cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absence of differential motoric and thermic responses to clonidine in young rats exposed prenatally to alcohol.

Abstract We studied the involvement of altered noradrenergic function in the behavioral consequences of fetal ethanol exposure. Pregnant rats were fed a liquid diet containing 35% Ethanol-Derived Calories (EDC), pair-fed a 0% EDC diet with sucrose substituted isocalorically for ethanol, or fed ad lib lab chow. In Experiment 1, offspring from these prenatal treatment groups were injected with the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine (0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg) at 10 or 42 days of age and showed age-characteristic, dose-dependent increases in locomotor activity, exploration, forelimb treading, and catalepsy. In Experiment 2, offspring were injected with clonidine (0.25 or 1.0 mg/kg) at 10, 14, or 18 days of age, and locomotor activity and wall-climbing were observed in a warm chamber (33°C). Catalepsy and rectal temperature were also scored. There were no significant differential effects of clonidine on any prenatal treatment group at any age for any measure of activity or rectal temperature. The results do not support the hypothesis that fetal ethanol exposure alters noradrenergic systems in behaviorally significant ways.
An analysis of glutamate spillover on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors at the cerebellar glomerulus.

Glutamate spillover is thought to play a significant role in increasing neural transmission at the mossy fiber/granule cell cerebellar glomerulus. Glutamate spillover has been shown to activate AMPA receptors at the glomerulus, and here we complete the characterization of spillover at the glomerulus by investigating the role of glutamate spillover in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) activation. We present a quantitative model of glutamate spillover combining recent models of glutamate diffusion and NMDA-R binding to determine the open probabilities of NMDA-Rs over time at a neighbor synapse. Simulation results from a baseline set of physiologically realistic parameters show that glutamate spillover onto a single neighbor synapse, created by glutamate that diffuses from a point source into a restricted fractional 2D–3D space and the glutamate concentration created by neighboring glutamate release sites, is sufficient to elicit an NMDA-R peak open probability of 0.23, approximately 79% of that obtained by a direct release (peak open probability of 0.29). Thus, it would appear that glutamate spillover at the glomerulus at NMDA receptors is even more substantial than that seen at AMPA receptors.
Skills deficits, skills training, and delinquency

The last decade has witnessed a significant increase in intervention strategies that seek to teach specific skills to diverse client groups. A number of recent studies have evaluated the effects of skills training programs with court-adjudicated juvenile delinquents. Skills training with delinquents is based on the assumption that social and cognitive skills deficits contribute to an individual's decision to engage in antisocial behavior. This report identifies skills deficits found among court-adjudicated juvenile delinquents. Skills training methods and the efficacy of skills training programs with delinquents are reviewed.
Task force #1—identification of coronary heart disease risk: is there a detection gap?

In contrast to the relative ease of recognition and clarity of treatment and prevention strategies in patients with symptomatic coronary heart disease (CHD), a major problem of detection, treatment, and prevention of CHD exists in the large population who have no symptoms of heart disease yet are at
Antiphospholipid antibody-associated choroidopathy

Sir, We here report a case of bilateral choroidal infarctions due to catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.
Differential Impact of Cultural Elements on Financial Performance

This research provides empirical evidence that some elements of an organization’s culture have a differential impact on the financial performance of a firm. The research tested a proposed five factor cultural model, and we determined through factor analysis that there are actually six factors or dimensions of corporate culture. Four of the factors identified in the study (customer focus, corporate citizenship, performance standards, and identification with the company) were found be directly influencing the financial performance of the firm. Two other factors, human resource practices and organizational communication, although not correlated directly with the firm’s financial performance, had a significant influence upon the primary cultural factors. In addition, we also assessed the reliability of the proposed instrument for measuring these dimensions of culture, and found that they achieve acceptable levels. These findings have significant implications for researchers and practising managers.
Dynamic NMR Studies of Cationic Bis(2-phenylindenyl)zirconium Pyridyl Complexes: Evidence for syn Conformers in Solution

The conformationally dynamic unbridged metallocene (2-PhInd)2ZrMe2 (1) was activated with trispentafluorophenylborane (B(C6F5)3, B2) or trityl tetrakispentafluorophenylborate (“trityl borate”, [Ph3C+][B(C6F5)4-], B4) to generate the ion pair [(2-PhInd)2ZrMe+][MeB(C6F5)3-] (2a) or [(2-PhInd)2ZrMe+][B(C6F5)4-] (2b), respectively. Activation parameters for ion-pair separation were determined by line-shape analysis (2a: ΔH⧧ips = 20 ± 1 kcal/mol, ΔS⧧ips = 17 ± 4 eu; 2b: ΔH⧧ips = 15 ± 2 kcal/mol, ΔS⧧ips = 13 ± 7 eu). For 2a, a much slower B(C6F5)3 dissociation−reassociation process was also observed (ΔG⧧83°C = 18.9 ± 0.1 kcal/mol). Both 2a and 2b were treated with a series of o-substituted pyridines, and the behavior of the resulting zirconocenium-pyridyl complexes (3a−8b) was studied by 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR over the temperature range −100 to 100 °C. Below room temperature, 1H NMR NOESY spectra revealed signals characteristic of a Cs-symmetric syn conformation.
Factors Influencing the Surface Activity of Chlorpromazine at the Air-Solution Interface Effect of Inorganic and Organic Electrolytes

