cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical properties of Yb X Cu 4 ( X = Ag , Au, Cd, Mg, Tl, and Zn) compounds

Author(s): Sarrao, JL; Immer, CD; Fisk, Z; Booth, CH; Figueroa, E; Lawrence, JM; Modler, R; Cornelius, AL; Hundley, MF; Kwei, GH; Thompson, JD; Bridges, F | Abstract: We report a systematic study of the face-centered-cubic compounds Yb XCu4 (X=Ag, Au, Cd, Mg, Tl, and Zn), as well as their corresponding nonmagnetic analogues LuXCu4. X-ray diffraction, heat capacity, magnetic susceptibility, high-field magnetization, electrical resistivity, Hall effect, and LIII-edge absorption measurements have been performed. The compounds have Kondo temperatures that range from about 10 K to nearly 1000 K. Although the single-impurity Kondo model qualitatively describes the physical properties of these materials, the quantitative details are not well described and the quality of the fits varies strongly from compound to compound. Compound-to-compound variations in crystal-electric fields, effective valence, and the strength of f-ligand hybridization effects, as well as the influence of intrinsic disorder, may help to explain these discrepancies. © 1999 American Physical Society.
Is radiographic evaluation of the chest necessary following flank surgery

AbstractPurpose: We determined whether routine postoperative chest radiography is warranted after flank surgery to assess for pneumothorax.Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 253 adult flank operations performed during a 6-year period was conducted.Results: Incidental pleurotomy occurred in 63 cases (24.9 percent). The performance of rib resection and the level of rib removed as well as female gender had a significant impact on this occurrence. Pleurotomy was treated by a simple evacuation technique and tube thoracostomy was not necessary. Only 2 patients (0.8 percent) had a postoperative pneumothorax without intraoperative recognition of pleurotomy, which resolved without intervention.Conclusions: Routine postoperative chest radiography to assess for pneumothorax following open flank surgery is not necessary.
Ultrasonic effects on mammalian multicellular tumor spheroids

Mammalian multicellular tumor spheroids (MTS), grown in liquid culture medium, 0.23 to 0.32 mm in diameter and consisting of 4,500 to 12,100 cells, were exposed to three ultrasonic machines: a clinical diagnostic device with an emitted intensity of 13 mW/cm2, a therapeutic machine with emitted intensities of 1 to 3.5 W/cm2, and a laboratory emitting 12 to 50 W/cm2. (All intensities are temporal and spatial average.) Four measures of ultrasonic effect on MTS were made: decrease in diameter after treatment, damage to subsequent growth outright kill, and number of cells detached from the MTS. There was no loss in MTS size from diagnostic or therapeutic exposures. None of the exposures from any of the three machines caused any damage to subsequent growth or survival. There was no significant detachment of cells from the MTS by any of the diagnostic exposures (at 13 mW/cm2, out of 40 minutes). With the laboratory machine, a significant number of cells were detached, about 0.02% of the MTS (approximately one cell per MTS) per W/cm2 in a ten-minute exposure. Cells detached by therapeutic exposure increased linearly with exposure. On the average, 1 W/cm2 detaches about 0.5 cells per minute, per MTS, or about 0.006% of the cells in the MTS.
Cross-Cultural Psychotherapy and Art

This article presents an introduction to cross-cultural psychotherapy, with reference to historical theories of art, symbols and myth, and to the therapist working with the client—both individual a...
A hybrid prediction model for no-shows and cancellations of outpatient appointments

A no-show occurs when a scheduled patient neither keeps nor cancels the appointment. A cancellation happens when individuals contact the clinic and cancel their scheduled appointments. Such disruptions not only cause inconvenience to hospital management, they also have a significant impact on the revenue, cost and resource utilization for almost all of the healthcare systems. In this paper, we develop a hybrid probabilistic model based on multinomial logistic regression and Bayesian inference to predict accurately the probability of no-show and cancellation in real-time. First, a multinomial logistic regression model is built based on the entire population's general social and demographic information to provide initial estimates of no-show and cancellation probabilities. Next, the estimated probabilities from the logistic model are transformed into a bivariate Dirichlet distribution, which is used as the prior distribution of a Bayesian updating mechanism to personalize the initial estimates for each pati...
Second-order Q and -0 shifts in RC active filters having nonideal amplifiers

A procedure is developed for the determination of second-order perturbations in centre frequency and selectivity in RC active filters whose amplifiers exhibit a finite gain-bandwidth product.
Numerical study of helicopter blade–vortex mechanism of interaction using the potential flow theory

Abstract The blade–vortex interaction (BVI) phenomenon plays a key role in the rotorcraft aerodynamics. Numerical investigations of BVI using classical CFD approaches are computationally expensive. In the present research we propose a numerical approach, based on the potential flow theory, for the numerical investigation of helicopter blade–vortex mechanism of interaction. This approach overcomes the computational expenses posed by the CFD techniques. The influence of vertical miss distance, angle of attack, airfoil camber, and vortex strength on the helicopter blade–vortex mechanism of interaction is subject of investigation. The study reveals that the magnitude of the aerodynamic coefficients decreases with the increase of vertical miss distance and angle of attack, and the decrease of vortex strength and core size.
Pediocin production in milk by Pediococcus acidilactici in co-culture with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus.

