cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contraception choices in a cohort of HIV+ women in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Abstract Background The study was conducted to determine whether increased desire for fertility coupled with increased awareness of reduction in mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) with increased availability and use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been associated with reduction in use of tubal sterilization as a form of contraception among women infected with HIV. Study Design One hundred HIV+ women, 18 to 45 years of age, receiving care at university-affiliated HIV facilities between October 2008 and February 2009, were surveyed about their contraceptive knowledge and practices. We performed descriptive analysis of population characteristics to determine contraception choices and fertility desires following initiation of HAART. Results The study group was composed of women with median age of 35 years, 55% African American, 18% Caucasians, 19% Hispanic and 8% “other”. Most (63%) were single; 36% were married. Contraception choices were condom 61%, injectable contraceptive 7%, pills 6% and only 3% said they used female sterilization. Thirty-four percent of respondents said that their choice of contraception was based primarily on ease of use, 19% said that their choice was primarily based on convenience and only 9% said that their choice was primarily based on provider recommendation. Desire for future childbearing increased to 19% following knowledge that MTCT can be reduced by taking antiretroviral therapy (ARV) and to 22% following initiation of ARV. Conclusions Initiation of ARV and awareness that maternal treatment can reduce MTCT may explain lower use of female sterilization as a form of contraception among a cohort of HIV+ women in the post HAART era.
Operator Analysis of Nucleon Decay

The operator structure of the effective Hamiltonian mediating nucleon decay is analyzed. Selection rules diagnostic of the underlying superunified theories are derived. A kinship hypothesis important in analyzing nucleon decay is formulated and tests of it are proposed.
Derivatives of cholesterol cinnamate: A comparison of the separations of geometrical isomers when used as gas chromatographic stationary phases†

Four para-substituted cholesterol cinnamates were synthesized and evaluated for utility as gas chromatograph (GC) liquid crystal stationary phases. The capability of the phases to separate olefinic geometrical isomers was found to be dependent on the position of the olefinic bond. When unsaturation occurred at positions four carbons or greater from the terminal methyl of the compounds investigated, the relative ability of the phases to separate geometrical isomers was p-Cl > p-Me > cholesterol cinnamate > p-MeO derivative > p-NO2. When unsaturation occurred at positions four carbons or less from the terminal methyl the relative ability of the para-derivatives of cholesterol cinnamate to separate geometrical isomers was reversed.
The use of antioxidants with first-line chemotherapy in two cases of ovarian cancer.

Objective: Because of poor overall survival in advanced ovarian malignancies, patients often turn to alternative therapies despite controversy surrounding their use. Currently, the majority of cancer patients combine some form of complementary and alternative medicine with conventional therapies. Of these therapies, antioxidants, added to chemotherapy, are a frequent choice. Methods: For this preliminary report, two patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer were studied. One patient had Stage IIIC papillary serous adenocarcinoma, and the other had Stage IIIC mixed papillary serous and seromucinous adenocarcinoma. Both patients were optimally cytoreduced prior to first-line carboplatinum/ paclitaxel chemotherapy. Patient 2 had a delay in initiation of chemotherapy secondary to co-morbid conditions and had evidence for progression of disease prior to institution of therapy. Patient 1 began oral high-dose antioxidant therapy during her first month of therapy. This consisted of oral vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, coenzyme Q-10 and a multivitamin/mineral complex. In addition to the oral antioxidant therapy, patient 1 added parenteral ascorbic acid at a total dose of 60 grams given twice weekly at the end of her chemotherapy and prior to consolidation paclitaxel chemotherapy. Patient 2 added oral antioxidants just prior to beginning chemotherapy, including vitamin C, beta-carotene, vitamin E, coenzyme Q-10 and a multivitamin/mineral complex. Patient 2 received six cycles of paclitaxel/carboplatinum chemotherapy and refused consolidation chemotherapy despite radiographic evidence of persistent disease. Instead, she elected to add intravenous ascorbic acid at 60 grams twice weekly. Both patients gave written consent for the use of their records in this report. Results: Patient 1 had normalization of her CA-125 after the first cycle of chemotherapy and has remained normal, almost 3 1 ⁄ 2 years after diagnosis. CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis remain without evidence of recurrence. Patient 2 had normalization of her CA-125 after the first cycle of chemotherapy. After her first round of chemotherapy, the patient was noted to have residual disease in the pelvis. She declined further chemotherapy and added intravenous ascorbic acid. There is no evidence for recurrent disease by physical examination, and her CA-125 has remained normal three years after diagnosis. Conclusion: Antioxidants, when added adjunctively, to first-line chemotherapy, may improve the efficacy of chemotherapy and may prove to be safe. A review of four common antioxidants follows. Because of the positive results found in these two patients, a randomized controlled trial is now underway at the University of Kansas Medical Center evaluating safety and efficacy of antioxidants when added to chemotherapy in newly diagnosed ovarian cancer.
Discovering structural correlations in α‐helices

