cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing Strategic Change

The essay Managing Strategic Change – by K. Michael Haywood, Associate Professor, School of Hotel and Food Administration, University of Guelph, is initially characterized by Haywood as: “The ability to manage strategic change is critical for hospitality industry executives today. Executives must be capable of creating a vision of the future and implementing its direction. The author gives avenues for that management process.” “The effective management of strategic change is the major challenge confronting hospitality executives,” says Associate Professor Haywood. “Responding to a rapidly changing business environment and constantly evolving competitive threats and opportunities requires executives who can anticipate and plan for change.” According to Professor Haywood, the management of strategic change is a future imperative for hospitality executives. Implementing those changes will be even more difficult. “Survival and growth for many hospitality firms during the next decade will depend on the development of new strategic visions which can provide significant competitive advantages,” he says. “Strategies for managing costs and technology will be central to this task,” Haywood expands the thought. Haywood suggests two primary types of change hospitality executives should be aware of. First, is change that is anticipated, anticipatory change. Second, is the other more crucial type of change, strategic change in the face of crisis, or simply stated, reactive change. Professor Haywood describes the distinction between the two. In describing the approach that should be implemented in responding to an anticipatory change, Haywood says, “If time permits, and change is to be introduced gradually, pilots and trials should be run to assess the impact of the new strategy on the organization. These trials are used to create pockets of commitment throughout the corporation, build comfort levels with the new approach, and neutralize or win over potential
Use of a genetically engineered Escherichia coli strain to produce 1,2-dihydroxy-4'-chlorobiphenyl

Genetically engineered kanamycin-resistant Escherichia coli HB101 containing the mutant chimeric plasmid pAW6194-T17 specifying biphenyl dioxygenase and dihydrodiol dehydrogenase and lacking the ability to produce active 3-phenylcatechol dioxygenase was used to produce 1,2-dihydroxy-4'-chlorobiphenyl (DHCB) from 4-chlorobiphenyl. Resting-cell suspensions of genetically engineered E. coli in mineral salts medium (pH 7.0) containing 880 microM 4-chlorobiphenyl produced 110 microM DHCB. The Km for 4-chlorobiphenyl was 3.3 mM. Biotransformation of DHCB from 4-chlorobiphenyl was maximum when cells (2.5 mg of protein per ml) were incubated with shaking (150 rpm) at pH 7.0 and 30 degrees C for 6 h. The enzymatically produced DHCB was a suitable substrate for assaying 3-phenylcatechol dioxygenase activity. Biologically produced DHCB showed UV and mass spectra similar to those of chemically synthesized DHCB. The bioconversion rate of ortho-substituted chlorobiphenyl was slower than that of the para- or meta-substituted chlorobiphenyl.
Log Damage and Value Loss Associated with Two Ground-Based Harvesting Systems in Central Appalachia

Log damage was examined in terms of volume and value losses by harvesting system, function, tree species, and log size in four central Appalachian hardwood sites. Observations were made of all grade logs during the felling, skidding, decking/sorting, and loading operations. Sawlogs sustaining damage to the bark or cambium were recorded with additional information obtained for the location, dimensions, and type of damage. The data were analyzed statistically to determine significant differences of damage and to estimate the potential damage probability of a log given select operational variables. The results suggest that motor-manual harvesting systems caused more damage to logs than mechanized harvesting systems. Felling resulted in significantly more log damage when compared to skidding, decking, and loading operations. Results also suggest that the process of skidding, decking, and loading of logs has very little impact on damage levels. Volume and value losses of damaged logs were not sensitive to tree species and log size.
Interaction of inflammatory cells and oral microorganisms. IX. the bactericidal effects of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes on isolated plaque microorganisms.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) come in contact with plaque microorganisms in the gingival sulcus. However, little is known about the ability of PMNs to kill or inhibit the growth of plaque microorganisms. In this study, the bactericidal effects of human PMNs and serum against S. mutans 6715, S. sanguis M5, and A. viscosus T14 virulent and avirulent were examined. Plaque microorganisms grown to stationary phase were incubated with human PMNs and/or serum for 90 minutes at 37°C. The killing and growth inhibition of bacteria were determined by measurement of percent reduction in colony forming units and percent inhibition of 3H-uridine uptake by the microorganisms. A. viscosus T14 virulent was the only microorganism significantly killed by human PMNs in the absence of serum. In the presence of fresh but not heat-inactivated (56°C, 30 minutes) human serum, human PMNs had a significant bactericidal effect against all of the microorganisms tested. Exposure of S. mutans 6715, but not S. sanguis M5, to sucrose inhibited the bactericidal effect of human PMNs in the presence of fresh human serum but not in the presence of rabbit anti-S. mutans immunoglobulin. Cytochalasin B markedly inhibited phagocytosis of S. mutans 6715 by human PMNs in the presence of serum. However, cytochalasin B-treated PMNs still were significantly bactericidal for S. mutans 6715 in the presence of serum. The data suggests that human PMNs may kill or inhibit the growth of certain plaque microorganisms in the gingival crevice. The microbial killing may be influenced by bacterial extracellular polysaccharides and the presence of serum antibodies and complement, both resulting in phagocytosis and extracellular lysosomal release from PMNs.
Death Resulting from Fatty Acid Starvation in Yeast

Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae having the genotypes fas1 (fatty acid synthetase minus) and fas1, ole1 (fatty acid synthetase and fatty acid desaturase minus) were found to undergo logarithmic death when deprived of required fatty acids, whereas ole1 strains did not. During the first 2 to 3 h of fatty acid starvation, macromolecular synthesis occurred at apparently normal rates, although cell division stopped by the end of the 1st h. Cell death commenced at approximately the 2nd to the 3rd h, and within 24 h, depending upon conditions, 2 to 4 log orders of death had occurred. The loss of viability was accelerated by the addition of detergent, but could be largely prevented by the interruption of protein synthesis, either by amino acid starvation or by the use of cycloheximide. The possible significance of this phenomenon in terms of membrane biosynthesis is discussed.
NETMATE: management of complex distributed networked systems

Summary form only given. The overall architecture of NETMATE is the following. Observation and Control Points (OCPs) are supported via managing agents placed in networked devices. These agents can monitor local device behaviors and affect device control functions, when instructed by a manager. Managers communicate observation/control requests to agents via a manager-agent protocol. Two protocol standards are currently evolving: SNMP, used to manage Internets, and CMIP, proposed by OSI. The NETMATE manager is centered around a network Modeler database. The role of the modeler is to maintain a network Management Information Base (MIB) and provide active access services to dynamic operational network data. The manager presents network status data to users in a visual form. Users can navigate within a very large and complex network data space and control complex behaviors in a simple visual form. Finally, a collection of interpretation and diagnosis tools is used to analyze observed data, and automatically identify/classify fault conditions. The authors briefly describe the key problem domains for long term NETMATE research efforts. >
Adapting Service Quality Concepts to Academic Libraries

Abstract Some of the limitations and possibilities of the service quality model for academic libraries are discussed. The model was originally developed in a commerical environment and may require some adaptation to the noncommercial environment of the academic library. Various ways in which the model might be adapted are suggested.
Knowing your roots: object-oriented binary search trees revisited

By applying object-oriented design to the definition of a binary search tree, Berman and Duvall [1] designed a data structure comprised of three classes: (i) an Emptybst class to model empty binary search trees, (ii) a NonEmptybst class to model non-empty binary search trees, and (iii) a bst base class for common attributes of Emptybst and NonEmptybst objects. That paper noted the problem of inserting new values into such a structure: since insertions occur at an Emptybst object, an Emptybst would have to "turn into" a NonEmptybst; a behavior beyond the capabilities of the classes in most languages.This paper presents three C++ solutions to the insertion problem in their order of development. The first solution uses a procedural programming technique, with the second and third solutions shifting to a more object-oriented approach. This chronology illustrates the author's ongoing battle to shift from procedural to object-oriented thinking.
Recasting a Traditionally Summative Assessment as an Intentionally Formative Experience

AbstractMost preservice teachers have limited opportunities to apply the teaching practices explored in their teacher education programs. The case study examined in this article considers a novice teacher who optimized her experience in an early childhood classroom by intentionally engaging in formative assessment and reflective teaching.
Free speech, persuasion, and the democratic process

(1958). Free speech, persuasion, and the democratic process. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 235-243.
Heparin Bonding on Colloidal Graphite Surfaces

Experiments on clotting, both in vitro and in vivo, showed that a colloidal graphite surface, when rinsed with a cationic, surface-active agent, was capable of bonding heparin. The resistance of this graphite-heparin surface to the formation of clots was far greater than plastic or silicone surfaces in comparable studies.
Regulation of RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli during a shift-up transition.

Abstract These experiments investigate two aspects of RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli ML30 during the transition from a relatively slow rate of growth to a more rapid one: (1) the number of growing RNA molecules per cell, and (2) the average time required for addition of a nucleotide onto a growing RNA chain. Cells were grown at 30°C in a glucose-minimal salts medium and shifted-up by the addition of Casamino acids. Measurements were made of the rates of incorporation over short intervals (e.g. 5,8,12, and 16 s) of [3H]guanine into the internal and 3′-terminal nucleotides of RNA. After correction for the specific activities of the intracellular GTP pools, and for the rate of [3H] guanine accumulation at the 3′-terminus of non-growing RNA, the rates of chain elongation were calculated. It was found that cells growing at a rate of 0.9 generations/h contain approx. 4800 RNA molecules, growing at a rate of 28 nucleotides/s per chain. Cells growing exponentially at the postshift-up rate (1.2 generations/h) contain 7000 RNA molecules per unit equivalent cell mass, which are growing at a rate of 32 nucleotides/s per molecule. Three min after shift-up, cells contain the same number or slightly fewer (10%) growing RNA molecules than cells prior to shift-up, 4300, and these are being elongated at a rate of about 32 nucleotides per s. The results are consistent with the view that in the range of growth rates studied, the total rate of RNA synthesis is regulated through a limitation in the number of functioning RNA polymerase molecules, each working at a relatively constant, presumably maximal, average rate.
Expression of B7-1 by Pam 212 squamous cell carcinoma enhances tumor cell interactions with dendritic epidermal T cells but does not affect in vivo tumor growth

