cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planning the reconfiguration of grounded truss structures with truss climbing robots that carry truss elements

In this paper we describe an optimal reconfiguration planning algorithm that morphs a grounded truss structure of known geometry into a new geometry. The plan consists of a sequence of paths to move truss elements to their new locations that generate the new truss geometry. The trusses are grounded and remain connected at all time. Intuitively, the algorithm grows gradually the new truss structure from the old one. The truss elements are rigid bars joined with 18-way connectors. The paper also introduces the design of a truss-climbing robot that can execute the plan.
A shrinking "digital divide"? The provision of classroom computers across urban school systems

Objective. To determine the extent of the urban school “digital divide”—the varying provision of computer technology to students of different races and classes—and whether it has changed in the 1990s. Methods. Ordinary least squares and logit regression analysis is conducted on the 1995 Council of Urban Boards of Education survey, encompassing 72 urban school districts. Results. Districts with a higher percentage of African American students provided fewer computers per student, whereas community educational level, family income, and Latino enrollment had no effect. On the other hand, districts with more African American students reported recent decreases in the student-to-computer ratio, and comparisons with recent research suggest that the magnitude of this digital divide has decreased. Conclusions. Urban school districts appear to be addressing the digital divide, although inequalities in computer access remain.
Delivering on the promise of management information systems

Presentation de la conception et de la structure d'un systeme de fourniture d'informations de gestion
Critical Inquiry Into Literacy Teacher Education

A common predicament among teacher educators concerns the deficit-views about students and communities that at times surface in the context of our courses. As literacy scholars of color who are also former schoolteachers ourselves, we often experience these perspectives with a particular sense of alarm and contradiction.
Shotgun wound patterns.

Relatively little has been published in the world literature on shotgun wound interpretation and ballistics. Since only few medical centers see a large number of shotgun injuries, less experienced examiners may be misled easily hi their interpretation of such wounds, particularly with regard to estimates of distance, with grave implications as to judicial consequences. The peculiarities of the shotgun and the shot shell frequently permit more accurate range estimates than do hand weapons, especially for ranges beyond 1 ft. Choke is the most important variable factor influencing the shot scatter pattern in the average medicolegal case, whereas gauge has little effect on pattern size. The most accurate estimation of range is achieved by test firing the same gun and ammunition at varying ranges to compare the spread with the entrance wound. The wound characteristics largely depend upon the distance. Close range shots make a single punched out entrance hole that increases in size proportionally to the range until individual pellets enter the target. Concomitantly, the internal injuries vary, ranging from complete destruction of the target organ at close range to individual pellet wounds at greater distances. However, it is important to realize that pellet scatter patterns within the body may be similar in diameter in both close range and distant shots. Because of this similarity, estimation of range based upon body roentgenograms has been found to be less reliable than was believed previously and, indeed, may be very misleading. Exit wounds are very rare, even at contact range, and occur only hi tangential shots, when thinner portions of the body are injured, or with the use of large pellets (buckshot).
Final-state interactions in the decay of /sup 12/C* into three. cap alpha. particles

We apply the Faddeev equations with separable potentials for the decay of /sup 12/C* (J/sup ..pi../+; 12.71 MeV) (formed in the reaction /sup 13/C(/sup 3/He,..cap alpha..)/sup 12/C*) via /sup 8/Be (2/sup +/; 2.9 MeV) into three ..cap alpha.. particles. The ..cap alpha..-particle energy spectrum is calculated. No effect of unitarity constraints (rescattering) is observed in the energy spectrum.
Lactate distribution and metabolism during and after anoxia in the turtle, Chrysemys picta bellii

To determine the fate of lactate during and after prolonged anoxia, 14C-labeled lactate was injected into turtles after 2 h of a 6-h submergence at 20 degrees C. 14C activities of plasma and chamber water were tested at intervals during anoxia and also in expired air during 39 h of recovery. Partitioning of label in major body compartments [extracellular fluid (ECF), intracellular fluid (ICF), and shell] and 14C activity and glycogen in selected tissues (heart, liver, and muscle) were measured after anoxia (n = 7) and after recovery (n = 6). Shell 14C and [lactate] were extensively measured on six anoxic turtles. During anoxia all 14C remained in the animal indicating no urine production. At 6 h of anoxia 47% of recovered 14C, presumably still as lactate, was in the ECF, 27% in the ICF, and 30% in the shell. During recovery, plasma [lactate] fell from 35 to 5 meq, but surrounding water and expired air accounted for only 9 and 8%, respectively, of recovered label. The ICF portion grew to 41%, associated with a recovery in tissue glycogen. The shell still had 22% of total label. We conclude that, during recovery from anoxia, lactate is predominantly resynthesized to glycogen, and only a small fraction is directly oxidized. During anoxia, however, lactate is widely distributed in the body, and a surprisingly large and functionally significant fraction resides in the shell.
The light

