cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of die spacer on the seating of complete cast gold crowns with grooves

Fifty crowns were constructed with an indirect technique for a standardized Ivorine tooth preparation to determine whether casting relief would improve the seating of complete cast crowns with zinc phosphate cement. The variables were two grooves in the preparations and die spacer casting relief of approximately 20 to 40 micron. The tooth preparations of two groups had no grooves, but castings were made with internal relief for only one group. Three groups had buccal and lingual grooves in the preparation. One group had no relief, a second group had complete relief, and a third group had relief but not in the grooves. The discrepancies noted before and after cementation of the castings were measured. The average discrepancy for each group and the significance between groups was determined. Results of this study demonstrated the following. Die relief significantly improved the seating of complete cast-gold crowns with or without grooves. Omitting die spacer from grooves did not reduce the benefits of relieving the remainder of the die. Partial internal relief was better than no relief. The grooves did not disrupt seating when die spacer application was complete or specifically omitted from the grooves alone.
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF MEXICAN AND CUBAN IMMIGRANTS BY POLITICIANS

Schneider and Ingram (1993) propose that the amount and quality of service that target groups receive from their government is related to two factors: political power (strong or weak); and the target groups’ image in the public eye (positive or negative), also known as “social constructions.” This research examines political candidates’ social constructions of Mexican and Cuban immigrants in major newspapers. Using newspaper articles from Lexis/Nexus (an electronic newspaper database), we content analyzed 495 major US newspapers over a six-year period. Our results indicate that Latin American immigration, particularly Mexican immigration, is championed as a political platform in ways consistent with Schneider and Ingram's model.
Removal of zinc and trichloroethylene from water by column extraction with a crude humic acid

This paper presents an evaluation of the feasibility of removing high levels of zinc from mine run-off by means of a crude humic substance. The process, in which the material was used as a solid adsorbent in an extraction column, achieved ⩾ 95% removal of the dissolved metal. The elution procedure could tolerate pH values down to 4 before metal leaching from the matrix became a problem. This was circumvented by the inclusion of marble chips in the extractor. Competition by high concentrations of common cations, such as calcium and magnesium, did not seriously impair zinc extraction. Anions were not retained, except for sulfate which was removed with 66% efficiency. Removal of dissolved trichloroethylene from water was virtually quantitative, without subsequent release of the contaminant from the extractant.
Burn Injury in Utah: Demographic and Geographic Risks

Burns are preventable injuries, and prevention campaigns have been conducted with varying success. To develop successful prevention programs, it is imperative that burn risk be identified and factors associated with increased risk elucidated. The aims of this study were to determine the risk of burn injury to Utah residents, identify demographic and geographic subgroups at increased risk, and to examine sociodemographic factors associated with risk. Probabilistic record linkage of databases from five states was performed to identify Utah residents burned over a 5-year period and to calculate the burn rates and risk. Geographic Information Systems mapping allowed for the identification and characterization of high risk areas. Men had a higher rate of injury than women. Children under the age of 5 years had the highest rate of burn injury. Adults aged > 65 years had the lowest rate. Seven Utah counties were identified as high-risk counties. The counties were predominantly rural and tended to have higher rates of American-Indian populations, increased poverty levels, lower percentages of individuals with high school degrees, and lower employment rates. The characteristics of these high-risk counties do not imply causality, and further research is warranted to determine whether these factors contribute to burn risk. The results of this study provide the foundation for future research and prevention programs targeted toward populations and geographic areas with the greatest risk of burn injury.
Accounting For Your Time

Where does our time go? Can we be more efficient with our own time? How come we never have enough time to get the things done that we want to do? Why do our lives seem so hectic and fractured in time? Are we doing the things that are most important to us and our work in our time?
Torsion in K 0 of unit-regular rings

We construct examples of unit-regular rings R for which K 0 ( R ) has torsion, thus answering a longstanding open question in the negative. In fact, arbitrary countable torsion abelian groups are embedded in K 0 of simple unit-regular algebras over arbitrary countable fields. In contrast, in all these examples K 0 ( R ) is strictly unperforated.
Getting the supersymmetric unification scale from quantum confinement with chiral symmetry breaking

Two models which generate the supersymmetric grand unification scale from the strong dynamics of an additional gauge group are presented. The particle content is chosen such that this group confines with chiral symmetry breaking. Fields that are usually introduced to break the grand unified group appear instead as composite degrees of freedom and can acquire vacuum expectation values due to the confining dynamics. The models implement known solutions to the doublet-triplet splitting problem. The SO(10) model only requires one higher dimensional representation, an adjoint. The dangerous colored Higgsino-mediated proton decay operator is naturally suppressed in this model to a phenomenologically interesting level. Neither model requires the presence of gauge singlets. Both models are only technically natural. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Reexamine "Cookie Jar" and "Big Bath" Accounting Using the Backing-Out Method

