cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPIDER EFFECTS ON PLANTHOPPER MORTALITY, DISPERSAL, AND SPATIAL POPULATION DYNAMICS

Nonlethal (trait-mediated) effects of predators on prey populations, particularly with regard to prey dispersal, scarcely have been considered in spatial ecological studies. In this study, we report on the effects of spider predators on the mortality, dispersal, and spatial population dynamics of Prokelisia crocea planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in a prairie landscape. Based on a three-generation survey of host-plant patches (Spartina pectinata; Poaceae), the density of cursorial and web-building spiders declined significantly with increasing patch size (a pattern the opposite of that for the planthopper). Independent of patch size effects, an increase in the density of web-building and cursorial spiders had a negative effect on planthopper density in one of three generations each. Finally, the likelihood of extinction of local (patch) populations of planthoppers increased significantly with an increase in the density of web-building spiders. Planthoppers in small host-plant patches with high densit...
Physicochemical characterization of solid dispersions of carbamazepine formulated by supercritical carbon dioxide and conventional solvent evaporation method.

Solid dispersions of carbamazepine (CBZ) were formulated by supercritical fluid processing (SCP) and conventional solvent evaporation in polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 with either Gelucire 44/14 or vitamin E TPGS NF (d-alpha-tocopheryl PEG 1000 succinate). Formulations were evaluated by dissolution, scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry, and excipient cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells by MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt] assay. CBZ release was enhanced from supercritical fluid-treated CBZ and the CBZ/PEG 8000 (1:5), CBZ/PEG 8000/TPGS or Gelucire 44/14 (1:4:1) solid dispersions. The radically altered morphologies of SCP samples seen by scanning electron microscopy suggested polymorphic change that was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Disappearance of the characteristic CBZ melting peak indicated that CBZ was dissolved inside the carrier system. Polymorphic change of CBZ during SCP led to faster dissolution. Therefore, SCP provides advantages over solid dispersions prepared by conventional processes.
An empirical model for the solubility of H2O in magmas to 3 kilobars

We present 16 new manometric determinations of H2O solubility for a range of natural silicate liquid compositions equilibrated up to 3 kbar of H 2O pressure. As the threshold temperature of dehydration of the quenched glasses during measurements of the H2O content becomes lower as a function both of bulk silicate composition and the dissolved H2O content, we measured the H2O released on heating over a range of temperature intervals. For example, alkali-rich samples having a dissolved H2O content greater than ;6 wt% start to evolve H2O at temperatures less than 150 8C, whereas more mafic samples and silicic samples with less than 6 wt% H2O begin to dehydrate at temperatures greater than 200 8C. This behavior is consistent with the concept that alkali-rich liquids can have their glass transition temperatures lowered substantially by dissolved H 2O and that H2O is released only significantly on heating in the supercooled liquid region, rather than in the glass region. Using these new data, in conjunction with previous data from the literature, we refined and extended the empirical H 2O solubility model of Moore et al. (1995b). The new model works well (2 s56 0.5 wt%) between 700‐1200 8C and 1‐3000 bar and can be applied to any natural silicate liquid in that range. The model may also be used for systems where X , 1 in the vapor phase. HO 2
Turning Crocodilian Hearts Into Bird Hearts: Growth Rates Are Similar for Alligators With and Without Right-To-Left Cardiac Shunt

The functional and possible adaptive significance of non-avian reptiles' dual aortic arch system and the ability of all non-avian reptiles to perform central vascular cardiac shunts have been of great interest to comparative physiologists. The unique cardiac anatomy of crocodilians - a four-chambered heart with the dual aortic arch system - allows for only right-to-left (R-L; pulmonary bypass) cardiac shunt and for surgical elimination of this shunt. Surgical removal of the R-L shunt, by occluding the left aorta (LAo) upstream and downstream of the foramen of Panizza, results in a crocodilian with an obligatory, avian/mammalian central circulation. In this study, R-L cardiac shunt was eliminated in age-matched, female American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis; 5-7 months of age). We tested the hypothesis that surgical elimination of R-L cardiac shunt would impair growth (a readily measured proxy for fitness) compared with sham-operated, age-matched controls, especially in animals subjected to exhaustive exercise. While regular exercise caused a decrease in size (snout-to-vent length, head length and body mass), elimination of the capacity for R-L cardiac shunt did not greatly reduce animal growth, despite a chronic ventricular enlargement in surgically altered juvenile alligators. We speculate that, despite being slightly smaller, alligators with an occluded LAo would have reached sexual maturity in the same breeding season as control alligators. This study suggests that crocodilian R-L cardiac shunt does not provide an adaptive advantage for juvenile alligator growth and supports the logic that cardiac shunts persist in crocodilians because they have not been selected against.
A Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Framework for Design Studies of an Ecient Supersonic Air Vehicle

