cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The insular cortex: a comparative perspective

The human insular cortex is involved in a variety of viscerosensory, visceromotor, and interoceptive functions, and plays a role in complex processes such as emotions, music, and language. Across mammals, the insula has considerable morphologic variability. We review the structure and connectivity of the insula in laboratory animals (mouse, domestic cat, macaque monkey), and we present original data on the morphology and cytoarchitecture of insular cortex in less common species including a large carnivore (the Atlantic walrus, Odobenus rosmarus), two artiodactyls (the pigmy hippopotamus, Hexaprotodon liberiensis, and the Western bongo, Tragelaphus eurycerus), two cetaceans (the beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas, and the minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata), and a sirenian (the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris). The insula shows substantial variability in shape, extent, and gyral and sulcal patterns, as well as differences in laminar organization, cellular specialization, and structural association with the claustrum. Our observations reveal that the insular cortex is extremely variable among mammals. These differences could be related to the role exerted by specific and selective pressures on cortical structure during evolution. We conclude that it is not possible to identify a general model of organization for the mammalian insular cortex.
A new force in the dark sector

We study the kinematics of dark matter using the massive cluster of galaxies 1E0657-56. The velocity of the ``bullet'' subcluster (actually, the bow shock velocity) has been measured by x-ray emission from the shock front, and the masses and separation of the main and subclusters have been measured by gravitational lensing. The velocity with gravity alone is calculated in a variety of models of the initial conditions, mass distribution, and accretion history; it is much higher than the velocity of the bow shock, by at least $2.4\ensuremath{\sigma}$. The probability of so large a subcluster velocity in cosmological simulations estimated from the Hayashi-White fit is $\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$. A long-range force with strength $\ensuremath{\approx}0.4--1.2$ times that of gravity would provide the corresponding additional acceleration.
Virus-like particles of the Ty3 retrotransposon assemble in association with P-body components

Retroviruses and retrotransposons assemble intracellular immature core particles around a RNA genome, and nascent particles collect in association with membranes or as intracellular clusters. How and where genomic RNA are identified for retrovirus and retrotransposon assembly, and how translation and assembly processes are coordinated is poorly understood. To understand this process, the subcellular localization of Ty3 RNA and capsid proteins and virus-like particles was investigated. We demonstrate that mRNAs, proteins, and virus-like particles of the yeast Ty3 retrotransposon accumulate in association with cytoplasmic P-bodies, which are sites of mRNA translation repression, storage, and degradation. Deletions of genes encoding P-body proteins decreased Ty3 transposition and caused changes in the pattern of Ty3 foci, underscoring the biological significance of the association of Ty3 virus-like protein components and P-bodies. These results suggest the hypothesis that P-bodies may serve to segregate translation and assembly functions of the Ty3 genomic RNA to promote assembly of virus-like particles. Because Ty3 has features of a simple retrovirus and P-body functions are conserved between yeast and metazoan organisms, these findings may provide insights into host factors that facilitate retrovirus assembly.
Comedy Stages, Poets Projects, Sports Columns, and Kinesiology 341: Illuminating the Importance of Basic Writers' Self-Sponsored Literacies.

Dominant perspectives of basic writers' self-sponsored literacies tend to overlook the important roles such activities can play in literate development. Drawn from texts, inter- views, and participant-observations collected during a five-year study, this article continues the examination of the relationship between one writer's curricular and extracurricular engage- ments begun in "Journalism, Poetry, Stand-Up Comedy, and Academic Literacy: Mapping the Interplay of Curricular and Extracurricular Literate Activities," which appeared in JBW 27.1. This article examines the writing-related knowledge the writer gained from extracurricular engagements with stand-up comedy, poetry, and sports journalism and argues that he draws upon this knowledge to enhance his performance in a writing-intensive upper-division kine- siology class. Based on my analysis of these "laminated" literacies, I argue for a perspective of basic writers' self-sponsored literate activities that acknowledges the positive contributions they can make to learners' academic engagements and to their literate lives more broadly.
Dexmedetomidine utilisation and outcomes of children with trisomy 21 undergoing congenital heart disease surgery.

