cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basic level object categories support the acquisition of novel adjectives: evidence from preschool-aged children.

Two experiments examined 3- and 4-year-old children's ability to map novel adjectives to object properties. Sixty-four children were introduced to a target (e.g., a bumpy object), and asked to choose between (1) a matching test object (e.g., a different bumpy object), and (2) a contrasting test object (e.g., a smooth object). Four-year-olds successfully extended novel adjectives from the target to the matching test object whether these objects were drawn from the same, or different, basic level categories. In contrast, 3-year-olds' extensions were more restricted. They successfully extended novel adjectives if the target and test objects were drawn from the same basic level category but failed to do so if the objects were drawn from different basic level categories (Experiment 1). However, if 3-year-olds (n = 20) were first permitted to extend a novel adjective to objects within the same basic level category, they were subsequently able to extend that novel adjective broadly to objects from different basic level categories (Experiment 2). Thus, basic level object categories serve as an initial foundation in the process of mapping novel adjectives to object properties.
Analysis of the Big-five Personality Factors in Terms of the PAD Temperament Model

Abstract The big-five personality factors were investigated using the trait pleasure-arousability-dominance (PAD) temperament model to assess overlap, and, specifically, similarities and differences, among the five dimensions. Results showed that extraverts were primarily dominant and secondarily pleasant, Agreeableness resembled dependency with pleasant, arousable, and submissive characteristics, but involved greater pleasantness. Conscientiousness included equal degrees of pleasant and dominant qualities. Emotional stability involved almost equal degrees of pleasant and unarousable characteristics, lacking the important dominant feature in this trait. Sophistication was weighted primarily by dominant, and secondarily by arousable, characteristics. The PAD scales explained approximately 75% of the reliable variance in three of the factors (extraversion emotional stability, agreeableness) that have been identified, albeit sometimes with differing labels, in alternative general approaches to personality de...
Nutrient loading and grazing by the minnow Phoxinus erythrogaster shift periphyton abundance and stoichiometry in mesocosms

SUMMARY 1. Anthropogenic activities in prairie streams are increasing nutrient inputs and altering stream communities. Understanding the role of large consumers such as fish in regulating periphyton structure and nutritional content is necessary to predict how changing diversity will interact with nutrient enrichment to regulate stream nutrient processing and retention. 2. We characterised the importance of grazing fish on stream nutrient storage and cycling following a simulated flood under different nutrient regimes by crossing six nutrient concentrations with six densities of a grazing minnow (southern redbelly dace, Phoxinus erythrogaster) in large outdoor mesocosms. We measured the biomass and stoichiometry of overstory and understory periphyton layers, the stoichiometry of fish tissue and excretion, and compared fish diet composition with available algal assemblages in pools and riffles to evaluate whether fish were selectively foraging within or among habitats. 3. Model selection indicated nutrient loading and fish density were important to algal composition and periphyton carbon (C): nitrogen (N). Nutrient loading increased algal biomass, favoured diatom growth over green algae and decreased periphyton C : N. Increasing grazer density did not affect biomass and reduced the C : N of overstory, but not understory periphyton. Algal composition of dace diet was correlated with available algae, but there were proportionately more diatoms present in dace guts. We found no correlation between fish egestion ⁄excretion nutrient ratios and nutrient loading or fish density despite varying N content of periphyton. 4. Large grazers and nutrient availability can have a spatially distinct influence at a microhabitat scale on the nutrient status of primary producers in streams.
Intentional action arises from early reciprocal exchanges.

Abstract Intentionality is defined as the cognitive ability to represent goals beyond the here and now of perception. First signs of intentionality appear by the second month after birth. A major mechanism responsible for such development might be the unique reciprocal and intentional ways humans communicate with each other, particularly their young progenies. I argue that starting in the second month, reciprocal exchanges, affective mirroring, and mutual imitations with others provide infants with the unique opportunity to differentiate as well as to compare and conjugate first (self) and third (others’) person perspectives. This ability is a prerequisite not only for referential communication but also of intentionality. It corresponds to the emergence of a new contemplative and “meta” stance toward the world. An argument is made that the developmental origins of this stance are primarily social, not to be found in the individual infant interacting solely with physical objects.
Efficacy of Articaine versus Lidocaine as a Supplemental Buccal Infiltration in Mandibular Molars with Irreversible Pulpitis: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Study