The goal of this project is spread out the Gospel. I struggled with the idea of converting this message in an artistic form and then I found this passage from the Bible (When Jesus spoke again to the people, he said, "I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life." from John 8:12) which can be visualized in artistic way. In the Passage, Jesus uses Light and Darkness as metaphors to emphasize his message. I adopted the metaphors to create the story of "The Light" which is the battle between light and the darkness. In this project, I started to work simultaneously on each process without a storyboard. I symbolized each character based on the description in the Bible to make the visual of the movie powerful and strong. For 5 months I tried to make the visual as simple and clean as the original concept.
Structure and dynamics of turbulent boundary layer flow over healthy and algae-covered corals

Fine-scale velocity measurements over healthy and algae-covered corals were collected in situ to characterize combined wave-current boundary layer flow and the effects of algal canopies on turbulence hydrodynamics. Data were collected using acoustic Doppler velocimetry and particle image velocimetry. Flow over healthy corals is well described by traditional wall-bounded shear layers, distinguished by a logarithmic velocity profile, a local balance of turbulence production and dissipation, and high levels of bed shear stress. Healthy corals exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity in boundary layer flow structure resulting from variations in large-scale coral topography. By contrast, the turbulence structure of algae-covered corals is best represented by a plane mixing layer, with a sharp inflection point in mean velocity at the canopy top, a large imbalance of turbulence production and dissipation, and strongly damped flow and shear stresses within the canopy. The presence of an algal canopy increases turbulent kinetic energy within the roughness sublayer by ~2.5 times compared to healthy corals while simultaneously reducing bed shear stress by nearly an order of magnitude. Reduced bed shear at the coral surface and within-canopy turbulent stresses imply reduced mass transfer of necessary metabolites (e.g., oxygen, nutrients), leading to negative impacts on coral health.
Turning the Tide on Poverty: Community champions as critical elements of success in economically distressed communities

Turning the Tide on Poverty is designed in part to expand the number of new voices in community dialogs and to spur those individuals to become leaders in their communities. In this article, we exp...
Fractal Multiscale Nanoporous Polyurethanes: Flexible to Extremely Rigid Aerogels from Multifunctional Small Molecules

A large array of easily available small-molecule (as opposed to industrial oligomeric) triisocyanates and aromatic polyols render polyurethanes a suitable model system for a trend-based systematic study of structure–property relationships in nanoporous matter as a function of the monomer structure. Molecular parameters of interest include rigidity, number of functional groups per monomer (n), and functional group density (number of functional groups per phenyl ring, r). All systems were characterized from gelation to the bulk properties of the final aerogels. Molecular and nanoscopic features of interest, including skeletal composition, porous structure, nanoparticle size, and assembly, were probed with a combination of liquid- and solid-state 13C and 15N NMR, rheometry, N2- and Hg-porosimetry, SEM, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Macroscopic properties such as styrofoam-like thermal conductivities (∼0.030 W m–1K–1), foam-like flexibility, or armor-grade energy absorption under compression (up to...
A Vertical Contracting Model of Differentiation through Exclusivity

In many industries – including wireless telecommunications, automobile retailing, and pay-TV – input providers and downstream firms often enter into exclusive contracts to differentiate themselves from their competitors. This paper studies the adoption and effects of such contracts in a model of bilateral contracting between two manufacturers and two retailers in which the choice of final prices or quantities is delegated to retailers. The existence of an equilibrium characterized by pairwise exclusivity depends on the degree of supplier and retailer differentiation and, less obviously, on the bargaining power of manufacturers and retailers and on whether contract offers are private or public. When a pairwise equilibrium exists, it gives rise to industry profits, consumer surplus and overall welfare that can be higher or lower than in a common agency equilibrium in which each retailer carries both products. In particular, relative to common agency, pairwise exclusivity increases downstream differentiation but prevents joint pricing of products by retailers.
Underachievement and the Intelligent Creative Child

This study attempts to evaluate the desirability of pressuring creative children for academic achievement, and the personality theories underlying such decisions. Neither the emotional adjustment nor the personality characteristics of creative children were significantly affected by their achievement level. This suggests that arguments based on the effect that pressure for academic excellence will have on the personality of the creative child are without foundation.
Rwanda: Balancing Gender Quotas and an Independent Judiciary

In 2015 Rwanda ranked first in the world for women's representation in an elected lower house of parliament, moving from the position of 37th it held in 2000. The same year, women made fifty percent of Ministers in President Kagame's government. This increase has come as the result of the Rwanda's constitutional requirement that women should be granted at least thirty percent of posts in decision-making organs. While this quota requirement may be easy to implement in political and administrative positions, its implementation in the judiciary is not without challenges. Unlike the legislative and executive branches, the Judiciary's need for independence and more objective criteria in the recruitment makes it difficult to incorporate subjective political considerations such as quotas and affirmative action. This is makes it, therefore, interesting to examine how the number of women judges moved from 9.1% in 1998 to 39% in 2014 and the extent to which the application of quota requirements reflected or affected the independence of the Rwanda's Judiciary.
An Evaluation of the Parallel Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition Method in Revealing the Role of Downscaling Processes Associated with African Easterly Waves in Tropical Cyclone Genesis

