cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Dual Emission Laser Induced Fluorescence for Slurry Thickness Measurements in Chemical Mechanical Polishing

Dual emission laser induced fluorescence (DELIF) is a technique for measuring the instantaneous thin fluid film thickness in dynamic systems. Two fluorophores within the system produce laser induced emissions that are filtered and captured by two cameras. The ratio of the images from these cameras is used to cancel the effect of the laser beam profile on the image intensity. The resultant intensity ratio can be calibrated to a fluid film thickness. The utilization of a 2-dye system when applied to Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) is complicated by the fluorescence of the polymeric polishing pad and the light scattering particles in the polishing slurry. We have developed a model of DELIF for CMP with 1-dye employing the polishing pad as the second fluorophore. While scattering particles in the slurry decrease the overall intensity of the individual images, the contrast in the image ratio increases. Using the 1-dye DELIF system to measure thin slurry films, our model results indicate that a cubic calibration may be needed. However, experimental results suggest a linear calibration is achieved for slurry films between 0 and 133 μm thick with scattering coefficients as high as 8.66 mm−1 at a wavelength equal to 410 nm.
The production rate of natural tritium

A detailed evaluation is made of the production rate of natural tritium in the pre-thermonuclear epoch. Deuterium and tritium analyses on the same precipitation samples are used to establish the uncontaminated tritium levels in precipitation sampled before the Castle tests, and the tritium balance is calculated for the North American troposphere. The global mean production rate Q?, calculated from the geochemical inventory, is found to be 0.5 ± 0.3 atoms T/cm 2 sec. This value is three to four times smaller than values found previously by such calculations because of the following developments: 1 The deuterium and tritium data show that the increases in tritium content observed during early thermonuclear tests before Castle are due to addition of synthetic tritium rather than to random fluctuations. The deuterium-tritium relationships are used to establish the general pattern of tritium variations over the North American continent and to evaluate the uncontaminated tritium levels. 2 The mean stratospheric residence time for tritium is found to be about 1.6 years from studies on fission product fallout and from the latitudinal variation of stratospheric cosmic ray production. 3 Stratospheric tritium is preferentially injected into the troposphere at high latitudes, as shown by fallout observations. The tritium influx into the North American troposphere is therefore higher than the mean global value. The predicted production rate is calculated from cosmic ray and nuclear cross section data using the star production rates in the atmosphere. The predicted mean global tritium production rate during an average solar cycle is found to be 0.25 ± 0.08 atoms T/cm 2 sec. The variation in the production rate over an average solar cycle is found to be ± 4.5%. Within the uncertainties of the data and calculations, the production rates calculated from the geochemical inventory and from the cosmic ray data are in agreement, and there is thus no observational evidence for accretion of tritium from an extra-terrestrial source. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1961.tb00068.x
Evaluation of Therapeutic Strategies: A New Method for Balancing Risk and Benefit

Abstract Objective A patient-specific drug safety-efficacy index was developed that combined objective clinical trial information about dose-related efficacy and toxicity with subjective perspectives on efficacy-toxicity trades. Methods Patient preferences were systematically assessed using the probability tradeoff technique (PTT). Toxicity ranges over which a drug's efficacy exceeded the patient's minimally acceptable efficacy represented ranges of "surplus efficacy." These can be related to the dose interval in which a drug delivers this surplus efficacy. Seventy surplus efficacy functions (for 7 hypothetical drugs and 10 hypothetical preference curves) were simulated. Results The analysis showed that index values change markedly by dose and patient preference, suggesting that different patients will benefit from different drugs depending on the dose prescribed and each patient's subjective assessment of the efficacy/toxicity tradeoff. In most situations, drugs achieve positive surplus efficacy only over limited dose ranges. The model was sensitive to different preference curves and discriminated well among drugs with different efficacy or safety profiles. Conclusion This index provides a new, systematic approach to choosing a specific therapeutic intervention and dosage, when known risks and benefits are reconciled against patient-specific preferences among an array of therapeutic alternatives.
Posterior Cranial Fossa Meningiomas

This study evaluated the outcomes, complications, and recurrence rates of posterior cranial fossa meningiomas. We retrospectively reviewed our surgical experience with 64 posterior cranial fossa meningiomas. Mean age was 56 years with a female preponderance (67.2%). Headache was the most common symptom. Retrosigmoid approach was the commonest surgical procedure (23.4%). The incidence of cranial nerve related complications was 28%. Postoperatively facial nerve weakness was observed in 11%. The incidence of cerebrospinal fluid leak was 4.6%. Gross total resection was achieved in 37 patients (58%). Sixteen patients (25%) with residual tumors underwent Gamma knife radiosurgery. Recurrence or tumor progression was observed in 12 patients (18.7%). Operative mortality was 3.1%. At their last follow-up, 93% of the cases achieved Glasgow Outcome Scale scores 4 or 5. Total excision is the ideal goal which can be achieved with meningiomas located in certain location, such as lateral convexity, but for other posterior fossa meningiomas the close proximity of critical structures is a major obstacle in achieving this goal. In practicality, a balance between good functional outcome and extent of resection is important for posterior cranial fossa meningiomas in proximity to critical structures.
Molecular Models of Cesium and Rubidium Adsorption on Weathered Micaceous Minerals

