cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delayed courtship in the fiddler crab Uca musica terpsichores

Abstract Courting male fiddler crabs of the species Uca musica terpsichores congregate in the upper central portion of the colony, while receptive females leave their burrows located at the colony's periphery and wander among the communally displaying males prior to choosing a mate. I observed that courting males in a newly-established population were significantly smaller than courting males in large high-density colonies. This observation led to a series of translocation experiments designed to ascertain whether high population density influences the size (=age) at which males begin to court. Smaller courting males from a low-density population failed to court after being placed among larger courting males in a high-density population. The reciprocal translocation revealed that smaller noncourting males from the high-density population would start courting shortly after being placed in a low-density population. Smaller males placed in the high-density population were subsequently observed significantly further away from where they were initially placed than were larger males similarly translocated. The results suggest that smaller males delay courtship activities once they are forced, via encounters with larger males, to the periphery of the colony. I believe that both intrasexual selection (competition from larger males) and intersexual selection (female choice of large males) are responsible for the delay in male courtship activities.
Precepting genital exams: challenges in implementing a complex educational intervention in the continuity clinic.

Background.—The female genital exam is often omitted from the routine physical. This limits familiarity with normal findings and represents a missed opportunity to evaluate girls for urogenital abnormalities. Continuity clinic offers an opportunity to develop and test a teaching intervention to address this problem. Objective.—To describe the effect of precepted genital exams on resident confidence and comfort with the exam as well as knowledge and documentation of genital anatomy. Methods.—A controlled trial was conducted in 10 continuity clinics at Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio. Residents in 5 clinics reviewed genital anatomy, exam positions, and documentation examples. They were asked to complete 6 precepted exams of girls aged 1–6 years during well-child care over a 6-month period. Residents were given pre- and posttests assessing knowledge of, confidence, and comfort with the genital exam. Pre- and poststudy genital exam documentation was reviewed. Results.—Ninety-seven percent of the intervention group, compared to 73% of the control group, answered 4 or 5 on a 5-point scale of confidence with regard to recognizing a normal exam (5 = highest) following the intervention (P = .01). Ninety-four percent of the intervention group and 64% of the control group answered 4 or 5 with regard to how comfortable they were performing genital exams (P = .01). Knowledge scores and documentation of genital anatomy did not differ between groups. Thirty-two percent of residents had the full intervention. Conclusions.—Resident confidence and comfort increase with precepting. Precepting did not improve knowledge or documentation of genital anatomy. We advocate use of this preliminary data to design and test future educational interventions.
Fecal incontinence in obese women with urinary incontinence: prevalence and role of dietary fiber intake.

Objective This study estimates the prevalence of fecal incontinence (FI) in overweight and obese women with urinary incontinence and compares dietary intake in women with and without FI. Study Design A total of 336 incontinent and overweight women in the Program to Reduce Incontinence by Diet and Exercise clinical trial were included. FI was defined as monthly or greater loss of mucus, liquid, or solid stool. Dietary intake was quantified using the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire. Results Women had a mean (± SD) age of 53 ± 10 years, body mass index of 36 ± 6 kg/m 2 , and 19% were African American. Prevalence of FI was 16% (n = 55). In multivariable analyses, FI was independently associated with low fiber intake, higher depressive symptoms, and increased urinary tract symptoms (all P Conclusion Overweight and obese women report a high prevalence of monthly FI associated with low dietary fiber intake. Increasing dietary fiber may be a treatment for FI.
Conceptual Devices in the Work of World Historians

This article explores articles from the Journal of World History, from 1990 to 2008, to uncover conceptual devices world historians use in their work. The goal is to identify promising devices for improving world history instruction. While teaching world history is viewed as increasingly important, lack of clarity regarding course structures and teacher preparation has left many teachers wondering how to help students make sense of the subject. This article aims to provide greater coherence in world history by pursuing a line of inquiry parallel to one researchers have used for history education in general: investigating how experts conduct their work to inform educational models. Results show that these world historians argue for and use multiple, nested units of analysis and shifting temporal and spatial schemes. I discuss the instructional implications of these devices and conclude with recommendations for empirical research on teacher and student cognition in world history.
Review: Treatment of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus:

The mainstays of treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE) are topical and intralesional steroids, sunscreen, and the antimalarials. However, the practitioner is often faced with the challenge of cutaneous disease unresponsive to these conventional measures. We present our approach to the management of cutaneous LE and review the literature regarding therapy of refractory disease.
Magnetic exchange interactions in tetrabromocuprate compounds

Abstract Magnetic and structural data for 28 compounds containing the tetrabromocuprate ion are presented. The parameters which affect the strength and sign of the magnetic superexchange interaction via non-bonding contacts between bromide ions are described and a system for describing the topology of the interaction between tetrahedra is proposed. Analysis of the data suggests that the primary factors affecting the magnetic exchange are the Br ⋯ Br distance, the Cu–Br ⋯ Br angle and the Cu–Br ⋯ Br–Cu dihedral angle.
Paleomagnetism of Proterozoic mafic dikes from the Tobacco Root Mountains, southwest Montana