A modular multidisciplinary analysis and optimization framework tool has been built with the goal of optimally designing a supersonic aircraft. This paper addresses the specic challenge of designing an ecient long range supersonic bomber aircraft. This framework includes all the disciplines normally required for supersonic aircraft design and it also includes disciplines specically required by an advanced military aircraft that is tailless and has embedded engines. Results from running the analysis framework for a B-58 supersonic bomber test case are presented as a validation of the methods employed.
Effects of sod type, irrigation, and fertilization on nitrate-nitrogen and orthophosphate-phosphorus leaching from newly established St. Augustinegrass sod.

Nitrogen and P leaching losses from fertilized turfgrass remain an environmental concern. In the present study, we examined the effects of sod type, fertilization, and irrigation on turf quality, NO 3 –N and PO 4 –P leaching following St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] sod installation. Treatments included muck- vs. sand-produced sod, no fertilization, fertilization with 4.9 g N m –2 at installation or at 30 d after installation (DAI), and routine irrigation or irrigation at stress from 30 to 60 DAI. Drainage was collected from lysimeters installed in each plot and analyzed for NO 3 –N and PO 4 –P to determine total leaching losses. Across all treatments, drainage averaged 290, 902, and 604 mm during each of the three trials. Fertilization at 30 DAI signifi cantly reduced PO 4 –P leaching losses compared to fertilization at 0 DAI. Muck sod type signifi cantly reduced the quantity of NO 3 –N leached. Muck sod also signifi cantly reduced PO 4 –P leached and resulted in better turf quality in two of the three trials. In the context of minimizing nutrient leaching, these results support the use of muck-grown sod established during low rainfall periods with fertilization delayed at least 30 DAI and with judicious use of irrigation.
Political Theory and Political Action in Karl Mannheim's Thought: Reflections upon Ideology and Utopia and Its Critics

As a work of political theory, Ideology and Utopia has satisfied almost no one. Mannheim's critics extend across a wide range of viewpoints, from Parsons, Merton, Bendix, Popper, and Shils on one side to Marcuse, Hork-heimer, Lukacs, and Adorno on the other. Neither Marxists nor non-Marxists have found much to their liking in the book, and the rather easy dismissal of Mannheim's arguments by such influential thinkers on both sides of the political spectrum has certainly constituted a major obstacle to any serious consideration of the position he developed in Ideology and Utopia. For, I shall argue, the arguments contained in that work, when they have not been neglected altogether, have been poorly understood by those individuals whose writings exercise a dominant influence upon the thinking of contemporary social scientists.
Health information exchanges--Unfulfilled promise as a data source for clinical research.

Abstract Objective To determine the use of health information exchange organizations (HIEs) to support and conduct clinical research. Materials and methods This scoping review included US-based studies published between January 2003 and March 2014 that used data from an HIE to address at least one of three categories of research: clinical or epidemiological research, financial evaluation, or utilization of health services. Eligibility was not restricted to research on HIEs. Studies with research questions outside of the evaluation of HIEs themselves were sought. Results Eighteen articles met final study inclusion criteria from an initial list of 847 hits. Fifteen studies addressed a clinical or epidemiological research question, 6 addressed a financial consideration, and 8 addressed a utilization issue. Considerable overlap was found among the research categories: 13 articles addressed more than one category. Of the eighteen included studies, only two used HIE data to answer a research objective that was NOT specific to HIE use. Research designs were varied and ranged from observational studies, such as cohort and cross-sectional studies, to randomized trials. The 18 articles represent the involvement of a small number of HIEs; 7 of the studies were from a single HIE. Discussion This review demonstrates that HIE-provided information is available and used to answer clinical or epidemiological, financial, or utilization-based research questions; however, the majority of the studies using HIE data are done with the primary goal of evaluating the use and impact of HIEs on health care delivery and outcomes. As HIEs mature and become integrated parts of the health care industry, the authors anticipate that fewer studies will be published that describe or validate the role of HIEs, and more will use HIEs as multi-institutional data sources for conducting clinical research and improving health services and clinical outcomes. Conclusion Articles identified in this review indicate the limited extent that HIE data are being used for clinical research outside of the evaluation of HIEs themselves, as well as the limited number of specific HIEs that are involved in generating published research. Significant barriers exist that prevent HIEs from developing into an invaluable resource for clinical research including technological infrastructure limitations, business processes limiting secondary use of data, and lack of participating provider support. Research to better understand challenges to developing the necessary infrastructure and policies to foster HIE engagement in research would be valuable as HIEs represent an opportunity to engage non-traditional health care provider research partners.
Reduced expression of voltage-gated Kv11.1 (hERG) K+ channels in aganglionic colon in Hirschsprung’s disease

