cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proper fluid loading of thin shell theories and the prediction of pseudo-Stoneley resonances

By including the effect of fluid loading for the thin spherical shell in a proper manner, so- called shell theories can predict the water borne pseudo-Stoneley waves described extensively in the literature. Shell theories give reasonably good results for the motion of a bounded elastic shell by using the assumption that various parts of the shell move together in some reasonable manner. Without proper fluid loading, however, shell theories do not predict the pseudo-Stoneley resonances observed in nature and predicted by exact theory. With proper fluid loading, as well as rotary inertia and translational and rotary kinetic energy terms, a shell theory can exactly predict these water borne resonances. These resonances are predicted by the shell theory and compared with results from exact elastodynamical calculations.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Case studies of simulation of fracture in concrete dams

Abstract Two case studies of crack propagation in concrete gravity dams are described. The studies employ mixed-mode LEFM implemented within a discrete crack, automatic rezoning, finite element method. The study of the Fontana dam elucidated the mechanisms for crack initiation, accurately reproduced observed trajectory, and evaluated the effectiveness of interim repair measures. The study of a generic gravity dam had as its objective the evaluation of usefulness of LEFM for design and quality control during construction. An envelope of safe lengths, heights, and orientations of cracks potentially growing from cold lift joints on the upstream face was derived. It was also shown that, by neglect the toughness of the foundation contact, classical design methods predict a conservative factor-of-safety against sliding, and that, when toughness is set to zero, LEFM predictions are in good agreement with the classical method.
Muscle cross-bridges bound to actin are disordered in the presence of 2,3-butanedione monoxime.

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to monitor the orientation of muscle cross-bridges attached to actin in a low force and high stiffness state that may occur before force generation in the actomyosin cycle of interactions. 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) has been shown to act as an uncompetitive inhibitor of the myosin ATPase that stabilizes a myosin.ADP.P(i) complex. Such a complex is thought to attach to actin at the beginning of the powerstroke. Addition of 25 mM BDM decreases tension by 90%, although stiffness remains high, 40–50% of control, showing that cross-bridges are attached to actin but generate little or no force. Active cross-bridge orientation was monitored via electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of a maleimide spin probe rigidly attached to cys-707 (SH-1) on the myosin head. A new labeling procedure was used that showed improved specificity of labeling. In 25 mM BDM, the probes have an almost isotropic angular distribution, indicating that cross-bridges are highly disordered. We conclude that in the pre-powerstroke state stabilized by BDM, cross-bridges are attached to actin, generating little force, with a large portion of the catalytic domain of the myosin heads disordered.
A proposed model of naturally occurring osteoarthritis in the domestic rabbit

Osteoarthritis affects one in eight American adults over the age of 25 y and is a leading cause of chronic disability in the US. Translational research to investigate treatments for this naturally occurring joint disease requires an appropriate animal model. The authors conducted a retrospective study to assess the potential of naturally occurring osteoarthritis in the domestic rabbit as a model of the human disease. Analysis of radiographic images showed that the presence and severity of osteoarthritis were significantly influenced by both age and body weight. The most commonly affected joints were the knee and the hip. The findings reported here suggest that the rabbit is an excellent model of spontaneously arising osteoarthritis that may be useful in translational research pertaining to the human disease.
Attenuation and Velocity of Sound in Superfluid Helium

The attenuation and velocity of sound in liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ have been calculated using the Landau-Khalatnikov kinetic equations and the phonon Boltzmann equation. A detailed comparison between theory and experiment is made at 0.35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and good agreement is obtained over a wide range of requencies.
The Preaching of the First Crusade and the Persecutions of the Jews

Abstract Although the versions of Pope Urban’s call for the First Crusade focus on the need to liberate the Holy Land from the Muslims, crusaders and locals attacked first the communities of the Franco-German (Ashkenazic) Jews. Both contemporary and modern historians have offered a variety of explanations for these uncalled-for devastating attacks. Without discounting some of these proposals, this article applies the psychological explanation of Displacement to offer an additional reason. The article suggests that the urgent call to retaliate against the Muslims immediately and the many graphic descriptions of alleged Muslim atrocities against Eastern Christians and Christian pilgrims in the propaganda of the First Crusade created mounting frustration in Europe. And since this frustration could not be expressed immediately and directly against its source, i.e., the faraway Muslims, the attackers displaced their aggression onto the nearby Jews. Moreover, Displacement also explains the many close parallels between the images of Muslim atrocities in crusading rhetoric and the idiosyncratic manifestations of the violence against European Jews in the early stages of the First Crusade.
Beyond Sexual Assessment: Lessons Learned from Couples Post Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose To share selected experiences of advanced practice nurses (APNs) who implemented a home-based nursing protocol related to psychosexual function for couples following radical surgery for prostate cancer. Data Sources Selected research-based articles, the PLISSIT Model for sexual rehabilitation counseling, and the authors' experiences. Conclusions Five lessons related to communicating about sexuality and intimacy were synthesized from the experience, including examining knowledge and selfawareness regularly, using a structured interview guide to facilitate the process, developing a trusting relationship with the couple, attending to verbal and nonverbal cues, and providing information about the full range of sexual expression. Implications for Practice Include an assessment of sexual health as an integral part of a general health assessment. Patients do not generally volunteer information about their sexual concerns unless the subject is introduced by the APN.
Improving Large-Eddy Simulation of Neutral Boundary Layer Flow across Grid Interfaces

