cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analysis of various environmental and specific sensory stimuli on the seizure activity of the Mongolian gerbil

Mongolian gerbils were subjected to different environmental and specific sensory stimuli to determine the ability of these stimuli to provoke seizures. None of the specific sensory stimuli, somatosensory, olfactory, auditory or visual, were effective in inducing convulsions. This finding does not implicate dysfunctions of the specific sensory pathways in seizure genesis in gerbils. In contrast, several novel environmental stimuli that exposed the animals to a difficult exploratory task (i.e., Y-maze, disk rack, etc.) could trigger seizures, and this suggests that the pathophysiology of epileptiform events in gerbils may have a unique association with exploratory behavior. However, the frequency, latency and severity of the seizures showed no correlation with each other, indicating that these parameters are probably determined by independent factors. Taken together with previous studies on the electrophysiology of the dentate gyrus during exposure to novel experiences, and the anatomical abnormalities found in the hippocampus of the seizure-sensitive gerbil, these behavioral data provide further support for a significant role of the hippocampus in the pathophysiology of seizures in this model of genetic epilepsy.
Information Asymmetry and Competitive Bidding in Auditing

This article finds that clients with greater risk of fraud are less likely to engage prospective auditors in competitive bidding, consistent with the theory that these companies seek to limit access to information that might reveal their high-risk status. In contrast, we find no support for the expectation that companies with higher agency costs will seek competitive auditor bids, due to the need for better monitoring. Our results also show that bidding competition is more likely when the bidding firm is not an industry specialist, when clients have more active corporate governance, and when there are difficulties with the predecessor auditor.(JEL D44, D82, M42)
Informational processing of complex sound. I: Intensity discrimination

This paper reports on some initial experiments using the sample discrimination paradigm to investigate normal‐hearing listeners’ ability to process information in complex, nonspeech sounds. An important feature of the sample discrimination experiment is that the value of the d i f f e r e n c e to be discriminated randomly varies from trial to trial. It is this variation that yields potential information. In the present study, listeners heard a pair of multitone complexes (or sequences) on each trial. The individual levels of the tones were drawn from two normal distributions differing only in mean. The listener’s task was to identify the sound having the higher mean tone level. For an ideal observer in these experiments, performance in d’ grows as the square root n, where n is the number of tones. Obtained d’ grew more nearly as the cube root of n regardless of whether the tones were played sequentially or simultaneously or whether they were increased in number from high frequencies to low or from low frequencies to high. A preliminary model is proposed in which discrimination performance depends predominantly on the information content of the sounds and is largely independent of the physical dimensions along which the sounds vary. Information content is defined in terms of the variance of the underlying stimulus distributions and a stimulus equivocation factor that is derived from the data. Based on this model, transmitted information is estimated to be between 1.0 and 2.6 bits.
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism After Stroke

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication following acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Pulmonary embolism (PE), the most serious consequence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), can result in significant morbidity and death. Patients with stroke are at particular risk because of limb paralysis, prolonged bed rest, and increased prothrombotic activity. Preventive measures should be taken at all levels of care and can include mechanical calf compression, antiplatelet agents, and the use of anticoagulants such as heparin and low molecular weight heparin. Prevention of VTE should be incorporated into all stroke care pathways.
Regional blood flow in resting and stimulated sciatic nerve of diabetic rats

Abstract The role of ischemia in the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy remains uncertain. We used the distribution of [ 14 C]butanol to measure resting regional sciatic nerve blood flow in normal, anesthetized rats and in rats with acute experimental diabetes from streptozotocin administration. Regional flows in hind limb biceps femoris muscle and skin were simultaneously measured. In additional diabetic rats, these blood flows were compared in both limbs after proximal electrical stimulation of one sciatic trunk (10 shocks/s) for 15 min. One month after streptozotocin administration, 8 of 11 test rats were hyperglycemic. Resting nerve blood flow in the hyperglycemic rats-5.6 ± 3.07 ml·min −1 ·100 g −1 -was significantly less than that in the controls (9.4 ± 3.9 ml·min −1 ·100 g −1 , P = 0.002). Muscle blood flow was normal and skin blood flow decreased in these rats. Calculated tissue vascular resistances were elevated in all three tissues. Stimulation of one sciatic trunk in five other diabetic rats resulted in a stimulated nerve blood flow of 15.7 ± 7.7 ml·min −1 ·100 g −1 , and nerve blood flow in the resting control limb was 7.7 ± 4.3 ml·min −1 ·100 g −1 ( P = 0.009). Muscle blood flow increased approximately fourfold on the stimulated side but skin blood flow did not increase. Resting sciatic nerve blood flow is modestly decreased in acute streptozotocin-induced diabetes, but the neural blood vessels are still responsive to the increase in nerve metabolic activity associated with nerve stimulation.
PERSPECTIVE: HIGHLY VARIABLE LOCI AND THEIR INTERPRETATION IN EVOLUTION AND CONSERVATION.

