cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to “Competing Views: A Dialogue on Response to Intervention”:

Batsche, Kavale, and Kovaleski (this issue) have done an outstanding job of summarizing arguments for and against the use of response-to-intervention (RTI) procedures for identifying learning disabilities. In this response, we raise issues relevant to the concept of learning disabilities, the nature of problems associated with standard discrepancy-based identification procedures, and how RTI will ultimately be operationalized across a variety of academic domains. We express cautious optimism that RTI procedures will continue to be developed carefully and methodically and will ultimately lead to better methods for identifying and treating learning disabilities.
Novel, Subpixel Resolution Schemes for Particle Image Velocimeters

Simultaneous velocity and size measurements are of great importance for resolving the dynamics of polydispersed multiphase flows. This effort explores novel sub-resolution particle center estimation algorithms for Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) and Particle Tracking Velocimetry (DPTV). In addition these schemes provide direct measurements of the apparent particle image diameter using the same DPIV/DPTV recordings. Three novel fitting schemes were developed and compared with established methods such as center of mass, three-point Gaussian fit estimator and a least-square fit method. The new methods consist of two variations of a four point gaussian estimator and a variation of the conventional least-squares fit estimator. The new methods eliminate the bias error due to pixel discretization, thus significantly reducing the total error in the position and sizing measurement compared to the classic three point and least squares Gaussian estimators. In addition, the accuracy of the least-squares fits were essentially independent of the true particle diameter and significantly reduced the particle position error compared with current estimation schemes.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Baseline instruments planned for the GOES-R series

In order to meet the requirements, documented by the GOES user communities, the instruments designated for the GOES-R notional baseline include an Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI), a Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES), a Lightning Mapper, and advanced space and solar observing instruments. These instruments will first be launched in 2012. The Advanced Baseline Imager is a state of the art, 16-channel imager covering 6 visible to near-IR bands (0.47, 0.64, 0.86, 1.38, 1.61, and 2.26 mm), and 10 infrared (IR) bands (3.90 mm to 13.3 mm). Spatial resolutions are band dependent, 0.5 km at nadir for broadband visible, 1.0 km for near IR and 2.0 km for IR. The ABI will scan the Full Disk (FD) in approximately 5 minutes. The HES is a multi channel imager and sounder instrument suite with three threshold tasks. HES will provide high-spectral resolution Hemispheric Disk Soundings (DS) and Severe Weather Mesoscale (SW/M) soundings and Coastal Waters (CW) imaging. HES DS provides 10 km IR resolution from 3.7 mm to 15.4 mm with a one-hour refresh rate of the full disk, 62° local zenith angle. SW/M will cover a 1000 x 1000 km square in 4 minutes, at 4 km resolution for IR. HES CW task will provide at least 14 channels covering 0.4 mm to 1.0 mm, with a 300 m resolution and a 3-hour refresh rate. Coastal Waters are defined as the 400 km zone adjacent to CONUS. Additional capabilities include an improved Space Environment Monitor, a Solar X-Ray Imager, and direct user services, such as Search and Rescue (SAR), and a Data Collection System (DCS). This paper will focus on the planned instrument capabilities of the GOES-R Series, the space system architecture, and how the new capabilities will complement the future Global Observing System to meet the documented user needs.
Cost Effectiveness of Routine Laparoscopic Ultrasound for Assessment of Resectability of Gallbladder Cancer

In addition to a diagnostic laparoscopy (DL), a routine laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) has been proposed to identify undetected hepatic metastases and/or anatomically advanced disease in patients with T2 or higher gall bladder cancer (GBC) patients planned for surgical resection. It was hypothesized that a routine LUS is not a cost-effective strategy for these patients. Decision tree modeling was undertaken to compare DL-LUS vs. DL at the time of definitive resection of GBC (with no prior cholecystectomy). Costs in US dollars (payer’s perspective), quality-adjusted life weeks (QALWs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) were calculated (horizon: 6 weeks, willingness-to-pay: $1,000/QALW or $50,000/QALY). DL-LUS was cost effective at the base case scenario (costs: $30,838 for DL vs. $30,791 for DL-LUS and effectiveness 3.81 QALWs DL vs. 3.82 QALW DL-LUS), resulting in a cost reduction of $9,220 per quality-adjusted life week gained (or $479,469 per QALY). DL-LUS became less cost effective as the cost of ultrasound increased or the probability of exclusion from resection decreased. Routine LUS with DL for the assessment of resectability and exclusion of metastases is cost effective for patients with GBC. Until improvements in preoperative imaging occur to decrease the probability of exclusion, this appears to be a feasible strategy.
The significance of hammett correlations in mass spectral decompositions

An unexpected correlation of ion intensities with sigma constants was observed for the loss of substituents from biphenyl molecular ions. The observation is more easily reconciled with an argument based upon energy distributions in molecular ions than on interpretation in terms of rates.
The association of contact lens solution use and Acanthamoeba keratitis