AbstractIn this study the parallel ensemble empirical mode decomposition (PEEMD) is applied for an analysis of 10-yr (2004–13) ERA-Interim global reanalysis data in order to explore the role of downscaling processes associated with African easterly waves (AEWs) in tropical cyclone (TC) genesis. The focus of the study was aimed at understanding the downscaling process in multiscale flows during storm intensification. To represent the various length scales of atmospheric systems, intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) were extracted from the reanalysis data using the PEEMD. It was found that the nonoscillatory trend mode can be used to represent large-scale environmental flow and that the third oscillatory mode (IMF3) can be used to represent AEW/TC scale systems. The results 1) identified 42 developing cases from 272 AEWs, where 25 of them eventually developed into hurricanes; 2) indicated that the maximum for horizontal shear largely occurs over the ocean for the IMF3 and over land near the coast for the trend m...
Socially Enforced Nepotism: How Norms and Reputation Can Amplify Kin Altruism.

Kin selection, which can lead organisms to behave altruistically to their genetic relatives, works differently when—as is often the case in human societies—altruism can be boosted by social pressure. Here I present a model of social norms enforced by indirect reciprocity. In the model there are many alternative stable allocations of rewards (“distributional norms”); a stable norm is stable in the sense that each player is best off following the norm if other players do the same. Stable norms vary widely in how equally they reward players with unequal abilities. In a population of mixed groups (some group members follow one norm, some follow another, and some compromise) with modest within-group coefficients of relatedness, selection within groups favors those who compromise, and selection between groups favors generous generalized reciprocity rather than balanced reciprocity. Thus evolved social norms can amplify kin altruism, giving rise to a uniquely human mode of kin-based sociality distinct from spontaneous altruism among close kin, or cooperation among non-kin.
Patterson–Sullivan Theory

The exponent of convergence δ of a Fuchsian group Γ was defined in ( 2.20). We also noted some basic facts about the exponent:
The Fallacy of Philanthropy

Should we stop spending money on things we do not really need and send the money instead to groups that aid victims of absolute poverty? Garrett Cullity and Peter Unger have given renewed vigor to the well known argument by Peter Singer that we should do this. Like Singer, Cullity and Unger compare our duties to the poor to our duties when we encounter a victim of calamity, such as a child in danger of drowning. (Unger argues that our duties to the poor are even more pressing.) Singer and Unger tell us what to do and why we must do it; most starkly, Unger gives us the names, addresses, and toll-free phone numbers of four organizations to which we can donate, and the book cover tells us that the author's royalties are going equally to Oxfam America and the U.S. Committee for UNICEF. Unger dissolves the divide between theory and practice.
Heavy-ball: A new approach to tame delay and convergence in wireless network optimization

The last decade has seen significant advances in optimization-based resource allocation and control approaches for wireless networks. However, the existing work suffer from poor performance in one or more of the metrics of optimality, delay, and convergence speed. To overcome these limitations, in this paper, we introduce a largely overlooked but highly effective heavy-ball optimization method. Based on this heavy-ball technique, we develop a cross-layer optimization framework that offers utility-optimality, fast-convergence, and significant delay reduction. Our contributions are three-fold: i) we propose a heavy-ball joint congestion control and routing/scheduling framework for both single-hop and multi-hop wireless networks; ii) we show that the proposed heavy-ball method offers an elegant three-way trade-off in utility, delay, and convergence, which is achieved under a near index-type simple policy; and more importantly, iii) our work opens the door to an unexplored network control and optimization paradigm that leverages advanced optimization techniques based on “memory/momentum” information.
A study to develop and evaluate a taxonomic model of behavioral techniques for representing user interface designs

A user-centered approach to interactive system development requires a way to represent the behavior of a user interacting with an interface. While a number of behavioral representation techniques exist, not all provide the capabilities necessary to support the interaction development process. The original goal of this research was to modify and extend the User Action Notation (UAN), a user- and task-centered behavioral representation technique. In order to facilitate and evaluate the improvement in the UAN, we developed and evaluated a taxonomic model of behavioral representation techniques. The development and evaluation of our model followed the epistemological cycle of observation, theorization, and evaluation. The model provides a framework for discussing, analyzing, extending, and comparing existing behavioral representation techniques, as well as being a springboard for developing and evaluating new techniques.
Control of modular multilevel converter based HVDC systems during asymmetrical grid faults

