cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of fatigue microcracks on rapid catastrophic failure in AlSiC composites

The fatigue resistance of discontinuous reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites is greatly influenced by the rapid nucleation and growth of a very large number of microcracks. These microcracks, which result from an abundance of potential crack initiation sites, are often retarded in growth by the presence of reinforcement through crack trapping. With continued fatigue, microcracking becomes so extensive that it induces widespread coalescence leading to increasingly larger microcracks. Inevitably, some of these large microcracks link together to form the fatal crack and instability takes place very shortly afterwards at unusually small critical crack sizes. The present study examines the form of catastrophic failure in smooth specimens of a 2124 aluminum alloy reinforced with silicon carbide whiskers. Experimental observations of microcrack initiation and stage-by-stage growth through to final failure are reported. Effort is directed at characterizing the distribution and orientation of microcracks present, particularly when linkage(s) result in the formation of the fatal crack, and developing a geometric probability method for predicting coalescence. Results show that microcracks initiate and grow preferentially in arrays which maximize the energy release rate. Near the end of life, the interaction of some microcracks brings about large increases in their stress intensity factor leading to coalescence and fatal crack formation.
Laparoscopic radical cystectomy.

Objective Laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative to open radical cystectomy (ORC). This review focuses on patient selection criteria, technical aspects and postoperative outcomes of LRC.
Soil and Plant Minerals Associated with Rice Straighthead Disorder Induced by Arsenic

Application of As as monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) to soil has become the common practice for rice (Oryza Sativa L.) straighthead evaluation, a physiological disorder. So far, no study has reported on soil mineral availability and plant mineral uptake as aff ected by MSMA. Understanding how MSMA infl uences the availability and uptake should help reveal the causal factors of straighthead. Six cultivars rated as resistant (3), susceptible (2), and moderately susceptible (1) to straighthead were studied in soils receiving 0 and 6.7 kg MSMA ha −1 in 2004 and 2005. Soil, fl ag leaves, and heading panicles were sampled and analyzed. Straighthead induced by MSMA was so severe that the susceptible cultivars yielded no grain, which validated the study. MSMA incorporation decreased soil pH, P, Mg, and Ca, increased As, S, and Mn, but had no infl uence on soil EC, Na, K, Zn, Cu, Fe, and organic matter. Decreased soil pH resulting from the MSMA was associated with less Ca, Mg, and P but more S, Mn, and As in the soil. MSMA increased As, Cu, Mn, Fe, S, and K but decreased B contents in the fl ag leaves, and increased As, Mn, S, K, and P but decreased Zn and Ca contents in the panicles. Straighthead reduced grain yield and was associated with decreased Ca, Mn, and S, but not with As in fl ag leaves. Comparisons between reported naturally occurring straighthead and the artifi cially induced one from this study indicate plant and soil nutrients may behave diff erently when MSMA is applied.
How Prepared Are Alternatively Licensed Special Educators? An Investigation of University, Local Education Agency, and Traditional Preparation

The purpose of this study was to examine the reported preparedness of special educators participating in an alternative licensure program at a large university in the southeast while teaching in local area schools. Responses from 76 participants indicated relatively higher (M= 3.54 on a 1-4 scale) levels of preparedness by the university compared to somewhat lower levels of preparedness by their local education agencies (M = 3.12) and as compared to peers participating in the university’s traditional preparation program (M = 3.08). A t test indicated participants rated their overall experience at the university significantly higher than they rated their overall experience in their respective local education agencies. The majority of participants (79%) indicated they planned to stay in the field until retirement. Neither level of preparedness or time of year participants were hired correlated significantly with length of time participants indicated they intended to stay in the field. Results underscore the importance of quality ongoing mentoring programs in the schools and highlight the importance of the role of the university in alternative licensure programs.
An elastic phase field model for thermal oxidation of metals: Application to zirconia

Abstract A multi-phase field model was developed for non-selective oxidation of metals which captures both the oxidation kinetics and stress generation. Phase field formulation involved a non-conserved phase field variable as the marker for the metallic substrate, oxide scale, and a fluid phase containing oxygen, and a conserved phase field variable representing the concentration of oxygen. The evolution equations of the phase field variables were coupled to the mechanical equilibrium equations to investigate the evolution of stress generation in both the oxide scale and the underlying metal. The governing equations were solved in a finite element framework. This phase field model predicts the oxygen composition depth and stress profiles in the oxide layer and at the metal–oxide interface. The model was proven successful in predicting the observed evolution of oxide thickness and growth stresses for Zircaloy-4 oxidized at 900 °C. The results of phase field simulations showed that the generation of stresses upon oxidation tends to slow down the oxidation kinetics, and this substantially improved the model predictability of experimental data.
Spatial frequency columns in primary visual cortex

Using the activity-dependent 2-[14C]deoxy-D-glucose technique, we have demonstrated a columnar organization of spatial frequency--specific sensitivity in striate cortex. Cats viewing patterns containing a single spatial frequency presented at all orientations show columns of increased deoxyglucose uptake extending through all cortical layers. A control stimulus containing all spatial frequencies presented at all orientations produces no columnar density differences within the striate cortex.
Stereotactic breast biopsy as an alternative to open excisional biopsy.

