cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Airborne Reconnaissance-Personal Perspectives

After many years in the reconnaissance business, having had the good fortune to participate both operationally and as a staff person, and now, broadening my perspectives even further by dint of my current role as an all-source intelligence collection manager, I have distilled in my mind that there are four major, consistent underlying factors or elements that control or direct the "fate," so to speak, of most all functional areas such as airborne reconnaissance and the systems or specific assets that compose the "tools" used in that area. I would really rather talk about flying fast in the weeds in an RF-4, but my four main "factors" are, I think, worth reviewing with you. They are: the political factor; the operational factor; the technological factor and the one that I will dwell most on here today -the budget / acquisition factor. The thrust is to try to get our hands around what really does influence which reconnaissance systems we acquire and how many, when we get them and how and where we use them. There are obvious interlinkages between the "factors" that I will discuss, but I will truly try to keep the convolutions and opacity to a minimum.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Forging "Paganinis of the Piano" in the 1830s

Musical artists in the 1830s were intrigued by Niccolo Paganini, with pianists being especially interested in transferring his music and style to their instrument. This article focuses on Paganini-inspired compositions by Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, and Ignaz Moscheles, which focus on various aspects of the violinist’s artistry, including his performance style, his flair for the dramatic, pathetic, and unexpected, and his technical wizardry. Altogether these and other such works from the early 1830s provide a deeper context — arguably even a tradition — for Franz Liszt’s experimental compositions from the 1830s, particularly the “Clochette” Fantasy and the first version of the “Paganini” Etudes. Not only technically and performatively brilliant, these pieces also help establish the medium of mimesis as artistically valid. Liszt argued that this type of orientation was indispensable for the “artist of the future,” in which “virtuosity is a means, not an end.” Somewhat paradoxically then, after his ...
PATTERNS OF JAW MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING VOLUNTARY CHEWING

Mastication is controlled by central rhythm and burst generators, but whether this control is similar under automatic and voluntary chewing is not clear. Our first aim was to determine whether increased chewing frequency led to a proportional decrease in both the burst duration (the time of muscle activity) and the interburst interval (time of inactivity) of each muscle or to a minimal decrease in the burst duration and a substantial decrease in the interburst interval. Our second aim was to determine whether these two manifestations of control differed between the opening and closing muscles. Electromyograms from digastric, medial pterygoid, masseter and anterior temporalis muscles were obtained during gum chewing by five subjects at four frequencies. A nearly fourfold decrease in total cycle duration (TCD) with increased chewing frequencies was accompanied by minimal changes in burst duration in the digastric muscle but proportional changes in the jaw closing muscles. The onset latency of the digastric muscle as a percentage of TCD decreased and became negative (i.e. occurred before opening started) as the TCD decreased. The onset latencies of the jaw closing muscles remained roughly 10-20% of the TCD for the three lower chewing frequencies. Control of the opening muscle appears to differ from control of the closing muscles.
A multi-objective production planning model in a flexible manufacturing environment

Production planning for flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) has been studied using different methods, including simulation; queueing networks; and several single-objective mathematical programming techniques. The decision making process for production planning in FMS usually involves multiple conflicting objectives. Thus, goal programming (GP) can be effectively applied to this decision problem. This study discusses the superior aspects of the GP model over other models, when solving the production planning problem for FMS. A GP model is presented and the implementation results of an illustrative problem are analysed.
Unusual thermal stabilities of some proteins and enzymes bound in the galleries of layered α-Zr(IV)phosphate/phosphonates

Abstract Significant improvements in the thermal stabilities of proteins and enzymes (increase in denaturation temperatures as large as 33 °C) bound in the galleries of crystalline α-Zr(IV) phosphate (α-Zr(PO 4 ) 2 ·H 2 O, abbreviated as α-ZrP) and α-Zr(IV) phosphonates (α-Zr(RPO 3 ) 2 ·H 2 O, RCH 2 COOH, CH 2 CH 2 COOH, abbreviated as ZrCMP, and ZrCEP, respectively) are demonstrated, in specific cases. The thermal stabilities are monitored using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction, absorption, and fluorescence methods. The amide I and amide II vibrational bands of the protein/inorganic materials are monitored in ATR FTIR studies, as a function of temperature, and these indicated sharp shifts in the band positions at specific temperatures. These shifts served as markers for protein denaturation. The denaturation temperatures of met hemoglobin/α-ZrP, glucose oxidase/α-ZrRP (ROH, CH 2 CH 2 COOH), and Cytochrome c/α-ZrRP (ROH, CH 2 CH 2 COOH), for example, are >95, 55, 65, 100, and 75 °C, respectively. These values are greater than the denaturation temperatures of the corresponding free proteins in the solid state (70, 50, and 67 °C, respectively). Proteins bound to α-ZrP, and α-ZrCEP, in general, indicated stabilities that are greater than or comparable to those of the free proteins, while binding to α-ZrCMP resulted in diminished stabilities except in case of Hb. The interactions of the surface functions of the solid matrix with the bound protein, therefore, are crucial in determining the bound protein stability. The improved stabilities observed in specific cases are welcome changes for applications of these materials in biocatalysis, biosensors, and biomedical devices.
Vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia among school-aged children in Southeastern Asia.

