cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From drug laws to recreational substance use: The adaptationist role of disgust sensitivity

Abstract Disgust promotes evolutionary fitness by reducing contact with stimuli that pose pathogenic, sexual, and moral threats. One behavior that may be viewed as a threat to evolutionary fitness is substance use, which is associated with disease transmission, reproductive issues, and engagement in moral transgressions. However, the extent to which individual differences in disgust sensitivity are related to substance use is unclear. Across three studies, associations were examined among sexual, moral, and pathogen disgust sensitivity and beliefs and behaviors regarding substance use. Individuals with higher sexual and moral disgust sensitivity viewed drug laws as more important, endorsed greater punishment for breaking those laws, reported less engagement in substance use, and had lower intentions of engaging in future substance use. Greater sexual disgust was uniquely associated with stronger feelings of obligation to obey drug laws and fewer opportunities to engage in substance use offered by others. Furthermore, associations among sexual disgust, substance use intentions, and self-initiated behavior were partially mediated by beliefs about the harmfulness of substance use. Findings support the adaptationist role of disgust, and suggest that disgust sensitivity is an important individual difference in substance use beliefs and behaviors.
Beyond Silly Mid-Off: C. L. R. James, Ranjitsinhji, and the Boundaries of Englishness

Everything James has done has had the mark of originality, of his own flexible, sensitive, and deeply cultured intelligence. He conveys not rigid doctrine but a delight and curiosity in all the manifestations of life, and the clue to everything lies in his proper appreciation of the game of cricket.
Occurrence, Biological Consequences, and Human Health Relevance of Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage

A variety of endogenous and exogenous agents can induce DNA damage and lead to genomic instability. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), an important class of DNA damaging agents, are constantly generated in cells as a consequence of endogenous metabolism, infection/inflammation, and/or exposure to environmental toxicants. A wide array of DNA lesions can be induced by ROS directly, including single-nucleobase lesions, tandem lesions, and hypochlorous acid (HOCl)/hypobromous acid (HOBr)-derived DNA adducts. ROS can also lead to lipid peroxidation, whose byproducts can also react with DNA to produce exocyclic DNA lesions. A combination of bioanalytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and molecular biology approaches have provided significant insights into the occurrence, repair, and biological consequences of oxidatively induced DNA lesions. The involvement of these lesions in the etiology of human diseases and aging was also investigated in the past several decades, suggesting that the oxidatively induce...
Hamletkrisen: Kleist, Shakespeare, and Media Theory circa 1800

This essay draws on media archaeology and the history of translation in order to challenge two arguments that have long shaped interpretations of Heinrich von Kleist and German Romanticism: (1) tha...
Phyx: phylogenetic tools for unix.

Summary: The ease with which phylogenomic data can be generated has drastically escalated the computational burden for even routine phylogenetic investigations. To address this, we present phyx: a collection of programs written in C ++ to explore, manipulate, analyze and simulate phylogenetic objects (alignments, trees and MCMC logs). Modelled after Unix/GNU/Linux command line tools, individual programs perform a single task and operate on standard I/O streams that can be piped to quickly and easily form complex analytical pipelines. Because of the stream-centric paradigm, memory requirements are minimized (often only a single tree or sequence in memory at any instance), and hence phyx is capable of efficiently processing very large datasets. Availability and Implementation: phyx runs on POSIX-compliant operating systems. Source code, installation instructions, documentation and example files are freely available under the GNU General Public License at https://github.com/FePhyFoFum/phyx Contact: eebsmith@umich.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
MEMÒRIA, GUERRA CIVIL I IDENTITAT NACIONAL EN LA PREMSA ESPANYOLA CONTEMPORÀNIA: LES CONTROVÈRSIES SOBRE ELS PAPERS DE SALAMANCA I L’ARXIU CENTELLES (2004–2009)

Two controversies emerged strongly in Spanish and Catalan public opinion between 2004 and 2009: the question of the return of the Salamanca Papers to Catalonia and the sale of the Centelles Archive to the Spanish Ministry of Culture. Both debates increased the confrontation between Spanish and Catalan nationalism and made evident the use of the memory of the Spanish Civil War by media outlets to build or reinforce a specific national identity. This use of memory took place in the context of nationalist tensions and disputes over financial distribution within the Spanish state. Through a close reading of newspaper editorials from Madrid and Barcelona, this article aims to show how some dailies took advantage of the polemics to construct opposing narratives. While some media outlets saw an attempt to fragment Spain by removing the documents from their current location, others regarded the efforts to keep papers and photographs away from Catalonia as an impediment to its national reconstruction after the tra...
Sports and Disability: Enhanced Health, Self-Efficacy, and Social Inclusion Through Athletic Participation

Sports and recreational participation have demonstrated health and social benefits. However, persons with disabilities are typically not provided the same opportunities as people without disabilities. This article discusses the benefits of sports and recreation, and the barriers that have existed for persons with disabilities. The purpose is to demonstrate the need for rehabilitation counselors to consider the utility of physical activity as a way to enhance health, self-efficacy, and community inclusion. Recommendations are presented for rehabilitation counselor advocacy for improved participation in sport and recreational pursuits by persons with disabilities.
Inhibiting Production of New Brain Cells during Puberty or Adulthood Blunts the Hormonally Induced Surge of Luteinizing Hormone in Female Rats.

