cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anxiety intensity and direction: Preperformance temporal patterns and expectations in athletes

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify temporal patterns of anxiety and self-confidence levels, with respect to both the intensity and direction (i.e., perceived favonbility) of these symptoms, and precompetitive performance expectations at three times prior to competition. Participants were 91 high school and college athletes competing in soccer, swimming. and tnck and field. Results indicated that anxiety intensity symptoms followed the predicted temporal patterns prior to competition (Martens et at., 1990). Temporal patterns for directional anxiety and self-confidence, and performance expectations did not change significantly over time prior to competition. Implications involving the relationship between anxiety direction and performance expectations were then discussed according to Jones' (1995) control model of debilitative and facilitative state anxiety.
Causal Attributions for Success or Failure of Students in College Algebra

Research in the field of attribution theory and academic achievement suggests a relationship between a student's attributional style and achievement. Theorists and researchers contend that attributions influence individual reactions to success and failure. They also report that individuals use attributions to explain and justify their performance. Studies in mathematics education identify attribution theory as the theoretical orientation most suited to explain academic performance in mathematics. This study focused on the relationship among a high risk course, low success rates, and attribution by examining the difference in the attributions passing and failing students gave for their performance in College Algebra. Students from a large urban community college in South Florida (n = 410) self-reported their performance on an in-class test by providing open-ended attribution statements to explain the cause of their performance. They then attributed their performance along the dimensions of locus of causali...
Increasing the management options for early pregnancy loss: the economics of miscarriage.

Given the variability in clinical presentation, a wide range of approaches are viewed as acceptable in managing these patients, including expectant management, medical management with the administration of misoprostol, and uterine evacuation. Uterine evacuation may occur via traditional dilation and suction curettage in the operating room setting (D&C), or as an outpatient with manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) of the uterine contents. Success rates for these interventions vary widely, dependent on the type of EPL experienced (for instance, incomplete abortion vs anembryonic pregnancy), the dose and route of misoprostol administered, and the length of time a patient is willing to be observed. Surgical evacuation by either MVA or D&C is typically 96-100% effective as an initial treatment. 4,5 Medical management with vaginal misoprostol will result in a completed miscarriage in 60-90% of patients. 4-7 Expectant management has the greatest variation in success rates, ending in a completed miscarriage for 38-81% of patients. 8-10 Although expectant management has been shown to increase overall days of bleeding and the risk of unscheduled surgical intervention or hospitalization, 8,11 patient satisfaction rates remain high for all approaches. 7,8,12,13 Obviously, a patient’s presentation may strongly dictate management—at times, surgical evacuation in the operating room may be required for a patient with profound bleeding. However, most patients with EPL are not diagnosed in the midst of an acute episode requiring immediate surgical intervention. Most patients are candidates for any of the previously mentioned therapies. With so many acceptable approaches to this clinical problem, other factors merit
Functional Organization of a Neural Network for Aversive Olfactory Learning in Caenorhabditis elegans

Many animals use their olfactory systems to learn to avoid dangers, but how neural circuits encode naive and learned olfactory preferences, and switch between those preferences, is poorly understood. Here, we map an olfactory network, from sensory input to motor output, which regulates the learned olfactory aversion of Caenorhabditis elegans for the smell of pathogenic bacteria. Naive animals prefer smells of pathogens but animals trained with pathogens lose this attraction. We find that two different neural circuits subserve these preferences, with one required for the naive preference and the other specifically for the learned preference. Calcium imaging and behavioral analysis reveal that the naive preference reflects the direct transduction of the activity of olfactory sensory neurons into motor response, whereas the learned preference involves modulations to signal transduction to downstream neurons to alter motor response. Thus, two different neural circuits regulate a behavioral switch between naive and learned olfactory preferences.
Metabolism of progesterone in mouse vaginal tissue

Abstract The in vitro and in vivo metabolism of 1,2- 3H-progesterone was studied in estrogen-stimulated and control vaginae of ovariectomized mice. Employing two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and metabolite “trapping” techniques, the major and minor pathways for progesterone metabolism were determined in vitro and shown to involve saturation of the Δ4-double bond to yield 5α-pregnane compounds and reduction of the C20 and C3 ketone groups to form 20α- and 3α- and 3β-hydroxy derivatives, respectively. The quantities of 20β-hydroxy metabolites and 5β-epimers that were detected were considered not to be significant. The major metabolites formed by untreated tissues following in vitro incubation in the presence of both high (10−6M) and low (10−8M) progesterone concentrations were 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one and 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione. Although these two derivatives were also found in sizable quantities in estrogen-treated tissues, a marked increase (5-fold) in the rate of C20 ketone reduction at high progesterone concentrations (10−6M) to yield 20α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one was demonstrated. Following intravaginal administration of 3H-progesterone in vivo , only progesterone and 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one were retained in appreciable quantities through 2 hr, suggesting rapid loss of 20α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and the 5α-pregnanediols from this tissue under in vivo conditions.
Health, work variables, and job satisfaction among nurses.