AbstractIncreasing computational power has enabled grid resolutions that support large-eddy simulation (LES) of the atmospheric boundary layer. These simulations often use grid nesting or adaptive mesh refinement to refine the grid in regions of interest. LES generates errors at grid refinement interfaces, such as resolved energy accumulation, that may compromise solution accuracy. In this paper, the authors test the ability of two LES formulations and turbulence closures to mitigate errors associated with the use of LES on nonuniform grids for a half-channel approximation to a neutral atmospheric boundary layer simulation. Idealized simulations are used to examine flow across coarse–fine and fine–coarse interfaces, as would occur in a two-way nested configuration or with block structured adaptive mesh refinement. Specifically, explicit filtering of the advection term and the mixed model are compared to a standard LES formulation with an eddy viscosity model. Errors due to grid interfaces are evaluated by...
STRUCTURAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH TEMPORAL DISPERSION IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TEAMS: EVIDENCE FROM OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE PROJECT TEAMS

Collaboration structure and temporal dispersion (TD) in teams have been studied independently so far. This study uses Media Synchronicity Theory (MST) to derive hypotheses positing that the structure of collaboration networks in distributed teams changes when those teams are more temporally dispersed. The empirical test of hypotheses using ordinary least squares with archival data from 230 open source software (OSS) projects shows that the collaboration structure networks of those OSS teams that are more temporally dispersed are sparser and more centralised, and these associations are stronger in those teams exhibiting higher relative performance. Theoretical and practical consequences are discussed.
But Still, It Moves: Tides, Stellar Parallax, and Galileo’s Commitment to the Copernican Theory

Galileo found the Copernican heliocentric theory of the universe so persuasive owing to its mathematical elegance that he embraced it even when his theory of the tides stood in opposition to it. Further support for Galileo’s deep commitment to the Copernican heliocentric theory is found in his recently discovered unpublished observations of the double star Mizar in 1617, which exhibited no annual stellar parallax and hence indicated that the Earth does not move, in contradiction to the Copernican heliocentric theory. Further, Galileo did not mention this contradiction in his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems of 1632. I conclude that he was so deeply committed to the Copernican heliocentric theory that he was unswayed even when observations undermined it, and I suggest that if he had published his observations on the double star Mizar, general acceptance of the Copernican heliocentric theory by astronomers would have been delayed even more than it was.
Estimating systems of equations with different instruments for different equations

Abstract For applications where different instruments are required for different equations, this paper offers a relatively primitive set of assumptions under which the nonlinear three-stage least squares estimator is the asymptotically efficient generalized method of moments estimator. These conditions can be verified for a general class of panel data models under reasonable assumptions about the dynamics in the model. On the other hand, the 3SLS estimator is necessarily inefficient for models such as hedonic price systems and for certain simultaneous equations models with measurement error or omitted variables in some equations.
Auditory evoked responses to frequency-modulated tones in children with specific language impairment.

Averaged cortically evoked potentials to frequency-modulated tones (±100 Hz around a center frequency of 1 kHz) were obtained from 12 children with SLI and 12 age-matched children who were normal l...
Distinct requirements for HIV-cell fusion and HIV-mediated cell-cell fusion.

Whether HIV-1 enters cells by fusing with the plasma membrane or with endosomes is a subject of active debate. The ability of HIV-1 to mediate fusion between adjacent cells, a process referred to as “fusion-from-without” (FFWO), shows that this virus can fuse with the plasma membrane. To compare FFWO occurring at the cell surface with HIV-cell fusion through a conventional entry route, we designed an experimental approach that enabled the measurements of both processes in the same sample. The following key differences were observed. First, a very small fraction of viruses fusing with target cells participated in FFWO. Second, whereas HIV-1 fusion with adherent cells was insensitive to actin inhibitors, post-CD4/coreceptor binding steps during FFWO were abrogated. A partial dependence of HIV-cell fusion on actin remodeling was observed in CD4+ T cells, but this effect appeared to be due to the actin dependence of virus uptake. Third, deletion of the cytoplasmic tail of HIV-1 gp41 dramatically enhanced the ability of the virus to promote FFWO, while having a modest effect on virus-cell fusion. Distinct efficiencies and actin dependences of FFWO versus HIV-cell fusion are consistent with the notion that, except for a minor fraction of particles that mediate fusion between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells, HIV-1 enters through an endocytic pathway. We surmise, however, that cell-cell contacts enabling HIV-1 fusion with the plasma membrane could be favored at the sites of high density of target cells, such as lymph nodes.
A stimulus-free graphical probabilistic switching model for sequential circuits using dynamic bayesian networks

