cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1968 Tool Use

Some nonhuman animals modify objects in their environment so they can serve as levers, probes, pincers, or other types of tools. The development of this concept broke down an artificial division that set humans apart from other animals.
“I Alone” vs. “Stronger Together”: Contrasting Visions in the 2016 Nomination Acceptance Addresses:

Nomination acceptance addresses perform two major functions: They reconstitute the factions splintered by the primaries into a unified party and they frame the general election campaign as a clash ...
Hiding in plain sight

With just a handful of modifications to their social networks, individuals and groups can reduce the likelihood that they will be detected by others using standard social network analysis algorithms.
Incorporated Repairs in Nonnative Discourse

Nearly a century ago, Henry Sweet1 noted that conversation in a foreign language may be regarded from two very different points of view: (1) as an end in itself, and (2) as a means of learning the language and testing the pupil’s knowledge of it. But there is, of course, no reason why the second process should not be regarded as being at the same time a preparation for the first. (1899/1964, p. 219) While the importance of conversation to second-language (L2) acquisition has long been recognized, it is only recently that it has been the major focus of analysis. In particular, current research in L2 acquisition emphasizes the role of negotiated interaction between native speaker (NS) and nonnative (NNS) speaker in the development of a second language (Brock, Crookes, Day, & Long, 1986; Bruton & Samuda, 1980; Chun, Day, Chenoweth, & Luppescu, 1982; Day, Chenoweth, Chun, & Luppescu, 1984; Ellis, 1985; Long, 1983; Long & Porter, 1985; Pica, 1988; Scarcella & Higa, 1981; Varonis & Gass, 1985a and 1985b). Thus, the current view of the role of conversation in L2 learning differs noticeably from an earlier view of acquisition that held that learners learned grammatical rules and then practiced them within a conversation setting; classroom drills, classroom interactions, and daily interactions with NSs were considered important only as a means of reinforcing the grammatical rules acquired by a learner.
Cloning of High-Dimensional Quantum States

In Chap. 2, I describe a simple intercept-and-resend attack that an eavesdropper can perform on a QKD link. I explain how Alice encoding information in two or more randomly chosen mutually unbiased bases compels Eve to measure the quantum states in incorrect basis, resulting in increased quantum bit error rate in the raw key. In principle, Eve could circumvent detection if she was in possession of a quantum device that could copy an information-carrying photon on a different photon. Such a device would allow her to copy all the quantum states in the channel, one at a time, and then measure the quantum states after Alice and Bob discuss their basis choice. However, as discussed in Chap. 1, there is a fundamental limiting principle, known as the no-cloning theorem, that forbids Eve from cloning unknown quantum states in the quantum channel.
Validated simulations of dynamic crack propagation in single crystals using EFEM and XFEM

Brittle and quasibrittle materials such as ceramics and geomaterials fail through dynamic crack propagation during impact events. Simulations of such events are important in a number of applications. This paper compares the effectiveness of the embedded finite element method (EFEM) and the extended finite element method (XFEM) in modeling dynamic crack propagation by validating each approach against an impact experiment performed on single crystal quartz together with in-situ imaging of the dynamic fracture using X-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCI). The experiment is conducted in a Kolsky bar (generating a strain rate on the order of $$10^3\,\text {s}^{-1}$$ ) that is operated at the synchrotron facilities at the advanced photon source (APS). The in situ XPCI technique can record the dynamic crack propagation with micron-scale spatial resolution and sub-microsecond temporal resolution, and the corresponding images are used to extract the time-resolved crack propagation path and velocity. A unified framework is first presented for the dynamic discretization formulations of EFEM and XFEM. This framework clarifies the differences between the two methods in enrichment techniques and numerical solution schemes. In both cases, a cohesive law is used to describe the fracture process after crack initiation. The simulations of the dynamic fracture experiment using the two simulation approaches are compared with the in situ experimental observations and measurements. The performance of each method is discussed with respect to capturing the early crack propagation process.
Intraspinal Dissemination and Local Recurrence of an Intracranial Hemangiopericytoma.

