cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic Pre-Column Derivatization and Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Primary and Secondary Amino Acids in Plasma with Photo-Diode Array and Fluorescence Detection

Abstract An automatic pre-column double derivative procedure has been established for the determination of plasma amino acids by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. O-phthaldialdehyde/3-mercaptopropionic acid and fluorenylmethyl-chloroformate were used as reagents for the derivatization. The optimal conditions for separation and detection and the stability of derivative were investigated. This method has the advantages of automatic pre-column derivatization and analysis; simple and economic mobile phase; shorter analysis time with optimal separation; high precision for retention time and peak area; higher sensitivity and reliable peak identification and simultaneous determination of both primary and secondary amino acids. Plasma amino acid levels in 160 healthy children were determined and the results showed a good agreement with reference values reported previously by using an ion-exchange chromatographic method. Patients suffering from several type of amino acid metabolic abnormality ...
Toward a Code of Conduct for Undergraduate Teaching.

Bringing together the results of the research reported in Chapters Four and Five, this chapter provides recommendations for instructor behavior consistent with the best criteria for ethical behavior toward students.
Closing the Cycle

Cyanobacteria have played a central role in the evolution of life on Earth, both by producing oxygen as a photosynthetic byproduct and by generating organic carbon, the major ecological energy commodity. Biochemical studies in the late 1960s implied that these bacteria have an unusual metabolism: Their tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle appeared to be incomplete, with a key enzyme, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, missing ( 1 , 2 ). Aerobic organisms use the TCA cycle to generate reductant for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and to create three of the precursors for the biosynthesis of all cellular compounds. It is thus of central importance to cellular metabolism. An incomplete TCA cycle has been used to explain various aspects of the physiology of cyanobacteria. On page 1551 of this issue, Zhang and Bryant ( 3 ) show that in most cyanobacteria, two other enzymes perform the function of the missing 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, thereby closing the TCA cycle (see the figure).
INDUCTION OF ANTEROPOSTERIOR NEURAL PATTERN IN XENOPUS : EVIDENCE FOR A QUANTITATIVE MECHANISM

Abstract The developing vertebrate nervous system arises from ectoderm in response to inductive signals from the dorsal mesoderm, or Spemann organizer. It displays pronounced anteroposterior (AP) pattern, but the mechanism that generates this pattern is poorly under-stood. We demonstrate that the inducing ability of dorsal mesoderm is regionalized along the AP axis at the early gastrula stage, using the homeodomain-encoding genes Xanf-2 and en-2 as markers of anterior and mid-neural pattern, respectively. In addition, we show that changing the size ratio of posterior dorsal mesoderm to responding ectoderm affects the type of AP pattern induced. A low ratio leads to induction of anterior neural pattern, while a high ratio leads to expression of only mid-neural pattern. These and other results indicate that a quantitative mechanism specifies AP neural pattern.
An Exchange: Part I: Does Money Matter? A Meta-Analysis of Studies of the Effects of Differential School Inputs on Student Outcomes

Research on educational production functions attempts to model the relation between resource inputs and school outcomes such as educational achievement. Over the last decade a series of influential reviews of this literature have suggested that there is no systematic relation between resource inputs and school outcomes when controlling for student characteristics such as socioeconomic status. The inference procedure used in these reviews, vote counting, is known to be problematic. This study is a reanalysis of data from these earlier reviews, using more sophisticated synthesis methods. It shows systematic positive relations between resource inputs and school outcomes. Moreover, analyses of the magnitude of these relations suggest that the median relation (regression coefficient) is large enough to be of practical importance.While this reanalysis suggests that previous data do not support the conclusions that Hanushek and others derived from it, limitations of their data set warrant caution in using it for...
Search for a 92+ level at 1.5 MeV in Y89

Abstract A search has been made for a proposed 9 2 + level at 1.5 MeV in Y89 by examining radiations form Zr89. The intensity of transitions feeding such a level has been established as less than 0.008% of the total transitions. The comparative half-life for the decay of Zr89 to this level corresponds to a log ft>9.7.
The chemistry of gallium and indium as related to radiopharmaceutical production

