cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Household Composition Timeline

Those who conduct applied field research cannot ignore the importance of the household as a unit of analysis. Academics and practitioners alike have written a great deal about the prominence of households around the world and throughout history. One of the difficulties often encountered with using the household as a unit of analysis is how best to compare households for the purpose of making relevant suggestions for how they might best reach their goals. This article introduces a tool to document how households are affected by changes in variables such as composition, economics, politics, and the natural environment. The article provides a step-by-step methodology for documenting household composition and other changes a household may experience over time. The methodology is then applied to a case study in which the benefits and drawbacks of this approach are discussed.
Classical Republicanism and the History of Ethics

The ‘modern’ natural law philosophers of the seventeenth century believed that conflict was an unavoidable concomitant of human intercourse, rooted in our nature. They understood the normative laws of nature as serving the purpose of setting the limits within which conflict is compatible with lasting social cooperation, thus showing, in effect, how warfare can be turned into competition. The natural lawyers were interested primarily in legal and political problems, not in ethics. But in order to provide reasoned approaches to immediate practical issues, they had to move to a level of abstract theorizing at which philosophical claims about morality were unavoidable. Natural law theory with its understanding of the central underlying problem of human sociability dominated seventeenth-century practical philosophy, and the solutions its various proponents offered generated many of the central concerns of what we know as moral philosophy.
Point Mutational Analysis of the Liganding Site in Human Glycolipid Transfer Protein FUNCTIONALITY OF THE COMPLEX

Mammalian glycolipid transfer proteins (GLTPs) facilitate the selective transfer of glycolipids between lipid vesicles in vitro. Recent structural determinations of the apo- and glycolipid-liganded forms of human GLTP have provided the first insights into the molecular architecture of the protein and its glycolipid binding site (Malinina, L., Malakhova, M. L., Brown, R. E., and Patel, D. J. (2004) Nature 430, 1048–1053). In the present study, we have evaluated the functional consequences of point mutation of the glycolipid liganding site of human GLTP within the context of a carrier-based mechanism of glycolipid intermembrane transfer. Different approaches were developed to rapidly and efficiently assess the uptake and release of glycolipid by GLTP. They included the use of glass-immobilized, glycolipid films to load GLTP with glycolipid and separation of GLTP/glycolipid complexes from vesicles containing glycolipid (galactosylceramide or lactosylceramide) or from monosialoganglioside dispersions by employing nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid-based affinity or gel filtration strategies. Point mutants of the sugar headgroup recognition center (Trp-96, Asp-48, Asn-52) and of the ceramide-accommodating hydrophobic tunnel (Phe-148, Phe-183, Leu-136) were analyzed for their ability to acquire and release glycolipid ligand. Two manifestations of point mutation within the liganding site were apparent: (i) impaired formation of the GLTP/glycolipid complex; (ii) impaired acquisition and release of bound glycolipid by GLTP. The results are consistent with a carrier-based mode of GLTP action to accomplish the intermembrane transfer of glycolipid. Also noteworthy was the inefficient release of glycolipid by wtGLTP into phosphatidylcholine acceptor vesicles, raising the possibility of a function other than intermembrane glycolipid transfer in vivo.
Potent bombesin antagonists with C-terminal Leu-psi(CH2-N)-Tac-NH2 or its derivatives

Abstract Various pseudononapeptide bombesin (BN)-(6-14) antagonists with a reduced peptide bond (CH2-NH) between positions 13 and 14 can suppress the mitogenic activity of BN or gastrin-releasing peptide in 3T3 fibroblast cells and small cell lung carcinoma. In the search for more potent BN antagonists, 10 modified nonapeptide BN antagonists containing N-terminal D-Phe, D-Cpa, and D- or L-Tpi and C-terminal Leu-psi(CH2-N)-Tac-NH2, Leu-psi(CH2-N)-MeTac-NH2, or Leu-psi(CH2-N)-Me2Tac-NH2 have been synthesized by incubating [13 psi 14,CH2-NH,Cys14]BN-(6-14) or [13 psi 14-CH2-NH,Pen14]BN-(6-14) with formaldehyde or acetaldehyde (Cpa = 4-chlorophenylalanine, Tac = thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, Tpi = 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H- pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3-carboxylic acid, and Pen = penicillamine). The biological activities of these compounds were then evaluated. [D-Phe6,13 psi 14,CH2-N,Tac14]BN-(6-14) (RC-3950-II) and [D-Phe6,13 psi 14,CH2-N,Me2Tac14]BN-(6-14) (RC-3985-II) exhibited greater potency in inhibition of 125I-labeled [Tyr4]BN binding to Swiss 3T3 cells than their parent compounds [D-Phe6,13 psi 14,CH2-NH,Cys14]BN-(6-14) (RC-3950-I) and [D-Phe6,13 psi 14,CH2-NH,Pen14]BN-(6-14) (RC-3985-I). The order of binding affinities of these compounds was as follows: [13 psi 14,CH2-N,Tac14]BN-(6-14) > [13 psi 14,CH2-N,Me2Tac14]BN-(6-14) > [13 psi 14,CH2-N,MeTac14]BN-(6-14). In most cases, the analogs with C-terminal Leu-psi(CH2-N)-Tac-NH2 were also more potent growth inhibitors of 3T3 cells than compounds containing C-terminal Leu-psi(CH2-N)-Me2Tac-NH2 or Leu-psi(CH2-N)-MeTac-NH2. The best BN antagonists of this series, RC-3950-II and [D-Cpa6,13 psi 14,CH2-N,Tac14]BN- (6-14) (RC-3925-II), inhibited gastrin-releasing peptide-stimulated growth of Swiss 3T3 cells with IC50 values of 1 nM and 6 nM, respectively. Since antagonists of this class inhibit growth of various tumors in animal cancer models, some of them may have clinical applications.
Improving School Readiness in Preschoolers with Behavior Problems: Results from a Summer Treatment Program