Background Hemangiopericytomas (HPCs) are rare vascular tumors that resemble meningiomas on imaging and have a high rate of local recurrence and metastases. There remains a paucity of data to guide management decisions of intraspinal dissemination of HPCs in the literature, and none specifically related to anaplastic HPCs. Case Description We report a case of a 34-year-old woman with locally and distantly recurrent anaplastic HPC (World Health Organization grade III). She initially presented with tinnitus in her right ear. A well-circumscribed, contrast-enhancing lesion was identified in the right cerebellopontine angle. Treatment consisted of subtotal resection and postoperative radiation therapy (RT) to a dose of 60 Gy in 30 fractions. After a 3-year disease-free interval, 7 lesions recurred intra- and extracranially. The extracranial lesions were drop metastases of the original HPC through the cerebrospinal fluid into the spinal canal. Of note, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography scan was not sensitive enough to detect these new lesions. The intracranial recurrence was on the edge of the prior radiotherapy field, representing a marginal failure having received less than 50 Gy. The intracranial recurrences were treated with salvage gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with local control. She underwent intradural extramedullary hemilaminectomy of a thoracic spine metastasis followed by fractionated proton beam therapy (PBT) with a boost to unresected lesions. Within a few months of PBT, she became pregnant. Pregnancy did not affect recurrence or ameliorate tumor growth. Conclusions This case report discusses the role genetics, adjuvant RT, SRS, magnetic resonance imaging, and PET scan played in this unique clinical scenario of anaplastic HPC.
Science meets policy: A framework for determining impairment designation criteria for large waterbodies affected by cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms

Toxic cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) are one of the most significant threats to the security of Earth's surface freshwaters. In the United States, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (i.e., the Clean Water Act) requires that states report any waterbody that fails to meet applicable water quality standards. The problem is that for fresh waters impacted by cyanoHABs, no scientifically-based framework exists for making this designation. This study describes the development of a data-based framework using the Ohio waters of western Lake Erie as an exemplar for large lakes impacted by cyanoHABs. To address this designation for Ohio's open waters, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) assembled a group of academic, state and federal scientists to develop a framework that would determine the criteria for Ohio EPA to consider in deciding on a recreation use impairment designation due to cyanoHAB presence. Typically, the metrics are derived from on-lake monitoring programs, but for large, dynamic lakes such as Lake Erie, using criteria based on discrete samples is problematic. However, significant advances in remote sensing allows for the estimation of cyanoHAB biomass of an entire lake. Through multiple years of validation, we developed a framework to determine lake-specific criteria for designating a waterbody as impaired by cyanoHABs on an annual basis. While the criteria reported in this manuscript are specific to Ohio's open waters, the framework used to determine them can be applied to any large lake where long-term monitoring data and satellite imagery are available.
The African second generation in the United States – identity and transnationalism: an introduction

The New African Diaspora’s second generation in the United States is large and growing, yet it is one of the least studied immigrant groups. The purpose of this special issue is to bring together r...
Mechanical Ventilation in Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure

Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) is a common challenge in emergency medicine. Patient outcomes depend on interventions performed during preintubation, intubation, and postintubation. The article presents recommendations for evidence-based practice to optimally manage patients with AHRF and the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Tabletop Terahertz Chemical Sensor for Breath Analysis and Analytical Gas Sensing

We report on the design and development of a tabletop THz chemicals sensor capable of detecting a wide range of volatile organic compounds with absolute specificity at a part per trillion (ppt) level of dilution. The system is capable of rapid detection of light volatile compounds and was designed for quantitative analytical gas chemical sensing with specific focus on diagnostic breath sensing.
U.S. national interests and framing India in the U.S. press during and after Cold War

This research studied India’s portrayal in the U.S. press over a 48-year period during and after the Cold War. It used the Indexing theory and framing. The study found significant difference in Ind...
Technology’s Impact on the Changing Future of the Trusts and Estate Practice

Less than a few decades ago, technology had a minor impact on the legal profession. Today, a wide range of technology may be central to a lawyer’s practice, changing the way we plan for the future. While the integration of technology in the legal world has had its many benefits, keeping up with the wide array of rapidly changing technology now available is a dubious task for many practicing lawyers. To stay ahead of the curve in your estate planning practice and lessen potential frustration and expense, it is important to understand and leverage the latest estate planning technology. This article will serve to inform estates and trusts lawyers of the available technology tools along with their benefits and disadvantages, with a special discussion of cryptocurrency and electronic wills.
Winning hearts and minds: A critical analysis of independent media development in Afghanistan

Utilizing a political economic framework, this study investigates the development and expansion of independent media in Afghanistan, focusing on one of the largest private media companies in the co...
Increased expression and retention of the secretory chaperone proSAAS following cell stress.

The secretory pathway of neurons and endocrine cells contains a variety of mechanisms designed to combat cellular stress. These include not only the unfolded protein response pathways but also diverse chaperone proteins that collectively work to ensure proteostatic control of secreted and membrane-bound molecules. One of the least studied of these chaperones is the neural- and endocrine-specific molecule known as proSAAS. This small chaperone protein acts as a potent anti-aggregant both in vitro and in cellulo and also represents a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker in Alzheimer’s disease. In the present study, we have examined the idea that proSAAS, like other secretory chaperones, might represent a stress-responsive protein. We find that exposure of neural and endocrine cells to the cell stressors tunicamycin and thapsigargin increases cellular proSAAS mRNA and protein in Neuro2A cells. Paradoxically, proSAAS secretion is inhibited by these same drugs. Exposure of Neuro2A cells to low concentrations of the hypoxic stress inducer cobalt chloride, or to sodium arsenite, an oxidative stressor, also increases cellular proSAAS content and reduces its secretion. We conclude that the cellular levels of the small secretory chaperone proSAAS are positively modulated by cell stress.
Polymorphism and Divergence of Novel Gene Expression Patterns in Drosophila melanogaster.