Prior research documents income-decreasing earnings management in the situation when true earnings exceed the targets by a substantial amount and in the situation when true earnings fall far below the targets and accounting reserves are not sufficient to reach the targets. These two situations are well-known as cookie jar and big bath earnings management. True earnings are defined as pre-managed earnings (PMEs) and are measured as reported earnings minus adjusted discretionary accruals (DAs). However, the use of PMEs can induce a spurious association between earnings management and PMEs above or below the benchmarks, which are known as the backing-out problem (Lim & Lustgarten, 2002). This study reexamines the cookie jar and big bath type of earnings management and addresses in particular the issue of backing-out problem. By using an Australian sample of 3,326 observations covering all listed firms in the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) for a period from 1999 to 2006, this study suggests that the finding of cookie jar accounting is not simply a consequence of the backing-out problem. The results show that an income-decreasing earnings management occurs when PMEs are well above the targets. This is consistent with the first argument of cookie jar accounting—Firms reduce current earnings in order to save some income for the future. However, the results do not support the big bath accounting theory.
The International Court of Justice

This essay on the International Court of Justice (“ICJ”) is the first chapter in a new book on international courts and tribunals. Important constraints on the ICJ’s jurisdiction preclude it from resolving most disputes between States, and, as was the case for the predecessor Permanent Court of International Justice, the ICJ is not at the apex of an appellate system of international or national courts. Nevertheless, as the judicial wing of the United Nations, the ICJ stands as the most authoritative court for the interpretation of general rules of international law, with its decisions regularly cited by other global, regional, and national courts. Further, despite its limited jurisdiction, the Court has addressed numerous important disputes among States and issued advisory opinions that have greatly shaped and influenced the development of international law across subject matter areas. In short, the Court is a highly respected and authoritative judicial tribunal, lying at the center of the global legal system, with an influence that extends well beyond the legal relations of the Parties that appear before it.
Menopause and breast cancer: symptoms, late effects, and their management

Abstract Menopause and breast cancer are common independent health events, and coincide in some women. This article will describe what is known about the impact of menopause on breast cancer survivors, focusing on short-term symptoms and other late effects. Common menopausal syndromes in breast cancer survivors will be examined, with suggestions for their management. Strategies for prevention of the late effects of menopause in breast cancer survivors will be considered.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza and petroleum-degrading microorganisms enhance phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil.

While plants can phytoremediate soils that are contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, adding microbes to remediate contaminated sites with petroleum-degrading microorganisms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is not well understood. The phytoremediation of Arabian medium crude oil (ACO) was done with a Lolium multiflorum system inoculated with an AMF (Glomus intraradices) and a mixture of petroleum-degrading microorganisms—the bacterium, Sphingomonas paucimobilis (Sp) and the filamentous fungus, Cunninghamella echinulata (Ce, SpCe)—or with a combination of microorganisms (AMF + SpCe). Based on an earlier study on screening plants for phytoremediation of ACO, L. multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) was selected for its tolerance and rapid growth response (Alarcon, 2006). The plants were exposed to ACO-contaminated soil (6000 mg kg−1) for 80 d under greenhouse conditions. A modified Long Ashton Nutrient Solution (LANS) was supplied to all treatments at 30 μg P mL−1, except for a second, higher P, control t...
Maass Forms and Galois Representations

Let h be the Poincare upper half-plane {z = x + iy ∈ ℂ|y > 0} endowed with the hyperbolic Laplacian Δ = —y2(∂2/∂x2 + ∂2/∂y2), and, for an integer N ≥ 1, let Г0(N) ⊂ SL2(ℤ) be the subgroup of matrices whose lower left entry is divisible by N. Let λ ∈ ℂ, and let ω: (ℤ /N ℤ)* → ℂ* be a Dirichlet character.
Adolescent Dating Violence Victimization and Psychological Well-Being

This study assesses the relationship between adolescents' dating violence victimization and their psychological well-being. The participants were 190high school students, ages 13 to 19 years, with just over half being boys (53%) and the remainder being girls (47%). Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. For girls, increasing levels of dating violence (severity, frequency, injury) were related to higher levels of post-traumatic stress and dissociation, even after controlling for demographic, family violence, and social desirability variables. For boys, the levels of victimization were related to higher levels of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress, even after controlling for other variables. For both boys and girls, victimization was related to lower levels of life satisfaction, but not after controlling for the demographic, family violence, and social desirability variables. The research questions and findings are discussed in relation to the developmental challenges faced b...
Parental Involvement in Admissions and Financial Aid

Increasing involvement of parents in admissions and financial aid processes expands the role of these two functional areas beyond simple enrollment goals.
Spectroscopy of II VI nanocrystals at high pressure and high temperature

