cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward distributed declarative control of networked cyber-physical systems

Networked Cyber-Physical Systems (NCPS) present many challenges that are not suitably addressed by existing distributed computing paradigms. They must be reactive and maintain an overall situation awareness that emerges from partial distributed knowledge. They must achieve system goals through local, asynchronous actions, using (distributed) control loops through which the environment provides essential feedback. Typical NCPS are open, dynamic, and heterogeneous in many dimensions, and often need to be rapidly instantiated and deployed for a given mission. To address these challenges, we pursue a declarative approach to provide an abstraction from the high complexity of NCPS and avoid error-prone and time-consuming low-level programming. A longer-term goal is to develop a distributed computational and logical foundation that supports a wide spectrum of system operation between autonomy and cooperation to adapt to resource constraints, in particular to limitations of computational, energy, and networking resources. Here, we present first steps toward a logical framework for NCPS that combines distributed reasoning and asynchronous control in space and time. The logical framework is based on partially ordered knowledge sharing, a distributed computing paradigm for loosely coupled systems that does not require continuous network connectivity. We illustrate our approach with a simulation prototype of our logical framework in the context of networked mobile robot teams that operate in an abstract instrumented cyber-physical space with sensors.
Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immunoconjugates

Publisher Summary A number of approaches have been developed to use immunological targeting to deliver anti-HIV agents to HIV-infected cells. The efficacy of these approaches has been convincingly demonstrated in vitro. Methods have been developed that allow for a significant enhancement of the in vitro efficacy of these immunoconjugates by using them in combination with other pharmacologic agents. Immunoconjugates consist of three parts—namely, vector, linker, and targeted therapeutic agent. The vectors, which deliver the immunoconjugates to their site of action, can be antibodies, their fragments, hormones, receptor ligands, and so forth. The therapeutic agents include toxins, cytotoxic drugs, radionuclides, and, in this case, anti-HIV agents. In cases where the therapeutic agents are toxins, the constructs are called immunotoxins. The vector and the targeted agent may be chemically linked together or may be joined as a fusion protein. Many immunoconjugates have been constructed and studied in vitro, in animal models, and in treating patients. Studies have revealed that malignant lymphoid cells generally are more responsive to immunoconjugate treatment than are solid tumors. Cells of the lymphoid system are readily accessible to immunoconjugates; the use of anti-T-cell immunotoxins has been successfully applied to transplantation and the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Towards a More Reasonable Approach to Free Will in Criminal Law

This paper questions criminal law's strong presumption of free will. Part I assesses the ways in which environment, nurture, and society influence human action. Part II briefly surveys studies from the fields of genetics and neuroscience which call into question strong assumptions of free will and suggest explanations for propensities toward criminal activity. Part III discusses other "causes" of criminal activity including addiction, economic deprivation, gender, and culture. In light of Parts I through III, Part IV assesses criminal responsibility and the legitimacy of punishment. Part V considers the the possibility of determining propensity from criminal activity based on assessing causal factors and their effects on certain people. In this context, the concept of dangerous individuals and possible justifications for preventative detention of such individuals in order to protect society is assessed. The concluding section suggests that the law should take a broader view of factors that could have determinant effects on agents' actions.
Association of Electronic Cigarette Use With Initiation of Combustible Tobacco Product Smoking in Early Adolescence

Importance Exposure to nicotine in electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is becoming increasingly common among adolescents who report never having smoked combustible tobacco. Objective To evaluate whether e-cigarette use among 14-year-old adolescents who have never tried combustible tobacco is associated with risk of initiating use of 3 combustible tobacco products (ie, cigarettes, cigars, and hookah). Design, Setting, and Participants Longitudinal repeated assessment of a school-based cohort at baseline (fall 2013, 9th grade, mean age = 14.1 years) and at a 6-month follow-up (spring 2014, 9th grade) and a 12-month follow-up (fall 2014, 10th grade). Ten public high schools in Los Angeles, California, were recruited through convenience sampling. Participants were students who reported never using combustible tobacco at baseline and completed follow-up assessments at 6 or 12 months (N = 2530). At each time point, students completed self-report surveys during in-classroom data collections. Exposure Student self-report of whether he or she ever used e-cigarettes (yes or no) at baseline. Main Outcomes and Measures Six- and 12-month follow-up reports on use of any of the following tobacco products within the prior 6 months: (1) any combustible tobacco product (yes or no); (2) combustible cigarettes (yes or no), (3) cigars (yes or no); (4) hookah (yes or no); and (5) number of combustible tobacco products (range: 0-3). Results Past 6-month use of any combustible tobacco product was more frequent in baseline e-cigarette ever users (n = 222) than never users (n = 2308) at the 6-month follow-up (30.7% vs 8.1%, respectively; difference between groups in prevalence rates, 22.7% [95% CI, 16.4%-28.9%]) and at the 12-month follow-up (25.2% vs 9.3%, respectively; difference between groups, 15.9% [95% CI, 10.0%-21.8%]). Baseline e-cigarette use was associated with greater likelihood of use of any combustible tobacco product averaged across the 2 follow-up periods in the unadjusted analyses (odds ratio [OR], 4.27 [95% CI, 3.19-5.71]) and in the analyses adjusted for sociodemographic, environmental, and intrapersonal risk factors for smoking (OR, 2.73 [95% CI, 2.00-3.73]). Product-specific analyses showed that baseline e-cigarette use was positively associated with combustible cigarette (OR, 2.65 [95% CI, 1.73-4.05]), cigar (OR, 4.85 [95% CI, 3.38-6.96]), and hookah (OR, 3.25 [95% CI, 2.29-4.62]) use and with the number of different combustible products used (OR, 4.26 [95% CI, 3.16-5.74]) averaged across the 2 follow-up periods. Conclusions and Relevance Among high school students in Los Angeles, those who had ever used e-cigarettes at baseline compared with nonusers were more likely to report initiation of combustible tobacco use over the next year. Further research is needed to understand whether this association may be causal.
An Investigation into Initial Ranging Method for Mobile OFDMA Systems