Purpose To investigate Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) risk factors. Diagnosis of AK, a rare but serious corneal infection, has recently increased significantly at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) Cornea Service. Design Retrospective case-control study. Methods settings: University, tertiary care hospital. patients: Fifty-five AK cases with contact lens use were diagnosed between May 1, 2003 and September 15, 2006. Clinic-matched controls with contact lens use were recruited. Subjects completed surveys targeting lens hygiene, contact lens solution use, and water exposure. main outcome measure: Acanthamoeba keratitis. Results Thirty-nine (73.6%) cases and 113 (65.3%) controls participated; 38 cases had complete contact lens data. Thirty-five of 38 cases (92.1%) and 47 of 100 controls (47.0%) used soft lenses. Analysis was performed on 30 cases and 39 controls with matched pairs with soft lens use. Exclusive use of Advance Medical Optics (AMO) Complete MoisturePlus Multi-Purpose Solution was independently associated with AK in multivariable analysis (55.2% vs 10.5%; odds ratio [OR], 16.67; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.11 to 162.63; P = .008). However, 38.8% of cases reported no use of AMO Complete MoisturePlus Multi-Purpose Solution either alone or in combination with other solutions. Although not statistically significant, additional hygiene-related variables (solution "reuse," lack of "rubbing," and showering with lenses) suggest a pattern of risk. Conclusions AMO Complete MoisturePlus Multi-Purpose Solution use is independently associated with AK among soft contact lens users. However, it does not explain all cases, suggesting additional factors. Further research into environmental risk factors and hygiene practices is warranted, especially considering this is the second outbreak of an atypical, contact lens-related infection.
Domain shapes and processes in supersymmetric theories

A supersymmetric theory with several scalar superfields generically has several domain wall type classical configurations which interpolate between various supersymmetric vacua of the scalar fields. Depending on the couplings, some of these configurations develop instability and decay into multiple domain walls, others can form intersections in space. These phenomena are considered here in a simplest, yet nontrivial, model with two scalar superfields.
Manganese oxide nanorod–graphene/vanadium oxide nanowire–graphene binder-free paper electrodes for metal oxide hybrid supercapacitors

Abstract In this study MnO 2 nanorodes (MNR) were fabricated on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets using a facile hydrothermal synthesis route. As prepared binder free MNR-rGO electrodes exhibited promising electrochemical performance. A similar approach was employed to prepare V 2 O 5 nanowire (VNW) on rGO electrodes as anodes for supercapacitor applications. The VNW-rGO anode and MNR-rGO cathode were combined to form a novel hybrid supercapacitor. The hybrid supercapacitor exhibited excellent electrochemical performance reflecting the synergistic effect of combining the MNR-rGO electrode and VNW-rGO electrode. This novel hybrid supercapacitor delivered an energy density of ~15 W h/kg with a specific capacitance of 36.9 F/g. These results suggest that the binder free flexible MNR-rGO electrode is a promising cathode material for asymmetric supercapacitors and also for hybrid devices, which incorporate metal oxide anodes.
STM studies of cyclohexene hydrogenation/dehydrogenation and its poisoning by carbon monoxide on Pt(1 1 1)

Abstract A scanning tunneling microscope that can be operated in ultra high vacuum ( −9 Torr) as well as at high pressures (1 − 10 3 Torr) has been utilized to study the structures formed by cyclic C 6 hydrocarbons adsorbed on a platinum (1 1 1) crystal surface. Catalytic reactions of cyclohexene were also studied in the presence of hydrogen at pressures (up to 200 mTorr) and 300 K–350 K temperature range. Cyclohexane and cyclohexene produced the same adsorbed structure, which is attributed to the partially dehydrogenated π-allyl (C 6 H 9 ). 1,3-Cyclohexadiene produced structures similar to those produced by benzene. In contrast 1,4-cyclohexadiene forms a structure that we attribute to intact molecular 1,4-cyclohexadiene. During reaction the STM images appear disordered, indicative of rapid diffusion of surface species. Addition of 5 mTorr of CO stops the catalytic activity and forms an ordered structure on the surface.
Contribution of endothelin-1 to renal vasoconstriction in unilateral ureteral obstruction: reversal by verapamil.

Abstract Purpose In unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) vasoconstriction occurs both during and after release of UUO. ET-1, an endogenous peptide, causes marked vasoconstriction mediated by an increase in cytosolic calcium. We measured renal output of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in dogs with UUO and examined if the renal vasoconstriction that persisted after release of UUO could be reversed by a calcium antagonist, verapamil. Materials and Methods Hemodynamic and clearance experiments were performed in anesthetized mongrel dogs in three groups. Group 1 consisted of 9 dogs with sham-operation. Group 2 consisted of 7 dogs in whom ureteral obstruction was released 19 hours after UUO. Group 3 consisted of 5 dogs in whom verapamil was infused into the renal artery at two doses (5 and 10 micro g./kg./min., respectively) after release of UUO of 19-hour duration. ET-1 concentrations (measured by radioimmunoassay) were determined for renal venous and arterial plasma. Results In Group 1 renal venous plasma ET-1 level was 16.7 +/− 2.2, significantly lowered than 22.8 +/− 3.2 pg./ml. arterial plasma, indicating a net clearance of ET-1. In Group 2 and 3, renal venous plasma ET-1 levels (28.2 +/− 5.2 and 27.2 +/− 2.4 pg./ml., respectively) were significantly greater than those in arterial plasma (24.2 +/− 5.7 and 17.4 +/− 0.8 pg./ml., respectively), indicating a net output of ET-1 in the kidney. In addition, renal vasoconstriction occurred in Groups 2 and 3 as indicated by significantly lower renal blood flow and GFR than those in Group 1. In Group 3, intrarenal infusion of verapamil at two doses did not change arterial pressure but caused an ipsilateral, significant increase in RBF (from 132 +/− 17 to 184 +/− 19 and 180 +/− 16 ml./min., respectively) and dose-dependent increases in GFR (from 12 +/− 2 to 25 +/− 3 and 38 +/− 7 ml./min., respectively), associated with a profound dose-dependent ipsilateral diuresis and natriuresis. Conclusion Profound renal vasoconstriction in UUO was associated with an increase in renal production of ET-1, possibly contributing to renal vasoconstriction, and was reversed by intrarenal infusion of verapamil.
Skeletal muscle ventricles as left atrial-aortic pumps: Short-term studies

