cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quickest Search Over Multiple Sequences

The problem of sequentially finding an independent and identically distributed sequence that is drawn from a probability distribution Q1 by searching over multiple sequences, some of which are drawn from Q1 and the others of which are drawn from a different distribution Q0, is considered. In the problem considered, the number of sequences with distribution Q1 is assumed to be a random variable whose value is unknown. Within a Bayesian formulation, a sequential decision rule is derived that optimizes a trade-off between the probability of false alarm and the number of samples needed for the decision. In the case in which one can observe one sequence at a time, it is shown that the cumulative sum (CUSUM) test, which is well-known to be optimal for a non-Bayesian statistical change-point detection formulation, is optimal for the problem under study. Specifically, the CUSUM test is run on the first sequence. If a reset event occurs in the CUSUM test, then the sequence under examination is abandoned and the rule switches to the next sequence. If the CUSUM test stops, then the rule declares that the sequence under examination when the test stops is generated by Q1 . The result is derived by assuming that there are infinitely many sequences so that a sequence that has been examined once is not retested. If there are finitely many sequences, the result is also valid under a memorylessness condition. Expressions for the performance of the optimal sequential decision rule are also developed. The general case in which multiple sequences can be examined simultaneously is considered. The optimal solution for this general scenario is derived.
Dynamics of a sessile drop in forced vibration

The interfacial dynamics of a sessile water drop was investigated experimentally. The low-viscosity drop was forced by an underlying diaphragm driven vertically by a piezoelectric actuator. This high-frequency forcing produced very low diaphragm displacements, even at high acceleration amplitudes. As the driving amplitude was increased from zero, the drop exhibited several transitions to states of increasing spatio-temporal complexity. The first state of the forced drop consisted of harmonic axisymmetric standing waves that were present for even the smallest diaphragm motion. Wave modes up to 14 were observed an compared to theoretical results. As the forcing amplitude increased above a critical value, a parametrically driven instability occurred that resulted in the appearance of subharmonic azimuthal waves along the contact line. The critical accelerations and the resulting wavenumbers of the azimuthal waves were documented. For larger values of the forcing amplitude, the subharmonic azimuthal waves coupled with the harmonic axisymmetric waves to produce a striking new lattice-like wave pattern. With a further increase in the forcing amplitude, the lattice mode disappeared and the interface evolved into a highly disordered state, dominated by subharmonic wave motion. The characteristics of the lattice and pre-ejection modes were documented with phase-locked measurements and spectral analysis. Finally, as the forcing amplitude increased above another critical value, the interface broke up via droplet ejection from individual wave crests.
The Basic Data

Definitions and explanations of the terms and diseases referred to in this book are derived from various sources including the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) current DSM and the American Psychiatric Glossary as well as Wikipedia and other sources. Examples include the definitions of the functional or primary versus the organic or secondary psychoses, insanity, dementia, dementia praecox, schizophrenia, manic-depressive insanity, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and the Kraepelinian dichotomy.
An Integrated Scheduling and Operations Approach to Airport Congestion Mitigation

Most flight delays are created by imbalances between demand and capacity at the busiest airports. Absent large increases in capacity, airport congestion can only be mitigated through scheduling int...
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Shigella flexneri Dissemination

The intracellular pathogen Shigella flexneri is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery in humans. The disease is characterized by bacterial invasion of intestinal cells, dissemination within the colonic epithelium through direct spread from cell to cell, and massive inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Here, we review the mechanisms supporting S. flexneri dissemination. The dissemination process primarily relies on actin assembly at the bacterial pole, which propels the pathogen throughout the cytosol of primary infected cells. Polar actin assembly is supported by polar expression of the bacterial autotransporter family member IcsA, which recruits the N-WASP/ARP2/3 actin assembly machinery. As motile bacteria encounter cell-cell contacts, they form plasma membrane protrusions that project into adjacent cells. In addition to the ARP2/3-dependent actin assembly machinery, protrusion formation relies on formins and myosins. The resolution of protrusions into vacuoles occurs through the collapse of the protrusion neck, leading to the formation of an intermediate membrane-bound compartment termed vacuole-like protrusions (VLPs). VLP formation requires tyrosine kinase and phosphoinositide signaling in protrusions, which relies on the integrity of the bacterial type 3 secretion system (T3SS). The T3SS is also required for escaping double membrane vacuoles through the activity of the T3SS translocases IpaB and IpaC, and the effector proteins VirA and IcsB. Numerous factors supporting envelope biogenesis contribute to IcsA exposure and maintenance at the bacterial pole, including LPS synthesis, membrane proteases, and periplasmic chaperones. Although less characterized, the assembly and function of the T3SS in the context of bacterial dissemination also relies on factors supporting envelope biogenesis. Finally, the dissemination process requires the adaptation of the pathogen to various cellular compartments through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms.
Within- and trans-generational plasticity affects the opportunity for selection in barbed goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis)