Objective: To determine provisional estimates of the extent of vitamin A (VA) deficiency and xerophthalmia among school-aged children. Design: Literature search of published, unpublished and website-based population survey and study reports, with country-specific imputation of prevalence rates and numbers of children affected by: (1) VA deficiency based on measured or imputed distributions of serum retinol concentration <0.70 μmol/l (equivalent to <20 μg/dl) and (2) xerophthalmia, by country. Setting: Countries within the WHO South-East Asian Region. Subjects: The target group for estimation was children 5–15 y of age. Interventions: None. Results: The estimated prevalence of VA deficiency is 23.4%, suggesting that there are ∼83 million VA-deficient school-aged children in the region, of whom 10.9% (9 million, at an overall prevalence of 2.6%) have mild xerophthalmia (night blindness or Bitot's spot). Potentially blinding corneal xerophthalmia appears to be negligible at this age. Conclusions: VA deficiency, including mild xerophthalmia, appears to affect large numbers of school-aged children in South-East Asia. However, nationally representative data on the prevalence, risk factors and health consequences of VA deficiency among school-aged children are lacking within the region and globally, representing a future public health research priority.
Feedback in psychotherapy

Feedback is defined as a response to an action that shapes or adjusts that action in subsequent performance. Though its pervasiveness in human behavior is noted, feedback in clinical practice is a deliberate psychological intervention that has two essential functions, information and influence. Feedback can be descriptive, evaluative, emotional, and interpretive. The role of feedback in promoting change through interpersonal influence and the role of resistance in the feedback process are discussed. We present practical examples and suggestions for maximizing the effectiveness of feedback and responding therapeutically to resistance. Current outcome research on feedback as a major component of treatment is reviewed and discussed. Implications of the feedback literature for practice are provided.
Dynamics of competitive reactions: endothermic proton transfer and exothermic substitution.

Dynamics of an endothermic proton-transfer reaction, F- with dimethyl sulfoxide, and an endothermic proton-transfer reaction with a competing exothermic substitution (SN2) channel, F- with borane−methyl sulfide complex, were investigated using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR) and kinetic modeling. The two proton-transfer reactions have slightly positive and a small negative overall free energy changes, respectively. Energy-dependent rate constants were measured as a function of F- ion translational energy, and the resulting kinetics were modeled with the RRKM (Rice−Ramsperger−Kassel−Marcus) theory. The observed rate constants for the proton-transfer reactions of F- with dimethyl sulfoxide and with borane−methyl sulfide complex are identical, with a value of 0.17 × 10-9 cm3 molecule-1 s-1; for the SN2 reaction, k = 0.90 × 10-9 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 350 K. Both proton-transfer reactions have positive entropy changes in the forward direction and show positive energy depe...
Status Report on the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron

The Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS), originally designed as an injection energy booster for the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS), operated under constraints imposed by ZGS operation until December 1979. Once these restraints were removed, the RCS made rapid strides toward its near term goals of 8 ?A of protons for Argonne National Laboratory's Intense Pulsed Neutron Source program. Reliable 30 Hz operation was achieved in the spring of 1980 with beams as high as 2 × 1012 protons per pulse and weekly average intensities of over 6 ?A on target. These gains resulted from better injection matching, more efficient RF turnon and dynamic chromaticity control. A high intensity small diameter synchrotron, such as the RCS, has special problems with loss control which dictate prudence during intensity improvement activities. The studies and equipment leading to the intensity gains are discussed.
Multifractal structure of the magnetic field and plasma in recurrent streams at 1 AU

The existence of multifractal structure in the fluctuations of the magnetic field strength, temperature, and density in the recurrent flows at 1 AU is demonstrated. The multifractal scaling is observed over the range of periods from 2 to 32 hr for the magnetic field and density and from 2 to 16 hr for the temperature. The lower cutoff of 2 hr is related to the use of hour averages; it does not have physical significance. The upper cutoff of 32 hr (16 hr) represents the transition to the mesoscale regime in which the fluctuations are determined by the stream structure. Thus the multifractal structure represents fluctuations superimposed on the corotating stream profile and the heliospheric plasma sheet profile. The multifractal structure is interpreted as a texture superimposed on the mesoscale profiles, the structure of the texture being related to the mesoscale structure itself.
Exchange rate regimes: China's experience and choices