Transcriptomes may evolve by multiple mechanisms, including the evolution of novel genes, the evolution of transcript abundance, and the evolution of cell, tissue, or organ expression patterns. Here, we focus on the last of these mechanisms in an investigation of tissue and organ shifts in gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. In contrast to most investigations of expression evolution, we seek to provide a framework for understanding the mechanisms of novel expression patterns on a short population genetic timescale. To do so, we generated population samples of D. melanogaster transcriptomes from five tissues: accessory gland, testis, larval salivary gland, female head, and first-instar larva. We combined these data with comparable data from two outgroups to characterize gains and losses of expression, both polymorphic and fixed, in D. melanogaster. We observed a large number of gain- or loss-of-expression phenotypes, most of which were polymorphic within D. melanogaster. Several polymorphic, novel expression phenotypes were strongly influenced by segregating cis-acting variants. In support of previous literature on the evolution of novelties functioning in male reproduction, we observed many more novel expression phenotypes in the testis and accessory gland than in other tissues. Additionally, genes showing novel expression phenotypes tend to exhibit greater tissue-specific expression. Finally, in addition to qualitatively novel expression phenotypes, we identified genes exhibiting major quantitative expression divergence in the D. melanogaster lineage.
The Effects of Menopause on Neuromuscular Parameters of the Rat Vocal Folds.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Menopause adversely affecs power and endurance of the limb muscles. However, despite clinical observations that menopause corresponds to negative changes of the voice, the direct effects of estrogen deprivation on the thyroarytenoid muscles are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of estrogen deprivation via ovariectomy on three neuromuscular parameters of the thyroarytenoid muscles using a rat model. STUDY DESIGN Animal model. METHODS Cryosections of vocal folds of 20 (10 control and 10 ovariectomized) female rats were stained to label neuromuscular junctions, fiber size, or parvalbumin levels using immunohistochemical techniques and compared between experimental groups. RESULTS The neuromuscular junctions, thyroarytenoid fiber sizes, and parvalbumin levels of the vocal folds were similar between experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS The loss of estrogen did not change neuromuscular parameters of the vocal folds of adult female rats; therefore, vocal changes within the outer vibratory layers of the vocal folds may primarily be responsible for clinically observed menopausal vocal changes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 131:1343-1348, 2021.
The inflammatory biomarker YKL-40 is elevated in the serum, but not the sputum, of E-cigarette users.

Rationale: E-cigarettes are popular among youth and young adults and have been shown to be associated with pulmonary conditions such as asthma and COPD. YKL-40 may serve as a biomarker of pulmonary...
Learning About Safety: Conditioned Inhibition as a Novel Approach to Fear Reduction Targeting the Developing Brain

Adolescence is a peak time for the onset of psychiatric disorders, with anxiety disorders being the most common and affecting as many as 30% of youths. A core feature of anxiety disorders is difficulty regulating fear, with evidence suggesting deficits in extinction learning and corresponding alterations in frontolimbic circuitry. Despite marked changes in this neural circuitry and extinction learning throughout development, interventions for anxious youths are largely based on principles of extinction learning studied in adulthood. Safety signal learning, based on conditioned inhibition of fear in the presence of a cue that indicates safety, has been shown to effectively reduce anxiety-like behavior in animal models and attenuate fear responses in healthy adults. Cross-species evidence suggests that safety signal learning involves connections between the ventral hippocampus and the prelimbic cortex in rodents or the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in humans. Particularly because this pathway follows a different developmental trajectory than fronto-amygdala circuitry involved in traditional extinction learning, safety cues may provide a novel approach to reducing fear in youths. In this review, the authors leverage a translational framework to bring together findings from studies in animal models and humans and to bridge the gap between research on basic neuroscience and clinical treatment. The authors consider the potential application of safety signal learning for optimizing interventions for anxious youths by targeting the biological state of the developing brain. Based on the existing cross-species literature on safety signal learning, they propose that the judicious use of safety cues may be an effective and neurodevelopmentally optimized approach to enhancing treatment outcomes for youths with anxiety disorders.
A modeling framework for coupling plasticity with species diffusion.

