cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE INFORMATION AGE: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. AGRICULTURE

The U.S. agricultural system is on the verge of a technological revolution that will involve biotechnology and computer-based information technology. As the U.S. economy is being transformed through the growing computerelectronics industry, agricultural applications of computer technology, which include the microcomputer and videotex information retrieval networks, are becoming established agricultural inputs. The emergence of agriculture into the Information Age promises to have significant impacts on the economic and social welfare of the farmer as well as rural banking and postal systems, and agrimarketing and agriinput firms. A development which will shape the impact of information technology is the growing trend toward privatizing information which could result in agricultural information being transformed into a purchased agricultural input. This promises to undermine many public agricultural service activities. The penetration of information technology in agriculture along with the privatization of agricultural information has the potential of accelerating the forces which are consolidating farms and changing the face of agriculture.
The kidney tight junction (Review)

The tight junction is an important subcellular organelle which plays a vital role in epithelial barrier function. Claudin, as the integral membrane component of tight junctions, creates a paracellular transport pathway for various ions to be reabsorbed by the kidneys. This review summarizes advances in claudin structure, function and pathophysiology in kidney diseases. Different claudin species confer selective paracellular permeability to each of three major renal tubular segments: the proximal tubule, the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and the distal nephron. Defects in claudin function can cause a wide spectrum of kidney diseases, such as hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria, kidney stones and hypertension. Studies using transgenic mouse models with claudin mutations have reca- pitulated several of these renal disease phenotypes and have elucidated the underlying biological mechanisms. Modern recording approaches based upon scanning ion conductance microscopy may resolve the biophysical nature of claudin transport function and provide novel insight into tight junction architecture.
THE EFFECTS OF IRON DEFICIENCY ON THE HEPATOCYTE: A BIOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY

Effects of iron deficiency on the hepatocyte were studied quantitatively in the rat by combining ultrastructural and biochemical techniques. After 3–8 wk of an iron-deficient diet, the percentage of cytoplasm occupied by mitochondria increased progressively compared with complete diet values. The increment resulted primarily from an enlargement of individual mitochondria rather than from an increased mitochondrial number. Many mitochondria were completely divided by a double membrane, often at a point of constriction. After 2 days of iron administration, mitochondria were of heterogeneous size, shape, and electron opacity. After 5 days, essentially all mitochondria had become normal in configuration. The rate of reversal of the morphological abnormality was more rapid than would be anticipated if it coincided with known rates of renewal of mitochondrial DNA or protein. The concentrations of mitochondrial cytochromes were more rapidly depressed as a result of iron deprivation than those of microsomal cytochromes. Cytochromes c and a were decreased after 3 and 8 wk of exposure to the deficient regimen. Cytochrome P 450 was not decreased after a 3 wk exposure to the deficient diet and responded normally to phenobarbital treatment with a fourfold increase in total hepatic content; its concentration was depressed only after 8 wk of exposure to the deficient diet. There was no reduction in cytochrome b5 concentration.
Preclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 6-(4-(2,5-difluorophenyl)oxazol-5-yl)-3-isopropyl-[1,2,4]-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine, a novel and selective p38α inhibitor: identification of an active metabolite in preclinical species and human liver microsomes

The disposition of 6-(4-(2,5-difluorophenyl)oxazol-5-yl)-3-isopropyl-[1,2,4]-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine (1), a potent and selective inhibitor of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase p38alpha, was characterized in several animal species in support of its selection for preclinical safety studies and potential clinical development. 1 demonstrated generally favorable pharmacokinetic properties in all species examined. Following intravenous (i.v.) administration, 1 exhibited low volumes of distribution at steady state (Vd(ss)) ranging from 0.4-1.3 l/kg (2.4-26 l/m(2)) in the rat, dog and monkey. Systemic plasma clearance was low in cynomolgus monkeys (6.00 ml/min/kg, 72.0 ml/min/m(2)) and Sprague-Dawley rats (7.65+/-1.08 ml/min/kg, 45.9+/-6.48 ml/min/m(2) in male rats and 3.15+/-0.27 ml/min/kg, 18.9+/-1.62 ml/min/m(2) in female rats) and moderate in beagle dogs (12.3+/-5.1 ml/min/kg, 246+/-102 ml/min/m(2)) resulting in plasma half-lives ranging from 1 to 5 h in preclinical species. Moderate to high bioavailability of 1 was observed in rats (30-65%), dogs (87%) and monkeys (40%) after oral (p.o.) dosing consistent with the in vitro absorption profile of 1 in the Caco-2 permeability assay. In rats, the oral pharmacokinetics were dose dependent over the dose range studied (5, 50 and 100 mg/kg). The principal route of clearance of 1 in rat, dog, monkey and human liver microsomes and in vivo in preclinical species involved oxidative metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes. The major metabolic fate of 1 in preclinical species and humans involved hydroxylation on the isopropyl group to yield the tertiary alcohol metabolite 2. In human liver microsomes, this transformation was catalysed by CYP3A4 as judged from reaction phenotyping analysis using isozyme-specific inhibitors and recombinant CYP enzymes. Metabolite 2 was also shown to possess inhibitory potency against p38alpha in a variety of in vitro assays. 1 as well as the active metabolite 2 were moderately to highly bound to plasma proteins (f(u) approximately 0.1-0.33) in rat, mouse, dog, monkey and human. 1 as well as the active metabolite 2 did not exhibit competitive inhibition of the five major cytochrome P450 enzymes namely CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 (IC(50)>50 microM). Overall, these results indicate that the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) profile of 1 is relatively consistent across preclinical species and predict potentially favorable pharmacokinetic properties in humans, supporting its selection for toxicity/safety assessment studies and possible investigations in humans as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Electrical transport properties of gadolinium scandium gallium garnet

Electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power are measured on a single crystal of Gd3.0Sc1.8Ga3.2O12 (GSGG) between 1273 and 1673 K. The measurements are made both in air and in controlled atmospheres, and PO2 varies from 10−1.68 to 10−5.6 MPa. The data indicate GSGG may well be a mixed conductor in this temperature and PO2 range, with n-type electronic conductivity and ionic transport on the oxygen sublattice. Changes in temperature induce long-lived disequilibrium in electrical conductivity of GSGG (over 30 h at T < 1373 K) that can be explained by temperature dependent cation redistribution. The effective activation energy for equilibrium electrical conductivity is Ea = 2.40 ± 0.05 eV, as opposed to values of Ea between 1.8 and 2.2 eV during actual temperature changes. An additional contribution in the equilibrium Ea, due to thermally activated cation redistribution, can account for the higher value seen.
Standardized and Unstandardized Coefficients in Causal Analysis: An Expository Note

The inadvisability of using standardized regression coefficients for the purpose of comparing causal relationships across populations or establishing causal laws is addressed by explicating, both a...
Monte carlo simulations of structural properties of packed beds

Abstract Monte Carlo simulations are used to obtain void fraction (Φ) and particle—particle contacts radial profiles for nondeformable spheres contained within cylinders with impernetrable walls. Simulated packings of monosize and multisize spheres are created by their sequential random placement within a prescribed enclosure using packing rules consistent with loading procedures in packed bed reactors. The resulting random-loose packings (Φ = 0.42) differ significantly in local and global properties and in the extent of ordering from random-close packings (Φ = 0.36). Void fraction and particle—particle contact radial profiles in monosize packings show a heavily damped decay behavior near the wall, extending only about two sphere diameters away from it. The damped oscillatory behavior characteristic of random-close packings is not observed. Similar trends are observed for multisize sphere distributions. Void fraction profiles for multisize spheres prescribed by continuous distributions are accurately described by a simple linear combination of the profiles of the individual size components. In bidisperse size distributions, similar superimposition rules also describe the qualitative details of the void fraction profiles, but do not account for compaction effects caused by penetration of small spheres into the interstices between larger spheres. Void fraction and contacts in segregated packings, in which monosize spheres of different size are dropped into annular and core regions in the cylindrical enclosure, are also described. These simulations provide the basis for our current studies of heat transport properties in packed beds, and for the generation of realistic pore structure models of overlapping randomly-arranged spheres.
Extracellular Hsp72, an endogenous DAMP, is released by virally infected airway epithelial cells and activates neutrophils via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4.

Background Neutrophils play an important role in the pathophysiology of RSV, though RSV does not appear to directly activate neutrophils in the lower airways. Therefore locally produced cytokines or other molecules released by virally-infected airway epithelial cells are likely responsible for recruiting and activating neutrophils. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are generally regarded as intracellular proteins acting as molecular chaperones; however, HSP72 can also be released from cells, and the implications of this release are not fully understood.
Genetic variation in Chlamydia trachomatis and their hosts: impact on disease severity and tissue tropism.

Chlamydia trachomatis infections are a global health problem. This obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen comprises lymphogranuloma venereum (L1–L3), ocular (A–C) and genital (D–K) serovars. Although genetically similar, each serovar group differs in disease severity and tissue tropism through mechanisms that are not well understood. It is clear that host genetic differences also play a role in chlamydial disease outcome and key host polymorphisms are beginning to emerge from both human and experimental animal studies. In this review, we will highlight pathogen and host genes that link genetic diversity, disease severity and tissue tropism. We will also use this information to provide new insights that may be helpful in developing improved management strategies for these important pathogens.
Government allocation of property rights: Who gets what?