Introduction: The diagnosis of trisomy 21 in children has been associated with failed extubation after CHD surgery. Dexmedetomidine may be a useful agent to improve postoperative outcomes in these patients, such as ventilator time, ICU length of stay, or hospital length of stay. Materials and methods: The Pediatric Health Information System database was queried from January, 2008 to December, 2010 for patients with trisomy 21 who underwent CHD surgery. Patients who received dexmedetomidine were matched to patients who did not by propensity score. The primary outcome was ventilator days charged, and secondary outcomes included ICU and hospital length of stay. Results: A total of 1088 patients (544 matched pairs) met inclusion criteria. Patient characteristics were similar, with the exception of more patients in the dexmedetomidine group undergoing repair of complete atrioventricular canal and fewer undergoing mechanical valve replacement (p<0.01). More patients in the dexmedetomidine group were administered milrinone, epinephrine, vasopressin, benzodiazepines, opiates, and adjunct pain and sedative medications (p<0.01). The dexmedetomidine group had greater time on the ventilator [7 (4.5–11) versus 6 (4–10) days (median, interquartile range) p<0.01] and similar ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, and mortality compared with controls. Mixed-effects modelling clustered on institution did not show beneficial effect of dexmedetomidine on ventilator time, ICU stay, or hospital length of stay. Conclusions: The use of dexmedetomidine was not associated with the decreased ventilatory time. Routine use of dexmedetomidine is not warranted in this patient population.
Application of approximation theory methods to recursive digital filter design

In this paper, the e-Herglotz tansform (or e-outer function) is utilized to yield an analytic function \hat{H}_{\epsilon}(z) on the unit disk from the given amplitude characteristic of a digital filter. This is motivated by a two-fold objective: 1) the analytic function can be written in a power series expansion so that Pade approximants can be obtained and 2) \hat{H}_{\epsilon}(z) is a zero-free function in the Hardy space H2so that its polynomial least-squares inverse exists and does not vanish on the unit disk. Hence, we can immediately obtain recursive filters by Pade approximants and all-pole filters by means of least-squares inverses. There are two advantages in these methods: 1) we only need to solve linear systems of algebraic equations to obtain the filter coefficients; and 2) the phases of these filters exhibit almost linear in the passband, while the amplitude characteristics of these filters closely approximate the given one. If some adjustments are needed for the all-pole filters, we can use a standard least-squares technique to change an all-pole filter into a pole-zero filter. The detailed procedures are presented and the stability and approximation of these methods are discussed. Several examples are used for illustration purposes in this paper.
Cholesterol abnormalities in children and adolescents: time for an update of the 1992 National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines

Abstract Cholesterol abnormalities are important as risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease. Increased knowledge gained in the last decade supports the need for an update of the 1992 pediatric guidelines from the National Cholesterol Education Program. The manuscripts in this issue document much of this progress.
Using the Logic Model for Planning and Evaluation: Examples for New Users

The relationship of tobacco use and many difficult chronic health problems is well—renowned, as are efforts to reduce tobacco product use, and thus, lower the incidence and mortality of tobacco-related disease. Common methods of planning and evaluation, such as logic modeling, in tobacco control initiatives used by public health staff and nongovernmental organizations, are lesser known to health activists in other nations and to direct health care providers in the United States, such as home health administrators, who can mobilize resources to do their part and reduce morbidity from tobacco-related disease. The purpose of this article is to describe basic components of a logic model (LM), its uses for new groups as late adopters, and four common challenges or pitfalls in LM construction with proposed solutions to prevent these problems. An example of elementary synthetic estimation is provided for output calculations and LM examples are given from an international planning workshop for tobacco control tha...
Force-feasible workspace analysis for underconstrained, point-mass cable robots

Cable-actuated manipulators possess a number of unique properties, which can have complex effects on their wrench-exertion and stability characteristics. Consequently, their useful workspaces are often unknown or irregularly shaped, so such robots are typically restricted to operate in unnecessarily small, conservatively estimated workspaces. To describe this "useful" workspace, this paper introduces the force-feasible workspace (FFW), defined as the set of end-effector poses for which static equilibrium is maintained and all of a set of required wrenches can be exerted on the environment. Next, this paper presents a means for analytically deriving this region for the case of a point-mass end-effector, which has been validated via numerical simulation. Characteristics and trends of the FFW are observed and analyzed, and correlations between robot design parameters and observed workspace properties are determined. The analysis presented here is a valuable tool for the design of cable robots with optimized workspace properties.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannula malposition in the azygos vein in an infant.

IntroductionMisplacement of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) venous cannula in the azygos vein has previously been described only in newborns.CaseFor the first time, we report an aberrant...
CO2 control of Trichodesmium N2 fixation, photosynthesis, growth rates, and elemental ratios: Implications for past, present, and future ocean biogeochemistry