Abstract We review experimental measurements of CdS, CdSe, and CdS x Se 1 − x nanocrystals which address the properties and phase stability of both powder and embedded nanoparticles under extreme conditions. We address the high pressure phase transition of wurtzite or zincblende phase to the rock salt structure; the high temperature solid to liquid phase transition; and the homogeneous nucleation of nanoparticles in glass from dissolved reactants. We also review the use of high pressure optical measurements to study electronic states.
Laser Vascular Welding

Vascular tissue fusion by lasers is performed by directing a low energy beam at the apposed edges of the repair. The tissues are approximated with stay sutures or non-reflective instruments and laser energy is passed back-and-forth over the anastomotic site until fusion is achieved. Vessel welding is apparent to the trained eye, as is nonunion caused by inadequate energy delivery. Conversely, excessive energy delivery results in obvious tissue coagulation or vaporization. Fiberoptic laser transmission and hand-eye coordination are adequate for repair or anastomosis of vessels with diameters greater than 3 mm, whereas magnification and precise mechanical control of the laser beam are necessary for microanastomoses of smaller vessels. The laser power (watts, W), and the amount of energy and time required (energy fluence or power density) vary according to the type of laser and the size of the vessels. Although laser repairs can be fashioned in time intervals equal to or slightly longer than those required for suture repairs, the optimum wavelengths and laser parameters for different types of seals are not yet established.
Values, Interests, and the Capacity to Act: Understanding Professionals' Responses to Market-Based Improvement Initiatives in Highly Institutionalized Organizations

This article uses a longitudinal, multimethod, comparative case study of teachers’ behavioral and cognitive reactions to the implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) in two U.S. high schools to explore professionals’ reactions to change in a highly institutionalized environment. Detailed analyses using the metathemes of teachers’ values, personal interests, and capacity for change revealed that teachers held positive views about most aspects of the change initiative but that personal interests and capacity issues limited their implementation. The findings also suggest that in neither school have changes become cognitively institutionalized, or self-sustaining, despite different levels of coercion coming from multiple levels of the schools’ complex institutional environments and different patterns of actual practice change across the schools. The results contribute to a variety of literatures interested in explaining stability and change in highly institutionalized settings (e.g., neoinstitutional, professions, identity).
Elastic Moduli of Glasses at Elevated Temperatures by a Dynamic Method

The elastic constants of thirteen glasses were measured by a dynamic method at elevated temperatures. Both Young's modulus and the shear modulus were determined and from these Pois-son's ratio was calculated as a function of temperature. Fused silica, Vycor-brand glass, and Pyrex-brand glass had positive temperature coefficients of elastic moduli, whereas all the other glasses showed negative coefficients. Poisson's ratio was found to rise with temperature in all thirteen glasses. This is interpreted as an indication of an approach to the liquid state.
A new power supply to ignite and sustain plasma in a reactive gas generator

This paper proposes new method of providing power for igniting plasma in a toroidal reactive gas generator. Advantages of this method include simplicity of control and prevention of damage to power supply semiconductor devices. The method combines a parallel loaded capacitor series resonant topology with a wide dynamic range control. First, the proposed parallel-loaded capacitance resonant inverter replaces the more commonly used power circuit having the plasma load in parallel with the inductance. Next, the state of the art pulse-width modulated (PWM) controller is replaced by a control combining combine pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) and PWM. Implementation includes an intelligent over current protection circuit. The combination provides a robust excitation for plasma loads making rapid transitions between extremes of impedance, and achieves superior dynamic range and stability to successfully ignite, sustain, and stabilize the plasma during operation. Simulation and lab experimental results are presented and compared with a standard a 6.5 kW plasma power supply.
The New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States: Where are We Now?

Over 40 countries and organisations endorsed the New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States in 2011. They agreed to a trial period ending in December 2015 during which time national governments, don...
Phototransduction in vertebrate rods: An example of the interaction of theory and experiment in neuroscience

A theoretical and experimental study of the response waveforms of vertebrate photoreceptors is presented. A model is described for the physical-chemical processes of light absorption, for the transconduction of the stimulus to a neural signal, and for the cellular system subserving these processes. Experimental tests are made of some of the theoretical implications and are shown to be consistent, one with the other. The role of the sodium pump in shaping the response waveform is considered, and the effects of light adaptation on response amplitude and kinetics are analyzed in terms of the internal transmitter hypothesis. Theory and experiment reveal gaps in one's knowledge and point to needed future investigations.
An Annotated Catalog of the African Primate Genera Colobus and Procolobus (Cercopithecidae: Colobinae) in the Collections of the American Museum of Natural History

