cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taken by surprise: The paradox of the surprise test revisited

A teacher announced to his pupils that on exactly one of the days of the following school week (Monday through Friday) he would give them a test. But it would be a surprise test; on the evening before the test they would not know that the test would take place the next day. One of the brighter students in the class then argued that the teacher could never give them the test. “It can't be Friday,” she said, “since in that case we'll expect it on Thurday evening. But then it can't be Thursday, since having already eliminated Friday we'll know Wednesday evening that it has to be Thursday. And by similar reasoning we can also eliminate Wednesday, Tuesday, and Monday. So there can't be a test!” The students were somewhat baffled by the situation. The teacher was well-known to be truthful, so if he said there would be a test, then it was safe to assume that there would be one. On the other hand, he also said that the test would be a surprise. But it seemed that whenever he gave the test, it wouldn't be a surprise. Well, the teacher gave the test on Tuesday, and, sure enough, the students were surprised.
A Vanishing Theorem for Second Degree Cohomology

In this paper we give conditions for the cohomology group H2(G, V) to vanish, in the case where G is a finite group, V is a KG-module for some field K of characteristic p and G has a normal p-Sylow subgroup acting trivially on V. Interpreting these conditions when G is a Bore1 subgroup of L(K), a group of Lie type over K, we obtain a vanishing condition for P@(K), V) depending only on relations between roots and weights. The main theorem is proved in Section 1 and is applied to groups of Lie type in Section 2. In Section 3 we list the cases in which the vanishing conditions have been shown to hold and briefly describe what is known in some of the cases where the conditions fail.
Quantitative study of the apical nerve fibers of adult and juvenile rat molars.

The rat molar has become an important model for studies of interactions between nerves and the pulp-dentin complex, yet there is only limited quantitative information on the number and size distribution of axons entering the roots of this tooth. This study was undertaken to provide such a detailed characterization of the apical innervation of the rat molar. An additional objective was to compare the apical nerve composition of young, recently erupted rat molars with that of mature teeth in order to determine whether there is ongoing maturation of the innervation after the teeth have attained functional occlusion. A complete census was made of the nerve fibers entering the roots of both mature and recently erupted juvenile mandibular first molars in Sprague-Dawley rats. Each of the four roots of the first molars was processed for electron microscopy of thin sections near the apex. The majority of intradental nerve fibers entered the molar via the two larger (mesial and distal) roots. Within the apical root pulp, most, but not all, axons occurred within well-defined fascicles associated with blood vessels. Molars from adult animals (age 4 months) had a mean total of 232 (S.D. = 49, N = 7 teeth) myelinated fibers and 806 (S.D. = 143) unmyelinated axons entering the four roots. Fibers exceeding the A delta size range (circumference > or = 19 microns) accounted for only 4% of the myelinated axons at the apex. Molars from juvenile animals (age 4 weeks) had fewer myelinated fibers (mean 176, S.D. 18, N = 8), but more unmyelinated axons (mean 1,174, S.D. 160) than adults. The mean ratio of unmyelinated axons to myelinated axons was 6.6:1 for juveniles compared to 3.5:1 for adults. Juvenile teeth contained no myelinated fibers that exceeded 19 microns in circumference. These results indicate that the innervation of the rat molar resembles that of teeth of non-rodent mammals in that (1) innervation density is high, (2) there is a high ratio of unmyelinated axons, and (3) most of the myelinated fibers are of thin caliber. Furthermore, it appears that after the molar erupts, maturation of the nerve fiber composition continues with processes that include both a marked decrease in the number of unmyelinated axons and an increase in the number and size heterogeneity of myelinated fibers.
Parties, districts and the spatial theory of elections

The canonic Downsian model of spatial electoral competition involves two independent candidates competing for a single district. Most western democratic systems, however, are multi-district polities. The national electorate is partitioned into several geographically distinct constituencies, each of which periodically electing at least one representative to a legislature. Final policy outcomes then depend on the decisions of the de facto winning candidates comprising the legislature. This paper examines the robustness of the Downsian framework to introducing this institutional variation within a single-member district, simple plurality system.
A mathematical curiosity in estimating the radius of the first ring electrons ofan arbitrary atom

Abstract In this note, we explore an elementary method for approximating the radii and speeds of first ring electrons in atoms. The approach uses only a single algebraic equation with parameters. Any particular atom under study defines all the parameters. A simple hand calculator technique always applies for solving any resulting equation. Results are given through calcium and, to three decimal places, are shown, unexpectedly, to be essentially identical to available quantum mechanics calculations.
A flow-through dissolution method for a two component drug formulation where the actives have markedly differing solubility properties

