cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promoting Ecological Sustainability and Community Resilience in the US Gulf Coast after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

Abstract On 20 April 2010, the 5000-foot-deep Macondo Mississippi Canyon Block 252 (MC252) well erupted after a blowout caused a catastrophic explosion and fire aboard the BP PLC-leased Deepwater Horizon offshore oil drilling platform (owned by Transocean Ltd.) about 40 miles (64 km) southeast of the Louisiana coast. The 2010 Deepwater Horizon Gulf Coast oil spill now imperils ecologically sensitive lands, affects the livelihoods of thousands of workers, and threatens a way of life that has been passed down for generations. An oil spill management Decision Support System (DSS) architecture is put forth that integrates the latest advances in MCDA and geomatics engineering in order to cope with the worst environmental disaster in US history. It is shown that policy-makers should improve the sustainability and resilience of Gulf Coast ecosystems and communities so that they are healthier and more robust than before the oil spill. Policy recommendations with respect to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill are put...
Monotonicity of bargaining solutions with respect to the disagreement point

Abstract We investigate whether the best known solutions to the bargaining problem respond appropriately to certain changes in the disagreement point d , for a fixed feasible set. If d i increases, while for each j ≠ i , d j remains constant, then these solutions recommend an increase in agent i 's payoff, in agreement with intuition. However, the stronger requirement that agent i be the only one to gain is not generally met.
Magnetohydrodynamic Shock Heating of the Solar Corona

Coronal MHD waves excited by perturbations of magnetic field lines propagate upward, carrying with them the energy from the excitation. Under favorable conditions shocks form, and part of the wave energy is converted to plasma heating and motion. We use numerical simulations to accurately follow the shock formation and subsequent energy release. The model includes an adiabatic energy equation for the explicit evaluation of temperature increases and energy fluxes contributed by the shocks. Transverse, plane-polarized excitations are considered; they can be periodic, as in Alfven wave trains, or pulsed, as might result from nanoflares. The model is tested with a set of validation runs that produce good agreement with theoretical predictions. Our results show that nonlinear waves moving along large magnetic fields with low plasma β, with field amplitudes comparable to the background field, develop shocks that form important amounts of plasma heating and that mass outflow may occur. Fast and slow magnetoacoustic shocks are generated, each one making its own contribution. Most of the heating takes place in the low corona, but long-range distributed heating still occurs up to heights of several solar radii. The energy fluxes for the stronger cases are sufficient to compensate for thermal and convective losses, consistent with observations. We conclude that large-amplitude MHD shocks in low-β regions could be a viable mechanism for coronal heating and wind acceleration in regions of open magnetic field lines.
Building a 3D Virtual Museum of Native American Baskets

In this paper we report our progress in building a system for the acquisition, analysis, and visualization of a collection of Native Californian baskets from the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology. Our project differs from existing cultural heritage applications in terms of its focus: to build tools and techniques for visualizing and studying a large number of related objects -- in this case, baskets. We present our progress in the following system components: (i) laser-scanning of baskets, (ii) construction and processing of 3D models, and (iii) building virtual exhibits. We conclude the paper with our experiences and a summary of challenges we anticipate in building a completely automated system for processing and analyzing a large set of models -- such as might be encountered when digitizing a large museum collection. Efficient retrieval and visualization of artifact collections are important to a number of communities, including anthropology researchers, Native American tribes, and the general public.
Modeling the past: a resource for the future

Coalescent theory has served as the foundation for most analyses in population genetics since its initial development by Kingman and others during the early 1980s [1–4] because it provides a mathematical model for the shared ancestry of a collection of individuals in a framework that enables computation. Recent advances in sequencing technology coupled with the development of computational techniques that enable the implementation of models of growing complexity have led coalescent modeling to become perhaps the most rapidly expanding area of research focus in the field of population genetics.
Spectral properties of organometallic transition metal complexes I–Mass spectra of haloacteophenones haloacetylferroce, FcCO–CH2X, and related ferrocence complexes FcCOCI and FcCH2CI

The mass spectral properties of the title compounds have been recorded and compared. For the haloacetyl systems ring expansions to tropylium ions and π-benzene iron ions are observed. A major ion present in all haloacetyl spectra is that derived from the corresponding acetyl compound, CH3CO-, formed via an instrument catalyzed reduction of the halo compounds by residual water. Some substituent effects are observed. Considerable halogen migration to iron is observed for the ferrocene complexes.
Suture pullout strength and in vitro fibroblast and RAW 264.7 monocyte biocompatibility of genipin crosslinked nanofibrous chitosan mats for guided tissue regeneration