Diazotrophic marine cyanobacteria in the genus Trichodesmium contribute a large fraction of the new nitrogen entering the oligotrophic oceans, but little is known about how they respond to shifts in global change variables such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature. We compared Trichodesmium dinitrogen (N2) and CO2 fixation rates during steady-state growth under past, current, and future CO2 scenarios, and at two relevant temperatures. At projected CO2 levels of year 2100 (76 Pa, 750 ppm), N2 fixation rates of Pacific and Atlantic isolates increased 35–100%, and CO2 fixation rates increased 15-128% relative to present day CO2 conditions (39 Pa, 380 ppm). CO2-mediated rate increases were of similar relative magnitude in both phosphorus (P)-replete and P-limited cultures, suggesting that this effect may be independent of resource limitation. Neither isolate could grow at 15 Pa (150 ppm) CO2, but N2 and CO2 fixation rates, growth rates, and nitrogen : phosophorus (N : P) ratios all increased significantly between 39 Pa and 152 Pa (1500 ppm). In contrast, these parameters were affected only minimally or not at all by a 4°C temperature change. Photosynthesis versus irradiance parameters, however, responded to both CO2 and temperature but in different ways for each isolate. These results suggest that by the end of this century, elevated CO2 could substantially increase global Trichodesmium N2 and CO2 fixation, fundamentally altering the current marine N and C cycles and potentially driving some oceanic regimes towards P limitation. CO2 limitation of Trichodesmium diazotrophy during past glacial periods could also have contributed to setting minimum atmospheric CO2 levels through downregulation of the biological pump. The relationship between marine N2 fixation and atmospheric CO2 concentration appears to be more complex than previously realized and needs to be considered in the context of the rapidly changing oligotrophic oceans.
The MUOS base station RAKE receiver

The mobile user objective system (MUOS) uses WCDMA as a basis for its waveform definition. MUOS is, however, a geo-satellite system which in certain ways is a vastly different communications environment than the terrestrial cellular environment. The demand to maximize capacity has resulted in a 7 dB reduction of pilot power (relative to terrestrial WCDMA), and in very tight receiver performance requirements. These challenges are offset by much longer channel coherence times of the UHF channel. This paper shall overview key challenges and solutions in the MUOS base station RAKE receiver.
Rhodopsin Deactivation is Affected by Mutations of Tyr191

The 9-methyl group of 11-cis retinal is important in the efficient formation of the active conformation of rhodopsin, Meta II. Here, Tyr191 rhodopsin mutants were generated because of its proximity to that methyl group in the dark structure. If photoactivation results in movement of the 9-methyl group toward Tyr191, the steric interactions involved with activation and/or deactivation might not be as tightly coupled in mutant proteins with smaller amino acids at that position. Tyr191 mutations have no effect on the dark pigment. However, after photobleaching, the lifetime of Meta II is shorter; Meta II decays quickly into two inactive species: (1) a Meta III or Meta III-like species and (2) opsin and free retinal. The Meta III-like fraction maintains the covalent Schiff base linkage of the chromophore much longer than the wild type. On the other hand, the fast chromophore release is similar to cone pigments. Taken together, the data suggest that the role of the 9-methyl group after photoisomerization is not only to form Meta II efficiently, but also to maintain its active conformation and allow for the timely hydrolysis of the Schiff base. Perturbation of this interaction effects changes in the hydrolysis of the Schiff base and for the case of the Y191A mutation the folded structure of the protein after photobleaching.
Comparison of Selected Nutritional Status Indices in Food Stamp Recipients and Non- Recipients

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To assess differences in anthropometric and dietary parameters of Food Stamp recipients and non-recipients for The Food Stamp Program supplements income for food purchases; however, whether it improves the diet of recipients is uncertain. Anthropometric and dietary data were collected from 163 low income women in South Carolina. Ninety-three women participated in the Food Stamp Program, and 70 did not. Food stamp recipients were significantly (p≤ 0.05) older and had less education than non-recipients. Mean body mass index and percent body fat of food stamp recipients were significantly higher (p≤ 0.002); significantly (p≤ 0.05 ) more food stamp recipients (62%) were classified as overweight or obese than non-recipients (44%). When 24 hour recall data were compared with the 1989 RDA no significant differences were observed between mean reported intakes of food stamp recipients versus non-recipients. Reported intakes appeared adequate for most nutrients except vitamin E and calcium. To assess differences in reported food patterns, 24 hour recall data were compared with food groups adapted from the food pyramid Food stamp recipients reported consuming a significantly higher number of servings in the vegetable ( p≤0.03), fish (p≤0.05) and fried fish and chicken (p≤0.05) categories and a significantly lower number of servings of in the fruit (p≤0.0l) category. Since no significant differences were observed between the nutrient intakes of food stamp recipients and non-recipients, food stamps may provide a necessary supplement bringing the recipients' reported intakes to a level similar to non-recipients. Nutrition intake problems of low income females do not appear related to inadequate intakes as much as inappropriate food choices. Although the RDA standard is helpful for assessment of nutritional adequacy, the food pyramid groupings are preferable for identification of specific areas needing nutrition education intervention.
Religion and Politics: What Does God Have To Do with It?

