cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complementary adiabatic and fully adiabatic MOS logic families for gigascale integration

A fundamental opportunity for adiabatic-reversible computation is prescribed by the second law of thermodynamics through the universal relationship between entropy and heat generation in a closed system. The complementary adiabatic MOS (CAMOS) and fully adiabatic MOS (ADMOS) logic families provide practical circuit implementations of quasi-adiabatic and quasi-adiabatic-reversible computing, respectively, and offer promising alternatives to CMOS logic for low-power GSI systems.
First Reported Case of Neisseria meningitidis Periorbital Cellulitis Associated With Meningitis

Cellulitis is a rare manifestation of meningococcal disease. We describe the case of a previously healthy 4-month-old female infant who developed periorbital cellulitis associated with meningococcal meningitis.
Recognition of hidden positive row diagonally dominant matrices

A hidden positive row diagonally dominant (hprdd) matrix is a square matrix A for which there exist square matrices C and B so that AC = B and each diagonal entry of B and C is greater than the sum of the absolute values of the off-diagonal entries in its row. A linear program with 5n 2 − 4n variables and 2n 2 constraints is defined that takes as input an n × n matrix A and produces C and B satisfying the above conditions if and only if they exist. A 4×4 symmetric positive definite matrix that is not an hprdd matrix is presented.
Interaction between Barium Titanate and Binary Glasses

Interactions between BaTiO3, and three binary glasses were studied through the reaction of BaTiO3, powder with glass powder. For PbO–B2O3 and PbO–SiO2 glasses, the reaction led to stable compound formation, the substitution of Pb in the BaTiO3 structure, and noticeable grain growth of BaTiO3. The interaction phenomena for these two glass systems were very similar. The substitution of Pb into BaTiO3 is assisted by chemical reactions in which BaB2O4 or Ba2SiO4 is formed. The substitution into BaTiO3 also seems to be closely related to the grain growth of BaTiO3. On the other hand, only compound formation was observed during the processing of BaTiO3 with Bi2O3–B2O3 glass. Neither BaTiO3 grain growth nor Bi substitution took place with the Bi2O3–B2O3 glass system. Based on the observed reactions and the glass viscosity, several sintering aids for BaTiO3 ceramic products are suggested in this paper.
Non-intrusive electrical load monitoring and profiling methods for applications in energy management systems

"Phantom Loads" cause energy waste in homes and the built environment as a whole. Consumers spend more than $3 billion a year on "Phantom Load" in the United States alone. The goal of this paper is to conserve energy by increasing consumer awareness on their energy usage and reducing and /or eliminating phantom loads in the built environment. A further goal is to improve upon existing power distribution systems in the built environment with limited hardware additions to increase energy conservation. This paper investigates remote identification of load types and the locations along the electrical circuitry where they (load) are being consumed. The load type and status (on, off, standby) are determined both remotely and in a non-intrusive manner using Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Methods. Time/Frequency Domain Reflectometry (TDR) is also being investigated to remotely locate energy consumption nodes along the electrical circuitry.
Interdisciplinary team teaching

Four principles are presented for team teaching involving faculty from different departments and with different technical specialties. The emphasis of the paper is on the opportunities for interdisciplinary cooperation where each professor provides a unique strength to the teaching team. Personal experiences are cited for the past academic year in team teaching a differential equations and linear algebra course both fall and spring semesters. Recommendations for improvements in this teaching model are suggested.
Religion, immigration, and home making in diaspora: Hindu space in Southern California

How does religion affect the ways in which immigrants create suitable and meaningful homes in their new places? Based on ethnographic naturalistic field study of Hindu immigrants in Southern California, this paper provides a detailed description of how religion influences and is inscribed into home spaces
Some Observations on the Prevalence of Mental Illness in Contrasting Communities

The field with which this report is concerned—psychiatric epidemiology—is new, and the research work exploratory. Because of this, it is exceedingly difficult to write briefly, and at the same time, be circumspect in statement. To report findings in a way that is truly intelligible, one must first give a detailed description of method; and then, if at the end one ventures into conclusions and interpretations, they should be qualified with great care.
Osteopontin deficiency and aging on nanomechanics of mouse bone.

Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of the tissue leading to increased fragility. Osteopontin (OPN), a noncollageneous bone matrix protein, has been shown to play an important role in osteoporosis, bone resorption, and mineralization. However, OPN's role in bone mechanical properties on the submicron scale has not been studied in any detail. In this study, nanoindentation techniques were utilized to investigate how OPN and aging affect bone mechanical properties. Hardness and elastic modulus were calculated and compared between the OPN-deficient mice (OPN(-/-)) and their age and sex-matched wild-type (OPN(+/+)) controls. The results show that the mechanical properties of the young OPN(-/-) bones (age 12 weeks) bones did not show any significant differences in mechanical properties with genotype. In addition, OPN(+/+) bones show a decrease in mechanical properties between young and older age groups. By contrast, OPN(-/-) bones showed no significant change in mechanical properties with aging.
Structure And Efficiency Of Timber Markets

Perfect competition has long been the standard by which economists have judged the market’s ability to achieve an efficient social outcome. The competitive process, unfettered by the imperfections discussed below, forges an outcome in which goods and services are produced at their lowest possible cost, and market equilibrium is achieved at the point at which the cost of the last unit supplied just equals its value in use to the demander. This point maximizes the amount of utility that consumers obtain and the profit that producers procure through the existence of the market. Therein lies the appeal of perfect competitive markets.
Biology and Pathophysiology of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy

Painful neuropathy is a common but inconsistent feature of chronic diabetes. Clinical studies have yet to offer robust clues to the pathogenesis of pain in diabetic patients, so there are no targeted prophylactic therapies. Interventions against established pain are restricted to drugs developed for other conditions that are frequently ineffective and can have prohibitive side effect profiles. Studies in diabetic rodents have identified a number of molecular and cellular disorders that may underlie the behavioral indices of pain seen in these models of diabetic neuropathy. Plausible mechanisms include over-expression of sensory receptors and ion channels in primary afferents that exaggerate or modify sensory input from the periphery and also amplification of sensory processing at the spinal cord level via sensitization and disinhibition mechanisms. There is also an emerging appreciation that the higher nervous system is not spared in diabetes, so that amplifier or generator sites for pain may be located within the brain and project pain sensations to the periphery. The developing appreciation of the pathogenesis of pain in animal models of diabetes has offered mechanistic validations for some therapies in current clinical use such as gabapentinoids, low-dose lidocaine, and alpha-lipoic acid while also highlighting new sites for intervention that may offer greater specificity and a reduced side effect profile.
DynoFighter: exploring a physical activity incentive mechanism to support exergaming

We present a study and game design that explores how motion controlled physical activity levels can be used to support exergaming and an improved user experience in a traditional game genre. We developed DynoFighter, a two player full body competitive fighting game where a player's activity levels influence their strength in the game, making it advantageous for players to exert themselves in order to win. We conducted a between subjects experiment to compare DynoFighter with and without its physical activity incentive mechanism and examined players' heart rate and activity levels, as well as their overall user experience with the game. Our results show that although there were no significant differences in physical exertion levels, players showed significantly more immersion and enjoyment as well as an increase in perceived exertion levels with DynoFighter's physical activity incentive mechanism.
CHANGES IN CIRCULATING LEUKOCYTES INDUCED BY THE ADMINISTRATION OF PITUITARY ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE (ACTH) IN MAN

1. Pituitary adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), when administered in a single intramuscular dose of 25 mg. to human subjects with unimpaired adrenal function, results in a characteristic alteration of the leukocytic pattern. This consists of an increase of circulating neutrophils and a decrease of circulating lymphocytes and eosinophils. 2. The decrease in circulating lymphocytes and eosinophils is contingent upon the stimulation of a functionally competent adrenal cortex, and does not occur in its absence. The neutrophilic response is present but somewhat diminished in adrenal insufficiency. 3. The entire pattern of leukocytic alterations found in normal subjects after administration of ACTH can be induced in patients with Addison’s disease by 17-hydroxycorticosterone (20 mg.) but not with desoxycorticosterone glucoside (30 mg.). 4. Prolonged adrenal stimulation by ACTH, given over a four day period in a dose of 10 mg. every six hours, results in a sustained and striking elevation of neutrophils and depression of eosinophils; the lymphocytes, after an initial depression lasting not more than twenty-four hours, may increase above their initial levels in spite of the continued increased secretion of adrenal hormones. 5. The relation of the adrenal cortex to the characteristic nonspecific leukocyte pattern, observed as a response of the organism to any type of insult, is discussed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are indebted to Mrs. Elizabeth Dell, B.S., Mrs. Constance Forsham, B.S., M.T. (A.S.C.P.), and Miss Loretta Conroy, B.S., for their technical assistance, and to Miss Mary Kascht, B.A., Research Dietitian, who kindly took over the secretarial management in addition to the dietary work.
Dental Students’ Opinions of Preparation Assessment with E4D Compare Software Versus Traditional Methods