We have developed a new representation for structural and functional motifs in protein sequences based on correlations between pairs of amino acids and applied it to alpha-helical and beta-sheet sequences. Existing probabilistic methods for representing and analyzing protein sequences have traditionally assumed conditional independence of evidence. In other words, amino acids are assumed to have no effect on each other. However, analyses of protein structures have repeatedly demonstrated the importance of interactions between amino acids in conferring both structure and function. Using Bayesian networks, we are able to model the relationships between amino acids at distinct positions in a protein sequence in addition to the amino acid distributions at each position. We have also developed an automated program for discovering sequence correlations using standard statistical tests and validation techniques. In this paper, we test this program on sequences from secondary structure motifs, namely alpha-helices and beta-sheets. In each case, the correlations our program discovers correspond well with known physical and chemical interactions between amino acids in structures. Furthermore, we show that, using different chemical alphabets for the amino acids, we discover structural relationships based on the same chemical principle used in constructing the alphabet. This new representation of 3-dimensional features in protein motifs, such as those arising from structural or functional constraints on the sequence, can be used to improve sequence analysis tools including pattern analysis and database search.
Turn-Taking in Conversations.

This chapter focuses on the nature of the conversational "turn-taking" or "floor apportionment". The phenomenon by which one interactant stops talking and another starts in a smooth, synchronized manner is considered the most salient feature of face-to-face conversation by some researchers. E. Goffman recognized that when two or more people come together to interact, they are making a symbolic commitment to one another to respect the role that each chooses to play. One role that is basic to almost all other roles that an interactant can present is the role of human being, one worthy and deserving of consideration and respect. Interaction rules can be considered from the perspective of communication theory. Communication consists of manipulating symbols; if these symbols are to be understood as intended, rules must exist for their encoding and decoding.
Sperm mobility: a quantitative trait of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Sperm from each rooster within a base population (n = 271) were evaluated with a mobility assay validated in previous work. Frequency analysis confirmed a normal distribution for the variable of sperm mobility. Repeated-measure analysis of males categorized by phenotype demonstrated that average and high sperm mobility phenotypes were distinct and independent of time. Sperm morphology, fertilizing ability, and ATP content were compared between phenotypes. Fertility and sperm ATP content differed (p 0.05). Experimentation with washed sperm demonstrated that phenotype was fully expressed when mitochondrial respiration was the only source of ATP. Sperm mobility increased (p < 0.001) when sperm from average males were exposed to calyculin A, a protein phosphatase inhibitor. Correlation analyses were performed with data from a subpopulation (n = 46) whose range, mean, and variance were equivalent to those of the base population. Neither body weight nor the combined weight of the testes was correlated with sperm mobility (r = -0.02 and 0.01, respectively). In contrast, sperm ATP content was correlated with sperm mobility (r = 0.80). We attribute phenotypic differences in sperm mobility to differential rates of mitochondrial ATP synthesis.
Reactions to communications under conditions of source responsibility and source coercion

Subjects taking the role of receiver (R) in a hypothetical communication situation were given information about the stand taken by the communication (C) towards the issue (I), R's attitude towards I, and R's opinion about the credibility of the source (S). They were required to predict R's attitude towards C, S's attitude towards I, and S's attitude towards C. In one condition (Responsibility) S was represented as willingly presenting C; in another condition (Coercion) as induced by money to present C. These different communication situations were mapped into the structural balance model of communication effects. Results show that R perceives the attitude of S to I as congruent with the attitude of C to I and S as agreeing with C. Results also imply that R sees S as initially responsible for C in both Responsibility and Coercion conditions of the experiment. The study is discussed in terms of Heider's fourth and fifth levels of attribution of responsibility.
Public Employment, Welfare Transfers, and Economic Well-Being across Local Populations: Does a Lean and Mean Government Benefit the Masses?

This study examines state provisioning of social welfare and employment and its consequences for local economic well-being. Do a larger public sector and more generous social welfare transfers help or harm local populations? To address this question, we derive hypotheses from two competing social policy schools, neoliberal and radical political economy. We assess how claims from both schools operate on the ground, through an empirical test using data for county populations for Keynesian (1970-80) and post-Keynesian (1980-90) decades. Findings do not support neoliberal views that a leaner and meaner government benefits U.S. populations. Rather, economic well-being of the population at large declines where social programs are less generous to poor residents. In both Keynesian and post-Keynesian periods, the state remains important in reducing income inequality and, to some degree, in promoting income growth. Finally, we find important differences within public employment, with state and local government having less beneficial effects.
Historical Perspectives on Trigeminal Nerve Injuries