This paper addresses initial ranging, which includes multiuser ranging code detection, multiuser timing offset estimation and multiuser power estimation at the base station for TDD OFDMA systems. By means of ranging signal design, our proposed ranging method overcomes the existing ranging method's drawbacks namely high complexity, high sensitivity to channel frequency selectivity and time selectivity. Comparisons with the existing methods [1] [2] corroborate the advantages of our method in time-varying mobile environment.
What societal responsibility should accounting faculty assume

Abstract The so-called crisis in accounting has introduced an assessment process throughout the field; outcomes are yet to be determined. In the face of such assessment, one relevant question is: What is the societal responsibility of accounting faculty? The position presented here is that accounting faculty do have a societal responsibility. The discussion begins with a brief account of the role of accounting teachers in the beginning decades of the last century related to such responsibility. This is followed by an overview of the contemporary status of accounting faculty attention to a societal responsibility. That responsibility is identified as three-fold and related expectations described. There follows illustrations of failure to be critical in relation to professional behavior in the marketplace. A final comment ends with a question: What will be accounting faculty response to contemporary challenges?
Performance of 15 mm2 1200 V Normally-Off SiC VJFETs with 120 A Saturation Current

Recently 63 m, 100 m, and 125 m 1200 V normally-off SiC VJFETs have become commercially available and 99% efficiency has been demonstrated in a single-phase solar inverter using these components [1]. They exhibit low specific on-resistance (3 m∙cm2), high saturation current density (1000 A∙cm-2), and low switching losses. For some applications, including 30 to 100 kW inverter modules and those requiring high surge current capability, larger die size is required. This paper reports the static and dynamic performance of 15 mm2 1200 V normally-off VJFETs with 25 m on-resistance and 120 A saturation current at 25 °C.
Identification of Chlorinated Phenyl and Phenoxy Substituted Dibenzodioxin, Dibenzofuran, and Diphenyl Ether Homologs in Commercial Grade Pentachlorophenol

Abstract As part of a bioassay study by the National Toxicology Program, technical grade pentachlorophenol (PCP) was analyzed for chlorinated impurities using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Several high molecular weight impurities eluting after octachlorodibenzodioxin were detected during the analysis of this material. These impurities were tentatively identified according to structural classes as chlorinated triphenyl ethers, dibenzodioxin phenyl ethers, phenyldibenzodioxins, and dibenzofuran phenyl ethers.
The Military, State Involvement in the Economy, and Economic Growth (1960–1975): A Cross-National Analysis

The effect of the military on economic growth has been an important issue among specialists in economic and political development, but the relationship between them has not been fully formulated. The key is to examine the role of the state. The military as an institution has a positive effect on economic growth through effective and strong state involvement in the economy. Though the data at first do not seem to support this hypothesis, an analysis that separates the cases into two groups of less-developed countries (LDCs) works well with the data from relatively rich ones, but not with the data from the relatively poor ones. Thus, greater internal power for the military leads to successful economic growth through state's effective and strong involvement in economic affairs only for relatively rich LDCs. A nonadditive model is an appropriate specification for testing this hypothesis.
Electrical mitigation techniques for polarization mode dispersion in optical fiber systems

Electronic equalization for the mitigation of the impairments due to nonlinear and linear effects in optical fiber communication systems, including polarization mode dispersion (PMD), has become commonly used in optical fiber systems. The receiver-side equalizers applied to PMD mitigation are typically based on minimum mean-square error (MMSE) criterion and have been implemented with feedforward (FFE) and decision feedback (DFE) structures. In this paper, we use Monte Carlo method with multiple importance sampling to accurately evaluate and compare the performance of MMSE equalizers in the first-and second-order PMD plane for a realistic system dominated by ASE noise. We also discuss properties and implementation issues of the MMSE equalizers when implemented for PMD mitigation.
Addressing Uncertainty in the Environmental Analysis of Nickel Nanoparticle Production