To examine a) the feasibility of delivering a summer treatment program for pre-kindergarteners (STP-PreK) with externalizing behavior problems (EBP) and b) the extent to which the STP-PreK was effective in improving children’s school readiness outcomes. Participants for this study included 30 preschool children (77 % boys; Mean age = 5.33 years; 77 % Hispanic background) with at-risk or clinically elevated levels of EBP. The STP-PreK was held at an early education center and ran for 8-weeks (M-F, 8 a.m.–5 p.m.) during the summer between preschool and kindergarten. In addition to a behavioral modification system and comprehensive school readiness curriculum, a social-emotional curriculum was also embedded within the STP-PreK to target children’s self-regulation skills (SR). Children’s pre- and post-school readiness outcomes included a standardized school readiness assessment as well as parental report of EBP, adaptive functioning, and overall readiness for kindergarten. SR skills were measured via a standardized executive functioning task, two frustration tasks, and parental report of children’s emotion regulation, and executive functioning. The STP-PreK was well received by parents as evidenced by high attendance and satisfaction ratings. Additionally, all school readiness outcomes (both parent and observational tasks) significantly improved after the intervention (Cohen’s d effect sizes ranged from 0.47 to 2.22) with all effects, except parental report of emotion regulation, being maintained at a 6-month follow-up. These findings highlight the feasibility and utility of delivering an early intervention summer program that can successfully target multiple aspects of children’s school readiness, including behavioral, social-emotional/self-regulation, and academics.
Identification of a Domain on the Integrin α5Subunit Implicated in Cell Spreading and Signaling

The alpha5 beta1 integrin is a cell surface receptor for fibronectin implicated in several cellular activities including cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. The primary site at which the alpha5 beta1 integrin interacts with fibronectin is the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) amino acid sequence. In general, the sites on the integrin alpha subunits involved in ligand binding are not well characterized. Based on previous cross-linking studies, sequence alignment, predicted conformation, and intron-exon boundaries, we identified a 144-residue region (positions 223-367) on the alpha5 subunit as a putative binding region and divided it into four subdomains named domains I, II, III, and IV. Chimeric receptors were prepared in which sequences on the alpha5 subunit were exchanged with the corresponding sequences on the alpha6 subunit, which is specific for laminin and does not bind via an RGD sequence. The mutated human alpha5 integrin gene was transfected into CHO B2 cells, which are deficient in alpha5 expression. Only chimeras of domain III or IV express on the cell surface. Both of these chimeras decreased the adhesion, spreading, focal adhesion assembly, and migration on fibronectin. The adhesion of the chimeric receptors to fibronectin remained sensitive to the RGD peptide, and antibodies that inhibit interaction with the fibronectin synergy site and RGD loop remain inhibitory for the chimeras, indicating that our chimeras do not inhibit binding to either the RGD or synergy sites. Finally, the affinity of soluble fibronectin to cells via the alpha5 beta1 receptor decreased only about 3-fold. This decrease is substantially less than the observed effects on migration and spreading, which were not altered by changes in substrate concentration. Thus, the alteration in binding sites does not easily account for the changes in cell spreading and focal adhesion assembly. The tyrosine phosphorylation and focal adhesion assembly that are seen when cells expressing the wild type alpha5 receptor adhere to fibronectin were inhibited in cells expressing the chimeric receptors. Therefore, our results suggest that the chimeras of these domains likely interrupt alpha5-mediated conformational signaling.
Metabolism of tritiated vitamin D3 in familial vitamin D-resistant rickets with hypophosphatemia

The metabolism of tritiated vitamin D 3 in two control subjects and two with familial vitamin D-resistant rickets was studied. Sixteen hours after a 0.25 mg. intravenous dose of H 3 vitamin D 3 was given, blood samples were taken, extracted, and chromatographed. Both control and rachitic subjects produced in similar amounts a major, polar, biologically active metabolite previously discovered in rats. They also produced another minor chloroform soluble metabolite and aqueous soluble metabolites. Rachitic subjects retained about 60 per cent of the administered dose in blood after 16 hours, while controls retained only 20 per cent. The rachitic subjects had about 20 times more aqueous soluble metabolites in their blood than did the normal ones.
A Biophysical Study of the G-Quadruplex-Insulin Interaction