Since 9/11, and even more so with the atrocities committed by ISIS in Iraq and Syria, violence in the name of God is predominantly perceived as a “different” kind of violence, which triggers more “absolute” and radical manifestations than its secular counter parts. In its first part, this article will challenge this so called exceptionalism of religious violence by questioning the neat divide between politics and religion that makes any forms of interactions between the two illegitimate or dangerous. It will look specifically at state actions vis-a-vis religions since the inception of the nation-state and show that the most extreme cases of violence in the name of religion are actually closely associated with specific forms of politicization of religion initiated by “secular” state actors and/or institutions. It argues that the “hegemonic” status granted to a religion by the state is often associated with greater political violence, building on research conducted in Egypt, Turkey, Iraq, and Pakistan.
Optimization of Three-Phase Induction Motor Design Part I: Formulation of the Optimization Technique

This two-part paper deals with the optimization of the induction motor designs with respect to cost and efficiency. Most studies on the design of an induction motor using optimization techniques are concerned with the minimization of the motor cost and describe the optimization technique that was employed, giving the results of a single (or several) optimal design(s). In the present paper, a more comprehensive study on the optimization of a three-phase induction motor design was performed. This includes the relationship between motor cost, efficiency, and power factor; the effect of the properties of the electrical steel; and other effects as they occur in an optimal design. In addition, the optimization procedure that was used in this paper includes a design program, where some of the secondary parameters (which are called here variable constants), are modified according to the optimal results, in contrast to other studies where these parameters remain constant for the entire optimization. In this part, a new mathematical formulation of the optimization problem of the induction motor is presented.
Design and development of a dust dispersion chamber to quantify the dispersibility of rock dust.

Dispersible rock dust must be applied to the surfaces of entries in underground coal mines in order to inert the coal dust entrained or made airborne during an explosion and prevent propagating explosions. 30 CFR. 75.2 states that “… [rock dust particles] when wetted and dried will not cohere to form a cake which will not be dispersed into separate particles by a light blast of air …” However, a proper definition or quantification of “light blast of air” is not provided. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has, consequently, designed a dust dispersion chamber to conduct quantitative laboratory-scale dispersibility experiments as a screening tool for candidate rock dusts. A reproducible pulse of air is injected into the chamber and across a shallow tray of rock dust. The dust dispersed and carried downwind is monitored. The mass loss of the dust tray and the airborne dust measurements determine the relative dispersibility of the dust with respect to a Reference rock dust. This report describes the design and the methodology to evaluate the relative dispersibility of rock dusts with and without anti-caking agents. Further, the results of this study indicate that the dispersibility of rock dusts varies with particle size, type of anti-caking agent used, and with the untapped bulk density. Untreated rock dusts, when wetted and dried forming a cake that was much less dispersible than the reference rock dust used in supporting the 80% total incombustible content rule.
Nanomotors responsive to nerve-agent vapor plumes

Enzyme-powered nanomotors responsive to the presence of nerve agents in the surrounding atmosphere are employed for remote detection of chemical vapor threats. Distinct changes in the propulsion behavior, associated with the partition of the sarin simulant diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), offer reliable and rapid detection of the nerve-agent vapor threat.
Positive mood enhances reward-related neural activity

Although behavioral research has shown that positive mood leads to desired outcomes in nearly every major life domain, no studies have directly examined the effects of positive mood on the neural processes underlying reward-related affect and goal-directed behavior. To address this gap, participants in the present fMRI study experienced either a positive (n = 20) or neutral (n = 20) mood induction and subsequently completed a monetary incentive delay task that assessed reward and loss processing. Consistent with prediction, positive mood elevated activity specifically during reward anticipation in corticostriatal neural regions that have been implicated in reward processing and goal-directed behavior, including the nucleus accumbens, caudate, lateral orbitofrontal cortex and putamen, as well as related paralimbic regions, including the anterior insula and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These effects were not observed during reward outcome, loss anticipation or loss outcome. Critically, this is the first study to report that positive mood enhances reward-related neural activity. Our findings have implications for uncovering the neural mechanisms by which positive mood enhances goal-directed behavior, understanding the malleability of reward-related neural activity, and developing targeted treatments for psychiatric disorders characterized by deficits in reward processing.
Dynamic Proofs of Euclidean Theorems

(1970). Dynamic Proofs of Euclidean Theorems. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 177-185.
THE FIRST PUBLIC AUCTION OF AN AMERICAN HERBARIUM INCLUDING AN ACCOUNT OF THE FATE OF THE BALDWIN, COLLINS, AND RAFINESQUE HERBARIA )

