cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Allogeneic marrow transplantation in the acute leukemias.

Numerous advances have been made in marrow transplantation for the acute leukemias since the early 1970s, when this mode of therapy was restricted to patients with advanced disease, and event-free long-term survival was approximately 15%. A major advance occurred in the mid-1970s when marrow grafting was applied earlier in the course of the patients’ disease, during the first remission for acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and during the second or subsequent remissions for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Since then, results have improved only slowly.
Laboratory diagnosis of protein C deficiency.

No assays presently available test all aspects of protein C function. Overall, the potential for misdiagnosis is high
Physical Properties of Porous Clay Ceramic-Ware

The focus of this study is on the physical properties of clay ceramic materials compatible for drinking water filtration. A multiparameter lognormal multivariate regression approach is proposed for assessing the combined effects of quantity of compositional constituent of raw materials used in ceramic manufacture on toughness. The approach was validated for two specimen types (T- and S-specimens) derived from a circular base of the frustum shaped, porous clay ceramic ware (PCCW). The PCCW were manufactured from clay and sieved sawdust mixed at distinct volume fractions. The variation of the porosity and density of the PCCW was studied with respect to the amounts of sawdust and clay used in the manufacturing. The research helped to clearly define the roles of clay and sawdust quantities for strength development in both T- and S-specimen. A generalized experimental approach is proposed for estimation of mechanical properties of clay ceramics as a function of the material constituent fractions. A polynomial relationship was developed between the compressive strength and density of the PCCW material. The statistical model expressions developed herein may be used for the prediction of material and mechanical properties of similar materials, including natural and engineered materials.
Who Contributes to Public Administration Review? Examining the Characteristics of Authors Who Submit Manuscripts to the Journal*

This study examines data collected through a survey of authors who submitted manuscripts to Public Administration Review. Information on the authors' level of education, career path, longevity in the profession, race/ethnicity, gender, and ASPA affiliation is reviewed. Results show that PAR submission rates from both practitioners and individuals of color are far lower than submissions from academicians and white authors. In fact, minority submissions are lower than their presence on the faculties of NASPAA-affiliated public affairs programs would lead one to expect. In addition, manuscripts from white authors are more likely to be accepted than those from minority authors, even when controlling for academic rank. Manuscripts from women, however, were accepted at a higher rate than those from men.
Obsidian Diffusion Dating by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: A Test using Results from Mound 65, Chalco, Mexico

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was used to measure hydrogen and other elemental concentrations as a function of depth in ten obsidian artifacts (Pachuca Source), each with a well-constrained 14C date, from Mound 65, Chalco, Mexico. Hydrogen depth profiles for the different artifacts all display a characteristic S-shape, and increasing maximum hydrogen content in each profile and profile depths are well correlated with time. These data are used to investigate the potential use of Obsidian Diffusion Dating by SIMS (ODDSIMS) for both extrinsic and intrinsic dating of obsidian artifacts. Using “characteristic points” on the hydrogen profile (half-fall depth, inflection point depth), simple hydration rate equations were evaluated against time constraints provided by associated 14C dates. We demonstrate that neither the traditional OHD equation for depth (x) as a function of the square root of time (t1/2) nor a linear function (t1) fit the data. Solving the more generalized tn function provides an excellent fit between characteristic point depths and 14C dates (for n≈0·75), and meets the constraint that at time equal to zero, the depth of the hydration profile must also be zero. However, this may be an average coefficient over the range of ages available, and may not accurately reflect rates at shorter or longer times. Using only two obsidian samples and their associated 14C dates, a calibration curve can be derived that provides ODDSIMS dates for the other pieces that are in excellent agreement with associated14 C dates, indicating that empirical application of the technique is potentially feasible, at least at individual sites. The underlying processes governing hydrogen transport into the obsidian were also investigated by using finite difference modelling to reproduce the shape of the hydrogen depth profile. Excellent fits were obtained by assuming concentration-dependent diffusion, and dates that agree well with associated 14C dates can also be extracted from the finite difference profiles. Although considerable additional work needs to be done, the success of the finite difference modelling suggests that development of an independent, intrinsic ODDSIMS model may be possible.
The absorption characteristics and recovery dynamics of the tricarbocyanine dye DTP

Abstract The absorption recovery characteristics of the tricarbocyanine dye DTP dissolved in propylene carbonate and ethylene glycol are described. DTP has a peak absorption cross section of 1×10−15 cm2 at 824 nm. The induced absorption recovers to 50% of its initial value in 31±10 ps.
Preclinical Toxicology Studies with Acyclovir: Acute and Subchronic Tests

