cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Axial Tensile Strain on Yield Load-Carrying Capacity of Pipelines

This paper theoretically investigates the effect of axial tensile strain on the plastic yield load-carrying capacity of pipelines. The elasticity theory and three plastic yield criteria of Tresca criterion, von Mises criterion, and Average Shear Stress Yield (ASSY) criterion are adopted in the analysis. General solutions of elastic stresses and strains are obtained for a thin-walled, end-caped pipe subjected to internal pressure and an axial strain that is used to represent the outside applied force. Based on the three plastic yield criteria, different nonlinear governing equations are obtained for determining the yield pressure, the yield hoop and axial stresses as well as the yield hoop and radial strains for the pipe. The results showed that the pressure, stresses and strains in the pipe at yield are functions of the axial strain, Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus, and yield strength of the pipe steel. The tensile strain limits are then obtained for different pipeline grades. It is concluded that the axial tensile strain can significantly reduce the limit load or the regulation-allowed operating pressure, and the tensile strain limits should be considered in strain-based design to prevent pipeline failure.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Comparative DNA reassociation kinetics of cranes

Cinetique de reassociation de l'ADN etudiee chez 15 especes reparties en 4 genres de la grue, repartition des sequences en fonction du nombre de copies
A Review of Hardware Acceleration for Computational Genomics

Hardware accelerators are becoming increasingly commonplace in delivering high performance computing solutions at a fraction of the cost of conventional supercomputers and standalone CPU clusters, despite the additional programming effort required to utilize them. This paper provides a survey on the use of hardware accelerators such as FPGAs and GPUs in the area of biological sequence analysis, particularly in the domain of computational genomics. We also survey research on hardware acceleration in response to emerging trends in high-throughput sequencing, and applications enabled by it. We conclude the survey with remarks on how these trends influence the use of hardware acceleration in bioinformatics, and the role of recently developed or soon to be released accelerator technologies.
Out-of-hospital management of cardiac arrest by basic emergency medical technicians

The outcome in 126 consecutive patients with nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was analyzed to determine the effectiveness of a standard ambulance system over 22 months. Therapy was limited to basic life support (that is, administration of oxygen by mask, i.v. fluids, closed-chest massage and artificial respiration) by emergency medical technicians in a community in which less than 1% of the population had been trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Analyses of patient data were performed to determine the relations between survival to hospital admission or discharge and 6 variables; response time, prior CPR, initial rhythm, acute myocardial infarction, initial blood pressure and initial pulse. Of 126 patients, 28 (22%) survived to hospital admission and 11 (9%) to hospital discharge. Two patient subgroups had a higher discharge rate: those with an initial rhythm of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (7 of 50, 14%), and those with an initial blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg and a pulse rate of greater than 50 beats/min (3 of 6, 50%). For patients in arrest before ambulance arrival, there was no difference in outcome between those who did or those who did not receive prior CPR. Results of this study can be used as a basis for evaluating and comparing interventions directed toward stabilization of patients during the prehospital phase of cardiac arrest.
On the relationship between anxiety and pain: A methodological confounding

Abstract Anxiety and pain have been conceptualized as independent though interacting states. However, for both states, self-report data share common objective descriptors, physiological data reflect a general activation of sympathetic arousal, and overt-motor behaviors share common response characteristics. Likewise, the treatments for anxiety and pain are related for both medical and psychological interventions. For example, anti-anxiety agents have been suggested for the treatment of pain complaints and psychological procedures originally developed to treat anxiety have been successfully utilized in treating pain. The need for direct comparisons of anxiety and pain responding is emphasized, and preliminary data addressing self reported anxiety and pain symptoms are briefly reported. To further clarify the relationship between states, future research directions are suggested.
On the complete integral closure of an integral domain

We consider in this paper only commutative rings with identity. When R is considered as a subring of S it will always be assumed that R and S have the same identity. If R is a subring of S an element s of S said to be integral over R if s is the root of a monic polynomial with coefficients in R. Following Krull [8], p. 102, we say s is almost integral over R provided all powers of s belong to a finite R-submodule of S. If R1 is the set of elements of S almost integral over R we say R1 is the complete integral closure of R in S.
IMPRINTING EFFECT OF FETAL AND/OR PERINATAL ADRENAL STEROIDS ON SERUM LH IN 21-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY (CAH)