Abstract The Department of Mammalogy of the American Museum of Natural History houses over 300 specimens of African colobus monkeys (genera Colobus and Procolobus). The collection consists of red, olive, and black-and-white colobus (Procolobus badius, P. verus, Colobus angolensis, C. guereza, C. polykomos, C. satanas, and C. vellerosus). Taxonomic notes, pelage descriptions, and range are noted for each species and subspecies. For each specimen, the following data are given: catalog number, date collected or recorded, sex, age, nature of specimen, locality, name of collector, and measurements.
Abstract 19362: Bridging the Gap Between Functional and Biological Phenotypes in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension

Introduction: Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is a degenerative disease that ultimately leads to Right Ventricular (RV) dysfunction. RV functional and biological (e.g. N-Terminal proB-type Natriuretic Peptide, NT-proBNP) phenotypes can provide insight into performance and ventricular distress, respectively. Nevertheless, they are normally considered independently, and should be associated to paint a more comprehensive picture of the cardio-pulmonary system. The most utilized prognostic metric of RV performance is Cardiac Output (CO), as it gives a direct measure of the ventricle’s “pumping” ability. CO is only indicative of the immediate functional state and lacks any predictive or stratification value. RV-Pulmonary Artery (PA) axis decoupling (VVC = RV end-systolic elastance/arterial elastance) represents a decrease in the RV functional reserve, and therefore an inability to accommodate an increase in afterload. Therefore, it is more comprehensive of the entire cardio-pulmonary system than CO. Hypothesis: RV-PA coupling is better associated with NT-proBNP than Cardiac Index (CI = CO/Body Surface Area). Methods: 26 pediatric PH patients underwent Right Heart Catheterization (RHC), an echocardiograph, and blood composition diagnostics. A 0-D model (Fig. 1a) of the comprehensive cardio-pulmonary system, incorporating extensive patient specificity, was developed to estimate RV pressure-volume curves under baseline and challenged conditions, and approximate the VVC ratio. Results: CI was not found to be statistically associated with NT-proBNP (Fig. 1b). Nevertheless, VVC was found to be non-linearly related to NT-proBNP expression (Fig. 1c), thus rejecting the null hypothesis . Conclusion: NT-proBNP is a biomarker of RV-PA functional decoupling. Considering the inter-compartmental interaction of the entire cardio-pulmonary system offers a better picture of PH disease progression then assessing RV “pump” performance.
Slow-light effect via Rayleigh anomaly and the effect of finite gratings

In this Letter, we investigate the slow-light effect of subwavelength diffraction gratings via the Rayleigh anomaly using a fully analytical approach without needing to consider specific grating structures. Our results show that the local group velocity of the transmitted light can be significantly reduced due to the optical vortex, which can inspire a new mechanism to enhance light-matter interactions for optical sensing and photodetection. However, the slow-light effect will diminish as the transmitted light propagates farther from the grating surface, and the slowdown factor decreases as the grating size shrinks.
A tale of two platforms: low-cost robotics in the CS curriculum

This synopsis presents work with two inexpensive robot platforms on which we have implemented a vision-based FastSLAM algorithm for landmark mapping. The results reinforce the educational scalability of the iRobot Create and IPRE Myro/Scribbler low-cost platforms: they offer not only a compelling invitation to the study of computer science and robotics, but a means of engaging students in the recent and ongoing work of the AI robotics community.
Characterization and Evolution of Microstructures Formed by High Dose Oxygen Implantation of silicont

High doses of oxygen were implanted in silicon to produce stoichiometric buried oxide structures. Microstructural analysis was performed using transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and Rutherford backscattering/channeling techniques. Cavities were observed in the top silicon layers of the as-implanted samples in two forms: spherical cavities (30–300 A in diameter) in the first 1000 A below the surface, followed by a 500 A wide lamellar array of elongated cavities. A post implantation annealing was carried out at temperatures between 1150°C and 1250°C for 3 h during which the cavities became faceted and a denuded zone of 400 A was formed. However, with a 1300°C anneal the cavities disappeared and the density of the two prominent types of defects, namely precipitates (mostly amorphous, but occasionally crystalline) and dislocations, decreased significantly. The silicon-oxide interface became increasingly planar. Possible mechanisms of annealing of the cavities, the precipitates, and the associated planarization of the interface are proposed.
Multivariable control for the F-100 engine using the LQG/LTR methodology

The design of a multivariable feedback control system for the Pratt and Whitney F-100 turbofan jet engine is a challenging task for control engineers. This paper employs a linearized model of the F-100 engine to demonstrate the use of the newly developed Linear Quadratic Gaussian/Loop Transfer Recovery (LQG/LTR) design methodology, which adopts an integrated frequency-domain and time-domain approach to multivariable feedback control synthesis so as to meet stability-robustness, command-following, and disturbance-rejection specifications.
Inhibition of proliferation induced by papain hydrolysate of walnut protein on cancer cells

