cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Vertical File: An Overview and Guide

Call it a vertical file, an information file, a pamphlet file, or give it any one of a number of more creative titles. Regardless of its name, this file is likely to be the place in your library that will offer the best and most workable storage for what are commonly called “ephemeral materials.” Such materials include pamphlets, documents, clippings or photocopies from newspapers or magazines, newsletters, annual reports, flyers, maps, charts, pictures, posters, or occasional sample periodicals, any or all of which may be relevant to your library's collection.
Synthesis of LaRhAsO and superconductivity within the LaFe1−xRhxAsO system

Abstract The compound LaRhAsO is reported for the first time. We show that an entire LaFe 1− x Rh x AsO solid solution is possible. Powder X-ray diffraction, resistivity and magnetic measurements were carried out on polycrystalline samples. Superconductivity onset is observed for x = 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 with a maximum resistivity T c onset of ∼16 K. The fluorine doped samples of the new compound LaRhAsO remain metallic down to 5 K.
Radical cyclization–fragmentation of ω-haloalkyl cyclobutanones: a modular approach to medium-sized carbocycles

Abstract A facile radical cyclization–fragmentation sequence of ω-haloalkyl-tethered spirocyclobutanones, which are readily available by the Kulinkovich cyclopropanation of cycloalkene carboxylates and subsequent electrophilic addition to haloalkyl acetals, provides a convenient method for appending seven- and eight-membered rings onto cycloalkene carboxylates. An enantioselective preparation of a medium-sized carbocycle is possible by the use of a non-racemic, C 2 -symmetric acetal.
Toward efficient aeroelastic energy harvesting: device performance comparisons and improvements through synchronized switching

This paper presents experimental energy harvesting efficiency analysis of a piezoelectric device driven to limit cycle oscillations by an aeroelastic flutter instability. Wind tunnel testing of the flutter energy harvester was used to measure the power extracted through a matched resistive load as well as the variation in the device swept area over a range of wind speeds. The efficiency of this energy harvester was shown to be maximized at a wind speed of about 2.4 m/s, which corresponds to a limit cycle oscillation (LCO) frequency that matches the first natural frequency of the piezoelectric structure. At this wind speed, the overall system efficiency was 2.6%, which exceeds the peak efficiency of other comparably sized oscillator-based wind energy harvesters using either piezoelectric or electromagnetic transduction. Active synchronized switching techniques are proposed as a method to further increase the overall efficiency of this device by both boosting the electrical output and also reducing the swept area by introducing additional electrical energy dissipation. Real-time peak detection and switch control is the major technical challenge to implementing such active power electronics schemes in a practical system where the wind speed and the corresponding LCO frequency are not generally known or constant. A promising microcontroller (MCU) based peak detector is implemented and tested over a range of operating wind speeds.
Ritual landscapes. Toward a reinterpretation of stone age rock art in Tr⊘ndelag, Norway

The topographical setting of Stone Age rock art localities in Tr⊘ndelag, Norway is discussed from both diachronic and synchronic perspectives. Two different types of localities are found. One type, found at topographical landmarks, was probably used for transition rituals, while the other type, located at less distinct topographical features, was probably linked to aggregation sites, being used for rituals attended by larger groups. In the same area Bronze Age type rock art is also found. During a transition period both Stone Age and Bronze Age rock art appears to have been executed, representing contemporary groups of hunter‐gatherers and farmers. The traditional interpretation of the Stone Age rock art as representing hunting magic is rejected.
Green element procedures for transport accompanied by nonlinear reaction

Abstract Certain key characteristics of a general transport process accompanied by a mathematical non-linearity of the governing equation due to the chemical reaction term are studied with a hybrid boundary integral technique known as the Green element method (GEM). The weighting function employed is the singular solution of the one-dimensional Laplace equation, and the non-linearity is resolved by the standard Newton–Raphson and Picard methods. A number of illustrative problems are solved using this algorithm, and in each case, it is simply demonstrated that GEM is both reliable and adequate for the accurate prediction of field variables.
Effect of Coil Design on the Temperature and Velocity Fields during Solidification in Electromagnetic Stirring Processes

This paper examines the role of induction coil design on stirring of molten metal in electromagnetic (EM) solidification processes. A model is presented to describe the EM, heat transfer, and fluid flow phenomena in these processes. It is based on a dual-zone description of the mushy region, and accounts for damping of turbulence by the solidified crystallites. The electromagnetic field equations were solved using the mutual inductance technique, while the temperature and turbulent flow fields were calculated using the control volume method. Calculations were performed for solidification of an Al–Cu alloy placed in a stationary magnetic field generated by an induction coil. The effect of coil design on the flow structure was investigated for three different coil positions. It was found that changing the coil position significantly alters the flow pattern from four recirculating loops when the coil is above the midsection of the melt to two loops, typical of a travelling magnetic field, when the coil is at the base of the melt. This significantly modifies the rate of solidification across the ingot, as well as the temperature gradient, in the mushy region. The decay of the velocity and turbulent fields in the mushy region was found to be exponential, with the maximum rate of decay at the solidification front. These results indicate that through changes in coil design, it is possible to control the flow characteristics and solidification behavior in the molten metal.
SIMPLE LABORATORY EXPERIMENT ON COMPUTER -GENERATED HOLOGRAMS