Abstract New cells are added during both puberty and adulthood to hypothalamic regions that govern reproduction, homeostasis, and social behaviors, yet the functions of these late-born cells remain elusive. Here, we pharmacologically inhibited cell proliferation in ventricular zones during puberty or in adulthood and determined subsequent effects on the hormone-induced surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) in female rats. Initial neuroanatomical analyses focused on verifying incorporation, activation, and pharmacological inhibition of pubertally or adult born cells in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of the hypothalamus because of the essential role of the AVPV in triggering the preovulatory LH surge in females. We first showed that approximately half of the pubertally born AVPV cells are activated by estradiol plus progesterone (P) treatment, as demonstrated by Fos expression, and that approximately 10% of pubertally born AVPV cells express estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Next, we found that mitotic inhibition through intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of cytosine β-D-arabinofuranoside (AraC), whether during puberty or in adulthood, decreased the number of new cells added to the AVPV and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and also blunted and delayed the hormone-induced LH surge. These studies do not prove, but are highly suggestive, that ongoing postnatal addition of new cells in periventricular brain regions, including the AVPV and SCN, may be important to the integrity of female reproduction.
The Negative Side Effects of Ethical Leadership and how LMX mitigates Psychological Reactance

Ethical leadership has long been considered a precursor to ethical behavior in organizations. Although such leadership has, indeed, been shown to encourage ethical behavior, the negative implicatio...
Adults Doing Youth Work: Identity Work and Situated Rhetorics of Adulthood Among Fast Food Workers

Adulthood and adult identity constitute the underarticulated backdrop of organizational inquiry and have largely been neglected in studies of identities in and around organizations. Using data on a...
Effect of battery longevity on costs and health outcomes associated with cardiac implantable electronic devices: a Markov model-based Monte Carlo simulation.

The effects of device and patient characteristics on health and economic outcomes in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are unclear. Modeling can estimate costs and outcomes for patients with CIEDs under a variety of scenarios, varying battery longevity, comorbidities, and care settings. The objective of this analysis was to compare changes in patient outcomes and payer costs attributable to increases in battery life of implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) and cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators (CRT-D). We developed a Monte Carlo Markov model simulation to follow patients through primary implant, postoperative maintenance, generator replacement, and revision states. Patients were simulated in 3-month increments for 15 years or until death. Key variables included Charlson Comorbidity Index, CIED type, legacy versus extended battery longevity, mortality rates (procedure and all-cause), infection and non-infectious complication rates, and care settings. Costs included procedure-related (facility and professional), maintenance, and infections and non-infectious complications, all derived from Medicare data (2004–2014, 5% sample). Outcomes included counts of battery replacements, revisions, infections and non-infectious complications, and discounted (3%) costs and life years. An increase in battery longevity in ICDs yielded reductions in numbers of revisions (by 23%), battery changes (by 44%), infections (by 23%), non-infectious complications (by 10%), and total costs per patient (by 9%). Analogous reductions for CRT-Ds were 23% (revisions), 32% (battery changes), 22% (infections), 8% (complications), and 10% (costs). Based on modeling results, as battery longevity increases, patients experience fewer adverse outcomes and healthcare costs are reduced. Understanding the magnitude of the cost benefit of extended battery life can inform budgeting and planning decisions by healthcare providers and insurers.
A characterization of the albite-anorthite system melted using microwave radiation

The melting and crystallization characteristics of three compositions in the albite-anorthite system were studied in a conventional thermal field and a microwave field by using a polarized light optical microscope test with refractive index oil immersion mounting, and x-ray diffraction. Three mixtures of albite (Ab) and anorthite (An) were melted and then held at a constant temperature (1200°C) for varying lengths of time in a 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field. The same mixtures of albite and anorthite were held at 1200°C for 64 hours and 128 hours in a conventional furnace. All heated charges were air quenched after a desired duration time at 1200°C. All three conventionally heated compositions of albite and anorthite showed the presence of crystalline phase. Only a trace of crystalline phase was found in 90 wt% Ab-10 wt% An at 1200°C for 64 hours in a conventional furnace. The amount of crystalline phase was found to increase as the anorthite content was increased. The mixture of 72 wt% Ab-28wt% An held at 1200°C for 128 hours in a conventional furnace had the largest amount of crystalline phase. For the samples heated in a 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field, all compositions heated for 1 hour to 64 hours and the 90 wt% Ab-10 wt% An heated for 128 hours showed no trace of crystalline phase. The compositions of 81 wt% Ab-19 wt% An and 72 wt% Ab-28 wt% An showed some crystalline phase, but the amount of crystalline phase was much less than the samples processed in a conventional furnace.
Narrowband propagation statistics of aeronautical mobile-ground links in the L- and C-bands