This paper presents a modeling framework---mathematical model and computational framework---to study the response of a plastic material due to the presence and transport of a chemical species in the host material. Such a modeling framework is important to a wide variety of problems ranging from Li-ion batteries, moisture diffusion in cementitious materials, hydrogen diffusion in metals, to consolidation of soils under severe loading-unloading regimes. The mathematical model incorporates experimental observations reported in the literature on how (elastic and plastic) material properties change because of the presence and transport of a chemical species. Also, the model accounts for one-way (transport affects the deformation but not vice versa) and two-way couplings between deformation and transport subproblems. The resulting coupled equations are not amenable to analytical solutions; so, we present a robust computational framework for obtaining numerical solutions. Given that popular numerical formulations do not produce nonnegative solutions, the computational framework uses an optimized-based nonnegative formulation that respects physical constraints (e.g., nonnegative concentrations). For completeness, we will also show the effect and propagation of the negative concentrations, often produced by contemporary transport solvers, into the overall predictions of deformation and concentration fields. Notably, anisotropy of the diffusion process exacerbates these unphysical violations. Using representative numerical examples, we will discuss how the concentration field affects plastic deformations of a degrading solid. Based on these numerical examples, we also discuss how plastic zones spread because of material degradation. To illustrate how the proposed computational framework performs, we report various performance metrics such as optimization iterations and time-to-solution.
Using Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) for accurate prediction of faults location

Electrical power systems are sophisticated networked grids, which need to function with high reliability to provide electricity to customers. With high number of interconnected busses and devices in both transmission and distribution networks, electrical power systems need powerful programs to perform high speed calculations. This paper describes the Electromagnetic Transient Program - Alternative Transient Program (EMTP-ATP) and its usage in modeling of faults behavior in complex electric power systems. The results from EMTP-ATP modeling were compared to models in PSCAD to validate developed models. EMTP-ATP is further used in this paper to show steps in designing a system with a Single-Line-Ground fault (SLG) to analyze high frequency composition of SLG faults.
Self-Reliance, Social Norms, and Self-Stigma as Barriers to Psychosocial Help Seeking Among Rural Cancer Survivors with Cancer-Related Distress

Objectives: Even when technology allows rural cancer survivors to connect with supportive care providers from a distance, uptake of psychosocial referrals is low. During our telemedicine-delivered intervention aimed at identifying rural survivors with high distress and connecting them with psychosocial care, fewer than 1/3 of those with high distress accepted a referral. The purpose of this research was to examine the reasons rural cancer survivors did not accept a psychosocial referral. Methods: We utilized a qualitative descriptive design to analyze data from interviews conducted with participants who had been offered a psychosocial referral during the intervention. Interviews were conducted 6 weeks following the intervention (n=14) and 9 months after the completion of the intervention (n=6). Results: Ultimately, none of the rural cancer survivors in our study engaged with a psychosocial care provider, including those who had originally accepted a referral for further psychosocial care. When explaining their decisions, survivors minimized their distress, emphasizing their self-reliance and the need to handle distress on their own. They expressed a preference for dealing with distress via informal support networks, which was often limited to close family members. No survivors endorsed public stigma as a barrier to accepting psychosocial help, but several suggested that self-stigma associated with not being able to handle their own distress was a reason for not seeking care. Significance of Results: Rural cancer survivors9 willingness to accept a psychosocial referral may be mediated by the rural cultural norm of self-reliance, and by self-stigma. Interventions to address referral uptake may benefit from further illumination of these relationships as well as a strength-based approach that emphasizes positive aspects of the rural community and individual self-affirmation.
Adolescent Violent Trauma Prevention and Intervention

Violent trauma disproportionately affects adolescent Black and Hispanic men in the United States. The cost of violent trauma encompasses health-related, socioeconomic, and mental health costs. Existing prevention and intervention strategies for adolescent violent trauma include community- based approaches and hospital-based approaches with limited outcome-driven evidence available. Although limited, the evidence for the potential impact of community-based and hospital-based violence intervention programs (HVIPs) is promising enough to suggest further implementation and evaluation of violence prevention/intervention programs.
Civil Settlement during Rape Prosecutions

A defendant in a criminal rape prosecution faces the prospect of a civil action brought by the complainant.2 Sometimes, the defendant will offer to settle the potential civil case with the complainant while the prosecution is still pending. Following settlement, the complainant may request that the charges be dropped or refuse to cooperate with the prosecution. A prosecution for a robbery or an assault still could proceed without the cooperation of the alleged victim, relying instead on other witnesses and physical evidence. But a rape prosecution is different. A rape prosecution almost always relies heavily on the complainant's testimony. If the complainant is no longer interested in pursuing the case, even the most zealous prosecutor may have little choice but to drop the charges.3 Regardless of how the
Language and Metaphysics