Direct antigen presentation of tumor-associated antigens by tumor cells to T lymphocytes may induce clonal anergy as a mechanism of escape from immune surveillance. B7–1 is a costimulatory molecule for the activation of both CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes that prevents the induction of clonal anergy. Thus, the transfer of B7–1 genes into tumor cells can induce protective immunity and lead to tumor rejection of some tumors in model systems of in vivo tumor growth; however, there is no information on whether stable expression of B7–1 can affect the in vivo growth of squamous cell carcinoma, a common skin cancer. Here, we study how the stable cell surface expression of high levels of B7–1 by Pam 212, a murine squamous cell carcinoma, affects tumor cell-lymphocyte interactions (lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxicity). Consistent with its costimulatory role, we demonstrate that B7–1 can efficiently induce dendritic epidertiial T-cell proliferation in three different dendritic epidermal T-cell lines. In addition, B7–1 enhances dendritic epidermal T-cell cytolytic activity against Pam 212 cells in an in vitro 51 Cr-release assay, which was blocked by CTLA-4/Ig fusion protein. In contrast to dendritic epidermal T cells, the expression of B7–1 does not alter Pam 212 interactions with either cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, natural killer, or lymphokine-activated killer cells. B7–1 expression by Pam 212 cells did not alter its ability to grow tumors in vivo , as their rate of tumor growth was the same as vector-transfected Pam 212 cells, which were B7–1 negative. Our studies indicate that B7–1 gene transfer into Pam 212 does not alter its tumorigenicity, because it does not alter tumor cell-lymphocyte interactions with cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and lymphokine-activated killer cells.
Chemical access to the vomeronasal organs of garter snakes.

Abstract Garter snakes tongue-flicked cotton swabs soaked in a mixture of earthworm extract and 3H-proline. In snakes with intact tongues and patent vomeronasal ducts, large accumulations of radioactive material, as revealed by autoradiography, were observed in the vomeronasal organs. When the vomeronasal ducts were sutured closed, no radioactivity was discerned in the vomeronasal organs. The accumulations of radioactive material in the organs were reduced slightly when the tongue tips were removed. In snakes whose entire tongue was removed, but whose lips touched the swabs, a discernable amount of radioactive accumulation still occurred in the vomeronasal organs.
A numerical procedure for diffusion subject to the specification of mass

Abstract An application of the maximum principle yields an a priori estimate for the derivative u x of the solution u of u t = u xx +s 0 , subject to u(x, 0) = f(x), 0 , and the specification of mass ∫ 0 b(t) u(x,t) d x = m(t), 0 . From this a priori estimate the continuous dependence of the solution u on the data is established. The maximum principle can also be applied to a numerical scheme for the derivative of u . Thus convergence is shown for an elementary numerical scheme. The article concludes with the results of some numerical experiments.
Cosmic Rays in Space

The energetic particle populations observed in the MeV and greater range in interplanetary space are of both galactic and solar origin. The galactic cosmic rays are ever present though strongly modulated by solar activity while the solar cosmic rays are highly variable. Of particular interest in attempting to assess the radiation hazards for long missions is a more detailed knowledge of the charge and energy spectrum of the galactic component. Measurements of hydrogen, helium, and heavy nuclei down to 100 MeV/nuc have been obtained by groups at the University of Minnesota, the University of Chicago, and the Goddard Space Flight Center using balloon borne instrumentations at high altitudes. Results obtained on the IMP-1 satellite have furnished proton and helium data in the region 10 to 100 MeV. These combined data show a differential proton spectrum which has a broad maximum around 400 MeV and is steeply falling towards lower energies. The helium nuclei and protons seem to exhibit the same relative differential rigidity spectrum above 1.5 BeV. Below this rigidity the relative helium spectrum appears to be more rapidly falling than the proton spectrum. The IMP-1 proton results indicate that the galactic proton differential energy spectrum decreases by a factor of 5 going from 70 MeV to 20 MeV. Thus less than 1% of the total galactic cosmic rays appears to be contained in the low energy region below 100 MeV.
Robust RLS in the Presence of Correlated Noise Using Outlier Sparsity

