cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Producing Space and Locality Through Cultural Displays A Creole Case Study

The cultural complexity—and potential for identity building—of museums and cultural displays can be potentially powerful spaces of cultural negotiation; in a postcolonial or diasporic setting, the production of locality through cultural displays can serve as a home surrogate (albeit temporarily) for deterritorialized peripheral subjects. However, when these productions (whether they be museums, festivals, or other events of representation) are commoditized and sponsored by socially dominant groups (such as the French government), so that outsiders (nondiasporic people, i.e., the general public) can consume them, what kinds of interactions and clashes can take place? This article aims to answer this question, through the examination of space in a French Antillean festival in Paris: Rue Creole, illustrating the production of locality in Rue Creole through the spatial construction of the venue, and then by examining the production of space and its implications in the festival’s musical performances. Ultimate...
Analysis of Relationship between Female Race Walkers's Lower Limb's Kinematics Parameter and Exercise Energy Consumption——Take the No. 45 player of Taicang IAAF Race Walking Challenge for Example

This paper studies the race-walking technical parameter of excellent Chinese women race-walking athleteslower limbs,using such methods like two-dimension fixed camera,image analytical methods and so on to study the technology and energy consumption of race-walking athleteslower limbs,the connection between individuals energy consumption and motion,skills so as to search better technical motion for individuals,offer help to race walking training and research. It found out that the motion is critical for race-walking athletesenergy consumption; step length is proportional to energy of motion; the change of angle and speed of ankle joint is key to swing leg technology. Step length,duration of flight as well as angle and speed of ankle joint are the main factors to influence race-walking,thus race-walking athletes should form their own technical styles to compete according to their own technical motion,which is good for reducing energy consumption and smoothing the competition.
The Impact of Environmental and Occupational Health Regulation on Productivity Growth in U.S. Manufacturing

Citation: 12 Yale J. on Reg. 387 1995 Provided by: BerkeleyLaw Library Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org) Thu May 26 18:08:46 2016 -- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license agreement available at http://heinonline.org/HOL/License -- The search text of this PDF is generated from uncorrected OCR text. -- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope of your HeinOnline license, please use: https://www.copyright.com/ccc/basicSearch.do? &operation=go&searchType=0 &lastSearch=simple&all=on&titleOrStdNo=0741-9457
Cytotoxic Mechansims for Cholesterol Oxidation Products in Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells

Several cholesterol oxides form during free radical oxidation of membrane lipids. These cholesterol oxides have been recovered from tissues and at least eight of these are products consistently detected after oxy-radical induced oxidation of membrane lipids. The proportions of these products can serve as a “fingerprint” of the oxidation process in membranes. Three common cholesterol oxides have been tested for their cytotoxic potency in cell culture systems. The isomeric cholesterol 5,6 epoxides, 7-keto-cholesterol and cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol are potent cytotoxins with remarkable stability under conditionsof cell culture. All three compounds are toxic at concentrations half of that seen with bile acids such as lithocholic, cholic or deoxycholic acids. Their toxicity appears to be directed towards the cell membrane and includes marked perturbations of calcium homeostasis. The potency of each compound follows the order: pulmonary endothelial cells > lung fibroblasts (V79 cells) > hepatocytes. The cytotoxic potency of each cholesterol oxide is reduced more than 50% in calcium deficient media (<0.05 mM) indicating the involvement of calcium in cytotoxicity. The LD50 for cholestane triol (20 uM) approaches the toxicity of linoleic acid hydroperoxides (10 uM) in endothelial cells. Although endothelial cells represent the most sensitive cell type examined for virtually all cholesterol oxides, each cell type displays approximately equal sensitivity to linoleic acid hydroperoxides. In addition to their membrane toxicity, the cholesterol epoxides also produce DNA damage which correlates with extensive DNA binding. The epoxides are also weak mutagens as demonstrated in V79 cells. A unique aspect of cholesterol epoxide toxicity is the equal LD50’s and IC50’s.(ie. 50% inhibition of DNA synthesis) in both V79 and endothelial cells, suggesting that the two events may proceed via a common mechanism. Since cholesterol epoxides are major products derived from lipid peroxidation, rapidly accumulation on treatment of membranous cholesterol with linoleic and other organic hydroperoxides, it is concievable that a number of toxic effects of lipid peroxides may be attributable to the more long-lived cholesterol oxides which are produced.
Inhibition of Kinesin Spindle Protein Induces Apoptosis and Overcomes Drug Resistance in Models of Multiple Myeloma.