To provide for the safe integration of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS), command and control (C2) links must be highly reliable. Hence, protected aviation spectrum is required to support such links for UAS that are integrated into controlled non-segregated airspace. For air-ground (i.e., non-satellite) links, protected aviation spectrum to support C2 links is available in the 960–1164 MHz (L) and 5030–5091 MHz (C) bands. The performance of any C2 system is critically dependent upon the characteristics of the air-ground (AG) channel. Therefore, as part of its UAS Integration in the NAS (UAS in the NAS) project, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) performed a series of air-ground propagation flight tests to collect AG channel data for model development and analysis of potential C2 communications links capable of providing the required reliability. NASA's Glenn Research Center (GRC) conducted an extensive air-ground channel propagation measurement campaign (at altitude) for frequencies in the 960–977 MHz and 5030–5091 MHz ranges, for seven different terrain environments. The measurements were conducted in 2013, and produced the largest set of AG channel data ever gathered to date. This data was subsequently processed to develop models for the AG channel. The statistics collected enabled the derivation of channel model parameters for both narrowband and wideband channels. In order to make the propagation data widely available, the resulting narrowband statistics were processed and submitted to the International Telecommunications Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) Study Group 3 Data Banks. Formats for data tables were developed, and tables of the aggregate narrowband propagation statistics for the seven ground site terrain environments were prepared, submitted to, and approved by, the ITU-R Study Group 3. This paper provides brief background on the measurement campaign, collection and processing of data, and development of the narrowband data tables. It further provides examples of the data and its use.
Prostatic fluid inflammation in prostatitis.

AbstractWe studied expressed prostatic secretions from 106 patients with prostatitis to determine the longitudinal course of prostatic fluid inflammation. Prostatic fluid specimens were collected from 14 patients with acute bacterial, 13 with chronic bacterial and 79 with abacterial prostatitis. White blood cells per high power microscopic field of the expressed prostatic secretion were counted under a cover slip. Inflammation in the expressed prostatic secretion was considered to be consistent with prostatitis if there were 10 or more white blood cells per high power field. The 14 patients with acute bacterial prostatitis had a mean of 10 visits with a mean followup of 59 months. Inflammation resolved within 1 month in 9 patients with acute bacterial prostatitis but it recurred in 5 other patients in association with urinary tract infection. The 13 patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis had a mean of 10 visits with a mean followup of 58 months. Episodic inflammation in the expressed prostatic secret...
The Case Against bGH (1988)

Bovine growth hormone is a protein that occurs naturally in cattle. A chain of 190 amino acids, bGH is produced by the pituitary gland and helps to regulate a cow’s lactational cycle; generally speaking and up to a certain point, the more bGH a cow has, the more milk she gives. Using the techniques of genetic engineering, researchers at Monsanto Company have isolated the gene that produces the protein and devised low-cost techniques to manufacture it. Bacteria are placed into fermentation chambers where they multiply rapidly; lab technicians then extract and purify the final product, which is identical to the naturally occurring protein in 189 of the 190 amino acids; and the product is then injected into cows.
Exercise in the Young

Publisher Summary Exercise is considered beneficial and therapeutic for children when it results in an improved level of cardiovascular and neuromuscular fitness. Development and fitness of the body generally achieves another goal for the child—that of an improved self-image. These are compelling reasons to encourage exercise programs for the child, whether he or she is healthy or a patient. Exercise activities augment the normal childhood phases of growth and development and avoid undue physical injuries as a result of misguided direction or poor supervision. Medical disorders in pediatrics that involve exercise as a component of therapy include pulmonary disorders, cardiovascular disorders, and obesity. Orthopedic and neuromuscular disorders have traditionally used exercise to improve strength and flexibility. The rationale for involving exercise prescriptions is to restore or increase cardiovascular reserves and also counteract further degeneration.
On the possibility of a nuclear mass-energy resonance in D + D reactions at low energy

In this paper, the possibility of a nuclear mass-energy resonance is offered to explain recent cold fusion results.
Immunohistochemistry of Warthin’s Tumor

This study describes results of fresh-frozen immunohistochemistry applied to two typical Warthin's tumors. Polyclonal follicular center cell staining and an apparent reduction in the number of T-lymphocytes were found. These observations tend to support the concept that the lymphoid infiltrate in Warthin's tumor represents a reactive cellular proliferation.
Agonistic behavior of an invasive crayfish (Orconectes palmeri) toward the Muckalee crayfish (Procambarus gibbus): effects of residence, size, and cover