One of the major facets in the development of botany in America during the latter part of the eighteenth and the early portion of the nineteenth century was the preparation of private pressed plant collections or herbaria. When these herbaria were no longer needed by their owners, they were either given or bequeathed to a public institution, sold privately, or auctioned publicly. The first known public auction of a private herbarium in America occurred in Philadelphia on the 3rd of June 1833. Owned by the late Zaccheus Collins, well-known Quaker philanthropist and botanist, this herbarium included (1) plants Collins collected in New Jersey and Pennsylvania and plants from various parts of the United States obtained by exchange with his friends, (2) an extensive collection of exotic plants, and (3) the entire herbarium of the late William Baldwin. At the auction the first two parts were acquired by the executor of the estate, and the latter was purchased by Daniel Steinhauer for the Rev. Lewis David von Schweinitz. In amalgamating the Baldwin plants with his own, Schweinitz replaced the original data with a cryptic notation for each specimen, thereby creating problems for future botanists. Schweinitz's herbarium was bequeathed to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. That portion of Collins' herbarium belonging to the executor was later acquired by C. S. Rafinesque as a partial settlement of a claim Rafinesque had against the Collins estate. After Rafinesque's death, Elias Durand purchased the Rafinesque herbarium. Durand selected out Collins' plants and discarded most of Rafinesque's own plants. Collins' plants evidently formed a large part of Durand's herbarium which he gave to the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, where it remains today as a separate collection. A summary of the numbers of taxa described from specimens in Baldwin's and Collin's herbaria as determined from major selected publications are eight described by Baldwin himself, 109 described from Baldwin's specimens by other botanists, and 103 described from specimens in Collins' herbarium by Rafinesque.
Interfirm Relations in oil Products Markets

dustry trade association meetings, and oil marketing trade journals attest to disagreement about the operations of oil products markets. The competitive struggle engenders charges and countercharges of unfairness, restrictive action, and/or monopoly. At the same time, recent studies indicate that competition is vigorous and intense.2 It is the purpose here to help clarify this apparent contradiction.
Bilateral Simultaneous Kidney Tumors of Dissimilar Cell Type: A Case Report with Emphasis on Operative Approach

The first reported case of bilateral, simultaneous renal tumors of dissimilar cell type treated in a living patient is presented. The operative approach is outlined to support single in situ operative procedures in young patients. A second look laparotomy at 1 year and a creatinine clearance of 60 ml. per minute at 2 years substantiate our enthusiasm for this approach to bilateral renal lesions.
Buschke-Löwenstein tumor: verrucous carcinoma of the anogenitalia.

Buschke-Lowenstein tumor is a rare type of anogenital squamous cell carcinoma with a distinctive clinical appearance. We present the case of a thirty-four-year-old man with this tumor, which was excised surgically. Human papillomavirus was detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections with a human papillomavirus 6/11 probe, but not with a human papillomavirus 16 or a human papillomavirus 18 probe.
Assisted ventilation: a critical review.

Assisted ventilation, although responsible for the significant reduction in the mortality rate of infants with respiratory distress, is an invasive procedure that can result in dangerous complications. Indications for and various techniques of assisted ventilation are explored.
Metal Forming and the Finite Element Method — Past and Future

The advancements in the application of the finite-element method to metal-forming problems, emphasizing the method based on flow formulation, are presented in this paper. The developments in the areas of workability in forging, friction at the die-workpiece interface, extrusion, drawing and rolling, sheet metal forming, warm and hot forming, and three-dimensional problems are discussed with attention on underlying motivations and future directions. Further remarks are made on residual stresses in metal-forming and design problems.
The supply of climate leaders must grow

To catalyse climate transformation, we need leadership everywhere. It is time for more of us to take the first steps to lead actively.
Pain Acceptance Decouples the Momentary Associations Between Pain, Pain Interference, and Physical Activity in the Daily Lives of People With Chronic Pain and Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Pain acceptance is a robust predictor of adjustment to chronic pain; however, the dynamics of pain acceptance in daily life are largely unexamined. Furthermore, research on pain acceptance in those with pain and physical disability is needed. To examine pain acceptance in daily life, we collected 7 days of ecological momentary assessments of pain intensity and pain interference (5 times per day) with continuous accelerometry (physical activity) in 128 individuals with chronic pain and spinal cord injury. Multilevel modeling revealed that pain acceptance significantly moderated the momentary association between pain intensity and pain interference; those with higher pain acceptance experienced a blunted increase in interference when pain was high. Pain acceptance also moderated the association between pain intensity and physical activity; high pain acceptance was associated with an increase and low pain acceptance with a decrease in physical activity in the context of high pain. The activities engagement component of pain acceptance was a slightly more robust driver of these interaction effects; whereas activities engagement significantly moderated the association between momentary pain and pain interference as well as physical activity, pain willingness exerted a significant moderating effect on the momentary association between pain intensity and pain interference only. These findings suggest that both components contribute to the decoupling effects of pain acceptance. Task persistence did not show the same moderating effects, indicating that pain acceptance may be unique from other types of behavioral pain coping in its ability to decouple expected associations between pain intensity, pain interference, and physical activity. Perspective In the daily lives of individuals with chronic pain and spinal cord injury, pain acceptance buffered expected increases in pain interference and decreases in physical activity in the context of high pain. These findings can inform further development of models of chronic pain adjustment and of more efficient, effective treatment approaches.
Chapter 4 – NumPy and Matplotlib

