cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systemic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Delivery and Axial Mechanical Stimulation Accelerate Fracture Healing

Fracture healing is a complex process involving numerous cell types, whose actions are regulated by many factors in their local environment. Mechanical factors are known to exert a strong influence on the actions of these cells and the progression of the repair process. While prior studies have investigated the effect of physical forces on cell differentiation, biofactor expression, and mechanical competence of repair, the mechanosensory and response mechanisms are poorly understood. This study was designed to explore the influence of a controlled mechanical environment on temporal aspects of the bone repair process. Specifically, this study examines how the timing of an applied strain influences local cell behavior during fracture repair, and how this load affects the migration of systemically introduced mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the fracture site.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Enabling the nation's schools to help prevent heart disease, stroke, cancer, COPD, diabetes, and other serious health problems.

In the United States, more than 53 million young people attend nearly 120,000 schools, usually for 13 of their most formative years. Modern school health programs—if appropriately designed and impl...
Possible 4d ferromagnetism of Rh and Ru overlayers on a Ag(001) substrate

The possibility of 4d ferromagnetism is explored for Rh and Ru overlayers on a Ag(001) substrate using the full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave method. The overlayer relaxation is found to be very small and to have no significant effect on the electronic and magnetic properties. The ferromagnetism of Rh/Ag(001) can be destroyed by an additional Ag layer---which attributes the lack of ferromagnetism in recent surface magneto-optic Kerr-effect experiments to the surface segregation between Rh and Ag atoms. However, Ru/Ag(001) is predicted to be ferromagnetic with both a larger magnetic moment and larger magnetic energy even after being covered by a Ag layer, and thus is more suitable for experimental verification. For both the Rh and Ru cases, the total hyperfine field is predicted to be too small for detecting these possible magnetism. Finally, the considerably strong overlayer-substrate Coulomb repulsion effect indicates that Ag is no longer the ``benign'' substrate for 4d overlayer magnetism that it is for the 3d metals.
Entertainment or Education: How Do Media Cover the Courts?

In this study, the authors look at how the media cover the courts and the balance they strike between entertaining the audience and educating it. The authors expected that the rise of market-driven journalism combined with the increase in cameras in the courtroom has encouraged coverage of the judicial branch that is dramatic and designed to attract an audience rather than to inform and educate about the judicial process. Using a content analysis of local television and newspaper coverage of the courts in five media markets, the authors found that while coverage is not devoid of informative and even explanatory content, its subject matter and emphasis on the most accessible facets of the judicial process appear to be driven by audience and market considerations. Two case studies provide evidence that cameras contribute to the dramatization of court reporting.
RATE AND EXTENT OF LABELLING OF BOUND PHOSPHOHISTIDINE AS RELATED TO ITS ROLE IN MITOCHONDRIA.

Rate and Extent of Labelling of Bound Phosphohistidine as Related to its Role in Mitochondria
The expression of the NR1-subunit of the NMDA receptor during mouse and early chicken development

Abstract It has been suggested that homocysteine-induced defects are mediated by the inhibition of the N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor on neural crest cells. However, the majority of this work has been performed using the chicken embryo model. In an effort to better understand the molecular events involved a murine model of homocysteine-induced defects was sought. However, it has been previously shown that homocysteine failed to induce congenital defects in several strains of mouse. Therefore, in an effort to better understand the difference in the susceptibility between these two species we investigated the ontogeny of the NMDA receptor in the mouse and chicken. To determine the expression of the NMDA receptor we performed Western blot analysis using an antibody to the NR1-subunit of the NMDA receptor in both the chicken and mouse embryos. Further, we used RT-PCR to determine the temporal expression of this subunit in the murine embryos from gestational day 8.5 to 18.5 to confirm our Western blot analysis. Results from these studies demonstrated that the expression of the NMDA receptor was expressed during the early stages of development in the chick embryo but neither the transcript nor the protein was detected in mouse embryos until later in development. These results demonstrate that during the stages of neurulation and/or early heart development the expression of the NR1-subunit of the NMDA receptor was not detected. The expression of this gene increased and was detectable by gestational days 14.5–15.5 and continued to increase in its expression until term. Therefore, these experiments suggest that homocysteine-induced defects may be mediated via the NMDA receptor.
Minimal broadcasting schemas for the mesh structures

Broadcasting in a network structure is the process of disseminating information from an originating node to the rest of the nodes in the structure, via successive data transmission between pairs of nodes. In this paper, after a quantitative analysis of the need for having the multi-port ability for nodes in the mesh structures, we present minimal local broadcasting schemas for the multi-dimensional mesh structures. To justify the proposed schemas, we also define a general class of effective routing paths and then discuss their close relationship with the proposed minimal broadcasting schemas.
Modification of Randomness by Transesterification of Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Copolyesters