Understanding the adsorption mechanisms of metal cations onto soils and sediments is of critical importance in the protection of the environment, especially for the case of radioactive materials including the fission product (137)Cs. Mechanism-based adsorption models for the long-term interaction of chemical and radionuclide species with clay minerals are needed to improve the accuracy of groundwater reaction and flow models, as well as related simulations for performance assessment of waste sites and repositories. Toward this goal, molecular simulation using geometry optimization and molecular dynamics methods have been used to investigate the adsorption behavior of Cs(+) and Rb(+) cations at frayed edge wedges (a proxy for frayed edge sites, FES) and in the interlayer region formed as a result of the transformation of muscovite to Al-hydroxy interlayered vermiculite (HIV) during weathering and pedogenesis. Frayed edge wedges, formed both on individual smectite and illite phases and on the mica-HIV intergrade, have previously been recognized as significant sinks for the strong adsorption of Cs(+) and Rb(+). Atomic density profiles, interlayer adsorption site maps, radial distribution functions, and adsorption enthalpies derived from the equilibrated structural models are used to evaluate the optimal adsorption configurations and thermodynamics for Cs- and Rb-endmembers, a 50:50 Cs-Rb composition for the aqueous interlayer of vermiculite, and for the interlayer wedge zone as mica is transformed to HIV (i.e., HIV-mica wedge). Adsorption enthalpies for both cations are significantly larger for the frayed edge wedges (as represented by the HIV-mica wedge model) compared to values for the vermiculite and mica interlayers. Cesium cation binds more strongly than Rb(+) in the vermiculite interlayer, while Rb(+) binds more strongly than Cs(+) in the HIV-mica wedge. In all cases, the derived adsorption enthalpies for both cations indicate a preference for the wedge environment where electrostatic interaction is enhanced due to the presence of layer charge and the increased size of interlayer at the wedge accommodating cations larger than K(+).
Active metal-matrix composites with embedded smart materials by ultrasonic additive manufacturing

This paper presents the development of active aluminum-matrix composites manufactured by Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing (UAM), an emerging rapid prototyping process based on ultrasonic metal welding. Composites created through this process experience temperatures as low as 25 °C during fabrication, in contrast to current metal-matrix fabrication processes which require temperatures of 500 °C and above. UAM thus provides unprecedented opportunities to develop adaptive structures with seamlessly embedded smart materials and electronic components without degrading the properties that make these materials and components attractive. This research focuses on developing UAM composites with aluminum matrices and embedded shape memory NiTi, magnetostrictive Galfenol, and electroactive PVDF phases. The research on these composites will focus on: (i) electrical insulation between NiTi and Al phases for strain sensors, investigation and modeling of NiTi-Al composites as tunable stiffness materials and thermally invariant structures based on the shape memory effect; (ii) process development and composite testing for Galfenol-Al composites; and (iii) development of PVDF-Al composites for embedded sensing applications. We demonstrate a method to electrically insulate embedded materials from the UAM matrix, the ability create composites containing up to 22.3% NiTi, and their resulting dimensional stability and thermal actuation characteristics. Also demonstrated is Galfenol-Al composite magnetic actuation of up to 54 μ(see manuscript), and creation of a PVDF-Al composite sensor.
Luxus consumption: wasting food resources through overeating

In this paper, we redefine the term luxus consumption to mean food waste and overconsumption leading to storage of body fat, health problems, and excess resource utilization. We develop estimates of the prevalence of luxus consumption and its environmental consequences using US food supply, agricultural, and environmental data and using procedures modeled after energetics analysis and ecological footprint analysis. Between 1983 and 2000, US food availability (food consumption including waste) increased by 18% or 600 kcal (2.51 MJ) per person. This luxus consumption required 0.36 hectares (ha) of land and fishing area per capita, 100.6 million ha for the US population, and 3.1% of total US energy consumption. Luxus consumption increased more for particular foods, such as high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), 22% of which was used in carbonated beverages. As an example, the luxus consumption of sweetened soda, 31.8 l per capita, used 0.8% of the US corn crop (230,555 ha of land); 33.6 million kg of nitrogen fertilizer; 175,000 kg of Atrazine herbicide; 34 million kg of nitrogen fertilizer; 2.44 trillion kcal (10.2 PJ) for production inputs and post-harvest handling; and led to 4.9 million metric tons of soil erosion. Diet soft drink luxus consumption was 43.9 l/capita. Assuming half of US soft drink luxus consumption was bottled in plastic, the energy cost for plastics would have been 2.49 trillion kcal (10.4 PJ) in 2000. Total HFCS availability above baseline in 2000 required 4.6 times the resources used for soft drinks alone. This analysis suggests the utility and applicability of the concept of luxus consumption to environmental analysis and for estimating the effects of excess food utilization.
Memory impairment, but not cerebrovascular disease, predicts progression of MCI to dementia

