cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An X-ray and neutron diffraction structure analysis of a triply-bridged binuclear iridium complex, [[(C5(CH3)5Ir)2(μ-H)3]+ [ClO4]−• 2C6H6]

Abstract The structure of [[(C5(CH3)5Ir)2(μ-H)3]+ [ClO4]−· 2C6H6] has been studied with X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques at room temperature and 21 K, respectively. Crystal data from the X-ray diffraction analysis of the title compound at room temperature: space group pnnm; a = 13.358(4), b = 14.083(4), c = 8.846(3) A; V = 1664.3(9) A3;Z = 2. Final agreement factors are R(F) = 0.026 and R(wF) = 0.034 for 1007 independent X-ray reflections with I > 3σ(I) and 130 parameters varied. Crystal data for the neutron diffraction analysis at 21 K: space group P21212; a = 13.261(3), b = 13.625(3), c = 8.612(2) A; V = 1556.0(8) A3; Z = 2. Final agreement factors are R(F) = 0.038 and R(wF) = 0.042 for 2315 independent neutron reflections and 393 parameters varied. The neutron diffraction study represents the first accurate structure determination of a symmetric dimer with a metalmetal bond bridged by three hydride ligands. Average molecular parameters are: IrH = 1.78(1), IrIr = 2.465(3), H···H = 2.22(2) A, IrHIr = 87.8(4)°, HIrH = 77.2(7)°, HHH = 60.0(7)°.
Localization of proteins that are coordinately expressed with Cln2 during the cell cycle

The localization of proteins can give important clues about their function and help sort data from large-scale proteomic screens. Forty-five proteins were tagged with the GFP variant YFP. These proteins were chosen because they are encoded by genes that display strong cell cycle-dependent expression that peaks in G1. Most of these proteins localize to either the nucleus or to sites of cell growth. We are able to assign new cellular component GO terms to ASF2, TOS4, RTT109, YBR070C, YKR090W, YOL007C, YOL019W and YPR174C. We also have localization data for 21 other proteins. Noteworthy localizations were found for Rfa1p, a member of the DNA replication A complex, and Pri2p and Pol12p, subunits of the α-DNA polymerase : primase complex. In addition to its nuclear localization, Rfa1p assembled into cytoplasmic foci adjacent to the nucleus in cells during the G1–S phase transition of the cell cycle. Pri2 and Pol12 took on a beaded appearance at the G1–S transition and later in the cell cycle were enriched in the nuclear envelope. A new spindle pole body/nuclear envelope component encoded by YPR174 was identified. The cell cycle-dependent abundance of Tos4p mirrored Yox1p and these two proteins were the only proteins that were found exclusively at the G1–S phase of the cell cycle. A complete list of localizations, along with images, can be found at our website (http://www.yeastrc.org/cln2/). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth of Beauveria bassiana in Fire Ant Nest Soil with Amendments

Abstract Studies evaluated the capacity of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. to grow, spread, and sporulate in soil from fire ant ( Solenopsis invicta Buren) nests, with or without nutrient amendments. Amendments included fire ant carcasses, chitin, and rice. Soil obtained from fire ant nests was inoculated with B. bassiana as mycelial mats, conidial suspension, or infected cadavers. No significant differences in colony diameters were detected among the nonsterile soil treatments regardless of inoculum type, but in sterile soil amended with ants or rice, fungal colonies were significantly larger than colonies on control or chitin-amended soil. CFU counts also showed similar results. Ground rice and either sodium dodecyl sulfate-clean or natural ant carcasses showed equally beneficial effects on fungal growth in sterile soil. Results suggest that addition of tested amendments to the nest soil, as would be accomplished by formulation of microbial insecticides, may not offer any advantage to the development of epizootics of B. bassiana in fire ant nests.
Miliary tuberculosis in a high prevalence area of the U.K.: Blackburn 1978–1993

Thirty-nine cases of military tuberculosis treated between 1978-1993 in a district with a high incidence of tuberculosis are reported. Twenty-eight patients were of Indian Subcontinent (ISC) ethnic origin, 10 patients were Caucasian and one patient was Chinese. Mortality at 10% in both Caucasian (chi2 4.94; 0.05 > P > 0.01) and ISC patients (chi2 10.22; 0.001 > P) were significantly lower than in a recently reported series from Edinburgh, as was the proportion of post mortem diagnoses of miliary tuberculosis (chi2 6.35; 0.02 > P > 0.01). Both the rate of miliary tuberculosis and the average age at diagnosis in Caucasian patients were lower than in the Edinburgh series suggesting that miliary tuberculosis could be under-diagnosed in the elderly Caucasian population in the Blackburn district. The better outcome of those diagnosed in life may be partly due to heightened awareness of tuberculosis locally and partly due to treatment by a centralized tuberculosis service.
Delineating Liver Events in Trichloroethylene-Induced Autoimmune Hepatitis

