cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image interpolation as a boundary value problem

Image interpolation is the determination of unknown pixels based on some known pixels. The conventional interpolation methods such as pixel replication, bilinear interpolation, and cubic spline interpolation, assume that the known pixels are located regularly on a Cartesian mesh. They cannot be easily extended to other cases where the configurations of the known pixels are different. We propose a novel formulation of the image interpolation problem to deal with the more general cases, such as the case where a region of image is missing and the case where the known pixels are irregularly placed. The interpolation problem is formulated into a boundary value problem involving the Laplacian equation and the known pixels as the boundary conditions. The matrix equation resulting from the formulation has a unique solution. It can be solved efficiently by the successive over-relaxation (SOR) iteration. The advantage of the proposed interpolation method lies in its flexibility in handling the general cases of interpolation.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Right Orderable Residually Finite p-Groups and a Kourovka Notebook Problem

Abstract Rhemtulla proved that if a group is a residually finite p-group for infinitely many primes p, then it is two-sided orderable. In problem 10.30 of The Kourovka Notebook (14th ed.), N. Ya. Medvedev asked if there is a non-right-orderable group which is a residually finite p-group for at least two different primes p. Using a result of Witte, we will show that many subgroups of finite index in GL3( Z ) give examples of such groups. On the other hand, we will show that no such example can exist among solvable by finite groups.
Crossed-Beams and Theoretical Studies of Hyperthermal Reactions of O(3P) with HCl†

The reaction of O(3P) with HCl at hyperthermal collision energies (45−116 kcal mol−1) has been investigated with crossed-molecular beams experiments and direct dynamics quasi-classical trajectory calculations. The reaction may proceed by two primary pathways, (1) H-atom abstraction to produce OH and Cl and (2) H-atom elimination to produce H and ClO. The H-atom abstraction reaction follows a stripping mechanism, in which the reagent O atom approaches the HCl molecule at large impact parameters and the OH product is scattered in the forward direction, defined as the initial direction of the reagent O atoms. The H-atom elimination reaction is highly endoergic and requires low-impact-parameter collisions. The excitation function for ClO increases from a threshold near 45 kcal mol−1 to a maximum around 115 kcal mol−1 and then begins to decrease when the ClO product can be formed with sufficient internal energy to undergo secondary dissociation. At collision energies slightly above threshold for H-atom elimina...
Derived Completions in Stable Homotopy theory

We introduce a notion of derived completion applicable to arbitrary homomorphisms of commutative S-algebras, and work out some of its properties, including invariance results, a spectral sequence proceeding from purely algebraic information to the geometric results, and analysis of relationships with earlier constructions. We also provide some examples. The construction has applications in algebraic K-theory.
Study of temperature-dependent ultrathin oxide growth on Si(111) using variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry

Abstract Using the monolayer-sensitive variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry technique,we have studied the temperature-dependent growth mechanisms of an ultrathin oxide layer on top of silicon. The oxidation was done in atomic oxygen produced in a pure oxygen plasma and driven by an r.f. power source. The results have been compared with the recently proposed model of Murali and Murarka for ultrathin oxide growth on top of silicon. The activation energies of different growth parameters associated with the oxide growth have also been determined.
Preparation of alcohols and 1,2-diols from epoxides and 1,3-dienes

Abstract Formation of both alcohols and 1,2-diols containing a quaternary carbon center can be achieved in high yields in a one-pot synthesis utilizing active magnesium, epoxides, and 1,3-dienes.
Heat transport in mesoscopic systems

Abstract Phonon heat transport in mesoscopic systems is investigated using methods analogous to the Landauer description of electrical conductance. A ‘universal heat conductance’ expression that depends on the properties of the conducting pathway only through the mode cutoff frequencies is derived. Corrections due to reflections at the junction between the thermal body and the conducting bridge are found to be small except at very low temperatures where only the lowest few bridge modes are excited. Various non-equilibrium phonon distributions are studied: a narrow band distribution leads to clear steps in the cooling curve, analogous to the quantized resistance values in narrow wires, but a thermal distribution is too broad to show such features.
The smallest moufang loop revisited

We derive presentations for Moufang loops of type M 2n(G, 2), defined by Chein, with G finite, two-generated. We then use G = S 3 to visualize the smallest non-associative Moufang loop.
Enantioselective synthesis of (-)-platensimycin oxatetracyclic core by using an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction.

