cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aspheric metrology with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor

The basic problem associated with aspheric testing without the use of null optics is to obtain increased measurement range while maintaining the required measurement accuracy. Typically, the introduction of a custom-designed and fabricated null corrector has allowed the problem of aspheric testing to be reduced to that of spherical testing. Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor have been sued for adaptive optics, but have seen little application in optical metrology. We will discus the use of a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor as a means of directly testing wavefronts with large aspheric departures. The Shack-Hartmann sensor provides interesting tradeoffs between measurement range, accuracy and spatial resolution. We will discus the advantages and disadvantages of the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor over more conventional metrology tests. The implementation of a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor for aspheric testing will be shown.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermodynamics of ouabain binding to human erythrocytes

Abstract A previous study reported that the uptake and release kinetics of ouabain by human erythrocytes in suspension could well be explained by a physical model which involves the slow Langmuir binding of the drug to the erythrocyte membrane. The purpose of the present investigation was to assess quantitatively the thermodynamics of this drug-membrane receptor interaction in order to evaluate the consistency of these parameters with the proposed kinetics model. Cellular drug uptake and release experiments were conducted at 20, 30 and 40°C, and the Langmuir adsorption and desorption rate constants as well as the Langmuir adsorption isotherms determined from the rate data. With the knowledge of these Langmuir parameters, it was possible to estimate the magnitude of all relevant thermodynamic properties by the use of established physicochemical theories. The activation energies and entropies for the ouabain adsorption and desorption processes were computed as 105 kJ/mol, 231 J/K per mol, 180 kJ/mol and 245 J/K per mol, respectively. The kinetic and isosteric heats of adsorption were found to be −75.0 and −72.4 kJ/mol, respectively. These findings suggest that the ouabain-erythrocyte membrane interaction represents a case of activated chemisorption which follows the Langmuir isotherm, thus, further underscoring the appropriateness of the Langmuir binding kinetics model.
Au-analyte adducts resulting from single massive gold cluster impacts

Abstract Utilizing Au4004+ primary ions produces large molecular ion yields, some in excess of unity, with minimal surface damage. A surprising observation is the occurrence of Au-analyte adducts as part of the ejecta desorbed by a single Au-cluster impact. We present data that demonstrate that Au and Au-adducts as secondary ions (e.g., AuCN−, AuGly− and AuCsI−) are the result of the interaction between a single primary ion, Au4004+ and the target atoms.
Effect of exercise to rest ratio on plasma lactate concentration at work rates above and below maximum oxygen uptake

The metabolic and physiological responses to different exercise to rest ratios (E: R) (2:1, 1: l, 1:2) of eight subjects exercising at work rates approximately 10% above and below maximum oxygen uptake (\(\dot VO_{2 max} \)) were assessed. Each of the six protocols consisted of 15 1-min-long E : R intervals. Total work (kJ), oxygen uptake (\(\dot VO_2 \)), heart rate (fc and plasma lactate concentrations were monitored. With increases in either E : R or work rate,\(\dot VO_2 \) andfc increased (P <0.05). The average (15 min)\(\dot VO_2 \) andfc ranged from 40 to 81 %, and from 62 to 91% of maximum, respectively. Plasma lactate concentrations nearly doubled at each E : R when work rate was increased from 90 to 110% of\(\dot VO_{2 max} \) and ranged from a low of 1.8 mmol -I−1 (1: 2–90) to a high of 10.7 mmol·1−1 (2:1–110). The 2:1–110 protocol elicited plasma lactate concentrations which were approximately 15 times greater than that of rest. These data suggest that plasma lactate concentrations during intermittent exercise are very sensitive to both work rate and exercise duration.
Integration of electronic circuits with light modulators and lasers using direct bonding techniques for smart pixel applications

The integration of electronic logic and processing circuits of various complexity with sensing and actuating elements is needed for the realization of 'Smart' structures. Direct bonding techniques relies on topotoaxial integration of two dissimilar materials, one in thin film and the other in bulk forms. These techniques can deliver new smart structures by combining sensing and/or actuation components with high complexity logic circuits while preserving their performance. Integration of ferroelectric ceramics, multiple quantum well modulators and lasers with Si and GaAs electronic circuits is already demonstrated. Potential future implementation of the direct bonding technique will include the bonding of various electronic circuits to nonplanar, flexible and deformable substrates and combination with micromechanical structures.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Final bubble lengths for aqueous foam coarsened in a horizontal cylinder

We report on length statistics measured for bubbles in the equilibrium bamboo state, achieved by the coarsening of aqueous foam in long cylindrical tubes, such that the soap films are all flat and perpendicular to the axis of the tube. The average bubble length is found to be 0.88 times the tube diameter, independent of variation of the liquid filling fraction by a factor of nearly three. The actual distribution is well-approximated by a shifted Rayleigh form, with a minimum bubble size of 0.28 tube diameters. And, perhaps surprisingly, no correlations are found in the lengths of neighboring bubbles. The observed length distribution agrees with that of Fortes et al. for short bubbles, but not for long bubbles.
Gay and lesbian partnership: evidence from California.