In spite of the many potential benefits and applications of nanoparticles, concerns have been raised regarding their production, use, and ultimate fate due to poor process yields and uncertain health and environmental impacts. Production of commercial nanoparticles is growing as they find increasing use in industrial and consumer products. Nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) have shown promise as a single element braze material, but the energy and material efficiencies of NiNP production remain uncertain. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) is employed to compare three different NiNP synthesis methods in terms of environmental impact. The study reveals challenges in using LCA to assess nanomanufacturing processes. Sensitivity analysis is performed across several process parameters to demonstrate an approach for addressing data uncertainties. The relative performance of the NiNP synthesis processes are discussed, and potential environmental implications for other NiNP synthesis processes are introduced. Policy change may be necessary to provide adequate transparency in assessing nanotechnologies for engineering applications.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Dissolution rates of DWPF glasses from long-term PCT

We have characterized the corrosion behavior of several Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) reference waste glasses by conducting static dissolution tests with crushed glasses. Glass dissolution rates were calculated from measured B concentrations in tests conducted for up to five years. The dissolution rates of all glasses increased significantly after certain alteration phases precipitated. Calculation of the dissolution rates was complicated by the decrease in the available surface area as the glass dissolves. We took the loss of surface area into account by modeling the particles to be spheres, then extracting from the short-term test results the dissolution rate corresponding to a linear decrease in the radius of spherical particles. The measured extent of dissolution in tests conducted for longer times was less than predicted with this linear dissolution model. This indicates that advanced stages of corrosion are affected by another process besides dissolution, which we believe to be associated with a decrease in the precipitation rate of the alteration phases. These results show that the dissolution rate measured soon after the formation of certain alteration phases provides an upper limit for the long-term dissolution rate, and can be used to determine a bounding value for the source term for radionuclide release from waste glasses. The long-term dissolution rates measured in tests at 20,000 per m at 90 {degrees}C in tuff groundwater at pH values near 12 for the Environmental Assessment glass and glasses made with SRL 131 and SRL 202 frits, respectively.
Rheology and Microstructure of an Unentangled Polymer Nanocomposite Melt

The rheology and microstructure of 44 nm diameter silica particles suspended in unentangled polyethylene oxide (PEO) melts are studied through measurement of filled melt viscosity and X-ray scattering measurement of interparticle structure factors, S(q,ϕc), where q is the scattering vector and ϕc is the silica volume fraction. The neat polymer melts are Newtonian over the probed shear range. Filled melts have a constant viscosity at low particle concentrations and shear thin at high concentrations. At the same particle volume fraction, filled melt viscosities increase with polymer molecular weight. By defining an effective particle volume, assuming polymer adsorption adds 2.9Rg to the particle diameter, suspension viscosities of both molecular weights at all volume fractions resemble that of hard sphere suspensions. The particle osmotic compressibility and position and coherence of the first nearest neighbor shell suggest that the particles have radii larger than the core size due to polymer structuring n...
The Role of Control in Depression, Anxiety, and Life Satisfaction among Visually Impaired Older Adults

Abstract Two groups of visually impaired older adults, minimally (n = 40) and severely impaired (n = 40), were compared on depression, anxiety, life satisfaction, and various dimensions of control....
Theory development in sport management: My experience and other considerations

Abstract This article is designed to generate thought about the development of theory in sport management. A basic overview of theory and theory development is offered along with the author's thoughts on features necessary for generating strong theoretical contributions. Further, the author provides the strategies she utilizes when engaging in these academic endeavors. Finally, the article concludes with a discussion of potential barriers to the development of theory within the field of sport management.
Irreversible random and cooperative process on lattices: Direct determination of density expansions

Abstract For processes where events occur irreversibly, and in general cooperatively, at the sites of a lattice, hierarchies of rate equations for the probabilities of configurations of events can be written down immediately, provided the cooperative effects have finite range. Mostly truncation methods of solution have been implemented. Here we present a direct method of determination of formal “density” expansions and investigate some properties of the solution of these hierarchies. The basic technique is demonstrated by several explicit examples and is readily applied to handle lattices which are finite, semi-infinite, of infinite; uniform, periodic or with “defective” sites and to processes involving monomer or polyatomic filling or competing events.
Phase diagram of ReO3 in the vicinity of the “compressibility collapse” transition

Abstract The temperature-pressure phase diagram delineating the “compressibility collapse” transition in the metallic perovskite-structured compound ReO3 was determined between 1 and 300 K by a combination of de Haas-van Alphen and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements as a function of pressure. The high pressure phase is thought to have a structure with the space group Im3; this has not yet been verified directly but it is consistent with an increasing amount of indirect evidence.
Analysis of a contact problem for tactile sensors and a computationally effective simulation for grasping

In this work we present an analysis of the contact simulation problem for elastic hemi-sphere tactile sensors. We propose a simplified abstraction for sensor model, a method of addressing the sensor saturation problem, and a computationally effective approach to model the contact. Finally we demonstrate simulation results for several scenarios.
Insulin but not phorbol ester treatment increases phosphorylation of vinculin by protein kinase C in BC3H-1 myocytes.

