cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geschichtswissenschaft und autoritärer Staat: Ein deutsch-deutscher Vergleich

In this article the author compares the state of historiography in the former East German territories after the elimination of the communist regime with the situation of German historiography after the defeat of Nazism on the one hand, and the development of historiography in both German states between 1945 and 1990 on the other hand. Considering the actual difficulties occuring during the exchange of personal and the reorganization of institutions in the former East German historiography the following problem is discussed: to what extent had the historians been able to maintain their scholarly integrity and responsibility, or had they been transformed into mere apologists of the regime? The author is convinced that the rupture of 1989 was deeper than that of 1945. For the emergence of a democratic and pluralistic historiography prohibited by the communist regime has gone further in the GDR today than it was after 1945 in Germany as a whole. This is due to the fact that the process of democratization also took place very late in former West Germany. Here, a radical denazification was not carried out and a critical reflection of history's methodological and theoretical traditions did not take place until the 60ies. The author expresses the opinion that a removal of the ideological supporters · of the old regime from leading positions is indispensable, but a reorganization of German historiography should result in an integration, not a segregation of the historians of Germany's „five new lands."
Design and Fabrication of Aka-Band Dielectric-Loaded Traveling-Wave Tube

We have designed, fabricated, and are currently testing a Ka-band dielectric-loaded traveling-wave tube with a very high bandwidth. Applications for high power mm-wave sources span biology, medicine, communications, national security, and other areas. One of these applications, high resolution imaging using synthetic aperture radar techniques, requires a power source with an average power level of 1 kW and the bandwidth of 10 GHz. We present a novel Ka-band TWT architecture that approaches these requirements.
Temperature Dependence of the Longwavelength Absorption Band of the Reaction Center of Rhodopseudomonas viridis

In a series of previous papers(1,2), we have constructed a vibronic coupling model for the excited states of the chromophores in the reaction center (RC) of photosynthetic bacteria. The model has been used to compute various optical properties (absorption, circular dichroism, polarized absorption, holeburning spectra) of the reaction center pigments; a particular focus has been investigation of the low energy Q y exciton component of the special pair bacteriochlorophylls. Many of the intramolecular vibrational parameters (frequencies, excited state geometry shifts) are obtained a priori from monomer experiments, reducing the parametric flexibility associated with phenomenological lineshape functions. Good agreement with experiment has been obtained by varying a limited set of electronic parameters and by including an intermolecular mode for the special pair dimer P.
Transport Coefficients in Rotating Weakly Compressible Turbulence

Analytical studies of compressible turbulence have found that compressible velocity fluctuations create both effective fluid transport properties and an effective equation of state. This paper investigates the additional effects of rotation on compressible turbulence. It is shown that rotation modifies the transport properties of compressible turbulence by replacing the turbulence time scale by a rotational time scale, much as rotation modifies the transport properties of incompressible turbulence. But thermal equilibrium properties are modified in a more complex manner. Two regimes are possible: one dominated by incompressible fluctuations, in which the sound speed is modified as it is in incompressible turbulence, and a rotation dominated regime in which the sound speed enhancement is rotation dependent. The dimensionless parameter which discriminates between regimes is identified. In general, rotation is found to suppress the effects of compressibility.
CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF MRNA AND PROTEIN : IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION HISTOCHEMISTRY AND IN SITU LIGAND BINDING

Powerful methods for the detection of mRNA and proteins in cells and tissue sections have been developed since the mid-1980s. This chapter discusses the applications of in situ hybridization histochemistry and in situ ligand binding to cells in culture and tissue sections. In situ hybridization takes advantage of paired nucleotide interactions between a labeled probe (antisense strand) and the endogenous mRNA (sense strand). Following processing, the mRNA is localized through detection of the disintegration pattern of the radiolabeled probe. Protein-protein interaction is detected in a similar fashion. Proteins are radiolabeled and incubated with tissues that contain target-binding proteins or receptors. On processing, the interaction sites are localized through detection of the radiolabeled probe. The methods are rapid, sensitive, specific, and provide important information regarding the sites of mRNA synthesis, abundance of protein, and the ability of the ligand to interact with the receptor in restricted cellular populations. Application of these techniques to cells in culture allows in vitro manipulation of endogenous mRNA or protein with various hormones or growth factors and a method to detect the results.
A tiered addressing scheme based on a floating cloud internetworking model

Scalability in inter-domain routing is becoming stressful as routing table sizes grow at very high rates. In this paper, we present a tiered addressing scheme to be implemented over a Floating Cloud Tiered internetworking model which uses tier based aggregation to address routing scalability. Analysis of the HD-ratio of the addressing scheme and its possible implementation on the AT&T network is presented.
Use of Weight-Adjusted Oxygen Uptake Scores that Avoid Spurious Correlations

(1974). Use of Weight-Adjusted Oxygen Uptake Scores that Avoid Spurious Correlations. Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 447-451.
The Exception Proves the Rule

