cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Diagnosis in Context: Guided Imagery as a Contextually Sensitive Pedagogical Technique

In this article, the authors present guided imagery as a technique for use in teaching counselor trainees how to use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5) in a way that is sensitive to contextual issues and counselors’ personal biases. Specific guided imagery activities and scripts that can be used in teaching DSM-5-related concepts are provided. Guided imagery can facilitate the development of counseling students’ skills in the areas of case conceptualization, cultural empathy, self-awareness, and objective diagnostic decision making. Guided imagery scripts can enhance counselor trainees’ multicultural competencies as related to the diagnostic process. Practical considerations related to using the technique are provided.This column is designed to underscore relationally-based creative teaching practices used by counselor educators in the classroom. Our intention is to provide examples of novel, innovative ways for counselor educators and students to deepen their ...
Fruit Development Period of Several Southern Highbush Blueberry Cultivars

Flowering and ripening times were recorded for the southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) cultivars Emerald, O'Neal, and Star, along with the newer University of Georgia releases ‘Camel...
2-(N-(L)-prolinol-5-nitropyridine)- PNP: Solution growth of a new nonlinear optical material for SHG in bulk

Abstract Large single crystals of PNP have been grown by two solution growth methods. By a temperature difference technique, seed crystals were obtained by spontaneous nucleation. Subsequent seed growth by a temperature lowering technique yielded PNP crystals of regular habit and sizes up to 10× 10 × 15 mm3 from water-ethanol mixtures. Solubility measurements showed that in the presence of equimolar amounts of PNP and Nd3+ the solubility of PNP was enhanced. The optical and nonlinear properties were investigated. The two major nonlinear optical susceptibilities were determined ( d yxx = 48 pm V , d yyy = 17 pm V )
Against the ABM

Viewing the ABM in the context of the dynamics of the arms race, Rathjens concludes that our deployment of it at this time may be premature and provocative. It will stimulate the Soviet Union to respond, he thinks, both offensively and defensively, just as they? and we?have responded in the past to real or imagined threats. And we will again respond to their real or anticipated response. He argues that the endlessly squandered resources of a runaway arms race will buy neither nation the security it seeks, and in our case, at least, could better be used to ameliorate threats to our society arising from problems at home. Rathjens' remedy? An arms freeze, and negotiations now, while our strategic posture is stronger than it is likely to remain should the arms race continue, and while the Russians may be willing to talk seriously for the first time from a position that approaches parity with us, rather than from a sense of inferiority that may have kept them from the conference table until now.
On the complexity of finding paths in a two-dimensional domain I: Shortest paths

The computational complexity of finding a shortest path in a two-dimensional domain is studied in the Turing machine-based computational model and in the discrete complexity theory. This problem is studied with respect to two formulations of polynomial-time computable two-dimensional domains: (A) domains with polynomialtime computable boundaries, and (B) polynomial-time recognizable domains with polynomial-time computable distance functions. It is proved that the shortest path problem has the polynomial-space upper bound for domains of both type (A) and type (B); and it has a polynomial-space lower bound for the domains of type (B), and has a #P lower bound for the domains of type (A). (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal treatment planning for SonoKnife focused-ultrasound thermal treatment of head and neck cancers

The purpose is to develop a patient-specific treatment planning method for a cylindrically-focused (i.e., SonoKnife) ultrasound thermal therapy system to optimize the thermal treatment of locally-advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and/or positive lymph nodes. To achieve a more efficient and effective treatment, a temperature-based treatment planning was devised, which was composed of : (1) a 3D acoustic-thermal model has been developed to simulate the acoustic field, temperature distribution, and thermal dose coverage induced by the SonoKnife applicator. (2) A 3D relevant anatomical structures (e.g. the H&N tumors, bones and cavities) were reconstructed based on multislice CT scans. A step-and-shoot strategy was devised to perform the treatment, in which the initial applied power levels, placement of the transducers, and sonication times per scan were determined by conducting a temperature-based forward simulation. The maximum temperature, thermal dose coverage of target, and thermal exposure to surrounding tissue were analyzed. For performance evaluation, the treatment planning was applied on representative examples obtained from the clinical radiation therapy of HNSCC and positive lymph nodes. This treatment planning platforms can be used to guide applicator placement, set-up configurations, and applied power levels prior to delivery of a treatment or for post-procedure analysis of temperature distributions.
‘We’re just fillin’ in the blanks’: Access revisited