The aim of this study was to evaluate dental students' opinions regarding the utilization of a new grading software program for student self-assessment and a faculty-grading tool in a preclinical course. Using surface mapping technology, this program, called E4D Compare, yields a digital model of a student's preparation that is color-coded to show deficient areas. The program has now been used for two years at the James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine at the Medical University of South Carolina, and the students previously assessed with E4D Compare have now entered into the dental clinics. For this study, students were asked to complete an anonymous survey for the investigators to evaluate students' attitudes and opinions on the effectiveness of this software in their preclinical courses to determine if this type of feedback helped them develop clinical skills. The survey also sought to collect students' opinions on the traditional objective criteria-based grading system. The survey was distributed to all members of the Classes of 2014 and 2015; it yielded a 59 percent response rate for the two classes, with a total of eighty-one students responding. Overall, the majority of students preferred the E4D Compare grading system over traditional hand-grading methods. The grading system provided instant, objective, and visual feedback that allowed students to easily see where their deficiencies were and encouraged them to work towards an ideal final product.
Effects of Withdrawal of a Performance-Contingent Reward on Supervisory Influence and Power

A field experiment was conducted to investigate effects of removal of a performance-contingent reward on subordinates’ perceptions of their supervisors’ sources of influence. A significant increase...
Enhancing the Tissue Donor Pool through Donation after Death in the Field

IntroductionTissue transplantation is an important adjunct to modern medical care and is used daily to save or improve patient lives. Tissue allografts include bone, tendon, corneas, heart valves and others. Increasing utilization may lead to tissue shortages, and tissue procurement organizations continue to explore ways to expand the cadaveric donor pool. Currently more than half of all deaths occur outside the acute care setting.HypothesisMany who suffer prehospital deaths might be eligible for non-organ tissue donation.MethodsA retrospective review of electronic prehospital medical records was conducted from May 1, 2008 through December 31, 2009. All prehospital deaths were included irrespective of cause. Once identified, additional medical history was obtained from prehospital, inpatient, and emergency department records. Age, medical history, and time of death were compared to exclusion criteria for four tissue procurement organizations (MTF, LifeNet, LifeCell, EyeBank). After analysis, percentages of eligible donors were calculated.ResultsOver 50,000 prehospital records were reviewed; 432 subjects died in the field and were eligible for analysis. Ages ranged from four to 103 years of age; the average was 68.3 (SD = 20.1) years. After exclusion for age, medical conditions, and time of death, 185 unique patients (42.8%) were eligible for donation to at least one of the four tissue procurement organizations (range 11.6%-34.3%).ConclusionsAfter prehospital death, many individuals may be eligible for tissue donation. These findings suggest that future prospective studies exploring tissue donation after prehospital death are indicated. These studies should aim to clarify eligibility criteria, create protocols and infrastructure, and explore the ethical implications of expanding tissue donation to include this population.ShiroffAM, GaleSC, MerlinMA, CrystalJS, LingerM, ShahAD, BeaumontE, LustigerE, TabakinE, GraciasVH. Enhancing the Tissue Donor Pool through Donation after Death in the Field. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(2):1-4.
A strategic stakeholder approach for addressing further analysis requests in whole genome sequencing research

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) can be a cost-effective and efficient means of diagnosis for some children, but it also raises a number of ethical concerns. One such concern is how researchers derive and communicate results from WGS, including future requests for further analysis of stored sequences. The purpose of this paper is to think about what is at stake, and for whom, in any solution that is developed to deal with such requests. To accomplish this task, this paper will utilize stakeholder theory, a common method used in business ethics. Several scenarios that connect stakeholder concerns and WGS will also posited and analyzed. This paper concludes by developing criteria composed of a series of questions that researchers can answer in order to more effectively address requests for further analysis of stored sequences.
The Fire Ground Positioning Rescue System Construction based on Wireless Measurement and Control Network

As a core force of fire fighters rescue,once into the unknown space,expand the relief operation,how the external site of a disaster within the disaster site commanders access to real-time location of combatants other information such as real-time control,and make correct command,has been is a major problem.In this paper,the use of already completed construction and put into operation in Shanghai wireless measurement and control network positioning based in fire rescue system to address these problems.
Advantages of Radiochemistry in Microliter Volumes

Positron emission tomography (PET) provides quantitative 3D visualization of physiological parameters (e.g., metabolic rate, receptor density, gene expression, blood flow) in real time in the living body. By enabling measurement of differences in such characteristics between normal and diseased tissues, PET serves as vital tool for basic research as well as for clinical diagnosis and patient management. Prior to a PET scan, the patient is injected with a short-lived tracer labeled with a positron-emitting isotope. Safe preparation of the tracer is an expensive process, requiring specially trained personnel and high-cost equipment operated within hot cells. The current centralized manufacturing strategy, in which large batches are prepared and divided among many patients, enables the most commonly used tracer (i.e., [18F]FDG) to be obtained at an affordable price. However, as the diversity of tracers increases, other strategies for cost reduction will become necessary. This challenge is being addressed by the development of miniaturized radiochemistry instrumentation based on microfluidics. These compact systems have the potential to significantly reduce equipment cost and shielding while increasing diversity of tracers produced in a given facility. The most common approach uses “flow-through” microreactors, which leverage the ability to precisely control reaction conditions to improve synthesis times and yields. Several groups have also developed “batch” microreactors which offer significant additional advantages such as reduced reagent consumption, simpler purifications, and exceptionally high specific activity, by reducing operating volumes by orders of magnitude. In this chapter, we review these “batch” approaches and the advantages of using small volumes, with special emphasis on digital microfluidics, in which reactions have been performed with volumes as low as ~1 μL.
Hedonic Versus Utilitarian Products: The Dawn of Intra-Product Category Research