Legal rules admit of exceptions; indeed, it has been a legal maxim that one can infer the existence of a rule from exceptions that are made to it. Hart claims that the exceptions do not admit of exhaustive statement (a form of legal particularism) but that nonetheless rules can bind. This paper develops a logical framework which accommodates this position, shows that it is available to a positivist, elucidates the role of rules within it, and concludes by discussing the relevance to issues of judicial discretion. When faced with a rule that they take to be true, and a recalcitrant example, people are apt to say: "The exception proves the rule". When pressed on what they mean by this though, things are often less than clear. A common response is to dredge up some once-heard etymology: 'proves' here, it is often said, means 'tests'. But this response—its frequent appearance even in reference works notwithstanding 1 —makes no sense of the way in which the expression is used. To insist that the exception proves the rule is to insist that whilst this is an exception, the rule still stands; and furthermore, that, rather than undermining the rule, the exception serves to confirm it. This second claim may seem paradoxical, but it should not, once it is realized that what does the confirming is not the exception itself, but rather the fact that we judge it to be an exception; and that what is confirmed is not the rule itself, but rather the fact that we judge it to be a rule. To treat something as an exception is not to treat it as a counterexample that refutes the existence of the rule. Rather it is to treat it as special, and so to concede the rule from which it is excepted. The point comes clearly in the original (probably 17 th Century) Latin form: Exceptio probat (figit 2 ) regulam in casibus non exceptis. Exception (i.e. the act of excepting) proves (establishes) the rule in the cases not excepted.
Fictitious-Transfer Solutions in Cooperative Game Theory

It is easy to see that games with transferable utility (TU) really are just a special case of games with nontransferable utility (NTU), because transfer activities can be remodeled as strategic options in a game “without transferable utility.” Thus, it is natural to ask why game theorists should have devoted substantial efforts to developing solution concepts for games with transferable utility. When I teach cooperative game theory now, more than 45 years after von Neumann and Morgenstern [1944], I try to motivate the old emphasis on coalitional games with transferable utility by two propositions. First, because coalitional interactions can be very complicated, we may initially want to simplify our analysis by assuming transferable utility, so that the set of feasible utility allocations for each coalition can be described by a single number. Second, by the method of fictitious transfers of weighted utility (or λ-transfers), we can easily generalize any solution concept for transferable-utility games to the case of games without transferable utility. Thus, from the perspective of 1990, the method of fictitious transfers appears to justify the original decision of von Neumann and Morgenstern [1944] to concentrate on games with transferable utility. However, the method of fictitious transfers was recognized only after the pivotal breakthrough of Harsanyi [1963]. My purpose in this paper is to reexamine the importance of this method, in the context of the history of its development and some recent results.
Dislocation-Pressure Interactions

There are various ways in which a dislocation can interact with isostatic stress, with most effects being important at elevated stress levels. Some of these that have received extensive attention are the effects of isostatic stress on elastic constants [1, 2, 3]; the direct influence of pressure, or the indirect effect via the stress normal to the glide plane, on the Peierls stress, or more specifically the kink formation energy in many metals and alloys [4, 5]; the influence of the degree and symmetry of core splitting of screw dislocations in bcc metals [6, 7, 8] as well as some semiconducting crystals and intermetallic compounds [8, 9]; the implementation of core-splitting effects in terms of the general stress tensor [10, 11]; the indirect effect on operative slip systems that modifies geometric hardening [12]; and weak effects on factors such as lattice parameter, vibrational frequency and diffusivity.
Water management in a mountain front recharge aquifer

[1] We explore the dynamic and conflicting interaction of incentives for private versus riparian habitat water use in the context of a mountain front recharge system. A novel situation arises wherein private uses are consumptive while riparian habitat uses, although clearly consumptive, are closely related to water stocks. The hydrology of the mountain front recharge system is characterized by system lags which lead to difficulties in constructing incentive based policy tools.
Plasma Mode HEMTs with RTD Gate and Multiple 2DEG Channels for Stable Terahertz Operation

We demonstrate that plasma wave instability in a grated and RTD-gated high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) leads to terahertz emissions. Numerical calculations are provided using a new full wave Maxwell-hydrodynamic solver that incorporates a novel excitation term to account for RTD gate loading, necessary for amplification. Using the proposed solver, an accurate plasma wave model is presented, accounting for non-uniform surroundings and finite dimensions of the 2DEG layer, within the HEMT. We estimate that hundreds of nanowatts of power can be generated with sufficient channel length. Also, 6 dB improvements in the transmission spectra at room temperature is proposed, using a 4 channel HEMT configuration, as opposed to single 2DEG layer.
Chronic physiological increases in cortisol inhibit the vasopressin response to hypertonicity in conscious dogs

