cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ordered-disordered ternary alloys by atomic layer epitaxy

Ga05In05P ternary alloys, lattice-matched to GaAs substrates, were grown by atomic layer epitaxy. The growth proceeded by the deposition of monolayers of In-P-Ga-P in a self-regulated fashion. The ternary alloys were found to have different crystal and bandgap structures depending on the growth conditions. Films deposited on (1 0 0) oriented GaAs substrates have a random (disordered) structure withEg ≈ 1.9 eV. However, the same ternary alloy deposited on misoriented substrates showed a high degree of ordering withEg ≈ 1.76 eV. The ordered structure is in the form of highly strained monolayer superlattices (InP-GaP) oriented along the (1 1 1) direction. The ordered-disordered transition can also be achieved by Se doping to the 1017 cm−3 range. We report on the atomic layer epitaxy growth conditions for both ordered and disordered GaInP films. We also discuss several possible quantum well structures based on this ternary alloy.
Applications of a fixed-sphere bag model

We extend previous applications of the fixed-sphere MIT bag model to analyses of the nucleon axial radius, spectroscopy of the new heavy hadrons, and weak nonleptonic decays. The nucleon axial-charge radius is calculated to be nearly equal to the electromagnetic-charge radius. Using the ground state of charmonium as input, we predict the masses and excitation energies of new particles. Comparison of the model with observed states reveals that the model has insufficient vector--pseudoscalar mass splitting and inadequate excitation energies. Finally, both ..delta..S = 1 and ..delta..C = 1 nonleptonic decays of mesons and baryons are studied using a weak Hamiltonian enhanced by short-distance strong-interaction effects. Variation of matrix elements with the hadronic radius is investigated. The model is found to be unable to reproduce hyperon and kaon decay amplitudes. (AIP)
Bound states of a many-particle system

Abstract Rigorous formal solutions of the bound state Schrodinger equation are constructed in terms of an arbitrary complete set of single particle wave functions. From these solutions one sees without effort that Rayleigh Schrodinger pertubation expansion of the energy does not contain matrix elements represented by products of unlinked diagrams. The components of the state vector are related in a simple manner to functions represented by linked diagrams only.
A Study of Variation in Trawl Data Collected in Everglades National Park, Florida

Abstract To assess factors contributing to variation in trawl data, eight stations in Whitewater Bay, Everglades National Park, Florida were sampled each month by roller-frame trawling from December 1968 to November 1969. A total of 52,190 fishes representing 66 species was captured. Analyses of catch data for 15 of these species indicated that the number of individuals per sample conformed to the Poisson distribution at low sample densities and to the negative binomial as population size increased and aggregation or “contagion” became evident. Tests of selected methods of data transformation indicated that a logarithmic scale transformation with the negative binomial statistic k was often effective in rendering such data amenable to parametric statistical testing. Sampling procedures and tidal stage had no direct effect on catch rates, although some evidence was found for an interaction between them. Vegetation density appeared to be the most important factor determining the differences observed between ...
Coordinate accumulation of contractile protein mRNAs during myoblast differentiation.

Abstract The synthesis of contractile protein mRNAs has been studied during the differentiation of quail skeletal muscle myoblasts in culture. Eight contractile protein mRNAs were identified by translation of total cellular RNA isolated from differentiated myofibers in wheat germ and reticulocyte lysates. Products of the translation systems were fractionated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and incorporation of [ 35 S]methionine into individual contractile proteins was quantitated by computerized densitometry of autoradiograms. These translation assay systems were used to quantitate levels of contractile protein mRNAs in cultures of myoblasts undergoing highly synchronous differentiation. Our results show that dividing myoblasts contain very little, if any, translatable contractile protein mRNA. The mRNAs coding for myosin heavy chain, the musclespecific actin, three myosin light chains, two tropomyosin subunits, and one troponin subunit begin to coordinately accumulate at fusion, when contractile protein synthesis is activated. Their levels increase 50- to 200-fold during the next 30 hr, paralleling increases in the rates of contractile protein synthesis. These results indicate that the contractile protein mRNAs accumulate coordinately during myoblast differentiation and that contractile protein synthesis is regulated by changes in the levels of these mRNAs.
Primula alcalina (Primulaceae): A new species from Idaho

Primula alcalina, endemic to east-central Idaho, is described and illustrated. Closely related toP. incana, it differs in having smaller flowers that are white instead of lilac, and a much lower chromosome number (n=9).
An Overview of the Pressurized Thermal Shock Re-Evaluation Project