Abstract The extension to Python, NumPy, that enables fast calculations using matrices, vectors, and similar containers is detailed. We discuss the creation of objects in NumPy, manipulating them, and applying mathematical functions to them. We also demonstrate operator overloading, complex arithmetic, indexing, and iterating using NumPy objects. All of these concepts are illustrated using worked examples. To make scientific figures and plots the module Matplotlib is introduced. This toolkit has similar syntax to the plotting tools of Matlab. Several examples of plots and their customization is shown using Python codes.
EAGLE: an Error-Annotated Corpus of Beginning Learner German

This paper describes the Error-Annotated German Learner Corpus (EAGLE), a corpus of beginning learner German with grammatical error annotation. The corpus contains online workbook and and hand-written essay data from learners in introductory German courses at The Ohio State University. We introduce an error typology developed for beginning learners of German that focuses on linguistic properties of lexical items present in the learner data and present the detailed error typologies for selection, agreement, and word order errors. The corpus uses an error annotation format that extends the multi-layer standoff format proposed by Luedeling et al. (2005) to include incremental target hypotheses for each error. In this format, each annotated error includes information about the location of tokens affected by the error, the error type, and the proposed target correction. The multi-layer standoff format allows us to annotate ambiguous errors with more than one possible target correction and to annotate the multiple, overlapping errors common in beginning learner productions.
Persisting Embryonal Infundibular Recess: Case Report and Imaging Findings.

Background Persisting embryonal infundibular recess (PEIR) is a rare anomaly of the third ventricular floor, with only 10 cases having been reported to date. Accurate imaging diagnosis of this entity is essential to avoid unnecessary surgery and its associated morbidity. The following case is presented to emphasize its recognition in the differential diagnosis of pituitary cystic lesions. Case Description A 38-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of a pituitary cystic mass. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a 10.2-mm cystic mass in an enlarged sella turcica. Three-dimensional high-resolution MRI using constructive interference in steady-state sequence clearly delineated a communicating tract between the third ventricle and the sellar cyst through pituitary stalk. A final diagnosis of PEIR was made. The patient was managed successfully with conservative treatment, and the lesion was in a stationary condition over a 5-year follow-up period. Conclusions This is the first case report demonstrating imaging features of PEIR in 3-dimensional high-resolution MRI. Although PEIR is a rare anomaly, imaging diagnosis of this entity is important because confusion with other pituitary cystic lesions and the attempt of surgical removal may lead to serious complications.
Chimerism: A Clinical Guide to Tolerance Induction

Kidney transplantation is now the preferred approach to treat end-stage renal failure. However, graft survival is dependent upon the lifelong use of immunosuppressive drugs, which unfortunately are associated with harmful side effects ranging from kidney damage to shortened life-span. The desire to achieve better long-term outcomes for solid organ transplants has led to the emergence of chimerism-based tolerance. Hematopoietic stem cells from the organ donor are used to modulate the recipient’s immune system to provide long-term, drug-free tolerance to the transplanted organ. Three centers in the United States have conducted chimerism-based clinical trials in kidney transplant recipients and have proven safety, feasibility, and efficacy of the approach. In this chapter, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the establishment of chimerism-based tolerance and review in detail protocols used in clinical trials. This approach to kidney transplant tolerance will likely have significant impact on other solid organ and cellular transplants.
WORQ: Workload-Driven RDF Query Processing

Cloud-based systems provide a rich platform for managing large-scale RDF data. However, the distributed nature of these systems introduces several performance challenges, e.g., disk I/O and network shuffling overhead, especially for RDF queries that involve multiple join operations. To alleviate these challenges, this paper studies the effect of several optimization techniques that enhance the performance of RDF queries. Based on the query workload, reduced sets of intermediate results (or reductions, for short) that are common for certain join pattern(s) are computed. Furthermore, these reductions are not computed beforehand, but are rather computed only for the frequent join patterns in an online fashion using Bloom filters. Rather than caching the final results of each query, we show that caching the reductions allows reusing intermediate results across multiple queries that share the same join patterns. In addition, we introduce an efficient solution for RDF queries with unbound properties. Based on a realization of the proposed optimizations on top of Spark, extensive experimentation using two synthetic benchmarks and a real dataset demonstrates how these optimizations lead to an order of magnitude enhancement in terms of preprocessing, storage, and query performance compared to the state-of-the-art solutions.
Study of threshold enhancements in rho0 pi- and f0 pi- systems from the reaction pi- p ---> p pi+ pi- pi- at 6 gev/c

