cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
InDO: the Institute Demographic Ontology

Graduate education institutes in the United States (US) have been working on programs to increase the number of students and faculty from marginalized communities. When choosing to pursue a doctoral degree, the common question is ‘where is the best fit for me?’ Aspiring graduate students may feel the need for a reference point - someone with a similar background who has experienced or is currently experiencing the doctoral process, whether that be a student or a faculty member. Currently, there is no single location where that question can be answered for those in marginal communities, however answering that question also has an impact on the student’s post-graduation career path. In lieu of a single person, and to help provide information critical to answering the question, we built the Institute Demographic Ontology (InDO). InDO integrates US graduate institute’s doctoral recipient demographic data with data describing broad field of study, fine field of study, and the pursued career path to produce a knowledge graph for each prospective student’s query. The terminology is structured in five levels of hierarchy providing room for the most abstract top level (basic components used to describe an institute’s demographics), to the most concrete bottom levels (particular graduate program offered by the institute, along with corresponding provenance). Our resource (InDO) could be used by students within a marginalized community in the US to infer whether a given institute has the resources to support a given program, based on demographic information such as number of doctorates awarded in a given field. We design a use case where an InDO-based knowledge graph is created incorporating some of the National Science Foundation (NSF) Doctoral Recipient Survey 2019 data. Our use case demonstrates the usage of InDO in the real world while providing a way to access NSF data in a machine readable format. Evaluation of our ontology is done with a set of competency questions created from the perspective of an aspirant marginalized graduate student who would be willing to use our system to gather information for making an informed decision. InDO provides an ontological foundation towards building a social machine as an aid to higher education and graduate mobility in the US.
Cholinergic Modulation of Sleep, Growth Hormone and Analgesia in Normal Volunteers

Central cholinergic mechanisms have been implicated in a variety of physiologic processes, including sleep and pain, as well as control of various hormones. Most of the supportive evidence for these relationships have come from laboratory studies of animals rather than man.
NINDS stroke genetics network (SiGN) experience with the causative classification system

Lanfranconi and Markus (1) recently described a single-center experience using the Causative Classification System (CCS) in cases genotyped in the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium-2 and report high agreement rates with TOAST subtyping. They conclude that the web-based CCS appears suitable for multicenter studies. We would like to outline the ongoing NINDS-funded Stroke Genetics Network (SiGN) experience using the CCS. As of March 10, 2012, physician adjudicators have classified 15 252 cases in SiGN, of which 11 021 currently have TOAST subtyping in the database. All cases were adjudicated using a study-specific version of CCS, which has been slightly modified to facilitate study coordination (2). Every adjudicator has been trained and certified using an online education module. SiGN currently has 53 certified adjudicators across 10 countries at 21 centers, including the St. George’s Hospital, London. When planning SiGN, investigators considered central adjudication by a committee analogous to what was done in the Ischemic Stroke Genetics Study (ISGS) (3). Ultimately, a decentralized approach to subtyping was adopted because it was seen as time efficient, with more adjudicators operating in parallel. For centers where medical records are in English, the SiGN Phenotype Committee provides quality control through central readjudication of a random sample of cases. For centers where medical records are in a language other than English, the Phenotype Committee provides the center with a list of cases selected at random for readjudication by a local CCS-certified physician. The web-based CCS, which allows for online training, certification, and data entry, is a practical way of aggregating thousands of cases across the globe in a rule-based manner, while simultaneously harmonizing and structuring phenotype data. Having large numbers of cases of ischemic stroke subtyped into categories of presumed etiology has been essential for discovering replicable loci in genomewide association studies (4).
Chapter 25 The pharmaceutical industry

Abstract This Handbook chapter surveys the extensive body of research on the economics of the pharmaceutical industry (with peripheral attention paid also to regulated medical devices). Pharmaceuticals is one of the world's most research-intensive industries, generating a continuing steam of new products that save lives and raise the quality of life. The discovery of new drugs has evolved over time from a decidedly empirical process to one based to a considerable degree upon fundamental scientific knowledge. Rich linkages have emerged between profit-seeking manufacturers and basic research performers such as universities and national laboratories. The safety and efficacy of new pharmaceutical products are stringently regulated in most industrialized nations, adding to clinical testing costs. Because of high expenditures on research, development, and clinical testing and because new products, once proven, might be imitated easily, patent protection is unusually important. The extension of patent protection to third-world nations under Uruguay Round Treaty mandates has precipitated vigorous policy debates. Patents, first-mover advantages, and the lack of good substitutes for significant new drugs often give rise to substantial monopoly power, against which many national governments have counterpoised a diverse panoply of price control mechanisms. When patents expire, however, generic substitutes often introduce vigorous price competition. The extent to which generics capture market share from the branded original drugs depends upon government regulatory policies, the reimbursement strategies of health care insurers, and the organization of health care provider institutions.
The effect of intranasal oxytocin on the pregnant uterus.

