cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More Blurred Lines: On Downstream Infringement and the Disgorgement of Profits

In copyright, as well as trademark, litigants and finders of fact face the often bewildering task of determining the extent to which downstream infringers—those companies one or more steps removed from the creative work at issue—may have benefited when someone upstream has usurped another’s work. Often, the results at trial are contradictory. We first review the history and purpose of the disgorgement remedy, identifying tension in the case law and statutes when the subject turns from competitors to downstream infringers. We look at three well-known cases from the world of recorded music—including the recent Blurred Lines decision—highlighting unexplained differences in the treatment of record companies when songwriters are accused of infringement. We then review our understanding of how firms capture value, and illustrate how that understanding can lend guidance to juries in assessing the profits to be disgorged. Our intent is to help reconcile observed differences in the treatment of downstream infringers.
Producing NMR Data

If hydrogen atoms are held close to one another in rigid or viscous systems, severe line broadening will result from their direct magnetic interactions (the spin-spin relaxation time, T 2, is short). The band separation and fine structure necessary to chemical structure determination cannot be observed under such conditions. These “direct dipole” interactions are eliminated when the hydrogen atoms are in constant rapid motion with respect to one another, leaving only the “indirect dipole” interactions which produce spin-spin multiplets. Consequently, the observation of the hydrogen resonance at high resolution requires that the sample molecule be in relatively free motion in all its segments. This usually means that the sample must be a gas or a liquid, although in a few cases useful spectra can be obtained from gels. The most convenient state is the liquid, so that both gases and solids are usually dissolved in suitable solvents for observation. Solids may also be melted.
Molecular Epidemiology Of Infectious Diseases

Table of Contents Chapter 1. Principles and Approaches Chapter 2. Laboratory Methods Used for Strain Typing of Pathogens: Conventional and Molecular Techniques Chapter 3. Laboratory Methods Used for Strain Typing of Pathogens: PCR-Based Strain-Typing Methods Chapter 4. Analysis of Similarity and Relatedness in Molecular Epidemiology Chapter 5. Distinguishing between Epidemic and Endemic Occurrences of Infectious Diseases Chapter 6. Stratification and Refinement of Data in Epidemiologic Investigations Chapter 7. Distinguishing Pathovars from Nonpathovars: Escherichia coli Chapter 8. Distinguishing Pathovars from Nonpathovars: Streptococcus pneumoniae Chapter 9. Distinguishing Pathovars from Nonpathovars: Helicobacter pylori Chapter 10. Hospital Infections: Staphylococcus aureus Chapter 11. Hospital Infections: Gram-Negative Bacteria Chapter 12. Identifying a Pathogen's Biological Determinants of Disease Transmission Glossary Annotated Websites of Databases Useful for Molecular Epidemiologic Investigations
Visual odometry on the Mars Exploration Rovers

NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) was designed to traverse in Viking Lander-I style terrains: mostly flat, with many small non-obstacle rocks and occasional obstacles. During actual operations in such terrains, onboard position estimates derived solely from the onboard inertial measurement unit and wheel encoder-based odometry achieved well within the design goal of at most 10% error. However, MER vehicles were also driven along slippery slopes tilted as high as 31 degrees. In such conditions an additional capability was employed to maintain a sufficiently accurate onboard position estimate: visual odometry. The MER visual odometry system comprises onboard software for comparing stereo pairs taken by the pointable mast-mounted 45 degree FOV navigation cameras (NAV-CAMs). The system computes an update to the 6-DOF rover pose (x, y, z, roll, pitch, yaw) by tracking the motion of autonomously-selected "interesting" terrain features between two pairs of stereo images, in both 2D pixel and 3D world coordinates. A maximum likelihood estimator is applied to the computed 3D offsets to produce a final, corrected estimate of vehicle motion between the two pairs. In this paper we describe the visual odometry algorithm used on the Mars Exploration Rovers, and summarize its results from the first year of operations on Mars.
Characterization and Modeling of the Philippine Archipelago Dynamics Using the ROMS 4DVAR Data Assimilation System

Abstract : The long-term goal of this project is to improve our capability to predict the inherent spatial and temporal variability near the Philippine Straits, and thus contribute to the development of reliable prediction systems. The primary focus is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the remote and local factors that control the meso- and submesoscale features in and around the Philippine Archipelago Straits. The main objectives are: * to explore the effects on the Philippine Straits of remote forcing from the equatorial waveguides, throughflows, and adjacent seas mesoscale dynamics; * to estimate the effects of local winds in generating meso- and submesoscale variability; * to quantify the role of barotropic tidal forcing in promoting side wall eddies and internal tides; * to study the role of abrupt changes in bathymetry in generating submesoscale variability; and * to investigate the impact of variational data assimilation on the simulation and predictability of the meso- and submesoscale circulation features.
Understanding Truck Driver Need-Based Segments: Creating a Strategy for Retention