An enantioselective route to the oxatetracyclic core of (−)-platensimycin (1) has been investigated by using an intramolecular Diels−Alder reaction as the key step. The thermal reaction of E/Z mixture (1:1) provided oxatetracyclic core 2 from the E-diene and the Z-diene was recovered unchanged. The Diels−Alder substrate was conveniently assembled in optically active form with use of (S)-carvone as the starting material.
The thermodynamic properties of thianthrene and phenoxathiin

Abstract Measurements leading to the calculation of the standard thermodynamic properties are reported for thianthrene (Chemical Abstracts registry number [92-85-3]) and phenoxathiin (registry number [262-20-4]). Experimental methods included combustion calorimetry, adiabatic heat-capacity calorimetry, vibrating-tube densitometry, comparative ebulliometry, inclined-piston-gauge manometry, and differential-scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.). Critical properties were estimated for both materials based on the measurement results. Standard entropies, enthalpies, and Gibbs free energies of formation were derived for the gas for both compounds for selected temperatures between 298.15 K and 700 K. The property-measurement results reported here for thianthrene and phenoxathiin provide the first experimental gas-phase standard Gibbs free energies of formation for tricyclic diheteroatom-containing molecules.
The organization of the microtubule associated protein tau in Alzheimer paired helical filaments.

Abstract The structural relationship of the microtubule associated protein tau to paired helical filaments (PHF) was examined by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) without treatment with any chemical fixatives. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) were isolated in the absence of detergent from Alzheimer diseased brains, were freeze-dried, and were vertically platinum-carbon replicated for TEM. The PHF we observed made one helical turn ( L ) in 74±8.5nm and had a wide region ( W ) of 14.8±0.6nm similar to PHF previously modeled with a periodic morphology. The PHF thin region ( T ) measured ∼2.4 nm, ∼4.9 nm, ∼7.4 nm and ∼9.7 nm and the most often observed width was ∼2.4 nm. No surface features regularly divide the PHF into two filaments. Morphologically the PHF are thin helical ribbons with an often observed thickness of ∼2.4 nm. At high magnification, ∼1.0 nm and some ∼0.4 nm strands identical to normal and denatured tau monomer covered PHF surfaces and were aggregated in non-periodic fashion. Bovine tau polymer ∼2.1 nm diameter filaments, trapped on a filter, were partially heat denatured and showed some of the morphological features of PHF.
Photoluminescent DNA binding and cytotoxic activity of a platinum(II) complex bearing a tetradentate β-diketiminate ligand.

A platinum(II) complex of a monoanionic, tetradentate β-diketiminate (BDI) ligand with pendant quinoline arms, BDIQQH, is reported. The complex, [Pt(BDIQQ)]Cl, is emissive in DMSO, but non-emissive in aqueous buffer. Upon binding DNA in buffer, however, a 150-fold turn-on in emission intensity occurs. Dynamic light scattering and 1H NMR spectroscopy indicate that [Pt(BDIQQ)]Cl forms non-emissive aggregates in aqueous solution; DNA-binding disperses the aggregates leading to the large emission turn-on response. The cytotoxic activity of the complex, measured in two cancer cell lines, is comparable to or better than that of the established anticancer drug cisplatin.
Role of interface roughness in the transport and lasing characteristics of quantum-cascade lasers

A density-matrix based theory of transport and lasing in quantum-cascade lasers reveals that large disparity between luminescent linewidth and broadening of the tunneling transition changes the design guidelines to favor strong coupling between injector and upper laser level. This conclusion is supported by the experimental evidence.
Lactic acidosis in critical illness

Purpose This article reviews the current body of knowledge regarding lactic acidosis in critically ill patients. The classification of disordered lactate metabolism and its pathogenesis are examined. The utility of lactate as a metabolic monitor of shock is examined and current therapeutic strategies in the treatment of patients suffering from lactic acidosis are extensively reviewed. The paper is designed to integrate basic concepts with a current approach to lactate in critical illness that the clinician can use at the bedside. Data sources Comprehensive review of the available, basic science, medical, surgical, and critical care literature. Conclusions The severity of lactic acidosis in critically ill patients correlates with overall oxygen debt and survival. Lactate determinations may be useful as an ongoing monitor of perfusion as resuscitation proceeds. Therapy of critically ill patients with lactic acidosis is designed to maximize oxygen delivery in order to reduce tissue hypoxia by increasing cardiac index, while maintaining hemoglobin concentration. Buffering agents have not been shown to materially affect outcome from lactic acidosis caused by shock. The benefits of other specific therapies designed to reduce the severity of lactic acidosis remain unproven.
Stationary Thermal Ignition of Particle Suspensions

A calculational method is presented for the stationary thermal ignition of pulverized coal suspensions, based on radiative energy transport in a heat generating medium. A diffusion-limited, Arrhenius model for heat generation is used in the description of the heterogeneous ignition and combustion of particles with the gases in which they are dispersed. The discrete ordinates method, which is used to solve numerically the radiative transfer equation, is combined with an iterative procedure to obtain both the temperature and radiation intensity distributions throughout the reacting system. Numerical examples are presented to show the variation in the critical behavior of a system in plane geometry with wall temperature and reflectivity, optical thickness of the system, particle size, optical parameters, anisotropy of the scattering, and the parameters of the heat generation model.
MODEL UNCERTAINTY AND POLICY EVALUATION: SOME THEORY AND EMPIRICS