Introduction: Kinesin spindle protein is a mitotic kinesin that is expressed only in proliferating cells and plays a key role in spindle pole separation, formation of a bipolar mitotic spindle, and thus in satisfaction of the mitotic checkpoint. Ispinesib (SB-715992) is a potent and selective inhibitor of kinesin spindle protein with a K i of 0.6 nM, has cytotoxic activity at less than 10 nM in a spectrum of tumor cell lines, and disrupts the assembly of functional bipolar mitotic spindles. Methods: This study sought to examine whether spindle disruption by inhibition of kinesin spindle protein with ispinesib may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Results: Ispinesib reduced cell viability in both interleukin-6-independent (RPMI 8226 and U266) and interleukin-6-dependent (ANBL-6 and KAS-6/1) models of multiple myeloma in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. The average IC 50 for ispinesib against these cell lines was 3.0 nM, 1.7 nM, 1.8 nM, and 1.8 nM, respectively. Cell cycle analysis showed that ispinesib induced growth arrest of myeloma cells with 4N DNA content (in M phase) within 24-hours. Two days after treatment at a 1 nM concentration, cells were able to recover from M phase arrest and resume normal cycling but, after exposure to 10 nM, treated cells could not escape M phase arrest, and instead entered apoptosis as determined by an increased sub-G 1 population. Ispinesib was able to overcome resistance to melphalan in that the IC 50 in melphalan-resistant RPMI 8226/LR5 cells (1.6 ± 0.2 nM) was comparable to that in parental RPMI 8226 controls (3.0 ± 0.9 nM). Similarly, ispinesib was also able to overcome dexamethasone resistance and bortezomib resistance. In regard to the latter, KAS-6/VR5 bortezomib-resistant cells (IC 50 of 12.5 nM for bortezomib) retained sensitivity to ispinesib (IC 50 1.6 ± 0.2 nM). Combination therapy with ispinesib and bortezomib in these cells resulted in enhanced levels of specific apoptosis (24%) that were greater than the sum of either agents alone (7% for ispinesib and 1% for bortezomib), suggesting synergy. Importantly, ispinesib was also active against freshly isolated CD138 + patient-derived multiple myeloma cells, while relatively sparing CD138 − cells. Conclusions: Taken together, these studies demonstrate that kinesin spindle protein inhibition with ispinesib was able to induce growth arrest and apoptosis in myeloma cells, and overcome resistance to both conventional drugs and novel agents such as bortezomib. Moreover, the preferential activity against transformed plasma cells with sparing of normal bone marrow cells provides a strong rationale for translation of this agent into the clinic to combat relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.
Information Management During Crisis Events: A Case Study of Beijing Floods of 2012

AbstractThis article examines the evolving process of China’s information management at sub-national level through the prism of a crisis event. Specifically, it investigates the response of officials and the media to Beijing’s fatal floods of 2012—the heaviest and the deadliest floods the Chinese capital has seen in 60 years. The article draws on ethnographic observations, the analysis of interviews with Chinese media professionals, officials and media scholars, as well as the coverage of the storm by two prominent, but distinct Beijing news outlets: an official daily, Beijing Ribao and a commercial daily, Jinghua Shibao. The analysis reveals various strategies deployed by Beijing authorities to positively shape public opinion, and the media’s creative implementation of official directives. Namely, the two newspapers fused regular news coverage with different styles of positive framing. This process of mutual and diverse adaption highlights the increasingly dynamic nature of China’s crisis communication a...
Mechanisms governing inflammasome activation, assembly and pyroptosis induction

Inflammasomes are multimeric protein complexes that regulate inflammatory responses and pyroptotic cell death to exert host defense against microbes. Intracellular pattern-recognition receptors such as nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) and absent in melanoma 2 like receptors (ALRs) assemble the inflammasome complexes in response to pathogens and danger or altered-self signals in the cell. Inflammasome sensors, in association with an adaptor protein-apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-activation and -recruitment domain (ASC)-activate inflammatory caspase-1 to enable the release of inflammatory cytokines and induce cell death, conferring host defense against pathogens. Beyond infectious diseases, the importance of inflammasomes is implicated in a variety of clinical conditions such as auto-inflammatory diseases, neuro-degeneration and metabolic disorders and the development of cancers. Understanding inflammasome activation and its molecular regulation can unveil therapeutic targets for controlling inflammasome-mediated disorders. In this review, we describe recent advances in inflammasome biology and discuss its activation, structural insights into inflammasome assembly and mechanisms for the execution of pyroptosis.
Unexpected Solvent Effects in the Isomerization of iPrPCPIr(η2‐PhC≡CPh) to a 1‐Iridaindene

The reaction of iPrPCPIr with diphenylacetylene (iPrPCP=κ3-2,6-C6H3(CH2P(iPr)2)2), generated by dehydrogenation of iPrPCPIrH4 with tert-butylethylene, readily provides the π-adduct iPrPCPIr(η2-PhC≡CPh) in quantitative yield at room temperature. Heating solutions of iPrPCPIr(η2-PhC≡CPh) in aromatic hydrocarbon solvents leads to isomerization forming the 1-iridaindene iPrPCPIr(C8H5(2-Ph)). Surprisingly, this seemingly intramolecular reaction presents a kinetic isotope effect of 4.6 in C6H6 versus C6D6 solvent. The rate of this isomerization is effected by the availability of easily activated C−H bonds (i. e. aromatic C(sp2)-H without ortho-substituents), and is strongly dependent upon the ratio of C−H to C−D bonds. Experiments indicate that many, or all, of the steps in this process may be reversible and that a highly fluxional C−H/D addition product is present during isomerization.
Deep carbon storage potential of buried floodplain soils.