Purpose The pathophysiology of Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR) is not entirely understood. There is no clear explanation for the occurrence of the spastic or tonically contracted aganglionic segment of bowel. Kv11.1 (hERG) channels play a critical role in the regulation of the resting membrane potential as well as affecting either the force or frequency of contraction of smooth muscles. We designed this study to investigate the expression and distribution of hERG channels in the normal colon and the colon of patients with HSCR.
Defining and Assessing Competence

The ability to conduct effective clinical skills remediation has been greatly enhanced by an emerging consensus on the definition of medical competence and the consequent development of information-rich strategies to assess competence. In this chapter the authors describe how the definition of medical competence has evolved from a vague, intuitive impression toward a more analytic articulation of areas of competence with well-defined expectations within each area. They describe debates and present key concepts that greatly influence the practice of remediation in medical education such as entrustment, expertise development, deliberate practice, learning curves, and assessment for learning. Finally they describe an example under development of assessment for learning.
Abstract NS4: The Power of Outreach: How Educating the Community Increases the Role of rtPA.

Background: Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death for all Iowans, and the third leading cause of death for women in Iowa. The certification of stroke centers has improved treatment with rt-PA, which leads to improved patient outcomes. The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (UIHC) began the process of stroke certification in 2005. One of the goals of this process was to strengthen outreach to community hospitals. Purpose: The purpose of this project was to review how improving an outreach program assisted with increasing treatment of ischemic stroke patients with rt-PA. Methods: The University of Iowa (UI) stroke program collaborated with UIHC’s physician liaison department to improve outreach by increasing the number of educational visits to community hospitals. The visits were conducted by a physician and nurse coordinator from the stroke program, and a physician liaison who traveled to community hospitals. Presentations were tailored to fit the needs and questions of each individual hospital; however there was an emphasis on updates in stroke care and the new streamlined process for contacting UIHC vascular neurologists with referrals. Results: The following table shows treatment of ischemic stroke patients treated with rt-PA. The blue line indicates patients treated at UIHC and the red line indicates those treated at a community hospital and transferred to UIHC. Conclusion: In conclusion, an increase in patients treated with rt-PA was noted after improving the stroke community hospital outreach program. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Cortical Response Similarities Predict which Audiovisual Clips Individuals Viewed, but Are Unrelated to Clip Preference

Cortical responses to complex natural stimuli can be isolated by examining the relationship between neural measures obtained while multiple individuals view the same stimuli. These inter-subject correlation’s (ISC’s) emerge from similarities in individual’s cortical response to the shared audiovisual inputs, which may be related to their emergent cognitive and perceptual experience. Within the present study, our goal is to examine the utility of using ISC’s for predicting which audiovisual clips individuals viewed, and to examine the relationship between neural responses to natural stimuli and subjective reports. The ability to predict which clips individuals viewed depends on the relationship of the EEG response across subjects and the nature in which this information is aggregated. We conceived of three approaches for aggregating responses, i.e. three assignment algorithms, which we evaluated in Experiment 1A. The aggregate correlations algorithm generated the highest assignment accuracy (70.83% chance = 33.33%) and was selected as the assignment algorithm for the larger sample of individuals and clips within Experiment 1B. The overall assignment accuracy was 33.46% within Experiment 1B (chance = 06.25%), with accuracies ranging from 52.9% (Silver Linings Playbook) to 11.75% (Seinfeld) within individual clips. ISC’s were significantly greater than zero for 15 out of 16 clips, and fluctuations within the delta frequency band (i.e. 0-4 Hz) primarily contributed to response similarities across subjects. Interestingly, there was insufficient evidence to indicate that individuals with greater similarities in clip preference demonstrate greater similarities in cortical responses, suggesting a lack of association between ISC and clip preference. Overall these results demonstrate the utility of using ISC’s for prediction, and further characterize the relationship between ISC magnitudes and subjective reports.
Hydrodynamic model of a 3-compartment catenary system with exchanging end compartments.

SummaryA hydrodynamic model of a 3 compartment system analogous to the maternal organism has been constructed. Its schematic representation is that of a catenary 3 compartment system in which the end compartments exchange. The mathematical basis for this system has been reviewed and experimental “time-activity” curves for the 3 compartments used to calculate the transfer rates.
[Study on the polymorphism in circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium vivax before the completion on elimination program of malaria, in Hainan province].

