cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing a multiprogramming system

A central problem in program design is to structure a large program such that it can be tested systematically by the simplest possible techniques. This paper describes the method used to test the RC 4000 multiprogramming system. During testing, the system records all transitions of processes and messages between various queues. The test mechanism consists of fifty machine instructions centralized in two procedures. By using this mechanism in a series of carefully selected test cases, the system was made virtually error free within a few weeks. The test procedure is illustrated by examples. © 1973 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A 31.5dBm outphasing class-D power amplifier in 45nm CMOS with back-off efficiency enhancement by dynamic power control

A transformer-combined fully Integrated outphasing class-D PA In 45nm CMOS achieves 31.5dBm peak output power at 2.4GHz with 27% efficiency, and supports over 86dB of output power range. The PA employs Dynamic Power Control (DPC) whereby sections of the PA are turned on-off dynamically according to the OFDM amplitude to reduce power dissipation at backoff. The PA delivers 24.8dBm average power while meeting 64-QAM WLAN requirements. PAE is 16% when using DPC, which represents a 33% efficiency enhancement compared to the DPC-disabled mode. At lower average power of 20.5dBm, DPC enables a 140% enhancement in average efficiency, hence battery life.
Uncountable dense categoricity in cats

We prove that under reasonable assumptions, every cat (compact abstract theory) is metric, and develop some of the theory of metric cats. We generalise Morley's theorem: if a countable Hausdorff cat T has a unique complete model of density character λ ≥ ω₁, then it has a unique complete model of density character λ for every λ ≥ ω₁.
Immunization enhances inflammation and tissue destruction in response to Porphyromonas gingivalis

It is well established that host-bacterium interactions play a critical role in the initiation and progression of periodontal diseases. By the use of inhibitors, it has been shown that mediators associated with the innate immune response significantly contribute to the disease process. Less is known regarding the role of the acquired immune response. To investigate mechanisms by which the acquired immune response to Porphyromonas gingivalis could affect connective tissue, we used a well-documented calvarial model to study host-bacterium interactions. Injection of P. gingivalis stimulated gamma interferon, interleukin 6, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression as determined by real-time PCR. Prior immunization against P. gingivalis significantly enhanced the mRNA levels of these cytokines and chemokines. Similarly, immunization significantly increased and prolonged the formation of a polymorphonuclear leukocyte and mononuclear cell infiltrate (P < 0.05). In addition, the area of connective tissue destruction, osteoclastogenesis, bone loss, mRNA expression of proapoptotic genes, and degree of fibroblast apoptosis were increased in immunized mice (P < 0.05). These results indicate that activation of the acquired immunity by P. gingivalis increases the inflammatory and destructive responses which occur in part through up-regulating the innate immune response and enhancing osteoclastogenesis and fibroblast apoptosis.
Time Tree: Exploring Time Changing Hierarchies

Intelligence analysis often involves the task of gathering information about an organization. Knowledge about individuals in an organization and their relationships, often represented as a hierarchical organization chart, is crucial for understanding the organization. However, it is difficult for intelligence analysts to follow all individuals in an organization. Existing hierarchy visualizations have largely focused on the visualization of fixed structures and can not effectively depict the evolution of a hierarchy over time. We introduce TimeTree, a novel visualization tool designed to enable exploration of a changing hierarchy. TimeTree enables analysts to navigate the history of an organization, identify events associated with a specific entity (visualized on a TimeSlider), and explore an aggregate view of an individual's career path (a CareerTree). We demonstrate the utility of TimeTree by investigating a set of scenarios developed by an expert intelligence analyst. The scenarios are evaluated using a real dataset composed of eighteen thousand career events from more than eight thousand individuals. Insights gained from this analysis are presented.
Robust state-estimation procedure using a Least Trimmed Squares pre-processor

Based on real-time measurements, Static State Estimation serves as the foundation for monitoring and controlling the power grid. The popular weighted least squares with largest normalized residual removed, gives satisfactory performance when dealing with single or multiple uncorrelated bad data. However, when the bad data are correlated or bounded, this estimator has poor performance in detecting bad data, which leads to erroneous deleting of normal measurements. Similar to the Least Trimmed Squares(LTS) method of robust statistics, this paper considers a state estimator built on random sampling. However, different from previous robust estimators, which stop after estimation, we regard the LTS estimator as a pre-processor to detect bad data. A subsequent post-processor is employed to eliminate bad data and re-estimate the state. The new method has been tested on the IEEE standard power networks with random bad data insertions, showing improved performance over other proposed estimators.
Predicting Symptomatic Cerebral Vasospasm after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Are We There Yet?

