cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collections of simultaneously altered genes as biomarkers of cancer cell drug response

Computational analysis of cancer pharmacogenomics data has resulted in biomarkers predictive of drug response, but the majority of response is not captured by current methods. Methods typically select single biomarkers or groups of related biomarkers but do not account for response that is strictly dependent on many simultaneous genetic alterations. This shortcoming reflects the combinatorics and multiple-testing problem associated with many-body biologic interactions. We developed a novel approach, Multivariate Organization of Combinatorial Alterations (MOCA), to partially address these challenges. Extending on previous work that accounts for pairwise interactions, the approach rapidly combines many genomic alterations into biomarkers of drug response, using Boolean set operations coupled with optimization; in this framework, the union, intersection, and difference Boolean set operations are proxies of molecular redundancy, synergy, and resistance, respectively. The algorithm is fast, broadly applicable to cancer genomics data, is of immediate use for prioritizing cancer pharmacogenomics experiments, and recovers known clinical findings without bias. Furthermore, the results presented here connect many important, previously isolated observations.
Smart Furniture - Workstation Technologies that Promote Health

The issues of protecting against airborne bioterrorism in essence are identical to those concerning protection against a wide array of indoor air pollutants. Consequently, solutions pioneered for i...
The smart gut: Tracking affective associative learning with measures of “liking”, facial electromyography, and preferential looking

Abstract We demonstrate here that initially neutral items can acquire specific value based on their associated outcomes, and that responses of physiological systems to such previously meaningless stimuli can rapidly reflect this associative history. Each participant participated in an associative learning task in which four neutral abstract pictures were each repeatedly paired with one of four foods that varied in valence and magnitude. Over the course of learning, participants’ “liking” ratings of and preferences for each picture came to reflect the value of the food with which it was paired. The abstract pictures also elicited physiological responses characteristic of the foods with which they were paired, including changes in facial electromyography (EMG) and preferential looking. A logistic modeling procedure showed that learning parameters, such as the rate at which participants learned the values associated with the pictures, were similar across food outcomes of different value.
Outreach, sustainability and leverage in monitored and peer-monitored lending

Abstract I study the contract design problem facing microfinance-lending organizations (MFOs) that want to maximize the impact and outreach of their lending activities to a target population of poor borrowers while remaining financially sustainable. Tradeoffs between outreach, sustainability and financial leverage are shaped by the endogenous monitoring and delegation costs that arise within a chain of agency relationships subject to moral hazard between borrowers, loan staff, MFO equity-owners, and outside investors. All else equal, sustainable MFOs that target poorer borrowers must charge higher interest rates, have higher staff costs per dollar loaned, and are less leveraged. Analysis of data for 72 MFOs tends to support the findings.
Ordered network phases in linear poly(isoprene-b-styrene-b-ethylene oxide) triblock copolymers

The equilibrium phase behavior of 43 linear poly(isoprene-b-styrene-b-ethylene oxide) (ISO) triblock copolymer melts, with molecular weights that place these materials near the order−disorder transition, is reported. Ordered phase morphologies were characterized using small-angle X-ray scattering, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, and static birefringence measurements. Interpretation of these results was aided by a modeling technique that facilitates resolution of reciprocal and real-space experimental data, leading to definitive three-dimensional morphological structures. Three distinct multiply continuous network morphologies are identified across a range of compositions between 0.1 ≤ fO ≤ 0.3, situated between two-domain and three-domain lamellae, where fO represents the volume fraction of O blocks. Two cubic network phases, Q230 (core−shell double gyroid, Ia3d space group symmetry) and Q214 (alternating gyroid, I4132 space group symmetry), flank an orthorhombic networ...
What Undergraduates Want to Know about Homosexuality.

Few subjects covered in psychology courses arouse as much intense feeling as the issue of homosexuality. Students in three different undergraduate courses were asked to submit their questions about homosexuality prior to a panel discussion presented by representatives of a local gay rights organization. A total of 280 questions were collected. They fell into 13 categories, shedding light on the primary questions and concerns students have about this important issue.
Knowledge Sharing in Offshore Software Development: A Vendor Perspective

AbstractIncreasingly, companies are outsourcing complex IT projects to offshore locations. Such globalization trend has led to challenges for both clients and vendors. The objective of this research is to enhance our understanding of offshore IS development project success from the lens of knowledge sharing. From the vendor's perspective, we investigate the mediating role played by knowledge sharing in the success of offshore software development and identify factors that contribute to knowledge sharing in offshore software development. A survey method was used to collect data in China and validate the research model. Our findings confirm that knowledge sharing mediates the impact of the use of methodology and relationship with clients on the success of offshore software development projects; particularly, knowledge sharing has more impact on process efficiency than on product quality. This study contributes to the theoretical understandings on how development methodology and vendors' relationship with cl...
RELIABILISM, FOUNDATIONALISM, AND NATURALIZED EPISTEMIC JUSTIFICATION THEORY