Although highly variable loci, such as microsatellite loci, are revolutionizing both evolutionary and conservation biology, data from these loci need to be carefully evaluated. First, because these loci often have very high within-population heterozygosity, the magnitude of differentiation measures may be quite small. For example, maximum GST values for populations with no common alleles at highly variable loci may be small and are at maximum less than the average within-population homozygosity. As a result, measures that are variation independent are recommended for highly variable loci. Second, bottlenecks or a reduction in population size can generate large genetic distances in a short time for these loci. In this case, the genetic distance may be corrected for low variation in a population and tests to detect bottlenecks are advised. Third, statistically significant differences may not reflect biologically meaningful differences both because the patterns of adaptive loci may not be correlated with highly variable loci and statistical power with these markers is so high. As an example of this latter effect, the statistical power to detect a one-generation bottleneck of different sizes for different numbers of highly variable loci is discussed. All of these concerns need to be incorporated in the utilization and interpretation of patterns of highly variable loci for both evolutionary and conservation biology.
An Algebra of Database Preferences

Abstract Preferences allow more flexible and personalised queries in database systems. Evaluation of such a query means to select the maximal elements from the respective database w.r.t. the preference, which is a partial strict-order. We present a point-free calculus of such preferences and exemplify its use in proving algebraic laws about preferences that can be used in query optimisation. We show that this calculus can be mechanised using off-the-shelf automated first-order theorem provers.
Molecular Analysis of Microbiota-Host Cross-Talk in the Intestine

The resident microbiota of the mammalian intestine influences diverse homeostatic functions of the gut, including regulation of cellular growth, restitution after injury, maintenance of barrier function, and modulation of immune responses. However, it is unknown how commensal prokaryotic organisms mechanistically influence eukaryotic signaling networks. We have shown that epithelia contacted by enteric commensal bacteria in vitro and in vivo rapidly generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and distinct microbial taxa have markedly different potencies in stimulating this response. This physiologically generated ROS is known to participate in a variety of cellular signal pathways via the rapid and transient oxidative inactivation of a number of regulatory enzymes. We show that these oxidant sensitive enzymes include key control points in the proinflammatory NF-κB pathway and in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics. Accordingly, we show various commensal bacterial have the ability to suppress inflammatory signaling and stimulate cell motility both in cell culture and in animal models. These events are consistent with known effects of the microbiota and selected probiotics. Collectively, our studies outline a molecular mechanism that may account for aspects of microbial-host cross-talk in the intestine in normal physiology and during therapeutic intervention with probiotics.
Global aspects of plasma structures

Abstract This topical review provides an overview of the progress achieved under Project 3.1, entitled Global Aspects of Plasma Structures (GAPS) during the lifetime of the Solar Terrestrial Energy Program (STEP) from 1990–97. The mandate of the GAPS project covered middle and high latitude plasma structuring. However, given the requirement of limited length for this overview, only high latitude studies will be covered because of the particularly collaborative nature of the effort, made possible by an international program such as STEP. High latitude plasma structuring studies have progressed from joint experimental campaigns involving many locations and diagnostic techniques, and several focused international workshops that united experimenters and modelers. They have provided the groundwork for studying the macroscale (hundreds of km) and mesoscale (km and smaller) plasma structures at high latitudes under two distinct configurations of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). When the IMF is directed southward, we observe macroscale, enhanced density structures known as patches. We have documented much on their origin, modification by the electric field structure in the cusp, airglow signatures in the polar cap, interaction with the neutral medium, mesoscale structuring causing scintillations, convection through the polar cap, and eventual exit into the auroral oval. This has led to several modeling efforts, demonstrating patch formation via temporal changes in the large-scale flow configuration in the cusp. Additionally, we have successfully linked the climatology of the macroscale structure model to the mesoscale structure in the polar regions, an advance that may lead to truly predictive irregularity models for forecasting effects on communication and navigation systems during the upcoming solar maximum. For northward IMF conditions, we have advanced our ability to simulate Sun-aligned arcs using a magnetosphere–ionosphere (M–I) coupled model, driven by realistic magnitudes of electric fields, conductivities and currents. The simulation has been enabled by utilizing an extensive ground-based optical database supported by satellite measurements of their morphological characteristics, including their dawn-dusk motion, dependence on IMF By, and propensity for multiple structuring. We soon expect significant advances resulting from several newly established powerful instruments in the northern and southern polar regions.
ABNORMAL PROTOPLASMIC PATTERNS AND DEATH IN SLIGHTLY HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS

Some interesting properties of protoplasm are revealed when slightly hypertonic solutions of sugars or of electrolytes are applied to Nitella. The chloroplasts contract and the space between them increases and forms a characteristic pattern consisting of clear areas extending lengthwise along the cell and tapering off at both ends. The development of these areas is irreversible from the start. If the cell is returned to water after plasmolysis begins these areas continue to enlarge in much the same fashion as when no change is made in the external solution. The cell soon dies whether returned to water or left in the plasmolyzing solution. Similar results are obtained with other sugars, with NaCl, CaCl2, and sea water. Similar reactions are also brought about by strong ingoing or outgoing currents of water. This suggests that mechanical action may be chiefly responsible for the result and this idea is in harmony with other facts. It seems possible that the retraction of the protoplasm from the cellulose wall may disturb the delicate non-aqueous film which covers the outer surface of the protoplasm and thus produce injury. Such an effect might take place even without visible retraction if the injury occurred in protoplasmic projections extending into the cellulose wall. A study of this behavior may throw light on the nature of the protoplasmic surface and on the properties of protoplasmic gels as well as on the process of death. An understanding of the mechanism involved may help to explain the action of hypertonic solutions in other cases as, for example, in the artificial parthenogenesis of marine eggs.
Sympathetic innervation of the cornea from the superior cervical ganglion. An HRP study in the cat

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to the cornea in cats using a variety of methods. Small numbers of labeled neurons were observed in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), the majority were located in the rostral half. This confirms previous histofluorescence data which indicated the SCG was the likely source of adrenergic fibers to the cornea.
Survival, movement, and resource use of the butterfly Parnassius clodius

. 1. A mark–recapture study was conducted on the American Apollo butterfly Parnassius clodius Menetries during three field seasons (1998–2000) to examine its movement patterns over the course of a season within a sagebrush meadow in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A. The study examined how resources affected butterfly distribution patterns and used mark–recapture data to gain insight into movement differences between sexes and over time. 2. The average straight-line movement of P. clodius was 202 m day−1, adjusted for sampling effort at different distances. Movement estimates in all 3 years were highly correlated with the average distance between plots sampled. 3. Butterfly abundance was correlated positively with per cent cover of its host plant Dicentra uniflora, but this relationship decreased in importance during the peak of the flight period when individuals may be more interested in finding mates. There was a weak, positive correlation between butterfly abundance and the abundance of its primary nectar source, Eriogonum umbellatum in 1999, but no relationship in 2000. 4. Survival, recapture, and transition probabilities were estimated using open population, capture–recapture models. Survival and recapture probability decreased over the course of each season, while the probability of moving between plots increased. Recapture probability was significantly lower for females than for males among all 3 years, but there was no difference between the sexes in survival rate.
Financial capital and intellectual capital in physician practice management

PROLOGUE: Managed care began as a reform in health care finance but is producing a revolution in health care organization, with ever new forms of ownership, governance, employment, contracting, and oversight. One newly emerging organizational entity is the physician practice management (PPM) firm. This for-profit organization links physician groups in multiple markets and provides physicians with needed capital and resources at a time of great change in the health care system. The questions that arise include: Will the creation of these new organizations consolidate the once fiercely independent cottage industry of physician practice? And are PPM firms the vehicle to put doctors back in the driver's seat of the health care delivery system? In this paper Jamie Robinson undertakes the challenge of analyzing the role of this new economic entity in the rapidly evolving health care marketplace. Robinson, a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley, who received his doctorate from the sam...
Differential restaurant patronage of obese and nonobese people

Abstract Six pairs of experimenters observed 1482 persons entering food and non-food locations during lunch hour and categorized them as obese, borderline, or normal weight. The two main hypothesis, that obese individuals would be over-represented at eating establishments in general and at those featuring high calorie dessert items in particular, were not supported. Nevertheless, two important methodological findings emerged. Observer expectations about the results of the study exerted a modest but systematic effect on the data. In addition, although interobserver reliability was high, there were marked differences between observer pairs in their criteria of obesity. Pretraining blind observers to meet objective criteria of adiposity is recommended for naturalistic assessments of obesity.
Cheese Rind Communities Provide Tractable Systems for In Situ and In Vitro Studies of Microbial Diversity

Tractable microbial communities are needed to bridge the gap between observations of patterns of microbial diversity and mechanisms that can explain these patterns. We developed cheese rinds as model microbial communities by characterizing in situ patterns of diversity and by developing an in vitro system for community reconstruction. Sequencing of 137 different rind communities across 10 countries revealed 24 widely distributed and culturable genera of bacteria and fungi as dominant community members. Reproducible community types formed independent of geographic location of production. Intensive temporal sampling demonstrated that assembly of these communities is highly reproducible. Patterns of community composition and succession observed in situ can be recapitulated in a simple in vitro system. Widespread positive and negative interactions were identified between bacterial and fungal community members. Cheese rind microbial communities represent an experimentally tractable system for defining mechanisms that influence microbial community assembly and function.
Chronology of Gold Mineralization in the Sierra Nevada Foothills from40Ar/39Ar Dating of Mariposite

