cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissolution on Cholesterol Monohydrate Single-Crystal Surfaces Monitored by in Situ Atomic Force Microscopy†

The mechanism(s) and dissolution rates on the (001) surface of cholesterol monohydrate (ChM) in aqueous solutions containing 10−50% ethanol were monitored using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). Dissolution was found to proceed mechanistically via the layer-by-layer retreat of 34 A bilayer or multilayer steps and/or the creation and expansion of bilayer and multilayer etch pits. In general, the dissolution rate is very strongly dependent on the local surface topography, which is highly variable on (001) ChM. Since the overall dissolution on the surface is by necessity a function of the relative density of different types of surface features, dissolution on both typical “smooth” and “rough” micron-sized areas was examined. For areas exhibiting low topographical relief, the rate of solute loss from isolated surface features was monitored by tracing the position of particular step fronts in sequential images over time. Although the absolute local dissolution rates are variable, the loss of solute molecu...
Caudate size in first-episode neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients measured using an artificial neural network

Abstract Background: Structural brain imaging studies have demonstrated an increase in caudate volume in schizophrenic patients medicated with typical neuroleptics and a volume decrease following treatment with atypical neuroleptics. The measurement of striatal volume in patients who have never been treated with neuroleptics may indicate whether these changes are superimposed on intrinsic basal ganglia pathology in schizophrenia or are solely neuroleptic-induced. Methods: We studied 36 first-episode, neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients and 43 control subjects using an artificial neural network (ANN) to identify and measure the caudate nucleus. The resulting volumes were analyzed using an ANCOVA controlling for intracranial volume, age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Results: The mean volume difference between the caudate nuclei of patients and control subjects was .297 mL, the caudate nuclei of the patients being smaller than those of controls. When we covaried for intracranial volume, this was a statistically significant difference in caudate volume (n = 79; df = 1,75; F = 4.18; p > .04). Conclusions: Caudate nuclei of neuroleptic naive schizophrenic patients are significantly smaller than those of controls. This suggests that patients suffering from schizophrenia may have intrinsic pathology of the caudate nucleus, in addition to the pathology observed as a consequence of chronic neuroleptic treatment.
In the light of evolution VI: Brain and behavior

In On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859), Darwin (1) barely mentioned the brain. Only in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (2), published in 1871, did Darwin emphasize that the human nervous system, like any other organ system, must have evolved. Even so, Darwin himself wrote little on the brain. Instead, Darwin asked his good friend T. H. Huxley to write a chapter for the second edition of The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex that dealt specifically with human brain evolution. In this chapter, Huxley laid to rest Richard Owen’s earlier argument that human brains are outliers among mammalian brains. Instead, Huxley argued that our brains resemble the brains of other apes in all fundamental respects. He even downplayed the greater size of human brains, noting that brain size is quite variable among humans. Importantly, Huxley did not deny that our brains must somehow differ from the brains of other apes, for he could see no other way to explain our unique cognitive capacities, most notably language. However, Huxley postulated that the differences that set our brains apart are not apparent in gross dissections (3⇓⇓⇓–7). ### Box 1. In the light of evolution. In 1973, Dobzhansky (45) penned a short commentary titled “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.” Most scientists agree that evolution provides the unifying framework for interpreting biological phenomena that otherwise can often seem unrelated and perhaps unintelligible. Given the central position of evolutionary thought in biology, it is sadly ironic that evolutionary perspectives outside the sciences have often been neglected, misunderstood, or purposefully misrepresented. Biodiversity—the genetic variety of life—is an exuberant product of the evolutionary past, a vast human-supportive resource (aesthetic, intellectual, and material) of the … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: fjayala{at}uci.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
The metamorphosis of heterometallic trinuclear antiferromagnetic complexes into nano-sized superparamagnetic spinels

Abstract Thermal decomposition of the trinuclear heterometallic oxoacetates [Fe 2 M(μ 3 -O)(CH 3 COO) 6 (H 2 O) 3 ] has been used as a single-precursor method for synthesis of the spinel-structured ternary oxides MFe 2 O 4 (M = Mn II , Co II , and Ni II ). This facile process occurring at 320 °C results in the formation of nanocrystalline (7–20 nm) highly pure stoichiometric ferrites in quantitative yield. The magnetic properties of these nanoparticulate ferrites were studied in the 10–300 K temperature range, revealing superparamagnetic behavior for the Ni and Mn particles and ferrimagnetic behavior for the Co ones at room temperature. Their blocking temperatures follow the order: CoFe 2 O 4 > MnFe 2 O 4 > NiFe 2 O 4 .
The protective role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in necrotizing enterocolitis.

