cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methandrostenolone metabolism in humans: potential problems associated with isolation and identification of metabolites.

Methandrostenolone dose (amount and duration) and methods of isolation from urine can influence the identification and quantitation of methandrostenolone metabolites. Long-term use of methandrostenolone at high dosages led to the appearance of unmetabolized drug in the urine and contributed to the identification of a previously unreported metabolite, 3β,6§,17β-trihydroxy-17α-methyl-5§-1-androstene. Exposure of methandrostenolone in vitro to acid conditions induced a retropinacol rearrangement in the D-ring of the methandrostenolone molecule, causing the formation of 18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-1,4,13(14)-androstatrien-3-one in large amounts. The same acidic conditions led to the addition of a hydroxyl at the 6 position of the B-ring of either the retropinacol rearrangement products or native methandrostenolone resulting in the formation of 6β-hydroxy-18-nor-17, 17-dimethyl-1,4,13(14)-androstatrien-3-one,6α-hydroxy-18-nor-17,17-dimethyl-1,4,13(14)-androstatrien, 6β-17α-methyl-1,4-androstadien-3-one and 6α,17β-dihydroxy-17α-methyl-1,4-androstadien-3-one. Hydroxylation of native methandrostenolone at the 6 position also occurs endogenously. However, no evidence of an endogenous retropinacol rearrangement was found. Silylating agents alone can induce the formation of small amounts of 6β,17β-dihydroxy-17α-methyl-1,4-androstadien-3-one. Discrepancies between previously published reports on methandrostenolone metabolism in man are discussed and compared with an animal model.
Participation in the Youth Civic Web: Assessing User Activity Levels in Web Sites Presenting Two Civic Styles

ABSTRACT Concerns over youth disengagement from conventional politics mixed with perceptions of youth aptitude for digital media have led scholars and practitioners to investigate civic Web sites as locations of potential youth learning and participation. Over the past few years, the scholarly literature on youth civic Web sites has developed a number of conceptual vocabularies for, and catalogued the nature of, the civic engagement opportunities offered by such sites. But the extant literature lacks documentation of a critically important step in this research logic: the extent to which young users actually take advantage of the opportunities to offered them. This study addresses this gap by presenting a theoretically driven investigation of specific participatory features in the youth civic Web and the quantity of user contributions they attract. Drawing from untested assumptions found in recent work, we test hypotheses concerning the impact on user activity of (a) citizenship orientations communicated ...
ISO 14644-5 Offers a One-stop Guide to Cleanroom Operations

After a cleanroom has been built, validated, and certified, the daily operation of that facility is an ongoing task to ensure that the products manufactured or tested in the cleanroom meet quality standards and customer expectations. Cleanroom managers can turn to ISO 14644-5: Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments—Part 5: Operations for information on requirements and protocols for minimizing contamination risks that would compromise quality.
Corporate social responsibility and sustainability reporting on the Internet

All material related to environmental and social performance on the corporate internet sites of 454 Fortune Global 500 and Fortune 1000 companies in 25 industrial sectors was analyzed using the Pacific Sustainability Index. Maximum scores for individual sectors were 20–75 percent of the total possible, highest in the largest and most environmentally sensitive sectors and ranging generally linearly, as shown by plotting score versus rank, down to nearly zero in every sector. None of the variation in score is explained by corporate revenue in the Asian and European firms in this sample (revenues greater than about $9 billion), but there is a very weak correlation between score and revenue for American firms of this size, and a stronger one when Fortune 1000 companies (all American) with revenues smaller than this are included, suggesting that, as corporate size reaches a certain threshold, sustainability reporting becomes independent of it. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
“I couldn't think that far”: Infertile women's decision making about multifetal reduction

In this phenomenological study women's experiences regarding their decisions to undergo or forgo multifetal reduction of their higher-order multiple pregnancies were explored. Seven women who had conceived higher-order multiple pregnancies as the result of in vitro fertilization were interviewed. Four participants accepted reduction, whereas three participants declined. Three themes were discerned: (a) the presence of infertility as a barrier to contemplating hyperfertility; (b) multiple-birth pregnancy as yet another form of loss for infertile women; and (c) the lasting effects of having made the decision.
A generational model of political learning

Abstract We propose a mathematical framework for modeling opinion change using large-scale longitudinal data sets. Our framework encompasses two varieties of Bayesian learning theory as well as Mannheim's theory of generational responses to political events. The basic assumptions underlying the model are (1) that historical periods are characterized by shocks to existing political opinions, and (2) that individuals of different ages may attach different weights to those political shocks. Political generations emerge endogenously from these basic assumptions: the political views of identifiable birth cohorts differ, and evolve distinctively through time, due to the interaction of age-specific weights with period-specific shocks. We employ this model to examine generational changes in party identification using survey data from the 1952–2008 American National Election Studies.
The effect of crystal structure on the surface properties of a series of manganese dioxides

Abstract The zero-points-of-charge for a series of manganese dioxides have been determined by both electrophoretic and coagulation-sedimentation techniques. The zpc was found to increase from pH 1.5 for the amorphous δ form of MnO 2 up to pH 7.3 for β-MnO 2 , the most well-defined crystalline form. This variation is interpreted in terms of, and is shown to be in agreement with, the electrostatic field strength concept modified to describe more complex solids. The change in cation-anion spacing, as derived from the volume per unit cell per cation in the crystal lattice, corresponds to a change in the polarization of the water dipoles and their subsequent dissociation to establish the electrochemical double layer at the oxide-water interface.
Orientation of deoxyhemoglobin at high magnetic fields: structural insights from RDCs in solution.