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is a surgical technique used to direct the formation of bone in the graft space by protecting it with a barrier membrane used to exclude soft tissues during healing. Chitosan has been advocated for GTR applications because of its biocompatibility, degradability, wound healing, and osteogenic properties. In this study, electrospun chitosan membranes, crosslinked with 5 mM or 10 mM geinipin, a natural crosslinker extracted from the gardenia plant, were evaluated for suture pullout strength, crystallinity, and cytocompatibility with normal human dermal fibroblast and TIB 71™ RAW 264.7 monocyte cells. Ultimate suture pullout strength was significantly lower (51–67%) than that of commercially available collagen membranes. Crystallinity of the electrospun chitosan mats decreased upon crosslinking by 14–17% (p = 0.013). The molecular weight of the chitosan polymer was decreased by 75% during the electrospinning process. Uncrosslinked and genipin-crosslinked chitosan mats were cytocompatible and supported fibroblast cell proliferation for 9 days. Uncrosslinked and genipin-crosslinked membranes did not activate monocytes to produce nitric oxide (NO) in vitro in the absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Finally, chitosan membranes inhibited LPS-induced NO production of RAW 264.7 cells by 59–67% as compared to tissue culture plastic and collagen membrane. Improvements are needed in the tear strength of electrospun chitosan membranes for clinical application. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 100A:2890–2896, 2012.
Cultural Alignment African American Male Youths and Violent Crime

Abstract Four theories-racial inferiority, culture of poverty, racial discrimination, and political economy-are usually advanced to explain violence among African Americans. These theories, however, fail to underscore the deleterious influence that cultural oppression and cultural alienation have on African Americans generally and African American male youths specifically. To examine the role both cultural oppression and cultural alienation play in the lives of African American male youths, this article presents a Cultural Alignment Framework. The basic assumption of the framework is that African American male youth violence is a function of these males' internalization of alien concepts of manhood that reflect the impositions of European American culture and the nefarious legacy of slavery.
Learning to predict train wheel failures

This paper describes a successful but challenging application of data mining in the railway industry. The objective is to optimize maintenance and operation of trains through prognostics of wheel failures. In addition to reducing maintenance costs, the proposed technology will help improve railway safety and augment throughput. Building on established techniques from data mining and machine learning, we present a methodology to learn models to predict train wheel failures from readily available operational and maintenance data. This methodology addresses various data mining tasks such as automatic labeling, feature extraction, model building, model fusion, and evaluation. After a detailed description of the methodology, we report results from large-scale experiments. These results clearly show the great potential of this innovative application of data mining in the railway industry.
Obtaining Tighter Relaxations of Mathematical Programs with Complementarity Constraints

The class of mathematical programs with complementarity constraints (MPCCs) constitutes a powerful modeling paradigm. In an effort to find a global optimum, it is often useful to examine the relaxation obtained by omitting the complementarity constraints. We discuss various methods to tighten the relaxation by exploiting complementarity, with the aim of constructing better approximations to the convex hull of the set of feasible solutions to the MPCC, and hence better lower bounds on the optimal value of the MPCC. Better lower bounds can be useful in branching schemes to find a globally optimal solution. Different types of linear constraints are constructed, including cuts based on bounds on the variables and various types of disjunctive cuts. Novel convex quadratic constraints are introduced, with a derivation that is particularly useful when the number of design variables is not too large. A lifting process is specialized to MPCCs. Semidefinite programming constraints are also discussed. All these constraints are typically applicable to any convex program with complementarity constraints. Computational results for linear programs with complementarity constraints (LPCCs) are included, comparing the benefit of the various constraints on the value of the relaxation, and showing that the constraints can dramatically speed up the solution of the LPCC.
Civics or Structure? Revisiting the Origins of Democratic Quality in the Italian Regions

What determines the responsiveness and effectiveness of democratic governments in meeting their citizens’ needs? Based on his 1993 study of the twenty Italian regions, Robert Putnam argued that ‘civic community’, a self-reinforcing syndrome of social engagement and political participation, is the explanation. A re-examination of Putnam’s data reveals little evidence of such a syndrome, but confirms that where more citizens participate in politics outside of networks of clientelistic exchange, more effective democratic government results. To discern the causes of variation in this self-motivated political participation, I test Putnam’s measures of social engagement against aspects of Italian socio-economic structure. Economic development and the historical distribution of land, not social engagement, are found to be powerful predictors of self-motivated political participation and in turn democratic quality.
Rapid screening for penicillin susceptibility of systemic pneumococcal isolates by restriction enzyme profiling of the pbp2B gene.

Restriction digest profiling of pneumococcal pbp2b-specific amplicons was effective for screening penicillin resistance. The pbp2b amplicon of all pneumococcal isolates for which the MICs of penicillin were ≤0.03 μg/ml had one of two different susceptible restriction profiles, and all 33 isolates for which MICs were 0.5 μg/ml or greater had one of seven distinct resistant profiles. Low-concentration penicillin resistance (MICs = 0.06 μg/ml to 0.25 μg/ml) was associated with sensitive HaeIII profiles in some isolates; however, RsaI profiling and pbp2b sequence analysis of such isolates revealed that some isolates contained low-level resistant pbp2b alleles, while others had susceptible pbp2b alleles. This data indicates that low-level penicillin resistance is sometimes conferred by determinants other than pbp2b.
Testicular Maturation in the Rat. In vivo Effect of Gonadotropins on Steroidogenic Enzymes in the Hypophysectomized Immature Rat

