cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Anti-Galactose Antibodies on Endothelial Cell Activation and Xenograft Rejection

We have previously produced a series of antigalactose (anti-Gal) hybridomas and characterized their heavy chain gene usage. Here we have quantified the affinity of these Abs for the alpha-Gal epitope and characterized their in vitro effects on endothelial cell activation and apoptosis. We report that anti-Gal mAbs derived from Gal(-/-) mice show a range of affinity for the alpha-Gal epitope, and that affinity was generally increased as the V(H) gene usage transitioned from germline sequences to sequences exhibiting somatic maturation. Despite an 85-fold range in affinity, all the anti-Gal mAbs examined induced alpha-Gal-specific endothelial cell activation, and after prolonged exposure induced endothelial cell apoptosis in a complement-independent manner. Only murine anti-Gal mAbs of the IgM or IgG3 subclass, but not IgG1, were effective at initiating complement-dependent cell lysis. Using a novel rat to mouse xenograft model, we examined the in vivo ability of these mAbs to induce xenograft rejection and characterized the rejection using histology and immunohistochemistry. Infusion of complement-fixing IgG3 mAbs resulted in either hyperacute rejection or acute vascular rejection of the xenograft. Surprisingly, infusion of an equal amount of a high affinity anti-Gal IgG1 mAb, that fixed complement poorly also induced a rapid xenograft rejection, which we have labeled very acute rejection. These studies emphasize the importance of in vivo assays, in addition to in vitro assays, in understanding the role of anti-Gal IgG-mediated tissue injury and xenograft rejection.
Epidemiologic data on adult glaucomas. Data from the Hospital Discharge Registry and the Registry of Right to Free Medication.

. The prevalence of glaucoma was studied using material from the Registry of Right to Free Medications, completed by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland in 1985. A total of 31 981 patients (10 022 males and 21 959 females) received free medication for glaucoma in 1985. Total crude glaucoma prevalence in Finland in 1985 was 0.67%, calculated for the total population (all glaucomas) according to data from this registry. The crude prevalence for those of 40 years of age and over, was 1.7% and for those of age 70 years and older, 6.1%. Age adjusted prevalence showed a female excess of cases with a male-female ratio of 1/1.3. The incidence of different types of glaucoma was studied using the Hospital Discharge Registry for the years 1973–1982. For this 10-year period, a total of 48 864 patients with glaucoma and 10 614 glaucoma suspects were found in a compilation based on an International Classification of Diseases (8th edn.) code number. Of all adult glaucomas, 67% were primary glaucomas, while 33% were secondary glaucomas. An increase in the incidence of glaucoma was noted during the 10-year period, especially for the chronic simple and capsular glaucoma groups. Females were at higher risk for chronic simple, acute angle-closure, capsular and chronic angle-closure glaucoma; whereas, males were at greater risk for other types of secondary glaucomas. The patients with secondary glaucoma were the youngest (mean age 53.5 years in males, and 60.3 years in females), while the patients with capsular glaucoma were the oldest (mean age 71.9 years in males, and 72.8 in females).
Radiation Transfer in Accretion Disk Coronae

The physics of X-ray excited accretion disk coronae is described. A numerical model for the hydrostatic inner region, including radiation transfer effects, is presented. The resulting appearance is compared to recent observations of X-ray dips in several X-ray binaries. We also discuss the dynamical effects of X-ray induced mass loss, which originates at large radius in the disk.
UTILIZATION OF NOMOGRAMS BY SATELLITE SYSTEMS ENGINEERS

One of the more challenging tasks of a satellite systems engineer is to measure the effects of changes in either mission requirements or subsystem capabilities in a timely manner during a programs' early development phase. The nomogram offers a means of relating a very large number of satellite system parameters on a graphical medium, thus providing a valuable tool for the systems engineer. The nomogram provides a faster method of estimating the effects of parameters than might otherwise be obtained using simulations or analytic methods. Nomograms also permit visualization of the effect of a change in one parameter on other parameters defined on the nomogram. This paper presents the development and utilization of nomograms to show the effects of mission planning parameters on an earth resources or surveillance satellite mission and to show the effect of satellite mission requirements on satellite subsystems requirements. Each nomogram is presented on a medium for application as a tool for the satellite systems engineer.
The distribution of chromosome damage, non-reciprocal translocations and clonal aberrations in lymphocytes from Chernobyl clean-up workers.