Hedonic products have been found to be advantageous for firms over utilitarian products. However, some research conducted on this topic uses two products from two completely different categories (inter-product category research) rather than two products from the same category but different in terms of hedonic and utilitarian benefits (intra-product category research). This practice, unfortunately, poses three issues for hedonic consumption research: spurious relationships, limited types of products researched, and confusing implications for marketing practitioners. The present chapter examines these three issues in detail and underscores the dynamic nature of hedonic/utilitarian dimensions of any product category, which implies the advantages of intra-product category research over the pervasive inter-product category research. This chapter will also discuss four important strategies for firms to create competitive advantage through hedonic/utilitarian benefits.
Human gaze commands classification: A shape based approach to interfacing with robots

The sense of sight is one of the main outlets to how we interact with the world around us. Using eye tracking methods, this sensory input channel may also be used as an output channel to provide commands for robots to follow. These gaze-commanded robots could then be used to assist severely mobility-limited individuals in the home or similar environments. This paper explores the use of visually drawn shapes as the input for robot commands. These commands were recorded using low-cost gaze tracking hardware (Gazepoint GP3 Eye Tracker). The data were then processed using a custom algorithm in MATLAB to detect commands to be passed to a small humanoid robot (NAO). Using the techniques and procedures given in this paper, people with limited mobility will be able to input shape commands to have robots like NAO react as personal assistants. This is also extensible to gaze-based human-machine interfaces in general for a variety of applications.
Polymer-mediated ternary supramolecular interactions for sensitive detection of peptides

A combination of donor–acceptor and electrostatic interactions in a three-component supramolecular system has been shown to form the basis for selective and sensitive detection of peptides. Different substituents in the polymer and the detection matrix were compared to demonstrate that the favorable donor–acceptor interactions explain the observed signal enhancement. The ternary supramolecular interactions discovered in this work are enabled by the self-packing behavior of amphiphilic homopolymers and their ability to mediate interactions between the detection matrix and peptide that facilitate sensitive detection of peptides.
The Role Of Nonprofit Hospitals In Identifying And Addressing Health Inequities In Cities

For nonprofit hospitals to maintain their tax-exempt status, the Affordable Care Act requires them to conduct a community health needs assessment, in which they evaluate the health needs of the community they serve, and to create an implementation strategy, in which they propose ways to address these needs. We explored the extent to which nonprofit urban hospitals identified equity among the health needs of their communities and proposed health equity strategies to address this need. We conducted a content analysis of publicly available community health needs assessments and implementation strategies from 179 hospitals in twenty-eight US cities in the period August–December 2016. All of the needs assessments included at least one implicit health equity term (such as disparities , disadvantage , poor , or minorities ), while 65 percent included at least one explicit health equity term ( equity , health equity , inequity , or health inequity ). Thirty-five percent of implementation strategies included one o...
OPTICALLY MEASURED TEMPERATURE PROFILE OF A CONDENSED ALUMINUM-WATER MEDIUM UNDERGOING A FAST CHEMICAL REACTION

Initiation of the chemical reaction in aluminum/water premixture by an exploding wire has been studied using the emission spectrophotometric method. Temperature-time trace has been measured for exploding aluminum wire either in water or in the premixture. Exploding wire circuitry was adjusted so that the wire explosion takes place at the peak current time, maximizing both the rate of energy dissipation and the shock pressure per unit wire mass. The temperature measurements indicate that the exploding wire registering a temperature over 7,000° K triggers the slurry reaction which proceeds at a temperature of about 2,000°K.
Maternal dendrimer-based therapy for inflammation-induced preterm birth and perinatal brain injury

Preterm birth is a major risk factor for adverse neurological outcomes in ex-preterm children, including motor, cognitive, and behavioral disabilities. N-acetyl-L-cysteine therapy has been used in clinical studies; however, it requires doses that cause significant side effects. In this study, we explore the effect of low dose N-acetyl-L-cysteine therapy, delivered using a targeted, systemic, maternal, dendrimer nanoparticle (DNAC), in a mouse model of intrauterine inflammation. Our results demonstrated that intraperitoneal maternal DNAC administration significantly reduced the preterm birth rate and altered placental immune profile with decreased CD8+ T-cell infiltration. Furthermore, we demonstrated that DNAC improved neurobehavioral outcomes and reduced fetal neuroinflammation and long-term microglial activation in offspring. Our study is the first to provide evidence for the role of CD8+ T-cell in the maternal-fetal interface during inflammation and further support the efficacy of DNAC in preventing preterm birth and prematurity-related outcomes.
Numerical and analytic method for solvingproposal New Type for fuzzy nonlinear volterra integral equation