We propose an alternative view to the metaphor ‘access to the linguistic system’ for the study of early stage adult L2 learning, drawing on a sociocultural theoretic perspective and taking a microgenetic analytic approach to our data. We believe a reciprocal process called internalization/externalization aptly describes the performance of L2 learners during problem-solving tasks, and has explanatory potential for theory-building in L2 learning. Our data come from transcriptions of videotaped task performance by two of very early stage L2 Swahili learners. Our tasks required them to jointly identify the direction of Point B from Point A on a map of a fictitious East African village. They found the task very challenging, despite its conceptual simplicity. Our questions are: • What evidence exists of the internalization/externalization process cycle in carrying out the map tasks? • How does this cycle better capture the processes underlying learners’ task performance than the term access? We begin with an overview of the theoretical framework, then explain relevant concepts and describe the background, data collection and analysis. The findings section portrays the two learners’ performance in terms of ways they successfully enacted the task. The discussion and conclusions sections follow with implications for theory building in Second Language Learning.
Lung Transplant Curriculum in Pulmonary/Critical Care Fellowship Training

Background: Lung transplantation is an evolving specialty with the number of transplants growing annually. Purpose: A structured lung transplant curriculum was developed for Pulmonary/Critical Care (Pulm/CC) fellows. Methods: Scores on pulmonary in-training examinations (ITE) 2 years prior to and 3 years after implementation were reviewed as well as completion of satisfaction surveys. Results: The mean pulmonary ITE score of 1st-year fellows increased from 54.2 ± 2.5 to 63.6 ± 1.2 (M ± SD), p = .002, whereas mean pulmonary ITE score for 2nd-year fellows increased from 63.0 ± 3.0 to 70.7 ± 1.2, p = .019. The combined mean pulmonary ITE score increased from 58.6 ± 2.3 to 67.1 ± 1.2, p = .001. Satisfaction surveys revealed that fellow perception of the curriculum was that the experience contributed to an overall improvement in their knowledge base and clinical skills while opportunity to perform transbroncial biopsies was available. Conclusions: A structured educational lung transplant curriculum was associa...
Explaining the GDR's economic strategy

The GDR's fundamental economic strategy since 1971, as reflected in but also modified by its response to the “price shocks” of the 1970s and the ensuing credit squeeze of the early 1980s, has been shaped in important measure by the pressures imposed and the opportunities offered by its complex relationship with the German Federal Republic. The direct and indirect constraints resulting from the GDR's status as junior partner in its alliance with the Soviet Union, the terms of the still tenuous accommodation the regime has worked out with its own citizens, and changes and conflicts within the political elite have also influenced the GDR's choices. The shortterm and long-term measures taken in response to the shocks appear to have been surprisingly successful, even though there is evidence that two of the latter–the return to a policy of economic reform “in small steps” and the utilization of the GDR's “West German connection” to restore its creditworthiness and strengthen its access to Western technology–proceeded only in the face of internal and external controversy. The GDR's apparent success in comparison to its East European neighbors must be attributed to a number of factors, only one of which is its special relationship with the Federal Republic.
Systematics of Continuum Angular Distributions: Extensions to Higher Energies

The systematics of continuum angular distributions in nucleon- and alpha-particle-induced reactions at energies up to several hundred MeV have been studied and parametrized. It has been confirmed that at lower bombarding energies the shapes of the angular distribution are determined mainly by the kinetic energy in the exit channel, and by the division of the cross section into its multistep direct and multistep compound parts. For incident nucleons with energies above 130 MeV there is a change in the systematics, and the ratio of the energies in the exit and entrance channels of the reaction becomes the important energy parameter. Small second order dependences are also evident for nucleon-induced reactions. The systematics are parametrized using exponentials in cos\ensuremath{\theta} and a small number of universal parameters.
Texture modeling using Gibbs distributions

Abstract We regard texture as a realization of a stochastic process defined on the square lattice. The model chosen is a Markov random field, which incorporates both local and global interactions, and it is a modification of the autobinomial model introduced by Besag and used by Cross and Jain for texture generation and synthesis. The problem of estimating the model parameters from a sample of independent realizations of the process is studied. A new method of estimation, bivariate pseudolikelihood, is proposed. Although computationally intense, this method is easy to implement. Consistency of the estimators is investigated and experiments are performed to assess the accuracy of the estimates. In addition, the estimated parameters are used to generate images that are visually compared to those arising from the original model.
Symbolic Simulation Of Engineering Systems On A Supercomputer

Model-Based Production-Rule systems for analysis are developed for the symbolic simulation of Complex Engineering systems on a CRAY X-MP Supercomputer. The Fault-Tree and Event-Tree Analysis methodologies from Systems-Analysis are used for problem representation and are coupled to the Rule-Based System Paradigm from Knowledge Engineering to provide modelling of engineering devices. Modelling is based on knowledge of the structure and function of the device rather than on human expertise alone. To implement the methodology, we developed a Production-Rule Analysis System that uses both backward-chaining and forward-chaining: HAL-1986. The inference engine uses an Induction-Deduction-Oriented antecedent-consequent logic and is programmed in Portable Standard Lisp (PSL). The inference engine is general and can accommodate general modifications and additions to the knowledge base. The methodologies used will be demonstrated using a model for the identification of faults, and subsequent recovery from abnormal situations in Nuclear Reactor Safety Analysis. The use of the exposed methodologies for the prognostication of future device responses under operational and accident conditions using coupled symbolic and procedural programming is discussed.
Vocational education: A clean slate for disengaged students?