Invasive Creole Painted Crayfish (Orconectes palmeri) have spread throughout the Flint River and are currently moving from there into a tributary, Muckalee Creek. The negative behavioral impact of the invasive is a concern for the endemic Muckalee Crayfish (Procambarus gibbus). Tests examining residence, size, and cover effects on aggression demonstrated that O. palmeri is a dominant species in these encounters. This may explain the success of O. palmeri in the Flint River with Procambarus spiculifer, which is a close relative of P. gibbus, and it may also mean the endemic P. gibbus is in danger of extirpation. A survey of the Muckalee showed O. palmeri has already entered the tributary and are likely spreading upstream.
Psychological Rehabilitation for US Veterans

The cycle of military deployment can be a stressful experience that is associated with a number of adverse impacts. This chapter details psychological stressors and their sequelae during the cycles of deployment, beginning with pre-deployment stressors, followed by stressors that occur in the military theater of deployment, and finally focusing on post-deployment mental-health issues. During the pre-deployment phase, the service member often is attempting to handle multiple competing social, vocational, and emotional demands. Family responsibilities and pressures often mount during this time. To prepare for stressors that may be faced in the military theater, service members may undergo resiliency training. While in the war theater, service members may face a host of stressful experiences, including military combat. The psychological impact of these stressors, while apparent at times during deployment, may not be fully felt until the service member has returned from deployment. After deployment, service members may seek and receive treatment for a number of mental-health conditions, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, substance abuse, and adjustment following traumatic brain injury (TBI). This chapter outlines the various ways that these conditions are being addressed among post-deployed service members in the USA
Tests of hypotheses in econometric models

This chapter discusses the general principles of hypothesis test construction to frequently encountered hypothesis testing situations in econometric practice. The first set of principles to be applied is those used in constructing tests of linear hypotheses. It is begun by deriving the one-way analysis of variance, not so much because it is used in econometric practice. The chapter discusses the multiple regression model, that is, the linear expected value model wherein n = 1. It also discusses the general problem of testing a linear hypothesis about the regression coefficients and treats the problem of testing the equality of T regressions. The notion of a simple index of goodness of the linear expected value model is introduced and a test of whether this index, the multiple correlation coefficients, is a specified value is constructed. The chapter also discusses a test for identifiability of an equation in a system of simultaneous equations. Such a test is necessary, as the condition for identifiability relates to the rank of a matrix of unknown parameters.
The Aesthetics of Violence

The author argues how, within these presentations, one witnesses how the aesthetics of violence both legitimizes such actions relative to the construction of a given enemy, while also evoking a type of invitation to those who may wish to take up a similar point of view or action. The varied phenomenology which emerges from these events situates the viewer and viewed within a process of aesthesis which is simultaneously constructing/constructed. Such a process can be recognized within the context of Jihadi-Salafism violence, represented by al-Qaeda, the Taliban and most recently by ISIS/DAESH/Islamic State, insofar as its aesthetic is directed at those to whom it would like to recruit and those it seeks to dominate or destroy. Perhaps not that unlike a traditional aesthetic formulation of the nature of beauty, this phenomenology seeks to identify the “legitimate” aesthetic grounding of acts of violence relative those who will perform such acts and those who will be its recipient.
The New American Servitude: political belonging among African Immigrant home care workers

The New American Servitude sheds light on the stratified and market-oriented health care provision system in the U.S., in which long term care for the elderly is leased to a complex melange of stat...
Empirical Interconnect Crosstalk Characterization for High Level Synthesis

As device geometries continue to get smaller delay and fault specification for deep-submicron technologies is evolving into a quite complicated task. The cumulative effect of gate delays are now less important than the interconnect delays, particularly in chip level interconnections. Potential crosstalk effects must also be taken into account. In this paper we concentrate on the crosstalk effects between neighboring wires in deep submicron interconnection structures and its characterization for use in higher levels of the design hierarchy. Realistic models were used and HSPICE simulation results are presented. Empirical generalization between experimental data and estimated crosstalk potential is performed.
Risperidone for Psychosis-Induced Aggression or Agitation.