This paper explores ways to integrate model uncertainty into policy evaluation. We describe a general framework that includes both model averaging methods as well as some measures that describe whether policies and their consequences are model dependent. These general ideas are then applied to assess simple monetary policy rules for some standard New Keynesian specifications. We conclude that the original Taylor rule has good robustness properties, but may reasonably be challenged in overall quality with respect to stabilization by alternative simple rules, even when these rules employ parameters that are set without accounting for model uncertainty.
Supernovae as the site of the r-process: Implications for gamma-ray astronomy

We discuss how detection of gamma-ray emission from the decay of r-process nuclei can improve our understanding of r-process nucleosynthesis. We find that a gamma-ray detector with a sensitivity of ~10^(-7)γ cm^(-2) s^(-1) at E_γ ≈ 100-700 keV may detect the emission from the decay of ^(125)Sb,^(137)Cs,^(144)Ce,^(155)Eu, and ^(194)Os produced in a future Galactic supernova. In addition, such a detector may determine the emission from the decay of ^(126)Sn in the Vela supernova remnant and the diffuse emission from the decay of ^(126)Sn produced by past supernovae in our Galaxy. The required detector sensitivity is similar to what is projected for the proposed Advanced Telescope for High Energy Nuclear Astrophysics (ATHENA). Both the detection of gamma-ray emission from the decay of several r-process nuclei (e.g.,^(125)Sb and ^(194)Os) produced in future Galactic supernovae and the detection of emission from the decay of ^(126)Sn in the Vela supernova remnant would prove that supernovae are a site of the r-process. Furthermore, the former detection would allow us to determine whether or not the r-process nuclei are produced in relative proportions specified by the solar r-process abundance pattern in supernova r-process events. Finally, detection of diffuse emission from the decay of ^(126)Sn in our Galaxy would eliminate neutron star-neutron star mergers as the main source for the r-process nuclei near mass number A ~ 126.
Role of Condensed Phase Details in the Oscillatory Combustion of Composite Propellants

The response functions of composite propellants are theoretically derived, including explicitly the pressure-dependent degradation term in the condensed phase, hypothesizing that the overall rate-limiting reactions are in the relatively low temperature condensed phase. The method of "inner" and "outer" expansions with the reduced activation energy as the singular perturbation parameter has been employed. The results cover subsurface reactions with and without surface reactions, adiabatic and uniform-combustion models for the quasisteady gas phase processes. The response functions display several experimentally observed features like dependence on mean pressure and the instability behavior of some "zero-n" propellants.
New Results for Learning Noisy Parities and Halfspaces

We address well-studied problems concerning the learnability of parities and halfspaces in the presence of classification noise. Learning of parities under the uniform distribution with random classification noise, also called the noisy parity problem is a famous open problem in computational learning. We reduce a number of basic problems regarding learning under the uniform distribution to learning of noisy parities. We show that under the uniform distribution, learning parities with adversarial classification noise reduces to learning parities with random classification noise. Together with the parity learning algorithm of Blum et al. [5], this gives the first nontrivial algorithm for learning parities with adversarial noise. We show that learning of DNF expressions reduces to learning noisy parities of just logarithmic number of variables. We show that learning of k-juntas reduces to learning noisy parities of k variables. These reductions work even in the presence of random classification noise in the original DNF or junta. We then consider the problem of learning halfspaces over \mathbb{Q}^n with adversarial noise or finding a halfspace that maximizes the agreement rate with a given set of examples. We prove an essentially optimal hardness factor of 2-\in, improving the factor of \frac{{85}} {{84}} - \in due to Bshouty and Burroughs [8]. Finally, we show that majorities of halfspaces are hard to PAC-learn using any representation, based on the cryptographic assumption underlying the Ajtai-Dwork cryptosystem.
Breeding for tolerance of nutrient imbalances and constraints to growth in acid, alkaline and saline soils

Abstract Useful genetic variation apparently exists in all major field crops for tolerance to nutritional imbalances and constraints to plant growth in problem soils of the United States. Inheritance of tolerance to excess aluminum, iron deficiency or salinity can be simple or relatively complex. Sources of tolerance often are available in improved cultivars rather than only in poorly adapted or agronomically unsatisfactory exotics. Up to now, few varieties have been bred specifically to solve mineral stress problems in the U.S., although plant breeding work of this type is beginning to increase in amount. Reasons for the low level of effort seem to be 1) relatively small percentages of U.S. farmland are as yet proven to have major mineral stress problems; 2) reliable and convenient field selection techniques are few, and laboratory selection techniques may not predict field performance; 3) tests for the presumed positive correlations of yield advantage in the field with phenotypic tolerance to specific m...
Nuclear Cloning and Direct Reprogramming: The Long and the Short Path to Stockholm

The two winners of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine share more than just this honor; they are both also fearless adventurers, in science and beyond.
Field test results prove GPS performance and utility