Exposure to the environmental pollutant trichloroethylene (TCE) has been linked to autoimmune disease development in humans. Chronic (32-week) low-level exposure to TCE has been shown to promote autoimmune hepatitis in association with CD4(+) T cell activation in autoimmune-prone MRL+/+ mice. MRL+/+ mice are usually thought of as a model of systemic lupus rather than an organ-specific disease such as autoimmune hepatitis. Consequently, the present study examined gene expression and metabolites to delineate the liver events that skewed the autoimmune response toward that organ in TCE-treated mice. Female MRL+/+ mice were treated with 0.5 mg/mL TCE in their drinking water. The results showed that TCE-induced autoimmune hepatitis could be detected in as little as 26 weeks. TCE exposure also generated a time-dependent increase in the number of antibodies specific for liver proteins. The gene expression correlated with the metabolite analysis to show that TCE upregulated the methionine/homocysteine pathway in the liver after 26 weeks of exposure. The results also showed that TCE exposure altered the expression of selective hepatic genes associated with immunity and inflammation. On the basis of these results, future mechanistic studies will focus on how alterations in genes associated with immunity and inflammation, in conjunction with protein alterations in the liver, promote liver immunogenicity in TCE-treated MRL+/+ mice.
The posts continue: becoming

This paper describes assumptions of representational logic and phenomenology that organize much of Enlightenment humanism and one of its knowledge projects, conventional humanist qualitative methodology. The author argues that the ontological critiques of “post” theorists, including Foucault, Derrida, Baudrillard, Lyotard, and Deleuze and Guattari, were set aside in favor of epistemological projects following World War II and that, in general, the “posts” had little effect on that methodology. Those critiques are now being put to work and extended in the new empiricism and new materialism to re-imagine being, always an ethical task. Whether humanist qualitative inquiry can survive the ontological turn is a question to consider.
Motor vehicle injury prevention: current recommendations for child passenger safety.

Children need different restraint types and locations depending on their age and size. This article summarizes current child passenger safety recommendations for children ages birth to 8-10 years old. The biomechanical principles upon which the recommendations are based are described. It is suggested that the emergency physician is well suited to play the role of parent educator and political advocate for child passenger safety. Sources of further information and technical advice are provided.
Implementing the automated factory

Abstract It has been well documented that companies can attain significant competitive advantages through advanced manufacturing technologies such as flexible manufacturing systems, computer aided design, and robotic systems. Yet, it is equally well known that many companies are reluctant to install these technologies, and those who do frequently are not reaping the advantages the technologies can offer, largely because of the difficulties of implementing these expensive, complex systems. Some of the major difficulties in implementing the automated factory, sometimes referred to as the factory of the future, are addressed here. A generic implementation plan is formulated and the major impediments are described. These include an assessment of the firm's readiness for automation, conducting the “as is” study, and attending to the automation infrastructure and organizational interfaces.
Synthetic Mimics of Surfactant Proteins B and C:In VitroSurface Activity and Effects on Lung Compliance in Two Animal Models of Surfactant Deficiency

Abstract Synthetic surfactant peptides SP-B 1–78 and SPC 1–31 in a standard phospholipid mixture have been employed to examine the correlation between in vitro surface activity and in vivo function of synthetic surfactant preparations in the isolated rat lung and premature rabbit models of respiratory distress syndrome. Monolayer techniques showed that SP-B peptides have a high propensity for association with a phospholipid structure. By dynamic respreading, synthetic SP-B and SP-C showed rapid spreading and attained low surface tensions. Used as replacement surfactants in two animal models, these synthetic surfactant preparations partially restored lung compliance in lavaged rats and premature rabbits better than a pure phospholipid preparation and to a degree comparable to clinical surfactant, measured by pressure/volume curves. Our data confirm that in vitro functional determinations of synthetic surfactant peptides are instrumental in the preparation of replacement surfactants, and that dispersions thus selected represent viable therapeutic alternatives to current treatments for respiratory distress syndrome.
Stem-Boring Caterpillars of Switchgrass in the Midwestern United States

Lepidopteran stem borers were collected from switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., tillers showing symptoms of infestation at seven locations in Illinois and Iowa, with additional observations made on larval and adult activity. Blastobasis repartella (Dietz) (Coleophoridae), whose only known host is switchgrass, was common in plots grown for >5 yr, whereas the polyphagous stalk borer, Papaipema nebris (Guenee) (Noctuidae), was abundant in newly established (i.e., first- and second-year) switchgrass. Haimbachia albescens Capps (Crambidae) was collected from two locations in Illinois, making switchgrass the first known host for this species. Entry holes made by B. repartella and H. albescens were usually 1–2 cm above the soil surface, precluding discrimination between these species based on external appearance of damage. Although P. nebris often entered stems within 5 cm of the soil surface, they also seemed to move between stems and were the only species entering stems at heights >15 cm. Adults of B. repartella were active on and above the switchgrass canopy by 2130 hours, with peak activity at ≈0230 hours. Activity of B. repartella adults seemed greatly reduced on one night with relatively cool temperatures and low wind speeds. Data from switchgrass and giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida L., suggest P. nebris larvae move out of switchgrass during July in search of hosts with larger diameter stems, although by then hosts such as corn, Zea mays L., or Miscanthus spp. may have outgrown the potential for serious damage. However, switchgrass could contribute to greater adult populations of P. nebris if thick-stemmed hosts such as giant ragweed are not managed.
A transient α-helical molecular recognition element in the disordered N-terminus of the Sgs1 helicase is critical for chromosome stability and binding of Top3/Rmi1