Background. Enterocytes produce intestinal alkaline phosphatase (iAP), which detoxifies lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a mediator in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) pathogenesis. We hypothesize that aberrant expression or function of iAP contributes to the pathogenesis of NEC. Materials and Methods. Newborn Sprague Dawley rat pups were divided into three main groups. Control pups were breast fed, while two groups were exposed to intermittent hypoxia, LPS, and formula feeding for 4 d to induce NEC. Bovine iAP, with and without the presence of LPS, was administered orally to one of the NEC groups. The intestine was harvested and used to detect alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and protein expression. Terminal ileum sections were used to grade intestinal injury and stained for AP. Comparisons were made with adult rat duodenum. Results. Compared with adult rats, control pups expressed significantly less AP protein but had 2-fold higher AP activity. NEC pup AP activity was significantly decreased compared to controls (P ≤ 0.05), which paralleled both the AP protein expression and immunofluorescence assay results. Following iAP administration, immunofluorescence, protein expression, and activity of AP were significantly increased compared with NEC pups without iAP supplementation. All NEC pups had intestinal injury grades ≥ 2 on a 4-point scale, while control and iAP-treated pups had grades < 0.25 (P < 0.001). Conclusions. Enteral administration of iAP to rat pups with experimental NEC increased AP activity levels to that of controls, and appears to protect the intestine. This opens up a new area of study in NEC pathophysiology as well as a potential novel treatment strategy to prevent the development of NEC.
The Resistance of a North American Bat Species (Eptesicus fuscus) to White-Nose Syndrome (WNS)

White-nose Syndrome (WNS) is the primary cause of over-winter mortality for little brown (Myotis lucifugus), northern (Myotis septentrionalis), and tricolored (Perimyotis subflavus) bats, and is due to cutaneous infection with the fungus Pseudogymnoascus (Geomyces) destructans (Pd). Cutaneous infection with P. destructans disrupts torpor patterns, which is thought to lead to a premature depletion of body fat reserve. Field studies were conducted at 3 WNS-affected hibernation sites to determine if big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) are resistant to Pd. Radio telemetry studies were conducted during 2 winters to determine the torpor patterns of 23 free-ranging E. fuscus hibernating at a site where Pd occurs. The body fat contents of free-ranging E. fuscus and M. lucifugus during hibernation at 2 different WNS-affected sites were also determined. The numbers of bats hibernating at the same site was determined during both: a) 4–7 years prior to the arrival of Pd, and, b) 2–3 years after it first appeared at this site. The torpor bouts of big brown bats hibernating at a WNS-affected site were not significantly different in length from those previously reported for this species. The mean body fat content of E. fuscus in February was nearly twice that of M. lucifugus hibernating at the same WNS-affected sites during this month. The number of M. lucifugus hibernating at one site decreased by 99.6% after P. destructans first appeared, whereas the number of E. fuscus hibernating there actually increased by 43% during the same period. None of the E. fuscus collected during this study had any visible fungal growth or lesions on their skin, whereas virtually all the M. lucifugus collected had visible fungal growth on their wings, muzzle, and ears. These findings indicate that big brown bats are resistant to WNS.
Experimental Allogeneic Tooth Transplantation in the Rhesus Monkey

Forty-eight tooth allografts were studied histologically and radiographically four days to 13 months after transplantation. The pulp and periodontal ligament degenerated and appeared to be replaced by host tissues. The relationship of attached fibers or uncalcified cells of hard tissues to allograft immunity and the similarity of tooth allografts to other tissue allografts were discussed.
Counting Complex Points of Surfaces in ℂ2

We deal with complex points of two-dimensional surfaces. A short survey of basic results about complex points of smooth surfaces in ℂ2 is presented at the beginning. For algebraic surfaces, a formula is proven which expresses the number of complex points as the local degree of an explicitly constructed polynomial endomorphism. Using this formula, some estimates for the number of complex points and the Maslov index are obtained in terms of algebraic degrees of defining equations with special attention paid to graphs of planar endomorphisms. Some estimates for the expected number of complex points of a random planar endomorphism are also obtained.
Enemy at the gates: dendritic cells and immunity to mucosal pathogens

Dendritic cells (DC) are diverse and specialized hematopoietic cells serving as an essential bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. DC exist in all lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs and are amongst the first responders to infection at epithelial surfaces including mucosal tissues. DC of the lung, gut, and vaginal mucosa display different phenotypes and functions reflecting each unique tissue and, in contrast to their counterparts in spleen and lymph nodes, are constantly exposed to both harmful and benign factors of their environments. Mucosal DC recognize and respond to pathogens through engagement of pattern recognition receptors, and activated DC migrate to draining lymph nodes to induce adaptive immune responses. The specialized function of DC aids in the induction of immunity and pathogen control at the mucosa. Such specialization includes the potent antiviral interferon response of plasmacytoid DC to viral nucleic acids, the ability of mucosal DC to capture organisms in the gut lumen, the capacity of DC to cross-present antigen from other infected cells, and the ability of mucosal DC to initiate IgA class switching in B cells. DC plasticity is also critical in the immune response to mucosal pathogens, as DC can respond to the microenvironment and sense pathogen-induced stress in neighboring epithelial cells. Finally, DC interact with each other through crosstalk to promote antigen presentation and T-cell immunity. Together, these processes condition mucosal DC for the induction of a tailored immune response to pathogens.
Multiple-scattering theory with a truncated basis set.