In 1999, a study sponsored by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) suggested that advances in the technologies associated with the physics of pressurized-thermal-shock (PTS) events developed since the derivation of the PTS regulations (established in the early-mid eighties) had the potential to establish a technical basis that could justify a relaxation in the current PTS-related regulations. A relaxation of these regulations could have profound implications for plant license extension considerations. Subsequently, the NRC initiated the interdisciplinary PTS Re-evaluation Project. During the five year project, an updated comprehensive computational methodology evolved, within the framework established by modern probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) techniques, through interactions among experts in relevant disciplines from the NRC staff, their contractors, and representatives from the nuclear industry. During 2004, the updated computational methodology was applied to three domestic commercial pressurized water reactors (PWRs). The most recent results of the PTS Re-evaluation Project provide a technical basis to support a relaxation of the current PTS regulations while continuing to provide reasonable assurance of adequate protection to public health and safety. The details of the updated computational methodology, the mathematical models, the analysis results, key findings, and supporting information have recently been drafted in several very detailed and lengthy formal reports. These reports are currently under review at the NRC. An objective of this paper is to provide a short overview of the improved computational methodology, analysis results, and key findings of the PTS re-evaluation project. To demonstrate that a technical basis has been established to support a relaxation of the current PTS regulations, it is helpful to understand the derivation of the current PTS regulations; therefore, another objective of this paper is to contrast the interpretation of the analysis results of the PTS re-evaluation to those performed in the eighties from which the current PTS regulations were derived.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Determination of silver using cyclic epithermal neutron activation analysis

A fast pneumatic transfer facility was installed in Nuclear Engineering Teaching Laboratory (NETL) of the University of Texas at Austin for the purpose of cyclic thermal and epithermal neutron activation analysis. In this study efforts were focused on the evaluation of cyclic epithermal neutron activation analysis (CENAA). Various NIST and CANMET certified materials were analyzed by the system. Experiment results showed 110Ag with its 25 s half-life as one of the isotopes favored by the system. Thus, the system was put into practical application in identifying silver in metallic ores. Comparison of sliver concentrations as determined by CENAA in CANMET certified reference materials gave very good results.
Reflections on Unethical Experiments and the Beginnings of Bioethics in the United States

The author offers personal reflections on the development of research ethics in the United States, primarily during the 1960s. He explores the efforts of the pioneers in the field of human experimentation ethics to raise and discuss issues such as the value conflict between the acquisition of knowledge and respect for the autonomy of research subjects and the crucial importance of disclosure in the informed consent process.
On the rate of lava- and tephra production and the upward migration of magma in four icelandic eruptions

The rate of the lava production of three Icelandic fissure eruptions (Lakagigar 1783, Hekla 1947, Askja 1961) is calculated and an attempt is made at a reasonable approximation of the rate of lava production per length and width of the feeding fissures and the rate of upward migration of the magma through the fissures. The results are summed up in Table 2. The figures for the maximum upward migration there presented should be regarded as minimum figures. As a comparison with the mainly lava producing fissure eruptions the tephra production of the acid and highly explosive Askja eruption of 1875 is discussed. It has hitherto been assumed that the enormous amount of tephra, about 2 km3, which was produced by this eruption in 8 1/2 hours, came entirely from the Viti crater, but with regard to its small diameter it seems likely that the very fine grained tephra produced during the first hours of the eruption was partly expelled from nearby fissures now covered by Lake Oskjuvatn.
Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of arylamines from aryl halides and lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide as an ammonia equivalent.

A simple, palladium-catalyzed method to convert aryl halides to the parent anilines using lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LiN(SiMe3)2) is reported. The reaction is catalyzed by Pd(dba)2 and P(t-Bu)3 and can be run with as little as 0.2 mol % of catalyst. The reaction is faster than competing generation of benzyne intermediates and, therefore, provides the aniline products regiospecifically.
Beauveria tenella as a control agent for mosquito larvae

Abstract Beauveria tenella was found to be a naturally occurring pathogen in field populations of Aedes sierrensis larvae. Bioassays showed that B. tenella is also pathogenic for larvae of A. aegypti, A. dorsalis, A. hexodontus, Culex pipiens, C. tarsalis, and Culiseta incidens. Inoculation of 5 × 103 or 5 × 105 blastospores per milliliter into breeding sites of A. sierrensis produced marked reductions in the number of emerging adults.
Testing and Analysis of Full-Scale Creep-Rupture Experiments on Inconel Alloy 740 Cold-Formed Tubing

Full-scale pressurized creep-rupture tests were conducted on Inconel® alloy 740 cold-formed tube bends to evaluate the effect of cold-work on the performance of tube bends for high-temperature creep applications. A new method of analysis is developed that can be used to simplify the complexities of structural (geometric) effects and material degradation due to cold-work. Results show that Inconel® alloy 740 behaves similarly to other age-hardenable nickel-based alloys subjected to cold-work prior to creep testing with large reductions in rupture life and ductility and a corresponding moderate increase in minimum creep rate. The results also demonstrate that the full-size test method can be a beneficial to understanding the performance of large components in service.
Nature of T lymphocyte recognition of macrophage-associated antigens. IV. Inhibition of peptide antigen presentation by brief treatment of macrophages with anti-Ia serum☆