Le fiabilisme (reliabilism) peut etre considere comme analogue au fondationnalisme et echoue a etre identique au naturalisme, dans la theorie de la justification epistemique. L'A. insiste sur le fait que l'epistemologie surtout naturalisee doit etre plus precise en ce qui concerne les processus cognitifs, notamment de contextualisation. Il discute principalement les positions de M. Pastin, R. Audi et Z. Pylyshyn
Immunochemical demonstration of reversible reduction in choline acetyltransferase concentration in rat hypoglossal nucleus after hypoglossal nerve transection

STUDIES of the cellular reaction of peripheral and central catecholaminergic neurones to axonal injury (the retrograde reaction and axon response) have demonstrated that such lesions elicit a prolonged reduction within the parent cell body in the activities and amounts of the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and, in noradrenergic neurones, dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH)1–3. The reduction in enzyme protein, usually reversible, lasts for several weeks and is apparently due to a decrease in the rate of enzyme biosynthesis4. It has therefore been proposed that a reduction in amount and activity of neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzymes may be a biochemical indicator of the retrograde reaction3. However, it remains to be established if a reversible diminution of neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzyme occurs during the retrograde reaction in neurones which synthesise neurotransmitters other than catecholamines. This is suggested from studies of the retrograde reaction in hypoglossal neurones, cholinergic motor neurones which innervate the tongue through the hypoglossal nerve. During the retrograde reaction elicited by lesions of the hypoglossal nerve, the activities of choline acetyhransferase (CAT), the enzyme synthesising acetylcholine, and acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme degrading it, are markedly reduced5–7. If the proximal stump of the lesioned nerve is allowed to regenerate and reestablish synaptic contact, AChE activity within the hypoglossal nucleus rapidly reappears7. It is, however, unknown whether the reduction in CAT activity is reversible and, because of a lack of specific, inhibiting antibody to CAT, whether the reduction is due to a decrease of enzyme molecules. We report here that the reduction in CAT in hypoglossal neurones elicited by transection of the hypoglossal nerve is reversible and also, by use of a specific antibody, that it is due to a decrease in the amount of CAT enzyme protein.
Tumor antigens in hamsters with sarcomas associated with herpesvirus type 2.

SummaryTumor-associated antigens (TAA) were demonstrated in preparations of hamster sarcomas associated with Herpes simplex virus type 2, as well as in the sera of tumor-bearing hamsters. An immunoadsorption-in-gel method was employed to demonstrate and purify the TAA and anti-TAA. These results suggest the potential use of this technique for the demonstration of TAA or of anti-TAA in humans or animals with cancer.
Probabilistic micromechanical modeling of fatigue-life variability in an α+β Ti alloy

The fatigue-life variability in an α+β Ti alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) has been examined through a probabilistic micromechanical model that treats the crack-initiation and growth processes at the grain-size level. First, a physics-based crack-initiation model is described. This is followed by a summary of a physics-based fatigue-crack-growth model. The combined model is applied to predict the variability of crack initiation and growth lives due to microstructural variations in Ti-6Al-4V. Finally, possible fatigue mechanisms or scenarios that can lead to the worst-case fatigue life are elucidated via probabilistic modeling of the fatigue-crack-initiation process, the driving force of the grain-sized cracks, as well as the intrinsic (closure-free) threshold and the closure-affected threshold of the small cracks. In the absence of preexisting cracks, the worst-case total fatigue life is obtained when two conditions are met: (1) the crack size at initiation is on the order of 1 to 2 times the grain size, and (2) the driving force (applied ΔK) exceeds the intrinsic threshold of the small cracks. The probabilistic results are also used to elucidate the conditions for the occurrence of dual fatigue limits in high-cycle fatigue (HCF) or giga-cycle fatigue.
Diisocyanate asthma: clinical aspects and immunopathogenesis.

Diisocyanates, highly reactive chemicals used in the production of polyurethanes, are currently the most frequently reported cause of chemically induced occupational asthma and their use continues to rise. The prevalence of diisocyanate asthma among exposed workers is estimated to range from 5% to 15%. Routes of exposure include the respiratory tract and skin. Workplace exposures are difficult to quantify and control, and there is no simple diagnostic test for the disease. This review considers recent concepts in exposure, clinical aspects and pathogenesis of the disease. The pathogenesis of diisocyanate asthma remains unclear, with evidence supporting both immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms. Knowledge of the chemical reactivity of diisocyanates, the target biomolecules, and the cellular sites of reaction are fundamental to understanding diisocyanate toxicity and disease. Recent findings of chemical interactions with biological nucleophiles will be described. The importance of diisocyanate-adducted biomolecules will be emphasized and their potential contributions to pathogenesis discussed. It is anticipated that greater understanding of the immunopathogenesis of diisocyanate asthma, including the initial cell/diisocyanate reactions, should lead to clinically useful markers of exposure and early disease.
Suggested Correlation between the Visible Photoluminescence and the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum of a Porous Silicon Surface

