cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of munitions components in water by resin adsorption and high-performance liquid chromatography—electrochemical detection☆

Abstract A method has been developed for the determination of several munitons components (nitro-organic compounds) in environmental waters. The method is based on Porapak resin adsorption of the munitions components from aqueous samples. Following desorption with acetone, the nitro compounds are measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection at a gold—mercury electrode, which is maintained at −1.0 V vs. a silver—silver chloride references electrode. This technique provides a high degree of selectivity and sensitivity for these compounds in actual samples. Detection limits approach 1 μg/1 for many components.
Transcriptional mechanisms that regulate T helper 1 cell differentiation

Recent research has made great strides in uncovering the mechanisms by which the T helper 1 (Th1) cell gene expression program is established. In particular, studies examining the transcription factors T-bet, STAT1, and STAT4 have elucidated their roles in regulating Th1 signature genes, including Ifng, and have started to address their contributions to the epigenetic states in Th1 cells. Additionally, new findings have provided information about how the co-expression of T helper cell lineage-defining transcription factors impacts the phenotype of the cell. In this review, we will briefly highlight the research from the last few years examining the epigenetic states in T helper cells and the mechanisms by which they are established. We will then discuss how this new information contributes to our understanding of the flexibility of T helper cell genetic programs.
A Re–Os isotope study of sedimentary rocks and copper–gold ores from the Ertsberg District, West Papua, Indonesia

Abstract The ores of the Ertsberg district consist of both porphyry stockwork and contact controlled mineralization related to the Grasberg and Ertsberg intrusion centers. High-grade copper mineralization with gold occurs in skarns on the periphery of each of the intrusion centers. The periphery mineralization includes the Kucing Liar skarn-related ores, the massive sulfide lenses on the borders of the Grasberg Intrusive Complex, and the giant skarn bodies of the Deep and Intermediate Ore Zones, together with the ores of the Dom complex on the margin of the Ertsberg diorite. The Ertsberg orebody, the basis of discovery of the district, is a copper–gold, roof-pendant of sedimentary strata in the diorite. In order to clarify genetic and geochronologic links between the peripheral sediment-hosted ore bodies and the intrusion-hosted ore bodies, Re–Os isotopes of the ores and subjacent Precambrian and Phanerozoic crust were analyzed. Re–Os geochronology of molybdenites was used to resolve the age relationships of the ore bodies. The Grasberg and Kucing Liar molybdenites have older molybdenite mineralization ages of 2.88 ± 0.02 Ma, and 3.01 ± 0.02 Ma, respectively, whereas the Ertsberg molybdenite has a younger age of 2.54 ± 0.02 Ma. These data agree with Ar chronologies of the alteration associated with mineralization ( Pollard and Taylor, 2000 [Pollard, P.J., Taylor, R., 2000. Geochronology of intrusive rocks and Cu–Au mineralization in the Ertsberg District. In: Proceedings of Freeport-Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) Geological Symposium, Bandung, Java, pp. 17–19.]), and also indicate that the Grasberg and Kucing Liar molybdenites are closely similar in age, and older than the Ertsberg Intrusive System. Re–Os data from pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, gold, and the surrounding sedimentary rocks from the district define a mixing relationship between samples from the initial stockwork mineralization and peripheral ores of each intrusion center. Sulfide and oxide minerals from primary stockwork mineralization are isotopically homogeneous and define trends on isochron diagrams with distinct Os initial ratios, whereas sulfides and oxides taken from peripheral ores are isotopically heterogeneous and define trends on mixing diagrams. One possible end member for the mixing is sedimentary rock surrounding the porphyries. The measured Os ratios of the sedimentary rocks range from 0.52 to 2.21, and overlap the Os initial ratios of the sulfides and oxides sampled from both stockwork and contact mineralization. The data suggest a model in which the continental crust supplied some of the Os (and by inference other metals) during magma genesis in the lower crust and the remainder came from sedimentary rocks near the intrusion centers.
Social and Cognitive Factors in Making Teacher-Led Classroom Discourse Relevant for Second Language Development

This study compares descriptive quantitative and qualitative data from 2 beginning, university-level second-language (L2) Spanish classes to demonstrate the benefits of teacher-led discourse organized as collaborative, whole-class tasks. In class, the teacher solicited target L2 forms through conversational questions to individuals with recasted feedback. In the other, the teacher sought multiple responses to communicative prompts and had learners problem-solve target-structure accuracy collectively. Ten-minute transcribed segments from each class were analyzed for the following characteristics: (a) extended silent latencies (i.e., > 5 seconds); (b) the number and distribution of learner turns; (c) the number of unsolicited learner turns; and (d) assistance with L2 form-meaning relationships. The results showed not only fewer extended latencies in the second class but also a greater quantity and distribution of both solicited and unsolicited learner turns and more L2 assistance. Qualitative excerpts are discussed using (1995, 2002; ) relevance theory to identify the social and cognitive benefits of collaborative whole-class tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
A TEM study of precipitation and related microstructures in friction-stir-welded 6061 aluminium