Soils account for the largest terrestrial pool of carbon and have the potential for even greater quantities of carbon sequestration. Typical soil carbon (C) stocks used in global carbon models only account for the upper 1 meter of soil. Previously unaccounted for deep carbon pools (>1 m) were generally considered to provide a negligible input to total C contents and represent less dynamic C pools. Here we assess deep soil C pools associated with an alluvial floodplain ecosystem transitioning from agricultural production to restoration of native vegetation. We analyzed the soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations of 87 surface soil samples (0–15 cm) and 23 subsurface boreholes (0–3 m). We evaluated the quantitative importance of the burial process in the sequestration of subsurface C and found our subsurface soils (0–3 m) contained considerably more C than typical C stocks of 0–1 m. This deep unaccounted soil C could have considerable implications for global C accounting. We compared differences in surface soil C related to vegetation and land use history and determined that flooding restoration could promote greater C accumulation in surface soils. We conclude deep floodplain soils may store substantial quantities of C and floodplain restoration should promote active C sequestration.
REPORTED GAINS IN STUDENT LEARNING: Do Academic Disciplines Make a Difference?

This study examined differences in students' college experiences and learning outcomes using Biglan's typology of pure and applied disciplines. It was expected that students in applied disciplines would have more positive perceptions of the college environment, be more involved, and report greater gains in learning and intellectual development than students in pure disciplines. An analysis of data from one university identified significant differences in the college experiences and learning outcomes of students in pure and applied disciplines; however, differences in reported learning seemed to be related to disciplinary content, rather than Biglan's pure and applied topology.
Reduced Variance using ADVANTG in Monte Carlo Calculations of Dose Coefficients to Stylized Phantoms

The estimation of dose coefficients of external radiation sources to the organs in phantoms becomes increasingly difficult for lower photon source energies. This study focus on the estimation of photon emitters around the phantom. The computer time needed to calculate a result within a certain precision can be lowered by several orders of magnitude using ADVANTG compared to a standard run. Using ADVANTG which employs the DENOVO adjoint calculation package enables the user to create a fully populated set of weight windows and source biasing instructions for an MCNP calculation.
Paraeducators' Perceptions and Experiences Working with Diverse Families.

This investigation explored the interactions between paraeducators and the culturally and linguistically diverse families of their students with disabilities. Paraeducators (n = 117) attending a st...
Optical Coherence Tomography: Technical Aspects

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution, noninvasive, 3D imaging technique with great potential in both clinical and fundamental research applications in many areas. Owing to its exceptionally high spatial resolution and velocity sensitivity, the functional extension of OCT techniques can simultaneously provide tissue structure, blood perfusion, birefringence, and other physiological information and it has great potential for basic biomedical research and clinical medicine. OCT has the far-reaching potential to be a quantitative imaging technique that could impact many, as yet unexplored, areas and should therefore be considered a vital measurement tool. In this chapter, we will first discuss the principle of operation and then the practical aspects of the OCT system; we will also provide detailed discussion on different OCT schemes and its functional extensions.
The Chaperokine Activity of HSPA1A

There is a dichotomy between the intracellular and extracellular effector functions of HSPA1A. The enhanced expression of intracellular HSPA1A primarily promotes protein chaperoning, transport and folding of naive, aberrantly folded, or mutated proteins, resulting in cytoprotection when cells are exposed to a variety of stressful stimuli. In contrast, exposure of immunocompetent cells to extracellular HSPA1A activates antigen presenting cell-mediated effectors functions; including enhanced pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, chemokine and co-stimulatory molecule expression and in anti-tumor surveillance. In addition, extracellular HSPA1A has been shown to play a role in situations of acute psychological stress and exercise. This chapter covers recent advances in understanding the complex nature of extracellular HSPA1A and briefly discusses the biological significance of circulating serum HSPA1A to host physiology and includes recent application of HSPA1A-based immunotherapies.
Evaluación válida de la escritura desde la perspectiva de las comunidades de investigación en escritura y medición

This study examines the concept of validity in two distinct communities of practice: the writing research and educational measurement communities. Conceptualizations of validity have evolved differentially within each community. Three questions guide our research: (a) What is a valid writing assessment from the perspective of the writing community? (b) What is a valid writing assessment from the perspective of the measurement community? (c) What are some points of consensus and disagreement over the concept of validity in the two communities? This study aims to foster communication between these two different scholarly communities regarding validity issues in writing assessment. We also highlight the contributions that Rasch measurement theory (Rasch, 1960/1980) brings to understanding and evaluating validity. Our goals are to enhance the conceptualization of validity in writing assessment and to identify areas of consensus and disagreement regarding definitions of validity. These analyses extend earlier work by Engelhard and Behizadeh (2012) that explored consensus definitions of validity. This research has implications for improving research, theory, and practice in writing assessment
The Ethical Challenges of Applying Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Cancer Care

