cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Astigmatism after small-incision clear corneal cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in children

Purpose To investigate the magnitude of postoperative astigmatism in children having cataract extraction with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation through a 3.0 mm superior clear corneal incision. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. Methods This retrospective chart review comprised all pediatric patients having cataract surgery with IOL implantation through a 3.0 mm clear corneal incision from 1997 to 2002. One hundred two eyes of 75 patients were included. All refractions were performed manually by an experienced pediatric ophthalmologist. Results The mean postoperative retinoscopic cylinder in all patients was 0.63 diopter (D) (range 0.0 to 4.50 D) at 1 month, 0.40 D (range 0.0 to 1.75 D) at 6 months, and 0.51 D (range 0.0 to 2.50 D) at 1 year. Patients aged 0 to 36 months at the time of surgery had a mean postoperative cylinder of 0.22 D at 1 month, 0.03 D at 6 months, and 0.21 D at 1 year. Patients between 36 months and 6 years of age at surgery had a mean refractive cylinder of 0.50 D, 0.38 D, and 0.75 D, respectively. Patients older than 6 years at surgery had a mean refractive cylinder of 0.94 D, 0.75 D, and 0.76 D, respectively. Conclusions Small-incision clear corneal cataract extraction with IOL implantation in children led to minimal postoperative astigmatism that remained stable over time. Less astigmatism was observed in children having surgery before they were 36 months old.
Differentiation dependency of eicosanoid enzyme expression in human tracheobronchial cells

Abstract The expression of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) and prostaglandin H synthase-2 (PGHS-2) was studied in retinoic acid (RA) sufficient and RA-deficient normal human tracheobronchial epithelial (NHTBE) cell cultures. In the absence of RA, in which the cultures became squamous metaplastic, neither 15-LO nor PGHS-2 were expressed. In RA-sufficient cultures, which differentiated into a mucociliary epithelium, both enzymes were expressed: PGHS-2 during early phases and 15-LO during late stages of differentiation. Depending on the stage of differentiation, the RA-sufficient cultures produced PGE2 and in the presence of exogenous linoleic acid (LA) 13-HODE. Experiments are underway to examine the effects of inflammatory cytokines on eicosanoid metabolism and the role these metabolites play in airway diseases.
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 mediates cytokine-induced mesangial cell apoptosis

Mesangial cells are critical for glomerular filtration. Mesangial cell dysfunction, the hallmark of diabetic nephropathy, results from disordered mesangial growth induced by cytokines, abnormal hemodynamic influence, and metabolic factors associated with chronic hyperglycemia. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their high affinity binding proteins (IGFBPs) exert major actions on mesangial cell survival, but their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In light of emerging IGF-independent roles for IGFBP-3, we investigated IGFBP-3 actions during mesangial cell apoptosis induced by cytokine or high glucose concentration. Quantified by DNA fragmentation ELISA and Annexin V flow cytometry, apoptosis occurred in rat mesangial cells (RMC) exposed to 2 μg/mL IGFBP-3 for 24 h under high ambient or standard glucose. Anti-sense IGFBP-3 oligo at 10 μg/mL significantly inhibited apoptosis induced by 100 ng/mL TNF-α, serum-free conditions, or high (25 mM) glucose. Increased IGFBP-3 release associated with high ambient glucose or TNF-α was inhibited by pre-treatment with anti-sense oligo. Under serum-free conditions, recombinant human IGFBP-3 blocked Akt phosphorylation at threonine 308 (pThr308), whereas anti-sense oligo treatment was associated with enhanced pThr308 activity. In summary, these data support a novel mechanism for TNF-α-induced mesangial cell apoptosis mediated by IGFBP-3 and present regulation of pThr308 activity as a novel mechanism underlying IGFBP-3 action.
Thin-film aerogel thermal conductivity measurements via 3ω

The limiting constraint in a growing number of nano systems is the inability to thermally tune devices. Silica aerogel is widely accepted as the best solid thermal insulator in existence and offers a promising solution for microelectronic systems needing superior thermal isolation. In this study, thin-film silica aerogel films varying in thickness from 250 to 1280 nm were deposited on SiO2 substrates under a variety of deposition conditions. These samples were then thermally characterized using the 3ω technique. Deposition processes for depositing the 3ω testing mask to the sample were optimized and it was demonstrated that thin-film aerogel can maintain its structure in common fabrication processes for microelectromechanical systems. Results indicate that thin-film silica aerogel can maintain the unique, ultra-low thermal conductivity commonly observed in bulk aerogel, with a directly measured thermal conductivity as low as 0.024 W/m-K at temperature of 295 K and pressure between 0.1 and 1 Pa.
Developing a Framework for Tacit Knowledge Codification

I advance the Knowledge Management Infrastructure (KMI) and align this infrastructure with prospective outcomes of tacit knowledge codification in organizational settings. The KMI is comprised of d...
Clinical Response Predictors in a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Fluoxetine for Geriatric Major Depression