This article describes how research on truck driver retention addresses how traditional variables impact a particular drivers’ decision to stay with a particular carrier, while at the same time many of the traditional research methods have been called into question. Additionally, research is sparse on understanding whether unique driver need-based segments exist. Therefore, the article presents a theoretical framework and examines an exploratory study for incorporating numerous constructs that pertain to a driver’s intention to drive for a firm. Empirical results indicate that truck drivers consider pay, personal safety, and time at home as the most important when deciding whether or not to remain with a firm. In addition, three unique truck driver need-based segments were identified. The authors offer retention recommendations based on the specific needs of each segment.
Einiges über algebraische Zahlen

Die reelle oder komplexe Zahl α heist algebraisch, wenn sie Nullstelle eines ganzzahligen Polynoms [S. 132] ist, d. h. wenn rationale ganze Zahlen a 0, a 1, a 2, ..., a n existieren, a 0 ≠ 0, so das (G) $${a_0}{\alpha ^n} + {a_1}{\alpha ^{n - 1}} + {a_2}{\alpha ^{n - 2}} + ... + {a_{n - 1}}\alpha + {a_n} = 0$$ .
On the Cartesian Ontology of General Relativity: Or, Conventionalism in the History of the Substantival‐Relational Debate

Using Einstein’s comparison of General Relativity and Descartes’ physics, this investigation explores the alleged conventionalism that pervades the ontology of substantival and relationist conceptions of spacetime. Although previously discussed, namely by Rynasiewicz and Hoefer, it will be argued that the close similarities between General Relativity and Cartesian physics have not been adequately treated in the literature—and that the disclosure of these similarities bolsters the case for a conventionalist interpretation of spacetime ontology.
Evidence for semi-conservative replication of mitochondrial DNA from Paramecium aurelia.

Abstract The mode of replication of mitochondrial DNA in Paramecium aurelia was studied using 5-bromouracil incorporation. Density gradient analysis showed that 5-BrUra-substituted mitochondrial DNA had a density of 1.702 g/cm 3 , corresponding to 4% substitution in the duplex. Analysis of monomer length molecules revealed that these consisted of a mixture of normal density and 5-BrUra-substituted DNA, whereas dimer length molecules consisted of only 5-BrUra-substituted DNA. Analysis of denatured, 5-BrUra-substituted DNA indicated that the 5-BrUra was contained in just one strand, while the other strand had the density expected of normal mitochondrial DNA. It was concluded that the linear molecules from mitochondrial DNA of P. aurelia replicate via a semi-conservative mode of replication.
Restored expression of the atypical heat shock protein H11/HspB8 inhibits the growth of genetically diverse melanoma tumors through activation of novel TAK1-dependent death pathways

Melanoma is an aggressive and drug-resistant cancer in need of improved therapeutic strategies. Restored expression of transcriptionally silenced genes is a potential approach, but it is limited by the genetic diversity of the melanoma tumors. The atypical heat shock protein H11/HspB8 has kinase activity and is silenced in melanoma through aberrant DNA methylation. We report that its restored expression induces the death of genetically diverse melanoma lines and inhibits tumor growth through the activation of novel TAK1-dependent death pathways. These include (i) caspase-1 activation independent of the inflammasome through upregulation of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), (ii) Beclin-1 upregulation through phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) at S2481 and (iii) apoptosis caused by caspase-1-mediated Beclin-1 cleavage. These data extend current understanding of cell death-associated functions, underscore the strong therapeutic promise of H11/HspB8 and identify TAK1 as a potential intervention target in melanoma.
Current and Future Management Options for Myelodysplastic Syndromes

The management of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) requires insight into the complex biology of the disease. Despite this challenge, two recent developments have contributed significantly to advancements in the treatment of MDS: (i) improvements in classification systems and prognostic models; and (ii) the emergence of US FDA-approved agents such as lenalidomide, azacitidine and decitabine. Prior to these developments, supportive care measures consisting of blood and platelet transfusions, haematopoietic growth factors and antimicrobials remained standard of care for the treatment of MDS. As a result of these developments, clinicians are able to provide patient-tailored therapy for specific MDS subgroups. Clinical trials addressing combination therapies with multiple investigational agents as well as novel combination regimens are ongoing. This review focuses on supportive care modalities, the approved agents indicated for the treatment of MDS and future directions for the treatment of MDS, including agents under clinical investigation.
Conservation of Social Resources: Social Support Resource Theory

A motivational model of social support was developed, based on a general stress model termed Conservation of Resources Theory (COR). COR suggests that individuals have, as a primary goal to preserve and protect those resources that they value. This resource conservation is made possible, in turn, by possessing a strong resource pool such that resource strength preserves further resource development and resource security. Resources, in other words, are both valued directly and valued indirectly as they serve to protect other resources. Social support provides a major reservoir for resources outside those endowed to the self (e.g. high self-esteem, sense of mastery). Examining our model and those proposed recently by others, we suggest that social support may be a central building block of health and well-being because together with personal resources t is related to overall sense of identity. Corollaries of this theory were also developed and supporting research was presented. Implications of our social su...
Tamo selectively modulates nuclear import in Drosophila