DeCarli et al.1 report a cohort of subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), investigating the impact of cerebrovascular disease on progression of MCI to dementia. The authors conclude that cerebrovascular risk factors did not predict progression to dementia. Given the methodologic limitations of the data analytic techniques employed in the evaluation of the relationship between cerebrovascular risk factors and progression to dementia, the assertion that cerebrovascular risk factors did not predict progression to dementia is incautious. First, the sample size in the investigation was limited to 52 subjects with 17 (33%) of those progressing to dementia and 35 (67%) remaining nondemented at the end of the observation period. As the sample was limited to a very small number of MCI converters to dementia, sophisticated statistical analytic tools such as logistic regression analysis cannot be used to examine the relationship between increasing cerebrovascular risk and incipient dementia. Instead, the authors …
Paramedic perception of elapsed field time.

An independent observer was placed with city paramedic teams to: a) record exactly how long emergency field procedures take; and b) determine the paramedic's perception of elapsed field time. One hundred eighteen runs were monitored; 33% required advanced life support skills, and 36% were for trauma. The response time (mean +/- S.E.M.) averaged 5.4 +/- 0.26 min, scene time 11.2 +/- 0.54 min, and transport time 9.5 +/- 0.86 min. The average time required to perform scene procedures ranged from 1.5 +/- 0.5 min for defibrillation to 5.0 +/- 0.47 min to start an IV. Paramedic perception of elapsed time for the entire run varied from the actual time by an average absolute value of 20%, with the greatest errors occurring in scene time estimates. Paramedics tended to overestimate elapsed time during short runs, and underestimate time on long runs. This report provides realistic field procedure times for urban paramedics. Distortion of time perception in the field environment emphasizes the need for strict medical control.
Fatty acid synthase : An early molecular marker of progression of prostatic adenocarcinoma to androgen independence

Purpose: Changes in fatty acid synthase levels were investigated in the CWR22 xenograft model of prostatic adenocarcinoma after castration and during progression to androgen independence.Materials and Methods: Male nude mice with CWR22 tumors were castrated and sacrificed 3, 7, 21, 28 or 42 days after castration. Some mice received testosterone replenishment 21 days after castration and were sacrificed 7 days later. In addition, other castrates were maintained for 7 to 10 months to allow tumors to relapse to androgen independence. Fatty acid synthase was measured by immunohistochemical study and Western blot analysis.Results: Fatty acid synthase decreased rapidly after castration and after 28 to 42 days it was 5% to 10% of the level in tumors of intact controls. Temporal changes in fatty acid synthase after castration were associated with decreased proliferative potential and increased levels of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip-1. Testosterone treatment of castrates at 21 to 28 days after cast...
Globally Irreducible Representations of Finite Groups and Integral Lattices

The notion of globally irreducible representations of finite groups has been introduced by B. H. Gross, in order to explain new series of Euclidean lattices discovered recently by N. Elkies and T. Shioda using Mordell--Weil lattices of elliptic curves. In this paper we first give a necessary condition for global irreducibility. Then we classify all globally irreducible representations of L 2(q) and 2B2(q), and of the majority of the 26 sporadic finite simple groups. We also exhibit one more globally irreducible representation, which is related to the Weil representation of degree (pn-1)/2 of the symplectic group Sp2n(p) (p ≡ 1 (mod 4) is a prime). As a consequence, we get a new series of even unimodular lattices of rank 2(pn−1). A summary of currently known globally irreducible representations is given.
Amphotericin B and Cholesterol in Monolayers and Bilayers

The antimycotic activity of amphotericin B depends on its ability to make complexes with cell membrane sterols. Surface pressure (π) as a function of surface area (A) and π−A hysteresis were measured for monolayers of amphotericin B/cholesterol mixtures on the water/air interface. Specific area per molecule of amphotericin B and free energy of mixing were calculated as a function of concentration of amphotericin B. When chloroform/methanol was used as a spreading solvent, the π−A isotherms of the mixed monolayers exhibited characteristic transitions from the gas to liquid-expanded, then liquid-condensed, and finally the solid state. The mean molecular area of the mixed monolayers was significantly higher than the calculated sum of the molecular areas of the pure components. This expanding effect was accompanied by a large π−A hysteresis and a positive excess of free energy of mixing at high π. In contrast, when 2-propanol/water was used as spreading solvent, the mixed monolayers at 20 °C exhibited π−A iso...
Natural Convection Air Cooling of a Discrete Heat Source on a Conducting Board in a Shallow Horizontal Enclosure