BACKGROUND We attempted to determine baseline characteristics predicting response in a 6-week, double-blind, geriatric depression trial, which showed a significantly higher remission rate for fluoxetine (20 mg daily) than for placebo (31.6% vs. 18.6%, p < .001). METHODS Outpatients (N = 671) were 60 years or older (mean +/- SD = 67.7 +/- 5.7), met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev., American Psychiatric Association, 1987) criteria for unipolar major depression, had baseline scores on the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD17) of 16 or more, and were randomized after a 1-week placebo lead-in. Potential baseline predictors of percentage change in last-visit-carried-forward HAMD21 total scores were entered into a stepwise regression model. The sample was randomly divided into two groups (development and validation data sets) so that potential predictors could be confirmed in a second analysis. RESULTS Of the 266 variables considered for their prognostic ability, 13 were found to be significant predictors using the development data set, including (a) presence of somatic complaints, absence of agitation, and presence of previous accidental injury for fluoxetine response; and (b) reported feelings of emptiness, absence of somatic complaints, and absence of early insomnia for placebo response. The second analysis using the validation data set failed to confirm statistical significance of predictors identified in the development data set. CONCLUSIONS Although potentially useful baseline characteristics were initially identified as response predictors, conservative statistical methods failed to confirm any significant predictors of differential responses between fluoxetine and placebo in this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. These results suggest that response predictor analyses require confirmation before conclusions can be generalized.
Hydrolysis of substance P and bradykinin by black widow spider venom gland extract.

Abstract Black widow spider venom gland extract was found to contain significant peptidase activity. Aliquots of the venom gland extract incubated at 37° inactivated substance P (SP) and bradykinin but not angiotensin II or the enkephalins. The peptide inactivation was proportional to the duration of the incubation and the amount of extract used. Analysis of the peptides on high pressure liquid chromatography demonstrated that the loss in biological activity of SP and bradykinin in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum was correlated with cleavage of the peptides into several fragments. Kinetic studies revealed that SP was initially split into two fragments but that these products underwent further degradation into smaller peptides. The optimal pH for the peptidase activity was 6.5. At 0° the enzymatic activity was undetectable, and it was irreversibly destroyed by incubation at 100° for 5 min or by pretreatment of the extract with 100 μM diisopropyl fluorophosphate. In addition, the gland extract preparation hydrolyzed artificial substrates designed to detect trypsin or chymotrypsin-like activity.
The Chaperone GroESL Enhances the Accumulation of Soluble, Active TraR Protein, a Quorum-Sensing Transcription Factor from Agrobacterium tumefaciens

TraR of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a LuxR-type quorum-sensing transcription factor that regulates genes required for replication and conjugation of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid. TraR requires its cognate autoinducer N-3-oxooctanoyl-homoserine lactone (OOHL) for resistance of proteolysis in wild-type bacteria and for correct protein folding and solubility when overexpressed in E. coli. In this study, we ask whether GroESL might also play a role in TraR folding, as this molecular chaperone assists many proteins in attaining their native tertiary structure. Expression of E. coli GroESL in a strain expressing TraR increases the solubility of TraR and increases transcriptional activity of a TraR-dependent promoter. Both solubility and activity still require OOHL. We also studied the folding of TraR in the closely related bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. A mutation in one groEL gene slightly decreased the expression of a TraR-dependent promoter, strongly decreased the accumulation of TraR in Western immunoblot assays, and also strongly influenced the fate of pulse-labeled TraR.
How a charity oversells mammography

In their occasional series highlighting the exaggerations, distortions, and selective reporting that make some news stories, advertising, and medical journal articles “not so,” Lisa M Schwartz and Steven Woloshin explain how a charity used misleading statistics to persuade women to undergo mammography
Possible relationship between pH of plasma and rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract The free level of tryptophan in untreated Rheumatoid Arthritic patients is lower than normal controls and normal subjects have a daily fluctuation in the concentration of the amino-acid. The present study shows that both of these changes could be caused by small changes in the pH of human plasma which fall within the physiological range of pH found in blood.
Ab initio calculations in vibrational spectroscopy

Abstract With the availability of fast and relatively cheap computer workstations, it is now possible to carry out rapid ab initio calculations on molecules with twelve or more atoms with the 3-21G basis set. These data can be very valuable in vibrational assignments, conformational analyses, and structural determinations. Ab initio calculations also contribute significantly in the area of vibrational frequencies and harmonic force constants.
Nondimensional Analysis of Reaction-Wheel Control for Aerobraking

The equations of motion for an aerobraking spacecraft are nondimensionalized. This process yields three dimensionless parameters that intrinsically describe the capability of a reaction-wheel controller to manage angular momentum during an atmospheric drag pass. These parameters, namely aeromoment, desaturation speed, and equilibrium momentum, completely characterize the behavior of all reaction-wheel controllers for aerobraking at any planet. As the names imply, the behavior is determined by the density of the atmosphere, the torque of the reaction wheel, and the moment of inertia of the spacecraft (and associated parameters). Theoretical bounds on the three parameters are found, and comparisons to past aerobraking spacecraft are made. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the established bounds correctly predict the performance exhibited during aerobraking.
Isolated intestinal angioedema due to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use: a case report and review of the literature