Abstract Students’ social psychological adjustment to school is an important determinant of achievement growth as well as school continuation and post-secondary educational attainment. Yet many students begin high school with low levels of efficacy and self-worth, and low levels of identification with and liking of school. In this study, we investigate the hypothesis that vocational education in high school provides disengaged students with an educational clean slate, leading to a recovery of engagement for at-risk students. Using propensity score models, we assess the relationship between vocational course taking and changes in effort, extracurricular participation, sense of belonging, interest in school, attitudes toward school and teachers, educational expectations, career aspirations, locus of control, and self-concept with the NELS:88 database.
Acidity and Proton Affinity of Hypoxanthine in the Gas Phase versus in Solution: Intrinsic Reactivity and Biological Implications

Hypoxanthine is a mutagenic purine base that most commonly arises from the oxidative deamination of adenine. Damaged bases such as hypoxanthine are associated with carcinogenesis and cell death. This inevitable damage is counteracted by glycosylase enzymes, which cleave damaged bases from DNA. Alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) is the enzyme responsible for excising hypoxanthine from DNA in humans. In an effort to understand the intrinsic properties of hypoxanthine, we examined the gas-phase acidity and proton affinity using quantum mechanical calculations and gas-phase mass spectrometric experimental methods. In this work, we establish that the most acidic site of hypoxanthine has a gas-phase acidity of 332 ± 2 kcal mol-1, which is more acidic than hydrochloric acid. We also bracket a less acidic site of hypoxanthine at 368 ± 3 kcal mol-1. We measure the proton affinity of the most basic site of hypoxanthine to be 222 ± 3 kcal mol-1. DFT calculations of these values are consistent with the experimental d...
Relative efficiency of preferred and nonpreferred patterns of lateralized foraging in the gentle lemur (Hapalemur griseus).

Lateralized patterns of hand use in species-typical bamboo shoot foraging were evaluated for efficiency in five female and six male gentle lemurs (Hapalemur griseus sp.). Efficiency was defined as amount of time required to complete a foraging response sequence. The foraging pattern consisted of four component movements: PULL-IN, COUNTERFORCE, TURN, and FEED-IN. These component movements had been shown in a previous study to incorporate lateral hand biases that formed subsets of patterns that were characteristic for each gentle lemur. The duration of each foraging sequence was measured from the beginning of the first component to the initiation of the terminal component. Frequency of use scores were employed to divide the pattern sequences of each subject into preferred and nonpreferred categories. A within-subjects comparison of the mean durations of preferred patterns (M = 2.56 sec) with those of non- preferred patterns (M = 3.02 sec) found that preferred patterns were executed more rapidly, t(10) = 3.36, P = .007. A multiple regression showed that order of pattern preference accounted for 89% of the variance in mean duration of response time (R2 = .89, P = .056). Thus, the use of preferred lateralized hand patterns resulted in more rapid bamboo shoot harvesting. Speed in foraging may be regarded as an adaptive strategy for a species that subsists on a high bulk, low nutrient density food such as bamboo. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of auditory and visual deprivation on human brain development

Abstract Brain imaging studies of congenitally deaf and congenitally blind adults are summarized. The results suggest that different subsystems within vision and audition display different degrees of experience-dependent modification of cortical organization. Within vision, the organization of systems important in processing peripheral space and motion information is most altered following auditory deprivation. Within audition, fast auditory processing and attention to and localization within peripheral space is enhanced following visual deprivation. Hypotheses concerning the origins of these differential effects of early experience are discussed.
THE HOPPING HOOP REVISITED

(1999). The Hopping Hoop Revisited. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 7, pp. 609-617.
Developing conceptions of statistics by designing measures of distribution

Students often learn procedures for measuring, but rarely do they grapple with the foundational conceptual problem of generating and validating coordination between a measure and the phenomenon being measured. Coordinating measures with phenomenon involves developing an appreciation of the objects and relations in each as well as establishing their mutual correspondence. We supported students’ developing conceptions of statistics by positioning them to design measures of center and of variability for distributions that they had generated through repeated measure of a length. After students invented and explored the viability of their measures individually, they participated in a public (whole-class conversation) forum featuring justification and reflection about the viability of their designed measures. We illustrate how individual invention enticed students to attend to, and to make explicit, characteristics of distribution not initially noticed or known only tacitly. Conceptions of statistics and of relevant characteristics of distribution were further expanded as students justified and argued about the utility and prospective generalization of particular inventions. Teachers supported student learning by highlighting prospective relations between characteristics of measures and characteristics of distribution as they emerged during the course of activity in each setting.
Synthesis and antiviral activity of carbocyclic analogues of xylofuranosides of 2-amino-6-substituted-purines and 2-amino-6-substituted-8-azapurines.