Several different liquid crystalline copolyesters were thermally posttreated above their melt transition temperatures to increase their degree of randomness. Both poly(ethoxyphenylene terephthalate-co-ethylene terephthalate)s (poly(EPT-co-ET)) and poly(phenylphenylene terephthalate-co-ethylene terephthalate)s (poly(PPT-co-ET)) were prepared in 70:30 mole ratios of EPT:ET and PPT:ET and thermally randomized. The randomization reactions were controlled by variations in the duration and temperature of the reaction. The compositions of the copolymers remained constant in these reactions while the comonomer sequence distribution was changed. The inherent viscosities of the copolymers increased as a result of the reaction presumably because of increases in molecular weight. Increased randomness resulted in decreased crystallinities of the copolyesters, as observed by reduced enthalpies of fusion and crystallization, lower melt transitions, and lower crystallization temperatures.
Comparative electrophysiological properties of guinea pig (Cavia cobaya) outer hair cells and frog (Rana pipiens) semicircular canal hair cells

Abstract The morphological characteristics of isolated guinea-pig outer hair cells (OHCs) and frog semicircular canal hair cells (SCCHCs) were reviewed. Active and passive electrophysiological properties of OHCs and SCCHCs were compared utilizing the whole cell variant of the patch clamp technique. Results lead to the conclusion that both hair cell types are similarly viable. SCCHCs were dominated by inactivating outward conductances and were strongly inwardly rectified. In contrast, OHCs demonstrated little inactivation or rectification. The differences in electrophysiological properties between the two cell types may reflect the separate functions these cells have in the ear.
GBR12909 attenuates amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release as measured by [11C]raclopride continuous infusion PET scans

Major neurochemical effects of methamphetamine include release of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and norepinephrine (NE) via a carrier-mediated exchange mechanism. Preclinical research supports the hypothesis that elevations of mesolimbic DA mediate the addictive and reinforcing effects of methamphetamine and amphetamine. This hypothesis has not been adequately tested in humans. Previous in vivo rodent microdialysis demonstrated that the high affinity DA uptake inhibitor, GBR12909, attenuates cocaine- and amphetamine-induced increases in mesolimbic DA. The present study determined the ability of GBR12909 to attenuate amphetamine-induced increases in striatal DA as measured by [11C]raclopride continuous infusion positron emission tomography (PET) scans in two Papio anubis baboons. [11C]Raclopride was given in a continuous infusion paradigm resulting in a flat volume of distribution vs. time for up to 45 min postinjection. At that time, a 1.5 mg/kg amphetamine i.v. bolus was administered which caused a significant (30.3%) reduction in the volume of distribution (V3″). The percent reduction in the volume of distribution and, hence, a measure of the intrasynaptic DA release ranged between 22–41%. GBR12909 (1 mg/kg, slow i.v. infusion) was administered 90 min before the administration of the radiotracer. The comparison of the volume of distribution before and after administration of GBR12909 showed that GBR12909 inhibited amphetamine-induced DA release by 74%. These experiments suggest that GBR12909 is an important prototypical medication to test the hypothesis that stimulant-induced euphoria is mediated by DA and, if the DA hypothesis is correct, a potential treatment agent for cocaine and methamphetamine abuse. Furthermore, this quantitative approach demonstrates a way of testing various treatment medications, including other forms of GBR12909 such as a decanoate derivative. Synapse 33:268–273, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Analysis of a Two-Way Model with Interaction and No Replication

Abstract In this article the two-way array interaction model with one observation per cell is discussed. The model is given by Likelihood ratio tests are presented for two hypotheses: (1) no interaction (λ = 0) and (2) equality of treatments (τ1 = τ2 = … = τt). Also maximum likelihood estimators are given for all parameters including σ2 when λ ≠ 0.
Are Those Germs in Your Pocket, or Am I Just Crazy to See You? An Autoethnographic Consideration of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

This autoethnographic account chronicles my experiences living with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is generally framed as a chemical imbalance. I advocate a phenomenological, narrative-based understanding of the illness and emphasize its communicative characteristics. I also consider the ways in which creative writing strategies associated with OCD treatment might inform qualitative research practices.
Intermediate filament networks: organization and possible functions of a diverse group of cytoskeletal elements.

