cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRPV4 enhances the cellular uptake of aminoglycoside antibiotics

The cochlea and kidney are susceptible to aminoglycoside-induced toxicity. The non-selective cation channel TRPV4 is expressed in kidney distal tubule cells, and hair cells and the stria vascularis in the inner ear. To determine whether TRPV4 is involved in aminoglycoside trafficking, we generated a murine proximal-tubule cell line (KPT2) and a distal-tubule cell line (KDT3). TRPV4 expression was confirmed in KDT3 cells but not in KPT2 cells. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ significantly enhanced gentamicin–Texas-Red (GTTR) uptake by KDT3, indicative of permeation through non-selective cation channels. To determine whether TRPV4 is permeable to GTTR, stable cell lines were generated that express TRPV4 in KPT2 (KPT2-TRPV4). KPT2-TRPV4 cells took up more GTTR than control cell lines (KPT2-pBabe) in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. TRPV4-dependent GTTR uptake was abolished by a point mutation within the crucial pore region of the channel, suggesting that GTTR permeates the TRPV4 channel. In an endolymph-like extracellular environment, clearance of GTTR was attenuated from KPT2-TRPV4 cells in a TRPV4-dependent fashion. We propose that TRPV4 has a role in aminoglycoside uptake and retention in the cochlea.
Are there really two quines

In his Reflections on Language Chomsky charges that with respect to doc? trines concerning the study of language there are, in effect, really two Quines: there is the Quine of 1960, and there is the Quine of 1969 onward (for the sake of brevity and variety I shall, at times, refer to these two, respectively, as Quine-I and Quine-H), and that these two are not only inconsistent with each other, but that Quine-II almost completely abandons the behaviorism of Quine-I.1 In this essay I shall attempt to show that this charge is entirely false. The importance of setting the matter straight, and the ultimate aim of this essay, consists in clarifying, to some extent, the nature of Quine's brand of behaviorism. If, in addition, some of the confusions beclouding the Quine Chomsky debate are dissipated, thereby setting the stage for an investigation of the real issues between Quine and Chomsky, so much the better, but this is not the main concern of this essay.
Biotransformation of Arsenopyrite by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Abstract. In this study, the arsenopyrite was used as representative of gold-bearing sulfides in Carlin-Type gold ores to test the ability of oxidation on them by P. chrysosporium. After shaking incubation for 20 days, the conversion rates of iron, sulfur and arsenic in arsenopyrite were 6.28%, 35% and 21.76%, which were 44.86, 2.98 and 48.36 times compared with the asepsis system, respectively. It indicated that the P. chrysosporium could improve obviously the biotransformation rate of arsenopyrite by its own metabolic activity. The electrochemical oxidation behavior of arsenopyrite in the leaching system without and with P. chrysosporium were detected with electrochemical technology. The results showed that the P. chrysosporium did not change the oxidation mechanism of arsenopyrite, but strong oxidizing environment, which was structured by its products-oxidative enzymes and hydrogen peroxide, could promote the transformation from Fe2+ to Fe3+. P. chrysosporium could significantly decrease pitting potential and improve polarization current of arsenopyrite electrode and then accelerate its corrosion process. These indicated that P. chrysosporium was an available microorganism for degrading and transforming sulfides. P. chrysosporium could break gold inclusion and improve gold leaching rate, and finally realized economical and efficient application of Carlin-type gold ores.
The first scattering-dominant structured gold nanoparticles for enhancing OCT backscattering and imaging contrast

We reported the first scattering-dominant agent based on structured Au nanocages for enhancing OCT imaging contrast. Animal tumor imaging with the Au nanocages was performed, demonstrating significant in vivo contrast enhancement for the first time
Which patients with unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction should have immediate cardiac catheterization? A clinical decision rule for predicting who will fail medical therapy

Abstract Unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI) are common and costly clinical events, but there is considerable uncertainty about optimal clinical management of these syndromes. We developed a prediction rule to help clinicians determine which patients with unstable angina or non-Q-wave MI are likely to “fail” medical therapy and ultimately require cardiac catheterization within 6 weeks of presentation. Subjects were 733 patients presenting with unstable angina or non-Q-wave MI enrolled in the TIMI IIIB trial and randomized to initial medical management. We developed a prediction rule based on logistic regression analysis of baseline data from history, physical examination, electrocardiogram, and blood studies. The outcome of interest was “failure” of medical therapy, defined as need for coronary catheterization within 42 days. Significant predictors of “failing” medical therapy included ST segment depression ≥ .1 mV (odds ratio, OR, = 2.7, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.8–4.1), accelerated angina in the prior 2 months (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.6), nitrate use in the prior week (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.2), exertional angina in the prior 2 months (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.2), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) ≥ 0.4 ng/mL (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.9). We used these variables to build a risk score by assigning point values based on these ORs. The risk score had a moderate ability to predict which patients would subsequently fail medical therapy and undergo cardiac catheterization (c = 0.682). Out of a total risk score of 13, failure of medical therapy occurred in 86% of patients who had a risk score ≥ 8 ( n = 111), 78% of patients who had a risk score ≥ 6 ( n = 240), and 72% of patients who had a risk score ≥ 4 ( n = 438). At scores of n = 88), 40% of patients failed medical therapy. Although the management of unstable angina is in constant evolution, clinicians will always be faced with determining which patients should be managed most invasively. The simple prediction rule we present can be applied to patients with unstable angina or non-Q-wave MI at the time of presentation to predict which patients have a high probability of failing medical therapy. Such a rule may be useful for identifying patients who should be considered for early cardiac catheterization.
Ras: The Other Pro-Aging Pathway

Studies in worms, flies, and mice point to the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-like pathway as a central regulator of longevity. A similar pathway, which includes Sch9, a functional mammalian Akt/protein kinase B homolog, regulates longevity in yeast. Chronological aging in yeast is also regulated by a second pathway that includes Ras, adenylate cyclase, protein kinase A, the transcription factors Msn2 and Msn4, and Sod2. Although Ras proteins have not been implicated in longevity regulation in worms or flies, the major role of Ras in mammalian IGF-1 signaling raises the possibility that homologs of yeast Ras2 might accelerate aging in mammals. Here I review the data from experiments at both the organismal and cellular levels that support a role for Ras in the regulation of stress resistance and life span in eukaryotes.
Studies of mechanisms in glow discharge oscillations

Abstract Glow discharge oscillation is an old phenomenon but our mechanistic understanding of the processes involved continues to grow. A mechanism study is important especially now since a new type of sensitive GC detector is being developed based on this phenomenon. A SPAN model of glow discharge oscillation is proposed: source formation; propagation; accumulation; and neutralization of space charges. Electrode coupling couples the neutralization and source formation processes thus completing the feedback loop necessary for some of the observed oscillations to occur. Emission, space potential and current monitoring, and forced oscillations were used to monitor and identify the mechanisms.
A multiattribute decision-theoretic approach for the layout design problem

Abstract This paper presents an application of decision theory to the layout design problem. Both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the problem are considered. The approach is to utilize measurement results in defining a multicriteria objective function for layout evaluation. This objective function is used in the context of a heuristic algorithm for generating a layout. The algorithm is embedded in a software package. The effectiveness of using a multicriteria objective function is demonstrated using the proposed algorithm on a ten-department problem.
Statistical adequacy and the trustworthiness of empirical evidence: Statistical vs. substantive information

Abstract The paper focuses on how the traditional textbook approach to econometrics, by conflating statistical and substantive information, has contributed significantly to the mountains of untrustworthy evidence accumulated over the last century. In a nutshell, the problem is that when one's favorite theory is foisted on the data, the end result is invariably an empirical model which is both statistically and substantively misspecified, but one has no way to disentangle the two sources of error in order to draw reliable inferences. It is argued that ignoring statistical misspecification, and focusing exclusively on the evaluation of the statistical results – taken at face value – on substantive grounds, has proved a disastrous strategy for learning from data. Moreover, the traditional textbook stratagems of error-fixing designed to alleviate statistical misspecification often make matters worse. Instead, the paper proposes a number of strategies that separate the statistical and substantive sources of information, ab initio, and address the problem by replacing goodness-of-fit with statistical adequacy to secure the statistical reliability of inference, and then proceed to pose questions of substantive adequacy.
A comparison of the photosynthesis — light intensity relationship in phylogenetically different marine microalgae

Abstract Measured under equivalent physiological conditions, the photosynthesis-light intensity relationship based on oxygen production/mg chlorophyll a was found to be the same in five species representing the different chlorophyll c containing divisions of marine phytoplankton. Other non-photochemical metabolic processes related to photosynthesis such as diurnal variations, maximal photosynthesis rates, and dark oxygen uptake were quite different, and so these are the more significant factors in production and ecological distribution of diatoms, dinoflagellates, and coccolithophores. In contrast, the green algae tested showed a significantly different photosynthesis-light intensity curve from the chlorophyll c group.
Strategic Risk-Taking Propensity: The Role of Ethical Climate and Marketing Output Control

In the wake of the current financial crises triggered by risky mortgage-backed securities, the question of ethics and risk-taking is once again at the front and center for both practitioners and academics. Although risk-taking is considered an integral part of strategic decision-making, sometimes firms could be propelled to take risks driven by reasons other than calculated strategic choices. The authors argue that a firm’s risk-taking propensity is impacted by its ethical climate (egoistic or benevolent) and its emphasis on output control to manage its marketing function. The firm’s long-term orientation is argued to moderate the control–risk propensity relationship. The authors also extend research on risk and performance and argue that the association of risk-taking propensity and firm performance is contingent on the ownership (publicly traded versus privately held) structure of the firm. Based on survey data from a sample of manufacturing industries in the United States, the results show significant impact of ethical climate and marketing output control on a firm’s risk-taking propensity; also risk-taking propensity shows a stronger association with firm performance in privately held firms than in publicly traded firms.
Graph Matching Based Authorization Model for Efficient Secure XML Querying

XML is rapidly emerging as a standard for data representation and exchange over the World Wide Web and an increasing amount of sensitive business data is processed in the XML format. Therefore, it is critical to have control mechanisms to restrict a user to access only the parts of XML documents that he/she is authorized to access. In this paper, we propose the first DTD-based access control model that employs graph matching to analyze if an input query is fully acceptable, fully rejectable, or partially acceptable, and to rewrite for partially acceptable queries only if necessary, along with the features of optimization and speed-up for query rewriting by introducing an index structure.
Operations Research in Perspective

*MORSE, our first president, called in 1953 for increased attention to analytical techniques and their applications, to experiments in operations research, and to education for new operations research workers. [' ORINEHART, after drawing attention to the need for professional standards and for ethics in practice, warned against overenthusiastic selling of the promise of operations research.[2] *STEINHARDT spoke of the need for expansion of operations research into industry and into government outside the military departments. 3] *BROTHERS, in calling for increased educational opportunities for future operations-research workers, stressed three devices: academic leave for senior workers, interchange arrangements between universities and operations-research groups, and similar cooperative arrangements for graduate students. [3 *ACKOFF described the opportunities for operations research in national planning, particularly in underdeveloped countries, and recommended steps to seize them.15] oKoOPMAN urged more operations-research work in the spirit of science (as quoted in Lathrop[71). oLATHROP called for "more scientific work in the spirit of operations."I71 *HITCH discussed the difficulties of handling uncertainties in operations research and urged an increased recognition of the impact of uncertainty on operations research and system studies. 13 *ERNST discussed the difficulties we face in tackling large strategic problems and urged progress toward conquering them. [] *And FLOOD, after sketching several challenging new areas that present opportunities for operations-research workers, called for cooperation between them and other specialists who can contribute to effective work in these new areas.1101
Edge effect of a carbon fiber meeting a surface

Abstract This paper investigates the free edge effect on the stress field of a carbon fiber, which is embedded into an epoxy matrix. The fiber is assumed to possess cylindrical symmetry and to be transversely isotropic. The matrix is assumed to be of an isotropic material. The stress field is induced by a uniform tension applied on the matrix at points far away from the fiber surface. The displacement and stress fields are explicitly derived and a stress singularity is shown to prevail. The singularity strength is shown to be a function of the material constants of the fiber as well as those of the matrix. Finally, the displacement and stress profiles are plotted as a function of the angle φ which is measured from the free surface.
Model experiments to mimic fracture surface features in metallic glasses

The vein-like fracture surface features which occur in metallic glasses have been modeled via experiments in which a thin layer of grease is tested in tension. The effects of layer thickness, substrate shape, viscosity of the grease layer, and stress state on the fracture surface features are investigated. The trend discovered in the relationship between the viscosity of the viscous layer and the fracture surface feature size in the model experiments is consistent with what is found in metallic glasses.
Emerging from the Hobbesian jungle: Might takes and makes rights

The conflict over scarce resources in the Hobbesian jungle may be avoided if rules of obligation delineating property rights develop along with institutions of governance. One possibility is a “duress contract” as the strongest individual threatens others who agree to enslavement. Thus, “might takes rights.” Alternatively, individuals with similar capacities for violence may enter a “consent contract” establishing rules of obligation and then voluntarily participating in governance. They will not agree to a rights assignment that produces less wealth than they expect through violence, however, so “might makes rights.” A might-takes-and-makes-rights analysis is outlined to explain the continuum of legal institutions and property rights allocations that can evolve between these two extremes of duress and consent. Increasingly finely delineated private property rights tend to evolve under institutions produced by consent contracts, while common pool problems tend to arise near the duress contract end of the spectrum.
Planning a Day at PITTCON: An Introduction to Current Trends in Analytical Chemistry Research for Undergraduates

Two primary means of learning and growing in the "real world" involve reading the current literature in technical journals such as Analytical Chemistry and presenting at or attending research conferences such as the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, PITTCON. These tpoics are not included in the traditional undergraduate chemistry curriculum. "Planning a Day at PITTCON" is a relatively simple assignment designed for use in introductory analytical chemistry which introduces undergraduates to the analytical chemistry primary literature and to the premier conference in analytical chemistry, PITTCON. In the assignment, students are provided with copies of the midwinter issue of Analytical Chemistry which features the PITTCON program and are asked to plan one day at the meeting and to read and summarize one of the many technical articles in the journal. The assignment interests and challenges a diverse student body while keeping the teaching staff on their toes, requires no...
Multiple forms of acetylcholinesterase from the ciliary body of the human eye.

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase of the human ciliary body occurs in three molecular forms with sedimentation coefficients approximately 7 S, 11 S, and 15 S. One of the forms, 7 S, is globular. This form has a molecular weight of about 110 000 and does not aggregate at low ionic strength—the other two forms do aggregate. These results are discussed in view of our present knowledge of cholinesterases from different sources.
Increased IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα secretion and mRNA levels in WEHI-3 cells exposed to cyclopiazonic acid

The effects of the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) on cytokine secretion and gene expression were evaluated in the WEHI-3 murine macrophage cell line. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated and non-stimulated cells were exposed to various concentrations of CPA and culture supernatants were assessed for interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6 and TNFalpha by ELISA. Without LPS stimulation, only IL-6 was increased by CPA at 5000 ng/ml after 1, 2 and 3 days. With LPS stimulation, IL-1 beta was elevated in the presence of 500 and 1000 ng/ml of CPA at 1 day and 500, 1000 and 5000 ng/ml at 2 days and 3 days. TNF alpha was increased by 1000 ng/ml CPA at 12 h and by 500, 1000 and 5000 ng/ml CPA at 1-3 days. IL-6 levels were increased in the presence of 100, 500 and 1000 CPA ng/ml at both 12 h and 3 days and in the presence of 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 ng/ml CPA at both 1 day and 2 days. The cytokine effects were further related to proliferation and cell viability using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Proliferation was increased relative to controls in the presence of 50-1000 ng/ml of CPA in LPS-stimulated cells and in the presence of 500-1000 ng/ml CPA in unstimulated cells. In contrast, proliferation was markedly inhibited by 5000 ng/ml CPA in both stimulated and unstimulated cells. To relate the effect of CPA on IL secretion to mRNA transcript levels, LPS-stimulated cells were incubated with 1000 ng/ml of CPA for 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h and cytokine mRNA levels were evaluated using RT-PCR in combination with Southern hybridization analysis. In the presence of LPS only, IL-1 beta and IL-6 mRNA peaked at 8 h and 4 h, respectively, and then decreased whereas TNF alpha mRNA was strongly expressed from 2-8 h and markedly decreased at 12 h. In the presence of LPS and CPA, however, IL-1 beta and IL-6 mRNA levels gradually increased up to 24 h reaching 2.5 and 29-fold higher than controls, respectively. In contrast, TNF alpha mRNA levels slowly decreased after 8 h but remained markedly elevated relative to controls. Taken together, these results suggest that CPA can superinduce both secretion and mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines associated with macrophage activation. Cytokine upregulation was not always consistent with proliferative effects.
No association between water fluoridation and mortality from cancer

Objective Does water fluoridation have negative effects? This objective was broken down into four sections, fluorosis, bone fracture and bone development effects, cancer and other possible adverse effects. Data sources See page 37. Study selection Twenty-six studies were included, 18 of level C and eight of level B (see page 37). The mean validity score was 3.8 (range, 2.8–4.8). Results Incidence of ‘all cause’ cancer and associated mortality was considered as an outcome in 10 studies and 22 analyses were made. Of these, in only two studies was a significant association found, one a negative association (more cancers) in one of eight subgroups, and in the other a significant positive effect (fewer cancers). Of nine studies comprising 20 analyses of bone cancers, one found a significant negative effect in both men and boys, ie, more cancers. Because of the varying outcome measures, results could not be pooled formally. Conclusions The findings of cancer studies were mixed, with small variations on either side of no effect. Individual cancers examined were bone cancers and thyroid cancer, where once again no clear pattern of association was seen. Overall, in the research evidence included no association was detected between water fluoridation and mortality from any cancer, or with bone or thyroid cancers specifically. McDonagh M, Whiting P, Bradley M, Cooper J, Sutton A, Chestnutt I, et al. A Systematic Review of Public Water Fluoridation. York: Publications Office, NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York. ISBN 1 900640 16 3; 2000
Evaluation of the MODIS Aerosol Retrievals over Ocean and Land during CLAMS

Abstract The Chesapeake Lighthouse Aircraft Measurements for Satellites (CLAMS) experiment took place from 10 July to 2 August 2001 in a combined ocean–land region that included the Chesapeake Lighthouse [Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Ocean Validation Experiment (COVE)] and the Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), both along coastal Virginia. This experiment was designed mainly for validating instruments and algorithms aboard the Terra satellite platform, including the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Over the ocean, MODIS retrieved aerosol optical depths (AODs) at seven wavelengths and an estimate of the aerosol size distribution. Over the land, MODIS retrieved AOD at three wavelengths plus qualitative estimates of the aerosol size. Temporally coincident measurements of aerosol properties were made with a variety of sun photometers from ground sites and airborne sites just above the surface. The set of sun photometers provided unprecedented spectral coverage from vi...
Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity, Cerebral Metabolic Rate, and Carbon Dioxide Response in Normal Humans

Background: Dexmedetomidine reduces cerebral blood flow (CBF) in humans and animals. In animal investigations, cerebral metabolic rate (CMR) was unchanged. Therefore, the authors hypothesized that dexmedetomidine would cause a decrease in the CBF/CMR ratio with even further reduction by superimposed hyperventilation. This reduction might be deleterious in patients with neurologic injuries. Methods: Middle cerebral artery velocity (CBFV) was recorded continuously in six volunteers. CBFV, jugular bulb venous saturation (Sjvo 2 ), CMR equivalent (CMRe), and CBFV/ CMRe ratio were determined at six intervals before, during, and after administration of dexmedetomidine: (1) presedation; (2) presedation with hyperventilation; at steady state plasma levels of (3) 0.6 ng/ml and (4) 1.2 ng/ml; (5) 1.2 ng/ml with hyperventilation; and (6) 30 min after discontinuing dexmedetomidine. The slope of the arterial carbon dioxide tension (Paco 2 )-CBFV relation was determined presedation and at 1.2 ng/ml. Results: CBFV and CMRe decreased in a dose-related manner. The CBFV/CMRe ratio was unchanged. The CBFV response to carbon dioxide decreased from 1.20 ± 0.2 cm·s -1 ·mm Hg -1 presedation to 0.40 ± 0.15 cm·s -1 ·mm Hg -1 at 1.2 ng/ml. Sjvo 2 was statistically unchanged during hyperventilation at 1.2 ng/ml versus presedation (50 ± 11 vs. 43 ± 5%). Arousal for hyperventilation at 1.2 ng/ml resulted in increased CBFV (30 ± 5 to 38 ± 4) and Bispectral Index (43 ± 10 to 94 ± 3). Conclusions: The predicted decrease in CBFV/CMRe ratio was not observed because of an unanticipated reduction of CMRe and a decrease in the slope of the Paco 2 -CBFV relation. CBFV and Bispectral Index increases during arousal for hyperventilation at 1.2 ng/ml suggest that CMR-CBF coupling is preserved during dexmedetomidine administration. Further evaluation of dexmedetomidine in patients with neurologic injuries seems justified.
Host Factor Vulnerability and Development of Progressive Intraluminal Pulmonary Vein Stenosis after Congenital Heart Surgery

Objective. The aim of this study is to explore the risk factors for progressive intraluminal pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) in patients after surgery for congenital heart disease using a case-control design. Design. Using the Children's Hospital Cardiovascular database, all patients who developed progressive intraluminal obstruction of ≥2 pulmonary veins after cardiac surgery between 1989 and 2003 with at least 1 year of follow-up were selected, along with a random sample of control patients undergoing surgery who did not develop PVS. Because initial findings showed heterotaxy syndrome and total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) to be strongly associated with PVS, controls were frequency-matched to cases based on these anatomic subtypes. Demographic, neonatal, anatomic, surgical, and postoperative variables were compared for cases vs. controls. Results. Controlling for heterotaxy and TAPVR, younger age at first surgery was identified as being associated with development of PVS (median age 6 days for cases vs. 38 days for controls, P= .01). In subsequent bivariate analyses, adjusting for younger age, blood type B (odds ratio [OR]= 7.6, P= .04) and cardiopulmonary bypass in the first 3 months of life (OR = 3.4, P= .04) were also associated with development of PVS. Other surgical variables indicative of a complex operative course (longer cross-clamp time and total pump time) were more frequent in controls than among cases. Conclusion. Progressive postoperative PVS is associated with anatomic defects, age, and blood type B, suggesting host factor vulnerability. Variables indicative of surgical complexity were not associated with development of progressive intraluminal PVS.
Export Supply and Demand for U. S. Cattle Hides

T HE SUPPLY of U. S. cattle hides increased substantially as beef production rose following World War II. Foreign market outlets absorbed the growing supply, and cattle hide sales abroad climbed to $132 million in 1969. Net exports rose from 4.6 million hides in 1956 to 15.1 million in 1969. Total domestic utilization fluctuated within a relatively narrow range between 19 and 23 million hides per year. Man-made substitutes accounted for a rising share of the U. S. leather market [5] and shoe imports also rose sharply. The price of hides varied considerably during the period, but no persistent long-time trend was apparent. This paper reports the results of a study examining factors affecting U. S. cattle hide exports for 1956-1969. Statistical estimates of export supply and demand relations were derived, based on hypothesized economic characteristics of the commodity.
That Which Does Not Kill You Makes You Stronger: A Molecular Mechanism for Preconditioning

Preconditioning by sublethal stress can protect a cell from subsequent injury and apoptosis through a mechanism that has been unclear. Many such stresses stimulate the formation of stress granules: transient cytoplasmic foci that contain heat shock protein as well as translationally stalled mRNA and various mRNA-binding proteins. Recent research suggests that sequestration in stress granules of TRAF2, an adaptor protein that is required for tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 signaling, may underlie preconditioning by sublethal stresses.
Features Of Languages for the Development of Information Systems at the conceptual Level

Conceptual modeling languages make information systems easier to design and maintain by using vocabularies that relate naturally and directly to the 'real world" of many computer applications.
Surface segregation in alloys: Existence of surface miscibility gaps within regular solution theory☆

Abstract Much attention has been paid to the relationship between the bulk phase diagram and the phenomena of surface segregation. There is no reason to believe, however, that the equilibrium phase boundaries for the surface region are identical to those of the bulk. In this paper, we have derived the surface phase boundaries within the regular solution approximation using pairwise interactions. We find that the concept of phase separation for the surface region is not important if the surface phase is in equilibrium with the bulk and the bulk is in a region of solid solubility. The experimental conditions employed in some studies, however, lead to nonequilibrium states (due to quenching). For these cases, surface phase separation may be expected under typical experimental conditions.
Evaluation of Bactericides by Egg Injection Method with Special Reference to Development of Technic

Summary1. A comparison of various methods for the injection of fertilized and incubated avian eggs has been conducted. The results were similar in all instances wherein the injection was made upon the chorio-allantoic membrane, regardless of the method used to approach the tissue membrane. 2. It was found that large quantities of distilled water, physiological saline, Tyrode's solution and F.D.A. broth could be injected into the egg without affecting the embryo's vitality. Eggs were shown to be capable of sustaining injections of at least 2 cc with maintenance of vitality during at least 48 hours' incubation at 38.5°C following injection. 3. Minimum lethal doses for the avian-embryo were established for the bactericidal agents under test, employing 9- and 12-day-old chick-embryos. The older embryos displayed higher resistance to the toxic substances than did those of 9 days age. 4. Bactericidal efficiencies of the bac-tericides under test were conducted by the Food and Drug Administration technic, against...
Effects of reward timing information on cue associability are mediated by amygdala central nucleus.

The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) has been implicated in a range of associative learning phenomena often attributed to changes in attentional processing of events. Experiments using a number of behavioral tasks have shown that rats with lesions of CeA fail to show the enhancements of stimulus associability that are normally induced by the surprising omission of expected events. By contrast, in other tasks, rats with lesions of CeA show normal enhancements of associability when events are presented unexpectedly. In this experiment, we examined the effects of CeA lesions on changes in cue associability in a reward timing task. In sham-lesioned rats, the associability of cues that were followed by stimuli that provided reward timing information was maintained at higher levels than that of cues that were followed by uninformative stimuli. Rats with lesions of CeA failed to show this advantage. These results indicate that the role of CeA in the modulation of associability is not limited to cases of event omission.
Distinct retrieval and retention mechanisms are required for the quality control of endoplasmic reticulum protein folding

Proteins destined for the secretory pathway must first fold and assemble in the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The pathway maintains a quality control mechanism to assure that aberrantly processed proteins are not delivered to their sites of function. As part of this mechanism, misfolded proteins are returned to the cytosol via the ER protein translocation pore where they are ubiquitinated and degraded by the 26S proteasome. Previously, little was known regarding the recognition and targeting of proteins before degradation. By tracking the fate of several mutant proteins subject to quality control, we demonstrate the existence of two distinct sorting mechanisms. In the ER, substrates are either sorted for retention in the ER or are transported to the Golgi apparatus via COPII–coated vesicles. Proteins transported to the Golgi are retrieved to the ER via the retrograde transport system. Ultimately, both retained and retrieved proteins converge at a common machinery at the ER for degradation. Furthermore, we report the identification of a gene playing a novel role specific to the retrieval pathway. The gene, BST1, is required for the transport of misfolded proteins to the Golgi, although dispensable for the transport of many normal cargo proteins.
Further studies of anterior postcentral lesions in monkeys.

Summary It has recently been reported that monkeys with unilateral ablation of the hand area in the postcertral gyrus opposite the hand tested are severely impaired in somesthetic discrimination tasks. Yet earlier investigations had revealed either moderate or no impairment following complete bilateral removal of the postcentral gyri. The work reported here was an attempt to reconcile these divergent findings by exploring factors which might ameliorate the deficit: preoperative training on all tasks, a six-month recovery period, and complete or bilateral postcentral removals. None of these factors proved to be effective in lessening the severity of the impairment. It is suggested that, in the earlier studies, the representation of the finger tips near the bottom of the posterior bank of the central sulcus may have been spared.
Hedgehogs (Erinaceidae, Lipotyphla) from the Miocene of Pakistan, with description of a new species of Galerix

Hedgehogs (erinaceid insectivores) are a common element in Miocene small mammal faunas of Pakistan, but little material has been formally described. Here, we report on extensive collections from numerous localities across Pakistan, most from the Potwar Plateau, Punjab, and the Sehwan area in Sindh. The dominant erinaceid is Galerix, which is also known from Europe, Turkey, and East Africa. We document a new early species of Galerix, Galerix wesselsae, in sites from Sehwan, the Zinda Pir Dome, the Potwar Plateau, and Banda Daud Shah ranging in age from about 19 to 14 Ma. This species briefly co-occurs with and is then replaced by the smaller Galerix rutlandae, previously based on a few teeth from Daud Khel. G. rutlandae is a common element of Chinji Formation faunas through about 11.5 Ma. Scanty material of an apparently new species of Schizogalerix succeeds Galerix. After 10.2 Ma, no galericines occur in Pakistan, but rare erinaceines are later faunal components.
Engrafting: The Image of Union in Calvin’s Commentary on John’s Gospel

This essay examines the concept of union with Christ in Calvin’s theology. I focus on Calvin’s commentary on the Gospel of John 13-17 in which Calvin employs the organic aspects of engrafting in order to develop the doctrine of union with Christ. Although Calvin fully acknowledges the mystic nature of this union, he carefully prevents his doctrine from falling into that of mysticism. I explicate the different meanings with which Calvin uses the image of engrafting and the firm limits he places around it. The result shows how Calvin’s exegesis feeds into the development of a doctrine.
Comparison of two different approaches for making design sensitivity analysis an integrated part of finite element analysis

This paper presents a comparison of two approaches for incorporating design sensitivity calculations into finite element analysis. The formulations depend on the implicit differentiation method and require few additional calculations to obtain the design sensitivity derivatives. The first approach by-passes the direct calculation of the stiffness matrix derivatives by calculating the sensitivity derivatives at the stress recovery stage of the analysis. The second approach depends on the direct calculation of the derivatives of the stiffness matrix, which are stored for re-use in multiple load case analyses, and subsequent matrix multiplications to evaluate the design sensitivities. The two approaches are developed and implemented to calculate the design sensitivities for continuum and structural isoparametric elements. In addition, a criterion is developed to aid in deciding which approach is better for a given number of load cases. To demonstrate the validity of the developed criterion and to evaluate the relative merits of each approach, some sensitivity calculation test problems are solved with different numbers of load cases.
Nonhuman primate model of schizophrenia using a noninvasive EEG method

There is growing evidence that impaired sensory-processing significantly contributes to the cognitive deficits found in schizophrenia. For example, the mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a event-related potentials (ERPs), neurophysiological indices of sensory and cognitive function, are reduced in schizophrenia patients and may be used as biomarkers of the disease. In agreement with glutamatergic theories of schizophrenia, NMDA antagonists, such as ketamine, elicit many symptoms of schizophrenia when administered to normal subjects, including reductions in the MMN and the P3a. We sought to develop a nonhuman primate (NHP) model of schizophrenia based on NMDA-receptor blockade using subanesthetic administration of ketamine. This provided neurophysiological measures of sensory and cognitive function that were directly comparable to those recorded from humans. We first developed methods that allowed recording of ERPs from humans and rhesus macaques and found homologous MMN and P3a ERPs during an auditory oddball paradigm. We then investigated the effect of ketamine on these ERPs in macaques. As found in humans with schizophrenia, as well as in normal subjects given ketamine, we observed a significant decrease in amplitude of both ERPs. Our findings suggest the potential of a pharmacologically induced model of schizophrenia in NHPs that can pave the way for EEG-guided investigations into cellular mechanisms and therapies. Furthermore, given the established link between these ERPs, the glutamatergic system, and deficits in other neuropsychiatric disorders, our model can be used to investigate a wide range of pathologies.
After Breast Cancer: Sexual Functioning of Sexual Minority Survivors

Research on sexual difficulties after cancer has neglected sexual minority women (SMW); for example, lesbian and bisexual women. Clinicians treating these women are therefore at a disadvantage as they lack information about sexual problems in this population. This study tested the hypothesis that SMW with breast cancer have poorer sexual function than SMW without breast cancer, distinguishing partnered from unpartnered women. Using convenience sample recruitment, we conducted a case-control study to compare survivors of breast cancers who are SMW, in other words, cases to controls, that is, SMW without cancer. Anonymous survey data were collected from 85 cases after they had completed active cancer treatment and 85 age- and partner-status matched controls with no history of any cancer. Participants' self-reported sexual frequency and sexual function measured by the Female Sexual Function Index were evaluated. Cases and controls did not differ in risk of sexual dysfunction or the level of overall sexual functioning; however, cases had lower sexual frequency and scored lower on desire and ability to reach orgasm, and higher on pain compared to controls. Results inform clinicians about sexual minority survivors' sexual domains affected by cancer. When discussing sexual problems and therapeutic options, sexual orientation should be ascertained.
722-1 High Dose Dobutamine Echocardlography Detects Myocardial Viability and Ischemia in Coronary Cardiomyopathy

Augmentation of wall motion during low dose ( ≤ 10 meg/kg/min) dobutamine infusion has been utilized to detect myocardial viability in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. The utility of high dose (30–50 mcglkg/min) dobutamine infusion to detect viable and compromised myocardium has not been described. Thirty-three patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (mean EF of 0.33 ± 0.084) had low and high dose dobutamine echocardiograms and positron emission tomography (PET) using N-13 ammonia (NH3) and fluorodeoxyglucose (FOG). Left ventricular wall motion, NH3 and FDG uptake were scored using a 16 segment model. Of 490 interpretable segments, 321 (66%) were abnormal at rest. At low dose 85 (27%) segments augmented of which 80 (94%) were viable by PET. In 15 patients, an additional 32 (10%) abnormal segments augmented at high dose. PET viability was noted in 29 (91%) of these segments. In 18 of 33 patients (55%), 38 segments had stress induced wall motion abnormalities at high dose. Of the 38 segments, 37 (97%) were viable by PET. Angiography showed 34 of these 38 (89%) segments were supplied by an obstructed coronary artery ( ≥ 50% diameter stenosis). Conclusions 1) The use of higher doses increases the sensitivity of DE to detect viable myocardium. 2) Deterioration of wall motion at peak indicates viable but compromised myocardium supplied by an obstructed coronary artery.
Investigation of Deformation Size Effects During Microextrusion

Microextrusion has recently emerged as a feasible manufacturing process to fabricate metallic micropins having characteristic dimensions on the order of less < 1 mm. At this length scale, the deformation of the workpiece is dominated by the so-called size effects, e.g., material property and frictional behavior variations at small length scales. In extrusion experiments performed to produce submillimeter-sized pins having a base diameter of 0.76 mm and an extruded diameter of 0.57 mm, the extruded pins exhibited a curving tendency when a workpiece with a relatively coarse grain size of 211 μm was used. This phenomenon was not observed when workpieces with a finer grain size of 32 μm were used. In this paper, results from microhardness tests and microstructure analyses for both grain sizes are presented to investigate this phenomenon and to characterize the deformation during microextrusion. The results obtained from this analysis show that as the grain size approaches the specimen feature size, the deformation characteristics of the extruded pins are dominated by the size and location of specific grains, leading to a nonuniform distribution of plastic strain and measured hardness and, thus, the curving tendency. Microhardness tests of the initial billet material and tensile test specimens are also presented as supplementary analyses.
A113: TCR-independent Activation of T-cells Through CD31 Triggering as an Etiology of Cytokine Production in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Background/Purpose: JIA is the banner diagnosis for a heterogenous group of rheumatic conditions characterized by local inflammation and destruction of the joint space and systemic manifestations. Pro-inflammatory cytokines derived from T cells are considered effectors of disease. Recent data has shown that some of these cytokines come directly from a distinct subset of T cells expressing CD31, an adhesion molecule expressed by granulocytes and endothelial cells. In the present work, we examined whether the array of cytokines in blood and synovial fluid of patients are the same array produced by T cells activation through CD31 ligation independent of the TCR. We propose that CD31-driven cytokine production by T cells is a self-perpetuating mechanism of local and systemic inflammation in JIA. Methods: Following informed consent/assent, blood and/or synovial fluid were collected from patients with oligoarticular and polyarticular JIA. Similar blood samples were also collected from healthy subjects. Cytokine composition of the plasma and/or fluid were subjected to multiplex analysis using the Luminex platform. Phenotypes of mononuclear cells in blood and synovial fluid were examined by multicolor flow cytometry. Drawing from the results of the Luminex assay, receptor crosslinking bioassays using primary CD31+ T cells (in blood and/or synovial fluid) and CD31+ T cell lines were conducted. Cytokine production by these cells were assessed by flow cytometry and/or by Luminex. Results: The overall cytokine signature of JIA characterized by the dominance of IL-6, IL-10 and TNFα. Unexpectedly, patients with oligoarticular disease showed higher levels of IFNγ and IL-17 family cytokines than those with polyarticular disease. Both types of patients however showed a similar cellular signature characterized by the preponderance of T cells deficient in CD4, CD8, and CD28, but expressing CD31. Results of CD31 cross-linking bioassays, using either specific antibody or its recombinant ligand CD38, showed high levels of induction of IL-2, IL-17 and IFNγ. Specificity of CD31-driven, TCR-dependent cytokine production was verified by similar bioassays using somatic somatic T cell line mutants Loucy and JRT3 that lack TCR and TCR/CD3, respectively, but are both CD31+. The observed cytokine production was associated with the phosphorylation of the signaling substrates ZAP70, cAbl, and p65-NFKB. Conclusion: Our data show that the cytokine signature of oligoarticular JIA appears distinct with the dominance of IFNγ and IL17. TCR independent, CD31-driven induction of these cytokines suggests maladaptive T cell function in JIA. Further investigation on the relevance of IFNγ and IL-17 to disease activity/clinical outcomes, and the CD31 signaling pathway will pave way to innovations in immunotherapy in JIA.
An Automated Apparatus for the Avoidance Training of Rats

An apparatus and procedure for the avoidance training of rats is described. 22 rats were trained in the apparatus, and the rapidity of learning was contrasted with that of previously-used automated apparatuses. The new technique prevented many major problems associated with traditional avoidance procedures, both automated and manual.
Snow‐surfaces in the high Sierras for skiing purposes

The amateur skier who frequents the Sierra ski-fields is generally one who has had to acquire his knowledge of snowcraft during brief holidays. As a rule, these vacations occur at wide intervals during the ski-season, sometimes under unfavorable conditions. As such, they can not give him the necessary experience or knowledge to judge ski-fields.