Abstract In 5 dogs, skeletal muscle ventricles (SMVs) were constructed from the latissimus dorsi muscle and placed in the left hemithorax. After a 3-week vascular delay period, SMVs were electrically preconditioned with 2-Hz stimulation for 6 weeks. At a second operation, SMVs were connected between the left atrium and thoracic aorta by afferent and efferent aortic root homografts, and stimulated to contract in a 1:2 diastolic mode. At a mean left atrial pressure of 12.4 ± 1.3 mm Hg and a burst stimulation frequency of 33 Hz, SMV stroke volume was initially 43% of that of the native left ventricle, achieving a flow equivalent to 21% of cardiac output (194 ± 38 versus 902 ± 85 mL/min). At 50-Hz stimulation, this figure rose to 27% (246 ± 41 mL/min; p p
Numerical analysis of pattern formation on the surface of transpiring leaves

Abstract The process of photosynthesis is facilitated by pores on the leaf surface called stomata . When a particular stoma is open, CO 2 is absorbed through its aperture, but H 2 O is also lost due to evaporation. Thus a plant will seek a stomatal aperture that balances its need for CO 2 with its aversion to H 2 O loss. In order to visualize a particular leaf’s stomatal aperture distribution and how it changes with time, fluorescence data is collected at regular intervals as digital images, resulting in a video sequence. It has been observed that stomatal apertures are often synchronized into spatially extended patches. In order objectively to analyze this phenomenon we have developed a technique to isolate patches via a three-dimensional PDE-based segmentation method. The resulting segmented data is then collapsed to a vector valued time series of much smaller dimension with a hybrid PCA-Archetypal Analysis approach. This allows for a unique interpretation of the data in terms of statistical measures of the motions of representative patches. The technique is illustrated with a data-set from a particularly complicated regime collected by the Complexity and Stomatal Behavior research lab at Utah State University.
Tannin sensitivity in larvae ofMalacosoma disstria (Lepidoptera): Roles of the peritrophic envelope and midgut oxidation.

Final-instarMalacosoma disstria fed artificial diets containing tannic acid develop lethal pupal deformities. We examined some of the factors potentially underlying tannin sensitivity in this species, including the permeability of the peritrophic envelope to tannic acid and the chemical fate of tannic acid in the gut. Tannic acid does not penetrate the peritrophic envelope ofM. disstria, demonstrating that the containment of tannic acid within the endoperitrophic space is not sufficient to protect an insect herbivore from the adverse effects of ingested tannins. Ingested tannic acid undergoes extensive chemical modification in the midgut. Only 19–21 % of the high molecular weight components of the tannic acid ingested was recovered in the frass. Of two possible chemical fates of ingested tannic acid, oxidation is the predominant chemical transformation, whereas little hydrolysis occurs. Measurements of gut redox parameters showed that conditions in the midgut favor the oxidation of phenols. However, similar conditions occur in the midguts ofOrgyia leucostigma, in which no oxidation occurs. Therefore, oxidizing gut redox conditions do not necessarily lead to polyphenol oxidation in lepidopteran larvae. We conclude that the sensitivity ofM. disstria to ingested tannins is a consequence of their oxidation in the midgut.
The Aging of a Great Woman from Florida: Wilma E. Davis

This paper deals with aging of a remarkable woman from Florida, Wilma E. Davis. After ministering in the Methodist church for over 30 years as the first ordained Methodist minister in the state of Florida, Davis retired and began a PhD program at Boston University at the age of 63. Davis completed her PhD at the age of 68. The pursuit of her education took her to the Middle East where she studied for a year at the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem and participated in archaeological digs. Davis will forever remain an educational tribute to the vision and leadership she exhibited in everything she nobly undertook over the 102 years of her fruitful, intriguing, and fascinating life.
Intrinsic instability and entropy stabilization of grain boundaries.