We propose a novel, nonsimulative probabilistic model for switching activity in sequential circuits, capturing both spatio-temporal correlations at internal nodes and higher order temporal correlations due to feedback. This model, which we refer to as the temporal dependency model (TDM), can be constructed from the logic structure and is shown to be a dynamic Bayesian network. Dynamic Bayesian networks are extremely powerful in modeling high order temporal, as well as spatial, correlations; TDM is an exact model for the underlying conditional independencies. The attractive feature of this graphical representation of the joint probability function is not only that it makes the dependency relationships amongst nodes explicit, but it also serves as a computational mechanism for probabilistic inference. We report average errors in switching probability of 0.006, with errors tightly distributed around mean error values, on ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits involving up to 10000 signals.
Composite PTCR thermistors, utilizing conducting borides, silicides, and carbide powders

Ceramic-polymer composite thermistors using conducting boride, silicide, and carbide powders that include TiB2, ZrB2, NbB2, NbSi2, WSi2, MoSi2, and TiC have been fabricated. Percolation and subsequent PTCR effects were observed for all the powders in both semi-crystalline (polyethylene) and amorphous (epoxy) polymer matrix materials, however, as found for carbon black and metal fillers, both niobate powders did not exhibit a PTCR effect in the amorphous polymer. Results indicate that percolation and PTCR behaviour are related to the powder characteristics (size/distribution), composite microstructure and ceramic-polymer interface. Composite thermistors with room temperature resistivities as low as 1 Ω cm and a nine-order of magnitude change (Δϱ) at 1 kHz (12 Δϱ at d.c.) were achieved.
Jewish Displacement of Irish Americans in Vaudeville: The Role of Religious and Cultural Values

Abstract: During the second half of the nineteenth century, Irish Americans had a prominent if not dominant position in commercial vaudeville, but by the second decade of the next century they had a minor position. This paper documents that decline and focuses on the role that anti-pleasure Irish Catholic teachings played in it. When commercial vaudeville moved away from Victorian standards, it dramatically changed the way it was viewed by practicing Catholics and Catholic organizations. By contrast, newer Jewish immigrants, coming from a culture that rejected Victorian standards, embraced commercial vaudeville and came to play a dominant role in its growth in the early twentieth century, and its transition to silent films.
Development of a computer-aided diagnostic scheme for detection of interval changes in successive whole-body bone scans

Bone scintigraphy is the most frequent examination among various diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures. It is a well-established imaging modality for the diagnosis of osseous metastasis and for monitoring osseous tumor response to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Although the sensitivity of bone scan examinations for detection of bone abnormalities has been considered to be relatively high, it is time consuming to identify multiple lesions such as bone metastases of prostate and breast cancers. In addition, it is very difficult to detect subtle interval changes between two successive abnormal bone scans, because of variations in patient conditions, the accumulation of radioisotopes during each examination, and the image quality of gamma cameras. Therefore, we developed a new computer-aided diagnostic(CAD) scheme for the detection of interval changes in successive whole-body bone scans by use of a temporal subtraction image which was obtained with a nonlinear image-warping technique. We carried out 58 pairs of successive bone scans in which each scan included both posterior and anterior views. We determined 107 “gold-standard” interval changes among the 58 pairs based on the consensus of three radiologists. Our computerized scheme consisted of seven steps, i.e., initial image density normalization on each image,image matching for the paired images, temporal subtraction by use of the nonlinear image-warping technique, initial detection of interval changes by use of temporal-subtraction images,image feature extraction of candidates of interval changes, rule-based tests by use of 16 image features for removing some false positives, and display of the computer output for identified interval changes. One hundred seven gold standard interval changes included 71 hot lesions (uptake was increased compared with the previous scan, or there was new uptake in the current scan) and 36 cold lesions (uptake was decreased or disappeared) for anterior and posterior views. The overall sensitivity in the detection of interval changes, including both hot and cold lesions evaluated by use of the resubstitution and the leave-one-case-out methods, were 95.3%, with 5.97 false positives per view, and 83.2% with 6.02, respectively. The temporal subtraction image for successive whole-body bone scans has the potential to enhance the interval changes between two images, which also can be quantified. Furthermore, the CAD scheme for the detection of interval changes by use of temporal subtraction images would be useful in assisting radiologists’ interpretation on successive bone scan images.
Heterogeneity of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptors in rat intrinsic cardiac neurons

The expression of receptors for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was investigated in isolated parasympathetic neurons of neonatal rat intracardiac ganglia using single-cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Individual neurons were shown to express multiple isoforms of the PACAP receptor, PAC1, including PAC1-short, -HOP1 and -HOP2 variants, which differ in the region encoding the G protein-binding domain. The PAC1-HOP1 isoform was the predominant species, being expressed at higher levels and in a greater number of cells than other PAC1 variants. In addition to PAC1, intrinsic cardiac neurons express transcripts for the VIP receptors, VPAC1 and VPAC2, with VPAC2 being found in a greater proportion of the neurons. These findings may explain the complex effects of PACAP and VIP on neuroexcitability in mammalian intracardiac ganglia.
Decay properties of berkelium-249 and californium-249☆

Abstract The following decay properties have been measured: the alpha/beta branching ratio of 249Bk, (1·45±0·08) × 10−5, the alpha half-life of 249Cf, 345±15 yr, the spontaneous fission half-life of 249Bk, (1·87±0·09) × 109 yr, and the spontaneous fission half-life of 249Cf, (6·87±0·33) × 1010 yr, which appears to be anomalously long. Observations of the alpha particle spectra of these two nucleides are also reported.
Energy of the quasifree electron in argon and krypton

Field ionization measurements of ${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}\mathrm{I}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{I}$ dopant high-$n$ molecular Rydberg states in argon and krypton perturbers are presented as a function of perturber number density along various isotherms up to the density of the triple point liquid. Using these data, a new local Wigner-Seitz model for the density-dependent energy ${V}_{0}({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{P}})$ of a quasifree electron in argon and krypton is developed. This model, which contains only one adjustable parameter, uses a local Wigner-Seitz radius derived from the local number density rather than from the bulk number density, includes a statistical mechanical calculation of both the ion/medium polarization energy and the electron/medium polarization energy, and includes the thermal kinetic energy of the quasifree electron. Using this model, ${V}_{0}({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{P}})$ and the perturber-induced energy shift of the dopant ionization potential ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\mathrm{D}}({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{P}})$ are calculated to within $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1%$ of experiment. Previously reported ${V}_{0}({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{P}})$ data for xenon are also shown to be interpretable within this new model.
Retinoic acid inhibits cardiac neural crest migration by blocking c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation.

Retinoic acid (RA), a potent teratogen, produces a characteristic set of embryonic cardiovascular malformations similar to those observed in neural crest ablated avians. While the effects of RA on neural crest are well described, the molecular mechanism(s) of RA action on these cells is less clear. The present study examines the relationship between RA and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in neural crest cells and demonstrates that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation is severely repressed by RA. RA suppressed migration and proliferation of primary cultures of mouse neural crest cells treated in vitro as well as from animals treated in vivo. On Western blots, JNK activation/phosphorylation in neural crest cultures was reduced, while neither extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) nor p38 pathways were affected. Both the dose-dependent stimulation of neural crest outgrowth and JNK phosphorylation by platelet-derived growth factor AA, which promotes outgrowth but not proliferation of neural crest cultures, were completely abrogated by RA. To establish the relevance of the JNK signaling pathway to cardiac neural crest migration, dominant negative adenoviral constructs were used to inhibit upstream activation of JNK or c-Jun downstream responses. Both adenoviral constructs markedly reduced neural crest cell outgrowth, while a dominant negative inhibitor of the p38 pathway had no effect. These data demonstrate that the JNK signaling pathway and c-Jun activation are critical for cardiac neural crest outgrowth and are potential targets for the action of RA.
The making of a shaman: Calling, training and culmination

Shamanism and especially the psychological health of shamans remain topics of considerable confusion. This article, therefore, examines the shamanic training process from a specifically psychologic...
Bound-morpheme skills in the oral language of school-age, language-impaired children

Bound-morphine skills of school-age, language-impaired (LI) children were explored with three tasks designed to assess multiple dimensions of this component of language. Ten English-speaking, school-age LI children (Mean age: 10:3) and ten children with normal language (Mean age: 9:9) served as subjects. A two-way analysis of variance revealed significant group differences. Fisher a priori testing documented significant group differences for a measure of English bound-morpheme skill levels, a measure of ability to generalize English bound-morphemes to novel words, and a measure of ability to learn novel bound-morphemes attached to novel words. The findings indicate that core features of developmental language impairment in preschool children--poor ability to learn, to use, and to generalize bound-morphemes--are also present in school-age, LI children.
Toward infusing modular and reflective design learning throughout the curriculum