Abstract This short paper briefly reviews the evolution of China's exchange rate regimes over the last two decades, and analyzes China's choices of exchange rate regimes. On balance, it seems desirable for China to maintain the managed float in the short run. Globalization and financial integration will lead China toward more liberal exchange rate regimes. But the process of moving towards more flexibility and full convertibility should be cautious, in particular taking into considerations of risks related to China's financial system stability, capital flight, and macroeconomic fundamentals.
Schema mediation for large-scale semantic data sharing

Intuitively, data management and data integration tools should be well suited for exchanging information in a semantically meaningful way. Unfortunately, they suffer from two significant problems: they typically require a common and comprehensive schema design before they can be used to store or share information, and they are difficult to extend because schema evolution is heavyweight and may break backward compatibility. As a result, many large-scale data sharing tasks are more easily facilitated by non-database-oriented tools that have little support for semantics.The goal of the peer data management system (PDMS) is to address this need: we propose the use of a decentralized, easily extensible data management architecture in which any user can contribute new data, schema information, or even mappings between other peers’ schemas. PDMSs represent a natural step beyond data integration systems, replacing their single logical schema with an interlinked collection of semantic mappings between peers’ individual schemas.This paper considers the problem of schema mediation in a PDMS. Our first contribution is a flexible language for mediating between peer schemas that extends known data integration formalisms to our more complex architecture. We precisely characterize the complexity of query answering for our language. Next, we describe a reformulation algorithm for our language that generalizes both global-as-view and local-as-view query answering algorithms. Then we describe several methods for optimizing the reformulation algorithm and an initial set of experiments studying its performance. Finally, we define and consider several global problems in managing semantic mappings in a PDMS.
Strength and Response of Cylindrical Composite Shells Subjected to Out-of-Plane Loadings

An investigation was performed to study the response of cylindrical composite shells subjected to out-of-plane loads. During the investigation, an analytical model was devel oped to predict the mechanical behavior of the structures from the initial failure, through post-failure, to the final collapse. The model is also capable of predicting the residual stiffness and strength of the structures after a preload. Basically, the model consists of a structural analysis for calculating the global response of the structures, and a failure analysis for predicting local damage of the structures and their residual stiffnesses and strengths. A nonlinear finite element code based on the updated Lagrangian formulation was developed for the model. To verify the model, experiments were also conducted. An excellent agreement was found between the computer simulations and the test results. It is expected that the model can be extended to more complicated structures with various load ing conditions.
On the parametric large deflection study of Euler–Bernoulli cantilever beams subjected to combined tip point loading

Abstract The problem of determining the parametric large deflection components of Euler–Bernoulli cantilever beams subjected to combined tip point loading is studied in this paper. We introduce the characteristic equation of the beam's deflection and, with employing the recently developed automatic Taylor expansion technique (ATET), present deflection solutions in terms of the loading parameters to the Euler–Bernoulli boundary value problem. The obtained ATET deflection solutions, verified by comparison with the numerical solutions, are valid for the entire beam length, and independently and efficiently adaptable for the very large loading conditions, and easily implementable for engineering analyses and syntheses. Exploiting these solutions as theoretical tools we study the beam's angular and axial deflections behavior for several tip point loading conditions. Besides the widely known beam's axial inflection points, we also recognize beam's angular inflection points for the mixed loading condition and show that the parametric solutions are intelligent in recognizing the right deflection branch for both inflection types.
Spatial and Temporal Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Trends in Income Inequality

Overall total inequality for state per capita personal income as well as total inequality for nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas are examined for the period 1969 to 1995. In each case, the total inequality was partitioned into between-and within-region variations. Statistical testing shows no perceptible differences between the major categories, nonmetropolitan and metropolitan. Further, this study uses a model to test for narrowing of income gaps within these categories. It was found that for both nonmetropolitan and metropolitan, a general trend toward equality was evidenced during the early 1970s decade. In that decade, the nonmetropolitan areas’incomes approached the metropolitan areas’incomes but showed significant divergences in the 1980s, followed again by a narrowing of the gaps in the 1990s.
Goethe’s Baccalaureus and the concept of romantic irony in Faust