Residual microstructures, including dynamic recrystallization and grain growth structures and a wide range of precipitation phenomena associated with a friction-stir-weld in a thin 6061-T6 aluminium plate have been systematically investigated utilizing light metallography and transmission electron microscopy. In this rather remarkable process, a hard steel head pin rotating at 400 r.p.m. was advanced into a solid 6061-aluminium plate at a traverse velocity of approximately 2 mm s−1 to produce a solid-phase weld in its trailing side. Maximum work-piece temperatures did not exceed 425°C and there was no melt evidence. Dynamic recrystallization associated with the solid-state plastic flow therefore seems to provide the process mechanism. Weld zone hardnesses averaged roughly 55 Vickers hardness number (VHN) in contrast to the base plate or work-piece hardness of 110 VHN. Precipitation microstructures ranged from continuous to discontinuous coherent zones (∼2 nm thick) coincident with {1 0 0} planes, semicoherent and non-coherent needles and plates characteristic of Widmanstatten structures coincident with {1 1 0} planes, and a range of homogeneous precipitate particles often intermixed with these microstructures in the effective heat-affected zone (HAZ′) connecting the friction-stir-weld zone with the unaltered work piece microstructures. © 1998 Chapman & Hall
Migratory pathway of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in normal and reeler mutant mice.

Our previous study showed that the migration of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) in the spinal cord is affected in the reeler mutant. The present study, using morphometric analysis to describe and compare the location of SPN at progressive developmental stages, provides detailed information on how SPN migrate in the presence or absence of the reelin gene. We found that the initial migration (prior to E11.5) of SPN from the neuroepithelium to the ventrolateral spinal cord is similar in both control (wild-type and heterozygous) and reeler mice. However, as development progressed (E12.5-E15.5), SPN in control mice migrated dorsally toward the intermediate lateral spinal cord region, where 80% settled to form the intermediolateral column (IML); the rest migrated medially to locations between the IML and the central canal. In reeler, 80% of SPN migrated dorsomedially to cluster around the central canal, with the rest distributed between the central canal and the intermediate lateral spinal cord region. The present study also examined the relationship among SPN, Reelin, and radial glial fibers in control and reeler mice. Confocal microscopic studies showed that during their initial migration, SPN in both control and reeler mice were closely apposed to radial glial fibers in the ventrolateral spinal cord. The majority of SPN in control mice then migrated dorsolaterally, in a direction perpendicular to radial glial fibers, to form the IML. In contrast, the majority of SPN in reeler migrated in the same orientation as radial glial fibers back toward the central canal, instead of migrating dorsolaterally to form the IML. A possible explanation for these results is that Reelin acts to prevent SPN from back-migration on radial glial fibers toward the central canal.
ENTRAPMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSIENT GAS JETS

Results are presented of theoretical analysis and computations of transient gas jets in a quiescent ambient environment, with injected to ambient density ratios of 2, 1, and 0.5. Comparisons of these results with those from previous work in gas jets art also presented. Turbulence is represented using a k-∊ model. Entrainment rate is found to scale linearly with axial penetration, and the total mass entrained is shown to have a cubic dependence on axial penetration of the gas jet. The actual values of these quantities depend on a constant whose value obtained from measurements and quoted in the literature varies by as much as a factor of 2.
Local equivalence relations

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the concept of local equivalence relation, a notion suggested by Grothendieck. A local equivalence relation on a topological space X is a global section of the sheaf of germs of equivalence relations on X. We investigate the extent to which a local equivalence relation can be described by a global one and analogously when can a global equivalence relation be recovered from its associated local one. We also look at the notion of a fiber map, which sheds further light on these concepts. A motivating example is that of a foliation on a manifold.
Cohort size effects on earnings: Differences by college major☆

Abstract The effects of cohort size on the starting salaries of college graduates from different areas of study are examined. Increases in the size of graduating classes relative to the population depress their starting salaries relative to other workers. The smallest negative cohort size effects are found for engineering and business graduates, while the largest are estimated for science and liberal arts graduates. Science and liberal arts graduates are more complementary with other workers or increase their human capital investments more than business and engineering graduates do in response to increases in cohort size. Either of these differences generate larger negative cohort size effects on relative earnings.
Non-uniform offsetting and hollowing objects by using biarcs fitting for rapid prototyping processes

