cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypothesis for Cretaceous rifting of east Gondwana caused by subducted slab capture

In the process of subducted slab capture, a spreading ridge approaches subparallel to a subduction zone following the trailing edge of a downgoing plate. Eventually the downgoing plate is too young and small to subduct, and spreading stops. The spreading ridge stalls many tens of kilometres outboard of the subduction zone. The subducted plate welds to the outboard plate across the dormant spreading center and is captured by it. The captured plate then acquires the motion of the plate it welded to. In the southwest Pacific the Pacific-Phoenix ridge approached the east Gondwana margin as the Phoenix plate subducted beneath New Zealand, the Chatham Rise and Campbell Plateau, the Lord Howe Rise (collectively, Zealandia), and Marie Byrd Land in Cretaceous time. Spreading and subduction shut down here between 110 and 105 Ma, and some sections of the Phoenix plate became welded to (captured by) the Pacific plate. Pacific plate northward motion began in Aptian time, pulling the captured subducted microplates with it. This movement exerted a basal traction on the overlying east Gondwana margin and resulted in extension of Zealandia and Marie Byrd Land. Continued Pacific northward motion rifted Zealandia from Marie Byrd Land at about 85 Ma.
Microscopic theory of fission dynamics

Abstract A microscopic theory of fission is presented in which a Feynman path integral is used to understand tunneling. The idea of an instanton in the case of a Boson field theory is generalized to many Fermions and used to determine the dynamical path self-consistently. The essential roles of Fermion nodal surfaces and symmetry breaking are emphasized. The theory is applied to a solvable pedagogical model, which demonstrates its quantitative accuracy and the importance of solving for the optimal collective path. Similar features are observed in a more realistic calculation of a 32-Fermion system in three dimensions.
Novel approaches to flavivirus drug discovery

Introduction: The members of the family Flaviviridae, including West Nile virus, yellow fever virus and dengue virus, are important human pathogens that are expanding their impact around the globe. The four serotypes of dengue infect 50 – 100 million people each year, yet the only clinical treatment is supportive care to reduce symptoms. Drugs that employ novel inhibition mechanisms and targets are urgently needed to combat the growing incidence of dengue worldwide. Areas covered: The authors discuss recently discovered flavivirus inhibitors with a focus on antivirals targeting non-enzymatic proteins of the dengue virus lifecycle. Specifically, the authors discuss the flaviviruses, the need for novel inhibitors and the criteria for successful antiviral drug development. Current literature describing new advances in antiviral therapy at each stage of the flavivirus lifecycle (entry, endosomal escape, viral RNA processing and replication, assembly and immune evasion) are evaluated and summarized. Expert opi...
Optimization of a multiphase sensor for detection of phosphonates in air

The objective of this article is to report the modeling and optimization of a new MEMS-based phosphonate sensor that utilizes a porous membrane between a gas and a liquid stream to allow operation at low-liquid and high-gas flow rates. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that phosphonate molecules can be detected with such a device, but the sensitivity was insufficient for certain applications (e.g., detection of pesticides in foodstuffs). In this article, COMSOL simulations and design of experiments were used to optimize the device. We find that both the simulation and the experiment show that (i) the size of the pores in the membranes and (ii) the liquid channel height make the most difference to the sensor response. Also, by optimizing the geometry, the sensitivity of the device could be enhanced. The optimized device can detect 109 molecules with good signal to noise. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Direct analysis of the binding of Src-homology 2 domains of phospholipase C to the activated epidermal growth factor receptor.

Abstract A number of proteins involved in intracellular signaling contain regions of homology to the product of the src oncogene that are termed Src-homology (SH) 2 domains. SH2 domains are believed to mediate the association of these proteins with various tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors in a growth factor-dependent manner. We have examined the kinetic characteristics of one of these interactions, the binding of the SH2 domains of phospholipase C gamma 1 with the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF). Bacterial fusion proteins were prepared containing the two SH2 domains of PLC gamma 1 and labeled metabolically with [35S]methionine/cysteine. A fusion protein containing both SH2 domains bound to the purified EGF receptor from EGF-treated cells, whereas no binding to receptors from control cells was detected. Binding was rapid, reaching apparent equilibrium by 10 min. Dissociation of the complex occurred only in the presence of excess unlabeled SH2 protein and exhibited two kinetic components. Similarly, analysis of apparent equilibrium binding revealed a nonlinear Scatchard plot, further indicating complex binding kinetics that may reflect cooperative behavior. The binding of the fusion protein containing both SH2 domains was inhibited by a fusion protein containing only the amino-terminal SH2 domain, although at concentrations an order of magnitude higher than that observed with the complete fusion protein. Fusion proteins containing SH2 domains from the GTPase-activating protein, the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, or the Abl oncoprotein competed less effectively. Binding of the PLC gamma 1 SH2 fusion protein to a mutant EGF receptor lacking the two carboxyl-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation sites exhibited a significantly lower affinity than that observed with the wild type, suggesting that this region of the receptor may play an important role. This binding assay represents a means with which to evaluate the pleiotropic nature of growth factor action.
Low temperature magnetic properties of F.C.C. FeCrNi alloys: Effects of manganese and interstitial carbon and nitrogen