In a previous study it was observed that adsorption of chlorpromazine at the air-solution interface is influenced significantly by anionic buffer components. In view of this, the effect of a large number of inorganic and organic ions has been considered. Marked inhibitory effects were noted in the presence of organic cations e.g. , the tetraalkylammonium ions; the greater the chain length, the greater the inhibition. Inhibition was also noted in the presence of sodium methanesulfonate. On the other hand, bromide, iodide, propanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, and naphthalenesulfonate ions all produced increased surface activity when compared to the system containing NaCl. The inhibitory effects appear related to factors influencing the structure of water, while the effect of anions appears due to interfacial ion-pair formation.
Fluorescence of Er3+:AlN Polycrystalline Ceramic

We report what we believe to be the first preparation and optical spectroscopy of Er3+ doped into bulk AlN ceramic. The material was prepared via hot press sintering of AlN with Er2O3 and [NH4][ErF4], which yielded fully dense, translucent, hexagonal AlN. The Er3+ concentration is a small fraction of a percent, and resides in multiple sites, with one type of center dominant. A number of the energy levels of Er3+ are identified for this center. The temperature dependent fluorescence lifetime is probably radiative, and on that basis the stimulated emission and absorption cross section spectra are inferred for the 4I13/2 ↔ 4I15/2 transitions.
Creating Social Connection Through Inferential Reproduction: Loneliness and Perceived Agency in Gadgets, Gods, and Greyhounds

People are motivated to maintain social connection with others, and those who lack social connection with other humans may try to compensate by creating a sense of human connection with nonhuman agents. This may occur in at least two ways-by anthropomorphizing nonhuman agents such as nonhuman animals and gadgets to make them appear more humanlike and by increasing belief in commonly anthropomorphized religious agents (such as God). Three studies support these hypotheses both among individuals who are chronically lonely (Study 1) and among those who are induced to feel lonely (Studies 2 and 3). Additional findings suggest that such results are not simply produced by any negative affective state (Study 3). These results have important implications not only for understanding when people are likely to treat nonhuman agents as humanlike (anthropomorphism), but also for understanding when people treat human agents as nonhuman (dehumanization).
A beginner's guide to research in emergency medicine.

Before dedicating already-scarce time and energy to Emergency Medicine (EM) research, students must assess their underlying intentions. There are many reasons to seek out research opportunities, such as exploring a career in academic EM or developing a relationship with a faculty mentor. Some students have had no exposure to clinical research and wish to try something new, whereas others opt for research externships to evaluate potential residency programs. The only wrong reason to do EM research is the common misconception that such experience is a requirement for successful residency applicants. A recent survey of residency directors ranked research publications nearly last in a list of qualities sought in prospective candidates (1). Programs welcome students with demonstrated commitment to scientific inquiry; however, if research is not intrinsically compelling to you, spend time on other pursuits that will better present you as a well-rounded applicant.
Evolution of GaAs nanowire geometry in selective area epitaxy

Nanowires (NWs) grown via selective area epitaxy (SAE) show great promise for applications in next generation electronic and photonic devices, yet the design of NW-based devices can be complicated due to the complex kinetics involved in the growth process. The presence of the patterned selective area mask, as well as the changing geometry of the NWs themselves during growth, leads to non-linear growth rates which can vary significantly based on location in the mask and the NW size. Here, we present a systematic study of the evolution of GaAs NW geometry during growth as a function of NW size and pitch. We highlight a breakdown of NW uniformity at extended growth times, which is accelerated for NW arrays with larger separations. This work is intended to outline potential fundamental growth challenges in achieving desired III–V NW array patterns and uniformity via SAE.
Integrated identification and control for diffusion/CVD furnaces

The paper describes an integrated approach for modeling and robust multivariable controller design, with application to temperature control of diffusion and CVD furnaces. The modeling relies on input-output data, collected in a preliminary identification experiment at the desired operating conditions. An important component of the identification is the computation of uncertainty bounds that describe the confidence limits of the model, in a manner consistent with robust control theory. The results of the identification are then used to design an H-infinity controller with a cascade, hierarchical structure. The final implementation of the controller also includes mechanisms to prevent integrator wind-up. Special emphasis is placed on automating the procedure-for classes of furnaces-so that, potentially, it can be used by nonexperts in the field. Implementations include several industrial furnaces. Experimental results demonstrate the success of the approach as well as a good agreement between predicted and actual closed-loop behavior.
HYDROTHORAX: PLEURAL EFFUSION ASSOCIATED WITH PERITONEAL DIALYSIS