P m h n a s r s d c m F c b e r h v r l r C erebral vasospasm is a leading potentially treatable cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and is a significant predictor f adverse outcome (8, 9, 11, 20, 25, 26, 43). Vasospasm is comon after SAH. Approximately 70% of patients may experience ngiographic vasospasm, with 20%–30% of patients experiencing ymptomatic vasospasm (25, 48). Of patients, 15%–20% may die r sustain a disabling stroke owing to progressive ischemia (18). erebral vasospasm increases costs and length of hospital stay in atients with SAH (3).
Pericardial Cyst Causing Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction

Pleuropericardial cysts are rare. Rarer still are cardiopulmonary complications caused by their presence. We report the case of a pericardial cyst producing high-grade right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and its subsequent management. The clinical importance of transesophageal echocardiography is highlighted.
How to fail at species delimitation.

Species delimitation is the act of identifying species-level biological diversity. In recent years, the field has witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of methods available for delimiting species. However, most recent investigations only utilize a handful (i.e. 2–3) of the available methods, often for unstated reasons. Because the parameter space that is potentially relevant to species delimitation far exceeds the parameterization of any existing method, a given method necessarily makes a number of simplifying assumptions, any one of which could be violated in a particular system. We suggest that researchers should apply a wide range of species delimitation analyses to their data and place their trust in delimitations that are congruent across methods. Incongruence across the results from different methods is evidence of either a difference in the power to detect cryptic lineages across one or more of the approaches used to delimit species and could indicate that assumptions of one or more of the methods have been violated. In either case, the inferences drawn from species delimitation studies should be conservative, for in most contexts it is better to fail to delimit species than it is to falsely delimit entities that do not represent actual evolutionary lineages.
Efficient simulation of delay in TCP/IP networks using DPR-based splitting

Simulation is an important tool in evaluating the performance of computer networks. We present a technique for computationally efficient simulation of delay in networks with a number of nodes, background traffic, and a TCP protocol. The technique uses splitting based on direct probability redistribution (DPR). DPR has been shown to be a powerful technique for efficient simulation of a number of different network topologies. However, efficient simulation of delay in networks, especially those utilizing a transport layer protocol with feedback, such as TCP, has been elusive. The technique presented here solves this problem by modifying the subset indicator function associated with DPR. We demonstrate the technique by applying it to a network with four nodes, background traffic, and a TCP protocol.
Clusters Formation during Sedimentation of Dilute Suspensions

Abstract Particle interactions in dilute monodispersed sedimenting suspensions of spherical particles are studied as a function of solid concentration. It is shown that in suspensions with solid concentrations below 0.83%, the interactions are too insignificant to effect the use of Stokes' law in sedimentation results. Beyond this concentration, however, a definite change in suspension behavior occurs, as particles come close enough to form clusters of varying sizes causing faster settling rates. Optimum clustering takes place around 4.5%-solid concentration, corresponding to mean interspacing of 2.2 particle diameter within suspension and giving settling rates 1.58 times faster than the Stokes' velocity for a mean particle. Clusters start breaking beyond this concentration as the sedimentation becomes more hindered and the return upward flow of liquid becomes increasingly tortuous. The probability of clusters formation and their stability as a function of particle size, concentration, and the Reynolds nu...
Imaging of chondral defects

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more sensitive than conventional radiographs or computerized tomography (CT) in the assessment of articular cartilage defects. MRI has been well validated by using various pulse sequence parameters in traumatic chondral injury. With arthroscopy as the standard, MRI can be used to assess articular cartilage in the painful joint and thus allow differentiation between meniscal and chondral disease. With appropriate pulse sequencing, MRI is also helpful in assessing the postoperative knee, inclusive of areas of surgically manipulated cartilage. This is essential because of the advent of new cartilage repair techniques, which include autologous cartilage implantation, microfracture, mosaicplasty, and osteochondral allograft placement. In the evaluation of these lesions, MRI provides a more objective measure of outcome that serves as an important adjunct to conventional clinical scoring assessments.
The linearized Boltzmann equation: concise and accurate solutions to basic flow problems

A polynomial expansion procedure and an analytical discrete-ordinates method are used to solve a collection of basic flow problems based on a rigorous version of the linearized Boltzmann equation for rigid-sphere interactions. In particular, two half-space problems, Kramers and thermal creep, and three problems defined by flow in a plane-parallel channel, Poiseuille, thermalcreep and Couette flow, are solved (essentially) analytically in terms of a modern version of the discrete-ordinates method. The developed algorithms are implemented for general values of the accommodation coefficient to yield numerical results that can be considered a new standard of reference.
Nanostructure Dependence of Conductive Polymer Chemical Sensors

It is shown that the resistive sensing properties of conductive polymers are highly dependent on the material nanostructure. The sensing properties of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) polymer thin films with porous nanofibrile structure, dense nanofibrile structure and nano-granular structure show very different conductance changes, in terms of both response amplitude and sign, upon exposure to various VOC vapors. This implies that multiple sensing mechanisms, such as both grain boundary and intra-grain effects, exist and the dominant sensing mechanism can vary with different material nanostructures. Possible mechanisms for these effects, and their correlation with observed material nanostructures, are also discussed.
Molecular Genetics and Inherited Ataxias: Redefining Phenotypes and Pathogenesis