Robert A. Gonsalves John D. ProhaskaElectro-Optics Technology CenterTufts UniversityMedford, MA 02155AbstractWe present a recipe for preparation of holograms without use of photography or any special equipment. The holograms are computer-generated on a personal computer, the data is printed on a Hewlett Packard jet printer, and the hologram is printed on an overhead transparency in the last of three photo-copy reductions. The image can then be reconstructed with a simple laser, collimator, lens, vidicon camera, set-up. The presentation includes a hologram which a reader can photo-copy and use directly.1. IntroductionIn the Fall of 1987 we decided to include computer-generated holograms as part of a Fourier Optics lab course. The students wrote simple programs to compute fresnel zone plates and the holograms of several point sources. The mathematical patterns were printed with an inexpensive laser printer (Hewlett Packard Model) , the hard copy was photographed with a 35 mm camera, and the film was developed with conventional wet processing. The 35 mm negatives were put in a coherent optical bench to reconstruct the point sources.Problems arose when we tried to compress this activity into a neat, 3-hour lab with 24 students. Assume the worst and you get the picture. Several of the 8 groups did complete the lab, after about 9 hours of work, but most had trouble with the camera/processing steps and had to settle for less-than-perfect reconstructions.In a post-mortem of the lab we decided to try to eliminate the camera and wet processing. The easiest thing to do was to photo-reduce the copies from the laser jet printer and to use an overhead transparency. After some refinements and much to our surprise, it works! In this report we provide some details.2. The HologramThe theory of holography is presented elsewhere [1,2]. A hologram records on film the light intensity coming from an object. Since film stores only a real, non-negative image, a reference wave is added to record both amplitude and phase of the light signal.
Treatment of Voice Disorders in Medically Complex Children

A recent prevalence study revealed that laryngeal pathologies, including subglottic stenosis, laryngomalacia, vocal cord paralysis, and papillomatosis, are common in children. Children with these a...
An endogenous annual clock in the toxic marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis

Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis (synonyms Protogonyaulax tamarensis1 and Alexandrium tamarense2) cause outbreaks of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in coastal waters throughout the world. In the Gulf of Maine, episodes occur between April and November, a seasonally due in part to life-cycle alternations between motile, vegetative cells and resting cysts which overwinter in bottom sediments3,4. Newly formed cysts have a mandatory 2–6 month dormancy period during which germination is not possible5, but once mature, the resting state will continue if temperatures are unfavourable5 or oxygen is unavailable6. We now report another factor controlling germination of cysts of G. tamarensis from deep coastal waters—an endogenous annual clock that can override an otherwise favourable environment for germination. Similar annual variability in germination has not been observed for cysts of this species from shallow estuaries. These results represent the first conclusive demonstration of an endogenous circannual rhythm in a marine plant. They are evolutioiiarily and ecologically significant because an endogenous annual clock can lead to the release of motile cells into deep and relatively invariant bottom waters at those times when temperature and light at the surface are suitable for growth. In shallow waters where seasonal variability is large and extends to bottom sediments, a strategy similar to that of the seeds of terrestrial plants would be more appropriate, namely a direct coupling between germination and the external environment.
Finite-element Method For EWR Tool In a Borehole Intersected By Bed Boundaries

resistivity sensor including cutouts in the drill collar. Several numerical examples are presented including borehole orthogonally Details of a finite-element-method (FEM) are presented for intersected by bed boundaries. The results compare well with analyzing the response of electromagnetic well logging sensors. experiments and appropriate limiting cases. Theory is applied to model the response of an electromagneticwave-resistivity (EWR) sensor (Rodney et al. 1983, 1988; Clark THEORY et al. 1988) in the presence of a cylindrically symmetric formation intersected by bed boundaries. A computer algorithm and code Consider the EWR tool and the induction logging problem based on this work have been developed from first principles. of an electromagnetic field induced by a transmitter dipole in a Some considerations, such as size of the element, boundary formation having multiple layered horizontal beds, as shown in conditions and details of the tool geometry are taken into account. Fig. 1. The energy functional F in the problem region to be Results obtained by this method agree well analytical theories (Yu minimized by finite-element analysis (Brooks and Hall 1989) is et al. 1983), experimental data, and other numerical methods given by (Brooks and Hall 1989).
Effect of acute xanthine oxidase inhibition on myocardial energetics during basal and very high cardiac workstates.