Chronic increases in cortisol inhibit basal plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP). Acute pretreatment with cortisol inhibits the large increase in AVP during hypotension or hypoxia but does not inhibit the modest increase in AVP in response to hypertonic saline (HS). We evaluated the effect of a chronic increase in cortisol (physiological range) on the acute AVP response to HS. Five male dogs received a continuous infusion of either vehicle or cortisol (65 mg/day) for 7 days. The AVP response to HS (0.2 mmol.kg-1.min-1 for 30 min) was tested before infusion, on days 1, 4, and 7 of chronic infusion, and 2 days after the infusion was discontinued. Plasma cortisol increased significantly from 1.0 +/- 0.2 micrograms/dl to an average over the 7 days of infusion of 5.0 +/- 0.2 micrograms/dl, and basal plasma AVP was significantly decreased during cortisol infusion. The increase in plasma Na and osmolality during HS was unaffected by chronic infusion. HS resulted in an increase in AVP from 3.5 +/- 0.2 to 7.1 +/- 0.7 pg/ml before cortisol infusion. After 7 days of cortisol, the AVP response to HS (from 2.6 +/- 0.1 to 3.9 +/- 0.7 pg/ml) was significantly attenuated. Sustained, physiological increases in cortisol significantly inhibited osmotically stimulated AVP release. The decrease in AVP during hypercortisolism and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone in patients with adrenal insufficiency appear to be due to an inhibitory effect of cortisol on the osmotic sensitivity of the AVP control system.
Mass Spectra and Ionization Temperatures in an Argon-Nitrogen Inductively Coupled Plasma

Positive ions were extracted from the axial channel of an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) in which the outer gas flow was Ar, N2, or a mixture of Ar and N2. Addition of N2 to the outer gas decreases the electron number density (ne) in the axial channel. Ar+2, O2+, and ArH+ react with N-containing species in the plasma and/or during the ion extraction process. Ar+ remains abundant even if there is no Ar in the outer gas, which indicates the probable occurrence of charge transfer reactions between N2+ and Ar. The present work corroborates two general concepts upon which several theories of the origin of suprathermal ionization in ICPs are based: (a) species are physically transported from the induction region to the axial channel; and (b) these species may react with and ionize neutral species in the axial channel. Ionization temperatures (Tion) measured from the ratio Cd+/I+ were 5750 to 6700 K for a N2 outer flow ICP at a forward power of 1.2 kW. This Tion range is significantly below that obtained for an Ar outer gas ICP under otherwise similar operating parameters.
Floral preferences of bumblebees (Bombus edwardsii) in relation to intermittent versus continuous rewards

Abstract Worker bumblebees, Bombus edwardsii , preferably feed from artificial flowers yielding the same (continuous) reward on each visit rather than from flowers yielding variable (intermittent) rewards, even though the long-term expectation of reward is the same at each type of flower. However, variation in degree of preference among individual bees is high. Preferences after long foraging experience correspond closely to early preferences. Rate of flower visitation increases as mean reward increases, and may accelerate preference formation. Preferences are discussed in light of processes thought to control learning in honeybees. From these findings we propose that reward variance and expected time between reinforcements be considered as constraints in models of optimal foraging behaviour.
Further studies on the bioconversion of penicillin G into deacetoxycephalosporin G by resting cells of Streptomyces clavuligerus NP-1.

Resting cells of Streptomyces clavuligerus NP-1, which posses deacetoxy-cephalosporin C synthase activity, have been shown previously to perform oxidative ring expansion of penicillin G in the presence of iron, ascorbic acid, and α-ketoglutaric acid to form deacetoxycephalosporin G. Further studies on this bioconversion indicated that use of MOPS or HEPES buffer at pH 6.5 more than doubled the extent of the reaction observed with the previously used Tris-HCl at pH 7.4. Levels of bioconversion as high as 16.5% were achieved at low penicillin G concentrations. Previously, conversion yields were <1%.
Ich brauche mix-cough: cross-linguistic influence involving German, English and Farsi

This paper deals with cross-linguistic influence (CLI) in early trilingualism involving the languages German, English and Farsi. The data come from the case study of the author's two children growing up in a trilingual family within a monolingual German-speaking environment. Specific types of CLI from the non-dominant language Farsi on German and English are explained as being triggered by structural features of Farsi that cater to general cognitive tendencies towards iconicity and transparency, thus providing a unifying conceptual explanation for what may be termed minority influence.
Perforin Is Detrimental to Controllinγ C. muridarum Replication In Vitro, but Not In Vivo