Abstract To examine the role of macrophage la antigens in T-lymphocyte stimulation, guinea pig macrophages were briefly treated with anti-Ia serum before or after antigen pulsing with the peptide antigen human fibrinopeptide B (hFPB). To assess their antigen-specific stimulatory capacity, the variously treated macrophages were added to culture with hFPB-immune guinea pig T cells and stimulation was determined by the incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine. Macrophages treated with anti-Ia serum before antigen pulsing stimulated T-cell responses equivalent to those observed with antigen-pulsed macrophages treated with normal serum. By contrast, brief anti-Ia treatment of macrophages immediately following a 2-hr antigen pulse reduced subsequent T-cell responses by 45 to 70%. Similar treatment of macrophages pulsed with antigen for only 1 hr produced only modest inhibition of T-cell responses. However, if macrophages pulsed for 1 hr with antigen were incubated several hours before brief anti-Ia serum treatment, the subsequent T-cell responses were reduced by 40 to 60%. This inhibition was specific for antiserum directed against Ia antigens of the guinea pig MHC, since brief macrophage treatment with antiserum directed against B.1 antigens, the guinea pig equivalent of murine H-2K and H-2D antigens, produced no inhibition of their T-cell stimulatory capacity. These results are discussed with respect to the formation of the immunogen presented by macrophages for T-cell recognition.
ZERO-PHONON TRANSITIONS AND VIBRATIONAL STRUCTURE

This paper reviews some of the progress made during the last few years in understanding and exploiting the vibrational structure observed at low temperatures in the optical spectra of colour centres. The discussion refers particularly to F aggregate centres in the alkali halides. A short theoretical introduction to the physical reasons for the appearance of this structure is given in terms of a simple model, followed by a description of the results of two main types of experiment and their interpretation. These are : 1) the analysis of phonon-assisted structure in terms of the vibrational modes of a crystal containing a point defect and 2) the investigation of the structure of colour centres using uniaxial stress splitting of the zero-phonon lines. The results of both these classes of experiment will be used to discuss the isotope shifts observed for zero-phonon and phonon-assisted transitions in Li6F and Li7F.
Reprint of: Mapping connectivity in the developing brain

Recently, there has been a wealth of research into structural and functional brain connectivity, and how they change over development. While we are far from a complete understanding, these studies have yielded important insights into human brain development. There is an ever growing variety of methods for assessing connectivity, each with its own advantages. Here we review research on the development of structural and/or functional brain connectivity in both typically developing subjects and subjects with neurodevelopmental disorders. Space limitations preclude an exhaustive review of brain connectivity across all developmental disorders, so we review a representative selection of recent findings on brain connectivity in autism, Fragile X, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Williams syndrome, Turner syndrome, and ADHD. Major strides have been made in understanding the developmental trajectory of the human connectome, offering insight into characteristic features of brain development and biological processes involved in developmental brain disorders. We also discuss some common themes, including hemispheric specialization - or asymmetry - and sex differences. We conclude by discussing some promising future directions in connectomics, including the merger of imaging and genetics, and a deeper investigation of the relationships between structural and functional connectivity.
A new hardware realization of high-speed fast Fourier transformers

A new approach to the hardware implementation of high-speed processors dedicated to perform the fast Fourier transform (FFT) in real time is presented. This approach capitalizes on recent advances in semiconductor memory technology to eliminate conventional multipliers, and is shown to offer significant reductions in hardware complexity and power consumption. It also yields a highly modular hardware configuration. A modified floating-point arithmetic is incorporated to allow a wider dynamic range. Using standard available TTL integrated circuits, a throughput of complex data points at a 25 MHz word rate is possible.
The use of toroidal boundary conditions in the program POISSON

The authors consider the use of toroidal coordinates in constructing the boundary to a relaxation mesh for use in analyzing the magnetic fields of circular devices (such as accelerators and spectrometers), and in formulating the boundary conditions that then may be usefully imposed at such boundaries. The procedure adopted makes use internally of the characteristic form of the vector-potential function in a source-free region, when expressed in toroidal coordinates. The relevant properties of associated Legendre functions of half-integral degree are used in this connection and their introduction into the program POISSON is outlined. Results of some test cases are included to illustrate the application of this technique for configurations with median-plane symmetry. >
Protein phosphorylation during spontaneous contraction of smooth muscle

Abstract The relationship between spontaneous contraction and protein phosphorylation of rat uterine smooth muscle was studied. Myometrial strips from estrogen-dominated rats were incubated in [ 32 P]orthophosphate and then frozen at various levels of isometric tension. Proteins were separated by gel electrophoresis and the incorporation of 32 P was measured. Contraction was associated with the phosphorylation of one major protein (20,000 M r ). This phosphorylation preceded maximal tension development and dephosphorylation preceded complete spontaneous relaxation. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicates that the 20,000-M r protein is the myosin light chain which has been implicated in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction.
Clinical and Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Mipomersen (Kynamro®): A Second-Generation Antisense Oligonucleotide Inhibitor of Apolipoprotein B