Walnut protein hydrolyzates were prepared with alkaline protease,trypsin,pepsin,papain and neutral protease. The effect of walnut protein and walnut protein hydrolyzates on proliferation of human breast cancer cell(MCF-7) was studied by cell proliferation assay. The results indicated that the walnut protein hydrolyzed by papain inhibited significantly proliferation of the cells(IC50value was 1.62 mg/mL),while walnut protein and the protein hydrolyzates by other four proteases exhibited no obvious inhibitory effect. The papain hydrolysate of walnut protein also inhibited significantly proliferation of human colon carcinoma cell(Caco-2,IC50value was 2.04 mg/mL),and human cervical carcinoma cell(Hela,IC50value was 2.21 mg/mL). However,the papain hydrolysate of walnut protein did not show inhibitory effect on the growth of rat small intestinal crypt epithelial cell(IEC-6),and promoted proliferation of spleen lymphocytes from mouse. These results suggest that bioactive peptides with inhibitory effect on proliferation of cancer cell were contained in walnut protein,and the biological activity was exhibited when the walnut protein was hydrolyzed by papain.
Advance of Erythropoietin in Cardiovascular Disease

Several studies showed that anemia is commonly observed in patients with chronic heart failure.When anemia in these patients is treated with erythropoietin(EPO),a significant improvement in cardiac function and symptoms was observed.Although it was originally believed that EPO specifically acted on haematopoietical cells,recent evidence demonstrated several non-haematopoietical effects including anti-apoptotic effects and pro-angiogenic effects which could be of potential value in patients with ischemic heart disease.These findings suggest that EPO may have potential effects in cardiovascular disease beyond correction of haemoglobin levels.
I. Labor requirements and meal costs Alternate lunch patterns in high schools

The effect on food, non-food, and labor costs of three school lunch menu patterns is reported, with analysis of individual components.
The Impact of a Museum Travelling Exhibition on Middle School Teachers and Students from Rural, Low-Income Homes.

Schools may be places of learning, but a great deal of learning occurs outside of school. A growing body of literature investigates how school field trips allow rural students to make real-life connections with their school curriculum. This paper contributes to that area of research by describing how students from five middle schools in the United States responded to a travelling museum exhibition hosted at a non-museum site. The authors explore the impact of the exhibition on students from poor, rural backgrounds, discussing how it helped them to engage with themes such as freedom of expression, democracy, citizenship and Holocaust education. The results show that, by connecting curricular content with real-life situations, field trips such as this have the potential to change not only students’ understanding of the curriculum, but also their teachers’ estimation of their abilities.
Multi-objective constrained black-box optimization using radial basis function surrogates

Abstract This article presents a framework for a surrogate-based stochastic search algorithm for multi-objective and constrained black-box optimization where the objective and constraint function values are outputs of computationally expensive computer simulations. Unlike many other approaches, the proposed framework is not population-based and handles constraints without explicitly using a penalty function. In each iteration, the algorithm constructs or updates response surface models or surrogate models of the objective and constraint functions. Then, it generates multiple random trial points according to some probability distribution over the search space. The surrogate models for the objective and constraint functions are then used to identify the trial points that are predicted to be feasible and nondominated. From this set of trial points, two criteria are used to select the next sample point where the expensive objective and constraint functions will be evaluated. These criteria are the minimum distance of the predicted objective vector of a trial point from the current set of nondominated objective vectors and also the minimum distance of the trial point from previous sample points. The proposed framework is implemented using radial basis function (RBF) surrogate models and compared with alternative methods, including NSGA-II and Uniform Random Search on 28 benchmark test problems. The numerical results indicate that the proposed method is promising for computationally expensive multi-objective and constrained black-box optimization.
Prediction-based relaxation solution approach for the fixed charge network flow problem

Introduce a statistical learning approach to a traditional optimization problem.Problem is reformulated as a linear relaxation based on model predictions.Method can be part of an exact solution strategy and used as a primal heuristic.Empirical tests demonstrate improved solutions over leading commercial software.Incremental solution time is negligible for large problems. A new heuristic procedure for the fixed charge network flow problem is proposed. The new method leverages a probabilistic model to create an informed reformulation and relaxation of the FCNF problem. The technique relies on probability estimates that an edge in a graph should be included in an optimal flow solution. These probability estimates, derived from a statistical learning technique, are used to reformulate the problem as a linear program which can be solved efficiently. This method can be used as an independent heuristic for the fixed charge network flow problem or as a primal heuristic. In rigorous testing, the solution quality of the new technique is evaluated and compared to results obtained from a commercial solver software. Testing demonstrates that the novel prediction-based relaxation outperforms linear programming relaxation in solution quality and that as a primal heuristic the method significantly improves the solutions found for large problem instances within a given time limit.
Selective merged undo for real-time collaborative editing

In this paper, we will describe our methods and implementation the use of selective merge undo on collaborative editing system. Our approach will satisfy both convergence and inverse properties and overcome the challenges associated with collaborative editing systems using operation transformation. Our proposed undo approach uses selective merged to undo characters edits on documents in collaborative editing systems with operation transformation base in a group format rather than to undo them one by one. Our implementations and test results will show the efficiency and effectiveness of our approach.
Biological Complexity Meets Positive Psychology: What Can Complexity Theory Tell Us About Positive Psychology?