Objective To explore the polymorphism in circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium vivax before malaria was eliminated in Hainan island.Methods PCR amplification,sequencing,and alignment methodologies were conducted and phylogenetic tree constructed.Results From all the cases,19 of them belonged to two types,with 18 as VK210 type and 1 as VK247 type.VK210 type could be divided into seven kinds of subtypes but VK247 had only one type.Ratio of tropical strain with temperate stain in VK210 type was explored between the two stages:control or elimination.Phylogenetic tree was constructed by amino acid sequencings which clearly manifested that VK210 type and VK247 type belonged to different clusters.Conclusion Compared the proportion of two types in the control stage,there was no significant difference seen in the stage of elimination. Key words: Plasmodium vivax; Circumsporozoite protein; Polymorphism
Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Oxidation in Colostrum-Deprived Newborn Piglets: Stimulative Effect of L-Carnitine Supplementation

To investigate the role of L-carnitine in medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA, fatty acids with 6-12 carbons) metabolism, 16 newborn pigs were fitted with umbilical arterial catheters. Pigs were placed in respiration chambers, and [1-14C]MCFA were infused for 9-12 h providing energy equivalent to 50-175% of the animals' metabolic rate. After 5-7 h (carnitine-free infusion period) of MCFA infusion, a primed (12.5, 25 or 50 mumol) co-infusion of L-carnitine [5, 10 or 20 mumol/(h.kg0.75), respectively] was started and maintained for 4-5 h (carnitine infusion period). The fatty acid oxidation rate (MCFA-derived CO2/total CO2 x 100) was calculated based on the specific radioactivity of expired CO2 (measured per 20-min interval) and the specific radioactivity of the MCFA infused. A single-pool exponential curve was fitted to the fatty acid oxidation rate of the carnitine-free infusion period and was extrapolated to the carnitine infusion period. For each piglet, the average difference between fatty acid oxidation rate during the carnitine infusion period and the extrapolated curve was calculated and tested for significance using a t test. Under steady state conditions, MCFA oxidation accounted for 40% of MCFA infused. Carnitine, independent of the level, increased the fatty acid oxidation rate by as much as 20% if the energy provided as MCFA exceeded 50% of the metabolic needs of the pig (P < 0.01), and the response above 50% was proportional to the relative rate of fatty acid infusion (increase in fatty acid oxidation rate = -3.9 + 0.07 x infusion rate, r0.76).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Voluntary Sterilization: The Role of Physician and Hospital

Since a tailored response can now be offered to the individual or couple choosing not to procreate, the physician and the hospital have an increased responsibility to counsel wisely as well as offer services. Moreover, physicians and hospital departments other than those most obviously concerned can play a role in this counseling. The author offers guidelines for helping an individual or couple make a mature decision.
Mental health and breast cancer screening utilization among older Hispanic women

ABSTRACTConsiderable racial and ethnic differences exist in the way the burden of cancer is experienced in the United States for older Hispanic women. This study utilized data from the 2008 wave of the Health and Retirement Study to investigate the mental health factors associated with older Hispanic women’s participation in breast cancer screening services. Logistic regression models were used. Findings indicated that anxiety and positive affect were associated with a greater likelihood of participating in breast cancer screening. Despite ongoing national conversations, evidence indicates there is agreement that underserved women need to be screened, particularly the older Hispanic population.
Inventory rebalancing through pricing in public bike sharing systems

Abstract This paper presents a new conceptual approach to improve the operational performance of public bike sharing systems using pricing schemes. Its methodological developments are accompanied by experimental analyses with bike demand data from Capital Bikeshare program of Washington, DC (USA). An optimized price vector determines the incentive levels that can persuade system customers to take bikes from, or park them at, neighboring stations so as to strategically minimize the number of imbalanced stations. This strategy intentionally makes some imbalanced stations even more imbalanced, creating hub stations. This reduces the need for trucks and dedicated staff to carry out inventory repositioning. For smaller networks, a bi-level optimization model with a single level reformulation is introduced to minimize the number of imbalanced stations optimally. The results are compared with a heuristic approach that adjusts route prices by segregating the stations into different categories based on their current inventory profile, projected future demand, and maximum and minimum inventory values calculated to fulfill certain desired service level requirements. We use a routing model for repositioning trucks to show that the proposed optimization model and the latter heuristic approach, called the iterative price adjustment scheme (IPAS), reduce the overall operating cost while partially or fully obviating the need for a manual repositioning operation.
The Creative Self in Context: Experience Sampling and the Ecology of Everyday Creativity