Abstract We have measured the low temperature magnetic susceptibility of two series of f.c.c. FeCrNi alloys: one series contained varied amounts of interstitial carbon and nitrogen; the other contained varied amounts of manganese. Characteristic of antiferromagnets, all specimens displayed a distinct peak in magnetic susceptibility as a function of temperature. Above the transition temperature the behavior of all specimens could be well described by a modified Curie-Weiss law x= x o C T+θ In the first series the position of the susceptibility maximum decreased from 47.9 ± 0.5 to 35.0 ± 0.5 K as the carbon-plus-nitrogen content increased from 0.080 to 0.359 wt. %. In the second series the position of the susceptibility maximum increased from 46 ± 0.5 to 86.5 ± 0.5 K as the manganese content was increased from 1.02 to 5.80 wt.%. A linear relationship was found to predict the Neel temperature from the alloy composition with an r.m.s. deviation of 1 K.
One- and two-component diffusion in zeolite ZSM-5. II, Experimental

Abstract Counterdiffusion and codiffusion for benzene and toluene in ZSM-5 have been measured systematically to examine the effects of the occupancies of the diffusing components. These results are in good agreement with a theoretical model of single-file diffusion. The one-component diffusion coefficients were essentially independent of occupancy up to occupancies of about 0.75. Codiffusion experimental results show apparent diffusivities of similar magnitude to one-component diffusivities, and almost independent of occupancies. The counterdiffusion experimental data show greatly reduced apparent diffusion coefficients, which are functions of the occupancies of the two components. The diffusion trends with occupancy for all the diffusivities (one-component, counterdiffusion, and codiffusion) were very similar for the two ZSM-5 samples studied, even though these samples had very different Si/Al ratios (110 and 6000) and morphologies. The absolute values of the diffusivities, though, were a factor of 3 higher in the material with the higher Si/Al ratio. The sorption behavior was essentially identical for the two materials.
Components-of-variance models and multiple-bootstrap experiments: an alternative method for random-effects, receiver operating characteristic analysis.

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to develop an alternative approach to random-effects, receiver operating characteristic analysis inspired by a general formulation of components-of-variance models. The alternative approach is a higher-order generalization of the Dorfman, Berbaum, and Metz (DBM) approach that yields additional information on the variance structure of the problem. Materials and Methods. Six population experiments were designed to determine the six variance components in the DBM model. For practical problems, in which only a finite set of readers and patients are available, six analogous bootstrap experiments may be substituted for the population experiments to estimate the variance components. Monte Carlo simulations were performed on the population experiments, and those results were compared with the corresponding multiple-bootstrap estimates and those obtained with the DBM approach. Confidence intervals on the difference of ROC parameters for competing diagnostic modalities were estimated, and corresponding comparisons were made. Results. For mean values, the agreement of present estimates of variance structures with population results was excellent and, when suitably weighted and mixed, similar to or closer than that with the DBM method. For many variance structures, the confidence intervals in this study for the difference in ROC area between modalities were comparable to those with the DBM method. When reader variability was large, however, mean confidence intervals from this study were tighter than those with the DBM method and closer to population results. Conclusion. The jackknife approach of DBM provides a linear approximation to receiver-operating-characteristic statistics that are intrinsically nonlinear. The multiple-bootstrap technique of this study, however, provides a more general, nonparametric, maximum-likelihood approach. It also yields estimates of the variance structure previously unavailable.
School-based research and initiatives: fruit and vegetable environment, policy, and pricing workshop

Abstract Background. Foods sold outside the school meals program are widely available and comprise an increasing share of the foods students purchase and consume at school. Federal policies provide little regulation of foods sold outside the school meals program. State and district policies are also limited, and few specifically address fruit and vegetable availability. Methods. School-based interventions to promote consumption of fruit and vegetables among students in school settings have primarily consisted of multicomponent interventions that sometimes included an environmental intervention component. Results. Results of these interventions have been positive, especially in their effects on fruit intake. The results of shorter term environmental interventions that used lower prices or increased availability as strategies to increase fruit and vegetable intake have been positive. Several new approaches currently being piloted in schools include school gardening programs, salad bars using fresh produce from local Farmer's Markets, and in-school, free fruit and vegetable distribution programs. Conclusions. Better information is needed on the economics of competitive foods and the role that financial profitability plays in decisions about food availability and sales in the school setting. Although no model programs were identified at the workshop, several promising strategies were identified to promote fruit and vegetable intake among students in school settings.
Immunization of 2-month-old infants with protein-coupled oligosaccharides derived from the capsule of Haemophilus influenzae type b