The Baccalaureus‐scene in Part Two of Goethe’s Faust subjects youth and youthfulness to several kinds of irony. It thereby implies the complicated irony present in Faust as a whole, especially insofar as it suggests Romantic irony. Starting with an analysis of that scene, this essay examines and expands on statements about Faust and about irony that were made by major German Romantic ironists: the Schlegels, Schelling, Adam Muller, and Solger. Linking these five authors’ comments on Faust to their various concepts of irony, the essay explains how applying those concepts helps Goethe’s readers understand his main characters, dramatic events, and authorial attitude. It thus describes some of the many ways in which irony informs Faust, proposing readings of the play that illuminate its author’s relationship to German Romanticism.
Mutations in the glutamate transporter EAAT2 gene do not cause abnormal EAAT2 transcripts in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Recently, variant mRNA transcripts for the astroglial glutamate transporter EAAT2 have been detected in brain tissues of 60% of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS). We have tested the hypothesis that the gene for EAAT2 may be defective in some ALS cases. In 16 familial ALS (FALS) pedigrees without mutations in SOD1, we failed to detect genetic linkage to the EAAT2 locus. We next characterized the genomic organization of the EAAT2 gene and used single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of genomic DNA to identify one novel mutation in a single SALS patient and two novel mutations in 2 affected FALS siblings. In the SALS patient, the mutation substitutes serine for an asparagine that might be involved in N-linked glycosylation of the EAAT2 protein. In the 2 affected individuals in the FALS family, we detected both a mutation in the 5' end of intron 7 and a silent G --> A transition at codon 234 in exon 5. It remains unclear whether this intron 7 mutation is related to the defective mRNA splicing. These studies indicate that germline mutations in the EAAT2 gene are infrequent and do not explain the presence of variant mRNA transcripts of EAAT2 in more than one-half of ALS cases.
Relative stability of complexes of six-carbon-rings with variable numbers of double bonds: DFT and ab initio results

Abstract Protein–ligand interactions, including enzyme–drug interactions, often depend on a variety of non-covalent bonds. Ring–ring interactions, though generally weaker than other non-covalent interactions, are important both in the binding of ligands to proteins, and also in the specific 3-D orientation of the ligand molecule in the protein binding site. We calculated the counterpoise-corrected interaction energies and relative stabilities of complexes of six-membered carbon rings using MP2/aug-cc-pvdz. These two-ring complexes, each with three, two, one, or no double bonds per ring, serve as models for the above mentioned protein–ligand binding. Using MP2/aug-cc-pvdz as a standard, we also evaluated the accuracy of MP2 with smaller basis sets. Further we compared Hartree–Fock and several DFT methods with MP2 in order to see if these less resource-intensive methods could achieve and accuracy comparable to MP2. We find that smaller basis sets within the MP2 theory reproduce accurate trends and relative energies of complexes compared to aug-cc-pvdz, and the HCTH407 DFT method can reproduce accurate relative energies for most of the complexes studied here. We also compute HCTH407-level polarizabilities of the rings and examine the relationship between these values and the interaction energies.
A brief report on the social behavior of the crested mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus galeritus) with a comparison to the sooty mangabey (C. torquatus atys)

A group of 38 free ranging crested mangabeys in the Tana River Primate Reserve was studied over a 6-week period for a total of 209.5 hr and behavioral comparisons made to a captive group of sooty mangabeys. Although quantitative comparisons between these two mangabey species are not possible, the present data suggest that these geographically separated mangabeys share several behavioral similarities. Copulatory behavior in both species involved a pattern of female darting and female vocalizing following the mount by the male. Several similarities in agonistic behavior also existed: 1) The victim often returned or stayed within 1 m of the aggressor following an agonistic episode; 2) retaliation in which the victim first fled or avoided the aggressor, then subsequently, chased or lunged at the aggressor, typically while screaming; and 3) frequent redirection of aggression by the victim following an agonistic episode. A dominance rank reversal occurred between the two adult male crested mangabeys with no severe wounding. The rank reversal seemed to be related to two subsequent behaviors which included infant carriage by the deposed alpha in the presence of the new alpha male and female demonstrations of extreme protectiveness of their infants in the presence of the new alpha male. Both of these behaviors have been reported in the sooty mangabey group.
The Influence of Culture, Self-Reported Multicultural Counseling Competence, and Shifting Standards of Judgment on Perceptions of Family Functioning of White Family Counselors

This study examines the perceptions of 163 White family counselors who reported their overall impressions of family functioning in response to a fictitious case report. On the intake summary, the family was identified as either Latino or White. Aside from the names used for family members, the cases were identical. Participants assigned significantly higher (i.e., healthier) ratings to the Latino family as compared with the White family. However, this effect was moderated by self-reported multicultural counseling knowledge and awareness. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Attitudes and factors affecting research utilization.

PROBLEM The gap between nursing research findings and their application in practice, particularly in rural areas. METHODS A descriptive-correlational study design focused on the attitude of nurses (N= 106) in rural practice settings toward nursing research and the relationship between their attitudes and other factors. FINDINGS Fewer than a quarter of the nurses in this study had favorable attitudes toward research. Attitudes and interest varied with levels of education and position. Also, the isolation of rural nurses from nurse researchers creates a peculiar barrier to research utilization. CONCLUSIONS The influence of nurse educators/researchers and administrators cannot be overemphasized. Nurse leaders need to perceive nursing research as the base for evidence-based practice, and enhance the utilization of scientific evidence in practice settings.
Chloride flux across frog skins of low potential difference.