Acyclovir (ACV), a new antiherpes drug, was evaluated for toxicity in a series of acute and subchronic toxicity tests. Oral LD50 values were greater than 10 000 mg/kg in male ICR mice and greater than 20 000 mg/kg in male Long Evans rats. When ACV was given iv, the LD50 was 405 mg/kg for male mice and greater than 600 mg/kg for male rats. Additionally, LD50 values for male rats treated sc were 1070, 790, 678, and 650 mg/kg in rats that were respectively, 3, 10, 28 and 71 days old indicating that very young rats were not more sensitive to acute toxic effects of ACV. There were no signs of toxicosis in CD-1 mice given ACV by gavage at dose levels of 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg/day for 1 month. Obstructive nephropathy occurred in rats given 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg/day once each day by rapid iv injection for 3 weeks. Both 5 and 10 mg/kg/day were no effect dose levels. Renal damage caused by precipitation of drug crystals in renal tubules and collecting ducts in rats given ACV by rapid iv injection was readily reversible within 2 weeks. Beagle dogs were given doses of 10, 20, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg b.i.d. by rapid iv injection for 1 month. All 8 dogs given 100 mg/kg b.i.d. died by the 8th day of treatment; 5 of 8 dogs given 50 mg/kg b.i.d. died after 21 to 31 days of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Strong, Low-Energy Two-Photon Absorption in Extended Amine-Terminated Cyano-Substituted Phenylenevinylene Oligomers

Three quadrupolar oligophenylenevinylenes with five rings in the conjugated backbone, terminal donor groups, and various acceptors and/or donors along the backbone were synthesized and their two-photon spectroscopic properties investigated. These chromophores exhibit large two-photon absorption cross sections over a wide wavelength range and two distinct peaks, the strongest of which (δmax > 3600 GM) is observed at 960−970 nm, a wavelength close to twice the value of the linear absorption maximum (2λ(1)max). The findings on these chromophores are compared with those for analogous molecules with shorter conjugation length, for which the main two-photon band is at significantly shorter wavelength than 2λ(1)max.
Minimally invasive cardiac surgery using the heartport technique

Abstract Background: Minimally invasive cardiac surgery has been developed in part as a result of progress in video-assisted and endovascular surgical techniques. Port-access cardiac surgery, which provides cardiopulmonary bypass, cardioplegic arrest, myocardial protection, and ventricular decompression, permits various procedures to be performed through smaller, less invasive incisions. Methods: Proper patient selection is emphasised in order to minimise potential complications with the port-access system. For port-access coronary revascularisation procedures, a limited left anterior thoracotomy allows harvesting of the internal mammary artery and access to the target coronary arteries. The ascending aorta can be exposed for placement of vein grafts. For port-access mitral valve surgery, a limited right thoracotomy provides direct visualisation of the left atrium and the mitral valve. Results: The feasibility and efficacy of port-access coronary revascularisation and mitral valve surgery have been demonstrated in experimental and clinical settings. Peripheral cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegic arrest has been reproducibly achieved based on indices of cardiac function. Port-access multivessel coronary revascularisation and port-access mitral valve procedures have been performed with acceptable results. Conclusions: The port-access catheter system effectively achieves peripheral cardiopulmonary bypass, aortic occlusion, cardioplegia delivery, and left ventricular decompression. Alternative, less invasive methods of coronary revascularisation and various intracardiac procedures can be performed without a conventional median sternotomy.
Separation of propylene from the propane-propylene fraction by continuous adsorption by zeolite

1. The use of a moving layer of NaX zeolite allows propylene to be obtained in concentrations of 99.5% and over. 2. The minimum height of the sections for this purpose are: adsorption 0.6 m, rectification 1.0 m, desorption 0.5 m. 3. The optimum conditions for the process are: adsorption temperature 20°C, desorption temperature ∼200°C, amount of adsorbent 20–40 kg/m3 propylene. 4. The NaX zeolite's activity decreases slightly after the first 28 cycles,after which it becomes stabilized at a level equal to 84% of the initial activity.
On the Formation and Crystallization of Sickle Hemoglobin Macrofibers

Abstract We have characterized new aspects of macrofiber structure and assembly which provide a mechanism for macrofiber formation from fibers. After the formation of fibers, HbS forms macrofibers by the association of small, organized bundles of partially fused fibers. These macrofibers consist of double strands, packed into antiparallel rows, and are identical to double strands found in crystalline HbS, except that the double strands in macrofibers are axially displaced from their crystalline position and are twisted about the particle axis, whereas in crystals they are linear. In lateral views, electron micrographs of macrofibers show prominent sets of "rows." We use the number of these rows to designate a particular type of macrofiber. In this study we present micrographs of macrofibers with 3 to 11 rows visible in lateral views. Such particles contain from 20 to 200 double strands. The pitch of a macrofiber is coupled to the number of rows in a manner so that the angle between the molecules in the outermost double strand is always 1.8°. This observation has led us to propose that the factor limiting the extent of lateral growth of macrofibers is distortions in bonding between the hemoglobin molecules in the outermost double strands. Similar considerations have provided an explanation of the factors that limit the lateral growth of fibers. Finally, we propose a simple mechanism for the formation of macrofibers from fibers. This mechanism postulates that integral numbers of fibers form specific types of macrofibers and has the virtue of conserving the polarity of the fibers.
Some Amino Acids, Peptides and Amines in Milk, Concentrated Milks and Cheese