In this paper we determined whether the frequencies of translocations and insertions are proportional to chromosome size in peripheral blood lymphocytes from Chernobyl nuclear accident clean-up workers and healthy unexposed control subjects. The frequency of aberrations among chromosomes 1, 2 and 4 in both groups was found to be significantly different from the distribution expected on the basis of chromosome size, although the difference was only marginally significant in controls. We also determined whether differences exist in aberration frequencies measured by two scoring systems: the classical method, where reciprocal exchanges are scored as one event, and PAINT, where each break junction is scored as a single event. The two scoring systems gave highly correlated results which yielded an interpretable arithmetic relationship between frequency measurements using the two systems. Approximately 34% of all translocations were observed to be non-reciprocal, and cells bearing clones of abnormal cells were observed in 6 of 198 subjects (3.0%). Our results demonstrate that clones of abnormal cells and the presence of non-reciprocal translocations contribute to the non-proportional distribution of radiation-induced and spontaneous cytogenetic damage.
X-ray Analysis of Si/Ge/Si(001) Heterolayer Structures Grown by Surfactant Mediated Epitaxy.

X-ray diffraction and x-ray standing waves (XSW) have been used to investigate the quality of epitaxial ultra-thin Ge films grown on Si(001) with and without Te as a surfactant. The efficacy of Te as a surfactant in this application has been debated. We measured samples between 1 and 10 ML in thickness and our results clearly indicate that Ge films grown with Te are superior to those grown without Te. The coherent positions and coherent fract ons determined from XSW analysis agree well with those predicted by linear elasticity theory for Ge/Si(001). Furthermore, grazing incidence diffraction measurements (GIXD) suggests that 9 ML Ge grown on Si(001) with Te is strained in-plane while the same film grown without Te is relaxed.
At the crossroads: feminism, psychoanalysis, politics

Feminism, psychoanalysis, and politics have evolved together. This paper situates their interimplicated evolution in the intellectual shift from dualism to multiplicity, from binary toward pluralism. The method used is to replace dualities with triads, to move from ‘either/or’ to ‘both/and’, to bring The Third into play. Accordingly, the tale is told at the conjunction of personal, political, and theoretical discourses. Three concepts – paradox, contingency, and dialectics – limn this triple crossroads: feminism as cultural, personal, and intellectual; psychoanalysis as a clinical, theoretical, and social practice; politics as subjective, historical, and contextual. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Multiple-criteria kinematic optimization for the design of spherical serial mechanisms using genetic algorithms

A new kinematic design methodology is presented for optimization of spherical serial mechanisms. This method integrates multiple criteria (workspace, manipulability, and size) linearly in one objective function. All these criteria are optimized simultaneously to lead to a more realistic solution. By changing the priorities of each criterion, different sets of desirable kinematic performance can be expressed. The global manipulability and the uniformity of manipulability over the workspace are combined in a single index to improve the synthesis results. The optimization result for a spherical bevel-geared mechanism using a genetic algorithm demonstrated that the proposed method effectively improves the quality of the optimum solution and provides insight into the workings of the mechanism. In addition, this flexible and adaptable methodology may also be extended for use in general optimization for linkage synthesis.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Precision and Relative Accuracy of Striped Bass Age Estimates from Otoliths, Scales, and Anal Fin Rays and Spines

Abstract We counted annuli on otoliths, scales, anal fin rays, and anal fin spines of striped bass Morone saxatilis to determine precision of age estimates from several readers and relative accuracy of the estimates from the different structures. Our principal objective was to determine if estimates from scales, spines, and rays, which can be removed without harming the fish, were similar to those from otoliths. Among-reader variation was similar for spines, scales, and rays, and lowest for otoliths. Variation increased with fish total length (TL) for otoliths and scales. Age estimates from scales, spines, and rays were usually within 1 year of the otolith age estimate for striped bass shorter than 900 mm TL. However, for striped bass longer than 900 mm TL, estimates from spines and scales were lower than estimates from otoliths by averages of 1.6 and 3.0 years, respectively. Scales, spines, and rays can provide relatively accurate and precise age estimates for striped bass up to about 900 mm TL (age 10 f...
Rethinking Middle School Reading Instruction: A Basic Literacy Activity