Isolated intestinal angioedema due to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use: a case report and review of the literature
Synthesis and crystallographic characterization of dinuclear silver complexes supported by N , N ′-diarylformamidinates

Synthesis of two new disilver(I) complexes of diarylformamidinate bearing o-ethoxy (1) and m-butoxy substituents (2) is described. Crystallographic characterization revealed that each Ag center is supported primarily by two N centers in approximate co-linear geometry. Secondary coordination of ethereal O center to Ag was also observed in molecule 1. Conformational isomerism exists in the crystal of 2, and is attributed to the low energy-barrier free rotation of aryls. Crystal data: compound 1 crystallizes in orthorhombic space group Pbca, a=11.392(1), b=15.007(1), c=19.363(2) A, Z=4; compound 2 crystallizes in tetragonal space group P42/n, a=24.152(2), c=14.371(2) A, Z=8.
A cosmological kinematics with peculiar motions

The form of the line element usually used in cosmological discussions has been derived a number of times from several different viewpoints. The currently accepted method is to start with WEYE'S postulates [1] and to use the results of FumNZ [2], as was done by ROaERTSON [3, 4]. WEYE'S postulates, however, contain the assumption that the matter in the models is uniformly distributed throughout the universe and that peculiar motions are absent. Considerations of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and peculiar motions are thus axiomatically forbidden in such models. This notwithstanding, significant effort has been applied in attempts to explain galaxy and galactic cluster formations by means of these models, and all of the observational data used to test these models comes from just those objects which the models forbid. The purpose of this discussion is to derive a line element which does not preclude peculiar motions or assume isotropy and homogeneity of the mass (energy) distribution of the universe. We then examine the kinematical consequences of this line element, wherein peculiar motions are included from the start. The results obtained in this manner, although similar in structure to those obtained from the Weyl postulates, contain certain fundamental departures from previous thinking, and cast a certain amount of doubt on the velocity-red-shift and luminosity relations as currently interpreted.
The Invisible Digital Identity: Assemblages in Digital Networks

Abstract Using tracking cookies and web beacons, online behavioral advertising uses code stored on machines to access users’ Internet habits to customize advertisements and better market goods to consumers. This trend of tracking user movements has become concerning because the technologies used reveal personal information about the user to companies. Users can become more informed about the tracking technologies by visiting two websites that provide information about the trackers and give ways to opt-out of tracking technologies. This article provides a historical overview of tracking technologies, analyzes AboutAds.info and the online privacy tool Ghostery , theorizes what networked culture means in the 21st century, and closes with a heuristic for educators to use in their classrooms for discussions about invisible digital identity on the web.
Heat capacity of HTSC at temperatures above Tc

It is proposed that the material of a HTSC at temperatures above T c contains a new state of matter in which electrons and holes are trapped in a lattice wave. The heat capacity of this new state is calculated, and it is found to be much larger than that of a normal metal
Guidelines for developing and evaluating gifted programs

Convincing arguments have been made for implementing gifted education programs, but clear and comprehensive criteria for developing and evaluating these programs are seldom found. These criteria would help define which youth should be selected for programs and what characteristics these programs should include. Quality programs would involve all potentially able youngsters such as those explicated by Drews (1963); and would meet criteria such as being innovative, intellectually stimulating, comprehensive, enthusiastic, and divergent. These criteria also can be utilized in evaluating the quality of gifted programs.
Resource conditions and paddler standards for primitive campsites along Lake Champlain.

Abstract Primitive campsites located on a paddlers' trail on Lake Champlain in the northeastern USA were assessed for their resource condition quality using standard campsite assessment protocols common to campsite monitoring studies. Site attributes such as vegetation cover loss, campsite size, campsite condition class and several other measures of resource conditions were assessed. Comparative analyses of resource conditions at camping areas using at-large and confinement strategies were conducted. In addition, paddler standards for two important campsite attributes, vegetation loss and campsite size, were determined via paddlers surveys incorporating the use of normative and visual research methods. Findings suggest that the overall quality of campsite conditions is relatively high from both a biophysical and visitor experience perspective. Several differences in resource conditions were observed between campsites in at-large and confinement camping areas. The current at-large camping strategy in place at some areas appears to have been successful in minimizing resource impacts. Results of this study have implications for the management of primitive campsites in general, with particular importance to similar large lake ecosystems.
Coordination of OECD oil import policies: A gaming approach☆

Abstract In this paper, we assume that the world oil price is an increasing function of the level of world oil demand and that OECD nations adopt tariffs to reduce their oil imports. We present a simple model to investigate issues related to the coordination of tariff policies between two regions: US and other OECD nations. We compare the optimal tariff of each region for three cases: 1. (a) unilateral case, 2. (b) noncooperative case, 3. (c) cooperative case. Under the local linearity assumption, it is found that, for each region, the cooperative optimal tariff is greater than the noncooperative equilibrium tariff, which is, in turn, greater than the unilateral optimal tariff. Both the cooperative and the noncooperative optimal tariffs lead to greater net outputs for these two regions. In order to implement the cooperative optimal tariff, however, an agreement on a uniform tariff and on side payments may be needed. We conclude by discussing a numerical example.
Hypo-Osmolarity Decreases the Ability of Cells in Articular Cartilage to Survive a Load-Induced Injury

A recent study showed that exposure to hypotonic conditions increased chondrocyte surface area up to 234% by stretching the folded membrane, which may reduce the chondrocyte’s ability to deform under load. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of hypo-osmolarity on chondrocyte survival from load-induced injury. Bovine cartilage explants were incubated in either isotonic or hypotonic pH-buffered solution for 20 minutes, loaded with cyclic confined compression at 5MPa for 1 hour, and then assessed for cell viability using cell vital dyes and for pericellular matrix (PCM) using an type VI collagen antibody. Cell death in loaded explants was significantly greater than that of non-loaded controls (p<0.001). However, explants loaded in the hypotonic solution showed significantly greater cell death than those loaded in the isotonic solution. An increase of dead cells with flatten PCM were located in the superficial zone. Our findings suggest that hypo-osmolarity decreases the ability of chondrocytes in articular cartilage to survive from load-induced injury.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Poincaré transformations in nonholonomic mechanics

Abstract We report on the application of the Poincare transformation (from the theory of adaptive geometric integrators) to nonholonomic systems—mechanical systems with non-integrable velocity constraints. We prove that this transformation can be used to express the dynamics of certain nonholonomic systems at a fixed energy value in Hamiltonian form; examples and potential applications are also discussed.
Suicide Terrorism in Iraq: A Preliminary Assessment of the Quantitative Data and Documentary Evidence

This preliminary assessment of suicide terrorism in Iraq sheds light on why some groups in the insurgency employ suicide attacks although others do not. The unequal utilization of suicide bombings corresponds to divergent strategies in the insurgency. Some groups fight to achieve system reintegration, whereas others send suicide bombers to collapse the emerging political order. Quantitative data and documentary evidence substantiate the finding that suicide terrorism is carried out by groups that cannot compete in any future political and institutional alignments in Iraq's new coalition politics. Suicide terrorism is intended to produce system collapse, sectarian warfare, and a failed state.
Not Choosing Between Morality and Ethics

Au-dela du debat sur la distinction entre morale et ethique, l'A. defend la these de la complementarite des deux theories de la raison pratique. Rejetant les positions exclusives de B. Williams et J. Habermas, l'A. montre que la philosophie n'a pas a choisir entre deux categories abstraites, d'une part, et privilegie la notion de communaute concrete chez Hegel comme ideal politique, d'autre part.
Thumb motor performance varies by movement orientation, direction, and device size during single-handed mobile phone use.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if thumb motor performance metrics varied by movement orientation, direction, and device size during single-handed use of a mobile phone device.Bac...
Cross sections for 165° backscattering of 8.0-11.7 MeV α from carbon

Abstract Non-Rutherford cross sections for carbon have been measured at the 165° backscattering angle for α beam energies ranging from 8.0 to 11.7 MeV. Thin ∼42(±4) μg/cm 2 amorphous freestanding carbon foils were measured at the 0° tilt angle. Also, ∼1.8 × 10 18 at/cm 2 C films e-beam deposited onto Mo substrates were measured at the 75° tilt angle. The measured cross sections from these samples are discussed and compared with values from earlier work. The cross sections from all work are shown in graphic form and those not already available in tabular form will be submitted to the Ion Beam Analysis Nuclear Data Library (IBANDL).
Modification of Transmission Line Audible Noise Spectra to Reduce Environmental Impact

The aversiveness of audible noise from EHV electric transmission lines was evaluated for spectral modifications of 5 different tape-recorded samples. The relative contributions of low-frequency humming and buzzing and of high-frequency hissing and crackling components of the noise were determined. The high-frequency components of the hoise proved more aversive for all five samples to a group of 25 listeners. Therefore, for outdoor or open window listening, engineering efforts should be directed at reducing the high-frequency portion of the audible noise spectrum.
A Catalyst for Ocean Acidification Research and Collaboration: Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Short Course on Ocean Acidification; Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 2–13 November 2009

The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) program is a coordinating body for the U.S. research community that focuses on the ocean's role in the global Earth system, bringing together research in geochemistry, ocean physics, and ecology. With support from its federal sponsors (U.S. National Science Foundation, NASA, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)) and the European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA), the OCB Project Office coordinated and hosted a hands-on ocean acidification short course at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). The OCB Ocean Acidification Subcommittee (http://www.us-ocb.org/about.html), chaired by Joan Kleypas (National Center for Atmospheric Research) and Richard Feely (Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA), provided critical guidance on the course scope, curriculum, and instructors.
A most useful manifestation of relativity: gravitational lenses

Gravitational lenses are scarce but extraordinary phenomena that yield a very high rate of return on observational investment. Given their scarcity, it is very impressive that since their discovery in the extragalactic realm in 1979, they have had such an enormous impact on our knowledge of the universe. Gravitational lensing is a manifestation of general relativity that has contributed to a great variety of astrophysical and cosmological studies. In the weak-field limit, lensing studies are based on well-established physics and thus offer a direct approach to study many of the currently pressing problems of astrophysics. Examples of these are the significance of dark matter and the age and size of the universe. I present a brief history of gravitational lensing and describe recent developments in fields such as searches for dark matter and studies of galaxy evolution and cosmology. The approach is non-specialized and emphasizes observational results, to reach the widest possible audience.
INDUCTION OF CARDIAC LESIONS, CLOSELY RESEMBLING THOSE OF RHEUMATIC FEVER, IN RABBITS FOLLOWING REPEATED SKIN INFECTIONS WITH GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI

Cardiac lesions, closely resembling those found in rheumatic fever, have developed in rabbits that sickened following multiple, successive skin infections with several serological types of group A streptococci.
Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis.

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is an acute, self-limited, widespread cutaneous eruption characterized by the development of numerous, non-follicular, sterile pustules on a background of erythematous, edematous skin. The eruption usually develops within hours to days of exposure to medications (antibiotics, antifungals, calcium channel blockers, and carbamazepine most commonly), but it has also been documented to be associated with various infections (mostly viral), spider bites, and herbal medications. After the inciting medication is removed or precipitant infection clears, the skin reaction resolves spontaneously within 1–2 weeks. The histologic hallmark of AGEP is spongiform subcorneal and/or intraepidermal pustules with marked papillary edema, polymorphous perivascular infiltrates with neutrophils, and exocytosis of some eosinophils. AGEP is immunologically mediated by a T cell-orchestrated neutrophil response through the expression of neutrophilotactic chemokines such as CXCL8.
GROK-INT: Generating Real On-Chip Knowledge for Interconnect Delays Using Timing Extraction

With continued scaling, all transistors are no longer created equal. The delay of a length 4 horizontal routing segment at coordinates (23,17) will differ from one at (12,14) in the sameFPGA and from the same segment in another FPGA. The vendor tools give conservative values for these delays, but knowing exactly what these delays are can be invaluable. In this paper, we show how to obtain this information, inexpensively, using only components that already exist on the FPGA (configurable PLLs, registers, logic, and interconnect). The techniques we present are general and can be used to measure the delays of any resource on any FPGA with these components. We provide general algorithms for identifying the set of useful delay components, the set of measurements necessary to compute these delay components, and the calculations necessary to perform the computation. We demonstrate our techniques on the interconnect for an Altera Cyclone III (65nm). As a result, we are able to quantify over a 100 ps spread in delays for nominally identical routing segments on a single FPGA.
Mandibular fractures in the cat. A retrospective study.

A retrospective study was made of 75 mandibular fractures in 62 cats. Mandibular fractures comprised 14.5% of all fractures seen in 517 cats. Automobile trauma was the cause of injury in more than 50% of the cases. The mean age of patients was 29.5 months. Symphyseal fractures were most common (73.3%), followed by fractures of the body (16%), condyle (6.7%), and coronoid process (4%). Sixty-seven percent of the fractures were stabilized. Cerclage and interfragmentary wiring were the most common forMS of fixation. Antibiotics were administered to 73.6% of the patients. Complications were reported in 24.5% of the cats. Malocclusion and soft tissue infections were the most frequent complications. Complications developed more commonly in cats with multiple or open fractures. Clinical union occurred by an average of 6 weeks (range, 3–12 weeks) for symphyseal fractures, 10 weeks (range, 8–16 weeks) for body fractures, 6 weeks for coronoid fractures, and 6 weeks (range, 4–8 weeks) for condylar fractures.
Revised NIOSH equation for the design and evaluation of manual lifting tasks

In 1985, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) convened an ad hoc committee of experts who reviewed the current literature on lifting, recommend criteria for defining lifting capacity, and in 1991 developed a revised lifting equation. Subsequently, NIOSH developed the documentation for the equation and played a prominent role in recommending methods for interpreting the results of the equation. The 1991 equation reflects new findings and provides methods for evaluating asymmetrical lifting tasks, lifts of objects with less than optimal hand-container couplings, and also provides guidelines for a larger range of work durations and lifting frequencies than the 1981 equation. This paper provides the basis for selecting the three criteria (biomechanical, physiological, and psychophysical) that were used to define the 1991 equation, and describes the derivation of the individual components (Putz-Anderson and Waters 1991). The paper also describes the lifting index (LI), an index of relative physical stress, that can be used to identify hazardous lifting tasks. Although the 1991 equation has not been fully validated, the recommended weight limits derived from the revised equation are consistent with or lower than those generally reported in the literature. NIOSH believes that the revised 1991 lifting equation is more likely than the 1981 equation to protect most workers.
A novel borophosphosilicate glass process