We studied an immunogen consisting of oligosaccharides derived from Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide (PRP) coupled to CRM197, a nontoxic relative of diphtheria toxin. Subcutaneous injections were given to eight subjects at ages 2, 4, and 6 months, simultaneously with conventional diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine. After the first immunization, total serum anti-PRP antibodies declined in all subjects, but increased in most after the second immunization and after the third in seven of seven subjects analyzed. In these seven infants, the geometric mean level at age 9 months (0.73 micrograms/ml) exceeded by at least 40 times the means of historical control groups given DTP only or DTP plus (uncoupled) PRP vaccine. An isotype-specific assay showed that IgM antibodies increased after the first immunization with the coupled vaccine in all eight infants. Against the background of declining maternal IgG antibody, elevations in IgG antibody were detected after the second or third immunization in six of the eight. These six at age 9 to 11 months were immunized with (uncoupled) PRP vaccine, and a "boost" in anti-PRP antibody, including an IgG component, was found.
Multicriticality of Wetting, Prewetting, and Surface Transitions

The global phase diagram for wall and surface critical phenomena is analyzed in the space of temperature, surface enhancement, and bulk and surface fields, on the basis of Landau phenomenological theory. Features probably valid for various real systems are the physical unity of prewetting and pure surface criticality, and novel exponents for critical wetting and for a wetting tricritical point, which terminates the region of normal first-order wetting.
A Robust Method for Least Squares Lattice Parameter Refinement

A program has been written for rapid lattice parameter refinement which is designed to be applied to components in a mixture. This FORTRAN program employs a linear least-squares technique and is applicable to crystal systems with symmetry orthorhombic or higher. In addition to lattice parameters, a 2θ-zero can also be refined. Either approximate lattice parameters or a minimal set of indexed lines can be used as input. An example is given of its application to a AuMn two phase system.
Effect of Mo and Pd on the grain-boundary cohesion of Fe

The effects of Mo and Pd segregation on the cohesion of the Fe $\ensuremath{\Sigma}3(111)$ grain boundary are investigated by using the first-principles full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave total-energy--atomic-force method with the generalized gradient approximation. Based on the Rice-Wang model, our total energy calculations show that Mo has a significant beneficial effect on the Fe grain-boundary cohesion, while Pd behaves as a weak embrittler. An analysis of the geometry optimization indicates that Mo has a moderate atomic size to fit well in the grain-boundary hole, whereas Pd introduces a larger perturbation on the atomic structure near the grain boundary. The elastic energy associated with the Mo and Pd segregation is estimated with a rigid environment approximation. It is found that both Mo and Pd introduce a beneficial volume effect. Studies of the electronic structures show that its strong bonding capability makes Mo a cohesion enhancer $(\ensuremath{-}0.90\mathrm{eV})$ for the Fe $\ensuremath{\Sigma}3(111)$ grain-boundary. By comparison, its weak bonding capability leads Pd to be a weak embrittler $(+0.08\mathrm{eV}).$ Our first-principles quantum-mechanical results support the main idea of the atomistic theories in that the elemental cohesive energy difference between the substitutional element and the host element plays an important role in determining its effect on the grain-boundary cohesion. However, the numerical results for Pd, which has a similar elemental cohesive energy to that of Fe, point to the importance of the role played by the volume effect. It is expected that in a lower-angle Fe grain boundary which has a larger grain-boundary volume expansion, Pd can possibly become a cohesion enhancer.
Confocal imaging of early heart development in Xenopus laevis.

Abstract Xenopus laevis provides a number of advantages to studies on cardiovascular development. The embryos are fairly large, are easy to obtain, and can develop at ambient temperature in simple buffer solutions. Although classic descriptions of heart development exist, the ability to use whole-mount immunohistochemical methods and confocal microscopy may enhance the ability to understand both normal and experimentally perturbed cardiovascular development. We have started to examine the early stages of cardiac development in Xenopus, seeking to identify antibodies and fixatives that allow easy examination of the developing heart. We have used monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against bovine cardiac troponin T and chicken tropomyosin to visualize cardiac muscle, a goat antibody recognizing bovine type VI collagen to stain the lining of vessels, and the JB3 mAb raised against chicken fibrillin, which allows the visualization of a variety of cardiovascular tissues during early development. Results from embryonic stages 24–46 are presented.
Computational Elastic Rod Model Applied to DNA Looping