Abstract There is great interest in the medical application of the radioactive isotopes of the group IIIB elements gallium and indium. The design of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with gallium and indium is complicated by the fact that both metals form strong chelates with the plasma protein transferrin. Due to the large stability constants of these chelates, a gallium or indium radiopharmaceutical will exchange its metal to transferrin unless the metal is bound with a stability constant greater than 1020. To date, very few compounds of gallium or indium have been described which are thermodynamically stable with respect to exchange to transferrin. However, the rate at which equilibrium is reached is often slow compared to the biological event. As an example of this, the fast glomerular filtration rate of gallium- and indium-DTPA is much faster than the rate of exchange with transferrin. There have been two major efforts in the development of gallium and indium radiopharmaceuticals. The first of these efforts has been to develop a bifunctional chelate such as 1-(p-benzenediazonium)-ethylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, which was developed by SUNDBERG et al., to form a bridge between the metal-EDTA complex and a protein or peptide by means of the azide group. Similar compounds have been developed by other workers to attach DTPA to various proteins. Tricatecholamide analogs of enterobactin, which have been investigated for their potential for binding gallium and indium, will be discussed in terms of the ultimate aim of using these molecules to attach indium and gallium to biomolecules. The second approach to the design of gallium and indium radiopharmaceuticals is to develop a labeled species to which transferrin has no access. This has been utilized to great advantage in the labeling of blood components with both indium- and gallium-8-hydroxyquinolate as lipophilic agents to passively diffuse into cells.
Experiential modes: a common ground for serious game designers

Game designers are skilled in creating environments that are fun-filled and instructional designers are skilled in creating environments that foster learning. Today's demand requires that they work together to make games that are immersive learning environments, and experiential modes (EM) are what both designers create to achieve their goals. This paper posits that any learning environment is a sequence of EMs as defined from the viewpoint of the learner, and that the starting point for designers to begin working together is at the common ground of Experiential Modes. By understanding the characteristics of games and simulations, specific EM's can be defined that will allow these learning environments to be both fun and learning.
Field-, Polarity-, And Position-Dependent Photocurrent In Semi-Insulating Single Crystal GaAs

Photocurrent studies have been performed on single crystal EL2 compensated semi-insulating GaAs as a function of polarity (using several methods of contact and two crystal orientations) and as a function of position of LED illumination (λ=0.905μ ). The total current (photo + dark) vs time traces for these studies are non linear and reflect three zones of behavior. When the crystal is illuminated near one extremity, the change in polarity causes a non-linear depression in the trace corresponding to positive polarity. In addition, the latter trace consistently shows the presence of small somewhat irregular oscillations of frequency (50MHZ). We interpret the observations to be indicative of: (1) non-uniform longitudinal (110) trap distribution; and (2) non-symmetric potential vs. distance profile suggesting a possible recombination front near the mode.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pain and continued opioid use in individuals receiving buprenorphine-naloxone for opioid detoxification: Secondary analyses from the Clinical Trials Network

Pain complaints are common among individuals with opioid dependence. However, few studies investigate pain during opioid detoxification or the impact this pain has on continued opioid use. This secondary analysis utilized data from two Clinical Trials Network randomized controlled trials of buprenorphine-naloxone for short-term opioid detoxification to examine the extent to which pain was associated with continued opioid use during and immediately following a 13-day detoxification protocol. At follow-up, more severe pain was associated with a greater number of self-reported days of opioid use during the prior 30 days (p < .05) but was not associated with urine toxicology results collected at follow-up. These results, although mixed, have potentially important clinical implications for assessing and addressing pain during opioid detoxification. Pain that is experienced during and immediately following medically monitored detoxification may be associated with continued opioid use. These findings lend further support for continued research on pain among patients with opioid dependence.
Brain grafts of migratory GnRH cells induce gonadal recovery in hypogonadal (hpg) mice.

Abstract Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are derived from the olfactory placode and migrate into the CNS during embryogenesis. During this migration the GnRH neuronal population follows a very specific pathway through the nasal septum and forebrain with individual neurons ‘stopping’ at various points along the way. Following migration GnRH neurons elaborate axonal projections, the major one to the median eminence. The function of this neurosecretory connection can then be assessed by activation of the pituitary-gonadal axis. In previous experiments we had demonstrated that grafted post-migratory GnRH neurons could send axons to the median eminence and initiate gonadal development in hypogonadal (hpg) mice that lack GnRH. In the present experiment, grafts derived from the embryonic nasal septum, which contains the migratory population of GnRH neurons, were used to determine if the transplanted GnRH neurons could (1) continue their migration in the adult host brain, (2) elaborate axons to their normal target in the host and (3) stimulate the host pituitary-gonadal axis to induce gonadal development. Nasal tissue from normal mouse embryos was implanted into the preoptic area ( n = 8), anterior hypothalamus ( n = 3) or third ventricle ( n = 1) of adult hpg males. Following survival of 10 days to 10 weeks, the distribution of GnRH immunoreactive elements was assessed and testicular weight recorded. Surviving GnRH neurons were few in number and were found within the graft ( n = 3), the host brain ( n = 2) or both ( n = 1). Four grafts resulted in specific outgrowth of GnRH axons through the host parenchyma to the median eminence. Three of the four animals with median eminence innervation had testicular development. These observations indicate that migratory GnRH neurons from the nasal septum retain a limited but real capacity to migrate in adult host brain. Furthermore, interruption of the normal migratory pathway of these neurons does not disrupt their potential for axonal growth, axonal pathfinding and the establishment of a functional neurosecretory connection with their normal target.
Study of the 138Ba(d, p)139Ba reaction for incident energies below the coulomb barrier