Serum LH levels are lower and serum FSH levels are higher in girls than in boys during the first trimester of postnatal life. The mechanism for these sex differences is not known. In order to study the influence of high levels of adrenal steroids, mainly androgens and progestins, on serum gonadotropins during this period of life, 9 girls with CAH, mean ± SD age 20.9±15.8 days, were studied before and after 56±41 days of oral hydrocortisone replacement therapy. A control group of 16 girls (CI) and 15 boys (C2), mean ages 41.7±33.6 and 59.3±43.3 days, respectively, were also studied. Serum LH and FSH levels were determined by enzyme immunoassay in the presence of two monoclonal antibodies. Mean serum LH in untreated CAH patients (1.28±1.91 IU/L) was higher than in CI (0.47±0.33) and lower than in C2 (2.52±1.74). but differences were not statistically significant. Mean serum FSH in untreated CAH patients (2.19±3.25 IU/L) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in C1 (6.57±5.23), but similar to C2 (2.43±1.67). During therapy, serum LH in CAH patients (3.49±4.82) was significantly higher than in C1, (p. < 0.02) and similar to C2; while serum FSH in CAH patients (3.72±1.78) was not different than in C1 or C2. These data suggest that high levels of adrenal steroids, probably androgens, might modulate gonadotropin secretion at the hypothalamic or pituitary level. These steroids might exert a synergistic inhibitory effect with ovarian inhibin on FSH secretion in these girls. The fact that after adrenal steroid suppression, the pattern of serum LH levels in these infant girls with CAH remained similar to that of control boys, suggests that high levels of androgens at a critical period during fetal and/or perinatal life, had an imprinting effect on the control of LK secretion that persists after androgen withdrawal.
Self-Reported Methods of Cessation of Adult Male Child Abusers: A Pilot Study

This pilot study explored the pre-arrest self-selected cessation attempts of sexual offenders (N = 109) who abused children and often others. Four participants were dropped because of invalid responding (N = 104). While 74.3% of sample participants reported attempts to decrease or stop their sexual offending prior to arrest, 56% out of 100 who responded to the cessation question reported that they were able to do so. Self-efficacy was examined as a potential predictive variable of cessation attempts and success of attempts; however, no relationship was found between self-efficacy and attempts. Practice and research implications are discussed.
Communication apprehension and the type‐a personality

Do Type‐A individuals experience communication apprehension? Consistent with theoretical expectations, the data at hand suggest the answer is a qualified “no.” Individuals evidencing a Type‐A personality reported significantly less CA than their Type‐B counterparts. This pattern of findings was strongest for apprehension about communicating in “collective” contexts (e.g., public, group, meeting) but diminished for CA in more “intimate” circumstances (e.g., interpersonal).
Biomineralization of Fine Selenium Crystalline Rods and Amorphous Spheres

A simple aqueous phase method containing a water-soluble carrier protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), has been presented for the synthesis of well-defined morphologies of nanobiomaterials. BSA has been used as a shape-directing agent to synthesize crystalline Se nanobars (NBs) and amorphous nanospheres in aqueous phase at a relatively low temperature of 85 °C. Na2SeO3 is used as the Se source to achieve nanoselenium following hydrazine reduction. Well-defined multifacet NBs are produced when the amount of Na2SeO3 is at least 6 times greater than that of BSA (on the basis of per residue), while amorphous spheres are formed with nearly a 1:1 ratio. Both morphologies have been fully characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis. Results have shown that the shape-directing ability of unfolded BSA helped to ac...
Two suggested adjustments in farm income measurement using taxation data

The paper sets out two adjustments for taxation data when income distribution is relevant. The adjustments are used on income series for primary producers and wholesale-retail trading and results compared. Little difference is found between the two income series though the latter, years show the wholesale-retail traders series continuing on an upward trend, while the primary producers series appears to climb at a slower rate or has flattened out. An examination of income led to similar conclusions though these figures seem to imply that in both industries there is a hard core of poverty, individuals who can neither raise their income nor move out of the industry.
A THEORY OF THE BINOCULAR CYCLOPEAN FIELD: ON THE POSSIBILITY OF SIMULATED STEREOPSIS.

The two eyes' views, when disparate (under ca. 0.25" of visual arc) , combine to a unitary percept with stereoscopic depth. O n the other hand, wherever the rwo views are different, rivalry results: one or the other will be seen predominantly at any point in the combined view, but not both. A persistenr minoriry opinion considers that binocular combination proceeds by suppressing one or the other monocular view at each point, as far as color and shape are concerned, but assumes that the contents of each eyes' views are somehow taken into account at another level of function to produce the appropriate depth qualiries of the combined or cyclopean field ( 1 , 4, 6 ) . 1 wish to push this one step further. A contour in one eye inhibits the other eye's view within a contralateral suppressive field (CSF) of about 0.25" of visual arc ( 2 ) ; therefore, the rwo images that are disparate within the ranges needed for stereopsis to occur are also within the CSF in which one suppresses the other. Moreover, by inserting contours in stereograms so that one view is suppressed, stereodepth is also lost ( 3 ) . It becomes plausible ro argue, therefore, that there are not rwo levels of binocular combination (one in which rivalry of color and shape appears and another unconscious level at which the disparities between the two eyes' views are assessed and used to construct stereoscopic depth) , but only one: a cyclopean field, constructed piecemeal out of the contents of one eye or the other. If rhis model is right, we must look only to evencs in this single cyclopean field to explain stereopsis. Since Ss cannot derecr which eye receives a monocular stimulus ( 5 ) , the only variables of the cyclopean field are those of space, time, and color. How, then, can we tell which eye has received either of two disparate binocular images, as we must i f unambiguous srereodeprh is to be seen? The images may be sorted as to eye-of-origin by several cues--dynamically, by convergence-coupled parallax changes and, starically, by the contralateral suppression partern (i.e., which contours are mutually suppressive) and by different relative durations of dominance of each eye. If we can simulate such interactions in a single optical display, and present this simulated cyclopean field to one eye, we should obtain "binocular stereopsis" through a monocular view.
A neurogeneticist's manifesto.