Design is a core activity in computer science and software engineering, but conventional curricula do not adequately support design learning since they isolate the explicit study of design to only a few select courses. This paper reports on our initial efforts toward addressing this challenge through an intervention focusing on the modular deployment of design challenges and design stories throughout the curriculum: Design challenges allow learners to work through open-ended problems, which is followed by the creation of a design story narrative through the use of a structured reflection framework. Our intervention strategy is intended to be easily adoptable within existing curricular structures and leverages reflective-learning theories.
Ethnic and Cultural Issues in Assessing Physical Activity

Although the physical activity questionnaire, in general, is the most common measure of physical activity levels in minority subgroups, additional measures may be needed to supplement the information collected by questionnaire alone. The most frequent types of physical activities performed in many of these minority groups are often lower intensity activities. However, when assessing activity by questionnaire, we know that lower intensity activities like walking and housework tend to be less reproducible than higher intensity activities such as many of the organized sports (Kriska et al., 1990; Sallis et al., 1985). Therefore, the activity questionnaire alone may not be the best way to quantify these lower intensity, variable frequency, life-style activities. As Figure 3 reminds us, measurement of lower intensity activities may require the use of more objective measures. One feasible approach may be to use a simple, inexpensive, objective measure of activity like an activity monitor or a pedometer. Step monitors are now successfully being used to estimate levels of movement expressed as "daily steps taken throughout the day" and to document activity changes in intervention efforts. However, activity monitors also have their own set of limitations such as the inability of capturing cycling, swimming, and upper body movement. Likewise, monitors certainly are not as practical as physical activity questionnaires in assessing activity in population studies. It is likely that a combination of the two methods of activity assessment would work best. Individuals who have scored low on the activity questionnaire could be given a step monitor to further evaluate their physical activity levels. Although promising, much more work needs to be done in this area.
On the status of ferryl protonation.

Abstract We examine the issue of ferryl protonation in heme proteins. An analysis of the results obtained from X-ray crystallography, resonance Raman spectroscopy, and extended X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS) is presented. Fe–O bond distances obtained from all three techniques are compared using Badger’s rule. The long Fe–O bond lengths found in the ferryl crystal structures of myoglobin, cytochrome c peroxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and catalase deviate substantially from the values predict by Badger’s rule, while the oxo-like distances obtained from EXAFS measurements are in good agreement with the empirical formula. Density functional calculations, which suggest that Mossbauer spectroscopy can be used to determine ferryl protonation states, are presented. Our calculations indicate that the quadrupole splitting (Δ E Q ) changes significantly upon ferryl protonation. New resonance Raman data for horse-heart myoglobin compound II (Mb-II, pH 4.5) are also presented. An Fe–O stretching frequency of 790 cm −1 (shifting to 754 cm −1 with 18 O substitution) was obtained. This frequency provides a Badger distance of r Fe–O = 1.66 A. This distance is in agreement with the 1.69 A Fe–O bond distance obtained from EXAFS measurements but is significantly shorter than the 1.93 A bond found in the crystal structure of Mb-II (pH 5.2). In light of the available evidence, we conclude that the ferryl forms of myoglobin (pKa ⩽ 4), horseradish peroxidase (pKa ⩽ 4), cytochrome c peroxidase (pKa ⩽ 4), and catalase (pKa ⩽ 7) are not basic. They are authentic Fe IV oxos with Fe–O bonds on the order of 1.65 A.
Resistance to restructuring in Sino‐foreign joint ventures: toward a preliminary model

Many Sino‐foreign joint ventures are set up by acquiring existing state enterprises. Under this arrangement, the foreign partner normally has to restructure the original state enterprise by transferring its routines to China. More often than not, resistance to change is experienced during the transition period. This paper explores the factors affecting such resistance. A grounded theory approach using five cases is adopted. The major factors identified are: Chinese partner's perceived need for change, number of active foreign partners, deployment of experts by the foreign partner, age of the former state enterprise, and joint venture performance. Propositions are derived from the case evidence and relevant literature. A preliminary model linking up the propositions is developed.
Fluvial deposition on the Shoalhaven deltaic plain, Southern New South Wales

Abstract New research from the Shoalhaven deltaic plain prompts revision of ideas on fluvial deposition in coastal New South Wales. Extensive remnants of Pleistocene alluvium occur on the surface and beneath Holocene sediments. Thermoluminescence (TL) analysis indicates that there were at least two and probably four phases of Pleistocene deposition spanning much of Last Interglacial and Glacial times. Deposition continued even when sea levels were low. Holocene infilling was faster than previously thought, for the Shoalhaven was feeding fluvial sand onto the shore and the adjacent barrier dune system by 6 ka. Away from the main channel, deposition occurred mainly as levee building along tributary and distributary channels. Claims for an initial southerly course of the Shoalhaven across the plain followed by avulsion northward to the present mouth are discounted. Channels flowing southward are too small to be former courses of the Shoalhaven, and are better explained as distributaries caused by crevassing ...
Hierarchical Markov random field modeling for texture classification in chest radiographs.

