cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Divertor heat flux reduction and detachment experiments in NSTX

Abstract We report the first successful experiments at achieving significant outer divertor peak heat flux reduction, from 4–7 MW/m2 to 1–2 MW/m2, in 4 MW NBI-heated H-mode plasmas in NSTX. Steady-state divertor deuterium puffing at Γ ⩽ 1.1 × 1022 s−1 resulted in a high-recycling radiative divertor regime with a 50–80% reduction of the outer strike point (OSP) peak heat flux, without a loss of H-mode confinement or degradation of core plasma parameters. At higher D2 injection rate, Γ = 1.12–2.80 × 1022 s−1 up to 80% reduction in the peak heat flux and spectroscopic signatures of volume recombination have been observed, suggesting the OSP partial detachment. Radiative mantle plasmas were obtained by neon injection. The OSP peak heat flux decreased by 50–75% as the scrape-off layer power was reduced through the main plasma radiation which was about 30% of the input power. The results suggest that while an H-mode compatible radiative divertor can be obtained in NSTX, the realization of a partially detached divertor regime may be hindered by divertor properties specific to a spherical torus and NSTX.
One‐dimensional velocity inversion for acoustic waves: Numerical results

We consider the inverse problem of determining small variations in propagation speed from remote observations of signals which pass through an inhomogeneous medium. Under the conditions (1) that the variations can be written as a small perturbation from a known reference value and (2) that the medium of interest varies in one direction only, an integral equation has been developed for the variations which can be solved in closed form. Here, a technique is presented to obtain and process synthetic data from a scattering profile of arbitrary shape. The results of numerical testing show that, as long as a velocity variation is indeed ’’small,’’ both its size and its shape can be reproduced with negligible error by this method.
Asymmetric Contributions to RNA Binding by the Thr45Residues of the MS2 Coat Protein Dimer

A prominent feature of the interaction of MS2 coat protein with RNA is the quasi-symmetric insertion of a bulged adenine (A−10) and a loop adenine (A−4) into conserved pockets on each subunit of the coat protein dimer. Because of its presence in both of these adenine-binding pockets, Thr45 is thought to play an important role in interaction with RNA on both subunits of the dimer. To test the significance of Thr45, we introduced all 19 amino acid substitutions. However, we were initially unable to determine the effects of the mutations on RNA binding because every substitution compromised the ability of coat protein to fold correctly. Genetic fusion of coat protein subunits reverted these protein structural defects, allowing us to show that the RNA binding activity of coat protein tolerates substitution of Thr45, but only on one or the other subunit of the dimer. Single-chain heterodimer complementation experiments suggest that the primary site of Thr45 interaction with RNA is with A−4 in the translational operator. Either contact of Thr45 with A−10 makes little contribution to stability of the RNA-protein complex, or the effects of Thr45 substitution are offset by conformational adjustments that introduce new, favorable contacts at nearby sites.
The Slow Adjustment of Aggregate Consumption to Permanent Income

This paper investigates the relationship between aggregate consumption and permanent income using a new approach to the estimation of cointegrated systems that builds on Stock and Watson’s common stochastic trends representation. The permanent and transitory movements in aggregate income and consumption are estimated directly using the Kalman filter and are allowed to be correlated. This approach avoids any implicit restriction that permanent income be as smooth as consumption. Instead, permanent income appears to be relatively volatile, with consumption adjusting toward it only slowly over time. These results provide a clear rejection of the standard version of the permanent income hypothesis and are suggestive of alternative theories of consumption behavior such as habit formation or precautionary savings.
THE EFFECT OF THE THYROTROPIC PRINCIPLE OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY ON THE THYROID OF THE UNDERNOURISHED GUINEA PIG

PREVIOUS INVESTIGATORS have shown that prolonged inanition in the experimental animal is accompanied by morphological alterations in the thyroid gland, characterized by atrophy, involution and degeneration (1, 2). Myers (3) and Stefko (4) have described similar changes in man in undemutrition. More recently Rabinovitch (5) has described the thyroid of guinea pigs fed an inadequate diet resulting in the loss of 20 to 30% of their weight in 9 to 11 days. In such animals there was almost complete cessation of proliferative activity, the acinar epithelium was flattened and the colloid was hard and dense. There is some evidence (6, 7) that certain of the vitamin deficiencies may result in structural changes in the thyroid similar to those which have been described in inanition. The present investigation, in which the observations of Rabinovitch have been confirmed, is concerned chiefly with two aspects of the problem:
Paradoxical Changes of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Uveitic Glaucoma

Importance Measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness using optical coherence tomography can aid in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma. We observed a previously unreported phenomenon in eyes with uveitis-associated glaucoma in which paradoxical changes in RNFL thickness were noted. Observations Four eyes of 3 patients with uveitis-associated glaucoma had a relatively normal RNFL measurement on presentation during periods of active uveitis and raised intraocular pressure. Subsequent control of uveitis and intraocular pressure was associated with a paradoxical thinning of the RNFL and increased cupping. Conclusions and Relevance Normal-appearing measurements of RNFL thickness in patients with uveitis should be interpreted cautiously in those with a raised intraocular pressure. Physicians should recognize that continued thinning of the RNFL and increased cupping, despite good intraocular pressure control in such eyes, may be due to resolution of edema of the RNFL.
Systemic Alliance in Individual Therapy: Factor Analysis of the ITAS‐SF and the Relationship with Therapy Outcomes and Termination Status

Clients providing systematic feedback to therapists via self-report measures of psychological distress and working alliance have been shown to increase therapy outcomes. However, there are few systemic-based measures that are feasible for therapists to use. Recently, Pinsof et al. (Family Process, 2008, 47, 281) developed a brief systemic alliance measure (ITAS-SF) for individual therapy. The current study tested the factor structure of this measure and examined whether the subscales related to clients' therapy outcomes and termination status (N = 570). The results demonstrated supported a 3-factor model for the ITAS-SF (as compared to the seven factors proposed by Pinsof et al.). In the first factor, content combined the goals for therapy, the tasks or methods to reach those goals and bond between the client and therapist. The second factor reflected how clients perceive the relationship with the therapist (i.e., interpersonal dimension-self/therapist), and the third factor reflected how clients perceive the alliance between their social network and the therapist (i.e., interpersonal dimension others/therapist). The two interpersonal factors were related to therapy outcome and termination status.
Seasonal parasitism of the face fly by the nematode Heterotylenchus autumnalis in central Missouri, 1968.

Parasitism of the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, by the nematode Heterotylenchus autumnalis Nickle was investigated at 7 farms in central Missouri during 1968. For each sample, parasitism was determined by dissecting per head. It is significant that this high rate of parasitism Parasitism of the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, by the nematode Heterotylenchus autumnalis Nickle was investigated at 7 farms in central Missouri during 1968. 25 female flies collected from the surface of cow pats. Fly populations were estimated by counting the number on 10 head of cattle. Parasitism (ranging from 4 to 84%) occurred in all of the samples except one. Mean seasonal parasitism for all farms was 40%, and face fly populations averaged only 2.9 per head. It is significant that this high rate of parasitism occurred at low face fly densities.
IMP3 is a novel biomarker for adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix: an immunohistochemical study in comparison with p16(INK4a) expression.

Adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix remains a diagnostic challenge in a small proportion of cases. This suggests a need for biomarker that may be of help in establishing the diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA-binding protein 3 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a as biomarkers for adenocarcinoma in situ. Forty-four samples of adenocarcinoma in situ from 40 patients and 23 control cases of benign uterine cervix were included in this study. In addition to benign endocervical epithelium, 19 of these 23 control cases also showed focal tubal metaplasia. Cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA-binding protein 3 was identified in 41 (93%) adenocarcinoma in situ samples, among which, 29 (71%), 10 (24%), and 2 (5%) samples showed insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA-binding protein 3 positive staining in 50% or more, >5 to 50% of the tubal metaplastic epithelium with staining intensity ranging from weak to strong. Our findings demonstrate significant expression of insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA-binding protein 3 and p16INK4a in adenocarcinoma in situ as compared to benign endocervical glands, suggesting that expression of these biomarkers may be helpful in the distinction of adenocarcinoma in situ from benign endocervical glands, particularly in difficult borderline cases.
Binding of DNA to Zwitterionic Lipid Layers Mediated by Divalent Cations

Divalent cations, i.e., calcium, magnesium, and others, are able to enhance the ability of DNA to interact with membranes that are composed of zwitterionic lipids such as phosphatidylcholine. The resulting condensed complexes offer potential applications as nontoxic gene delivery vehicles. The present study suggests a generic theoretical model to describe the energetics and structural features of a zwitterionic lipid-DNA complex in the presence of divalent cations. Specifically, we consider the adsorption of a single molecule of double-stranded DNA onto a planar zwitterionic lipid layer. Our theoretical model is based on the continuum Poisson-Boltzmann formalisms, which we modified so as to account for the two opposite charges and orientational freedom of the zwitterionic lipid headgroups. We find a substantially more favorable adsorption free energy of the DNA if divalent cations are present. In addition, our model predicts the divalent cations to preferentially interact with the phosphate groups of the zwitterionic lipids, given these lipids are located in close vicinity to the DNA. This is accompanied by a small but notable reorientation of the zwitterionic headgroups toward the DNA. We demonstrate that the binding of DNA onto a zwitterionic lipid layer is not driven by the release of counterions. Instead, the binding leads to a partial redistribution of the divalent cations, from the phosphate groups of the DNA (prior to the binding) to the phosphate groups of the zwitterionic lipids (after the binding). Our results thus suggest a general physical mechanism underlying complex formation between DNA and zwitterionic lipids in terms of mean-field electrostatics, i.e., neither involving correlations nor specific interactions of the divalent cations.
Syndromes of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid resistance

Abstract Glucocorticoid resistance results from incomplete but apparently generalized inability of glucocorticoids to exert their effects on their target tissues. The condition is associated with compensatory elevation of circulating ACTH and cortisol, with the former causing excess secretion of both adrenal androgens and adrenal steroid biosynthesis intermediates with salt-retaining activity. The manifestations of glucocorticoid resistance vary from asymptomatic to different degrees of hypertension and/or hypokalemic alkalosis and/or hyperandrogenism, caused by elevation cortisol and other salt-retaining steroids, and of adrenal androgens, respectively. In women, hyperandrogenism can result in acne, hirsutism, male type baldness, menstrual irregularities, oligoanovulation, and infertility; in men, it may lead to infertility; and in children to precocious puberty. Different molecular defects, such as point mutations or microdeletions of the highly conserved glucocorticoid receptor gene, alter the functional characteristics or concentrations of the intracellular receptor and cause glucocorticoid resistance. The extreme variability in the clinical manifestations of glucocorticoid resistance and its mimicry of many common diseases can be explained by different degrees of glucocorticoid resistance, differing sensitivity of target tissues to mineralocorticoids and/or androgens or both, and perhaps different biochemical defects of the glucocorticoid receptor. Mineralocorticoid resistance results from the inability of aldosterone to exert its effect on target tissues. The syndrome is associated with salt loss, hypotension, and hyperkalemic acidosis. We have cloned and sequenced the cDNA of five unrelated patients with this syndrome and have not found any mutations of pathophysiological significance that would explain the resistance of these patients to aldosterone. In the first of these patients, in whom we demonstrated an excellent therapeutic response to carbenoxolone and fludrocortisone, we also examined 0.9 kb of the 5′ regulatory region and the first untranslated exon of the mineralocorticoid receptor gene, without detecting any abnormalities. We suggest that it is possible that the defect responsible for pseudohypoaldosteronism is at a postreceptor level.
Rapid development of hepatic alpha1-antitrypsin globules after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis C

A 37-year-old man undergoing liver transplantation for cirrhosis caused by chronic hepatitis C and alcoholism developed large numbers of alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) globules within hepatocytes of the transplanted liver during a 5-month period. This finding occurred simultaneously with severe recurrent hepatitis C. The AAT phenotype of this patient changed from MM before transplantation to MZ after transplantation; AAT levels in serum did not change significantly. After a second liver transplantation 6 months after the first, the AAT phenotype reverted to MM and globules were not detectable in the second transplanted liver. Severe recurrent hepatitis C and the appearance of AAT globules within the liver allograft of a heterozygous donor may be related. The recurrent infection may have induced accumulation of AAT protein, or, alternatively, the MZ liver may have been more susceptible to injury from recurrent viral infection.
Generalized Assorted Camera Arrays: Robust Cross-Channel Registration and Applications

One popular technique for multimodal imaging is generalized assorted pixels (GAP), where an assorted pixel array on the image sensor allows for multimodal capture. Unfortunately, GAP is limited in its applicability because of the need for multimodal filters that are amenable with semiconductor fabrication processes and results in a fixed multimodal imaging configuration. In this paper, we advocate for generalized assorted camera (GAC) arrays for multimodal imaging—i.e., a camera array with filters of different characteristics placed in front of each camera aperture. The GAC provides us with three distinct advantages over GAP: ease of implementation, flexible application-dependent imaging since filters are external and can be changed and depth information that can be used for enabling novel applications (e.g., postcapture refocusing). The primary challenge in GAC arrays is that since the different modalities are obtained from different viewpoints, there is a need for accurate and efficient cross-channel registration. Traditional approaches such as sum-of-squared differences, sum-of-absolute differences, and mutual information all result in multimodal registration errors. Here, we propose a robust cross-channel matching cost function, based on aligning normalized gradients, which allows us to compute cross-channel subpixel correspondences for scenes exhibiting nontrivial geometry. We highlight the promise of GAC arrays with our cross-channel normalized gradient cost for several applications such as low-light imaging, postcapture refocusing, skin perfusion imaging using color + near infrared, and hyperspectral imaging.
Application of the Concepts of Rossby Length and Rossby Depth to Tropical Cyclone Dynamics

[1] This paper examines the usefulness of the complementary concepts of Rossby length and Rossby depth. These concepts are discussed in the context of idealized analytical solutions of the transverse circulation equation that arises in the balanced vortex model of tropical cyclones. When its coefficients can be considered as constants, this elliptic partial differential equation for the transverse circulation is solved in three different ways: (i) First perform a vertical transform to obtain a radial structure equation, from which arises the concept of a spectrum of Rossby lengths; (ii) First perform a radial transform to obtain a vertical structure equation, from which arises the concept of a spectrum of Rossby depths; (iii) First solve the elliptic PDE directly, without regard to boundary conditions, and then enforce the boundary conditions using the method of image circulations. For weak vortices, Rossby lengths are large and Rossby depths are small, so that the secondary circulation is horizontally elongated and vertically compressed. For strong vortices, Rossby lengths are small and Rossby depths are large, so that the secondary circulation is more vertically elongated and so horizontally compressed that some of the eyewall updraft can return as subsidence in the eye. For strong vortices, the secondary circulation associated with eyewall diabatic heating can be significantly suppressed by the large inertial stability in the interior of the vortex. The large variations of Rossby depth with vortex strength also have important implications concerning how far Ekman pumping can penetrate vertically; only strong vortices have large enough Rossby depths to allow Ekman pumping to penetrate deep into the troposphere.
Gadd153 Sensitizes Cells to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by Down-Regulating Bcl2 and Perturbing the Cellular Redox State

