cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-managed workflow process execution

Current workflow management systems require fundamental enhancements to their process models and architectures to support dynamic business processes in fast-changing environments. In particular, late-binding mechanisms need to be introduced into the routing and decision steps in workflow process definitions to optimise high-level objectives based on business metrics. In this paper, we introduce a new type of node – choice node – to be used in place of route nodes when needed and the required framework for performing dynamic path selection, resource allocation and work queue prioritisation.
Visualization of DNA/RNA Structure using Temporal CGRs

We present a new DNA/RNA sequence visualization technique, Temporal Chaos Game Representation (TCGR), which is an extension of Frequency Chaos Game Representation (FCGR). Unlike earlier CGR variants, TCGR illustrates the distribution of nucleotide sub-patterns at different positions within a sequence, and it can be applied to sets of sequences as well as individual sequences. TCGRs are suitable for short or long sequences. Preliminary experiments examining patterns of nucleotide occurrences in micro-RNA data illustrate not only the informative nature of the images, but clearly indicate the variability of distributions based on position, and the similarity and differences of distributions across various species.
Computed intranasal spray penetration: comparisons before and after nasal surgery

Background: Quantitative methods for comparing intranasal drug delivery efficiencies pre- and postoperatively have not been fully utilized. The objective of this study is to use computational fluid dynamics techniques to evaluate aqueous nasal spray penetration efficiencies before and after surgical correction of intranasal anatomic deformities. Methods: Ten three-dimensional models of the nasal cavities were created from pre- and postoperative computed tomography scans in 5 subjects. Spray simulations were conducted using a particle size distribution ranging from 10 μm to 110 μm, a spray speed of 3 m/second, plume angle of 68 degrees, and with steady state, resting inspiratory airflow present. Two different nozzle positions were compared. Statistical analysis was conducted using Student t test for matched pairs. Results: On the obstructed side, posterior particle deposition after surgery increased by 118% and was statistically significant (p = 0.036), while anterior particle deposition decreased by 13% and was also statistically significant (p = 0.020). The fraction of particles that bypassed the airways either pre- or postoperatively was less than 5%. Posterior particle deposition differences between obstructed and contralateral sides of the airways were 113% and 30% for pre- and postsurgery, respectively. Results showed that nozzle positions can influence spray delivery. Conclusion: Simulations predicted that surgical correction of nasal anatomic deformities can improve spray penetration to areas where medications can have greater effect. Particle deposition patterns between both sides of the airways are more evenly distributed after surgery. These findings suggest that correcting anatomic deformities may improve intranasal medication delivery. For enhanced particle penetration, patients with nasal deformities may explore different nozzle positions. © 2013 ARS–AAOA, LLC.
Malignant hypertension secondary to renovascular disease during infancy—an unusual cause of failure to thrive

An 11-month-old girl presented with a history of failure to thrive, vomiting, polydipsia, polyuria and visual inattention. She was found to have malignant hypertension due to unilateral renal artery stenosis. This was successfully treated with percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty. Nearly 10 years following this initial presentation, she remains normotensive on no anti-hypertensive medications.
EMBRYONIC TEMPERATURE INFLUENCES JUVENILE TEMPERATURE CHOICE AND GROWTH RATE IN SNAPPING TURTLES CHELYDRA SERPENTINA

Snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) demonstrate temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD): intermediate egg incubation temperatures (23-27 degrees C) produce males, while extreme temperatures produce females. Snapping turtles are also sexually dimorphic: adult males are typically larger than females. Previous researchers hypothesized that male-producing egg temperatures enhanced the growth rate of juvenile turtles, resulting in the adult dimorphism and potentially providing an adaptive benefit for TSD. In reptiles, the choice of ambient temperature can also influence growth. I measured the effect of egg incubation temperature on juvenile growth rate and water temperature choice of C. serpentina. Eggs were incubated in the laboratory at 21.5, 24.5, 27.5 or 30.5 degrees C to produce both sexes, all males, both sexes or all females, respectively. Egg temperature was linearly and negatively correlated with growth rate of both male and female juveniles. Thus, growth was enhanced, but not maximized, by male-producing egg temperatures. Egg temperature was also negatively correlated with juvenile temperature choice such that, on average, turtles from 21.5 degrees C eggs selected 28 degrees C water, while turtles from 30.5 degrees C eggs chose 24.5 degrees C water. Additionally, these temperature choices were highly repeatable, even following a 6 month hibernation period at 7 degrees C. Thus, while male egg temperatures do not directly maximize growth, multiple effects of embryonic temperature may combine to create long-lasting differences in the behavioral physiology of male and female C. serpentina. Such differences could be important to the ecology and evolution of TSD.
The underappreciated role of regulatory enforcement in natural resource conservation

