cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incident Cases Captured in the National Cancer Database Compared with Those in U.S. Population Based Central Cancer Registries in 2012-2014.

The National Cancer Database (NCDB) is a hospital-based cancer registry that includes diagnostic, staging, treatment, and outcomes data for newly diagnosed cancer patients in the United States. The NCDB data include 31 million records for patients diagnosed between 1985–2015. A Participant User File based on a subset of these data has been available to researchers at facilities accredited by the Commission on Cancer since 2010. This study aimed to compare the number of incident cancer cases in the NCDB with a national population cancer registry. Incident cancer cases in the NCDB in 2012–2014 were compared with the number of cancer cases in the United States Cancer Statistics data for the 2012–2014 diagnosis years. Comparisons were made by primary site and other factors. In 2012–2014, the NCDB captured 72% of the cancer cases in the United States, which was slightly higher than the 67% and 69% reported respectively in two prior assessments. Among the top 10 major cancer sites, the highest coverage (80%) was found for breast cancer, and the lowest was found for melanoma of the skin (52%) and prostate (58%). Colon, bladder, and kidney and renal pelvis cancers had relatively high coverage of 71%, 70% and 78%, respectively, whereas lung and bronchus had slightly lower coverage (65%). The NCDB coverage of U.S. cancer cases has remained relatively high (72%), but differences remain by cancer site and other factors that should be taken into account by users of the NCDB data.
Fundamentalism from the Perspective of Liberal Tolerance

This essay was part of a symposium on the place of fundamentalism and tolerance in a liberal society. I first define fundamentalism and argue that the discussion must focus on all forms of fundamentalism, not just Islamic fundamentalism. Next the essay explores the implications of John Rawls' theory of political liberalism for fundamentalism, explaining that according to political liberalism fundamentalists are unreasonable. The essay then explains that justice does not require the toleration of the intolerant or unreasonable if they threaten security and public order. But if they are not dangerous, then the intolerant should be tolerated, not suppressed. The essay also rebuts the claim that liberals are lay fundamentalists.
EFFECT OF SOMATOTROPIN ON NITROGEN AND ENERGY METABOLISM IN GROWING SWINE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effect of somatotropin on nitrogen and energy metabolism in growing swine. Dramatic effects on nutrient partitioning have been observed in swine treated with porcine somatotropin (pST). Although these effects are believed to be primarily associated with the post-absorptive use of nutrients, this has not been confirmed in swine. Such knowledge is important in the investigation of mechanisms and for estimating pSTs effects on nutrient requirements. Therefore, one examined the effects of pST on nitrogen (N) and energy (E) absorption and retention in growing pigs. Twelve crossbred barrows received daily injections of either pituitary pST or an equivalent volume of excipient for 20 day. This level of pST optimized protein accretion and feed efficiency in a study. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and fed a 19.6% crude protein corn-soyabean diet. Nutrient content of the diet was ≥140% of requirements for all nutrients except E. Pigs were fed ad libitum prior to the balance period and received approximately 90% of this intake during the balance period. Pigs treated with pST retained more N than their controls. They also had a slightly higher apparent digestibility for the N and E consumed.
Incidence and implications of fracture in core muscle injury.

To determine the pubic bone fracture incidence and associated injury patterns in patients with core muscle injury. Ninety-three consecutive patients with core muscle injury protocol MRI showing rectus abdominis-adductor longus aponeurotic plate injuries from June 2007 through August 2017 were independently analyzed in blinded fashion by two musculoskeletal radiologists for the presence or absence of pubic bone fracture. A variety of other osseous and soft tissue injury characteristics were recorded. Pain duration prior to MRI and return to play time were taken from the clinical record. Statistical analysis included fracture incidence as well as the association of fracture with other injury characteristics, duration of pain, and return to play time. Eighty-seven men and six women with a mean age of 34.4 years (range, 16–66 years) were included in the study cohort. Overall fracture incidence was 18.3% (17/93) including 13 fatigue fractures of the pubic body and four elevated cortical fractures/fragments. After correction for multiple comparisons, no strong association was identified with osseous or soft tissue injury characteristics, pain duration, or return to play time. Pubic fractures—particularly fatigue fractures—are a common co-existing injury in patients with a wide range of core muscle injury patterns. The presence of fracture did not have a strong correlation with injury patterns, pain duration, or return to play time but may have implications for patient management.
Peer Coach during Field Experiences: Cultivating Teacher Candidates' Peer Feedback and Reflective Practices.

