cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RELATIONS OF PLANTS TO MINUTE DOSES OF INHIBITIVE SUBSTANCES

It is generally recognized that minute doses of substances which are toxic in larger quantities may act in a stimulatory fashion, that is, they may cause the plant to accelerate one or more of its activities in excess of any stoichiometric relationship. Minute traces of mineral salts (2, 4) and auxins, bioses, vitamins, and other growth accessories (1, 3, 7) which are of biological origin, all seem to show this action and, above certain specific concentrations, the toxic action of representatives of most of these classes of materials has been demonstrated. The action of these substances, however, is much more complicated than the just mentioned facts would indicate. Living organisms not only react by stimulation or retardation of their individual activities, but also ultimately become accommodated to increased or decreased quantities of physical and chemical stimulative factors. This accommodation or acclimatization may become evident in various ways. Thimann (6) has briefly called attention to a type of adjustment which is of very great significance in physiological studies. He says: "If roots are treated with auxin so that they are inhibited, and the auxin afterwards removed, their subsequent growth is accelerated. . . . The higher the concentration of auxin used, the longer it takes for this acceleration to appear, but on the whole the greater the acceleration is when it does come." Apparently referring to the same work Went and Thimann (8, p. 144) suggest that this reaction "presumably, is due to the rapid disappearance of auxin from the root, so that its concentration eventually reaches the accelerating level/ '
Stochastic chaos in a class or Fokker-Planck equations.

We show that a large class of Fokker-Planck equations, like the Schr\"odinger equation, can exhibit a transition in their spectral statistics as a coupling parameter is varied. We assert that this transition is connected to the transition to nonintegrability in a particular set of Hamilton's equations. In the case of the Schr\"odinger equation, this transition is known to be a fingerprint of the underlying classical dynamics. However, the Hamilton's equations describing the transition in the Fokker-Planck spectrum have no direct physical relation to the underlying dynamics of the Fokker-Planck equation, and consequently have no such simple physical interpretation.
Wetting and adhesion in two-component systems

Abstract The wetting of a solid by a liquid can be related to a parameter generally designated as the total work of adhesion of liquid to solid. This work is given by an equation involving surface tensions that cannot be measured directly. Three approximations to this equation are explicitly stated. If these approximations are valid, the total work of adhesion can be calculated from the adsorption isotherm for the liquid's vapor on the solid, with the surface tension of the liquid and the areas of the solid surface and the liquid molecule being the only remaining data that are needed. Contact angle measurements need not necessarily be involved in determining works of adhesion or the conditions under which liquids spread on solid surfaces.
MO-E-ValB-01: Visualization of Anatomical Structures for Image Guided Surgery

Algorithmic methods from computer vision and machine learning are dramatically changing the practice of health care and the exploration of fundamental issues in neuroscience. By coupling knowledge of tissue response, atlases of normal anatomy, and statistical models of shape variation, these methods are used to build detailed, patient‐specific reconstructions of neuroanatomical structure from MRI imagery. Such structural models can be automatically augmented with information about function (using fMRI), and about connectivity (using DT‐MRI) to create detailed models of a patient's brain. These models are routinely used for surgical planning — how to reach the target tumor with minimal damage to nearby critical structures; and for surgical navigation — guiding the surgeon to the target site rapidly and safely. By combining with statistical models of population variation, these methods can also be used to investigate basic neuroscience questions — how different are the shapes of subcortical structures between normal subjects and patients with a specific disease (such as schizophrenia or Alzheimer's); how do these shapes change with development in children, or with administration of pharmaceuticals; how do physiological properties differ between populations (such as the local structure of fiber orientation in white matter tracts). These computational methods provide a toolkit for exploring the structure and connectivity of neuroanatomical structures, in normal subjects and in diseased patients. This lecture will review current methods for image segmentation and shape analysis. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand algorithmic methods for image segmentation by tissue type; 2. Understand methods for analyzing shapes of anatomical structures across populations; 3. Understand the application of reconstructedanatomy for surgical guidance and navigation.
Stability and interaction of fast auroral solitary structures in three‐dimensional plasma

[1] The stability of the electrostatic, fast, solitary structures that are observed frequently on auroral field lines is analyzed as a three-dimensional dynamic system and investigated numerically with the help of test-particle and particle-in-cell simulations. The recently observed large-amplitude, localized potential structures with a flat-top shape and separated electric field spikes parallel to the external magnetic field are shown to be supported by a particular self-consistent charge distribution function that differs qualitatively from the distribution that supports the previously investigated Gaussian potentials. The evolution of the solitary structures is related to changes in the trajectories of the supporting, trapped electrons. It is shown that ignoring the interaction with the ions, the planar, isolated spikes propagating into a plasma with realistic, open boundary conditions, are stable in three dimensions. The addition of a perturbation to the large-amplitude primary structure due to a smaller, faster secondary propagating spike results in destruction of the perturbing spike by modifying electron orbits of its trapped population, while the main spike gains an average momentum without any noticeable deformation. The analysis indicates robustness of the solitary spikes on the auroral field lines over significantly long times and their ability to propagate over long distances.
Calculation of Flight Deck Interval Management Assigned Spacing Goals Subject to Multiple Scheduling Constraints