Mipomersen (Kynamro®), a second-generation 2′-O-methoxyethyl chimeric antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), inhibits the synthesis of apolipoprotein B (apoB) and is indicated in the US as an adjunct therapy for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) at a dose of 200 mg subcutaneously (SC) once weekly. The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of mipomersen are generally consistent across all species studied, including mouse, rat, monkey, and humans. After SC administration, mipomersen is rapidly and extensively absorbed. It has an apparent plasma and tissue terminal elimination half-life of approximately 30 days. Mipomersen achieves steady-state tissue concentrations within approximately 4–6 months of once-weekly dosing. It does not exhibit PK-based drug–drug interactions with other concomitant medications, either involving competition for plasma protein binding or alterations in disposition of any evaluated drugs. Furthermore, mipomersen does not prolong the corrected QT (QTc) interval. There have been no ethnic- or gender-related differences in PK observed. In clinical trials, both as a single agent and in the presence of maximal lipid-lowering therapy, mipomersen has demonstrated significant dose-dependent reductions in all measured apoB-containing atherogenic lipoproteins. Overall, mipomersen has well-characterized PK and pharmacodynamic properties in both animals and humans, and is an efficacious adjunct treatment for patients with HoFH.
Glycemic Control by a Glucose Management Service and Infection Rates After Liver Transplantation

Objective: To present an analysis of glycemic control before and after introduction of a dedicated glucose management service (GMS) and outcomes within 1 year after liver transplantation (LT).Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of patients undergoing LT, who were treated with insulin infusions after LT, before and after introduction of a GMS. Outcome measures within 1 year after LT included graft rejection, infection, prolonged ventilation (>48 hours on a ventilator), and graft survival. A multiple logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between GMS use and outcomes.Results: This study consisted of 73 (35 GMS and 38 non-GMS) organ transplant recipients. The mean perioperative blood glucose level in the GMS group was lower than in the non-GMS group: unadjusted, by 31.1 mg/dL (P = .001); adjusted for pre-insulin drip glucose, age, sex, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, and type of transplant, by 23.4 mg/dL (P = .020). There were 27 rejection episodes, 48 infections, 2...
γδ T cell surveillance via CD1 molecules

γδ T cells are a prominent epithelial-resident lymphocyte population, possessing multi-functional capacities in the repair of host tissue, pathogen clearance, and tumor surveillance. Although three decades have now passed since their discovery, the nature of γδ T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated ligand recognition remains poorly defined. Recent studies have provided structural insight into this recognition, demonstrating that γδ T cells survey both CD1 and the presented lipid, and in some cases are exquisitely lipid specific. We review these findings here, examining the molecular basis for and the functional relevance of this interaction. We discuss potential implications on the notion that non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules may function as important restricting elements of γδ TCR specificity, and on our understanding of γδ T cell activation and function.
Model for Determining the Vent Locations and the Fill Time of Resin Transfer Molds

Simple models were developed for determining the vent locations and the fill time of resin transfer molds containing thin flat preforms with isotropic permeabilities. The in-plane shape of the preform is arbitrary and the preform may contain impermeable inserts. The vent locations required to avoid trapping air bubbles are determined by geometric considerations. The time required to fill the mold is calculated by treating the resin flow inside the mold as partly radial and partly channel-like flow. Tests were performed with different shape molds with and without inserts. The vent locations required to avoid air bubbles and the time required to fill the mold were determined. The experimentally established vent locations were in good agreement with the vent locations given by the model. The measured and calculated fill times also agreed well.
Confidence in information: Source and dogmatism effects

Abstract Forty-eight high and forty-eight low dogmatic subjects received neutral information about fictitious countries from sources who were positive, unbiased (neutral) or negative toward the country. Dogmatic persons had most confidence when they were given information that was consistent, either internally or over time. Open-minded persons placed most confidence in information when it came from a source that had previously been more favorable than his current pronouncements; they had little confidence in large amounts of (internally) consistent material. It was concluded that closed-minded people react to surface indicators of validity (consistency, amount of information) whereas open-minded people use the characteristics of a description (“shift toward negative”, distrust of over consistency), to make inferences about a communicator.
Conservative edge sparsification for graph SLAM node removal

This paper reports on optimization-based methods for producing a sparse, conservative approximation of the dense potentials induced by node marginalization in simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) factor graphs. The proposed methods start with a sparse, but overconfident, Chow-Liu tree approximation of the marginalization potential and then use optimization-based methods to adjust the approximation so that it is conservative subject to minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) from the true marginalization potential. Results are presented over multiple real-world SLAM graphs and show that the proposed methods enforce a conservative approximation, while achieving low KLD from the true marginalization potential.
Cutaneous collagen and hexosamine and femur collagen of testosterone propionate-treated rats of various ages