DNA is a long flexible biopolymer containing genetic information. Proteins often take advantage of DNA’s inherent flexibility to perform their cellular functions. Here we present selected results from our computational studies of the mechanical looping of DNA by the Lactose repressor protein. The Lactose repressor resides in the bacterium E. coli and deforms DNA into a loop as a means of controlling the production of enzymes necessary for digesting lactose. We examine this looping process using a computational rod model [1–3] to understand the strain energy and geometry for the resultant DNA loops. Our model captures the multiple looped conformations of the molecule arising from both multiple boundary conditions and geometric nonlinearities. In addition, the model captures the periodic variation of strain energy with base-pair length as suggested by repression experiments (see, for example, [4, 5]).Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Shame and the Social Bond: A Sociological Theory

Emotion has long been recognized in sociology as crucially important, but most references to it are generalized and vague. In this essay, I nominate shame, specifically, as the premier social emotion. First I review the individualized treatment of shame in psychoanalysis and psychology, and the absence of social context. Then I consider the contributions to the social dimensions of shame by six sociologists (Georg Simmel, Charles Cooley, Norbert Elias, Richard Sennett, Helen Lynd, Erving Goffman) and a psychologist/psychoanalyst (Helen Lewis). I show that Cooley and Lynd, particularly, made contributions to a theory of shame and the social bond. Lewis's idea that shame arises from threats to the bond integrates the contributions of all six sociologists, and points toward future research on emotion, conflict, and alienation/integration.
Managing Time: The Effects of Personal Goal Setting on Resource Allocation Strategy and Task Performance

One key to understanding motivated behavior is examining the behavior of individuals as they work on multiple tasks under a time constraint. This article is an exploration of the influence of self-set goals on subsequent resource allocation to different tasks. Participants were given a variety of tasks from which they were to choose how to allocate their time and effort. Results indicated that the use of self-set goals structured the work pattern, with less switching between tasks relative to the work pattern of a group of participants who did not set goals. In addition, those who set goals reported less task-related cognitive interference, indicating that they were not as distracted while they worked. Participants who did not set goals, however, performed at a higher level on some of the tasks. It is suggested that self-set goals may often be chosen at an easily attainable level, creating a structured and focused work environment but not necessarily eliciting the motivational properties typically associated with goal setting.
Familial 21/21 translocation

Summary A family is presented in which 8 consecutive pregnancies produced 3 children affected with Down's syndrome and 5 spontaneous abortions. The 3 siblings were demonstrated to have translocation trisomy-21 of the G/G type; analysis of maternal cells revealed a modal chromosome number of 45 and presence of a G/G translocation carrier state. Morphologic detail does not at present provide differentiation between chromosomes of the G-group; however, statistical analysis demonstrates the probability that this represents a 21/21 translocation; only 2 similar cases were found in the literature.
Intentional and unintentional injury in the State of Nevada: 1989-1992.

Abstract Introduction: Data from a large population-based trauma registry were used to assess risk factors and outcomes associated with injuries that were either caused unintentionally, were self-inflicted, or resulted from an assault. Design: A retrospective analysis was conducted of all cases of serious trauma (N = 19,505) occurring in the State of Nevada during the 4-year period from January 1, 1989, through December 31, 1992. The outcome measures of interest were Injury Severity Score, hospitalization, and mortality. Results: Of all patients with unintentional injuries, 9.9% died compared with 44.8% of those whose injuries were intentionally caused. Nearly half (49.0%) of all deaths occurred in persons who were intentionally injured. Of the intentional injuries, 70% were from assaults. Self-inflicted injuries accounted for 5.2% of all injuries but 28.2% of the deaths in the registry. Firearms were most often used in both assaults (38.8%) and self-inflicted injuries (87.4%). Logistic regressions showed that, compared with unintentional injuries, assaults were more likely to occur in urban counties, among males, African Americans, and young adults. Also, compared with unintentional injuries, self-inflicted injuries were more likely to occur in urban counties, among Caucasian, and the 65+ age group. Conclusion: Although the overwhelming number of injuries in the registry were unintentionally caused, deaths from intentionally caused injuries accounted for almost half of all deaths. The data from Nevada's registry provided the ability to identify who is at risk for trauma-related injury and death. Prevention programs should be designed to target these populations. As prevention programs are implemented, trauma registries such as Nevada's will provide a sound source of data for assessing long-term trends in injury patterns.
Operation Anaconda: America's First Major Battle in Afghanistan. By Lester W. Grau and Dodge Billingsley. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2012. Pp. 459. $39.95.)

