cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of Alternative Behavioral States by Serotonin in Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract Serotonin has been implicated in the regulation of a wide range of brain functions involving alternative behavioral states, including the control of mood, aggression, sex, and sleep. Here, we report that in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , serotonin controls a switch between two distinct, on/off states of egg-laying behavior. Through quantitative analysis of the temporal pattern of egg-laying events, we determined that egg laying can be modeled as a novel random process, in which animals fluctuate between discrete behavioral states: an active state, during which eggs are laid in clusters, and an inactive state, during which eggs are retained. Single-cell ablation experiments indicate that two pairs of motor neurons, HSNL/HSNR and VC4/VC5, can induce the active phase by releasing serotonin. These neurons also release acetylcholine, which appears to trigger individual egg-laying events within the active phase. Genetic experiments suggest that determination of the behavioral states observed for C. elegans egg laying may be mediated through protein kinase C–dependent (PKC-dependent) modulation of voltage-gated calcium channels.
Adaptive Antennas for Interference Mitigation of Barker/CCK Spread Wi-Fi Signals

A study of interference caused by adjacent IEEE 802.11 Barker-code spread and Complementary Code Keying spread Wireless Fidelity signals used in Wireless Local Area Networks is presented. The interference resulted from these signals is thoroughly analyzed and compared to that caused by bandlimited flat spectral interferers as well as narrow band interferers. Adaptive antennas employing tapped-delay-lines are used to mitigate the interference effect from these signals. The optimal values for the delay-line parameters to restore the performance at minimum cost are found.
Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase inhibitors increase toxicity of prooxidant compounds in chicks.

The acute lethality of paraquat (1, l'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride; also methyl viologen) for chicks was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by adding to a selenium-deficient torula-yeast-based diet low concentrations (0.02-0.04 ppm) of selenium (Se) as either Na2SeO3,selenomethionine or a high Se yeast without significantly increasing plasma Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se GSH-Px) activity. Similarly, chicks orally dosed with 100 mg nitrofurantoin (N-(5- nitro-2 furfurylidine)-l-aminohydantoin) per kilogram had highest mortalities in the Se-deficient (unsupplemented) group; lowest mortalities occurred in chicks sup plemented with 0.2 ppm Se; chicks supplemented with 0.02 ppm Se survived at rates not statistically different from chicks either unsupplemented or supplemented with 0.2 ppm Se. The activities of SeGSH-px in various vital organs were significantly elevated by supplementation of 0.2 ppm Se to Se-deficient chicks; but only kidney SeGSH-Px increased with 0.02 ppm Se. Additionally, no histopathology was observed in the vital organs of moribund chicks 5 or 24 h following nitrofurantoin administra tion at any dietary level of Se tested. Exposure of chicks to oxygen enhanced the toxici- ty of nitrofurantoin, but the protective effect of dietary Se was still evident. Two inhibitors of SeGSH-Px, D(-)-penicillamine â€¢ HC1 and aurothioglucose, were found to increase the lethalities of both nitrofurantoin and paraquat. Aurothioglucose was most effective when administered simultaneously with the prooxidant compounds; penicillamine increased toxicities only when administered at least 24 h before para quat or nitrofurantoin (it decreased nitrofurantoin lethality and did not significantly alter paraquat toxicity if given simultaneously). These data support an hypothesis that the protection offered by dietary Se against the acute toxicities of the prooxidant com pounds paraquat and nitrofurantoin may be provided by SeGSH-Px in the chick. J. Nutr. 116: 1726-1734, 1986.
Glassy Carbon: A Potential Dental Implant Material

Summary The carbonization of certain polymers under carefully controlled conditions yields glassy carbon bodies which may have potential application in the dental profession. Considerable evidence is now available for the good compatibility of a variety of carbonaceous materials with tissue and bone. Many carbons remain relatively inert in the human environment compared to metals and polymers. Disordered carbons with strengths exceeding that of graphite are commercially available with elastic modulus in the same range as that reported for bone(m3 X lo6 psi). The object of this study was to determine mechanical properties and characterize the structure of a new porous glassy carbon material. Compressive and tensile strength data were obtained for carbon samples with a wide range of pore structures. A scanning electron microscope and a mercury porosimeter were used to observe variations in pore structures. The porous materials tested exhibited compressive strength values up to 48,000 psi and ultimate tensile strength values up to 7,500 psi. Sonic modulus values from 1 to 4.6 x 106 psi have been measured. Some carbon samples had interconnected porosity exceeding 50% and median pore diameters greater than 50 p. Material with an interconnected mean pore size as small as 46 A has also been produced. Preliminary animal implant studies are in progress.
Sequence stratigraphy of experimental strata under known conditions of differential subsidence and variable base level