This paper presents a new method of using non-uniform offsetting and biarcs fitting to hollow out solid objects or thick walls to speed up the part building processes on rapid prototyping (RP) systems. Building a hollowed prototype instead of a solid part can significantly reduce the material consumption and the build time. A rapid prototyped part with constant wall thickness is important for many different applications of rapid prototyping. To provide the correct offset wall thickness, we develop a non-uniform offsetting method and an averaged surface normals method to find the correct offset contours of the stereolithography (STL) models. Detailed algorithms are presented to eliminate self-intersections, loops and irregularities of the offsetting contours. Biarcs fitting is used to generate smooth cross-section boundaries and offset contours for RP processes. Implementation results show that the developed techniques can generate smoothed slicing contours with accuracy for rapid prototyping without suffering from handling the huge number of linear segments of the traditional methods.
Gel Silica Waveguides

Gel Silica WaveguidesR.V. Ramaswamy, Taipau Chia *, R. Srivastava, A. Miliou and J. West*University of Florida, Department of Electrical EngineeringGainesville, Florida 32611*University of Florida, Department of Material Science and EngineeringGainesville, Florida 32611ABSTRACTWe report the first observation of modification of the surface- refractive index of sol -gel silica glasses for waveguide fabrication. Techniques for fabrication and measurementsof attenuation and index change are reported. Preliminary results are encouraging showingthe viability of the sol -gel technology in integrated optical applications.1.INTRODUCTION
Echocardiographic and clinical characteristics of pulmonary hypertension complicating pulmonary langerhans cell histiocytosis

OBJECTIVE To determine the echocardiographic characteristics and impact on survival of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and correlations between echocardiographic and clinical variables in patients with pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH). PATIENTS AND METHODS Of 123 adults seen at our institution between January 1976 and December 2002 with histologically proven PLCH, 17 underwent echocardiographic evaluation. Correlations were performed between echocardiographic measures of PH and clinical variables. Cumulative survival probabilities for patients with PH were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and were compared to a historical cohort of patients with PLCH using time-dependent proportional hazard regression. RESULTS Of the 17 patients, PH (estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure [PASP] at rest, >35 mm Hg) was present in 15. Thirteen patients (6 men; median PASP, 67 mm Hg; range, 41.2-90.6 mm Hg) had no other known causes of PH. All patients were smokers. Nine patients had a PASP of more than 50 mm Hg. An inverse correlation was found between the forced vital capacity and PASP ( r =–0.61; P =.03); no correlation was found between PASP and other pulmonary function parameters. Seven patients with a PASP greater than 65 mm Hg had an enlarged right ventricle with impaired systolic function. The development of PH in patients with PLCH was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio, 22.8; 95% confidence interval, 7.6 to >68.9; P CONCLUSION Severe PH occurs in PLCH, correlates with the forced vital capacity, and has a significant impact on survival. Clinicians should consider echocardiographic screening for PH in all dyspneic patients with PLCH.
MBE GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Mg-DOPED III-NITRIDES ON SAPPHIRE

Plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxial growth of Mg-doped GaN and InGaN on a sapphire substrate is investigated in this study. Electrical characteristics of p-type GaN strongly depend on the flux of Mg acceptors and the growth temperature. Only the intermediate range of Mg fluxes (beam equivalent pressures near 1×10-9T) produce p-type GaN with good electrical properties, and a maximum hole concentration of 3.5 × 1018 cm-3 is obtained with a Hall mobility of 2.1 cm2/V·s. Due to the strong surface accumulation of electrons, Hall measurements do not indicate p-type polarity for In fraction beyond 11%. In contrast, hot probe measurements show that p-polarity can be measured for the entire range of Mg-doped In mole fractions. Electroluminescence also indicates p-polarity for Ga-rich mole fractions. InxGa1-xNp-n homojunctions are fabricated and tested. All GaN devices show low series resistance (0.03 ohm-cm2) and insignificant parasitic leakage. IV curves of all three InGaN homojunctions show rectifying characteristics under dark conditions and photo-response under outdoor sunlight, indicating the existence of holes in InGaN with up to 40% In content.
Biosensor diagnosis of urinary tract infections: A path to better treatment?

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the most common bacterial infections and poses a significant healthcare burden. The standard culture-based diagnosis of UTI has a typical delay of two to three days. In the absence of definitive microbiological diagnosis at the point of care, physicians frequently initiate empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, and this has contributed to the emergence of resistant pathogens. Biosensors are emerging as a powerful diagnostic platform for infectious diseases. Paralleling how blood glucose sensors revolutionized the management of diabetes, and how pregnancy tests are now conducted in the home, biosensors are poised to improve UTI diagnosis significantly. Biosensors are amenable to integration with microfluidic technology for point-of-care (POC) applications. This review focuses on promising biosensor technology for UTI diagnosis, including pathogen identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and hurdles to be surpassed in the translation of biosensor technology from bench to bedside.
The effects of interpulse interval on stochastic properties of electrical stimulation: models and measurements