Living systems are not linear in their behaviors. Studying them using the traditional reductionist approaches limits our deeper understanding of their dynamics. Knowledge of the behavior of the parts does not necessarily imply any understanding of the whole organism. Early on, ecologists understood this fact and from their insights emerged the field of what is now called systems biology. Modern-day mathematical biologists and biological physicists, particularly the quantum phenomenologists, understood that any sort of damage to the system—even so much as observing it—could destroy potentially important behaviors than can exist only when the system is whole and undamaged. From these insights about system behavior emerged the fields of complexity theory and nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS). More recently, an equally sophisticated theoretical basis has been developed to support the phenomenological constructs of complexity theory. Complexity theoretic concepts have been applied to both theoretical and clinical aspects of psychological behavior. In this chapter, we introduce the reader to some of the essential language and concepts of complexity theory and nonlinear dynamics and how they are related to concepts that arise in positive psychology (PP). We explore how these new constructs and these new methods provide us with a means to better understand psychological dynamics that would otherwise be far more difficult to exposit and we explore the potential new insights that NDS offers.
Explanation for the apparent lack of ouabain inhibition of pyruvate production in hemolysates: the "backward" PGK reaction

The concept that ouabain-sensitive membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase-generated adenosine diphosphate (ADP) preferentially serves as the substrate for the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) step of erythrocyte glycolysis has been reexamined. Membrane ATPase readily provides ADP for and utilizes ATP generated in the pyruvate kinase (PK) step and is ouabain sensitive. Earlier reports in the literature, which have suggested that in hemolysates the ATPase reaction facilitating the PK reaction is ouabain-insensitive, are reinterpreted: in crude hemolysates ADP generated in the "backward" PGK reaction can account for these data. We conclude that there is no convincing evidence of selective linkage of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with the PGK reaction.
A Single Bout of Fasting (24 h) Reduces Basal Cytokine Expression and Minimally Impacts the Sterile Inflammatory Response in the White Adipose Tissue of Normal Weight F344 Rats.

Sterile inflammation occurs when inflammatory proteins are increased in blood and tissues by nonpathogenic states and is a double-edged sword depending on its cause (stress, injury, or disease), duration (transient versus chronic), and inflammatory milieu. Short-term fasting can exert a host of health benefits through unknown mechanisms. The following experiment tested if a 24 h fast would modulate basal and stress-evoked sterile inflammation in plasma and adipose. Adult male F344 rats were either randomized to ad libitum access to food or fasted for 24 h prior to 0 (control), 10, or 100, 1.5 mA-5 s intermittent, inescapable tail shocks (IS). Glucose, nonesterified free fatty acids (NEFAs), insulin, leptin, and corticosterone were measured in plasma and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in plasma, and subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and visceral compartments of white adipose tissue (WAT). In control rats, a 24 h fast reduced all measured basal cytokines in plasma and visceral WAT, IL-1β and IL-6 in subcutaneous WAT, and IL-6 in intraperitoneal WAT. In stressed rats (IS), fasting reduced visceral WAT TNF-α, subcutaneous WAT IL-1β, and plasma insulin and leptin. Short-term fasting may thus prove to be a useful dietary strategy for reducing peripheral inflammatory states associated with visceral obesity and chronic stress.
Stephen Dodd, The Youth of Things: Life and Death in the Age of Kajii Motojirō

Kajii Motojirō (1901–1932) contracted tuberculosis at the age of 17 and it killed him at the age of 31. Most everything he wrote in between is haunted by the disease. This fact invites – it almost ...
511. Stress-Induced Neuronal CSF1 Provokes Microglia-Mediated Dendritic Remodeling and Depressive-Like Behavior