Abstract The effect of nasal oxytocin on the pregnant term uterus in 26 patients was studied by a continuous recording of amniotic fluid pressure. Eleven of these patients were given one application of nasal oxytocin, and later, an intravenous infusion of oxytocin to compare the responses. Fifteen patients received nasal oxytocin at 20 minute intervals. The spontaneous labors of an additional 15 patients were recorded as controls. The response to one application of nasal oxytocin was reproduced by an intravenous infusion of 1 to 2 milliunits of oxytocin per minute. The incidence of hypertonus in the patients receiving nasal oxytocin and in patients in spontaneous labor was the same. Both of these groups demonstrated less hypertonus than did patients receiving intravenous oxytocin. Nasal oxytocin can be used safely as a gentle stimulus to the uterus antepartum.
NeMa: fast graph search with label similarity

It is increasingly common to find real-life data represented as networks of labeled, heterogeneous entities. To query these networks, one often needs to identify the matches of a given query graph in a (typically large) network modeled as a target graph. Due to noise and the lack of fixed schema in the target graph, the query graph can substantially differ from its matches in the target graph in both structure and node labels, thus bringing challenges to the graph querying tasks. In this paper, we propose NeMa (Network Match), a neighborhood-based subgraph matching technique for querying real-life networks. (1) To measure the quality of the match, we propose a novel subgraph matching cost metric that aggregates the costs of matching individual nodes, and unifies both structure and node label similarities. (2) Based on the metric, we formulate the minimum cost subgraph matching problem. Given a query graph and a target graph, the problem is to identify the (top-k) matches of the query graph with minimum costs in the target graph. We show that the problem is NP-hard, and also hard to approximate. (3) We propose a heuristic algorithm for solving the problem based on an inference model. In addition, we propose optimization techniques to improve the efficiency of our method. (4) We empirically verify that NeMa is both effective and efficient compared to the keyword search and various state-of-the-art graph querying techniques.
Non-ideal diffusion effects, short-range ordering, and unsteady-state effects strongly influence Brownian aggregation rates in concentrated dispersions of interacting spheres

Brownian aggregation rates are determined for concentrated dispersions of interacting particles with Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations and various theoretical models. Using simulation results as benchmarks, the predictions of the classical Fuchs-Smoluchowski (FS) model are shown to be quite inaccurate for concentrated dispersions. A new aggregation model is presented which provides significantly improved predictions. This model is developed on the basis of the fundamental measure theory (FMT) which is a rigorous “liquid-state” dynamic density-functional theory (DDFT) approach. It provides a major improvement of the FS model by considering short-range ordering, non-ideal diffusion, and unsteady-state effects. These were recently shown by the authors to play important roles in Brownian aggregation of hard spheres at high concentrations. Two types of interparticle interaction potentials are examined, the purely attractive van der Waals potential and the DLVO potential which includes van der Waals attraction and electrostatic double layer repulsion. For dispersions of particles with purely attractive interactions, the FS model underpredicts the aggregation rates by up to 1000 fold. In the presence of strong interparticle repulsive forces, its predictions are in fair agreement with the BD simulation results for dilute systems with particle volume fractions ϕ < < 0.1. In contrast, the predictions of the new FM-DDFT based model compare favorably with the BD simulation results, in both cases, up to ϕ = 0.3. A new quantitative measure for colloidal dispersion stability, different from the classical FS stability ratio, is proposed on the basis of aggregation half-times. Hence, a better mechanistic understanding of Brownian aggregation is obtained for concentrated dispersions of particles with either attractive or repulsive interactions, or both.
Bias in Photospreads of Faces: A Comparison of Two Lineup Construction Methods

Recent research suggests that the current method of lineup construction produces biased or suggestive lineups. Earlier studies used face composite stimuli to assemple the lineups. The present study uses more realistic materials, actual face photographs. Ten pairs of subjects constructed photospread lineups using the traditional method of selecting lineup members who are similar in appearance to the suspect. Another ten pairs of subjects constructed lineups using an alternative construction method. The lineups were then given to a separate group of subjects who had never seen the photographs before and were asked to try to select the face that was the basis for each lineup. The results showed that traditional lineup constuction method produced bias towards the target/suspect. The alternative construction method produced less bias, but not significantly less than the traditional method. These results have implications for law enforcement personnel concerned with the construction and presentation of lineups.
A new model for soil hydraulic properties based on a stochastic conceptualization of porous media

[1] The nature and distribution of soil particles and pores plays a strong role in determining the soil hydraulic properties (specifically the soil water retention curve and the relative hydraulic conductivity curve) that govern water movement. A new mathematical model for these hydraulic properties was developed by conceptualizing the soil as a random assemblage of soil particles represented by randomly sized overlapping spheres (fully penetrable spheres). The spatial arrangement of the spheres was assumed to follow a homogeneous Poisson process. A stochastic analysis was utilized to obtain analytical expressions for soil water retention curves and relative conductivity at varying water contents. Unlike the existing models of soil hydraulic properties, this new model incorporates soil porosity in estimating model parameters. Furthermore, because of this conceptualization, we are able to determine the types of soils for which the model is appropriate. A quantitative evaluation of the new model was performed by examining data on hydraulic properties for several soils. In addition, quantitative and qualitative comparisons were made with currently used expressions (such as the van Genuchten model, Brooks-Corey relationship, and Kosugi model) for the same data sets. Results show that the new model provides reasonable fits with the observed water retention curve and good predictions of the hydraulic conductivity, particularly for soils exhibiting a distinct air entry pressure.
Paths to citizenship? Public views on the extension of rights to legal and second‐generation immigrants in Europe