The production of pediocin in milk by Pediococcus acidilactici was evaluated in co-culture with the dairy fermentation cultures Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. The cultures were tested singly and in different combinations in milk (0 or 2% fat content) during incubation at 40°C for up to 10 h. Cell-free milk samples taken every 60 min were tested for bacteriocin activity against Listeria monocytogenes. Pediocin activity was not detectable when P. acidilactici was inoculated into milk as a monoculture. When P. acidilactici was grown in combination with the yogurt starter cultures S. thermophilus and Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, pediocin concentration reached 3,200–6,400 units ml−1 after 8 h of incubation. The results showed that pediocin producing pediococci may be useful adjunct components in mixed cultures of S. thermophilus and Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus to amplify the bioprotective properties of fermented dairy foods against Listeria contamination.
The volume transport of the Norwegian Sea overflow water in the North Atlantic

Direct measurements with Swallow floats and anchored current meters were made at a point near 53°N, 36°W where overflow water from the Norwegian Sea passes through a gap in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from the eastern basin of the North Atlantic into the Labrador Basin. Dynamic computations accompanying the direct measurements gave a westward volume transport of overflow water in the amount of 4·6 million m3/sec. The volume transport of the same overflow water is computed elsewhere in the North Atlantic using the motionless surface suggested by the potential temperature/salinity relationship and the average current measurement and is found to be irregular, varying between 2·0 and 7·6 million m3/sec.
The Perils of Hope

One of the most entrenched commandments in medicine is: “Never take away a patient's hope!” Often it is issued during the treatment of a terminally ill patient to spur and justify the continuation of aggressive life-prolonging efforts. Hope has been called one of a patient‘s “most powerful internal resources,” and “a powerful ally, our last defense against despair.” One editorialist confidently stated: “[C]ommunicating hope can improve patients’ prognosis.”
Behavioural and developmental responses of range caterpillar larvae, Hemileuca oliviae, to condensed tannin

Abstract Condensed tannin and astringency levels of several grasses known to be preferred, or not preferred, by range caterpillar larvae, Hemileuca oliviae Cockrell, were determined. Comparable levels of a commercially available condensed tannin, quebracho, were applied to filter paper discs in choice-tests. Quebracho inhibited feeding in preference tests. Quebracho also was incorporated into agar-based diets; larval development and survival were inhibited. However, in these latter tests, larvae were not provided with tannin-free diet and responded to the presence of quebracho by increasing their rate of consumption. Condensed tannin (quebracho) therefore acted as a feeding deterrent to range caterpillar larvae in situations where low-tannin hosts were available, but as an antimetabolite in no-choice environments.
The testicular feminized rat: a naturally occurring model of androgen independent brain masculinization

Although genotypically male (XY), the testicular feminized rat develops as an anatomic female because of an inherited deficiency in intracellular androgen receptors that prevents androgen imprinting of sexual primordia. However, the ability of testicular feminized rats to exhibit male-like sexual behavior and little feminine sexual behavior suggests that the brain can be masculinized without androgens.
A single integrated gene for ribosomal RNA in a eucaryote, tetrahymena pyriformis

The macronucleus of the protozoan, Tetrahymena, is known to contain multiple rRNA genes which are not linked to the chromosomes. Here we present evidence that the germinal micronucleus of this organism contains a single gene for rRNA integrated into the chromosomal DNA. Unlike the extrachromosomal copies of the macronucleus, which are composed of a pair of reversely repeated sequences (a palindrome), the integrated copy of rDNA is nonrepetitive or half the size of the extrachromosomal rDNA. Furthermore, we have failed to detect such an integrated copy of rDNA in the macronucleus. The implications of these observations for the amplification and evolution of rDNA are discussed.
Task scheduling in hard real-time distributed systems on a bus local area network

The authors propose a scheme for global scheduling in a distributed system using a bus network, which is shared by nodes in the system through a contention-free medium access protocol. Unlike existing solutions, the scheme does not require complete global state information to be collected for a node that has an unschedulable aperiodic task to find a node that can execute the task. The nodes are organized in the system in a logical ring fashion to synchronize the global scheduling process. To evaluate the performance of the scheme, two protocols are developed. Simulation results show that the performance of the scheme is close to an ideal distributed system, in which the centralized global scheduler takes care of aperiodic tasks without any communication and task migration overhead. >
Optimal piecewise-linear compression of images

The authors explore compression using an optimal algorithm for the approximation of waveforms with piecewise linear functions. They describe a modification of the algorithm that is provably good, but simple enough for the associated hardware implementation to be presentable. >
Intracellular pH modulates taste receptor cell volume and the phasic part of the chorda tympani response to acids.