Much recent research on sexual minorities has used couples-based samples, which—by construction—provide no information on nonpartnered individuals. We present the first systematic empirical analysis of partnership and cohabitation among self-identified gay men and lesbians using two independent, large, population-wwbased data sources from California. These data indicate that 37%–46% of gay men and 51%–62% of lesbians aged 18–59 are in cohabiting partnerships (compared with 62% of heterosexual individuals in coresidential unions at comparable ages). Unlike previous research, we find that white and highly educated gay men and lesbians are more likely to be partnered, and we confirm that same-sex cohabiting partners in our data have demographic characteristics that are similar to California same-sex couples from Census 2000. We also present the first detailed analysis of officially registered domestic partnerships in California. We find that almost half of partnered lesbians are officially registered with the local or state government, while less than a quarter of partnered gay men are officially registered. We conclude with implications of our findings for couples-based research on gay men and lesbians, as well as recommendations for survey data collection.
Fast task-irrelevant perceptual learning is disrupted by sudden onset of central task elements.

Abstract The basic phenomenon of task-irrelevant perceptual learning (TIPL) is that the stimulus features of a subject’s task will be learned when they are consistently presented at times of reward or behavioral success. Recent progress in studies of TIPL has been made by the discovery of a fast form of TIPL (fast-TIPL), which can be observed with as little as a single trial of exposure. In the present study, we investigated the task-conditions required to observe fast-TIPL. We had participants perform a target detection task at fixation while scenes to memorize were presented peripherally. In some experiments the target was presented in a sequence of distractors (Experiments 2 and 4) and in others alone (Experiments 1 and 3). In each experiment we assessed whether learning for target-paired scenes was greater than that of nontarget-paired scenes. The results indicated an enhanced memorization for scenes paired with the targets in the experiments where the target was presented with distractors, but not in the experiments where distractors were not presented. We hypothesized that without the presentation of distractors the onset of the target was sudden and this may have exogenously drawn attention to the center of the display disrupting TIPL. This sudden onset hypothesis was experimentally confirmed in Experiment 5. We conclude that fast-TIPL, with its rapid time-course, and its production of learning for supraliminally presented stimuli, shows great promise as an efficient paradigm through which to understand mechanisms of learning.
An Interview With Samuel T. Gladding: Thoughts on Becoming a Counselor

This interview highlights the career and rich professional influence of Samuel T. Gladding, a prolific writer and educator who was listed in the top 1% of contributors to the Journal of Counseling & Development between 1978 and 1993. This interview was conducted shortly after he began his 2004–2005 term as president of the American Counseling Association. The interviewers hope that Gladding's insights on becoming a counselor will help to focus and strengthen the professional journey of contemporary counselors.
947 DESMOPRESSIN (DDAVP) FOR MAINTAINING HEMOSTASIS AT SURGERY IN HEMOPHILIA A AND VON WILLEBRAND'S DISEASE

Desmopressin (l-deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin; DDAVP) results in a transient increase in all F VIII components (VIII:C, VIIIR:Ag, VIIIR:Cof) in normal subjects as well as in those with mild hemophilia A and von Willebrand's disease (vWD). In addition, this synthetic agent effects a transient normalization of the bleeding time (BT) in persons with vWD type I, and partial correction in type IIa. We have given desmopressin to 25 individuals undergoing surgery (14) or extraction of permanent teeth (11). Three subjects had moderate hemophilia A while 22 had vWD type I. Desmopressin was given in a dosage of 0.3 μg/kg, I.V., 30-45 min. prior to surgery. Those undergoing oral surgery were also given EACA, 300 mgm/kg/day for 7-10 days. Hemostasis was maintained in all 25 subjects and none required blood products. Desmopressin appears to be a safe and effective alternative to the use of blood products in certain individuals with mild-moderate hemophilia A and vWD. Patient selection should be made on the basis of 1) the patient's usual baseline F VIII level, 2) nature and extent of surgery to be done, 3) type of vWD (i.e. appropriate tests should be done to exclude vWD types IIb and III), and 4) response to a test dose of desmopressin. Desmopressin is particularly useful for surgical procedures in which it is anticipated that a relatively short-term normalization of F VIII and BT will suffice. If repetitive doses of desmopressin are given, one must be aware of tachyphylaxis, as well as the possibility (albeit slight) of hyponatremia and fluid overload.
Response of a human head/neck/upper-torso replica to dynamic loading--II. Analytical/numerical model.