BackgroundEvidence from several studies suggests that there is widespread job dissatisfaction among nurses. Coupled with a critical shortage of RNs, this situation threatens the provision of safe healthcare.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore the relationships and relative contribution
The Correlation of Partial and Total Scores of the Scholastic Aptitude Test of the College Entrance Examination Board with Grades in Freshman Chemistry.

For a sample of 325 students enrolled in freshman chemistry, it was found that performance on the Verbal and Mathematics Sections of the Scholastic Aptitude Test of the College Entrance Examination Board exhibited low predictive validity in relation to a criterion of grades in freshmen chemistry.
Prolonged stenting of the frontal sinus

Objectives: Stenting of the frontal sinus outflow tract is occasionally used following surgery to prevent stenosis. The optimal length of stent retention has not been defined and some experts advocate up to 6 months prior to removal. The tolerance of even longer periods of stenting is unknown. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: We identified adult patients in a tertiary rhinology practice with frontal sinus stents placed between July 2000 and December 2006 and in place at least 6 months. Length of stenting and condition at last follow-up were determined. Results: During the 6-year study period, 10 frontal sinus stents were placed out of over 450 endoscopic frontal sinus surgery procedures. Each patient had only one stent placed. Of these 10 patients, one was excluded because the stent was electively removed at eight weeks. None of the remaining nine has been lost to follow-up. The mean length of stenting was 32.6 months (median 17, range 11 to 73). One patient had the stent removed at 61 months because of infection. Another had the stent removed at 11 months because of pain and edema. The remaining seven patients remain asymptomatic with patent stents and no granulation tissue seen on nasal endoscopy. Conclusions: In this group, long-term frontal stenting was rarely used but relatively well tolerated with only two of nine patients requiring removal up to 6 years after placement. With the optimal length for frontal stenting unknown, risks and benefits of removal at each evaluation point must be weighed. Laryngoscope, 119:190–192, 2009
Prediction of spatiotemporal patterns of neural activity using a higher-order Markov representation of instantaneous pairwise maximum entropy model

Maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models have been suggested to fit the spatiotemporal patterns of simultaneously observed neuronal spike trains. To build such models, the distribution, px(X), needs to be determined, where X is a sequence of neural patterns formed from the vector X1,…,Xn for n time samples, where Xi is a sample of the spike train of a population at time i . Each neural pattern itself is a binary sequence, for which one represents a spike, and zero otherwise. MaxEnt models are constructed by matching the moments between neuronal constituents with the analogous empirical estimates from the distribution px(X). MaxEnt models that incorporate the first and second order interactions among neurons, also referred to as the instantaneous pairwise MaxEnt model or the Ising model, are expressed as where the individual, hi, and coupling, Jij, terms are parameters associated with the first and second order interactions, respectively, and Z is a normalization factor to insure . This model was shown to be effective in representing almost 90 percent of the information in small populations (less than 20 neurons) [1,2]. The main disadvantage of this model, however, is that it ignores the temporal correlation that represents the effect of the history of spiking activity on the current population state. Extending the width of neural patterns has been proposed as a method to incorporate spiking history. It destroys, however, the information in precise spike timings [3]. To incorporate the history term without compromising information in spike times, a higher-order Markov model is constructed in which patterns from different time samples are added. An example first-order Markov representation is expressed as where and are the individual, and , and are the coupling terms among the neuronal elements. This spatiotemporal model is more general than the representation introduced in Marre et al [4] to account for history terms , but at the expense of increasing the number of parameters. We evaluated the performance of the extended MaxEnt model in predicting the activity pattern of cat V1 neurons in response to drifting grating stimuli. A population of 21 neurons was recorded with 5 tetrodes. We compared the prediction power of this model with the instantaneous pairwise MaxEnt model, as well as the independent model. We show that the iterative scaling algorithm makes the extended model converge faster compared to [4], and also reduces the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the estimated and true distributions by 20 percent. Taken together, these results suggest the importance of accounting for temporal correlations in predicting the spatiotemporal patterns.
Isolation, sequence and transcription of the gene encoding the photosystem II chlorophyll-binding protein, CP-47, in the cyanobacterium Anabaena 7120

The psbB gene from the cyanobacterium Anabaena 7120 was cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. This gene codes for the photosystem II chlorophyll-binding protein CP-47. We identified an open reading frame of 1527 bases that can code for a polypeptide with a predicted molecular weight of 56254. Expression of the psbB gene in Anabaena 7120 results in two transcripts that begin 302 or 238 bp upstream of the open reading frame and both end 288 bp downstream following a 21 bp inverted repeat. We also show that the levels of these psbB gene transcripts as well as those of the glnA, rbcLS, and psbA genes, in RNA prepared from whole filaments, remain constant during heterocyst differentiation.
Requirement for phosphorylation and localization of the Bicaudal-D protein in Drosophila oocyte differentiation