A flow-through dissolution method has been developed for the routine testing of an anti-malarial tablet formulation containing two actives having markedly differing solubility properties. The flow-through apparatus was used because the dissolution rate of one of the components in the selected dissolution fluid using the EP/USP paddle apparatus was found to be poor. This was found to result from the formation of non-sink conditions caused by the presence of the other component in the formulation. We describe a test in which the component shown to exert the adverse affect is removed prior to measuring the dissolution rate of the affected component. This was achieved by taking advantage of the markedly differing solubility properties of each component in different dissolution fluids (water and 0.1 M sodium hydroxide). After a specified time in the test, the dissolution fluid is switched from water to sodium hydroxide to allow the dissolution of the affected component to occur. The results obtained were found to be satisfactory with dissolution rates of over 90% obtained. The effect of flow rate and sodium hydroxide concentration was investigated. The results showed that both factors had a significant effect on the dissolution rate of the component of interest.
A thermosensory pathway that controls body temperature

Defending body temperature against environmental thermal challenges is one of the most fundamental homeostatic functions that are governed by the nervous system. Here we describe a somatosensory pathway that essentially constitutes the afferent arm of the thermoregulatory reflex that is triggered by cutaneous sensation of environmental temperature changes. Using in vivo electrophysiological and anatomical approaches in the rat, we found that lateral parabrachial neurons are pivotal in this pathway by glutamatergically transmitting cutaneous thermosensory signals received from spinal somatosensory neurons directly to the thermoregulatory command center, the preoptic area. This feedforward pathway mediates not only sympathetic and shivering thermogenic responses but also metabolic and cardiac responses to skin cooling challenges. Notably, this 'thermoregulatory afferent' pathway exists in parallel with the spinothalamocortical somatosensory pathway that mediates temperature perception. These findings make an important contribution to our understanding of both the somatosensory system and thermal homeostasis -- two mechanisms that are fundamental to the nervous system and to our survival.
Bridging the Gap between Statistical and Biological Epistasis in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer's disease affects millions of people worldwide and incidence is expected to rise as the population ages, but no effective therapies exist despite decades of research and more than 20 known disease markers. Research has shown that Alzheimer's disease's missing heritability remains extensive with an estimated 25% of phenotypic variance unexplained by known variants. The missing heritability may be explained by missing variants or by epistasis. Researchers often focus on individual loci rather than epistatic interactions, which is likely an oversimplification of the underlying biology since most phenotypes are affected by multiple genes. Focusing research efforts on epistasis will be critical to resolving Alzheimer's disease etiology, and a major key to identifying and properly interpreting key epistatic interactions will be bridging the gap between statistical and biological epistasis. This review covers the current state of epistasis research in Alzheimer's disease and how researchers can bridge the gap between statistical and biological epistasis to help resolve Alzheimer's disease etiology.
Erratum to Melting points of the metallic elements having the face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, and close-packed hexagonal structures

The melting points of the fcc, bcc and cph structures of a majority of the metallic elements have been calculated from the thermodynamic data in the literature. This information is useful in estimating phase diagrams that represent metastable structures. An example is the extension of the liquid-fcc solid solution two-phase field to pure Cr for the Ni-Cr system. There are often marked differences in melting points between the different structures for a given metal.
Increasing use of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy for breast cancer patients: a trend toward more aggressive surgical treatment.

Purpose Many patients with unilateral breast cancer choose contralateral prophylactic mastectomy to prevent cancer in the opposite breast. The purpose of our study was to determine the use and trends of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in the United States. Patients and Methods We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database to review the treatment of patients with unilateral breast cancer diagnosed from 1998 through 2003. We determined the rate of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy as a proportion of all surgically treated patients and as a proportion of all mastectomies. Results We identified 152,755 patients with stage I, II, or III breast cancer; 4,969 patients chose contralateral prophylactic mastectomy. The rate was 3.3% for all surgically treated patients; 7.7%, for patients undergoing mastectomy. The overall rate significantly increased from 1.8% in 1998 to 4.5% in 2003. Likewise, the contralateral prophylactic mastectomy rate for patients undergoing mastectomy significantly increased from 4.2% in 1998 to 11.0% in 2003. These increased rates applied to all cancer stages and continued to the end of our study period. Young patient age, non-Hispanic white race, lobular histology, and previous cancer diagnosis were associated with significantly higher rates. Large tumor size was associated with a higher overall rate, but with a lower rate for patients undergoing mastectomy. Conclusion The use of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in the United States more than doubled within the recent 6-year period of our study. Prospective studies are needed to understand the decision-making processes that have led to more aggressive breast cancer surgery.
Molecular and Cellular Basis of Viable Dysfunctional Myocardium