ABSTRACTDesigning field embedded experiences for teacher candidates poses a unique challenge for large teacher education programs. Field experiences must include working with students, enhanced ped...
A suite of bioassays to evaluate CREB inhibitors

The cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) is an important nuclear transcription factor and has been shown to be overexpressed and/or over-activated in many different cancer types, suggesting that targeting CREB is a novel approach for developing cancer therapies. Our lab discovered the first cell-permeable small molecule inhibitor of CREB, from which we further developed a potent CREB inhibitor with in vivo anti-cancer activity. In this article, we detailed our biochemical and cell-based bioassays to assess different small molecule CREB inhibitors.
TEN YEAR EXPERIENCE OF AXILLARY INTRA AORTIC BALLOON PUMP SUPPORT FOR HEART FAILURE PATIENTS

Axillary intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) has been utilized as a circulatory support for heart failure patients over the last 10 years. The purpose of this study is to summarize our experiences and to evaluate safety and efficacy of axillary IABP support. Between July 2009 and July 2019, 290
A-posteriori estimation of the error in the error estimate

In this paper we address the problem of a-posteriori estimation of the error in the error estimate. We consider the case of estimates for the error in the derivatives, the strains, or the stresses, which are constructed in terms of locally-computed element error indicators of the element residual, or the least-squares recovery type. The estimates of the error in the error estimate have the same structure as the original error estimates, and are computed in terms of indicators of the error in the error indicators, which are determined by locally averaging (recycling) the original error indicators. The most accurate indicators of the error in the error indicators are obtained by employing a “harmonic” basis in the recycling of the indicators, namely, a basis which locally satisfies the partial differential equation and the boundary conditions.
Potential COVID-19 Therapeutic Approach Analysis Through AT2 Cell Targeted Treatment

A recent acute respiratory syndrome, also known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread worldwide and caused tremendous economic issue and public health concern. While the precise pathological pathway and transmission method remains unknown, current focus among the research has been shifted to developing an efficacious vaccine or treatment to the disease. One potential therapeutic target known currently is angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). It has been shown in previous study that ACE2 could potentially help SARS-CoV-2 virus get into the lung cells and further help the virus thrive. However, though great effort has been put into the vaccine development towards the prevention of the interaction between ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2, the development has been facing a lot of problem, especially since the actual binding pattern of these two still remains unclear. Here, instead of investing the interaction between ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2, researching the most vulnerable cell type that susceptible for the COVID-19 infection can provide a faster and more precise method in fighting against the disease. Alveolar type 2 progenitor cells (AT2 cell), known as "stem-like" cells in the lung tissue helping decrease lung injury and control immune response in lung area, have long been regarded as critical cells for the development of adenocarcinoma. In lung cancer field, lipoplex has been developed to target AT2 cell specifically. Previous finding indicates that AT2 cells contain ACE2 and TMPRSS2, which are critical for SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Therefore, AT 2 cells could be potential target for COVID19 treatment and drug specifically for AT2 could be considered as treatment candidate for SARS-CoV2.
Mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is characterized by cognitive and behavioral deficits in people living with HIV. HAND is still common in patients that take antiretroviral therapies, although they tend to present with less severe symptoms. The continued prevalence of HAND in treated patients is a major therapeutic challenge, as even minor cognitive impairment decreases patient’s quality of life. Therefore, modern HAND research aims to broaden our understanding of the mechanisms that drive cognitive impairment in people with HIV and identify promising molecular pathways and targets that could be exploited therapeutically. Recent studies suggest that HAND in treated patients is at least partially induced by subtle synaptodendritic damage and disruption of neuronal networks in brain areas that mediate learning, memory, and executive functions. Although the causes of subtle neuronal dysfunction are varied, reversing synaptodendritic damage in animal models restores cognitive function and thus highlights a promising therapeutic approach. In this review, we examine evidence of synaptodendritic damage and disrupted neuronal connectivity in HAND from clinical neuroimaging and neuropathology studies and discuss studies in HAND models that define structural and functional impairment of neurotransmission. Then, we report molecular pathways, mechanisms, and comorbidities involved in this neuronal dysfunction, discuss new approaches to reverse neuronal damage, and highlight current gaps in knowledge. Continued research on the manifestation and mechanisms of synaptic injury and network dysfunction in HAND patients and experimental models will be critical if we are to develop safe and effective therapies that reverse subtle neuropathology and cognitive impairment.
Complete biosynthesis of a sulfated chondroitin in Escherichia coli.

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of important biologics that are currently manufactured by extraction from animal tissues. Although such methods are unsustainable and prone to contamination, animal-free production methods have not emerged as competitive alternatives due to complexities in scale-up, requirement for multiple stages and cost of co-factors and purification. Here, we demonstrate the development of single microbial cell factories capable of complete, one-step biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate (CS), a type of GAG. We engineer E. coli to produce all three required components for CS production–chondroitin, sulfate donor and sulfotransferase. In this way, we achieve intracellular CS production of ~27 μg/g dry-cell-weight with about 96% of the disaccharides sulfated. We further explore four different factors that can affect the sulfation levels of this microbial product. Overall, this is a demonstration of simple, one-step microbial production of a sulfated GAG and marks an important step in the animal-free production of these molecules. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a type of sulfated glycosaminoglycan that is manufactured by extraction from animal tissues for the treatment of osteoarthritis and in drug delivery applications. Here, the authors report the development of single microbial cell factories capable of compete, one-step biosynthesis of animal-free CS production in E. coli.
High-Altitude Adaptation: Mechanistic Insights from Integrated Genomics and Physiology.

Population genomic analyses of high-altitude humans and other vertebrates have identified numerous candidate genes for hypoxia adaptation, and the physiological pathways implicated by such analyses suggest testable hypotheses about underlying mechanisms. Studies of highland natives that integrate genomic data with experimental measures of physiological performance capacities and subordinate traits are revealing associations between genotypes (e.g., hypoxia-inducible factor [HIF] gene variants) and hypoxia-responsive phenotypes. The subsequent search for causal mechanisms is complicated by the fact that observed genotypic associations with hypoxia-induced phenotypes may reflect second-order consequences of selection-mediated changes in other (unmeasured) traits that are coupled with the focal trait via feedback regulation. Manipulative experiments to decipher circuits of feedback control and patterns of phenotypic integration can help identify causal relationships that underlie observed genotype-phenotype associations. Such experiments are critical for correct inferences about phenotypic targets of selection and mechanisms of adaptation.
Case 18-2021: An 81-Year-Old Man with Cough, Fever, and Shortness of Breath.

A Man with Cough, Fever, and Shortness of Breath An 81-year-old man presented with fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Within a few hours after presentation, chest pain and respiratory distress ...
Phlyctenular conjunctivitis: Quantitative details of desensitizing treatment in sixteen children

Summary Details of treatment of sixteen cases of phlyctenular conjunctivitis are given. It is important to determine the smallest amount of tuberculin to which the patient will give an intradermal reaction and to start desensitizing injections below this point. If reactions are encountered either locally at the site of injection or at the focus of infection, or generally, with rise of temperature, the amount of tuberculin must be lowered again. In most cases acute inflammation can be overcome in from three to six weeks and sight can be restored, except for an occasional corneal scar.
Analysis and nonlinear simulation of quadrupole and dipole wiggler FELs for millimeter waves

An FEL amplifier with a helical quadrupole wiggler has been investigated analytically and numerically. A three-dimensional simulation code has been utilized to examine the nonlinear evolution of circular waveguide modes as well as the characteristics of relativistic particle motion, which illustrate a strong focusing effect. The simulation predicts a 0.55-dB/cm gain, 2% efficiency, and 8% bandwidth for the optimum TE/sub 21/ mode at 300 GHz for an untapered wiggler. Mode competition for an overmoded waveguide and a nonlinear wiggler taper for efficiency enhancement have been examined for a linear dipole wiggler in a rectangular guide. It has been found that the maximum TE/sub 01/ mode efficiency is 53% at 280 GHz and that the TM/sub 21/ mode power can be as high as 28% in the constant wiggler level region. The dipole wiggler case has been compared with that from the wiggler-averaged code WFEL. >
Competition, Insurance, and Quality in the Market for Advanced Infertility Treatment

For the 10%-15% of American married couples who experience reproductive problems, in vitro fertilization (IVF) is the leading technologically advanced treatment procedure. Two important issues are at the center of policy debates regarding IVF markets: 1) expanding access to infertility treatment, and 2) encouraging IVF clinics and patients to minimize the risk of multiple births, which can be expensive and dangerous. This paper evaluates the two principle policy proposals –insurance mandates and competition restrictions –for meeting these issues. Insurance mandates, which require that insurers pay for a couple’s initial IVF treatments, succeed in attracting more patients into the market while also reducing multiple birth risks, but
Tutorial 1: SOA and Web Services

This tutorial presents the foundational knowledge for the researchers and practitioners on service-oriented architecture (SOA) and Web services. The traditional "triangle" SOA and variations that better support SOA services and solutions will be examined. Critical Web services infrastructures will be covered, such as WSDL, BPEL, WSRF, Discovery, Composition, Registry, and Web services invocation and relationship binding. How Web 2.0 and SOA can benefit with each other will also be explored. An IEEE SOA solution reference architecture standardization initiative will be introduced in this tutorial to illustrate how different pieces of technology components can be used to build reusable, flexible, and extensible SOA solutions. Finally, the presenter will depict research and development challenges and directions in the field of SOA and Web services. The target audiences are all-level researchers, practitioners, and students. This tutorial material is created for the IEEE Body of Knowledge initiative on Services Computing, which is sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Services Computing
Christian Missions, HIV and Sexual Behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa

Through their impact on moral values and culture, religious institutions can have a persistent effect on socio-economic outcomes. By exploiting local variations in the historical exposure to Christianity, this paper explains current differences in individual HIV-related sexual behaviors in sub-Saharan Africa. I find that exposure to the presence of Catholic missions at the end of the nineteenth century is associated with a decrease in current HIV infection rates. Since sex represents the main vector of diffusion of the virus, I then examine whether historical Catholic and Protestant missions have a different impact on individual sexual behaviors. I find that Catholicism, while having a small negative impact on the propensity of condom use, is positively associated with the adoption of safer forms of sexual behavior.
AN INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF THE PHASE-BEHAVIOR OF A POLYDIACETYLENE - THE CASE OF POLYDIACETYLENE WITH SIDE GROUPS CONTAINING A URETHANE FUNCTION

The infrared spectrum of polydiacetylene with side chains containing urethane functions (1) was analyzed. Based on the polarization data and the changes observed as a function of temperature, the multiple bands in the Amide I region observed for the film sample were attributed to the transition dipole coupling mechanism. The consequences of this new assignment illustrate the difficulty in using vibrational spectroscopy as a definitive tool to characterize the relationship between structural reorganization of the side chain and the chromic transition at high temperature.
Grading Secondary Vocational Education Students with Disabilities: A National Perspective

A nationwide purposive sample of secondary vocational educators completed a questionnaire that examined practices and perceptions toward grading students with disabilities. A variety of grading methods was reportedly used, but over two-thirds of respondents included a competency-based grading component. An overwhelming majority believed that student effort should be used to determine grades. Two-thirds of vocational educators had never been involved in their students' IEP development. The most common changes teachers have made over time in their grading practices included becoming more flexible and individualized in grading. Overall, teachers displayed moderately positive attitudes toward grading students with disabilities.
Diagrammatic analysis of some contributions to the Δ I = 1 2 rule

Higher-order gluon corrections to a particular mechanism for the ΔI=1/2 rule are computed using quantum chromodynamics. It is found that due to gauge invariance these corrections leave the form of the lowest-order result essentially unchanged
Comment on ‘Dispersion function computations for unlimited frequency values’ by Anas Abo‐Zena*

Summary. Abo-Zena's (1979) method of determining the Rayleigh dispersion function is extended to permit the synthesis of complete seismograms for particular siesmic sources. A physical interpretation is given to the method and it is reformulated in a computationally faster form.
Selecting Increased Seed Density to Increase Indirectly Soybean Seed Protein Concentration

Because soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is the world's most important source of high quality vegetable protein, development of high yielding genotypes with increased seed protein concentration is a major soybean breeding objective. A major impediment to this objective is the often observed negative correlation between yield and protein. Seed density is a component of grain yield that is correlated positively with seed protein concentration. If genotypic correlations between seed density and yield are low, selection for increased density could provide an efficient way to improve protein concentration without affecting seed yield. The objective of this study was to investigate direct and correlated responses to selection on density of seeds sampled from male-sterile plants in three different random-mating populations. Seed density was determined for 192 male-sterile plants in each population. In each population, 15 plants with the highest and 15 plants with lowest seed density were selected. Seeds of each selection were increased in the winter and tested the following summer at three locations in North Carolina with two replications per location. In those tests, the previously selected high and low density groups were not significantly different in seed density, seed weight, yield, or concentrations of protein and oil. Thus, single plant selection for seed density was ineffective for increasing seed density or seed protein concentration. An alternative selection method is proposed in which the selection unit is a selfed half-sib or S 1 family. Desired gains selection indices for increased density and seed weight may increase both protein and yield in all three populations. This selection system has appeal because measurement of seed density and seed weight is relatively inexpensive, requiring less economic and land resources than actual measurement of yield and protein. It is recommended as a low-cost way to improve initially unadapted populations.
Electronic and geometric properties of ETS-10: QM/MM studies of cluster models.

Hybrid DFT/MM methods have been used to investigate the electronic and geometric properties of the microporous titanosilicate ETS-10. A comparison of finite length and periodic models demonstrates that band gap energies for ETS-10 can be well represented with relatively small cluster models. Optimization of finite clusters leads to different local geometries for bulk and end sites, where the local bulk TiO 6 geometry is in good agreement with recent experimental results. Geometry optimizations reveal that any asymmetry within the axial O-Ti-O chain is negligible. The band gap in the optimized model corresponds to a O(2p) → Ti bulk (3d) transition. The results suggest that the three Ti atom, single chain, symmetric, finite cluster is an effective model for the geometric and electronic properties of bulk and end TiO 6 groups in ETS-10.
Experimental verification plan for a 70% efficient relativistic magnetron with diffraction output (MDO)

It was demonstrated via MAGIC [1] simulations that a relativistic magnetron with axial diffractive output (MDO) could operate at 70% efficiency [2]. In order to experimentally verify this, UNM's PULSERAD PI-110 electron beam accelerator was modified to provide a 350 kV, 30 ns flat-top pulse with <4 ns rise time [3]. The MDO was characterized with a B-field scan at this voltage, where 6, 4, and 2 cavities are used to excite the downstream microwaves modes to be radiated. Behavior was predicted for a variety of cathode endcaps used to suppress the downstream drift of electrons; these endcaps include spherical, spherical dielectric coated, spherical magnetic, spherical magnetic dielectric coated, and conical. A diagnostic plan was made in order to capture power and microwave pulse shape/length for several potentially co-existing radiated modes using a calorimeter and microwave diagnostics, as well as measuring the microwave diode's voltage and current waveforms via D-dot and Rogowski probes. Finally, a pulsed insulating electromagnet system was recently finished.
Sentinel node metastasis in patients with breast carcinoma accurately predicts immunohistochemically detectable nonsentinel node metastasis.

Background: Sentinel lymphadenectomy is highly accurate for identifying axillary metastasis from a primary breast carcinoma. Nonsentinel axillary lymph nodes (NSNs) are unlikely to contain tumor cells if the axillary sentinel node (SN) is tumor free. We previously showed that the size of the primary tumor and the size of its SN metastasis predict the risk of NSN tumor involvement detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. This study used immunohistochemical staining (IHC) to determine the likelihood of NSN axillary metastasis in the presence of SN metastasis. Methods: Between 1991 and 1997, axillary lymphadenectomy was performed in 156 women (157 axillary basins) who had primary breast carcinoma with SN metastasis. By hematoxylin and eosin staining, we identified NSN metastasis in 55 axillae (35%). IHC was then used to re-examine all NSNs (1827 lymph nodes) from the remaining 102 axillae. The incidence of IHC-detected NSN involvement was analyzed with respect to clinical and tumor characteristics. Results: By using IHC, we identified NSN metastasis in 15 (14.7%) of the 102 axillae. By multivariate analysis, the size of the SN metastasis (P = .0001) and the size of the primary tumor (P = .038) were the only independent variables predicting NSN metastasis determined by using either hematoxylin and eosin staining or IHC. Only the number of SN metastases (1 vs. >1) was a significant (P = .04) predictor of IHC-detected NSN metastasis. Conclusions: Use of IHC increases the likelihood of detection of NSN metastasis, and the risk of IHC-detected metastasis increases with the size of the SN metastasis and the size of the primary tumor. If SN involvement is micrometastatic (≤2 mm) or detected by using IHC, tumor cells are unlikely to be found in other axillary lymph nodes in patients with a small primary tumor. The clinical significance of micrometastatic disease in lymph nodes is controversial, and a prospective randomized study is necessary to resolve this important issue.
Direct measurement of skin friction in a turbine cascade

This research was carried out to design and utilize an instrument to directly measure the skin friction on the suction surface of an advanced turbine blade. A floating head gauge configuration was developed to detect the small shear force created by the flow passing over the nonintrusive sensing element. The floating head was mounted to a cantilever beam arrangement with minute deflection due to the shear force, which allows the balance to be a nonnulling type without introducing misalignment errors. This results in a simpler, more reliable design. Measurements were conducted in cold flow in the Cascade Tunnel at Virginia Tech for exit Mach numbers from 0.84 to 1.37. The cascade was representative of a modern turbine stage. The output from the gauge was found to be repeatable for the same nominal input conditions. The measured values of skin friction coefficient ranged from 0.002 to 0.004 over the conditions tested. No other values can be found in the literature for comparison. Finally, a full Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics code with a modern turbulence model was used to predict the flow and skin friction coefficient for an exit Mach number of 1.2. The observations compared reasonably well with the numerically predicted value for Cf.
Novel Thyroxine Derivatives, Thyronamine and 3-iodothyronamine, Induce Transient Hypothermia and Marked Neuroprotection Against Stroke Injury

Background and Purpose— Mild hypothermia confers profound neuroprotection in ischemia. We recently discovered 2 natural derivatives of thyroxine, 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) and thyronamine (T0AM), that when administered to rodents lower body temperature for several hours without induction of a compensatory homeostatic response. We tested whether T1AM- and T0AM-induced hypothermia protects against brain injury from experimental stroke. Methods— We tested T1AM and T0AM 1 hour after and 2 days before stroke in a mouse model of focal ischemia. To determine whether T1AM and T0AM require hypothermia to protect against stroke injury, the induction of hypothermia was prevented. Results— T1AM and T0AM administration reduced body temperature from 37°C to 31°C. Mice given T1AM or T0AM after the ischemic period had significantly smaller infarcts compared with controls. Mice preconditioned with T1AM before ischemia displayed significantly smaller infarcts compared with controls. Pre- and postischemia treatments required...
Stimulus and response influences on recognition

Visually clear and degraded items were presented to test the hypotheses that (1) items clear on original presentation would be recognized better than items degraded on original presentation, and (2) increasing the number of sensory modalities used during both presentation and test increases recognition capability. Some support for the degradation hypothesis was obtained. Increasing the number of modalities significantly improved recognition.
Effects of exercise conditioning on thermoregulatory response to anticholinesterase insecticide toxicity.

Chronic exercise conditioning has been shown to alter basal thermoregulatory processes (change in thermoregulatory set point) as well as the response to infectious fever. Chlorpyrifos (CHP), an organophosphate insecticide, also affects thermoregulation, causing an acute period of hypothermia followed by a delayed fever. This study examined whether chronic exercise training in the rat alters the thermoregulatory response to CHP. Core temperature and motor activity were monitored by radiotelemetry in female Sprague-Dawley rats housed individually at an ambient temperature of 22 °C. The rats were either given continuous access to running wheels or housed in standard cages without wheels. The exercise group ran predominately at night. After 8 weeks, the rats were gavaged with corn oil or 15 mg/kg CHP. CHP induced a transient hypothermic response followed by a delayed fever, beginning 1 day after exposure. Relative to controls, Tc decreases were not significantly different between the exercise (1.6 °C) group a...
Apprehension about writing: Further results

During the second half of the spring semester of 1997, the authors administered Riffe and Stacks's 1992 questionnaire in Advanced Composition classes to 149 students who were at least second semester sophomores. Of those, 37 had taken the questionnaire as entering freshmen as part of a larger study. Because apprehension changes, especially during college, and one of the English Department's goals is to make students less apprehensive about writing, the authors expected to find significant differences in the scale scores in the direction of less apprehension. But when the mean scale scores of the first and second administrations were compared, four of the scale scores increased in the direction of less apprehension, while one indicated more apprehension.
Reduced repair of non-dimer photoproducts in a gene transfected into xeroderma pigmentosum cells

— 4ells from patients with the sun sensitive cancer-prone disease, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) have defective repair of UV damaged DNA with reduced excision of the major photoproduct, the cyclobutane type pyrimidine dimer. Other (non-dimer) photoproducts, have recently been implicated in UV mutagenesis. Utilizing an expression vector host cell reactivation assay, we studied UV damaged transfecting DNA that was treated by in vitro photoreactivation to reverse pyrimidine dimers while not altering other photoproducts. We found that the reduced expression of a UV damaged transfecting plasmid in XP complementation group A cells is only partially reversed by photoreactivation. E. coli photolyase treatment of pSV2catSVgpt exposed to 100 or 200 J m−2 of 254 nm radiation removed 99% of the T4 endonuclease V sensitive sites. Transfection of XP12BE(SV40) cells with photoreactivated pSV2catSVgpt showed residual inhibition corresponding to 25 to 37% of the lethal hits to the cat gene. This residual inhibition corresponds to the fraction of non-dimer photoproducts induced by UV. This result implies that XP12BE(SV40) cells do not repair most of the non-dimer photoproducts in DNA.
S1P1-selective in vivo-active agonists from high-throughput screening: off-the-shelf chemical probes of receptor interactions, signaling, and fate.

Summary The essential role of the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor S1P 1 in regulating lymphocyte trafficking was demonstrated with the S1P 1 -selective nanomolar agonist, SEW2871. Despite its lack of charged headgroup, the tetraaromatic compound SEW2871 binds and activates S1P 1 through a combination of hydrophobic and ion-dipole interactions. Both S1P and SEW2871 activated ERK, Akt, and Rac signaling pathways and induced S1P 1 internalization and recycling, unlike FTY720-phosphate, which induces receptor degradation. Agonism with receptor recycling is sufficient for alteration of lymphocyte trafficking by S1P and SEW2871. S1P 1 modeling and mutagenesis studies revealed that residues binding the S1P headgroup are required for kinase activation by both S1P and SEW2871. Therefore, SEW2871 recapitulates the action of S1P in all the signaling pathways examined and overlaps in interactions with key headgroup binding receptor residues, presumably replacing salt-bridge interactions with ion-dipole interactions.
Interferon-γ: A Key Immunoregulatory Lymphokine

Interferon-gamma is an important component of numerous host responses to inflammatory insults. Data from in vitro and animal studies suggest that this agent may have clinical uses in immunocompromised patients who are at increased risk for infectious complications. In addition to reviewing our current understanding of the in vitro and in vivo actions of interferon-gamma, this article cautions that the potential for adverse reactions exists when interferon-gamma is administered to an immunologically competent host.
Educating Students for Multicultural Community Practice

Summary This article explores the concept of multicultural community organizing and some of the issues and dilemmas involved in educating for this form of practice. It then outlines the development of a course on multicultural community organizing and describes experiences in teaching it; specific teaching strategies and methodologies, including exercises and assignments; and outcomes for students, educators, and communities. Social work educators are encouraged to consider ways to incorporate these and similar perspectives, methods, and exercises throughout the community practice curriculum, so that an awareness of multicultural dynamics and issues can be part of understanding and determining the use of tactics.
Benefits of a teaching certificate program for pharmacy residents.

The decision to pursue residency training after graduation can be complex. One option to consider when selecting a residency program is whether it offers a teaching certificate. While the Residency Learning System for pharmacy residency programs includes goals and objectives related to providing
Radiation Accompanying Meson Creation

Electromagnetic radiation is expected to accompany the creation of charged mesons in nucleon-nucleon collisions. The amount and character of this radiation is calculated for mesons of spin 0, $\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\hbar}$, and $\ensuremath{\hbar}$, in each case with normal magnetic moment. The ratio of radiated energy to initial meson energy increases logarithmically for high meson energy in the first two cases, and is of the order of 1 percent for the highest energies of interest in cosmic radiation. For vector (spin $\ensuremath{\hbar}$) mesons, this ratio is $(\frac{11\ensuremath{\alpha}}{4860\ensuremath{\pi}}){(\frac{E}{m{c}^{2}})}^{4}$ in the relativistic region, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is the fine-structure constant, and $m$ and $E$ are the rest mass and the initial energy of the meson in the coordinate system in which the center of mass of the colliding nucleons is at rest. This is so large at high energies that the assumption that $\ensuremath{\pi}$-mesons have spin $\ensuremath{\hbar}$ would, with a plausible theory of the multiplicity of meson production, account for the observation of soft radiation in conjunction with energetic nuclear events.
Skin Testing in Predicting Response to Nasal Provocation with Alternaria

Objective: Examine the efficacy of epicutaneous and intradermal testing in predicting response to nasal provocation with Alternaria antigen. Study Design and Setting: Prospective study. Subjects were tested with the Multi-Test II (MT) epicutaneous testing device. Subjects with negative wheals were then tested with a 1:500 weight:volume intradermal injection of Alternaria. They had baseline assessment of nasal cross-sectional area (CSA) using acoustic rhinometry and underwent nasal provocation with increasing Alternaria concentrations. CSA was assessed at each concentration. A nasal allergen provocation score (NAP) of nasal symptoms as well as a nasal visual analogue scale (VAS) were also completed with each concentration. Results: Sensitivity and specificity of MT in predicting nasal response to Alternaria were poor at 42% and 44%, respectively. The addition of intradermal testing increased sensitivity only modestly to 58%. hierarchical linear modeling analysis demonstrated that subjects positive to Alternaria on skin testing did not show a significant reduction in nasal CSA on acoustic rhinometry or significant elevations in two nasal symptom scores with direct nasal provocation. Conclusion and Significance: Skin testing with either epicutaneous or intradermal testing may not be an accurate or sufficient technique in the assess-ment of Alternaria reactivity. These results suggest that mold allergies may involve more complex immune mechanisms than simply an immunoglobulin (Ig)E mediated type I immediate hypersensitivity response alone. An alternate model for mold sensitivity, as well as modifications in testing methods, may be required in the evaluation of mold allergy.
Privatization and contaminated site remediation in Central and Eastern Europe: Do environmental liability policies matter?

Abstract This paper examines the effects on site remediation decisions after state-owned firms have been privatized of providing environmental information to potential investors and undertaking site remediation planning prior to privatization. The literature suggests that to minimize distortions created by uncertain environmental problems, governments should invest in environmental information for potential investors, inventory problems and develop plans for remediation. One of the believed benefits is a higher probability of site remediation, because with uncertainty resolved potential conflicts after privatization are less likely. Few countries in Central Europe, which has experienced both environmental problems and privatization on enormous scales, have adopted this advice. Using firm-level data, empirical analysis is presented, which suggests providing only information to investors is insufficient to spur remediation. Inventorying site contamination and planning remediation prior to privatization is a much more effective measure. Combining provision of information with remediation planning is found to be the most powerful policy package for encouraging remediation.
Integrated electro-optic Mach-Zehnder switch realized by Zinc in-diffusion

We demonstrate the use of an area selective zinc in-diffusion technique to fabricate an integrated InP/InGaAsP Mach-Zehnder optical switch. The zinc in-diffusion process using a semi-sealed open-tube diffusion furnace was characterized to enable the creation of p-n junctions at a precise depth in selected areas of the device sample. The method is simple, yet highly controllable and reproducible; with the crystal quality remaining intact after the diffusion process is complete. Using this technique an integrated 1 x 2 Mach-Zehnder optical switch has been fabricated. Our preliminary devices show a switch contrast ratio of 12 dB with a voltage swing of ±2.5 volts. Improving our fabrication process will further optimize the performance of the switch. Nevertheless, very good electrical isolation is obtained between the contacts, which demostrates the potential of the technique for the fabrication of Photonic Integrated Circuits.
Efficacy of Anti-D Immunoglobulin (Anti-D) and Intravenous Immunoglobulin(IVIg) in the Treatment of Acute Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) in Children. † 665

Efficacy of Anti-D Immunoglobulin (Anti-D) and Intravenous Immunoglobulin(IVIg) in the Treatment of Acute Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) in Children. † 665
Nonlinear Burn Control in Tokamak Fusion Reactors via Output Feedback

Abstract The next experimental step in the development of nuclear fusion reactors is the ITER tokamak. It is designed to explore the burning plasma regime in which the plasma temperature is sustained mostly by self-heating from fusion reactions. Burn control, the control of fusion power and other reactor parameters through modulation of fueling and heating, will be essential for achieving and maintaining desired operating points and ensuring stability. Design of burn control strategies is made challenging by the multi-variable, highly nonlinear, uncertain nature of the system. Furthermore, due to the extreme conditions in fusion reactors, diagnostic systems may be limited. To deal with these challenges, we propose the use of a nonlinear, multi-variable output feedback control strategy with a proportional-integral observer. A simulation study is carried out to illustrate the performance of the scheme using a set of diagnostics likely to be available in ITER.
Universal relations for bubble growth

Abstract The initial-to-final vapor density ratio, when significantly greater than one, strongly influences vapor bubble growth rates in the inertia and the inertial/heat-transfer regimes. This effect is not predicted by the previous analytical formulation of Mikic, Rosenhow, and Griffith. All published experimental data were obtained at low values of this density ratio and have failed to uncover this omission. The solution shown as a universal plot in Fig. 4 does not bear this deficiency, and is supported by comparisons with new experimental data and detailed numerical simulations.
Rain from clouds with tops warmer than – 10°C in Israel

Rawinsonde observations combined with surface synoptic reports and satellite data, indicate that in Israel rain often falls from clouds with top temperatures ≥− 10° C. This suggests the presence of relatively large cloud droplets and/or high concentrations of ice particles at these temperatures, and a relatively efficient natural precipitation-forming process.
Field Investigation of a Baculovirus of the Gypsy Moth

Nuclear polyhedrosis virus was applied by ground and aerial methods to oak forests infested with Lymantria dispar (L.) in Pennsylvania. Two ground applications were made at l×1013 polyhedral inclusion bodies/0.405 ha. Efforts were made to determine the post treatment residual activity. Significant larval reduction resulted in the dense population virus treated site. In the dense and artificially infested plots, a significantly greater number of virus killed larvae were found in the treatment when compared with the control. Some foliage protection was afforded by the virus application to the artificially infested site and resulted in a 90% reduction in egg masses compared with a 65% increase in the untreated. Untreated plots had 10 times more egg masses than the treated plots one year following application. Over 32% of the larvae reared from egg masses obtained from the virus treated plots died of virus infections. When a single virus application was made by air, significantly fewer larvae were found in the treatments than in the controls. Virus treated plots were defoliated 50–75%, while untreated areas were almost completely defoliated.
Show and Tell Those Theories

Working with parents in cooperative nursery schools can be challenging as teacher and parents sort out their roles in implementing an appropriate curriculum. However, many of the problems that arise can be prevented by mutually sharing educational theories and how they promote young children's learning.
Developing Metrics for Comparison of Mobile Robots Performing Welding Tasks

Developments in mobile robotic systems are leading to new methods and techniques for manufacturing processes in fields that traditionally have not seen much automation. Some of these tasks require process validation prior to use in the manufacturing process. One such example process is welding. However, there is a lack of industry standards for mechanized or robotic welding that can impede the introduction of mobile robotic welding systems in the market place. There is also a lack of generalized fitness measures that gauge the suitability of mobile robot topologies or dimensional designs to a set of tasks and can be used in the design or verification process. This paper will propose such a metric and demonstrate its use in evaluating mobile robot designs for welding tasks. The approach will be based on the representation of a general task as a pair of n-dimensional subsets in the Euclidean n-space. Similarly, the robot capabilities are represented as n-dimensional subsets (manipulability and torque ellipse) in the Euclidean n-space. The motivation is to enable a direct geometric comparison of the capabilities of the robot to the requirements of the task yielding a quantitative measure of fitness. This method is suggested to be well suited to tasks comprised of a relatively short sequence of well-defined motions, called gaits, which are performed repeatedly or in a periodic manner. Some examples are welding, swimming, painting or inspection. The paper will demonstrate the use of this metric in the evaluation and design of mobile robots for welding tasks with a desired set of weld pattern motions. Three mobile welding platforms having different topological kinematic arrangements will be evaluated based on this design verification metric. This metric will further be shown to supplement the weld qualification process through verification of the motion control portions of the weld process based on a specific robot design. The method will contribute to the design and development of mobile robotic welding systems to become viable and accepted manufacturing processes.Copyright © 2013 by ASME