Introduction: Profound pulpal anesthesia in mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis (IP) is often difficult to obtain and often requires supplemental injections after an ineffective inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). The purpose of this prospective, randomized, doubleblind study was to compare the efficacy of 4% articaine with 2% lidocaine for supplemental buccal infiltrations (BIs) after an ineffective IANB in mandibular molars with IP. In addition, the use of articaine for IANB and intraosseous injections was investigated. Methods: One hundred emergency patients diagnosed with IP of a mandibular molar were selected and received an IANB with 4% articaine. All injections were 1.7 mL with 1:100,000 epinephrine. All patients reported profound lip numbness after IANB. Patients with ineffective IANB (positive pulpal response to cold or pain onaccess) randomlyreceived4%articaineor2%lidocaineasasupplemental BI. Endodontic access was initiated 5 minutes after deposition of the infiltration solution. Success was definedasnopainornomorethanmildpainduringendodonticaccessandinstrumentationasmeasuredonavisual analogue scale. Results: Seventy-four patients failed to achieve pulpal anesthesia after IANB with 4% articaine, resulting in IANB success rate of 26%. Success rates for supplemental BIs were 62% for articaine and 37% for lidocaine (P < .05). This effect was most pronounced in second molars (P < .05). Conclusions: Supplemental BI with articaine was significantly more effective thanlidocaine. TheIANB success rateof 4%articaine confirmed published data. (J Endod 2014;40:753‐758)
Volunteer Lake Monitoring: Testing the Reliability of Data Collected by the Florida LAKEWATCH Program

ABSTRACT Because the use of volunteer samplers is a very cost-effective way to collect large amounts of information on lakes over space and time, we studied the reliability of the protocols used by the Florida LAKEWATCH program. We found that chlorophyll extractions with hot ethanol gave values that were no different from those obtained with the standard method of grinding with acetone. In a comparative study of 125 lakes we found the data collected by volunteers were comparable to those collected by professionals. Mean Secchi disk depth, TP, TN, and chlorophyll values obtained by the citizens were strongly correlated (r > 0.99) to the mean values obtained by the professionals. To determine if freezing was a valid means of preserving water samples prior to analysis, we compared estimates of chlorophyll, TP, TN, pH, total alkalinity, and specific conductance obtained from fresh samples with estimates obtained from samples frozen up to 150 days. For most lakes there was little difference in chemical measure...
Growth of the marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri on 3′:5′-cyclic AMP: correlation with a periplasmic 3′:5′-cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase

Summary: The marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the species-specific light-organ symbiont of monocentrid (pinecone) fish, grew on 3′:5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as a sole source of carbon and energy, a capability not previously described in bacteria. In a minimal, chemically defined medium containing cAMP as the sole source of carbon and energy, V. fischeri cells grew more slowly than on glucose or ribose, but as quickly as on 5′-AMP. Expression of luminescence, which is dependent on cAMP in V. fischeri, was stimulated in cells grown on cAMP compared to cells grown on glucose or ribose. All strains of V. fischeri tested (MJ-1, B-61, ATCC 7744, MJ-A1, CG-A1) grew on cAMP, as did strains of two other marine luminous bacteria, V. logei and Photobacterium phosphoreum, and strains of the terrestrial enteric bacterium Serratia marcescens. Other tested species of marine luminous bacteria (P. leiognathi, Shewanella [Alteromonas] hanedai, V. harveyi, V. orientalis, V. splendidus) and terrestrial enteric bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium), which grew on 5′-AMP or ribose, did not grow on cAMP. Assays on intact cells and periplasmic extracts revealed that V. fischeri MJ-1 produced a periplasmic 3′:5′-cAMP phosphodiesterase (cAMP phosphodiesterase) of very high specific activity [9·0 μmol phosphate released (mg protein)−1 min−1] and narrow substrate specificity (3′:5′-cAMP and 3′:5′-cGMP were attacked). The novel periplasmic location and unusually high activity of cAMP phosphodiesterase appear to account for the ability of this species to grow on cAMP. The periplasmic cAMP phosphodiesterase of V. fischeri night play a role in degrading free cAMP in seawater or in a cAMP-mediated aspect of the light organ symbiosis with monocentrid fish.
General-purpose construction simulation and visualization tools for modelling and animating urban vehicular traffic operations

This paper illustrates how general-purpose simulation and visualization tools primarily designed to study construction operations can be effectively used to model and animate vehicular traffic flows in urban transportation networks. A high-fidelity simulation model and a corresponding 3D visualization describing traffic flow at a busy 3-way signalized intersection are presented. The model and animation demonstrate how simulation and visualization can be used to study vehicle interaction in a transportation network, given data on the expected volume of traffic over intervals of time. The characteristic that distinguishes the presented work is the capability to model and animate vehicular traffic operations with high fidelity using general-purpose discrete event simulation and visualization tools typically used to model and animate construction operations. The focus of the research has been on evaluating the capabilities of state-of-the-art construction simulation and visualization tools in being able to accurately model and animate traffic operations. The presented model simulates several different scenarios and traffic control strategies, and can be a valuable tool in the efficient design of signalized traffic intersections. The solution to the problem is modelled in detail using the simulation tool STROBOSCOPE (MARTINEZ, 1996) and has been animated in 3D using VITASCOPE (Kamat, 2003). The obtained results highlight the potential that general-purpose tools, even if originally designed for specific purposes, can be effective in studying operations involving the interaction of entities in multiple domains such as construction and traffic flow, thereby enabling their use in studying mixed operations such as the effect of roadway construction (e.g. lane closures, slow construction vehicles, etc.) on existing vehicular traffic.
“Sense of Fate Control” and Community Control of the Schools:

This study suggests that the sense of fate-control findings of the Coleman Report are irrelevant to the debate over community control of the schools. The sense of fate-control findings appear to be based on an erroneous conceptualization of beliefs about fate-control and on a partly invalid measure. The attitude positively related to school achievement among black students appears to be academic self-concept, not beliefs about fate-control.Let me make an important limitation of this study clear. The students in this study were eleventh and twelfth graders, while the Coleman Report found the strongest relationship between a sense of fate-control and school achievement among black ninth graders. It may be that black ninth graders hold the type of internal-external attitude that the Coleman Report suggests, that the Sense of Fate-Control Scale validly measures it, and that it indeed depresses school effort and achievement. Such students may tend to drop out of school before the later grades, so these process...
Prediction of rotor position at standstill and flying shaft conditions in switched reluctance machines

Development of a reliable, smooth, and precise position sensorless startup routine is an integral part of the switched reluctance machine (SRM) control. The proposed sensorless startup method presented in this paper represents high grade performance and does not require additional hardware or memory. Further, the proposed sensorless technique is extended to flying shaft conditions. These capabilities are highly demanded by automotive applications such as starter/alternator and electric power steering systems. An assessment of the impact of motor parameters and diagnostic signal measurement on the quality of the sensorless startup method is also included. This will help practicing engineers to make judicious selections for implementation of the proposed technique. Experimental and theoretical results are included to validate our claims.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension in pregnant women

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling that limits the ability of the pulmonary vascular bed to withstand the physiological changes of pregnancy. Historically, pregnancy in PAH carries a high risk to the parturient. Normal pulmonary vasculature can withstand the hemodynamic and physiological changes associated with pregnancy without the development of respiratory symptomatology. However, in the presence of pulmonary vascular remodeling the capacity to handle these changes is compromised. During pregnancy, increase in cardiac output from the increased intravascular volume can lead to right heart failure. Therefore, all patients with PAH of childbearing potential should receive preconception counseling and be advised to use two methods of contraception. Patients with PAH should be advised against continuing pregnancy if they do become pregnant. According to the literature, deterioration in pregnancy mainly occurs in the second trimester and early in the third trimester; immediately postpartum is the most critical time for patients with PAH. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances in the management of parturient patients with PAH.
Multiresolutional region-based segmentation scheme for stereoscopic image compression

Stereoscopic image sequence transmission over existing monocular digital transmission channels, without seriously affecting the quality of one of the image streams, requires a very low bit-rate coding of the additional stream. Fixed block-size based disparity estimation schemes cannot achieve such low bit-rates without causing severe edge artifacts. Also, textureless regions lead to spurious matches which hampers the efficient coding of block disparities. In this paper, we propose a novel disparitybased segmentation approach, to achieve an efficient partition of the image into regions of more or less fixed disparity. The partitions are edge based, in order to minimize the edge artifacts after disparity compensation. The scheme leads to disparity discontinuity preserving, yet smoother and more accurate disparity fields than fixed block-size based schemes. The smoothness and the reduced number of block disparities lead to efficient coding of one image of a stereo pair given the other. The segmentation is achieved by performing a quadtree decomposition, with the disparity compensated error as the splitting criterion. The multiresolutional recursive decomposition offers a computationally efficient and non-iterative means of improving the disparity estimates while preserving the disparity discontinuities. The segmented regions can be tracked temporally to achieve very high compression ratios on a stereoscopic image stream.
Morphal Properties of Purely Complex Homogeneous Polynomial Spectra

The morphological behavior of periodic and vortex type solutions, associated with real homogeneous polynomial systems are investigated by analyzing the system's spectral properties. The results are then applied to study control properties of such systems, and to the problem of a limit cycle generation with polynomial dynamics. Illustrative examples are provided in order to make material easier to understand.
A mobile gait monitoring system for gait analysis

Conventional gait rehabilitation treatment does not provide quantitative and graphical information on abnormal gait kinematics, and the match of the intervention strategy to the underlying clinical presentation may be limited by clinical expertise and experience. In this paper, a mobile gait monitoring system (MGMS) is proposed, which helps patients self correct their gait without restriction of time and place. The proposed MGMS consists of Smart Shoes, a data acquisition board, a mobile display, and a computing system. Ground contact force (GCF) of the feet measured by Smart Shoes and the normal GCF patterns are provided as visual feedback information for patients to correct their gait by trying to follow the normal GCF pattern. The degree of gait abnormality is quantified based on how far the measured GCFs are from the normal GCF bands. Also the change of center of GCF (CoCGF) of the feet is provided as a graphical gait analysis. The performance of the proposed MGMS has been verified by preliminary trials with patients suffering from a gait disorder.
Childhood Maltreatment and Date Rape