Multiple-scattering theory (MST) is an extremely efficient technique for calculating the electronic structure of an assembly of atoms. The wave function in MST is expanded in terms of spherical waves centered on each atom and indexed by their orbital and azimuthal quantum numbers, l and m. The secular equation which determines the characteristic energies can be truncated at a value of the orbital angular momentum ${\mathit{l}}_{\mathrm{max}}$, for which the higher angular momentum phase shifts, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}_{\mathit{l}}$ (lg${\mathit{l}}_{\mathrm{max}}$), are sufficiently small. Generally, the wave-function coefficients which are calculated from the secular equation are also truncated at ${\mathit{l}}_{\mathrm{max}}$. Here we point out that this truncation of the wave function is not necessary and is in fact inconsistent with the truncation of the secular equation. A consistent procedure is described in which the states with higher orbital angular momenta are retained but with their phase shifts set to zero. We show that this treatment gives smooth, continuous, and correctly normalized wave functions and that the total charge density calculated from the corresponding Green function agrees with the Lloyd formula result. We also show that this augmented wave function can be written as a linear combination of Andersen's muffin-tin orbitals in the case of muffin-tin potentials, and can be used to generalize the muffin-tin orbital idea to full-cell potentals.
Multiple use and comparative advantage: New avenues for federal land managers

Many resource activities carried out on public lands under the guise of multiple use do not exploit regional comparative advantages. The level of these activities appear justified only because the scope for multiple use comparisons is local and not regional. By incorporating the concept of comparative advantage into multiple use analyses, it is shown that more of all commodities can be produced by shifting production to regions most suited to produce that output. In the example offered, more wilderness and minerals are produced from BLM land, thereby reducing development versus preservation pressures. The incorporation of the principles of comparative advantage into multiple use management simply requires simultaneous evaluation of the regions' land use plans.
When Institutional Policies Conflict with Personal Values

The personal values and beliefs of leaders in higher education help to guide decision-making and behavior and sometimes conflict with institutional priorities and obligations.
Inference for smooth curves in longitudinal data with application to an aids clinical trial

We discuss a longitudinal study where data for many subjects are collected at irregular intervals. The study is a randomized trial of HIV infected subjects and the response variable of interest is serum neopterin. The mean of the outcome variable, taken over patients in each treatment group, is assumed to follow a smooth curve. Piecewise cubic polynomials with a moderate number of knots are used to model the curves. A general parametric form is assumed for the covariance structure. Maximum penalized likelihood estimation is used to smooth the over-parameterized curves. Statistical inference for the mean curves, including confidence bands and hypothesis tests, is discussed. Two approaches, one using a Bayesian interpretation of the penalized likelihood and the other based on the asymptotic distribution of the maximum penalized likelihood estimates, are discussed and contrasted. The properties of the confidence bands obtained from these two approaches are evaluated by examining their coverage rates in a simulation study.
Distinct Patterns of Angiogenesis in Oral and Skin Wounds

Clinical observation suggests that oral mucosal wounds heal faster than skin; however, little is known about the site-specific differences. Since fetal skin wounds heal rapidly, but are less vascular than adult wounds, we hypothesized that less robust wound angiogenesis might be observed in healing oral mucosa. This study investigated angiogenesis in equivalent-size oral and skin murine wounds. Change in wound bed vascularity was significantly lower in oral wounds than in skin. Also, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were less in oral than cutaneous wounds. Because keratinocytes are a prominent source of VEGF in wounds, we compared VEGF production by oral and epidermal keratinocytes in vitro. Significantly higher levels of VEGF protein and mRNA were observed in epidermal keratinocytes than in oral keratinocytes after 18 hrs of hypoxia. This study demonstrates distinct angiogenesis patterns in oral and skin wounds and intrinsic site-specific differences in VEGF production by keratinocytes.
Periodic interactions of heat shock transcriptional elements

The activity of some genes is known to be a periodic function of the amount of DNA between the binding sites of its regulatory proteins. The period observed is close to 10.5 base pairs (bp), that is, one turn of the B form of the DNA helix1–3. Such periodicity is also seen in the cooperative binding of phage lambda and lac repressers4,5. These periodic phenomena have been attributed to a requirement for a unique rotational alignment in forming essential contacts between the bound proteins1,6,7. Here we report a strong periodic dependence of the transcription of a cloned Drosophila melanogaster heat shock gene on the amount of DNA inserted between its two heat shock consensus elements. In addition, we find a similar periodicity for insertions just 3' to the proximal heat shock element. Consistent with the torsional flexibility of DNA, these periodic effects are seen for short insertions, up to ∼80 bp, but not for much longer ones. We conclude that maximal transcription requires rotationally unique contacts between proteins bound to the two heat shock elements and also requires correct alignment of additional sites of DNA-protein binding downstream of the proximal element.
Encoding risk: Probation work and sex offenders’ narrative identities