We have observed, in a high-statistics experiment, well-defined threshold enhancements in the ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${f}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ systems at 1120 and 1645 MeV, respectively. We have searched for other dominant decay modes of these enhancements and found none. The question of whether these objects are threshold enhancements of kinematic origin or resonances is examined.
193 The environment and lupus: impact of inflammation and diet on T cell epigenetics

Background Lupus flares when genetically predisposed people encounter environmental agents that trigger the flares such as UV light and infections which cause oxidative stress, but the mechanisms by which environmental agents induce flares are unclear. Our group has shown that lupus-inducing drugs such as procainamide and hydralazine inhibit DNA methylation in dividing CD4 +T cells, converting normal antigen specific T cells into autoreactive, cytotoxic pro-inflammatory cells that are sufficient to cause lupus in mice, and that similar epigenetically altered T cells are found in patients with active lupus. The mechanism(s) by which environmental agents alter the T cell epigenome to create the pathogenic cells was unclear. The enzyme DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) is upregulated as T cells enter mitosis by signals transmitted through the ERK pathway, then binds the replication fork where it copies methylation patterns from the parent strand to the daughter strand by transferring the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to dC bases in the daughter strand. This suggests that environmental agents which inhibit Dnmt1 upregulation or decrease SAM levels may inhibit T cell DNA methylation to trigger lupus flares. Methods CD4 +T cells from lupus patients and controls were stimulated with PHA then cultured in custom media with normal or low transmethylation micronutrient levels. Oxidative stress was induced by treating the normal CD4 +T cells with peroxynitrite (ONOO-) prior to culture or injection into SJL mice. Methylation sensitive gene expression (CD70, KIR, and perforin) was measured by RT-PCR and flow cytometry Results PHA stimulated CD4 +T cells from healthy controls expressed higher levels of CD70, KIR, and perforin mRNA and protein when cultured in media with low transmethylation micronutrient levels relative to cells cultured in complete media. Similar increases were seen in cells cultured in media with low or normal media methionine levels. PHA stimulated CD4 +T cells from lupus patients also overexpressed KIR, CD70 and perforin relative to PHA stimulated T cells from controls when similarly cultured. Treating PHA stimulated normal CD4 +T cells with ONOO- also increased methylation sensitive gene expression in normal CD4 +T cells, and low methionine or folate levels further increased gene expression relative to untreated T cells and T cells cultured in complete tissue culture media. Conclusions Inflammation and transmethylation micronutrient deficiencies synergize to inhibit T cell DNA methylation, contributing to the onset of lupus flares.: Funding Source(s): Lupus Insight Prize from the Alliance for Lupus Research, the Lupus Research Institute and the Lupus Foundation of America
Program Evaluation: Common Challenges to Data Collection

Abstract This article summarizes common challenges that faculty encounter when engaging in data collection to inform program evaluation efforts. Strategies to address these challenges are provided.
The Impact of Heparin Compounds on Cellular Inflammatory Responses: A Construct for Future Investigation and Pharmaceutical Development

Atherosclerotic disease is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disorder with intermittent and widely variable phases of cellular proliferation and heightened thrombotic activity. The multi-tiered links between inflammation, atherogenesis and thrombogenesis provide a unique opportunity for research and development of pharmaceuticals which target one or more critical pathobiologic steps (Fig. 1). The purpose of the following review on heparin compounds is to comprehensively examine the multi-cellular, pleuripotential effects of a commonly used anticoagulant drug in the context of normal and disease-altered vascular responses and illustrate possible constructs for avenues of subsequent investigation in the field of atherothrombosis. The overview is divided into five integrated parts; antiinflammatory properties of the normal vessel wall, the relationship between glycosaminoglycans and inflammation, heparin-mediated effects on cellular inflammatory responses, association between molecular weight and antiinflammatory capabilities, and oral heparin compounds for achieving prolonged cell-based inhibition.
Blocking substance P signaling reduces musculotendinous and dermal fibrosis and sensorimotor declines in a rat model of overuse injury.

ABSTRACTPurpose/Aim: Substance P-NK-1R signaling has been implicated in fibrotic tendinopathies and myositis. Blocking this signaling with a neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist (NK1RA) has been propos...
Functional Reconstruction of Forehead and Midface Deficits Using the Endoscopic Technique and Bio-Absorbable Implants.

