cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paradigms of Tissue Engineering with Applications to Cartilage Regeneration

Tissue engineering has been widely explored as an option for regeneration of various musculoskeletal tissues. This chapter examines the tissue engineering paradigm, or approach, with a focus on its application to cartilage tissue engineering. Since understanding the tissue engineering approach will require an understanding of cartilage physiology, a brief review of cartilage structure and function is provided. A discussion of current studies of the four parameters of the paradigm, namely scaffolds, cell sources, bioactive agents and bioreactors is presented, along with the latest technologies that incorporate manipulation of several parameters in a single approach.
Creating Enterprise Flexibility Through Service-Oriented Architecture

Today’s fast-paced and competitive business environment requires a shift from a disintegrated and closed enterprise structure to a more dynamic and flexible enterprise structure. Enterprise flexibility is the ability of an enterprise to adapt to changing business and stakeholder requirements more efficiently, easily, and rapidly. This chapter proposes a model to create enterprise flexibility using service-oriented architecture approach. This model is based on two key enablers of enterprise flexibility. First enabler is the capability of an enterprise to connect people, processes, and information in a way that allows enterprise to become more flexible and responsive to the dynamics of its environment, stakeholders, and competitors. This requires integration within the enterprise and across the partners, suppliers, and customers of the enterprise. Second enabler is alignment of information technology and business goals. This requires simplification of the underlying technology infrastructure and creation of a consolidated view of, and access to, all available resources in the enterprise. This can be achieved with well-defined enterprise architecture. Based on these two key enablers, we outline our theoretical model explaining the relationship between the attributes of service-oriented architecture and enterprise flexibility as a function of agility, efficiency, and adaptability. This chapter further discusses the possible expansion of this theoretical model to develop an enterprise architecture framework based on service-oriented architecture at the enterprise level.
Solid-Fluid Coupling

Solid-fluid interaction problems are still rather difficult for modern computational methods. In general, there are three classical approaches to such problems: One can treat both the solid and the fluid with Eulerian numerical methods, the fluid with an Eulerian numerical method and the solid with a Lagrangian numerical method, or both the solid and the fluid with Lagrangian numerical methods.
Concrete Column Confinement with Mechanism-Based Composite Bistable Structures

The application of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in civil engineering has advanced drastically in recent years, especially in the area of retrofitting concrete bridge columns. However, composite’s non-ductile (brittle) behavior is one of the concerns that have yet to be fully addressed. The objective of this research is to investigate a mechanism-based bistable composite structure as the wrapping system to improve the confinement in concrete columns. It consists of energy-absorbing “links”, main link and waiting link with the former being the primary load carrier and the latter as the secondary after the main link fails. A series of testing on cylindrical concrete members wrapped with the bistable structure made of hybrid carbon and glass FRP were conducted to investigate the effect of link geometry on the behavior. The results showed that a controlled failure was achieved in the structure and the ductility and energy absorption were enhanced. The effectiveness of the confinement was found to be affected by the number of links and the energy absorption relied on the size of the links.
'It's just an excuse to slut around': gay and bisexual mens' constructions of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as a social problem.

Since the 2012 FDA approval of HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) as a method to prevent HIV, its uptake among gay and bisexual men has been met with conflict. Drawing on discussions of PrEP from focus groups with gay and bisexual men in New York City (N = 5 groups, n = 32 participants), we sought to make meaning of the moral debate surrounding the implementation of biomedical HIV prevention medications. Grounded in the constructionist perspective on social problems, this case study focuses on the competing claims making activities gay and bisexual men engage in when framing PrEP and PrEP users. As HIV prevention is a communicative endeavour, analysing the micro level social problems work on PrEP provides key insight into the subcultural norms and values that shape sexual health practices and beliefs within gay and bisexual communities.
Evolution of STEC virulence: Insights from the antipredator activities of Shiga toxin producing E. coli

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a diverse group of strains that are implicated in over 270,000 cases of human illness annually in the United States alone. Shiga toxin (Stx), encoded by a resident temperate lambdoid bacteriophage, is the main STEC virulence factor. Although the population structure of E. coli O157:H7, the most common disease-causing STEC strain, is highly homogenous, the range of clinical illness caused by this strain varies by dramatically outbreak, suggesting that human virulence is evolving. However, the factors governing this variation in disease severity are poorly understood. STEC evolved from an O55:H7-like progenitor into a human pathogen. In addition to causing human disease, Stx released from STEC kill bacterivorous protist predators and enhance bacterial survival in the face of protist predation. Cattle are the primary reservoir for STEC and protists and bacteria occur together within the ruminant intestinal tract. Cattle associated STEC are not highly pathogenic to humans. These observations suggest that disease causing STEC strains evolved from cattle-associated "antipredator" STEC strains. To test this idea and to gain insight into the features that govern the evolution of STEC from a commensal strain of ruminants strain to virulent human pathogen, we compared the predation resistance of STEC strains isolated from asymptomatic infected cows and human patients. We find that STEC O157:H7 progenitor lineages and clades are more effective than human associated ones at killing the types of protist predators. In addition, our results indicate that the presence of Stx2c-containing bacteriophage is associated with more efficient amoeba killing. Also, these phage apparently also encode Q21-like version of the Q antitermination protein, the protein that controls expression of Stx.
Maedi-visna (ovine progressive pneumonia) management strategies.

