cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Improved Model for Magnetorheological Fluid-Based Actuators and Sensors:

The resistance to flow of magnetorheological (MR) fluids is greatly increased by the application of a magnetic field. At present, most devices exploiting this MR fluid behavior are pistons executin...
Texture separation via a reference set

Abstract Patch-based de-noising algorithms and patch manifold smoothing have emerged as efficient de-noising methods. This paper provides a new insight on these methods. We show how to extend them to separate oscillatory patterns that could be entangled. A collection of particular patches, that we call reference set, is selected by the user. We define a notion of similarity relative to this reference set that is used to extend the Non-Local Means (see Buades et al., 2005) [1] and the graph-based de-noising method (see Szlam et al., 2008) [12] .
Mortality and injury patterns associated with roof crush in rollover crashes

Abstract Background In the United States, a significant number of spine injuries, traumatic brain injuries (TBI), and deaths result from motor vehicle rollover crashes each year though they make up a small percentage of total crashes. We sought to explore the relationship between these injuries and the degree of roof crush. Methods We searched the NASS CDS database for belted, adult (≥16), non-middle seat passengers involved in rollover crashes from 1993 to 2006. We also searched the CIREN database for illustrative cases. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between different levels of roof crush and mortality, severe injury (AIS ≥3) to the spine, spinal cord, and head injury. Results The risk of mortality, TBI, and spine injury all increased as the degree of roof crush increased. For mortality increased risk occurred at >15 cm [15–30 cm: OR 2.089 (95% CI: 1.461–2.987); >30 cm: OR 6.301 (95% CI: 4.369–9.087)]. For TBI, increased risk was seen above 15 cm crush [15–30 cm: OR 1.52 (95% CI: 1.045–2.21); >30 cm: OR 3.672 (95% CI: 2.456–5.490)]. For spine injury increased risk was seen above 8 cm crush [8–15 cm: OR 1.968 (95% CI 1.273–3.043); 15–30 cm: OR 2.530 (95% CI 1.634–3.917); ≥30 cm OR 2.682 (95% CI 1.474, 4.877). Results were similar across the different statistical models. Conclusion There is an association between the degree of roof crush and mortality, spine injury, and head injury in rollover crashes.
Optical calibration for nanocalorimeter measurements

Abstract We describe a method for calibration of nanocalorimeters from 573 K to 873 K, using resistive heating and optical pyrometry for temperature measurement. A platinum strip suspended on a silicon nitride membrane serves as both heater and temperature sensor. The calibration described here, relating resistance to temperature, enables subsequent temperature measurement. Measurements of the emissivity of as-deposited and annealed platinum thin films were also performed as a function of wavelength and temperature; these measurements are needed to correct the temperature recorded using the pyrometer. The calibration was validated by measurement of the melting point of a pure aluminum film; the melting point established with a Gaussian fit to the d T /d t data agreed within 0.1% (0.7 K) at 933.5 K. The melting point established from the minimum in the d T /d t plot agreed within 0.6% (5.5 K) at 933.5 K. Finite element modeling was used to characterize the temperature distribution.
Archetypal Art Therapy is Cross-Cultural Art Therapy

This paper uses the term “Archetypal” following C. G. Jung who took this term from St. Augustine because it means a typos (imprint), an archaic or primal pattern. It is considered to be a universal aspect which crosses cultural barriers and is thus valid for all cultures and individuals.Such cross-cultural or archetypal elements are presumed to reach the deepest layers of the unconscious and therefore to be of primary importance in therapy.Citing Navajo and Tibetan sand paintings, the Mandala is used as an example of archetypal symbols. Its use is mentioned in addition, in Medieval European alchemy, in prehistoric drawings and pictographs, in circular activities in space and time and in the art of children and dreams of modern persons.Finally the role of modern art and artists in expressing unconscious, thus cross-cultural, feelings is discussed. From the post-Impressionists the expressive focus in modern art has been on inner and psychological concerns. This concern preceded that of depth psychology of F...
Lessons Learned from Katrina: What Really Matters in a Disaster

SUMMARY While life's everyday occurrences in libraries leave us with a disaster situation, nothing could have prepared libraries for the magnitude of Hurricane Katrina. Devastating winds, flooding, and destruction to the area infrastructure required a type of response seldom experienced. By revisiting the responses in minor to catastrophic disasters, there are lessons to be learned. Some lessons serve as a source for prevention for potential disaster situations, rehabilitation in localized disasters, and reinvention when libraries are reduced to rubble.
Subset-specific co-stimulatory signals are required for IL-2 production but not growth inhibition responses by T cell hybrids specific for myelin basic protein