The Federal Aviation Administration's Next Generation Air Transportation System will combine advanced air traffic management technologies, performance-based procedures, and state-of-the-art avionics to maintain efficient operations throughout the entire arrival phase of flight. Flight deck Interval Management (FIM) operations are expected to use sophisticated airborne spacing capabilities to meet precise in-trail spacing from top-of-descent to touchdown. Recent human-in-the-loop simulations by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration have found that selection of the assigned spacing goal using the runway schedule can lead to premature interruptions of the FIM operation during periods of high traffic demand. This study compares three methods for calculating the assigned spacing goal for a FIM operation that is also subject to time-based metering constraints. The particular paradigms investigated include: one based upon the desired runway spacing interval, one based upon the desired meter fix spacing interval, and a composite method that combines both intervals. These three paradigms are evaluated for the primary arrival procedures to Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport using the entire set of Rapid Update Cycle wind forecasts from 2011. For typical meter fix and runway spacing intervals, the runway- and meter fix-based paradigms exhibit moderate FIM interruption rates due to their inability to consider multiple metering constraints. The addition of larger separation buffers decreases the FIM interruption rate but also significantly reduces the achievable runway throughput. The composite paradigm causes no FIM interruptions, and maintains higher runway throughput more often than the other paradigms. A key implication of the results with respect to time-based metering is that FIM operations using a single assigned spacing goal will not allow reduction of the arrival schedule's excess spacing buffer. Alternative solutions for conducting the FIM operation in a manner more compatible with the arrival schedule are discussed in detail.
The Politics of Economic Crisis in Latin America

Researchers widely recognize that economic crises have important political consequences, yet there is little systematic research on the political factors that make nations more or less susceptible to economic crisis. Scholars have long debated the economic consequences of party systems, executive powers, and societal interest groups, but their relationships to crisis proclivity are poorly understood. We assess the political correlates of economic crisis using a cross-sectional time-series analysis of 17 Latin American countries over nearly three decades. Crises are measured along two dimensions—depth and duration—and disaggregated into three types: inflationary, GDP, and fiscal crises. Statistical results suggest that political institutions have a modest, and often unexpected, correlation with crises. More important than institutional attributes are social organization and the nature of party-society linkages, particularly the existence of a densely-organized trade union movement and/or a powerful leftist party. Strong unions and powerful parties of the left are associated with more severe economic crises, though there is some evidence that the combination of left-labor strength can alleviate inflationary crises. The results demonstrate the need to disaggregate the concept of economic crisis and incorporate the societal dimension when studying the political economy of crisis and reform.
IMPAIRED PRODUCTION OF T LYMPHOCYTE MITOGENIC LYMPHOKINES AND MONOKINES IN PEDIATRIC MALIGNANT DISEASE

IMPAIRED PRODUCTION OF T LYMPHOCYTE MITOGENIC LYMPHOKINES AND MONOKINES IN PEDIATRIC MALIGNANT DISEASE
Activity of bleomycin in iron- and copper-deficient cells

Abstract Three models were used to examine the requirement of bleomycin (Blm) for iron (Fe) to carry out its antitumor or cytotoxic activity. Mice were made iron deficient by dietary means. Animals with depressed iron stores in liver and low plasma and ascites fluid iron supported Ehrlich tumor growth as well as mice maintained on a control diet. Bleomycin was equally effective against this tumor in irondeficient mice as it was against the tumor in iron-sufficient controls. Likewise, nutrient copper deficiency did not change the efficacy of the drug. Ehrlich cells in culture were treated with a non-growth inhibiting concentration of the chelating agent, 1,10-phenanthroline before or during their exposure to bleomycin. Again, the treated cells were as sensitive to drug as controls, despite the fact that this ligand reduces cellular iron and zinc and can extract iron from Fe(II)Blm. Lastly, it was demonstrated that irondepleted Euglena gracilis cells growing at reduced rates were as sensitive to growth inhibition by bleomycin as control cells.
Coach commitment and burnout: a one-year follow-up.

