cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of urecholine in the prevention of postpartum urinary retention; final report.

Abstract This paper represents the final report of a study begun in 1952. 1 The preliminary results were encouraging and the investigation was expanded to evaluate fully the significance of the original report. The incidence of puerperal urinary retention is reported as between 3.8 per cent 2 and 13.8 per cent. 3 Though of no tremendous or disastrous consequences, it can be extremely troublesome and exasperating to patient, doctor, and nurse. Physiologically, the postpartum bladder is very different from the bladder in the pregnant state. Bennetts and Judd 4 concluded that the postpartum bladder shows greatly diminished muscular tone, decreased sensitivity, and markedly increased capacity. The etiology of these changes is considered to be partly hormonal. If all puerperal bladders are so affected, however, why do some postpartum patients develop urinary retention and others not? For this answer, everything from anesthesia to type of delivery has been blamed. Divergent views are held as to which factor is the most important. In all probability, several factors, including individual variation in hormone metabolism, play a part in causing and/or prolonging urinary retention during the puerperal period. It is interesting to note that in 1915 Taussig 2 reported catheterization necessary in 3.8 per cent of his cases, with an operative delivery rate of 11.4 per cent. In recent times, the catheterization rate has almost tripled and the operative delivery rate is some seven times as great (Table I). These data may indicate that operative delivery increases postpartum urinary retention.
Identification and Control Problems in Petroleum and Groundwater Modeling

The petroleum industry has well-established partial differential equation models for multi-phase fluid flow through porous media, but the use of control-theoretic methods for optimization of petroleum recovery is fairly new. The approaches discussed in this survey could lead to a significant payoff to the petroleum industry through improved efficiency in petroleum recovery operations. There is also significant potential for the application of these methods in groundwater remediation.
A Study of Film Boiling of Corresponding-States Fluids over a Wide Pressure Range with Cylindrical Heaters

The film-boiling data presently available over a wide range of pressures seem to be very limited. More data are required in order that theoretical equations and the effects of pressure and diameter on film boiling can be ascertained. This study was initiated to provide data for the above reasons and to provide design data for nitrogen and argon.
Correlation factors for impurity diffusion on the sublattice of dodecahedral sites in garnet

The method of Koiwa and Ishioka (Philos Mag A 47:927–938, 1983) is used, with slight modification, to evaluate the correlation factor for vacancy-mediated diffusion of impurity atoms on the sublattice of dodecahedral sites in garnet, as a function of the relevant vacancy-jump frequencies. The required values of the lattice Green’s function were obtained from multiple Monte Carlo simulations in lattices of progressively larger size, extrapolated to an infinite lattice using a model that linearizes the dependence of the functional value on lattice size. As Online Resources, codes are provided that permit evaluation of the correlation factor for any chosen set of vacancy-jump frequencies, for implementation in either Mathematica ® or Matlab ®.
Understanding Variation in Cross-Country Rates of Entrepreneurship

Previous efforts to explain variation in rates of entrepreneurship across countries often relies upon widely-publicized indices of economic freedom. However these indices confound path-dependent va...
Green's functions and Brewster condition for a halfspace bounded by an anisotropic impedance plane

Dyadic Green's functions are obtained for a halfspace bounded by an anisotropic impedance plane. Using the Fresnel reflection coefficients, these functions are derived in planewave spectral forms. The Brewster condition is also obtained.
Thomomys clusius, a Rediscovered Species of Pocket Gopher

Since the name Thomomys clusius was first proposed in 1875, it has been applied and misapplied to a variety of different pocket gophers. Study of specimens and chromosomal material of pocket gophers collected from southern Wyoming permits the recognition of Thomomys clusius as a distinct species within the Thomomys talpoides complex. Thomomys clusius is a small, pale-colored animal with 2n = 46 chromosomes. It does not interbreed with T. talpoides ocius where the two are found together. The known range of T. clusius is almost entirely within that of T. t. ocius , but the two occur in different habitats. Also, T. clusius is chromosomally and morphologically distinct from the pale-colored populations of T. talpoides of central Wyoming to which Long (1965) applied this name.
Using Data Visualization to Examine an Academic Library Collection

The authors generated data visualizations to compare sections of the library book collection, expenditures in those areas, student enrollment in majors and minors, and number of courses. The visualizations resulting from the entered data provide an excellent starting point for conversations about possible imbalances in the collection and point to areas that are either more developed or less developed than is needed to support the major and minor areas of study at the university. The methodology used should offer a template to follow for others wishing to examine their collection and may prove valuable for adjusting expenditures, suggesting service opportunities or for marketing pieces of the collection that had been hidden before graphical analysis.
Measured system component development for the night vision integrated performance model (NV-IPM)

