cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermoeconomic analysis of a multigeneration system using waste heat from a triple power cycle

Abstract Multigeneration systems represent an appealing concept, due to their multiple benefits compared to standalone systems, which has motivated researchers to develop different types of multigeneration systems for several applications. Considering their significance, in this study, a novel multigeneration is proposed that uses the waste heat of a thermodynamically efficient triple power cycle with a 100 MWe capacity. The proposed system, which can generate power, freshwater, cooling, and domestic hot water concurrently, is evaluated using detailed thermodynamic and economic analyses. The triple cycle includes a simple Brayton cycle coupled with a supercritical carbon dioxide recompression cycle and a high-temperature organic Rankine cycle. The waste energy of the recompression and organic Rankine cycles is recovered by a half effect absorption chiller, a multi-effect distillation unit, and two heat exchangers. The results show that for an optimized triple cycle, up to 1,804 kW cooling and 8,472 m3/day of hot water can be generated from the hot supercritical carbon dioxide stream with a levelized cost of cooling and hot water of 0.0362/ton-hr and $0.6823/MWth, respectively. The integration of a multi-effect distillation unit with 7 effects can generate 4,167 m3/day freshwater with a levelized cost of water of $1.142/m3. Overall, the proposed multigeneration system offers a very promising application and a number of benefits such as a generating multiple useful products with no adverse effect on the thermodynamic efficiency of the triple power cycle.
Improved Tumor Response in Patients on Metformin Undergoing Yttrium-90 Radioembolization Segmentectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Metformin is associated with improved outcomes after external radiation and chemotherapy but has not been studied for Y-90 radiation segmentectomy (RS). This study evaluates the effect of metformin on tumor response after Y-90 RS in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A retrospective analysis of patients with HCC who underwent Y-90 RS between 2014–2018 was performed. Comparisons were made between all patients taking and not taking metformin, and diabetic patients taking and not taking metformin. Tumor response was analyzed with logistic regression to compare absolute and percent change in total tumor diameter (TTD) and modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST). Overall survival (OS) was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier estimation and log-rank analysis. A total of 106 patients underwent 112 Y-90 RS, of which 40 were diabetic (38.8%) and 19 (18.4%) were on metformin. At baseline, the two groups of patients on metformin and not on metformin had no significant difference in age, Child–Pugh score, MELD score, ALBI grade, total tumor diameter, and size of dominant tumor. The only significant baseline difference was ECOG status. Uni- and multivariate analysis demonstrated a larger reduction in TTD and objective response by mRECIST criteria for patients undergoing Y-90 RS on metformin compared to those not on metformin. OS was similar between patients taking and not taking metformin (p = 0.912). Metformin may be associated with increased tumor response after Y-90 RS in patients with HCC. III, Retrospective Study.
IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL BDNF-SPECIFIC CORTICOSTRIATAL CIRCUITRY

Abstract BDNF is released from axon terminals originating in the cerebral cortex onto striatal neurons. Here, we characterized BDNF in the corticostriatal circuitry. First, we utilized Bdnf-Cre and Ribotag transgenic mouse lines to label BDNF-positive cells in the cortex, and detected BDNF expression in the motor cortex, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Next, we used a retrograde viral tracing strategy, in combination with Bdnf-Cre knockin mice, to map the cortical outputs of BDNF neurons in the dorsal striatum. We found that the BDNF-positive prefrontal regions differentially project to the dorsal striatum. Specifically, BDNF-expressing neurons located in the mPFC project to both dorsolateral striatum (DLS) and dorsomedial striatum (DMS), and those located in the motor cortex project to the DLS. Surprisingly however, the BDNF-expressing OFC neurons differentially target the dorsal striatum depending on their mediolateral location. Specifically, the DMS is mainly innervated by the medial part of the OFC (mOFC) whereas, the DLS receives projections specifically from the ventrolateral region of the OFC (vlOFC). Next, using an anterograde viral tracing strategy, we confirmed the presence of a BDNF-specific vlOFC-DLS circuit. Finally, we show that overexpression of BDNF in the vlOFC activates TrkB signaling specifically in the DLS but not in the DMS demonstrating the functionality of this circuit. Our study uncovers a previously unknown neural circuit composed of BDNF-positive vlOFC neurons projecting to the DLS. These findings could have important implications for the role of BDNF signaling in the OFC as well as in other corticostriatal circuitries. Significance Statement BDNF is released in axons upon neuronal depolarization. Surprisingly, careful mapping of BDNF projecting neurons in CNS has not been conducted. Using anterograde and retrograde viral strategies in combination with transgenic reporter mice, we mapped out corticostriatal BDNF circuits. We found that mPFC BDNF neurons project to both the DMS and DLS, and the motor cortex to the DLS only. In contrast, BDNF neurons in the OFC are anatomically segregated. Whereas BDNF in mOFC neurons project to the DMS, BDNF in vlOFC project specifically to the DLS. Our findings could be important to the study of BDNF in corticostriatal circuitries.
pH-Dependent complexation and polyelectrolyte chain conformation of polyzwitterion-polycation coacervates in salted water.