This study is a one-year follow-up to Raedeke, Granzyk, and Warren's (2000) study on coach burnout from a commitment perspective and was designed to examine whether changes in the theoretical determinants of commitment related to changes in the exhaustion dimension of burnout and commitment level. For this study, 141 swim coaches completed a mail survey two-times one year apart that assessed commitment determinants (i.e., satisfaction, benefits, costs, investments, alternative options, and social constraints), feelings of exhaustion, and commitment. Based on static scores, results revealed that a majority (64%) of coaches were assigned to the same commitment profile at Time 1 and Time 2. From a longitudinal perspective, cluster analysis revealed three coach profiles reflecting increasing attraction to coaching, increasing signs of entrapment, and decreasing coaching interest based on commitment model variables. Subsequent MANOVA results revealed a cluster by time interaction for both exhaustion and commit...
Market mechanisms for managing datacenters with heterogeneous microarchitectures

Specialization of datacenter resources brings performance and energy improvements in response to the growing scale and diversity of cloud applications. Yet heterogeneous hardware adds complexity and volatility to latency-sensitive applications. A resource allocation mechanism that leverages architectural principles can overcome both of these obstacles.We integrate research in heterogeneous architectures with recent advances in multi-agent systems. Embedding architectural insight into proxies that bid on behalf of applications, a market effectively allocates hardware to applications with diverse preferences and valuations. Exploring a space of heterogeneous datacenter configurations, which mix server-class Xeon and mobile-class Atom processors, we find an optimal heterogeneous balance that improves both welfare and energy-efficiency. We further design and evaluate twelve design points along the Xeon-to-Atom spectrum, and find that a mix of three processor architectures achieves a 12× reduction in response time violations relative to equal-power homogeneous systems.
Rhetoric versus Poetic: High Modernist Literature and the Cult of Belief

Abstract: High-modernist writers professed a disdain for rhetoric and yet found it hard to escape. They scorned the artifice of traditional, overt rhetoric and they did not wish to acknowledge that all communication is rhetorical, whether frankly or covertly. They especially distrusted "persuasion by proof" just as they distrusted traditional religion, aversions which had significant consequences for modernist literature. Modernists such as Pound favored poetry over the more frankly rhetorical genre of fiction. They valued the poet's privilege, first articulated by Aristotle and later by Sidney, of writing only of possibilities and therefore escaping the constraints of rhetoric and of historical veracity. Nevertheless, in order to justify their poetics, these modernists developed the concept of poetic belief first popularized by Matthew Arnold and elaborated upon by I. A. Richards and T. S. Eliot. Ultimately that modernist poetics became not only a substitute for religion but a new form of the rhetoric which modernists had hoped to avoid. The poetic theory helped the literature create a covert religious rhetoric that frequently denied its own existence in a ploy for audience belief.
Dumbbell librations in elliptic orbits

This paper discusses and analyzes the first-order effect of oibital eccentricity on the planar tumbling or oscillatory motion of a dumbbell-shaped satellite This has been done by assuming that the angular orientation angle S^ can be represented by a power series in eccentricity e, in which the coefficient of the e° term was set equal to the circular solution S£ available from earlier investigations The differential equation for the coefficient of the e term is shown to be of an inhomogeneous Mathieu type, the particular solutions of which can be readily obtained if certain weak restrictions are placed on the initial magnitude of the dumbbell's angular velocity The analysis indicated that the orientation of the satellite in the elliptic orbit can differ substantially from the one determined for the circular orbit
Adolescent academic achievement and romantic relationships

Abstract Parent and peer influences on academic achievement are well documented, but little research has examined links to romantic involvement during the adolescent period. This study draws on interviews with 572 currently dating teens and results indicate that the romantic partner’s grades are significantly related to adolescent respondents’ self-reported grades, even after their own orientation toward school and traditional family, peer, and demographic controls have been taken into account. We hypothesize, following results on peer influence processes, that this concordance reveals a tendency to select similar partners, but may involve social influence processes as well. A longitudinal analysis in which partners’ grades predict respondents’ grades reported at the second interview (controlling for wave one grades and the other covariates) lends support to this view. We also explore the role of age, gender and race/ethnicity as affecting the nature of these relationships. Finally, we draw on the content of in-depth interviews elicited from a subset of the respondents to illustrate both types of mechanisms (selection vs. influence). These results underscore the importance of continuing to explore the role of romantic partners in connection with a broad range of prosocial as well as problem adolescent outcomes.
Customizing microarrays for neuroscience drug discovery

Microarray-based gene profiling has become the centerpiece of gene expression studies in the biological sciences. The ability to now interrogate the entire genome using a single chip demonstrates the progress in technology and instrumentation that has been made over the last two decades. Although this unbiased approach provides researchers with an immense quantity of data, obtaining meaningful insight is not possible without intensive data analysis and processing. Custom developed arrays have emerged as a viable and attractive alternative that can take advantage of this robust technology and tailor it to suit the needs and requirements of individual investigations. The ability to simplify data analysis, reduce noise and carefully optimize experimental conditions makes it a suitable tool that can be effectively utilized in neuroscience drug discovery efforts. Furthermore, incorporating recent advancements in fine focusing gene profiling to include specific cellular phenotypes can help resolve the complex c...
On relay selection and power allocation in cooperative free-space optical networks

