cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Milk from Mothers of Both Premature and Full-Term Infants Provides Better Antioxidant Protection than Does Infant Formula

We hypothesized that premature (PT) infants' mother's milk may provide antioxidant advantages compared with milk from mothers of full-term (FT) infants, and human milk may provide antioxidant properties not seen in infant formulas. We designed three experiments to test these hypotheses. Experiment 1 assessed resistance to oxidative stress of human milk and formulas designed for FT and PT infants. Experiment 2 determined differences in resistance to oxidative stress between milk from mothers of FT and PT infants, including analysis of catalase activity. Experiment 3 examined factors in human milk that may account for increased resistance to oxidative stress. In experiment 1, we induced physiologic oxidative stress in human milk (n = 5) and formula (n = 2) and measured ascorbate radical using electron paramagnetic resonance. Results indicated the following: 1) during oxidative stress, ascorbate may be spared in human milk compared with formula; 2) ascorbate radical production is more intense in formula compared with human milk, with or without oxidative stress; and 3) oxygen consumption in human milk is less than that in formula, with or without oxidative stress. In experiment 2, milk samples were collected from mothers of PT (n = 28) and FT (n = 17) infants at wk 1, 2, and 12 of lactation. No differences in oxygen consumption after oxidative stress appeared between PT and FT milk. Catalase levels in human milk increased with time. In experiment 3, addition of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase to formulas (n = 4) increased resistance to oxidative stress. Denaturing endogenous enzymes did not decrease the ability of human milk to resist oxidative stress. Ferrous sulfate plus vitamin C added to human milk and formulas fortified with iron increased oxidative stress. Addition of iron chelators to formula reduced oxidative stress. In conclusion, human milk has better antioxidant protection than do formulas, perhaps because of the higher iron content of formulas. Milk from mothers of PT and FT infants has equal resistance to oxidative stress.
Combined partitioning and data padding for scheduling multiple loop nests

With the widening performance gap between processors and main memory, efficient memory accessing behavior is necessary for good program performance. Loop partition is an effective way to exploit the data locality. Traditional loop partition techniques, however, consider only a singleton nested loop. This paper presents multiple loop partition scheduling technique, which combines the loop partition and data padding to generate the detailed partition schedule. The computation and data prefetching are balanced in the partition schedule, such that the long memory latency can be hidden efficiently. Multiple loop partition scheduling explores parallelism among computations, and exploit the data locality between different loop nests as well in each loop nest. Data padding is applied in our technique to eliminate the cache interference, which overcomes the problem of cache conflict misses arisen from loop partition. Therefore, our technique can be applied in architectures with low associativity cache. The experiments show that multiple loop partition scheduling can achieve the significant improvement over the existing methods
Explaining the American Dream: Telling Chinese Academics What‘Liberty and Justice For All’Means Taxes Even an Eager Audience

. For more than a generation, contemporary mainland Chinese have lived under first a military dictatorship and now a political party dictatorship. How to explain to an eager Chinese academic audience what the American dream of ‘liberty and justice for all’—realized only in part in some areas but approached progressively nearer in others—really means? The U.S. has predominantly a capitalist system but its people are committed to equality of opportunity. It tempers ‘rugged individualism’ by concern for the poor, the handicapped and the unfortunate. It has many serious economic, social and cultural problems but its citizens, drawn from most of the peoples of the world—not the special interest groups trying to benefit at the expense of others—are determined to solve them equitably and rationally. The trade and budget deficits are related to government instrumentalities.
It’s Only a Matter of Time Death, Legacies, and Intergenerational Decisions

Intergenerational decisions affect other people in the future. The combination of intertemporal and interpersonal distance between decision makers in the present and other people in the future may lead one to expect little intergenerational generosity. In the experiments reported here, however, we posited that the negative effect of intertemporal distance on intergenerational beneficence would be reversed when people were primed with thoughts of death. This reversal would occur because death priming leads individuals to be concerned with having a lasting impact on other people in the future. Our experiments show that when individuals are exposed to death priming, the expected tendency to allocate fewer resources to others in the future, as compared with others in the present, is reversed. Our findings suggest that legacy motivations triggered by death priming can trump intergenerational discounting tendencies and promote intergenerational beneficence.
Detecting errors in data: clarification of the impact of base rate expectations and incentives

Organizational databases have a significant rate of data errors and detecting and correcting these errors can be problematic. This paper builds on a stream of research demonstrating that users of these databases can detect data errors under certain circumstances. A theory of error detection and research on the effect of base rate expectations in probabilistic judgement tasks are applied to the development of two propositions about error detection. It is argued that expectations about the base rate of errors in data affect error detection performance when they are developed through direct experience and that incentives affect error detection performance. The two research propositions are tested in a laboratory experiment. Experience-based expectations about the base rate of errors and incentives are found to affect error detection performance.
A Gompertzian Model of Human Breast Cancer Growth

Abstract The pattern of growth of human breast cancer is important theoretically and clinically. Speer et al. (Cancer Res., 44: 4124–4130, 1984) have recently proposed that all individual tumors initially grow with identical Gompertzian parameters, but subsequently develop kinetic heterogeneity by a random time-dependent process. This concept has elicited interest because it fits clinical data for the survival of untreated patients, for the progression of shadows on serial paired mammograms, and for time-to-relapse following mastectomy. The success of these curve-fits is compelling, and the model has been applied to clinical trials. However, the assumption of uniform nascent growth is not supported by theory or data, and individual cancers have not been shown to follow the complex growth curves predicted by the Speer model. As an alternative, if kinetic heterogeneity is understood to be an intrinsic property of neoplasia, the same three historical data sets are fit well by an unadorned Gompertzian model which is parsimonious and has many other intuitive and empirical advantages. The two models differ significantly in such clinical projections as the estimated duration of silent growth prior to diagnosis and the anticipated optimal chemotherapy schedule postsurgery.
Ghosts and Shadows: Construction of Identity and Community in an African Diaspora.

Ghosts and Shadows: Construction of Identity and Community in an African Diaspora. 2nd edition. Atsuko Matsuoka and John Sorenson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001. 261 pp.
Working memories for storage and recall of arbitrary temporal sequences

A working memory model is described that is capable of storing and recalling arbitrary temporal sequences of events, including repeated items. These memories encode the invariant temporal order of sequential events that may be presented at widely differing speeds, durations, and interstimulus intervals. This temporal order code is designed to enable all possible groupings of sequential events to be stably learned and remembered in real time, even as new events perturb the system. >
Recurrent perivascular epithelioid cell tumor of the uterus (PEComa): an immunohistochemical study and review of the literature

Abstract Background Neoplasms of the perivascular epithelioid cell, first described in 1992, comprise a family of tumors known as "PEComas." To the best of our knowledge, this is the third case of uterine PEComa reported in the literature to behave in a malignant fashion. The purpose of this report is to provide information that may be used to predict the future behavior of this tumor. Case The patient was a 79-year-old woman with a large uterine mass which recurred 2 years following resection. The patient died within months after resection of the recurrent tumor. Retrospective immunohistochemical staining with newly commercially available antibodies including MART-1 was done on both the original and the recurrent tumor, confirming the diagnosis of uterine PEComa. Conclusion Uterine PEComas should be regarded as tumors with uncertain malignant potential.
Recent advances in development of ultralow oxygen treatment for postharvest pest control on perishable commodities.

Purpose of review: This review summarises and discusses recent research progress in controlled atmosphere (CA) treatment with ultralow oxygen (ULO) for postharvest pest control on perishable commodities. Findings: In the last 10 years few studies have been conducted on ULO treatment for postharvest pest control. However, significant progress has been made and several ULO treatments were developed for postharvest pest control on different types of perishable prod� ucts. Complete control of green peach aphid, sweetpotato whitefly, twopotted spider mite and western flower thrips was achieved with 18 h fumigation using >99% nitrogen without injury to begonia seedlings. Lettuce aphid, western flower thrips and black widow spi� ders were successfully controlled on head lettuce, broccoli and table grapes, respectively, without negative impact on product quality. Vine mealybug was successfully controlled without reducing the vitality of grape benchgrafts. The tolerance of lettuce to ULO treat� ment was increased through postharvest storage to improve the safety of ULO treatment. ULO treatment is promising for controlling selected pests on selected fresh commodities, especially on those that are evaluated for their vitality rather than appearance. Directions for future research: More research efforts should be directed towards identifying suitable pests and fresh commodities for ULO treatment. Emphasis should also be given to pest control on products such as rootstocks, bulbs and tubers, which are evaluated by vitality rather than appearance. Research should also be directed at enhancing the tolerance of commodities to CA treatment in order to make ULO and other CA treatments safer to product quality. Large scale studies and collaboration with industry are also vital for in� dustrial adaptation of ULO treatment.
Pierre Verger: Parisian Trickster

Messageiro Entre Dois Mundos. 1998. 86 minutes, color. film produced by Conspiracao Filmes, directed by Luiz Buarque de Hollanda. and narrated in Portuguese and French by Gilberto Gil. with subtitles in English. For more information contact International Media Resources Exchange, New York City; 212-463-0108; www.latinamericanvideo.org. Pierre Verger, Le Messager, The Go-Between. Photographies 1932-1962. Jean Loup Pivin and Pascal Martin Saint Leon. eds. Postface by Charles-Henri Favrod. Paris: Editions Revue Noire, 1993, 240 pp. Dieux d'Afrique. Pierre Verger. Paris: Editions Revue Noire, 1995.416 pp.
The mathematics of nonlinear programming

Unconstrained Optimization via Calculus. Convex Sets and Convex Functions.- Iterative Methods for Unconstrained Optimization.- Least Squares Optimization.- Convex Programming and the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Conditions.- Penalty Methods.-Optimization with Equality Constraints.
Personality and Political Tolerance: The Limits of Democratic Learning in Postcommunist Europe:

Can all citizens learn political tolerance through engagement in democratic politics? The lack of direct experience with democratic processes may account for a portion of the tolerance gap between mass publics in established and new democracies and suggests optimism about trends in tolerance within postcommunist Europe. Yet learning tolerance may be limited to individuals who are psychologically open to disagreement. Testing the conditional effect of political activism with the 1995 World Values Survey and a 1996 to 2000 Russian panel series reveals that the benefits of political activism are limited by psychological dogmatism and that dogmatists tend toward intolerance over time.
Abstract 340: The Expression and Function of Apol6 in Atherosclerotic Plaques of Apoe-/- Mouse Aorta Tissue

Background: We recently demonstrated that apolipoprotein L6 (ApoL6) regulates apoptosis and autophagy in atherosclerotic lesions, implying that ApoL6 is an important factor that causes plaque instability and a potential therapeutic target for treating atherosclerosis. To further investigate the role of ApoL6 in atherogenesis in vivo, the expression of ApoL6 was knocked down by the liposome-siRNA strategy in the aorta tissue of ApoE-/- mouse. Methods: Liposomal siRNAs were prepared by using the thin-film hydration method and were labeled with quantum dots (QD). ApoE-/- mice were intravenously injected twice in 1 week with either liposomal control siRNA-QD or liposomal ApoL6 siRNA-QD. We harvested aortic tissue from mice and used immunofluorescence staining to analyze the expression of ApoL6 in atherosclerotic plaque. Results: Immunofluorescence analysis showed that expression of ApoL6 was elevated in the atherosclerotic plaque and partially co-localized with a macrophage marker CD68 in ApoE-/- mouse. The r...
Posterior Polar Annular Choroidal Dystrophy.

A young boy with a history of a ruptured left globe presented for evaluationofretinalatrophyintherighteye.Hehadnoocularconcerns, and there was no family history of eye disease. His visual acuity was 20/40ODby Snellen testing, and he had no light perceptionOS. He hadanormalanterior segment in therighteyeandenophthalmiaand phthisis in the lefteye.The findingsondilated fundusexaminationof the patient’s right eye are shown in the Figure. An ultrasonogram showedcomplex retinaldetachment in thepatient’s lefteye.Electroretinographicrod,combinedrod-cone,andconeresponsesoftheright eyewere highly reduced. The 32-Hz flicker response in the right eye showedahighlyreducedamplitudeanddelayedpeakimplicittime.The findingsonophthalmologicexaminationwereconsistentwithposterior polar annular choroidal dystrophy. Fundus examination findings of the patient’s mother showed no abnormalities in either eye. At a 6-monthfollowupappointment,thepatient’svisualacuityandappearance of his right funduswere unchanged.
Functional grammar analysis in support of dialogic instruction with text: scaffolding purposeful, cumulative dialogue with English learners

AbstractFor children learning English as an additional language, dialogic teaching supports both learning content and learning language. Engaging language learners in dialogue offers special challenges, however. This article describes an instructional approach that focused on engendering purposeful and cumulative talk, supported by metalanguage from functional grammar. The metalanguage enabled pupils’ exploration of an author’s language choices to examine how the feelings of a character in a story are presented. Records of talk were captured in writing to serve as resources for fostering further talk and to support pupils in a final written task that responded to a key question in focus throughout. We illustrate the dialogic engagement with and about text, supported by a focus on language choices, that, in turn, supported the kind of collaborative talk that is often hard to achieve with language learners.
Towards Robust Resource Allocations via Performance Modeling with Stochastic Process Algebra

Recent developments in the field of parallel and distributed computing have led to a proliferation in solving large and computationally intensive mathematical, science, or engineering problems, which consist of several parallelizable parts and several non-parallelizable (sequential) parts. However, such computational environments are often prone to unpredictable variations due to problem, algorithm, and system characteristics. Therefore, a robustness study of resource allocations and application scheduling is required to guarantee a desired level of performance. Given an initial workload, a mapping of applications to resources is considered to be robust if that mapping optimizes the execution performance and guarantees a desired level of performance in the presence of unpredictable perturbations at runtime. In this research, a stochastic process algebra, Performance Evaluation Process Algebra (PEPA), is used for obtaining performance of various resource allocations via a numerical analysis of performance modeling of the parallel execution of applications on parallel computing resources. The PEPA performance model is translated into an underlying mathematical Markov chain model for obtaining performance measures. Further, a robustness analysis of various allocations is performed for finding a robust mapping from a set of initial mapping schemes. The numerical results obtained from this performance modeling of resource allocations have been validated by the simulation results of earlier research which were made available in the existing literature, thus underscoring the significance and benefits of using stochastic process algebra models and the related numerical analysis in providing a cost effective and low overhead analysis of robustness.
Long-Term Results of Penile Vein Ligation for Impotence from Venous Leakage

Between 1986 and 1991, 46 men with organic impotence documented by dynamic pharmacocavernosometry and cavernosography to have venous leakage underwent penile vein ligation. Despite initial improvement in erections allowing normal intercourse in 34 men (74%) within the first 6 months, long-term (more than 12 months) evaluation revealed sustained potency without adjunctive therapy in only 11 (24%). Of the remaining 35 men 6 (13%) progressed to a penile prosthesis, 8 (17%) required intracavernous vasoactive injection therapy and 21 (46%) have not sought further therapy despite continued impotence. Of the 14 patients who had isolated distal leakage 6 (43%) had sustained erectile function while only 5 of the 32 patients (16%) with proximal leakage maintained potency. Associated complications included penile shortening in 20 (43%) and penile hypoesthesia in 9 men (20%). Therefore, we conclude that the long-term success of penile vein ligation is poor, with only 24% of the patients able to have normal intercourse more than 1 year later, although those patients with distal penile shaft leakage appear to have a greater chance of success than those with more proximal leakage.
An identification test monitoring procedure for MIMO systems based on statistical uncertainty estimation

This paper presents an identification test monitoring procedure for multivariable systems whose purpose is to define an experiment that is both sufficiently informative for identification purposes and of the shortest duration possible, given predefined levels of accuracy in the model. The procedure relies on uncertainty regions resulting from frequency-domain transfer function estimation that is performed during experimental execution. To obtain independent-in-frequency signals for estimation, input design relying on multi-sinusoidal signals with “zippered” power spectra is developed. Given the various approaches available for computing statistically-based uncertainty in the frequency domain, the method that offers the most general conditions with the least a priori information about the output noise structure is selected. Based on the computed uncertainties and user-defined bounds, a stopping criterion for the identification test is developed. Results are evaluated with a simulation study involving a representative process model. This includes a performance evaluation of the technique under various distinct noise models.
Experience on children with nephrotic syndrome from phlegm,blood stasis and deficiency

The article thinks the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome in children is the'phlegm and blood stasis caused by deficiency,phlegm and blood stasis caused in deficiency,phlegm,blood stasis and deficiency interact each other',made from 'Phlegm virtual'views on the rule,a record to be a'phlegm,live stasis,tonic'for the use of the experience of Qing Yang Tang for clinical,and achieved satisfactory results,and describes the application of such drugs that Maozhaocao and Siphonostegia which are the specifically designed drugs for the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome.
In Defence of Persius

In the darkness of these times, it may well prove that we are the last generation to pursue the study of classics at all seriously, whether we are hewing squarely to the philological, or more modern, approaches to classical literature. The rights and wrongs of this particular ideological struggle will be settled, I suspect, by time and our students. One may, however, take for granted the perceptible erosion of anything like a real inwardness with Latin as a language among the protevangelists of either school. The gentlemanly dilettante stuck to his familiar authors, such as Virgil and Horace, ignoring their Alexandrian complexities for their human values; the supposedly serious scholar adopted such a scientific attitude to Latin that it would sometimes seem that his main pleasure consisted in correcting Lewis and Short, while putting together prose and verse compositions for his peers or pupils. Certainly ignorance on the one hand and pedantry on the other are logical culprits, along with time, for this loss of inwardness with Latin as a language. One would like to think that Dr. Johnson (and some of his contemporaries) had something close to the careless familiarity with Latin displayed by Dante or Poggio: unfortunately a glance at the frigid exercises to Ms Thrale or to his Highland hosts, written during his tour of the Hebrides, quickly dispels this illusion.
Life history of the coal fields crayfish Cambarus theepiensis Loughman, Foltz, Garrison and Welsh, 2013 (Decapoda: Astacoidea: Cambaridae) in southwestern West Virginia, USA

Data of the life history of Cambarus ( Puncticambarus ) theepiensis Loughman, Foltz, Garrison and Welsh, 2013 was collected monthly from May 2012 through April 2013 from two sites within the Twelvepole Creek watershed in southwestern West Virginia, USA. Mature females showed signs of glair development in early May. Egg extrusion was noted in early June, with first- through third-stage juveniles occurring from July to August, before becoming free-living juveniles in late August and September. Evidence for possible overwintering with young was found as a mature female with free-living juveniles was collected in early April. Mature female total carapace length (TCL) ranged from 29.7-52.4 mm. Support for the hypothesis that form change occurs in female cambarid crayfishes was found in female C. theepiensis . Form I males were collected throughout the year, but reached their highest densities in May through August. Size cohorts, determined through histograms, demonstrate six size cohorts existed between both streams, following appearance of young of the year (YOY) in late summer. Cambarus theepiensis appears to have life history characteristics similar to other Cambarus species, displaying K-selected life history traits.
Systemic AAV9 gene therapy improves the lifespan of mice with Niemann-Pick disease, type C1.

Niemann-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) is a heritable lysosomal storage disease characterized by a progressive neurological degeneration that causes disability and premature death. A murine model of NPC1 disease (Npc1-/-) displays a rapidly progressing form of NPC1 disease which is characterized by weight loss, ataxia, increased cholesterol storage, loss of cerebellar Purkinje neurons and early lethality. To test the potential efficacy of gene therapy for NPC1, we constructed adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vectors to deliver the NPC1 gene under the transcriptional control of the neuronal-specific (CamKII) or a ubiquitous (EF1a) promoter. The Npc1-/- mice that received a single dose of AAV9-CamKII-NPC1 as neonates (2.6 × 1011GC) or at weaning (1.3 × 1012GC), and the mice that received a single dose of AAV9-EF1a-NPC1 at weaning (1.2 × 1012GC), exhibited an increased life span, characterized by delayed weight loss and diminished motor decline. Cholesterol storage and Purkinje neuron loss were also reduced in the central nervous system of AAV9 treated Npc1-/- mice. Treatment with AAV9-EF1a-NPC1, as compared to AAV9-CamKII-NPC1, resulted in significantly increased survival (mean survival increased from 69 days to 166 and 97 days, respectively) and growth, and reduced hepatic-cholesterol accumulation. Our results provide the first demonstration that gene therapy may represent a therapeutic option for NPC1 patients and suggest that extraneuronal NPC1 expression can further augment the lifespan of the Npc1-/- mice after systemic AAV gene delivery.
Chaucer’s General Prologue: Canterbury Tales

(1978). Chaucer’s General Prologue: Canterbury Tales. The Explicator: Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 45-45.
Microscale pierced shallow shell resonators: A test vehicle to study surface loss

This paper reports on various energy dissipation mechanisms that limit the quality factor (Q) of micro-scale pierced shallow shell resonators (PSSRs). While low-frequency thick-film shells (1>50μm) exhibit Qs in excess of 1M, thin-film shells (t 2 and TEOS PSSRs. We compare TEOS and thermally-grown SiO 2 (hereinafter referred to as SiO 2 ) as structural materials for high Q resonators and extract surface loss parameters for both. Quality factors as high as 111,000 have been measured, which corresponds to a 30% improvement to the state-of-the-art thin-film SiO 2 resonators.
The low-carbon transition and financial system stability

The agreement of the climate-negotiating parties in Paris in December 2015 (COP21) signaled the world’s intent to decarbonize over the coming decades in order to keep the earth’s average temperature increase below 2 degrees Celsius by mid-century. A timely and smooth transition to a low-carbon economy may be accomplished if businesses routinely disclose and manage carbon dioxide emissions subject to science-based targets along with climate-related financial risks and financial performance. Existing capital budgeting techniques can help create value sustainably by focusing on the opportunity costs of both financial capital and carbon dioxide thus improving the allocations of both financial and atmospheric capital. Business efforts in this area will be most effective if guided by supportive government policy. If the voluntary responses from businesses, consumers, investors and local policy-makers fail to meet the science-based deadline for carbon dioxide emission reduction, aggressive and globally enforced carbon pricing mechanisms and emissions restrictions may become necessary. To the extent the business community is unprepared for broad-based climate policy intervention individual firm balance sheets may become impaired. In this case the greater likelihood of financial insolvencies in carbon-intensive and related industries will challenge the stability of the global financial system. It is therefore imperative that the problem of financial institutions that are “too big to fail” be addressed expeditiously by reducing financial firms’ holdings of high-carbon assets.
Evidence from the surface configuration of the Moon on its dynamical evolution

Examination of the Moon through large telescopes reveals a multitude of fine detail down to a scale of 1 km or less. The most prominent feature of the lunar surface is the abundance of circular craters. Many investigators agree that a great majority of these craters have been caused by explosions associated with high velocity impacts. It is further generally assumed that the majority of these high velocity impacts took place during the earliest stages of development of the present Earth-Moon system. The morphology of the Moon surface appears in dynamical considerations in the following way. We know from the work of G. H. Darwin that the Moon has been steadily retreating from the Earth. Dynamical considerations suggest that the period of rotation of the Moon on the average equals its period of revolution about the Earth. Thus when the Moon approaches the Earth, its rotation would be accelerated. Since the Moon, like the Earth, approximates to a fluid body, we should expect that a figure of the Moon would have changed in response to its changing rate of rotation. If the craters formed at a time at which the Moon’s figure was markedly different from the present, then initially circular craters would be deformed and any initially circular depression would tend to change into an elliptically shaped depression, with the major axis of the ellipse along the local meridian. Study of the observed distortions of the craters can give evidence as to the past shape of the Moon, provided the craters formed at a time when the Moon possessed a different surface ellipticity. I should like to examine the limitations the present surface structure places on the past dynamical history of the Moon. I will first review briefly calculations bearing on the dynamical evolution of the Earth-Moon system and the implications these calculations have on the past shape of the lunar surface.
The Paradoxical Impact of Companionship on the Mental Health of Older African American Men

Objectives African Americans comprise 9% of the 46 million U.S. adults over age 65. Two thirds of older African American men (AAM) reside with companions. This study investigated the assumption that frequent contact with companions confers mainly health-related benefits for AAM. Methods Utilizing secondary data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, the relationship between older AAM's mental health and related conditions (depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances), companion living arrangements, and frequency of contact with the participants for 3,423 older AAM and their 1,161 companions, was examined. Results The mean age of participants and companions was 74 years and 90% of AAM lived in a private residence. Logistic regression models indicated that an increased risk for anxiety was found when companions lived in (OR = 1.66), called daily (OR = 1.089), or visited daily (OR = 1.079). Finally, AAM had an increased likelihood of nonmedical sleep disturbances when companions lived in (OR = 1.67), called daily (1.105), or visited daily (1.078). Discussion The frequency of contact with companions may be consequential for select mental health outcomes and associated physiological conditions for older AAM; the timing of contact requires further investigation.
Sleep, Sleep Disorders, and Circadian Health following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults: Review and Research Agenda

A rapidly expanding scientific literature supports the frequent co-occurrence of sleep and circadian disturbances following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Although many questions remain unanswered, the preponderance of evidence suggests that sleep and circadian disorders can result from mTBI. Among those with mTBI, sleep disturbances and clinical sleep and circadian disorders contribute to the morbidity and long-term sequelae across domains of functional outcomes and quality of life. Specifically, along with deterioration of neurocognitive performance, insufficient and disturbed sleep can precede, exacerbate, or perpetuate many of the other common sequelae of mTBI, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and chronic pain. Further, sleep and mTBI share neurophysiologic and neuroanatomic mechanisms that likely bear directly on success of rehabilitation following mTBI. For these reasons, focus on disturbed sleep as a modifiable treatment target has high likelihood of improving outcomes in mTBI. Here, we review relevant literature and present a research agenda to 1) advance understanding of the reciprocal relationships between sleep and circadian factors and mTBI sequelae and 2) advance rapidly the development of sleep-related treatments in this population.
Insulating Pavements to Extend Service Life

Temperature fluctuations in asphalt pavements can increase the potential for rutting and cracking distresses. One way of countering this problem is to insulate a pavement from the extremes of air temperature and to also use a high reflectivity surface in warmer climates to reduce the absorption of solar radiation. This paper presents modeling and simulation results of the application of these concepts. Pavements with and without insulation layers were modeled in low temperature (Juneau, AK) and high temperature (Houston, TX) cities. A high reflectivity surface was also modeled in Houston. Temperature and solar radiation data for an entire year were analyzed for each city and the data corresponding to lowest and highest temperature (respectively) were utilized in the low and high temperature city pavement models. Results indicate that high temperatures were significantly reduced and that low temperatures were increased, depending on the thermal conductivity and thickness of the insulation layer. The presence of a highly reflective layer was also found to be very effective in reducing high temperatures in pavements. The positive effects of high temperature reduction on the service life of pavements was found to be significant, and the use of conventional materials of sufficient thickness was found to be feasible. Based on these findings, an ideal pavement section is suggested as one with an insulation layer near the surface, which could also serve as a moisture prevention layer; with a high reflectivity surface; and which is economical, durable, and capable of retaining its properties.
Environmental Influences on Deposition of Airborne Particles

The most elementary model of an aerobiological process recognizes launching of particles, their transport in the atmosphere, and their deposition. I wish to comment on some of the relevant environmental influences coming to light, especially as they affect the transport, deposition, and viability of the airborne particles. Suspended particulate matter refers to solid or liquid particles in the air. The particles and the gases in which they are suspended make up the aerosol. We are concerned mostly with primary particles, those emitted into the atmosphere directly as particles, in contrast to secondary particles, which are formed in the atmosphere by gas-to- particle transformation. It is common practice among air quality technicians to classify particles by size into the nuclei mode (Aitken nuclei) 0.005 to 0.1 um, accumulation mode 0.1 to 2 um, and coarse mode 2 to 100 um (COMMITTEE ON PARTICULATE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY, 1980). The nuclei are most numerous but the smallest in volume. The accumulation mode particles have the most surface and a large part of the mass. This discussion will relate primarily to the coarse particulate matter in size from 5 to 100 um.
Effects of DC and AC Electric Fields on the Response of Electrorheological Fluids Comprising Cylindrical PBZT Particles

Electrorheological fluids (ERF’s) are suspensions consisting of micron-sized polarizable particles dispersed in non-conducting suspending media. ERF’s undergo liquid-to-solid transitions on the application of an electric field. These reversible transitions are on the order of milliseconds and are accompanied by orders-of-magnitude increase in yield stress and dynamic modulus (stiffness). This phenomenon is known as electrorheology (ER), and it is important because it permits the direct use of electricity without intermediate transformations. Therefore, devices based on ERF’s can be more economical and energy efficient than mechanical devices.1 ERF-based applications include shock absorbers2–4, clutches5–7, valves7–9, engine mounts2,11–13, brakes6,14, biomedical devices15 and control of high-speed machines.16 Shul’man et al.,17 have listed several ERF-based devices. However, in spite of its vast potential, relatively few ERF-based devices are in use.
Protection by pregnancy against the sequelae of acute hyperparathyroidism.

In acute lethal hyperparathyroidism induced by parathyroid hormone (PTH) overdosage, albino rats invariably developed severe necrosis and calcification of the heart and of the kidneys. Death in hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia occurred from renal or myocardial failure.
Irritability uniquely predicts prefrontal cortex activation during preschool inhibitory control among all temperament domains: A LASSO approach

Abstract Temperament, defined as individual variation in the reactivity and regulation of emotional, motor, and attentional processes, has been shown to influence emotional and cognitive development during the preschool period (ages 4–5). While relationships between temperament and neural activity have been investigated previously, these have typically investigated individual temperament dimensions selected ad hoc. Since significant correlations exist between various temperament dimensions, it remains unclear whether these findings would replicate while analyzing all temperament dimensions simultaneously. Using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), 4-5-year-old children (N = 118) were administered a Go/No-Go task to assess prefrontal cortex activation during inhibitory control. The relationship between PFC activation and all 15 temperament domains defined by the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) was assessed using automatic feature selection via LASSO regression. Results indicate that only the Anger/Frustration dimension was predictive of activation during the inhibitory control task. These findings support previous work showing relationships between irritability and prefrontal activation during executive function and extend those findings by demonstrating the specificity of the activation-irritability relationship among temperament dimensions.
Substantial Bias in the Tobit Estimator: Making a Case for Alternatives

AbstractCensored outcome data are commonly encountered in criminology. Criminologists sometimes use the tobit model to address these censored data. While tobit models make more realistic demands of...
Effects of excitation angle strategy on quantitative analysis of hyperpolarized pyruvate.

PURPOSE Various excitation strategies have been proposed for dynamic imaging of hyperpolarized agents such as [1-13 C]-pyruvate, but the impact of these strategies on quantitative evaluation of signal evolution remains unclear. To better understand their relative performance, we compared the accuracy and repeatability of measurements made using variable excitation angle strategies and conventional constant excitation angle strategies. METHODS Signal evolution for constant and variable excitation angle schedules was simulated using a pharmacokinetic model of hyperpolarized pyruvate with 2 chemical pools and 2 physical compartments. Noisy synthetic data were then fit using the same pharmacokinetic model with the apparent chemical exchange term as an unknown, and fit results were compared with simulation parameters to determine accuracy and reproducibility. RESULTS Constant excitations and a variable excitation strategy that maximizes the HP lactate signal yielded data that supported quantitative analyses with similar accuracy and repeatability. Variable excitation angle strategies that were designed to produce a constant signal level resulted in lower signal and worse quantitative accuracy and repeatability, particularly for longer acquisition times. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that either constant excitation angle or variable excitation angles that attempt to maximize total signal, as opposed to maintaining a constant signal level, are preferred for metabolic quantification using hyperpolarized pyruvate.
Births and Deaths in the Study Cohort

The study cohort consists of more than 5200 former Major League Baseball players who played any time between 1947 and 1986. This includes more than 4200 non-Hispanic white, nearly 600 African-American, and more than 400 Hispanic players. This chapter contains a basic description of the study cohort that focuses on year of birth and vital status broken down by the 3 race/Hispanic origin groups. Over 38% of the study cohort passed away by January 1, 2018. Unadjusted vital status results depicting a higher percentage of non-Hispanic whites who passed away provide misleading results because non-Hispanic whites tend to be older than Hispanic and African-American players. Once vital status is controlled for year of birth, the mortality results for the 3 study groups change; non-Hispanic white players tend to have a mortality advantage compared to their African-American and Hispanic player counterparts. These vital status results, however, are very preliminary since they do not consider time to all-cause mortality. This will be undertaken in Chap. 6. In addition, other important variables that potentially influence the relationship between race/Hispanic origin and mortality, or add independently to the prediction of mortality risk, will be analyzed in subsequent chapters.
Empirical derivation of cutoff values for the sleep health metric and its relationship to cardiometabolic morbidity: results from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study.

Study objectives Emerging evidence supports a multidimensional perspective of sleep in the context of health. The sleep health model, and composite sleep health score, are increasingly used in research. However, specific cutoff values that differentiate "good" from "poor" sleep, have not been empirically derived and its relationship to cardiometabolic health is less-well understood. We empirically derived cutoff values for sleep health dimensions and examined the relationship between sleep health and cardiometabolic morbidity. Methods Participants from two independent Biomarker Studies in the MIDUS II (N = 432, 39.8% male, age = 56.92 ± 11.45) and MIDUS Refresher (N = 268, 43.7% male, age = 51.68 ± 12.70) cohorts completed a 1-week study where sleep was assessed with daily diaries and wrist actigraphy. Self-reported physician diagnoses, medication use, and blood values were used to calculate total cardiometabolic morbidity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated in the MIDUS II cohort for each sleep health dimension to determine cutoff values. Using derived cutoff values, logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between sleep health scores and cardiometabolic morbidity in the MIDUS Refresher cohort, controlling for traditional risk factors. Results Empirically derived sleep health cutoff values aligned reasonably well to cutoff values previously published in the sleep health literature and remained robust across physical and mental health outcomes. Better sleep health was significantly associated with a lower odds of cardiometabolic morbidity (OR [95% CI] = 0.901 [0.814-0.997], p = .044). Conclusions These results contribute to the ongoing development of the sleep health model and add to the emerging research supporting a multidimensional perspective of sleep and health.
Arthroplasty-associated infection: Novel role of FDG-PET and other diagnostic modalities in the management

1272 Learning Objectives To describe the promising role of FDG-PET in the management of arthroplasty-associated infections. The diagnostic algorithms for the evaluation of painful arthroplasties are often complex and challenging. Current imaging modalities such as plain film, combined leukocyte-marrow scintigraphy, and Triple Phase Bone Scanning (TPBS), are not highly sensitive and specific for the evaluation of post-arthroplasty complications. A precise diagnosis before revision surgery allows the physician to better anticipate intraoperative and postoperative complications and predict recovery time. The following points should be reviewed. 1) Causes of joint pain following arthroplasty a) Aseptic loosening b) Periprosthetic infection 2) Importance of differentiating aseptic loosening and periprosthetic infection a) Different management b) Different prognosis 3) Current diagnostic tools for evaluating painful arthroplasty and their limitations a) Clinical history and physical examination b) Inflammatory markers; ESR, CRP c) Joint aspiration d) Plain radiography e) Cross-sectional imaging modalities; CT, MRI f) Conventional molecular imaging: Combined Leukocyte marrow scintigraphy 4) Use of Positron Emission Tomography as a novel diagnostic tool a) FDG PET b) F-18 Fluoride PET
The expert opinion interview (forthcoming) with Mr. Rich Gius, VP and CIO, atmos energy corporation, Dallas, TX

Rich Gius is the VP and CIO for Atmos Energy Corporation. His responsibilities include leading Atmos’ enterprise-wide information technology strategy, architecture, project delivery, and operations...
Anaerobic digestion of aqueous phase from pyrolysis of biomass: Reducing toxicity and improving microbial tolerance

Among the products of pyrolysis is an aqueous phase (AP), which contains a significant fraction of carbon but is too dilute to make recovery of this organic content cost-effectively. This study was to explore the use of AP for anaerobic digestion. Different treatment methods including overliming, Fenton's reagent oxidation, bleaching and activated carbon adsorption were investigated to reduce toxicity of AP. Overliming treatment increased biogas production up to 32-fold compared to non-treated AP. Enhancing the tolerance of the bacterial and archaeal community to the AP toxicity was also attempted with a directed evolution method, resulting the microbes' tolerance to AP from 5% to 14%. Directed evolution resulted a major bacterial taxa as Cloacimonetes, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi, while shifted the predominant archaea shifted from acetoclastic to hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Collectively, the results demonstrated that combining feedstock treatment and directed evolution of the microbial community is an effective way for AP anaerobic digestion.
Vasopressin SNP pain factors and stress in sickle cell disease.

Purpose Frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from pain related candidate genes are available for individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD). One of those genes, the arginine vasopressin receptor 1A gene (AVPR1A) and one of its SNPs, rs10877969, has been associated with pain and disability in other pain populations. In patients with SCD, clinical factors such as pain and stress have been associated with increased health care utilization, but it is not known if the presence of the AVPR1A SNP plays a role in this observation. The study purpose was to explore the relationships between rs10877969 and self-reported pain, stress, and acute care utilization events among individuals with SCD. Methods In a cross-sectional investigation of outpatients with SCD, participants completed PAINReportIt®, a computerized pain measure, to describe their pain experience and contributed blood or saliva samples for genetic analysis. We extracted emergency department and acute care utilization from medical records. Results The SNP genotype frequencies (%) for this sample were CC 30 (28%), CT 44 (41%), TT 33 (31%). Acute care utilization and stress as an aggravator of pain were significantly associated with the rs10877969 genotype (p = .02 and p = .002, respectively). The CT genotype had the highest mean utilization and CC genotype was associated with not citing stress as a pain aggravator. Chronic pain was not associated with rs10877969 (p = .41). Conclusion This study shows that rs10877969 is related to indicators of stress and acute pain. Further research is recommended with other measures of stress and acute pain.