cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are wild populations ideally distributed? Variations in density-dependent habitat use by age class in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

We examined relationships between abundance and habitat use in three age classes of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Stewiacke River, Nova Scotia, Canada. Using stream gradient as a proxy for habitat quality, we used a double half normal function, modified to include density dependence, to model the relationship between habitat quality and fish density. We found that density was asymmetrically distributed around a similar optimum gradient for all three age classes regardless of abundance. Habitat use was highly density-dependent for age-0 and age-1 juveniles, but not for age-2+ salmon. As abundance of age-0 and age-1 salmon increased, their relative density decreased in low-gradient habitat and increased in higher-gradient habitat, although their absolute density increased in all stream gradient categories. Varia- tion in habitat use was consistent with ideal free theory for age-1 juveniles in high-gradient habitat, but not in low-gradient habitat. Age-2+ individuals appeared not to modify their distribution among habitats, even though increasing competition changes the relative benefit of low-gradient habitat in terms of resource acquisition. In contrast, age-1 individuals re- sponded to increased competition by modifying their distribution along the habitat gradient, even though this may have slightly reduced an individual's potential for growth. Resume´ : Nous examinons les relations entre l'abondance et l'utilisation des habitats chez trois classes d'age de saumons atlantiques (Salmo salar) juveniles dans la riviere Stewiacke, Nouvelle-Ecosse, Canada. En utilisant la pente du cours d'eau comme variable de remplacement de la qualitede l'habitat, nous modelisons, al'aide d'une fonction normale semi- double modifiee pour inclure la densitedependance, la relation entre la qualitede l'habitat et la densitedes poissons. Nous observons que la densitese repartit de facon asymetrique autour d'une pente optimale similaire pour les trois classes d'age, independamment de la densite´. L'utilisation de l'habitat est fortement dependante de la densitechez les jeunes d'ages 0 et 1, mais non chez les saumons d'age 2+. Amesure que la densitedes saumons d'age 0 et 1 augmente, leur den-
Testing for Favorable Numbers on a Roulette Wheel

Abstract We are forced to accept as [an] alternative that the random spinning of a roulette manufactured and daily readjusted with extraordinary care is not obedient to the laws of chance, but is chaotic in its manifestations! (Karl Pearson 1894) Given integers k ≥ k 0 ≥ 2, a test of fixed sample size and a sequential test are constructed for the purpose of testing the null hypothesis that max1≤i≤k p i ≤ 1/k 0, against the alternative that max1≤i≤k p i > 1/k 0, where p 1, …, pk are the parameters of a multinomial distribution with k cells. Results are applied to the problem of testing for favorable numbers on a roulette wheel, in which case k = 38 and k 0 = 36, thereby providing a partial solution to a problem posed by Wilson (1965).
Mapping of Pythium insidiosum hyphal antigens and ultrastructural features using TEM.

Abstract Pythium insidiosum, the aetiological agent of pythiosis, has been reported to cause disease in mammals. Although several aspects of this pathogen have been extensively investigated, its ultra-structural features and the location and characterization of the antigens expressed during infection have yet to be examined. During this study the ultrastructural characteristics and the mapping of P. insidiosum hyphal antigens from in vitro cultures were investigated. The ultrastructural study showed similarities between the hyphal features of this mammalian pathogen and other Pythium spp. Using immuno-electron microscopy and protein-A colloidal gold (PACG)-labelling, anti- P. insidiosum antibodies from the sera of infected hosts (bovine, canine, equine, feline, and human), were found to bind specifically to several cytoplasmic and cell wall antigens within the hyphae of P. insidiosum . The anti- P. insidiosum antibodies present in the sera from an infected feline showed only 85 % gold binding, whereas the PACG particles failed to bind to the canine antibodies. The mapping of the hyphal antigens of P. insidiosum could be of importance for the specific selection of these antigens and their future molecular characterization. In addition, the antigens of P. insidiosum detected by sera from infected hosts could be used as purified antigens in the diagnosis and the immunotherapy of pythiosis.
The use of neutron activation analysis in pollination ecology

Neutron activation analysis in pollination ecology was examined with particular regard to external application of indicator elements. Movement of elements between flowers can be detected after external application either to the anthers or, in members of the Asteraceae, to the entire head. This technique is potentially useful in studying pollen flow within and between populations and in detecting flower constancy of pollinators. This technique is advantageous when compared with the use of radioactive tracers because potential health and environmental hazards inherent in the field use of unstable isotopes are eliminated.
Spontaneous regression of advanced endometrial carcinoma

The phenomenon of spontaneous regression of cancer is rarely seen or proven, but the sporadic cases reported encourage scientists from the various fields of human biology to search for an explanation for these amazing anecdotal events. Metastatic endometrial carcinoma has a grave prognosis and few patients survive more than 5 years. A case of Stage IV endometrial carcinoma in a patient who received partial treatment but has survived for 18 years without evidence of disease is presented. Apparently, spontaneous regression does occur, although the characteristics of such a phenomenon are yet unknown.
Goldstone mode of chiral symmetry in quantum chromodynamics

