cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Refractory and Relapsed Childhood Acute Myelogenous Leukemia with High-Dose Cytosine Arabinoside and Mitoxantrone (HAM): Results of the AML Relapse Study BFM-85

In spite of intensive induction polychemotherapy and subsequent intensive postremission chemotherapy nearly one-half of the children with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) still relapse with their disease and ultimately die of drug-resistant leukemia. High secondary remission rates have recently been reported by the application of high-dose cytosine arabinoside (HD ARA-C) alone or in combination with anthracyclines, asparaginase or m-AMSA [1, 3–5, 7, 8, 11]. Especially patients with AML refractory against conventional-dose ARA-C were shown to benefit from the use of HD ARA-C [6]. In 1985 Hiddemann and coworkers reported on the high antileukemic activity in refractory and relapsed AML in adults using the combination of HD ARA-C plus mitoxantrone [5]. In the same year the German multicenter AML-BFM study group decided to use this drug combination in children with refractory and relapsed AML. This report gives an update of the pediatric HD ARA-C/mitoxantrone study.
A breathe regulator used to improve the breathe obstacle when sleeping

The hypertensive disease is the eighth of top ten death events. In general, the sleep-apnea accompanies with high blood pressure and high blood pressure. Long-term serious complications can occur the added damage to the brain, eyes, heart and kidney other organs. This paper proposes to improve the breathing disorder-sleep apnea automatic adjustment mechanism, called Breathe Regulator (BR), which uses micro-control and sensor with being supplied by feedback control. The BR is made to adjust the tightness of snoring belt mechanism. First, the used temperature, humidity and dioxide carbon sensors detect patients' respiratory status. And then the detection status is feedback to the micro-controller to adjust and controls the torque motor snoring belt tightness. This BR improved the disadvantages of the traditional methods such as the snoring but not automatically and to adjust the tightness of the situation caused by nasal congestion and the patients unable to breathe.
Dependence of IAA-Induced Ethylene Production on Water Potential in Excised Coleoptile Sections of Triticum aestivum L.1)1)Dedicated to Professor Dr. H. Borriss on the oceltsion of his 70th birthday.

Summary The dependence of IAA-induced ethylene production was studied in etiolated coleoptile sections of wheat. Ethylene production under various conditions was compared with the elongation growth of coleoptile sections. Our results do not agree with the statement made by Goldwin and Wain (1973) that ethylene production is a direct consequence of rapid cell growth. For example, at low IAA concentrations, water stress promoted ethylene production although the elongation growth of coleoptiles was inhibited. Proceeding from new ideas on the effect of IAA and water stress on metabolism, the hypothesis is deduced that both high IAA concentrations and water stress reduce cytoplasmatic p H. In dependence on the maintenance of energy metabolism, this acidification of cytoplasm is claimed to be responsible for the stimulation of ethylene production.
Prediction‐based adaptive compositional model for seasonal time series analysis

In this paper we propose a new class of seasonal time series models, based on a stable seasonal composition assumption. With the objective of forecasting the sum of the next l observations, the concept of rolling season is adopted and a structure of rolling conditional distributions is formulated. The probabilistic properties, estimation and prediction procedures, and the forecasting performance of the model are studied and demonstrated with simulations and real examples.
Effects of off-highway vehicles on sandy habitat critical to survival of a rare beetle

Recreational activity, including use of off-highway vehicles, threatens a variety of rare taxa that depend on undisturbed marine beaches, freshwater shorelines, aeolian dunes and other sandy habitats. The endemic Coral Pink Sand Dunes (CPSD) tiger beetle (Cicindela albissima Rumpp) occupies a 300 × 1500 m area within a larger dune field in southwestern Utah. Our objectives were to determine the habitat required by larvae, explain why habitat is so restricted, and to quantify how off-highway vehicles (OHVs) affected habitat. Macrohabitat characteristics (subsurface moisture, sediment grain size, compaction, vegetation cover) were not different in areas containing high beetle densities compared to those with low. Within the core area containing most beetles, larvae were found primarily in microhabitats with cohesive sand close to the surface. Compaction and moisture provide the cohesive sand required for larvae to maintain burrows during development. Compacted sand, soil moisture and vegetation supporting larval prey were largely absent in heavy OHV-use areas. Larvae were less abundant within OHV tracks compared to non-track areas. Apparent survival of larvae experimentally translocated to OHV tracks was lower than that of larvae translocated to non-OHV areas. Our results show that beetles are restricted to an area where cohesive sand occurs near the surface, interspersed with sufficient vegetation to produce prey. These conditions are localised to an area where dunes migrate at a rate sustaining these conditions. Restricting OHV use from all areas where natural processes create cohesive sand covered with adequate vegetation will minimise extinction probability for the beetle.
Families of Rings

In this chapter, we describe families of rings including the rings of order 4, their generalizations, X-rings, and the ring \(R_{q,\varDelta }\). We describe the kernel and rank of binary codes that are images of quaternary codes via the Gray map. Then a generalized Singleton bound is proven for codes over Frobenius rings.
Who Are the Experts

K-12 mathematics education has undergone many changes over the past decades, sometimes driven forward by mathematicians, sometimes by mathematics educators. Those two groups have often disagreed, but we are now in a more cooperative period in which experts on both sides seem to agree more and argue less. But in reaching this rapprochement, we have left out another group of experts who offer valuable perspectives and fresh ideas—the K-12 mathematics teachers themselves. In doing so, we not only miss the opportunity to draw on different expertise but also inadvertently demean the teaching profession itself.
Increasing Early Opportunities in Engineering for Advanced Learners in Elementary Classrooms: A Review of Recent Literature.