The FTIR spectrum for a heavily oxidized porous silicon (PS) surface is considered. It is suggested that a portion of this spectrum be reassigned to the SiO stretch frequency of a surface bound-silanone-based silicon oxyhydride consistent also with the 18O2/16O2 isotopic labeling of the FTIR spectrum and with matrix isolation infrared spectra for silanone, silanoic acid, and silicic acid. Within the framework of this assignment the FTIR spectrum, the photoluminescence excitation spectrum, and the visible photoluminescence spectrum of PS correlate well with a surface-bound silanone-based silicon oxyhydride fluorophor.
RAFT‐Based Synthesis and Characterization of ABC versus ACB Triblock Copolymers Containing tert‐Butyl Acrylate, Isoprene, and Styrene Blocks

The syntheses of the ABC and ACB triblock copolymer topological isomers poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene (ABC) and poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-block-polystyrene-block-polyisoprene (ACB) using the RAFT-controlled radical polymerization method are described. The triblock copolymers were isolated with molecular weights on the order of 20000 Da and molecular weight distributions of 1.3-1.5. The polymers described herein demonstrated thermal decompositions at 200°C, characteristic of tert-butyl esters, and their structure and composition were confirmed by a combination of infrared, 1 H, and 13 C NMR spectroscopies.
Uterine sarcomas express KIT protein but lack mutation(s) in exon 11 or 17 of c-KIT.

Abstract Objective Several tumors express the protein product of the protooncogene c- KIT. Some of these respond to imatinib mesylate, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The tumors that respond frequently have mutation(s) in exon 11 of c- KIT that encodes for the regulatory juxtamembrane helix. Some tumors that express KIT protein have mutation(s) in exon 17 of c- KIT; however, these do not respond to imatinib mesylate. This investigation was performed to determine the expression of KIT protein and mutational status of exons 11 and 17 of c- KIT in uterine sarcomas. Methods Twenty-five uterine sarcomas treated from 1990 to 2002 were evaluated. These included 14 malignant mullerian mixed tumors (MMMT), 7 leiomyosarcomas (LMS), 2 endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS), and 2 high-grade heterologous sarcomas (HGHS). Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were immunostained with anti-KIT antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) with a semiquantitative assessment. Normal myometrium when present in the section was used as an internal negative control. Areas of tumor were microdissected followed by DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of exons 11 and 17, single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP), and DNA sequencing to detect the presence of mutation(s). Results All 25 tumors expressed KIT protein at varying levels as assessed by immunohistochemistry. The staining was diffuse and of moderate to strong intensity in 22 tumors. In three tumors (one of each type except MMMT) the staining intensity was weak. In MMMT the epithelial and sarcomatous foci stained similarly. No mutation(s) in exons 11 or 17 of c- KIT were identified in 24/25 tumors. One LMS had deletion of both exons 11 and 17. Conclusion Although uterine sarcomas express KIT protein, they lack KIT-activating mutation(s) in exon 11 or 17 of c- KIT. Therefore, these tumors are unlikely to respond to imatinib mesylate.
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Anaplastic thyroid cancer is an uncommon, typically lethal malignancy of older adults with no effective systemic therapy. The mean survival time is usually less than 6 months from the time of diagnosis and, unfortunately, this outcome is not fundamentally altered by available treatments. Histologic tissue confirmation is recommended if the diagnosis is not absolutely certain to exclude tumors with better prognosis or that require different treatment. Patency of the airway should be kept in mind throughout the patient's course and individuals with impending airway obstruction, in the absence of imminent death from other sites of disease, should be considered for a tracheostomy to secure the airway. Enrollment in meaningful clinical trials should be given the highest priority at all decision points.
The effects of sorbic acid in high moisture sorghum grain diets on performance of weanling swine.

Three experiments were conducted with 288 weanling pigs to determine the effects of sorbic acid (SA) added to dry (DSG), high moisture (HMSG) or reconstituted (RSG) sorghum grain diets on gains and feed conversion. Dietary treatments for Exp. 1 were: DSG with and without .1% SA; HMSG with .1% SA and RSG with .1% SA. The DSG diets were fed ad libitum. The HMSG and RSG diets were mixed fresh from oxygen-limiting storage every 3 and 7 d and were also fed ad libitum. Pigs fed RSG diets consumed more feed than those fed HMSG diets (P<.08). Performance was similar between pigs fed DSG diets without or with SA. Dietary treatments for Exp. 2 and 3 consisted of sorghum grains reconstituted to two moisture contents (MC), with additions of either 0, .05 or .I% SA. The diets were mixed fresh from oxygen-limiting storage every 7 d and fed ad libitum. In Exp. 2 and 3, pigs fed the higher MC diets were more efficient in feed conversion (P<.03) than those fed the lower MC diets. In Exp. 3, a quadratic response (P<.04) for average daily gain and average daily feed intake was observed for the main effect of SA. Feed efficiency improved (P<.05) in a linear fashion as SA levels were increased in the diets. The results of these experiments indicate that weanling pigs may be fed HMSG or RSG without adverse effects on pig performance. Inconsistencies in pig response to SA were observed. Feed temperature measurements indicated that SA prevented heat production in the RSG diets for at least 10 d after removal from oxygen-limiting storage, while diets without SA became moldy within 5 d.
Adapting to the data explosion: Ensuring justice for all