Drawing increasing attention, free-space optics (FSO) is a cost-effective technology to support data intensive communications. Cooperative diversity is considered to be an effective means for combating weather turbulence in FSO networks. In this paper, we consider the challenging problem of joint relay selection and power allocation in FSO networks. The objective was to maximize the FSO network-wide throughput under constraints of a given power budget and a limited number of FSO transceivers. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem, which is NP-hard. We first adopt the reformulation-linearization technique (RLT) to derive an upper bound for the original MINLP problem. Due to the relaxation, the solutions obtained from RLT are infeasible. We then propose both centralized and distributed algorithms using bipartite matching and convex optimization to obtain highly competitive solutions. The proposed algorithms are shown to outperform the noncooperative scheme and an existing relay selection protocol with considerable gains through simulations.
Synthesis of a red-shifted fluorescence polarization probe for Hsp90

The synthesis of a red-shifted cy3B-GM ligand and its evaluation as a fluorescence polarization probe for Hsp90 is presented.
Chikungunya Virus Infection Results in Higher and Persistent Viral Replication in Aged Rhesus Macaques Due to Defects in Anti-Viral Immunity

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne Alphavirus that causes a clinical disease involving fever, myalgia, nausea and rash. The distinguishing feature of CHIKV infection is the severe debilitating poly-arthralgia that may persist for several months after viral clearance. Since its re-emergence in 2004, CHIKV has spread from the Indian Ocean region to new locations including metropolitan Europe, Japan, and even the United States. The risk of importing CHIKV to new areas of the world is increasing due to high levels of viremia in infected individuals as well as the recent adaptation of the virus to the mosquito species Aedes albopictus. CHIKV re-emergence is also associated with new clinical complications including severe morbidity and, for the first time, mortality. In this study, we characterized disease progression and host immune responses in adult and aged Rhesus macaques infected with either the recent CHIKV outbreak strain La Reunion (LR) or the West African strain 37997. Our results indicate that following intravenous infection and regardless of the virus used, Rhesus macaques become viremic between days 1–5 post infection. While adult animals are able to control viral infection, aged animals show persistent virus in the spleen. Virus-specific T cell responses in the aged animals were reduced compared to adult animals and the B cell responses were also delayed and reduced in aged animals. Interestingly, regardless of age, T cell and antibody responses were more robust in animals infected with LR compared to 37997 CHIKV strain. Taken together these data suggest that the reduced immune responses in the aged animals promotes long-term virus persistence in CHIKV-LR infected Rhesus monkeys.
Docking Simulations of Perylene-HSA Binding

The study of the binding and effects of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to proteins remains one of the fundamental aspects of research in biophysics. Among other processes, ligand binding can regulate the function of proteins including inhibiting their action. Binding to small ligands remains a very important aspect in the study of the function of many proteins. We studied a new class of 3,9-substituted perylene derivatives designed to optimize electron donating properties that would optimize photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the ligand to the protein and prompt charge-induced conformational changes.Our study focuses on the interaction of four 3,9-substituted perylenes with Human Serum Albumin (HSA), which is the prime protein model for the binding of PAH. We present docking simulation results for possible sites for the perylenes within HSA with the lowest free energy of binding and correlate the docking simulations with fluorescence result. Docking simulations reveal that all the peylen derivatives bind at the core of HSA and that the dimethoxy derivative has larger affinity than the other perylenes. Docking seems to be stabilized by aromatic interactions with Tyr and Trp groups.
Making mistakes. Prevention is key to error-free health care.

Florence Nightingale's dictum, “first do no harm” (Nightingale, 1863), is foundational to nursing practice. Nurses are taught to work carefully and proficiently; errors are dangerous and unacceptable.
Social connections, diabetes mellitus, and risk of mortality among white and African-American adults aged 70 and older: an eight-year follow-up study.

Purpose To examine the independent and joint effects of having a lack of social connections (LSC) and diabetes mellitus (DM) on the risk of mortality among older white and African-American (AA) adults. Methods Data (N = 9246) from the Second Longitudinal Study of Aging was used. LSC score was created by the use of seven social connection measures. Subjects with a score ≥90% of the distribution in the total sample were classified having LSC. Results Subjects with LSC, DM, or both had significantly greater risks of death. After multiple covariates were adjusted, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of death in those with both LSC and DM were 2.45 (2.43–2.47) in white men, and 2.95 (2.91–2.99) in AA men. The corresponding values were 2.72 (2.70–2.73) in white women and 3.13 (3.09–3.18) in AA women. Those who had LSC but had no DM, had a similar survival trend to those who had DM only. Conclusions The risk of LSC for mortality is similar to DM. Both factors are independent predictors of death among white and AA adults. In addition to controlling disease risks, improvement of social connections may offer new insights to the reduction of mortality among older adults.
Water Mobility in Starch/Sucrose Systems: an Oxygen‐17 NMR Study