This discussion of approaches and accomplishments in the neurogenetics business will focus largely on certain invertebrate nervous systems and how they function: physiology, neurochemistry, and behavior, as opposed to neural development. In turn, most of the treatment will deal with genetics as such, as opposed to genic studies that are solely molecular because they do not involve genetic variants.
Fluence reduction of nuclear reactor pressure vessels by fuel-management strategies

A study is presented which evaluates three different fuel-management schemes for reducing fast-neutron fluence on PWR (pressurized water reactor) pressure vessels. The schemes consist of a low leakage loading pattern (L-3) and a very low leakage loading pattern (VLL) and a very low leakage loading pattern with stainless-steel dummy fuel assemblies on the core edge (VLL + SS). The loading patterns require power derating to offset the maximum allowable pin-power peaking factor in the core. A 2-D nodal computer code, cyclops, was used to calculate the physics, burnup and economics of the three alternative policies. For each fuel-loading policy, three average batch enrichments were used: 3.50, 3.73 and 4.00% 235U. The 450 MW(e) Westinghouse PWR, San Onofre Unit No. 1 (SONGS-1) was selected as a representative unit for this study. The VLL fuel-management policy with 4.00% 235U enrichment was found to give the most favorable advantages. The pressure vessel lifetime is extended by 6.8 yr to 34.8 yr. The total electrical output of 8.272 × 1010 kWh from Cycle 8 to end of life (EOL) represents a 5.93% increase over the present policy. The least favorable policy increases the vessel life by only 0.88 yr, but because of the required power derating the total electrical output to EOL is reduced to 6.31 × 1010 kWh, a decrease of 19.17% from the present policy output of 7.809 × 1010 kWh from Cycle 8 to EOL. An economic study, with realistic current unit costs, shows that the levelized cost of electricity at the bus bar would increase by approx. 3% for the most favorable policy over the present policy cost. This increase is mostly due to the power derating from 1347 to 1206 MW(th).
Assessment of two approximation methods for computing posterior model probabilities

Model selection is an important problem in statistical applications. Bayesian model averaging provides an alternative to classical model selection procedures and allows researchers to consider several models from which to draw inferences. In the multiple linear regression case, it is difficult to compute exact posterior model probabilities required for Bayesian model averaging. To reduce the computational burden the Laplace approximation and an approximation based on the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) have been proposed. The BIC approximation is the easiest to calculate and is being used widely in application. In this paper we conduct a simulation study to determine which approximation performs better. We give an example of where the methods differ, study the performance of these methods on randomly generated models and explore some of the features of the approximations. Our simulation study suggests that the Laplace approximation performs better on average than the BIC approximation.
Circadian regulation of hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase mRNA levels in rat pineal and retina.

Abstract Hydroxyindole- O -methyltransferase (HIOMT, EC 2.1.1.4) catalyzes the methylation of acetylserotonin to complete the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal and retina. A complete 1728 nucleotide cDNA encoding rat pineal HIOMT was isolated, characterized, and used to evaluate day/night levels of HIOMT mRNA. As previously reported for HIOMT enzyme activity, HIOMT mRNA levels were also greater in the pineal than in the retina. Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization were useful for detection of HIOMT mRNA in the pineal but not the retina, whereas the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction or RNase protection assay revealed transcripts for HIOMT both in the pineal and retina. Investigating HIOMT mRNA levels in rat pineal and retina at 6 time-points throughout a 24 h period revealed higher levels of HIOMT message during darkness. The daily fluctuation in HIOMT mRNA persisted in constant darkness, verifying an endogenous circadian rhythm both in the pineal and retina. In mammalian pineals, sympathetic innervation, synthesizing norepinephrine that activates beta (β) adrenergic receptors, entrain several circadian bodily functions through the synthesis and release of melatonin. A single injection of the β-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, induced a dramatic increase of HIOMT mRNA levels in the light-adapted pineal, in vivo. Moreover, a single injection of the β-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol, prevented the nocturnal increase of pineal HIOMT mRNA. Using a combination of methods, it has been shown that the level of HIOMT mRNA fluctuates daily in both the pineal gland and retina. This day/night rhythm can be modulated either by β receptor agonists or antagonists when applied appropriately during the circadian cycle, suggesting that the mRNA changes in HIOMT may be controlled at the transcriptional level.
Forbidden Transition in the Spectrum of Interstellar Ionized Titanium