CD4 T cells are critical for clearing experimental Chlamydia muridarum genital tract infections. Two independent in vitro CD4 T cell mechanisms have been identified for terminating Chlamydia replication in epithelial cells. One mechanism, requiring IFN-γ and T cell-epithelial cell contact, terminates infection by triggering epithelial production of nitric oxide to chlamydiacidal levels; the second is dependent on T cell degranulation. We recently demonstrated that there are two independent in vivo clearance mechanisms singly sufficient for clearing genital tract infections within six weeks; one dependent on iNOS, the other on Plac8. Redundant genital tract clearance mechanisms bring into question negative results in single-gene knockout mice. Two groups have shown that perforin-knockout mice were not compromised in their ability to clear C. muridarum genital tract infections. Because cell lysis would be detrimental to epithelial nitric oxide production we hypothesized that perforin was not critical for iNOS-dependent clearance, but posited that perforin could play a role in Plac8-dependent clearance. We tested whether the Plac8-dependent clearance was perforin-dependent by pharmacologically inhibiting iNOS in perforin-knockout mice. In vitro we found that perforin was detrimental to iNOS-dependent CD4 T cell termination of Chlamydia replication in epithelial cells. In vivo, unexpectedly, clearance in perforin knockout mice was delayed to the end of week 7 regardless of iNOS status. The discordant in vitro/in vivo results suggest that the perforin’s contribution to bacterial clearance in vivo is not though enhancing CD4 T cell termination of Chlamydia replication in epithelial cells, but likely via a mechanism independent of T cell-epithelial cell interactions.
More evidence on the spatial scale of cities

Abstract This study re-examines the 1983 study by Brueckner and Fansler that empirically estimated the determinants of urbanized land areas, regressing land area on population, income, transportation costs, and agricultural land values. This study, however, utilizes a larger, more comprehensive data set of metropolitan statistical areas over a longer period of time. The estimation results, consistent with Bruecker and Fansler, confirm that the simple monocentric model is empirically robust and that the standard economic factors identified by urban economic theory explain the majority of spatial variation in the sizes the largest US metropolitan regions over the post-war period.
Health literacy needs related to incontinence and skin damage among family and friend caregivers of individuals with dementia.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe health literacy needs related to incontinence and skin care among family or friend caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD) and develop supportive and educational materials that address these needs. Design Descriptive. Subjects and settings The sample included 48 family/friend adult caregivers of individuals who had advanced dementia. Caregivers were spouses (44%), daughters (31%), or extended family members/friends (25%) recruited from community-based agencies, with a mean age of 64 ± 14 years (mean ± SD), and 75% were female. Nearly half (48%) had a racially or ethnically diverse background. Methods Focus groups, interviews, and written surveys were conducted to assess health literacy needs of AD caregivers related to incontinence and skin care; verbal responses were audiotaped, transcribed, and summarized. To address these needs, a set of educational and supportive materials was developed, whose content was directed by caregiver responses and supported by a literature review of current evidence and consultation with clinical and research experts. Study procedures were guided by an advisory committee of AD caregivers. Results Caregivers had numerous health literacy needs related to incontinence and skin care; areas of need were categorized into knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Caregivers expressed a need to validate the health literacy they possessed. Fourteen educational and supportive documents were developed to address these needs. Conclusion Materials developed in this study are suitable to incorporate into interventions that support caregivers of persons with AD. They offer the potential to raise health literacy and care capacity of caregivers, increase communication with health care providers, and improve health outcomes of care recipients.
Third ventricle colloid cyst associated with subarachnoid haemorrhage

Colloid cyst of the third ventricle is a rare, benign pathology of endothelial origin. Excellent prognosis is achieved when the cyst is diagnosed early and excised. Hydrocephalus can occur as an acute, fatal complication or can cause chronic symptoms such as headaches. A case of a patient with a third ventricle colloid cyst in association with prepontine subarachnoid haemorrhage is presented. This was a 29-year-old healthy male who was admitted because of a depressed consciousness. Neuro-radiological imaging revealed a mass in the third ventricle, a biventricular hydrocephalus and a prepontine subarachnoid haemorrhage without any evidence of a cerebral aneurysm. Perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage is well known but its cause is still a matter of debate. A description is given of the association of this type of subarachnoid haemorrhage with an acute hydrocephalus caused by a third ventricle colloid cyst. Because of the potential morbidity and mortality of third ventricle colloid cysts, this association is described and should be considered as a rare presentation of third ventricle colloid cyst.
Effects of psychosocial stress on the pattern of salivary protein release.

Abstract Previous research suggests that acute stress can increase the release of immune-relevant proteins in saliva. However, no attempts have been made to examine a wider range of salivary proteins in response to stress. In this study, we identified and quantified changes in the pattern of salivary protein release in a 45 min time period following the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in 12 asthmatic and 13 healthy participants. Proteins were separated using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relative protein amounts were quantified using the Image J software (NIH), and identified and characterized using mass spectroscopy. Negative affect was increased immediately after stress in both groups. The results showed that alpha amylase, cystatin S and light chain IgA were increased after the TSST and significant increases in glutathione S-transferase and prolactin inducible protein were also observed. Asthma patients showed responses similar to healthy controls, but had a tendency toward overall lower alpha amylase levels. Our findings suggest that a variety of proteins relevant to mucosal immunity are elevated following acute psychosocial stress, including glutathione S-transferase and prolactin inducible protein, which had not been characterized in this context before.
Effects of ovariectomy on thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and liver in Syrian hamsters