Understanding and treating the effects of human neurotrauma was hampered for centuries by ancient misunderstandings of the primary loci of sensory perception. However, elegant descriptions were made of the clinical effects of nerve injuries suffered by Civil War survivors, and research following the World Wars explained many of the underlying neural mechanisms. In the nineteenth century, nerve injuries had been treated unsuccessfully by secondary neural ablations, and fortunately, in the twentieth century, this led to therapies designed to repair nerves and enhance regeneration, enabled by studies of animal injury models, the introduction of the operating microscope, and proof that microsurgical techniques used for repair of hand injuries could be successfully adapted to epineurial trigeminal nerve repairs.
Juvenile Violence and Addiction: Tangled Roots in Childhood Trauma

Adolescents commit more than 50 percent of the nation's crimes, and their use of substances both accompanies and facilitates crimi- nal activities. Juvenile offenders exhibit three prominent features: drug involvement, a history of family violence, and intrinsic neurological and/ or cognitive vulnerabilities. This article documents the connection be- tween physical abuse and its impact on cognitive and intrapsychic func- tioning, as well as the physiological impact on brain function and body chemistry. The implications for the clinical treatment and prevention of juvenile violence and addiction are described. (Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mail address: Website: 2001 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.)
CHANGES IN CIRCULATING LEUKOCYTES FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF ADRENAL CORTEX EXTRACT (ACE) AND ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) IN INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS AND CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA

Reduction in absolute numbers of circulating lymphocytes and eosinophils was observed after administering 25 cc. intravenous doses of aqueous ACE to normal adults. Such changes did not occur after a comparable intravenous dose of physiologic saline. Patients with infectious mononucleosis showed hematologic responses to ACE and ACTH both qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those observed in normal persons, while a small group of persons with chronic lymphatic leukemia failed to respond with a characteristic fall in lymphocytes either after ACTH or after doses of ACE twice as great as those effective in normal persons and in patients with infectious mononucleosis. A single individual with Addison’s disease responded to 25 cc. of ACE by vein with a more prominent lymphocyte reduction than was observed in any of the normal subjects studied. No changes in heterophile antibody titers or titers of enteric agglutinins were noted in persons with infectious mononucleosis or normal subjects within eight hours after the administration of ACTH or aqueous ACE.
Don't Wait Up — Issues in Juvenile Justice

Cutting edge juvenile brain development research has found that youth delinquency is normative across racial and socioeconomic groups, and due to neuroscientific prompts. Interviews with experts and policy advocates across the U.S. who utilize brain research reveals the trend of reform and removal of punitive youth sentencing measures.
Validation of a Previously Developed Geospatial Model That Predicts the Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in New York State Produce Fields

ABSTRACT Technological advancements, particularly in the field of geographic information systems (GIS), have made it possible to predict the likelihood of foodborne pathogen contamination in produce production environments using geospatial models. Yet, few studies have examined the validity and robustness of such models. This study was performed to test and refine the rules associated with a previously developed geospatial model that predicts the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in produce farms in New York State (NYS). Produce fields for each of four enrolled produce farms were categorized into areas of high or low predicted L. monocytogenes prevalence using rules based on a field9s available water storage (AWS) and its proximity to water, impervious cover, and pastures. Drag swabs (n = 1,056) were collected from plots assigned to each risk category. Logistic regression, which tested the ability of each rule to accurately predict the prevalence of L. monocytogenes, validated the rules based on water and pasture. Samples collected near water (odds ratio [OR], 3.0) and pasture (OR, 2.9) showed a significantly increased likelihood of L. monocytogenes isolation compared to that for samples collected far from water and pasture. Generalized linear mixed models identified additional land cover factors associated with an increased likelihood of L. monocytogenes isolation, such as proximity to wetlands. These findings validated a subset of previously developed rules that predict L. monocytogenes prevalence in produce production environments. This suggests that GIS and geospatial models can be used to accurately predict L. monocytogenes prevalence on farms and can be used prospectively to minimize the risk of preharvest contamination of produce.
Reproductive Potential and Longevity of Two Relatively Isolated Field Populations of Insecticide-Susceptible House Flies

Flies collected on two relatively isolated ranches near Ellsworth and Wilmore, Kan., 110 miles apart had virtually no insecticide resistance. Field collections were brought to the laboratory and daily records maintained of eggs laid, longevity, eggs hatched, resulting pupation, and resulting emergence. The Ellsworth f1ies, compared with the Wilmore flies, laid a substantially greater number of eggs earlier in life, except during the second and third days, principally because of (1) a greater number of eggs per female fly-day, but also because of (2) a greater survival of female parents earlier in life. But the Wilmore flies, eventually, almost caught up with the Ellsworth flies in egg production because of a substantially greater production of eggs per female fly-day later in life. Hatchability was less in the Ellsworth population early in life primarily because of a high percentage of hatch of the Wilmore eggs during the second and third days. Hatchability was greater in the Ellsworth flies later in life. Totals for the 27 days of the parents’ lives were not significantly different. Pupation of newly hatched larvae and emergence of pupae were lower in the Ellsworth population during the first two 9-day periods as well as for the entire 27-day period of the parents’ lives. The Ellsworth population produced 24.3 adult offspring per female parent as compared with 49.8 by the Wilmore population, primarily because of the relatively high adult survival, from egg to adult, of Wilmore eggs laid during the (1) second and third days and (2) during the 10- to 18-day period of the lives of the parents, which was when a substantial portion of the Wilmore eggs were produced.
Government Contracting and the Threat of Re-Election