Abstract This chapter explores how ecological momentary assessment (EMA) methods can illuminate everyday creativity, the often humble creative acts people do in their natural environments. After describing the notion of everyday creativity that guides this work, the present chapter reviews some common research designs and salient methodological issues for readers interested in conducting EMA research. Later, we review studies that have applied EMA methods—particularly experience sampling studies—to understand creativity in everyday environments. For creativity researchers, the ability to study creativity naturalistically—people working on their own creative goals at the times and places of their choosing—will offer new insights into what creativity looks like in the real world and the kinds of environments that spark and sustain it.
Recent Updates to Soft Palate Surgery for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

This study aims to provide an update on surgical modalities targeted specifically at the soft palate as treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OSA is an ever-changing field with advancements in not only medical management but also surgical interventions that continue to add to the plethora of treatment options. Though a multitude of surgical treatment modalities exist, the most commonly used technique involved remains the uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). While over 100 articles were initially identified, many were excluded due to combination of other surgical techniques. Fewer than 20 studies evaluated surgery on the soft palate alone. This manuscript summarizes the techniques presented over the past 3 years. This review of the literature failed to identify any new developments improving consistency of efficacy of the surgical techniques directed towards the soft palate.
Rethinking the Endpoints of mHealth Intervention Research in Diabetes Care

Mobile health (mHealth) is an emerging branch of medicine that utilizes technology to impact health care. With increasing access to smartphones and mobile devices, there has been an increase in both the availability and use of mHealth resources, including the use of text messages, apps, and web portals. In diabetes, there is particular interest as technology has long been a mainstay of management through glucometers, insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors, which are increasingly interconnected. Although there is high demand for mHealth interventions in diabetes, there is no clear consensus on the best way to monitor these interventions. While randomized controlled trials are considered the gold standard for most medical research, we propose that alternative trial designs may be more applicable in the ever-changing mHealth landscape.
Static stability of pendent drops pinned to arbitrary closed curves

We show that the critical point of a static pendent drop pinned at a curve under volume or pressure control is bounded independent of the curve symmetry. If the curve is symmetric and the base drop shape known, the critical points for symmetric or asymmetric instability are found.
Acute Spine Trauma in Adults and Children: Evidence-Based Emergency Imaging

Spinal trauma can lead to permanent neurologic damage. In addition to the neurological deficit, spinal cord injury has additional important ramifications. This includes a precipitous decline in probability of employment, educational achievement, and intact marriage. Therefore, although spinal cord injury is relatively uncommon, spine imaging is frequently performed to exclude suspected and occult fractures. As a result of wide spread utilization, the positive yield of spine imaging is estimated to be only 2.4% in the cervical spine when all patient populations are included. Using the best available evidence, this chapter addresses diagnostic imaging of the spine in trauma including clinical prediction rules and cost-effectiveness.
Neurology and neuropsychology

Clinical psychologists in medical settings are likely to interact with clinical neuropsychologists, particularly in departments of neurology, psychiatry, and physical medicine and rehabilitation. Clinical neuropsychologists have specialized training in brain–behavior relationships and therefore are uniquely suited to perform cognitive evaluations in addition to providing treatment.
Nonurgent use of hospital emergency departments: urgency from the patient's perspective.

Background Patients often seek care from hospital emergency departments (EDs) for conditions medical personnel perceive as nonurgent. The purpose of this study was to examine ED patients' perceptions of urgency, and to determine whether patients with no regular source of medical care are more likely to use the ED for problems they perceive as nonurgent. Methods We surveyed 268 patients in an urban ED waiting area who were considered nonurgent by the ED triage nurse. Using structured interviews, we determined patients' perceptions, about the urgency of their medical condition, whether they had a regular source of medical care, and their reasons for choosing the ED for care. After controlling for other variables, we determined whether having non regular source of care was associated with patient-rated nonurgent ED utilization. Results Eighty-two percent of patients rated their condition as urgent. Patient-rated urgency was not associated with having a regular source of care. The most common reason for seeking care in the ED was expediency. Conclusions A large majority of ED patients perceive the problems for which they seek care from an ED as urgent, even when they are assessed as nonurgent by a health professional. Lack of a regular source of care has no significant impact on ED utilization for problems that patients perceive as nonurgent. Simply providing patients with a regular source of care is unlikely to have a significant impact on nonurgent ED utilization without efforts to manage utilization and ensure adequate access to primary care.
Quantitating nuclear opacification in color Scheimpflug photographs.