A simple method is proposed to describe the thermodynamic properties of disordered grain boundaries in nanocrystalline metals and semiconductors. Based on a free-volume approach at negative pressure of the universal equation of state, the maximum free volume, thermal expansion coefficient, specific-heat capacity, and excess enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of grain boundaries are derived from well-known thermodynamic relationships. The results show good agreement with available experimental data and suggest an intrinsic mechanical instability of a nanograin boundary (Gibbs instability) accompanied by divergences of \ensuremath{\alpha} and ${\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{p}}$, and the possibility of an entropy stabilization of nanograin boundaries.
Operative creation of left to right cardiac shunts: Pulmonary functional sequelae

Abstract The creation of left to right cardiac shunts in neonates is frequently complicated by pulmonary morbidity in the immediate postoperative course. To elucidate the pattern, severity, and cause of lung dysfunction, pulmonary function testing was performed preoperatively and 1, 3, and 7 days postoperativiely on 7 neonates undergoing Blalock-Taussig shunting. Pulmonary mechanics (compliance, conductance) were determined with esophageal manometry and pneumotachography, and functional residual capacity was measured by the helium dilution technique. The infants had pulmonary function preoperatively that was similar to that of healthy term neonatal controls. Significant decreases in compliance, conductance, and functional residual capacity were found on the first postoperative day (57%, 21%, and 53% of predicted, respectively). Alterations in conductance were more severe than those in compliance, but both were low through postoperative day 3. Functional residual capacity was the least affected parameter and recovered by postoperative day 3. All parameters were normal by postoperative day 7. These data indicate that shunting is associated with pulmonary morbidity through the third postoperative day that affects the airways more than the lung parenchyma. Pulmonary function studies of these infants may clarify the etiology of pulmonary dysfunction and have an impact on therapeutic strategies used in neonates undergoing cardiac operations.
Regulation of time-invariant discrete-time descriptor systems

Time-invariant discrete-time descriptor systems of the form Exk + 1 = Axk + Buk , where E and A are n × n matrices and E may be singular, are considered. The problem is to find a feedback law uk = Kxk that drives the descriptor from x 0 to the origin in less than n time steps.
Physical activity and academic achievement across the curriculum (A + PAAC): rationale and design of a 3-year, cluster-randomized trial.

Improving academic achievement and reducing the rates of obesity in elementary school students are both of considerable interest. Increased physical activity during academic instruction time during school offers a potential intervention to address both issues. A program titled “Physical Activity Across the Curriculum” (PAAC) was developed in which classroom teachers in 22 elementary schools were trained to deliver academic instruction using physical activity with a primary aim of preventing increased BMI. A secondary analysis of data assessed the impact of PAAC on academic achievement using the Weschler Individual Achievement Test-II and significant improvements were shown for reading, math and spelling in students who participated in PAAC. Based on the results from PAAC, an adequately powered trial will be conducted to assess differences in academic achievement between intervention and control schools called, “Academic Achievement and Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (A + PAAC).” Seventeen elementary schools were cluster randomized to A + PAAC or control for a 3-year trial. Classroom teachers were trained to deliver academic instruction through moderate-to-vigorous physical activity with a target of 100+ minutes of A + PAAC activities per week. The primary outcome measure is academic achievement measured by the Weschler Individual Achievement Test-III, which was administered at baseline (Fall 2011) and will be repeated in the spring of each year by assessors blinded to condition. Potential mediators of any association between A + PAAC and academic achievement will be examined on the same schedule and include changes in cognitive function, cardiovascular fitness, daily physical activity, BMI, and attention-to-task. An extensive process analysis will be conducted to document the fidelity of the intervention. School and student recruitment/randomization, teacher training, and baseline testing for A + PAAC have been completed. Nine schools were randomized to the intervention and 8 to control. A random sample of students in each school, stratified by gender and grade (A + PAAC = 370, Control = 317), was selected for outcome assessments from those who provided parental consent/child assent. Baseline data by intervention group are presented. If successful, the A + PAAC approach could be easily and inexpensively scaled and disseminated across elementary schools to improve both educational quality and health. Funding source: R01- DK85317. Trial registration: US NIH Clinical Trials, http://NCT01699295 .
Programmed death-1 ligand 1 interacts specifically with the B7-1 costimulatory molecule to inhibit T cell responses

Pathways in the B7:CD28 family of costimulatory molecules regulate T cell activation and tolerance. B7-dependent responses in Cd28(-/-)Ctla4(-/-) T cells together with reports of stimulatory and inhibitory functions for Programmed Death-1 Ligand 1 or 2 molecules (PD-L1 or PD-L2) have suggested additional receptors for these B7 family members. We show that B7-1 and PD-L1 interacted with affinity intermediate to that of B7-1:CD28 and B7-1:CTLA-4. The PD-L1:B7-1 interface overlapped with the B7-1:CTLA-4 and PD-L1:PD-1 (Programmed Death-1) interfaces. T cell activation and cytokine production were inhibited by the interaction of B7-1 with PD-L1. The responses of PD-1-deficient versus PD-1,B7-1 double-deficient T cells to PD-L1 and of CD28,CTLA-4 double-deficient versus CD28,CTLA-4,PD-L1 triple-deficient T cells to B7-1 demonstrated that PD-L1 and B7-1 interact specifically to inhibit T cell activation. Our findings point to a substantial bidirectional inhibitory interaction between B7-1 and PD-L1 and add an additional dimension to immunoregulatory functions of the B7:CD28 family.
Are type II (branch vessel) endoleaks really benign

