cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Systems Physiology Approach to Ureteral Modeling

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a systems physiological approach to ureteral modeling. A systems physiology approach recognizes that the upper urinary tract is an integrated whole even though it is composed of diverse, specialized structures and sub-functions. One of the goals of a systems physiology approach is to understand the function of the upper urinary tract in these terms. If the behavior of the system is to be controlled, it is necessary to obtain information concerning the state or condition of various portions of the system. These functions are called control instrumentation and conditioning. The pelvic, conus, and ureteral muscle and their necessary supporting layers function as the process or plant in that their configuration can change such that urine is temporarily stored in the pelvis and they can supply the work and configuration changes required for transporting the urine to the bladder. The pelvis may exercise further control on the urine flow by synchronizing the initiation of peristaltic contractions.
Automotive sensing: assessing the impact of fog on LWIR, MWIR, SWIR, visible, and lidar performance

Autonomous vehicle sensor suites must perform in a variety of weather conditions to achieve acceptable levels of safety and reliability. Fog is one of the most challenging driving conditions. This paper presents qualitative performance data of thermal infrared (both longwave and midwave), shortwave infrared, and visible-light imaging sensors under different testchamber fogs. We find that the performance of LWIR imaging is impacted significantly less by light-to-moderate fog than the other two IR sensors, the visible imager, and a low-resolution Velodyne LiDAR. The paper recommends additional fog chamber testing to generate data that will be useful for the development of imaging simulation capability that accurately models fog across these wavebands for improved reliability and coverage in the development of ADAS and autonomous vehicle (AV) vision systems.
(Re)Tracing the Everyday ‘Sitings’: A Conceptual Review of Internet Research 15 Years Later

In 2003, Kevin Leander and Kelly McKim sought to move the separate ethnographic work in physical spaces and work in online spaces toward a connective ethnography. Rather than broadly update the seven themes they originally proposed, I re-group and re-examine the seven themes by using evidence published since 2003. The themes of the meshed on/off-line realm, made visible through the work of connective ethnography, illustrate the separation, influence and flow of one realm more clearly and convincingly than the evidence available in 2003. I conclude by describing the encumbrances to the meshing of the on/off-line realm.
The Association Among Structural Quality, Operational Competence And Emergency Outpatient Visits: A Longitudinal Analysis Of US Community Hospitals

The aim of the current study is to enhance our understanding on how hospital’s structural quality and operational competence can influence the emergency outpatient visits. We use a large database acquired from the American Hospital Association. The database has state-wide data on several health care quality parameters of interest over an extended period of 17 years starting from 1994 till 2010 for all community hospitals in the US. (4,926 community hospitals). Structural quality is captured by a measure of bed availability and usage. Operational competence is measured by the expense per capita. Finally, data on emergency outpatient visits is our outcome measure. We found that there is a significant negative association between structural quality and emergency outpatient visits. Similarly, there is a significant negative association between hospital operational performance and emergency outpatient visits. It is confirmed in this study that at high level of operational performance, increasing the structural quality will be associated with lower emergency outpatient visits. The interaction effect between structural quality and operational performance on emergency outpatient visits is also significant. As such, structural quality of hospitals can reduce emergency outpatient visits. Hospitals endeavor to improve its operational performance also reduces emergency outpatient visits. Joint emphasis on improving bed utilization and improving operational performance can further decrease emergency outpatient visits.
Atomic force microscopy studies of formation of black silicon by reactive ion etching

Black silicon BSi a surface modification of silicon can be fabricated by various methods such as Electrochemical Etching Metal Assisted Chemical Etching Laser Method etc The fabrication of BSi by Reactive Ion Etching RIE under various pressures and for different etch durations is presented in this study The influence of pressure and etch time on the surface roughness of the resulting BSi is investigated and compared with the literature
IVF and the Anti-Abortion Movement: Considerations for Advocacy Against Overturning Roe v. Wade

As the anti-abortion movement gains ground in the United States, it is important to explore the potential impact of overturning Roe v. Wade (1973) on the practice of IVF (in vitro fertilization). If the United States Supreme Court abandoned the legal right to early pregnancy terminations, it would open the door for states to enforce laws defining life to begin at conception. In all likelihood, legally establishing life to begin at conception may make IVF far less likely to be successful, significantly more expensive, more likely to result in high risk pregnancies with multiples, and more medically invasive. As the prevalence of IVF grows, this is a practice that should no longer be ignored in the political discourse on abortion. Instead, the unintended consequences of life at conception bills on the cost, availability, safety, and success rates of IVF can provide a strong argument in the toolbox of strategies for social workers lobbying against anti-abortion legislation.
Soil Health and Foliar Fertilisers

