cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“I Stepped Over A Dead Body …”: Latina Immigrant Narratives of Immigration and Poverty

This qualitative study examines the lived experiences of Latina immigrants who settled in an area that enacted one of the United State's most draconian anti-immigrant initiatives—a law that would be a precursor for Arizona's SB 1070. Though this investigation was prompted by the law's adoption in 2007, interviews and 18 months of ethnographic observation with Latina immigrants (n = 16) found that it was only one in a patchwork of forces constricting work opportunity and threatening access to housing and food. Using critical phenomenology, I examine women's experiences of poverty both prior to immigration, and in the U.S. economy.
Response factors in illness: The study of illness behavior

Illness behavior — the manner in which people differentially perceive, evaluate and respond to symptoms — may be viewed from at least three general perspectives. Such patterns of behavior may be seen (a) as a product of social and cultural conditioning, (b) as part of a coping repertoire or (c) in terms of their usefulness for the patient who obtains certain advantages from the “sick role”. — The importance of such factors in determining whether people recognize symptoms, make contacts with doctors, accept or reject advice about treatment, and remain under or discontinue medical supervision, is reviewed; with particular reference to the analogies between such patterns, responses to various types of pain and placebo reactions. The implications of considering “secondary” social and psychological components of disease, as well as “primary” biological aspects, are discussed in terms of their value for the patient and their relevance to planning medical services.
Formation in vitro of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and other 5alpha-reduced metabolites of 3H-testosterone by the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue from immature and mature rat testes.

Testes of 13 immature and mature rats were separated into seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue and incubated with 3H-testosterone (T) and an NADPH generating system. The per unit tissue wt conversion to 3H-5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by incubated tubules from mature rats was much higher than that by incubated interstitial tissue. Both tissue components left more than 85% of the 3H-T substrate unconverted and total α-reduction of 3H-T was similar in both tubules and interstitial tissue. Interstitial tissue from testes of immature rats, however, converted more 3H-T to 3H-DHT than the testicular tubules and total 5α-reduction of T by the Leydig cells was 20 times greater than that of the tubules. (Endocrinology 92: 6, 1973)
Evidence for two populations of classical transneptunian objects : The strong inclination dependence of classical binaries

Abstract We have searched 101 Classical transneptunian objects for companions with the Hubble Space Telescope. Of these, at least 21 are binary. The heliocentric inclinations of the objects we observed range from 0.6°–34°. We find a very strong anticorrelation of binaries with inclination. Of the 58 targets that have inclinations of less than 5.5°, 17 are binary, a binary fraction of 29 ± 7 6 % . All 17 are similar-brightness systems. On the contrary, only 4 of the 42 objects with inclinations greater than 5.5° have satellites and only 1 of these is a similar-brightness binary. This striking dichotomy appears to agree with other indications that the low eccentricity, non-resonant Classical transneptunian objects include two overlapping populations with significantly different physical properties and dynamical histories.
Glucose control in diabetes: the impact of racial differences on monitoring and outcomes

Type 2 diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the US and is projected to increase in prevalence globally. Minorities are disproportionately affected by diabetes and data suggest that clinical outcomes consistently fall below American Diabetes Association recommendations. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine ethnic differences in self-monitoring and outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes. Medline was searched for articles published between January 1990 and January 2012 by means of a reproducible strategy. Inclusion criteria included (1) published in English, (2) targeted African Americans, Hispanic, or Asian adults, ages 18+ years with type 2 diabetes, (3) cross-sectional, cohort, or intervention study, and (4) measured change in glycemic control, BP, lipids, or quality of life by race. Twenty-two papers met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Overall, significant racial differences and barriers were found in published studies in diabetes management as it pertains to self-monitoring and outcomes. African Americans tend to consistently exhibit worse outcomes and control when compared to other minority populations and non-Hispanic Whites. In conclusion, significant racial differences and barriers exist in diabetes management as it pertains to self-monitoring and outcomes when compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Explanatory and intervention studies are needed to determine the mechanisms and mediators of these differences and strategies to reduce these disparities. In addition, more research is needed to investigate the impact of racial differences in self-monitoring and outcomes on quality of life.
Development of nanosilica bonded monetite cement from egg shells

Abstract This work represents further effort from our group in developing monetite based calcium phosphate cements (CPC). These cements start with a calcium phosphate powder (MW-CPC) that is manufactured using microwave irradiation. Due to the robustness of the cement production process, we report that the starting materials can be derived from egg shells, a waste product from the poultry industry. The CPC were prepared with MW-CPC and aqueous setting solution. Results showed that the CPC hardened after mixing powdered cement with water for about 12.5 ± 1 min. The compressive strength after 24 h of incubation was approximately 8.45 ± 1.29 MPa. In addition, adding colloidal nanosilica to CPC can accelerate the cement hardening (10 ± 1 min) process by about 2.5 min and improve compressive strength (20.16 ± 4.39 MPa), which is more than double the original strength. The interaction between nanosilica and CPC was monitored using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). While hardening, nanosilica can bond to the CPC crystal network for stabilization. The physical and biological studies performed on both cements suggest that they can potentially be used in orthopedics.
Natural Reactivity and the Origin of Species

DARWIN'S theory of the origin of species presupposes the occurrence of occasional variants from the parent stock, of which some are preserved and fostered by natural selection. The cause of this natural variation has been sought in various quarters; and indeed it is to be presumed that it is due not to one cause, but to many. It is our purpose in this note to direct attention to an agency which must play an important, and may prove to play the predominant, part in producing variations among plants and animals.
Hydrologic Conditions Describe West Nile Virus Risk in Colorado

We examine the relationship between hydrologic variability and the incidence of human disease associated with West Nile virus (WNV; family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) infection (hereafter termed “human WN cases”) in Colorado from 2002 to 2007. We find that local hydrologic conditions, as simulated by the Mosaic hydrology model, are associated with differences in human WN cases. In Colorado’s eastern plains, wetter spring conditions and drier summer conditions predict human WN cases. In Colorado’s western mountains, drier spring and summer conditions weakly predict human WN cases. These findings support two working hypotheses: (1) wet spring conditions increase the abundance of Culex tarsalis vectors in the plains, and (2) dry summer conditions, and respondent irrigational practices during such droughts, favor Cx. pipiens and Cx. tarsalis abundance throughout Colorado. Both of these processes potentially increase the local vector-to-host ratio, favoring WNV amplification among competent avian hosts and bridging to humans.
The Opticker's Apprentice Training In Optics Within Traditional Non-Optics Curricula

Historically most training in optics was done at the graduate level. It was assumed that a basic grounding in physics or engineering was required and that the demand could be met by the established programs. Recently, however, with the emergence of an entire new optical technology, the training in optics has taken place at a number of different levels. As doctoral research encompassed devices and techniques that were the basis of this new technology, newly minted PhD's, including the author, joined the faculties in the usual fields of studies, but brought with them their enthusiasm for and knowledge of things optical. Going beyond the usual sophomore sequence on image formation and the standard single upper level course in geometrical and physical optics, these new faculty members, began to develop new courses and laboratories that brought some of their optics into the standard undergraduate curriculum. This paper is an attempt to assess the current range of optical training in programs within the traditional non-optics curricula. For the purpose of economy and focus, I have restricted this overview to those institutions that have award bachelor degrees in physics and electrical engineering. While there are other optics programs at other levels, the description and analysis of this selected group will, I think, provide a reasonable description of the type of training being done today. The assessment was carried out by means of a questionnaire sent to 30 schools that award bachelor degrees in physics and electrical engineering. Other data was found in the SPIE publication, "Optics in Education"1. In addition, Ken Cupery of Eastman Kodak made available to me his database, a substantial effort. I extracted those programs from Ken's database and attached the results of my own questionnaire to it. Of the 30 schools I queried I received responses from 21 of them. Two of these indicated that the program was no longer in business, so the results will be based on 19 responses. I am certain I have missed some programs. I apologize to anyone who was overlooked.
Laparoscopic management of peripelvic renal cysts : University of California, San Francisco, experience and review of literature

Abstract Objectives To report our experience and review published reports on the laparoscopic management of peripelvic renal cysts. Peripelvic renal cysts represent a unique subset of renal cysts, as they are rare, commonly symptomatic, and more difficult to treat than simple peripheral renal cysts. Minimally invasive methods for the treatment of peripelvic renal cysts, including laparoscopic decortication, have recently become more common. Methods Four patients who presented with symptomatic peripelvic cysts underwent laparoscopic decortication at our institution. All four were men aged 47 to 65 years. One patient had undergone an unsuccessful prior cyst aspiration. All patients underwent preoperative computed tomography and retrograde pyelography. The mean number of peripelvic cysts per patient was 3.0, and the mean cyst size was 7.1 cm. Results The mean operative time was 259 minutes (range 240 to 293), and the mean estimated blood loss was 30 mL (range 10 to 50). No evidence of cystic renal cell carcinoma was found on aspiration cytology or cyst wall pathologic examination. The mean hospital stay was 1.3 days. No inadvertent collecting system injuries and no intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred. All 4 patients achieved symptomatic relief and were determined to have radiologic success as determined by the 6-month postoperative computed tomography findings. Conclusions Laparoscopic ablation of peripelvic renal cysts is more difficult than that of simple peripheral renal cysts and demands a heightened awareness of potential complications and, therefore, more advanced surgical skills. In addition to our experience, a thorough review of published reports found this procedure to be safe and effective with appropriate patient selection.
High-Throughput Measurement of Magnetostriction using MEMS and Composition Spreads

While measurement of magnetostriction in bulk materials is readily accomplished using a strain gauge, measurement of this quantity for thin films presents a greater challenge, and typically involves measurement of the overall wafer curvature (for a film of uniform composition) as a function of field. In order to evaluate magnetostriction locally in composition-spread samples, we have developed a method using a dense array of pre-fabricated cantilever beams on a silicon substrate prepared using MEMS techniques. Differential strain in the thin film/cantilever system results in curvature which is detected using an optical (laser/position-sensitive-detector) system. A magnetic field is applied using two orthogonal Helmholtz coils, and the resulting deflection-field curves are used to determine the saturation magnetostriction λs as well as dλ/dH. Our composition-spread films are prepared using a three gun on-axis magnetron cosputtering system. The position-dependent composition is inferred using rate calibrations and verified with electron microprobe and Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy. Preliminary experiments have validated the technique and the system has been used to measure magnetostriction in the Ni-Fe system. Our approach can also be used to measure properties of giant magnetostrictive materials (e.g. TbFe/Fe multilayers) as a function of layer thicknesses, or thin film shape-memory alloys, including magnetic shape-memory alloys.
Convection in three dimensions with surface plates: Generation of toroidal flow

This work presents numerical calculations of mantle convection that incorporate some of the basic observational constraints imposed by plate tectonics. The model is three-dimensional and includes surface plates; it allows plate velocity to change dynamically according to the forces which result from convection. It is shown that plates are an effective means of introducing a toroidal component into the flow field. After initial transients the plate motion is nearly parallel to transform faults and in the direction that tends to minimize the toroidal flow field. The toroidal field decays with depth from its value at the surface; the poloidal field is relatively constant throughout the layer but falls off slightly at the top and bottom boundaries. Layered viscosity increasing with depth causes the toroidal field to decay more rapidly, effectively confining it to the upper, low-viscosity layer. The effect of viscosity layering on the poloidal field is relatively small, which is attributed to its generation by temperature variations distributed throughout the system. The generation of toroidal flow by surface plates would seem to account for the observed nearly equal energy of toroidal and poloidal fields of plate motions on the earth. A low-viscosity region in the upper mantle will cause the toroidal flow to decay significantly before reaching the lower mantle. The resulting concentration of toroidal flow in the upper mantle may result in more thorough mixing there and account for some of the geochemical and isotopic differences proposed to exist between the upper and lower mantles.
A Comparative Test of Clinical Judgment Versus Actuarial Prediction of Future Violence

This study tested how graduate level psychology graduate students (n = 20) using the Adapted Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (Adapted VRAG) would do relative to practicing psychologists/psychiatrists (n = 16) using clinical judgment when predicting violence in 10 narratives from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment study (Monahan et al., The MacArthur violence risk assessment study. http://macarthur.virginia.edu/user_info_input.htm . Retrieved 10 Oct 2005). Results indicated that the practicing psychologists/psychiatrists made significantly more correct predictions than the master’s level students. The professional group demonstrated sensitivity levels of 77.7% and specificity of 96.3%. For the use of the adapted VRAG method by the graduate student group, specificity levels were modest at 54.0%. Sensitivity levels, however, were lower than earlier demonstrated levels at 58.0%. These findings are at variance with earlier reports comparing clinical and actuarial methods. The results may reflect the short amount of time the master’s level students were trained using the Adapted VRAG as well as the small number of participants in this study. Additional research comparing other professions is recommended, as well as examining if experience in the forensics field would affect one’s ability to predict violence.
Ontologies for agents

An ontology is a computational model of some portion of the world. It is often captured in some form of a semantic network-a graph whose nodes are concepts or individual objects and whose arcs represent relationships or associations among the concepts. This network is augmented by properties and attributes, constraints, functions, and rules that govern the behavior of the concepts. Formally, an ontology is an agreement about a shared conceptualization, which includes frameworks for modeling domain knowledge and agreements about the representation of particular domain theories. Definitions associate the names of entities in a universe of discourse (for example, classes, relations, functions, or other objects) with human readable text describing what the names mean, and formal axioms that constrain the interpretation and well formed use of these names. For information systems, or for the Internet, ontologies can be used to organize keywords and database concepts by capturing the semantic relationships among the keywords or among the tables and fields in a database. The semantic relationships give users an abstract view of an information space for their domain of interest.
Binding of [3H]forskolin to solubilized preparations of adenylate cyclase.

