cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ryanodine receptor protein is expressed during differentiation in the muscle cell lines BC3H1 and C2C12.

Abstract BC 3 H1 and C2C12, murine cell lines, were assessed as model systems for the expression of ryanodine receptor protein during myogenesis. The ryanodine receptor is a calcium release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and a component of the triad junction, a structure which is essential to excitation-contraction coupling in mature striated muscle. BC 3 H1 and C2C12 cells do not express the ryanodine receptor at detectable levels in a proliferative, nondifferentiated state. The ryanodine receptor protein is expressed during differentiation in BC 3 H1 and C2C12 cells, becoming detectable within 24 hr of the onset of differentiation. In both cell lines the ryanodine receptor is assembled in oligomeric form and binds [ 3 H]ryanodine with high affinity. Fusion is not required for expression of the ryanodine receptor in either BC 3 H1 or nonfusing C2C12 cells. The level of expression of the ryanodine receptor protein is modulated by incubation with the growth factors TGF-β and bFGF in a manner similar to that of other muscle-specific proteins. These initial observations suggest that the BC 3 H1 and C2C12 cell lines provide a model system for further investigations of the expression and function of the ryanodine receptor during myogenic differentiation.
Centrifugal precipitation chromatography: principle, apparatus, and optimization of key parameters for protein fractionation by ammonium sulfate precipitation.

A novel chromatographic system introduced here internally generates a concentration gradient of ammonium sulfate (AS) through a long separation channel under a centrifugal force field. Protein samples are exposed to a gradually increasing AS concentration and precipitated along the channel. Then, chromatographic elution is initiated by gradually decreasing the AS concentration in the gradient which causes the proteins to repeat dissolution and precipitation through the channel. Consequently, they are eluted out in the order of their solubility in the AS solution. The separation column consists of a pair of disks equipped with mutually mirror-imaged spiral grooves. A dialysis membrane is sandwiched between the disks to form two identical channels partitioned by the membrane. The disk assembly is mounted on the sealless continuous-flow centrifuge. When a concentrated AS solution is eluted through one channel and water through the other channel in an opposite direction, an exponential AS gradient is formed through the water channel. A series of basic experiments was performed to study the rates of AS transfer and osmosis through the membrane, and the operational parameters including elution time, revolution speed, inclination of gradient, and sample size were optimized using stable protein samples. Preliminary applications were successful in purification of monoclonal antibody from cell culture supernatant and an affinity separation of recombinant ketosteroid isomerase from a crude Escherichia coli lysate.
Dynamics of a discontinuous discrete Beverton–Holt model

Our aim is to investigate the global asymptotic behaviour, oscillation, periodicity and bifurcation in discontinuous Beverton–Holt type difference equationwhere x0>0, functions k and r are discontinuous piecewise constant functionssatisfyingand h is Heaviside function.
Automated solid phase extraction, on-support derivatization and isotope dilution-GC/MS method for the detection of urinary dialkyl phosphates in humans

We developed an analytical method based on solid phase extraction, on-support derivatization and isotope dilution-GC/MS for the detection of dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites, dimethyl thiophosphate, diethyl thiophosphate, dimethyl dithiophosphate, and diethyl dithiophosphate in human urine. The sample preparative procedure is simple and fully automated. In this method, the analytes were extracted from the urinary matrix onto a styrene-divinyl benzene polymer-based solid phase extraction cartridge and derivatized on-column with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. The ester conjugated analytes are eluted from the column with acetonitrile, concentrated and analyzed. Compared to extraction-post extraction derivatization methods for the analysis of DAP metabolites, this on-support derivatization is fast, efficient, and less labor-intensive. Furthermore, it has fewer steps in the sample preparation, uses less solvent and produces less interference. The method is highly sensitive with limits of detection for the analytes ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 ng/mL. The recoveries were high and comparable with those of our previous method. Relative standard deviation, indicative of the repeatability and precision of the method, was 1-17% for the metabolites.
Removing applied agricultural research from the academy

Applied agricultural research that is concerned with highly specific production methods and growing conditions differs in its purposes and social value from more “academic” kinds of research intended to advance knowledge in a more general and less immediately practical way. Nevertheless, it is conducted in an institutional setting established largely for the latter kind of research. Many people have suggested that the resulting conflicts could be reduced by introducing greater flexibility into the professional reward system for agricultural researchers. However, the mismatch may go too deep to be fixed this way. An alternative would be to remove highly applied researchfrom the academic domain and treat it instead as a service to the university's outside constituencies. A service orientation is especially appropriate for publicly supported universities, which is where most such research is done.
Vapor transport crystal growth of the transition metal dichalcogenide compounds Nb1-xTaxSe2

Abstract Techniques are described for growing single crystals of the transition metal dichalcogenide compounds Nb 1- x Ta x Se 2 (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.20). Both iodine and selenium vapor transport have been used. A portion of the phase diagram has been determined, in order to produce the desired 2H polymorpoh for all compositions of interest. Measurement of the superconducting transition temperature is shown to be a useful tool for diagnosis of the crystal growth process.
Statistical methods for chip calibration and saturation effects in antibody-spiked gene expression data