Soil health in terms of its ability to sustain crop productivity is linked closely with foliar fertilisers. There is little documented work to provide knowledge on the practical aspect of farming and how the soil health may be affected where foliar fertiliser applications are associated with increase soil health. This chapter explains standard foliar fertiliser practices that provide nutrition and stimulate crop production including root growth. The effects of these inputs have a direct effect to soil health through affecting the rooting distribution, rooting exudates, shrinking and swelling of soil and return of organic matter to the soil. This chapter described how foliarly applied nutrition contributes to soil health and it should be considered as part of the solution for sustainable farming. Furthermore, this chapter will support soil scientist understand the practice of spraying crops with nutrients to correct deficiencies and stimulate plants to increase soil nutrient uptake by stimulating growth. In return, the biomass will enhance soil health and contribute to sustainable farming practices.
Layout Capacitance Extraction Using Automatic Pre-Characterization and Machine Learning

The most widely adopted approach for layout capacitance extraction is pattern matching, where a layout is partitioned into small sections and matched against a pre-characterized pattern library. The capacitance formula associated with the matched pattern is used to compute the capacitance. The pattern matching approach can meet the speed and capacity requirements for large ASICs, but the pattern library and associated formula must be manually created by experienced engineers through a tedious process. For each new process node or any change to the technology profile, this process has to be repeated, causing a heavy burden on the EDA vendors and delays in PDK releases by the foundries. In this paper, we propose an automatic approach that significantly reduces the effort and time compared with the manual approach for the pattern matching method for capacitance extraction. Our approach consists of the following steps: 1) generate sample geometries that cover the problem space, 2) for each sample geometry, call a field solver to compute the capacitance value, 3) use unsupervised learning with the field solver values and foundry values as guidance to cluster geometries into patterns and derive the capacitance formula, and 4) use supervised learning to train a neural network that will be used to classify any layout geometry into a pattern in the library, which will be used at the extraction time. Experiment results show the proposed approach achieves satisfactory accuracy well above the foundry requirements and runs as fast as traditional pattern matching software. Although our approach is only demonstrated for 2D, it is the first framework using the automatic procedure and machine learning in capacitance extraction. As the interconnect structures and foundry requirements become more complex, our approach may be attractive to EDA vendors and foundries.
Sexual addiction 25 years on: A systematic and methodological review of empirical literature and an agenda for future research.

In 1998, Gold and Heffner authored a landmark review in Clinical Psychology Review on the topic of sexual addiction that concluded that sexual addiction, though increasingly popular in mental health settings, was largely based on speculation, with virtually no empirical basis. In the more than two decades since that review, empirical research around compulsive sexual behaviors (which subsumes prior research about sexual addiction) has flourished, ultimately culminating in the inclusion of a novel diagnosis of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in the eleventh edition of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases. The present work details a systematic review of empirical research published between January 1st, 1995 and August 1st, 2020 related to compulsive sexual behaviors, with a specific focus on evaluating the methodologies of that literature. This review yielded 371 papers detailing 415 individual studies. In general, the present review finds that, although research related to compulsive sexual behaviors has proliferated, much of this work is characterized by simplistic methodological designs, a lack of theoretical integration, and an absence of quality measurement. Moreover, the present review finds a virtual absence of high-quality treatment-related research published within this time frame. Implications of these findings for both clinical practice and future research are discussed.
Embedding Power Flow into Machine Learning for Parameter and State Estimation.

Modern state and parameter estimations in power systems consist of two stages: the outer problem of minimizing the mismatch between network observation and prediction over the network parameters, and the inner problem of predicting the system state for given values of the parameters. The standard solution of the combined problem is iterative: (a) set the parameters, e.g. to priors on the power line characteristics, (b) map input observation to prediction of the output, (c) compute the mismatch between predicted and observed output, (d) make a gradient descent step in the space of parameters to minimize the mismatch, and loop back to (a). We show how modern Machine Learning (ML), and specifically training guided by automatic differentiation, allows to resolve the iterative loop more efficiently. Moreover, we extend the scheme to the case of incomplete observations, where Phasor Measurement Units (reporting real and reactive powers, voltage and phase) are available only at the generators (PV buses), while loads (PQ buses) report (via SCADA controls) only active and reactive powers. Considering it from the implementation perspective, our methodology of resolving the parameter and state estimation problem can be viewed as embedding of the Power Flow (PF) solver into the training loop of the Machine Learning framework (PyTorch, in this study). We argue that this embedding can help to resolve high-level optimization problems in power system operations and planning.
Two Steps Forward: Promoting Inclusive Infill Development with Middle Housing by Right and Increased Protections for Tenants