Genetic research on inherited ataxias has transformed our understanding of these conditions. The availability of genetic testing has shown that a classification based solely on clinical and pathologic findings is not adequate, and molecular genetic analysis is now mandatory for diagnostic accuracy and prognostic purposes. The epidemiology of these disorders is also being rewritten under the light of molecular genetic analysis. In this review, we discuss some of the recent advances on the hereditary cerebellar degenerations without a known metabolic defect, focusing on genotype-phenotype correlations in the spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) and Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA). Three main biochemical pathways seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of inherited ataxias: 1) expansion of (CAG)n repeats within genes coding for polyglutamine-containing proteins (SCAs); 2) impairment of mitochondrial function (FRDA); and 3) dysfunction of ion channels (episodic ataxias, EA1, EA2). It is likely that many neurodegenerativ...
The effects of haloperidol on synaptic patterns in the rat striatum.

Abstract A morphometric analysis of the corpus striatum of rats chronically treated with haloperidol was performed at the light and electron microscopic levels. Although the density of striatal neurons was unchanged in the haloperidol-treated group, there was a small increase in neuronal size (13%). This change in cell size was paralleled by a trend towards larger dendrite calibres occurring in the drug-treated animals. The distribution curve for axon terminal size indicated that 12% of the overall population was shifted from a range with a median size of 0.8 μm2 to one with 1.6 μm2 in the drug-treated group. This increase in size of some striatal terminals was accompanied by a concomitant increase in numbers of their associated synaptic vesicles, resulting in a similar density of vesicles for both control and drug-treated animals.
Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Amprenavir

OBJECTIVE:To review the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug interactions, and dosage and administration information of amprenavir.DATA SOURCE:An extensive review of the literature (MEDLINE search from 1994 to April 2001) relating to the clinical pharmacology of the HIV protease inhibitors was conducted. Meeting abstracts or full presentations and data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration were also reviewed.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:The data on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug interactions, and drug resistance were obtained from in vitro studies and open-label and controlled clinical trials.DATA SYNTHESIS:Like all HIV protease inhibitors, amprenavir interrupts the maturation phase of the HIV replicative cycle by forming an inhibitor-enzyme complex, which prevents HIV protease from binding with its normal substrates (biologically inactive viral polyproteins). Amprenavir has an enzyme inhibition constant (Ki = 0.6 nM) that falls within the Ki range of the other protease inhibi...
The McGovern canvass: A study in interpersonal political campaign communication

This investigation explores the canvass technique as utilized in Rhode Island and identifies the effectiveness of the technique when used by one candidate, several candidates, and the effect of the canvassing technique upon the 1972 primary elections.
Age-related changes in binding of the D2/3 receptor radioligand [(11)C](+)PHNO in healthy volunteers.

Abstract Objective Previous imaging studies with positron emission tomography (PET) have reliably demonstrated an age-associated decline in the dopamine system. Most of these studies have focused on the densities of dopamine receptor subtypes D 2/3 R (D 2 R family) in the striatum using antagonist radiotracers that are largely nonselective for D 2 R vs. D 3 R subtypes. Therefore, less is known about any possible age effects in D 3 -rich extrastriatal areas such as the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) and hypothalamus. This study sought to investigate whether the receptor availability measured with [ 11 C](+)PHNO, a D 3 R-preferring agonist radiotracer, also declines with age. Methods Forty-two healthy control subjects (9 females, 33 males; age range 19–55 years) were scanned with [ 11 C](+)PHNO using a High Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT). Parametric images were computed using the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM2) with cerebellum as the reference region. Binding potentials ( BP ND ) were calculated for the amygdala, caudate, hypothalamus, pallidum, putamen, SN/VTA, thalamus, and ventral striatum and then confirmed at the voxel level with whole-brain parametric images. Results Regional [ 11 C](+)PHNO BP ND displayed a negative correlation between receptor availability and age in the caudate ( r = − 0.56, corrected p = 0.0008) and putamen ( r = − 0.45, corrected p = 0.02) in healthy subjects (respectively 8% and 5% lower per decade). No significant correlations with age were found between age and other regions (including the hypothalamus and SN/VTA). Secondary whole-brain voxel-wise analysis confirmed these ROI findings of negative associations and further identified a positive correlation in midbrain (SN/VTA) regions. Conclusion In accordance with previous studies, the striatum (an area rich in D 2 R) is associated with age-related declines of the dopamine system. We did not initially find evidence of changes with age in the SN/VTA and hypothalamus, areas previously found to have a predominantly D 3 R signal as measured with [ 11 C](+)PHNO. A secondary analysis did find a significant positive correlation in midbrain (SN/VTA) regions, indicating that there may be differential effects of aging, whereby D 2 R receptor availability decreases with age while D 3 R availability stays unchanged or is increased.
Neurotransmitter Theories of Schizophrenia