A novel low cost borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) technology suitable for one micron processing is presented here. This technique allows glass to be flowed consistently and reproducibly at temperatures as low as 750°C. Flow angles are independent of device linewidths from 1 to 10 microns. The flow angle can be adjusted by changing the deposition time. The simplicity of the process will probably enhance the reliability of the technique. Related issues such as photoresist adhesion and plasma etching have been examined. Application of this material as an interlayer dielectric in MOS circuits looks promising.
On boundary angular derivatives of an analytic self-map of the unit disk

Given complex numbers s0,…,sN, we present necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a function f analytic and bounded by one in modulus on the open unit disk which admits the nontangential boundary asymptotic expansion f(z)=s0+s1(z−t0)+⋯+sN(z−t0)N+o((z−t0)N) at a given point t0 on the unit circle. This criterion can be considered as a boundary analog of the classical result of I. Schur. To cite this article: V. Bolotnikov, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 347 (2009).
Comparison of angular free-in-air and tissue-equivalent phantom response measurements in p-MOSFET dosimeters.

Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) radiation dosimeters have found recent application in providing real-time measurement in diagnostic radiology as well as in radiotherapy. Due to the design of the MOSFET dosimeter, the response is dependent on both energy and angulation with respect to the direction of primary radiation. The axial angular dependence has been characterized for both free-in-air and for tissue-equivalent phantoms. However, neither the angular dependence normal (90-degree) to the axial rotation, nor the effects of various tissue compositions on angular dependence, have been investigated for radiation energies in the diagnostic range. To characterize the angular dependence normal to the axial rotation, we exposed three "high sensitivity" MOSFET dosimeters simultaneously to x-rays from a medical diagnostic x-ray unit over a 360-degree rotation, at 22.5-degree increments, for both free-in-air and in lung, skeletal, and soft tissue-equivalent phantoms. The MOSFET dosimeters clearly showed an angular dependence in the orientation normal-to-axial as well as in the axial rotation, both for free-in-air and in tissue-equivalent phantoms. Significant variations in response occurred when the MOSFETs were exposed at incident angles between 90 degrees and 180 degrees normal-to-axial, as compared to the normal position (i.e., the zero-degree position with the bubble-side of the MOSFETs facing the radiation source). A maximum decrease in response to 32% of normal was observed when the distal ends (end opposite the wire lead) of the dosimeters were pointing directly away from the x-ray source (270-degree position). To avoid significant errors in MOSFET dosimeter readings, placement of the dosimeters should be consistent, and care should be taken to avoid orienting the dosimeter with its sensitive region (bubble side) facing away from the source of primary radiation at particular angles.
Encoding Neuroanatomical Information using Weighted Spherical Harmonic Representation

Cortical surfaces can be modeled using the recently developed weighed spherical harmonic (SPHARM) representation. The weighted-SPHARM representation incorporates data smoothing, parametrization and surface registration in a unified mathematical framework. The weighted-SPHARM represents the surface coordinates as a weighted linear combination of spherical harmonics in such a way that it solves a heat equation. The representation can decomposes an arbitrary surface into symmetric and asymmetric parts with respect to mirror reflection. By analyzing this unique decomposition, surface asymmetry can be quantified. We have applied our technique in quantifying abnormal brain asymmetry in autistic subjects.
Characterization of cyanide binding to cytochrome c oxidase immobilized in electrode-supported lipid bilayer membranes

Abstract Bovine cytochrome c oxidase has been successfully immobilized in electrode-supported lipid bilayer membranes to investigate the effect of cyanide binding on the oxidation of ferrocytochrome c and the electroreduction of dioxygen. Cyanide binding to oxidase was found to be reversible and exhibited 1:1 stoichiometry. Binding constants ( K i ) were also determined for binding of cyanide to the reduced (62 μM) and oxidized (195 μM) forms of the oxidase. The cytochrome c oxidase-modified electrodes described here could potentially be used as an amperometric biosensor for the detection of cyanide.
The stability of graphite furnace characteristic mass data

Abstract An inter-laboratory furnace AAS study is described involving 16 laboratories in Europe and North America. The characteristic masses for Ag, Cu, Cr and Pb were measured using NIST SRM 1643a trace metals in water. Stabilized temperature platform furnace conditions with Zeeman background correction were used for this study. Three different platform designs were compared and a new design called a fork platform was shown to provide some improved performance with respect to the stability of characteristic mass. The protocol exposed situations in specific laboratories that yielded less than satisfactory analytical results. For Pb and Cr the preferable platform design yielded characteristic mass values very close to the ± 20% limits around an expected value. In a few laboratories the Ag characteristic mass was outside this limit. Copper provided the most discrepant characteristic mass results.
A picture is worth a thousand words (at least): The effective use of visuals in the economics classroom