Human normal adult hemoglobin (Hb A) is a tetrameric protein molecule of ∼64 kDa consisting of two identical α-chains and two identical β-chains of 141 and 146 amino acid residues each and four bound heme moieties. In the oxygen-free form of Hb A, also known as deoxyhemoglobin A (deoxy-Hb A), the hemes are paramagnetic with S = 2. We have measured the one-bond spin−spin couplings (1JNH + 1DNH) on (15N,2H)-labeled deoxy-Hb A in solution as a function of magnetic field strengths from 11.7 to 21.1 T and found that these couplings are linearly proportional to the square of the magnetic field. This field dependence provides an opportunity to extract the residual dipolar couplings (RDCs, 1DNH) and, thus, to compare predictions about the solution structure of deoxy-Hb A to crystal structures for this molecule. Such comparison is essential for our understanding of the structure, dynamics, and function of this allosteric protein under conditions close to the physiological state. This report illustrates the usefuln...
Assessing Uncertainties in Traffic Simulation: A Key Component in Model Calibration and Validation

Calibrating and validating a traffic simulation model for use on a transportation network depend on field data that are often limited but essential for determining inputs to the model and for assessing its reliability. Quantification and systemization of the calibration/validation process expose statistical issues inherent in the use of such data. These issues are discussed, and a methodology to address them is described. The formalization of the calibration/validation process leads naturally to the use of Bayesian methodology for assessing uncertainties in model predictions arising from a multiplicity of sources (randomness in the simulator, statistical variability in estimating and calibrating input parameters, inaccurate data, and model discrepancy). The methods and the approach are exhibited on an urban street network with the microsimulator CORSIM, and the demand and turning movement parameters are calibrated. A discussion of how the process can be extended to deal with other model parameters as well as with the possible misspecification of the model is included. Although the methods are described in a specific context, they can be used generally, although they are inhibited at times by computational burdens that must be overcome, often by developing approximations to the simulator.
DIET AND TISSUE GROWTH : I. THE REGENERATION OF LIVER TISSUE ON VARIOUS ADEQUATE DIETS.

1. The toxicity of chloroform varies according to the diets used in these experiments in the following order of decreasing susceptibility of the animals: high fat > standard > high carbohydrate > high protein diets. 2. On the high fat and high carbohydrate diets there may be a more or less marked proliferation of the endothelium and the connective tissue stroma in the necrotic area producing in some instances scars resembling the picture of an early cirrhosis. 3. On the diets studied, standard, high carbohydrate, high protein, and high fat, the most active and rapid repair is observed on the standard balanced diet. On the high fat diet the reparative process is definitely delayed in comparison with the others. There are only slight differences between the high carbohydrate and high protein diets which suggest but do not conclusively show a more rapid repair with the latter diet.
Mouse IgG1 heterogeneity: Variable binding of monoclonal IgG1 antibodies to protein a-sepharose

Binding strength to protein A discriminates three definitive types of mouse monoclonal IgG1. Each of these types of IgG1 elutes from protein A-Sepharose as a coherent peak representing the great majority of IgG1 protein. One type of IgG1 is not present to any significant extent in polyclonal mouse IgG preparations, and to our knowledge has not been reported previously. This type of IgG1 does not bind firmly to protein A at pH 8.0, but is retarded sufficiently that it can be purified by protein A-Sepharose chromatography in high yields.
Decreased enkephalinase activity following postnatal treatment with phenobarbital.

Abstract The effect of postnatal administration of phenobarbital on enzymes degrading enkephalin was examined. Daily subcutaneous injections (45 mg/kg) of phenobarbital were given to male and female rats from postnatal day 1 to 19. Brains from rats treated with saline and phenobarbital were used to prepare aminopeptidases (high speed supernatant) and enkephalinase A (synaptosomal membrane preparation). Incubation of methionine enkephaline (ME) with aminopeptidases from rat brain liberated tyrosine (T), while incubating with enkephalinase A resulted in the formation of tyrosylglycylglycin (TGG). Separation and quantification of tyrosine, tyrosylglycylglycin and methionine enkephalin was performed using a high performance liquid Chromatograph, coupled to electrochemical and ultraviolet detectors in series. The treatment of the rats with phenobarbital resulted in a significant inhibition of enkephalinase A when measured in vitro , using methionine enkephalin as substrate. Preliminary studies with secobarbital show similar results to those obtained with phenobarbital.
Integrated Area Contingency Planning On The Clark Fork Watershed