AN exploration of the ultra-violet spectra of a number of stars has recently been undertaken in collaboration with Dr. Walter S. Adams, using the aluminized mirror of the 100-inch telescope, a new grating of high efficiency ruled by B. W. Wood on an aluminized Pyrex disc, and an off-axis Schmidt camera1 of 32 inches focal length which gives, in the second order, a scale of 10.2 A. per mm. Two sharp lines at 3241.99 and 3383.78 the appearance of which suggests an interstellar origin have been photographed in the spectra of five stars of early type: Persei (Oe5), Orionis (Oe5), X Aurigae (B1), X2 Orionis (B2) and 55 Cygni (B2). The interstellar sodium pair (3s2S – 4p2p0) at 3302.38 and 3302.98 were used as standards in determining the wavelengths of these lines.
Innovations in modeling influenza virus infections in the laboratory

Respiratory viruses represent one of the most substantial infectious disease burdens to the human population today, and in particular, seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses pose a persistent threat to public health worldwide. In recent years, advances in techniques used in experimental research have provided the means to better understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis and transmission of respiratory viruses, and thus more accurately model these infections in the laboratory. Here, we briefly review the model systems used to study influenza virus infections, and focus particularly on recent advances that have increased our knowledge of these formidable respiratory pathogens.
The response of surf-zone phytoplankton to nutrient enrichment (Cassino Beach, Brazil)

Abstract To understand the mechanisms that trigger changes in chlorophyll a and species composition in the phytoplankton of the surf-zone at Cassino Beach (RS), we performed two short nutrient-enrichment experiments (4–5 days each) during the summer and winter of 2010. Seawater was incubated under controlled conditions of temperature (summer 25 ± 3 °C, winter 18 ± 1 °C), salinity (summer 28, winter 26) and irradiance (100 μmol m− 2 s− 1). Dissolved inorganic nutrients were added in various concentrations in the summer (silicate, Si; nitrate, N; phosphate, P) and winter (N, P) experiments. Samples were taken daily for cell counts and chlorophyll a analysis. In both experiments, chlorophyll a values and cell density showed a significant increase (mainly diatoms) in the treatments with nitrate addition, regardless of the proportion added. In the summer experiment, the largest chlorophyll a increase, approximately threefold (31.5 to 89.5 μg L− 1), was observed in the NP treatment due to the growth of Asterionellopsis glacialis (Castracane) Round, Skeletonema tropicum Cleve, Thalassiosira sp. Cleve and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Peragallo. The maximum growth was obtained in the SiNP treatment for S. tropicum (μ = 0.7), Thalassiosira (μ = 1.9) and Pseudo-nitzschia (μ = 1.3) and in the SiN treatment for A. glacialis (μ = 1.0). In the winter experiment, the chlorophyll a content increased 4.2 and 5.5 times, respectively, in the N and NP treatments (maxima 38.8 μg L− 1 and 31.5 μg L− 1), where A. glacialis (μ = 1.7–1.9) and Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann & J.C. Lewin (μ = 1.0–1.96) showed the highest amount of growth. These results indicate that nitrate is the most important nutrient controlling phytoplankton chlorophyll a at sandy Cassino Beach. However, the responses of different species to enrichment during the summer and winter indicated that other factors also played a role. A. glacialis, present during both seasons, presented the highest growth rate during the winter, whereas during the summer it was independent of nutrient enrichment but coincided with the lowest growth of S. tropicum. This finding suggested the occurrence of allelopathic interactions between these species. During the summer, multi-enrichment (SiNP) favoured the best growth of S. tropicum, Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and Thalassiosira sp. These results indicated that the phytoplankton composition and diversity in the surf zone of Cassino Beach are shaped by the availability of silicate and phosphorus as well as by the availability of nitrate.
Patient-ventilator interaction. Foreword.

Poor patient-ventilator interaction (patient-ventilator asynchrony) has been increasingly recognized during both invasive and noninvasive ventilation. The importance of optimizing patient-ventilator interaction has been most evident from the studies that showed that asynchrony is associated with
Tim Gautreaux’s The Missing: Journeys of Vengeance or Belonging?

Louisiana Catholic author Tim Gautreaux engages questions of violence and revenge in his two most recent novels, The Clearing (2003) and The Missing (2009). In particular, engaging the popular myth of redemptive violence, The Missing explores the attractiveness of this idea before ultimately revealing the falseness of this simplistic approach to evil. This essay draws on Catholic social teaching as well as theologian Walter Wink’s analysis of redemptive violence to investigate the critique of revenge revealed in the novel. Through the protagonist Sam Simoneaux’s wrestling with the possibility of revenge juxtaposed with his uncle’s quiet Catholic-infused teaching, the novel reveals that a journey toward reclaiming a painful past is only possible if the siren song of vengeance is resisted.
Mobilization of arsenic during one-year incubations of grey aquifer sands from Araihazar, Bangladesh.