The phase behavior and chain conformational structure of biphasic polyzwitterion–polyelectrolyte coacervates in salted aqueous solution are investigated with a model weak cationic polyelectrolyte, poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP), whose charge fraction can be effectively tuned by pH. It is observed that increasing the pH leads to the increase of the yielding volume fraction and the water content of dense coacervates formed between net neutral polybetaine and cationic P2VP in contrast to the decrease of critical salt concentration for the onset of coacervation, where the P2VP charge fraction is reduced correspondingly. Surprisingly, a single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopic study suggests that P2VP chains upon coacervation seem to adopt a swollen or an even more expanded conformational structure at higher pH. As the hydrophobicity of P2VP chains is accompanied by a reduced charge fraction by increasing the pH, a strong pH-dependent phase and conformational behaviors suggest the shift of entropic and enthalpic contribution to the underlying thermodynamic energy landscape and chain structural dynamics of polyelectrolyte coacervation involving weak polyelectrolytes in aqueous solution.
Methods of Public Health Research - Strengthening Causal Inference from Observational Data

Methods of Public Health Research For researchers using observational data, a useful way to answer a causal question is to design the target trial that would answer it and then emulate its protocol...
Reward-related Neuroadaptations Induced by Food Restriction: Pathogenic Potential of a Survival Mechanism

Publisher Summary The increasing prevalence of obesity in Westernized societies has been partly attributed to the increasing abundance of inexpensive, energy-dense, highly palatable foods. It is not entirely understood why homeostatic regulatory systems are superseded in the “obesogenic” environment; it has been pointed out, however, that human evolution in an ecology of scarcity will have favored rigorous homeostatic controls selected to defend against starvation but not obesity. An additional significant factor may be the recent introduction of refined sugars to the human diet, which are proposed to generate a supranormal reward signal in the brain, not unlike that linked to drugs of abuse, and which can potentially lead to addictive behavior. The plausibility of this suggestion is highlighted by the recent pre-clinical finding that rats trained in a two-lever task invariably self-administered oral sucrose solution rather than concurrently available intravenous cocaine. Sucrose, by way of orosensory and post-ingestive signaling, leads to increased extracellular dopamine (DA) concentrations in the nucleus accumbens—an effect shared with virtually all drugs of abuse, and key to their rewarding and addictive properties. Nucleus accumbens dopamine concentrations also increase in response to cues signaling cocaine or sucrose availability, and coincide with the initiation of a response to obtain these rewards. Commercial formulations of high-fat and high-sugar “snack” foods possess similarly potent incentive properties, and high-fat corn oil induces nucleus accumbens dopamine release similar to that observed during sucrose intake.
Depth Distribution of the Subtropical Gyre in the North Pacific

Large-scale aspects of the North Pacific subtropical gyre have been investigated using a climatology of temperature and salinity (World Ocean Atlas 1998). In the central and eastern parts of the basin, the axis of the subtropical gyre, defined as the meridional maximum of dynamic height, tends to move poleward from about 25°N near the surface to about 40°N in the upper intermediate layers. In the western part of the basin, the axis is seen at about 30°N, remaining almost unchanged with depth. Striking features associated with this vertical distribution include a northward shift of the bifurcation latitude of the North Equatorial Current at increasing depth and a barotropic nature of the confluence point between the Kuroshio and Oyashio at their respective western boundaries. The former occurs at about 14°N near the surface and extends north of 20°N at depths around 800 m. The latter, situated at about 36.4°N off Japan, does not appear to have a strong signature of depth-dependence. While some of these results are already known from sporadic hydrographic observations, they have not hitherto been represented in a three-dimensional climatology.
Digital flight test platform design research

The digitization technology successful used in aircraft design and production promote the digital flight test development, after the requirement of digital flight test was researched in this paper, we present the construction method of net framework and design idea of software function module for digital flight test platform, then, the digital flight test can effectively improve the safety and efficiency of flight testing, that will push flight testing reforming and upgrading.
Legal Limits on Religious Conversion in India

In recent years, more and more states in India have enacted laws to restrict religious conversion, particularly targeting conversions via "force" or "allurement." Current laws stem back to various colonial laws (including anticonversion, apostasy, and public-safety acts) in British India and several princely states. Implementing such laws seems to require judging the state of mind of the converts by assessing their motives and volition or, in other words, determining whether converts were "lured" or legitimate. In contemporary India, government assessments of the legitimacy of conversions tend to rely on two assumptions: first, that people who convert in groups may not have freely chosen conversion, and second, that certain groups are particularly vulnerable to being lured into changing their religion. These assumptions, which pervade the anticonversion laws as well as related court decisions and government committee reports, reinforce social constructions of women and lower castes as inherently na?ve and susceptible to manipulation. Like "protective" laws in many other contexts, such laws restrict freedom in highly personal, individual choices and thus must be carefully scrutinized. Comparing contemporary anticonversion laws and related commission reports in the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Chattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat, reveals embedded assumptions about the vulnerability of group converts, especially women, lower castes, and tribals. The newest acts in Rajasthan (2006) and Himachal Pradesh (2007) will be briefly discussed, but an older, unimplemented law (in Arunachal Pradesh since 1978) and potential new laws under discussion (in Jharkhand and Uttarakhand) are outside the scope of this article. The language of many of these laws skirts the question of judging individual volition on a case-by-case basis by condoning the assumption that certain groups are more easily tricked into conversion. For example, those found to be converting lower castes (Scheduled Castes),1 tribals (Scheduled
Effects of Cadmium on the Growth and Uptake of Microorganisms

Six species of microorganisms, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Actinomyces niger, were grown under suitable conditions in appropriate media. Cadmium chloride was added to provide 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μg of Cd per ml. At 40 and 80 μg of Cd per ml. E. coli and B. cereus grew well and the other species were repressed. Cd uptake patterns differed significantly among the species tested. The significance of these data with respect to Cd in food chains is discussed.
The Role of Singularities in Euler

Possible constraints on how the three-dimensional incompressible Euler equations can have a finite-time singularity from recent numerical calculations and analytic theory are discussed.
Diffusion in liquid mixtures of cadmium and lead at 350°C

A capillary-reservoir method was used to measure diffusion coefficients in liquid cadmium-lead mixtures at 350°C. Self and mutual diffusion coefficients first were determined using radioactive isotopes of cadmium and lead to measure concentrations. Mutual diffusion coefficients then were determined using chemical analysis to measure concentrations. Experimental results compare favorably with those predicted by Darken's equation.
Method for Monitoring In-Plane Shear Modulus in Fatigue Testing of Composites

Abstract : A method was developed for nondestructive intermittent monitoring of inplane shear modulus of composite specimens undergoing fatigue loading. A modified three-rail shear fixture was designed for easy mounting and disassembly. The shear strain is measured with an extensometer attached to the rails of the fixture. Modulus results were in excellent agreement with independently measured values. The method is ideal for studying damage development, since the in-plane shear modulus is sensitive not only to transverse matrix cracking but also to longitudinal cracking and delamination.
Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis

The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, also known as the linguistic relativity hypothesis, refers to the proposal that the particular language one speaks influences the way one thinks about reality. Linguistic relativity stands in close relation to semiotic-level concerns with the general relation of language and thought, and to discourse-level concerns with how patterns of language use in cultural context can affect thought. Linguistic relativity is distinguished both from simple linguistic diversity and from strict linguistic determinism. The long history of the hypothesis is sketched with an emphasis on the hierarchical formulations characteristic of most early efforts. This is followed by a description of the work of Sapir and Whorf which departs markedly from this earlier tradition and has been influential in the contemporary period, hence the association of their names with the issue. Whorf's basic argument about analogical influences is outlined in some detail. Despite widespread interest, quality empirical research has been in short supply. Recent efforts to remedy this are described. The research is divided into structure-centered, domain-centered, and behavior-centered types, depending on their manner of approaching the problem. The contemporary period has seen a rapid improvement in the quality of some of these efforts. Current trends likely to characterize future research are briefly characterized.
Development and testing of the Junkeeper Control Corporation integrated programmable electronic controller and hydronics package

Additional developmental work on the existing programmable electronic controller and hydronic package for use with solar heating and cooling systems is summarized. The controller/hydronics subsystems passed all acceptance tests and performance criteria. The subsystems were shown marketable for public use.
The Roles of Dominance, Jealousy, and Violent Socialization in Chinese Dating Abuse

Attitude toward women and relationship violence in Chinese societies has been shaped by a history of Confucian patriarchy. Studies suggest that this patriarchal orientation continues to influence modern-day dating behaviors and rates of relationship violence. This study examined through the lens of the intergenerational transmission of violence theory the effects of dominance and jealousy on the likelihood of physical assault and how violent socialization moderates these effects. A maximum likelihood path analysis with robust standard errors was conducted for a total of 915 individuals from Beijing, Shanghai, and Taiwan who participated in the International Dating Violence Study from 2001 to 2006. Results revealed that dominance and violent socialization were significantly associated with assault victimization and perpetration. Violent socialization also significantly amplified the associations between dominance and both minor and severe assault victimization. Jealousy, however, was only associated with severe assault perpetration. Clinical implications and further research directions are discussed.
A Major Role for Social Work Input during Development of an Innovative Post-Baccalaureate Research Education Program in a Medical Center Environment

The Post-Baccalaureate Research Education Program (PREP) at Mount Sinai School of Medicine targets participants from groups that are underrepresented in biomedical research careers. During its first 5 years, Mount Sinai PREP has sent over 70% of the PREP scholars to an excellent array of PhD or MD/PhD programs. Over 90% of those students are progressing well in their doctoral studies and report important contributions of PREP to their success. Social work and educational psychology principles inform strategies used to identify and address gaps or impediments that would otherwise diminish the potential of Mount Sinai PREP scholars to succeed in cutting-edge research careers.
Reperfusion therapy in inferior myocardial infarction.