Abstract : The purpose of this research is to examine existing programs that confer property rights to learn what requirements shape them. We expect that if we can identify patterns in the design of such policies, these patterns will, in turn, suggest the political imperatives that constrain program design decisions. As a first cut in exploring the constraints underlying the design of regulatory programs that confer property rights, I have chosen to examine only the essential features of a relatively large sample of programs. I chose this option on the premise that the larger sample demonstrates patterns more effectively than in-depth analyses of a few cases would. Our sample includes 12 cases selected primarily because they were well-known and information on them was readily available. The oldest case in the group is a regulatory program that has been in force since 1927. The newest cases are still in their formative stages. The cases have been chosen from the narrow range of programs where a property right has been conferred to achieve a regulatory goal, although individually the programs may have varying purposes and designs. Three elements appear to determine the basic structure of a regulatory program that confers rights; who the recipient is, how much he receives, and what he receives.
Coherent one-dimensional exciton transport and impurity scattering

A model is developed which describes the transport of coherent one‐dimensional excitons in molecular crystals containing a low concentration impurity having excited state energy above that of the host crystal’s exciton band. An expression is obtained for the exciton mean‐square displacement and the exciton flux. The model is then employed to determine the effect of impurity scattering on an experimental observable, the time dependence of trap emission after impulse optical excitation of a one‐dimensional crystal. The resulting formula is used to calculate, without adjustable parameters, the time‐dependent intensity of phosphorescent trap emission from crystals of 1,2,4,5‐tetrachlorobenzene (TCB) containing the naturally occurring scattering impurity, hd‐TCB, at 1.25 °K. The results are compared to experiment and found to be in good agreement. Although the question remains open, the results are consistent with a coherent mode of triplet exciton transport in TCB and indicate the importance of naturally occu...
Models and mitigation in energy boom-towns

Abstract The assessment of fiscal impacts on local governments arising from large-scale installations is a growing phenomenon, increasingly incorporated in a variety of expressions of public policy. The routine assessment of such impacts has given impetus to the development of a growing number of economic and management science models intended to project such impacts. This paper documents the scope of the fiscal impact models, and describes the key issues commonly encountered in the design and use of such models.
Teaching computer science with APL: An introduction to search procedures

We suggest that APL be used to teach selected topics in computer science. As a case in point, we take the topic: “An Introduction to Search Procedures for Problem-Solving” This is the first topic in a series of experimental curriculum units currently being developed at the University of Massachusetts. In this paper, recursive APL functions are used to demonstrate fundamental search procedures, namely: Breadth-First Search Depth-First Search Random Search Heuristic Search For illustration, a simplified Water Jug Problem is used with a state-space representation. The reader is invited to consider programming enhancements as well as extensions to other problems. In closing, we cite some other topics potentially suitable for teaching with APL and mention implications for computer-science education.
High Temporal and Spectral Resolution Interferometric Observations of Unusual Solar Radio Bursts

National Science Foundation (U.S.). Research Experience for Undergraduates (Program) (Grant AST-0138506)
Using two discrete frequencies within the middle infrared to quantitatively determine glucose in serum

Tight glucose monitoring is essential for the reduction of diabetic complications. This research investigated the changes of absorption spectra observed in serum at three prominent glucose absorption peaks in the middle infrared using a demountable liquid, transmission cell. Two frequencies of light were used to determine the glucose absorption: one at 1193 cm –1 to determine the background water absorption and the other at one of the characteristic peaks (1035, 1080, and 1109 cm –1 ). The peak at 1035 cm –1 was best for quantitative determination with a standard of error of 20.6 mg/dl (1.1 mmol/L). While interference from other serum constituents could cause problems, urea and albumin—two constituents known to have close absorption peaks—were determined to have no effect on the ability to determine the glucose levels at 1035 cm –1 .
The biological effectiveness of radon daughter alpha particles I. Radon, cigarette smoke and oncogenic transformation

Epidemiological data from uranium miners have not been able to provide a definitive model depicting the interaction between radiation exposure and smoking in the etiology of lung cancers among miners who also smoke. Using the well-characterized C3H 10T1/2 cell system, the toxicity and oncogenic transforming incidence by either gamma-rays or He4 ions, with or without concurrent exposure to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), were examined. He4 ions had the same energy spectrum as radon. CSC, extracted from 2R1 cigarettes, induced a dose-dependent toxicity and oncogenic transformation incidence in 10T1/2 cells. CSC, in combination with a 2 Gy dose of gamma-rays, induced a toxicity and transforming response that was largely additive in nature. Similar additive modes of interaction were also observed when CSC was combined with He4 ions at a dose that was equivalent in cell killing to that used for gamma-rays. These results provide evidence that radiation and smoking have an additive effect in oncogenic transforming potential and may provide an experimental handle towards an epidemiological uncertainty.
SIMULATED PERFORMANCE OF ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY VIA MATCHED FIELD PROCESSING

