cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“What” and “where” in sensory space: parallels between olfactory and visual perception

The representation of odorants detected by ligand-specific olfactory receptor neurons targeting discrete anatomical units called olfactory glomeruli has been well document for two animal groups: vertebrates and insects. Odortypic maps have likewise been confirmed in specific second and third order brain centers in these taxa. However, there are two abiding problems that confront researchers studying olfactory processing and odor representation. The first pertains to marine crustaceans, in which any olfactory receptor neuron responds to a broad range of stimulants and supplies an olfactory lobe that is very differently organized from those of the sister group Insecta. The second relates, generally, to the question of how an odor source is located by an animal in its odor space: which circuits enable the coding of “where” as distinct from “what.” Research on insects, suggests that two additional modalities are required to determine an odor source. Yet in insects, as in crustaceans, there are blind taxa living in still environments that efficiently locate odor cues. Comparative anatomical studies on arachnids and flightless insects also suggest that invoking casting behaviors within upstream wind currents may not be sufficient to account for odor source detection. To fully appreciate the challenge offered by odorlocating systems we need to turn to visual processing where recent research has demonstrated that high order visual primitives are encoded in specific glomerular islets that together comprise the optic glomerular complex (OpGC). As in the antennal lobes of an insect, glomeruli of the OpGC are interconnected by elaborate arrangements of local interneurons. The outputs from the OpGC variously extend to premotor descending pathways, to the mushroom bodies, and to central brain areas. Neurons in visual neuropils that supply optic glomeruli are retinotopically organized; yet, because the axons of any one type of these neurons converge at a particular glomerulus, information about where the stimulus occurred in visual space is not represented. The OpGC therefore shares with antennal lobe’s olfactory glomerular complex a representation of stimulus properties but not a representation of where those properties occur in sensory space. The visual system does, however, contain a simple parallel system of neurons distinct from the OpGC that encodes “where,” not of any particular feature but of a salient feature. In my overview talk I will compare organization of olfactory representation across Arthopoda emphasizing similarities with the visual system, and consider how sensory representations may have evolved from a common ground pattern. I will ask whether a search image for a substrate, in which there is odortopic representation – as opposed to odortypic representation – might develop from the study of how other modalities are encoded in glomerular centers. Research supported by the AFRL (FA86511010001).
Overcoming Drug Development Bottlenecks With Repurposing: Old drugs learn new tricks

The development of new therapies is an arduous, time-consuming and costly task. Furthermore, the development of many compounds runs into issues related to safety. Drug repurposing, where drugs with established safety in humans are tested and developed for efficacy in a disease other than the one for which they were developed, is gaining traction because of its potential to overcome an initial bottleneck in the drug development process. In “Bedside to Bench,” Stephen Strittmatter discusses the types of scenario in which drug repurposing may be of benefit, such as when a drug is repurposed for a new molecular target or for the same target in a different disease. In “Bench to Bedside,” Michael Pollak focuses on a recent study that suggest that biguanides that are normally used in the treatment of diabetes could have direct cyotoxic action on cancer cells with mutations in respiratory complex I. The pharmacokinetic hurdles that may need to be overcome for this to be translated to the clinic are also discussed.
Ocular Surface Development and Gene Expression

The ocular surface—a continuous epithelial surface with regional specializations including the surface and glandular epithelia of the cornea, conjunctiva, and lacrimal and meibomian glands connected by the overlying tear film—plays a central role in vision. Molecular and cellular events involved in embryonic development, postnatal maturation, and maintenance of the ocular surface are precisely regulated at the level of gene expression by a well-coordinated network of transcription factors. A thorough appreciation of the biological characteristics of the ocular surface in terms of its gene expression profiles and their regulation provides us with a valuable insight into the pathophysiology of various blinding disorders that disrupt the normal development, maturation, and/or maintenance of the ocular surface. This paper summarizes the current status of our knowledge related to the ocular surface development and gene expression and the contribution of different transcription factors to this process.
Separation of Cell Components in the Zonal Ultracentrifuge

Zonal separation of particles in density gradients contained in hollow or tubeless rotors has been explored with the aim of developing a preparative counterpart of the analytical ultracentrifuge. A rotor with a capacity of 1625 milliliters has been tested up to 22,500 revolutions per minute, with sucrose density gradients used. Excellent separation of subcellular particles has been achieved as well as partial separation of the albumin and globulin peaks of serum.
Prevention of Steatosis by Hepatic JNK1

Nonalcoholic steatosis (fatty liver) is a major cause of liver dysfunction that is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. The cJun NH(2)-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) signaling pathway is implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis and drugs that target JNK1 may be useful for treatment of this disease. Indeed, mice with defects in JNK1 expression in adipose tissue are protected against hepatic steatosis. Here we report that mice with specific ablation of Jnk1 in hepatocytes exhibit glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. JNK1 therefore serves opposing actions in liver and adipose tissue to both promote and prevent hepatic steatosis. This finding has potential implications for the design of JNK1-selective drugs for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
Statistical Effects of Class Size and Teaching Ability in Determining Teacher Ratings

Abstract Cohen (1983) considered a statistical problem associated with the effect of class size on teacher rating. Specifically, Cohen considered comparisons of mean scores [xbar]A and [xbar]B of two instructors teaching classes of different sizes. A heuristic proof was given that, under certain conditions and among the better lecturers, those who are evaluated by a smaller number of students have an advantage. We examine the effect of class size on teacher ratings for some special cases involving classes of modest size. We discover that class size can have a noticeable impact on teacher ratings but that the advantage lies sometimes in having a larger class and sometimes a smaller. Moreover, it appears that in practice the effect of class size on teacher ratings should be quite small.
3D simulation of charge motion in tumbling mills by the discrete element method

Abstract The dynamics of charge motion in tumbling mills has been a challenging problem both experimentally and theoretically. The harsh environment within the mill precluded sophisticated sensors. On the other hand, first principle modeling of charge motion was only marginally successful since the motion involves hundreds of bodies colliding with each other. The numerical scheme known as discrete element method (DEM) is the fitting solution to this modeling problem. The three-dimensional (3D) discrete element modeling of tumbling mills is described first. The simulation results are verified against both still images of ball charge motion and power draft in experimental mills. The excellent agreement implies that the simple spring–dashpot collision model is adequate for this problem. The simulation scheme can be extended for studying the life cycle of the mill itself.
170 Years of “Lock-and-Key”: Genital Morphology and Reproductive Isolation

The divergent genital morphology observed among closely related animal species has long been posited as a mechanism of reproductive isolation. Despite the intuitive appeal that rapidly evolving genitalia might cause speciation, evidence for its importance—or even its potential—in reproductive isolation is mixed. Most tests of genital structural isolation between species often fail to find convincing evidence that differences in morphology prevent copulation or insemination between species. However, recent work suggests that differences in genital morphology might contribute to reproductive isolation in less obvious ways through interactions with sensory mechanisms that result in lowered reproductive fitness in heterospecific matings. In this paper, I present a brief history of the “lock-and-key” hypothesis, summarize the evidence for the involvement of genital morphology in different mechanisms of reproductive isolation, discuss progress in identifying the molecular and genetic bases of species differences in genital morphology, and discuss prospects for future work on the role of genitalia in speciation.
A TIR Domain Protein from E. faecalis Attenuates MyD88-Mediated Signaling and NF-κB Activation

Toll-like receptor signaling, mediated by functional Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains, plays a critical role in activating the innate immune response responsible for controlling and clearing infection. Bacterial protein mimics of components of this signaling pathway have been identified and function through inhibition of interactions between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their adaptor proteins, mediated by TIR domains. A previously uncharacterized gene, which we have named tcpF (for TIR domain-containing protein in E. faecalis) was identified in the genome of Enterococcus faecalis V583, and predicted to encode a protein resembling mammalian and bacterial TIR proteins. We overexpressed and purified TcpF from E. coli and found that the recombinant protein could bind to phosphatidylinositol phosphates in vitro, suggesting a mechanism by which TcpF may be anchored to the plasma membrane in close proximity to TIR domains of TLRs and adaptor proteins. Purified TcpF was also found to interact specifically with the TIR adaptor protein MyD88, and this interaction was dependent on the BB loop domain in the Box 2 region of TcpF. Despite no evidence of TcpF being a secreted protein, recombinant TcpF was effectively able to enter RAW264.7 cells in vitro although the mechanism by which this occurs remains to be determined. Overexpression of TcpF in mammalian cells suppressed the NF-κB activation induced by bacterial lipoteichoic acid. A mutant lacking the tcpF gene was attenuated for survival in macrophages, with increased ability to activate NF-κB compared to the wild type strain. Complementation in trans restored growth, and inhibition of NF-κB, to that of wild type levels. No appreciable difference in bacterial persistence, dissemination or pathogenesis was observed between the wild type and mutant in a mouse peritonitis model however, which suggested either a subtle role for TcpF or functional overlap with other redundant factor(s) in this virulence model.
Use of [125I]-iodohistamine-labelled steroid derivatives as radioligands for radioimmunoassay of natural and synthetic steroids.

[125I]-Iodohistamine-labelled steroid derivatives were prepared and utilized as radioligands in radioimmunoassays of progesterone, testosterone, estradiol, estriol, estriol-16α-glucuronide, levonorgestrel†, norethindrone and medroxyprogesterone acetate. The binding of these iodinated radioligands was compared to that of the corresponding tritiated steroids and their effect on the sensitivity and slope of standard curves was examined. The results demonstrate that much higher antibody dilutions could be used with iodinated than with tritiated radioligands. In general, standard curves obtained with iodinated radioligands were more sensitive than those obtained with tritiated steroids, but standard curves had steeper slopes when tritiated rather than iodinated radioligands were used. The data, summarizing our 5-year experience with steroid-[125I]-iodohistamine derivatives, indicate that these tracers play an important role in radioimmunoassay systems for both natural and synthetic steroids.
Analysis of bioactive eicosanoids in equine plasma by stable isotope dilution reversed‐phase liquid chromatography/multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry

Oxidative metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) are implicated in inflammation. Thus, we evaluated cycloxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOs) mediated metabolism of AA to eicosanoids in equine plasma. Eicosanoids were extracted from plasma by two liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) steps; first was by chloroform/isopropanol and second by methyl-tert-butyl ether. For identification and quantification of 25 eicosanoids, a highly specific, selective and sensitive stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography (LC) multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometric (MS) method was developed. To avoid artifact formation of eicosanoids, deferoxamine was added to plasma to chelate residual transition metal ions. The calibration curve showed excellent linearity within 0.1 to 10 ng/mL. Slopes of the calibration curves generated by adding known quantities of eicosanoids in plasma were higher than those prepared in methanol/mobile phase A. Addition of deferoxamine decreased the slope of calibration curves generated using plasma. Limit of detection (LOD) was 1–10 pg on-column for 25 different eicosanoids. Inter-day accuracy was 86–111%, whereas intra-day accuracy was from 88–110%, and precision did not exceed 15% for all quality control (QC) samples. To evaluate the formation of eicosanoids, AA was exogenously added or endogenous AA was released from esterified lipids by calcium ionophore (CI) A23187 treatment of equine whole blood. Pre-treatment of equine whole blood with dexamethasone (DEX) significantly inhibited AA or CI A23187- mediated formation of eicosanoids. The validated method is now employed in studies undertaken to better understand the mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of eicosanoids after administration of glucocorticoids to horses. This method is reliably reproducible. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Market Met Its Match: Lessons for the Future from the Transition′s Initial Years

Abstract Five points are made: (1) The reform theory of the early 1990s could not cope with the adjustment mechanisms put into place by dismantling the planning system. (2) Overcoming the consequent macroeconomic imbalances will require a degree of state intervention which most reformers neither contemplate nor comprehend. (3) It is still possible, and essential, to support viable public enterprises. (4) Capital market reform should aim at insider financial control of production by players who accept self-restraining rules of the game. (5) Successful reform will ultimately be based upon embedded social institutions and a fundamental role for the state. J. Comp. Econom., August 1994, 19 (1), pp. 000-000. New School for Social Research, New York, New York 10003.
An experimental and computational study of the ions formed by the reaction of cyclopentanone with O

Abstract The structures and reactivities of the ions formed by the reaction of cyclopentanone with O − have been studied using flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube (FA-SIFT) experiments in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Three C 5 H 6 O − isomers were found to be generated – cyclopentanone-2,5-diyl radical anion ( 4 − ), 2-carbenacyclopentanone radical anion ( 5 − ), and cyclopentanone-2,4-diyl radical anion ( 6 − ). The large amount of signal loss observed in this reaction is attributed to formation of 2-cyclopentenone radical anion ( 10 − ), in which the electron is predicted to be unbound. DFT calculations predict 4 − to be the most stable of the bound C 5 H 6 O − ions, and FA-SIFT experiments confirm 4 − is the major ion formed in this reaction. Bracketing experiments found the proton affinity (PA) of 4 − to be 362 ± 5 kcal/mol and the electron binding energy (EBE) to be ca. 0.5 eV. Although the PA of this species predicted by DFT calculations (363.2 kcal/mol) is consistent with the experimental value, both DFT and ab initio calculations predict an EBE of ca. 1.6 eV for this radical anion. The apparent conflict between the calculated and experimental EBE is resolved by proposing that, in the gas phase bracketing experiments, the electron transfer process leads adiabatically, not to cyclopentanone-2,5-diyl ( 4 ), but, by a retro-Nazarov reaction, to the more stable 1,4-pentadien-3-one ( 18 ). DFT calculations show that the difference between the computed and measured EBEs of 4 − can be accounted for by the calculated difference between the energies of 18 and 4 .
Threat-detection in child development: An evolutionary perspective

Evidence for developmental aspects of fear-targets and anxiety suggests a complex but stable pattern whereby specific kinds of fears emerge at different periods of development. This developmental schedule seems appropriate to dangers encountered repeatedly during human evolution. Also consistent with evolutionary perspective, the threat-detection systems are domain-specific, comprising different kinds of cues to do with predation, intraspecific violence, contamination-contagion and status loss. Proper evolutionary models may also be relevant to outstanding issues in the domain, notably the connections between typical development and pathology.
Quantitative evaluation of wavelet-based image processing algorithms

Wavelet analysis is currently being investigated as an image enhancement tool for use in mammography. Although this approach to image processing appears to have great promise, there remain major uncertainties regarding an optimal form of wavelet based algorithms. It is, therefore, desirable to have a quantitative method for evaluating a wavelet based image processing algorithm. Optimization of algorithms prior to evaluation using standard Receiver Operating Characteristic method is made possible. A mathematical method has been developed where the input signal is a gaussian with added random noise. An enhancement factor (EF) is obtained from input and output signal-to-noise ratios, SNRi and SNRo, (EF equals SNRo/SNRi). The development and testing of this method is described, and a practical application in given showing the major features of a wavelet based image processing algorithm based on the Frazier-Jawerth transform.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Counterinsurgency and its Critics

On a drive through Kabul in December 2010, David Kilcullen, one of counterinsurgency (COIN) doctrine’s most celebrated theorists and an Australian advisor to American military and civilian leaders,...
Subcritical Growth of Indentation Median Cracks in Soda‐Lime‐Silica Glass

The influence of load and dwell time on the subcritical growth of indentation cracks was investigated. The behavior of soda-lime-silica glass in both active and inert environments was considered. Vickers indentations were obtained.using loads ranging from 1.96 to 39.2 N and the dwell time.at maximum load was varied between 5 s and 30 min. Indented samples were broken and the fracture surfaces.observed using optical microscopy. Anomalous crack shapes were obtained in air and water for long dwell times, particularly at higher indentation loads. The cracks were markedly circular in shape and substantially deeper than conventional median/radial indentation cracks, evidencing a time-dependent growth. Comparison of the measured crack depth with a theoretical analysis demonstrated that the appearance of the “circular” cracks was related to the subcritical growth of median cracks.
The use of 111in-labeled lymphocyte imaging to evaluate graft rejection following cardiac transplantation in dogs

Lymphocytes separated from venous blood from six dogs who had heterotopic cardiac transplants have been labeled using 111In-oxine. Labeled lymphocytes were reinjected into the dogs and imaging of the heart carried out over the successive 3 or 4 days. For comparison serial ECGs and punch biopsies of the heart were obtained. Abnormal uptake of labeled lymphocytes in the donor heart was clearly visible in three of the six dogs, faintly visible in two and not seen in one. 630 μCi 111In was used in the dog where no uptake was seen and subsequent studies showed this amount of the radiopharmaceutical was toxic to lymphocytes. In the remaining five dogs the mean ratio of uptake of 111In in donor to recipient heart was 14:1 (range 6.5:1–21:1). The lack of substantial uptake in the transplanted heart of two dogs is attributed to a delay in rejection relative to the time the labeled lymphocytes were injected. The results suggest that 111In-labeled lymphocytes have potential as a noninvasive test for detecting rejection of cardiac transplants.
Pelviureteric obstruction in infancy

Of 33 infants with pelviureteric obstruction, most presented in the first month of life with an abdominal mass and most were males. Half of these patients had bilateral renal pathology. The association between cystic dysplasia in the hydronephrotic kidney and contralateral cystic renal abnormality in patients with unilateral pelviureteric obstruction is noted. There were 34 pyeloureteroplasties performed on 27 patients, mostly with good results, even in patients with bilateral renal pathology.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene transcription is directly repressed by the vitamin D3 receptor. Implications for allosteric influences on nuclear receptor structure and function by a DNA element

The primary function of activated T lymphocytes is to produce various cytokines necessary to elicit an immune response; these cytokines include interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF). Steroid hormones and vitamin A and D3 metabolites act to repress the expression of cytokines. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) down-modulates activated IL-2 expression at the level transcription, through direct antagonism of the transactivating complex NFAT-1/AP-1 by the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR). We report here that GMCSF transcription in Jurkat T cells is also directly repressed by 1, 25-(OH)2D3 and VDR. Among four NFAT/AP-1 elements in the GMCSF enhancer, we have focused on one such element that when multimerized, is sufficient in mediating both activation by NFAT-1 and AP-1 and repression in response to 1,25-(OH)2D3. Although this element does not contain any recognizable vitamin D response elements (VDREs), high affinity DNA binding by recombinant VDR is observed. In contrast to VDR interactions with positive VDREs, this binding is independent of VDR's heterodimeric partner, the retinoid X receptor. Moreover, VDR appears to bind the GMCSF element as an apparent monomer in vitro. Protease digestion patterns of bound VDR, and receptor mutations affecting DNA binding and dimerization, demonstrate that the receptor binds to the negative site in a distinct conformation relative to a positive VDRE, suggesting that the DNA element itself acts as an allosteric effector of VDR function. This altered conformation may account for VDR's action as a repressing rather than activating factor at this locus.
Induction of behavioral supersensitivity to apomorphine by DFP treatment

Abstract The effect of DFP, a long-acting inhibitor of acetylcholinsterase, on apomorphine-induced climbing behavior, was tested in mice. Twelve hours following the intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of DFP, animals demonstrated a significant increase in apomorphine-induced climbing behavior. This effect was not observed twenty-four hours following DFP pretreatment. These results suggest that acute administration of a cholinomimetic agent, may produce behavioral supersensitivity to dopamine agonists.
Dopa decarboxylase in Cytisus scoparius

Abstract Cytisus scoparius (Scots broom) contains a DOPA decarboxylase which shows little stereo-specificity between d - and l -DOPA, and is virtually inactive against tyrosine and phenylalanine. This enzyme requires oxygen for activity and is inhibited strongly by -SH containing reagents and diethyldithiocarbamate. All of the aerial parts of the plant tested showed some decarboxylase activity, with the largest amount of enzyme located in young branches.
Structural rearrangements in loop F of the GABA receptor signal ligand binding, not channel activation.

Structure-function studies of the Cys loop family of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors (GABA, nACh, 5-HT3, and glycine receptors) have resulted in a six-loop (A–F) model of the agonist-binding site. Key amino acids have been identified in these loops that associate with, and stabilize, bound ligand. The next step is to identify the structural rearrangements that couple agonist binding to channel opening. Loop F has been proposed to move upon receptor activation, although it is not known whether this movement is along the conformational pathway for channel opening. We test this hypothesis in the GABA receptor using simultaneous electrophysiology and site-directed fluorescence spectroscopy. The latter method reveals structural rearrangements by reporting changes in hydrophobicity around an environmentally sensitive fluorophore attached to defined positions of loop F. Using a series of ligands that span the range from full activation to full antagonism, we show there is no correlation between the rearrangements in loop F and channel opening. Based on these data and agonist docking simulations into a structural model of the GABA binding site, we propose that loop F is not along the pathway for channel opening, but rather is a component of the structural machinery that locks ligand into the agonist-binding site.
Kinematics, Metallicities, and Stellar Distributions in the Inner Disk and Bulge of the Milky Way

We present the results of a photometric and spectroscopic study of stars in four fields toward the inner disk and Galactic bulge. The fields are located symmetrically about the minor axis of the Milky Way at (l, b) = (-248, -60), (-87, -60), (+84, -60), and (+244, -61). We measured radial velocities and strengths of selected absorption-line indexes and derived the average reddening to each field, individual metallicities and photometric parallaxes for each star, and mean azimuthal rotation velocities and velocity dispersions for each field. We found that the stars are not strongly peaked in distribution at the tangent point or at bulgelike distances along any of the lines of sight. In each field, we find that velocity dispersion decreases as [Fe/H] increases, a correlation noted in many previous works. We also find that both velocity dispersion and [Fe/H] vary along each line of sight in a manner consistent with progressively sampling different populations (thin disk, bulge, thick disk, halo) at increasing distance; hence, the observed metallicity?velocity dispersion correlation is likely the result, at least in part, of the superposition of multiple populations viewed along the line of sight. We find that the disk stars in the (-248, -60) field are approaching the solar position at ~50 km s-1 faster than the stars in the (+244, -61) field are moving away. Similarly, inner disk stars from the two inner fields have a velocity asymmetry of ~35 km s-1. The velocity dispersions in these fields are also asymmetric; the -l fields have lower values than predicted for a circularly rotating exponential disk, while the +l fields have higher values. These kinematic asymmetries suggest that a barlike asymmetry exists in the inner disk of similar geometric positioning as the bar detected in the Galactic bulge. Comparison of the line-of-sight kinematics in our (+84, -60) field with the values of Minniti for a field at (+8?, +7?) indicates that the kinematics of the outer bulge is symmetric about the Galactic major axis. From the stars at bulgelike distances in our inner fields, we calculated a rotational velocity, and azimuthal velocity dispersion for the bulge. By linearly interpolating the values in the two fields, we found the projected mean rotation of the bulge to be 53.3 ? 0.3 km s-1 kpc-1, or 9.0 ? 0.5 km s-1 deg-1, in general agreement with other values from the literature.
Geographic Concentration and Competitive Experience: Postbellum Firearms Firms in the US South

Organizations vary in competitive intensity. This paper argues that this variation can be explained by differences in the type of inter-organizational relationships experienced by organizations in ...
Studying Mapuche Shaman/Healers in Chile from an Experiential Perspective: Ethical and Methodological Problems

Anthropologists who "study" religious practitioners are always confronted with both an ethical and a methodological problem. Our traditional training asks us to remain detached from our "informants" and their beliefs in order to collect "data" whose content will be analyzed according to academic agendas and theoretical trends, translated into anthropological jargon and published in ethnographies that will be accepted, published, and read in the academic world. On the other hand, the purpose of our anthropological research is to gain a deeper understanding of the "other" from the "inside." Experiential anthropology has searched for a deeper understanding of religious practitioners and their beliefs. This includes focusing on native epistemologies and experiences and personal engagement with informants that sometimes involves the ethnographer's apprenticeship and initiation into the religious traditions that are beingstudied. This experience involves our commitment and respect towards those we study. Drawing on my own experience with Mapuche shamans in southern Chile I discuss the ethical and methodological problems anthropologists have in bridging professional interests with the personal commitments made with those whom we study. I discuss the ethical problems in using apprenticeship and initiation solely for professional purposes and the problem of cultural appropriation, the limitations that an exclusively academic model has on what can be written about, how it should be conceptualized, theorized, and represented, and the problems anthropologists undergo in having to simultaneously maintain professional detachment and be committed to those with whom we work.
Redo pullthrough for Hirschsprung disease: a single surgical group's experience.

Abstract Introduction This study presents our surgical experience for redo-pullthrough (RedoPT) for Hirschsprung disease (HD). It reviews the patient's clinical outcomes and assesses stooling patterns after RedoPT. Methods A retrospective review of our institution's RedoPTs as well as one author's overseas cases was performed. Stooling scores were tabulated using an established survey tool and compared to primary PT matched patients. Results Between 1974 and 2012, 46 individuals (52% males) underwent RedoPT, representing 3 percent of all HD pullthroughs. Median age at primary PT and RedoPT was 1year (range 1week–18years) and 3.5years (range 8weeks–41years), respectively. Indications for RedoPT were predominately for aganglionosis/transition zone pathology (71%); followed by stricture or an obstructing Duhamel pouch (19%), tight cuff (8%) and a twisted PT (4%). None were performed for an isolated clinical diagnosis of repeated bouts of enterocolitis. RedoPT surgical approach depended upon the initial pullthrough technique and any previous complications. Stooling scores were significantly (P Conclusion Appropriately selected children undergoing a RedoPT can achieve good results, with comparable continence rates to those undergoing a primary PT.
SU-GG-T-125: Incorporating Uncertainty in Radiation Therapy Optimization with Scenario and Voxel Sampling

Purpose: The inclusion of motion and uncertainty in treatment plan optimization requires the use of a potentially large number of geometric instances (scenarios), which may be computationally intractable. We seek to provide a fast, flexible approach that is practical to implement. Method and Materials: When using a gradient‐based optimization method, we have found that not every voxel and scenario needs to be computed at every step to converge to a near‐optimal solution. We first create a model of the dose actually delivered to the patient for a given set of beamlet intensities and geometric scenario. Based on this dose, we calculate the value of an objective function, a measure of how far a dose is from satisfying our clinical goals. We typically minimize the expected value of this objective function. On each step of the optimization, we use several scenario samples to estimate the expected objective. To further speed up the estimate, we only calculate the dose to a fraction of the voxels within the patient per scenario. We use this sampling to estimate the gradient, which we use in a gradient‐based optimization algorithm. At each step of the algorithm we use sample new scenarios and voxels. We automatically tune the sampling rate for various structures by choosing the number of scenarios and voxels samples per step that minimizes the variance in the estimated objective. Results: So far we have tested the algorithm on 5 cases with a variety of treatment sites and several different motion models for IMRT and IMPT. Based on these cases, we find that voxel sampling combined with scenario sampling is over an order of magnitude faster than scenario sampling alone. This acceleration is achieved without sacrificing plan quality. Conclusion: The new approach is a fast, flexible way of incorporating uncertainty into the optimization.
Implantation techniques of antitachycardia devices.

Implantation of a defibrillator may be by a mixed technique of transvenous leads and subcostal thoracotomy. An alternative approach is placement of all defibrillator leads and possible pacemaker leads via median sternotomy. All sensing leads, either for a defibrillator or a pacemaker, should be bipolar to provide maximal rejection of interference signals. Interpretation of the electrogram requires analysis of the pathologic electrogram to distinguish it from the “normal” electrogram for that patient and may require several leads to determine the activation sequence; which will allow diagnosis of a tachycardia in a fashion similar to that performed by a human observer.
Preoperative Predictors of Significant Symptomatic Response After 1 Year of Gastric Electrical Stimulation for Gastroparesis

Background In cases of gastroparesis where significant symptoms fail to respond to standard medical therapy, gastric electrical stimulation (GES) may be of benefit. Unfortunately, not all patients improve with this therapy. Reliable preoperative predictors of symptomatic response to GES may allow clinicians to offer this expensive and invasive treatment to only those patients most likely to benefit.
Information Content of Sonar Calls of Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus): Potential for Communication

Abstract We examined variability in bat sonar calls related to characteristics of the caller (i.e., individual identity, sex, state of lactation, age category, and colony membership) in 2 situations. If variation in call features reliably reflects characteristics of individuals, then there is potential for information transfer to conspecifics. Thus, sonar calls, in addition to their use in orientation and prey location, may function for communication. We obtained recordings of sonar calls from 66 little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) captured from buildings at Chautauqua Institution, State University of New York at Fredonia campus, and surrounding areas in 2003–2005. Calls were recorded using a laptop computer, digitizing card, connector box, amplifier, and U30 bat detector while the bat crawled from hand to hand and while in flight. Calls were extracted and analyzed using custom computer programs to generate measurements for variables describing each call, which were then analyzed statistically. Our analy...
A heuristic approach for minimizing weighted tardiness and overtime costs in single resource scheduling

Many firms face practical scheduling challenges in balancing the costs of overtime against the costs of tardiness, where tardiness costs vary by job or project. This paper addresses this challenge by considering scheduling jobs for processing during a finite number of discrete periods on a single resource. The resource can process jobs in two modes, regular time and overtime, at different costs per unit time, and jobs cannot be preempted. Each job has associated release and due dates, and tardy jobs incur a job-specific cost per period tardy. The schedule planner wishes to minimize the sum of weighted job tardiness and resource overtime costs. We provide a pseudopolynomial time algorithm for determining the optimal usage of regular time and overtime for any fixed sequence of jobs. We use this algorithm as a subroutine for heuristically solving the general scheduling problem using a priority sequencing rule. A local search algorithm then improves upon the initial solution generated by the priority rules. We use a strengthened linear programming formulation to provide good lower bounds for assessing the performance of the heuristics. Computational tests show that the algorithm generates close to optimal solutions for problems with high tardiness costs in reasonable computing time.
1112 DECREASED ENDOGENOUS GLUCOSE PRODUCTION (EGP) IN LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (LBW) INFANTS

Since hypoglycemia occurs in LBW infants, glucose production rates were measured in 6 SGA infants (1959±142 gms B.W. and 37.7±0.6 wks. G.A., M±SEM) who received glucose to treat hypoglycemia and 7 AGA LBW infants (2071±126 gms; 34.1±0.6 wks) who received glucose to supplement feedings. Both were studied at 35.5±8.6 hrs. and compared to 5 AGA infants (3250±116 gms; 39.2±0.4 wks) studied at 6 hrs. After 3 hrs. NPO, baseline glucose and insulin were obtained and a prime plus constant infusion of 4 μg/kg/min D-{U-13C)glucose was given. At equilibrium, pl. glucose, insulin, glucagon and 13C glucose were analyzed and EGP rates were derived during the turnover period. Pl. glucose in the term AGA was lower than in the AGA-LBW group during the turnover period (p<.01). No differences were noted in pl. insulin or glucagon concentration. The SGA group had a consistent suppression of EGP in comparison to the term AGA infants (p<.01). Suppression of EGP could not be correlated with changes in insulin or glucagon. We speculate that less substrate may be available to the SGA group for glucose production.
Physiological basis for inhibition of maize seed germination by flooding

Field emergence of maize (Zea mays L.) can be severely reduced by flooding shortly after planting. This study was conducted tio characterize the response of several maize inbreds to soaking injury and to examine the importance of ethanol and acetaldehyde accumulation as determinants of flooding tolerance
Effects of dextroamphetamine on event-related slow potentials in rat cortex during a reaction time task

Abstract Event-related slow potentials were recorded from two different cortical areas in the rat during an operant reaction time task in which trials were initiated at variable intervals by an auditory warning stimulus. Slow potential responses during the 2-sec period between onset of the warning stimulus and extension of a retractable lever were analyzed. The effects of various doses of d -Amphetamine on the slow potential responses were examined. Surface-negative slow potential responses from the frontal cortex had two components, an early wave which reached maximum amplitude at 200–350 msec after the stimulus and a later wave which began at 650–850 msec. The slow potential response recorded from the visual cortex showed a smaller surface-negative wave which was maximum at 350–1000 msec; following the initial negative wave, the potential gradually shifted positive. d -Amphetamine (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) caused a dose-related depression of the frontal slow potential responses (indicated by both amplitude and area analysis). Amplitudes and areas of the visual slow potential were not consistently altered. The results of this study indicate that the effects of d -amphetamine on eventrelated slow potentials in the rat are dependent on the cortical area from which they are recorded.
Vibration Analysis of a Floating Roof Subjected to Radial Second Mode of Sloshing

In a previous paper, a cost-efficient modal analysis method for the vibration of a floating roof coupled with nonlinear sloshing in a circular cylindrical oil storage tank is presented. This method is extended to the case in which the out-of-plane deformation of the roof-deck caused by the radial second mode of sloshing induces an elliptical deformation of the pontoon around the deck. First, the radial contraction of the deck is calculated from the slope of the out-of-plane deformation of the deck, and the following two points are confirmed: (i) the circumferential variation in this radial contraction results in the elliptical deformation of the pontoon, and (ii) the present theoretical prediction for the radial contraction is in good agreement with a numerical result obtained by LS-DYNA . Based on these points, the stresses arising in the pontoon are calculated by considering the contraction of the deck as an enforced displacement of the pontoon. Numerical results show that (a) the elliptical deformation of the pontoon causes a large circumferential in-plane stress, (b) reduction achieved by the increase in the thickness of the deck is larger for the radial contraction of the deck and the stresses in the pontoon than for the out-of-plane deformation of the deck, and (c) the radial contraction of the deck for a fixed value of the out-of-plane deformation of the deck increases with the decrease in the radius of the deck.
Investigation of Cerenkov counting of environmental strontium-90

A typical liquid scintillation counter was evaluated for detection of low levels of /sup 90/Sr-Y. A blank of about 5 cpm and /sup 90/Y efficiency of 42% were obtained for 20-ml samples. The corresponding minimum detectable concentration for a 100-minute count is 0.03 pCi/ml, so that measurement of water samples can readily be made at the maximum permissible concentration for /sup 90/Sr, 0.3 pCi/ml. The efficiency for /sup 90/Sr is less than 0.4%, 1.4% for /sup 137/Cs, and less than 0.04% for gamma-emitting /sup 85/Sr, a useful tracer. Some data for /sup 90/Y efficiencies and blanks are given for other liquid scintillation counters. Chemical treatments are necessary in some cases to concentrate /sup 90/Sr-Y, to remove colored substances which cause quenching, or to eliminate interfering radionuclides. However, the manipulations need not be as elaborate as in conventional radiochemical analysis methods for /sup 90/Sr. Ferric ion (yellow) quenches at the 5 ppM level, but the interference can be eliminated by adding a reducing agent. The Rn daughter /sup 214/Bi, an interfering radionuclide, disappears by decay in 2-3 hours after removal of Rn by sweeping with air or gas. Concentration-separation methods studied have included precipitation and ion exchange.
Raising the Bar for Hispanic Serving Institutions An Analysis of College Completion and Success Rates

Hispanic serving institutions (HSIs) in California have the potential to play a key role in raising Latino college completion rates. However, while HSIs provide access to higher education for Latinos, student success, persistence, and completion rates remain low. This study utilized the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System and the California Community College Data Mart to examine student outcomes at 2-year and 4-year HSIs in California. Among the key findings, the majority of HSIs show lower college completion rates between Latino students and their peers despite promising persistence rates and college units earned. The findings suggest that traditional models of success may be less relevant for Latino students in predicting college success and 4-year degree completion. Finally, this study introduces new approaches for HSIs to consider in their data collection, reporting, and analytical processes to better serve Latino students and increase college success and completion.
An alternative synthesis of benzobis(imidazolium) salts via a ‘one-pot’ cyclization/oxidation reaction sequence

Abstract Cyclization of N-aryl and N-alkyl 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzoquinonediimines using paraformaldehyde under acidic conditions followed by oxidation with catalytic amounts of Pd(OAc)2 afforded their respective benzobis(imidazolium) salts in yields of 48–98%. A comparative solid-state study between a 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzoquinonediimine and its corresponding benzobis(imidazolium) dichloride was also performed.
Vocalization Induced CFos Expression in Marmoset Cortex

All nonhuman primates communicate with conspecifics using vocalizations, a system involving both the production and perception of species-specific vocal signals. Much of the work on the neural basis of primate vocal communication in cortex has focused on the sensory processing of vocalizations, while relatively little data are available for vocal production. Earlier physiological studies in squirrel monkeys had shed doubts on the involvement of primate cortex in vocal behaviors. The aim of the present study was to identify areas of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) cortex that are potentially involved in vocal communication. In this study, we quantified cFos expression in three areas of marmoset cortex – frontal, temporal (auditory) and medial temporal – under various vocal conditions. Specifically, we examined cFos expression in these cortical areas during the sensory, motor (vocal production) and sensory-motor components of vocal communication. Our results showed an increase in cFos expression in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex as well as the medial and lateral belt areas of auditory cortex in the vocal perception condition. In contrast, subjects in the vocal production condition resulted in increased cFos expression only in dorsal premotor cortex. During the sensory-motor condition (antiphonal calling), subjects exhibited cFos expression in each of the above areas, as well as increased expression in perirhinal cortex. Overall, these results suggest that various cortical areas outside primary auditory cortex are involved in primate vocal communication. These findings pave the way for further physiological studies of the neural basis of primate vocal communication.
Treatment of kaposi's sarcoma with vinblastine

Fourteen patients with Kaposi's sarcoma (KSY were treated systemically with vinblastine sulfate in a low-dose regimen and compared with 23 patients reported in the medical literature. The therapeutic results in our series were excellent in terms of regression of cutaneous lesions. Vinblastine appears to be a drug that is well suited for the management of KS in an outpatient setting. Intravenous therapy may be supplemented with intralesional or intraarterial vinblastine.