Women college students who reported unwanted sexual experiences judged to constitute date rape were compared with controls who reported no rape. Compared to controls, the date-rape group had significantly higher scores on a measure of overall childhood stress and maltreatment and scored significantly higher on the principal subscale of that measure, which assesses negative home environment/neglect. Date rape participants were also more likely to have experienced sexual abuse in childhood; however, the relationship between date rape and other negative childhood experiences remained statistically significant after sexual abuse was partialled out. Thus, forms of maltreatment that are not specifically sexual are also associated with an increased likelihood of sexual victimization later in life. Maltreatment was significantly associated with dissociation, depression, and other psychological symptoms of trauma. Findings are consistent with a model in which the psychological consequences of trauma increase the l...
Making parallel programs reliable with stable multithreading

Stable multithreading dramatically simplifies the interleaving behaviors of parallel programs, offering new hope for making parallel programming easier.
Entanglement, teleportation, and single-photon storage with two-level atoms inside an optical parametric oscillator

I consider several interesting aspects of a new light source, a two-level atom, or N two-level atoms inside an optical parametric oscillator. I find that in the weak driving limit, detection of a transmitted or fluorescent photon generates a highly entangled state of the atom and the cavity. This entanglement can be used with beam splitters to create more complex quantum states and implement teleportation protocols. Also, one can store a single photon in the atoms, along the lines of recent slow and stopped light proposals and experiments.
Alpha-methyldopa disposition in mothers with hypertension and in their breast-fed infants

To assess the problem of alpha-methyldopa dosing in lactating mothers with hypertension, we studied three breast-feeding women to determine simultaneous plasma and breast milk concentrations of alpha-methyldopa after a 500 mg oral dose while receiving continuous therapy. Peak excretion of free alpha-methyldopa in breast milk ranged from 0.02 to 1.14 microgram/ml. The breast milk/whole plasma ratios of alpha-methyldopa ranged from 0.19 to 0.34. In two of the three breast-fed infants, plasma levels of alpha-methyldopa were undetectable (less than 0.05 microgram/ml) 6 hours after maternal ingestion of the drug, but in one of these the plasma alpha-methyldopa concentration was 0.09 microgram/ml 10 hours after maternal dosing. It is estimated that when the mother receives 1 gm alpha-methyldopa a day, the maximal cumulative dose of alpha-methyldopa would be 855 micrograms and the average cumulative alpha-methyldopa load to the breast-fed infant would be 195 micrograms, or 0.02% of the maternal dose.
Mutation in Pneumococcus Type III Affecting Multiple Cistrons Concerned with the Synthesis of Capsular Polysaccharide

The genetic behavior in transformation reactions of 20 noncapsulated mutants of pneumococcus type III suggests that each has a single-site mutation in the locus controlling the synthesis of uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) dehydrogenase. Each strain is capable of yielding transformants of the binary capsular type SI-III when exposed to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from type I cells. One additional mutant reacted differently and behaved as if it were a multisite mutant with the mutation affecting both the locus for UDPG dehydrogenase and that controlling the synthesis of high molecular weight type III capsular polysaccharide. When exposed to DNA from type I pneumococci, this strain yielded transformants which were genotypically binary but which expressed only the type I capsular phenotype.
Plant serine/arginine-rich proteins: roles in precursor messenger RNA splicing, plant development, and stress responses

Global analyses of splicing of precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) have revealed that alternative splicing (AS) is highly pervasive in plants. Despite the widespread occurrence of AS in plants, the mechanisms that control splicing and the roles of splice variants generated from a gene are poorly understood. Studies on plant serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins, a family of highly conserved proteins, suggest their role in both constitutive splicing and AS of pre-mRNAs. SR proteins have a characteristic domain structure consisting of one or two RNA recognition motifs at the N-terminus and a C-terminal RS domain rich in arginine/serine dipeptides. Plants have many more SR proteins compared to animals including several plant-specific subfamilies. Pre-mRNAs of plant SR proteins are extensively alternatively spliced to increase the transcript complexity by about six-fold. Some of this AS is controlled in a tissue- and development-specific manner. Furthermore, AS of SR pre-mRNAs is altered by various stresses, raising the possibility of rapid reprogramming of the whole transcriptome by external signals through regulation of the splicing of these master regulators of splicing. Most SR splice variants contain a premature termination codon and are degraded by up-frameshift 3 (UPF3)-mediated nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), suggesting a link between NMD and regulation of expression of the functional transcripts of SR proteins. Limited functional studies with plant SRs suggest key roles in growth and development and plant responses to the environment. Here, we discuss the current status of research on plant SRs and some promising approaches to address many unanswered questions about plant SRs.
Verse Miscellanies and the Circulation of a Donne Elegy

Although there are only a handful of manuscript copies of Miltonâ€™s poems extant, there exist a large number of John Donneâ€™s poems â€” including the elegy in the Rutgers collection. As Stephanie Hunt shows in the essay that follows, this love poem was too scandalously explicit to be printed in 1633, two years after Donneâ€™s death, when most of his poetry first appeared in print. The scribal anthologist who collected the poem set it on the same page as a little sonnet, which also provides insight into the practices and assumptions of contemporary readers. The accompanying poem would not now be anthologized with Donne or included in an anthology of Renaissance verse, as it is more a tavern song than a product of high culture.
High-resolution templates for step and flash imprint lithography

Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (SFIL) is an attractive method for printing sub-100 nm geometries. Relative to other imprinting processes SFIL has the advantage that the template is transparent, thereby facilitating conventional overlay techniques. In addition, the imprint process is performed at low pressures and room temperature, minimizing magnification and distortion errors. The purpose of this work was to investigate alternative methods for defining high resolution SFIL templates and study the limits of the SFIL process. Two methods for fabricating templates were considered. The first method used a very thin layer of Cr as a hard mask. The second fabrication scheme attempts to address some of the weaknesses associated with a solid glass substrate. Because there is no conductive layer on the final template, SEM and defect inspection are compromised. By incorporating a conductive and transparent layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) on the glass substrate, charging is suppressed during SEM inspection, and the transparent nature of the final template is not affected. Using ZEP-520 as the electron beam imaging resist, features as small as 20 nm were resolved on the templates. Features were also successfully imprinted using both types of templates.
The Use of a FileMaker Pro Database in Evaluating Sign Language Notation Systems

In this paper, FileMaker Pro has been used to create a database in order to evaluate sign language notation systems used for representing hand configurations. The database cited in this paper focuses on child acquisition data, particularly the dataset of one child and one adult productions of the same American Sign Language (ASL) signs produced in a two-year span. The hand configurations in selected signs have been coded using Stokoe notation (Stokoe, Casterline & Croneberg, 1965), the Hamburg Notation System or HamNoSys (Prillwitz et al, 1989), the revised Prosodic Model Handshape Coding system or PM (Eccarius & Brentari, 2008) and Sign Language Phonetic Annotation or SLPA, a notation system that has grown from the Movement-Hold Model (Johnson & Liddell, 2010, 2011a, 2011b, 2012). Data was pulled from ELAN transcripts, organized and notated in a FileMaker Pro database created to investigate the representativeness of each system. Representativeness refers to the ability of the notation system to represent the hand configurations in the dataset. This paper briefly describes the design of the FileMaker Pro database intended to provide both quantitative and qualitative information in order to allow the sign language researcher to examine the representativeness of sign language notation systems.
On the Exploration of Joint Attribute Learning for Person Re-identification

This paper presents an algorithm for jointly learning a set of mid-level attributes from an image ensemble by locating clusters of dependent attributes. Human describable attributes are an active research topic due to their ability to transfer between domains, human understanding, and improvement to identification performance. Joint learning may allow for enhanced attribute classification when there is inherent dependency among the attributes. We propose an agglomerative clustering scheme to determine which sets of attributes should be learned jointly in order to maximize the margin of performance improvement. We evaluate the joint learning algorithm on a set of attributes for the task of person re-identification. We find that the proposed algorithm can improve classifier accuracy over both independent or fully joint attribute classification. Furthermore, the enhanced classifiers also improve performance on the person re-identification task. Our algorithm can be widely applicable to a variety of attribute-based visual recognition problems.
Gurus of Modern Yoga, edited by Mark Singleton and Ellen Goldberg, New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, v + 386 pp., ISBN 978-0-19-993870-4, US$99.00 (Hardcover); ISBN 978-0-19-993872-8, US$29.95 (Paperback)

In Gurus of Modern Yoga, Singleton and Goldberg have compiled a vast and fascinating collection of essays that illustrate the dynamic and varied conceptualizations that comprise the term guru withi...
José Zorrilla. México y los mexicanos (1855-1857). Prólogo, notas y bibliografía de Andrés Henestrosa. México : Ediciones de Andrea, 1955. xxii, 158 p. (Col. Studium ; 9)

Se reseno el libro: Mexico y los mexicanos (1855-1857). Prologo, notas y bibliografia de Andres Henestrosa.
Oligophrenia phenylpyruvica. II. Constancy of the metabolic error.

SummaryThe serum level of free phenylalanine and phenyllactic acid was determined in 18 patients suffering from phenylpyruvic oligophrenia. No significant amounts of the hydroxy acid were found. The concentration range of the amino acid was between 19 and 38 mg per 100 ml of serum with larger inter- than intra-individual variations. No correlation exists between the degree of mental deficiency and the concentration of phenylalanine in serum. Phenylalanine concentration in the spinal fluid varied from 6.1 to 8.2 mg/100 cc.It is suggested that although the increased amount of phenylalanine is caused by the metabolic error, its blood plasma level is determined by the ability of the kidney tubuli to reabsorb the amino acid.
Anchoring the Gas-Phase Acidity Scale from Hydrogen Sulfide to Pyrrole. Experimental Bond Dissociation Energies of Nitromethane, Ethanethiol, and Cyclopentadiene

A meta-analysis of experimental information from a variety of sources is combined with statistical thermodynamics calculations to refine the gas-phase acidity scale from hydrogen sulfide to pyrrole. The absolute acidities of hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, and pyrrole are evaluated from literature R–H bond energies and radical electron affinities to anchor the scale. Relative acidities from proton-transfer equilibrium experiments are used in a local thermochemical network optimized by least-squares analysis to obtain absolute acidities of 14 additional acids in the region. Thermal enthalpy and entropy corrections are applied using molecular parameters from density functional theory, with explicit calculation of hindered rotor energy levels for torsional modes. The analysis reduces the uncertainties of the absolute acidities of the 14 acids to within ±1.2 to ±3.3 kJ/mol, expressed as estimates of the 95% confidence level. The experimental gas-phase acidities are compared with calculations, with generally g...
“A Pledge Is Not Self-Enforcing”:: Struggles for Equal Employment Opportunity in Multiracial Los Angeles, 1964–1982

This article explores African American and Mexican American struggles for equal employment in Los Angeles after 1965. It argues that activists and workers used the mechanisms set up by Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act to attack the barriers that restricted blacks and Mexican Americans to poor job prospects. It shows that implementation of fair employment law was part of a dialectic between policymakers and regulatory officials, on one hand, and grass-roots individuals and civil rights organizations, on the other. The bureaucratic mechanisms created by Title VII shaped who would benefit from the implementation of the law. Moreover, blacks and Mexican Americans mixed ethnic power and civil rights frameworks to make the bureaucratic system more capacious and race-conscious, which challenged the intentions of the original legislation.
New fast curing silicone polymers for electrical and electronic uses

The addition type of cure is a major step forward in silicone chemistry. It provides outstanding features such as: 1. Rapid cure for Polling and Encapsulation. 2. Cure in Deep Section, Without Air. 3. Reversion Resistance. 4. Excellent Physical and Electrical Properties. 5. Maintenance of Electrical Properties even in sea water. 6. Tough Compounds for Flexible Molds. 7. Flame Retardant Properties. 8. Heat Curing Foams. 9. High Speed Cures for Tapes and Sleeving. 10. Ease of Handling.
Staging Pelvic Lymphadenectomy for Carcinoma of the Prostate: Review of 91 Cases

Bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was done in 91 consecutive patients for the staging of carcinoma of the prostate. Of the 91 patients 47 additionally received placement of radioactive gold grains or iodine seeds into the prostate. The incidence of positive nodes was 53 per cent in patients with clinical stage A2 disease, 17 per cent in stage B1, 29 per cent in stage B2 and 56 per cent in stage C disease. Pedal lymphangiography was shown not to be a useful staging procedure. Excellent correlation exists between histologic grade and pathologic stage. The surgical technique and low complication rate are discussed.
Efficacy of Osteoporosis Therapies in Diabetic Patients

Diabetes is characterized by increased fracture risk and by reduced bone strength for a given density. Contributing factors may include lower bone turnover and accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts. There are concerns that the pharmacological therapies for osteoporosis, particularly anti-resorptive therapies that suppress bone turnover, may not be as effective in the setting of diabetes. This review considers clinical trials and observational studies that have assessed the efficacy of anti-resorptive and anabolic therapies in diabetic patients. Post hoc analyses of randomized trials indicate that raloxifene has similar efficacy for prevention of vertebral fractures in diabetic compared with non-diabetic patients. Evidence from randomized clinical trials is lacking for anti-fracture efficacy of other osteoporosis therapies in diabetes. However, observational studies suggest that bisphosphonates are effective in preventing fractures in diabetic patients. The great majority of diabetic patients in studies to date have been type 2, and efficacy of osteoporosis therapies in type 1 diabetic patients remains to be addressed. Further evaluation of the efficacy of osteoporosis therapies in the setting of diabetes is needed to provide optimal fracture prevention for this population.
Crossing the divide

Abundant evidence suggests that Victorian writers perceived clear distinctions between themselves and those dark-skinned subjects they presumed to govern in distant colonies. In an 1848 Examiner article, for example, Charles Dickens asserts that “between the civilized European and the barbarous African, there is a great gulf set,” adding for good measure that there is “a broad dark sea between the Strand in London, and the Niger” (533). In British Rule in India (1857), Harriet Martineau gestures to the “bottomless chasm which yawns between the interior nature of the Asiatic and the European races” (296). Significantly, both comments arise in the context of challenges to British imperial authority. Dickens writes in response to the disastrous Niger expedition of 1841, on which malarial fever defeated an attempt to found a civilizing colony on the upper reaches of the river. Martineau writes in the midst of the Indian uprising of 1857, the “present calamity,” as she phrases it, facing “the English people” (2). Imperial crisis leads both writers to smooth over differences at home — to be English is also to be British and European — and accentuate them in relation to colonial otherness. Both writers intimate a vague connection between cultural and biological differences. For Martineau, it is the “interior nature” of the opposed “races” that counts.
Towards Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements During Shock–Particle Curtain Interactions

Preliminary particle image velocimetry measurements of the gas phase upstream of an interaction of a Mach 1.44 shock wave with a dense particle curtain have been performed using a conventional low repetition-rate system. These data show that following the reflected shock step change, the upstream velocity increases with time as the flow equilibrates across the curtain. Time-resolved PIV, performed for the first time in a shock tube, was able to capture the transients associated with the shocks as well as boundary growth. Future work will use time-resolved PIV to quantify shock–particle curtain interactions.
MEG Localization in Epilepsy Surgery

The concordance rate between the anatomical location of interictal magnetoencephalography (MEG) spike foci with the location of ictal onset zones identified by invasive ictal intracranial electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings was determined in 11 children evaluated for epilepsy surgery at the Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
A History of Fluid Management

A history of fluid management is discussed focusing on the following key points. Bloodletting has been performed for more than 2000 years and is still used today, albeit for different reasons. While bloodletting was ordered by physicians, it was usually carried out by barber surgeons, thus dividing the two. Circulation of blood was not appreciated until William Harvey in the first century, and it was not immediately accepted as it was contrary to the teachings of Galen and others. The concept of the need for fluid replacement rather than bloodletting grew out of the worldwide cholera epidemic of the nineteenth century. Only over the past 60 years have fluids routinely been given intraoperatively.
Evaluation of the Feasibility of Screening Patients for Early Signs of Lung Carcinoma in Web Search Logs.

Importance A statistical model that predicts the appearance of strong evidence of a lung carcinoma diagnosis via analysis of large-scale anonymized logs of web search queries from millions of people across the United States. Objective To evaluate the feasibility of screening patients at risk of lung carcinoma via analysis of signals from online search activity. Design, Setting, and Participants We identified people who issue special queries that provide strong evidence of a recent diagnosis of lung carcinoma. We then considered patterns of symptoms expressed as searches about concerning symptoms over several months prior to the appearance of the landmark web queries. We built statistical classifiers that predict the future appearance of landmark queries based on the search log signals. This was a retrospective log analysis of the online activity of millions of web searchers seeking health-related information online. Of web searchers who queried for symptoms related to lung carcinoma, some (n = 5443 of 4 813 985) later issued queries that provide strong evidence of recent clinical diagnosis of lung carcinoma and are regarded as positive cases in our analysis. Additional evidence on the reliability of these queries as representing clinical diagnoses is based on the significant increase in follow-on searches for treatments and medications for these searchers and on the correlation between lung carcinoma incidence rates and our log-based statistics. The remaining symptom searchers (n = 4 808 542) are regarded as negative cases. Main Outcomes and Measures Performance of the statistical model for early detection from online search behavior, for different lead times, different sets of signals, and different cohorts of searchers stratified by potential risk. Results The statistical classifier predicting the future appearance of landmark web queries based on search log signals identified searchers who later input queries consistent with a lung carcinoma diagnosis, with a true-positive rate ranging from 3% to 57% for false-positive rates ranging from 0.00001 to 0.001, respectively. The methods can be used to identify people at highest risk up to a year in advance of the inferred diagnosis time. The 5 factors associated with the highest relative risk (RR) were evidence of family history (RR = 7.548; 95% CI, 3.937-14.470), age (RR = 3.558; 95% CI, 3.357-3.772), radon (RR = 2.529; 95% CI, 1.137-5.624), primary location (RR = 2.463; 95% CI, 1.364-4.446), and occupation (RR = 1.969; 95% CI, 1.143-3.391). Evidence of smoking (RR = 1.646; 95% CI, 1.032-2.260) was important but not top-ranked, which was due to the difficulty of identifying smoking history from search terms. Conclusions and Relevance Pattern recognition based on data drawn from large-scale web search queries holds opportunity for identifying risk factors and frames new directions with early detection of lung carcinoma.
Preparing Brain Slices to Study Basic Synaptic Properties

This protocol describes how to prepare brain slices for electrophysiology, with an emphasis on synaptic physiology in voltage clamp. This approach remains the gold standard for understanding the properties of individual neurons, as well as the connections between neurons.
The Good, the Bad and the Unitended: Negative Self-Conscious Emotions in Marketing

This study examines the negative self-conscious emotions of guilt, shame and embarrassment in consumption experiences. Recently, there has been a call from marketing scholars to examine specific emotions rather than general affective states. This work answers this call by identifying antecedents and consequences for each negative self-conscious emotion. Findings are based on literature grounded in social psychology as well as findings from ten in-depth interviews. Specifically, the authors uncovered three antecedent themes: norm violations, social judgment and social stigma. In addition, six coping themes emerged as ways consumers dealt with negative self-conscious emotions: avoidance, mental escape, physical escape, positive reinterpretation, planful problem solving and acceptance. This work offers rich contributions for theory and practice. Theoretically, this work contributes by identifying a unique set of antecedents and coping mechanisms for each negative selfconscious emotion. This work also offers managerial implications; by understanding how each negative self-conscious emotion functions within a consumption context marketing managers will be better able to tailor their offerings to meet consumer needs.
THE EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN OXYGEN AND HEMOGLOBIN IN CONCENTRATED UREA SOLUTION

The dissociation of the horse hemoglobin molecule into 2 half molecules in 4 M urea solutions has been well established (16). The effect of concentrated urea on the equilibrium between oxygen and hemoglobin has, however, not been determined. The present experiments const.itute a study of this equilibrium. The reaction between oxygen and hemoglobin is best described if it is assumed that 4 molecules of oxygen react successively with a single molecule of hemoglobin (Hba) containing four heme groups. This assumption leads to the equations of Adair (l), of Ferry and Green (8), and of Pauling (14), all of t,he same general type; Pauling’s equation has but two constants. Between oxygen saOurations of 10 and 90 per cent, the reaction of oxygen with hemoglobin, under the conditions existing in blood, may be described approximately by the simpler equation of Hill (II),
Getting Clear on Why the Benefits of Existence Do Not Compel Us to Create

The aim of “Saving or Creating” (Rieder 2017) is both laudable and practical: to provide a framework for analyzing and understanding the moral pressures those who staff neonatal intensive care unit...
Data-Driven Computing

Data-Driven Computing is a new field of computational analysis which uses provided data to directly produce predictive outcomes. Recent works in this developing field have established important properties of Data-Driven solvers, accommodated noisy data sets and demonstrated both quasi-static and dynamic solutions within mechanics. This work reviews this initial progress and advances some of the many possible improvements and applications that might best advance the field. Possible method improvements discuss incorporation of data quality metrics, and adaptive data additions while new applications focus on multi-scale analysis and the need for public databases to support constitutive data collaboration.
What Have We Learned from the 2016 Elections

This concluding chapter revisits themes from the 2016 congressional elections and previews the 115th Congress (2017–2018). The Trump presidential campaign dominated campaign dynamics and Republicans varied in their support of his candidacy. Ironically, Republicans held onto majorities in the House and Senate by the very factors that Trump railed against: national party organizations and institutional features that favor incumbents. Democrats gained solace from their capture of a few seats and initial negative public sentiment toward the Trump administration. The differing stances Republicans made on the Trump campaign also made it difficult to point toward an electoral mandate. Issues related to healthcare, tax cuts, defense spending, the size of the federal government, and Russian attempts to interfere with U.S. elections are expected to be on the legislative agenda.
PENETRATING OCULAR INJURY WITH RETAINED INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY FROM DRYWALL.

Purpose To present a case of open globe injury and retained intraocular foreign body secondary to drywall. Methods Interventional case report. Results A 21-year-old man presented with corneal laceration, iris defect, and vitreous hemorrhage after hammering drywall. Computed tomography scan was negative for intraocular foreign body, but a drywall intraretinal foreign body was found on 25-gauge vitrectomy. Intraoperative findings and 6-month follow-up are presented. Conclusion Intraocular foreign body must always be suspected in all cases of penetrating ocular trauma. Although magnetic resonance imaging is ideal in diagnosing nonmetallic foreign bodies, computed tomography scan with Hounsfield units should be used in an emergency setting.
Using Nonfiction Narratives in an English Course to Teach the Nature of Science and Its Importance to Communicating About Science.

The nature of science (NOS) is a foundational framework for understanding scientific ideas and concepts. This framework includes scientific methodology, the process of revising and interpreting data, and the ways in which science is a social endeavor. Nature of science literature treats science as a way of knowing that is based on observable phenomenon. While discipline-specific coursework teaches the factual information of science, it may fall short on teaching scientific literacy, a key component of which is understanding NOS. We have designed an English course that features nonfiction narratives describing the early days of epidemiology, hygiene awareness, and the current controversy surrounding vaccination. Using a validated assessment of student understanding of NOS, the Student Understanding of Science and Scientific Inquiry (SUSSI), we have determined that this science-themed English composition course was effective in teaching NOS. Student understanding of NOS increased between the beginning and the end of the course in eight of the nine parameters of NOS measured, with the greatest gains in understanding the role of revision and of creativity in science. Our data imply that the course helped students develop a slightly less naive understanding of the nature of science and its importance in the development and dissemination of scientific ideas and concepts.