It is known that some cochlear implant users have improved speech perception using higher rates of interleaved pulsatile stimulation. There are, however, significant limitations on their performance presumably due in part to temporal and spatial interactions. To address these limitations, the authors have examined refractory characteristics of the auditory nerve using experimental animal models and computational simulations. A stochastic model of the node of Ranvier modified for mammalian sodium channel kinetics has been developed to calculate the masked input-output (I/O) functions for different interpulse intervals (IPI). The model is based upon 1000 voltage-gated sodium channels and incorporates parameters such as nodal resistance and capacitance. The relative spread (RS) calculated from the I/O functions was typically 0.03 for 17 different IPIs between 450 /spl mu/s and 6 ms for cathodal stimuli. For IPI=830 and 870 /spl mu/s, the RS was ten times greater than those for other IPIs. Although it is not fully understood how the electrically evoked compound action potential (EAP) data are related to single fiber data, the RS of single fibers is a partial contributor. The authors have measured the EAP using a monopolar intracochlear stimulating electrode and a recording electrode placed directly on the nerve and have observed changes in slope of EAP growth functions consistent with the theoretical RS values. These results have significant implications for speech coding in a cochlear implant since they suggest an increased membrane noise for pulse trains of specific rates.
Studies of Madagascan Ptiliidae (Coleoptera) 2: the genus Ptenidium including three new species .

This is the second report detailing Ptiliidae collected from forest leaf litter by the Moravian Museum expeditions to Madagascar 2010–2012. 3 new species are described and figured: Ptenidium azafady sp. n., P. lambdai sp. n., and P. tanalai sp.n., and the criteria for assessing subgeneric status discussed.
New perspectives on catecholaminergic regulation of executive circuits: evidence for independent modulation of prefrontal functions by midbrain dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons

Cognitive functions associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC), such as working memory and attention, are strongly influenced by catecholamine [dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE)] release. Midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus are major sources of DA and NE to the PFC. It is traditionally believed that DA and NE neurons are homogeneous with highly divergent axons innervating multiple terminal fields and once released, DA and NE individually or complementarily modulate the prefrontal functions and other brain regions. However, recent studies indicate that both DA and NE neurons in the mammalian brain are heterogeneous with a great degree of diversity, including their developmental lineages, molecular phenotypes, projection targets, afferent inputs, synaptic connectivity, physiological properties, and behavioral functions. These diverse characteristics could potentially endow DA and NE neurons with distinct roles in executive function, and alterations in their responses to genetic and epigenetic risk factors during development may contribute to distinct phenotypic and functional changes in disease states. In this review of recent literature, we discuss how these advances in DA and NE neurons change our thinking of catecholamine influences in cognitive functions in the brain, especially functions related to PFC. We review how the projection-target specific populations of neurons in these two systems execute their functions in both normal and abnormal conditions. Additionally, we explore what open questions remain and suggest where future research needs to move in order to provide a novel insight into the cause of neuropsychiatric disorders related to DA and NE systems.
Implementing an Optical Disk System for Adult Education Manuscripts

In the fall of 1986, Syracuse University received a 3.7 million dollar grant from the Kellogg Foundation (Battle Creek, Michigan) to further enhance its noted graduate program in Adult Education and to develop a state‐of‐the‐art system for the indexing and dissemination of resources contained in the comprehensive adult education collections held in the Syracuse University Library. These collections consist of 650 linear feet of manuscripts, a pamphlet collection, a microform collection, several hundred audio and video recordings, 200 film segments from Omnibus and the Omnibus Excursion television programs aired on CBS in the early 1950s, and an extensive collection of English‐language monographs and journals.
Democratizing Bangladesh State, NGOs, and Militant Islam

This article analyzes the conflicts and contradictions released by the processes of democratization and globalization in Bangladesh as they are played out between two competing groups of rural patr...
Nitazoxanide: a new broad spectrum antiparasitic agent.

Nitazoxanide (Alinia®, Romark Laboratories) was synthesized based on the structure of niclosamide. In vitro studies have demonstrated activity against a broad range of parasites as well as some bacteria. Three controlled trials demonstrated efficacy in cryptosporidiosis, however, the efficacy in advanced AIDS patients (CD4 cell counts = 50) at approved doses was limited. Trials have also demonstrated efficacy comparable to metronidazole (Flagyl®, GD Searle and Co.) in giardiasis with fewer side effects. Nitazoxanide is also effective versus intestinal helminths and tapeworms as well as in chronic fascioliasis. Side effects in clinical trials have been similar to placebo. Nitazoxanide is the first agent proven to be effective in cryptosporidiosis. It has also proven efficacy in giardiasis. Nitazoxanide is efficacious again intestinal helminths. Additional indications may be developed in the future.
Nucleotide sequence of the yeast STE14 gene, which encodes farnesylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase, and demonstration of its essential role in a-factor export.