In the Drosophila female the product of the germline stem cell, the cystoblast, gives rise to 16 interconnected cystocytes. One of them differentiates into the oocyte, while the 15 others become polyploid nurse cells. Bic-D is required for the differentiation of an oocyte and hence for fertility. Recessive mutations in Bic-D block the oocyte-specific accumulation of its own and other RNAs. Based on its properties and distribution, the Bic-D protein appears to be a component of a cytoskeletal transport or anchoring system. Additional results suggest that the phosphorylation of the Bic-D protein is essential for its accumulation in the pro-oocyte and that this process leads to the gradual localization to the pro-oocyte of factors required for oocyte differentiation.
Medically and psychiatrically ill: the challenge of delirious mania.

(2003). Medically and Psychiatrically Ill: The Challenge of Delirious Mania. Harvard Review of Psychiatry: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 91-98.
EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL, CAFFEINE AND METHYL CHLORIDE ON MAN

Industrial workers are frequently exposed to organic solvents, such as methyl chloride, and also voluntarily ingest quantities of alcohol or caffeine, all of which affect the nervous system. The purpose was to assess the behavioral effects of such substances alone and when combined. 84 paid volunteers were randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups. Each individual was then tested before and during both the treatment or control procedures on three performance tasks. The results indicated that an alcohol dose sufficient to register blood levels of 0.08% produced a significant impairment of 10% on all three tests, which included eye-hand coordination and alertness. A caffeine dose equivalent to two cups of coffee (200 mg.) produced a small, but significant impairment on only the eye-hand coordination test. However, participants who were exposed to MeCl for 3.5 hr. at levels equivalent to the current legal standard did not experience any significant impairments on the tests. Moreover, when the solvent ...
Depositional Environments of the Dakota Sandstone and Adjacent Units in the San Juan Basin Utilizing Discriminant Analysis of Trace Elements in Shales

Thirteen chemical and ten mineralogical variables were evaluated as possible indicators of depositional environments. Samples from 300 shale and coal outcrops of the Morrison Formation (Jurassic), and the Burro Canyon Formation, Dakota Sandstone, and Mancos Shale (all Cretaceous) were collected at 29 localities in and north of the San Juan Basin. Rock samples of marine and nonmarine origin were selected as control groups on the basis of their stratigraphic positions and physical and paleontological indicators of environment. Discriminant analyses were performed on the control group samples to establish criteria for estimating marine or nonmarine character in samples from uncertain depositional environments. Discriminant analysis using both trace element and mineral variables effectively identified all of the samples in the control groups as marine or nonmarine. Discriminant analysis using chemical variables alone correctly identified 91 percent of the control group samples. The most significant chemical variables for distinguishing between marine and nonmarine depositional environments are phosphorus, vanadium, iron, chromium, nickel, and zinc. The minerals illite, dolomite, mixed-layer clay, plagioclase, and percent HCl soluble minerals were also significant in characterizing marine and nonmarine environments. The discriminant classification of the shales in the Dakota and lower Mancos interval in addition provided a tool for stratigraphic correlation of the various sandstone and shale members of this interval. Discriminant analysis helped correlate the Paguate Sandstone Member of the Dakota Sandstone northward along the east side of the basin, westward to near Cortez, Colorado, and around the west side of the basin to near the San Juan River in New Mexico. The Twowells Sandstone Member of the Dakota Sandstone was correlated as a series of discontinuous sandstone lenses that extend into the Four Corners region. The numerous pinch-outs of the Paguate and Twowells Sandstone Members offer stratigraphic trap opportunities for future oil and gas exploration in the San Juan Basin.
4‐Phenyl‐m‐Dioxane

4-Phenyl-m-dioxane product: 4-phenyl-m-dioxane Keywords: addition, to CC; annulation, heterocyclic-[6]; cyclization, miscellaneous
The Orphan Nuclear Receptor Rev-erbα Recruits the N-CoR/Histone Deacetylase 3 Corepressor to Regulate the Circadian Bmal1 Gene

Transcriptional regulation plays a fundamental role in controlling circadian oscillation of clock gene expression. The orphan nuclear receptor Rev-erbalpha has recently been implicated as a major regulator of the circadian clock. Expression of Bmal1, the master regulator of circadian rhythm in mammals, is negatively correlated with Rev-erbalpha mRNA level, but the molecular mechanism underlying this regulation is largely unknown. Here we show that Rev-erbalpha dramatically represses the basal activity of the mouse Bmal1 gene promoter via two monomeric binding sites, both of which are required for repression and are conserved between mouse and human. Rev-erbalpha directly binds to the mouse Bmal1 promoter and recruits the endogenous nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR)/histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) complex, in association with a decrease in histone acetylation. The endogenous N-CoR/HDAC3 complex is also associated with the endogenous Bmal1 promoter in human HepG2 liver cells, where a reduction in cellular HDAC3 level markedly increases the expression of Bmal1 mRNA. These data demonstrate a new function for the N-CoR/HDAC3 complex in regulating the expression of genes involved in circadian rhythm by functioning as corepressor for Rev-erbalpha.
Photochemical processes on Titan. Irradiation of mixtures of gases that simulate Titan's atmosphere

