cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in Macaca mulatta: diurnal variations and response to chronic changes in dietary protein intake.

In rats, dietary protein is known to influence brain tryptophan (TRP) concentrations and serotonin (5HT) synthesis. However, few studies have examined this relationship in primates (including humans). We therefore studied the effect in monkeys of changes in chronic protein intake on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of TRP and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), the principal 5HT metabolite. Juvenile male monkeys (Macacca mulatta) consumed for sequential 4-week periods diets differing in protein content (~23% → ~ 16% → ~10% → ~6% protein [%-energy/day]). Each day, food was presented as a morning meal of fruit, and an afternoon meal consisting of a pelleted, commercial diet and fruit. During week 4 on each diet, blood and CSF were sampled diurnally via indwelling catheters. Plasma and CSF TRP varied diurnally and with dietary protein content. On all diets, CSF TRP declined modestly in the morning, and increased in the afternoon; the magnitude of the increments varied directly with dietary protein content. Diurnal variations were absent for CSF 5HIAA; however, CSF 5HIAA varied directly with chronic dietary protein content. We conclude that dietary protein content can chronically influence CSF TRP concentrations in monkeys. The variation in CSF 5HIAA suggests chronic protein intake may influence serotonin synthesis and turnover, perhaps via changes in TRP concentrations.
Modulation of lymphocyte migration by human lymphokines: III. Characterization of a lymphocyte migration inhibitory factor (LyMIF35k)

Abstract The lymphokine that augments the migration of nonsensitized T lymphocytes (LCF) has been observed to be predominantly a chemokinetic factor, suggesting that separate lymphocyte migration inhibitory lymphokine(s) might exist. Utilizing a modified Boyden chamber assay, lymphocyte migration inhibitory activity was identified in the culture supernatants of human nylon woolnonadherent blood mononuclear cells stimulated with concanavalin A in vitro for 48 hr. Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography of these culture supernatants was shown to contain two regions of noncytotoxic migration inhibitory activity for nonsensitized human blood lymphocytes and rat splenic lymphocytes. The 30–40,000 dalton inhibitory activity was further characterized and noted to be cationic by ion-exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing (p I = 8.6). Its biologic activity was sensitive to neuraminidase and to heat treatment but not to trypsin. The migration inhibitory activity of this factor (LyMIF 35k ) was directly proportional to its ability to increase lymphocyte adherence.
Spectral properties of δ -plutonium: Sensitivity to 5 f occupancy

By combining the local density approximation (LDA) with dynamical mean field theory (DMFT), we report a systematic analysis of the spectral properties of $\ensuremath{\delta}$-plutonium with varying $5f$ occupancy. The LDA Hamiltonian is extracted from a tight-binding fit to full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave calculations. The DMFT equations are solved by the exact quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) method and by the Hubbard-I approximation. We demonstrate strong sensitivity of the spectral properties to the $5f$ occupancy, which suggests using this occupancy as a fitting parameter in addition to the Hubbard $U$. By comparing with photoemission data, we conclude that the ``open shell'' $5{f}^{5}$ configuration gives the best agreement, resolving the controversy over $5f$ ``open shell'' versus ``close shell'' atomic configurations in $\ensuremath{\delta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Pu}$.
Information Fusion in Biometrics

User verification systems that use a single biometric indicator often have to contend with noisy sensor data, restricted degrees of freedom and unacceptable error rates. Attempting to improve the performance of individual matchers in such situations may not prove to be effective because of these inherent problems. Multimodal biometric systems seek to alleviate some of these drawbacks by providing multiple evidences of the same identity. These systems also help achieve an increase in performance that may not be possible by using a single biometric indicator. This paper addresses the problem of information fusion in verification systems. Experimental results on combining three biometric modalities (face, fingerprint and hand geometry) are also presented.
Chronotopic Landscapes of Environmental Racism

This article examines the ways in which members of a black community in Oklahoma, United States, solicit local government support for their efforts to access environmental justice resources. An important way in which they do so is by formulating chronotopic discourses that contextualize their community's current environmental problems within local historical understandings of racialized space. Their claims that racist municipal practices, both historical and contemporary, have caused the pollution and deterioration of the areas in which they reside, thereby marking those spaces as “black,” are countered by city officials' and environmental agencies' use of atemporal “color-blind” discourses. These discourses both dehistoricize and deracialize the community, and even make it possible for the residents themselves to be accused of racism. Through the construction and assertion of spatiotemporally neutral chronotopes, such “color-blind” discourses erase both history and race from the landscape while, at the same time, they effectively (re)racialize persons and communities, thus allowing institutional and environmental racism to persist. [chronotope; environmental racism; politics of space; discourse]
Deinstitutionalization of the Developmentally Disabled

