cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term effects of a single oral dose of polybrominated biphenyls on serum and liver lipids in rats.

Abstract Adult (5 months) male Sherman strain rats received a single dose of either 0 or 500 mg polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) in corn oil/kg body weight by stomach tube. After an 18-month recovery period, serum and liver samples were examined. The primary serum lipid response was an increase in cholesterol (both free and esterified) and in total phospholipids. The percentage of esterified cholesterol was not significantly different from that of the controls, and no significant differences in the cholesterol ester fatty acid composition were observed. Serum triglycerides were also unaffected. In the PBB-dosed animals, the total hepatic fatty acids contained significantly less palmitic acid and more stearic acid, consistent with an increase in palmitic acid chain elongation activity. No significant differences could be detected in the n −3 or n −6 acids except for a slight decline in the content of 22:6 ( n −3). Hepatic microsomal phospholipids were slightly higher (per milligram protein) in the PBB-dosed animals, and the cholesterol content was lower. Consequently, the cholesterol-phospholipid ratio was reduced, and microsomes from the latter group appeared to have an altered lipid domain on the basis of steady-state fluorescence anisotropy measurements. In addition, total hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (assayed as malondialdehyde) were significantly increased in the PBB-dosed animals. This observation appeared to reflect an increased susceptibility to peroxidative stress in the latter group, probably resulting from reduced membrane antioxidant concentrations. The PBB-dosed rats had significantly lower serum retinol levels and a reduced content of this vitamin in liver microsomes. Microsomes were also deficient in α-tocopherol in the PBB-dosed animals, although serum levels were normal.
Optimization of multi-layer metal neural probe design

We present here a microfabrication process for multi-layer metal, multi-site, polymer-based neural probes. The process has been used to generate 1-, 2-, and 4-layer trace metal neural probes with highly uniform and reproducible electrode characteristics. Typically, increasing the number of metal layers is assumed to both reduce the width of the neural probes and minimize the injury and glial scarring caused at the implantation site. We show, however, that increasing the number of trace metal layers does not always result in the minimal probe cross-sectional area. A thorough design analysis reveals that the electrode size, along with other design parameters, have interacting effects on the probe cross-sectional area. Moreover, increasing the trace metal layers in the neural probes also increases the design and fabrication cost/time, as well as the likelihood of probe failure. Consequently, all of these factors must be considered when designing a multi-site, neural probe with the objective of minimizing tissue damage.
Well Being, Depressive Symptoms, and Burden Among Parent and Sibling Caregivers of Persons With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness

Caregiving for a family member with severe and persistent mental illness places significant demands on the caregiver. Yet caregivers also report personal rewards from the experience. Multiple regression analyses were conducted for 137 parent and sibling caregivers to compare risk and protective factors for well being, subjective burden, and depressive symptoms among respondents. Sibling status predicted increased well-being. Grief and family stress functioned as risk factors for decreased well-being, more depressive symptoms, and increased subjective burden. Pride for the relative contributed to depressive symptoms but protected against burden, and both informal social support and formal support from providers offered a buffer against depressive symptoms for all caregivers. Intervention strategies to promote resilience and address challenges for caregivers are discussed.
Strategies for Teaching Word Recognition to Disabled Readers.

The Dunn and Dunn Learning Styles Model is described, along with selected instructional strategies for teaching word recognition to students who cannot master vocabulary and selected language arts skills through conventional methods. Such youngsters often are global processors with only tactual and kines‐thetic perceptual strengths, according to the Learning Style Inventory (Dunn, Dunn, & Price). Research conducted at more than 70 institutions of higher education and in schools throughout the United States has revealed the impact of teaching such students through their learning styles strengths — global/tactual/ kinesthetic. Those data are reported herein.
Active sensing platform for wireless structural health monitoring

This paper presents SHiMmer, a wireless platform for sensing and actuation that combines localized processing with energy harvesting to provide long-lived structural health monitoring. The life-cycle of the node is significantly extended by the use of super-capacitors for energy storage instead of batteries. During this period the node is expected to work completely maintenance-free. The node is capable of harvesting up to 780 J per day. This makes it completely self- sufficient while employed in real structural health monitoring applications. Unlike other sensor networks that periodically monitor a structure and route information to a base station, our device acquires the data and processes it locally after being radio-triggered by an external agent. The localized processing allows us to avoid issues due to network congestion. Our experiments show that its 32- bits computational core can run at 100 MIPS for 15 minutes daily.
Electron crystallography of the 1–12 and 2–17 phases in SmTiFe11, SmTiCo11 and DyTiCo11 alloys