The age of electronic information will continue to engender a technological evolution to which the efforts of human beings will have to adjust. In the legal realm in the United States, the time and costs associated with meeting a party's obligations to search and turn over relevant electronic data for litigation threatens to drive litigants out of the courts. There is now judicial recognition that technological tools, especially for automated search, will have to play a role in case discovery, which used to be handled by humans alone. Improved understanding of human-machine interplay is of growing importance to provide effective, and cost effective, information retrieval in this litigation context. Pairing technology and human expertise in a sophisticated way can provide benefits not possible when either is used on its own.
The Return of the Market?: Reflections on the Real “Conservative Tradition” in U.S. Policy Discourse

This article examines the ideological continuity underlying recent changes in U.S. policy, arguing that both the “liberal” policies of the 1960s and the “free market” conservatism of the 1980s were based upon the presuppositions of neoclassical economic theory. I first consider the intellectual assumptions of postwar liberalism, emphasizing the degree to which the dominant paradigm of the period accepted the neoclassical framework. Next I examine the conservative neoclassical critique of liberal ideas that developed in the 1970s. The economic upheavals of that decade demonstrated the limits of a postwar liberalism that was only ambiguously committed to state intervention. The result was the reassertion of a more consistent market model in economic policy discourse. I conclude by considering the ideological effects of the dominant neoclassical paradigm today in directing attention away from crucial social problems, particularly those that result from market forces themselves in a rapidly changing global economy.
Preschoolers' use of talker information in on-line comprehension.

A crucial part of language development is learning how various social and contextual language-external factors constrain an utterance’s meaning. This learning process is poorly understood. Five experiments addressed one hundred thirty-one 3- to 5-year-old children’s use of one such socially relevant information source: talker characteristics. Participants learned 2 characters’ favorite colors; then, those characters asked participants to select colored shapes, as eye movements were tracked. Results suggest that by preschool, children use voice characteristics predictively to constrain a talker’s domain of reference, visually fixating the talker’s preferred color shapes. Indicating flexibility, children used talker information when the talker made a request for herself but not when she made a request for the other character. Children’s ease at using voice characteristics and possible developmental changes are discussed.
Macroergonomics in Health Care Quality and Patient Safety

The US Institute of Medicine and healthcare experts have called for new approaches to manage healthcare quality problems. In this chapter, we focus on macroergonomics, a branch of human factors and ergonomics that is based on the systems approach and considers the organizational and sociotechnical context of work activities and processes. Selected macroergonomic approaches to healthcare quality and patient safety are described such as the SEIPS model of work system and patient safety and the model of healthcare professional performance. Focused reviews on job stress and burnout, workload, interruptions, patient-centered care, health IT and medical devices, violations, and care coordination provide examples of macroergonomics contributions to healthcare quality and patient safety. Healthcare systems and processes clearly need to be systematically redesigned; examples of macroergonomic approaches, principles and methods for healthcare system redesign are described. Further research linking macroergonomics and care processes/patient outcomes is needed. Other needs for macroergonomics research are highlighted, including understanding the link between worker outcomes (e.g., safety and well-being) and patient outcomes (e.g., patient safety), and macroergonomics of patient-centered care and care coordination.
A linear algebra framework for automatic determination of optimal data layouts

This paper presents a data layout optimization technique for sequential and parallel programs based on the theory of hyperplanes from linear algebra. Given a program, our framework automatically determines suitable memory layouts that can be expressed by hyperplanes for each array that is referenced. We discuss the cases where data transformations are preferable to loop transformations and show that under certain conditions a loop nest can be optimized for perfect spatial locality by using data transformations. We argue that data transformations can also optimize spatial locality for some arrays without distorting temporal/spatial locality exhibited by others. We divide the problem of optimizing data layout into two independent subproblems: 1) determining optimal static data layouts, and 2) determining data transformation matrices to implement the optimal layouts. By postponing the determination of the transformation matrix to the last stage, our method can be adapted to compilers with different default layouts. We then present an algorithm that considers optimizing parallelism and spatial locality simultaneously. Our results on eight programs on two distributed shared-memory multiprocessors, the Convex Exemplar SPP-2000 and the SGI Origin 2000, show that the layout optimizations are effective in optimizing spatial locality and parallelism.
Simple bioseparations using self-cleaving elastin-like polypeptide tags