Myocardial ischemia is associated with reduced myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and increased free adenosine diphosphate (ADP) similar to the normal heart at very high cardiac workstates (HCW). We examined whether acute xanthine oxidase inhibition (XOI) in vivo can decrease myocardial free ADP in normal hearts functioning at basal cardiac workstates (BCW) or very HCW (catecholamine-induced). Myocardial high-energy phosphate (31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy), blood flow (radioactive microspheres), and oxygen consumption (MVO2) were measured in an open-chest canine model before and after infusion of vehicle or an XO inhibitor (allopurinol or febuxostat; n = 10 in each group) during BCW and infusion of dobutamine + dopamine to induce a very HCW. During BCW, both allopurinol and febuxostat resulted in higher phosphocreatine (PCr)/ATP, corresponding to lower ADP levels. During vehicle infusion, HCW caused a decrease of PCr/ATP and an increase in myocardial free ADP. Although XOI did not prevent an increase in free ADP during catecholamine infusion, the values in the allopurinol or febuxostat groups (0.141 ± 0.012 and 0.136 ± 0.011 μmol/g dry wt, respectively) remained significantly less than in the vehicle group (0.180 ± 0.017; P < 0.05). Thus, at a given rate of ATP synthesis, XOI decreased the free ADP level needed to drive ATP synthesis, suggesting a more energy-efficient status. As contractile dysfunction in ischemia is characterized by increase of myocardial free ADP and energy deficiency, the data suggest that XOI might be a potential therapy for improving energy efficiency during myocardial ischemia.
Sociology and Social Justice: The Case Study of Joseph Fichter S.J.'s Research

Unlike some vf the others particiFzating in this symposium, I was not an especially close friend or apprentice tO Joseph Fichter, although I knew him, corresponded with hi1n and, of course, admired him as a person and social science professional greatly. I have read and studied the bulk of his published work but it does not much touch my own deepest research interests. Where he was more concerned with small microounits, l am more interested in whole national populations (Coleman 1978, 1982). Where Fichter rather openly dis dained s(;)ciological theory as so much excess baggage to "the facts," I had sat at the feet of Robert Bellah in graduate school and thought that any adequate diagnostic must also include a therapeutic and that both depended on theoretiS cal presuppositions brought to bear on the research (Bellah 1970, 1985). Even when Fichter and I shared a co1nmon sociological interest as, for example, in understanding Catholic charismatics, I much preferred Meredith McOuire's ( 1982) more suStle and theoretically informed thick description to Fichter's (1975) somewhat flatter survey which did not tell us very much about the actual dynamics by which charismatics influenced the Catholic Church or how the church found symbolic and organizational means to strongly transform this, essentially and originally Protestant, movement into a Catholic type, with an eventual acceptance arld accentuation of hierarchy, sacraments, and a Catholic rhetoric of conversion which stresses continuities more than dramatic breaks. Fichter and I do come together, however, on two Ewoints. We are both Jesuit sociologists and we are both concerned with the role of sociology in promoting social change toward more just societies.
Microbial growth effects of petroleum and shale-derived fuels

The dependence upon petroleum as the source of various fuels has prompted an intensive investigation of other hydrocarbon sources to supplement or supplant the requirement for petroleum products. These investigations address the technology, economics, and environmental aspects of obtaining mixed hydrocarbons from sources such as shale and coal. Studies of the interaction of hydrocarbons with microorganisms have been directed to the identity of the organisms involved and the conditions under which hydrocarbons are degraded or utilized. The purpose of this study was to examine the utilization and/or toxicity of several hydrocarbon fuels and also consider some fundamental aspects of hydrocarbon microbiology. Specifically, the following questions were addressed: 1. Does non-utilization of a complex hydrocarbon mixture necessarily imply that the microorganisms experience a toxic effect. 2. What is the effect on microbial growth kinetics of various fuels derived from shale oil. 3. Can some components of a hydrocarbon fuel be utilized solely in the water soluble form. 4. What are the primary growth promoting or inhibiting components in a hydrocarbon fuel.
Testing for horizontal and vertical foreign investment spillovers in China, 1998–2007

As with many developing countries, the Chinese government hopes that knowledge brought by multinationals will spill over to domestic industries and increase their productivity. In this paper, we show that foreign investment originating outside of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan has positive effects on individual firm level productivity, while foreign investment from HKMT firms does not. We also test for both horizontal (within the same industry) and vertical (upstream or downstream) linkages from foreign investment. Using a manufacturing firm-level panel for 1998 through 2007, we find zero or weak positive horizontal externalities. However, our results show that foreign direct investment (FDI) has generated positive productivity spillovers to domestic firms via backward linkages (the contacts between foreign affiliates and their local suppliers in downstream sectors) as well as forward linkages (between foreign suppliers and their local buyers in the upstream sectors).
Algorithms for designing multimedia servers

In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive admission control algorithm, in which a client is admitted for service by a multimedia server only if the extrapolation from the past measurements of the storage server performance characteristics indicates that the service requirements of all the clients can be met satisfactorily. Each client may request the retrieval of a variable bit rate (VBR) encoded media stream, and may require a different quality of service. We also present a disk scheduling algorithm that minimizes both seek time and rotational latency incurred while accessing a sequence of media blocks from disk. We examine the effects of a finite read-ahead on the quality of service provided to each admitted client. The effectiveness of the admission control and disk scheduling algorithms is demonstrated through extensive simulations.
Framed torsion-free sheaves on CP2, Hilbert schemes, and representations of infinite dimensional Lie algebras