Abstract The 138 Ba(d, p) 139 Ba reaction has been studied with incident deuteron energies between 5.0 and 7.5 MeV in steps of 0.5 MeV. Proton groups observed at 7.5 MeV corresponding to states in 139 Ba up to 4.0 MeV excitation are reported. The differential cross sections of proton groups corresponding to the ground state, first and second excited states have been measured. The stripping analysis for those transitions is discussed using a DWBA formalism, and values for the reduced normalization and spectroscopic factors versus deuteron energy are given.
The scientific evidence for child health insurance.

Discusses two critical policy options related to child health insurance: reauthorization and potential expansion of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), and expansion of health insurance to all children.
The Determinants and the Selection of Mexico–US Migrants

Using data from the Mexican Family Life Survey (MxFLS), a panel of Mexican individuals interviewed in 2002 and 2005, we analyze the characteristics of migrants from Mexico to the US relative to non-migrates and those who migrated and subsequently returned to Mexico. Using pre- and post-migration earnings and their earnings in the US from the American Community Survey (ACS), we characterize the selection of migrants on observable and non-observable characteristics. Merging the data with US American Community Survey data, we can also measure the expected earnings premium of migration to the US and the earnings premium for those that returned to Mexico. We find that migrants respond to the expected earnings premium to migration, once we control for migration costs. Also, the structure of the premium across skill groups generates negative selection on average and it can explain selection on observable and unobservables. We also find that returnees are more positively selected over skills than migrants to the US. Initial poverty, old age and family ties are strong deterrents of migration to the US, once we account for the skill-specific migration premium. We also fi nd as trong under-representation of college educated among migrants to the US, possibly a consequence of the fact that undocumented migration is not an attractive option for those individuals.
Strong hydromagnetic turbulence associated with Comet Giacobini-Zinner

The turbulence surrounding Comet Giacobini-Zinner reached intensities three orders of magnitudes above that of 'intermediate' solar wind conditions, was characterized by Delta B/B0 almost equal to one, and extended to cometocentric distances beyond one-million km. The strong spectral peak at 0.01 Hz and the general intensity profile of the turbulence are in excellent agreement with generation by plasma instabilities associated with the pickup of H2O(+) group ions. The total energy of the magnetic turbulence near 0.01 Hz is estimated to be 5 x 10 to the 15th joules and that of ion energization due to solar wind pickup 6 x 10 to the 13th watts. It thus takes a minimum of 100 s to build up the magnetic turbulence. This scale is approximately the linear growth rate of the ion pickup instability, giving a consistent picture of the energy source of the turbulence.
First Principles Calculation of Electrical Conductivity and Giant Magnetoresistance of ColCu Multilayers

We show that the Kubo formula can be used to calculate the non-local electrical conductivity of layered systems from first principles. We use the Layer Korringa Kohn Rostoker method to calculate the electronic structure and the Green function of Co/Cu/Co trilayers within the local density approximation to density functional theory. This Green function is used to calculate the conductivity through the Kubo formula for both majority and minority spins and for alignment and anti-alignment of the Co moments on either side of the Cu spacer layer. This allows us to determine the giant magnetoresistance from first principles. We investigate three possibilities for the scattering in Co/Cu/Co: (1) equal electron lifetimes for Cu, majority spin Co, and minority spin Co, (2) equal electron lifetimes for majority and minority Co, weaker scattering in Cu and spin dependent interfacial scattering, (3) electron lifetimes for majority and minority spin cobalt proportional to their Fermi energy densities of states and spin dependent interfacial scattering.
Passage of intraseasonal waves in the subsurface oceans

[1] This study exploits the coverage of ARGO (Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography) float data sets towards identifying passage of intraseasonal waves over the subsurface global oceans. ARGO, a new observing system, has provided an unprecedented data coverage and impact. The assimilation of ARGO data reveals that the subsurface ocean temperature carry signatures on the passage of the intraseasonal waves. This vast oceanic data sets provided an opportunity to explore the usefulness of coupled assimilation for seasonal forecasts on the passage of these waves. The results suggest that the inclusion of subsurface ARGO profiler data sets can be useful for prediction of the intraseasonal waves in the atmosphere/oceans. These improved forecasts hold the promise for improved seasonal outlook projections for the dry and wet spells of the monsoon. We also demonstrate improved phase relationship on the passage of zonal wind anomalies of the intraseasonal waves and the monsoon rainfall.
Targeted therapies in bone sarcomas: current approach and future directions