This article analyzes the role of prescriptive regulation and citizen-suit litigation (regulatory enforcement) in natural resource conservation in the USA. It first briefly explains why the judiciary is so involved in resource management and why litigation is so often used as a conservation tool. It then summarizes the extent to which regulatory enforcement is being threatened and/or undermined by Congress, the executive branch, and other interests. The analysis shows how regulatory enforcement often facilitates the use of less adversarial conservation strategies and that there are important synergies between them. Regulatory interactions with collaborative conservation, land and resource acquisitions/easements, and adaptive ecosystem management are analyzed.
Rapid detection of major depression in epilepsy: a multicentre study

Summary Background Depression is a common comorbid disorder in epilepsy but is not routinely assessed in neurology clinics. We aimed to create a rapid yet accurate screening instrument for major depression in people with epilepsy. Methods We developed a set of 46 items to identify symptoms of depression that do not overlap with common comorbid cognitive deficits or adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs. This preliminary instrument and several reliable and valid instruments for diagnosis of depression on the basis of criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV, depression symptom severity, health status, and toxic effects of medication were applied to 205 adult outpatients with epilepsy. We used discriminant function analysis to identify the most efficient set of items for classification of major depression, which we termed the neurological disorders depression inventory for epilepsy (NDDI-E). Baseline data for 229 demographically similar patients enrolled in two other clinical studies were used for verification of the original observations. Findings The discriminant function model for the NDDI-E included six items. Internal consistency reliability of the NDDI-E was 0·85 and test-retest reliability was 0·78. An NDDI-E score of more than 15 had a specificity of 90%, sensitivity of 81%, and positive predictive value of 0·62 for a diagnosis of major depression. Logistic regression showed that the model of association of major depression and the NDDI-E was not affected by adverse effects of antiepileptic medication, whereas models for depression and generic screening instruments were. The severity of depression symptoms and toxic effects of drugs independently correlated with subjective health status, explaining 72% of variance. Results from a separate verification sample also showed optimum sensitivity, specificity, and predictive power at a cut score of more than 15. Interpretation Major depression in people with epilepsy can be identified by a brief set of symptoms that can be differentiated from common adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs. The NDDI-E could enable rapid detection and improve management of depression in epilepsy in accordance with internationally recognised guidelines.
Individuation Motivation and Face Experience Can Operate Jointly to Produce the Own-Race Bias

The own-race bias (ORB) is the tendency for perceivers to better recognize own-race than cross-race (CR) faces. Perceptual approaches to understanding this effect suggest that perceivers typically have low levels of processing experience with CR faces, resulting in poor recognition memory. However, social–cognitive models have demonstrated that perceiver motivation can also influence CR recognition accuracy. The current work bridges these two literatures by exploring how participants' CR experience might facilitate the ability to recognize CR faces when combined with perceiver motivation. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate that motivation translates into superior CR recognition only for perceivers who have relatively extensive prior experience with individuating CR faces. In Experiment 2, we find that a lack of experience with CR faces can be overcome in situations where perceivers are highly motivated to individuate CR faces.
Host Response to Polyomavirus Infection Is Modulated by RNA Adenosine Deaminase ADAR1 but Not by ADAR2

Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) catalyze the C-6 deamination of adenosine (A) to produce inosine (I), which behaves as guanine (G), thereby altering base pairing in RNAs with double-stranded character. Two genes, adar1 and adar2, are known to encode enzymatically active ADARs in mammalian cells. Furthermore, two size forms of ADAR1 are expressed by alternative promoter usage, a short (p110) nuclear form that is constitutively made and a long (p150) form that is interferon inducible and present in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. ADAR2 is also a constitutively expressed nuclear protein. Extensive A-to-G substitution has been described in mouse polyomavirus (PyV) RNA isolated late times after infection, suggesting modification by ADAR. To test the role of ADAR in PyV infection, we used genetically null mouse embryo fibroblast cells deficient in either ADAR1 or ADAR2. The single-cycle yields and growth kinetics of PyV were comparable between adar1(-/-) and adar2(-/-) genetic null fibroblast cells. While large T antigen was expressed to higher levels in adar1(-/-) cells than adar2(-/-) cells, less difference was seen in VP1 protein expression levels between the two knockout MEFs. However, virus-induced cell killing was greatly enhanced in PyV-infected adar1(-/-) cells compared to that of adar2(-/-) cells. Complementation with p110 protected cells from PyV-induced cytotoxicity. UV-irradiated PyV did not display any enhanced cytopathic effect in adar1(-/-) cells. Reovirus and vesicular stomatitis virus single-cycle yields were comparable between adar1(-/-) and adar2(-/-) cells, and neither reovirus nor VSV showed enhanced cytotoxicity in adar1(-/-)-infected cells. These results suggest that ADAR1 plays a virus-selective role in the host response to infection.
Valence asymmetries in the human amygdala: Task relevance modulates amygdala responses to positive more than negative affective cues