ABSTRACT The Clark Fork and Flathead Basin Sub-Area consists of five counties in the state of Montana and the Flathead Nation. A section of pipeline running through the Flathead reservation was clo...
INOSINE FERMENTATION-PRODUCTION OF INOSINE BY MUTANTS OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS

Using rab values, rates of oxygen transfer into sulfite solution, as an index for establishing aeration-agitation, the fermentative production of inosine was scaled up from a flask culture to a 50-k1 tank culture. By applying the optimum condition for the production of inosine obtained with small scale fermentors, the yield of inosine obtained with a 50-k1 fermentor was approximately the same as that from small-scale fermentors. With due consideration to cotton plugs as a barrier of oxygen transfer, the advantage of using rab values for aeration-agitation index and for scale-up of aerobic fermentation was discussed.
RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPIES

Slow continuous renal replacement therapy is more hemodynamically stabilizing and is replacing conventional hemodialysis as the therapy of choice for acute renal failure in the intensive care unit. This article presents practical information, including basic terminology, basic physiology, technical aspects, and indications for and application of this technique.
Studies of Surface Coverage and Orientation of DNA Molecules Immobilized onto Preformed Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers

DNA molecules are attached onto carboxylate-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) preformed at gold surfaces via the N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHS)/1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) cross-linking reaction. Cyclic voltammetry, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to probe the surface coverage and molecular orientation of the immobilized DNA molecules. The DNA attachment is attributed to the formation of amide bond between the carboxylate groups and the amino groups on the DNA bases since the possibility of nonspecific adsorption of DNA onto preformed SAMs or NHS ester monolayers was studied and excluded. Our voltammetric results indicate a significant blockage of the sites originally available in the alkanethiol SAMs for facile heterogeneous electron transfer by the attached DNA molecules. QCM provided a semiquantitative measurement of the amount of immobilized DNA. The AFM images, for the first time, revealed th...
Effects of backward- and forward-facing steps on turbulent natural convection flow along a vertical flat plate

Abstract The effects of backward-facing and forward-facing steps on turbulent natural convection along a vertical heated flat plate are examined experimentally. Laser-Doppler velocimeter and cold wire anemometer were used to, respectively, measure simultaneously the time-mean turbulent velocity and temperature distributions and their turbulent fluctuation intensities. The experiment was carried out for a step (backward-facing and forward-facing) height of 22 mm and a temperature difference between the heated walls and the free stream (ambient air), ΔT , of 30 °C (corresponding to a local Grashof number Gr xi =6.45×10 10 ). Measurements of the time-mean velocities and temperature distributions along with their turbulent fluctuation intensities are presented at various locations downstream from the location of the step. The present results reveal that the maximum local Nusselt number occurs in the vicinity of the reattachment region and it is approximately twice for the case of backward-facing step and two and a half times for the case of forward-facing step, than that of the flat plate value at similar flow and thermal conditions.
General applications 2: simulation system modeling for mass customization manufacturing

Emerging rapidly as a new paradigm of the 21st century, Mass Customization Manufacturing (MCM) systems possess some special characteristics that make the modeling of such systems extremely difficult. These characteristics include concurrency, synchronization, and cooperation among subsystems. Moreover, MCM emphasizes shortened product life-cycles, which means production lines have to be changed or reconfigured frequently. Highly flexible and re-configurable factories must be designed, simulated, and analyzed. To support the development and analysis of these systems, new approaches to modeling and simulation must be developed.In this paper, a methodology for representing manufacturing systems using valid, colored Petri Net is presented. This method for modeling and simulating is flexible enough to support the dynamic nature of the operation of MCM systems. It is able to represent solutions to problems such as dynamic rescheduling, shop reconfiguration, part rework processing, and mechanisms for recovery from machine failure. MCM systems must often support product design modifications at late stages of production, and must respond and adjust to these changes quickly, without postponing delivery time.
Hybrid generalized approximate message passing with applications to structured sparsity

Gaussian and quadratic approximations of message passing algorithms on graphs have attracted considerable attention due to their computational simplicity, analytic tractability, and wide applicability in optimization and statistical inference problems. This paper summarizes a systematic framework for incorporating such approximate message passing (AMP) methods in general graphical models. The key concept is a partition of dependencies of a general graphical model into strong and weak edges, with each weak edge representing a small, linearizable coupling of variables. AMP approximations based on the central limit theorem can be applied to the weak edges and integrated with standard message passing updates on the strong edges. The resulting algorithm, which we call hybrid generalized approximate message passing (Hybrid-GAMP), can yield significantly simpler implementations of sum-product and max-sum loopy belief propagation. By varying the partition between strong and weak edges, a performance-complexity trade-off can be achieved. Structured sparsity problems are studied as an example of this general methodology where there is a natural partition of edges.
Vapour-liquid equilibria measurements for carbon dioxide with normal and isobutane from 250 to 280 K