Abstract This review summarizes the multicenter trial results of reperfusion therapy for treatment of inferior myocardial infarction. Therapy with intracoronary streptokinase or intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) produced higher patency rates than did intravenous streptokinase. Reocclusion was more common when the right coronary artery was the infarct-related artery, irrespective of treatment strategy. Left ventricular ejection fraction was improved compared with that in control patients, especially when the time from symptom onset was brief or when patency rates were high. Enzymatic infarct size was reduced in treated patients. A trend toward mortality reduction in treated patients was found in four studies and was statistically significant in the Second International Study of Infarct Survival (ISIS-2) trial. Precordial ST segment depression in inferior myocardial infarction is associated with values for enzyme release, left ventricular ejection fraction and mortality similar to those in anterior infarction. Patients with inferior infarction who present within 6 h of symptom onset with precordial ST segment depression should be considered candidates for intravenous thrombolytic therapy with rt-PA; immediate cardiac catheterization and possible coronary angioplasty should be limited to those who are in hemodynamically unstable condition. Patients without precordial ST segment depression who present within 3 h of symptom onset and who do not have risk factors for bleeding should also be candidates for intravenous rt-PA therapy. The prognosis of other patients with inferior myocardial infarction is so good that the issue of thrombolytic therapy remains unsettled.
Evidence of an oxidative challenge in the Alzheimer's brain

Alzheimer's disease may arise from or produce oxidative damage in the brain. To assess the responses of the Alzheimer's brain to possible oxidative challenges, we assayed for glutathione, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in twelve regions of Alzheimer's disease and aged control brains. In addition, we determined levels of malondialdehyde to evaluate lipid peroxidation in these brain regions. Most brain regions showed evidence of a response to an oxidative challenge, but the cellular response to this challenge differed among brain regions. These data suggest that the entire Alzheimer's brain may be subject to an oxidative challenge, but that some brain areas may be more vulnerable than others to the consequent neural damage that characterizes the disease.
s-CHANNEL HELICITY CONSERVATION WITH t-CHANNEL DYNAMICS.

The compatibility of $s$-channel helicity conservation and $t$-channel exchanges in diffractive-type processes is examined. It is found that compatibility exists only in the infinite-energy limit. This requires specification of ratios of residue or vertex functions for $t$-channel helicity amplitudes. Assuming these conditions are satisfied, finite-energy corrections for ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ polarized photoproduction are calculated and found to be consistent with data at 2.8 and 4.7 GeV. Predicted values of spin-density matrix elements for other diffractive processes are given for the usual $t$-channel analysis in unpolarized experiments.
Correlation of Broiler Breeder Male Semen Production and Testes Morphology

Abstract Broiler breeder males were fed either a 9, 12, or 15% protein diet (2,819 kcal/kg metabolizable energy) from 6 to 50 wk of age. From 48 through 49 wk of age semen volume (VOL) and concentration (CONC) and number of spermatozoa per ejaculate (NSE) were determined, and at 50 wk of age body weight (BWT) and testes weight (TWT) were measured. Spermatogenic activity was evaluated histologically by a) a computer-aided assessment of seminiferous epithelial area (SEA), tubular diameter (TD), and epithelial height (EH); and b) visual appraisal of seminiferous tubular size and maturity of cell types (testes score–TS). Relationships among NSE, TS, SEA, TD, EH, BWT, and TWT were determined. Dietary protein had no significant effect on VOL, CONC, NSE, BWT, TWT, TS, SEA, EH, or TD. Significant positive correlation coefficients were observed among NSE, TS, SEA, TD, and EH, indicating moderate effectiveness of these methods in evaluating reproductive state. Low correlations between NSE and other variables may have resulted from 25% of the males having high TS but failing to ejaculate semen. Body weight and TWT, as well as BWT and NSE, were positively correlated. The SEA and TD had higher correlations with TWT than with BWT.
Kinetic and mechanistic analysis of the RNA polymerase II transcription reaction at the human interleukin-2 promoter

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine critical for the proper stimulation of T-cells during the mammalian immune response. Shortly after T-cell stimulation, transcription of the IL-2 gene is upregulated. Here, we studied the kinetic mechanism of basal transcription at the IL-2 promoter using a human in vitro RNA polymerase II transcription system. We experimentally divided the transcription reaction into discrete steps, including preinitiation complex formation, initiation, escape commitment, and promoter escape. Using pre-steady state approaches, we measured the rate at which each of these steps occurs. We found that the rate of functional preinitiation complex formation limits the overall rate of transcription at the IL-2 promoter under the conditions described here. Furthermore, we found that the recruitment of TFIIF and RNA polymerase II to a TFIID/TFIIA/TFIIB/promoter complex dictates the rate of preinitiation complex formation. The rate of synthesis of 28 nt RNA from preinitiation complexes was rapid compared to the rate of preinitiation complex formation. Moreover, we found that the synthesis of a four nucleotide RNA was necessary and sufficient to rapidly complete the escape commitment step of transcription at the IL-2 promoter. Comparative experiments with the adenovirus major late promoter revealed that, while the overall mechanism of transcription is the same at the two promoters, promoter sequence and/or architecture dictate the rate of promoter escape. We present a kinetic model for a single round of basal transcription at the IL-2 promoter that provides insight into mechanisms by which the IL-2 gene is transcriptionally regulated.
Relationships between particle-grazing zooplankton and vertical phytoplankton distributions on the Texas continental shelf☆

Abstract This study compares vertical distributions of Penilia avirostris and Temora turbinata with vertical distributions of chlorophyll a over short time periods at a station in the north-western Gulf of Mexico in the summer and early fall of 1978. In June and July 1978 chlorophyll a and turbidity increased below the thermocline. In September 1978 chlorophyll a was concentrated in the upper mixed layer while turbidity was greatest near the bottom. In June and July P. avirostris and copepodites of T. turbinata were concentrated within the subsurface chlorophyll a layer. Adult T. turbinata were more widely distributed than the copepodites in June but apparently migrated diurnally in July. In September, abundance of all animals generally decreased slightly with depth. This change in animal distribution reflected changes in biotic and abiotic varlables between this cruise and previous cruises. In all cruises, animal distributions were positively correlated with chlorophyll a suggesting that food was the primary influence on distributions of these animals.
A Review and Examination of Demographic Similarity Measures Used to Assess Relational Demography Within Groups

Relational demography within groups, or an individual's demographic similarity to a group, is a type of cross-level theory labeled as an individual-within-the-group model. Previous researchers used...
Subperitoneal decortication in gall-bladder disease

Abstract In conclusion, the author believes that subperitoneal decortication is the operation of choice in cases of extremely serious and highly inflammatory gall-bladder conditions. This is especially true when denudation of the liver surface is extensive, resulting in the exposure of a large absorptive area and the blood chemistry indicates the acute and dangerous condition of the patient. Not only would this operation lower the attendant mortality, but would also spare the patient from further dangerous operative procedures occurring in the secondary operative removal of the gall bladder as, for instance, following a cholecystostomy.
Excessive daytime sleepiness and unintended sleep in Parkinson's disease.

Patients with Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonian syndromes (eg, dementia with Lewy body disease, multisystem atrophy, and Shy-Drager syndrome) suffer from daytime sleepiness. This sleepiness is common and very real, often approaching levels observed in the prototypical disorder of sudden-onset sleep, namely narcolepsy/cataplexy. Physicians need to be vigilant in assessing parkinsonian patients for sleepiness because treatment can dramatically enhance quality of life and prevent the significant morbidity and mortality that attends daytime sleepiness. Male patients with advanced disease, cognitive impairment, drug-induced psychosis, and orthostatic hypotension are most at risk for developing pathologic sleepiness. Because primary sleep disorders can coexist with parkinsonism (eg, sleep apnea, insufficient or interrupted sleep), these potential causes should be carefully assessed with polysomnography and treated appropriately. Dopaminomimetics exacerbate sleepiness in a small subset of patients in a dose-dependent fashion. Nonetheless, the primary pathologies involved in parkinsonism appear to be the greatest contributors to daytime sleepiness. Sleepiness in parkinsonism, especially a narcolepsy-like phenotype, may necessitate treatment with wake-promoting agents such as bupropion, modafinil, or traditional psychostimulants.
Similarity and Clustering of Footwear Prints

Research on footwear impression evidence has been gaining increasing importance in forensic science. Given a footwear impression at a crime scene, a key task is to find the closest match in a local/national database so as to determine footwear brand and model. This process is made faster if database prints are grouped into clusters of similar patterns. We describe a clustering approach based on common primitive patterns. Shape features consisting of lines, circles and ellipses are extracted from database prints using variations of the Hough transform. Then an attributed relational graph (ARG) is constructed for each known print, where each node is a primitive feature and each edge represents a spatial relationship between nodes. A footwear print distance (FPD) between ARGs is used as similarity measure. The FPD is computed between each known print and pre-determined patterns to form clusters. The use of the methodology is demonstrated with a large database of known prints.
Characterization of the Glucagon Response to Hypoglycemia in Man

ABSTRACT The present investigation was undertaken to characterize glucagon responses to hypoglycemia in man. Using a highly specific antiserum, plasma immunoreactive glucagon levels were determined during episodes of insulininduced hypoglycemia in 15 normal subjects and during oral glucose tolerance tests in 4 subjects with reactive hypoglycemia. During insulininduced hypoglycemia, plasma glucagon rose from a mean (±sem) basal level of 143 ± 6.5 pg/ml to a maximum of 471 ± 15 pg/ml at 45 min, p <. 001. Initial glucagon responses were evident 15 min after insulin administration and precedes those of cortisol and growth hormone. Total glucagon responses (area under curve) correlated positively with the total decrease in plasma glucose (area below basal), r = 0.852, p < 0.0005, rather than the nadir or absolute level of hypoglycemia achieved. Hyperglycemia induced by 60 min glucose infusions, which suppressed glucagon secretion, did not prevent glucagon responses to subsequent insulin-induced hypoglycemia. M...
Petroleomic Analysis of Bio-oils from the Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass: Laser Desorption Ionization−Linear Ion Trap−Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry Approach