Oligonucleotide microarrays are amongst, a set of technologies that allow for high throughput assessment of vast numbers of gene expressions. In order to evaluate gene expressions given detection limits, antibody spiking is often used providing one with an expression curve relating antibody treated expression and non-antibody treated expression. These curves can exhibit different functional shapes across chips and hence need to be standardized. In addition, each curve is subject to saturation effects, which are typically dealt with by extrapolating a linear fit to the subset of the data not visually subject to saturation. In this paper we introduce methods for the non-parametric standardization of expression curves using univariate smoothers. We also explore parametric methods for more efficient analysis of the standardized curves. We demonstrate an alternate method of parametric analysis using a weighted linear mixed effects model that does not arbitrarily delete data beyond an observed saturation point; allows for natural grouping of genes and provides significantly more accurate predictions than naive linear extrapolation. Both methodologies are studied through sets of simulations.
Rapid method for localizing beta-glucuronidase in populations of human leucocytes and of mouse Ehrlich carcinoma cells.

THE localization of beta-glucuronidase in populations of free cells has already been reported1 from this laboratory. Thus, formaldehyde–chloral hydrate fixation of the sedimented cells followed by embedding in Knox gelatine1 made it possible to cut thin sections of the frozen gelatine block on the freezing microtome and the sections so obtained were incubated while floating freely in Fishman–Baker substrate medium containing 8-hydroxyquinoline β-D-glucosiduronic acid and ferric ions. The enzymatically liberated 8-hydroxyquinoline became insoluble as the brownish-black ferric chelate at the sites rich in enzyme, and the ion was later converted to Prussian blue. The whole process required a minimum of 24 h from beginning to end and included many steps2. Efforts to use dried smears with this technique were usually unsuccessful (except for one report)3 because of loss of cells from the slide during the various steps in the staining process.
Pulse storage using wavelength multiplexed holograms in photorefractive crystal

We present a technique for recording, storing, and retrieving a 10 Mbps pulse sequence based on the use of wavelength multiplexed holograms in a photorefractive KNSBN crystal.
Production of Hybrid, Androgenetic, and Gynogenetic Grass Carp and Carp

Abstract Hybridization, androgenesis, and gynogenesis were studied as potential methods for creating nonreproducing populations of fish. Hybrids from crosses of female grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) X male carp (Cyprinus carpio, Israeli mirrow variety) died during embryonic development. Hybrids of the reciprocal cross hatched and were stocked in ponds, but most died within 3 months. Dimensions of the nuclei of erythrocytes from hybrids indicated that survivors were polyploid. Androgenetic grass carp and gynogenetic carp were both observed in this reciprocal cross. Gynogenesis occurred in 3% of the eggs from grass carp fertilized with UV-irradiated milt from carp. Nuclear dimensions of androgenetic and gynogenetic fish suggested a diploid karyotype. The yield of 7,862 gynogenetic grass carp is evidence that this method might be practical for production of monosex fish for experimentation.
Feasibility analysis for solid oxide fuel cells as a power source for railroad road locomotives

Abstract The study presented here considers the on-board gasification of biodiesel and power generation using solid oxide fuel cells for power a railroad locomotive of the long-haul or “road” variety. Equipment sizes, efficiencies, and life cycle costs under a variety of scenarios are calculated with the objective of determining the feasibility of this type of power system when compared with the standard internal combustion engine/generator power systems currently in-use. The analysis concludes that SOFC based locomotives using on-board gasified biodiesel are technically feasible. However, economic justification is more difficult. While cost of fuel is the dominant overall cost of the locomotive power plant over its life cycle the efficiency of the SOFC is not high enough to offset its higher capital cost under most scenarios. This could significantly change under regulatory standards that may dramatically increase the operating costs or capital costs of internal combustion engines for rail use in the future.
Animal-specific positioning molds for registration of repeat imaging studies: comparative microPET imaging of F18-labeled fluoro-deoxyglucose and fluoro-misonidazole in rodent tumors