Modular multilevel converter (MMC) is a relatively new and promising topology for HVDC systems. HVDC systems should remain connected during grid faults and isolate the fault. This paper studies the dynamic performance of transformer-less MMC integrated HVDC systems during unbalanced conditions and asymmetrical grid faults. It proposes a new control technique to improve unbalanced system's performance. The objective of the proposed controller is eliminating negative and zero sequence currents and to improve the overall performance. The controller calculates zero and negative sequence reference voltages and eliminates zero and negative sequence currents without using any current regulator. Therefore the controller is very fast and robust. The effectiveness of the proposed control technique has been validated by EMTDC /PSCAD simulations.
The Crumbling Patriarchy and Triumphant Feminist Ethic of Care in Breaking Bad

In this chapter, I look at the morality and feminist ethic of care in Breaking Bad, and argue that Walt’s desperate rise and downfall represent a patriarchal justice and control. In contrast, Jesse, Skyler, and other ancillary characters symbolize the feminist ethic of care, and their relative morality is superior and more sustainable than the traditional masculine patriarchal orders of oppressive power. While capitalism and empire-building have long been associated with power, success, and patriarchy, Breaking Bad offers the conclusion that the more complicated—and often considered feminine—orders of morality and care through communication and connection are what will ultimately triumph.
Abstract 2276: Oncostatin M promotes breast cancer metastasis to lung by affecting initial stages of metastasis

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Recent studies suggest that cancer cells destined to establish metastatic lesions may shed early during tumor development, potentially even from carcinoma in situ. Furthermore, these cells may disseminate and lay dormant in a metastatic microenvironment (MME) for years before macrometastases are detectable. While inflammatory cytokines are known to be important in promoting breast cancer metastasis, their effect on tumor cell dissemination needs to be clarified. In this study, we investigate the effect of the interleukin-6-related, inflammatory cytokine oncostatin M (OSM) on early stages of breast cancer metastasis. First, we establish the expression pattern of OSM in human breast tissue using tissue microarrays. OSM is expressed in epithelial cells at higher levels in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) than in adjacent normal breast tissue, but is expressed at highest levels in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). This suggests that autocrine-produced OSM may be important in breast tumor invasion and in the promotion of initial steps of metastasis. OSM increases early stage metastatic potential in vitro in aggressive 4T1.2 triple negative breast cancer cells (TNBCs) by inducing tumor cell detachment and migration. These findings are corroborated by in vivo studies using an orthotopic 4T1.2 mouse model of breast cancer. Reduced OSM expression in 4T1.2 (4T1.2-shOSM) cells is sufficient to inhibit the progression and the final number and volume of metastases in the lung, as well as circulating tumor cell (CTC) numbers in Balb/c mice. The number of CTCs is further reduced in a Balb/c OSM knockout background, demonstrating the importance of both paracrine- and autocrine-produced OSM in this process. Furthermore, orthotopic injection of 4T1.2-shOSM cells increases animal survival post-primary tumor resection, while bypassing the early stages of metastasis by injecting cells directly into the systemic circulation does not. As expected, in an orthotopic xenograft MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer mouse model, peri-tumoral injection of recombinant OSM increases the number of CTCs as well as spontaneous metastasis to lung. Taken together, these results suggest that suppression of OSM levels in the tumor microenvironment could be a highly effective therapeutic strategy for halting breast cancer metastasis to lung. Citation Format: Ken Tawara, Celeste Bolin, Jordan Koncinsky, Cheryl L. Jorcyk. Oncostatin M promotes breast cancer metastasis to lung by affecting initial stages of metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2276. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2276
Uhl’s anomaly: A one and a half ventricular repair in a patient presenting with cardiac arrest

Abstract Uhl’s anomaly, first reported in 1952, is an extremely rare congenital cardiac defect characterized by partial or complete loss of the right ventricular myocardium and unknown etiology. Fewer than 100 cases have been described. The response to medical management is poor and there is no known ideal surgical approach or timing for treatment. We report the case of a previously active adolescent male presenting with cardiac arrest, who underwent successful bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis (“Glenn” anastomosis) with right atrial reduction and right ventricular free wall plication.
Putting the Brakes on Protein Synthesis in Mammalian Hibernation

The roles for both passive depression and active suppression of energy-consuming processes in effecting the metabolic depression of a hibernator are poorly understood. The metabolic depression is likely the result of both active and passive processes. An understanding of what processes precipitate the decline in energy utilization may prove critical in our understanding of how hibernators go torpid. In this review, we will analyze existing data on protein synthesis to understand how its regulation may inform on the processes of torpor utilization.
Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Pelvic organ prolapse is the descent of one or more of the anterior vaginal wall, posterior vaginal wall, the uterus (cervix), or the apex of the vagina (vaginal vault or cuff scar after hysterectomy). Prevalence increases with age. The cause of prolapse is multifactorial but is primarily associated with pregnancy and vaginal delivery, which lead to direct pelvic floor muscle and connective tissue injury. Hysterectomy, pelvic surgery, and conditions associated with sustained episodes of increased intra-abdominal pressure, including obesity, chronic cough, constipation, and repeated heavy lifting, also contribute to prolapse. Most patients with pelvic organ prolapse are asymptomatic. Symptoms become more bothersome as the bulge protrudes past the vaginal opening. Initial evaluation includes a history and systematic pelvic examination including assessment for urinary incontinence, bladder outlet obstruction, and fecal incontinence. Treatment options include observation, vaginal pessaries, and surgery. Most women can be successfully fit with a vaginal pessary. Available surgical options are reconstructive pelvic surgery with or without mesh augmentation and obliterative surgery.
Pinpointing Double Bond and sn-Positions in Glycerophospholipids via Hybrid 193 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation (UVPD) Mass Spectrometry