Abstract Vapour-liquid equilibria measurements were made on binary mixtures of carbon dioxide with normal and isobutane at 250, 260, 270 and 280 K. Both liquid and vapour compositions were measured. The data were correlated using the Peng-Robinson equation of state, and values are given for the activity coefficients and the excess Gibbs free energy, G E . The heat of mixing is estimated from the temperature dependence of G E .
Correction of eye-motion artifacts in AO-OCT data sets

Eye movements present during acquisition of a retinal image with optical coherence tomography (OCT) introduce motion artifacts into the image, complicating analysis and registration. This effect is especially pronounced in highresolution data sets acquired with adaptive optics (AO)-OCT instruments. Several retinal tracking systems have been introduced to correct retinal motion during data acquisition. We present a method for correcting motion artifacts in AOOCT volume data after acquisition using simultaneously captured adaptive optics-scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) images. We extract transverse eye motion data from the AO-SLO images, assign a motion adjustment vector to each AO-OCT A-scan, and re-sample from the scattered data back onto a regular grid. The corrected volume data improve the accuracy of quantitative analyses of microscopic structures.
Sustained Aerobic Oxidation of Vinyl Chloride at Low Oxygen Concentrations

One possible explanation for unexplained disappearance of vinyl chloride (VC) from what are thought to be anaerobic subsurface environments is that the environments are, in fact, not anaerobic. Rather, they might be subject to low, steady influx of oxygen, and aerobic oxidation could be occurring at extremely low oxygen concentrations. Studies were conducted with VC-oxidizing transfer cultures derived from two chloroethene-contaminated sites, as well as with microcosms constructed from sediment and groundwater from one of these sites. Oxygen was steadily delivered to the experimental systems using permeation tubes to maintain low dissolved oxygen throughout the time-course of investigation. VC oxidation was sustained at dissolved oxygen concentrations below 0.02 mg/L in the two transfer cultures, and below 0.1 mg/L in the microcosms. This supports the possibility that—at least at some sites—apparent loss of VC from what are thought to be anaerobic zones might, in fact, be due to aerobic pathways occurring...
Systematic Monitoring as a Dissident Activist Strategy: Palestine Media Watch and U.S. News Media, 2000–2004

When news organizations began covering the Intifada in 2000, activists formed a media-monitoring group called Palestine Media Watch to lobby journalists to interpret the Israeli-Palestinian conflict within an international law framework. Activists minimized their dissidence in relation to journalism, systematically monitoring coverage over a period of several months, and meeting face-to-face with newsworkers. Drawing upon archives and interviews, I demonstrate that dissident media-monitoring groups play a small, but meaningful role in the newsmaking process. Dissidents can produce changes because they can formulate criticisms that newsworkers define as “journalistically useful.” I define these criticisms to show how the definition facilitates and limits what can be accomplished via systematic monitoring, and suggest alternative dissident media strategies.
Work‐related deaths in children

An analysis of OSHA fatality investigations for 1984-1987 found 104 work-related deaths in children. The largest category (30%) involved industrial vehicles and equipment, followed by electrocution (17%) and falls (11%). Forty-three deaths (41%) occurred while engaged in types of work prohibited for children by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Three deaths involved work with conveyors, an activity currently permitted for child workers under FLSA. OSHA issued citations for safety violations in 70% of deaths. Since OSHA investigates only some work-related deaths, the actual number of child labor fatalities during the four year period was probably higher. Using information from OSHA and from death certificate data, we estimate that there are at least 100 work-related deaths in the United States in children under 18 each year. Hazardous child labor continues to occur even in industries regulated by OSHA and FLSA.
A kriging approach to predicting coverage in wireless networks

This paper introduces kriging as a new tool to predict network coverage in wireless networks. The proposed approach aims to reduce the cost of active site surveys by estimating network coverage at points where no site survey data is available. The proposed approach was compared with a radial basis function artificial neural network using several problems.
Multiple Allelic Control of Chlorophyll b Level in Arabidopsis thaliana

IN maize, the plant best known genetically, there are no viable chlorophyll b deficient mutants1,2. Robbelen3 described an Arabidopsis mutant devoid of this pigment which was, however, a lethal one. It has been reported that in barley only chlorophyll a is necessary for viability4. Among algae viable chlorophyll b-less mutants are not infrequent5. Since chlorophyll b is a normal constituent of the photosynthetic apparatus of all angiosperms and its precise role is little understood, viable mutants involved in the development of this pigment are of interest.
Delayed closed-loop scheme for stepping motor control