The formation of guanine (G)-quadruplex structures in the guanine-rich tandem repeats of the insulin-linked polymorphic region (ILPR) have potential effects on transcription of the insulin gene. Recent studies demonstrate that the ILPR G-quadruplexes can bind to insulin. The energetics of the binding between insulin and the G-quadruplexes formed by the most common ILPR repeat sequence have also been characterized in prior work. We have studied the proton transfer involved in the interaction between insulin and this DNA sequence by conducting isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments in various buffers and analyzing the observed enthalpy change. The transcriptional activity of a number of ILPR repeat sequences, including the consensus sequence, have been measured previously. Transcriptional activity for less common repeats is significantly lower than that of the consensus sequence but can be increased substantially by varying only one or two nucleotides. To determine the potential role of G-quadruplex formation and stability in regulating transcription, we have studied the second and third most common ILPR repeats as well as their variant sequences that exhibit increased transcriptional activity. ITC was used to characterize the energetics of the binding interaction between insulin and each of the four ILPR repeat sequences. The bulk thermodynamic measurements performed at various temperatures from 20 - 37 degrees Celsius provide insight into these biomolecular interactions.
Cross-domain information sharing for next generation interagency experimentation: possibilities and challenges

Successful development of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) requires the coordinated efforts of government agencies and organizations that must work together to respond to aviation-related crises. Interagency experimentation is a powerful technique for achieving this coordination while refining NextGen concepts. To maximize the benefits of this experimentation, the participants must “play” from their preferred research laboratories and at the appropriate classification level. Cross-domain solutions, used for many years in the military and intelligence communities, offer possibilities for connecting the unclassified and classified laboratories in aviation experiments. A MITRE Innovation Program initiative entitled the NextGen Interagency Experimentation Hub is exploring the application of these cross-domain technologies. The project team is working with candidate cross-domain solutions in a multi-lab test environment while gathering lessons learned about deployed solutions. However, c...
Distribution of salt cedar (Tamarix spp. L) along an unregulated river in South-western New Mexico, USA

The primary goal of this study was to assess the presence of non-native Tamarix along an unregulated river in south-western New Mexico. Results from this study confirm the presence of these species; Tamarix were common along all reaches of the surveyed river.
Insertion of silylene and dimethylsilylene into water

Abstract The insertion reactions of silylene and dimethylsilylene into water were examined with ab initio electronic structure theory. The activation enthalpy for the first reaction was estimated to be 9.5 kcal/mol at the highest level of theory, QCISD(T)/6-311++G(3df, 3pd)//MP2/6-31G(d, p). The activation enthalpy for the dimethylsilylene insertion at QCISD(T)/6-311++G(3df, 3pd)//MP2/6-31G(d) was predicted to be about 2.1 kcal/mol higher than the experimentally estimated upper limit.
Comparison of adeno-associated viral vector serotypes for spinal cord and motor neuron gene delivery

Abstract Gene therapy for motor neuron diseases requires efficient gene delivery to motor neurons (MNs) throughout the spinal cord and brainstem. The present study compared adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector serotypes 1, 6, 8, and 9 for spinal cord delivery in adult mice, by the intraparenchymal or intrathecal route of administration. Whereas intraparenchymal injections resulted in local transduction of the lumbar segment of the spinal cord, intrathecal injections led to a broader distribution, transducing cells along the sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic spinal cord. Overall, AAV6 and AAV9 performed better than the other serotypes. Dramatic differences in cell-specific expression patterns could be observed when constructs bearing the chicken β-actin (Cba) versus cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter were compared. In summary, intrathecal delivery of AAV6 or AAV9 vectors containing the CMV promoter yielded the strongest levels of biodistribution and MN transduction in the spinal cord.
The diheme cytochrome c peroxidase from Shewanella oneidensis requires reductive activation.

We report the characterization of the diheme cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) from Shewanella oneidensis (So) using UV–visible absorbance, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and Michaelis–Menten kinetics. While sequence alignment with other bacterial diheme cytochrome c peroxidases suggests that So CcP may be active in the as-isolated state, we find that So CcP requires reductive activation for full activity, similar to the case for the canonical Pseudomonas type of bacterial CcP enzyme. Peroxide turnover initiated with oxidized So CcP shows a distinct lag phase, which we interpret as reductive activation in situ. A simple kinetic model is sufficient to recapitulate the lag-phase behavior of the progress curves and separate the contributions of reductive activation and peroxide turnover. The rates of catalysis and activation differ between MBP fusion and tag-free So CcP and also depend on the identity of the electron donor. Combined with Michaelis–Menten analysis, these data suggest that So CcP ca...
Argentine Ant Control on Citrus in California with Granular Formulations of Certain Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Bentonite or attapulgus clay granules were found to be the most suitable substrates for general use with available types of dispersal equipment. The low volatile attapulgus clay particles were more desirable than attapulgus clay granules which tended to disintegrate in the presence of water and more quickly release the toxicant. The 30/60-mesh granules were preferred to larger granules. Granular formulations were found to be slightly more effective than spray formulations when equivalent amounts of toxicant per acre were applied. The practical dosage rate for granular treatments was found to be 50–100 lb/acre, depending upon toxicant used and the method of distribution. Uniformly dispersed over the surface of the ground these materials were effective for periods exceeding 10 months in greatly reducing or actually eliminating ant colonies established in citrus groves. Dispersal by aircraft was found to be the most effective method tested for applying granules. Residues occurring on and in the peel of fruit treated with air dispersions of chlordane and dieldrin granules were determined to be below established tolerances, and considerably lower than reported residues resulting from the use of these materials as aqueous sprays.
Secondary analysis: In the Beginning Teacher Evaluation Study