Legislation governing the management of released sex offenders in England and Wales has frequently focused on the monitoring of behaviour and the structuring of external controls. Such policies wou...
Leveraging Variations in Event Sequences in Keystroke-Dynamics Authentication Systems

User names and passwords stubbornly remain the most prevalent authentication mechanism. Password secrecy ensures that only genuine users are granted access. If the secret is breached, impostors gain access too. One method of strengthening password authentication is through keystroke dynamics. Keystroke dynamics algorithms typically restrict the authentication entry to only one valid sequence of keystrokes, although conventional keyboards offer more than one way to enter the same credential. In this paper, we introduce the concept of event sequences. We explore the nature of variations between multiple valid keystroke entry sequences and propose a scheme for effectively representing these variations. Using a locally collected data set, we test the efficacy of the related authentication method in distinguishing users. The experimental results show that the variation in typing sequences are typing-proficiency independent, unlike other conventional keystroke dynamics attributes, such as hold and delay times. We show that these variations contain sufficient discriminatory information to warrant their inclusion into user authentication methods.
Observation of entanglement between a single trapped atom and a single photon

An outstanding goal in quantum information science is the faithful mapping of quantum information between a stable quantum memory and a reliable quantum communication channel. This would allow, for example, quantum communication over remote distances, quantum teleportation of matter and distributed quantum computing over a 'quantum internet'. Because quantum states cannot in general be copied, quantum information can only be distributed in these and other applications by entangling the quantum memory with the communication channel. Here we report quantum entanglement between an ideal quantum memory--represented by a single trapped 111Cd+ ion--and an ideal quantum communication channel, provided by a single photon that is emitted spontaneously from the ion. Appropriate coincidence measurements between the quantum states of the photon polarization and the trapped ion memory are used to verify their entanglement directly. Our direct observation of entanglement between stationary and 'flying' qubits is accomplished without using cavity quantum electrodynamic techniques or prepared non-classical light sources. We envision that this source of entanglement may be used for a variety of quantum communication protocols and for seeding large-scale entangled states of trapped ion qubits for scalable quantum computing.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use and Quality of Life in Pediatric Diabetes

Abstract Objectives: The objectives of this study were to explore the association between complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use as reported by youth, and parents' and children's reported quality of life in youth with diabetes. Design: The study design was a cross-sectional survey. Setting: Youth in Washington State participated in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study, a national, multisite epidemiological study designed to assess the prevalence and incidence of diabetes in U.S. youth. Surveys assessing CAM utilization were mailed in January and April 2006. Participants: One thousand four hundred and thirty-nine (1439) youth were mailed a CAM survey. The final sample consisted of 467 youth with both CAM survey results and quality-of-life data. Outcome measures: Difference in mean scores on Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) between CAM users and nonusers overall, and specific CAM therapies were the outcome measures. Results: Of the 1439 participants approached, 587 (40.8%) returned t...
CHARMM-Gui Pace Cg Builder for Solution, Micelle, Bilayer and Vesicle Simulations

Coarse-grained and multi-scale simulations are widely used to study large biological systems nowadays. However, building the simulation system is not trivial in some occasions. We have developed the CHARMM-GUI PACE CG simulator for building solution, micelle, bilayer and vesicle systems using the PACE force field, a united-atom model for proteins, and Martini, a coarse-grained force field for water, ion and lipids. The qualities of the output systems are validated by simulation of various examples and comparison of the coarse-grained simulation to all-atom simulation. We expect this module to be a useful tool for modeling large, complicated systems.
Predicted and experimental standard electrode potentials in liquid ammonia at 25°C

Methods are described for the prediction of standard Gibbs free energies of formation of monatomic and polyatomic ions in liquid ammonia at 25°C. Supplementation with auxiliary free energy data allows the tabulation of standard electrode potentials in 1 m acid liquid ammonia solutions for 143 half-reactions involving 58 elements.
A statistical framework to evaluate virtual screening

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is widely used to evaluate virtual screening (VS) studies. However, the method fails to address the "early recognition" problem specific to VS. Although many other metrics, such as RIE, BEDROC, and pROC that emphasize "early recognition" have been proposed, there are no rigorous statistical guidelines for determining the thresholds and performing significance tests. Also no comparisons have been made between these metrics under a statistical framework to better understand their performances. We have proposed a statistical framework to evaluate VS studies by which the threshold to determine whether a ranking method is better than random ranking can be derived by bootstrap simulations and 2 ranking methods can be compared by permutation test. We found that different metrics emphasize "early recognition" differently. BEDROC and RIE are 2 statistically equivalent metrics. Our newly proposed metric SLR is superior to pROC. Through extensive simulations, we observed a "seesaw effect" – overemphasizing early recognition reduces the statistical power of a metric to detect true early recognitions. The statistical framework developed and tested by us is applicable to any other metric as well, even if their exact distribution is unknown. Under this framework, a threshold can be easily selected according to a pre-specified type I error rate and statistical comparisons between 2 ranking methods becomes possible. The theoretical null distribution of SLR metric is available so that the threshold of SLR can be exactly determined without resorting to bootstrap simulations, which makes it easy to use in practical virtual screening studies.
β-Adrenergic inhibition of AGEPC-stimulated Na+/Ca2+ exchange and AGEPC-induced platelet activation