Elevated As concentrations in shallow groundwater pose a major health threat in Bangladesh and similarly affected countries, yet there is little consensus on the mechanism of As release to groundwater or how it might be influenced by human activities. In this study, the rate of As release was measured directly with incubations lasting 11 months, using sediment and groundwater collected simultaneously in Bangladesh and maintained under anaerobic conditions throughout. Groundwater and grey sediment were collected as diluted slurries between 5 and 38 m depth, a range over which ambient groundwater As concentrations increased from 20 to 100 μg L −1 . Arsenic was released to groundwater in slurries from 5 and 12 m depth at a relatively constant rate of 21 ± 4 (2 σ) and 23 ± 6 μg As kg −1 yr −1 , respectively. Amendment with a modest level of acetate increased the rate of As release only at 12 m (82 ± 18 μg kg −1 yr −1 ). Although the groundwater As concentration was initially highest at 38 m depth, no release of As was observed. These results indicate that the spatial distribution of dissolved As in Bangladesh and local rates of release to groundwater are not necessarily linked. Iron release during the incubations did not occur concurrently with As release, providing further confirmation that the two processes are not directly coupled. Small periodic additions of oxygen suppressed the release of As from sediments at all three depths, which supports the notion that anoxia is a prerequisite for accumulation of As in Bangladesh groundwater.
The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for stereotactic localization

Stereotactic radiosurgery is based on the precise definition of intracranial target in relation to an extracranial reference system. A special plexiglas phantom for both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) was built to test the spatial accuracy of MR images using the Leksell stereotactic head frame and localizer system. The phantom was constructed in a shape of cube, 164 mm in each dimension, with three perpendicular arrays of solid plaxiglas rod, 5 mm (3/16 inch) in diameter and spaced 30 mm apart within the phantom. In this study, both MRI and CT images were taken under the same Leksell head frame placement. The deviations of the intraphantom rod positions were determined by using fused image data sets from two MRI scanners and a CT scanner. For the Siemens MR scanner (Symphony, 1.5 T), mean differences of the coordinates in the rod position were 0.5 mm (range: 0.0 to 1.5 mm), 0.6 mm (range: 0.0 to 1.5 mm), and 0.3 mm (range: 0.0 to 1.0 mm) for the x, y and z coordinates of the Leksell stereotactic system, respectively. For the Philips MR scanner (Gyroscan, 1.5 T), mean differences were very similar to that of the Siemens. Least distortion appears in the middle of the phantom or the head frame system while most distortion appears around the periphery, MR images from these particular MR scanners have similar quality. The overall mean distortion is under 1 mm.
The Effect of Peritransplant Minimal Residual Disease in Adults With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Abstract Background Allogeneic HSCT is highly effective for treating ALL. However, many ALL patients relapse after HSCT. There has been a continuing effort to improve identification of patients at high risk of relapse, with the goal of early intervention to improve outcome. Patients and Methods In this retrospective analysis, we examined the effect of MRD on the risk of hematologic relapse in 149 adult patients with ALL in morphologic remission undergoing allogeneic HSCT. MRD was assessed at the time of HSCT and after HSCT. Results Patients with pretransplant MRD had a trend for shorter progression-free survival (PFS) at 2 years compared with patients without MRD, nearing statistical significance; 28% versus 47%, P = .08, on univariate analysis. This trend remained on multivariate analysis with better PFS in patients without MRD at the time of HSCT, hazard ratio (HR), 0.62 (95% confidence interval, 0.37-1.04); P = .07. Additionally, emergence of MRD after HSCT was a strong predictor for overt hematologic relapse (HR, 4; P Conclusion These findings demonstrate the predictive value of monitoring for MRD around the time of transplant in adult patients with ALL.
Geometrical interpretation of nonlinearities from a cylindrical pick-up

In many accelerators, cylindrical pick-ups are used to measure transverse beam positions. Theoretically, signals from these pick-ups are related to infinite power series of the beam position but, in practice, only finite number of terms are considered and the position measurements degrade when a beam is far from the center of a pick-up. This paper shows there is actually a simple geometrical relation between a beam position and induced signals. With help of the geometrical relation, the beam position can be written in a compact function of signals. The paper is concluded with numerical simulations and a test to show this geometry based expression can calculate a beam position better than the conventional methods.
Modification of CAPS-1 for diagnosis of PTSD in Afghan refugees

A DSM-III-R based instrument for the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-1), was modified to accommodate cultural differences and translated into the Afghan languages Pushto and Farsi (Dari) and administered to 30 Afghan refugees living in the United States. The modified CAPS-1 was found to be practical and reliable. Inter-item correlations were calculated on the frequency and intensity scores for the 17 cardinal symptoms and the eight associated features items of the modified CAPS-1. The four reexperiencing items demonstrated significant independence from the avoidance and arousal symptom clusters. However, the avoidance and arousal symptom clusters were not found to be independent cardinal components of PTSD in our participants. The CAPS-1 criteria for diagnosis of PTSD were met by 50% of the subjects evaluated.
Electronic health record adoption and health information exchange among hospitals in New York State.

