cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability constants of mononuclear fluoborate complexes in aqueous solution

Abstract Equilibrium concentrations of fluoride and hydroxide ions in aqueous boric-acid-sodium fluoride mixtures have been determined using specific ion electrodes. Stability constants have been calculated for the fluoborate complexes formed as the first fluoride ion is added and as the subsequent three replace hydroxide ions on the boron central atom in a medium of 1·M sodium nitrate at 25° and at 35°C. The values found for log β n , equilibrium constants for the reaction B(OH) 3 + n F − = BF n (OH) 4− n − + ( n −1) OH − 1 ⩽ n ⩽ 4 are -0·30±0·06 ( n = 1); -6·27±0·01 ( n =2); -14·23±0·01 ( n =3) and -12·62±0·01 ( n =4) at 25·C. The corresponding values at 35°C are -0·27±0·06, −6·2±0·1,
Angular Distributions of Elastically and Inelastically Scattered Protons from Indium

Thin targets of natural indium were bombarded with 7.04-Mev protons, and the scattered particles were analyzed with a magnetic spectrograph. Inelastically scattered protons were observed corresponding to excited states in ${\mathrm{In}}^{115}$ at 1.078, 1.135, 1.292, and 1.982 Mev. Measurements were made on the variation of the absolute cross sections for elastic and inelastic scattering, and it is concluded that a direct interaction process is important in the excitation of these states.
Histology of Macular Photocoagulation

The histology of macular photocoagulation is reviewed. This information may be helpful in selecting the best available laser for retinal vascular and choroidal disorders in the macular region, as providing an experimental method to better understand the effects of photocoagulation on retinal disease processes.
Ultrasensitive Detection of Interfacial Water Diffusion on Lipid Vesicle Surfaces at Molecular Length Scales

Measurements of the interfacial diffusion coefficient of the surface hydration layer of lipid vesicles in dilute solutions are presented. This was made possible by the greatly enhanced sensitivity and unique contrast provided by the site-specific and selective Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization of solvent molecules that approach nitroxide radical-based spin labels within <5−10 A. All experiments were carried out using minute microliter sample volumes of lipid vesicle solutions, using low spin label concentrations (<2 mol %) and under physiological conditions. This presents unprecedented sensitivity for analyzing interfacial solvent diffusion of macromolecules and their assemblies in solutions and highlights the feasibility of investigating precious samples. Interfacial diffusion on DOTAP (1,2-DiOleoyl-3-TrimethylAmmonium-Propane) and DPPC (1,2-DiPalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PhosphoCholine) surfaces are further analyzed as a function of temperature to determine the activation energy of their hydration layer...
The Reaction of the Chick Embryo to Virulent and Nonvirulent Strains of Bact. Tularense

Tularemia in nature occurs primarily as a disease of small rodents. Rabbits, guinea pigs and mice have long been the standard animals for laboratory investigation of this infection. The availability of another species for experimental study was demonstrated when Buddingh and Womack1 first showed the developing chick embryo to be highly susceptible to infection with Bad. tularense. The work herein reported was undertaken to explore the possibilities of this new experimental medium for the study of pathological, bacteriological, and therapeutic problems in tularemia.
Familial endocrine tumors; report of two unrelated kindred affected with pheochromocytomas, one also with multiple thyroid carcinomas.

IN recent years ten separate families, each with multiple involvement by pheochromocytoma, have been described [1-9] . From detailed study of the available family pedigrees Carman and Brashear [9] have concluded that inheritance of this anomaly is best explained by simple Mendelian dominance with varying but usually high penetrance . This paper will review the literature, present in detail two additional unrelated families, and comment on the genetics involved .
Iterative Lifting Surface Method for Thick Bladed Hovering Helicopter Rotors

A prescribed-wake, inviscid, incompressible, lifting-surface method using vortex sheets to define the upper and lower blade surfaces is developed to predict the pressure distribution on helicopter blades in hover. Starting with an approximate upper and lower surface vortex sheet strength distribution obtained by using a liftingline/blade-element method, the final strength distribution is computed iteratively by applying the Biot-Savart law. The convergence rate is rapid and reasonably good results can be obtained within three iterations. The method is used to compute the blade pressure distribution in hover for a single-bladed, teetering model helicopter rotor with negligible blade coning. The constant-chord, untwisted blade has a body of revolution tip and is structurally rigid. The results show good agreement with experimental data except very near the blade tip in the trailing-edge region of the upper surface where the effects of the formation of the tip vortex predominate. At spanwise stations inboard of the maximum blade bound circulation, the iterative procedure produces only small changes in the initial two-dimensional blade-element pressure distributions.
Ischiorectal fossa abscess after pelvic floor injection of botulinum toxin

Botulinum toxin is used to treat pelvic floor tension myalgia; however, its safety profile is poorly understood. We report an ischiorectal fossa abscess after pelvic floor injections of botulinum toxin. Physicians need to be aware of this possible complication, consider alternate injection techniques and antiseptic preparation before injection.
Psychiatric status and 9-year mortality data in the New Haven Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study.