Hydrothorax in a patient treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) poses a diagnostic dilemma. Hydrothorax due to migration of dialysis fluid across the diaphragm and into the pleural space creates a serious complication of PD but generally does not threaten life. Shortness of breath causes the patient to seek medical attention. A sudden diminution in dialysis adequacy or poor ultrafiltration rate constitutes a unique marker for patients treated with PD compared to the general population. This article reviews the etiology for hydrothorax specifically in the PD population. Thoracentesis with chemical analysis of the fluid, imaging studies with and without contrast or markers, and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery play important roles in the evaluation of hydrothorax. A conservative PD regimen, surgical intervention, and pleurodesis provide treatment options to those receiving PD.
The Influence of a Sport-for-Peace Event on Prejudice and Change Agent Self-Efficacy

The purpose of this research project was to examine the impact of participating in a sport-for-peace event and one’s social dominance orientation on prejudice and change agent self-efficacy. In Study 1, participants (n = 136) completed questionnaires both before and following their participation in a sport-for-peace event. The event was designed to ensure both high levels of and quality intergroup contact, with interactions confirmed through a manipulation check. Results from the doubly repeated measures analysis of variance indicate a significant decrease in prejudice and a significant increase in change agent self-efficacy. Social dominance orientation did not influence the nature of these changes. In Study 2, the authors conducted focus group interviews with 27 participants to better understand how the event impacted prejudice and change agent self-efficacy. Results indicate that the team-based sport environment and social opportunities were instrumental in prejudice reduction while the educational pla...
Sleep Arrangements and Night Waking at 6 and 12 Months in Relation to Infants' Stress-induced Cortisol Responses

The objective of this short-term longitudinal study was to examine the concurrent and prospective associations of infants' sleep arrangements and night waking with cortisol responses to an inoculation at 6 and 12 months, controlling for several key covariates. To our knowledge, this was the first study to concurrently and prospectively link proximity in sleep arrangements and night waking to physiological stress reactivity. A sample of 92 mother–infant dyads participated in the study when the infants were 6 and 12 months of age, although sample sizes were reduced for some analyses. Both proximal cosleeping arrangements and more frequent night wakings' were associated concurrently with an increased cortisol response to inoculations at both ages. Night waking at 6 months also was associated with a slightly increased cortisol response to inoculation at 12 months. Results aimed at exploring the direction of influence suggested that cosleeping and night waking may influence infant stress physiology rather than the reverse. Adaptive and maladaptive implications of infants' nocturnal experiences and greater stress-induced cortisol responses are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensory segmentation by neural oscillators

A network of neural oscillators is proposed to segment images into figures and a background. Synchronous activity oscillations of groups of oscillators are used to label different figures in an image and to segregate them from the background. The oscillations of different groups are out of phase and show no correlations with the background activity. The oscillators are sensitive to localized input from the image and encode local feature types. The connectivity between neurons reflects the likelihood that two units belong to the same segment, i.e., all oscillators at the same location regardless of feature type and all oscillators of the same feature type regardless of their location are connected excitatorily. Global inhibition is employed as a control to achieve the segmentation task and to prevent the whole network from phase-locking. Furthermore, global inhibition enables the system to switch between synchronous and asynchronous oscillations. >
Adaptive imaging on a diagnostic ultrasound scanner at quasi real-time rates

Constructing an ultrasonic imaging system capable of compensating for phase errors in real-time is a significant challenge in adaptive imaging. We present a versatile adaptive imaging system capable of updating arrival time profiles at frame rates of approximately 2 frames per second (fps) with 1-D arrays and up to 0.81 fps for 1.75-D arrays, depending on the desired near-field phase correction algorithm. A novel feature included in this system is the ability to update the aberration profile at multiple beam locations for 1-D arrays. The features of this real-time adaptive imaging system are illustrated in tissue-mimicking phantoms with physical near-field phase screens and evaluated in clinical breast tissue with a 1.75-D array. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of anechoic cysts was shown to improve dramatically in the tissue-mimicking phantoms. In breast tissue, the width of point-like targets showed significant improvement: a reduction of 26.2% on average. Brightness of these targets, however, marginally decreased by 3.9%. For larger structures such as cysts, little improvement in features and CNR were observed, which is likely a result of the system assuming an infinite isoplariatic patch size for the 1.75-D arrays. The necessary requirements for constructing a real-time adaptive imaging system are also discussed
A CD25⁻ positive population of activated B1 cells expresses LIFR and responds to LIF.

B1 B cells defend against infectious microorganisms by spontaneous secretion of broadly reactive “natural” immunoglobulin that appears in the absence of immunization. Among many distinguishing characteristics, B1 B cells display evidence of activation that includes phosphorylated STAT3. In order to identify the origin of pSTAT3 we examined interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression on B1 cells. We found that some (about 1/4) B1a cells express the IL-2R alpha chain, CD25. Although lacking CD122 and unresponsive to IL-2, B1a cells marked by CD25 express increased levels of activated signaling intermediates, interruption of which results in diminished CD25. Further, CD25+ B1a cells contain most of the pSTAT3 found in the B1a population as a whole. Moreover, CD25+ B1a cells express leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR), and respond to LIF by upregulating pSTAT3. Together, these results define a new subset of B1a cells that is marked by activation-dependent CD25 expression, expresses substantial amounts of activated STAT3, and contains a functional LIF receptor.
Interference Characterization and Mitigation of 5.5 Mbps CCK WI-FI Signals

An exact power spectral density (PSD) expression is derived for IEEE 802.11b 5.5 Mbps signals using complementary code keying (CCK). The analytical result obtained is verified through computer simulation. The spectral signature of the 5.5 Mbps CCK- modulated signal is compared to the PSD of the Barker-spread Wi-Fi signals. The adjacent channel interference power resulting from the 5.5 Mbps CCK interferer is introduced and compared to that caused by Barker-spread signals. Adaptive antennas with tapped delay lines are used to mitigate the effect of these interference signals. Optimal ranges of the tapped delay lines are found such that performance is restored at minimum cost.
Implementation and Performance of a M-ary PSK and QAM-OFDM System in a TMS320VC5416 Digital Signal Processor

This paper presents the implementation results of an M-ary PSK and QAM OFDM system via algorithms and simulations. It shows how an OFDM system performance can be affected and/or improved based on the algorithms used. Furthermore, it illustrates that the DSP software-based system is flexible and interoperable for different modulation with different data rate. The performance of the implemented OFDM system is evaluated in three areas: the Bit Error Rate (BER) versus Eb/No, the processing speed versus data transmitted per OFDM symbol length, and the processing speed versus the M-ary PSK or QAM modulation scheme. This is done by using several types of FFT (radix-2 and split-radix) algorithms and modulation schemes (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM). The implementation is done in Matlab and in the DSP TMS320VC5416 code composer studio (CCS).
Motion Detection Based on Local Variation of Spatiotemporal Texture

In this paper we propose to use local variation of spatiotemporal texture vectors for motion detection. The local variation is defined as the largest eigenvalue component of spatiotemporal (sp) texture vectors in certain time window at each location in a video plane. Sp texture vectors are computed using a dimensionality reduction technique applied to spatiotemporal (3D) blocks. They provide a compact vector representation of texture and motion patterns for each block. The fact that we go away from the standard input of pixel values and instead base the motion detection on sp texture of 3D blocks, significantly improves the quality of motion detection. This is particularly relevant for infrared videos, where pixel values have smaller range than in daylight color or gray level videos.
Reliably, securely and efficiently distributing electronic content using multicasting

Secure multicasting is one of the most efficient ways of delivering electronic content like streaming mutimedia to a group of users. One of the biggest challenges in secure multicasting is distributing group keys to the multicast group and managing the same. Although researchers have addressed the problem before, none of them address the fact that multicasting is an unreliable process. Thus there is no gurantee that the group key, distributed via multicasting, will be available in its correct form at the receiver. In this paper we propose a reliable and secure content distribution scheme that uses multicasting. The scheme uses an asymmetric multicast group key that is generated using parameters publicly available to all members of the group. The group key is used to encrypt a session key which is then distributed piggybacked on the multicast stream. The encrypted session key is dispersed over the stream in such a manner that receipt of a finite number of fragments of the session key ensures that the session key can be correctly recreated at the receiving end.
Chronic dexamethasone treatment results in resistance, IL6-independence, and altered JAK/STAT signaling in the 7TD1 murine B cell hybridoma.

5092 Multiple myeloma is a B cell malignancy with poor prognosis. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important cytokine growth factor for the proliferation of multiple myeloma cells in the early stages of the disease. JAK/STAT3 signaling, triggered by IL-6, promotes proliferation and survival of myeloma cells. In the later stages of the disease, myeloma cells begin proliferating independent of IL-6 and develop resistance on chronic treatment with chemotherapy agents like dexamethasone. Using the IL-6 dependent murine B hybridoma cell line, 7TD1, as a model for IL-6 dependent multiple myeloma cells, our aim was to investigate and characterize the response of 7TD1 cells to chronic dexamethasone treatment. Chronic treatment with dexamethasone (85uM) resulted in a cell population (7TD1 Dxm), which was resistant to dexamethasone induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation. These cells were cross-resistant to melphalan and thalidomide, but not etoposide. In addition to resistance, at this stage they also show IL-6 independent growth. Inhibition of proliferation by an IL-6 neutralizing antibody suggests that they may be producing and utilizing IL-6. Results from western blotting suggest that STAT3 phosphorylation observed only in the presence of IL-6 in parent 7TD1 cells also showed inhibition by the JAK inhibitor AG490 (50uM). On the other hand, 7TD1Dxm cells showed constitutive activation of STAT3 and resistance to AG490 inhibition and apoptosis. These results suggest an altered JAK/STAT3 signaling in chronically treated cells. In addition, treatment with AG490 did not alter resistance of chronically treated cells to dexamethasone. Further investigations to look at IL-6 gene expression and IL-6 signaling pathways in chronically treated 7TD1 cells may be helpful in finding potential targets which may inhibit progression of multiple myeloma. This work was partially supported by NIH Grant # P20 RR016454 from the INBRE Program of the National Center for Research Resources
The politics of global humanitarianism: The responsibility to protect before and after Libya

This article will trace the roots of Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) in international law and international ethics. RtoP is in tension with established Charter law on the use of force, but it may be beginning to change the law. It is, on the other hand, deeply familiar to international ethics, a widening of the circumstances that allow for overriding non-intervention. It evolved out of the failures to protect the populations of Rwanda (1994) and Bosnia (1992–1995) and NATO’s decision to intervene in Kosovo (1999). The chapter will show how RtoP has been invoked, explicitly and implicitly, successfully and unsuccessfully, in cases ranging from Myanmar and Kenya in 2008, to Guinea in 2009, and then recently, and controversially, Libya in 2011. And the last has had severe negative consequences for international protection for Syrians since 2011. I will argue that RtoP is both a license to and a leash against forcible intervention. As such, it has contributed to the increasing pluralism, contested and contestable, of the normative architecture of world politics. However, this confusion may decrease as RtoP norms become better institutionalized in the UN, reshape the discourse of international ethics and are accumulated in customary law. In any case, where the alternative to pluralism is a clarity that either abandons vulnerable populations or imposes unrealistic expectations of enforced human rights, contestation is a step forward.
20 U.S.C. § 1406(b)

This is the story of a clever and utterly unique statutory provision that gave entrenched advocacy groups a tool to use against the government and judges a clear legal rule to enforce in the service of the modern trends of textualism and respect for the separation of powers. That statutory provision, 20 U.S.C. § 1406(b), went virtually unused and undiscussed for more than twenty years until its recent resurgence. This Article discusses, for the first time, the statutory provision and its history in-depth. It then offers uninformed – but hopefully useful – speculation on why the statute has not been used. In particular, this Article suggests that Section 1406(b)’s double-decade desuetude stems from a problem inherent in legal reasoning and practice. As legal thinking consists of categorization – the process by which a fact situation I slotted into a particular analytic model – and the creation of systems and models and legal practice requires practitioners and judges to quickly shunt real-world problems into such categories, a legal situation that looks very much like – but is not exactly – an existing category will cause adept legal thinkers to miss the difference unless and until the difference itself becomes a new category, often a subcategory of the category from which it is distinguished.
Abstract 4693: Maternal GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism and petrochemical exposure in relation to the childhood leukemia in southern Taiwan

We conducted a population-based case-control study in an industrial city of southern Taiwan to investigate childhood leukemia risk in relation to the association of maternal and offspring polymorphisms with residential petrochemical exposures. A total of 109 leukemia cases and 220 controls younger than 20 years were recruited between November 1997 and December 2005. A procedure using geographic information system tools was used to estimate individual-level exposure by accounting for subjects’ mobility, length of stay at each residence, distance to petrochemical plant(s), and monthly prevailing wind direction. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the effects of petrochemical exposures, maternal and offspring9s GSTP1 genotypes, and their joint roles on offspring9s leukemia risk. No main effect of residential petrochemical exposure was observed, yet the exposure association was influenced by maternal GSTP1 genotypes alone as well as by the combined maternal and offspring genotypes (P for interaction=0.02 and 0.01, respectively). Among the subjects with both mothers and offspring carrying the GSTP1 105Val variant allele(s), the adjusted odds ratio was 1.34 (95 percent confidence interval: 1.02, 1.76) for each unit of increase in the log-transformed exposure opportunity score. In conclusion, this study suggests that the childhood leukemia risk is associated with the residential petrochemical exposures, modified by both offspring9s and maternal GSTP1 genotypes. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4693.
Unilateral effects with endogenous quality

Formal merger analysis typically ignores the possibility that both prices and quality levels may be endogenous. This paper extends the traditional analysis of mergers to include both quality and price effects. Based on simulations, we find that mergers can either raise or lower the quality levels of the merging firms; non-merging firms always raise their quality levels. We find that while the standard upward pricing pressure index is a good predictor of the qualitative results of merger simulations, the equivalent index for quality performs poorly.
Visualization of Data Regarding Infections Using Eye Tracking Techniques

Objective To evaluate ease of use and usefulness for nurses of visualizations of infectious disease transmission in a hospital.
The Effects of Chronic Hypoxia on Inflammation and Pulmonary Vascular Function

Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (PH) or WHO Group 3 PH comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases sharing the common feature of chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling. Despite the fact that patients with WHO Group 3 PH are much more likely to die as a result of their underlying lung disease than from complications of PH, the presence of PH in these patients is the most important marker of morbidity and mortality. Interestingly and unfortunately numerous clinical trials involving pulmonary vasodilators proven efficacious for patients with WHO Group 1 PH (i.e., pulmonary arterial hypertension [PAH]) have either failed or shown harm in patients with hypoxic PH. In both mild to moderate, as well as severe forms of the Group 3 PH, inflammation appears to play an important role in the disease process. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms involved in both the initiation and perpetuation of inflammation in the vessel wall as well as the interplay between hypoxia, inflammation, and their effects on resident pulmonary vascular cells and recruited immune and progenitor cells. We address the hypothesis that in patients with severe “out of proportion” irreversible hypoxic PH, they experience an as yet undefined “second hit” whereby the mechanisms involved go beyond those related to hypoxia alone, leading to chronic non-resolving inflammation. We propose that epigenetic changes, at least in mesenchymal cells, and possibly in resident or recruited perivascular macrophages, are paramount in “locking” cells into a pro-remodeling, pro-inflammatory, and pro-mitogenic phenotype. We provide support for the idea that these stromal cell-macrophage interactions are necessary for the maintenance of chronic non-resolving inflammation and persistent pulmonary vascular remodeling. Thus, based on these findings and the persistent failure of pulmonary vasodilators in hypoxic PH, we believe that new therapies that aim to disrupt and repair the basic pathologic inflammatory mechanisms responsible for the initiation and perpetuation of disease should be considered.
Report of an imported Plasmodium ovale malaria for Gabon

A Plasmoidium ovale malaria cases imported from Gobon and returned to China for further diagnosis and treatment when havine fever and insufficiencyof kidney function.,Ring forms is were characteriszed by compact and thick and the nuclear were relatively larger in blood tests..The patent was finally diagnosied as Plasmodium ovale malaria by suing PCR medothd.The patient was cured after treated with Dihydroartemisinin and Piperaquine Phosphate Tablets.
Third-harmonic generation imaging of breast tissue biopsies

We demonstrate for the first time the imaging of unstained breast tissue biopsies using third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy. As a label-free imaging technique, THG microscopy is compared to phase contrast and polarized light microscopy which are standard imaging methods for breast tissues. A simple feature detection algorithm is applied to detect tumour-associated lymphocyte rich regions in unstained breast biopsy tissue and compared with corresponding regions identified by a pathologist from bright-field images of hematoxylin and eosin stained breast tissue. Our results suggest that THG imaging holds potential as a complementary technique for analysing breast tissue biopsies.
TU-E-TOUR-T-01: Microdosimeters for Therapy

Tour Leader: Indra Das, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY Tour Guides: Hsui Ai, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Aaron Andersen, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN Olga Volotoskova, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY Participating Vendors: IBA PTW – New York RTI Electronics, Inc. Standard Imaging, Inc. Sun Nuclear Corporation Small fields are increasing used in specialized radiation treatments such as Gammaknife, Cyberknife, Tomotherapy, IMRT, VMAT, SRS and SBRT. Due to small field size electron transport creates lateral electronic disequilibrium and thus dosimetry could be very difficult. Microdetectors are used for small field dosimetry which will be discussed in preface of this tour as below: •Understanding small field e.g. meaning and definition of small field •IAEA definition and approach •Characteristics of microdetectors in terms of perturbation, recombination, correction •Suitability of microdetectors in small field dosimetry
The Nonlinearity of Outer Hair Cell Motility: Implications for Cochlear Physiology and Pathology

It is now clear that the motile responses of isolated outer hair cells (OHCs) in vitro are nonlinear (Evans, 1988; Evans et al., 1989, 1990; Santos-Sacchi, 1989). To further our understanding of the nonlinearity and its physiological significance, we have developed a novel preparation (Evans et al., 1989) that offers several improvements over methods previously used in motility studies. Isolated guinea pig OHCs were prepared by enzymatic digestion in papain followed by gentle trituration. The experimental medium, Leibovitz’s L-15 (Gibco), was buffered with 15 mM HEPES, and adjusted to pH 7.35, 320 mOsm. Cells were drawn up by gentle suction into a glass pipette that was heat-polished to a diameter close to that of a hair cell (Fig. 1). The pipette made a resistive seal with the cell body, forming a microchamber. Voltage commands were applied across the cell and the preparation resistance monitored using a current-to-voltage converter. Isolated OHCs were maintained in a separate reservoir and individually transferred to the experimental chamber using a wide-bore suction pipette.
A Morally Enlightened Positivism? Kelsen and Habermas on the Democratic Roots of Validity in Municipal and International Law

A commonplace misconception identifies Kelsen as a one-dimensional legal positivist and Habermas as a one-dimensional legal moralist. I argue, on the contrary, that both theorists defend a complex normative conception of democratic proceduralism that straddles the positivism/naturalism divide. I then show how their extension of this conception to international law commits them to a monistic human rights regime. I conclude that their realistic acknowledgment of the fragmented nature of legal paradigms and regimes entails a complementary qualification of their monism. Section 10.1 situates Kelsen and Habermas’s proceduralism between natural law reasoning and formal positivism in opposition to Schmitt’s political-theological defense of decisionism. Section 10.2 compares the different methods by which Kelsen and Habermas defend democratic proceduralism. Section 10.3 shows how they extend this conception to international law in defending a monistic human rights regime. Section 10.4 discusses their respective views about the decisive role played by courts and constitutional review in this regime, and critically examines their proceduralist understanding of constitutional review. Section 10.5 concludes with an assessment of the limits and possibilities of constitutionalizing humanitarian law in international law in the face of persistent legal pluralization.
Subtypes of Ischemic Stroke: Children CF Young Adults

Children aged 1 to 18 years with acute ischemic stroke, seen at Indiana University, and young adults aged >18 to 45 years, identified from the Indiana University and Northwestern University Young Adults Stroke Registries, were classified in subtypes as atherothrombotic (AT), cardioembolic (CE), small-vessel (SV), or other determined or unknown causes.
Learning from Padres Mexicanos

The idea for this study began several years ago when I was having lunch at a Mexican restaurant in North Carolina. Emilio Lopez, a waiter I had come to know there, showed me a photograph of his two daughters. The wallet-sized image was of two smiling girls, with dark friendly eyes like Emilio’s, and long black hair. They both looked like many young girls in the United States (U.S.) as they posed for the camera.
Some Basic Methodological Considerations of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit

Where are we after all this? Sextus Empiricus posed some fundamental challenges to epistemological realism and to the possibility of its defense. Descartes failed to defend epistemological realism. Kant both failed to refute epistemological realism and to defend his own form of “empirical realism.” Carnap failed to dissolve the issue of epistemological realism. Alston’s proposals for justifying epistemic principles are modest, at best. So far, then, no adequate solution has been found to the problems of justifying epistemic principles and of settling disputes within epistemology. Sextus Empiricus’s charges of circularity, question-begging, and dogmatism still remain salient. Worse yet, Hegel has challenged the presumption that transcendental knowledge (second-order knowledge about what empirical knowledge is) is any less problematic or available than empirical knowledge. How could epistemological realism be defended or even examined under such conditions?
The role of spatial organization of Ca 2+ release sites in the generation of arrhythmogenic diastolic Ca 2+ release in myocytes from failing hearts

In heart failure (HF), dysregulated cardiac ryanodine receptors (RyR2) contribute to the generation of diastolic Ca2+ waves (DCWs), thereby predisposing adrenergically stressed failing hearts to life-threatening arrhythmias. However, the specific cellular, subcellular, and molecular defects that account for cardiac arrhythmia in HF remain to be elucidated. Patch-clamp techniques and confocal Ca2+ imaging were applied to study spatially defined Ca2+ handling in ventricular myocytes isolated from normal (control) and failing canine hearts. Based on their activation time upon electrical stimulation, Ca2+ release sites were categorized as coupled, located in close proximity to the sarcolemmal Ca2+ channels, and uncoupled, the Ca2+ channel-free non-junctional Ca2+ release units. In control myocytes, stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors with isoproterenol (Iso) resulted in a preferential increase in Ca2+ spark rate at uncoupled sites. This site-specific effect of Iso was eliminated by the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid, which caused similar facilitation of Ca2+ sparks at coupled and uncoupled sites. Iso-challenged HF myocytes exhibited increased predisposition to DCWs compared to control myocytes. In addition, the overall frequency of Ca2+ sparks was increased in HF cells due to preferential stimulation of coupled sites. Furthermore, coupled sites exhibited accelerated recovery from functional refractoriness in HF myocytes compared to control myocytes. Spatially resolved subcellular Ca2+ mapping revealed that DCWs predominantly originated from coupled sites. Inhibition of CaMKII suppressed DCWs and prevented preferential stimulation of coupled sites in Iso-challenged HF myocytes. These results suggest that CaMKII- (and phosphatase)-dependent dysregulation of junctional Ca2+ release sites contributes to Ca2+-dependent arrhythmogenesis in HF.
Obesity as a form of malnutrition: over-nutrition on the Uganda "malnutrition" agenda.

The objectives were to highlight the burden of overweight and obesity as an additional area of importance for the malnutrition agenda in Uganda and to provide evidence-based considerations for stakeholders involved. Introduction: Mirroring other Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), Uganda is experiencing a "double burden" of over-nutrition related issues - both obesity and overweight, and related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) alongside the under-nutrition that has long plagued the country. Despite the commonplace assumption that under-nutrition is the predominant form of malnutrition in Uganda, we explore recent literature that in fact, challenges this notion. While food insecurity has contributed to the under-nutrition problem, a lack of dietary diversity also has a demonstrated role in increasing over-nutrition. We cannot afford to ignore over-nutrition concomitant with stunting and wasting in the country. Increase in the burden of this less acknowledged form of malnutrition in Uganda is critical to investigate, and yet poorly understood. A move towards increased regionally targeted over-nutrition research, funding, government prioritization and advocacy is needed. Key words : Uganda, East Africa, Africa, nutrition, malnutrition, overweight, obesity
Olfactory sensory axons target specific protoglomeruli in the olfactory bulb of zebrafish