Abstract A three-dimensional lumped-parameter model of the human head/neck/upper-torso was developed to predict its motion for any specified initial conditions and that could also be used to compare with the results of other investigators. This model consists of ten rigid bodies representing the head, cervical vertebrae C1–C7, T1 and T2 combined with the rest of the torso. These rigid bodies were connected by intervertebral joints described by a stiffness matrix relating the force (moment) and translation (rotation). Fifteen pairs of muscles were incorporated in the model, represented by three-point linear elements with nonlinear constitutive relationships obtained from cadaver test results. The calculated response compared favorably with human volunteer data for both flexion and lateral whiplash. However, tests on an inanimate replica of a human indicated greater flexibility than predicted by the corresponding numerical model. The difference is believed to be due to insufficient mass of the muscles incorporated in the structure.
What should I do next? How advanced engineering students decide their post-baccalaureate plans

To describe how advanced engineering students decide their post-baccalaureate plans, we conducted a mixed-methods study with engineering students at a large public university in the Midwest. According to the surveys, there were no statistically significant differences between men and women in their choices of post-baccalaureate plans. Students who had positive undergraduate research experiences and students who felt attached to their departments as undergraduates were more likely to enter graduate school immediately after graduation. Students who had industrial internships were more likely to enter professional practice immediately. From the interview data, we defined eight decision style archetypes that characterize how students make post-baccalaureate plans.
Boole's Algebra Isn't Boolean Algebra

To Boole and his mid-nineteenth century contemporaries, the title of this article would have been very puzzling. For Boole’s first work in logic, The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, appeared in 1847 and, although the beginnings of modern abstract algebra can be traced back to the early part of the nineteenth century, the subject had not fully emerged until towards the end of the century. Only then could one clearly distinguish and compare algebras. (We use the term algebra here as standing for a formal system, not a structure which realizes, or is a model for, it—for instance, the algebra of integral domains as codified by a set of axioms versus a particular structure, e.g., the integers, which satisfies these axioms.) Granted, however, that this later full degree of understanding has been attained, and that one can conceptually distinguish algebras, is it not true that Boole’s “algebra of logic” is Boolean algebra?
A method for the preoperative estimation of function in thyroid tumors; its significance in diagnosis and treatment.

MUCH has been learned about the relative function of thyroid nodules (1) by giving radioactive iodine (I131) to patients with nodular goiter and making radioautographs from the excised tissue. With this method we have shown that some nodules have little or no function whereas, on the basis of unit area, others are more active than the extra-nodular thyroid tissue. The term “hyperfunctioning nodule or adenoma” has been used by some to imply the presence of clinical thyrotoxicosis (2, 3). New information revealed by radioautographs shows that nodules with excessive function may occur in patients without as well as in patients with thyrotoxicosis (1); therefore, the terms “hyperfunctioning nodule with thyrotoxicosis” and “hyperfunctioning nodule without thyrotoxicosis” have become necessary (1,4). A satisfactory method of estimating the relative function of thyroid nodules before their removal is of value in determining their nature. It assists in the anticipation of possible malignancy. It indicates the pre...
Mechanisms of pattern formation and smoothing induced by ion-beam erosion

We have investigated bombardment-induced pattern formation and smoothening during ${\text{Ar}}^{+}$ ion erosion of ${\text{Al}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$ surfaces. The experiments show that ion smoothening of a patterned surface is explained by a mechanism where collisions with near-surface atoms produce an effective downhill current. Quantitative agreement is obtained using ion-collision simulations to compute the magnitude of the surface current. The results lead to predictions for the surface morphology phase diagram as a function of ion energy and incidence angle that substantially agree with experimental results.
The cyclin kinase inhibitor p21CIP1/WAF1 limits glomerular epithelial cell proliferation in experimental glomerulonephritis.

The cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 CIP1/WAF1 limits glomerular epithelial cell proliferation in experimental glomerulonephritis. Background During glomerulogenesis, visceral glomerular epithelial cells (VECs) exit the cell cycle and become terminally differentiated and quiescent. In contrast to other resident glomerular cells, VECs undergo little if any proliferation in response to injury. However, the mechanisms for this remain unclear. Cell proliferation is controlled by cell-cycle regulatory proteins where the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 Cip1,WAF1 (p21) inhibits cell proliferation and is required for differentiation of many nonrenal cell types. Methods To test the hypothesis that p21 is required to maintain a differentiated and quiescent VEC phenotype, experimental glomerulonephritis was induced in p21 knockout (-/-) and p21 wild-type (+/+) mice with antiglomerular antibody. DNA synthesis (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, bromodeoxyuridine staining), VEC proliferation (multilayers of cells in Bowman's space), matrix accumulation (periodic acid-Schiff, silver staining), apoptosis (TUNEL), and renal function (serum urea nitrogen) were studied on days 5 and 14 ( N = 6 per time point). VECs were identified by location, morphology, ezrin staining, and electron microscopy. VEC differentiation was measured by staining for Wilms' tumor-1 gene. Results Kidneys from unmanipulated p21-/- mice were histologically normal and did not have increased DNA synthesis, suggesting that p21 was not required for the induction of VEC terminal differentiation. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and bromodeoxyuridine staining was increased 4.3- and 3.3-fold, respectively, in p21-/- mice with glomerulonephritis ( P P P Conclusion These results show that the cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 is not required by VECs to attain a terminally differentiated VEC phenotype. However, the loss of p21, in disease states, is associated with VEC re-entry into the cell cycle and the development of a dedifferentiated proliferative phenotype.
Redox-dependent dynamics of a dual thioredoxin fold protein: evolution of specialized folds.

An enzyme system protecting bacteria from oxidative stress includes the flavoprotein AhpF and the peroxiredoxin AhpC. The N-terminal domain of AhpF (NTD), with two fused thioredoxin (Trx) folds, belongs to the hyperthermophilic protein disulfide oxidoreductase family. The NTD is distinct in that it contains a redox active a fold with a CxxC sequence and a redox inactive b fold that has lost the CxxC motif. Here we characterize the stability, the 15N backbone relaxation, and the hydrogen−deuterium exchange properties of reduced [NTD-(SH)2] and oxidized (NTD-S2) NTD from Salmonella typhimurium. While both NTD-(SH)2 and NTD-S2 exhibit similar equilibrium unfolding transitions and order parameters, Rex relaxation terms are quite distinct with considerably more intermediate time scale motions in NTD-S2. Hydrogen exchange protection factors show that the slowly exchanging core corresponds to residues in the b fold in both NTD-(SH)2 and NTD-S2. Interestingly, folded-state dynamic fluctuations in the catalytic a ...
Life-cycle cost in a highly uncertain economic environment: The case of managing the U.S. Department of Energy's nuclear waste legacy

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) faces an unusually difficult challenge in estimating life-cycle costs at former weapons sites because of the uncertainties of technology, stewardship, future land use, laws and regulations, and value and availability of money. Further, it is difficult to forecast local and international events for the indefinite period of time over which DOE will be responsible for many sites. We view the challenge as requiring an approach that accepts some variables as under DOE's control and others not under the Department's control. We suggest being as explicit as possible about the full set of cost elements and viewing life-cycle cost estimation as a stochastic process that will require both detailed data analysis and interviews with experts to provide the basis upon which to produce plausible estimates. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Methods for noninvasive imaging of tissue hypoxia.

The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the methods available for imaging tissue oxygenation. The following imaging methods are reviewed: phosphorescence, near-infrared (NIR), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI and BOLD MRI), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The methods are based on different principles and differ in their ability to accurately quantify tissue oxygenation, either the absolute value of a particular measure of oxygenation (partial pressure of oxygen, concentration), or a parameter related to it (oxygen saturation). Methods that can provide images of relative changes in oxygenation or visualization of hypoxia in a specific tissue of interest are also considered valuable tools for biomedical research and clinical applications.
Single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) for filter bank multicarrier communication systems

The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) radio standard has adopted a special form of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) method for the uplink of multiple access networks. This method which is called single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) applies a precoding to each user data set in each OFDM symbol to control its peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). In this paper, we present a novel formulation of the SC-FDMA and explore possible mimicking the same method when filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) is used for transmission. We find that such direct application of SC-FDMA to FBMC systems is not successful. However, we show that FBMC techniques offer other opportunities that when used correctly lead to a significant reduction in PAPR.
An Analysis of Unstirred Layers in Series with "Tight" and "Porous" Lipid Bilayer Membranes

The present experiments were designed to evaluate the effective thickness of the unstirred layers in series with native and porous (i.e., in the presence of amphotericin B) lipid bilayer membranes and, concomitantly, the respective contributions of membranes and unstirred layers to the observed resistances to the diffusion of water and nonelectrolytes between aqueous phases. The method depended on measuring the tracer permeability coefficients for the diffusion of water and nonelectrolytes ( PDDi , cm sec-1) when the aqueous phase viscosity (η) was increased with solutes having a unity reflection coefficient, such as sucrose or dextran. The effective thickness of the unstirred layers (α t , cm) and the true, or membrane, permeability coefficients for diffusion of water and nonelectrolytes ( Pmmi , cm sec-1) were computed from, respectively, the slope and intercept of the linear regression of 1/ PDDi on η. In both the native and porous membranes, α t was approximately 110 x 10-4 cm. The ratio of Pf , the osmotic water permeability coefficient (cm sec-1) to P m m H2O was 1.22 in the native membranes and 3.75 in the porous membranes. For the latter, the effective pore radius, computed from Poiseuille's law, was approximately 5.6 A. A comparison of Pmmi and PDDi , indicated that the porous membranes accounted for 16, 25, and 66% of the total resistance to the diffusion of, respectively, H2O, urea, and glycerol, while the remainder was referable to the unstirred layers.
Lobectomy by Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery vs Muscle-Sparing Thoracotomy for Stage I Lung Cancer: A Critical Evaluation of Short- and Long-Term Outcomes