Photochemical reaction pathways in Titan’s atmosphere were investigated by irradiation of the individual components and the mixture containing nitrogen, methane, hydrogen, acetylene, ethylene, and cyanoacetylene. The quantum yields for the loss of the reactants and the formation of products were determined. Photolysis of ethylene yields mainly saturated compounds (ethane, propane, and butane) while photolysis of acetylene yields the same saturated compounds as well as ethylene and diacetylene. Irradiation of cyanoacetylene yields mainly hydrogen cyanide and small amounts of acetonitrile. When an amount of methane corresponding to its mixing ratio on Titan was added to these mixtures the quantum yields for the loss of reactants decreased and the quantum yields for hydrocarbon formation increased indicative of a hydrogen atom abstraction from methane by the photochemically generated radicals. GC/MS analysis of the products formed by irradiation of mixtures of all these gases generated over 120 compounds which were mainly aliphatic hydrocarbons containing double and triple bonds along with much smaller amounts of aromatic compounds like benzene, toluene and phenylacetylene. The reaction pathways were investigated by the use of 13 C acetylene in these gas mixtures. No polycyclic aromatic compounds were detected. Vapor pressures of these compounds under conditions present in Titan’s atmosphere were calculated. The low molecular weight compounds likely to be present
The Winners’ Game

Practitioners of the investment management profession are underperforming for their clients and for their profession because of three errors: defining their mission as “beating the market,” allowing the values of their profession to be eclipsed by the economics of the business, and not providing much-needed investment counseling. The solution is to incorporate investment counseling into the heart of their client–manager relationship.
Corrections for the effects of a radome on antenna surface measurements made by microwave holography

Measurements of the surface deviations of a parabolic antenna by microwave holography have been corrected for the effects of an enclosing radome. The largest correction, which is due to diffraction from the metal space frame, is made by using a model computed from the radome structure. This model accounts for the changing diffraction as the antenna is scanned during the interferometric mapping of the complex beam pattern. Correction for reflections from the radome panels is made by simultaneously measuring the beam pattern at multiple frequencies to provide delay discrimination to reject antenna sidelobes generated by multiple reflections which arrive with delays different from that of the main beam. >
Modeling and simulation of package and interconnects

This paper discusses electrical design of off chip and on-chip interconnects. Modeling and Simulation CAD tools used for this design are identified and described. The focus of the paper is on off-chip interconnects, which are loosely referred to as packaging structures. These may be single-chip package interconnects, or connections between chips in a multiple-chip system, and include chip electrical connections (bondwires, C4, etc.) and package or connector pins/bumps. Phenomena which are critical to error-free product performance are discussed, and alternative methods of modeling and simulating these phenomena are presented. Similarities and differences of on-chip and off-chip interconnect characteristics are noted when appropriate.
Planning for the unexpected: Barriers to young people's participation in planning in disadvantaged communities

Abstract This paper discusses barriers to civic engagement of disadvantaged young people that we observed in the course of a child-friendly city project in Turkey. It also emphasizes the importance of being prepared to overcome such barriers, some of which were quite unexpected. Results show that many of the unexpected issues are the outcome of poverty, illiteracy, lack of ethics, inexperience of project managers, conflicting political interests and sense of insecurity. The paper concludes with suggestions for researchers and policy-makers on how to overcome such unforeseen barriers to child and youth participation in disadvantaged communities.
Axotomy-induced axonal degeneration is mediated by calcium influx through ion-specific channels

We examined the role of extracellular calcium entry, the possible involvement of axonal calcium channels, and the potential protective effect of calcium channel and calpain antagonists in axotomy-induced axonal degeneration using murine dorsal root ganglia in cell culture. We found that calcium entry is both necessary and sufficient to induce axonal degeneration after axotomy, and may be inhibited by cobalt, manganese, dihydropyridines, and bepridil. Tetrodotoxin and omega- conotoxin are ineffective in preventing axonal degeneration. The activation of calpains also appears to be necessary and sufficient for axonal degeneration to proceed, and can be blocked with membrane- permeant leupeptin analogs and the oxirane aloxistatin. Although other calcium-activated events may occur, it appears that inhibition of calpain is sufficient to preserve the axon at the light microscope level, and to prevent axonal cytoskeleton degradation as detected by immunofluorescent staining. Our results suggest that axonal degeneration after axotomy involves the following sequence of events: (1) a lag-period after axotomy prior to the onset of axonal degeneration, (2) entry of calcium into the axon through an intact axolemma via a calcium-specific ion transport mechanism, (3) activation of calcium-dependent effector molecules such as calpains, (4) degradation of the axonal cytoskeleton. The details of the second step require further elucidation, and are of particular interest because this step is a potential target for therapies directed towards peripheral neuropathies.
Experimental evolution, loss-of-function mutations, and “the first rule of adaptive evolution”