PURPOSE To test the validity of the color component subtraction method, a new objective technique of measuring nuclear cataract, and to correlate the tangent values of the different degrees of nuclear opacities to their corresponding subjective nuclear cataract grading using the Lens Opacities Classification System II and to another objective method of measuring nuclear cataract. METHODS Densitometries for red, green, and blue colors of the color Scheimpflug image were conducted simultaneously along the anteroposterior axis of the lens nucleus. The three color curves were subtracted from each other, giving rise to three subtracted curves: blue-red, green-blue, and red-green. This technique was applied to 99 color Scheimpflug photographs taken in 99 eyes of 51 patients with varying degrees of nuclear opacities. Using linear regression analysis, the regression coefficient obtained, called tangent value (TV), represents the degree of nuclear opacification. RESULTS Higher tangent value indicated greater nuclear opacification and was associated with higher correlation coefficient. This was seen graphically as an increased steepness in the slope of the subtracted curve. Good correlation existed between the subjective nuclear opacity grading and the objective tangent value. When the tangent values were correlated to the mean density of the three original color curves, good correlation was present in red and green, but only fair for blue, where maximum light scattering occurs. CONCLUSIONS These results support the validity of color component subtraction technique in measuring nuclear cataract. This technique provides quantitative measures of nuclear opacification, has good reproducibility, and is useful for monitoring nuclear cataract longitudinally.
Choice and Self-Control

For several decades, choice has been the focus of considerable research by those who study operant behavior. This is not surprising, because the topics of choice and operant behavior are intimately intertwined. In everyday life, people can choose among a large, almost infinite set of operant behaviors, and they can choose not only which behaviors to perform, but under what conditions, at what rate, and for how long. Because choice is an essential part of human (and animal) life, it has been studied with great interest not only by behavioral psychologists, but also by decision theorists, economists, political scientists, biologists, and others. The research methods used in these different disciplines vary widely, and a review of all of the different methods for studying choice is well beyond the scope and purpose of this chapter. Instead, the chapter will focus on the techniques most frequently used in operant research—techniques that involve single-subject designs, that allow precise control of the reinforcement contingencies, and that produce (in most cases) large and clear effects on each subject’s behavior.
Coming Out as Transgender: Navigating the Social Implications of a Transgender Identity

This study examines transgender coming-out narratives. Most previous studies of coming out as transgender have relied on psychological stage models of identity development, with little empirical verification. This study uses identity theory to reframe transgender coming out as a primarily external, ongoing, and socially situated process. The data were collected from 20 transgender people residing in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota metro area through interviews and focus groups. The analyses reveal that coming out as transgender requires navigating others' gender expectations, others' reactions, and the threat of violence. The results indicate that transgender individuals do not simply decide to "come out of the closet" and then stay out. Rather, they make strategic decisions regarding the enactment of gender and gender identity disclosure based on specific social contexts. Coming out as transgender is best conceptualized as an ongoing, socially embedded, skilled management of one's gender identity.
Comprehensive shotgun lipidomics of human meibomian gland secretions using MS/MSall with successive switching between acquisition polarity modes.

The lipid composition of human meibomian gland secretions (meibum) has been analyzed using both targeted and untargeted mass spectrometric approaches, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages. Herein we report the results of shotgun lipidomic profiling of human meibum using a new approach that combines the advantages of targeted and untargeted analyses to yield highly sensitive and comprehensive profiles. Samples containing an estimated 7–13 µg (8–16 nL) of human meibum lipids were analyzed using MS/MSall, an untargeted approach for MS/MS. Using MS/MSall with ESI and successive polarity switching, we obtained tandem mass spectra in both modes at every 1 Da step for all ions in the m/z 200–1,200 range. In approximately 12 min, a total of 2 MS spectra and 2,000 MS/MS spectra were acquired for each sample, from which targeted analysis information was extracted. This approach allowed for the comprehensive and highly sensitive detection of meibum lipids, including species low in abundance. Altogether, more than 600 unique lipid molecular species were identified in meibum, 3 times more than previously reported in untargeted analyses of meibum samples. This untargeted MS and MS/MSall approach may be extended to other biological systems for the detection of lipids with sensitivity comparable to targeted analysis.
Evaluating Solid Sorbents for Recycling Wash Waters Containing Strontium and Calcium.

AbstractA system for rapid reduction of radioactive contamination and recycle of contaminated waters is called the Integrated Wash-Aid, Treatment, and Emergency Reuse System (IWATERS). First develo...
Organizational Culture in a Strategic Management Context: Construct Definition and Measurement Issues

The present study is a deliberate attempt to strengthen the measurement of culture in the strategic management arena, with particular emphasis on the culture-performance link. We sought to make thr...
Sex differences in corticotropin releasing factor regulation of medial septum-mediated memory formation

Stress can disrupt memory and contribute to cognitive impairments in psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. These diseases are more common in men than in women, with men showing greater cognitive impairments. Mnemonic deficits induced by stress are mediated, in part, by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). However, where CRF is acting to regulate memory, and sex differences therein, is understudied. Here we assessed whether CRF in the medial septum (MS), which projects to the hippocampus, affected memory formation in male and female rats. CRF in the MS did not alter hippocampal-independent object recognition memory, but impaired hippocampal-dependent object location memory in both sexes. Interestingly, males were more sensitive than females to the disruptive effect of a low dose of CRF in the MS. Female resistance was not due to circulating ovarian hormones. However, compared to males, females had higher MS expression of CRF binding protein, which reduces CRF bioavailability and thus may mitigate the effect of the low dose of CRF in females. In contrast, there was no sex difference in CRF1 expression in the MS. Consistent with this finding, CRF1 antagonism blocked the memory impairment caused by the high dose of CRF in the MS in both sexes. Collectively, these results suggest that males are more vulnerable than females to the memory impairments caused by CRF in the MS. In both sexes, CRF1 antagonists prevented MS-mediated memory deficits caused by high levels of CRF, and such levels can result from very stressful events. Thus, CRF1 antagonists may be a viable option for treating cognitive deficits in stressed individuals with psychiatric disorders.
If a Tuition Reduction is Taxable, What’s the Measure of Income?

This article considers what the measure of income should be if a tuition reduction is taxable, and it challenges the idea that an educational institution’s stated tuition figure should control in that determination. It’s the value of the reduction, not the dollar difference between sticker price and the tuition actually paid by a particular student, that is potentially income, and the article suggests one reasonable method that might be used to determine that value. Although the focus of the article is on tuition reductions, the argument applies just as well to other situations in which a price reduction (or what in form looks like a price reduction) is taxable.
Uncovering User Affect Towards AI in Cancer Diagnostics

Despite the rapid application of artificial intelligence (AI) to healthcare, we know comparatively little about how users perceive and evaluate these tools. Following “dual route” theories of information processing from decision science, we propose that because users lack the expertise to rationally understand AI through cognitive evaluation, they rely on their feelings or heuristic route processing to make judgments about AI systems and recommenders. Therefore, affect becomes an important component that influences people’s willingness to adopt AI—and this may be especially true in a context like personal health, where affect is both explicit and heightened. Using the context of remote dermatological skin cancer screening, we examined people’s affective perceptions of an autonomous AI algorithm capable of making recommendations about skin lesions (as either cancerous or benign). In a three-stage study (n = 250), we found that people do hold complex affective responses toward AI diagnostics, even without directly interacting with AI. Findings are relevant to designers of AI systems who might consider how users’ a priori affect may make them more or less resistant to technological adoption. Additionally, the methodological approach validated in this study may be used by other scholars who wish to measure user affect in future research.
Can Wymore’s Mathematical Framework Underpin SysML? An Initial Investigation of State Machines

Abstract Model-based system engineering (MBSE) has been suggested to have significant benefits to include early verification and validation cycles and predictive analytics. Multiple languages for modeling the engineering of systems exist; the most widely used being Systems Modeling Language (SysML). SysML is descriptive in nature, meaning it contextualizes the relationships in the system model. While this is useful, it lacks a rigorously established mathematical framework that would allow for understanding of emergent behavior, pattern recognition, vulnerability assessment, and a scientific approach to modeling of systems among other capabilities. An internally consistent mathematical framework for MBSE was proposed by Wayne Wymore in 1993, which may provide what is necessary to overcome the descriptive limitation of SysML. In this article, we perform an initial assessment of the feasibility of underpinning Wymore mathematical system construct to SysML by comparing Wymore’s Moore-based state machines to SysML state machine diagrams. Specifically, we focus on the mathematical capturing of orthogonality through system coupling.
Introducing and Assessing Computational Thinking in the Secondary Science Classroom

The importance of computational thinking (CT) as a goal of science education is increasingly acknowledged. The representational affordances of computational tools are changing the way knowledge can be constructed, expressed, and understood across disciplines. Our group has worked to explicitly characterize CT practices used by computational STEM researchers (CT-STEM practices) and to develop computational science curricula that teach both CT-STEM practices and science content. We have previously characterized four strands of CT-STEM practices: data practices, modeling and simulation practices, computational problem-solving practices, and systems thinking practices. In this chapter, we show that a group of 9th grade students developed competencies for modeling and simulation practices as a result of their engagement in our computational biology curriculum. As evidence, we present findings from a quantitative analysis of students’ written responses to assessments given before and after their participation in three computational biology units. Results suggest that the computational biology curriculum helped students develop a number of important competencies for the strand on modeling and simulation practices. Our work contributes to the field’s understanding of how science curricula can be designed to foster students’ development of CT-STEM practices and how this development can be assessed.
Heroin Cues Reveal Astroglial Heterogeneity in the Nucleus Accumbens Core

BACKGROUND: Cues predicting heroin delivery induce heroin seeking by initiating synaptic glutamate release in the nucleus accumbens core. The intensity of heroin seeking is negatively modulated by cue-induced increases in synaptic proximity of astrocytes. Glutamate-driven heroin seeking is also negatively regulated by compounds that promote glutamate uptake through the astrocytic transporter GLT-1. We hypothesized that the cue-induced increase in astrocyte synaptic proximity reduces heroin seeking by increasing GLT-1 synaptic proximity. METHODS: Rats were trained to self-administer heroin or sucrose before undergoing extinction and cued reinstatement of heroin or sucrose seeking. We used confocal microscopy to assess expression and co-registration of GLT-1 with the synaptic marker Synapsin I in the nucleus accumbens core. RESULTS: Extinction from heroin, but not sucrose self-administration, downregulated GLT-1. Heroin cues increased surface expression of GLT-1 in parallel with heroin seeking, but counter to expectations, the increase was not proximal to synapses identified by Synapsin I. In fact, astroglia showing cue-induced increased surface expression of GLT-1 constituted a distinct subpopulation of astroglia from those showing increased synaptic proximity. Supporting discrete mechanisms, preventing cue-evoked increases in astrocyte synaptic proximity by knocking down the astroglial-selective actin binding protein ezrin did not impact cue-induced increases in GLT-1 surface expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that heroin-paired cues elicit two transient adaptations in astrocytes in the nucleus accumbens core, restoration of synaptic proximity and increased surface expression of GLT-1. Each adaptation occurs in largely non-overlapping subpopulations of astrocytes, but both adaptations appear to dampen reinstated heroin seeking.
Spatio-Temporal Distribution and Fixed-Precision Sampling Plan of Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Florida Blueberry.

Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood is an invasive and foliar pest of Florida blueberry that reduces plant growth by feeding on new leaf growth. A sampling plan is needed to make informed control decisions for S. dorsalis in blueberry. Fourteen blueberry fields in central Florida were surveyed in 2017 and 2018 after summer pruning to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of S. dorsalis and to develop a fixed-precision sampling plan. A sampling unit of ten blueberry shoots (with four to five leaves each) was collected from one blueberry bush at each point along a 40 × 40 m grid. Field counts of S. dorsalis varied largely ranging from zero to 1122 adults and larvae per sampling unit. Scirtothrips dorsalis had aggregated distribution that was consistent within fields and temporally stable between summers, according to Taylor’s power law (TPL) (aggregation parameter, b = 1.57), probability distributions (56 out of 70 sampling occasions fit the negative binomial distribution), Lloyd’s index (b > 1 in 94% occasions), and Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs (31% had significant clusters). The newly developed fixed-precision sampling plan required 167, 42, seven, or three sampling units to estimate a nominal mean density of 20 S. dorsalis per sampling unit with a precision of 5%, 10%, 25%, or 40%, respectively. New knowledge on S. dorsalis distribution will aid in evaluating the timing and effectiveness of control measures.
NCAA e-sports 20XX: an analysis of radical innovation adoption through firm collaboration

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is considering the adoption of e-sports (i.e., organised competitive video gaming), which could be considered a radical innovation as it deviates in many areas from traditional sports (e.g., online game play format, lack of high physical exertion, complicated intellectual property rights for each game, etc.). However, collaboration with firms familiar with the innovation (e.g., National Association of Collegiate eSports - NACE) might mitigate risks surrounding the radical innovation. Thus, the purpose of this paper was to investigate whether a potential association between the NCAA and NACE would be advantageous to both organisations. Through a deductive qualitative content analysis underpinned by Rogers's (2003) innovation characteristics (e.g., complexity, compatibility and relative advantage), several themes emerged: physical exertion, e-sports structure, amateurism, eligibility, compensation, profitability, and diversity and gender equity. These themes are discussed while identifying the benefits and issues surrounding a NCAA/NACE collegiate e-sports adoption and collaboration.
Semi Queer: Inside the World of Gay, Trans, and Black Truck Drivers: By Anne Balay. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. 232 pp. ISBN: 9781469647098 (Hardcover), $27.95; ISBN: 9781469659039 (Softbound), $24.95.

Semi Queer is an ethnography that aims to understand how truck driving feels—emotionally, mentally, physically, socially—for sexual, gender, and racial minorities in the United States at the start ...