The release and re-uptake of theories of schizophrenia is a process nearly as universal as neurotransmission itself, since every neurotransmitter has been proposed, at one time or another, as contributing to the etiology of the disease. There are theories implicating acetylcholine, noradrenaline, serotonin, GABA, and dopamine. Certainly this phenomenon underscores the relevance of basic research, since each new discovery of neuroregulatory substances brings with it possibilities for theorizing and experimenting about schizophrenia.
The Importance of Self-Efficacy to Usability: Grounded Theory Analysis of a Child's Toy Assembly Task:

Traditional usability measures such as effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction may not fully describe usability across domains and user groups. Qualitative Grounded Theory analysis was employed to study children assembling toys from pictorial instructions. The resulting model showed that usability problems can have a striking impact beyond just performance, affecting the user's self-efficacy, particularly among girls who tend to use internal attributions and equate difficulty with low ability. Without sufficient self-efficacy, the child will likely choose not to engage with assembly tasks and may regard him or herself as inadequately skilled in that area. Usability professionals should consider adding self-efficacy measures to provide more complete assessments.
Can Nonprofit Enterprises Lead to Better Revenue Conditions in Local Government

Nonprofit enterprises may play an important role in revenue diversification from a government perspective, especially when local governments suffer from revenue shortages. This study attempts to examine whether an increasing number of nonprofit enterprises influence revenue diversification, as measured by the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), as well as volatility using a panel data set from 2007 to 2012. The results indicate that local governments can secure more diversified and increased income sources as more nonprofit enterprises are created throughout the county. Moreover, nonprofit enterprises with stable business categories contribute more and therefore actively improve revenue conditions of local governments.
Sterol specificity of pancreatic cholesterol esterase.

SummaryPancreatic cholesterol esterase catalyzes the esterincation and hydrolysis of a number of different sterols and sterol esters. The order of activity observed in the esterifying system with oleic acid was as follows: dihydrocholesterol † cholesterol † β-sitosterol † sitosterol † stigmasterol † ergosterol. Of these sterols, only dihydrocholesterol and cholesterol were esterified with butyric acid. In the hydrolytic system all of the sterol butyrates tested were split very rapidly, with the exception of ergosterol butyrate. the order of splitting of the oleates in the first 4 hours was: cholesterol oleate † sitosterol oleate † stigmasterol oleate † ergosterol oleate. The relation of enzyme activity to sterol structure is discussed.
Ciliopathy-associated protein CEP290 modifies the severity of retinal degeneration due to loss of RPGR

Mutations in RPGR (retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator) are the most common cause of X-linked RP, a severe blindness disorder. RPGR mutations result in clinically variable disease with early- to late-onset phenotypic presentation. Molecular mechanisms underlying such heterogeneity are unclear. Here we show that phenotypic expression of Rpgr-loss in mice is influenced genetically by the loss of Cep290, a human ciliopathy gene. We found that Rpgrko/Y mice with a heterozygous hypomorphic allele of Cep290 (Cep290rd16/+) but not of a heterozygous null allele of Cep290 (Cep290null/+) or of other ciliopathy genes, Rpgrip1, Nphp1, Nphp4 and Nphp5, exhibit relatively early onset (by 3 months of age) retinal degeneration and dysfunction when compared with the onset at ∼7 months of age in the Rpgrko/Y mice. We also observed disorganized photoreceptor outer-segment morphology and defective trafficking of opsins in the Rpgrko/Y::Cep290rd16/+ mice. Together with a physical interaction between RPGR and the C-terminal domain of CEP290, our data suggest that RPGR and CEP290 genetically interact and highlight the involvement of hypomorphic alleles of genes as potential modifiers of heterogeneous retinal ciliopathies.
Tabanus vaseyi Sherman, a new species of tabanid from Vietnam and a redescription of Tabanus flavioculatus Toumanoff (Diptera: Tabanidae).

A new species of Tabanidae, Tabanus vaseyi Sherman, n. sp., is described from Vietnam and differentiated from Tabanus cepuricus Surcouf. Tabanus flavioculatus Toumanoff is redescribed; anatomical features and variation not noted in the original description are given, along with a discussion of the taxon. It is recorded for only the second time and is newly recorded from Vietnam. Conflicting reports on the type data and type depository for the paratype of Tabanus sphinx Philip (= T. cepuricus ) are clarified. Collection data of the only specimen of Tabanus soubiroui Surcouf known from Vietnam are recorded. Taxa from Southeast Asia related to T. vaseyi and T. flavioculatus are discussed briefly.
Single-layer graphene as a stable and transparent electrode for nonaqueous radical annihilation electrogenerated chemiluminescence.