Recently, AGEPC (1- O -alkyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine) was found to initiate contraction of ileal smooth muscle strips and to enhance Na + /Ca 2+ exchange in ileal plasmalemmal vesicles. In the present study, the effects of the smooth muscle relaxant, isoproterenol, on Na + /Ca 2+ exchange in rat ileal plasmalemmal vesicles was examined. In this preparation, Na + /Ca 2+ exchange was stimulated 131 ± 8% and 264 ± 19% by addition of 50 nM and 100 nM AGEPC, respectively. Isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist, inhibited AGEPC stimulation of Na + /Ca 2+ exchange in a dose- and time-dependent manner but had no effect on basal rates of Na + /Ca 2+ antiport. At 1 μM, isoproterenol inhibited 86% of the Na + /Ca 2+ exchange stimulated by 50 nM AGEPC. Vesicular cAMP levels were increased over 100% following the addition of 1 μM isoproterenol for 30 s. Inhibition of AGEPC-stimulated vesicular Na + /Ca 2+ exchange and elevation of vesicular cAMP levels by isoproterenol was prevented by the β-receptor antagonist propranolol (5 μM), demonstrating that these effects of isoproterenol were mediated by interaction with vesicular β-adrenergic receptors. Additional studies with washed rabbit platelets demonstrated that isoproterenol inhibited AGEPC-induced aggregation and serotonin release. These effects of isoproterenol were dose- and time-dependent and were antagonized by propranolol. Isoproterenol had no effect on thrombin-induced aggregation and did not change appreciably platelet cAMP levels. Moreover, dibutyryl cAMP could not mimic the effect of isoproterenol to inhibit an AGEPC-induced aggregation. On a molar basis, the inhibitory effects of isoproterenol toward AGEPC action were greater in the ileal preparation than in the platelets. It is suggested that β-adrenergic agonists may modulate AGEPC-induced ileal Na + /Ca 2+ exchange and AGEPC-induced platelet aggregation through cAMP-dependent and-independent mechanisms, respectively.
Unusual presentation of a giant benign inflammatory polyp in the upper esophagus

Introduction Benign inflammatory fibroid polyps (IFP) are rare submucosal tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Rarely, they can develop in the esophagus, usually in the lower third. There are only 12 cases of giant IFP of the esophagus reported in literature and little is known about their origin, biological behavior and operative management. We present a patient with a giant benign IFP of the esophagus that originated from the upper esophagus.
Ethanol and cocaine interactions in humans: Cardiovascular consequences

Intranasal cocaine (COC) and oral ethanol (ETOH) were administered to nine research volunteers during daily experimental sessions. Following the determination of baseline cardiovascular indexes, an ETOH cocktail (0, 19.4, 38.7, or 58.1 g of ETOH in lemonade) was consumed over a ten-minute period. Cocaine hydrochloride (4, 48, 96 mg) was inhaled 25 minutes after the start of ETOH drinking. Breath samples were collected 50 minutes after the start of ETOH drinking to estimate blood alcohol level (BAL). The effect of these doses, alone and in combination, on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP), while resting and while performing a serial acquisition task, were determined. COC and ETOH alone significantly increased HR up to 6 bpm without affecting BP. Combining the two highest doses of COC with the highest BAL increased HR by 20 bpm. During task performance, in the absence of drug, HR was increased up to 5 bpm, and BP was unchanged. Combining the highest COC dose and BAL with task performance increased HR by 40 bpm. Small increases in BP were also observed under these conditions. These results indicate that combinations of ETOH, COC and task performance produce greater increases in HR than BP, and, in addition, this increase in HR is greater than that observed following COC, ETOH, or task performance alone.
High-resolution NMR imaging of objects with dipolar-broadened spectra

It is shown that, in some substances with dipolar-broadened conventional NMR spectra, it is possible to use long-lived coherent response signals, excited by long and weak radiofrequency pulses, for producing NMR images with high spatial resolution. Compared to other techniques, the method does not require high field gradients or strong radiofrequency fields, and therefore, can be applied to large objects.
Infiltration under Variable Ponding Depths of Water