Background Chronic stress exposure causes neuronal atrophy and synaptic deficits in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), contributing to development of anxiety-and depressive-like behaviors. Concomitantly microglia in the PFC undergo morphological and functional changes following stress exposure, suggesting that microglia contribute to synaptic deficits underlying behavioral consequences. Methods Male and female mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) to examine the role of neuron-microglia interactions in the medial PFC during development of anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. Thy1-GFP-M mice were used to assess microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling and dendritic spine density in the medial PFC. Viral-mediated knockdown of neuronal colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) was used to modulate microglia function and behavioral consequences after CUS. Results CUS promoted anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors that were associated with increased mRNA levels of CSF1 in the PFC. Increased CSF1 mRNA levels were also detected in postmortem dorsolateral PFC of depressed individuals. Moreover, frontal cortex microglia in mice exposed to CUS show elevated CSF1 receptor expression and increased phagocytosis of neuronal elements. Notably, functional alterations in microglia were more pronounced in male mice compared to female mice. These functional changes in microglia corresponded with reduced dendritic spine density on pyramidal neurons in layer I of the medial PFC. Viral-mediated knockdown of neuronal CSF1 in the medial PFC attenuated microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling and prevented behavioral deficits caused by CUS. Conclusions These findings revealed that stress-induced elevations in neuronal CSF1 provokes microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling in the medial PFC, contributing to synaptic deficits and development of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior.
Abstract 162: Influence of Age and Ischemia on Cardiac Subsarcolemmal and Interfibrillar Mitochondria in a Novel Model of Estrogen Deficiency

Altered mitochondrial respiration (MR) and calcium retention capacity (CRC) are proposed cardiac cell death mechanisms exacerbated by aging in males. The present study aimed, for the first time, to determine changes in mitochondrial subpopulation function with age and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the female heart. A novel model to recapitulate human menopause/age interactions was used in F344 female rats ovariectomized (OVX) at 15mo and studied at 24mo (MO OVX; n=15), vs adult (6mo; n=18). MR and CRC were assessed in isolated subsarcolemmal (SSM) and interfibrillar (IFM) mitochondria following in vivo coronary artery ligation (CAL; 31 min I and 10 min R) or sham. State 3 MR energized by either complex I (CI) or complex II (CII) substrates was selectively reduced by age in SSM (p<.02), and by I/R in IFM (p<.05). The I/R-dependent decrease in CRC was 64% (18 vs 29.5) greater in MO OVX vs. adult IFM, suggesting earlier mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening. At CI, but not CII, cyc...
Behavioral Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity: Diet and Physical Activity

Abstract Understanding the determinants of obesity and developing appropriate prevention and treatment strategies require an in-depth examination of behavioral risk factors for obesity. The goal of this chapter is to review available data regarding the prevalence of overweight and obesity and the modifiable dietary and physical activity behavioral determinants of obesity that are potential targets for obesity prevention and treatment interventions. We begin with an examination of dietary factors that contribute to the development of overweight and obesity. Multiple factors that influence food intake will be discussed, including total energy intake, specific eating patterns, and environmental and societal influences. We then discuss physical activity factors, including exercise self-efficacy, social support, and access to exercise opportunities. The review will focus on behavioral risk factors for obesity in both children and adults.
Assessing the National Cancer Institute's SmokefreeMOM Text-Messaging Program for Pregnant Smokers: Pilot Randomized Trial.

Background: Automated text messages on mobile phones have been found to be effective for smoking cessation in adult smokers. Objective: This study aims to test the acceptability and feasibility of SmokefreeMOM, a national smoking cessation text-messaging program for pregnant smokers. Methods: Participants were recruited from prenatal care and randomized to receive SmokefreeMOM (n=55), an automated smoking cessation text-messaging program, or a control text message quitline referral (n=44). Participants were surveyed by phone at baseline and at 1 month and 3 months after enrollment. Results: Results indicate that the SmokefreeMOM program was highly rated overall and rated more favorably than the control condition in its helpfulness at 3-month follow-up (P<.01) and in its frequency of messaging at both 1-month and 3-month follow-ups (P<.001, P<.01, respectively). Despite the presence of technical problems, the vast majority of intervention participants read all program messages, and few participants unsubscribed from the program. There were no significant differences between groups on the use of extra treatment resources or on smoking-related outcomes. However, at the 3-month follow-up, some outcomes favored the intervention group. Conclusions: SmokefreeMOM is acceptable for pregnant smokers. It is recommended that SmokefreeMOM be further refined and evaluated. Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02412956; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02412956 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6tcmeRnbC) [J Med Internet Res 2017;19(10):e333]
How Would You Like to Die? Glossip v. Gross Deals Blow to Abolitionists

After capital punishment opponents’ pressure on drug suppliers reduced the lethal injection drug supply, Oklahoma began using midazolam, resulting in botched executions. Condemned inmates sought to stop use of this lethal injection protocol. In Glossip v. Gross, the U.S. Supreme Court found inmates failed to establish that such protocols entail a substantial risk of severe pain compared with available alternatives, undermining the supply side attack strategy and leaving inmates facing the possibility of an unnecessarily painful execution. This article places the Glossip decision within the context of method of execution jurisprudence and discusses implications for the ongoing battle over capital punishment.
Inspiratory muscle pacing in spinal cord injury: case report and clinical commentary.