Abstract We have examined the 1–12 and 2–17 phases in SmTiFe 11 , SmTiCo 11 and DyTiCo 11 alloys by conventional selected area and convergent beam electron diffraction. Results indicate that the 1–12 phase is body-centered tetragonal, space group 14/mmm in all cases. The 2–17 phase was determined to be rhombohedral, space group R 3 m in SmTiCo 11 , while an hexagonal form, space group P6 3 /mmc was also found in DyTiCo 11 . The stoichiometry of these phases was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. These results agree with those obtained from X-ray diffraction on bulk alloys.
Subthreshold CMOS Array for Generating a Gaussian Distribution of Currents

This brief presents a subthreshold CMOS array whose spatial distribution of output currents approximates a Gaussian, and the distribution has an independently controllable mean and standard deviation. This Gaussian distribution naturally results from the transistor physics of subthreshold CMOS equations and the symmetry imposed in the network. The usefulness of the circuit array is demonstrated in a system-level example by using the currents to drive integrate-and-fire silicon neurons in which the neuronal input current and the resulting interspike interval are inversely related. The circuit and silicon neuron arrays were fabricated on the same integrated-circuit chip using the MOSIS AMI 0.5-mum process, and testing yielded experimental results that matched well with theoretical analysis
A mathematical method for determining oxygen distribution in skeletal muscle with multiple capillaries and axial diffusion

A mathematical method is presented for analysing oxygen transport in skeletal muscle that includes both the interaction of very large number of capillaries and the effect of axial diffusion in the ...
Effects of Delayed Sample Processing and Freezing on Serum Concentrations of Selected Nutritional Indicators

BACKGROUND: Environmental conditions during sample processing, shipping, and storage are often suboptimal,particularlyinlessdevelopedcountries.Weused samplesfromUSvolunteerstoinvestigatetheeffectsof delayed whole blood (WB) processing and delayed freezing of serum on selected nutritional indicators. METHODS: WB tubes (n 35) were either stored at 32 °C for up to 3 days before serum separation or centrifuged within 2 h of collection; serum samples were stored at 11 °C for up to 14 days to simulate delayed shipping. We assessed analyte stability by comparing results with data from optimally prepared/stored serum samples (2 h on the clot, frozen at 70 °C) and by using clinical-acceptability criteria based on combined analytical imprecision and intraindividual biologic variability. RESULTS: Clinically acceptable changes in concentrationvariedfrom3%–15%.DelayedWBprocessingdid not unacceptably affect concentrations of carotenoids andvitaminsB12,D,andE;however,weobtainedclinicallyunacceptablechangesforferritin(9%),soluble transferrinreceptor(sTfR)(5%),andfolate(30%) after 1 day, and for vitamin A (10%) after 3 days. Delayed freezing of serum did not affect concentrationsofferritin,sTfR,carotenoids,andvitaminsA,B12, and E; however, we obtained clinically unacceptable changes for vitamins C (20%) and D (7%) after 7 days and for folate after 14 days (22%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite substantial delays in WB processing or in the freezing of serum samples, most nutritional indicators showed remarkable stability. This information is important for both the design of field
Effect of electrode geometry on the impedance evaluation of tissue and cell culture

Abstract This paper explores the effect of electrode geometry on bio-impedance measurements of a simple binary electrolyte (KCl), conductive gel used in electrocardiography (ECG), human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) culture and excised human skin tissue. The aim of this paper is (a) to understand the effect of electrode area on the impedance characteristics of various biologically relevant materials and (b) to determine the optimum microelectrode geometry for effective characterization of the electrical properties of these materials, namely, complex conductivity and permittivity. Impedance measurements were performed on four different electrode geometries in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 100 MHz. Four different materials listed above were evaluated on identical sets of electrodes. Results indicate a material-dependent lower limit of 100–50 μm electrode diameter beyond which non-uniform current distribution effects are noticeable. The skin tissue does not lend itself well to characterization using microelectrodes less than 250 μm, due to its high degree of heterogeneity.
Growth Abnormalities and Multiple Gestations

Growth abnormalities which include intrauterine growth restriction and weight discordance between twins are common in pregnancies complicated by multiple gestations and may be associated with poor perinatal outcomes. Knowledge of chorionicity is paramount when managing a multiple pregnancy. Monochorionic twins are at greater risk than dichorionic twins for growth issues, which may result in long-term complications including adverse neurological sequelae for the offspring. The purpose of the following article is to define normal and abnormal growth in multiples. In addition, the management of growth abnormalities in relationship to chorionicity will be discussed.
On List Decoding of Mahdavifar-Vardy Codes

This paper addresses three problems concerning the list decoding algorithm for Mahdavifar--Vardy (MV) codes. First, the condition of decodability is derived assuming the presence of erasures over the operation channel. Second, we introduce multiplicity into the interpolation step of the algorithm, attempting to obtain a greater decoding radius. However, our results show that the decoding radius is sightly reduced when multiplicity is taken into account, due to properties of linearized polynomials. Finally, to evaluate the error performance of the list decoding algorithm of MV codes, we form a nearest neighbor decoder, and derive its decoder error probability.
Passivation schemes for copper/polymer thin film interconnections used in multichip modules