Carbocyclic analogues of ribofuranosides of 2-amino-6-substituted-purines and of 2-amino-6-substituted-8- azapurines were prepared from the 2-amino-6-chloropurine ribofuranoside analogue (2) and the 2-amino-6-chloro-8- azapurine ribofuranoside analogue (9), respectively. Analogues of purine ribofuranosides with the chloro, amino, methylamino, or methylthio group at position 6, the thioguanosine analogue, and the previously reported guanosine analogue were evaluated in vitro against herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1). 8- Azapurine ribofuranoside analogues with the chloro, amino, or methylthio group at position 6 and the previously reported 8- azaguanosine analogue were also evaluated against HSV-1. The carbocyclic analogue (6) of 2,6-diaminopurine ribofuranoside is highly active against HSV-1 and, also, against vaccinia virus. The 2-amino-6-chloropurine, 2-amino-6-(methylamino)purine, and the 2,6-diamino-8- azapurine derivatives also demonstrated significant activity against HSV-1.
Electro-optical properties of n-InGaN/p-GaN LED with p-side down with varying indium composition

The negative polarization charge at the n-InGaN/p-GaN interface of single heterojunction LEDs with p-side down are investigated for various In-compositions. We demonstrate peak emission wavelength blue-shift and intensity dependence on In-composition with increasing current density.
Instability after Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Balancing Act

The key component in dealing with instability after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is preventing in the first place. This includes very careful preoperative patient selection based on patient age, activity level, goals, health, bone stock, and compliance as well as detailed patient education preoperatively and during the rehabilitation phase. Intraoperatively careful surgical approach, gentle tissue handling, and ensuring secure fixation in proper position while providing adequate deltoid tension plus soft tissue balancing are all paramount in providing the biomechanical foundation for a functional shoulder postoperatively. Finally, postoperative rehabilitation, continued reinforcement of goals, and patient education are key to a functional outcome. Should instability occur postoperatively, sources of the instability must be assessed and corrected using the same principles.
Image reconstruction for x-ray holographic microscopy

This paper gives a basic overview of holography as applied to x-ray microscopy. Topics discussed include fourier transform holography, phase recovery from a hologram, reconstruction of scattered fields, and the use of straight ray approximations. Three dimensional spatial resolution below 100 nm is possible. (GH)
Ultrafiltration: Partitioning of Milk Constituents into Permeate and Retentate

Abstract We collected retentate and permeate samples during UF and diafiltration of unacidified and acidified whole milk. After analyzing retentate and permeate, we calculated retention and recovery of fat, total N, rennet clottable N, lactose, Ca, Na, P, and riboflavin. Retention depends on the permeate:retentate ratio of components. Recovery is the component amount in retentate divided by its amount in original milk. Removing permeate from unacidified milk increased retention of total N, Ca, Na, P, and riboflavin. All the fat and rennet clottable N and 1% of lactose were retained. Recovery of these components ranged from 12% for lactose to 100% for fat and rennet clottable N. Retention of lactose, Na, P, and riboflavin was higher during diafiltration than during UF of unacidified milk, but recovery of total N, lactose, Ca, Na, P, and riboflavin was lower. Diafiltration of acidified milk decreased retention of Ca, P, Na, and riboflavin compared with diafiltration of unacidified milk. Changes in constituent retention during UF processes depend on level of concentration, diafiltration, and acidification. Because diafiltration and acidification influence retention and recovery of many milk components, processors can alter pH, rennetability, syneresis, and meltability of cheese (and properties of other derived products).
Static and dynamic properties of the water/amorphous silica interface: a model for the undissociated surface

Amorphous silica–water interfaces are found ubiquitously in nanoscale devices, including devices fabricated from silica as well as from silicon that acquire a surface oxide layer. The surface silanol groups serve as hydrogen-bonding sites for a variety of chemical species, and their reactivity enables convenient chemical modification, making silica surfaces strategic in bio-sensing applications. We have extended the popular BKS and SPC/E models for bulk silica and water to describe the hydrated, hydroxylated amorphous silica surface. The parameters of our model were determined using ab initio quantum chemical studies on small fragments. Our model will be useful in empirical potential studies, and as a starting point for ab initio molecular dynamics calculations. At this stage, we present a model for the undissociated surface. Our calculated value for the heat of immersion, 0.6Jm−2, falls within the range of reported experimental values of 0.2–0.8Jm−2. We also study the perturbation of water properties near the silica–water interface. The disordered surface is characterized by regions that are hydrophilic and hydrophobic, depending on the statistical variations in silanol group density. We report non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of Poiseuille flow of water near an amorphous silica surface.
Estimating a tournament model of intra-firm wage differentials ☆

We consider the estimation of a tournament model with moral hazard (based on Rosen (1986), AER)) when only aggregate data on intra-firm employment levels and salaries are available. Equilibrium restrictions of the model allow us to recover parameters of interest, including equilibrium effort levels in each hierarchical stage of the firm. We illustrate our estimation procedures using data from major retail chains in the US. We find that only a fraction of the wage differential directly compensates workers for higher effort levels, implying that a large portion of the differentials arises to maintain incentives at lower rungs of the retailers.
Structures of two Arabidopsis thaliana major latex proteins represent novel helix-grip folds.