Rights Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-602).1 Briefly, the term "developmental dis ability" refers to a severe, chronic handicap that is characterized by permanent deficits in cognitive and adaptive functioning.2 Specific dis abling conditions include mental re tardation, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, autism, dyslexia, deafness, blindness, learning disability, or any combina tion of these impairments that emerges before the age of 22. This article presents an overview of the concept of deinstitutionaliza tion of the developmentally disabled, which was implemented swiftly as a service strategy in the 1970s. It should be noted, however, that most of the extant literature and research on deinstitutionalization has focused
Reducing fuel consumption in microgrids using PV, batteries, and generator cycling

Diesel generators are the most common source of electricity for remote microgrids. Typically, remote microgrids have load profiles with large peak to average ratios which results in frequent operation of the generators at low loading. Generators are most efficient near rated load and operation at low loading results in poor fuel utilization and increased cost. Photovoltaics (PV) can be added to microgrids to reduce the cost of energy but can aggravate the problem of low generator loading. This paper analyses several methods to reduce fuel consumption in microgrids: PV, batteries, and generator cycling. The performance of these methods was evaluated through simulations using the software HOMER and an economic analysis. Results show the effectiveness of PV generator cycling, and batteries to reduce fuel consumption and energy costs.
Finding the best fit centerline of cylinders with interrupted circumferences on a polar CMM

This paper presents a method for finding a best fit centerline for cylindrical shafts with interrupts on a polar CMM. The method is more accurate than previously used methods on eccentric and tilted shafts with an interrupted or discontinuous circumference.
The IBM external user interface for scalable parallel systems

Abstract The IBM External User Interface (EUI) for scalable parallel systems is a parallel programming library designed for the IBM line of scalable parallel computers. The first computer in this line, the IBM 9076 SP1, was announced in February 1993. In essence, the EUI is a library of coordination and communication routines that can be invoked from within FORTRAN or C application programs. The EUI consists of four main components: task management routines, message passing routines, task group routines, and collective communication routines. This paper examines several aspects of the design and development of the EUI.
Synthesis of iron oxide nanotubes and their applications in neuroscience and drug delivery

This paper reports the synthesis of three types of iron oxide nanotubes, including hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ), maghemite (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ) and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), and their applications in neuroscience and drug delivery. Two methods, template-assisted thermal decomposition method and hydrothermal method, were used for synthesizing hematite nanotubes, and maghemite nanotubes were obtained from hematite nanotubes by thermal treatment. Template-assisted filtering method was used for synthesizing magnetite nanotubes from ferrofluid. The crystalline, morphology and magnetic properties of the synthesized iron oxide nanotubes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. The biocompatibility of the synthesized hematite nanotubes was confirmed by the survival and differentiation of PC12 cells in the presence of the hematite nanotubes coupled to nerve growth factor (NGF). The capacity of hematite nanotubes for coupling and leasing NGF was confirmed by cultivating PC12 cells in the presence of NGF-loaded hematite nanotubes. The drug loading and release capabilities of hematite nanotubes were tested by using ibuprofen sodium salt (ISS) as a drug model. Based on the experimental results presented in this paper, it can be concluded that iron oxide nanotubes have good biocompatibility with neurons, could be used in guding neurite growth, and are promising candidates for drug delivery.
Obesity-related hypertension: Evaluation of the separate effects of energy restriction and weight reduction on hemodynamic and neuroendocrine status**

Purpose Although weight reduction generally lowers blood pressure, it is unclear whether the response is due to concurrent dietary changes or to reduced body mass itself. In this study, the independent effects of energy restriction and weight reduction were examined prospectively in 24 obese, hypertensive, normoglycemic women whose dietary intake was tightly controlled. Subjects and Methods Sodium, potassium, and calcium intake, the polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio, and the proportional composition of carbohydrate, fat, and protein were constant throughout the 5-month protocol. Hemodynamic and neuroendocrine status was evaluated in four 10-day hospital phases: two prior to weight loss (energy balance and then 800-kcal intake), and two after an average loss of 13 kg to normal body weight (800 kcal and then return to energy balance). Results Fasting serum insulin, triiodothyronine:reverse triiodothyronine ratio, resting metabolic rate, and heart rate declined, and sodium and potassium balances were negative during energy restriction. Catecholamines, renin, aldosterone, plasma volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure showed no consistent response to changes in energy intake. By contrast, weight reduction independently lowered blood pressure, plasma volume, cardiac output, and plasma renin activity. Body fat pattern remained unchanged. Conclusion These results demonstrate that weight loss has a blood pressure-lowering effect that is distinct from energy restriction and that is related to changes in blood volume and cardiac output.
Galaxy collisions - A preliminary study

Collisions of spherical galaxies were studied in a series of numerical experiments to see what happens when galaxies collide. Each experiment starts with two model galaxies, each consisting of 50,000 stars, moving toward each other along a specified orbit. The series of experiments provides a systematic sampling of the parameter space spanned by the initial orbital energy and the initial angular momentum. Deeply penetrating collisions are emphasized. The collisions reported here scale to relative velocities as great as 500 km/s, well into the range for collisions within clusters of galaxies. It is found that: (1) the galaxies contract momentarily to about half their original sizes shortly after close passage; and (2) the initial galaxies blend into a single dynamical system while they are near each other.
Incidence and impact of rejection following simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation.