Sequence stratigraphy has been applied from reservoir to continental scales, providing a scale-independent model for predicting the spatial arrangement of depositional elements. We examine experimental strata deposited in the Experimental EarthScape facility at St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, focusing on stratigraphic surfaces defined by discordant contact geometries, surfaces analogous to those delineated in the original work on seismic sequence stratigraphy. In this controlled setting, we directly evaluate critical sequence-stratigraphic issues, such as stratigraphic horizon development and time significance, as well as the internal geometry and migration of the bounded strata against the known boundary conditions and depositional history. Four key stratigraphic disconformities defined by marine downlap, marine onlap, fluvial erosion, and fluvial onlap are mapped and vary greatly in their relative degree of time transgression. Marine onlap and downlap contacts closely parallel topographic surfaces (time surfaces) and, prior to burial, approximate the instantaneous offshore topography. These stratal-bounding surfaces are also robust stratigraphic signals of relative base-level fall and rise, respectively. Marine onlap surfaces are of special interest. They tend to be the best preserved discordance, where widespread, allogenic-based onlap surfaces subdivide otherwise amalgamated depositional cycles amidst cryptic stacks of marine foresets; however, local, autogenic-based marine onlap discordances are present throughout the fill. A critical distinguishing feature of allogenic onlap is the greater lateral persistence of the discordance. Surfaces defined by subaerial erosional truncation and fluvial onlap do not have geomorphic equivalence because channel processes continually modify the surface as the stratigraphic horizons are forming. Hence, they are strongly time transgressive. Last, the stacking arrangement of the preserved bounded strata is found to be a good time-averaged representation of the mass-balance history.
CLASS NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC RESIDUES

It has long been known that there is a strong connection between the class numbers of quadratic fields and the distribution of quadratic residues. This connection is exemplified, for instance, by the class number formulae of Dirichlet, which have formed the basis of much of the work on the subject of class numbers.
Structured message passing on a shared-memory multiprocessor

A shared-memory multiprocessor can efficiently support many different programming paradigms. In particular, shared-memory multiprocessors need not be programmed using the shared-memory model. SMP is a structured message-passing software library developed for the BBN Butterfly parallel processor that provides an alternative to the shared-memory model of the BBN uniform system package, SMP supports the construction of process families, a fixed set of asynchronous processes that communicate using messages according to a given interconnection pattern. A dynamic hierarchy of process families is possible. The author describes the SMP user interface, the Butterfly implementation, and his experiences in using a message-passing model to program a shared-memory multiprocessor. >
Structural analysis of musical signals via pattern matching

Summary form only given. A musical piece typically has repetitive structures. Analysis of this structure can be used for music indexing, thumbnailing or segmentation. The research described here aims at automatically analyzing the repetitive structure of musical signals. First, we detect the repetition of each segment in a piece using dynamic programming. Second, we summarize this repetition information and infer the structure based on some heuristic rules. The performance of our approach is demonstrated visually using figures for qualitative evaluation. and by two structural similarity measures for quantitative evaluation. The experimental results using a corpus of Beatles songs show that automatic structural analysis of music is possible.
Comparative utility of the BESTest, mini-BESTest, and brief-BESTest for predicting falls in individuals with Parkinson disease: A cohort study

Background The newly developed Brief–Balance Evaluation System Test (Brief-BESTest) may be useful for measuring balance and predicting falls in individuals with Parkinson disease (PD). Objectives The purposes of this study were: (1) to describe the balance performance of those with PD using the Brief-BESTest, (2) to determine the relationships among the scores derived from the 3 versions of the BESTest (ie, full BESTest, Mini-BESTest, and Brief-BESTest), and (3) to compare the accuracy of the Brief-BESTest with that of the Mini-BESTest and BESTest in identifying recurrent fallers among people with PD. Design This was a prospective cohort study. Methods Eighty participants with PD completed a baseline balance assessment. All participants reported a fall history during the previous 6 months. Fall history was again collected 6 months (n=51) and 12 months (n=40) later. Results At baseline, participants had varying levels of balance impairment, and Brief-BESTest scores were significantly correlated with Mini-BESTest ( r =.94, P <.001) and BESTest ( r =.95, P <.001) scores. Six-month retrospective fall prediction accuracy of the Brief-BESTest was moderately high (area under the curve [AUC]=0.82, sensitivity=0.76, and specificity=0.84). Prospective fall prediction accuracy over 6 months was similarly accurate (AUC=0.88, sensitivity=0.71, and specificity=0.87), but was less sensitive over 12 months (AUC=0.76, sensitivity=0.53, and specificity=0.93). Limitations The sample included primarily individuals with mild to moderate PD. Also, there was a moderate dropout rate at 6 and 12 months. Conclusions All versions of the BESTest were reasonably accurate in identifying future recurrent fallers, especially during the 6 months following assessment. Clinicians can reasonably rely on the Brief-BESTest for predicting falls, particularly when time and equipment constraints are of concern.
Phylogeny of the tree swallow genus, Tachycineta (Aves: Hirundinidae), by Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences

To set the stage for historical analyses of the ecology and behavior of tree swallows and their allies (genus Tachycineta), we reconstructed the phylogeny of the nine Tachycineta species by comparing DNA sequences of six mitochondrial genes: Cytochrome b (990 base pairs), the second subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (839 base pairs), cytochrome oxidase II (85 base pairs), ATPase 8 (158 base pairs), tRNA-lysine (73 base pairs), and tRNA-methionine (25 base pairs). The phylogeny consisted of two main clades: South and Central American species ((T. stolzmanni, T. albilinea, T. albiventris), (T. leucorrhoa, T. meyeni)), and North American and Caribbean species (T. bicolor, (T. thalassina, T. euchrysea, T. cyaneoviridis)). The genetic distances among the species suggested that Tachycineta is a relatively old group compared to other New World swallow genera. One interesting biogeographic discovery was the close relationship between Caribbean and western North American taxa. This historical connection occurs in other groups of swallows and swifts as well. To reconstruct the phylogeny, we employed Bayesian as well as traditional maximum-likelihood methods. The Bayesian approach provided probability values for trees produced from the different genes and gene combinations, as well as probabilities of branches within those trees. We compared Bayesian and maximum-likelihood bootstrap branch support and found that all branches with Bayesian probabilities ≥95% received bootstrap support >70%.
Why Apprenticeship Persisted in Britain But Not in the United States

During the nineteenth century, under free labor market contracting, apprenticeship persisted in Britain but declined in the United States. This article argues that apprenticeship endured in Britain because of its efficiency advantages and because of customs, inherited from the guilds, that favored training certification for entry into skilled jobs. By contrast, within the United States guild traditions were weaker, occupational certification was seldom required, and, as a result, indenture obligations were hard to enforce. Understandably, U.S. employers refrained from making training investments in potentially mobile apprentices. A pprenticeship institutions today play a far greater role in many other advanced economies than they do in the United States. In the United States apprenticeship accounts for just 0.3 percent of civilian employment, most apprentices being found within the building trades. Yet even most U.S. building tradesmen acquire their skills informally, rather than through apprenticeship. By contrast, in Britain and in the Commonwealth countries of Australia and New Zealand, apprenticeship accounts for 1.9 to 2.7 percent of civilian employment, and is the principal means of training for skilled manual trades. Apprenticeship is most extensive in West Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, where it occupies 5 to 6 percent of
Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is comprised of a cluster of affective, behavioral and somatic symptoms recurring monthly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The disorder affects 3–8% of menstruating women and represents the more severe and disabling end of the spectrum of premenstrual disorders, which includes premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual aggravation of underlying affective disorder. Rigorous and specific diagnostic criteria for PMDD were specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (1994) and reaffirmed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (2013) and, consequently, there has been a marked increase in well-designed, placebo-controlled studies evaluating treatment modalities. Although the exact pathogenesis of PMDD is still elusive, treatment of PMDD and severe premenstrual syndrome has centered on neuromodulation via serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, and ovulation suppression utilizing various contraceptive an...
The ID proteins: master regulators of cancer stem cells and tumour aggressiveness

Inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins are transcriptional regulators that control the timing of cell fate determination and differentiation in stem and progenitor cells. The ability of ID proteins to function as central 'hubs' for the coordination of multiple cancer hallmarks is establishing them as therapeutic targets and biomarkers in specific types of human tumours. Inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins are transcriptional regulators that control the timing of cell fate determination and differentiation in stem and progenitor cells during normal development and adult life. ID genes are frequently deregulated in many types of human neoplasms, and they endow cancer cells with biological features that are hijacked from normal stem cells. The ability of ID proteins to function as central 'hubs' for the coordination of multiple cancer hallmarks has established these transcriptional regulators as therapeutic targets and biomarkers in specific types of human tumours.
The sense organs on the antennal flagellum of aphids (Homoptera), with special reference to the plate organs

Summary The cuticular parts of the aphid plate organ consist of an outer and an inner layer. Both are transparent and in the space between them are many fine branches of the half dozen, or more, sensory neurones which lie below the plate. Each dendrite narrows, a short distance above its cell body, and assumes the structure of a cilium with 9 pairs of peripheral fibrils, a ciliary collar, and basal bodies with rootlets. Distally the dendrite loses its ciliary structure, passes through one of several openings in the inner cuticular layer of the plate and branches repeatedly. The only formed cytoplasmic elements so far identified within the branches of the dendrites are neurofilaments. The outer cuticular layer of the plate is perforated by a large number of small openings. Groups of filaments leave the surface of the dendrite branches and enter these openings. The filaments have a diameter close to 10 m/i and resemble the neurofilaments within the dendrite branches.
A National Survey to Evaluate Graduate Medical Education in Disparities and Limited English Proficiency: A Report From the AAIM Diversity and Inclusion Committee