We explored the use of single-layer graphene (SLG) obtained by chemical vapor deposition, and transferred to a glass substrate, as a transparent electrode material for use in coupled electrochemical and spectroscopic experiments in nonaqueous media through electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). SLG was used with classical ECL luminophores, rubrene and 9,10-diphenylanthracene, in an inert environment to generate stable electrochemical responses and measure light emission through it. As an electrode material, SLG displayed excellent stability during electrochemical potential stepping and voltammetry in a window that spanned at least from ca. −2.4 to +1.8 V versus SCE in acetonitrile and acetonitrile/benzene. Although the peak splitting between forward and reverse sweeps in voltammetry was larger in comparison to metal electrodes due to in-plane resistance, SLG displayed sufficiently facile electron transfer properties to yield stable voltammetric cycling and ECL. SLG electrodes patterned with poly tetraf...
Real-Time, Selective Detection of Copper(II) Using Ionophore-Grafted Carbon-Fiber Microelectrodes.

Rapid, selective detection of metals in complex samples remains an elusive goal that could provide critical analytical information for biological and environmental sciences and industrial waste management. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) using carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMs) is an emerging technique for metal analysis with broad potential applicability because of its rapid response to changes in analyte concentration and minimal disturbance to the analysis medium. In this communication, we report the first effective application of covalently modified CFMs to achieve highly selective, subsecond Cu(II) measurements using FSCV. A two-part strategy is employed for maximum selectivity: Cu(II) binding is augmented by a covalently grafted ionophore, while binding of other metals is prevented by chemical blocking of nonselective surface adsorption sites. The resulting electrodes selectively detect Cu(II) in a complex medium comprising several interfering metals. Overall, this strategy represents a transfo...
Variation in pH of Model Secondary Organic Aerosol during Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation

The majority of atmospheric aerosols consist of both organic and inorganic components. At intermediate relative humidity (RH), atmospheric aerosol can undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) in which the organic and inorganic fractions segregate from each other. We have extended the study of LLPS to the effect that phase separation has on the pH of the overall aerosols and the pH of the individual phases. Using confocal microscopy and pH sensitive dyes, the pH of internally mixed model aerosols consisting of polyethylene glycol 400 and ammonium sulfate as well as the pH of the organic fraction during LLPS have been directly measured. During LLPS, the pH of the organic fraction was observed to increase to 4.2 ± 0.2 from 3.8 ± 0.1 under high RH when the aerosol was internally mixed. In addition, the high spatial resolution of the confocal microscope allowed us to characterize the composition of each of the phases, and we have observed that during LLPS the organic shell still contains large quantities ...
Inverting the boomerang: examining the legitimacy of North–South–North campaigns in transnational advocacy

The boomerang model is typically used to describe campaigns in which international NGOs respond to requests from local activists, often from marginalized populations, for assistance in addressing local needs. Such campaigns are perceived to represent local interests and have some accountability to local actors. However, while the local–international–local pattern is often accurate, it does not capture the full spectrum of campaign development. This article theorizes an international–local–international or ‘inverse’ boomerang, in which international NGOs facing an international policy blockage initiate a transnational campaign, recruiting local activists to assist in the international advocacy effort. The article demonstrates the theory's plausibility using several cases of Northern-initiated advocacy. It then examines the implications of the model for campaign legitimacy. It finds that inverse boomerang campaigns benefit from the same presumptions of legitimacy as traditional boomerang campaigns, but that representivity and accountability are substantially weaker, potentially disempowering the campaigns' claimed stakeholders.
Association Between Genetic Variants in the Base Excision Repair Pathway and Outcomes After Hematopoietic Cell Transplant.

Abstract 870 Introduction: Despite recent advances in technology and supportive care, hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) continues to be associated with high morbidity and mortality. Since the therapies used in HCT induce DNA damage that is repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathway we hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BER genes may influence HCT outcomes. Methods: We evaluated the association between tagSNPs and functionally important SNPs (n= 179) in the BER pathway with transplant related mortality at one year (TRM) and disease relapse in a cohort of 470 recipients of allogeneic HCT for hematologic malignancies at the University of Minnesota between 1998 and 2007 from a HLA-identical sibling donor, HLA-matched or mismatched unrelated donor (URD) or single umbilical cord graft. Results: After adjustment for age at transplant, donor type, race, and conditioning regimen, four SNPs in OGGI, LIG3 and MUTYH1 genes ([rs159153][1], rs3135974, rs3219463, rs3219476) were associated with increased risk of TRM whereas two SNPs in TDG gene ([rs167715][2], rs2374327) were associated with decreased risk of TRM at one year (p≤0.01). Patients with increasing numbers of deleterious alleles in the BER pathway showed an increased cumulative incidence of TRM at one year (14% for ≤ 1 deleterious allele vs. 51% for ≥ 4 deleterious alleles; p<0.001). One SNP, rs3135974, in LIG3 gene was associated with decreased risk of disease relapse (p<0.001) post HCT. Conclusions: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the BER pathway are significantly associated with both TRM and disease relapse, thus supporting the hypothesis that genetic polymorphisms in the BER pathway are involved in the pathophysiology of TRM and disease relapse. If confirmed in independent cohorts, these SNPs may indicate patients who might benefit from altered or less DNA damaging conditioning regimens. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=GEN&access_num=rs159153&atom=%2Fbloodjournal%2F114%2F22%2F870.atom [2]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=GEN&access_num=rs167715&atom=%2Fbloodjournal%2F114%2F22%2F870.atom
Eosinophilic Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders represent a spectrum of disorders demonstrating gastrointestinal eosinophilia without any known cause for eosinophilia. Pathogenesis is not clearly established, but immune responses to dietary antigens are implicated. These disorders affect children and adults and are seen in association with allergic disorders. Eosinophilic esophagitis is diagnosed in the setting of mucosal eosinophilia on endoscopic biopsy and symptoms of esophageal dysfunction. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is also diagnosed with endoscopic biopsies. Eosinophilic colitis commonly presents with lower gastrointestinal symptoms and is a diagnosis of exclusion.
Ultrafast Nanoscopy of Energy and Charge Transport