The Night Vision Integrated Performance Model (NV-IPM) introduced a variety of measured system components in version 1.6 of the model. These measured system components enable the characterization of systems based on lab measurements which treat the system as a ‘black-box.’ This encapsulation of individual component terms into higher level measurable quantities circumvents the need to develop costly, time-consuming measurement techniques for each individual input term. Each of the ‘black-box’ system components were developed based upon the minimum required system level measurements for a particular type of imaging system. The measured system hierarchy also includes components for cases where a very limited number of measurements are possible. We discuss the development of the measured system components, the transition of lab measurements into model inputs, and any assumptions inherent to this process.
Kind of Quick Screening Method for the Analysis of Phenolic Estrogens in Cosmetics

Objective:To establish a site screening method for the quick analysis of phenolic estrogens in cosmetics.Methods: The banned hormones in cosmetics were screened initially by chemical color rendering methods,and then determined by HPLC,as a compared analysis method.Results: The experiments indicated that chemical color method coincides with HPLC.The established chemical color method is quick,easy and of high sensitivity and good specificity.Conclusion: Chemical color reaction is suitable for the hygiene supervision and inspection of phenolic estrogens added in cosmetics illegally.
Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclide ~(10)Be Exposure Ages of the Samples from Wangkun Till in the Kunlun Pass

Understanding the tectonic and climatic history of the Tibetan Plateau is crucial for studying the regional and global climate systems,particularly the initiation and chronology of paleo-glaciations.Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide(TCN) exposure age technology provides a tool to re-examine the glacial chronology and landform evolution in the Tibetan Plateau. The Kunlun Pass is one of the great glaciated areas in the East Kunlun Mountains.A sequence of glacial tills is preserved in this area,and the Wangkun till is the oldest one among them.Four of the five 10Be exposure ages of the samples from the Wangkun till range from(56.9±5.6)ka BP to(38.2±3.5)ka BP,corresponding to the MIS 3.These dates are far younger than the ESR and paleomagnetism ages,and they are inconsistent with the geomorphic appearance and sequence.They do not reflect the deposition of the Wangkun till.They may indicate that the Kunlun Pass experienced intense degradation and denudation processes during the MIS 3. The feature that most of the 10Be exposure ages of the samples from the Wangkun till are within the MIS 3 is typical for cosmogenic nuclide exposure studies in Tibet.It is caused mainly by successive exhumation of the moraines during the MIS 3.The large temperature fluctuation and plenty precipitation during the MIS 3 accelerated exhumation and led to an accumulation of boulders of age from 38 to 57 ka.At the same time,the exhumed materials deposited in the lower catchments of the Golmud River and formed the extreme thick Sanchahe formation. The notably younger 10Be exposure ages of the samples from the Wangkun till not only suggest that the TCN exposure age is deeply influenced by the later denudation process,but also show the limitations of using single method for dating.As a result,detailed field investigation on landform and sediments,together with multi-dating-methods are necessary for establishing the Quaternary glacial sequences.
Polyvictimization Across Social Contexts: Home, School, and Neighborhood Violence Exposure

Exposure to violence is a widespread problem that affects the mental health of children and adolescents particularly in at-risk populations such as juvenile justice involved youth. While a number of studies have examined the cumulative impact of violence exposure, few studies have examined the importance of social context. The present study examined classifications of youth exposed to violence by contextual location (home, school, and neighborhood) in a sample of 2,124 juvenile justice involved youth. Latent class analysis revealed three classes of youth exposed to violence: (a) low violence exposure, (b) moderate and high home/school violence exposure, and (c) violence exposure in all three social contexts. Furthermore, distal outcomes analysis showed differences in internalizing and externalizing problems based on class membership. FINDINGS from the current study underline the importance of understanding the role of social context in assessing violence exposure in juvenile justice involved youth. Language: en
Inflammation and Lymphedema Are Exacerbated and Prolonged by Neuropilin 2 Deficiency.

The vasculature influences the progression and resolution of tissue inflammation. Capillaries express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, including neuropilins (NRPs), which regulate interstitial fluid flow. NRP2, a receptor of VEGFA and semaphorin (SEMA) 3F ligands, is expressed in the vascular and lymphatic endothelia. Previous studies have demonstrated that blocking VEGF receptor 2 attenuates VEGFA-induced vascular permeability. The inhibition of NRP2 was hypothesized to decrease vascular permeability as well. Unexpectedly, massive tissue swelling and edema were observed in Nrp2 −/− mice compared with wild-type littermates after delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Vascular permeability was twofold greater in inflamed blood vessels in Nrp2-deficient mice compared to those in Nrp2-intact littermates. The addition of exogenous SEMA3F protein inhibited vascular permeability in Balb/cJ mice, suggesting that the loss of endogenous Sema3F activity in the Nrp2-deficient mice was responsible for the enhanced vessel leakage. Functional lymphatic capillaries are necessary for draining excess fluid after inflammation; however, Nrp2 -mutant mice lacked superficial lymphatic capillaries, leading to 2.5-fold greater fluid retention and severe lymphedema after inflammation. In conclusion, Nrp2 deficiency increased blood vessel permeability and decreased lymphatic vessel drainage during inflammation, highlighting the importance of the NRP2/SEMA3F pathway in the modulation of tissue swelling and resolution of postinflammatory edema.
The World of D-PETE: Examining the Complexity and Reality of Doctoral Education in Physical Education