Cumulative infiltration was computed as a function of time-varying ponded water depths using a Green and Ampt analysis. The input water depths were field-measured values from two irrigation events on Superstition sand, one from a basin and one from a border. For both types of irrigation, the computed cumulative infiltration at a given measuring station was nearly the same whether using a variable head input or a constant (average) head during the time of opportunity. As an example, at the first measurement station for the basin event, the ponded depth went from a 0 to 9 cm depth over the 2–12 min. from the time water was introduced into the basin; this was followed by a decrease to a depth of 4 cm at 60 min. The computed infiltration using the depth hydrograph was 14.3 cm compared to 14.1 cm when using an average depth. A smaller value of 13.7 cm is found using the appropriate time of opportunity with a field averaged depth and a considerably smaller value of 12.4 cm was found when a zero-depth boundary i...
Response to the Comments on Industrial Pricing: Theory and Managerial Practice

The authors thank We would like to thank George E. Cressman, Jr. for his comments on their paper, "Industrial Pricing: Theory and Managerial Practice." This study had its origins in the thesis of the first author, who entered a doctoral program in marketing after spending 18 years in the heavy equipment industry. In that period he spent a lot of time setting prices and trying to predict future price changes by competitors. His industry experience suggested that the market-oriented pricing strategies discussed in the marketing literature are not used as extensively in practice as we might like to believe. The results of the study do confirm this suspicion, although not to the extent suggested in the commentary. It is important to understand how many firms are operating with a purely internal focus for their pricing strategy.
Comparison of the Chemical Composition and Magnetic Properties of Tektites and Glasses Formed by Fusion of Terrestrial Rocks

Comparison of the Chemical Composition and Magnetic Properties of Tektites and Glasses Formed by Fusion of Terrestrial Rocks
Paneth cell-like change in prostatic adenocarcinoma represents neuroendocrine differentiation: Report of 30 cases

Paneth cell-like change (PCLC) of the prostatic epithelium is considered to be a distinct form of neuroendocrine differentiation characterized by isolated cells or small groups of cells with prominent eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules. We evaluated 300 serially sectioned radical prostatectomy specimens from patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma who had not received prior adjuvant therapy (pathologic stages T2NOMO [177 patients], T3NOMO [100 patients], and TxN1MO [23 patients]). Paneth cell-like change was identified in 30 cases (10%), ranging from 1 to 20 high-power fields/positive case (mean, 4.1 high-power fields/case). There was no correlation of PCLC with prostate volume, prostate weight, Gleason grade, nuclear grade, lymph node metastases, serum prostate-specific antigen levels, cancer volume, area or presence of capsular perforation, seminal vesicle invasion, or glandular mucin (all P > .05), although a positive correlation was seen with cribriform pattern (r = 0.50, P = .0015). Immunohistochemistry revealed cytoplasmic immunoreactivity within cells of PCLC for chromogranin (seven of seven cases), neuron-specific enolase (seven of seven cases), serotonin (six of seven cases), prostate-specific antigen (five of seven cases), and prostatic acid phosphatase (four of seven cases); lysozyme was negative (seven cases). Our findings indicate that PCLC is more common than previously reported, but that it is not associated with tumor grade, serum PSA levels, or pathologic stage. This study also shows that PCLC represents neuroendocrine differentiation, suggesting that the term "Paneth cell-like change" be deleted from the pathologist's lexicon in relation to prostatic adenocarcinoma; a more appropriate term might be "neuroendocrine cells with large eosinophilic granules."
Validating classical line profile analyses using microbeam diffraction from individual dislocation cell walls and cell interiors

Dislocation structures in deformed metals produce broad asymmetric diffraction line profiles. During analysis, these profiles are generally separated into two nearly symmetric subprofiles corresponding to diffraction by dislocation cell walls and cell interiors. These subprofiles are then interpreted using complex models of dislocation-based line broadening. Until now, it has not been possible to test the many assumptions that are made in such an analysis. Here, depth-resolved microbeam diffraction was used to measure diffraction line profiles from numerous individual dislocation cell walls and cell interiors in a heavily deformed Cu single crystal. Summing these profiles directly constructed the cell-interior and cell-wall subprofiles that have been approximated in the line profile analysis literature for the past 30 years. Direct comparison between the reconstructed subprofiles and the macroscopic asymmetric line profile from the same sample allows the first direct tests of many of the assumptions that have been used for interpreting these X-ray measurements.
Rate of chemical weathering of silicate minerals in New Hampshire

Abstract The losses of dissolved Ca, Na, Mg and K have been determined for six small watersheds in New Hampshire during the period 1963–1967. From the rate at which Ca and Na are lost, the steady-state chemical weathering rate is calculated at 800 kg of bedrock-till per hectare per year. Under podzol weathering conditions, a major part of the K and Mg released by the breakdown of primary minerals is apparently retained in pedogenic clays.
Nano and Micro Mechanical Measurement of Interaction Forces Between Solid Surfaces

Two different types of experimental methods have beeen developed for measuring lateral interaction forces between two solid surfaces for nano- and micro-meter scale contacts. One is the type of direct measurement methods which typically utilize AFM instrumentations. In the direct lateral force measurements some size-scale effects are commonly observed due to the effects of adhesion and surface roughness. A recent development of a fine AFM lateral force calibration method, a diamagnetic lateral force calibrator, has made it possible to study such size-scale effects systematically. The other type is the field projection method which requires a high resolution measurement of a deformation field near the edge of a contact. For such measurements a comprehensive map of deformation measurement techniques is introduced in a domain of spatial and strain resolutions. This technique provides a way of assessing the non-uniform distribution of the surface interaction forces for nano and micro-meter scale contacts.
Differential expression of two sodium channel subtypes in human brain.

Two partial human brain sodium channel cDNA sequences (designated HBSC I and II) have been cloned and mapped to chromosome 2q23–2q24 by chromosome microdissection-PCR (CMPCR). The distribution of HBSC I and II mRNA in human brain was studied by means of a novel approach based on the ligase detection reaction. These studies demonstrate that HBSC I and II mRNA is heterogeneously distributed in brain. and that the relative ratio or the two forms can vary as much as 7-fold between different regions.
Student Opinion on the Location of Occupational Information on a University Campus

A questionnaire survey revealed student needs, knowledge, and use of occupational information, as well as opinions about the most suitable location of such a resource on the Oregon State University campus. Results indicated that most students did not know where occupational information was available and only a small percentage knew there were occupational files in the Counseling Center and the University library. The great majority (almost 9 out of 10) wanted the University to provide a central occupational library, with most naming the Student Union (40 per cent) or the University library (25 per cent) as the best location. The Counseling Center was mentioned by only 2 per cent of the students.
Empirical Localization of Observation Impact in Ensemble Kalman Filters

AbstractLocalization is a method for reducing the impact of sampling errors in ensemble Kalman filters. Here, the regression coefficient, or gain, relating ensemble increments for observed quantity y to increments for state variable x is multiplied by a real number α defined as a localization. Localization of the impact of observations on model state variables is required for good performance when applying ensemble data assimilation to large atmospheric and oceanic problems. Localization also improves performance in idealized low-order ensemble assimilation applications. An algorithm that computes localization from the output of an ensemble observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) is described. The algorithm produces localizations for sets of pairs of observations and state variables: for instance, all state variables that are between 300- and 400-km horizontal distance from an observation. The algorithm is applied in a low-order model to produce localizations from the output of an OSSE and the compu...
Recruitment of Mobility Limited Older Adults Into a Facility-Led Exercise-Nutrition Study: The Effect of Social Involvement

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Older adults are among the most challenging population groups to enroll into health-related research. This article describes two methods used by investigators to recruit mobility limited older adults residing at assisted living or senior housing (SH) facilities into a facility-led exercise-nutrition research study. DESIGN AND METHODS Sedentary older adults were recruited from 42 different assisted living facilities (ALFs) or SH communities. Two different recruitment approaches were used: At 22 sites, investigators conducted heavily advertised informational sessions to recruit participants (Info only). At 20 locations, these sessions were preceded by attendance of a study team member at various activities offered by the facility over the preceding 2 weeks (activity attendance). Population reach, enrollment, personnel cost, and time required to recruit at least five participants at each facility was measured. Reasons for declining participation and withdrawal rate were also measured. RESULTS Sixty percent more residents elected to be screened for eligibility when study personnel attended an activity offered by the facility. Activity attendance resulted in significantly less time, costs, and participant withdrawals compared with facilities with no activity attendance. IMPLICATIONS Study team member attendance at activities offered by senior living facilities reduces cost and duration of recruitment and improves study retention. Interventions targeting this demographic are likely to benefit from deliberately building trust and familiarity among the resident population at senior living communities as part of the recruitment process.
Macrophages and the Regulation of Adipose Tissue Remodeling

The ability of adipose tissue to adapt to a changing nutrient environment is critical to the maintenance of metabolic control. Nutrient excess and deficiency alter the shape of adipose tissue drastically and trigger many events that are collectively known as adipose tissue remodeling. Remodeling of adipose tissue involves more than adipocytes and is controlled by an extensive network of stromal cells and extracellular matrix proteins. Prominent players in this process are adipose tissue macrophages, which are a specialized leukocyte present in lean and obese states that contributes to adipose tissue inflammation. The interest in adipose tissue remodeling has been accelerated by the current epidemic of obesity and the chronic generation of signals that lead to expansion of adipose tissue. It is clear that evidence of dysfunctional remodeling events is a hallmark of obesity associated with metabolic disease. This review summarizes and highlights the recent work in this area and provides a framework in which...
DISCOVERY OF A FAINT COMPANION TO ALCOR USING MMT/AO 5 μm IMAGING ∗