Two distinct types of T cell hybridomas (designated THYB-1 and T-HYB-2) were derived by fusing BW5147 thymoma cells with encephalitogenic T helper cells from Lewis rats. Both subsets required MHC-restricted presentation of determinants within the 72-86 peptide sequence of myelin basic protein (MBP) as a requisite signal for IL-2 production. Unlike THYB-1 hybrids, however, THYB-2 hybrids required additional accessory cell activities that were mediated by radiosensitive nonadherent (RS-NAdh) splenocytes (SPL). In this study, we describe two observations indicating that RS-NAdh SPL enable MBP-specific responses of THYB-2 hybrids by providing subset-specific co-stimulatory signals that act independently of antigen recognition pathways. First, RS-NAdh SPL were required by THYB-2 hybrids for MBP-stimulated IL-2 production but were not needed when MBP-specific inhibition of hybrid growth was used as an alternative measure of cellular activation. Second, PMA and ionomycin induced optimal IL-2 production by both THYB-1 hybrids and BW5147 thymoma cells but only stimulated low or marginal levels of IL-2 production by THYB-2 hybrids. Together, these observations indicate that RS-NAdh SPL were required for the specific response of IL-2 production regardless of whether the response was stimulated by antigen or by mitogens that bypass initial antigen recognition events. This study thereby provides additional evidence that distinct stimulus-response relationships define two T-helper cell lineages in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Beyond Cause to Consequence: The Road from Possible to Core Self-Revision

Two studies addressed the ultimate consequences and pathways running from repeated possible self-revisions to gradual revisions in core selves over time. As hypothesized, greater prior experiences of downward possible self-revision ultimately predicted greater subsequent declines in core self-integrity (e.g., greater self-doubt, lower self-esteem). However, also as hypothesized, this effect was mediated by the relative use of defensive vs. remedial attributions for past downward self-revision experiences. In closing, we unpack how the present work extends prior work by situating possible selves and motivated self-attributions as complementary systems that can slowly undermine as well as expand the integrity of core selves over time.
Production of transgenic tall fescue and red fescue plants by particle bombardment of mature seed-derived highly regenerative tissues.

Highly regenerative tissues of tall fescue and red fescue produced from mature seed-derived embryogenic callus were induced and proliferated on medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (4.5 or 9.0 μM), 6-benzylaminopurine (0, 0.044, 0.44 or 2.2 μM) and cupric sulfate (0.1 or 5.0 μM) under dim-light conditions (10 to 30 μE m–2 s–1, 16 h light). Tall fescue tissues were transformed with three plasmids containing the genes for hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt), phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar) and β-glucuronidase (uidA;gus), and red fescue with three plasmids containing hpt, uidA and a synthetic green fluorescent protein gene [sgfp(S65T)]. DNA from T0 plants of eight independently transformed lines from tall fescue and 11 from red fescue were analyzed by PCR and DNA blot hybridization. The co-expression frequency of all three transgenes [hpt/bar/uidA or hpt/uidA/sgfp(S65T)] in transgenic tall fescue and red fescue plants was 25–27%; for two transgenes [hpt/bar or hpt/uidA for tall fescue and hpt/uidA or hpt/sgfp(S65T) for red fescue], the co-expression frequency was 50–75%.
GLAS long‐range transport observation of the 2003 California forest fire plumes to the northeastern US

[1] In October 2003, a series of forest and brush fires in southern California burned an area of over 2750 km2 with plumes reaching up to 6 km in altitude over the Pacific Ocean. On October 27, 2003, the Santa Ana (foehn) conditions flowing westward out of the desert that fueled the combustion ceased and a portion of the smoke plumes turned and headed eastward. The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on ICESat provided aerosol profiles of the smoke along numerous ICESat tracks acquired throughout the week following the reversal of the smoke plume. The GLAS observations place the height of the smoke aerosols at <7 km as the smoke moved eastward over North America. GLAS measurement cross-sections often preceded or trailed the main smoke pulses by a few hours and capturing the four-dimensional picture of this moving target was only possible by combining multiple sensor observations with back trajectory calculations.
Tuning Up the City: Cedric Price's Detroit Think Grid

Crisis, framed through world-systems theory, can be understood as a period of opportunity to reimagine and redirect contemporary urban and institutional conditions through design. This article situates Cedric Price's Atom and Detroit Think Grid projects as generative, system-based proposals designed specifically to operate within the patterns, structures, and dynamics of the institutional and urban crises of the late 1960s. These projects were intended to strategically and with minimal physical means reorganize these systems toward more socially productive ends, mobilizing an expanded architectural repertoire to rescript the social and institutional processes through which the urban might be produced and reproduced.
Design criteria and operational guidelines for a pilotscale anaerobic digester

Abstract Design considerations for constructing a pilot anaerobic digester are presented. A 4.34 m3 pilot digester was constructed using these criteria. Operational guidelines are presented. Also included is an iterative technique for sizing an internal heat exchanger, suggestions for selecting pumps, meters, and other equipment, and an electrical control system that permits automation of the entire system. The pilot digester operated successfully for more than 4 years with swine manure as a feedstock at a loading rate of 4 kg volatile solids per m3 per day with a 15-day detention time at 35°C. Energy balances indicate that the overall energy efficiency of the digester is a function of ambient temperature surrounding the digester, amount of agitation, and amount of insulation.
Mean and Peak Wind Loads on Heliostats