Abstract Insulin was found to increase protein kinase C activity in BC3H-1 myocytes as determined by in vitro phosphorylation of both a lysine-rich histone fraction (histone III-S) and vinculin. TPA treatment for 20 min or 18 h provoked an apparent loss of histone-directed but not vinculin-directed phosphorylation by cytosolic C-kinase. Thus, chronic TPA-induced ‘desensitization’ or ‘depletion’ of cellular protein kinase C is more apparent than real, and is not a valid means for evaluating the role of C-kinase in hormone action.
Quantitative analysis of tissue neutral lipids by thin-layer chromatography

Abstract A method is described for the quantitative separation of the neutral lipid fraction of carrageenin granulomas into the major neutral lipid classes, i.e., monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, free fatty acids, sterols, sterol esters, and hydrocarbons, using the technique of thin-layer chromatography. The radioactivity and lipid content found in the total neutral lipid fraction were quantitatively recovered in the separated neutral lipid classes. Although the method described was applied to the separation of the neutral lipid from carrageenin granulomas for studies of lipid changes during connective tissue growth, the results demonstrate that thin-layer chromatography can be applied successfully in the quantitative separation and recovery of the major neutral lipid classes of tissue particularly when a complete survey of the lipid content and incorporation of radioactive tracers into the neutral lipid classes of tissue is desired.
Hybrid image sensor with multiple on-chip frame storage for ultrahigh-speed imaging

A high-resolution hybrid visible imager, that is composed of a CMOS readout integrated circuit (ROIC) and a silicon photo-detector array, has been designed. The ROIC is fabricated with a standard 0.25 μm CMOS mixed-mode process with a back-illuminated silicon detector array that is produced at Rockwell Scientific Company (RSC) using RSC's HyViSI TM process. The camera system is designed primarily to record images formed on a scintillator used in pulsed proton radiography experiments. In such experiments, the repetition rate of the proton beam can be as high as 2.8 MHz (358 ns). An imaging system with the desired 1440x1440 pixels resolution would result in an instantaneous readout rate in excess of 5.79 E12 samples/s. To address this issue we designed a pixel with three-frame in-pixel analog storage allowing for a deferred slower readout. The 26 μm pitch pixel imager is operated in a global shutter mode and features in-pixel correlated double sampling (CDS) for each of the three acquired frames. The CDS operation is necessary to overcome the kTC noise of the integrating node to achieve high dynamic range. A 65 fps continuous readout mode is also provided. The hybridized silicon array has close to 100% fill factor while anti-reflection (AR) coating maximizes its quantum efficiency at the scintillator emission wavelength (~415 nm). The ROIC is a 720x720, two-side buttable integrated circuit with on-chip 12-bit analog to digital converter (ADC) for digital readout. Timing and biasing are also generated on-chip, and special attention has been given to the power distribution of the pixel-array and snapshot signal buffers. This system-on-chip approach results in a compact and low power camera, an important feature to extend the number of imaged frames by synchronizing multiple cameras.
The Good News: What We Can Be Thankful For

1Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510-3206. Address correspondence to H. P. Forman, Associate Editor, Health Policy (HealthPolicy@arrs.org). t is my general intent, with this monthly column, to prepare the reader for the challenges that lie ahead. Thus, I have focused on the financial challenges and invited guest editors to write about many of the legal and strategic issues that the practicing radiologist does and will face. Some may believe that I paint a pessimistic picture; however, I would not want the reader to think that the radiology profession is destined to disappear or even falter. I have a great deal of confidence in the passion and ambition of our current and future colleagues and also in the market forces that have resulted in our current (most would say enviable) position. With that in mind, and in the spirit of the holidays, I would like to focus this brief, not on the challenges, but on what I believe we owe thanks for.
RNA and DNA synthesis during activation and secretion of the prothoracic glands of saturniid moths.

The present work analyzes the mechanism of activation of the prothoracic glands in larvae and pupae of saturniid moths, and examines changes which occur in the prothoracic glands during the larval-pupal and pupal-adult transformation. The prothoracic glands of Samia cynthia ricini and Antheraea polyphemus synthesize DNA in the fourth instar. DNA synthesis occurred to a lesser extent in the fifth instar and in prepupae, but was not found in diapausing pupae or developing adults. Injury to diapausing pupae did not stimulate DNA synthesis in the prothoracic glands. The prothoracic glands of pupae of A. polyphemus injected with juvenile hormone extract did not synthesize DNA, nor did the prothoracic glands of pupae of Samia cynthia walkeri after transplantation into larvae. Apparently the prothoracic glands lose their ability to synthesize DNA during the larval-pupal transformation. The prothoracic glands of larvae of S. cynthia ricini synthesized RNA at a high rate throughout the fourth larval instar. In A. Polyphemus the rate of RNA synthesis in the prothoracic glands of developing adults was several times greater than the rate of RNA synthesis in diapausing pupae. The injection of juvenile hormone extract into pupae of A. polyphemus caused a marked increase in the rate of RNA synthesis. Changes in the rate of RNA synthesis were correlated with cytological changes in developing adults and in pupae injected with juvenile hormone extract. Prothoracic gland cells were found in adult S. cynthia ricini. Some of the cells were degenerating while the others appeared inactive. The relationship of RNA synthesis to activation and secretion, and the significance and control of DNA synthesis in the prothoracic glands are considered. Preliminary work on protein synthesis on the prothoracic glands and their activation in vitro is evaluated.
Rorty's Dewey: Pragmatism, Education and the Public Sphere