Abstract Paleomagnetic data from Proterozoic mafic dikes in southwestern Montana provides evidence for two distinct episodes of subparallel dike emplacement at ca. 1450 and 780 Ma. Published geochemical data from dikes in the southern Tobacco Root Mountains has identified three distinct compositional groups, termed groups A, B, and C. Geochronological data from the group A dikes yielded a Sm–Nd age of 1448 ± 49 Ma. Emplacement of these dikes is thought to reflect mafic magmatism associated with extension accompanying development of the adjacent Mesoproterozoic Belt Basin. Paleomagnetic results from these dikes and a group C dike yield antipodal magnetizations with a group-mean direction of D = 225.0°, I = 61.8° (k = 27.9, α95 = 7.7°, N = 14 independent means/24 sites). The average paleomagnetic pole (8.7°N, 216.1°E, A95 = 10.3°) is considered to be primary on the basis of positive baked contact tests and similarity to poles of ca. 1.45–1.4 Ga from intrusions elsewhere in North America, but is discordant with respect to poles from age equivalent sedimentary rocks of the Meosoproterozoic Belt Supergroup. 40Ar/39Ar dates from geochemical group B dikes are consistent with published U–Pb dates that demonstrate dike emplacement at 780 Ma as part of the regional Gunbarrel magmatic event. Hornblende concentrates from the group B dikes yield 40Ar/39Ar apparent ages of 778–772 Ma, whereas biotite from a baked contact zone yielded a plateau date of 788 Ma. Paleomagnetic results from the group B dikes yield a mean direction of D = 301.5°, I = −17.1° (k = 65.7, α95 = 4.0°, N = 12 independent means/23 sites) with a paleomagnetic pole at 14.6°N, 127.0°E (A95 = 3.2°). The combination of geochronologic data, results of a baked contact test, and spatial agreement of the paleomagnetic poles with poles of similar age elsewhere in North America indicates that this is also a primary magnetization associated with dike emplacement. Paleomagnetic data from some of the Tobacco Root Mountains dikes provide evidence that they were partially to completely remagnetized during latest Cretaceous to early Tertiary time, perhaps due to thermal affects associated with emplacement of the Late Cretaceous Tobacco Root Batholith. The overall agreement of paleomagnetic poles from the Proterozoic dikes with those of age equivalent rocks elsewhere in North America and agreement of the secondary magnetization with expected directions for the latest Cretaceous/early Tertiary indicate that the rocks of the Tobacco Root Mountains have not experienced significant tilting or vertical axis rotation since the Mesoproterozoic. The new paleomagnetic poles from this study thus provide key data for refining Meso- and Neoproterozoic parts of the North American APW path.
Price-Maker Economic Bidding in Two-Settlement Pool-Based Markets: The Case of Time-Shiftable Loads

In this paper, a new scenario-based stochastic optimization framework is proposed for price-maker economic bidding in day-ahead and real-time markets. The presented methodology is general and can be applied to both demand and supply bids. That is, no restrictive assumptions are made on the characteristics of the pool and its agents. However, our focus is on the operation of time-shiftable loads with deadlines, because they play a central role in creating load flexibility and enhancing demand response and peak-load shaving programs. Both basic and complex time-shiftable load types are addressed, where the latter includes time-shiftable loads that are uninterruptible, have per-time-slot consumption limits or ramp constraints, or comprise several smaller time-shiftable subloads. Four innovative analytical steps are presented in order to transform the originally nonlinear and hard-to-solve price-maker economic bidding optimization problem into a tractable mixed-integer linear program. Accordingly, the global optimal solutions are found for the price and energy bids within a relatively short amount of computational time. A detailed illustrative case study along with multiple case studies based on the California energy market data are presented. It is observed that the proposed optimal price-maker economic bidding approach outperforms optimal price-maker self-scheduling as well as even-load-distribution.
Effect of filtering recycled air in a chick hatcher on airborne pathogenic microorganisms.