We examine the Dyson qeuation for the quark propagator and the Ward identity for the quark-gluon vertex function in the framework of the gauge technique with the object of investigating broken chiral symmetry in quantum chromodynamics with massless quarks. We find that the chiral-symmetric Wigner-Weyl solution is realized only when the transverse part of the quark-gluon vertex is suppressed; its presence necessarily requires the spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry.
Time dependent simulation of active flying height control of TFC sliders

A time-dependent numerical simulation procedure is implemented to simulate the flying height response of a typical thermal flying height control (TFC) slider as a function of the power input to the heater element. The Reynolds equation is used in conjunction with a TFC slider finite element model to determine the change in the thermal protrusion and flying height of the slider. The power input signal to the heater element is optimized using convex optimization to minimize flying height variations of the slider. The optimization procedure is applied to a typical experimentally measured flying height profile. The numerical simulation results are in excellent qualitative agreement with experimental measurements.
Risk Factors for Adverse Outcome in Persons With Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Objective To identify risk factors for death and respiratory failure in persons with penicillin-sensitive pneumococcal bacteremia and pneumonia from data available at initial clinical evaluation. Design Retrospective chart review of persons with pneumococcal bacteremia and pneumonia. Setting Tertiary care medical center (University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento). Patients One hundred two consecutive adults admitted to the hospital for treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia with bacteremia. Results Of 102 persons, 25 (25%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 17 to 34%) died and 17 (16%; 95% CI, 10 to 25%) survived mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. In univariate analyses, persons with preexisting lung disease (relative risk [RR], 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.1), initial body temperature Conclusions Risk factors identified at hospital admission can predict the outcome in persons with pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia. Identifying these factors may allow earlier use of intensive care or more aggressive treatment. Independent of age, nosocomially acquired infections were the greatest risk factor for death or respiratory failure.
Feeding ecology of the orb-weaving spiderArgiope aurantia [Araneae: Araneidae] in a cotton agroecosystem

Twenty females of the orb-weaving spiderArgiope aurantia Lucas were introduced into a cotton field in east Texas in order to study the feeding ecology of this spider. In the 24 h after the release of these spiders in the cotton field, one had moved over a distance of 53 m. The released spiders spun webs with an average diameter of 33.5 cm with the hub an average of 39 cm above the ground. The diet ofA. aurantia was diverse which characterizes this species as a food generalist. Major food components were aphids (30%), Diptera (26.8%), grasshoppers (17.9%), and Hymenoptera (12.6%). The spiders' prey length ranged from 0.4 to 47 mm (mean =7.7±0.83 mm). Adult females ofA. aurantia have the potential to kill prey of up to ca. 200% of their own size. However, two-thirds of the prey items had a length of <3 mm, while only 25% of the prey items had a length of ≥20 mm.A. aurantia was found to be a predator of the cotton fleahopper (about 1% of the spiders' diet), which is a key pest of cotton.
Paleomagnetically derived folding rates, southern Pyrenees, Spain

Well-dated syntectonic unconformities with the Spanish Pyrenees allow characterization of sedimentation and deformation within an orogenic foreland. The Spanish Pyrenees are composed of a south-vergent thrust belt and foreland basin in which folds developed both parallel and perpendicular to tectonic transport. Unconformity geometries and magnetostratigraphic data from synorogenic strata provide a precise temporal framework for the quantitative analysis of the Mediano anticline, the largest of the transverse folds. Folding began in the early Eocene and ended by ∼42 Ma at which time an anticline 20 km long and ∼5 km in wavelength had been produced. Angular and progressive unconformities within syntectonic sedimentary units preserve the history of fold development. Fold growth resulted from west-ward salt movement driven by prograding sediments and was characterized by 2-3 m.y. intervals of slow continuous limb tilting, 2.2°-4.2°/m.y., preserved as progressive unconformities within syntectonic strata. Because the emplacement of the Cotiella-Montsec thrust sheet was episodic, intervals of slow fold growth were punctuated by intervals lasting
Extensive Boulder Erosion Resulting from a Range Fire on the Type-Pinedale Moraines, Fremont Lake, Wyoming