Organisms must constantly balance appetitive needs with vigilance for potential threats. Recent research suggests that the amygdala may play an important role in both of these goals. Although the amygdala plays a role in processing motivationally relevant stimuli that are positive or negative, negative information often appears to carry greater weight. From a functional perspective, this may reflect the fact that threatening stimuli generally require action, whereas appetitive stimuli can often be safely ignored. In this study, we examine whether amygdala activation to positive stimuli may be more sensitive to task goals than negative stimuli, which are often related to self-preservation concerns. During fMRI, participants were presented with two images that varied on valence and extremity and were instructed to focus on one of the images. Results indicated that negative stimuli elicited greater amygdala activity regardless of task relevance. In contrast, positive stimuli only led to a relative increase in amygdala activity when they were task relevant. This suggests that the amygdala may be more responsive to negative stimuli regardless of their relevance to immediate goals, whereas positive stimuli may only elicit amygdala activity when they are relevant to the perceivers' goals. This pattern of valence asymmetry in the human amygdala may help balance approach-related goal pursuit with chronic self-preservation goals.
Larval salamander growth responds to enrichment of a nutrient poor headwater stream

While many studies have measured effects of nutrient enrichment on higher trophic levels in grazing food webs, few such studies exist for detritus-based systems. We measured effects of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on growth of larval Eurycea wilderae in a heterotrophic headwater stream using a repeated markrecapture design. Growth estimates for 208 recaptured larvae (control stream n = 92; treatment stream n = 116) resulted in a growth rate of 0.0027 d )1 in each stream prior to enrichment, whereas during enrichment treatment growth rates (g = 0.0069 d )1 [±0.0019, 95% C.I.]) were significantly higher than control (g = 0.0043 d )1 [±0.0007, 95% C.I.]). Results indicate that E. wilderae growth is tightly linked to the detrital resource and that growth may be indirectly affected by both quantity and quality of detritus. This study provides some of the first evidence that nutrient enrichment of detritus-based systems can influence multiple trophic levels in ways similar to autotrophic systems.
Model for how microbial methane generation can preserve early porosity in dolomite and limestone reservoirs

In some dolomite and limestone hydrocarbon reservoirs, protection from cementation is a primary factor in porosity preservation. We present a model in which methanogens (methane-producing microorganisms) produce methane gas (CH4[g]) that outgasses from solution in pore space, creating a two-phase system that reduces effective hydraulic conductivity (K), protecting pore space from cementation. Methanogens have been implicated in dolomite formation and can generate methane to fill pore space of a model near-surface carbonate sediment (37.5% primary porosity) with CH4(g) in 180 to 4650 yr, depending on nutrient levels. Gas generation results in occlusion of the aqueous phase from pore spaces and throats, creating a two-phase flow regime, reducing the effective hydraulic conductivity of model marine carbonate sand by about 50% (from 2.8 to 1.2 cm/day) in as little as 55 yr, therefore reducing aqueous fluid flow necessary for cementation. Despite rapid burial and complete cessation of methanogenesis, effective hydraulic conductivity could take more than 100,000 yr to return to its original value. If methanogenesis continues with burial, the effective hydraulic conductivity is reduced to zero (after 250 yr). Dolomites can preserve more primary porosity with depth than other carbonates. We propose that, in addition to increased structural resistance, a biogenic model exists for porosity preservation in dolomites that is linked to the activity of methanogens. This model represents specific end-member cases and illustrates the effect of methane buildup in relationship to the extent of reservoir diagenesis.
Validity Generalization: A Critical Review

The article reviews the book “Validity Generalization: A Critical Review,” edited by Kevin R. Murphy.
Taxonomic variation in the Mycobacterium fortuitum third biovariant complex: description of Mycobacterium boenickei sp. nov., Mycobacterium houstonense sp. nov., Mycobacterium neworleansense sp. nov. and Mycobacterium brisbanense sp. nov. and recognition of Mycobacterium porcinum from human clinical isolates

The Mycobacterium fortuitum third biovariant complex (sorbitol-negative and sorbitol-positive) contains unnamed taxa first characterized in 1991. These organisms can cause respiratory infections, a spectrum of soft tissue and skeletal infections, bacteraemia and disseminated disease. To evaluate this group of organisms, clinical reference isolates and the type strains of M. fortuitum third biovariant complex sorbitol-negative (n=21), M. fortuitum third biovariant complex sorbitol-positive (n=3), M. fortuitum (n=3), Mycobacterium peregrinum (pipemidic acid-susceptible) (n=1), Mycobacterium porcinum (n=1), Mycobacterium senegalense (n=2) and Mycobacterium septicum (n=1) were characterized by using conventional phenotypic (morphological, physiological and antimicrobial susceptibilities), chemotaxonomic (HPLC and cellular fatty acids) and genotypic [RFLP of the rRNA gene (ribotyping), PCR-RFLP of a 439 bp segment of the 65 kDa hsp gene (PCR restriction analysis) and 16S rRNA gene sequence] analysis, DNA G+C content and DNA–DNA relatedness analyses. The results of these studies indicated that the strains comprised M. porcinum (n=13), M. septicum (n=1) and four novel closely related genetic groups within the M. fortuitum third biovariant complex: Mycobacterium boenickei sp. nov. (n=6), Mycobacterium houstonense sp. nov. (n=2), Mycobacterium neworleansense sp. nov. (n=1) and Mycobacterium brisbanense sp. nov. (n=1), with type strains ATCC 49935T (=W5998T=DSM 44677T), ATCC 49403T (=W5198T=DSM 44676T) ATCC 49404T (=W6705T=DSM 44679T) and ATCC 49938T (=W6743T=DSM 44680T), respectively.
Evolving strategies for combined-modality therapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer

Despite continual advances in the treatment of head and neck cancer, disease-free survival, functional outcome, toxicity of therapy, and overall survival remain less than optimal. While traditional treatment has focused on surgical resection with or without radiation and chemoradiotherapy, newer combined-modality regimens may offer patients a better prognosis, organ preservation, and less morbidity. In this paper, single agents and doublet therapy are reviewed, as are emerging data on the utility of induction therapy, chemoradiotherapy, and surgery as a sequential treatment regimen. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) effects on qualitative traits of high oil content corn grown in Kentucky.

The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is one of the most important pests of corn, Zea mays L., because it consistently causes high loss of yield. A study was conducted in 2000–2002 at field sites in central and western Kentucky to investigate whether infestation by O. nubilalis differentially affects the production of high-oil corn compared with traditional field corn. Statistical differences in grain weight and percentage of oil content between the five infestation levels were significant at both locations and for all years. Average grain yield was reduced by 0.40% and average oil concentration by 0.011% for each 1% of damaged plants, and there was a strong correlation (0.76) between leaf damage ratings (i.e., Guthrie scale) and yield reduction. In general, corn planted at the early planting date tended to have a higher yield (grain weight) and oil content.
Free-Energy Barriers and Reaction Mechanisms for the Electrochemical Reduction of CO on the Cu(100) Surface, Including Multiple Layers of Explicit Solvent at pH 0

The great interest in the photochemical reduction from CO2 to fuels and chemicals has focused attention on Cu because of its unique ability to catalyze formation of carbon-containing fuels and chemicals. A particular goal is to learn how to modify the Cu catalysts to enhance the production selectivity while reducing the energy requirements (overpotential). To enable such developments, we report here the free-energy reaction barriers and mechanistic pathways on the Cu(100) surface, which produces only CH4 (not C2H4 or CH3OH) in acid (pH 0). We predict a threshold potential for CH4 formation of -0.52 V, which compares well to experiments at low pH, -0.45 to -0.50 V. These quantum molecular dynamics simulations included ∼5 layers of explicit water at the water/electrode interface using enhanced sampling methodology to obtain the free energies. We find that that chemisorbed hydroxyl-methylene (CH-OH) is the key intermediate determining the selectivity for methane over methanol.
Surface phase separation and collapse of the stearate anion--alkaline earth cation complex.

The surface properties of fatty acid and fatty acid–alcohol mixtures were examined at 22–24°C. At pH 12, sodium stearate forms a rigid surface film that generates an equilibrium spreading pressure of 16.5 dynes/cm. At pH 12, stearate–alkaline earth cation films collapse at the air-water interface and do not generate significant equilibrium spreading pressures. The rate of film collapse depends on the counterion decreasing in the sequence Ba2+ > Sr2+ > Ca2+. Stearate-stearyl alcohol mixtures form solid (condensed) films that are relatively stable and behave initially as homogeneous surfaces in their selectivities for counterions. Stearate–oleyl alcohol mixtures form fluid (expanded) films that are unstable. Lateral phase separations occur rapidly in fluid films and the stearate–alkaline earth cation phase collapses. The rate of film collapse in the fluid mixtures also depends on the counterion decreasing in the sequence Ba2+ > Ca2+. These surface properties suggest how a lipid anion may function as an ionophore in the translocation of alkaline earth cations.
ANALYZING AGREEMENT BETWEEN MASS MODELING TECHNIQUES FOR ELLIPTICAL EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES

Galaxy structures are the result of complex dynamical interactions on astronomically large scales, yet they exhibit a high degree of order, regularity and statistical predictability. Galaxies are characterized by their observable quantities such as effective radius, ellipticity, luminosity, light distribution profile, and velocity dispersion; however there are many methods for deriving and analyzing these properties. The SAURON (Spectroscopic Areal Unit for Research on Optical Nebula) survey and SLACS (Sloan Lens ACS Survey) use different methods and techniques to analyze galaxies with characteristics in the same area of parameter space. The SAURON survey derives the characteristic quantities from an analysis of detailed velocity dispersion maps, while the SLACS survey takes advantage of gravitational lens modeling methods. It is interesting to take data analyzed with one method and derive characteristic quantities for that data using the other method. Then, by comparing the results we may analyze whether one study under predicts, over predicts or correctly predicts the values derived in the other.
Role in Plasma Membrane Electron Transport