Abstract We construct representations of both Heiseberg and Clifford algebras on the equivariant cohomology of the moduli space of framed torsion-free sheaves on P 2 , as well as on the equivariant cohomology of the Hilbert scheme of points on the resolution of a type A simple singularity. This generalizes the earlier work of Nakajima, Grojnowski, and others.
Positive influence of organizational charitable involvement on perceptions of credibility and purchase intention

Abstract The influence of charity involvement on perceptions of the organization's communication of charitable activity was examined experimentally. Results suggest that the inclusion of charity statements on an organization's homepage leads to more positive evaluations of organizational credibility and higher purchase intention. In crisis scenarios, charitable involvement neither negatively nor positively influences perceptions of credibility.
The potential role of newer gram-positive antibiotics in the setting of osteomyelitis of adults.

SummaryWhat is known and Objective To summarize available literature regarding the potential role of linezolid, daptomycin, telavancin, tigecycline and ceftaroline for the treatment of osteomyelitis caused by resistant gram-positive organisms. Methods Literature was obtained through PubMed searches from January 1980 to October 2011 using the terms osteomyelitis, bone, linezolid, daptomycin, telavancin, tigecycline and ceftaroline. Results were limited to those published in English. All articles identified from the PubMed searches were evaluated. Any published data related to bone penetration (animal or human) or clinical outcomes in adult osteomyelitis of these agents were included in the review. Results and Discussion Animal models report bone concentrations of 2·3 mcg/dL (vertebral) for linezolid, 0·45 mcg/mL (tibiae) for daptomycin, 0·78 mcg/mL (tibiae) for tigecycline and 0·27 mcg/mL (tibiae) for telavancin; no data are available for ceftaroline. Human studies demonstrate bone concentrations of 4·6, 17·0 and 3·9 mcg/mL (sternal, metatarsal and cancellous bone respectively) for linezolid, 4·7 mcg/mL (metatarsal) for daptomycin and 0·078 mcg/mL (unspecified) for tigecycline; no data are available for telavancin and ceftaroline. Retrospective cohort data, and prospective/retrospective case series support the use of linezolid in this setting; however, side-effects may limit use. Retrospective and prospective cohort data support daptomycin use. A retrospective case series is available supporting the use of telavancin. No data are available supporting clinical effectiveness for ceftaroline or tigecycline in the setting of osteomyelitis. What is New and Conclusion Limited data are available evaluating the safety and efficacy of these agents in osteomyelitis in adults. Daptomycin and telavancin may be potential alternatives or second-line agents to vancomycin in selected patients. Linezolid, because of an increase in clinically important ADRs with prolonged use, should be reserved as a second- or third-line agent. Due to a lack of clinical data and poor bone penetration, along with concerns regarding outcomes in severe infections, tigecycline's potential is limited. Little data exist regarding ceftaroline use in osteomyelitis.
MHC class-II-restricted antigen presentation by myelin basic protein-specific CD4+ T cells causes prolonged desensitization and outgrowth of CD4- responders.

Abstract T cells express MHC class II glycoproteins under various conditions of activation or inflammation. To assess whether T cell APC (T-APC) activity had long-term tolerogenic consequences, myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific rat T cells were induced to acquire MBP-derived I-A complexes to promote reciprocal antigen presentation. T–T antigen presentation caused extensive cell death among T-APC and MBP-specific T responders and caused long-term desensitization of surviving responders. Addition of the anti-I-A mAb OX6 to activated I-A + responders inhibited T-APC activity, accelerated recovery from postactivation refractoriness, and prevented long-term loss of reactivity in responder T cells. Antigenic activation of responder T cells with irradiated T-APC induced profound losses in reactivity that lasted for over 1 month of propagation in IL-2 and was associated with preferential outgrowth of CD4 − T cells. Antigen-activated CD4 − T cells exhibited more rapid IL-2-dependent growth that eventually normalized compared to CD4 + T cells 1–2 months after antigen exposure. In conclusion, expression of T-APC activity by activated T cells represents an important negative feedback pathway that depletes antigen-reactive T cells and causes long-term desensitization of surviving T cells. Hence, T cell APC may be an important mechanism of self-tolerance.
δ‐Aminolevulinic acid: Influences on synaptic GABA receptor binding may explain CNS symptoms of porphyria

Symptoms of acute porphyria have been attributed to effects of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). We report that ALA selectively competes for the binding of tritiated gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) associated with synaptic GABA receptors in central nervous system membranes. Concentrations of ALA that inhibit GABA receptor binding are consistent with levels of ALA thought to exist in the central nervous system of porphyric patients. Some of the symptoms of acute porphyria resemble those elicited by muscimol, a potent GABA agonist drug. Barbiturates, which exacerbate porphyric symptoms, are potent facilitators of the synaptic actions of GABA. The results suggest that some symptoms of acute porphyria might be attributable to a mimicking by ALA of GABA at its central nervous system receptor sites.
INFLUENCE OF VARYING SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON JUDGMENTS OF INTERVIEWS