Abstract In a series of unselected isolated skins of Rana pipiens in summer, with a mean potential difference (PD) of 13 mV (5–30 mV), the short-circuit current equivalent was significantly less than net Na+ flux. No discrepancy was found in absence of chloride (skins bathed in sulfate Ringers). Net Cl− influx was demonstrated in Cl−-containing Ringers and was of appropriate magnitude to explain the discrepancy. The active transport of Na was quantitatively similar to values seen in the skins of higher PD. Comparison of Cl− flux in this study with mean Cl− flux and PD values from other series suggests an inverse seasonal variation of Cl−. flux and PD.
Environmental taxation in an optimal tax framework

An extended and descriptive optimal tax framework is used to identify the objectives of environmental taxation, analyze the portfolio problem, and explore the trade-offs of policy design. Optimal tax criteria include efficiency, equity, administration, compliance, and revenue. The portfolio problem means that the policy maker must compromise to accommodate trade-offs of competing policy objectives. The regulator may attempt to increase efficiency, maintain a fair distributional impact, minimize the costs of administration and compliance, and implement an efficient use of revenue. The best opportunity to enhance policy effectiveness lies in improving the trade-offs between policy objectives.
Using the hidden curriculum to teach professionalism during the surgery clerkship.

Background It has been shown that medical student professionalism is influenced by the hidden curriculum, although the extent to which this occurs during the surgery clerkship is unknown. Furthermore, the processes within the hidden curriculum have been used to teach professionalism to medical students, but this strategy has not been used during the surgery clerkship. The purpose of this study was to review a 2-year experience with a surgery clerkship instructional session where the hidden curriculum was used to teach professionalism to medical students. Study Design Medical student essays were analyzed to evaluate the influence of the hidden curriculum on their ideas about professionalism and to identify specific behaviors that they regarded as professional and unprofessional. The instructional session was evaluated using the average satisfaction session ratings and through an analysis of medical student session evaluation comments. Results Seventy-five percent of medical students reported that their ideas about professionalism changed. This change involved their general concepts about professionalism, identifying specific behaviors that they planned to adopt or avoid, or developing opinions about the professionalism of surgeons. The average satisfaction rating was consistently high throughout the study period, and the most helpful session feature was reported as the opportunity to share and discuss their observations. Conclusions The hidden curriculum has a substantial influence on the development of professionalism of medical students during the surgery clerkship. It was possible to illuminate and use the hidden curriculum to create an instructional session devoted to professionalism for medical students on the surgery clerkship.
Finite-difference time-domain simulation of acoustic propagation in dispersive medium: An application to bubble clouds in the ocean

Abstract Accurate modeling of pulse propagation and scattering is a problem in many disciplines (i.e. electromagnetics and acoustics). For the case of an acoustic wave propagating in a two-dimensional non-dispersive medium, a routine 2nd order in time and space Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) scheme representation of the linear wave equation can be used to solve for the acoustic pressure. However when the medium is dispersive, one is required to take into account the frequency dependent attenuation and phase speed. Until recently to include the dispersive effects one typically solved the problem in the frequency domain and not in the time domain. The frequency domain solutions were Fourier transformed into the time domain. However by using a theory first proposed by Blackstock [D.T. Blackstock, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 77 (1985) 2050. [1] ], the linear wave equation has been modified by adding an additional term (the derivative of the convolution between the causal time-domain propagation factor and the acoustic pressure) that takes into account the dispersive nature of the medium. In the case of acoustic propagation through water, the water environment becomes strongly dispersive due to the presence of air bubbles that are present below the air–water interface.
Effects of Conjunctival Resection on the Corneal Immune Response

In order to evaluate the effect of perilimbal conjunctival resection on the corneal immune response, we immunized rabbits with either intravenous or topical administration of bovine gamma globulin. After unilateral perilimbal conjunctival resection, the corneas were challenged with intracorneal injections of bovine gamma globulin. Perilimbal conjunctival resection prevented the development of peripheral corneal infiltrates in the rabbits immunized intravenously (P
Selecting weight loss surgery based on HDL genotype--are we there yet? At the brink of "personalized surgery".

For the time-pressed reader—the answer is “no”; end of story.Formostother readers,wewill discuss the components of a report by Sarzynski et al. (1) published in this issue of the JCEM. Then the answer shifts to “not yet.” Their report confirms that a small number of polymorphisms in the candidate genes cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), hepatic lipase (LIPC), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was predictive of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in obese subjects both before and after bariatric surgery. However, these same polymorphisms did not allow prediction of the degree of change in HDL levels after surgically induced weight loss. The following questions arise: Should we select a specific surgical technique if we know the individual’s genotype? And which genetic tests should be performed?
Mitochondrial Dynamics and Motility Inside Living Vascular Endothelial Cells: Role of Bioenergetics