A transplasma membrane electron transport chain is possessed by all eukaryotic cells and organisms. One or more NADH-coenzyme Q reductase enzymes located on the cytosolic side of the plasma membrane, coenzyme Q within the membrane, and the ENOX proteins on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that serve as hydroquinone oxidases comprise the chain. Electron transfers to artificial electron impermeant acceptors such as ferricyanide and diferric transferrin bypass the cell surface ENOX proteins but the specific electron carriers remain to be identified. Porin isoform 1 or VDAC of the plasma membrane and a 57-kDa doxorubicin-inhibited NADH quinone oxidoreductase have been proposed as candidates. Proton pumping resulting in acidification of the medium and alkalinization of the cytosol accompanies plasma transplasma membrane electron transport to generate a transmembrane potential. NADH levels provide links to plasma membrane electron transport (PMET) to major signaling pathways, sirtuin-catalyzed reactions, regulation of clock function, modulation of the sphingosine rheostat, and the PDK-1 regulatory protein PTEN. As many aggressive and invasive cancers rely on glycolysis for their energy requirements, the increased glycolytic rates involve PMET activity in order to ameliorate reductive stress caused by a build-up of intracellular NADH. Recycling of NADH is a major function.
BRECHT ON THE TURKISH STAGE: ADAPTATION, EXPERIMENTATION, AND THEATRE AESTHETICS IN GENCO ERKAL'S DOSTLAR TIYATROSU1

This essay examines the interpretation and implementation of Bertolt Brecht's dramaturgy and theatre practice in the Turkish context, focusing specifically on the theatre ensemble Dostlar Tiyatrosu and its co-founder Genco Erkal, a dramatist, actor, and director. Rather than closely examining individual productions by Erkal, this essay engages with his theory of theatrical practice, highlighting Erkal's interpretation, transformation and adaptation of Brechtian theatre aesthetics for the Turkish context. Even as he drew on elements of Brecht's Epic Theatre and critical dramaturgy in the creation of a new political theatre aesthetic, Erkal emphasised the necessity to adapt Brechtian concepts to pressing national concerns as well as political and historical events, and to place them in dialogue with Turkish aesthetic traditions and the Turkish literary Left. Brecht thus informs Erkal's general conceptualisation of theatre as a catalyst for societal change, and had an impact on his specific performance practice within the Dostlar Tiyatrosu – a life's work in experimentation and adaptation that is still ongoing. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Auslegung und Umsetzung der Dramaturgie und Theaterpraxis Bertolt Brechts im turkischen Kontext. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei insbesondere auf dem Theaterensemble Dostlar Tiyatrosu und dessen Mitbegrunder, dem Dramatiker, Schauspieler und Regisseur Genco Erkal. Anstatt einzelne Produktionen Erkals naher zu untersuchen, beschaftigt sich dieser Beitrag mit seiner Theorie zur Theaterpraxis, wobei Erkals Transformation und Adaption der Brechtschen Theaterasthetik fur den turkischen Kontext besonders hervorgehoben wird. Wahrend Erkal Elemente von Brechts epischem Theater und kritischer Dramaturgie fur die Grundung einer neuen politischen Theaterasthetik heranzog, betonte er stets die Notwendigkeit, Brechtsche Konzepte den nationalen Anliegen und politisch-historischen Gegebenheiten in der Turkei anzupassen und sie in Dialog mit turkischen asthetischen Traditionen und der turkischen literarischen Linken zu setzen. Der Beitrag macht deutlich, dass Brecht Erkals Konzeption des Theaters als Katalysator fur sozialen Wandel und seine spezifische Auffuhrungspraxis innerhalb des Dostlar Tiyatrosu entscheidend gepragt hat – ein vom Experimentieren und der Adaption gekennzeichnetes Lebenswerk, das bis heute andauert.
Three controversial hypotheses concerning computation in the primate cortex

We consider three hypotheses concerning the primate neocortex which have influenced computational neuroscience in recent years. Is the mind modular in terms of its being profitably described as a collection of relatively independent functional units? Does the regular structure of the cortex imply a single algorithm at work, operating on many different inputs in parallel? Can the cognitive differences between humans and our closest primate relatives be explained in terms of a scalable cortical architecture? We bring to bear diverse sources of evidence to argue that the answers to each of these questions -- with some judicious qualifications -- are in the affirmative. In particular, we argue that while our higher cognitive functions may interact in a complicated fashion, many of the component functions operate through well-defined interfaces and, perhaps more important, are built on a neural substrate that scales easily under the control of a modular genetic architecture. Processing in the primary sensory cortices seem amenable to similar algorithmic principles, and, even for those cases where alternative principles are at play, the regular structure of cortex allows the same or greater advantages as the architecture scales. Similar genetic machinery to that used by nature to scale body plans has apparently been applied to scale cortical computations. The resulting replicated computing units can be used to build larger working memory and support deeper recursions needed to qualitatively improve our abilities to handle language, abstraction and social interaction.
Engineering Biomaterials for Enhanced Tissue Regeneration

