cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract IA11: The St. Jude Children's Research Hospital - Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project: Lessons learned

In January of 2010, St. Jude Children9s Research Hospital and The Genome Institute at the Washington University announced the launch of the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (PCGP), a three year, $65 million privately funded initiative. The stated goal of this effort was to obtain 30-fold haploid coverage of the whole genome of 600 pediatric tumors and matched non-tumor germ line DNA samples (1200 total genomes), and to analyze these data in order to define the landscape of somatic mutations that underlie the major subtypes of pediatric leukemia, brain tumors, and solid malignancies. The initial phase of this project was completed in February of this year with over 700 pediatric cancers analyzed (1400 genomes). This effort has produced fundamental insights into each of the pediatric cancer subtypes sequenced. Not only has the data defined the spectrum of mutations that underlying specific pediatric cancers, but for some of the diseases analyzed, we have identified new prognostic markers and/or therapeutic targets. The effort has led to the generation of an incredibly rich data source that should serve the scientific community for years to come. Based on the success of PCGP, we have begun a $30 million second phase of the project (PCGP Phase II) that will be completed in a two year timeframe. In this second phase, we will focus not only on discovery science, but also on the establishing the technologies, analytical tools, and medical interface needed to move genome-wide sequence analyses into the diagnostic work up of pediatric cancer patients. In this talk, I will present an overview of this project and highlight some of the important results that have emerged. Citation Format: James R. Downing. The St. Jude Children9s Research Hospital - Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project: Lessons learned. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pediatric Cancer at the Crossroads: Translating Discovery into Improved Outcomes; Nov 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;74(20 Suppl):Abstract nr IA11.
Increased oxidative DNA damage in livers of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin treated intact but not ovariectomized rats

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a more potent hepatocarcinogen in female than in male or ovariectomized rats. A possible mechanism for this increased sensitivity is through enhanced metabolic activation of estrogens by TCDD-induced enzymes leading to oxidative damage in the cell. As a marker for oxidative DNA damage, 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) was quantitated in livers of intact and ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats chronically treated with TCDD (125 ng/kg per day) with and without diethylnitrosamine as initiator. Elevated levels of 8-oxo-dG were detected in a significantly greater number of the intact compared to ovariectomized TCDD-treated rats. Expression of CYP1B1 mRNA, a newly identified cytochrome P450 with proposed estrogen hydroxylase activity, was highly induced by TCDD. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that increased metabolism of endogenous estrogens to catechols by TCDD-induced enzymes may lead to increased oxidative DNA damage and hence contribute to TCDD-mediated hepatocarcinogenicity in female rats.
Cognitive skills objectives in intermediate accounting textbooks: Evidence from end-of-chapter material

Abstract This paper describes how Bloom’s taxonomy was used to analyze the end-of-chapter (EOC) material found in 41 intermediate financial accounting textbooks published between 1934 and 2004. The analysis was done to detect trends in the cognitive demands inherent in the EOC material and differences among authors, chapters, and type of material (questions, exercises, problems, and cases). We found that the different types of EOC material vary in the proportions of items at the six levels of Bloom’s taxonomy and that the proportions of the EOC material in the two topics we considered (revenue recognition and accounting for investments) are not very different. We also found that the different author series have somewhat different proportions of materials at the six levels, but that very little EOC material is at the two highest levels of Bloom’s learning objectives. Contrary to what might have been expected from the observations noted in the Bedford Report and the Big 8 firms’ White Paper, we found that there has not been a significant change in EOC material at the highest levels of Bloom’s taxonomy.
Differential calometric analysis of wood and wood components

The prolysis of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin preparations, and wood was studied by differential calorimetric analysis (DCA) for the range of 25° to 800° C. The test samples included powdered and filter paper celluloses; hardwood xylan; softwood galactoglucomannans, compression wood galactan, and arabinogalactan; a synthetic (DHP), sulfuric acid, Bjorkman, Brownell, and cellulase lignins; and unextracted and extracted hardwoods and softwoods. Heats of reaction were determined from the DCA thermal transition areas. Distinct differences were found between the thermograms of each hemicellulose and lignin sample. Although wood species could not be separated thermally, hardwood and softwood thermograms differed because of the hemicellulose degradation pattern.
Antinuclear antibody testing

The ANA test is an excellent screening test for patients with SLE and a few other connective tissue diseases. The LE cell preparation is an assay that is subjective and costly. Because of the presence of a superior screening test (the ANA) and superior specific auto-antibody tests, the author recommends that the use of LE cell preparations be discontinued. ANA screening tests may be performed either by indirect microscopic serology (usually IFA) or EIA. The latter technique is readily automated and many new products for this screening test have appeared in the past decade. The products differ, however, and laboratories are cautioned to test each in the context of the clinical needs of their clinicians. Proper use of the ANA test requires each laboratory to determine the cutoff used under their conditions of assay. Although either ANA screening test has a high negative predictive value in numerous studies, proper selection of patients to be tested is key to improving the predictive value of a positive result. The American College of Rheumatism criteria are reviewed and recommended as part of the patient selection process for this testing.
Carbocationic Rearrangements of Silphinane Derivatives