With the increasing popularity of cancer informatics and the advent of "data revolution," it is becoming imperative to discuss the ethical implications of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) on the society and cancer care. Machine learning [1] can be defined as the application of computers and mathematical algorithms to learn from data and predict future outcome. Artificial Intelligence [2], on the other hand, is built on deep learning as a machine learning technology, and has proved very powerful at solving problems in recent years. There is now hope that machine learning and AI will be able to diagnose cancer, make recommendations for treatment plans, and do countless other things to transform cancer health. However, there are evolving ethical issues that arise in the context of applying ML and AI for optimizing cancer care. This article examines the ethical issues of applying ML and AI in cancer care and classifies them into three major categories: bias, the societal implementation of the technology, and the effects of big data analytics on cancer patients. Our hope is to stimulate discussion about these important ethical implications, which will increasingly need to be addressed in the oncology community.
Abstract # 3156 Kynurenine pathway metabolites are longitudinally related to brain atrophy, cognitive decline, and negative affect across the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum

Background Depressive symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) predict worse cognitive and neural outcomes. Neuroinflammation activates the tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO1), leading to increased production of kynurenine (Kyn) and neurotoxic kynurenine metabolites instead of serotonin (5-HT), which may affect brain structure and function. We examined if imbalance in Kyn/Tryptophan or Kyn/5-HT ratios were related to longitudinal decline in AD depressive symptoms, memory, and neural outcomes. Methods In 613 AD spectrum participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), CSF Kyn/5-HT, Kyn/Tryptophan, and their interaction with Clinical Diagnosis were regressed on change scores derived over 3 years for depressive affect, memory, and FreeSurfer-based cortical thickness (CT). Results Kyn/Tryptophan by Clinical Diagnosis interactions showed that among patients who developed AD or had AD at baseline, higher Kyn/Tryptophan levels predicted worse scores on the FAQ (model adjusted-R2 = 0.522) and NPI-Q (model adjusted-R2 = 0.156), worse memory decline (Model adjusted-R2 = 0.574, p .001) and worse global decline in the MMSE (Model adjusted-R2 = 0.390, p .001). Subjects also showed less CT in orbital prefrontal, insular, cingulate, and medial temporal cortices (e.g., cingulate: AD Progressor-R2 = 0.390; AD-R2 = 0.560). Kyn/5-HT predicted decline or atrophy less well for these indices. Discussion Activation of the kynurenine pathway (Kyn/Tryptophan) was better at predicting longitudinal behavioral, cognitive, and CT-based neural atrophy than previous baseline results. These findings suggest that aberrant Kyn metabolism, perhaps due to neuroinflammation, is related to AD-like neuropathology and depressive symptoms.
Fatigue behavior of additively manufactured 17-4 PH stainless steel: Synergistic effects of surface roughness and heat treatment

Abstract In this study, the synergistic effects of heat treatment and surface roughness on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) 17-4 precipitation hardening (PH) stainless steel (SS) were investigated under monotonic tensile and fatigue loading. Five different heat treatment procedures, with and without primary solution treating cycle, i.e. Condition A (CA), were applied on L-PBF specimens in both as-built and machined surface conditions. Monotonic tensile tests were conducted at a strain rate of 0.001 s−1 and, uniaxial fully-reversed (R = −1) strain-controlled fatigue tests were carried out at various strain amplitudes ranging from 0.001 to 0.004 mm/mm. The heat treatment procedures were found to have a significant effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of L-PBF 17-4 PH SS with the CA thermal cycle improving the fatigue strength considerably. This is due to the more homogenized microstructure obtained after performing the CA thermal cycle. In addition, eliminating the effect of surface roughness by machining and polishing processes enhanced the fatigue strength of the material, somewhat comparable to the one of the wrought counterpart. Fractography analysis revealed surface micro-notches and internal pores as the primary crack initiating factors in the as-built and machined specimens, respectively.
A new approach to generalizing riparian water and air quality function across regions.

There is growing interest in generalizing the impact of hydrogeomorphology and weather variables on riparian functions. Here, we used RZ-TRADEOFF to estimate nitrogen, phosphorus, water table (WT) depth, and greenhouse gas (GHG: N2O, CO2, CH4) functions for 80 riparian zones typical of the North American Midwest, Northeast (including Southern Ontario, Canada), and Mid-Atlantic. Sensitivity to weather perturbations was calculated for temperature and precipitation-dependent functions (CO2, phosphate concentration, and water table), and multivariate statistical analysis on model outputs was conducted to determine trade-offs between riparian functions. Mean model estimates were 93.10 cm for WT depth, 8.45 mg N L−1 for field edge nitrate concentration, 51.57% for nitrate removal, 0.45 mg PO43− L−1 for field edge phosphate concentration, 1.5% for subsurface phosphate removal, 91.24% for total overland phosphorus removal, 0.51 mg N m−2 day−1 for N2O flux, 5.5 g C m−2 day−1 for CO2 fluxes, and − 0.41 mg C m−2 day−1 and 621.51 mg C m−2 day−1 for CH4 fluxes in non-peat sites and peat sites, respectively. Sites in colder climates were most sensitive to weather perturbations for CO2, sites with deep water tables estimates had the highest sensitivity for WT, and sites in warm climates and/or with deep confining layers had the lowest sensitivity for phosphate concentration. Slope, confining layer depth, and temperature were the primary characteristics influencing similarities and trade-offs between sites. This research contributes to understanding how to optimize riparian restoration and protection in watersheds based on both water (nitrogen, phosphorus) and air quality (GHG) goals.
A 20-year record of water chemistry in an alpine setting, Mount Emmons, Colorado, USA