Objectives:Functional deficits of the forehead and midface can pose significant problems for patients varying from mild asymmetry to various degrees of functional impairment including total paralys...
A Methodology to Select the Number of Cascaded Cells for a Medium Voltage Multilevel AC-DC Solid State Transformer

An extreme fast charging (XFC) station, capable of simultaneously charging multiple electric vehicles (EVs), is envisioned as a replacement for a traditional gas station. A cascaded multicell AC-DC solid-state transformer (SST) is proposed for the direct interconnection of the XFC station with the medium voltage (MV) grid to achieve galvanic isolation. The efficiency implications of the multicell SST are evaluated with state of the art Silicon (Si) and Silicon Carbide (SiC) power modules. A methodology is presented to select the number of cascaded cells for such a multicell SST. It is demonstrated that SiC power modules can enable simple and efficient SST designs with a fewer number of cascaded cells as compared to an SST solution that utilizes Si IGBT based power modules.
Predicting adult lifespan and lifetime reproductive success from early-life reproductive events

Fitness is a product of survival and fecundity, which arise from a host of individual traits that vary among individuals. Estimating fitness is central to many research programs in ecology and evolution. Yet, because researchers are rarely able to track individuals through a complete lifetime, they typically rely on proxies of reproductive success. Because it can be readily measured, the number of offspring produced at first reproduction has been used as a proxy for fitness in some studies, including some on the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus. However, to date, no validation of the accuracy of this metric has been completed. We tracked the lifetime reproductive success of T. californicus mothers to test whether the number of offspring in a mother’s first clutch is a reliable indicator of lifetime reproductive success. We used a repeated measures design to quantify variation in reproductive metrics among individual mothers and within each mother across her lifetime. We found positive associations between first clutch size, adult lifespan, and lifetime reproductive success. We detected negative effects on clutch size, offspring body size and offspring survival due to aging and the increase in reproductive bouts over time. Finally, we observed a trade-off between clutch size and offspring body size. These results indicate that first clutch size is a good predictor of lifetime reproductive success and may serve as a suitable fitness proxy in T. californicus copepods. The observed decline in female reproductive traits over time may underscore an emphasis on early reproduction due to the variable conditions this species endures in the wild or, alternatively, may result from resource limitations imparted on females that must mate only once per lifetime.
4th Place Finishers and Bronze Medalists: Differences in Olympic Career Outcomes

This paper presents evidence on whether winning an Olympic medal can impact a debut athlete’s future Olympic career in terms of future Olympic Games attended and medals won. Olympedia’s comprehensive data set spanning Athens 1896 to PyeongChang 2018 is used. The benefits for earning an Olympic medal vary based on time period, gender, and outcome of interest. Overall and in the recent era from Lillehammer 1994 to PyeongChang 2018, there is evidence to suggest a debut athlete who just misses out on a medal performs as well in the future as the athlete right ahead of him or her who wins a medal.
Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in the use of newer diabetes medications in the Look AHEAD study

Abstract Background Among patients with type 2 diabetes, minority racial/ethnic groups have a higher burden of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and hypoglycaemia. These groups may especially benefit from newer diabetes medication classes, but high cost may limit access. We examined the association of race/ethnicity with the initiation of newer diabetes medications (GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT-2 inhibitors). Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial including participants with at least one study visit after April 28, 2005. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the association between race/ethnicity and socioeconomic factors with time to initiation of any newer diabetes medication from April 2005 to February 2020. Models were adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics. Findings Among 4,892 participants, 63.6%, 15.7%, 12.6%, 5.2%, and 2.9% were White, Black, Hispanic, American Indian or Alaskan Native (AI/AN), or other race/ethnicity, respectively. During a median follow-up of 8.3 years, 2,180 (45.2%) participants were initiated on newer diabetes medications. Race/ethnicity was associated with newer diabetes medication initiation (p=.019). Specifically, initiation was lower among Black (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.70–0.94) and AI/AN participants (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.26–0.99). Yearly family income was inversely associated with initiation of newer diabetes medications (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62–0.98) comparing the lowest and highest income groups. Findings were mostly driven by GLP-1 receptor agonists. Interpretation These findings provide evidence of racial/ethnic disparities in the initiation of newer diabetes medications, independent of socioeconomic factors, which may contribute to worse health outcomes. Funding source NIDDK, NIH
Plane Geometry, Archaic Style

The configurations and the mathematical content of the propositions, as well as the argumentative means, are reminiscent of pre-Euclidean mathematics, as exemplified in the Hippocrates fragment 1: circles with inscribed triangles, geometry of the circle (presented in III/IV of the Elements), and argumentation via congruent angles in extended configurations. All this gives Props. 11 and 12 an old-fashioned character. On the other hand, no sources are known for Props. 11 and 12. Language and style show no signs of archaism. Props. 11 and 12 were probably constructed by Pappus. What was their purpose? They could be an illustration of what the operation with the technique of analysis-synthesis originally looked like. For Prop. 12, this surely is the case, whereas the situation is less clear for Prop. 11, and only a tentative thesis can be formulated.
Computational aspects of a branch and bound algorithm for quadratic zero-one programming

In this paper we describe computational experience in solving unconstrained quadratic zero-one problems using a branch and bound algorithm. The algorithm incorporates dynamic preprocessing techniques for forcing variables and heuristics to obtain good starting points. Computational results and comparisons with previous studies on several hundred test problems with dimensions up to 200 demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithm.