produce more compositionally abrupt p-n junction interfaces compared to using pure Au as directly measured by atom probe tomography. As shown in Figure 1(a-b), individual Ge-Si heterostructured nanowires were grown vertically atop Ge(111) microposts. Direct growth on the microposts provides a facile approach to nanowire analysis which circumvents the need to use FIB-based sample preparation techniques. Both nanowires grown from pure Au and a AuGa catalyst alloy were analyzed. Themore » corresponding 3D APT reconstruction of an individual heterostructured nanowire is shown in Figure 1(c) with the corresponding materials labeled. A 1-dimensional composition profile along the analysis direction in Figure 1(d) confirms an increase in heterojunction abruptness for nanowires grown from AuGa (~10nm) compared to nanowires grown from pure Au (~65nm). Analysis of the P distribution within the Si region (Figure 1(e)) indicates that P reaches a constant distribution over approximately 10nm when incorporated through the AuGa catalyst, whereas it continually increases over 100’s of nanometers when incorporated through pure Au. The apparent lower overall P concentration within the nanowire grown from the AuGa alloy suggests that the solubility of P in the alloy is lower compared to pure Au. The ability to controllably increase nanowire p-n junction abruptness is important for nanowire applications as solar cells and tunneling field effect transistors where an increase in device performance is expected from shaper p-n junction interfaces. [1] T.E. Clark et al., Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 1246. [2] D.E. Perea et al., Nano Lett. 11 (2011) 3117. [3] The research was supported through the user program at both the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.« less
Monitoring Hemodynamic Changes in Preterm Infants Using Optical Spectroscopies and Doppler Ultrasound

Diffuse correlation and optical spectroscopies are used to monitor cerebral blood flow and oxygenation in premature infants during changes in angular head-of-bed position. Subsequent transcranial Doppler ultrasound measurements corroborate our findings.
Trauma and english literature

Abstract An exploration of literature in which the author uses language, idioms, and images that approach clinical verity so that the clinician can recognize and diagnose specific injuries and conditions.
Electrocapillarity Behavior of Au(111) in SO42- and F-

We present the first set of results measuring the change in interfacial free energy and surface stress for Au(111) electrodes in an electrolyte containing a nonspecifically adsorbing anion and compare this behavior to that in an electrolyte containing an anion known to undergo specific adsorption. Generally, we find that the surface stress is more sensitive to changes in electrode potential and adsorption then the interfacial free energy. The results obtained in fluoride electrolytes are compared to the predictions of a thermodynamic analysis.
Phthalocyanine polymers. V. Novel type of thermally stable polyimides derived from metal phthalocyanine tetraamines and pyromellitic dianhydride

New poly(metal phthalocyanine) pyromellitimides of copper, cobalt, nickel, and zinc were synthesized and elemental, IR, TGA, and inherent viscosity measurement studies were done to characterize these polymers. They showed exceptional thermal and thermo-oxidative stability with char yields at 800°C ranging from 75 to 87% in a nitrogen atmosphere. The ratio of the polymer decomposition temperatures in air and nitrogen (PDT) (air)/PDT (N2) varied from 0.91 to 0.97, which indicated that the onset of degradation of these polymers is greatly affected by the presence of an oxidizing atmosphere. Isothermal studies were done to evaluate the long-term thermal stability of these polymers.
Development and application of the controlled-freeze-zone process

The controlled-freeze-zone (CFZ) process is a cryogenic distillation technique for separating CO/sub 2/ and heavier compounds from methane (C/sub 1/). This paper describes how the process controls the freezing and melting of CO/sub 2/ in a specially designed section of an otherwise conventional distillation tower. In addition to describing the process, this paper compares the CFZ process to other gas-treating processes, discusses pilot-plant operational results, and gives examples of potential CFZ applications. The CFZ process is a simple, cost-effective method to process gas streams containing CO/sub 2/ using proven facilities, equipment, and control philosophies and has been demonstrated through the operation of a large-scale pilot plant.
Relative Validity of a Food Frequency Questionnaire Used to Assess Food Intake During a Dietary Intervention Study

To develop a cost-effective alternative for evaluating dietary intake in large-scale intervention trials of cancer and cardiovascular disease outcomes, we designed and validated a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). We collected 6 to 8 of the 24-hr dietary recalls from 87 adults (ages 30-72 yr) who were randomly assigned to a walnut-supplemented diet or a control diet in a 6-mo dietary intervention trial. Relative validity of a 171-item FFQ in assessing intake of selected foods and the prescribed intervention (intake > or =25 g/day or intake .7) for the beverage variables. The FFQ correctly classified 86 out of 87 subjects in the 2 prescribed intervention groups. The FFQ can provide an accurate measure of a food-based intervention (i.e., walnut supplementation) in a trial setting and can also accurately estimate a number of other food groups consumed during the trial.
Plasma Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Distribution and Its Relation to Blood Pressure in Adolescents* The Bogalusa Heart Study