Mean and peak wind loads on flat rectangular or circular heliostats were measured on models in a boundary layer wind tunnel which included an atmospheric surface layer simulation. Horizontal and vertical forces, moments about horizontal axes at the ground level and at the centerline of the heliostat, and the moment about the vertical axis through the heliostat center were measured. Results showed that loads are higher than predicted from results obtained in a uniform, low-turbulence flow due to the presence of turbulence. Reduced wind loads were demonstrated for heliostats within a field of heliostats and upper bound curves were developed to provide preliminary design coefficients.
A Complexity Reducing Transformation for the Lee-O'Sullivan Interpolation Algorithm

Recently, Lee and O'Sullivan proposed a new interpolation algorithm for algebraic soft-decision decoding of Reed- Solomon codes. In some cases, the Lee-O'Sullivan algorithm turns out to be substantially more efficient than alternative interpolation approaches, such as Koetter's algorithm. Herein, we combine the re-encoding coordinate transformation, originally developed in the context of Koetter's algorithm, with the recent interpolation technique of Lee and O'Sullivan. To this end, we develop a new basis construction algorithm, which takes into account the additional constraints imposed by the reduced interpolation problem that results upon the re-encoding transformation. This reduces the computational and storage complexity of the Lee-O'Sullivan algorithm by orders of magnitude, and makes it directly comparable to Koetter's algorithm in situations of practical importance.
Epigenetic instability is rare in fibrolamellar carcinomas but common in viral-associated hepatocellular carcinomas

Fibrolamellar carcinomas have a unique predilection for younger individuals and arise in livers without recognizable liver disease. In contrast to typical hepatocellular carcinomas, fibrolamellar carcinomas show few chromosomal changes and lack mutation in key genes such as TP53 and CTNNB1. Epigenetic instability, manifesting as methylation of important tumor suppressor gene promoters, has not been investigated in fibrolamellar carcinomas. Thus, the methylation status of 11 tumor suppressor gene promoters was investigated using methylation-specific PCR: RASSF1, CDH1, CDKN2B, HPP1, CDKN2A, GSTP1, P16, RARA, FLJ13081, SOCS1, and TP53. Nine fibrolamellar carcinomas were studied including primary tumors (N=5) and metastatic deposits (N=4) along with control groups of typical hepatocellular carcinoma arising in livers with (N=21) and without cirrhosis (N=10). In fibrolamellar carcinomas, RASSF1A and CDH1 (e-cadherin) were the most commonly methylated genes with 80–100% of tumors methylated. However, overall fibrolamellar carcinomas showed low levels of methylation with no differences between fibrolamellar carcinomas and their paired normal livers. However, fibrolamellar carcinomas showed significantly less methylation than hepatocellular carcinomas that arose in the background of viral cirrhosis. Overall, methylation was most strongly linked to viral cirrhosis. In conclusion, fibrolamellar carcinoma shows low levels of methylation. In contrast, higher levels of promoter methylation are associated with hepatocellular carcinomas that arise in the setting of viral induced cirrhosis.
Response functions of free mass gravitational wave antennas

The work of Gursel, Linsay, Spero, Saulson, Whitcomb and Weiss (1984) on the response of a free-mass interferometric antenna is extended. Starting from first principles, the earlier work derived the response of a 2-arm gravitational wave antenna to plane polarized gravitational waves. Equivalent formulas (generalized slightly to allow for arbitrary elliptical polarization) are obtained by a simple differencing of the '3-pulse' Doppler response functions of two 1-arm antennas. A '4-pulse' response function is found, with quite complicated angular dependences for arbitrary incident polarization. The differencing method can as readily be used to write exact response functions ('3n+1 pulse') for antennas having multiple passes or more arms.
Erregbares Gewebe: Nerv

Das menschliche Nervensystem enthalt etwa 30 Milliarden Neurone. Diese Grundbauelemente des Nervensystems entwickelten sich aus primitiven Neuroeffectorzellen, welche auf verschiedene Reize mit Kontraktion reagieren. Bei hoheren Organismen spezialisierten sich die Muskelzellen auf die Kontraktion, wahrend die Weiterleitung von nervosen Impulsen die Spezialaufgabe der Neurone wurde.
The U.S. National Research Council's views of the radiation hazards in space.

The author was the Chairman of a Task Group on the Biological Effects of Space Radiation formed as a result of discussions between NASA and the U.S. National Research Council's Committee on Space Biology and Medicine — a committee under the U.S. National Research Council's Space Studies Board. The Task Group was asked to review current knowledge on the effects of long-term exposure to radiation in space and to consider NASA radiation shielding requirements for orbital and interplanetary spacecraft. The group was charged with assessing the adequacy of NASA planning for the protection of humans from radiation in space and with making recommendations regarding needed research andror new shielding requirements. This manuscript is a summary of the findings and recommendations of the Task Group. Beyond the protection of the Earth's atmosphere and its magnetosphere, the exposure to ionizing radiations far exceeds that on Earth. Of all the risks astronauts may face, this one is probably the most straightforward to control — by providing adequate shielding. However, because shielding adds weight, cost and complexity to space vehicles, it is important for designers to have a good quantitative understanding of the true risk and its degree of uncertainty so as not to under- or overshield spacecrafts. The . extrapolations from our knowledge of ionizing radiation effects of low linear energy transfer LET to the risks from
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Hexaniobate Nanoscrolls and Calcium Niobate Nanosheets Sensitized by Ruthenium(II) Bipyridyl Complexes