OBJECTIVE This study examined the effects of nine axis I psychiatric disorders, as assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, on the risk of mortality over a 9-year period among a community sample of 3,560 men and women aged 40 and older. METHOD The study identified the vital status as of Oct. 1, 1989, of respondents who were first interviewed in 1980 by the New Haven Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. Mortality risk by psychiatric status was estimated by using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Nine years after the baseline interview, it was confirmed that 1,194 (33.5%) of the respondents were deceased and 2,344 (65.8%) survived; the vital status of 22 (0.6%) remained unknown. When the relative risk of mortality was adjusted for age, several disorders--major depression, alcohol abuse or dependence, and schizophrenia--increased the likelihood of mortality. CONCLUSIONS These data are further evidence of the negative outcome of some psychiatric problems even when assessed in community samples. The relatively high prevalence of depression and alcohol disorders indicates the far-reaching impact that these problems have on community health in general.
Nummular Headache Update

Nummular headache (NH) is a rare headache dis- order characterized by focal and well-circumscribed pain fixed within a rounded or oval/elliptical-shaped area of the head,typically2to6cmindiameter(Grosbergetal.CurrPain Headache Rep 11:310-2, 2007). The disorder most common- ly affects the parietal region and is almost always unilateral and side-locked. The pain is typically characterized as pressure-like, sharp, or stabbing and is usually mild to mod- erate in intensity. Many patients experience superimposed exacerbations of pain, lasting from seconds to days (Grosberg etal. CurrPainHeadacheRep11:310-2,2007).Distortionsof sensation including hyperesthesia, hypoesthesia, allodynia, and paresthesias are frequently reported in the affected area. The temporal pattern may be episodic or chronic. Rarely, the disorder may be bifocal or multifocal, affecting various re- gions of the head simultaneously or in sequence. Treatment with gabapentin, tricyclic antidepressants, or botulinum toxin may be helpful. In this review of the more than 250 cases now reported in the literature, the epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and management of this disorder are discussed.
An ordinal characterization of the linear opinion pool

Given a collection of individual ordinal probabilities on a finite state space, we discuss an ordinal condition that is necessary and sufficient for an ordinal probability to be represented as a weighted average of probability representations of the individual probabilities. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions for when such an ordinal probability can be represented as an unweighted average of probability representations.
On the convergence of generalized hill climbing algorithms

Generalized hill climbing (GHC) algorithms provide a general local search strategy to address intractable discrete optimization problems. GHC algorithms include as special cases stochastic local search algorithms such as simulated annealing and the noising method, among others. In this paper, a proof of convergence of GHC algorithms is presented, that relaxes the sufficient conditions for the most general convergence proof for stochastic local search algorithms in the literature. Note that classical convergence proofs for stochastic local search algorithms require either that an exponential distribution be used to model the acceptance of candidate solutions along a search trajectory, or that the Markov chain model of the algorithm must be reversible. The proof in this paper removes these limitations, by introducing a new path concept between global and local optima. Convergence is based on the asymptotic behavior of path probabilities between local and global optima. Examples are given to illustrate the convergence conditions. Implications of this result are also discussed.
Characterizing species abundance distributions across taxa and ecosystems using a simple maximum entropy model

The species abundance distribution (SAD) is one of the most studied patterns in ecology due to its potential insights into commonness and rarity, community assembly, and patterns of biodiversity. It is well established that communities are composed of a few common and many rare species, and numerous theoretical models have been proposed to explain this pattern. However, no attempt has been made to determine how well these theoretical characterizations capture observed taxonomic and global-scale spatial variation in the general form of the distribution. Here, using data of a scope unprecedented in community ecology, we show that a simple maximum entropy model produces a truncated log-series distribution that can predict between 83% and 93% of the observed variation in the rank abundance of species across 15 848 globally distributed communities including birds, mammals, plants, and butterflies. This model requires knowledge of only the species richness and total abundance of the community to predict the ful...
Effect of System Processes on Error Repetition: A Probabilistic and Measurement Approach

This paper presents an approach to system reliability modeling where failures and errors are not statistically independent. The repetition of failures and errors until their causes are removed is affected by the system processes and degrades system reliability. Four types of failures are introduced: hardware transients, software and hardware design errors, and program faults. Probability of failure, mean time to failure, and system reliability depend on the type of failure. Actual measurements show that the most critical factor for system reliability is the time after occurrence of a failure when this failure can be repeated in every process that accesses a failed component. An example involving measurements collected in an IBM 4331 installation validates the model and shows its applications. The degradation of system reliability can be appreciable even for very short periods of time. This is why the conditional probability of repetition of failures is introduced. The reliability model allows prediction of system reliability based on the calculation of the mean time to failure. The comparison with the measurement results shows that the model with process dependent repetition of failures approximates system reliability with better accuracy than the model with the assumption of independent failures.
In vivo microdialysis of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF): Calcium dependence of depolarization-induced neurosecretion of CRF