Hypophysectomized immature rats were treated with LH or FSH to assess the role of these hormones on the activity of testicular steroidogenic enzymes during sexual maturation. Rats were hypophysectomized on Day 21 and hormone treatment was initiated on Day 27 and continued for 5 or 10 days. A 10,000 X g supernatant of testicular homogenates was assayed for 17j3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, � -3a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase, 5�s-reductase and 5 n-androstane-3a+3�-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. All enzyme activities decreased after hypophysectomy. Treatment with LH for 10 days stimulated 5n-reductase by 6-fold, �‘-3�-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by 4-fold, 5�s-androstane-3o+3j3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by 2-fold and 17�1-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by only 50%. In constrast, treatment with FSH for 10 days stimulated 17P-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase more than 2-fold. Although FSH treatment for 5 days significantly increased �-3#{216}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase activity (56%) and 5n-androstane-3n+3f3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (30%), these increases were not maintained for the 10 day treatment period. FSH treatment had neither a maintenance nor a stimulatory effect on Scs-reductase activity. The demonstration that FSH treatment increased 1 713-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity is consistent with our previous hypothesis (Payne et al., 1977) that the increase in 17f3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity during sexual maturation may be regulated by FSH and that this may be one mechanism by which FSH increases testicular responsiveness to LI-I.
Migraine headaches in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): Comparison of two prospective cross-sectional studies

Headaches are more frequent in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) than healthy control (HC) subjects. The 2004 International Headache Society (IHS) criteria were used to define CFS headache phenotypes. Subjects in Cohort 1 (HC = 368; CFS = 203) completed questionnaires about many diverse symptoms by giving nominal (yes/no) answers. Cohort 2 (HC = 21; CFS = 67) had more focused evaluations. They scored symptom severities on 0 to 4 anchored ordinal scales, and had structured headache evaluations. All subjects had history and physical examinations; assessments for exclusion criteria; questionnaires about CFS related symptoms (0 to 4 scale), Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) and Medical Outcome Survey Short Form 36 (MOS SF-36). Demographics, trends for the number of diffuse "functional" symptoms present, and severity of CFS case designation criteria symptoms were equivalent between CFS subjects in Cohorts 1 and 2. HC had significantly fewer symptoms, lower MFI and higher SF-36 domain scores than CFS in both cohorts. Migraine headaches were found in 84%, and tension-type headaches in 81% of Cohort 2 CFS. This compared to 5% and 45%, respectively, in HC. The CFS group had migraine without aura (60%; MO; CFS+MO), with aura (24%; CFS+MA), tension headaches only (12%), or no headaches (4%). Co-morbid tension and migraine headaches were found in 67% of CFS. CFS+MA had higher severity scores than CFS+MO for the sum of scores for poor memory, dizziness, balance, and numbness ("Neuro-construct", p = 0.002) and perceived heart rhythm disturbances, palpitations and noncardiac chest pain ("Cardio-construct"; p = 0.045, t-tests after Bonferroni corrections). CFS+MO subjects had lower pressure-induced pain thresholds (2.36 kg [1.95-2.78; 95% C.I.] n = 40) and a higher prevalence of fibromyalgia (47%; 1990 criteria) compared to HC (5.23 kg [3.95-6.52] n = 20; and 0%, respectively). Sumatriptan was beneficial for 13 out of 14 newly diagnosed CFS migraine subjects. CFS subjects had higher prevalences of MO and MA than HC, suggesting that mechanisms of migraine pathogenesis such as central sensitization may contribute to CFS pathophysiology. Georgetown University IRB # 2006-481 ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00810329
Simple dilemmas, complex dilemmas, and experimental research

Social dilemma logic has provided an important paradigm for the laboratory study of how people respond to choice situations in which one option advances individual welfare but detracts from social welfare, and the research agenda based on this logic has been to discover circumstances that promote "cooperation. " Yet the power of various social dilemma metaphors may have turned experimentalists' attention from other members of a more general family in which cooperation's desirability is often more ambiguous and in which, therefore, the normative and ethical issues underlying the individual's choices are more difficult. We present a typology of 12 such "complex social dilemmas, " discussing, with examples, the behavioral, ethical, and experimental-design issues the different types raise.
Type of accommodation during gestation affects growth performance and reproductive characteristics of gilt offspring