In this paper, we proved the existence and uniqueness and convergence of the solution of new type for nonlinear fuzzy volterra integral equation . The homotopy analysis method are proposed to solve the new type fuzzy nonlinear Volterra integral equation . We convert a fuzzy volterra integral equation for new type of kernel for integral equation, to a system of crisp function nonlinear volterra integral equation . We use the homotopy analysis method to find the approximate solution of the system and hence obtain an approximation for fuzzy solution of the nonlinear fuzzy volterra integral equation . Some numerical examples is given and results reveal that homotopy analysis method is very effective and compared with the exact solution and calculate the absolute error between the exact and AHM .Finally using the MAPLE program to solve our problem .
Site-directed molecular imaging of human cancers via multimeric peptide conjugates

1523 Objectives The aim of this investigation was to develop new targeting probes for molecular imaging or peptide receptor targeted radionuclide therapy (PRTRT). Methods PRTRT is a method of site-directed radiotherapy that specifically targets human cancers expressing a cognate receptor subtype in high numbers. Radiolabeled, regulatory peptides continue to hold promise for early diagnosis or treatment of human disease. However, the clinical utility of monomeric conjugates can be limited by a number of factors including receptor density, binding affinity, and pharmacokinetics. Multimeric regulatory peptide probes have recently become effective reagents for diagnostic molecular imaging and PRTRT of tumors expressing either singly- or multi-targetable receptors. Results We have recently developed a series of RGD/BBN multimeric peptide conjugates for integrin/GRPR (GRPR = gastrin releasing peptide receptor) dual receptor imaging, since many GRPR-positive tumors are also αvβ3-integrin positive. Our peptide conjugates consist of the following general formula: [*M(NO2A)-RGD-BBN(7-14)NH2], where *M = Cu-64 (a positron emitting isotope of copper); NO2A = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4-diacetic acid; BBN(7-14)NH2 = bombesin (BBN), a GRP receptor specific peptide targeting vector; and RGD = the amino acid sequence [Arg-Gly-Asp], a non-regulatory peptide that has been used extensively to target αvβ3 receptors upregulated on tumor cells and neovasculature. Additionally, we have synthesized several bis-bombesin conjugates of the formula [*M(NO2A)-BBN-BBN], where a second BBN unit is substituted for RGD, for direct comparison to the RGD-BBN conjugates and monomeric BBN conjugates from prior studies. Conclusions These new 64Cu diagnostic radiopharmaceutical agents allow for dual receptor imaging and early detection of GRPR/αvβ3 integrin-expressing prostate or breast tumors in human patients and promote evaluation of tumor progression as a function of disease stage during treatment protocols
Adverse Interactions of Luminescent Semiconductor Quantum Dots with Liposomes and Shewanella oneidensis.

Cadmium-containing luminescent quantum dots (QD) are increasingly used in display, bioimaging, and energy technologies; however, significant concerns have been raised about their potentially adverse impact on human health and the environment. This study makes use of a broad toolkit of analytical methods to investigate and increase our understanding of the interactions of luminescent cadmium-containing (CdSe) and cadmium-free (ZnSe) QD, with and without a passivating higher bandgap energy ZnS shell, with phospholipid vesicles (liposomes), which model bacterial membranes, and with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, an environmentally relevant bacteria. A unique feature of this study is that all QD types have the same surface chemistry, being capped with uncharged poly(ethylene glycol) ligands. This enables focusing the study on the impact of the QD core on liposomes and bacterial cells. The study reveals that QD association with liposome and bacterial cell membranes is imperative for their adverse impact on liposo...
Social environment affects central distribution of estrogen receptor-α in Peromyscus californicus.

Abstract Social environment has well-established effects on an animal’s social behavior and associated neuroendocrine responses. The presence of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in limbic system brain regions is related to the expression of a variety of social, reproductive and aggressive behaviors. We hypothesized that alterations to the social environment, specifically social isolation, would cause changes in ERα throughout the limbic system. The number of ERα immunoreactive (ERα-ir) cells within specific limbic system brain regions was quantified in male and female California mice ( Peromyscus californicus) , isolated or same sex pair-housed for 4 or 24 days. Peromyscus californicus is a highly social rodent species (monogamous and bi-parental) and therefore, may be particularly sensitive to manipulations of its social environment. Isolated males had a significantly greater number of ERα-ir cells in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) and similar patterns within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and medial preoptic area (MPOA). Males housed for 24 days had a significantly greater number of ERα-ir cells in the BST, VMH, MPOA when compared with males housed for 4 days. Females housed for 24 days had significantly greater ERα-ir in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (DG) when compared with females housed for 4 days. No differences were found in the medial amygdala (MeA). These data demonstrate that social environment has region and sex specific effects on ERα-ir cells in this species. These results add to the comparative evidence regarding ERα, demonstrating a consistent role for ERα in species specific responsiveness to changes in the social environment.
Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for Pathogen Detection and Identification