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is a large neuropeptide which functions as a major neurotransmitter in physiological stress responses. We have developed a microdialysis method for detecting CRF release from the median eminence of anesthetized rats. Depolarizing concentrations of KCl increased release of CRF into the perfusion media; this effect was inhibited by 100 microM verapamil. Our characterization of the physiologic conditions of KCl-induced release of neuronal CRF using the microdialysis technique provides evidence that the CRF release system is Ca(2+)-dependent and maintains its integrity over many hours in anesthetized rats.
The dirichlet problem for nonlinear second‐order elliptic equations I. Monge‐ampégre equation

On considere le probleme de Dirichlet pour des equations elliptiques non lineaires pour une fonction reelle u definie dans la fermeture Ω d'un domaine borne Ω dans R n avec une frontiere ∂Ω C ∞
Study of supergranules

Results of a detailed study on supergranule lifetime and velocity fields are presented. The correlation between the observed downdraft velocity and the network magnetic flux elements on the quiet sun is shown. After excluding areas with magnetic flux density 25 G or greater, it is found that the upper limit of the supergranule vertical speed is 0.1 km/s for both downdraft and updraft, and the rms speed is 0.03 km/s. By observing the evolution of individual supergranules, it is found that the average lifetime of supergranules might be 50 hours or greater. Different ways of formation and decay of supergranular cells are described. New cells usually form in an area containing no preexisting supergranule velocity fields. Cells may disappear in two ways: fragmentation and fading away.
Growth hormone-insulinlike growth factor I and immune function

Growth hormone (GH) and insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) may be part of a neuroendocrine immune axis that stimulates cellular proliferation of primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow, thymus) as well as stimulates activation of peripheral lymphocytes and macrophages to enhance specific immune responses. GH can also stimulate production of thymic hormones and cytokines, and in this way impact on immune function. It is not clear whether GH and IGF-I act independently or whether the action of GH is mediated by local production of IGF-I by lymphocytes. Both GH and IGF-I and their receptors are present in lymphocytes. Thus, cells of the immune system may be important targets of the GH-IGF-I axis.
Identification and mutagenicity of dinitrotoluene metabolites produced by strain Pseudomonas putida OU83

Abstract Pseudomonas putida OU83 was isolated from soil contaminated with substituted aromatics. Resting cells of this bacterium incubated with dinitrotoluenes (DNTs) produced potentially biohazardous biotransformation products. The GC–MS analysis of the metabolites revealed fragmentation pattern of molecular ions at 152, 135, 107, and 77 amu, suggesting formation of methylnitroanilines. The identification of the metabolites was confirmed by the NMR spectral analysis. These results showed that 2,4-DNT, 3,4-DNT, and 2,6-DNT were transformed to 4-methyl-3-nitroaniline, 4-methyl-2-nitroaniline, and 2-methyl-3-nitroaniline, respectively. Relative biotransformations of 2,4-DNT, 3,4-DNT, and 2,6-DNT were to be 98%, 75%, and 40%, respectively in 48 h. These results indicate that strain OU83 enzymes catalyze nitro group of the DNT to an amino group and can be used for commercial production of methylnitroanilines, an intermediate for dye manufacturing. The mutagenicity of the metabolites of DNTs was increased, as tested by using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 in presence but not in the absence of arochlor 1254-induced (S9) rat liver mix. These findings suggest that the metabolites of DNTs produced by P. putida OU83 are promutagens.
Understanding and enabling online social networks to support healthy behaviors

Recent advances in digital technologies invite consideration of social influence and social support as processes that are accomplished by global, flexible, adaptive, and ad hoc networks that can be created, maintained, dissolved, and reconstituted with remarkable alacrity. This presentation describes and empirically tests a multi-theoretical multilevel (MTML) model of the socio-technical motivations for creating, maintaining, dissolving, and reconstituting knowledge and social networks. The presentation argues that MTML insights based on understanding the social motivations to create links in online social networks should be used to design more effective social networks to support healthy behaviors. Specifically, these insights should be used to implement algorithms that make network recommendations that can serve as interventions to enhance and target social support and social influence within online networks such as smoking cessation communities. The insights we propose are derived from our study of large scale social networks within massively multi-player online role-playing games (MMORPGs). Enabled by advanced graphic and networking technologies, MMORPGs provide three-dimensional playgrounds for people to interact with one another. In this study, we analyzed activities in an MMORPG, Sony's EverQuest II. We analyzed the entire network of 3140 players who were on one server (Antonia Bayle) from Aug 25 to Aug 31 2006. Of these, 2998 were from the US, 142 were from Canada. 2447 were males. We examined whether their geographic distance offline and their demographic similarity (or homophily) influence the likelihood of four online interactions: partnering, instant messaging, trading, and mailing. The results show that geographical proximity of distance and temporal proximity of time zones have a strong impact in players' online behavior in creating relations. Individuals were 22.6 times more likely to link with others within 50 kms than from someone who was within 50 to 800 kms. In addition, homophily in age and game experience also had a strong impact on creating relations. However, there was no evidence of gender homophily in the virtual world. These results indicate that online social networks to support healthy behaviors should implement network recommendation algorithms that underscore the importance of connecting individuals who are geographically proximate as well as exhibit homophily on a variety of personal traits.
An experimental study of adsorption of polymers on activated carbon: Butadiene—styrene polymers and poly(methyl methacrylate)