From 1997 to the present, the U.S. Geological Survey and other agencies have been collecting water samples for chemical analyses on Mount Emmons in central Colorado, USA. The geology of Mount Emmons is dominated by Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene sediments of marine to continental origin, with felsic intrusive rocks interrupting the sedimentary block. Extensive sulphide-rich alteration accompanied the intrusive events and forms an alteration halo in the sediments. Weathering of these sulphide minerals has led to numerous springs and seeps with a naturally low pH and high concentrations of metals, especially Fe and Zn. Superimposed on the natural geochemical signature are acid, metal-rich drainages from several mines and drill holes. Thus, streams on Mt. Emmons have a mix of natural and anthropogenic metal sources. Nearly 450 samples compose the database, with numerous sample locations replicated from the late 1990s to the present. Although there does not appear to be any temporal pattern in the data, consistent spatial variations are observed that allow us to characterize the natural and anthropogenic water sources.
Appendicular anatomy of the artiopod Emeraldella brutoni from the middle Cambrian (Drumian) of western Utah.

The non-biomineralized artiopod Emeraldella brutoni Stein, Church & Robison, from the middle Cambrian (Drumian) Wheeler Formation in Utah represents the only confirmed occurrence of the genus Emeraldella outside of the stratigraphically older (Wuliuan) Burgess Shale Konservat-Lagerstatte in British Columbia. The hitherto known sole specimen of this species is preserved in dorsal view and lacks critical information on the ventral appendages. Here, we redescribe E. brutoni based on a new completely articulated specimen that illustrates the appendage organization in exceptional detail. The main body consists of a cephalic region covered by a semicircular head shield, a trunk including 10 tergites with expanded pleurae plus a cylindrical terminal segment, and a long articulated tailspine. The head carries a pair of elongate and flexible antennae, a pair of lateral eyes, and three pairs of post-antennal appendages. We report the presence of eyes in Emeraldella for the first time. The first post-antennal limb solely consists of an endopod with well-developed paired spiniform endites. The remaining cephalic appendages and those associated with all but the last trunk segments possess exopods terminating in paddle-shaped, distal lobes fringed with robust setae. The cylindrical terminal segment bears a pair of posteriorly oriented caudal flaps reminiscent of trunk exopods, and a styliform, possibly uniarticulate tailspine longer than the main body. The new data on E. brutoni suggests an exopodal origin for the paired caudal structures in Vicissicaudata, and improve our understanding of the fundamental organization of this major clade within Artiopoda.
'Why' Matters: Empirical Tests of the Effects of Inchoate Police Stops on Popular Legitimacy

The paper examines the implications of a coercive approach to authority on residents’ beliefs about criminal justice authorities. Analyses test the relationship between justification for police stops in New York City precincts and residents’ beliefs about procedural justice and legitimacy of NYPD in their neighborhood. The study combines open data on Stop, Question, and Frisk organized at the precinct-level from the year 2016 with individual-level survey data from 2017, and tests whether greater proportions of stops justified with inchoate criteria within a precinct predicts beliefs about procedural justice and legitimacy of NYPD in the neighborhood among city residents in that precinct. Analyses suggest a negative effect of stops justified with inchoate criteria, including furtive movements, evasive actions, or bulge in pocket. Analyses control for crime rates, violent crime rate, felony violence, and misdemeanor violence of the precinct, as well as for demographic factors of the individual survey respondents. The conclusion discusses implications for the merits of a coercive approach to authority in contrast to a consensual approach to authority that emphasizes building trust with communities.
Chapter 3 – Algae

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the classification and diversity of algae and also focuses on the methods for preservation of algae. The “algae” comprise an assemblage of plantlike organisms that are found in one prokaryotic and several eukaryotic evolutionary lineages. Physiologically, oxygen-evolving photosynthesis unifies the algal lineages, separating them from protozoa or fungi. Taxonomically, algae are in an artificial group that defies precise definition; like other artificial groups, algae are defined by the absence of characters rather than by their presence. Recent studies have suggested that prokaryotic algae are better classified as bacteria. Despite the shared prokaryotic nature of blue-green algae and bacteria, blue-green algae continue to be considered as algae. The goal of cryopreservation is indefinite storage of a strain at very low temperatures, where genetic stability is maintained. Cryopreservation is widely used for animal cells, bacteria, fungi, plant cells, and protozoa. Cryopreservation is usually accomplished by treating living cells with a cryoprotectant, cooling the cells, and then storing the cells in liquid nitrogen so that living cells remain indefinitely viable for reculturing. Freeze-drying techniques have been employed successfully for the preservation of algae.
Quantifying the Role of Vocabulary Knowledge in Predicting Future Word Learning

Can we predict the words a child is going to learn next given information about the words that a child knows now? Do different representations of a child’s vocabulary knowledge affect our ability to predict the acquisition of lexical items for individual children? Past research has often focused on population statistics of vocabulary growth rather than prediction of words an individual child is likely to learn next. We consider a neural network approach to predict vocabulary acquisition. Specifically, we investigate how best to represent the child’s current vocabulary in order to accurately predict future learning. The models we consider are based on qualitatively different sources of information: descriptive information about the child, the specific words a child knows, and representations that aim to capture the child’s aggregate lexical knowledge. Using longitudinal vocabulary data from children aged 15–36 months, we construct neural network models to predict which words are likely to be learned by a particular child in the coming month. Many models based on child-specific vocabulary information outperform models with child information only, suggesting that the words a child knows influence prediction of future language learning. These models provide an understanding of the role of current vocabulary knowledge on future lexical growth.
Concurrent High Condylectomy and Orthognathic Surgery for Treatment of Patients With Unilateral Condylar Hyperplasia.

Background Facial asymmetry from unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH) may be definitively treated in the presence of active disease (with high condylectomy and concurrent orthognathic surgery) or after waiting for disease inactivity (orthognathic surgery alone). There is currently no consensus on the standard of care. In this study, we sought to compare functional and esthetic outcomes, as well as treatment duration, between these 2 management options. Methods Patients who underwent treatment for UCH were identified through retrospective review. Pre- and postoperative 3-dimensional (3D) images were obtained. Short- and long-term operative outcomes of those treated during the active (group 1) were compared to those treated in the inactive phase (group 2). Total treatment time, operative time, and length of hospital stay were evaluated. Facial asymmetry was also assessed by laypersons using a Likert scale. Results Fifteen patients (mean 25.6 years, range 14-56) were included: 6 in group 1 and 9 in group 2. All surgical outcomes were statistically independent of procedure type. Treatment time was significantly longer in the group 2 (P = 0.03). Both groups demonstrated significant improvement in facial asymmetry scores postoperatively with no significant difference in pre- or postoperative asymmetry between groups (P = 0.64). Conclusions In patients with active UCH, high condylectomy and orthognathic surgery is a procedure that restores facial symmetry and improves jaw function while halting mandibular growth. Good esthetic and functional outcomes, as well as reduced treatment time and disease burden, support the use of this treatment option for this population.
Playing Pool with $|ψ\rangle$: from Bouncing Billiards to Quantum Search

In ``Playing Pool with $\pi$'' [1], Galperin invented an extraordinary method to learn the digits of $\pi$ by counting the collisions of billiard balls. Here I demonstrate an exact isomorphism between Galperin's bouncing billiards and Grover's algorithm for quantum search. This provides an illuminating way to visualize Grover's algorithm.
Nongenetic individuality, changeability, and inheritance in bacterial behavior

Isogenic populations often display remarkable levels of phenotypic diversity even in constant, homogeneous environments. Such diversity results from differences between individuals (“nongenetic individuality”) as well as changes during individuals’ lifetimes (“changeability”). Yet, studies that capture and quantify both sources of diversity are scarce. Here we measure the swimming behavior of hundreds of Escherichia coli bacteria continuously over two generations and use a model-independent method for quantifying behavior to show that the behavioral space of E. coli is low-dimensional, with variations occurring mainly along two independent and interpretable behavioral traits. By statistically decomposing the diversity in these two traits, we find that individuality is the main source of diversity, while changeability makes a smaller but significant contribution. Finally, we show that even though traits of closely related individuals can be remarkably different, they exhibit positive correlations across generations that imply nongenetic inheritance. The model-independent experimental and theoretical framework developed here paves the way for more general studies of microbial behavioral diversity.
A Qualitative Change in the Transcriptome During MDCKII 3D Epithelial Morphogenesis is Linked to the First Cell Cycle and Intracellular Trafficking

Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCKII) cells are used widely to study epithelial morphogenesis. To better understand this process, we performed time-course RNA-seq analysis of MDCKII 3D cystogenesis, along with polarized 2D cells for comparison. Our study reveals a biphasic change in the transcriptome after the 1st cell cycle. This change appears to be linked to translocation of β-catenin, supported by analyses with AVL9- or DENND5A-knockdown clones, and HNF1B mitotic bookmarking, supported by ATAC-seq study. Specifically, β-catenin is depleted from the nucleus and enriched at the cell-cell junctions following the 1st cell cycle, downregulating the MYC network and decreasing cell proliferation. Meanwhile, HNF1B is retained in the nucleus, upregulating its targets and contributing to the cell polarity establishment. Our study supports a qualitative change model for transcriptome remodeling during epithelial morphogenesis and that this qualitative change results from transcription factor redistribution during the first cell cycle.
Utilization and effects of mobile electronic clinical decision support on pediatric asthma care quality in the emergency department and inpatient setting.

Objective To determine utilization and impacts of a mobile electronic clinical decision support (mECDS) on pediatric asthma care quality in emergency department and inpatient settings. Methods We conducted an observational study of a mECDS tool that was deployed as part of a multi-dimensional, national quality improvement (QI) project focused on pediatric asthma. We quantified mECDS utilization using cumulative screen views over the study period in the city in which each participating site was located. We determined associations between mECDS utilization and pediatric asthma quality metrics using mixed-effect logistic regression models (adjusted for time, site characteristics, site-level QI project engagement, and patient characteristics). Results The tool was offered to clinicians at 75 sites and used on 286 devices; cumulative screen views were 4191. Children's hospitals and sites with greater QI project engagement had higher cumulative mECDS utilization. Cumulative mECDS utilization was associated with significantly reduced odds of hospital admission (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92-0.98) and higher odds of caregiver referral to smoking cessation resources (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01-1.16). Discussion We linked mECDS utilization to clinical outcomes using a national sample and controlling for important confounders (secular trends, patient case mix, and concomitant QI efforts). We found mECDS utilization was associated with improvements in multiple measures of pediatric asthma care quality. Conclusion mECDS has the potential to overcome barriers to dissemination and improve care on a broad scale. Important areas of future work include improving mECDS uptake/utilization, linking clinicians' mECDS usage to clinical practice, and studying mECDS's impacts on other common pediatric conditions.
Roden Crater: Home edition

Roden Crater, New Mexico, engages with the phenomenology of light and the celestial sphere. Because such phenomena elude capture by photography, first-hand experience is necessary. However, the pro...
Can Wage Boards Revive U.S. Labor?: Marshalling Evidence from Puerto Rico

Some U.S. law reformers, labor advocates, policymakers, scholars, and politicians have begun to favor laws that promote sectoral bargaining to, among other things, rebuild union membership. They highlight the case of New York State, where the government convened sector-based minimum wage boards authorized under its minimum wage legislation to increase wages in the fast-food sector to $15 an hour. To add to that discussion, this article marshals historical evidence from Puerto Rico, where wage boards helped U.S.-based labor unions to organize the garment industry in the 1950s, ‘60s, and ‘70s. It explains the importance of political power, tripartite negotiation and wage setting with erga omnes effects, and social norms in the form of amicable, collaborative relationships between employers and unions. Those three conditions are lacking in today’s New York fast-food industry and industrial relations. To the extent Puerto Rico charts a course, the future of sectoral bargaining in the United States as a tool to rebuild union membership is uncertain.
Neural correlates of speech and limb motor timing deficits revealed by aberrant beta band desynchronization in Parkinson’s disease

Abstract Objective We used a classical motor reaction time paradigm to examine the effects of Parkinson’s disease (PD) on the mechanisms of speech production and upper limb movement. Methods Electro-encephalography (EEG) signals were recorded in PD and control groups during speech vowel production and button press tasks in response to temporally predictable and unpredictable visual stimuli. Results Motor reaction times were slower in PD vs. control group independent of stimulus timing and movement modality. This effect was accompanied by stronger desynchronizations of low beta (13–18 Hz) and high beta (18–25 Hz) band neural oscillations in PD vs. control prior to the onset of speech and hand movement. In addition, pre-movement desynchronization of beta band oscillations were correlated with motor reaction time in control subjects with faster responses associated with weaker beta band desynchronizations during the planning phase of movement. However, no such effect was found in the PD group. Conclusions We suggest that the aberrant pattern of beta band desynchronization is a neural correlate of speech and upper limb motor timing deficits as a result of cortico-striatal pathology in PD. Significance These findings motivate interventions targeted toward normalizing beta band activities for improving speech and upper limb movement timing in PD.
Comparing reproduced cyber experimentation studies across different emulation testbeds

Cyber testbeds provide an important mechanism for experimentally evaluating cyber security performance. However, as an experimental discipline, reproducible cyber experimentation is essential to assure valid, unbiased results. Even minor differences in setup, configuration, and testbed components can have an impact on the experiments, and thus, reproducibility of results. This paper documents a case study in reproducing an earlier emulation study, with the reproduced emulation experiment conducted by a different research group on a different testbed. We describe lessons learned as a result of this process, both in terms of the reproducibility of the original study and in terms of the different testbed technologies used by both groups. This paper also addresses the question of how to compare results between two groups’ experiments, identifying candidate metrics for comparison and quantifying the results in this reproduction study.
The Impact of Restrictive Policies on Mexican Immigrant Parents and Their Children's Access to Health Care

Background: This study assessed whether policies that limit Mexican immigrants' access to care affects their children's access to a regular source of care, health insurance, and timely preventive h...
Generative Dynamic Patch Attack.