Background: The NF-κB/Rel pathway functions in the establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity and in the innate humoral and cellular immune response in Drosophila. An important aspect of all NF-κB/Rel pathways is the translocation of the Rel proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where they function as transcription factors. Results: We have identified a new protein, Tamo, which binds to Drosophila Rel protein Dorsal, but not to Dorsal lacking the nuclear localization sequence. Tamo does not bind to the other Drosophila Rel proteins, Dif and Relish. The Tamo-Dorsal complex forms in the cytoplasm and Tamo also interacts with a cytoplasmically orientated nucleoporin. In addition Tamo binds the Ras family small GTPase, Ran. Tamo functions during oogenesis and, based on phenotypic analysis, controls the levels of nuclear Dorsal in early embryos. It further regulates the accumulation of Dorsal in the nucleus after immune challenge. Conclusions:Tamo has an essential function during oogenesis. Tamo interacts with Dorsal and proteins that are part of the nuclear import machinery. We propose that tamo modulates the levels of import of Dorsal and other proteins.
Variations in larval walleye pollock feeding and condition: a synthesis

There was a strong association among concentrations of microzooplankton prey sampled from the walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, larval habitat, gut contents of larvae, and their nutritional condition. Subsequently, hypothesized survival potentials linked to food availability were validated by independently determined mortality rates. We present evidence that a significant number of walleye pollock larvae were starving in 1991 but that fewer were starving in 1992. At some stations where prey levels were anomalously low in 1991, up to 40% of the larvae were in poor condition. There appears to be a 2-week period after first feeding when walleye pollock are vulnerable to starvation.
Aviation Policy: Past and Present

For 25 years, airline deregulation has been a symbol of the trend toward less expansive government. The move from economic regulation to deregulation has delivered on its efficiency promises, and there have been significant benefits to consumers in terms of lower prices and more convenient schedules. However, airline competition, especially at hub airports, remains imperfect. The nature of these imperfections is explained better by models of oligopolistic behavior than by the contestability theory. Paradoxically for this industry, the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, has ushered in an expanded role of government in aviation policy. This expanded role does not reinstate government intervention in airline economic decisions. Rather, it provides financial stabilization of the industry in the short run and long-term structural change in aviation security.
B-form and A-form DNA in an electric field

Abstract The structures of B-form and A-form DNA are studied in 0–70 and 70–80% ethanol solutions, respectively, in an electric field, using linear dichroism. The limiting reduced linear dichroism data of B-form DNA are chain length dependent in 0% ethanol solution. However, there is no such chain length dependence of the limiting reduced linear dichroism of the A-form. Our reslts also suggest that (1) the transition moments at 260 nm lie within the plaxe of the DNA bases, (2) the two allomorphs (A and B forms) of the long chain DNA in solution in the electric field are like the respective classica forms.
ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS OF BRAND ADVERTISING PROGRAMMES FOR U.S. ORANGE JUICE IN THE EUROPEAN MARKET: AN ERROR COMPONENT ANALYSIS

An econometric model is used to measure the impact of the Three-Party Programme on European demand for U.S. orange juice. The results show that the programme has helped expand the demand for orange juice in European countries and, from the viewpoint of the U.S. citrus industry, is an economically preferred way of generating additional exports compared with using price reductions to achieve additional sales.
Scale symmetry breaking in a coherently excited cascade amplifier

We analyze the temporal development of a seed signal propagating in an ensemble of three-level atoms initially pumped by a two- photon excitation pulse. In an incoherently prepared system, the medium acts as a two-level system. Such a system is scale- invariant and therefore its dynamics are uniquely determined by the value of (alpha) L. On the other hand, a coherently prepared system is not scale invariant, leading to more complicated dynamics. We show that at low optical gain the amplification is reduced when the pumping is coherent. We further show that at high inversion there is an exponential increase in the radiation emitted from the lower transition in an initially prepared coherent system.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Repetitive liquid injection system for inverse gas chromatography

Abstract A hybrid injection system composed of a closed-loop vaporization chamber with a gas sampling valve is described. The system allows liquid injection into the vaporization loop with subsequent multiple injections of the vaporized solute(s) via the gas sampling valve (GSV). Very small amounts of probe solutes can be injected without a dilution solvent, and the vaporization loop acts as a “retention gap” for capillary columns. The use of a pneumatically controlled valve injector provides very accurate and reproducible injection volumes at precise time intervals. Combination of precisely timed injections with temperature programming of the column oven produces continuous chromatograms and retention data at controlled temperature increments. The proposed injection system eliminates the need for split injectors; it is cleaner than normal in-line injectors because nonvolatile samples cannot reach the column; and the instrumentation is easily automated. The major disadvantages are the restriction that the samples must be volatile at temperatures lower than the upper temperature limit of the valve rotor; the GSV is susceptible to both contamination and mechanical failure; the sample can be exposed to metal components of the valve; and initial distribution of the sample throughout the closed-loop vaporization chamber may be slow.
Age-related severity of focal ischemia in female rats is associated with impaired astrocyte function