The relationship between cell volume and the neural response to acidic stimuli was investigated by simultaneous measurements of intracellular pH (pHi) and cell volume in polarized fungiform taste receptor cells (TRCs) using 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) in vitro and by rat chorda tympani (CT) nerve recordings in vivo. CT responses to HCl and CO2 were recorded in the presence of 1 M mannitol and specific probes for filamentous (F) actin (phalloidin) and monomeric (G) actin (cytochalasin B) under lingual voltage clamp. Acidic stimuli reversibly decrease TRC pHi and cell volume. In isolated TRCs F-actin and G-actin were labeled with rhodamine phalloidin and bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease-1 conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488, respectively. A decrease in pHi shifted the equilibrium from F-actin to G-actin. Treatment with phalloidin or cytochalasin B attenuated the magnitude of the pHi-induced decrease in TRC volume. The phasic part of the CT response to HCl or CO2 was significantly decreased by preshrinking TRCs with hypertonic mannitol and lingual application of 1.2 mM phalloidin or 20 μM cytochalasin B with no effect on the tonic part of the CT response. In TRCs first treated with cytochalasin B, the decrease in the magnitude of the phasic response to acidic stimuli was reversed by phalloidin treatment. The pHi-induced decrease in TRC volume induced a flufenamic acid–sensitive nonselective basolateral cation conductance. Channel activity was enhanced at positive lingual clamp voltages. Lingual application of flufenamic acid decreased the magnitude of the phasic part of the CT response to HCl and CO2. Flufenamic acid and hypertonic mannitol were additive in inhibiting the phasic response. We conclude that a decrease in pHi induces TRC shrinkage through its effect on the actin cytoskeleton and activates a flufenamic acid–sensitive basolateral cation conductance that is involved in eliciting the phasic part of the CT response to acidic stimuli.
Chemical makeup of microdamaged bone differs from undamaged bone

Microdamage naturally occurs in bone tissue as a result of cyclic loading placed on the body from normal daily activities. While it is usually repaired through the bone turnover process, accumulation of microdamage may result in reduced bone quality and increased fracture risk. It is unclear whether certain areas of bone are more susceptible to microdamage than others due to compositional differences. This study examines whether areas of microdamaged bone are chemically different than undamaged areas of bone. Bone samples (L3 vertebrae) were harvested from 15 dogs. Samples were stained with basic fuchsin, embedded in poly-methylmethacrylate, and cut into 5-μm-thick sections. Fuchsin staining was used to identify regions of microdamage, and synchrotron infrared microspectroscopic imaging was used to determine the local bone composition. Results showed that microdamaged areas of bone were chemically different than the surrounding undamaged areas. Specifically, the mineral stoichiometry was altered in microdamaged bone, where the carbonate/protein ratio and carbonate/phosphate ratio were significantly lower in areas of microdamage, and the acid phosphate content was higher. No differences were observed in tissue mineralization (phosphate/protein ratio) or crystallinity between the microdamaged and undamaged bone, indicating that the microdamaged regions of bone were not over-mineralized. The collagen cross-linking structure was also significantly different in microdamaged areas of bone, consistent with ruptured cross-links and reduced fracture resistance. All differences in composition had well-defined boundaries in the microcrack region, strongly suggesting that they occurred after microcrack formation. Even so, because microdamage results in an altered bone composition, an accumulation of microdamage might result in a long-term reduction in bone quality.
AT&T's Strategic Response to Competition: Why Not Preempt Entry?

The idea that a monopolist would adopt a pricing strategy to deter entry is found in a wide body of research. We explore why the monopolist in the American telephone industry, AT&T, did not pursue such a strategy when its initial patents expired.
Interfacial transfer in Tryggvason's method

SUMMARY Tryggvason's method computes two phaseows by smoothing the regions near the boundaries between the twouids. This requires averaging of theuid properties, which may dier by orders of magnitude and can lead to large errors. Traditional linear averaging produces arst order error that can be extremely large. In this paper, we show that for a number of simple test cases, averaging of the inverses of the properties can lead to a signicant improvement in the quality of the results. Copyright ? 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Numerical methods for simulating two-phaseows have received increased attention in recent years. Methods that have been proposed can be broken into two major categories. In therst group are methods that advance the Navier-Stokes equations as if the two phases comprise a singleuid. In the second type of method, the two phases are treated separately and the phase boundary is explicitly taken into account. These may be called front capturing and front tracking methods, respectively. Among the front tracking methods are the Chimera method developed by Dwyer and others (for example, Reference (1)) and the movingnite element method proposed by Helenbrook among others (for example, Reference (2)). Chimera methods use a bodytted grid overlaid on a coarser outer grid and the solution is obtained by iterating between the two grids and passing information between them. The major problem in this approach is that it is dicult (but not impossible) to take deformation of the phase boundary into account. Thenite element method has the potential to handle a wider range of problems but is likely to be more expensive computationally. The principal types of front capturing methods are the volume ofuid methods that have been worked on by many people (Reference (3) and others). In these methods, each cell
Limited-Preemption Scheduling on Multiprocessors