Background Propensity-matched studies have shown lobectomy by VATS to be superior to thoracotomy. However, these studies do not control for institution or surgeon expertise and do not compare VATS strictly with muscle-sparing thoracotomy (MST). Study Design From a single surgeon experienced in both VATS and MST, patients undergoing lobectomy for clinical stage I non–small cell cancer were evaluated. Video-assisted thoracic surgery was chosen if the patient requested this approach, otherwise MST was used. Short-term and long-term outcomes were compared. Results From 2007 to 2012, two hundred and ninety-eight patients were evaluated, 74 (25%) VATS and 224 (75%) MST. There were no statistically significant differences in demographics, chest tube days, and postoperative complications between the 2 surgical groups. Operative time was longer for VATS (median 130 minutes for VATS vs 90 minutes for MST; p Conclusions Our current comparison of VATS vs MST, from a single surgeon experienced with both approaches, found operative time (favoring MST) and hospital days (favoring VATS) to be the only difference between the 2 groups; and major outcomes, such as postoperative complications, disease-free survival, and overall survival, were not different. A multi-institution randomized trial should be considered before deeming any one approach to be superior.
Context sensitive case comparisons in practical ethics: reasoning about reasons

Comparative evaluation appears to be an important strategy for addressing problems in weak analytic domains, such as the law and practical ethics. Comparisons to paradigm, hypothetical, orpast cases may help a reasoner make decisions about a current dilemma. We are investigating the uses of comparative evaluation in practical ethical reasoning, and whether recent philosophical models of casuistic reasoning in ethics rnuy contribute to developing models of comparative evaluation. Weare also interested in exploring how our work contributes to AI and Law. A good comparative reasonec we believe, should be able to integrate abstract knowledge of reasons and principles into its analysis and still take a problem’s context and details adequately into account. TRUTH-TELLER is a program we have developed that compares pairs of cases presenting ethical dilemmas about whether to tell the truth by marshaling relevant similarities and differences in a context sensitive rnanne~ The program has a variety of methods for reasoning about reasons. These include classifying reasons as principled or altruistic, comparing the strengths of reasons, and qualifying reasons by participants’ roles and the criticality of consequences. We describe a knowledge representation and marshaling process for this domain. In an evaluation of the program, five professional ethicists scored the program k output for randomlyselected comparisons. The work contributes to context sensitive similarity assessment and to models of argumentation in weak analytic domains.
Transforming Growth Factor-β3 Increases Gap-Junctional Communication among Folliculostellate Cells to Release Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor

Folliculostellate (FS) cells are known to communicate with each other and with endocrine cells via gap junctions in the anterior pituitary. We investigated whether TGFβ3 and estradiol, known to regulate FS cell production and secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), increases gap junctional communication to alter bFGF secretion from FS cells. FS cells in monolayer cultures were treated with TGFβ3 or vehicle alone for 24 h and then microinjected with Lucifer Yellow and high-molecular-weight Texas Red dextran. Ten minutes later the transfer of dye among adjacent cells was recorded with a digital microscope. TGFβ3 increased the transfer of dye. The TGFβ3-neutralizing antibody and the gap junction inhibitor octanol reduced the effect of TGFβ3 on the transfer of dye. The TGFβ3-induced transfer of dye was unaltered by simultaneous treatment with estradiol. The steroid alone also had no effect. TGFβ3 increased total and phosphorylated levels of connexin 43. Estradiol treatment did not produce any sign...
Thermal conductivity of NbSe3

Abstract The thermal conductivity, κ, of NbSe 3 has been measured by novel self-heating techniques that allowed the electric field dependence of κ to also be measured. Measurements were made from 35 K to room temperature. Above the charge density wave transitions, the phonon thermal conductivity is 4–7 times the electron thermal conductivity, and it rises smoothly below the transitions, indicating that phonon-phonon scattering predominates. Phonon mean free parths have been estimated at 187 A° at 60 K and 60 A° at 150 K. No clear anomalies were observed at the phase transitions, giving upper limits to changes in the phonon mean free path. No field dependence of κ was observed.
An experimental examination of peers' influence on adolescent girls' intent to engage in maladaptive weight-related behaviors.