ABSTRACT A hierarchical Markov random field (MRF) modeling approach is presented for the classification of textures inselected regions of interest (ROIs) of chest radiographs. The procedure integrates possible texture classes and their spatial definition with other components present in an image such as noise and background trend. Classificationis performed as a maximum a-posteriori (MAP) estimation of texture class and involves an iterative Gibbs-sampling technique. Two cases are studied: classification of lung parenchyma versus bone and classification of normal lung parenchyma versus miliary tuberculosis (MTB). Accurate classification was obtained for all examined cases showing the potential of the proposed modeling approach for texture analysis of radiographic images. Keywords: Texture analysis, Markov random fields, Gibbs sampling, medical image processing, radiographicimage processing.O81942O859/96/$6.O0 SPIE Vol. 2710 / 679Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 02/21/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx
Short-Range, Wireless Interconnect within a Computing Chassis: Design Challenges

This article advocates the use of short-range wireless communication inside a computing chassis. Ultrawideband links make it possible to design a within-chassis wireless interconnect. In contrast to conventional, fixed, wireline connections between chips, wireless communications offer certain unique advantages, as the authors explain.
Contextual variables, emotional state, and current and expected quality of life in breast cancer survivors.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between contextual variables, emotional state, and quality of life (QOL) now and expectations for the future in survivors of breast cancer. DESIGN Descriptive and nonexperimental. SETTING AND SAMPLE 148 volunteers and women with breast cancer involved in a program by the American Cancer Society. Most subjects were middle-aged (mean = 52.4, SD = 11.56), were married (72%), and had graduated high school (38%). Time since diagnosis was 0.3-19 years (mean = 3.54, SD = 3.61); 74% were diagnosed more than five years ago, 54% were not receiving any treatment, and 66% had localized breast cancer. METHODS At home, participants completed a self-report survey for personal and contextual variables, Positive and Negative Affect Scale, QOL Measurement, and Global Life Satisfaction Scale. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Time since diagnosis, extent of cancer, emotional state, QOL, and global life satisfaction. FINDINGS Women had high positive affect (mean = 37.96) and low negative affect (mean = 17.13). QOL and life satisfaction were high. Time since diagnosis and extent of disease were related weakly to negative affect and QOL (p < 0.001). Positive and negative affect were related moderately to QOL and life satisfaction (p < 0.001). Current personal life satisfaction was significantly greater than breast cancer survivors' estimates for "most people," and survivors expected life satisfaction to increase significantly in five years (p < 0.001). Significant differences in QOL were found between those who were diagnosed recently and those who were diagnosed 10 or more years previously. CONCLUSIONS Despite breast cancer, women have positive affect, good QOL, and life satisfaction. Contextual variables were related weakly to outcomes; emotions were related more strongly to outcomes. Survivors were more satisfied with life than they estimated others to be and expected satisfaction to increase in the future. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Nurses may use these findings to encourage patients who are newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Women with breast cancer adapt well despite potential negative outcomes, and survivors even report better QOL than they estimate for most people.
A crucial role for AspL213 in the proton transfer pathway to the secondary quinone of reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides

The aspartic acid at position 213 of the L-subunit (AspL213) of reaction centers from Rb. sphaeroides is one of two acidic residues in the binding site of the secondary quinone (QB). Alteration of AspL213 to asparagine by site-directed mutagenesis drastically affected the light-induced proton and electron transfer functions leading to formation of quinol (QBH2). The first electron transfer was slowed to a half-time in the millisecond time range, but the equilibrium (Q−AQB ↔ QAQ−B) was substantially increased in favor of QB reduction and the pH dependence of the equilibrium was altered. The stabilization of Q−B is suggested to result from the uncharged nature of the substitution, with the implication that AspL213 is normally ionized and presents an electrostatic restriction to the first electron transfer. The second electron transfer (Q−AQ−B + 2H+ ↔ QAQBH2) was even more severely inhibited and was at least 104-times slower than the wild type at pH > 6.5, and after only two flashes the RCs were blocked in the Q−AQ−B state. At lower pH some transfer activity was restored, although with a rate still 103-times slower than the wild type. The kinetics of the second electron transfer at low pH corresponded exactly to the kinetics of proton uptake. These data are interpreted as implying an essential role for AspL213 in the proton transfer pathway leading to the formation of QH2 after the second flash.
Vapor pressure ratios over the solid neon isotopes

The first data for the neon-21 to neon-22 isotopic vapor pressure ratio are presented. New data of improved precision are presented for the neon-20 to neon-22 ratio. The use of the two sets of data narrows considerably the allowable temperature-dependent form of the free energy expansion in powers ofħ2/2m required to describe the data. The effective Debye temperature determined in this way from the second moment is now in much better agreement with the calorimetrically determined value in the temperature region between 15 and 24 K for neon.
Chaotic dynamics in a cash-in-advance economy