Incumbent politicians may worry about their chances of re-election. Re-election concerns may induce incumbents to write contracts that have low power incentives (LPI) instead of high power incentives (HPI). This may result in inefficient outcomes in cases where high power incentives are desirable. The purpose of this research is to model the incumbent’s decision to choose between contracts of high or low powered incentives, and derive conditions under which the incumbent will favor LPI over HPI, even if HPI is more efficient. The model builds directly off of an earlier model developed by Coate and Morris (1995).
Activation of Mitofusin2 by Smad2-RIN1 Complex during Mitochondrial Fusion

Smads are nuclear-shuttling transcriptional mediators of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. Although their essential nuclear roles in gene regulation during development and carcinogenesis are well established, whether they have important cytoplasmic functions remains unclear. Here we report that Smad2 is a critical determinant of mitochondrial dynamics. We identified mitofusin2 (MFN2) and Rab and Ras Interactor 1 (RIN1) as new Smad2 binding partners required for mitochondrial fusion. Unlike TGF-β-induced Smad2/3 transcriptional responses underlying mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis, inactive cytoplasmic Smad2 rapidly promotes mitochondrial fusion by recruiting RIN1 into a complex with MFN2. We demonstrate that Smad2 is a key scaffold, allowing RIN1 to act as a GTP exchange factor for MFN2-GTPase activation to promote mitochondrial ATP synthesis and suppress superoxide production. These results reveal functional implications between Smads and mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer and metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders.
Identification and drug resistent analysis of O139 Vibrio cholera isolated from environmental water

Objective:To know the relationship of exist,vary and prevalence of Vibrio cholera in environment,master the law of cholera epidemics,predict trends in cholera epidemics,provide basis for drawing down prevention and control strategy,by detecting and analysising of Vibrio cholera in environmental water in shiyan city.Methods:Environmental water was collected,isolated by the procedure from national standard,then virulent genes were amplified by PCR,biochemical identification and drug-resistant analysis carried out with ATB.Results:One strain of Vibrio cholera O139 was isolated from sewage,which was sensitive to 17 kinds of antibiotics include ampicilin,moderately susceptible to ciprofloxacin,tolerant to piperacillin and cotrimoxazole.Conclusion:Vibrio cholera exist in natural water in shiyan city,this kind of environment should be focused on in future surveillence of Cholera,multi-drug-resistant of Vibrio cholera should be paid more attention to.
Composition of Sums of Squares with Integer Coefficients

This paper is on the construction of shortest composition formulae of the form $$ \left( {x_1^2 + \cdots + x_r^2} \right)\left( {y_1^2 + \cdots + y_s^2} \right) = z_1^2 + \cdots + z_n^2 $$ (1.1.1) in which z 1 ,..., z n are polynomials in x 1 ,..., x r , y 1 ,..., y s with integer coefficients. We shall call an identity of this form an [r, s,n]ℤ formula. Composition formulae are generalizations of the classical 2–, 4–, 8–square identities which express the multiplicative property of the norms of complex numbers, quaternions and octonians respectively. The impossibility of a 16–square identity, viz. a [16,16,16] ℤ formula, was discovered in the late 1840’s. This suggested the problem of determining, for given r and s, the smallest integer n, denoted r *ℤ s, for which there exists an [r, s, n] ℤ formula. The purpose of this paper is to determine the precise values of r *ℤ s in the range 10 ≤ r, s ≤ 16.
Type I γ Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate 5-Kinase i5 Controls the Ubiquitination and Degradation of the Tumor Suppressor Mitogen-inducible Gene 6

Mitogen-inducible gene 6 (Mig6) is a tumor suppressor, and the disruption of Mig6 expression is associated with cancer development. Mig6 directly interacts with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to suppress the activation and downstream signaling of EGFR. Therefore, loss of Mig6 enhances EGFR-mediated signaling and promotes EGFR-dependent carcinogenesis. The molecular mechanism modulating Mig6 expression in cancer remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that type I γ phosphatidylinositol phosphate 5-kinase i5 (PIPKIγi5), an enzyme producing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2), stabilizes Mig6 expression. Knockdown of PIPKIγi5 leads to the loss of Mig6 expression, which dramatically enhances and prolongs EGFR-mediated cell signaling. Loss of PIPKIγi5 significantly promotes Mig6 protein degradation via proteasomes, but it does not affect the Mig6 mRNA level. PIPKIγi5 directly interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 4-1 (NEDD4-1). The C-terminal domain of PIPKIγi5 and the WW1 and WW2 domains of NEDD4-1 are required for their interaction. The C2 domain of NEDD4-1 is required for its interaction with PtdIns(4,5)P2. By binding with NEDD4-1 and producing PtdIns(4,5)P2, PIPKIγi5 perturbs NEDD4-1-mediated Mig6 ubiquitination and the subsequent proteasomal degradation. Thus, loss of NEDD4-1 can rescue Mig6 expression in PIPKIγi5 knockdown cells. In this way, PIPKIγi5, NEDD4-1, and Mig6 form a novel molecular nexus that controls EGFR activation and downstream signaling.
Narrowing laser linewidth using a stabilized optical frequency comb