Introduction: Bone sarcomas are rare malignancies and once advanced, there is limited response to current chemotherapeutic regimens. Targeted therapies could have substantial impact on these diseases. Areas covered: Specific molecular targets of bone sarcomas are reviewed along with the various targeted therapies that have potential to change the outcome of these chemotherapy resistant diseases. Expert opinion: There are promising pathways identified that targeted inhibitors could provide better treatment options for metastatic bone sarcomas. There is a strong need for continued Phase II and III clinical trials investigating these molecularly targeted therapies.
Spring and Summer Severe Weather Reports over the Midwest as a Function of Convective Mode: A Preliminary Study

Radar data during the period 1 April–31 August 2002 were used to classify all convective storms occurring in a 10-state region of the central United States into nine predominant morphologies, and the severe weather reports associated with each morphology were then analyzed. The morphologies included three types of cellular convection (individual cells, clusters of cells, and broken squall lines), five types of linear systems (bow echoes, squall lines with trailing stratiform rain, lines with leading stratiform rain, lines with parallel stratiform rain, and lines with no stratiform rain), and nonlinear systems. Because linear systems with leading and line-parallel stratiform rainfall were relatively rare in the 2002 sample of 925 events, 24 additional cases of these morphologies from 1996 and 1997 identified by Parker and Johnson were included in the sample. All morphologies were found to pose some risk of severe weather, but substantial differences existed between the number and types of severe weather reports and the different morphologies. Normalizing results per event, nonlinear systems produced the fewest reports of hail, and were relatively inactive for all types of severe weather compared to the other morphologies. Linear systems generated large numbers of reports from all categories of severe weather. Among linear systems, the hail and tornado threat was particularly enhanced in systems having leading and line-parallel stratiform rain. Bow echoes were found to produce far more severe wind reports than any other morphology. The flooding threat was largest in broken lines and linear systems having trailing and line-parallel stratiform rain. Cellular storms, despite much smaller areal coverage, also were abundant producers of severe hail and tornadoes, particularly in broken squall lines.
Algorithm Kings: The Birth of Digital Signal Processing

There will always be signals; they will always need to be processed; and there will always be new technologies and algorithms for implementing the processing. Thus this paper presents the technology and mathematics for signal processing which is continuously growing.
The concept of self-management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: an evolutionary concept analysis

The concept of self-management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: an evolutionary concept analysis Aim. An evolutionary concept analysis was undertaken to clarify the concept of self-management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Background. Several problems exist in the literature on self-management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. There is no uniform terminology and there is no uniform definition of the concept. Also, there is no differentiation in the literature between self-management of diabetes in children and adults. Methods. Ninety-nine references were reviewed and analysed in the disciplines of nursing, medicine, and psychology. After separate analyses revealed no significant differences across disciplines, the analyses were combined to describe the attributes, antecedents, consequences, and surrogate and related concepts. Results. The three essential attributes of the concept were identified as process, activities, and goals. Self-management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents is an active and proactive process; it is daily, lifelong, and flexible, and it involves shifting and shared responsibility for diabetes care tasks and decision-making between child and parent. It is a process that involves collaboration with health care providers. Self-management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents also consists of varied and many activities related to giving insulin, monitoring metabolic control, regulating diet and exercise, to name just a few. The concept also involves goals, which may differ from one parent/child dyad to another. A working definition of the concept is suggested. Conclusions. It is hoped that a more uniform definition of the concept will enable researchers to continue investigating antecedents and consequences of the concept in a way that allows for aggregating results.
READABLE: AN APPROACH AND AN ENVIRONMENT FOR DEVELOPING MAINTAINABLE WEB SOFTWARE

Software maintenance is expensive and difficult because software is complex and maintenance requires understanding code written by someone else. A key component of maintainability is program understanding. Program understanding, however, is problematic for software developed on the web because web applications comprise a mix of technologies and because the rapid pace of web development often means formal development practices, including documentation are ignored. This research proposes an approach, called READABLE, that is aimed at improving understanding and maintainability of web applications. The READABLE approach achieves this goal by making the control flow among web application components visible in a separate layer. This layer allows easier program understanding for the software developers, and can also be used by a controller for execution of the application, making the web application self-documenting. A controlled laboratory experiment shows that the READABLE approach improves program understanding.
Comparison of Techniques to Sample Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri in Windblown Spray

