cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sympathetic-nerve damage in brachial-plexus palsy

A mother brought her three-month-old infant to the clinic because of a persistent difference in temperature between the right and left hand. The child had had a total brachial-plexus palsy since delivery. On examination, the child had weakness of the left arm, which was more distal than proximal. His left hand and distal forearm appeared colder than the right by touch (Panel A). The difference in hand temperature was calculated to be 5°C with the use of an infrared camera, with terminal sensitivity of 0.08°C at 30°C (indicated by the difference in color in Panel B). The decreased temperature arises . . .
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM ON UPTAKE AND RETENTION OF RADIOACTIVE STRONTIUM.

SummaryAdministration of Mg++ concurrently with radioactive strontium decreased significantly skeletal retention of the isotope. Mg++ administration had a small but significant lowering effect on the retention of radioactive strontium when administered after the isotope was well fixed in bone.
An interpreter generator using tree pattern matching

Equations provide a rich, intuitively understandable notation for describing nonprocedural computing languages such as LISP and Lucid. In this paper, we present techniques for automatically generating interpreters from equations, analagous to well-known techniques for generating parsers from context-free grammars. The interpreters so generated are exactly faithful to the simple traditional mathematical meaning of the equations-no lattice-theoretic or fixpoint ideas are needed to explain the correspondence. The main technical problem involved is the extension of efficient practical string matching algorithms to trees. We present some new efficient table-driven matching techniques for a large class of trees, and point out unsolved problems in extending this class. We believe that the techniques of this paper form the beginnings of a useful discipline of interpreting, comparable to the existing discipline of parsing.
Application of proteomics to the study of molecular mechanisms in neurotoxicology.

The proteome is the protein compliment of the genome and is the result of genetic expression, ribosomal synthesis and proteolytic degradation. Proteins participate in most major cell processes and their function is highly regulated by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and glycosylation. As a result, neurotoxicant-induced changes in protein levels, function or regulation could have a negative impact on neuronal viability. At the molecular level, direct oxidative or covalent modifications of individual proteins by various chemicals or drugs is likely to lead to perturbation of tertiary structure and a loss of function. The proteome and the functional determinants of its individual protein components are, therefore, likely targets of neurotoxicant action and resulting characteristic disruptions could be critically involved in corresponding mechanisms of neurotoxicity. Clearly, investigating changes in the proteome can provide important clues for deciphering mechanisms of toxicant action and, therefore, proteomics, the study of the proteome, is currently, and will likely remain, a significant experimental approach for mechanistic research in neurotoxicology. The purpose of this review is to discuss proteomics as a tool for neurotoxicological investigations. A variety of classic proteomic techniques (e.g. liquid chromatography (LC)/tandem mass spectroscopy, two-dimensional gel image analysis) as well as more recently developed approaches (e.g. two-hybrid systems, antibody arrays, protein chips, isotope-coded affinity tags, ICAT) are available to determine protein levels, identify components of multiprotein complexes and to detect post-translational changes. Proteomics, therefore, offers a comprehensive overview of cell proteins, and in the case of neurotoxicant exposure, can provide quantitative data regarding changes in corresponding expression levels and/or post-translational modifications that might be associated with neuron injury.
Ultrasonographic Phases in Gap Healing Following Ponseti-Type Achilles Tenotomy

Background: The Ponseti technique is well established in the management of clubfoot deformity, and an Achilles tenotomy is frequently performed to facilitate dorsiflexion of the foot. This report describes the ultrasonographic phases of healing of the tendon gap created by the Achilles tenotomy and how the healing varies, if at all, with patient age. Methods: A prospective ultrasonographic study of gap healing following a Ponseti-type tenotomy in twenty-seven tendons in twenty patients with idiopathic congenital clubfoot was performed. Serial ultrasound examinations (both static and dynamic) were performed at three, six, and twelve weeks after the tenotomy. The casts were removed routinely three weeks after the tenotomy. The end point of healing was defined as the observation of tendon homogeneity across the gap zone on ultrasound, with the divided tendon ends being indistinct. Results: Three phases of healing were apparent on ultrasound assessment at three, six, and twelve weeks after the tenotomy. These sequential phases are similar to those previously described in the healing of tendons with no gap. The transition to normal structure was frequently demonstrated by ultrasonography only at twelve weeks (in thirteen of twenty-one tendons). Conclusions: Although there is evidence of continuity of the Achilles tendon by three weeks after tenotomy, healing is not complete until at least twelve weeks. The time needed for the tendon to completely heal should be taken into consideration before a revision Achilles tenotomy is planned. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Quantitative compositional analysis of organic thin films using transmission NEXAFS spectroscopy in an X-ray microscope

Abstract Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy is well suited for the quantitative determination of the composition of soft matter thin films. Combined with the high spatial resolution of a scanning transmission X-ray microscope, compositional maps of submicron morphologies can be derived and have been used successfully to characterize a number of materials systems. However, multiple sources of known systematic errors limit the accuracy and are frequently not taken into account. We show that these errors can be significant (more than 10%) and demonstrate simple methods to eliminate them. With suitable precautions, a compositional measurement can be made on a thin film sample in a matter of minutes with sub-micron spatial resolution and sub-percent compositional precision. NEXAFS measurements are furthermore known to be sensitive to anisotropic molecular orientation and a strategy to account for that and extract preferential molecular orientation relative to a reference is presented. The spatial resolution of the measurement can be increased to below 100 nm at the expense of compositional precision, depending on the point spread function of the zone plate focusing optics of the microscope.
The effects of digestion enzymes on islet viability and cellular composition.

The choice of enzyme blend is critical for successful islet isolation. Islet yield, viability, integrity, and function are important factors that influence the outcome of islet transplantation. Lib...
Calcium signals monitored from leopard frog optic tectum after the optic nerve has been selectively loaded with calcium sensitive dye

We loaded adult leopard frog optic nerves with the calcium-sensitive dye Calcium Green-1 3000 mw dextran conjugate. The dye was transported to the optic tectum in approximately 6 days and selectively labeled optic nerve terminals as seen with confocal microscopy. Viewed with an intensified CCD system, electrical stimulation of the optic nerve in vitro increases Calcium Green-1 fluorescence significantly. With increasing number of pulses in pulse trains there was increased presynaptic facilitation as measured by increased fluorescence. Addition of nicotine to the bathing solution increased baseline fluorescence. These results suggest that Calcium Green-1 dextran conjugate can be actively transported in adult nerve fibers over a significant distance and is retained in presynaptic terminals in a form that allows monitoring of presynaptic calcium levels.
Computations of Transverse Circulation in a Steady State, Symmetric Hurricane

Abstract Radial and vertical circulations in a steady state, circular symmetric hurricane are computed from a given tangential wind field for various values of exchange and drag coefficients.
Double Sample Tests for Hypotheses about the Mean of an Exponential Distribution

In this note it is shown how the methodology of the Zeigler and Tietjen double sample test for testing a hypothesis about the variance of a normal distribution can be used to construct double sample tests for testing hypotheses about the mean of an exponential distribution.
Assessing gender and top-management-team pay in the S&P Mid-Cap and Small-Cap companies using data envelopment analysis

In this study, we use data envelopment analysis (DEA) to study gender equity in top-management-team compensation in the S&P Mid-Cap and Small-Cap companies. We find that female and male executives in these companies receive comparable compensation when controlling for differences in company performance, company size, and company pay philosophy.
Hispanic Use of Juramentos and Roman Catholic Priests as Auxiliaries to Abstaining from Alcohol Use/Misuse.

This self-administered mail survey study conducted along the US–Mexico border replicates and expands on research conducted in Florida regarding the prevalence of juramento use as an intervention technique for alcohol misuse. Juramentos are pledges to abstain from alcohol use for a time determined by the user. The pledge is usually to the Virgin of Guadalupe and is often done in the presence of a Roman Catholic Priest. As in Florida, the majority of Priests along the border reported they were familiar with the practice of juramentos and had already witnessed at least one. The majority of Priests who had done juramentos viewed them as effective. Since the vast majority of Priests indicated that they would begin or continue witnessing juramentos, this makes juramentos and Roman Catholic Priests a viable culturally sensitive aide for treatment among Hispanics, in particular those of Mexican descent.
Time course of penetration of xenogeneic IgG into the central nervous system of the neonatal rat: an immunohistochemical and radionuclide tracer study

We investigated the penetration of rabbit IgG into the brain and spinal cord of newborn rat pups and compared them to mature rats using immunohistochemical and radionuclide techniques. Following intraperitoneal injection with rabbit IgG and perfusion fixation at various intervals, rabbit IgG was found to penetrate into the parenchyma of the neuraxis of neonatal rats and to establish much higher concentrations than was found in mature rats. Immunohistochemical studies revealed no evidence of significant extravasation of serum proteins from the vasculature. For any given survival interval studied, there was no significant difference in appearance and intensity of immunohistochemical staining or the amount of radiolabeled IgG measured between different areas of the brain and spinal cord. Electrophoresis of radioactive proteins extracted from the brains of neonatal rats injected with radiolabeled IgG confirmed that IgG penetrates into the brain parenchyma as the whole molecule. These results validate the use of systemically administered rabbit IgG for studies of brain development in neonatal rats. They also have implications for the pathogenesis of congenital central nervous system anomalies in which maternal autoimmune IgG may affect brain development after being transferred to the fetus or neonate.
The alpha subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthetase is mitochondrially made in the unicellular heterotrophPrototheca zopfiii