Abstract Weight gain in ovariectomized Syrian hamsters occurs without increased food intake, which suggests that metabolic efficiency may be enhanced through a reduction in energy expenditure. We examined the effect of ovariectomy on metabolic activity in brown adipose tissue and liver. Four groups of hamsters (n = 13, each) were killed 0, 2, 4, or 16 weeks following ovariectomy. Ovariectomized hamsters rapidly gained weight without overeating. Body weights stabilized after 8 weeks and remained 12–17% above sham-operated control weights for the duration of the experiment. Weight gain in the hamsters ovariectomized for 16 weeks was characterized by significant increases in retroperitoneal white adipose tissue weight and carcass lipid content. Similar trends were seen in 2-week and 4-week ovariectomized animals. There were no differences in interscapular brown adipose tissue weight, protein content, DNA content, or norepinephine (NE) content among sham-operated and 2-, 4-, or 16-week ovariectomized hamsters, indicating that ovariectomy had no effect on brown adipose tissue growth. Similarly, there was no difference in either sympathetic nervous system activity (estimated by the rate of NE turnover) or mitochondrial GDP binding among the four groups of hamsters. In contrast, hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity was significantly reduced 2, 4, and 16 weeks after ovariectomy. These results suggest that reduced thermogenic activity in liver, but not in brown adipose tissue, could contribute to the weight gain in Syrian hamsters after ovariectomy.
The tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 dampens murine Th17 development

Th17 cells represent a subset of CD4+ T helper cells that secrete the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17. Th17 cells have been ascribed both a beneficial role in promoting clearance of pathogenic fungi and bacteria, and a pathogenic role in autoimmune diseases. Here we identify the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 as a critical regulator of Th17 development, using 3 complementary approaches. Impaired SHP-1 activity through genetic deletion of SHP-1, transgenic expression of an inducible dominant negative SHP-1, or pharmacologic inhibition of SHP-1 strongly promotes the development of Th17. Ex vivo Th17 skewing assays demonstrate that genetic or pharmacologic disruption of SHP-1 activity in T cells results in a hyper-response to stimulation via IL-6 and IL-21, 2 cytokines that promote Th17 development. Mechanistically, we find that SHP-1 decreases the overall cytokine-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 in primary CD4+ T cells. These data identify SHP-1 as a key modifier of IL-6–and IL-21–driven Th17 development via regulation of STAT3 signaling and suggest SHP-1 as a potential new therapeutic target for manipulating Th17 differentiation in vivo.
Beam attenuator for the LBL 88 inch cyclotron

Abstract A beam attenuator has been installed on the ECR injection line for the LBL 88 in. cyclotron, which gives fast attenuation of the beam by factors ranging from 2 to 4 × 109.
Cx43 Associates with Na v 1.5 in the Cardiomyocyte Perinexus

Gap junctions (GJs) are aggregates of channels that provide for direct cytoplasmic connection between cells. Importantly, this connection is thought responsible for cell-to-cell transfer of the cardiac action potential. The GJ channels of ventricular myocytes are composed of connexin43 (Cx43). Interaction of Cx43 with zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) is localized not only at the GJ plaque, but also to the region surrounding the GJ, the perinexus. Cx43 in the perinexus is not detectable by immunofluorescence, yet localization of Cx43/ZO-1 interaction to this region indicated the presence of Cx43. Therefore, we hypothesized that Cx43 occurs in the perinexus at a lower concentration per unit membrane than in the GJ itself, making it difficult to visualize. To overcome this, the Duolink protein–protein interaction assay was used to detect Cx43. Duolink labeling of cardiomyocytes localized Cx43 to the perinexus. Quantification demonstrated that signal in the perinexus was lower than in the GJ but significantly higher than in nonjunctional regions. Additionally, Duolink of Triton X-100-extracted cultures suggested that perinexal Cx43 is nonjunctional. Importantly, the voltage gated sodium channel Nav1.5, which is responsible for initiation of the action potential, was found to interact with perinexal Cx43 but not with ZO-1. This work provides a detailed characterization of the structure of the perinexus at the GJ edge and indicates that one of its potential functions in the heart may be in facilitating conduction of action potential.
Accuracy and Precision of PIXImus Densitometry for Ex Vivo Mouse Long Bones: Comparison of Technique and Software Version

Abstract Many densitometric studies in mice assess bone mineral density (BMD) at specified regions of interest, often using ex vivo specimens. In the present study, we sought to determine the precision and accuracy of ex vivo densitometry of mouse bones, comparing two software versions and two data acquisition techniques. The newer software allows manual adjustment of the threshold value for bone, improving the ability to analyze bone edges correctly. Root mean square standard deviations were 2–3 mg/cm 2 , with coefficients of variation ranging between 3% and 5% for femora and humeri and between 6% and 7% for radii. The regression coefficients for bone mineral content as a function of ash mass were near 1 for femora and humeri, but considerably lower for radii. Coefficients of determination were inversely related to bone size, with R 2 values exceeding 0.9 at the femur, 0.8 at the humerus, and ranging between 0.3 and 0.6 at the radius. We found that our instrument has a position artifact, with BMD and bone mineral content dependent on the specimen's coordinates in the scanned field. Our findings establish the limitations of ex vivo densitometry with the PIXImus and support our recommendation that investigators seek position artifacts in their instruments.
Tokamak reactor concepts using high temperature, high-field superconductors