Hexaniobate nanoscrolls (NS-H4Nb6O17) and acid-restacked calcium niobate nanosheets (R-HCa2Nb3O10) were compared as oxide semiconductors in photocatalytic assemblies for H2 production using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a sacrificial electron donor and platinum (Pt) nanoparticles as catalysts. Ru(bpy)32+ and Ru(bpy)2(4,4′-(PO3H2)2bpy)2+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) were employed as visible light sensitizers (abbreviated as Ru2+ and RuP2+, respectively). RuP2+, which is anchored by a covalent linkage to the NS-H4Nb6O17 surface, functions more efficiently than the electrostatically bound Ru2+ complex, because of more efficient electron injection from the excited sensitizer to NS-H4Nb6O17. RuP2+-sensitized NS-H4Nb6O17 and R-HCa2Nb3O10 both produce H2 photocatalytically using visible light (λ > 420 nm) with initial apparent quantum yields of 20−25%. At the optimum sensitizer concentration and Pt loading, the photochemical hydrogen evolution process is primarily limited by the efficiency of light absorp...
Image Co-segmentation via Consistent Functional Maps

Joint segmentation of image sets has great importance for object recognition, image classification, and image retrieval. In this paper, we aim to jointly segment a set of images starting from a small number of labeled images or none at all. To allow the images to share segmentation information with each other, we build a network that contains segmented as well as unsegmented images, and extract functional maps between connected image pairs based on image appearance features. These functional maps act as general property transporters between the images and, in particular, are used to transfer segmentations. We define and operate in a reduced functional space optimized so that the functional maps approximately satisfy cycle-consistency under composition in the network. A joint optimization framework is proposed to simultaneously generate all segmentation functions over the images so that they both align with local segmentation cues in each particular image, and agree with each other under network transportation. This formulation allows us to extract segmentations even with no training data, but can also exploit such data when available. The collective effect of the joint processing using functional maps leads to accurate information sharing among images and yields superior segmentation results, as shown on the iCoseg, MSRC, and PASCAL data sets.
Smart pay access control via incentive alignment

We use game theoretic models to show the lack of incentives in the transport control protocol congestion avoidance algorithm and the consequential system-wide network problems. We then propose a Vickery-Clark-Groves (VCG) mechanism-based access control mechanism for packet traffic. Our mechanism is called "smart pay access control (SPAC)". We prove both the incentive compatibility and individual rationality of SPAC, which achieves Pareto efficient allocation of network resource. The computing problems are NP-hard for the general VCG mechanism, whereas our mechanism computes the winner's determination problem as fast as a sorting algorithm. The speed of SPAC makes it feasible for the real world usage. As a positive side effect, the mechanism provides the base for a pricing scheme, which we present in the context of the differentiated service architecture for the Internet.
Loss of Id2 Potentiates the Tumorigenic Effect of Rb Inactivation in a Mouse Model of Retinoblastoma

Purpose: In some cancers, the oncogenic consequences of inactivating the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) appear to be mediated by unrestrained activity of the inhibitor of DNA binding protein Id2. The role of Id2 has not yet been investigated in the prototype cancer Rb-defective cancer, retinoblastoma itself. This study investigated whether loss of Id2 modified the effects of Rb inactivation in a mouse model of retinoblastoma.Methods: Id2 was analyzed in cultured cells using qPCR, Western blot, and colony formation assays. LHβ-Tag transgenic mice were crossed with Id2 heterozygotes to obtain mice with all three Id2 genotypes. Intraocular tumors were assessed for size, degree of differentiation, mitotic index, and tumor vascular density at 15 weeks of age.Results: Retinoblastoma cell lines expressed low levels of Id2 mRNA and protein. Depletion of Id2 in Rb-inactivated cells increased clonogenic activity. Id2-deficient tumors in vivo were significantly larger, less differentiated, and more vascularized than Id...
Security ontology for annotating resources

Annotation with security-related metadata enables discovery of resources that meet security requirements. This paper presents the NRL Security Ontology, which complements existing ontologies in other domains that focus on annotation of functional aspects of resources. Types of security information that could be described include mechanisms, protocols, objectives, algorithms, and credentials in various levels of detail and specificity. The NRL Security Ontology is more comprehensive and better organized than existing security ontologies. It is capable of representing more types of security statements and can be applied to any electronic resource. The class hierarchy of the ontology makes it both easy to use and intuitive to extend. We applied this ontology to a Service Oriented Architecture to annotate security aspects of Web service descriptions and queries. A refined matching algorithm was developed to perform requirement-capability matchmaking that takes into account not only the ontology concepts, but also the properties of the concepts.
Cooperative ordering in homeodomain-DNA recognition: solution structure and dynamics of the MATa1 homeodomain.