We introduce a new method for the purification of recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli using self-cleaving elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) fusion tags without the need for affinity chromatography or proteolytic tag removal. Using this method we obtained high purity, activity and reasonable yields for ten diverse target proteins.
Soil type tolerance in rock outcrop plant communities: Satureja arkansana (Nutt.) Briq. (Lamiaceae) in the Ozarks

Abstract Most plant species endemic to a rock outcrop system have high constancy to one substrate type. However, the complex geology of the Ozark region of Arkansas and Missouri has promoted a diversity of adaptive strategies and challenged the traditional classifications of edaphic adaptation. For example, the small aromatic mint Satureja arkansana ( = Calamintha arkansana) has been considered an obligate calciphile, growing abundantly on calcareous rock outcrop communities in the Ozarks and occurring on sandstone outcrops only when plants receive alkaline drainage from nearby calcareous formations. However, we observed in Arkansas that this technically perennial, but functionally winter annual, plant regularly occurs on sandstone outcrops not receiving calcareous effluent. To determine whether this occurrence represented ecotypic specialization or substrate indifference, we compared growth parameters of plants collected from non-alkaline sandstone and calcareous limestone outcrops on their own and the ...
Solubility measurements of blowing agents in polyethylene terephthalate

N 2 , Ar, pentane, isopentane, cyclopentane, butane, hexane, heptane, 1,1-difluoroethane, CO 2 /N 2 , and CO 2 /pentane in polyethylene terephthalate was studied using closed pressure vessels. The experiments were performed at 50-200° C and pressures up to 14MPa. The solubilities were correlated using the Flory-Huggins equation for HFC and hydrocarbons, and via Henry's law for supercritical gases. In order of decreasing solubility, the BAs rank 1,1-difluoroethane > hydrocarbons > inert gases. Since the Arrhenius type behavior seemed to be able to describe the temperature dependency of the H-values, the solubilities at foaming temperatures can be predicted.
Are Null Results Becoming an Endangered Species in Marketing

Editorial procedures in the social and biomedical sciences are said to promote studies that falsely reject the null hypothesis. This problem may also exist in major marketing journals. Of 692 papers using statistical significance tests sampled from the Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, and Journal of Consumer Research between 1974 and 1989, only 7.8% failed to reject the null hypothesis. The percentage of null results declined by one-half from the 1970s to the 1980s. The JM and the JMR registered marked decreases. The small percentage of insignificant results could not be explained as being due to inadequate statistical power. Various scholars have claimed that editorial policies in the social and medical sciences are biased against studies reporting null results, and thus encourage the proliferation of Type 1 errors (erroneous rejection of the null hypothesis). Greenwald (1975, p. 15) maintains that Type I publication errors are underestimated to the extent that they are: ... frightening, even calling into question the scientific basis for much published literature. Our paper examines the publication frequency of null results in marketing. First, we discuss how editorial policies might foster an atmosphere receptive to Type I error proliferation. Second, we review the evidence on the publication of null results in the social and biomedical sciences. Third, we report on an empirical investigation of the publication frequency of null results in the marketing literature. Fourth, we examine power levels for statistically insignificant findings in marketing to see if they are underpowered and thus less deserving of publication. Finally, we provide suggestions to facilitate the publication of null results.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PORTRAYAL AND CONFLICT AND CHILDREN'S ATTRACTION TO BOOKS

Stlmmary.46 recent books were divided into high- and low-circulation groups of 23 books each on the basis of the number of withdrawals from three elementary school libraries. The heroes and villains were rated on personality dimensions according to the anchored judgment scale of the Idenrification Figure Test. The findings point to several personaliry dimensions for conflict between heroes and villains. There is no difference between high- and low-circulation heroes, but high-circularicn villains have greater conflicts with heroes than do low-circulation villains. Children prefer reading materials with high conflicts between the heroes and villains. That children's interests differ is well known, and how this difference relates ro learning and motivation has been discussed repeatedly. In the work focused on children's interests, the underlying assumption is that if children are deeply interested in the material they will be more eager to read (Davis, 1943). The concept of intrinsic motivation, developed d~uing the twenties and thirties, holds basically that if we give a child material he is interested in, we will find that he tends to learn this material more readily and more evenly. Many studies were made to describe areas of interest. Some classified literature according to its form, such as novel, poetry, etc. (Norvill, 1950), the notion being that the suength with which an interest is held is directly related to the number of children who indicate an interest. Lists of categories of children's interests and their relative strengths were used to develop classroom materials, with some guarantee of involving the interest of many children (Amatora, 1960; Jersild, 1949; Jordan, 1921). Later studies dealing with specific pieces of literature have shown relationships between interest and comprehension (Bernstein, 1955). But children have differential interests within a classification. The fact that a large percentage of childrea are interested in parties does not mean that all children are interested in all kinds of parties. Because a child likes cowboys it does not follow that he will be as interested as another child in any specific cowboy. This is, in essence, the prob:em generated out of any particular normative study. From this problem comes the need for a rationale for the interest development of a particular child. This rationale may be found in the mechanism of identification (Bandura, 1963; Kagan, 1958). As a child meets conflicts and problems he cannot immediately resolve, he is consequently left with tension as well as desire for their solution. Loaking about, the child finds other people manifesting similar tensions and able to solve the tension in a manner acceptable to him.
The Family as the Unit of Care in Nursing: A Historical Review