Recent attempts to reduce metaphysics to the language in which it is expressed, and in this way to make the metaphysics vanish, call for a reexamination of both language and metaphysics as well as of the relations between them. We need a linguistic examination of metaphysics and a metaphysical examination of language, as well as separate studies of each in order to determine its fitness for interpreting the other. The linguistic examination of metaphysics is being accomplished — disastrously for metaphysics — by the linguistic analysts of the British school, the followers of Wittgenstein’s second published book. Other and more constructive ways of conducting the same examination must surely exist. But in the meanwhile the metaphysical examination of language awaits adequate interpretation, and it is to this task that the present effort is addressed.
The Education and Competencies of School Library Media Specialists: A Review of the Literature

The role of school library media specialists and the competencies they need in order to succeed have changed and expanded over many years. This paper reviews research and other publications related to competencies and the preparation of school library media specialists. Although few research studies directly address competencies and educational programs for school library media specialists, several have implications for one or both. First, Information Power (1988, 1998) and its relationship to competencies and preparation programs is discussed. Second, publications and documents that focus on competencies are reviewed. Third, research studies and conceptual papers with implications for competencies and preparation of school library media specialists are examined. Finally, conclusions and implications for research and the preparation of school library media specialists are offered.
Tensor invariants, saturation problems, and Dynkin automorphisms

Abstract Let G be a connected almost simple algebraic group with a Dynkin automorphism σ. Let G σ be the connected almost simple algebraic group associated with G and σ. We prove that the dimension of the tensor invariant space of G σ is equal to the trace of σ on the corresponding tensor invariant space of G. We prove that if G has the saturation property then so does G σ . As a consequence, we show that the spin group Spin ( 2 n + 1 ) has saturation factor 2, which strengthens the results of Belkale–Kumar [1] and Sam [28] in the case of type B n .
Studies on the Structure and Function of Muscle Aldolase V. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENZYME FROM SHARK (MUSTELUS CANIS)

Abstract Sedimentation equilibrium experiments conducted under neutral conditions (0.05 m KPO4, pH 7.0) show that native shark muscle aldolase has a mass of approximately 160,000 g per mole. Upon exposure to an acidic environment (0.1 m glycine, pH 2.35) or to a solution of concentrated guanidine hydrochloride (6 m), the mass drops to about 40,000 g per mole, indicating the tetrameric nature of the enzyme's quaternary structure. Fingerprint analyses after tryptic digestion suggest that each of the aldolase subunits is similar in chemical composition. This hypothesis finds further substantiation in end group analyses which show that the carboxyl- and amino-terminal residues of each chain are tyrosine and proline, respectively. The loss of aldolase activity toward fructose 1,6-diphosphate in the presence of carboxy-peptidase A correlates with the liberation of the enzyme's carboxyl-terminal tyrosines. Despite the many striking similarities found between shark and rabbit muscle aldolase, there are large differences in the amino acid compositions of these two homologous proteins.
Conservative Management of Condensing Osteitis of the Medial End of the Clavicle

Purpose: To assess the clinical features and the outcomes of conservative treatment of condensing osteitis of the medial end of the clavicle. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 24 patients among 44 patients with pain and protrusion on the medial clavicle, who were diagnosed as condensing osteitis and followed over one year between April 2003 and August 2008. Plain radiograph and laboratory examination (24 cases), bone scan (12 cases), computed tomography (3 cases), MRI (1 case) and biopsy (1 case) were performed. Patients were followed with UCLA score, VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) and change of protrusion. Results: In all cases, mild sclerosis and expansion were seen at the medial clavicle and sternoclavicular joint was preserved. Laboratory examination showed nonspecific results but various abnormal findings. Protrusion was not changed in 20 cases (83%) and decreased in 4 cases (17%). VAS for pain was improved from 3.4 to 1.2 and VAS for function was improved from 25.5 to 29.1. UCLA score was improved from 28.8 points to 33.7 points. Conclusion: Physical and radiologic examination was important for diagnosis of condensing osteitis and laboratory exmination was useful to differentiate it from other diseases. Conservative treatment with rest and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs showed satisfactory result.
MICROAGGREGATES IN SOILS1

Summary Studies of the dispersion of compound soil particles by sonic vibration and cation-exchange resin techniques indicate that the difficultly dispersible particles in mineral soils of high base status are microaggregates (< 250μ diam) consisting largely of clay and humified organic material linked by polyvalent metals. The inter-particle bonds in these microaggregates can be disrupted by application of mechanical energy (sonic vibration or prolonged shaking with water), the amount of energy required for dispersion of clay-size mineral material being reduced by treatments that weaken or destroy these bonds (e.g. treatments leading to replacement of polyvalent metals by monovalent metals or to destruction of organic matter). A theory is proposed depicting microaggregate formation as a solid-phase reaction involving linkage of electrically neutral clay mineral and organic matter particles by polyvalent metals on exchange sites, and microaggregate disruption by sonic vibration as a reversal of this reaction. Experiments to evaluate this theory are described.
The impact of adolescent employment on high school dropout: Differences by individual and labor-market characteristics

Abstract In this paper we address five questions. First, how do individual- and labor-market-level factors influence high school students’ paid employment behaviors? Second, to what extent is student employment associated with high school dropout net of these factors? Third, does the association between student employment and dropout vary by students’ race/ethnicity and other socio-demographic characteristics? Fourth, to what extent do local labor-market opportunities influence high school dropout? Fifth, does the association between student employment and high school dropout vary by local labor-market circumstances? Using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 and the 1990 US Census, we find that several individual- and labor-market-level factors influence students’ employment behaviors; that adolescent employment and dropout are strongly associated, even after adjusting for individual- and labor-market-level factors; that this association does not vary by individual-level attributes; and that this association does not vary across labor markets. We end by describing two perspectives on the mechanisms linking adolescent employment and dropout.
Quantum-state-resolved CO2 scattering dynamics at the gas-liquid interface: incident collision energy and liquid dependence.

Quantum-state-resolved dynamics at the gas−liquid interface are probed by colliding supersonically cooled molecular beams of CO2 with freshly formed liquid surfaces in a vacuum. Translational, rotational, and vibrational state distributions of both incident and scattered fluxes are measured by high-resolution direct infrared absorption spectroscopy and laser dopplerimetry in the 0000 and 0110 rovibrational manifolds of CO2 in the asymmetric stretch manifold. The present studies investigate the role of incident molecular beam energy (Einc = 1.6(1), 4.7(2), 7.7(2), and 10.6(8) kcal/mol) on these distributions for a series of perfluorinated, hydrocarbon, and hydrogen-bonded liquids. Boltzmann analysis of the internal quantum-state populations provide evidence for nonthermal scattering dynamics, as confirmed by Dopplerimetry on the absorption profiles. The data provide quantum-state-resolved support for a dual channel picture of the scattering process, consisting of either prompt impulsive scattering (IS) or ...
Strategic HR: Put yourself to the test

Strategic Commentary: Thought leaders share their views on the HR profession and its direction for the future. Robert “Jake” Jacobs offers five simple questions to help you gauge how strategic you really are ‐ and what to do if your score is disappointing.
Reversal of Phen-Fen associated valvular regurgitation documented by serial echocardiography

We report a case of anorexigen-associated moderate to severe aortic and mitral regurgitation in which the regression of lesions was marked and well documented over more than 2 years. The stability of our patient, as well as the degree of regression of regurgitation documented in our patient, and others, suggests it is prudent both to observe such patients and to avoid operation until such observation has been carried out.
Efficacy of an Adjustable Oral Appliance and Comparison With Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Background We sought to establish the efficacy of an adjustable oral appliance (aOA) in the largest patient population studied to date, to our knowledge, and to provide a comparison with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients using an aOA. Results of overnight polysomnography with aOA titration were evaluated and compared with CPAP. Predictors of a successful aOA titration were determined using a multivariate logistic regression model. Results A total of 497 patients were given an aOA during the specified time period. The aOA reduced the mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) to 8.4 ± 11.4, and 70.3%, 47.6%, and 41.4% of patients with mild, moderate, and severe disease achieved an AHI Conclusions In comparison with past reports, more patients in our study achieved an AHI
Using Simscape™ to Support System-Level Design

Complex system design can be supported by simulation studies. However, creating a system-level model that has the requisite level of complexity can be challenging. A model that is too simple can neglect important physical phenomena. Conversely a model that is too complex does not support tradeoff studies or design optimization. Applications encompassing multiple physical domains bring additional challenges if a single tool cannot simulate the complete system. The recently introduced Simscape™ language provides a platform aimed at addressing these needs. The paper demonstrates the use of the Simscape language to model a servomotor in the context of replacing a hydraulic ram with an electric actuation system.
Epitaxial-base transistors with ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHV/CVD) epitaxy: enhanced profile control for greater flexibility in device design

A discussion is presented of the fabrication of small-geometry (1.0 mu m*20 mu m) epitaxial-base n-p-n bipolar transistors with high-doped bases of less than 100-nm width and base sheet-resistances of approximately 8 k Omega per square. An ultrahigh-vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHV/CVD) 550 degrees C epitaxy process was used. The impurity profiles are found to be much more uniform than possible with other techniques so that intrinsic base sheet resistance and base width are largely decoupled. This allows fabrication of narrow-base bipolar devices with little temperature dependence of the I-V characteristics for operation below room temperature. The better control over thickness, combined with high doping levels, improves the flexibility in device design. >
SCREW CONFIGURATION EFFECTS ON STARCH BREAKDOWN DURING TWIN-SCREW EXTRUSION of RICE FLOUR