In middle-aged female rats, focal ischemia leads to a larger cortical infarction as compared with younger females. To determine if stroke-induced cytotoxicity in middle-aged females was associated with impaired astrocyte function, astrocytes were harvested and cultured from the ischemic cortex of young and middle-aged female rats. Middle-aged astrocytes cleared significantly less glutamate from media as compared with young female astrocytes. Furthermore, astrocyte-conditioned media from middle-aged female astrocytes induced greater migration of peripheral blood monocyte cells (PBMCs) and expressed higher levels of the chemoattractant macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1). Middle-aged astrocytes also induced greater migration of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), however, their ability to promote neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells was similar to young astrocytes. In males, where cortical infarct volume is similar in young and middle-aged animals, no age-related impairment was observed in astrocyte function. These studies show that the aging astrocyte may directly contribute to infarct severity by inefficient glutamate clearance and enhanced cytokine production and suggest a cellular target for improved stroke therapy among older females.
Quantitative fractographic analysis of variability in tensile ductility of a squeeze cast Al–Si–Mg base alloy

Abstract Cast Al-alloy components often exhibit significant variability in fracture-related mechanical properties, such as ductility and strength. In this contribution, the variability in the ductility of tensile test specimens of squeeze cast A356 Al-alloy is examined. The variability in ductility does not correlate to the global average microstructural parameters, such as dendrite cell size, Si particle size, and amount of porosity in the three-dimensional microstructure. Tensile fracture surfaces contain oxide films and residues of modifiers, fluxes, grain refiners, and mold release agents: EDS shows presence of elements such as O, Na, K, C, Ca, Fe, and S in these defects. The fracture path preferentially goes through the regions containing the defects. SEM quantitative fractography was used to estimate the total area fraction of such defects in the fracture surfaces of the tensile test specimens. The percent tensile ductility e shows strong quantitative correlation with the area fraction of the defects f in the corresponding fracture surfaces, which can be represented by the following simple equation. e = e 0 [ 1 − f ] n In this equation, e0 and n are empirical constants. For the present data set, e0 is equal to 15.84% and n is equal to 8.3. Thus, the variability in the ductility can be decreased through a reduction in the amount of processing defects via better process control.
Ethnicity and crime: Perceptual differences among blacks, Mexican Americans, and Anglos

Abstract Perception is affected by culture. Since there are subcultural differences among blacks, Mexican Americans, and Anglos, it may be expected that perceptual differences would exist among them. Statistics indicate that ethnic differences appear in virtually every aspect of crime. Therefore, it was speculated that perceptual differences would exist in relation to crime. Results of the present study conducted among college students and adult nonstudents revealed that there were significant differences among the three ethnic groups in perception of seriousness of crimes, personally threatening crimes, perception of most common crimes committed in their city, and imputation of responsibility for crimes. Members of all three ethnic groups showed a distorted perception of the criminal activity that was occurring around them.
Cubics defined from symmetric functions

Suppose a, b, c are algebraic indeterminates. Let X = x : y : z and U = u : v : w be homogeneous trilinear coordinates for points in the transfigured plane of a triangle ABC; that is, x, y, z, u, v, w are functions of a, b, c (which need not be sidelengths of a euclidean triangle). Cubic equations of the form f(x, y, z) = f(u, v, w), where f is of degree 3 and symmetric or antisymmetric in a, b, c, are discussed, typified by f(x, y, z) = (y + z)(z + x)(x + y)/(xyz). Extensions are made to the case that the coordinates for X and U are general homogeneous, with results stated in terms of trilinear coordinates.
Mobilizing for war

The British Armed Nation, 1793–1815. By J. E. Cookson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997) vi + 286 pp. £45.00/ $87.00 cloth. The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World War. By David G. Herrmann (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997) 307 pp. $16.95 paper. State, Society and Mobilization in Europe during the First World War. John Horne, ed. (Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1997) xv + 292 pp. £35.00/ $59.95 cloth.
Differential modulation of dopaminergic systems in the rat brain by dietary protein.

Rats that consume a diet 50% rich in protein exhibit hyperactivity and hyperresponsiveness to nociceptive stimuli, in which facilitation of dopaminergic activity has been implicated. We studied the regional changes in the concentrations of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the brains of rats that were maintained on high-protein (HP, 50% casein), normal-protein (NP, 20% casein), and low-protein (LP, 8% casein) diets for 36 weeks. Brain nuclei that represented different DAergic systems were punchdissected and analyzed using HPLC. In the substantia nigra, the striatum, and the dentate gyrus, DA concentrations decreased and increased, respectively, with a decrease and increase in dietary protein (p<0.05 compared to the NP diet). Similar trends in the effect of the HP diet were observed in the ventral tegmental area, amygdala, frontal cortex, subiculum, centromedial nucleus (CM) of the thalamus, and inferior colliculi (IC), although the differences in DA concentrations were not statistically significant. These brain areas also showed a pattern of decreased DA concentration in association with the LP diet, and the differences were statistically significant (p<0.05) in the CM and IC. DA concentrations in most regions of the midbrain and brainstem were not different between the diet groups, nor were consistent trends observed in those regions. Also, there were no consistent relationships between DOPAC/DA and HVA/DA ratios and dietary protein level. These data suggest that only discrete dopaminergic neuronal circuits in the rat forebrain were sensitive to changes in dietary protein level.
Giardiasis secondary to chronic proton pump inhibitors