The objective was to determine effects of the type of gestation accommodation to which dams were exposed on growth performance and age at puberty in gilt offspring. Yorkshire x Landrace gilts (n = 81; 26.9 +/- 0.8 kg of BW) were placed in pens of 3 gilts each. Each pen contained gilts farrowed exclusively by gilts exposed to 1 of 3 gestation accommodations: 1) individual crates throughout gestation; 2) group pens throughout gestation; or 3) crates for 30 d postmating and then group pens for the remainder of gestation (n = 9 pens/group). Performance during the 5-wk nursery period was similar among groups. The grow-finish period ended at a BW of 108.9 +/- 0.8 kg, and ADG (0.98 +/- 0.02 kg) was not affected (P = 0.14) by treatment. However, pig BW was affected by accommodation type x time (P = 0.04), with gilts farrowed by females housed in crates throughout gestation being heaviest during the last 4 wk. There was no effect of treatment on ADFI (2.61 +/- 0.07 kg; P = 0.54); however, G:F was enhanced (P < 0.05) in gilts farrowed by females housed in crates throughout (0.385 +/- 0.005) or for the first 30 d of gestation and then groups (0.382 +/- 0.005) compared with gilts from females kept in groups throughout gestation (0.367 +/- 0.005). Gilts from females gestated in crates throughout gestation tended (P < 0.09) to have less backfat (10.9 +/- 0.5 mm) than gilts from females gestated in groups (12.5 +/- 0.5 mm). After grow-finish, gilts were checked for estrus once daily. Mean age at puberty (171.9 +/- 4.4 d) did not differ among groups (P = 0.61); however, fewer gilts farrowed by females gestated in crates throughout gestation (P = 0.03) reached puberty by 165 d of age (13%) compared with the other 2 groups (44%). Although specific mechanisms need to be determined, we suggest that the type of gestation accommodation in which gilts are kept may affect production performance of gilt offspring, possibly by fetal programming.
Plasmonic Mode Transformers Using Modulated-Index Metal-Dielectric Slot Waveguides

We propose to investigate the concept of adiabatic mode transformation between silicon waveguide and surface plasmon-polariton modes in sub-wavelength metal-dielectric slots. We demonstrate that reversible mode conversion can be achieved within sub-micron length scales.
Association Patterns Among Wild Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes Schweinfurthii) Reflect Sex Differences in Cooperation

Theory predicts that frequent dyadic association should promote cooperation through kin selection or social tolerance. Here we test the hypothesis that sex differences in the strength and stability of association preferences among free-ranging chimpanzees conform to sex differences in cooperative behavior. Using long-term data from the Kanyawara chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) community (Kibale National Park, Uganda), we calculated indices of intra-sexual dyadic association over a 10-year period. We found that (1) male–male dyads had significantly stronger association indices than female–female dyads, (2) the pattern of association preferences in both sexes changed little over the entire study period, and (3) when comparing periods with different alpha males, changes in association strength were more frequent among males. These results demonstrate that both the strength and stability of association patterns are important components of social relationships. Male chimpanzees, which are characterized by frequent cooperation, had association preferences that were both strong and stable, suggesting that forming long-term bonds is an important dominance strategy. However, the fact that male association patterns were sensitive to upheaval in the male dominance hierarchy suggests that males also take advantage of a changing social climate when choosing association partners. By contrast, the overall strength of female associations was relatively weak. Female association preferences were equally stable as males’; however, this reflected a dyad’s tendency to be found in the same party rather than to associate closely within that party. Therefore, in this community, female association patterns appear to be more a consequence of individual ranging behavior rather than a correlate of cooperation.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE DESIGNED TRIMERIC COILED COIL COIL-VALD : IMPLICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING CRYSTALS AND SUPRAMOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES

The three-dimensional structure of the 29-residue designed coiled coil having the amino acid sequence acetyl-E VEALEKK VAALESK VQALEKK VEALEHG-amide has been determined and refined to a crystallographic R-factor of 21.4% for all data from 10-A to 2.1-A resolution. This molecule is called coil-VaLd because it contains valine in the a heptad positions and leucine in the d heptad positions. In the trigonal crystal, three molecules, related by a crystallographic threefold axis, form a parallel three-helix bundle. The bundles are stacked head-to-tail to form a continuous coiled coil along the c-direction of the crystal. The contacts among the three helices within the coiled coil are mainly hydrophobic: four layers of valine residues alternate with four layers of leucine residues to form the core of the bundle. In contrast, mostly hydrophilic contacts mediate the interaction between trimers: here a total of two direct protein--protein hydrogen bonds are found. Based on the structure, we propose a scheme for designing crystals of peptides containing continuous two-, three-, and four-stranded coiled coils.
Supplier Selection Based on a Neural Network Model Using Genetic Algorithm

In this paper, a decision-making model was developed to select suppliers using neural networks (NNs). This model used historical supplier performance data for selection of vendor suppliers. Input and output were designed in a unique manner for training purposes. The managers' judgments about suppliers were simulated by using a pairwise comparisons matrix for output estimation in the NN. To obtain the benefit of a search technique for model structure and training, genetic algorithm (GA) was applied for the initial weights and architecture of the network. The suppliers' database information (input) can be updated over time to change the suppliers' score estimation based on their performance. The case study illustrated shows how the model can be applied for suppliers' selection.
Managing Conflict in Post-Cold War Eurasia: The Role of the OSCE in Europe's Security ‘Architecture’

The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is one of the most important, but least well known, of the security institutions in the pan-European region since the end of the Cold War. This essay argues that the OSCE has a vital role to play in providing for European security that is not supplied by any other multilateral institution — NATO, the European Union, the Western European Union, the Council of Europe, or the Commonwealth of Independent States. The OSCE is the only organization that bridges the military and the human dimensions of security. It plays an especially important role in conflict prevention and in trying to seek negotiated solutions in regions that have experienced violent conflict since 1989. The OSCE is most effective when it works cooperatively with other multilateral institutions in the region, and it constitutes a necessary part of the network of interlocking institutions that have created a trans-European security regime since the end of the Cold War.
Modeling and simulation of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy controller for Chopper-Fed DC Motor Drive

The classical controllers algorithm is both simple and reliable, and has been applied to thousands of control loops in various industrial applications over the past 60 years (89%-90% of applications). This paper presents the neuro-fuzzy controller incorporates fuzzy logic algorithm with a five-layer artificial neural network (ANN) structure. The conventional controller is replaced by Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) before that made the identification process of ANFIS controller by the data base of classical controller to be consider as initial condition for controlling process with this system. The simulation of the design is achieved by using Matlab Ver. 2010a. Chopper-Fed DC Motor Drive (Continuous / Discrete) are consider as case study. Satisfactory results are obtained explaining the ability of ANFIS controller to control with the dynamic high nonlinear system and can be get very good results by tunes the fuzzy controller.
Epigenome Variation in Severe Asthma

Background:Asthma is a complex heterogeneous disease process with mild, moderate, and severe classifications. Although the science of genomics has opened our understanding of the molecular underpin...
Creating Stable Memories

Social animals with a keen sense of smell, such as rats, can teach each other about the safety of new foods by a practice called social transmission of food preference (STFP). In this olfactory learning paradigm, a rat that has just eaten can familiarize another rat with the taste odor of a new food by allowing the naive rat to sniff its breath. The naive rat apparently infers that the novel food is safe to eat because another rat has eaten it, and exhibits greatly diminished fear of the new food at first exposure. On page 924 of this issue, Lesburgueres et al. ( 1 ) describe their discovery of two fascinating aspects of this form of long-term memory: Specific neurons or synapses in the cerebral cortex are specifically “tagged” and thereby allocated to participate in a memory for a particular food odor, and this process involves epigenetic molecular mechanisms.
The impact of motives-related feedback on drinking to cope among college students

Motives for alcohol use are associated with distinct antecedents and consequences. Drinking alcohol to cope with negative affect is consistently associated with the most problematic patterns of use. Interventions targeting drinking to cope are needed. This randomized controlled treatment trial is an initial attempt to evaluate the impact of a brief coping motive-specific personalized feedback intervention on motives and problematic outcomes associated with drinking. The study randomized 170 participants to receive either a brief Standard Feedback Condition (SFC; n=83) or a Motives Feedback Condition (MFC; n=87) that added education and feedback on drinking to cope as well as alternative coping strategies. Significant reductions in drinking to cope with anxiety and with depression were greater in the MFC at the 2-month follow-up. Significant reductions in drinking and negative consequences were observed but did not differ significantly by condition. Indirect tests showed that the MFC, relative to SFC, was associated with outcomes of drinking and negative consequences through change in drinking to cope with depression. Moderation analyses revealed that there were no differential outcomes according to baseline level of coping. This study is a promising new direction in motives research, providing support for brief personalized feedback interventions incorporating motives-related feedback.
Updating What We Know About Depression in Adolescents

1. Despite an 80% increase in prescriptions written for antidepressants for the treatment of pediatric depression, little empirical research has been done on the effects of antidepressant therapy on children and adolescents. 2. What little research has been done does not support the efficacy of antidepressants use in children. Moreover, some antidepressants may actually be harmful to pediatric populations. 3. Nurses have an obligation to keep abreast of the latest research findings in the literature because the knowledge base changes daily.
Analysis of the situation of hepatitis C virus infection in different groups of people in Huizhou

Objective To observe the status of hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection in different groups of people,and provide scientific basis for disease control and prevention.Methods 19 219 cases in Huizhou were selected stratified sampling.HCV antibody was detected by ELISA.Results The rate of HCV infection reached to 3.55%,which is slightly higher than the national average(3.22%).The positive rate of HCV infection showed a statistical difference in different groups of people,in which the highest rate of HCV infection was found in drug users(54.8%).The positive rate of HCV infection showed a statistical difference in different age groups,especially drug users in different age groups.The infection rate was higher in male(4.94%) than female(0.88%).Conclusion Intravenous drug is the main means for transmission of HCV.The high risk group should be focused on the implementation of anti-HCV screening and clinical therapy.
Ethics and the Ecofeminist Self

In this paper I discuss the depth to which ecofeminist and ecological feminist approaches differ from animal rights theories that merely extend Western traditional concepts to nonhuman animals, and from nature-centered approaches that lack attention to the social dimensions of ecological realities and the complex relationships between nature and culture.
Neutrophil Motion, Adhesion and Activation in an In Vitro Micropipette Model of a Lung Capillary

White blood cell (WBC) sequestration in lung capillaries is a key step in the inflammatory response to lung infection. P-selectin and ICAM-1 have well-defined roles in WBC adhesion in venules but their role in pulmonary capillaries is still unclear. Here, a novel in vitro Micropipette Cell Adhesion Assay used P-selectin, ICAM-1 or BSA-coated capillary-sized glass micropipettes as an in vitro model of a lung capillary. WBC were aspirated into adhesion molecule-coated vessels of varying diameters. Cell velocities and activation times were determined under pressures representative of lung capillaries. WBC velocities in this assay were significantly lower on P-selectin than BSA and decreased with increasing P-selectin concentration. These results demonstrate that P-selectin at low density mediates WBC adhesion in the pulmonary capillary geometry. WBC can also become activated upon aspiration into micropipettes and under some circumstances can be seen to exhibit a cyclic migratory behavior. This work was supported by grant BES-0547165 from the National Science Foundation and by an award from the American Heart Association.© 2010 ASME
How to Teach Clinical Reasoning

Diagnostic errors are a major quality and patient safety issue in medicine. Clinical reasoning is fundamental to accurate diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making. Knowledge of the clinical reasoning process is necessary to address diagnostic error and promote diagnostic excellence. This chapter provides clinical teachers with the tools needed to teach clinical reasoning.
Influence of Aqueous-Phase Ionic Strength and Composition on the Dynamics of Water–Crude Oil Interfacial Film Formation

In this paper, we examine the impact of aqueous-phase ionic strength and ionic composition on viscoelastic properties of the water–crude oil interfacial film by conducting interfacial shear rheological measurements under controlled water chemistry and aging time. A double-wall ring geometry is used in oscillatory mode to measure the film viscoelastic moduli. To further elucidate mechanisms controlling the kinetics of film formation, temperature-dependent interfacial rheological behavior is investigated as a function of time. Our results reveal that low-ionic-strength conditions are more conducive to film formation and, consequently, engender a more viscoelastic interface. This observation is consistent with our previous results on emulsion stability; i.e., increasing the ionic strength of the aqueous phase leads to the formation of less stable emulsions. On the other hand, the temperature dependence of the viscoelasticity buildup demonstrates that adsorption of polar materials onto the interface can be mo...
New defects of pyrimidine metabolism.

The number of inherited defects of the pyrimidine metabolism described so far is small, compared to that of the purine metabolism. Combined deficiency of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) (EC 2.4.2.10) and orotidine 5′-monophosphate decarboxylase (ODC) (EC 4.1.1.23), designated as type I hereditary orotic aciduria, presents with characteristic clinical features such as hypo-chromic anemia with a megaloblastic bone marrow and crystalluria. Only six patients have been described and, as far as we know, new cases have not been discovered recently. ODC deficiency with similar clinical phenomena and leading to increased urinary excretion of orotate and orotidine has been detected in only one patient (1). A third defect, a deficiency of pyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase (Py-5N). (EC 3.1.3.5.) in erythrocytes, is associated with chronic hemolytic anemia and prominent basophylic stippling of the erythrocytes due to accumulated pyrimidine nucleotides. An increasing number of patients have been reported, their detection being facilitated by the typical phenomena. We do not know whether the urinary pyrimidine profile in this condition is abnormal.
Améry, Arendt, and the Future of the World

Of all the terms Jean Amery might have chosen to explain the deepest effects of torture, the one he selected was world . To be tortured was to lose trust in the world, to become incapable of feeling at home in the world. In July 1943, Amery was arrested by the Gestapo in Belgium and tortured by the SS at the former fortress of Breendonk. With the first blow from the torturers, he famously wrote, one loses trust in the world. With that blow, one can no l onger be certain that “by reason of written or unwritten social contracts the other person will spare me — and more precisely stated, that he will respect my physical, and with it also my metaphysical, being.” In a vault inside the fortress, beyond the reach of anyone who might help — a wife, a mother, a brother, a friend — it turned out that all social contracts had been broken and torture was possible. His attackers had no respect for him, and no-one else could or would help.
Interfacial Tuning for Detection of Cortisol in Sweat Using ZnO Thin Films on Flexible Substrates

We have demonstrated the detection of stress hormone cortisol from sweat using a flexible biosensing platform. Sweat-based detection faces many challenges such as stability of electrodes, sensitivity, and specificity. The surface states of zinc oxide (ZnO) can be leveraged for immobilizing various linker molecules for ultraspecific detection of biomolecules. In this study, we have used thiol-based linker molecule for binding to zinc terminations. We tested DSP from 5 to 100 mmol concentration in order to understand the effect of varying molarity on the electron transport properties of ZnO thin films. We performed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements and Mott–Schottky analysis after incubation of the dispensed DSP linker on ZnO thin films. The optimized concentration of DSP was further incorporated in the immunoassay for detection of cortisol from 1 to 200 ng/mL spiked in sweat.
Rehabilitation of the Pelvis and Pelvic Floor

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a vast and complex condition with many potential etiologies. The urogenital, gynecological, musculoskeletal, and gastroenterologic systems are most commonly involved. Timely evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment are important to prevent frustration for both the provider and patient. Physical modalities, medications, psychotherapy, and alternative medicine can be used to treat both specific causes of CPP or to alleviate general symptoms. Commonly used interventional treatments include superior and inferior hypogastric plexus blocks as well as the ganglion impar block. Often, multidisciplinary treatment plans yield superior results.
Clinical Management Strategies for Airway Pressure Release Ventilation: A Survey of Clinical Practice.

BACKGROUND: Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) is a commonly used mode of ventilation designed to increase mean airway pressure and thus oxygenation. Different strategies for clinical management have been described in the literature but are largely based on physiologic concepts, animal data, and small clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to determine how APRV is currently managed by surveying practicing respiratory therapists with experience using APRV. METHODS: A 15-item survey was developed by the authors and posted on the AARConnect online media platform in January 2016 after being declared exempt by our institution9s institutional review board. Survey questions were derived from a literature review of recommended APRV settings. Responses were limited to one per institution. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 60 respondents who used APRV. Of the 4 key initial APRV settings (P high, P low, T high, and T low), there was good agreement among survey responders and published guidelines for setting initial T high (4–6 s) and initial P low (0 cm H2O). There was some disagreement regarding initial P high, with 48% of responders matching P high to conventional ventilation plateau pressures but another 31% using conventional ventilation mean airway pressure plus 2–5 cm H2O. The most disagreement was with the T low setting, with only 47% of survey responders agreeing with published guidelines about using the expiratory flow signal to set T low. There was good agreement among survey responders and published guidelines for what changes to make when gas exchange was outside of the targeted range. A substantial number of respondents accepted P high and APRV release volumes that may exceed lung-protective limits. CONCLUSIONS: There is only limited consensus among practitioners for initial APRV settings, probably reflecting the paucity of good clinical outcome data and confusion surrounding the physiology of this mode.
Firing of Replication Origins Frees Dbf4-Cdc7 to Target Eco1 for Destruction.

Summary Robust progression through the cell-division cycle depends on the precisely ordered phosphorylation of hundreds of different proteins by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and other kinases. The order of CDK substrate phosphorylation depends on rising CDK activity, coupled with variations in substrate affinities for different CDK-cyclin complexes and the opposing phosphatases [1–4]. Here, we address the ordering of substrate phosphorylation by a second major cell-cycle kinase, Cdc7-Dbf4 or Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK). The primary function of DDK is to initiate DNA replication by phosphorylating the Mcm2-7 replicative helicase [5–7]. DDK also phosphorylates the cohesin acetyltransferase Eco1 [8]. Sequential phosphorylations of Eco1 by CDK, DDK, and Mck1 create a phosphodegron that is recognized by the ubiquitin ligase SCF Cdc4 . DDK, despite being activated in early S phase, does not phosphorylate Eco1 to trigger its degradation until late S phase [8]. DDK associates with docking sites on loaded Mcm double hexamers at unfired replication origins [9, 10]. We hypothesized that these docking interactions sequester limiting amounts of DDK, delaying Eco1 phosphorylation by DDK until replication is complete. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that overproduction of DDK leads to premature Eco1 degradation. Eco1 degradation also occurs prematurely if Mcm complex loading at origins is prevented by depletion of Cdc6, and Eco1 is stabilized if loaded Mcm complexes are prevented from firing by a Cdc45 mutant. We propose that the timing of Eco1 phosphorylation, and potentially that of other DDK substrates, is determined in part by sequestration of DDK at unfired replication origins during S phase.
Trajectories of cognitive development in toddlers with language delays.

Abstract Background Toddlers with early language delays (LD) are at risk for developmental difficulties, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known about early cognitive skill acquisition in this population. Aims To explore heterogeneity in cognitive development in toddlers with significant LD (n = 30) or typical development (n = 61), and how this relates to 36-month outcomes (ASD, non-ASD delays, or no delays). Methods Growth mixture modeling of nonverbal and verbal mental age (NVMA, VMA) scores from the Mullen Scales of Early Learning was conducted with data from 18, 24 and 36 months. Results A two-class NVMA solution was selected (Age Appropriate, 82%, Delayed, 18%); class membership was related to the no delay outcome, and although the proportion of toddlers with ASD in the Age-Expected class was 17% compared to 50% of toddlers with non-ASD delays, this difference was not statistically significant. The best-fitting model for VMA included three classes: Age Appropriate (66%), Delay Catch-Up (23%), Delayed (11%); class assignment differed by outcome. Children in the Delay Catch-Up class were more likely to have non-ASD delays compared to ASD, while the reverse was true in the Delayed class. Conclusions Cognitive development in toddlers with LD is heterogeneous, and delayed verbal trajectories relate to later ASD diagnosis.
Effect of Bicyclopyrone on Triploid Watermelon in Plasticulture