Abstract Objectives This article presents the results of a national survey addressing issues related to patients with limited English proficiency. Methods We disseminated a national confidential survey to 391 program directors of Internal Medicine residency programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Results Seventy percent of program directors indicated that their residents cared for a patient population that was composed of more than 10% limited-English-proficiency patients. Nineteen percent of residency programs provided no education on caring for patients with limited English proficiency. Thirty percent of program directors felt that their faculty could not adequately evaluate residents on their ability to practice culturally competent care, and 68% cited lack of faculty expertise as a significant barrier to implementing a curriculum in cultural competency. Yet only 24% indicated that they had faculty development relevant to cultural competency and health care disparities. Conclusions Internal Medicine residents care for many patients with limited English proficiency. While it seems clear that an effective training curriculum is necessary, such a curriculum was not found to be uniformly present. Additionally, the lack of faculty expertise and faculty development in cultural competency and health care disparities is a significant barrier to the correction of this problem.
The Role of Flexibility on Center of Mass Oscillations of Self Propelled Flapping Fins

Flexibility is known to improve the propulsive performance of flapping fins. Flapping fins generate forces oscillatory in nature and this paper reports an investigation on the effect of flexibility and other parameters such as heaving, pitching amplitudes and operating frequency in reducing the center of mass oscillations of bodies attached to flapping fins. A detailed theoretical investigation has been carried out to predict the optimal operating parameters along with the fin stiffness to reduce the COM oscillations for a given self-propelled speed (SPS). Some design guidelines have been proposed which reduce COM oscillations that aid in the development of aerial and underwater robotic vehicles.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Fulminant Vasculitis Associated with Extracranial Dissections and Occlusion, Ischemic Strokes, and Aneurysm Rupture: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Background Central nervous system vasculitis has multiple presentations, including stroke, seizures, cranial nerve palsies, and encephalopathy. Case Description We present the case of an unresponsive 45-year-old woman with vasculitis associated with fulminant intracranial vessel dissection and occlusion with ischemic strokes and subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to aneurysm rupture. Imaging studies demonstrated both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. She had a ruptured right internal carotid artery dorsal variant aneurysm, right vertebral artery dissection with occlusion and posterior inferior cerebellar artery infarct, left vertebral artery dissection, and severe vasculitis involving intracranial and extracranial vessels. She initially was treated for her vasculitis with high-dose steroids followed by clip wrapping of the dorsal variant aneurysm. Unfortunately, her surgery was complicated by intraprocedural rupture, and the patient died during her hospitalization. Conclusions Fulminant central nervous system vasculitis can occur with critical vascular anomalies that require emergent intervention and should be part of the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with these multiple vascular pathologies.
Inherited Susceptibility to Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer and its potential precursor, adenomatous polyps, tend to aggregate in families, but it is not clear why. Heritability is established for only rare colorectal cancers, some prominently involving polyposis. Preliminary studies suggest, however, that susceptibility to the common colorectal cancer precursors, “sporadic” adenomatous polyps, is also inherited.
[Etiologic link between vascular lesions and late-onset depression: myth or reality?].

Les concepts de depression apres un accident vasculaire cerebral (post-AVC) et de depression vasculaire soulignent les liens etiologiques bidirectionnels entre depression et facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire. En ce qui concerne la depression post-AVC, des donnees neuropathologiques ont confirme le role pathogenique du «fardeau» constitue par l'accumulation chronique de lesions cerebrovasculaires sous-corticales. Dans le cas de la depression a debut tardif, le profil symptomatique et le role des lesions cerebrovasculaires restent source de debat. En tout cas, ces resultats ont mis en avant le caractere interdisciplinaire de ces domaines de recherche qu'on pourrait considerer d'un premier oeil comme plutot separes.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRENGTH AND ATTITUDES TOWARD PHYSICAL EDUCATION ACTIVITY AMONG COLLEGE WOMEN.

Abstract The purpose of this study was twofold: to investigate (a) the relationship between strength and attitudes toward physical education among 200 college women, and (b) strength in relation to two groups of women whose stated responses toward physical activity were extremes of high or low. Women enrolled in physical education classes at Michigan State University expressed a very favorable attitude toward physical education as an activity course as measured by the Wear Inventory. The validity and reliability findings of this study approximate findings of previously reported studies. Significant correlations were found between strength (hand grip, back lift, pull, push measures) with scores on Wear's Inventory, Self-Rating Scale, and the three questions used in his validity study; although the relationships were low. Back strength showed the highest relationship with all attitude measures. Number of years of participation in high school physical education was not related to the strength measures, Wear'...
Interruption of Pregnancy in Rats by Azastene, an Inhibitor of Ovarian and Adrenal Steroidogenesis *