Maedi-visna (ovine progressive pneumonia) is a lentivirus-induced lymphoid-proliferative disease syndrome of sheep characterized by chronic progressive pneumonia, encephalopathy, swollen joints causing lameness, and indurative lymphocytic mastitis. The primary mode of transmission is via the colostrum from infected ewes and to a lesser extent by management conditions that favor close proximity of sheep to one another. Seroprevalence to range from 19-97%, according to North American and European serological surveys of sheep. Affected sheep typically show progressive weight loss, and dyspnea due to lymphocytic infiltration of the lungs. Neurological signs leading to paralysis, swollen joints causing lameness, and palpably hard, unproductive udders or "hard bag" may occur concurrently or separately in affected sheep. Once infected with the ovine lentivirus, antibodies are produced to the virus that do not confer resistance to the disease, which is ultimately fatal. Definitive diagnosis of maedi-visna can be made from the clinical signs, histopathology, and AGID and/or the ELISA tests that detect the presence of circulating antibody. The ELISA test has greater sensitivity and specificity than the AGID test. Maedi-visna is best managed by eradicating the virus. Eradication strategies include removing new born lambs at birth from their infected dams before they can suckle colostrum, and then raising them in isolation. Serological testing of all sheep over three years of age and culling infected animals and their progeny will reduce seroprevalence in the flock. Repeated annual testing is required until the herd has at least two negative herd tests.
The Witchcraft Sourcebook

The Witchcraft Sourcebook, now in its second edition, is a fascinating collection of documents that illustrates the development of ideas about witchcraft from ancient times to the eighteenth century. Many of the sources come from the period between 1400 and 1750, when more than 100,000 people - most of them women - were prosecuted for witchcraft in Europe and colonial America. During these years the prominent stereotype of the witch as an evil magician and servant of Satan emerged. Catholics and Protestants alike feared that the Devil and his human confederates were destroying Christian society. Including trial records, demonological treatises and sermons, literary texts, narratives of demonic possession, and artistic depiction of witches, the documents reveal how contemporaries from various periods have perceived alleged witches and their activities. Brian P. Levack shows how notions of witchcraft have changed over time and considers the connection between gender and witchcraft and the nature of the witch's perceived power. This second edition includes an extended section on the witch trials in England, Scotland and New England, fully revised and updated introductions to the sources to include the latest scholarship and a short bibliography at the end of each introduction to guide students in their further reading. The Sourcebook provides students of the history of witchcraft with a broad range of sources, many of which have been translated into English for the first time, with commentary and background by one of the leading scholars in the field.
Management of Chronic Migraine and Occipital Neuralgia in Post 9/11 Combat Veterans.

Introduction The rate of chronic migraine (CM) has been shown to be 20% or greater in the post 9/11 combat veteran population with a history of traumatic brain injury, while the rate is much lower at 3-5% in the general population. Studies have shown that medications such as oral topiramate or intramuscular injections of onabotulinum toxin A (Botox) have been used for CM prevention, and occipital blocks have been shown to be helpful in treating occipital neuralgia and short-term relief of CM. However, there are no known studies that have specifically evaluated the use of Botox and occipital blocks for reducing headache frequency in the US veteran population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using occipital blocks and Botox as dual therapy for reducing headache frequency in post 9/11 combat veterans with CM, occipital neuralgia, and a history of TBI or neck trauma. Materials and methods Following Institutional Review Board approval, a retrospective chart review was completed on post 9/11 combat veterans treated in a headache clinic located at the Central Texas Veteran Health Care System. The electronic medical record was used to retrieve the charts of post 9/11 combat veterans who (1) had a confirmed deployment-related history of TBI or neck trauma; (2) were diagnosed with CM and occipital neuralgia; and (3) were treated in the headache clinic between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2015 with the administration of occipital blocks and Botox within the first six months. Of 282 charts that were reviewed, a total of 30 (N = 30) veterans fit the criteria. The mean number of self-reported headache days per month (28 days) for the month prior to starting treatment was compared to the number of headache days per month (28 days) 6 months after initiation of therapy. Results Results revealed that the mean number of headache days in the month prior to treatment was 24.1 (22.0, 25.7). The mean number of headache days in the month post-treatment (6 months after the initiation of dual therapy with occipital blocks and Botox) was 12.9 (9.7, 16.4). The mean difference in the number of headache days from pre- to post-treatment (pre-treatment minus post-treatment) was 11.2 (8.2, 14.2). Conclusion This study evaluated the effectiveness of using occipital blocks and Botox as dual therapy for reducing headache frequency for post 9/11 combat veterans with CM, occipital neuralgia, and a history of TBI or neck trauma. Results revealed a statistically significant reduction in the number of headache days per month after the dual therapy. There were multiple limitations to the study to include a small sample size, lack of a control group, self-reported headaches for only 1 month pre-and post-treatment, and no control for other interventions or events which may have influenced the outcome. There is a strong need for randomized, double blinded, placebo- controlled studies involving dual therapy in this population. This study, though small, may be helpful in stimulating additional studies and treatments in this veteran population.
Optimal Selection of Calibration and Validation Test Samples Under Uncertainty