Field studies were conducted to determine watermelon tolerance and yield response when treated with bicyclopyrone preplant (PREPLANT), POST, and POST-directed (POST-DIR). Treatments consisted of two rates of bicyclopyrone (37.5 and 50 g ai ha-1), fomesafen (175 g ai ha-1), S-metolachlor (802 g ai ha-1), and a nontreated check. Preplant treatments were applied to formed beds 1 d prior to transplanting and included bicyclopyrone (37.5 and 50 g ha-1) and fomesafen (175 g ha-1), and new polyethylene mulch was subsequently laid above treated beds. POST and POST-DIR treatments were applied 14 ± 1 d after watermelon transplanting and included bicyclopyrone (37.5 and 50 g ha-1) POST and POST-DIR, and S-metolachlor (802 g ai ha-1) POST-DIR. POST-DIR treatments were applied to row middles, ensuring that no herbicide contacted watermelon vines or polyethylene mulch. At 2 wk after transplanting (WAT), 15% foliar bleaching was observed in watermelon treated with bicyclopyrone (50 g ha-1) PRE. At 3 WAT, bicyclopyrone (37.5 and 50 g ha-1) POST caused 16% and 17% foliar bleaching and 8% and 9% crop stunting, respectively. At 4 WAT, initial injury had subsided and bicyclopyrone (37.5 and 50 g ha-1) POST caused 4% and 4% foliar bleaching and 4% and 8% crop stunting, respectively. No symptoms of bleaching or stunting were observed at 6- and 8-WAT ratings. Watermelon total yield, marketable yield, total fruit number, marketable fruit number, and average fruit size were unaffected by herbicide treatments. Therefore, registration of bicyclopyrone (37.5 and 50 g ha-1) PREPLANT, POST, and POST-DIR would offer watermelon producers a safe herbicide option and a novel mode of action for weed management.Nomenclature: bicyclopyrone, fomesafen, S-metalochlor, watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai.
A Fully Implicit, Factored Code for Computing Three-Dimensional Flows on the ILLIAC IV

Publisher Summary Many fluid-flow phenomena are one- or two-dimensional in their behavior and can be analyzed by equations formulated in these dimensions, flows in the real world are three-dimensional and are unsteady. Many two-dimensional fluid flows of interest to aerodynamicists can be resolved to a high degree of accuracy and with reasonable run times by the standard scientific computers of the 1970s. This is not true for unsteady three-dimensional flows. This chapter discusses the problems that arise in constructing efficient programs to be used for the large three-dimensional flow simulations. It presents a computational procedure designed for making time-accurate simulations of general compressible fluid flows. It is designed specifically for the Illinois automatic computer (ILLIAC), however, the concepts are useful for other computers with similar architectures. The solution of three-dimensional, time-accurate problems based on the Reynolds-averaged, Navier–Stokes equations for compressible fluid flows can easily require several million words of storage.
Biopsy During Minimally Invasive Intracerebral Hemorrhage Clot Evacuation.

Background The safety and efficacy of brain parenchyma biopsy during minimally invasive (MIS) intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) clot evacuation has not been previously reported. The objective of this study was to establish the safety and diagnostic efficacy of brain biopsy during MIS ICH clot evacuation and to validate the modified Boston criteria as a predictor of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in this cohort. Methods From October 2016 to March 2018, superficial and perihematomal biopsies were collected for 40 patients undergoing MIS ICH clot evacuation and analyzed by the pathology department to assess for various ICH etiologies. Additionally, the admission magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scan of each patient was analyzed and evaluated for the likelihood of a CAA etiology based on the modified Boston criteria. Student t test was used to analyze intergroup differences in continuous variables, and a 2-tailed Fisher exact test was used to determine intergroup differences of categorical variables, with significance set at P Results Two of the 40 patients (5%) experienced postoperative rebleed. Four of the 40 patients (10%) had evidence of CAA on biopsy. Patients with CAA on biopsy were older (P = 0.005) and had a higher prevalence of parietal lobe (P = 0.02) and occipital lobe (P = 0.001) hemorrhage. The modified Boston criteria had a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.6%–100%) and a specificity of 72.2% (95% CI, 54.6%–84.2%) for predicting CAA on biopsy. Conclusions Brain biopsy in MIS ICH clot evacuation is safe and allows for the diagnosis of various ICH etiologies.
Consensus in Layered Sensor Networks with Communication Delays

In this paper, we study consensus in distributed sensor networks (DSN) with communication time delays. In particular, we focus on the DSN with multi-layer multi-group (MLMG) communication structures and show that consensus can be achieved even in the presence of arbitrarily large but bounded time-varying communication delays. Moreover, we explicitly characterize the final consensus value for the case where communication time delays are fixed.
Factors Influencing Adoption and Implementation of Conservation Development Ordinances in Rural United States

Conservation Development (CD) is a land-use tool to reduce the impacts of development on natural resources, yetthe use of CD is highly variable. We used a collaborative conservation model to examin...