Abstract Introduction Comparative imaging of multiple radiotracers in the same animal can be invaluable in elucidating and validating their respective mechanisms of localization. Comparative imaging of PET tracers, particularly in small animals, is problematic, however: such tracers must be administered and imaged separately because simultaneously imaged positron emitters cannot be separated based on energy discrimination. Objective As part of our ongoing development of hypoxia imaging radiotracers, the intratumoral distributions of sequentially administered F18-fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) and the hypoxia tracer F18-fluoromisonidazole (FMiso) were compared in rats by registered microPET imaging with positioning of each animal in a custom-fabricated whole-body mold. Methods Nude rats with a hindlimb R3327-AT anaplastic rat prostate tumor xenograft and a hindlimb FaDu human squamous cell carcinoma (each up to 20×20×30 mm in size) were studied. Rapid-Foam (Soule Medical, Lutz, FL) was used to fabricate animal-specific molds for immobilization and reproducible positioning. Each rat was injected via the tail vein with ~33 MBq (900 μCi) of FDG and imaged in its mold at 1 h postinjection (pi) on the microPET. The next day, each rat was injected with ~22 MBq (600 μCi) of FMiso and positioned and imaged in its mold at ~2 h pi. Custom-manufactured germanium-68 rods (10 μCi each, 1×10 mm) were reproducibly positioned in the mold as fiduciary markers. Results The registered microPET images unambiguously demonstrated grossly similar though not identical distributions of FDG and FMiso in the tumors — a high-activity rim surrounding a lower-activity core. There were subtle but possibly significant differences in the intratumoral distributions of FDG and FMiso, however. These may not have been discerned without careful image registration. Conclusion Animal-specific molds are inexpensive and straightforward to fabricate and use for registration ( ± 1 to 2 mm) of sequential PET images and may aid image interpretation.
Temperature and salinity tolerances of embryos and larvae of the deep-sea mytilid mussel “ Bathymodiolus ” childressi

We examined temperature and salinity tolerances of early embryonic and larval stages of the deep-sea, cold-seep mussel “Bathymodiolus” childressi to determine whether they may control the dispersal depth of larvae. Salinity and temperature tolerances increased with developmental stage, but tolerance ranges were not as wide for the larvae of “B.” childressi as for the larvae of the related shallow-water mussel Mytilus trossulus. Normal development occurred in “B.” childressi from 7 to 15°C and at salinities of 35 and 45. Greater tolerance of “B.” childressi embryos to high than low salinities may aid development of negatively buoyant early embryos at brine seeps. Although there was a decreasing trend in survival of “B.” childressi larvae with increasing temperature, survival of “B.” childressi trochophores was not significantly different at 20°C than at the adults’ ambient temperature. Since larvae tolerate increasing temperatures as they age and seawater temperatures at 100 m depth do not exceed 20°C in months following the mussels’ spawning season, we suggest that temperature would not limit vertical migration of the veliger larvae of “B.” childressi into even the uppermost layer of the water column above the cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico.
Peptides as stimulators of egg development neurosecretory hormone release in the mosquito Aedes aegypti.

Abstract 1. 1. The supernatant (peptides) from heat coagulated trypsin-digested blood, stimulated egg development neurohormone release in female Aedes aegypti. 2. 2. An amino acid mixture, or proteins in the presence of trypsin inhibitor, were ineffective in causing EDNH release.
Critical factors affecting the planning and implementation of major projects

This exploratory study reports the results of a quantitative cross-sectional analysis of 68 case descriptions of major projects. Variables describing the context of the projects, project planning and implementation processes, and project outcomes were coded using information contained in the case descriptions. Factor analysis was used to identify major factors associated with context, process and outcomes. The influences of context on process, and context and process on outcomes were estimated using regression. The results indicate that a number of contextual variables strongly influence aspects of the project planning and implementation process, and then indirectly influence project outcomes through the planning and implementation process. In addition, both process and contextual variables affect outcomes directly. Several conclusions of a theoretical, methodological and practical nature are drawn.
Revisiting early hypothyroidism screening in infants with Down syndrome

To identify if the incidence of hypothyroidism in infants with Down syndrome is higher than previous childhood estimates (15%) when examined prior to the standard retesting at 6 months of age. A retrospective observational cohort study of 122 children with Down syndrome admitted to a university-based birthing hospital between May 2000 and March 2012. Demographic data (for example, date of birth, gender, gestational age, inborn) and diagnostic data (Down syndrome, congenital heart disease and gastrointestinal disease) were cross-linked with thyroid hormone laboratory tests (total thyroxine, free thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone) to determine incidence of identified hypothyroidism and thyroid testing prior to 4 months of age (n=80). In all, 32.5% were found to have any hypothyroidism. Of these, 14 were primary hypothyroidism (17.5%) needing supplemental T4 therapy, 12 were compensated hypothyroidism (15%) and euthyroid was identified in 54 infants (67.5%). Despite normal newborn screens, the incidence of any hypothyroidism (early compensated hypothyroidism and primary hypothyroidism) was higher than previously reported.
Lower bounds on the stability number of graphs computed in terms of degrees

Abstract Wei discovered that the stability number, α( G ), of a graph, G , with degree sequence d 1 , d 2 ,…, d n is at least w(G) = Σ i=1 n 1 d i +1 It is shown that this bound can be replaced by a function b ( G ), computable from d 1 , d 2 ,…, d n using only O( n ) additions and comparisons. For all graphs, b ( G ) ⩾ ⌜ w ( G )⌝, the inequality sometimes holding as strict. In addition, it is shown that Wei's bound can be increased by ( w ( G ) − 1)⧸ Δ ( Δ + 1) when G is connected, by w ( G ) k ⧸2 Δ ( Δ + 1) when G is k -connected but not complete, and by ( w ( G ) + m − n )⧸ Δ ( Δ + 1) when G is triangle-free; in each case, Δ, n , and m denote the largest degree of a vertex in G , the number of vertices of G , and the number of edges of G , respectively.
Electronic processes at grain boundaries in polycrystalline semiconductors under optical illumination