Background & Aims Due to hepatic immunoregulation, simultaneous liver-kidney recipients are presumed to be reasonably protected from kidney rejection and typically receive less immunosuppression compared to kidney transplants alone. However, data to support these conclusions and practices are sparse. Methods We characterized the incidence and types of rejection, graft function, and graft and patient survival in a large population of simultaneous liver-kidney recipients (n=140) with long-term follow-up at our centre (1998–2010). Results Acute cellular, antibody-mediated, and chronic kidney rejection was diagnosed in 9 (6.4%), 2 (1.4%), and 1 (0.7%) patient, respectively. Borderline acute kidney rejection was diagnosed in another 16 patients (11.4%). Acute cellular liver rejection occurred in 16 (11.4%) and chronic liver rejection in 4 (2.9%). One-, three-, and five-year patient survival was 86.4%, 78.0%, and 74.0%, respectively, and did not significantly differ by presence or absence of kidney or liver rejection. However, kidney rejection was associated with decreased renal function by lower serum GFR over time ( p =0.003). Conclusions Various forms of kidney rejection occurred in ∼20% of our simultaneous liver-kidney recipients and were associated with deterioration in graft function, indicating that the liver may not confer complete protective allo-immunity. More stringent graft monitoring and management strategies, perhaps more akin to kidney transplant alone, should be prospectively studied in simultaneous liver-kidney recipients.
Entrainment of trace-metal-enriched Atlantic-shelf water in the inflow to the Mediterranean Sea

Surface waters of the Mediterranean Sea have higher trace-metal concentrations than open Atlantic surface waters1. This observation could be explained by sources within the basin, but recent data from the Alboran Sea2 indicate that trace metals may already be enriched in Atlantic waters flowing into the Mediterranean through the Strait of Gibraltar. Here we present new data documenting the presence of trace-metal-enriched source waters west of the Strait, and present a mathematical analysis showing that Cu, Ni, Cd and Zn distributions in the Alboran Sea can be explained as linear mixtures of four well–defined sources: (1) Spanish coastal waters, (2) North Atlantic Central Water, (3) Atlantic surface water, and (4) Mediterranean Levantine Intermediate Water. In this analysis, salinity and trace metals are used for the first time to deconvolve mixing between water masses of different origins.
Immunohistochemical assessment of tumor vascularity in recurrent Clark II melanomas using antibody to type IV collagen.

Thin melanomas, measuring 0.76 mm or less, are generally associated with an excellent prognosis. However, a certain subset, of these seemingly innocuous lesions have been reported to develop recurrences. Therefore, the predictive values of currently accepted prognostic indicators have been questioned in thin melanomas. Several studies concerning tumor vascularity in melanoma and certain non-melanocytic malignancies suggest that the degree of vascularization correlates with growth rate and biologic aggressiveness. In the present study, we determined the vascularity of a small group of Clark level II melanomas that resulted in recurrence, and compared these results to au equal number of nonrecurrent lesions with similar prognostic indicators. Blood vessels were labeled by immunoperoxidase staining techniques for Type IV collagen, and quantified by image analysis. No statistical difference was found between the two groups when mean blood vessel counts and percent vascular area were measured. The recurrent tumors had a mean PVA of 4.68 compared to 4.34 for the nonrecurrent group (p = 0.677). The mean blood vessel count beneath the recurrent group was 29.6 per 400 × field, and the corresponding value for the nonrecurrent group was 31.8 (p = 0.681). Our data is preliminary within this limited group of tumors, yet it suggests that tumor vascularity is not a distinctive prognostic indicator by which eventual outcome can be predicted in thin Clark level II malignant melanomas.
Smooth frequency discrimination functions for foveal, high-contrast, mid spatial frequencies

Intensive testing of spatial-frequency discrimination thresholds for 21% contrast gratings between 2.9 and 7.8 cycles/degree (c/deg) reveals, on average, smooth functions conforming to Weber's law. Discrimination overall is very sensitive, indicating highly skilled performance, but there are no consistent peaks or troughs. Individual, single-run functions do vary, resulting in candidate peaks and troughs that might be proposed to reflect true variations in an observer's sensory discrimination capacities. However, these features do not replicate from session to session nor from observer to observer. We do find consistent differences in overall sensitivity level between testing methods, with randomized presentation of reference frequencies giving significantly higher thresholds than blocked reference frequencies.
Mutations in the nsP1 Coding Sequence of Sindbis Virus Which Restrict Viral Replication in Secondary Cultures of Chick Embryo Fibroblasts Prepared from Aged Primary Cultures