Four techniques were evaluated to sample windblown splash from canker-infected citrus plants. Two volumetric cyclone samplers (PAS450 and Burkard Cyclone) and two passive samplers (funnels and panels) were evaluated. The PAS450 collected no detectable bacteria in any trial. The Burkard cyclone consistently collected spray, but was found to do so even when the power was turned off. Thus, the Burkard cyclone essentially functioned passively, negating the advantage of a volumetric sampler for this application. Panels collected the greatest volume of splash followed by funnel samplers. CFU of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri per ml collected were significantly different between Burkards and panel samplers, but panels and funnels collected similar concentrations (Burkards, funnels, and panels collected 1,182, 1,426, and 2,667 CFU per ml, respectively). Positive correlations were found between the volume and the total X. axonopodis pv. citri collected, and between CFU per ml and total collected for panel and funnel samples. However, there was no correlation between CFU per ml and volume collected for either sampler. The Burkard sample showed a strong positive correlation (P < 0.01) between volume collected, total number of X. axonopodis pv. citri collected, and CFU per ml. The CFU per ml collected by the panels and funnels were similar (coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.97), compared with the relationship between the Burkard and panel catches (R2 = 0.68), or between the Burkard and funnel catches (R2 = 0.62). Panels collected the greatest volume, and effectively collected bacteria-laden windblown splash. The greater sampling area of the panels allowed a more representative sample than the other methods tested.
Fiber-optic transmission of microwave 64-QAM signals

Experimental results on fiber-optic transmission of microwave 64-level quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) signals at a 1.3 mu m wavelength at a 90 Mb/s transmission rate are presented. Two important methods of improving the system performance are discussed and demonstrated: laser intensity noise minimization and error-correction coding using a self-orthogonal convolutional code. The applicability of this transmission technique to the distribution of digital TV services is assessed. >
The Vascular Flora of Prentice Cooper State Forest and Wildlife Management Area, Tennessee

ABSTRACT The vascular plants of Tennessee's Prentice Cooper State Forest and Wildlife Management Area (PCSFWMA) were gathered from the growing seasons of 1998 through 1999 and the summer of 2005. The ca. 10,300 ha tract of eastern deciduous forest comprises 137 families, 536 genera, and 1,070 species or lesser taxa. Five hundred and eighteen new county records were documented as well as two notable state records, Galium uniflorum and Macrothelypteris torresiana. Nineteen taxa of either state or federal listing were documented or examined. PCSFWMA has 192 introduced species, comprising 17.9% of the total flora and constituting 56.6% of Tennessee's listed invasive exotic pest species. Association coefficients of seven southeastern Appalachian floras were compared to elucidate several floristic similarities and dissimilarities.
High-Energy-Rate Deformation Processing and its TMP Applications

The utilization of shock waves, directly and indirectly, for the deformation processing of metals is described. A distinction is drawn between what can be classified as high-velocity forming processes on the one hand, and what are now generally recognized as high-energy-rate (HER) techniques on the other. The consequences of HER processing on transient material behavior is discussed, with emphasis on ductility enhancement. Residual material characteristics are treated, with particular attention being paid to the response of various alloys to thermomechanical treatment or processing (TMP) by HER deformation, including that imparted directly by the propagation of plastic shock waves through the material. The shock TMP of aluminum-, iron-, nickel-, and titanium-base alloys is considered.
Role of nitric oxide in hypoxic coronary vasodilatation in isolated perfused guinea pig heart.

To test the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) mediates hypoxic coronary dilatation in situ, isolated guinea pig hearts were perfused at constant pressure (Langendorff technique) with physiological salt solution. Switching from a control perfusate (95% O2-5% CO2) to one equilibrated with a lower O2 tension (20% O2) induced a large, but submaximal and reproducible, coronary dilatation. The NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) diminished baseline flow (3.67 +/- 0.24 vs. control 5.11 +/- 0.42 ml.min-1 x g-1; P < 0.05) and selectively blocked the coronary flow response to acetylcholine without reducing the response to papaverine. L-NNA reduced the absolute increase in coronary flow during hypoxia by 27 +/- 2% (delta flow = 5.83 +/- 0.49 vs. control delta flow = 8.04 +/- 0.74 ml.min-1 x g-1; P < 0.05). Hypoxic coronary dilatation was unaffected by infusion of the thromboxane mimetic U-46619, which decreased baseline coronary flow to the same extent as L-NNA. Prior addition of indomethacin did not alter the attenuating effect of L-NNA. Hypoxic coronary dilatation during constant flow perfusion at 14.7 +/- 0.28 ml/min was reduced by 65 +/- 5% after L-NNA. Therefore, the NO component of the response was not a consequence of the reduced baseline flow observed in the presence of L-NNA, did not depend on prostaglandin synthesis, and was not secondary to increased flow or intravascular shear stress. We conclude that hypoxic coronary vasodilatation in isolated guinea pig hearts is partially mediated by NO.
Enforcement and Warning Letters

The FDA reports its enforcement activities in the following categories: seizures (taking possession of a product to keep it off of the market), injunctions (to stop an action which violates), warning letters, recalls, and debarments (Table 22.1).
Does the course of Val122Ile differ from SSA, or is selection bias a factor?