This study uses variations in the legal-institutional frameworks of citizenship to explore cross-nationally public views about granting equal rights to legal immigrants and citizenship status to second-generation immigrants in 20 European countries. We link the literatures on citizenship regimes and attitudes toward immigrants to construct a conceptual model that is tested using ISSP data from 2003 and a set of matching contextual measures. Results from hierarchical linear regression analyses indicate that (1) opposition to the extension of rights to legal immigrants is augmented by shorter periods of required residency for naturalization and (2) granting citizenship status to second-generation immigrants is not sensitive to whether a regime consents or not to citizenship by birth. Net of individual and contextual controls, the findings also show that resistance to the expansion of rights to legal immigrants is higher in countries consenting to dual citizenship. Furthermore, our analyses reveal that Eastern European respondents do not differ significantly from their Western counterparts with respect to extending rights to either category of immigrants. These results are discussed in reference to the diversity of citizenship regimes in Europe and in light of the existing debates on harmonizing immigration policies.
The supply of phosphorus from native, inorganic phosphorus pools in continuously cultivated Mexican agroecosystems

Abstract Correlative and experimental approaches were used to determine the sources of phosphorus (P) that supply the labile P pools in nine soils from traditional Mexican agroecosystems. A correlation analysis was undertaken on phosphorus fractions, particle size fractions, soil pH and organic matter contents. Labile inorganic P (labile Pi) fractions correlated significantly with soil HCl-extractable Pi concentrations and soil pH. No significant correlations were found between labile phosphorus and any organic phosphorus pools or particle size fractions. Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) was grown in small quantities of soil and then P fractionations were carried out on the alfalfa-depleted and original soils. Alfalfa consistently depleted labile inorganic phosphorus fractions in all soils, and in five of the nine soils, inorganic phosphorus associated with calcium phosphate minerals and/or Al or Fe hydrous oxides were significantly depleted under cultivation. The bicarbonate extracted organic phosphorus fraction was significantly depleted in one soil, but no other organic phosphorus fractions were significantly depleted by the alfalfa treatment. These results suggest that inorganic P fractions are critical sources of phosphorus in the traditional agroecosystems studied, and that soil calcium phosphate contents may in part determine where continually cultivated agriculture can be sustained without the use of synthetic fertilizers.
Reducing disparities in asthma care: priorities for research--National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop report.

Abstract Minority groups with diverse racial and ethnic heritages and persons living in poverty are much more likely to die of asthma and to require emergency care for exacerbations of asthma than white persons not living in poverty. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened a multidisciplinary group of expert scientists and clinicians to review current research aimed at understanding risk factors for these disparities in asthma health outcomes, to describe key barriers to improving asthma outcomes, and to establish priorities for future research. Education programs for asthma and other chronic diseases were reviewed. Successful elements of clinic and community-based programs were identified. Factors potentially involved in producing disparities include gene-environment interaction, psychologic and social factors, and socioeconomic status. Stress potentially contributes to asthma morbidity at both the individual and community level. Recommendations are made to stimulate research to understand risk factors for disparities and their mechanisms (eg, gene-by-environment interactions and the role of stress), to define appropriate research designs and methods for evaluating behavioral and community interventions, and to examine how differential access to care contributes to morbidity. Research is encouraged to identify strategies that improve cultural adaptation and adoption of proven programs in a variety of populations. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:229-37.)
Targeting γδ T cells for immunotherapy of HIV disease.

Disruption of circulating γδ T-cell populations is an early and common outcome of HIV infection. T-cell receptor (TCR)-γ2δ2 cells (expressing the Vγ2 and Vδ2 chains of the γδ TCR) are depleted, even though they are minimally susceptible to direct HIV infection, and exemplify indirect cell depletion mechanisms that are important in the progression to AIDS. Among individuals with common or normally progressing HIV disease, the loss of TCR-γ2δ2 cells has a broad impact on viral immunity, control of opportunistic pathogens and resistance to malignant disease. Advanced HIV disease can result in complete loss of TCR-γ2δ2 cells that are not recovered even during antiretroviral therapy with complete virus suppression. However, normal levels of TCR-γ2δ2 were observed among natural virus suppressors (low or undetectable virus without antiretroviral therapy) irrespective of their MHC haplotype, consistent with their disease-free status. The pattern of loss and recovery of TCR-γ2δ2 cells revealed their unique feature...
Effectiveness of Pharmacomechanical Thrombolysis in Infants and Children