Abstract SV MPA , a mutant of Sindbis virus (SV), which is able to replicate in Aedes albopictus cells treated with mycophenolic acid (MPA) or ribavirin, also has a host range phenotype. This phenotype is most clearly demonstrated by means of efficiency of plaquing (EOP) assays on secondary chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) prepared from aged primary CEF. For example, in one experiment in which standard SV (SV STD ) had a relative EOP (EOP on primary CEF ÷ EOP on secondary CEF) of 1.6 the corresponding value for SV MPA was 2340. The host restriction of SV MPA was also seen with similarly prepared secondary cultures of duck embryo fibroblasts, but not with established lines of quail cells. The finding that the accumulation of viral RNA was much lower in SV MPA -infected secondary CEF than in SV STD -infected CEF indicated that the replication of SV MPA in these cultures was blocked at an early step. Revertants of SV MPA were isolated which were no longer host-restricted but had retained their resistance to MPA. Of the three mutations [nucleotide (nt) 120, 127, and 963] in the nsP1 coding sequence of SV MPA , which lead to amino acid changes, these revertants had retained the nt 127 and nt 963 mutations but had lost the nt 120 mutation. This, along with earlier findings, indicated that only the nt 127 and nt 963 mutations are required for resistance to MPA. This result also associated the nt 120 mutation with the host restriction phenotype. In other experiments derivatives of pToto1101 (a plasmid from which infectious Sindbis virus RNA can be transcribed) were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and used to test the effect of specific mutations on the viral phenotype. Although we were unable to obtain viable virus with the nt 120 mutation alone, virus with the nt 120 and nt 127 mutations was viable and host-restricted. We suggest that the nt 120 mutation by itself is lethal and that the nt 127 mutation suppresses the lethal effect of the nt 120 mutation. The SV MPA mutation at nt 120, which is associated with the host range phenotype, changes Gln 21 of nsP1 to Lys. When a more conservative change was engineered, i.e., to Asn, the virus was not host-restricted. Although the reason for the restriction of SV MPA replication in secondary CEF is not known, some possible explanations are discussed.
Nuclear magnetic relaxations times of 3He IN 3He-4He solutions

Abstract The longitudinal and transverse relaxation times T 1 and T 2 of the nuclear spins of 3 He in solution in 4 HE for high and low temperatures are calculated and shown to be equal for reasonable external magnetic fields. The result is compared with experimental data.
JUVENILE DIABETIC ARTHROPATHY

Juvenile diabetes mellitus (JDM) is observed to have a high frequency of arthropathy, usually flexion contracture of the fingers. Flexion contracture of the fifth finger only is Class I, and more than one finger on a hand is Class II. Studies of 188 children age 7-15 showed: Follow-up over one-year period of 55 patients revealed 11 of them to have changes in their arthropathy: Our studies suggest a correlation between the duration of JDM and the occurrence of arthropathy. Moreover, there appears to be a correlation between good diabetic control and less arthropathy.
Anionic Cadmium Complexes Containing the Bulky Tris(trimethylsilyl)germyl and Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl Ligands

The first triiodo-bridged tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl- and tris(trimethylsilyl)germyldicadmium anionic complexes were prepared from CdI2 and 2 equiv of LiE(SiMe3)3 (E = Si and Ge) in hexane. The crystal structure of the germyl derivative 1 was determined. It crystallizes as a lithium salt from pentane in the Cmcm space group (orthorhombic) with a = 14.494(2), b = 16.334(3), and c = 27.361 A, V = 6478 A3, and Z = 4. The complex anion of 1, [(Me3Si)3GeCd(μ-I3)CdGe(SiMe3)3-], exhibits two approximately tetrahedrally coordinated cadmiums with three iodides in trigonal bridging positions between the cadmiums. Efforts to prepare similar chloride-bridged structures were not fruitful.
THE LEADERSHIP OF DEPARTMENT CHAIRPERSONS: TIME/RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, REWARDS, FRUSTRATIONS, AND ROLE SATISFACTION

This study identified modal patterns of time/resource management, rewards, frustrations, and job satisfaction among 109 department chairpersons. A Multiple R = .64 was attained for predicting satisfaction level. The complex role of chairperson requires new selection, training, and support systems in higher education.
Growth of planar cracks induced by hydraulic fracturing

A method is proposed for the study of growth, under normal internal pressure, of pre-existing hydraulically induced planar cracks. The continuous growth process is approximated by a stepwise one, and during each growth step the volume of fluid within the crack cavity is assumed constant. The normal distance through which each point on the crack edge moves outwards is controlled by the level of stress intensity factor KI at each point, and the crack-resistance characteristics of the material, which can be expressed by some critical level of KI, denoted by KIC. For the present study, that distance was assumed proportional to (KI − KIC)4 for KI > KIC. The evaluation of KI at the crack edge is achieved by utilizing the method discussed by Mastrojannis et al.1 The proposed method was applied to the study of the initial stage of growth of a circular crack under linearly varying normal pressure, and of an elliptical crack under uniform normal pressure.
Refractory Castables: Preparation and Some Properties