Abstract Body weight, collagen per total skin, hexosamine per total skin, hexosamine-to-collagen ratios of the total skin, and collagen per femur were determined in normal and in testosterone propionate-treated (1 to 21 daily injections) weanling, young adult, and adult male and female rats. Differences with age and sex in the response of the substances measured to testosterone propionate were observed. The body weight of the testosterone propionate-treated male rats was not significantly greater than that of the control rats at any experimental period, but in each age group of female rats, the testosterone propionate treatment resulted in significantly increased body weights at certain experimental periods. An anabolic effect from testosterone propionate on collagen was observed only in the skin and femur collagen of the weanling female rats. The response of skin and femur collagen to testosterone propionate was different in some experimental groups. The hexosamine-to-collagen ratios did not indicate a consistent and significant change in the amount of hexosamine-containing substances of the ground substance (acid mucopolysaccharides and mucoproteins) relative to fibers (collagen) in the skin of either male or female testosterone propionate-treated rats.
Design and Fabrication of a Ligase Detection Reaction (LDR) Microchip With an Integrated Passive Micromixer

The ligase detection reaction (LDR) is a technique that can distinguish low-abundant mutant DNAs from wild-type DNAs. LDR is usually carried out on DNAs amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the realization of modular microfluidic systems, the DNA output of the PCR handed off to the LDR chip needs to be mixed with LDR reagents before continuing the reaction. Polymer, continuous flow ligase detection reaction (CFLDR) devices with integrated passive micromixers, were designed, fabricated and tested. The devices each consisted of: a passive mixer for mixing a PCR sample, a cocktail of primers, and ligase, an enzyme of DNA; an incubator channel (95°C) for preheating the mixture; and a thermal cycling channel for the LDR. The devices were produced by hot embossing polycarbonate (PC) substrates with brass mold inserts manufactured by micro-milling. Experiments using food dyes showed that the appropriate mixture concentrations were delivered to the preheating channel in both the pulling and pushing modes.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Short Chain Lipids Maintain Adenosine A2AR Ligand Binding in the Absence of Cholesterol

Evidence of preferential interactions between sphingolipids and cholesterol, and the identification of cholesterol binding pockets in some membrane proteins highlights the importance of lipids in the regulation of membrane protein function. However, the mechanism through which these lipid-protein interactions modify the conformation and activity of membrane proteins is not yet understood. In vitro, cholesterol is known to affect micelle physical properties and has been found to interact directly with some membrane proteins. Previous studies of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), human adenosine A2A receptor (hA2AR), purified using the detergent dodecylmaltoside (DDM) showed that the presence of a cholesterol analog was critical for ligand binding and the structural stability of the receptor. Here, we present biophysical characterization and ligand binding studies of the hA2AR purified using a short chain lipid (1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, DHPC), which indicate that cholesterol is not needed to maintain the functionality and stability of the hA2AR in this lipid system. Differences in stability and ligand binding affinity are observed when the receptor is purified using these detergent and lipid systems, emphasizing the importance of the solubilization environment on receptor functionality. We will highlight the use of fluorescence polarization in characterizing this stability, for example, following protein storage or lipid addition.
Effects of environmental variation on arousal during vigilance performance.

The present experiment investigated the effects of environmental variation on the arousal level of Ss performing a simple visual vigilance task. Two independent variables, constant vs variable-intensity lighting and constant vs variable-intensity white noise, provided four experimental conditions. Forty Ss monitored a simulated CRT display during two 90-min. sessions. Arousal was measured at the beginning and at the end of each session by means of a self-report check list. The results indicated that: (1) with variable noise, there was a greater decrease in General Activation and a greater increase in Deactivation-Sleep under variable- than under constant-intensity lighting; (2) with variable lighting, there was a greater increase in Deactivation-Sleep under variable than under constant intensity of noise; and (3) correlations among arousal and probability of detection in the vigilance task were in general low and insignificant. No support was found for the prediction from arousal theory that environmental...
Electron tunneling in rhenium-modified Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurins.