Prototheca zopfii is a unicellular, colorless alga which grows heterotrophically on several different carbon sources.P. zopfii cells were grown, labeled with [35S] sulfate in the presence of cycloheximide, and the mitochondrial fraction isolated and analyzed by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Cycloheximide resistant translation products included a heavily labeled protein with an apparent molecular weight of 60,000. This labeled protein co-fractionated with mitochondria when the mitochondria were purified on Percoll gradients. When F1-ATPase was isolated from the mitochondria, an active ATPase preparation was obtained which, when analyzed by gel electrophoresis, was found to contain 2 prominent proteins in the 55 kd to 60 kd region of the gel. Autoradiography of this electrophoretically-resolved ATPase preparation revealed that the larger of the two, bands, but not the smaller, was heavily labeled with [35S]. Extraction of ATP synthetase (F1 -F0) from mitochondria with the detergent octylglucoside, yielded a preparation containing, as major components, the same two 55 kd to 60 kd proteins seen in the F1-ATPase preparation. Limited proteolysis of the larger protein, isolated from mitochondria that had been labeled in the presence of cycloheximide, was carried out usingStaphylococcus aureus V8 protease or papain. The pattern of peptide fragments observed by Coomassie Blue staining was essentially identical to that observed by autoradiography. This shows that the labeled protein corresponds to the alpha subunit of the ATPase. Thus the alpha subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthetase ofP. zopfii is synthesized in the mitochondria.
The Demise of Novell Netware: Did Perceptions Related to Network Administration Play a Role?

In this study the authors examine some possible reasons for Novell Netware's fall from dominance in the 1990s to its near disappearance. The authors examine the role of the external variables security, productivity, and sharing on an administrator's perceptions and intention to use the software within the Technology Acceptance Model TAM. The results show that difficulty in administration was not responsible for Netware's demise; on the contrary, Netware's environment resulted in a positive intention to use it.
Characterization of MSM1, the structural gene for yeast mitochondrial methionyl‐tRNA synthetase

Respiratory-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae assigned to pet complementation group G72 are impaired in mitochondrial protein synthesis. The loss of this activity has been correlated with the inability of the mutants to acylate the two methionyl-tRNAs of yeast mitochondria. A nuclear gene (MSM1) capable of complementing the respiratory deficiency has been cloned by transformation of the G72 mutant C122/U3 with a yeast genomic library. In situ disruption of the MSM1 gene in a wild-type haploid strain of yeast induces a respiratory-deficient phenotype but does not affect the ability of the mutant to grow on fermentable substrates indicating that the product of MSM1 functions only in mitochondrial protein synthesis. Mitochondrial extracts prepared from the mutant with the disrupted copy of MSM1 were found to be defective in acylation of the two mitochondrial methionyl-tRNAs thereby confirming the identity of MSM1 as the structural gene for the mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA synthetase. The sequence of the protein encoded by MSM1 is similar to the Escherichia coli and yeast cytoplasmic methionyl-tRNA synthetases. Based on the primary-sequence similarities of the three proteins, the mitochondrial enzyme appears to be more related to the bacterial than to the yeast cytoplasmic methionyl-tRNA synthetase.
Using student-choice behaviour to estimate tuition elasticity in higher education

Prior research on student response to changes in university prices (tuition) finds that demand is inelastic. We present results, based on separate models for 11 colleges (n = 5606) at a major US un...
Solution structures of two FHA1-phosphothreonine peptide complexes provide insight into the structural basis of the ligand specificity of FHA1 from yeast Rad53.

Rad53, a yeast checkpoint protein involved in regulating the repair of DNA damage, contains two forkhead-associated domains, FHA1 and FHA2. Previous combinatorial library screening has shown that FHA1 strongly selects peptides containing a pTXXD motif. Subsequent location of this motif within the sequence of Rad9, the target protein, coupled with spectroscopic analysis has led to identification of a tight binding sequence that is likely the binding site of FHA1: (188)SLEV(pT)EADATFVQ(200). We present solution structures of FHA1 in complex with this pT-peptide and with another Rad9-derived pT-peptide that has ca 30-fold lower affinity, (148)KKMTFQ(pT)PTDPLE(160). Both complexes showed intermolecular NOEs predominantly between three peptide residues (pT, +1, and +2 residues) and five FHA1 residues (S82, R83, S85, T106, and N107). Furthermore, the following interactions were implicated on the basis of chemical shift perturbations and structural analysis: the phosphate group of the pT residue with the side-chain amide group of N86 and the guanidino group of R70, and the carboxylate group of Asp (at the +3 position) with the guanidino group of R83. The generated structures revealed a similar binding mode adopted by these two peptides, suggesting that pT and the +3 residue Asp are the major contributors to binding affinity and specificity, while +1 and +2 residues could provide additional fine-tuning. It was also shown that FHA1 does not bind to the corresponding pS-peptides or a related pY-peptide. We suggest that differentiation between pT and pS-peptides by FHA1 can be attributed to hydrophobic interactions between the methyl group of the pT residue and the aliphatic protons of R83, S85, and T106 from FHA1.
Unmaking the Middle Eastern working classes: labour and the politics of historiography

This article surveys recent developments in academic approaches to the history of the working classes in the modern Middle East and argues that the decline of scholarly interest in Middle Eastern labour history is a product of the confluence of political, cultural and disciplinary transformations. Labour history thrived among historians of the Middle East in the late 1970s and 1980s but produced only a small handful of important texts in the following two decades. The marginalization of organized labour by post-populist authoritarian regimes in the Middle East, the sudden rise of political Islam as the dominant paradigm of political opposition to the state, and the general abandonment of class analysis by historians in the wake of the ‘cultural turn’ have all contributed to this decline of academic interest in the lives of Middle Eastern workers. These problems have been exacerbated by the political instability of the region and the corresponding difficulty of accessing state archives. The political spark...
Medial description of gray-scale image structure by gradient-limited diffusion

The representation of object shape in grayscale images is an important precursor to many common image interpretation needs, including recognition, registration, and measurement. Typically, such computer vision tasks have required the preliminary step of image segmentation, often via the detection of object edges. This paper presents a new means of describing grayscale object shape that obviates the need for edge-finding, i.e., classifying pixels as being inside or outside of an object boundary. Instead, this technique operates directly on the image intensity distribution to produce a set of `medialness' measurements at every pixel and across multiple spatial scales that capture more global properties of object shape. The application of an orientation-sensitive, gradient-limited diffusion model provides many of the benefits of global, multiscale structural analysis while preserving the local region- insulating effects of pixels having edge-like properties. The result of this procedure is a multiscale medial axis (MMA), which represents an object at multiple and simultaneous levels of scale, and which provides several desirable properties for describing the shape of grayscale forms.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Self-Compassionate Reactions to Health Threats

Four studies investigated the relationship between self-compassion, health behaviors, and reactions to illness. Participants completed measures of self-compassion, health-related thoughts and feelings, reactions to actual and hypothetical illnesses, and self-regulation. Study 1 revealed that self-compassion was related to health-related cognitions and affect for healthy and unhealthy participants. In Study 2, self-compassion predicted participants' reactions to actual illnesses beyond the influence of illness severity and other predictors of health behaviors. Self-compassionate people also indicated they would seek medical attention sooner when experiencing symptoms than people lower in self-compassion. Study 3 demonstrated that self-compassion is related to health-promoting behaviors even after accounting for self-regulatory capabilities and illness cognitions. Study 4 revealed that the relationship between self-compassion and health reactions is partially explained by a proactive approach to health, benevolent self-talk, and a motivation toward self-kindness. Overall, these studies demonstrate that self-compassion has important implications for health-promoting behaviors and reactions to illness.
ENDOCRINE STRATEGIES FOR INSECT CONTROL

Analogs of the insect juvenile hormone III have been successfully applied to the control of several species of insects which are pestiferous in the adult stages. These include insects of economic importance to man and to domestic animals such as mosquitos, manure breeding flies and fleas. However, the juvenile hormone analogs are ineffective for the control of the immature stages of insects which are most important in agriculture through their feeding damage to crops. Thus by the time the juvenile hormone analogs can be effective, the immature stages have already completed their feeding damage. It seemed to me that a method of interfering with the biosynthesis, secretion, or action of the juvenile hormone would be a very useful method of insect control against insects which do their damage as feeding immature stages. Whereas a number of insect hormone mimics have been discovered in plants it seemed possible that plants might be a useful resource to investigate for insect hormone antagonists. Since the juvenile hormones control immature development and adult reproduction, I believed that a juvenile hormone antagonist would be a more suitable endocrine strategy for the control of insects of importance in agriculture. We searched for and discovered two naturally-occurring anti-juvenile hormonal compounds in plants. These anti-hormones (precocenes) induce a lethal, precocious metamorphosis in the immature stages of many insects and also sterilize the adult females. Through structure optimization, mode of action and metabolism studies, we have found that the precocenes undergo a lethal activation within the corpora allata into selective cytotoxic agents which destroy the endocrine gland. These studies have revealed that the precocenes are acting as suicide substrates for specific enzymes in the insect corpus allatum which is the gland responsible for juvenile hormone production. With the precocenes as a model, we have synthesized additional suicide substrates which are also activated by the same or similar enzymes in the corpus allatum into allatotoxic agents. These and similar approaches may provide new selective biorational methods of insect control.
Athletes' Evaluations of Their Head Coach's Coaching Competency

This study provided initial validity evidence for multidimensional measures of coaching competency derived from the Coaching Competency Scale (CCS). Data were collected from intercollegiate men's (n = 8) and women's (n = 13) soccer and women's ice hockey teams (n = 11). The total number of athletes was 585. Within teams, a multidimensional internal model was retained in which motivation, game strategy, technique, and character building comprised the dimensions of coaching competency. Some redundancy among the dimensions was observed. Internal reliabilities ranged from very good to excellent. Practical recommendations for the CCS are given in the Discussion section.
A revision of the moss genus Trachyphyllum Gepp (Thuidiaceae)

Trachyphyllum is transferred from the Entodontaceae to the Thuidiaceae on the basis of correlated gametophytic and sporophytic characters. The genus is considered to consist of two subgenera: subg.Trachyphyllum forT. inflexum (with numerous new synonyms),T. gastrodes, T. dusenii andT. borgenii; and subg.Carinatum, subg. nov., forT. carinatum,T. jeyporense andT. touwianum, n. sp. All the species are keyed, described and illustrated.
Culture of amebocytes in a nutrient mist bioreactor.

We report the first use of nutrient mist bioreactor (NMB) technology to culture animal cells. The nutrient mist approximated the amebocyte stem tissue’s natural environment, which is a thin layer of fluid in the gill leaflets of the horseshoe crabLimulus polyphemus. NMB culture was tried in an attempt to increase production of amebocytes, which are the source of theLimulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL), the basis for a sensitive and commercially valuable endotoxin assay. Amebocyte growth in the nutrient mist bioreactor is comparable to growth in liquid medium. However, the current design of the bioreactor presents problems for primary cultures such as ours where a pyrogen-free environment is necessary and fungal decontamination is difficult.
Identification of the α Chain Lysine Donor Sites Involved in Factor XIIIa Fibrin Cross-linking

Biochemical studies of fibrin cross-linking were conducted to identify the specific Aα chain lysine residues that potentially serve as Factor XIIIa amine donor substrates during α polymer formation. A previously characterized Factor XIIIa fibrin lysine labeling system was employed to localize sites of donor activity based on their covalent incorporation of a synthetic peptide acceptor substrate analog modelled after the NH2-terminal cross-linking domain of α2 antiplasmin. Peptide-decorated fibrin was prepared using purified fibrinogen as the starting material. Cyanogen bromide digestion, immunoaffinity chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (anti-peptide) methodologies were employed to isolate purified CNBr fibrin fragments whose structures included the acceptor probe in cross-linked form and, therefore, represented regions of (amine) donor activity. Five α chain CNBr fragments (within Aα 208-610) and one γ chain CNBr fragment (γ 385-411) were the only portions of fibrin found associated with the acceptor peptide, based on collective sequencing, mass, and compositional data. Trypsin digestion, HPLC, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (anti-peptide) methodologies were used to isolate smaller derivatives whose structures included an α chain tryptic cleavage product (the donor arm) cross-linked to the trypsin-resistant synthetic peptide (the acceptor arm). Biochemical characterization and quantitative peptide recovery data revealed that 12 of the 23 potential lysine donor residues within α 208-610 had incorporated the peptide probe, whereas γ chain donor activity was due solely to peptide cross-linking at (γ) Lys406; the α chain lysines, Lys556 and Lys580, accounted for 50% of the total α chain donor cross-linking activity observed, with Lys539, Lys508, Lys418, and Lys448 contributing an additional 28% and Lys601, Lys606, Lys427, Lys429, Lys208, Lys224, and/or Lys219 responsible for the remaining proportion (2-5%, each). The collective findings extend current models proposed for the mechanism of α polymer formation, raise questions concerning the physiological role of multiple α chain donor sites, and, most importantly, provide specific information that should facilitate future efforts to identify the respective lysine and glutamine partners involved in native fibrin α chain cross-linking.
Incidence, risk factors, and impact on hospital mortality of status epilepticus after subdural hemorrhage in the United States

Patients with intracranial hemorrhages are at risk of seizure activity. Small cohort studies have shown that patients with subdural hemorrhages (SDH) may be at risk of developing status epilepticus (SE). In this study, we sought to determine the epidemiology of SE, the prevalence of risk factors, and the impact on hospital mortality in SDH, using a large administrative dataset.
Reasoning in CSP via the HOL theorem prover

A proof tool developed for CSP by customizing an existing general-purpose theorem prover based on higher order logic is described, and it is demonstrated how it can be used to conduct formal reasoning about CSP. The focus is on illustrating the usefulness of the approach. It is shown how reasoning about CSP can be done using a natural deduction theorem prover by illustrating how some standard CSP laws can be mechanically proved from semantic definitions mechanized previously by the author (1990). >
HMGB1 modulates inflammatory responses in LPS-activated macrophages.

Objective: As a late mediator of inflammation, high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) amplifies the inflammatory responses to tissue injury and infection by inducing and extending the production of proinflammaory cytokines. The aim was to investigate whether HMGB1 mediates such effects by affecting the production of anti-inflammatory mediators.
How Organizations Change: The Role of Institutional Support Mechanisms in the Incorporation of Higher Education Visibility Strategies, 1874-1995

This paper develops the argument that institutional mechanisms support changes in organizational strategies in ways that contrast with the standard interpretation of institutional "iron cages" that pressure organizations to conform. We specify three institutional process mechanisms that support organizational change-dominant logic-consistent activity, external charters, and peer emulation-and we test these claims with longitudinal data on the emerging strategies in early U.S. intercollegiate athletics. We argue that the supporting institutional mechanisms affect the incorporation patterns of intercollegiate programs in basketball, ice hockey, and lacrosse over the period from the late nineteenth century to the present. The research strategy of examining the spread of three different sports programs, each a proxy for different strategies of resources and visibility, provides evidence on the comparative pattern of effects of the three institutional mechanisms. Results indicate that all three institutional support mechanisms affect the incorporation of the intercollegiate programs. Differences in the pattern of incorporation across the three strategies provide robust evidence for alternatives to a prevailing "iron cage" view of institutional pressures and constraints. These findings also reinforce the importance of specifying field-level mechanisms to supplement a focus on organization-level mechanisms.
Financial Scandals: Another Clarion Call for Educational Reform— A Historical Perspective

In this paper I provide a brief review and analysis of the primary external criticisms over the last century of accounting education and selected responses by accounting professionals and academics. My objective is to demonstrate the constancy of criticism and the failure of any criticism to effect meaningful change in the delivery of accounting courses. The scandals of the late 19th century opened university doors for accountancy. I begin by examining the profession's earliest vision for accounting education and position that vision within the Progressive reform movement. For more than a century, there has been a consensus that technical knowledge is totally inadequate as the basis of accounting education, but the accounting curriculum continues to have a decidedly technical orientation. One of the themes that emerges from this historical overview is the consistency with which those calling for reform—practitioners and academicians—have repeated this message and how little effect it has had. From a histo...
Self Consistent Electrode Model for Magnetoplasmadynamic Thrusters

Accurate sheath modeling is of considerable interest to the effective design of ionized flow in several aerospace applications including space propulsion thrusters and high-speed air vehicles. In particular, an electrode sheath (fall) voltage model is necessary to predict the power requirement, which in turn is used to measure the total efficiency for on-board propulsion thrusters. Plasma wall interaction is thus crucial for improving the high power thruster efficiency. In this paper, a finite element discretized two-dimensional self-consistent formulation of plasma–sheath dynamics, using multi-fluid equations for partially ionized plasma, is presented. The formulation is applied to a simplistic electrode model. Computed potential distributions on three locations along the electrode are plotted. The details of the number densities of electrons, ions and neutrals along with ion, electron and neutral dynamics, sheath potential and electron temperature profiles gives insight into the wall potential loss mechanism.
Processing of loose carbon nanotubes into isolated, high density submicron channels

Loose multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were processed into a bundle of 19,600 individual channels with an individual channel diameter of 0.4 microm using a fiber drawing process. First, a powder of sodium silicate solution containing purified MWNTs was created. A glass capillary tube was filled with the powder and drawn into fibers. The fibers were cut into segments, bundled and redrawn multiple times to create fibers with multiple channels containing MWNTs. This processing approach created thousands of uniformly ordered channels containing dispersed MWNTs in a glass matrix while simultaneously aligning the MWNTs. The bulk resistivity of the MWNT-silicate channel has been improved by 38% after two consecutive draws as a result of the increased MWNT fraction.
A wavelet theory-based adaptive trend analysis system for process monitoring and diagnosis

We discuss the development of a wavelet theory-based adaptive system for trend analysis (W-ASTRA). W-ASTRA performs process-monitoring and diagnosis. The main contributions of this paper are two fold. A wavelet theory based nonlinear adaptive algorithm has been developed for identification of trends from sensor data. In order to perform diagnosis using the identified trends, a knowledge base is required. Our second contribution is the development of an automated framework for knowledge base development. W-ASTRA uses the adaptive algorithm for identification of sensor trends and the knowledge base generated by the automated framework for diagnosing fault origins from the identified trends. The application of W-ASTRA is demonstrated on the Amoco Model IV FCCU.
Recent Research on Writing Pedagogy

Process studies provide insight into the complexity of composing and may also reveal a relationship between instruction and writing. However, recent surveys of writing instruction indicate that what we have learned from process research is not informing pedagogy. Writing continues to be taught according to reductionist and mechanistic models, perhaps because of the problematic nature of incorporating change in the classroom or perhaps because process studies have typically not investigated writing in the naturalistic settings in which it takes place. Researchers have therefore undertaken classroom-based investigations, often ethnographic in nature, in an effort to understand better the links between writing behavior and writing pedagogy and to demonstrate that alternatives to the teacher-dominated paradigm are possible. This research is making us aware of the ways in which contextual factors impinge on the development of students as writers. These studies challenge traditional practices and imply a pedagogy that establishes a supportive environment in which students are acknowledged as writers, encouraged to take risks, and engaged in creating meaning. Finally, recent research suggests that teachers should become researchers themselves and investigate the relationship between teaching and writing development in their own classrooms. Before researchers undertook their important work in the investigation of writing processes, numerous studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of different approaches to the teaching of writing. Research of this sort, comparing one kind of instruction with another, provided us few significant findings, and these were often contradictory (Zamel, 1976). Given what we now understand about the complexity of writing, this comes as no surprise. These past efforts to establish the best method were based on the faulty assumptions that there was a best method and one just had to find it, that teaching writing was a matter of prescribing a logically ordered set of written tasks and exercises, and that good writing conformed to a predetermined and ideal model.
Histamine-Mediated Hyposmotic Stimulation of Gastric Acid Secretion

Gastric glands incubated in hyposmotic medium (200 mOsm) accumulated aminopyrine, a measure of acid secretion, to the same extent as that of paired glands in isomotic medium containing histamine (10(-4) M). These maximal responses to hyposmolality and histamine were not additive. The hyposmotic response peaked earlier than the histamine response. Hyposmotic stimulation was nearly abolished by preincubation of the glands with metiamide and cimetidine, H-2 histamine antagonists. In the presence of histaminase, no hyposmotic stimulation occurred. The response to forskolin, a stimulant of adenylate cyclase, was equivalent in hyposmotic and isosmotic media. These results indicate that hyposmolality releases histamine from a paracrine cell in the gastric gland and that histamine binds to H-2 receptors on the parietal cell to initiate a cyclic AMP-mediated stimulation of acid secretion.
Relationship of family history and outcome after breast conservation therapy in women with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between a family history of breast or ovarian cancer and outcome after breast-conserving surgery and radiation in women presenting with an initial diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast. Methods and Materials: A total of 146 consecutive women with a pathologic diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ as their first diagnosis of any breast cancer were identified; 28 (19%) had a positive family history of breast or ovarian cancer in a first-degree relative, 27 (19%) had a positive family history in a second-degree relative, and 91 (62%) had no family history. Pathologic, clinical, and treatment factors, and clinical outcomes for each family history group were compared. Cosmesis and complications were recorded at each follow-up. Patients were treated between 1978 and 1995, and the median follow-up was 7.1 years. Results: Patients with a positive family history in a first- or second-degree relative each had an 8% incidence of local failure at 10 years, while the negative family history group demonstrated a 16% local failure rate ( p = 0.33). Overall survival at 10 years for patients with a positive family history in a first- or second-degree relative was 100% and for those with a negative family history was 91% ( p = 0.08). The negative family history group had a higher median age that may account for the difference in overall survival. Cause-specific survival (CSS) was 97%, 100%, and 99%, respectively, at 10 years ( p = 0.25). There were no differences in the cosmetic results or complication rates between women with a positive or negative family history. Conclusion: We have shown that a family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer is not associated with an adverse outcome for women treated with breast conservation therapy for DCIS. Local recurrence, cause-specific survival, overall survival, cosmesis, and complication rates were comparable to that of similarly treated women with negative family histories. Therefore, a positive family history is not a contraindication for breast conservation therapy in women with DCIS.
Bilateral intratesticular and extratesticular varicoceles secondary to extensive inferior vena cava thrombosis.

Intratesticular varicoceles are relatively rare findings with unknown clinical implications. 1 Gray scale and color Doppler sonography can confirm the diagnosis, showing findings similar to those of the more commonly identified extratesticular varicoceles. We present a case of bilateral intratesticular and extratesticular varicoceles secondary to congenital interruption of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with azygos/hemiazygos continuation. To our knowledge, there is no other reported case in the literature.
Strengthening Context-Dependent Anticancer Effects on Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma by Inhibition of Both MET and EGFR