Present and future challenges in our society demand a solid science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) knowledge base, innovative thinking, and the ability to ask the right questions ...
The Psalms and Personal Counseling

The therapeutic role of the symbolic language in the Psalms is discussed. First, the symbolic language of the psalm allows for the expression of difficulties and emotions not expressible through normal prosaic language. Second, the depth of expression may allow the troubled person to identify with another human being in comparable difficulty and thus find hope through the other's experience. Third, the symbolic language of the psalm may restructure the symbols by which a person lives his life and thus lead to a new manner of living. With the analysis of the language completed, the technique is applied to three psalms by tracing their potential impact on the reader's mind. Finally, suggestions are made for use of the Psalms in individual or group therapy.
Manipulating Cell Surface Glycoproteins by Targeting N-Glycan–Galectin Interactions

Abstract The interaction of cell surface receptors and transporters with cognate ligands depends on their concentration, distribution, and organization at the cellular surface. The majority of cell surface receptors and transporters are co- and/or post-translationally modified with asparagine (N)-linked oligosaccharides (glycans). N -Glycan number and structure combine to control the concentration of glycoproteins at the cell surface through interactions with endogenous lectins such as galectins. ER/Golgi enzyme activity and hexosamine pathway supply of Golgi metabolites co-dependently regulate N -glycan biosynthesis and combine to provide adaptive control over cell growth and differentiation. Studies in mice and humans have revealed metabolic and genetic dysregulation of N -glycosylation in T-cell-mediated autoimmunity. In this chapter, we describe methods used to analyze N -glycan–galectin interactions in controlling the distribution and organization of cell surface receptors and transporters.
The Invisible Foot

The phrase “the invisible foot” is a play on and an allusion to Adam Smith’s invisible hand of the market. The play comes from my interest in growth. When I encounter plants that grow without limit and take over the rest of my yard, I call them weeds. When cells in a body do the same thing, we call it cancer. But in the socio-economic domain, that behavior gets called capitalism—or if we are being kind, perhaps late-stage, financial capitalism. No physical scientist can imagine a system that keeps on growing forever. Nonetheless classical economics and the political leaders of our time posit an economy that does just that.
Delivering Force and Amplifying Signals in Plant Mechanosensing

Publisher Summary Mechanosensitive multimodally modulated Ca 2+ ‐selective ion channels of certain plant cells integratively transduce several kinds of stimuli. There may be many similar kinds of Ca 2+ channels, and it is useful to consider the possible significance of these channels. Outcomes of channel activation depend on the cell type involved. There is evidence that the channels are associated with a recently discovered form of cytoskeleton that may be differentiated to help focus force and control the outcome of transduction. Roles of the channels and the cytoskeleton are examined for two of the most‐studied mechanoresponses: (1) gravitropism and (2) thigmotropism by root tips. Specificity of these responses is in part because of separation of receptor tissues. This chapter discusses a model suggesting that separable features of a cytoskeletal channel regulation system may prove specially suited for amplifying response to forces applied in different ways and in different cells.
Learning greedy policies for the easy-first framework

Easy-first, a search-based structured prediction approach, has been applied to many NLP tasks including dependency parsing and coreference resolution. This approach employs a learned greedy policy (action scoring function) to make easy decisions first, which constrains the remaining decisions and makes them easier. We formulate greedy policy learning in the Easy-first approach as a novel non-convex optimization problem and solve it via an efficient Majorization Minimization (MM) algorithm. Results on within-document coreference and cross-document joint entity and event coreference tasks demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves statistically significant performance improvement over existing training regimes for Easy-first and is less susceptible to overfitting.
A Local Resolution Refinement Algorithm Using Gauss–Lobatto Quadrature

The polynomial local resolution refinement has been successfully applied to the counter-flow hydrogen combustion simulation. The solution continuity across the staggered grid interface is reinforced by an efficient finite-difference reconstruction approximation using roots of the Gauss–Lobatto polynomial. Meanwhile, the spectral numerical resolution is verified by the L2 norm projection formulation.
AN EXACT FORMULATION OF THE LINEAR EQUATION FOR THICK, ORTHOTROPIC SHELLS WITH ARBITRARY, IMPOSED TEMPERATURE AND FORCE FIELDS AND TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT PARAMETERS