The distribution of circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its relationship to blood pressure was examined in a community study of 1073 biracial (black-white) adolescents aged 11 to 18 years. Girls of both races displayed higher levels of plasma IGF-1 than did their male counterparts (P 80th percentile) showed significantly higher blood pressure levels, especially during early to middle stages of puberty. Multivariate analysis revealed that IGF-1 was associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, independent of age, race, sexual maturation, height, weight, and insulin in boys. These results suggest that plasma IGF-1 may contribute to the regulation of blood pressure only in males during puberty.
Improvement of Hydrogen Pumping Characteristics of Penning Discharge Getter-Ion Pumps

Pumping hydrogen with Penning discharge getter-ion pumps at the flow rates normally encountered with accelerators employing hydrogen ion sources presents problems that do not appear when these pumps are employed on systems where the only gas load is that arising from surface degassing and residual leakage. These problems are,-1) thermal instability resulting from reemission of absorbed hydrogen, and 2) deformation of the titanium cathodes with hydrogen absorption. This report outlines the pertinent considerations involved in modification of the design of the pumping elements of a standard 500 l/s pump (air rating), 1) to increase by a factor of about 10 the hydrogen gas load the pump can handle without danger of thermal instability, and 2) to virtually eliminate titanium deformation. Hydrogen gas loads of up to 5 atm cm3/min can now be accomodated with a 500 l/s pump. While service life expectancy was previously limited to 2000-3000 hours by anode-cathode short circuit, it is presently limited by the ultimate hydrogen absorption capacity of the titanium. It is anticipated that life expectancies of up to 25000 hours can be realized with the 500 l/s pump at a hydrogen flow rate of 1 atm cm3/min.
Low-complexity multicarrier physical layer for wireless real-time control networks

Motivation. Careful design of application protocols in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) typically ensures satisfactory operation provided the network is able to deliver the packets with high probability within certain deadlines. On the other hand, the limited amount of the available radio frequency spectrum and the widespread usage of battery-powered components introduce additional performance constraints.
Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist (abciximab) inhibited platelet activation and promoted skin flap survival after ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Background. Evidence has shown that platelets play an important role in the pathogenesis of flap failure. Employing a rat inferior epigastric artery skin flap as a flap reperfusion injury model, we investigated whether platelet activation was involved in the skin flap failure and whether administration of abciximab (ReoPro, chimeric 7E3 Fab) could decrease platelet activation/aggregation and promote flap survival. Methods. Normal saline and abciximab (0.06 mg/kg; 0.2 mg/kg; 1 mg/kg) were injected intravenously into skin flaps 30 min before reperfusion and 1 h after reperfusion (each subgroup n = 6). Platelet activation as demonstrated by P-selectin (CD62P) was analyzed by flow cytometry. P-selectin expression on flap vessels was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Platelet aggregation was induced with adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Laser Doppler flowmetry monitored tissue perfusion. The surviving area was evaluated 7 days postoperatively. Results. CD62P progressively increased after reperfusion. The peak CD62P occurred after reperfusion for 12 h. Immunohistochemical staining showed CD62P significantly deposited on the endothelium after reperfusion. Administration of abciximab (1 mg/kg) effectively improved flap survival rate (P = 0.003), significantly decreased ADP-induced platelet aggregation (P < 0.001), and suppressed CD62P expression on blood platelets (P = 0.002) and its deposition on the flap vessels. Conclusion. Abciximab promotion of skin flap survival is due to blocked platelet activation/aggregation and decreased activated-platelet deposition on the vascular endothelium. Thus, administration of a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist such as abciximab may save the skin flap from reperfusion injury after a long period of ischemia.
Raman intensities and bond orders—A simplified delta function equation

Abstract Bond polarizability derivatives obtained from Raman intensities, are examined for a wide range of bond types, including several new values determined in this study: F2, Cl2, BF3, CF4, NF3, SiF4, SF6 (gas phase) and BF4−, PF6−, AsF6−, SiF6−, GeF62− (aqueous solution). A new delta function potential model equation, α u′= (0.1)χr3(n/2) in which the delta function strength is represented simply by the electronegativity of the more electronegative atom in the bond, gives better agreement with the entire range of data than previous, more complicated formulations. The equation fails for hydrides and for multiple bonds; in both cases the calculated value of α u′ is too low. Pi bonds evidently contribute more to α u′ than do sigma bonds, but no single ratio of the two contributions is generally applicable. It seems likely that the r3 dependence breaks down at the short bond distances found for hydrides; the discrepancy can be corrected by inclusion of an empirical factor of 3.5 per hydrogen atom in the bond.
Elements of application security in the cloud computing environment