Hypothesis There are conflicting data regarding survival in Val122Ile versus SSA cardiac amyloidosis, suggesting either better survival in SSA or similar survival between the groups. Since survival is often calculated from time of diagnosis, a delayed diagnosis in Val122Ile from symptom onset would bias survival toward SSA. We therefore sought to determine whether patients with symptomatic SSA and Val122Ile seen at our Program showed different patterns of referral, and whether one group had a longer time to diagnosis than the other.
The Cochlear Implant Controversy: Lessons Learned for Using Anticipatory Governance to Address Societal Concerns of Nano-scale Neural Interface Technologies

A shortcoming of public policy, according to Jeffery Greene (2005), is that it tends to be reactive and not proactive. That is to say, public policies tend towards addressing looming and existent public problems rather than preventing or foreseeing and circumventing future public problems. While the “reactive” nature of public policy might be contested in some scholarly or professional circles it is safe to say that the prevailing public policy making structures in modern democracies are often more inclined to respond to public problems rather than attempt to anticipate, circumvent, or prevent them.
The Twitter academic: supporting learning communications in 140 characters or less

Social media has become an important tool for communicating information and allowing for the shared construction of knowledge. Research on the use of specific tools and reports of curriculum or instruction designed to leverage them remains weak. The following piece provides a case in which an instructor developed a course that used the micro-blogging platform Twitter as an important means of academic communication and support for a nascent learning community. This study found that designing a course to include Twitter for out-of-class discourse fostered desired communicative actions for learning while also allowing the instructor to help foster student-initiated community.
Investigation on HIV Infection among Prisoners in Qixia District of Nanjing City

[Objective] To understand HIV infection among prisoners in Qixia District of Nanjing City,and provide evidence for department of public security and judicial department to develop control measures on AIDS control and prevention.[Methods]HIV antibody testing was performed on prisoners with ELISA.[Results]Totally 8546 prisoners were detected,6 were anti-HIV positive,the positive rate was 0.07%.All these 6 cases were infected through sexual behavior,2 had used drugs with syringes sharing.[Conclusion]Prisoners have been detected HIV positive,it is necessary to strengthen education and behavioral intervention among these people.
Two Conceptions of Justice

What is the relationship between justice and moral permissibility? If an action constitutes an injustice, does that decisively rule it out, morally speaking, or merely count heavily against it? This paper argues that although the injustice of an action counts heavily against performing it, this effect can sometimes be overridden by consequentialist concerns. This suggests that injustice does not conclusively rule out actions that generate it, which in turn suggests that an approach to justice that conceives of it as an object of intrinsic moral value more accurately reflects the behavior of justice than do more traditional deontological approaches.
Exploring integration of sensor applications with IMS

In the last few years there has been significant work going on for development and deployment of IP multimedia subsystem. There has been several usage scenarios described in a number of work so far. Most of them have been concentrated towards delivery of services for mobile users. However, there have been very few usage scenarios explored in industrial and enterprise domain. There has been some work done so far, although not to a great extent, in the sphere of sensor applications working over IMS. IMS if used for industrial applications can be another revenue generating source for the network operators. This paper surveys current work being done on this subject and describes one possible deployment scenario.
Prior breast cancer and tamoxifen exposure does not influence outcomes in women with uterine papillary serous carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) outcomes in women diagnosed with uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) who have had (UPSCBR+) or have not had (UPSCBR−) an antecedent history of breast cancer and to correlate their outcomes to prior tamoxifen exposure. Methods Data were collected for women diagnosed with UPSC at two academic institutions between January 1997 and July 2012. Patient demographics, tumor histology, stage, and treatments were recorded. Patients were divided into two groups: those with and without a personal history of breast cancer. Within the UPSCBR+ cohort, we identified those with a history of tamoxifen use. Cox regression modeling was used to explore associations between selected covariates of interest and the time-to-event outcomes of PFS and OS. Results Of 323 patients with UPSC, 46 (14%) were UPSCBR+. Of these, 15 (33%) had a history of tamoxifen use. UPSCBR+ patients were older than UPSCBR− (median years, 72 vs. 68, p=0.004). UPSCBR+ women showed no significant difference in PFS or OS compared to UPSCBR− (p=0.64 and p=0.73 respectively), even after controlling for age (p=0.15 and p=0.48 respectively). Within the UPSCBR+ cohort, there was no difference in PFS or OS with or without tamoxifen exposure (p=0.98 and p=0.94 respectively). Conclusions There was no difference in PFS or OS between the UPSCBR+ and UPSCBR− cohorts. We did not demonstrate significant OS or PFS differences in women who took tamoxifen prior to their endometrial cancer diagnosis. These findings have implications for counseling, and should be encouraging to women who are facing their second cancer diagnosis.
PHQ-8 minor depression among pregnant women: association with somatic symptoms of depression.