Abstract This paper introduces sufficient conditions for the existence of deterministic cycles and chaos in cash-in-advance models, building on the earlier work of Woodford (1994) . Chaotic equilibria are shown to be particularly likely in the cash-in-advance model, because of a unique characteristic of such models: a discontinuous derivative in the difference equation map at the satiation level of real balances. The existence of a kink means that chaotic equilibria may exist without implausibly large curvatures in the utility function. Since a chaotic time series that makes use of the kink would sometimes exhibit zero nominal interest rates, the paper also gives an example of chaos in which nominal interest rates remain strictly positive.
Conditional lethal mutants of Chinese hamster cells: Mutants requiring exogenous carbondioxide for growth

A series of Chinese hamster cell lines were tested and found to be able to proliferate in the absence of added bicarbonate and carbondioxide if hypoxanthine and uridine were present in the medium. Conversely, cells incapable of salvaging one of these precursors, such as hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT−) deficient cells did not multiply under these conditions. We describe another variant capable of utilizing hypoxanthine and uridine which has an absolute requirement for exogenous CO2/NaHCO3 for growth. These cells appear to be defective in the complete oxidation of pyruvate to carbondioxide, and indications are that the entry of pyruvate into the Krebs cycle is affected.
Surface crystallization of liquid n-alkanes and alcohol monolayers studied by surface vibrational spectroscopy

Abstract Infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) has been used to obtain the surface vibrational spectra of CH stretches for liquid n -eicosane and a monolayer film of 1-dodecanol in equilibrium with an excess drop on water. The SFG data for surface freezing of eicosane represent a unique study of ordering among nonpolar surface molecules and are consistent with the formation of a solid monolayer of nearly vertical, all-trans molecules at the free liquid surface. For the dodecanol film, the result indicates that the alcohol molecules are nearly all-trans and erect both before and after surface crystallization.
Structure–Activity Approach to the Identification of Environmental Estrogens: The MCASE Approach

A sizable number of environmental contaminants and natural products have been found to possess hormonal activity and have been termed endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Due to the vast number (estimated at about 58,000) of environmental contaminants, their potential to adversely affect the endocrine system, and the paucity of health effects data associated with them, the U.S. Congress was led to mandate testing of these compounds for endocrine-disrupting ability. Here we provide evidence that a computational structure–activity relationship (SAR) approach has the potential to rapidly and cost effectively screen and prioritize these compounds for further testing. Our models were based on data for 122 compounds assayed for estrogenicity in the ESCREEN assay. We produced two models, one for relative proliferative effect (RPE) and one for relative proliferative potency (RPP) for chemicals as compared to the effects and potency of 17β-estradiol. The RPE and RPP models achieved an 88 and 72% accurate prediction rat...
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations in Heterotaxy Syndrome: The Case for Early, Direct Hepatic Vein-to-Azygos Vein Connection.

We report a surgical approach using hepatic vein–to–azygos vein connection without cardiopulmonary bypass or deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in a patient with heterotaxy syndrome and interrupted inferior vena cava with persistence of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) after previous Fontan completion. We advocate early performance of hepatic vein–to–azygos vein connection following the Kawashima operation for heterotaxy with functionally univentricular heart and interrupted inferior vena cava. We review the physiology of heterotaxy syndrome with congenital heart disease and justify our approach in the context of a review of previous surgical strategies used in this patient population.
Effect of chemical sympathectomy on oxygen consumption by the cold-exposed rat.

Abstract The inability to mobilize energy substrates is a major reason for the short survival time of chemically sympathectomized animals exposed to cold. The data presented in this paper show that within one hr of cold exposure (4°C. intact rats increase the rate of O2 consumption by about 70 per cent. In contrast, the increase of O2 consumption of chemically sympathectomized rats exposed to cold for one hr is only 27–38 per cent. When the sympathectomized rats remain at 4°C for two hr the heat production is equal to that at 25° C. It is concluded that shivering is impaired when peripheral sympathetic system function is blocked; however, if the adrenal medullary function is intact, shivering is possible even in presence of peripheral sympathetic blockade.
On the equality of two plane partition correspondences

The study of column-strict plane partitions and Young tableax has spawned numerous constructive correspondences. Among these are correspondences found in the work of Bender and Knuth that send one column-strict plane partition to another, causing a specified permutation on the numbers of parts of a given size. Another correspondence, created by Schutzenberger to act on standard Young tableaux and defined in an entirely different manner. has intimate connections with the Robinson-Schensted algorithm. In this paper, these correspondences are generalized to skew column-strict plane partitions and certain of their basic properties are considered. In particular, it is shown that the correspondence of Schutzenberger can be considered a special case of the Bender-Knuth correspondences.
Changes in protein synthesis during alternate pathways of differentiation in the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium pallidum