The RecQ-like DNA helicase family is essential for the maintenance of genome stability in all organisms. Sgs1, a member of this family in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, regulates early and late steps of double-strand break repair by homologous recombination. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that the N-terminal 125 residues of Sgs1 are disordered and contain a transient α-helix that extends from residue 25 to 38. Based on the residue-specific knowledge of transient secondary structure, we designed proline mutations to disrupt this α-helix and observed hypersensitivity to DNA damaging agents and increased frequency of genome rearrangements. In vitro binding assays show that the defects of the proline mutants are the result of impaired binding of Top3 and Rmi1 to Sgs1. Extending mutagenesis N-terminally revealed a second functionally critical region that spans residues 9-17. Depending on the position of the proline substitution in the helix functional impairment of Sgs1 function varied, gradually increasing from the C- to the N-terminus. The multiscale approach we used to interrogate structure/function relationships in the long disordered N-terminal segment of Sgs1 allowed us to precisely define a functionally critical region and should be generally applicable to other disordered proteins.
FLT3/FLK-2 (STK-1) Ligand Does Not Stimulate Human Megakaryopoiesis In Vitro

It has not yet been determined if the FLT3/FLK-2 or STK-1 Ligand (STK-1L)/FLT3/FLK-2 or STK-1 receptor (STK-1R) axis has the ability to regulate human megakaryopoiesis in vitro. To address this question, we exposed normal human CD34+ marrow mononuclear cells to recombinant human STK-1L alone, or in combination with other growth factors. Colony-forming unit-megakaryocytic/thrombocytes (CFU-Meg) and BFU-E-derived colonies were then enumerated, and effects on colony size and maturation noted. As assessed by these parameters, STK-1L had no demonstrable effect on megakaryocyte colony formation. Similarly, suppressing STK-1R expression with oligodeoxynucleotides also had no influence on CFU-Meg-derived colony formation. To begin to derive a physiologic explanation for these findings, we examined freshly isolated normal human megakaryocytes for the presence of STK-1L and STK-1R mRNA. In contrast to a growing number of growth factors and growth factor receptors which appear to be expressed by megakaryocytes, normal mature human megakaryocytes express neither STK-1R or STK-1L mRNA. Accordingly, our results led us to hypothesize that if STK-1/STK-1L have any effects on megakaryocyte development in vitro, they are likely subtle and of uncertain physiologic significance.
Collective decoherence of the superpositional entangled states in the quantum Shor algorithm

We consider collective decoherence for the quantum Shor algorithm. A quantum computer which interacts with its environment is modeled by a spin-$1∕2$ chain interacting with harmonic oscillators at a given temperature. We calculate the nondiagonal matrix elements of the density matrix which are important for implementation of the quantum Shor algorithm, and study the decay rate and the Lamb phase shift for these elements. It is shown that the probability of superdecoherence in the quantum Shor algorithm is extremely small. The conditions for preserving quantum entanglement are formulated.
Acute lethality of copper, cadmium, and zinc to northern squawfish.

Abstract Flow-through acute toxicity tests on juvenile northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) were conducted with copper, cadmium, and zinc. The 96-hour median lethal concentrations were 18 μg/liter for copper, 1,104 μg/liter for cadmium, and 3,693 μg/liter for zinc in 12 C water. These values, when compared to those for chinook salmon and steelhead parr tested under similar conditions, show that the northern squawfish are more tolerant than the two salmonids to zinc and cadmium but equally sensitive to copper.
Cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis

Cognitive impairment is common among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), but some patients are able to withstand considerable disease burden (e.g. white matter lesions, cerebral atrophy) without cognitive impairment (cognitive inefficiency, memory decline). What protects these patients from cognitive impairment? We review the literature on cognitive reserve in MS, which shows that heritable (larger maximal lifetime brain growth) and environmental (greater intellectual enrichment) factors attenuate the negative effect of disease burden on cognitive status. That is, persons with larger maximal lifetime brain growth, greater vocabulary knowledge, and/or greater early life participation in cognitive leisure activities (e.g. reading, hobbies) are better able to cope with MS disease without cognitive impairment. We review evidence that benefits of intellectual enrichment on cognitive status may stem from more efficient patterns of brain function. We discuss clinical implications and highlight important unanswered questions for future research on reserve against cognitive impairment in MS.
The Lie bracket condition as a test of stable, drift-free pseudoinverse trajectories

C. Klein and K. Kee (1989) showed numerically that pseudoinverse control, while generally being nonconservative, in some cases appears to give conservative results and described a numerical procedure for finding stable, drift-free trajectories. T. Shamir and Y. Yomdin (1988) discuss using the Lie bracket condition (LBC) as a test of the repeatability of redundant manipulator control. The present author examines the hypothesis that the above-mentioned stable trajectories, which are done numerically on a three-link, planar manipulator with relative joints, might be predicted by the LBC. He concludes that the stable trajectories are not contained in the LBC surfaces, but that their closeness suggests that the LBC is a useful analytical test for locating them. >
Metalogue as Methodology: Inquiries into Conversations among Authors, Editors and Referees