Summary The pattern of the essential amino acids in cheddar cheese proteins made from raw or pasteurized milk showed no significant deviations from that of casein. The amino acid pattern of the proteins of freshly prepared and of stored evaporated milk were similar and equal to the amino acid patterns of the proteins of fresh milk and of dry skimmilk. An investigation of the amino acids of "protein-free" milk showed the presence of glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, leucines, aspartic acid and serine. The first three are the predominating amino acids in protein-free cow's milk. Evidence is presented for the presence of several peptides in "protein-free" milk. glutamic acid and glycine were found in each of the peptides or groups of peptides obtained. Aqueous extracts of various kinds of cheese were shown to contain all of the amino acids found in casein, as well as γ -amino butyric acid, α -amino butyric acid, tyramine and, in certain cases, possibly ornithine, histamine, cadavarine and putrecine. Tyramine may be readily determined in aqueous extracts of lipid-free cheese by one-dimensional quantitative paper chromatography. I wish to thank A. B. Erikson, Lakeshire-Marty Co., Plymouth, Wis. and H. L. Sipple, Evaporated Milk Association, Chicago, Ill. for the samples of cheese used in the investigation.
Field Assisted Sintering Technology (FAST) Model for Prediction of Final Properties

Sintering is the process of making materials from powder form by heating the powder below its melting point until the particles fuse to each other. Field assisted sintering technology (FAST), also sometimes known as spark plasma sintering (SPS), uses a pulsed and/or continuous electric current along with the simultaneous application of compressive pressure which leads to extremely high heating rates and short processing durations. A high relative density and small grain size promote superior properties such as greater hardness and electrical breakdown. Hence, selection of the proper sintering parameters is of paramount importance and a predictive model would be extremely useful in narrowing the range of experimental parameters. This will drastically reduce the number of extra attempts at obtaining certain properties in a material and save experimentation time, effort and material to name a few. Four of the most important FAST parameters: target temperature, holding time, heating rate and initial particle size, have been reviewed to assess their effect on the densification, hardening and grain growth of Alumina, Copper, Silicon Carbide, Tungsten and Tungsten Carbide through extensive literature survey. The relationship between each has been incorporated in a Microsoft Excel program which acts as a predictive tool to determine an estimate of the final properties based on the initial parameters chosen. This is done by curve fitting a polynomial onto the existing data points as closely as possible and using the polynomial to obtain final properties as a function of the initial parameters. The model was verified against an existing paper which sought to obtain the optimum sintering parameters for Copper. While the actual experimentation range was 400°C to 800°C, the program would have suggested a much narrower range from 650°C to 800°C and hence saved unnecessary additional efforts.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Gouldner's tragic vision

Classical literature, specifically ancient Greek philosophy and especially the study of Greek tragedy, is helpful in tracing out and understanding the transitions Alvin Gouldner made during his career as a sociologist. This article argues that a latent tragic orientation or vision existed during Gouldner's early career as a standout in the field of industrial sociology and that this tragic vision became manifest around 1962 as Gouldner was developing more and more strident denunciations of establishment sociology. This case study of Gouldner's career teaches a valuable lesson about the importance of the tragic vision in helping sociologists to understand the limitations of the scientific quest for knowledge.
Human ribosomal protein L37A : cloning of the cDNA and analysis of differential gene expression in tissues and cell lines.

Abstract A cDNA corresponding to human ribosomal protein L37a (hL37a) was obtained by screening a SHSY5Y neuroblastoma library. The full-length cDNA contained 366 nucleotides (nt) in addition to a poly(A) tail. The pyrimidinerich sequence, CTTTCT, that is common to many ribosomal protein-encoding cDNAs was present at the 5' terminus. The nt sequence displayed 85% identity with rat L37a (rL37a) cDNA. The predicted protein contains 92 amino acids with a Mr of 10 277, is highly basic, and has 100% sequence identity with rL37a. A putative zinc-finger domain is present in the central region of the protein. Human lymphocytes and several human cell lines express hL37a mRNA at significantly higher levels than the rat cell lines and rat tissues tested. The hL37a gene does not contain introns.
The immunoglobulin genes of fish.