Refractory castables in this investigation contained (a) aggregate made from unused high-duty fire-clay brick or calcined Kentucky flint clay and (b) domestic or imported high-alumina hydraulic cement. The bulk densities were determined for different mixtures of grog passing through (a) a 3/8 in. sieve and retained on a No. 10 sieve, (b) a No. 10 on a No. 40, and (c) a No. 40 (including fines). The bulk densities of a large number of such mixtures were plotted on triaxial diagrams and contour lines were drawn. One each of the more dense combinations containing fire-clay brick grog and calcined flint-clay grog was selected for making tests of batches containing from 10 to 30% of hydraulic cement. The tests indicated the effect on strength of (1) the curing treatment to which the specimens had been subjected, (2) the length of time the mixed batches remained unmolded, and (3) the varying cement: water ratio. The pyrometric cone equivalents of batches containing from 5 to 30% of cement, in increments of 5%, were determined.
Hydrodynamic Transformation of a Freestanding Polymer Nanosheet Induced by a Thermoresponsive Surface

Freestanding quasi-two-dimensional ultrathin films (e.g., 41 nm thick polymer nanosheets) were produced, on which stimuli-responsive 47 nm thick polymer brushes were constructed by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). The resulting surfaces of the multilayered polysaccharide ultrathin films were evaluated by ellipsometry, IR imaging, in situ variable-temperature atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurements. The morphological transformation of the freestanding polymer nanosheet bearing thermoresponsive polymer brushes was observed macroscopically through reversible structural color changes at the air−water interface. The dynamic shape change of the nanosheet was also monitored with the addition of a surfactant such as sodium n-dodecylsulfate to reduce the hydrophobicity of the surface. It was then demonstrated that the highly flexible freestanding polymer nanosheet is capable of acting as a unique platform for inducing stimuli-responsive behavior in n...
Biosynthesis of diglyceride from phosphatidic acid in the membranes of Bacillus subtilis

A phosphatidic acid phosphatase activity found in the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacillus subtilis 168 has been characterized. The product of the action of the phosphatase, 1,2-diglyceride, has been shown to be metabolically active. It is likely that the 1,2-diglyceride formed from phosphatidic acid serves as a precursor for the glucosyl diglycerides found in Bacillus subtilis.
Analysis of behavioral deficits produced by lesions in the dorsal and ventral midbrain tegmentum

Abstract The impact of midbrain lesions on ingestive behavior in the rat was examined under a variety of pharmacological and dietary conditions. Electrolytic lesions in the dorsal midbrain tegmentum, ventrolateral to the central gray, produced moderate to severe (4 to 19 days) aphagia and adipsia in the rat. This effect was followed by complete recovery of ad lib food intake but a sustained suppression of water intake and urine output. Caloric regulation, drug-induced anorexia, drinking in response to intracellular and extracellular dehydration, and feeding as a function of dietary palatability appeared normal. Persistent deficits, however, were observed in the rats' feeding response to glucoprivation, in their consumption of sucrose or saccharin solutions, in post-fast compensatory food intake, and in their ability to maintain a nocturnal pattern of feeding. In contrast to these changes, electrolytic lesions in the ventral midbrain tegmentum produced an increase in food intake and body weight gain. This effect was associated with no other food- or water-related behavioral changes, with the exception of amphetamine- or mazindol-induced anorexia which was attenuated or abolished by the lesion.
Diurnal patterns of urinary steroid excretion in wild chimpanzees.

Urinary testosterone and cortisol concentrations were quantified in a large number of samples (>500) collected from wild male chimpanzees (n=11) over the course of 1 year. For both steroids, urinary concentrations were higher and more variable in the morning than in the afternoon. Urinary creatinine levels showed no such diurnal pattern. These patterns are consistent with studies of steroid excretion in humans and gorillas. This study emphasizes the importance of considering time of day as a confounding variable in field studies of primate endocrine function. It also suggests that if a small number of samples are to be used to characterize an individual's basal steroid levels, afternoon samples may be preferable because they show less intra-individual variability. Am. J. Primatol. 60:161–166, 2003 © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Animal models of Rift Valley fever virus infection

Emerging and naturally occurring infectious diseases from bacterial and viral sources are constantly threatening humans and livestock. Recently, a variety of infectious diseases have emerged into previously disease-free areas, resulting in new epidemics. Consequently, governmental agencies and researchers in the area of biomedical research have started designing ways to prevent their further spread. Ongoing research activities are focused on developing therapeutic and prophylactic interventions against these emerging infections. Development and evaluation of vaccines, diagnostics and treatments often depend on the development of appropriate animal models to determine the efficacy of new therapeutic agents. In addition, animal models are necessary to understand the basic pathobiology of infection. In this minireview, the current animal models used for one of these emerging infectious diseases, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), and the specifics of infection and pathology associated with each model are discussed.
Recent Developments in Genomewide Association Scans: A Workshop Summary and Review