Ratings of 17 role-played interviews were made by separate raters on 17 dimensions by 17 Es serving in turn as interviewer, observer with application form, observer without application form, listener to a tape with application form, listener to a tape without an application form, and rater of application form alone. There were differences in means and correlations among the conditions (p < .05) and a differential reliance on the application blank when interviewee was observed or not observed.
Bereavement or Depression? The Impact of the Loss of a Friend to Suicide

Abstract Objective To determine whether the depressive reactions experienced by youth exposed to suicide were uncomplicated bereavement or bona fide major depression. Method In a sample of 146 friends and acquaintances of 26 adolescent suicide victims, 43 (29%) developed a depressive episode subsequent to exposure to suicide, 18 were depressed before exposure, and 85 were never depressed. The three groups were compared. Results Those who became depressed after exposure were similar to those who were depressed before exposure. Both depressed groups differed from the nondepressed exposed group with respect to functional impairment, depressive symptom pattern and severity, convergent validity with other measures of depression, personal and family history of depression, and stressful life events. Previous depressives showed greater comorbidity with nonaffective disorders than those who became depressed after exposure. Those who became depressed after exposure compared with both the previous and nondepressives had a closer relationship with the suicide victims, showed more severe grief, and showed more intense exposure to the suicide. Conclusions Depressive reactions occurring after exposure to suicide appear to be bona fide major depression, occurring as a complication of bereavement. Youth exposed to suicide should be carefully screened and followed up. Should a symptomatic picture of depression and functional impairment ensue, such exposed youth should be treated accordingly for a major depressive episode. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1993, 32, 6:1189–1197.
The effect of diffusion on the dynamics of unsteady detonations

The dynamics of a one-dimensional detonation predicted by a one-step irreversible Arrhenius kinetic model are investigated in the presence of mass, momentum and energy diffusion. A study is performed in which the activation energy is varied and the length scales of diffusion and reaction are held constant. As the activation energy is increased, the system goes through a series of period-doubling events and eventually undergoes a transition to chaos. The rate at which these bifurcation points converge is calculated and shown to be in agreement with the Feigenbaum constant. Within the chaotic regime, there exist regions in which there are limit cycles consisting of a small number of oscillatory modes. When an appropriately fine grid is used to capture mass, momentum and energy diffusion, predictions are independent of the differencing scheme. Diffusion affects the behaviour of the system by delaying the onset of instability and strongly influencing the dynamics in the unstable regime. The use of the reactive Euler equations to predict detonation dynamics in the unstable and marginally stable regimes is called into question as the selected reactive and diffusive length scales are representative of real physical systems; reactive Navier–Stokes is a more appropriate model in such regimes.
Error analysis of phase screen method in 3‐D

The purpose of the research presented in this paper is to do an error analysis of the phase screen method for forward and inverse wave propagation calculations in 3D heterogeneous acoustic media. The differential operator formalism approach is used, which provides new insight into the phase screen method. Under the assumptions that backscattering and commutator term of operators R and Q are negligible, we derive a partial differential equation and its solution corresponding to the phase screen method. The errors introduced in these derivations are also obtained. For a one-step (δz) phase screen calculation, the leading error term is in the first order of k0Δz and proportional to the error from splitting the square-root operator Q. The propagation angle should be less than 40 degrees to control the error from the splitting operator Q under 5%.
Polymer chain dimensions and the dependence of viscoelastic properties on concentration, molecular weight and solvent power

Abstract The effects of polymer concentration on chain dimensions in good solvents is discussed in order to define the boundary between the semi-dilute and concentrated regimes. Based upon the screening principle of Edwards and de Gennes, it appears that chain dimensions should approach their unperturbed values for many systems at polymer volume fractions in the range of 0.05–0.20, independent of molecular weight. From these results we propose a method for correlating viscoelastic properties in the semi-dilute region which takes into account the contraction of dimensions with concentration. We also suggest the use of a concentration-molecular weight diagram to distinguish the several regions of viscoelastic behaviour.
Phenological synchrony affects interaction strength of an exotic weevil with Platte thistle, a native host plant

Phenological synchrony of a consumer population with its resource populations is expected to affect interaction intensity. We quantified phenological variation and synchrony of populations of an invasive Eurasian flower head weevil, Rhinocyllus conicus, that consumes florets, ovules, and seeds of developing flower heads of a native North American thistle, Cirsium canescens, in Sand Hills prairie in Nebraska, USA. Variation in timing of adult activity among weevil populations was larger than variation in timing of flower head development among C. canescens populations, and it drove the observed variation in the phenological synchrony between weevil and host plant populations. Furthermore, the degree of phenological synchrony between populations was significant in explaining variation in weevil egg load on the newly acquired host plant. Because population growth of C. canescens is limited by predispersal seed losses to floral herbivores, variation in the synchrony of herbivore and plant flowering will affect the density of the plant population. These results provide strong quantitative support for the hypothesis that the synchrony of insect activity with plant resources can determine the magnitude of impact of floral herbivores on their host plant populations.
Absolute configuration of a chiral CHD group via neutron diffraction: Confirmation of the absolute stereochemistry of the enzymatic formation of malic acid