Abstract The current state of knowledge concerning the structure, organization, and functional expression of immunoglobulin genes in chondrichthyan and osteichthyan fish is presented.
Efficacy of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation in elderly and clinical populations

Muscle loss is common during aging and chronic diseases, such as cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Moreover, muscle loss has been correlated with decreased physical function, quality of life, and mortality in these populations. Therefore, interventions to counteract muscle loss in the elderly and clinical populations are needed. Recently, the efficacy of the leucine metabolite, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), to maintain muscle mass has been investigated in these populations. Many studies have found increases in lean mass and strength in the elderly and clinical populations when using HMB; however, not all studies have found beneficial effects of HMB supplementation. The present review summarizes published human studies investigating the efficacy of HMB supplementation in the elderly and clinical populations. In addition, the mechanisms by which HMB may exert its effects are summarized and future research directions are suggested.
Cr-Vacancy Elastic and Chemical Interactions in Irradiated Stainless Steels

Interactions between point defects and major solute strongly influence grain boundary concentrations during heat treatment, irradiation and annealing of austenitic stainless steels. Previous approaches to nonequilibrium segregation emphasize only elastic defect-solute interactions. The present evaluation of nonequilibrium concentrations at grain boundaries indicates chemical interactions unique to solution annealing and cooling during thermal nonequilibrium segregation (TNES). Subsequent to TNES, radiation-induced segregation and post-irradiation annealing are modeled and compared with measured changes in grain boundary composition. The latter two mechanisms are controlled by exchanges between vacancies and major solute such as Cr.
A Functionally Important Hydrogen-bonding Network at the βDP/αDP Interface of ATP Synthase

ATP synthase uses a unique rotary mechanism to couple ATP synthesis and hydrolysis to transmembrane proton translocation. The F1 subcomplex has three catalytic nucleotide binding sites, one on each β subunit, at the interface to the adjacent α subunit. In the x-ray structure of F1 (Abrahams, J. P., Leslie, A. G. W., Lutter, R., and Walker, J. E. (1994) Nature 370, 621–628), the three catalytic β/α interfaces differ in the extent of inter-subunit interactions between the C termini of the β and α subunits. At the closed βDP/αDP interface, a hydrogen-bonding network is formed between both subunits, which is absent at the more open βTP/αTP interface and at the wide open βE/αE interface. The hydrogen-bonding network reaches from βL328 (Escherichia coli numbering) and βQ441 via αQ399, βR398, and αE402 to βR394, and ends in a cation/π interaction between βR394 and αF406. Using mutational analysis in E. coli ATP synthase, the functional importance of the βDP/αDP hydrogen-bonding network is demonstrated. Its elimination results in a severely impaired enzyme but has no pronounced effect on the binding affinities of the catalytic sites. A possible role for the hydrogen-bonding network in coupling of ATP synthesis/hydrolysis and rotation will be discussed.
Measuring Student Perceptions: Designing an Evidenced Centered Activity Model for a Serious Educational Game Development Software

As educational games become more pervasive, the evolution of game design software is inevitable. This study looked at student perceptions of teacher created Serious Educational Games as part of a project striving to create a game development software where teachers and students create games as part of educational activities. The objective was to use evidence from student perceptions to inform further development of the software. A mixed method design ascertained data from 181 male and 178 females from 33 teacher created games. Results indicate that the software is relatively effective by the supporting documentation and training lacked in several areas. This information led to the creation of a commercial game development software set for release in 2010.
Voltage-contrast scanning probe microscopy

Abstract A scanning force microscope for measuring ultrafast voltage signals is demonstrated. The new technique is based on mixing due to the square-law force interaction present between the microscope tip and sample. Examples of time-resolved measurements on VLSI and MMIC devices are given.
The agrarian drama : the leftists and the rural poor in India, 1934-1951

Relying on a varied wealth of primary sources and highlighting a host of hitherto unknown facts, the study examines from an all Indian perspective the sequential unfolding of the left political activists interaction with the poor peasants and what it achieved.
A Human Computation Framework for Boosting Combinatorial Solvers

We propose a general framework for boosting combinatorial solvers through human computation. Our framework combines insights from human workers with the power of combinatorial optimization. The combinatorial solver is also used to guide requests for the workers, and thereby obtain the most useful human feedback quickly. Our approach also incorporates a problem decomposition approach with a general strategy for discarding incorrect human input. We apply this framework in the domain of materials discovery, and demonstrate a speedup of over an order of magnitude.
Combined optical coherence tomography and fluorescence spectroscopy for characterization of tissues

This study demonstrates the optical coherence tomography (OCT)/ laser induced fluorescence (LIF) system used to image and characterize tissue structures. These techniques may be used to follow disease progression and potentially provide the capability to monitor the effect of treatment and experimental therapies.
Computerized stereochronoscopy and alternation flicker to detect optic nerve head contour change.