ABSTRACTThe world of PETE doctoral education is changing rapidly given the current climate in U.S. universities. This article will introduce the reader to the issues facing higher education and set the stage for a series of articles to follow in this special issue of Quest.
Abstract 708: Androgen receptor activation inhibits papillary thyroid carcinoma cell cycle progression

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA The American Cancer Society predicts 62,980 new cases of thyroid cancer and 1,890 deaths due to the disease in 2014, making thyroid cancer the most prevalent endocrine malignancy. This is particularly concerning for women who have an approximately three-fold higher incidence of thyroid cancer than men. Significant research has been done to elucidate the role of estrogen as a driver of thyroid cancer. Taking the reverse approach, that men have a much lower incidence of thyroid cancer, led us to hypothesize that androgens and/or androgen receptors play a protective role and that PTC represents the escape from androgen-mediated cell regulation. Analysis of AR expression in 24 PTC patient tissue samples indicated a 2.7 fold reduction in AR expression compared to matched normal tissue (P<0.005). This suggests that the reduction of AR levels in the neoplastic process of thyroid tissue may be one mechanism of escape from androgen regulation. To more fully understand the function of androgen/AR in thyroid cells, the AR was stably transfected into 8505C anaplastic/PTC cells. Addition of DHT to the 8505C-transfected clone, 84E7, resulted in AR translocation into the nucleus and a 70% reduction in proliferation, as well as a shift in the cell cycle toward G1 arrest. Transcription profiling using RNA-Seq and gene ontology analysis revealed significant changes in genes associated with proliferation, cell cycle, and cell cycle regulation confirming the proliferation assay and cell cycle analysis above. Further, when we examined G1 associated cell cycle proteins, we found significant decreases in cell cycle progression proteins cdc25a, CDK6, CDK4, and CDK2 as well as significant increases in the inhibitors p27 and p21. Thus, protein, RNA and cell cycle analysis data are concordant and demonstrate an accumulation of cells in G1 when treated with DHT. Together these data demonstrate that expression of androgen/AR in normal thyroid cells may play a protective, anti-proliferative role that is lost in PTC resulting in dysregulation of genes normally under AR control. The differential expression of androgen/AR in males verses females may provide new insight into the different clinical presentations and outcomes between women and men. Citation Format: Melanie Elizabeth Jones, Timmy O'Connell, Anvita Gupta, Hong Zhao, Codrin Iacob, Augustine Moscatello, Edward Shin, Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz, Raj K. Tiwari, Jan Geliebter. Androgen receptor activation inhibits papillary thyroid carcinoma cell cycle progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 708. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-708
IMPLANTING PLASTICITY INTO SEX AND TRANS/GENDER: animal and child metaphors in the history of endocrinology

AbstractThis essay argues that the reigning medical and scientific understanding of the endocrine system, which insists on its fundamental biological plasticity, was historically constructed through a dual child–animal metaphor. The work accomplished by such organic metaphors, as Donna Haraway terms them, returns us to the endocrine laboratories and clinics in which they were built in Europe and the United States in the first half of the twentieth century. The child and animal metaphors implanted the concept of plasticity into the human body to the effect of bringing sexed and gendered life under the jurisdiction of science and medicine, where it could not only be normalized in a sense long appreciated by transgender studies but also cultivated towards the ostensible “improvement” and “perfection” of the human. This is also, then, a history of the eugenic heritage of modern endocrinology, which has been largely ignored in recent discussions of plasticity and the body’s materiality. To interrogate the role...
“A certain stigma” of educational radio: Judith Waller and “public service” broadcasting

ABSTRACTThis paper explores Judith Waller’s radio programming philosophy over her career that began in 1922 at WMAQ Chicago. In the 1940s, representing the interests of her employer NBC, Waller began to use the phrase “public service” as a way to break free of the “stigma” of educational radio. The concept of public service programming shifted during the 1930s and 1940s in the US, redefined and negotiated in response to assumptions about radio listeners, the financial motivations of commercial radio, and Federal Communications Commission rulings. This paper brings renewed attention to the past and present political economy of media in the US, providing a window into the historically complex relationship between commercial and noncommercial media that continues to this day.
Developing targets for radiation transport experiments at the Omega laser facility

Targets have been developed to measure supersonic radiation transport in aerogel foams using absorption spectroscopy. The target consists of an aerogel foam uniformly doped with either titanium or scandium inserted into an undoped aerogel foam package. This creates a localized doped foam region to provide spatial resolution for the measurement. Development and characterization of the foams is a key challenge in addition to machining and assembling the two foams so they mate without gaps. The foam package is inserted into a beryllium sleeve and mounted on a gold hohlraum. The target is mounted to a holder created using additive manufacturing and mounted on a stalk. The manufacturing of the components, along with assembly and metrology of the target are described here.
Optimal updating magnitude in adaptive flat-distribution sampling