Objective: Social psychological theories provide bases for understanding how social comparison processes may impact peer influence. This study examined two peer characteristics that may impact peer influence on adolescent girls’ weightrelated behavior intentions: body size and popularity. Method: A school-based sample of 66 9th grade girls (12‐15 years old) completed an experimental paradigm in which they believed they were interacting with other students (i.e., “e-confederates”). The body size and popularity of the e-confederates were experimentally manipulated. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions in which they were exposed to identical maladaptive weight-related behavior norms communicated by ostensible female peers who were either: (1) Thin and Popular; (2) Thin and Average Popularity; or (3) Heavy and Average Popularity. Participants’ intent to engage in weight-related behaviors was measured pre-experiment and during public and private segments of the experiment. Results: As ignif icant effect of condition on public conformity was observed. Participants exposed to peers’ maladaptive weight-related behavior norms in the Heavy and Average condition reported significantly less intent to engage in weight-related behaviors than participants in either of the thin-peer conditions (F(2) 5 3.93, p 5 .025). Peer influence on private acceptance of weight-related behavior intentions was similar across conditions (F(2) 5 .47, p 5 .63). Discussion: Body size comparison may be the most salient component of peer influence processes on weight-related behaviors. Peer influence on weightrelated behavior intention also appears to impact private beliefs. Considering peer norms in preventive interventions combined with dissonance-based approaches may be useful.
Sentinel Node Biopsy for Head and Neck Desmoplastic Melanoma Not a Given

Objectives. Determine the frequency of, the characteristics predictive of, and potential associated survival benefit from sentinel lymph node biopsy in a population of patients with desmoplastic melanoma of the head and neck. Study Design. Analysis of a national database. Setting. The 17-registry Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Subjects and Methods. Using the SEER database, the authors identified patients diagnosed with cutaneous desmoplastic melanoma of the head and neck between 2003 and 2007. Nodal metastasis and impact of sentinel lymph node biopsy on survival were determined. Results. The authors identified 467 cases of desmoplastic melanoma. Although most were locally advanced (median Breslow depth 3.5 mm), few had regional lymph node metastases (3.4%) or distant spread (3.2%) at the time of ini- tial management. Of 165 patients who had sentinel lymph node biopsy, 5% had positive regional lymph nodes. Breslow depth, ulceration, age, and sex were not predictive of posi- tive sentinel lymph node biopsy. Patients who had sentinel lymph node biopsy did not have different cause-specific sur- vival from those who did not undergo sentinel lymph node biopsy. Conclusion. Positive sentinel lymph node biopsies are rare in patients with desmoplastic melanoma of the head and neck. The low (5%) incidence of positive sentinel lymph node biopsy, coupled with the absence of identifiable sur- vival benefit from its use, supports a more selective appli- cation of sentinel lymph node biopsy to this group of patients.
Importance of Direct Patient Care in Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences

The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education issued revised standards (Standards 2007) for professional programs leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy degree in July 2007. The new standards require colleges and schools of pharmacy to provide pharmacy practice experiences that include direct interaction with diverse patient populations. These experiences are to take place in multiple practice environments (e.g., community, ambulatory care, acute care medicine, specialized practice areas) and must include face-to-face interactions between students and patients, and students and health care providers. In 2009, the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) identified concerns among their members that training for some students during the fourth year of pharmacy curriculums are essentially observational experiences rather than encounters where students actively participate in direct patient care activities. These ACCP members also stated that there is a need to identify effective mechanisms for preceptors to balance patient care responsibilities with students' educational needs in order to fully prepare graduates for contemporary, patient-centered practice. The 2010 ACCP Educational Affairs Committee was charged to provide recommendations to more effectively foster the integration of pharmacy students into direct patient care activities during advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). In this commentary, the benefits to key stakeholders (pharmacy students, APPE preceptors, clerkship sites, health care institutions, academic pharmacy programs) of this approach are reviewed. Recommendations for implementation of direct patient care experiences are also provided, together with discussion of the practical issues associated with delivery of effective APPE. Examples of ambulatory care and acute care APPE models that successfully integrate pharmacy students into the delivery of direct patient care are described. Enabling students to engage in high-quality patient care experiences and to assume responsibility for drug therapy outcomes is achievable in a variety of practice settings. In our opinion, such an approach is mandatory if contemporary pharmacy education is to be successful in producing a skilled workforce capable of affecting drug therapy outcomes.
Learning and Attention Problems Among Children With Pediatric Primary Hypertension