Mariposite (Cr-rich muscovite) crystals formed the during metasomatic replacement of serpentinite yield 40Ar/39Ar ages demonstrating that gold-quartz-carbonate mineralization in the Sierra Nevada Foothills Metamorphic Belt occurred as early as 152 Ma and continued until at least 122 Ma. The earliest gold mineralization is found in the Grass Valley District; mineralization subsequently migrated southward along the Melones fault zone, forming the Mother Lode Gold Belt. These ages correspond to a lull in Sierra Nevada plutonism, and with periods of ductile deformation along the Melones and related fault zones. Our data suggest that gold-quartz-carbonate mineralization was not associated with Sierra Nevada plutonism, but instead was related to changes in plate dynamics, and generation and migration of CO2-rich ore-forming metamorphic fluids along the continental margin of North America. In this model, shallow gold mineralization was produced by heating of the lower crust within the structural melange of the S...
Localization of ribosomal and telomeric DNA sequences in intact plant nuclei by in-situ hybridization and three-dimensional optical microscopy

SUMMARY We have combined the use of three-dimensional (3-D) fluorescence microscopy and computer image processing of images with in-situ hybridization to analyse the 3-D organization of interphase nuclei in plants. In sections of root tips of Pisum sativum, using cDNA probes, we have shown that telomeres are arranged around the nuclear periphery and that the ribosomal genes in this species appear to exist in discrete, 3-D domains.
Sex dependent behavioral response to frontal cortical suction lesions in the rat

Abstract Previous reports indicate that male rats given right (but not left) frontal cortical suction lesions develop hyperactivity accompanied by cortical norepinephrine depletions (9, 10). In this study, female rats given such lesions to either hemisphere developed bilateral cortical norepinephrine depletions but no hyperactivity. Right lesion male rats developed both catecholamine depletions and hyperactivity. Thus, the lateralized hyperactivity response to these cortical lesions is sex-dependent and may involve sex differences in subcortical neural pathways.
Configuring the Art Object in the Age of Digital Computing: Meaning, Intentionality and Virtualization

This paper highlights the art object nature as a theoretical anchor regarding contemporary virtual art, as well as traditional art practices, like painting. The analysis takes as a starting point the new immaterial status of the artistic object in the computer age. Despite the widespread prevalence in the analysis, our goal is to detach some key features as: meaning, intentionality and virtualization. These subjects prove to be related to each other and most of all, the link between intentionality and virtualization, brings forward the inconclusive nature of the art object and the decisive role of the spectator in the outcome of the creative process. Therefore, we acknowledge that the virtual fosters creativity, although remarking the lack of substance in some expressions of new media art. So, a final statement reassesses the importance of traditional practices, but now with the awareness of new media cultural logic, and its contribution to creation.
Dibutyryl cyclic AMP-induced differentiation of epidermal cells in tissue culture.

Histochemical and biochemical techniques have been used to compare the effects of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on epidermal cells and dermal cells in primary tissue culture. Rhodamin B staining showed only scattered positive cells in nontreated epidermal cells and a few contaminating keratinizing cell foci in both nontreated and treated dermal cell cultures. In contrast, treated epidermal cells stained strongly and had many keratinizing cell foci. A significant increase in histidine, cystine, and arginine incorporation was noted in epidermal cells treated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP as compared to untreated epidermal cells and no dermal cell cultures both treated and untreated. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP had no significant effect on leucine and phenylalanine incorporation. These results seem to suggest that the intracellular level of cyclic AMP not only controls the synthesis of DNA by epidermal cells in culture but also induces the process of differentiation toward keratinization.
Multi-Phase CFD Modeling of a Solid Sorbent Carbon Capture System

Post-combustion solid sorbent carbon capture systems are being studied via computational modeling as part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Carbon Capture Simulation Initiative (CCSI). The work focuses on computational modeling of device-scale multi-phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for given carbon capture reactor configurations to predict flow properties, outlet compositions, temperature and pressure. The detailed outputs of the device-scale models provide valuable insight into the operation of new carbon capture devices and will help in the design and optimization of carbon capture systems. As a first step in this project we have focused on modeling a 1 kWe solid sorbent carbon capture system using the commercial CFD software ANSYS FLUENT®. Using the multi-phase models available in ANSYS FLUENT®, we are investigating the use of Eulerian-Eulerian and Eulerian-Lagrangian methods for modeling a fluidized bed carbon capture design. The applicability of the dense discrete phase method (DDPM) is being considered along with the more traditional Eulerian-Eulerian multi-phase model. In this paper we will discuss the operation of the 1 kWe solid sorbent system and the setup of the DDPM and Eulerian-Eulerian models used to simulate the system. The results of the hydrodynamics in the system will be discussed and the predictions of the DDPM and Eulerian-Eulerian simulations will be compared. A discussion of the sensitivity of the model to boundary and initial conditions, computational meshing, granular pressure, and drag sub-models will also be presented.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Ethanol tolerance and synaptic plasticity