Summary Neutron diffraction has been used to monitor the absolute stereo-chemistry of an enzymatic reaction. (−)(2S)malic-3-d acid was prepared by the action of fumarase on fumaric acid in D2O. After a large number of cations were screened, it was found that (+)( R )α-phenylethylamine forms the large crystals necessary for a neutron diffraction analysis. The subsequent structure determination showed that (+)( R )α-phenylethylammonium (−)(2 S )malate-3-d has an absolute configuration of R at the CHD site (i.e., the C3 carbon of malate). This result confirms the absolute stereochemistry of fumarate-to-malate transformation as catalyzed by the enzyme fumarase.
Collaborative systems for NASA science, engineering, and mission operations

We describe a set of ten collaborative systems projects developed at NASA Ames Research Center over the past ten years. Our goal is to design new information technologies and collaboration tools that facilitate the process by which NASA engineers, scientists, and mission personnel collaborate in their unique work settings. We employ information management, artificial intelligence, and participatory design practices to build systems that are highly usable, augment human cognition, and support distributed NASA teams. NASA settings and applications serve as valuable testbeds for studying collaboration and developing new collaborative technologies.
Biophysical information in asymmetric and symmetric Diurnal bidirectional canopy reflectance

The authors present a theory for partitioning the information content in diurnal bidirectional reflectance measurements in order to detect differences potentially related to biophysical variables. The theory, which divides the canopy reflectance into asymmetric and symmetric functions of solar azimuth angle, attributes asymmetric variation to diurnal changes in the canopy biphysical properties. The symmetric function is attributed to the effects of sunlight interacting with a hypothetical average canopy which would display the average diurnal properties of the actual canopy. The authors analyzed radiometer data collected diurnally in the Thematic Mapper wavelength bands from two walnut canopies that received differing irrigation treatments. The reflectance of the canopies varied with sun and view angles and across seven bands in the visible, near-infrared, and middle infrared wavelength regions. Although one of the canopies was permanently water stressed and the other was stressed in mid-afternoon each day, no water stress signature was unambiguously evident in the reflectance data.
The 9Be(d, d)9Be9Be(d, d, p)10Be9Be(d, d, t)8Be and 9Be(d, d, d)8Be reactions at 15 MeV

Abstract Differential cross sections and vector analyzing powers have been measured for elastic and inelastic scattering of deuterons from 9 Be, for the 9 Be(d, p) 10 Be reactions leading to both bound and unbound states of 10 Be, and for the 9 Be(d, t) 8 Be and 9 Be(p, d) 8 Be reactions to the ground and first-excited states of 8 Be. A bombarding energy of 15 MeV was used for all of the measurements. Separate optical model and DWBA analyses of the elastic scattering and inelastic scattering to the 2.43 MeV level of 9 Be, respectively, agree fairly well with the data, while a coupled-channels analysis of the combined data for elastic scattering and inelastic scattering to the 2.43 MeV level is much less successful. The transfer reaction data were analyzed with the DWBA, using resonance neutron form factors for the calculations on transitions to the unbound states in 10 Be. For the most part, the (d, p) data are reproduced only at forward angles by the DWBA calculations. For the (d, t) reaction, rather good qualitative agreement with the data is obtained, in contrast with the (p, d) reaction, for which the agreement is poor. Spectroscopic factors and information on j -mixing in good agreement with the predictions of Cohen and Kurath are obtained for several of the transfer reactions. The transitions to the 2 + levels of 10 Be at 5.958 and 7.542 MeV appear to proceed by processes other than simple stripping with l n = 1. A negative parity assignment is suggested for the 9.40 MeV level in 10 Be.
Reliability of reporting on lifestyle and agricultural factors by a sample of participants in the agricultural health study from iowa.

Abstract PURPOSE: Information on agricultural practices has been obtained by questionnaire in several epidemiologic investigations. This project evaluated the reliability of self-reported information on pesticide use and various demographic and lifestyle factors among a group of farmers from Iowa. METHODS: 2,921 Iowa farmers participating in the Agricultural Health Study completed enrollment questionnaires approximately one year apart. Responses on the two questionnaires were compared for percent agreement and by Kappa statistics to evaluate reliability. RESULTS: Percent agreement for ever/never use of specific pesticides and application practices was quite high and generally ranged from 70% to over 90% and did not vary by age or educational level. Kappas were typically in the 0.50 to 0.60 range. Agreement was lower (typically 50% to 60%) for duration or frequency of use of specific pesticides. Agreement on lifestyle and non-agricultural factors was comparable to that reported in other studies. CONCLUSIONS: Level of agreement regarding pesticide use in this population is similar to that found for diet, physical activity, and medical conditions, which have been successfully evaluated in many epidemiologic studies. Information on agricultural practices from self-completed questionnaires has sufficient reliability for use in epidemiologic investigations.
A NEW CLINICAL SCORING SYSTEM FAILS TO DIFFERENTIATE HEMORRHAGIC FROM ISCHEMIC STROKE WHEN USED IN THE ACUTE CARE SETTING