Background: Health care cost continues to play a dominant role in our society. Technological advances are expensive, with the possible exception of stereotactic breast biopsy. We must learn other alternatives that give the same diagnostic accuracy at lower cost. The intention of this study was to find other acceptable alternatives to open excisional breast biopsies.
Fractionation of the Cardiac Output of Rats with Isotopic Potassium

A single injection of K42 given intravenously is initially distributed among the organs in proportion to the blood flow through them. By determining the organ content of K42 after such an injection the cardiac output may be fractionated. The conditions and limitations of the method are discussed and values are given for the fractional distribution of the cardiac output in the rat.
Structural proteins of bovine coronavirus strain L9: effects of the host cell and trypsin treatment

The polypeptide profile of the cell-adapted strain of bovine coronavirus (Mebus BCV-L9) is remarkably affected by the host cell and trypsin. We compared the structural proteins of virus purified from different cell lines and found cell-dependent differences in the virus structure. BCV was purified from four clones of human rectal tumour cells (HRT-18): 3 F3, D 2, 3 E 3, and 4 B 3. The structural profiles of BCV propagated in clones 3 E 3 and 3 F 3 were identical, consisting of proteins with molecular weights of 185, 160, 140, 125, 110, 100, 52, 46, 37, 31–34, and 26–28 kilodaltons (kd). BCV purified from clone D2 lacked the 100 kd species, and clone 4 B 3 yielded virus lacking the 46 kd protein. We compared the structures of BCV propagated in HRT-18 cells [BCV(HRT-18)] and virus raised in bovine fetal spleen cells [BCV(D 2 BFS)]. The concentration of the 185 kd protein was higher in BCV (D 2BFS), and it also contained a 200 kd species. Protein profiles of in vitro trypsin treated and untreated BCV(HRT-18) differed only under reducing conditions, suggesting that trypsin cleavage sites are located within disulfide-linked regions of affected proteins. Propagation of BCV in D 2 BFS cells in the presence of trypsin resulted in cleavage of the 185 kd protein and a concommitant increase of the 100 kd protein. Activation of the fusion function probably depends on this cleavage process because fusion of BCV-infected D 2 BFS cells is trypsin dependent.
Synthesis of [35S]Thiophosphoryl Adenylic Acid, Utilizing a General Procedure for [35S]Thiophosphoryl Chloride Production

Abstract Elemental [35S]sulfur was shown to equilibrate with the sulfur of thiophosphoryl chloride when these materials are heated together. This isotopic exchange reaction is the basis of a convenient, microscale synthesis of high specific activity [35S]PSCl3. [35S]Thiophosphoryl chloride is otherwise not commercially available except through custom synthesis. The labeled thiophosphoryl chloride was used in a novel procedure for the preparation of [35S]adenosine 5′-phosphorothioate. This isotopic exchange method should find wide application in the synthesis of many radiolabeled thiophosphoryl esters which utilize PSCl3 as the source of the thiophosphoryl group.
A test of how well the repeatability of courtship predicts its heritability

Abstract We compared repeatability and heritability estimates for courtship traits in the houseflyMusca domesticaL., to test the expectation that the repeatability of a behaviour is an upper-bound estimate of its heritability. The repeatabilities across and within mating partners for two courtship traits, male wing buzzing (Buzz) and female wing extension (Wing-out), were compared to heritabilities calculated from the divergence among subpopulations due to founder-flush events or artificial selection. The male's Buzz showed highly significant repeatabilities within and across female partners, but the values ranged widely (0.3–0.5). The intensity of Buzz decreased significantly with successive courtship attempts to the same female, apparently as a male strategy to optimize his efforts to gain copulation by modulating behaviour for specific females. Repeatabilities for female Wing-out within and across male partners were not significant, but this trait yielded significant heritabilities in two assessments (based on successful courtships). We attribute this contradiction to biased sampling because only the subset of reluctant females met the necessary restriction to refuse copulation throughout four successive courtships. These results demonstrate that repeatabilities are labile within individuals and may actually underestimate heritabilities when there is a genetic predisposition not to repeat performance. We concur with related studies that repeatabilities can identify evolutionary potential, but we advise caution in interpreting low values or comparing their absolute values.
"You Don't Want to Burden Them": Older Adults' Views on Family Involvement in Care

Burden emerged as an important concept among older adults in a study of how older adults interact with their families around care. The authors conducted 50 semistructured interviews with adults older than the age of 65 years and a spouse or adult child. The sample was stratified by ethnicity thus giving the opportunity to explore both ethnic similarities and differences. Older adults who expressed the concept of burden were more likely to be White compared with older adults who did not express burden. Older respondents discussed burden in relation to not wanting to complicate the busy lives of adult children, guilt about health problems, and concern that children were overly worried about the care of their older family member. The expression and meaning of burden differed according to ethnicity. This study has implications for practice and policies to meet the needs of families and promote the independence of older persons.
Mitomycin C: a review

Summary Preclinical 1. Mitomycin C is an alkylating agent requiring reduction of the quinone to be active. 2. The aziridine ring is essential for the antitumor activity of mitomycin C. 3. The degree of DNA cross-linking and tumor inhibition is proportional to the guanine and cytosine content of the DNA. 4. Mitomycin C has no significant direct effects on RNA. 5. Early G 1 and S phases are most sensitive, while G 2 is less sensitive to the action of mitomycin C. 6. Mitomycin C is absorbed orally, but requires 8 to 12 times the IV dose for equivalent activity. 7. Mitomycin C is well absorbed intraperitoneally and intramuscularly, but is only minimally absorbed when given by intravesicular administration. 8. Mitomycin C is rapidly cleared from serum primarily by metabolism in the liver. 9. Intermittent dosage schedules are predicted to be better on the basis of pharmacokinetic and cytopathologic studies. 10. Mitomycin C is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and tumors. 11. The major toxicity in animals and man is myelosuppression. This reaction is delayed and cumulative. 12. Glomerular damage leading to renal failure is an unusual toxicity of mitomycin C. 13. Mitomycin C is carcinogenic in several species of rodents. Clinical 1. Mitomycin C appears to be active in: a. adenocarcinoma of the stomach b. adenocarcinoma of the pancreas c. adenocarcinoma of the colon d. adenocarcinoma of the breast e. certain head and neck cancers f. chronic myelogenous leukemia. 2. Mitomycin C may be active in: a. bilary carcinomas b. squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix c. ovarian carcinomas d. carcinoma of the lung. 3. Mitomycin C is probably not active in: a. osteogenic sarcomas b. multiple myeloma. 4. Mitomycin C results in remissions of short duration. 5. Severe hematopoietic toxicities occur in a high percentage of patients treated with mitomycin C. 6. Intermittent dosage schedules are probably best. 7. Mitomycin C in combination with other drugs may be of benefit in selected cancers. 8. The role of mitomycin C as a surgical or radiotherapeutic adjuvant is unclear. 9. Intravesicular instillation of mitomycin C may be of value in the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. 10. Tumors resistant to other alkylating agents are frequently sensitive to Mitomycin C.
‘X’ marks the spot: The possible benefits of nectar guides to bees and plants

Summary 1. Many floral displays are visually complex, transmitting multi-coloured patterns that are thought to direct pollinators to nectar rewards. These ‘nectar guides’ may be mutually beneficial, if they reduce pollinators’ handling time, leading to an increased visitation rate and promoting pollen transfer. Yet, many details regarding how floral patterns influence foraging efficiency are unknown, as is the potential for pollinator learning to alter this relationship. 2. We compared the responses of bumblebee (Bombus impatiens Cresson) foragers to artificial flowers that either possessed or lacked star-like patterns. By presenting each bee with two different foraging scenarios (patterned flowers rewarding ⁄ plain flowers unrewarding, plain flowers rewarding ⁄ patterned flowers unrewarding) on different days, we were able to assess both short- and long-term effects of patterns on bee foraging behaviour. 3. Bees discovered rewards more quickly on patterned flowers and were less likely to miss the reward, regardless of whether corollas were circular or had petals. Nectar guides’ effect on nectar discovery was immediate (innate) and persisted even after experience, although nectar discovery itself also had a learned component. We also found that bees departed patterned flowers sooner after feeding. Finally, when conditions changed such that flowers no longer provided a reward, bees visited the now-unrewarding flowers more persistently when they were patterned. 4. On the time-scale of a single foraging bout, our results provide some of the first data on how pollinators learn to forage efficiently using this common floral trait. Our bees’ persistent response to patterned flowers even after rewards ceased suggests that, rather than being consistently mutually beneficial to plant and pollinator, nectar guide patterns can at times promote pollen transfer for the plant at the expense of a bee’s foraging success.
Proton and phosphorus nmr investigation of the conformational states of acid polyadenylic double helix

Proton and phosphorus nmr have been used to investigate the double-helical structures of polyriboadenylic acid [poly(A)] formed in acidic solutions (pH < 6). The results obtained at low pH (∼4.5) are consistent with the model for the acid poly(A) double helix proposed by Rich [Rich, A., Davies, D. R., Crick, F. H. C. & Watson, J. D. (1961) J. Mol. Biol.3, 71–86]. Other models that have been proposed are inconsistent with the nmr data. The nmr measurements have also been used to examine the conformation of poly(A) helix in the half-protonated state. Although the base-stacking arrangement of this state is similar to that observed in the more extensively protonated low-pH state, the phosphate backbone conformation is different from that found in either the neutral or low-pH structures.
Calcium absorption in the rat in relation to excessive vitamin D and cortisone.