Solvolysis of silphin-1α and -1β-yl mesylates (18α-OMs and 18β-OMs) gave rise to mixtures of silphinene (4), bridgehead alcohol 22-OH (or its acetate), and α-terrecyclene (5) accompanied by trace amounts of isocomene (1) and modhephene (2). The 103 higher solvolysis rate determined for 18α-OMs over its epimer signifies a concerted rearrangement to a more stable tertiary bridgehead carbocation (36) which undergoes a second rearrangement and elimination to α-terrecyclene (5) (see Scheme 5 in the paper). Isocomene and modhephene presumably arise from a minor competing pathway resulting from 7→1 hydride shift to the silphin-7-yl ion (38 ≡ 11) which partitions between methyl and cyclopentane ring rearrangements. Acetolysis of secosilphinyl nosylate 21 (X = ONs) is accompanied by π participation leading directly to 38 and from there to a 2:1 mixture (6%) of isocomene and modhephene. TiCl4-mediated heterolysis of silphin-1α-yl trifluoroacetate (18α-O2CCF3) initiates a complex rearrangement pathway to 3-chloro-1,...
Theoretical studies of photoionization in nitric oxide: Multiplet-specific spectral shapes of (5σ−1)b3II and (5σ−1) A 1II partial cross sections

Abstract Multiplet-specific calculations in static-exchange approximation are reported of (5σ −1 )b 3 II and (5σ −1 )A 1 II partial-channel photoionization cross sections in nitric oxide. The calculated cross sections exhibit resonance peaks at significantly different kinetic energies in the two multiples channels, clarifying the origins of similar behaviors observed in recent synchrotron- radiation studies.
Sequential injection: a new concept for chemical sensors, process analysis and laboratory assays

Abstract Established flow-injection techniques allow advanced solution handling for laboratory purposes, but chemical sensing and continuous monitoring of chemical processes require dramatically simplified flow schemes and instrumentation with the potential for miniaturization and an inherent ruggedness. Considerations based on the random walk model have led to the concept of sensor injection and sequential injection analysis. This new approach to automated analysis is designed to fill a gap in present flow-injection methodology.
Mechanochemistry: A reaction to stress

Chemists usually kick-start reactions with heat, light or electricity, but a far less common option is to use mechanical stress. It now seems that stress not only triggers reactions, but can also direct their course.
COMPARISON OF H AND P FINITE ELEMENT APPROXIMATIONS OF THE SHALLOW WATER EQUATIONS

SUMMARY A p-type finite element scheme is introduced for the three-dimensional shallow water equations with a harmonic expansion in time. The wave continuity equation formulation is used which decouples the problem into a Helmholtz equation for surface elevation and a momentum equation for horizontal velocity. An exploration of the applicability of p methods to this form of the shallow water problem is presented, with a consideration of the problem of continuity errors. The convergence rates and relative computational efficiency between h- and p-type methods are compared with the use of three test cases representing various degrees of difficulty. A channel test case establishes convergence rates, a continental shelf test case examines a problem with accuracy difficulties at the shelf break, and a field-scale test case examines problems with highly irregular grids. For the irregular grids, adaptive h combined with uniform p refinement was necessary to retain high convergence rates.
Effects of CO2 enrichment on whole-plant carbon budget of seedlings of Fagus grandifolia and Acer saccharum in low irradiance.

Carbon exchange rates (CER) and whole-plant carbon balances of beech (Fagus grandifolia) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) were compared for seedlings grown under low irradiance to determine the effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on shade-tolerant seedlings of co-dominant species. Under contemporary atmospheric CO2, photosynthetic rate per unit mass of beech was lower than for sugar maple, and atmospheric CO2 enrich ment enhanced photosynthesis for beech only. Aboveground respiration per unit mass decreased with CO2 enrichment for both species while root respiration per unitmass decreased for sugar maple only. Under contemporary atmoapheric CO2, beech had lower C uptake per plant than sugar maple, while C losses per plant to nocturnal aboveground and root respiration were similar for both species. Under elevated CO2, C uptake per plant was similar for both species, indicating a significant relative increase in whole-seedling CER with CO2 enrich ment for beech but not for sugar maple. Total C loss per plant to aboveground respiration was decreased for beech only because increase in sugar maple leaf mass counterbalanced a reduction in respiration rates. Carbon loss to root respiration per plant was not changed by CO2 enrichment for either species. However, changes in maintenance respiration cost and nitrogen level suggest changes in tissue composition with elevated CO2. Beech had a greater net daily C gain with CO2 enrichment than did sugar maple in contrast to a lower one under contemporary CO2. Elevated CO2 preferentially enhances the net C balance of beech by increasing photosynthesis and reducing respiration cost. In all cases, the greatest C lost was by roots, indicating the importance of belowground biomass in net C gain. Relative growth rate estimated from biomass accumulation was not affected by CO2 enrichment for either species possibly because of slow growth under low light. This study indicates the importance of direct effects of CO2 enrichment when predicting potential change in species distribution with global climate change.
Large-sample theory for parametric multiple imputation procedures