Research on subject matter instruction across the 20th century (e.g., Stevens, 1912; Bellack, 1966; Hoetker & Ahlbrand; 1969; Gall, 1970; Langer, 1999; Mehan, 1979; Nystrand, 1997;) reveals a preponderance of teacher-directed lecture, recitation, and round-robin reading of text in place of instruction that focuses on reading-to-learn, thinking, and transforming information into meaning and understanding (Durkin, 1978–79; Langer, 1999; Blanton & Moorman, 1990; Wood & Muth, 1991). This kind of instruction persists despite the fact that observations of higher performing schools indicated the tendency to organize instruction around meaningful learning communities with extensive interactive discussion of material read (Langer, 1999; Myers, 1996; Wenglinsky, 2000; 2004). The purpose of this essay is twofold: (a) to argue that a great deal of reading instruction fails to meet the multiple and complex literacy needs of most middle school students, and (b) to propose a new orientation for thinking about middle sch...
Maternal Ingestion of Ortho-Aminoacetophenone During Gestation Affects Intake by Offspring

Ingested flavor chemicals cross the placental barrier and occur in the fetal blood and amniotic fluid. This occurrence is detectable by the fetus, and can influence post parturition feeding. In the present experiment, pregnant mice were offered either 0.1% ortho-aminoacetophenone emulsions (OAP) or water throughout gestation. OAP is normally avoided by mice, apparently on the basis of chemosensory characteristics. Subsequently, offspring were offered 0.5%, 0.25%, or 0.1% OAP in one-bottle tests at 26 or 88 days of age. Offspring of mothers given OAP drank greater amounts of OAP than did offspring of mothers given water. Enhanced acceptance of OAP was not detected in mice exposed to 0.1% OAP as adults for a duration similar to that given during gestation. We conclude that fetal experiences with OAP lowered sensitivity and/or raised tolerance for the compound.
Propanil metabolism in rice: A comparison of propanil amidase activities in rice plants and callus cultures

Abstract Propanil amidase is an enzyme found in rice, which hydrolyzes the herbicide 3,4-dichloropropionanilide, propanil. The activity of the enzyme as measured in rice plants was found to be two to four times greater in plants with four leaves than in plants with fewer than four leaves. The higher amidase activity of the four-leaf plants was localized in the unexpanded leaves. Rice root callus suspension in cultures also demonstrated propanil amidase activity. In vivo experiments indicated that the herbicide was metabolized by the tissue culture. Propanil amidase activity as determined in vitro , however, was detected only after the culture had developed to late stationary phase.
Noninvasive estimation of pulmonary vascular resistance in pulmonary hypertension.

Background: Determination of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in patients with suspected or known pulmonary hypertension (PH) requires right heart catheterization. Our purpose was to use Doppler echocardiography to estimate PVR in patients with PH. Methods: Patient population consisted of 52 patients (53 ± 12 years; 35 females) who underwent Doppler echocardiography and right heart catheterization within 24 hours of each other. The ratio of peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) and right ventricular outflow time-velocity integral (VTIRVOT) was measured via transthoracic echocardiography and correlated to invasively determined PVR. A linear regression equation was generated to determine PVR by echocardiography based upon the TRV/VTIRVOT ratio. PVR by echocardiography was compared to invasive PVR using Bland-Altman analysis. Results: Significant correlation was demonstrated between TRV/VTIRVOT and PVR by catheterization (r = 0.73; P 8 Wood units (n = 26; r = 0.17). Conclusion: While TRV/VTIRVOT correlates significantly with PVR, using it to estimate PVR in a PH patient population cannot be recommended.
The structure of hügelite, an arsenate of the phosphuranylite group, and its relationship to dumontite