We present a study on the optimization of the updating magnitude for a class of free energy methods based on flat-distribution sampling, including the Wang-Landau (WL) algorithm and metadynamics. These methods rely on adaptive construction of a bias potential that offsets the potential of mean force by histogram-based updates. The convergence of the bias potential can be improved by decreasing the updating magnitude with an optimal schedule. We show that while the asymptotically optimal schedule for the single-bin updating scheme (commonly used in the WL algorithm) is given by the known inverse-time formula, that for the Gaussian updating scheme (commonly used in metadynamics) is often more complex. We further show that the single-bin updating scheme is optimal for very long simulations, and it can be generalized to a class of bandpass updating schemes that are similarly optimal. These bandpass updating schemes target only a few long-range distribution modes and their optimal schedule is also given by the inverse-time formula. Constructed from orthogonal polynomials, the bandpass updating schemes generalize the WL and Langfeld-Lucini-Rago algorithms as an automatic parameter tuning scheme for umbrella sampling.
A broader phenotype of persistence emerges from individual differences in response to extinction

The typical practice of averaging group performance during extinction gives the impression that responding declines gradually and homogeneously. However, previous studies of extinction in human infants have shown that some individuals persist in responding, whereas others abruptly cease responding. As predicted by theories of control, the infants who quickly resign typically display signs of sadness and despair when the expected reward is omitted. Using genetically diverse mice, here we observed a similar pattern of individual differences and the associated phenotypes. After learning to approach a food reward, upon extinction, some animals rapidly abandoned approach to the goal box, whereas other animals persisted in entering and searching the goal box. Interestingly, the persistent mice were slower to "give up" when confined to an inescapable pool of water (a test asserted to be indicative of susceptibility to depression) and exhibited a more extensive pattern of search for omitted rewards. Thus, extinction reveals a continuum in persistence, in which low values might reflect a susceptibility to the negative effects of stress and might predispose individuals to depression.
Stability of the Na + Form of the Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex: Role of Adenines in Stabilizing G-Quadruplex Structure.

G-quadruplexes are higher order DNA structures that play significant roles in gene transcription and telomeric maintenance. The formation and stability of the G-quadruplex structures are under thermodynamic control and may be of biological significance for regulatory function of cellular processes. Here, we report the structural influence and energetic contributions of the adenine bases in the loop sequences that flank G-repeats in human telomeric DNA sequence. Spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques are used to measure the thermal stability and thermodynamic contributions to the stability of human telomeric G-quadruplexes that have been designed with systematic changes of A to T throughout the telomeric sequence. These studies demonstrate that the thermal stability of the G-quadruplex structure is directly related to the number and position of the adenines that are present in the telomeric sequence. The melting temperature (Tm) was reduced from 59 °C for the wild-type sequence to 47 °C for the sequence where all four adenines were replaced with thymines (0123TTT). Furthermore, the enthalpy required for transitioning from the folded to unfolded G-quadruplex structure was reduced by 15 kcal/mol when the adenines were replaced with thymines (37 kcal/mol for the wild-type telomeric sequence reduced to 22 kcal/mol for the sequence where all four adenines were replaced with thymines (0123TTT)). The circular dichroism melting studies for G-quadruplex sequences having a single A to T change showed significantly sloping pretransition baselines and their differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms revealed biphasic melting profiles. In contrast, the deoxyoligonucleotides having sequences with two or more A to T changes did not exhibit sloping baselines or biphasic DSC thermograms. We attribute the biphasic unfolding profile and reduction in the enthalpy of unfolding to the energetic contributions of adenine hydrogen bonding within the loops as well as the adenine stacking to the G-tetrads of the G-quadruplex structure.
Transformative Spaces: The Library as Panopticon

This paper seeks to describe and understand the nature of library experiences that both conjure immersion in different worlds, and yet relate to the physical spaces in which they occur. What does the library space make possible and what does it prohibit? Using Foucault’s account of panopticism to unpack layers of surveillance, docility and agency within library sites, this paper seeks to gain a richer understanding of panopticism and the library as a social institution. A discussion of Foucault’s panopticism is followed by the identification of areas where application of his concept might be useful to scholars and practitioners seeking to understand the experience of library users in their interaction and encounters with information interfaces, both interpersonal and technological.
Next Generation Sequencing in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.