Peer review, standard practice for most scholarly journals, often involves mundane discussions between writer and referees mediated by an editor. Occasionally invoked are more controversial issues such as the nature of science or the standards associated with good scientific practice. This article makes a case for recognizing the critical significance of this site — where exchanges between authors, editors and referees take place — as the location where boundaries of acceptable scholarship are negotiated. I argue that metalogues — written conversations among parties that preserve individual voices while revealing contested areas — offer a method of inquiry for exploring the creation of scholarship. Using referees' comments, this article explores what one contested area might look like using writing style as an example. It models the metalogue as a method of inquiry. An advantage of this practice is making visible otherwise abstract philosophical debates through applied examples using empirical evidence ge...
A mobility-based framework for adaptive clustering in wireless ad hoc networks

This paper presents a novel framework for dynamically organizing mobile nodes in wireless ad hoc networks into clusters in which the probability of path availability can be bounded. The purpose of the (/spl alpha/, t) cluster is to help minimize the far-reaching effects of topological changes while balancing the need to support more optimal routing. A mobility model for ad hoc networks is developed and is used to derive expressions for the probability of path availability as a function of time. It is shown how this model provides the basis for dynamically grouping nodes into clusters using an efficient distributed clustering algorithm. Since the criteria for cluster organization depends directly upon path availability, the structure of the cluster topology is adaptive with respect to node mobility. Consequently, this framework supports an adaptive hybrid routing architecture that can be more responsive and effective when mobility rates are low and more efficient when mobility rates are high.
ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL RISK FACTORS WITH TREATMENT OUTCOMES

A patient's decision to accept treatment recommended by his dental health care provider will be strongly influenced by the quality of the information he is given. Estimates of prognosis and treatment predictability must be based on the evidence available from the literature and the practitioners' own experience. Thorough, accurate, and relevant clinical and adjunctive diagnostic data will be a major influence in the development of the patient's individualized treatment strategy. Some clinical findings such as severity of disease for age, deepening pockets accompanied by loss of clinical attachment, frequent bleeding on probing, and bone loss can be considered as risk and prognosis factors. “Hard” data implicating specific clinical or diagnostic findings as risk factors or markers are difficult to find because there are few randomized longitudinal trials available. A new approach which attempts to focus on reducing the risk of undesirable outcomes while improving the probability of successful outcomes foll...
Scan-chain design and optimization for three-dimensional integrated circuits

Scan chains are widely used to improve the testability of integrated circuit (IC) designs and to facilitate fault diagnosis. For traditional 2D IC design, a number of design techniques have been proposed in the literature for scan-chain routing and scan-cell partitioning. However, these techniques are not effective for three-dimensional (3D) technologies, which have recently emerged as a promising means to continue technology scaling. In this article, we propose two techniques for designing scan chains in 3D ICs, with given constraints on the number of through-silicon-vias (TSVs). The first technique is based on a genetic algorithm (GA), and it addresses the ordering of cells in a single scan chain. The second optimization technique is based on integer linear programming (ILP); it addresses single-scan-chain ordering as well as the partitioning of scan flip-flops into multiple scan chains. We compare these two methods by conducting experiments on a set of ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits. The first conclusion obtained from the results is that 3D scan-chain optimization achieves significant wire-length reduction compared to 2D counterparts. The second conclusion is that the ILP-based technique provides lower bounds on the scan-chain interconnect length for 3D ICs, and it offers considerable reduction in wire-length compared to the GA-based heuristic method.
The distribution of target registration error in rigid-body point-based registration

Guidance systems designed for neurosurgery, hip surgery, spine surgery and for approaches to other anatomy that is relatively rigid can use rigid-body transformations to accomplish image registration. These systems often rely on point-based registration to determine the transformation and many such systems use attached fiducial markers to establish accurate fiducial points for the registration, the points being established by some fiducial localization process. Accuracy is important to these systems, as is knowledge of the level of that accuracy. An advantage of marker-based systems, particularly those in which the markers are bone-implanted, is that registration error depends only on the fiducial localization and is, thus, to a large extent independent of the particular object being registered. Thus, it should be possible to predict the clinical accuracy of marker-based systems on the basis of experimental measurements made with phantoms or previous patients. For most registration tasks, the most important error measure is target registration error (TRE), which is the distance after registration between corresponding points not used in calculating the registration transform. Here, the authors derive an approximation to the distribution of TRE; this is an extension of previous work that gave the expected squared value of TRE. They show the distribution of the squared magnitude of TRE and that of the component of TRE in an arbitrary direction. Using numerical simulations, the authors show that their theoretical results are a close match to the simulated ones.
Preparation and biological evaluation of copper-64-labeled tyr3-octreotate using a cross-bridged macrocyclic chelator.