Abstract Two experimental chick hatchers in which ventilation air within the hatcher was partially recirculated in a positive pressure system, one with an air filter in the system and the other without a filter, were simultaneously tested to determine effect of the filter on quantitative reduction of viable airborne microorganisms. Chicks were artificially contaminated with either Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase-positive). Air was sampled for total test bacteria per cubic foot of hatcher air. The filter effectively reduced the number of viable airborne particles contaminated with E. coli and S. aureus contributed by chicks in the hatcher.
Motion denoising with application to time-lapse photography

Motions can occur over both short and long time scales. We introduce motion denoising, which treats short-term changes as noise, long-term changes as signal, and re-renders a video to reveal the underlying long-term events. We demonstrate motion denoising for time-lapse videos. One of the characteristics of traditional time-lapse imagery is stylized jerkiness, where short-term changes in the scene appear as small and annoying jitters in the video, often obfuscating the underlying temporal events of interest. We apply motion denoising for resynthesizing time-lapse videos showing the long-term evolution of a scene with jerky short-term changes removed. We show that existing filtering approaches are often incapable of achieving this task, and present a novel computational approach to denoise motion without explicit motion analysis. We demonstrate promising experimental results on a set of challenging time-lapse sequences.
Synergistic Effect of Cyclin D1 and c-Myc Leads to More Aggressive and Invasive Mammary Tumors in Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mice

Cyclin D1 is one of the most commonly overexpressed oncogenes in breast cancer; yet, it is not clear whether cyclin D1 alone is capable of causing malignant transformation of mammary epithelial cells. Here, we show that ectopic expression of cyclin D1 in benign mouse mammary epithelial cells promotes cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, and tumorigenesis in severe combined immunodeficient mice. To address the possible interaction of cyclin D1 and c- myc in malignant transformation, we used cyclin D1/c- myc dual-expressing clones, which displayed more aggressive and invasive phenotype than cyclin D1–expressing clones. These data provide evidence that overexpression of cyclin D1 or coexpression with c- myc could cause invasive malignant transformation of benign mouse mammary epithelial cells. Furthermore, microarray analysis of cyclin D1 and cyclin D1/c- myc clones showed that these two tumor-producing clones might use distinct invasive pathways. In summary, overexpression of cyclin D1 may commit mammary epithelia to a tumor-prone phenotype in which cooperation with other genes, such as synergy with c- myc , may lead to a more aggressive phenotype. [Cancer Res 2007;67(8):3698–707]
Interface-induced warping in hybrid two-dimensional materials

Two-dimensional hybrid materials consisting of heterogeneous domains have been of great interest. Using empirical molecular dynamical simulation, we show that the morphology of such hybrid 2D materials can extend into the third dimension via strong warping intrinsic to the interfaces between the domains. The interface warping stems from the compressive stress in the domain with a larger lattice constant and even penetrates into the stretched domain. Based on classic plate theory, we analytically quantify the amplitude, wave length and penetration depth of the interface warping as functions of the lattice mismatch, achieving good agreement with the simulations. Moreover, we propose that periodically placing pentagon-heptagon dislocations along the interface can eliminate the warping in the 2D material and such defective interface can be more favorable than the warped one over a critical domain size, which is consistent with recent experimental observations. Our results suggest that the interface warping in 2D hybrid materials should be considered in further exploring their promising properties.
Evaluation of techniques to model bend loss in multimode fibers for endoscopic application.

Bend loss from optical fibers can have positive applications, which need to be characterized and related to fiber curvature in a systematic approach to be useful. One potential application for optical fibers is a shape sensor for tracking flexible bodies in remote access environments, such as in endoscopy or boroscopy. We conducted a review of bend-loss characterization and evaluated several methods for characterizing bend loss in multimode optical fibers for an endoscopic shape-tracking application. Specifically, closed-form equation-based methods and numerical simulations were examined. Beam propagation method (BPM) simulations were determined to be the most applicable characterization tool. Results from simulations using BPM software were compared to experimentally obtained data. BPM simulation was sufficiently accurate for modeling 50 μm fibers but impractical for larger, multimode fibers.
Dynamics of MRI-Guided Thermal Ablation of VX2 Tumor in Paraspinal Muscle of Rabbits

This study combines fast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and model simulation of tissue thermal ablation for monitoring and predicting the dynamics of lesion size for tumor destruction. In vivo experiments were conducted using radiofrequency (RF) thermal ablation in paraspinal muscle of rabbit with a VX2 tumor. Before ablation, turbo-spin echo (TSE) images visualized the 3-D tumor (necrotic core and tumor periphery) and surrounding normal tissue. MR gradient-recalled echo (GRE) phase and magnitude images were acquired repeatedly in 3.3 s at 30-s intervals during and after thermal ablation to follow tissue temperature distribution dynamics and lesion development in tumor and surrounding normal tissue. Final lesion sizes estimated from GRE magnitude, post-ablation TSE, and stained histologic images were compared. Model simulations of temperature distribution and lesion development dynamics closely corresponded to the experimental data from MR images in tumor and normal tissue. The combined use of MR image monitoring and model simulation has the potential for improving pretreatment planning and real-time prediction of lesion-size dynamics for guidance of thermal ablation of tumors.
If you have their minds, will their bodies follow? Factors effecting customer loyalty in a ski resort setting:

In many business situations, the primary focus of marketing activities can be viewed as developing and maintaining repeat patronage or loyalty from the firm’s customer base. Due to many alternatives for consumers, vacation marketers are building loyalty by developing relationships with consumers. While organizations may conceptualize and even implement relationship marketing practices into their consumer loyalty strategies, it is necessary to examine the variables contributing to a more loyal consumer base. This paper explores the relationship between organizationally related factors and consumer attitudinal loyalty in the resort industry using data collected from a ski resort. All factors in the study have been linked to loyalty, but have not previously been examined in one study. Regression results indicate that trust, commitment, satisfaction, past behavior, and value predict 60 percent of the variance in attitudinal loyalty. Implications suggest resort marketers need to segment customers based on numb...
A note on aggression and cannibalism in laying hens following re-housing and re-grouping

Abstract We examined effects of being moved and mixed with strangers on the incidence of aggression and cannibalism in caged White Leghorn hens with intact beaks. We predicted that mixing of strangers would increase rates of aggression and cannibalism. Hens were reared in 16 stable groups of four birds together since hatch. At 18 months of age, eight groups were moved intact to new cages (unmixed). The remaining hens were moved to new cages and combined into eight new groups of four unfamiliar hens (mixed). Data on aggression and cannibalism were collected during the 7 months before and after mixing. Aggression was higher in mixed than unmixed groups during the first week after mixing. By contrast, the frequency of aggression in unmixed groups was depressed on the day of moving but returned to pre-moving levels within 1 week. Contrary to our prediction, mixing with strangers had no effect on cannibalism. However, the incidence of cannibalism was altered during the first month after moving hens to new cages, being higher than pre-moving levels for injuries to the head and neck and lower for injuries to other body parts.
Barriers and supports for continuing in mathematics and science: Gender and educational level differences.

Abstract This article presents three studies that provide an in-depth examination of STEM-related supports and barriers. These studies constructed an instrument to identify male and female perceptions of the barriers and supports for pursuing coursework and/or careers in mathematics and sciences domains; to pilot test and refine that instrument; and then to explore gender differences in perceptions of supports and barriers at three different educational levels: middle school, high school, and college. Study 1 involved using literature reviews and in-depth interviews at the three educational levels to broadly identify perceived supports and barriers, and to develop a taxonomy of barrier and supports at each level. Based upon the taxonomy, study 2 involved the construction and pilot testing of a barriers and support instrument. Study 3 involved administering the revised instrument to a large sample of participants at each educational level. Results indicate both gender and developmental differences in perceptions of the barriers and supports for pursuing a math or science curriculum.
UMAV: a simple enhancement to the IEEE 802.11 DCF

We propose a simple enhancement to the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) of the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol, called the Unified Multiple Access with Variable contention window (UMAV), to improve the throughput performance of the 802.11 DCF systems. The basic ideas of UMAV are that (1) a new P(polling)-mode is introduced for frame transmissions in addition to the conventional C(contention)-mode used in the DCF, so as to reduce the number of contending stations; and (2) an enhanced uniform backoff scheme is used to replace the binary exponential backoff scheme of the DCF, so as to achieve a low frame collision probability and maximize the channel utilization. Our in-depth simulation shows that UMAV outperforms the IEEE 802.11 DCF significantly in terms of both the aggregate system throughput and the average station access delay under various load conditions. Moreover, UMAV can react properly and quickly to the traffic load fluctuations, and achieve excellent fairness, a desirable by-product.
DASH-like diets high in protein or monounsaturated fats improve metabolic syndrome and calculated vascular risk.

Weight-loss diets with varying proportions of macronutrients have had varying effects on weight loss, and components of metabolic syndrome and risk factors for vascular diseases. However, little work has examined the effect of weight-neutral dietary changes in macronutrients on these factors. This is an investigation using the OMNI Heart datasets available from the NHLBI BioLINCC program. This study compared a DASH-like diet high in carbohydrates with similar diets high in protein and high in unsaturated fats. Measures of metabolic syndrome, except waist, and measures of risk factors for vascular diseases were taken at the end of each dietary period. All 3 diets significantly lowered the number of metabolic syndrome components (p ≤ 0.002) with a standardized measure of changes in metabolic syndrome components, suggesting that the high-protein, high-fat diet was most efficacious overall (p = 0.035). All 3 diets lowered a calculated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease, with the high-protein and unsaturat...
Capsular arthroplasty for congenital dislocation of the hip; a two-stage procedure.