Although the outcomes have improved in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), there is a limited arsenal of treatment options at the oncologist's disposal. The options range from enzalutamide and abiraterone (hormone-based therapies), docetaxel and cabazitaxel (chemotherapy), and radium-223 (radioactive isotope), but beyond these medications there are no other options and additionally none of these options are curative.1 Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), including Guardant360, allows clinicians to sequence tumor tissues or blood samples in a short timeframe. The use of NGS for patients is a new outlet to identify therapies that would otherwise not be selected when potentially appropriate. The NGS platform Guardant360 constructs a genomic profile by analyzing 72 somatic cancer-associated genes from circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) derived from serum. The implications of the data from NGS can be used to guide treatment with the potential for finding a sui generis target within a tumor sample giving patients personalized therapeutic options. Herein, we discuss a case of mCRPC treated with a targeted therapy based on the patient's ctDNA results and provide insight into the future considerations for NGS.
Experimental Determination and Measurement of Photoresponses

In treatises on the measurement of photobehavior, the emphasis in the past has almost exclusively been on how to conduct and record the actual observations of the phenomena under study. The problem of how to apply the photic stimulus is usually discussed in much less detail, probably because this is a fairly straightforward matter. However, a most important area of nearly total neglect has been the question of the preparation and conditioning of the cells prior to an experiment. I firmly believe that this is the reason for much of the often observed incompatibility of results obtained in different laboratories for the same organism. As I have pointed out in a recent review (1), a total of more than 20 published action spectra for photomovement in Euglena have very few details in common — in fact, an untrained reader of this body of literature would probably be able to draw only one firm conclusion, viz, that this cell is particularly sensitive to blue light.
PROPAGATION IN STRATIFIED MAGNETO-PLASMA MEDIA

It is the purpose of the present chapter to consider the interaction of electromagnetic waves and plasma for a special class of two-dimensional problems [Wait, 1961]. The geometry is chosen initially so the wave propagation is essentially transverse to the magnetic field. Such a restriction permits a straightforward and exact solution of a relevant boundary value problem to be obtained. When the magnetic field is not transverse to the direction of propagation the formulation is a great deal more complicated; however, approximate and useful results for such cases are considered in a relatively simple fashion. Finally, the results are used to demonstrate the importance of the terrestrial field in v.l.f. propagation.
SOME SCALE-UP CONSIDERATIONS FOR FERMENTATION MIXERS

ABSTRACT Mixing is an integral part of fermentation process. This paper will describe some of the current techniques in use in analyzing the quantitative and qualitative performance of mixers in this operation.
Chaadaev and Tiutchev

Peter Chaadaev and Fedor Tiutchev were figures of a type: brilliant, aphoristic, melancholic, sceptical, comme il faut to a fault; moulded by their sojourns abroad, they struck their countrymen as "Russian ?migr?s from Europe" (I. Aksakov)1; superb speakers and writers of French, they produced what is perhaps the best prose in the language ever penned by a Russian hand; both suffered much, and in private: Chaadaev because of the Telescope affair and the consequent legend of his insanity, Tiutchev because of his passionate and doomed love affair with Elena Denis'eva. In the 1840s and 1850s Chaadaev and Tiutchev enjoyed a position of special prestige in their respective spheres: the former in the salons of Moscow, the latter in the Petersburg beau monde. Their impact went beyond the immediate circles of Westernisers and Slavophiles: Chaadaev and Tiutchev were socially fashionable, Tiutchev even more than the thinker. This was still an age when novel theories, strange dogmas and paradoxical principles were in great vogue among the significant section of high society that affected an interest in matters literary, philosophical and historical. Pushkin's biographer Pavel Annenkov speaks of "ideas [which] appeared like idols, with a genealogy that was obscure, demanding unconditional adulation"2; the advent of the thick journals marked the end of this period. The friendship between the thinker and the poet began upon the latter's return to Russia in 1844 after a 22-year absence3: thereafter Tiutchev made yearly visits to the old capital, where he would see Chaadaev; by 1846 we find the poet referring to him in a somewhat amused tone, not unlike the one employed by Viazemskii on similar occasions (letter to Madame Tiutchev of August 14):
AWGR-based optical processor-to-memory communication for low-latency, low-energy vault accesses

Memory cubes (MCs), following the general concept of Micron's Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC), represent a promising memory architecture for high scalability and energy efficiency due to their partitioned 3D-stacked DRAM, high-speed serial links, abstract packet-switched interface, and on-die switching fabric connecting the host processor with the MC's different partitions ('vaults'). While previous studies have shown that implementing processor-to-MC links with silicon-photonic (SiP) integrated optical links offers higher energy efficiency and bandwidth density, they keep the electrical switching fabric inside the MC die and perform signal conversion prior to routing packets across the switch. We believe that the technological limitations of electrical interconnects in terms of energy consumption, the large size of MC dies, the high radix of the on-die switch, and the bandwidth demands will all ultimately turn the on-MC switching fabric into a critical issue in terms of energy and latency. Using an integrated optical switching fabric alleviates all of these issues and allows the host processor to directly communicate with the MC vaults by exploiting wavelength routing, thereby eliminating the need for electrical switch traversal. In particular, we propose to use Arrayed Waveguide Grating Routers (AWGRs) which offer a compact SiP switching fabric with a connectivity pattern that is ideal as the on-MC switch. Our simulation results show that exploiting AWGRs and direct processor-to-vault communication reduces both MC access energy and latency by up to 40% (on average) on PARSEC/SPLASH-2 workloads.
The Dark Side of Satisficing: Setting the Temperature of Creative Thinking