Azastene (4,4,17α-trimethylandrost-5-eno [2,3-d]isoxazol-17-ol), when given orally to rats at a dose of 12 mg/kg once on day 10 of pregnancy, induced resorption of all fetuses and a precipitous decline of circulating progesterone levels in all test animals. The disruption of pregnancy was prevented by a single, concurrent, subcutaneous injection of progesterone (4 mg/rat). Thus, the interruption of pregnancy occurs via an acute, short-term, reversible progesterone withdrawal. The reduction of progesterone levels is brought about by competitive inhibition of ovarian 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Despite its potency as an interceptive agent, azastene exhibited only moderate endocrine-related effects if given daily for 2 weeks to female rats at doses as high as 1000 mg/kg. Those effects were an increase in the number of vaginal estrous days and a dose-related increase in adrenal weight. The latter effect is consistent with the known adrenal inhibitory properties of this drug.
Der Energieumsatz im Kolbenkompressor

Fur die Einfuhrung in das Verstandnis eines Arbeitsprozesses ist es zweckmasig, wenn zunachst nur der Hauptvorgang in der einfachsten Form betrachtet wird, losgelost von den Nebeneinflussen, die einer besonderen Behandlung vorbehalten bleiben. Man gewinnt dadurch eine bessere Einsicht in die Hauptwirkung, die man als theoretischen Arbeitsprozes bezeichnen kann; fur viele Aufgaben, insbesondere fur Entwurfsrechnungen genugt eine derartige Behandlung.
Bagamoyo: Inquiry into an East African Place Name

This exercise in the histories and historiographies of the toponym ‘Bagamoyo’ was conducted by the late American professor Walter T. Brown (1943–2006). It shows that during the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, the site connected regions and communities of a variety of languages and cultures in East Africa through long-distance trade. From a methodological point of view, this short but outstanding study is an example of the ‘traditional’ problematic faced by Africanist historians. In trying to understand the past, these historians usually have to compare critically oral and written sources of rich linguistic origins – local, regional and foreign. They also have to navigate between several disciplines, what is skilfully performed by the author. This is further complicated by the existence of at least 11 other places called ‘Bagamoyo’ on the Tanzanian mainland and environs. In fact Brown’s contribution is reminiscent of a sentence that appeared on a leaflet for visitors distributed in the East African coastal town of Gedi, stating that “[a]n old town is like an old book, with some pages missing or torn, and some stuck together. The missing pages are lost forever, but the torn pages can be reconstructed and the stuck pages reopened.”
Risks of Transfusion

Summary There are few alternatives to blood transfusion in clinical practice. Autologous blood transfusion is available and increasing in popularity, primarily because of patients' fears of contracting AIDS. Although many risks of transfusion may be avoided by the use of autologous blood, autologous transfusion is susceptible to many of the clerical and contamination problems of homologous blood. For patients with anemia, or those undergoing emergency or extensive surgical procedures, there is no practical alternative to the transfusion of homologous blood products. Because many transfusions are unnecessary, modification of improper transfusion practices is a logical first step to the reduction of transfusion risks.
Forgetful but not forgotten: Bathroom-related craniofacial trauma among the elderly

Objectives/Hypothesis As our population ages, injuries attributable to falls continue to increase, impacting healthcare delivery. Evaluation of craniofacial trauma with focus on elderly patients remains an underappreciated concern. Our objectives were to evaluate injury trends associated with elderly bathroom falls, as this information may be useful for counseling and preventive purposes. Study Design Database review. Methods The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was evaluated for craniofacial trauma among patients 60 years and older presenting to the emergency department (ED) (2010–2014). Injury descriptions were reviewed for mechanism of injury, patient demographics, and other injury characteristics. Results In total, 7.2% of the estimated 3.4 million ED visits for elderly craniofacial trauma were bathroom related. Females comprised the majority (60.9%) of patients, and a plurality of patients were in their 80s. A greater proportion of facial injuries resulted from syncope (16.6% vs. 10.9% compared to head injuries). Toilets facilitated a greater proportion of facial insults and were more likely to require admission; the most common mechanism was “falling off.” Showers contributed a majority of head injuries and had a lower median age than toilet injuries. Fractures comprised 12.6% of facial injuries; of craniofacial fractures, common sites included the nose (54%), mandible (6%), and orbit (6%). Admitted patients were significantly older than those who were released. Conclusions Bathroom falls result in a significant proportion of elderly traumatic injury. The trends we present offer the opportunity for targeted preventative measures to decrease the occurrence of these events. Additionally, this information may adjunct a detailed history and physical to ensure appropriate patient management. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 127:820–827, 2017
MRI usage in a pediatric emergency department: an analysis of usage and usage trends over 5 years

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) usage has anecdotally increased due to the principles of ALARA and the desire to Image Gently. Aside from a single abstract in the emergency medicine literature, pediatric emergency department MRI usage has not been described. Our objective was to determine whether MRI use is indeed increasing at a high-volume urban pediatric emergency department with 24/7 MRI availability. Also, we sought to determine which exams, time periods and demographics influenced the trend. Institutional Review Board exemption was obtained. Emergency department patient visit and exam data were obtained from the hospital database for the 2011-2015 time period. MRI usage data were normalized using emergency department patient visit data to determine usage rates. The z-test was used to compare MRI use by gender. The chi-square test was used to test for trends in MRI usage during the study period and in patient age. MRI usage for each hour and each weekday were tabulated to determine peak and trough usage times. MRI usage rate per emergency department patient visit was 0.36%. Headache, pain and rule-out appendicitis were the most common indications for neuroradiology, musculoskeletal and trunk exams, respectively. Usage in female patients was significantly greater than in males (0.42% vs. 0.29%, respectively, P<0.001). Usage significantly increased during the 5-year period (P<0.001). Use significantly increased from age 3 to 17 (0.011% to 1.1%, respectively, P<0.001). Sixty percent of exams were performed after-hours, the highest volume during the 10 p.m. hour and lowest between 4 a.m. and 9 a.m. MRI use was highest on Thursdays and lowest on Sundays (MRI on 0.45% and 0.22% of patients, respectively). MRI use in children increased during the study period, most notably in females, on weekdays and after-hours.
Linking the feedback environment to feedback seeking through perceptions of organizational support and job involvement

The burgeoning literature on the feedback environment has begun to link this important construct to many relevant employee behaviors and attitudes. However, the underlying mechanisms linking the feedback environment to feedback seeking are not well understood. To address these gaps in the literature, this study integrates organizational support theory, the norm of reciprocity, and current empirical research to develop and test a model explicating this link. Data obtained from 202 supervisor-subordinate dyads indicated that perceived organizational support and job involvement play important roles in linking the feedback environment to supervisorreported feedback seeking behavior.
Ceria Nanostructures as Biosensing Platform for Glucose Sensing

Metal oxide semiconductors at the nanometric scale have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Here, cerium oxide nanostructures were prepared by electrodeposition technique on a fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. The fabricated CeO2 samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and UV-visible spectroscopy. Additionally, the CeO2 samples were tested for glucose sensing. The amperometric current response of the glucose biosensor was recorded at every addition of glucose. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) method was used to study the charge transfer in the fabricated biosensors. Finally, a comparison of CeO2 control sample and the CeO2 samples fabricated in the presence of DMSO was carried out. The morphology controlled CeO₂ exhibits high sensitivity of 134 μA/cm². mM with a response time of < 2 s, wider linear range (0.1 – 3.0 mM), low detection limit of 0.3 μM and lower value of Michaelis–Menten constant, KMapp, 0.041 mM.
Interplay of Race and Criminal Justice Involvement on Sexual Behaviors of Young Men Who Have Sex With Men.

Abstract Purpose Criminal justice involvement is a significant problem in the United States, and poses substantial negative immediate and long-term effects, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Research has been mixed on the association between a history of arrest or incarceration and an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus, but there are clear trends in the association between criminal justice involvement and sexual risk behaviors. Methods Drawing from a racially or ethnically diverse sample of young men who have sex with men, we conducted an investigation into whether there was a temporal relationship between history of criminal justice involvement and engagement in high-risk sexual behaviors. We also examined whether sexual behaviors among black men who have sex with men (MSM) were more substantially impacted by arrest or incarceration than those of non-black MSM. Data were collected within a longitudinal study of young MSM in Chicago. Results More than one-third of participants (37.8%) reported having ever been in trouble with the police in their lifetime, and 10% had been incarcerated. In multivariable analysis, black race, history of incarceration, and the interaction were all significantly positively associated with an increase in reported number of male anal sex partners. Conclusions We found that the intersection between race and criminal justice involvement plays a major role in sexual behaviors. More research is needed to understand why a history of arrest or incarceration has a much more profound effect on black MSM than on non-black MSM.
18F-FDG PET intensity correlates with a hypoxic gene signature and other oncogenic abnormalities in operable non-small cell lung cancer.