Current concepts of the mechanisms underlying many of the pharmacological effects of ethanol on the CNS involve disruption of ion channel function via the interaction of ethanol with specific hydrophobic sites on channel subunit proteins. Of particular clinical importance is the development of tolerance and dependence to ethanol, and it is likely that adaptive changes in synaptic function in response to ethanol's actions on ion channels play a role in this process. In this article, Judson Chandler, Adron Harris and Fulton Crews discuss potential mechanisms of ethanol-induced changes in synaptic function that might provide a cellular basis for ethanol tolerance and dependence. It is proposed that multiple mechanisms are involved that include both transcriptional and post-translational modifications in NMDA and GABAA receptors.
Kinetics of the OH‐initiated oxidation of isoprene

Absolute rate coefficients have been determined for the reaction OH + C5H8 (1) and two of its isotopomeric variants. Reaction (1) was studied as a function of temperature and pressure in N2, N2/O2 and He buffer gases. At room temperature, a rate coefficient, k1, of (8.56±0.26)*10−11 cm³ s−1 independent of pressure and buffer gas identity was obtained. An Arrhenius fit to data over the temperature range 250 – 340 K gave a negative activation energy of −666±150 cal/mol. HO2 production was inferred from observations of radical regeneration in the presence of NO. The absence of a kinetic isotope effect, together with the specificity of radical regeneration, indicates that reaction proceeds via an addition channel with no significant abstraction component. Our rate coefficient for reaction (1) is 15% lower than the value currently recommenced for atmospheric modeling.
Evolution of responding CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell repertoires during the development of graft-versus-host disease directed to minor histocompatibility antigens.

Abstract Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can be induced in lethally irradiated mice after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation between major histocompatibility complex-matched strains expressing multiple minor histocompatibility antigen differences. In the B6 → BALB.B irradiation model, both CD4+ and CD8+ donor T cells have the capacity to mediate lethal GVHD. Previously, CDR3-size spectratyping was used to analyze these T-cell responses at a single early time point (day 5) after transplantation and revealed clonal or oligoclonal expansions of the Vβ 2, 4, and 6 to 14 families for the CD4+ response and of the Vβ 4, 6, 8 to 11, and 14 families for the B6 CD8+ response. Appropriate positive selection of these T-cell receptor Vβ-skewed CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets and their subsequent transfer into lethally irradiated BALB.B recipients resulted in fatal GVHD induction. In contrast, BALB.B mice transplanted with nonskewed Vβ CD4+ T cells survived, with minimal symptoms of GVHD. This study was undertaken to investigate the evolution of the donor/antihost minor histocompatibility antigen T-cell repertoire responses throughout the course of GVHD development. The results indicated that a number of Vβ families were consistently involved throughout the course of GVHD, whereas some Vβ families exhibited skewed expansions only in either the early or late stages of disease. In addition, sequence analysis of relevant representative skewed CDR3 bands from the CD4+ Vβ 11+ and the CD8+ Vβ 14+ families, both of which exhibited strong consistent responses, demonstrated increased use of the Jβ 2.5 and Jβ 2.4 segments, respectively, thus identifying the T-cell receptor specificities involved.
Iodide fluorescence quenching of sol-gel immobilized BSA

Several potential applications of sol-gel immobilized proteins may require drying the gel before use. The attendant shrinkage may sterically restrict the penetration of solutes to the entrapped protein. In this study, collisional quenching of intrinsic bovine serum albumin (BSA) fluorescence by dissolved iodide was used to quantitatively compare the accessibility of protein molecules entrapped in hydrated and dried sol-gel monoliths. The results show that iodide penetration to immobilized BSA is sterically restricted by approximately 25% in hydrated gels and 50% in dried gels, relative to the quenching behavior of dissolved BSA. The further decrease upon drying is consistent with the overall degree of monolith shrinkage.
Effect of Fluid Inertia on Journal Bearing Parameters

In the modeling and analysis of rotordynamic systems with journal bearings, the stiffness and damping parameters are usually obtained from the Reynolds equation of hydrodynamic lubrication. The Reynolds equation is derived from the continuity and momentum equations with several assumptions; the principal one among them being that the inertia terms are negligible since the lubricant flow is viscosity-dominated. Some previous work has shown, however, that the effect of fluid inertia on the static and dynamic properties of a bearing is not negligible in many circumstances. This paper uses a perturbation approach to present a rigorous derivation of the correction terms to be added to account for the effect of inertia in the case of a journal on a short bearing. The governing equation for pressure correction is derived and the corrected stiffness, damping, and inertia coefficients to the first order are displayed as a function of the equilibrium position. Presented at the 47th Annual Meeting in Philadelphia, P...
Gestational diabetes and macrosomia by race/ethnicity in Hawaii