Sucrose/starch mixtures containing 0, 10, and 20% sucrose were equilibrated with water vapor enriched to 1%17O, at water activities (aw) of 0.88, 0.93, and 0.97. In all samples, a significant quantity of water did not appear in the NMR spectrum, presumably because it was immobilized. The amount of water, which was somewhat mobile and appeared in the spectrum, increased with increasing aw and sucrose content. The relaxation time of this NMR active water was strongly dependent on sucrose content, in a way that could not be explained by any simple model. Thus, the presence of sucrose has a profound effect on interaction of starch with water.
Efficient Treatment of Uncertainty in Numerical Optimization

We have combined the methods of probabilistic risk analysis and optimization to devise a technique suitable for the efficient treatment of uncertainties (or the effects of random fluctuations) in the design and analysis of mathematically describable processes. The key step is the approximation, by a multivariable Taylor series expansion, of the influence of random variables on the objective function. Statistical averaging of this expansion leads to a description of the objective function in terms of the moments of the random variables. Knowledge or estimation of these moments allows the optimization to be carried out using standard calculus based techniques. An example is treated with three variations to illustrate the use of this technique for nonlinear sets of equations and objective functions. The method presented here is applicable to process models in manufacturing, systems analysis, and risk analysis.
Grape seed extract suppresses lipid peroxidation and reduces hypoxic ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats.

Abstract Oxygen radicals play a crucial role in brain injury. Grape seed extract is a potent anti-oxidant. Does grape seed extract reduce brain injury in the rat pup? Seven-day-old rat pups had the right carotid arteries permanently ligated followed by 2.5 h of hypoxia (8% oxygen). Grape seed extract, 50 mg/kg, or vehicle was administered by i.p. 5 min prior to hypoxia and 4 h after reoxygenation and twice daily for 1 day. Brain damage was evaluated by weight deficit of the right hemisphere at 22 days following hypoxia and by histopathology. Grape seed extract reduced brain weight loss from 20.0 ± 4.4% S.E.M. in vehicle pups ( n = 21) to 3.1 ± 1.6% in treated pups ( n = 20, P P 2α and thiobarbituric acid reacting substances significantly increased due to hypoxic ischemia. Grape seed extract reduced this increase. Treatment with grape seed extract suppresses lipid peroxidation and reduces hypoxic ischemic brain injury in neonatal rat.
Evaluation of a weight management intervention program in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ☆

Abstract This study evaluated the effectiveness of a family-based, multidisciplinary, behavior-modification program (SHAPEDOWN) adapted for obese adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), a unique and understudied population. Eleven test subjects participited in the SHAPEDOWN program, and 9 comparison subjects received standard nutrition care for subjects with IDDM. Mean age of the experimental and control subjects was 13.9 and 15.2 years, respectively, and the two groups were 121% and 126% overweight, respectively. The program comprised 14 weekly sessions in which subject and parents participated in separate groups taught by a dietitian, a psychologist, and a child health associate. Data were collected at baseline, at 3 months, and at 15 months. Compared with standard treatment, the intervention significantly increased body image. Self-esteem improved clinically in four subjects in the experimental group but in only one subject in the standard treatment group. Change in percent overweight at 15 months was − 3% for the experimental group and + 0.9% for the standard treatment group; however, the difference was not statistically significant. This mean loss in percent overweight of subjects is comparable with that reported in a nondiabetic group in which age and percent overweight were similar. The change in percent overweight from baseline to 15 months in the two groups combined shows a positive correlation with triceps skinfold thickness and a negative correlation with obesity-related behavior. Changes in glycated hemoglobin were not significantly different. We conclude that this program proved effective in improving body image and self-esteem in obese adolescents with IDDM. The data suggest that adolescents with IDDM can have equal success at weight loss as adolescents without IDDM when groups of the same age and the same percentage overweight are compared. However, the program was not more effective than the standard treatment in promoting long-term weight loss.
Methods to Increase the Fatigue Life of Friction Stir Lap Welds in No-load Transfer Coupons Using a Retractable Pin Tool

The purpose of this study was to obtain a better understanding of crack initiation at friction stir weld exit holes in no-load transfer coupons as a first-order approximation of the potential performance of friction stir welding (FSW) joints employed for aircraft fuselage applications. In order to meet this goal, the effects of weld exit location on fatigue life in discontinuous friction stir lap-welded panels were documented. Sheets of aluminum alloys 7075-T6 and 2024-T3 were chosen for the FSW lap welds. Constant amplitude fatigue tests were carried out in order to determine the effect of various welding scenarios on fatigue crack initiation. A number of weld exit strategies were investigated, as well as another FSW tool design called a retractable pin tool (RPT). This tool was shown to eliminate the exit hole and reduce the stress concentration around the weld exit location. Prior to this work, none of the attempted exit strategies was found to delay or eliminate the initiation of fatigue cracks at the exit holes of discontinuous FSW lap welds. Only by using the RPT, which is able to eliminate the exit hole completely, was it possible to produce fatigue life results in coupons with a tool extraction zone that were comparable to those in baseline coupons containing no extraction zone.
Rotary inertia in the classical nonlinear theory of shells and the constitutive (non-kinematic) Kirchhoff hypothesis