Effective creative work requires both "hot" (exploratory) and "cool" (exploitative) thinking. Unfortunately, many people (especially novices) under-explore, jumping to the "cool'' part too quickly, because they assume their current thinking "has to be" the path. This paper presents empirical results of how metaphorical problem framing scaffolds can influence creative performance. The task used De Bono's "Thinking Hats." In a between-subjects experiment comparing exploratory to exploitative problem frames, the exploratory problem frame led to more original designs and more diverse ideas during brainstorming. This work provides an empirical baseline of how -- even for short tasks -- assigning people responsibility for broad thinking leads to better creative work.
Mass culture versus class culture: some reflections on The Asian American Achievement Paradox

ABSTRACTThis comment argues that scholars have been too quick to dismiss Confucian culture as an explanation for the exceptional educational attainment of second generation Asian Americans. It show...
A comprehensive sequential strategy for structural equation modeling of traffic barrier crashes

The severity of traffic barrier crashes has been modeled in the literature based on human, road, and traffic barrier factors. However, all these factors interact in a complicated way so the relatio...
Disentangling the Relationships Between the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Calcium Physiology, and Risk for Kidney Stones

CONTEXT Complex relationships between aldosterone and calcium homeostasis have been proposed. OBJECTIVE To disentangle the influence of aldosterone and intravascular volume on calcium physiology. DESIGN Patient-oriented and epidemiology studies. SETTING Clinical research center and nationwide cohorts. PARTICIPANTS/INTERVENTIONS Patient-oriented study (n = 18): Participants were evaluated after completing a sodium-restricted (RES) diet to contract intravascular volume and after a liberalized-sodium (LIB) diet to expand intravascular volume. Cross-sectional studies (n = 3755): the association between 24h urinary sodium and calcium excretion and risk for kidney stones was assessed. RESULTS Patient-oriented study: compared to a RES-diet, a LIB-diet suppressed renin activity (LIB: 0.3 [0.1, 0.4] vs. RES: 3.1 [1.7, 5.3] ng/mL/h; P < 0.001) and plasma aldosterone (LIB: 2.0 [2.0, 2.7] vs. RES: 20.0 [16.1, 31.0] vs. ng/dL; P < 0.001), but increased calciuria (LIB: 238.4 ± 112.3 vs. RES: 112.9 ± 60.8 mg/24hr; P < 0.0001) and decreased serum calcium (LIB: 8.9 ± 0.3 vs. RES: 9.8 ± 0.4 mg/dL; P < 0.0001). Epidemiology study: mean urinary calcium excretion was higher with greater urinary sodium excretion. Compared to a urinary sodium excretion of < 120 mEq/day, a urinary sodium excretion of ≥220 mEq/day was associated with a higher risk for having kidney stones in women (risk ratio = 1.79 [95% confidence interval 1.05, 3.04]) and men (risk ratio = 2.06 [95% confidence interval 1.27, 3.32]). CONCLUSIONS High dietary sodium intake suppresses aldosterone, decreases serum calcium, and increases calciuria and the risk for developing kidney stones. Our findings help disentangle the influences of volume from aldosterone on calcium homeostasis and provide support for the recommendation to restrict dietary sodium for kidney stone prevention.
Building Battery Energy Storage System Performance Data into an Economic Assessment

Economic assessments of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) rely on optimal dispatch methods to capture temporal interdependency of BESS operations and coupling among different grid applications. Many existing BESS economic assessment studies are based on a simplified first-order scalar model using BESS nameplate numbers. Such a method cannot accurately capture varying capabilities and nonlinear dynamics of a BESS, leading to inaccurate assessment results. This paper presents a practical implementation of performance data into the economic assessment of the BESSs recently developed within the Snohomish Public Utility District system in Washington State. Extensive testing conducted over multiple seasons is used to assess the technical performance and develop high-fidelity models of the BESSs. A dynamic programming algorithm is proposed to optimally dispatch the BESSs and assess the potential benefits from stacked value streams. The proposed method can be adapted for the economic assessment of other BESSs with different applications.
ITER millimeter-wave CTS diagnostic option

Localized alpha-particle velocity distribution and density, ion temperature, DT fuel ratio, and internal magnetic field pitch angle can all be potentially diagnosed by a collective Thomson scattering system. Relativistic electron cyclotron calculations and TORAY ray tracing for 6 tesla ITER parameters indicate that 90 GHz is an optimum frequency for this diagnostic. With 400 kW at the plasma and a 90/spl deg/ scattering angle, signal to noise ratios approaching 100 are possible for 0.5% n/sub e/, alpha-particle fractions and 100 ms integration times. A millimeter wave system would be robust and adaptable to the ITER environment and access.
Health and Human Development