The frontier in solar energy research now lies in learning how to integrate functional entities across multiple length scales to create optimal devices and advancing the field requires transformative experimental tools that probe energy transfer processes from the nano to the meso lengthscales. To address this challenge, we aim to understand multi-scale energy transport across both multiple length and time scales, coupling simultaneous high spatial, structural, and temporal resolution. In my talk, I will focus on our recent progress on visualization of exciton and charge transport in solar energy harvesting materials from the nano to mesoscale employing ultrafast optical nanoscopy.
Selling streetball: racialized space, commercialized spectacle, and playground basketball

ABSTRACTThis paper outlines plans for a research project on representations of basketball in New York City. It argues that a highly performative style of playground basketball strongly associated with racialized urban ghettos, often referred to as “streetball,” has become a significant way that basketball-related products has been marketed in the late-twentieth and early-twenty-first centuries. These marketing efforts are an important source of popular fantasy about the “iconic ghetto,” and work to maintain racialized spatial relations in the U.S.
"Homo Pedagogicus": The Evolutionary Nature of Second Language Teaching.

Second language (SL) teacher educators tirelessly teach others how to teach. But how often do we actually def ine teaching? Without explicit definitional activity on this fundamental concept in second language teaching (SLT), it remains implicit and intuitive – the opposite of clear, productive understanding. I therefore explore the question, ‘What is teaching?’ in this paper. First, I establish the claim that the SLT literature rarely defines teaching explicitly, in part because of its technical ‘how-to’ focus. Second, I offer a heuristic definition of teaching as evolutionarily adaptive behavior (TEAB) – as existing in humans because it enables adaptation to varied and complex ecosocial circumstances. In contrast, animals have quite modest adaptive powers, so it may come as a surprise that TEAB is not uniquely human. Therefore, third, I review research comparing animal and human teaching in order to help us understand the latter better. Fourth, I describe teaching as studied by anthropologists – as it varies across human groups. Formal teaching is relatively rare from an anthropological perspective, and relatively recent at that. Fifth, I employ the results of this definitional exercise to exploratorily examine what happens in SLT classrooms. Finally, I discuss implications and future directions for the ideas presented here and conclude.
Neuropathologic substrates of ischemic vascular dementia

Ischemic vascular dementia (IVD) is a relatively uncommon entity, in the course of which multiple ischemic brain lesions result in progressive cognitive and memory impairment. Ischemic brain lesions may also aggravate the neuropsychologic deficit of Alzheimer disease (AD). In this review we summarize our experience based upon autopsy examination of the central nervous system in 20 patients (age range 68-92 years) enrolled in a longitudinal investigation of structural, neurochemical, functional neuroimaging, and neuropsychologic components of IVD, especially dementia associated with cerebral microvascular disease. While cystic infarcts were present in the CNS of 5 patients, the most commonly observed neuropathologic abnormalities were lacunar infarcts and microinfarcts--both types of lesion were encountered in over half of patients' brains. Evidence of (remote) hippocampal injury was found in 11/20 patients. Severe atherosclerosis and arterio/ arteriolosclerosis were both associated with the occurrence of multiple lacunar infarcts. Pronounced cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) was noted in a single patient, who also showed other microscopic changes of severe AD. While fairly unusual as a nosologic entity, IVD appears to correlate with widespread small ischemic lesions distributed throughout the CNS. We furthermore propose an approach to quantifying the burden of ischemic vascular and parenchymal disease that may be associated with a dementia syndrome. A brief review of neuropathologic features of vascular dementia (both familial and sporadic) is presented.
Leveraging Multiple Linear Regression for Wavelength Selection