It was recently reported that pregnant women were more likely to have minor depression as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 depression scale (PHQ-8), (as reported by Kroenke and Spitzer (Psychiatr Ann 32(9):1–7, 2002), and Kroenke et al. (J Affect 114(1–3):163–173, 2009)) compared to women who were not pregnant (as reported by Ashley et al. (Arch Womens Ment Health 19(2):395–400, 2015)). The present study is designed to investigate if somatic symptoms (energy level, appetite, sleep) associated with both pregnancy and depression were responsible for this increased prevalence of minor depression. A sample of pregnant women (n = 404) was compared to women who were not pregnant (n = 6754). Both groups scored within the minor depression range on the PHQ-8 and comparisons were based on participants’ responses to PHQ-8 items. Results indicate that of the somatic symptoms of depression, only changes in energy level accounted for the elevated prevalence of minor depression among pregnant women compared to women who are not pregnant. Removing the decreased energy item from the score determination reduces the prevalence of minor depression among pregnant women to a level significantly below that of women who are not pregnant. Emotional symptoms such as feeling down and feeling like a failure were less likely to be reported by pregnant women compared to women who were not pregnant. Implications for depression screening during pregnancy are discussed.
The Impact of Health Education and Health Promotion on Management of Chronic Health Conditions in Older Adults: Opportunities for Innovation

This article provides an overview and describes major health issues affecting older adults, coupled with potential education and health promotion interventions that the nurse practicing in a commun...
The benefits of coinfection: trematodes alter disease outcomes associated with virus infection.

Summary Coinfections are increasingly recognized as important drivers of disease dynamics. Consequently, greater emphasis has been placed on integrating principles from community ecology with disease ecology to understand within-host interactions among parasites. Using larval amphibians and two amphibian parasites (ranaviruses and the trematode Echinoparyphium sp.), we examined the influence of coinfection on disease outcomes. Our first objective was to examine how priority effects (the timing and sequence of parasite exposure) influence infection and disease outcomes in the laboratory. We found that interactions between the parasites were asymmetric; prior infection with Echinoparyphium reduced ranaviral loads by 9% but there was no reciprocal effect of prior ranavirus infection on Echinoparyphium load. Additionally, survival rates of hosts (larval gray treefrogs; Hyla versicolor) infected with Echinoparyphium 10 days prior to virus exposure were 25% greater compared to hosts only exposed to virus. Our second objective was to determine whether these patterns were generalizable to multiple amphibian species under more natural conditions. We conducted a semi-natural mesocosm experiment consisting of four larval amphibian hosts [gray treefrogs, American toads (Anaxyrus americanus), leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens) and spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer)] to examine how prior Echinoparyphium infection influenced ranavirus transmission within the community, using ranavirus-infected larval wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) as source of ranavirus. Consistent with the laboratory experiment, we found that prior Echinoparyphium infection reduced ranaviral loads by 19 to 28% in three of the four species. Collectively, these results suggest that macroparasite infection can reduce microparasite replication rates across multiple amphibian species, possibly through cross-reactive immunity. Although the immunological mechanisms driving this outcome are in need of further study, trematode infections appear to benefit hosts that are exposed to ranaviruses. Additionally, these results suggest that consideration of priority effects and timing of exposure are vital for understanding parasite interactions within hosts and disease outcomes.
Characterizing the spatial distribution of brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), populations in peach orchards

Geospatial analyses were used to investigate the spatial distribution of populations of Halyomorpha halys, an important invasive agricultural pest in mid-Atlantic peach orchards. This spatial analysis will improve efficiency by allowing growers and farm managers to predict insect arrangement and target management strategies. Data on the presence of H. halys were collected from five peach orchards at four farms in New Jersey from 2012–2014 located in different land-use contexts. A point pattern analysis, using Ripley’s K function, was used to describe clustering of H. halys. In addition, the clustering of damage indicative of H. halys feeding was described. With low populations early in the growing season, H. halys did not exhibit signs of clustering in the orchards at most distances. At sites with low populations throughout the season, clustering was not apparent. However, later in the season, high infestation levels led to more evident clustering of H. halys. Damage, although present throughout the entire orchard, was found at low levels. When looking at trees with greater than 10% fruit damage, damage was shown to cluster in orchards. The Moran’s I statistic showed that spatial autocorrelation of H. halys was present within the orchards on the August sample dates, in relation to both populations density and levels of damage. Kriging the abundance of H. halys and the severity of damage to peaches revealed that the estimations of these are generally found in the same region of the orchards. This information on the clustering of H. halys populations will be useful to help predict presence of insects for use in management or scouting programs.
Rational Approximations for Cross-Section Space-Shielding in Doubly Heterogeneous Systems

A simple yet accurate method of space-shielding cross sections in a doubly heterogeneous high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) system using collision probabilities and rational approximations ...
Meningioma mimics: five key imaging features to differentiate them from meningiomas