Experiments were performed to measure the heat transfer coefficient on the surface of a square flush heat source mounted at the center of an FR-4 plate in a small horizontal enclosure. The plate area was six times larger than the heat source area. Four cases were considered: the plate facing upwards and downwards, and the backside either insulated or convecting. The heat transfer coefficients exhibited distinct behavior at high aspect ratio in which the dominant length scales were related to the source. At intermediate aspect ratios, the length scales of both the source and the enclosure were relevant, and at small aspect ratios a conduction limit was observed. The heat transfer coefficients at high aspect ratios exceeded the prior correlations by 14 percent for upward facing isolated plates when the ratio of heat source area to perimeter was used as the significant length scale, but the dependence on Ra1/4 was consistent. For the downward facing case, the data exceeded the values for a uniformly heated isolated plate by 68 percent. Classical correlations for shallow differentially heated horizontal enclosures were not satisfactory in describing the dependence on enclosure height.
Coexistent neuroblastoma and Hirschsprung's disease--another manifestation of the neurocristopathy?

Abnormalities of neural crest development may be manifested in a wide variety of ways ranging from von Recklinghausen's disease to Sipple's syndrome — pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma. We report here yet another manifestation — coexistent multiple neuroblastomas and Hirschsprung's disease in a newborn. In a review of the English literature we have found the combination of neuroblastoma and Hirschsprung's disease recorded only once previously [2]. However, the relationship between the two diseases was not discussed. The two diseases may be at the extremes of a spectrum of neural crest developmental pathology, i. e., Hirschsprung's representing a deficiency and neuroblastoma representing malignant proliferation of cells of neural crest origin.
Expectancy of Stress-Reducing Aromatherapy Effect and Performance on a Stress-Sensitive Cognitive Task

Objective. Stress-reducing therapies help maintain cognitive performance during stress. Aromatherapy is popular for stress reduction, but its effectiveness and mechanism are unclear. This study examined stress-reducing effects of aromatherapy on cognitive function using the go/no-go (GNG) task performance and event related potentials (ERP) components sensitive to stress. The study also assessed the importance of expectancy in aromatherapy actions. Methods. 81 adults were randomized to 3 aroma groups (active experimental, detectable, and undetectable placebo) and 2 prime subgroups (prime suggesting stress-reducing aroma effects or no-prime). GNG performance, ERPs, subjective expected aroma effects, and stress ratings were assessed at baseline and poststress. Results. No specific aroma effects on stress or cognition were observed. However, regardless of experienced aroma, people receiving a prime displayed faster poststress median reaction times than those receiving no prime. A significant interaction for N200 amplitude indicated divergent ERP patterns between baseline and poststress for go and no-go stimuli depending on the prime subgroup. Furthermore, trends for beneficial prime effects were shown on poststress no-go N200/P300 latencies and N200 amplitude. Conclusion. While there were no aroma-specific effects on stress or cognition, these results highlight the role of expectancy for poststress response inhibition and attention.
Of Autos and Superhighways: The Interface between Organismal and Populational Biology: I

Like the ecotones of ecological systems, interfaces between biological levels often possess unusual richness and diversity. They present important choice points for investigators, as well as abundant opportunity for arguments about the potential success of "reductionist" as opposed to "integrative" approaches. That they have this special, controversial character is due to the hierarchical nature of biological organization. A given level comprises subunits which, in turn, are made up of lower-order elements. The properties of a given unit, conversely, may have significance entirely in the context of its interaction with others. The unique qualities of this kind of organization have long been recognized, especially for the transitional point between cell and organism (Grobstein, 1963). The integrative mechanisms that bind members of a population into societal or community relationships involve behavioral interac
Absence or major loss of part of the external ear and its correction

Abstract 1. Gross loss and absence of the external ear may be corrected by surgical or prosthetic means. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods should be thoroughly explained to patients. 2. Surgical correction, which is more costly, time-consuming, and frequently unsatisfactory, often requires further multiple corrective procedures, embarkation on a completely new start, or removal of tissue to provide an adequate, favorable base for prosthetic replacement. 3. An ear prosthesis, which is less costly and less time-consuming, can be replaced by plastic surgery if the patient cannot adapt to his prosthesis or accept its artificiality. 4. Liaison between the plastic surgeon and maxillofacial prosthodontist is essential for a successful prosthetic result. 5. The various medical disciplines should be made aware of the improved materials and methods in maxillofacial prosthetics, and the public should be informed as to the availability of this type of service in most large hospitals and rehabilitation centers.
Mapping of SV40 DNA replication origin region binding sites for the SV40 T antigen by protection against exonuclease III digestion