Adaptive evolution can cause a species to gain, lose, or modify a function; therefore, it is of basic interest to determine whether any of these modes dominates the evolutionary process under particular circumstances. Because mutation occurs at the molecular level, it is necessary to examine the molecular changes produced by the underlying mutation in order to assess whether a given adaptation is best considered as a gain, loss, or modification of function. Although that was once impossible, the advance of molecular biology in the past half century has made it feasible. In this paper, I review molecular changes underlying some adaptations, with a particular emphasis on evolutionary experiments with microbes conducted over the past four decades. I show that by far the most common adaptive changes seen in those examples are due to the loss or modification of a pre-existing molecular function, and I discuss the possible reasons for the prominence of such mutations.
A wideband low-phase-noise CMOS VCO

A CMOS VCO has been designed and fabricated in a commercial 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS process. Using a combination of switched binary-weighted capacitors and standard varactors, this VCO achieves a 28% tuning range with a control voltage ranging from 0-2 V, while maintaining a tuning sensitivity of less than 75 MHz/V over its entire frequency range. Compact choke inductors are used in place of resistors to provide a low noise bias point to the varactors. The choke inductors achieve more than 90 nH of effective inductance while consuming a die area of only 92/spl times/92 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. The measured single-sided phase noise is -127 dBc/Hz at a 600 kHz offset from a 1.24 GHz carrier when the VCO core is drawing 3.6 mA from a 2 V supply.
Audiovisual arrays for untethered spoken interfaces

When faced with a distant speaker at a known location in a noisy environment, a microphone array can provide a significantly improved audio signal for speech recognition. Estimating the location of a speaker in a reverberant environment from audio information alone can be quite difficult, so we use an array of video cameras to aid localization. Stereo processing techniques are used on pairs of cameras, and foreground 3-D points are grouped to estimate the trajectory of people as they move in an environment. These trajectories are used to guide a microphone array beamformer. Initial results using this system for speech recognition demonstrate increased recognition rates compared to non-array processing techniques.
Auditory middle-latency responses in humans

Middle-latency responses (MLR) in humans were studied using an unconventional recording technique with wide bandpass filters. Such filtering permitted simultaneous recording of the auditory brain stem response (ABR) thus facilitating comparisons between the two responses. Effects of sedation (chloral hydrate and diazepam), stimulus-related properties and the coronal distribution of MLRs were examined. Mild sedatives did not appear to affect either MLRs or ABRs. MLRs differed from ABRs in their stimulus-related properties, implying that the neuronal mechanisms underlying their generation are not the same. The amplitude of the MLR component, Pa, was largest at the vertex and symmetrically distributed over the temporal lobes. MLR components Na and Pa and ABR wave V were reliably obtained in all subjects at moderate and high stimulus intensities. At low stimulus levels, however, the detectability of wave V was more robust than the middle-latency components. Thus ABR appears to be the test of choice when hearing sensitivity is in question. MLRs are likely to be most clinically useful in patients with neurological or central auditory processing disorders.
Role of the Arabidopsis RING-H2 protein RBX1 in RUB modification and SCF function

The ubiquitin-related protein RUB/Nedd8 is conjugated to members of the cullin family of proteins in plants, animals, and fungi. In Arabidopsis, the RUB conjugation pathway consists of a heterodimeric E1 (AXR1-ECR1) and a RUB-E2 called RCE1. The cullin CUL1 is a subunit in SCF-type ubiquitin protein ligases (E3s), including the SCFTIR1 complex, which is required for response to the plant hormone auxin. Our previous studies showed that conjugation of RUB to CUL1 is required for normal SCFTIR1 function. The RING-H2 finger protein RBX1 is a subunit of SCF complexes in fungi and animals. The function of RBX1 is to bind the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 and bring it into close proximity with the E3 substrate. We have identified two Arabidopsis genes encoding RING-H2 proteins related to human RBX1. Studies of one of these proteins indicate that, as in animals and fungi, Arabidopsis RBX1 is an SCF subunit. Reduced RBX1 levels result in severe defects in growth and development. Overexpression of RBX1 increases RUB modification of CUL1. This effect is associated with reduced auxin response and severe growth defects similar to those observed in axr1 mutants. As in the axr1 mutants, RBX1 overexpression stabilizes the SCFTIR1 substrate AXR2/IAA7. The RBX1 protein is a component of SCF complexes in Arabidopsis. In addition to its direct role in SCF E3 ligase activity, RBX1 promotes the RUB modification of CUL1 and probably functions as an E3 ligase in the RUB pathway. Hypermodification of CUL1 disrupts SCFTIR1 function, suggesting that cycles of RUB conjugation and removal are important for SCF activity.
A New Device for Simulating Athlete-to-Surface Interactions on Natural and Synthetic Turf