The dependence of minority carrier lifetime (τ) on the doping concentration N d , grain size d and interface state density N is at the grain boundaries in (n-type) polycrystalline semiconductors has been calculated analytically. The recombination velocity at grain boundaries is enhanced by the diffusion potential V d adjacent to the boundaries, and ranges from \simeq 10^{2} to 106cm . s-1depending on N is and N d . Under illumination, the population of the interface states is altered considerably from its dark level and as a result, V d decreases to that value which maximizes recombination (equal concentrations of electrons and holes at the boundary). This causes τ to decrease with increasing N d . Sample calculations for polycrystalline silicon show that for low angle boundaries with interface state densities of \simeq 10^{11} cm-2eV-1, τ decreases from 10-6to 10-10s as the grain size is reduced from 1000 to 0.1 µm (for N_{d} = 10^{16} cm-3). For a constant grain size, τ decreases with increasing N d . The open-circuit voltage of p-n junction solar cells decreases for \tau \leq 10^{-7} s, whereas that for Schottky barrier cells remains at its maximum value until \tau \lsim 10^{-8} s.
Teaching Cultural History from Primary Events

This article explores the relationship between specific cultural events such as Galileo’s work with the pendulum and a curriculum design that seeks to establish in skeletal form a comprehensive epic narrative about the co-evolution of cultural systems and human consciousness. The article explores some of the challenges and some of the strategies needed to represent complex primary events in the concise, viscerally immediate form necessary to make this curriculum offering practical.
Collaborative object workspaces (COWS): exploring the integration of collaboration technology

Abstract The integration of multiple computer-based tools and technologies presents new design and usage challenges. This paper reports on a project focusing on integrating well-known collaborative features into a single usable tool. The results of the project are a set of design and behavioral propositions suitable for future research. The project also introduces the use of a research methodology that integrates the process of prototyping with the process of building theory.
Early regenerative responses of amputated limbs of the newt, Notophthalamus viridescens to culture conditions.

Abstract Newt forelimbs were removed at the shoulder, amputated slightly proximal to the elbow, and explanted to a gelled medium which was based on chick embryo extract, Holtfreter's salt solution, water and agar. In some groups this medium was supplemented with a porcine STH preparation or cortisone or both. Limb stumps were explanted either with the short segment of spinal cord bearing spinal nerves 3, 4 and 5 intact, or the nerves were cut and no nerve cell bodies were included in the explant. Stumps on medium supplemented with the STH preparation showed better maintenance of the epidermis, otherwise no consistent differences were noticed between any experimental groups during the culture period of 8 or 10 days. Both cultured and in vivo stumps showed distal closure by epidermis, which became thickened and demonstrated phagocytic activities. Muscle, also in both cases, either retained the appearance of the normal tissue, or underwent dissolution to block-like fragments with nuclei resembling those of blastema cells.
Costs and Benefits of Group Living in a Recently Social Ungulate: The Alaskan Moose

Risk of predation is considered a major influence on foraging behavior and the evolution of social groups. We measured foraging efficiency (percentage of active time spent foraging) for Alaskan moose ( Alces alces gigas ) in various categories of predation risk in Denali National Park, Alaska, in 1991. For a particular group size, foraging efficiency declined significantly with distance from cover. Foraging selectivity by moose for diamondleaf willow ( Salix planifolia pulchra ) also decreased as distance from cover increased. Adult females accompanied by young foraged less efficiently than either females without young or adult males. Group size was positively correlated with distance from cover, which suggests that social grouping in moose is an adaptation to increased predation risk. Surprisingly, group size was inversely related to foraging efficiency because of the overriding negative effects of aggressive behavior. This finding contrasts with behavioral trends in more social ungulates, which display increased foraging efficiency with increasing group size. We suggest that the lowered foraging efficiency in Alaskan moose is a result of the recent evolution of gregarious behavior in this subspecies and that increased foraging efficiency within groups of social ungulates may be a subsequent adaptation rather than an a priori selective advantage that led to the evolution of social behavior.
Characterization of a leukemic cell line of the pre‐B phenotype