In Habits of the Heart and The Good Society, Bellah et al. diagnose our loss of public life in areas such as education and relate this loss both to flaws in moral ecology and to our institutions. Their opposition to the Lockean metaphysic of self and community and to objectivist epistemology as a way of understanding schools is helpful in that it naturally suggests the kind of piecemeal, contextualized change that we locate within Dewey's viewpoint. But, I argue, Bellah et al.'s penchant for “first philosophy” ultimately taints their work. While I applaud their turn to Dewey, I find their choice of a “metaphysical”, rather than a Rortyan reading of Dewey misguided. The proper alternative to a Lockean metaphysics is not a communitarian/Aristotelian one; the proper corrective to objectivist epistemology is not “Deweyan epistemology” or “critical theory”. We need to see, as in Rorty (1991b), that democracy exists prior to normative philosophy just as it has priority over substantive religion. To think otherwise would lead to a loss of contact with the ordinary, specific, ever-changing realms where our lives, and our democratic institutions — including the university — must either thrive or flounder. Finally, there is no epistemology or metaphysics that will adequately “ground” the university's workings. Instead, there is only, as Dewey put it, growth or failure to grow, guided by hints and resonances that arise in evolving circumstances.
Oxidation and ablation characteristics of tantalum in a hyperthermalenvironment.

The characteristics of tantalum ablation in oxygen-nitrog en mixtures have been investigated in a hyperthermal arc tunnel facility. The tantalum melted and was swept away by the high-velocity gas stream at temperatures near and in excess of 1800°C (3270°F), which is much lower than the melting temperature of tantalum, 2980°C (5396°F). This phenomenon is attributed to the reaction of tantalum with oxygen in the gas and, in the test conditions, the ablation rate was limited by oxygen diffusion through the boundary layer. Reacted material from near the leading surface was identified by x-ray diffraction analyses as (xT^Os and tantalum metal. Nitrides or intermediate oxides were not found. Neutron activation analyses established an approximate over-all average composition corresponding to that of "TaO." Calculation of reaction rates based on a TaO composition gives good agreement with the experimental data, whereas calculations based on a TasOf, formation are not in agreement with these data.
The effects of added gases in the sputter deposition of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ thin films

YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ thin films have been deposited on MgO substrates by off-axis magnetron sputtering in argon, oxygen, and an additional gas. Additions of nitrogen, hydrogen, methane, air, and water vapor in amounts of up to 25% were used in this investigation. Each gas stabilized the target voltage and growth rate for the duration of the deposition. Growth rates improved by over 50% with as little as 3% hydrogen. When used with a target which had degraded after more than 150 h of use, the added gas improved T/sub c/ and J/sub c/ beyond levels attained from the new target. T/sub c/ increased from 82 K without hydrogen to 89 K with hydrogen and J/sub c/ (12 K) from 3*10/sup 4/ to >7*10/sup 6/ A/cm/sup 2/. Nitrogen yielded less dramatic effects. These improvements are attributed to the catalytic effect of these gases in maintaining elevated levels of atomic oxygen during film growth. >
Natural killer cells in children with malignant solid tumors. Effect of recombinant interferon-α and interleukin-2 on natural killer cell function against tumor cell lines

Natural killer (NK) cells and NK cell activity were determined in three groups (newly diagnosed [n = 211, on therapy [n = 211, and off therapy [n = 181) of children with various types of malignant solid tumors and in a control group (n = 26) by means of Leu-7 and Leu-llb monoclonal antibodies and a 4-hour "Crrelease assay, respectively. The erythroleukemia cell line K562 was used as a target cell. The newly diagnosed group included eight patients with localized disease (Stage 1-11), ten with bulky but nonmetastatic disease (Stage 111), and three with metastases (Stage IV). The mean percent of NK cell activity in the newly diagnosed group was significantly higher than that of the control group. Children with Stage I11 tumors at diagnosis had higher mean NK cell function than those with Stage 1-11 and Stage IV. On therapy patients had significantly fewer NK cells and lower NK cell cytotoxicity than those in the other groups studied. We also studied the following: (1) the in vitro effect of recombinant interferon-a (rIFNa) and recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) on NK cell function of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from children with solid malignancies; and (2) the susceptibility of neuroblastoma-derived (CHP-126 and SKNSH) and rhabdomyosarcoma-derived (A-204) cell lines to NK cell lysis. Both rIFN-a and rIL-2 enhanced NK cell activity of PBL from children with malignancies and healthy children against K562 and solid tumor cell lines. The enhancing effect or rIG2 was greater than that of rIFN-a. CHP-126 and SKNSH cell lines were susceptible to NK cell lysis mediated by the PBL of children with neuroblastoma and the control group. The A-204 cell line was less sensitive than K562 to NK cell cytotoxicity. Our results suggest a potential therapeutic role for both cytokines in the treatment of malignant solid tumors of childhood. Cancer 63:83-89, 1989.
Enhanced shedding of extracellular vesicles from amoeboid prostate cancer cells: Potential effects on the tumor microenvironment