Over the past few years, a veritable sea of battlefield memoirs and journalistic accounts have arisen to provide readers with brief glimpses into the policymaking decisions and combat actions of th...
Stable carbon isotope ratios in Astrangia danae : evidence for algal modification of carbon pools used in calcification

Abstract Stable carbon isotope ratios have been measured in skeletons of the temperature shallow water scleractinian coral, Astrangia danae . δ 13 C values ranging from −5.42 to −7.30%. revealed the expected depletion of 13 C in skeletal carbonate relative to sea water bicarbonate. Differences among the ratios could not be attributed to collection site and were not correlated to skeletal morphology. Values of δ 13 C were directly related to zooxanthellae density for all colonies, so that as zooxanthellae concentration increased, δ 13 C valued increased. Colonies maintained under high temperature conditions were offset from the normal, exhibiting ratios less enriched in 13 C than similar colonies from natural conditions. These trends supported the models of Weber and Goreau in which the carbon pools used in calcification are modified by algal photosynthesis. Direct evidence of physiological differences between symbiotic and asymbiotic colonies of A. danae has also been provided.
Next generation networking: distributed multimedia information for healthcare

This paper is derived from a keynote address given that the DMS-03 meeting. It chronicles the need and development of next generation networks (NGN) in the United States. Specific organizational examples are derived from the Internet2-Abilene Network. The technical characteristics of a next generation network versus the Internet are discussed. Examples are given from the point of view of the need for a quality of service based network to deliver distributed multimedia healthcare information to the point of need. The concepts of network trust and of a network based scalable information infrastructure for the reliable delivery of distributed multimedia information is also introduced.
Quadratic Gabor correlation filters for object detection

Abstract We present a new class of quadratic filters that are capable of creating spherical, elliptical, hyperblic- andlinear decision surfaces which result in better detection and classification capabilities than the linear decisionsurfaces obtained from correlation filters. Each filter comprises of a number of separately designed lineart basisfilters. These filters are linearly combined into several macro filters; the output from these macro filters arepassed through a magnitude square operation and are then linearly combined using real weights to achieve thequadratic decision surface. This non-linear fusion algorithm is called the extended piecewise quadratic neuralnetwork (E-PQNN). For detection, the creation of macro filters (linear combinations of multiple single filters)allows for a substantial computational saving by reducing the number of correlation operations required. In thiswork, we consider the use of Gabor basis filters; the Gabor filter parameters are separately optimized; the fusionparameters to combine the Gabor filter outputs are optimized using the conjugate gradient method; they andthe non-linear combination of filter outputs are included in our E-PQNN algorithm. We demonstrate methodsfor selecting the number of macro Gabor filters, the filter parameters and the linear and non-linear combinationcoefficients. We prove that our simple E-PQNN architecture is able to generate arbitrary piecewise quadraticdecision surfaces. We present preliminary results obtained for an infra-red (IR) vehicle detection problem.Keywords: distortion-invariance, Gabor wavelet filters, nonlinear classifiers, nonlinear correlation filters, objectdetection, pattern recognition.
Numerical Gram–Schmidt orthonormalization

A numerical Gram–Schmidt orthonormalization procedure is presented for constructing an orthonormal basis function set from a non-orthonormal set, when the number of basis functions is large. This method will provide a pedagogical illustration of the Gram–Schmidt procedure and can be presented in classes on numerical methods or computational physics.
Multi‐trophic invasion resistance in hawaii: bioacoustics, field surveys, and airborne remote sensing

We used airborne imaging spectroscopy and scanning light detection and ranging (LiDAR), along with bioacoustic recordings, to determine how a plant species invasion affects avian abundance and community composition across a range of Hawaiian submontane ecosystems. Total avian abundance and the ratio of native to exotic avifauna were highest in habitats with the highest canopy cover and height. Comparing biophysically equivalent sites, stands dominated by native Metrosideros polymorpha trees hosted larger native avian communities than did mixed stands of Metrosideros and the invasive tree Morella faya. A multi-trophic analysis strongly suggests that native avifauna provide biotic resistance against the invasion of Morella trees and exotic birds, thus slowing invasion “meltdowns” that disrupt the functioning of native Hawaiian ecosystems.
High temperature metal and ceramic composites

The Materials Division at NASA Lewis is engaged in research and development efforts on behalf of fiber-reinforced composite materials that are lighter, stiffer, and more structurally reliable than conventional monolithic alloys and ceramics in applications that range from the cryogenic to the refractory. Attention is presently given to metal matrix composites, in which high performance depends on stiff, strong and thermally stable large diameter fibers, with chemically stable interfacial bonding and good coefficient of thermal expansion matching between fibers and matrices, and to ceramic matrix composites, in which intermediate strength interfacial bonds must allow cracks to propagate through the matrix only, while retaining good load transfer characteristics between fiber and matrix.
Reflection and tunneling of ocean waves observed at a submarine canyon