Limited-preemption scheduling of sporadic task systems upon a multiprocessor platform is considered, when inter-processor migration is permitted. A schedulability test is derived by extending a prior schedulability test for fully-preemptive scheduling of sporadic task systems to the above-mentioned platform. We describe how the derived schedulability test can be used as a schedulability test for multiprocessor, multi-GPU systems with busy-waiting. Experimental evaluations are used to show the efficacy of the derived schedulability test in the context of the multiprocessor, multi-GPU system model.
Identification of Site Frequencies from Building Records

A simple procedure to identify site frequencies using earthquake response records from roofs and basements of buildings is presented. For this purpose, data from five different buildings are analyzed using only spectral analyses techniques. Additional data such as free-field records in close proximity to the buildings and site characterization data are also used to estimate site frequencies and thereby to provide convincing evidence and confirmation of the site frequencies inferred from the building records. Furthermore, simple code-formula is used to calculate site frequencies and compare them with the identified site frequencies from records. Results show that the simple procedure is effective in identification of site frequencies and provides relatively reliable estimates of site frequencies when compared with other methods. Therefore the simple procedure for estimating site frequencies using earthquake records can be useful in adding to the database of site frequencies. Such databases can be used to better estimate site frequencies of those sites with similar geological structures. [DOI: 10.1193/1.1542618]
Creatio Ex Nihilo Recovered

Creatio ex nihilo sounds like a philosophical teaching, but philosophy has been utterly unprepared to offer proper expression for an origination which presupposes nothing at all! Yet each of the Abrahamic faiths insists on such an origination, so it proved serendipitous when sufficient contact opened between these diverse religious traditions to allow thinkers to assist one another in what proved to be a shared task—and indeed gain assistance from others as well, as Sara Grant elucidates the sui generis relation between creatures and creator using Shankara's “non-duality”. With Robert Dobie's help, we shall can find ourselves attaining mutual illumination from witnessing Meister Eckhart and Ibn ’Arabi struggle with the same conundrum, reminding us how we will invariably falsify this crucial relating if we insist on thinking of Creator and creatures as “two things”, inevitably yielding a creator who must be the “biggest of all”. Yet this witness of classical explorers from different traditions may embolden contemporary thinkers to try their hand as well.
General groundwater session

The session on general groundwater at the AGU 1987 Fall Meeting included several interesting presentations. In this report, the papers have been grouped into four categories for the ease of discussion: groundwater management, aquifer compaction, field approaches, and modeling.
Teacher Retention and Attrition-in Special and General Education A Critical Review of the Literature

The primary purpose of this paper is to review research findings related to teacher retention and attrition in special education. Major findings from general education retention studies are also reviewed to provide a context for understanding special educators' career decisions. Research findings are organized around a conceptual model of teachers' career decisions that includes three major factors: (a) external (e.g., societal, economic, and institutional), (b) employment (e.g., professional qualifications, work conditions and rewards, commitment, and employability), and (c) personal (e.g., demographics, family, and cognitive/ affective). Conceptual and methodological considerations related to attrition/retention research are also considered.
Regional cerebral blood flow decreases during hyperglycemia

The presence of hyperglycemia before brain ischemia increases stroke-related morbidity and mortality in experimental animals and humans. However, little is known of the effect of hyperglycemia on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Acute hyperglycemia was induced in awake but restrained rats by intraperitoneal injection of 50% D-glucose. Regional flow was determined using [14C]iodoantipyrine and quantitative autoradiography. Elevation of plasma glucose from 11 to 39 mM was associated with a 24% reduction in rCBF when compared with controls that received normal saline. Intraperitoneal D-mannitol produced an elevation of plasma osmolality equivalent to that observed with glucose. However, rCBF was only reduced by 10%. Hyperglycemia appears to produce a global decrease in rCBF in awake rats that cannot be completely explained by the attendant increase in plasma osmolality. If a similar influence is present during brain ischemia, hyperglycemia could extend areas of critical flow limitation.
Terrorist Chemical Releases: Assessment of Medical Risk and Implications for Emergency Preparedness

ABSTRACT In the last few years, public health has played an increasingly important role in disaster management, particularly in biological terrorist event planning. However, little time or financial expenditure has been spent on preparation for terrorist-related chemical events. In addition, chemical hazardous material and industrial accidents are common occurrences in the United States and have significant public health and emergency preparedness consequences. This manuscript reviews previous terrorist-related and industrial chemical events, an assessment of the risk that these events have on the public health, and ways that hospitals and local, state, and regional public health agencies may plan for such an event.
Application of Optimal Control Theory to the Crashworthiness of a Passenger Vehicle Model

