cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Summer Employment Program at NOAA's National Severe Storms Laboratory: An Experiment in the Scientific Mentorship of Undergraduates

In an effort to encourage college students to consider careers in scientific research, NOAA's National Severe Storms Laboratory has instituted a Summer Employment Program. The program is centered around a scientific mentorship experience that matches each student with a laboratory scientist. During the nominal 12 weeks of the program, the scientist leads and directs a research project that is designed to be commensurate with the student's background. Along with the research experience, there is an educational component that encompasses both classroom work and experimentation. Additionally, students are introduced to a variety of research efforts in the laboratory through a continuing series of guest lectures by lab scientists. The program has operated in 1987, 1989, and 1990, and has included 17 students, 12 of whom have come from under-represented groups in our society. We report on the evolution of the program and scrutinize the results after these three years of effort.
Behavioral Assessment of Pain

Pain is a universal human experience; every person, with the exception of the unfortunate few that are born with congenital pain perception deficiencies (Sternbach, 1963), experiences severe pain in his/her lifetime. Bonica (1981) estimates that sixty-five million Americans suffer from chronic pain of such severity as to cause them to seek therapy by physicians and other health professionals. Given the impact that pain imposes on our lives, it is disturbing to find that the dimensions of pain have not been clearly defined and that the assessment of pain has not been standardized. Sternbach (1978) and Wolff (1978, 1980) argue that our current pain measurement techniques are inadequate, while Hendler (1981) suggests that pain is not a measurable experience.
An object-oriented system for tolerance charting

This paper presents a scheme to automate the entire process of tolerance charting. An object-oriented database called TOLCHAIN is developed to support this scheme. TOLCHAIN stores all the necessary information for tolerance charts to determine the intermediate machining tolerance values automatically. It is assumed that the part is stored as a boundary model. Feature volumes are then constructed from the boundary model to perform the tool accessibility analysis and to determine the process sequence. The intermediate machining tolerances are derived automatically from the boundary model.
Silicon Microring Resonator Integrated MoTe2 Photodetector

Here we demonstrate a TMD-based photodetector heterogeneously integrated into a silicon photonics microcavity. The photodetector shows high photoresponsivity (~0.1A/W) with a low dark current at 1550 nm.
The erosion of democracy in many countries: what should be group work’s response?

In this paper we describe democracy and evidence of its erosion globally and in the US. Specific concerns about the erosion of democratic values are discussed, and how this erosion manifests in gro...
Evaluation on effectiveness of health education for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome among rural residents in endemic areas of Henan province

Objective To investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) toward prevention of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) among rural residents in endemic areas of Henan province, and to evaluate the effectiveness of health education intervention. Methods According to the incidence of HFRS in Zhengyang county in 2017, 4 towns with high incidence, relatively high incidence, general and low incidence, respectively, were selected using stratified sampling method. Three villages were randomly selected from each town, and 50 rural residents aged between 18 and 65 years old were randomly selected from each village. The demographic information of the subjects and their KAP toward HFRS before and after the health education were collected for comparison. Results Before and after the intervention, 597 and 612 subjects were investigated, respectively. The awareness rate for "the infection source of HFRS" increased from 36.35% before the intervention to 68.30% after the intervention while the awareness rate for "contact with rat feces could cause infection" increased from 36.52% to 62.09%. There were 77.45% of participants reported the willingness to accept the vaccine after the intervention, comparing to 58.12% before the intervention. The proportion of "covering the grains and keeping them away from the ground and the wall" increased from 24.96% before the intervention to 67.81% after the intervention. The proportion of "wearing masks and gloves when cleaning up debris, straws, wheat straws, etc." increased from 21.94% to 54.41%. Conclusions The health education can significantly improve KAP toward HFRS among residents in rural areas with high incidence of HFRS. Exploration further on the strategies and measures should be done to improve the coverage of health education and to promote the change of behaviors. Key words: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome; Health education; Knowledge; Attitude
Comparative Transient Stability Assessment of Droop and Dispatchable Virtual Oscillator Controlled Grid-Connected Inverters

With the increasing integration of power electronics interfaced distributed generators, transient stability assessment of grid-connected inverters subjected to large grid disturbances is of vital importance for the secure and resilient operation of the power grid. Dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC) is an emerging approach to implement nonlinear control of grid-forming inverters. Through coordinate transformation, a simple first-order nonlinear power angle dynamic equation is uncovered from the complex oscillator dynamics. Furthermore, this article proposes a concise and straightforward graphical approach to assess transient stability of dVOC using vector field on the circle. To provide a more in-depth analysis, a complete large-signal model is derived and the impact of dVOC voltage amplitude dynamics is analyzed. For comparison, transient stability of the currently prevalent droop control is also assessed using phase portraits. Salient transient stability features of dVOC and droop control during grid faults are summarized and compared. The theoretical analysis is validated by controller hardware-in-the-loop testbed using industry-grade hardware.
Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Chronic Total Occlusion

The optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after treatment of chronic total occlusions (CTO) with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is unknown. We aimed to determine if extended (> 12 months) DAPT was associated with a net clinical benefit. The study population included patients who underwent successful CTO PCI within Kaiser Permanente Northern California between 2009 and 2016. Baseline demographic, clinical, and procedural characteristics were compared for patients on DAPT ≤ versus > 12 months. Clinical outcomes (death, myocardial infarction (MI), and ≥ Academic Research Consortium type 3a bleeding) were compared beginning 12 months after PCI using Cox proportional hazards models. We also adjudicated individual causes of death. 1,069 patients were followed for a median of 3.6 years (Interquartile Range = 2.2 to 5.5) following CTO PCI. Patients on DAPT ≤ 12 months (n = 597, 56%) were more likely to have anemia, end stage renal disease, and previous MI. After adjustment for between group differences, > 12 months of DAPT was associated with lower death or MI (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47 to 0.93) and lower death (HR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.82). There were no associations with MI (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.55 to 1.5) or bleeding (HR 1.1; 95% CI: 0.50 to 2.4), but a numerically higher proportion of patients on shorter v. longer DAPT died of a cardiovascular cause (37% vs 20%, p = 0.10). In conclusion, > 12 months of DAPT was associated with lower death or MI, without an increase in bleeding. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the optimal duration of DAPT in this unique subgroup.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Functional Hierarchy of Pacemaker Clusters in the Sinoatrial Node: New Insights into Sick Sinus Syndrome.

The sinoatrial node (SAN), the primary pacemaker of the heart, consists of a heterogeneous population of specialized cardiac myocytes that can spontaneously produce action potentials, generating the rhythm of the heart and coordinating heart contractions. Spontaneous beating can be observed from very early embryonic stage and under a series of genetic programing, the complex heterogeneous SAN cells are formed with specific biomarker proteins and generate robust automaticity. The SAN is capable to adjust its pacemaking rate in response to environmental and autonomic changes to regulate the heart’s performance and maintain physiological needs of the body. Importantly, the origin of the action potential in the SAN is not static, but rather dynamically changes according to the prevailing conditions. Changes in the heart rate are associated with a shift of the leading pacemaker location within the SAN and accompanied by alterations in P wave morphology and PQ interval on ECG. Pacemaker shift occurs in response to different interventions: neurohormonal modulation, cardiac glycosides, pharmacological agents, mechanical stretch, a change in temperature, and a change in extracellular electrolyte concentrations. It was linked with the presence of distinct anatomically and functionally defined intranodal pacemaker clusters that are responsible for the generation of the heart rhythm at different rates. Recent studies indicate that on the cellular level, different pacemaker clusters rely on a complex interplay between the calcium (referred to local subsarcolemmal Ca2+ releases generated by the sarcoplasmic reticulum via ryanodine receptors) and voltage (referred to sarcolemmal electrogenic proteins) components of so-called “coupled clock pacemaker system” that is used to describe a complex mechanism of SAN pacemaking. In this review, we examine the structural, functional, and molecular evidence for hierarchical pacemaker clustering within the SAN. We also demonstrate the unique molecular signatures of intranodal pacemaker clusters, highlighting their importance for physiological rhythm regulation as well as their role in the development of SAN dysfunction, also known as sick sinus syndrome.
Sufficient Cartilage for Most Talar Articular Defects Can Be Harvested From the Non-Loadbearing Talus: A Cadaveric Analysis.

Purpose To assess the quantity of morselized cartilage that can be harvested from the non–load-bearing portion of the talus for immediate reimplantation. Methods Non–load-bearing talar cartilage was harvested from 5 cadaveric specimens using a standard arthroscopic approach. Cartilage was separated from the talus in maximum dorsiflexion at the junction of the talar head and neck, grasped, and morselized into a graft using a cartilage particulator. The volume of reclaimed cartilage was measured, and the extrapolated area of coverage was compared to average osteochondral lesions of the talus previously reported. Results The total yield of cartilage graft following processing that was obtained from 5 ankle joints ranged from 0.3 mL to 2.1 mL with a mean volume of 1.3 ± 0.7 mL, yielding a theoretical 13.2 ± 7.1 cm2 coverage with a 1-mm monolayer. While the average size of osteochondral lesions of the talus is difficult to estimate, they may range from 0.5 cm2 to 3.7 cm2 according to the literature. Conclusions This study validated that it is possible to harvest sufficient amount of cartilage for an autologous morselized cartilage graft via a single-stage, single-site surgical and processing technique to address most talar articular cartilage defects. Clinical Relevance Particulated cartilage autografts have shown promise in surgical management of cartilage defects. A single-site, single-staged procedure that uses a patient’s autologous talar cartilage from the same joint has the potential to reduce morbidity associated with multiple surgical sites, multistaged procedure, or nonautologous tissue in ankle surgery.
The Reduction of Computational Cost by Introducing Kernel Sparsity and Truncation Into IMRT Optimization.