A general nonlinear theory of isothermal shells is presented in which the only approximations occur in the conservation of energy and in the consequent constitutive relations, which include expressions for the shell velocity and spin. No thickness expansions or kinematic hypotheses are made. The introduction of a dynamic mixed-energy density avoids ill-conditioning associated with near inextensional bending or negligible rotational momentum. It is shown that a variable scalar rotary inertia coefficient exists that minimizes the difference between the exact kinetic-energy density and that delivered by shell theory. Finally, it is shown how specialization of the dynamic mixed-energy density provides a simple and logical way to introduce a constitutive form of the Kirchhoff hypothesis, thus avoiding certain unnecessary constraints (such as no thickness changes) imposed by the classical kinematic Kirchhoff hypothesis.
Acute Inpatient Care for Psychiatric Disorders in the United States, 1996 Through 2007

Context Data from facility-level surveys indicate that US inpatient psychiatric admissions rose in 2004, from their trough in 1998 to 2000, mainly in acute care settings. Patient-level factors, including age, admission type, diagnoses, length of stay, and payment source, are vital to understanding hospitalization trends. Objective To evaluate trends in acute care hospitalizations for primary psychiatric diagnoses between 1996 and 2007 in relation to patient-level variables. Design, Setting, and Participants The yearly National Hospital Discharge Survey furnished demographic, clinical, and payment data on a probability sample of discharges from short-stay facilities (mean [SD], 448.33 [19.66]), along with weights for extrapolation to population estimates. Discharges with a primary psychiatric diagnosis (mean [SD], 19 535 [2615]) were identified among children (aged 5-13 years), adolescents (aged 14-19 years), adults (aged 20-64 years), and elderly individuals (≥65 years). Main Outcome Measures Annual rates of discharges and total days of inpatient care associated with primary psychiatric diagnoses for each age group. Results Psychiatric discharges increased for children from 155.54 per 100 000 children in 1996 to 283.04 per 100 000 in 2007 (P = .003); for adolescents, from 683.60 to 969.03 per 100 000 (P = . 001); and for adults, from 921.35 to 995.51 per 100 000 (P = .003) but declined for elderly individuals from 977.63 to 807.55 per 100 000 (P Conclusions Inpatient discharges in short-stay facilities with a primary psychiatric diagnosis rose between 1996 and 2007, most dramatically for youth, but decreased among elderly individuals. Private funding bore a declining share of costs.
Leak growth mechanism in composite Pd membranes prepared by the electroless deposition method

The leak (of He gas) in composite Pd membranes prepared by the electroless deposition method was studied. The leak was distributed over the entire surface of membranes, and was due to the formation of pinholes, 0.1–2 μm in dia., located at the boundaries of Pd clusters and Pd crystallites. The rate at which the leak developed in H2 atmosphere was determined at 450, 500 and 550°C, and an apparent activation energy for the leak growth was calculated to be equal to 238 kJ/mol, which was close to the activation energy of Pd self-diffusion coefficient of 266 kJ/mol. From experimental data at 450, 500 and 550°C, the leak rate increase at 400°C was extrapolated. In order to corroborate the calculated rate at 400°C, a 4 μm thick composite Pd membrane, M-53, was studied for over 2,000 h in H2 atmosphere. M-53 showed a H2 permeance of 42 m3/m2 h bar0.5, and an outstanding selectivity (H2/He) higher than 22,000 over 2,200 h, which was in agreement with the calculated leak rate increase at 400°C. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Assessment of cell viability by flow cytometric analysis using DNase exclusion

A new method was developed for selective measurement of DNA distributions in viable cell populations. The method is based on the fact that non-viable cells lose membrane integrity and treatment of such cells with DNase should remove their DNA. The DNase-treated cells were stained with DNA fluorochrome 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) in the presence of Triton X-100. DNA distribution was measured by flow cytometry prior to and after treatment with DNase. Percentage of cells stained after DNase treatment was considered as an index of cell viability. Optimal conditions for DNase treatment and application of DNase exclusion test for the analysis of spontaneous cell death, selective death of cells arrested in S/G2 phases, instant cell disintegration induced by cytotoxic compounds and cell death induced by hyperthermia are described.
Evaluation of Continuous Flow-Through Phytoreactors for the Treatment of TNT-Contaminated Water