Psychotic disorders continue to be among the most disabling for patients. The complex processes underlying psychotic disorders contribute to them being the most scientifically challenging of all me...
The effect of nitro groups on N2 extrusion from aromatic azide-based energetic materials

ortho nitroaromatic azides extrude N2 through cyclization to a benzofuroxan derivative. This process has been proposed to initiate explosive decomposition in related energetic materials such as 1-azido-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (AzTNB) and 1,3,5-triazido-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TAzTNB). Density functional theory calculations show that extrusion occurs through a lower activation barrier than in the case of the absence of an ortho nitro group (i.e., azidobenzene, m-nitroazidobenzene, p-nitroazidobenzene) where the product is a triplet nitrene. In ortho nitroaromatic azides, Wiberg bond index (WBI) analysis indicates that the N–N2 bond is more weakened, or activated for cleavage, than the C–NO2 bond. Therefore, the N–N2 bond breaking is a key factor in initiation of explosive decomposition in energetic materials containing both nitro and azide groups. However, cyclization requires that the activation barrier also be dependent upon the formation of an N–O bond from an adjacent nitro group. ortho and para nitro substitution can increase N–N2 bond activation through electron withdrawing, but this effect can be counterbalanced by steric interactions that twist the azide out of the plane of the ring or increase the N⋯O distance in the reactant. For example, steric factors decrease the sensitivity of energetic material TAzTNB relative to AzTNB consistent with experimental trends in impact sensitivity.
Universal serial bus enhances virtual instrument based distributed power monitoring

The Universal Serial Bus (USB) links a distributed multi-circuit power monitoring system to its virtual instrument (VI) host computer. The distributed interconnection provides enhanced system performance at reduced cost, since the USB host controller is a standard function of up-to-date personal computers (PCs) and low-cost high-performance USB hardware is readily available. The 12 Mbps, recently updated to 480 Mbps, transfer rate of USB improves data transmission capability and boosts the real-time performance of the whole VI monitoring system when compared with conventional serial communications. In addition, the USB dynamic attachment and removal feature allows each meter to be connected or disconnected from its VI host computer without any system interruption. However, the complete VI solutions are not currently supported by any USB hosts and devices. This paper presents an innovative USB VI strategy to implement integrated power monitoring applications and shows its superior performance.
Aesthetic Agency: Why Art Might Matter to Philosophy

I hate the fact that I have to call for phenomenological description when I turn to philosophical topics. I am the principle object of my anger since I have insufficient skill at philosophical argument, but some capacity to describe states of mind. Yet there seems to me an intellectual justification for thinking such description may play a useful role in philosophy at a time when the major figures in the philosophy of mind are embarked on reductionist programs. So I hope here to deploy the one undeniable power of description—the power to embarrass by soliciting agreement about complex features of situations that emerge when we indulge in patient acts of attention.
Optimal-order preconditioners for the Morse-Ingard equations

The Morse-Ingard equations of thermoacoustics are a system of coupled time-harmonic equations for the temperature and pressure of an excited gas. They form a critical aspect of modeling trace gas sensors. In this paper, we analyze a reformulation of the system that has a weaker coupling between the equations than the original form. We give a G{\aa}rding-type inequality for the system that leads to optimal-order asymptotic finite element error estimates. We also develop preconditioners for the coupled system. These are derived by writing the system as a 2x2 block system with pressure and temperature unknowns segregated into separate blocks and then using either the block diagonal or block lower triangular part of this matrix as a preconditioner. Consequently, the preconditioner requires inverting smaller, Helmholtz-like systems individually for the pressure and temperature. Rigorous eigenvalue bounds are given for the preconditioned system, and these are supported by numerical experiments.
Statistical proxy modeling for life cycle assessment and energetic analysis

Abstract Bottom-up life-cycle assessment (LCA) based on engineering-based models is emerging as a way to model the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from important segments of the energy sector. However, a major challenge that has hindered further application of this approach is data and computationally intensive thermodynamic modeling. In order to address this issue, we introduce a general data-driven framework to develop statistical reduced-order models (henceforth “proxy models”) from advanced thermodynamic or engineering simulations that can be utilized for bottom-up LCA and/or energetic assessment purposes of any energy system. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed framework, we simulate four important oil and gas process units with a commercial process simulation package. Using a combination of deterministic and random sampling strategy, >25,000 simulations are performed and quadratic proxy models are trained on the results to predict the energy consumption and product compositions across a wide ranges of independent variables. The simple proxy models have excellent predictive accuracy (R2 > 0.95 in most cases, R2 = 1 for pump power consumption prediction), solve nearly instantaneously, and require fewer input parameters (less than 10, varies based on the process unit). We also examine and prove the proposed methodology stability across training and validation datasets via 1,000 independent data splitting runs. We lastly implement the oil and gas proxy models in a LCA simulator, compare the results with textbook correlations, and demonstrate the improved flexibility.
Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in acute trauma patients.