Non-contact athletic injuries are the result of forces generated during athlete-to-surface interactions. Associations between playing surface conditions and injury incidence have been reported and numerous devices have been used to measure the vertical and horizontal forces occurring during athlete-to-surface interactions. However, nearly all of these instruments evaluate horizontal and vertical force separately. The objectives of this research were to (1) develop the Tennessee Athletic Field Tester (TAFT), an instrument for evaluating natural and synthetic playing surfaces that simultaneously generates realistic, peak vertical and horizontal forces that occur during athlete-to-surface interactions; (2) compare the simultaneous, peak vertical and horizontal forces measured by TAFT to values measured by an in-ground force platform at three simulated athlete weights and rates of horizontal velocity; and (3) determine the optimal rate of horizontal velocity for each simulated athlete weight to facilitate comparisons to force platform data. Peak vertical and horizontal force data were collected while operating TAFT on a force platform. The experimental design was the factorial combination of three athlete weights (75 kg, 85 kg, and 95 kg) and three horizontal velocities (500 mm s−1, 750 mm s−1, and 1000 mm s−1). At 1000 mm s−1, peak vertical force values with TAFT were greater than or equal to those captured by the force platform and similar to those reported using human subjects of similar weight. All TAFT configurations generated peak horizontal forces greater than those measured on the force platform and higher than have been observed in human subject trials. TAFT is a new instrument that generates peak vertical and horizontal forces that occur during athlete-to-surface interactions that may allow researchers to better characterize the safety of natural and synthetic turf playing surfaces.
Fibroepithelial papillomatosis (“skin tags”) in Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome

Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome in children involving a defective insulin receptor gene. Several phenotypic features are common to this syndrome, including severe hyperinsulinemia, growth retardation, acanthosis nigricans, dental dysplasia, hirsutism, coarse facial features, and pineal hyperplasia. The authors evaluated and treated a patient with Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome who presented with additional notable syndromic sequelae including extensive fibroepithelial papillomatosis ("skin tags"), not previously described to this extent.
The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America

This deeply researched book seeks to unravel the changing patterns of thought and policy linking race and crime in northern American cities between 1890 and 1940. The author begins with the 1890 U....
In Argument, Even the Rule of Law Is Fair Game

This article provides tips for writing persuasively to the court in the context of an appellate brief or motion memorandum. In particular, the article discusses how to present and explain the applicable rule of law in a way that advances your client's argument.
Fuzzy requests: An approach to weighted boolean searches

This article concerns the problem of how to permit a patron to represent the relative importance of various index terms in a Boolean request while retaining the desirable properties of a Boolean system. The character of classical Boolean systems is reviewed and related to the notion of fuzzy sets. The fuzzy set concept then forms the basis of the concept of a fuzzy request in which weights are assigned to index terms. The properties of such a system are discussed, and it is shown that such systems retain the manipulability of traditional Boolean requests.
Responses of stream nitrate and DOC loadings to hydrological forcing and climate change in an upland forest of the northeastern United States

climate, growing season stream fluxes (runoff +20%, nitrate +57%, and DOC +58%) increaseasmoreprecipitation(+28%)andquickflow(+39%)occurduringalongergrowing season (+43 days). During the dormant season, stream water and nutrient loadings decrease. Net annual stream runoff (+8%) and DOC loading (+9%) increases are commensurate with the magnitude of the average increase of net annual precipitation (+7%). Net annual stream water and DOC loadings are primarily affected by increased dormant season precipitation. In contrast, decreased annual loading of stream nitrate (� 2%) reflects a larger effect of growing season controls on stream nitrate and the effects of lengthened growing seasons in a warmer climate. Our findings suggest that leaching of nitrate and DOC from catchment soils will be affected by anthropogenic climate forcing, thereby affecting the timing and magnitude of annual stream loadings in the northeastern United States.
Nutritional Value of Cassava for Use as a Staple Food and Recent Advances for Improvement