Between March 1995 and February 2000, 10 children with major thromboses were treated with local pharmacomechanical thrombolysis. Clinical improvement was found in 8 patients: follow-up angiography showed complete thrombus resolution in 5 patients and subtotal resolution in 4.
Impact of strawberry cultivar and incidence of pests on yield and profitability of strawberries under conventional and organic management systems

ABSTRACT Yield, incidence of pests, and profitability of strawberries under conventional and organic management systems were measured through four fruiting seasons, using three cultivare widely grown in the northeastern United States (dayneutrals [Tribute or Tristar], Earliglow and Honeoye). Fruits were more abundant in conventional than in organic plots, but the average weight of fruit was not affected by management system. Of all strawberry cultivare tested in this study, Honeoye was the most productive, both in terms of number and weight of harvested fruits. Incidence of tarnished plant bug damage by was much higher than for grey mould or slugs. Density of nymphs and proportion of fruits damaged by plant bugs were higher in organic than in conventional plots, and for Honeoye than dayneutrals or Earliglow. In contrast, management system and strawberry cultivar did not affect to a great extent the incidence of damage by grey mould or slugs. Productivity of strawberry plants was negatively correlated with...
Comparison of mass resolution criteria in mass spectrometry

Abstract For a single peak, mass spectral resolution can be expressed in terms of peak width or ratio of peak position to peak width. Alternatively, for two equally intense peaks of equal width, resolution can be defined as the minimum peak separation such that the height of the valley between the combined peaks is less than a specified ratio (1%, 10%, 50%, 100%) of the individual (or combined) peak maximum. All these definitions depend on peak shape. Conversion formulae between various mass resolution criteria are presented for each of eight spectral peak shapes: Gaussian, triangular, trapezoidal, Lorentzian (absorption-mode, magnitude-mode, and sine-apodized magnitude-mode), and sinc (absorption-mode and magnitude-mode). From these formulae, mass resolutions based upon different criteria are readily compared for the same or different line shapes.
Synthesis, structure and solution dynamics of lithium salts of superbulky cyclopentadienyl ligands

The superbulky cyclopentadienes (CpAr5)H (Ar# = 3,5-Me2C6H3 (1a); Ar* = 3,5-tBu2C6H3 (1b)) were prepared by the palladium-catalyzed reaction of metallocenes with aryl bromides. NMR spectroscopy was consistent with Cs symmetric solution structures with free rotation of the substituted aryl rings. The molecular structure of 1a is similar to that previously determined for pentaphenylcyclopentadiene, with a planar Cp ring bisected by an approximate mirror plane. Addition of BuLi to 1a,b yielded the lithium salts (CpAr#5)Li(THF)2 (2a) and (CpAr*5)Li (2b) in good yield. 7Li NMR spectroscopy of 2a,b indicated more than one species in solution. Crystallization of 2a from toluene revealed an infinite one-dimensional chain structure with alternating [(CpAr#5)2Li]− and [(THF)Li(CpAr#5)Li(CpAr#5)Li(THF)]+ units; due to the sterics of the Cp rings, the lithium atom appears to be only loosely held in place with a larger than usual Li–Cp distance. 7Li NMR spectroscopy suggested an equilibrium between the monomeric species (CpAr#5)Li(THF)x and the metallate [(CpAr#5)2Li][Li(THF)x] in C6D6 which was supported by variable temperature and NOESY 7Li NMR experiments. Crystallization of 2a from THF/TMEDA yielded the solvent separated ion pair [(CpAr#5)2Li][Li(TMEDA)2] (3a). In this case, 7Li NMR spectroscopy pointed towards the presence of a single species in solution.
A Constitutive Model for Strain-Induced Crystallization in Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) during Finite Strain Load-Hold Simulations

Recently, a hyperelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model was developed for PET and the noncrystallizing copolymer PETG (R. B. Dupaix, Ph.D. thesis, MIT, 2003). The materials were found to behave very similarly under monotonic loading conditions and the single constitutive model was able to capture both materials' behavior. However, differences were observed upon unloading, and it is expected that additional differences would be observed under more complex loading conditions. Here their behavior is investigated under nonmonotonic loading conditions, specifically under load-hold conditions. The model of Dupaix and Boyce (R. B. Dupaix, Ph.D. thesis, MIT, 2003) is modified to include Ahzi's upper-bound model for strain-induced crystallization [Ahzi et al., Mech. Mater., 35(12), pp. 1139-1148 (2003)]. The crystallization model is adapted to include criteria for the onset of strain-induced crystallization which depend on strain rate and level of deformation. The strain-rate condition prevents crystallization from beginning prior to the deformation process slowing significantly. The level-of-deformation condition delays crystallization until the material has deformed beyond a critical level. The combined model demonstrates differences in behavior between PET and PETG during complex loading situations, indicating its ability to capture the fundamental criteria for the onset of strain-induced crystallization.
Outcomes Following Partial Nephrectomy by Tumor Size