Eukaryotic proteins initially synthesized with aC-terminal CAAXmotif (CisCys,A isaliphatic, andX can beoneofseveral aminoacids) undergo a series ofmodifications involving isoprenylation oftheCysresidue, proteolysis ofAAX,andat-carboxyl methyl esterification ofthenewlyformed isoprenyl cysteine. We have previously demonstrated thatSTE14encodes theenzyme whichmediates carboxyl methylation ofthe Saccharomyces cerevisiae CAAX proteins a-factor, RASI,andRAS2.Here we report thenucleotide sequence ofSTE14, whichindicates thatSTE14encodes a protein of239aminoacids, predicted tocontain multiple membrane-spanning segments. Mapping dataindicate that STE14resides onchromosome IV,tightly linked to ADE8.Byanalysis ofstel4 null alleles, we demonstrated that ALTastel4 mutants areunable tomatebutare viable andexhibit noapparent growth defects. Additional analysis ofstel4 rasl andstel4 ras2double mutants, which grownormally, reinforces ourprevious conclusion thatRASfunction isnotsignificantly influenced by itsmethylation status. We examine a-factor biogenesis ina stel4 nullmutantbymetabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation anddemonstrate thatalthough proteolytic processing andmembranelocalization of a-factor arenormal, thestel4 nullmutantexhibits a profound block ina-factor export. Thisobservation suggests that themethyl groupislikely tobea critical recognition determinant forthea-factor transporter, STE6,thusproviding insight intothesubstrate specificity ofSTE6andalsosupporting thehypothesis that carboxyl methylation canhavea dramatic impact on protein-protein interactions. Thefunction, interaction, andlocalization ofcellular proteins canbeinfluenced bycovalent attachment ofspecific chemical moieties. Methylation isa common typeofposttranslational modification (26). A recently recognized class ofmethylation occurson eukaryotic proteins thataresynthesized withtheC-terminal consensussequenceCAAX (C isCys,A isaliphatic, andX can beone ofseveral amino acids). CAAX proteins undergo a series ofthreesequential maturation steps, whichinclude isoprenylation oftheCys residue followed byproteolytic cleavage ofthethreeterminalAAX residues and,finally, a-carboxyl methylation ofthe newlyformedisoprenylcysteine
Wireless: from Marconi to McCaw

Looks at the new technological miracle known as cellular radio, PCS (personal communication services) or wireless communication. There may be some distinctions in the definition of each of the three, so for my purpose, I just call the subject "wireless". The author traces the history of the subject, from Guglielmo Marconi (who, although his early experiments were restricted to sending dots and dashes, had vision, drive, a flair for publicity and good family connections) to pioneers in the mobile telephony field, such as Craig McCaw (who saw radio paging technology as a lead to establishing a new national telephone infrastructure using digital technology).
Vacuum-decay time in strong external fields

We consider dynamics of vacuum decay and particle production in the context of short pulse laser experiments. We identify and evaluate the invariant ''materialization time,''{tau}, the time scale for the conversion of an electromagnetic field energy into particles and compare to the laser related time scales.
Pharmacologic Hemodynamic Therapy of Shock

Know the indications and contraindications for each medication. Know the clinical hemodynamic effects of each medication. Know the potential complications associated with each medication. Know the use of these agents in specific shock states.
Risk assessment for percutaneous coronary intervention: our version of the weather report?

Humans beings have an intrinsic need to extract predictability from apparent chaos, like the weather. Weather reports consequently take various forms: 1) based on all available current meteorological data, what is the estimated probability of rain next Saturday morning (when I am supposed to play
Threshold Switching Characteristics of Nb/NbO 2 /TiN Vertical Devices

We have observed threshold switching (TS) with minimal hysteresis and a small threshold electric field (60–90 kV/cm) in Nb/NbO2/TiN structures. The TS was unipolar with certain repeatability. A less sharp but still sizable change in the device resistance can be observed up to 150 °C. The TS without Nb capping layer exhibited hysteretic characteristics. It was proposed that the surface Nb2O5 layer on NbO2 could significantly modify the TS in this vertical device. This understanding of the surface effect will allow further control of the non-linear IV characteristics for NbO2-based switches or selector devices.
Flame stability of premixed syngas-air flames emitted from a multi-tube fuel injector