Here we report the first structures of two major latex proteins (MLPs) which display unique structural differences from the canonical Bet v 1 fold described earlier. MLP28 (SwissProt/TrEMBL ID Q9SSK9), the product of gene At1g70830.1, and the At1g24000.1 gene product (Swiss- Prot/TrEMBL ID P0C0B0), proteins which share 32% sequence identity, were independently selected as foldspace targets by the Center for Eukaryotic Structural Genomics. The structure of a single domain (residues 17-173) of MLP28 was solved by NMR spectroscopy, while the full-length At1g24000.1 structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. MLP28 displays greater than 30% sequence identity to at least eight MLPs from other species. For example, the MLP28 sequence shares 64% identity to peach Pp-MLP119 and 55% identity to cucumber Csf2.20 In contrast, the At1g24000.1 sequence is highly divergent (see Fig. 1), containing a gap of 33 amino acids when compared with all other known MLPs. Even when the gap is excluded, the sequence identity with MLPs from other species is less than 30%. Unlike some of the MLPs from other species, none of the A. thaliana MLPs have been characterized biochemically. We show by NMR chemical shift mapping that At1g24000.1 binds progesterone, demonstrating that despite its sequence dissimilarity, the hydrophobicmore » binding pocket is conserved and, therefore, may play a role in its biological function and that of the MLP family in general.« less
The four elementary forms of sociality : framework for a unified theory of social relations

The motivation, planning, production, comprehension, coordination, and evaluation of human social life may be based largely on combinations of 4 psychological models. In communal sharing, people treat all members of a category as equivalent. In authority ranking, people attend to their positions in a linear ordering. In equality matching, people keep track of the imbalances among them. In market pricing, people orient to ratio values. Cultures use different rules to implement the 4 models. In addition to an array of inductive evidence from many cultures and approaches, the theory has been supported by ethnographic field work and 19 experimental studies using 7 different methods testing 6 different cognitive predictions on a wide range of subjects from 5 cultures.
The visual analogue scale for anxiety — Revised: Psychometric properties

Abstract Since input from children is essential in the assessment of their internalizing symptoms such as anxiety, development of new self-report instruments is an important challenge. The Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety — Revised (VAA-R), designed for assessment of anxiety in children and adolescents with school refusal, offers the advantages of ease of administration, decreased need for verbal expression, and appropriateness for a wide range of developmental levels. Psychometric properties of the instrument in a clinic sample of school refusers ( N = 86) and in a community sample ( N = 918) are presented. Tests of internal consistency indicate good internal reliability of items. In the clinic sample, correlations with other anxiety instruments are adequate ( r = .60 – .65), supporting the initial validation of the new instrument. Factor analysis identified three clinically meaningful factors: anticipatory/separation anxiety, performance anxiety, and affective response to anxiety.
Single Molecule Characterization of the Role of Divalent Ions in Prion Protein Aggregation

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) are a class of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of misfolded prion protein aggregates in the brain. In these diseases, normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) misfolds into an infectious scrapie isoform (PrPSc), which results in PrPC aggregation and neurotoxicity. Metal ions are known to play an important role in promoting PrPC misfolding and aggregation, though the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood at molecular level.Here we use single molecule Atomic Force Microscope-Force Spectroscopy (AFM-FS) and Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy (CFM) to determine how divalent metal ions mediate PrP aggregation in vitro. Using AFM-FS, we show that divalent metal ions enhance the aggregation of misfolded PrP by increasing the on-rate for aggregate formation; the lifetimes of aggregates are however unaffected. Increase in association rate is most pronounced when PrP is exposed to Cu2+ and less pronounced in the presence of Zn2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+. Using CFM we show that binding of metal ions to PrP induces a conformational change that makes the protein resistant to Proteinase-K digestion.Finally, we show that enhanced PrP aggregation is eliminated upon removing the octapeptide repeat, a major metal binding site on PrP.
What’s Happening? Elements of Commonsense Causation

Knowledge of causation is an important part of commonsense reasoning. We use cause-and-effect analysis to understand everything from why we caught the flu to how to make a video recorder save our favorite TV show. Our facility can be characterized by a combination of two main capabilities: the ability to predict the outcome of a set of causative events; and the ability to explain given facts by postulating a set of determining causes.
Maximal information component analysis: a novel non-linear network analysis method.