The mating type homeodomain proteins, MATa1 and MATR2, combine to form a heterodimer to bind DNA in diploid yeast cells. The a1-R2 heterodimer tightly and specifically binds haploid-specific gene operators to repress transcription. On its own, however, the a1 homeodomain does not bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To help understand this interaction, we describe the solution structure and backbone dynamics of the free a1 homeodomain. Free a1 in solution is an ensemble of structures having flexible hinges at the two turns in the small protein fold. Conformational changes in the a1 homeodomain upon ternary complex formation are located in the loop between helix 1 and helix 2, where the C-terminal tail of R2 binds to form the heterodimer, and at the C-terminus of helix 3, the DNA recognition helix. The observed differences, comparing the free and bound a1 structures, suggest a mechanism linking van der Waals stacking changes to the ordering of a final turn in the DNA-binding helix of a1. The tail of R2 induces changes in loop 1 of a1 that push it toward a properly folded DNA binding conformation.
Development and feasibility of an objective measure of patient-centered communication fidelity in a pediatric obesity intervention.

Abstract Objective To develop a measure of person-centered communication (PCC) and demonstrate feasibility for use in primary care child obesity interventions. Methods Helping Healthy Activity and Nutrition Directions was a primary care intervention for families of overweight or obese 5- to 8-year-old children. The PCC Coding System (PCCCS) was based on theory and a validated motivational interviewing instrument. The PCCCS provided global scores, and total, positive, and negative PCC utterance frequencies. Three trained coders tested reliability of the PCCCS on audio recordings of sessions with 30 families. Potential uses of the PCCCS were demonstrated. Results The PCCCS demonstrated good inter-rater reliability for utterance frequencies but not for global scores. Conclusions and Implications The PCCCS is a reliable and feasible measure of PCC utterances. More research is needed to improve inter-rater reliability of the PCC global scale. The PCCCS may be used in the future to test fidelity of PCC interventions.
Novel analogues of chlormethiazole are neuroprotective in four cellular models of neurodegeneration by a mechanism with variable dependence on GABA(A) receptor potentiation

Background and Purpose Chlormethiazole (CMZ), a clinical sedative/anxiolytic agent, did not reach clinical efficacy in stroke trials despite neuroprotection demonstrated in numerous animal models. Using CMZ as a lead compound, neuroprotective methiazole (MZ) analogues were developed, and neuroprotection and GABAA receptor dependence were studied. Experimental Approach Eight MZs were selected from a novel library, of which two were studied in detail. Neuroprotection, glutamate release, intracellular calcium and response to GABA blockade by picrotoxin were measured in rat primary cortical cultures using four cellular models of neurodegeneration. GABA potentiation was assayed in oocytes expressing the α1β2γ2 GABAA receptor. Key Results Neuroprotection against a range of insults was retained even with substantial chemical modification. Dependence on GABAA receptor activity was variable: at the extremes, neuroprotection by GN-28 was universally sensitive to picrotoxin, while GN-38 was largely insensitive. In parallel, effects on extracellular glutamate and intracellular calcium were associated with GABAA dependence. Consistent with these findings, GN-28 potentiated α1β2γ2 GABAA function, whereas GN-38 had a weak inhibitory effect. Neuroprotection against moderate dose oligomeric Aβ1–42 was also tolerant to structural changes. Conclusions and Implications The results support the concept that CMZ does not contain a single pharmacophore, rather that broad-spectrum neuroprotection results from a GABAA-dependent mechanism represented by GN-28, combined with a mechanism represented in GN-38 that shows the least dependence on GABAA receptors. These findings allow further refinement of the neuroprotective pharmacophore and investigation into secondary mechanisms that will assist in identifying MZ-based compounds of use in treating neurodegeneration.
Transgression-Related Motivational Dispositions: Personality Substrates of Forgiveness and their Links to the Big Five:

Generalizability analyses were used to evaluate the contribution of individual differences to people’s transgression-related interpersonal motivations (TRIMs). Individual differences accounted for 22% to 44% of the variance in participants’ TRIMs (i.e., avoidance, benevolence, and revenge). Although revenge motivation is apparently more cross-situationally consistent than either avoidance or benevolence, estimating people’s dispositions on the basis of their responses to single transgressions will lead to perilously undependable estimates for all three TRIMs. Agreeableness consistently predicted revenge, whereas both Neuroticism and Agreeableness predicted avoidance and benevolence. The association of Neuroticism, but not Agreeableness, with people’s TRIMs appeared to be mediated by appraisals of transgression severity. Differences in people’s responses to historical versus fictional transgressions suggest that transgression-related motivational dispositions should probably be estimated with responses to ...
The Utility of Forms and Functions of Aggression in Emerging Adulthood: Association with Personality Disorder Symptomatology