Idealization of the single-family detached home and of separation of land uses—and, ultimately, of separation of people by income, race, and ethnicity—contributed significantly to the disappearance in the United States of a range of housing types that had served a larger demographic of renters and buyers. These housing types are referred to as “middle housing” because they consist of multi-unit or clustered housing types with densities greater than a lot containing a single residential home and less than a lot containing a large apartment building. They are referred to as "missing" because, since the 1940s, residential zoning law throughout the United States has stymied their development and facilitated a shift to auto-dependent patterns of development and large swaths of land in U.S. cities dedicated exclusively to single-family detached homes on relatively large lots. Recognizing how these development patterns contribute to Oregon's housing affordability crisis and housing inequity, the 2019 legislative cycle in Oregon led to the passage of three bills: Oregon House Bills 2001 and 2003, and Oregon Senate Bill 608. This article focuses on HB 2001 and SB 608. Oregon House Bill 2001 addresses “missing middle” housing by essentially requiring all Oregon cities to allow some form of middle housing as of right in areas that allow single-family homes. In addition to providing for middle housing by right, HB 2001 included requirements and resources to help local governments overcome some of the barriers to the development of affordable middle housing. The state addressed affordability for renters head on in Oregon Senate Bill 608. SB 608 amended the state’s landlord tenant law to add a just-cause requirement for landlords to terminate a tenancy and limit the maximum rent increases allowed during a one-year period.
Consensual Non-Monogamy Relationship Rules Among Young Gay and Bisexual Men: A Dyadic Qualitative Analysis.

Consensual non-monogamous (CNM) relationship rules, the boundaries and understandings partners have about acceptable behaviors related to their CNM relationship, are associated with relationship functioning and sexual health risk among gay and bisexual men. Partnered young gay and bisexual men (YGBM) experience unique relational challenges and sexual health disparities. Thus, understanding the nuances of relationship rules among YGBM in CNM relationships is of particular importance. However, few studies have examined relationship rules specifically among YGBM. The current study sought to explore relationship rules among YGBM in CNM relationships, including both those explicitly discussed and those implicitly assumed. We also assessed concordance and discrepancies in partners’ reports of their relationship rules, as well as rule violations. Partners from 10 CNM couples (n = 20; Mage = 25.3) completed separate semi-structured interviews that included questions about their relationship rules. Individual- and dyad-level analyses were conducted using a modified version of the consensual qualitative research method. Three main themes of relationship rules emerged from the data: extradyadic partner criteria, conditions regarding extradyadic sex, and conditions regarding maintenance of the primary relationship. While 39% of participants reported rules that were not endorsed by their partner, few clearly contradictory discrepancies in partners’ reports were observed. Nine participants reported having at least one implicit rule and 70% of participants (from 8 of 10 couples) reported that they and/or their partner violated at least one rule. Explicit rules and rule concordance may be associated with improved relationship functioning. Common violations of sexual risk reduction rules may contribute to YGBM’s increased HIV/STI risk.
A Critical Review of Biomass Kinetics and Membrane Filtration Models for Membrane Bioreactor Systems

Abstract Performance modeling of wastewater treatment systems has now become an attractive area of investigation for the design, analysis, and optimization of operations. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a complex system, composed of different processes such as biological process as well as membrane filtration process. Various models have been developed over the years to individually describe each of these processes. Activated sludge model no. 1 (ASM1) was introduced in 1987, primarily for the design and operation of the biological wastewater treatment processes for ammonia and organic matter removal. In 1995, ASM2 was proposed capturing the removal of phosphorus from wastewater. Finally in 1999, ASM3 was developed as a more accurate model to correct the deficiencies associated with ASM1. ASMs have been widely employed during the last decade to simulate the bioprocess/biomass kinetics in the MBR systems. To incorporate the membrane fouling phenomenon in the modeling approach as well as to better understand the individual and collective foulants, the ASM approaches were modified in 1989 by introducing a main foulant contributing to the membrane fouling phenomenon, the so-called soluble microbial products (SMP) concept. This represents the inception of the hybrid models. Mechanistic modeling of the MBR filtration process is mainly performed using resistance-in-series (RIS) model as one of the extensively used approaches with different subdivisions of total resistance corresponding to the fouling mechanisms. To further improve the knowledge about the system behavior, a combination of the hybrid models with fouling models (mostly RIS) known as integrated models was developed in 2002. Numerous studies have been subsequently devoted to utilizing the integrated models as a best-case scenario for forecasting the MBR process behavior. Moreover in recent years, connectionist tools such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have attracted significant attention as reliable modeling methods to predict complex processes associated with the membrane separation by providing linear and nonlinear relationships between the variables. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature associated with biomass kinetics developments as well as membrane filtration modeling. A wide range of the models proposed for system optimization, from empirical/system identification to mechanistic/analytical mathematical models are reviewed in this paper. The challenges/limitations with the available models as well as recommendations for future work on MBR modeling and optimization are also highlighted.
Unequal Rights: Discrimination Against People With Mental Disabilities and the Americans With Disabilities Act