Heart failure is a leading cause of healthcare expenditures, hospitalization, and mortality in developed countries, and its burden is growing globally.1 With the aging of the population and increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, the current heart failure epidemic is guaranteed to significantly worsen in the near future. Thus, new disease-modifying treatments for heart failure are needed urgently and represent an area of intense investigation.2 Multiple studies in humans and animals have shown that the functionality of myocardial tissue of a failing heart can be restored. First, in ischemic heart failure because of severe coronary artery stenosis, revascularization therapy is known to improve heart function in a proportion of patients.3,4 Second, the mechanical unloading of the heart by left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is associated with improvements in cardiac function. In a recent report of 80 patients with heart failure who underwent implantation of a continuous-flow LVAD, the ejection fraction increased by >50% in about one third of the patients, with corresponding improvements in LV end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes and decreases in LV mass at 6 months after LVAD unloading.5 In addition, normalization of echocardiographic parameters has obviated completely the need for continuing LVAD support or cardiac transplantation in several patients.6,7 Importantly, the positive effects of mechanical unloading were noted in patients with both ischemic and nonischemic heart failure,5 suggesting that dysfunctional but potentially salvageable segments of myocardium exist in the failing heart regardless of pathogenesis. Third, in patients with broken heart syndrome (also known as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy), characterized by a rapid and severe loss of cardiac contractility secondary to emotional stress, myocardial function normalized spontaneously, again arguing for the reversibility of heart failure.8 In summary, although maladaptive changes observed in failing hearts were …
Stem cell biology and drug discovery

There are many reasons to be interested in stem cells, one of the most prominent being their potential use in finding better drugs to treat human disease. This article focuses on how this may be implemented. Recent advances in the production of reprogrammed adult cells and their regulated differentiation to disease-relevant cells are presented, and diseases that have been modeled using these methods are discussed. Remaining difficulties are highlighted, as are new therapeutic insights that have emerged.
Thermal magnetization noise, damping fundamentals, and mode analysis: application to a thin film GMR sensor

Magnetization dynamic equations with thermal fluctuations are derived fundamentally for small amplitude oscillations. A tensor form of phenomenological damping occurs whose components reflect a general elliptical magnetization motion. This analysis implies that thermal energy and associated damping must be applied to independent normal modes of the system. As an example, this formalism is applied to a thin film magnetoresistance sensor to rind the eigenmodes for general nonuniform magnetization variations. Examples are given of both the various modes and the noise power spectra.
The alpha-2 adrenergic agonist guanfacine improves memory in aged monkeys without sedative or hypotensive side effects: evidence for alpha-2 receptor subtypes

The present study attempted to identify an alpha-2 agonist that could improve working memory in aged nonhuman primates without the marked hypotensive and sedative side effects produced by clonidine. Toward this end, the hypotensive, sedative, and memory-altering properties of the alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, B-HT920 and guanfacine, were compared with clonidine's effects in 9 aged rhesus monkeys. Memory capacity was assessed by a variable delay, spatial delayed response paradigm that requires the animal to remember information over short temporal intervals and to update this information on every trial. B-HT920 was found to produce a dose-response profile qualitatively similar to, but weaker than, clonidine: low doses impaired memory and began to lower blood pressure and produce sedation, while high doses improved memory. In contrast, guanfacine produced a dose-response profile opposite to that seen with clonidine: low doses improved memory without inducing hypotension or sedation, while the memory-impairing, hypotensive, and sedating properties of the drug were observed at higher doses. The potency of the 3 agonists to lower blood pressure was clonidine = B-HT920 greater than guanfacine; sedation was affected in the order clonidine greater than B-HT920 greater than guanfacine; for memory impairment, as measured by performance on the delayed response task, the rank order potency was clonidine greater than B-HT920 greater than guanfacine, while for memory improvement it was guanfacine greater than clonidine greater than B-HT920. These differences in rank order potency are consistent with the recent proposal of alpha-2 receptor subtypes, a rauwolscine-sensitive site (Rs) that binds clonidine greater than B-HT920 greater than guanfacine and a rauwolscine-insensitive site (Ri) that binds guanfacine greater than clonidine greater than B-HT920 (Boyajian and Leslie, 1987). The data suggest that the hypotensive, sedating, and memory-impairing effects of alpha-2 agonists may be due to actions at one subtype of receptor (Rs), while the memory-enhancing effects of these drugs may result from actions at another alpha-2 receptor subtype, the Ri site. The ability of low doses of guanfacine to improve memory without inducing hypotension or sedation indicates that this agonist may be an excellent candidate for treating memory disorders in man.
A Fast Indexing Method for Monte-Carlo Go

3×3 patterns are widely used in Monte-Carlo (MC) Go programs to improve the performance. In this paper, we propose a direct indexing approach to build and use a complete 3×3 pattern library. The contents of the immediate 8 neighboring positions of a board point are coded into a 16-bit string, called surrounding index. The surrounding indices of all board points can be updated incrementally in an efficient way. We propose an effective method to learn the pattern weights from forty thousand professional games. The method converges faster and performs equally well or better than the method of computing "Elo ratings" [4]. The knowledge contained in the pattern library can be efficiently applied to the MC simulations and to the growth of MC search tree. Testing results showed that our method increased the winning rates of Go Intellect against GNU Go on 9×9 games by over 7% taking the tax on the program speed into consideration.
C-H Bond Dissociation Energy of Malononitrile