An efficient method for control of stepping motor speed and position, the delayed closed-loop (DCL) mode, is described. The new technique permits control of high-speed motor motion by means of a programmed speed-displacement characteristic. The method combines the static-speed control characteristic of the open-loop mode with the stable dynamic behavior of the closed-loop mode. Unlike other schemes for delayed closed-loop control, the present configuration features an extension of delay time to more than one step duration, significantly improving the velocity control. The phase angle can also be varied to ±180°, permitting adequate control of deceleration as well as acceleration. A stability analysis is made of the DCL control method. In an illustrative example, the technique is applied to control of the carriage drive on an experimental high-speed line printer.
Measurement of the shortest hetero-nuclear distances in multiple-spin systems using constant-time correlation NMR methods

We demonstrate that the shortest hetero-nuclear distances in multiple-spin systems can be determined using Constant-Time Dipolar-mediated Hetero-nuclear Multiple-Quantum Correlation (CT-D-HMQC) two-dimensional NMR experiments. We show that this approach is applicable between two spin-1/2 isotopes, such as 13C and 15N, or between spin-1/2 and half-integer quadrupolar nuclei, such as 31P and 27Al. Furthermore, numerical simulations of spin dynamics and experiments on L-histidine·HCl and microporous aluminophosphate VPI-5 prove that the delay between zero-crossings of CT-D-HMQC trajectories is a reliable estimator of the largest dipolar couplings when the distances with the second neighbors are at least 60% larger than with the first neighbor, and there exists a known number of first neighbors at similar distances with an angle between the inter-nuclear vectors ranging from 30° to 150°.
Multiagent Cooperation through Egocentric Modeling

We consider a scenario in which interacting agents cooperate through an iterative process of 1) forming empirical models of the behavior of other agents and 2) selfishly optimizing a local strategy based on these models. In each iteration, an agent revises its models of other agents. Selfish optimization according to these revised models alters the behavior of a each agent. This, in turn, leads to a new round of revised models of other agents. The implication of convergence is a consistency condition. Namely, each agent's behavior is consistent with how the agent is modeled by others. Furthermore, each agent's local strategy is optimal with respect to how it models other agents. We consider a particular instance of this framework that is motivated by the "Roboflag drill" coordination scenario. This paper derives conditions for convergence, provides illustrative simulations, and establishes a connection to related work in evolutionary games.
Structure and age of volcanic fissures on Mount Morning: A new constraint on Neogene to contemporary stress in the West Antarctic rift, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica

Antarctica is characterized by a unique combination of active processes, including active crustal deformation, volcanism, and glacial loading and unloading, but little is known about the Neogene to contemporary geodynamic state of the Antarctic plate. This paper presents new data on the structure and timing of volcanism on the Mount Morning shield volcano, with the purpose of defining Pleistocene stress directions concomitant with volcanism and rifting in the southern portion of the Victoria Land rift basin. Elongate vents and vent alignments indicate parasitic volcanism has predominantly occurred along a primary set of NE fissures. Parasitic basaltic cinder cones yield 40 Ar- 39 Ar cooling ages, presented herein, that range from essentially zero to ca. 3.5 Ma, though mostly of Pleistocene age. The systematic NE trend of the fissures on Mount Morning records magmatically induced fracturing of the volcano flanks controlled by a regional N31°E maximum horizontal stress (S H ) that dominated the Mount Morning area during the Pleistocene and, probably, also the Pliocene. Minor volcanism occurred along shorter NW alignments that have no discernible age difference from the NE fissures. The Pleistocene age of the parasitic volcanism suggests that the stress direction documented at Mount Morning represents the contemporary differential stress field in the area. This NE S H direction differs from the N15°W S H direction measured in a borehole at Cape Roberts, 100 km to the north, and the S H orientations appear to track the changing trend of the segmented rift boundary. The exact cause for the variability in the S H directions is uncertain, but the change in S H could record different stress provinces within the rift system, or it could reflect stress reorientation along the major lithospheric boundary of the rift. The new contemporary stress datum at Mount Morning is consistent with a neotectonic normal-fault to strike-slip fault regime within the Terror Rift, which was active in Pliocene-Pleistocene times and could remain active today. This stress regime still dominates the contemporary geodynamic state of this sector of the West Antarctic Rift system.
Carbonized and Activated Non-wovens as High-Performance Acoustic Materials: Part I Noise Absorption:

Noise absorption is one method for noise reduction in engineering. The material acoustic property for noise absorption is principally based on the efficiency of material structures for damping soun...
Effects of exposing pigs to moving and odors in a simulated slaughter chute