An experimental study of the extents and rates of adsorption of several polymers from various solvents onto activated carbon has been carried out. The polymers studied included polystyrene, polybutadiene, butadiene–styrene copolymers and poly(methyl methacrylate). The solvents included toluene, cumene, decalin, 2-pentanone, and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). Polystyrene is adsorbed from the different solvents in the order MEK, 2-pentanone, cumene, toluene, decalin. The adsorption from toluene, decalin, and cumene is in the order polystyrene, polybutadiene butadiene—styrene copolymer. The fact that the copolymer is adsorbed less than either homopolymer is striking. The variation of molecular weight distribution with extent of adsorption has been studied. It was found that low molecular weight polymer was preferentially adsorbed in the early stages of the experiment, but high molecular weight polymer was adsorbed at longer times. The apparent adsorption rate constants have been evaluated for the various systems and resolved into external mass transfer, internal (intraparticle) mass transfer, and adsorption rate constants. The experimental data have been applied to the prediction of the elution of the polymers from chromatographic columns packed with activated carbon.
Coloboma of optic nerve associated with serous maculopathy. A clinicopathologic correlative study.

• A rhesus monkey with a congenital coloboma of the optic nerve head associated with serous macular detachment underwent intravenous (IV), intrathecal, and retrobulbar fluorescein angiography. No fluorescein leaked beneath the serous detachment after IV or intrathecal injection, although the retrobulbar injection caused a bolus to extravasate from the margin of the optic nerve coloboma, drifting toward the macular region temporally. Histopathologically, glial tissue replaced optic nerve axonal bundles in the temporal coloboma. The intermediary tissue of Kuhnt was disrupted, and fluid from the retrobulbar space diffused into the sub-retinal space temporally, where a localized retinal detachment extended from the optic nerve to the macula. Subretinal fluid in the macula associated with optic nerve coloboma might derive from (1) fluid perfusing into the retrobulbar space from surrounding orbital tissue, (2) peripapillary choriocapillaris, or (3) CSF.
Sociometric and ability-based assignment to work groups: Some implications for personnel selection.

We conducted a longitudinal field experiment to examine whether sociometric and ability-based assignment methods have different effects on multiple outcomes. We assigned subjects (N = 258) to sociometric or ability-based conditions, and assembled them into three-person workgroups. Subjects in the sociometric condition chose their own workgroup members; we assigned subjects in the ability-based condition to groups on the basis of ability. The results show that sociometric workgroups report higher levels of communication, coordination, peer ratings, group cohesion, and job satisfaction than workgroups in the ability-based condition. In addition, the results indicate that organizational forces tended to equalize the influence of ability on performance.
TOWARDS SEMANTIC INTEGRATION OF COMPONENTS USING A SERVICE-BASED ARCHITECTURE

The post facto integration of independently developed software components has not been particularly successful. Lack of agreed upon technological standards and the absence of semantic integration models are two major contributing factors. While bridging component standards at the wiring level has been addressed through the use of adapters and proxies, no such alternatives exist for bridging the gap between components at the operational and semantic levels. In this paper we present a framework for component integration at the semantic level. Our approach is based on the creation of ontology that captures operational and semantic details about the desired components. Through automated reasoning of the ontology it will be possible to infer information about the mediation process for two components. The information is then used to create an appropriate adapter that will connect to the two components and serve as the mediator.
Reinstatement of the Loyalty Islands Sandalwood, Santalum austrocaledonicum var. glabrum (Santalaceae), in New Caledonia.