This paper examines the matched field tomographic approach when applied to the simulated data set designed by Chiu.1 The Chiu data set simulates a highly realistic, large (1000 km by 1000 km), deep ocean environment and was designed to serve as a test case for the comparison of various tomographic methods. Calculations show that: 1) the matched field method applied to each quarter of the region (500 km by 500 km) while deploying reasonable resources, e.g., four 1000 m long vertical arrays and a maximum of 174 shot sources, results in excellent accuracies, e.g., rms errors of approximately 0.5 m/sec at 300 m depth (the depth of maximum variability), and 2) these errors are relatively insensitive to expected errors in source and array location, and in source depth. We also find that resolution degrades, i.e. errors increase, as the number of sources decreases and also as source frequency decreases.
A new approach to the preparation of large surface area poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) monoliths via knitting of loose chains using external crosslinkers and application of these monolithic columns for separation of small molecules

Poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) monoliths have been hypercrosslinked using a Fe3+ catalyzed Friedel–Crafts reaction involving three external crosslinkers (1) 4,4′-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl, (2) α,α′-dichloro-p-xylene, and (3) formaldehyde dimethyl acetal. The first crosslinker was found to produce monoliths with the best chromatographic performance. The effects of a number of variables affecting the hypercrosslinking reaction were studied in detail. These variables included: (i) the temperature and time used for polymerization of the precursor monoliths, (ii) the amount and loading procedure of the external crosslinker and catalyst, and, (iii) the temperature and reaction time of the Friedel–Crafts alkylation. Polymers with extremely large surface areas reaching up to 900 m2/g were obtained using a precursor monolith polymerized for only 2.5 h, and hypercrosslinked with 4,4’-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl. The increased performance of monoliths modified using this new procedure is comparable to the performance obtained with monolithic polymers containing chloromethylstyrene. However, the preparation of the poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) precursor is simpler than that of conterparts containing chloromethylstyrene. The hypercrosslinked monoliths in capillary columns were tested in an isocratic reversed phase liquid chromatography separation using a mixture comprised of acetone and six alkylbenzenes. Column efficiencies for retained analytes exceeded 70,000 plates/m.
An approximate method for calculating laminar natural convective motion in a trombe-wall channel

Abstract Laminar natural convective motion in a channel formed by differentially heated vertical plates is analyzed. The proposed model combines the momentum-integral equation with the Oseen approximation for convective terms in the energy equation to predict the volumetric flow rate as a function of channel height. A second-order ordinary differential equation for pressure defect in the channel is derived by approximating the axial velocity profile with a fourth-order polynomial. Results obtained from the present model are in good agreement with previously reported results. Consideration of a second-order axial velocity profile in the momentum-integral model leads to closed form solutions that are in good agreement with previously reported results only in the mid to high flowrate regime. In the low flow-rate regime, the second-order model gives results that deviate significantly from results obtained for other models. Neglect of inertia terms in the momentum-integral model leads to a first-order differential equation for the pressure and a closed form solution of the problem. However, this approximation yields results that are good only in the mid to high flowrate regime, while showing deviations from other models in the low flowrate regime. Finally, the present model is also shown to be capable of application to fluids with widely ranging Prandtl numbers.
Minimal spanning trees: an empirical investigation of parallel algorithms

Abstract The objective of this investigation is to empirically test parallel algorithms for finding minimal spanning trees. Computational tests were conducted on three serial versions of Prim's algorithm, a serial version of Prim's algorithm, and a serial version of Sollin's algorithm. For complete graphs, our implementation of the Prim algorithm is best. As the graph density is reduced, our implementation of Kruskal's algorithm is superior, and for very sparse graphs, the Sollin algorithm dominates. Parallel implementations of both the Prim algorithm and the Sollin algorithm were empirically tested on a Sequent Symmetry S81 multicomputer. In tests involving ten processors, the speedups ranged from a low of 2.79 to a high of 6.81.
A Comprehensive Computational Study of N2H+−X (X = He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and H2) Complexes

The equilibrium geometries, harmonic vibrational frenquencies, and the dissociation energies of the N2H+−X (X = He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and H2) complexes were calculated at the DFT, MP2, MP4, CCD, CCSD, and CCSD(T) levels of theory. In all of the rare gas complexes, the DFT, MP2, and MP4 methods tend to produce longer X−H+ (X = He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and H2) distances than the CCSD(T)-level-predicted value, while the CCD- and CCSD-level X−H+ bond lengths are slightly shorter. For the free N2H+ ion, all level calculations yield reliable results and are congruous with experiments. The predictions of geometrical parameters, dissociation energies, and the red shift of the H+−N stretching mode (ΔωH+-N) in N2H+−He and N2H+−Ne complexes are highly dependent upon the level of electron correlation and the size of the basis set. The DFT method is not reliable for studies of fairly weak interactions between He, Ne and N2H+, however, may be used to obtained the qualitatively correct results for N2H+−Ar and N2H+−H2. For comp...
Podiatry: A medical care specialty in quest of full professional status and recognition