Multi-tube injectors have been emerging as a component that has potential to mitigate flame stability (flashback and blowout) and emission issues (NOx) associated with quick-start and fuel-flexible operations in lean premixed applications. Although several designs currently exist in literature, there currently does not exist a large source of information on the design parameters and exact dimensional configurations for these existing injectors. One cause of this may be due to the proprietary nature of this component. Furthermore, most multiport injector designs involve complex tubing and typically significant pressure drops across the exit face. In the present study a fuel injector component was designed keeping in mind simple injector geometry, possible operability limits of the flame, and turbulence intensity expected at the exit of the injector. This work presents the final design and the flame stability results from a multi-tube fuel-air injector. The injector operates on simulated syngas mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide including 20–80, 30–70, and 40–60% representing the variation in the hydrogen found in syngas mixtures. Tests were completed for lean conditions ranging from equivalence ratios between 0.6 and 0.9. The experimental results showed that for the current injector design at an equivalence ratio of 0.6 a stable flame was not achieved for any of the fuel mixtures tested. It was also observed that the stability region of the syngas flame increased as equivalence ratios above 0.7 and the hydrogen concentration in syngas fuel increases with the 40–60% hydrogen-carbon monoxide mixture demonstrating the greatest stability region which can accommodate more than three times the stability range of other conditions. Results from this study may benefit others who are currently designing such fuel injectors for lean premixed combustion applications.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Resistance and nonfatal outcomes in stranger-to-stranger predatory crime

This article examines the consequences of encounters between strangers that might have resulted in robbery or rape and explores how the eventual outcomes of those incidents were related to the resistance offered by their potential victims. It is based on data from the National Crime Survey. Although the conclusions necessarily are tentative, it appears that forceful resistance was related to less frequent success by robbers, but robbery victims resisting forcefully had a greater risk of being physically attacked. Forceful resistance in potential rape incidents was related to higher risk of attack and bodily injury with no apparent reduction in risk of rape. On the other hand, victims who were able to offer nonforceful resistance reported a reduced risk of being robbed and suffered less frequent attack and injury. In rape incidents, nonforceful resistance was linked to lower risk of actual rape but was unrelated to risk of attack or other forms of injury. Language: en
Host Plant Effects on Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Nymphal Development and Survivorship

Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a highly polyphagous invasive species and an important pest of orchard crops in the United States. In the Mid-Atlantic region, wild hosts of H. halys are common in woodlands that often border orchards, and H. halys movement from them into orchards poses ongoing management issues. To improve our understanding of host plant effects on H. halys populations at the orchard-woodland interface, nymphal survivorship, developmental duration, and adult fitness (size and fresh weight) on apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle), and northern catalpa (Catalpa speciosa (Warder)) were examined in laboratory studies. Specifically, we investigated nymphal performance on the foliage and fruiting structures of those hosts and on single- versus mixed-host diets, as well as the effects of host phenology on their suitability. Nymphal performance was poor on a diet of foliage alone, regardless of host. When fruiting structures were combined with foliage, peach was highly suitable for nymphal development and survivorship, whereas apple, Tree of Heaven, and catalpa were less so, although nymphal survival on Tree of Heaven was much greater later in the season than earlier. Mixed-host diets yielded increased nymphal survivorship and decreased developmental duration compared with diets of suboptimal single hosts. Adult size and weight were generally greater when they developed from nymphs reared on mixed diets. The implications of our results to the dispersal behavior, establishment, and management of H. halys are discussed.
Numerical Modeling of Flexural Enhancement in Carbon Nanotube/Cement Composite

An innovative type of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC)—carbon nanotube (CNT)/cement composite—is studied both empirically and numerically in terms of its structural performance. Experimental results prove that CNTs could significantly enhance the flexural strength and toughness of cement beams. In addition, ANSYS, a commercial finite element method (FEM) tool, is employed to construct a CNT/cement composite beam model that could simulate the response of the composite beams tested in the laboratory. Moreover, empirical results are used to validate the numerical beam model, as well as calibrate the effective shear strength at the interface of CNTs and cement matrix. This study verifies the efficacy of reinforcing cementitious material using CNTs and demonstrates that finite element analysis could serve as a powerful tool to investigate the mechanical properties of CNT/cement composite.
Continuous high-rate photonically-enabled compressed sensing (CHiRP-CS) for high speed flow microscopy

We demonstrate ultrahigh-speed pseudorandom structured illumination imaging of high-speed microscopic flows with real-time all-optical data compression. We present up to 19.8 Gigapixel/sec continuous acquisition rates using a 720-MHz ADC sampling rate.
Melting experiments in the systems CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 and MgO-SiO 2 at 3 to 15 GPa