By means of explicit inclusion of the dependence of the displacement components on the shell coordinate (ζ) normal to the middle surface, an infinite hierarchical set of equilibrium equations is obtained—related to expansions as analytic power series in ζ—which represents, in sum, an exact linear formulation for thick, orthotropic shells. The formulation allows the inclusion of temperature and external force fields, as well as the inclusion of the temperature-dependence of the relevant material parameters. The relation of the two lowest order sets of equations obtained with this method to the usual relations for thin shells is discussed. Finally, the application of the hierarchical relations to an investigation of thin shell theory accuracy and to a formulation of appropriate relations for multi-layered shells is considered.
Two counting problems solved via string encodings

The common feature of the two problems presented in this paper is the use of bijective string encodings to solve counting questions. The first problem deals with a “natural” object — the size of the transitive closure of a random mapping. In the second problem certain contrived combinatorial objects are counted in two different ways in order to devise a new class of Abelian identities.
Memory bias in observer-performance literature

The objective of our study was to determine how authors of published observer–performance experiments dealt with memory bias in study design. We searched American Journal of Roentgenology online and Radiology using “observer study” and “observer performance.” We included articles from 1970 or later that reported an observer performance experiment using human observers. We recorded the methods used by the authors to order presentation of the conditions being tested and images within sets for viewing. We recorded use and length of any time gap between viewings. We included 110 experiments. Forty-five used methods not subject to memory bias. Of 68 remaining experiments, 30 (44.1%) ordered the viewing of tested conditions to decrease memory bias. Fifteen (22.1%) ordered the tested conditions in ways that may create memory bias. Eleven (16.2%) intermixed the tested conditions. Forty-three (63.2%) used random or pseudorandom ordering of images within sets. Forty-six (67.6%) used a time gap (median 14 days) between viewings. Six (8.8%) did not use a time gap. Thirty-six (52.9%) did not indicate what methods they used in at least one studied parameter. Therefore, we conclude that 22.1% of the experiments could improve their methods of ordering tested conditions. Completeness of reporting could be improved by including more details regarding methods of ameliorating memory bias.
Twenty-Five Year Trends in the Incidence of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ in US Women.

Background The rising incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) since the widespread enactment of mammography screening has been well documented. Patterns in DCIS incidence among women of various ages and across different racial and ethnic groups have not been well described. Study Design The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results public-use data set was queried for all women aged 40 years and older diagnosed with DCIS between 1990 and 2014. Annual age-adjusted incidence rates were compared among white, black, Hispanic, and Asian-Pacific Islander women. Additionally, using mammography screening data obtained from the CDC, patterns in mammography screening over time and as they relate to DCIS incidence rates by race and ethnicity were evaluated. Results We identified 200,400 women aged 40 years or older with DCIS. Between 1998 and 2014, a period that saw flux in national breast screening guidelines, DCIS incidence rates increased in blacks, Hispanics, and Asian-Pacific Islanders, but remained relatively unchanged in whites (increase in number of DCIS diagnoses per 100,000 individuals in the population per year among blacks +0.66/p Conclusions The DCIS incidence rates are influenced substantially by breast cancer mammography screening patterns. However, differences exist by race and ethnicity and are not fully explained by screening mammography trends alone. Consideration should be given to including race and ethnicity in determining optimal breast screening guidelines.
Exploring skin color and black-white differences in trust in physicians in a cross-sectional study of U.S. adults.

Abstract Background Research on skin color inequality is growing, but few studies examine the health care context. Objective This study explored associations between black and white respondents’ skin color and their trust in physicians using the 2012 General Social Survey (n = 1026), which is a national survey of U.S. adults. Methods Bivariate and multivariable analyses examined how trust in physician is related to skin color and race. Five items measuring trust were aggregated using three different methods (summation, averaging, scaling) and disaggregated (estimated one item at a time) in analyses. Results: Across the three aggregation methods, neither skin color nor race were independently related to trust. For the disaggregation method, darker skin was associated with less trust that physicians to discuss all treatment options among white females, black females, and black males. Among white males, darker skin increased this trust. Conclusion Aggregating trust items and relying on only self-reported race may produce false conclusions about a lack of racial differences. Skin color is associated with complex concerns about physicians withholding treatment, which may reduce shared decision-making and treatment adherence. Skin color should be tracked to better capture health care experiences and population health.
Dissection of the Drosophila Pupal Retina for Immunohistochemistry, Western Analysis, and RNA Isolation

The Drosophila pupal retina provides an excellent model system for the study of morphogenetic processes during development. In this paper, we present a reliable protocol for the dissection of the delicate Drosophila pupal retina. Our surgical approach utilizes readily-available microdissection tools to open pupae and precisely extract eye-brain complexes. These can be fixed, subjected to immunohistochemistry, and retinas then mounted onto microscope slides and imaged if the goal is to detect cellular or subcellular structures. Alternatively, unfixed retinas can be isolated from brain tissue, lysed in appropriate buffers and utilized for protein gel electrophoresis or mRNA extraction (to assess protein or gene expression, respectively). Significant practice and patience may be required to master the microdissection protocol described, but once mastered, the protocol enables relatively quick isolation of mainly undamaged retinas.
Cell type-specific mechanisms coupling protease-activated receptor-1 to infectious colitis pathogenesis.