Living a long and healthy life is a universal human aspiration. In fact, in many parts of the world, life expectancies have increased dramatically, primarily due to great progress in the treatment and prevention of disease. This necessary focus on disease has not been accompanied, however, by a corresponding focus on health. Fortunately, there is growing evidence that this is changing. Driving this change is an apparent convergence of theoretical frameworks used in human development, developmental psychology, and medicine around the idea that health and positive development are best addressed from a systems perspective that is capable of conceptualizing the whole person-in-context as the proper target of attention. Complementing this theoretical shift has been a vigorous new emphasis on positive psychology, which features an emphasis on personal and contextual strengths as assets that promote health and well-being. A review of contemporary empirical research that examines these complex relationships confirms that a shift from a disease and deficit model of human development and health toward a more positive and strength-based approach is both timely and warranted. These developments have important implications for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers, although it is clear that the extent and precise nature of these implications are just beginning to be explored. Keywords: health; developmental systems; positive psychology
The synthesis of polymers from phenylphosphonic diisocyanate and diamines

Phenylphosphonic diisocyanate has been prepared and polymers from its condensation with diamines using the interfacial technique are reported. The polymers are believed to contain the following repeating structure: Die Grenzflachenpolykondensation von Phenylphosphonsaurediisocyanat mit verschiedenen Diaminen wird beschrieben. Die Polymeren haben wahrscheinlich die folgende Struktur:
Equipment for the Remote Demolding, Sizing, and Inspection of EBR-II Cast Fuel Pins

>A semiautomatic, radiation-resistant machine is developed for the remote manufacture and inspection of E BR-II fuel pins from injection castings. Castings are stripped from Vycor molds by a device that breaks the molds. Fuel pins are cut from castings by shearing and are inspected. An air gage, balance, length comparator, and eddy current probe provide progressive diameter, weight, length, and internal quality signals. These signals are fed into a computer that gives digital indications of diameter, weight, length, volume, and density, plus an internal quality trace. The accuracy of diameter, weight, and length measurements is 0.0002 in., 0.1 gm, and 0.01 in. respectively. (auth)
Dynamics of formation of soliton conductivity in a 2D-array of linear chains containing commensurate charge density waves near the contact with a normal metal

We make a numerical study of the conversion of conduction electrons into charge density wave (CDW) topological solitons at the interface between a normal metal and a 2D-array of the CDW-carrying linear chains. The interplay of commensurability potential, interchain interaction, and electric field on the dynamics of soliton formation is studied. When the interchain interaction exceeds the commensurability energy, the dynamic mechanism of creation of fractionally charged solitons near the contact is suppressed and specific contact nonlinearity in transport current is not observed.
Induction of a serotonergic and neuronal phenotype in thyroid C-cells

We have investigated whether rat thyroid C-cells can acquire a phenotype similar to serotonergic neurons. C-cells are neural crest derived endocrine cells with some intrinsic neuronal and serotonergic properties. A relatively simple isolation scheme yielded cultures of about 50% initial purity, as measured by fluorescence activated cell sorting. These enriched C-cells could extend neurites up to 550 microns on a laminin-containing substratum in the presence of NGF. The cultured C-cells expressed neurofilaments and this expression was enhanced by NGF treatment. The C-cells also expressed two markers of the sympathoadrenal neural crest lineage, the mammalian achaete scute homolog-1 (MASH-1) transcription factor, and the B2 cell surface antigen. Interestingly, MASH-1 was not detectable after the C-cells were placed in culture, which is consistent with neuronal differentiation, since MASH-1 is only expressed in neuronal progenitors prior to differentiation. We then demonstrated that C-cells possess the fundamental features of serotonergic neurons: synthesis and secretion, uptake, and feedback control. The enriched C-cells, as well as the CA77 C-cell line, showed 5-HT immunostaining, expression of tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA, 5-HT1B autoreceptor mRNA, and 5-HT transporter mRNA and activity. NGF greatly induced 5-HT transporter activity as determined by sensitivity to sertraline, a selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor. Based on these results, we propose that thyroid C-cells are derived from a vagal sympathoadrenal progenitor, similar to serotonergic enteric neurons, and can undergo neuronal transdifferentiation. Hence, these cells should provide suitable and convenient models for molecular and cellular studies on serotonergic neurons.
Comparison of DNA content parameters in paired, fresh tissue pretreatment biopsies and surgical resections from squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Abstract Objective: Cellular DNA characteristics derived from pretreatment biopsy (PTB) may become important for predicting treatment outcomes in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). Whether the PTB adequately represents the whole specimen is of critical importance. Study Design: In a series of >700 HNSCCs, we identified 59 cases in which the PTB and the surgical resection (SR) met the following criteria: PTB and SR were from the same site, and SR was obtained within 5 weeks of PTB with no intervening treatments. Results: Twenty-nine percent of the PTB specimens were DNA diploid. Only 1 of the 11 subsequent DNA diploid SR was associated with a DNA aneuploid PTB (91% concordance). Of the 48 DNA aneuploid tumors, 3 were associated with DNA diploid PTB (94% concordance). Three other DNA aneuploid SRs were associated with PTB of poor quality. Conclusion: With respect to DNA ploidy, PTB are representative of SR specimens. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003;128:169-77.)
Distribution of muscarinic cholinergic high and low affinity agonist binding sites: A light microscopic autoradiographic study