Frequently, important system properties that parameterize system models must be inferred from experimental data in a calibration problem. The quality of the resulting parameter description is directly linked to the quality and quantity of data. Because economic considerations and experimental limitations often lead to data that is sparse and/or imprecise (sources of epistemic uncertainty), this research will characterize parameter uncertainty within a probabilistic framework. A hierarchical system structure will be considered where data may be collected at different levels of varying complexity and cost (e.g. material, component, subsystem, etc.), leading to a tradeoff decision of cost vs. importance of data. In addition to calibration, data is also needed within the proposed framework to perform probabilistic model validation to characterize model uncertainty. This uncertainty will be carried through the system parameters, thereby increasing the conservatism in the prediction because of the presence of imperfect models. This research proposes a constrained discrete optimization formulation for selecting among the candidate data types (calibration or validation and at what level) to determine the respective quantities of observations to collect in order to best quantify parameter uncertainty and model uncertainty (which propagate to prediction uncertainty).
An Item Response Theory Analysis of the SCOFF Questionnaire in a High School Population

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Eating disorders continue to be of concern to health and social services staff in schools and other child-serving settings. There is a substantive need for scales that can hel...
Knocking on Heaven's Door: Ending the Ban on Live Person-to-Person Solicitation to Close the Racial Estate-Planning Gap

The well-documented and persistent racial wealth gap, together with the other barriers, has created a predictably racialized estate-planning gap, with damaging consequences in communities of color. Despite Anglo-American law’s strong and oft-expressed preference for testacy, a formal legal commitment to enabling those competent persons who wish to control the devolution of their property upon death to do so, and a rule of professional responsibility banning conduct with a discriminatory impact, the profession continues to burden itself with a rule that virtually ensures that (especially poor) people of color do not benefit from estate-planning as much as they might. This Article proposes a modification of Model Rule 7.3(b), to lift the solicitation ban as it applies to competent, non-dependent adults to whom non-litigation estate-planning services are offered, and from whom informed consent, confirmed in writing, is obtained for any resulting legal services. It is a clear, practical step that balances legitimate concerns about protecting vulnerable clients with the need for access to estate-planning services.
Effect of structural turnout suit fit on female versus male firefighter range of motion

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of fit on female versus male firefighter range of motion (ROM) when donning a structural turnout ensemble. Three test ensembles were evaluated: base layers (BL), turnout suit (TS), and turnout ensemble (TE). Sixteen career firefighters (10 males; 6 females) completed a user needs survey on fit and mobility restrictions, were measured in a three-dimensional body scanner, performed a static ROM protocol, and recorded ease of movement and comfort perceptions for each ensemble. Average body measurements and absolute ROM values were calculated for each test ensemble and analyzed by gender. Results demonstrated multiple significant differences in body measurements between male and female firefighters when wearing the BL and TS test ensembles. Mobility was significantly reduced when donning the TS and TE, regardless of gender. Significant differences in trunk and shoulder flexion when wearing turnout suits were identified according to participant gender.
Rh-Catalyzed Hydroformylation of 1,3-Butadiene and Pent-4-enal to Adipaldehyde in CO2-Expanded Media

The homogeneous hydroformylation of pent-4-enal, the preferred aldehyde intermediate from 1,3-butadiene hydroformylation, was systematically investigated with Rh catalyst complexes in neat and CO2-expanded toluene media at 40–80 °C, syngas partial pressures ranging from 5–50 bar, and different ligand/Rh ratios. At similar operating conditions, the TOFs are generally greater with Rh/DIOP relative to a Rh/TPP catalyst. On both catalyst complexes, the chemoselectivity toward the dialdehydes ranges from 75%–100%, with the maximum adipaldehyde selectivity reaching approximately 75% (n/i ∼ 3) at 60 °C, 10 bar syngas, and molar DIOP/Rh ratio of 2.5. By using CO2-expanded toluene, the regioselectivity toward the adipaldehyde (desired product), and therefore its yield, is significantly enhanced. Interestingly, even with the simple Rh/TPP catalyst complex, adipaldehyde selectivity of up to 85% (n/i ∼ 5.6) is achieved at 60 °C, 10 bar syngas, and 50 bar CO2. The beneficial effects of CO2-expanded media are attribute...
CEO Power and Decision-Making under Pressure