There are a wide variety of intracranial mass lesions, both benign and malignant, which can closely mimic meningioma on imaging. We present five characteristic imaging features that can alert the radiologist to consider other differential diagnoses. Of the five imaging characteristics that were rarely seen in meningiomas, but common and specific for meningioma mimics, absence of dural tail is the most common (83.7%). Homogeneous T2 hyperintensity or T2 hypointensity are seen in nearly half of meningioma mimics and osseous destruction and leptomeningeal extension are present in 40.5% and 21.6% of meningioma mimics, respectively. The distinction between meningioma and its mimics is important because a large portion of the meningioma mimics requires substantially different clinical and surgical management.
Monitoring Resistance Exercise Intensity Using Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Previously Untrained Patients With Prostate Cancer Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy

Fairman, CM, LaFountain, RL, Lucas, AR, and Focht, BC. Monitoring resistance exercise intensity using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in previously untrained patients with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1360-1365, 2018-Exercise has been shown to be safe and effective for patients with prostate cancer (PrCa). The monitoring of resistance exercise (RE) intensity is an emerging area of interest in RE prescription. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is one of the most commonly used methods but has not yet been validated in this population. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between RPE and RE intensity in PrCa. Data for this study were abstracted from baseline upper- and lower-body strength assessments from 2 previous trials (Individual Diet and Exercise Adherence Pilot Trial; Livestrong, Austin, TX, USA) in our laboratory investigating functional outcomes in patients with PrCa undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). A total of 75 participants from both trials were included in this study. Ratings of perceived exertion corresponding to 50, 70, and 90% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) were extracted from the results of participants' upper- and lower-body 1RM strength tests. The changes in RPE across increasing intensities were assessed using separate univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). For each ANOVA, RPE was used as the dependent variable and intensity (50, 70, and 90%) used as the fixed factor. A univariate ANOVA revealed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) among the RPE values for each intensity for both upper- and lower-body lifts. The results of our analyses suggest that RPE values rise linearly in response to increases in exercise intensity. Our study supports the concept that RPE may be a practical training tool to accurately estimate RE intensity in PrCa survivors undergoing ADT. Practitioners may consider using RPE to monitor and adjust RE intensity in this population.
The European Union against Terrorism: Challenges and Future Opportunities

The involvement of the European Union (EU) as an actor in counter-terrorism (CT) can be traced back to the formation of the TREVI Group in 1975. However, a more active CT role for the EU under the framework of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), renamed to the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) by the Lisbon Treaty (2009), has emerged only in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks in the United States. Further conspiracies and attacks that occurred in Europe during the 2000s, such as Madrid 3/11 in 2004, and London 7/7 in 2005, prompted the introduction and/or expansion of various tools and structures. Europol (European Police Office), Eurojust (EUs Judicial Cooperation Unit), the European Arrest Warrant and the Office of the Coordinator for Counter-Terrorism were designed to provide an institutional framework for combatting terrorism. The EU Counter Terrorism Strategy (2005), the EU Strategy for Combating Radicalization and Recruitment to Terrorism (2005), and the EU Action Plan (AP) on Combating Terrorism (2011) were adopted to provide necessary political guidance. However, despite these various multilateral frameworks and structures, questions have been asked as to the effectiveness and impact of the EU in dealing with a cross-border threat like terrorism. The EU’s reliance on the goodwill and support of its individual Member States rather than its own executive powers has often complicated these efforts. Consequently, through an examination of its policies, institutional frameworks, and actors, along with an analysis of the wider theory and context, this chapter examines to what extent, in which areas, and through which activities is the EU an effective actor in counter-terrorism itself and where it only complements or supports the Member States and third parties.
Diverse Pathways to Purpose for College Students With Disabilities

The sense of purpose, which directs and motivates goal attainment, is associated with health and happiness as students make transitions from high school to college and work. Despite its importance ...
CHOLINERGIC-β-ENDORPHIN HYPERSENSITIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSION

In a preceding manuscript, Janowsky and associates have reviewed the evidence implicating central cholinergic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. In this manuscript we report that a subgroup of apparently normal subjects, with no personal or family history of affective disorder, are supersensitive, both behaviorally and neuroendocrinologically, to the effects of centrally active cholinomimetics. Although the functional significance of this finding is not yet apparent, it is conceivable that this cholinergic supersensitivity in a subgroup of normal subjects may represent a biological marker for vulnerability to affective illness. In addition, we speculate that a cholinergically mediated adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)/β-endorphin pathway may modulate mood and cognition in human subjects, and that affective disorder subjects and normal subjects sensitive to the dysphoric effects of centrally active cholinomimetics may exhibit hypersensitivity of this hypothalamic pituitary axis.