Abstract Rationale, aims and objectives Unprecedented national and state initiatives are underway to promote adoption and meaningful use of electronic health records (EHRs) with health information exchange (HIE). New York State leads the nation in state initiatives and is conducting ongoing surveillance of its investments. Lessons learned from studying states like New York can inform federal policies and will be essential to evaluate the effectiveness of these initiatives. We undertook this first in a series of planned surveys to assess EHR adoption and HIE activities by New York State hospitals. Methods Between May and December 2009, we surveyed all New York State hospitals to determine rates of EHR adoption, participation in HIE and implementation of functionalities associated with nine core meaningful use criteria. Results We received responses from 148 (72.2%) of 205 hospitals surveyed and found that 23 (15.5%) had adopted an EHR and 29 (23.2%) were participating in HIE. Two hospitals (1.4%) reported full implementation of the meaningful use functionalities surveyed. Public hospitals were ahead of private hospitals and notable regional differences were found. Discussion EHR adoption rates and participation in HIE are higher among New York hospitals than hospitals nationwide, suggesting that state initiatives funding community EHR implementation may influence these efforts by hospitals. However, overall rates of adoption and preparedness to meet meaningful use remain low. Direct support for hospitals, such as that provided through the national EHR Incentive Program, will likely be critical for rates of EHR adoption and HIE to significantly rise, even in advanced states.
Gender Talk: The Struggle for Women's Equality in African-American Communities

In their compelling text, Gender Talk, Cole and Guy-Sheftall explore the issue of sexism within the African-American community. There appear to be at least three prominent themes: (a) the personal ...
Quantum Mechanical Treatment of Transport Properties of Semiconductors: Possible Application to Polymers

Charge and energy transport comprises a very large part of the physics of semiconductors. The aim of the present set of lectures is a discussion of some of the fundamental concepts of transport theory.
Sampling of near-native protein conformations during protein structure refinement using a coarse-grained model, normal modes, and molecular dynamics simulations.

Protein structure refinement from comparative models with the goal of predicting structures at near-experimental accuracy remains an unsolved problem. Structure refinement might be achieved with an iterative protocol where the most native-like structure from a set of decoys generated from an initial model in one cycle is used as the starting structure for the next cycle. Conformational sampling based on the coarse-grained SICHO model, atomic level of detail molecular dynamics simulations, and normal-mode analysis is compared in the context of such a protocol. All of the sampling methods can achieve significant refinement close to experimental structures, although the distribution of structures and the ability to reach native-like structures differs greatly. Implications for the practical application of such sampling methods and the requirements for scoring functions in an iterative refinement protocol are analyzed in the context of theoretical predictions for the distribution of protein-like conformations with a random sampling protocol. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Boundary and Mixed Friction in the Presence of Dynamic Normal Loads: Part II—Friction Transients

The normal dynamic model of the sliding system developed in PartI of this paper is combined with a friction model, obtained separately from the same apparatus, to provide estimates of the friction under dynamic loading conditions. The two-dimensional friction model, developed from measurements at constant normal load and slowly varying sliding speeds, includes the normal approach of the sliding bodiesas a key variable. From the combined model, estimates of friction under harmonic loading and of friction transients associated with short duration impacts are compared with measurements. The very good agreement between estimates ans measurements indicates that, while a good friction model is required, the crucial and most variable aspect of the modeling of dynamic friction is the representation of hte normal dynamics of the sliding system
WAIS Divide ice core suggests sustained changes in the atmospheric formation pathways of sulfate and nitrate since the 19th century in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere

Abstract. The 17O excess (Δ17O = δ17O−0.52 × δ18O) of sulfate and nitrate reflects the relative importance of their different production pathways in the atmosphere. A new record of sulfate and nitrate Δ17O spanning the last 2400 years from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide ice core project shows significant changes in both sulfate and nitrate Δ17O in the most recent 200 years, indicating changes in their formation pathways. The sulfate Δ17O record exhibits a 1.1 ‰ increase in the early 19th century from (2.4 ± 0.2) ‰ to (3.5 ± 0.2) ‰, which suggests that an additional 12–18% of sulfate formation occurs via aqueous-phase production by O3, relative to that in the gas phase. Nitrate Δ17O gradually decreases over the whole record, with a more rapid decrease between the mid-19th century and the present day of 5.6 ‰, indicating an increasing importance of RO2 in NOx cycling between the mid-19th century and the present day in the mid- to high-latitude Southern Hemisphere. The former has implications for the climate impacts of sulfate aerosol, while the latter has implications for the tropospheric O3 production rate in remote low-NOx environments. Using other ice core observations, we rule out drivers for these changes other than variability in extratropical oxidant (OH, O3, RO2, H2O2, and reactive halogens) concentrations. However, assuming OH, H2O2, and O3 are the main oxidants contributing to sulfate formation, Monte Carlo box model simulations require a large (≥ 260%) increase in the O3 / OH mole fraction ratio over the Southern Ocean in the early 19th century to match the sulfate Δ17O record. This unlikely scenario points to a~deficiency in our understanding of sulfur chemistry and suggests other oxidants may play an important role in sulfate formation in the mid- to high-latitude marine boundary layer. The observed decrease in nitrate Δ17O since the mid-19th century is most likely due to an increased importance of RO2 over O3 in NOx cycling and can be explained by a 60–90% decrease in the O3 / RO2 mole fraction ratio in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere NOx-source regions.
Synthesis and evaluation of nanoglobule-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A), a biodegradable nanosized magnetic resonance contrast agent for dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance urography.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging has been recently shown to be effective for diagnostic urography. High-resolution urographic images can be acquired with T1 contrast agents for the kidney and urinary tract with minimal noise in the abdomen. Currently, clinical contrast agents are low molecular weight agents and can rapidly extravasate from blood circulation, leading to slow contrast agent elimination through kidney and consequently providing limited contrast enhancement in urinary tract. In this study, a new biodegradable macromolecular contrast agent, nanoglobule-G4-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A), was prepared by conjugating Gd-DO3A chelates on the surface of a generation 4 nanoglobule, poly-l-lysine octa(3-aminopropyl)silsesquioxane dendrimer, via a disulfide spacer, where the carrier had a precisely defined nanosize that is far smaller than the renal filtration threshold. The in vivo contrast enhancement and dynamic imaging of the urinary tract of the agent was evaluated in nude mice using a low molecular weight agent Gd(DTPA-BMA) as a control. The agent eliminated rapidly from blood circulation and accumulated more abundantly in urinary tract than Gd(DTPA-BMA). The fast elimination kinetics is ideal for functional evaluation of the kidneys. The morphology of the kidneys and urinary tract was better visualized by the biodegradable nanoglobular contrast agent than Gd(DTPA-BMA). The agent also resulted in low liver contrast enhancement, indicating low nonspecific tissue deposition. These features render the G4 nanoglobule-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A) conjugate a promising contrast agent for magnetic resonance urography.
Contrasting Patterns of Spatial Genetic Structure in Sympatric Rock-Dwelling Cichlid Fishes

The cichlid fish of Lake Tanganyika in Eastern Africa are a celebrated example of both ecological and species diversification. Because population subdivision is likely to play an important role in the speciation process, understanding how habitat features interact with species' demographic, behavioral and ecological attributes to influence gene flow and population divergence may help explain the causes of high species richness in this and other systems. Here, we test the roles of isolation-by-habitat and isolation-by-distance in generating fine-scale population genetic structure in three sympatric species of habitat-restricted cichlids in Lake Tanganyika. Using multilocus microsatellite genotypes, we contrast patterns of population differentiation in these habitat specialists along a mosaic coastline of both favorable and unfavorable habitat. Despite their close phylogenetic relationship and shared habitat affinity, these species show striking differences in their pattern of genetic subdivision within the same geographical region, suggesting substantially different patterns of gene flow. In particular, two trophically specialized species exhibit much more restricted gene flow over sandy habitat than a trophically opportunistic species. This result suggests that ecological and behavioral traits have a strong influence on the scale and degree of population subdivision, a finding that has potentially important implications for understanding differential propensities for diversification among lineages and phylogenetic patterns of diversity.
Survival of Listeria monocytogenes during Storage of Ready-to-Eat Meat Products Processed by Drying, Fermentation, and/or Smoking

The survival of Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated on 15 ready-to-eat meat products made using drying, fermentation, and/or smoking. The products were obtained from six processors and included summer sausage, smoked cured beef, beef jerky, snack stick, and pork rind and crackling products. The water activity of the products ranged from 0.27 (pork rinds and cracklings) to 0.98 (smoked cured beef slices). Products were inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes, repackaged under either vacuum or air, and then stored either at room temperature (21°C) or under refrigeration (5°C) for 4 to 11 weeks. Numbers of L. monocytogenes fell for all products during storage, ranging from a decrease of 0.8 log CFU on smoked cured beef slices during 11 weeks under vacuum at 5°C to a decrease of 3.3 log CFU on a pork rind product stored 5 weeks under air at 21°C. All of the products tested could be produced under alternative 2 of the U.S. Department of Agriculture regulations mandating control of L. monocy...
Are There Differences between Consumers’ and Marketers’ Privacy Expectations? A Segment- and Technology-Level Analysis:

Abstract Despite previous examinations of business actions, consumer reactions, and regulatory efforts, there has been no direct comparison of consumer and marketer expectations for establishing and respecting privacy boundaries. This study directly compares consumer segments' and marketers' expectations for privacy boundaries that regulate marketers' access to consumers and their information. Using data from a national online survey, the authors compare three consumer segments' preferences regarding the boundaries for the use of eight information technologies (cookies, biometrics, loyalty cards, radio frequency identification, text messaging, pop-up advertisements, telemarketing, and spam) with survey results of marketing managers and database vendors for the same set of questions. The results identify consumer segments and technologies for which consumer expectations differ from marketers and, thus, for which more regulatory and public policy attention and research scholarship is needed.
MR Imaging in Hyperacute Stroke