Pigs in the finishing stage are infrequently handled and can be difficult to handle when experiencing novel situations. This study sought to determine the effects of minimal training and a novel odor/taste reward on the ease of handling finishing pigs in a novel environment. Pigs were assigned to one of four treatments organized in a factorial arrangement: training and odor exposure at the barn or not (trained or non-trained, respectively) and provision or not of maple syrup in the simulated pre-stun area of a slaughter plant (reward or no reward, respectively). Trained pigs (n = 14 pens) were let out of their home pens and onto a trailer for 10 min/d for 10 d and could chew on maple syrup- soaked flags. Non-trained pigs (n = 14 pens) were not handled or exposed to maple syrup. After the 10 d, trained and non-trained pigs were transported, unloaded and then experienced a novel simulated pre-stun area. A maple syrup-soaked flag (reward) was dragged through the simulated pre-stun area and put in a simulated CO 2 stun box. Non- rewarded pigs were not exposed to maple syrup. Trained pigs unloaded the trailer and reached the resting pen faster (P = 0.014) than non-trained pigs. Trained pigs had fewer (P = 0.02) blood neutrophils and more (P = 0.03) lymphocytes than non-trained pigs. Rewarded pigs received fewer (P = 0.02) taps before reaching the simulated CO2 stun box than non-rewarded pigs. Cortisol concentration increased (P = 0.004) when the total time to reach the simulated CO2 stun box increased. Pigs that were allowed to exercise out of their home pen and were given access to an odor/taste reward moved faster and the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio was decreased when exposed to a novel environment containing the same odor/taste reward.
Acclaiming advent and adventus in Johannes Brassart's motet for Frederick III

On 15 June 1442, Frederick, the Habsburg Duke of Austria soon to be crowned King of the Romans, entered the city of Aachen amidst a notably diverse and sonorous cortege:
Color changing photonic crystals detect blast exposure.

Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is the “signature wound” of the current wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. However, with no objective information of relative blast exposure, warfighters with bTBI may not receive appropriate medical care and are at risk of being returned to the battlefield. Accordingly, we have created a colorimetric blast injury dosimeter (BID) that exploits material failure of photonic crystals to detect blast exposure. Appearing like a colored sticker, the BID is fabricated in photosensitive polymers via multi-beam interference lithography. Although very stable in the presence of heat, cold or physical impact, sculpted micro- and nano-structures of the BID are physically altered in a precise manner by blast exposure, resulting in color changes that correspond with blast intensity. This approach offers a lightweight, power-free sensor that can be readily interpreted by the naked eye. Importantly, with future refinement this technology may be deployed to identify soldiers exposed to blast at levels suggested to be supra-threshold for non-impact blast-induced mild TBI.
A Re-collection of the Water Mite Fauna of the Rideau-Ottawa Region

The paper of Koenike (1895) on the North American water mite fauna ( Abh. naturw. Ver. Brewmen 42: 167-266) and a subsequent revision (Koenike 1912, Trans. R. Canad. Inst. 9: 281-296) together listed thirty-seven species of Hydracarina. These reports were based on materials collected and transmitted to Dr. F. Koenike by the eminent Canadian geologist, Dr. J. B. Tyrrell. Seven of the thirty-seven species were reported from localities in the Rideau Lakes district and in the vicinity of Ottawa.
Bubble removal in centrifugal casting: Combined effects of buoyancy and diffusion

This article models bubble removal in centrifugal casting of the thermosetting silicone polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Given spin speeds, mold geometry, and resin properties for centrifugal casting, it is possible to predict the amount of spin time required to produce bubble-free parts. For the particular conditions and materials considered in this work, required spin times range from seconds to minutes. The model itself balances two complementary physical behaviors: bubble dissolution and buoyancy. Diffusion dominates the removal of small bubbles below a critical size, while buoyancy dominates the removal of bubbles above a critical size. To simulate the removal of bubbles from a spinning solution, two first-order nonlinear differential equations are solved numerically. To verify simulated results, designed sets of experiments related the number of remaining bubbles in cured parts to spin times and speeds. Dow Corning Sylgard 184, Sylgard 186, and 3-6121 were the silicones tested in this work. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
High-Content Analysis of Proapoptotic EphA4 Dependence Receptor Functions Using Small-Molecule Libraries

Small molecule compounds (SMCs) can provide an inexpensive and selective approach to modifying biological responses. High-content analysis (HCA) of SMC libraries can help identify candidate molecules that inhibit or activate cellular responses. In particular, regulation of cell death has important implications for many pathological conditions. Dependence receptors are a new classification of pro-apoptotic membrane receptors that, unlike classic death receptors, initiate apoptotic signals in the absence of their ligands. EphA4 has recently been identified as a dependence receptor that may have important functions in conditions as disparate as cancer biology and CNS injury and disease. To screen potential candidate SMCs that inhibit or activate EphA4-induced cell death, HCA of a SMC library was performed using stable EphA4-expressing NIH3T3 cells. Our results describe a high-content method for screening dependence receptor-signaling pathways, and demonstrate that several candidate SMCs can inhibit EphA4-mediated cell death.
Estimating Power Spectra of Galaxy Structure: Can Statistics Help?