Abstract Purpose/background Stereochronoscopy, a technique previously explored but abandoned for glaucoma diagnosis, viewed optic nerve images acquired at separate points in time as if a stereo pair. Prior efforts to exploit this technique were impaired by a lack of superimposability for sequential optic nerve images. We investigated computerized registration techniques for aligning sequential, monoscopic optic disc images to facilitate sensitive detection of optic nerve head contour changes in glaucoma. Design Algorithm and software development. Comparisons with standard techniques. Materials Existing patient records from the Glaucoma Service, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania. Methods Two sets of optic disc photographs, separated in time by 1 to 18 years, of 25 eyes with and without glaucomatous optic disc progression were digitized. We developed custom software for accurate image alignment. Change in disc morphology was then judged by digital stereochronoscopy and user-controlled alternation flicker of superimposed, time-separated images on a computer monitor. Comparisons were made with standard stereoscopic comparison. Main outcome measure Identification of change or no change in optic nerve head contour for images acquired at separate points in time. Results Image processing and registration permits accurate alignment of optic disc photographs. Alternation flicker of superimposed, sequential images facilitates image comparison and detection of change as indicated by change in vessel position, color, and other cues for contour change. A high concordance was found between standard stereoscopic comparison and alternation flicker. In several cases, reinspection of stereo comparison led to a revised judgment on the basis of disc changes rendered more obvious with alternation flicker. Digital stereochronoscopy was less concordant with standard techniques. Conclusions Digital image processing techniques and alternation flicker provide a simple, sensitive, software-based method for detecting glaucomatous optic disc change.
Electromagnetic crystal based components for terahertz characterization and applications

Various electromagnetic crystal (EMXT) based THz components, including filter/reflector, waveguide, antenna, and transition structure to planar circuits are proposed and simulated. Several of them have been fabricated via a THz rapid prototyping technique, and the measurements show very good consistency with the simulations. Potential integrated THz micro-systems, as well as THz integrated circuit (IC) characterization fixtures, could be constructed using these components. The layer-by-layer printing virtue of the rapid prototyping technique may enable the integration and packaging of various THz components in a systematic manner.
Current concepts in the management of pathologic conditions.

Her complaint, heard hundreds of times per day in oral surgery practice, highlights the need for definitive guidance in our approach to management of the third molar. Should all third molars be removed? Only the symptomatic ones? And what is third molar pathology anyway? Fortunately, increasing numbers of welldesigned studies have provided insight into areas of pathologic abnormality encountered by each of us on a regular basis. This issue was conceived to highlight advances in knowledge, review difficultto-manage conditions, and introduce the reader to new technologies that will impact the health of our patients, now and in the future. Some of the articles published here discuss conditions commonly seen in daily practice; others present current understanding of less regularly encountered disease, and a few shine light on innovations so new that they are––at present–– available in only a few teaching centers. Each will provide information valuable to surgical practice, and I encourage you to read every one of them. You won’t be disappointed. As guest editor, I extend my appreciation to each of the authors represented in this volume. It is no
Critical evaluation of two F-tests for selecting the number of factors in abstract factor analysis

Abstract Two recently introduced F-tests conducted by Malinowsky and Sindreu et al. for selecting the number of factors in abstract factor analysis are critically evaluated. The first objective of this paper is to investigate the correct number of degrees of freedom to be used in these tests. It is shown that the number of degrees of freedom employed in these tests is inconsistent with the F-ratio scrutinized for significance. A modification of the degrees of freedom is proposed that yields markedly improved significance levels for the first F-tests. The latter F-tests can not be corrected in this way since it also violates the prerequisite of an F-tests that the variances to be compared should be independent. The second objective of this paper is to demonstrate that an incorrect method does not necessarily give bad results. This phenomenon will often give rise to misleading interpretations in practice. Since empirical selection rules are rampant in the area of abstract factor analysis, pointing out this fact should serve as an important caveat.
The role of attention in conscious recollection.

Most research on the relationship between attention and consciousness has been limited to perception. However, perceptions are not the only kinds of mental contents of which we can be conscious. An important set of conscious states that has not received proper treatment within this discussion is that of memories. This paper reviews compelling evidence indicating that attention may be necessary, but probably not sufficient, for conscious recollection. However, it is argued that unlike the case of conscious perception, the kind of attention required during recollection is internal, as opposed to external, attention. As such, the surveyed empirical evidence is interpreted as suggesting that internal attention is necessary, but probably not sufficient, for conscious recollection. The paper begins by justifying the need for clear distinctions among different kinds of attention, and then emphasizes the difference between internal and external attention. Next, evidence from behavioral, neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies suggesting that internal attention is required for the successful retrieval of memorial contents is reviewed. In turn, it is argued that internal attention during recollection is what makes us conscious of the contents of retrieved memories; further evidence in support of this claim is also provided. Finally, it is suggested that internal attention is probably not sufficient for conscious recollection. Open questions and possible avenues for future research are also mentioned.
Numerical issues for coupling biological models with isopycnal mixing schemes