Background 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is critical for staging non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While PET intensity carries prognostic significance, the genetic abnormalities associated with increased intensity remain unspecified. Methods NSCLC samples (N = 34) from 1999 to 2011 for which PET data were available were identified from a prospectively collected tumor bank. PET intensity was classified as mild, moderate, or intense based on SUVmax measurement or radiology report. Associations between genome-wide expression (RNAseq) and PET intensity were determined. Associations with overall survival were then validated in two external NSCLC cohorts. Results Overall survival was significantly worse in patients with PET-intense (N = 11) versus mild (N = 10) tumors (p = 0.039). Glycolytic gene expression patterns were markedly similar between intense and mild tumors. Gene ontology analysis demonstrated significant enhancement of cell-cycle and proliferative processes in FDG-intense tumors (p<0.001). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) suggested associations between PET-intensity and canonical oncogenic signaling pathways including MYC, NF-κB, and HIF-1. Using an external cohort of 25 tumors with PET and genomic profiling data, common genes and gene sets were validated for additional study (P<0.05). Of these common gene sets, 20% were associated with hypoxia or HIF-1 signaling. While HIF-1 expression did not correlate with poor survival in the NSCLC validation cohort (N = 442), established targets of hypoxia signaling (PLAUR, ADM, CA9) were significantly associated with poor overall survival. Conclusions PET-intensity is associated with a variety of oncogenic alterations in operable NSCLC. Adjuvant targeting of these pathways may improve survival among patients with PET-intense tumors.
Simulation and Experimental Study of Ultrasonic Signals from lap Joints in the Presence of Nonuniform Thickness Values

The development of several NDE techniques today is focused on detecting and quantitatively assessing flaws such as disbonds, corrosion, and cracks for ensuring structural integrity of aging commercial aircraft. The ultrasonic contact scanning technique is one such technique that is currently under development due to its portability, ease of use, and ability to detect small flaws. Other NDE techniques that are also being used and developed are thermography, magneto-optics, shearography, electromagnetics, and radiography. This paper focuses on the ultrasonic contact scanning technique and presents a systematic study of the influence of thickness nonuniformity of the adhesive layer in lap joints and doubler joints, on the signals acquired using the technique.
Is total parenteral nutrition protective against hypoglycemia during intensive insulin therapy? A hypothesis.

Introduction: It appears that enteral nutrition is more likely to produce hypoglycemia during intensive insulin therapy than is total parenteral nutrition. Point of View: Although this consequence may in part be the result of frequent discontinuation of feeding or to variability of gastrointestinal absorption of nutrients, there are also distinct physiological differences between total parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition that are more likely to be responsible, including much higher serum insulin responses to total parenteral nutrition than with enteral nutrition that approach submaximal response levels and direct appearance of administered glucose into the systemic circulation with total parenteral nutrition at rates that approximate usual postabsorptive rates and that avoid first-pass hepatic clearance. Conclusions: These factors may make total parenteral nutrition more efficacious, at least initially, with intensive insulin therapy and may justify setting a higher limit for glucose control when enteral feeding is principally used.
Oxidative Phosphorylation, ATP Synthesis, and Other Aspects of Mitochondrial Physiology

Living cells require a continual supply of energy to perform the work they must do in order to survive, to grow, and to reproduce. Lipmann (1941) in his general theory of energy transfer emphasized the key role of ATP in work performance (Fig. 15.1). It was then widely believed that the universal role of ATP in biological work performance lies in its possession of two high-energy phosphate bonds. Subsequent discoveries, discussed in Section 5.2.2 and Chapter 10, left doubt that the phosphate bonds in ATP really are endowed with a package of energy higher than that of other phosphate bonds. Alternative sources of energy in the form of ion gradients were suggested (see Jangendorf and Uribe, 1966), which eventually led to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, to be discussed in Section 15.3.3.
Metal composite membranes: Synthesis, characterization and reaction studies

Dense Pd/SS-316L composite membranes were prepared using conventional electroless plating and a new synthesis procedure based on electroless plating with osmosis. Membranes from the new synthesis technique have about five times higher hydrogen permeation rate and exhibit better thermal stability. Ethane dehydrogenation reaction was conducted in a packed bed membrane reactor (PBMR) with Pd/SS-316L membrane and Pt-Sn/alumina catalyst pellets. Supra-equilibrium conversions were obtained with a better than 95 % selectivity towards ethylene. The effect of non-uniform distribution of catalyst in pellets was also investigated.
Positive Institutions, Communities, and Nations: Methods and Internationalizing Positive Psychology Concepts

Grant J. Rich, of Juneau, Alaska, authors this chapter. He weighs in on methodological issues and internationalizing pursuits for positive psychology. Taking a productive critical stand regarding measurement challenges and traditional procedures used in the field, Rich discusses in particular limitations of self-reports and the impact on assessment of factors such as item order, item use, item function, and temporary, current mood. He explores the utility of cross-fertilization with other disciplines, especially with anthropology, and envisions a multimodal, mixed-methods approach for studying and understanding the complexity of the topics under investigation. As a good example of cultural sensitivity, he cites the value of the experience sampling method. Concurrent to these methodological considerations, he notes the urgency to internationalize positive psychology, and the necessity to go beyond cultural universals, and interlocks both- a need for a change in methods and a demand for an international positive psychology.
Epoetin Alfa Drug Use Evaluation Using A Software System