An investigation was conducted to examine the use of thin inorganic dielectric films as barrier layers between copper and polyimide. The emphasis was on discovering the effectiveness of the barrier layers in preventing copper-polyimide interaction and determining its impact on the high-frequency electrical performance of transmission line structures. The integrity of the inorganic dielectric layers as diffusion barriers for the copper was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. These effects were studied by depositing thin layers of Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/, SiO/sub 2/, and SiO/sub x/N/sub y/ between chromium-copper-chromium lines and either Dow benzocyclobutene or Dupont 2525 polyimide. Both sputtered Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ and PECVD SiO/sub x/N/sub y/ behaved as diffusion barriers, which resulted in improved performance at very high frequencies over unprotected transmission lines. Copper diffused through the sputtered SiO/sub 2/, confirming that it is inadequate as a diffusion barrier for copper. Because the thickness of the inorganic dielectric layers was very small in proportion to the thickness of the polymer dielectrics employed, no difference in the effective dielectric constant was seen over the entire frequency range measured. >
A logistic regression modelling approach to business opportunity assessment

Significant opportunities for improvement exist in the optimisation of business processes. The use of statistically-based methods to characterise business process performance is one way to realise those improvements. Business processes can be difficult to characterise due to variables that are difficult to define, measure and analyse. Outputs in the business process may be qualitative or binary in nature. The cause and effect relationships among inputs, actions and outputs may be difficult to observe and monitor. Sources of variation exist throughout the process, but may be difficult to identify and control. Consequently, statistically-based characterisation methods that have been proven successful for manufacturing processes may not be directly applicable to business processes. Because many of the variables in these business processes are subjective or qualitative in nature, categorical data analysis techniques may be useful. This paper illustrates the use of logistic regression to establish statistically significant relationships between the input and output variables of one complex business process.
Lamellar bodies of cultured human fetal lung: content of surfactant protein A (SP-A), surface film formation and structural transformation in vitro.

Abstract Lamellar bodies were isolated from dexamethasone and T 3 -treated explant cultures of human fetal lung, using sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. We examined their content of surfactant apoprotein A (SP-A), and their ability to form surface films and to undergo structural transformation in vitro. SP-A measured by ELISA composed less than 2% of total protein within lamellar bodies; this represented, as a minimum estimate, a 2–12-food enrichment over homogenate. One- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis also suggested that SP-A was a minor protein component of lamellar bodies. Adsorption of lamellar bodies to an air/water interface was moderately rapid, but accelerated dramatically upon addition of exogenous SP-A in ratios of 1:2–16 (SP-A: phospholipid, w/w). Similar adsorption patterns were seen for lamellar bodies from fresh adult rat and rabbit lung. Lamellar bodies incubated under conditions that promote formation of tubular myelin underwent structural rearrangement only in the presence of exogenous SP-A, with extensive formation of multiamellate whorls of lipid bilayers (but no classical tubular myelin lattices). We conclude that lamellar bodies are enriched in SP-A, but have insufficient content of SP-A for structural transformation to tubular myelin and rapid surface film formation in vitro.
What mass are the smallest protohalos

We calculate the kinetic-decoupling temperature for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) in supersymmetric (SUSY) and extra dimensional models that can account for the cold-dark-matter abundance determined from cosmic microwave background measurements. Depending on the parameters of the particle-physics model, a wide variety of decoupling temperatures is possible, ranging from several MeV to a few GeV. These decoupling temperatures imply a range of masses for the smallest protohalos much larger than previously thought—ranging from 10-6M[direct-sum] to 102M[direct-sum]. We expect the range of protohalos masses derived here to be characteristic of most particle-physics models that can thermally accommodate the required relic abundance of WIMP dark matter, even beyond SUSY and extra dimensions.
Late-binding: enabling unordered load-store queues

Conventional load/store queues (LSQs) are an impediment to both power-efficient execution in superscalar processors and scaling tolarge-window designs. In this paper, we propose techniques to improve the area and power efficiency of LSQs by allocating entries when instructions issue ("late binding"), rather than when they are dispatched. This approach enables lower occupancy and thus smaller LSQs. Efficient implementations of late-binding LSQs, however, require the entries in the LSQ to be unordered with respect to age. In this paper, we show how to provide full LSQ functionality in an unordered design with only small additional complexity and negligible performance losses. We show that late-binding, unordered LSQs work well for small-window superscalar processors, but can also be scaled effectively to large, kilo-window processors by breaking the LSQs into address-interleaved banks. To handle the increased overflows, we apply classic network flow control techniques to the processor micronetworks, enabling low-overhead recovery mechanisms from bank overflows. We evaluate three such mechanisms: instruction replay, skid buffers, an dvirtual-channel buffering in the on-chip memory network. We show that for an 80-instruction window, the LSQ can be reduced to 32 entries. For a 1024-instruction window, the unordered, late-binding LSQ works well with four banks of 48 entries each. By applying a Bloom filter as well, this design achieves full hardware memory disambiguation for a 1,024 instruction window while requiring low average power per load and store access of 8 and 12 CAM entries, respectively.
AN APPROXIMATION TO THE HYPERCUBE MODEL WITH PATROL‐INITIATED ACTIVITIES: AN APPLICATION TO POLICE

This paper applies the patrol-initiated-activity hypercube queuing model to historical data from a police agency. The model allows servers to handle both calls assigned by a central dispatcher and activities initiated by the servers. By duplicating a fairly complex dispatch strategy, the model was found to predict both assigned and server-initiated work loads accurately for the overall system and individual servers. The model is apparently ineffective in predicting small unit-travel-time differences for this police agency.
Infection following a dog bite.

In this issue of the Journal, Drs Auerbach and Morris reported on an interesting case of a dog bite infection.’ In so doing, they bring to light some of the unsettled issues in managing these wounds. The controversy regarding prophylactic antibiotics remains unresolved despite four prospective studies that examine the problem.2-5 These studies report a relatively low incidence of infection (average 8.2%), and all but one recommend withholding prophylactic antibiotics. Unfortunately, all of the studies are flawed owing to their small size. The conclusions against antibiotic use are based on a total of 17 infections in all four studies and do not consider wound location or type of wound. Specifically, they make no distinction between a laceration of the face and a puncture wound of the hand; each of which may not be equally predisposed to infection. Until a definitive study is available, specific guidelines for antibiotic use are unclear. Perhaps the most reasonable approach is to reserve antibiotics only for types of wounds that are known to have a higher infection rate. The issue of culturing dog bite wounds is more clear-cut. Several studies have documented the futility of culturing fresh, uninfected wounds. However, not culturing infected wounds, as suggested by Auerbach and Morris, may be ill-advised. The large array of organisms with varying sensitivities supports the need for cultures since no single drug is effective against all of the pathogens. Indeed, the case report in this issue supports the utility of cultures. The issue of cost-effectiveness may be more theoretic than real since the low rate of infection in dog bites would make the need for cultures relatively uncommon. The issue of suturing dog bite wounds has never been studied. Common sense has been the guiding principle and must suffice in the absence of data. Concensus dictates that cosmetically important wounds, ie, facial wounds, should be closed, whereas other wounds should be allowed to heal by secondary intention. Delayed primary closure offers a compromise but has never been investigated. The authors alluded to this approach, but wisely opted not to pursue it since active infection was present when the procedure was contemplated. In summary, the management of dog bite wounds remains enigmatic, largely because of insufficient data. A recently completed, large, but unpublished study (Jorden RC, Walls R, Vellman WP, et al: Antibiotic prophylaxis for dog bites: A prospective controlled study) will shed additional light on the subject, but it too falls short of supplying definitive guidelines. Until the data are available, it is left to the clinician to follow sound principles of general wound management in treating
Fin Buffeting Features of an Early F-22 Model

Fin buffeting is an aeroelastic phenomenon encountered by high performance aircraft, especially those with twin vertical tails that must operate at high angles of attack. This buffeting is a concern from fatigue and inspection points of view. To date, the buffet (unsteady pressures) and buffeting (structural response) characteristics of the F-15 and F/A-18 fins have been studied extensively using flow visualization, flow velocity measurements, pressure transducers, and response gages. By means of wind-tunnel and flight tests of the F-15 and F/A-18, this phenomenon is well studied to the point that buffet loads can be estimated and fatigue life can be increased by structural enhancements to these airframe. However, prior to the present research, data was not available outside the F-22 program regarding fin buffeting on the F-22 configuration. During a test in the Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel, flow visualization and unsteady fin surface pressures were recorded for a 13.3 percent scale F-22 model at high angles of attack for the purposes of comparing with results available for similar aircraft configurations. Details of this test and fin buffeting are presented herein.
Reinforcement learning as classification: leveraging modern classifiers

The basic tools of machine learning appear in the inner loop of most reinforcement learning algorithms, typically in the form of Monte Carlo methods or function approximation techniques. To a large extent, however, current reinforcement learning algorithms draw upon machine learning techniques that are at least ten years old and, with a few exceptions, very little has been done to exploit recent advances in classification learning for the purposes of reinforcement learning. We use a variant of approximate policy iteration based on rollouts that allows us to use a pure classification learner, such as a support vector machine (SVM), in the inner loop of the algorithm. We argue that the use of SVMs, particularly in combination with the kernel trick, can make it easier to apply reinforcement learning as an "out-of-the-box" technique, without extensive feature engineering. Our approach opens the door to modern classification methods, but does not preclude the use of classical methods. We present experimental results in the pendulum balancing and bicycle riding domains using both SVMs and neural networks for classifiers.
Income, Unemployment, and Suicide: An Occupational Study

(1968). Income, Unemployment, and Suicide: An Occupational Study. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 493-503.
Palladium complexes with Pd→B dative bonds: Analysis of the bonding in the palladaboratrane compound [κ4-B(mimBut)3]Pd(PMe3)

The dinuclear complex {[μ-κ1,κ3-B(mimBut)3]Pd}2, which features a Pd→B dative bond, may be obtained by the reaction of [TmBut]K with Pd(OAc)2; treatment of {[μ-κ1,κ3-B(mimBut)3]Pd}2 with PMe3 affords the mononuclear boratrane derivative [κ4-B(mimBut)3]Pd(PMe3), for which a molecular orbital analysis indicates that the palladium center possesses a d8 configuration.
A cluster of workstations for on-line analyses of neurophysiological data

Recent advances in the fields of neuroscience, computer science, and biomedical engineering now allow for the analysis of large-scale neurophysiological data sets to be carried out on-line and in real time. Here, we described an on-going effort in our research laboratory to build a computer system that will allow for on-line, real-time analyses of the response properties of ensembles of neurons (as many as 256) recorded in the brains of awake animals that perform behavioral tasks. A cluster of workstations allows us to carry out sequential and simultaneous analyses of neuronal signals. This new methodology can be used to change a behavioral task on-line to test real-time decoding of brain signals.
Infant and Toddler Pathways Leading to Early Externalizing Disorders

ABSTRACT Objective To examine pathways leading to specific types of early externalizing disorders. Method Longitudinal data were collected on 310 low-income, male subjects followed from infancy until age 6 years. Results Support across informants was found for the importance of the caregiving environment during infancy in relation to the development of externalizing disorders at school entry. Support was also found for the significance of early child factors, but this was limited to child behavior at home. Conclusions The results are consistent with social learning and attachment models, which suggest that severe conduct problems in early childhood are the result of deficits in the caregiving environment. Support was also found for Moffitt's hypothesis that children with the comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder–oppositional defiant disorder/ conduct disorder pattern experience multiple child and psychosocial risk factors that begin during infancy.
Performance testing of combinatorial solvers with isomorph class instances

Combinatorial optimization problems expressed as Boolean constraint satisfaction problems (BCSPs) arise in several contexts, ranging from the classical unate set-packing problems to the binate minimum cover problems, including the Haplotype Inference by Pure Parsimony (HIPP) problem. These problems are being solved under different formulations and in different formats. Results of experiments that are reported can be seldom compared and replicated.This paper is not about 'the best BCSP solver'. Rather, it is a case study of how the scientific method can be applied to comparing the performance of not only BCSP solvers but also other solvers that address NP-hard problems. The approach is founded on two premises: (1) the introduction of instance isomorphs as families of equivalence classes, based on randomized replicas of a given reference instance, and (2) the use of isomorph classes for the design of reproducible experiments with BCSP solvers that includes performance testing hypotheses. We introduce a number of BCSP reference instances from different domains, generate isomorph classes and use various versions of cplex to characterize the solver performance and the isomorph classes themselves. This methodology may make it easier to (1) reliably improve the performance of combinatorial solvers and, (2) report results of experiments under the proposed schema.
Digital manifestations of tertiary hyperparathyroidism.

Brachydactyly, a classic finding of severe hyperparathyroidism, is rarely seen in the current era of management of mineral and bone disorders of chronic kidney disease. This patient, a 49-year-old man with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis for 10 years, had severe, uncontrolled tertiary hyperparathyroidism. When these radiographs were obtained in 1998, serum calcium level was 2.8 mmol/l (normal 2.2–2.5 mmol/l), serum phosphorus level was 1.5 mmol/l (0.8–1.4 mmol/l), and bone alkaline phosphatase level was 2,430 U/l (24–146 U/l). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) level was 4241 pg/ml (9.4–49 pg/ml), measured using a first-generation intact 1–84 PTH assay. He had a long history of nonadherence to dietary phosphorus restriction, as well as to the use of oral phosphate binders; he refused parathyroidectomy. Due to persistent hypercalcemia, active vitamin D therapy could not be administered, and aluminum hydroxide had been substituted for calcium-containing phosphate binders. Figure 1a demonstrates subperiosteal resorption of the phalanges, best seen along the radial aspects of the right second and third middle phalanges (thick arrows), and osteolysis of multiple phalangeal tufts, as highlighted in the left second distal phalanx (thin arrow). Soft-tissue calcification (asterisk) and coarsened trabecular pattern are also found. Figure 1b illustrates pseudoclubbing due to shortened distal phalanges. With the advent of new therapeutic agents such as non-calcium-based phosphate binders, vitamin D analogs, and calcimimetic therapy, severe tertiary hyperparathyroidism of this magnitude occurs less frequently, and these characteristic findings are not as common as in years past.
Collaboration and Work Sharing of Drug Information Services in the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom Drug Information Network has been developed in recent years to form an effective service. The structure of the health service is discussed and the organization of drug information services within this framework is outlined. A number of collaborative and work sharing exercises have been undertaken between regional services and thus are reviewed together with future trends for the service.
Ecological risk assessment in a large river‐reservoir: 3. Benthic invertebrates

The sediments of Poplar Creek and the Clinch River are contaminated with a wide variety of chemicals, including heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and PCBs. Sources include the U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation as well as both known and unidentified upstream activities. We investigated the risks to benthic invertebrates posed by chemicals in these sediments as part of a comprehensive ecological risk assessment performed to support Superfund clean-up decisions. Poplar Creek was the only river reach for which significant risks were determined. This conclusion was based on several lines of reasoning: sediment-associated organisms at most sites were exposed to levels of several contaminants that have been observed to be toxic; the biosurvey results show a greater than 20% reduction relative to reference sites in taxa richness and abundance; the statistical analysis of the physical, contaminant, and biosurvey data did not exclude contaminants as possible causal factors; and the sediment toxicity tests were too ambiguous to definitively exclude impacts in this reach. This assessment demonstrates the importance of collecting biological data, including sediment toxicity tests and biological surveys; statistically analyzing the relationships of chemicals, physical variables, and measured effects (e.g., toxicity or benthic invertebrate densities); and using sediment chemical and effects distributions in addition to point estimates of exposure and screening benchmarks.
On a general class of non-squashing partitions

We define M -sequence non-squashing partitions, which specialize to m -ary partitions (studied by Andrews, Churchhouse, Erdos, Hirschhorn, Knuth, Mahler, Rodseth, Sellers, and Sloane, among others), factorial partitions, and numerous other general partition families of interest. We establish an exact formula, various combinatorial interpretations, as well as the asymptotic growth of M -sequence non-squashing partition functions, functions whose associated generating functions are non-modular. In particular, we obtain an exact formula for the m -ary partition function, and by new methods, we recover Mahler's and Erdos' asymptotic for the m -ary partition function. We also establish new results on factorial partitions, colored m -ary partitions, and many other general families which have not been well understood or systematically studied. Finally, we conjecture Ramanujan-like congruences for the M -sequence non-squashing partition functions.
Off on the Wrong Foot: Sentience and the Capacity for Painful or Pleasurable Experiences as Distinct Concepts

A key premise in Graham and colleagues' fascinating article (2015) is that sentience grounds moral status, with sentience being a sufficient (though not necessary) condition for moral status. They,...
Crime and Criminalization

The ambiguity of the concept crime is evident in the two strands of anthropological research covered in this essay. One, the anthropology of criminalization, explores how state authorities, media, and citizen discourse construct particular groups and practices as criminal, with prejudicial consequences. Examples are drawn from research on peasant rebellion, colonialism, youth, and racially or ethnically marked urban poor. The other strand traces ethnographic work on more or less organized illegal and predatory activity banditry, rustling, trafficking, street gangs and mafias. Although a criminalizing perspective tends to conflate these diverse forms of "organized" crime, in particular erasing the boundary between street gangs and drug trafficking, the forms are shown to have discrete histories and motivations. Their particularities, as well as their historical interactions, illuminate everyday responses to crime, and suggest ways to put in perspective the "crime talk" of today, which borders on the apocalyptic.
The Lost Decades: Explaining Developing Countries' Stagnation in Spite of Policy Reform 1980-1998

I document in this paper a puzzle that has not received previous attention in the literature. In 1980-98, median per capita income growth in developing countries was 0.0 percent, as compared to 2.5 percent in 1960-79. Yet I document in this paper that variables that are standard in growth regressions - policies like financial depth and real overvaluation, and initial conditions like health, education, fertility, and infrastructure generally improved from 1960-79 to 1980-98. Developing country growth should have increased instead of decreased according to the standard growth regression determinants of growth. The stagnation seems to represent a disappointing outcome to the movement towards the "Washington Consensus" by developing countries. I speculate that worldwide factors like the increase in world interest rates, the increased debt burden of developing countries, the growth slowdown in the industrial world, and skill-biased technical change may have contributed to the developing countries' stagnation, although I am not able to establish decisive evidence for these hypotheses. I also document that many growth regressions are mis-specified in a way similar to the Jones (1995) critique that a stationary variable (growth) is being regressed on non-stationary variables like policies and initial conditions. It may be that the 1960-79 period was the unusual period for LDC growth, and the 1980-98 stagnation of poor countries represents a return to the historical pattern of divergence between rich and poor countries.
Tri-methyl-phospho-nium trans-tetra-chlorido-bis-(tri-methyl-phosphane-κP)iridate(III).

The title compound, [HP(CH3)3][IrCl4{(H3C)3P}2], consists of a tri­methyl­phospho­nium cation and a tetra­chlorido­bis­(tri­methyl­phosphane)iridate(III) anion. The anion has an octa­hedral arrangement of ligands, with the tri­methyl­phosphane groups occupying trans positions. The IrIII atom sits on an inversion center with one P(CH3)3 ligand and two chloride ligands in the asymmetric unit. The tri­methyl­phospho­nium cation is disordered about a twofold rotation axis. The title compound is the first structurally characterized tetra­chlorido­bis­(phosphane)iridate complex.
Star-Unfolding Polygons

In this paper we initiate the study of geodesic star unfoldings. They are a generalization of shortest-path star unfoldings of 3D convex polyhedra and have a very simple characterization. We also address several problems concerning the existence of shortest-path star unfoldings on specified source point sets, and of reconstructing shortest-path star unfoldings with given ridge tree combinatorics.
Computer Security: Who’s Minding the Store?

Trojan Horse, Logic Bomb, Salami Technique, Superzapping, and Asynchronous Attack are: A. Names of this year's top five rock groups B. Impressive vernacular of Yuppies at their afternoon happy hour C. Informal Pentagon designations to categorize foreign military installations D. Labels coined by Wall Streeters in identifying causes of "Black Monday" E. Jargon evolving from the numerous automated computer crimes committed since the onset of the Age of Information If A, B, C, or D is your choice, this article may provide substantial insight into the management and security of computerized information systems. Recent studies by the American Bar Association,1 the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants,2 the American Bankers Association,3 the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,4 and Britain's Local Government Inspectorate5 acknowledge the rapid growth and profitability of computer crimes. Theft by computer is more lucrative, is much safer, and carries less punishment than armed bank robbery. The American Bar Association reported an estimated average annual loss from $2 million to $10 million by each computer abuse.6 Sixteen percent of the 199 fraud cases identified by the AICPA exceeded $100,000.7 Of the 67 computer fraud cases involving financial loss examined in the Local Government Inspectorate study, 22% exceeded $100,000.8 Twelve percent of the 65 cases reported in the Inspector General's report exceeded this amount.9The ABA survey of credit card fraud reported an increase from $5.5 to $29.2 million (430% increase) in the total dollar value of bank card fraud losses in a 12-month period.10 To compound the seriousness of the situation, one source predicts that computer crime will increase more rapidly than controls that detect and thwart the crimes.1" With the increase of computer literacy, this alarming trend has the potential for creating serious management issues for all organizations.
Exceptional Property Changes in Ultrathin Films of Polycarbonate: Glass Temperature, Rubbery Stiffening, and Flow

The TTU nanobubble inflation method has been used to determine the creep compliance of ultrathin films of polycarbonate over a thickness range of 3–22 nm and a temperature range from ambient (25 °C) to 112 °C. The compliance from the segmental regime through a stiffened rubbery plateau regime was able to be measured for films of thickness from 4.2 nm and above, and the results show a greatly reduced glass temperature and stiffening of the rubbery regime relative to that of the macroscopic material. In the case of the 3 nm film, we found that even at ambient conditions the system is above the enhanced rubbery plateau and is in the terminal flow regime as evidenced by a slope of unity on a double-logarithmic representation of the compliance versus time. The biaxial viscosity of the film at this temperature is ∼2.7 × 1011 Pa s. We also observed flow behavior in a 9.1 nm thick film that had been heated to 75 °C, i.e., 10 °C above the reduced glass transition of the thin film. These are the first evidence of p...
Morphological Variation in Gaited Horse Breeds

Abstract Gaited horses, renowned for their smooth gaits, are anecdotally noted to have proportionally longer hind limbs than nongaited breeds of the same height. However, gaited horses perform a wide spectrum of different gaits that we hypothesize may require diverse skeletal adaptations. To investigate the contribution of morphology to gait ability, we collected body measurements from gaited and nongaited individual animals and principal component analysis was conducted on 32 body measures for a set of 1,682 horses. Principal component (PC) 1 captured 65.3% of the trait variance, whereas PC2 comprised 6.6% and PC3 3.2% of variance in the data set. All body measures correlated positively with PC1 which quantifies a horse's overall body size. In contrast, PC2 quantifies body thickness. Principal component 3 represents a pattern primarily involving skull thickness and lower limb length. Because of the presence of sexual dimorphism and unequal sampling across sexes, we generated a pruned data set of 432 individuals with equal numbers of gaited and nongaited horses within each sex class. Analysis of variance and pairwise correlations were conducted to identify differences in the PC scores and measurements (normalized by wither height) due to sex, gait phenotype, breed, and age. After accounting for these fixed effects, gaited horses were significantly different from nongaited horses in PC2 and PC3 ( P P
The Impact on the Protein Test in Milk Caused by the Power Control during the Digest

Objective This study was to explore the importance of standard operation specifically the power control during the milk digest.Methods The protein contents of 69 milk samples have been matched and compared respectively after two different digest processes. Results The nonstandard operation of the power control during the digest may cause averagely 9.21g/100g lose of protein in the milk.Conclusion The power control during digest has a great effect on the protein test in milk.The training on the real operation skills for the new workers may be very important in the future.
Acute Upper Airway Obstruction: Croup and Epiglottitis