Background: Network construction and analysis algorithms provide scientists with the ability to sift through high-throughput biological outputs, such as transcription microarrays, for small groups of genes (modules) that are relevant for further research. Most of these algorithms ignore the important role of nonlinear interactions in the data, and the ability for genes to operate in multiple functional groups at once, despite clear evidence for both of these phenomena in observed biological systems. Results: We have created a novel co-expression network analysis algorithm that incorporates both of these principles by combining the information-theoretic association measure of the Maximal Information Coefficient with an Interaction Component Model. We evaluate the performance of this approach on two datasets collected from a large panel of mice, one from macrophages and the other from liver by comparing the two measures based on a measure of module entropy, GO enrichment and scale free topology fit. Our algorithm outperforms a widely used co-expression analysis method, Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis (WGCNA), in the macrophage data, while returning comparable results in the liver dataset when using these criteria. We demonstrate that the macrophage data has more nonlinear interactions than the liver dataset, which may explain the increased performance of our method, termed Maximal Information Component Analysis (MICA) in that case. Conclusions: In making our network algorithm more accurately reflect known biological principles, we are able to generate modules with improved relevance, particularly in networks with confounding factors such as gene by environment interactions.
Enamelin and Autosomal-dominant Amelogenesis Imperfecta

Dental enamel forms as a progressively thickening extracellular layer by the action of proteins secreted by ameloblasts. The most abundant enamel protein is amelogenin, which is expressed primarily from a gene on the X-chromosome (AMELX). The two most abundant non-amelogenin enamel proteins are ameloblastin and enamelin, which are expressed from the AMBN and ENAM genes, respectively. The human AMBN and ENAM genes are located on chromosome 4q13.2. The major secretory products of the human AMELX, AMBN, and ENAM genes have 175, 421, and 1103 amino acids, respectively, and are all post-translationally modified, secreted, and processed by proteases. Mutations in AMELX have been shown to cause X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta (AI), which accounts for 5% of AI cases. Mutations in ENAM cause a severe form of autosomal-dominant smooth hypoplastic AI that represents 1.5%, and a mild form of autosomal-dominant local hypoplastic AI that accounts for 27% of AI cases in Sweden. The discovery of mutations in the ENAM gene in AI kindreds proved that enamelin is critical for proper dental enamel formation and that it plays a role in human disease. Here we review how enamelin was discovered, what is known about enamelin protein structure, post-translational modifications, processing by proteases, and its potentially important functional properties such as its affinity for hydroxyapatite and influence on crystal growth in vitro. The primary structures of human, porcine, mouse, and rat enamelin are compared, and the human enamelin gene, its structure, chromosomal localization, temporal and spatial patterns of expression, and its role in the etiology of amelogenesis imperfecta are discussed.
Visual disturbance after bariatric surgery.

Awoman in her 30s presented to the hospital with decreased vision in both eyes, confusion, and ataxia for 3 weeks. She had undergone gastric bypass surgery 3 months before presentation, which was complicated by a gastric ulcer and stricture. She had lost 34.5 kg since theprocedure.Othermedical history includedhypothyroidism and thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer diagnosed 10 years ago. Her medication regimen included levothyroxine sodium and occasional bariatric chewable vitamins. She denied alcohol or tobacco use or drug abuse. Her best-corrected visual acuity was 20/200 OD and 20/400 OS. Her pupils were equally reactive, with no relative afferent pupillary defect. There was a mild abduction deficit in both eyes as well as prominent upbeating nystagmus. The amplitude of thenystagmus increased inupgazeanddampenedwithdowngaze. Shewasunable to read the control plate of the Ishihara test. Findings froman anterior segment examinationwere unremarkable. Findings fromadilated fundusexamination revealeddiscedema inbotheyes with peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickening and large intraretinal hemorrhages (Figure). Quiz at jamaophthalmology.com A B
Reproduction of Turkeys as Affected by Age at Lighting and Light Intensity

Abstract Studies conducted by McCartney (1970) on the effect of age at lighting and light intensity of reproductive performance of turkeys have shown that females lighted at 32 weeks of age produced 29 and 36 percent more eggs for two trials than those lighted at 24 weeks of age. An additional trial was subsequently undertaken to determine the effect of these two factors on reproduction in the female turkey when lighting occurred at an older age. PROCEDURE Turkeys of the same commercial stock as those used in the first two trials of the study reported by McCartney (1970) were hatched at 4-week intervals beginning on May 15, 1969 and housed on January 22, 1970 when 28, 32 and 36 weeks of age. Duplicate groups of 12 females each were provided a 15-hour day of artificial light at 1.5 and 3.0 foot candles at the time of housing. Data were collected for…
Construction equipment productivity estimation using artificial neural network model