The mitochondrial network is dynamic with conformations that vary between a tubular continuum and a fragmented state. The equilibrium between mitochondrial fusion/fission, as well as the organelle motility, determine network morphology and ultimately mitochondrial/cell function. Network morphology has been linked with the energy state in different cell types. In this study, we examined how bioenergetic factors affect mitochondrial dynamics/motility in cultured vascular endothelial cells (ECs). ECs were transduced with mitochondria-targeted green fluorescent protein (mito-GFP) and exposed to inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) or ATP synthesis. Time-lapse fluorescence videos were acquired and a mathematical program that calculates size and speed of each mitochondrial object at each time frame was developed. Our data showed that inner mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), ATP produced by glycolysis, and, to a lesser degree, ATP produced by mitochondria are critical for maintaining the mitochondrial network, and different metabolic stresses induce distinct morphological patterns (e.g., mitochondrial depolarization is necessary for “donut” formation). Mitochondrial movement, characterized by Brownian diffusion with occasional bursts in displacement magnitude, was inhibited under the same conditions that resulted in increased fission. Hence, imaging/mathematical analysis shed light on the relationship between bioenergetics and mitochondrial network morphology; the latter may determine EC survival under metabolic stress.
Permeability of the Round Window Membrane in Otitis Media

A round window membrane permeability study of macromolecules in otitis media, using tritiated normal human serum albumin, was done in cats. Eustachian tube obstruction was used to induce otitis media in ten animals. Samples of perilymph in obstructed and normal control ears were studied after 25 minutes of exposure of the round window to tritiated albumin. Twelve additional animals were obstructed, and their round window membranes studied to provide histopathologic evidence for our permeability studies. In this first report of round windon membrane permeability to macromolecules in otitis media, we observed an increased permeability to tritiated albumin in diseased ears. Evidence suggests a pathophysiological explanation for the association of otitis media and sensorineural hearing loss and/or endolymphatic hydrops. Proof that large molecules pass suggests the feasibility of diffusion of smaller molecules (toxins and enzymes) through the round window membrane.
Solubility of Chicken Breast Muscle Proteins in Solutions of Low Ionic Strength

Essentially all of the proteins of chicken breast muscle were soluble in sodium chloride solutions of physiological ionic strength or less and neutral pH. However, there was a critical order of treatment necessary to accomplish this. After removal of those proteins solubilized by homogenizing the tissue 1:10 (w/v) in water, it was necessary to solubilize a fraction of the remaining proteins in moderate concentrations (25−150 mM) of sodium chloride at neutral pH before the remaining proteins could be solubilized in water. Solubilization of chicken breast muscle proteins in water could be prevented or reversed by salt solutions of low concentration, suggesting that most of the solubility was not directly caused by proteolysis. SDS−polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that removal of specific peptides by moderate concentrations of sodium chloride at neutral pH was correlated with removal of the restriction on the water solubility of the remaining proteins. Keywords: Protein solubility; solubility of ...
Two kinds of adaptation in the constancy of visual direction and their different effects on the perception of shape and visual direction

Adaptation in the constancy of visual direction can be obtained under two radically different conditions, called eye-movement adaptation and field adaptation. Adaptation resulting from these conditions and from a “normal” condition was measured with a newly developed estimation test. Eye-movement adaptation was found to cause an alteration of compensatory eye movements. It apparently consists of a changed evaluation of eye movements, as demonstrated by two different pointing tests. A form test where the shape of a large oblong is set to look square also confirmed this interpretation. After field adaptation, a pointing test did not register a change, but an adaptation effect could be measured with a forward direction test. This test and a square test where no eye movements were permitted proved to be specific to field adaptation; they measured no effect after eye-movementadaptation. The normal adaptation condition Was apparently equivalent to the eye-movement adaptation condition. Its effect could be measured only with a pointing test. When we changed the normal adaptation condition so that frequent saccades were made during head turning, strong effects were measured with the two tests that were specific to field adaptation.
Capacity-driven acceptance of customer orders for a multi-stage batch manufacturing system: models and algorithms

An automotive parts manufacturer produces a wide variety of parts in a job shop environment. Many of the manufacturing operations have substantial setups. When a client phones in an order, the manufacturer must decide quickly whether or not it has the capacity required to accept the order. We develop a simplified formulation of the order acceptance problem. We formulate the discrete-time version as an integer program. The problem is NP-hard, but in 51 out of 51 test problems the LP relaxation is tight. For larger problems we test several heuristics. Three of the heuristics look promising: simulated annealing, a genetic algorithm, and a linear-programming-based heuristic.
Confidence of paternity, divorce, and investment in children by Albuquerque men