Statistical and operational results of extensive government field-testing of the Rockwell-Collins Global Positioning System (GPS) units are summarized. The equipment has exhibited better than 16-m spherical-error probable-position accuracy in over 6300 hours of testing conducted during the past two years. One-channel, two-channel, and five-channel receivers were subjected to thorough evaluation. Their respective signal-processing and data-processing architectures are described. Data highlighting dynamic position accuracy, static position accuracy, acquisition times, and field reliability are presented. GPS equipment integration and operation with nine different host vehicles is described. The results of mission scenarios, such as area navigation, rendezvous, and weapon delivery, are presented. >
DANSE: Dynamically adaptive networking service environment

The DANSE (Dynamically Adaptive Networking Service Environment), which constructs an environment (service environment) for utilizing services over a multimedia network in response to the context and the requirements of a user (the state established by a user), is proposed. The DANSE treats uniformly all service-constituting elements from hardware to software as network resources (NR), searches the NRs required for the user requirements and context during service execution and allocates them to a service environment by combining these. It proposes a substitute plan which corresponds to the context when no match is found for an NR required by the service required by the user. The user can thus utilize the service environment which combines NRs corresponding to the context without realizing it. In addition, the network can respond to the requirements of the user as much as possible by indicating a substitute plan even in a state in which the service contents could not be realized in the past. In addition, by using the mechanism of the DANSE, a service can be created and provided by specifying the service execution procedure, using the existing NRs. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(11): 30–40, 2001
Acceleration Methods for Coarse-Grained Numerical Solution of the Boltzmann Equation

We present a coarse-grained steady-state solution framework for the Boltzmann kinetic equation based on a Newton-Broyden iteration. This approach is an extension of the equation-free framework proposed by Kevrekidis and coworkers, whose objective is the use of fine-scale simulation tools to directly extract coarse-grained, macroscopic information. Our current objective is the development of efficient simulation tools for modeling complex micro- and nanoscale flows. The iterative method proposed and used here consists of a short Boltzmann transient evolution step and a Newton-Broyden contraction mapping step based on the Boltzmann solution; the latter step only solves for the macroscopic field of interest (e.g., flow velocity). The predicted macroscopic field is then used as an initial condition for the Boltzmann solver for the next iteration. We have validated this approach for isothermal, one-dimensional flows in the low Knudsen number regime. We find that the Newton-Broyden iteration converges in 0(10) iterations, starting from arbitrary guess solutions and a Navier-Stokes based initial Jacobian. This results in computational savings compared to time-explicit integration to steady states when the time to steady state is longer than 0(40) mean collision times.
Completeness and weak completeness under polynomial-size circuits

This paper investigates the distribution and nonuniform complexity of problems that are complete or weakly complete for ESPACE under nonuniform many-one reductions that are computed by polynomial-size circuits (P/Poly-many-one reductions). Every weakly P/Poly-many-one-complete problem is shown to have a dense, exponential, nonuniform complexity core. An exponential lower bound on the space-bounded Kolmogorov complexities of weakly P/Poly-Turing-complete problems is established. More importantly, the P/Poly-many-one-complete problems are shown to be unusually simple elements of ESPACE, in the sense that they obey nontrivial upper bounds on nonuniform complexity (size of nonuniform complexity cores and space-bounded Kolmogorov complexity) that are violated by almost every element of ESPACE. More generally, a Small Span Theorem for P/Poly-many-one reducibility in ESPACE is proven and used to show that every P/Poly-many-one degree -including the complete degree — has measure 0 in ESPACE. (In contrast, almost every element of ESPACE is weakly P-many-one complete.) All upper and lower bounds are shown to be tight.
Some Ideals with Large Projective Dimension

For an ideal I in a polynomial ring over a field, a monomial support of I is the set of monomials that appear as terms in a set of minimal generators of I. Craig Huneke asked whether the size of a monomial support is a bound for the projective dimension of the ideal. We construct an example to show that, if the number of variables and the degrees of the generators are unspecified, the projective dimension of I grows at least exponentially with the size of a monomial support. The ideal we construct is generated by monomials and binomials.
Surfactant spreading on a thin liquid film: reconciling models and experiments

The spreading dynamics of surfactant molecules on a thin fluid layer is of both fundamental and practical interest. A mathematical model formulated by Gaver and Grotberg [J Fluid Mech 235:399–414, 1992] describing the spreading of a single layer of insoluble surfactant has become widely accepted, and several experiments on axisymmetric spreading have confirmed its predictions for both the height profile of the free surface and the spreading exponent (the radius of the circular area covered by surfactant grows as $$t^{1/4}$$ ). However, these prior experiments utilized primarily surfactant quantities exceeding (sometimes far exceeding) a monolayer. In this paper, we report that this regime is characterized by a mismatch between the timescales of the experiment and model and, additionally, find that the spatial distribution of surfactant molecules differs substantially from the model prediction. For experiments performed in the monolayer regime for which the model was developed, the surfactant layer is observed to have a spreading exponent of less than $$1/10$$ , far below the predicted value, and the surfactant distribution is also in disagreement. These findings suggest that the model is inadequate for describing the spreading of insoluble surfactants on thin fluid layers.
Monetary Policy Independence under Flexible Exchange Rates: An Illusion?