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Environments are composed of selective agents, and environments may also modify the efficacy of these agents. Environments affect the rate of maximum evolutionary change by influencing variation in relative fitness (i.e., the opportunity for selection, or I). Within- and transgenerational plastic environmental responses may affect I, speeding or slowing processes of local adaptation. • METHODS We determined whether environmental factors affected the opportunity for selection (I) in Aegilops triuncialis (barbed goatgrass) by measuring I as a within- and transgenerational plastic response to two maternal glasshouse environments (serpentine/dry and loam/moist). We also determined whether this species' two most common genetic lineages (determined by DNA microsatellite length polymorphism) varied in response to glasshouse treatments. • KEY RESULTS Opportunity for selection was less for plants grown in the dry serpentine environment than for plants grown in the moist loam environment. This response varied between genetic lineages. The east lineage exhibited a within-generation response to the dry serpentine environment. For both seed mass and average seed weight in this lineage, the opportunity for selection was lower in dry serpentine than in moist loam. The west lineage had a transgenerational response to the dry serpentine such that the opportunity for selection for seed number and seed mass was lower for plants produced by mothers grown in dry serpentine than for plants produced by mothers in moist loam. • CONCLUSIONS Phenotypic variation in relative fitness is constrained by the dry serpentine environment, which leads to lower evolvability in this environment. Within- and transgenerational effects of the environment may slow local adaptation to serpentine soils.
Morphology control of nanofibril donor-acceptor heterojunction to achieve high photoconductivity: exploration of new molecular design rule.

Donor–acceptor nanofibril composites have been fabricated, and the dependence of their photocurrent response on the structure and morphology of the donor part has been systematically investigated. The nanofibril composites were composed of template nanofibers, assembled from an electron acceptor molecule, perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI), onto which (through drop-casting) various electron donor molecules (D1–D4) were coated. The donor molecules have the same π-conjugated core, but different side groups. Due to the different side groups, the four donor molecules showed distinctly different propensity for intermolecular aggregation, with D1–D3 forming segregated phases, while D4 prefers homogeneous molecular distribution within the film. It was found that the nanofibril composites with D4 exhibit the highest photocurrent, whereas those with aggregation-prone D1–D3 exhibited much lower photocurrent under the same illumination condition. Solvent annealing is found to further enhance the aggregation of...
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Reactivity of Cp2- and (CpMe)2-Ligated Titanaaziridines and Titanaoxiranes with Fast Enantiomer Interconversion Rates

A new synthetic route to (CpR)2-ligated titanaaziridines and titanaoxiranes from stable Ti(II) precursors has been developed, and the enantiomer interconversion rate constants for chiral titanaazir...
30 IDENTIFYING THE GAPS BETWEEN BIODEFENSE RESEARCHERS, PUBLIC HEALTH, AND RURAL CLINICAL PRACTICE.

Objective It is essential for health care professionals to be prepared in the event of a bioterrorist attack or other public health emergency. Despite this, many physicians and public health officials still feel unprepared for a bioterrorist event. We sought to determine how well biodefense and emerging infectious disease research information was being disseminated to rural health care providers, first responders, and public health officials. Methods In June-July, 2005 we conducted semi-structured, audio-taped interviews using the key informant technique. Interviewees were selected from a federally funded research institution and a rural community in Washington State. Population Ten interview subjects included researchers, community physicians, other health care providers, first responders, and public health officials. Outcomes Measured Perceived level of biodefense preparedness; quality and quantity of information disseminated regarding biodefense and emerging infectious diseases; communication between clinicians and public health officials; and importance of basic research in biodefense and emerging infectious diseases. Results Based on interviewee responses, we found that there is inadequate information dissemination regarding biodefense and emerging infectious disease research and an overall lack of preparedness for a bioterrorist event exists among rural clinicians and first responders. In addition, a significant communication gap exists between public health and clinical practice regarding policies for bioterrorism and emerging infectious disease. However, we were surprised to find that there was a great deal of support and understanding for the research enterprise in bioterrorism. Conclusions Biodefense preparedness and availability of information about emerging infectious diseases continue to be a problem. Further research is needed to develop methods for adequate information dissemination. In addition, the relationship of public health officials and clinicians in rural communities needs to be improved.
Separation and Purification of Two Forms of Hepatic Cytochrome P-450 from Untreated Rabbits

Two forms of hepatic cytochrome P-450 have been separated and partially purified from untreated rabbits. The carbon monoxide-reduced minus reduced difference spectrum of one form (A) had a peak of absorption at 450.2 nm while the same spectrum of the other form (B) gave a peak at 448 nm. Differences in the spectral properties of the two forms of the cytochrome were also seen in the Soret region of the spectra of oxidized preparations, in the Soret and visible regions of the spectra of reduced preparations complexed with carbon monoxide, and in the difference spectra formed by the addition of type I and type II compounds. The cytochromes were purified to 6.5 and 14.3 nmoles/mg of protein for forms A and B, respectively. The partially purified preparations were free of cytochrome b 5 and had barely detectable concentrations of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, epoxide hydrase, and cytochrome P-420. The cytochrome in fraction A was about twice as active as the cytochrome in fraction B in support of benzpyrene hydroxylase, benzphetamine N -demethylase, and 7-ethoxycoumarin O -deethylase activities when combined with NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and lipid fractions. Monomeric molecular weights for both forms of the cytochrome were estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be near 51,500.
Connexin-43-type gap junctions mediate communication between bone marrow stromal cells.

