cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Double Effects of Proteasome Inhibitor on Neuron

Objective: To explore the effects of proteasome inhibitor on dopaminergic neuron at different concentration and its possible underlying reason. Methods: SH-SY5Y cells treated with 50uM 6-OHDA were used as a toxin insulted cell model. Proteasome inhibitor lactacystin were added to the medium simultaneously at different concentrations. Cell count and SRB was used to assess cell viability. The parallel groups were used to perform proteasome activity assay. PD98059,a specific MEK1/2 inhibitor,were used to demonstrate whether or not proteasome inhibitor protects dopaminergic neuron through MAPK pathway. Results: Cell viability increased when the concentration of proteasome inhibitor were 0.1,0.25,0.5uM with the proteasome activity 83 %,75 %,64 %respectively,While cell viability decreased when the concentration of proteasome inhibitor were2,5uM with the proteasome activity24.12 %,12.6 % respectively. When PD98059 were administrated the protective effect of proteasome inhibitor was blocked. Conclusion: Proteasome inhibitor protects dopaminergic neuron at a relatively low concentration,and it is toxic to dopaminergic neuron at a relatively high concentration. The double effects of proteasome inhibitor may be related to the degree of proteasome inhibition. proteasome inhibitor protect dopaminergic neuron through MAPK pathway.
CANCELLOUS-BONE GRAFTING FOR NON-UNION OF THE TIBIA THROUGH THE POSTEROLATERAL APPROACH

The twenty-two posterolateral bonse-grafting operations performed by the author have produced the following results. In fifteen legs the fractures have united without additional bone surgery, as shown by clinical tests and x-ray. Two legs have become stable but springy after one year. The patients in these two cases are without pains and are walking with the assistance of a leather lacer brace. Each seems to be slowly increasing in strength, and one of the two has been working at heavy labor for more than a year; in this patient, a one-inch tibial defect was bridged by the graft. Two patients were lost to follow-up seven weeks after the operation, at which time they were still in casts but union was progressing satisfactorily. Two patients were still in casts (three and four months after the operation) and union was progressing satisfactorily. The one patient whose wound was grossly infected was last seen four months after the operation, at which time, in spite of the infection, motion at the fracture site was not demonstrable clinically. In general, grafting through the posterolateral approach is considered very helpful in patients in whom infection of the tibia is already present or in whom it is likely to occur. At times this operation evens appears mandatory on economic grounds.
AI-07 Increased “problematic” RNA splicing and greater intron number in sle autoantigens

Background Proteins arise from splicing of pre-mRNA using either the U2 spliceosome (most proteins); or the U12 spliceosome. The latter is believed to be less efficient, and it has been reported that autoantigens are much more likely than control proteins to use the U12 spliceosome. We set out to extend this work, and using new databases and a better contemporary understanding of splicing, to address the splicing mechanisms used for commonly encountered autoantigens. Materials and methods We compared splicing characteristics of the UniProt autoantigen database with total genomic proteins, using the approach of Parada et al. (Nucleic Acids Res. 42:10564, 2014). Using this method, splice sites are given a “fit” score reflecting their fit to canonical scoring matrices for the two types of introns. We also determined the number of introns per gene and the average intron length. Results We confirmed that autoantigens had more U12 spliceosome usage, although the difference was only twofold, much less than in the one previous study (Ng et. al., J All Clin Immunol 114:1463, 2004). Autoantigens had increased average number of introns per gene (24 vs 12) and an increase in noncanonical dinucleotides at the splice site. When they were scored for “problematic” splices, autoantigens were three fold more likely to have problematic introns (39% vs 13%). Conclusions Genes encoding autoantigens have more introns and more “problematic” introns than control proteins. This may result in greater numbers of splicing errors, giving rise to proteins toward which tolerance has not been established. This model predicts autoantigenic epitopes to be near splice sites and should encourage studies of more extensive databases of autoantigens to extend analysis. Acknowledgements Supported by grants from NIAMS and the Alliance for Lupus Research (PLC)
Parenting in acculturation: two contemporary research designs and what they tell us

Massive population transfers are common today. To understand how immigrants negotiate variation and adjustment as they settle in a new culture, researchers have explored acculturation, the changes that individuals and groups undergo as a result of contact with a culture not their own. Parents have crucial roles to play in acculturation. Parenting is instantiated in cognitions and practices, and cognitions and practices of parents are multifaceted and influenced by many factors, including parents’ own individual characteristics, their children, and their cultural experiences. This article describes, evaluates, and illustrates two unique research designs that are used today to study acculturation of parenting cognitions and practices. In one design, parenting in acculturating cultures in the same culture of destination are compared; in the second design, parents in a culture of origin, parents from that culture of origin acculturating to a new culture, and parents in that culture of destination are compared. Acculturation is one of the most prominent individual-difference constructs in contemporary psychology, and understanding parents’ cognitions and practices is fundamental to understanding parenting and acculturation.
Optimal Redistributional Instruments in Tax Policy and Law & Economics: Survey and Assessment

The literature on optimal redistributional instruments begins with the assumption that society has some preference for equality, leaving the precise degree unspecified. It then asks: How should society pursue that preference? More specifically, what kinds of policy instruments — whether categorized as “taxes,” “transfers,” “public goods,” “government programs,” “regulations,” or “legal rules” — should be informed by society’s distributional objectives? This paper reviews and assesses three strands of the literature on optimal redistributional instruments. The first concerns the “tax substitution argument,” which is offered in support of the proposition that distributional goals should generally be pursued exclusively through taxes on labor earnings. The argument, which is cast within the conventional optimal tax and policy framework, rests on an important additional assumption: very roughly, that controlling for labor earnings, all individuals are identical. The second subliterature examines the consequences of removing this additional assumption while retaining, arguendo, the optimal tax and policy framework. According to some researchers, that framework — shorn of the additional assumption — actually prescribes a strong form of “policy eclecticism” with regard to redistributional instruments. A third subliterature steps outside the bounds of the conventional optimal tax and policy framework to consider a kind of alternative defense of labor-income-tax exclusivity. Whatever the actual prescriptions of the conventional optimal tax and policy framework, the defense proceeds, policymakers lack adequate information about the proper direction and scale of distributionally motivated adjustments to other policy instruments. Critics argue that this defense neglects the comparable informational difficulties of labor earnings taxation and relies on a comparative “precautionary principle” that finds little support in systematic thinking about uncertainty and choice.
Klein Four Actions on Graphs and Sets

AbstractWe consider how a standard theorem in algebraic geometry relating properties of a curve with a (ℤ/2ℤ)2-action to the properties of its quotients generalizes to results about sets and graphs that admit (ℤ/2ℤ)2-actions.
Issues in the Optimization, Estimation and Control of Fed-batch Bioreactors Using Tendency Models

Abstract The tendency modeling approach for optimization, estimation, and control is applied to bioreactors. This approach uses a “tendency” or “grey” model based on the available fundamental knowledge of the process and emphasizes the incorporation of new process data. The technique is demonstrated on simulation studies and preliminary experimental results of the penicillin fermentation. The tendency model is based on reactor mass balances such as those proposed by Bajpai and Reus (1980) while the number of overall reactions and their stoichiometry are derived by abstract factor analysis of experimental data. Actual process and equipment constraints, such as the power mounted to the fermentor, the oxygen transfer capacity, and the rheological characteristics of the broth, are added. The model can be updated periodically utilizing data collected both on-line and off-line. The updated model can be used off-line to develop optimal feeding policies. On-line, a Kalman filter can utilize the tendency model to estimate poorly, infrequently, or unmeasured states.
A visualization tool for reconstructing behavior patterns in built spaces

We demonstrate how sensor data recorded from a home sensing network can be replayed and explored from a first-person perspective using a novel input device and from a bird's eye perspective using an augmented reality scanner. Data previously recorded from a living lab apartment is reconstructed, revealing patterns of movement and occupancy. A sample use-case is presented wherein the individual's data is mapped onto a new home in order to reveal how existing behavioral patterns might be impeded or facilitated by differences in the built environment.
Nothing Compares to You: Prince and the Theory of Optimal Distinctiveness

Prince has left an indelible mark on the hearts and minds of people everywhere, not only in the USA but also globally. Using Marilyn Brewer’s optimal distinctiveness theory (ODT) as a framework, this article examines how Prince negotiated his social identity as an integral part of two worlds—(African Americans and the music industry) while standing apart from both. The optimal distinctiveness model posits that social identities derive from a fundamental tension between two competing social needs—the need for inclusion and the need for uniqueness. By utilizing Brewer’s model, we gain greater insight into Prince’s musicianship and business acumen.
B-ISDN signalling standards

This paper identifies what is meant by standards and their value in the B-ISDN signalling environment. It goes on to identify the international bodies that are responsible for producing these standards and gives details of their output so far and what their future plans are expected to deliver. Consideration of the various drivers (commercial, technological, regulatory, etc) that have shaped the output and workplan is also given. In addition, there is an examination of the emerging collaborative activity and its value in limiting the potentially vast number of standards and any duplication.
Detection and quantification of mitochondrial DNA deletions from next-generation sequence data

Chromosomal deletions represent an important class of human genetic variation. Various methods have been developed to mine “next-generation” sequencing (NGS) data to detect deletions and quantify their clonal abundances. These methods have focused almost exclusively on the nuclear genome, ignoring the mitochondrial chromosome (mtDNA). Detecting mtDNA deletions requires special care. First, the chromosome’s relatively small size (16,569 bp) necessitates the ability to detect extremely focal events. Second, the chromosome can be present at thousands of copies in a single cell (in contrast to two copies of nuclear chromosomes), and mtDNA deletions may be present on only a very small percentage of chromosomes. Here we present a method, termed MitoDel, to detect mtDNA deletions from NGS data. We validate the method on simulated and real data, and show that MitoDel can detect novel and previously-reported mtDNA deletions. We establish that MitoDel can find deletions such as the “common deletion” at heteroplasmy levels well below 1%. MitoDel is a tool for detecting large mitochondrial deletions at low heteroplasmy levels. The tool can be downloaded at http://mendel.gene.cwru.edu/laframboiselab/ .
Advancing inclusive science and systemic change: the convergence of national aims and institutional goals in implementing and assessing biomedical science training

National reports call for improving America’s leadership in scientific research, accelerating degree attainments, and diversifying the scientific workforce to foster innovation. However, slow progress and persistent disparities across growing U.S. populations are evident on key science workforce indicators, from degree attainment to career achievements. The purpose of this article is to provide a conceptual basis and overview of a national effort funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that advances inclusive science practice and systemic change. We introduce the context, features, and rationale that drive practice and evaluation in the Diversity Program Consortium (DPC) approach, which is an experimental program to implement and evaluate evidence-based and novel practices to expand and diversify the biomedical workforce. Despite decades of federal investment for biomedical research training, researchers identified disparate adjusted rates of R01 grant awards by scientists’ race/ethnicity. This motivated NIH to fund the DPC approach as a set of highly integrated initiatives that empower institutional change agents to create scalable, evidenced-based strategies to enhance diversity in biomedical research and health science training. Key DPC elements include: 1) A systemic approach to enhance science preparedness involving students, faculty, and institutional-capacity development; 2) Collaboration, partnerships and networks across individuals and organizations, and especially between NIH, 10 undergraduate Building Infrastructure Leading to Diversity (BUILD) sites, the National Research Mentoring Network (NRMN), and the Coordination and Evaluation Center (CEC); and 3) Increased focus within and across key career stages for expanding training and ultimately diversifying the scientific workforce. A new framework for inclusive science practices and discussion of systemic change challenges provide insights into DPC processes and activities. Collectively, the DPC establishes a national learning collaborative to implement and evaluate multidimensional components of training and program interventions, accelerate the adoption of promising or effective practices, and disseminate lessons to the broader extramural scientific community. Linking practice with evaluation research will identify exemplars that others may adopt to advance the goals of inclusive science in promoting and sustaining innovation, accelerating equity in science careers and, ultimately, address challenging health problems in an increasingly diverse nation.
Datives, data and dialect syntax in American English

In this paper, we present a detailed case study of a number of dative constructions that vary across speakers of American English. We show how geographical maps of acceptability judgments can be used to shed light on the syntactic structures underlying those judgments. Those structures can then be used to refine our understanding of syntax more generally, in this case relating to the features of argument-introducing heads. We provide novel support for the low applicative analysis of the Personal Dative construction, on the grounds that this analysis falls in line with a general, somewhat surprising conclusion about Southern American English: that ApplP may occur not just as the complement of a verb, but also as the subject of a small clause or the complement of a preposition. We propose that this wider distribution follows from a featural difference between ApplP in Northern and Southern varieties: that low ApplP in Southern American English is not categorially distinct from ordinary DPs. We then show that even though Personal Datives have spread outside of the South, they have not taken this basic structure with them. Instead, Northern varieties adopting the Personal Dative have made a minimal modification to their existing Appl heads, to accommodate the Personal Dative without adopting the full range of dative constructions found in the South.
Dimethyl Fumarate in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Effects of Dose Reduction on Lymphopenia (P5.373)

Objective: Determine the effects of dose reduction in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients developing lymphopenia while on dimethyl fumarate (DMF) therapy, and monitor the associated clinical course and MRI outcomes. Background: Dimethyl fumarate is an FDA approved first-line therapy to treat adult patients with RRMS. At the standard dose of DMF 240 mg twice daily, lymphopenia of grade 2 or higher is a risk. Dose reduction may lessen the degree of lymphopenia, but it is not known if reduced dose therapy remains effective under these circumstances. Design/Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on RRMS patients prescribe with oral DMF from the University of Utah Multiple Sclerosis Clinic database from June 2013 to April 2016. Patients on reduced dose DMF due to lymphopenia were identified and included in this analysis. Results: Of the 105 patients identified through chart review, dose reduction to DMF 240 mg once per day (or less) was found in 6 patients with a mean duration of therapy of 21.2±10.9 (range 6–35) months. Prior to dose reduction, average lymphocyte counts were 0.63±0.16 k/μL, and after six months of dose-reduced DMF treatment, lymphocytes increased to 0.83±0.23 k/μL. During this limited period of observation, these patients had no relapses, no new neurological manifestations, and no new or active lesions on brain and spinal cord MRI. Conclusions: Reduced dose dimethyl fumarate may offer an opportunity for patients who experience lymphopenia on the standard 240 mg twice daily dose DMF. Our results indicate that reduced dose DMF lessens the degree of lymphopenia, seemingly without compromising efficacy, as evidenced by lack of clinical or MRI disease activity during the 6 months observation period. These findings suggest that partial dose therapy may be a sufficient option for some patients. Further observation will be of interest to determine if relapses or MRI activity recur in the future. Disclosure: Dr. Wong has nothing to disclose. Dr. Marini has nothing to disclose. Dr. Clardy has received personal compensation for activities with the DAVICK Group and Trinity Partners. Dr. Clardy9s spouse holds stock and/or stock options in Quadex. Dr. Clardy has received research support from Western Institue for Biomedical Research. Dr. DeWitt has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen, TEVA, and Novartis as a speaker and/or consultant. Dr. Klein has received personal compensation for activities with Teva and Biogen Idec. Dr. Paz Soldan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rose has received research support from Biogen Idec, AbbieVie Biotherapeutics, Teva, and National Multiple Sclerosis Society.
Meteorin-like/Meteorin-β Is a Novel Immunoregulatory Cytokine Associated with Inflammation.

We have described a novel cytokine encoded by a gene called Meteorin-like ( Metrnl ). Metrnl is a small (∼28 kDa) secreted protein expressed by activated macrophages and barrier tissues (mucosa and skin). Metrnl production by bone marrow macrophages is induced by several cytokines including TNF-α, IL-17α, IL-12, and IL-4 and inhibited by IFN-γ and TGF-β. Metrnl expression in macrophages is also induced by LPS, and its levels in circulation are associated with inflammatory responses in vivo. Furthermore, Metrnl regulates the production of several cytokines and chemokines in macrophages. We have produced a Metrnl −/− mouse, which is viable and shows normal development. However, it exhibits dysregulated cytokine production, alterations in IgG production, and is highly susceptible to LPS in a sepsis model. Furthermore, older Metrnl −/− mice develop inflammatory lesions, suggesting that Metrnl participates in the control of inflammatory responses. Taken together, these observations indicate that Metrnl encodes a novel immunoregulatory cytokine associated with inflammatory responses that we have designated Meteorin-β.
Optimizing high performance distributed memory parallel hash tables for DNA k-mer counting

High-throughput DNA sequencing is the mainstay of modern genomics research. A common operation used in bioinformatic analysis for many applications of high-throughput sequencing is the counting and indexing of fixed length substrings of DNA sequences called k-mers. Counting k-mers is often accomplished via hashing, and distributed memory k-mer counting algorithms for large datasets are memory access and network communication bound. In this work, we present two optimized distributed parallel hash table techniques that utilize cache friendly algorithms for local hashing, overlapped communication and computation to hide communication costs, and vectorized hash functions that are specialized for fc-mer and other short key indices. On 4096 cores of the NERSC Cori supercomputer, our implementation completed index construction and query on an approximately 1 TB human genome dataset in just 11.8 seconds and 5.8 seconds, demonstrating speedups of 2.06× and 3.7×, respectively, over the previous state-of-the-art distributed memory k-mer counter.
van der Waals heterostructures combining graphene and hexagonal boron nitride

As the first in a large family of 2D van der Waals (vdW) materials, graphene has attracted enormous attention owing to its remarkable properties. The recent development of simple experimental techniques for combining graphene with other atomically thin vdW crystals to form heterostructures has enabled the exploration of the properties of these so-called vdW heterostructures. Hexagonal boron nitride is the second most popular vdW material after graphene, owing to the new physics and device properties of vdW heterostructures combining the two. Hexagonal boron nitride can act as a featureless dielectric substrate for graphene, enabling devices with ultralow disorder that allow access to the intrinsic physics of graphene, such as the integer and fractional quantum Hall effects. Additionally, under certain circumstances, hexagonal boron nitride can modify the optical and electronic properties of graphene in new ways, inducing the appearance of secondary Dirac points or driving new plasmonic states. Integrating other vdW materials into these heterostructures and tuning their new degrees of freedom, such as the relative rotation between crystals and their interlayer spacing, provide a path for engineering and manipulating nearly limitless new physics and device properties. This is an overview of the new physics that emerges in van der Waals heterostructures consisting of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride, including the integer and fractional quantum Hall effects, novel plasmonic states and the effects of emergent moire superlattices.
What the fork: a study of inefficient and efficient forking practices in social coding

Forking and pull requests have been widely used in open-source communities as a uniform development and contribution mechanism, giving developers the flexibility to modify their own fork without affecting others before attempting to contribute back. However, not all projects use forks efficiently; many experience lost and duplicate contributions and fragmented communities. In this paper, we explore how open-source projects on GitHub differ with regard to forking inefficiencies. First, we observed that different communities experience these inefficiencies to widely different degrees and interviewed practitioners to understand why. Then, using multiple regression modeling, we analyzed which context factors correlate with fewer inefficiencies.We found that better modularity and centralized management are associated with more contributions and a higher fraction of accepted pull requests, suggesting specific best practices that project maintainers can adopt to reduce forking-related inefficiencies in their communities.
Rape, Representation, and the Endurance of Hegemonic Masculinity:

This article mines the history of rape jurisprudence to illuminate how the legal treatment of wartime rape informs long-standing gendered tropes that dominate its understanding on the ground as well as its representation in literary and cultural texts. The essay concludes by reading Congolese novelist Emmanuel Dongala's Johnny Mad Dog as a model for a dialogic literary imagination capable of revealing the fatal consequences of toxic masculinity as it informs not only the perpetration of rape in wartime, but also the possibility for either perpetrator or victim to achieve subjectivity free from the burdens of brutally constraining gender norms.
Conclusion: The Legacy of Reagan’s Korea Policy

This chapter is a concluding section in which Lee assesses the legacy of Reagan’s policy toward Korea. Reagan successfully sought a pragmatic balance between moralistic goals and realistic means. While maintaining strong alliance and enhancing mutual trust with South Korea, Reagan was able to dissuade Chun from using military forces against democratic movement in South Korea and to influence Chun in undertaking a peaceful transition from authoritarian rule to a democratic system of government. As South Korea achieves a higher level of democratic consolidation, self-defense capabilities, and economic prosperity, the United States has less reason to interfere in its ally’s domestic affairs. The two allies can afford to conduct a more mature, reciprocal, and inter-dependent relationship. As the conditions of human rights and democratic values improve in South Korea, America’s quiet diplomacy becomes less important than before, but the practice of alliance politics will remain relevant.
Third-Generation Method for High-Throughput Quantification of Trace Palladium by Color or Fluorescence

Chemists frequently encounter problems associated with trace palladium in synthetic samples because palladium is widely used in synthetic organic chemistry. We previously reported a colorimetric method for trace palladium quantification, the only high-throughput method implemented in the pharmaceutical industry. However, slight changes from the published reaction conditions have caused reproducibility problems, with little understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms. In the current study, we took a combinatorial approach to investigate the method and found that excess NaOH was a culprit for the lack of reproducibility. We changed the reaction conditions and procedure accordingly, which substantially improved reproducibility. The reaction under current conditions followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics, allowing for predicting reaction rates on the basis of the substrate concentrations. The current method showed 57 and 72% average error, respectively, when drugs spiked with known amounts of palladium and s...
Revisiting the value of drains after low anterior resection for rectal cancer: An analysis of 996 patients.

45Background: Although potentially associated with increased infections, intraoperative pelvic drains are often placed during low anterior resection (LAR) to evacuate postoperative fluid collection...
Open Versus Closing Wedge Osteotomy and Application to Mandibular Reconstruction.

Purpose To review the specific techniques of closing wedge osteotomy and open osteotomy, compare their clinical and radiographic outcomes, and apply these findings to mandibular reconstruction. Methods A thorough review of the otolaryngology, facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and orthopedic surgery literature was conducted in the Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases using the terms 'osteotomy' and 'mandibular reconstruction.' Results Traditionally, open osteotomies were thought to result in greater rates of malunion. However, multiple meta-analyses within the orthopedic literature have refuted this. Closing wedge osteotomies, on the other hand, may increase the chance of damaging a perforator. Again, no studies have evaluated the relationship between type of osteotomy and flap survival or wound healing. The particular type of osteotomy performed often depends on the type of osseous flap being utilized. Conclusions Open osteotomies are a viable and even preferred alternative, particularly in flaps without consistent perforators, such as scapular free flaps.
Polygenic risk scores in the clinic: Translating risk into action

Summary Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) are heralded as useful tools for risk stratification and personalized preventive care, but they are clinically useful only if they can be translated into action. The risk information conveyed by a PRS must be contextualized to enable this. Best practices are evolving but are likely to involve integrating a PRS into an absolute risk model and using guideline-driven care linked to a specific threshold of risk. Because this approach is not currently available for most diseases, it may be necessary to use different methods of presenting risk and linking it to appropriate clinical action. We discuss the trade-offs of each strategy and argue for transparent communication to providers and patients of the imprecision in both risk estimates and action thresholds for PRSs.
How the Südwest Was Won: Transnational Currents of American Agriculture and Land Colonization in German Southwest Africa

German officials and nonstate actors searched for and considered American expertise to strengthen German rule in Southwest Africa, especially in the aftermath of “native” removal and the seizure of indigenous land. The Kolonial-Wirtschaftliches Komitee (Colonial Economic Committee) and the Reichskolonialamt gathered intelligence on American agricultural practices—primarily irrigation and dry farming in the American West—as examples for the effective transformation of colonized indigenous lands into white settlements. The Komitee “sought to foster the economic development of the German colonies” and requested support and funding for its ventures from the German government, with some success. Its members prioritized agricultural research and innovations that could benefit the colonies.
Go-Around Criteria Refinement for Transport Category Aircraft

Presently, airline pilots are trained to go around if, when lower than 500 ft above the ground, they are outside of a handful of parameters such as airspeed, position, and rate of descent. At times...
Public Health Management of Humans at Risk

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the pre-exposure vaccination and the post-exposure treatment related to rabies. It also reviews the interchangeability of vaccines. The pre-exposure vaccination as a prophylaxis should be offered to people who are at increased risk of exposure to rabies due to their vocation, hobby, or other activities. The individuals at increased risk include— the rabies research and diagnostic laboratory workers, veterinarians, animal control workers, spelunkers, and the people who handle wild animals. The preexposure vaccination is beneficial for various reasons: the need for RIG is eliminated, the post exposure treatment (PET) vaccine regimen is reduced from five to two doses, the protection against rabies is possible if PET is delayed, the protection against inadvertent exposure to rabies is possible, and the cost of PET is reduced. The rabies immune globulin (RIG) provides passive immunity against the rabies virus by neutralizing the virus that could have been inoculated into the wound at the time of exposure until the body can produce its own anti-rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA).
A comparison of a multimedia Wiki‐based class text and a traditional textbook: Does type of text impact learning?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an improved understanding of how a wiki text compares to the use of a traditional text, and to provide an improved understanding of how integrating audio and video into a learner‐created wiki class text impacts learning.Design/methodology/approach – For this case study, a causal comparative research design was used to compare students’ learning between the two groups. A one‐way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the quantitative data. Cognitive learning, affective learning, psychomotor learning, and course points were used as dependent variables.Findings – Findings of the present study provided evidence that there was a significant difference in the learning, affective learning and psychomotor learning between the two groups; students who used the learner‐created multimedia wiki text reported higher levels of learning than the learners who used the traditional text book. No significant difference existed between groups in terms ...
An Apprenticeship of Professional Identity: A Paradigm for Educating Lawyers

This article published in the Michigan Bar Journal predicts that the Carnegie Foundation report "Educating Lawyers" will be a watershed in the practical education of lawyers. Legal education has faced other paradigm shifts in professionalism and clinical studies. It will now do so once again, recommitting to a practice-preparation mission integrating knowledge, skills, and ethics.
Engineered synthesis of nanostructured materials and catalysts

Abstract The unusual structural and electronic properties of nanostructured materials, as they relate to recent observations of enhanced catalytic reactivities, are examined. The data suggest a need for advanced synthetic nanostructured materials processes producing high-purity crystallites in variable grain sizes in the range 1–20 nm. Within the past 5 years a wide variety of new processes have been discovered, and their capabilities are compared. One novel approach has been centered on adjusting the fluid dynamics of fast-flowing, liquid-slurry streams to conduct nanostructured materials synthesis within a cavitating bubble zone. The results of the synthesis method is to produce high shear and in situ calcination by shock wave heating and high Reynolds numbers. Nanostructured materials produced by hydrodynamic cavitation resulted in exceptionally high phase purity. In most cases, finished nanostructured metal oxides flowed directly from the processor, requiring little or no postsynthesis calcination. In many cases, the grain sizes of metal oxides and supported metals could be adjusted in the range 1–20 nm, and crystallographic strain could be systematically introduced in several classes of materials such as titania, CuO in Cu Zn Al O methanol synthesis catalysts, and piezoelectric materials. The method is inherently a high-volume, continuous process.
Reflective Writing: From Pedagogy to Practice in a Jesuit University