Podiatry as a medical specialty has received little sociological attention. This omission leaves a sizeable gap in our understanding of the total health care system. Given the functional importance of this speciality and the growing need for the services of podiatrists this report represents an attempt to increase our knowledge in this area. The paper attempts to fill that gap by presenting a discussion of the development of podiatry as a health profession; documenting the educational and political development and attempting to explain the reasons which have inhibited the process of professionalization. Our findings suggest that podiatry as a profession has been unable to attain full autonomy over its anatomical area of expertise and this along with other factors has prevented podiatry from attaining full professional status and recognition.
Is Spirituality a Critical Ingredient of Meditation? Comparing the Effects of Spiritual Meditation, Secular Meditation, and Relaxation on Spiritual, Psychological, Cardiac, and Pain Outcomes

This study compared secular and spiritual forms of meditation to assess the benefits of a spiritual intervention. Participants were taught a meditation or relaxation technique to practice for 20 min a day for two weeks. After two weeks, participants returned to the lab, practiced their technique for 20 min, and placed their hand in a cold-water bath of 2 degrees C for as long as they could endure it. The length of time that individuals kept their hand in the water bath was measured. Pain, anxiety, mood, and the spiritual health were assessed following the two-week intervention. Significant interactions occurred (time x group); the Spiritual Meditation group had greater decreases in anxiety and more positive mood, spiritual health, and spiritual experiences than the other two groups. They also tolerated pain almost twice as long as the other two groups.
Isolation and characterization of a neurotensin-like decapeptide from a canine upper small intestinal extract

Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity can be detected in extracts of canine upper gastrointestinal mucosa when measured by carboxyl terminal but not by amino terminal antibodies to neurotensin. The nature of this immunoreactive material was characterized by complete purification on gel filtration and HPLC followed by peptide microsequence analysis. The structure obtained was Glu-Asn-Lys-Pro-Arg-Arg-Pro-Tyr-Ile-(Leu), identical in structure to the carboxyl terminal decapeptide of neurotensin. It cannot, however, be excluded that this neurotensin decapeptide was generated from a larger neurotensin-like peptide during the extraction procedure by a physiological or artificial enzymatic process. Since carboxyl terminal neurotensin fragments containing eight or more residues have full biological activity, this peptide may be responsible for neurotensin-like biological activities within the mucosa of, or after release from, the upper gut.
Innovative technologies in the control of lipid oxidation

Summary Transition metal promoted oxidative degradation reactions impact quality, shelf-life, and nutritional content of many packaged foods. When trace metals are present in packaged foods, they can initiate degradation of nutritional compounds such as unsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, antioxidants, phytosterols, and many vitamins. These reactions occur at metal concentrations naturally occurring in foods (often in the low parts per billion range) therefore complete metal removal is not a practical solution to inhibit these reactions. Chelators such as EDTA can be added to inhibit metal-promoted oxidation, however there is significant consumer and industry demand to eliminate EDTA from product formulations. Other natural chelators such as citric acid are ineffective in many foods and in some cases can actually increase oxidation rates by increasing metal solubility. An alternate approached to control transition metal reactivity is to utilize active packaging technologies. However, current approaches to antioxidant active packaging can impact packaging film mechanical properties and often exhibit low antioxidant activity. This review article surveys and critically reviews advances in the control of lipid oxidation, paying particular attention to novel advances in both food product formulation (e. g. additives, food microstructure) as well as food packaging. We introduce a new concept of active packaging in which metal ion chelation by non-migratory active packaging materials may enable removal of synthetic food additives from product formulations while maintaining product quality and shelf-life.
Structural, thermal, and magnetic properties of three transition metal-4,4′-bipyridine coordination polymers: [Ni(4,4′-bipy)3(H2O)2](ClO4)2·1.4(4,4′-bipy)·3(H2O); [Co(4,4′-bipy)3(H2O)2](ClO4)2·1.4(4,4′-bipy)·3(H2O); [Cu(4,4′-bipy)3(DMSO)2](ClO4)2·2(4,4′-bipy)

Abstract Three new transition metal coordination polymers based on 4,4′-bipyridine (4,4′-bipy) are reported. The reaction of 1 equiv. of nickel(II) perchlorate hexahydrate or cobalt(II) perchlorate hexahydrate with 3 equiv. of 4,4′-bipy under inert atmosphere, hydrothermal conditions yields [Ni(4,4′-bipy)3(H2O)2](ClO4)2·1.4(4,4′-bipy)·3(H2O) (1) and the isostructural [Co(4,4′-bipy)3(H2O)2](ClO4)2·1.4(4,4′-bipy)·3(H2O) (2), respectively, while the combination of one equivalent of copper(II) perchlorate hexahydrate with three equivalents of 4,4′-bipy under ambient laboratory conditions in dimethyl sulfoxide produces the structurally related [Cu(4,4′-bipy)3(DMSO)2](ClO4)2·2(4,4′-bipy) (3). The metal:bipy molar ratio within the framework is 1:3 for each structure. Each sample consists of coordinate covalent metal-(4,4′-bipy) chains that pack through a combination of weaker hydrogen bonding and π-stacking interactions to form two-dimensional sheets. The sheets in turn pack to form three-dimensional structures with oblique channels that extend throughout the solid and contain enclathrated guest molecules. All three samples are susceptible to loss of enclathrated guest molecules. Magnetic data indicate that each sample behaves essentially Curie-like, with only small exchange coupling (J/kB
Scanning electron microscopy and molecular dynamics of surfaces of growing and ablating hexagonal ice crystals