Are powerful CEOs more effective in responding to pressure from the economic environment? Concentrating decision-making power may facilitate rapid decision-making. However, the quality of decision-making may be compromised, with severe consequences for the firm if a powerful CEO is less likely to receive independent advice or to have his decisions scrutinized. We empirically investigate the relation between CEO power and decision-making under pressure by examining firm performance when industry conditions deteriorate. We focus on industry downturns since these represent an exogenous ‘shock’ to a firm’s environment. The decision making context is important and we focus on three settings where the net effect of CEO power is likely more consequential: when the firm is innovative and decision making is likely more complex, when the industry is competitive and poor decisions can be more serious in terms of firm value and when the industry is characterized by high managerial discretion. In these settings powerful CEOs are found to perform significantly worse than other CEOs during industry downturns -- suggesting contexts in which centralized decision-making is potentially of greater concern.
Endothelial Cell Contributions to COVID-19

Understanding of the clinical, histological and molecular features of the novel coronavirus 2019 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) has remained elusive. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by this virus has unusual clinical presentation with regard to other related coronaviruses. Recent reports suggest that SARS-CoV-2, unlike other related viruses, infects and replicates within endothelial cells, which may explain a significant portion of the observed clinical pathology. Likewise, mounting evidence associates vascular and endothelial cell dysfunction with increased mortality. This review focuses on understanding how endothelial cell pathology is caused by SARS-CoV-2 at the molecular and cellular levels and how these events relate to COVID-19. A detailed examination of current knowledge regarding canonical inflammatory reaction pathways as well as alteration of endothelial cell-derived exosomes and transdifferentiation by SARS-CoV-2 is included in this assessment. Additionally, given an understanding of endothelial contributions to COVID-19, potential therapeutic aims are discussed, particularly as would affect endothelial function and pathology.
Family Assistance Spills Over Into Prosocial Behaviors Toward Friends and Positive Academic Behaviors.

We investigate how daily family assistance predicts prosocial behaviors toward friends and positive academic behavior. Adolescents (N = 375, 57% girls, Mage = 14.57) completed diary checklists for 14 days, reporting whether they provided instrumental assistance or emotional support to family and friends, and their positive academic behaviors (e.g., studied). When adolescents provided emotional support to family, they were more likely to provide instrumental support to friends the next day. When adolescents provided emotional support to family, they were more likely to also provide emotional support to friends the next day, and vice versa (a bidirectional association). When adolescents provided instrumental support to the family, they were more likely to have at least one positive academic experience the next day.
Match games: exploring the match between novice teachers and induction coaches

This mixed methods study investigates novice teacher and coach survey responses from a two-year induction programme to learn more about what makes a good match. We qualitatively analyse comments fr...
Cancer-Related Decision-Making Among Adolescents, Young Adults, Caregivers, and Oncology Providers:

Decision-making among adolescents and young adults with cancer (AYA) is often complex, ongoing, and multifaceted, involving caregiver and oncology provider perspectives. Engagement in decision-making against the backdrop of normative developmental processes of acquiring autonomy and gaining independence contributes to the complexity of decision-making. Semi-structured qualitative interviews from 11 AYA and caregiver dyads and eight oncology providers examined decision-making processes with specific attention to the role of shared decision-making, cognitive and emotional processes, and coping with the decision-making experience. Five decision-making patterns were identified, with collaborative decision-making and AYA-driven decisions most commonly described. Utilizing hypothesis coding, AYA and caregivers explained how cognitive (i.e., pros/cons) and emotional (i.e., shock and fear of missing out) processes influenced cancer-related decisions. Coping strategies provided clarity and respite when engaged in decision-making. Our findings illuminate important implications for how to best support decision-making among AYA and caregivers, including the role oncology providers can play during decision-making.
Association between employment status change and depression and anxiety in allogeneic stem cell transplant caregivers.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT) is a demanding treatment that requires caregiver support during the first 100 days post-transplant. Little is known about the association between caregivers’ employment changes and their well-being during this lengthy and challenging time when caregivers may be balancing work with caregiving responsibilities. We used data from employed caregivers of Allo-HSCT patients who participated in two randomized clinical trials (N = 187) of an intervention for caregivers. Caregiver depression and anxiety were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. ANCOVA was used to measure the associations between reducing work with depression and anxiety. Caregiver’s demographics and baseline employment status were controlled in the analysis along with the patient’s transplant conditioning intensity. Approximately 45% of caregivers reduced hours worked following the resumption of their caregiving duties. These caregivers, on average, had 3.49 points higher depression scores than caregivers who did not report a reduction in work (p < 0.01). Similarly, these caregivers also reported, on average, 3.56 higher anxiety scores (p < 0.10). Caregivers who reduced hours worked while caregiving reported greater distress. The underlying cause of this distress deserves further investigation. Caregivers of patients diagnosed with cancer may experience considerable stress related to work discontinuation and caregiving. Interventions are needed to support caregivers who are trying to balance work and caregiving responsibilities.
Accurately Modeling Biased Random Walks on Weighted Graphs Using Node2vec