Purpose: Lansoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor commonly prescribed for gastroesophageal reflux and peptic ulcer disease. It is usually well tolerated with the commonest side effect reported as diarrhea in a minority of patients. A case of asymptomatic giardiasis is described in a patient on chronic lansoprazole who had none of the typical risk factors associated with this infection.
Structures, Stabilities, and Ionization Potentials of Dodecahedrane Endohedral Complexes

The equilibrium geometries and frequencies of endohedral complexes between H, He, Ne, Ar, Li, Li+, Be, Be+, Be2+, Na, Na+, Mg, Mg+, and Mg2+ and dodecahedrane (X@C20H20) were computed at B3LYP/ 6-311+G(d,p). The majority have Ih minima; the exceptions, X@C20H20 (X = Be, Be+, Be2+), have C5v symmetry with X localized against an inner cage face. Cage C−C bonds shorten slightly (<0.01 A) and cage C−H bonds lengthen slightly (≤0.02 A) in the series: M2+@C20H20 → M+@C20H20 → M@C20H20 (M = Li, Na, Be, Mg). These subtle changes in dodecahedrane geometry are due to donation of electron density from the encapsulated metal atom into the C−C bonding and C−H antibonding endohedral complex HOMO, which has a structure closely resembling the LUMO (A1g) of dodecahedrane. The zero point-corrected inclusion energies of Li+@C20H20 (Ih; −12.7 kcal/mol), Be+@C20H20 (C5v; −1.3 kcal/mol), Be2+@C20H20 (C5v; −236.3 kcal/mol) and Mg2+@C20H20 (Ih; −118.0 kcal/mol) are exothermic relative to their isolated components. However, all ...
Beneath the Minerals, a Layer of Round Lipid Particles Was Identified to Mediate Collagen Calcification in Compact Bone Formation

Astronauts lose 1–2% of their bone minerals per month during space flights. A systematic search for a countermeasure relies on a good understanding of the mechanism of bone formation at the molecular level. How collagen fibers, the dominant matrix protein in bones, are mineralized remains mysterious. Atomic force microscopy was carried out, in combination with immunostaining and Western blotting, on bovine tibia to identify unrecognized building blocks involved in bone formation and for an elucidation of the process of collagen calcification in bone formation. Before demineralization, tiles of hydroxyapatite crystals were found stacked along bundles of collagen fibers. These tiles were homogeneous in size and shape with dimensions 0.69 × 0.77 × 0.2 μm3. Demineralization dissolved these tiles and revealed small spheres with an apparent diameter around 145 nm. These spheres appeared to be lipid particles since organic solvents dissolved them. The parallel collagen bundles had widths mostly <2 μm. Composition analysis of compact bones indicated a high content of apolar lipids, including triglycerides and cholesterol esters. Apolar lipids are known to form lipid droplets or lipoproteins, and these spheres are unlikely to be matrix vesicles as reported for collagen calcification in epiphyseal cartilages. Results from this study suggest that the layer of round lipid particles on collagen fibers mediates the mineral deposition onto the fibers. The homogeneous size of these lipid particles and the presence of apolipoprotein in demineralized bone tissue suggest the possibility that these particles might be of lipoprotein origin. More studies are needed to verify the last claim and to exclude the possibility that they are secreted lipid droplets.
Cell culture studies with the IMC-Hz-1 nonoccluded virus.

Abstract Studies were conducted on an adventitious agent (Hz-1V) isolated from the IMC-Hz-1 cell line. It appeared identical to the virus first obtained by Granados et al (R. R. Granados, T. Nguyen, and B. Cato, 1978, Intervirology, 10, 309–317) from a persistent infection of this cell line. Restriction endonuclease digestion of Hz-1V DNA indicated the agent was different from the S nuclear polybedrosis virus (HzSNPV) of the host species, Heliothis zea, from which the IMC-Hz-1 cell line was derived by Hink and Ignoffo (W. F. Hink and C. M. Ignoffo, 1970, Exp. Cell Res. 60, 307–309) . Hz-1V caused extensive cytopathic effects (CPE) in cultures of TN-368 cells and was moderately infectious to several other insect cell lines. The lytic nature of the infection permitted development of a plaque assay employing TN-368 cells. Following acute infections of TN-368 cells, persistently infected cultures were readily established by the surviving cells. Attempts to induce persistent infections of clones 10 and 13 of TN-368 were, however, unsuccessful. Infectious Hz-1V was shed continuously into the medium throughout subculturings of persistently infected cells. The infectious titer dropped sharply during initial subculturings, but subsequently reached a basal level at about the 25th passage. These cultures were resistant to superinfection by homologous Hz-1V, but remained as susceptible as normal TN-368 cells to heterologous Autographa californica M NPV (AcMNPV).
Breast carcinoma in pregnant women: assessment of clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features.