In performing this two-stage procedure for treating congenital dislocation of the hip in children, adequate preoperative soft-tissue stretching is followed by an open operation. At this time the capsule-covered head is transplanted downward and is centrally placed in an adequately formed and reconstructed acetabulum. The indications, contra-indications, and complications have been reviewed in this twenty-year study and roentgenograms have been presented to demonstrate that stability can be achieved and mobility can be preserved in the congenitally dislocated hip.
The effect of a threshold failure time and bimodal behavior on the electromigration lifetime of copper interconnects

Electromigration results are described for a Dual Damascene structure with copper metallization and a low-k dielectric material. The failure times follow a bimodal lognormal behavior with early and late failures. Moreover, there is evidence of a threshold failure time such that each failure mode is represented by a 3-parameter lognormal distribution. It is found that the threshold failure time scales differently with current density from the median time to failure, which can be explained by considering two components of the electromigration lifetime: one controlled by void nucleation and the other controlled by void growth.
Misery Is Not Miserly Sad and Self-Focused Individuals Spend More

Misery is not miserly: Sadness increases the amount of money that decision makers give up to acquire a commodity. The present research investigated when and why the misery-is-not-miserly effect occurs. Drawing on William James's concept of the material self, we tested a model specifying relationships among sadness, self-focus, and the amount of money that decision makers spend. Consistent with our Jamesian hypothesis, results demonstrated that the misery-is-not-miserly effect occurs only when self-focus is high. That is, self-focus moderates the effect of sadness on spending. Moreover, mediational analyses revealed that, at sufficiently high levels, self-focus mediates (explains) the relationship between sadness and spending. Because the study used real commodities and real money, the results hold implications for everyday decisions, as well as implications for the development of theory. For example, economic theories of spending may benefit from incorporating psychological theories -- specifically, theories of emotion and the self -- into their models.
Repression of bone morphogenetic protein and activin-inducible transcription by Evi-1.

Smads, key effectors of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, activin, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, regulate gene expression and interact with coactivators and corepressors that modulate Smad activity. The corepressor Evi-1 exerts its oncogenic effects by repressing TGF-β/Smad3-mediated transcription, thereby blocking TGF-β-induced growth arrest. Because Evi-1 interacts with the highly conserved MH2 domain of Smad3, we investigated the physical and functional interaction of Evi-1 with Smad1 and Smad2, downstream targets of BMP and activin signaling, respectively. Evi-1 interacted with and repressed the receptor-activated transcription through Smad1 and Smad2, similarly to Smad3. In addition, Evi-1 repressed BMP/Smad1- and activin/Smad2-mediated induction of endogenous Xenopus gene expression, suggesting a role of repression of BMP and activin signals by Evi-1 in vertebrate embryogenesis. Evi-1 also repressed the induction of endogenous Smad7 expression by TGF-β family ligands. In the course of these studies, we observed Evi-1 repression of Smad transactivation even when Smad binding to DNA was kept constant. We therefore explored the mechanism of Evi-1 repression of TGF-β family-inducible transcription. Evi-1 repression did not result from displacement of Smad binding to DNA or to CREB-binding protein but from the recruitment of Evi-1 by Smad3 and CREB-binding protein to DNA. Following TGF-β stimulation, Evi-1 and the associated corepressor CtBP were recruited to the endogenous Smad7 promoter. Evi-1 recruitment to the promoter decreased TGF-β-induced histone acetylation, coincident with its repression of Smad7 gene expression. In this way, Evi-1 acts as a general Smad corepressor to inhibit TGF-β-, activin-, and BMP-inducible transcription.
Scattering from variable resistive and impedance sheets

On etudie la diffusion de feuilles d'impedances et resistances planaires, avec des variations uni-dimensionnelles. On obtient une solution approximative, en utilisant une technique de perturbation dans la transformee de Fourier. On donne sous une forme recursive, la solution pour le courant induit sur la feuille en fonction de la fonction de resistivite
Molecular Signaling Mechanisms of the Periopathogen, Treponema denticola

In the healthy subgingiva, oral treponemes account for a small percentage of the total bacteria. However, in diseased periodontal pockets, treponemes thrive and become a dominant component of the bacterial population. Oral treponemes are uniquely adept at capitalizing on the environmental conditions that develop with periodontal disease. The molecular basis of adaptive responses of oral treponemes is just beginning to be investigated and defined. The completion of several treponeme genome sequences and the characterization of global regulatory systems provide an important starting point in the analysis of signaling and adaptive responses. In this review, we discuss existing literature focused on the genetic regulatory mechanisms of Treponema denticola and present an overview of the possible roles of regulatory proteins identified through genome analyses. This information provides insight into the possible molecular mechanisms utilized by oral spirochetes to survive in the periodontal pocket and transition from a minor to a dominant organism.
Comparative Analysis of Two Inquiry Observational Protocols: Striving to Better Understand the Quality of Teacher‐Facilitated Inquiry‐Based Instruction

With inquiry being one of the central tenets of the national and most state standards, it is imperative that we have a solid means to measure the quality of inquiry-based instruction being led in classrooms. Many instruments are available and used for this purpose, but many are either invalid or too global. This study sought to compare two observational protocols: Electronic Quality of Inquiry Protocol (EQUIP) and Reformed Teacher Observation Protocol (RTOP) with regard to reliability, validity, and utility associated with inquiry-based instruction. Analyses included studying item reliability, inter-rater reliability, factor analysis, correlation, and multiple regression of protocol items within the instruments and between the instruments. General findings suggest that both instruments have high item reliability and are effective measures in both math and science classrooms; EQUIP showed higher inter-rater reliability and seems to be more valid for measuring inquiry-based instruction, while RTOP seems better suited for looking more globally at constructivist teaching practices. Additionally, the utility of EQUIP seems to be larger. It is useful for looking formatively at individual teaching practice, as well as studying summative teacher growth or program effectiveness. Further, because EQUIP uses a descriptive rubric instead of a Likert scale, the instrument provides immediate and targeted feedback to teachers, instructional leaders, and professional development facilitators. This feedback includes both a micro view (individual indicators) and a macro view (construct) of teaching practice.
Relation between rumination and impaired memory in dysphoric moods

College students in dysphoric or nondysphoric moods studied pairs of words and later took a fragment-completion test of memory for targets from the pairs (under process-dissociation procedures for obtaining estimates of controlled and automatic retrieval; L. L. Jacoby, 1996). Between the study and test phases, some participants waited quietly for 7 min; others rated self-focused materials designed to invoke ruminations in the dysphoric group; and still others rated self-irrelevant and task-irrelevant materials. A dysphoria-related impairment in controlled retrieval occurred in the first 2 conditions but not in the 3rd condition. These results show that the nature of task-irrelevant thoughts contributes to memory impairments in dysphoria and suggest that self-focused rumination might also contribute to similar impairments under unconstrained conditions that permit mind wandering.
Regeneration in the Hemichordate Ptychodera flava

When the body of P. flava is severed, the animal has the ability to regenerate its missing anterior or posterior as appropriate. We have focused on anterior regeneration when the head and branchial regions are severed from the body of the worm. After transection, the body wall contracts and heals closed in 2 to 3 days. By the third day a small blastema is evident at the point of closure. The blastema grows rapidly and begins the process of differentiating into a head with a proboscis and collar. At 5 days the blastema has increased greatly in size and differentiated into a central bulb, the forming proboscis, and two lateral crescents, the forming collar. Between 5 and 7 days a mouth opens ventral to the differentiating blastema. Over the next few days the lateral crescents extend to encircle the proboscis and mouth, making a fully formed collar. By 10 to 12 days a new head, sized to fit the worm's body, has grown attached to the severed site. At about this time the animal regains apparently normal burrowing behavior. After the head is formed, a second blastema-like area appears between the new head and the old body and a new branchial region is inserted by regeneration from this blastema over the next 2 to 3 weeks. The regenerating tissues are unpigmented and whitish such that in-situ hybridization can be used to study the expression of genes during the formation of new tissues.
Word Generation Randomized Trial Discussion Mediates the Impact of Program Treatment on Academic Word Learning

Classroom discussion, despite its association with good academic outcomes, is exceedingly rare in U.S. schools. The Word Generation intervention involves the provision of texts and activities to be implemented across content area class, organized around engaging and discussable dilemmas. The program was evaluated with 1,554 middle grade students in 28 schools randomly assigned to treatment or control conditions. There were large effects on classroom discussion quality across all content areas, especially in math and science (Cohen’s d = 0.38-1.13). The program also produced significant, though small, effects on taught vocabulary (effect size = .25, p < .01) but no effects on a standardized assessment of general vocabulary. Quality of classroom discussion mediated 14% of the treatment effect on vocabulary outcomes.
Effects of voice style, noise level, and acoustic feedback on objective and subjective voice evaluations

Speakers adjust their vocal effort when communicating in different room acoustic and noise conditions and when instructed to speak at different volumes. The present paper reports on the effects of voice style, noise level, and acoustic feedback on vocal effort, evaluated as sound pressure level, and self-reported vocal fatigue, comfort, and control. Speakers increased their level in the presence of babble and when instructed to talk in a loud style, and lowered it when acoustic feedback was increased and when talking in a soft style. Self-reported responses indicated a preference for the normal style without babble noise.
Behavioral validation of the rudeness scale: evidence from retrospective and prospective research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to behaviorally validate the Rudeness Scale (RS), a self-report measure of the propensity to verbally abuse strangers, using both a retrospective design (Study 1) and a prospective design (Study 2). Design/methodology/approach – In Study 1, participants (n=280) completed an online survey that contained the RS and a retrospective checklist measure that assessed how often they had engaged in specific confrontational behaviors during the past year. In Study 2 (n=109), participants first completed an online survey that contained the RS and then later completed an experimental session in which they received, and immediately responded to, rude instant messages sent by another “participant.” Findings – In Study 1, a multiple regression analysis revealed that scores on the RS were positively associated (β=0.39) with scores on the retrospective checklist measure of ugly confrontational behaviors. In Study 2, a multiple regression analysis revealed that scores on the RS were p...
Three-Dimensional Printing Based Hybrid Manufacturing of Microfluidic Devices

