cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying experiences of physical and psychological violence in childhood that jeopardize mental health in adulthood

OBJECTIVE: This study examined associations between profiles of physical and psychological violence in childhood from parents and two dimensions of mental health in adulthood (negative affect and psychological well-being). Profiles were distinguished by the types of violence retrospectively self-reported (only physical, only psychological, or both psychological and physical violence), as well as by the frequency at which each type of violence reportedly occurred (never, rarely, or frequently). METHODS: Multivariate regression models were estimated using data from the National Survey of Midlife in the U.S. (MIDUS). An adapted version of the Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) was used to collect respondents' reports of physical and psychological violence in childhood from each parent. Respondents also reported on current experiences of negative affect and psychological well-being. RESULTS: Regarding violence from mothers, reports of frequent psychological violence-even when coupled with never or rarely having experienced physical violence-were associated with more negative affect and less psychological well-being in adulthood. Nearly all profiles of violence in childhood from fathers-with the exception of reports of rare physical violence only-were associated with poorer adult mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Results provide evidence that frequent experiences of psychological violence from parents-even in the absence of physical violence and regardless of whether such violence is from mothers or fathers-can place individuals' long-term mental health at risk. Moreover, frequent physical violence from fathers-even in the absence of psychological violence-also serves as a risk factor for poorer adult mental health. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Findings provide additional empirical support for the importance of prevention and intervention efforts directed toward children who experience physical and psychological violence from parents, as well as among adults who reportedly experienced in childhood only one type of violence and especially psychological violence at high levels of frequency. Language: en
Quadratic Differentials and Weighted Graphs on Compact Surfaces

We prove that for every simply connected graph Γ embedded in a compact surface R of genus g≥o, whose edges e i kj carry positive weights w i kj , there exist a complex structure on R and a Jenkins-Strebel quadratic differential Q(z) dz 2 , whose critical graph ΦQ complemented, if necessary, by second degree vertices on its edges, is homeomorphic to Γ on R and carries the same set of weights. In other words, every positive simply connected graph on R can be analytically embedded in R. We also discuss a problem on the extremal partition of R relative to such analytical embedding. As a consequence, we establish the existence of systems of disjoint simply connected domains on R with a prescribed combinatorics of their boundaries, which carry proportional harmonic measures on their boundary arcs.
Boundary conditions for a composite model of leptons and quarks

Because the existence of families of elements and hadrons was ultimately understood by the realization that atoms and hadrons are composite, an obvious approach to explaining the existence of lepton and quark families is to assume that the particles in these families are also composite. The mass and spin spectra of leptons and quarks suggest that if these particles are composite, they are most likely bound states of a scalar and spin-1/2 fermion interacting via electrodynamics. However, if they are composite, the bound states must be highly relativistic since in each family the least massive member has a small mass compared with the others. Also, composite leptons and quarks must be extremely tightly bound since no internal structure has ever been conclusively detected. Highly relativistic, bound-state, Bethe- Salpeter solutions of a scalar and a spin-1/2 fermion bound by minimal electrodynamics are discussed. These specific solutions cannot describe leptons or quarks as bound states because the magnitude of the charges of the constituents are an order of magnitude larger than e. The boundary conditions, however, allow solutions when the constituents have charges with magnitudes on the order of e.
Science on the Move: A Design-Based Research Study of Informal STEM Learning in Public Spaces

ABSTRACTThis article describes a design-based research study conducted as part of a larger initiative, Science on the Move, intended to bring non-facilitated and unexpected science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) learning experiences to public transit stations. Drawing from prior research on situational interest, pedestrian navigation, and design affordances, the study was intended to (a) support the development of exhibit prototypes in transit stations and (b) build a theoretically grounded conjecture map of multi-stage visitor attention, including factors that support or discourage engagement in these settings. The team iteratively tested and refined two exhibit prototypes, collecting data through tracking and timing, naturalistic observation, and structured interviews. The final conjecture map posits three stages of attention and situational interest, an underlying appraisal process guiding movement across these stages, and specific environment-person factors relevant at each stage. Findings ...
Intracellular localization of corticosteroid receptors in brain: potential interactions with signal transduction pathways.

Adrenal corticosteroids have diverse actions in the central nervous system (CNS). Glucocorticoids, the major adrenal corticosteroids, regulate the actions of several classical neurotransmitters and peptides, neuronal and glial proliferation and differentiation, neuronal survival, cognitive function, and behavior (1). Mineralocorticoids, e.g., aldosterone, regulate salt appetite and blood pressure (2, 3). As with other members of the steroid receptor superfamily, most actions of adrenal corticosteroids are mediated by intracellular receptors (4). Activated corticosteroid receptors bind to a glucocorticoid response element and interact with other transcription factors to regulate the expression of various genes (5–8). Two types of corticosteroid receptors have been described (7–9). A Type I receptor, which is identical to the classical mineralocorticoid receptor of the kidney, salivary glands, and colon, has a high affinity (KD = 0.5 nM) and low capacity for endogenous glucocorticoids in the brain. It binds...
A review of benchmarking literature: a proposed model for implementation

This paper presents a generic conceptual benchmarking model which can be applied in manufacturing and service operational environments. The literature dealing with benchmarking was investigated and integrated in the form of a practical model for the implementation of benchmarking. The proposed model and associated framework have both strategic and operational implications for managers as they attempt to gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace.
Speed, rotor position and load torque estimation of the PMSM using an extended dynamic model and cascaded sliding mode observers

The paper presents a method to estimate the rotor position, speed and load torque of the PMSM drive. The estimation is done using cascaded sliding mode observers (SMOs) and uses an extended dynamic model of the PMSM. A first SMO is constructed based on the current equations of the motor and estimates the EMFs; these are used to calculate the rotor position angle. The EMFs are also fed in a second SMO that estimates the speed and the load torque of the PMSM drive. The paper presents the design and analysis of the observers. In order to obtain accurate estimates, both observers are implemented using the second order sliding mode approach. It is shown that the estimates of the speed and torque are accurate both during transient and at steady-state. The method can be used in a sensorless PMSM implementation - if an estimate of the load torque is available, this allows to improve the response of the speed loop. The theoretical findings are supported with simulations.
Efficiency of Linear Bayes Rules for a Normal Mean: Skewed Priors Class

In this paper we explore the performance of linear Bayes rules in estimating a normal mean. We take a robust Bayesian standpoint, expressing our limited information about the parameter by adopting a family Γ of priors. The family of priors that we are using is fully described by Azzalini and is suitable for modelling non-symmetric situations. We find in many cases that the linear Bayes rules have reasonably high efficiencies (with respect to the corresponding Bayes rules) and therefore can be used instead of the Bayes rules as the linear rules are much easier to obtain.
Behavioral pharmacology of the odor span task: Effects of flunitrazepam, ketamine, methamphetamine and methylphenidate

The Odor Span Task is an incrementing non-matching-to-sample procedure that permits the study of behavior under the control of multiple stimuli. Rats are exposed to a series of odor stimuli and selection of new stimuli is reinforced. Successful performance thus requires remembering which stimuli have previously been presented during a given session. This procedure has been frequently used in neurobiological studies as a rodent model of working memory; however, only a few studies have examined the effects of drugs on performance in this task. The present experiments explored the behavioral pharmacology of a modified version of the Odor Span Task by determining the effects of stimulant drugs methylphenidate and methamphetamine, NMDA antagonist ketamine, and positive GABAA modulator flunitrazepam. All four drugs produced dose-dependent impairment of performances on the Odor Span Task, but for methylphenidate and methamphetamine, these occurred only at doses that had similar effects on performance of a simple odor discrimination. Generally, these disruptions were based on omission of responding at the effective doses. The effects of ketamine and flunitrazepam were more selective in some rats. That is, some rats tested under flunitrazepam and ketamine showed decreases in accuracy on the Odor Span Task at doses that did not affect simple discrimination performance. These selective effects indicate disruption of within-session stimulus control. Overall, these findings support the potential of the Odor Span Task as a baseline for the behavioral pharmacological analysis of remembering.
Discourses of Exclusion: Immigrant-Origin Youth Responses to Immigration Debates in an Election Year

ABSTRACTPolitical discourse on immigration policy often provides a window into a society’s boundaries of inclusion and exclusion. Here, we seek to understand how those in liminal positions respond to political debates that raise issues of boundary maintenance. Drawing from Bakhtinian concepts of authoritative and internally persuasive discourses as well as Gramsci’s concept of common sense, we analyzed how a superdiverse sample of 26 immigrant-origin adolescents (from Asia, Latin America, Africa, and Europe) responded to video segments of presidential debates from the 2012 U.S. election. Youth’s responses to presidential video clips about undocumented immigration policies fell along a spectrum from inclusionary to exclusionary, with many voicing mixed responses to immigration policies. Half of the youth referenced their own family’s migration experience when discussing immigration policy, most frequently in empathetic ways; however, this did not preclude them from aligning with discourses of exclusion. Th...
Marketing Something: Advertising Cruise Tourism

This chapter discusses the relationship that exists between marketers and the copywriters and artists (creatives) in advertising agencies. Then, it discusses cruise tourism and advertising for cruises by different cruise lines which cater to different market segments. Each cruise line stresses something different about itself. Next, it offers an example of a “consumer’s journey” by discussing a cruise the author took on the Norwegian Epic and all the steps that were part of that journey. Then it considers reviews of cruise ships on various Internet sites and suggests they are not reliable. This leads to a discussion of the Norwegian Cruise Line’s new advertising theme based on an interview with the Norwegian’s Chief Marketing Officer, Meg Lee. This chapter concludes with a discussion on behavioral targeting.
CBP/p300 Bromodomain Mediates Amyloid Formation.

Bromodomains are protein domains that serve as "readers" of acetylated lysine marks and mediate DNA-templated processes. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Olzscha et al. (2017) report that the CBP/p300 bromodomains mediate the formation of amyloid-like aggregates and that inhibitors specific to these bromodomains reduce the degree of protein aggregation and mitigate HDAC inhibitor-induced cytotoxicity.
Galectin-3 directs antimicrobial guanylate binding proteins to vacuoles furnished with bacterial secretion systems

Many invasive bacteria establish pathogen-containing vacuoles (PVs) as intracellular niches for microbial growth. Immunity to these infections is dependent on the ability of host cells to recognize PVs as targets for host defense. The delivery of several host defense proteins to PVs is controlled by IFN-inducible guanylate binding proteins (GBPs), which themselves dock to PVs through poorly characterized mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that GBPs detect the presence of bacterial protein secretion systems as "patterns of pathogenesis" associated with PVs. We report that the delivery of GBP2 to Legionella-containing vacuoles is dependent on the bacterial Dot/Icm secretion system, whereas the delivery of GBP2 to Yersinia-containing vacuoles (YCVs) requires hypersecretion of Yersinia translocon proteins. We show that the presence of bacterial secretion systems directs cytosolic carbohydrate-binding protein Galectin-3 to PVs and that the delivery of GBP1 and GBP2 to Legionella-containing vacuoles or YCVs is substantially diminished in Galectin-3-deficient cells. Our results illustrate that insertion of bacterial secretion systems into PV membranes stimulates Galectin-3-dependent recruitment of antimicrobial GBPs to PVs as part of a coordinated host defense program.
Free and total p-cresol sulfate levels and infectious hospitalizations in hemodialysis patients in CHOICE and HEMO.

The uremic syndrome is attributed to progressive retention of compounds that, under normal conditions, are excreted by the healthy kidneys. p-cresol sulfate (PCS), a prototype protein-bound uremic retention solute, has been shown to exert toxic effects in vitro. Recent studies have identified relations between increased levels of PCS and indoxyl sulfate (IS) and adverse clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients. We explored the relationship between free and total PCS and IS with infection-related hospitalizations (IH) and septicemia in 2 cohorts, Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) Study (CHOICE) and Hemodialysis Study (HEMO).We measured free and total levels of PCS and IS in stored specimens in CHOICE, a cohort of 464 incident hemodialysis patients enrolled in 1995 to 1998 and followed for an average of 3.4 years and in a prevalent dialysis cohort of 495 patients enrolled in HEMO from 1995 to 2000 and followed for an average of 4.4 years. We measured free PCS and IS using mass spectroscopy. The 2 cohorts were linked to United States Renal Data System (USRDS) Medicare billing records to ascertain IH over follow-up. We examined the association of free and total levels of PCS and IS with IH and septicemia using multilevel Poisson regression models adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, clinical factors, and laboratory tests including residual kidney function. We stratified patients a priori based on gastrointestinal (GI) disease as PCS and IS are produced in colon.In CHOICE, highest tertile of free PCS in multivariable model was associated with 50% higher risk of IH [95% CI = 1.01-2.23] compared with lowest tertile in patients with no-GI disease. A significant trend was noted between greater levels of free PCS and septicemia in no-GI disease group in both cohorts, while no association was noted in GI disease group. Total PCS concentrations were not associated with either IH or septicemia in either cohort. No significant risk of IH or septicemia was noted with higher levels of free or total IS in either GI or no-GI disease group.These results suggest an association between higher concentrations of free PCS and infection-related and sepsis-related hospitalizations in hemodialysis patients. Better methods of dialysis should be developed to evaluate the utility of removing PCS and its effect on the outcome and also therapies to decrease gastrointestinal tract production of uremic solutes.
A Coding Scheme for Nucleic Acid Memory (NAM)

The global demand for digital data is projected to be greater than the supply of semiconductor grade silicon in 2040 [1]. When combined with the need to archive information [2], nucleic acids are being explored as an alternative memory material [1-7]. According to a recent study, the information density of nucleic acid memory (NAM) is one thousand times greater than flash memory and has the ability to last for hundreds of years [1]. Presented here is an algorithm for converting digital data into unique DNA sequences for glacial storage. Biologically inspired, our coding scheme maps hexadecimal characters to sequences of three DNA nucleotides. This mapping avoids repeating sequences and start codons, which could have adverse effects. We were able to encode and decode various file types without error.
Benzene Adsorption: A Significant Inhibitor for the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction in Alkaline Conditions

Slow hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) kinetics on Pt under alkaline conditions is a significant technical barrier for the development of high-performance hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells. Here we report that benzene adsorption on Pt is a major factor responsible for the sluggish HOR. Furthermore, we demonstrate that bimetallic catalysts, such as PtMo/C, PtNi/C, and PtRu/C, can reduce the adsorption of benzene and thereby improve HOR activity. In particular, the HOR voltammogram of PtRu/C in 0.1 M benzyl ammonium showed minimal benzene adsorption. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the adsorption of benzyl ammonium on the bimetallic PtRu is endergonic for all four possible orientations of the cation, which explains the significantly better HOR activity observed for the bimetallic catalysts. The new HOR inhibition mechanism described here provides insights for the design of future polymer electrolytes and electrocatalysts for better-performing polymer membrane-based fuel cells.
Subcutaneous ovarian tissue transplantation in nonhuman primates: duration of endocrine function and normalcy of subsequent offspring as demonstrated by reproductive competence, oocyte production, and telomere length

The main purposes of the study were to investigate the endocrine function of ovarian tissue transplanted to heterotopic subcutaneous sites and the reproductive competence and telomere length of a nonhuman primate originating from transplanted tissue. Ovarian cortex pieces were transplanted into the original rhesus macaques in the arm subcutaneously, in the abdomen next to muscles, or in the kidney. Serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations were measured weekly for up to 8 years following tissue transplantation. A monkey derived from an oocyte in transplanted ovarian tissue entered time-mated breeding and underwent controlled ovarian stimulation. Pregnancy and offspring were evaluated. Telomere lengths and oocytes obtained following controlled ovarian stimulation were assessed. Monkeys with transplants in the arm and abdomen had cyclic E2 of 100 pg/ml, while an animal with arm transplants had E2 of 50 pg/ml. One monkey with transplants in the abdomen and kidney had ovulatory cycles for 3 years. A monkey derived from an oocyte in transplanted tissue conceived and had a normal gestation until intrapartum fetal demise. She conceived again and delivered a healthy offspring at term. Controlled ovarian stimulations of this monkey yielded mature oocytes comparable to controls. Her telomere length was long relative to controls. Heterotopic ovarian tissue transplants yielded long-term endocrine function in macaques. A monkey derived from an oocyte in transplanted tissue was reproductively competent. Her telomere length did not show epigenetically induced premature cellular aging. Ovarian tissue transplantation to heterotopic sites for fertility preservation should move forward cautiously, yet optimistically.
Clinical Outcomes After Cardiac Stress Testing Among US Patients Younger Than 65 Years.

Background Scientific statements have championed the measurement of clinical outcomes after cardiac stress testing to better define their value. Using contemporary national data, we sought to describe the characteristics of patients who experience outcomes after stress testing. Methods and Results Using administrative claims from a large national private insurer, we conducted an observational cohort study of patients without cardiovascular disease aged 25 to 64 years who underwent stress testing from 2006 to 2011 and had at least 1 year of membership in the insurance company before and after testing. We used Kaplan–Meier time‐to‐event analyses to determine rates of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), elective coronary revascularization, and coronary angiography without revascularization in the year following testing. We used logistic regression to determine factors associated with outcomes, and stratified the cohort into quintiles based on likelihood of experiencing AMI and/or revascularization to describe the characteristics of patients at highest and lowest risk. Among 553 027 patients who underwent stress testing (mean age 50 years, 49% women, 73% white), 0.8% were hospitalized for AMI, 1.8% underwent elective coronary revascularization, and 2.5% underwent coronary angiography without revascularization within 1 year. Patients who were older, male, and white were more likely to undergo subsequent revascularization. Patients in the lowest likelihood quintile were young (mean age 40 years), frequently women (84.7%), had a low incidence of coexisting conditions (5.2% with diabetes mellitus), and had a 0.5% rate of AMI and/or revascularization. Conclusions The proportion of US patients younger than 65 who had AMI and/or coronary revascularization after stress testing was low. Assessing risk of subsequent outcomes may be useful in improving patient referrals for stress testing.
Arbitrage Pricing Theory

This chapter studies the modifications needed due to the introduction of trading constraints in the arbitrage pricing theory of the fundamental theorems Chap. 2. Most, but not all of the three fundamental theorems of asset pricing extend with trading constraints.
Structure of outer hair cell stereocilia links in the chinchilla.

The structure of side, tip, and “attachment” links of chinchilla outer hair cell (OHC) stereocilia was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy using tannic acid and Cuprolinic blue histochemical procedures. Tannic acid, which interacts with many different types of proteins and glycoproteins irrespective of their electrical charge, showed strong reactivity for the central area of the side links and weak reactivity for the marginal area of these links adjacent to the stereocilia membrane. Tannic acid treatment revealed the tip links as thin strands, about 5 nm thick. Attachment links were poorly visualized after tannic acid treatment and appeared as sparse filamentous strands at tips of the tallest OHC stereocilia. Cuprolinic blue, at a high critical electrolyte concentration, reacted with strongly negative, primarily sulfated, carbohydrate residues of glycoconjugate macromolecules. In contrast to the tannic acid treatment, the central portions of the OHC stereocilia side links were unstained after Cuprolinic blue treatment; however, membrane-associated ends of these links were darkly stained. The tip links showed a similar appearance as after tannic acid treatment; however, Cuprolinic blue revealed an electron-dense substructure at both ends of its insertion into the stereocilia. Cuprolinic blue reactive structures were also observed as attachment links only at the tips of the OHC stereocilia of the tallest row in each bundle. These structures formed a crown-like array around the tip of each stereocilium. Their primary function appears to be attachment of type B fibrils of the tectorial membrane to the tallest OHC stereocilia. Cuprolinic blue reactive structures of the side, tip, and attachment links appear to contain acidic, sulfated residues of proteoglycans or glycoproteins. These structures may function as connective elements between the stereocilia links and the hair cell cytoskeleton.
Interface Chemistry of Tin Oxide and Glow Discharge Deposited Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Couples

Depth distribution of various elements and their chemical state though the a-Si/C - tin oxide were determined quantitatively by Auger Electron Spectroscopy. Silicon in oxide state and tin in metallic state was found to be present at the interface. The amount of silicon (oxide) was 2 to 3 times larger than the tin (metallic) iirplying that the presence of silicon (oxide) is not simply due to the reduction of tin oxide. It was also observed that the amount of these elements is independent of the duration of discharge and of the dilution of the gases by helium.
Outline of Precambrian Chronology in Lands Bordering the South Atlantic, Exclusive of Brazil

Radiometric age dating has consolidated much of the information resulting from independent geologic mapping of the basement complexes in African and South American countries. In this review we have attempted to interpret the age data available, and to allow for the resetting of mineral ages, as well as adding some unpublished measurements to the widely scattered information in the literature. The purpose of the review is also to provide a view of the Precambrian structural and age provinces along the edges of the continents that were contiguous prior to the breakup in the mid-Phanerozoic, so that the continuity of the ancient nuclei, basins, and transecting belts can be observed. The Brazilian part of the assemblage is described in Chap. 11.
Welfare of Animals: Introduction

Animal welfare and animal behavior are tightly linked with behaviors commonly used as indicators of an animal's welfare. Behaviors keep animals healthy and they indicate disease and distress. This introductory article, and those that follow in this section, points out a wide variety of connections between the two disciplines and notes differences between them as well.
Methods for Evaluating a Slice Culture Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

It is difficult to study normal CNS aging in culture models because specific markers for neuronal aging are not well characterized. In contrast, Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) has well-defined features which one can attempt to study in culture systems. Structurally, AD is characterized by extracellular amyloid deposits or plaques often surrounded by abnormally sprouting or degenerating neurites and associated reactive astrocytes and microglia (neuritic plaques). Extracellular amyloid is primarily comprised of a 40–43 amino acid peptide called amyloid β protein (Aβ), which readily assembles into β-pleated sheet fibrillar aggregates or amyloid. Several accessory proteins including α1-antichymotrypsin, heparin sulfate proteoglycan, and sometimes apolipoprotein E (apoE) have been localized to amyloid plaques. Aβ is derived from a larger amyloid precursor protein (APP) by proteolytic cleavage at or near sites of mutations known to migrate with familial Alzheimer’s disease. Another major lesion of AD, intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), are composed of paired helical filaments (PHF). The major identified constituents of NFTs are abnormally phosphorylated tau protein and ubiquitin; these assemble into β-pleated PHFs to make another biochemical form of amyloid.
An Infusion Approach to Internationalization: Drake University as a Case Study

How can institutions of higher education insure that international perspectives become an important component of the educational experience for a broad base of students? General education requirements offer a necessary but insufficient step toward this goal. The strengthening of specialized international studies programs reaches too few students. A better approach involves the infusion of international perspectives throughout the institution through both curricular and extra-curricular initiatives. Infusion requires an institution-wide commitment to matching international perspectives with the diverse needs and interests of students across the campus. This paper offers a case study of internationalization through infusion at a medium-sized, private university located in the Midwest. Energized by a new strategic commitment to international education, Drake has crafted a highly innovative three-pronged approach to internationalization: 1) The creation of a new Center for Global Citizenship, 2) A new and innovative approach to foreign language study called the Drake University Language Acquisition Program (DULAP) involving technology-assisted pedagogy and small group discussion with native speakers. 3. A new series of partnerships with overseas universities. Although still quite new, these initiatives have begun to change the campus culture, strengthen ties with internationally-oriented community groups and attract external resources.
Holocene Sedimentary Framework, East-Central Bering Sea Continental Shelf

Granulometric, paleontologic, chronologic, and high-resolution sub-bottom data indicate considerable temporal and spatial variability in the Holocene stratigraphic sequence of the east-central Bering Sea continental shelf between St. Lawrence and St. Matthew Islands and the Alaskan mainland. Rates of sediment accumulation vary between 9 and 97 mg cm−yr−1 (8 to 60 cm KPyr−1) and indicate that the influence of fluvial and oceanographic processes have changed greatly during the last transgression of sea level across this part of the shelf. Older bathymetrie features have also affected the sedimentary variability.
Charting the onset of Parkinson-like motor and non-motor symptoms in nonhuman primate model of Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease increasingly affecting our aging population. Remarkable advances have been made in developing novel therapies to control symptoms, halt or cure the disease, ranging from physiotherapy and small molecules to cell and gene therapy. This progress was enabled by the existence of reliable animal models. The nonhuman primate model of Parkinson’s disease emulates the cardinal symptoms of the disease, including tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, freezing and cognitive impairment. However, this model is established through the specific loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, while our current knowledge reflects the reality of Parkinson’s disease as a multisystem disease. Parkinson’s disease involves both motor and non-motor symptoms, such as sleep disturbance, olfaction, gastrointestinal dysfunctions, depression and cognitive deficits. Some of the non-motor symptoms emerge earlier at the prodromal phase and worsen with disease progression, yet in basic and translational studies, they are rarely considered as endpoints. In this study, we set to characterize an ensemble of less described motor and non-motor dysfunctions in the marmoset MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) model. We provide evidence that this animal model expresses postural head tremor and a progressive worsening of fine motor skills, movement coordination and cognitive abilities over a 6-month period. We report for the first time a non-invasive approach showing detailed analysis of daytime and nighttime sleep and circadian rhythm disturbance remarkably similar to Parkinson’s disease patients. This study describes the incidence of tremors, motor and non-motor dysfunctions in a preclinical model and highlights the need for their consideration in translating effective new therapeutic approaches for Parkinson’s disease.
Kyne: Movement in Static Interlaced Artifacts

A display device, whilst seemingly static shows a lot of movement. Movement or change on such screens is perceived due to rapid, successive change in frames. Outside of screens, perceived movement on static objects may be achieved through a combination of optics and illusions. Kyne is a series of visual experiments, involving the perception of change in static distorted artifacts. It involves varied methods of obscuring or masking parts of static artifacts and taking advantage of persistence of vision to animate these artifacts. The artifacts explored use paper, refreshable static non-illuminated e-ink displays, and laser cut acrylic, and their masks include transparencies and digital projections. This paper illustrates the experiments conducted with different artifact-mask pairings and speculates on possible future pairings.
CXCR4 Expression and Biological Activity Is Dependent on Oxygen Partial Pressure in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

CXCR4, the receptor for bone marrow stroma derived SDF-1, has recently been studied in normal hematopoiesis and hematologic malignancies. Increased expression of CXCR4 by leukemic blasts has been reported by us and others (Konoplev S. et al, Cancer 2007) to be associated with poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, all in-vitro studies are usually carried out under unphysiological, i.e. normoxic (21% O 2 ) conditions. We hypothesized that the pO 2 in vitro has major impact on the expression of CXCR4, a key receptor for cell migration and intracellular signalling. Thus, pO 2 of bone marrow aspirates was measured using the i-STAT Portable Clinical Analyzer and a hypoxic workstation was used providing constant low oxygen content. Surface and total CXCR4 expression was examined in leukemic cell lines and patient samples by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and Western blotting (WB). In 19 patients, the median pO 2 of the bone marrow was determined as 46.1±12.8 mmHg (6.1±1.7%) with no significant difference between patients with AML (n=7, pO 2 41.3±11.2 mmHg) and patients in CR (n=12, pO 2 48.3±15.9 mmHg). This level of hypoxia significantly increases surface and total expression of CXCR4 in the leukemic cell lines U937 and OCI-AML3 as well as in samples from patients with AML, as compared to normoxic conditions (~2.8fold increase). This increase happened mainly within the first 2–8 hours of hypoxia and was unrelated to increased CXCR4 transcription, as shown by PCR. Re-oxygenation of leukemic cells resulted in a statistical significant degradation of CXCR4 (~3fold decrease) in all examined cell lines and patient samples (n=10). This loss of CXCR4 is very rapid (within 5 minutes of re-oxygenation) and was detected by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and WB. This phenomenon was independent of proteasome activity and ATP. Detailed analysis of membraneous lipid rafts by sucrose density separation, cholesterol depletion and flow cytometry analysis for GM1 gangliosides showed structural (distinct re-distribution of Lck in lipid rafts) and quantitative changes (loss of cholesterol and CXCR4) during re-oxygenation. Moreover, part of the loss of CXCR4 can be attributed to sequestration of microparticles into the extracellular environment as shown by WB of supernatant of re-oxygenated cells and by a significant increase (~1.5fold) in the amount of microparticles released by cells (cell lines U937 and OCI-AML3 and additional patient samples) during the process of re-oxygenation, as measured by flow cytometry. In summary, this study determined the oxygen content of CR and leukemic bone marrow samples as 6.1±1.7%. This pO 2 is associated with an increase in CXCR4 expression on AML cells, while re-oxygenation leads to a rapid decrease of CXCR4, perhaps in part by shedding of CXCR4- containing microparticles. These studies point to the importance of studying leukemic blasts under physiologic, i.e. hypoxic conditions.
The Montessori Model and Creativity.

Prior research has demonstrated that the characteristics of school environments can impact the development of creativity in children. Thus, we explored the construct of creativity in the context of a Montessori environment. We used the Evaluation of Potential Creativity to measure creativity in children during one academic year. The study sample comprised 77 third-grade students at a Montessori public school in the southeastern United States and 71 demographically similar students at a traditional public school. Results show that Montessori students performed somewhat better on the Evaluation of Potential Creativity assessment than similar non-Montessori students did. Subgroup analyses indicate that male Montessori students demonstrated higher creativity than did male non- Montessori students. The findings of this study augment the body of research supporting creative development in Montessori children and suggest that researchers should continue to focus on the measurement of creativity in studies related to the efficacy of the Montessori model.
``What'' perception of sounds and words

Speech perception is a task that, on the surface, is deceptively simple. Every day in most of our interactions, we are able to understand speech from a variety of talkers about a variety of topics without significant challenges. However, the actual task of understanding speech is a complex one, requiring a listener to quickly extract information from a noisy and variable acoustic signal to determine the speaker’s intended meaning. Determining what linguistic features and words a speaker has intended is not trivial, as many factors can influence the acoustic signal. That is, the same intended word or speech segment can be produced with many distinct acoustic realizations depending on the speaker, the surrounding speech context, and other linguistic features, including the speaking rate. Further, speech perception can be even more challenging when a listener is trying to perceive speech in noisy environments, including environmental noise (e.g., construction noise) or competing speech from other talkers. In this talk, I will focus on how listeners are able to extract relatively invariant meaning representations from a highly variable signal. Understanding what is perceived when listeners hear speech is critically important for an understanding of what factors matter for speech privacy.
Morphological changes and hypomethylation of DNA in transgenic tobacco expressing antisense RNA of the S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase gene

S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) is a key enzyme in the regulation of intracellular methylation reactions. To investigate the role of SAHH in methylation reactions and morphogenesis in planta, we have made transgenic plants expressing antisense RNA of tobacco SAHH. The transgenic plants displayed distinct morphological changes including a floral homeotic change. We hypothesized that the changes were caused by increased levels of cytokinin. In those transgenic plants, we observed that a repetitive DNA sequence appeared less methylated than controls. We speculated that altered gene expressions by the hypomethylation of DNA might be involved in the changes.
Why African Americans say "No": A Study of Pharmacogenomic Research Participation.

Objective: To identify reasons for nonpar­ticipation by African Americans in cardio­vascular pharmacogenomic research. Design: Prospective, open-ended, qualita­tive survey. Setting: Research staff approached patients eligible for the Discovery Project of The African American Cardiovascular pharma­cogenomics CONsorTium in the inpatient or outpatient setting at four different institu­tions during September and October 2018. Participants: Potential Discovery Proj­ect participants self-identified as African American, aged >18 years, were on one of five cardiovascular drugs of interest, and de­clined enrollment in the Discovery Project. Methods: After declining participation in the Discovery Project, patients were asked, “What are your reasons for not participat­ing?” We analyzed their responses using a directed content analytic approach. Ultimately, responses were coded into one of nine categories and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Main Outcome Measures: Reasons for nonparticipation. Results: Of the 194 people approached for the Discovery Project during an eight-week period, 82 declined participation and provided information for this study. The most common reason for refusal was concern about the amount of blood drawn (19.5%). The next most common reasons for refusal to participate included concerns about genetic testing (14.6%) and mistrust of research (12.2%). Across study sites, significantly more patients enrolled in the inpatient than outpatient setting (P<.001). Significantly more women and younger individuals declined participation due to concerns about genetic testing and too little compensation (P < .05). Conclusions: Collection of blood samples and concerns about genetic testing are ob­stacles for the recruitment of African Ameri­cans to pharmacogenomics studies. Efforts to overcome these barriers to participation are needed to improve representation of minorities in pharmacogenomic research. Enrolling participants from inpatient populations may be a solution to bolster recruitment efforts. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(Suppl 1):159-166; doi:10.18865/ed.30.S1.159
Liberalism, Collectivism, and Democracy

This chapter concludes the book by exploring the social philosophy at which this book aims. That philosophy holds that good social order is not a matter of embracing liberalism or collectivism in its pure form. A choice of one or the other stems from embracing the law of the excluded middle. To the contrary, this book embraces the principle of yin-and-yang where societal goodness requires a good complementarity between the opposites denoted as liberalism and collectivism, and with liberalism occupying the foreground of social organization while collectivism occupies the background. The relationship of foreground to background, moreover, entails unavoidable ambiguity as befits the kaleidic, creative, and open-ended nature of human societies.
Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation on lipid accumulation by Chlorella kessleri str. UTEX 263 grown in darkness

Growing algae in darkness for biodiesel production eliminates the challenges of evaporation and light penetration reported for open ponds and the costs and fouling that plague photobioreactors. The current study demonstrated that Chlorella kessleri str. UTEX 263 could grow heterotrophically in the dark on pure sugars or lignocellulosic hydrolysates of plant biomass. Hydrolysates of a prairie grass native to Kansas, Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), supported the growth of C. kessleri in the dark. Nitrogen limitation stimulated the accumulation of biodiesel lipids by 10-fold in heterotrophic cultures grown on pure sugars or Big Bluestem hydrolysate. Limiting P in the growth medium also was shown to increase cellular lipid accumulation in C. kessleri. Iron limitation was not sufficient to increase cellular lipid content. Crude biomass extracts may have levels of N that cannot be easily removed, which are high enough to relieve N limitations in growth media. This initial study suggests that P might be more easily removed from biomass extracts than N for increasing cellular lipid production by nutrient limitation and further that native prairie grasses are potentially suitable as sources of lignocellulosic sugars.
The Discovery of Gray Bats (Myotis grisescens) in Bridges in Western North Carolina

We report the first finding, in July 2016, of Myotis grisescens (Gray Bat) roosts in North Carolina. This species was formerly considered a rare visitor because occupied caves have not been found in the state. After receiving a tip about bats roosting in a bridge, we acoustically detected Gray Bats during an emergence count. Further investigation led to the discovery of 7 Gray Bat roosts in western North Carolina bridges in 2016.
Na ion dynamics in P2-Nax[Ni1/3Ti2/3]O2: a combination of quasi-elastic neutron scattering and first-principles molecular dynamics study

In this work, the P2-type layered material Na2/3[Ni1/3Ti2/3]O2 was studied as a promising bi-functional electrode material for sodium-ion batteries. To assess the electrochemical performance of this material, we investigated the diffusion mechanism as well as ionic and electronic conductivity with a combination of experimental and computational techniques. The quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) experiments and first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations were performed to identify the diffusion mechanism. The QENS data showed that Na ion diffusion can be well described by the Singwi–Sjolander jump diffusion model, where the obtained mean jump length matched the distances between the neighboring edge-share and face-share Na sites. FPMD predicted diffusivity values similar to those from QENS. The computed composition dependence of ionic and electronic conductivity of Nax[Ni1/3Ti2/3]O2 suggested that electronic conductivity changes significantly when x deviates from 2/3 as the redox couple of Ni and Ti is activated, while the change of ionic conductivity with x is relatively small.
Extensive proteomic and transcriptomic changes quench the TCR/CD3 activation signal of latently HIV-1 infected T cells

The biomolecular mechanisms controlling latent HIV-1 infection, despite their importance for the development of a cure for HIV-1 infection, are only partially understood. For example, ex vivo studies have recently shown that T cell activation only triggered HIV-1 reactivation in a fraction of the latently infected CD4+ T cell reservoir, but the molecular biology of this phenomenon is unclear. We demonstrate that HIV-1 infection of primary T cells and T cell lines indeed generates a substantial amount of T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 activation-inert latently infected T cells. RNA-level analysis identified extensive transcriptomic differences between uninfected, TCR/CD3 activation-responsive and -inert T cells, but did not reveal a gene expression signature that could functionally explain TCR/CD3 signaling inertness. Network analysis suggested a largely stochastic nature of these gene expression changes (transcriptomic noise), raising the possibility that widespread gene dysregulation could provide a reactivation threshold by impairing overall signal transduction efficacy. Indeed, compounds that are known to induce genetic noise, such as HDAC inhibitors impeded the ability of TCR/CD3 activation to trigger HIV-1 reactivation. Unlike for transcriptomic data, pathway enrichment analysis based on phospho-proteomic data directly identified an altered TCR signaling motif. Network analysis of this data set identified drug targets that would promote TCR/CD3-mediated HIV-1 reactivation in the fraction of otherwise TCR/CD3-reactivation inert latently HIV-1 infected T cells, regardless of whether the latency models were based on T cell lines or primary T cells. The data emphasize that latent HIV-1 infection is largely the result of extensive, stable biomolecular changes to the signaling network of the host T cells harboring latent HIV-1 infection events. In extension, the data imply that therapeutic restoration of host cell responsiveness prior to the use of any activating stimulus will likely have to be an element of future HIV-1 cure therapies.