The formation of artificial organs with tissue engineering techniques is necessary to address the growing disparity between the supply and need for donor organs. For use in tissue engineering regenerative applications, biomaterials should be biocompatible, porous (to allow cellular infiltration, nutrient transport and waste removal), mechanically tunable (to match and maintain the intrinsic mechanical properties of the tissue through the healing process), biodegradable (to allow the tissue to develop as the material degrades), reproducible, easily prepared, and cell/tissue compatible. This review will focus on various biomaterial design considerations and their effect on regenerative outcomes. By adjusting material designs, including pore size and degradation kinetics, in combination with functionalization with cell- and tissue-specific factors, intrinsic properties of tissue constructs can be controlled to enhance remodeling and functional outcomes.
I Spy: The New Self-Cybersurveillance

Prior to the digital age, surveillance generally meant a government agent or private investigator engaged in a stakeout or observation detail that involved physical work, expense, and time. The digital age changed surveillance fundamentally. Today, we not only generate mountains of data for others, we also effectively surveil ourselves through digitally-connected, multifunctional smart devices, collectively described as the "Internet of Things."Cybersurveillance accessed by the government, even when started as self-surveillance, raises complex and uncertain legal issues, especially when related to the Constitution. In United States v. Kyllo, the Supreme Court was reticent to allow government agents to use technology that went through the walls of homes, spying on people within without a warrant under the Fourth Amendment. Current technologies allow the police to do that and more, especially when all of the data is pieced together and analyzed in a personal mosaic. The implications are profound. Is there anything left of the public/private distinction? Does the invisibility of data transfer undermine the separation of powers and the ability to effectively check and balance the Executive branch's spying operations? This paper examines the constitutional implications of the Internet of Things, arguing that unless models of consent and privacy are changed, outdated legal rules will fail to protect the individual from the state in fundamental ways.
Alkaloids of the papaveraceae—II : Coulteropine and romneine—new alkaloids from romneya coulteri

Abstract The alkaloid content of Romneya coulteri var. trichocalyx (Eastwood) Jepson has been investigated. Protopine is the major alkaloid of the species, followed in concentration by two new alkaloids, coulteropine and romneine. The structures of these have been shown to be 1-methoxy-protopine and 6,7-methylenedioxy-1-(3c4-dimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, respectively.
Operation Analysis on the Reactive Power Compensation Devices of 500 kV Substations

The low-voltage side reactive power compensation devices of the 500 kV substations in Hubei power grid were studied and a statistic analysis was made on the common problems and faults occurred in recent years.The analytical results show that the reactive power compensation devices that has been put into operation in Hubei power grid have such management and operative problems as divided standards for selecting capacity,rated current and rated voltage,being prone to heating,bulging and oil leakage.Some measures and recommendations were proposed for preventing the faults of reactive power compensation devices.
Urinary tract malformations in identical twins

We describe 3 sets of twins with discordance for urological malformations. Zygosity was documented by HLA and blood group typing. It is suggested that evaluation of the identical twin of an affected patient should include the entire urinary tract because of the potential for different lesions.
An Impressionistic Cartographic Solution for Base Map Land Cover with Coarse Pixel Data

Several everyday cartography applications do not require sharply precise base maps, and in fact benefit from their generalization or deliberate obscuration, such as tourist or transit maps. Additionally, raster data fine enough for a given map scale are not always available. We present a method of creating an impressionistic land cover base map for topographic mapping in which the above two conditions are true, using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) of the US Geological Survey (USGS). The method is based on reclassification, upsampling, constrained randomization at class boundary edges, and deliberate use of colors with very similar lightness values. The method spans both scientific geospatial data treatment and artistic cartographic design, and both generalizes and enhances the data. The processing, automated in ArcGIS™, is detailed, and examples of the product are provided.
Beta-delayed proton decay of 25Si.

We have measured the beta-delayed proton spectrum arising from $^{25}\mathrm{Si}$ produced in the $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$${(}^{3}$He,2n) reaction. Utilization of a new low-energy proton detector has permitted the observation of protons from 250 to 6000 keV. Most proton groups have been placed into a decay scheme by using penetrability calculations and transitions from the mirror beta decay, $^{25}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{25}$Mg. This placement permits the construction of the Gamow-Teller strength function which we compare to a beta strength function calculated from complete-space s-d shell model wave functions.
Rectus abdominis atrophy after ventral abdominal incisions: midline versus chevron.