Cloud services can be interweaved as modular building blocks to a multi-component application. This is very appealing because of ready-to-use specialized services and supporting integration APIs from cloud service providers. However, securing and integrating the cloud-based services add challenges compared to having all components within the boundaries of the corporate network. These services can be user-centric, application-centric or machine-centric. The security issues range from channel protection to services chaining. Combining cloud services calls for building transactional interconnects of on-the-shelf services that are secure end-to-end in the wild. Using services from different providers and integrating them securely can be a challenge. An assessment framework for evaluating risks in moving a service to the cloud is also presented. We focus on the security issues in building a cloud application by loosely coupled services designed for transparency in drop-n-replacement of a component service. Security patterns and approaches are presented to realize this transparency.
Characterization of non-equilibrium growth through global two-time quantities

In order to characterize non-equilibrium growth processes, we study the behaviour of global quantities that depend in a non-trivial way on two different times. We discuss the dynamical scaling forms of global correlation and response functions and show that the scaling behaviour of the global response can depend on how the system is perturbed. On the one hand we derive exact expressions for systems characterized by linear Langevin equations (as for example the Edwards-Wilkinson and the noisy Mullins-Herring equations), on the other hand we discuss the influence of nonlinearities on the scaling behaviour of global quantities by integrating numerically the Kardar-Parisi- Zhang equation. We also discuss global fluctuation-dissipation ratios and how to use them for the characterization of non-equilibrium growth processes.
Reversed plumage ontogeny in a female hummingbird: implications for the evolution of iridescent colours and sexual dichromatism

In polygynous birds, bright plumage is typically more extensive in the sexually competitive males and develops at or after sexual maturity. These patterns, coupled with the importance of male plumage in sexual displays, fostered the traditional hypothesis that bright plumages and sexual dichromatism develop through the actions of sexual selection on males. This view remains problematic for hummingbirds, all of which are polygynous, because their bright iridescent plumages are also important non-sexual signals associated with dominance at floral nectar sources. Here I show that female amethyst-throated sunangels [Heliangelus amethysticollis (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye)], moult from an immature plumage with an iridescent gorget to an adult plumage with a non-iridescent gorget. This ‘reversed’ ontogeny contradicts the notion that iridescent plumage has a sexual function because sexual selection in polygynous birds should be lowest among non-reproductive immature females. Moreover, loss of iridescent plumage in adult females indicates that adult sexual dichromatism in H. amethysticollis is due in large part to changes in female ontogeny. I suggest that both the ontogeny and sexual dichromatism evolved in response to competition for nectar.
Spatially and temporally reconfigurable assembly of colloidal crystals.

Controlling colloidal assemblies without the need of a template or electrode is still a challenging goal. Here Kim et al. use photo-induced ion flow in an indium tin oxide-coated substrate to control this process, allowing reversible assembly of colloidal crystals in a three-dimensional manner.
The scavenger receptor CD36 contributes to the neurotoxicity of bone marrow-derived monocytes through peroxynitrite production.

Abstract CD36, a class B scavenger receptor present in microglia, endothelium and leukocytes, plays a key role in ischemic brain injury by promoting the expression of inflammatory genes and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, it is not known whether ischemic brain damage is mediated by CD36 activation in resident brain cells, i.e., microglia, or by blood-borne cells that infiltrate the brain. To address this question, we studied oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) in hippocampal slice cultures, a model of ischemic injury that does not involve cells extrinsic to the brain. We found that CD36 gene knockout does not afford protection of hippocampal slices to OGD-induced cytotoxicity. In contrast, immunoactivated bone marrow-derived monocytes–macrophages (BMM) from wild type (WT) mice trigger hippocampal damage when incubated with brain slices via a mechanism that is prevented in CD36−/− BMM. The neurotoxic activity of CD36+/+ BMM was attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) since it was concomitant with increased ROS production and could be prevented by treatment with a selective ROS scavenger, MnTBAP, or a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst, FeTPPS. Importantly, ROS production and accumulation 3-nitrotyrosine in hippocampal proteins (a hallmark of peroxynitrite production) was significantly dampened in immunoactivated CD36−/− BMM, whereas production of NO-derived metabolites (nitrite and nitrate) was unaltered. We conclude that CD36 signaling may not contribute to injury induced by OGD in the brain itself but is involved in the neurotoxicity mediated by activated BMM. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that CD36 in infiltrating inflammatory cells drives peroxynitrite-mediated ischemic brain damage. Accordingly, targeting CD36 in the vascular compartment may protect against neurotoxicity in the ischemic brain.
Malarial parasites of the "Jesu Cristo" lizard Basiliscus basiliscus (Iguanidae) in Panama.