SUMMARY Immunofluorescence and electron microscopic observations demonstrate that intermediate filaments (IF) form cytoplasmic networks between the nucleus and cell surface in several types of cultured cells. Intermediate filaments interact with the nuclear surface, where they appear to terminate at the level of the nuclear envelope. From this region, they radiate towards the cell surface where they are closely associated with the plasma membrane. On the basis of these patterns of IF organization, we suggest that IF represent a cytoskeletal system interconnecting the cell surface with the nucleus. Furthermore, IF also appear to interact with other cytoskeletal components including microtubules and microfilaments. In the former case microtubule–IF interactions are seen in cytoplasmic regions between the nucleus and the cell membrane, whereas microfilament–IF interactions occur in the cortical cytoplasm. IF also appear to be cross-linked to each other; especially in the case of the IF bundles that occur in epithelial cells. In order to determine the molecular and biochemical bases of the organizational state of IF we have developed procedures for obtaining IF-enriched ‘cytoskeletons’ of cultured cells. In these preparations IF–nuclear and IF–cell surface associations are retained. Thus, these preparations have enabled us to begin to study various IF-associated structures (e.g. desmosomes) and associated proteins (IFAPs) using biochemical and immunological methodologies. To date, the results support the idea that IF and their associated proteins may comprise the cell type specific molecular infrastructure that is involved in transmitting and distributing information amongst the major cellular domains; the cell surface/extracellular matrix, the cytoplasm and the nuclear surface/nuclear matrix.
Detection of a transformation-specific glycopeptide in SSV-infected cells☆

Abstract An autologous antiserum against SSV nonproducer cells (SSV-NP cells) recognizes an unusual glycopeptide of at least 200,000 molecular weight. This molecule is shed or secreted from SSV-transformed cells and can therefore be detected in the tissue culture supernatant. Early appearance of the glycopeptide after infection as well as its exclusive specificity for SSV-transformed cells from three different species strongly suggest that it is intimately associated with transformation by SSV.
Silver Migration in Glass Dams between Silver-Palladium Interconnections

It is shown that two mechanisms are encountered in metal migration in glass-a platelike and treelike growth mechanism. The treelike growth, requiring a much higher interfacial energy contribution, is favored by high voltage application. The interaction of these two mechanisms accounts for the unexpected voltage and gap dependence of the niigration rate. The location of the metallic growth has been established as being in the volume of the glass. Significant differences exist in the electrical characteristics of the substrates of different manufacturers. After the application of glass dams these differences become less pronounced.
Loss of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins as a determinant of polyamine analog-induced apoptosis in human melanoma cells.

Loss of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins as a determinant of polyamine analog-induced apoptosis in human melanoma cells
Faster construction of optimal binary split trees

Abstract A binary split tree is a search structure combining features of heaps and binary search trees. Building an optimal binary split tree was originally conjectured to be intractable due to difficulties in applying dynamic programming techniques to the problem. However, two algorithms have recently been published which generate optimal trees in O ( n 5 ) time, for records with distinct access probabilities. An extension allowing nondistinct access probabilities required exponential time. These algorithms consider a range of values when only a single value is possible. A dynamic programming method for determining the correct value is given, resulting in an algorithm which builds an optimal binary split tree in O ( n 5 ) time for nondistinct access probabilities and Θ ( n 4 ) time for distinct access probabilities.
Political Economy of Financial Development: Canada and the United States in the Mirror of the Other, 1790-1840

A meeting of the Business History Conference in Toronto with “The Political Economy of Enterprise” as its theme provides an opportunity to consider some historical similarities and differences between the climates of enterprise in Canada and the United States. Because much of my recent work has been on financial development in the United States in the early decades, 1790–1840, I shall focus on that period. During that period, finance, enterprise, and economic development in the United States made great strides. Across the border in British North America, progress in all three areas was limited. The contrast sheds some light on the political conditions that favor financial development, flourishing enterprise, and modern economic growth.
Spatial routines for a simulated speech-controlled vehicle

We have defined a lexicon of words in terms of spatial routines, and used that lexicon to build a speech controlled vehicle in a simulator. A spatial routine is a script composed from a set of primitive operations on occupancy grids, analogous to Ullman's visual routines. The vehicle understands the meaning of context-dependent natural language commands such as "Go across the room." When the system receives a command, it combines definitions from the lexicon according to the parse structure of the command, creating a script that selects a goal for the vehicle. Spatial routines may provide the basis for interpreting spatial language in a broad range of physically situated language understanding systems.
Viscous-Inviscid Interaction in Transonic Flow.

Abstract : The aim of this thesis is to couple an inviscid two dimensional steady transonic flow calculation with a boundary layer calculation. This interaction is especially important in transonic problems since the boundary layer has a significant effect on the inviscid portion of the flow. Here, the inviscid solution is obtained by an algorithm developed for the full potential equation by Holst and Ballhaus while the attached and separated turbulent boundary layer calculations are performed by Green's lag entrainment method. Guided by a model problem suggested by Le Balleur, a viscous-inviscid coupling algorithm is developed. Theoretical analysis indicates that it coverages rapidly for attached flows ad also performs well for separated flows. These conclusions are confirmed through a series of challenging transonic calculations involving both attached and separated flows. The coupling algorithm is remarkably stable and allows computation of coupled viscous-inviscid flows within times required to perform the inviscid calculations by themselves. (Author)
Gene-expression profiling of the response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and melanoma metastases to systemic IL-2 administration