ing, and a variety of governmental controls, including marriage and divorce laws, custody and parental rights determinations, and police practices. Stefan makes the point, supported by social science research, that the general public views people with mental disabilities—a compromise term she uses to decrease stigmatization associated with language referring to “disease”—as somehow being to blame for their condition or capable of controlling their disability. Unlike many works that address clinical and legal topics, Professor Stefan’s work gives us the problem in the words and voices of those who must live with the injustice. In chapter 2 she demonstrates how the language that clinicians and attorneys use to describe an incident or situation varies markedly from the description of these same incidents by the people who endure them. She also introduces the reader to a logical differentiation of persons who experience discrimination into two categories. The first category comprises people who “pass,” whose lives are affected by mental disability but whose struggles against the impact of the disability are all too often discounted. The second category includes people who are part of the public mental health system. People in this second category often see any evidence of strength or ability they possess being erased as a result of systemic discrimination. Chapter 3 examines the conflict
Anatomy of tumor development in grape stem tissue inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens biovar 3, strain AG 63

The development of tumors in grape stem tissue inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens biovar 3 was monitored by light microscopy. Cell types in the vascular bundle were early sites (52 h) of rapid and sustained cell division. Most actively dividing were xylem parenchyma, starch sheath, ray parenchyma and cambial cells. Bacterial growth appeared extensive only in xylem vessels and a massive reduction in bacterial cell numbers occurred at 48–60h. Inoculated tissues showed continued cell division during the 120h period of observation. On the other hand, wounded but non-inoculated tissues revealed that cell division, which was limited to the cambial zone, was virtually completed in 72–96h.
Chemical exposures in the workplace and breast cancer risk: A prospective cohort study.

We investigated the relationship between workplace chemical exposures and breast cancer risk among women enrolled in the Sister Study, a prospective cohort study of US and Puerto Rican women. A total of 47,640 participants reported work outside of the home. Workplace exposure to eleven agents (acids, dyes or inks, gasoline or other petroleum products, glues or adhesives, lubricating oils, metals, paints, pesticides, soldering materials, solvents and stains or varnishes) was characterized based on self-reports of frequency and duration of use. Approximately 14% of the study population reported exposure to only one agent and 11% reported working with two or more of the 11 agents in their lifetime. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for each agent, adjusting for established breast cancer risk factors. During follow-up, 1,966 cases of breast cancer were reported. Although there were no significant associations between ever use of the eleven agents evaluated and breast cancer risk, women with cumulative exposure to gasoline or petroleum products at or above the highest quartile cutoff had an elevated risk of total (HR: 2.3, 95%CI: 1.1-4.9) and invasive (HR: 2.5, 95%CI: 1.1-5.9) breast cancer compared with women in the lowest quartile group (ptrend = 0.03). Workplace exposure to soldering materials was associated with an increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer (HR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1-3.0). Findings support the need for further studies to elucidate the role of occupational chemicals in breast cancer etiology.
Surgery for cervical dystonia: The emergence of denervation and myotomy techniques and the contributions of early surgeons at the Johns Hopkins Hospital - Historical vignette

Cervical dystonia is a psychologically and physically disabling disease that has intrigued clinicians since the early history of surgery. Because of its elusive etiology, its operative treatment has had an extended evolutionary voyage. Early surgical approaches involved resection of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Later recognition of more diffuse involvement of the posterior neck muscles led to the introduction of new techniques with more effective results. A review of available surgical patient records at The Johns Hopkins Hospital from around the turn of the 20th century provided a glimpse of the early history of the operative treatment for torticollis through the work of some of the leaders of surgery, including Halsted, Cushing, and specifically Finney. Here, the authors present a segment of history on the surgical treatment of this disease as it relates to the introduction of myotomy and denervation techniques.
Instructed Concept Appropriation and L2 Pragmatic Development in the Classroom

In this article, we investigate the integration of concept-based pragmatics instruction, grounded in Vygotskian sociocultural psychology, in an intact second-semester French class (n = 13) over the course of an academic term. Our focus is on learners’ appropriation of the concepts of self-presentation, social distance, and power with respect to the French second-person pronoun system (i.e., tu versus vous) as revealed through language awareness questionnaires, appropriateness judgment tasks, and computer-mediated strategic interaction scenario performances. Following this three-tiered approach to analysis, our findings show that learners developed a deeper and more systematic understanding of tu and vous, that they were able to apply the concepts in planning language use, and that their use of tu and vous became more sensitive to maintaining symmetrical social relationships.
Computational Considerations for the Simulation of Discontinuous Flows