SummaryCalcium absorption studied in vivo was not increased by excessive Vit. D, nor decreased (actually increased) by concomitant cortisone or corticosterone administration. Active calcium transport studied in vitro was confined to the proximal small intestine, which was increased by excessive Vit. D and decreased by concomitant cortisone or corticosterone. Therefore, with the drugs, dosages, and time relationships used in this study, the in vitro intestinal sac technic is not considered a valid index of net calcium absorption in the intact animal.
HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY OF CHARA (CHAROPHYTA): AN APPRAISAL OF THE BRAUN‐WOOD CLASSIFICATION PLUS A FALSIFIABLE ALTERNATIVE FOR FUTURE CONSIDERATION1

To that classification of the genus Chara, first advanced by Braun in 1847 with subsequent reiteration by the same author in 1867 and 1882 and by Wood in 1962 and 1965, an alternative is here proposed. Contended strengths of the present model include: i) a more accurate reflection of the phylogeny of the genus; ii) conformity with current distribution of dioecious taxa assumed consistently ancestral to their monoecious, morphological counterparts; iii) assumption of allopatric speciation primarily as a result of tectonic movement; and, iv) a foundation of underlying conjecture nearly all of which is potentially falsifiable in the Popperian sense as well as predictive with respect to a wide array of features. Deemphasized or rejected are previous assumptions that; i) stipulode, and to a lesser extent cortical, development reflect major evolutionary trends; ii) endemism is rare in the Charophyta; iii) dioecism and monoecism can be accommodated infraspecifically; iv) evolutionarily significant transitions between the preceding occur in both directions; v) hybridization contributed significantly to the phylogeny of the Charophyta; vi) section Grovesia is monophyletic in origin; and, vii) the Chara flora of Australasia arrived via India. The evidence upon which this classification rests is considered primarily with respect to the genus Chara, although the model appears equally applicable to the genus Nitella.
SEGREGATION ANALYSES AND GENE-CENTROMERE DISTANCES IN ZEBRAFISH

The gol-1, gol-2, alb-1 and spa-1 mutations affect pigment pattern in the zebrafish. We show here that these loci are unlinked to each other. In addition, gene-centromere distances were determined for these loci by analysis of half-tetrads obtained by the inhibition of the second meiotic division. The fractions of tetratype (second-division segregation) tetrads range from 0.24 (spa-1) to 0.89 (gol-1). The observation of greater than 0.67 second-division segregation indicates that the zebrafish has high chiasma interference.
Direct Quadratic Minimization Using Magnetic Field-Based Computing

We explore an unconventional front in computing,which we call magnetic field-based computing (MFC), that harnesses the energy minimization aspects of a collection of nanomagnets to solve directly quadratic energy minimization problems, such as those arising in computationaolly intensive computer vision tasks. The Hamiltonian of a collection of bipolar nanomagnets is governed by the pairwise dipolar interactions.The ground state of a nanomagnet collection minimizes this Hamiltonian. We have devised a computational method, based on multi-dimensional scaling, to decide upon the spatial arrangement of nanomagnets that matches a particular quadratic minimization problem. Each variable is represented by a nanomagnet and the distances between them are such that the dipolar interactions match the corresponding pairwise energy term in the original optimization problem. We select the nanomagnets that participate in a specific computation from a field of regularly placed nanomagnets. The nanomagnets that do not participate are deselected using transverse magnetic fields. We demonstrate these ideas by solving Landau-Lifshitz equations as implemented in the NISTpsilas micro-magnetic OOMMF software.
Self Organizing Maps with Information Theoretic Learning

Abstract The self-organizing map (SOM) is one of the popular clustering and data visualization algorithms and has evolved as a useful tool in pattern recognition, data mining since it was first introduced by Kohonen. However, it is observed that the magnification factor for such mappings deviates from the information-theoretically optimal value of 1 (for the SOM it is 2/3). This can be attributed to the use of the mean square error to adapt the system, which distorts the mapping by oversampling the low probability regions. In this work, we first discuss the kernel SOM in terms of a similarity measure called correntropy induced metric (CIM) and empirically show that this can enhance the magnification of the mapping without much increase in the computational complexity of the algorithm. We also show that adapting the SOM in the CIM sense is equivalent to reducing the localized cross information potential, an information-theoretic function that quantifies the similarity between two probability distributions. Using this property we propose a kernel bandwidth adaptation algorithm for Gaussian kernels, with both homoscedastic and heteroscedastic components. We show that the proposed model can achieve a mapping with optimal magnification and can automatically adapt the parameters of the kernel function.
Expression profiling of the schizont and trophozoite stages of Plasmodium falciparum with a long-oligonucleotide microarray