Purpose/Objective(s) Applications involving AI and Machine Learning are rapidly improving our ability to plan treatments efficiently and effectively by aiding human planners and physicians during the iterative process of planning. These algorithms involve iterating and training over a large number of cases or situations and can become computationally intractable due to bottlenecks in the dose and fluence calculations. We investigate the effect of kernel truncation and sparsity on the dose and fluence calculation and present a lightweight portable algorithm for implementation into AI/ML applications. Materials/Methods We designed our algorithm around the idea of beamlet and voxel discrimination allowing our dose kernel to truncated and the resulting deposition matrix to be highly sparse. We validated our dose calculation against calculations of varying field-sizes in water and patient anatomy against the AAA algorithm. The fluence optimization was tested on the TG-119 prostate phantom with common dosimetric end-points. Results In a cubic water phantom, the calculation algorithm had errors of less than 1% for all field sizes except for field sizes larger than 30 cm. The errors for field sizes greater than 30 cm were only slightly larger than 1%. In a patient anatomy the dose calculation had a dose difference of less than 0.10 cGy with a dose of 1 cGy at the iso-center. The fluence optimizer produced a plan with the following dose-volume differences from the objectives: PTV .1%, Rectum 2.9%, and Bladder 2.85%. The truncation and sparsity introduced an up to 17x speed up over a full dense calculation. Conclusion The introduction of sparsity and truncation into the dose and fluence calculation produced a sizable speed-up while not diminishing accuracy allowing for the algorithm to be introduced into AI/ML applications which involve many calls to the dose/fluence calculation.
Building and testing correlations for the estimation of one‐electron reduction potentials of a diverse set of organic molecules

We describe and evaluate a method for computationally predicting reduction potentials of a diverse group of organic molecules by linearly correlating calculated lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies with ground state reduction potentials measured in acetonitrile. The approach is shown to provide a unique combination of extreme computational simplicity and excellent accuracy across a diverse range of organic structures and a wide window of reduction potentials. A disparate set of molecules (74 compounds belonging to six distinct structural families, comprised of molecules containing C, H, N, O, F, Cl, and Br, with functional groups including esters, ketones, halides, nitriles, quinones, alkenes, arenes, heteroarenes, and pyridinium and higher benzologs, all containing conjugated pi systems, spanning a 3.5-V range of reduction potentials) was used to build the correlations. This methodology was found to be computationally inexpensive compared with other approaches and to permit the useful prediction of reduction potentials of additional molecules of diverse structural types not included in the families used to determine the correlation parameters. The effects of varying the basis set used in the B3LYP electronic structure calculations and including solvent (compared with calculations in gas phase) were also examined. It was found that the inclusion of a continuum solvent model in the calculations was required for accurate results, particularly when including cationic species in the correlations (although when only neutral molecules were examined, reasonable results could even be obtained in vacuo). Several of the best correlations were used to predict the reduction potentials of seven much larger and structurally diverse chromophores that were not included in the correlation data set. Strong correlations (r 2 values>0.99) with very good predictive abilities (root mean square deviation<60mV) were found. This extremely simple and computationally ef! cient entirely closed-shell methodology is proven robust and useful for the design of new molecules capable of participating in redox processes, including electron transfer reactions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Explained Award of Damocles: Protection or Peril in Securities Arbitration

Many ofNASD's recent rule changes, however, are responses to the re­ality that many customers may distrust a process that requires them to ar­bitrate their disputes in an industry-sponsored forum. In 1998, NASD re­placed administrative appointment of arbitrators with a procedure that gave the parties input into the selection of the arbitrators who would de­cide their dispute?
Hydrogen Emission Phenomena in T Tauri Stars

The sample studied includes the 25 or so T Tauri stars with apparent magnitude brighter than 13 visible from Lick Observatory. For photometric data, an FW130 with S20 response out to 7500 A was used, with exit slits of 48 A for λ 5500 A. All observations were made on the 120-inch Lick telescope, except those marked 1965, which were made on the 200-inch telescope at Mt. Palomar. The reduction was carried out with a mean extinction curve for all nights, and using a new calibration of Vega (Hayes 1967). Data and reductions are most complete for the star AS209; this paper, as a preliminary report, shall deal exclusively with that star.
Flight helmet weight, +Gz forces, and neck muscle strain

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of flight helmet weight on cervical erector spinae muscle strain under high +Gz forces. Two helmets of different weight were compared by recording inflight neck muscle activities with a portable surface-integrated EMG (IEMG) device. The obtained IEMG activities were normalized by comparing them with activities representing maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the muscles. Two test pilots carried out a total of 16 flights consisting of a series of different maneuvers. The results indicate that a lighter flight helmet may--at least in some pilots--cause less strain on neck structures than a heavier one. The effect of helmet weight was readily apparent only under high +Gz forces; changing from a heavier to a lighter helmet reduced the mean muscular strain from 9.5 to 8.8% and from 20.2 to 17.1% of the MVC under +4.0 and +7.0 Gz, respectively. Thus, some, but not all, acute inflight neck pain and related problems might be avoided by using lighter flight helmets.
Association of KIT exon 9 mutations with nongastric primary site and aggressive behavior: KIT mutation analysis and clinical correlates of 120 gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