The crystal structure of hugelite, Pb2((UO2)3O2(AsO4)2)(H2O)5, monoclinic, space group P21/m, a = 31.066(3) A E , b = 17.303(2) A E , c = 7.043(1) A E , b = 96.492(2)o , V = 3761.6(1) A E 3 , Z = 8, Dcalc = 5.74 g/cm 3 , was solved by direct methods using data from a crystal twinned by pseudo-merohedry, and was refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques on the basis of F 2 to agreement indices R1 of 3.3% calculated for 5519 unique observed reflections (|Fo| 5 4sF), and wR2 of 6.7% for all data. Intensity data were collected at room temperature using Mo- Ka radiation and a CCD-based area detector. Hugelite is a member of the phosphuranylite group and is the arsenate counterpart of dumontite. The sheets of uranyl pentagonal and hexagonal bipyramids and arsenate tetrahedra in hugelite are oriented parallel to (100), and the interlayer contains four symmetrically independent Pb atoms, each of which is coordinated by two oxygen atoms from uranyl ions, two oxygen atoms from arsenate tetrahedra, and three symmetrically distinct H 2O groups. The unit-cell volume is four times larger than that previously reported for hugelite, or expected by comparison to dumontite, Pb 2((UO2)3O2(PO4)2)(H2O)5; the larger cell probably results from the accommodation of the larger As atoms (relative to P) in the structure, and consequent subtle variations in the coordination geometries of the U and Pb positions.
The influence of context on recognition memory in monkeys: Effects of hippocampal, parahippocampal and perirhinal lesions

Abstract This study further investigated the specific contributions of the medial temporal lobe structures to contextual recognition memory. Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with either neurotoxic lesions of the hippocampus, aspiration lesions of the perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal areas TH/TF, or sham operations were tested on five conditions of a visual-paired comparison (VPC) task in which 3-dimensional objects were presented over multicolored backgrounds. In two conditions (Conditions 1 and 2: Context-changes), the sample object was presented on a new background during the retention tests, whereas in the three others (Conditions 3–5: No-context-changes) the sample object was presented over its familiar background. Novelty preference scores of control animals were weaker, but still significantly different from chance, in the Context-changes conditions than on the No-context-changes conditions. Animals in the three experimental groups showed strong preference for novelty on the No-context-change conditions, but weaker novelty preference on the Context-change conditions than controls. Thus, animals in all three lesion types had greater difficulty recognizing an object when its background was different from that used during encoding. The data are consistent with the view that the hippocampal formation, areas TH/TF, and perirhinal cortex contribute interactively to contextual memory processes.
Resting Energy Expenditure and Dietary Intake in Vaso-occlusive Crisis in Children with Sickle Cell Disease † 583

Resting Energy Expenditure and Dietary Intake in Vaso-occlusive Crisis in Children with Sickle Cell Disease † 583
dTrf2 is required for transcriptional and developmental responses to ecdysone during Drosophila metamorphosis

The TATA box-binding protein (TBP) related factor 2 (TRF2) has been well characterized at a biochemical level and in cultured cells. Relatively little, however, is known about how TRF2 functions in specific biological pathways during development. Here, we show that Drosophila TRF2 (dTRF2) plays an essential role in responses to the steroid hormone ecdysone during the onset of metamorphosis. Hypomorphic dTrf2 mutations lead to developmental arrest during prepupal and early pupal stages with defects in major ecdysone-triggered biological responses, including puparium formation, anterior spiracle eversion, gas bubble translocation, adult head eversion, and larval salivary gland cell death. The transcription of key ecdysone-regulated target genes is delayed and reduced in dTrf2 mutants. dTrf2 appears to be required for the proper timing and levels of ecdysone-regulated gene expression required for entry into metamorphosis. Developmental Dynamics 236:3173–3179, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms in reciprocal rhythm