Purpose: Somatostatin receptors (SSTr) are expressed on many neuroendocrine tumors, and several radiotracers have been developed for imaging these types of tumors. For this reason, peptide analogues of somatostatin have been well characterized. Copper-64 (t 1/2 = 12.7 hours), a positron emitter suitable for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, was shown recently to have improved in vivo clearance properties when chelated by the cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycle 4,11-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo(6.6.2)hexadecane (CB-TE2A) compared with 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,8,11-tetraacetic acid (TETA). Experimental Design: CB-TE2A and TETA were conjugated to the somatostatin analogue tyrosine-3-octreotate (Y3-TATE) for evaluation of CB-TE2A as a bifunctional chelator of 64 Cu. The in vitro affinity of each compound for SSTr was determined using a homologous competitive binding assay. In vivo characteristics of both radiolabeled compounds were examined in biodistribution and microPET studies of AR42J tumor-bearing rats. Results: Cu-CB-TE2A-Y3-TATE ( K d = 1.7 nmol/L) and Cu-TETA-Y3-TATE ( K d = 0.7 nmol/L) showed similar affinities for AR42J derived SSTr. In biodistribution studies, nonspecific uptake in blood and liver was lower for 64 Cu-CB-TE2A-Y3-TATE. Differences increased with time such that, at 4 hours, blood uptake was 4.3-fold higher and liver uptake was 2.4-fold higher for 64 Cu-TETA-Y3-TATE than for 64 Cu-CB-TE2A-Y3-TATE. In addition, 4.4-times greater tumor uptake was detected with 64 Cu-CB-TE2A-Y3-TATE than with 64 Cu-TETA-Y3-TATE at 4 hours postinjection. MicroPET imaging yielded similar results. Conclusions: CB-TE2A appears to be a superior in vivo bifunctional chelator of 64 Cu for use in molecular imaging by PET or targeted radiotherapy due to both improved nontarget organ clearance and higher target organ uptake of 64 Cu-CB-TE2A-Y3-TATE compared with 64 Cu-TETA-Y3-TATE.
Pharmacokinetics of famciclovir and penciclovir in tears following oral administration of famciclovir to cats: a pilot study

Objective To validate a means of collecting tears from cats, develop an assay for quantifying famciclovir and penciclovir in tears, and to assess famciclovir and penciclovir concentrations and pharmacokinetics in the tears of cats being treated orally with famciclovir for suspected herpetic disease. Animals Seven client-owned cats. Procedures Cats were treated orally with a median (range) dose of 40 (39–72) mg of famciclovir/kg three times daily for at least 24 h. At various time points following famciclovir administration, tear samples were collected using Schirmer tear test strips. Tear famciclovir and penciclovir concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and concentration-time profiles were analyzed noncompartmentally. The relationship between famciclovir dose and tear penciclovir concentration near its maximum was evaluated using least squares linear regression. Results Maximum tear famciclovir concentration of 0.305 lg/mL occurred at 2.64 h; elimination half-life was 2.28 h. Maximum tear penciclovir concentration (0.981 lg/ mL) occurred 2.25 h following oral administration of famciclovir; elimination half-life was 2.77 h. A significant positive correlation was noted between famciclovir dose and tear penciclovir concentration at various time points between 0.5 and 3.75 h following drug administration ( P= 0.025). Tear penciclovir concentration exceeded the concentration shown to have in vitro efficacy against feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) (0.304 lg/mL) in about half of samples collected. Conclusions Oral administration of 40 mg of famciclovir/kg to cats resulted in a tear penciclovir concentration-time profile that approximated the plasma penciclovir concentration-time profile and frequently achieved a penciclovir concentration at the ocular surface likely to be effective against FHV-1.
Problems of Reestablishing Commercial Recreation Businesses in New York Following Hurricane Agnes

: Forty-two commercial campgrounds and 34 commercial marinas were studied to determine the amount and types of flood-related damages incurred from Hurricane Agnes, and to evaluate the institutional measures available to help management overcome these losses. Economic losses incurred by firms due to inability to operate, and declines in the number of recreationists, were over twice the magnitude of losses suffered via direct physical damages from flooding. The Federal Flood Insurance Program, as presently constituted, is of very little use to firms having structural investments in and over water. Most firms were complimentary of the Small Business Administration's loan programs. It appears that active programs of communication and promotion are needed following restoration of regions involved in natural diasters to reestablish the tourist industry of those regions.
Speaking Clearly: Reviewing Aphasia From Assessment to Treatment: Assessment of Aphasia . O. Spreen and A. H. Risser. 2003. New York: Oxford University Press. 320 pp., $47.50. and Aphasia and its Therapy . A. Basso. 2003. New York: Oxford University Press. 317 pp., $47.50.

Paul Broca's famous case reports of language impairment following left hemisphere lesions were issued in the 1860s. Since that time, much has been written about the assessment, typology, and neural underpinnings of aphasia. The two books we had the pleasure of reading and reviewing, Assessment of Aphasia and Aphasia and its Therapy , present well thought out and thorough reviews of aphasia literature, the first focusing on assessment issues, the latter focusing more on issues of and theoretical approaches to treatment. The books are united in their insistence that the field of aphasia research, from assessment to rehabilitation, be grounded in theory and a defensible conceptual model. This overarching theme presents itself throughout the entire corpus of both texts. Just as the clinician conducts a thorough assessment before initiating treatment, so too will this review begin with the book focused predominantly on aphasia assessment, before moving on to aphasia therapy.
Ayurvedic Interiors: Person, Space, and Episteme in Three Medical Practices