Estimating equipment production rates is both an art and a science. An accurate prediction of the productivity of earthmoving equipment is critical for accurate construction planning and project control. Owing to the unique work requirements and changeable environment of each construction project, the influences of job and management factors on operation productivity are often very complex. Hence, construction productivity estimation, even for an operation with well‐known equipment and work methods, can be challenging. This study develops and compares two methods for estimating construction productivity of dozer operations (the transformed regression analysis, and a non‐linear analysis using neural network model). It is the hypothesis of this study that the proposed neural networks model may improve productivity estimation models because of the neural network's inherent ability to capture non‐linearity and the complexity of the changeable environment of each construction project. The comparison of results...
QUANTITATIVE MODELLING OF SALT AND SEDIMENT INTERACTIONS: EVOLUTION OF A NORTH LOUISIANA SALT DIAPIR

The restoration of sections involving salt structures is camplicated because it is often difficult to understand fully the dynamics of the system. The occurrence of hydrocarbons is often associated with traps in the vicinity of or directly adjacent to, salt structures; different methods to delineate the combined evolution of salt and sediments have therefore been developed. Because dynamical parameters are rarely known more accurately than within an order of magnitude, intrinsic uncertainties are introduced in any model based on assumptions concerning the dynamical behaviour of salt and sediments.
Separation and Reunion in Modern China.

Separation and Reunion in Modern China. Charles Stafford. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 220 pp.
A New Transformation-Deficient Mutant of Haemophilus influenzae Rd with Normal DNA Uptake

Haemophilus influenzae Rd is a gram-negative natural transformer. A mutant strain, RJ248, that has normal DNA uptake and translocation but whose transformation frequency is 300 times lower than that of wild-type H. influenzae and whose phage recombination is 8 times lower was isolated. The affected gene, comM , is induced during competence development in wild-type H. influenzae but not in RJ248.
The impact of ATC automation on a controller's visual attention

A decision support aid to assist controllers in merging Area Navigation (RNAV) flows was evaluated by the MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD). The goal of this effort was to gather objective performance data to quantify the benefits of an automation prototype on the demands of the Air Traffic Control (ATC) task. A dual-task methodology was used to assess the spare cognitive/perceptual resources of an experienced controller when managing traffic with and without the automation. Two implementations of the automation were evaluated, one where the controller communicated with the flight crew via voice and another via datalink. The results suggest that a dual-task methodology can help quantify the benefits of ATC automation in terms of assessing controller cognitive/perceptual resources.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORK SATISFACTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT

This article investigates the interrelationship between individual characteristics, work rewards, work satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Data obtained from 1,385 workers representing a variety of occupational groups are analyzed. Generally, the data suggest that individual characteristics have very little impact on either satisfaction or commitment, while work rewards are found to be better predictors of satisfaction than commitment. More important, the data further indicate that satisfaction and commitment have reciprocal effects; however, it appears that satisfaction has a significantly greater effect on commitment than the reverse. The implications of these findings are discussed.
L-band SBR moving target detection in SAR-GMTI modes

Space Based Radars (SBR) are being considered for a wide range of area surveillance tasks due to the global, all weather capability to image and detect moving targets. SBR has the capability of detecting either slow moving ground targets or high speed airborne targets, in addition to the familiar synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging mode. However, due to the high satellite velocity and long wavelength of an L-band SBR, detection of slow moving targets is very difficult. Two radar modes are being considered: Multiple-Channel Ground Moving Target Indication Space Time Adaptive Processing (GMTI STAP), and Along Track Interferometry (ATI) SAR. The system implications and mode requirements are reviewed for efficient wide area surveillance.
Careful, Physicalists: Mind–Body Supervenience Can Be Too Superduper

It has become evident that mind–body supervenience, as merely specifying a covariance between mental and physical properties, is consistent with clearly non-physicalist views of the mental, such as emergentism. Consequently, there is a push in the physicalist camp for an ontologically more robust supervenience, a “superdupervenience,” that ensures that properties supervening on physical properties are physicalistically acceptable. Jessica Wilson claims that supervenience is made superduper by Condition on Causal Powers (CCP): each individual causal power associated with a supervenient property is numerically identical with a causal power associated with its base property. Furthermore, according to Wilson, a wide variety of physicalist positions, both reductive and non-reductive, can be seen as relying on CCP to ensure that properties supervening on physical properties are physicalistically acceptable. I argue that imposing CCP on mind–body supervenience fails to ensure that mental properties are physicalistically acceptable. The problem, I contend, is that while CCP may guard against supervenient mental properties being insufficiently grounded in their physical bases it fails to guard against supervenient mental properties being too deeply grounded in their physical bases.
The "in vitro" Conversion of Inorganic Nitrogen to Protein by Microorganisms from the Cow's Rumen.