Background The worldwide persistence of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, the most lethal variety of human malaria, is a global health concern. The P. falciparum sequencing project has brought new opportunities for identifying molecular targets for antimalarial drug and vaccine development.
The Influence of Participation, Gender and Organizational Sense of Community on Psychological Empowerment: The Moderating Effects of Income

This study explored the influence of participation, gender and organizational sense of community (SOC) on both the intrapersonal and interactional components of psychological empowerment (PE). Participants were residents (n = 562) involved in community organizing efforts in five U.S. communities. Measures of participation and SOC were tailored to community organization contexts. SOC assessed three dimensions: (1) connection of members to the organization; (2) perceptions about the organization as a bridge to other groups and organizations in the broader community; and (3) bond or attachment to the community at large. Income (low, middle and high-income) was tested as a moderator of these relationships. Results showed significant moderating effects of income on the relationship between participation, gender and SOC on both components of PE. Participation was positively related with intrapersonal empowerment across income levels, but positively related with interactional empowerment only for low-income individuals. Gender was only associated with intrapersonal empowerment, and only for low-income individuals. SOC, as expressed through bridging to the broader community, was positively related with interactional PE for all income levels, but with intrapersonal PE for only low and middle-income individuals. In contrast, member connection to the organization was not related to interactional empowerment and significantly related to intrapersonal empowerment only for individuals with higher income. The importance of participation, gender and SOC for different types of empowerment and the impact of income on the SOC-empowerment relationship are discussed.
Job Satisfaction and Promotions: Job Satisfaction and Promotions

This paper estimates the impact of promotions and promotion expectations on job satisfaction using the 1996–2006 waves of the NLSY79 dataset. Having received a promotion in the past 2 years leads to increased job satisfaction, even while controlling for the worker’s current wage, wage rank within her peer group, and wage growth. Workers who believe a promotion is possible in the next 2 years also report higher job satisfaction. Additionally, past promotions have a lingering, but fading impact on job satisfaction.
The structure-mapping engine: algorithm and examples

Thispaperdescribes thestructure-mapping engine(SME), a program for studying . analogical processing .SME has been built to explore Gentner's structure-mapping theory of analogy, and provides a "tool kit" for constructing matching algorithms consistent with this theory . Its flexibility enhances cognitive simulation studies by simplifying experimentation . Furthermore, SME is very efficient, making it a useful component in machine learning systems as well . We review the structure-mapping theory and describe the design of the engine . We analyze the complexity of the algorithm, and demonstrate that
The role of complex genomic alterations in neuroblastoma risk estimation

Specific genomic alterations, such as loss of the chromosomal region 11q or amplification of the oncogene MYCN, are well established markers of poor outcome in neuroblastoma. The advent of microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) has enabled the analysis of pangenomic alteration profiles in the cancer genome, offering the possibility of identifying new prognostic markers from complex aberration patterns. Results from recent studies examining large primary neuroblastoma cohorts by array-CGH show that global genomic profiles may add significant prognostic information. Here, we discuss potential implications for risk estimation of neuroblastoma patients in clinical practice as well as for the understanding of neuroblastoma pathogenesis.
Simulation of memory chip line using an electronics manufacturing simulator

This paper presents an overview of a simulation environment used for rapid modeling of electronics manufacturing lines. This environment, the Electronics Manufacturing Simulator (EMS), consists of a line definer and a static analyzer. Included in this paper are a description of the EMS, an application of the EMS, and a discussion of results of the application.
State of the Art in Research on Equity in Health

This essay provided the introduction to a workshop in Bellagio, Italy, on the subject of translating research into policy for equity in health. The essay first defines equity in a way that facilitates its assessment and monitoring and then sum - marizes evidence from existing research. Directions for developing policy strategies follow from these principles. The role of health services in influencing the distribution of health in populations is discussed in the special context of primary-care-oriented health systems that are, at the same time, more effective, more efficient, and more equity producing than is the case for specialist-dominated health systems. History of the Concept of Equity in Health The beginning of interest in equity in health is difficult to pinpoint. Cer - tainly, the issue of social disparities in health has a long history, dating back in modern history at least to the writings of Frederick Engels, who, in 1845 in The Condition of the Working Class in England, asked, "How is it possible . . . for the lower class to be healthy and long-lived? What else can be expected than an excessive mortality, an unbroken series of epidemics, a progressive deterioration in the physique of the working population?" (128). Impetus to the policy relevance of social determinants of health was provided by the Black report. This report, titled Inequalities in Health,
Sodium and potassium regulate endothelial phospholipase C-γ and Bmx.

The amount of Na+ and K+ in the diet promotes significant changes in endothelial cell function. In the present study, a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments determined the role of Na+ and K+ in the regulation of two pleckstrin homology domain-containing intracellular signaling molecules, phospholipase C (PLC)-γ1 and epithelial and endothelial tyrosine kinase/bone marrow tyrosine kinase on chromosome X (Bmx), and agonist-generated Ca2+ signaling in the endothelium. Extracellular K+ concentration regulated the levels of activated PLC-γ1, Bmx, and carbachol-stimulated intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in human endothelial cells. Additional experiments confirmed that high-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediated these effects. The content of Na+ and K+ in the diet also regulated Bmx levels in endothelial cells and activated PLC-γ1 levels in rats in vivo. The effects of dietary K+ on Bmx were more pronounced in rats fed a high-salt diet compared with rats fed a low-salt diet. These experiments elucidated an endothelial cell signaling mechanism regulated by electrolytes, further demonstrating an integral relationship between endothelial cell function and dietary Na+ and K+ content.
Adherence levels to an aerobic exercise training intervention in African Americans have no adverse impact on favorable endothelial adaptations

Adherence levels to an aerobic exercise training intervention in African Americans have no adverse impact on favorable endothelial adaptations Dianne M. Babbitt, Amanda M. Perkins, Keith M. Diaz, Deborah L. Feairheller, Kathleen M. Sturgeon, Praveen Veerabhadrappa, Sheara T. Williamson, Jan Kretzschmar, Chenyi Ling, Hojun Lee, Heather Grimm, Michael D. Brown. Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, United States; Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Shippensburg University, Shippensburg, PA, United States; Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Ursinus College, Collegeville, PA, United States
Lackwit: a program understanding tool based on type inference

By determining, statically, where the structure of a program requires sets of variables to share a common representation, we can identify abstract data types, detect abstraction violations, find unused variables, functions, and fields of data structures, detect simple errors in operations on abstract datatypes, and locate sites of possible references to a value. We compute representation sharing with type inference, using types to encode representations. The method is efficient, fully automatic, and smoothly integrates pointer aliasing and higher-order functions. We show how we used a prototype tool to answer a user’s questions about a 17,000 line program written in C.
Do Hedge Funds Arbitrage Market Anomalies

We investigate whether hedge funds arbitrage market anomalies. We examine a seven-factor model including traditional Fama and French (1993) and Carhart (1997) factors and factors associated with the anomalies of earnings momentum, equity financing, and asset growth rates. We find the average hedge fund employs a strategy consistent with the asset growth rate anomaly factor and opposite to the equity financing factor. On a strategy specific basis, we find that many sectors of hedge funds successfully arbitrage the asset growth anomaly and a few successfully arbitrage the earnings momentum anomaly. We fail to find successful use of the equity financing anomaly. Seven-factor model alphas tend to be positive and significant, indicating funds generate substantial returns unrelated to the seven factors.
Optimal Design of RC Frames Using Nonlinear Inelastic Analysis

Recent earthquakes, especially those in Chile (2010) and Christchurch (2011), have demonstrated the unexpected performance of buildings designed according modern seismic design codes. These incidents strengthen the cause for moving towards performance-based design codes rather than serviceability and strength design. This chapter deals with optimal design of RC frames, a widely used structural type around the world, considering both the initial cost and structural performance as problem objectives. Initial cost comprises the total cost of materials and workmanship for structural components, while structural performance is measured by a two-level approach. First, each design is checked for acceptability according to existing codes, and next performance is quantified in terms of maximum interstory drift obtained from nonlinear inelastic dynamic analysis. This multi-objective, multi-level approach allows one to investigate the implications of the selection of design parameters on the seismic performance while minimizing the initial cost and satisfying the design criteria. The results suggest that structural performance varies significantly within the acceptable limits of design codes and lower initial cost could be achieved for similar structural performance.
Neurologists as primary palliative care providers Communication and practice approaches

Abstract Purpose of review: To present current knowledge and recommendations regarding communication tasks and practice approaches for neurologists as they practice primary palliative care, including discussing serious news, managing symptoms, aligning treatment with patient preferences, introducing hospice/terminal care, and using the multiprofessional approach. Recent findings: Neurologists receive little formal palliative care training yet often need to discuss prognosis in serious illness, manage intractable symptoms in chronic progressive disease, and alleviate suffering for patients and their families. Because patients with neurologic disorders often have major cognitive impairment, physical impairment, or both, with an uncertain prognosis, their palliative care needs are particularly challenging and they remain largely uncharacterized and often unmanaged. Summary: We provide an overview of neuropalliative care as a fundamental skill set for all neurologists.
Mathematical Formulations Used in Solid-State NMR for Structural Biology