I analyse whether countries with flexible exchange rates are able to pursue an independent monetary policy, as suggested by traditional theory. I use data for three Latin American countries with flexible exchange rates, inflation targeting and capital mobility – Chile, Colombia and Mexico – to investigate the extent to which Federal Reserve actions are translated into local central banks' policy rates. The results indicate that there is significant ‘policy contagion’ and that these countries tend to ‘import’ Fed policies. The degree of monetary policy independence is lower than what traditional models suggest.
VLA Observations of J1228+441, a Luminous Supernova Remnant in NGC 4449

The luminous, oxygen-rich supernova remnant J1228+441 is located in the irregular galaxy NGC 4449 and has been observed at radio wavelengths for 30 years. An analysis of recent Very Large Array (VLA) observations of NGC 4449, combined with VLA archive data and previously published VLA and Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope observations, yields light curves at 6 and 20 cm from 1972 to 2002. The light curves at all radio frequencies exhibit a marked decline in radio emission, confirming past findings. This paper presents and discusses the radio light curves and spectral index α variations from 1972 to 2002, where Sν ∝ ν-α, and compares J1228+441 with other radio supernovae. The spectral index of J1228+441 appears to have steepened in the last 5 years at higher frequencies, from α = 0.64 ± 0.02 in 1996 to α = 1.01 ± 0.02 in 2001-2002.
Generic quantum Fourier transforms

The quantum Fourier transform (QFT) is a principal ingredient appearing in many efficient quantum algorithms. We present a generic framework for the construction of efficient quantum circuits for the QFT by “quantizing” the highly successful separation of variables technique for the construction of efficient classical Fourier transforms. Specifically, we apply Bratteli diagrams, Gel'fand-Tsetlin bases, and strong generating sets of small adapted diameter to provide efficient quantum circuits for the QFT over a wide variety of finite Abelian and non-Abelian groups, including all families of groups for which efficient QFTs are currently known and many new families as well. Moreover, our method provides the first subexponential-size quantum circuits for the QFT over the linear groups GLk(q), SLk(q), and the finite groups of Lie type, for any fixed prime power q.
The Lincoln TX-2 computer development

The TX-2 is the newest member of a growing family of experimental computers designed and constructed at the Lincoln Laboratory of M.I.T. as part of the Lincoln program for the study and development of large-scale, digital computer systems suitable for control in real time. Although, in general characteristics and design philosophy, it owes a great deal to its predecessors, Whirlwind I and the Memory Test Computer, the Lincoln TX-2 incorporates several new developments in components and circuits, memories, and logical organization. It is the purpose of this paper to summarize these new features and to give some idea of the historical development and general design objectives of the TX-2 program. Fig. 1 shows TX-2 in its present development stage.
Biological Monitoring of an Agricultural Food Chain: Soil Cadmium and Lead in Ruminant Tissues

Low-level contamination of a sandy soil with toxicants Cd and Pb at 0.01 to 9.0 and 3.0 to 54.0 mg kg −1 soil induced a significant toxicant accumulation in sudan-sorghum hay [Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf-S. bicolor (L.) Moench] (0.5-5.0 and 0.2-1.5 mg kg −1 dry biomass), respectively. Ingestion of 22 to 222 mg Cd kg −1 body wt. by pregnant dairy goats (Capra hircus) from the consumption of hay over 98 d resulted in a significant, but relatively diminutive accumulation of Cd in the doe livers (0.01-0.02 mg kg −1 ) and brain cortex (0.002-0.007 mg kg −1 ) fresh wt
Multi-Regge factorization in inclusive two-particle production

We consider in detail the multi-Regge expansion for the eight-particle amplitude with one triple-Regge and two double-Regge couplings. We show that under trivial conditions and with a suitable choice of helicity contours, the double-Regge couplings in the multi-Regge (MR) limit are identical, to leading order, with couplings obtained in the mixed helicity-pole-Regge-pole (HPRP) limit appropriate to inclusive reactions. Since we do not need to introduce any dependences on any additional variables, our conditions are somewhat simpler than the results of others. As a plausibility argument for the identity of the MR and HPRP limit, we present an intuitive picture of how helicity poles may be visualized at the triple-Regge vertex. Assuming the mentioned identity, we calculate the diffractive contribution to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}X$ and discuss the problem of isolating this mechanism experimentally. We propose experimental tests for the identity of the couplings and relate this to the problem of observing the ${A}_{1}$.
A simple cooperative transmission protocol for energy-efficient broadcasting over multi-hop wireless networks