gadd153, also known as chop, is a highly stress-inducible gene that is robustly expressed following disruption of homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (so-called ER stress). Although all reported types of ER stress induce expression of Gadd153, its role in the stress response has remained largely undefined. Several studies have correlated Gadd153 expression with cell death, but a mechanistic link between Gadd153 and apoptosis has never been demonstrated. To address this issue we employed a cell model system in which Gadd153 is constitutively overexpressed, as well as two cell lines in which Gadd153 expression is conditional. In all cell lines, overexpression of Gadd153 sensitized cells to ER stress. Investigation of the mechanisms contributing to this effect revealed that elevated Gadd153 expression results in the down-regulation of Bcl2 expression, depletion of cellular glutathione, and exaggerated production of reactive oxygen species. Restoration of Bcl2 expression in Gadd153-overexpressing cells led to replenishment of glutathione and a reduction in levels of reactive oxygen species, and it protected cells from ER stress-induced cell death. We conclude that Gadd153 sensitizes cells to ER stress through mechanisms that involve down-regulation of Bcl2 and enhanced oxidant injury.
PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE ACTIVITY AND GLYCOGENESIS IN THE FLATWORM, HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA

Abstract 1. 1. Hymenolepis incorporates C 14 into organic, keto and amino acids and into polysaccharide when incubated with NaHC 14 O 3 and glucose. There is a marked decrease in CO 2 incorporation into polysaccharide under anaerobic conditions. This indicates the presence of an energy-dependent link between the glycotic pathway and the C 4 -dicarboxylic acid sequence of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. 2. 2. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, which serves as this connecting reaction in avian and mammalian tissues, is the most active CO 2 -fixing enzyme in Hymenolepis . It is localized mainly in the soluble fraction although some activity is associated with the particulate fractions. There is an increase in this carboxylase activity concomitant with an increase in CO 2 incorporation into polysaccharide. This indicates that the enzyme may also function in this flatworm to convert dicarboxylic acids to phosphopyruvate during gluconeogenesis. 3. 3. Malic acid appears to be the major dicarboxylic acid formed by independent CO 2 -fixing reactions in Hymenolepis . Its formation is through the action of a “malic enzyme” and possibly also by a separate reaction. Malate synthesis is localized in the particulate fractions. Pyruvate carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase activities could not be detected.
GroE structures galore.

The stuctures of the co-chaperonin GroES and of the GroEL•ATPγS complex raise a host of tantalizing questions and whet the appetite for even more challenging structures, the various GroEL•nucleotide•GroES complexes which facilitate folding.
Complex scattering dynamics and the integral quantum hall effect

Abstract The effect of a magnetic field on potential scattering is investigated microscopically. A magnetic field renders the scattering of a classical charged particle far more complex than previously suspected. Consequences include possible 1/ƒ noise and an explanation of the observed breakdown of the quantum Hall effect at large currents. A particular scattering center is described by a discontinuous one-dimensional Hamiltonian map, a class of maps that has not previously been studied. A renormalization group analysis indicates that singular behavior arises from the interplay of electron orbits that are periodic and orbits that are quasiperiodic.
Random-field Blume-Capel model: Mean-field theory

Determination du diagramme de phases global du modele de Blume-Capel dans un champ aleatoire obeissant a la distribution symetrique bimodale, en utilisant la methode du champ moyen. Le diagramme de phases inclut un point final critique ordonne et deux lignes de points tricritiques. Une nouvelle phrase emerge pour des champs aleatoires suffisamment forts: la phase ferromagnetique-non magnetique. On montre qu'une telle phase survient en trois dimensions
Fibronectin adsorption onto polyelectrolyte multilayer films.

The Layer-by-layer deposition of positively and negatively charged macromolecular species is an ideal method for constructing thin films incorporating biological molecules. We investigate the adsorption of fibronectin onto polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films using optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). PEM films are formed by adsorption onto Si(Ti)O2 from alternately introduced flowing solutions of anionic poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and cationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). Using OWLS, we find the initial rate and overall extent of fibronectin adsorption to be greatest on PEM films terminated with a PAH layer. The polarizability density of the adsorbed protein layer, as measured by its refractive index, is virtually identical on both PAH- and PSS-terminated films; the higher adsorbed density on the PAH-terminated film is due to an adsorbed layer of roughly twice the thickness. The binding of monoclonal antibodies specific to the protein's ...
Circadian Biology: An Unexpected Invitee to New Time Zones

Adaptation to changing light conditions is a hallmark of the circadian clock. A new study points to the critical role played by a transcriptional repressor previously implicated in cell differentiation, highlighting unappreciated links between the clock and the control of development and tumorigenesis.
Prediction of Successful Weight Management from Personality and Demographic Data

The equivocal results of research on weight-management may reflect a failure to consider subject variables. This study evaluated the utility of using personality and demographic data as predictors of weight loss, weight maintenance, and drop-outs in two weight-management programs, behavioral and behavioral with the addition of hypnosis. Although significant prediction occurred, the variables related to weight loss were different from those related to weight maintenance and were specific to the treatment employed. A different subset of variables significantly discriminated drop-outs from those who completed the treatments. Data suggest a multidimensional approach can be used to predict success effectively in a weight program, provided consideration is given to the specific treatment.
Studies on the plasmalogens of crustacean gills

Abstract 1. 1. The plasmalogen compositions were studied in gills of various crustaceans. The total plasmalogen contents of these tissues were 46–147 μmol/g lipid or 15–35% of total phospholipids. 2. 2. Plasmalogen concentrations from gills are essentially found in a phosphatidylethanolamine fraction (67–83% of total plasmalogens) and in a phosphatidylcholine fraction (17–33% of total). 3. 3. It is suggested that the high content of plasmalogens (especially ethanolamine plasmalogen) can play a role at the level of ion transport process in crustacean gills.
Norfloxacin versus cotrimoxazole in the treatment of lower urinary tract infections.

In a randomised prospective study 61 patients with lower urinary tract infection received either 200 mg norfloxacin (33 patients) or 480 mg cotrimoxazole (28 patients) twice daily for ten days. Pathogens includedEscherichia coli in 48 patients,Proteus mirabilis in ten patients, andEnterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii andStaphylococcus saprophyticus in one patient each. The MICs of norfloxacin and cotrimoxazole were ⩽ 0.03 mg/l and ⩽ 1 mg/l respectively. On the tenth day of treatment 94 % of the patients receiving norfloxacin and 89 % of the patients receiving cotrimoxazole were clinically cured, and the pathogens were eradicated in 94 % and 96 % of the patients respectively. At six week follow-up one patient given cotrimoxazole and two given norfloxacin had a reinfection. No side-effects or toxicity were observed with the exception of a diffuse rash in one patient receiving cotrimoxazole in whom treatment was discontinued. It is concluded that norfloxacin is safe and as effective as cotrimoxazole in the treatment of lower UTI and should have an important role to play whenever multiresistant organisms are implicated.
The ATF/CREB transcription factor-binding site in the polymerase beta promoter mediates the positive effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on transcription.

Abstract DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) is a constitutively expressed DNA repair enzyme in vertebrate cells. Yet, it had been shown previously that the pol beta mRNA level increases in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells within 4 h after treatment with several monofunctional DNA damaging agents, notably, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Herein we report that a transfected pol beta promoter fusion gene is activated by MNNG treatment of CHO cells; mRNA from the transfected gene is approximately 10-fold higher in treated cells than in untreated cells 16 h after treatment. This activation is mediated through the decanucleotide palindromic element GTGACGTCAC at positions -49 to -40 in the "TATA-less" core promoter. This element, which is similar to the ATF/CREB transcription factor-binding site in a number of mammalian genes, forms the center of a strong protein-binding site for CHO cell nuclear extract proteins. Mutated pol beta promoter fusion genes lacking the element fail to bind protein at this site and fail to respond to MNNG treatment of cells.
The effects of generation on conceptual implicit memory

Abstract The generation effect has been central to theoretical analyses of implicit memory and has been used as a criterion for classifying implicit tests as conceptual. The present experiments demonstrate that generation does not always enhance conceptual implicit memory. Four experiments examined the effects of generation on conceptual implicit and explicit memory in category-exemplar production and category-cued recall, respectively. Two nonsemantic generation tasks, letter transposition and word-fragment generation, affected recall but not conceptual priming, dissociating performance on the two conceptual tests. A semantic generation task, however, enhanced both recall and priming. Finally, the letter-transposition task enhanced conceptual priming when categorical information was salient at encoding (in study lists blocked by category) but not when categorical information was nonobvious (in randomly ordered study lists). These results help delineate conditions under which generation effects are obtained in conceptual priming and are discussed in terms of the item-specific–relational distinction ( Hunt & McDaniel, 1993 ).
New procedures for the adjustment of elliptically bent mirrors with the long trace profiler

Micro-focusing is widely applied at soft and hard x-ray wavelengths. One typical method, in addition to zone plates, is to split the focusing in the tangential and sagittal directions into two elliptically cylindrical reflecting elements, the so-called Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) pair. In the simplest case each optic is made by grinding and polishing a flat, and applying unequal bending couples to each end. After briefly reviewing the nature of the bending, we show two new methods for optimal adjustment of these mirror systems using our surface normal slope measuring instrument, the long trace profiler (LTP). First, we adapt a method previously used to adjust mirrors on synchrotron radiation beamlines. We measure the slope of the surface before and after a single small adjustment of each bending couple. This permits an approximation to the functional dependence of slope on the adjustments, and allows, by applying the results of a simple matrix calculation, direct adjustment to a nearly final setting. Typically, the near linearity of the problem determines a very fast convergence of the adjustment procedure. Second, we subdivide the slope data from the LTP into three regions on the mirror, and fit a circle to each sub-region by regression. This method also allows rapid iterative adjustment of both bending couples. We show that this method is a particular case of the first one. As an overall indicator of predicted performance, we ray trace, using profiler data, predicting the exact optical performance to be expected during use of the system.
Co-pumped 130 W monolithic single frequency fiber amplifier with an optically induced thermal gradient

We present theoretical and experimental results of a 130 W continuous-wave (CW), single-frequency, 7 m, polarizationmaintaining (PM) Yb:doped fiber (25/400) μm amplifier simultaneously seeded with a combination of broadband and narrow-line signals. Experiments were performed for two thermal configurations and the SBS threshold of the doubly seeded amplifier is compared to the singly seeded case. In the first configuration, the fiber was wrapped around a cold spool held at 12° C to diminish thermally induced shifts in the acoustic resonance of the fiber, which is known to suppress stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). In this case, over 80 W of single-frequency output was obtained demonstrating an enhancement of 3 dB in the SBS threshold compared to the single-tone case whereby the SBS threshold was 40 W. In the second thermal configuration, 6 m of the fiber is wrapped around the same cold spool, but approximately 1 m of the fiber is left to cool in ambient conditions. In this case, an optically induced thermal gradient was formed due to the quantum defect heating associated with power transfer from the pump and broadband seed signals into the single-frequency signal at the output end of the fiber. Over 130 W of single-frequency output was demonstrated yielding an effective increase of ~5 dB in the SBS threshold when compared to the single-tone case.
Bent Hammer Handles: Performance and Preference

Sixty male students drove 10 nails with each of three hammers (0° bend, 10° bend and 15° bend). Handle angle did not significantly affect the depth the nails were driven, or the angle of the nail in the left-right direction. The mean front-to-back nail angle of .3° for the 0° bend handle was significantly different from the −1.1° for the 10° handle and the −1.2° for the 15° handle. There was a significant preference for the 10° handle; the vote of 121% for the 10° handle was significantly higher than the 100% for the 0° handle and the 97% for the 15° handle.
Developing the Evidence Base for Training and Education in Professional Psychology

The changing of the cover color of Training and Education in Professional Psychology (TEPP) connotes a change in the editorial team. In making the transition, we greatly appreciate the efforts of the inaugural editorial team for their significant activities in establishing the journal: Emil Rodolfa, Debora Bell, Kathleen Bieschke, Claytie Davis III, Roger Peterson, and later, Robert Hatcher. The field expresses collective thanks for their vision and excellent work. We also acknowledge the contributions of the authors and cadre of reviewers in creating and shaping the content over six volumes. Rodolfa (2006), in the inaugural issue of this journal, articulated that TEPP would be “a professional forum that will allow members of our profession to contribute to the professional dialogues” (p. 1). TEPP is developing a strong tradition and will continue to evolve over time as its influence on the process of preparing professional psychologists becomes increasingly clear. We value the opportunity to serve as editors to move TEPP forward in impacting the discipline and profession of psychology. TEPP reflects not only the education and training community but also the multifaceted world in which the educational process takes trainees through the stages of predoctoral, doctoral, internship, and postdoctoral preparation occurs. TEPP can be a catalytic resource as the educational community moves away from “model
Are Unskilled Drivers Aware of their Deficiencies? How Driving Skills Influence the Accuracy of Driving Performance Estimates

Numerous studies have shown that drivers are overconfident and have inaccurate perceptions of their driving ability. There is evidence to suggest the skills needed to accurately assess performance ...
Demonstation of enhanced lethality of drugs in hypoexcretory animals

Hypoexcretory states were produced in mice: anuria by penile ligation, extrahepatic cholestasis by bile duct ligation, intrahepatic cholestasis by phenylisothiocyanate treatment, and reduced bile flow by α-naphthylisothiocyanate treatment. Intraperitoneal administration of ouabain to mice with no or diminished bile flow resulted in enhanced mortality rates. Digoxin and digitoxin effected enhanced lethality in anuric mice. Lanatoside-C was not more toxic to hypoexcretory mice. The use of hypoexcretory mice in toxicologic evaluations of pharmacologic agents is suggested.
Reliability Evaluation Pirogram for the Design of Auxiliary Electrical Systems and Distribution Substations

This paper presents a functional description of a computer program, called Reliab, that can evaluate the reliability of auxiliary electrical systems and distribution substations. The program is specifically designed for engineers with little or no background in reliability or programming. Reliab is intended to be used during the design stage where there is a deficiency in information regarding components and the external system. These deficiencies will force the user to examine a large number of ``what if'' type of questions to select the best design for the given situation and design criteria.
Automated External Defibrillators: To What Extent Does the Algorithm Delay CPR?

Study objective Maximizing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during resuscitation may improve survival. Resuscitation protocols stack up to 3 shocks to achieve defibrillation, followed by an immediate postdefibrillation pulse check. The purpose of this study is to evaluate outcomes of rhythm reanalyses immediately after shock, stacked shocks, and initial postshock pulse checks in relation to achieving a pulse and initiating CPR. Methods We conducted an observational study of patients with ventricular fibrillation treated by first-tier emergency medical services (EMS). We collected data from EMS, dispatch, and hospital records. Additionally, we analyzed automatic external defibrillator recordings to determine the proportion of cardiac arrest victims who were defibrillated and achieved a pulse according to shock number (single versus stacked shock), proportion of victims with a pulse during the initial postdefibrillation pulse check, and interval from initial shock to CPR. Results The study included 481 cardiac arrest subjects. Automatic external defibrillators terminated ventricular fibrillation with the initial shock in 83.6% (n=402) of cases. A second shock terminated ventricular fibrillation in an additional 7.5% (n=36) of cases, and a third shock terminated ventricular fibrillation in 4.8% (n=23) of cases. The initial sequence of 3 shocks failed to terminate ventricular fibrillation in 4.1% (n=20) of cases. In total, automatic external defibrillators performed 560 rhythm reanalyses during the initial shock sequence and delivered 122 "stacked" shocks. Termination of ventricular fibrillation was not synonymous with return of a pulse. The initial shock produced a pulse that was eventually detected in 21.8% (105/481) of cases. Stacked shocks produced a pulse in 10.7% (13/122) of cases. For the 24.5 % (n=118) of cases in which a pulse returned, the pulse was detected during the initial postshock pulse check only 12 times, or 2.5% of all cases. The median interval from initial shock until CPR was 29 (23,41) seconds. Conclusion Rhythm reanalyses, stacked shocks, and postshock pulse checks had low yield for achieving or detecting return of a pulse. CPR was not initiated until 29 seconds after the initial shock.
Comparative Vitamin K Activity of Dehydrated Alfalfa and Leucaena Leucocephala Meal

Abstract LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA (Lam) de Wit, known in Hawaii as Koa Haole and previously identified by the generic name Leucaena glauca, is a legume widely distributed in tropical areas. Although the presence of the toxic amino acid, mimosine, may limit its potential use at high levels, satisfactory performance has been obtained when up to 5 percent was used in chick rations (Quisenberry and Draper, 1946; Molina, 1953). L. leucocephala is presently being used commercially in some of the Southeast Asian countries and it was in response to a request from this area that the present study was undertaken. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and sixty five one-day-old S.C. White Leghorn cockerel chicks were divided into eleven groups of 15 birds each and reared in an electric battery brooder with raised wire floors. During the first week all chicks received the following vitamin K-deficient diet: corn, 59.2%; soybean meal (44% protein), 36.0%;…
Fire and Nitrogen Addition Increase Forage Quality of Aristida purpurea

Purple threeawn (Aristida purpurea Nutt.) is a native perennial bunchgrass with limited forage value that dominates sites with disturbed soils and persists with repeated severe grazing. Fire and nitrogen addition have been used to reduce threeawn and can increase grazing utilization of threeawn by livestock. We evaluated effects of fire, spring urea addition, and phenological stage on purple threeawn forage quality 1 yr postfire on two similar sites in southeastern Montana during the 2011 (site 1) and 2012 (site 2) growing seasons. Fire (no fire, summer fire, fall fire) and rate of nitrogen addition (0, 46, 80 kg Nha � 1 ) were arranged in a completely randomized, fully factorial design. Samples were collected at five phenological stages throughout each growing season. Forage quality was assessed using nutrient analyses of crude protein (CP), net energy (NEm), and total digestible nutrients; antiquality analyses of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, and silica; in vitro fermentation for organic matter disappearance (IVOMD) and NDF disappearance; and gas production (asymptotic (maximum) gas production, fractional rate of gas production, lag time, and average fermentation rate). In vegetative stages, summer and fall fire increased CP from 6.2% to 12.1% and 13.0%, respectively, and NDF decreased from 72.1% to 69.4% and 68.2%, respectively. Summer and fall fire reduce silica content from 7.0% to 4.1% and 4.3%, respectively. Purple threeawn IVOMD increased by 14.0% and 13.0% following summer and fall fire, respectively, compared to nonburned plots. Nitrogen addition increased CP from 7.5% to 8.0% and 8.4%, respectively, with 46% and 80 kg Nha � 1 , respectively. In vitro fermentation and gas production variables did not change due to nitrogen addition. Fire generally improved purple threeawn forage quality to a greater extent than did nitrogen addition. Results indicate fire can potentially improve the suitability of purple threeawn as a forage species.
Active Range of Motion Predicts Upper Extremity Function 3 Months After Stroke

Background and Purpose— After stroke, 80% of patients experience acute paresis of the upper extremity and only approximately one-third achieve full functional recovery. Predicting functional recovery for these patients is highly important to provide focused, cost-effective rehabilitation. Our purpose was to examine if early measures of upper extremity active range of motion (AROM) could predict recovery of upper extremity function, and to describe the trajectory of upper extremity AROM recovery over time. Methods— Thirty-three subjects were tested at 1 month and then at 3 months after stroke. Upper extremity function was measured with 6 standardized clinical tests that were synthesized into a single, sensitive score for upper extremity function using principal component analysis. The ability to move each segment (AROM) was measured using a 3-dimensional electromagnetic tracking system. Results— Stepwise multiple regression revealed that AROM of the shoulder and middle finger segments taken at 1 month coul...
The effects of elevated CO2 on the growth and toxicity of field populations and cultures of the saxitoxin‐producing dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense

The effects of coastal acidification on the growth and toxicity of the saxitoxin-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense were examined in culture and ecosystem studies. In culture experiments, Alexandrium strains isolated from Northport Bay, New York, and the Bay of Fundy, Canada, grew significantly faster (16–190%; p < 0.05) when exposed to elevated levels of PCO2 (∼ 90–190 Pa = 900–1900 μatm) compared to lower levels (∼ 40 Pa = 400 μatm). Exposure to higher levels of PCO2 also resulted in significant increases (71–81%) in total cellular toxicity (fg saxitoxin equivalents cell−1) in the Northport Bay strain, while no changes in toxicity were detected in the Bay of Fundy strain. The positive relationship between PCO2 enrichment and elevated growth was reproducible in natural populations from New York waters. Alexandrium densities were significantly and consistently enhanced when natural populations were incubated at 150 Pa PCO2 compared to ∼ 39 Pa. During natural Alexandrium blooms in Northport Bay, PCO2 concentrations increased over the course of a bloom to more than 170 Pa and were highest in regions with the greatest Alexandrium abundances, suggesting Alexandrium may further exacerbate acidification and/or be especially adapted to these acidified conditions. The co-occurrence of Alexandrium blooms and elevated PCO2 represents a previously unrecognized, compounding environmental threat to coastal ecosystems. The ability of elevated PCO2 to enhance the growth and toxicity of Alexandrium indicates that acidification promoted by eutrophication or climate change can intensify these, and perhaps other, harmful algal blooms.
Use of positron emission tomography-computed tomography in the management of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL) cells typically have low 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) avidity, and patients with CLL have an increased risk of developing FDG-avid aggressive lymphomas, second malignancies and infections. We hypothesized that FDG positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) of the trunk is a sensitive method of detecting these complications in patients with CLL. Of the of 2299 patients with CLL seen in the Division of Hematology at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2011, 272 (11.8%) had 526 PET-CT scans and 472 (89.7%) of these were reported as abnormal. Among the 293 (55.7%) PET-CT scans used for routine evaluation of CLL, the PET component was of clinical value in only one instance. In contrast, in 83 (30.5%) patients, PET-CT scans used to evaluate new clinical complications localized high FDG-avidity lesions for biopsies. This resulted in clinically relevant new diagnoses in 32 patients, including those with more aggressive lymphoma (n = 16), non-hematological malignancies (n = 8) and opportunistic infections (n = 3). Twenty-seven patients had high FDG-avidity CLL, which was associated with prominent lymph node proliferation centers, an increased frequency of poor prognostic factors (17p13 deletion, unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene [IGHV], expression of ZAP-70 and CD38) and a shorter overall survival. We conclude that FDG PET scans should not be used for routine surveillance of patients with CLL. However PET-CT scans are sensitive, but not specific, for detection of aggressive lymphomas, other cancers and systemic infections in patients with CLL.
Carbon monoxide, tissue hypoxia, and sensory psychomotor response in hypoxaemic subjects.

1. Twenty normal subjects, twenty patients with emphysema and twenty with anaemia breathed 0·03% carbon monoxide for 45 min. For all sixty the mean increase in carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) was 4·5%. Patients with emphysema showed a significantly smaller increase than did the other two groups. 2. The mean decrease in oxygen content was 209 vol./100 ml and was significantly less in patients with emphysema than in the other two groups. 3. All sixty subjects showed a significant diminution in reaction speed to a visual stimulus, but no significant change in tests for depth perception and visual discrimination for brightness. 4. No differences among the three groups were observed in respect to these psychological tests. 5. It is concluded that COHb concentrations of 5% may adversely affect reaction time to visual stimuli and that patients with emphysema are less susceptible to accumulation of COHb and decrease in venous oxygen content than normal subjects or patients with anaemia.