Objective To determine the prevalence of positive screening for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) amongst trauma patients. Design Prospective, longitudinal study. Setting Single urban US level 1 trauma center. Patients and methods Four hundred fifty-two adult trauma patients were administered the PTSD checklist for DSM-V (PCL-5) survey upon posthospital outpatient clinic visit. This included 300 men (66%) and 152 women with mean age 43.8 years and mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) 11.3, with 83% having fractures of the pelvis and/or extremities. Medical and injury related variables were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors predictive of screening positive for PTSD. Main outcome measurement Prevalence and risk factors for screening positive for PTSD amongst the trauma patient population. Results Twenty-six percent of trauma patients screened positive for PTSD after mean 86 days following injury. These patients were younger (35 vs 46 years old, P < 0.001) and more commonly African American (56% vs 43% Caucasian, P < 0.001). Pedestrians struck by motor vehicles (OR 4.70, P = 0.040) and victims of crime (OR 4.12, P = 0.013) were more likely to screen positive. Psychiatric history, injury severity (ISS), and injury type did not predict positive screening. Conclusion One-in-four patients suffering traumatic injuries screened positive for PTSD suggesting the prevalence of PTSD among trauma patients far exceeds that of the general population. Predictive factors included victims of crime and pedestrians struck by motor vehicles. Screening measures are needed in orthopaedic trauma surgery clinics to refer these at-risk patients for proper evaluation and treatment. Level of evidence Prognostic; Level II.
Comparative assessment of expansive soil stabilization by commercially available polymers

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of commercially available polymer soil stabilizers in expansive soil swell reduction relative to quicklime and Class C fly ash. A survey of state departments of transportation within the Mountain-Plains region of the USA (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming) was conducted to define the state-of-practice in expansive soil mitigation, from which lime and fly ash were identified as the most used soil stabilizers. Four commercially available polymers were tested for comparison with lime and fly ash. Untreated and treated soils were classified, and tested for swelling pressure, swelling potential, unconfined compressive strength, and hydraulic conductivity (k). Relative to untreated soil, polymer treatment was less effective at reducing the swelling potential (70% reduction) and increasing unconfined compressive strength (46 kPa increase) of a highly expansive soil relative to lime (100% reduction, 1260 kPa increase) and fly ash (97% swelling potential reduction, 380 kPa increase in UCS). However, lime and fly ash treatments resulted in a 52,000- and 1,100-times increases in k, respectively, while polymer resulted in only a 2-times increase in k relative to the untreated soil (k = 2.9 × 10-11 m/s). Polymer was also shown to be effective at reducing k to below 1.9 × 10-12 m/s when used as a spray-on coating. The results of this study illustrate that polymers reduce swell in expansive soils by mechanisms that are different than lime and fly ash.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of CFTR Modulation in People with Cystic Fibrosis Transitioning from Mono or Dual Regimens to Triple-Combination Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor

The triple-combination (TC) cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator regimen elexacaftor, tezacaftor, and ivacaftor was shown to be safe and efficacious in phase 3 trials of people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) ≥ 12 years of age with ≥ 1 F508del-CFTR allele. Here, a simulation study predicted ivacaftor, tezacaftor, and elexacaftor exposures and impacts on CFTR modulation following transition from ivacaftor [a cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) substrate], lumacaftor (a CYP3A inducer)/ivacaftor, or tezacaftor/ivacaftor to TC. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling was used to evaluate plasma exposures during transition from mono- or dual-combination CFTR modulator regimens to TC. PBPK models were parameterized using data from human hepatocytes to account for CYP3A induction by lumacaftor and validated to match clinical data from healthy volunteers and pwCF. Using dosing regimens for pwCF ≥ 12 years of age, simulations were performed for ivacaftor, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, and tezacaftor/ivacaftor dosing for 14 days followed by immediate transition to elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor dosing for 14 days. Drug exposures during transitions were compared with respective half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) estimated from efficacy endpoint data from clinical studies. In simulations of immediate transition from ivacaftor or tezacaftor/ivacaftor to TC, the preceding treatment had no impact on ivacaftor, tezacaftor, or elexacaftor exposures. In simulations of immediate transition from lumacaftor/ivacaftor to TC, ivacaftor exposure decreased to 64% of maximum effective concentration (EC), due to reduction in ivacaftor dose and residual CYP3A4 induction, then returned to 90–95% of maximum EC. Lumacaftor-mediated CYP3A induction resolved within approximately 2 weeks. In all simulations, ivacaftor, tezacaftor, and elexacaftor exposures approached steady state within 2 weeks following transition and, at all times, ivacaftor and ≥ 1 CFTR corrector remained above EC50. PBPK modeling indicates that immediate transition to the elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor regimen from an ivacaftor, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, or tezacaftor/ivacaftor regimen results in sustained CFTR modulation in pwCF ≥ 12 years of age.
SIMS Study of Metallized Silicon Semiconductors

Transition-metal silcides have been used extensively as contact layers in semiconductor applications [1,2]. These applications are becoming more important as electronic circuit complexity and scale of integration increase.
Cross-Cultural Comparisons in Implicit and Explicit Age Bias.

Most research documenting bias against older adults has been conducted in individualistic and industrialized cultures. In the current study, we examined cultural variation in attitudes toward older...
Learning Outcomes of Diverse Oncology Professionals After the TEAM Cultural Competency Training

Racial, ethnic, sexual, and gender minorities are more likely to report challenges with oncology provider communication and quality of care. The Together-Equitable-Accessible-Meaningful (TEAM) training was developed to improve health equity across cancer care organizations by guiding teams of interprofessional learners through planning and implementation of quality improvements to advance equitable, accessible, and patient-centered cancer care. This study compared changes to self-reported cultural competence as measured by the Cultural Competency Assessment (CCA); Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Development of Clinical Skills Scale (LGBT-DOCSS); and Interprofessional Socialization and Valuing Scale (ISVS). The primary aim of the study was to assess changes to self-reported cultural competence; the secondary aim was to examine changes to interprofessional valuation from baseline to post-intervention. Results indicated statistically significant improvements in self-reported Cultural Competency Behaviors (p = .055), a subscale of the CCA, and Attitudinal Awareness toward sexual and gender minorities (p = .046), a subscale of the LGBT-DOCSS, using p < .10 as statistically significant. These subscale results drove statistically significant improvements for their respective composite scales. No other statistically significant results were found. This study suggests that cultural competency training among interprofessional oncology health care professionals can be effective. Given the growing diversity within the USA, additional opportunities for cultural competency training are needed.
Technologies for Constituent Communication in the U.S. Congress

Elected representatives use a myriad of technologies to communicate with their constituencies. Yet growing evidence finds that these technologies often promote one-way promotional forms of communication that push citizens away from policymakers and their decision-making process. Using theories in deliberative and representative democracy, I designed a week-long, asynchronous, online forum where a Member of Congress and constituents could deliberate a single policy topic. For my dissertation, I am testing the relation between the use of the online forum and feelings of deliberation, policymaker trust, and political efficacy of citizens. The ultimate goal is to determine if these online platforms can empower citizens to effectively participate in the federal legislative process.
The Twilight of Judicial Independence

Judicial independence is a fixture of American government, but its architecture has never been fully understood. As long as the federal judiciary has survived episodic attacks with its independence intact, there has been no pressing need to know how or why. But a confluence of cyclical, sustained, and sudden developments now threatens the federal judiciary’s autonomy in arguably unprecedented ways and demands a more comprehensive analysis of judicial independence and its vulnerabilities. This article begins by reconceptualizing the structure of judicial independence in three tiers. At the apex is an ancient, Rule of Law Paradigm, which proceeds from the premise that independence enables judges to set extralegal influences aside and impartially uphold the law. In the middle tier is Article III of the U.S. Constitution, via which the framers implemented the Rule of Law Paradigm in a rudimentary way. At the base tier are informal constitutional conventions that emerged over time to fill gaps in the constitutional design and guide the political branches in their relationship with the courts in a manner consistent with Article III and the overarching paradigm. Next, the article explains how this three-tiered architecture came into being, how it evolved, later eroded, and how it recently began to collapse with the repudiation of judicial independence conventions in a neo-populist age that is sweeping the globe. It attributes the long-term erosion of support for judicial independence to the crumbling Rule of Law Paradigm and its increasingly antiquated premise that independent judges impartially uphold the law, unsullied by ideological and other influences. It recommends a gradual shift to what I call a Legal Culture Paradigm, which reframes and defends the role of judicial independence in a government with a judiciary whose judges are deeply acculturated to take law seriously but who are nonetheless subject to extralegal influences at the margins, where operative law is indeterminate. It argues, however, that a reboot of the prevailing paradigm cannot, by itself, quiet the fury firing the ongoing, neo-populist assault on judicial independence, because the judiciary and its autonomy have become little more than pawns subject to sacrifice in a high-stakes chess game played by polarized, partisan political leaders for the future of American Democracy. The article concludes that realistic hope for an accord that restores judicial independence conventions, guided by a new paradigm, must follow a period of destabilizing, no-holds-barred, partisan combat, in much the same way that settlement in contentious civil cases can often be achieved only after a period of exhausting and unrestrained hardball litigation.
Do firms chase trade credit target

Abstract This study applies a partial-adjustment model to examine the dynamics of trade credit and to test the hypothesis that firms actively move toward an optimal (target) level of trade credit. The results indicate that typical firms close approximately 70% of the gap between its actual and target trade credit each year, supporting the idea that firms have a target level of trade credit. In addition, the estimated speed of adjustment supports the dynamic version of trade off framework where firms consider of the cost of adjustments when making adjustment decisions.
Improving Pneumonia Diagnosis Accuracy via Systematic Convolutional Neural Network-Based Image Enhancement