SYNOPSIS. The iguanid lizard Basiliscus basiliscus in Panama is parasitized by Plasmodium basilisci and P. achiotense sp. nov. P. basilisci in this host is characterized by schizonts containing 4–14 merozoites, with schizonts parasitizing proerythrocytes containing more merozoites than those in erythrocytes. Asexual parasites lack cytoplasmic projections, while mature gametocytes are round or oval with regular margins. P. achiotense is characterized by the combination of prominently pigmented, large schizonts containing 36–56 merozoites and oval or round gametocytes which are about 1/3 larger than those of P. basilisci. EE-schizonts of P. basilisci were observed commonly in thrombocytes and occasionally in lymphocytes, and appeared early in experimental infections induced by blood inoculation.
Neutral wind effects on the equatorial F-region ionosphere

Abstract The winds and temperatures calculated by the NCAR thermospheric general circulation model (TGCM) for equinox and solstice conditions are used to investigate their effect on the low-latitude ionospheric F-region. Calculated values of ƒof2 are compared with observed values at two stations, Huancayo, Peru (1°N dip latitude), and Tucman, Argentina (11°S dip latitude). The results show that during the solar cycle maximum equinoctial period good daytime agreement is obtained between calculated and observed ƒoF2 values at Huancayo, Peru, and at Tucuman, Argentina. Night-time agreement at Tucuman is not as good, suggesting that the observed ionospheric behaviour may be responding to dynamics associated with the midnight temperature bulge at low latitudes. The wind calculations by the TGCM consider only in situ thermospheric forcing and the results indicate that upward-propagating tides from the lower atmosphere are important for describing both thermospheric and ionospheric dynamics at low latitudes. During the December solstitial period, agreement between calculated and observed values at both Huancayo and Tucuman is improved when the wind field is included in the calculations. However, it is still necessary to include the dynamics associated with the midnight temperature bulge to obtain good agreement between the calculated and observed values of ƒoF2.
Epitaxial arrangements of thin films and heterostructures of copper oxide based isotropic metallic oxides for use as barriers in SNS junctions

We have studied the epitaxial arrangement of thin films and heterostructures of copper-oxide based isotropic metallic oxides-La 6.4 Sr 1.6 Cu 8 O 20 (LSCO). and La 4 BaCu 5 O 13 (LBCO)-using four-circle x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. All the films grow epitaxially 'cube-on-cube' with respect to the substrate. The single layer LSCO films were found to be very smooth (RMS roughness = 5 A) with a 90° rectangular grain structure. These films exhibit metallic conductivity and the bilayer La 6.4 Sr 1.6 Cu 8 O 20 /YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 (LSCO/YBCO) films show a sharp superconducting transition with T c =88.4 K. Due to their structural and chemical compatibility with YBCO, these materials can be ideal normal metal barriers in fabricating SNS junctions with high junction resistance and low interface resistance.
Temperature, salinity, and density variability in the central Middle Atlantic Bight

[1] Four years of sustained glider observations are used to compute the seasonal cycle of hydrographic fields in the central Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB). Results reveal a large phase lag in near bottom temperatures, with peak values occurring in September at the inner shelf, in October at the mid shelf, and in November at the outer shelf. Unlike the northern MAB, the seasonal cycle explains over 70% of the near-surface salinity variability. At the inner shelf and offshore near the bottom, however, most of the variance is due to pulses in river discharge and to shifts in the position of the shelfbreak front. Cross-shelf density gradients inshore of the 60-m isobath are dominated by salinity during winter and spring, with temperature contributing significantly from August to October. This is because bottom waters near the coast are warm due to the deepening of the thermocline during fall, but offshore waters are still influenced by the cold pool. The vertical stratification seasonal variability is also large. Early in the year, stratification is small and entirely due to salinity. By May, salinity still dominates vertical gradients near the coast, but temperature and salinity contribute equally to the density stratification offshore. During summer, stratification is dominated by temperature. Temperature interannual variability was small during the sampling period, but surface salinity was anomalously low by 1.2 psu in summer 2006. The anomaly was due to larger than average discharge from the Hudson River in early summer during a period of strong upwelling favorable winds.
Observations of Leonid Meteors

OBSERVATIONS were made of the Leonid meteors with the intention of determining the intensity and epoch of the shower. Unfortunately, however, owing to cloudy weather on November 13 and 14, observations were restricted to the three following nights. The annexed table gives the total number of meteors observed each night:—
Yrast Line for Weakly Interacting Trapped Bosons