The results of multi-anvil melting experiments are reported for a range of compositions in the system CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 . The liquidus crystallization fields for forsterite, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and garnet have been mapped out at 10 GPa, as have their intersections at various cotectics. The composition of the liquid that is multiply saturated in forsterite, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and garnet has been also determined to within + or -0.5-1.0 wt% (2sigma ), and the result is in excellent agreement with a previous estimate (Herzberg 1992). These experiments confirm that the effect of pressure is to reduce Al 2 O 3 and increase MgO and SiO 2 in magmas formed by the melting of garnet lherzolite with increasing pressure (Herzberg 1992). Melting experiments in the system MgO-SiO 2 also have been performed to constrain how pressure affects the compositions of liquids that are saturated in harzburgite [L+Ol+Opx]. Experiments in both CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 and MgO-SiO 2 demonstrate that there is a maximum normative olivine content to liquids formed by initial or advanced melting of peridotite in the upper mantle, and this occurs at 7 to 8 GPa. For most peridotite that undergo decompression melting in a plume, clinopyroxene and garnet are the first crystalline phases to melt out and, with a few important but rare exceptions, the experimentally constrained liquids are unlike most volcanic rocks. Advanced anhydrous melting will yield liquids with a residual harzburgite mineralogy [L+Ol+Opx], and these liquids are similar in composition to most komatiites with Cretaceous and 2700 Myr Archaean ages.
Study on Optimization Adjustment of Turbine in Sliding Pressure Operation

Set up a calculation model in sliding pressure operation,and compare the math and test optimization methods,also advance a specific method of optimization adjustment,which can be applied to the actual works required and supply for strong guidance in optimization operation of generating units.
Observation on the effect of spraying Baythroid in animals′ vault in preventing and controlling the medium of leishmaniasis-Phlebotomus chinensis

After sprayed Baythroid on animals′ vaults wall in 15,20 and 30 mg/m2 emulsion one and two days,the density of Phlebotomus chinensis decreased by 96.7%,and 20 days later by 94.8%.There was no significant difference in every groups(P0.05).It indicates that spraying Baythroid in animals′vault can significantly reduce the density of P.chinensis.
Using medical interpreters.

Many physicians are facing a similar dilemma because the Hispanic population is growing rapidly, and Spanish is the preferred language for many Hispanic people. The use of interpreters is a multifaceted issue.
Characteristics of Middle Grades Schools Implementing Minimum Competency Testing Programs

This study describes the relationship between school-level minimum competency testing (MCT) programs in middle grade schools as identified in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (1983-8...
Snow and its Relationship to Experimental Meteorology

Snow in its many forms has been the subject of observation, conjecture, and scientific discussion for many centuries. It has long been recognized that a better understanding of the formation of snow in the atmosphere would eventually explain some of the little-known but important meteorological processes related to the development of precipitation.
A complex baleen whale call recorded in the Mariana Trench Marine National Monument

In fall 2014 and spring 2015, passive acoustic data were collected via autonomous gliders east of Guam in an area that included the Mariana Trench Marine National Monument. A short (2–4 s), complex sound was recorded that features a ∼38 Hz moan with both harmonics and amplitude modulation, followed by broad-frequency metallic-sounding sweeps up to 7.5 kHz. This sound was recorded regularly during both fall and spring surveys. Aurally, the sound is quite unusual and most resembles the minke whale “Star Wars” call. It is likely this sound is biological and produced by a baleen whale.
Beck, Christina S., Chapman, Stellina M. A., Simmons, Nathaniel, Tenzek, Kelly E., and Ruhl, Stephanie M. (2015). Celebrity Health Narratives and the Public Health. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 252 pp., $39.95 (paperback)

Celebrity Health Narratives and the Public Health builds upon the notion that celebrities’ “private-turned-public health narratives constitute important contributions to broader conversations about...
Quasi-Elastic and Inelastic Neutron Scattering and Molecular Dynamics of Water at Supercooled Temperature

Recent results of incoherent neutron scattering investigations of water (H2O) at various temperatures, ranging from above the room temperature down to −20°C, are summarized. Analysis of these results in terms of various models are discussed and compared with the available computer molecular dynamics (CMD) simulations in the literature. For the quasi-elastic scattering (QENS) region, the self dynamic structure factor has been analysed in terms of a convolution of translation and rotation of individual water molecules. The translational and the rotational parts were modeled respectively by a jump diffusion and rotational diffusion. Comparisons are then made with recent CMD results to assess the validity of the model description. For the inelastic scattering (INS) region, the analysis focused mainly on the intramolecular vibrations in the liquid state. A satelite peak which appeared beyond the stretch vibrational band was analysed in terms of a quantum mechanical process of exciting the stretch vibrational mode with a simultaneous breaking of the hydrogen bond. The absolute cross section in the stretch vibrational region was compared quantitatively with a CMD result as a function of temperature from 80°C down to −15°C.
Mansions of Despair: The Wrongs of Woman and the Commonality of Experience

This chapter interprets The Wrongs of Woman; or, Maria as indicating a profound change in Wollstonecraft’s thought and in her understanding of the profile of the female philosopher. Where Wollstonecraft once conceived of herself as an extraordinary figure, able to move society forward through the application of her reasoning mind alone, her autobiographical protagonist becomes in The Wrongs of Woman a female philosopher deeply marked by a gendered experience that draws her closer to other women and facilitates new insights, but that ultimately undermines her ability to contribute to progress.
We Are Not All Victims: Local Peacebuilding in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Pamela Couture's latest contribution to practical theological research and literature, We Are Not All Victims: Local Peacebuilding in the Democratic Republic of Congo, is masterful, insightful, and...
Medication management in older adults