Purpose: Pathological evaluation of renal tumors treated with ablative and observational therapy is often limited and renal tumor size may be the only prognostic index available. We established long-term survival in patients following partial nephrectomy according to tumor size.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of our nephrectomy registry was performed to identify patients who underwent partial nephrectomy for localized (NX/N0/cM0) solid renal tumors 7 cm or less at our institution between 1970 and 2004. Overall, cancer specific, distant metastasis-free and local recurrence-free survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and stratified according to tumor size in all tumors treated and in patients with pathologically confirmed renal cell carcinoma.Results: We identified 798 patients who underwent partial nephrectomy for a 7 cm or less renal tumor. Median patient age was 63.5 years and median tumor size was 3.0 cm. Renal cell carcinoma was present in 637 tumors (80%). Overall, cancer s...
Surface morphology control of green LEDs with p-InGaN layers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract The growth of green LEDs with In x Ga 1− x N:Mg p-type layers was studied by employing various epitaxial structures and substrates to control the surface morphology, especially in terms of the formation of pits. The pit densities of the green LED structures grown on sapphire substrates with p-type layers composed of a p-In 0.04 Ga 0.96 N:Mg and a graded p-In x Ga 1− x N:Mg are ∼1×10 9 and ∼3×10 8 cm −2 , respectively. p-type layers composed of p-InGaN:Mg/p-GaN:Mg short-period superlattices are effective in preventing the formation of V-defect related pits. The pit density of green LED structures grown on free-standing GaN substrates with a p-In 0.04 Ga 0.96 N:Mg layer is ∼1.4×10 7 cm −2 , which can be correlated to the threading dislocation density in the substrates.
Towards a methodology for the characterization of fire resistive materials with respect to thermal performance models

A methodology is proposed for the characterization of fire resistive materials with respect to thermal performance models. Typically in these models, materials are characterized by their densities, heat capacities, thermal conductivities, and any enthalpies (of reaction or phase changes). For true performance modelling, these thermophysical properties need to be determined as a function of temperature for a wide temperature range from room temperature to over 1000°C. Here, a combined experimental/theoretical/modelling approach is proposed for providing these critical input parameters. Particularly, the relationship between the three-dimensional microstructure of the fire resistive materials and their thermal conductivities is highlighted.
Electronic structure and half-metallic transport in the La1-xCaxMnO3 system

Possible origins of ``colossal magnetoresistance'' (CMR) behavior in the ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ system are studied using the local spin-density method. These calculations allow the quantification of the effects of Mn d--O p hybridization that have been largely neglected in previously published work. As regards the end-point compounds ${\mathrm{CaMnO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}$, the very different structural and magnetic symmetries of their ground states are predicted correctly. The distortion from the cubic perovskite structure of the ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}$ lattice is necessary to produce an antiferromagnetic insulating ground state. The distortion also strengthens the Mn magnetic moments. Application to ferromagnetic and constrained ferrimagnetic phases of ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ in the CMR regime x\ensuremath{\approxeq}1/4--1/3 suggests, as observed, that magnetic coupling switches from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic. Hybridization between Mn d states and O p states is found to be strongly spin dependent, because the majority Mn d bands overlap the O p bands while the minority Mn d bands are separated by a gap from the O p bands. Both ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic orderings are obtained and compared. We identify strong local environment effects arising from neighboring cation charge differences (${\mathrm{La}}^{3+}$ or ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}$) that suggest localization of the low density of minority carriers, leading to effective half-metallic ferromagnetism in the CMR regime. This behavior supports in some respects the popular ``double exchange'' picture of Zener but indicates the Mn d--O p hybridization is much too strong to be considered perturbatively. Half-metallic character promotes the possibility of very large magnetoresistance, and may well be an essential ingredient in the CMR effect.
Anomalous leakage current in LPCVD PolySilicon MOSFET's

The anomalous leakage current I L in LPCVD polysilicon MOSFET's is attributed to field emission via grain-boundary traps in the (front) surface depletion region at the drain, and an analytic model that describes the strong dependences of I L on the gate and drain voltages is developed. The model predictions are consistent with measured current-voltage characteristics. Physical insight afforded by the model implies device design modifications to control and reduce I L , and indicates when the back-surface leakage component is significant.
Initiating Basal Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: Practical Steps to Optimize Glycemic Control

Primary care practitioners are increasingly responsible for the management of the escalating numbers of patients with type 2 diabetes. The majority of these patients will require insulin replacement therapy as their disease progresses, because glycemic control is often unsustainable using oral antidiabetic drugs. This review explains the practicalities of initiating and optimizing basal insulin in clinical practice, emphasizing the need for regular glycated hemoglobin (A1c) monitoring to allow timely initiation of insulin when the A1c target is not met. The importance of patient education in overcoming barriers to insulin is discussed, as well as the choice of available basal insulins and the necessity to optimize basal insulin dosage by self-titration. The traditional view of insulin therapy as a last resort is challenged with the modern basal insulin analogues (insulin detemir and insulin glargine), which offer simple and effective glycemic control with a reduced risk of hypoglycemia compared with older insulin formulations such as neutral protamine Hagedorn.
Dynamic Boundaries of the Firm: Are Firms Better Off Being Vertically Integrated in the Face of a Technological Change?