Abstract. We present the first clearly resolved observations of surfaces of growing and ablating hexagonal ice crystals using variable-pressure scanning electron microscopy. The ice surface develops trans-prismatic strands, separated from one another by distances of 5–10 μm. The strands are present at a wide range of supersaturations, but are most pronounced at temperatures near the frost point. Pyramidal facets consistent with Miller-Bravais indices of 10 1 1, and possibly also 20 2 1, are associated with ice growth under these conditions. A molecular-dynamics model of a free-standing ice Ih nanocolumn containing 8400 water molecules does not develop trans-prismatic strands, suggesting these features originate at larger spatial or temporal scales. The possible relevance of these surface features to cirrus ice is discussed.
iPhotobook: creating photo books on mobile devices

The amount of photo that is captured and stored with mobile devices is growing rapidly. We regularly see traditional desktop multimedia applications being ported to mobile devices. However, less often do we see novel interaction mechanism being developed to effectively deal with the physical limitations of the display and input of such devices. We built a mobile application called iPhotobook that enables users to create and edit photo books on iPhones. The application leveraged image analysis algorithms to automate user tasks of photo selection, grouping, editing and layout that would be difficult to accomplish without a large screen input. In this paper, we present these technologies and more importantly illustrate how they work together seamlessly with a gesture based user interface that creates a fun photo book authoring experience. Although the iPhone is our platform of choice and photo book creation is our target application, our innovations on UI design and automation algorithms may well be generalized to other small screen devices and applied to other mobile media applications.
Discussion of High-Technology Intangibles and Analysts’ Forecasts

Barron, Byard, Kile, and Riedl [2001] (henceforth BBKR) examine the relation between firms' intangible assets and various properties of analysts' forecasts. This is an important area of research as the "New Economy" of the 21st century is characterized by its increasing reliance on intangible assets for economic growth and societal wealth (Brookings Task Force [2000]). A recent estimate suggests that the annual U.S. investment in intangible assets is approximately $1 trillion (Nakamura [2001]). Furthermore, constituents from the investment, policymaking, and academic communities have expressed considerable concern over the perceived inadequacies of current measurement and reporting practices related to firms' "knowledge" assets (Lev [2001]). BBKR contribute to our knowledge and understanding of the role of financial analysts as information intermediaries who potentially augment the arguably deficient reporting system for firms with high levels of intangibles vis a vis other firms in the economy. BBKR hypothesize that earnings forecasts for firms with higher levels of intangible assets will contain relatively more private (or idiosyncratic) information, where "private information" refers to information about future earnings that is unique to an individual analyst. They further hypothesize that the degree to which the mean forecast aggregates private information and is more accurate than an individual analyst's forecast increases with the firm's level of intangible assets. The authors interpret their empirical evidence as being consistent with each of the two preceding hypotheses, and further find that lower levels of analyst consensus are associated with the R&D expenditures of high-technology manufacturing companies.
Optical diagnosis of cervical dysplasia

Cervical cancer is a major burden to women’s health in developing countries. Worldwide cancer of the uterine cervix accounts for approximately 470000 new cases every year and 233000 deaths. Many components of comprehensive screening and treatment programs practiced in industrialized nations are not feasible for most developing countries. Moreover an optimal strategy for a particular low-resource setting may vary from another due to differences in disease prevalence health care infrastructure human and financial resources and local customs. Even a casual look at the quandary cannot help but impress the viewer with the scope and complexity of the problem. In March 2004 the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist (ACOG) issued a statement of policy regarding cervical cancer prevention in low-resource setting. In this joint policy statement a “single-visit approach” incorporating visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) followed by immediate treatment was considered an acceptable and costeffective strategy for cervical cancer prevention. In the last decade substantial progress has been made in understanding the origin and pathogenesis of cervical neoplasia. This knowledge in combination with technologies such as self-sampling devices optical detection systems and more recently molecular technologies has allowed physicians and researchers to develop new algorithms to improve the global burden of cervical cancer. (excerpt)
On the inelastic deuteron form factor

The similarity that exists between the deuteron form factor and the off- the-mass-shell neutron-proton scattering amplitude when final state neutron- proton interactions are accounted for in the impulse approximation for the inelastic scattering of a particle by a deuteron is discussed. The lappmann- Schwinger integral equation for the two-nucleon wave function in the final state and the reciprocity and space reflection invariance properties of Green's function are used in the derivations.
No evidence of reaction time slowing in autism spectrum disorder

A total of 32 studies comprising 238 simple reaction time and choice reaction time conditions were examined in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (n = 964) and controls (n = 1032). A Brinley plot/multiple regression analysis was performed on mean reaction times, regressing autism spectrum disorder performance onto the control performance as a way to examine any generalized simple reaction time/choice reaction time slowing exhibited by the autism spectrum disorder group. The resulting regression equation was Y (autism spectrum disorder) = 0.99 × (control) + 87.93, which accounted for 92.3% of the variance. These results suggest that there are little if any simple reaction time/choice reaction time slowing in this sample of individual with autism spectrum disorder, in comparison with controls. While many cognitive and information processing domains are compromised in autism spectrum disorder, it appears that simple reaction time/choice reaction time remain relatively unaffected in autism spectrum dis...
The STBUR questionnaire for predicting perioperative respiratory adverse events in children at risk for sleep-disordered breathing.