Secondary analyses can advance both substantive and methodological knowledge, may require different planning strategies from the original analysis, and may or may not pose a threat to the original researcher. Examples from the Beginning Teacher Evaluation Study are used to illustrate these points.
Postcopulatory sexual receptivity in the female hamster: the role of the ovary and adrenal.

Abstract Cycling female golden hamsters that were allowed to become naturally behaviorally receptive were ovariectomized and adrenalectomized and allowed to mate on the day of surgery. The behavior of surgically treated females did not differ from that of control intact females. All mated females showed reductions in behavioral responsiveness. Unmated females, in contrast, were still receptive when tested at a corresponding time. The postcopulatory abbreviation in sexual receptivity characteristic of the intact female hamster, therefore, may occur in the absence of the ovaries and adrenal glands.
Electrical stimulation of the sural cutaneous afferent nerve controls the amplitude and onset of the swing phase of locomotion in the spinal cat

Sensory feedback plays a crucial role in the control of locomotion and in the recovery of function after spinal cord injury. Investigations in reduced preparations have shown that the locomotor cycle can be modified through the activation of afferent feedback at various phases of the gait cycle. We investigated the effect of phase-dependent electrical stimulation of a cutaneous afferent nerve on the locomotor pattern of trained spinal cord-injured cats. Animals were first implanted with chronic nerve cuffs on the sural and sciatic nerves and electromyographic electrodes in different hindlimb muscles. Cats were then transected at T12 and trained daily to locomote on a treadmill. We found that electrical stimulation of the sural nerve can enhance the ongoing flexion phase, producing higher (+129%) and longer (+17.4%) swing phases of gait even at very low threshold of stimulation. Sural nerve stimulation can also terminate an ongoing extension and initiate a flexion phase. A higher prevalence of early switching to the flexion phase was observed at higher stimulation levels and if stimulation was applied in the late stance phase. All flexor muscles were activated by the stimulation. These results suggest that electrical stimulation of the sural nerve may be used to increase the magnitude of the swing phase and control the timing of its onset after spinal cord injury and locomotor training.
Nocebo Effects and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Legal Implications

Expectations may play a large role in health-related outcomes, but they may not be fully addressed or considered in medical–legal contexts. Contextual factors can influence a patient’s expectations for recovery following a concussion, including explicit or implicit messages from the media, healthcare providers and systems of care, and the forensic arena. This article discusses these factors as nocebo effects, that is, various inherently “inert” factors may create negative expectancies for recovery and therefore impede a given patient’s progress and recovery. It is argued that the negligence theory upon which the legal system is based tends to compound these nocebo effects. In accident-related concussions, both the accident itself and subsequent nocebo effects including potential healthcare and medical–legal provider negligence can create legal liability.
Evolution of Coronary Computed Tomography Radiation Dose Reduction at a Tertiary Referral Center

Abstract Purpose We aimed to assess the temporal change in radiation doses from coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) during a 6-year period. High CCTA radiation doses have been reduced by multiple technologies that, if used appropriately, can decrease exposures significantly. Methods A total of 1277 examinations performed from 2005 to 2010 were included. Univariate and multivariable regression analysis of patient- and scan-related variables was performed with estimated radiation dose as the main outcome measure. Results Median doses decreased by 74.8% ( P 001), from 13.1 millisieverts (mSv) (interquartile range 9.3-14.7) in period 1 to 3.3 mSv (1.8-6.7) in period 4. Factors associated with greatest dose reductions ( P 001) were all most frequently applied in period 4: axial-sequential acquisition (univariate: −8.0 mSv [−9.7 to −7.9]), high-pitch helical acquisition (univariate: −8.8 mSv [−9.3 to −7.9]), reduced tube voltage (100 vs 120 kV) (univariate: −6.4 mSv [−7.4 to −5.4]), and use of automatic exposure control (univariate: −5.3 mSv [−6.2 to −4.4]). Conclusions CCTA radiation doses were reduced 74.8% through increasing use of dose-saving measures and evolving scanner technology.
Optically-Measured Dose-Dependent Increase in Cerebral Blood Flow Caused by Sodium Bicarbonate Therapy

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is used to treat metabolic acidemia, despite a link between treatment and brain injury. We observe a dose-dependent increase in cerebral blood flow after NaHCO3, possibly explaining the cause of this injury.
A stochastic optimization application for vehicle structures

With the continuous improvement of powerful computers, vehicle structural designs have been addressed using computational methods, resulting in more efficient development of new vehicles. Most simulation-based optimization generates deterministic optimal designs without considering variability effects in modeling, simulation, and/or manufacturing. This paper presents an application of a new stochastic optimization method for vehicle side impact design. Nonlinear response surface models are employed for approximations of the side impact related test performance functions to conduct this study. The main goal is to maintain or enhance the vehicle side impact test performance while minimizing the vehicle weight under various uncertainties. The new algorithm alleviates the computational burden of excessive model evaluations by estimating the objective and constraint functions during the optimization process through a reweighting method. The efficiency and accuracy of this algorithm is presented through an actual vehicle safety design problem.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Parametric dependence of myocardial blood oxygen level dependent, balanced steady-state free-precession imaging at 1.5 T: theory and experiments.