Building on transaction cost economics and the knowledge-based theory of the firm, I argue that, following a technological change that is competence-destroying to firms and their suppliers, firms t...
Buncombe re‐visited: The 1964 republican convention

Discussing the uses of speech as ritual and in the manipulation of ideas at the national political convention, the authors argue that convention rhetoric does not properly encourage the democratic process.
Addition ofN‐acetylcysteine to linoleic acid hydroperoxide

Catalyzed by 10−5 M ionic iron in 80% ethanol,N-acetylcysteine added to linoleic acid hydroperoxide, forming a thiobond. Reaction of a specific isomer of the hydroperoxide, 13-hydroperoxy-trans-11,cis-9-octadecadienoic acid, andN-acetylcysteine, forms a number of products, of which two were identified as addition compounds. One addition product was 9-S-(N-acetylcysteine)-13-hydroxy-10-ethoxy-trans-11-octadecenoic acid, and the other was 9-S-(N-acetylcysteine)-10,13-dihydroxy-trans-11-octadecenoic acid.
Plant Virus for Electron Microscopy.

Schiff '8 reagent prepared with thionyl chloride is 1.24; that of Schiff 's reagent prepared in the usual manner is 1.38. This slight difference in acidity does not appear to be significant. Schiff 's reagent prepared with thionyl chloride has been successfully used as a nuclear stain on tissue sections of human thymus gland, kidney, liver, and spleen, as well as on the fungi, Blastomyces dermatitidis and Sacoharomyces cervisiae.
Individual and combined toxicity of some petroleum aromatics to the marine amphipod Elasmopus pectenicrus

Toxicity of 4 components of petroleum oils to the marine amphipod Elasmopus pectenicrus (Bate) has been assessed. Two ephemeral aromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalene (A) and 1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene (B) were more toxic than two persistent aromatics, o-cresol (C) and o-toluidine (D). The acute toxicity concentrations obtained for individual aromatic compounds were always greater than the actual concentrations found in the water-soluble fractions (WSF) of fuel oils. Results from mixtures of 2 or more components indicated that the LC50 levels were primarily determined by the more toxic substances, A and B. Naphthalene and 1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene became more toxic to the E. pectenicrus when present in a mixture of more than 2 components, and the toxicity increased with increasing numbers of components present. Synergistic effects, therefore, possibly occur in the whole WSF. No antagonistic effects were observed among the 4 petroleum aromatics.
Trends in racial disparities for injured patients admitted to trauma centers.

Objective To determine whether outcome disparities between black and white trauma patients have decreased over the last 10 years. Data Source Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study. Study Design We performed an observational cohort study on 191,887 patients admitted to 28 Level 1 and Level II trauma centers. The main outcomes of interest were (1) death, (2) death or major complication, and (3) failure-to-rescue. Hospitals were categorized according to the proportion of black patients. Multivariate regression models were used to estimate trends in racial disparities and to assess whether the source of racial disparities was within or between hospitals. Principal Findings Trauma patients admitted to hospitals with high concentrations of blacks (>20 percent) had a 45 percent higher odds of death (adj OR: 1.45, 95 percent CI: 1.09–1.92) and a 73 percent higher odds of death or major complication (adj OR: 1.73, 95 percent CI: 1.42–2.11) compared with patients admitted to hospitals treating low proportions of blacks. Blacks and whites admitted to the same hospitals had no difference in mortality (adj OR: 1.05, 95 percent CI: 0.87, 1.27) or death or major complications (adj OR: 1.01; 95 percent CI: 0.90, 1.13). The odds of overall mortality, and death or major complications have been reduced by 32 percent (adj OR: 0.68; 95 percent CI: 0.54–0.86) and 28 percent (adj OR: 0.72; 95 percent CI: 0.60–0.85) between 2000 and 2009, respectively. Racial disparities did not change over 10 years. Conclusion Despite the overall improvement in outcomes, the gap in quality of care between black and white trauma patients in Pennsylvania has not narrowed over the last 10 years. Racial disparities in trauma are due to the fact that black patients are more likely to be treated in lower quality hospitals compared with whites.
Geothermal springs of the West Florida continental shelf: Evidence for dolomitization and radionuclide enrichment