Abstract Wavelength selection is often used for multivariate calibration methods to lower prediction error for the calibrated sample properties. As a result, there are a plethora of wavelength selection methods to select from; all with unique advantages and disadvantages. All wavelength selection methods involve a range of tuning parameters making the methods cumbersome or complex and hence, difficult to work with. The goal of this study is to provide a simple process to select wavelengths for multivariate calibration methods while trying to standardize values of the five adjustable algorithm tuning parameters across data sets. The proposed method uses multiple linear regression (MLR) as an indicator to which wavelengths should be used further to form a multivariate calibration model by some processes such as partial least squares (PLS). From a collection of MLR models formed from randomly selected wavelengths, those models within a thresholds of the bias indicator root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and variance indicator model vector L 2 norm are evaluated to ascertain the most frequently selected wavelengths. Portions of the most frequent wavelengths are retained and used to produce a calibration model by PLS. This proposed wavelength selection method is compared to PLS models based on full spectra. Several near infrared data sets are evaluated showing that PLS models based on MLR selected wavelengths provide improved prediction errors. Of the five adjustable parameters for the wavelength selection method, three could be standardized across the data sets while the other two required minor tuning. Recommendations are provided as to alternate wavelength selection algorithms.
“The Man Who Would Be Popular”: An Analysis of Salman Rushdie’s Twitter Feed:

In September 2011, Salman Rushdie joined the popular social network Twitter. What initially began as an experiment to tweet a narrative in 140 characters became an intensely dynamic platform for en...
Placing John Haines (by James Perrin Warren)

Placing John Haines. By James Perrin Warren. University of Alaska Press, 2017. Acknowledgements, bibliography, notes, index. xxii + 218 pages.
Empirical evaluation of data normalization methods for molecular classification.

Background Data artifacts due to variations in experimental handling are ubiquitous in microarray studies, and they can lead to biased and irreproducible findings. A popular approach to correct for such artifacts is through post hoc data adjustment such as data normalization. Statistical methods for data normalization have been developed and evaluated primarily for the discovery of individual molecular biomarkers. Their performance has rarely been studied for the development of multi-marker molecular classifiers-an increasingly important application of microarrays in the era of personalized medicine. Methods In this study, we set out to evaluate the performance of three commonly used methods for data normalization in the context of molecular classification, using extensive simulations based on re-sampling from a unique pair of microRNA microarray datasets for the same set of samples. The data and code for our simulations are freely available as R packages at GitHub. Results In the presence of confounding handling effects, all three normalization methods tended to improve the accuracy of the classifier when evaluated in an independent test data. The level of improvement and the relative performance among the normalization methods depended on the relative level of molecular signal, the distributional pattern of handling effects (e.g., location shift vs scale change), and the statistical method used for building the classifier. In addition, cross-validation was associated with biased estimation of classification accuracy in the over-optimistic direction for all three normalization methods. Conclusion Normalization may improve the accuracy of molecular classification for data with confounding handling effects; however, it cannot circumvent the over-optimistic findings associated with cross-validation for assessing classification accuracy.
Pharmacokinetic and clinical outcomes when ideal body weight is used to dose busulfan in obese hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients

Weight-based dosing of intravenous busulfan is widely used in hematopoietic cell transplantation. However, a variety of dosing weights have been described. The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the pharmacokinetic impact of using ideal body weight as the initial dosing weight in obese as compared to non-obese transplant recipients. The secondary objectives were to describe the use of alternative dosing weights, the impact on survival, and the rates of toxicities. The mean steady-state concentration was 779.3 ng/mL (n = 82) in the non-obese cohort and 673.7 ng/mL (n = 63) in the obese cohort (p < 0.001). A smaller proportion of concentrations were below goal in the non-obese cohort (10% vs. 41%, p < 0.001). Ideal body weight and adjusted body weights with a 25 and 40% correction factor are appropriate in non-obese patients; adjusted body weights with a 25 and 40% correction factor are appropriate in obese patients. There was no difference in overall survival (p = 0.18); there was a difference in median progression-free survival (1078 vs. 500 days, p = 0.045) in the non-obese compared to obese cohorts. The use of ideal body weight to dose busulfan resulted in lower steady-state concentrations, a larger proportion of subtherapeutic concentrations, and worse progression-free survival in obese patients.
Inhibition of monitoring mechanisms in response to erroneous or veridical feedback. “Virtual lesion” induction by an rTMS study

External feedback from contextual cues allows humans to behave appropriately in their environments. In the present study, the explicit process of feedback monitoring (an explicit response to veridical vs false feedback) was explored. In addition, the contribution of the prefrontal cortex in this monitoring process was tested by administering an rTMS inhibitory paradigm. Seventeen subjects participated in the study and were required to detect correct vs. incorrect feedback. The experimental task included three main phases: the subject's performance (spatial decisional task); the system's response to the performance (external feedback); and the subject's judgment and response to this external feedback (feedback monitoring). rTMS was performed on the DLPFC. As shown by the behavioural measures (error rate and response times), DLPFC deactivation induced worse performance (higher ER and RT) for both correct and incorrect feedback. Indeed, this prefrontal region seems to contribute to conscious monitoring functions when an explicit response is required. Possible applications to executive function analysis and rehabilitation are suggested.
Useful Tools for Statistics and Machine Learning