lnterleukin-2 (IL-2) has direct pluripotent effects on cells with immune and inflammatory function. Which of these effects has a critical role in mediating tumor regression remains enigmatic. In this study, we compared early changes in transcriptional profiles of circulating mononuclear cells with those occurring within the microenvironment of melanoma metastases following systemic IL-2 administration. The results suggest that the immediate effects of IL-2 administration on the tumor microenvironment is transcriptional activation of genes predominantly associated with monocyte cell function; minimal effects were noted on migration, activation and proliferation of T cells. However, production of chemokines and markers of adhesion and migration within few hours of IL-2 administration may be responsible for a secondary recruitment of immune cells to the tumor site later. Our results suggest that IL-2 induces inflammation at tumor sites with three predominant secondary effects: activation of antigen-presenting monocytes; massive production of chemoattractants that may recruit other immune cells to the tumor (including MIG and PARC, which are specific for T cells); and activation of cytolytic mechanisms in monocytes (calgranulin, grancalcin) and NK cells (NKG5, NK4).
Connection formulae for Painleve´ V functions.II. The d function Bose gas problem

Abstract We continue our study of those Painleve V equations which admit a one-parameter family of solutions analytic at the origin and solve the global problem of connecting the 2-parameter expansion about t = 0 with the 2-parameter expansion valid for t → ± i ∞. A special case of our results is applied to the study of the one-particle reduced density matrix of the one-dimensional gas of impenetrable bosons. We also use our results to obtain a 2-parameter connection formula for a class of Painleve III functions.
On chemistry of natural waters

In the report from this Committee for 1932 there was a list of seven phases of the subject of Chemistry of Natural Waters to which the members of the Committee were giving attention. The present report gives a summary of the views and aims of the Committee members in respect to these phases and of some of the sources of information concerning them. (1) The chemical composition of subsurface‐waters in relation to geological environment and to such geological processes as ore‐deposition and the accumulation of petroleum deposits It is felt that in respect to this subject there is need for: (1) The assembly for publication, together with a critical digest and review, of all available data of the chemical analysis of the percolating waters contiguous to or related to ore-bodies and petroleum-deposits; (2) the collection and chemical analysis of a large number of additional samples of such waters. It is emphasized that the work of collecting these samples should be done under careful and competent supervision, taking into account rock-structure, the relation of the samples to such features as “fans” and “funnels” of porous material coinciding with ore-mineralization, the distinction between samples from atmospheric and juvenile sources, and the identification of waters residual from the deposition of ore-minerals and of those from surface-sources present because of the porosity of mineralized ground. The analyses should include the determination of as many constituents as possible, with special emphasis on the bases, including both ferrous and ferric iron, and boron and fluorine. In connection with these analyses, and their interpretation, consideration should be given to stream waters from metalliferous areas and the computation of their burdens of dissolved constituents.
Recognition of three-dimensional objects from orthographic views

This paper presents a program interpreting orthographic drawings input through a digitizing tablet into three-dimensional (3-D) objects. Ambiguity arises in such a task not only in the case of two views but also with three-view inputs, due to coinciding projections of vertices. The main effort consists in heuristically reducing this ambiguity. The general strategy is a bottom-up identification of the objects starting with the tablet-coordinates and aggregating them into vertices, then faces and finally polyhedra. The program does not contain any high level geometrical concepts or probable properties of 3-D objects but only some basic definitions of polyhedra (as expressed by Euler and Mobius). By applying these definitions to different parts of the scene to recognize, it defines local sets of alternatives and then chooses the right ones by running a mini theorem prover over these sets. A major issue in writing this program has been to limit the drawing constraints imposed on the user. In case that it gets blocked in the recognition process, however, the program can require the user's help.
Retweeting the Fukushima nuclear radiation disaster

The Japanese government tweeted to calm public fear, as the public generally listened to tweets expressing alarm.
Belowground advantages in construction cost facilitate a cryptic plant invasion

The energetic costof plant organ construction is afunctional trait that is useful for understanding carbon investment during growth (e.g. the resource acquisition vs. tissue longevity tradeoff), as well as in response to global change factors like elevated CO2 and N. Despite the enormous importance of roots and rhizomes in acquiring soil re- sources and responding to global change, construction costs have been studied almost exclusively in leaves. We sought to determine how construction costs of aboveground and belowground organs differed between native and introduced lineages of a geographically widely dispersed wetland plant species (Phragmites australis) under varying levels of CO2 and N. We grew plants under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2, as well as under two levels of soil nitrogen. We determined construction costs for leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots, as well as for whole plants. Across alltreatmentconditions,theintroduced lineageofPhragmiteshada4.3 %lowermeanrhizomeconstructioncostthan the native. Whole-plant construction costs were also smaller for the introduced lineage, with the largest difference in sample means (3.3 %) occurring under ambient conditions. In having lower rhizome and plant-scale construction costs, the introduced lineage can recoup its investment in tissue construction more quickly, enabling it to generate additional biomass with the same energetic investment. Our results suggest that introduced Phragmites has had an advantageous tissue investment strategy under historic CO2 and N levels, which has facilitated key rhizome pro- cesses, such as clonal spread. We recommend that construction costs for multiple organ types be included in future studies of plant carbon economy, especially those investigating global change.
Application of a Stochastic Inventory Model

The inventory system at the maintenace office of the Amherst Physical Plant of SUNY at Buffalo was investigated. The electrical items were selected for modeling purposes. Analysis of the records showed that demand sizes and leadtimes for those items were probabilistic in nature. A stochastic inventory model was constructed from which the optimal operating policy for those items can be determined.
Practical Molecular Pathology and Histopathology of Embryonal Tumors

There have been significant improvements in understanding of embryonal tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) in recent years. These advances are most likely to influence the diagnostic algorithms and methodology currently proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification scheme. Molecular evidence suggests that the tumors presumed to be specific entities within the CNS/primitive neuroectodermal tumors spectrum are likely to be reclassified. All these developments compel reassessing current status and expectations from the upcoming WHO classification efforts. This review provides a synopsis of current developments and a practical algorithm for the work-up of these tumors in practice.
Bio-optical characteristics of Cariaco Basin (Caribbean Sea) waters

Abstract Bio-optical properties of marine waters of the Cariaco Basin (southeastern Caribbean Sea) were assessed monthly between 1995 and 2005 as part of the CARIACO Ocean Time Series program. Temporal changes in light quality and penetration were caused by seasonal variation in the concentration of three major optical constituents, namely phytoplankton, detrital particles, and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). All constituents showed higher absorption coefficients during the upwelling season (January–May) compared to the rainy season (June–November). Both the absorption coefficient due to CDOM (ag(440)) and due to phytoplankton (aph(440)) had similar contributions to total absorption of light during the upwelling season (aph(440)=0.062±0.042 m−1, ag(440)=0.065±0.047 m−1). In contrast, ag(440) dominated light absorption during the rainy season (aph(440)=0.017±0.011 m−1, ag(440)=0.057±0.031). This led to an overestimate in SeaWiFS-derived chlorophyll concentrations during the rainy season, of between 7% and 45%. The detrital component, ad(440), typically showed the smallest contribution (ad(440)=0.021±0.014 m−1 during upwelling and 0.007±0.001 m−1 during the rainy season). There was no clear relationship between the various optically active components in time. During the upwelling season the chlorophyll-specific absorption coefficient, a p h ⁎ (440), was nearly half the value observed during the rainy season due to changes in the package effect (explaining ∼40% of the variability) and in accessory pigment composition as a result of species succession (explaining ∼60% of the variability). The euphotic zone depth (depth of the 1% photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) level) was typically shallower during the upwelling season (36.7±12.3 m) than during the rainy season (47.9±13.5 m) due to the onset of a shallower and stronger phytoplankton bloom. During upwelling, the highest chlorophyll-a concentrations (Chl>1 mg m−3) were observed in the upper 25 m with primary production rates exceeding 1800 mgC m−2 d−1. During the rainy season, a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM, concentrations between 0.2 and 0.8 mg m−3) was observed between 35 and 55 m, with low (
Professional Perception and Expert Action: Scaffolding Embodied Practices in Professional Education

From vocational education to neurosurgery residencies, apprenticeship training is characteristic of how people are acculturated to a profession. One of the primary goals of professional education is to develop skillful performance. Expert skill includes an integrated set of perceptual and motor abilities. During practical teaching, instructors deploy a set of discursive practices that nurture skilled performance in trainees. These practices scaffold particular patterns of movement, patterns that students can assimilate and subsequently use to guide or govern tool-based actions. We conducted in-depth ethnographic research in a dental hygiene program to gain a deeper understanding of the hands-on training environment: the activities in which participants engage, the circumstances they typically encounter, and the tools and technologies they rely upon in accomplishing their work. The primary data are video recordings of naturally occurring instructional interactions, chosen to be representative of broad clas...
The interfacial properties of a model of a nematic liquid crystal

We have developed a statistical-mechanical theory for the interfacial properties of molecular fluids characterized by strongly anisotropic pairwise potentials. The theory, which is a generalization to molecular fluids of the mean-field (or van der Waals) theory for the Helmholtz free energy of non-uniform fluids of spherical molecules, was applied to the nematic-isotropic and nematic-vapour interfaces of a simple model of a nematic liquid crystal. Our model exhibits three fluid phases—a nematic, an isotropic liquid and a vapour—which can co-exist in pairs, and which also simultaneously co-exist at a low temperature triple point, T tr. We present explicit results for the global phase diagram of the model which are in good qualitative agreement with data on real liquid crystals. We have studied in detail the various fluid interfaces occurring in different regions of the phase diagram. We present results of numerical calculations for the density and orientational order parameter profiles of a nematic-isotrop...
T. S. Eliot, famous clairvoyante

Eliot, the smoothy whose whole career was an inside job, demands to be unmasked: his Englishness should be torn aside, his courtesy revealed as cowardice, and, above all, the coolness and distance of his verse reread as a front for emotional torment and the hiss of racial spite. Anyone who announces, as Eliot did, that poetry is an escape from personality can expect, now more than ever, to have his personality ripped open like a fox. Does modernist aesthetic theory amount to more than a set of masks that criticism must tear away? Certainly it isn't hard to see how the doctrine of impersonality bolsters claims for aesthetic disinterestedness – claims that have been thoroughly demystified to reveal the self-interest and special pleading that lie underneath. The modernist ideal of art's autonomy has been regarded skeptically for several decades now, following the suspicion that it rationalizes various forms of dissimulation. The critic's job is to discover what, in any given case, this aesthetic ideology is being employed to disguise. Since T. S. Eliot had so much to hide – a disastrous marriage, his near-phobic hatred of women, the faint but unmistakable hint of sexual deviancy, along with the expatriate's standard insecurities about fitting in, not to mention his anti-Semitism and racialist bigotries – recent critics have found plenty to expose.
Advances in PET imaging of degenerative, cerebrovascular, and traumatic causes of dementia

In this review we present the most recent advances in nuclear medicine imaging as a diagnostic and management tool for dementia. The clinical diagnosis of dementia syndromes can be challenging for physicians, particularly in the early stages of disease. Given the growing number of individuals affected by dementia, early and accurate diagnosis can lead to improved clinical management of patients. Although tests are available for exclusion of certain causes of cognitive impairment, the results rarely allow the clinician to make a definitive diagnosis. For this reason, information obtained from imaging ("imaging biomarkers") is playing an increasingly important role in the workup of patients with suspected dementia. Imaging biomarkers also provide indispensable tools for clinical and preclinical studies of dementing illnesses to elucidate their pathophysiology and to develop better therapies. A wide range of imaging has been used to diagnose and investigate neurodegenerative disorders including structural, cerebral perfusion, glucose metabolism, neurochemical, and molecular imaging. In the first section, we discuss the imaging methods used in clinical practice to diagnose dementia as well as explore additional experimental modalities that are currently used as research tools. In the second section, a comprehensive review covering the myriad aspects of vascular disease as a cause of dementia is presented and illustrated with MRI- and PET-focused case examples. In the third section, advances in imaging Alzheimer disease pathology are emphasized by reviewing current approaches for PET imaging with β-amyloid imaging agents. We provide an outline for the appropriate use criteria for β-amyloid imaging agents in dementia. In addition, the recognition of the importance of neocortical neurofibrillary tangles as related to Alzheimer disease progression has led to the development of promising tau imaging agents such as [(18)F]T807. The last section provides a history brain trauma as a cause of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Although the recognition of cognitive deficits from brain trauma dates back to the early part of last century, recent advances in our understanding of the neurobiology has led to the hope of developing molecular imaging methods for earlier diagnoses and treatment. This has become increasingly important given the raised public and physician awareness of the high incidence of this pathology in military conflicts and sports-related injuries. Overall advancements in nuclear medicine imaging have led to an improvement in the detection and accurate identification of dementia and its underlying causes. With both primary and secondary causes of dementia demonstrating often overlapping presentations, nuclear medicine imaging can play a key role not only in the diagnosis but the understanding of dementia. With earlier diagnosis and better understanding comes the hope of improved treatments or possibly someday a cure.
An OWL-DL Implementation of Gold

An OWL-DL implementation of the General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD) is presented with relevant examples of axioms given throughout. As background, an introduction to Description Logic is presented using examples from linguistics and with particular attention to \({\ensuremath{\mathcal{SHOIN(\textbf{D})}}}\), the logic which most closely relates to OWL-DL. The types of axioms used to develop an ontology in OWL-DL are explained. In addition, a domain independent methodology is given for creating description-logic based ontologies of any kind, not just those for linguistics. Using the \({\ensuremath{\mathcal{SHOIN(\textbf{D})}}}\) notation, the methodology is demonstrated for the linguistics domain with particular attention given to illustrating the use of each type of axiom. Finally, the relevant issues and limitations to linguistic modeling in OWL-DL are discussed.
SURVIVAL-CURVES OF SOLID TRANSPLANTABLE TUMOUR CELLS IRRADIATED IN VIVO: A METHOD OF DETERMINATION AND STATISTICAL EVALUATION; COMPARISON OF CELL-SURVIVAL AND 32-P-UPTAKE INTO DNA.