Stroke is diagnosed approximately 400000 times per year in the United States, and contributes to approxi­mately 150000 deaths per year. While the clinical diag­nosis of stroke is questionable only infrequently, inter­vention may depend on a more accurate assessment than clinical evaluation. Attemps to find an effective therapy for stroke have so far been limited, and many investigators believe that this is due to an incomplete understanding of human stroke, particularly in the acute stage.
The Ordering of Over-the-Counter Pharmaceutical Label Components

Recently there has been increasing interest in enabling consumers to more easily acquire information from over-the-counter (OTC) nonprescription pharmaceutical labels. Standardization of the format of labels is being considered by industry, government, and health-related professional organizations as a way to facilitate their usability. Potentially standardization could assist consumers in quickly locating information that they need to use the medication safely. The purpose of the present research is to determine whether consumers have a consistent preference for the ordering of information (component headings) on OTC drug labels. If so then this could serve as a partial basis for standardization. Results showed relatively consistent orders across four drugs and three participant groups (adults attending a flea market, senior citizens, and undergraduates). In general, the data indicate that people prefer that labels first provide what the drug is used for (indications); second provide information on assoc...
Safety evaluation of lasalocid use in farm-reared pheasants

vi CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1 Thesis Organization 1 Literature Review 1 Pheasant background 1 Coccidiosis 3 Classification of pheasants 5 Extra-label drug use (ELDU) 5 Ionophores 6 Lasalocid 7 Lasalocid toxicity 7 Current use of lasalocid 9 FDA drug approval process 10 Investigational new animal drug (INAD) exemption 11 New animal drug application (NADA) information 12 Conclusion 14 CHAPTER 2. SAFETY EVALUATION OF LASALOCID USE IN RING NECKED PHEASANTS (PHASIANUS COLCHICUS) 17 Abstract 17 Introduction 18 Materials and Methods 19 Results 24 17 Introduction 18 Materials and Methods 19 Results 24
The potential performance of GaAs-based mechanically stacked multijunction solar concentrator cells

The potential performance of GaAs-based mechanically stacked, multijunction (MSMJ) solar concentrator cells in 500X and 1000X concentrator modules is analyzed. A description of the concentrator module and the MSMJ concentrator cell is presented. A thermal analysis of the MSMJ cell assembly in the module is given, and implications of the module operating conditions for the design of the MSMJ cell are considered. The normal operating cell temperature of MSMJ cells in a concentrator module is higher than that of single-junction cells due to the stacked cell construction, which reduces the expected performance advantages of MSMJ versus single-junction cells. >
Constraint-induced aphasia therapy stimulates language recovery in patients with chronic aphasia after ischemic stroke.

Background Constraint-induced aphasia therapy (CIAT) offers potential benefits to individuals with history of aphasia-producing ischemic stroke. The goals of this pilot study were to implement the original German CIAT protocol, refine the treatment program, and confirm its efficacy in patients with chronic aphasia. Material/methods We translated and modified the original CIAT protocol to include a hierarchy of individual skill levels for semantic, syntactic, and phonological language production, while constraining non-use behaviors. Three male participants with moderate to severe post-stroke aphasia received CIAT 3-4 hours/day for 5 consecutive days. Pre and post-testing included formal language evaluation, linguistic analysis of story retell, and mini-Communication Activity Log (mini-CAL). Results Substantial improvements in comprehension and verbal skills were noted in 2 patients with an increase in the total number of words (31% and 95%) and in number of utterances for story-retell task (57% and 75%). All participants demonstrated an improvement on at least one linguistic measure. No subjective improvements on mini-CAL were noted by any of the participants. Conclusions Given that the duration of treatment was only 1 week, these linguistic improvements in post stroke aphasia participants were remarkable. The results indicate that the CIAT protocol used in this study may be a useful tool in language restoration after stroke. These initial findings should be confirmed in a larger, randomized study.
Nectar Sugar Limits Larval Growth of Solitary Bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

The bottom-up effects of plant food quality and quantity can affect the growth, survival, and reproduction of herbivores. The larvae of solitary bee pollinators, consumers of nectar and pollen, are also herbivores. Although pollen quantity and quality are known to be important for larval growth, little is known about how nectar quality limits solitary bee performance. By adding different levels of nectar sugar directly to solitary bee provisions in the subalpine of Colorado, we tested the degree to which larval performance (development time, mass, and survival) was limited by nectar sugar. We found that larval growth increased with nectar sugar addition, with the highest larval mass in the high nectar-sugar addition treatment (50% honey solution). The shortest larval development time was observed in the low nectar-sugar addition treatment (25% honey solution). Neither low nor high nectar-sugar addition affected larval survival. This study suggests that, in addition to pollen, nectar-sugar concentration can limit solitary bee larval growth and development, and nectar should be considered more explicitly as a currency governing foraging decisions related to producing optimally sized offspring. The availability and sugar content of nectar may scale up to affect bee fitness, population dynamics, and plant-pollinator mutualisms.