Objective: To assess the utility of using a computer software program to determine whether epoetin alfa therapy drug use evaluation (DUE) criteria were met. Study design: Computer software was designed to allow pharmacists to enter patient data such as haematocrit results and iron stores into a database. DUE data were collected upon entry into the study (through medical record review), at 6 months and at 12 months after enrollment for both the treatment and control groups (see Interventions section). The analyses of the 6- and 12-month DUE process and outcome criteria were conducted through an automated algorithm that was part of the software. The DUE evaluation was collected as part of a randomised, prospective, controlled study conducted at 32 sites across the US. Interventions: At least 1 pharmacist at each study site completed a 4-day training session on end-stage renal disease and haemodialysis treatment, principles of anaemia management, use of an epoetin alfa software program, and review of specific DUE criteria. The treatment group consisted of patients managed by a trained pharmacist working in collaboration with a nephrologist being responsible for monitoring, evaluating and recommending epoetin alfa dosage regimens for patients. The control group consisted of patients for whom pharmacists monitored and collected haematocrit data but did not recommend therapy to the nephrologists. Main outcome measures and results: There were no statistically significant differences between patients in both the treatment and control groups with regard to the DUE results. However, the study demonstrated that computer databases can assist in determining whether specific DUE criteria have been met at multiple patient care sites. The computer software applied the same consistent methodology across a broad range of hospital practice sites and thus may have minimised investigator bias or site to site variations in criteria application. Conclusions: Future DUE software algorithms should allow investigators/pharmacists to adjust important parameters such as the criterion threshold, time period of monitoring, ability to code ‘excused’ gaps in data and flexibility to modify criterion parameters.
Hyperglycemia in the Posttransplant Period: NODAT vs Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus

Objective To characterize the types of hyperglycemia that occur up to 1 year following liver transplant and to clarify the nomenclature for posttransplant hyperglycemia. Design We analyzed 1-year glycemic follow-up data in 164 patients who underwent liver transplant and who had been enrolled in a randomized controlled trial comparing moderate to intensive insulin therapy to determine if patients had preexisting known diabetes, transient hyperglycemia, persistent hyperglycemia, or new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT). Results Of 119 patients with posttransplant hyperglycemia following hospital discharge, 49 had preexisting diabetes, 5 had insufficient data for analysis, 48 had transient hyperglycemia (16 resolved within 30 days and 32 resolved between 30 days and 1 year), 13 remained persistently hyperglycemic out to 1 year and most likely had preexisting diabetes that had not been diagnosed or insulin resistance/insulinopenia prior to transplant, and 4 had NODAT (i.e., patients with transient hyperglycemia after transplant that resolved but then later truly developed sustained hyperglycemia, meeting criteria for diabetes). Conclusions Distinct categories of patients with hyperglycemia following organ transplant include known preexisting diabetes, persistent hyperglycemia (most likely unknown preexisting diabetes or insulin resistance/insulinopenia), transient hyperglycemia, and NODAT. Those with preexisting diabetes for many years prior to transplant may well have very different long-term outcomes compared with those with true NODAT. Therefore, it would be prudent to classify patients more carefully. Long-term outcome studies are needed to determine if patients with true NODAT have the same poor prognosis as patients with preexisting diabetes (diagnosed and undiagnosed) undergoing transplant.
The development of portable intelligent battery management system with adequate charging method

Rechargeable batteries are widely used in electric vehicles. The simplest method of determining battery health involves recording and analyzing the status history of the battery. We propose a novel...
Residential Transience Among Adults: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Association with Mental Illness and Mental Health Service Use

This study examined the association between frequent residential mobility (i.e., residential transience) and mental illness, mental health service use, and unmet need for services. Data are from the 2010 to 2014 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (n = ~ 229,600). Logistic regression models examined the relationship between proximal (past year) and distal (past 2–5 years) residential transience and past year any mental illness (AMI), serious mental illness (SMI), mental health service use among adults with mental illness, and unmet need for services. Adults with transience had greater odds of AMI and SMI than those without transience. Proximal and distal transience were unrelated to past year mental health service use among adults with mental illness, but the odds of unmet need for services were greater among adults with transience compared with those without, suggesting a level of unmet service need among those with transience.
Can Game Jams Boost Confidence and Sense of Preparedness

Many aspects of game jams have been studied as their popularity continues to grow. Their lingering effects on learning, motivation, and social interaction has been documented over the years. In this paper, we observe the immediate effects game jams have on participant confidence in game making skills, and preparedness, as they change over the course of the jam. We conduct surveys on three different jams held from 2016 to 2019. We collect a total of 107 surveys with 26 full sets (subjects) for the confidence questions and 17 for the preparedness. By surveying participants each day at three different game jams, we observe a consistent trend of positive change in their confidence and preparedness. Our results suggest game jams have an immediate positive influence on participants' confidence and sense of preparedness in making games, and this should be studied further.