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine whether children with sustained primary hypertension are at increased risk for learning disabilities (LDs), as a school-related manifestation of neurocognitive problems. METHODS: A total of 201 children 10 to 18 years of age who were referred because of elevated blood pressure (BP) were included. Patients were categorized as having or not having hypertension, on the basis of BP evaluation at the initial hypertension clinic visit and subsequent confirmation of sustained elevated BP outside the clinic setting. Parents reported whether their child had a provider-confirmed LD or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). RESULTS: A total of 101 children without hypertension and 100 children with hypertension were evaluated; 18% of the children (n = 37) had LDs. In comparison with children without hypertension, children with hypertension were significantly more likely to have LDs (18% vs 9%; P CONCLUSIONS: The rate of LDs, with or without ADHD treatment, was significantly higher for children with sustained primary hypertension, compared with children without hypertension. These findings add to the growing evidence for an association between primary hypertension and cognitive function and may inform treatment and monitoring decisions for these children who may be at risk for learning problems.
Theory of emission noise from silicon field emitters

A calculation is made of the spectral density of emission fluctuations for silicon emitter tips for two emission mechanisms: emission mainly from surface states, and emission mainly from the conduction band edge. In both cases surface-state occupancy fluctuations, calculated from the generalized Nyquist formula, modulate the field emission current. The basic idea is that emission is likely to come from either surface states or from carriers in the conduction band, or both. If there are generation-recombination (G-R) fluctuations in the surface states at the emission surface, then there will be corresponding fluctuations from surface states. This G-R noise will also cause fluctuation in carrier concentrations in the emission area, and hence noise in emission from the conduction band. A discussion is given of whether the differing spectral densities for these two mechanisms may be compared with measurements to clarify which mechanism is dominant. >
Impacts of temperate lianas on tree growth in young deciduous forests

Abstract Lianas are often overlooked in temperate ecological studies even though they are important components of forest communities. While lianas have been shown to damage tropical canopy trees and reduce the growth of juvenile trees, the impact of lianas on canopy tree growth in temperate systems is largely unknown. Growth of trees ≥8 cm dbh was examined over a 9-year period within 50-year old post-agricultural secondary forests in the Piedmont region of New Jersey, USA. Five lianas, Celastrus orbiculatus, Lonicera japonica, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Toxicodendron radicans, and Vitis species, occurred throughout the forest. Total liana basal area, number of stems, and percent cover within host trees were evaluated to assess liana burdens on 606 previously censused trees. These data were related to tree growth to assess liana impacts. Forest trees were separated based on their dominance in the canopy to determine whether lianas had the potential to influence forest composition. In general, lianas in the forests were fairly abundant, with 68% of the trees having at least one liana present. On average, each tree supported 9.7 cm2 of liana basal area and 23% of the canopy was covered by lianas. Most of the variation in tree growth was related to the dominance of trees within the canopy, with canopy dominant and co-dominant trees growing 2.5× more than suppressed trees. Liana basal area and number of lianas stems were not related to tree growth, but liana canopy cover decreased tree growth. However, not all trees were equally affected as canopy cover of lianas only reduced growth in dominant and co-dominant trees. Lianas were most influential on host tree growth in unsuppressed trees when occupying a majority of the canopy, only a minority of forest trees. This suppression was not related to differential liana colonization of canopy trees as all canopy classes supported equivalent liana burdens. Though lianas impacted only a minority of the trees in this system, some liana species, C. orbiculatus and Vitis spp., are still increasing and may pose future risks to forest growth and development.
Responses of the Hamster Chorda Tympani Nerve to Sucrose+Acid and Sucrose+Citrate Taste Mixtures

Studies of taste receptor cells, chorda tympani (CT) neurons, and brainstem neurons show stimulus interactions in the form of inhibition or enhancement of the effectiveness of sucrose when mixed with acids or citrate salts, respectively. To investigate further the effects of acids and the trivalent citrate anion on sucrose responses in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), we recorded multifiber CT responses to 100 mM sucrose; a concentration series of HCl, citric acid, acetic acid, sodium citrate (with and without amiloride added), potassium citrate, and all binary combinations of acids and salts with 100 mM sucrose. Compared with response additivity, sucrose responses were increasingly suppressed in acid + sucrose mixtures with increases in titratable acidity, but HCl and citric acid were more effective suppressors than acetic acid. Citrate salts suppressed sucrose responses and baseline CT neural activity to a similar degree. Citrate salts also elicited prolonged, concentration-dependent, water-rinse responses. The specific loss in sucrose effectiveness as a CT stimulus with increasing titratable acidity was confirmed; however, no increase in sucrose effectiveness was found with the addition of citrate. Further study is needed to define the chemical basis for effects of acids and salts in taste mixtures.
Decentralized, connectivity-preserving, and cost-effective structured overlay maintenance