Tokamak ETR and demo reactor design concepts using high-temperature, high-field oxide superconductors are described. Current densities in recently developed oxide superconductors appear at present to be very low, and it is not clear whether practical magnets for fusion applications can be developed. However, if this development occurs the potential impact on tokamak design appears large. Significant reductions in cost, complexity, and physics extrapolation could be possible by the combination of very high fields and liquid nitrogen operation. Illustrative parameters are given for an ETR device that has about the same plasma volume as TFTR. Parameters are also given for a demo device with approximately the same plasma volume as JET. If practical oxide superconducting magnets cannot be developed, a significant degree of the improvement due to high-field operation might in fact still be realized using existing superconducting materials such as Nb3Sn (Ta, Ti).
Mineralogical and organic carbon content of water-dispersible particles from conventional and no-tillage soils

Soil erosion from agricultural lands causes loss of soil productivity, as well as environmental problems down stream due to sediment and contaminants sorbed on dispersed colloids. In order to estimate the potential effects of erosion and to describe the behavior of various inorganic and organic contaminants in agro-ecosystems, quantitative characterization of soil colloid dispersion is essential. The effect of long-term tillage management (conventional-tillage and no-tillage) on mineralogical and organic carbon content in both field- and laboratory-generated water dispersible particles (WDP) were studied. Field-WDP were collected during rainfall simulation. Laboratory-WDP were obtained by shaking soil for 16 hours (soil to water ratio of 1:10). Results demonstrate that laboratory- and field-WDP differ in organic carbon content, particle size distribution, and mineralogical concentrations, and are influenced by soil management. Soils under no-tillage produced much larger amounts of laboratory-WDP and small...
REGULATION OF STEAROYL-COA DESATURASES AND ROLE IN METABOLISM

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is the rate-limiting enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleate (18:1) and palmitoleate (16:1). These represent the major monounsaturated fatty acids of membrane phospholipids, triglycerides, wax esters and cholesterol esters. The ratio of saturated to monounsaturated fatty acids affects phospholipid composition and alteration in this ratio has been implicated in a variety of disease states including cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, neurological disease, and cancer. For this reason, the expression of SCD is of physiological significance in both normal and disease states. Several SCD gene isoforms (SCD1, SCD2, SCD3) exist in the mouse and one SCD isoform that is highly homologous to the mouse SCD1 is well characterized in human. The physiological role of each SCD isoform and the reason for having three or more SCD gene isoforms in the rodent genome are currently unknown but could be related the substrate specificities of the isomers and their regulation through tissue-specific expression. The recent studies of asebia mouse strains that have a natural mutation in the SCD1 gene and a mouse model with a targeted disruption of the SCD1 gene have provided clues concerning the role that SCD1 and its endogenous products play in the regulation of metabolism.
Resolving the source and mixing proportions of modern leakage to the Memphis aquifer in a municipal well field using geochemical and 3H/3He data, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

The Memphis aquifer in southwestern Tennessee is a confined to semi-confined unconsolidated sand aquifer and is the primary municipal water source for the Memphis metropolitan area. Leakage of modern water from shallow unconfined aquifers through the upper Claiborne confining unit locally degrades water quality in the Memphis aquifer and makes the aquifer more vulnerable to contamination. Major solute chemistry, tritium, and 3H/3He data were used to investigate the source and mixing proportions of modern water in the Memphis aquifer in the Davis well field, Memphis, Tennessee. Water quality in several production wells in the Davis well field has declined over the past 30 years, mainly through increased total dissolved solids, iron, alkalinity, and hardness. Trends in chemical data, tritium, and other hydrogeologic data support a source for the leakage from the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial aquifer. Mixing proportions of alluvial water in production well water obtained by inverse chemical modeling with PHREEQCi range from 7 to 45%. For two of the production wells, MLGW 414 and 432, 3H/3He data yield mixing ratios similar to those obtained from PHREEQCi in three of four cases; the dissimilar ratio is likely due to a poor solution from the PHREEQCi inverse modeling. Modeling of the age distribution obtained from MLGW 414 and 432 using an exponential-piston flow model (EPM) with an inverse solution computer code yielded mixed results. The EPM solution obtained for MLGW 414 converged with difficulty only for a 5-year transit time in the shallow aquifer and is consistent with a source from the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial aquifer; however, the modeled age of the water is greater than that observed. In comparison, the EPM solution for MLGW 432 converged for the 5- and 7-year transit periods in the shallow aquifer and yielded model ages consistent with observed 3H/3He ages; however, the extent of the maximum radii for infiltration source is not consistent with a Mississippi River Valley Alluvial aquifer source. Other potential sources for leakage to MLGW 432 include water from the Fluvial-terrace aquifer migrating along a fault east of the well field or infiltration of water from a lake south of the well field.
Designing Optical Networks from Simple Switching Elements