Fast pyrolysis of biomass produces bio-oils that can be upgraded into biofuels. Despite similar physical properties to petroleum, the chemical properties of bio-oils are quite different and their chemical compositions, particularly those of non-volatile compounds, are not well-known. Here, we report the first time attempt at analyzing bio-oils using high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS), which employed laser desorption ionization−linear ion trap−Orbitrap MS. Besides a few limitations, we could determine chemical compositions for over 100 molecular compounds in a bio-oil sample produced from the pyrolysis of a loblolly pine tree. These compounds consist of 3−6 oxygens and 9−17 double-bond equivalents (DBEs). Among those, O4 compounds with a DBE of 9−13 were most abundant. Unlike petroleum oils, the lack of nearby molecules within a ±2 Da mass window for major components enabled clear isolation of precursor ions for subsequent MS/MS structural investigations. Petroleomic analysis and a comparison to low-ma...
Interrelationships of vitamin B6, niacin, and tryptophan in pyridine nucleotide formation.

Summary1. It has been observed that a pyridoxine deficiency in the rat does not disturb the normal conversion of tryptophan to liver pyridine nucleotides to any demonstrable extent. 2. Niacin fed to pyridoxine-deficient rats spares liver pyridine nucleotide concentrations. 3. Tryptophan fed in excess along with normal dietary protein in a complete ration increases liver pyridine nucleotides concentrations above normal demonstrating that the excess metabolite can be utilized rather than simply degraded and excreted.
The Kedong Massacre and the Dick Affair: A Problem in the Early Colonial Historiography of East Africa

On the morning of 25 November 1895 Maasai fighting men slaughtered hundreds of Kikuyu and Swahili caravan porters and askari in the Kedong Valley of Kenya (then in the Uganda Protectorate); the carnage caused one European to describe the area as the “Valley of Death.” The next day Andrew Dick, a British trader formerly with the Imperial British East Africa Company, learned of the massacre and resolved to avenge it. In a fierce counter-attack, Dick killed at least one hundred Maasai before being put to death himself.While they were dramatic events, the Kedong Massacre and the Dick Affair are of far less significance from the perspective of the 1980s than during the colonial period. They were without question also much less important than was often assumed in bringing about amicable relations between the Maasai and the British. However, the concern of this paper will be with the varying accounts of these incidents that are available to the historian today, and the problems of the sources of the early colonial history of East Africa that are put in somewhat depressing perspective by the fact that, as Charles Miller has remarked, “nearly every individual writing about the 1890s has his own version of the incidents.” Many of these versions, often accepted as independent sources, have been adopted from the accounts of others. Through comparison of accounts one can use internal evidence to suggest an individual author's unacknowledged sources and in some cases trace the “genealogy” of the account. At the risk of further complicating the picture, we will attempt to analyze the historiography of the incidents and suggest that scholars and popular writers have largely overlooked or ignored one important account of the massacre and its aftermath.
647 EFFECTS OF MASTOID RADIATION ON THE HEARING FUNCTION OF CHILDREN WITH ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)

Co 60 cranial radiation, 1500 to 2400 rads plus intrathecal methotrexate for childhood ALL became an integral part of our “Total Therapy” program. Radiation is delivered to the mid-plane of the skull in 14 to 15 sections in 18 days. The ports include the temporal bone with all structures of the auditory system. This study was designed to detect any immediate or long-term ionizing effect on the hearing function. Pure tone audiograms were obtained before radiation and at 6 and 12 months. The following frequencies were tested: 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 Hz. For younger children unable to respond to pure tone testing, stapedial reflexes were obtained for 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz. Testing was done using a Beltone 200 C audiometer and an American Electromedics Impedance Bridge Model 81 and test scores were obtained for ears free of outer or middle ear disease. One hundred children registered into the current “Total Therapy” from January ′76 to July ′77 were studied. Audiograms were obtained for 180 ears pre-treatment, 132 ears at 6 and 102 ears at 12 months post-radiation. A sign test for statistical significance was run to compare combined test scores for each frequency at 6 and 12 months after radiation to combined test scores for each frequency before radiation. No statistically significant reduction in hearing levels was noted for any test frequency at either 6 or 12 months post-radiation. Individual audiograms indicated essentially normal hearing levels for all patients at 6 and 12 months. In summary, at 1 year post-radiation, 1500 to 2400 rads of cranial radiation resulted in no statistically significant reduction in hearing levels.
Analysis of asynchronous execution streams with I-caching in massively parallel systems

Abstract Real world parallel systems on a massive scale have been limited to SIMD architectures due to the prohibitive cost of multiple instruction memories. Although many of these systems could benefit from an asynchronous MIMD control structure, it is unlikely that every processing element will execute a different set of instructions. A novel instruction caching system is presented that takes advantage of this to permit a machine to operate in an asynchronous SPMD mode without storing multiple copies of the program. An analytical model is constructed to represent parallel program execution streams and used to drive the instruction caches. The model′s predictions are supported by multiprocessor simulation data. The results are used to examine the parameters affecting caching performance. Information gained from this study will be used to direct future research.
Relationships between Craniofacial Morphology, Sex, and Deglutitive Hyoid Bone Movement