Several morphologic studies have suggested that gap junctions exist between bone marrow stromal cells. This possibility was examined by analysis of stromal cells present in the adherent layer of primary long- term lymphoid bone marrow cultures and in additional studies using a stromal cell line. Results showing that the fluorescent dye lucifer yellow, when microinjected into a single stromal cell, transferred between most other contacting stroma and that stromal cells were electronically coupled provided support that cell-cell communication occurs between these microenvironmental elements. Additional studies showed that transcripts for connexin (Cx) 43, but not for Cx26 or Cx32, were present in a stromal cell line. To examine the potential for regulated cell-cell communication between the stroma, cells were treated with interleukin-1 (IL-1), a cytokine known to affect stromal cell function, and the effects on dye transfer were examined. IL-1 treatment resulted in a reversible decrease in the ability of dye to transfer between stromal cells in contact. Taken together, these studies show that gap junctions exist between stromal cells and that their permeability can be regulated. However, gap junction-mediated cell-cell communication could not be shown between the stroma and developing lymphoid cells.
Biochemical studies: failure of tissue adenosine triphosphate levels to predict recovery of contractile function after controlled reperfusion.

This study tests the hypotheses that postischemic adenosine triphosphate levels are unreliable predictors of functional recovery, myocardial adenosine triphosphate concentration of less than 2 mumol/gm does not indicate irreversible damage, mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate generating capacity can be nearly normal despite low levels of tissue adenosine triphosphate and the failure to replenish adenosine triphosphate after ischemia is due to depletion of the adenosine nucleotide pool, which can be replenished partially by exogenous precursors (e.g., 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide [AICAR]). Myocardial adenosine triphosphate was depleted to less than 2 mumol/gm by either global ischemia (37 degrees C aortic clamping) or regional ischemia (acute coronary occlusion). Reperfusion was either with normal blood or with substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution during total vented bypass. Tissue adenosine triphosphate content and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate generating capacity were measured, and functional recovery was determined by right heart bypass function curves or regional segmental shortening (ultrasonic crystals). Hearts undergoing 15 minutes of global ischemia and normal blood reperfusion had impaired functional recovery (stroke work index = 58 +/- 5%; p less than 0.05 of control) despite adenosine triphosphate concentration greater than 2 mumol/gm. Transmural mitochondrial State 3 respiration averaged 83% of control values despite adenosine triphosphate levels of 1 mumol/gm in hearts undergoing 45 minutes of 37 degrees C global ischemia and 2 additional hours of aortic clamping with multidose glutamate-enriched blood cardioplegia. AICAR increased adenosine triphosphate to 2 mumol/gm (p less than 0.05), but functional recovery was nearly complete (stroke work index = 94 +/- 2% of control) and was comparable with and without AICAR. Hearts undergoing 4 hours of regional ischemia recovered 31 +/- 5% systolic shortening after controlled reperfusion despite tissue adenosine triphosphate less than 0.5 mmol/gm (15% of control), and they retained 63% adenosine triphosphate generating capacity. Postischemic adenosine triphosphate levels correlate poorly with functional recovery, and adenosine triphosphate levels less than 2 mumol/gm do not indicate irreversible ischemic injury. Low postischemic levels may be repleted partially by adenine nucleotide precursor supplementation (AICAR).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Chemotherapy

ABSTRACT: The goal of chemotherapy administered in conjunction with blood–brain barrier disruption (BBBD) is maximizing drug delivery to the brain, while preserving neurocognitive function and minimizing systemic toxicity. Translational blood–brain barrier (BBB) pre-clinical and clinical studies at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) evaluate the toxicity and antitumor efficacy of chemotherapeutics, chemoprotectants, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as well as novel therapeutics and imaging agents. A current program focus is thiol chemoprotection against the hearing and bone marrow toxicity that is caused by platinum chemotherapy. Thiols may permit increased dose intensity of agents administered in conjunction with BBBD. In the clinic, BBBD has shown promising results in chemosensitive brain tumors such as primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and offers a new strategy for global delivery of chemotherapy to tumors, such as anaplastic oligodendroglioma and central nervous system metastases. Multi-center clinical trials using BBBD are in progress at centers participating in the BBB Consortium. Current and future clinical studies include delivery of mAbs across the BBB.
Incremental diagnostic and prognostic value of contemporary stress echocardiography in a chest pain unit: mortality and morbidity outcomes from a real-world setting.

Background— Clinical assessment often cannot reliably or rapidly risk stratify patients hospitalized with suspected acute coronary syndrome. The real-world clinical value of stress echocardiography (SE) in these patients is unknown. Thus, we undertook this study to assess the feasibility, safety, ability for early triaging, and prediction of hard events of SE incorporated into a chest pain unit for patients admitted with acute chest pain, nondiagnostic ECG, and negative 12-hour troponin. Methods and Results— Accordingly, 839 consecutive patients who underwent clinical, ECG, and SE assessments within 24 hours of admission were assessed for feasibility, safety, impact on triaging and discharge, and 30-day readmission rate and were followed up for hard events (all-cause mortality and acute myocardial infarction). Of the 839 patients, 811 (96.7%) had diagnostic SE results. Median time to SE and median length of stay for normal SE patients (77%) were both 1 day. The 30-day readmission rate was 0.5%. During long-term follow-up of 27±11 months, 39 hard events (30 deaths and 9 acute myocardial infarctions) occurred. Kaplan-Meier estimates of hard events were 0.5% versus 6.6% in the normal versus abnormal SE groups, respectively, in the first year of follow-up (15 events in the first year). Among all prognostic variables, only abnormal SE (hazard ratio, 4.08; 95% confidence interval, 2.15–7.72; P <0.001) and advancing age (hazard ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.39–2.37; P <0.001) predicted hard events in multivariable regression analysis. Conclusions— SE incorporated into a chest pain unit has excellent feasibility and provides rapid assessment and discharge with accurate risk stratification of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome but nondiagnostic ECG and negative 12-hour troponin.
Pluto and the platypus: An odd ball and an odd duck - On classificatory norms.

Abstract Many astronomers seem to believe that we have discovered that Pluto is not a planet. I contest this assessment. Recent discoveries of trans-Neptunian Pluto-sized objects do not militate for Pluto's expulsion from the planets unless we have prior reason for not simply counting these newly-discovered objects among the planets. I argue that this classificatory controversy — which I compare to the controversy about the classification of the platypus — illustrates how our classificatory practices are laden with normative commitments of a distinctive kind. I conclude with a discussion of the relevance of such “norm-ladenness” to other controversies in the metaphysics of classification, such as the monism/pluralism debate.
mRNA Transcript Quantification in Yeast with Single-Molecule FRET

Quantitative determination of mRNA copy number distribution is essential for understanding phenotypic variability of single cells. Long mRNA transcripts (> 500 nt) can be detected using single-molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH), where the target mRNA is hybridized with a large number of fluorescently labeled DNA probes. One downside to this method is the inability to interrogate short targets. We demonstrate a novel mRNA detection protocol based on Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) which uses only a single pair of singly labeled DNA probes, each 24-nt long. Compared to conventional FISH, our method features higher signal-to-noise and lower cellular auto-fluorescence, thus effectively eliminating false positives. Using this technique in yeast, we estimate that ∼50% of transcripts can be detected. Our method will provide a reliable and efficient means to quantify relative levels of short mRNA transcripts in single cells.
Medical police and the nanny state: public health versus private autonomy.

Rome tried to increase both the numbers of its people and their well-being, and hence their wealth, but it was not until the 16th century that European rulers were urged to achieve these aims by the power of the state to enforce public health. By the 17th century, absolutist states such as France, Austria and especially Germany had created an administrative profession of enlightened despotism, with "medical police" to encourage healthy and thus wealth-producing citizens. Johann Peter Frank (1745-1821) was the profession's exemplar with his 6,262 page System einer vollstandigen medicinischen Polizey, leading to comprehensive public health legislation in German-speaking states, followed by more libertarian countries such as Britain and the United States. However, controversy continues on the role of government in trying to save its citizens, and especially their children, from harming themselves and/or others by their actions and omissions.
Development of pulmonary arterial hypertension and diffuse alveolar damage in 2-month old Holstein dairy calves following an acute episode of bloody scours

Background: The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of hypoxia on intestinal permeability and cardiopulmonary physiology in 2-month old calves. Methods: Calves were exposed to normoxic (975 m altitude; controls) or hypoxic (4,570 m altitude) conditions for 2 weeks. Pulmonary arterial pressures and intestinal permeability to mannitol and lactulose were assessed on Days 0 and 14. Calves were euthanized on Day 15. Two control calves shed occult fecal blood on Day 3; consequently, all calves were treated for coccidiosis. Results: Control calves tended to have greater mean pulmonary arterial pressure than hypoxic calves at Day 0 ( P = 0.17), but there was no difference between groups at Day 14 ( P = 0.47). On average, mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased by 16 ± 2 mm Hg from Day 0 to 14 ( P < 0.001). Serum lactulose was 0.8 ± 0.4 mg/L greater in the control group than the hypoxic group on Days 0 and 14 ( P = 0.08). Serum mannitol was 2.0 ± 0.8 mg/L greater in control calves than hypoxic calves on Day 0 ( P = 0.009) but there was no difference between groups at Day 14 ( P = 0.61). Conclusions: Hypoxia did not affect intestinal permeability, but the results were confounded by intestinal disease. Interestingly, the two calves that had bloody scours had the greatest pulmonary arterial pressures and diffuse alveolar damage. The findings of this study provide preliminary evidence that intestinal disease may contribute to the development of pulmonary diseases in cattle.
Obesity and Severity of Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Rationale: Obesity is relatively common among individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, little is known about the association of obesity with severity of acute exacerb...
Distinct reorganization of collagen architecture in lipopolysaccharide-mediated premature cervical remodeling

Previous work has identified divergent mechanisms by which cervical remodeling is achieved in preterm birth (PTB) induced by hormone withdrawal (mifepristone) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our current study aims to document how collagen architecture is modified to achieve premature cervical remodeling in mice treated with LPS as a model of infection-induced inflammation. Cervices were collected on gestation day (d) 15 from mice with premature cervical ripening induced by LPS and compared to d15 and d18 controls as well as a hormone withdrawal PTB model. Second harmonic generation (SHG) and electron microscopy were utilized for visualization of collagen morphology and ultrastructure. LPS-mediated premature cervical ripening is characterized by unique structural changes in collagen fiber morphology. LPS treatment increased the interfibrillar spacing of collagen fibrils. A preferential disruption of collagen fiber architecture in the subepithelial region compared to midstroma region was evidenced by increased pores lacking collagen signal in SHG images in the LPS-treated mice. Coinciding with this alteration, the infiltration of neutrophils was concentrated in the subepithelial stromal region as compared to midstromal region implicating the potential role of immune cells to extracellular matrix reorganization in inflammation-induced preterm cervical ripening. The current study demonstrates a preferential disorganization of collagen interfibrillar spacing and collagen fiber structure in LPS-mediated ripening.
Javamide-II Found in Coffee Is Better than Caffeine at Suppressing TNF-α Production in PMA/PHA-Treated Lymphocytic Jurkat Cells

Recent studies have suggested positive benefits of coffee consumption on inflammation-related diseases, such as liver diseases and diabetes, where activated lymphocytes and TNF-α are critically implicated. Interestingly, some reports suggested that javamide-II found in coffee may have anti-inflammatory activity greater than that of caffeine, but there is limited information about its effect on TNF-α production by activated lymphocytes. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of javamide-II on TNF-α was investigated in PMA/PHA-treated lymphocytic Jurkat cells. At 5 μM, javamide-II, not caffeine, inhibited TNF-α production in the cells (45 ± 4%, P < 0.001). To elucidate the underlying mechanism, the phosphorylation of MAP kinases (ERK, p38, and JNK) was investigated in the Jurkat cells. Javamide-II had little effect on JNK or p38 phosphorylation, but javamide-II (<20 μM) decreased ERK phosphorylation, consequently reducing TNF-α mRNA expression in the cells (P < 0.001). The involvement of ERK phosphorylation was a...
Mapping Mouse Brain Slice Sequence to a Reference Brain Without 3D Reconstruction

Histological brain slices are widely used in neuroscience to study anatomical organization of neural circuits. Since data from many brains are collected, mapping the slices to a reference atlas is often the first step in interpreting results. Most existing methods rely on an initial reconstruction of the volume before registering it to a reference atlas. Because these slices are prone to distortion during sectioning process and often sectioned with nonstandard angles, reconstruction is challenging and often inaccurate. We propose a framework that maps each slice to its corresponding plane in the atlas to build a plane-wise mapping and then perform 2D nonrigid registration to build pixel-wise mapping. We use the L2 norm of the Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) of two patches as the similarity metric for both steps, and a Markov Random Field formulation that incorporates tissue coherency to compute the nonrigid registration. To fix significantly distorted regions that are misshaped or much smaller than the control grids, we trained a context-aggregation network to segment and warp them to their corresponding regions with thin plate spline. We have shown that our method generates results comparable to an expert neuroscientist and is significantly better than reconstruction-first approaches.
Resistivity of Metglas Alloys from 1.5 K to 800 K

There is considerable interest in amorphous metal systems, particularly those of the Metglas† type. In this paper, we report resistivity measurements from 1.5 K to 800 K on a number of the latter alloys. The effects of recrystallisation on the resistivity have also been investigated.
The Human Role in Automation

A survey of the history of how humans have interacted with automation is presented. Starting with the early introduction of automation into the Industrial Revolution to the modern applications that occur in unmanned air vehicle systems, many issues are brought to light. Levels of automation are quantified and a preliminary list delineating what tasks humans can perform better than machines is presented. A number of application areas are surveyed that have or are currently dealing with positive and negative issues as humans interact with machines. The application areas where humans specifically interact with automation include agriculture, communications systems, inspection systems, manufacturing, medical and diagnostic applications, robotics, and teaching. The benefits and disadvantages of how humans interact with modern automation systems are presented in a trade-off space discussion. The modern problems relating to how humans have to deal with automation include trust, social acceptance, loss of authority, safety concerns, adaptivity of automation leading to unplanned unexpectancy, cost advantages, and possible performance gained.
DNA-Protein Crosslinking of Platinum Coordination Complex in Living Cells: Implication to Evaluate the Cytotoxic Effects of Chemotherapeutic Agents

The first report by Rosenberg et al. (1) that, out of several platinum coordination complexes, the cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II), (or cis-DDP) was most effective in inhibiting the growth of sarcoma 180 in mice has initiated intensive research into its mode of biological action, especially since its isomer, the trans-DDP, is essentially inactive (2,3). Because both isomers have been shown to bind DNA, it must be the stereospecificity of this binding which sets them apart as antitumor agents. Indeed, the elegant experiments of Lippard and his associates (4), who developed antibodies specific for intrastrand crosslinks of two adjacent guanine residues, showed that only cis-DDP was capabable of binding to the DNA in this fashion. The trans-isomer did not produce detectable crosslinks of this kind. These findings, supported by x-ray crystallography (5), together with the reports of others (6), suggest that the intrastrand DNA crosslinking by cis-DDP may be responsible tor its antitumor activity.
Considering Climate Change Effects in Lemur Ecology and Conservation

Lemurs are a diverse and varied group of primates of over 70 species which occupy a wide variety of niches (Richard and Dewar, 1991; Wright, 1999; Mittermeier et al., 2006). The niche breadth is even greater if the subfossil lemurs are considered (Godfrey et al., 1997; Simons, 1997; Jungers et al., 2002). Lemurs show many “special” traits not seen in other primates, such as hibernation (Wright and Martin, 1995; Schmid, 1998a; Dausmann et al., 2004), female dominance (Jolly, 1966, 1984; Pollock, 1979; Young et al., 1990; Radespiel and Zimmerman, 2001; Pochron et al., 2003), low basal metabolic rate (Schmid and Ganzhorn, 1996; Schmid, 1998b), and long lifespan coupled with high infant mortality (Overdorff et al., 1999; Sauther et al., 2001; Gould et al., 2003; Pochron et al., 2004; King et al., 2005). The breadth of the primate niche and the peculiar characteristics of these more primitive primates may be a result of their long isolation sympatric with a special subset of taxa on this micro-continent (Wright, 1999). This paper reviews what we have learned from studying Madagascar plant phenology, weather patterns, and effects on lemur behavior and
AV Activities of extension divisions in teacher education

This is the second in a series of articles which indicate the extent to which audio-visual methods and techniques are being incorporated into the preservice and in-service teacher education programs in the forty-eight states.
Strategic models for the delivery of personal financial services: the role of infocracy

The growth of the Internet and the rapidly evolving regulatory climate in the United States and abroad have radically altered the environment of the financial service industry. This chapter focuses on integrated personal financial services (IPFS) -- the integration of services such as banking, insurance, and investing for the end consumer -- in this new, networked economy. It identifies three different business models for the delivery of IPFS. It explores the concept of an infocracy, a form of organization in which information provides the underpinning of structure and the basis of individual power, and addresses its implications for the management and success of the alternative IPFS business models.
From Jesusita to Jane: Personal names, self-presentation and digital preservation of Mexican American experience in the US Midwest

Pairing preservation with analytical endeavors, the corpus for the present analysis consists of 345 digital objects that include one or more iterations of the personal name of the mother and daughter of a Mexican American family that migrated from Zacatecas, Mexico, to the American Midwest, during the first half of the 20 th Century. Data were analyzed along the following dimensions: self-presentation, language(s), geographical location, temporality, public/private space, and type of text. At the same time, we describe the challenges involved in encoding names that follow different naming conventions, that were produced by speakers of two different languages, and that changed over time. We seek to contribute these voices to the scarcely studied social history of Mexican Americans in the Midwest. Aunando conservacion con esfuerzos analiticos, el corpus del presente analisis consiste en 345 objetos digitales que incluye una o mas iteraciones del nombre de la madre y la hija de una familia mexicano estadounidenses que migro de Zacatecas, Mexico al Medio Oeste estadounidense, durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. Los datos han sido analizados en las siguientes dimensiones: autopresentacion, lenguaje(s), localizacion geografica, temporalidad, espacio publico/privado y tipo de texto. Al mismo tiempo, describimos los retos del marcado de nombres que siguen diferentes convenciones, que fueron producidos por hablantes de diferentes idiomas y que cambiaron con el tiempo. Buscamos anadir estas voces a la poco estudiada historia social de los mexicano-americanos en el Medio Oeste.
Echo planar time-resolved imaging (EPTI).