The C-H bond dissociation energies of closed-shell molecules de- crease with increasing stability of the resulting radicals. From the electron affinity of the dicyanomethyl radical,  CH(CN)2 ,E A(  CH(CN)2)=2.88 ( 0.01 eV, measured by photoelectron imaging of the CH(CN)2 - anion, and the acidity/electron affinity thermodynamic cycle, we obtained the C-H bond dissociation enthalpy of malo- nonitrile, CH2(CN)2,DH298(H-CH(CN)2)=87(2 kcal/mol. This result is compared to the corresponding value for acetonitrile, DH298(H-CH2CN)=93( 2 kcal/mol, determined from a similar measurement of EA(  CH2CN) = 1.53 ( 0.01 eV. The relativeweaknessoftheC-Hbondsinmalononitrileandacetonitrile,comparedto most closed-shell neutral organic molecules, is attributed to π-resonance stabiliza- tion of the unpaired electrons in  CH(CN)2 and  CH2CN. SECTION Kinetics, Spectroscopy
The contribution of game theory to experimental design in the behavioral sciences

Methodological practices differ between economics and psychology because economists use game theory as the basis for the design and interpretation of experiments, while psychologists do not. This methodological choice explains the “four key variables” stressed by Hert-wig and Ortmann. Game theory is currently the most rigorous basis for modeling strategic choice.
Humor and Self-Disclosure:

This study examined the relationship between humor and self-disclosure of 28 male and 59 female undergraduates. Significant relationships between perceived humor and amount of self-disclosure were ...
In vitro Effects of Zinc on Insulin Activity in Adipose Tissue.

SummaryZinc in concentrations in the range of those observed in human plasma and higher inhibited the activity of isolated rat epididymal adipose tissue in the presence of insulin and glucose. Of the other divalent ions studied only mercuric and to a lesser extent cobalt and nickel ions inhibited insulin activity. Zinc inhibition could be prevented in part by dialysis at pH 3.75 but not 7.6. The inhibition by zinc could be prevented by EDTA or large amounts of phosphate.The authors wish to thank Mrs. Zalfa Sayejrh and Miss Eileen Foster for their technical assistance.
Healing the body politic: French royal doctors, history, and the birth of a nation 1560-1634.

This article examines the role played by royal doctors in forming an empirical political science in France at the end of the sixteenth century. Bringing with them tools from the Galenic tradition, doctors such as Rodolphe Le Maistre, Abraham-Nicolas de La Framboisiere, and Jean Heroard doubled as political counselors. They not only looked for ways to heal the king's body, they also looked for ways to heal and regulate the body of the nation. Their new vision of the monarch as a practicing physician of the state is an essential yet unknown facet of the origins of political modernity.
Effect of nutritional care improvement program among preschool children in rural areas of Gansu Province

Objective To determine the effect of nutritional care improvement program among preschool children in rural areas of Gansu Province. Methods Multi-stage cluster random sampling was adopted in 6 rural towns from 2 poorest counties in Gansu Province. Children younger than 5 years old and their parents were intervened with nutritional care improvement program for one year. Nutritional status,physical development and feeding pattern were monitored during the intervention. Results Height and weight of 1-years-old boys and girls in the intervention group improved significantly than control group( P 0. 05). There were no significant difference in rate of malnutrition between control group and intervention group( 27. 6% v. s. 28. 3 %). The prevalence of anemia in control group( 6. 5%) was significantly higher than intervention group( 1. 5%). Prevalence of anemia between boys and girls did not differ within the same group( P 0. 05). However,gender differences in prevalence of anemia were found in the same group. Conclusion Food-based nutritional intervention could promote healthy growth and improve nutritional status of primary preschool children in the rural areas.
Determining prognosis for patients with terminal cancer.

An accurate prognosis enables patients with terminal cancer to make plans, put their affairs in order, and decide how they want to spend the time they have left. A prognosis also may help the primary care physician refer the patient for hospice care at a time when the patient would most benefit from the service.
Optical backscattering by particles in Arctic seawater and relationships to particle mass concentration, size distribution, and bulk composition

The magnitude and spectral shape of the optical backscattering coefficient of particles, b(bp)(lambda), is being increasingly used to infer information about the particles present in seawater. Relationships between b(bp) and particle properties in the Arctic are poorly documented, and may differ from other oceanic regions which contribute the majority of data used to develop and parameterize optical models. We utilize recent field measurements from the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas to examine relationships between the spectral backscattering coefficient of particles in seawater and the mass concentration, bulk composition, and size distribution of the suspended particle assemblage. The particle backscattering coefficient spanned six orders of magnitude from the relatively clear waters of the Beaufort Sea to extremely turbid waters on the Mackenzie shelf. This coefficient was highly correlated with the mass concentration of particles, and to a lesser extent with other measures of concentration such as particulate organic carbon or chlorophyll a. Increased backscattering and high mass-specific b(bp)(lambda) was associated with mineral-rich assemblages that tended to exhibit steeper size distributions, while reduced backscattering was associated with organic-dominated assemblages having a greater contribution of large particles. Our results suggest that algorithms which employ composition-specific relationships can lead to improved estimates of particle mass concentration from backscattering measurements. In contrast to theoretical models, however, we observe no clear relationship between the spectral slope of b(bp)(lambda) and the slope of the particle size distribution in this environment.
Thermo- and pH-responsive fluorescence behaviors of sulfur-functionalized detonation nanodiamond-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

Detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) are emerging as bioimaging platforms due to their biocompability, small primary particle size, reactive surface, and stable fluorescence after modification. In this paper, a heteroatom engineering method is provided to fabricate the fluorescent DNDs through pyrolysis of dibenzyl disulfide. The quantum yield of these sulfur (S)-functionalized DNDs (SDNDs) increases with sulfur percentage. The solubility and stability of SDNDs in aqueous solution are also significantly increased due to the formation of hydrophilic sulfur groups on DND. Furthermore, these SDNDs are used to conjugate the stimuli-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) through the ‘graft from’ method. The conjugation demonstrated both pH- and thermo-responsive fluorescence behaviors, which shows promise to be used in ratiometric fluorescence sensing for the detection of intracellular pH and temperature values.
“Empowering” as a Heuristic Concept in Organizational Communication

(1988). “Empowering” as a Heuristic Concept in Organizational Communication. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 11, Communication Yearbook 11, pp. 391-404.
Ausnahmen von der Achterregel

Das auffallende Uberwiegen von Molekulen, in denen jedes Atom seine volle Zahl von vier Elektronenpaaren in der ausersten Schale hat, veranlaste Langmuir [50] zu dem Versuch, die Oktettregel als etwas Allgemeingultiges hinzustellen; er gibt sogar eine arithmetische Gleichung an, um mit ihrer Hilfe nach diesem Gesetz zu bestimmen, ob einer gegebenen Formel eine mogliche chemische Verbindung entspricht. Ich glaube, das er sich in seiner Begeisterung fur diese Idee zu einem Irrtum verleiten lies und das er einen einzelnen Zug der neuen Theorie uberschatzte, wenn er sie als „Oktett-Theorie“ bezeichnet. Die Achterregel ist trotz ihrer grosen Wichtigkeit weniger grundlegend als die Zweierregel, die das Bestreben der Elektronen zur Paarbildung ausdruckt.
Acknowledging Female Victims of Green Crimes: Environmental Exposure of Women to Industrial Pollutants:

Green criminology has drawn attention to the widespread forms of green victimization. However, green criminology has neglected female victims of green crimes, and area to which feminist criminologists can contribute. To draw attention to these issues, this article examines the medical and epidemiological literature published since 2010 related to the forms of green victimization women experience. Implications for examining the green victimization of economically marginalized female populations, the need to integrate feminist and green criminological research, and suggests that feminist analysis can also inform ecofeminist studies by more fully elaborating a position of the environmental/green victimization of women are presented.
Hazard Analysis of Party-Pack Foods Prepared at a Catering Establishment

Foods prepared by a catering establishment were implicated as vehicles in five outbreaks of foodborne disease. Because of this, a hazard analysis was conducted consisting of (a) evaluation of product temperatures throughout processing and assembly, (b) pH measurements of the salad products and (c) testing samples of the products taken at various stages of processing for pathogenic food borne bacteria. Temperatures of precooked roast beef were too low to allow growth of common pathogenic foodborne bacteria during thawing, slicing and packaging with gravy in a refrigerated room. Temperatures were also too low to allow multiplication of common pathogenic foodborne bacteria in prechilled, prepared salads during refrigerated storage, and there was too little time for multiplication of such organisms during party-pack assembly at room temperature. Chicken parts reached 74 C (165 F) or higher during cooking. While the cooked chicken was held for delivery in a small room that had a maximum temperature of 38 C (105 F), internal temperatures of the chicken did not fall below 82 C (180 F). Cooked chicken held 3 h and 15 min at room temperature (21 C/70 F) -- to simulate delivery and storage -- cooled to approximately 46 C (115 F). During simulated delivery, the temperature of the meat and gravy did not rise above 4 C (40 F). Approximately 1 h was required to reheat the meat and gravy to a temperature of 74 C (165 F) when two sterno cans were used. A 2.7-kg (6-lb) portion of leftover beef took 6.5 h to cool from 60 C to 7 C (140 F to 45 F). Guidelines for caterers and party hosts and hostesses are recommended.
Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein lipolysis products increase blood-brain barrier transfer coefficient and induce astrocyte lipid droplets and cell stress.