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between six craniofacial measures and superior and anterior hyoid bone movement during a liquid swallow. Method : Twelve White adults (6 males, 6 females) between 19-27 years of age participated. Video fluoroscopic recordings were obtained while participants swallowed 7 ml of liquid barium in the upright position. Six craniofacial measures (i.e. Frankfort-mandibular angle, nasion to menton, anterior tubercles C1 to C4, nasion to sella, sella to basion, and nasion-sella-basion angle) were obtained at rest on all participants and used to determine their association with hyoid bone displacement. Results : Males demonstrated larger craniofacial dimensions than females with the exception of nasion-sella-basion angle. Significant sex differences were noted for nasion to menton ( p = .05). There were no statistically significant correlations ( p < .05) or predictive relationships between maximum anterior and superior hyoid bone displacements and the six craniofacial measures. Conclusion : The present study demonstrated differences in craniofacial morphology related to sex, however, no correlation or predictive relationship between craniofacial measures and hyoid bone movement during swallowing of a 7 ml liquid bolus were observed. Limitations include a small sample size, lack of descriptive anthropometric features (e.g. height and weight), and limited number of swallows per subject. Future studies should include larger sample sizes and investigate the effects of bolus volume and abnormal craniofacial morphology on hyoid bone movement.
New music and its myths: Athenaeus' reading of the Aulos revolution ( Deipnosophistae 14.616e–617f)

Scholarship on the late fifth-century BC New Music Revolution has mostly relied on the evidence provided by Athenaeus, the pseudo-Plutarch De musica and a few other late sources. To this date, however, very little has been done to understand Athenaeus' own role in shaping our understanding of the musical culture of that period. This article argues that the historical context provided by Athenaeus in the section of the Deipnosophistae that cites passages of Melanippides, Telestes and Pratinas on the mythology of the aulos (14.616e–617f) is not a credible reflection of the contemporary aesthetics and strategies of the authors and their works. Athenaeus is both following the structure of Aristotle's discussion of the topic of the aulos in Politics 8.1341a-1342b and accepting the elite ideological position given there. Athenaeus' text thus does not provide evidence for the historical context in which late fifth-century authors were composing, but rather constitutes an attempt to illustrate Aristotle's argument with poetic examples from late fifth-century poets.
Partial homogenization of cryptoperthites in an ignimbrite cooling unit

A single-crystal x-ray study of alkali feldspars of bulk composition Or39–43 and Or62–64, from a single cooling unit of Battleship Rock Tuff, northern New Mexico, reveals a trend of decreasing degree of exsolution, from the non-welded zone toward the densely welded center of the cooling unit. Crystals of bulk composition Or62–64 range from cryptoperthite with both phases monoclinic in the nonwelded zone to virtually unexsolved crystals in the welded center of the cooling unit. Crystals of bulk composition Or39–43 include crytpoperthites with both phases monoclinic, and cryptoperthites with Pericline-twinned sodic lamellae, with α* of the sodic phase increasing systematically from 87.3° in the nonwelded zone to 90° in the densely welded zone. Composition estimates based on unitcell parameters show decreasing compositional differences between coexisting lamellae toward the welded zone. The feldspar crystals studied are interpreted to be xenocrysts, which had undergone exsolution prior to incorporation in the erupting magma, and which were then partially homogenized during emplacement and post-emplacement cooling. The data indicate a maximum re-equilibration temperature of the feldspars of about 500° C, and a more rapid cooling of the tuff than calculated for simple conduction in a uniform slab.
Spectroscopic properties and electronic structure of low-spin Fe(III)-alkylperoxo complexes: homolytic cleavage of the O-O bond.

The spectroscopic properties, electronic structure, and reactivity of the low-spin Fe(III)−alkylperoxo model complex [Fe(TPA)(OHx)(OOtBu)]x+ (1; TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, tBu = tert-butyl, x = 1 or 2) are explored. The vibrational spectra of 1 show three peaks that are assigned to the O−O stretch (796 cm-1), the Fe−O stretch (696 cm-1), and a combined O−C−C/C−C−C bending mode (490 cm-1) that is mixed with v(FeO). The corresponding force constants have been determined to be 2.92 mdyn/A for the O−O bond which is small and 3.53 mdyn/A for the Fe−O bond which is large. Complex 1 is characterized by a broad absorption band around 600 nm that is assigned to a charge-transfer (CT) transition from the alkylperoxo to a t2g d orbital of Fe(III). This metal−ligand π bond is probed by MCD and resonance Raman spectroscopies which show that the CT state is mixed with a ligand field state (t2g → eg) by configuration interaction. This gives rise to two intense transitions under the broad 600 nm envelope with CT c...
Turnover, Social Capital Losses, and Performance

A theory of turnover, social capital losses, and store performance was developed and tested in 38 locations of a restaurant chain. We assessed the ability of social capital losses to predict varian...
Thermographic study of in vivo modulation of vascular responses to phenylephrine and endothelin-1 by dexamethasone in the horse.