Chest X-rays play a significant role in diagnosing pneumonia due to the technology's cost-effectiveness and rapid development times. Detecting pneumonia in chest Xrays is a challenging process that relies heavily upon the availability of trained radiologists and high-quality imagery. Training qualified interpreters require significant resources, while medical imaging remains prone to a wide variety of deficiencies. Therefore, an automated system for pneumonia diagnosis consisting of three phases is proposed. An initial sorting phase consisting of a trained ResNet-18 convolutional neural network separates the dataset according to the interpretive quality of the images, creating a high and low-quality class. The unique image translation capabilities of the CycleGAN network are leveraged in the enhancement phase to translate low-quality images into improved versions. A final ResNet-18 network serves to classify pneumonia in the diagnosis phase. The enhancement system improved mixed quality diagnosis accuracy by 12.1% to 86.7%, with training sets composed of enhanced images achieving an accuracy 15.8% higher than their low-quality counterparts. The system's generalized method for image augmentation successfully mitigates the deficiencies of low-quality data, allowing for a higher accuracy diagnosis than otherwise possible.
Characterization of the Peritumoral Atrophic Band and Nonneoplastic Renal Parenchyma in Radical Nephrectomy Specimens.

OBJECTIVES Pathologic evaluation of nonneoplastic renal parenchyma in nephrectomy specimens is important for identifying chronic kidney disease and diabetic nephropathy, but increasing utilization of partial nephrectomies has led to less-sampled nonneoplastic parenchyma. The sampled tissue is often composed predominantly of the peritumoral atrophic band (PAB) directly adjacent to the tumor. We sought to determine the characteristics of the PAB and whether it could be used to reliably assess kidney pathology, including diabetic nephropathy. METHODS We investigated 59 radical nephrectomies to determine the PAB characteristics, whether the PAB is representative of distant nonneoplastic parenchyma, and if diabetic nephropathy could be reliably detected in the PAB. RESULTS Mesangial sclerosis was detected within the PAB in 100% of cases with mesangial sclerosis in the distant parenchyma. Eighty percent had a history of diabetes. The PAB exhibited increased glomerular sclerosis (51% vs 13%, P < .001) and interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (83% vs 13%, P < .001) compared with distant parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic nephropathy can be reliably detected in the PAB, which is important in partial nephrectomies or renal mass biopsies without ample distant renal parenchyma. The degree of glomerular and tubulointerstitial scarring within the PAB does not reflect the overall degree of chronic kidney disease.
Capital structure adjustment behavior of listed firms on the Mexican stock exchange

We employ partial adjustment capital structure models to examine Mexican publicly traded firms’ capital structure adjustment behavior. In a partial adjustment model, a firm reverts its observed leverage towards target leverage and closes a proportion of the deviation from target within one year. The leverage speed of adjustment (SOA) depends on the trade-off between the costs and benefits of moving leverage towards target. The faster a firm can revert its leverage when shocked away from target, the higher the firm value. Our results show that Mexican firms’ SOA ranges from 13.8% to 17.4%, depending on three leverage proxies. Mexican firms revert their leverage towards target at a slower speed than firms in developed countries do, implying that Mexican firms operate sub-optimally longer than firms in developed countries. We also compare subsets of firms with characteristics that are expected to affect SOA. First, we find that financially unconstrained firms’ SOA is higher than the SOA of financially constrained firms. Second, for two out of the three leverage proxies, the SOA of over-levered firms is higher than that of under-levered firms. Third, farthest-away-from-target firms adjust faster toward target leverage than closest-to-target firms. Overall, our findings confirm the expected asymmetric SOA behavior of the subsets of companies examined. Finally, we examine the impact of states of the economy on firms’ capital structures. We find that leverage ratios of Mexican firms are counter-cyclical and that Mexican firms adjust leverage at faster speed during good economic states as measured by stock exchange market capitalization relative to country’s GDP, risk premium, and inflation.
Experimental and computational assessment of the bending behavior of inflatable drop-stitch fabric panels

Abstract This paper details the experimental assessment and nonlinear finite-element analysis of the flexural behavior of inflated drop-stitch panels. Coupon-level fabric tests as well as panel inflation and panel torsion tests were performed to determine the effective orthotropic moduli of the panel fabric skin. Large displacement bending tests were conducted for a range of inflation pressures and two different span-to-depth ratios to assess the significance of these important parameters on panel stiffness and capacity. A novel, nonlinear beam finite-element modeling strategy for predicting the load–deflection behavior of inflatable drop-stitch panels subjected to bending loads is subsequently presented. The underlying Timoshenko beam element incorporates nonlinearity caused by fabric wrinkling, the work done by the internal pressure and its effect on panel stiffness and capacity, and the effect of the drop stitch yarns on panel bending response. Comparisons between model-predicted and measured panel load–displacement response demonstrate that the model is capable of predicting both pre- and post-wrinkling panel bending behavior over a wide range of deflections with reasonable accuracy. Additional model simulations demonstrate the significant impact of pressure–volume work, shear deformations, and drop yarns on panel bending response.