In regions of sloping isopycnals, isopycnal mixing acting in conjunction with biological cycling can produce patterns in the nutrient field which have negative values of tracer in light water and unrealistically large values of tracer in dense water. Under certain circumstances, these patterns can start to grow unstably. This paper discusses why such behavior occurs. Using a simple four-box model, it demonstrates that the instability appears when the isopycnal slopes exceed the grid aspect ratio (Dz=Dx). In contrast to other well known instabilities of the CFL type, this instability does not depend on the time step or time-stepping scheme. Instead it arises from a fundamental incompatibility between two requirements for isopycnal mixing schemes, namely that they should produce no net flux of passive tracer across an isopycnal and everywhere reduce tracer extrema. In order to guarantee no net flux of tracer across an isopycnal, some upgradient fluxes across certain parts of an isopycnal are required to balance downgradient fluxes across other parts of the isopycnal. However, these upgradient fluxes can cause local maxima in the nutrient field to become self-reinforcing. Although this is less of a problem in larger domains, there is still a strong tendency for isopycnal mixing to overconcentrate tracer in the dense water. The introduction of eddy-induced advection is shown to be capable of counteracting the upgradient fluxes of nutrient which cause problems, stabilizing the solution. The issue is not simply a numerical curiosity. When used in a GCM, diAerent parameterizations of eddy mixing result in noticeably diAerent distributions of nutrient and large diAerences in biological production. While much of this is attributable to diAerences in convection and circulation, the numerical errors described here may also play an important role in runs with isopycnal mixing alone. ” 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hyponatremia and perioperative complications in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Background Recent studies suggest that hyponatremia is associated with perioperative morbidity and mortality after general surgical procedures, as well as mortality among medical inpatients. We investigated the association of hyponatremia with perioperative complications in patients undergoing surgical resection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods All patients with pathologically confirmed HNSCC undergoing either primary or salvage surgical resection from March 1, 2013, until May 31, 2014, at a single tertiary care academic center were included in this retrospective review. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included postoperative complications (respiratory, cardiac, renal, and wound), hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, and need for blood transfusion. Results Two hundred fourteen surgical patients with HNSCC were identified for analysis. Patient ages ranged from 22 to 100 years (mean, 67 years). One hundred thirty-eight men and 76 women were included. Primary tumor sites were oral cavity (47.7%), oropharynx (18.7%), larynx (12.6%), salivary glands (7.9%), cutaneous (7.5%), sinonasal (2.8%), and hypopharynx (2.3%). Surgical resections were balanced between primary (48.1%) and salvage (51.9%). Thirty-five patients (16.4%) carried a presurgical diagnosis of diabetes. Fifteen patients (7.0%) demonstrated preoperative hyponatremia, and 46 (24.9%) had postoperative hyponatremia. Within the primary outcome measure, no difference in mortality was identified. Complications were noted in 58 patients (27.1%), and were more frequent in hyponatremic patients, both preoperatively and postoperatively (60.0% and 41.3%, respectively). Binomial logistic regression demonstrated risk of complications significantly associated with preoperative hyponatremia (odds ratio [OR] = 4.374; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.231–15.545; p = .023), increasing age (OR = 1.385; 95% CI = 1.032–1.857; p = .030), and increasing length of surgery (OR = 1.234; 95% CI = 1.046–1.455; p = .013). Postoperative hyponatremia was associated with increased hospital length of stay (p = .034). Conclusion Hyponatremia is a frequent electrolyte abnormality in patients with HNSCC. Both preoperative and postoperative hyponatremia are associated with perioperative morbidity, thus meriting intensive postoperative medical monitoring and treatment. Additional investigation is warranted to identify the pathophysiologic mechanisms behind this association. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1370–E1374, 2016
Toppling Jefferson's Wall or Tiptoeing Around it?: Evaluating the Implementation of Faith-Friendly Welfare Policy

Through interviews with coordinators of faith-based mentoring programs, a statewide study examined publicly funded efforts to widen the involvement of religious groups in welfare service provision. Analysis focused on front-line implementers' ability to function as boundary spanners in a complex, unsettled environment. The study identified three salient factors affecting implementation in this new faith-friendly arena: the employment background of the programcoordinators, the rural or urban setting of the program, and the limitations of a constrained state welfare apparatus. The experiences of these so-called early adopters of charitable choice indicate the scope, strength, and surmountability of institutional barriers confronting implementers.
Relationship of differential reflectivity to correlation in dual-polarisation radar

A comparison is made between the differential-reflectivity technique and the correlation technique in dual-polarisation radars. It is shown that the two techniques can provide equivalent information.
International evidence on the efficacy of new‐Keynesian models of inflation persistence