This paper analyzes a broadcasting technique for wireless multi-hop sensor networks that uses a form of cooperative diversity called opportunistic large arrays (OLAs). We propose a method for autonomous scheduling of the nodes, which limits the nodes that relay and saves as much as 32% of the transmit energy compared to other broadcast approaches, without requiring global positioning system (GPS), individual node addressing, or inter-node interaction. This energy-saving is a result of cross-layer interaction, in the sense that the medium access control (MAC) and routing functions are partially executed in the physical (PHY) layer. Our proposed method is called OLA with a transmission threshold (OLA-T), where a node compares its received power to a threshold to decide if it should forward. We also investigate OLA with variable threshold (OLA-VT), which optimizes the thresholds as a function of level. OLA-T and OLA-VT are compared with OLA broadcasting without a transmission threshold, each in their minimum energy configuration, using an analytical method under the orthogonal and continuum assumptions. The trade-off between the number of OLA levels (or hops) required to achieve successful network broadcast and transmission energy saved is investigated. The results based on the analytical assumptions are confirmed with Monte Carlo simulations.
Correlations and alloy properties: Growth, vacancies, surface segregation☆

The aspects of bonding interaction mechanisms which have an impact on the correlation state of alloy semiconductors are demonstrated. The effect of the correlation state on liquidus and solidus curves, on surface segregation, and on vacancy densities is deduced. Vacancy energies for several alloys are presented, and tentative conclusions are drawn about their effects on diffusion, doping, and ion beam processing. Features of the theory of surface segregation in semiconductor alloys are then presented.
STRATEGIC POSITIONING, HUMAN CAPITAL AND PERFORMANCE IN SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS: A CUSTOMER INTERACTION APPROACH

This study employs a customer interaction approach to examine how service organizations' strategic positioning relates to their human capital, and how the interaction between strategic positioning and human capital impacts organizational performance. Results from 234 service organizations in 96 different industries indicate very strong relationships between strategic positioning choices and human capital. We also find that certain combinations of strategic positioning and human capital result in superior performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revolution in X-ray Optics

In the past half decade or so there has been a technological revolution in our ability to generate, control, manipulate, focus, and detect x rays. The emergence of x-ray lasers and synchrotron insertion devices has increased the brightness of laboratory x-ray sources 8 to 12 orders of magnitude over what was available in the late 1960s. In addition, the past few years have been witness to significant advances in the development of normal incidence x-ray mirrors and beam splitters, diffraction limited x-ray lenses, x-ray microscopy, x-ray holography, x-ray waveguides, and CCD x-ray detector arrays. Utilizing these new capabilities, workers in the field are taking the first steps toward the development of sophisticated soft x-ray optical systems, including soft x-ray interferometers, high-intensity x-ray lasers, and projection optics for x-ray lithography. Details of these developments are discussed, as is the question, Why is this happening now?
Frequency‐tunable feedforward amplifier for PCS applications

A novel linear feedforward amplifier with channel tunability was developed for multicarrier wireless communications applications. This amplifier is designed to operate in the personal communication services (PCS) frequency range with a maximum output power of 27 dBm, and offers frequency selectivity by using variable attenuators and variable phase shifters in both the signal and error cancellation loops. The circuit is capable of achieving a variable tuning range of 195 MHz with an intermodulation cancellation of over 60 dBc, and the third point intercept point improvement of more than 15 dB.
Airfoil shape and thickness effects on transonic airloads and flutter

A transient pulse technique is used to obtain harmonic forces from a time-marching solution of the complete unsteady transonic small-perturbation potential equation. The unsteady pressures and forces acting on a model of the NACA 64A010 conventional airfoil and the MBB A-3 supercritical airfoil over a range of Mach numbers are examined in detail. Flutter calculations at constant angle of attack show a similar flutter behavior for both airfoils, except for a boundary shift in Mach number associated with a corresponding Mach number shift in the unsteady aerodynamic forces. Differences in the static aeroelastic twist behavior for the two airfoils are significant. Nomenclature a = pitch axis location, referenced to midchord, in semichords b — semichord length c — chord length c/ = lift coefficient c/h = lift coefficient due to plunge c/ = lift coefficient due to pitch c^ = moment coefficient about c/4 cm — moment coefficient due to plunge cm = moment coefficient due to pitch Cp — pressure coefficient g — structural damping coefficient h — plunge displacement in semichords hj = plunge amplitude in semichord k — reduced frequency, bul V M — freestream Mach number m = airfoil mass per unit span ra — radius of gyration, referenced to pitch axis, in semichords
Big Bang nucleosynthesis

In the first thousand seconds of its evolution the Universe was a primordial nuclear reactor synthesizing the light nuclides D, 3He, 4He and 7Li. These messengers from the Big Bang provide a unique window in the early, hot, dense Universe, offering the opportunity for tests of the standard models of particle physics and of cosmology. A new, statistically coherent comparison of the primordial abundances of these nuclides inferred from increasingly accurate observational data with those predicted by standard models hints at a possible crisis. The case for this emerging crisis is presented and several paths towards ameliorating it are explored.
Legal Reform in Taiwan under Japanese Colonial Rule, 1895-1945: The Reception of Western Law