Spectrum estimates based on the raw periodogram (squared modulus of the Fourier transform) can be improved upon, at least according to criteria that matter to statisticians. Estimates based on averages of power spectrum estimates derived using orthogonal weight functions (multitaper estimates) can have better bias and variance properties. The raw periodogram also can be “post-processed,” using wavelet shrinkage or other smoothing techniques, to produce estimates that have more desirable statistical properties than the periodogram, and that are visually more pleasing. Subject to assumptions that can be difficult to test, these statistical techniques might improve inferences about the underlying physics, depending on which features of the spectrum matter physically. Differences between the periodogram and wavelet-shrinkage estimates are quite noticeable for the angular power spectrum of starlight from NGC 4622. However, estimates of the slope of a power law model for the spectrum are nearly identical.
Terahertz scattering from granular material: publisher's note

The spelling of two authors' names in J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24, 2238 (2007) was incorrect as published. The names were correctly spelled online as of August 17, 2007.
Spatial Patterns in the Economic Development of the Mountain West

Many counties in the mountainous areas of the western U.S. are experiencing rapid growth in population and income, even though extractive industries that served historically as their primary economic base are in decline. The purpose of this paper is to establish statistically the spatial determinants of population, employment, and income densities in 86 rural mountain counties and any changes in those determinants between 1985 and 1994. The results of this analysis indicate that densities are oriented to regional metropolitan centers and critical amenities such as ski areas, national parks, and universities or colleges. Negatively sloped density gradients with respect to distance from regional metropolitan centers suggest that the densities of settlement patterns beyond metropolitan boundaries are analogous to those within metropolitan areas relative to urban centers. In short, a tension apparently exists in locational choice; residents of the Mountain West desire to live near the beauties and amenities of the mountain landscape but do not want to entirely sever their urban ties. Because amenities are the primary attraction of mountain counties rather than employment in locationally dependent industries, at least some migrants must have relatively footloose forms of income.
White-light Sagnac interferometer for snapshot polarimetric and multispectral imaging

A common technique, referred to as channeled imaging polarimetry (CIP), enables the snapshot acquisition of the 2- dimensional Stokes parameters of an arbitrary scene or sample. It achieves this by amplitude modulating the Stokes parameters onto various interference-based spatial carrier frequencies. While this technique has utility, it often suffers from low signal-to-noise ratios in remote sensing scenarios, since it requires narrow spectral bandwidth illumination (< 3 nm in the visible). This paper discusses one hardware implementation that can be utilized to overcome this limitation. Consequently, an overview of the theoretical and experimental development of this system, a uniquely modified Sagnac interferometer, is discussed. Both laboratory and outdoor data are included to demonstrate the instrument's ability to measure polarization in arbitrary scenes. Inclusion of blazed diffraction gratings inside the interferometer enables whitelight interference fringes to be generated. By incorporating these gratings, the operational bandwidth of the interference fringes can exceed approximately 300 nm within the visible spectrum; two orders of magnitude greater than previous CIP implementations. Lastly, by modifying the diffraction grating, the sensor becomes capable of snapshot multispectral imaging. This is briefly discussed, with both a theoretical description and experimental data.
Fused rock from Köfels, Tyrol

The vesicular glass from Kofels, Tyrol, contains grains of quartz that have been partially melted but not dissolved in the matrix glass. This phenomenon has been observed in similar glasses formed by friction along a thrust fault and by meteorite impact, but not in volcanic glasses. The explosion of a small nuclear device buried behind a steep slope produced a geologic structure that is a good small-scale model of that at Kofels. Impact of a large meteorite would have an effect analogous to that of a subsurface nuclear explosion and is the probable cause of the Kofels feature.
A gamete-specific, sex-limited homeodomain protein in Chlamydomonas

During fertilization in Chlamydomonas, gametes of opposite mating types interact with each other through sex-specific adhesion molecules on their flagellar surfaces. Flagellar adhesion brings the cell bodies of the gametes into close contact and initiates a signal transduction pathway in preparation for cell–cell fusion. We have identified a cDNA, gsp1, whose transcript levels are upregulated during flagellar adhesion. The GSP1 polypeptide is a novel, gamete-specific homeodomain protein, the first to be identified in an alga. Its homeodomain shows significant identity with several higher plant homeodomain proteins. Although encoded by a single copy gene present in cells of both mating types, immunoblot analysis showed that GSP1 was expressed in mating type (mt)+ gametes, but was not detectable in mt− gametes or in vegetative cells of either mating type. Moreover, GSP1 appeared late during gametogenesis, suggesting that it may function during adhesion with mt− gametes or after zygote formation. GSP1 is expressed in imp11, mt− mutant gametes, which have a lesion in the mid gene involved in sex determination and exhibit many phenotypic characteristics of mt+ gametes. Thus, gsp1 is negatively regulated by mid and is the first molecule to be identified in Chlamydomonas that shows sex-limited expression.
THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. XII. LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM IN A LARGE LOCAL POPULATION