Background Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) plays a major role in multiple disease processes, including colitis. Understanding the mechanisms coupling PAR-1 to disease pathogenesis is complicated by the fact that PAR-1 is broadly expressed across multiple cell types. Objective Determine the specific contributions of PAR-1 expressed by macrophages and colonic enterocytes to infectious colitis. Methods Mice carrying a conditional PAR-1 allele were generated and bred to mice expressing Cre recombinase in a myeloid- (PAR-1ΔM ) or enterocyte-specific (PAR-1ΔEPI ) fashion. Citrobacter rodentium colitis pathogenesis was analyzed in mice with global PAR-1 deletion (PAR-1-/- ) and cell type-specific deletions. Results Constitutive deletion of PAR-1 had no significant impact on weight loss, crypt hypertrophy, crypt abscess formation, or leukocyte infiltration in Citrobacter colitis. However, colonic shortening was significantly blunted in infected PAR-1-/- mice, and these animals exhibited decreased local levels of IL-1β, IL-22, IL-6, and IL-17A. In contrast, infected PAR-1ΔM mice lost less weight and had fewer crypt abscesses relative to controls. PAR-1ΔM mice had diminished CD3+ T cell infiltration into colonic tissue, but macrophage and CD4+ T cell infiltration were similar to controls. Also contrasting results in global knockouts, PAR-1ΔM mice exhibited lower levels of IL-1β, but not Th17-related cytokines (ie, IL-22, IL-6, IL-17A). Infected PAR-1ΔEPI mice exhibited increased crypt hypertrophy and crypt abscess formation, but local cytokine elaboration was similar to controls. Conclusions These studies reveal complex, cell type-specific roles for PAR-1 in modulating the immune response to Citrobacter colitis that are not readily apparent in analyses limited to mice with global PAR-1 deficiency.
Robust PDF Malware Detection with Image Visualization and Processing Techniques

PDF, as one of most popular document file format, has been frequently utilized as a vector by attackers to covey malware due to its flexible file structure and the ability to embed different kinds of content. In this paper, we propose a new learning-based method to detect PDF malware using image processing and processing techniques. The PDF files are first converted to grayscale images using image visualization techniques. Then various image features representing the distinct visual characteristics of PDF malware and benign PDF files are extracted. Finally, learning algorithms are applied to create the classification models to classify a new PDF file as malicious or benign. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated using Contagio PDF malware dataset. The results show that the proposed method is a viable solution for PDF malware detection. It is also shown that the proposed method is more robust to resist reverse mimicry attacks than the state-of-art learning-based method.
A Review of Techniques, Time-demand, Radiation Exposure and Outcomes of Skin-anchored Intra-operative 3D Navigation in Minimally Invasive Lumbar Spinal Surgery

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort. OBJECTIVE To describe our technique for and evaluate the time demand, radiation exposure and outcomes of skin-anchored intraoperative three-dimensional navigation (ION) in minimally invasive (MIS) lumbar surgery, and to compare these parameters to 2D fluoroscopy for MI-TLIF. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Limited visualization of anatomic landmarks and narrow access corridor in MIS procedures result in greater reliance on image guidance. Although two-dimensional fluoroscopy has historically been used, ION is gaining traction. METHODS Patients who underwent MIS lumbar microdiscectomy, laminectomy, or MI-TLIF using skin-anchored ION and MI-TLIF by the same surgeon using 2D fluoroscopy were selected. Operative variables, radiation exposure, and short-term outcomes of all procedures were summarized. Time-demand and radiation exposure of fluoroscopy and ION for MI-TLIF were compared. RESULTS Of the 326 patients included, 232 were in the ION cohort (92 microdiscectomies, 65 laminectomies, and 75 MI-TLIFs) and 94 in the MI-TLIF using 2D fluoroscopy cohort. Time for ION setup and image acquisition was a median of 22 to 24 minutes. Total fluoroscopy time was a median of 10 seconds for microdiscectomy, 9 for laminectomy, and 26 for MI-TLIF. Radiation dose was a median of 15.2 mGy for microdiscectomy, 16.6 for laminectomy, and 44.6 for MI-TLIF, of this, 93%, 95%, and 37% for microdiscectomy, laminectomy, and MI-TLIF, respectively were for ION image acquisition, with the rest attributable to the procedure. There were no wrong-level surgeries. Compared with fluoroscopy, ION for MI-TLIF resulted in lower operative times (92 vs. 108 min, P < 0.0001), fluoroscopy time (26 vs. 144 s, P < 0.0001), and radiation dose (44.6 vs. 63.1 mGy, P = 0.002), with equivalent time-demand and length of stay. ION lowered the radiation dose by 29% for patients and 55% for operating room personnel. CONCLUSION Skin-anchored ION does not increase time-demand compared with fluoroscopy, is feasible, safe and accurate, and results in low radiation exposure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
Context-Aware Collaborative Object Recognition For Distributed Multi Camera Time Series Data