The MET and EGFR receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are often coexpressed and may cross-talk in driving the development and progression of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). In addition, MET amplification is an alternative resistance mechanism for escaping EGFR-targeted therapy. To assess the benefits of combined targeting of MET and EGFR for treating NSCLCs, we investigated the activities of these two RTK pathways in NSCLC cell lines and evaluated their responses to SGX523 and erlotinib, the small-molecule kinase inhibitors of MET and EGFR, respectively. We showed that MET interacts with and cross-activates EGFR in MET-amplified or -overexpressed cells. The inhibition of both MET and EGFR results in maximal suppression of downstream signaling and of cell proliferation when their ligands are present. Furthermore, we showed that SGX523 plus erlotinib strengthens anticancer activity in vivo in a cellular context-dependent manner. The combination led to the regression of H1993 tumors by enhancing the suppression of proliferation and inducing apoptosis, whereas H1373 tumor growth was significantly reduced by the combination via suppression of proliferation without inducing apoptosis. SGX523 alone was sufficient to achieve near-complete regression of EBC-1 tumors; its combination with erlotinib strongly inhibited the viability of a population of insensitive cells emerging from an SGX523-treated EBC-1 tumor recurrence. Our data suggest that inhibition of both MET and EGFR can enhance anticancer effects against NSCLCs in a context-dependent manner and thus provide a strong rationale for combining MET and EGFR inhibitors in treating NSCLCs.
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans in Three Cats

A disseminated disorder of epimysial connective tissue characterized by hyperplasia and ossification causing atrophy and displacement of skeletal muscles, entrapment of vessels and nerves, and progressive immobility is described in three domestic cats. The condition has some features in common with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva in man.
Historical Changes in the Physical and Vegetational Characteristics of Protection Island, Washington

Protection Island National Wildlife Refuge, WA, is home to the majority of breeding seabirds and harbor seals found in the Puget Sound/San Juan Island area. The island consists of a high central plateau flanked by bluffs on the north and south and by low points on the southwest and east. We analyzed the physical and vegetational changes in Protection Island from the 1860s to 1999, an interval spanning an early period of agricultural use followed by intensive subdivision into building lots and then conversion to a refuge. During that time span Kanem Point on the southwest had shortened and Violet Point on the east had lengthened. The tall northwest bluffs, which experienced rapid erosion early last century, had steepened and stabilized. Little change had occurred on the northeast and southern bluffs or on the bluffs over the points where many seabirds nest. On the upper plateau, forested areas had shrunk sharply due to fires and lot development but were recovering. Dunes had migrated to the northeast and stabilized. Introduced species dominated the grasslands on the upper plateau. By contrast, native species continued to dominate Violet Point. Native dune grass, however, was expanding on Violet Point and tended to exclude most other species. Richness, percent cover, and diversity of introduced species on Violet Point were significantly lower than on the upper plateau, while richness and percent cover of native species were higher. Continued prevalence of native species on the point may be a result of a plant community adapted to the low, rocky substrate and frequent disturbance by nesting gulls.
Outcomes of contemporary mechanical circulatory support device configurations in patients with severe biventricular failure.

Abstract Objectives Severe right ventricular failure often is considered a contraindication for left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy and necessitates use of biventricular assist devices (BiVADs). Available options for BiVADs are limited, and comparative outcomes are largely unknown. Methods Heart transplant candidates who were registered on the United Network for Organ Sharing waitlist and underwent long-term contemporary LVAD (n = 3195) or BiVAD (n = 408) implantation, from January 2010 through June 2014, were retrospectively analyzed. We evaluated clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients requiring a BiVAD, as well as regional differences in utilization of this technology. Results Patients requiring a BiVAD were younger (48.9 vs 53.3 years), had a higher proportion of nonischemic disease (69.1% vs 58.2%), a higher bilirubin level (0.9 vs 0.7 mg/dL), and a lower 6-month survival rate (68.1% vs 92.7%) after device implantation (all P P = .017). Conclusions Outcomes of patients requiring a BiVAD remain poor in the contemporary device era, regardless of the configuration used. Among other clinical factors, body surface area should be incorporated into decision making for device selection in these patients.
Molecular Understanding of CO2 and H2O in a Montmorillonite Clay Interlayer under CO2 Geological Sequestration Conditions

Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations are carried out to investigate a supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2)-water mixture in the Na-montmorillonite clay interlayer under typical CO2 geological sequestration conditions (T = 323 K, P = 90 bar and T = 348 K, P = 130 bar). The stable clay interlayer distances at different relative humidity (RH) are determined based on the normal pressure and free energy curves of the CO2–H2O–Na+ complex in the montmorillonite clay interlayer. Simulation results show that stable monolayer hydrates (1W) with a basal spacing around 12 A are formed at RH = 30–60%. As RH is increased to 70% and above, bilayer CO2–H2O mixtures with a basal spacing around 15–16 A (2W) are more stable. In general, the CO2 intercalation process is strongly influenced by RH. While a high relative humidity facilitates water molecules entering the clay interlayer, it nonetheless decreases CO2 intercalations. The sorbed H2O concentrations from our simulations compare remarkably well with the in s...