The natural history and clinical significance of type II or branch vessel endoleaks following endovascular aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair remain unclear. Some investigators have suggested that these endoleaks have a benign course and outcome and that they can be safely observed. The purpose of this study was to document the natural history and outcome of all type II endoleaks that have occurred following endovascular AAA repair at our institution. A review of a prospectively compiled database of all endovascular AAA repairs performed at our institution was performed. From this review, we determined that type II endoleaks appear to have a relatively benign course, with a reasonable chance of spontaneously sealing within a 2-year period. No cases of rupture or aneurysm enlargement were documented in patients with open type II leaks. However, almost one-third of the patients did not manifest a type II leak until after their initial CT scan. The implications of such a "delayed" leak are unclear. Careful follow-up remains mandatory in patients with type II endoleaks to better define outcome.
Acculturation and Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors in Young Mexican and Mexican–American Women

Little is known about effects of acculturation on disease risk in young Mexican and Mexican–American women living in a border community. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between acculturation and features of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Mexican and Mexican–American women (n = 60) living in the largest US-Mexico border community. Acculturation was measured by the short acculturation scale for Hispanics and birthplace. Body composition was measured by Bod Pod and daily physical activity was measured by questionnaire and accelerometer. Increased acculturation was related to individual features of MetS and increased risk of MetS. These relationships were mediated by fat mass rather than inactivity. Fat mass mediates the relationships between acculturation and individual features of MetS in young Mexican and Mexican–American women. These findings suggest that fat mass, rather than inactivity, is an important contributor to disease risk in young Mexican and Mexican–American women living in a large US/Mexico border community.
Induction of glutamate-cysteine ligase (γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase) in the brains of adult female mice subchronically exposed to methylmercury

Methylmercury (MeHg) is widely known for its potent neurotoxic properties. One proposed mechanism of action of MeHg relates to its high affinity for sulfhydryl groups, especially those found on glutathione (GSH) and proteins. Previous studies have shown that acute MeHg exposure results in an increase in the mRNA for the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, glutamate-cysteine ligase (GLCL) (also known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase). In this study, we evaluated the effects of subchronic (12-week) MeHg exposure at 0, 3 or 10 ppm in the drinking water on GSH levels, GLCL catalytic (GLCLC) and regulatory subunit mRNA and protein levels, and GLCL activity in brain, liver and kidney tissue of C57B1/6 female mice. Contrary to previous findings in rats, there were no changes in GSH concentration in any of the tissues examined. However, there was an increase in GLCLC protein in the brain, which was accompanied by a 30% increase in GLCL activity. We conclude that up-regulation of GSH synthetic capacity in the brains of mice is a sensitive biomarker of subchronic MeHg exposure.
Intra- and Interpersonal Functions of Head Motion in Emotion Communication

In affective computing, head motion too often has been considered only a nuisance variable, something to control when aligning face images for analysis of facial expression or identity. Yet, recent research suggests that head motion is critical to the communication of emotion and the regulation of face-to-face interaction. Using a generic head tracker, strong relationships between head motion and emotion at both the individual and dyadic levels were found in studies of distressed couples and mother-infant dyads. These findings raise key research questions about head motion and other nonverbal displays: How extensively do they communicate emotion and psychological distress or disorder? What is their temporal coordination with facial expression? How are they coordinated interpersonally? Windowed cross-correlation and actor-partner analysis are proposed for the latter.
Direct evidence that the carboxyl‐terminal sequence of a bacterial chemoreceptor is an unstructured linker and enzyme tether

Sensory adaptation in bacterial chemotaxis involves reversible methylation of specific glutamyl residues on chemoreceptors. The reactions are catalyzed by a dedicated methyltransferase and dedicated methylesterase. In Escherichia coli and related organisms, control of these enzymes includes an evolutionarily recent addition of interaction with a pentapeptide activator located at the carboxyl terminus of the receptor polypeptide chain. Effective enzyme activation requires not only the pentapeptide but also a segment of the receptor polypeptide chain between that sequence and the coiled-coil body of the chemoreceptor. This segment has features consistent with a role as a flexible and presumably unstructured linker and enzyme tether, but there has been no direct information about its structure. We used site-directed spin labeling and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to characterize structural features of the carboxyl-terminal 40 residues of E. coli chemoreceptor Tar. Beginning ∼ 35 residues from the carboxyl terminus and continuing to the end of the protein, spectra of spin-labeled Tar embedded in native membranes or in reconstituted proteoliposomes, exhibited mobilities characteristic of unstructured, disordered segments. Binding of methyltransferase substantially reduced mobility for positions in or near the pentapeptide but mobility for the linker sequence remained high, being only modestly reduced in a gradient of decreasing effects for 10-15 residues, a pattern consistent with the linker providing a flexible arm that would allow enzyme diffusion within defined limits. Thus, our data identify that the carboxyl-terminal linker between the receptor body and the pentapeptide is an unstructured, disordered segment that can serve as a flexible arm and enzyme tether.
Does human factors/ergonomics contribute to the quality of life?