The proof of concept for created wetlands to treat groundwater or industrial water contaminated with trinitrotoluene (TNT) was established using bench-scale, continuous flow reactors with aquatic plants. Contaminant loadings from 0.0132 to 2.488 g/m 3 /day were tested on phytoreactors using parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) as the plant. Reactor removal efficiency and elimination capacity were linearly related to the load of TNT. An algal reactor was also tested at a loading of 0.9671 g/m 3 /day and removed 93% of the TNT. Some removal was also found in control reactors that contained no plants and minimized algal growth by shielding them from light. However, the removal efficiencies in the controls were much lower. Transformation products, aminodinitrotoluenes (ADNT) and diaminonitrotoluenes (DANT), were detected in the algae and phytoreactors, but not in the controls, indicating that the TNT was being transformed. However, ADNT persisted in the effluent, representing a reactor-design issue that must be further investigated. ADNT concentrations in the plant material increased with contaminant loading. TNT was only found in plant tissue at the highest loading of 2.488 g/m 3 /day. Higher concentrations of ADNT were found in the root of the plant, with approximately equal concentrations in the stem and leafportions. Ratios of 4-aminodinitrotoluene (4ADNT) versus 2-aminodinitrotoluene (2ADNT) were higher in the water phase versus what was found in plant material. Because microbial processes tend to favor the formation of 4ADNT, the higher ratio suggests that the removal of TNT is actually a combination of microbial and phyto processes.
The chemical shift tensor for the hydroxyl proton: Ca(OH)2

Abstract The proton chemical shift tensor of the hydroxyl proton in calcium hydroxide has been measured using multiple pulse NMR techniques. The tensor is axially symmetric with susceptibility corrected components σ tT = −9.3 ± 1 ppm and ppm relative to TMS. 792 79
The solar radiation resource

Abstract We discuss the characteristics of solar radiation which are most useful for the assessment of solar technologies. Graphs are presented which show the total annual insolation incident on the principal tracking and non-tracking collectors. Additional graphs are developed for the latitudinal and seasonal variations of solar radiation in the absence of an atmosphere. These are then compared with measurements averaged over the U.S. SOLMET sites to provide an understanding of the role of atmospheric effects on the seasonal variations of solar radiation.
Efficient abstractions for the implementation of structured editors

This paper investigates the use of abstract recursive data structures and operations in the implementation of a structured program editor. The value-oriented semantics of the proposed constructs simplify the implementation of important features such as version control and an unbounded undo operation. Since the constructs can be implemented efficiently, their use in the structured program editor does not significantly affect its performance.
Dispersion balancing of variable-delay monolithic pulse splitters

We propose the use of birefringent materials to attain pulse separations suitable for pump-probe spectroscopy and spectral interferometry. By choice of material thickness and cut angle, it is possible to balance second-order dispersion while allowing for variable delays. The generated pulse pair is used to calibrate the phase response of an ultrafast liquid-crystal pulse shaper, and in the measurement of a rotational wave packet in impulsively aligned CO2 molecules.
Analysis of spatial inhomogeneities in cumulus clouds using high spatial resolution Landsat data

Aircraft observations and high resolution Landsat MSS digital data are used to determine the sizes of spatial inhomogeneities ('holes') in cumulus clouds. The majority of holes are found near cloud edges, but the larger holes tend to be found in cloud interiors. Aircraft measurements show these cloud spatial inhomogeneities in the range of 100 to 500 m, while Landsat data show them in the range of 100 m to 3 km. The number of holes per cloud decreases exponentially with increasing hole diameter. Small clouds not only have smaller holes, but also fewer holes than large clouds. Large clouds have large holes in them, as well as large numbers of the smaller holes. The total cloud area occupied by holes increases with increasing cloud size.
Preparation of solubilized insulin receptors from human lymphocytes.

Abstract Specific insulin receptors from human lymphocytes in culture have been prepared using the nonionic detergent NP-40. Receptors were solubilized from intact cells and from crude plasma membrane fractions. Insulin receptors prepared in this manner retain many of the characteristics of the receptors studied in intact cells.
The synergism of temperature, pH and growth phases on heavy metal biosorption by two environmental isolates

Abstract In real environmental applications, such as heavy metal bioremediation, microorganisms are generally not kept at their optimum growth conditions; therefore, it is imperative to investigate their heavy metal removal performance under diverse environmental conditions. The present study aims to investigate the effects of pH, temperature and growth phases on the removal of Cu 2+ and Cr 6+ by two environmental isolates identified as Ochrobactrum intermedium LBr and Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34. Results showed that cells in logarithmic phase presented better biosorption capacity than cells in stationary phase for both isolates. The Cr 6+ metal was removed more efficiently by live O. intermedium LBr than dead cells; while dead C. metallidurans CH34 biosorbed better than live ones. It was also found that the pH and temperature affected the biosorption capacity. The optimum temperatures were determined to be 37 °C and 27 °C, and the optimum pH values were 6 and 7 for O. intermedium LBr and C. metallidurans CH34, respectively. Additionally, both microorganisms preferentially adsorbed Cu 2+ in Cu 2+ /Cr 6+ mixtures. The main mechanism of adsorption was determined to be through carboxylic, hydroxyl, and amino functional groups.
The political role of scientific cooperation