BACKGROUND Breast carcinoma is one of the most common carcinomas in pregnant women. The incidence of breast carcinoma may increase in the future because of the trend toward delayed childbearing and increased screening. However, very few contemporary studies have attempted to identify the combined histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of breast carcinoma in these patients. METHODS The authors evaluated 39 patients with breast carcinoma occurring coincident with pregnancy. This was comprised of a critical histologic review and immunohistochemical evaluation to determine the status of prognostic and predictive markers including estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER-2/neu, Ki-67, and p53. RESULTS The mean age at presentation was 33 years (range, 24–44 years). Densities and/or masses were noted on mammograms in 14 of 16 patients with available radiographic information. The primary tumors were a mean of 4.5 cm in greatest dimension (range, 0.1–13.5 cm). Two of the 39 patients had clinical (American Joint Committee on Cancer) Stage I disease, 19 patients had Stage II disease, 16 had Stage III disease, and 2 patients had Stage IV disease at the time of presentation. Histologically, high-grade invasive ductal carcinomas were found in 32 of 38 patients. The primary tumor was not available for review in one patient. A predominantly solid pattern of growth was observed in nine patients. Lymphovascular invasion was identified in 61% of cases. Ductal carcinoma in situ was identified in 72% of tumors and was high grade in all cases. Of the 25 patients tested, ER positivity was found in 7 patients, PR positivity was found in 6 patients, HER-2/neu positivity was found in 7 patients, and p53 positivity was found in 12 patients. The proliferation rate as shown by Ki-67 staining was high in 60% of the cases. Follow-up information was available for 35 patients and the mean follow-up period was 43 months (range, 2–163 months). Distant metastasis occurred in seven patients. The mean time to disease recurrence was 20.4 months (range, 10–33 months). Of 35 patients, 4 have died, 22 were alive with no evidence of disease, and 9 were alive with disease at the last follow-up. The remaining four patients died of unknown causes. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women with breast carcinomas generally present with advanced-stage disease and the tumors have poor histologic and prognostic features. The findings from the follow-up indicated that these tumors do not follow a very aggressive clinical course as was proposed in earlier reports. Breast carcinomas occurring during pregnancy share many histologic and prognostic similarities with breast carcinoma occurring in other young women. Cancer 2003;98:1055–60. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11614
Urban Ethnic Minority Women’s Attendance at Health Clinic vs. Church Based Exercise Programs

Older, sedentary, urban-living, ethnic minority women are at high risk for preventable disease, but it is difficult to engage this population in health promotion efforts. This study tested two methods of engaging Hispanic and African American women, who were at high risk for cardiovascular disease, in a 10-week aerobic fitness program. The program was offered to 76 participants, in either a women's health clinic or a church. Attendance was the primary dependent variable and was recorded at each exercise session. Other variables, including the Baecke Questionnaire of Habitual Physical Activity, Fat Frequency Questionnaire, Self-Efficacy for Exercise Behaviors Scale, Social Support and Exercise Survey, and Psychological General Well-Being Schedule, were measured prior to the intervention, at the end of the 10-week program, and at 3-month follow-up. Age predicted attendance, independently of site. Women in the highest age quartile (50 - 70 years) attended more than twice as many exercise sessions compared to women in the lowest age quartile (17 - 27 years). The relationship between older age and attendance was particularly strong for Hispanic women. Church parishioners were primarily women over the age of 40, making it impossible to disentangle the relative effect of locale. These findings are relevant for clinicians who design exercise programs targeting older, ethnic, minority women. Administrators who design exercise programs for urban-living women should consider age of the target population when selecting the most conducive setting.
Protein quantitation using iTRAQ: Review on the sources of variations and analysis of nonrandom missingness

As a technique that allows simultaneous quantitation of proteins in multiple samples, iTRAQ (isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation) has gained increased interest and applications in proteomics research. Despite its success, iTRAQ data present a number of statistical challenges even after the proteins and peptides are identified and the peak areas of the reported ions are estimated for peptide intensities. In this article, we review recent studies on the analysis of iTRAQ data, the computation problems involved and the nonrandom missingness in the iTRAQ data.
Molecular determinants for recognition of phencyclidine derivatives at muscarinic cholinergic receptors