Abstract The binding of [ 3 H]forskolin to proteins solubilized from bovine brain membranes was studied by precipitating proteins with polyethylene glycol and separating [ 3 H]forskolin bound to protein from free [ 3 H]forskolin by rapid filtration. The K d for [ 3 H]forskolin binding to solubilized proteins was 14 nM which was similar to that for [ 3 H]forskolin binding sites in membranes from rat brain and human platelets. Forskolin analogs competed for [ 3 H]forskolin binding sites with the same rank potency in both brain membranes and in proteins solubilized from brain membranes. [ 3 H]forskolin bound to proteins solubilized from membranes with a Bmax of 38 fmol/mg protein which increased to 94 fmol/mg protein when GppNHp was included in the binding assay. In contrast, GppNHp had no effect on [ 3 H]forskolin binding to proteins solubilized from membranes preactivated with GppNHp. Solubilized adenylate cyclase from non-preactivated membranes had a basal activity of 130 pmol/mg/min which was increased 7-fold by GppNHp. In contrast, adenylate cyclase from preactivated membranes had a basal activity of 850 pmol/mg/min which was not stimulated by GppNHp or forskolin. Thus, the number of high affinity binding sites for [ 3 H]forskolin in solubilized preparations correlated with the activation of adenylate cyclase by GppNHp via the guanine nucleotide binding protein (G s ).
A study of the variability of setting a fully adjustable gnathologic articulator to a pantographic tracing.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the variability encountered in setting a fully adjustable articulator to a pantographic tracing produced by the same articulator. It was shown that adjustments for top wall, vertical axis, and rear wall were of the greatest magnitude. The practical significance of this investigation lies in the data base that it provides for further analysis of tracings produced in a similar manner. The results show an inherent system variability and that mechanical and operator errors were involved only in the actual setting of the instrument. This problem deserves further research into the exact causes of the variability and the effects that the various adjustments have upon one another. Continued efforts in this vein can only lead to further elucidation of the complexities involved in mandibular movement and capture of such movements by mechanical means.
Creator and Creature

This article suggests that the distinction between Creator and creature is not adequately expressed by the ‘customary pairings’ onto which the Creator/creature difference is so often mapped. The failure of these pairings is highlighted by testing them against the question of will: what is the difference between the Creator’s willing and ours? This question pushes beyond the biblical narrative to a more conceptualized and metaphysical discourse in which the difference between Creator and creature is displayed by God’s activity. Only a theology which describes God’s activity christologically is able to express fully the Creator/creature distinction.
Regulation of G2/M Progression by the STE Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Budding Yeast Filamentous Growth

Inoculation of diploid budding yeast onto nitrogen-poor agar media stimulates a MAPK pathway to promote filamentous growth. Characteristics of filamentous cells include a specific pattern of gene expression, elongated cell shape, polar budding pattern, persistent attachment to the mother cell, and a distinct cell cycle characterized by cell size control at G2/M. Although a requirement for MAPK signaling in filamentous gene expression is well established, the role of this pathway in the regulation of morphogenesis and the cell cycle remains obscure. We find that ectopic activation of the MAPK signal pathway induces a cell cycle shift to G2/M coordinately with other changes characteristic of filamentous growth. These effects are abrogated by overexpression of the yeast mitotic cyclins Clb1 and Clb2. In turn, yeast deficient for Clb2 or carrying cdc28-1N, an allele of CDK defective for mitotic functions, display enhanced filamentous differentiation and supersensitivity to the MAPK signal. Importantly, activation of Swe1-mediated inhibitory phosphorylation of Thr-18 and/or Tyr-19 of Cdc28 is not required for the MAPK pathway to affect the G2/M delay. Mutants expressing a nonphosphorylatable mutant Cdc28 or deficient for Swe1 exhibit low-nitrogen-dependent filamentous growth and are further induced by an ectopic MAPK signal. We infer that the MAPK pathway promotes filamentous growth by a novel mechanism that inhibits mitotic cyclin/CDK complexes and thereby modulates cell shape, budding pattern, and cell-cell connections.
Derivation of Linkage Ordered Gene Sets (LoGS) and Testing for Bias in its Implementation

Background: Autism is a complex disorder characterized by the involvement of multiple loci in the genome and genes. Our newly described methodology, Linkage ordered Gene Sets finds pathways important in complex diseases using genomic distances. We wanted to test whether such a derivation is biased because of the distribution of the underlying microsatellite loci. Further, we also describe in this paper the detailed design underpinning LoGS. Method: We derived a metric that tests whether the distribution of immune function genes (our primary finding in autism via LoGS) in the genome is biased in terms of the underlying microsatellite distribution. We also describe the design and working of LoGS. Results: Our results show that there is no bias for immune function either in the 29 loci that were used in our LoGS analysis as well as 30 randomly drawn loci repeated 1000 times. Conclusion: LoGS is a powerful methodology to probe the mechanisms underlying complex disorders. Our prior findings in autism are not emanating from any bias in the analysis introduced by LoGS.
Bayesian Asymptotic Theory in a Time Series Model with a Possible Nonstationary Process

Asymptotic normality of the Bayesian posterior is a well-known result for stationary dynamic models or nondynamic models. This paper extends the analysis to a time series model with a possible nonstationary process. We spell out conditions under which asymptotic normality of the posterior is obtained even if the true data-generation process is a nonstationary process.
Intramolecular Diels–Alder Cycloaddition of Furans (IMDAF) for Natural Product Synthesis

Abstract Certain aromatic heterocycles are known to undergo Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions despite their aromaticity and hence expected decreased reactivity. In particular, the furanyl ring system undergoes ready [4 + 2]-cycloadditions with a variety of dienophiles, such as activated alkenes, alkynes, or allenes. As highlighted in this mini-review, a growing area of interest in organic synthesis involves the use of tethered alkenyl substituted furans for the preparation of many natural products. Cascade reactions proceeding by an intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition are of substantial interest to the synthetic organic community because of the increase in molecular complexity involved and the higher isolated yields when compared to their stepwise counterparts. Central to these syntheses is the use of 2-heterosubstituted furans such as oxy- and aminofurans. The preparation of the robust 2-amido furanyl system makes use of a number of different procedures depending upon the scale and the specific furan desired. Elegant routes to a variety of alkaloid and polyoxygenated natural products have resulted from the basic methodology research on these amido-substituted furans.
The quantitative genetics of floral trait variation in Lobelia: potential constraints on adaptive evolution.

Although pollinator-mediated natural selection has been measured on many floral traits and in many species, the extent to which selection is constrained from producing optimal floral phenotypes is less frequently studied. In particular, negative correlations between flower size and flower number are hypothesized to be a major constraint on the evolution of floral displays, yet few empirical studies have documented such a trade-off. To determine the potential for genetic constraints on the adaptive evolution of floral displays, I estimated the quantitative genetic basis of floral trait variation in two populations of Lobelia siphilitica. Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) analyses of greenhouse- grown half-sib families were used to estimate genetic variances and covariances for flower number and six measures of flower size. There was significant genetic variation for all seven floral traits in both populations. Flower number was negatively genetically correlated with four measures of flower size in one population and three measures in the other. When the genetic variance-covariance matrices were combined with field estimates of phenotypic selection gradients, the predicted multivariate evolutionary response was less than or opposite in sign to the selection gradient for flower number and five of six measures of flower size, suggesting genetic constraints on the evolution of these traits. More generally, my results indicate that the adaptive evolution of floral displays can be constrained by trade- offs between flower size and number, as has been assumed by many theoretical models of floral evolution.
Contributions to accounting literature: A peer assessment of monographs

Abstract This paper presents results of a survey conducted to determine those monographs perceived by accounting academicians to have made the most significant contributions to the accounting literature. Based on responses from 471 academicians from 184 identifiable colleges and universities located in 47 states, a list of the top 15 ranked monographs was compiled. These top-ranked monographs, as selected by a broad cross-section of American academia, could serve as an important source of common knowledge for academicians and graduate students involved in the study of accounting theory.
Dynamics of bacterial populations in relation to carbon availability in a residue-amended soil

Bacterial response to alteration in C availability is important in understanding the microbial community structure and microbial interactions in soil ecosystems. Population dynamics of oligotrophic and copiotrophic bacteria in relation to soil C availability were examined and relationships between bacterial populations and water-extractable C, buffer-extractable C, mineralizable C or microbial biomass C were investigated. Both copiotrophs and oligotrophs were significantly stimulated by newly added C in the form of cover crop debris, but copiotrophs rapidly peaked at the very early stage of cover crop decomposition while peak populations of oligotrophs occurred at a later stage when available C decreased. Despite significant correlations between mineralizable C and water soluble C or buffer soluble C, dynamics of both copiotrophic and oligotrophic bacteria was best related to mineralizable C pool. Copiotrophs were logarithmically correlated to mineralizable C (p < 0.0001), while oligotrophs were quadratically related to mineralizable C (p < 0.0001), which is, to our knowledge, the first report showing that high C availability may have inhibited oligotrophs in natural soils. Oligotrophs were not significantly correlated to microbial biomass C, suggesting that oligotrophs only contributed a minor part to the soil microbial biomass pool. # 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Positive Curvature and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo

The Jacobi metric introduced in mathematical physics can be used to analyze Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC). In a geometrical setting, each step of HMC corresponds to a geodesic on a Riemannian manifold with a Jacobi metric. Our calculation of the sectional curvature of this HMC manifold allows us to see that it is positive in cases such as sampling from a high dimensional multivariate Gaussian. We show that positive curvature can be used to prove theoretical concentration results for HMC Markov chains.
Adipocyte Gene Expression Is Altered in Formerly Obese Mice and As a Function of Diet Composition

In the development of obesity, the source of excess energy may influence appetite and metabolism. To determine the effects of differences in diet composition in obesity, mice were fed either a high-carbohydrate diet (HC; 10% fat energy) or a high-fat energy-restricted diet (HFR; 60% fat energy) over 18 wk in weight-matched groups of mice. To identify obesity-associated genes with persistently altered expression following weight reduction, mice were fed either a standard low-fat diet (LF; 10% fat energy), an unrestricted high-fat diet (HF; 60% fat energy), or a HF diet followed by weight reduction (WR). Mice fed a HF diet had significantly greater gonadal fat mass and higher whole blood glucose concentrations than mice fed an HC diet. Of the mice fed a high-fat diet, total body weight and serum insulin concentrations were greater in HF than in HFR. Microarray analysis revealed that HF vs. HC feeding resulted in global differences in adipocyte gene expression patterns. Although we identified genes whose expression was altered in both moderately and severely obese mice, there were also a large number of genes with altered expression only in severe obesity. Formerly obese, WR mice did not differ significantly from lean controls in total body weight or physiological measures. However, microarray analysis revealed distinctly different patterns of adipocyte gene expression. Furthermore, there were 398 genes with altered expression in HF mice that persisted in WR mice. Genes with persistently altered expression following obesity may play a role in rebound weight gain following weight reduction.
Activation of multiple caspases and modification of cell surface fas (CD95) in proteasome inhibitor‐induced apoptosis of rat natural killer cells

The proteasome is a multi-subunit protease complex that is involved in intracellular protein degradation in eukaryotes. Previously, we have reported that selective, synthetic chymotryptic proteasome inhibitors inhibit A-NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity by approximately 50%; however, the exact role of the proteasome in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity remains unknown. Herein, we report that proteasome inhibitors, MG115 and MG132, decreased the proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity in the rat natural killer cell line RNK16 by 85% at a concentration of 5 microM. The viability of RNK16 cells was also reduced in the presence of these inhibitors. Both inhibitors induced the apoptosis of RNK16 cells, as shown by DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation and the appearance of sub-G-cell populations. An increase in the fraction of apoptotic cells was observed in a dose- and time-dependent manner in our studies. In addition, the activity of caspase-1, -2, -6, -7, -8, and -9, was increased following the treatment of RNK16 cells with these inhibitors. Further investigation revealed that the expression of Fas (CD95) protein on the RNK16 cell surface was increased after the treatment by MG115 or MG132, indicating that apoptosis induced by proteasome inhibitors in RNK16 cells might be mediated through the Fas (CD95)-mediated death pathway as well. Our studies indicate, for the first time, that proteasomal chymotryptic inhibitors can reduce natural killer cell viability and therefore indirectly inhibit cell-mediated cytotoxicity via the apoptosis-inducing properties of these agents.
Urine cystatin C as a biomarker of proximal tubular function immediately after kidney transplantation

Background/Aims: Clinical methods to predict allograft function soon after kidney transplantation are ineffective. Methods: We analyzed urine cystatin C (CyC) in
The stressors of non-marital sexual intercourse.

(1985). The Stressors of Non-marital Sexual Intercourse. Health Education: Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 21-23.
Correction of Lightning Effects on Water Content Reflectometer Soil Moisture Data

Soil moisture monitoring systems involving correlations with soil dielectric content measured using WCR (water content reflectometer) probes are susceptible to lightning-induced errors during field monitoring programs. These errors must be understood and corrected to use moisture data in geoenvironmental or hydrological applications. This study evaluated the effect of lightning on WCR measurements observed during the monitoring of four evapotranspirative landfill test covers. Several lightning strikes at the site caused unrealistic shifts in the inferred moisture content (from 0.001 to 3.900 m 3 m 23 ), which showed a time-dependent decay. A conceptual model for lightning strike effects was developed that allowed correction of affected WCR data. Because duplicate probes were available in this project, WCR corrections could be calibrated by minimizing the difference between the data from affected probes with data from unaffected probes to within 6 5m 3 m 23 . This led to a correlation useful in other cases where duplicate probes were not available. Assessment of the consistency of the corrected data included evaluation of wetting fronts, comparison of moisture changes against meteorological patterns, and comparisonof the corrected moisture content with upper-and lower-bound moisture content values.
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is often secondary to parenchymal lung disease (such as meconium aspiration syndrome) or lung hypoplasia (with congenital diaphragmatic hernia) but can also be idiopathic. PPHN is characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, resulting in right-to-left shunting of blood and hypoxemia. The diagnosis of PPHN is based on clinical evidence of labile hypoxemia often associated with differential cyanosis and confirmed by echocardiography. Lung volume recruitment with optimal use of positive end-expiratory pressure or mean airway pressure and/or surfactant is very important in secondary PPHN due to parenchymal lung disease. Other management strategies include optimal oxygenation, avoiding respiratory and metabolic acidosis, blood pressure stabilization, sedation, and pulmonary vasodilator therapy. Failure of these measures leads to consideration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, although this rescue therapy is needed less frequently with advances in medical management. Randomized clinical trials with long-term follow-up are required to evaluate various therapeutic strategies in PPHN.
Enhancement of Smith–Purcell radiation from a grating with surface-plasmon excitation

The Smith–Purcell radiation from a charge moving across a penetrable grating is studied. We account for the finite permittivity and the absorption effect of the grating and find that enhancement of the radiation will occur near particular angles of observation at which the phase-matching condition for the excitation of the surface-plasmon mode is satisfied.
Chronic Histopathological and Behavioral Outcomes of Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult Male Animals.

Abstract The purpose of this review is to survey the use of experimental animal models for studying the chronic histopathological and behavioral consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The strategies employed to study the long-term consequences of TBI are described, along with a summary of the evidence available to date from common experimental TBI models: fluid percussion injury; controlled cortical impact; blast TBI; and closed-head injury. For each model, evidence is organized according to outcome. Histopathological outcomes included are gross changes in morphology/histology, ventricular enlargement, gray/white matter shrinkage, axonal injury, cerebrovascular histopathology, inflammation, and neurogenesis. Behavioral outcomes included are overall neurological function, motor function, cognitive function, frontal lobe function, and stress-related outcomes. A brief discussion is provided comparing the most common experimental models of TBI and highlighting the utility of each model in understanding...
The isolation of wheat germ nuclei and some aspects of their glycolytic metabolism.

1. A procedure for isolating nuclei of the wheat germ in non-aqueous media has been described. 2. Such nuclei were shown to constitute about 50 per cent of the protoplasmic mass and to have a ribonucleic acid content of an order equivalent to that of the cytoplasm. 3. Studies of the distribution of the enzymes—aldolase, phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, enolase, and pyruvate kinase—have revealed that the nuclei are the most vigorous sites of glycolytic activity. 4. Analysis of the DPN content of the nuclei in calf tissues—liver, pancreas, and heart—pointed to the probability that glycolytic activity is a characteristic common to many nuclei. 5. The significance of glycolytic activity to nuclear function has been discussed and some suggestive comparisons made between the two energy-yielding systems of glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation.
Pepper Spray Cop and the American Dream: Using Synecdoche and Metaphor to Unlock Internet Memes’ Visual Political Rhetoric

Social media are increasingly important in protest movements for communication and organization. As such, scholars should consider these ephemeral messages as a tool for understanding such movements’ rhetoric. This article draws on Kjeldsen’s method for the critique of visual political rhetoric and adds consideration of intertextuality, synecdoche, and metaphor to demonstrate a method for the rhetorical analysis and a critique of Internet memes as visual, political rhetoric. The Pepper Spray Cop meme arising from Occupy Wall Street is presented as a case-study example. The article considers the centrality of the intertextual nature of memes as a unique form of visual rhetoric in activist contexts and contributes to the literature on user-generated and activist rhetoric.
An elementary particle constituent-quark model

A comparison of mesonmasses with baryonexcitation energies reveals a common mass-band structure, in which particles with a variety of quantum numbers are grouped together. These quantized mass values seemingly mandate a constituent-quark (CQ) viewpoint. By studying the meson and baryonyrast states, we can deduce the masses and spin values of some of the constituent quarks. A comprehensive CQ model is presented that reproduces the observed spectrum of hadrons and leptons. These CQ quarks include the standard u, d, s, c, b set of quarks as a subset. The quark generation process, which features characteristic mass triplings, is a key ingredient of this CQ model. All of the constituent-quark masses are formed from a set of three basic masses, two spinning and one spinless, which are directly related to the masses of the electron, muon, and pion. The mass quantum X=420 MeV is a dominant excitation state that dictates meson, baryon, and lepton mass values. The quantum X occurs in bothS=0 andS=1 spin configurations, and it serves as a «window» for transformations between orbital and spin angular momenta. The fully relativistic spinning sphere, with its distinctive 3/2 mass increase, provides an isoergic link between spinless and spinning excitation quanta. The fine-structure constant α and the charge-splitting quantum e=9m e provide links between quarks and leptons. Particle lifetimes and decay modes reflect constituent-quark substructures.
Using Phylogenetic Profiles to Predict Functional Relationships

Phylogenetic profiling involves the comparison of phylogenetic data across gene families. It is possible to construct phylogenetic trees, or related data structures, for specific gene families using a wide variety of tools and approaches. Phylogenetic profiling involves the comparison of this data to determine which families have correlated or coupled evolution. The underlying assumption is that in certain cases these couplings may allow us to infer that the two families are functionally related: that is their function in the cell is coupled. Although this technique can be applied to noncoding genes, it is more commonly used to assess the function of protein coding genes. Examples of proteins that are functionally related include subunits of protein complexes, or enzymes that perform consecutive steps along biochemical pathways. We hypothesize the deletion of one of the families from a genome would then indirectly affect the function of the other. Dozens of different implementations of the phylogenetic profiling technique have been developed over the past decade. These range from the first simple approaches that describe phylogenetic profiles as binary vectors to the most complex ones that attempt to model to the coevolution of protein families on a phylogenetic tree. We discuss a set of these implementations and present the software and databases that are available to perform phylogenetic profiling.
Rapid Detection of Subclinical Atherosclerosis: Potential Implications for Primary Prevention in LMIC

GLOBAL HEART © 2013 World Heart Federation (Geneva). Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. VOL. 8, NO. 2, 2013 ISSN 2211-8160/$36.00. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.gheart.2013.05.004 This axiom, applied to health, is as true today as it was when it was originally quoted in reference to fire safety. Acute atherothrombotic cardiovascular events such as acute coronary syndromes, ischemic stroke, and sudden death are often (nearly 50% of the time) the first clinical manifestation of occult vascular disease in subjects unaware of existence of pre-symptomatic atherosclerosis. The overall burden of cardiovascular disease worldwide is significant, and nearly two-thirds of it originates from lowand middle-income countries (LMIC) [1,2]. This very high burden of cardiovascular disease in developing nations threatens the economy of underprivileged nations because many victims tend to be young with substantial earning potential. Preventing such first and unheralded acute cardiovascular events is important because adoption of a healthy lifestyle and risk factor control can prevent such events in the asymptomatic population as well as in patients with known cardiovascular disease (primary and secondary prevention) [3,4]. In this regard, identifying seemingly healthy and asymptomatic individuals at potential risk for acute atherothrombotic events in the near term becomes relevant. At-risk individuals can be costeffectively targeted for lifestyle modification as well as more aggressive long-term interventions including pharmacotherapy (statins, aspirin, etc.), whereas low-risk or not-at-risk individuals can be spared the expense and side effects of aggressive pharmacotherapy, and they can continue to be encouraged to adopt and maintain a healthy lifestyle [5]. The traditional approach to risk assessment is based on various risk scores (Framingham risk score, Reynold risk score, etc.) that tally risk factors associated with cardiovascular events, as defined in various epidemiologic studies. All these indirect methods suffer from the drawback that individual risk assessment is difficult; on one hand, many individuals with such risk factors never develop cardiovascular events, and on the other, a significant number develop cardiovascular events without the traditional risk factors [5,6]. Identification of subclinical atherosclerosis, the underlying basis for atherothrombosis, is an appealing target in this regard because it reflects the cumulative end result of known and unknown risk factors as well as known and unknown risk mitigators. Therefore, subclinical atherosclerosis is likely to more accurately identify high-risk as well as very-low-risk individuals [5,6].
Pathologic Implications of Prostate Biopsy

Information included in pathology reports has a critical role in patient management. Descriptions of samples positive for prostate cancer should include information on the location of relevant cores, histologic subtypes, and Gleason scoring although the calculation and interpretation of this scoring method is currently under debate. The amount of cancer found in the biopsy cores, extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion, and perineural invasion must be documented. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and atypical glands suspicious for prostate cancer should be reported because their presence is associated with prostate cancer detection on repeat biopsy. Emerging molecular prognostic markers are extremely promising for prostate cancer diagnosis. Whereas many types of molecular evaluation are already in widespread use, others require large, prospective studies to be validated for inclusion in routine practice.