We narrow the line width of a 1083 nm laser by phase-locking to an Nd:YAG non-planar ring oscillator (NPRO) via an optical frequency comb. The comb transfers the narrow linewidth of the iodine-stabilized NPRO (<2 kHz) from 1064 nm to thousands of wavelengths throughout the visible and infrared regimes. Lasers phase-locked to the comb will have the narrow linewidth of the NPRO. We demonstrate this linewidth-narrowing scheme for an external-cavity diode laser at 1083 nm, showing a 10-fold reduction in linewidth from 54 kHz to 5.5 kHz
The Wheats and Their Relatives

The wheat genus Triticum L. belongs to the subtribe Triticinae of the tribe Triticeae of the family Gramineae. Other genera of the Triticinae are Agropyron (the wheat grasses), Secale (rye), and Haynaldia. Until recently, another genus, Aegilops, was recognized, but after the discovery that at least one of the three genomes (basic sets of seven pairs of chromosomes) of hexaploid or common wheat had come from Aegilops, there was no way to maintain Aegilops as a separate genus and still continue to put all the wheat species in the genus Triticum. Tetraploid wheat, if it is an amphiploid of diploid Triticum and a diploid Aegilops species, could not be designated Triticum; nor could hexaploid wheat, an amphiploid of tetraploid Triticum and another diploid Aegilops, be included in the same genus as only one of its parents.
Hemispheric lateralization of resting-state functional connectivity of the ventral striatum: an exploratory study.

Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) is widely used to examine cerebral functional organization. The ventral striatum (VS) is critical to motivated behavior, with extant studies suggesting functional hemispheric asymmetry. The current work investigated differences in rsFC between the left (L) and right (R) VS and explored gender differences in the extent of functional lateralization. In 106 adults, we computed a laterality index (fcLI) to query whether a target region shows greater or less connectivity to the L vs R VS. A total of 45 target regions with hemispheric masks were examined from the Automated Anatomic Labeling atlas. One-sample t test was performed to explore significant laterality in the whole sample and in men and women separately. Two-sample t test was performed to examine gender differences in fcLI. At a corrected threshold (p < 0.05/45 = 0.0011), the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (pCC) showed L lateralization and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and supramarginal gyrus (SMG) showed R lateralization in VS connectivity. Except for the pCC, these findings were replicated in a different data set (n = 97) from the Human Connectome Project. Furthermore, the fcLI of VS—pCC was negatively correlated with a novelty seeking trait in women but not in men. Together, the findings may suggest a more important role of the L VS in linking saliency response to self control and other internally directed processes. Right lateralization of VS connectivity to the SMG and IPS may support attention and action directed to external behavioral contingencies.
Monte Carlo modeling of spatially complex wrist tissue for the optimization of optical pulse oximeters

Monte Carlo modeling of photon propagation has been used in the examination of particular areas of the body to further enhance the understanding of light propagation through tissue. This work seeks to improve upon the established simulation methods through more accurate representations of the simulated tissues in the wrist as well as the characteristics of the light source. The Monte Carlo simulation program was developed using Matlab. Generation of different tissue domains, such as muscle, vasculature, and bone, was performed in Solidworks, where each domain was saved as a separate .stl file that was read into the program. The light source was altered to give considerations to both viewing angle of the simulated LED as well as the nominal diameter of the source. It is believed that the use of these more accurate models generates results that more closely match those seen in-vivo, and can be used to better guide the design of optical wrist-worn measurement devices.
Lessons from Al, Revisited

Business history was still a baby, struggling for legitimacy. Business historians were an insecure and eclectic bunch, geographically scattered across the country, struggling to carve a distinct disciplinary identity from the warring camps of history, sociology, and economics. The biggest challenge was securing the archival materials upon which a bonafide history of business could evolve without alienating businesspeople or sacrificing scholarly objectivity. Chandler introduced himself by letter to the trustees of the Business History Foundation, which had been created in 1948 after a series of protracted negotiations between Harvard University and executives of the Standard Oil Corporation. Standard Oil's public image had been badly tarnished by nearly fifty years of legal battles. The Foundation represented Standard Oil's effort to bring business historians into the corporation's archives. Two of Harvard Business School's best and brightest business historians, Norman S. B. Gras and Henrietta Larson, signed on to organize the archives and to coordinate the research, editorial, and authorial teams needed to produce the first-ever, multivolume scholarly history of the organization. By the time Chandler applied for a grant, two volumes had already appeared.1 Chandler's request came at a bad time for Henrietta Larson, who had assumed most of the editorial duties in the late 1940s after Norman Gras became ill. She had worked tirelessly with a team of researchers
Probabilistic Horn Clause Verification