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of reflective writing when it was integrated into graduate students’ early clinical experience in speech-language pathology. Journaling was introduced to teach, support, and foster Jesuit ideals, particularly that of reflection. Statistical analysis comparing students’ pre and post semester understanding of how to apply journaling to themselves, their clients, their clinical education, and Ignatian Pedagogy showed a significant increase over time for each of these areas. In addition, effect size analysis indicated that the “learning curve” was great, as all areas of understanding (self, others, education, and Ignatian Pedagogy) showed a remarkable improvement from pre to post intervention, suggesting that reflection promotes such understanding.
Ichthyosis Uteri: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract Squamous metaplasia of endometrium is mostly manifested by morules or nodules of benign nonkeratinizing squamous cells intimately mixed with benign or malignant endometrial glands. It has been described with low-grade adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, as well as with various benign conditions, including hyperplasia, chronic endometritis, and endometrial polyps. However, extensive plaquelike, keratinizing squamous change is distinctly uncommon. To our knowledge, we describe the first case of extensive benign squamous keratinization with underlying endometrial adenocarcinoma.
Intrinsic lattice connections of macaque monkey visual cortical area V4

We made focal iontophoretic as well as larger pressure injections (n = 30; 19 used for most analyses) of the tracer biocytin in visual area V4 of six macaque monkeys. The resulting transported label enabled mapping of intrinsic inter- and intralaminar connections within the region. We found that pyramidal neurons of layers 2 and 3 make extensive lateral projections within area V4, with oval or circular patches of terminals in layers 1-3. Any small patch of tissue (approximately 250 microns wide) injected in the superficial layers appeared to connect reciprocally to patches scattered up to 3 mm around the injection. The patches of terminal label measure 250-450 microns across, spaced roughly 600 microns (range, 450-1300 microns) center to center, and where most densely packed they occupy 33% of the cortical area with approximately 3-4 patches/mm2. Small injections in layers 4 and 6 did not produce contributions to these patchlike lattice connections, while injections in layer 5 gave very weak rising contributions to the superficial layer patch system. Large pressure injections of biocytin gave wider spread and more densely labeled patches, but their size and spacing appeared much the same as with small injections. The V4 pattern of label was compared to the patterns seen in areas V1 and V2 after similar-sized injections of biocytin; patches in V1 and V2 were slightly smaller (roughly 250-300 microns across) and more closely spaced (425-450 microns center to center), consistent with earlier measures in these areas using HRP. The peak areal occupancy of patches was approximately the same, 27-33% in each region. We interpret these findings as indicating a functional repeat distance of 450-600 microns in area V4 (fixed tissue measures) with a patchy, discontinuous layout. Given the dimensions of the V4 intrinsic connectional system demonstrated here, it seems unlikely that it relates directly to the topography of specific afferent terminations or efferent neuron groups, which appear from other studies to have a larger scale of repeat (2-3 mm). However, patches in V4 tend to aggregate, forming clusters extended in the mediolateral direction, suggesting a possible relation to coarser connection zones.
A density-independent rigidity transition in biological tissues

Cells moving in a tissue undergo a rigidity transition resembling that of active particles jamming at a critical density—but the tissue density stays constant. A new type of rigidity transition implicates the physical properties of the cells.
Human intestinal mononuclear cells: II. Demonstration of a naturally occurring subclass of T cells which respond in the allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction but do not effect cell-mediated lympholysis

Abstract We have examined the T-cell functional capabilities of human intestinal mononuclear cells isolated from surgically obtained normal and inflammatory bowel disease intestinal specimens. Intestinal mononuclear cells have T cells present which respond to the mitogenic lectins E-PHA, Con A, and PWM and to foreign cell-surface antigens in the allogeneic-mixed leukocyte reaction. Intestinal mononuclear cells from ulcerative colitis patients exhibit a significantly decreased responsiveness in comparison to normal intestinal mononuclear cells with regard to both mitogenesis and the allogeneic-mixed leukocyte reaction; however, these defects may be secondary to the severity of the disease process that led to intestinal resection or the therapy which patients had received. Although both normal and inflammatory bowel disease intestinal mononuclear cells exhibit responsiveness in the allogeneic-mixed leukocyte reaction, thus indicating recognition of and sensitization by foreign cell-surface determinants, intestinal mononuclear cells do not subsequently kill the sensitizing cells in cell-mediated lympholysis. Therefore, the subclass of T cells which mediates cell-mediated lympholysis may either be absent from intestinal mononuclear cells or nonfunctional, while the subclass of T cells which responds in the allogeneic-mixed leukocyte reaction is both present and functional. This observation adds to the evidence of major functional differences between intestinal and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Therefore, it will be necessary to better understand the factors regulating the effector capabilities of intestinal mononuclear cells before delineation of immunopathologic events in these tissues.
Electrostatic reconnection in the ionosphere

Postsunset equatorial plasma bubble merging is examined using the National Research Laboratory code SAMI3/equatorial spread F. It is found that bubbles merge through an “electrostatic reconnection” process. As multiple bubbles develop, the electrostatic potential associated with one bubble can connect with that of a neighboring bubble: this provides a pathway for the low-density plasma in one bubble to flow into the adjoining bubble and merge with it. Additionally, high-speed plasma channels (approximately greater than hundreds of meters per second) can develop during the merging process. Optical data is presented of equatorial plasma bubble evolution that suggests bubble merging occurs in the nighttime equatorial ionosphere.
Frequency of ninhydrin staining in the enamel surfaces of completely unerupted, undecalcified human third molars in relation to the problem of caries susceptibility.