Complete structural characterization of complex lipids, such as glycerophospholipids, by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) continues to present a major challenge. Conventional activation methods do not generate fragmentation patterns that permit the simultaneous discernment of isomers which differ in both the positions of acyl chains on the glycerol backbone and the double bonds within the acyl chains. Herein we describe a hybrid collisional activation/UVPD workflow that yields near-complete structural information for glycerophospholipids. This hybrid MS3 strategy affords the lipid’s sum composition based on the accurate mass measured for the intact lipid as well as highly specific diagnostic product ions that reveal both the acyl chain assignment (i.e., sn-position) and the site-specific location of double bonds in the acyl chains. This approach is demonstrated to differentiate sn-positional and double-bond-positional isomers, such as the regioisomeric phosphatidylcholines PC 16:0/18:1(n-9) and PC 18:1(n-...
Foaming of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate-co-carbon monoxide) and their blends with carbon dioxide

Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA-25) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate-co-carbon monoxide) (EVACO-2410) and their blends with EVACO:EVA ratios of 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, and 20:80 were foamed using CO2. These foams are of interest for applications ranging from footwear to medical devices. Foaming experiments were carried out using 1 mm thick melt-extruded films in CO2 at a range of pressures (100, 200, and 300 bar) and temperatures (30, 40, 50, and 60 °C). Foamability of the polymers was explored both under isothermal and gradient temperature conditions. Foams of EVACO-2410 displayed high initial expansions followed by postfoaming relaxation and shrinkage while foams generated from EVA-25 showed more dimensional stability. Blending EVACO-2410 with EVA-25 was explored as an approach to reduce postfoaming relaxation and shrinkage. The surfaces of the foamed samples displayed blistering that was linked to CO2 bubble entrapment and coalescence at the surface. Scanning electron micrographs of the foams generated from blends displayed distinct morphologies reflecting whether the sections were representing the machine- or cross-machine direction of extruded films. In going from EVACO-2410 to EVA-25, the cell densities ranged from about 106 to 1010 cells/cm3. Foams with low bulk densities of about 0.11 g/cm3 could be generated. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45841.
Irenic Ironic Unsayable: A Correlation of Franke and Wolfson

This chapter correlates two recent studies of apophasis: William Franke’s A Philosophy of the Unsayable and Elliot R. Wolfson’s Giving Beyond the Gift: Apophasis and Overcoming Theomania. Both works argue for the constructive importance of apophaticism in contemporary philosophy of religion, yet they do so with discrepant constructive intentions. Franke proposes apophatic insight as an irenic principle that lies at the intrinsic limits of every sectarian mode of saying, while Wolfson explicates the need for an ultimate apophasis of apophasis that lets go of attachment to the gift and its giver in favor of an unconditional phenomenological giving that puts behind it the shortcomings of theomania and idolatry alike. McCullough engages the two studies in quite different ways to allow the unique characteristics of each to emerge more sharply. Additionally, the theological thinking of Thomas J.J. Altizer is brought in as a third point of comparison.
FAP-Enhanced Couple Therapy: Perspectives and Possibilities

A Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (Kohlenberg & Tsai, 1991) approach to couple therapy or a FAP-enhanced approach to other variants of behavioral couple therapies (Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Couple Therapy, Traditional Behavioral Couple Therapy) may seem to have been inevitable in the context of the rapidly evolving “third wave” of behavior therapy (Functional Analytic Psychotherapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy.
The Treacherous Path: Developmental Psychopathology and the Evolution of Risk for Suicide

As suicide rates continue to rise in the United States, efforts to study the factors that might create vulnerability to suicidal thoughts and behaviors have similarly increased. Challenges associat...
Unexpected influence: Women who helped shape the early community college movement

Is it necessary or beneficial to write another book on leadership in community colleges? Haven’t all the leadership issues been revisited for the last two decades? According to Anne-Marie McCartan’...
Pump-Probe Spectroscopy — Revisited