SummaryMethods for estimation of the 37 per cent dose (D37) of mammalian cells in vivo have depended on the use of neoplasms from which suspensions of single cells can be readily prepared. The method presented is based on the quantitative relationship between the volume of viable tumour cells in the transplant inoculum and the latency, i.e. the time elapsing from grafting until tumours are detectable. The procedure does not involve preparation of single-cell suspensions, and the data obtained are amenable to statistical evaluation.The in vivo D37 values for C3H/WR mouse adenocarcinoma strain MTG-B was 352 rads (95 per cent confidence limits : 304–401 rads) and for carcinoma 755, 319 rads (268–368 rads). The inhibition in the incorporation of radio-orthophosphate into the deoxyribonucleic acid of tumour strain MTG-B determined in one experiment did not reflect the degree of radiation-induced damage to the cell-population.
4604 Accuracy and importance of endoscopic examination at the time of ercp.

Background: Little is known about the yield of endoscopic examination with the duodenoscope following ERCP, and there appears to be no uniform standard of practice regarding endoscopic examination after ERCP. We hypothesized that important lesions may be identified with a thorough endoscopic examination in this setting. Methods: From 3/10/99 through 11/10/99, all patients undergoing ERCP had endoscopic examination with the duodenoscope of the duodenum, stomach, and esophagus at the completion of the procedure. Patients were then placed in the left lateral decubitus position and upper endoscopy performed with a standard forward viewing endoscope. The same investigator performed both endoscopic examinations. Patients were asked regarding past history of ulcer disease, upper gastrointestinal symptoms, use of anti-acid therapy as well as nonsteroidal drugs. Patients were excluded if they had undegone a prior endoscopy within three months or failed to consent for the study. Results: During the 8 month period of study, 262 patients (median age 55 years) underwent ERCP and EGD. The most common indication for ERCP was suspected choledocholithiasis. Endoscopic examination was normal in 27% and the most common endoscopic finding was hiatal hernia seen in 69 patients (26%). Lesions missed by duodenoscopy included subtle lesions at the gastroesophageal junction (mild esophagitis), antral lesions (erosions) and small gastric polyps. For some lesions, endoscopic examination documented more severe disease than was appreciated at duodenoscopy. Examination with the duodenoscope was superior to the forward viewing endoscope in identifying a Schatzki's ring. No patient with carcinoma, peptic ulcer, gastric varices, or severe esophagitis was missed with the duodenoscope. The accuracy of endoscopy with the duodenoscope was high (98%). Conclusions: 1) A suprisingly large percentage of patients undergoing routine ERCP had endoscopic lesions. 2) Endoscopic examination with a duodenoscope compares favorably to the forward viewing endoscope. 3) Given the ease of performing endoscopy with the duodenoscope, it should become standard of practice following ERCP.
The Results of the Experiment with Eastman Classroom Films

At a meeting of this Association, held at Lake Placid in September, 1927, I had the privilege of presenting a general outline of the plan and scope of an experiment in classroom films which had been undertaken by the Eastman Kodak Company in cooperation with the National Education Association. Today I am to present the results of that experiment.
Influence of Pantothenic Acid Deficiency on Resistance of Mice to Experimental Poliomyelitis.

ConclusionsIn 2 series involving a total of 348 Swiss mice, those fed a synthetic ration deficient only in calcium pantothenate exhibited a definite increased resistance to Theiler's encephalomyelitis, but little or none to the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis.
Multimodal Diffusion-MRI and MEG Assessment of Auditory and Language System Development in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Background: Auditory processing and language impairments are prominent in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The present study integrated diffusion MR measures of white-matter microstructure and magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures of cortical dynamics to investigate associations between brain structure and function within auditory and language systems in ASD. Based on previous findings, abnormal structure-function relationships in auditory and language systems in ASD were hypothesized. Methods: Evaluable neuroimaging data was obtained from 44 typically developing (TD) children (mean age 10.4±2.4years) and 95 children with ASD (mean age 10.2±2.6years). Diffusion MR tractography was used to delineate and quantitatively assess the auditory radiation and arcuate fasciculus segments of the auditory and language systems. MEG was used to measure (1) superior temporal gyrus auditory evoked M100 latency in response to pure-tone stimuli as an indicator of auditory system conduction velocity, and (2) auditory vowel-contrast mismatch field (MMF) latency as a passive probe of early linguistic processes. Results: Atypical development of white matter and cortical function, along with atypical lateralization, were present in ASD. In both auditory and language systems, white matter integrity and cortical electrophysiology were found to be coupled in typically developing children, with white matter microstructural features contributing significantly to electrophysiological response latencies. However, in ASD, we observed uncoupled structure-function relationships in both auditory and language systems. Regression analyses in ASD indicated that factors other than white-matter microstructure additionally contribute to the latency of neural evoked responses and ultimately behavior. Results also indicated that whereas delayed M100 is a marker for ASD severity, MMF delay is more associated with language impairment. Conclusion: Present findings suggest atypical development of primary auditory as well as auditory language systems in ASD. Findings demonstrate the need for additional multimodal studies to better characterize the different structural features (white matter, gray matter, neurochemical concentration) that contribute to brain activity, both in typical development and in ASD. Finally, the neural latency measures were found to be of clinical significance, with M100 associated with overall ASD severity, and with MMF latency associated with language performance.
Priapism Associated with MethylphenidateSR (Concerta) Withdrawal