The gene encoding the cytoskeletal regulator DIAPH3 is lost at high frequency in metastatic prostate cancer, and DIAPH3 silencing evokes a transition to an amoeboid tumor phenotype in multiple cell backgrounds. This amoeboid transformation is accompanied by increased tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. DIAPH3 silencing also promotes the formation of atypically large (>1 μm) membrane blebs that can be shed as extracellular vesicles (EV) containing bioactive cargo. Whether loss of DIAPH3 also stimulates the release of nano-sized EV (e.g., exosomes) is not established. Here we examined the mechanism of release and potential biological functions of EV shed from DIAPH3-silenced and other prostate cancer cells. We observed that stimulation of LNCaP cells with the prostate stroma-derived growth factor heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), combined with p38MAPK inhibition caused EV shedding, a process mediated by ERK1/2 hyperactivation. DIAPH3 silencing in DU145 cells also increased rates of EV production. EV isolated from DIAPH3-silenced cells activated AKT1 and androgen signaling, increased proliferation of recipient tumor cells, and suppressed proliferation of human macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. DU145 EV contained miR-125a, which suppressed AKT1 expression and proliferation in recipient human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and macrophages. Our findings suggest that EV produced as a result of DIAPH3 loss or growth factor stimulation may condition the tumor microenvironment through multiple mechanisms, including the proliferation of cancer cells and suppression of tumor-infiltrating immune cells.
Product Costing for Decision Making in Certain Variable‐Proportion Technologies

Most methods and techniques in management accounting assume that a production technology consumes inputs in a fixed proportion. This paper develops product‐costing measures for pricing and decision‐making purposes for homogeneous variable‐proportion technologies using first‐order conditions and Euler's theorem. The results developed in this paper show that relevant costs under these circumstances are conventional full costs adjusted by a factor that is a function of returns to scale of a variable‐proportion technology. In the development of the above results, it is shown that, for any technology, the price of a product is a linear function of its full cost only for a certain type of demand function. For all other demand functions, the relationship between the price and the full cost is nonlinear. The fixed‐ and the variable‐proportion technologies are compared using a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the relative magnitudes of errors in product costs and prices, and differences in profit resulting from...
Linearly ordered covers, normality and paracompactness

Abstract It is shown that a regular space is collectionwise normal and countably paracompact if every open cover has an open, order cushioned refinement. A sufficient condition for paracompactness, in terms of certain order locally finite covers, is given, and is applied to the problem of the paracompactness of product spaces.
Central power generation versus distributed generation: An air quality assessment in the South Coast Air Basin of California

This study assesses the air quality impacts of central power generation and compares them with the impacts of distributed generation (DG). The central power plant emissions factors used are from a newly installed combined cycle gas turbine system. Because location of power plants is a key parameter affecting air quality impacts, this study considers three potential locations for the installation of central power plants. Air quality impacts are evaluated for the South Coast Air Basin of California, in the year 2010, using a three-dimensional air quality model. Results are compared to air quality impacts from two potential DG scenarios to meet the same power demand as that of the central power plant case. Even though emissions from central generation are lower than emissions from the DG technology mix considered herein, central generation concentrates emissions in a small area, whereas DG spreads emissions throughout a larger cross-section of the air basin. As a result, air quality impacts from central generation are more significant than those from DG. The study also shows that assessment of air quality impacts from distributed and central generation should not only consider emissions levels, but also the spatial and temporal distribution of emissions and the air quality that results from atmospheric chemistry and transport – highly non-linear processes. Finally, analysis of population exposure to ozone and PM2.5 shows that central generation located in coastal areas upwind from populated areas would cause the highest population exposure and even though emissions from central generation are considerably lower than DG emissions spread throughout the basin, results show that central generation causes a higher pollutant exposure than DG.
Integrating geoscience into undergraduate education about environment, society, and sustainability using place-based learning: three examples

From water to energy, and from climate change to natural hazards, the geosciences (marine, Earth, and atmospheric science) have an important role to play in addressing a wide range of societal issues, with particular relevance to how humans can live sustainably on Earth. Although arguably important to developing solutions for many societal issues, more often than not, students have limited exposure to the geosciences in high school or college. To address this geoscience literacy problem, the Interdisciplinary Teaching of Geoscience for a Sustainable Future (InTeGrate) Talent Expansion Center has engaged members of the geoscience community and their colleagues in allied disciplines to implement and support strategies to teach geoscience in the context of societal issues and vice versa. Place-based learning is a particularly useful educational practice in helping link geoscience concepts to societal issues and other disciplines. The three examples from three distinctly different institutions of higher education—University of Utah, Metropolitan State University, and West Chester University—demonstrate the use of place-based educational strategies to connect the geosciences to societal challenges. Each of these courses uses variations of place-based pedagogy to provide students from a variety of disciplines the opportunity to learn about geoscience concepts in the context of environmental challenges in their own area. Each example describes the course in the context of its institutional setting, student audience, type of course, and learning outcomes; the geoscience-related societal challenges addressed, a description of pedagogical strategies, basic assessment information, and reflections on lessons learned and recommendations. These three examples illustrate that local places—on-campus, the surrounding community, and regional landscapes—provide a plethora of opportunities for students to apply their classroom knowledge to real-world issues. The extent to which an instructor will take advantage of the place-based opportunities is only limited by the imagination of the instructor(s) and the extent to which they want to use these pedagogies to achieve their learning objectives. Teaching geoscience in the context of societal issues using place-based educational practices illuminate the process of geoscience and build interdisciplinary problem-solving skills that connect geoscience to economic, societal, and policy issues related to a range of issues. Students think critically, ask critical questions, reflect and act on viable alternatives, and acquire knowledge, skills, and training so they can make a real difference in the world.
Male skin isograft survival in pregnant and multiparous female mice.

SummaryExperiments were undertaken to determine male skin isograft survival in multiparous female mice of the C57B1(Subline 1) strain, as compared to virgin controls. No significant difference in male isograft acceptance was found in multiparous mice as compared to that in virgins.
Codon usage in histone gene families of higher eukaryotes reflects functional rather than phylogenetic relationships

The nucleic acid sequences coding for 23 H3 histone genes from a variety of species have been analyzed using a computer assisted alignment and analysis program. Although these histones are highly conserved within and between highly divergent species, they represent various classes of histones whose patterns of expression are distinctively regulated. Surprisingly, in dendrograms derived from these comparisons, H3 sequences cluster according to their modes of regulation rather than phylogenetically. These clusters are generated from highly distinctive patterns of codon usage within the functional gene classes. We suggest that one factor involved in specifying the differing codon usage patterns between functional classes is a difference in requirements for rapid translation of mRNA. In addition, the data presented here, together with structural and sequence information, suggest a heterodox evolutionary model in which genes related to the intron-bearing, basally expressed H3.3 vertebrate genes are the ancestors of the intronless H3. 1 class of genes of higher eukaryotes. The H3. 1 class must have arisen, therefore, following duplication of a primitive H3.3 gene, but prior to the plant-animal divergence. Implications of the data presented are discussed with regard to functional and evolutionary relationships.
Slowing the Growth of Health Care Costs — Lessons from Regional Variation

Most observers see rising health care costs as an inexorable force. Dr. Elliott Fisher, Dr. Julie Bynum, and Jonathan Skinner write that by learning from regions that have attained sustainable growth rates and building on successful models of delivery-system and payment-system reform, we might manage to “bend the cost curve.”
PENETRATION THEORY ANALYSIS FOR NONISOTHERMAL GAS ABSORPTION ACCOMPANIED BY A SECOND-ORDER CHEMICAL REACTION

The penetration theory equations for nonisothermal gas absorption with second-order reaction were solved numerically using the Saul'yev method. Results for the enhancement factor and interfacial temperature rise were obtained for Hatta numbers between 1 and 10, It was found that the enhancement factor and interfacial temperature rise depend on four parameters; (i) the effective activation energy, ϵeff = (ϵR + ϵDA)/2 - ϵS, where ϵR, ϵDA, and ϵS are the activation energies for the reaction, diffusion, and solubility of the solute gas, respectively; (ii) the effective heat of generation, βeff = (βR + βs)√Le, where βR and βs are the dimensionless heat of solution and reaction, respectively, and Le is the Lewis number; (iii) the product √rq where r is the ratio of the diffusivity of the liquid reactant to that of the solute gas and q is the ratio of the concentration of the liquid reactant in the bulk solution to that of the solute gas at the interface at the bulk temperature of the solution; and (iv) the acti...
Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide by the Hydrophobic Pocket of the Carbonic Anhydrases

The interaction between carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and the alpha-class carbonic anhydrase, human CA 2 (HCA2) exists for only a short period due to the rapid catalytic turnover by this enzyme. The fleeting nature of this interaction has led to difficulties in its direct analysis, with previous studies placing the CO(2) in the hydrophobic pocket of HCA2's active site. A more precise location was determined via the crystal structure of CO(2) trapped in both wild-type (holo) and zinc-free (apo) HCA2. This provided a detailed description of the means by which CO(2) is held and orientated for optimal catalysis. This information can be extended to the beta and gamma class enzymes to help elucidate the binding mode of CO(2) in these enzymes.
Soft-core nucleon-nucleon potential

Abstract The hard cores of the Hamada-Johnston1) (HJ) nucleon-nucleon potential are replaced by finite square wells of larger radius (0.7 fm), and it is demonstrated that the nucleon-nucleon scattering and deuteron data are very well fit by this specific static potential. Outside of the square-well radius the potential is the same as that of HJ except for a few small changes in some of their parameters. The pion masses differ from that of HJ in a charge-dependent way such that charge symmetry is retained. The radius of the square finite cores, which is about 0.7 fm, also has a small charge dependence such that charge symmetry is retained but charge dependence is violated. The strengths of the square cores for n-p and p-p scattering are determined by a computer search. The search routine utilizes a chi-squared test in which the scattering and deuteron data are fit directly. The current best fit obtained in the p-p case has a chi-squared value of about 2.0 per data point, which is smaller than that for any other potential tested against the p-p data set of Signell et al.2).
Fragmentation of acetone following excitation in the region of the oxygen K edge

The fragmentation of acetone following excitation in the region of the oxygen K edge was studied by time‐of‐flight mass spectroscopy. By comparing mass spectra obtained using various photon energies ranging from below to well above the threshold for oxygen 1s excitation, it is found that methyl ion production is strongly associated with excitation of an oxygen 1s electron. None of the excitations generated significant yields of atomic oxygen or carbon ions.
STEADY-STATE NEAR-INFRARED DETECTION OF SINGLET MOLECULAR OXYGEN: A STERN-VOLMER QUENCHING EXPERIMENT WITH SODIUM AZIDE

Abstract— A sensitive near-infrared detection system incorporating improvements to existing methodologies has been used to characterize the sodium azide quenching of the steady-state luminescence of singlet molecular oxygen at 1270 nm. Stern-Volmer plots which were linear up to 80% quenching of the 1O2 generated by rose bengal and eosin Y yielded a rate constant of 5.8 ± 0.1 times 108M−1 s−1 for the quenching of 1O2 in water, while the rate constants obtained in deuterium oxide with the same sensitizers were 6.28 times 108M−1 s−1 and 6.91 times 108M−1 s−1 respectively. A flow system minimized the effects of photobleaching of the rose bengal. With a mercury arc light source, the instrument can be used in photosensitization experiments to detect low levels of 1O2 production in aqueous media.
Madrid, Histological City: The Scientific, Artistic, and Urbanized Vision of Santiago Ramón y Cajal

This essay seeks to synthesize the scientific production and artistic vision of Santiago Ramon y Cajal in the context of nineteenth-century urbanization. In particular, it underscores the technological advance of microscopic perception and Madrid's urban environment, which are manifest in his fantastical story titled “El pesimista corregido.” In this story, published in his volume Cuentos de vacaciones, one finds reason for understanding Ramon y Cajal's emphasis on a creativity that transcends the borders of a pure science. The three sections of the present essay expound upon the intersection of his highly visual sensibility and the visual discourses of urban life and modernity.
The current state of genetics training in psychiatric residency: views of 235 U.S. educators and trainees.

Objective As researchers make progress in understanding genetic aspects of mental illness and its treatment, psychiatrists will increasingly need to understand and interpret genetic information specific to psychiatric disorders. Little is known about the extent to which residency programs are preparing psychiatrists for this new role. This study was designed to explore the current state of genetics education in psychiatric residency.
Integrin Avidity and Cytoskeletal Remodeling Regulate Force-Mediated Cell Detachment

Integrin avidity controls adhesion and is regulated by extracellular factors including divalent cations, which vary given the niche. Single molecule experiments show that affinity is regulated by cations, though integrin-extracellular matrix (ECM) bond dynamics make this is difficult to assess. Here we use a spinning disc assay to apply radially increasing shear to cells and demonstrate that adhesion strength is modulated by physiologically-relevant divalent cation concentrations via controlling specific integrin's binding to ECM. While force-mediated detachment was previously considered a binary process, two novel modes of detachment were identified; with physiological cation concentration, cells detach piecewise from the substrate in the shear's direction as cytoskeleton-focal adhesion bonds disconnect, leaving adhesions on the substrate rather than breaking integrin-ECM bonds as classically thought. Without calcium, α5 integrins allow cells to remodel in the direction of applied shear, allowing them to withstand higher shear. These data challenge our current understanding of force-mediated detachment and instead suggests a dynamic interplay between adhesions and cytoskeleton. Indeed, sub-physiological temperatures stabilize actin-FA connections as attachment strength increased 2-fold and actin is clearly visible around the leftover FAs. This suggests that the actin cytoskeleton is only able to reduce the connection to the FAs at physiological conditions while at low temperatures the cells' cytoskeleton fractures in the proximity of the FAs.