A theory of pump probe spectroscopy is carried out using an amplitude approach in a bare state basis. The interplay between absorption and emission is clearly defined in this approach. Both closed and open systems are considered. The theory is applied to a calculation of the dispersion-like structure that appears when the probe frequency is nearly equal to the pump frequency, in the limit of large pump field detuning. The theory is extended to include a class of problems in which the recoil atoms undergo on the absorption or emission of radiation leads to resonance structures. The relationship of these recoil-induced resonances to the collective atomic recoil laser is discussed. The probe gain which occurs without level inversion in these systems cannot be viewed as a parametric process, in its normal sense.
The Discipline of Ergonomics and Human Factors

ion is concerned with the ability to use those interactions to make predictions that can be compared with the real world. Ergonomics design is concerned with the ability to implement knowledge about those interactions and use them to develop systems that satisfy customer needs and relevant human compatibility requirements. Furthermore, the pillars for any scientific discipline include a definition, a teaching paradigm, and an educational base (NRC, 2001). A definition of ergonomics discipline and profession adopted by IEA (2003) emphasizes fundamental questions and significant accomplishments, recognizing that the HFE field is constantly changing. A teaching paradigm for ergonomics should conform to established scientific 16 THE HUMAN FACTORS FUNCTION Table 10 Contemporary HFE Research Methods
Hydroxylamines and Hemolytic Anemia

Hemolytic anemia, the uncompensated loss of red blood cells from the circulation, has been recognized as a side effect of drugs and other chemicals for over 50 years (Muelens, 1926; Cordes, 1926). This response is commonly associated with the aminoquinoline drugs, pamaquine and primaquine (Beutler, 1959); indeed the extensive studies carried out with these drugs in the 1940’s and 50’s by Alving, Carson, Beuiler, and others still serve as the basis for most of our knowledge in the clinical sequelae of drug-induced hemolysis.
Guidance in the Magnetosphere Along Field-Alined Irregularities

A study is made of guidance of waves along an inhomogeneous field-alined plasma stratum. A time invariant model of the ionosphere imbedded in the earth's dipole field is postulated. Along the lines of flux of the earth's magnetic field bell shaped plasma strata are alined. The theory presented here is based on the mode of theory of propagation in an inhomogeneous medium and is modified to account for anisotrophy. The two-dimensional problem is reduced to a one-dimensional integral equation, the modal condition, by using Booker's q parameter. The numerical results are calculated for the locked modes only, although the theory is capable of handling the leaky modes as well. The numerical results indicate the existence of total guidance between the conjugate points for some frequencies, but only partial guidance for other frequencies.
The Heat Operator and Related Versions

This chapter has a twofold aim: determine all fundamental solutions that are tempered distributions for the heat operator and related versions (including the Schrodinger operator), then use this as a tool in obtaining the solution of the generalized Cauchy problem for the heat operator.
The effect of glenohumeral plane of elevation on supraspinatus subacromial proximity

Shoulder pain is a common clinical problem affecting most individuals in their lifetime. Despite the high prevalence of rotator cuff pathology in these individuals, the pathogenesis of rotator cuff disease remains unclear. Position and motion related mechanisms of rotator cuff disease are often proposed, but poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of systematically altering glenohumeral plane on subacromial proximities across arm elevation as measures of tendon compression risk. Three-dimensional models of the humerus, scapula, coracoacromial ligament, and supraspinatus were reconstructed from MRIs in 20 subjects. Glenohumeral elevation was imposed on the humeral and supraspinatus tendon models for three glenohumeral planes, which were chosen to represent flexion, scapular plane abduction, and abduction based on average values from a previous study of asymptomatic individuals. Subacromial proximity was quantified as the minimum distance between the supraspinatus tendon and coracoacromial arch (acromion and coracoacromial ligament), the surface area of the supraspinatus tendon within 2 mm proximity to the coracoacromial arch, and the volume of intersection between the supraspinatus tendon and coracoacromial arch. The lowest modeled subacromial supraspinatus compression measures occurred during flexion at lower angles of elevation. This finding was consistent across all three measures of subacromial proximity. Knowledge of this range of reduced risk may be useful to inform future studies related to patient education and ergonomic design to prevent the development of shoulder pain and dysfunction.
Does childhood sexual abuse cause adult psychiatric disorders? Essentials of methodology:

Numerous recent studies have suggested a possible link between childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric disorders. However, these studies must be interpreted with careful attention to the probl...
Targeted recombination to increase genetic gain in self-pollinated species.

If we can induce or select for recombination at targeted marker intervals, genetic gains for quantitative traits in self-pollinated species may be doubled. Targeted recombination refers to inducing or selecting for a recombination event at genomic positions that maximize genetic gain in a cross. A previous study indicated that targeted recombination could double the rate of genetic gains in maize (Zea mays L.), a cross-pollinated crop for which historical genetic gains have been large. Our objectives were to determine whether targeted recombination can sufficiently increase predicted gains in self-pollinated species, and whether prospective gains from targeted recombination vary across crops, populations, traits, and chromosomes. Genomewide marker effects were estimated from previously published marker and phenotypic data on 21 biparental populations of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and pea (Pisum sativum L.). With the predicted gain from nontargeted recombination as the baseline, the relative gains from creating a doubled haploid with up to one targeted recombination [RG(x ≤ 1)] and two targeted recombinations [RG(x ≤ 2)] per chromosome or linkage group were calculated. Targeted recombination significantly (P = 0.05) increased the predicted genetic gain compared to nontargeted recombination for all traits and all populations, except for plant height in barley. The mean RG(x ≤ 1) was 211%, whereas the mean RG(x ≤ 2) was 243%. The predicted gain varied among traits and populations. For most traits and populations, having targeted recombination on less than a third of all the chromosomes led to the same or higher predicted gain than nontargeted recombination. Together with previous findings in maize, our results suggested that targeted recombination could double the genetic gains in both self- and cross-pollinated crops.
Estimation of 18S Gene Copy Number in Marine Eukaryotic Plankton Using a Next-Generation Sequencing Approach