Abstract This article argues that the role of science and scientists in influencing foreign policy issues has diminished since the end of the Cold War. Scientists hold one among many legitimate claims of a role in the policy process. I survey the role of scientists in easing East/West tensions in three cases—the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, the Pugwash Conferences, and the International Institute of Science and Technology—as a way of exploring changes in the environment in which international scientific cooperation influences public policy.
Psychophysiological Bases of Psychosomatic Phenomena

• "Psychosomatic" will be used here in the broadest sense to refer to symptoms or signs in \'",hich infectious or traumatic or degenera­ tive antecedents are not discernible, but in which emotional antecedents or concomitants are present. Such psychosomatic phenomena do not easily fit the traditional disease model the physician uses to program responses to patients, precisely because causal factors are not readily identifiable. It is, particularly, hard to understand how apparently "mental" events result in somatic disturbances. Tradi­ tional psychiatric explanations, involving models of the transmutation of "psychic energy" (somatization), are difficult to trans­ late into physiological terms and difficult for the physician to apply to the patient at hand. However, recent psychophysiological re­ search has generated some principles· which help to conceptualize psychosomatic events, and which may provide a framework for the effective management of particular patients. In this paper we will address ourselves to three questions, whose understanding must precede such effective management: (1) \Vhy is it this person, rather than another, who is the patient? (2) Why does he have this symptom or sign, rather than some other? (3) Why does it happen now, rather than some other time? In our description of the principles below, we must extrapolate from purely experimental findings to answer such clinical questions; yet the generalizations we will he making are conservative ones. ACTIVATIOt" AKD PATfERNIt"G
Multiple objective decision making on the microcomputer for production/operations management: An overview

Abstract This article presents an application of multiple objective decision making on the microcomputer for solving production/operations management (P/OM) decision problems. This article will, first, review multiple objective decision making literature in P/OM; then, the use of the microcomputer for P/OM with multiple objectives will be described.
Functionalized nanoscale through microscale polypeptide stabilized emulsions for display of biomolecules

We have prepared stable nano- and microscale emulsion droplets using block copolypeptide surfactants that have been functionalized with biotin. We have varied the biotin density on the droplet surfaces by mixing biotinylated with non-biotinylated surfactants, and used these to optimize the level of biotinylation for binding of NeutrAvidin. Using fluorescence microscopy and dynamic light scattering we have verified specific binding of NeutrAvidin to the biotinylated droplets and developed conditions for specific binding of biotinylated ligands to the NeutrAvidin coated droplets. These experiments outline a process for preparation of a soft, nano- through microscale sized droplet platform capable of specifically conjugating and displaying biotinylated molecules.
The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate stimulates lactate production in BALBc 3T3 preadipose cells

Abstract The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), which reversibly inhibits the adipose conversion of BALB c 3T3 preadipose cells, increases lactate production by these cells. The stimulation of lactate production requires 4–7 days for optimal effect. Once TPA is removed from the cultures, the rate of lactate production falls to control levels. The concentration dependence for the TPA-mediated stimulation of lactate production is similar to that for its inhibitory effect on adipose conversion. Exogenous lactate in the absence of TPA also inhibits adipose conversion. These results suggest that the ability of TPA to interfere with the normal pattern of glucose metabolism may be important in the inhibitory effect of TPA on triglyceride accumulation in these cells.
Flavor-changing decays of toponium

Abstract We consider flavor-changing decays of toponium V t = 3 S 1 (t t )→b s + b s due to t -channel W exchange in the standard model. A new expression for V t →b b ′+ b b′ (where b′ is a heavy fourth-generation Q=− 1 3 quark ) is derived and its consequences discussed. We also consider the possible effects of the t -channel exchange of both charged Higgs bosons and the diquarks/leptoquarks found in some superstring-inspired E 6 models for flavor-changing toponium decays.
Predicting extinction or explosion in a Galton–Watson branching process with power series offspring distribution

Abstract Extinction is certain in a Galton–Watson (GW) branching process if the offspring mean μ ≤ 1 , whereas explosion is possible but not certain if μ > 1 . Discriminating between these two possibilities is a well-studied hypothesis-testing problem. However, deciding whether extinction or explosion will occur for the current realization of the process is a prediction problem. This can be formulated as a different testing problem by considering the conditional distributions of the process given extinction and explosion respectively. For power series offspring distributions, fixed-sample and sequential parametric tests are presented for the prediction problem and illustrated with data on the spread of epidemics and the populations of endangered species.