We compute numerically the yrast line for harmonically trapped $N$-boson systems with a weak repulsive contact interaction, studying the transition to a vortex state as the angular momentum $L$ increases and approaches $N$. There is a smooth crossover between low and high $L$ with no indication of a quantum phase transition; at $L\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}N$ there is a kink in the slope of the spectrum. Most strikingly, the energy and wave function appear to be analytical functions of $L$ over the entire range $2\ensuremath{\le}L\ensuremath{\le}N$. We confirm the structure of low- $L$ states proposed by Mottelson as mainly single-particle excitations with two or three units of angular momentum.
Necrotizing fasciitis in two children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Abstract Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe, soft tissue infection, and is an unusual condition in children. The cornerstone of therapy is prompt, aggressive surgical treatment. Despite vigorous treatment, mortality rates are high. We report the occurrence of necrotizing fascitis in two children during the granulocytopenic phase of induction chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The diagnosis and treatment of necrotizing fasciitis in these two children was made more difficult by their underlying disease and its chemotherapy. The successful treatment of their infections relied on a multimodality approach. Aggressive surgical debridement was the mainstay of therapy. Adjuvant therapy was vital to the successful outcomes and included meticulous wound care, intravenous hyperalimentation, appropriate antibiotics, and granulocyte transfusions.
“Para aquí today, para afuera tomorrow”: Uncertainty in urban bilingual paraprofessionals’ work in the age of NCLB

Urban paraprofessionals are often overlooked but key participants in the optimal functioning of schools. In light of the recent changes and increasing demands regarding paraprofessional qualifications stipulated by the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), this study focuses on urban bilingual paraprofessionals and their beliefs about work in the context imposed by the law. The participants cite their own experiences with motherhood and insiders’ understanding of diverse communities as the most compelling skills they bring to their jobs, challenging NCLB’s requirements for instructional paraprofessional qualifications. Implications for policy-making that address the worth of “life experiences” as an asset for diverse settings are offered.
Kinetic and mechanistic study of dry (CO2) reforming of methane over Rh-substituted La2Zr2O7 pyrochlores

Abstract The active sites and kinetics of dry reforming of methane (DRM) on lanthanum zirconate (LZ) pyrochlore catalysts are studied as a function of Rh substitution, temperature, and partial pressures of CH4 and CO2. In this work, we focus specifically on determining the catalytic active sites for CH4 and CO2 activation and their role in the DRM mechanism over the two Rh-substituted pyrochlores, i.e., 2 wt% Rh, designated L2RhZ and 5 wt% Rh, designated L5RhZ. Kinetic rate modeling suggests dual-site mechanism, where CH4 and CO2 are activated on different sites (dual-site mechanism). Eleven different rate models were tested against the kinetic rate data obtained over these two Rh pyrochlores. Statistical analysis shows valid and similar fits for only two of eleven models: one in which activation of CH4 is rate-determining and one in which CO2 activation is rate-determining. This dual-site mechanism is studied further in detail to test the validity of the intermediate steps predicted by the kinetic model. CH4/CD4 isotope switching shows a strong deuterium kinetic isotope effect on CH4 and CO2 conversion, suggesting that CH4 dissociation is the rate-determining step. Higher apparent activation energies of CH4 (Ea, CH4) versus CO2 (Ea, CO2) on both catalysts also confirm that CH4 activation is rate-determining. Basic nature of La–O sites activates mildly acidic CO2 to form La2O2CO3 complexes as confirmed by FTIR. From different polymorphs of La2O2CO3, the spectator and reactive species were distinguished by pulsing CH4 over La2O2CO3. Alternating pulses (CH4/Ar → CO2/Ar → CH4/Ar) at 550 °C showed simultaneous formation of CO and H2, suggesting that surface carbon, formed by CH4 decomposition, is oxidized by H2O; a crucial step in understanding the catalytic behavior of pyrochlores in the reaction mechanism. These experiments were used to identify the two types of sites taking part in the dual-site DRM mechanism. The work reported here helps in determining a single set of kinetically significant steps that most closely represent the mechanistic scheme of DRM over L2RhZ and L5RhZ.
Not all analogies are created equal: Associative and categorical analogy processing following brain damage

Current research on analogy processing assumes that different conceptual relations are treated similarly. However, just as words and concepts are related in distinct ways, different kinds of analogies may employ distinct types of relationships. An important distinction in how words are related is the difference between associative (dog-bone) and categorical (dog-cat) relations. To test the hypothesis that analogical mapping of different types of relations would have different neural instantiations, we tested patients with left and right hemisphere lesions on their ability to understand two types of analogies, ones expressing an associative relationship and others expressing a categorical relationship. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) and behavioral analyses revealed that associative analogies relied on a large left-lateralized language network while categorical analogies relied on both left and right hemispheres. The verbal nature of the task could account for the left hemisphere findings. We argue that categorical relations additionally rely on the right hemisphere because they are more difficult, abstract, and fragile, and contain more distant relationships.
Adding ‘splice’ to protein engineering