Current discussions of nursing theory identify the metaparadigm of nursing as focused upon person, environment, health, and nursing. Literature was reviewed to determine if historical and current sources supported the understanding that the family as recipient of care was a continuing nursing focus. The review supported the contention that the family unit has been an early, continuing, and ever increasing focus of nursing care. Public health nursing was the first clinical area to emphasize service to families, and this continuing emphasis is evident for this practice area. The conclusion is drawn that if the family is now deemphasized as a unit of analysis and care, an historically important focus will be abandoned.
Genetic Differentiation of Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I, and Phylogeographic Concordance with the Coat Protein of the Plant Virus Genus Begomovirus

Abstract Phylogenetic analysis of the Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) sequence grouped populations into one of four major phylogeographic lineages, represented as groups from The Americas-Caribbean Basin (New World) (n = 41), Mediterranean-North Africa-Middle East (n = 47), Asia-Australia (n = 52), and Sub-Saharan Africa (n = 29). The mean genetic variation and percentage nucleotide identities indicated that whitefly populations from the Southeast Asian/Australian region were the most genetically divergent (1% per lineage/106 yr), whereas the Western Hemisphere (Americas-Caribbean region) populations exhibited the lowest degrees of divergence. The phylogenetic tree for the genus Begomovirus (Geminviridae) coat protein (CP) revealed two major phylogeographic lineages with a basis either in the Eastern or Western Hemisphere, respectively. Within the Eastern Hemisphere lineage, the viral CP grouped in one of the three major geographical regions, which were analogous to t...
Improving Price Transparency in Cancer Care.

Health care in theUnitedStateshas come to resemble a “menu without prices” for both physicians and patients, who systematically lack access to the prices of treatments, procedures, and diagnostic tests. This firewall may once have served an ethical purpose that allowed people to get care before anyone assessed their ability to pay and fueled an idealized image of the impartial physician making price-naive medical decisions on behalf of one patient at a time. However, rising cancer care costs and increased patient cost sharing now contribute to unanticipated and financially devastating out-of-pocket expenses for patients and families. Prices and coverage levels can vary substantially without evidence of a link between price and quality. We propose that complete price transparency for people with cancer can transform health care more than current efforts, is an integral part of patientcentered care, and may decrease risk of patient financial hardship, waste, and price variation, while improving care quality. Price transparency efforts to date have focused on policyand physician-focused initiatives that seek to reduce variation and unnecessary ordering. In policy-level initiatives, variation in cost and quality is exposed to encourage consumers to select high-value providers and incentivize institutions to remain competitive by lowering costs or improving quality. Costcalculator tools, usually payer-sponsored, have emerged rapidly and are now legislative requirements in some states. These tools allow comparison by price or quality for a defined set of care episodes such as joint replacements or childbirth, but they have had limited uptake and are unable to support the needs of oncology patients whose treatment plans are highly individualized and ever-changing. Increasingly, specialty societies are identifying low-value practices through initiatives such as Choosing Wisely. In physician-level price transparency efforts, physicians are educated about the prices of selected tests to discourage frivolous ordering and encourage use of highervalue care. Such price posting may alter physician behavior for laboratory test ordering andmay lower costs as bundled payment structures emerge.However, it is not clear that oncologists will decrease the prescribing of expensive drugs and procedures or use fewer staging and surveillance tests such as positron emission tomography scans or tumor markers. Physicianand policy-focused initiatives take place in the margins of medical care on specific scenarios with demonstrated variation or overuse. They will not impact most medical decisions—those that are not unnecessary, for which there is no less expensive alternative, or for which there is no alternative at all. Patients, who receive all medical care and are increasingly at risk for medical financial burden, have a right to know prices if they so wish. Furthermore, transparency focused on exposing variation may have unintended consequences of encouraging volumebased ordering or in encouraging lowerpriced providers to raise prices. We suggest a patient-centered definition of price transparency, one in which a patient
Structural Evaluation of Cold-Formed Sheet Steel Concrete Reinforcement Using Finite Elements and Tests

USG Corporation conducted a Research project to determine the structural behavior of a concrete forming and reinforcing system consisting of a number of deformed, interlocking cold-formed steel sheets, and to predict this behavior, using finite element mathematical modeling. The project proceeded as follows: First, full-size sheets were tested to determine their mechanical properties and physical behavior. Based upon the resulting information, a finite element was selected from the SAP IV Element Library, and a mathematical model formulated for a circular, single center arch tunnel. Elements corresponding in size to those in the model were fabricated and tested to determine the mechanical properties required for input into the finite element program. Then a full-scale model corresponding to that of the mathematical model was fabricated and tested under various loading conditions. The results of the individual performances of both the mathematical model and physical model were compared. This comparison showed that small-scale test-generated properties can be used for finite element modeling to predict with confidence the behavior of large structures constructed from complex, cold-formed sheet steel of unusual cross-section.
Buried Beneath the Legislation It Gave Rise to: The Significance of Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Co.

In the mid 1800’s, the California gold rush ushered in a new era of industry to the farming communities of the Sacramento Valley. This influx of people, capital, and technological innovation also brought with it significant pollution that nearly destroyed the agricultural value of the region. After decades of being inundated with debris cast off by the gold mining encampments operating upstream, local landowner Edward Woodruff brought suit seeking to enjoin the mining companies from discarding their debris into the area’s waterways. The decision that followed brought gold mining in the region to a halt and set the stage for the federal government to enter the field of environmental regulation. Though Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Co. has largely been ignored, it marks a significant step toward the regime of environmental regulation that we know today.
National Practice Patterns of Antireflux Medication for Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Importance Antireflux medication has been endorsed as a useful adjunctive therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis, but its use remains controversial. Objectives To determine whether chronic rhinosinusitis is associated with administration of proton pump inhibitors, histamine 2 -receptor antagonists, antacids, or prokinetic agents; whether practice patterns vary according to visit setting; and whether those patterns vary according to the presence or absence of potentially confounding conditions. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional analysis was performed of data from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2010, from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, which included 590 772 observations representing 7 191 711 480 ambulatory care visits. Univariate, multivariate, and stratified analyses were performed from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2010. Exposures Chronic rhinosinusitis. Main Outcomes and Measures The probability of receiving antireflux medications was the main measured outcome. Results Of 7 191 711 480 ambulatory care visits, those for chronic rhinosinusitis were not more likely to result in the administration of proton pump inhibitors (odds ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.62-1.63; P = .99) or antacids and prokinetic agents (odds ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.30-5.10; P = .77). In addition, patients with chronic rhinosinusitis were less likely to receive histamine 2 -receptor antagonists than were those without chronic rhinosinusitis, even when adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, visit setting, other antireflux agents, and presence or absence of gastroesophageal reflux, laryngopharyngeal reflux, or allergy diagnoses (odds ratio, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.12-0.57; P = .001). Conclusions and Relevance National practice patterns observed thus far have not favored the use of proton pump inhibitors, histamine 2 -receptor antagonists, antacids, or prokinetic agents for chronic rhinosinusitis.
Property modification of Nafion via polymer blending with ethylene vinyl alcohol "polyimide"(Conference Presentation)

The blended ion exchange membrane between Nafion and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) was used for fabrication of the ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) to redeem inherent drawbacks of Nafion such as high cost or environment-unfriendliness. EVOH solution was blended in Nafion solution by a volume ratio of 15 and 30 % membranes were prepared through solution casting method. The prepared blended Nafion membranes can be fabricated IPMCs with deposition of platinum electrode onto its surface without crack or delamination. The surface resistance of all prepared IPMCs is measured through 2 point probe. This study investigated the chemical structure and thermal properties of prepared membranes. Moreover, we characterized the cross-section morphology and studied the electromechanical performances (displacement and blocking force) of prepared IPMC actuators. The IPMC actuators with proposed blended Nafion membranes were demonstrated comparable electromechanical performance by significantly reducing the content of Nafion.
The Instant and the Outmoded: Wyndham Lewis, Ulysses , and the Spectacle of Time

If the previous chapters discussed the ways in which the pre-war modernism of Conrad, Ford, and Joyce both reflects the relatively abstract market forces of investment and exchange and develops new narrative techniques around their contradictions, here I turn my focus to what I perceive as modernists’ critical fascination with the forces of commercial spectacle. There are two reasons for this move from investment and circulation to spectacle and affect. First, there is an historical rationale. Finance markets and speculation certainly did not diminish in economic and social importance between the wars (if anything, their impact on markets only increased). But by the early 1920s, with the growing capacities for the reproduction and dissemination of print and image media, we witness the increasing centrality of spectacle— as in advertising, cinema, and commercial magazines—to feeding and expanding a consumer base and an economic culture that becomes more organized around “insatiability” and the creation of new desires than around scarcity and a productionist ethos, as Regenia Gagnier has shown.1 At the same time, commercial mass media and the persuasive art of the public advertisement are by no means new to the 1920s and 1930s; witness the prevalence of poster ads that transformed the public aesthetics of major urban centers by the late-Victorian period.2
Faulkner, Twain, and the Legacy of Dirne Novel Detectives

William Faulkner’s Chick Mallison and Mark Twain’s Tom Sawyer may not seem to belong to the complex literary landscape constructed by nineteenth-century detective Dirne novels. And yet, both characters could have stepped out of the pages of the Dirne novels that surely shaped their construction. In Tom Sawyer, Detective (1896), for example, Huck Finn describes his friend’s interest in detective work in trademark Huckleberry style: ‘It was always nuts for Tom Sawyer — a mystery was. If you’d lay out a mystery and a pie before me and him, you wouldn’t have to say take your choice; it was a thing that would regulate itself. Because in my nature I have always run to pie, while in his nature he has always run to mystery’ (122). Tom, here and elsewhere, is described as every bit the enthusiastic young detective of the New York Detective Library’s weekly offerings, wanting nothing more than a good mystery to help him make his mark in the world. Tom also recalls Allan Pinker ton’s colorful tales, especially in the parallels between Pinker ton’s first real-world detective adventure, in which he discovered counterfeiters on an island by observing their lights in the nighttime sky, and Tom’s pirate play on the island in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876).
In the Absence of Scrutiny: Narratives of Probable Cause

This Article reports on a set of roughly thirty interviews with federal magistrate judges. The focus of the interviews was the impact of the Supreme Court case, United States v. Leon, on the behavior of magistrate judges. Leon, famously, put in place the “good faith” exception for faulty warrants that were obtained by the officers in good faith. The insertion of this exception diminished significantly the incentive for defendants to challenge problematic warrant grants. That effect, in turn, could have diminished the incentive for magistrate judge scrutiny of the warrants at the front end of the process. We do not find any indication of diminished scrutiny. What we do find, however, is a highly ritualized and formalistic process for the evaluation of warrants where calculations of probabilities are viewed through a legalistic rather than a pragmatic lens.
Racial Disparities in Welfare Dependence and Financial Independence: Links to Human Capital, Local Economy, and State Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Policies

ABSTRACTThis secondary data analysis examined racial disparities in associations betwen welfare dependence/financial independence and human capital, local economy, and state TANF policies. A sample of 6,737 parents was extracted from the public-use data set titled “National Longitudinal Survey of Youth.” Results showed that restrictive TANF policies reduced African Americans’ likelihood of welfare use and increased likelihood of their financial independence. Multinomial logistic results also showed that, among Hispanics, employment growth in neighboring counties promoted welfare use; whereas among Caucasians such growth promoted financial independence. County poverty increased (a) Caucasians’ likelihood of welfare use and (b) Hispanics’ likelihood of being working poor; it decreased Caucasians’ and African Americans’ likelihood of financial independence. Across ethnic groups, education reduced likelihood of welfare use and working poor status; across minority groups, education increased likelihood of fina...
French Without Tears: Rattigan’s Shavian Inheritance

French Without Tears continues demonstrating Rattigan’s dramatic art, as will all subsequent chapters. Here I analyze Rattigan’s early critical and commercial success, French Without Tears, showing how it is underpinned by the myth of Diana and Actaeon and imitates Shaw’s Man and Superman, where the structure of comedy is varied by having the female pursue the male. Rattigan in this play reckons with his inheritance from Shaw by adapting Shaw’s reversed love chase, but Rattigan adds a homoerotic subtext foreign to Shaw. I also discuss the debate over the Play of Ideas conducted in 1950 in the New Statesman and Nation that Rattigan started and finished with several playwrights, including Shaw, who variously rebutted Rattigan’s argument that plays should be about character and situation rather than about ideas.
The “patient experience”: a quality metric to be aware of

COMMENTARY ON: Etier BE Jr, Orr SP, Antonetti J, Thomas SB, Theiss SM. Factors impacting Press Ganey patient satisfaction scores in orthopedic surgery spine clinic. Spine J 2016:16:1285–9. ( in this issue ).
Tensor Envelope Partial Least-Squares Regression

ABSTRACTPartial least squares (PLS) is a prominent solution for dimension reduction and high-dimensional regressions. Recent prevalence of multidimensional tensor data has led to several tensor versions of the PLS algorithms. However, none offers a population model and interpretation, and statistical properties of the associated parameters remain intractable. In this article, we first propose a new tensor partial least-squares algorithm, then establish the corresponding population interpretation. This population investigation allows us to gain new insight on how the PLS achieves effective dimension reduction, to build connection with the notion of sufficient dimension reduction, and to obtain the asymptotic consistency of the PLS estimator. We compare our method, both analytically and numerically, with some alternative solutions. We also illustrate the efficacy of the new method on simulations and two neuroimaging data analyses. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.