Recent research shows that the multi-view system for object recognition outperforms the single-view point system. When viewpoints are added, additional communication cost and cost to deploy the viewpoints are also added. However, prior work has shown that not all of the views are useful, and poor viewpoints can be excluded. This paper explores the dynamic context application for a Context-Aware Neural Network. The Context-Aware Neural Network uses Shannon entropy value to acquire likelihood, and this likelihood value to reduce viewpoints in a distributed system. However, reducing viewpoints were done on static image recognition, so the spatial relation between the views and subject is fixed. Expansion to dynamic context is essential since most of the real world is a series of images, rather than a snapshot of the scene. Apart from testing on images of 3D CAD data, this paper illustrates the generation of 3D CAD data videos, and examines the video analysis of the generated videos using the Context-Aware Neural Network. In this particular setup, relevant objects move with respect to a fixed set of cameras. It is reported that the viewpoints can be reduced, and context of the trained data matters in the setup
In-vivo imaging of neuroinflammation in veterans with Gulf War illness.

Abstract Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic disorder affecting approximately 30% of the veterans who served in the 1991 Gulf War. It is characterised by a constellation of symptoms including musculoskeletal pain, cognitive problems and fatigue. The cause of GWI is not definitively known but exposure to neurotoxicants, the prophylactic use of pyridostigmine bromide (PB) pills, and/or stressors during deployment have all been suspected to play some pathogenic role. Recent animal models of GWI have suggested that neuroinflammatory mechanisms may be implicated, including a dysregulated activation of microglia and astrocytes. However, neuroinflammation has not previously been directly observed in veterans with GWI. To measure GWI-related neuroinflammation in GW veterans, we conducted a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) study using [11C]PBR28, which binds to the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), a protein upregulated in activated microglia/macrophages and astrocytes. Veterans with GWI (n = 15) and healthy controls (HC, n = 33, including a subgroup of healthy GW veterans, HCVET, n = 8), were examined using integrated [11C]PBR28 PET/MRI. Standardized uptake values normalized by occipital cortex signal (SUVR) were compared across groups and against clinical variables and circulating inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β). SUVR were validated against volume of distribution ratio (n = 13). Whether compared to the whole HC group, or only the HCVET subgroup, veterans with GWI demonstrated widespread cortical elevations in [11C]PBR28 PET signal, in areas including precuneus, prefrontal, primary motor and somatosensory cortices. There were no significant group differences in the plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokines evaluated. There were also no significant correlations between [11C]PBR28 PET signal and clinical variables or circulating inflammatory cytokines. Our study provides the first direct evidence of brain upregulation of the neuroinflammatory marker TSPO in veterans with GWI and supports the exploration of neuroinflammation as a therapeutic target for this disorder.
A Revision of Philander (Marsupialia: Didelphidae), Part 2: Phylogenetic Relationships and Morphological Diagnosis of P. nigratus Thomas, 1923

Newly available molecular sequences and morphological data suggest that Philander nigratusThomas, 1923, is a valid species. Currently known from just eight specimens collected in the Peruvian departments of Junin and Ayacucho, P. nigratus does not appear to be closely related to either of the congeneric taxa with which it was previously synonymized.
Criteria for antibubble formation from drop pairs impinging on a free surface

An antibubble, the counterpart of an ordinary bubble, consists of a liquid drop separated from the bulk liquid by a thin film of gas, where understanding of its formation mechanism remains limited. Four criteria are reported for antibubble formation by drop pairs impinging on a free surface based on scaling analysis and experimental characterization. This work not only elucidates the underlying formation physics of antibubbles, but it also provides useful guidelines to control antibubble generation.
Recent SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in a national, community-based prospective cohort of U.S. adults