Node embedding is a powerful approach for representing the structural role of each node in a graph. $\textit{Node2vec}$ is a widely used method for node embedding that works by exploring the local neighborhoods via biased random walks on the graph. However, $\textit{node2vec}$ does not consider edge weights when computing walk biases. This intrinsic limitation prevents $\textit{node2vec}$ from leveraging all the information in weighted graphs and, in turn, limits its application to many real-world networks that are weighted and dense. Here, we naturally extend $\textit{node2vec}$ to $\textit{node2vec+}$ in a way that accounts for edge weights when calculating walk biases, but which reduces to $\textit{node2vec}$ in the cases of unweighted graphs or unbiased walks. We empirically show that $\textit{node2vec+}$ is more robust to additive noise than $\textit{node2vec}$ in weighted graphs using two synthetic datasets. We also demonstrate that $\textit{node2vec+}$ significantly outperforms $\textit{node2vec}$ on a commonly benchmarked multi-label dataset (Wikipedia). Furthermore, we test $\textit{node2vec+}$ against GCN and GraphSAGE using various challenging gene classification tasks on two protein-protein interaction networks. Despite some clear advantages of GCN and GraphSAGE, they show comparable performance with $\textit{node2vec+}$. Finally, $\textit{node2vec+}$ can be used as a general approach for generating biased random walks, benefiting all existing methods built on top of $\textit{node2vec}$. $\textit{Node2vec+}$ is implemented as part of $\texttt{PecanPy}$, which is available at this https URL .
Adaptive Security Device Manager

Adaptive Security Device Manager (ASDM) is a Java-based graphical user interface (GUI) used to manage the Cisco PIX firewall. It consists of a software image that runs from flash memory on the PIX firewall, enabling administrative access via a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encrypted HTTPS session. ASDM completely replaces PDM, which was available for versions before 7.0. ASDM allows firewall administrators to work from a variety of authorized workstations configured with a compatible browser and includes nearly all PIX CLI functionality. For example, using ASDM, administrators can add, modify, and delete firewall rule sets, configure network address translation (NAT), or set up a virtual private network (VPN). In addition to altering PIX configurations, ASDM facilitates administrative monitoring of the PIX firewall through powerful graph and table displays for near-real-time insight into PIX performance. This chapter introduces ASDM, and provides detailed information for using it to configure and monitor the PIX firewall. The ASDM GUI is intuitive and well organized and helps prevent accidental syntax and configuration errors that could cause the firewall to fail. Moreover, ASDM can be used as a CLI learning tool for administrators who are not completely proficient with the PIX firewall command line by previewing all commands sent to the PIX.
A Review of “China's Urban Space: Development Under Market Socialism”

The proportion of China's population living in urban areas was a mere 21 percent in 1982 but is projected to reach 60 percent by 2030. The speed of this urban transformation is faster than that of ...
TU-F-CAMPUS-J-02: Mooney-Rivlin Biomechanical Modeling of Lung with Inhomogeneous Material Property

Purpose: The Mooney-Rivlin material with hyperelastic strain energy has been proposed for realistic biomechanical modeling of lung. In this study, the lung is modeled as an inhomogeneous Mooney-Rivlin material with the incompressibility factors being optimized to improve the tumor center of mass (TCM) motion simulation accuracy during respiration. Method: ITK-SNAP was used to segment lungs of eight lung cancer patients from the 4D-CT images and tetrahedral volume meshes of the lungs in phase 50% were created by using adaptive mesh generation toolkit. The interphase deformation vector fields (DVFs) are calculated by demons deformable registration algorithm and the barycentric coordinate system of tetrahedral elements is obtained from the resulted DVFs. Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic material is used to model the lung volume. Each element is considered unique where the incompressibility factor (k-factor) for each element is assumed to be proportional to the magnitude of normalized DVF. The incompressibility factor for each element was optimized by minimizing the tumor center of mass motion simulation error. Results: If lung is considered as a homogenous material in Mooney-Rivlin modeling, the average TCM motion simulation error is 2.26 mm. By considering inhomogeneous properties of lung in the proposed strategy, the average TCM motion simulation error is reduced to 2.04 mm. Conclusions: We proposed a method for assigning the inhomogeneous biomechanical material in the Mooney-Rivlin model of lung based on the lung regional deformation vector fields. Inhomogeneous material property of lung improves the simulation accuracy.
Studies on thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) purified from human serum by affinity chromatography had a mol wt of 63,000–65,000, a sedimentation constant of 3.4S, and E1 cm1% at 280 mμ of 6.9. The purified TBG bound thyroxine (T4) in a molar ratio of approximately 1:1. Binding of T4 to TBG was maximal over a pH range of 6.4–10.4. Below pH 6.4 the T4-TBG interaction began to decline and at pH 4.2 binding nearly disappeared. Purified TBG treated with 8 m urea migrated as a single band with a slower electrophoretic mobility than the native protein and did not bind T4. After removal of urea by dialysis, five to six protein bands were detectable by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The most anodal band had the same mobility as the native protein and regained the ability to bind T4, but none of the slower moving bands bound T4.
Amino Acid Sequence of an Amyloid Fibril Protein of Unknown Origin