Myocardial blood oxygen level dependent, balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging is a relatively new technique for evaluating myocardial oxygenation changes in the presence of coronary artery stenosis. However, the dependence of myocardial bSSFP blood oxygen level dependent signal on imaging parameters has not been well studied. In this work, modeling capillaries as cylinders that act as magnetic perturbers, the Monte Carlo method was used to simulate spin relaxation via diffusion in a field variation inside and outside blood vessels. bSSFP signal changes at various levels of capillary blood oxygen saturation, for a range of pulse repetition times, flip angle, capillary blood volume fraction, vessel wall permeability, water diffusion coefficient, vessel angle to static magnetic field, and the impact of bulk frequency shifts were studied. The theoretical dependence of bSSFP blood oxygen level dependent contrast on pulse repetition times and flip angle was confirmed by experiments in an animal model with controllable coronary stenosis. Results showed that, with the standard bSSFP acquisition, optimum bSSFP blood oxygen level dependent contrast could be obtained at pulse repetition times = 6.0 ms and flip angle = 70°. Additional technical improvements that preserve the image quality may be necessary to further increase the myocardial bSSFP blood oxygen level dependent sensitivity at 1.5 T through even longer pulse repetition times. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
CHANGES IN SPERM NUCLEI DURING SPERMIOGENESIS AND EPIDIDYMAL MATURATION

Abstract Mouse and rat spermatid nuclei pass abruptly through developmental stages characterized by increased resistance to disruption by various agents. The mouse spermatid nucleus becomes resistant to sonication at step 12, resistant to digestion by trypsin-DNase at step 15 and resistant to lysis by SDS between the testis and the caput epididymis. These alterations are correlated with changes in the basic nuclear proteins.
Role of ammona in regulation of nitrogenase synthesis and activity in Anabaena cylindrica

Abstract The regulation of nitrogenase biosynthesis and activity by ammonia was studied in the heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica. Nitrogenase synthesis was measured by in vivo acetylene reduction assays and in vitro by an activity-independent, immunoelectrophoretic measurement of the Fe-Mo protein (Component I). When ammonia was added to differentiating cultures after a point when heterocyst differentiation became irreversible, FeMo protein synthesis was also insensitive to ammonia. Treating log-phase batch cultures with 100% O2 for 30 min resulted in a loss of 90% of nitrogenase activity and a 50% loss of the FeMo protein. Recovery was inhibited by chloramphenicol but not by ammonia or urea. The addition of ammonia to log-phase cultures resulted in a decrease in specific levels of nitrogenase activity and FeMo protein that occurred at the same rate as algal growth and was independent of O2 tension of the culture media. However, in light-limited linear-phase cultures, ammonia effected a dramatic inhibition of nitrogenase activity. These results indicate that nitrogenase biosynthesis becomes insensitive to repression by ammonia as heterocysts mature and that ammonia or its metabolites act to regulate nitrogen fixation by inhibiting heterocyst differentiation and by inhibiting nitrogenase activity through competition with nitrogenase for reductant and/or ATP, but not by directly regulating nitrogenase biosynthesis in heterocysts.
Environmental globalization, organizational form, and expected benefits from protected areas in Central America

Environmental globalization has led to the implementation of conservation efforts like the creation of protected areas that often promote the interests of core countries in poorer regions. The creation of protected areas in poor areas frequently creates tensions between human needs like food and shelter and environmental conservation. Support for such conservation efforts partially depends on expectations of benefits by those impacted. This article considers the effects of different organizational models on local expectations of benefits to be derived from protected areas. Our analysis indicates that individuals are more likely to expect that benefits of the park go to other communities or the nation as a whole than to expect direct benefits for themselves. Forms of park organization also impact these expectations. Individuals exposed to the zoned park, as opposed to a conventional, strictly protected park, were more likely to expect benefits from the park regardless of the beneficiary considered. In addition, for those exposed to the zoned park, location of residence is related to expectation that individuals will benefit themselves. However, our interviews with park residents also indicate that the expectations of individual benefits are rarely met, creating potential dissatisfaction and sometimes animosity toward the park administration.
Human plasminogen: In vitro and in vivo evidence for the biological integrity of NH2-terminal glutamic acid plasminogen