An analysis of switching networks and current optical technology reveals that the topology of networks determines the extent to which optics can offer system-level performance advantages over electronic and electrical implementations. For direct connection networks such as mesh networks, hybrid electrooptical networks that employ circuit switching can reduce latency and thereby system throughput by an order of magnitude. For packet switched local area networks, optically controlled electrooptic waveguide crossbar networks provide higher efficiency and also lower latency advantages. To illustrate our thesis, we present two examples of electrooptical waveguide-based network designs. In the first, we describe a new self-routing optical crossbar design, VIPER +, that can be realized by locally controlled 2 × 2 electrooptic switches. The VIPER + crossbar is unique in that it can solve the network access and conflict arbitration problems optoelectronically. Further, by cascading the proposed crossbar networks, larger nonblocking self-routing optical networks can be implemented in modular fashion. The second design based on VIPER + is a waveguide mesh interconnection network that incorporates an optical express router, in which optical channels are accessed for remote processor communications, in an electrical mesh.
Initial studies on the effects of combined 60 Hz electric and magnetic field exposure on the immune system of nonhuman primates.

In a pilot immunology experiment, peripheral blood samples from six baboons (Papio cynocephalus) housed as a social group were collected during week 5 of preexposure, exposure, and postexposure periods that were each 6 weeks in duration. The subjects were exposed to vertical 6 kV/m and horizontal 50 {micro}T (0.5 G) fields for 12 h per day. Lymphocytes collected during the exposure period displayed statistically significant (P < .05) reductions in CD3{sup +} and CD4{sup +} counts, interleukin 2 receptor expression, and proliferative response to pokeweed mitogen. A second experiment was conducted using samples from seven subjects exposed to 30 kV/m and 100 {micro}T (1.0 G) and eight sham-exposed subjects. Statistically significant Period {times} Group interactions occurred for total white blood cell count and CD4{sup +} to CD8{sup +} ratio, but the pattern of results was not suggestive of an exposure-related effect. Although components of the nonhuman primate immune system appear to be affected by 60 Hz electric and magnetic field exposure in one of two experiments, additional experiments are required to evaluate this possibility.
[3H] pregabalin binding is increased in ipsilateral dorsal horn following chronic constriction injury.

Abstract Pregabalin, a 3-substituted analogue of gamma-amino butyric acid has recently been approved for treatment of neuropathic pain. We have investigated the anatomical binding profile of [ 3 H] pregabalin following chronic constriction injury (CCI) and compared this with α2δ1 subunit expression using in situ hybridisation. We report here that the intensity and distribution pattern of [ 3 H] pregabalin binding is altered in the ipsilateral dorsal horn following CCI and this is associated with a corresponding increase in α2δ1 mRNA in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglion (DRG). It is likely that increased DRG mRNA production leads to increased α2δ1 protein production and subsequent transport by primary afferents to the dorsal horn. The increased expression of calcium channel subunits and protein in central terminals is interesting, given that abnormal activity within sensory nerves is likely to significantly contribute to the symptomatology of neuropathic pain. The upregulation of pregabalin binding sites in sensory nerve terminals may occur as part of the response to nerve damage in neuropathic pain patients, and therefore, preferential actions of pregabalin at these sites may contribute to its mechanism of action in man.
Faculty perception of Wikipedia in the California State University System

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore whether faculty perceptions of Wikipedia have changed over a five-year period. Design/methodology/approach – A survey was conducted of four universities in the California State University System – California State University, East Bay; Humboldt State University; Cal Poly San Luis Obispo; and California State University, Fresno. Following the survey, respondents who volunteered their contact information were interviewed about their perceptions and/or their assignments/projects involving Wikipedia. Findings – The study showed that, overall, faculty perceptions of Wikipedia have shifted in Wikipedia’s favor and that some faculty members create interesting and unique assignments that involve Wikipedia or Wikipedia-like work. Research limitations/implications – This study sampled 4 of 23 campuses in the California State University System. Practical implications – The growing acceptance of Wikipedia has implications for course work with students both in terms of...
Synthesis and Characterization of Phenylphosphine Oxide Containing Perfluorocyclobutyl Aromatic Ether Polymers for Potential Space Applications

A novel class of phenylphosphine oxide (PPO) containing perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) polymers has been developed for potential use as multifunctional materials in space environments. The reaction of p-BrArOCFCF2 (for Ar = phenyl and biphenyl) with tert-butyllithium affords the lithium reagent smoothly below −20 °C. Subsequent substitution with phenylphosphonic dichloride provides the first bis(trifluorovinyl ether) monomers containing the PPO group. Polymerization proceeds thermally above 150 °C to give polymers that exhibit glass transition temperatures of 169 and 224 °C, respectively, and catastrophic weight loss by TGA in N2 and air above 450 °C (10 °C/min). Copolymerization with bis(4,4‘-trifluorovinyloxy)biphenyl affords film-forming transparent thermoplastic copolymers with high Tg (>140 °C) and good thermal stability (>450 °C). Initial evaluations with ground-based simulation of atomic oxygen (AO) rich space environments indicate that the PPO group imparts significant space durability to PFCB polymers.
Spaceborne long vertical wire as a self-powered ULF/ELF radiator