A sample of 679 (341 women) emerging adults (M = 18.90 years; SD = 1.11; range = 18.00–22.92) participated in a study on the utility of forms (i.e., physical and relational) and functions (i.e., proactive and reactive) of aggression. We examined the link between these four subtypes of aggression and personality pathology (i.e., psychopathic features, borderline personality disorder features, and antisocial personality disorder features). The study supports the psychometric properties (i.e., test–retest reliability, internal consistency, discriminant validity) of a recently introduced measure of forms and functions of aggression during emerging adulthood. Aggression subtypes were uniquely associated with indices of personality pathology. For example, proactive (i.e., planned, instrumental or goal-oriented) and reactive (i.e., impulsive, hostile or retaliatory) functions of relational aggression were uniquely associated with borderline personality disorder features even after controlling for functions of physical aggression and gender. The results highlight the differential associations between forms and functions of aggression and indices of personality pathology in typically developing emerging adults.
Insights into the Maize Pan-Genome and Pan-Transcriptome

Genomes at the species level are dynamic, with genes present in every individual (core) and genes in a subset of individuals (dispensable) that collectively constitute the pan-genome. Using transcriptome sequencing of seedling RNA from 503 maize (Zea mays) inbred lines to characterize the maize pan-genome, we identified 8681 representative transcript assemblies (RTAs) with 16.4% expressed in all lines and 82.7% expressed in subsets of the lines. Interestingly, with linkage disequilibrium mapping, 76.7% of the RTAs with at least one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) could be mapped to a single genetic position, distributed primarily throughout the nonpericentromeric portion of the genome. Stepwise iterative clustering of RTAs suggests, within the context of the genotypes used in this study, that the maize genome is restricted and further sampling of seedling RNA within this germplasm base will result in minimal discovery. Genome-wide association studies based on SNPs and transcript abundance in the pan-genome revealed loci associated with the timing of the juvenile-to-adult vegetative and vegetative-to-reproductive developmental transitions, two traits important for fitness and adaptation. This study revealed the dynamic nature of the maize pan-genome and demonstrated that a substantial portion of variation may lie outside the single reference genome for a species.
The cognitive-affective crossfire: when self-consistency confronts self-enhancement.

Self-consistency theory assumes that people want others to treat them in a predictable manner. Selfenhancement theory contends that people want others to treat them in a positive manner. We attempted to help reconcile the two theories by testing the hypothesis that people's cognitive responses conform to self-consistency theory and their affeetive responses conform to self-enhancement theory. We presented individuals who possessed either positive or negative self-concepts with either favorable or unfavorable social feedback. We then measured cognitive reactions to the feedback (e.g., perceived self-descriptiveness) and alfective reactions to the feedback (e.g., mood states). Cognitive responses were primarily driven by the consistency of the feedback and affeetive responses were controlled by how enhancing it was. We propose that conceptualizing cognition and affect as partially independent mental systems helps resolve some long-standing paradoxes regarding people's responses to selfrelevant social feedback.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin-Induced Lichenoid Dermatitis: A Unique Adverse Reaction

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy has been used to treat various diseases. Generalized allergic reactions (types I, II, and III) to IVIG are uncommon and are usually related to the rate of infusion. Cutaneous reactions have been anecdotally described. Herein we describe a 73-year-old man with Sjogren's syndrome who had development of a lichenoid cutaneous eruption after administration of IVIG therapy. CD3 immunostaining demonstrated the overwhelming presence of T lymphocytes within a lesional skin biopsy specimen, and thus we present an alternative cell-mediated immune mechanism (type IV) by which allergic reactions to IVIG may occur.
Raman Studies of Hydrogen Bonding in Polyamides

We report Raman and pre-resonant Raman spectra of the polyamides N,N- tetramethylene bisbutamide, N,N-hexamethylene bishexamide, and 7,14-diazacyclotetradecane-1,6-dione, as well as of a low molecular weight prepolymer of nylon 6,6 aimed at characterizing the nature of hydrogen bonding in these compounds. The relative intensities of the C=O stretch and C-N stretch bands, the frequency width of the C=O band, the frequency of the N-H stretch band, and the frequency width of the N-H band indicate that these compounds do not show the Raman signatures of hydrogen bonding that we have established in our previous studies of many model amides. In this regard, these polyamides behave like the lactams 2-azacyclononanone and 2-azacyclotridecanone, for which all the Raman spectral indicators of hydrogen bonding are similarly negative. These results indicate that whatever the nature of the intermolecular interactions in these polyamides, they do not result in the changes in vibrational and electronic structure that we believe are associated with hydrogen bonding.
Heterochromatin and Euchromatin