Managing medications is a major part of providing care to older adults. Polypharmacy is common in the elderly and is fraught with risks. A careful and systematic approach is needed for managing drug therapy in these patients, recognizing the patient's specific goals.
Modeling of segmented controlled electrostatically actuated bimorph beams

Electrostatic actuating bimorph beams are a MEMS device that can be used to control arrays of small micromirrors for optical scanning. Previous research has demonstrated that creating high-angle deflection using long repeating arms of bimorph beams is possible. However, the current devices lack precise control and measurement of the mirror deflection. This research effort proposes a solution to improve control and measurement by using segmented bias channels to control separate portions of the actuation arm. The device will function by allowing a selective actuation of different portions of the bimorph arm. The amount of mirror deflection will vary depending on which segments of the arm are actuated. This paper discusses modeling of these devices using segmented channels to actuate micro-mirrors using finite element analysis (FEA) software programs.
TierStore: a distributed filesystem for challenged networks in developing regions

TierStore is a distributed filesystem that simplifies the development and deployment of applications in challenged network environments, such as those in developing regions. For effective support of bandwidth-constrained and intermittent connectivity, it uses the Delay Tolerant Networking store-and-forward network overlay and a publish/subscribe-based multicast replication protocol. TierStore provides a standard filesystem interface and a single-object coherence approach to conflict resolution which, when augmented with application-specific handlers, is both sufficient for many useful applications and simple to reason about for programmers. In this paper, we show how these properties enable easy adaptation and robust deployment of applications even in highly intermittent networks and demonstrate the flexibility and bandwidth savings of our prototype with initial evaluation results.
Epistemologies of Biomedical Ethics: A Tribute to Dr. Engelhardt

In this essay, and in his honor, I focus on two of physician-philosopher H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.’s many contributions, namely, his view that biomedical ethics (1) cannot offer a singular content-driven theoretical approach and (2) requires an appreciation of epistemologies of knowing in medicine. While these two positions remain controversial, because we all want definitive answers to our questions concerning what we ought to do in medicine and elsewhere, Dr. Engelhardt’s view makes possible discussion and debate in medicine to include diverse, defensible ways of knowing. In the end, Dr. Engelhardt’s approach in biomedical ethics is one of shared decision making and negotiation. This is an important model if we take respect for patients seriously in the clinical setting.
Preparation of Personnel for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: Perspectives on a Research Foundation for Future Practice

This article presents a perspective on research-based issues related to preparing teach ers and other professionals to work with children and youth with emotional and behavioral disor ders. The discussion includes an identification of basic personnel preparation questions to be addressed, components of an effective training program, steps for establishing program effective ness, and suggestions for future teacher education research. ■A cynic might react to the title of this arti cle by noting that using the terms "research" and "personnel preparation" in the same con nection is an oxymoron. Indeed, there is strong evidence to support the contention that personnel preparation for students with emo tional and behavioral disorders (EBD) fre quently lacks an empirical foundation (Bullock, Ellis, & Wilson, 1994; Zabel, 1988). Nevertheless, the need to prepare profession als to use documented methods and materials with children and youth with EBD is evident. For example, these students are the most diffi cult to successfully include in general educa tion settings (Kauffman, Lloyd, Baker, & Riedel, 1995; Yell, 1995); the policies associ ated with the Individuals with Disabilities Ed ucation Act (IDEA) are challenged most significantly with regard to children and youth identified as EBD, including suspension, ex pulsion, and disciplining procedures and practices (Kozleski, Cessna, Bechard, & Borock, 1993); and the record of school dis tricts in designing and implementing effective programs to meet the needs of students with EBD is far from satisfactory (Knitzer, Steinberg, & Fleisch, 1990; U.S. Department of Educa tion, 1994; Walker, Colvin, & Ramsey, 1995). Based on such evidence, it is our con tention that preparation of knowledgeable and skilled personnel to educate and support chil dren and youth with EBD should be a priority, and that preparation programs should empha size empirically validated and other research based practices. Such steps are especially important because the depth and breadth of professional skills needed for success with stu dents with EBD require significant develop ment above and beyond those of general educators (Simpson, Whelan, & Zabel, 1993). Indeed, we contend that all personnel who work with children and youth with emotional and behavioral challenges must be skilled in using research-based practices in order to en sure an appropriate education for these stu dents. It is also our contention that teachers and other professionals will be successful in working with students with EBD to the extent that they are trained to use "best practices" procedures and curriculum. In accordance with this belief, we offer a perspective on per sonnel preparation practices, particularly as they relate to research issues that have partic ular relevance for students identified as EBD in 21 st century schools.