Gestational diabetes (GDM) has been shown to have long-term sequelae for both the mother and infant. Women with GDM are at increased risk of macrosomia, which predisposes the infant to birth injuries. Previous studies noted increased rates of GDM in Asian and Pacific Islander (API) women; however, the rate of macrosomia in API women with GDM is unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between ethnicity, gestational diabetes (GDM), and macrosomia in Hawaii. A retrospective cohort study was performed using Hawaii Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data. Data from 2009–2011, linked with selected items from birth certificates, were used to examine GDM and macrosomia by ethnicity. SAS-callable SUDAAN 10.0 was used to generate odds ratios, point estimates and standard errors. Data from 4735 respondents were weighted to represent all pregnancies resulting in live births in Hawaii from 2009–2011. The overall prevalence of GDM in Hawaii was 10.9%. The highest prevalence of GDM was in Filipina (13.1%) and Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (12.1%) women. The lowest prevalence was in white women (7.4%). Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Filipina, and other Asian women all had an increased risk of GDM compared to white women using bivariate analysis. Adjusting for obesity, age, maternal nativity, and smoking, Asian Pacific Islander (API) women, which includes Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Filipina, and other Asian women, had a 50% increased odds of having GDM compared to white women when compared using multivariate analysis. Among women with GDM, the highest prevalence of macrosomia was in white women (14.5%) while the lowest was in Filipina (5.3%) women. API women in Hawaii have increased rates of GDM compared to white women. Paradoxically, this elevated GDM risk in API women is not associated with an increased rate of macrosomia. This suggests the relationship between GDM and macrosomia is more complex in this population.
Coupled Glucose Transport and Metabolism in Cultured Neuronal Cells: Determination of the Rate-Limiting Step

In brain and nerves the phosphorylation of glucose, rather than its transport, is generally considered the major rate-limiting step in metabolism. Since little is known regarding the kinetic coupling between these processes in neuronal tissues, we investigated the transport and phosphorylation of [2- 3 H]glucose in two neuronal cell models : a stable neuroblastoma cell line (NCB20), and a primary culture of isolated rat dorsal root ganglia cells. When transport and phosphorylation were measured in series, phosphorylation was the limiting step, because intracellular glucose concentrations were the same as those outside of cells, and because the apparent K m for glucose utilization was lower than expected for the transport step. However, the apparent K m was still severalfold higher than the K m of hexokinase I. When [2- 3 H]glucose efflux and phosphorylation were measured from the same intracellular glucose pool in a parallel assay, rates of glucose efflux were three- to-fivefold greater than rates of phosphorylation. With the parallel assay, we observed that activation of glucose utilization by the sodium channel blocker veratridine caused a selective increase in glucose phosphorylation and was without effect on glucose transport. In contrast to results with glucose, both cell types accumulated 2-deoxy-D-[ 14 C]glucose to concentrations severalfold greater than extracellular concentrations. We conclude from these studies that glucose utilization in neuronal cells is phosphorylation-limited, and that the coupling between transport and phosphorylation depends on the type of hexose used.
Effects of rest time on discharge response and equivalent circuit model for a lead-acid battery

Abstract This work carries out a detailed investigation on the effects of rest time on the discharge response and the parameters of the Thevenin's equivalent circuit model for a lead acid battery. Traditional methods for battery modeling require a long rest time before a discharging test so that a steady state is reached for the open circuit voltage. In a recent work, we developed an algebraic method for parameter identification of circuit models for batteries by applying discharging tests after variable and possibly very short rest time. This new method opens a door to the understanding of the effects of rest time on battery behavior, which may be used for better simulation, analysis and design of battery powered systems for improved battery efficiency and state of health. As we used the new method to extract circuit parameters after different rest times, we observed some unexpected results on the relationship between the rest time and circuit parameters. The initial voltages on the capacitors can be negative and becomes more negative as the rest time is increased. We also observed that the time constants increase with rest time. Relationships between rest time and other parameters are also reported in this paper.
Antibiotic prescribing for otitis media: how well does it match published guidelines?

Otitis media (OM) accounts for ∼ 31 million physician visits annually, and is typically treated with antibiotics. Amoxicillin is the recommended first-line treatment; appropriate antibiotic use slows the development of resistance. We analyzed insurance claims from families of employees working at a single company to determine if OM treatments (1) matched published standards; and (2) varied by patient characteristics, type of physician practice or geographic location. Persons diagnosed with OM between 1996 and 1999 were matched to prescription drug claims for those who filled an antibiotic prescription within 3 days of diagnosis. Physicians prescribed amoxicillin for only 31% of acute cases and 19% of recurrent cases. For acute infections in children≤ 2 years the prescribed duration often matched the standard of 10 days, but for persons > 2 years the prescribed duration was often longer than the suggested duration of 5–7 days. For persons of all ages with recurrent infections, the prescribed duration was often shorter than suggested (10 days versus≥ 14 days). There were only modest variations by urban/rural location or provider type. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International science--an overview