The numerical study of aeroacoustic problems places stringent demands on the choice of a computational algorithm, because it requires the ability to propagate disturbances of small amplitude and short wavelength. The demands are particularly high when shock waves are involved, because the chosen algorithm must also resolve discontinuities in the solution. In a previous work (Casper & Carpenter, 1998) the capabilities and deficiencies of shock-capturing methods for aeroacoustic problems were demonstrated using a high-order essentially nonoscillatory (ENO) numerical method. It was shown that first-order results are obtained when simulating time-dependent flows with discontinuities. The present study reaffirms this conclusion by comparing the ENO results with those obtained using a conventional linear scheme.
The Effect of Dietary Vanadium on Fatty Acid and Cholesterol Synthesis and Turnover in the Chick

Day-old, male, broiler type chicks were used to study the effect of 100 ppm dietary vanadium on fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis and turnover in vivo. After feeding the experimental diets for 4 weeks body weight and liver weight of chicks fed 100 ppm vanadium were significantly less than those of the control chicks and liver total lipid and cholesterol tended to be slightly higher than the levels of the control chicks. The rate of incorporation of (1-/sup 14/C)acetate into plasma and liver total lipid, cholesterol and fatty acid was higher in chicks fed vanadium than the control group at any of the time being tested after the injection. There was a significant increase in the hepatic citrate cleavage enzyme activity among chicks fed 100 ppm vanadium, whereas, there was no significant change in acetate thiokinase activity. Turnover rate of plasma total lipid and fatty acid in vanadium fed chicks was lower than the control. The turnover rate of plasma cholesterol determined by administering (4-/sup 14/C)cholesterol and periodically measuring the specific activity of plasma cholesterol was higher in chicks fed vanadium than in those fed the basal diet. 31 references, 1 figure, 9 tables.
Empirical evidence on a special-interest-group perspective to antitrust

While the antitrust laws claim to serve the public interest, they are as susceptible to the influence of special-interest groups as are any public policies. This paper extends the empirical literature regarding the special-interest theory of antitrust. Our additional empirical evidence addresses some of the shortcomings in previous approaches. In particular, we conduct a more rigorous statistical examination. This paper separates two crucial issues. First, what happened to prices and output from 1880 to 1900, prior to and following passage of the Sherman Act in 1890? Second, what do these empirical results mean for the origin, history, and development of antitrust?
Effects of adverse childhood experiences on the association between intranasal oxytocin and social stress reactivity among individuals with cocaine dependence.

Abstract Background Drug dependence and adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are commonly reflected by dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). Accumulating research indicates that the neuropeptide oxytocin may regulate HPA function, resulting in reductions in neuroendocrine reactivity to social stress among individuals with drug dependence. However, emerging literature suggests that individual differences may differentially impact intranasal oxytocin's effects on human social behaviors. Methods This study employed a double-blind, placebo-controlled design to examine the extent to which ACE influenced the effects of intranasal oxytocin (40 IU) on neuroendocrine reactivity to a laboratory social stress paradigm in a sample of 31 cocaine-dependent individuals. Results ACE scores modified the relationship between intranasal oxytocin and cortisol reactivity. While ACE modified the relationship between intranasal oxytocin and DHEA response in a similar direction to what was seen in cortisol, it did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions Findings are congruent with the emerging hypothesis that intranasal oxytocin may differentially attenuate social stress reactivity among individuals with specific vulnerabilities. Future research examining the nuances of intranasal oxytocin's therapeutic potential is necessary.
Unbalanced Distribution Power Flow with Distributed Generation

Recently the number of distributed generators (DG) being integrated in to the distribution system has increased. The distribution system is no longer a single source system. Thus there has to be a change in strategy for distribution analysis. This would require a fast power flow solution with DG. This paper presents the developed three phase unbalanced power flow algorithm with the choice of modeling DG as PQ or PV node. This gives flexibility in modeling various types of DGs. The distribution system model includes modeling of lines, cables, transformers, switches, capacitors, loads and DGs. IEEE test cases are designed for testing the three phase unbalanced algorithm for single source systems. A DG was introduced in the IEEE 13-node test case and the results demonstrate the effect the DG has on voltage profile and currents. Some of the results were verified using radial distribution analysis package (RDAP)
Efficient Modeling of Memory Arrays in Symbolic Simulation