In December 1987, on the occasion of the first demonstration flight of the shuttle-borne Tethered Satellite System (T.S.S.), NASA will deploy in orbit a 20-km vertical conducting wire (electrodynamic tether) and will test, among other things, the wire's ability to function as generator of de electric power, through the \nu \times B mechanism of interaction, as well as its capability to operate as a serf-powered radiator of ultra-low frequency/ extremely low frequency waves (ULF/ELF), through such mechanisms as the Alfven Wings. The wire's ability to generate dc electric power up to the 100 kW level has been investigated by several authors and it is now considered to be a reasonable expectation. Concerning the wire's ability to radiate ULF/ELF waves, rigorous analytical evidence still has to be worked out. The expectation at this time is that this vertical radiator may be able to inject from above into the earth-ionosphere transmission line about 10 W at night and 10^{-1} by day. Thus in the "hot spot" on the earth's surface, directly underneath (in a magneto-conjugate sense) the orbiting system, signal-to-noise ratios of practical interest may be achievable against natural micropulsation noise. The tether's ability to excite from above long-range propagation modes in the earth-ionosphere transmission line has still to be verified analytically. It is expected that by 1987-1989, comprehensively analytical and experimental evidence will be available to the ULF/ELF community, so that conclusions may be drawn as to the feasibility of strategic communications using orbiting wires. The advantage of the spaceborne placement for the ULF/ELF radiator, compared with the traditional ground-based placement, may be the avoidance of the potential environmental threat posed by the conventional siting.
Area-level risk factors for adverse birth outcomes: trends in urban and rural settings

Significant and persistent racial and income disparities in birth outcomes exist in the US. The analyses in this manuscript examine whether adverse birth outcome time trends and associations between area-level variables and adverse birth outcomes differ by urban–rural status. Alabama births records were merged with ZIP code-level census measures of race, poverty, and rurality. B-splines were used to determine long-term preterm birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW) trends by rurality. Logistic regression models were used to examine differences in the relationships between ZIP code-level percent poverty or percent African-American with either PTB or LBW. Interactions with rurality were examined. Population dense areas had higher adverse birth outcome rates compared to other regions. For LBW, the disparity between population dense and other regions increased during the 1991–2005 time period, and the magnitude of the disparity was maintained through 2010. Overall PTB and LBW rates have decreased since 2006, except within isolated rural regions. The addition of individual-level socioeconomic or race risk factors greatly attenuated these geographical disparities, but isolated rural regions maintained increased odds of adverse birth outcomes. ZIP code-level percent poverty and percent African American both had significant relationships with adverse birth outcomes. Poverty associations remained significant in the most population-dense regions when models were adjusted for individual-level risk factors. Population dense urban areas have heightened rates of adverse birth outcomes. High-poverty African American areas have higher odds of adverse birth outcomes in urban versus rural regions. These results suggest there are urban-specific social or environmental factors increasing risk for adverse birth outcomes in underserved communities. On the other hand, trends in PTBs and LBWs suggest interventions that have decreased adverse birth outcomes elsewhere may not be reaching isolated rural areas.
Embodying Psychological Thriving: Physical Thriving in Response to Stress

In addition to the context of psychological health, thriving can be measured in the context of physical health. Moreover, thriving may be ope rationalized at a macro level (e.g., improved functional health status following acute illness or injury) or at a micro level (e.g., hormonal balance). The goal of this article is to examine physical thriving at the micro level, by investigating hormonal responses to stressful situations. In addition, we examine the role that psychological factors play in this relationship. Although stress-induced arousal has traditionally been viewed as negative, certain endocrine responses to stress can be health enhancing. Specifically, we propose that physical thriving results when there is a greater amount of growth promoting or anabolic hormones (e.g., growth hormone) than catabolic hormones (e.g., Cortisol). Characteristics of the stressor (duration, frequency, and controllability) as well as psychological moderators such as one's cognitive appraisal of the stressor (threat versus challenge) play a role in determining the profile of response to stress. When an individual appraises intermittent stressors as controllable, she or he may display a resilient profile of stress hormone responding—rapid Cortisol responses with quick recovery, and more importantly, Cortisol adaptation when faced with similar stressors over time. This stress response is in turn related to better health. To substantiate some of these issues, we present data from a study examining women's Cortisol reactivity in response to a repeated laboratory stressor and their self-reported growth from facing trauma. The results suggest that women who have grown psychologically from trauma may show quicker Cortisol habituation to other stressors. Cortisol adaptation to stress may serve as one potential marker of resilient psychological and physical functioning.