Microfluidic platforms offer revolutionary and practical solutions to challenging problems in biology and medicine. Even though traditional micro/nanofabrication technologies expedited the emergence of the microfluidics field, recent advances in advanced additive manufacturing hold significant potential for single-step, stand-alone microfluidic device fabrication. One such technology, which holds a significant promise for next generation microsystem fabrication is three-dimensional (3D) printing. Presently, building 3D printed stand-alone microfluidic devices with fully embedded microchannels for applications in biology and medicine has the following challenges: (i) limitations in achievable design complexity, (ii) need for a wider variety of transparent materials, (iii) limited z-resolution, (iv) absence of extremely smooth surface finish, and (v) limitations in precision fabrication of hollow and void sections with extremely high surface area to volume ratio. We developed a new way to fabricate stand-alone microfluidic devices with integrated manifolds and embedded microchannels by utilizing a 3D printing and laser micromachined lamination based hybrid manufacturing approach. In this new fabrication method, we exploit the minimized fabrication steps enabled by 3D printing, and reduced assembly complexities facilitated by laser micromachined lamination method. The new hybrid fabrication method enables key features for advanced microfluidic system architecture: (i) increased design complexity in 3D, (ii) improved control over microflow behavior in all three directions and in multiple layers, (iii) transverse multilayer flow and precisely integrated flow distribution, and (iv) enhanced transparency for high resolution imaging and analysis. Hybrid manufacturing approaches hold great potential in advancing microfluidic device fabrication in terms of standardization, fast production, and user-independent manufacturing.
3D variational polyhedral assembly configuration

Parts with geometric (size and shape) variations will generate assembly configuration uncertainties. To perform tolerance analysis, the real positions of variant parts and variant assembly configuration need to be investigated. In this paper, a relative positioning scheme is proposed to determine the optimal configuration of variant parts in an assembly. A method of calculating and representing positions of 3D polyhedral parts in assembly has been presented. By computing translational and rotational constraints, the configuration space for allowed motion parameters for each mating pair is obtained and the transformation of the object part is realized. Assembly configuration uncertainties caused by part variations are clarified by realizing the objective function. A 3D example shows the proposed positioning scheme on tolerance analysis of assemblies. Key Words: Relative positioning, variational geometry, tolerance analysis.
Hydrodynamic theory of liquid slippage on a solid substrate near a moving contact line.

In this Letter a hydrodynamic theory of liquid slippage on a solid substrate near a moving contact line is proposed. A family of spatially varying slip lengths in the Navier slip law recovers the results of past formulations for slip in continuum theories and molecular dynamics simulations and is consistent with well-established experimental observations of complete wetting. This formulation gives a general approach for continuum hydrodynamic theories. New fluid flow behaviors are also predicted yet to be seen in experiment. © 2013 American Physical Society.
Survival of Honey Bees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Fed Various Pollen Sources

Twenty-five pure pollens plus several blends of pollen were fed as sole protein sources to honey bees, Apis mellifera L., and resultant survival of bees on these diets was measured. Average increase in mean life span of bees on a pollen diet versus sugar water controls was 19.5 d, with a range from 3.9 d less than the controls for Ambrosia to 40.6 d longer, for a five-pollen blend. Actual consumption of test pollen diets also varied dramatically among test pollens, with a mean consumption of 16.5 mg pollen per bee for the first 10 d and a range of 1.9—29.0 mg per bee. Pollens that induced decreased life span included Ambrosia, Uromyces (a rust spore), Typha , and Kallstroemia ; those that induced little increase in life span included Haplopappus, Baccharis , and Taraxacum; and those that induced the greatest increase in life span included Ephedra, Prosopis, Rubus, Populus , and two blends of pollen. Increased life span was not correlated with pollen grain size, grain spininess, or dispersal vector (biotic versus abiotic) and was weakly correlated with season of floral bloom (pollen produced in spring was better than that produced in fall). Pollen from the family Compositae was poorer than average pollen. Major factors affecting life span were amount of pollen consumed, protein concentration in the pollen, and, especially, total amount of pollen protein consumed. By combining information relating to consumption levels and protein intake, reasons why a pollen caused the observed life span could be determined. Reasons included presence or absence of attractants and phagostimulants/deterrents, presence of toxic compounds, and a poor nutrient balance or level.
A Rare Case of Sarcina ventriculi of the Stomach in an Asymptomatic Patient

Sarcina ventriculi is a gram-positive coccus that grows in a tetrad arrangement in the stomach. In the past 35 years, less than 20 cases have been reported in the literature, and it has been associated with life-threatening complications such as emphysematous gastritis and perforation. Treatment of S ventriculi generally consists of proton pump inhibitors with or without adjuvant antibiotic therapy. We report the first ever case of S ventriculi, including the morphological and immunohistochemical features, occurring in an asymptomatic patient with a history of Helicobacter pylori gastric ulcers.
A New Microscopic Method of Counting Bacteria Adaptable to All Grades of Raw and Pasteurized Milk

One of the greatest difficulties in the way of the bacteriologic control of market milk is the lack of a suitable means of determining the number of bacteria per c.c. at all stages of production and handling. The plate method is not adaptable, as it requires a laboratory and at least a few days for incubation of the plates, during which time the milk is consumed before the count is known. The microscopic method of counting bacteria in whichthe 1/100o c.c. pipet is used has little accuracy until the milk contains about 300,000 bacteria per c.c. It is with the above facts in view that the writer has been carrying on during several years a somewhat continuous attempt to find a method of counting bacteria in milk when the number per c.c. ranges from 3000 to 300,000. The following method has been found successful in so far as it has been used as is shown by the results here reported. However it is realized that a final verdict can be given only after several laboratories report favorable results.
Assessing Relation between Performance of Schedule-Based Arrival Operation and Schedule Nonconformance

NASA’s precision scheduling and spacing technology can effectively enable PerformanceBased Navigation arrival operation in the terminal area during periods of high traffic demand. An automation-calculated scheduling drives this technology, which supports controllers to sequence, space, and merge arrivals. This paper assesses the relation between schedule nonconformance and performance of the schedule-based terminal area arrival operation. To perform the assessment, a schedule nonconformance metric that is based on the time history of aircraft’s schedule conformance error is introduced. Then, the relationship between this metric and arrival operation performance parameters are examined. The analysis indicates that the magnitude of schedule nonconformance is related to a longer arrival makespan, extra track distance flown, and increase in controller workload.
The Design of Clean-room HVAC Control System Based-on PLC

This paper deals with the design and application of control of air conditioning systems. The author gives a brief account of MAH process flow. The control strategy of dew-point and temperature located in clean-room is discussed in detailed. The article briefly states differential-pressure control between clean-room and outdoor, the equipment's group-control algorithm is also intro-duced. An example is given in the papers.
Global analysis of multiple dye fluorescence anisotropy experiments on proteins.

I121A-I 140A Hopfield, J . J . (1974) Proc. Narl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 3640--3644 Ippen, E. & Shank, C. V. (1976) in Topics in Applied Physics (Shapiro, S. L., ed.), vol. 18, 2nd edn. pp. 83-122. Springer, New York Irvine, M. I.. Harrison, R. J.. Strahand, M. A. & Beddard, G. S. (1985) Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 89, 226-232 Irvine, M. I . , Harrison, R. J., Beddard, G. S., Leighton, P. &Sanders, J. K. M. (1986) Chem. Phys. in the press Karplus, M. & McCammon, J. A. (1983) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 52,
Induction of hepatic microsomal reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent production of hydrogen peroxide by chronic prior treatment with ethanol.

Treatment of rats for 21-28 days with a semiliquid diet containing ethanol resulted in a near doubling of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 content. Concomitantly, statistically significant increases in the rate of NADPH oxidation, "endogenous" respiration, and acetaldehyde formation from ethanol in microsomes were observed. An average increase in NADPH-dependent hydrogen peroxide formation of 45 ± 7% (SE) was observed as a result of chronic ethanol treatment, employing the decrease in scopoletin fluorescence or the formation of cytochrome peroxidase complex II as hydrogen peroxide-detecting systems. Since it has been reported that the rate-limiting step for ethanol oxidation in microsomes is the rate of generation of hydrogen peroxide for the peroxidatic reaction of catalase [R. G. Thurman, H. G. Ley, and R. Scholz, Eur. J. Biochem. 25, 420-430 (1972)], this adaptive increase in hydrogen peroxide production due to chronic ethanol treatment most likely accounts for the enhanced ethanol oxidation via catalase-H 2 O 2 . The data are consistent with the hypothesis that microsomal ethanol oxidation is due to peroxidation via catalase utilizing microsomal hydrogen peroxide.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigmented Epithelium: A Comparative Study Between Cell Lines and Differentiation Methods.

Abstract Purpose: The application of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigmented epithelium (iPSC-RPE) in patients with retinal degenerative disease is making headway toward the clinic, with clinical trials already underway. Multiple groups have developed methods for RPE differentiation from pluripotent cells, but previous studies have shown variability in iPSC propensity to differentiate into RPE. Methods: This study provides a comparison between 2 different methods for RPE differentiation: (1) a commonly used spontaneous continuously adherent culture (SCAC) protocol and (2) a more rapid, directed differentiation using growth factors. Integration-free iPSC lines were differentiated to RPE, which were characterized with respect to global gene expression, expression of RPE markers, and cellular function. Results: We found that all 5 iPSC lines (iPSC-1, iPSC-2, iPSC-3, iPSC-4, and iPSC-12) generated RPE using the directed differentiation protocol; however, 2 of the 5 iPSC lines (iPSC-4 and iPSC-...