Abstract Much attention has been devoted to improving teaching pedagogy in economics; yet, one area that has generally lagged is the effective use of visuals. Evidence from cognitive and brain science suggests that the common approach of placing text onto slides does not improve student retention. This paper ties the literature from cognitive and brain science with that of economic education to show how visuals are more complementary to spoken lectures than words. This, in turn, leads to improved learning outcomes and a more enjoyable learning experience. The paper concludes with a concise summary of best practices, emphasizing easy-to-implement design techniques.
Effect of tolbutamide on the metabolism of Tetrahymena

Tolbutamide partially inhibited the growth but increased the glycogen content of Tetrahymena pyriformis in logarithmically growing cultures. Tolbutamide slightly increased 14CO2 production from [1-14C] and [6-14HC] glucose and [2-14C] pyruvate, but had little effect on the oxidation of [1-14C] acetate when any of these substrates were added to the proteose-peptone medium in which the cells had been grown. Measurement of 14CO2 production from [1-14C] and [2-I4C]-glyoxylate showed that this substrate was primarily oxidized via the glyoxylate cycle, with little if any oxidation occurring via the peroxisomal glyoxylate oxidase. Addition of tolbutamide inhibited the glyoxylate cycle as indicated by a marked reduction in label appearing in CO2 and in glycogen from labeled acetate. In control cells, addition of acetate strongly inhibited the oxidation of [2-14C]-pyruvate whereas addition of pyruvate had little effect on the oxidation of [1-14C]-acetate. Acetate was more effective than pyruvate in preventing the growth inhibitory and glycogen-increasing effects of tolbutamide. The data suggest that one effect of tolbutamide may be to interfere with the transfer of isocitrate and acetyl CoA across mitochondrial membranes.
Electronic surveillance of Internet access in the American workplace: implications for management

Software that enables sophisticated and comprehensive electronic surveillance of employee Internet access is widely used by American businesses. No federal or state statute prohibits private employers from monitoring their employees' email or the websites they access. Corporate managers opt for surveillance to protect their corporations from legal exposure arising from employee misconduct, such as downloading or emailing pornographic material; to protect against the improper disclosure of proprietary information over the Internet; and because surveillance software is inexpensive. While the reasons offered by employers for conducting electronic surveillance may be valid, there are competing considerations. This paper reviews surveillance technologies, discusses arguments for utilizing electronic surveillance, and concludes with legal issues arising from surveillance and implications for management.
The effect of PCO (yeast respiratory stimulator) on treated and untreated dog renal allografts

Procytoxide (PCO), a yeast respiratory stimulating extract, improves, on a dose-related basis, the survival rate in azathioprine (Imuran) treated mongrel dog renal allografts. This effect is associated with a significant and sustained decrease in total lymphocyte counts and increased lymphoid depletion apparent in bone marrow aspirates. PCO treatment alone, while decreasing total lymphocyte levels post-operatively in renal allografted dogs, fails to increase survival rates or apparently modify the rejection process in the renal allograft. PCO treatment does not reduce serum folate levels, and it is not an antifolate agent. PCO fails to improve to a significant degree renal allograft survival in pretreated animals or animals sensitized by prior skin grafting before renal transplantation. Thus, PCO in part protects the bone marrow and kidney from unmonitored but toxic effects of azathioprine (Imuran).
Attempted Hybridization of the Grass Shrimp Palaemonetes (Caridea, Palaemonidae) with an Evaluation of Taxonomic Characters of Juveniles

Variation in morphological characters used to distinguish the three sympatric species ofPalaemonetes, i.e.,P. pugio, P. intermedius, andP. vulgaris, is suggestive of natural hybridization. Interspecific crosses among the species and intraspecific crosses of allopatric populations ofP. pugio were made to determine whether hybridization was feasible and to evaluate taxonomic characters of the juveniles. No interspecific matings produced larvae in the laboratory. Larvae, from intraspecific matings ofP. pugio andP. vulgaris were reared to 40 days of age. Larval survival rates, development time, and postlarval length ofP. pugio andP. vulgaris were not different, but juveniles ofP. pugio at 40 days after hatching were larger than those ofP. vulgaris. At 40 daysP. pugio had developed adult diagnostic features. However,P. vulgaris displayed sufficient variation in adult diagnostic features to resembleP. pugio in some cases. The intraspecific matings ofP. pugio from widely separated populations were fertile, but there was some indication of reduced reproductive compatibility in crosses involving Virginia females and Florida males relative to intrapopulational controls. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY019 00002
Antiemetic Activity of N-Methyllevonantradol and Nabilone in Cisplatin-Treated Cats