Background: In the absence of formal polysomnography (PSG), many children with symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) go unrecognized and thus may be at risk for perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAE). Objectives: To develop a simple practical tool to identify children with symptoms consistent with SDB who may be at risk for PRAE. Methods: Three-hundred and thirty-seven parents of children scheduled for surgery completed the Sleep-Related Breathing Disorder (SRBD) questionnaire. Data regarding the incidence and severity of PRAE including airway obstruction and laryngospasm, were collected prospectively. Results: Thirty-two (9.5%) children had a confirmed diagnosis of SDB by PSG and 90 (26.7%) had symptoms consistent with SDB based on the SRBD questionnaire. Principal component analysis identified five symptoms from the SRBD questionnaire that were strongly predictive of PRAE and which were incorporated into the STBUR tool (Snoring, Trouble Breathing, Un-Refreshed). The likelihood of PRAE was increased by threefold (positive likelihood ratio 3.06 [1.64–5.96] in the presence of any 3 STBUR symptoms and by tenfold when all five symptoms were present (9.74 [1.35–201.8]). In comparison, the likelihood of PRAE based on a PSG-confirmed diagnosis of SDB was 2.63 (1.17–6.23). Conclusions: Children presenting for surgery with symptoms consistent with SDB may be at risk for PRAE. It is important therefore that anesthesia providers identify these individuals prior to surgery to avoid potential complications. The STBUR questionnaire appears promising as a simple, clinically useful tool for identifying children at risk for PRAE. Further studies to validate the STBUR questionnaire as a diagnostic tool may be warranted.
Graves' Disease Causing Pancytopenia and Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia at Different Time Intervals: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature

Graves' disease (GD) is associated with various hematologic abnormalities but pancytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) are reported very rarely. Herein, we report a patient with GD who had both of these rare complications at different time intervals, along with a review of the related literature. The patient was a 70-year-old man who, during a hospitalization, was also noted to have pancytopenia and elevated thyroid hormone levels. Complete hematologic workup was unremarkable and his pancytopenia was attributed to hyperthyroidism. He was started on methimazole but unfortunately did not return for followup and stopped methimazole after a few weeks. A year later, he presented with fatigue and weight loss. Labs showed hyperthyroidism and isolated anemia (hemoglobin 7 g/dL). He had positive direct Coombs test and elevated reticulocyte index. He was diagnosed with AIHA and started on glucocorticoids. GD was confirmed with elevated levels of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins and thyroid uptake and scan. He was treated with methimazole and radioactive iodine ablation. His hemoglobin improved to 10.7 g/dL at discharge without blood transfusion. Graves' disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hematologic abnormalities. These abnormalities in the setting of GD generally respond well to antithyroid treatment.
An Integrated Method for Reproducible and Accurate Image-Guided Stereotactic Cranial Irradiation of Brain Tumors Using the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform

Preclinical studies of cranial radiation therapy (RT) using animal brain tumor models have been hampered by technical limitations in the delivery of clinically relevant RT. We established a bioimageable mouse model of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and an image-guided radiation delivery system that facilitated precise tumor localization and treatment and which closely resembled clinical RT. Our novel radiation system makes use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bioluminescent imaging (BLI) to define tumor volumes, computed tomographic (CT) imaging for accurate treatment planning, a novel mouse immobilization system, and precise treatments delivered with the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform. We demonstrated that, in vivo, BLI correlated well with MRI for defining tumor volumes. Our novel restraint system enhanced setup reproducibility and precision, was atraumatic, and minimized artifacts on CT imaging used for treatment planning. We confirmed precise radiation delivery through immunofluorescent analysis of the phosphorylation of histone H2AX in irradiated brains and brain tumors. Assays with an intravenous near-infrared fluorescent probe confirmed that radiation of orthografts increased disruption of the tumor blood-brain barrier (BBB). This integrated model system, which facilitated delivery of precise, reproducible, stereotactic cranial RT in mice and confirmed RT's resultant histologic and BBB changes, may aid future brain tumor research.
Reduced-order controller design using projective controls with output-feedback reference