A 15-year-old boy with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inattention subtype (ADHD), developed stuttering priapism (intermittent, prolonged, painful erections) after withdrawal of OROS methylphenidate (ConcertaR) 36 mg/day, and is reported from Inova Fairfax Hospital for Children, Falls Church, VA, and Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC.
Analysis of Accuracy of the Locating Information Source Method Based on Observers

The research on the relationship between the position of the observers and the location accuracy has significant importance for the source location methods based on the observers. The information diffusion process for a single source was investigated as the starting point,and theoretical spread delay and real spread delay were then analyzed. It is found that for a fixed source,if the difference of the shortest path among observers is increasing,the similarity of both types of delay is increasing. Then the relationship between the position of the observers and the location accuracy of the fixed diffusion source was analyzed,and it was concluded that: when the sum of distance difference from the information source to the observers increases,the location accuracy for the source becomes larger. The conclusion is validated by simulation experiments on model network data.
Genetic characterizations of rubella viruses isolated in Guangdong province during 2009-2010

Objective:To identify the etiology of two outbreaks of rubella in Guangdong province between 2009 and 2010,and to analyze the genotype and molecular epidemiology of the rubella viruses isolated form the outbreaks.Methods: Clinical specimens including serum,throat swabs and urine samples were collected from two suspected measles outbreak cases,respectively.Measles and rubella IgM antibody were detected by using ELISA method,in addition,viruses were isolated from clinical specimens on Vero/Slam cells,reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed,and the PCR products were sequenced.Evolutionary tree was constructed by using bioinformatics method.Results: Rubella virus was confirmed as the etiological agent responsible for two suspected measles outbreak.8 rubella Virus strains that isolated from two outbreaks in Guangdong province belong to genotype1 E1 viruses,and the homology was 99.5% between the viruses isolated 2009 and 2010.Conclusion: Genotype 1E rubella viruses circulated in Guangdong Province between 2009 and 2010,and it was sustainably circulating in Guangdong province.1E genotype rubella virus strains were widely distribute in China,which indicated that rubella virus in Guangdong Province were not independent evolved but co-evolved with the viruses in other province.
Online abusive users analytics through visualization

In this demo, we present Abuse User Analytics (AuA), an analytical framework aiming to provide key information about the behavior of online social network users. AuA efficiently processes data from users' discussions, and renders information about users' activities in a easy to-understand graphical fashion with the goal of identifying deviant or abusive activities. Using animated graphics, AuA visualizes users' degree of abusiveness, measured by several key metrics, over user selected time intervals. It is therefore possible to visualize how users' activities lead to complex interaction networks, and highlight the degenerative connections among users and within certain threads.
Renal Electrolyte Transport and Its Regulation

Publisher Summary Most diuretics are highly protein bound in the plasma and thus are poorly filtered at the glomerulus. Because most diuretics work from the luminal fluid, their action depends critically on tubule secretion. In general, secretion of diuretics occurs predominantly in the proximal tubule. This chapter discusses the process through which kidney transports electrolytes and water, and the way these processes are regulated. The chapter forms the basis for an understanding of the multiplicity of diuretic effects, many potentially therapeutic, while some responsible for unwanted side effects. The chapter also deals with the mechanisms of renal sodium ion, chlorine ion, hydrogen ion, and potassium ion transport. The transport of ammonium ion, calcium ion, magnesium ion, and phosphate are also discussed. In conclusion, a discussion of water transport, urinary concentration and dilution, and transport of diuretics is provided.
Simulation for a coevolved system-of-systems meta-architecture

The increasing complexity of modern systems poses challenges for understanding how these systems can be designed to best operate. Uncertainties in the operating environment and coevolution contribute to such complexity. This paper describes the simulation of a counter-trafficking system-of-systems that has undergone competitive coevolution. A notional future meta-architecture, consisting of manned and unmanned air and maritime systems, is also presented. The logic driving the model is summarized, and preliminary results are presented. The results identify driving factors of system performance, highlighting those outside the direct control of system designers or operators. These results help systems engineers better plan future system-of-system capabilities.
Front-line TKI therapy for chronic-phase CML: the luxury of choice.

Physicians now have the luxury of focusing attention on maximizing outcomes that are already quite favorable, and of devoting more attention to improving quality of life and addressing questions of cost-effectiveness.