The comprehensive emetic response to xenobiotics can be quantified by monitoring the physiological forces which effectuate vomiting. A unique sequence of thoracic pressure pulses, generated by the somatic muscles of ventilation, can be measured by means of a central venous catheter. This unambiguous emetic endpoint is used to record emetic latency, repetitions and duration of action, all on an established time base and dependent of stomach content. Deslanoside (160 micrograms/kg) produced emesis in 15 cats beginning in 4.4 +/- 1.9 min (mean +/- S.D.). Subsequent emetic episodes were related in time in a log-linear but biphasic manner. Cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg) had an emetic latency of 71 +/- 18 mn in 7 cats. Additional events also had a long-linear temporal relationship for up to 400 min. This quantified emetic profile of cisplatin served as a measure for assessing antiemetic activity of N-metyllevonantradol (Pfizer), nabilone (Lilly) and prochlorperazine. The cannabinoids all evinced dose dependent antiemetic activity in terms of either complete protection, or increased latency to the first emetic episode and reduced number of episodes in those animals not completely protected. By comparison prochlorperazine afforded only minimal protection.
The geometric optics contribution to the scattering from a large dense dielectric sphere

An analysis is presented for calculating the backscattered fields of an electromagnetic plane wave by lossless dielectric spheres of arbitrary density. This method involves the Watson transformation which serves to split the exact Mie solution, given as an infinite series, into the geometrical optics fields and the diffracted fields. The former comes from the illuminated region of the sphere and may be obtained from the geometrical optics method. The latter comes from the shadow region and consists of two different types of surface waves. One is a "creeping wave" analogous to that of perfectly conducting spheres. The other is a wave which enters the sphere and emerges as a surface wave in the shadow region. This wave is unique to dielectric spheres and is the stronger of the two surface waves. In the widely used geometric optics methods it is assumed that the optics fields are the dominant contributors even though stationary rays which are not in the direction of backscatter must be added in to give a degree of agreement with the exact Mie series results. In this paper we derive the optics fields and show that they differ in some respects from those obtained by the geometric optics method. They are smaller than heretofore assumed and contribute negligibly to the backscatter in this particular range of ka (4-20). Using our rigorous approach we can show the diffracted fields to be the major contributors to the total backscatter. Numerical results for the backscattering cross sections using diffracted and optics fields, and optics fields alone will be presented for relative index of refraction of 1.6. The agreement between our results (diffracted and optics) and exact results from the Mie series is excellent. A subsequent paper will be concerned with the diffracted fields.
Complementary Sets of Finite Sets

Subsets 𝒜, 𝒮 of an additive group G are complementary if 𝒜 + 𝒮 = G. When 𝒜 is of finite cardinality ∣𝒜∣, and G is ℤ or ℝ, we give sufficient conditions for the existence of a complementary set 𝒮 with “density” not much larger than 1/∣𝒜∣.
The state of SAT

The papers in this special issue originated at SAT 2001, the Fourth International Symposium on the Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing. This foreword reviews the current state of satisfiability testing and places the papers in this issue in context.
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and regional cerebral perfusion in pediatric cardiac surgery

Abstract The development of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest during the mid 1900s brought potential for cardiac operations not previously possible. However, as survival rates have improved for children with congenital heart disease, and longer term morbidities including neurodevelopment delays have been recognized, the role deep hypothermic circulatory arrest may play in causing neurologic insults, particularly for children requiring aortic arch reconstruction, has been of concern. Out of this concern, alternative techniques, including regional cerebral perfusion, have been developed. The purpose of this paper is to review the history of, and the data regarding neurodevelopmental outcomes, related to both deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and regional cerebral perfusion. Data from animal studies and clinical investigations will be reviewed. The reader will likely conclude that ultimately more information is required to determine the optimal perfusion strategy.
The role of ion transport in the regulation of cell proliferation.

The stimulation of growth in a variety of cell types is followed by rapid changes in ion transport across the plasma membrane and in the intracellular concentration of various ions. The addition of various growth factors to fibroblasts, for example, causes stimulation of Na+ entry through the Na+−H+ antiport. This results in the alkalinization of the cytosol and an increase in intracellular Na+ concentration. The increased intracellular Na+ in turn stimulates the Na+/K+ pump, raising the concentration of K+ and lowering the Na+ toward normal. These changes in monovalent ion transport appear to be a necessary part of the proliferative response. In addition to the changes in cytosolic Na+, K+, and pH, a number of growth factors also cause a rapid increase in the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+. The additional Ca2+ appears to come from intracellular organelles, since the effect does not require Ca2+ in the extracellular medium. The change in intracellular Ca2+ concentration persists for only a few minutes. Changes in ion transport have been observed after the addition of mitogens to a variety of cell types, including epithelial cells. For example, we have found that stimulation of proliferation of MDCK (dog kidney epithelial) cells by either serum or vasopressin is followed by stimulation of the activity of the Na+/K+ pump. The manner in which these rapid changes in ion transport may play a role in signalling the onset of the mitogenic response will be discussed.