Although many outcomes have been compared between a midline and chevron incision, this is the first study to examine rectus abdominis atrophy after these two types of incisions. Patients undergoing open pancreaticobiliary surgery between 2007 and 2011 at our single institution were included in this study. Rectus abdominis muscle thickness was measured on both preoperative and follow-up computed tomography (CT) scans to calculate percent atrophy of the muscle after surgery. At average follow-up of 24.5 and 19.0 months, respectively, rectus abdominis atrophy was 18.9% greater in the chevron (n = 30) than in the midline (n = 180) group (21.8 vs. 2.9%, p 20% atrophy at follow-up compared with 10% with a midline incision [odds ratio (OR) 9.0, p < 0.0001]. No significant difference was observed in incisional hernia rates or wound infections between groups. In this study, chevron incisions resulted in seven times more atrophy of the rectus abdominis compared with midline incisions. The long-term effects of transecting the rectus abdominis and disrupting its innervation creates challenging abdominal wall pathology. Atrophy of the abdominal wall can not be readily fixed with an operation, and this significant side effect of a transverse incision should be factored into the surgeon’s decision-making process when choosing a transverse over a midline incision.
Structure and Process: Examining the Interaction between Bureaucratic Organization and Analytical Requirements

Attempts by politicians to control bureaucratic decisions include both structural (how is the agency making the decision organized?) and procedural (what rules must they follow when making the decision?). But how do these two modes of influence interact? This article examines the interaction between bureaucratic structure and one procedural control, the requirement that agencies conduct an analysis of their decisions prior to their issuance. I look at this interaction in the context of two types of analysis, cost-benefit analysis and environmental impact assessment. I interview 16 individuals in each field and draw from their experiences of conducting and reviewing more than a thousand analyses. The conduct of analysis is affected by where analysts are placed in agencies. In particular, independence of analysts has a trade-off. The more independent analysts are, the more likely they can challenge preferred decisions in their agency. But independent analysts are brought into decisions later and their independence may limit their long-term impacts on agency culture. Despite this trade-off, analysts expressed a clear preference for independence. The interaction between different controls of bureaucratic behavior is a potentially fruitful line for further research.
Rb-compatible silicon-based correlated photon source

We demonstrate a silicon-based narrow-band, correlated photon source that can be tuned continuously over 18 THz and precisely to the hyperfine transitions of the Rb D1 line.
Glacier: transitive class immutability for Java

Though immutability has been long-proposed as a way to prevent bugs in software, little is known about how to make immutability support in programming languages effective for software engineers. We designed a new formalism that extends Java to support transitive class immutability, the form of immutability for which there is the strongest empirical support, and implemented that formalism in a tool called Glacier. We applied Glacier successfully to two real-world systems. We also compared Glacier to Java's final in a user study of twenty participants. We found that even after being given instructions on how to express immutability with final, participants who used final were unable to express immutability correctly, whereas almost all participants who used Glacier succeeded. We also asked participants to make specific changes to immutable classes and found that participants who used final all incorrectly mutated immutable state, whereas almost all of the participants who used Glacier succeeded. Glacier represents a promising approach to enforcing immutability in Java and provides a model for enforcement in other languages.
Image-guided targeted intraarterial delivery of chemotherapy drug loaded iron oxide nanoparticles to rabbit liver cancer model.

e14734 Background: To develop an enhanced drug delivery system to liver tumors using novel MRI traceable iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) loaded with doxorubicin and to investigate biodistribution of deliverednanoparticle and by assessing intratumoral and normal liver tissue concentrations after targeted (IA) versus systemic (IV) administration. Methods: Paramagnetic IONP (core and hydrodynamic size of 10 nm and 23 nm, respectively) coated with amphiphilic polymers were non-covalently loaded with hydrophobic doxorubicin; whose presence was confirmed by optical absorption spectrum. VX2 liver tumors were induced in the left lobe of 12 rabbits, allowed to grow for 2 weeks to a size of 2 cm, and were subsequently divided into 2 treatment groups, each receiving 1 mg/kg body weight of doxorubicin via IONP. Group 1 received IA administration to the left hepatic artery under fluoroscopy, and Group 2 received IV administration via the marginal ear vein. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after treatment. Tumor and li...
Jealousy in Infants: Defended and Defined

This chapter reviews work that offers an empirical basis for ascribing infants with the capacity to express jealousy.It focuses on especially compelling evidence that has emerged from recent laboratory studies that used differential treatment paradigms which manipulate the object of parental attention. This body of work shows that when the object of a parent’s exclusive attention is a lifelike baby doll (versus a control condition in which it is directed toward a story book), infants display a constellation of affective, behavioral, and neurophysiological responses. The affective component is marked by negatively valenced emotionality; the behavioral repertoire includes expressions of resistance, protection, and self-regulation; neurophysiological substrates include relative left lateral EEG activity of the brain. Drawing on literature in the fields of social cognition and moral reasoning, and in line with thought from the perspective of evolutionary psychology that due to jealousy’s adaptiveness humans are biologically prepared to develop a core form of jealousy prior to the advent of self-recognition, the chapter argues that this constellation is in place within the first year of life.
Simulating ingress motion for heavy earthmoving equipment