The development of mNGS assays for pathogen detection has allowed for the diagnosis of infections from rare and unexpected pathogens in several clinical cases. The broad nature of these assays allows for unbiased detection with potential for simultaneous genomic characterization, allowing for detailed epidemiologic investigations and identification of pathogenic or resistance determinants. Assay performance and validation remain challenging, with the need for specialized bioinformatics tools along with translating new and unfamiliar sequencing-based protocols to the clinical laboratory. Despite the challenges involved, mNGS for pathogen detection promises to deliver insights into patient diagnoses and disease manifestations for many clinical syndromes and is poised to enhance the ability of physicians to provide infectious disease diagnosis in the near future.
Mobile technology, sleep, and circadian disruption

Abstract The last two decades have seen the meteoric rise of mobile technology use across all ages, countries and cultures. The popularity of these devices is, no doubt, driven by their capacity to facilitate activities in numerous domains, including: communication with others, access to information, performance of work/education, and engagement in leisure entertainment. This trend is certain to continue, as mobile technology was once considered a convenient accessory but has now become a necessary part of everyday life. There is much to be gained by using mobile technology, but at what cost? Mounting evidence suggests that the behavior of using mobile devices near or during the typical bedtime negatively impacts one’s sleep. The focus of this chapter is to examine the relationship between mobile technology and sleep, and describe potential ways in which these modern devices are altering sleep duration and quality, which may lead to consequences for health.
CAESNet: Convolutional AutoEncoder based Semi-supervised Network for improving multiclass classification of endomicroscopic images

Objective This article presents a novel method of semisupervised learning using convolutional autoencoders for optical endomicroscopic images. Optical endomicroscopy (OE) is a newly emerged biomedical imaging modality that can support real-time clinical decisions for the grade of dysplasia. To enable real-time decision making, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) is essential for its high speed and objectivity. However, traditional supervised CAD requires a large amount of training data. Compared with the limited number of labeled images, we can collect a larger number of unlabeled images. To utilize these unlabeled images, we have developed a Convolutional AutoEncoder based Semi-supervised Network (CAESNet) for improving the classification performance. Materials and methods We applied our method to an OE dataset collected from patients undergoing endoscope-based confocal laser endomicroscopy procedures for Barrett's esophagus at Emory Hospital, which consists of 429 labeled images and 2826 unlabeled images. Our CAESNet consists of an encoder with 5 convolutional layers, a decoder with 5 transposed convolutional layers, and a classification network with 2 fully connected layers and a softmax layer. In the unsupervised stage, we first update the encoder and decoder with both labeled and unlabeled images to learn an efficient feature representation. In the supervised stage, we further update the encoder and the classification network with only labeled images for multiclass classification of the OE images. Results Our proposed semisupervised method CAESNet achieves the best average performance for multiclass classification of OE images, which surpasses the performance of supervised methods including standard convolutional networks and convolutional autoencoder network. Conclusions Our semisupervised CAESNet can efficiently utilize the unlabeled OE images, which improves the diagnosis and decision making for patients with Barrett's esophagus.
Adverse childhood experiences and mental health: Comparing the link in rural and urban men who have sex with men.