Elevation of blood triglycerides, primarily as triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRL), has been linked to cerebrovascular inflammation, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Brain microva...
Inverse problems-based maximum likelihood estimation of ground reflectivity for selected regions of interest from stripmap SAR data

In this paper, we derive a comprehensive forward model for the data collected by stripmap synthetic aperture radar (SAR) that is linear in the ground reflectivity parameters. It is also shown that if the noise model is additive, then the forward model fits into the linear statistical model framework, and the ground reflectivity parameters can be estimated by statistical methods. We derive the maximum likelihood (ML) estimates for the ground reflectivity parameters in the case of additive white Gaussian noise. Furthermore, we show that obtaining the ML estimates of the ground reflectivity requires two steps. The first step amounts to a cross-correlation of the data with a model of the data acquisition parameters, and it is shown that this step has essentially the same processing as the so-called convolution back-projection algorithm. The second step is a complete system inversion that is capable of mitigating the sidelobes of the spatially variant impulse responses remaining after the correlation processing. We also state the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for the ML ground reflectivity estimates.We show that the CRLB is linked to the SAR system parameters, the flight path of the SAR sensor, and the image reconstruction grid.We demonstrate the ML image formation and the CRLB bound for synthetically generated data.
Introduction to Bayesian Inference for Psychology.

We introduce the fundamental tenets of Bayesian inference, which derive from two basic laws of probability theory. We cover the interpretation of probabilities, discrete and continuous versions of Bayes’ rule, parameter estimation, and model comparison. Using seven worked examples, we illustrate these principles and set up some of the technical background for the rest of this special issue of Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. Supplemental material is available via https://osf.io/wskex/.
Heat shock proteins initiate DNA methylome remodeling to drive dichotomous immune responses. (VAC13P.1127)

Immunization with heat shock proteins (HSPs) can elicit dichotomous immune responses that are dependent on the dose administered. These responses are characterized by Th1 and Treg cells with low and high dose HSP respectively. The immune responses in either situation are dependent on dendritic cells (DCs) expressing HSP receptor CD91, but the exact mechanism controlling them are unresolved. Here, we focus on the molecular events which control gene transcription and drive this dose-dependent dichotomy. Our data demonstrates that HSP-CD91 signaling results GSK3β phosphorylation which stabilizes DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) levels. DNMTs control the epigenetic state of cells and thus regulate gene transcription and splicing. Thus, we hypothesize that HSP-CD91 signaling induces epigenetic remodeling in a dose-dependent manner, which drives cellular responses. We have mapped the DNA methylome of CD91 + cells following low and high dose HSP immunization. Differential methylation was observed across 229 gene regions in isolated CD91 + cells. These regions include genes involved in chemotaxis, signaling, and metabolism. We also show that neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) is differentially regulated in immunized mice. These studies reveal an early requirement for epigenetic changes and a role for Nrp1 in maintaining a T reg response to HSP.
Closed Loops in Neuroscience and Computation: What It Means and Why It Matters

We compare the computational power of different classes of computational systems and relate it to whether they contain closed loops. Adding closed loops to the architecture of computational systems increases their computational power. Different computational models are apt for capturing the computational power of different classes of neural systems. We argue that while ordinary Turing machines (TMs) are a poor model for a kind of feedback that the closed-loop approach to neuroscience highlights, suitably modified TMs are a better fit.
Endometrial Papillary Syncytial Change: A Nonspecific Alteration Associated with Active Breakdown

Papillary syncytial change (PSC) of endometrial epithelium, often regarded as a metaplastic change, shows syncytial to papillary aggregates of eosinophilic cells along the surface epithelium. To determine the cause and significance of PSC, 250 consecutive endometrial biopsy and curettage specimens and curettings in patients with suspected endometrial abnormalities were reviewed. Papillary syncytial change was found in 43 (17%) of the cases. Often PSC was focal, but in 12 cases it was multifocal and in 7 cases it was extensive. Patients with PSC ranged from 22 to 86 years of age. The primary pathologic findings in endometria with PSC included a variety of benign organic lesions and hyperplasia, as well as proliferative and secretory changes that suggested dysfunctional bleeding. One consistent finding in all cases was associated active endometrial bleeding with glandular and stromal breakdown, cell necrosis, and neutrophils in close proximity to PSC. Immunohistochemical study of 6 cases with extensive PSC showed no difference in reactivity to high and low molecular weight keratin, vimentin, and carcinoembryonic antigen compared with surrounding unaffected epithelium. The association of PSC with endometrial breakdown in a variety of conditions suggests that PSC is a benign retrogressive alteration rather than a metaplastic transformation to another cell type. Papillary syncytial change appears to be a useful histologic marker of acute endometrial breakdown and bleeding, and recognition of this phenomenon will prevent misclassification of this relatively common finding.
Pib2 and the EGO complex are both required for activation of TORC1

ABSTRACT The TORC1 complex is a key regulator of cell growth and metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The vacuole-associated EGO complex couples activation of TORC1 to the availability of amino acids, specifically glutamine and leucine. The EGO complex is also essential for reactivation of TORC1 following rapamycin-induced growth arrest and for its distribution on the vacuolar membrane. Pib2, a FYVE-containing phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P)-binding protein, is a newly discovered and poorly characterized activator of TORC1. Here, we show that Pib2 is required for reactivation of TORC1 following rapamycin-induced growth arrest. Pib2 is required for EGO complex-mediated activation of TORC1 by glutamine and leucine as well as for redistribution of Tor1 on the vacuolar membrane. Therefore, Pib2 and the EGO complex cooperate to activate TORC1 and connect phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling and TORC1 activity.
A symmetrical resonant converter and PCB transformer structure for common mode noise reduction