ABSTRACT: Cassava is a drought-tolerant, staple food crop grown in tropical and subtropical areas where many people are afflicted with undernutrition, making it a potentially valuable food source for developing countries. Cassava roots are a good source of energy while the leaves provide protein, vitamins, and minerals. However, cassava roots and leaves are deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine and cysteine) and some nutrients are not optimally distributed within the plant. Cassava also contains antinutrients that can have either positive or adverse effects on health depending upon the amount ingested. Although some of these compounds act as antioxidants and anticarcinogens, they can interfere with nutrient absorption and utilization and may have toxic side effects. Efforts to add nutritional value to cassava (biofortification) by increasing the contents of protein, minerals, starch, and β-carotene are underway. The transfer of a 284 bp synthetic gene coding for a storage protein rich in essential amino acids and the crossbreeding of wild-type cassava varieties with Manihot dichotoma or Manihot oligantha have shown promising results regarding cassava protein content. Enhancing ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase activity in cassava roots or adding amylase to cassava gruels increases cassava energy density. Moreover, carotenoid-rich yellow and orange cassava may be a foodstuff for delivering provitamin A to vitamin A–depleted populations. Researchers are currently investigating the effects of cassava processing techniques on carotenoid stability and isomerization, as well as the vitamin A value of different varieties of cassava. Biofortified cassava could alleviate some aspects of food insecurity in developing countries if widely adopted.
Cultured Lung Cells: Effects of Isotopic Dilution and Some Undefined Stimulation on the Incorporation of Radiolabeled Palmitate and Choline into Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin)

Using radiolabels, we studied the effect of certain experimental conditions on the incorporation of choline and palmitate into phosphatidyl choline (lecithin) of cloned type II rat lung cells. When the label was changed from methyl-³H to 1,2-¹⁴C the incorporation of choline was reduced to 1/3; in contrast, when the label was moved from 1-¹⁴C to 9,10-³H, the incorporation of free palmitate was more than doubled. Removal of choline from the culture medium caused trebling of choline incorporation and appreciable decrease in palmitate uptake, indicating respectively an expected effect of increased choline label concentration in the absence of carrier, and a marked dependence of palmitate on choline incorporation. Removal of fetal calf serum produced more than 2/3 decrease in palmitate incorporation (instead of an expected increase because of palmitate isotope concentration), whereas choline uptake was not affected, meaning respectively that either serum hormones or serum lipids, or both simultaneously, are important for palmitate but not for choline incorporation. This is only the beginning of a host of studies required to clarify the role of fetal calf serum constituents onto lecithin biosynthesis in cultured lung cells and finally gain a full appreciation of the biosynthetic pathways of phosphatidyl choline (“surfactant”) in type II cells of alveolar epithelium.
Transmitting Values About Education: A Comparison of Black Teen Mothers and Their Non-Parent Peers

Central to the debate about why some poor people remain poor is the enduring question of what role values play in behavior patterns as observed in chronically impoverished families and communities. Young black women who grow up in impoverished families in urban ghettos face some similar challenges to becoming adults who function independently in the wider society. Not all young women who fit this demographic category become young or single mothers who depend on AFDC; some who do also complete levels of education that lead to economic self-sufficiency. In order to explore the question about values and their significance among the urban poor, we examine the life histories of 50 young black women from inner-city Milwaukee, looking in particular at values and behaviors as they relate to education. We analyze the perceived family values about education, the ways in which the young women's families acted on those stated values with the intention of influencing their daughters' educational outcomes, and how these values and transmission processes are related to the young women's educational attainment.
Toxicities of Neonicotinoid Insecticides for Systemic Control of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Fruiting Vegetables1

ABSTRACT The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an invasive pest of various crops, including fruiting vegetables, throughout the mid-Atlantic U.S.A. Current control strategies for this pest rely almost exclusively on foliar applications of broad-spectrum insecticides, which disrupt IPM programs and cause secondary pest outbreaks. Systemic neonicotinoids applied to the root-zone via soil drench or chemigation may be a more IPM friendly tactic for insect control in vegetables. Laboratory bioassays that utilized a plant uptake method showed that the neonicotinoid insecticides clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam were all toxic to H. halys nymphs, with estimated LC50 values of 0.077, 0.013, 0.068, and 0.018 ppm, respectively. Field efficacy experiments in Virginia showed that two soil applications of each of the aforementioned neonicotinoid insecticides significantly reduced stink bug damage to pepper and tomato. Field experiments conducted...
Diagnosis of Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors

Investigators from the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, studied the manifestations and time to diagnosis of 70 children with germ cell tumors (GCTs) treated between 1998 and 2012.
Method for the assessment of neuromuscular integrity and burrowing choice in vermiform animals.