Abstract Acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate and autoradiography of dried gels were used to detect incorporation of [ 14 C]acetate into specific polypeptides of developing cells. Twenty-four polypeptides showed changes in net rate of synthesis during light-induced aggregation and sorogenesis, and 15 bands changed during KCl-induced encystment. Most of the changes during aggregation were common to three strains of P. pallidum , but different from those exhibited by D. discoideum . They failed to occur if the cells were maintained in darkness, and the pattern of changes was altered by sublethal high temperature. A few changes were common to both aggregating and encysting cells, and to stalkforming cells induced by cyclic AMP. A pulse-chase experiment indicated that all detectable increases in net synthesis were caused by alterations in actual synthesis rather than in degradation. It is suggested that the observed changes in synthesis may be essential to the correlated pathways of cellular differentiation.
The protein-polysaccharides of articular, epiphyseal plate and costal cartilages.

Abstract 1. 1. The yields of protein-polysaccharides obtained from bovine fetal articular, epiphyseal plate and porcine costal cartilage and their content of uronic acid, hexosamine, sialic acid, protein hydroxyproline were determined. The ability of the protein-polysaccharides to inhibit the precipitation of calcium phosphate in vitro was also studied, both before and after degradation of the protein-polysaccharides by enzymes extracts of epiphyseal plate cartilage. 2. 2. Yields and compositions of protein-polysaccharides from the diverse hyaline cartilages were similar, indicating that there are, in the narrow age range studied, in the different cartilages and in the different species of animals, remarkable similarities in the chemical nature of the hyaline cartilages with respect to their content of protein-polysaccharides. Differences in composition are manifest, however, when compared with calf nasal cartilages or nucleus pulosus. 3. 3. Most of the protein-polysaccharides inhibited the precipitation of calcium phosphate from solution. If the protein-polysaccharides are first degraded by enzyme extracts obtained from cartilage, the inhibitory activity of the protein-polysaccharides is abolished in the range of concentrations studied. These phenomena are discussed in relation to calcification of cartilage.
Interactive regulation of postmenopausal growth hormone insulin-like growth factor axis by estrogen and growth hormone-releasing peptide-2

Estrogen is the proximate sex steroid sustaining GH secretion throughout the human life span in both sexes. However, very little is known about the specific neuroendocrine mechanisms by which estrogen activates and maintains GH secretion in the young or aging human. The identification of somatostatin in 1973 as a key negative peptidyl regulator of the GH axis and the discovery of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) in 1982 as a dominant feedforward agonist of GH secretion provided an initial basic science foundation for exploring sex-steroid control of the GH-IGF-1 axis. Although GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) were first recognized in 1977–1981, subsequent cloning of hypothalamopituitary receptors transducing potent secretagogue actions of GHRPs in 1996 and of an endogenous ligand for this effector pathway in 1999 now extend the framework for examining the mechanisms of estrogen-driven GH secretion in aging. Herein, we review several novel and multifaceted interactions in postmenopausal women between estrogen and GHRP-2. We combine these observations into a simplified construct of GH-axis neuroregulation comprising the somatostatin, GHRH, and GHRP effector pathways, as well as GH and IGF-1 autofeedback. We suggest the thesis that estrogen controls the interfaces among these pivotal regulatory peptides in hyposomatotropic postmenopausal individuals.
Redistribution of endorphin and enkephalin immunoreactivity in the rat brain and pituitary after in vivo treatment with colchicine or cytochalasin B

Abstract The effects of intracerebroventricular injection of colchicine or cytochalasin B were compared on radioimmunoassayable endorphin and enkephalin in several rat brain regions and pituitary gland. In addition, colchicine effects on brain immunoreactivity were also assessed by immunocytochemistry. Colchicine treatment increased endorphin levels in the hypothalamus without changing pituitary levels. Cytochalasin B did not change brain endorphin levels but increased pituitary content. These contrasting drug effects probably reflect the neuronal nature of the brain endorphin system and the endocrine nature of the pituitary system. Colchicine treatment also increased enkephalin radioimmunoreactivity in the hypothalamus with a corresponding decrease in the pituitary. This colchicine effect is compatible with reduced axonal transport of enkephalin in a hypothalamo-neurohypophysial pathway: immunocytochemistry after colchicine reveals stained hypothalamic neurons not seen normally. However, colchicine treatment did not alter enkephalin radioimmunoassay values in the other brain regions, even when these regions also revealed groups of cell bodies not seen in normal brain. This inconsistency between unchanged assay values and increased cell reactivity might be explained in part if most enkephalin neurons have short axons; thus, colchicine arrest of axonal transport might cause a local redistribution of enkephalin immunoreactive material that would not be detected by radioimmunoassay due to the limitations of tissue dissection. These results demonstrate the enhanced interpretive value of data obtained from both radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry.