cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The difficulty in selecting patients for cytoreductive nephrectomy: An evaluation of previously described predictive models ☆

Abstract Purpose To externally evaluate a preoperative points system and a preoperative nomogram, both created to assess time to death after cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN). Materials and methods We identified 298 patients who underwent CN at our institution, a tertiary cancer center, between 1989 and 2015. To validate the points system, we compared reported overall survival (OS) for each criterion to observed OS in our cohort. To evaluate the nomogram, we prognosticated risk of death at 6 months after surgery for 280 patients with sufficient follow-up in our cohort and evaluated discrimination using area under the curve (AUC) and calibration. Decision curve analysis was performed to assess clinical utility of the nomogram. Results Significant differences in OS were observed between patients with and without 5 of 7 criteria on univariate analysis: low albumin ( P P = 0.002), liver metastasis ( P = 0.004), retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy ( P = 0.002), and supradiaphragmatic lymphadenopathy ( P = 0.019). Discrimination from the preoperative model, predicting death within 6 months of surgery was lower in our cohort (AUC = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.52–0.79) than the original publication (AUC = 0.76). Decision curve analysis demonstrated little benefit for applicability. Conclusions Five previously defined risk factors are predictive of decreased OS after CN in our cohort. We found lower discrimination using the preoperative model and minimal clinical utility according to decision analysis in our study cohort. These findings suggest the need for improved models to aid patient stratification and consequent treatment choice.
Eccentric training for tendinopathy: Current review of the literature

T pain associated with tendon dysfunction has been attributed to inflammation. More recent evidence suggests a more complex degenerative process, particularly in cases that are not self limiting. The term tendinosis is used to describe the cellular level degenerative changes that occur in a tendon. There are a wide range of intervention options for the treatment of tendon dysfunction. Included among these interventions is eccentric training for tendinosis. Successful outcomes for this treatment have been reported in the literature for over twenty years. The purpose of this presentation is to provide participants with a review of anatomical, biomechanical, and pathological considerations for tendon dysfunction while also presenting recommendations for eccentric training based on the most current research evidence.
Molecular controls over uranium biogeochemistry in the upper Colorado River Basin: A regional perspective

Organic-rich anoxic sediments at DOE’s Rifle, CO site contain relatively high concentrations of uranium. Based on sediment characteristics, we speculated that these ‘naturally reduced zones’ (NRZs) are common and accumulate uranium at similar contaminated sites across the upper Colorado River Basin (CRB). To test this hypothesis, we sampled NRZs at 4 additional sites along a 700 km north-south transect of the upper CRB: Grand Junction and Naturita, CO; Shiprock, NM; and Riverton, WY. This work confirmed our hypothesis and showed that NRZs are also important reservoirs for nutrients and biogeochemical critical elements (BCE), including C, N, S, and Fe. Sulfate-reducing conditions are required for uranium accumulation, suggesting at least a strong indirect control of sulfide on U(VI) reduction. Indeed, the nominal oxidation state of water-soluble soil organic carbon was found to be correlated to sediment sulfide concentration, suggesting that sulfide plays a major role in poising the redox conditions of NRZs regionally. To better understand molecular controls over uranium behavior in NRZs, we performed controlled microcosm experiments designed to mimic sulfate-reducing conditions in NRZs and to more clearly define the potential roles of organic functional groups as uranium binding sites. U(IV) was found to be dominantly associated with surfaces of particulate organic carbon and to exhibit local molecular structure consistent with sorbed complexes. An important implication of this finding is that U(IV) will be readily mobilized in the presence of complexing agents and oxidants. Such conditions are common in NRZ sediments, which experience large variations in saturation state and redox conditions throughout the annual winter (base flow) / summer (meltwater discharge) cycle within the upper CRB. In ensemble, these studies suggest new conceptual and process models for uranium and BCE biogeochemical behavior that are unprecedented in their regional scale, detail, and awareness of variable hydrologic conditions. By studying anoxic sediment systems from a regional perspective, we have gained important insights into the range and intensity of processes that are likely to be important at individual sites.
PARP9 and PARP14 cross-regulate macrophage activation via STAT1 ADP-ribosylation

Despite the global impact of macrophage activation in vascular disease, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Here we show, with global proteomic analysis of macrophage cell lines treated with either IFNγ or IL-4, that PARP9 and PARP14 regulate macrophage activation. In primary macrophages, PARP9 and PARP14 have opposing roles in macrophage activation. PARP14 silencing induces pro-inflammatory genes and STAT1 phosphorylation in M(IFNγ) cells, whereas it suppresses anti-inflammatory gene expression and STAT6 phosphorylation in M(IL-4) cells. PARP9 silencing suppresses pro-inflammatory genes and STAT1 phosphorylation in M(IFNγ) cells. PARP14 induces ADP-ribosylation of STAT1, which is suppressed by PARP9. Mutations at these ADP-ribosylation sites lead to increased phosphorylation. Network analysis links PARP9–PARP14 with human coronary artery disease. PARP14 deficiency in haematopoietic cells accelerates the development and inflammatory burden of acute and chronic arterial lesions in mice. These findings suggest that PARP9 and PARP14 cross-regulate macrophage activation.
The effects of riparian disturbance on the condition and summer diets of age-0 brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in three central Appalachian streams

Forested headwater streams are dependent on their riparian zones for many critical goods and services. It is assumed that riparian disturbance affects stream food webs, but for some ecologically an...
Milestone Weight Loss Goals (Weight Normalization and Remission of Obesity) after Gastric Bypass Surgery: Long-Term Results from the University of Michigan

Rates of weight normalization and obesity remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GB) are unknown. This study evaluated weight loss, rates of achieving body mass index (BMI) <25 or 30 kg/m2, recidivism, and predictors of success following GB. We retrospectively studied weight and BMI at baseline, 2 and 6 months, and annually at 1–7 years in 219 patients undergoing GB at the University of Michigan from January 2008 to November 2010. Follow-up was excellent for a population traditionally associated with high attrition rates with data availability of 157/219, 145/219, 144/219, 134/219, 123/219, 82/161, and 29/64 patients at 1–7 years, respectively. Mean baseline BMI was 47.0 kg/m2. Weight normalization (BMI <25 kg/m2) occurred in 2.3–6.8% of patients. More importantly, 47% of patients achieved remission of obesity (BMI <30 kg/m2) at some time point and 24% (52/219) at the last observed time point. BMI <30 kg/m2 was associated with a lower initial BMI and follow-up for more than 2 years. Rates of weight normalization are low after GB; however, a large number of patients achieved BMI <30 kg/m2. While the percent total weight loss and excess weight loss are both quite high in the entire cohort and this is likely associated with significant health benefits, our results still underscore the need to address obesity with intensive clinical attention earlier in its course.
Regulation of B-1a cells: another novel function of the basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional regulator BHLHE41.

The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors e40 (BHLHE40) and e41 (BHLHE41) were originally discovered as regulators of the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and nerve cells.1, 2, 3 Later studies showed that these transcriptional regulators participate in a variety of physiological processes for the maintenance of homeostasis, such as the regulation of endothelial cells,4 adipocytes,5 circadian rhythms,6 and tumor development.7 Interest in the significance of these transcriptional regulators in the immune response was spurred by the finding that the deletion of BHLHE40 leads to abnormal activation of T cells and B cells with resistance to activation induced cell death and accumulation of autoreactive T and B cells resulting in autoimmune diseases in aged animals, although the deletion of BHLHE40 does not affect the development and maturation of T and B cell compartments.8 However, these initial findings could contradict recent reports about the essential roles of these transcriptional regulators in the development of autoimmune diseases identified in experimental autoimmune disease models,9, 10 such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for multiple sclerosis. However, this can be explained by the potential roles of these transcriptional regulators in the maintenance of T regulatory cells (Tregs) through the maintenance and regulation of CD25 expression in cooperation with Runx1.11 Recent studies also confirmed that these transcriptional regulators are expressed in T cells in a CD28 activation dependent manner and participate in the regulation of T cell cytokine production, including that of Interleukin 2 (IL-2), Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF).12 BHLHE41 regulates IL-1β production, and IL-1β induced GM-CSF to produce Th17 cells with a pathological signature in the central nervous system that is dependent on BHLHE40.13 In cooperation with the transcription factor T-bet, BHLHE40 also regulates IFN-γ production by iNKT cells,14 providing immunity against tumor development. Furthermore, these transcriptional regulators may also play a role in the differentiation of Th2 cells by enhanced expression of CD25.15, 16 These studies have established the roles of these two transcriptional regulators in the immune response and the immunopathology mediated by T cells. This hints at the role of the BHLHE transcription factors in regulating B-1 cells, as these cells play a critical role in autoimmune diseases17 by producing natural IgM-based autoreactive antibodies in addition to participating in the innate immune defense against bacterial pathogens in the absence of pathogen-specific adaptive immunity. Recently, Kreslavsky et al.18 demonstrated that BHLHE41 alone and, to lesser extent, together with BHLHE40 regulates the development and maintenance of B-1a B cells.
Multidisciplinary approach to HIV/AIDS: Historical perspective

It is probable that humans were first infected with HIV in the Kinshasa region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the 1950s and yet many decades later we are still studying and discovering how best to control what has become a global epidemic. One of the epicenters of the disease was in Miami when people with symptoms that were inexplicable in their particular populations became of interest to clinicians and scientists. This was occurring in other major cities, which also became the epicenters for this strange and destructive disease. This chapter highlights the history of one local region of the United States, Miami-Dade County, Florida and exemplifies the global problem. This chapter will indicate how local teams of scientists were called into action to address the impending epidemic. This is an example of how modern science can mobilize scientific teams that discover the origins and consequences of a highly complex disease. Eventually from that, scientific and medical foundations began to develop interventions for the control of HIV/AIDS and its related consequences.
THE DIRECT CALCULATION OF DIFFUSION LENGTHS AND DIFFUSION HARDENED SPECTRA

A numerical procedure for the calculation of thermal diffusion lengths directly from the formalism of Hurwitz and Nelkin is described. The technique is used to compute diffusion lengths for several plastic moderated assemblies, using the mass 1, free proton energy exchange kernel. Agreement of the calculated diffusion lengths with experiment is excellent. (auth)
Database of Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of >300 Common Compounds for use in PhotochemCAD.

The design of new molecules for photochemical studies typically requires knowledge of spectral features of pertinent chromophores beginning with the absorption spectrum (λabs ) and accompanying molar absorption coefficient (e, m-1 cm-1 ) and often extending to the fluorescence spectrum (λem ) and fluorescence quantum yield (Φf ), where the fluorescence properties may be of direct relevance or useful as proxies to gain insight into the nature of the first excited singlet state. PhotochemCAD databases, developed over a period of 30 years, are described here. The previous databases for 150 compounds have been expanded to encompass 339 compounds for which absorption spectra (including e values), fluorescence spectra (including Φf values) and references to the primary literature have been included where available (552 spectra altogether). The compounds exhibit spectra in the ultraviolet, visible and/or near-infrared spectral regions. The compound classes and number of members include acridines (21), aromatic hydrocarbons (41), arylmethane dyes (11), azo dyes (18), biomolecules (18), chlorins/bacteriochlorins (16), coumarins (14), cyanine dyes (19), dipyrrins (7), heterocycles (26), miscellaneous dyes (13), oligophenylenes (13), oligopyrroles (6), perylenes (5), phthalocyanines (11), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (16), polyenes/polyynes (10), porphyrins (34), quinones (24) and xanthenes (15). A database of 31 solar spectra also is included.
Evaluating the implementation of a multicomponent asthma education program for Head Start staff

Objective: Asthma disproportionately affects minority groups, low income populations, and young children under 5. Head Start (HS) programs predominantly serve this high-risk population, yet staff a...
Generalized wirtinger flow for passive polarimetrie reconstruction of extended dipole targets

Generalized phase retrieval problem has become a significant topic of interest in the signal processing community in recent years. Overall, non-convexity of the problem, strong assumptions regarding unknowns or computational requirements of convex relaxations have proved a non-heuristic approach to phase retrieval a challenging task. In [1], Wirtinger Flow was proposed as a non-convex approach while establishing convergence to a global optimum under certain conditions, which offered considerable advantages due to lower storage and computational requirements over lifting based counterparts. Under the observation that generalized phase retrieval is a special case of cross correlated measurement model, we consider phase retrieval literature and Wirtinger Flow method for passive imaging from interferometric measurements. We consider the polarimetric imaging problem for a distributed array of antennas, in which scene reflectivities and polarization states of stationary targets have to be simultenously reconstructed. Linear measurements collected from each antenna is correlated with the others to yield a quadratic measurement model. We then pursue the non-convex approach rather than the previously explored LRMR method, and derive Generalized Wirtinger Flow for cross correlation measurements. We present reconstruction results in comparison to LRMR method with respect to contrast, and report improved performance in identical number of computations.
Deep Knowledge Tracing for Free-Form Student Code Progression

Knowledge Tracing, and its recent deep learning variants, have made substantial progress in modeling student knowledge acquisition through interactions with coursework. In this paper, we present a modification to Deep Knowledge Tracing to model student progress on coding assignments in large-scale computer science courses. The model takes advantage of the computer science education context by encoding students’ iterative attempts on the same problem and allowing free-form code input. We implement a workflow for collecting data from Jupyter Notebooks and suggest future research possibilities for real-time intervention.
The Internet Channel Revolution: The Case of Charles Schwab

The Internet has spread like wild fire in the discount brokerage industry. By the end of 1998, more than ninety firms were offering online trading to over 8 million customer accounts, with commissions as low as $5 per trade, and online trading accounted for 13.7% of total equity trading volume. The online volume leader is Charles Schwab, with almost a third of the market, and a trading volume that roughly equals that of its next three competitors combined. Most trades come to Schwab through the Internet channel, and Web investors account for more than a third of Schwab’s customer assets. This chapter will use Schwab as a case study that illustrates the use of the Internet channel and the role of Information Technology (“IT”) and the Internet in the creation of value in financial services. We show how the Internet has come to the core of Schwab’s business strategy, and draw lessons from the Schwab experience to shed light on the broader impact of online trading on financial services ineustry.
Induction of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism by Salinity - Molecular Aspects

The serendipitous discovery that salinity stress can induce a switch from C3 photosynthesis to Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in the Aizoaceae Mesembryanthemum crystallinum has instigated a wide range of ecophysiological, biochemical, and molecular genetic studies aimed at understanding the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon. The underlying changes in gene expression that initiate CAM induction are influenced by the interaction of environmental and developmental factors resulting in an extremely plastic adaptation. M. crystallinum holds the notable distinction of being one of the few true halophytes among inducible CAM species. The peculiarity has resulted in M. crystallinum becoming a favored model for genetic and molecular genetic studies.
Prognostic impact of BRAF V600E mutation in patients with non-metastatic colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

3597Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) displaying high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H) has been associated with improved survival in colorectal cancer. MSI-H CRC is also known to be e...
Investigation of Incidents and Trends of Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens in Eight Countries from Historical Sample Data.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) causes millions of illnesses every year, threatening the success of lifesaving antibiotic therapy and, thus, public health. To examine the rise and spread of antimicrobial resistance around the world, our study performs a multivariate statistical analysis of antimicrobial resistance gene data from eight different countries: the US, the UK, China, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Australia, and South Africa. Multi-dimensional data points were projected onto a two-dimensional plane using principal component analysis and organized into a dendrogram utilizing hierarchical clustering to identify significant AMR genes and pathogens. Outlier genes/pathogens were typically involved in high occurrences of antimicrobial resistance, and they were able to indicate the trend of antimicrobial resistance in the future. Statistical analysis of the data identified: (1) tet(A), aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id, blaEC, blaTEM-1, qacEdelta1, sul1, sul2, and aadA1 as the nine most common AMR genes among the studied countries; (2) Salmonella enterica and E. coli and Shigella as the most common AMR foodborne pathogens; and (3) chicken as the most prevalent meat carrier of antimicrobial resistance. Our study shows that the overall number of reported antimicrobial resistance cases in foodborne pathogens is generally rising. One potential contributing factor for this is the increasing antimicrobial usage in the growing livestock industry.
Honey Bee Queens and Virus Infections.

The honey bee queen is the central hub of a colony to produce eggs and release pheromones to maintain social cohesion. Among many environmental stresses, viruses are a major concern to compromise the queen’s health and reproductive vigor. Viruses have evolved numerous strategies to infect queens either via vertical transmission from the queens’ parents or horizontally through the worker and drones with which she is in contact during development, while mating, and in the reproductive period in the colony. Over 30 viruses have been discovered from honey bees but only few studies exist on the pathogenicity and direct impact of viruses on the queen’s phenotype. An apparent lack of virus symptoms and practical problems are partly to blame for the lack of studies, and we hope to stimulate new research and methodological approaches. To illustrate the problems, we describe a study on sublethal effects of Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV) that led to inconclusive results. We conclude by discussing the most crucial methodological considerations and novel approaches for studying the interactions between honey bee viruses and their interactions with queen health.
An Additional Electrodiagnostic Tool for Ulnar Neuropathy: Mixed across the Elbow.

Background Diagnosing ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) remains challenging despite guidelines from national organizations. Motor testing of hand intrinsic muscles remains a common diagnostic method fraught with challenges. Objective The aim of the study is to demonstrate utility of an uncommon nerve conduction study (NCS), mixed across the elbow, when diagnosing UNE. Methods Retrospective analysis of 135 patients, referred to an outpatient University-based electrodiagnostic laboratory with suspected UNE between January 2013 and June 2019 who had motor to abductor digiti minimi (ADM), motor to first dorsal interosseus (FDI), and mixed across the elbow NCS completed. To perform the mixed across the elbow NCS, the active bar electrode was placed 10-cm proximal to the medial epicondyle between the biceps and triceps muscle bellies. The median nerve was stimulated at the wrist followed by stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the ulnar styloid. The difference between peak latencies, labeled the ulnar-median mixed latency difference (U-MLD), was used to evaluate for correlation between the nerve conduction velocities (NCV) of ADM and FDI. Results Pearson r-values = −0.479 and −0.543 (p Conclusion Mixed across the elbow has moderate–strong correlation with ADM and FDI NCV across the elbow. All three tests measure ulnar nerve function slightly differently. Without further prospective data, the most accurate test remains unclear. The authors propose some combination of the three tests may be most beneficial when diagnosing UNE.
Copyright, Trademark, and Patent Law in the People's Republic of China

The People’s Republic of China (P.R.C.) witnesses today an explosion of law and legal practice. In the last six years China has enacted laws and promulgated regulations ranging from administrative law to criminal procedure to joint venture regulation to tax law. Intellectual and industrial property law numbers among the fastest growing fields. Since 1979 China has revitalized its trademark system, built a patent system from scratch, promulgated a Patent Law, and drafted a copyright law. Chinese copyright, trademark, nd patent law has grown equally quickly in importance to the Western practitioner. Today a Western lawyer concerned with Chinese legal and business relations must understand its copyright, trademark, and patent laws. Such understanding may prove crucial to handling technology transfer, joint ventures, tax regulation, and the rapidly expanding Chinese foreign trade. This Article describes for the benefit of the American practitioner, the Chinese system of copyright, trademark, and patent law.
Remote Assessment of Pediatric Patients with Daytime Sleepiness and Healthy Controls: A Pilot Study of Feasibility and Reliability.

We assessed the reliability of cognitive testing for children and adolescents ages 8 to 19 years of age with narcolepsy or subjective daytime sleepiness compared to healthy controls. Forty-six part...
Tooth Elongation of Maxillary Second Premolars and Mandibular Third Molars and Associated Periodontal Disease in Horses: A Retrospective Study.

Periodontal disease has been identified in horses and donkeys through the millennia at a prevalence of up to 75% and is a leading cause of tooth loss in horses. We hypothesize that there is a corre...
Once-daily feeding is associated with better cognitive function and health in companion dogs: Results from the Dog Aging Project

A variety of diets have been studied for possible anti-aging effects. In particular, studies of isocaloric time-restricted feeding in laboratory rodents have found evidence of beneficial health outcomes. Companion dogs represent a unique opportunity to study diet in a large mammal that shares human environments. The Dog Aging Project has been collecting data on thousands of companion dogs of all different ages, sizes, and breeds since 2019. We leveraged this diverse cross-sectional dataset to investigate associations between feeding frequency and cognitive function (n = 10,474) as well as nine broad categories of health outcomes (n = 24,238). Controlling for sex, age, breed, and other potential confounders, we found that dogs fed once daily rather than more frequently had lower mean scores on a cognitive dysfunction scale, and lower odds of having gastrointestinal, dental, orthopedic, kidney/urinary, and liver/pancreas disorders. Therefore, our findings suggest that once-a-day feeding in dogs is associated with improved health across multiple body systems.
Building Blocks Problem Related to Harmonic Series

In this discussion I give an explanation of the divergence and convergence of infinite series through the building blocks problem and at the same time I touch on the fact that mathematics is not just about manipulating complicated numerical formulas but also a field in which logical ways of thought are learnt. I emphasize that in order to overcome the aversion of university students to mathematics, teachers must pour their energies into developing study materials taken from topics relevant to the students.
Alteration of the neurofilament-microtubule network in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders

The major lesions consistently found in the brains of Alzheimer patients are neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and senile plaques (SP). The prevalence of NFT and SP have been found to correlate with the severity of the dementia (1–3). NFT are primarily composed of paired helical filaments (PHF), although 15 nm straight filaments and amorphous components are also common constituents (4). SP, or neuritic plaques, are composed of a core of cerebral amyloid, 6 to 8 nm filaments (5), surrounded by altered neurites containing PHF (6). The chemical identity, mode of formation and physiological consequences of the PHF have been the focus of many studies on Alzheimer disease (AD).
Characterization of a Novel Esterase Produced by Plant Pathogenic Streptomyces

A group of Streptomyces, termed S. scabies, are pathogenic on a variety of underground vegetables including potato (3,4). Infection results in the formation of erumpant as well as deep pitted lesions on the surface of the potato tubers (1) (Figure 1). Little, however, is known about the mechanism of pathogenicity. We have been interested in identifying common properties of pathogenic isolates that are involved in causing scab disease. One particular feature of the disease process may be the production of specific extracellular proteins by the pathogen that are involved either in the degradation of suberin, a protective coating on the surface of the tuber (6), or in plant cell recognition. An esterase is one type of enzyme that may be important for both of these processes. Our current studies are focused on the purification and characterization of a novel esterase that is uniquely produced by plant pathogenic Streptomyces.
Chapter 4 Catamenial Epilepsy

Catamenial epilepsy is defined by the cyclical seizure exacerbation seen in almost 40% of women with epilepsy. The pattern appears to be related to predominance of estrogen over progesterone during the pre‐ovulatory and/or perimenstrual days of the ovulatory menstrual cycle or during the broad period between day 14 and menstruation in anovulatory cycles with inadequate luteal progesterone levels. Progesterone affects central nervous excitability in an “inhibitory” manner, slowing kindling and decreasing seizure susceptibility in animal models. Estrogen enhances kindling and decreases after discharge threshold. These neurosteroidal hormones alter the GABA‐A receptor in cell cultures and in animal models. Treatment of this clinical syndrome has been empirical and reported in a small series of women. Progesterone therapy and possible new approaches with synthesized neurosteroids may offer a promising approach to improve seizure control in women with catamenial epilepsy.
The School‐Related Behavior Disorders Field: A Source of Innovation and Best Practices for School Personnel Who Serve Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

This chapter reviews the current status of practice and critical issues in the field of behavior disorders (BD). Currently, slightly less than 1% of the public school student population is served by supports and services authorized by federal law and statue yet estimates of the percentage of students needing them range up to 22% of the school population. This chapter takes a broad-band rather than a narrow-band approach to this problem and argues that, due to costs and legal complexities, the needs of behaviorally at-risk students will never be adequately met if federally mandated special education is the only or primary vehicle used to respond to it. In the authors' view, the challenging and growing problems of at-risk students can be best addressed by the integration and collaboration of school mental health, general education, and special education. The chapter topics include (1) a brief history and future status of the BD field, (2) the multitiered model of service allocation and delivery, (3) classification and conceptual schemes, (4) emerging innovations in assessment, prevention and intervention, (5) the development of evidence based approaches to service delivery, (6) socials skills assessment and training, and (7) generalization and maintenance issues. The chapter concludes with description of a prevention agenda for schools that highlights many of the key innovations that have occurred in the BD field over the past decade and a half. Keywords: screening; assessment; prevention; early intervention; classification; generalization-maintenance of outcomes
Taking Psychiatric Medication: Listening to Our Clients

Abstract This exploratory research reports on interviews of 32 social work students and practitioners who were currently taking psychiatric medication. A variety of common themes emerged as the stories of the process of taking medication unfolded. Age of respondent, the medical appointment, self-imposed stigma, and sexual dysfunction were all identified as salient variables. This article discusses these themes and presents clinical implications for social work practice. The authors stress the significance of psychological, emotional, and social factors in understanding the process of taking psychiatric medication.
Sites of retroviral DNA integration: From basic research to clinical applications

One of the most crucial steps in the life cycle of a retrovirus is the integration of the viral DNA (vDNA) copy of the RNA genome into the genome of an infected host cell. Integration provides for efficient viral gene expression as well as for the segregation of viral genomes to daughter cells upon cell division. Some integrated viruses are not well expressed, and cells latently infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can resist the action of potent antiretroviral drugs and remain dormant for decades. Intensive research has been dedicated to understanding the catalytic mechanism of integration, as well as the viral and cellular determinants that influence integration site distribution throughout the host genome. In this review, we summarize the evolution of techniques that have been used to recover and map retroviral integration sites, from the early days that first indicated that integration could occur in multiple cellular DNA locations, to current technologies that map upwards of millions of unique integration sites from single in vitro integration reactions or cell culture infections. We further review important insights gained from the use of such mapping techniques, including the monitoring of cell clonal expansion in patients treated with retrovirus-based gene therapy vectors, or patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). These insights span from integrase (IN) enzyme sequence preferences within target DNA (tDNA) at the sites of integration, to the roles of host cellular proteins in mediating global integration distribution, to the potential relationship between genomic location of vDNA integration site and retroviral latency.
Physical Attractiveness and Social Status

In this article, we outline the evidence regarding the status effects of physical attractiveness, paying particular attention to outcomes in the areas of jobs, crime, performance evaluations, power, health perceptions, and exchange. The framework of status characteristics theory is used to guide our explication. The role of attractiveness in marketing is also discussed. While the literature generally supports the idea that attractiveness is good for people, we also consider evidence that beauty can be detrimental for some individuals in certain situations. Issues of race and gender are also considered as well as future research directions.
Zinc, calcium, and magnesium concentrations in milk from American and Egyptian women throughout the first 6 months of lactation.

Effects of stage of lactation nutrient intake and cultural differences on the composition of human milk were examined during the 1st 6 months of lactation in American and Egyptian women. In both population groups zinc levels in milk decreased from 1 to 6 months of lactation. American women supplemented with Zn had higher levels of Zn in their milk than did unsupplemented American or Egyptian women. Concentrations of calcium and magnesium were not significantly different in milk of American and Egyptian women except at month 6 of lactation. Ca levels in milk of both population groups increased from 1 to 2-3 months of lactation and then decreased at 6 months; Mg concentrations increased from 1 to 3 months and then reached a plateau. Similarities in the longitudinal decrease observed in Zn levels of milk in Zn supplemented and unsupplemented subjects suggested physiological regulation. (authors)
Comparison of hemodynamic effects of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and inhaled epoprostenol (iEPO) in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH)

Rationale: Acute vasodilator testing with iNO during right heart catheterization in pulmonary arterial hypertension predicts suvival and response to calcium channel blockers. iEPO is less expensive than iNO with fewer systemic effects than intravenous EPO. We hypothesized that iEPO has similar vasodilatory efficacy as iNO and their combination has additive effects. Methods: Prospective double-blinded study of PH treatment-naive consecutive patients. Patients >18 years, WHO Group1-5 with pulmonary capillary wedge pressures ≤ 20 were included. Patients received iNO, iEPO and their combination in random order, with a washout phase between treatments. Hemodynamics at baseline and treatments were reported as%change, means±SD. Correlation was assessed with regression analysis. p Results: Patients enrolled: Group 1 (11), Group 2 (9), Group 3 (1), Group 4 (1), Group 5 (1). 2 did not complete the study (hypoxemia and dyspnea respectively). Mean pulmonary artery pressures (mPAP) in Groups 1, 2 and other groups were 47±12, 35±7 and 35±9.2. Mean pulmonary vascular resistances (PVR) were 628±352, 416±323 and 397±80. Mean cardiac outputs (CO) were 5.0±1.3, 4.7±1.3 and 4.9±0.6. The 2 vasodilators correlated significantly and did not have additive effects. Conclusions: iNO and iEPO have similar effects on hemodynamics in PH patients. iEPO may be a less expensive alternative.
Sunlight as Disinfectant — New Rules on Disclosure of Industry Payments to Physicians

Will new rules requiring drug and device companies to disclose payments to physicians and teaching hospitals have the intended effects? Disclosure's benefits are unlikely to be realized without the activation of “learned intermediaries,” such as health insurers.
Does it matter that male beaugregory damselfish have a mate preference

Male beaugregory damselfish (Stegastes leucostictus) spent more time courting larger females in both two-choice and single presentations. Female size was significantly correlated with gonad weight. We also verified that female fecundity was extremely variable within a natural population. We found that male reproductive success was highly correlated with both clutch size and clutch number. However, clutch size was not significantly correlated with clutch number, indicating that males that received larger clutches did not receive more egg clutches. Furthermore, there was no difference between the number of offspring produced by males that mated with the largest females and by males that mated with the most females. Thus, although males preferred larger females, males produced similar numbers of offspring by mating with large females or mating with many females.
Role of Impaired Central Tolerance to α-Myosin in Inflammatory Heart Disease

For more than a half century, autoimmunity has been linked to a diverse array of heart diseases, including rheumatic carditis, myocarditis, Chagas' cardiomyopathy, post-myocardial infarction (Dressler's) syndrome, and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Why the heart is targeted by autoimmunity in these seemingly unrelated conditions has remained enigmatic. Here, we discuss our recent studies indicating that this susceptibility is mediated by impaired negative selection of autoreactive α-myosin heavy-chain–specific CD4 + T cells in the thymus of both mice and humans. We describe how this process may place the heart at increased risk for autoimmune attack following ischemic or infectious injury, providing a rationale for the development of antigen-specific tolerogenic therapies.
Persistent fifth arterial arch in man: Congenital Double-Lumen aortic arch☆

Abstract To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of persistence of the left fifth arterial arch in man. The persistent fifth arch forms a sizable subway beneath the fourth (aortic) arch, forming a congenital double-lumen aortic arch. The double lumen extends from the level of the innominate artery proximally to the level of the left subclavian artery and ductus arteriosus distally.
Unbalanced production line scheduling with partial job specialization

This article presents a mathematical model for manpower scheduling for unbalanced production lines in order to minimize in-process inventory cost. The model extends prior work by adding workers' skill limitations to the system. The model is formulated for a one-period schedule and then extended for multiperiod schedules. An example problem is solved for both single and multiperiods. A heuristic algorithm is also presented for multiperiod and large-scale problems, and computational experiences are reported.
The effect of bovine serum albumin on the measurement of the activity of highly purified Comamonas phenylalanine hydroxylase.

Abstract Bovine serum albumin stimulates the activity of purified bacterial phenylalanine hydroxylase. This stimulation is seen if the albumin is added to the enzyme during activation by iron but not if albumin is added to the final reaction mixture. Several aspects of the stimulation suggest that albumin acts by some type of metal binding.
Demonstrating tactical information services from coordinated UAV operations

As the component technologies for unmanned aerial vehicles mature, increased attention is being paid to the problem of command and control. Many UAVs, even small lightweight versions, are seeing significant operational time as a result of the Iraq war, and consequently, users are becoming increasingly proficient with the platform technologies and are considering new and more elaborate tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs), as well as concepts of operations (CONOPS), for their use, both individually and in teams. This paper presents one such concept and summarizes the progress made toward that goal in a recent research program. In particularly, the means by which a team of UAVs can be considered a tactical information resource is investigated, and initial experimental results are summarized.
Effects of Tailored and Manualized Hypnotic Inductions for Complicated Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients

Abstract This modest clinical pilot study was intended to provide preliminary data on the effects of hypnotic inductions tailored to an irritable bowel syndrome patient at each session compared to Palsson’s manualized protocol. Patients (N = 8) who had not previously responded to any form of treatment were assigned randomly to either a tailored or manualized induction condition. Other than pretesting for hypnotizability, the procedure followed for the manualized group (n = 4) was exactly as prescribed by O. Palsson (1998). The identical procedure was used for the other 4 patients except that the inductions were individualized. All 8 patients showed favorable responses to treatment immediately posttreatment and at 10-month follow-up. Only the tailored group showed no incapacitating pain at posttreatment but greater emotional stress than the manualized group. The tailored group continued to improve and showed better results than the manualized group at 10 months, and the posttreatment emotional distress was...
A reactive thermo-poroelastic analysis of water injection into an enhanced geothermal reservoir

Abstract Coupled thermo-poro-chemo-mechanical processes in geothermal systems impact the reservoir response during injection and production procedures by affecting fracture permeability. A three-dimensional numerical model is presented to analyze these processes during fluid injection into geothermal reservoirs. The solid mechanics aspect of the problem is computed using the displacement discontinuity boundary element method (BEM) while transport processes within the facture are modeled using the finite element method (FEM). The FEM and BEM formulations are integrated to set up a system of equations for unknown temperature, pressure, concentration, and fracture aperture. The fluid diffusion, heat conduction and solute diffusion in the reservoir are treated using BEM so that the need of infinite reservoir domain discretization is eliminated. The numerical model is used to analyze the fracture response to non-isothermal reactive flow in EGS. Numerical examples of SiO 2 undersaturated-cold water injection into the geothermal reservoir show that silica dissolves from the rock matrix, increasing the fracture aperture. The zone of silica dissolution spreads into the fracture with continuous fluid injection. At large injection times, thermoelastic stress has a greater impact on fracture aperture compared to poroelastic stress. Simulations that consider natural fracture stiffness heterogeneity show the development of a non-uniform flow path within the crack, with lower rock matrix cooling and thus enhanced silica reactivity in the high stiffness regions. As a result, areas of higher joint normal stiffness show lower aperture increases in response to the thermo-poroelastic processes, but a higher aperture expansion due to silica dissolution. Depending on the injectate saturation state with respect to quartz, silica is added or removed from the rock matrix. This process is likely to impact the rock matrix properties and its mechanical response to stress perturbations associated with fluid circulation.
Linear programming and comprehensive planning: the context of site development

Abstract Linear programming can be successfully applied in the comprehensive analysis of a wide range of planning problems. As part of a general planning process it facilitates the synthesis and evaluation of alternatives. This potential is demonstrated in the context of the site development problem. A set of linear relations characterizing one approach to this problem is presented and extensions are noted. The approach taken assumes maximization of discounted cash flow as the developmental objective and restricts the ways of obtaining this objective by economic, social and physical design constraints.
ENTHALPY-POROSITY TECHNIQUE FOR MODELING CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PHASE CHANGE: APPLICATION TO THE MELTING OF A PURE METAL

The melting of pure gallium in a rectangular cavity has been numerically investigated using the enthalpy-porosity approach for modeling combined convection-diffusion phase change. The major advantage of this technique is that it allows a fixed-grid solution of the coupled momentum and energy equations to be undertaken without resorting to variable transformations. In this work, a two-dimensional dynamic model is used and the influence of laminar natural-convection flow on the melting process is considered. Excellent agreement exists between the numerical predictions and experimental results available in the literature. The enthalpy-porosity approach has been found to converge rapidly, and is capable of producing accurate results for both the position and morphology of the melt front at different times with relatively modest computational requirements. These results may be taken to be a sound validation of this technique for modeling isothermal phase changes in metallurgical systems.
Discriminating Crop Residues from Soil by Shortwave Infrared Reflectance

Quantifying crop residue cover on the soil surface is important for evaluating the effectiveness of conservation tillage practices. Current methods of measuring residue cover are inadequate in characterizing the spatial variability of residue cover over large fields. The objectives of this research were to determine the spectral reflectance of crop residues and soils as a function of water content and to evaluate the limits of discrimination that can be expected. Spectral reflectances of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residues plus five diverse soils were measured over the 400- to 2400-nm wavelength region at a wide range of moisture conditions in the laboratory. Reflectance factors for scenes with varying proportions of crop residues and soils were simulated. The spectra of dry crop residues displayed a broad absorption feature near 2100 nm, associated with lignin and cellulose, that was absent in spectra of soils. The relative depth of the cellulose-lignin absorption feature, defined as the cellulose absorption index (CAI), was positive for all crop residues, except those saturated with water. In contrast, all soils had negative CAI values. Water significantly altered reflectance spectra of wet crop residues, but it did not prevent the discrimination of crop residues from the soils using the CAI. The wide range of CAI values expected for dry and moist conditions makes quantification of crop residue cover feasible. This reflectance technique appears promising for field- and regional-scale surveys of crop residue cover and conservation tillage practices.