Background Epidemiologic risk factors for incident SARS-CoV-2 infection as determined via prospective cohort studies greatly augment and complement information from case-based surveillance and cross-sectional seroprevalence surveys. Methods We estimated the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk factors in a well-characterized, national prospective cohort of 6,738 U.S. adults, enrolled March-August 2020, a subset of whom (n=4,510) underwent repeat serologic testing between May 2020 and January 2021. We examined the crude associations of sociodemographic factors, epidemiologic risk factors, and county-level community transmission with the incidence of seroconversion. In multivariable Poisson models we examined the association of social distancing and a composite score of several epidemiologic risk factors with the rate of seroconversion. Findings Among the 4,510 individuals with at least one serologic test, 323 (7.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.5%-8.1%) seroconverted by January 2021. Among 3,422 participants seronegative in May-September 2020 and tested during November 2020-January 2021, we observed 161 seroconversions over 1,646 person-years of follow-up (incidence rate of 9.8 per 100 person-years [95%CI 8.3-11.5]). In adjusted models, participants who reported always or sometimes social distancing with people they knew (IRRalways vs. never 0.43, 95%CI 0.21-1.0; IRRsometimes vs. never 0.47, 95%CI 0.22-1.2) and people they did not know (IRRalways vs. never 0.64, 95%CI 0.39-1.1; IRRsometimes vs. never 0.60, 95%CI 0.38-0.97) had lower rates of seroconversion. The rate of seroconversion increased across tertiles of the composite score of epidemiologic risk (IRRmedium vs. low 1.5, 95%CI 0.92-2.4; IRRhigh vs. low 3.0, 95%CI 2.0-4.6). Among the 161 observed seroconversions, 28% reported no symptoms of COVID-like illness (i.e., were asymptomatic), and 27% reported a positive SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test. Ultimately, only 29% reported isolating and 19% were asked about contacts. Interpretation Modifiable epidemiologic risk factors and poor reach of public health strategies drove SARS-CoV-2 transmission across the U.S during May 2020-January 2021. Funding U.S. National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
Concurrent Enrollment in the Student Voice

Objective: Concurrent enrollment programming is on the rise in the United States. Offering authentic college coursework to high school students has been shown to increase college enrollment, persis...
Case Article—Swirltubs After-Market Product Inventory and Service Case

In the Swirltubs case, students apply expected value decision making to a knapsack problem for appliance repairmen. The case is based on a published research paper on work that was actually impleme...
Cooperative Perception for Estimating and Predicting Microscopic Traffic States to Manage Connected and Automated Traffic

Real-time traffic state estimation and prediction are of importance to the traffic management systems. New opportunities are enabled by the emerging sensing and automation technologies to manage connected and automated traffic, particularly in terms of controlling trajectories of automated vehicles. Traffic information from connected and automated vehicles (CAV) and roadside detectors (RSD) can be fused and has great potential for providing detailed microscopic traffic states (i.e., vehicle speeds, positions) of all vehicles. In this paper, we propose a cooperative perception framework for this purpose. The proposed framework based on particle filtering is developed to provide an accurate estimation and prediction of the microscopic states of partially observed traffic systems, while accounting for different sources of errors that intrinsically exist in the system, including those from sensor data, vehicle movement, and process models. Selected freeway and arterial vehicle trajectory datasets from the Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) program and CAV traffic simulation are applied to test the proposed methodological framework. The accuracy of position and speed estimation is between 50% and 70% when the CAV market penetration rate (MPR) is 12.5%, and between 80% and 90% when the MPR is 50%. The incorporation of RSD data can further increase the accuracy by up to 10% under low CAV MPRs. The framework can also provide an accurate short-term prediction (i.e., 5 - 15 seconds) of position and speed with 60% to 90% accuracy. The proposed framework provides efficient and accurate estimations and predictions of detailed microscopic traffic states, even at low CAV MPRs, creating dynamic traffic environment world models to enable fine control and management of the connected and automated traffic systems.
A NETWORK OF PROTEIN?PROTEIN INTERACTIONS IN YEAST

A global analysis of 2,709 published interactions between proteins of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been performed, enabling the establishment of a single large network of 2,358 interactions among 1,548 proteins. Proteins of known function and cellular location tend to cluster together, with 63% of the interactions occurring between proteins with a common functional assignment and 76% occurring between proteins found in the same subcellular compartment. Possible functions can be assigned to a protein based on the known functions of its interacting partners. This approach correctly predicts a functional category for 72% of the 1,393 characterized proteins with at least one partner of known function, and has been applied to predict functions for 364 previously uncharacterized proteins.
Analytical Applications of Membranes

Roles of membranes in analytical chemistry range from creating potentials in ion-selective electrodes to catalyzing protein digestion before mass spectrometry. This article focuses on membrane-based analyte extraction and also briefly discusses recent catalytic membranes that facilitate analyte derivatization or digestion. Membrane-based liquid-liquid extraction avoids mixing and subsequent collection of the two phases and the recent development of hollow-fiber microextraction is particularly attractive for small-volume, potentially-automated analyses. Microdialysis sampling is now a widespread tool for analyte collection from a variety of tissues, while membrane introduction mass spectrometry combined with miniaturized mass spectrometers facilitates remote or portable environmental analyses. Derivatization of membranes affords adsorptive materials for solid-phase extraction. In particular, growth of functionalized polymer brushes in pores yields membrane adsorbers that capture tagged proteins. Moreover, simple methods for enzyme adsorption in porous membranes give reactors that catalyze rapid proteolysis for mass spectrometry. In addition to their history in ion-selective electrodes and filtration, future membranes will play a significant role in sample purification and derivatization because they provide convenient methods for rapidly concentrating or modifying small-volume samples. Keywords: extraction; microdialysis; membrane introduction mass spectrometry; membrane adsorbers; catalytic membranes
The Party System and Cohesion in Post-Communist Legislatures

Does the party system impact the behavior of legislators in new democracies? This paper attempts to answer the question by examining the cohesion of deputies in the first three convocations of the newly independent Russian Federation (1993-2003) and Ukraine (1994-2006). The results show little indication that party system variation across electoral districts or across time in both chambers influenced the cohesio of individual single-member district legislators. These results jibe with the existing research on party systems in both countries. Scholars of both Russia and Ukraine argue that during their initial periods of independence they maintained weak party system.
The role of HCO3- and Na+/H+ exchange in the response of rat parotid acinar cells to muscarinic stimulation.

Abstract The intracellular pH (pHi) of a rat parotid acinar preparation was monitored using the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye, 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein. Under resting (unstimulated) conditions both Na+/H+ exchange and CO2/HCO3- buffering contribute to the regulation of pHi. Muscarinic stimulation (carbachol) of the acini produced a gradual rise in pHi (approximately 0.1 unit by 10 min) possibly due to activation of the Na+/H+ exchanger. When the exchanger was blocked by amiloride or sodium removal, carbachol induced a dramatic (atropine inhibitable) decrease in pHi (approximately 0.4 pH unit with t1/2 approximately 0.5 min at 1 mM carbachol). The rate of this acidification was reduced by removal of exogenous HCO3- and by the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor methazolamide. Also, acini stimulated with carbachol in Cl- -free solutions showed a more pronounced acidification than in the corresponding Cl- -replete media. Taken together, these data indicate that the carbachol-induced acidification of rat parotid acinar cells unmasked by inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger is due to a rapid loss of intracellular HCO3-. Carbachol induced acidification was inhibited by the Cl- channel blocker diphenylamine 2-carboxylate but not by 4-acetomido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, an inhibitor of Cl-/HCO3- exchange. In addition, this acidification could not be sustained in Ca2+-free media and was totally blocked by chelation of intracellular Ca2+. Interpreted in terms of HCO3- loss, these results closely parallel the pattern of carbachol-induced Cl- release from this same preparation and indicate that HCO3- is secreted in response to muscarinic stimulation via the same or a very similar exit pathway, presumably an apical anion channel. Under normal physiological conditions the intracellular acidification resulting from HCO3- secretion is buffered by the Na+/H+ exchanger.
Abstract 4277: Alternative splicing in cancer transcriptomes

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Alternative splicing of precursor mRNA is a key mechanism of eukaryotic gene regulation. Cancer-associated changes in alternative splicing can modulate gene function or activity, and consequently affect downstream molecular pathways critical for tumorigenesis or metastasis. RNA-Seq has become a powerful technology for genome-wide analysis of alternative splicing. We have developed sensitive and robust computational methods for quantitative analysis of alternative splicing using RNA-Seq data. Using these methods, we have analyzed the alternative splicing profiles of >4000 cancer samples across multiple types of cancer. Our analysis has identified important alternative splicing events that may contribute to the development and progression of cancer. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Shihao Shen, Ying Nian Wu, Yi Xing. Alternative splicing in cancer transcriptomes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4277. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4277
Seizures and Status Epilepticus

Status epilepticus (SE) is a term used to describe continuous seizures lasting at least 5 minutes or two or more discrete seizures between which there is incomplete recovery of consciousness. Some patients have no observable, repetitive motor activity, and the detection of ongoing seizures requires electroencephalography. Convulsive SE has many complications including hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, hyperthermia, vomiting with aspiration, hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, injuries including vertebral and other fractures, and rhabdomyolysis with renal failure. Mortality caused by SE itself is approximately 2%; however, the overall mortality is approximately 30%, owing to the illness causing SE.
The allo- and viral-specific immunosuppressive effect of belatacept, but not tacrolimus, attenuates with progressive T cell maturation.

Tacrolimus impairs allo- and viral-specific T cell responses. Belatacept, a costimulation-based alternative to tacrolimus, has emerged with a paradoxical picture of less complete control of alloimmunity with concomitant impaired viral immunity limited to viral-naive patients. To reconcile these signatures, bulk population and purified memory and naive lymphocytes from cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive (n=10) and CMV-seronegative (n=10) volunteers were studied using flow cytometry, interrogating proliferation (carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dilution) and function (intracellular cytokine staining) in response to alloantigens or CMV-pp-65 peptides. As anticipated, T cells from CMV-experienced, but not naive, individuals responded to pp-65 with a small percentage of their repertoire (<2.5%) consisting predominantly of mature, polyfunctional (expressing interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-2) T effector memory cells. Both CMV naive and experienced individuals responded similarly to alloantigen with a substantially larger percentage of the repertoire (up to 48.2%) containing proportionately fewer polyfunctional cells. Tacrolimus completely inhibited responses of CMV- and allo-specific T cells regardless of their maturation. However, belatacept's effects were decreasingly evident in increasingly matured cells, with minimal effect on viral-specific triple cytokine producers and CD28-negative allo-specific cells. These data indicate that belatacept's immunosuppressive effect, unlike tacrolimus's, wanes on progressively developed effector responses, and may explain the observed clinical effects of belatacept.
Peripheral venospasm associated with signs of transient myocardial ischemia

Abstract A young patient with tetralogy of Fallot developed clinical electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia in association with intense peripheral venospasm. Several mechanisms are discussed, but it seems most likely that the ischemic changes were the result of coronary artery spasm.
Postoperative Pain Management—Is There a Role for Gabapentin or Pregabalin?