Abstract Incubation of 32 P-5′ end-labeled DNA fragments of lac operator were incubated with purified lac repressor, Exonuclease III cleavage was blocked at the 3′ borders of the operator on each strand. It was possible to define the DNA sequence between the two boundaries of repressor-mediated exonuclease blockade by electrophoresing the single-stranded, protected products in urea-containing polyacrylamide gels in parallel with a dimethylsulfate modification-cleavage digest of the end-labeled, uncleaved substrate. The same approach was applied to an analysis of sites of large SV40 T antigen protection in the vicinity of the origin of SV40 DNA replication. Three discrete boundaries of apparent protection were observed—one on the "late" side of the origin and two on the "early" side. These sequences may constitute the 3′ borders of discrete T antigen-binding sites in the origin region. Alternatively, one or more of these blockade points may signify regions of the genome which undergo conformational changes resulting in Exonuclease III resistance due to vicinal T antigen binding.
Interaction of properdin convertase and properdin in the alternative pathway of complement activation

Abstract When activated properdin convertase ( PC ) is added to normal human serum, properdin is altered as manifested by a shift in electrophoretic mobility and a decrease in the amount of protein measurable by radial immunodiffusion. The degree of alteration is dependent on the concentration of PC and the time of incubation. Thus, PC at a concentration of 5 × 10 −2 μg/ml will interact with serum properdin in 5–10 min at 37°C. Subsequent to this interaction, 95 per cent of serum C3–C9 hemolytic activity is consumed. This consumption appears to be mediated by the generation of two distinct enzymatic specificaties, one for C3 and one for C5. The consumption of C7 requires the prior activation of C5 either directly or via C3. Both the C3 and C5 reactivity are independent of C142 or factor B activation. Nevertheless, factor B can be activated subsequent to these fluid phase interactions, presumably those involving C3 alteration. Activation of factor B in this fashion requires factor D but is relatively inefficient and may reflect a change in C3 other than cleavage and formation of C3 b . In the presence of zymosan, properdin convertase mediated C3–C9 consumption is blocked. The extent of this inhibition depends on the relative amounts of PC and zymosan; the site of inhibition appears to involve the interaction of PC altered properdin and C3.
Low Vitamin D Status Among Obese Adolescents: Prevalence and Response to Treatment

Abstract Purpose To explore the prevalence of low vitamin D status among obese adolescents and to examine the effect of current management of low vitamin D status in these patients. Methods A retrospective chart review of obese adolescents who had been screened for vitamin D status by serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25(OH)D level of 30 ng/mL. Adolescents with vitamin D deficiency were treated with 50,000 IU of vitamin D once a week for 6–8 weeks, whereas adolescents with vitamin D insufficiency were treated with 800 IU of vitamin D daily for 3 months. Repeat 25(OH)D was obtained after treatment. Results The prevalence rate of low vitamin D status among 68 obese adolescents (53% females, 47% males, age: 17 ± 1 years, body mass index: 38 ± 1 kg/m 2 , Hispanic: 45%, African American: 40%, Caucasian: 15%) was 100% in females and 91% in males. Mean (±SE) 25(OH)D level was significantly higher in summer (20 ± 8 ng/mL) than in spring (14 ± 4 ng/mL, p p p Conclusions Increased surveillance and possibly higher vitamin D doses are warranted for obese adolescents whose total 25(OH)D levels do not normalize after the initial course of treatment.
Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries in the Elite Athlete

Injuries to the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) in athletes can be caused by acute trauma, chronic repetitive loading, or a combination of both. Regardless of cause, the management of TFCC injuries in the high-performance athlete is often different from the basic tenets applied to the general population. The diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation regimen should be individualized and sport-specific in athletes, taking into consideration the priorities and needs of the athlete while striking a balance between healing, return to play, and long-term well-being.
Tending and befriending: The intertwined relationships of quilters

ABSTRACT Using the convoy model of social relations, we explored the contributions of quilting activities to the relationships of middle- and older-aged women in three distinct groups: Amish, Appalachian, and Latter Day Saints. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten women from each group and analyzed qualitatively using McCracken's five-step method for analysis of long interviews. We found that these women had considerable horizontal and vertical connections to others. Specifically, they exhibited generativity by teaching their skills to others, building bonds with grandchildren through quilting, and leaving legacies through their quilts. Many developed friendships with other quilters that provided social support to deal with life challenges. Additional study of the contributions of mid-late life women's leisure activities to their social milieu, personal development, and well-being is needed.
Effects of amino acid analogs on growth and catheptic activity of chick embryo explants.