Recently, a new diagnostic scoring system has been proposed to help differentiate intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) from ischemic infarct. The system, derived using data from hospitalized stroke patients, is based on eight variables readily available to all clinicians. A diagnostic score <1.0 is reportedly 100% predictive of ischemic infarct. The clinical scoring system is asserted to be a useful adjunct in the initial evaluation of patients with acute stroke syndrome. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate this clinical scoring system in our emergency department (ED). Sixty-one ED patients with focal neurologic deficit undergoing cranial computed tomography (CT) scan to rule out ICH were entered in the study. Thirteen [21% (95% CI, 12-34%)] were found to have an ICH. Twenty-two [36% (95% CI, 24-49%)] had a diagnostic score < 1.0. The CT scans on 4 of these 22 patients showed ICH. The positive predictive value for ischemic infarct for these 22 patients using the diagnostic scoring system was 82% (95% CI, 60-95%). Our results suggest that this new clinical scoring system is of no value in helping to differentiate ICH from ischemic stroke in the acute care setting.
A Radio Transmitter for Telemetering Body Temperatures of Chickens

Abstract THE conventional method for measuring physiological variables is to attach the sensor, which is appropriately located on the animal, to indicating or recording equipment with electric wires. With subjects other than human, it is necessary to restrain or anesthetize the animal to prevent tangling of the connecting wires. This procedure is especially undesirable in environmental studies since the restraining procedure may mask or distort the environmental effects. With the advent of solid-state electronics and miniaturized components, the concept of measuring physiological variables and transmitting data via radio from a relatively unrestrained subject is a reality. Deboo and Fryer (1965) described a miniature transmitter 1.9 centimeters in diameter, 0.5 centimeters thick, and 2 grams in weight which is capable of transmitting any biopotential “above a few microvolts.” A similar FM transmitter was reported by Fryer et al. (1966), and the transmitter was used by Winget et al. (1965) to telemeter chicken . . .
Observation of plasma domains with fast ions and enhanced fusion in plasma-focus discharges

Abstract Our experiments have established strong azimuthal anisotropy of fusion reaction products and fast ions ejected from the plasma during focused discharges in deuterium or a mixture of deuterium with 3 He and/or 16 O. The anisotropy is explained in terms of localized plasma domains with enhanced nuclear reactivity (emitting isotropically), displaced from the axial pinch region by up to 5.5 cm. The displaced domains generate and trap over 80% of the observed population of fast ions ( E i >2 MeV), produce the bulk of the 16 O (d, n) 17 F reactions ( E th ≅ 2MeV) in the plasma, and have atomic density n ⩾7×10 21 cm -3 . Most of the D+D and 3 He+D fusion yield, which requires low ion energy E i ⩽0.2 MeV), comes from the region close to the plasma-focus symmetry axis.
Repeated Ethanol Intoxication Induces Behavioral Sensitization in the Absence of a Sensitized Accumbens Dopamine Response in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J Mice

Repeated Ethanol Intoxication Induces Behavioral Sensitization in the Absence of a Sensitized Accumbens Dopamine Response in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J Mice
Internally exponentially stable non-linear discrete-time non-interacting control via static feedback

The problem of discrete-time block non-interacting control with internal exponential stability is treated. By identifying the linearized fixed modes common to every non-interactive closed loop, a necessary condition for achieving an exponentially stable solution to the problem is provided. Also, through a special decomposition of the given system, a sufficient condition is obtained. Owing to peculiarities intrinsic to discrete-time non-linear systems, the development of the solution is not completely parallel to that of the solution for the class of continuous-time systems.
ELECTROSTATIC DEFLECTOR CALCULATIONS FOR THE BERKELEY 88-INCH CYCLOTRON

Early computor calculations showed that an electrostatic channel would have to be very narrow to cause sufficient deflection at high energy. One alternative considered was a system of three electrostatic channels in series, acting as a one-turn regenerative extractor. Such a system could easily achieve the required deflection, but at the expense of simplicity. A magnet channel to reinforce the electrostatic channel likewise appeared difficult for a variable-energy machine. Detailed studies of a simple electrostatic channel began with development of an analytic-graphical method of calculating channel efficiency. By this method one can estimate acceptance as a function of radial turn separation, amplitude and frequency of radial oscillations, and channel geometry. A computer code was then developed to compute channel shapes and calculate acceptance more accurately by following the fate of a representative sample of orbits in the presence of the channel. Use of this code indicated that highest acceptance would be obtained if the channel entrance is set out at 39 in. provided the resonances at v r = 1 and v r = 2 v z could be safely traversed, as was believed possible. Some calculations on transition through the v r = 2 v z resonance are presented.
Dispositions of the Will

According to Aquinas (1888–1906), the virtue of justice is a habit, that is to say, a stable disposition of the will. Many commentators have found this claim to be puzzling, since it is difficult to see what this might entail, beyond a simple tendency to choose and act in accordance with precepts of justice. However, this objection does not take account of the fact that for Aquinas, the will is the principle of human freedom, and as such, it is expressed through, but not limited to a capacity for particular choices and actions. It therefore needs stable dispositions, towards characteristic aims, in order to function effectively. This paper sets out a case for the cogency of Aquinas’s overall account of the will and its dispositions, by way of an examination of familiar expressions of human freedom which cannot be reduced to a series of individual choices and acts. It then turns to a closer examination of Aquinas’ analysis of the will, arguing that Aquinas’ claims about the orientation of the will towards some overarching and comprehensive good can fruitfully be understood in terms of this expansive conception of human freedom.
Side chain cleavage of hydroxylated sterols by bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria: Observation of 25-hydroxylase activity during incubation at pH 7.80

Abstract The side chain cleavage of the sterols 25-OH-cholesterol, 22R-OH-cholesterol and 20S-OH-cholesterol by mitochondria of the bovine adrenal cortex was studied at pH 7.40 and 7.80. 25-OH-Cholesterol at pH 7.40 was converted quantitatively into pregnenolone without formation of intermediates in appreciable concentrations. At pH 7.80 however, 20,22,25-tri-OH-cholesterol was detected as an intermediate by GC-MS analysis. 22R-OH-cholesterol at pH 7.40 was converted quantitatively into pregnenolone, with transient occurrence of the intermediate 20R,22R-di-OH-cholesterol. At pH 7.80 the latter compound was found to accumulate to an higher concentration than at pH 7.40. The elevated pH therefore seems to have a specific inhibitory effect on the last step of the side chain cleavage (C20–22 lyase) of these substrates. The conversion of 20S-OH-cholesterol at pH 7.40 yielded pregnenolone as the sole product. At pH 7.80 besides pregnenolone 20,25-di-OH-cholesterol was detected as a reaction product by GC-MS analysis. This clearly indicates the existence of 25-hydroxylase activity in the bovine adrenal cortex. This activity becomes manifest when the normal metabolic pathway (i.e. side chain cleavage) is partially inhibited.
LOPHIOSPHAERA (GLONIUM) VELATA, WITH A CRITICAL STUDY OF ITS SEPTONEMA MULTIPLEX STAGE

Despite recent investigations (Bisby, 1932; Lohman, I933), a number of species of hysteriaceous fungi, described as new in the earlier literature on the fungi of temperate North America, have not been studied critically either in regard to the accuracy of diagnoses and the validity of names or in regard to the probable affinities as shown by their imperfect stages. One such species, Glonium velatum., was described by Ellis and Everhart (I892) on specimens collected (Langlois) in Louisiana. This species, since then, has been reported only by Underwood and Earle (I897) for Alabama. That it is more widely distributed than the two records would indicate is shown by the present'report 2 which extends the range of the fungus to South Carolina, Florida, and Georgia.3 This report is concerned with the development of the fungus in culture and with the characteristics of its perithecial, pycnidial, and hyphomycetous stages. It presents certain necessary revisions in the description of the perithecial stage, the consideration of which has resulted in the inclusion of the fungus in the Lophiostomaceae rather than the Hysteriaceae. It records for the first time the features of the pycnidial stage and presents the evidence which reveals that the conidial development mentioned by Ellis and Everhart in their description and referred by them to Dendryphiumn is only another aspect of the fungus which they described and is the same as the Hyphomycete, Septonema multiplex B. & C. (Berkeley, 1874).
Effect of imaging view and sample volume location on evaluation of mitral flow velocity by pulsed Doppler echocardiography

Abstract Pulsed Doppler mitral flow velocity measurements have been used to evaluate left ventricular diastolic filling. In normal persons these measurements are affected by age and respiration, but not by gender, body surface area or normal blood pressure. Additional factors that may influence these measurements include the imaging view and sample volume location. In this study, the effects of imaging view and sample volume location were evaluated in 52 normal subjects, aged 21 to 78 years. Pulsed Doppler recordings were obtained from the apical 4-chamber and apical 2-chamber views with the sample volume located both in the left atrium and at the level of the mitral valve leaflet tips. Doppler measurements were slightly, but not significantly, higher (4% on average) for recordings obtained from the apical 4-chamber than from the 2-chamber view for peak flow velocity in both early and late diastole. However, apical 4-chamber recordings from a sample volume in the left atrium resulted in measurements significantly lower (p
WIPL-D results and time domain response for an impulse radiating antenna (IRA)

WIPL-D was used to model and simulate an impulse radiating antenna (IRA) with a 46 cm diameter paraboloidal reflector and 45 degree feed arms. Model views are shown and the results of frequency domain simulation up to 20 GHz are plotted for the two cases of the IRA as transmitter and as receiver. The simulated frequency domain data is inverse Fourier transformed to obtain the time domain response to a Gaussian pulse input. The integral of the pulse input response gives the step response, which compares well with the theorized step input response of the IRA.