In this paper we take an agnostic view of the Phillips curve debate, and carry out an empirical investigation of the relative and absolute efficacy of Calvo sticky price (SP), sticky information (SI), and sticky price with indexation models (SPI), with emphasis on their ability to mimic inflationary dynamics. In particular, we look at evidence for a group of 13 OECD countries, and we consider three alternative measures of inflationary pressure, including the output gap, labor share, and unemployment. We find that the Calvo SP and the SI models essentially perform no better than a strawman constant inflation model, when used to explain inflation persistence. Indeed, virtually all inflationary dynamics end up being captured by the residuals of the estimated versions of these models. We find that SPI model is preferable because it captures the type of strong inflationary persistence that has in the past characterized the economies of the countries in our sample. However, two caveats to this conclusion are that improvement in performance is driven mostly by the time series part of the model (i.e. lagged inflation) and that the SPI model overemphasizes inflationary persistence. Thus, there appears to be room for improvement via either modified versions of the above models, or via development of new models, that better “track” inflation persistence.
Gautier de Coinci and the Translation of Exegesis

This paper examines the way in which Gautier de Coinci (d. 1236) asserts the vernacular as an appropriate vehicle for a clerical reading of his Miracles de Nostre Dame. Like Eructavit, the Old French paraphrase of Psalm 44 which frequently appears in manuscripts with the Miracles, Gautier’s Miracles is an example of what has been termed by Morgan Powell as “vernacular exegesis.” Gautier characterizes translation as the means by which even a lay reader may understand this vernacular work in an exegetical fashion. Indeed, for Gautier, translation manifests the three levels of Scriptural exegesis—historical, allegorical, and tropological—as described by Hugh of Saint-Victor (d. 1141). Gautier clearly translates the methods and aims of Scriptural exegesis for mixed audience of clerical and lay readers, encouraging Marian devotion and the singing of (Gautier’s own) Marian lyrics. More importantly, Gautier’s translatio of exegesis suggests that even the very act of translation is exegetical in nature.
Flight Test Validation of Autonomous UAV with Autoreturn Function

A small autonomous UAV is being used to flight test validate a NASA developed autoreturn function. The algorithm automatically plans a course to intercept a predetermined path while avoiding an arbitrary, closed boundary. The testing methodology and current test results are included.
Lymphocyte proliferation in immune-mediated diseases

Defects in T cell homeostatic mechanisms can result in T cell lymphopenia, defined as decreased numbers of lymphocytes. Lymphopenia results in homeostatic proliferation in order to maintain T cell homeostasis. It has been proposed that homeostatic proliferation can expand the pool of autoreactive T cells that promote autoimmunity, and indeed recent studies have further substantiated this observation in both animal models and humans. Conversely, homeostatic proliferation can promote tumor immunity by allowing tumor-specific T cells to accumulate. In this review, we discuss how the outcome of homeostatic proliferation can function both in a deleterious manner in autoimmunity and a beneficial way in tumor immunity. We also discuss the roles of various cytokines and T regulatory cells that control homeostatic proliferation.
Binary polymer blends involving multiple specific interaction sites: Poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends with an ethyl methacrylate‐co‐4‐vinyl phenol copolymer

We report the results of experimental infrared and thermal analysis studies of binary miscible blends of poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) with an ethyl methacrylate-co-4-vinyl phenol (EMAVPh) copolymer. This is a complex blend system, involving multiple specific interaction sites. Using the concept of competing equilibria we show that the equilibrium constant describing hydrogen bonding between the OH group of EMAVPh and the ether oxygen of PVME can be determined from quantitative infrared spectroscopic analysis of the fraction of hydrogen bonded carbonyl groups present in miscible binary blends.
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a review for the clinician.

Importance Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) occurs in 1 to 8 per 1000 live births in developed countries. Historically, the clinician has had little to offer neonates with HIE other than systemic supportive care. Recently, the neuroprotective therapy of hypothermia has emerged as the standard of care, and other complementary therapies are rapidly transitioning from the basic science to clinical care. Objective To examine the pathophysiology of HIE and the state of the art for the clinical care of neonates with HIE. Evidence Review We performed a literature review using the PubMed database. Results focused on reviews and articles published from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2014. Articles published earlier than 2004 were included when appropriate for historical perspective. Our review emphasized evidence-based management practices for the clinician. Findings A total of 102 articles for critical review were selected based on their relevance to the incidence of HIE, pathophysiology, neuroimaging, placental pathology, biomarkers, current systemic supportive care, hypothermia, and emerging therapies for HIE and were reviewed by both of us. Seventy-five publications were selected for inclusion in this article based on their relevance to these topics. The publications highlight the emergence of serum-based biomarkers, placental pathology, and magnetic resonance imaging as useful tools to predict long-term outcomes. Hypothermia and systemic supportive care form the cornerstone of therapy for HIE. Conclusions and Relevance The pathophysiology of HIE is now better understood, and treatment with hypothermia has become the foundation of therapy. Several neuroprotective agents offer promise when combined with hypothermia and are entering clinical trials.
Restoring balance to B cells in ADA deficiency