We consider the asymptotic behaviour of various parametric multiple imputation procedures which include but are not restricted to the 'proper' imputation procedures proposed by Rubin (1978). The asymptotic variance structure of the resulting estimators is provided. This result is used to compare the relative efficiencies of different imputation procedures. It also provides a basis to understand the behaviour of two Monte Carlo iterative estimators, stochastic EM (Celeux & Diebolt, 1985; Wei & Tanner, 1990) and simulated EM (Ruud, 1991). We further develop properties of these estimators when they stop at iteration K with imputation size m. An application to a mcasurement error problem is used to illustrate the results.
Regulation of methionine metabolism: Effects of nitrous oxide and excess dietary methionine☆

Methionine is an essential amino acid that is also converted to S-adenosylmethionine, which is used by methyltransferases that methylate DNA, RNA, protein, lipid, etc., and form S-adenosylhomocysteine that is hydrolyzed to adenosine and homocysteine. When methionine is present in excess, glycine n-methyltransferase and cystathionine beta-synthase are thought to play important regulatory roles, with the former using the excess CH3-moiety to convert glycine to n-methylglycine, and the latter condensing homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine, which is cleaved by gamma-cystathionase to cysteine and alpha-ketobutyrate. When methionine is present in low amounts, the activities of the two regulatory enzymes are thought to decrease with the homocysteine being recycled to methionine by the cobalamin-dependent enzyme methionine synthase, which simultaneously converts 5-CH3-tetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate. To test this model, we fed a large dose of l-methionine to normal subjects. Using newly developed assays, we observed the following increases in serum levels: methionine, 25 fold; n-methylglycine, fourfold; homocysteine, threefold; cystathionine, 15 fold; and cysteine, unchanged. When leukemia patients were treated for 4 days with 35% nitrous oxide, which markedly inhibits methionine synthase, methionine decreased 80% by day 1 and then either stabilized or returned to normal during days 2 through 4. n-methylglycine fell 50 to 70%, and homocysteine increased 14 fold, but cystathionine increased twofold after an initial decrease or stabilization. Cysteine fell 50% by day 1 and then moved in parallel with methionine. Except for the latter increase in cystathionine, all the data support the current model of methionine regulation and demonstrate that methionine homeostasis is maintained or at least stabilized, even under conditions of extreme excess or deprivation. The unexpected increase in cystathionine levels during nitrous oxide administration is similar to what has been observed in cobalamin and folate deficiency, although the mechanism and physiologic importance remain to be determined.
Rape Myths In Review

Theories of sexual aggression and victimization have increasingly emphasized the role of rape myths in the perpetuation of sexual assault. Rape myths are attitudes and generally false beliefs about...
Obscured Object Recognition For An ATR Application

A common and mainly unsolved problem in image processing is occlusion. Occlusion occurs when one or more objects obstruct the sensor's view. In this paper, three methods; a neural network, a superresolving non-parametric predictor and an Extended-Post Context-free Grammar syntactic pattern recognizer are used to generate the missing data. To illustrate these methods, their application to the reconstruction of obscured Roman characters are presented.
Myocardial infarction due to coronary abnormalities in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum

We describe the clinical course, angiography, and histopathology of a newborn male with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum who succumbed to a myocardial infarction. Angiography demonstrated right ventricular-dependent coronary circulation and focal areas of coronary narrowing. His clinical course was characterized by attacks of sudden irritability, consistent with ischemia. Histology demonstrated significant coronary artery narrowing secondary to fibromuscular dysplasia as well as evidence of new and old infarction. This case illustrates the severity of coronary lesions in pulmonary atresia and the potential for progression of coronary obstruction and insufficiency, and it provides correlation between angiography, ischemic symptoms, and pathology.
Planetary Waves Kinematically Forced by Himalayan Orography.

Abstract An analysis is made of the planetary-scale response of the atmosphere to the kinematic effects of orographic forcing by, in particular, the Tibetan Plateau-Himalayan Mountain complex. Theoretical scaling arguments are used to deduce a critical mountain height hc beyond which the component of flow around will dominate that over the orography. The hc is proportional to the meridional scale of the orography and depends on latitude, For north–south scales appropriate for the Himalayas hc ∼ 1.5 km which is much less than the actual height of 3706 m when resolved with tour zonal planetary waves, with the implication that the “around” component will dominate. A steady-state planetary wave model which has a full kinematic nonlinear lower boundary condition is used to simulate the response to the eastern orography whose height has been multiplied by factors ranging from 0.1 to 2.0. Although the mountain configuration was fixed, the locations of the simulated perturbation highs and lows change substantiall...
Influence of Eudragit NE 30 D blended with Eudragit L 30 D-55 on the release of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride from coated pellets.

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of Eudragit® NE 30 D blended with Eudragit® L 30 D-55 on the release of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride (PPA·HCl) from coated pellets....
The role of inhibition and adaptation in sensory information processing.

Some common features of neural transformations along sensory pathways are discussed. The emphasis is on spatial mapping in the visual system, but close parallels exist in temporal visual mapping as well as other sensory systems. The role played by lateral inhibition in sequential transformations is investigated by direct computation and by mathematical analysis.
Structural impediments to managerial mobility in industrialised nations

The relationship between gender and managerial mobility is explored by examining distinct structural elements unique to industrialized nations that have been overlooked in prior occupational opportunity research. Using country specific files of the database, “Comparative project on class structure and class consciousness” the analysis provides a multicultural comparison of female managerial attainment in the UK, Sweden, and the USA. By examining managerial attainment by gender, the findings suggest that the combined associational effects of gender and labor force participation patterns by nation better assess the severity of occupational barriers to managerial mobility experienced by women, than when examining gender participation patterns alone. The data indicate that barriers for female occupational mobility are not merely limited to decision making at the interpersonal level, but provide empirical evidence to suggest that impediments are more institutionally ingrained and culturally distinct than previously imagined.
Optical Study of Interactions in a d-Electron Kondo Lattice with Ferromagnetism

We report on a comprehensive optical, transport, and thermodynamic study of the Zintl compound ${\mathrm{Yb}}_{14}{\mathrm{MnSb}}_{11}$, demonstrating that it is the first ferromagnetic Kondo lattice compound in the underscreened limit. We propose a scenario whereby the combination of Kondo and Jahn-Teller effects provides a consistent explanation of both transport and optical data.
Phase I Trial of 17-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin in Patients With Advanced Cancer

Purpose We determined the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and the dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) of 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) when infused on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle in advanced solid tumor patients. We also characterized the pharmacokinetics of 17-AAG, its effect on chaperone and client proteins, and whether cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A5 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) polymorphisms affected 17-AAG disposition or toxicity. Patients and Methods An accelerated titration design was used. Biomarkers were measured in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at baseline and on days 1 and 15, and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on day 1 of cycle 1. CYP3A5*3 and NQO1*2 genotypes were determined and correlated with pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Results Twenty-one patients received 52 courses at 11 dose levels. DLTs at 431 mg/m2 were grade 3 bilirubin (n = 1), AST (n = 1), anemia (n = 1), nausea (n = 1), vomiting (n = 1), and myalgias (n = 1). No tumor responses wer...
Protein interactions of homeodomain proteins

Homeodomain proteins are conserved DNA-binding factors that are involved in the transcriptional regulation of key developmental processes. Many homeodomain proteins require additional cofactors to bind with high affinity and specificity to their DNA sites. The recent structural determinations and biochemical analysis of several multimeric complexes have provided a better understanding of how protein interactions influence the DNA-binding activity of homeodomain proteins.
The Younger Adolescent in Psychotherapy

When a girl in the early phase of adolescence comes to a psychotherapist, she is apt to be resistive and defiant. She is likely to question her need for psychotherapy and the value of psychotherapy for anyone. Her impulsive, defiant, self-destructive, and self-demeaning behavior probably brought her to the psychotherapist, and she may well start by refusing to discuss her behavior at all. With that sort of beginning, most therapists feel that they have a tiger by the tail, and they probably do.
A 10 b 50 MS/s Opamp-Sharing Pipeline A/D With Current-Reuse OTAs

A 10 b opamp-sharing pipeline analog-to-digital (A/D) using current-reuse operational transconductance amplifiers (OTA) with dual nMOS differential inputs is presented. The current-reuse OTA topology facilitates opamp-sharing between all of the consecutive pipeline stages, minimizing power consumption and die area. Analog transistors in the OTA are always biased in saturation ensuring no loss of settling time due to OTA power turn-on delays. The A/D is fabricated in a 0.18-μ m CMOS process and occupies an active die area of 0.7 mm2. At 50 MS/s, maximum SNDR of 58 dB (ENOB=9.3 b) is achieved with 9.2 mW analog power consumption on a 1.8 V supply.
Hazard Warning Systems: Review of 20 Years of Progress

The United States has no comprehensive national warning strategy that covers all hazards in all places. Instead, public warning practices are decentralized across different governments and the private sector. Uneven preparedness to issue warnings exists across local communities; hence, people are unevenly protected from the surprise onset of natural disasters. Without changes in this situation, inequalities will grow larger, and the gains made in saving lives over the past decades may well be reversed. Since the first assessment of research on natural hazards was completed in 1975, there have been significant improvements in forecasts and warnings for some hazards but only marginal improvements for others. Forecasts for floods, hurricanes, and volcanic eruptions have improved most significantly, and public dissemination of warnings has improved the most for hurricanes. However, a 100% reliable warning system does not exist for any hazard.
Complementary Experimental Techniques for Multi-Scale Modeling of Plasticity

Some recently-developed experimental techniques, such as in situ ultra-small-angle Xray scattering (USAXS), have demonstrated a capability for measuring aspects of dislocation structure evolution that are inaccessible to other experimental methods. However, no single technique can provide the entire range of information required by theoretical and computational researchers. It is only through the synergy of several experimental techniques (such as USAXS, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction imaging) that much of the required quantitative information can be obtained. Ultimately, the development of additional new experimental techniques will also be required.
The Association of Neonatal Dacryocystoceles and Infantile Dacryocystitis with Nasolacrimal Duct Cysts (An American Ophthalmological Society Thesis)

Purpose To investigate whether neonatal dacryocystoceles and dacryocystitis are associated with nasolacrimal duct cysts, and to report the outcomes of treatment of these disorders. Methods This was a retrospective medical record review of two groups of infants with nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction. The first group had dacryocystoceles with or without dacryocystitis. The second group had NLD obstruction with symptoms severe enough to require early NLD probing. All of the patients underwent NLD probing and nasal endoscopy. When present, NLD cysts were removed. Results In the first group, 33 infants had dacryocystoceles. Acute dacryocystitis was present in 16 patients, 12 had noninfected dacryocystoceles that did not resolve, and 5 had dacryocystoceles that resolved but severe symptoms persisted. All of the patients had NLD cysts that were surgically removed. The symptoms resolved after surgery in 31 patients (94%). In the second group, 27 infants less than 6 months old without dacryocystoceles underwent early NLD probing and endoscopy due to severity of symptoms. Twelve (44%) of these patients had NLD cysts. The symptoms resolved in 11 (92%) of 12 patients following NLD probing and cyst removal. Conclusions Neonatal dacryocystoceles are almost always associated with NLD cysts. The success rate of NLD probing and endoscopic cyst removal in these patients is excellent. Nasolacrimal duct cysts also are present in many young infants with severe symptoms of NLD obstruction. Nasal endoscopy is an important adjunct to the management of these infants.
Ask(1) and you shall receive: A new link between antioxidants and cell death signaling

Hepatoprotection mediated by free radical scavenging molecules such as dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) arose the question as to whether this effect involved one or several anti-apoptotic signals. Here, using primary cultures of rat hepatocytes and in vivo thioacetamide-induced liver failure, we showed that Me2SO failed to prevent any cleavage of initiator caspase-8 and -9 but constantly inhibited procaspase-3 maturation and apoptosis execution, pointing to an efficient inhibition of cleaved initiator caspase activities. Evidence was recently provided that apoptosis might require both caspase and ASK1/JNK-p38 activities. We demonstrated that this kinase pathway was strongly inhibited in the presence of Me2SO whereas overexpression of ASK1 was able to restore caspase-3 activity and apoptosis. Interestingly, we also found that GST M1/2 and GST A1/2 dropped under apoptotic conditions; furthermore transfection of GST M1, A1, or P1 to cells overexpressing ASK1, abolished caspase-3 activity and restored viability. This role of GSTs was further assessed by showing that their high expression level was tightly associated with inhibition of ASK1 activity in Me2SO-protected hepatocytes. Together, these results demonstrate that Me2SO-mediated hepatoprotection involves a dual inhibition of cleaved initiator caspase and ASK1/JNK-p38 activities. Furthermore, in highlighting the control of apoptosis by GSTs, these data provide new insights for analyzing the complex mechanisms of hepatoprotection.
HIV-Associated Nephropathy : Clinical Presentation, Pathology, and Epidemiology in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy

The classic kidney disease of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, HIV-associated nephropathy, is characterized by progressive acute renal failure, often accompanied by proteinuria and ultrasound findings of enlarged, echogenic kidneys. Definitive diagnosis requires kidney biopsy, which shows collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with associated microcystic tubular dilatation and interstitial inflammation. Podocyte proliferation is a hallmark of HIV-associated nephropathy, although this classic pathology is observed less frequently in antiretroviral-treated patients. The pathogenesis of HIV-associated nephropathy involves direct HIV infection of renal epithelial cells, and the widespread introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy has had a significant impact on the natural history and epidemiology of this unique disease. These observations have established antiretroviral therapy as the cornerstone of treatment for HIV-associated nephropathy in the absence of prospective clinical trials. Adjunctive therapy for HIV-associated nephropathy includes angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers, as well as corticosteroids in selected patients with significant interstitial inflammation or rapid progression.
ON THE ASSUMPTION OF DETAILED BALANCE IN PREDICTION OF DIFFUSIVE TRANSMISSION PROBABILITY DURING INTERFACIAL TRANSPORT

Models intended to predict interfacial transport often rely on the principle of detailed balance when formulating the interfacial carrier transmission probability. However, assumptions invoked significantly impact predictions. Here, we present six derivations of the transmission probability, each subject to a different set of preliminary assumptions regarding the type of scattering at the interface. Application of each case to phonon flux and thermal boundary conductance allows for a final quantitative comparison. Depending on the preliminary assumptions, predictions for thermal boundary conductance span over two orders of magnitude, demonstrating the need for transparency when assessing the accuracy of any predictive model.
Molecular mechanisms of opioid receptor signal transduction

key experiments have resulted in extensive pharmacological characterization of opioid receptors, the presence of heterologous receptor populations and low expression in cells have always hampered further receptor studies. Recent cloning of the , and opioid receptors 16 27 49 117 has allowed many quest ions to be answered by expressing receptor cDNAs in cell lines that lack endogenous receptors. While these studies have yielded invaluable data on receptor structure, the molecular nature of desensitization remains largely unresolved. A connection between cellular desensitization and drug tolerance has led countless scientists to puzzle over the molecular mechanisms controlling cellular adaptation. The long-term effect of agonists on the molecular mechanisms of signal transduction are important in understanding tolerance.
Irregular sampling algorithm for general subspaces

We provide a sufficient condition for irregular sampling for general subspaces. It is also shown that all existing results on sampling conditions can be directly applied to the sampling formula derived. The iterative implementation of the irregular sampling algorithm has the favorable convergence property of related frames. Examples on case studies and numerical results are also given, which shows that the condition and algorithm we derived are perhaps useful.
Genome-wide assembly and analysis of alternative transcripts in mouse

To build a mouse gene index with the most comprehensive coverage of alternative transcription/splicing (ATS), we developed an algorithm and a fully automated computational pipeline for transcript assembly from expressed sequences aligned to the genome. We identified 191,946 genomic loci, which included 27,497 protein-coding genes and 11,906 additional gene candidates (e.g., nonprotein-coding, but multiexon). Comparison of the resulting gene index with TIGR, UniGene, DoTS, and ESTGenes databases revealed that it had a greater number of transcripts, a greater average number of exons and introns with proper splicing sites per gene, and longer ORFs. The 27,497 protein-coding genes had 77,138 transcripts, i.e., 2.8 transcripts per gene on average. Close examination of transcripts led to a combinatorial table of 23 types of ATS units, only nine of which were previously described, i.e., 14 types of alternative splicing, seven types of alternative starts, and two types of alternative termination. The 47%, 18%, and 14% of 20,323 multiexon protein-coding genes with proper splice sites had alternative splicings, alternative starts, and alternative terminations, respectively. The gene index with the comprehensive ATS will provide a useful platform for analyzing the nature and mechanism of ATS, as well as for designing the accurate exon-based DNA microarrays.
A STUDY OF OPTIMAL COOLING STRATEGIES IN THERMAL PROCESSES

Convection is often used as a means for cooling parts in thermal processes. In this paper. we present . a continuous sensitivity equation (CSE) method to assess strategies for enhancing the cooling of a block submersed in a channel of coolant (fluid). A strat- e,gy studied involves introducing a plate into the flow to deflect cooler fluid towards the block. Thus, op- timal design techniques are used at the conceptual design level in order to see if this is a feasible design strate3. Such optimization problems are solved using this CSE coupled with a BFGS/trust-region optimiza- tion algorithm. The CSE. which describes the influ- ence of the design (shape) parameters on the flow: leads to an efficient method for calculating the gra- dient. However. in order to be an effective tool: n-e need to find an estimate of how accurate the func- tion and gradient calculations are. To achier-e this, the coupled flow and sensitivity equations are solved using an adaptive finite element method. Our study includes a numerical verification
Estradiol Increases Apoptosis in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells by Up-Regulating Fas and Fas Ligand Expression

Context: In animal models, estrogen inhibits atherogenesis by inhibiting many of the early steps of atherosclerotic plaque formation. However, the lack of cardioprotective effect by postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and possible increase in cardiovascular events observed during the first year after the initiation of hormone replacement therapy may suggest that once the plaque is formed, estrogen may have additional effects that may counteract its beneficial outcomes. Indeed, the effect of estrogen on plaque stability has not been identified. Objective: We hypothesized that 17-estradiol (E2) may cause increasedapoptosisinhumancoronaryarteryendothelialcells(HCAECs). This effect would explain an adverse effect on plaque stability in vivo. Intervention(s) and Main Outcome Measure(s): The effect of E2 on apoptosis, cell proliferation, and expression of proapoptotic molecules Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) in cultured HCAECs was evaluated. Results: HCAECs in culture treated with E2 showed an increase in DNA strand breaks and nuclear fragmentation indicative of apoptosis. E2 treatment also induced a significant concentrationdependent increase in Fas mRNA and protein expressions in HCAECs. Moreover, the expression of FasL mRNA and secretion of FasL protein by HCAECs were enhanced in response to E2 treatments. Conclusions: E2 increases the apoptosis in cultured HCAECs. Enhanced Fas and FasL expressions in response to E2 suggest that activation of the Fas/FasL pathway may be a mediator of the proapoptotic effects of E2 in these cells. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 4995–5001, 2006)
Takayasu arteritis: severe consequences of delayed diagnosis