PURPOSE: Activating mutations of the KIT juxtamembrane region are the most common genetic events in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and have been noted as independent prognostic factors. The impact of KIT mutation in other regions, such as the extracellular or kinase domains, is not well-defined and fewer than 30 cases have been published to date. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: One hundred twenty GISTs, confirmed by KIT immunoreactivity, were evaluated for the presence of KIT exon 9, 11, 13, and 17 mutations. The relation between the presence/type of KIT mutation and clinicopathological factors was analyzed using Fisher's exact test and log-rank test. RESULTS: Forty-four % of the tumors were located in the stomach, 47% in the small bowel, 6% in the rectum, and 3% in the retroperitoneum. Overall, KIT mutations were detected in 78% of patients as follows: 67% in exon 11, 11% in exon 9, and none in exon 13 or 17. The types of KIT exon 11 mutations were heterogeneous and clustered in the classic "hot spot" at the 5' end of exon 11. Seven % of cases showed internal tandem duplications (ITD) at the 3' end of exon 11, in a region that we designate as a second hot spot for KIT mutations. Interestingly, these cases were associated with: female predominance, stomach location, occurrence in older patients, and favorable outcome. There were significant associations between exon 9 mutations and large tumor size (P < 0.001) and extragastric location (P = 0.02). Ten of these 13 patients with more than 1-year follow-up have developed recurrent disease. CONCLUSIONS: Most KIT-expressing GISTs show KIT mutations that are preferentially located within the classic hot spot of exon 11. In addition, we found an association between a second hot spot at the 3'end of exon 11, characterized by ITDs, and a subgroup of clinically indolent gastric GISTs in older females. KIT exon 9 mutations seem to define a distinct subset of GISTs, located predominantly in the small bowel and associated with an unfavorable clinical course.
Characterization of the catalytic subunit of an anion pump.

Abstract The ArsA protein, the 63-kDa catalytic subunit of an oxyanion-translocating ATPase, was purified by successive chromatography using Q-Sepharose, red agarose, and phenyl-Sepharose to a specific activity in excess of 1 mumol of ATP hydrolyzed per min per mg of protein. ATPase activity was dependent on the presence of the oxyanionic substrates. Inhibitors of other classes of ion-translocating ATPases had no effect on ArsA ATPase activity, including N,N'-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide, azide, vanadate, and nitrate. The apparent Km for ATP was determined to be 0.13 mM. The optimal pH range for ATP hydrolysis was 7.5 to 7.8. ATPase activity required Mg2+ at a molar ratio of 2 ATP:1 Mg2+. Limited proteolysis by trypsin was used to study conformational changes produced upon binding of substrates to the ArsA protein. In the absence of substrates, the ArsA protein was rapidly cleaved by trypsin to a major product of 30 kDa. ATP was partially protected from trypsin digestion, while the anionic substrate antimonite alone had no effect on proteolysis. Combination of the two substrates nearly completely protected the ArsA protein from proteolysis. Proteolytic cleavage correlated with loss of anion-stimulated ATPase activity and substrate protection from cleavage correlated with retention of activity. These results demonstrate that ATP and antimonite together produce a conformational change which is different from that of the ArsA protein in the presence of either substrate alone and suggest interaction between the oxyanion and ATP binding sites.
Let the Money Do the Governing: The Case for Reuniting Ownership and Control

This Article suggests a solution to what is perhaps the central problem of corporate law: the separation of ownership and control. Events of the last few years have shown how this system of separation can break down when boards of directors are unable or unwilling to monitor the management adequately. These boards lacked "independence" from management, either because of outright conflicts of interest, a network of social ties, or simply a general culture of board passivity.Part I of the Article outlines the problems with the current method of board selection and functioning. Management or management-sympathetic board members often select the board nominees, who share social ties with other board members. Boards tend to avoid "rocking the boat" by questioning management's recommendations, and because of the way the proxy process is structured, shareholders cannot effectively use their votes to oust unsatisfactory board members.Part II analyzes the SEC's recent proposals for reform, which center on granting shareholders more opportunities to nominate candidates to the board. These proposals attempt to give shareholders a greater voice in the election process, but do so circuitously. They require that nominating shareholders be independent from the candidates they nominate, missing the point that it is precisely those individuals with a stake in the corporation that will make the best monitors.Part III presents the mechanics of the proposed solution, suggesting that the company offer the largest shareholder independent of management a spot on the company's slate of director candidates (an offer tantamount to a board seat, given the structure of the proxy process). If the largest such shareholder did not accept the position, it would be offered to the next-largest shareholder, and so on until the seat was filled. Because adoption of such a nomination process would be voluntary, only companies that strongly desired to signal their status as upstanding practitioners of responsible corporate governance would be likely to implement it. The Part concludes by pointing out that in the venture capital context, investors routinely sit on the board in order to monitor and protect their investments. Part IV then explains how having a shareholder representative on the board solves many of the problems that other proposed reforms do not. Part IV responds to potential criticisms, chief among which is that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other corporate reforms render further action unnecessary. The Article's response is that regulators, like generals, always fight the last war. Sarbanes-Oxley, and the new listing rules instituted by NASDAQ and the NYSE, prohibit Enron- and WorldCom style problems, such as loans to corporate officers, off-balance sheet transactions, and conflicts of interest in company auditors. None of these reforms contemplate structural changes that will prevent new kinds of frauds in the future.The Article concludes that it makes sense to let corporations, and therefore the market, decide whether putting a shareholder on the board is desirable.
The Challenges of Building a World-Class University

Slovenia, a small country with a population of 2 million in the middle of central Europe, takes higher education seriously. It educates a respectable 67 percent of its age group in higher education. Its three universities enroll 81,617 students—two-thirds of them at the University of Ljubljana. Public expenditure on higher education is around 1.25 percent, not bad in the European Union context, and significantly ahead of its neighbors in the former Yugoslavia and the Balkans.
Toll-like receptor 7-stimulated tumor necrosis factor α causes bone marrow damage in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective To define the pathogenesis of bone marrow (BM) involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) levels, cell death, and cellular damage in BM from SLE patients, controls, and mice with pristane-induced lupus were analyzed using a morphometric technique and immunohistochemistry. The pathogenesis of BM abnormalities was studied in wild-type (WT), TNFα−/−, Toll-like receptor–deficient (TLR-7−/−), interferon (IFN)–α/β/ω receptor–knockout (IFNAR−/−), and B cell–deficient (μmt) mice treated with pristane. Flow cytometry was used to examine TNFα production (by intracellular staining) and plasma cell/plasmablast development. CXCL12 expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results BM from SLE patients exhibited striking death of niche and hematopoietic cells associated with TNFα overproduction. BM from mice with a type I IFN–mediated lupus syndrome induced by pristane showed similar abnormalities. TNFα was produced mainly by BM neutrophils, many with phagocytosed nuclear material (lupus erythematosus cells). TNFα production was abolished in pristane-treated TLR-7−/− and μmt mice but was restored in μmt mice by infusing normal plasma. Pristane-treated WT and IFNAR−/− mice developed anemia, BM hypocellularity, and extramedullary hematopoiesis, which were absent in TLR-7−/− and TNFα−/− mice. Additionally, the expression of CXCL12, which is produced by stromal cells and mediates homing of hematopoietic cells and plasmablasts, was decreased in BM from pristane-treated WT mice but was normal in BM from pristane-treated TNFα−/− mice. Conclusion Although autoantibodies and glomerulonephritis are type I IFN dependent, lupus-associated BM abnormalities were TLR-7 and TNFα driven but type I IFN independent, suggesting that lupus is a disorder of innate immunity in which TLR-7 activation by phagocytosed nuclei causes relentless type I IFN and TNFα production mediating glomerulonephritis and hematologic involvement, respectively.
T2* MR relaxometry and ligament volume are associated with the structural properties of the healing ACL

Our objective was to develop a non-invasive magnetic resonance (MR) method to predict the structural properties of a healing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) using volume and T2* relaxation time. We also compared our T2*-based structural property prediction model to a previous model utilizing signal intensity, an acquisition-dependent variable. Surgical ACL transection followed by no treatment (i.e., natural healing) or bio-enhanced ACL repair was performed in a porcine model. After 52 weeks of healing, high-resolution MR images of the ACL tissue were collected. From these images, ligament volumes and T2* maps were established. The structural properties of the ligaments were determined via tensile testing. Using the T2* histogram profile, each ligament voxel was binned based on its T2* value into four discrete tissue sub-volumes defined by specific T2* intervals. The linear combination of the ligament sub-volumes binned by T2* value significantly predicted maximum load, yield load, and linear stiffness (R2 = 0.92, 0.82, 0.88; p < 0.001) and were similar to the previous signal intensity based method. In conclusion, the T2* technique offers a highly predictive methodology that is a first step towards the development of a method that can be used to assess ligament healing across scanners, studies, and institutions. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:492–499, 2014.
Development and characterisation of tissue equivalent materials for frequency range 30-300MHz

Two formulations for tissue equivalent liquids are presented and characterised in terms of dielectric properties in the frequency range 30-300 MHz. The purpose is to provide viable options for consideration by the standardisation bodies dealing with the assessment of exposure to electromagnetic sources in that frequency range
Water column structure and statistics of Denmark Strait Overflow Water cyclones

Abstract Data from seven moorings deployed across the East Greenland shelfbreak and slope 280 km downstream of Denmark Strait are used to investigate the characteristics and dynamics of Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW) cyclones. On average, a cyclone passes the mooring array every other day near the 900 m isobath, dominating the variability of the boundary current system. There is considerable variation in both the frequency and location of the cyclones on the slope, but no apparent seasonality. Using the year-long data set from September 2007 to October 2008, we construct a composite DSOW cyclone that reveals the average scales of the features. The composite cyclone consists of a lens of dense overflow water on the bottom, up to 300 m thick, with cyclonic flow above the lens. The azimuthal flow is intensified in the middle and upper part of the water column and has the shape of a Gaussian eddy with a peak depth-mean speed of 0.22 m/s at a radius of 7.8 km. The lens is advected by the mean flow of 0.27 m/s and self propagates at 0.45 m/s, consistent with the topographic Rossby wave speed and the Nof speed. The total translation velocity along the East Greenland slope is 0.72 m/s. The self-propagation speed exceeds the cyclonic swirl speed, indicating that the azimuthal flow cannot kinematically trap fluid in the water column above the lens. This implies that the dense water anomaly and the cyclonic swirl velocity are dynamically linked, in line with previous theory. Satellite sea surface temperature (SST) data are investigated to study the surface expression of the cyclones. Disturbances to the SST field are found to propagate less quickly than the in situ DSOW cyclones, raising the possibility that the propagation of the SST signatures is not directly associated with the cyclones.
Evidence for a ventral septal projection to the hippocampal formation of the rat

In a series of experiments in which the known projections of the septal complex to the hippocampal formation have been transected, we have used both anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques in an attempt to demonstrate a ventral septo-hippocampal pathway. In cases where transections of the fimbria, dorsal fornix and supracallosal stria were complete, injections of the retrograde tracers wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase or Fast blue, resulted in labeled cells in the ipsilateral septal complex, primarily in the nucleus of the diagonal band. The number of cells labeled in these experiments was approximately 5–10% of that seen in experiments in animals with intact dorsal pathways who had received similar injections. The presence of a ventral pathway was confirmed in anterograde labeling experiments in which injections of 3H-amino acids were made into the septal complex. The autoradiogfaphs demonstrated that the projection terminates most heavily in the entorhinal cortex and to a lesser extent in the ventral subicular complex; there may be an additional minor projection to the temporal half of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Finally, using double labeling procedures, we were able to demonstrate that at least a portion of the cell population that gives rise to the ventral pathway demonstrates choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity and is presumably cholinergic.
MODULATION OF THE IN VITRO LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE BY RABBIT BLASTOCYSTS

Abstract Modulation by preimplantation (day 6 post coitum) rabbit blastocysts or by blastocoel fluid of the phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated autologous splenocytes as well as mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) of rabbit allogeneic splenocytes in vitro was studied. Results showed that in the absence of the blastocyst or blastocoel fluid, specific incorporation (S.I.) of PHA activated cultures was 7.11 ± 1.19 (mean ± S.E., n = 11), whereas the addition of 1 ( n = 9), 2 ( n = 8) or 3 ( n = 7) blastocysts significantly ( P n = 11, P P 89%. Rabbit blastocysts around the time of implantation have a great capacity of modulating PHA-induced splenocyte proliferation as well as allogeneic recognition in vitro.
Visual acuity in children with hydrocephalus

Several studies have described impairment of visual function in children with hydrocephalus. Decreased visual acuity in hydrocephalic children can be due to either ophthalmological defects or defective function of the cerebral part of the visual pathways. In the latter case, the term cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is used. The aims of the present study were (1) to assess the prevalence of decreased visual acuity in children with hydrocephalus, (2) to determine the contribution of CVI to the prevalence of decreased visual acuity in these children, (3) to determine the relation between ventricular dilatation and decreased visual acuity, and (4) to seek a correlation between the number of shunt dysfunctions experienced and visual impairment. The study was carried out in a group of 72 children with hydrocephalus. Binocular visual acuity was assessed using Teller Acuity Cards and found to be below the 10th centile of normal in 37 of the 72 children (51%). Ophthalmological data, available for 33 of these chil...
The impact of U.S. medical students' debt on their choice of primary care careers: an analysis of data from the 2002 medical school graduation questionnaire.

AbstractPurposeTo examine the hypothesis that medical students' rising total educational debt is one of the factors that explains the recent decline in students' interest in family medicine and primary care.MethodThe authors used results from questions on the Association of American Medical Colleges
Marbling, Fat Trim and Doneness Effects on Sensory Attributes, Cooking Loss and Composition of Cooked Beef Steaks

Marbling and fat trim level did not significantly affect sensory attributes of steaks. However, steaks became increasingly tougher and less juicy with increased internal end-point temperature. Cooking losses were greater for steaks with regular trim than those with total trim and increased with degree of doneness. Except for potassium, fat trim levels did not affect mineral content in cooked muscle. Intramuscular fat levels had variable effects on retention of minerals during cooking. Muscle from steaks with slight marbling had higher cholesterol levels than from those with modest marbling, but neither fat trim level nor doneness affected cholesterol content.
Seismic wave effects on soil‐structure interaction

One of the most common hypotheses implicit in the seismic analyses of structures is that the earthquake input motion is identical at all points beneath the structure. Very little experimental evidence presently is available to supplant this viewpoint. However, one may infer a spatially distributed surface motion of the soil if the earthquake is simply assumed to consist of a complex of surface waves traversing the plan of the structural site. Under these conditions, as shown in the paper, the effects of passing waves must be integrated over the structural area to obtain their net effects as exciting functions to the structure. When this is done for individual Fourier components of the quake, one important result is the diminution or ‘self-cancelling’ effect of some inputs, particularly for those waves the wavelengths of which are comparable to the dimensions of the structure, or shorter. Another important effect is the torsional excitation of the structure. The present paper is not necessarily aimed at replacing present analysis methods but at discussing some of the effects which will inevitably be entrained by the introduction of any information or hypotheses regarding the spatial distribution of earthquake motions. This analysis tends to suggest why higher frequencies are of lesser importance for a structure having a large rigid foundation.
New multilevel and hierarchical algorithms for layout density control

Certain manufacturing steps in very deep submicron VLSI involve chemical-mechanical polishing (CIMP) which has varying effects on device and interconnect features, depending on local layout characteristics. To reduce manufacturing variation due to CMP and to improve yield and performance predictability, the layout needs to be made uniform with respect to certain density criteria, by inserting "fill" geometries into the layout. This paper presents an efficient multilevel approach to density analysis that affords user-tunable accuracy. We also develop exact fill synthesis solutions based on combining multilevel analysis with a linear programming approach. Our methods apply to both flat and hierarchical designs.
Consideration of numerical simulation parameters and heat transfer models for a molten carbonate fuel cell stack

A fuel cell stack model based on differential heat balance equations was solved numerically with a computational fluid dynamics code. Theoretical aspects in the simulation of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) performance model were discussed with regard to numerical accuracy of temperature prediction. The effect of grid setting for gas channel depth was studied to ensure how coarse it can be. A single computational element was sufficient for temperature prediction, while more grid elements are required for calculation of flow field and pressure distribution. The use of constant velocities is not recommended because it cannot account for the change of linear velocity within fuel cells, indicating the momentum equations have to be solved together with the heat balance equations. Thermal radiation has little effect on calculation of temperature field from the model. Gas properties vary within fuel cells, but most of them can be treated constant except for specific heat capacity of anode gas. Convection heat transfer by anode gas can be overestimated when a constant specific heat capacity is used, resulting in prediction of lower temperature curves. Overall, heat transfer in a co-flow stack is well characterized by two-dimensional model along the axial and vertical coordinates rather than on cell plane.
The Electrorefining of Copper from a Cuprous Ion Complexing Electrolyte

The energy saving potential and refining capabilities of three copper(I)/electrolyte systems for electrowinning copper were compared experimentally. The alternative electrolyte systems studied were copper(I)/acidic chloride, copper(I)/acetonitrile and sulfuric acid, and copper(I)/ammonia solutions. These were compared to the conventional copper(II)/sulfuric acid electrolyte. All the alternative systems demonstrated at least some potential for saving energy when run at deposition rates equal to the conventional process. The chloride electrolyte showed the greatest energy saving potential, about 70%, and the ammonia electrolyte showed the least, about 25%. All, however, exhibited performance problems, primarily with regard to inadequate separation of impurities. A preliminary capital cost estimate made for the copper(I)/chloride system showed that, for it to be cost competitive (that is, a reduction of capital cost of about 15–20%) with the conventional electrorefining process, the refining cells would have to be operated at a current density of about 25–30 mA/cm2. At this current density, the estimated energy saving potential for the copper(I)/chloride system was still about 50%.
Giving materials a voice

My thesis work involves incorporating physical materials into communication design systems. As part of this work, I have been using embedded interactions to explore creating behaviors, attitudes, and personalities that convey the spirit and living origins of materials such as leather, cloth, wood and felt. With the help of custom authoring software [5] (a flash-based interface), interactive objects and spaces become a tool for the designer to explore the rich narrative potentials that exist between physical materials and humans.
Personal Health Records: A Look at My Health e Vet

Personal health records are not a new concept. Many of us have old test results, doctor's notes, immunization records, and other basic health information stored in a file or desk drawer. But the wi...
Return to the asylum: the search for clients with enduring mental health problems in Italy

Deinstitutionalization and community care were the most influential movements in the field of mental health in the last 30 years. In 1978 Italy was the first country to pass laws that would eliminate mental hospitals and replace them with community-based services. Italian ideas about community care provided inspiration for care in the community legislation when this was introduced in the UK. In order to be able to fairly assess and describe the benefits of Italian mental health care, the author visited a range of care facilities in a prescribed region in the north of Italy. In the course of investigation, the author sought to discover if the implementation of what were regarded by some as radical community attitudes in the care of people with mental health problems had led to innovative approaches when dealing with patients/clients requiring long-term care and treatment. Although the Italian approach is enlightened in many areas of care, the system still has to face up to the problems presented in caring for clients/patients with enduring mental health problems. The circumstances relating to care were unexpected and caused the author to revise his opinion of the Italian approach to community care.
Outcome predictors in the behavioral treatment of stuttering

Abstract The MMPI and subscales of the Stuttering Severity scale were utilized to predict motivation and success in the behavioral treatment of 32 stutterers. Subjects spent a mean of 10 individual sessions in criterion-oriented learning of fluent speech based on speech-muscle relaxation aided by EMG visual biofeedback. Judged motivation and judged success were strongly related to each other and significantly related to MMPI K and E s scores and negatively to F and Sc . Actual success was negatively related to Sc and Pd , completely unrelated to Es , and (if anything) negatively related to K . Results are consistent with previous studies, and show that global judgements of progress were only minimally related to a measure of actual progress.
Silencing Near tRNA Genes Requires Nucleolar Localization

Transcription by RNA polymerase II is antagonized by the presence of a nearby tRNA gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To test hypotheses concerning the mechanism of this tRNA gene-mediated (tgm) silencing, the effects of specific gene deletions were determined. The results show that the mechanism of silencing near tRNA genes is fundamentally different from other forms of transcriptional silencing in yeast. Rather, tgm silencing is dependent on the ability to cluster the dispersed tRNA genes in or near the nucleolus, constituting a form of three-dimensional gene control.
Improving Science by Improving Scientific Communication: The View From the APA Publications and Communications Board

Brian A. Nosek and Yoav Bar-Anan (this issue) describe a utopian vision of the scientific communication of the future, in which papers are published online instead of in print, the business model o...
Revamped Stadium…New Neighborhood?:

In 1988, one of Major League Baseball’s oldest stadiums, Wrigley Field, was substantially modernized through the addition of field lighting. This modernization of Wrigley Field, in turn, has contri...
Dose-related effects of the hepatocarcinogen, Wy-14,643, on peroxisomes and cell replication

The dose and time dependency of peroxisome proliferation and hepatocyte replication was evaluated in the liver of rats fed the peroxisome proliferator and hepatocarcinogen, Wy-14,643. Male F344 rats were fed NIH07 diet blended with Wy-14,643 at 0, 5, 10, 50, 100, or 1000 ppm for 1, 3, 6, or 13 weeks. Hepatomegaly was induced by Wy-14,643 at all doses and at all time points. Peroxisome proliferation was present in rats fed 5 ppm Wy-14,643 as early as 1 week, as determined by the peroxisome-specific NAD+ reduction of palmitoyl CoA (PCO) and the peroxisome-associated activity of carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT) (5- and 11-fold over control, respectively). The elevations of PCO and CAT were dose-dependent from 5 to 50 ppm and then plateaued from 50 to 1000 ppm throughout the treatment period. Hepatocellular replication, evaluated by nuclear histoautoradiography ([3H]thymidine labeling, 6-day infusion), was increased in all Wy-14,643 dose groups after 1 week of treatment (5 ppm, 4-fold; 10 ppm, 5-fold; 50 ppm, 13-fold; 100 ppm, 12-fold; and 1000 ppm, 13-fold over controls). However, in 5 and 10 ppm groups this cell replication returned to control levels by 3 weeks. In contrast, 50, 100, and 1000 ppm groups had sustained increases in cell replication up to 13 weeks (13 weeks: 6-, 7-, and 9-fold over controls, respectively). We have demonstrated that Wy-14,643 can induce peroxisome proliferation at 5 ppm, a dose 200 times lower than the dose shown to be highly hepatocarcinogenic in rats (100% incidence by 60 weeks).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Consequences of replacing EGFR juxtamembrane domain with an unstructured sequence

EGFR is the best studied receptor tyrosine kinase. Yet, a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of EGFR signaling is lacking, despite very active research in the field. In this paper, we investigate the role of the juxtamembrane (JM) domain in EGFR signaling by replacing it with a (GGS)10 unstructured sequence. We probe the effect of this replacement on (i) EGFR phosphorylation, (ii) EGFR dimerization and (iii) ligand (EGF) binding. We show that the replacement of EGFR JM domain with a (GGS)10 unstructured linker completely abolishes the phosphorylation of all tyrosine residues, without measurable effects on receptor dimerization or ligand binding. Our results suggest that the JM domain does not stabilize the inactive EGFR dimer in the absence of ligand and is likely critical only for the last step of EGFR activation, the ligand-induced transition from the inactive to active dimer.