Constrained Horn clauses have proven to be a natural intermediate language for logically characterizing program semantics and reasoning about program behavior. In this paper, we present probabilistically constrained Horn clauses (pchc), which incorporate probabilistic variables inside otherwise traditional constrained Horn clauses. pchc enable reasoning about probabilistic programs by encoding them as Horn clauses. Encoding probabilistic program semantics as pchc allows us to seamlessly handle procedure calls and recursion, as well as angelic and demonic forms of nondeterminism. We formalize pchc semantics and present a verification algorithm that can prove probabilistic safety properties of programs. We present an implementation and evaluation of our approach on a number of probabilistic programs and properties.
Interleukin-27R Signaling Mediates Early Viral Containment and Impacts Innate and Adaptive Immunity after Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection

Chronic viral infections represent a major challenge to the host immune response, and a unique network of immunological elements, including cytokines, are required for their containment. By using a model persistent infection with the natural murine pathogen lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 (LCMV Cl13) we investigated the role of one such cytokine, interleukin-27 (IL-27), in the control of chronic infection. We found that IL-27 receptor (IL-27R) signaling promoted control of LCMV Cl13 as early as days 1 and 5 after infection and that il27p28 transcripts were rapidly elevated in multiple subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) and myeloid cells. In particular, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), the most potent type 1 interferon (IFN-I)-producing cells, significantly increased il27p28 in a Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-dependent fashion. Notably, mice deficient in an IL-27-specific receptor, WSX-1, exhibited a pleiotropy of innate and adaptive immune alterations after chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, including compromised NK cell cytotoxicity and antibody responses. While, the majority of these immune alterations appeared to be cell extrinsic, cell-intrinsic IL-27R was necessary to maintain early pDC numbers, which, alongside lower IFN-I transcription in CD11b+ DCs and myeloid cells, may explain the compromised IFN-I elevation that we observed early after LCMV Cl13 infection in IL-27R-deficient mice. Together, these data highlight the critical role of IL-27 in enabling optimal antiviral immunity early and late after infection with a systemic persistent virus and suggest that a previously unrecognized positive-feedback loop mediated by IL-27 in pDCs might be involved in this process.IMPORTANCE Persistently replicating pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus, represent major health problems worldwide. These infections impose a long-term challenge on the host immune system, which must be heavily and continuously regulated to keep pathogen replication in check without causing fatal immunopathology. Using a persistently replicating rodent pathogen, LCMV, in its natural host, we identified the cellular sources and effects of one important regulatory pathway, interleukin-27 receptor WSX-1 signaling, that is required for both very early and late restriction of chronic (but not acute) infection. We found that WSX-1 was necessary to promote innate immunity and the development of aberrant adaptive immune responses. This not only highlights the role of IL-27 receptor signaling in regulating distinct host responses that are known to be necessary to control chronic infections, but also positions IL-27 as a potential therapeutic target for their modulation.
Validation of high-sensitivity performance for a United States Food and Drug Administration cleared cardiac troponin I assay.

Abstract Background High-Sensitivity (hs) cardiac troponin (cTn) assays are categorized by two criteria: (i) cTn values above the limit of detection (LoD) for >50% of male and female healthy cohorts of ≥300 individuals; (ii) imprecision ≤10% total %CV for sex-specific 99th-percentile clinical decision values (CDVs). No documented hs-Tn assay has yet been FDA-cleared. Methods The PATHFAST cTnI-II assay's LoD was 2.3 ng/L using CLSI EP-17. The AACC Universal Sample Bank of 847 healthy men (50.6%) and women (49.4%) was used to determine 99th-percentile CDVs with Nonparametric, Harrell-Davis and Robust modeling. Health/Medication questionnaires and Amino-terminal proBNP, Hemoglobin A 1c and estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate surrogates excluded underlying health conditions. Results The cTnI-II test's total CV was 6.1% at 29 ng/L and 7.1% at 22 ng/L; the LoD was 2.3 ng/L. Of the full 847-member healthy cohort, 113 (13.3%) were excluded by abnormal surrogate biomarkers. The final 734-member healthy population had the following (% > LoD): overall, 487 (66.3%); women, 186 (52.8%); and men, 301 (78.8%). 99th-percentile CDVs by Nonparametric modeling were: 28 ng/L (90% CI: 20–30), overall final 732-member healthy population; 20 ng/L (90% CI: 13–30), 352 women; and 30 ng/L (90% CI: 21–37), 382 men. Differences between sex-specific CDVs were not significantly different (p > .05) with Nonparametric or Harrell-Davis modeling; however, Robust Modeling did show significance ( Conclusions cTnI-II is the only FDA-cleared assay that has demonstrated high-sensitivity cTn assay. Use of recommended modeling in >300 healthy subjects for determining sex-specific 99th-percentile CDVs did not show statistically significant differences except with the Robust modeling.
The Halting Problem and Formal Proofs