The field of protein engineering has always attracted a multidisciplinary cast of characters ranging from biologists to organic chemists. Consequently, a variety of different protein engineering techniques have been described which encompass the purely synthetic and the purely biosynthetic. Of these, heterologous expression of recombinantly cloned genes is by far the most commonly employed route to engineered proteins — in part because the approach is readily accessible to most researchers. Although site-directed mutagenesis is facilitated by the ‘replicative fidelity and efficiency of living organisms’ [1], this of course also constrains the approach to the naturally occurring amino acids. This limitation is largely overcome by elegant chemistry-driven approaches, such as unnatural amino acid mutagenesis [2] and protein total or semi-synthesis via the chemical [3–9] or enzymatic [10–13] ligation of unprotected peptides. These approaches are, however, technically demanding, a feature which has prevented their widespread use by the biological community. Recently, a novel protein semi-synthesis approach was reported [14–16] that harnesses the phenomenon of protein splicing (for review see [17]), and in the process renders proteins harboring unnatural building blocks accessible to most researchers. This short review describes the genesis of this methodology, termed ‘expressed protein ligation’ [14,15], its applications thus far and its future potential in protein engineering.
The pathophysiologic changes following bile aspiration in a porcine lung model.

Aspiration of bile is an underpublicized aspiration syndrome. Using a porcine lung model, the physiologic response and the histopathology of lung tissue were evaluated after the intratracheal instillation of sublethal doses of bile. Twenty-one domestic swine (11 to 19 kg) were the studied population. Three groups of five swine were evaluated: a control group received intratracheal physiologic saline (pH 7.45); study group 1 received strained gastric contents (pH 2.24); and study group 2 received strained bile (pH 7.19). All animals received the solutions at 0.5 ml/kg intratracheally. Lungs of six additional animals were studied (two gastric, two bile, and two physiologic saline) after aspiration by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A seventh untreated animal was used as the SEM control. The physiologic data were analyzed using analysis of variance for repeated measures. The SEM and histopathologic results were graded by an observer blinded to the groups and were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe tests. The group with bile aspiration was consistently characterized by significant deterioration of PaO 2 , the alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient, shunt fraction, and static compliance (p
Rapid Neurologic Decline in a Patient With Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma: A Case of Leptomeningeal Lymphomatosis

Case and Introduction A 62-year-old African American man presented to the emergency department with subacute onset of abdominal distention, massive ascites, and shortness of breath. He had no B-symptoms and no neurologic symptoms or deficits. Results of a paracentesis and cytologic examination revealed innumerable large cells with round, oval, or irregularly shaped nuclei with moderate amounts of dark blue cytoplasm. Flow cytometry confirmed a malignant population of CD2 , CD3 , CD5 and T-cell receptor (TCR)-alpha/beta posiive cells with a virtual absence of other lymphocytes. Molecular nalysis confirmed a clonal T-cell population. There was an absence f anaplastic lymphoma kinase protein on immunohistochemistry. n situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus related RNA did not emonstrate hybridization signals. Staging evaluation with comuted tomography (CT) revealed diffuse adenopathy with a large ight pleural effusion. Staging positron emission tomography (PET) emonstrate fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avid lymph odes in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis; diffuse peritoneal FDG vidity; and a mild-to-moderate FDG avidity in the humeral head, hich corresponded to a lucent lesion noted on CT. A bone marrow iopsy and aspirate was relatively normal, with only a 1% immuno-
Nursing home placement is related to dementia progression Experience from a clinical trial

Objectives: To examine the relationship between nursing home placement (NHP) and measures of change in other well-established clinical disease assessments in a longitudinal study of patients with probable AD. Background: NHP is a common, major milestone in the natural history of AD. NHP is a readily identified event that can be accurately dated. NHP can be used in survival analyses, which are an efficient means of determining efficacy in clinical trials. NHP usually occurs in the setting of severe AD, but in cross-sectional studies, the strength of the association with disease severity has been controversial.Design/methods:— We used data from 341 AD patients who were enrolled in a recently published clinical trial of selegiline and tocopherol. At entry, all were rated as Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) stage 2, were community-dwelling, and had an identified caregiver. Patients were followed at 3-month intervals for 2 years. We examined the relationship between four measures of dementia severity and a measure of behavioral dysfunction and NHP. The measures included changes in CDR status, changes in activities of daily living performance, changes from baseline to last measurement in dependence level, changes from baseline to last measurement on the Blessed Dementia Rating Scale (BDRS) score, and changes from baseline to last measurement on the total score and subscales of the Behavior Rating Scale for Dementia (BRSD). Statistical models were used to assess the strength of the associations. Results: At the end of the 2-year period, 33% of patients had been institutionalized. The NHP patients did not differ at baseline from the not-NHP patients in gender, age, caregiver status, duration of illness, CDR sum of boxes, BDRS, or dependence level. The NHP patients had a lower baseline Mini-Mental State Examination score and a slightly worse BRSD total score. Patients reaching CDR3 were eight times more likely to be institutionalized than those who remained at CDR2. The change scores on all four dementia severity measures were strongly associated with NHP; the change score on the BRSD and its subscales were not. On the other hand, adverse events that included a behavioral disturbance, especially agitation, were associated with NHP. Conclusion: These data show that NHP closely reflects dementia progression in the context of a clinical trial. Coupled with the high face validity of NHP as a milestone of severe dementia, NHP is a valid primary outcome measure for AD clinical trials.
DIAGNOSING RELATIONSHIPS WITH SPATIAL DISTANCE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF A CLINICAL PRINCIPLE*