Wide-band-gap devices can provide much faster switching speed. But the dv/dt of switching node voltage also becomes much higher, causing potential common mode noise issue. On the other hand, PCB winding transformer has significant large inter-winding capacitance, which provides a low impedance path for common mode noise. In this paper, a symmetrical resonant converter as well as a symmetrical PCB transformer structure is proposed. By using cancellation concept, common mode current brought by the large inter-winding capacitor is cancelled out and therefore the total system common mode noise is significantly reduced. No additional hardware implementation is required and the system structure is simple. A 6.6kW 500kHz WBG based CLLC resonant converter prototype with 97.8% efficiency and 130W/in3 power density is built to verify the superior performance and feasibility of the proposed concept.
Continuous flow technology vs. the batch-by-batch approach to produce pharmaceutical compounds

ABSTRACTIntroduction: For the manufacture of small molecule drugs, many pharmaceutical innovator companies have recently invested in continuous processing, which can offer significant technical and economic advantages over traditional batch methodology. This Expert Review will describe the reasons for this interest as well as many considerations and challenges that exist today concerning continuous manufacturing.Areas covered: Continuous processing is defined and many reasons for its adoption are described. The current state of continuous drug substance manufacturing within the pharmaceutical industry is summarized. Current key challenges to implementation of continuous manufacturing are highlighted, and an outlook provided regarding the prospects for continuous within the industry.Expert commentary: Continuous processing at Lilly has been a journey that started with the need for increased safety and capability. Over twelve years the original small, dedicated group has grown to more than 100 Lilly employe...
Stabilization of Lipase in Polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsions.

Candida antarctica lipase B is stabilized in a porous, high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) of polydicyclopentadiene to enable biocatalytic waste stream upcycling. The immobilized lipase is subjected to thorough washing conditions and tested for stability in extreme environments and reusability. A porous internal microstructure is revealed through scanning electron microscopy. After preparation, lipase activity increased to 139 ± 9.7% of its original activity. After 10 cycles of reuse, immobilized lipase retains over 50% activity. Immobilized lipase retains activity after 24 h of exposure to temperatures ranging from 20 to 60 °C and pH values of 3, 7, and 10. In the most extreme environments tested, lipase retained 42.8 ± 21% relative activity after exposure to 60 °C and 49.4 ± 16% relative activity after exposure to pH 3. Polymerized HIPEs stabilize lipase and, thus, extend its working range. Further synthesis optimization has the potential to increase enzyme stability, immobilization efficiency, and unif...
How thalamic relays might orchestrate supervised deep training and symbolic computation in the brain

The thalamus appears to be involved in the flexible routing of information among cortical areas, yet the computational implications of such routing are only beginning to be explored. Here we create a connectionist model of how selectively gated cortico-thalamo-cortical relays could underpin both symbolic and sub-symbolic computations. We first show how gateable relays can be used to create a Dynamically Partitionable Auto-Associative Network (DPAAN) (Hayworth, 2012) consisting of a set of cross-connected cortical memory buffers. All buffers and relays in a DPAAN are trained simultaneously to have a common set of stable attractor states that become the symbol vocabulary of the DPAAN. We show via simulations that such a DPAAN can support operations necessary for syntactic rule-based computation, namely buffer-to-buffer copying and equality detection. We then provide each DPAAN module with a multilayer input network trained to map sensory inputs to the DPAAN9s symbol vocabulary, and demonstrate how gateable thalamic relays can provide recall and clamping operations to train this input network by Contrastive Hebbian Learning (CHL) (Xie and Seung, 2003). We suggest that many such DPAAN modules may exist at the highest levels of the brain9s sensory hierarchies and show how a joint snapshot of the contents of multiple DPAAN modules can be stored as a declarative memory in a simple model of the hippocampus. We speculate that such an architecture might first have been discovered by evolution as a means to bootstrap learning of more meaningful cortical representations feeding the striatum, eventually leading to a system that could support symbolic computation. Our model serves as a bridging hypothesis for linking controllable thalamo-cortical information routing with computations that could underlie aspects of both learning and symbolic reasoning in the brain.
La Folie à Deux

Folie a deux, a syndrome characterized by the sharing of delusional ideas and/or bizarre behavior between closely associated people, was so named over a hundred years ago by Lasegue and Falret (1877/1964). However, according to Gralnick (1942), similar syndromes were described even earlier (“infectiousness of insanity,” mIdeler, 1838; “psychic infection,” mHoffbauer, 1846) and later by other eponyms (“;contagious insanity,” Seguin; “reciprocal insanity,” Parsons; “psychosis of association,” Gralnick; “insanity by contagion,” Carrier; “double insanity,” Tuke; “collective insanity,” Ireland; “conjugal insanity,” Rhein; “influenced psychosis,” Gordon; “mystic paranoia,” Pike).
Community Dynamics: The Flow of Energy