Ayurveda is the name given to a complex of South Asian healing practices that have been traced back as far as 600 B.C. Ethnographers argue that the phenomenology of health in Ayurveda, particularly its formulations of person and illness, are culturally distinct from those of biomedicine (also referred to as modern medicine or allopathy).' They note that psychic and somatic components of health, which are isolated from one another in the biomedical paradigm, are integrated in the Ayurvedic paradigm. Ethnographers also observe that while biomedicine conceives the body and person as solid and bounded, Ayurveda conceives the body and person as fluid and penetrable, engaged in a continuous interchange with the social and natural environment (Kakar 1982; Zimmermann 1987). Thus, Ayurveda frequently frames illness as socio-psychosomatic distress and understands patients as part of an enclosing social, climatic, or cosmic field (Nichter 1981; von Schmadel and Hochkirchen 1987). Moreover, many ethnographers demonstrate that while biomedicine configures illness as a discrete entity, Ayurveda configures illness as a disruption in delicate somatic, climatic, and social systems of balance (Kakar 1982; Trawick 1991; Zimmermann 1987). If biomedicine generally understands body, person, and illness as objects, Ayurveda generally understands body, person, and illness as processes and patterns of relationships. Research focused on the historical praxis of contemporary Ayurveda addresses the adaptations of Ayurveda to the complex medical field of 20thcentury South Asia. In the early 19th century, the structure of Ayurvedic training was a guru-disciple apprenticeship located in nonhospital settings.2 Political and historical studies document the standardization of Ayurveda through the introduction, early in this century, of institutions such as medical colleges, profes-
Size-based microfluidic multimodal microparticle sorter

Microfluidic sorting of synthetic and biological microparticles has attracted much interest in recent years. Inertial microfluidics uses hydrodynamic forces to manipulate migration of such microparticles in microfluidic channels to achieve passive sorting based on size with high throughput. However, most inertial microfluidic devices are only capable of bimodal separation with a single cutoff diameter and a well-defined size difference. These limitations inhibit efficient separation of real-world samples that often include heterogeneous mixtures of multiple microparticle components. Our design overcomes these challenges to achieve continuous multimodal sorting of microparticles with high resolution and high tunability of separation cutoff diameters. We demonstrate separations with flexible modulation of the separation bandwidth and the passband location. Our approach offers a number of benefits, including straightforward system design, easily and precisely tuned cutoff diameters, high separation resolution, and high throughput. Ultimately, the unique multimodal separation functionality significantly broadens applications of inertial microfluidics in sorting of complex microparticle samples.
Asymptotic Tracking of Uncertain Systems With Continuous Control Using Adaptive Bounding

This paper presents a robust adaptive control design method for a class of multiple-input-multiple-output uncertain nonlinear systems in the presence of parametric and nonparametric uncertainties and bounded disturbances. Using the approximation properties of the unknown continuous nonlinearities and the adaptive bounding technique, the developed controller achieves asymptotic convergence of the tracking error to zero, while ensuring boundedness of parameter estimation errors. The algorithm does not assume the knowledge of any bound on the unknown quantities in designing the controller. It is based on an integral technique involving the filtered tracking error and produces a continuous control. Theoretical developments are illustrated via simulation results.
Diversity in sociology and social policy analysis: education reform and the immigration act of 1990

Against the criticism of extreme specialization in sociology, it is argued that such specialization can prove insightful to the implications that social policy in one area may have for social policy in other areas. Such insight derives from sociologists straddling two or more areas of specialization. The example of the implications that the Immigration Act of 1990 has for education policy, in relation to social class and race, is used to illustrate the argument.
Transformation of multipolar source fields under a change of reference frame

Simple and convenient formulae are derived which describe the transformation of a multipolar expansion under an arbitrary proper rotation of the reference frame. When combined with the corresponding formulae for a translation, these results show how multipolar representations of source fields transform under any proper displacement of the reference frame. Particular emphasis is placed on the seismic source problem; however, these results find applications in many other physical problems.
Acidosis induces hyperpermeability in Caco-2BBe cultured intestinal epithelial monolayers

We previously demonstrated that ileal mucosal acidosis in pigs reversibly increases intestinal permeability to hydrophilic macromolecules, even in the absence of tissue hypoxia [A.L. Salzman, H. Wang, P.S. Wollert, T.J. Vandermeer, C.C. Compton, A.G. Denenberg, and M.P. Fink. Am. J. Physiol. 266 (Gastrointest, Liver Physiol, 29): G633-G646, 1994]. In an effort to further explore the mechanism(s) underlying this phenomenon, we examined the effect of acidic pH on the permeability characteristics of cultured Caco-2BBe (human intestinal epithelial) cells grown as monolayers on permeable supports. Permeability was determined by measuring the mucosal-to-basolateral flux of fluorescein disulfonic acid (FS; mol wt 478 Dal, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FD4; average mol wt 4 kDa), or [3H]mannitol. Incubation of monolayers under hypercarbic conditions or with acidific bicarbonate-free medium significantly increased permeability to FS, FD4, and mannitol in a manner dependent on both time and pH. Incubation in medium at pH 5.43 for 24 h increased the release of lactate dehydrogenase and decreased the intensity of staining with calcein-acetoxymethyl ester, findings that are indicative of plasma membrane injury; nevertheless, the percentage of nonviable cells did not increase. Ultrastructural analyses revealed evidence of increased paracellular trafficking of horseradish peroxidase after incubation of monolayers under acidic conditions. Fluorescence confocal microscopy and temperature studies demonstrated that incubation at pH 5.43 induced an increase in both the intracellular uptake of FD4 and the activation energy for FS permeation across Caco-2BBe monolayers, respectively, suggesting increased transcellular permeation. Exposure to acidic conditions also decreased cellular levels of ATP. We conclude that acidosis increases both paracellular and transcellular permeability to hydrophilic macromolecules and leads to depletion of ATP.
RISK FACTORS FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF PREGNANCY-INDUCED HYPERTENSION

Risk factors for pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) were assessed using a computerized data base on 28,838 women delivering at Parkland Memorial Hospital between 1978 and 1980. Of the total sample, 5,190 (18%) developed PIH, defined as diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg on more than one occasion measured at least 8 hours apart. Odds ratios for potential risk factors for PIH, as selected from a literature review, were estimated using multiple logistic regression. Our results were indicative that: (1) Age had a linear (not U-shaped) relation with PIH after adjusting for parity; (2) PIH was twice as likely to occur if chronic hypertension were present, controlling for all other variables; (3) Diabetes did not have a significant association with PIH, controlling for chronic hypertension and other variables; and (4) Heart disease, renal disease, race and multiple gestation had important independent effects on PIH.
Toward an Analytic Framework for Active Living Strategies in Parks and Recreation Systems

The predicament many communities face with obesity and other diseases related to sedentary lifestyles has brought to light the symbiotic relationship between the built environment and active living. In this context, architectural and planning research has a crucial role to play and the significance of a conceptual framework that incorporates insights from multiple design disciplines and scales is of paramount importance. This paper focuses on the analytic framework of research that affords potential improvements in the parks and recreation system with the objective of promoting active living in Pennsylvania’s Pottstown Area. The approach centers on planning and design strategies for improving the health and wellbeing of residents. It highlights critical issues the area is confronting in terms of growth, sprawl, land loss, access to opportunities at parks and recreation facilities, and programs that affect active living. The analytic framework is informed by The Ecological Model of Four Domains of Active Living developed by Sallis et al. (2006). According to this model active living occurs in four domains of life that include: active recreation, active transportation, household activities, and occupational activities. Our research underscored two of the four domains of active living identified in the model: active recreation and active transportation. The framework recognizes that though it is useful to conceptualize the two domains separately, in actual practice they are closely intertwined. The structure of the study holistically incorporated both domains of active living in the context of distinct levels of influence, which included the neighborhood and policy environments. The analytic framework facilitated a substantive assessment of crucial aspects of existing parks and recreation facilities. This research has contributed substantially to providing a framework for socially relevant, environmentally feasible, and politically viable strategies. The framework it proposes would guide municipalities and planning or design agencies involved in the research process.
Avatime noun classes and concord

Avatime is one of 14 "Central-Togo" (or "Togo Remnant") languages, spoken in Ghana, Togo, and Benin. These languages differ from their nearest Kwa group relatives in that they have active systems of noun classes and concord. Avatime has 13 noun classes, each with a distinct nominal prefix. Prefixes (as well as most other affixes) agree in [ATR] vowel harmony with the host noun root. Some classes impose invariable low tone on the prefix while prefix tone of other classes may be any of three lexically determined tones. Definiteness is marked by a set of suffixes. The ultimate segmental shapes and tones of these suffixes depend on the interaction of the respective class prefix shapes and coalescence phenomena with stem final vowels. There are correlations between noun class and nominal semantics, and nominal derivation is done in part through class choice. A number of attributive modifiers show class concord with the head noun. In the variety of Avatime studied here, such concord is only though vocalic prefixes on attributive modifiers, not by full CV prefixes as is typical of Bantu languages. Some attributives also have "tonal concord", which is not class concord per se, but refers to the tone of the head noun's prefix. Not all attributive modifiers have overt concord marking.
The Role of Media Use in the Classroom and at Home in Improving Political Knowledge

Concerns regarding levels of political knowledge among America’s younger citizens and their undependable commitment to the political process continue to spur researchers and educators to identify the most effective methods of civic instruction. The recent finding from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) for civics that only 24% of twelfth-graders scored proficient suggests that young people are entering college with low levels of political knowledge. Consequently, research and civic interventions at the high school level play a pivotal role in preparing young people for adulthood and active citizenship.Through an experiment involving 361 students in four high schools in New Jersey as well as the parents of 152 of these students, we measured the effects of systematically incorporating news magazines into social studies curricula on students’ levels of political knowledge. After conducting a baseline survey measuring political knowledge among students, we randomly assigned the students' social studies classes to either: a treatment group assigned to read and discuss articles about politics in a newsweekly magazine in class for eight weeks; a treatment group in which students were assigned to read and discuss the same articles at home with their parents, with the students subsequently also discussing the articles in the classroom; and a control group that did not receive the magazine and did not engage in discussion. We followed up with surveys of the students at the end of the eight-week intervention, and then six weeks later to measure for longer term effects of the experiment.We found that the combination of reading and discussing news articles in the home and in the classroom positively affected levels of political knowledge for those students not taking honors or advanced courses. This was also the case when taking into account parents’ knowledge of politics. Students outside of the honors and advanced tracks, and whose parents had low levels of knowledge, were most likely to benefit from the intervention. This research not only underlines the importance of such factors as political discussion, news consumption and parental involvement, but it suggests a promising method for boosting levels of political knowledge for those students in greatest need of support. Moreover, it suggests a road map for preparing students to enter college civically literate and inclined to participate in the political process.
Apoerythein studies. IV. Nonidentity of salivary, gastric juice, and gastric mucosal apoerythein activities.