In this paper we present a rigorous treatment to structured overlay maintenance in decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) systems subject to various system and network failures. We present a precise specification that requires the overlay maintenance protocols to be decentralized, preserve overlay connectivity, always converge to the desired structure whenever possible, and only maintain a small local state independent of the size of the system. We then provide a complete protocol with proof showing that it satisfies the specification. The protocol solves a number of subtle issues caused by decentralization and concurrency in the system. Our specification and the protocol overcomes a number of limitations of existing overlay maintenance protocols, such as the reliance on a centralized and continuously available bootstrap system, the assumption of a known system stabilization time, and the need to maintain large local membership lists.
Impact of Die-to-Die and Within-Die Parameter Variations on the Clock Frequency and Throughput of Multi-Core Processors

A statistical performance simulator is developed to explore the impact of parameter variations on the maximum clock frequency (FMAX) and throughput distributions of multi-core processors in a future 22 nm technology. The simulator captures the effects of die-to-die (D2D) and within-die (WID) transistor and interconnect parameter variations on critical path delays in a die. A key component of the simulator is an analytical multi-core processor throughput model, which enables computationally efficient and accurate throughput calculations, as compared with cycle-accurate performance simulators, for single-threaded and highly parallel multi-threaded (MT) workloads. Based on microarchitecture designs from previous microprocessors, three multi-core processors with either small, medium, or large cores are projected for the 22 nm technology generation to investigate a range of design options. These three multi-core processors are optimized for maximum throughput within a constant die area. A traditional single-core processor is also scaled to the 22 nm technology to provide a baseline comparison. The salient contributions from this paper are: 1) product-level variation analysis for multi-core processors must focus on throughput, rather than just FMAX, and 2) multi-core processors are more variation tolerant than single-core processors due to the larger impact of memory latency and bandwidth on throughput. To elucidate these two points, statistical simulations indicate that multi-core and single-core processors with an equivalent total core area have similar FMAX distributions (mean degradation of 9% and standard deviation of 5%) for MT applications. In contrast to single-core processors, memory latency and bandwidth constraints significantly limit the throughput dependency on FMAX in multi-core processors, thus reducing the throughput mean degradation and standard deviation by ~50% for the small and medium core designs and by ~30% for the large core design. This improvement in the throughput distribution indicates that multi-core processors could significantly reduce the product design and process development complexities due to parameter variations as compared to single-core processors, enabling faster time to market for high-performance microprocessor products.
SAD-3, a Putative Helicase Required for Meiotic Silencing by Unpaired DNA, Interacts with Other Components of the Silencing Machinery

In Neurospora crassa, genes lacking a pairing partner during meiosis are suppressed by a process known as meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD). To identify novel MSUD components, we have developed a high-throughput reverse-genetic screen for use with the N. crassa knockout library. Here we describe the screening method and the characterization of a gene (sad-3) subsequently discovered. SAD-3 is a putative helicase required for MSUD and sexual spore production. It exists in a complex with other known MSUD proteins in the perinuclear region, a center for meiotic silencing activity. Orthologs of SAD-3 include Schizosaccharomyces pombe Hrr1, a helicase required for RNAi-induced heterochromatin formation. Both SAD-3 and Hrr1 interact with an RNA-directed RNA polymerase and an Argonaute, suggesting that certain aspects of silencing complex formation may be conserved between the two fungal species.
Rapid diagnosis of bovine cryptosporidiosis with a modified commercial acid-fast staining procedure

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The adjustable grid: a grid-based cursor control solution using speech recognition

Individuals with motor disabilities often find hands-free, speech-based systems useful because they provide an alternative to traditional mouse-centered navigation. A small number of grid-based cursor control systems using speech recognition have been developed. These systems typically overlay a numbered 3x3 grid on the screen and allow the user to recursively drill the cursor down to a target location by speaking a grid number. Though a 3x3 grid remains the standard, it still remains elusive as to which granularity maximizes performance in specific desktop environments, particularly in regard to time delays and error rates of click tasks. The objective of this research is to develop a grid of adjustable granularity both to compare the efficacy of a variety of grid sizes and to provide users with an alternative to current systems which only offer a single default grid.
Problems of scholar-created, synonymous subject terms in Buddhism

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show that scholars who choose not to use a well-established or acknowledged transliterated subject term, and instead decide for themselves to use synonyms, further complicate the process of doing comprehensive searches and greatly limit the ability to retrieve many pertinent works. In the research into world religions, there are transliterated words of a religious concept that can be used as subject terms. However, scholars in world religions have often not chosen the transliterated word, and instead have adopted words they believe are adequate synonyms of the transliterated word and use them to categorize their professional work. This paper shows how this practice severely lessens the ability to retrieve all pertinent work and causes problems for both world religion scholars wishing to perform comprehensive searches and librarian cataloger deciding on the proper subject terms to include in the construction of citations. Design/methodology/approach – The Buddhist ...