[1] Ocean surface gravity waves with periods between 20 and 200 s were observed to reflect from a steep-walled submarine canyon. Observations of pressure and velocity on each side of the canyon were decomposed into incident waves arriving from distant sources, waves reflected by the canyon, and waves transmitted across the canyon. The observed reflection is consistent with long-wave theory, and distinguishes between cases of normal and oblique angles of incidence. As much as 60% of the energy of waves approaching the canyon normal to its axis was reflected, except for waves twice as long as the canyon width, which were transmitted across with no reflection. Although waves approaching the canyon at oblique angles cannot propagate over the canyon, total reflection was observed only at frequencies higher than 20 mHz, with lower frequency energy partially transmitted across, analogous to the quantum tunneling of a free particle through a classically impenetrable barrier.
The effects of terrain shape on nonlinear hydrostatic mountain waves

Solutions to Long's equation for a stably stratified incompressible fluid traversing a mountain range are obtained for various terrain shapes and amplitudes when the horizontal scale is large compared to the vertical wavelength. Nonlinear lower and upper (radiative) boundary conditions are utilized and found to have a strong influence on the wave structure at large amplitudes. The results for symmetric and asymmetric mountain profiles reveal that the wave amplitude and wave drag are significantly enhanced for mountains with gentle windward and steep leeward slopes. These results confirm and explain those obtained by Raymond (1972) using a different solution method. Several results obtained by Smith (1977) from perturbation analysis are also confirmed and extended to large amplitudes. The methods are also applied to investigate the nonlinear nature of the singularity predicted by linear theory for flow over a step.
AN ANALYSIS OF CELLULAR FLOW OBSERVED ON THE INTERFACE OF A PARTIALLY FORMED DROPLET

Abstract In [16], during an experiment designed to model the internal circulation of a forming droplet, secondary surface flows were observed on the droplet interface. After summarizing the experimental results of [16], we present one possible mechanism, based on the surface surfactant mass transport equation of Levich and the surface stress-strain boundary conditions at a free surface, that provides a good qualitative explanation of the origins and the nature of the secondary motion observed in [16]. The critical hypotheses in this mechanism are that the normal component of ihe vorticity at the free surface is determined primarily by the components of the velocity field tangential to the level lines of the surface surfactant density, near the maxima and minima of that density function and that the normal component of the fluid stress does not vanish at such points. The consequent analysis of the mass transport equation in the interface shows that the resulting surface motion may be viewed as arising from...
The Isolated Binary Collision Picture of Vibrational Energy Transfer Processes in Condensed Phases

A selective review of experimental studies of vibrational energy transfer in cryogenic solutions is presented, with a focus on work carried out within the last five years. The applicability of isolated binary collision (IBC) models to a number of experimentally studied systems is considered. Also discussed are possible circumstances under which current IBC treatments may break down and possible experimental studies that might test the range of applicability of this model.
Nondestructive Method for Analyzing Irreplaceable Objects

Diffuse reflectance IR is often used to analyze solid samples with minimal sample preparation. One area where this technique is employed is in the determination of document authenticity. A study conducted by Poslusny and Daugherty examined the adhesives of collectible stamps and determined it was possible to learn whether the stamps contained the original adhesive or had been reglued.
A Case-Control Study of Asphalt and Tar Exposure and Lung Cancer in Minorities

Objectives Considerable controversy surrounds the carcinogenic potential of asphalt and tar. Since minority individuals may have had relatively high historical exposures, we investigated asphalt and tar exposure and lung cancer risk among African Americans and Latino Americans.
Templated assembly of organic-inorganic materials using the core shell structure of the P22 bacteriophage.

Biomimetic chemistry offers new approaches to supramolecular materials synthesis and assembly. We have demonstrated that an assembled viral protein cage, comprising an organic core–shell structure, can be used as a template for the size constrained synthesis of Fe2O3. Particle nucleation is directed by the inner scaffold protein layer, while the size constraints are determined by the outer capsid layer.
Synthesis, transport, and release of a neurohormone by cultured neuroendocrine glands from the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae.

Abstract A hindgut-stimulating neurohormone synthesized in vitro by the neurosecretory cells of cultured brains of Leucophaea maderae passes through the nervi corporis cardiaci I into the corpora cardiaca and is released into the culture medium. As much as 90 per cent of the hormone breaks down in the medium during a 3-day incubation period, and the amount recovered represents only a small fraction of the amount actually released.
Influence of turfgrass species and tall fescue endophyte on feeding ecology of Japanese beetle and southern masked chafer grubs (Coleoptera : scarabaeidae)