Abstract Background Research shows individuals experiencing adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) as well as identifying as a man who has sex with other men (MSM) are at an increased risk for mental health issues. Less has been studied, however, on ACEs in MSM; with even fewer studies investigating non-urban (e.g., rural/small town/suburban) MSM, as most research features urban samples. This is problematic due to studies showing that rurality can influence the behavior of MSM. The current study comparatively investigates the impact of ACEs on the mental health of rural/small town/suburban and urban MSM. Methods Participants included 156 MSM residing in Oklahoma. Linear regression was used to test the association between ACEs’ and mental health (anxiety, depressive symptoms, and loneliness). Split-sample regressions were conducted on rural/small town/suburban and urban MSM. Results ACEs were associated with all three mental health outcomes in the full sample. However, ACEs were significantly linked to anxiety and depressive symptoms only in urban MSM. Limitations Limitations include a smaller sample size with limited racial/ethnic variations. Conclusions Results suggest that living in an urban environment may amplify the risks of ACEs, rural/small town/suburban MSM may acquire outside, unique support networks which work to limit the effect of ACEs, or that rural/small town/suburban MSM may manifest the effects of ACEs differently (or a combination of the three). Trauma-informed programming has been shown to effectively reduce mental health issues, yet consideration is generally not given with regards to rurality. Future programming and research should consider rurality/urbanity as influential factor.
The 3.1-Angstrom Cryo-electron Microscopy Structure of the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Spike Protein in the Prefusion Conformation.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an alphacoronavirus that has a significant agricultural and economic impact due to the high mortality rate associated with infection of neonatal piglets. Like other coronaviruses, PEDV makes use of a large, trimeric spike (S) glycoprotein to mediate membrane fusion and gain entry into host cells. Despite the importance of the spike protein in viral entry and host immune responses, high-resolution structural information concerning this large macromolecular machine has been difficult to obtain. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the PEDV S protein in the prefusion conformation at a resolution of 3.1 A. Our studies revealed that the sialic acid-binding domain at the N terminus of the S1 subunit has an orientation that is substantially different from that observed in the previously determined spike structure from human alphacoronavirus NL63. We also observed dissociated S1 subunit trimers wherein the putative receptor-binding domains exist in a conformation differing from that observed in the intact spike proteins, suggesting that the PEDV receptor-binding domain undergoes conformational rearrangements akin to those that have been described in the related betacoronaviruses. Collectively, these data provide new insights into the biological processes that mediate alphacoronavirus attachment, receptor engagement, and fusion triggering while also identifying a source of conformational heterogeneity that could be manipulated to improve PEDV vaccine antigens. IMPORTANCE Coronavirus spike proteins are large, densely glycosylated macromolecular machines that mediate receptor binding and membrane fusion to facilitate entry into host cells. This report describes the atomic-resolution structure of the spike protein from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, a pathogenic alphacoronavirus that causes severe agricultural damage. The structure reveals a novel position for the sialic acid-binding attachment domain in the intact spike. We also observed shed fusion-suppressive capping subunits that displayed the putative receptor-binding domain in an accessible conformation. These observations provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive the earliest stages of alphacoronavirus infection and will inform future efforts to rationally design vaccines.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Burden During the Menopause Transition and Late Midlife Subclinical Vascular Disease: Does Race/Ethnicity Matter?

Background The extent to which cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors across the menopause explain racial/ethnic differences in subclinical vascular disease in late midlife women is not well doc...
16 – Program Control

Publisher Summary Normally Interactive Data Language (IDL) executes each statement in a program or script in sequence. Often it is useful to conditionally execute a statement or block of statements, or to repeatedly execute a statement or block of statements (that is, to execute a loop). IDL has a number of different program control options to do this kind of thing. Most IDL control structures can be used either in “single-line” form in which a single statement is executed conditionally or repeatedly, or in “block” form, in which a sequence of multiple statements is executed. This chapter covers the most frequently used control structures: IF…THEN statements, FOR loops, and WHILE loops. This chapter covers the basics of IDL program control statements. Some suggestions for avoiding problems with control statements are: Using END statements that match the control structure; that is, use of ENDIF, ENDELSE, ENDFOR, ENDWHILE, and so on. Checking the starting and ending values in FOR loops carefully; Using Indent block statements for readability; choosing the control structure that best matches the problem at hand.
Autonomous clock ensemble algorithm for GNSS applications

The US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has developed clock ensembles for a number of vital GNSS projects and services throughout the US and international community. Some efforts include algorithms for local realization of Coordinated Universal Time; participation in the upgrade of the Global Positioning System (GPS) system time; the initial implementation of a coherent geophysical reference time known as IGS Time (IGST); and development of various Department of Defense (DoD) capabilities for the dissemination and transfer of precise time. This paper will cover the major algorithm components that compute and maintain a robust and stable time reference for the most stringent applications mentioned here. These components include automated alert and response to clock anomalies and reduction of measurement weight in response to large clock measurement residuals. Both real and simulated data have been used to validate the ensemble algorithm and its products for reliable and robust usage in these environments.
3D modelling of MHD mixed convection flow in a vertical duct with transverse magnetic field and volumetric or surface heating

Abstract Understanding phenomena associated with the multiple effects/interactions of the fusion nuclear environment on liquid metal flow is required to correctly design liquid metal (LM) blankets for fusion facilities. These effects are investigated in the present work by numerically simulating 3D LM MHD flow. The simulated geometry consists of a straight, vertical duct which runs perpendicular to a strong, fringing applied magnetic field. There is also a region of applied heating as the primary goal is to explore buoyancy effects in MHD duct flows. Results are presented for both buoyancy assisted (upwards) and buoyancy opposed (downwards) flows in conducting and insulating ducts for a range of Hartmann numbers (Ha) up to 100, Reynolds numbers (Re) from 103 to 104 and Grashof (Gr) numbers from 107 to 108. While increasing Gr or decreasing Re increases buoyancy effects, increasing Ha was shown to increase maximum temperature through turbulence reduction. The extent to which the MHD mixed convection flows are quasi-2D is analyzed and buoyant effects, in competition with electromagnetic forces, are shown to bring about 3D flow features not seen in purely MHD flows. Volumetric nuclear heating with steep gradients is applied to the vertical MHD flows for comparison to flows with surface heating only. Surface heating generates stronger buoyancy effects than volumetric heating of the same total power; however, many of the same phenomena occur. Therefore, surface heating, the only option for lab experiments, can provide indication of the effects of volumetric heating in MHD flows.
Energy generated through the pyroelectric effect using Macro-fiber Composites:

Waste energy harvesting is a method of generating small amounts of energy, usually through vibrations or thermal energy. Macro-fiber Composites (MFCs) have been employed in energy harvesting applic...
UBC-9 Acts in GABA Neurons to Control Neuromuscular Signaling in C. elegans

Regulation of excitatory to inhibitory signaling balance is essential to nervous system health and is maintained by numerous enzyme systems that modulate the activity, localization, and abundance of synaptic proteins. SUMOylation is a key post-translational regulator of protein function in diverse cells, including neurons. There, its role in regulating synaptic transmission through pre- and postsynaptic effects has been shown primarily at glutamatergic central nervous system synapses, where the sole SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 is a critical player. However, whether Ubc9 functions globally at other synapses, including inhibitory synapses, has not been explored. Here, we investigated the role of UBC-9 and the SUMOylation pathway in controlling the balance of excitatory cholinergic and inhibitory GABAergic signaling required for muscle contraction in Caenorhabditis elegans. We found inhibition or overexpression of UBC-9 in neurons modestly increased muscle excitation. Similar and even stronger phenotypes were seen with UBC-9 overexpression specifically in GABAergic neurons, but not in cholinergic neurons. These effects correlated with accumulation of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins at GABAergic presynapses, where UBC-9 and the C. elegans SUMO ortholog SMO-1 localized, and with defects in GABA-dependent behaviors. Experiments involving expression of catalytically inactive UBC-9 [UBC-9(C93S)], as well as co-expression of UBC-9 and SMO-1, suggested wild type UBC-9 overexpressed alone may act via substrate sequestration in the absence of sufficient free SUMO, underscoring the importance of tightly regulated SUMO enzyme function. Similar effects on muscle excitation, GABAergic signaling, and synaptic vesicle localization occurred with overexpression of the SUMO activating enzyme subunit AOS-1. Together, these data support a model in which UBC-9 and the SUMOylation system act at presynaptic sites in inhibitory motor neurons to control synaptic signaling balance in C. elegans. Future studies will be important to define UBC-9 targets at this synapse, as well as mechanisms by which UBC-9 and the SUMO pathway are regulated.
The Hot Hand and Its Effect on the NBA

This paper aims to revisit and expand upon previous work on the "hot hand" phenomenon in basketball, specifically in the NBA. Using larger, modern data sets, we test streakiness of shooting patterns and the presence of hot hand behavior in free throw shooting, while going further by examining league-wide hot hand trends and the changes in individual player behavior. Additionally, we perform simulations in order to assess their power. While we find no evidence of the hot hand in game-play and only weak evidence in free throw trials, we find that some NBA players exhibit behavioral changes based on the outcome of their previous shot.
The Rhetoric of Google Lens: A Postsymbolic Look at Locative Media

This article examines textual artifacts surrounding Google Lens, an image recognition application, to reveal how it forwards reductive representations of the complex sets of relations constituted t...
An Effective Stress Framework for Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations in Unsaturated Soils

This manuscript presents a theoretical framework to model the bearing capacity of shallow foundations on partially saturated soils. The conventional Vesic bearing capacity equations for shallow foundations are modified to include the effects of matric suction and varying water contents and unit weights within the effective stress framework. Suction and water content are related through the familiar van Genuchten constitutive model, thus linking suction stress to density for a homogenous soil skeleton. A closed-form solution that modifies the overburden, unit weight, and cohesion terms in the conventional Vesic equation is proposed. Bearing capacity predictions from the modified equation for shallow foundations are compared to results from model- and full-scale load tests in partially saturated soils presented in the literature, showing good agreement with observed response.
Towards the Integration of Social Cognition and Social Motivation in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Social cognitive deficits are pervasive and well-studied in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but patterns of social cognition are rarely integrated with other seminal theories, such as the social motivation theory of autism. In this chapter, we first provide a brief review of research studies focused on social cognition, with special attention to theory of mind, face processing, and biological motion perception. We discuss how these social cognitive impairments in autism might be understood in the context of the social motivation theory of autism, followed by a review of neuroimaging studies of social cognition and social motivation, emphasizing how these generally separate literatures can be theoretically integrated. Finally, we discuss how nonsocial motivations might also explain the pattern of social cognitive deficits observed in ASD, and conclude with recommendations for how to incorporate autistic motivation/reward processing into clinical research and practice.