Abstract Under our experimental conditions it is believed that a positive ninhydrin stain on the surface of completely unerupted, undecalcified human third molars indicates the presence of lower molecular weight polypeptides and amino acids. The positive stains appeared to occur to a significant extent in potentially caries-susceptible regions of the tooth surfaces (such as the occlusal surfaces). The stains also occurred with a frequency similar to one of those with which caries might have been expected to occur in these teeth if exposed to the oral environment.
The use of the computer in teaching the theory of chromatography

Abstract The problem of teaching the principles of chromatography to undergraduate students is greatly simplified by the use of the computer. The programs discussed take real or imaginary data and calculate how the system should develop. The effect of variation of chromatographic parameters is readily tested. Copies of the programs written in Fortran IV are available from the author.
The Frequency of Chela Autotomy and Its Influence On the Growth and Survival of the Crayfish Procambarus Clarkii (Girard, 1852) (Decapoda, Cambaridae)

We investigated chela autotomy in young of the year crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852), from two perspectives. We wished to determine (1) the influence of crayfish density and refuge availability on the frequency of crayfish chela autotomy, and (2) the impact of chela autotomy on the growth and survival of crayfish reared at low and high densities and in low and high refugia levels. A 13.1 % of surviving crayfish were observed with at least one chela missing. There was a greater percentage of crayfish with a chela missing in tanks stocked at high density (18.1%) compared to crayfish stocked at low density (8.2%). There were no differences in the percentage of crayfish missing a chela in tanks with low (16.3%) and high (10.0%) refugia. The percentage of chela loss in males (15.8%) was higher than in females (10.5%) especially at high density (males = 24.5%; females = 1 1.6%; low density: males = 7.1 %; females = 9.3%), however, these differences were not statistically significant. Survival of crayfish was significantly reduced in the high density treatment compared to survival of crayfish in the low density treatment. Survival rates through time were significantly reduced for crayfish with chelae removed in the high density compared with survival rates of crayfish with chelae removed in the low density, and survival rates of non-injured crayfish stocked at low and high densities. Crayfish with chelac removed were significantly smaller than non-injured crayfish at the end of the experiment. Crayfish body size was not influenced by density or refugia. We discuss how reduced growth and survival rates resulting from chela autotomy can influence crayfish population dynamics.
Building Local Community Commitment to Wetlands Restoration: A Case Study of the Cache River Wetlands in Southern Illinois, USA

Natural resource professionals are increasingly faced with the challenges of cultivating community-based support for wetland ecosystem restoration. While extensive research efforts have been directed toward understanding the biophysical dimensions of wetland conservation, the literature provides less guidance on how to successfully integrate community stakeholders into restoration planning. Therefore, this study explores the social construction of wetlands locally, and community members’ perceptions of the wetland restoration project in the Cache River Watershed of southern Illinois, where public and private agencies have partnered together to implement a large-scale wetlands restoration project. Findings illustrate that the wetlands hold diverse and significant meanings to community members and that community members’ criteria for project success may vary from those identified by project managers. The case study provides managers with strategies for building community commitment such as engaging local citizens in project planning, minimizing local burdens, maximizing local benefits, and reducing uncertainty.
The N-terminal carbohydrate recognition site of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor

The 300-kDa cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) plays a critical role in the trafficking of newly synthesized mannose 6-phosphate-containing acid hydrolases to the lysosome. The receptor contains two high affinity carbohydrate recognition sites within its 15-domain extracytoplasmic region, with essential residues for carbohydrate recognition located in domain 3 and domain 9. Previous studies have shown that these two sites are distinct with respect to carbohydrate specificity. In addition, expression of truncated forms of the CI-MPR demonstrated that domain 9 can be expressed as an isolated domain, retaining high affinity (Kd approximately 1 nm) carbohydrate binding, whereas expression of domain 3 alone resulted in a protein capable of only low affinity binding (Kd approximately 1 microm) toward a lysosomal enzyme. In the current report the crystal structure of the N-terminal 432 residues of the CI-MPR, encompassing domains 1-3, was solved in the presence of bound mannose 6-phosphate. The structure reveals the unique architecture of this carbohydrate binding pocket and provides insight into the ability of this site to recognize a variety of mannose-containing sugars.