Design of heavy earth moving equipment is based primarily on feedback from the driver. Most design studies on ingress focus on the motion itself and rely heavily on experimental data. This process requires physical construction of an expensive mockup before any feedback can be obtained. Moreover, most research and development on subject of ingress are limited to studies on passenger vehicles. Although the design of heavy vehicles requires more consideration to human safety and comfort, very little attention has been given to simulating ingress movement on those vehicles. This paper describes the development of a model to perform ingress motion for heavy equipment and its applications to study the response of the operator for different cab designs using SantosTM, the digital human model developed at Virtual Soldier Research at the University of Iowa.
Achromatic Flat Subwavelength Grating Lens Over Whole Visible Bandwidths

One of the major challenges for emerging planar subwavelength micro lens is the significant chromatic behavior due to phase mismatch of subwavelength phase shifters. In this letter, the achromatic micro grating lens covering the whole visible wavelength is demonstrated by utilizing relatively low index contrast gratings. Based on the unique chromatic phase shift behavior of polymer nanostructure, we have designed and fabricated a broadband subwavelength achromatic microlens that can cover 250 nm of visible bandwidths (from 435 to 685 nm) with focal shift less than 5%. Our works also represent the first time to design, fabricate, and characterize micrograting lens ( $7~\mu$ m in size) promising for compact integrated nanophotonic devices on chip. In addition, there are more advantages of using a polymer-based microlens, such as easy fabrication on flexible substrate and potential applications, including imaging, spectroscopy, lithography, laser fabrication, and future integrated wearable devices.
WORKSHOP ON SUPPRESSION

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of a workshop that focused on a number of aspects of suppressive substances produced by lymphoid cells. These included the conditions for their production, kinetics of production and action, species and cells of origin, species specificity of action, the nature of the target cells, the characterization of the substances, and the types of lymphoid cell responses that can be suppressed. In this context, ConA-induced and antigen-specific suppression were discussed in detail. Two new observations were reported. W. Byrd outlined his work demonstrating that a material isolated from bivine placenta, which has been characterized as a salt of spermine and several synthetic polyamines, suppresses a wide range of mitogen and immune responses in in vitro cultures of mouse lymphoid cells. C. Prakash discussed his findings that a fraction of seminal plasma suppresses several responses of murine lymphoid cells in vitro. These presentations generated a discussion of possible artifacts in all such studies arising from the conditions of cultures, the presence of foreign serum, and changes in the microenvironment.
Processes at Ice Surfaces: Physical Uptake and Reaction

Uptake of gases onto ice and reactions of species on the ice surface are discussed in the context of ice-cores. Because of a lack of information that is directly applicable to ice cores, occurrence of certain processes are inferred from the results of lower temperature studies carried out to understand polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). It is suggested that strong acids will be efficiently taken up. Easily-hydrolyzable species such as N 2 O 5 and CIONO 2 will be converted to HNO 3 on ice. The extent of absorption of weak acids and other species such as O 3 will depend on the heat of absorption and the gas phase partial pressure of the gas. The reactions of a few other species on ice at warmer temperatures of the ice sheets are proposed to be similar to those for PSCs.
Information Effects of Changes to Analysts’ Recommendations: Morningstar Star Ratings Changes for Stocks

We study the nature and impact of ratings changes for individual stocks provided to investors by Morningstar, Inc. Morningstar’s recommendations follow negative momentum for upgrades and positive momentum for downgrades. When ratings change, upgraded stocks experience positive abnormal returns, while downgraded stocks experience negative abnormal returns. Morningstar recommendations not only impact stock prices at announcement, but statistically significant abnormal returns occur over the following 30 trading days. Additional variables tracked by Morningstar, such as economic moat and uncertainty, explain variation in abnormal returns associated with ratings change announcements. Overall, the results suggest that Morningstar analysts provide valuable information to investors.
Mesh-based Tools to Analyze Deep Reinforcement Learning Policies for Underactuated Biped Locomotion

In this paper, we present a mesh-based approach to analyze stability and robustness of the policies obtained via deep reinforcement learning for various biped gaits of a five-link planar model. Intuitively, one would expect that including perturbations and/or other types of noise during training would likely result in more robustness of the resulting control policy. However, one would also like to have a quantitative and computationally-efficient means of evaluating the degree to which this might be so. Rather than relying on Monte Carlo simulations, which can become quite computationally burdensome in quantifying performance metrics, our goal is to provide more sophisticated tools to assess robustness properties of such policies. Our work is motivated by the twin hypotheses that contraction of dynamics, when achievable, can simplify the required complexity of a control policy and that control policies obtained via deep learning may therefore exhibit tendency to contract to lower-dimensional manifolds within the full state space, as a result. The tractability of our mesh-based tools in this work provides some evidence that this may be so.