Our study explores the moral bases of human factors/ergonomics (HF/E). Since their inception, these co-evolving facets of the human enterprise have espoused a dedication to the quality of life. We examine whether this principle has been adhered to or transgressed during the history of, the current instantiation of and the future of HF/E. Such deliberations depend upon whether human beings are viewed as the means of production in a capitalist system or as the fundamental ends of that society. This is a political decision that those in HF/E have to partake in as individuals and as professional groups. Such a decision cannot be neglected since: ‘The hottest place in Hell is reserved for those who remain neutral in times of great moral conflict’. Now is a time of great moral conflict and it is upon the outcome of such decisions that the value of HF/E must and will be judged.
Anisotropic pinning in the vortex liquid phase of YBCO

Columnar defects are shown to produce anisotropic pinning in the vortex liquid state of YBCO. We interpret the disappearance of anisotropic pinning as signaling the loss of longitudinal correlation of vortices as thermal fluctuations dominate their line tension.
MRI evaluation of anterior knee pain: predicting response to nonoperative treatment

Objective Tibial tubercle lateral deviation and patellofemoral chondromalacia are associated with anterior knee pain (AKP). We hypothesized that increased tibial tubercle lateral deviation and patellofemoral chondromalacia on magnetic resonance imaging correlates with the presence of AKP and with failure of nonoperative management.
Concepts in Physical Chemistry (Atkins, Peter)

Peter Atkins. W. H. Freeman: New York, 1995. Figs., tables. 387 pp. 10.0 X 18.3 cm. $16.95.According to Peter W. Atkins of Oxford University, the well-known chemist and textbook and popular science...
Hepatic ornithine decarboxylase induction by potato glycoalkaloids in rats

The induction of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in rat livers by the potato glycoalkaloids alpha-solanine, alpha-chaconine, and their aglycone solanidine, has been studied. Ip administration of alpha-solanine at 7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg body weight produced markedly elevated enzyme activity at 4 hr after treatment, with a linear dose response. The increase was four-fold at the lowest dose administered to 12-fold at the highest. ODC activity was measured at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 24hr after alpha-solanine was given. A statistically significant increase in enzyme activity was evident at 3 hr after treatment; maximal activity occurred at 5 hr and was approximately 12 times greater than the dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) control level. Elevated activities persisted for several hours, decreasing to about one-third of the maximal level at 8 hr. The relative effects of alpha-solanine, alpha-chaconine and solanidine on ODC activities were studied at 4 hr using an equimolar dose of 17 mM/kg body weight. ODC activity induced by alpha-chaconine was higher than that induced by alpha-solanine; the latter activity was two-thirds that of the former. The aglycone solanidine did not induce any increase in activity compared with the DMSO control. ODC activity with dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid, at 4 mg/kg body weight, followed a pattern similar to that of alpha-solanine. However, maximal activity occurred slightly earlier at 4 hr after treatment. The results show that the extent of induced ODC activity depends on the structure of the potato alkaloid.
The Role of Body Image and Disordered Eating as Risk Factors for Depression and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents.

There is much empirical literature on factors for adolescent suicide risk, but body image and disordered eating are rarely included in these models. In the current study, disordered eating and body image were examined as risk factors for suicide ideation since these factors are prevalent in adolescence, particularly for females. It was hypothesized that disordered eating and body image, in addition to depressive symptoms, would contribute to suicide ideation. It was also hypothesized that these relationships would be stronger for females than for males. Structural equation modeling was used to test a model of risk for suicide ideation incorporating the above factors in a sample of 392 high school students. Results indicated that disordered eating contributed to both suicide ideation and depressive symptoms, while body image only contributed to depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms contributed to suicide ideation. The model was found to be cross-validated with males and females, and no gender differences emerged. Implications of these findings and their importance in constructing future models of adolescent suicide risk are discussed.
A unified formailism for high contrast imaging correction algorithms

This paper introduces a unified formulism to describe many of the high contrast correction methods, namely, phase conjugation, classical speckle nulling and energy minimization. This unified formalism led to the Electric Field Conjugation (EFC) algorithm where the solution found is such that minimizes the sum of the estimated electric field at a desired plane and the electric field due to the corrective elements in the system. Applying this formalism led to the conclusion that all the other methods are special cases of EFC.
Ethanol, memory, and hippocampal function: a review of recent findings.

For well over a century, ethanol was believed to exert its effects on cognition and behavior by producing a ubiquitous depression of central nervous system activity. A general disruption in brain function was consistent with the belief that ethanol's effects on cognition and behavior were also quite general. Substantial evidence now indicates that ethanol produces a host of selective effects on neural activity, resulting in regional differences in ethanol's effects in the brain. Consistent with such evidence, recent research suggests that ethanol's effects on cognition and behavior are not as global as previously assumed. The present paper discusses evidence that many of ethanol's effects on learning and memory stem from altered cellular activity in the hippocampus and related structures. Potential mechanisms for ethanol's disruption of hippocampal function are reviewed. Evidence suggests that ethanol disrupts activity in the hippocampus by interacting directly with hippocampal neurons and by interacting with critical hippocampal afferents. Hippocampus 2000;10:88–93. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of Vaccinia RNA Guanine 7‐Methyltransferase by Compounds Designed as Multisubstrate Adducts

Abstract Several potential inhibitors of mRNA guanine 7‐methyltransferase, which were designed from mechanism‐based considerations, wee evaluated against the vaccinia virus capping enzyme complex. Of the compounds tested, 5′‐deoxy‐5′[6‐(2‐aminopyrrolo[2,3‐d]‐pyrimidine‐4‐one)methylthioladenosine ( 9 ) had good selective inhibitory activity against vaccinia mRNA guanine 7‐methyltransferase, exhibiting an IC 50 of 9.2 × M. Structure‐activity considerations suggest that specific inhibition of RNA methyltransferases by low molecular Weight multisubstrate adduct inhibitors may be achievable.
Domain decomposition methods for the rapid electromagnetic simulation of photomask scattering

An integrated methodology has been developed for computer simulation of electromagnetic scattering from large, nonperiodic, two- dimensional layouts of advanced photomasks (masks with optical prox- imity correction and phase-shifting masks). The domain decomposition method consists of three steps: First, by virtue of the linearity of the Kirchhoff-Fresnel diffraction integral, the mask layout is decomposed into a set of constituent single-opening masks. Second, the rigorous electromagnetic simulation of each three-dimensional structure from the set of these single-opening masks is circumvented and, instead, the re- sult for the scattered field is synthesized based on two two-dimensional rigorous electromagnetic simulations that model the mask geometry in two cross-sectional planes. Subsequently, compact equivalent source models are used to describe the scattered fields on a reference plane. These models are constructed in such a way as to minimize the error in the part of the diffraction spectrum that passes through the projection system, allowing accurate and efficient image simulation. The normal- ized mean square error of the near scattered field is typically a fraction of 1% and speed-up factors for the total simulation time in excess of 400 (compared with the rigorous mask model) are achieved. The use of a look-up table approach facilitates orders of magnitude of further speed improvement. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Statistical Process Control: Separating Signal from Noise in Emergency Department Operations

Abstract Background Statistical process control (SPC) is a visually appealing and statistically rigorous methodology very suitable to the analysis of emergency department (ED) operations. Objective We demonstrate that the control chart is the primary tool of SPC; it is constructed by plotting data measuring the key quality indicators of operational processes in rationally ordered subgroups such as units of time. Control limits are calculated using formulas reflecting the variation in the data points from one another and from the mean. SPC allows managers to determine whether operational processes are controlled and predictable. We review why the moving range chart is most appropriate for use in the complex ED milieu, how to apply SPC to ED operations, and how to determine when performance improvement is needed. Discussion SPC is an excellent tool for operational analysis and quality improvement for these reasons: 1) control charts make large data sets intuitively coherent by integrating statistical and visual descriptions; 2) SPC provides analysis of process stability and capability rather than simple comparison with a benchmark; 3) SPC allows distinction between special cause variation (signal), indicating an unstable process requiring action, and common cause variation (noise), reflecting a stable process; and 4) SPC keeps the focus of quality improvement on process rather than individual performance. Conclusion Because data have no meaning apart from their context, and every process generates information that can be used to improve it, we contend that SPC should be seriously considered for driving quality improvement in emergency medicine.
A Bonferroni selection procedure when using commom random numbers with unknown variances

This paper presents a Bonferroni procedure for selecting the alternative with the largest mean when the variances are unknown and unequal and correlation is induced among the observations for each alternative by common random numbers. Simulation results show that the Bonferroni procedure is more efficient than Dudewicz and Dalal's procedure when the percentage of variance reduction is high.
883 DECREASED CHEMOTACTIC ACTIVITY IN NEONATAL PLASMA: ROLE OF CHEMOTACTIC FACTOR INACTIVATOR AND COMPLEMENT LEVELS

Compared to adult plasma, the chemotactic activity of neonatal zymosan activated plasma (ZAP) is decreased. Consequently, we evaluated the role of chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) and complement levels in this defect. Plasma of 15 neonates and 15 adults were studied. The chemotactic activity of ZAP was measured under agarose, using adult neutrophils as target cells. CFI levels were determined by incubating 0.1 μl plasma with 50 μl C5-derived chemotactic fractions and then measuring the percent decrease in glucosaminidase release from cytochalasin B-treated neutrophils. C3, C5, factor B, properdin and properdin convertase were determined immunochemically; and Cl, C2, C4, C3-9 and CH50 by hemolytic assays in 10 of these infants and adults. Compared to adult plasma, the chemotactic activity induced by infant plasma was decreased (80 ± 7% of control [mean ± SD], vs. 95 ± 3%, p < 0.001), CFI levels were increased (19 ± 6 vs. 7.5 ± 3, p < 0.001), and complement component levels were decreased (p < 0.05), except for C2. The chemotactic activity correlated inversely with CFI levels (r = -0.958, p < 0.001). After adjusting for the effects of CFI, there was no significant correlation between the chemotactic activity and any of the complement components tested. Thus, differences in CFI, rather than in complement levels, accounted for the differences in chemotactic activity between infant and adult plasma.
Meningococcal Encephalitis associated with cerebellar tonsillar herniation and acute cervicomedullary injury

A 13-year-old girl presented with a progressive ascending paralysis, bulbar dysfunction and finally respiratory arrest. Magnetic resonance (MR) showed acute cervicomedullary injury and hindbrain herniation. An emergency foramen magnum decompression and external ventricular drainage insertion were performed, and meningococcal infection was diagnosed. The patient recovered completely. Meningococcal encephalitis may have an atypical presentation, and a surgery can optimise the outcome.
The Most Extreme Precipitation Events over the Eastern United States from 1950 to 1996: Considerations of Scale

Abstract The intensity or magnitude of a given heavy precipitation event is typically associated with the greatest point precipitation total. The scale or size of the heavy precipitation region, however, is important because it affects the scale of the flooding potential (e.g., local- vs regional-scale basins). In this study, a heavy-rain climatological description is constructed that identifies all precipitation events for the period of 1950–96 and estimates the heaviest mean 2-day precipitation totals over a range of spatial scales (i.e., circular regions from 2500 to 500 000 km2). Ranks of the most extreme precipitation events are provided for four regions of the study area for each of the 10 spatial scales. To develop the dataset, daily precipitation totals from the cooperative observer network are spatially interpolated onto a finescale (10 km by 10 km) grid over the eastern two-thirds of the United States. An automated algorithm is developed 1) to identify regions displaying the greatest mean 2-day ...
Insidious labyrinthine changes in otitis media.

For many decades the classical labyrinthine extracranial and intracranial complications of otitis media have been documented, initially by European otologists and then by otologists of other countries including the United States. What has not been fully appreciated or understood is the quiet development of sensori-neural hearing loss which can occur as a concomitant or sequela of otitis media. Out- hypothesis is that in certain patients toxins from otitis media are transported across the round window membrane, leading first to end organ dysfunction of the silent basal turn and ultimately to involvement of lower frequencies readily recognized through audiological testing. The purpose of this paper is to recount past and present studies in our laboratory and others which help explain this phenomenon.
Mechanisms of regulation of RNA polymerase III-dependent transcription by TORC1

We have found earlier that Tor1 binds to 5S rDNA chromatin but the functional significance has not been established. Here, we show that association with 5S rDNA chromatin is necessary for TOR complex 1 (TORC1) to regulate the synthesis of 5S ribosomal RNA and transfer RNAs (tRNAs) by RNA polymerase (Pol) III, as well as the phosphorylation and binding to Pol III‐transcribed genes of the Pol III repressor Maf1. Interestingly, TORC1 does not bind to tRNA genes, suggesting that TORC1 modulates tRNA synthesis indirectly through Maf1 phosphorylation at the rDNA loci. We also find that Maf1 cytoplasmic localization is dependent on the SSD1‐v allele. In W303 cells that carry the SSD1‐d allele, Maf1 is constitutively nuclear but its nucleolar localization is inhibited by TORC1, indicating that TORC1 regulates nucleoplasm‐to‐nucleolus transport of Maf1. Finally, we show that TORC1 interacts with Maf1 in vivo and phosphorylates Maf1 in vitro , and regulates Maf1 nucleoplasm‐to‐nucleolus translocation. Together, these observations provide new insights into the chromatin‐dependent mechanism by which TORC1 controls transcription by Pol III.
Eccentric flow jets and elevated wall shear stress with bicuspid aortic valves

Methods Time-resolved, 3D phase contrast MRI (4D Flow) was used to assess AsAo blood flow in 55 individuals: 22 patients with BAV and 25 with TAV, and 8 healthy volunteers. Systolic flow patterns were characterized with 3D visualization software (EnSight, CEI, Inc. Apex NC). Abnormal helical flow was defined as greater than 180' curvature of high velocity peak systolic streamlines around slower, central helical flow in the AsAo. Vectorial wall shear stress (vWSS) was calculated at peak systole for 12 angular segments along the AsAo circumference just above the level of the sinotubular junction using proprietary software (flow tool, University of Freiberg). Results Abnormal helical flow was demonstrated at peak systole in the AsAo of 17 of 22 BAV patients, but in none of the TAV patients or healthy volunteers; this flow pattern was seen in BAV patients with both dilated (n = 7) and normal AsAo (n = 10), in the absence of aortic stenosis (n = 7), and was associated with eccentric systolic flow jets in all cases. Figure 1 demonstrates right-handed helical flow and a right-anterior flow jet in a patient with fusion of the right and left aortic leaflets. Figures 2 exhibits normal and eccentric systolic flow jets in the AsAo. Peak systolic vWSS was elevated in the right-anterior quadrant of the AsAo in 13 BAV patients with abnormal right-handed helical flow compared to TAV controls: 1.40 versus 0.52 N/m2, p < 0.001. Patients with left-handed helical flow (n = 4) showed a trend toward increased vWSS in the left-posterior quadrant.