T IS WELL KNOWN that mechanical tissue njury, such as surgical trauma, causes reease of chemical mediators which lower he response threshold for firing of A-delta nd C-fibers and increases the magnitude of he pain response at the site of injury. This s nociception, the pathway of normal pain ransmission and sensation. However, reent studies have demonstrated that nocieptive input from the surgical injury can licit an increased response from the dorsal orn neurons in the spinal cord (central ensitization). This heightened response rom the spinal cord may explain, in part, hy pain can occur after nonpainful stimuli uch as pressure and touch, and why pain ith movement or activity after surgery is reater than pain at rest.
Evaluation of the Bioavailability of Sarpicillin, the Methoxymethyl Ester of Hetacillin, in Humans

The relative bioavailability of sarpicillin (the methoxymethyl ester of hetacillin) from three different oral dosage forms was compared in humans employing a three-way crossover study design. Each unit dose contained 250 mg of sarpicillin in terms of anhydrous ampicillin activity. The comparative bioavailability of a tablet containing added buffer, a liquid-filled capsule, and a standard powder-filled capsule was determined. The bioavailability parameters were Cmax, tmax, and AUC of intact plasma sarpicillin levels and saliva ampicillin levels. Significant correlation was found between plasma sarpicillin levels and saliva ampicillin levels following the administration of sarpicillin. All three formulations yielded statistically similar Cmax and AUC values with respect to plasma sarpicillin and saliva ampicillin levels. However, a more rapid absorption of intact sarpicillin was observed with the buffered tablet formulation, as reflected by significantly smaller tmax for both plasma sarpicillin and saliva ampicillin levels. The faster absorption from the tablet formulation gave more precise absorption among subjects.
The effect of various types of inducing agents on hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activity in rainbow trout

The effects of various types of inducing agents on the hepatic microsomal monooxygenase (MO) system of rainbow trout were examined and compared to the induction profiles observed following pretreatment with either 3-methylcholanthrene- or phenobarbital-type inducers. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) elevated ethoxycoumarin- and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activities (ECOD, EROD) as well as the cytochrome(s) P-450 content, but had no effect on benzphetamine-N-demethylation (BeND). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of solubilized microsomes from TCDD-pretreated fish demonstrated the intensification of a protein band with a molecular weight of 57,000. Although the magnitude of induction was not as great, isosafrole pretreatment of rainbow trout resulted in an induction profile similar to that observed following TCDD administration to these animals. Neither Kepone nor mirex had a stimulatory effect on any of the measured parameters and neither caused a change in the protein profile following SDS-PAGE of solubilized microsomes. These results suggest that fish respond differently from mammals to these inducers of the hepatic microsomal MO system.
The influence of the equidistance tendency on depth shifts resulting from an interocular delay in stimulation

An earlier study showed that the introduction of an interocular delay in presentation to the two eyes of a briefly viewed, haploscopically presented object resulted in a rear ward shift in the depth position of this object. The present study was designed to determine whether an equidistance tendency (ET) which opposed this direction of shift could reverse or modify the degree of shift. It was found that an opposing ET did attenuate the degree of depth shift, but did not reverse the direction of shift. Implications of this finding for the explanation of the depth shift phenomena are discussed.
Quantum mechanical study of electronic transitions in collinear atom—diatom collisions☆

Abstract Quantum mechanical calculations are reported for model, nonreactive, collinear collision systems composed of the H 2 diatom and the halogen atom X = F, Cl, Br or I. The model involves two electronic potential energy surfaces, obtained in a diatomics-in-molecules formulation, that correspond asymptotically to the two spin-orbit states of X. On each surface the calculations include as many vibrational states of H 2 as are asymptotically allowed, up to a limiting number of five. The first two collision systems, FH 2 and ClH 2 , are characterized by electronic splittings much smaller than any vibrational spacing included in the diatom spectrum, and as a result they show a high degree of vibrational elasticity with essentially all transition activity testricted to spin—orbit switching in the halogen. This pattern is broken for BrH 2 collisions, where the near-equality between electronic and vibrational quanta apparently leads to a resonant exchange of energy between the two modes. The greater spinorbit splitting in iodine (∼ 2 vibrational quanta) results in largely elastic behavior in IH 2 collisions for both vibrational and electronic transitions. A modified Massey criterion is exhibited for some of the FH 2 and BrH 2 transitions.