The axons of Olfactory Sensory Neurons (OSNs) project to reproducible target locations within the Olfactory Bulb (OB), converting odorant experience into a spatial map of neural activity. We characterized the initial targeting of OSN axons in the zebrafish, a model system suitable for studying axonal targeting early in development. In this system the initial targets of OSN axons are a small number of distinct, individually identifiable neuropilar regions called protoglomeruli. Previously, Olfactory Marker Protein-expressing and TRPC2-expressing classes of OSNs were shown to project to specific, non-overlapping sets of protoglomeruli, indicating that particular subsets of OSNs project to specific protoglomerular targets. We set out to map the relationship between the classical Odorant Receptor (OR) an OSN chooses to express and the protoglomerulus its axon targets. A panel of BACs were recombineered so that the axons of OSNs choosing to express modified ORs were fluorescently labeled. Axon projections were followed into the olfactory bulb to determine the protoglomeruli in which they terminated. RNA-seq demonstrates that OSNs express a surprisingly wide variety of ORs and Trace Amine Associated Receptors (TAARs) very early when sensory axons are arriving in the bulb. Only a single OR is expressed in any given OSN even at these early developmental times. We used a BAC expression technique to map the trajectories of OSNs expressing specific odorant receptors. ORs can be divided into three clades based upon their sequence similarities. OSNs expressing ORs from two of these clades project to the CZ protoglomerulus, while OSNs expressing ORs from the third clade project to the DZ protoglomerulus. In contrast, OSNs expressing a particular TAAR project to multiple protoglomeruli. Neither OR choice nor axonal targeting are related to the position an OSN occupies within the olfactory pit. Our results demonstrate that it is not the choice of a particular OR, but of one from a category of ORs, that is related to initial OSN target location within the olfactory bulb. These choices are not related to OSN position within the olfactory epithelium.
Sensory Impairments Among Rural Populations in America

Persons who are either hard of hearing, visually impaired, or dually impaired in metro and nonmetro areas routinely face issues of accessibility and accommodation. In rural, frontier, and territory (RFT) areas, however, those issues may become magnified because of limited availability of and access to needed resources. An overview of hard of hearing adults, visually impaired adults, and dually impaired adults is provided to allow readers to gain a cursory understanding of each and will be followed by a discussion of how each effect overall functioning. This chapter contextualizes issues of transportation, technology and equipment, methods of communication, and independent living in rural settings to identify challenges to persons with sensory impairments in RFT areas and to develop strategies for addressing them.
Weight gain prevention buffers the impact of CETP rs3764261 on high density lipoprotein cholesterol in young adulthood: The Study of Novel Approaches to Weight Gain Prevention (SNAP).

Abstract Background and Aims Two weight gain prevention strategies, one targeting small changes to diet and physical activity and a second targeting large changes, significantly reduced weight gain in young adulthood. We examined whether weight gain prevention blunts genetic risk for body weight increase and/or high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) lowering over two years. Methods and Results Participants were 524 male and female young adults (mean age = 28.2, SD = 4.3; mean BMI = 25.5, SD = 2.6). Obesity-related SNPs accounting for ≥ 0.04% of the variance were genotyped and combined into a genetic risk score. For HDL-C, SNPs within CETP, LIPC and FADS2 were genotyped. The obesity-related genetic risk score did not predict change in BMI independently or in interaction with treatment arm. However, consistent with the prior literature, each copy of the HDL-C risk, C, allele at CETP rs3764261 was associated with lower HDL-C at baseline. Moreover, significant interaction between SNP and treatment arm for change in HDL-C was observed (p = 0.02). In the control group, HDL-C change was dependent upon rs3764261 (p = 0.004) with C allele carriers showing a continued reduction in HDL-C. In contrast, within the two intervention groups, HDL-C increased on average with no differential effect of rs3764261 (p > 0.24). Notably, even among carriers of the CC genotype, small and large change arms were associated with increased HDL-C and the control arm a reduction (p = 0.013). Conclusions The C allele at CETP rs3764261 is a strong risk factor for low HDL-C in young adulthood but weight gain prevention may mitigate this risk. Clinical Trial Registry number and website clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01183689 , https://clinicaltrials.gov/
Thermally Induced Bend Loss of Silica Optical Fiber

Multimode and single-mode silica fibers have been tested in a high-temperature setting, while simultaneously experiencing a bend. The range of temperature tested was 500 °C–1000 °C and the bend radii considered were 1.27, 2.54, and 3.81 cm (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 in). Multimode fiber (MMF) was analyzed for transmission, while single-mode fiber (SMF) was both analyzed for transmission and interpreted by optical backscatter reflectometry. Attenuation was observed to increase in MMF with increasingly high temperatures and tighter bend radii. SMF was far more resilient to transmission loss than MMF, under similar conditions of temperature and curvature. Optical backscatter reflectometry was performed for bent SMF up to 1100 °C and revealed evidence that, at high temperatures, bends in fiber can enhance devitrification that can inhibit light transmission through the fiber. This paper suggests that the devitrification process begins at the surface of the fiber and moves inward. Moreover, this paper suggests that bend stress applied to surface flaws of the fiber leads to significantly higher crystallization rates at temperatures at which silica does not typically devitrify so rapidly.