In previous chapters, the acquisition and expenditure of energy were discussed at the individual or species level. Such budgets are merely individual links in the overall exchanges within a biotic community. In the present chapter, the flow of energy among species within invertebrate assemblages and between them and other components of desert communities is examined. Energy flow is dependent on community structure and dynamics. These topics will be treated briefly before turning to a consideration of the amounts of energy involved and the routes it follows through the community. A more detailed treatment of some aspects of the community ecology of desert invertebrates is provided by Polis (1991a,b)
Abstract 3783: An Insulin-independent AMPK-dependent Survival Pathway Is Activated In Glucose-starved Cardiac Myocytes through IRS-1/PI3-kinase and Rictor-mediated Activation of PDK1 and PDK2

INTRODUCTION: Akt (PKB) is the downstream effector of insulin and IGF-1 and regulates multiple targets that control cell survival and growth. Akt is phosphorylated at Thr-308 (activating) and Ser-473 (regulatory) sites by PI3-kinase dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) and TOR2-rictor/PDK2 respectively. When energy is abundant Akt supports cell growth by stimulating TORC1 and inhibiting GSK3β. When energy and insulin are low such as during ischemia, AMPK is activated and depresses TORC1 by activating the repressive TSC1/2 complex. It is not known how AMPK affects TORC2 in this setting. HYPOTHESIS: Under low energy states AMPK promotes survival by differentially regulating TORC1 and 2 thereby maintaining Akt phosphorylation and survival in the absence of insulin. METHODS: Cardiac myocytes (CM) were subjected to glucose and insulin-free incubation for 4h and the activities of insulin signaling components were measured by western blot and co-IP. Survival was measured ± siRNAs by Hoechst/PI staining. RESULTS: After 4h of glucose/insulin deprivation there was increased phosphorylation of Akt-Thr-308 (11.2±2.4; n=6, p<0.001) and Akt-Ser-473 (9.7± 2; n=6, p<0.001). Phosphorylation of GSK-3β (Ser-9) also increased but there was decreased phosphorylation of p70S6-kinase (Thr389) and 4EBP (Ser65) indicating global down-regulation of TORC1. We identified 2 separate pathways for the insulin-independent phosphorylation of Akt at both sites in glucose-depleted CM. Activated AMPK promoted phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) on Ser-789. AraA or a Ser-789 decoy peptide blocked this, and IRS-1-P-Ser-789 co-IP’d with PI3-kinase suggesting positive regulation of PDK1. Glucose depletion did not change the levels of rictor or raptor or their relative binding to TOR. However TSC1 and rictor were quantitatively associated with PI3-kinase selectively under glucose/insulin depletion and this correlated with Akt phosphorylation. CM survival under glucose/insulin depletion was impaired by siRNA-mediated knockdown of IRS-1 or rictor (n=3; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: AMPK maintains phosphorylation of Akt under low energy states in the absence of insulin. The mechanism involves IRS-1 phosphorylation by AMPK and enhanced binding of rictor and TSC1 to PI3K. This research has received full or partial funding support from the American Heart Association, AHA Greater Southeast Affiliate (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Puerto Rico & Tennessee).
Integrity of CFRP–Concrete Interface in Sulfuric Acid

AbstractThis paper presents the interfacial behavior and deterioration mechanisms of carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets bonded to a concrete substrate subjected to sulfuric acid based on...
Mathematical Programming Based Approach to Modular Electric Power System Design

Satellite power systems can be understood as islanded dc microgrids supplied by specialized and coordinated solar cell arrays augmented by electrochemical battery systems to handle high-power loads and periods of eclipse. The periodic availability of power, the limited capacity of batteries, and the dependence of almost all mission service on power consumption create a unique situation in which temporal power and energy scarcity exist. Any satellite power system must be properly designed so the power generation and energy storage portions of the system have enough generation potential and storage capacity to reliably meet the load requirements of a given satellite mission. A multi-period model of an orbital satellite power system's performance over a mission's duration can be constructed. A modular power system architecture is used to characterize the system's constraints. The periodic and generally predictable nature of a satellite's mission environment provides a useful opportunity for these techniques. Using mathematical programming, an optimization problem can be posed such that the optimal power and energy ratings for the power system are determined for any load schedule imposed by a given mission's requirements. The optimal energy trajectory of the electrical power system over a mission's duration is also determined when the mathematical programming problem is solved. A generic set of mission requirements is identified to test this approach, but the objective function of the resulting optimization problem can be modified in order to return different results, and these differing results can provide a clear illustration of the trade-offs that designers of such power systems consider in the design process. For this paper specifically, this means that the same mission is evaluated in two ways for comparison: first by selecting the optimally-minimum mass, and then the optimally-minimum volume, of the system's generation and battery elements. The design approach is demonstrated for a typical mission involving a CubeSat platform that periodically records image data and transfers this data once per-orbit.