A group of human amyloid fibril proteins having chemical homology and antigenic similarities to immunoglobulin light polypeptide chains has been previously described. The amino acid sequence of a different type of human amyloid fibril protein is reported. This protein lacks valine, proline, threonine, and half-cystine and its sequence is not homologous with any presently known immunoglobulin sequence. This sequence defines a new class of amyloid fibril proteins of as yet unknown origin.
Characterization of the range dependence of an ocean environment to reduce acoustic estimation time

As computer capabilities continue to increase, characterization of the oceanic environment improves both spatially and temporally. This oceanographic information (specifically sound velocity) is often used to make acoustic predictions, but wide-area acoustic predictions have been limited by computation time. Currently, in order to characterize an area acoustically, propagation loss estimates are computed for equally spaced grid points over a large area. Acoustic models have become fairly fast, however, when doing multiple source and receiver configurations, multiple frequencies and several range dependent bearings for many grid points, the task can become computationally prohibitive. Range independent predictions are significantly faster than range dependent predictions, but can under-represent the acoustic propagation due to features in the sound speed structure where the environment is non-adiabatic (range dependent). Adiabatic normal mode calculations can also be done fairly quickly (faster than range independent transmission loss predictions) but for the same reason, still do not provide the best estimate of the acoustics. A method is developed and presented here to compute normal modes for an environment and use them to determine how adiabatic that environment is. This is done by comparing the number of modes and the wave numbers computed for each sound speed profile, to those of neighboring profiles. If the nature of the mode functions changes significantly, the profile is flagged as non-adiabatic. Once the adiabatic determination is made, range dependent runs are computed for the areas that are shown to be non-adiabatic and range independent runs are computed for the adiabatic areas. This process reduces the amount of run time required to assess an area, while maintaining a high level of accuracy of the acoustic characterization of the whole area. This run time reduction can be significant for many areas of the world. Estimates of acoustic coverage (that is, the area for which acoustic transmission loss is below a threshold) of the area using the adiabatic measure are computed and compared to the full grid computation. This shows that taking advantage of the adiabatic areas to reduce the number of acoustic predictions required for an area still provides an acceptable estimate of the wide-area acoustic environment.
17-Hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone in normal children and in prepubertal patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

To determine maximal plasma levels of androstenedione (A) and testosterone (T) which still can be considered non virilizing in 21-hydroxylase deficiency, we investigated plasma levels of these steroids in unaffected children and in adults. For T we found an upper limit of the prepubertal normal range of 16 ng/dl in girls and of 20 ng/dl in boys, with the exception of boys in the first half-year of life in which T is elevated up to the low adult range with peak values in the 2nd and 3rd month. During puberty T values show a significant difference between pubic hair stage 1 and stage 2. T levels below 20 ng/dl can be considered to be non virilizing. For A we found a plasma concentration of 86 ng/dl to be the upper normal level in both sexes before the onset of puberty. A values below this limit are expected to be non virilizing. To evaluate the usefulness of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (OHP) for the prediction of A and T and T and to define “acceptable” OHP levels in CAH we performed simultaneous determinations of OHP, T, and A in prepubertal patients treated for CAH. From these values we calculated the 95% confidence interval for prediction of T and A on known OHP levels. On an OHP value of 1.000 ng/dl, T can be excpected to be between 6 and 60 ng/dl and A between 25 and 320 ng/dl. Because of these wide ranges, OHP has to be considered an unreliable parameter for predicting androgen levels in CAH.
Network languages for intelligent control

In order to discover the inner properties of human expert heuristics, which were successful in a certain class of complex control systems, and apply them to different systems, we develop a formal theory: the Linguistic Geometry. This research includes the development of syntactic tools for knowledge representation and reasoning about large-scale hierarchical complex systems. It relies on the formalization of search heuristics of high-skilled human experts, which allow one to decompose a complex system into a hierarchy of subsystems, and thus solve intractable problems reducing the search. The hierarchy of subsystems is represented as a hierarchy of formal attribute languages. This paper includes a brief survey of the Linguistic Geometry and a detailed comparative description of two comprehensive examples of solving optimization problems for military autonomous agents with cooperative and opposing interests operating on surface and in space. These examples include actual generation of the hierarchy of languages and demonstrate the drastic reduction of search in comparison with conventional search algorithms.
Comparison of fatal and severe nonfatal traumatic work-related injuries in Washington state.