SummarySalivary apoerythein activity is destroyed at 70°C, but not at higher temperatures up to 100°C; gastric juice apoerythein activity is destroyed at 70°C and at higher temperatures up to 100°C; but gastric mucosal activity is not destroyed appreciably at any temperature up to 100°C.
Metabolism of puromycin aminonucleoside in the normal, "pre-nephrotic," and nephrotic rat.

SummaryApproximately 80% of injected aminonucleoside-8-C14 is excreted in the urine and feces within 24 hrs by the rat. The principal urinary products are unchanged amino-nucleoside, the monodemethylated analog, and allantoin. Daily administration of aminonu-cleoside for 12 days did not influence the course of its own metabolism.
THE CHEMISTRY OF 1,2,4-TRIAZINES IV.SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF N-[5′-(3′-METHYLMERCAPTO-6′-METHYL)-1′,2′,4′-TRIAZINYL] PYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE

ABSTRACT The synthesis of 5-substituted 3-methylmercapto-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazines by substitution reactions of N-[5′-(3′-methylmercapto-6′-methyl)-1′,2′,4′-triazinyl]pyridinium chloride (Ⅱ) was reported.On passing hydrogen sulfide into a suspension of compound (Ⅱ) in pyridine at room temperature,or on adding an aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen sulfide previously saturated with hydrogen sulfide to an aqueous solution of compound (Ⅱ),3-methylmercapto-5-mercapto-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazine (Ⅲ) resulted.When hydrogen sulfide was passed into a suspension of compound (Ⅱ) in pyridine at 90--95°,substitution reactions took place both at C_3 and C_5 positions with the formation of 3,5-dimercapto-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazine (Ⅳ).Both compounds Ⅲ and Ⅳ could be methylated with methyl iodide in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to the same 3,5-dimethylmercapto-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazine (Ⅴ). Compound Ⅱ reacted with ο-cresol,m-cresol,phenol,m-nitrophenol,ο-nitrophenol or p-nitrophenol in aqueous pyridine at room temperature to give the corresponding 3-methyl- mercapto-5-substituted phenoxy-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazines (Ⅶ_(a-f)) (Table 1).Compound (Ⅱ) reacted with thiophenol in aqueous pyridine to give 3-methylmercapto-5-phenylmercapto-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazine (Ⅷ),and with absolute ethanol in pyridine to 3-methylmercapto-5-ethoxy-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazine (Ⅸ).Compound (Ⅱ) reacted in aqueous pyridine at room temperature with 3-ethylmercapto-5-mercapto-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazine (Ⅲ) to form S-[5′-( 3′-methylmercapto-6′-methyl)-1′,2′, 4′-triazinyl]-3-methylmercapto-5-mercapto-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazine (Ⅻ);with 3-methylmercapto-5-oxo-6-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine (Ⅰ) to N~4-[5′-(3′-methylmercapto-6′-methyl)-1′,2′,4′-triazinyl]-3-methylmercapto-5-oxo-6-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine (ⅩⅧ);with 3-methylmercapto-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine (ⅪⅩ) to N~4-[5′-(3′-methylmercapto-6′-methyl)-1′,2′,4′-triazinyl]-3-methylmercapto-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine (ⅩⅩ);with ethyl 3-methylmercapto-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine-6-carboxylate (ⅩⅩⅢ) to ethyl N~4-[5′-(3′-methylmercapto-6′-methyl)-1′,2′,4′-triazinyl] -3-methylmercapto-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazine-6-carboxylate (ⅩⅪⅤ);and with quinazolone-4 (ⅩⅩⅦ) to give N3~- [ 5′-(3′-methylmercapto-6′-methyl)-1′,2′,4′-triazinyl] -4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline (ⅩⅩⅤⅢ).The structures of these compounds were elucidated by hydrolysis,aminolysis,infrared spectra,ultraviolet spectra and NMR spectra. When 3-methylmercapto-5-p-nitrophenoxy-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazine (Ⅶ_f) was refluxed with aniline or p-toluidine in ethanol,the addition compounds of p-nitrophenol and the corresponding 3-methylmercapto-5-substituted anilino-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazines (X_(a,b)) were obtained.The addition compounds could be decomposed with sodium hydroxide to p-nitrop-henol and the corresponding 3-methylmercapto-5-substituted anilino-6-methyl-1,2,4-triazines (Ⅺ_(a,b)).