Relative to batch alternatives, the recursive least-squares (RLS) algorithm has well-appreciated merits of reduced complexity and storage requirements for online processing of stationary signals, and also for tracking slowly-varying nonstationary signals. However, RLS is challenged when in addition to noise, outliers are also present in the data due to, e.g., impulsive disturbances. Existing robust RLS approaches are resilient to outliers, but require the nominal noise to be white-an assumption that may not hold in e.g., sensor networks where neighboring sensors are affected by correlated ambient noise. Prewhitening with the known noise covariance is not a viable option because it spreads the outliers to noncontaminated measurements, which leads to inefficient utilization of the available data and unsatisfactory performance. In this correspondence, a robust RLS algorithm is developed capable of handling outliers and correlated noise simultaneously. In the proposed method, outliers are treated as nuisance variables and estimated jointly with the wanted parameters. Identifiability is ensured by exploiting the sparsity of outliers, which is effected via regularizing the least-squares (LS) criterion with the l1-norm of the outlier vectors. This leads to an optimization problem whose solution yields the robust RLS estimates. For low-complexity real-time operation, a suboptimal online algorithm is proposed, which entails closed-form updates per time step in the spirit of RLS. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness and improved performance of the proposed method in comparison with the nonrobust RLS, and its state-of-the-art robust renditions.
Mechanistic Studies of Polyene Enhancement of Interferon Production by Polyriboinosinic-Polyribocytidylic Acid

The production of interferon by polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I) . poly(C)] and poly(I) . poly(C)-diethylaminoethyl-dextran in L929 cells was enhanced from 10 to 100 times by polyene macrolides, including amphotericin B (AmB), AmB methyl ester, nystatin, and filipin. AmB and its water-soluble methyl ester were the most effective; retinol, a nonmacrolide polyene, was ineffective. Interferon induction by Newcastle disease virus was not enhanced by AmB. The kinetics of interferon production were not markedly altered by AmB. Polyenes and poly(I) . poly(C)-diethylaminoethyl-dextran did not need to be present on cells simultaneously to enhance interferon production. Pretreatment with polyenes was as effective as simultaneous addition. Even treatment of washed cells, several hours after removal of poly(I) . poly(C)-diethylaminoethyl-dextran, resulted in enhancement of interferon production. AmB did not appear to form a macromolecular complex with poly(I) . poly(C) in that neither the ultraviolet absorption spectrum nor the melting point of poly(I) . poly(C) was altered by mixing with AmB. Isotopic studies indicated that AmB did not enhance binding of poly(I) . poly(C) to cells. Since the macrolide polyenes have been demonstrated to bind to cell membrane sterols with subsequent alterations in membrane permeability barriers, they may enhance interferon production by increasing cell penetration of poly(I) . poly(C).
Influence of rootstocks on ‘Orlando’ tangelo leaf elemental concentration

Abstract The influence of 10 rootstocks on leaf elemental concentrations and their relationship with yield, tree growth, leaf fresh weight and dry matter of ‘Orlando’ tangelo (C. parodisi Macf. x C. reticulata Blanco) was studied under the arid climate of southwestern Arizona. ‘Orlando’ tangelo trees on Carrizo citrange [(C sinensis (L.) Osbeck x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], Yuma citrange (P. trifoliata x C. sinensis), Taiwanica (C. taiwanica) and Volkamer lemon (C. limon Burm f.) had larger canopy and higher yield than the trees on Savage citrange (P. trifoliata x C. sinensis), Ichang pummelo (C. ichangensis hyb.) and Palestine sweet lime (C. limettoides Tan.). Leaves of trees on Carrizo citrange were heavier but those on Savage citrange had higher percent dry matter than those on other rootstocks. Trees on macrophylla (Alemow) (C macrophylla Wester) had significantly higher leaf N and Mn while those on Carrizo, Yuma and Savage citranges had lower leaf N than the trees on other rootstocks. Trees on Vo...
"EMG disease" with bulbar muscle involvement: a case report.

We report the first case of diffuse abnormal insertional activity with bulbar muscle involvement. Electromyography performed 5 months earlier reported multilevel radiculopathy. A repeat electromyography study revealed short trains of positive waves without fibrillation potentials, diffusely present in all tested muscles. Positive waves were also found in the bulbar innervated muscles; these included the trapezius, frontalis, and the orbicularis oculi. This entity is important to recognize because confusion with neuromuscular syndromes can occur.
Standards of Reflectance

The reflectances of a number of different barium sulfate substances were measured. The measurements show a correlation between the reflectance and chemical impurities as well as their grain sizes. In view of the problem of developing better working white standards, the importance of these results is discussed with respect to the magnesium oxide white standard, as well as the perfect diffuser which the CIE recently recommended for ultimate adoption as the reference standard.
Interferometric measurement of visual acuity and the effect of ocular chromatic aberration

Ocular chromatic aberration is expected on theoretical grounds to affect the quality of polychromatic interference fringes generated on the retina if the interferometer is not perfectly centered on the eye’s visual axis. Of primary concern is a loss of contrast resulting from wavelength-dependent phase shifts of the fringes. By using an interferometer with just two wavelengths of light, we demonstrated this phase shift directly and measured its magnitude as a function of interferometer displacement. Then, using white-light fringes we measured visual acuity and found a threefold loss of acuity when the light from the interferometer entered the eye near the margin of the pupil. These results are consistent with predictions based on a simple optical model of ocular chromatic aberration.
Beyond the core: A response to elazar