This paper enables symbolic simulation of systems with large embedded memories. Each memory array is replaced with a behavioral model, where the number of symbolic variables used to characterize the initial state of the memory is proportional to the number of memory accesses. The memory state is represented by a list containing entries of the form 〈c, a, d〉, where c is a Boolean expression denoting the set of conditions for which the entry is defined, a is an address expression denoting a memory location, and d is a data expression denoting the contents of this location. Address and data expressions are represented as vectors of Boolean expressions. The list interacts with the rest of the circuit by means of a software interface developed as part of the symbolic simulation engine. The interface monitors the control lines of the memory array and translates read and write conditions into accesses to the list. This memory model was also incorporated into the Symbolic Trajectory Evaluation technique for formal verification. Experimental results show that the new model significantly outperforms the transistor level memory model when verifying a simple pipelined data path.
Moving Targets: Obergefell, Hobby Lobby, and the Future of LGBT Rights

The recognition of marriage equality in Obergefell v. Hodges, just one year after Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. broadened the law of religious freedom, highlights the potential collision course of these movements. This paper is an attempt to navigate the waters where such a collision is most likely. As LGBT rights grow, the choice between generic religious privilege, typified by the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), and specific religious accommodations, such as the treatment of religious non-profits in federal law, will define the terms of the conflict. Part I addresses current federal law, and focuses on the extent to which federal law authorizes religious exemptions from duties to avoid discrimination. The principal examples considered involve the duty of public officials, such as Rowan County (KY) Clerk Kim Davis, to respect the rights of same-sex couples; the duties of military chaplains; and the obligations of employers under the Family and Medical Leave Act. Part II turns to the potential effect of Obergefell and Hobby Lobby on legislative expansion of federal non-discrimination law to cover sexual orientation and gender identity. Hobby Lobby will exacerbate the difficulty of legislative compromises between the cause of LGBT rights and religious freedom concerns. As reflected in the proposed Equality Act, the most difficult questions of law and policy, analyzed in this Part, will involve the rights of religious organizations to engage in otherwise forbidden LGBT discrimination. Part III turns to state law, where recent battles in Indiana and elsewhere have been nationally explosive. Part III.A. explores the significant geographical disconnect between states with RFRAs and those with broad protections for LGBT rights. This Part includes analysis of the cases involving refusal by vendors to serve same sex weddings. Part III.B. discusses recent and anticipated legislative fights, including those involving religiously affiliated non-profit organizations, and suggests that 1) Hobby Lobby has made negotiations more difficult, and 2) some accommodations of religious non-profit organizations remain viable, especially if it coupled with broad expansion of LGBT rights in the commercial sector. Part III.C. focuses on the adjudicative battles that lie ahead between LGBT rights and religious freedom, and the significance of Hobby Lobby for those contests.
Advantages of using command shaping over feedback for crane control

Cranes are the primary heavy lifters for a wide variety of industries. However, all cranes share the same important limitation on efficiency: payload oscillation. Given the significance of cranes, it is not surprising that a large amount of research has been dedicated to eliminating this oscillation. Much of this research has been directed toward feedback control methods. Another portion of the work has focused primarily on command-shaping methods. This paper explores the problems with using feedback for crane control, which include the difficulty in sensing the crane payload, widely varying system dynamics, and human-operator compatibility. In light of these problems, input shaping is shown to be a favorable solution.
Thermophysical properties of Hg0.8Cd0.2Te melt: Density, electrical conductivity and viscosity

Thermophysical properties, namely, density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity of Hg0.8Cd0.2Te melt were measured as a function of temperature. A pycnometric method was used to measure the melt density in the temperature range of 1072–1122 K. The viscosity and electrical conductivity were simultaneously determined using a transient torque method from 1068 to 1132 K. The density result from this study is within 0.3% of the published data. However, the current viscosity result is approximately 30% lower than the existing data. The electrical conductivity of Hg0.8Cd0.2Te melt as a function of temperature, which is not available in the literature, is also determined. The analysis of the temperature dependent electrical conductivity and the relationship between the kinematic viscosity and density indicated that the structure of the melt appeared to be homogeneous when the temperature was above 1090 K. A structural transition occurred in the Hg0.8Cd0.2Te melt as the temperature was decreased from 1090 K to the liquidus temperature.
Rainy/Non-Rainy Day Pattern Analysis for North Carolina

Trends in rainy/non-rainy days are investigated using the Mann-Kendall non-parametric test at 249 weather station sites of North Carolina, United States. Sen-Slope method has been applied to predict the trend magnitude. Inverse distance weighing interpolation technique is adopted to represent the spatial distribution of trend magnitude across the North Carolina. Quality controlled daily precipitation data sets from 1950 to 2009 have been used to analyze. The double-mass curve and autocorrelation were adopted to analyze the precipitation time series of each station to check the consistency and homogeneity. Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) has also been discussed for the study area. It is found in North Carolina that a number of rainy day trends are increasing both spatially and temporally. Eastern part of North Carolina shows the significant increasing rainy day trends. Trend significance has been checked at 1% and 5% significance level. Recent decades show the high SPI in both the extent of wetness and dryness.
The effect of phosphate infusions upon renal phosphate clearance in man: Evidence for tubular phosphate secretion☆

Abstract Renal excretion of phosphate was investigated in 7 normal subjects and 24 patients with diseases associated with abnormal phosphate excretion. Infusions of neutral phosphate solution were given in such a fashion as to produce an approximately constant rate of increase of serum phosphate concentration. In no case was a maximum rate of tubular reabsorption (TmP) sustained. The maximal reabsorption occurred in most studies during the preinfusion periods or early in the infusion. Regression lines relating excreted to filtered phosphate had a slope greater than unity in 22 of 31 studies, significantly so (p
Directed assembly in epitaxial zinc oxide films on focused ion beam modified sapphire substrates

A new method for directed self-assembly using focused ion beam (FIB) and physical vapor deposition is presented. The high resolution and site-specific patterning capabilities of FIB are coupled with the self-assembly process in heteroepitaxial thin film growth. An efficient FIB-induced damage mechanism is exploited to pattern amorphous regions in sapphire substrates which direct the subsequent assembly of a sputter-deposited zinc oxide film. This novel approach allows for the fabrication of in-plane nano- to microscale heterostructures comprising epitaxial regions with high strain and defect density that are separated by regions of randomly oriented (in-plane) grains with much lower strain and defect density.
The “Open Letter”: Radiologists' Reports in the Era of Patient Web Portals

Historically, radiologists' official written reports have functionally been proprietary communications between radiologists and referring providers. Although never secret, these reports have traditionally been archived in the medical record, with tightly controlled access. Patients rarely viewed reports directly. As patient-centered care, transparent communication, and electronic archiving have converged, however, radiologists' reports, like many other medical record components, are increasingly accessible to patients via web-based "portals." Many radiologists harbor justified anxiety about whether and how radiology reports should change in response to these portals. Direct patient access to radiology reports raises several questions, including: who are reports really for, what is their essential purpose, what content should they include or omit, what limits should be placed on their accessibility, and what ethical and legal ramifications arise from the reports' unfettered accessibility. In this paper, we outline the challenges and opportunities that arise from direct patient access to radiology reports via web-based portals, and propose an approach to optimizing radiologists' reports in an era of enhanced transparency. We conclude that, in effect, the health information web portal is a "train which has left the station"; patient portals are a nationwide reality, and transparency is now a public and professional expectation. Radiologists urgently need to consider quality implications for their report writing in order to address the challenges these developments pose, and to best harness the potential benefits for patients and providers.
Supersymmetric vector multiplets in nonadjoint representations of SO ( N )

In the conventional formulation of $N=1$ supersymmetry, a vector multiplet is supposed to be in the adjoint representation of a given gauge group. We present a new formulation with a vector multiplet in the nonadjoint representation of $\mathrm{SO}(N)$ gauge group. Our basic algebra is $[{T}^{I},{T}^{J}]={f}^{IJK}{T}^{K}$, $[{T}^{I},{U}^{i}]=\ensuremath{-}({T}^{I}{)}^{ij}{U}^{j}$, $[{U}^{i},{U}^{j}]=\ensuremath{-}({T}^{I}{)}^{ij}{T}^{I}$, where ${T}^{I}$ are the generators of $\mathrm{SO}(N)$, while ${U}^{i}$ are the new ``generators'' in certain nonadjoint real representation $R$ of $\mathrm{SO}(N)$. We use here the word generator in the broader sense of the word. Such a representation can be any real representation of $\mathrm{SO}(N)$ with the positive definite metric, satisfying $({T}^{I}{)}^{ij}=\ensuremath{-}({T}^{I}{)}^{ji}$ and $({T}^{I}{)}^{[ij|}({T}^{I}{)}^{|k]l}\ensuremath{\equiv}0$. The first nontrivial examples are the spinorial ${\mathbf{8}}_{\mathrm{S}}$ and conjugate spinorial ${\mathbf{8}}_{\mathrm{C}}$ representations of SO(8) consistent with supersymmetry. We further couple the system to chiral multiplets and show that a Higgs mechanism can give positive definite $(\mathrm{\text{mass}}{)}^{2}$ to the new gauge fields for ${U}^{i}$. We show an analogous system working with $N=1$ supersymmetry in 10D, and thereby $N=4$ system in 4D interacting with extra multiplets in the representation $R$. We also perform superspace reformulation as an independent confirmation.
Spectral radiance of some flames and their temperature determination