Abstract Reciprocal rhythm is defined and the mechanisms described in 2 cases. Reciprocal rhythm can occur with impulses of atrial, A-V nodal, or ventricular origin. Two separate A-V nodal pathways are an essential prerequisite. The two pathways may communicate with each other in the upper or lower parts, or both, of the A-V node to form upper or lower common pathways, or both. Reciprocal rhythm can occur in the presence of both upper and lower common pathways; it can also occur in the absence of a common pathway. The time of inscription of the “retrograde” P′ deflection does not necessarily reflect the return level of the reciprocal mechanism. An atrial bridge is not an essential link in the reciprocal circuit. Unidirectional block in one of two pathways is necessary for the initiation of reciprocal rhythm. The nomenclature is reviewed.
Effects of convulsive doses of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine on somatic evoked responses in the cat

Abstract The effects of convulsive doses of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) on somatosensory evoked responses were studied in cats with chronically implanted electrodes in n. ventralis posterolateralis (VPL), in primary somatic cortex (SI), and cerebellar cortex. Stimulation was either to ulnar nerve or to thalamocortical afferent fibers. EEG recordings were made from cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Intraperitoneal administration of UDMH in doses sufficient to produce generalized seizures resulted in a small, inconstant increase of the primary positive evoked response and a large, consistent increase in the primary negative response in SI. The enhancement of cortical evoked responses prior to a seizure is due to increased excitability of superficial cortical layers rather than increased afferent inflow from VPL. The first two waves of the cerebellar evoked response were unaffected by UDMH, while the third wave was depressed prior to seizures. These results are consistent with previous suggestions that UDMH and other hydrazines block production of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Paroxysmal EEG activity sometimes began in the limbic system and then spread to cerebral cortex. The large and consistent increase of SI negative response amplitude prior to seizures is a good predictor of seirure onset. Some possible applications of such a predictor for neurochemical studies of convulsive agents and in epileptic patients are discussed.
Complex variable boundary element methods for the solution of potential problems in simply and multiply connected domains

Abstract General complex variable boundary element methods are developed for solving potential problems that are reducible to Laplace equations in two dimension. Complex potential nodal equations are derived in a format so that the current computer codes developed for the solution of problems in simply connected domains can be readily extended for the solution of problems in multiply connected domains. The double valued stream functions at the lines of cuts are accounted for by means of perturbation terms in the equations. In order to facilitate development of computer codes, relations are established for the equivalence of nodal points near the lines of the cuts. These relations are given together with coding rules and solution strategies in the paper.
Mortality and adverse events after protamine administration in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

UNLABELLED We designed this study to determine whether adverse hemodynamic events after a protamine administration increase the risk of in-hospital mortality. Using a retrospective cohort study design, medical and anesthesia records of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, between 1990 and 1994 were reviewed. Adverse events after a protamine administration were determined using strict, predefined criteria, and in-hospital mortality was assessed without knowledge of exposure status. Mortality was more frequent among the 53 patients with adverse events (13.2%) than the 223 patients without events (2.7%; crude odds ratio 5.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.49-20.6). After adjusting for confounders, the odds ratio was 6.98 (95% confidence interval, 1.36-35.9; P = 0.017). Those suffering severe events had the highest mortality (23.5% compared with 8.3% among those with less severe events versus 2.7% among those without any event, P = 0.001 for trend). In addition, the odds ratio was largest when using the strictest definition for protamine-related events. In conclusion, patients undergoing CPB who experience adverse events after a protamine administration have an increased risk of in-hospital mortality. Further studies to confirm these findings and development and testing of protamine alternatives or prophylactic therapies are required to determine if mortality can be reduced. IMPLICATIONS A retrospective cohort study demonstrated an association between adverse events after a protamine administration and increased in-hospital mortality.
A note on regional differences in phytoplankton during a crossing of the southern North Atlantic Ocean in January, 1967