Optimal control theory concepts are thought to be useful in understanding the problem of determining safe deceleration characteristics for a crashing vehicle. These deceleration waveforms are to be computed such that passenger belt forces are minimized. Using both a linear one-degree-of-freedom model and a nonlinear two-degree-of-freedom model for a frontal collision, this problem is shown to be equivalent to the minimization of a performance or cost function when the terminal time is not fixed a priori, but is determined by terminal constraints. While the maximum principle is applied directly to find the optimal deceleration waveform for the linear problem, the steepest ascent method is used to optimize iteratively the nonlinear problem. Passenger seatbelt forces which resulted from using these optimal waveforms were compared with those forces which resulted from using step and ramp functions. Results showed that the seat belt forces resulting from the optimally derived deceleration signals were considerably smaller than those using step and ramp functions. With further effort, these results could possibly be used as design guides.
Outcomes after institution of a new oxytocin infusion protocol during the third stage of labor and immediate postpartum period

Abstract Background Due to safety concerns when oxytocin is administered in an uncontrolled fashion, and recent dose–response data that indicate oxytocin's effectiveness at doses lower than those traditionally used, we instituted a new protocol for the infusion of oxytocin during the third stage of labor and in the immediate postpartum period. We undertook this study to confirm that this change in practice did not have untoward effects on postpartum hemorrhage rates. Methods In this retrospective review, patients who delivered in the six months before (PRE group) and patients who delivered in the six months after (POST group) the new protocol had been introduced were identified through an institutional database and their medical records were reviewed. The primary outcome variable was the postpartum hemorrhage rate. Secondary outcomes included maternal and fetal co-morbidities, protocol compliance, administration of other uterotonic agents, use of Bakri balloons and B-Lynch sutures, rate of uterine artery embolization and peripartum hysterectomy, need for red blood cell transfusion, and drop in hemoglobin after delivery. Categorical data were analyzed using Chi-squared or Fisher's Exact test, as appropriate. Continuous data were analyzed using a Mann-Whitney U test. A P value Results A total of 1572 medical records were reviewed. Postpartum hemorrhage occurred in 9.0% of PRE patients and 7.1% of POST patients, and was not different between groups ( P =0.17). Carboprost use was lower in the POST group, but no other differences were noted. Conclusion Adoption of a protocol to infuse oxytocin in a controlled manner at a lower dose than that historically used was not associated with an increased incidence of postpartum hemorrhage.
The Relationship Between Public and Private Information: An Experimental Markets Study

This study investigates the relationship between public and private information using experimental markets. The level of public disclosure is varied to examine the effect on private information consumption and on the informedness of price. The experimental setting consists of a double auction security market and an information market running concurrently. After all traders received public information, the markets commenced and both the informedness of price and the amount spent on private information were determined endogenously. The results indicate that an inverse relation exists between public disclosure and private information consumption and between the informedness of price and private information consumption. The evidence also suggests that the overall informedness of traders increases with increases in the level of public disclosure. These results are consistent with the predictions of Verrecchia (1982a,b). Unlike prior studies, this study finds that, after considering the cost of information, less-informed traders earned considerably more than relatively informed traders and this was consistent over all subject groups, days, and levels of public information.
Review: House, but No Garden: Apartment Living in Bombay’s Suburbs, 1898–1964, by Nikhil Rao

