cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NMR Shifts, Orbitals, and M···H−X Bonding in d8 Square Planar Metal Complexes

We have investigated M···H−C interactions in d8 square planar Rh and Pt complexes involving different types of C−H bonds, as well as a M···H−N hydrogen-bonded complex, using a combination of DFT and “atoms-in-molecules” (AIM) theory. The AIM analysis shows that both M···H−C and M···H−N interactions in d8 square planar complexes are of a closed-shell, electrostatic nature, similar to protein backbone hydrogen bonds. However, at the shortest M···H distances, both interactions have partial covalence. We find no evidence for the involvement of dz2 orbitals in M···H−C interactions but do find evidence for the involvement of dxz/yz orbitals in M···H−C bonding. The DFT calculations reproduce well the experimental proton NMR chemical shifts, with a theory-versus-experiment correlation coefficient R2 = 0.985. There are large downfield 1H NMR chemical shift changes on metal bonding, accompanied by changes in shielding tensor orientations.
“Retrograde Technique” for Drilling the Femoral Tunnel in an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Recent literature has led some surgeons to drill the femoral tunnel in an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction through an accessory anteromedial portal. Several techniques have been reported for the safe, effective drilling of the femoral tunnel by this approach. This technical note presents a new “retrograde technique” in which all instruments are passed independently into the notch and across the medial compartment. This technique is safe and reproducible and allows for meticulous evaluation and creation of the femoral tunnel(s) while minimizing steps.
Structure and biosynthesis of amychelin, an unusual mixed-ligand siderophore from Amycolatopsis sp. AA4.

Actinobacteria generate a large number of structurally diverse small molecules with potential therapeutic value. Genomic analyses of this productive group of bacteria show that their genetic potential to manufacture small molecules exceeds their observed ability by roughly an order of magnitude, and this revelation has prompted a number of studies to identify members of the unknown majority. As a potential window into this cryptic secondary metabolome, pairwise assays for developmental interactions within a set of 20 sequenced actinomycetes were carried out. These assays revealed that Amycolatopsis sp. AA4, a so-called “rare” actinomycete, produces a novel siderophore, amychelin, which alters the developmental processes of several neighboring streptomycetes. Using this phenotype as an assay, we isolated amychelin and solved its structure by NMR and MS methods coupled with an X-ray crystallographic analysis of its Fe-complex. The iron binding affinity of amychelin was determined using EDTA competition assa...
Modification of Zeolite Membranes for H2 Separation by Catalytic Cracking of Methyldiethoxysilane

Boron-substituted ZSM-5 and SAPO-34 membranes were silylated by the catalytic cracking of methyldiethoxysilane (MDES) to increase their selectivity for H2 separation from light gases. The MDES reacted in the B-ZSM-5 pores and reduced their effective pore diameter, so that silylation significantly increased their H2 selectivity. The H2/CO2 separation selectivity at 473 K increased from 1.4 to 37, whereas the H2/CH4 separation selectivity increased from 1.6 to 33. However, silylation decreased the H2 permeances more than 1 order of magnitude in the B-ZSM-5 membranes. The H2 permeance and H2/CO2 and H2/CH4 separation selectivities increased with temperature. At 673 K, the H2 permeance was 1.0 × 10-7 mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1 and the H2/CO2 separation selectivity was 47. Methyldiethoxysilane does not fit into SAPO-34 pores, but silylation apparently decreased the pore size of the nonzeolite pores in the SAPO-34 membranes. After silylation, the H2 permeances and H2/CO2 and H2/N2 separation selectivities were almost unc...
Recognizing and Supporting the Critical Roles of Teachers in Special Education Leadership

Most discussions about special education leadership address the work of principals and district administrators, without reference to the collective and distributed forms of leadership that have taken center stage in contemporary discussions about improving schools. To explore the contributions of and roles for teacher leadership in special education, selected teacher leadership literature in general education is reviewed, including the emergence of new teacher roles in schools, roots and meanings of teacher leadership, and possible benefits of teachers as leaders. Although no studies were found that specifically investigated the work of special education teacher leaders, illustrations of their work are provided as they lead through school-wide collaboration, participate as clinical faculty in Professional Development Schools (PDSs), serve as mentors to new colleagues, and work in district-wide professional development. After a review of several examples of teacher leadership in special education, barriers...
Diterphenylgallium Alkyls and Hydride: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity

The reactions of (2,6-Mes2C6H3)2GaCl (2) with LiMe, Li-t-Bu, and LiHBEt3 afforded the bis(terphenyl)gallium compounds (2,6-Mes2C6H3)2GaMe (3), (2,6-Mes2C6H3)2Ga-t-Bu (4) and (2,6-Mes2C6H3)2GaH (5). Hydrolysis of 2 and 3 gave the dimeric, hydroxide-bridged species [2,6-Mes2C6H3Ga(Cl)(μ-OH)]2 (6) and [2,6-Mes2C6H3Ga(Me)(μ-OH)]2 (7) via loss of the terphenyl substituent as 1,3-Mes2C6H4. Hydrolysis of 5 led to the loss of H2 and the formation of the monomeric (2,6-Mes2C6H3)2GaOH (8). The compounds were characterized by FTIR and 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The structural studies of the diterphenyl compounds 2−5 and 8 showed the highly flexible nature of these compounds, as expressed in the wide range of the CTerph−Ga−CTerph angles from 113.23° in 4 to 153.5° in 2. Methyl and hydride abstraction from 3 and 5 with the Lewis acids [Ph3C]+[B(C6F5)4]- and B(C6F5)3 afforded the ionic species [(2,6-Mes2C6H3)2Ga]+[B(C6F5)4]-, [(2,6-Mes2C6H3)2Ga]+[MeB(C6F5)3]-, and [(2,6-Mes2C6H3)2Ga]+[HB...
A Cloned Pig Model for Examining Atherosclerosis Induced by High Fat, High Cholesterol Diets

The pig is a recognized model for the onset of coronary heart disease and heart attacks. Previous studies have shown that serum cholesterol levels in the pig can be elevated using a high fat, high cholesterol (HFHC) diet. What has been lacking is a genetically defined model corresponding to human ApoE4 susceptibility that can be linked to diets capable of inducing atherosclerosis. This study used a cloned pig model to examine the impact of cholesterol levels with the development of aorta fatty deposits leading to atherosclerosis. Diets were formulated using vegetable sources of protein to provide similar intakes of metabolizable energy, calcium, phosphorous and principal amino acids in both control and HFHC groups. After 60 days, the HFHC group demonstrated a 40-fold increase in aortic fatty streak lesion area combined with 6- and 11-fold increases in total and LDL cholesterol, respectively, over control diet fed cloned pigs. Previous studies have suffered from either imbalanced total caloric intake, an o...
On the effects of cournot rivalry between entrepreneurial and cooperative firms

Abstract We explore the effects of Coumot rivalry between an entrepreneurial firm and a cooperative selling both in protected domestic markets and in an international market. It is shown, among other things, that both sellers' optimal output rates are affected by fixed costs and the wage rate, in conflict with the tenets of classical theory.
Networking In Distributed Decision Fusion

The networking problem in distributed fusion system is considered. At a given time instant, the decisions from some sensors may not be available at the fusion center due to the transmission delays. Assuming that the fusion center has to make a decision based on the data from the rest of the sensors, provided that at least one peripheral decision has been received, it is shown that the optimal decision rule that minimizes the probability of detection for fixed probability of false alarm at the fusion center is the Neyman-Pearson test at the fusion center and the sensors as well. Whenever the Lagrange multipliers method holds valid, the optimal set of thresholds is given via a set of nonlinear, coupled equations that depend on the decision policy and cannot be solved in general. A suboptimal, computational efficient algorithm is developed to solve for the sensor and fusion thresholds sequentially. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the closeness of the solutions obtained by the suboptimal algorithm to the optimal solutions.
Probabilistic Mapping for Unmanned Rotorcraft Using Point-Mass Targets and Quadtree Structures

In this paper, the authors present a technique for constructing probabilistic occupancy maps for unmanned rotorcraft. The mapping technique is Bayesian and assumes that a ranging sensor positioned on the rotorcraft is providing noisy target measurements in the presence of clutter. By running a multiple-model Kalman filter-based algorithm, all measurements are used to provide point-mass target state estimates and associated state covariances. Furthermore, the multiple-model algorithm provides probabilities that indicate whether each target is a true target or a false alarm. These three attributes of each target (the state, covariance, and true target probability) are used to build and update the occupancy map. The map is built upon a quadtree structure that allows for higher map resolution in occupied areas of the operating environment and quick access of obstacle locations. This aspect of a quadtree-structured map is particularly useful when transferring obstacle information to obstacle avoidance and route planning routines. The construction of occupancy maps resulting from this quadtree-based, probabilistic technique is demonstrated through simulations of a low-flying rotorcraft travelling through an urban landscape.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Chebyshev pseudospectral method of viscous flows with corner singularities

Chebyshev pseudospectral solutions of the biharmonic equation governing two-dimensional Stokes flow within a driven cavity converge poorly in the presence of corner singularities. Subtracting the strongest corner singularity greatly improves the rate of convergence. Compared to the usual stream function/ vorticity formulation, the single fourth-order equation for stream function used here has half the number of coefficients for equivalent spatial resolution and uses a simpler treatment of the boundary conditions. We extend these techniques to small and moderate Reynolds numbers.
Logic modeling with partially ordered preferences

Abstract Logic modeling is the use of formal logic as a modeling tool for problems of interest to management science. Based on a review of the logic of preference literature this paper presents five axioms for reasoning about a decision maker's preferences. A semantics of situations is adopted for the symbols used. Both logical deduction and a modification of dynamic programming are proposed for the problem of selecting preferred states of affairs over time. Finally, a sketch of an implementation in Prolog is presented.
Processing of continuously reinforced Ti-alloy metal matrix composites (MMC) by magnetron sputtering