Laser flash-quench methods have been used to generate tyrosine and tryptophan radicals in structurally characterized rhenium-modified Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurins. Cu(I) to “Re(II)” electron tunneling in Re(H107) azurin occurs in the microsecond range. This reaction is much faster than that studied previously for Cu(I) to Ru(III) tunneling in Ru(H107) azurin, suggesting that a multistep (“hopping”) mechanism might be involved. Although a Y108 radical can be generated by flash-quenching a Re(H107)M(II) (M=Cu, Zn) protein, the evidence suggests that it is not an active intermediate in the enhanced Cu(I) oxidation. Rather, the likely explanation is rapid conversion of Re(II)(H107) to deprotonated Re(I)(H107 radical), followed by electron tunneling from Cu(I) to the hole in the imidazole ligand.
Solo status revisited: Examining racial group differences in the self-regulatory consequences of self-presenting as a racial solo

The present study examined the impact of racial group membership on the self-regulatory consequences of self-presenting with racial solo status. Based on the strength model of self-regulation, we proposed that individuals who acquire more practice with solo status by virtue of their racial group membership, may find it less depleting relative to individuals with less practice. To examine this, White and racial minority (Black, Hispanic) students at a predominantly White university were asked to engage in a self-presentation task in which they were assigned either racial solo or nonsolo status. Persistence on a subsequent hidden objects task served as the measure of depletion. Results revealed an interaction between racial group membership and solo status. In particular, consistent with previous research, White participants were more depleted (i.e., persisted less) after self-presenting with solo (vs. nonsolo) status. Racial minority participants, however, were not similarly impaired by solo status. These results suggest that our social group memberships, by virtue of the experiences they typically confer, may play an important role in determining which social demands will be depleting for whom.
Altruism, Helping, and Volunteering Pathways to Well-Being in Late Life

Objectives: We examined the influence of prosocial orientations including altruism, volunteering, and informal helping on positive and negative well-being outcomes among retirement community dwelling elders. Method: We utilize data from 2 waves, 3 years apart, of a panel study of successful aging (N = 585). Psychosocial well-being outcomes measured include life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, and depressive symptomatology. Results: Ordinal logistic regression results indicate that altruistic attitudes, volunteering, and informal helping behaviors make unique contributions to the maintenance of life satisfaction, positive affect and other well being outcomes considered in this research. Predictors explain variance primarily in the positive indicators of psychological well-being, but are not significantly associated with the negative outcomes. Female gender and functional limitations are also associated with diminished psychological well-being. Discussion: Our findings underscore the value o...
The freeway service patrol evaluation project: Database support programs, and accessibility

Abstract This paper discusses the Freeway Service Patrol (FSP) Evaluation Project conducted under the California PATH program. The goal of this project was to determine the cost effectiveness of the FSP program along a 10-mile “beat” on I-880, near Hayward, California. We collected data from three different sources: loop detector data, probe vehicle data and incident log data. We describe these sources in detail and the problems that were encountered with them. We also discuss the support programs developed to process this data, and the efforts to place the data and the programs on-line for use by researchers around the country.
Helping Teenage Parents: The Independent and Collaborative Roles of Counselor Educators and School Counselors.

In recent years, the leadership of the American Counseling Association (ACA) has posed an earnest and urgent challenge to the counseling profession to develop and apply collaborative approaches to solve the complex problems of society. Teenage parenthood is one example of a major societal concern requiring cooperative, professional interventions. The purpose of this article is to recommend independent and collaborative roles for counselor educators and school counselors in addressing the many needs of teenage parents. In addition, this article serves as a model of how the counseling specialties can work together to resolve other critical social issues.
Distribution of polysomes in mouse brain tissue.

— Polysomes were isolated from several different fractions of mouse brain tissue. After homogenization, the extract was centrifuged to yield a post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction and a pellet fraction. Sucrose gradient analysis of the material in the post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction indicated that 80 per cent of the ribosomes were present in polysomes and that little, if any, of the pellet fraction was present. Sucrose gradient analysis of the solution obtained after washing the pellet showed that very little polysomal material was present. The remaining pellet fraction was resuspended in a detergent mixture of deoxycholate-Tween 40. Sucrose gradient analysis of the resulting detergent-soluble solution indicated that large amounts of ribosomal material, in which 60–70 per cent of the ribosomes were associated in polysomes, were present. In brain tissue from young animals, 20 per cent of the polysomes were found in the post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction whereas 80 per cent of the polysomes were released from the pellet fraction by detergent treatment. In contrast, in brain tissue from adult animals, 40 per cent of the polysomes were found in the post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction, whereas 60 per cent of the polysomes were released from the pellet fraction by detergent treatment.
Regulation and use of the extracellular matrix by Trypanosoma cruzi during early infection.