We report the results of a study combining synthetic organic chemistry, NMR spectroscopy, pharmacologic testing of receptor affinity, and theoretical calculations to elucidate the molecular determinants for the activity of phencyclidine (PCP) on the muscarinic type of acetylcholine receptor (M-ACh-R). A series of analogs was prepared to test the hypothesis that rigidity of the phenyl ring rotation and its relative orientation with respect to the cyclohexyl ring are responsible for PCP recognition at M-ACh-R. Quantum mechanical calculations (SCF with STO-3G basis sets) as well as molecular mechanics calculations (with the MM2 program) were used to elucidate the structures and define the conformations of the compounds, the rigidity of the phenyl ring arrangement, and the structural determinants for the recognition of these drugs at M-ACh-R. Pharmacologic testing indicates that there is no preference for an axial or equatorial configuration of the phenyl ring for interaction with M-ACh-R. This is consistent with the ACh-like interaction pharmacophore defined in earlier studies. However, the increased barrier to rotation of the phenyl ring in these compounds, compared to PCP, explains their increased affinity for M-ACh-R. A novel derivative in which the phenyl bisects the cyclohexyl ring rather than being perpendicular to it, as in the active PCP analogs, is not recognized at the M-ACh-R. Although it contains the same structural groups as PCP, we show that the stereochemistry of this derivative makes it incompatible with the ACh-like interaction pharmacophore.
Pollen-Expressed Transcription Factor 2 Encodes a Novel Plant-Specific TFIIB-Related Protein that Is Required for Pollen Germination and Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis

Pollen germination and embryogenesis are important to sexual plant reproduction. The processes require a large number of genes to be expressed. Transcription of eukaryotic nuclear genes is accomplished by three conserved RNA polymerases acting in association with a set of auxiliary general transcription factors (GTFs), including B-type GTFs. The roles of B-type GTFs in plant reproduction remain poorly understood. Here we report functional characterization of a novel plant-specific TFIIB-related gene PTF2 in Arabidopsis. Mutation in PTF2 caused failure of pollen germination. Pollen-rescue revealed that the mutation also disrupted embryogenesis and resulted in seed abortion. PTF2 is expressed prolifically in developing pollen and the other tissues with active cell division and differentiation, including embryo and shoot apical meristem. The PTF2 protein shares a lower amino acid sequence similarity with other known TFIIB and TFIIB-related proteins in Arabidopsis. It can interact with TATA-box binding protein 2 (TBP2) and bind to the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) as the other known TFIIB and TFIIB-related proteins do. In addition, PTF2 can form a homodimer and interact with the subunits of RNA polymerases (RNAPs), implying that it may be involved in the RNAPs transcription. These results suggest that PTF2 plays crucial roles in pollen germination and embryogenesis in Arabidopsis, possibly by regulating gene expression through interaction with TBP2 and the subunits of RNAPs.
AN EVALUATION OF X-RAY LOSS DUE TO ELECTRON BACKSCATTER

A new formulation of the x-ray loss due to electron backscattering has been computed from Monte Carlo simulation for electrons catteringig solids.
The Legal Status of Laser Weapons That Blind

In response to growing concerns over the production, deployment, and use of laser weapons that cause blinding, the international community in 1995 convened an international conference to restrict the use and transfer of blinding laser weapons. The result was the Fourth Additional Protocol to the 1980 United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. In doing so, a significant step was taken towards restricting the intentional blinding of combatants in time of war. This article provides a review of the process by which the Fourth Additional Protocol was drafted and an analysis of its legal impact on the use of laser weapon systems.
Molecular Basis for Arrhythmias: Role of Two Nonsarcolemmal Ion Channels

Molecular Mechanisms for Arrhythmias. Ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation and sudden cardiac death occur frequently following myocardial ischemia or infarction. The recent Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST Study) found that patients treated with the Na-channel antagonists encainide and flecainide suffered increased mortality over placebo. This unexpected result has dampened enthusiasm for treatment of asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmias and more subtly suggests a need for review of current strategies for analysis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. This article focuses on two nonsarcolemmal ion channels that may be involved in certain types of ventricular arrhythmias: the gap junction channel and the Ca2+-release channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Gap junctions enable conduction of the cardiac impulse from cell-to-cell and may be involved in reentrant arrhythmias. SR Ca2+-release channels regulate the level of cytosolic Ca2+ during initiation of contraction and seem to be the basis for triggered activity. Gap junction and SR Ca2+-release channels, though structurally dissimilar molecules, share certain functional and gating characteristics. In different ways, both channels couple the electrical response to the mechanical response. Furthermore, dysfunction of gap junction channels and/or SR Ca2+-release channels may underlie the development of arrhythmias in postischemic cells. Classification of arrhythmias on the basis of which channel(s) is principally involved might expedite the development of new drugs targeted at functional regions of the chan-nel(s). Ultimately, pharmacotherapy of arrhythmias directed at the molecules responsible for the electrical dysfunction may replace the empirical approach that dominates current cardiology practice. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 1, pp. 464–480, October 1990)
Extending the value chain to incorporate privacy by design principles