A method for the design of reduced-order controllers is developed based on the projective controls approach. The projective controls, previously derived to preserve the dynamic modes of a state-feedback reference system, are extended to allow the preservation of the modes of an output-feedback reference system. This extension is useful if the best available reference control for the system is an output-feedback control. In addition, it allows more design freedom than the projective controls with state-feedback reference. >
The Mineral Content of the Lung in Chronic Berylliosis

Tissues from 58 cases of suspected chronic berylliosis were subjected to spectrographic and histologic study. The results were compared with analyses of lung tissues of 187 human subjects and 316 animals experimentally exposed to various dusts, fumes, and chemicals. Be was demonstrable in lung in 20 of the 58 cases. The values for 22 elements, identified in these 20 cases in which Be also was present, are presented. Certain trace elements, normally present in lung tissue, were not demonstrable in these cases, and Na and K concentrations were decreased. All other values were increased from 2 to 150 times. Selective deviations from the normal values found in 30 cases of sarcoidosis are also recorded. Direct or inverse relation between the excessive presence of Be and that of other elements was demonstrable. Zn was present in excessive quantities in only 7 of these 20 cases; in the remaining 13 cases Zn was not demonstrable. This finding is in harmony with the experimental observation that Zn is eluted from pulmonary tissue during exposure to BeF/sub 2/. Mn was elevated in all instances. (H.H.D.)
Candid covariance-free incremental principal component analysis

Appearance-based image analysis techniques require fast computation of principal components of high-dimensional image vectors. We introduce a fast incremental principal component analysis (IPCA) algorithm, called candid covariance-free IPCA (CCIPCA), used to compute the principal components of a sequence of samples incrementally without estimating the covariance matrix (so covariance-free). The new method is motivated by the concept of statistical efficiency (the estimate has the smallest variance given the observed data). To do this, it keeps the scale of observations and computes the mean of observations incrementally, which is an efficient estimate for some well known distributions (e.g., Gaussian), although the highest possible efficiency is not guaranteed in our case because of unknown sample distribution. The method is for real-time applications and, thus, it does not allow iterations. It converges very fast for high-dimensional image vectors. Some links between IPCA and the development of the cerebral cortex are also discussed.
Modeling of Wings with Deflected Spoilers using Potential Flow

A relatively simple computational method is presented to analyze the flow past wings with deflected spoiler controls. This technique uses a panel method so that complex configurations can be examined quickly. The technique is based on prior work with airfoils and lifting surfaces. Comparisons have been made with wind-tunnel results. Agreements and disagreements are discussed. INCENTIVE It would be quite useful to have an effective computational method to calculate the flow over a complete aircraft configuration with deflected spoilers. This could be used to estimate stability and control parameters, to help size the spoiler surfaces, and to generate air-load information. It is important that the method be reasonably quick and also be able to model the complexity of a typical airplane. BACKGROUND
Longitudinal random effects models for genetic analysis of binary data with application to mastitis in dairy cattle

A Bayesian analysis of longitudinal mastitis records obtained in the course of lactation was undertaken. Data were 3341 test-day binary records from 329 first lactation Holstein cows scored for mastitis at 14 and 30 days of lactation and every 30 days thereafter. First, the conditional probability of a sequence for a given cow was the product of the probabilities at each test-day. The probability of infection at time t for a cow was a normal integral, with its argument being a function of "fixed" and "random" effects and of time. Models for the latent normal variable included effects of: (1) year-month of test + a five-parameter linear regression function ("fixed", within age-season of calving) + genetic value of the cow + environmental effect peculiar to all records of the same cow + residual. (2) As in (1), but with five parameter random genetic regressions for each cow. (3) A hierarchical structure, where each of three parameters of the regression function for each cow followed a mixed effects linear model. Model 1 posterior mean of heritability was 0.05. Model 2 heritabilities were: 0.27, 0.05, 0.03 and 0.07 at days 14, 60, 120 and 305, respectively. Model 3 heritabilities were 0.57, 0.16, 0.06 and 0.18 at days 14, 60, 120 and 305, respectively. Bayes factors were: 0.011 (Model 1/Model 2), 0.017 (Model 1/Model 3) and 1.535 (Model 2/Model 3). The probability of mastitis for an "average" cow, using Model 2, was: 0.06, 0.05, 0.06 and 0.07 at days 14, 60, 120 and 305, respectively. Relaxing the conditional independence assumption via an autoregressive process (Model 2) improved the results slightly.
Optimization of Savannah River M-Area Mixed Waste for Vitrification

Vitrification studies of actual Savannah River M-Area mixed wastes have shown that the limiting factor for high waste loading of this waste stream is its chemical durability as defined by the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP). As part of the optimization study of Savannah River M-Area wastes, a number of additives were examined including Na{sub 2}O, Li{sub 2}O, B{sub 2}O{sub 3}, ZrO{sub 2}, and TiO{sub 2}. This paper reports on the effect of varying the boron to total alkali ratio and on the effect of substitutions such as ZrO{sub 2} for waste and TiO{sub 2} for SiO{sub 2} on the chemical durability and processability of M-Area waste glasses.