Nikhil Rao House, but No Garden: Apartment Living in Bombay’s Suburbs, 1898–1964 Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013, 312 pp., 2 tables, 53 b/w illus. $90 (cloth), ISBN 9780816678129; $30 (paper), ISBN 9780816678136 Of all the cities founded by the British in the colonial era, Bombay (now known as Mumbai) has most captured the imagination of writers. Over the past decade or so it has served as one of the primary subjects of a rich body of scholarship that vastly expands our understanding of the complexities of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century colonial cities in South Asia. This scholarship shows the important role of local populations in the making, imagining, and inhabiting of the colonial city, thus not only providing compelling insights into the architecture and urbanism of this era but also adding nuance to our understanding of colonial processes that shaped the urban environment. Nikhil Rao’s House, but No Garden , which focuses on the construction and inhabitation of apartments as a new residential mode of dwelling as well as on global processes of suburbanization, is an important contribution to this emerging body of research. Rao’s book reveals that the events associated with Bombay’s suburbanization in the twentieth century are vital to our understanding of urban land management, apartment dwelling’s role in the creation of middle-class identities and meta-identities, and the contemporary city. This work is significant for several reasons. First, it spans the period from 1898 to 1964, straddling the colonial and postcolonial eras (India became independent in 1947) and thus encompassing a part of the twentieth century that is relatively understudied in Indian cities. Many urban histories end around 1918, and anthropologists and sociologists often focus on the contemporary city. Urban historians writing about colonial Bombay prior to 1918 are referring to a limited geographical area of about 22 square miles in the southern third of the island of Bombay; in that period the northern third of the island remained undeveloped. In contrast, scholars writing on the contemporary city refer to …
Abstract 1594: Sustained release of drug eluting nanoparticles from implantable devices for loco-regional chemoradiation therapy.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Systemic chemotherapy is often used with radiation therapy in the management of prostate, cervix and lung cancer patients, but leads to severe systemic toxicities. We have introduced a new modality of loco-regional chemoradiation therapy termed in-situ image guided radiation therapy (BIS-IGRT) that offers the potential to deliver planned, localized and sustained delivery of chemotherapy agent, without systemic toxicities, as part of routine minimally invasive image guided radiation therapy procedures. Such image guided chemoradiation therapy requires characterization of the drug distribution produced by implantable drug eluters. This work presents imaging based means to measure temporal and spatial properties of diffusion distributions around spacers coated with dye-loaded nanoparticles. The distribution of 250nm silica nanoparticles (NP) conjugated to Cyanine 7.5 dye was evaluated with a custom built high-speed near-infrared small animal imaging platform providing 0.1 millimeter spatial resolution with >1Hz image acquisition rate. A brachytherapy spacer loaded with the Cy7.5/silica NP was injected subcutaneously on the left hind flank of a mouse and one was inserted into a xenograft tumor on the opposite flank as part of an approved animal research protocol. The mouse was imaged more than 36 days. The in vivo imaging experiments show that the area of high signal increases with time suggesting that NP accumulate in the vicinity of a spacer without diffusing to the rest of the body. The spatial and temporal characteristics of NP accumulation indicate that a BIS-IGRT approach may provide an effective means to improve the therapeutic ratio of brachytherapy. Conclusion: In-vivo measurements demonstrate that NP remain resident in the vicinity of the implanted eluting spacers with accumulation over times appropriate to improve brachytherapy's therapeutic ratio. Future work will optimize the NP and substrate properties of an implantable spacer to attain the optimal chemotherapy distributions for simultaneous placement during image guided brachytherapy implants. We acknowledge partial support from NSF DGE 0965843 and HHS/5U54CA151881-02. Citation Format: Rajiv Kumar, Jodi Belz, Stacey Markovic, Tej Jadhav, Paul Nguyen, Mark Niedre, Anthony DAmico, Mike Makrigiorgos, Robert Cormack, Srinivas Sridhar. Sustained release of drug eluting nanoparticles from implantable devices for loco-regional chemoradiation therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1594. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1594
Calibration and Validation of the RapidScat Scatterometer Using Tropical Rainforests

Launched in September2014, RapidScat is currently operating on the International Space Station (ISS). RapidScat estimates ocean vector winds via the measurement of the normalized radar coefficient (σ 0 ) of the ocean's surface. Measurements are also collected over land. The ISS orbit permits, for the first time, the observation of the diurnal variation in Ku-band σ 0 at midto high-incidence angles. To complement calibration efforts over the ocean, in this paper the calibration and validation of the σ 0 measurements are performed using natural land targets, namely the Amazon and Congo rainforests. The diurnal σ 0 cycle of the targets is estimated with respect to incidence angle, azimuth angle, and season using measurements from previous sensors. Understanding this diurnal backscatter response enables the comparison of RapidScat measurements with measurements from the QuikSCAT, NASA Scatterometer, SeaWinds, and Oceansat-II scatterometers. RapidScat σ 0 measurements are found to be consistent but biased low compared to those of QuikSCAT by up to 0.3 dB. The effectiveness of slice balancing is evaluated and found to be dependent on the pitch of the ISS. Extreme pitches of the ISS are also found to introduce azimuth dependencies in egg measurements. By accounting for seasonal and diurnal cycles, we find that the rainforests are well suited for scatterometer sensor cross-calibration, even for disjoint years.
A tutorial introduction to the statistical theory of turbulent plasmas, a half-century after Kadomtsev’s Plasma Turbulence and the resonance-broadening theory of Dupree and Weinstock

In honour of the 50th anniversary of the influential review/monograph on plasma turbulence by B. B. Kadomtsev as well as the seminal works of T. H. Dupree and J. Weinstock on resonance-broadening theory, an introductory tutorial is given about some highlights of the statistical–dynamical description of turbulent plasmas and fluids, including the ideas of nonlinear incoherent noise, coherent damping, and self-consistent dielectric response. The statistical closure problem is introduced. Incoherent noise and coherent damping are illustrated with a solvable model of passive advection. Self-consistency introduces turbulent polarization effects that are described by the dielectric function$${\mathcal{D}}$$. Dupree’s method of using$${\mathcal{D}}$$to estimate the saturation level of turbulence is described; then it is explained why a more complete theory that includes nonlinear noise is required. The general theory is best formulated in terms of Dyson equations for the covariance$C$and an infinitesimal response function$R$, which subsumes$${\mathcal{D}}$$. An important example is the direct-interaction approximation (DIA). It is shown how to use Novikov’s theorem to develop an$$\boldsymbol{x}$$-space approach to the DIA that is complementary to the original$$\boldsymbol{k}$$-space approach of Kraichnan. A dielectric function is defined for arbitrary quadratically nonlinear systems, including the Navier–Stokes equation, and an algorithm for determining the form of$${\mathcal{D}}$$in the DIA is sketched. The independent insights of Kadomtsev and Kraichnan about the problem of the DIA with random Galilean invariance are described. The mixing-length formula for drift-wave saturation is discussed in the context of closures that include nonlinear noise (shielded by$${\mathcal{D}}$$). The role of$R$in the calculation of the symmetry-breaking (zonostrophic) instability of homogeneous turbulence to the generation of inhomogeneous mean flows is addressed. The second-order cumulant expansion and the stochastic structural stability theory are also discussed in that context. Various historical research threads are mentioned and representative entry points to the literature are given. In addition, some outstanding conceptual issues are enumerated.
Molecular Organic Structures

The first attempt to solve a molecular organic crystal structure quantitatively from electron diffraction intensity data was made by Rigamonti (1936), who characterized a paraffin layer packing. Because the application of electron diffraction techniques to the study of polymethylene compounds is of appreciable historical and practical importance, these results will be discussed in detail in later chapters.
The Empty Room

I’ve found some version of the same thing in every classroom: a light switch, a blackboard (now, a whiteboard), desks attached to chairs and sometimes chairs with tables between them. Fluorescent light, landlord white, grey floor tiles. Some have the cast of despair familiar to anyone who has waited in the DMV; the best are clean, bright, and cleaned regularly.
Gap-based transit assignment algorithm with vehicle capacity constraints: Simulation-based implementation and large-scale application

This paper presents a gap-based solution method for the time-dependent transit assignment problem with vehicle capacity constraints. A two-level, simulation-based methodology is proposed, which finds the least cost hyperpaths at the upper level and performs the assignment of transit travelers on the hyperpaths at the lower level. The detailed simulation of travelers and vehicles at the lower level allows modelers to capture transit network complexities such as transfers/missed connections, receiving a seat/standing and boarding/being rejected to board. This ‘hard’ implementation of vehicle capacity constraints at the lower level is aggregated into ‘soft constraints’ at the upper level for the least cost hyperpath calculation. Using a gap-based assignment procedure, user equilibrium is reached on large-scale networks in a computationally efficient manner. The algorithm is tested on the large-scale Chicago Transit Authority network. The gap-based approach outperforms the commonly used method of successive averages approach in terms of rate of convergence and quality of results. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses with respect to network parameters illustrate the robustness of the proposed two-level solution procedure.
Self-Attitudes and Antisocial Personality as Moderators of the Drug Use-Violence Relationship

This chapter reports a series of logistic regression models that examine the effect of drug use on violence and the conditions under which the effect on later violence of drug use during adolescence (net of the effect of earlier violence, non-drug/nonviolent deviance, and sociodemographic controls) is relatively strong or weak. We first examine the literature that describes the general consequences of drug use, the putative causal relationship between drugs and crime, and violence as a consequence of drug use. We then introduce the possibility that two variables (self-derogation and antisocial personality) may moderate the drug use-violence relationship and account for apparently contradictory findings regarding this relationship that are reported in the literature.
Racial Disparities in Pediatric Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura.

Abstract 4464 Background Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) occurs in children with an estimated incidence of 5/100,000; however, it is not known whether racial disparities in the incidence of pediatric ITP exist. We hypothesize that because petechiae may go unrecognized in black children the observed incidence of ITP in this race may be less. The purpose of this study was to analyze an established pediatric ITP population at New York Medical College in order to assess whether such disparities exist amongst races and to determine the presenting features of ITP in black children. Methods Retrospective chart review of 630 pediatric ITP patients diagnosed and treated at New York Medical College from 1985 to 2009 was performed to determine the incidence in various races and to study the presenting features in black children. The patients9 race was determined by review of medical records, physician recollection and when necessary by contacting patients by phone. Observed rates of ITP in various races were compared to expected rates given the incidence of ITP and the area9s demographic construct. Census of children younger than 19 years residing in the Hudson Valley (Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, and Rockland counties and Danbury, Connecticut) was obtained from the United States Census Bureau. We used a χ2 “goodness-of-fit” test to determine whether the sample distribution differed from the population distribution. Results Racial demographics were available for 530 of 630 (84%) ITP patients. The estimated racial demographics of children younger than 19 years residing in the Hudson Valley are as follows: total population, 468,550; 75% Caucasian; 10% Hispanic 10% black; and 5% Asian. Of the 530 identified, 406 (76.6%) were found to be Caucasian, 55 (10%) Hispanic, 36 (7.5%) Black, and 33 (6.2%) Asian. If ITP is detected equally amongst races, one would expect to find 397.5 White patients (observed expected difference [O – E] 8.5 with a residual of 0.426), 53 Hispanic (O - E 2 with a residual of 0.275), 53 black patients (O – E -17 with a residual of -2.335), and 26 Asian (O – E 6.5 with a residual of 1.263). The distribution of our sample over race groups compared with the distribution of the population over race groups had a p-value of 0.063 with the largest contribution due to under-representation of black children in our sample. Of the 36 black children with ITP 18 (50%) were found to present with bruising/petechiae, 4 (11%) presented with a combination of wet purpura and bruising/petechiae, 3 (8%) presented with wet purpura alone, and 11 (31%) were asymptomatic. Conclusion The incidence of ITP in black children may be less than in Caucasian, Hispanic, and Asian children. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Bone Formation in Osteoporosis, In Vitro Mechanical Stimulation as Compared with Biochemical Stimuli