In July 1988, the FlatFish Range Fire burned over the type-Pinedale moraines at Fremont Lake, Wyoming, and caused extensive exfoliation of exposed boulder surfaces. The mass of exfoliated material from 130 of 1030 boulders investigated was measured and recorded with information concerning factors that could influence the extent of fire-induced exfoliation. The range in thickness of material removed from 98 randomly selected boulders within the burn area (averaged over the entire exposed boulder surface area) is 6.1 to < 0.1 mm. The mean thickness loss for all 98 boulders is 0.9 mm/fire and the expected loss from individual boulders (median) is 0.4 mm/fire. At the 95% confidence level there is no significant relationship between the degree of exfoliation and boulder size, lithology, grain size, proximity to vegetation, or vegetation density. The expected fire-induced boulder surface erosion rates range from 5.9 to 0.3 x 10-3 mm/yr on boulders in sagebrush rangeland where fire recurrence intervals are typically every 20 to 400 yr. Fire-induced exfoliation may account for differences in boulder size and abundance on Pinedale and Bull Lake moraines. Surface dating methods using varnish or cosmogenic nuclides may yield exposure ages that are too young if the consequences of range fires are not considered when sampling boulder surfaces that are within about 2 m above ground level.
Insulin insensitivity in adrenal hyperplasia due to nonclassical steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency.

To determine whether hyperandrogenism caused by an inborn error of adrenal steroidogenesis could produce insulin resistance, we examined insulin sensitivity in females with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Minimal modelling was used to analyze the results of tolbutamide-modified, frequently sampled, iv glucose tolerance testing. Insulin sensitivity [Si; (min-1) (microU/mL)-1] was plotted against body mass index (BMI; defined as kilograms per m2). Six patients with nonclassical 21-hydroxylase deficiency (mean age, 27 yr; mean BMI, 23.2) underwent testing. None of these patients was in active puberty, nor was any patient being treated with glucocorticoids at the time of the study. Twelve eumenorrheic nonhyperandrogenic young adult female control subjects (mean age, 27 yr; mean BMI, 22.4) were also tested. The basal 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentration, but not the total serum testosterone level, was significantly different in the two groups (mean +/- SEM, 11,987 +/- 2,761 vs. 4,059 +/- 802 pmol/L; P < 0.05). As a...
Nucleic acid sensor and fluid handling for detection of bacterial pathogens

Abstract An embedded controller with a keypad user interface was used to operate a nucleic acid sensor with fluid handling and real-time PCR capabilities. The sensor system consisted of pumps and valves for fluid transfer, a fluorometer composed of a light emitting diode, photodiode, and signal conditioning circuitry, a thermoelectric module for heating and cooling the reaction chamber, and power switching circuitry. The amplification and dissociation results of the SYBR Green real-time PCR test were downloaded to a PC for evaluation. Extracted Salmonella DNA in autoclaved water was automatically mixed with real-time PCR reagents and loaded into a glass reaction chamber. Alternating positive and negative control reactions were run, and the Salmonella sample carrying line was automatically cleaned with a combination of reagents following each reaction. Evaluation of amplification, dissociation, and agarose gel electrophoresis data indicated that DNA carry-over contamination and inhibition of PCR by the cleaning reagents were not significant problems, and therefore it was possible to reuse the same sample carrying line between runs.
Limitations on vertically polarized ground-based antennas as gain standards

Ground-based monopoles are not suitable standard-gain antennas because their power gain, at low elevation angles especially, is much less than that for the same monopole fed against infinite perfectly conducting ground, and the power gain achieved may vary as much as 3 dB or more as the moisture content of the ground changes. Low-angle approximations are given to show the effect of reflection coefficient on power gain for a quarter-wave monopole fed against a ground plane on imperfect ground and a horizontal half-wave dipole above imperfect ground. Low-angle dipole power gain variations are several tenths of a dB; monopole variations are several dB for ground constants varying from \epsilon_{r} = 4, \sigma =0.02 mho/m to \epsilon_{r} = 10, \sigma = 0.06 mho/m. Monopole power gain data are grouped according to test range moisture conditions at the time of measurement, and a statistical analysis of the resulting data is briefly discussed.
Self-aligned Ti and Co silicides for high performance sub-0.18 μm CMOS technologies

Abstract An overview of the development of advanced Ti and Co self-aligned silicide (SALICIDE) processes for deep-sub micron high performance CMOS technologies at Texas Instruments is presented. SALICIDES are a key factor for scaling of high-performance CMOS devices. They are used to lower sheet resistance of gate and source/drain regions, contact resistance and source/drain series resistance, increasing device performance and lowering RC delays to allow faster operation. Their applicability to deep-sub-micron technologies is determined by the fundamental materials aspects controlling silicide phase formation and evolution, as well as process integration issues such as effect of subsequent processing steps on the silicide films or effects of silicide related process steps on transistor characteristics. The main scaling issues for conventional processes, high resistivity on narrow lines for Ti SALICIDE and high diode leakage on shallow junctions for Co SALICIDE, are addressed. Detailed kinetic studies of the high resistivity to low resistivity phase transformations (TiSi2 C49 to C54 and CoSi to CoSi2) and their dependence on linewidth and film thickness are presented. A nucleation density model is shown to account for the measured linewidth dependence and effect of pre-amorphization implants on the TiSi2 C49 to C54 transformation and explain, as a result, narrow line sheet resistance. This overview covers studies on rapid thermal processing (RTP) for Ti and for Co SALICIDE, pre-amorphization implants and Mo impurities which allowed the first demonstration of low resistivity Ti SALICIDE at 0.10 μm gate lengths, as well as applications to sub-0.18 μm CMOS technologies and integration issues.
Sex difference in daily water consumption of rats: Effect of housing and hormones