Eukaryotes are characterised by the extensive packaging of their genomes, initially in a nucleosomal array, and further into higher order domains. Differential packaging is used as a mechanism of gene regulation, with stable silencing of large domains achieved by packaging the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into a heterochromatic structure. Chromosome rearrangements and transgene insertions that misplace euchromatic genes near or within the heterochromatin result in silencing of the euchromatic genes, testifying to a distinct heterochromatin assembly that can antagonise transcription. Most heterochromatic regions are rich in repetitious sequences, frequently derived from transposable elements, and such packaging helps to silence such elements. Domains of heterochromatin and euchromatin are defined by specific covalent modifications of histones and, in some cases, DNA, as well as by associations with a specific subset of nonhistone chromosomal proteins. Chromosomal domains may be targeted for heterochromatin formation by specific noncoding ribonucleic acids (RNAs). Key Concepts: The chromatin of eukaryotes is differentially packaged into domains of euchromatin and heterochromatin. Displacing a euchromatic gene to near or within the heterochromatin often results in silencing of the euchromatic gene in some of the cells in which it should be active, resulting in a variegating phenotype. Euchromatin and heterochromatin are distinguishable biochemically by different covalent modifications of histones (and in some cases DNA) and by distinct nonhistone proteins. Members of the HP1a chromo domain protein family bind methylated histone H3 and interact with the H3K9 histone methyltransferase to organise transcriptionally repressive heterochromatin. The piRNA pathway is implicated in targeting transposon silencing through local heterochromatin formation. Keywords: euchromatin; heterochromatin; histone acetylation; HP1a; position-effect variegation; SIR2
The distribution and divergence of DNA sequences related to the Tn21 and Tn501 mer operons.

Abstract The mercury resistance (mer) operons of the Gram-negative bacterial transposons, Tn21 and Tn501, are phenotypically indistinguishable and have extensive DNA identity. However, Tn21 mer has an additional coding region (merC) in the middle of the operon which is lacking in Tn501 and there is also a discrete region of the mercuric ion reductase gene (merA) which differs markedly between the two operons. DNA fragment probes were used to determine the distribution of specific mer coding regions in two distinct collections of mercury-resistant (Hgr) Gram-negative bacteria. Colony blot hybridization analysis showed that merC-positive operons occur almost exclusively in Escherichia, although merC-negative operons can also be found in this genus. The merC-negative operons were found in Citrobacter, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter and in some Pseudomonas. Most of the Pseudomonas did not hybridize detectably with either of the two operons studied, indicating that they harbor an unrelated or more distantly related class of mercury resistance locus. Southern hybridization patterns demonstrated that the merC-positive mer operon is well conserved at the DNA level, whereas the merC-negative operons are much less conserved. The presence of merC also correlated with conservation of a specific variant region of the merA gene and with an antibiotic resistance pattern similar to that of Tn21. Tn501 appears to be an atypical example of the merC-negative subgroup of Hgr loci.
The use of sonobuoys in determining hypocenters of aftershocks of the February 21, 1973 Pt. Mugu earthquake

abstract A five-station sonobuoy array was deployed in the ocean near the epicenter of the February 21, 1973 Pt. Mugu earthquake to supplement California Institute of Technology land stations for aftershock hypocenter locations. The sonobuoy data tend to force epicenters north, compared with locations from land stations alone. The study illustrates the value of sonobuoys for epicenter locations in or near the oceans.
Respiratory Controversies in the Critical Care Setting

Definitive evidence to settle the important clinical controversies we debated in this Journal Conference are not yet available. More randomized controlled trials are clearly needed for all of the topics presented. Additionally, neonatal and pediatric data are clearly lacking on most of these questions. The key points in many of the conversations on these controversial topics focused on the balance between efficacy and safety. When safety data exist without efficacy data, the uncontrolled variables often become the knowledge, experience, and support available in an individual intensive care unit. “New” therapies have the potential to help many patients but also have the potential to do great harm if clinicians do not follow standard guidelines and/or do not have the knowledge to use the therapy appropriately. It is clear that some current standards of care will be overthrown by future data while others will be finally substantiated. This Journal Conference queried the status quo to better enable clinicians to make informed decisions in the care of their critically ill patients.
Coordinates Versus Confusion

Surveyors, lawyers, and others interested in land parcel descriptions are going to have to discard their age-old devotion to the sanctity of monuments for locating corners of land parcels before significant progress can be made in modernizing land parcel record systems. By first changing state laws to make coordinate descriptions of land parcels mandatory by a certain date, and then resurveying and redescribing all parcels on a rectangular coordinate system, which is related to geodetic position, within a five to ten year period, the entire system of land parcel records and description can be made accurate, coherent, and consistent. The paper includes a detailed system for carrying out such a program.
Novel highly potent bradykinin antagonists containing pentafluorophenylalanine