Abstract The present work deals with a novel vapor synthesis route, the matrix-coated fiber process, for producing SiC fiber reinforced Ti–6Al–4V and Ti 3 Al–Nb ‘orthorhombic’ titanium aluminide composites. In this process, the matrix alloys were directly deposited on SiC fibers by magnetron sputtering. The matrix deposition was conducted both as a batch process, wherein short-length fibers were coated with the matrix material using a planar magnetron sputtering system, as well as a continuous process, in which the matrix was deposited on continuous SiC fibers using a reel-to-reel hollow-cathode magnetron sputtering system. The matrix-coated fibers were consolidated to produce unidirectionally reinforced composite panels. Unreinforced matrix alloy samples were also fabricated using the same sputtering and consolidation conditions. Following heat treatments, the microstructural evolution in these materials were studied. Tensile tests at room temperature were also conducted on matrix and composite specimens. The results indicated that PVD foils and fiber coatings can be heat-treated to obtain microstructures similar to those obtained via conventional processing approaches. Further, the room-temperature tensile properties of PVD foils are comparable to conventionally rolled foils or sheets.
Effect of Erythrosine (2′,4′,5′,7′-Tetraiodofluorescein) on the Metabolism of Thyroxine in Rat Liver*

Studies were performed to determine the effects of erythrosine (2′,4′,5′,7′-tetraiodofluorescein; FD&C red no. 3), a widely used coloring agent for foods and pharmaceutical preparations, on the metabolism of 125I-labeled T4 and T3 by rat liver homogenates. When added in vitro to either buffer or homogenates, erythrosine produced a prompt and marked, nonenzymatic deiodination of [125I]T4. In buffer, this effect of erythrosine was shown to be decreased by the exclusion of light or the addition of serotonin. In view of these findings, the remaining studies examined the effects of administering erythrosine to rats in vivo on the metabolism of [125I]T4 and [125I]T3 by homogenates of their livers in vitro. Over a wide range of doses (2.5–250 mg/ kg BW./day), erythrosine induced a dose-dependent inhibition of the deiodination of [125I]T4 and the generation of [125I]T3 therefrom, effects that were uninfluenced by the exclusion of light from the incubation system. At higher doses of erythrosine, the proportionate ...
Intracellular Calcium Stores Are Not Required for Bcl-2-mediated Protection from Apoptosis *

The ability of Bcl-2 to inhibit cell death is well documented but its mechanism of action remains elusive. Recent reports have suggested that Bcl-2 prevents apoptosis by inhibiting the release of Ca2+ from the thapsigargin-sensitive Ca2+ store. The mobilization of Ca2+ from this store has been implicated as a signal regulating apoptotic cell death induced by glucocorticoids and by interleukin-3 withdrawal. The present study was designed to determine if Bcl-2 would still inhibit apoptosis after depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. We compared the response of two Chinese hamster ovary cell lines (5AHSmyc and 5A300bcl-2.2) following incubation with the calcium ionophore ionomycin to deplete intracellular Ca2+ stores. Continued incubation of 5AHSmyc cells in calcium-free media induced substantial apoptotic DNA fragmentation within 4 h and >95% loss of viability within 48 h. However, 5A300bcl-2.2 cells showed no evidence of DNA fragmentation or loss of viability over the same time period. Intracellular Ca2+ was analyzed with the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye INDO-1 and confirmed that ionomycin was capable of releasing Ca2+ from intracellular stores in both cell lines. These results show that depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores induces apoptosis and that these Ca2+ stores are not required for the protection afforded by Bcl-2.
Hormone-sensitive cAMP phosphodiesterase in liver and fat cells

The enzymatic characteristics and the mode of hormone-dependent stimulation of cAMP phosphodiesterase are reviewed. The hormone-sensitive phosphodiesterase is a low Km enzyme, which has been found in liver and fat cells. The fat cell enzyme is mostly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. The liver cell enzyme is also associated with certain subcellular structures. The hormone-sensitive phosphodiesterase appears to have catalytic and regulatory domains and is thought to be attached to subcellular structures at the regulatory portion of the enzyme. The catalytic domain of the fat cell enzyme can be obtained in a soluble form from the microsomal preparation by mild proteolysis or by dithiothreitol treatment at 0–4 °C. The catalytic domain of the liver enzyme can be solubilized by either hypotonic treatment or mild trypsin digestion. The catalytic domains solubilized from the basal and hormonally activated forms of the enzyme are apparently identical. The membrane-bound basal enzyme from adipocytes is activated in a concentrated salt solution without being solubilized. On the other hand, the plus-insulin activity is deactivated in a low salt solution or by a short dithiothreitol treatment at 37°, apparently without suffering any changes in the catalytic domain. In contrast, p-chloromercuriphenyl sulfonate seems to inactivate the enzyme by interacting with SH-groups in the catalytic domain. Although the liver enzyme is not similarly affected by salt concentrations, its catalytic activity is blocked by p-chloromercuribenzoate. The adipocyte enzyme can be solubilized with a mixture of Lubrol WX and Zwittergent 3–14. The apparent Stokes radius of the basal enzyme is approximately 87 A, while that of the hormone-stimulated enzyme is approximately 94 A. Apparently, the same species of phosphodiesterase is activated by both insulin and epinephrine in fat cells and by insulin and glucagon in liver, possibly being mediated by reactions involving phosphorylation. However, it is yet to be ascertained how phosphorylation is involved and how the apparent Stokes radius of the adipocyte enzyme is increased as a result of stimulation.
A logic-theoretic classifier called Circle

We present a novel classifier based upon principles of logic-theoretic Boolean function minimization. The classifier, called Circle, recursively produces a set of implicants (or rules). The implicant set contains information not only about the presence of features, but also about their absence in determining class values. Thus, Circle's implicant set is initially non-monotonic with respect to inserting new tuples that have feature values that were not in the training set. One important benefit of this non-monotonicity, however, is that Circle is capable of being robust in the presence of novel feature values. We have created a full implementation of Circle using Java as a host language and Oracle database backend. Because we are interested in data mining in bioinformatics, particularly genomic data, the database was borne out of necessity to both manage and effectively query the information.
WCA: A Weighted Clustering Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper, we propose an on-demand distributed clustering algorithm for multi-hop packet radio networks. These types of networks, also known as i>ad hoc networks, are dynamic in nature due to the mobility of nodes. The association and dissociation of nodes to and from i>clusters perturb the stability of the network topology, and hence a reconfiguration of the system is often unavoidable. However, it is vital to keep the topology stable as long as possible. The i>clusterheads, form a i>dominant set in the network, determine the topology and its stability. The proposed weight-based distributed clustering algorithm takes into consideration the ideal degree, transmission power, mobility, and battery power of mobile nodes. The time required to identify the clusterheads depends on the diameter of the underlying graph. We try to keep the number of nodes in a cluster around a pre-defined threshold to facilitate the optimal operation of the medium access control (MAC) protocol. The non-periodic procedure for clusterhead election is invoked on-demand, and is aimed to reduce the computation and communication costs. The clusterheads, operating in “dual" power mode, connects the clusters which help in routing messages from a node to any other node. We observe a trade-off between the uniformity of the load handled by the clusterheads and the connectivity of the network. Simulation experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of our algorithm in terms of the number of clusterheads, i>reaffiliation frequency, and dominant set updates. Results show that our algorithm performs better than existing ones and is also tunable to different kinds of network conditions.
Aquatic Acoustic Metrics Interface Utility for Underwater Sound Monitoring and Analysis

Fishes and marine mammals may suffer a range of potential effects from exposure to intense underwater sound generated by anthropogenic activities such as pile driving, shipping, sonars, and underwater blasting. Several underwater sound recording (USR) devices have been built to acquire samples of the underwater sound generated by anthropogenic activities. Software becomes indispensable for processing and analyzing the audio files recorded by these USRs. In this paper, we provide a detailed description of a new software package, the Aquatic Acoustic Metrics Interface (AAMI), specifically designed for analysis of underwater sound recordings to provide data in metrics that facilitate evaluation of the potential impacts of the sound on aquatic animals. In addition to the basic functions, such as loading and editing audio files recorded by USRs and batch processing of sound files, the software utilizes recording system calibration data to compute important parameters in physical units. The software also facilitates comparison of the noise sound sample metrics with biological measures such as audiograms of the sensitivity of aquatic animals to the sound, integrating various components into a single analytical frame. The features of the AAMI software are discussed, and several case studies are presented to illustrate its functionality.
A Coalescent Simulation of Marker Selection Strategy for Candidate Gene Association Studies

Suzanne M. Cole and Jeffrey C. Long*Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MichiganRecent efforts have focused on the challenges ofﬁnding alleles that contribute to health-relatedphenotypes in genome-wide association studies.However, in candidate gene studies, where thegenomic region of interest is small and recombi-nation is limited, factors that affect the abilityto detect disease-susceptibility alleles remainpoorly understood. In particular, it is unclearhow varying the number of markers on a haplo-type, the type of marker (e.g., single nucleotidepolymorphism(SNP),shorttandemrepeat(STR)),including the causative site (cs) as a geneticmarker, or population demographics inﬂuencesthe power to detect a candidate gene. We evalu-ated the power of association tests using coales-cent-modeled computer simulations. Resultsshow that an effective number of markers on ahaplotype is dependent on whether the cs isincluded as a marker. When the analyses includethe cs, highest power is achieved with a single-marker association test. However, when the cs isexcluded from analyses, the addition of morenonfunctional SNPs on the haplotype increasespower to a certain point under most scenarios.We ﬁnd a rapidly expanding population alwayshas lower power compared to a population ofconstant size; although utilizing markers with afrequency of at least 5% improves the chance ofdetecting an association. Comparing the muta-tional properties of a nonfunctional SNP versusan STR, multi-allelic STRs provide more or com-parable power than a bi-allelic SNP unlessSNP frequencies are constrained to 10% or more.Similarly, including an STR with SNPs on ahaplotype improves power unless SNP frequen-cies are 5% or more.
Can a Poll Affect Perception of Candidate Traits

During presidential elections, poll results frequently are presented in the news. Reporters use these polls to tell the public what it thinks about the presidential candidates. We argue that polling results tell the public what it should think about the presidential candidates as well. This study outlines how a character trait that is not usually used to assess presidential candidates was put into play during the 2004 presi- dential campaign. By repeatedly ascribing "stubbornness" to incumbent president George W. Bush, Democratic challenger John Kerry may have prompted this trait's inclusion in a Los Angeles Times summer 2004 sur- vey. The poll's evidence that the public saw Bush as more stubborn than Kerry then produced an attribute agenda-setting effect that strengthened the link between that term and Bush. Using data from the National Annenberg Election Survey, we argue that the news coverage of this Los Angeles Times poll increased the salience of the trait "stubborn" in assessing President George W. Bush during June of the 2004 presidential campaign.
Cognitive aging data will take time.

In a Perspective about nonverbal IQ (“Technology and informal education: What is taught, what is learned,” 2 January, p. [69][1]), P. M. Greenfield appeals to the Flynn effect, which describes an increase in global IQ over the past 100 years, to show that cognitive aging decreased between 1942
Algebraic theory of sign-linear systems

This paper deals with the algebraic theory (reachability, observability, and minimal realizations) of signlinear systems. These are time-invariant systems whose dynamics are linear and whose output is the sign of a linear function of the states. The paper discusses differences as well as similarities with the standard case of linear systems.
Progress Toward a Human Vaccine Against Coccidioidomycosis

Coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin Valley fever) is a human respiratory disease caused by a soil-borne mold, and is recognized as an intransigent microbial infection by physicians who treat patients with the potentially life-threatening, disseminated form of this mycosis. Epidemiological studies based on surveys of skin-test reactivity of people who reside in the endemic regions of the Southwestern US have shown that at least 150,000 new infections occur annually. The clinical spectrum of coccidioidomycosis ranges from an asymptomatic insult to a severe pulmonary disease in which the pathogen may spread from the lungs to the skin, bones, brain and other body organs. Escalation of symptomatic infections and increased cost of long-term antifungal treatment warrant a concerted effort to develop a vaccine against coccidioidomycosis. This review examines recently reported strategies used to generate such a vaccine and summarizes current understanding of the nature of protective immunity to this formidable disease.
Effects of posterior association cortex lesions on brain potentials preceding self-initiated movements

To assess the role of subregions of the posterior association cortex in movement control, we recorded movement-related potentials (MRPs) in patients who had lesions centered in the temporal-parietal junction (T- PCx; damaged areas 22, caudal 39, 40, and 42; n = 7), superior parietal cortex (ParCx; damaged areas 5, 7, rostral 39, and 40; n = 5), and posterior association cortex lesions involving both the temporal- parietal junction and the superior parietal structures (PosCx; damaged areas 7, 22, 39, 40, 41, and 42; n = 5) and in 14 age-matched normal controls. MRPs were recorded in a self-paced button-press task in which subjects performed a switch closure with the right, left, or both hands (experiment I, experiment II, and experiment III, respectively) under counter-balanced experimental conditions. Data epochs beginning 1400 msec prior to and extending to 600 msec after each motor response were recorded from scalp sites over the precentral, central, and parietal regions. Normal controls and patients with T-PCx lesions generated comparable vertex maximal, symmetrical readiness potentials (onset 1000 msec), contralaterally enhanced NS′ values (onset 500 msec), and MP values (onset 100 msec) preceding voluntary self-paced movements. Extensive lesions involving the posterior association cortex reduced MRP amplitudes. Patients with selective ParCx lesions also had marked reduction of MRPs under all experimental conditions. The MRP findings coupled with clinical and behavioral data on patients with parietal- cortex lesions indicate that the superior parietal regions are part of a neural system necessary for movement preparation.
An Emergent Theory of Gatekeeping Practices in Counselor Education.

This article summarizes findings from a qualitative study involving 8 counselor educators who taught in master's programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). Data analysis revealed an emergent theory of gatekeeping practices that includes 4 phases: preadmission, postadmission, remediation plan, and remediation outcome. The authors detail each phase and relate this process to counselor education. They outline implications of the findings for standards proposed by CACREP (2009) and American Counseling Association (2005) guidelines and offer suggestions for future research.
Effects of Flow Fluctuations on the Spawning Habitat of a Riverine Fish

Shallow-water, lithophilic spawning fishes are among the most vulner- able to anthropogenic fluctuations in water levels. We monitored water levels and environmental conditions at the nest sites of Moxostoma robustum (Robust Red- horse) on a main-channel gravel bar in the Savannah River, GA-SC. During the course of the 2005 spawning season, over 50% of the observed nest sites were either completely dewatered or left in near zero-flow conditions for several days. This occurred on two separate occasions, once early during the spawning season and then again near its conclusion. We hypothesize the habitat preferences of spawning Robust Redhorse leave them vulnerable to water-level fluctuations, and this phenom- enon may be widespread in regulated river systems.
Sodium uptake by the sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna: kinetic analysis of a carrier system present in both fresh-water-acclimated and sea-water-acclimated individuals.

Abstract 1. 1. The kinetics of sodium uptake by the sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna , were investigated. 2. 2. It was found that both fresh-water- and sea-water-acclimated fish were extracting sodium ions from the medium. 3. 3. The role of the sodium uptake system in the ionic regulation of euryhaline fish is discussed.
A Comparative Study of Data and Ordination Techniques Based on a Hybrid Swarm of Sand Verbenas (Abronia Juss.)

Pimentel, R. A. (Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State Univ., San Luis Obispo, California) 1981. A comparative study of data and ordination techniques based on a hybrid swarm of sand verbenas (Abronia Juss.). Syst. Zool., 30:250-267.-The influence of kinds of variables, data errors, standardizations similarity coefficients, and ordination techniques are judged in reference to a model involving hybridization and introgression in three species of sand verbenas, Abronia (Juss.). Various criteria indicate that principal component analysis performs best, but inaccurately, with variable standardization and the correlation matrix, and that nonlinear mapping consistently performs poorly. Excellent results were obtained from principal coordinate analysis with Gower's general similarity coefficient based upon quantitative and multistate variables; a 'diagnostic' character measured with known error; and detailed color evaluation. This and other principal coordinate analysis results were further improved by nonmetric multidimensional scaling. Performance of methods is consistent with the nonlinearity of Abronia data. It is assumed that nonlinearity is common in taxonomic data. [Multivariate analysis; multivariate analysis assumptions; discriminant analysis; classification methods; principal component analysis; principal coQrdinate analysis; nonlinear mapping; nonmetric multidimensional scaling; ordination comparisons; data properties; nonlinearity; sand verbenas, Abronia.]
An assumed-stress hybrid 4-node shell element with drilling degrees of freedom

An assumed-stress hybrid/mixed 4-node quadrilateral shell element is introduced that alleviates most of the deficiencies associated with such elements. The formulation of the element is based on the assumed-stress hybrid/mixed method using the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle. The membrane part of the element has 12 degrees of freedom including rotational or 'drilling' degrees of freedom at the nodes. The bending part of the element also has 12 degrees of freedom. The bending part of the element uses the Reissner-Mindlin plate theory which takes into account the transverse shear contributions. The element formulation is derived from an 8-node isoparametric element by expressing the midside displacement degrees of freedom in terms of displacement and rotational degrees of freedom at corner nodes. The element passes the patch test, is nearly insensitive to mesh distortion, does not 'lock', possesses the desirable invariance properties, has no hidden spurious modes, and for the majority of test cases used in this paper produces more accurate results than the other elements employed herein for comparison.
Hybrid Judicial Career Structures: Reputation Versus Legal Tradition

Scholars have distinguished career from recognition judiciaries, largely arguing that they reflect different legal cultures and traditions. We start by noting that the career/recognition distinction does not correspond perfectly to the civil law/common law distinction, but rather that there are pockets of each institutional structure within regimes that are dominated by the other type. We discuss the causes and implications of this phenomenon, arguing that institutional structure is better explained through a theory of judicial reputation/legitimacy than through a theory of legal origin or tradition. We provide some preliminary empirical support for our account.
The Pleasures and Perils of New Money in Old Pockets; M-PESA and Bitcoin in Kenya

Kenya, the first market for Telco-led payments systems, through the use of mobile, to be successful. As a result, other payments systems such as crypto payment system Bitcoin see Kenya as a market worth investing in. This paper analyzes how M-PESA gained traction in a payment system that was bank led. The paper looks at the journey M-PESA took to effectively break into a market normally the preserve of banking. The paper further makes recommendations and provides steps for Bitcoin and other payments systems to follow to enter the payments market in Kenya. This paper is a roadmap for payment services providers with an interest in Kenya’s local and international money remittance business from the lessons I learnt while working in Safaricom, as Counsel for M-PESA.
Direction of Foot Force for Pushes against a Fixed Pedal: Role of Effort Level

Control of the force exerted by the foot on the ground is critical to human locomotion. During running on a treadmill and pushing against a fixed pedal, humans increased foot force in a linear manner in sagittal plane force space. However, for pushes against a moving pedal, force output was linear for some participants but slightly curved for others. A primary difference between the static and dynamic pedaling studies was that the dynamic study required participants to push with varying peak effort levels, whereas a constant peak effort level was used for the fixed pedal pushes. The present study evaluated the possibility that force direction varied with level of effort. Seated humans pushed against a fixed pedal to a series of force magnitude targets. The force direction varied systematically with effort level consistent with the force path curvature observed for dynamic pedaling.
The Effects of Age on Gait Parameters during Adjustment

Further understanding causes and characteristics of slip and fall accidents may aid in prevention of severe injuries and fatalities that result from these accidents. Moreover, understanding mechanisms associated with gait adjustment across a known slippery surface may help in proactively avoiding slips and falls. This study involved examination gait parameter characteristics of the lower extremities during different walking conditions.This study consisted of exposing 14 younger and 14 older participants to controlled slippery conditions safely, while studying normal and adjusted gait characteristics (friction requirement, heel contact velocity, and step length). First, a baseline measure was done to study normal gait prior to any exposure to slipping. A second measure was done following a slip from a contaminated floor surface, but before the initiation of a second slip. The results indicate that there are significant gait parameter differences between younger and older individuals. Findings suggest that ...
Epidermoid Cyst of the Ovary: A Report of Three Cases with Comments on Histogenesis

Three cases of epidermoid cyst of the ovary are presented. In each case small epithelial nests were found in the wall of the cyst, which, on serial section, proved to be focally cystic with mucin and keratin debris in their lumens. A comparative study of these epithelial nests, Walthard nests, and the epithelial components of a Brenner tumor revealed striking morphologic similarities. The findings suggest that epidermoid cysts originate from epithelial cell nests of the type encountered in Brenner tumors.
Issues in Verifying Boundary Conditions for 3D Unstructured CFD Codes

The process of code verification involves ensuring that the implementation of the code for solving the chosen set of governing equations is correct. The order of accuracy test is the most rigorous approach in performing code verification studies. This work presents the issues involved in performing the order of accuracy tests of boundary conditions for a 3D unstructured finite volume computational fluid dynamics code. The method of manufactured solutions is employed to perform the order verification of the implementation of boundary conditions in Loci-CHEM, a rule-based computational fluid dynamics code. Various boundary conditions discussed in this verification study presented are: isentropic inflow, outflow, extrapolation, slip wall (Navier-Stokes equations) and fixed mass inflow boundary conditions. These boundary conditions are verified on 2D hybrid meshes (consisting of both quadrilateral and triangular cells and having curved boundaries) as well as 3D hybrid meshes (consisting of hexahedral, tetrahedral and prismatic cells with curvilinear boundaries, skewed cells and stretched cells). Generation of manufactured solutions for each of the boundary conditions is discussed and the results of the code verification study are presented.
Topical Instillation of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride in the Treatment of Recurring Superficial Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

AbstractThirteen patients with recurring stage A transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were treated with monthly bladder instillations of doxorubicin hydrochloride. Followup at 3-month intervals has shown excellent control of tumor recurrence with complete remissions for up to 21 months in 2 patients. The median for remission in 8 of 13 patients has been 10 months. Two patients with bladder papillomatosis were treated successfully by the same method.
A new look at the growth of thin films of Nb-Sn

A15 films grown by vapor deposition onto heated substrates have been generally observed to form in the equilibrium phase. However, vapor deposition is not in fact an equilibrium process and effects of the layer-by-layer growth may be seen. Two such effects will be described here. Both are related to the presence of grains in the growing film, itself a non-equilibrium effect. The first effect to be described is a grain overgrowth process resulting in cone-shaped rather than columnar grains in polycrystalline films grown at 800°C, and single-crystal films grown from a polycrystalline region near the substrate at higher deposition temperatures. The second is a segregation effect believed to be previously unobserved. It is related to surface segregation but dependent on the low bulk mobility and high surface mobility characteristic of materials grown below half their melting temperature. This effect we believe causes certain polycrystalline films to become compositionally inhomogeneous.
A 1000 frames/s Vision Chip Using Scalable Pixel-Neighborhood-Level Parallel Processing

This paper presents a novel vision chip architecture based on pixel-neighborhood-level parallel processing. In the architecture, an 8-b RISC processing core is embedded in an $8\times 8$ array of digital pixel sensors on the same focal plane. These neighborhood processors (NPs) are tiled in a 2-D array to form the final imager resolution. Program execution is carried out in parallel across the array of pixel-neighborhood processing cores, allowing for direct scalability in terms of resolution, without reduction in processing speed or frame rate. To accomplish this, a compact, low-complexity NP architecture along with a general-purpose, 8-b instruction set has been designed and implemented. A prototype vision chip containing an $8 \times 10$ array of NPs with a $64 \times 80$ resolution has been designed and fabricated in a 0.13- $\mu \text{m}$ 1P8M CMOS fabrication process. The system is reprogrammable and can perform a wide range of image and video processing tasks. Several example algorithms are implemented and tested on the single-chip vision system to demonstrate the functionality of pixel-neighborhood-level parallelism, including 1000-frames/s object tracking.
Evaluation of Denoising Strategies to Address Motion-Correlated Artifacts in Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data from the Human Connectome Project.

Abstract Like all resting-state functional connectivity data, the data from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) are adversely affected by structured noise artifacts arising from head motion and physiological processes. Functional connectivity estimates (Pearson's correlation coefficients) were inflated for high-motion time points and for high-motion participants. This inflation occurred across the brain, suggesting the presence of globally distributed artifacts. The degree of inflation was further increased for connections between nearby regions compared with distant regions, suggesting the presence of distance-dependent spatially specific artifacts. We evaluated several denoising methods: censoring high-motion time points, motion regression, the FMRIB independent component analysis-based X-noiseifier (FIX), and mean grayordinate time series regression (MGTR; as a proxy for global signal regression). The results suggest that FIX denoising reduced both types of artifacts, but left substantial global artifac...
An assessment of thermodynamic merits for current and potential future engine operating strategies

This work compares the fundamental thermodynamic underpinnings (i.e. working fluid properties and heat release profile) of various combustion strategies with engine measurements. The approach employs a model that separately tracks the impacts on efficiency due to differences in rate of heat addition, volume change, mass addition, and molecular weight change for a given combination of working fluid, heat release profile, and engine geometry. Comparative analysis between the measured and modeled efficiencies illustrates fundamental sources of efficiency reductions or opportunities inherent to various combustion regimes. Engine operating regimes chosen for analysis include stoichiometric spark-ignited combustion and lean compression-ignited combustion including homogeneous charge compression ignition, spark-assisted homogeneous charge compression ignition, and conventional diesel combustion. Within each combustion regime, the effects of engine load, combustion duration, combustion phasing, compression ratio,...
Can Global Climate Models be Used for Water Resource Planning

Water resources planning is needed to adapt to a changing climate. As precipitation, wind and temperature patterns shift, water availability and demand by humans and other ecosystems will change. These shifts have the potential to impact water supply, agriculture, forestry and all non-human natural systems. Many large scale water resource projects, such as reservoirs, distribution systems, groundwater recharge facilities and desalinization systems can take many years to plan and construct. Shifting the location of agricultural activities may also require large lead times. Models are needed to predict climate one or more decades into the future to assist in rational planning of water resource systems as water needs change. It is important that these models predict trends at the decadal time scale, but also provide an indication of the permanence of these changes to distinguish changes which are permanent rather temporary excursions from the climate under which industrial civilization has evolved. Global Climate Models (GCM) and Regional Climate Models (RCM) have the potential to be useful tools for water resource planning under a changing climate. GCMs have been under development for many years with a primary goal of quantifying the long-term impact, on climate, of emissions of greenhouse gases. The focus has been on global average conditions. RCMs are a more recent development that seek to model climate at finer grid scales and shorter time frames. Several major RCM projects are under development including those that focus on North America and Europe. In the present study, an intercomparison study is conducted of the ability of GCMs to replicate observed 20th century climate. In addition, the GCMs are examined for their ability to provide meaningful results at different spatial scales. Comparisons are made with the CMAP observed precipitation data set which covers the period 1979-2000. GCM results are acquired from the IPCC database maintained by the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison at LLNL. A comparison is made in three regions of North America. An additional comparison is conducted over a series of successively smaller averaging regions in portions of eastern North America. Precipitation and temperature averaged over monthly, seasonal and annual time periods is considered. Most models compare well with observed precipitation for the central and eastern regions at all time scales. For the western region, all models over-predict precipitation at most time scales both for the entire averaging region and for subdivisions of the region.
Do IPO Analysts Issue Unfavorable Recommendations on Non-IPO Firms?

An analysis of 3,569 recommendations made by 1,601 IPO analysts from January 1997 through June 1999 indicates that analysts downgrade comparable non-IPO firms before they initiate research coverage on IPOs. For these non-IPO firms, receiving the rating before the IPO initiation results in a five-day abnormal return of –0.7%. Yet, IPO stocks on five days surrounding the last recommendation on non-IPOs report a significant abnormal return of +1.1%. Adjusting for other factors, downgrades of non-IPO stocks by analysts affiliated with the lead manager are negatively associated with the price performance of IPOs after the initial offering day. The evidence suggests that analysts are downgrading non-IPO stocks to support cold issues placed by the underwriters they are affiliated with.
Vibration control using a variable coil-based friction damper

This paper is focused on the analytical model, design, and simulation of a variable coil-based friction damper (VCBFD) for vibration control of structures. The proposed VCBFD is composed of a soft ferromagnetic plate, made of a linear magnetic material, and two identical thick rectangular air-core coils connected in parallel, each one attached to the plate through a friction pad. The friction force is provided by a normal force produced through an attractive electromagnetic interaction between the air-core coils (ACs) and the soft ferromagnetic plate when sliding relative to each other. The magnitude of the normal force in the damper is varied by a semi-active controller that controls the command current passing through the ACs. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed VCBFD and its semi-active controller, it has been implemented on a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) base-isolated model subjected to the acceleration components of three records of strong earthquakes. The results show that the performance of the proposed VCBFD in its passive-on mode is overshadowed by the undesirable effects of stick-slip motion. However, the damper in its semi-active mode is more successful in not only reducing the displacement of the base-floor but also avoiding stick-slip motion, due to acting completely in its sliding phase.