Abstract Glutamic acid NH 2 -terminal plasminogen (Glu-plasminogen) was obtained from fresh-frozen human plasma with over 90% recovery, by affinity chromatography with lysine-coupled agarose in the presence of the plasmin inhibitor aprotinin (Trasylol). The highly purified material had 20–24 CTA units/mg protein; the apparent mol wt was 90,800 ± 2,800, and its six main molecular forms had isoelectric points ranging from pH 6.1 to 7.1. Titration of plasminogen-streptokinase activator complex with p-nitrophenyl-p′-guanidinobenzoate (p-NPGB) revealed 0.70–0.85 mole of active serine per mole of plasminogen. Re-chromatography did not increase the specific activity. Plasminogen similarly prepared from Cohn fraction III paste pretreated with Trasylol had the same molecular forms and, in addition, other isoenzymes with isoelectric points ranging from pH 6.5 to 8.4, with an amino-terminal lysine residue (Lys-plasminogen), traces of valine, and an apparent mol wt of 84,300 ± 3,100. When Trasylol was omitted during chromatography of either fraction III or fresh-frozen plasma, Lys-plasminogen was found. When Glu-plasminogens were radioiodine-labeled and infused in man, the half-life was 2 to 2.5 days, compared with 0.80 day for Lys-plasminogens. These data strongly indicate that plasminogen isoenzymes with higher molecular weights, lower isoelectric points, glutamic acid amino-terminal residues, and a longer half-life in vivo represent the native circulating plasminogen. Conversely, those with lower molecular weights, higher isoelectric points, lysine or valine amino-terminal residues, and a shorter half-life in vivo represent partially modified forms.
Integrated Cross Section for a Velocity-Dependent Potential

For a possible distinction between a velocity-dependent two-nucleon potential, and a static potential with an infinite repulsive core, we study their contributions to the integrated cross section (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{int}}$) for the deuteron photoeffect. Both potentials considered are central, with square shapes, and have Serber mixtures for the attractive parts. (They have Wigner character for the repulsive core, and for the velocity-dependent term, respectively.) These potentials are adjusted to give (1) the observed binding energy of the deuteron, (2) the same effective range $\ensuremath{\rho}(\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}, \ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon})=1.76$ fermis; and (3) the same value (260 Mev) at which the $^{3}S$ phase shift changes sign. Using sum-rule calculations, in the electric-dipole approximation, we find that ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{int}}$ for the static case is 37.7 Mev-mb, while for the velocity-dependent case it is very nearly the same: namely, 38.8 Mev-mb.
Generation System Planning Under Load Forecast Uncertainty

Treatment of generation expansion planning under load forecast uncertainty is becoming more important for electric utility planning. Few expansion models allow for a consistent treatment of uncertainty
The relationship between sentinel lymph node metastasis size, extracapsular extension and survival in breast cancer

Background: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) tumor metastasis size (TMS) and extra-capsular extension (ECE) are predictive of non-SLN metastasis. We hypothesized that SLNTMS and ECE would also be predictive of systemic metastasis and death. Materials and Methods: Data from 2,001 women with breast cancer who underwent SLN biopsy were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. SLNTMS and ECE were measured, reported according to standard pathologic protocols and recorded. Data were analyzed from 252 patients with both SLNTMS and ECE information available. Cancer-specific mortality and all-cause mortality were observed, calculated and multivariable analyses performed to identify significant interacting variables amongst demographics, clinical stage and pathological characteristics. Results: Thirty eight treated patients died from any cause and 12 died of cancer during the 16.4 year follow-up. Patients with ER expression had a significantly lower risk of dying of cancer compared to those who lacked ER expression (HR = 0.198, 95% CI 0.06-0.62; P = 0.006). SLNTMS (P = 0.929 and 0.677) and ECE (P = 0.723 and 0.926) were not significant in the multivariable models of either disease specific or all-cause mortality. Conclusion: Neither SLNTMS nor the presence of ECE affected disease-specific or overall mortality in our breast cancer patients.
A quantitative assessment of the benefit of a learning community environment

An introductory course in manufacturing processes was taught to a cohort of engineering technology students participating in a learning community (LC) experiment and to a group of non-participating students. The LC students were all freshmen and took all the courses as a group. They were encouraged to work in teams. Non-LC students were also encouraged to work in teams but their class schedules were not coordinated. Data were collected on test scores, homework scores, and homework completion rates. The data show that the standard deviation of the grades distribution is significantly smaller for the LC group and that outliers with failing scores are not present. The non-LC group had a significant number of outliers with failing scores. These results are interpreted to mean that the LC was successful in integrating first year students into study groups. The study groups facilitate learning by increasing attendance, class participation, and homework completion
Incidence and predictors of acute kidney injury associated with intravenous polymyxin B therapy

Summary Background Increases in multidrug-resistance among gram-negative organisms have necessitated the use of polymyxins. To date, the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with polymyxin B has not been evaluated using RIFLE criteria. Methods Adult patients who received polymyxin B were retrospectively evaluated to determine the incidence of AKI during polymyxin B therapy using RIFLE criteria. Predictors of AKI were identified by comparing characteristics of patients with and without AKI. Results A total of 73 patients were included. The incidence of AKI was 60%. Ten (14%) patients discontinued therapy due to nephrotoxicity. Median duration of polymyxin B was 11 days with a median cumulative dose of 18 mg/kg. Concomitant nephrotoxins were received in 69 (95%). Patients with AKI had a higher median cumulative dose (1578 mg vs. 800 mg; p = 0.02), a higher body mass index (BMI) (27.2 vs. 24.5 kg/m 2 ; p = 0.03), and were more likely to receive vancomycin (82% vs. 55%; p = 0.03) compared to those without AKI. After controlling for polymyxin B duration, independent predictors of AKI were higher BMI and concomitant vancomycin. Conclusions The incidence of AKI during polymyxin B therapy was 60%. Further studies are needed to define dosing parameters that maximize efficacy and minimize nephrotoxicity.
Stability of Factor Structure on the Semantic Differential: Retest Data