The distribution of high vs. low affinity muscarinic agonist binding sites has been determined using quantitative techniques of receptor autoradiography. The low affinity agonist sites predominate in many regions of the forebrain including the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus. The high affinity agonist sites predominate in the brainstem and represent exclusively the type of muscarinic cholinergic receptor normally present in the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, facial nerve nucleus, hypoglossal nerve nucleus, and in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. The regional localization of these subpopulations provides valuable information for future studies which seek to determine the functional importance of subtypes of muscarinic agonist binding sites.
Cranial nerve dysfunction in conscious galactosemic rats as measured by the auditory-evoked brainstem response.

The purpose of this study was to extend our previous work with the auditory- evoked brainstem response and determine whether galactosemia would produce a functional neuropathy similar to that previously seen in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats implanted with cortical electrodes received either normal chow (n = 17) or a 50% galactose diet (n = 17) for 5 weeks. Peak II latency of the auditory-evoked brainstem response, interpreted as a functional measure of the auditory nerve (VIII cranial) in rats, was significantly prolonged in galactose-fed rats relative to controls (P c 0.05). These results demonstrate a functional deficit in the auditory nerves of galactosemic rats. The deficit in the auditory-evoked brainstem response of galac- tosemic rats is similar to our previous finding in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. (P.S.E.B.M. 1990, Vol 1931
Roadside ditches as conduits of fecal indicator organisms and sediment: implications for water quality management.

Roadside ditches are ubiquitous, yet their role in water pollution conveyance has largely been ignored, especially for bacteria and sediment. The goal of this study was to determine if roadside ditches are conduits for fecal indicator organisms and sediment, and if land use, specifically manure amendment, affects the concentrations and loadings. Seven roadside ditches in central New York, adjacent to either manure amended fields or predominately forested land, were monitored for one year for Escherichia coli (E. coli), total suspended solids (TSS) and flow. E. coli concentrations in water samples following storms averaged 4616 MPN of E. coli/100 mL. Concentrations reached as high as >241,960 MPN of E. coli/100 mL and frequently exceeded New York State and US EPA recommendations. Concentrations peaked in both summers following manure spreading, with declining levels thereafter. However, viable organisms were detected throughout the year. The concentrations were also high in the forested sites, with possible sources including wildlife, pets, septic wastes and livestock. E. coli concentrations and loadings were related to TSS concentrations and loadings, whether manure had been spread in the last 30 days and for concentrations only, antecedent rainfall. Viable E. coli were also present in ditch sediment between storm events and were available for resuspension and transport. Total suspended solids concentrations averaged 0.51 g/L and reached as high as 52.2 g/L. Loads were similarly high, at an average of 631.6 kg/day. Both concentrations and loads tended to be associated with discharge and rainfall parameters. The cumulative pollutant contribution from the ditch network was estimated to be large enough to produce detectable and sometimes high concentrations in a receiving stream in a small, rural watershed. Roadside drainage networks need to be actively managed for water quality improvements, because they capture and rapidly shunt stormwater and associated contaminants to streams.
Standards for drug abuse treatment providers

Abstract The College on Problems of Drug Dependence (CPDD) is the largest organization in the United States whose primary mission is the advancement of scientific knowledge about drug abuse disorders. The College membership is comprised of a multi-disciplinary group of scientists including many with expertise in treatment research and evaluation. The CPDD holds an annual meeting to disseminate the latest scientific findings in the field of drug abuse research, publishes a leading scientific journal devoted to studies of substance abuse (Drug and Alcohol Dependence) and educates policy makers regarding the scientific basis for various policy directions. This policy statement is one in a series of educational documents that are available on the CPDD website (cpdd.org). It discusses the current status of standards for drug abuse treatment delivery and provides recommendations that may help to shape future policy in this area. Specifically, it is recommended that evaluation standards should be focused on objective patient outcomes using assessment domains including treatment retention and urinalysis evidence of drug abstinence that have been effectively used for many years in treatment outcome research.
Dysphoria and electronically monitored home confinement

The use of electronics to control and punish offenders in the community has rapidly expanded in the last decade. However, the effects of electronically monitored home confinement on the mental health of offenders have not been adequately investigated. This article presents the findings of a study designed to probe the effects of electronically enforced home confinement on the level of dysphoria experienced by offenders under community supervision. The article presents data on reported levels of dysphoria among electronically monitored felony probationers and parolees residing in two large metropolitan areas in the southwestern United States. The results indicate that there is no evidence of any change in level of reported dysphoria as a result of electronically monitored home confinement.