Sandalwoods encompass 19 species restricted to southeast Asia and the Pacific. The species Santalum austrocaledonicum Vieill. (Santalaceae) is endemic to New Caledonia (Grande-Terre, Isle of Pines, Loyalty Islands) and Vanuatu, where several varieties are recognized. The Loyalty Islands sandalwood variety is here reinstated as Santalum austrocaledonicum var. glabrum Hurl. emend. Butaud & P.Firmenich, mut. char. It was previously considered a synonym of the type variety; however, new morphological and genetic studies confirmed its distinctiveness. The key for New Caledonian varieties of Santalum austrocaledonicum has been updated and a short description of its essential oil composition and organoleptic quality is given.
High Frequency Stimulation Suppresses Compound Action Potentials In Vitro

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), also known as high frequency stimulation (HFS), is a promising method for the therapeutic control of epilepsy; although, the way DBS affects neural elements close to the stimulating electrode remains an important question. Sinusoidal HFS (50 Hz) suppresses synaptic and non-synaptic cellular neural activity in several in vitro epilepsy models. Although, the effects of HFS on axonal conduction are not known. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that HFS suppresses local axonal conduction in vitro. HFS was locally applied to either the CA1 pyramidale cell layer or the alvear axon field of rat hippocampal slices. Complete suppression was indicated by a 100% reduction in amplitude of the field potential for the duration of the HFS. The results show that sinusoidal HFS suppresses the alvear compound action potential (CAP) as well as the CA1 antidromic evoked potential (AEP). Suppression was dependent on HFS amplitude, while HFS frequency was found not to be statistically significant. HFS applied to the alveus was more effective in suppressing the CAP than HFS applied to the CA1 pyramidale cell layer. These data suggest that HFS can block not only cellular neural firing but also activity in the axons of these cells or axons of passage
Moving Mesh Methods with Upwinding Schemes for Time-Dependent PDEs

It is well known that moving mesh and upwinding schemes are two kinds of techniques for tracking the shock or steep wave front in the solution of PDEs. It is expected that their combination should produce more robust methods. Several upwinding schemes are considered for non-uniform meshes. A self-adaptive moving mesh method is also described. Numerical examples are given to illustrate that in some cases, especially for hyperbolic conservative laws with nonconvex flux, the upwinding schemes improve the results of the moving mesh methods. Comparing the results of several upwinding schemes, we find the local piecewise hyperbolic method (PHM) is very efficient and accurate when combined with a moving mesh strategy.
Remixers' understandings of fair use online

How do online content creators make decisions about copyright law? In the course of day-to-day online activities, Internet users are forced to make subtle judgments about one of the most confusing and nuanced areas of law, copyright and fair use. In this study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with eleven content creators who participate in remix and fan creation activities online, to try to probe their legal understandings and attitudes. We found that social norms that emerge among these content creators do not always track to what the law actually says, but are often guided more by ethical concerns. Our participants showed surprisingly similar patterns of understandings and confusions, impacting technology use and interaction online.
Effect of Compressible Flow on Perceived Temperature Fluctuations Measured by Moving Sensor

Equations are developed for the effect of velocity fluctuations on the perceived temperature fluctuations detected by a moving temperature sensor. The impact of these fluctuations on perceived fluctuations of index of refraction are computed. The magnitude of this effect is estimated using known ranges of atmospheric fluctuations in temperature and velocity. Using a method to estimate velocity fluctuations from temperature fluctuations and concurrently measured atmospheric data, balloon derived fluctuation data is used to estimate what would be perceived by a faster moving sensor. We conclude that normally observed fluctuations can have a significant impact on the perceived optical properties. NOMENCLATURE a = Constant b = Constant Br(x) = Spatial Covariance (units of r squared) Cx2 = Structure constant of the quantity x (units are the units of x^m273) CP = Specific heat at constant pressure (J/kg/K) Dx(r) = Structure function of quantity x (units are the units of x squared) d = Distance (m)
Organometallic chemistry and catalysis on gold metal surfaces

Abstract As in transition metal complexes, C N–R ligands adsorbed on powdered gold undergo attack by amines to give putative diaminocarbene groups on the gold surface. This reaction forms the basis for the discovery of a gold metal-catalyzed reaction of C N–R, primary amines (R′NH 2 ) and O 2 to give carbodiimides (R′–N C N–R). An analogous reaction of C O, RNH 2 , and O 2 gives isocyanates (R–N C O), which react with additional amine to give urea (RNH) 2 C O products. The gold-catalyzed reaction of C N–R with secondary amines (HNR′ 2 ) and O 2 gives mixed ureas RNH(C O)NR′ 2 . In another type of gold-catalyzed reaction, secondary amines HN(CH 2 R) 2 react with O 2 to undergo dehydrogenation to the imine product, RCH N(CH 2 R). Of special interest is the high catalytic activity of gold powder, which is otherwise well-known for its poor catalytic properties.
Help Wanted: A Grand Theorist of Interpersonal Relationships, Sociologist or Anthropologist Preferred:

Knowledge about interpersonal relationships is currently encapsulated within type of relationship (e.g. romantic, parental), with relationship type confounded with disciplinary approach, with the characteristics of the partners usually found in that type of relationship, as well as with the nature of the relationship phenomena examined. It is argued that a critical issue for the relationship field is whether a grand, overarching theory of relationships can be developed. Such a theory would directly address the principal relationship types, delineating the similarities and differences among them with respect to the causal conditions associated with various relationship phenomena. It is further argued that an important class of causal conditions that governs behavior in all relationships is the culturally defined norms, roles and expectations associated with type of relationship, and that these cultural prescriptions - as opposed to `individualistic' causal conditions - must play an important role in any un...
6A1 - A new class of trapped light filaments

A new class of self-trapped light filaments has been discovered and its properties investigated. These filaments have a very small diameter, ( \sim 5 \mu ), contain a few ergs of energy, and last a very short time, ( \lsim 1/ns ). Stimulated Raman emission occurs in these small filaments with high initial gain at the beginning of the filament and apparent saturation towards its end. Possible mechanisms for the creation, containment, and termination of these filaments are discussed.
Perceptions of e-prescribing efficiencies and inefficiencies in ambulatory care

Introduction Recent studies have demonstrated that e-prescribing takes longer than handwriting. Additional studies documenting the perceived efficiencies realized from e-prescribing from those who have implemented electronic prescribing are warranted.
Accelerated Testing of Waste forms using a Novel Pressurized Unsaturated flow (PUF) Method

A new experimental technique has been developed to test waste forms and other proposed engineered-barrier materials under unsaturated conditions. Laboratory experiments using the pressurized unsaturated flow (PUF) apparatus have been performed with a Na-Ca-Al borosilicate glass being studied for immobilization of low-activity tank wastes and a reference borosilicate glass for immobilization of high-level wastes (SRL-202). A complex coupling between glass corrosion, secondary phase precipitation, and unsaturated flow behavior was observed. Precipitation of a family of Na-Ca-Al zeolites was also found to cause an acceleration in the reaction rate of the low-activity waste glass. This same effect was observed after approximately 1 year in high solid-to-liquid ratio batch tests but after only 12 days using the PUF method at the same temperature. The onset of secondary phase precipitation was tracked by monitoring changes in volumetric water content and by inline chemical analysis. Finally, elemental release of the major glass components and solution pH were found to differ under unsaturated flow-through conditions as compared with saturated, batch tests. These findings, while preliminary, have important implications for understanding and modeling glass corrosion behavior under unsaturated conditions.
Antecedents from Adjunctive Disciplines: Creation of Nursing Theory

The development of nursing theory has been accompanied by a con certed effort to provide schemata for the analysis and evaluation of theories. In the literature, the meaning of terms used in the process is vigorously debated, and much attention is devoted to strategies appro priate for theory construction. In the search for concepts unique to nursing science, contributions from other disciplines are considered borrowed and the "concepts" considered central to nursing are person, environment, health, and nursing itself. It is postulated that these "con cepts" are the commonplaces essential for any discussion of nursing, wherever it is practiced. It is further suggested that nursing cannot stand apart within a body of knowledge that it shares with other disciplines concerned with health care. Adjunctive concepts are antecedent to all nursing theory, and analysis of theory should be dedicated to identifying the adjunctive sources, determining whether such usage is warranted and correct, and shifting the focu...
Fasting insulin reflects heterogeneous physiological processes: role of insulin clearance.

Several processes contribute to variation in fasting insulin concentration, including fasting glucose, insulin resistance, insulin secretion, and insulin clearance. Our goal was to determine the relative contribution of each of these insulin-related traits, plus anthropometric parameters, to fasting insulin among 470 Mexican Americans. The euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp yielded insulin sensitivity (M value) and metabolic clearance rate of insulin (MCRI). Acute insulin secretion was estimated by the insulinogenic index (IGI30) from the oral glucose tolerance test. Regression (univariate) and generalized estimating equations (multivariate) were used to describe the relationship of insulin-related traits to fasting insulin. Univarate analyses were used to select which traits to include in the multivariate model. In multivariate analysis, MCRI, M, BMI, waist circumference, and fasting glucose were independently associated with fasting insulin. Decreasing M and MCRI were associated with increasing fasting insulin, whereas increasing BMI, waist circumference, and fasting glucose were associated with increasing fasting insulin. Standardized coefficients allowed determination of the relative strength of each trait's association with fasting insulin in the entire cohort (strongest to weakest): MCRI (−0.35, P < 0.0001), M (−0.24, P < 0.0001), BMI (0.20, P = 0.0011), waist circumference (0.16, P = 0.021), and fasting glucose (0.11, P = 0.014). Fasting insulin is a complex phenotype influenced by several independent processes, each of which might have its own environmental and genetic determinants. One of the most associated traits was insulin clearance, which has implications for studies that have used fasting insulin as a surrogate for insulin resistance.
Confronting the “F” Word: The Effects of Gender, Ambiguity, and Individual Difference Variables on Non-Targets’ Confrontation of Heterosexist Comments

The present study used an experimental setting to examine individual and situational variables that influence the confronting of heterosexist remarks by non-target heterosexuals. College student participants (n = 120) responded to a heterosexist comment made in an online setting in which the ambiguity of the heterosexist remark was manipulated. Results indicated that the effect of the ambiguity of the comment on confronting behavior was moderated by individual differences in optimism. Confronting was also affected by sexual prejudice and experience with gay and lesbian individuals. In addition, females confronted more often and more strongly than males, especially following negative affective responses to the comment.
Turbo multiuser detection for turbo-coded CDMA in multipath fading channels

Multiuser detection and turbo coding are two of the most powerful techniques for enhancing the performance of next-generation wide-band code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. We develop an iterative multiuser receiver for turbo-coded CDMA systems with aperiodic spreading sequences operating in multipath fading, which exploits the power of both techniques. The key innovation in the proposed receiver is a low-complexity soft multiuser detector which uses the same decision statistic as the conventional RAKE receiver (i.e., the outputs of the maximum ratio combiners for all the users), and performs soft-interference cancellation and instantaneous minimum mean-square error (MMSE) filtering. The soft multiuser detector has a complexity of O(K/sup 2/) per bit per iteration, where K is the number of users. A single-user receiver which employs a soft RAKE detector followed by a turbo decoder is also considered. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed multiuser receiver offers more than 0.5-dB gain over the single-user RAKE receiver at a bit-error rate (BER) of 10/sup -3/ and even outperforms the single-user RAKE receiver operating in a single-user environment.
Bayesian Predictive Inference Under Informative Sampling and Transformation

We have considered the problem in which a biased sample is selected from a finite population, and this finite population itself is a random sample from an infinitely large population, called the superpopulation. The parameters of the superpopulation and the finite population are of interest. There is some information about the selection mechanism in that the selection probabilities are linearly related to the measurements. This is typical of establishment surveys where the selection probabilities are taken to be proportional to the previous year’s characteristics. When all the selection probabilities are known, as in our problem, inference about the finite population can be made, but inference about the distribution is not so clear. For continuous measurements, one might assume that the the values are normally distributed, but as a practical issue normality can be tenuous. In such a situation a transformation to normality may be useful, but this transformation will destroy the linearity between the selection probabilities and the values. The purpose of this work is to address this issue. In this light we have constructed two models, an ignorable selection model and a nonignorable selection model. We use the Gibbs sampler and the sample importance re-sampling algorithm to fit the nonignorable selection model. We have emphasized estimation of the finite population parameters, although within this framework other quantities can be estimated easily. We have found that our nonignorable selection model can correct the bias due to unequal selection probabilities, and it provides improved precision over the estimates from the ignorable selection model. In addition, we have described the case in which all the selection probabilities are unknown. This is useful because many agencies (e.g., government) tend to hide these selection probabilities when public-used data are constructed. Also, we have given an extensive theoretical discussion on Poisson sampling, an underlying sampling scheme in our models especially useful in the case in which the selection probabilities are unknown.
Do Benefits of Earlier Antiretroviral Treatment Initiation Outweigh Harms for Individuals at Risk for Poor Adherence

Clinicians may defer antiretroviral treatment for patients with suboptimal adherence. We used a validated computer simulation of HIV disease progression to compare alternative treatment thresholds for patients with suboptimal adherence. Earlier treatment increased life expectancy across a wide adherence range (50%-100% of doses taken). Delaying treatment for patients with suboptimal adherence may not always be appropriate.
PRec-I-DCM3: A Parallel Framework for Fast and Accurate Large Scale Phylogeny Reconstruction

Accurate reconstruction of phylogenetic trees very often involves solving hard optimization problems, particularly the maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) problems. Various heuristics have been devised for solving these two problems; however, they obtain good results within reasonable time only on small datasets. This has been a major impediment for large-scale phylogeny reconstruction, particularly for the effort to assemble the Tree of Life - the evolutionary relationship of all organisms on earth. Roshan et al. recently introduced Rec-I-DCM3, an efficient and accurate meta-method for solving the MP problem on large datasets of up to 14,000 taxa. Nonetheless, a drastic improvement in Rec-I-DCM3's performance is still needed in order to achieve similar (or better) accuracy on datasets at the scale of the Tree of Life. In this paper, we improve the performance of Rec-I-DCM3 via parallelization. Experimental results demonstrate that our parallel method, PRec-I-DCM3, achieves significant improvements, both in speed and accuracy, over its sequential counterpart
The Strange World of Quantum Mechanics

This is an exceptionally accessible, accurate, and non-technical introduction to quantum mechanics. After briefly summarizing the differences between classical and quantum behaviour, this engaging account considers the Stern-Gerlach experiment and its implications, treats the concepts of probability, and then discusses the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox and Bell's theorem. Quantal interference and the concept of amplitudes are introduced and the link revealed between probabilities and the interference of amplitudes. Quantal amplitude is employed to describe interference effects. Final chapters explore exciting new developments in quantum computation and cryptography, discover the unexpected behaviour of a quantal bouncing-ball, and tackle the challenge of describing a particle with no position. Thought-provoking problems and suggestions for further reading are included. Suitable for use as a course text, The Strange World of Quantum Mechanics enables students to develop a genuine understanding of the domain of the very small. It will also appeal to general readers seeking intellectual adventure.
A network option portfolio management framework for adaptive transportation planning