With the imminent availability of ultra-high-volume genotyping platforms (on the order of 100,000–1,000,000 genotypes per sample) at a manageable cost, there is growing interest in the possibility of conducting genomewide association studies for a variety of diseases but, so far, little consensus on methods to design and analyze them. In April 2005, an international group of >100 investigators convened at the University of Southern California over the course of 2 days to compare notes on planned or ongoing studies and to debate alternative technologies, study designs, and statistical methods. This report summarizes these discussions in the context of the relevant literature. A broad consensus emerged that the time was now ripe for launching such studies, and several common themes were identified—most notably the considerable efficiency gains of multistage sampling design, specifically those made by testing only a portion of the subjects with a high-density genomewide technology, followed by testing additional subjects and/or additional SNPs at regions identified by this initial scan.
SEPARATION OF 13C NMR RELAXATION MECHANISMS IN VISCOUS SOLUTIONS

The 13C NMR analysis of relaxation data from viscous solutions requires the application of complex mathematical functions. These equations can be combined and solved exactly using a series of iterative algorithms. Correct analysis of typical relaxation data obtained for several viscous ionic liquids provides rotational correlation times that describe the molecular dynamics of these and other viscous solutions. The 13C NMR relaxation data for 1-methyl-3-nonyl-imidazolium PF6 ionic liquid is used to illustrate the details of this method using iterative techniques in a stepwise manner. This approach is outlined such that other investigators can easily duplicate the algorithms.
Qualitative character and sensory representation.

Perceptual experience seems to involve distinct intentional and qualitative features. Inasmuch as one can visually perceive that there is a Coke can in front of one, perceptual experience must be intentional. But such experiences seem to differ from paradigmatic intentional states in having introspectible qualitative character. argues that a perceptual experience's qualitative character is determined by intrinsic, nonrepresentational properties. But also argues that perceptual experiences have nonconceptual representational content in addition to conceptual content and nonrepresentational sensational properties. He thus distinguishes between conceptual, nonrepresentational, and nonconceptual but representational aspects of perceptual experience. I will argue that Peacocke posits too much. Contrary to his (1983) arguments, the sensational properties Peacocke claims are nonrepresentational are best construed as representational; they are best explained in terms of their relation to the perceptible properties they enable us to perceive. Since sensational properties are arguably nonconceptual, they are best construed as nonconceptual representational properties. I offer the Homomorphism View of sensory qualities, pioneered by, as a unified account of qualitative character and nonconceptual sensory representation. According to this view, a sensory quality represents a perceptible stimulus property in virtue of resembling and differing from other sensory qualities in ways parallel to the ways the stimulus property resembles and differs from other perceptible properties.
The catalytic mechanism of the ESA1 histone acetyltransferase involves a self-acetylated intermediate.

Yeast ESA1 is a member of the MYST subfamily of histone acetyltransferases (HATs), which use acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to acetylate specific Lys residues within histones to regulate gene expression. The structure of an ESA1–CoA complex reveals structural similarity to the catalytic core of the GCN5/PCAF subfamily of HAT proteins. Here we report additional structural and functional studies on ESA1 that demonstrate that histone acetylation proceeds through an acetyl-cysteine enzyme intermediate. This Cys residue is strictly conserved within the MYST members, suggesting a common mode of catalysis by this HAT subfamily. However, this mode of catalysis differs dramatically from the GCN5/PCAF subfamily, which mediate direct nucleophilic attack of the acetyl-CoA cofactor by the enzyme-deprotonated substrate lysine of the histone. These results demonstrate that different HAT subfamilies can use distinct catalytic mechanisms, which have implications for their distinct biological roles and for the development of HAT-specific inhibitors.
A Study of Synchronous Motor Drive using Static Frequency Converter

SFC (Static Frequency Converter) system has been used as drive of large synchronous machine in many industry applications. But many papers have been presented on the control algorithm of SFC system, not the acceleration and start-up but the rated speed operation with line connection and the braking operation with regeneration which is used in the industry. This paper presents all control algorithms for the large synchronous machine connected with SFC system. The experimental results show that the proposed several algorithms are proper and effective.
Calcium carbonate catalysis of alcohol oxidation in near-critical water

The near-critical water oxidations (NCWO) of phenol, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and n-butanol were evaluated at temperatures between 200 and 374°C and pressures between 2 and 220 bar. Reactions were conducted in packed-bed flow reactors with ZrO2 and CaCO3 packings with a stoichiometric amount of HOOH. The effectiveness of CaCO3 as an oxidation catalyst increased markedly between 200 and 374°C enhancing oxidation rates > 100 × at 374°C for phenol. Hydrolysis was observed for phenol, ethanol, and methanol over CaCO3 at 374°C and was largely nondetectable in the absence of CaCO3. Despite being inexpensive and environmentally benign, CaCO3 exhibited catalytic abilities equal to or better than many of the best published performance of NCWO catalysts containing noble or transition metals.
Why freshwater organisms survived the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs

Roughly 65.5 million years ago, a massive asteroid smashed into present-day Chicxulub, Mexico. The impact set fire to Earth's surface. Dust and ash darkened the sky, sending the planet into an “impact winter” that lasted months to years and caused the extinction of nonavian dinosaurs and half of ocean-dwelling species. However, life in inland freshwater ecosystems largely escaped this fate. To try to understand why freshwater organisms held on while ocean life failed, Robertson et al. surveyed relevant research to understand how the mechanisms of extinction would have operated differently in the two environments.
A Lower Bound for the Rectilinear Crossing Number

We give a new lower bound for the rectilinear crossing number ** of the complete geometric graph Kn. We prove that ** and we extend the proof of the result to pseudolinear drawings of Kn.
The cognitive structure of Library and Information Science: Analysis of article title words

This study comprises a suite of analyses of words in article titles in order to reveal the cognitive structure of Library and Information Science (LIS). The use of title words to elucidate the cognitive structure of LIS has been relatively neglected. The present study addresses this gap by performing (a) co-word analysis and hierarchical clustering, (b) multidimensional scaling, and (c) determination of trends in usage of terms. The study is based on 10,344 articles published between 1988 and 2007 in 16 LIS journals. Methodologically, novel aspects of this study are: (a) its large scale, (b) removal of non-specific title words based on the “word concentration” measure (c) identification of the most frequent terms that include both single words and phrases, and (d) presentation of the relative frequencies of terms using “heatmaps”. Conceptually, our analysis reveals that LIS consists of three main branches: the traditionally recognized library-related and information-related branches, plus an equally distinct bibliometrics/scientometrics branch. The three branches focus on: libraries, information, and science, respectively. In addition, our study identifies substructures within each branch. We also tentatively identify “information seeking behavior” as a branch that is establishing itself separate from the three main branches. Furthermore, we find that cognitive concepts in LIS evolve continuously, with no stasis since 1992. The most rapid development occurred between 1998 and 2001, influenced by the increased focus on the Internet. The change in the cognitive landscape is found to be driven by the emergence of new information technologies, and the retirement of old ones. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyrocalcitonin content in rat thyroid.

Abstract Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) does not affect the total thyrocalcitonin content of rat thyroid glands. Normal thyroids, thyroids stimulated by endogenous TSH during treatment with propylthiouracil, and thyroids treated with exogenous TSH all exhibited identical hypocalcemic activity in rat bioassays, when the standard of comparison was the fraction of thyroid injected.
A vitamin D3 analog induces a G1-phase arrest in CaCo-2 cells by inhibiting cdk2 and cdk6: roles of cyclin E, p21Waf1, and p27Kip1.

Previous studies by our laboratory have shown that a noncalcemic fluorinated analog of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1α,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-26,27-hexafluorocholcalciferol (F6-D3), significantly reduced the frequency of colonic adenomas and completely abolished the development of colonic adenocarcinomas in rats treated with azoxymethane. The mechanisms involved in this analog’s chemopreventive actions, however, remain unclear. In the present study, we now show that although both 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and F6-D3 inhibited the proliferation of CaCo-2 cells, a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line, by increasing their doubling times, only F6-D3 caused an arrest of these cells in the G1 phase of their cell cycle. This arrest was accompanied by an increase in the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor proteins, p21Waf1 and p27Kip1, which served to decrease the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and cyclin-dependent kinase 6, whereas the expression and phosphorylation of pRB were un...
Optical spectra and thermal Schottky levels in the high temperature γ-phase of the lanthanide sesquisulfides

Abstract The detailed crystal-field splitting of the energy levels of the trivalent lanthanide ions (Ln 3+ ) in the high temperature γ-phase of the lanthanide sesquisulfides (Ln 2 S 3 ) are compared with calculations that employ lattice-sum and three-parameter theory models. The results are also compared with the thermal Schottky levels deduced from heat capacity measurements on samples of Ln 2 S 3 having similar composition and physical properties. Good agreement is reached between the calculated levels and the experimental levels that come from the two independent sources of data. It appears that the Ln 3+ site symmetry (S 4 ) in the Th 3 P 4 defect structure of the high-temperature phase of Ln 2 S 3 can be represented by a slightly higher symmetry (D 2d ) that reflects the symmetry of the Ln 3+ polyhedra in a lattice that has random cation vacancies throughout the unit cell.
Yung Wing: One Hundred Years After His Graduation

Last year I was invited to take part in the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Yale-in-China.
Prevalence of Neurosyphilis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients With Latent Syphilis