Preface Introduction Background of Legal Reform Reception of Western Law in Colonial Legislation Modern Judiciary in the Colony Criminal Justice and Changing Society Westernization of Civil Justice Appraisal and Legacy Conclusion Appendix A: Development of Taiwanese Law Appendix B: The Law Relating to Laws and Ordinances Appendix C: The Civil, Commercial, and Criminal Law Appendix D: The Bandit Punishment Law Glossary Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index
An investigation of the mitsunobu reaction in the preparation of peptide oxazolines, thiazolines, and aziridines

Abstract The diisopropyl azodicarboxylate-triphenylphosphine mediated cyclization of serine and allo-threonine derivatives provides peptide oxazolines, whereas cyclization of threonine containing substrates leads to N-acyl aziridines. In the thiopeptide series, only thiazolines are obtained. The presence of a moderately strong base is necessary for the formation of aziridines from threonine peptides.
Microcanonical quantum gravity

Quantum gravity is equivalent to a statistical mechanical system of classical fields in 4 + 1 dimensions at temperatureħ. It is generically true that systems involving gravitation do not exist at fixed temperature. We therefore propose a fixed action description of quantum gravity. The formalism for a fixed action description of quantum field theory is developed. It is found to be equivalent to the canonical fixedħ formalism for renormalizable field theories. It is also found that, in precise analogy to the microcanonical formulation of statistical mechanics, it describes a wider class of theories than the canonical formalism.
The relativistic equations of stellar structure and evolution.

The general-relativistic equations of stellar structure and evolution are reformulated in a notation which makes easy contact with Newtonian theory. Also, a general-relativistic version of the mixing-length formalism for convection is presented.
The Relative Permanent Income Theory of Consumption: A Synthetic Keynes–Duesenberry–Friedman Model

This paper presents a theory of consumption that synthesizes the seminal contributions of Keynes (1936), Duesenberry (1948), and Friedman (1957). The model is labeled the ‘relative permanent income’ theory of consumption. The key feature is that the share of permanent income devoted to consumption is a negative function of household relative permanent income. The model generates patterns of consumption spending consistent with both long-run time series data for aggregate consumption and empirical findings from cross-section data showing high-income households have a higher propensity to save. The model also explains why consumption inequality is less than income inequality.
Solar-Powered Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Compounds Coupled with the Cathodic Production of Molecular Hydrogen

A Bi-doped TiO_2 anode, which is prepared from a mixed metal oxide coating deposited on Ti metal, is shown to be efficient for conventional water splitting. In this hybrid photovoltaic−electrochemical system, a photovoltaic (PV) cell is used to convert solar light to electricity, which is then used to oxidize a series of phenolic compounds at the semiconductor anode to carbon dioxide with the simultaneous production of molecular hydrogen from water/proton reduction at the stainless steel cathode. Degradation of phenol in the presence of a background NaCl electrolyte produces chlorinated phenols as reaction intermediates, which are subsequently oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and low-molecular weight carboxylic acids. The anodic current efficiency for the complete oxidation of phenolic compounds ranges from 3% to 17%, while the cathodic current efficiency and the energy efficiency for hydrogen gas generation range from 68% to 95% and 30% to 70%, respectively.
A Schumpeterian view of the Great Merger Movement in American manufacturing

This paper offers a Schumpeterian view of the Great Merger Movement in the American manufacturing industries, which occurred from 1895 to 1904. From this perspective, the Great Merger Movement was a response to competitive pressures associated with a number of significant technological innovations which occurred at the end of the nineteenth century. Because the implementation of these innovations required large capital investments, and because the returns to the investments would have been highly uncertain if they had been made competitively, firms at the turn of the twentieth century sought to restrain competition. Since the uncertainty precluded cooperating at arms-length, cooperation was internalized through horizontal consolidations. The consolidations in turn increased the size of the capital investments undertaken to implement the technological innovations. The theory is supported with historical evidence about the technological environment and industrial conditions at the turn of the twentieth century, and an econometric model is tested using data from the Twelfth and Thirteenth Censuses of Manufactures.
All Coronal Loops Are the Same: Evidence to the Contrary

The 1998 April 20 spectral line data from the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory show a coronal loop on the solar limb. Our original analysis of these data showed that the plasma was multithermal, both along the length of the loop and along the line of sight. However, more recent results by other authors indicate that background subtraction might change these conclusions, so we consider the effect of background subtraction on our analysis. We show emission measure (EM) loci plots of three representative pixels: loop apex, upper leg, and lower leg. Comparisons of the original and background-subtracted intensities show that the EM loci are more tightly clustered after background subtraction, but that the plasma is still not well represented by an isothermal model. Our results taken together with those of other authors indicate that a variety of temperature structures may be present within loops.
Economic growth and the environment: Theory and facts