Background/Objective: A significant fraction of patients with cervical spinal cord injury suffer from respiratory muscle paralysis and dependence on chronic mechanical ventilation. In selected patients, diaphragm pacing (DP) through electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerves provides an alternative to mechanical ventilation with significant advantages in life quality.
Check the Record: Remote CT Scans for Breast Flap Perforator Mapping.

Background Perforator mapping with computed tomography angiography (CTA) prior to autologous breast reconstruction reduces donor-site morbidity and operative time, but is costly. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether pre-existing CT scans could be used for dominant perforator identification before autologous reconstruction. Methods We identified all female patients who underwent mastectomy with immediate or delayed breast reconstruction with abdominal free flaps at a single institution between 2006 and 2016. Medical records were reviewed to identify patients with pre-existing CT scans of the abdomen/pelvis. CT images were reviewed by the senior surgeon and ranked on a 1 to 3 scale to indicate utility for preoperative planning. An analysis was performed to assess financial savings and radiation avoidance associated with the use of pre-existing scans. Results Of 301 identified patients, 44.9% (n = 135) had an available pre-existing CT. A dominant perforator was identified on 92.6% of scans. A higher proportion of dominant perforators was identified using positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scans compared with CT scans with intravenous (IV) contrast and noncontrast CTs (p Conclusion Our study suggests that pre-existing CT scans represent a viable and economical alternative for perforator mapping before abdominal-based free flap breast reconstruction.
International Implications of Sarbanes-Oxley: Raising the Rent on U.S. Law

The spectacular crashes and frauds of Enron and other US companies triggered a legislative response in the US in the form of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ("Sarbanes-Oxley"). This Act is likely to have unintended effects not only in the US, but also in international securities markets in which the US is a dominant player. Sarbanes-Oxley reflects a potential shift in the philosophy underlying the US securities law from disclosure to substantive regulation of corporate governance. This shift could deter foreign firms from listing in the US, or otherwise becoming subject to US law. This is significant because some foreign firms in effect "rent" US law in order to overcome deficiencies in their home country law. By raising this rent, Sarbanes-Oxley may reduce the demand for US law, blocking non-US firms from moving toward more efficient governance and impeding the internationalization of securities markets and laws. Alternatively, the SEC and perhaps Congress may forestall such flight by subjecting foreign-based firms to a lower level of regulation. This may encourage the development of country-based choice of governance rules, and therefore a kind of jurisdictional choice regime. The adoption of separate regulatory regimes for foreign and US issuers may, in turn, cause US regulators to reduce regulation of US as well as of foreign firms. Thus, international effects ultimately may constrain US regulation, most likely by curtailing the move from disclosure to substantive regulation of governance.
Las reformas recientes del banco central y el papel de la estabilidad de precios como el objetivo único de la política monetaria

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 68, 1999: 157-173
Pannexin-1 channels on endothelial cells mediate vascular inflammation during lung ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury (IRI), which involves inflammation, vascular permeability, and edema, remains a major challenge after lung transplantation. Pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels modulate ce...
4-Cyano-anilinium iodide.

In the title compound, C7H7N2+·I−, the cation is located on a site of 4mm symmetry and is thus disordered about the fourfold axis so that there are two perpendicular orientations of the six-membered ring and four rotational orientations of the {–NH3+} group. In the crystal, there are two layers perpendicular to the c axis, each containing iodide ions and the {–NH3+} portions of the cations, with the remainder of the cations extending outwards from these layers.
Time-evolving dynamics in brain networks forecast responses to health messaging

Neuroimaging measures have been used to forecast complex behaviors, including how individuals change decisions about their health in response to persuasive communications, but have rarely incorporated metrics of brain network dynamics. How do functional dynamics within and between brain networks relate to the processes of persuasion and behavior change? To address this question, we scanned 45 adult smokers by using functional magnetic resonance imaging while they viewed anti-smoking images. Participants reported their smoking behavior and intentions to quit smoking before the scan and 1 month later. We focused on regions within four atlas-defined networks and examined whether they formed consistent network communities during this task (measured as allegiance). Smokers who showed reduced allegiance among regions within the default mode and fronto-parietal networks also demonstrated larger increases in their intentions to quit smoking 1 month later. We further examined dynamics of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), as activation in this region has been frequently related to behavior change. The degree to which vmPFC changed its community assignment over time (measured as flexibility) was positively associated with smoking reduction. These data highlight the value in considering brain network dynamics for understanding message effectiveness and social processes more broadly.
Staudinger ketene cycloaddition

Also known as the Staudinger reaction. [2 + 2]-Cycloaddition of ketene and imine to form β-lactams. Other coupling partners for ketenes include: olefin to give cyclobutanone and carbonyl to give β-lactone.