Purpose To develop an efficient distortion- and blurring-free multi-shot EPI technique for time-resolved multiple-contrast and/or quantitative imaging. Methods EPI is a commonly used sequence but suffers from geometric distortions and blurring. Here, we introduce a new multi-shot EPI technique termed echo planar time-resolved imaging (EPTI), which has the ability to rapidly acquire distortion- and blurring-free multi-contrast data set. The EPTI approach performs encoding in ky -t space and uses a new highly accelerated spatio-temporal CAIPI sampling trajectory to take advantage of signal correlation along these dimensions. Through this acquisition and a B0 -informed parallel imaging reconstruction, hundreds of "time-resolved" distortion- and blurring-free images at different TEs across the EPI readout window can be created at sub-millisecond temporal increments using a small number of EPTI shots. Moreover, a method for self-estimation and correction of shot-to-shot B0 variations was developed. Simultaneous multi-slice acquisition was also incorporated to further improve the acquisition efficiency. Results We evaluated EPTI under varying simulated acceleration factors, B0 -inhomogeneity, and shot-to-shot B0 variations to demonstrate its ability to provide distortion- and blurring-free images at multiple TEs. Two variants of EPTI were demonstrated in vivo at 3T: (1) a combined gradient- and spin-echo EPTI for quantitative mapping of T2 , T2 * , proton density, and susceptibility at 1.1 × 1.1 × 3 mm3 whole-brain in 28 s (0.8 s/slice), and (2) a gradient-echo EPTI, for multi-echo and quantitative T2 * fMRI at 2 × 2 × 3 mm3 whole-brain at a 3.3 s temporal resolution. Conclusion EPTI is a new approach for multi-contrast and/or quantitative imaging that can provide fast acquisition of distortion- and blurring-free images at multiple TEs.
The Strain From Procedural Injustice on Parolees: Bridging Procedural Justice Theory and General Strain Theory:

The procedural justice literature explains why people obey the law. However, prior research has largely neglected the implication of procedural justice in the correctional context in general and in...
Distribution of Biogenic Amines in the Pituitary Gland

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to survey the present status of our knowledge of the disrribution of biogenic amines in the pituitary and its attachment to the base of the brain via the median eminence. A survey is made of the distribution of monoaminergic nerves in the pituitary. Noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons emanate from the brain and are distributed in the median eminence. The tubero-infundibular (arcuato-hypophyseal) monoaminergic neurons constitute primarily dopamine-containing nerves whose cell bodies originate in the arcuate nucleus at the base of the medial hypothalamus with processes that course through the median eminence and terminate in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary. A molecular configurational similarity between catecholamine and the end serinetyrosine amino acids of corticotrophin (ACTH) is presented. A competitive mechanism between the catecholamine molecule and binding sites of certain peptides is suggested. The involvement of catecholamines in the regulation of release of pituitary hormones suggests that a possible common architectural feature of certain peptides with noradrenaline or dopamine may exist.
5-Oxoproline concentrations in acute acetaminophen overdose

Introduction: Several reports describe high anion gap metabolic acidosis with 5-oxoproline (5-OP) after acetaminophen exposure, including therapeutic use of acetaminophen. The mechanism may involve...
Evolution of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene family in diploid and tetraploid Gossypium L

Most plant nuclear-encoded genes exist in gene families of various sizes. We present a characterization of the structure and evolution of the alcohol dehydrogenase {Adh) gene family in diploid and tetraploid members of the cotton genus {Gossypium). A PCR-based approach was employed to isolate and sequence multiple Adh gene family members. We used Southern hybridization analyses to docimient variation in gene copy number in three diploids which represent the primary centers of Gossypium diversity (Australia — G. robinsonii, Africa — G. herbaceum. New World — G. raimondii), as well as one of the five allotetraploid species (G. hirsutum). The diploid species of Gossypium contain at least seven Adh loci in two primary gene lineages. One of these lineages contains two loci that are the result of a local duplication; the other lineage contains at least five loci. Sequence analysis reveals extensive variation in intron lengths between loci, and one locus has lost two introns usually found in other plant Adh genes. Evolutionary rate estimates differ between loci and in some cases between organismal lineages at the same locus. Finally, the Adh gene family appears relatively active in that multiple examples of apparent gene duplication events were found and at least one case of pseudogenization and one case of gene elimination were also found. Key Words; Adh, cotton, genetic mapping, molecular evolution, gene family, polj^loidy
The effect of music on anaerobic exercise performance and muscular endurance.