NALM-6-M1, one of eight leukemia cell lines cultured from the blood of a 19-year-old boy with non-T, non-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in relapse, was characterized. This cell line was found to be more than 90% cytoplasmic Immuno-globulin positive (clg+) for both mu heavy and lambda light chains, but surface immunoglobulln (slg) and complement receptor (CR) negative. NALM-6-M1 was clg∼ for alpha, delta, and gamma heavy chains and kappa light chain. About 45% of the cells exhibited sheep erythrocyte receptors. Approximately 12% of cells were positive for Fc receptors. Approximately 90% of the cultured cells had a deleted long arm of chromosome 5 (5q−) and a marker Y chromosome. The remaining 10% of cells were found to have some additional chromosomal material on the long arm of chromosome 12, suggesting a partial translocation. No other karyotypic abnormalities were found. The cell line was found to react strongly with anti-p23, 30, suggesting la-like activity, but it only weakly stimulated normal lymphocytes in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). The cells expressed HLA antigens. NALM-6-M1 failed to react with anti-thymocyte serum (ATS), did not possess Epstein-Barr membrane or nuclear antigens, nor did it exhibit phagocytosis for zymosan. NALM-6-M1 reacted positively with oil red O and Sudan black stains. On the basis of the clgM staining, NALM-6-M1 seems to be arrested at an early stage in B-cell development and is considered to be of the pre-B cell phenotype possessing a chromosomal abnormality.
Rendering 3D volumes using per-pixel displacement mapping

Rendering 3D Volumes Using Per-Pixel Displacement Mapping offers a simple and practical solution to the problem of seamlessly integrating many highly detailed 3D objects into a scene without the need to render large sets of polygons or introduce the overhead of an obtrusive scene-graph. This work takes advantage of modern programmable GPU's as well as recent related research in the area of per-pixel displacement mapping to achieve view independent fully 3D rendering with per-pixel level of detail. To achieve this, a box is used to bound texture-defined volumes. The box acts as a surface to which the volume will be drawn on. By computing a viewing ray from the camera to a point on the box and using that point as a ray origin, the correct intersection with the texture volume can be found using various per-pixel displacement mapping techniques. Once the correct intersection is found, the final color value for the corresponding point on the box can be computed. The technique supports various effects taken both from established raycasting and ray-tracing methods such as reflection, refraction, selfshadowing on models, a simple animation scheme and an efficient method for finding distances through volumes.
Analytical Predictive Modeling of Serrated Chip Formation in High Speed Machining of 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy

High speed machining has received increasingly broad applications in various industries, especially in the aircraft and aerospace industry, where a large number of structural frames are machined. Based on Manyindo and Oxley’s descriptive model of serrated chip formation, this paper proposes a new mathematical model for high speed machining of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. The new model integrates Johnson-Cook’s material model with Oxley’s machining theory and is validated by using the published experimental data. A good agreement between the predicted and experimental degree of chip segmentation is reached. The effects of cutting conditions and tool geometry on the serrated chip geometry, the cutting forces, and the shear-plane angles are quantitatively investigated. The analysis shows that a large undeformed chip thickness, a negative tool rake angle, and a high cutting speed strengthen the degree of chip segmentation in high speed machining.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Kindergarten curriculum: enrichment and improvishment

‘Kindergarten Enrichment’ is a relatively new type of early childhood service in the United States, that aims to provide curriculum enrichment for 5‐6 years olds and at the same time, extends the half‐day kindergarten program into a normal school day length. At least in relatively affluent neighbourhoods such as the one studied in this project, ‘kindergarten enrichment’ programs might be seen as a ‘win‐win‐win’ arrangement. However, there are interesting questions in the relationship between the ‘basic’ kindergarten curriculum and the ‘enrichment1 component. As these questions are explored, the evolution of the kindergarten curriculum is traced and the contextual features that have shaped the academic curriculum approach currently favoured, are examined. It is concluded that whilst kindergarten enrichment programs may be an unlikely receptacle for the wisdom of child‐responsive curriculum practice, the presence on school campuses of a child‐centered program may be a useful way to re‐enrich the regular kin...
The search for the Skunk Ape: studying the impact of an online information literacy tutorial on student writing

This paper examines the impact of an online information literacy tutorial on source selection, evaluation, and use in essays written by English Composition students. More than 250 students participated in this research, and the essays written by a sample of 60 students are examined. Citation analysis is used first to determine the average number of citations per paper, frequency of source/format type, currency and authority of sources, frequency and length of in-text citations, and frequency of correctly formatted in-text and end-of text documentation. Textual analysis is used second to determine which essays have more frequent, correctly-formatted intext citations, more paraphrases and summaries of their sources, fewer long quotes, and more source variety, among others. The results of this analysis suggest that online information literacy instruction may increase the number of sources that students locate and use. The textual analysis in this study also highlighted some deficiencies in students’ citation practices, such as discrepancies between in-text citations and sources listed in bibliographies, and these problems were present despite information literacy instruction. These results point out areas of instruction, such as integrating sources into writing, to be improved upon in future versions of the online tutorial. The findings offered here should help information literacy professionals planning to develop online tutorials hone the content of the programmes.
Structure and evolutionary implications of the musculi arrectores pilorum in chiroptera

Skin samples from 16 genera and 19 species of bats were studied histologically. These and review of the literature revealed musculi arrectores pilorum composed of smooth muscle present only in Megachiroptera and complex cutaneous striated muscle systems best developed in Microchiroptera. Smooth muscle arrectores of the mid-dorsal neck skin of Hypsignathus monstrosus are described in detail and resemble those of generalized structure in other mammalian Orders. Shoulder pouches of the epaulet bats (Epomophorus and Epomops) contain compound smooth and striated muscle systems for eversion of hair tufts and pouch respectively. An evolutionary trend within the Chiroptera of reduction in smooth muscle arrectores and replacement by integumentary striated muscle fibers is suggested.
Inhibition of a high affinity cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase and relaxation of canine tracheal smooth muscle.