Morgan et al. (2009) examine the notion of corporate citizenship and suggest that for it to be effective companies need to minimize harm and maximize benefits through its activities and, in so doing, take account of and be responsive to a full range of stakeholders. Specifically, they call for a “next generation” approach to corporate citizenship that embeds structures, systems, processes and policies into and across the company’s value chain. We take this notion of corporate citizenship and apply it to Privacy by Design concepts in a value chain model. Privacy by Design is comprised of Seven Foundational Principles (Cavoukian 2009), and as we develop the Privacy by Design Value Chain, those principles are incorporated. First, we examine the primary activities in the value chain and consider each of these seven principles, and then we extend the analysis to the support activities. Finally, we consider privacy implications and the challenges to be faced in supply chain and federated environments. Designing privacy into the value chain model is a practical, business view of organizational and privacy issues. This puts privacy where it belongs in an organization—everywhere personal information exists. We conclude that further research is needed to consider the internal stakeholders’ communications among the various departments within an organization with the goal of better communications and shared values, and we believe the value chain approach helps to further this research agenda. Also, federated environments necessitate that organizations can “trust” their third parties providers. Research and case studies are needed regarding how these organizations can create value and competitive advantages by voluntarily providing their customers with privacy practice compliance reports. For the most part, the future is bright for the protection of personal information because solutions, not problems are being proposed, researched, developed and implemented.
Fluorescence And Alternative Methods In Urine Drug Testing

Drug abuse has become-one of the most compelling realities _ ot contemporary society. It has penetrated every segment ot our population: trom schools to sports and trom organized crime to board rooms . Drugs in tie w9rkplace allegedly cost government agencies and business millions ot dollars each year in increased absenteeism,. poor work performance, thefts,accidents andwastedtime. The President's Commission on Organized Crime and the federal government are in tavor ot urine drug testing. In fact many employers are now resorting to urine drug testing on current and prospective employees. This presep.tation discusses different laboratory methods used in urine drug.testing, including immunoassays, fluorescence polarization, thin layer chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Factors governing the stickiness of cribellar prey capture threads in the spider family Uloboridae

The surface of a cribellar prey capture thread is formed of thousands of fine, looped fibrils, each issuing from one of the spigots on an oval spinning plate termed the cribellum. This plesiomorphic capture thread is retained by members of the family Uloboridae, in which its stickiness differs among genera. An examination of five cribellar thread features in nine uloborid species shows that only the number of fibrils that form a thread explains these differences in thread stickiness. Neither the physical features of these fibrils, nor the manner in which they are combined to form threads differs among species. Threads produced by orb-weaving species contain fewer fibrils than those produced by species that build reduced webs. Relative to spider weight, the number of fibrils that form a cribellar thread is greatest in simple-web species of the genus Miagrammopes, less in triangle-web species of the genus Hyptiotes, and least in orb-weaving species representing five genera. A transformational analysis shows that change in the number of cribellum spigots is directly related to change in the stickiness of cribellar thread. This direct relationship between the material invested in a cribellar thread and its stickiness may have been a limiting factor that favored the switch from the dry cribellar threads of uloborids to the adhesive capture threads produced by other orb-weaving families. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rice and Bricks: Environmental Issues and Mapping of the Unusual Crop Rotation Pattern in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

The Kathmandu Valley in Nepal has experienced a very rapid increase in population resulting in considerable land use/land cover change and also a series of environmental problems. One of the results of the population increase is an expansion of brick manufacturing within the Valley because most structures are brick. The brick kilns are intense in several locations of the Valley and have an interesting pattern of using the same lands for bricks during the dry season and then conversion to rice during the wet, summer monsoon months. The increase in brick production has contributed to environmental problems including decreased soil productivity, lowered ground water levels, and particularly air pollution. Brick manufacturing has little, if any, effective regulation. There is a lack of current, accurate data on brick production that could be resolved by remote sensing methods. Controls should be established and more information acquired on the location and impacts of brick production.
Excessive water intake in captive Norway rats with scar-markings.

Abstract Wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) with scar-markings, presumably an index of low social status, were exclusive in drinking excessive amounts of water (> 1cc/g body weight/day) after capture. Unscarred wild rats had intakes similar to albino rats after 50 days captivity. In a second experiment there was no reliable relation between adrenal weight of captives and scar-marking or time in captivity up to 1 yr.
Waterjet and abrasive waterjet surface treatment of titanium: a comparison of surface texture and residual stress

Abstract In this study, commercially pure titanium (cpTi) and a titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) were subjected to waterjet (WJ) peening and abrasive waterjet (AWJ) peening surface treatments. The texture and in-plane biaxial residual stress of the treated surfaces were quantified using contact profilometry and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Regardless of the specific process conditions, the surface residual stresses resulting from WJ and AWJ peening of both materials were compressive. Residual stresses in the Ti6Al4V ranging −400≤ σ ≤−30 MPa, whereas stresses in the cpTi treated with the same conditions ranging −200≤ σ ≤−60 MPa. Residual stresses resulting from WJ peening increased with the WJ pressure whereas those resulting from AWJ peening decreased with an increase in both jet pressure and abrasive size. The surface roughness of the metals did not change appreciably with WJ treatment, but AWJ peening resulted in a significant increase in roughness. Therefore, AWJ peening may serve as a new method for introducing compressive residual stresses in engineering components that also require rough surfaces.