Beyond the vitally connected core of the America’s Jewish population, increasing numbers of Jews live low density Jewish lives, both geographically and in terms of ethnicity and religion. Directions for change in the cultures and structures of the organized Jewish community are noted which are more likely to reach such Jews than are ideological appeals.
Results of coronary artery bypass grafting and/or aortic or mitral valve operation in patients ≥90 years of age

Abstract In summary, we have shown that although nonagenarians are at higher risk from cardiac surgical procedures, they can derive significant benefit from these same procedures. This fact has important implications in the present health care debate on the use of limited resources in the elderly.
Renal Replacement Therapy in Neonates

The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) has steadily increased in the last decade in neonates and infants. Despite the extensive proposed pharmacologic approaches to treat or prevent AKI, renal replacement therapy is the only available therapeutic approach to manage the consequences of significant AKI and maintain electrolyte homeostasis and fluid balance in infants with AKI. The objective of this article is to summarize the different approaches and modalities of renal replacement therapy in neonatal intensive care units.
Domain “decoration” in Gd2(MoO4)3

A simple technique is developed to study the domain structure of gadolinium molybdate. Under suitable conditions it is shown that reaction in weak hydrofluoric acid can produce uniform, coherent and firmly adhering films of gadolinium fluoride (GdF3). Since on the ‘c’ crystal faces the reaction rates differ for positive and negative emergent domains, the film thickness is different over domains of different sign. The large difference of optical refractive index between GdF3 and Gd2(MoO4)3 causes film of suitable thickness to exhibit strong interference colors in reflected white light, which clearly reveal the underlying domain structure. The technique has high resolution and offers a very simple method by which to sort out the sign and nature of the surface domains from complex three dimensional structures. For thinner reaction films the domains can be moved after reaction without rupturing the surface film and the etching process repeated to delineate the new wall positions. Detailed studies are made using ion scattering and Auger electron spectroscopy to investigate the composition and thickness of the surface films. Using irradiation with helium ions an interesting passivation of the surface is observed which allows a close control of the reacted regions. Some potential applications for the surface films will be briefly discussed. Es wird eine einfache Technik fur die Untersuchung der Domanenstruktur von Gadolinium-molybdat entwickelt. Es wird gezeigt, das unter geeigneten Bedingungen Reaktionen in schwacher Hydrofluorsaure gleichformige koharente und fest haftende Schichten von Gadoliniumfluorid (GdF3) hervorrufen konnen. Da auf den ”c„-Kristallflachen die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten sich fur positive und negative Domanen unterscheiden, ist die Schichtdicke uber Domanen mit unterschiedlichem Vorzeichen verschieden. Die grose Differenz des optischen Brechungsindex zwischen GdF3 und Gd2(MoO4)3 verursacht, das die Schicht geeigneter Dicke starke Interferenzfarben im reflektierten weisen Licht aufweist, die klar die darunter liegende Domanenstruktur aufzeigen. Diese Technik besitzt eine hohe Auflosung und bietet eine sehr einfache Methode zur Aussortierung des Vorzeichens und der Natur der Oberflachendomanen von komplexen dreidimensionalen Strukturen. Fur dunnere Reaktionsschichten lassen sich die Domanen nach der Reaktion bewegen ohne die Oberflachenschicht zu zerstoren und der Atzprozes kann wiederholt werden, um die neuen Wandpositionen zu kennzeichnen. Detaillierte Untersuchungen werden mit Ionenstreuung und Augerelektronenspektroskopie durchgefuhrt, um die Zusammensetzung und Dicke der Oberflachenschichten zu untersuchen. Bei Bestrahlung mit Heliumionen wird eine interessante Passivierung der Oberflache beobachtet, die eine genaue Steuerung der Reaktionsbereiche erlaubt, Einige mogliche Anwendungen fur die Oberflachenschichten werden kurz diskutiert.
A comparison of three quantitative schlieren techniques

Abstract We compare the results of three quantitative schlieren techniques applied to the measurement and visualization of a two-dimensional laminar free-convection boundary layer. The techniques applied are Schardin's “calibrated” schlieren technique, in which a weak lens in the field-of-view provides a calibration of light deflection angle to facilitate quantitative measurements, “rainbow schlieren”, in which the magnitude of schlieren deflection is coded by hue in the image, and “background-oriented schlieren” (BOS), in which quantitative schlieren-like results are had from measuring the distortion of a background pattern using digital-image-correlation software. In each case computers and software are applied to process the data, thus streamlining and modernizing the quantitative application of schlieren optics. (BOS, in particular, is only possible with digital-image-correlation software.) Very good results are had with the lens-calibrated standard schlieren method in the flow tested here. BOS likewise produces good results and requires less expensive apparatus than the other methods, but lacks the simplification of parallel light that they feature. Rainbow schlieren suffers some unique drawbacks, including the production of the required rainbow cutoff filter, and provides little significant benefit over the calibrated schlieren technique.
Nitrate reductase from Achromobacter fischeri; purification and properties: function of flavines and cytochrome.