As much as we would like to have analytical solutions to important problems, it is a fact that many of them are simply too difficult to admit closed-form solutions. Common examples of this phenomenon are finding exact distributions of estimators and statistics, computing the value of an exact optimum procedure, such as a maximum likelihood estimate, and numerous combinatorial algorithms of importance in computer science and applied probability. Unprecedented advances in computing powers and availability have inspired creative new methods and algorithms for solving old problems; often, these new methods are better than what we had in our toolbox before. This chapter provides a glimpse into a few selected computing tools and algorithms that have had a significant impact on the practice of probability and statistics, specifically, the bootstrap, the EM algorithm, and the use of kernels for smoothing and modern statistical classification. The treatment is supposed to be introductory, with references to more advanced parts of the literature.
PEACE AND QUALITY OF LIFE

ABSTRACT The thesis shall contend that personal violence and the institutional expression of war, poverty, political and ideological oppression are stupid responses to human problems. These problems need to be countered by methods – by social praxis – which enhance the mutual productivity of human relationships and which generate rational and loving sensibilities. Peace and quality of life are synonomous. They mean conditions whereby a person can grow, interact and mature without undue deprivation, fear and violence.
The role of spontaneous pattern formation in the creation and maintenance of biological diversity

We show that in the presence of disruptive selection, spatial distributions of sexually reproducing organisms with local mating neighborhoods give rise to symmetry breaking and spontaneous pattern formation in the genetic composition of local populations. Global dynamics follows conventional coarsening of systems with non-conserved order parameters in statistical physics. These patterns interact with boundary and internal barrier structures so as to generate counter-intuitive increases in diversity in patches with high perimeter-to-core ratios. The results have significant implications for the creation and maintenance of biological diversity and species formation.
To sleep perchance to dream unusual bradyarrhythmia in an adolescent

Abstract Connective tissue disorders may involve the conduction system. A 16-year-old patient with known mixed connective tissue disorder (MTCD) presented with bradyarrhythmia. Initially, we considered inflammatory conduction system disease, but unusual clinical course led to further evaluation. She had a REM-sleep related disorder. This rare parasomnia has never been described in childhood but may not be uncommon.
Our Shrinking First Amendment: On the Growing Problem of Reduced Access to Public Property for Speech Activity and Some Suggestions for a Better Way Forward

The Article posits that the scope of certain First Amendment protections has contracted, rather than expanded, over time, and uses access to public property for speech activity as an exemplar of this troubling phenomenon. The Roberts and Rehnquist Courts have issued decisions that significantly restrict access to public property for speech activity. Under the rubric of the public forum doctrine, less public property is available today for speech activity than was the case under the precedents of the Warren and Burger Courts. Moreover, even with respect to government property that constitutes a traditional or designated public forum, the federal courts have permitted government to burden, or even banish, speech activity through the adoption and enforcement of time, place, and manner (TPM) regulations. By way of contrast, during the Warren and Burger Court eras, the federal courts generally presumed that government property must be available for speech activity; the burden fell squarely on the government to justify denying access to public property for First Amendment activities. “Our Shrinking First Amendment” posits that the contemporary public forum doctrine, in conjunction with the TPM doctrine, vests too much discretionary power with government to squelch speech activity on public property. Instead of using a rigid, categorical approach to decide whether government must make public property available for speech activity, the federal courts should instead use a functional approach to decide what constitutes a public forum – essentially the approach used by the Warren and Burger Courts. Simply put, public spaces compatible with First Amendment activity should be available for such activity. Second, federal courts should be less ready to sustain TPM regulations – particularly when the context of their adoption suggests a censorial motive. It is probably unrealistic to propose a complete return to the open balancing test that prevailed under the Warren and Burger Courts. Even if this is so, however, the public forum and TPM doctrines could be reformed to create, literally, more breathing space for First Amendment activities essential to sustaining the project of democratic self-government.
Mechanical Super-Low Frequency (SLF) Transmitter Using Electrically-Modulated Reluctance

Frequencies in the range of super-low frequency (SLF) to very-low frequency (VLF) are ideal for communication in underwater and underground environments. However, large antenna structures are often needed for high efficiency and bandwidth. We experimentally demonstrate an efficient and compact SLF transmitter based on the concept of a spinning permanent magnet. We propose and experimentally demonstrate a modulation technique that does not require change in the rotational speed of the magnet. Findings suggest that our electronic modulation technique can give greater efficiency and bandwidth compared to a mechanically based modulation approach.