The small subunit 18S rRNA (18S) gene is the most commonly used marker for taxonomic identification in eukaryotes. However, protists may harbor substantial variation in their 18S gene copy number, which can lead to a rapid decline in concordance between 18S gene sequences and actual organismal abundances. Here we used a computational method to estimate 18S gene copy number in seven species of marine eukaryotic phytoplankton and found strong interspecies and strain-level differences across and within the examined species. Our results emphasize that variations in 18S gene copy number need to be taken into consideration and that corrections can improve the accuracy of quantitative eukaryotic microbial community profiles.
Finite difference weighted essentially non-oscillatory schemes with constrained transport for 2D ideal Magnetohydrodynamics

Summary form only given. A novel algorithm based on a high order finite difference adaptive WENO scheme [2] will be presented to solve the 2D ideal Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations. The algorithm will use the unstaggered Constrained Transport technique from the magnetic potential advection constrained transport method [2] to satisfy the divergence-free constraint of the magnetic field. However the treatment of our algorithm is significantly different from [2]. The new feature will be (1) the method is finite difference type, (2) high order in both time (4th-order) and space (3rd-order), (3) all the conservative quantities are essentially non-oscillatory, (4) Adaptive Mesh Refinement will be used as the base framework to increase resolution. Convergence study will be done on the smooth problem. 2D/2.5D benchmark problems such as rotated Brio-Wu shock tube, Orszag-Tang and Cloud-shock interaction will be presented. We expect our algorithm is robust, essentially non-oscillatory and can capture shock waves and discontinuities well.
Correlates of accelerometry non-adherence in an economically disadvantaged minority urban adult population.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine socio-demographic and psychosocial correlates of non-adherence to an accelerometry protocol in an economically disadvantaged urban population. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods We analyzed 985 New York City adult participants aged 18–81 years from the Physical Activity and Redesigned Community Spaces (PARCS) study. Participants were asked to wear a hip-worn ActiGraph GT3X-BT accelerometer for one week. Adherent accelerometer wear was defined as ≥3 days of ≥8 h/day of wear over a 7-day period and non-adherent accelerometry wear was defined as any wear less than adherent wear from returned accelerometers. Examined correlates of adherence included sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics (e.g., general physical/mental health-related quality of life, self-efficacy for exercise, stress, sense of community/neighborhood well-being, and social cohesion). Results From the total sample, 636 (64.6%) participants provided adherent wear and 349 (35.4%) provided non-adherent wear. In multivariable analysis, younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.53–0.75), poorer health-related quality of life (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65–0.98 for physical health and OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62–0.94 for mental health), lower sense of community (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.62–1.00) and current smoking status (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.35–2.86) were associated with non-adherent wear. Conclusions Non-adherent wear was associated with younger age, smoking, and lower self-reported physical/mental functioning and sense of community. This information can inform targeted adherence strategies to improve physical activity and sedentary behavior estimates from accelerometry data in future studies involving an urban minority population.
Test Methods for In-Situ Mechanical Characterization

The in-situ approach can be applied to develop a mechanistic understanding related to a wide variety of loading scenarios. This chapter introduces the mechanical test methods and how they can be combined with real-time imaging at multiple length scales. The chapter starts with the nanoindentation technique for selectively probing the response of local features in a material. In-situ indentation allows resolving the deformation mechanisms under the indenter tip. Application of real-time imaging for tribological studies is discussed from the standpoint of wear, interfacial friction, de-bonding, rolling, and sliding. Nano- and micro-pillar test method is discussed from the standpoint of localized testing with a uniaxial loading scenario to overcome limitations associated with the nanoindentation method. Beam bending approach is introduced and its application for in-situ fatigue and fracture studies is elucidated. The tensile test method is discussed for uniaxial testing of materials and the utility of real-time imaging is highlighted for studying notch sensitivity, inhomogeneous deformation mechanisms, and failure mechanisms. In the end, the double cantilever beam testing method is introduced for inducing stable crack growth in otherwise brittle materials for understanding fracture in materials. This chapter is an extension of the previous chapter as we discuss the application of the tools and instrumentation introduced in Chap. 2 for performing different kinds of mechanical tests and to extract a wide range of mechanical properties of materials (schematically illustrated in Fig. 3.1).
Simulation: an Innovative Approach to Engaging Preclinical Medical Students with Bioethics.

Integrating bioethical concepts into preclinical medical school curriculum and engaging early medical learners in bioethics are a challenge. A total of 140 medical students participated in a 2-h simulation activity consisting of a series of standardized patient (SP) encounters. A total of 41 of 140 students (29%) completed the learner evaluation survey. Ninety-one percent thought that the SP encounter was relevant to their role as a future physician. Ninety-three percent of students rated the exercise as highly effective. SP encounters enhance preclinical medical students’ engagement with bioethics and provide learners practice applying these concepts to clinically relevant scenarios.
Diagnosis and Management of Central Diabetes Insipidus in Critically Ill Children Widely Varies by Critical Care Medicine, Endocrinology and General Pediatrics Providers

Background/Purpose: Central Diabetes Insipidus (CDI) results from vasopressin (AVP) deficiency following suprasellar surgery, cerebral ischemia, or trauma. Definitive diagnosis of CDI is through fluid deprivation and AVP stimulation testing, but clinical features like polyuria, hypernatremia, high plasma and low urine osmolality are used to diagnose new-onset CDI in critically ill children. Management of new-onset CDI is complex and not standardized. We hypothesized that diagnosis and management of new-onset CDI in critically ill children widely varies …
Circulating neutrophils from critically ill covid-19 patients have increased netosis via canonical and non-canonical pathways

Introduction. The pathophysiology of infection with SARS-CoV-2 involves the lower airways and host-launched aggressive inflammatory responses leading to exacerbated lung damage in these vital tissues. Early clinical studies found that COVID-19 patients have higher levels of neutrophils in the circulation. Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte in circulation and are known to be highly proinflammatory due to production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis). NETs are web-like chromatin structures coated with histones and proteases that both capture and kill invading pathogens. However, while being an effective countermeasure towards foreign microbes, this process also causes undesirable damage in host tissues. Therefore, we sought to characterize NETosis in circulating neutrophils from COVID-19 patients to determine whether this immunological response might be exacerbating or driving the disease state in COVID-19, rather than mitigating the virus. Methods.Blood was drawn daily from critically ill COVID-19 patients (n=16) after consent was obtained. Healthy controls (n=13) were screened for COVID-19 and gave blood once a week. Blood was drawn into lithium heparin tubes (BD Vacutainer). Neutrophils were isolated using PolymorphprepTM(PROGEN) per manufacturer's instructions. Cells were resuspended at 2x106 cells/ml for functional assays. Neutrophils were stimulated with increasing concentrations of PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) of 2.5nM, 25nM and 250nM to stimulate NETosis via the canonical pathway, and nigericin at 15uM for the non-canonical pathway. NETosis was quantified using the Quant-iT™ PicoGreen™ dsDNA Assay Kit (Invitrogen) and by NET visualization via myeloperoxidase and nuclear staining (using Polyclonal Rabbit Anti-Human Myeloperoxidase by Dako and Hoescht stain by Invitrogen). Results.Functional NETosis assays of circulating neutrophils from COVID-19 patients demonstrate overall increased NETosis determined by increased release of dsDNA. This enhanced NETosis occurred at baseline and after stimulation with PMA when compared to healthy controls (Figure 1A, p <0.0001). Fluorescent microscopy also demonstrated increased NETosis in neutrophils from COVID-19 patients (Figure 1B;MPO-green and nucleus-blue). NETosis via the non-canonical pathway (induction with nigericin) was also increased in COVID-19 patients versus controls (p=0.02). Conclusions.Circulating neutrophils from critically ill COVID-19 patients are more prone to produce NETs than circulating neutrophils from healthy individuals. This is likely to lead to NETmediated tissue injury once neutrophils enter inflamed tissue, where they can potentially drive acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, common causes of mortality in COVID-19. The finding of increased production of NETs by both canonical and non-canonical pathways is consistent with an overall hyper-activated state in COVID-19.
Biomimetic sponges improve muscle structure and function following volumetric muscle loss

Skeletal muscle is inept in regenerating after traumatic injuries such as volumetric muscle loss (VML) due to significant loss of various cellular and acellular components. Currently, there are no approved therapies for the treatment of muscle tissue following trauma. In this study, biomimetic sponges composed of gelatin, collagen, laminin-111, and FK-506 were used for the treatment of VML in a rodent model. We observed that biomimetic sponge treatment improved muscle structure and function while modulating inflammation and limiting the extent of fibrotic tissue deposition. Specifically, sponge treatment increased the total number of myofibers, type 2B fiber cross-sectional area, myosin: collagen ratio, myofibers with central nuclei, and peak isometric torque compared to untreated VML injured muscles. As an acellular scaffold, biomimetic sponges may provide a promising clinical therapy for VML.