Abstract A real option portfolio management framework is proposed to make use of an adaptive network design problem developed using stochastic dynamic programming methodologies. The framework is extended from Smit’s and Trigeorgis’ option portfolio framework to incorporate network synergies. The adaptive planning framework is defined and tested on a case study with time series origin–destination demand data. Historically, OD time series data is costly to obtain, and there has not been much need for it because most transportation models use a single time-invariant estimate based on deterministic forecasting of demand. Despite the high cost and institutional barriers of obtaining abundant OD time series data, we illustrate how having higher fidelity data along with an adaptive planning framework can result in a number of improved management strategies. An insertion heuristic is adopted to run the lower bound adaptive network design problem for a coarse Iran network with 834 nodes, 1121 links, and 10 years of time series data for 71,795 OD pairs.
A church-based intervention to promote informed decision making for prostate cancer screening among African American men.

Abstract Objectives This feasibility study developed and pilot tested an intervention to: (1) increase knowledge about prostate cancer screening; and (2) promote self-efficacy to participate in the informed decision-making process. Setting African American men are a priority audience for prostate cancer screening interventions to promote informed decision making, and faith-based settings have been shown to be an effective venue to reach this population. Therefore we used predominantly African American churches to develop and test our intervention. Participants Participants (N = 73) were recruited, and the intervention was administered by an African American health educator. Intervention We developed and pretested a prostate cancer screening informed decision-making intervention based on the Ottawa Decision Support Framework and the health belief model. The intervention included a tool called the "road map," which depicts the potential consequences of a decision to undergo or forgo screening. A quasiexperi-mental design was used to test the intervention. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measures were change in knowledge and self-efficacy post intervention. Results Prostate cancer knowledge (p Conclusions A church-based intervention delivered by an African American health educator is a promising strategy for promoting informed decision making among African American men.
Advanced Readers in Reading First Classrooms Who Was Really “Left Behind”? Considerations for the Field of Gifted Education

This study of advanced readers in Reading First (RF) classrooms was part of a larger evaluation of one state’s RF implementation. The study’s purposes were to (a) assess the longitudinal growth of ...
BOTTOM-UP AND TOP-DOWN FORCES IN TIDE POOLS: TEST OF A FOOD CHAIN MODEL IN AN INTERTIDAL COMMUNITY

A simple food chain model of community structure was used to evaluate the roles of bottom-up and top-down factors in a rocky intertidal community. Predictions of the model were modified to incorporate known variation in the strength of species inter- actions and nutrient delivery rates along a wave-exposure gradient. To test the predictions of the model, I manipulated nutrients and consumers in tide pools chiseled into mudstone benches at two sites that varied in degree of wave exposure. The pools were located in the mid-intertidal zone between ;1 and 1.5 m above mean lower low water (MLLW), at Boiler Bay, Oregon, USA. The focal organisms were the benthic macroalgae and mobile inver- tebrate herbivores that dominate naturally occurring tide pools at this site. I manipulated nutrient levels and the abundance of herbivores in these tide pools in a fully factorial randomized block design replicated six times at a wave-exposed and a wave- protected site. The experiment was maintained for two years (1994-1996). The abundances of herbivores and macroalgae were monitored in the spring, summer, and fall of each year. I measured primary productivity in the tide pools during the summer. Herbivores had a negative impact on algal abundance. The total effect of herbivory, and the efficiency of herbivores per se, on algal abundance was lower at the wave-exposed site. Nutrient additions had a positive effect on algal abundance, but this effect was reduced at the wave-exposed site. Nutrients also appeared to increase algal productivity, but only where herbivore abundance was low. Algal abundance patterns were generally consistent with model predictions for bottom-up, top-down, and hydrodynamic effects. In contrast to model predictions, herbivore abundance did not respond to the nutrient treatment. The decoupling of consumers from resource dynamics is interpreted to be the result of an herbivore preference for noncalcified seaweeds with higher potential growth rates. In wave-protected pools, where nutrients were most limiting and consumers were most effi- cient, seaweeds with the potential to translate elevated nutrient levels into growth had no effective refuge from consumers. The difference in scale between resource patches (tide pools) and the foraging range of the dominant herbivore, Tegula funebralis, may have augmented the ability of this herbivore to virtually exclude fleshy seaweeds from wave- protected pools. Expanding the domain of applicability of food chain models requires the incorporation of consumer preferences, variation in plant growth rates, environmental gra- dients, and differences in the relative scales of resource patches and foraging ranges of consumers.