Abstract: Recent advances in the field of structural biology, with relatively new biophysical techniques such as solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance that holds promise for determining the structures of peptides and proteins located within the cell membrane, facilitate the collection of data on the atomic structures of the biological molecules. Classical methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and liquid-state NMR spectroscopy suffer from difficulties in crystallizing functional proteins in membrane environments (XRD) or too slow molecular motion for averaging of anisotropic nuclear spin interactions (liquid-state NMR) [1]. These problems have motivated the search for alternative methods such as solid-state NMR (SS-NMR). In the solid state NMR, the nuclear spin interactions are typically governed by anisotropic (orientation dependent) components in addition to the isotropic (orientation independent) components known from liquid-state NMR [2-4]. The method (SS-NMR) elucidates molecular structure and dynamics in systems not amenable to characterization by any other way. The importance of the technique stands in its ability to determine accurately intermolecular distances and molecular torsion angles. The technique has been used in systems including both microscopically ordered preparations such as membrane proteins, nanocrystalline proteins, amyloid fibrils, and also disordered or amorphous systems such as glasses. This chapter presents a view of algorithm formulation of structural biology with the mathematical foundation of the determination of protein structure from orientation constraints which highlight the solid-state NMR used as probe for the determination of peptide and protein structures. We also review the continuity conditions and torsion angles from solid-state NMR orientational restraints. Tools such as vector algebra, Gram matrices, and determinants, are used.
Configuring electronic health records to meet the needs of neurologists A case study

Electronic health records (EHRs) are essential to achieve the triple aim of health care: improve population health, lower per capita cost of health care, and increase patient satisfaction.1 A landmark study showed that practices that used EHRs had better outcomes for patients with diabetes than practices that used paper charts.2 A systematic review showed that computerized provider order entry reduced medication errors by 50%.3 The OpenNotes initiative, which allows patients to access the EHRs through a Web portal, is associated with higher satisfaction among patients.4
The Cross cult, King Oswald, and Elizabethan historiography

In Thomas Stapleton’s The History of the Church of Englande (1565), the first modern English translation of Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, the cross cult is promoted as a definitive element of English religious and national identity, via the legend of the Saxon king Oswald. The version of the legend in Stapleton’s narrative, which includes textual supplements like illustrations, appears to be intended as a corrective in light of attacks upon the cross cult made in works of religious controversy by the reformists William Turner, John Jewel, and James Calfhill, but also in works of historiography such as the 1559 edition of Robert Fabyan’s Chronicle. In response to Stapleton’s expanded presentation of the Oswald legend, John Foxe reconfigures the narrative in the 1570 Acts and Monuments or Book of Martyrs, but in a bifurcated manner, perhaps to appease members of Matthew Parker’s circle of Saxon scholars. Surprisingly, in Book Three of The Faerie Queene (1590), Edmund Spenser carries on Stapleton’s iconodule understanding of Oswald’s cross in contrast to his reformist Protestant precursors. 1
Prognostic Factors in Myoepithelial Carcinoma of the Major Salivary Glands.

Objectives(1) Identify all cases of myoepithelial carcinoma of the major salivary glands from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB). (2) Analyze the effect of grade, stage, and regional nodal metastasis on survival in myoepithelial carcinoma of the major salivary glands.Study DesignRetrospective review of NCDB.SettingMulticenter data pooled from 1998 to 2012 in the NCDB.MethodsWe identified all reported cases of myoepithelial carcinomas of the major salivary glands from the United States from 1998 to 2012 in the NCDB. Clinical parameters were then examined and analyzed for predictors of survival.ResultsA total of 473 cases of myoepithelial carcinoma were identified. Of the reported cases, 38.1% were low grade; 26.7%, intermediate grade; and 35.2%, high grade. When presenting stage was examined, 24.4% were stage I; 30.6%, stage II; 22.5%, stage III; 12.2%, stage IVa; 3.0%, stage IVb; and 4.1%, stage IVc. At presentation, 18.7% of patients had regional nodal disease, and 4.5% had distant metastases. The 3- a...
Historical Origins of the Adoption of the EXXON Name and Trademark

The adoption in 1972 of a new name by a major American oil company had deep historical roots reaching back to the 1911 Supreme Court decision in the Standard Oil antitrust case and to subsequent marketing conflicts between the Standard companies.
Ovicidal activity of aliphatic amines and petroleum oil against two species of mosquitoes.

Most of the homologous series of primary lymphatic amines (long alkyl chains) proved highly effective against eggs of Anopheles albimanus Wireman, but only one of these (solely Maine) proved effective against eggs of the southern house mosquito, Culex pippins quinquefasciatus Say. A beta Maine (beta penta decane amine) also proved effective at 10 ppm concentration against the former species but not against the latter. Species specificity may be attributed to the variations in chorion and micropylar structures and their functioning in the 2 species. Age of eggs as well as duration of treatment period influenced level of susceptibility of eggs to oleyl amine and Neopynamin® (2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropenyl)cyclopro-panecarboxylic acid ester with N -(hydroxymethyl)-1-cyclo-hexene-1,2-dicarboximide). The younger eggs (1-8 hours old) were more susceptible than older eggs. Longer treatment period (48 hours) produced higher kill of the eggs than a shorter treatment period (24 hours). Exposure periods of shorter than 24 hours produced no marked effects. A kerosene-type petroleum oil (Toxisol J. A. (Jet Aviation grade)) killed eggs of C. p. quinquefasciatus at concentrations of 25 ppm or higher. At these higher concentrations the surface tension of water and/or eggs was lowered to such an extent that the egg rafts sank and mortality in these eggs was high. Mechanical sinking of egg rafts caused similar high mortality of eggs. Embryonic development in eggs treated with effective concentrations was generally retarded. Most of the embryos treated showed no differentiation or were found at the earlier stages of differentiation. However, some embryos in the treated eggs reached full maturity but were not able to emerge.
STUDY ON MECHANISM OF ENTRAPMENT IN SLAB CONTINUOUS CASTING MOULD WITH HIGH CASTING SPEED AND ARGON BLOWING

A physical model was established to study the mechanism of molten slag behavior in slab continuous casting mould with high casting speed and argon blowing,and the effects of operation parameters on the liquid surface level oscillation and the slag entrapment were investigated.The results showed that the slag entrapment was mainly caused by the turbulent large bubbles at the interface of slag and molten steel in mould with high casting speed and gas bubbling,and the vortex at the surface also was a way to cause the entrapment,but no entrapment occurred due to high shear stress that was considered the main reason previously.In addition,the behavior and mechanism of typical slag entrapment were discussed,and some measures to eliminate slag entrapment were also presented.
The unrecognized co-educator in academic service-learning: Community partners’ perspectives on college students serving diverse client populations

Universities strive to teach about diversity through their curriculum and classroom discussions; however, students may rarely encounter diverse populations on the college campus. Thus, faculty members have turned to academic service-learning to expose students to diverse client populations. Scholarship on academic service-learning has focused primarily on faculty and student perspectives, rarely accounting for the crucial role of community partners as co-educators in this endeavor. The present study investigates community partners’ perspectives on how academic service-learning impacts students whose backgrounds differ from those of their organization’s clients. The study highlights two main themes that community partners view as central to their role as co-educators in diversity education: college students’ initial responses to diverse clients, and the process through which community partners help college students understand different ways of life. Eliciting community partners’ perspectives will help university administrators, college students, and faculty understand the significant role community partners and clients can play in advancing diversity education.
Challenges in Measuring and Studying Multipartnered Fertility in American Survey Data

Multipartnered fertility (“MPF”) has become a major topic of interest in the United States due to potential negative linkages with parental, child, and family wellbeing. A first step in studying any newly emerging (or newly identified) social phenomenon is to properly define the issue and identify its prevalence. However, this is problematic in the case of MPF because most existing sources of data were not originally designed to study MPF. We examine the major data sources used to produce estimates of MPF in the United States, discussing the methodological issues that produce conflicting prevalence estimates and providing guidelines for producing comparable estimates. We also discuss important considerations for research seeking to link MPF and outcomes. Our recommendations will help researchers situate their findings in the broader literature and spur future research.
Insulin in the Central Nervous System: A Regulator of Appetite and Body Weight

Although numerous potentially physiologic actions of insulin in the central nervous system (CNS) have been identified at the cellular level, the consequences of these actions at the level of the organism have not been defined. In this chapter we advance the hypothesis that insulin may act as a regulator of body weight. In 1979, Woods and Porte suggested that insulin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may act as an indicator of body adiposity and provide a negative feedback signal to regulate body weight on a long term basis.1,2 This hypothesis was based upon three lines of experimental evidence: First, basal plasma insulin levels are correlated with body adiposity. Second, CSF insulin levels represent a slow integral over time of plasma levels, with rapid fluctuations in plasma insulin levels being damped. Third, direct infusion of insulin into the CSF and into certain brain sites can result in a decrease of food intake and body weight. These three lines of evidence will be reviewed. Additionally, this chapter will provide some discussion of the possible regulation involved in generating and sensing this signal, as well as possible defects in the brain insulin system in a genetically obese rat model. Readers who wish specific discussion of issues surrounding the brain insulin system are referred to the chapters in this text by LeRoith, Heidenreich, and Raizada, and to a recent review.3
A denitrogenation-selective hydrotreating catalyst

Development of a catalyst which gives an unusual combination of high HDN and low HDS activity. The catalysts are unsupported, low surface area, iron-promoted Mo and W sulfides. The layout of the paper consists of catalyst preparation and characterization, followed by activity/selectivity tests