Background Music has been shown to improve aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance; however, music's effect on resistance training exercise, gender differences, and heart rate (HR) is less understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of self-selected music on anaerobic exercise performance using a bench press (BP) protocol and the Wingate anaerobic test (WAT). Methods Fifteen (8 men; 7 women) healthy, college-aged students between 18-25 years old (20.1±1.79 yrs) participated in this study. Testing consisted of two trials (music [M]; no music [NM]] completed in a randomized order. Each participant performed the BP for a maximum number of repetitions using 70% one-repetition maximum for five sets. After a 10 min rest period, a 30 s Wingate anaerobic Test (WAT) was completed. Results During the M condition, there was a significant increase in total work (M: 16121.8±4287.3 kJ; NM: 15021.7±4370.6 kJ; P=0.024), relative peak power (M: 44.6±8.4 W; NM: 41.4±8.4 W; P=0.014), and the total number of bench press repetitions (M: 41.7±8.7 reps; NM: 38.3±8.1 reps; P=0.001). HR recovery following the WAT protocol was significantly quicker after the WAT protocol during the M condition (M: 256.2±54.5 sec.; NM 293.3±22.3 sec.; P=0.022). There was no significant condition as for gender interaction for any of the variables assessed. Conclusions Listening to self-selected music improved exercise performance during the BP and the WAT. Music also hastened HR recovery following the WAT.
Understanding Students' Mental Well-Being Challenges on a University Campus: Interview Study.

Background: Research shows that emerging adults face numerous stressors as they transition from adolescence to adulthood. This paper investigates university students’ lived experiences of maintaining mental well-being during major life events and challenges associated with this transitional period. As we continue to design health technology to support students’ mental health needs, it is imperative to understand the fundamental needs and issues particular to this phase of their life to effectively engage and lower the barriers to seeking help. Objective: This study first aimed to understand how university students currently seek and receive support to maintain their mental well-being while going through frequent life events during this period of emerging adulthood. The study then aimed to provide design requirements for how social and technical systems should support the students’ mental well-being maintenance practice. Methods: Semistructured interviews with 19 students, including graduate and undergraduate students, were conducted at a large university in the Midwest in the United States. Results: This study’s findings identified three key needs: students (1) need to receive help that aligns with the perceived severity of the problem caused by a life event, (2) have to continuously rebuild relationships with support givers because of frequent life events, and (3) negotiate tensions between the need to disclose and the stigma associated with disclosure. The study also identified three key factors related to maintaining mental well-being: time, audience, and disclosure. Conclusions: On the basis of this study’s empirical findings, we discuss how and when help should be delivered through technology to better address university students’ needs for maintaining their mental well-being, and we argue for reconceptualizing seeking and receiving help as a colearning process.
Conditional Subscore Reporting Using Iterated Discrete Convolutions

The literature showing that subscores fail to add value is vast; yet despite their typical redundancy and the frequent presence of substantial statistical errors, many stakeholders remain convinced...
Integrating nanostructured Pt-based electrocatalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Abstract Platinum-based nanomaterials remain one of the most effective options as proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) cathode electrocatalysts for enhancing the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Their morphology has been greatly improved throughout the last decade, shifting from 2 to 3 nm nanoparticles (NPs) supported on carbon blacks to complex shaped nanostructures (such as nanoframes, octahedra, etc.). These nanostructures take advantage of electronic and structural effects, such as the (i) strain-ligand effect achieved through alloying, (ii) preferential crystallite orientation, or (iii) positive use of the structural defects. Improvement factors in specific activity of up to 60 have been achieved compared to classic Pt NPs in liquid electrolyte, however, such tremendous enhancements do not translate to solid electrolyte, e.g. in PEMFCs. Here, we discuss the PEMFCs-induced limitations for these complex electrocatalysts mainly evolving around the ionomer, i.e. Nafion®, which (i) exhibits a heterogenous dispersion onto the support surface, (ii) has difficulty impregnating the nanostructure's inner pores (for nanoframes or porous-hollow nanoparticles), and (iii) electrostatically interacts with Pt, therefore displacing the nanoparticles depending upon the PEMFC operation potential. We suggest several options in overcoming these challenges, including (i) functionalizing the support surface with nitrogen moieties, increasing the density of anchoring sites, and thus facilitating the nanostructure dispersion and (ii) initially encapsulating the nanostructures with well-defined ionic liquids and eventually replacing the Nafion® in the catalytic layer.
Implementation of an upward-going muon trigger for indirect dark matter searches at the NOvA far detector

The NO$$\nu$$ A collaboration has constructed a 14,000 ton, fi ne-grained, low-Z, total absorption tracking calorimeter at an off -axis angle to an upgraded NuMI neutrino beam. This detector, with its excellent granularity and energy resolution and relatively low-energy neutrino thresholds, was designed to observe electron neutrino appearance in a muon neutrino beam, but it also has unique capabilities suitable for more exotic eff orts. In fact, if an effi cient upward-going muon trigger with suffi cient cosmic ray background rejection can be demonstrated, NO$$\nu$$ A will be capable of a competitive indirect dark matter search for low-mass WIMPs. The cosmic ray muon rate at the NO$$\nu$$ A far detector is about 100 kHz and provides the primary challenge for triggering and optimizing such a search analysis. The status of the NO$$\nu$$ A upward-going muon trigger is presented.