In few pediatric conditions are the benefits of optimal management and the risks of inappropriate action so clear as they are in acute upper airway obstruction. Infants and small children are uniquely susceptible to these disorders as a consequence of several anatomic and physiologic factors, and though severity of obstruction and rapidity of progression vary depending upon cause and time of presentation, precipitous decompensation to complete obstruction and/or respiratory failure is an ever present possibility.
2,8-Dihydroxyadenine Urolithiasis: Report of an Adult Case in the United States

2,8-Dihydroxyadeninuria is a rare purine metabolic disorder that has been reported to have caused urolithiasis in 14 cases, mostly children. Excretion of the hydroxylated metabolites of adenine results from a deficiency of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. The insoluble calculi have a similar chemical structure to uric acid and frequently are misdiagnosed as uric acid calculi. Management differs from that of uric acid urolithiasis. We report on an adult with 2,8-dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis in the United States.
Assessing financial education methods: Principles vs. rules-of-thumb approaches

Despite thousands of programs and tremendous public and private interest in improving financial decision-making, little is known about how best to teach financial education. Using an experimental approach, the authors estimated the effects of two different education methodologies (principles-based and rules-of-thumb) on the knowledge, self-assessed knowledge, financial self-efficacy, motivation to learn, willingness to seek advice, risk preferences, and time preferences of high-performing undergraduate students. They found both methods increased cognitive measures of knowledge and noncognitive measures of self-efficacy, motivation to learn, and willingness to take financial risks. They found few differences in the relative effectiveness of each method, although the principles methodology appears to generate larger gains in self-efficacy, while the rules-of-thumb method appears to reduce individuals' willingness to seek advice.
His Wife Must Surely Know: Women and Migrants’ Integration

On 19 January 1898, Carmen Zugasti married Emeterio Bilbao, a marine engineer from San Nicolas, Bilbao. The couple had four children between 1899 and 1904 while living in Desierto Erandio, Viscaya province. In 1901 Emeterio Bilbao began sailing in British ships, in 1906 moving his family to Newport, Monmouthshire where Carmen bore two more children, Emeterio in 1906 and Jose in 1910. On 21 July 1912 Carmen died in Newport, and her family dispersed rapidly. The children returned to Spain, while her widowed husband passed the bulk of nine subsequent years on the SS Stonehenge, plying between the Continent and various British ports. Bilbao proved so mobile that police in Swansea, London and South Shields had difficulty interviewing him regarding his naturalization petition, as he ‘is seldom in these districts’. In 1921, Bilbao sought naturalization upon deciding to remarry a British woman, retrieve his younger children and reconstitute his family: ‘in the event of his marriage the children will take up their abode at his home wherever it may be’.1
Managing Third-Party Platform Litigation Risk in Crowdfunding: Terms, Pricing, and Reputation

Third-party platforms, intermediaries in the financing proposition offered by crowdfunding, assume various risks in undertaking that intermediation role, including the risk that legal actions may be brought against them by those seeking funding and the funders they attract. This litigation risk undoubtedly affects the terms of the services provided by third-party platforms, including platform terms of use and the pricing of platform services. Moreover, the reputation of a platform may impact and be impacted by litigation risk.Untangling these factors and assessing their interaction will involve multiple studies over an extended period of time. This paper begins that process by identifying platform litigation risks (using U.S. law as a key reference point) and specific nonfinancial terms of platform hosting arrangements relating to litigation risk. Preliminary, anecdotal observations are made about the effects of litigation risk on the pricing of platform services and platform reputation. In later work, it is anticipated that empirical observations also could be made about certain elements of the relative cost of platform services and platform reputation.
Endothelial Epigenetics in Biomechanical Stress Disturbed Flow–Mediated Epigenomic Plasticity In Vivo and In Vitro

Arterial endothelial phenotype is regulated by local hemodynamic forces that are linked to regional susceptibility to atherogenesis. A complex hierarchy of transcriptional, translational, and post-translational mechanisms is greatly influenced by the characteristics of local arterial shear stress environments. We discuss the emerging role of localized disturbed blood flow on epigenetic mechanisms of endothelial responses to biomechanical stress, including transcriptional regulation by proximal promoter DNA methylation, and post-transcriptional and translational regulation of gene and protein expression by chromatin remodeling and noncoding RNA-based mechanisms. Dynamic responses to flow characteristics in vivo and in vitro include site-specific differentially methylated regions of swine and mouse endothelial methylomes, histone marks regulating chromatin conformation, microRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs. Flow-mediated epigenomic responses intersect with cis and trans factor regulation to maintain endothelial function in a shear-stressed environment and may contribute to localized endothelial dysfunctions that promote atherosusceptibility.