The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity of canine tracheal smooth muscle (CTSM) was examined. Column chromatography of soluble CTSM-PDE revealed five peaks of activity. One of these peaks (V) was examined further in this study and showed a high affinity for adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (Km =30.63 μM). Seven pharmacological PDE inhibitors were tested for their abilities to inhibit the peak V enzyme and also for their abilities to cause mechanical relaxation of CTSM strips in isolated tissue baths. A strong correlation (P < 0.001) between peak V PDE inhibition (−log Ki) and airway muscle relaxation (−log ED50) was found.
On the abuse of marihuana and other drugs

Abstract The negative effect on motivation of marihuana and other psychedelic drugs is discussed. It is concluded that the problem is not whether the drugs should be legalized but if it is possible to enforce their prohibition.
Sporulation mutations induced by heat in Bacillus subtilis.

When spores of Bacillus subtilis strain Marburg are heated (90° to 100°C) in a vacuum for 9 to 12 hours and then plated, numerous mutants are obtained, and very few spores are killed. Disproportionately large numbers of these mutants exhibit abnormal sporulation.
WELFARE REFORM AND SPATIAL MATCHING BETWEEN CLIENTS AND JOBS

The recent Welfare Reform Act requires several categories of public assistance recipients to transition to the work force. In most metropolitan areas public assistance clients reside great distances from areas of entry-level jobs. Any program designed to provide access to these jobs, for those previously on public aid, needs relevant transportation services when the job search process begins. Therefore it is essential that the latent demand for commuting among public aid clients be assessed in developing public transportation services. The location of entry-level jobs must also be known or, as in this article, estimated using numerous data sources. This article reports on such a demand estimation effort, focusing primarily on the use of Regional Science methods.
Liquid phase epitaxial growth and photoluminescence characterization of laser-quality (100) In1−xGaxP

The growth procedure, crystal properties, and the photoluminescence and carrier lifetime behavior of n- and p-type In 1− x Ga x P epitaxial layers grown on (100) surfaces of GaAs (and GaAs 1− y P y , x =0.48 y +0.52) by a constant-temperature liquid-phase-epitaxial (CT-LPE) process are described. Exceptionally good crystals with low dislocation densities (etch pit density 3 /cm 2 ) are obtained provided the epitaxial growth is very closely lattice-matched to the substrate material. Poorly matched crystals are shown to be markedly inferior, as demonstrated by relatively poor photoluminescence yield. High performance photopumped laser operation is demonstrated at 300°K and a pulse repetition rate of 140×10 6 /sec, as well as CW operation at temperatures >77°K. Partly compensated p-type In 1− x Ga x P:Zn:Te can be grown of good quality but not so far equal to n-type material, apparently due at least in part to high Zn concentration damaging the In−Ga sublattice. Thin samples of dilute Zn-diffused In 1− x Ga x P:Te ( x ∼0.63), grown on (100) GaAs 1− y P y ( y ≈0.25), have been photopumped and lased in the yellow (5930), showing it is possible to diffuse Zn into CT-LPE In 1− x Ga x P:Te without badly damaging the crystal. Optical phase shift measurements on both n- and p-type In 1− x Ga x P near laser threshold reveal a dip in the ‘spontaneous’ lifetime owing to the increased effects of stimulated emission. Above laser threshold the lifetime shortens considerably in the spectral region where laser emission occurs. The best n-type CT-LPE In 1− x Ga x P ( x ≈0.52) exhibits an average lifetime (77°K) ∼2× higher than the best n-type VPE GaAs 1− x P x ( x ≈0.32).
Photoactuation in nafion-carbon nanotube bilayer composites

Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT)-nafion bilayer composites have a significant mechanical response (photoactuation) upon exposure to near infrared or visible light. The composites are formed as cantilevers of a thick nafion film (tens to hundreds of microns) coated with a thin SWNT film (one to ten microns). This configuration leads to a bending response upon light exposure. The wavelength dependence of the magnitude of the photoactuation corresponds to the absorption spectrum of semiconducting SWNTs. The thickness of each film in the bilayer affects both the magnitude of the bending and the rate of the response. The mechanism of the photoresponse is proposed to be a result of the photocarriers migrating to the interface, attracting hydrated hydrogen ions from the nafion acid groups, which then induces swelling of the nafion substrate.
Social Significance of Hired Labor Small Holdings and Small Farms