Previous research on the semantic differential technique has found evidence for variance in Osgood's original formulation of three dimensions of connotative meaning: namely, Evaluation, Potency, and Activity. Piotrowski (1983a) reported on the inconsistency in factor structure with the exception of the Evaluative dimension. The present investigation reports retest data based on Piotrowski's original sample, after a 6-month time span. Three concepts (Hurricane, My City, and Myself) were analyzed in a fifth grade population. The results indicated support for the stability and consistency of the Evaluation dimension only. There was moderate consistency in scales which comprised the Potency and Activity dimensions. Researchers were cautioned about utilizing scales found valid in previous investigations.
Increasing the Upper Temperature Oxidation Limit of Alumina Forming Austenitic Stainless Steels in Air with Water Vapor

A family of alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) stainless steels is under development for use in aggressive oxidizing conditions from ~600–900 °C. These alloys exhibit promising mechanical properties but oxidation resistance in air with water vapor environments is currently limited to ~800 °C due to a transition from external protective alumina scale formation to internal oxidation of aluminum with increasing temperature. The oxidation behavior of a series of AFA alloys was systematically studied as a function of Cr, Si, Al, C, and B additions in an effort to provide a basis to increase the upper-temperature oxidation limit. Oxidation exposures were conducted in air with 10% water vapor environments from 800–1000 °C, with post oxidation characterization of the 900 °C exposed samples by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and photo-stimulated luminescence spectroscopy (PSLS). Increased levels of Al, C, and B additions were found to increase the upper-temperature oxidation limit in air with water vapor to between 950 and 1000 °C. These findings are discussed in terms of alloy microstructure and possible gettering of hydrogen from water vapor at second phase carbide and boride precipitates.
On the rigid lattice dipolar broadening of the Mn2+ EPR in the dilute limit☆

Abstract “Naively” calculated values of the dipolar EPR linewidth of Mn doped CaF 2 and PbF 2 are larger than those observed. This discrepancy is resolved when, in calculating the second and fourth moments, Mn ions with different values of m 55 are considered “unlike” and the contribution of exchange-coupled nearest neighbor ions is omitted.
Analysis of Effect of Heat‐Transfer Variables on Thermal Stress Resistance of Brittle Ceramics Measured by Quenching Experiments

Heat-transfer theory was used to analyze the variables which control the thermal stress fracture of brittle ceramic specimens subjected to rapid cooling by quenching into fluid media. Expressions were derived for the maximum quenching temperature difference to which circular solid cylindrical specimens can be subjected in terms of the pertinent properties of the material and fluid media. Appropriate thermal stress resistance parameters were derived. The specimen density was introduced as an additional property which controls thermal stress resistance. Recommendations were made for procedures to be followed in conducting quenching experiments.
A specific increase in intraneuronal monoamine oxidase activity in the rat vas deferens following adrenalectomy

Abstract Bilateral adrenalectomy, but not adrenal demedullation, resulted in a significant increase (40%) in the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity of the rat vas deferens. This increase was completely prevented by surgical denervation and also by daily steroid replacement therapy with dexamethasone. Hypophysectomy, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or hypophysectomy plus ACTH, failed to affect MAO activity. It is concluded that bilateral adrenalectomy induces a specific increase in the intraneuronal MAO activity of the vas deferens, as a result of adrenal steroid insufficiency. Furthermore, the effects of steroid lack are not mediated indirectly through an enhanced secretion of ACTH from the pituitary gland.
Local infusion of calcium-free solutions in vivo activates locus coeruleus neurons

Abstract Microinfusion of calcium (Ca++)-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid onto locus coeruleus (LC) neurons in vivo potently increased their discharge rate, while response of these cells to a sensory stimulus was significantly reduced. These effects resulted in part from interference with the calcium-dependent potassium conductance in these neurons, as microinfusions of solutions having barium substituted for calcium partially mimicked the effects of Ca++-free infusions. In addition, microinfusion of control medium containing the Ca++ channel blocker, cadmium (2–20 mM), also mimicked the effect of the Ca++-free solution. This study presents an effective means by which extracellular concentrations of neuromodulatory ions can be manipulated in vivo. In addition, these results indicate that extracellular Ca++ potently modulates the spontaneous as well as evoked activity of central noradrenergic neurons in vivo.
CENTRIOLE MORPHOGENESIS IN DEVELOPING CILIATED EPITHELIUM OF THE MOUSE OVIDUCT