Abstract purpose: A prospective study was done to determine the prevalence of confirmed neurosyphilis (cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] Venereal Disease Research Laboratory [VDRL]-reactive) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with latent syphilis (reactive serum rapid plasma reagin [RPR] and microhemagglutination- Treponema pallidum [MHA-TP]). patients and methods: All HIV-infected patients seen for their first visit at the Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center AIDS Clinic from June through December 1990 were screened for latent syphilis. Those with reactive serum RPRs and MHA-TPs who had not received recent (within 6 months) therapy for syphilis were offered diagnostic CSF sampling. results: A total of 312 patients were screened, of whom 71 (22.8%) had reactive serum RPRs and MHA-TPs. Thirty-three of these patients (47%) had diagnostic CSF sampling (26 refused lumbar puncture or were lost to follow-up; 12 had had recent therapy for syphilis and thus did not have CSF sampling). Among the 33 patients who had CSF sampling, 20 (60.6%) had normal CSF profiles (white blood cell count less than 8/mm 3 , protein less than 0.60 g/L; glucose greater than 2.8 mmol/L) and nonreactive CSF VDRIs. Ten of the 33 patients (303%) had abnormal CSF profiles and nonreactive CSF VDRLs, and three of 33 (9.1%) had reactive CSF VDRLs. conclusions: Asymptomatic neurosyphilis was found in 9.1% of our patient population undergoing CSF sampling, giving a 1.0% prevalence of CSF VDRL-reactive neurosyphilis in the population we screened. The abnormal CSF findings may have been due to either nonreactive CSF VDRL neurosyphilis, central nervous system infection with HIV, or infection with some unrecognized agent.
Intervention strategies for the prevention of adolescent substance abuse

Abstract Although substance abuse among adolescents is a complex problem, intervention models have been designed which address the extent and depth of the problem. Because most adolescents experiment with drugs, such interventions must be broad‐based and multi‐level and involve the teen, peers, parents, and the school. Efforts should be focused on the widely used drugs. The two most successful intervention strategies have been the “problem‐solving” and the “social competency building” approaches. Several model programs are reviewed. Community‐wide prevention programs are proposed as an emphasis for future efforts, particularly those that make use of the media.
Surface science study of model Ziegler-Natta catalysts

The preparation and surface science study of model catalysts for the Ziegler-Natta polymerization are reported. Ultra-thin films of MgCl 2 and TiCl 4 have been prepared by gas phase deposition on polycrystalline Au foil in UHV conditions and are characterized by XPS. Titanium chloride films can be deposited on both MgCI2 films and clean Au at 300 K in a background TiCl 4 pressure of 1 x 10 -8 -5 x 10 -7 Torr, in the presence of an electron beam of 1 keV irradiating the substrate. The deposited titanium chloride consists of a TiCl 2 multilayer film with one monolayer of TiCl 4 chemisorbed at the surface. Upon exposure of AlEt 3 , the TiCl 4 monolayer undergoes reduction and alkylation with the formation of TiC12Et and TiClEt N species at the film surface. No evidence for TiCl 3 formation is observed. These model systems are active catalysts for the Ziegler-Natta polymerization of both ethylene and propylene.
dd-Carboxypeptidase and Peptidoglycan Transpeptidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Peptidoglycan transpeptidase and dd-carboxypeptidase have been detected in isolated membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cephalosporins and penicillins fail to inhibit the transpeptidase at concentrations as high as 100 mug/ml. dd-Carboxypeptidase, on the other hand, is sensitive to inhibition by beta-lactam antibiotics. The presence of dimethyl sulfoxide in the reaction mixture results in a twofold stimulation of peptidoglycan formation, whereas dd-carboxypeptidase is inhibited approximately 30%. Maximum stimulation of transpeptidase occurs in the presence of both dimethyl sulfoxide and a beta-lactum antibiotic. This is in sharp contrast to the transpeptidase from Escherichia coli, which is sensitive to inhibition by penicillins and cephalosporins.
Fine particle iron oxide based aerogels for the partial oxidation of methanol

Abstract Fine particle pure and supported iron oxide materials have been prepared by the aerogel approach. These particles have diameters in the range 50–300 nm. They were evaluated as catalysts in the fixed bed reactors (gas phase and supercritical CO2) for the partial oxidation of methanol. The products observed were dependent upon support and reactor temperature. For example, the pure iron oxide aerogel achieved greater than 70% selectivity to dimethyl ether over a temperature range 220–275°C. If the reaction is carried out over 20% iron oxide on molybdenum oxide from 250°C to 330°C, the main product observed was formaldehyde. The results are related to the surface chemistry of the iron oxide aerogel, and are influenced by the surrounding support.
Acute stress shortens the time to onset of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice.

Abstract Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory condition of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in focal demyelination due to the infiltration of sensitized T-leukocytes through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). While chronic stress models have been shown to reduce EAE, acute emotional stress appears to exacerbate many neuroin-flammatory disorders, including remitting-relapsing MS. This is the only study to our knowledge that examined the effect of acute stress on EAE. Immobilization of SJL/J mice for 60 min, at days 2 and 3 post-inoculation with proteolipid protein (PLP), resulted in symptoms of EAE becoming apparent 4 days earlier than in control mice. The possibility that this effect could be due to increased BBB permeability was investigated by detecting 99Technetium (99Tc) gluceptate extravasation into brain parenchyma post-stress utilizing a gamma camera. There was 80% increase in BBB permeability after 60 min of acute immobilization stress as compared to controls. These findings may help explain the earlier onset of EAE symptoms.