The demand for labor in urban centers has of late made serious in roads in the available supply of unmarried farm hands and has stimu lated, to some extent, the building of houses for married hired men. Numerous land settlement schemes have advocated the building of a house with an acre or two of land for the rural hired man. This may be an admirable scheme to increase population in new regions where the labor supply is scarce. In the older and more settled regions such a policy would probably be very unfortunate. The general custom in .the northern half of the United States is that the hired man shall not marry until he has started farming and this article presupposes that future tenants will be selected from the present hired men. There are at least two causes for this. First, the lack of housing facilities on the farm? and second, an effective incen tive for accumulation of capital on the part of some hired men. These circumstances are a distinct and positive check on rural popu lation. The first proposition is relatively simple. It has been the custom in the northern part of United States for the unmarried laborers to lodge and board with their employers. The operating owner is thus confronted with an economic problem. If he brings the laborer into his own home his household expenses will be somewhat greater, and the duties of his wife will be increased. If he does not make the hired man a part of his family then he must build a second house and secure the services of a married man. Assuming that he can get either kind of help he desires, the operator must then weigh the ex pense of repairs and insurance, depreciation and interest on the house to be built and a slightly higher nominal wage against the increased household expenses and the inconvenience due to the presence of the hired man. In general, the farm produces a considerable portion of the daily food consumed, and the presence of one more mouth adds but little expense. Further, the operator is at very little extra expense to 163
Foliar sensitivity of eight eastern hardwood tree species to ozone

As part of a larger 3-yr study, container-grown seedlings of black cherry (Prunus serotina) red maple (Acer rubrum), red oak (Ouercus rubra), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), white ash (Fraxinus americana), white oak (Ouercus alba), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis) were exposed to 0,0.075, or 0.15 μL L-1 O3 in laboratory controlled-environment chambers for 6 hr d−1 on 2 consecutive days for 12 weeks. On the third consecutive day of each week, plants were treated for 45 min with precipitation at pH 3.0 or 4.2. The only significant foliar symptoms were induced by the O3 treatments, and the severity of symptoms was not influenced by precipitation pH. The most common symptom was a dark, adaxial stipple which was most severe on the oldest leaves. Equations were developed to express the influence of leaf position on percent leaf injury following 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment. Based on percent leaf tissue showing stipple and defoliation following exposure to 0.15 μL L−1 O3, the most sensitive species to O3 was black cherry, followed by sweetgum, yellow-poplar, white ash, red maple and yellow birch. Red oak and white oak foliage did not exhibit stipple.
Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style

In this article, we argue that Presidents Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush share a distinctive approach to politics and governing: an “evangelical” style of presidential leadership. Though they differed in terms of party and ideology, we claim, using examples from their foreign policies, that the evangelical faith of Carter and Bush provided them with a particular vision of the presidency and the global role of the United States. Richard Neustadt argued that aptitude for politics is the most essential attribute for contemporary presidential success and that the evangelical approach will inevitably lead to political failure. From our analysis of the Carter and Bush approaches to foreign policy, we conclude, however, that in certain circumstances, the evangelical style can contribute to successful presidential leadership and is worthy of further serious study by presidential scholars.
Morphology and dynamics of agglomerated particulates in combustion systems using light scattering techniques

Abstract Knowledge of the morphology and dynamics of particulates in combustion systems is important because of its implications in critical research and practical areas as: (a) studies of the anisotropic characteristics of particulates in reacting systems, (b) particle growth and oxidation studies in flame systems, (c) production and control of ceramic aerosols with specific sizes and shapes, (d) studies of the agglomeration mechanisms and in situ determination of the characteristic fractal dimensions in fractal systems (e) mixing rates in multiphase systems and prediction of radiative transport from such systems, and (f) fine particle control in the electrons industry. The in situ light scattering and extinction techniques in the context of particulate sizing and morphology determination are reviewed and compared. The classical light scattering, extinction and scattering intensity ratios techniques may yield accurate particle size when the refractive indices of the particles are accurately known. However, the inferred particle size from the measured scattering and extinctions ratios may change by 75% or more when the real part of the refractive index varies in the range 1.3–2.0. On the other hand, the inferred total particle mass may change by a factor of two or more for the same range of values of the real part of the refractive index. Furthermore, the scattering intensity ratios that have been used for size measurements vary by 30% or more for particle diameters larger than 0.15 μm and the changes in the real part of the index by 15% or higher. The applications of the single particle light scattering theory to the characterization of agglomerates that consists of Rayleigh size units are reviewed and the limitations are discussed. Since apart from the classical scattering and extinction techniques the dynamics isotropic light scattering has been used for sizing of spherical particles based on their translational diffusion in flame systems, its advantages and limitations are also presented. Furthermore, it should be noted that most particulates in reacting systems depart from sphericity because of coagulation and/or surface growth and become optically anisotropic. Since in such cases the depolarized light scattering is suitable for particle shape characterization, comparisons are made between the gaseous molecular anisotropic scattering and the scattering corresponding to the anisotropic particulates. The suitability of the technique for particle morphology characterization in flames is assessed. In addition, the new approach of characterizing flame particulates using fractal analysis is summarized and its limitations are discussed.
Improved quality of Al x Ga 1−x As grown on Se-doped Al x Ga 1−x As substrate-layers by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