Abstract 1. 1. Nitrate reductase from the bacterium, Achromobacter fischeri , has been highly purified and separated from other electron-transport systems. The color and the spectrum of the reduced enzyme preparation indicate the presence of a cytochrome with absorption peaks at 550, 520, and 419 mμ. 2. 2. The enzyme catalyzes the reduction of nitrate with reduced benzylviologen as an electron donor. DPNH will serve as an electron donor only when a bacterial DPNH-cytochrome reductase system is added. 3. 3. The reduction of nitrate by benzylviologen is not affected by carbon monoxide, cyanide, o -phenanthroline, and other metal-chelating agents. The enzyme is, however, inhibited by p -chloromercuribenzoate; this inhibition is reversed by various —SH containing compounds. 4. 4. The reduction of nitrate by DPNH is affected by all of the inhibitors mentioned above. Of particular importance is the observation that a pink color appears when o -phenanthroline and α,α-dipyridyl are used. The results suggest a catalytic role for inorganic iron. Flavine is required in this system. Reduced FMN can also function as an electron donor. 5. 5. Carbon monoxide inhibition of nitrate reduction by DPNH and the reversal by light suggests the involvement of a specific cytochrome. Spectral evidence indicates a reduction of the bacterial cytochrome by the reductase and its reoxidation by nitrate. 6. 6. The effect of enzyme, nitrate, and flavine concentration as well as pH, temperature, electron donors, and various inhibitors on nitrate reduction have been studied.
Evaluation of sensory irritation caused by topical medications using a novel technique

Background Topical medications are often the first line therapy utilized by dermatologists for a variety of conditions. However, a common side effect of topical medications is application site irritation. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the sensory irritation caused by hydrocortisone butyrate lipocream 0.1% using a non-invasive and inexpensive technique. Methods Twenty participants with corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses were enrolled. Three target areas of unaffected skin were abraded. A negative control (petrolatum ointment), a positive control (an over-the-counter [OTC] anti-itch preparation containing benzyl alcohol), and a test product (hydrocortisone butyrate lipocream 0.1%) were each applied to separate target areas on the legs. Participants rated the irritation of each target area using a 10-point scale (1 [no symptoms] to 10 [intolerable burning/ stinging requiring removal of the medication]). Results The mean irritation scores for petrolatum ointment, the OTC anti-itch preparation, and hydrocortisone butyrate lipocream 0.1% were 1.30, 5.70, and 1.95, respectively. The difference in irritation between the OTC anti-itch preparation and hydrocortisone butyrate lipocream 0.1% was highly significant (P < 0.0001). The difference in irritation between the OTC anti-itch preparation and petrolatum ointment also was highly significant (P < 0.0001). The difference in irritation between hydrocortisone butyrate lipocream 0.1% and petrolatum ointment also was statistically significant (P = 0.0265). Irritation scores were then standardized on a 10-point scale, with the irritation score of the negative control given a value of 1.00 and the irritation score of the positive control given a value of 10.00. The standardized irritation score of the test product, hydrocortisone butyrate lipocream 0.1%, was calculated to be 2.33. Conclusion Our study, using a novel technique to measure sensory irritation, establishes hydrocortisone butyrate lipocream 0.1% to be minimally irritating. We hope to use this simple and easy-to-use assay to measure and compare the severity of the sensory irritation of various commercially available topical preparations. In doing so, we hope to ultimately create a sensory irritation ranking scale, which would enable physicians to choose less irritating products, thereby enhancing adherence to treatment regimens and patient satisfaction.
Effect of liquid culture on the growth and development of miniature rose (Rosa chinensis Jacq. ‘Minima’)

The growth of miniature rose (Rosa chinensis Jacq. ‘Minima’) shoots cultured on liquid medium was greater relative to those cultured on two-phase (solid + liquid) medium or solid medium alone. Shoot multiplication ratio (number of multiple shoots per explant per subculture) on liquid medium was higher with 17.8–26.6 μM 6-benzyladenine at compared to that at 0–8.9 μM. Shoots grown on 30 ml or more of liquid medium had a higher multiplication ratio than those grown on 10 or 20 ml. The growth and multiplication ratio increased when the culture period was extended from 3 to 6 weeks, although plantlets began to exhibit some chlorosis by the 6th week. These conditions were maintained over four subcultures for cultivars ‘Baby Katie’, ‘Lavender Jewel’, ‘Red Sunblaze’ and ‘Royal Sunblaze’, with no significant change in multiplication ratio over time.
Pharmacodynamic effects of cotinine in abstinent cigarette smokers

The nicotine metabolite cotinine was administered to abstinent cigarette smokers to determine whether it has pharmacologic activity as assessed by various physiologic and subjective measurements. By means of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled counterbalanced-order design, subjects received cotinine base (30 mg) intravenously after 48 hours of abstinence from cigarette smoking. Serum cotinine concentrations increased to levels commonly achieved during daily cigarette smoking, whereas no change in serum nicotine concentration was observed. Cotinine compared with placebo produced subjective differences in self-reported ratings of restlessness, anxiety and tension, insomnia, sedation, and pleasantness. Cotinine had minimal effects on cardiovascular measurements. These findings indicate that cotinine is behaviorally active in the setting of cigarette abstinence at blood concentrations similar to those commonly achieved through daily cigarette smoking.
On the presence and mechanism of formation of heavy molecular weight aggregates in human normal and cataractous lenses