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare, large-vessel granulomatous vasculitis of unknown aetiology. TA is a panarteritis characterized by T lymphocyte, monocyte and macrophage infiltration of the arterial wall, leading to marked intimal myofibroblast proliferation and fibrosis of the media and adventitia. This results in severe arterial stenosis, occlusion or aneurysmal dilatation.1 TA affects primarily the aorta and its main branches, especially the common carotid (CCA), subclavian (SCA) and pulmonary arteries.2 The clinical manifestations follow two phases. In the early pre-pulseless phase, patients may complain of systemic symptoms including fever, weight loss, malaise, headaches, carotidynia, myalgia and arthralgia. In the later pulseless phase, commonly appearing months–years later,2 symptoms reflect end-organ ischaemia and include limb claudication and neurological symptoms. Decreased or absent peripheral pulses, aortic regurgitation, arterial bruits and systemic arterial hypertension are common. The non-specific nature of presenting symptoms and the lack of specific laboratory markers delays the diagnosis, with potentially life-threatening consequences.2,3 Moreover, although diagnostic criteria exist,4 patients presenting with early pre–stenotic disease may not fulfil them.5 Review of our 68 patients showed that 17 required angioplasty or surgery. We suggest that a significant delay in diagnosis of >12 months contributed to the need for surgery in 10 of the 17 patients. In support of this and with their consent, we use the histories of four patients that demonstrate the serious consequences associated with delayed diagnosis, and propose that this might be prevented by increased clinical awareness of TA and early use of non-invasive imaging. A 25-year-old British woman presented to her general practitioner (GP) with anterior neck pain, malaise and fatigue. Lymphadenopathy was diagnosed and she received treatment with antibiotics. The symptoms persisted and she developed occasional dizziness and transient loss of vision in the right eye. The …
Interactive classification: a method for assessing the adequacy of counterbalancing as a means of control.

In situations where a treatment is varied over the same Ss in order that each S may serve as his own control and where an associated source of variation is controlled for by counterbalancing between Ss, the success of this method of control depends on the absence of interaction between the treatments and the counterbalanced factor. When the data are classified into a factorial system involving the treatments and the counterbalanced factor as the two classifications, it is difficult to find a statistical model to test such an interaction. A strategy, by means of which established statistical models can be used to evaluate this interaction, is presented here, and its range of application is discussed.
Sound pressure level measurement and spectral analysis of brief acoustic transients

The sound pressure level (SPL) of an acoustic transient can be quantified in several ways. The SPL value obtained is dependent on measurement procedure, in addition to signal and transducer characteristics. The acoustic spectrum of a signal shows sound pressure as a function of frequency. The acoustic spectrum can be determined by the use of analog filtering or by Fourier transformation. A constant electrical signal can produce different acoustic spectra due to varying transfer functions across transducers. Signal center frequency, rise/fall time and plateau influence acoustic spectrum. Recording parameters, such as constant bandwidth versus logarithmic bandwidth filtering, or the time domain windowing function used prior to Fourier transformation, also influence the acoustic spectrum.
The History and Philosophy of Science History

Past science is studied from two perspectives. The intellectual history of science, which focuses on the development of ideas and arguments, and the social history of science, which focuses on the development of science as a social undertaking within its broader contexts, are both alive in the academy. Nevertheless, these two approaches do not interact very well, and the field of science history is bifurcated along these lines. Indeed, intellectual and cultural historians of science tend, basically, to ignore one another. They have different training, different aims, different audiences, and often different institutional homes. Intellectual historians of science tend to be conversant with philosophers, social historians of science associate with mainstream historians, but they do not often discourse with each other. In turn, this has led to remarkable naivete on each side regarding the work of science historians across the disciplinary fence.
Skills, division of labour and economies of scale among Amazonian hunters and South Indian honey collectors

In foraging and other productive activities, individuals make choices regarding whether and with whom to cooperate, and in what capacities. The size and composition of cooperative groups can be understood as a self-organized outcome of these choices, which are made under local ecological and social constraints. This article describes a theoretical framework for explaining the size and composition of foraging groups based on three principles: (i) the sexual division of labour; (ii) the intergenerational division of labour; and (iii) economies of scale in production. We test predictions from the theory with data from two field contexts: Tsimane' game hunters of lowland Bolivia, and Jenu Kuruba honey collectors of South India. In each case, we estimate the impacts of group size and individual group members' effort on group success. We characterize differences in the skill requirements of different foraging activities and show that individuals participate more frequently in activities in which they are more efficient. We evaluate returns to scale across different resource types and observe higher returns at larger group sizes in foraging activities (such as hunting large game) that benefit from coordinated and complementary roles. These results inform us that the foraging group size and composition are guided by the motivated choice of individuals on the basis of relative efficiency, benefits of cooperation, opportunity costs and other social considerations.
Association Between Clinician Computer Use and Communication With Patients in Safety-Net Clinics