Abnormalities in the number and function of bone-forming osteoblasts play a central role in the pathophysiological processes leading to osteoporosis. Normal osteoblast production and function are regulated by chemical growth factors and mechanical signals. Nevertheless, the responses of mesenchymal stem cells from osteoporotic bone to mechanical signals remain poorly understood. Animal and human studies demonstrate the anabolic properties of mechanical stimulation in its ability to improve bone formation by enhancing the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells and their subsequent commitment down an osteoblastic lineage. Response to mechanical strains as low as 10 μe has been seen, illustrating the sensitivity of mechanosensory cells to mechanotransduction pathways. Mechanical signals represent a key regulatory mechanism in the maintenance and formation of bone. These signals may be more effective than biochemical ones in promoting osteoporotic mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate along an osteoblastic lineage.
Racial/ethnic disparities in prior mental health service use among incarcerated adolescents

Abstract Research on racial and ethnic disparities in mental health and substance abuse service use among incarcerated youth in the U.S. is inconclusive. This cross-sectional study adds to our understanding of racial and ethnic disparities by examining the prior use of mental health and substance abuse services among incarcerated juveniles. Guided by Andersen's behavioral model of health service utilization, a series of logistic regression analyses were conducted on a non-probability sample of 13–19 year-old youth in two residential facilities for juvenile offenders in Western Pennsylvania (N = 181). Black and Hispanic youth were less likely than White youth to have used mental health and substance abuse services, even when controlling for predisposing, enabling, and need factors. Additional analyses revealed that these differences did not hold across all service types, specifically with regards to outpatient service use. Significant differences did exist, however, in the prior use of inpatient mental health and substance abuse services. This suggests that White youth are often funneled into the mental health system, while youth of color enter the justice system. Implications for racial/ethnic disproportionality in service use and justice system involvement are discussed.
Stresses around Circular Holes in Dams and Buttresses

Cracks that have been observed in dams have sometimes been attributed to the presence of drainage or inspection galleries which are parallel or transverse to the axis of the dam. Some observers hav...
Pause: A Multi-lifespan Design Mechanism

At times, inaction may be a wise course of action. This insight lies at the heart of the design mechanism of pause. In this note, we explore the construct of pause, its rhythms, and nuances of enacting pause. Throughout, we draw on our experience engaging with pause in the multi-lifespan design of information systems for transitional justice. Five rhythms are identified: periodic hiatus, pending future event, responding to the socio-political climate, (temporary) closure, and laying fallow. In addition, we provide heuristics for managing pause and then restarting the design process. We then explore the scalability of pause from longer (e.g., multi-lifespan design) to shorter timeframes. We conclude with reflections on the potential benefits and open questions about pause as a design mechanism.
Shifting expectations: Revisiting core concepts of academic librarianship in undergraduate classes with a digital humanities focus

This article explores best practices for supporting digital humanities (DH) activity and pedagogy in the undergraduate classroom on campuses without a DH center in the library. By examining specifi...
Supporting university students with autism spectrum disorder

Increasing numbers of students with autism spectrum disorder are entering higher education. Their success can be jeopardized by organizational, social/emotional, and academic challenges if appropriate supports are not in place. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a support group model for university students with autism spectrum disorder in improving psychological and functional outcomes. A curriculum guided the weekly discussions and consisted of topics such as time and stress management, managing group work, and social communication. Efficacy was assessed through pre- and post self-report measures focused on self-esteem, loneliness, anxiety, and depression. Functional changes in academic and social skills were examined through qualitative analysis of focus groups. Findings from the self-report measures indicated significant reductions in feelings of loneliness and general anxiety, and a significant increase in self-esteem at the end of the program compared to the beginning. Five prominent themes were identified in the focus-group analysis and reflected how the program had positively impacted participants' skills and coping: executive functioning; goal setting; academics and resources; stress and anxiety; and social. Given the cost effectiveness of "in-house" interventions and the potential for improving academic outcomes and retention of students with autism spectrum disorder, further research examining similar program models is warranted.