Protein nitrogen content and catheptic activities were determined in homogenates of dissected organ primordia from chick embryos grown in ovo. The effects of amino acid analogs on protein nitrogen content and catheptic activities were investigated in chick embryos grown as explants. The dependence of the measured catheptic activity on substrate concentration was found to follow the Michaelis-Menten equation, and the time course of catheptic activity was linear for a 9-hour incubation period. During incubation in ovo from 40 to 50 hours, the specific catheptic activity decreased about equally in the brain, the neural tube, the axial mesoderm, and the heart. During incubation in ovo from 50 to 85 hours, the specific catheptic activity of the heart showed a three-fold increase, the specific catheptic activity of the neural tube and axial mesoderm doubled, and the specific activity of the brain showed no significant increase. In tests with chick embryos explanted at the 11–13 somite stage, leucine analogs were found to reduce the net increase in protein nitrogen of the brain, neural tube, and axial mesoderm to values as low as 20% (1.02 × 10−3 M γ-bromoallylglycine) of the protein nitrogen increase in the controls. The total catheptic activity in the primordia was only insignificantly affected by the presence of leucine analogs. Fluorophenylalanine not only reduced the increase in protein nitrogen, but also depressed significantly the total catheptic activity in the examined organ primordia. The significance of catheptic activity in embryonic tissue and the differential effects of amino acid analogs on total protein content and catheptic activity are discussed.
DIEL SYNCHRONIZATION OF SPERM FORMATION IN THE DIATOM CHAETOCEROS CURVISETUM CLEVE1

During diel observations of spermatogenesis in Chaetoceros curvisetum Cleve, recognizable 4- and 8-celled developmental stages were observed primarily during the daily dark period. The timing of the appearance of recognizable stages, 12–16 h after light period onset, was independent of the photoperiods used (8:16, 12:12, 16:8 h LD).
Conceptualization of task boundaries preserves implicit sequence learning under dual-task conditions

Implicit learning in the serial reaction time (SRT) task is sometimes disrupted by the presence of a secondary distractor task (e.g., Schumacher & Schwarb Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 138:270-290, 2009) and at other times is not (e.g., Cohen, Ivry, & Keele Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16:17-30, 1990). In the present study, we used an instructional manipulation to investigate how participants' conceptualizations of the task affect sequence learning under dual-task conditions. Two experimental groups differed only in terms of the instructions and presequence training. One group was instructed that they were completing two separate tasks, whereas the other group was instructed that they were performing a single, integrated task. The separate group showed sequence learning, while the integrated group did not. These findings suggest that the conceptualization of task boundaries affects the availability of the sequential information necessary for implicit learning.
Introduction to the special issue on online pricing

Interactive marketing now exceeds a trillion dollars in sales and is growing at 10% per annum ( www.census.gov/estats ). The growth in online transactional activity raises a fundamental question: Is there anything really different about the theory or practice of pricing strategies online versus off-line? In other words, do pricing phenomena change simply because transactions have migrated from stores and catalogues to computer-mediated interfaces? Can pricing theory and strategies remain invariant regardless of whether firms post prices online or off-line and regardless of whether customers access and respond to prices online or off-line? This special issue provides insights into these questions by examining a wide variety of online pricing phenomena. Top scholars in the fields of marketing and economics shed light on important issues regarding consumers’ participation in setting prices, the use and abuse of online ratings, the processing of price and coupon information, and the economics of online price dispersion. Next, we elucidate these four issues and highlight the contributions of the nine articles comprising this special issue.
The influence of glucose upon the transport of light through the whole blood

Optical properties of whole bovine blood are examined under conditions of different glucose loadings. A strong dependency is established between the scattering properties of the whole blood matrix and the concentration of glucose. This dependency is explained in terms of variations in the refractive index mismatch between the scattering bodies (predominately red blood cells) and the surrounding plasma, and also by variations in the size and shape of the red blood cells. Measurements in the presence of a well-known glucose transport inhibitor indicate that variations in refractive index mismatch are related to the penetration of glucose into the red blood cells. In addition, results measure the glucose dependent aggregation properties of red blood cells. In this experiment, pulsations in transmitted light intensity are explained by cycles of aggregation and disaggregation of red blood cells in response to a propagating pump wave through the blood matrix. Magnitude of these pulsations depends on the concentration of glucose in the sample. Results are also presented to characterize the time-dependent variation in light transmission in response to a step change in glucose concentration. Finally, multivariate calibration models are presented for the measurement of glucose in a whole blood matrix. These models are based on near infrared spectra and Kromoscopy data collected from eighty different samples prepared from a single whole blood matrix. The best model is generated for combination near infrared spectra, which provides a standard error of prediction is less than 1 mM over a concentration range of 3 to 30 mM.
Morality and Its Relation to Political Ideology The Role of Promotion and Prevention Concerns

Our research investigated whether promotion concerns with advancement and prevention concerns with security related to moral beliefs and political ideology. Study 1 found that chronic prevention and promotion focus had opposite relations to binding foundation endorsement (as measured by the Moral Foundations Questionnaire), that is, positive for prevention and negative for promotion, and opposite relations to political ideology, that is, more conservative for prevention and more liberal for promotion, and the relation between focus and political ideology was partially mediated by binding foundation endorsement. Study 2 showed that promotion and prevention, even as situationally induced states, can contribute to differences in binding foundation endorsement, with prevention producing stronger endorsement (compared with a control) and promotion producing weaker endorsement.
Data-Reduction and -Search System for Digital Absorbance Spectra

Cross-correlation technique is effective as an alternative to coding procedures for systematizing the manipulation of a large file of digital spectral data. As a search method, it is reliable in the recognition of matching spectra and yields a low incidence of false identifications. Precision is governed by the purity of specimens rather than instrumental factors. The utility of a file is augmented by treatment of the spectra as vectors that are normalized to unit length before storage. Such reduction minimizes computer time required for the determination of correlation coefficients; in addition, proportionality factors are eliminated and plots can be superposed on a concentration-independent basis to supplement correlation searches.
Government goldmine: American Indian materials in government documents

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to investigate government document collections to identify subject‐related materials and offer suggestions for making those materials more evident to researchers.Design/methodology/approach – Using American Indian‐related materials as a case study, the authors conducted a keyword and subject heading analysis of federal government publications from 1976 through 2006, quantifying the publication patterns of various agencies. The researchers used the data to gain a better understanding of the distribution of subject matter throughout the collection and to identify key series.Findings – The paper reveals that, in a traditional, Superintendent of Documents‐classified, federal publications collection, materials with a common subject matter are produced by a wide variety of agencies. This dispersed production leads to disconnected pockets of relevant information, which creates more work for information seekers.Research limitations/implications – The case study analysis do...
Efficient sets in partial k -trees

Abstract We generalize the result of Bernhard, Hedetniemi and Jacobs by providing a linear time algorithm that computes the efficiency of a partial k-tree that is given with its embedding in a k-tree.
ALCOHOL REGULATION AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE TOWARDS CHILDREN

In recent years, economists have paid much attention to the demand for alcohol and the negative externalities associated with excessive drinking. Largely ignored in the literature is the link between alcohol use and domestic violence. Given the established positive relationship between alcohol consumption and acts of violence, the purpose of this paper is to examine the role that changes in the determinants of the demand for alcohol may play in reducing the incidence of violence aimed at children. Data on violence come from the 1976 Physical Violence in American Families survey. We estimate a model in which violent outcomes are affected by the state excise tax rate on beer; illegal drug prices, and other regulatory variables such as availability measures and laws restricting the advertising of alcohol. Results show that increasing the tax on beer can be an effective policy tool in reducing violence. Laws designed to make obtaining beer more difficult also may be effective in reducing violence, while restrictions on advertising and increases in illegal drug prices have no effects.
Biophysical determinants of alveolar epithelial plasma membrane wounding associated with mechanical ventilation.

Mechanical ventilation may cause harm by straining lungs at a time they are particularly prone to injury from deforming stress. The objective of this study was to define the relative contributions ...
Review: Protein refolding and inactivation during bioseparation: Bioprocessing implications.

The recombinant production of proteins leads to inclusion bodies which contain aggregated proteins in active, partially active, and inactive conformational states. These aggregated proteins must be extracted from the inclusion bodies, unfolded, and carefully refolded to the active and the stable conformational state. Mechanistic models for protein refolding are briefly presented. Different strategies and protocols are presented that lead to the active and stable protein conformational state. The techniques presented include chaperonin-assisted refolding, amino acid substitution, polyethylene glycol-assisted refolding, protein refolding in reverse micelles, and antibody-assisted refolding of proteins. The techniques presented together provide a reasonable framework of the state-of-the-art and may be carefully applied to the bioseparation of other proteins and biological macromolecules of interest.
Is Obesity Caused by Calorie Underestimation? A Psychophysical Model of Meal Size Estimation