Abstract Background The study of locomotion in vermiform animals has largely been restricted to animals crawling on agar surfaces. While this has been fruitful in the study of neuronal basis of disease and behavior, the reduced physical challenge posed by these environments has prevented these organisms from being equally successful in the study of neuromuscular diseases. Our burrowing assay allowed us to study the effects of muscular exertion on locomotion and muscle degeneration during disease ( Beron et al., 2015 ), as well as the natural burrowing preference of diverse Caenorhabditis elegans strains ( Vidal-Gadea et al., 2015 ). New method We describe a simple, rapid, and affordable set of assays to study the burrowing behavior of nematodes and other vermiform organisms which permits the titration of muscular exertion in test animals. Results We show that our burrowing assay design is versatile and can be adapted for use in widely different experimental paradigms. Comparison with existing method(s) Previous assays for the study of neuromuscular integrity in nematodes relied on movement through facile and homogeneous environments. The ability of modulating substrate density allows our burrowing assay to be used to separate animal populations where muscular fitness or health are not visible differentiable by standard techniques. Conclusion The simplicity, versatility, and potential for greatly facilitating the study of previously challenging neuromuscular disorders makes this assay a valuable addition that overcomes many of the limitations inherent to traditional behavioral tests of vermiform locomotion.
Atom hoses

Summary form only given. We use optical dipole forces to guide neutral rubidium atoms through hollowcore optical fibers. In one configuration, light copropagates in the circular hollow region as a grazing incidence mode. Atoms are attracted to the high intensity region of a beam detuned to the red of rubidium's D2 resonance lines and are thus kept away from the fiber's walls. In a second configuration, light is guided in the annular glass region and it is the evanescent field of this light that repels the atoms from the fiber walls when the light is tuned to the blue side of atomic resonance.
053 Implementing Nutrition Guidelines Through Practice Tools for Registered Dietitians

Background Evidence Based Dietetics Practice Toolkits are resources intended to assist registered dietitians (RDs) in implementing nutrition guidelines derived from systematic reviews. Objectives Surveys, sent at least one year past publication, were used to explore who uses toolkits, how toolkits are used, and if RDs find toolkits useful for implementation of guidelines. Methods A standard questionnaire was sent to 1379 individuals for six toolkits (Celiac Disease, Critical Illness, Diabetes, Heart Failure, Oncology, and Paediatric Overweight) in 2011 and 2012, using Survey Monkey. Results Responses received were 131 (9%), of which 42% were RDs in practice >15 years, in direct care (63%), and in settings of outpatient (51%) and inpatient (31%). Respondents mostly used toolkits for patient care (66%), nutrition counselling (40%) and development of forms (37%). Regarding the tools provided, 66% of respondents indicated that they found the summary of nutrition care and patient education materials to be very/somewhat useful or useful. The same was true for 63% for the case studies, 61% for the flowchart of patient encounters, 60% for the patient encounter process instructions and 56% for the sample documentation forms. Some respondents (24%) seldom or never used the guidelines prior to toolkit use; however, 65% indicated that the toolkit was useful in translating the guidelines to practice. Discussion The implementation of guidelines is often overlooked yet is crucial to changing practice. These toolkits allow a useful strategy for assisting with implementation. Similar practice tools, tailored to practitioners and setting, may be useful in guideline implementation for a variety of conditions.
A Note on Convex Polygons Inscribed in Open Sets

(1964). A Note on Convex Polygons Inscribed in Open Sets. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 250-252.
Another Proof That Any Compact Metric Space is the Continuous Image of the Cantor Set

(1976). Another Proof That Any Compact Metric Space is the Continuous Image of the Cantor Set. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 83, No. 8, pp. 646-647.
Abstract LB-57: Susan G. Komen for the Cure- A global breast cancer movement

Twenty-two Northeast Ohio counties comprise the Northeast Ohio Affiliate for which I volunteer. The Northeast Ohio Affiliate is dedicated to combating breast cancer at every front. Up to 75% of the Affiliate9s net income goes toward funding grants to local hospitals and community organizations that provide breast health education and breast cancer screening and treatment programs for medically underserved women. The Affiliate is the only community resource in the Northeast Ohio region positioned to impact the core issues in ways significant enough to improve breast cancer screening rates, which will ultimately lead to a reduction in late stage diagnosis The remaining net income (a minimum of 25%) the Northeast Ohio Affiliate raises supports the national Komen Grants Program, which funds groundbreaking breast cancer research, meritorious awards and educational and scientific programs around the world. The impact of Komen9s research investments is evident in every major advance in breast cancer over the past 25 years. Advocate participation in peer review is extended to involvement in many of these ongoing research projects and to other scientific activities through the Advocates in Science program. The Komen Advocates in Science (AIS) program is an inclusive community of dedicated volunteer advocates in scientific breast cancer research. We are brought together and sponsored by Komen to foster excellence in research advocacy and spur greater advocate engagement in research related activities. As an AIS Research Advocate, I participate in a variety of scientific activities to ensure that the unique and valuable perspectives of cancer survivors and others affected by cancer are integrated into scientific dialogue and decisions affecting our progress toward ending breast cancer. Advocates bring a real-world understanding of what most impacts those affected by breast cancer, and they also bring an urgency to find cures and more effective prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, AIS members engage in ongoing education to enhance our advocacy skills and expand our scientific knowledge. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-57. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-57