The spectral radiance of several flames in the 2-15-μ wavelength region have been measured using a low-resolution infrared spectrometer. The spectral absorptivities have been determined, and this information combined with the radiance measurements has led to a determination of the flame temperature. The techniques of measurement and calibration are described including the important effects of the spectrometer slit width and atmospheric attenuation both on the calibration and the measurements.
Genetic and maternal effects on offspring fitness in Lupinus texensis (Fabaceae)

Two experiments were designed to examine jointly the roles of maternal effect, genetic load, and other genetic variability at nuclear loci in determining offspring fitness in Lupinus texensis, an outbreeding annual herb. A diallel crossing design was used to generate seeds in the greenhouse. This design directly compares maternal and paternal contribution to offspring survival, growth, and flowering, and also assesses the role of genetic load because selfs are included in the crossing design. A nested crossing design was used to generate seeds at a field site. This design addresses the contribution of parental plants to their offspring under natural conditions. Maternal effects occur throughout the life cycle, but dominate the early growth of offspring in L. texensis. Inbreeding depression also occurs throughout the life cycle, but primarily affects size and survival of offspring. Overall inbreeding depression is substantial (8 = 0.66), exceeding the twofold threshold required for maintenance of an outcrossing mating system. However, lineages vary in the stages at which inbreeding depression occurs. Moreover, extreme heterogeneity was observed among lineages, with inbreeding depression ranging from negligible (8 = 0.02) to complete (8 = 1.00). This heterogeneity could allow the invasion and maintenance of selfing genotypes in natural populations of L. texensis.
High-resolution physical mapping of a 250-kb region of human chromosome 11q24 by genomic sequence sampling (GSS)

A physical map of the region of human chromosome 11q24 containing the FLI1 gene, disrupted by the t(11;22) translocation in Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumors, was analyzed by genomic sequence sampling. Using a 4- to 5-fold coverage chromosome 11-specific library, 22 region-specific cosmid clones were identified by phenol emulsion reassociation hybridization, with a 245-kb yeast artificial chromosome clone containing the FLI1 gene, and by directed {open_quotes}walking{close_quotes} techniques. Cosmid contigs were constructed by individual clone fingerprinting using restriction enzyme digestion and assembly with the Genome Reconstruction and AsseMbly (GRAM) computer algorithm. The relative orientation and spacing of cosmid contigs with respect to the chromosome were determined by the structural analysis of cosmid clones and by direct visual in situ hybridization mapping. Each cosmid clone in the contig was subjected to {open_quotes}one-pass{close_quotes} end sequencing, and the resulting ordered sequence fragments represent {approximately}5% of the complete DNA sequence, making the entire region accessible by PCR amplification. The sequence samples were analyzed for putative exons, repetitive DNAs, and simple sequence repeats using a variety of computer algorithms. Based upon the computer predictions, Southern and Northern blot experiments led to the independent identification and localization of the FLI1 gene as well as a previouslymore » unknown gene located in this region of chromosome 11q24. This approach to high-resolution physical analysis of human chromosomes allows the assembly of detailed sequence-based maps. 62 refs., 7 figs.« less
Toward a Theory of Collaborative Policy Networks: Identifying Structural Tendencies

Support for the “democratization of the policy sciences” has led to the development of a number of frameworks and theories to enhance the normative, multidisciplinary approach to policy analysis. However, this approach has been challenged for failing to produce the objective empirical and normative standards implied by its scientific aspirations. One consideration that has been advanced under a variety of rubrics is “participatory policy analysis.” This is a methodological proposal that expands the range of actors/stakeholders involved in the making and execution of public policy in a discursive or deliberative mode. While much of the research on policy networks is focused on the management and coordination of such networks (i.e., collaborative management), there is little attention on analysis of networks as a participatory policy analytical approach. We propose a theory of “collaborative policy networks” that examines not only the stakeholder composition of a group or the partnerships between any two stakeholders but also the way these stakeholders are embedded in various degrees of institutionalized structure and the discursive tendencies of exchange among them that leads to policy initiative, implementation, evaluation, and possibly termination. Collaborative policy networks are characterized by discursive properties, specifically reciprocity, representation, equality, participatory decision making, and collaborative leadership. We suggest that the results of such research can identify structural signatures of collaborative policy networks that serve as “stamps” of the common nature of such networks that, if fostered, can inform and improve the attempt of networks of partners to achieve policy goals.