Chagas disease, which was once thought to be confined to endemic regions of Latin America, has now gone global becoming a new worldwide challenge. For more than a century since its discovery, it has remained neglected with no effective drugs or vaccines. The mechanisms by which Trypanosoma cruzi regulates and uses the extracellular matrix to invade cells and cause disease are just beginning to be understood. Here we critically review and discuss the regulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) interactome by T. cruzi, the use of the ECM by T. cruzi and analyze the molecular ECM/T. cruzi interphase during the early process of infection. It has been shown that invasive trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi use and modulate components of the ECM during the initial process of infection. Infective trypomastigotes up-regulate the expression of laminin γ-1 (LAMC1) and thrombospondin (THBS1) to facilitate the recruitment of trypomastigotes to enhance cellular infection. Silencing the expression of LAMC1 and THBS1 by stable RNAi dramatically reduces trypanosome infection. T. cruzi gp83, a ligand that mediates the attachment of trypanosomes to cells to initiate infection, up-regulates LAMC1 expression to enhance cellular infection. Infective trypomastigotes use Tc85 to interact with laminin, p45 mucin to interact with LAMC1 through galectin-3 (LGALS3), a human lectin, and calreticulin (TcCRT) to interact with TSB1 to enhance cellular infection. Silencing the expression of LGALS3 also reduces cellular infection. Despite the role of the ECM in T. cruzi infection, almost nothing is known about the ECM interactome networks operating in the process of T. cruzi infection and its ligands. Here, we present the first elucidation of the human ECM interactome network regulated by T. cruzi and its gp83 ligand that facilitates cellular infection. The elucidation of the human ECM interactome regulated by T. cruzi and the dissection of the molecular ECM/T. cruzi interphase using systems biology
A Rab Requirement Is Not Bypassed in SLY1-20 Suppression

The Rab GTPase Ypt1p and the large homodimer Uso1p are both required for tethering endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles to early Golgi compartments in yeast. Loss-of-function ypt1 and uso1 mutations are suppressed by SLY1-20, a dominant allele that encodes the Sed5p-associated protein, Sly1p. Here, we investigate the mechanism of SLY1-20 suppression. In wild-type strains, Ypt1p can be coimmunoprecipitated with Uso1p; however, in a ypt1Delta/SLY1-20 strain, which lacks this complex, membrane binding of Uso1p was reduced. In spite of Ypt1p depletion, Uso1p-dependent vesicle tethering was not bypassed under the ypt1Delta/SLY1-20 condition. Moreover, tethering and fusion assays with ypt1Delta/SLY1-20 membranes remained sensitive to Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor. These results indicate that an alternative Rab protein satisfies the Ypt1p requirement in Uso1p-dependent tethering when SLY1-20 is expressed. Further genetic and biochemical tests revealed that a related Rab protein, Ypt6, might substitute for Ypt1p in ypt1Delta/SLY1-20 cells. Additional experimentation to address the mechanism of SLY1-20 suppression in a cog2Delta [sec35Delta] strain indicated that the Cog2p subunit of the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex is either functionally redundant or is not directly required for anterograde transport to the Golgi complex.
Comparison of PubMed and Google Scholar literature searches.

BACKGROUND: Literature searches are essential to evidence-based respiratory care. To conduct literature searches, respiratory therapists rely on search engines to retrieve information, but there is a dearth of literature on the comparative efficiencies of search engines for researching clinical questions in respiratory care. OBJECTIVE: To compare PubMed and Google Scholar search results for clinical topics in respiratory care to that of a benchmark. METHODS: We performed literature searches with PubMed and Google Scholar, on 3 clinical topics. In PubMed we used the Clinical Queries search filter. In Google Scholar we used the search filters in the Advanced Scholar Search option. We used the reference list of a related Cochrane Collaboration evidence-based systematic review as the benchmark for each of the search results. We calculated recall (sensitivity) and precision (positive predictive value) with 2 2 contingency tables. We compared the results with the chi-square test of independence and Fisher’s exact test. RESULTS: PubMed and Google Scholar had similar recall for both overall search results (71% vs 69%) and full-text results (43% vs 51%). PubMed had better precision than Google Scholar for both overall search results (13% vs 0.07%, P < .001) and full-text results (8% vs 0.05%, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that PubMed searches with the Clinical Queries filter are more precise than with the Advanced Scholar Search in Google Scholar for respiratory care topics. PubMed appears to be
The Effects of Long-Term Drought on Host Plant Canopy Condition and Survival of the Endangered Astragalus jaegerianus (Fabaceae)

Abstract Astragalus jaegerianus Munz (the Lane Mountain milkvetch) is a federally endangered species that exists in only four fragmented populations within and adjacent to the U.S. Army's National Training Center, Fort Irwin, CA. Since 1999, our monitored A. jaegerianus populations have consistently declined, and are now 12% of their previous size. A number of subpopulations are in danger of local extinction. The decline of A. jaegerianus has occurred simultaneously with severe drought in the Mojave Desert. These drought conditions began in 1999 and are predicted to continue for decades, or may continue indefinitely under warmer temperature conditions projected by global climate change-type drought. Our results suggest that drought has direct and indirect affects on A. jaegerianus by killing or degrading its host shrubs. Astragalus jaegerianus host shrubs have decreased in shrub volume and cover by roughly 10 percent since the onset of drought, and shrub mortality has been high. Our results show that cano...
Molecular evolution of the homeodomain family of transcription factors

The homeodomain family of transcription factors plays a fundamental role in a diverse set of functions that include body plan specification, pattern formation and cell fate determination during metazoan development. Members of this family are characterized by a helix–turn–helix DNA-binding motif known as the homeodomain. Homeodomain proteins regulate various cellular processes by specifically binding to the transcriptional control region of a target gene. These proteins have been conserved across a diverse range of species, from yeast to human. A number of inherited human disorders are caused by mutations in homeodomain-containing proteins. In this study, we present an evolutionary classification of 129 human homeodomain proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of these proteins, whose sequences were aligned based on the three-dimensional structure of the homeodomain, was performed using a distance matrix approach. The homeodomain proteins segregate into six distinct classes, and this classification is consistent with the known functional and structural characteristics of these proteins. An ancestral sequence signature that accurately describes the unique sequence characteristics of each of these classes has been derived. The phylogenetic analysis, coupled with the chromosomal localization of these genes, provides powerful clues as to how each of these classes arose from the ancestral homeodomain.
A Dominant-Negative Inhibitor of CREB Reveals that It Is a General Mediator of Stimulus-Dependent Transcription of c-fos

Several studies have characterized the upstream regulatory region of c-fos, and identified cis-acting elements termed the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response elements (CREs) that are critical for c-fos transcription in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli. Although several transcription factors can bind to CREs in vitro, the identity of the transcription factor(s) that activates the c-fos promoter via the CRE in vivo remains unclear. To help identify the trans-acting factors that regulate stimulus-dependent transcription of c-fos via the CREs, dominant-negative (D-N) inhibitor proteins that function by preventing DNA binding of B-ZIP proteins in a dimerization domain-dependent fashion were developed. A D-N inhibitor of CREB, termed A-CREB, was constructed by fusing a designed acidic amphipathic extension onto the N terminus of the CREB leucine zipper domain. The acidic extension of A-CREB interacts with the basic region of CREB forming a coiled-coil extension of the leucine zipper and thus prevents the basic region of wild-type CREB from binding to DNA. Other D-N inhibitors generated in a similar manner with the dimerization domains of Fos, Jun, C/EBP, ATF-2, or VBP did not block CREB DNA binding activity, nor did they inhibit transcriptional activation of a minimal promoter containing a single CRE in PC12 cells. A-CREB inhibited activation of CRE-mediated transcription evoked by three distinct stimuli: forskolin, which increases intracellular cAMP; membrane depolarization, which promotes Ca 21 influx; and nerve growth factor (NGF). A-CREB completely inhibited cAMP-mediated, but only partially inhibited Ca 21 - and NGF-mediated, transcription of a reporter gene containing 750 bp of the native c-fos promoter. Moreover, glutamate induction of c-fos expression in primary cortical neurons was dependent on CREB. In contrast, induction of c-fos transcription by UV light was not inhibited by A-CREB. Lastly, A-CREB attenuated NGF induction of morphological differentiation in PC12 cells. These results suggest that CREB or its closely related family members are general mediators of stimulus-dependent transcription of c-fos and are required for at least some of the long-term actions of NGF.
Experimental Modification of Pigment Content and Phototropic Sensitivity in Excised Avena Coleoptiles

Avena seedlings were imbibed and germinated in the presence of inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis. After excision and defoliation, the coleoptiles were cultured in the presence of these basally supplied inhibitors and their growth, phototropic behavior and pigment content were subsequently measured. Total carotenoids could be reduced to ca. 20 percent of the control value without marked influence on the dose-response curve for the first positive curvature. Chromatographic analysis of extracted carotenoids on alumina columns revealed that the inhibitors produced both qualitative and quantitative changes, reducing one fraction and virtually eliminating two others. The total riboflavin content of the coleoptiles was almost completely unaffected by these treatments. The data are applied to an analysis of the nature of the photoreceptor in phototropism of the Avena coleoptile.
Menispermaceae from the Cerrejón Formation, middle to late Paleocene, Colombia

The origin and processes creating the high diversity of plant species in neotropical rain forests and their floristic composition and multistratitified forest structure are still uncertain. Here, we studied one of the most common leaf morphotypes of the Cerrejon flora (middle-late Paleocene, ca. 60-58 Ma), Guajira, Colombia, that contains one of the oldest records of neotropical rain forest floras. Fifty-seven leaf specimens were carefully examined with a focus on general morphology, venation patterns, and cuticular characteristics. The analysis allowed us to recognize four new species that were assigned to the fossil-leaf genus Menispermites on the basis of an ovate leaf shape with cordate to truncate bases, actinodromous primary venation, brochidodromous secondary venation, percurrent tertiary venation, regular polygonal reticulate fourth and fifth venation, well-developed polygonal areoles, entire margin, and the presence of a fimbrial vein. This set of characters suggests a possible affinity with the pantropical angiosperm family Menispermaceae. The predominantly climbing habit of this family suggests that the Cerrejon Paleocene tropical rain forest was already multistratified. These findings represent the earliest record for the family in northern South America.