Abstract Using a sample of men living in Albuquerque, NM, we examined the relationship between paternity confidence and men's investment in children. In humans, men may reduce their investment in a child in two ways: indirectly, by ending their relationship with the child's mother and ceasing to cohabit with the child (e.g., divorce), and directly, by allocating less time and fewer resources to the child. In this article, we tested two hypotheses regarding the effect of paternity confidence on investment in children: (1) men will be more likely to divorce women if they suspect or are sure that they are not the father of their wife's child, and (2) controlling for divorce, men will reduce direct investments in low paternity confidence children relative to high paternity confidence children. The first hypothesis was supported by the data. The second hypothesis was supported for two out of three measures of paternal investment we examined; low paternity confidence reduces the time men spend with a child in a group with other children or adults, and it reduces extensive involvement with the child's educational progress; there was no effect of paternity confidence on the amount of time men spend with children in one-on-one interactions. We also examined the effects of unstated paternity confidence (e.g., when men decline to answer the question) on divorce and paternal investment. Overall, the results suggested that paternity confidence plays an important role in shaping men's relationships with women and with their putative genetic children.
A Comparison of Stationary and Cyclostationary TDOA Estimators

The classical technique for measuring the time-difference of arrival (TDOA) of a signal between two sensors has always been a filtered cross correlation. Recent papers, however, have suggested that cyclostationary correlation methods may achieve a much better TDOA estimate in the presence of strong interference for signals that are not truly stationary-such as digital communications signals. Of these, single-cycle cyclostationary methods, such as Gardner's spectral coherence alignment (SPECCOA) algorithm, have been highlighted as robust methods of measuring the TDOA of a signal of interest regardless of the interference present in the environment. No clear comparison has been presented showing the relative benefits of cyclostationary TDOA methods over classical stationary methods and in particular over optimal stationary methods. This paper compares the best of these two classes of TDOA estimators together to determine their relative merits in a narrowband noise environment. This comparison reveals that single-cycle methods perform much worse than their traditional filtered correlation counterparts, while the full multicycle methods can achieve up to 40% lower mean square error than their stationary counterparts
Varicella-Zoster Virus ORF47 Protein Serine Kinase: Characterization of a Cloned, Biologically Active Phosphotransferase and Two Viral Substrates, ORF62 and ORF63

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) codes for a protein serine kinase called ORF47; the herpes simplex virus (HSV) homolog is UL13. No recombinant alphaherpesvirus serine kinase has been biologically active in vitro. We discovered that preservation of the intrinsic kinase activity of recombinant VZV ORF47 required unusually stringent in vitro conditions, including physiological concentrations of polyamines. In this assay, ORF47 phosphorylated two VZV regulatory proteins: the ORF62 protein (homolog of HSV ICP4) and the ORF63 protein (homolog of HSV ICP22). Of interest, ORF47 kinase also coprecipitated ORF63 protein from the kinase assay supernatant.
uJudge: a voting system for audience members of the 2004 Olympics

In this paper, the methodology and process used to create a voting system for the Olympic Games to be held in Athens will be addressed. Initially, the problem space, including the user experience and context, will be defined, to help guide the design team. Having defined the problem space, a survey of the available technology and infrastructure will be explored. A framework built from design principles and requirements will be used to guide the design process. Next, the prototype and system will be discussed, followed by usability testing and a final solution - uJudge, an innovative voting system which contains several components: a central server, handheld devices, Jumbotron, and Wi-Fi infrastructure.
Suppressive Effect of Surfactant on TNFα Release from Murine Macrophages Stimulated by Live and Heat-Killed Group B Streptococci † 1350

Suppressive Effect of Surfactant on TNFα Release from Murine Macrophages Stimulated by Live and Heat-Killed Group B Streptococci † 1350
Testicular function in men treated in childhood for undescended testes.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate testicular hormones and sperm counts of young men treated in childhood for cryptorchidism Methods: Testicular volume, serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone as well as semen specimens were evaluated in 57 men (mean age, 19 years; range, 18 to 27 years) treated in childhood for unilateral (n = 47) and bilateral (n = 10) cryptorchidism. In 3 unilateral cases monorchidism was found. Thirty-seven patients underwent orchiopexy after hormonal treatment (luteinizing hormone releasing factor, 1.2 mg/d for 28 days followed by human chorionic gonadotropin, 500 IU intramuscularly 3 times a week for 3 weeks). The remainder underwent surgery. Mean age at surgical treatment was 5.4 years (range, 2 to 12 years). These patients were examinated again after a mean period of 13.3 years (range, 10 to 19 years). Results: Reduced testicular volume ( P =.002), sperm concentration ( P =.013), sperm motility ( P =.023), and normally shaped sperms ( P =.019). There were direct relations between testicular volume and sperm concentration ( P =.02), sperm motility ( P =.000), and normally shaped sperms ( P =.001). We did not find any statistical correlation between age at surgery and semen quality. Significantly better results in terms of sperm counts were found in patients directly operated on in comparison to those treated with hormones before orchiopexy. Conclusions: Presented data indicate tubular impairment in young men operated on in childhood for cryptorchidism; FSH values increase and testicular volume decrease are related to sperm deterioration. Studies on children treated in the first 2 years of life are required to clarify the usefulness of early treatment of cryptorchidism. J Pediatr Surg 36:385-388. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Guanylyl cyclase C is a selective marker for metastatic colorectal tumors in human extraintestinal tissues