Seven hundred and three second chromosomes were extracted from a Raleigh, North Carolina population of Drosophila melanogaster in 1970. Additionally, four hundred and eighty-nine third chromosomes were extracted from a large cage population founded from the flies in the 1970 Raleigh collection. The α glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-1, malate dehydrogenase-1, alcohol dehydrogenase, and α amylase loci were studied from the second chromosomes, and the esterase-6, esterase-C, and octanol dehydrogenase loci were analyzed from the third chromosomes. Inversions, relative viability and fecundity were studied for both classes of chromosomes. The following significant findings were obtained: (1) All loci examined were polymorphic or had at least two alleles at appreciable frequencies. Analysis of the combined data from this experiment with that of Mukai, Mettler and Chigusa (1971) revealed that the frequencies of the genes in the second chromosomes collected in early August were approximately the same over three years. (2) Linkage disequilibria between and among isozyme genes inter se were not detected except in a few cases which can be considered due to non-random sampling. (3) Linkage disequilibria between isozyme genes and polymorphic inversions were detected when the recombination values between the breakage points of the inversions and the genes in question were small. In only a few cases, were second and third order linkage disequilibria including polymorphic inversions detected. (4) Evidence for either variation among genotypes within loci or cumulative effects of heterozygosity was found for viability and fecundity. As a result of these findings, it was tentatively concluded that although selection might be perceptibly operating on some polymorphic isozyme loci, most of the polymorphic isozyme genes are selectively neutral or near-neutral in the populations studied.
A Two‐stage Design for Comparing Clinical Trials

A two-stage design is proposed to choose among several experimental treatments and a standard treatment in clinical trials. The first stage employs a selection procedure to select the best treatment, provided it is better than the standard. The second stage tests the hypothesis between the best treatment selected at the first stage (if any) and the standard treatment. All the treatments are assumed to follow normal distributions and the best treatment is the one with the largest population mean. The level and the power are defined and they are used to set up equations to solve unknown first stage sample size, second stage sample size, and procedure parameters. The optimal design is the one that gives the smallest average sample size. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the improvement of one design as compared to existing one stage design.
Emerging challenges in cognitive ergonomics: managing swarms of self-organizing agent-based automation

As technology becomes more sophisticated, the problems of appropriate function allocation, mode errors, and misuse of automation will continue to challenge system safety and efficiency. Addressing these problems will require the field of cognitive ergonomics to consider three important challenges. First, to understand the human implications of self-organizing, multi-agent automation may involve recognizing the unique monitoring and control requirements. While current research has studied how people control a small number (2-10) of agents, the future will likely introduce the challenge of supervising hundreds of agents. Multi-agent automation that consists of hundreds of loosely connected intelligent agents may exhibit powerful new adaptive behaviours that may be difficult for people to understand and manage. Secondly, to understand human interaction with increasing complex automation may require more comprehensive analysis and modelling techniques. Current analysis techniques such as analysis of variance,...
Metal–silicate partitioning of Co, Ga, and W: dependence on silicate melt composition

This study investigates the effect of silicate melt composition on metal/silicate partitioning for Co2+, Ga3+, and W4+ at 1300°C, 1 atm, and a log fO2 of −12. Five glasses in the system MgO–CaO–Al2O3–TiO2–SiO2 with nbo/t (nonbridging oxygens/tetrahedrally coordinated cations) values ranging from 0.25 to 1.52 were used as starting materials. For W and Co experiments the five glasses were equilibrated with W or Co wire loops, respectively, at the specified run conditions. For Ga experiments the glasses were doped with 2 wt.% Ga2O3 and equilibrated with pure Fe. All phases were analyzed by an electron microprobe. The metal/silicate partition coefficient for W depends strongly on melt basicity, whereas the effect of melt composition on Ga partitioning is less pronounced and for Co it is negligible. DW decreases rapidly with increasing nbo/t, DGa decreases moderately with increasing degree of melt basicity, and DCo remains relatively constant over our compositional range. The findings of this study indicate that the effect of melt composition on trace element solubility is a function of cation oxidation state such that high valency cations like W4+ are more readily dissolved in depolymerized melts which have a higher ratio of nonbridging oxygens, and lower valency cations like Co2+ are relatively independent of the parameter nbo/t. These results confirm that the composition of the primitive mantle is an important factor in constraining how siderophile trace elements distribute themselves between an Fe–metal core and the bulk silicate Earth during an early magma ocean differentiation event.
Enzymatic Activity of Pig Heart Mitochondrial Malate Dehydrogenase Monomolecular Films by Surface Exchange Technique

Abstract A technique for studying the catalytic activity of enzymes spread as a film at an air-water interface, by exchanging the subphase under the film to remove unspread enzyme molecules, was developed, and its effectiveness was studied using surface-spread mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase formed stable films which gave reproducible v-A curves. The enzyme activity was measured by the oxidation rate of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in the presence of the substrate oxalacetic acid. Oxalacetic acid and NADH were injected into the subphase. The catalytic activity of the enzyme was dependent on the surface pressure of the film. The maximum catalytic activity was observed at a surface pressure of dynes/cm. The activity was higher at intermediate surface pressures than at very low or very high surface pressures. A high bulk catalytic activity was observed in the unstable region, i.e., at a high degree of compression, of the film. The catalytic activity of the surface-spread enzyme was only a fraction of an equivalent amount of enzyme in solution.