Scientific projects that succeed as international cooperative efforts are those related to subjects that transcend national frontiers, are costly, have long-range objectives rather than short-term commercial aims, and correspond with the political objectives of the countries involved. Yet the best context for the all science is the global community, which is also the best hope for humanity. The global community is still generations away and scientists must continue to work for it, by seeking the international dimensions of science as individuals and participating in governmental as well as nongovernmental international scientific organizations.
Early-Life Experience, Epigenetics, and the Developing Brain

Development is a dynamic process that involves interplay between genes and the environment. In mammals, the quality of the postnatal environment is shaped by parent–offspring interactions that promote growth and survival and can lead to divergent developmental trajectories with implications for later-life neurobiological and behavioral characteristics. Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic factors (ie, DNA methylation, posttranslational histone modifications, and small non-coding RNAs) may have a critical role in these parental care effects. Although this evidence is drawn primarily from rodent studies, there is increasing support for these effects in humans. Through these molecular mechanisms, variation in risk of psychopathology may emerge, particularly as a consequence of early-life neglect and abuse. Here we will highlight evidence of dynamic epigenetic changes in the developing brain in response to variation in the quality of postnatal parent–offspring interactions. The recruitment of epigenetic pathways for the biological embedding of early-life experience may also have transgenerational consequences and we will describe and contrast two routes through which this transmission can occur: experience dependent vs germline inheritance. Finally, we will speculate regarding the future directions of epigenetic research and how it can help us gain a better understanding of the developmental origins of psychiatric dysfunction.
Recognition of underwater transient patterns

Abstract Underwater transients present an unusual but unique recognition problem in that pattern characteristics and categories are not well defined, and the patterns are highly nonstationary. This paper examines the characterization, segmentation and classification of the transient events. A comparison with speech processing and recognition is also made. Although it is difficult to fully characterize the transient data, it is shown that by extracting event portions of the transient waveform through segmentation, a low order autoregressive model can provide an effective feature set for cluster analysis and event classification. Both the segmentation procedure and the recognition experiments with real data are presented in detail.
>Cities and People, A Social and Architectural History

This social and aesthetic history of the world's major cities from antiquity to the present focuses on crucial periods of the cities' past and examines their architecture in light of the men and women who used it.
The structural shape of force: Interstate intervention in the zones of peace and turmoil, 1946–1996

Two structural models are analyzed using data on foreign military interventions over the past half‐century. A vertical model posits constancy in center‐periphery ties, while a horizontal model suggests that the center and the periphery will gradually decouple when it comes to the use of force. The latter, horizontal, view is more commonly accepted. Because of dwindling interest in the periphery with the end of the Cold War and the increased militarization of that part of the world, it is assumed that developed states will become more reluctant to use military force in the hinterlands. Hence, the use of force should primarily consist of horizontal interaction within the periphery rather than vertical interaction between the center and the periphery. Despite such conventional wisdom, the data on interstate military intervention provides considerable support for the vertical model over the past fifty years. My findings also challenge common assumptions about the world dividing into a “zone of peace” among de...
2,6-Dimethyl-4-m-tolyl­cyclo­hex-3-enecarboxylic acid

The title compound, C16H20O2, was synthesized to study the hydrogen-bonding inter­action of the two enanti­omers in the solid state. The racemate is made up of carboxylic acid RS dimers. Inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds produce centrosymmetric R22(8) rings which dimerize the two chiral enanti­omers through their carboxyl groups. The chirality of this compound is generated by the presence of the double bond in the cyclo­hexene ring and a chiral axis due to the meta-methyl substituent on the aromatic ring.
33. Agroforestry and windbreaks

Abstract Windbreaks designed to provide products in addition to shelter have the potential to make significant contributions to our energy and food supplies while reducing demands on non-renewable resources. Proper culture and timely tree harvest will maintain healthy windbreaks reducing the need for costly renovation or removal of decadent plantations. Research is needed to develop cultural systems, to breed and select improved genotypes of woody plants, to develop efficient harvest methods and to create and manufacture products from windbreaks which are marketable.
Exotic new quarks and dynamical symmetry breaking

Exotic quarks belonging to 6, 8, 10, or higher representations of SU(3)/sub c/ (quantum chromodynamics) naturally interact more strongly than conventional 3-plet quarks. Therefore, chiral-symmetry breaking in exotic quark sectors may occur at much larger mass scales than ordinary chiral-symmetry breaking. If those mass scales are about 10/sup 3/ times larger, then when appended to the Weinberg-Salam model exotic quark-antiquark bound-state condensates could dynamically break the flavor SU(2) x U(1) gauge symmetry and produce viable W/sup + -/ and Z/sup 0/ masses which satisfy M/sub W/=M/sub Z/costheta/sub W/. Features of this scenario are described.
The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made . By David Moon. London: Longman, 1999. Pp. xii, 396. £49.00, Cloth; £17.99, Paper.

As a result of social historians' desire to investigate nonelite groups, the historiography of the Russian peasantry has burgeoned in the last twenty years or so. Numerous studies on both the macro and micro levels have illuminated various aspects of Russian peasant life during serfdom, the postemancipation period, and the revolutionary era. Others have begun to document the systematic destruction of the Russian peasants' way of life during collectivization, and the peasants' stubborn resistance to that onslaught. It is therefore fitting for David Moon, a recognized scholar of the Russian peasantry in the last decades of serfdom, to write a book that synthesizes the latest scholarship, both Soviet and Western, as well as studies by prerevolutionary historians and observers. The numerous citations in each footnote testify to Moon's prodigious reading and mastery of the literature.
Current concepts in the management of laryngeal papillomatosis

A wide variety of methods have been described for the treatment of laryngeal papillomatosis. This attests to the difficulties encountered in controlling this often refractory disease. Recent trends have been directed toward immunotherapy and improved techniques of endoscopic excision. The various treatment modalities are reviewed to provide the reader with updated information and a perspective of the current management of this perplexing disease.
Learned flavor preferences. The variable potency of post-oral nutrient reinforcers

The notion that preferences for flavors paired with various nutrients can be attributed simply to their energy content ("flavor-calorie learning") is belied by variation in nutrient reinforcing potency. Fructose, fat and ethanol, all regarded as powerful contributors to food and fluid preferences, are less potent than glucose when their orosensory effects are bypassed. Conditioning studies in animals infused with nutrients as they consume target flavor solutions have shown that the weaker reinforcing effects of these nutrients can be enhanced by various methods that improve the opportunity for associating a flavor with post-oral effects. Until the nature of the reinforcing stimuli is understood, "flavor-nutrient learning" is a better label for these phenomena.
Active Region Streamer Diagnostics 2001 September 14-16

From 2001 September 14 to 16 the Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory conducted a series of observations designed to study the absolute elemental abundances of an active region streamer. The absolute elemental abundances for O, Si, Fe, Mg, N, S, and Ar were calculated utilizing a constant electron temperature technique and an alternative approach to the emission measure technique, both producing complementary results. The manifestation of the first ionization potential (FIP) effect was observed here as in previous streamers. Two aspects of this streamer make it unusual and worth special attention. The active region streamer observed possessed an abundance-depleted core typically, although not exclusively, seen in quiescent streamers. A coronal mass ejection (CME) occurred at the active region during the observations. This event resulted in the second unexpected aspect of this streamer, its quick return to the same general abundance characteristics that existed before the CME occurred. The re-formation of a depleted core and the presence of the FIP effect immediately after a highly disruptive event are surprising given the 1 day timescale predicted by streamer theories.
Erratum to: Square Functions and Vector-Valued Calderón-Zygmund Operators

The purpose of this note is to acknowledge and correct an error in Remark 2.1 of [1]. The condition set 1 does not necessarily imply condition set 2 for all y, y′ ∈ Rn, but only when y and y′ are close (respectively when z and z′ are close). In this note, we actually strengthen Theorems 1.1–1.4 in [1] by weakening the hypotheses from condition set 2 to a weaker replacement condition set 2’. Define condition set 2’ to be the following: There exists N2 > M and 0 < γ2 ≤ 1 such that (2.5), (2.6), and (2.7) in [1] hold for all k ∈ Z and x, y, y′, z, z′ ∈Rn whenever |y−y′| < (2−k +|x−y|)/2 and |z−z′| < (2−k +|x−z|)/2. After restricting the values of x, y, y′, z, z′ for which these estimates hold, condition set 2’ is equivalent to condition set 1, and gives the appropriate replacement. We now replace condition set 2 by condition set 2’ in the hypotheses of Theorems 1.1–1.4 and Propositions 3.1 and 3.2, i.e. we require that the estimates hold only when y and y′ (respectively z and z′) are close. Moreover the appropriate modification in Theorem 1.4 to (1.14) is to restrict to the case where |x − x′| ≤ (2−k + max(|x − y|, |x − z|))/2. The corresponding modifications to the arguments in [1] are standard and they only need the regularity estimate (2.6) when y and y′ are close (respectively (2.7) when z and z′ are close). We provide the details here.
A constrained eigenvalue problem and nodal and modal control of vibrating systems

A constrained non-homogeneous linear eigenvalue problem is introduced. The application given to the problem is of finding the frequency and amplitudes of exciting forces that impose constraints on the configurations of vibratory modes. The scope of the problem is wider. It is shown that the problem may be transformed to a singular unsymmetric generalized eigenvalue problem. Depending on the given data the problem may have finite, infinite or empty spectrum. The solvability of the problem is analysed. Examples demonstrate the application and the various results.