Suitability of six cool-season turfgrasses, including tall fescue, festuca arundinacea Schreb., infected or not infected by the endophyte Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & Gams, was studied for root-feeding grubs of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, and the southern masked chafer, Cyclocephala lurida Bland. Larval growth, survival, food use, effects of larval diet on adult weight and fecundity, and natural incidence of grubs were investigated in laboratory, greenhouse, and field assays. Hard fescue, Festuca ovina var. duriuscula L., endophyte-free tall fescue, and perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., were generally more favorable than creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris (Huds.), for growth of C. lurida, whereas Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., was a relatively poor host for both grub species. Variation in nitrogen content of roots is apparently too small to explain these differences. Roots of endophyte-infected tall fescue contained 93 micrograms/g N-formyl loline, a level previously shown to deter grub feeding on artificial medium. However, this study suggests that antixenosis may not occur in the presence of the stimulus complex in tall fescue roots. Survival or growth or both of neonate first instars were lower on endophyte-infected than on endophyte-free tall fescue. However, response of older instars was variable, and there was no measurable effect of endophyte on density or weight of grubs in field plots or on fecundity of P. japonica adults that emerged from endophyte-infected turf. Variation in susceptibility of cool-season turfgrasses to white grubs is probably affected more by differences in their ability to tolerate the feeding damage than by their inherent suitability as food.
Analysis of bladder tumor recurrence in 178 patients

Abstract The identification of bladder tumor characteristics which may affect tumor recurrence has been of interest to the clinician for a long time. Previous attempts to identify predictive factors of recurrence involved comparisons based on the twelve-month recurrence rate in a prospective clinical investigation of bladder tumor patients observed over a five-year period. A statistical regression model known as the proportional hazards model was employed to identify these factors using the disease free interval as the outcome variable. Prior bladder cancer history, age at admission, initial tumor stage, grade, number, size, shape, and site were examined. The results confirm that a patient's prior history of bladder cancer must be considered in evaluating his likelihood of tumor recurrence. The analysis then focuses on patients with no prior history for predictive factors of recurrence.
AMP-activated protein kinase suppresses protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle through down-regulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling.

Abstract AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is viewed as an energy sensor that acts to modulate glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. Given that protein synthesis is a high energy-consuming process, it may be transiently depressed during cellular energy stress. Thus, the intent of this investigation was to examine whether AMPK activation modulates the translational control of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. Injections of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-d-ribonucleoside (AICAR) were used to activate AMPK in male rats. The activity of α1 AMPK remained unchanged in gastrocnemius muscle from AICAR-treated animals compared with controls, whereas α2AMPK activity was significantly increased (51%). AICAR treatment resulted in a reduction in protein synthesis to 45% of the control value. This depression was associated with decreased activation of protein kinases in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal transduction pathway as evidenced by reduced phosphorylation of protein kinase B on Ser473, mTOR on Ser2448, ribosomal protein S6 kinase on Thr389, and eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4E-binding protein on Thr37. A reduction in eIF4E associated with eIF4G to 10% of the control value was also noted. In contrast, eIF2B activity remained unchanged in response to AICAR treatment and therefore would not appear to contribute to the depression in protein synthesis. This is the first investigation to demonstrate changes in translation initiation and skeletal muscle protein synthesis in response to AMPK activation.
The Effect of Disturbing Illness Behaviors on Siblings of Persons with Schizophrenia

BACKGROUND:Although psychiatric symptoms and behavioral problems have been observed as the strongest predictor of family burden and distress, the impact on siblings has not been systematically exam...
Socialization and social context: Influence on perimenstrual symptoms, disability, and menstrual attitudes

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of socialization and exposure to a stressful milieu on women's experiences of perimenstrual symptoms, related disability, and menstrual attitudes. Women (N= 179) from 18 to 35 years of age were interviewed using the Index of Sex Role Orientation, Schedule of Recent Events, Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, and Menstrual Attitudes Questionnaire. Path analysis was used to assess models based on Mechanic's concept of illness behavior for negative affect, pain and water retention symptoms during the perimenstruum. Exposure to a stressful milieu was useful in explaining cyclic, recurrent symptoms. Socialization and exposure to a stressful milieu were more useful in explaining negative affect than pain or water retention symptoms. Socialization and exposure to a stressful milieu are not as important in understanding disability as is the severity of symptoms, but socialization influences menstrual attitudes.
51—VOID-FORMATION AND CRYSTALLIZATION IN FIBRES OF POLY-m-XYLYLENE ADEPAMIDE

Freshly spun, unlubricated fibres of MXD-6 (the polyamide from m-xylylene diamine and adipic acid) develop internal fissures on penetration by water, alcohol, or alcohol-water mixtures. Void-formation is connected with progressive crystallization of the initially amorphous fibre, and the crystallization is accompanied by a heterogeneity of birefringence and the development of spherulites. The extent of void-formation appears to be related to the time-lag between penetration and subsequent crystallization.
The Rise and Fall of False Recall: The Impact of Presentation Duration☆