Complete adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency causes hepatic, skeletal, neurologic, and immunologic defects and results in failure to thrive, recurrent severe infections, and ultimately death if untreated. The profound manner in which ADA deficiency causes immunologic dysfunction has been studied since its discovery in the 1970s (1). The ADA enzyme deaminates adenosine to inosine, and it also deaminates 2′-deoxyadenosine (dATP) to deoxyinosine (2). Consequently, ADA deficiency results in elevated levels of adenosine and dATP, and accumulation of these metabolites is toxic to lymphocytes (2). In the thymus, where the normal process of T cell development results in extensive cell death, extracellular DNA and high levels of deoxynucleoside kinases together create a persistent source of dATP (3). In the absence of ADA, increased intracellular dATP levels interfere with cellular metabolism, promote mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and ultimately cause apoptosis (3–5). Thus, ADA knockout mice suffer from pronounced T cell defects. Importantly, they also exhibit defects in splenic B cell subsets and architecture, along with decreased levels of B cell proliferation and activation (6, 7).
Smooth Muscle Cholesterol Enables BK β1 Subunit-Mediated Channel Inhibition and Subsequent Vasoconstriction Evoked by Alcohol

Objective—Hypercholesterolemia and alcohol drinking constitute independent risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. Alcohol constricts cerebral arteries in several species, including humans. This action results from inhibition of voltage- and calcium-gated potassium channels (BK) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). BK activity is also modulated by membrane cholesterol. We investigated whether VSMC cholesterol regulates ethanol actions on BK and cerebral arteries. Methods and Results—After myogenic tone development, cholesterol depletion of rat, resistance-size cerebral arteries ablated ethanol-induced constriction, a result that was identical in intact and endothelium-free vessels. Cholesterol depletion reduced ethanol inhibition of BK whether the channel was studied in VSMC or after rat cerebral artery myocyte subunit (cbv1+β1) reconstitution into phospholipid bilayers. Homomeric cbv1 channels reconstituted into bilayers and VSMC BK from β1 knockout mice were both resistant to ethanol-induced inhibi...
Cornified cell envelope assembly: a model based on electron microscopic determinations of thickness and projected density

In stratifying squamous epithelia, the cornified cell envelope (CE), a peripheral layer of crosslinked protein, is assembled sequentially from precursor proteins initially dispersed in the cytoplasm. Its major component is loricrin (37 kDa in mouse), which contributes from approx. 60% to >80% of the protein mass in different tissues. Despite its importance to the mechanical resilience and impenetrability of these tissues, detailed information has not been obtained on CE structure, even on such basic properties as its thickness or uniformity across a given CE or from tissue to tissue. To address this issue, we have studied CEs isolated from three murine epithelia, namely epidermis, forestomach and footpad, by electron microscopy of metal-shadowed specimens and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of unstained specimens. The former data reveal that the cytoplasmic surface is smoothly textured whereas the extracellular surface is corrugated, and that the average thickness is 15.3+/-1.2 nm, and strikingly uniform. Measurements of mass-per-unit-area from the STEM images yielded values of approx. 7.0+/-0.8 kDa/nm2, which were remarkably consistent over all three tissues. These data imply that the mature CE has a uniquely defined thickness. To explain its uniformity, we postulate that loricrin forms a molecular monolayer, not a variable number of multiple layers. In this scenario, the packing density is one loricrin monomer per 7 nm2, and loricrin should have an elongated shape, 2.5-3.0 nm wide by approx. 11 nm long. Moreover, we anticipate that any inter-tissue variations in the mechanical properties of CEs should depend more on protein composition and cross-linking pattern than on the thickness of the protein layer deposited.
The Quitobaquito Desert Pupfish, an Endangered Species within Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument: Historical Significance and Management Challenges

The largest body of water at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument is Quitobaquito springs and pond, home to the Quitobaquito desert pupfish (Cyprinodon eremus). The fish was listed as endangered in 1986, along with identification of its critical habitat. The cultural significance of the Quitobaquito area dates to approximately 11,000 B.P. (before present). The natural resource significance is elevated by the existence of other endemic species. The Monument has primarily managed the area for its natural resource significance and critical habitat improvement for decades. Today, a major inventory and monitoring program exists for the pupfish and for water quality and quantity. Location of the area next to the international border and easy access makes the pupfish and its habitat vulnerable to a number of potential threats such as introduction of exotic species, chemical contamination, human use of the area, and water use for agricultural, domestic, and development purposes in Mexico. Although there is no immediate threat to the Quitobaquito springs or pupfish from groundwater use in Mexico, the potential does exist should water levels drop significantly. There are a number of intranational and international laws and policies that support protection of the Quitobaquito pupfish, and the pupfish in the Sonoyta River, which lies within the Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve in Mexico (Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument's sister park).