Abstract Calorie underestimation is often alleged to contribute to obesity. By developing a psychophysical model of meal size estimation, the authors show that the association between body mass and calorie underestimation found in health science research is a spurious consequence of the tendency of high-body-mass people to choose—and thus estimate—larger meals. In four studies involving consumers and dieticians, the authors find that the calorie estimations of high- and low-body-mass people follow the same compressive power function; that is, they exhibit the same diminishing sensitivity to meal size changes as the size of the meal increases. The authors also find that using a piecemeal decomposition improves calorie estimation and leads people to choose smaller, but equally satisfying, fast-food meals. The findings that biases in calorie estimation are caused by meal size and not body size have important implications for allegations against the food industry and for the clinical treatment of obesity.
Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin modulates epithelial permeability and bacterial internalization by HT-29 enterocytes

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis has been associated with diarrheal disease, and the enterotoxin has a cytopathic effect on cultured HT-29 enterocytes. Experiments were designed to determine the effect of B. fragilis enterotoxin on bacteria-enterocyte interactions. METHODS: Confluent HT-29 enterocytes were incubated for 1 hour with B. fragilis enterotoxin, followed by 1 hour of incubation with pure cultures of enteric bacteria, namely, Salmonella typhimurium (two strains), Listeria monocytogenes (three strains), Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli (three strains), and Enterococcus faecalis. Enterocyte viability was assessed using vital dyes, epithelial permeability was measured using transepithelial electrical resistance, enterocyte morphology and bacteria-enterocyte interactions were visualized using light and electron microscopy, and bacterial internalization was assessed using a quantitative culture of lysed enterocytes. RESULTS: B. fragilis enterotoxin did not affect enterocyte viability but decreased transepithelial electrical resistance, and individual enterocytes pulled apart. Enterotoxin pretreatment decreased internalization of L. monocytogenes (P
Complications of major aortic and lower extremity vascular surgery.

Atheromatous disease and invasive intervention of the aortoiliac and distal arteries are common. Morbidity and mortality have been reduced through understanding and management of patient risk factors. Complications of this form of treatment affect all organ systems; mortality is most frequently caused by a cardiovascular complication (eg, myocardial infarction). Infection, leading to aortoenteric fistula is a dreaded complication, and paraplegia, though rare, is a devastating outcome. Multiorgan failure and death may result from a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Vascular surgery for infrainguinal disease also has a significant cardiovascular complication rate. Resulting complications may affect all organs; loss of an extremity may occur. The first part of this article reviews perioperative and postoperative complications of open aortic repair and lower-extremity revascularization and addresses the issue of regional anesthesia for major vascular surgery. The second part reviews endovascular aortic...
Relationships Between Self-Determined Motivation and Developmental Outcomes in Sport-Based Positive Youth Development

Building on self-determination theory, this study examined the relationships between self-determined motivation toward sport participation and developmental outcomes in sport-based positive youth development. One hundred twenty participants in a sport-based positive youth development program designed to engage youth through running completed a postprogram survey measuring their self-determined motivation toward running and achievement of developmental outcomes. The results of regression analyses indicated that participants with higher self-determined motivation toward running reported higher general self-efficacy, more positive attitudes toward a healthy lifestyle, and lower engagement in threatening behavior. On the other hand, self-determined motivation was unrelated to self-reported academic performance.
Group Deception in Computer-Supported Environments

Business organizations emphasize the importance of teamwork and collaboration within work groups more than ever before. Unfortunately, group interaction is not always positive. Very little research has been conducted to investigate the behavior and judgments of group members who are belong to group in which one of the members is deceptive. This study is one of the first attempts to look at this phenomenon, from both the deceiver and receiver sides. Groups of three student subjects engaged in a group negotiation task, with one of the group members randomly assigned the role of deceiver. Groups varied by the availability of computer-supported communication for discussion purposes, their physical proximity with one another, and the number of group members who were warned about the possibility of deception. Results indicated that individuals lied more when using computers to communicate with others and when both of their group partners had been warned. Group members were not proficient at detecting lies in any of the conditions. Implications of these findings and their potential implications for research and practice are discussed.
Complete reaction cycle of a cocaine catalytic antibody at atomic resolution.

Summary Antibody 7A1 hydrolyzes cocaine to produce nonpsychoactive metabolites ecgonine methyl ester and benzoic acid. Crystal structures of 7A1 Fab′ and six complexes with substrate cocaine, the transition state analog, products ecgonine methyl ester and benzoic acid together and individually, as well as heptaethylene glycol have been analyzed at 1.5–2.3 A resolution. Here, we present snapshots of the complete cycle of the cocaine hydrolytic reaction at atomic resolution. Significant structural rearrangements occur along the reaction pathway, but they are generally limited to the binding site, including the ligands themselves. Several interacting side chains either change their rotamers or alter their mobility to accommodate the different reaction steps. CDR loop movements (up to 2.3 A) and substantial side chain rearrangements (up to 9 A) alter the shape and size (∼320–500 A 3 ) of the antibody active site from "open" to "closed" to "open" for the substrate, transition state, and product states, respectively.