Guanylyl cyclase C (GCC) has been detected only in intestinal mucosa and colon carcinoma cells of placental mammals. However, this receptor has been identified in several tissues in marsupials, and its expression has been suggested in tissues other than intestine in placental mammals. Selective expression of GCC by colorectal tumor cells in extraintestinal tissues would permit this receptor to be employed as a selective marker for metastatic disease. Thus, expression of GCC was examined in human tissues and tumors, correlating receptor function with detection by PCR. GCC was detected by ligand binding and catalytic activation in normal intestine and primary and metastatic colorectal tumors, but not in extraintestinal tissues or tumors. Similarly, PCR yielded GCC-specific amplification products with specimens from normal intestine and primary and metastatic colorectal tumors, but not from extraintestinal tissues or tumors. Northern blot analysis employing GCC-specific probes revealed an approximately 4-kb transcript, corresponding to recombinant GCC, in normal intestine and primary and metastatic colorectal tumors, but not in extraintestinal tissues. Thus, GCC is selectively expressed in intestine and colorectal tumors in humans and appears to be a relatively specific marker for metastatic cancer cells in normal tissues. Indeed, PCR of GCC detected tumor cells in blood from some patients with Dukes B colorectal cancer and all patients examined with Dukes C and D colorectal cancer, but not in that from normal subjects or patients with Dukes A colon carcinoma or other nonmalignant intestinal pathologies.
FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR NONLINEAR ACOUSTICS IN FLUIDS

In this paper, weak formulations and finite element discretizations of the governing partial differential equations of three-dimensional nonlinear acoustics in absorbing fluids are presented. The fluid equations are considered in an Eulerian framework, rather than a displacement framework, since in the latter case the corresponding finite element formulations suffer from spurious modes and numerical instabilities. When taken with the governing partial differential equations of a solid body and the continuity conditions, a coupled formulation is derived. The change in solid/fluid interface conditions when going from a linear acoustic fluid to a nonlinear acoustic fluid is demonstrated. Finite element discretizations of the coupled problem are then derived, and verification examples are presented that demonstrate the correctness of the implementations. We demonstrate that the time step size necessary to resolve the wave decreases as steepening occurs. Finally, simulation results are presented on a resonating acoustic cavity, and a coupled elastic/acoustic system consisting of a fluid-filled spherical tank.
Solvent Interactions with [Val5]angiotensin II in Ethanol−Water

Intermolecular NOE experiments have been used to explore the interactions of water and ethanol molecules in 35% ethanol/65% water (v/v) with the octapeptide hormone [val (5)]angiotensin II at temperatures from 0 to 25 degrees C. Magnetic dipole-dipole cross relaxation terms sigma(HH)(NOE) and sigma(HH)(ROE) for interaction of both solvent components suggest that ethanol molecules interact with the peptide backbone atoms strongly enough to associate for times comparable to the rotational correlation time of the peptide; comparison of observed ROE and NOE cross relaxation terms indicate that lifetimes of these interactions are of the order 0.4 ns at 5 degrees C. Formation of such peptide-ethanol complexes can also account for larger-than-expected values of the cross relaxation terms at higher temperatures. Alternative explanations of the observations reported are shown to be unlikely, primarily because they require unreasonable and highly localized concentrations of the ethanol near the peptide. Side chains of the peptide appear to experience no unusual interactions with ethanol. Cross relaxation terms for water-peptide backbone interactions indicate long-lived interactions of water with the backbone atoms although the nonpolar side chains of the peptide (Val3, Val5, Pro7, and possibly Phe8) do not interact in any specific way with water molecules. Cross relaxation terms for protons of the polar (Tyr4 and His6) side chains may reflect strong interactions with water, but analysis of these is confounded by solvent proton exchange and possible spin diffusion effects.
Passage through vertebrate gap junctions of 17/18 kDa molecules is primarily dependent upon molecular configuration

Abstract In fish, amphibians and mammals, gap junctions of some cells allow passage of elongate molecules as large as 18 kDa, while excluding smaller, less elongate molecules. Fluorescently labeled Calmodulin (17 kDa) and fluorescently labeled Troponin-C (18 kDa), when microinjected into oocytes of Danio rerio , Xenopus laevis or Mus domestica , were able to transit the gap junctions between these oocytes and the granulosa cells which surrounded them. Co-microinjected with these Ca 2+ -binding proteins, Texas-red-labeled dextran (10 kDa) remained in the microinjected cell. Osteocalcin (6 kDa), also a Ca 2+ -binding protein, but with a wide “V” shape proved unable to transit these gap junctions. Calmodulin, but not Troponin-C, was able to transit gap junctions of gonadotropin treated WB cells in culture. We show evidence that molecules as large as 18 kDa can pass through some vertebrate gap junctions, both homologous and heterologous, and that it is primarily molecular configuration which governs gap junctional permeability.