OBJECTIVE: To compare fatal and hospitalized nonfatal work-related traumatic injuries by occupation and cause. METHODS: Fatal and hospitalized nonfatal injuries occurring from 1991-1995 were identified from Washington State workers' compensation claims data. Nonfatal injuries were classified as severe if they had at least one of the following criteria: a brain or spinal cord injury, an Injury Severity Score of >/=16, or were hospitalized for more than 7 days. The frequency and rate of fatal and severe nonfatal injuries were then described by industrial risk class and cause. RESULTS: The study identified 335 fatal injuries and 4,405 hospitalized nonfatal injuries, of which 1,105 were classified as severe. Tree topping and pruning, carnival work, roofing, and metal siding and gutters risk classes had several severe nonfatal injuries, but few, if any, fatalities. Causes of fatal and severe nonfatal injuries were notably different for the roofing, restaurant, and orchard workers risk classes. CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of severe hospitalized injuries in occupational injury surveillance systems will provide a broader view of high-risk occupations and profile of injury causation with which to direct occupational injury prevention efforts. Language: en
Deletion of Siah-interacting protein gene in Drosophila causes cardiomyopathy

Drosophila is a useful model organism in which the genetics of human diseases, including recent advances in identification of the genetics of heart development and disease in the fly, can be studied. To identify novel genes that cause cardiomyopathy, we performed a deficiency screen in adult Drosophila. Using optical coherence tomography to phenotype cardiac function in awake adult Drosophila, we identified Df(1)Exel6240 as having cardiomyopathy. Using a number of strategies including customized smaller deletions, screening of mutant alleles, and transgenic rescue, we identified CG3226 as the causative gene for this deficiency. CG3226 is an uncharacterized gene in Drosophila possessing homology to the mammalian Siah-interacting protein (SIP) gene. Mammalian SIP functions as an adaptor protein involved in one of the β-catenin degradation complexes. To investigate the effects of altering β-catenin/Armadillo signaling in the adult fly, we measured heart function in flies expressing either constitutively active Armadillo or transgenic constructs that block Armadillo signaling, specifically in the heart. While, increasing Armadillo signaling in the heart did not have an effect on adult heart function, decreasing Armadillo signaling in the fly heart caused the significant reduction in heart chamber size. In summary, we show that deletion of CG3226, which has homology to mammalian SIP, causes cardiomyopathy in adult Drosophila. Alterations in Armadillo signaling during development lead to important changes in the size and function of the adult heart.
Paired-Associate Learning, False-Recognition Scores, and Performance in a Hierarchically Arranged Concept-Learning Task:

This study evaluated the hypotheses that paired-associate learning would be negatively related to number of acquisition trials for simple concepts but not related to a complex one and that false re...
Access of surface meltwater to beds of sub-freezing glaciers: Preliminary insights

Sufficiently deep water-filled fractures can penetrate even cold ice-sheet ice, but glaciogenic stresses are typically smaller than needed to propagate water-filled fractures that are less than a few tens of meters deep, as shown by our simplified analytical treatment based on analogous models of magmatic processes. However, water-filled fractures are inferred to reach the bed of Greenland through >1 km of ice and then collapse to form moulins, which are observed. Supraglacial lakes appear especially important among possible crack ‘nucleation’ mechanisms, because lakes can warm ice, supply water, and increase the pressure driving water flow and ice cracking.
Algorithms on Strings, Trees and Sequences: Computer Science and Computational Biology

Part I. Exact String Matching: The Fundamental String Problem: 1. Exact matching: fundamental preprocessing and first algorithms 2. Exact matching: classical comparison-based methods 3. Exact matching: a deeper look at classical methods 4. Semi-numerical string matching Part II. Suffix Trees and their Uses: 5. Introduction to suffix trees 6. Linear time construction of suffix trees 7. First applications of suffix trees 8. Constant time lowest common ancestor retrieval 9. More applications of suffix trees Part III. Inexact Matching, Sequence Alignment and Dynamic Programming: 10. The importance of (sub)sequence comparison in molecular biology 11. Core string edits, alignments and dynamic programming 12. Refining core string edits and alignments 13. Extending the core problems 14. Multiple string comparison: the Holy Grail 15. Sequence database and their uses: the motherlode Part IV. Currents, Cousins and Cameos: 16. Maps, mapping, sequencing and superstrings 17. Strings and evolutionary trees 18. Three short topics 19. Models of genome-level mutations.
Concentrations of metals in the Harderian glands of male and female hamsters