Summary 1.Evidence is presented through "in vitro" experiments that conversion of inorganic nitrogen to protein can occur through the use of bacteria from the cow's rumen. 2.Bacterial activity, and hence conversion, is dependent on the pH of the media, the optimum range being 5.5 to 7. 3.The carbohydrates used in the media were of equal efficiency in influencing conversion, with the exception of cellulose which was not an acceptable carbohydrate for these studies. 4.NH 4 HCO 3 is as efficient as urea in the rate of utilization by rumen organisms. 5.The decrease in NH 3 can be accounted for by an increase in protein nitrogen. 6.The level of protein in the media has a negative influence on the decrease in NH 3 - N. 7.Amylolytic activity of rumen liquid has been demonstrated, with only slight activity in the saliva itself. 8.Proteolytic activity of cow's saliva is absent.
Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen: Sonographic finding

Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) is a recently recognized benign vascular lesion of the spleen. There is limited information regarding its imaging findings of this condition. Until now, the diagnosis was based on histopathologic examination of splenectomy specimens. We report the sonographic findings in a case of SANT of the spleen confirmed by ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy.
Exposure to Excess Estradiol or Leptin during Pregnancy Increases Mammary Cancer Risk and Prevents Parity-Induced Protective Genomic Changes in Rats

Using a preclinical model, we investigated whether excess estradiol (E2) or leptin during pregnancy affects maternal mammary tumorigenesis in rats initiated by administering carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) on day 50. Two weeks later, rats were mated, and pregnant dams were treated daily with 10 μg of 17β-estradiol, 15 μg of leptin, or vehicle from gestation day 8 to 19. Tumor development was assessed separately during weeks 1 to 12 and 13 to 22 after DMBA administration, because pregnancy is known to induce a transient increase in breast cancer risk, followed by a persistent reduction. Parous rats developed less (32%) mammary tumors than nulliparous rats (59%, P
Salmonella Newington Infection in Turkeys

Abstract INTRODUCTION CUMULATIVE data on Salmonellosis in fowls are emphasizing the importance of Salmonella other than S. pullorum and S. gallinarum as causes of mortality in many avian species. These data also emphasize the need for epidemiological studies to determine the significance of the indidividual types or species, such as S. newington, as factors in yearly mortality. This species was first isolated by Rettger and Scoville (1920) from ducks. At the time it was not differentiated from a species also isolated and called by them S. anatum. This discrepancy was noted by Kauffmann and Silbertstein (1934), and finally Edwards (1935 Edwards (1937) studied the antigens of two of the original strains (C1 and C2) and named them S. newington, a name derived from Newington, Connecticut, the location of the outbreaks studied by Rettger and Scoville. The name is now accepted by the Salmonella Subcommittee (1940) with the antigenic formula III, XV : . . .
The Epidemiology and Genetics of Uterine Leiomyoma

Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are the most common benign neoplasms in premenopausal women, which confer significant morbidity during the reproductive years and represent a significant public health issue. The incidence of fibroids has been associated with African-American race, early onset of menarche, early parity, and environmental/dietary exposures. These sex steroid-responsive uterine tumors are characterized by de novo transformation of the myometrium into fibroids via excessive formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cytogenic anomalies, mutations in mediator complex subunit 12 (MED 12), and aberrant DNA methylation/demethylation have been observed, but have not been reported as direct mediators of fibroid development. Recent advances in epigenetics have implied a functional role of G protein-coupled receptor 10 (GPR10) overexpression and irregular microRNA expression in the pathobiology of fibroids that require future investigation. Herein, the impact of epidemiologic and genetic factors on the incidence and development of fibroids is reviewed.
Are paranoid schizophrenics biologically different from other schizophrenics

Abstract Two studies were undertaken to verify the presence of lowered platelet monoamine oxidase activity in chronic schizophrenia. In the first study, a retrospective chart analysis, the mean platelet activity of patients with chronic schizophrenia (7.73±0.64 nmol of benzylaldehyde product per 108 platelets per hour [S.E.M.]) differed significantly from that of normal controls (12.13±0.2, P<0.001). Chronic paranoid schizophrenics (4.81 ±0.46) differed significantly from chronic nonparanoid schizophrenics (8.6±0.75, P<0.03). A separate prospective study confirmed significantly lower values for monoamine oxidase activity in chronic schizophrenic patients diagnosed as paranoid (5.97±1.17) or as having secondary paranoid features (6.28±0.71) as compared to chronic nonparanoid schizophrenics (9.81 ±0.87, P<0.001). Chronic paranoid schizophrenia may be a separate disorder from the other chronic forms of schizophrenia, and this difference may be related, at least in part, to biochemical characteristics. (N Eng...
Characterization of lung lesions using diffuse optical spectroscopy: preliminary results

Peripheral lung lesions are evaluated with transthoracic biopsies; but accurate characterization is challenging. We used diffuse optical spectroscopy and found significant differences between malignant/benign, indicating potential for clinical use.