We report the detection of a faint stellar companion to the famous nearby A5V star Alcor (80 UMa). The companion has M-band (λ = 4.8 μm) magnitude 8.8 and projected separation 1. �� 11 (28 AU) from Alcor. The companion is most likely a low-mass (∼0.3 M� ) active star which is responsible for Alcor’s X-ray emission detected by ROSAT (LX � 10 28.3 erg s −1 ). Alcor is a nuclear member of the Ursa Major star cluster (UMa;d � 25 pc, age � 0.5 Gyr), and has been occasionally mentioned as a possible distant (709 �� ) companion of the stellar quadruple Mizar (ζ UMa). Comparing the revised Hipparcos proper motion for Alcor with the mean motion for other UMa nuclear members shows that Alcor has a peculiar velocity of 1.1 km s −1 , which is comparable to the predicted velocity amplitude induced by the newly discovered companion (∼ 1k m s −1 ). Using a precise dynamical parallax for Mizar and the revised Hipparcos parallax for Alcor, we find that Mizar and Alcor are physically separated by 0.36 ± 0.19 pc (74 ± 39 kAU; minimum 18 kAU), and their velocity vectors are marginally consistent (χ 2 probability 6%). Given their close proximity and concordant motions we suggest that the Mizar quadruple and the Alcor binary be together considered the second closest stellar sextuplet. The addition of Mizar–Alcor to the census of stellar multiples with six or more components effectively doubles the local density of such systems within the local volume (d < 40 pc).
Fractionation of Substrate as an Intrinsic Characteristic of Feedstuffs Fed to Ruminants

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine whether fractionation of substrate into a soluble fraction, a potentially digestible fraction, and an indigestible fraction is an intrinsic characteristic of substrate and, thus, not affected by the ruminal environment in which it is incubated. The soluble fraction disappears during washing and is, by definition, an intrinsic fraction. Ten substrates were incubated for 4 or 42 d in the rumen of steers fed either mature alfalfa hay or a concentrate diet. The ADF residue remaining after 42 d of incubation was consistently higher for steers fed the concentrate diet but was not affected by animal, indicating that the indigestible ADF fraction, per se, is not an intrinsic fraction of substrate. This implied that certain microbial digestive activity could be not only reduced, but even inhibited, by changing the ruminal environment. A data analysis method was proposed that accounted for existence of intrinsic fractions by simultaneously analyzing digestion profiles of a single substrate, incubated in different ruminal environments. These profiles shared a common beginning point, whereas asymptotic endpoints depended only on dietary treatment. In general, parameter estimates were similar to those obtained from individual analysis of the digestion profiles, but asymptotic standard errors were smaller.
Analysis of hierarchical algorithms for wireless sensor network routing protocols

Hierarchical routing protocols are studied in terms of energy usage, packet latency, and security in the presence of node compromise attacks. We analyze clustering and tree-based structures of hierarchical algorithms to establish a method by which to design wireless sensor networks with particular energy, latency and security demands. Networks of homogeneous nodes and random deployment over a field are considered. We present analysis of the distribution of the distances between nodes of the sensor network and also provide simulations to validate and expound on these ideas.
Helicobacter pylori in Peptic Ulcer: Have Koch's Postulates Been Fulfilled?

This brief review considers whether or not Koch's postulates have been fulfilled for Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulceration. The histological features of peptic ulcer disease in man are active chronic gastritis with antral predominance, duodenal gastric metaplasia and active duodenitis. Other features are hyperpepsinogenaemia, relative postprandial hypergastrinaemia and basal acid hypersecretion. The macroscopic features are duodenal bulb ulceration or lesser curve and antral gastric ulceration. At present, gastric colonization with H. pylori has been produced in small animal species (rats and mice), but the infection is difficult to establish in immunocompetent animals, and histological gastritis is unconvincing. In larger animals the germ-free pig has been the most reliable model but the gastritis tends to be chronic with little activity. The best examples of acute infection are in three 'self-administration' experiments in humans. In these cases acute gastritis with hypochlorhydria developed which, when it converted to active chronic gastritis, tended to be asymptomatic. Either the circumstances were incompatible with ulceration, or the experiments were not continued for the many years necessary to develop peptic ulceration. It is concluded that only one of the many steps required for the development of peptic ulceration has so far been fulfilled, i.e. the ability of H. pylori to produce histological gastritis in a susceptible host.
Community Health Program Evaluation Using Accreditation as a Framework

Increasingly, health system leaders seek to determine whether community health interventions make a difference to individuals in the community. However, community health improvement is difficult to measure, and health system staff may not be familiar with evaluation research methods. Health care organizations can improve their evaluation efforts relatively easily by building on what they already know: the Joint Commission accreditation process. By using accreditation as a framework, community health evaluation may be seen as more approachable when viewed through that lens. This article provides a framework for practical approaches to program planning, evaluation, and sustainability. Joint Commission accreditation functions (chapters) are similar to health program goals. Standards are similar to program objectives. Elements of performance are similar to activities or methods. Scoring comparisons are similar to measures.