Adversarial patch attack is a family of attack algorithms that perturb a part of image to fool a deep neural network model. Existing patch attacks mostly consider injecting adversarial patches at input-agnostic locations: either a predefined location or a random location. This attack setup may be sufficient for attack but has considerable limitations when using it for adversarial training. Thus, robust models trained with existing patch attacks cannot effectively defend other adversarial attacks. In this paper, we first propose an end-to-end patch attack algorithm, Generative Dynamic Patch Attack (GDPA), which generates both patch pattern and patch location adversarially for each input image. We show that GDPA is a generic attack framework that can produce dynamic/static and visible/invisible patches with a few configuration changes. Secondly, GDPA can be readily integrated for adversarial training to improve model robustness to various adversarial attacks. Extensive experiments on VGGFace, Traffic Sign and ImageNet show that GDPA achieves higher attack success rates than state-of-the-art patch attacks, while adversarially trained model with GDPA demonstrates superior robustness to adversarial patch attacks than competing methods. Our source code can be found at https://github.com/lxuniverse/gdpa.
Laboratory Evaluation of Microsurfacing Bond Strength

AbstractThis paper summarizes the results of a study that was conducted to evaluate the influence of different factors on the bond strength between a microsurfacing layer and an existing pavement s...
Degeneration and repair after spinal cord injury (SCI) in the non-human primate (NHP)

We will discuss the establishment of a new NHP model of contusion SCI using an electronically controlled impactor with feedback to produce a unilateral cervical contusion at the C5 vertebral level ...
Recuperators: Through-The-Wall Nonstoring Exchangers

Recuperators are heat exchangers wherein the two fluids transferring heat are kept away from each other by a wall. Their design requires two pieces of information.
Le moment de la prestidigitation : magie, illusion et mana dans la pensée d’Émile Durkheim et Marcel Mauss

En faisant une lecture intertextuelle en profondeur des ouvrages de Durkheim et de Mauss, surtout ceux sur la magie et la religion, l’auteur de cet article presente une reevaluation et une reinterpretation de l’etude de Mauss sur la magie. Il soutient qu’a cause de la distorsion semantico-referentielle implicite dans la theorie de Mauss comme dans celle de son oncle, Mauss a recherche un referent fonde sur la force pragmatique (c’est-a-dire indexicale) des pratiques magiques et rituelles ainsi que sur le discours qui les sous-tend. L’auteur fait valoir que la mana (dans la magie) et le hau (dans l’echange), qu’ils soient decrits par l’indigene ou par l’anthropologue, representent des tentatives de stabiliser la valeur referentielle de cette force contextuelle essentiellement instable. Durkheim, avec plus d’insistance que Mauss, a trouve cette valeur referentielle dans l’effervescence sociale et, ultimement, dans la societe. Meme si les deux ecrivains ont manifeste leur engagement envers le socialisme, leurs perceptions de la magie, du rituel et de la religion partageaient avec le fascisme de nombreux presupposes epistemiques, comme Mauss semble l’avoir realise a la fin de sa vie.
Modeling Bottom Boundary Layer and Cohesive Sediment Dynamics in Estuarine and Coastal Waters

Several important aspects on the modeling of bottom boundary layer dynamics and cohesive sediment dynamics are scrutinized in detail. Various bottom boundary layer models are reviewed and example results presented. Models of sediment erosion and deposition are discussed. A rigorous deposition model, formulated based on fundamental fluid-mechanical considerations, can be used to improve understanding of erosion-deposition processes and to reduce uncertainties contained in empirical erosion model. Formulation of a flocculation model is discussed by considering the interactions between turbulent eddies and sediment particles. Examples are drawn from a recent study on the dispersion of cohesive sediments in the Mississippi Sound.
Discourse research in applied linguistics: Contrastive rhetoric and genre analysis

Cinq ouvrages recemment edites presentent leur travaux sur le theme general des recherches discursives en linguistique appliquee. Trois d'entre eux traitent particulierement de l'analyse du genre : 1. Ulla Connore, 1996 et Anna Duszak, 1997. Les deux autres developpent ces recherches dans le cadre de la rhetorique contrastive : 1. Britt-Louise Gunnarson, Per Linell et Bengt Nordberg, 1997, Brian Paltridge, 1997 et John Swales, 1998. Le theme sous-jacent a ces cinq ouvrages dans l'analyse du discours concerne la relation entre textes et contextes qui se refletement mutuellement. L'ouvrage collectif de A. Duszak (1997), qui regroupe sept chapitres, traite justement de cette relation reflexive entre textes et une grande variete de contextes se rapportant au domaine academique. Les differents auteurs sont majoritairement europeens et portent un regard sur les themes familiers d'inversigation sur les langues europeennes et leur tradition. Pour un public americain, une des plus interessantes lectures concerne une analyse contrastive du discours academique selon les traditions americaines et europeennes. On s'interesse aussi dans cet ouvrage a 1) la difference entre le style anglo-americain et le style allemand dans le discours academique, 2) au contrat implicite entre les lecteurs et les ecrivains selon que le texte academique est europeen ou americain, 3) a la maniere dont l'auteur hesite a s'engager par rapport aux propos qu'il rapporte, soit les procedes de modalisation et 4) aux differences de structures generiques a travers des textes europeens et americains. Le second ouvrage (Gurnasson, Linell et Nordberg, 1997) explore egalement l'interaction entre texte et contexte mais dans la perspective d'une analyse du genre. Le genre est definit par rapport aux ideologies politiques et aux structures de pouvoir dans lesquelles evoluent les recherches entreprises par une societe et les connaissances actuelles. Le genre re