It has been suggested that the presence of high molecular weight protein aggregates in the lens can lead to light scattering and a consequent loss of transparency. We have measured the concentration of aggregates having a molecular weight greater than approximately 150 × 106 g/mole present in the soluble fraction of both aging normal and cataractous human lenses. This protein population is approximately 5% of the total soluble protein in lenses up to age 75 and increases to 10–15% in lenses aged greater than 75 years and in cataracts. The amino acid composition of the heavy molecular weight soluble aggregates of normal lenses is different in leucine content from alpha, beta and gamma crystallins and different in tyrosine content from beta and gamma crystallins. The aggregates from cataractous lenses show a greater increase in leucine and greater decrease in tyrosine. An unidentified component is present in the cataractous aggregates. Furthermore, calcium, an ion which increases in concentration in cataractogenesis, induces alpha crystallin to aggregate and induces the heavy molecular weight fraction to aggregate. This aggregation is irreversible by dialysis or chelation.
Oral cavity metastasis of renal cell carcinoma: A case report

Despite being reported rarely, renal cell carcinoma is the third most frequent neoplasm to metastasize to the head and neck region preceded only by breast and lung cancer. Little information exists regarding the presentation and work-up of metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the oral cavity. We report the case of a 63-year-old Caucasian man presenting with an oral cavity lesion that was painful and that had grown substantially over several months. Biopsy resulted in persistent bleeding requiring cautery and manual pressure. Immunoperoxidase testing was necessary to make the diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and rule out other clear cell carcinomas of salivary gland origin. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma is part of the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with a new head or neck lesion in the setting of a history of kidney cancer. The physician needs to be prepared for the increased risk of bleeding and understand the importance of immunohistochemical staining to differentiate between metastatic renal cell carcinoma and malignancies of salivary origin. Unfortunately, the prognosis is invariably poor in these patients.
Science, Technology, and willingness to pay in ocean disposal of wastes: America's misplaced search for equity. An introductory case study of Los Angeles

Legislation termed “environmental” in the U.S.A., and concerned with the effects of contaminants upon air, land and water resources, is based upon economic equity rather than environmental improvement. Environmental improvement may or may not result, and the environment of societal and human needs is negatively affected by the very large resource commitment necessary. The requirement of the thermodynamically impossible “zero discharge” goal, as well as cancer to determine limits discards science and engineering for politically and popularly determined goals. To the extent that U.S.A. standards are accepted by other nations in the World, this unscientific approach is of concern to all. Change from the present approach will be very difficult because of the popularity of the present laws, and benefit from the present arrangement to so many workers in the field. Post Audits of the actual net overall environmental impacts of changes required and being made under the laws must be made to achieve change.
Numerical and experimental evaluation of a new low-leakage labyrinth seal

The effectiveness of a recently developed leakage model for evaluating new design features of most seals is demonstrated. A preliminary assessment of the present stator groove feature shows that it gives approximately a 20 percent leakage reduction with no shaft speed effects. Also, detailed distributions of predicted streamlines, axial velocity, relative pressure and turbulence energy enhance one's physical insight. In addition, the interesting measured effect of axial position of the rotor/stator pair on leakage rate and stator wall axial pressure distribution is examined.
Molecular characterization and expression of a novel homolog of uncoupling protein 5 (UCP5) from the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (Bivalvia: Ostreidae)

Abstract Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) belong to the mitochondrial anion carrier gene family which has been implicated in diverse physiological functions ranging from thermoregulation to antioxidant defense. In mammals, the UCP family is well characterized and contains five members (UCP1-5). In contrast, invertebrate homologues of uncoupling proteins are much less studied both from the viewpoints of structure and function. In this study we report nucleotide and predicted protein structure of an important member of UCP family, UCP5 from eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica. UCP5 from oysters appears to be a close homolog of the mammalian brain mitochondrial carrier protein (BMCP1, or UCP5) and is the first full-length UCP described from a Lophotrochozoan invertebrate. Evolutionary analysis of UCP sequences indicates at least three monophyletic UCP branches (UCP1-3, UCP4 and UCP5) that have diverged early in the evolution, prior to the divergence of vertebrates and invertebrates. In oysters, two forms of UCP5 transcript are found (UCP5S and UCP5L) that differ by 152 bp in length due to the presence of an intron in UCP5L. UCP5 was expressed in all studied oyster tissues, unlike mammals, where UCP5 is predominantly expressed in brains and male gonads. Hypoxia-reoxygenation stress, sublethal Cd exposure (50 μg L− 1 Cd for 56 days) and acclimation to different temperatures (12 and 20 °C) had no significant effect on UCP5 mRNA expression in oysters indicative of its relative unimportance in antioxidant defense and temperature adaptation of oyster mitochondria. These data suggest that despite the relatively high degree of evolutionary conservation of the UCP5 amino acid sequence, its functional significance in mitochondria changed in the course of evolution of mollusks and vertebrates.
Returns to networking in academia