Screw configuration effects on starch breakdown and ext rudate porosity were investigated during twin-screw extrusion of rice flour. the type, length, position, of mixing elements and spacing between two elements significantly affected molecular breakdown of starch in rice flour and extrudate porosity. Generally, screw profiles with reverse screw element produced more starch breakdown and porous extrudates than those with kneading block. A systematic increase of starch breakdown was observed as the mixing elements were moved fart her from the die, with longer elements, and with increased spacing between elements. Extent of starch breakdown affected porosity of extrudates. Extrudate porosity decreased systematically with increasing distance between die and mixing element, with larger spacing between the elements, and by moving two elements (with same spacing) farther from the die, irrespective of the element type and length. Porosity increased with increasing die temperature.
New drugs of 2001.

Objective To provide information regarding the most important properties of the new therapeutic agents marketed in 2001. Data Sources Published studies, drug information reference sources, and product labeling. Data Synthesis In 2001, 26 new therapeutic agents were marketed. The indications and information on dosage and administration for the new agents are reviewed, as are the most important pharmacokinetic properties, adverse events, drug interactions, and other precautions. Practical considerations for the use of the new agents are also discussed. Where possible, the properties of the new drugs are compared with those of older drugs marketed for the same indications. Conclusion A number of the new therapeutic agents marketed in 2001 have important advantages over older medications. An understanding of the properties of these agents is important if the pharmacist is to effectively counsel patients about their use and to serve as a valuable source of information for other health professionals regarding these drugs.
Standard for Immunization Practice for Vaccines in Children and Adults

The measles resurgence of 1989–1991, occurring when this disease earlier had been targeted for elimination in the United States, raised significant questions about the effectiveness of immunization programs in this country. The National Vaccine Advisory Committee in its 1991 report on the measles epidemic concluded that the principal cause was the failure to provide vaccine to children at the recommended age. 17 Despite childhood immunization rates at school entry of 95% or higher, rates were reported to have been in the 1980s as low as 50% in 2-year-old children in some inner city populations. 18 In analyzing the problem and identifying causes, the Committee issued 13 recommendations for improving the immunization delivery system and infrastructure, including improved availability of vaccine, better management of immunization services, and improved assessment of the status of childhood immunizations. 17
Caudal portions of the spinal trigeminal complex are necessary for autonomic responses and display Fos-like immunoreactivity after corneal stimulation in the cat

Corneal input to the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Vsp) was assessed by examining Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) after chemical irritant stimulation by mustard oil in chloralose-anesthetized cats. The distribution of Fos-LI within the ipsilateral Vsp was bimodal: a dominant group of cells within the superficial laminae at caudal levels of subnucleus caudalis and a second group of cells within the ventrolateral pole of Vsp at obex levels and within the adjacent interstitial islands. Few Fos-positive cells were seen within the Vsp rostral to the mid-portion of subnucleus interpolaris or within the contralateral Vsp. To assess the involvement of caudal portions of the Vsp in mediating the adrenal and autonomic responses to corneal stimulation, mustard oil was applied before and after lidocaine blockade of the Vsp at obex levels in a second group of cats. Corneal stimulation alone increased significantly (P < 0.001) the adrenal secretion of catecholamines, adrenal blood flow, mean arterial pressure and heart rate. With the exception of heart rate, the adrenal and autonomic responses to mustard oil were greatly attenuated or abolished by lidocaine blockade of the ipsilateral Vsp at the level of the obex, a region that displayed a high number of Fos-positive cells after corneal stimulation. These results indicate that neurons within the Vsp at or more caudal than the level of the obex process chemical irritant input from the cornea and are necessary for corneal-evoked changes in adrenal and autonomic function.
“Manufacturing test of systems-on-a-chip (SoCs)”

Testing chips after manufacture, unlike producing transistors on a chip, does not enjoy the scaling offered by Moore's law. This tutorial will outline the increasing difficulties with manufacturing test and discuss approaches to manage the complexity of testing SoCs, including generation and design-for-test techniques for classic “stuck-at” faults as well as small delay defects which are becoming more common in scaled technologies. Issues with testing embedded analog, mixed-signal and RF modules will be addressed. Test approaches which use the computational resources within a (SoC) to test itself will also be discussed. The embedded processor in the SoC can test itself by running instruction sequences from memory. The processor can be used to test other cores in the SoC, including mixed-signal cores for analog and RF specifications, with the help of design-for-test structures such as on-chip sensors.
Objective assessment of penalized maximum likelihood reconstruction with sparsity-promoting penalty for Myocardialperfusion SPECT imaging

Novel methods of reconstructing the tracer distribution in myocardial perfusion images are being considered for lowcount and sparse sampling scenarios. Few examples of low count scenarios are when the amount of radioisotope administered or the acquisition time is lowered, in gated studies where individual gates are reconstructed. Examples of sparse angular sampling scenarios are patient motion correction in traditional SPECT where few angles are acquired at any given pose and in multi-pinhole SPECT where the geometry is sparse and truncated by design. The reconstruction method is based on the assumption that the tracer distribution is sparse in the transform domain, which is enforced by a sparsity-promoting penalty on the transform coefficients. In this work we investigated the curvelet transform as the sparse basis for myocardial perfusion SPECT. The objective is to determine if myocardial perfusion images can be efficiently represented in this transform domain, which can then be exploited in a penalized maximum likelihood (PML) reconstruction scheme for improving defect detection in low-count/ sparse sampling scenarios. The performance of this algorithm is compared to standard OSEM with 3D Gaussian post-filtering using bias-variance plots and numerical observer studies. The Channelized Non-prewhitening Observer (CNPW) was used for defect detection task in a “signalknown- statistically” LROC study. Preliminary investigations indicate better bias-variance characteristics and superior CNPW performance with the proposed curvelet basis. However, further assessment using more defect locations and human observer evaluation is needed for clinical significance.
Adolescent risk factors and the prediction of persistent alcohol and drug use into adulthood

Adolescence is a time of heightened risk for relatively intensive alcohol and other drug use behaviors. However, heavy use is often “adolescence-limited,” giving way to moderation or cessation in adulthood. We examined individual differences in risk factors at age 18 that were predictive of alternative alcohol and drug use trajectories from adolescence to adulthood. Data were collected prospectively on four occasions from participants in the Rutgers Health and Human Development Project. Subsets of individuals representing three prototypical trajectories of (1) consistently low alcohol and drug use during adolescence and early adulthood; (2) heavier alcohol or drug use during adolescence, but not during adulthood; and (3) persistent heavier alcohol or drug use from adolescence into adulthood were found to differ significantly on a number of intrapersonal, behavioral, and environmental risk factors, with the adolescence-limited group consistently scoring between the other two groups. Based on these results, a composite risk index was constructed. In the total sample, however, when the effect of alcohol and drug use behaviors at age 18 was controlled, the composite risk index was unrelated to adult (age 28 to 31) levels of alcohol and drug use and consequences. Thus, in this community sample, well-documented risk factors assessed in adolescence did not exhibit any direct, longterm effects on use intensity and problems in adulthood. It is concluded that the assessed risk factors (disinhibtion, cognitive structure, play, deviant coping, friends' deviance, and stressful life events) are not immutable, but subject to individual and normative changes during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. More research is needed to determine the long-term stability of risk factors, and how changes in risk factors over time, discontinuities in what constitutes risk in adolescence versus adulthood, and proximal adult protective factors that Compensate for early risk contribute to developmental patterns of use.
Effect of rosiglitazone on glucose and non-esterified fatty acid metabolism in Type II diabetic patients

Aims/hypothesis: We aimed to examine the mechanisms by which rosiglitazone improves glycaemic control in Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients.
The importance of a tight blood pressure cuff.

Abstract Loosely applied blood pressure cuffs gave high readings with a mean increase of 8.1 mm. systolic and 9.3 mm. diastolic. This effect was augmented in people with large arms. Care should be taken to apply cuffs so the brachial artery is directly compressed by the mid-portion of the tightly-bound inflatable bag.
Acousto-optic estimation of autocorrelation and spectra using triple correlations and bispectra

Nonparametric estimation of lower-order statistics from higher-order statistics of continuous processes is considered. Of particular interest is estimation of correlations and spectra (second-order statistics) from higher-order correlations and polyspectra (higher-order statistics). The use of higher-order statistics is motivated by their insensitivity to a wide class of additive noises including Gaussian noise of unknown covariance. The fact that lower-order correlations are projections of higher-order correlations is exploited. Experimental results are presented using an acousto-optic triple product processor to estimate the autocorrelation of a 1- D signal.
Lie Tori of Type BC 2 and Structurable Quasitori

Structurable quasitori are introduced and shown to give all Lie tori of type BC 2 via the Kantor construction. Structurable quasitori, including Jordan quasitori, are classified. The methods include a use of generalized quadrangles of order (2,t).
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Hong SB, Kim HJ, Huh JW, et al.: A cluster of lung injury associated with home humidifier use: clinical, radiological and pathological description of a new syndrome. Thorax 2014; 69: 694–702.