The effect of presentation duration on false recall induced by presentation of semantically associated and phonologically associated word lists was examined. When 16-word lists comprised of semantically related words (e.g., bed, yawn) were presented at short durations (i.e., 20 or 250 ms/word), false recall of related but nonpresented words (e.g., sleep) increased with increasing duration. However, at longer presentation durations (i.e., 1000, 3000, or 5000 ms/word), false recall declined with increasing presentation duration. This pattern resolves discrepancies among previous experiments investigating the effects of presentation duration on associatively induced false recall. Further, these data constrain theoretical accounts of false recall in that single-process models cannot readily account for these effects. We propose a dual-process model that appears to account for these findings and much of the extant literature. Phonologically related lists (e.g., sweep, sleet) exhibited a very different pattern of results at the short presentation durations; specifically, false recall was exceedingly high at the fastest duration and declined as duration lengthened. Similarities and differences between the mechanisms underlying semantically and phonologically induced false recall are considered.
Toll-Like Receptor Signaling

Toll-like receptors sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (e.g., lipopolysaccharides) and trigger gene-expression changes that ultimately eradicate the invading microbes.
Photochemistry of matrix-isolated 5-cyano-2H-pyran-2-one (δ-cyano-α-pyrone) and cyanocyclobuta-1,3-diene

Matrix-isolation photochemistry (λ > 299 nm; Ar, 10 K) of 5-cyano-2H-pyran-2-one (5, δ-cyano-α-pyrone) shows complete conversion to a mixture of several ring-opened ketene isomers (6) and a ring-cl...
The cost of realized sexual reproduction: assessing patterns of reproductive allocation and sporophyte abortion in a desert moss

The desert moss Syntrichia caninervis exhibits one of the most skewed sex ratios in the plant kingdom, with female individuals far outnumbering male individuals (exceeding 14♀:1♂). The "cost of sex hypothesis" derives from allocational theory and predicts that the sex which is most expensive should be the rarer sex. This hypothesis, which, as considered here represents the realized cost of sexual reproduction, is contingent upon two assumptions that are explored: (1) that male sex expression is more expensive than female sex expression, and (2) that sexual reproduction is resource limited. Using inflorescence biomass and discounting sperm, male sex expression was found to be in the neighborhood of one order of magnitude more expensive than female sex expression, and this difference is reflected in higher numbers of gametangia per male inflorescence, presence of paraphyses in male inflorescences, and a much longer developmental time for male inflorescences. The realized cost of female reproduction from two communities dominated by S. caninervis was found to be lower than the realized cost of male sexual reproduction. Resource-limited reproduction was assessed by determining the frequency of sporophyte abortion, the age distribution of sporophyte abortions, and patterns of sporophyte abortion that may be density dependent. Among ten sexually reproducing populations, abortive sporophytes occurred at a frequency of 0.64. Abortive sporophytes averaged 8% the mass of mature sporophytes, and cohort sporophytes from the same individual female were found to abort in a density-dependent pattern. We conclude that the two assumptions, upon which the cost of sex hypothesis depends, are supported.
Mechanical and thermal transitions in morphotropic PZN-PT and PMN-PT single crystals and their implication for sound projectors

Isothermal compression experiments on multidomain [001] oriented and poled ferroelectric rhombohedral PZN-0.07PT and PMN-0.30PT single crystals revealed elastic instabilities corresponding to zero field ferroelectric-ferroelectric phase transition under mechanical compression. The application of an appropriate dc bias field doubled the stability range of the ferroelectric rhombohedral state under uniaxial compression for both crystals and maintained a linear elastic response. Young's modulus as derived from the quasistatic, zero field stress-strain linear response agreed well with that derived from small signal resonance for the ferroelectric rhombohedral FR state of both PZN-PT and PMN-PT. Elastic compliances S33 E as determined from high temperature resonance revealed a monotonically decreasing Young's modulus as a function of temperature in the ferroelectric rhombohedral state with a sudden stiffening near the ferroelectric rhombohedral (FR)-ferroelectric tetragonal (FT) transition. The reversible ferroelectric-ferroelectric transition of morphotropic PZN-PT and PMN-PT single crystals as accessed by mechanical compression is discussed in terms of strain calculations from Devonshire's theory, domain unfolding, and morphotropic phase boundary shift with mechanical stress. The mechanically-induced and thermally-induced ferroelectric-ferroelectric transition trajectories are discussed in terms of the Devonshire theory. Implications of these observations for sound projectors are discussed. A single crystal tonpilz projector fabricated into a 16-element array and a segmented cylinder transducer demonstrated the outstanding capabilities of single crystals to achieve compact, broadband, and high-source level projectors when compared to conventional lead zirconate-titanate PZT8 projectors.
Level of Depressive Symptoms and Life Stresses for Culturally Diverse Older Adults

Interviews were conducted with 181 people 65 years of age or older to study depressive symptoms and life stresses. The sample was approximately equally divided between men and women, blacks and whites, and higher and lower socioeconomic classes. Few life events were significantly related to level of depression either before or after controlling for physical disability and living with a spouse. Findings of Linn et al. (1980) were therefore generally confirmed with a broader sample.