This paper examines effects of academic networks in a Stackelberg differential game between journal editors and authors. Authors choose research papers to maximize satisfaction, while editors determine research quality to maximize journal reputation. Verifying the system for stability, results show that academic networks neither affect the number of publications nor the quality of an author's papers. Networks only affect the number of an author's citations. Editors' preferences for publishing an author because of her network membership seem irrelevant. This happens because editors compete to increase their journal's reputation by publishing high quality papers. Consequently, there is little room for editorial bias. Further, increased journal competition has the potential to erode the citation gains. The equilibrium research quality is below the maximum possible quality. Increases in publication benefits are shown to leave citations unaffected, increase the number of publications, and decrease research quality. The results generally carry through when publishing markets tend to a monopoly.
Preliminary Validation of a Multidimensional Model of Wittiness

ABSTRACT Past research on wittiness has found that (a) self-ratings and peer ratings of wittiness are highly correlated, but neither type of rating is appreciably correlated with measured humor production, and (b) sociability is correlated with both types of wittiness ratings but not with humor production. An interpretation of these findings was provided by a multidimensional model of wittiness that conceptualizes wittiness as a factorially complex dimension shaped by three component traits: humor motivation, humor cognition, and humor communication. We conducted three correlational studies to test the hypotheses, derived from the theory, that (a) wittiness ratings are influenced by humor motivation and humor communication, whereas humor production taps only humor cognition, and (b) sociability is positively correlated with humor motivation and humor communication but unrelated to humor cognition. Results were consistent across studies and generally confirmed the predictions.
Parity Conservation in Hyperon Production by 1.15-Bev/ c K − Misons on Propane

Several experiments have indicated a possible forward-backward asymmetry in the decay of /sub 2/ at 1880 /sup o/ hyperon. A recent exposure of the UCRL 30-inch propane bubble chamber to a 1.15-Bev/c separated K/sup -/ beam offers the opportunity to explore the question further. Several thousand K/sup -/ interactions were photographed. The initial resuits from a sample of 141 V/sup o/ decays are reported. (W.D.M.)
Effects of in Utero Methylmercury Exposure on a Spatial Delayed Alternation Task in Monkeys

Adult female monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were exposed to 0, 50, 70, or 90 micrograms/kg/day of methylmercury prior to and throughout pregnancy and produced 11, 9, 2, and 2 infants, respectively. At birth, blood mercury levels of treated infants ranged from 1.04 to 2.46 ppm. At approximately 7 to 9 years of age, the monkeys were trained by successive approximation to respond on a lit button for a small amount of apple juice. The monkeys were then trained on a 0.1-sec spatial delayed alternation task to a specified criterion of performance. This was followed by 10 sessions each of fixed delay times of 0.5, 1, 3, 5, and 10 sec, followed by 20 sessions containing variable delay times of 0.1 to 15 sec. Data from all treated monkeys were combined. There were no differences between treated and control monkeys in initial button training or number of sessions to reach criterion on 0.1-sec delay procedure. On the fixed delay sessions, the treated monkeys had significantly more correct trials, and fewer incorrect responses, perseverative responses, and delay responses than controls. There were no differences between the treated and control monkeys on performance on the variable delay schedule. Results from this study indicate that in utero methylmercury exposure did not adversely affect the spatial memory of adult monkeys when tested on a delayed alternation task and may have facilitated performance on this task.
Elevated striatal levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein associated with neuropathology in copper-deficient rats

Abstract Severely copper-deficient rats, derived from dams depleted during gestation and lactation, develop neurological signs associated with low dopamine in the corpus striatum. This investigation was designed to assess neuronal death by use of an astrocyte marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and to determine possible correlation of liver and striatal copper with striatal dopamine. Virgin females were fed low copper diets containing sucrose or glucose (0.5 mg Cu/kg) or control diets (10 mg Cu/kg) during gestation and lactation. The offspring were fed the same diets until clinical signs appeared in the deficient groups, when they were 7–8 weeks of age. The corpus striatum was analyzed for dopamine and copper; striatum, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum were analyzed for GFAP. All rats fed the low copper diets had extremely low liver copper,
Role of phospholipids in the Na+,K+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase system of brain microsomes☆

Abstract Removal of phospholipids from brain microsomes using a purified, protease-free phospholipase C preparation led to proportional losses of net Na + ,K + -stimulated adenosine triphosphatase, K + -stimulated p -nitrophenylphosphatase, and Na + -stimulated ADP-ATP exchange activities. These enzymatic activities were restored to 60–100% of control values by the addition of a variety of purified phospholipids, but not by detergents or EGTA. These findings support the concept of a general phospholipid requirement for this enzyme system. This work further suggests that phospholipids are important both for formation and decomposition of the phosphorylated intermediate (s) which probably participate in the net reaction.