Abstract On the sea bed of the West Florida continental shelf about 45 km SSW of Ft. Myers, Florida, an 85-km 2 area has been discovered in which six thermal springs discharge warm, chemically altered seawater from vents and seepage zones. The spring water apparently originates in the subsurface ocean around the Florida Platform and penetrates the highly porous strata of the platform about 500–1000 meters below sea level. It percolates toward the interior of the platform and is geothermally heated to about 40°C en route. Then it rises along more vertical flow channels and is discharged in warm submarine springs. Beneath the platform, several chemical processes alter the percolating seawater. One process seems to be a secondary dolomitization of the limestone of the platform because, in the discharging seawater, magnesium is lower by 2.7 mmole/kg and calcium higher by 3.6 mmole/kg than in normal seawater with the same chlorinity. Other reactions within the sediments of the platform enrich the spring effluents 1000-fold in 226 Ra, 10,000-fold in 222 Rn, and 90-fold in 228 Ra compared to the seawater surrounding the platform. Thus, the springs may be important sources of radionuclides for the Gulf of Mexico. The percolating seawater also loses all of its oxygen and nitrate to reduction processes, loses most of its phosphate and 40% of its 238 U, and roughly quadruples its silica content. Coastal carbonate platforms are fairly common geological features. Thus, processes like those beneath the West Florida Shelf may function on a world-wide basis to play an important role in the diagenesis of carbonate sediments.
Disobedient sediments can feedback on their transportation, deposition and geomorphology

Abstract Most sediments are obedient to the winds, waves and currents, which direct their transportation and deposition. It has long been recognized however, that the grain size, and/or grain kind, of sediments can feedback on the processes of their own transportation, deposition and geomorphology as well as that of succeeding deposits. This note is to review three examples of marine sediments in which a single grain size or grain kind produces multiple feedbacks. Tidal bars of Holocene ooid sands on Great Bahama Bank are an example of multiple feedbacks of one grain kind on tidal currents, wave action and accumulations. These feedbacks are responsible for the distinctive pattern of elongated bars and channels, which in turn amplify tidal currents. The near constant movement of grains on the shallow bars and in the channels is where pellet nuclei are coated to form ooids; thus the development and growth of bars feeds back to produce more ooids. Regional encrinites, which consist predominantly of the disarticulated highly porous skeletons of crinoids, are common from Ordovician to Jurassic during blooms of these filter feeders. The resulting grains, which are equivalent to quartz grains a tenth of their size, can be entrained by currents as low as a knot (ca 0.5 m/s). The resulting mobile substrate deters other invertebrates (taphonomic feedback) and results in the prevalence of layering produced by traction transport of low velocity. The belt of mud extending for some 1600 km between the Amazon and Orinocco rivers is a special example of the feedback of mud on depositional processes, sedimentary structures and geomorphology of the accumulations. The clay-rich mud from the Amazon produces fluid mud which dampens and transforms wave action from the open sea to promote its own accumulation in giant bars in the inner shelf and shoreline with a variety of familiar laminations. The result is a wedge of mud-rich deposits some 24 m thick and 30 km wide capped with cheniers of sand, which has prograded seaward in some 6000 years.
Force Against and by Game Wardens In Citizen Encounters

This article provides a descriptive analysis of assaults against and force by game wardens. Statewide data were provided by Virginia’s Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Spatial, temporal, and situational factors are examined and some comparisons to police are provided. Distinct spatial and temporal patterns are evident. Attempting an arrest and rendering assistance are the most dangerous situations for assaults on wardens. The strongest factor precipitating assault is offender’s behavior. The strongest predictor of use of force is the presence of other police and offender’s resistance. Important differences between wardens and police in the use of weapons and injury are identified. Important organizational and situational differences shape the uniqueness of wildlife and conservation law enforcement.
Applications of the massively parallel machine, the MasPar MP-1, to Earth sciences

The computational workload of upcoming NASA science missions, especially the ground data processing for the Earth Observing System, is projected to be quite large (in the 50 to 100 gigaFLOPS range) and corespondingly very expensive to perform using conventional supercomputer systems. High performance, general purpose massively parallel computer systems such as the MasPar MP-1 are being investigated by NASA as a more cost effective alternative. Massively parallel systems are targeted for accelerated development and maturation by NASA's upcoming five-year High Performance Computing and Communications Program. A summary of the broad range of applications currently running on the MP-1 at NASA/Goddard are presented in this paper along with descriptions of the parallel algorithmic techniques employed in five applications that have bearing on Earth sciences.
Diffraction of Orbital Angular Momentum Carrying Optical Beams by a Circular Aperture

Diffraction of optical Laguerre-Gauss vortex beams by a circular aperture is studied experimentally and unexpected features that depend on orbital angular momentum index and aperture size to beam radius ratio are described.
Reversal of multidrug resistance in HL-60 cells by verapamil and liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin

The means of circumventing multidrug resistance was investigated in HL-60 and HL-60R (a drug resistance variant) cell lines. The HL-60R cell line was developed from the parent line by serial exposure to increasing concentrations of doxorubicin over a 4-month period. This drug resistant cell line expressed P-glycoprotein in its cell surface and is 80-fold more resistant than the parent cell line. Multidrug resistance, as evaluated by a cell cytotoxicity assay using doxorubicin, can be overcome by use of verapamil. Multidrug resistance can also be circumvented when doxorubicin is encapsulated in liposomes. The combination of verapamil and doxorubicin-encapsulated liposomes does enhance circumvention of multidrug resistance beyond the effect of each agent alone, implying a synergistic effect. The lipid composition of the liposomes does affect the rate of drug uptake but not the overall cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin. The synergistic reversal of multidrug resistance by doxorubicin-encapsulated liposomes and verapamil suggests a multifactorial basis for drug resistance in this cell line.
An endogenous substance with clonidine-like properties: selective binding to imidazole sites in the ventrolateral medulla