The differentiating mouse oviduct has been used for the study of centriole morphogenesis because its epithelium is extensively ciliated and centriole formation occurs in a brief period after birth. Proliferative elements, consisting of an extensive fibrillar meshwork encrusted with 75 mµ granules, were encountered at all ages, but were the only centriole precursors present in younger animals (2–3 days). These large aggregates were found either physically associated with a mature centriole or alone, but never associated with procentrioles. It is likely, therefore, that although proliferative elements may be derived from preexisting centrioles, they do not directly produce new centrioles. An intermediate structure, the condensation form, found primarily in older animals (4–6 days), and produced by the packing of the proliferative element material, gives rise to daughter procentrioles. This association of procentriole and condensation form has been called a generative complex. Condensation forms undergo various stages of depletion, producing hollow spheres with thin walls or small osmiophilic aggregates as procentrioles grow in length and assemble their microtubules. From these observations it is concluded that synthesis of microtubular precursor protein is mediated by the mature centriole and that this protein is packaged into many condensation forms in order to allow the rapid assembly of a large number of centrioles in a brief period of time.
Observation of "seesaw effect" with vancomycin, teicoplanin, daptomycin and ceftaroline in 150 unique MRSA strains.

Introduction Vancomycin (VAN) failures associated with the treatment of complicated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have been well described. The reported “seesaw effect” demonstrates improved β-lactam activity when VAN and/or daptomycin (DAP) susceptibility decreases. However, there are minimal data comparing ceftaroline (CPT) susceptibility with these agents or teicoplanin (TEI). Therefore, to further explore the seesaw effect, we evaluated the relationship between CPT and VAN, TEI, and DAP susceptibilities.
Probability, Econometrics, and Truth: The Methodology of Econometrics . By Hugo A. Keuzenkamp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. ix, 312. $69.95.

Richard von Mises (1883–1953), the younger brother of Ludwig, had an Apollonian genius. He was a leading probabilist and statistician of the world, a leading engineer and designer of airplanes for the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and a leading philosopher of “positivism.” Von Mises was rational and measured, a man of observations and proportions. Though too modest to say so, he was a hero in his own story of scientific philosophy. A Harvard professor, von Mises was also learned in the humanities: his Positivism: A Study in Human Understanding (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939 [1951]) is painted with images from Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, and Goethe, and in equal proportions with the positivist icons of Mach and Comte and Kant (pp. 401–04). Von Mises owned and loved the world's largest collection of Rilke poetry before bequeathing the collection to Harvard's Houghton library. But von Mises believed his Dionysian self to be rhetorically separable from the positivist-scientist self, and lower. He tried to peel rhetoric away from science and gaze at its logical and empirical clarity. Abraham Wald was his student. His theory of collective probability influenced the econometrics of Trygve Haavelmo. Yet econometricians and philosophers younger than Arnold Zellner have never heard of Richard von Mises.
Synthesis of chelating trimethylsiloxy diisonitrile ligands and their rhodium(1) complexes. Crystal and molecular structure of [Rh(t-BuDiNC)2]BPh4·1.5CH3CN (DiNC = chelating bidentate isonitrile ligand)

Abstract An X-ray crystallographic study, the first of a complex containing a chelating bidentate isonitrile (DiNC) ligand, reveals that [Rh(t-BuDiNC)2]BPh4·1.5CH3CN crystallizes as a “slipped-stacked” face-to-face dimer of two approximately planar [Rh(t-BuDiNC)2]+ cations with a Rh-Rh distance of 3.384 A, and an angle of 22.7° between the stacking axis and the RhRh vector. The syntheses of two new bidentate isonitrile ligands, SiNC-2 and SiNC-3 are also described. These ligands contain bulky trimethylsiloxy groups ortho to each isonitrile group and differ only in that the SiNC-3 ligand contains an additional CH2 unit in its backbone. Each reacts with [Rh(COD)Cl]2 to afford, after metathesis with KPF6, a complex of the empirical formula [Rh(SiNC-n)2]PF6. Spectroscopic results suggest the SiNC-2 complex is dinuclear, with four SiNC-2 ligands bridging the two rhodium atoms. The SiNC-3 complex is mononuclear, but unlike most other mononuclear [Rh(CNR)4]+ complexes, shows no tendency to self-associate in solution. The different structures of these two complexes and the solution behavior of the SiNC-3 complex are attributed to the bulkiness of the trimethylsiloxy groups.
Elasticity of DLCA model gels with loops

Abstract Aggregation is a common natural phenomenon, but the structure–property relationship of the resulting porous, fractal gels is not well understood. An earlier study using the diffusion-limited cluster–cluster aggregation model revealed that loop structure is lacking in the model gels to account for their mechanical properties. The dangling bond deflection model was then developed to address loop formation during the aggregation process. This article describes the finite element method implemented to measure the various moduli of the resulting gel structure, which was modeled as a network of linearly elastic beams. The well-known empirical correlation in gels––the power–law scaling of Young's modulus with relative densities––was reproduced, and the scaling exponent of about 3.6, which is consistent with the experimental results, was captured in the analysis. About 70% of the total strain energy in the network came from bending of the beams. The contrast in the scaling exponent as compared to the open-cell foam model is attributed to the change of connectivity in the gel network when the density of the aggregate is adjusted.