Several ‘family systems therapists have discussed the value of observing families’ spatial relationships as an aid in diagnosing family structure and processes. For example, Haley (1976) notes that: “When the family members seat themselves, sometimes the organization of the family is clarified” (p. 18). Minuchin (1974) also discusses the same idea when he writes: “When the family sits down, the family therapist should pay attention to how they position themselves. Often their placement can give him some hunches about family affiliations” (p. 207). The general idea behind this concept is that families often reveal a good deal about themselves in the way they arrange themselves spatially with one another. This idea of spatial arrangements is strikingly similar to the notion of “personal space.” Personal space has been defined as “the area individual humans actively maintain around themselves into which others cannot intrude without arousing discomfort” (Hayduk, 1978, p. 118). Personal space has been extensively researched and has been found to be smallest among close friends, greater among acquaintances and greatest among strangers (Edwards, 1972). One could anticipate, therefore, that relationships would vary in spatial arrangement based on friendship or liking between the persons involved. Indeed, such an idea seems central to the diagnostic value of spatial relationships in families. That is, family members who like each other should arrange themselves closer spatially than family members who do not. The purpose of this study was to investigate the idea of spatial arrangement as it applies to one component of families-married couples. Couples were chosen as a first step in the study of the diagnostic value of spatial relationships in family therapy.
On the connection between maximum likelihood sensitivity analysis and nuisance parameter analysis

Sensitivity analysis provides a mean-square-error measure of how the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimates of parameters of interest would change with changes in parameters not being estimated (i.e., nuisance parameters). This type of sensitivity analysis alone does not provide confidence intervals that include the uncertainty in nuisance parameters, whereas nuisance parameter analysis does provide such confidence intervals. The connection between these two analyses is discussed. >
Insulin Resistance, Brain Atrophy, and Cognitive Performance in Late Middle–Aged Adults

OBJECTIVEdInsulin resistance dysregulates glucose uptake and other functions in brain areas affected by Alzheimer disease. Insulin resistance may play a role in Alzheimer disease etiopathogenesis.Thislongitudinalstudyexaminedwhetherinsulinresistanceamonglatemiddle–aged, cognitivelyhealthyindividualswasassociatedwith1)lessgraymatterinAlzheimerdisease–sensitive brain regions and 2) worse cognitive performance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSdHomeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, gray matter volume, and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) were acquired in 372 participants at baseline and a consecutive subset of 121 individuals ~4 years later. Voxelbased morphometry and tensor-based morphometry were used, respectively, to test the association of insulin resistance with baseline brain volume and progressive gray matter atrophy. RESULTSdHigher insulin resistance predicted less gray matter at baseline and 4 years later in medialtemporal lobe,prefrontalcortices,precuneus,and otherparietalgyri.Aregion-of-interest analysis, independent of the voxel-wise analyses, confirmed that higher insulin resistance was related to medial temporal lobe atrophy. Atrophy itself corresponded to cognitive deficits in the RAVLT. Temporal lobe atrophy that was predicted by higher insulin resistance significantly mediated worse RAVLT encoding performance. CONCLUSIONSdThese results suggest that insulin resistance in an asymptomatic, late middle–agedcohortisassociatedwithprogressiveatrophyinregionsaffectedbyearlyAlzheimer disease.Insulinresistancemayalsoaffecttheabilitytoencode episodicinformationbynegatively influencing gray matter volume in medial temporal lobe. Diabetes Care 36:443–449, 2013
Structural signatures of enzyme binding pockets from order-independent surface alignment: A study of metalloendopeptidase and NAD binding proteins