Bradykinin (BK) is a linear nonapeptide having the sequence Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-SerPro-Phe-Arg. It has a broad range of biological activities in both normal physiology and pathophysiology. Because of its role in the inflammatory responses, developing bradykinin antagonists is of great interest. The first antagonist to receive wide application, NPC-349 (DArg-Arg-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Thi-Ser-DPhe-Thi-Arg), was developed by Stewart and Vavrek in 1984 [1]. The key modification was replacement of L-proline at position 7 by Dphenylalanine. The second generation of BK antagonists began with the Hoechst HOE-140, in which DPhe was replaced by its ringclosure analog (DTic) at position seven, and it was modified further at position eight (Oic) [2]. Investigators at Cortech [3] crosslinked a cysteine-containing first generation antagonist with hexamethylene-bis-maleimide to yield CP-0127 (Bradycor), a dimer that shows good potency and persistence of action in vivo. Nova investigators reported analogs of NPC-349 containing 4-n-propoxyor 4-phenylthioproline at position seven [4]. In 1995 “third generation” BK antagonists containing the novel amino acid (Igl) were developed in our laboratories [5]. One of the most potent peptides, B9430 (DArg-Arg-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Igl-Ser-DIgl-Oic-Arg), is orally active, extremely potent at both B1 and B2 receptors and has extremely long duration of action in vivo. It is active in models of acute and chronic inflammation. We have now introduced pentafluorophenylalanine (f5f) into BK antagonists, and have found several which have greater potency than any known antagonists. On isolated rat uterus the most potent of these is B10056, which is a full order of magnitude more potent than B9430.
The Chinese Language Sources Bibliography Project: Preliminary Findings

With the rising ethnic awareness among non-white ethnic groups in the United States, Chinese Americans in recent years have become increasingly interested in their own heritage and community. This interest is reflected in the establishment of Asian American Studies in a number of schools and universities, as well as in the greater number of researchers in the field. One of the immediate tasks faced by researchers has been to determine the availability and types of source materials on Chinese Americans. Copious English-language materials describing Chinese institutions, customs, and activities, written largely during the nineteenth century, are useful for research in that they are frequently the only sources readily available. However, they also have serious limitations. Cultural and language gaps between Chinese and Westerners have often resulted in superficial observations and erroneous conclusions. Colored by the racist attitudes of the period, these Englishlanguage sources seldom reflected the attitudes and experiences of the Chinese themselves.
Should I Stay or Should I Go?: An Ethical Analysis of Business Involvement in Conflict Zones

The past several decades have seen increasing calls for business to cease doing business in countries with unpopular and/or repressive government regimes. Such countries are often rife with civil unrest and internal violence, often allegedly instituted by the government itself against its own citizens. These countries are termed “conflict zones”. Civil society criticizes business for pursuing opportunities in these areas. The push for divestment from South Africa during the 1980’s is perhaps the most notable, but certainly not the only such movement, with recent examples including Sudan and Myanmar. Assuming compliance with any legal limitations, is it ethically permissible to do business in such climates? This paper contains an ethical analysis of business involvement in conflict zones, using Integrated Social Contract Theory, a values tool developed by Thomas Donaldson and Thomas W. Dunfee.
Herpes Antiviral Substances; Distribution in Various Age Groups and Apparent Absence in Individuals Susceptible to Poliomyelitis

ConclusionsAn antiviral substance which has the ability to neutralize the virus of herpes simplex has been found to be present in the blood early in the life of a few individuals. As age advances, though not necessarily because of maturation, more individuals acquire the antiviral property. A peak is reached in early adult life, after which apparently a decline sets in.A group of sera from children whom we may assume carried no antiviral substances for poliomyelitic infection were shown likewise to be devoid of antiviral substances toward herpetic infection. Finally, herpes virus neutralizing properties have been discovered in the blood of monkeys which have reacted to poliomyelitis virus.
Hyperfine interactions and electric dipole moments in the [16.0]1.5(v = 6), [16.0]3.5(v = 7), and X2Δ5/2 states of iridium monosilicide, IrSi

The (6,0)[16.0]1.5–X2Δ5/2 and (7,0)[16.0]3.5–X2Δ5/2 bands of IrSi have been recorded using high-resolution laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The field-free spectra of the 191IrSi and 193IrSi...
Preparation and ferroelectric properties of PZT thin films using a chemical solution deposition process

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films with various compositions near the morphotropic phase boundary were prepared on Pt (111)/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates using a chemical solution deposition (CSD) process. The formation conditions of the thin films with a single-phase perovskite were systematically investigated by varying the processing parameters. It was found that the PZT thin films pyrolyzed at 350-500°C and then fired at 700 and 750°C consisted of a single-phase perovskite, whereas a microcrystalline pyrochlore phase remained in the perovskite matrix when the thin films were fired at 600 and 650°C. No appreciable improvement in the dielectric and the ferroelectric properties was found by increasing firing temperature from 700 to 750°C, but the leakage current density of the thin film fired at 750°C is about three orders of magnitude higher than that of the thin film fired at 700°C. The optimal firing temperature was determined to be 700°C, single-phase perovskite being obtained with optimum dielectric and ferroelectric properties as well as a low leakage current. The Pr are around 38-46, 30-40 and 25-30μC/cm2 and the coercive field to 141-192, 119-136 and 80-95kV/cm, respectively, for the Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3 (x=0.45, 0.53 and 0.6) pyrolyzed at 350-500°C for 3min and then fired at 700°C. The orientation of the PZT thin film can be controlled by a pyrolysis process rather than by the firing temperature and the composition of the precursor solution. The PZT pyrolyzed at 400°C tends to take ‹100› orientation, whereas the counterpart pyrolyzed at 350, 450 and 500°C have a strong ‹111› dominating orientation.