Title: Association Between Clinician Computer Use and Communication with Patients in Safety- Net Clinics Neda Ratanawongsa, MD, MPH 1,2 neda.ratanawongsa@ucsf.edu Jennifer L. Barton, MD 3 bartoje@ohsu.edu Courtney R. Lyles, PhD 1,2 courtney.lyles@ucsf.edu Michael Wu, BS 4 MichaelWu0322@gmail.com Edward H. Yelin, PhD, MCP 5,6 ed.yelin@ucsf.edu Diana Martinez, MD 1,2 diana.martinez@ucsf.edu Dean Schillinger, MD 1,2 dean.schillinger@ucsf.edu Division of General Internal Medicine, the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations at San Francisco General Hospital Department of Medicine at Oregon Health & Science University and VA Portland Health Care System John Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco Word count: 600 References: 7 Tables: 2 Corresponding Author: Neda Ratanawongsa, MD, MPH Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations at San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center 1001 Potrero Avenue, Box 1364 San Francisco CA 94110 Phone: 415-206-3188 Fax: 415-206-5586 neda.ratanawongsa@ucsf.edu Presentations: Preliminary data from this manuscript was presented at the International Conference on Communication in Healthcare, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 30, 2013 Acknowledgements: Author Contributions: Dr. Ratanawongsa had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Ratanawongsa, Yelin, Schillinger. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Ratanawongsa, Barton, Lyles, Wu, Martinez. Drafting of the manuscript: Ratanawongsa, Yelin. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Barton, Lyles,Wu, Yelin, Martinez, Schillinger. Statistical analysis: Ratanawongsa, Yelin. Obtained funding: Ratanawongsa, Schillinger. Administrative, technical, or material support: Barton, Lyles,Wu, Martinez,
Adaptive Traction Control for Non-Rigid Tire-Wheel Systems

The designs of commercial Anti-Lock Braking Systems often rely on assumptions of a torsionally rigid tire-wheel system. However, variations in tire/wheel technologies have resulted in lower torsional stiffnesses that cannot be captured well using these rigid wheel assumptions. This paper presents an adaptive nonlinear controller based on a model that incorporates sidewall flexibility, and transient & hysteretic tread-ground friction effects. The sidewall stiffness and damping and as well as tread parameters are assumed to be unknown and subsequently estimated through a set of gradient-based adaptation laws. A virtual damper is introduced via a backstepping controller design to address difficulties associated with tires with low torsional damping.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Urban Sprawl and the Loss of Peri-urban Land: A Case Study of Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand

Research has indicated that Thailand's future economic growth and industrial expansion will be relocated to peri-urban locations and secondary cities throughout the kingdom. As industrial activities extend into and transform rural areas, incompatible land use patterns emerge and produce pressures on environmental resources. This research investigates the dynamic of peri-urban growth in Sung Noen District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. The study area represents a new-growth secondary city with one of the largest metropolitan populations for a city disconnected from Bangkok's extended metropolitan region. Our study aims to provide a systematic analysis of peri-urban change in this area. We use a hybrid classification scheme to examine multitemporal Landsat TM and Landsat ETMC data, coupled with geographic information systems analyses to help assess the loss of peri-urban land between 1990 and 2014. The result can serve as a guide to answer future research questions relating to sustainability and env...
The Virtues of Inconsistency

I will argue for the thesis that by knowingly adopting a set of proposi tions which is logically inconsistent, an epistemic agent violates no valid epistemic rule.1 Beyond that, I will suggest that every knowledgeable per son's complete set of fully justified beliefs is logically inconsistent and that this fact is epistemically praiseworthy.2 No doubt, the claim that logical consistency is an absolutely necessary condition of epistemic acceptability has seemed obviously true; and that probably accounts for the paucity of arguments for it.3 I propose to ex amine the arguments which could be given against the acceptability of in consistent sets of propositions in order to show that they do not succeed in ruling out such sets in general. Thus, I hope, at the very least, to provoke more discussion about an issue which has received very little. The epistemic acceptability of inconsistent sets of propositions has rather disastrous consequences for most standard coherence theories of justification. For such theories take consistency to be the sine qua non of coherent sets of beliefs. Hence, one way of viewing the thesis here is to see it as a challenge to any theory of justification which adopts this mild coheren tist reqirement.
Voluntary health agencies: experiential classes with class.

(1988). Voluntary Health Agencies: Experiential Classes with Class. Health Education: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 52-53.