Summary Reasons for performing study: In vitro, glucocorticoids potentiate vasoconstriction of equine digital vessels to catecholamines and this has been implicated as a mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced laminitis. This observation has never been confirmed in vivo. Objectives: To study the effects of glucocorticoid therapy on vasoconstrictor responsiveness in the horse in vivo. Methods: In a blinded, randomised cross-over experiment, 9 horses were treated with either dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg bwt i.v. q. 24 h) or saline i.v. for 6 days. The changes in local average skin temperature before (baseline) and after intradermal injections of the α1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (PHE; 10−4, 10−5, 10−6, 10−7 and 10−8 mol/l), endothelin-1 (ET-1; 10−5, 10−6, 10−7, 10−8 and 10−9 mol/l) or ET-1 plus a blocker (BQ-123 10−6 mol/l; RES-701 10−6 mol/l; and L-NAME 10−4 mol/l) were investigated with a thermograph. Results: Dexamethasone (DEX) decreased baseline skin temperatures, suggesting reduced blood flow as a consequence of an increase in vasomotor tone. This was accompanied by potentiation of the response to PHE as demonstrated by a left shift in the dose-response curve and a decrease in the EC50. Dexamethasone did not potentiate ET-1, but the interplay with the lower baseline temperature resulted in a significantly lower skin temperature for this vasoconstrictor after DEX. The different ET-1 blockers had no effect on ET-1 modulated skin temperatures. Conclusions: Dexamethasone decreases skin perfusion. This is accompanied by a potentiated α1-adrenoceptor agonist response and a greater response to ET-1. Potential relevance: Glucocorticoid therapy probably decreases perfusion of the equine hoof. During disease states that already are characterised by hypoperfusion and/or increased levels of circulating catecholamines, glucocorticoid therapy could, according to the vascular model of laminitis, tilt the balance in favour of laminitis.
Symbiotic Fermentation, Digesta Passage, and Gastrointestinal Morphology in Bullfrog Tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana)

Abstract Relative to other herbivorous vertebrates, the nutritional ecology and digestive physiology of anuran larvae remain poorly understood. Our objective was to compare gut structure and inhabitants, digesta passage, and microbial fermentation in bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) to those in other herbivores. Bullfrog tadpole gastrointestinal tracts were long and voluminous, with an enlarged colon that harbored a diverse symbiotic community. The transit time for particulate markers passing through bullfrog tadpoles was 6 h, the median retention time was 8–10 h, and gut clearance was 10–14 h postingestion. Relatively high levels of short‐chain fatty acids in the hindgut of tadpoles indicated active microbial fermentation in this gut region. This report represents the first account of gastrointestinal fermentation in the class Amphibia. On the basis of in vitro fermentation assays, we estimated that microbial fermentation in the hindgut provides 20% of the total daily energy requirement of bullfrog t...
Multicolored Simon Newcomb problems

Abstract Recent progress made by Desarmenien and Foata in the area of permutation statistics indirectly points out a certain gap in the theory of sequence enumeration. The remedy of the situation lies in the consideration of some colorful extensions of the Simon Newcomb problem.
Longitudinal support for the relationship between vascular risk factors and late-life depressive symptoms.

Objective The authors examined longitudinal support for the vascular depression hypothesis by assessing the extent to which baseline vascular burden was associated with depressive symptoms 6 and 18 months after discharge from inpatient medical rehabilitation. Methods One hundred consecutive geriatric rehabilitation patients were assessed during their rehabilitation stay and subsequently screened for depression 6 and 18 months after discharge. Baseline vascular burden was entered into logistic-regression analyses predicting depression at 6 and 18 months after controlling for baseline levels of depression, general medical burden, limitations in activities of daily living, cognitive impairment, and demographic variables including age, education, gender, and race. Results Logistic-regression results demonstrated that, after controlling for the covariates described above, baseline vascular burden was associated with increased odds of positive depression screens at 6- and 18-month follow-up assessments. Furthermore, among patients who were not depressed during their rehabilitation stay, vascular burden was predictive of positive depression screens at 6- and 18-month follow-up assessments. Conclusions Greater vascular burden was positively associated with depressive symptoms over time. These findings provide further support for the vascular depression hypothesis in late life and highlight the need for careful clinical monitoring of this frail group of elderly patients.
Gender influences the in vitro renin release responses to dopamine and adrenergic receptor blockade in the summer-active ground squirrel Spermophilus lateralis.

Abstract 1. 1. 10 −4 M Dopamine stimulated and 10 −7 M inhibited in vitro resting renin release (RR) only in the female animals. 2. 2. Alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockade prevented the stimulation but not the inhibition of RR by dopamine in the female animals. 3. 3. Membrane receptor mechanisms mediating these changes do not involve alterations in tissue cyclic AMP content. 4. 4. The sensitivity of the juxtaglomerular cells to dopamine challenge is gender dependent during summer activity.