Abstract Females rats consume more water than males per day when consumption is indexed to body weight. We examined the developmental expression of this sex difference as well as the organizational and activational influences of testosterone (T). The amount of water consumed from weaning to adulthood exhibited a linear decrease with age in both sexes. The development of a sex difference in water consumption was evident immediately after weaning in singly housed animals, but did not emerge until about Day 42–45 in group-housed animals, when females began to consume greater amounts of water than males. Castration at weaning had minimal effects of the sex difference. Treating dams with testosterone propionate (TP; 0.3 mg/kg; E15–E20) resulted in a significant increase in adult water consumption in offspring of both sexes, but the sex difference remained. Overall, these data indicate that gonadal steroids are not the primary organizational influence on this sex difference. The greater water consumption in females is consistent with other studies demonstrating sex differences in plasma vasopressin levels, as well as differences in vasopressin sensitivity.
Redescription and Neotype Designation for Okanagana noveboracensis (Emmons, 1854) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Abstract Okanagana noveboracensis (Emmons) is redescribed and a neotype designated to clarify the taxon. The type locality for the species becomes Buffalo, Erie County, New York. Diagnostic characters to differentiate the species from O. rimosa are provided.
Cardiac valve replacement in human immunodeficiency virus–infected patients

Abstract Background Valve replacement in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients is being performed with increasing frequency, but the early and late results in these immunocompromised patients are not known. Methods A 10-year retrospective clinical review was undertaken; patients and their physicians were contacted for follow-up clinical status. Results Twenty-two HIV-infected patients underwent valve replacement between 1990 and 1999, with no operative or hospital deaths. Mean patient age was 37.6 years; 15 were men. Indications for operation were heart failure in 59% (13/22) and sepsis in 91% (20/22). There were 12 aortic valve replacements, seven mitral valve replacements, and three double valve replacements. Mechanical valves were used in 11, bioprostheses in seven, and homografts in four. Follow-up information was available in 20 of 22 patients (84%). At mean follow-up of 5 years, there were 10 late deaths, due to: intracerebral hemorrhage (2), heart failure (2), unknown cause (2), renal failure (1), AIDS (1), sepsis (1) and endocarditis (1). Of the 20 patients with active preoperative endocarditis, 4 (20%) developed recurrent endocarditis; freedom from recurrent endocarditis was 83% at 1 year. Intravenous drug abuse was reported in 16 patients; survival among these patients was 94% at 1 month and 50% at 5 years. Recurrent endocarditis was only seen in patients with continued intravenous drug abuse. Conclusions Valve replacement in HIV-infected patients has low operative risk, but late results are poor when HIV infection is associated with intravenous drug abuse, probably due to immunocompromise and continued high-risk behavior.
Non-esterified fatty acids and the liver: why is insulin secreted into the portal vein?

Aims/hypothesis. Insulin control of glucose output is a major mechanism by which appropriate amounts of glucose are produced to supply energy to the central nervous system, without causing long-term increases of the plasma glucose concentration. It is hypothesised that the primary route by which insulin maintains control over glucose production is indirect and is mediated by regulation of non-esterified fatty acid release from the adipocyte. The question arises as to why evolution has chosen insulin to be secreted into the portal vein, if control of the liver is partially or primarily indirect. It is suggested that alterations in hepatic insulin clearance which attend increases in central adiposity are an important part of the compensation for insulin resistance and limit the necessity for up-regulation of insulin secretion in insulin resistance secondary to central adiposity.¶Methods. Review of research from author's group and other laboratories.¶Results. Data over the previous decade indicate that suppression of glucose output by increased insulin is a relatively slow process, much slower than the rate of binding of insulin to hepatocytes. One explanation is that insulin acts on an extrahepatic tissue, which in turn alters a signal to the liver, reducing glucose output. Additional evidence for an extrahepatic primary effect of insulin emerges from experiments in which insulin was given portally or peripherally at half the portal dose. Endogenous glucose production was related to systemic, not portal insulin, supporting the concept that the primary step in insulin's action on liver is on some other tissue, altering signalling to the liver itself. Strong correlation between plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and liver glucose output suggests that the primary effect is on the adipocyte. The primacy of the adipocyte locus for the insulin effect included data that insulin's action on liver is prevented when plasma NEFA are maintained, as well as data showing proportional decline in glucose production and fatty acids when antilipolysis is induced by an adenosine agonist.¶Why then, from an evolutionary point of view is insulin secreted into the portal vein? Institution of central adiposity in dogs with fat feeding causes hepatic insulin resistance, at least partially due to the provision of NEFA in portal blood. The initial response to resistance is enhanced beta-cell sensitivity to glucose; a secondary compensation is, however, a substantial reduction in liver clearance, allowing for a greater proportion of secreted insulin to reach muscle, where it can more efficiently stimulate glucose utilisation.¶Conclusion/interpretation. Non-esterified fatty acids act as a signal as well as a metabolic substrate. They can regulate glucose utilisation in muscle and apparently are important signals to the liver and the beta cells as well. The importance of portal vein NEFA concentrations to the function of the liver could explain insulin resistance of the liver with central pattern obesity. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 946–952]
Factors Regulating Bone Maturity and Strength in Poultry