In this chapter, we make a detour into an area that is remotely related to the subject of the previous chapter. We have seen how to write a procedure that parses an expression and, on the fly, evaluates the expression. In this chapter, we consider extensions of the grammar for expressions, essentially extending it to a “real” programming language, and conclude that it is then no longer possible to write a function for evaluating all interesting attributes of strings in the language. In particular, it is impossible to determine whether an arbitrary program evokes a finite or an infinite computation. By doing so, we explore some fundamental limitations of programming languages and computers, while ignoring some of the practical limitations, such as cost. Some programmers have attempted to solve problems that are probably unsolvable, and some have attempted to solve problems that are provably unsolvable. The practicing programmer is well advised to learn about the existence of such problems. The inability to check mechanically whether execution of a program terminates, let alone to check its correctness, is all the more reason to write only correct programs. Hard as it may be, we try to do so by developing programs in a well-organized way in which we design the program hand in hand with an outline of its correctness proof. We rarely give the proof in full detail, but by being so careful at every step, we are convinced that we could give the full proof should the need arise.
Energy Consumption, Housing, and Urban Development Policy

Efforts to understand and promote energy efficiency in cities have focused on the design of structures, vehicle fuel efficiency, and modal choice. However, changes in energy policies can have effects on urban form that may either reinforce or offset the energy savings expected under the policy. At the same time, urban development policies have major effects on the use of energy for commuting and within households. The effects of housing and urban development policies on energy consumption and the effects of energy consumption policies on housing and urban development are both substantial but have been neglected in discussions of either energy or urban policy.
Membrane Glucocorticoid Receptors and Glucocorticoid Signal Transduction

Membrane forms of some steroid hormone receptors (mSRs) were first reported almost three decades ago [(1, 2, 3),and references therein, but only recently have their identities and functions received intense focus by a growing number of laboratories. As a result, relatively little is known about the mSRs’ biochemical characteristics, molecular structure, protein targeting pathways, and the specific nature of their residence in the plasma membrane. Work conducted in our laboratory over the last 15 years, in several murine and human lymphoid cell lines, described a membrane form of the “nuclear” glucocorticoid receptor (mGR) whose level of expression is more strongly correlated with glucocorticoid (GC)-evoked lymphocytosis than is the intracellular GR (iGR) (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12). This suggests that the GC-evoked signaling associated with apoptosis in lymphoid cells is initiated by a necessary mGR, and portends a great clinical importance for its measurement and manipulation in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases. Our studies began by demonstrating the existence of mGRs and capturing a population of cells enriched in the mGR, to perform correlative functional studies. We then more closely defined the characteristics of the mGR protein and established connections between mGR and the initiation of specific signaling cascades that terminate in apoptosis.
Active Site Ligand Interactions in Galactose Oxidase

Redox catalysis by metalloenzymes displays a remarkable diversity in chemistry and in catalytic structures. The highly evolved catalytic active sites revealed by recent spectroscopic1–4 and crystallographic5–8 studies serve as an inspiration to synthetic chemists turning from design of molecular architecture to the engineering of functional molecules. Key catalytic principles on which this type of biomimetic complex can be built are presently emerging from active site studies on metalloenzymes, using approaches that probe the reaction mechanisms for the biological metal complexes. X-ray crystallography now routinely reveals structures of metalloenzyme active sites at near atomic resolution, establishing the geometric features with unparalleled accuracy. However, crystallographic data is still low resolution compared to the electronic level of detail that relates directly to the origins of chemical reactivity. Spectroscopy provides the essential link between the geometric factors revealed by crystallography and theelectronic structures of metalloenzyme active sites. This role for spectroscopic studies, bridging between geometric and electronic structural descriptions, is particularly well represented by active site spectral studies on the fungal enzyme galactose oxidase.
Divorce and remarriage in christian perspective

The church has an opportunity not only to nurture and support persons in their marriage but also to minister to those whose marriage comes to an end. This ministry includes enabling these persons to work through their sense of grief and failure and to expereince forgiveness and reconciliation toward the possibility of another marriage in the future.
Racial disparities in setting of care in women with breast cancer in South Carolina.

e18146Background: African American (AA) women with breast cancer (BrCa) suffer a 40% higher mortality burden than White women despite having about equal incidence nationally and lower incidence in ...
Recognition and treatment of ischemic heart diseases in women