Abstract We sought to characterize the interactions of an endogenous clonidine-displacing substance (CDS) with the specific receptor sites to which clonidine and its analogs bind: (a) the non-adrenergic imidazole binding site, which is present in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) but not the frontal cortex, (b) high-affinity and (c) low-affinity states of the α2-adrenergic receptor, and (d) the α1-adrenergic receptor. CDS, like clonidine, potently and completely inhibited specific p-[ 3 H ] aminoclonidine binding to membranes from the VLM or from the frontal cortex. Both CDS and clonidine bound with highest affinity to imidazole binding sites in the VLM, both were 3-fold selective for high-affinity over low-affinity α2-adrenergic receptors, and both exhibited lowest affinity for α1-adrenergic receptors. Unlike clonidine, CDS exhibited 30-fold selectivity for imidazole over α2-adrenergic receptors but showed only a weak preference for α2- over α1-adrenergic receptors, indicating that CDS and clonidine are not identical. We conclude that CDS is an endogenous clonidine-like substance which may be the natural ligand for imidazole binding sites in the VLM. The receptor-binding properties of CDS are consistent with the view that it is a unique and as yet unrecognized compound.
Retinoic acid effects on an SV-40 large T antigen immortalized adult rat bone cell line.

Clonal cell lines were established from adult rat tibia cells immortalized with SV-40 large T antigen. One clone (TRAB-11), in which retinoic acid (RA) induced alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, was selected for further study. The TRAB-11 cells express high levels of type I collagen mRNA, type IV collagen, fibronectin, practically no type III collagen, little osteopontin, and no osteocalcin. RA stimulates proliferation of TRAB-11 cells (starting at 10 pM) and survival (starting at 100 pM). TRAB-11 cells synthesize fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), which has potent autocrine mitogenic effects on these cells and acts synergistically with RA. TRAB-11 cells attach better to type IV collagen than to fibronectin or laminin. Cell attachment to type IV collagen is increased by RA and decreased (65%) by an antibody directed against α1β1 integrin. RA up-regulates steady-state levels of α1 mRNA without affecting β1 mRNA expression. In conclusion, we report the establishment of a clonal cell line from the outgrowth of adult rat tibiae which is highly sensitive to RA in its growth and survival in culture, apparently as a result of integrin-mediated cell interaction with extracellular matrix proteins. J. Cell. Physiol. 179:267–275, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Improvements in epitaxial lateral overgrowth of InP by MOVPE

Abstract Indium phosphide and silicon play important and complementary roles in communications wavelength photonic devices. Realizing high quality coalesced epitaxial lateral overgrown (ELO) InP films on Si could greatly reduce cost and encourage the proliferation of energy efficient photonic integrated circuits in consumer devices. By adjusting a parallel line ELO mask and metalorganic vapor phase epitaxial growth conditions, we have fully coalesced and partially coalesced epitaxial lateral overgrowth of InP on InP substrates and Si substrates having strain relaxed III/V buffer layers, respectively. Extended defects were investigated using transmission electron microscopy and were not found to originate at the coalescence of the nearest neighbor growth fronts for linear parallel growth windows oriented 60° off of [0−11] when using a high V/III ratio of 406. In addition, narrowly separated linear parallel growth windows having a large aspect ratio of 7.5 were seen to inhibit the upward propagation of stacking faults through several neighboring openings. Elimination of these two defect sources would leave primarily the challenge of optimizing the morphology of the overgrown InP as a substantial barrier to achieving coalesced ELO InP of sufficient quality for photonic device applications.
Hybrid density functional theory study of proton transfer between methane and methyl radical

Abstract The hybrid density functional theory (DFT) has been applied to model the proton transfer reaction between methane and methyl radicals. The obtained results were compared with the ROHF and MP2 ab initio calculations and the experimental results. Several basis sets from 6–31G(d) to 6–311 + + G(3df, 3pd) are applied. The suitability of the hybrid DFT methods for modeling proton transfer reactions are discussed.
A general enantioselective route to the chamigrene natural product family

Described in this report is an enantioselective route toward the chamigrene natural product family. The key disconnections in our synthetic approach include sequential enantioselective decarboxylative allylation and ring-closing olefin metathesis to form the all-carbon quaternary stereocenter and spirocyclic core present in all members of this class of compounds. The generality of this strategy is demonstrated by the first total syntheses of elatol and the proposed structure of laurencenone B, as well as the first enantioselective total syntheses of laurencenone C and α-chamigrene. A brief exploration of the substrate scope of the enantioselective decarboxylative allylation/ring-closing metathesis sequence with fully substituted vinyl chlorides is also presented.