Abstract 1. 1. Harderian glands of male hamsters possess lower concentrations of Na, Mn and Ca and higher concentrations of Fe and Mo than those of females. 2. 2. Pinealectomy has little influence on metallic concentrations in these glands. 3. 3. Gonadectomy increases concentrations of Na, Cu and Mn in the male and Fe in the female and decreases Mo in the male. 4. 4. Blinding decreases Zn in both sexes and Mn in the female and increases Ca in the male and Cu and Mo in the female. 5. 5. The data strongly suggest that Mo is associated with cell type II in the male and Mn with cell type I in both males and females.
Gradient-echo in-phase and opposed-phase chemical shift imaging: Role in evaluating bone marrow

Chemical shift imaging (CSI) provides valuable information for assessing the bone marrow, while adding little to total examination time. In this article, we review the uses of CSI for evaluating bone marrow abnormalities. CSI can be used for differentiating marrow-replacing lesions from a range of non-marrow-replacing processes, although the sequence is associated with technical limitations and pitfalls. Particularly at 3 T, susceptibility artefacts are prevalent, and optimal technical parameters must be implemented with appropriate choices for echo times.
Enhanced mutagenic activities of N-nitroso compounds in weakly acidic media

Mutagenesis induced by a number of N-nitrosamines in a liquid phase assay was enhanced 2-8 fold on going from a pH of 7.4 to 6.5, with the degree of enhancement dependent on the compound and the reaction conditions. In general, enhancement was greatest at lower concentrations of mutagen and with compounds of lower molecular weights. With dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) part of this effect was due to an enhanced rate of metabolism at low concentrations of DMN at a pH of 6.5. However, even at higher concentrations of DMN, mutagenesis was more effective at the lower pH despite the fact that metabolism of DMN was twice as rapid at a pH of 7.4 than 6.5. Directly acting mutagens such as N-nitroso-N-methylurea and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine were 2-10 times more potent at pH values of between 5.5 and 7.0 than at 7.4. No enhancement in the mutagenic activities of methyl methanesulfonate, benzo(a)pyrene or 3-methylcholanthrene was observed on going from a pH of 7.4 to 6.5.
Too much sampling kills the UMP test

A statistical oddity is described, in which it is possible to construct a uniformly most powerful (UMP) test for a sample of size one, but for which there is no UMP test for larger sample sizes.
Getting the Deterrence Message Out The Project Safe Neighborhoods Public–Private Partnership

Project Safe Neighborhoods was the centerpiece of the Bush administration's crime policy in President Bush's first term. This is a policy driven by deterrence and incapacitation and directed at red...
Stochastic optimization of sustainable hybrid generation bioethanol supply chains

This paper focuses on designing a hybrid generation bioethanol supply chain (HGBSC) that will account for economic, environmental and social aspects of sustainability under various uncertainties. A stochastic mixed integer linear programming model is proposed to design an optimal HGBSC. A case study set in the state of North Dakota in the United States is used as an application of the proposed model. The results suggest that the designs of optimal HGBSC change when different sustainability standards are applied. In addition, sensitivity analysis is conducted to provide deeper understanding of the proposed model.
ZOOPLANKTON COLLECTIONS FROM THE HIGH POLAR BASIN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE COPEPODA1

Analysis was made of 57 plankton tows taken to depths of 2,000 m from Sl”14’ N, 85”16’ N during a portion of the 1957-58 drift of the ice flow Drift Station Alpha in the high Polar Basin. Thirty-one species of Calanoid and 3 spccics of cyclopoid copepods were identified. Some uncertain species are discussed and figured. The most abundant species were Calanus &cinlis, Calanus hyperboreus, and Metridiu Zonga. These wcrc most abundant above 100 to 200 m but were found spar&y distributed to depths of 1,000 to 2,000 m. Thcrc was an increased number of species with depth of sampling up to about 1,000 to 1,500 m. There appcarcd to bc a rather wide period over which reproduction takes place in some species cspccially Pareuchaeta glacialis. Although most copepods carried by water currents from the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea areas succumb before reaching the high Arctic, still a Few cxpatriatcs were taken, notably Eucalanus bungii bungii and possibly Mimocalanus distinctocephnlus.
Monitored anesthesia care for hand surgery in adults.

In B ri ef HAND SURGERY CAN generally be performed with local or regional anesthesia and at varying levels of sedation. Monitored anesthesia are (MAC) differs from sedation based on the presence f a qualified anesthesia provider. Monitored anesthesia are is not necessarily a reflection of the depth of edation required for the surgery, although the need for eep sedation is one reason to arrange the participation f an anesthesiologist. Rather, MAC should be arranged hen the patient’s condition warrants the presence of a econd provider who is well versed in the management f the effects and side effects of medications used for edation, who is fully qualified in advanced airway anagement, and who will manage the patient’s recovry after the procedure. As with sedation, benzodiazepines and opioids are ainstays of MAC. They are frequently used in conjunction with other sedative-hypnotic medications, such as propofol and ketamine.