Adolescent meat-type poultry and cage layers exhibit a high incidence of bone problems that include bone weakness, deformity, breakage, and infection and osteoporosis-related mortalities. These problems include economic and welfare issues. To improve bone quality in poultry, it is essential to understand the physiological basis of bone maturity and strength in poultry. A complex array of factors that include structural, architectural, compositional, physiological, and nutritional factors interactively determine bone quality and strength. Bone is approximately 70% mineral, 20% organic, and 10% water. Collagen is the major organic matrix that confers tensile strength to the bone, whereas hydroxyapatite provides compressional strength. In recent years, the roles of different collagen crosslinks have been shown to be important in the increase of bone mechanical strength. Similarly, age-related glyco-oxidative modifications of collagen have been shown to increase the stiffness of collagen. These posttranslational modifications of matrix can affect bone quality as it would be affected by the changes in the mineralization process. Our studies show that the growth in the tibia continued until 25 wk of age, which correlated with the increase in the content of hydroxylysylpridinoline (HP) and lysylpyridinoline (LP), the collagen crosslinks. The tibia from 5-wk-old chicks were strong but brittle because of low collagen crosslinks and high mineral content. Bone maturity may relate to its crosslink content. Compared to crosslink content, bone density and ash content showed moderate increases during growth. The bones from younger turkeys were more susceptible to corticosteroid-induced stunting of growth, which also resulted in decreased bone strength. This review discusses how different factors can compromise bone strength by reducing growth, altering shape, affecting mineralization, and affecting collagen crosslinking.
High resolution x-ray spectra from molybdenum ions in the Alcator C tokamak

We report on measurements of the x-ray line emission in the wavelength region $\ensuremath{\lambda}=4.3\ensuremath{-}5.3$ \AA{} from molybdenum in charge states between 28+ and 32+. The experimental results were compared with calculated line spectra (also presented) which facilitated the identification of many of the principal $2p\ensuremath{-}3d$, $2s\ensuremath{-}3p$, and $2p\ensuremath{-}3s$ transitions. Some indications of weaker satellite-line contributions were also found. The principal $2p\ensuremath{-}3d$ transitions were found to be the dominant ones. In particular, ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{32+}$ gave stronger contributions than other charge states for our plasma condition of ${T}_{e}=1.0\ensuremath{-}1.5$ keV while available calculations of relative ion abundances have predicted ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{32+}$ to be relatively strongest at ${T}_{e}=2.5\ensuremath{-}3.0$ keV.
Complete Dissociation of an ATP-Binding Cassette Nucleotide-Binding Domain during the Hydrolysis Cycle

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins catalyze the transport of substrates across membranes. Many ABC proteins, including P-glycoprotein, pump substrates out of the cells. There are two competing models to explain the mechanism of ABC exporters: 1) AThe alternating-access model, where large conformational changes take place during the transport cycle as a consequence of ATP-induced nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) dimerization. 2) An alternative model, which suggests that the power stroke triggered by ATP binding consists of only moderate rearrangements, with the NBDs in contact at all times during the transport cycle. Here, we performed experiments on isolated bacterial NBDs using luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) and tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy, to assess monomer association/dissociation in real time. We used MJ0976, a NBD from the thermophile M. jannaschii, as a model. We found that: 1) The dependence of dimerization for MgATP is stronger (Kd of ∼ 5 μM) than that for NaATP (∼80 μM). 2) The rate of dimerization increased >10-fold in MgATP vs. NaATP. 3) A steady-state dynamic equilibrium is reached in MgATP, with ∼50% of the protein in dimeric form. 4) The dimers completely dissociate into monomers during the hydrolysis cycle. Our observations support ABC protein models involving NBDs association/dissociation. This work was supported grants from CPRIT (RP101073) and NIH (R01GM79629 and R01GM079629-03S1R01).
Absorption of CO laser radiation by NO

The paper describes absorption calculations and measurements at selected infrared CO laser wavelengths which are nearly coincident with absorption lines in the fundamental vibration-rotation band of NO near 5.3 microns. Initial work was directed towards establishing the optimal CO laser-NO absorption line coincidence for high temperature applications. Measurements of the absorption coefficient at this optimal laser wavelength were carried out, first using a room-temperature absorption cell for high-temperature calculations and then using a shock tube, for the temperature range 630-4000 K, to validate the high temperature calculations.
Sparsity-regularized photon-limited imaging

In many medical imaging applications (e.g., SPECT, PET), the data are a count of the number of photons incident on a detector array. When the number of photons is small, the measurement process is best modeled with a Poisson distribution. The problem addressed in this paper is the estimation of an underlying intensity from photon-limited projections where the intensity admits a sparse or low-complexity representation. This approach is based on recent inroads in sparse reconstruction methods inspired by compressed sensing. However, unlike most recent advances in this area, the optimization formulation we explore uses a penalized negative Poisson loglikelihood objective function with nonnegativity constraints (since Poisson intensities are naturally nonnegative). This paper describes computational methods for solving the nonnegatively constrained sparse Poisson inverse problem. In particular, the proposed approach incorporates sequential separable quadratic approximations to the log-likelihood and computationally efficient partition-based multiscale estimation methods.
Interparental violence: the children as victims

The effects of emotional as well as physical abuse toward children have become a matter of great concern and study among health care professionals as well as social scientists and educators. The signs and symptoms of child abuse are familiar to many professionals working with children. However, when violence occurs between parents but is not directed toward children, the effects on children may be overlooked or overshadowed by great parental need.
SILICON VALLEY'S HIGH-VELOCITY LABOR MARKET

The remarkable growth of Silicon Valley has often been linked to its high-velocity labor market, as characterized by short-term hiring and frequent employee departures to competitors or start-ups. Such employee mobility is said to contribute to economic growth by facilitating rapid diffusion of information among firms. Law, nearly everywhere, is a potential obstacle to Silicon Valley-style growth. In nearly all European countries, the problem is labor laws that discourage the creation of short-term employment relations and saddle employers with significant obligations when jobs are eliminated. In America, the legal obstacle to the creation of high-velocity labor markets is the law of covenants not to compete and trade secrets. California law, however, does not permit effective enforcement of either covenants not to compete or trade secret agreements. California companies that have sued departing employees have usually lost the suits, suffered damage to their reputations in their industry, and had difficulty recruiting employees. After showing how this result has been achieved by the California legal system, this article goes on to explain why a labor market in which employees have information that is valuable to employers, and in which long-term contracting is not feasible, may be economically efficient (in spite of a potentially dampening effect on corporate R & D). A high-velocity labor market functions more like an information market than like the traditional labor markets analyzed by economists; by spreading information more rapidly, it eliminates much wasteful duplication of effort and achieves more rapid “convergence” on solutions to technological problems—which in turn creates more growth opportunities and start-ups. In making this argument, the author draws on Paul Romer's model of economic growth in which growth rests on “increasing returns” to information. Following Romer, the author suggests that the economic benefits of information diffusion achieved by labor mobility are likely to outweigh the risks that companies will underinvest in research because of their reduced ability to protect trade secrets.
Self-Limited versus Delayed Resolution of Acute Inflammation: Temporal Regulation of Pro-Resolving Mediators and MicroRNA

Mechanisms underlying delays in resolution programs of inflammation are of interest for many diseases. Here, we addressed delayed resolution of inflammation and identified specific microRNA (miR)-metabolipidomic signatures. Delayed resolution initiated by high-dose challenges decreased miR-219-5p expression along with increased leukotriene B4 (5-fold) and decreased (~3-fold) specialized pro-resolving mediators, e.g. protectin D1. Resolvin (Rv)E1 and RvD1 (1 nM) reduced miR-219-5p in human macrophages, not shared by RvD2 or PD1. Since mature miR-219-5p is produced from pre-miRs miR-219-1 and miR-219-2, we co-expressed in human macrophages a 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) 3′UTR-luciferase reporter vector together with either miR-219-1 or miR-219-2. Only miR-219-2 reduced luciferase activity. Apoptotic neutrophils administered into inflamed exudates in vivo increased miR-219-2-3p expression and PD1/NPD1 levels as well as decreased leukotriene B4. These results demonstrate that delayed resolution undermines endogenous resolution programs, altering miR-219-2 expression, increasing pro-inflammatory mediators and compromising SPM production that contribute to failed catabasis and homeostasis.
Industrial simulation on parallel computers

Parallel computers have demonstrated their principle suitability for numerical simulation during the eighties and early nineties. In particular, they were able to provide a cost-eAective means of achieving high performance computing (HPC) power. Even so, there was only a limited impact of this technology on industrial computing. In order to foster the take-up of this technology by industrial users, the European Commission launched a number of projects as part of the Esprit programme to parallelize commercial application programs, to demonstrate, document and disseminate the benefits of parallel architectures, and to explore the potential of parallel simulation in new application areas. Large-scale technology transfer initiatives such as Europort, 1 Europort-D and Preparatory Support and Transfer Programme (PST) aimed at helping the industry in Europe to exploit the benefits of HPC, based on parallel computing, thus increasing their competitiveness. This paper gives a review on major activities and highlights their impact on industry by means of some selected examples. ” 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Power/Energy: Solar Power Satellites: Microwaves deliver the power: Kilometer-diameter antennas would be used in this super system to transmit power to ground-based rectifying antennas

Discusses a microwave transmission system to convert solar energy and deliver to the earth as microwaves from a network of solar power satellites. The requirements to be met and the problems as yet unsolved are pointed out which are technological as well as constructional.
Rapid Neurologic Assessment and Initial Management for the Patient with Traumatic Dental Injuries

Because early diagnosis of neurologic injury is crucial to preventing secondary progressive neuropathologic involvement, dental practitioners should be familiar with a means of quickly assessing the neurologic status of a patient with injuries to the region of the head and neck. A protocol for assessing neurologic status and for management of injured patients is presented.
IMAGING AND MANAGEMENT OF ATYPICAL TESTICULAR MASSES

Most testicular masses are germ cell malignancies and require radical orchiectomy. There are other causes of testicular masses, however, some of which have characteristic imaging and clinical features. A presumptive diagnosis may be possible for some of these atypical testicular masses. This may result in testis-preserving surgery or nonoperative management.
Diagnosis of Tourette syndrome in childhood. The need for heightened awareness

Acquired movement disorders in children can present a diagnostic dilemma. Chorea, dystonia, and atypical seizures must be distinguished from simple or complex tics. The combination of chronic motor and vocal tics, Tourette syndrome, may in some children be associated with thought and behavioral disorders, sleep disturbances, headaches, and school difficulties (e.g., attention deficit disorder). The increasing numbers of children recognized as having Tourette syndrome, its broadening clinical spectrum and frequent familial nature are detailed in this review.
Automated extraction of non-functional requirements in available documentation

While all systems have non-functional requirements (NFRs), they may not be explicitly stated in a formal requirements specification. Furthermore, NFRs may also be externally imposed via government regulations or industry standards. As some NFRs represent emergent system proprieties, those NFRs require appropriate analysis and design efforts to ensure they are met. When the specified NFRs are not met, projects incur costly re-work to correct the issues. The goal of our research is to aid analysts in more effectively extracting relevant non-functional requirements in available unconstrained natural language documents through automated natural language processing. Specifically, we examine which document types (data use agreements, install manuals, regulations, request for proposals, requirements specifications, and user manuals) contain NFRs categorized to 14 NFR categories (e.g. capacity, reliability, and security). We measure how effectively we can identify and classify NFR statements within these documents. In each of the documents evaluated, we found NFRs present. Using a word vector representation of the NFRs, a support vector machine algorithm performed twice as effectively compared to the same input to a multinomial naive Bayes classifier. Our k-nearest neighbor classifier with a unique distance metric had an F1 measure of 0.54, outperforming in our experiments the optimal naive Bayes classifier which had a F1 measure of 0.32. We also found that stop word lists beyond common determiners had no minimal performance effect.
Protective effect of cytomegalovirus reactivation on relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia patients is influenced by conditioning regimen.

Abstract Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT) has been associated with a reduced risk of relapse in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the influence of the conditioning regimen on this protective effect of CMV reactivation after allo-HCT is relatively unexplored. To address this, we evaluated the risk of relapse in 264 AML patients who received T cell–replete, 6/6 HLA matched sibling or 10/10 HLA matched unrelated donor transplantation at a single institution between 2006 and 2011. Of these 264 patients, 206 received myeloablative (MA) and 58 received reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens. CMV reactivation was observed in 88 patients with MA conditioning and 37 patients with RIC. At a median follow-up of 299 days, CMV reactivation was associated with significantly lower risk of relapse in patients who received MA conditioning both in univariate (P = .01) and multivariate analyses (hazard ratio, .5246; P = .006); however, CMV reactivation did not significantly affect the risk of relapse in our RIC cohort. These results confirm the protective effect of CMV reactivation on relapse in AML patients after allo-HCT reported by previous studies but suggest this protective effect of CMV reactivation on relapse is influenced by the conditioning regimen used with the transplant.
Psychopathology of social phobia: Effects of subtype and of avoidant personality disorder

The effects of social phobia subtypes and of comorbid avoidant personality disorder (APD) on the symptoms of 45 outpatients with a primary diagnosis of social phobia were examined. Generalized social phobic subjects with (GSP-APD, n = 16) and without APD (GSP-NAPD, n = 13) reported greater social anxiety and fear of negative evaluation than specific social phobic subjects without APD (SSP-NAPD, n = 16). Compared to SSP-NAPD clients, GSP-APD clients tended to exhibit poorer social skills during behavioral testing and were more likely to be unmarried and to use medication. GSP-APD subjects were more depressed than both SSP-NAPD and GSP-NAPD subjects, while non-APD groups did not differ. The results showed that both social phobia subtype and APD comorbidity contributed to the differences found among the three subgroups of social phobic clients.
Nuclear Receptor, Coregulator Signaling, and Chromatin Remodeling Pathways Suggest Involvement of the Epigenome in the Steroid Hormone Response of Endometrium and Abnormalities in Endometriosis

Human endometrium, a steroid hormone-dependent tissue, displays complex cellular regulation mediated by nuclear receptors (NRs). The NRs interact with histone-modifying and DNA-methylating/-demethylating enzymes in the transcriptional complex. We investigated NRs, their coregulators, and associated signaling pathways in endometrium across the normal menstrual cycle and in endometriosis, an estrogen-dependent, progesterone-resistant disorder. Endometrial tissue was processed for analysis of 84 genes using NR and coregulator polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arrays. Select genes were validated by immunohistochemistry. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified DNA methylation and transcriptional repression signaling as the most affected pathway in endometrium in women with versus without endometriosis, regardless of cycle phase. Thyroid hormone receptor (THR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) pathways were also regulated in normal and disease endometrium by activation of TH or vitamin D regulated genes. These data support the involvement of the epigenome in steroid hormone response of normal endometrium throughout the cycle and abnormalities in endometrium in women with endometriosis.
A conceptual model for “inherent reliability” for nuclear weapons

Many people, when thinking about different stages of a particular device's life vis-a-vis defectiveness, use the notion of the “bathtub curve” as a model. However this model is not fully applicable for the class of systems referred to as one-shot or single-shot systems. Key attributes of these systems are outlined in [1]: they typically stay in dormant storage until called upon for one-time use. Common examples of one-shot devices are air-bags in vehicles, fire suppression systems, certain types of safety features in nuclear power plants, missiles, thermal batteries, and some stand-by systems. This paper will focus on a particular example of one-shot systems, nuclear weapons, but the concepts presented are relevant for one-shot devices in general. A new model will be proposed as an alternative to the bathtub curve for one-shot systems. The new model includes two regimes: birth defect dominated and time-dependent dominated. A short discussion of why a bathtub curve might mistakenly be inferred is included. Finally, the relationship between inherent and estimated reliability will be described in the context of this model.
Bialveolar protrusion in a Zimbabwean sample

Abstract This study was undertaken to assess dentoalveolar relationships in a well-balanced sample of adult black Zimbabweans. Lateral cephalograms of 25 men and 25 women 18 to 38 years of age with Class I occlusions were obtained from the University of Zimbabwe. Twelve angular and 6 linear measurements were analyzed, and men and women were compared with the Student t test. No statistically significant difference was noted between the 2 sexes. The Zimbabwean sample had a low Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (19.6° ± 5.5°) with a receding chin as shown by the negative Pog-NB measurement (−0.7 ± 1.5 mm). Both the maxilla (SNA = 88.5° ± 4.7°) and the mandible (SNB = 83.3° ± 4.4°) were prognathic, and the ANB difference was large (5.3° ± 2.7°). The maxillary incisors were more upright compared with those of white people as measured by the angle of the maxillary incisor to NA line (20.6° ± 7.7°), while the mandibular incisors were severely proclined (IMPA = 105.8° ± 6.0°, L1-Apog = 6.9° ± 2.7°, L1-NB = 37.6° ± 4.9°), and this proclination was considered to be compensatory to the prognathic maxilla. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003;123:133-7)
Commodore Matthew Perry, Humphrey Marshall, and the Taiping Rebellion

The leadership of Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry in the opening of Japan to Western commerce has received just renown. Rarely, however, does one hear even the most casual reference to Perry's other activities in the Far East. Of these activities, perhaps the most neglected is his controversy with Humphrey Marshall over the diplomatic policy to be pursued by the United States regarding the Taiping rebellion.
Vlsi yield management and prediction

This paper presents a practical method for managing and predicting the yield of VLSI products, in a manner that will provide insight, with a minimum of mathematical complexity, into the sensitivity of the yield to the different quantities which limit it. The yield equation is cast into a form which makes evident the contributions of its constituent terms and the formulation is developed in a manner that permits its ready application to yield characterization, diagnostics and prediction. An illustrative example is presented that integrates the concepts and methods developed.
IMPACT OF IVERMECTIN COMMUNITY-LEVEL TREATMENTS ON ELIMINATION OF ADULT ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS WHEN INDIVIDUALS RECEIVE MULTIPLE TREATMENTS PER YEAR

A reanalysis of several published reports indicates that when community-wide biannual treatment disrupts transmission of new infection, a profound macrofilaricidal effect of ivermectin (Mectizan) occurs that is accelerated for individuals treated 4 times a year (4x/yr). The effect is particularly obvious on adult male worms and suggests that this gender is susceptible to repetitive treatment after transmission has been blocked or greatly reduced as a result of community treatment.