Abstract Several recent papers propose competing theoretical explanations for the empirical observation of an inverted U-shape relationship between environmental degradation and per-capita income. We propose the following test of the theory: calibrate a theoretical model to an already developed economy using information unrelated to the pollution–income curve. Then simulate the model starting from a less developed initial condition and compare the predicted pollution–income relationship with that in the data. Our results are mixed. Some support exists for the theory that the inverted U-shape results from a corner solution in which less developed countries do not abate pollution. However, because we find abatement is relatively inexpensive, the model predicts pollution peaks at a level of per capita income much lower than that observed in our U.S. data. For some pollutants, we find evidence of a structural break in preferences in the early 1970s. When the structural break is added, the model performs better for two of three pollutants.
Long Time Behaviour for a Class of Low-Regularity Solutions of the Camassa-Holm Equation

In this paper, we investigate the long time behaviour for a class of low- regularity solutions of the Camasssa-Holm equation given by the superposition of infinitely many interacting traveling waves with corners at their peaks.
Genetic-Algorithm Optimization of Liquid-Propellant Missile Systems

The use of computer programs driven by genetic algorithms has become an increasingly popular method for optimizing engineering designs. This paper focuses on the modeling and optimization of liquid-rocket-enginepropelled missiles with a computer program that is composed of a series of codes that simulate the performance of liquid-propelled rockets andare controlledby a genetic algorithm.Because the entiremissile design is considered, the complete system performance must be modeled accurately and efficiently. The methodology described in this paper has been extended to both the preliminary design and reverse-engineering of liquid-propelled missiles. The performance model has been validated against the performance of a liquid-propelled missile and the results are provided. Two different fast-aerodynamic-prediction codes are used and their results are compared. A complete preliminary design of a liquid-propelled missile system is considered with a variety of goals and constraints. Results from the preliminary design optimization are also shown and discussed in detail.
DSE Perspective on QCD Modeling, Distribution Amplitudes, and Form Factors

We describe results for the pion distribution amplitude (PDA) at the non-perturbative scale μ = 2 GeV by projecting the Poincare-covariant Bethe–Salpeter wave-function onto the light-front and use it to investigate the ultraviolet behavior of the electromagnetic form factor, Fπ(Q2), on the entire domain of spacelike Q2. The significant dilation of this PDA compared to the known asymptotic PDA is a signature of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking on the light front. We investigate the transition region of Q2 where non-perturbative behavior of constituent-like quarks gives way to the partonic-like behavior of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The non-perturbative approach is based on the Dyson–Schwinger equation (DSE) framework for continuum investigations in QCD. The leading-order, leading-twist perturbative QCD result for Q2Fπ (Q2) underestimates the new DSE computation by just 15 % on \({Q^2\gtrsim 8\,}\) GeV2, in stark contrast with the result obtained using the asymptotic PDA.
Axiomatizing core extensions

We give an axiomatization of the aspiration core on the domain of all TU-games using a relaxed feasibility condition, non-emptiness, individual rationality, and generalized versions of the reduced game property (consistency) and superadditivity. Our axioms also characterize the C-core (Guesnerie and Oddou, Econ Lett 3(4):301–306, 1979; Sun et al. J Math Econ 44(7–8):853–860, 2008) and the core on appropriate subdomains. The main result of the paper generalizes Peleg’s (J Math Econ 14(2):203–214, 1985) core axiomatization to the entire family of TU-games.
All-band Bragg solitons and cw eigenmodes

In nonlinear optics, solitons can be originated by many nonlinear effects. However, the so called bandgap or Bragg solitons [1] hold their own distinct place: as they are formed by counter propagating waves in the structures with distributed back-scattering of light, e. g. modulated fibers [1a], the resulting solution can form either a very-slow moving field formation (or even a standing, "frozen" soliton [1b,c]), or fast moving (up to the speed of light) solitons.
Seasonal dependence of localized, high-latitude dayside aurora (HiLDA)

[1] The FUV instrument on the IMAGE spacecraft frequently observes intense ultraviolet (UV) emissions from a localized High Latitude Dayside Aurora (HiLDA) poleward of the general auroral oval location [Frey et al., 2003a]. It has been shown that this aurora is entirely created by high-energy precipitating electrons, which have probably been accelerated in a quasi-static field-aligned electric potential. Here we extend the previous case study to an investigation of the HiLDA occurrence in the Northern Hemisphere over more than 2 years and compare it with the averaged solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) properties. HiLDA occurrence is strongly biased toward low solar wind density and IMF with positive Bz, strong positive By (clock angles around 70°), and negative Bx components. Such IMF conditions are favorable for lobe reconnection in the Northern Hemisphere, and the creation of a dominating dusk convection cell with an upward field-aligned current in its center. Additionally, we investigate the seasonal occurrence of this phenomenon, which shows a maximum in the Northern Hemisphere during sunlit summer months and an almost complete absence in the dark winter. In contrast to the daylight-suppressed aurora in the auroral oval, the HiLDA cannot be the result of ionospheric feedback due to the stronger ionospheric conductance in sunlight. Instead, in agreement with ionospheric convection models, it is caused by the asymmetry of field-aligned currents in different seasons, which result from the different dipole tilt angles in summer and winter. We further discuss two scenarios for how the low solar wind density can enhance the field-aligned parallel potential over the dusk convection cell.