AlxGa1−xAs epilayers were grown directly on different AlxGa1−xAs substrate-layers by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The quality of AlxGa1−-xAs layers was significantly improved when Se-doped AlxGa1−xAs substrate-layers were used. Al0.13Ga0.87As epilayers with excellent morphology, optical, and crystal quality were grown on Se-doped Al0.26Ga0.74As. The full width at half maximum of the bound exciton peak as low as 4.51 meV was measured by low-temperature (14.9K) photoluminescence. The improvement is attributed to a Se passivation effect at the surface of Se-doped AlxGa1−xAs substrate-layers. Results suggest that Se will reduce and delay the formation of native oxides.
Effect of human diabetic plasma upon blood sugar curves in rabbits following insulin.

THE OBSERVATIONS of Houssay and collaborators (1), of Long and Lukens (2) and of many others have left no doubt as to the profound influence of the pituitary and the suprarenal glands upon experimental diabetes and the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fat. It is one thing, however, to demonstrate this influence in depancreatised animals and quite another to prove that the same forces are operative in diabetes mellitus in man. Many facts strongly suggest that the findings in experimental animals may have a direct application to human diabetes, but conclusive proof of the existence of a truly ‘diabetogenic hormone’ is lacking. That prior to the onset of their disease persons who acquire diabetes in adult life are usually overweight and that in hyperpituitarism the incidence of glycosuria and diabetes is high, are facts which suggest that dysfunctioning of the pituitary gland may be connected with the existence of the diabetic state, but direct evidence to support this has not been brought forward.
Mapping the Terrain of Mid-Career Faculty at a Research University: Implications for Faculty and Academic Leaders.

(2008). Mapping the Terrain of Mid-Career Faculty at a Research University: Implications for Faculty and Academic Leaders. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning: Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 46-55.
Oral mesalamine and clinical remission are associated with a decrease in the extent of long-standing ulcerative colitis.

Objective To compare colonoscopy alone with surveillance biopsy for the determination of anatomic extent in long-standing ulcerative colitis (UC). To assess the influences of mesalamine use and clinical disease activity on the change of histologic extent with time. Materials and methods Disease extent (proctosigmoiditis, left-sided colitis, or pancolitis) measured by colonoscopy and surveillance biopsy was compared among 212 consecutive patients with long-standing UC. Among the 102 patients who had 2 consecutive colonoscopies with surveillance biopsies, the following influences on change in histologic extent were determined: disease activity, mesalamine use, age at disease onset, folic acid, corticosteroid and azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine use, and time between colonoscopies. Results Agreement between gross and microscopic findings was poor (kappa = 0.39). Colonoscopy underestimated and overestimated extent in 25.9% and 8.5%, respectively. Microscopic distribution between consecutive colonoscopies remained the same in 60.8%. Where distribution changed, an increase was twice as common as a decrease in extent. There was no difference in age at onset, time between colonoscopies, or disease duration among those with an increase, decrease, or no change in extent. Clinical remission and oral mesalamine were independently associated with 10.7 and 5.8 times the odds of a decrease in disease extent, respectively. Folic acid, topical mesalamine, corticosteroids, and immunomodulators did not influence change in extent. Conclusions UC extent is best determined by surveillance biopsy. Among patients with long-standing UC, histologic extent fluctuates with time. Disease remission and oral mesalamine were independently associated with decreases in disease extent.
Peeling U(1)-gauge cosmic strings.

We numerically investigate collisions of cosmic strings carrying different winding numbers. We find that for strings with winding numbers ${\mathrm{n}}_{1}$ and ${\mathrm{n}}_{2}$, intercommutation occurs by peeling a string of winding number \ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathrm{n}}_{1}$-${\mathrm{n}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\Vert} from the string with the larger winding number. The resulting string connects the original colliding strings to form a state of three joined strings, but because of the peeling the eventual result is a reduction in the winding numbers of the network. Stable astrophysical strings with large winding number are thus unlikely to persist. All simulations have gauge/scalar-field mass ratio =2. .AE
A performance-driven routing approach for thick film MCMs

We propose a routing methodology that can satisfy a host of performance constraints arising in thick film MCM problems. Our approach is based on recursively decomposing a complex MCM routing problem into several smaller "tower routing" problems. First, the nets are distributed in all three dimensions in a uniform fashion to avoid over-congested towers. Routing distribution ensures that each tower routing problem is independent. Then, routing is carried out in each tower. During each step, a host of performance constraints are to be satisfied. Experimental evaluation confirms the validity of our methodology. Our router can route all the nets, while satisfying specific performance constraints in reasonable number of layers. >