Detecting similarities between local binding surfaces can facilitate identification of enzyme binding sites and prediction of enzyme functions, and aid in our understanding of enzyme mechanisms. Constructing a template of local surface characteristics for a specific enzyme function or binding activity is a challenging task, as the size and shape of the binding surfaces of a biochemical function often vary. Here we introduce the concept of signature binding pockets, which captures information on preserved and varied atomic positions at multiresolution levels. For proteins with complex enzyme binding and activity, multiple signatures arise naturally in our model, forming a signature basis set that characterizes this class of proteins. Both signatures and signature basis sets can be automatically constructed by a method called SOLAR (Signature Of Local Active Regions). This method is based on a sequence-order-independent alignment of computed binding surface pockets. SOLAR also provides a structure-based multiple sequence fragment alignment to facilitate the interpretation of computed signatures. By studying a family of evolutionarily related proteins, we show that for metzincin metalloendopeptidase, which has a broad spectrum of substrate binding, signature and basis set pockets can be used to discriminate metzincins from other enzymes, to predict the subclass of metzincins functions, and to identify specific binding surfaces. Studying unrelated proteins that have evolved to bind to the same NAD cofactor, we constructed signatures of NAD binding pockets and used them to predict NAD binding proteins and to locate NAD binding pockets. By measuring preservation ratio and location variation, our method can identify residues and atoms that are important for binding affinity and specificity. In both cases, we show that signatures and signature basis set reveal significant biological insight.
Need for New Materials in Aging Aircraft Structures

Post-Cold War political and economic considerations have resulted in efforts to extend the life of many aircraft that are the backboneof NATOoperational forces. Although some aredesignated to be replaced with new aircraft, the replacement schedule for many often requires an unprecedented life span of up to 80 years before retirement. Aircraft within these older e eets have had, and continue to experience with growing frequency, fatigue and corrosion related cracking problems that are of concern to operators. To sustain their airworthiness and reduce the maintenanceburden, structural componentsundergoing theseaging problemswill haveto berepairedorreplaced. Material development that has taken place since most of the older vintage military aircraft entered service has resulted in improved alloys and processes that can be used to upgrade life expectation, performance, and affordability of older systems. Someof these newer materials and theadvantages they offerovertheirolder counterparts are described.
Relationship between alcohol intake, age of onset and duration of Alzheimer's disease: A pilot survey of 84 autopsy‐confirmed cases

Little is known about the drinking habits of individuals who develop Alzheimer's disease. A pilot survey of 84 autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer cases was carried out to explore a possible role of alcohol consumption in the onset and duration of Alzheimer's disease. Information on the drinking habits of deceased patients for a 15-year period prior to the onset of the disease was obtained from a surrogate respondent (next of kin) and from the patients' medical records. Alzheimer patients' drinking patterns were comparable to those of the general population. Patients with a history of alcohol abuse did not develop Alzeimer's disease at an earlier age than abstainers or occasional, light or moderate drinkers. Although not statistically significant, duration of survival in Alzheimer's disease was a few years shorter in patients with a history of alcohol abuse.
Minimum stopping distance for linear control of an automatic car-following system

Linearized longitudinal dynamics of an automatic car-following system are analyzed to determine the minimum headway required to avoid collisions. We determine the linear controller with multiple control factors that satisfy all of the system constraints and have a minimum stopping distance. The constraints are stability, no oscillations, and the control forces remaining within a specified physical limitation of the vehicle. Numerical results show that a linear controller that satisfies all of the system constraints requires a large headway in order to avoid collisions when subject to extreme initial conditions. The results indicate the need for a nonlinear controller if collisions are to be avoided with proposed small headways.
Regulation of renal laminin in mice with type II diabetes.

Abstract . This study examines the regulation of renal laminin in the db/db mouse, a model of type II diabetes characterized by extensive remodeling of extracellular matrix. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated an increase in the contents of laminin chains including β1 chain in the mesangium and tubular basement membranes at 1,2,3, and 4 mo of diabetes. Immunofluorescence with an antibody against the recently discovered laminin α5 chain showed that in the normal mouse, the protein had a restricted distribution to the glomerular and tubular basement membranes with scant expression in the mesangium of older mice. In the diabetic mouse, the laminin α5 chain content of the glomerular and tubular basement membranes was increased, with marked expression in the mesangium. Northern analysis revealed a significant decrease in the renal cortical contents of α5, β1, and γ1 chain mRNA in the diabetic mice compared to control, at each of the time points. In situ hybridization showed decreased abundance of α5 transcripts in the glomeruli of diabetic mice compared to nondiabetic controls. Analysis of mRNA changes by Northern and in situ hybridization studies demonstrated that the reduction in laminin transcripts involved both glomerular and tubular elements. These observations demonstrate that laminin accumulation in the db/db mice with type II diabetes is due to nontranscriptional mechanisms. Because previous investigations in rodents with type I diabetes have shown that the increase in renal laminin content was associated with a corresponding increment in laminin chain transcript levels, it appears that the mechanisms underlying augmentation in renal matrix laminin content may be distinct in the two types of diabetes.