Heart disease is the leading cause of death among women in the industrialized world. However, women after myocardial infarctions (MIs) are less likely to receive preventive medications or revascularization and as many as 47% experience heart failure, stroke or die within 5 years. Premenopausal women with MIs frequently have coronary plaque erosions or dissections. Women under 50 years with angina and nonobstructive epicardial coronary artery disease often have coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) with reductions in coronary flow reserve that may require nontraditional therapies. In women with coronary artery disease treated with stents, the 3-year incidence of recurrent MI or death is 9.2%. Coronary bypass surgery operative mortality averages 4.6% for women compared with 2.4% in men. Addition of internal mammary artery and radial artery coronary grafts in women does not increase operative survival but improves 5-year outcome to greater than 80%.
Quantitative Methods for Child-Computer Interaction

This course will introduce quantitative methods for use in research on child-computer interaction. We will discuss the types of research questions that can be answered with quantitative methods. Experiment design, data logging, data analysis, and simple statistical techniques will be covered. We will also cover important considerations for conductive quantitative work with young children, especially attentional issues that may affect data quality.
Considering Approaches to Screening for Social Determinants of Health.

* Abbreviation: SDoH — : social determinant of health Profound advances in our understanding of the importance of the biology of adversity, including social determinants of health (SDoHs) and adverse childhood experiences, have led to an important reexamination of deterrents and promoters of children’s optimal health, development, and wellbeing. The critical impact of these social, environmental, and behavioral determinants has informed the development of SDoH screening tools as well as the debate on the utility of such an approach.1 In a timely and well-written article, Sokol et al2 and a team of interdisciplinary colleagues cite the interest in addressing SDoHs but appropriately lament the “…deficit in understanding the present state of the science.” They undertake a systematic review of SDoH screening tools and examine their psychometric properties, their efficacy in detecting early indicators of risk, and the extent to which they are shown to inform care. Their comprehensive search yields only 17 studies encompassing 11 screeners and highlights the disappointing but perhaps not surprising limitations in assessing psychometric properties and the inability to answer the question as to whether referrals and interventions after screening address SDoHs and, most importantly, improve child … Address correspondence to Paul H. Dworkin, MD, Office for Community Child Health, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, 282 Washington St, Hartford, CT 06106. E-mail: pdworki{at}connecticutchildrens.org
A 52% Peak Efficiency > 1-W Isolated Power Transfer System Using Fully Integrated Transformer With Magnetic Core

This article presents a fully integrated isolated power transfer system using an on-chip transformer with a magnetic core. The integrated magnetic core achieves a transformer quality factor of >12 at 20 MHz. The transformer is switched resonantly at 20 MHz using full-bridge LLC circuits to realize efficient power transfer while eliminating the excess radiated emissions with a fully symmetric topology. A multi-mode approach combining pulse width modulation (PWM) control and frequency control enables >1 W output power at an optimal power efficiency. A 5-kV galvanic isolation is achieved through thick polyimide layers between the transformer windings as well as between the windings and the core. The isolated power transfer system is packaged in a small-outline integrated circuit (SOIC) and delivers 1.1-W isolated power and achieves a peak efficiency of 52%, while passing CISPR 22 Class B radiated emissions limits with 5.8-dB margin.
Does the Microbiology of Bactibilia Drive Postoperative Complications After Pancreatoduodenectomy

The influence of bile microflora, particularly with broad antimicrobial resistance patterns, on postoperative outcomes after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the microbiology of bactibilia on postoperative outcomes following PD. Intraoperative bile cultures were obtained in 162 patients undergoing PD between 2015 and 2017. Intraoperative bile cultures were analyzed and correlated with short-term outcomes after PD. Independent groups t test, Pearson’s correlation, or Fisher’s exact tests were performed. Hazard ratios (HR) are reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Statistical significance was defined as P value of < 0.05. Intraoperative bile cultures were positive in 89/162 patients (55%). The most common bacteria were Enterococcus spp. (n = 48, 54%), Klebsiella spp. (n = 24, 27%), and Enterobacter spp. (n = 17, 19%). Bactibilia was not associated with increased infectious complications, postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF), or mortality. Enterococcus and Enterobacter were associated with higher rates of incisional (HR, 6.5; 95% CI, 1.2–34.8; P = 0.03) and organ-space surgical site infection (HR, 4.9; 95% CI, 1.1–22.0; P = 0.03), respectively. No single bacterium was associated with POPF, bile leak, cholangitis, 30- or 90-day mortality. Bactibilia, in general, does not increase the risk of developing a postoperative complication following pancreatoduodenectomy; however, Enterococcus and Enterobacter increase the likelihood of developing incisional and organ-space surgical infections, respectively.
Culturally Adapted Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Latino Depression and Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis:

Objectives:Culturally adapted psychotherapeutic interventions have been developed to treat Latino depression and anxiety. Evidence is lacking regarding the overall effectiveness and generalizabilit...