Abstract In the southern North Atlantic Ocean in January changes in abundance of the dominant phytoplankton organism, Coccolithus huxleyi , were correlated with differences in currents and hydrographic structure. In the unstratified water of the northern Sargasso Sea the average cell number was 4.7/cm 3 , in the stable southern Sargasso Sea 0.6/cm 3 ; from mid-ocean eastward, where currents due to the Northeast Trades are stronger than in the Sargasso Sea, the cell density averaged 2.9/cm 3 , and in an upwelling region near the African Coast 13.1/cm 3 . A minor species, Calyptrosphaera oblonga , had a distribution exactly the reverse of Coccolithus huxleyi ; other forms exhibited regional differences that were less well defined than those of Coccolithus and Calyptrosphaera .
IgG antibody against formaldehyde human serum proteins: A comparison with other IgG antibodies against inhalant proteins and reactive chemicals

Immune responses to formaldehyde (F) have been recorded for seven decades. More recently, sensitive assays for antibody against F-human serum albumin (HSA) have been reported. IgG antibody against F-HSA has been said to correlate with symptoms against F-HSA. We report on 61 serum samples analyzed for IgG antibodies against F-HSA. IgG antibodies against F-HSA were most prevalent in subjects who had received intravenous F. In no case (either presumed symptomatic to F or with IgG antibody against F-HSA) was there a correlation of serologic results with symptoms. We also reviewed inhalation disease caused by chemicals and proteins acting as immunogens and report that at this time there is no evidence that gaseous F meets the criteria for causation of inhalational IgG-mediated lung disease by clinical or serologic studies. Very high IgG antibody levels occur in respiratory immunologic inhalational disease, and the absence of these high IgG levels against F is strong evidence against F or F proteins being an inhalational antigen of significance.
Clinical perspective of human colorectal cancer metastasis

Death from colorectal cancer frequently results from manifestations of recurrent local or metastatic disease following initial 'curative' therapy. Presently, the attempted curative treatment of recurrent colorectal cancer lays in the hands of the surgeon. This paper reviews the natural history of surgically treated large bowel cancer and summarizes published and National Cancer Institute experience with the surgical therapy of recurrent disease. A schema with rationale is offered for follow-up of the patient following 'curative' bowel resection. The treatment of recurrent disease incorporating the use of CEA initiated second-look laparotomy is advocated. Hepatic and pulmonary resections for metastatic disease are accepted as important therapeutic endeavours, and are discussed in some detail. It is concluded that of all patients diagnosed as having large bowel cancer, roughly 70% are resectable for cure at time of presentation, and 45% will indeed be cured by primary resection. Of the 25% who fail primary therapy, approximately 20% (5% of all colorectal cancer patients) can be cured by local re-resection or hepatic or pulmonary resection.
Adhesion of polyimide to annealed 301 stainless-steel films

—Several chemical treatments for the surface preparation of 301 austenitic stainless steel for bonding to polyimide films of pyromellitic dianhydride-oxydianiline (PMDA-ODA) are compared and characterized by means of surface analysis. The role of surface roughness, chromium surface enrichment by selective etching of the alloy, and the use of amine-terminated or styryl-terminated silanes in adhesion promotion are also described. Finally, 90° peel strengths for the polymer/metal interfaces developed by the various surface preparation methods are compared and discussed.
Isotope Shift and Hyperfine Structure of the Neutron-Deficient Thallium Isotopes

The measurement of the isotope shift and hyperfine structure of the neutron-deficient thallium isotopes has been extended to isotopes $196m$, 195, and $194m$. The isotope shifts are $\ensuremath{\Delta}(196m\ensuremath{-}205)=\ensuremath{-}288\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4$ mK, $\ensuremath{\Delta}(195\ensuremath{-}205)=\ensuremath{-}274\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4$ mK, and $\ensuremath{\Delta}(194m\ensuremath{-}205)=\ensuremath{-}346\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4$ mK in the 5350 A line. (1 mK = ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.) In the 3776 \AA{} line, the shifts are $\ensuremath{\Delta}(196m\ensuremath{-}205)=\ensuremath{-}288\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10$ mK, $\ensuremath{\Delta}(195\ensuremath{-}205)=\ensuremath{-}249\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4$ mK and $\ensuremath{\Delta}(194m\ensuremath{-}205)=\ensuremath{-}348\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10$ mK. The derived dipole moment of thallium-195 is $(1.55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}$. The shifts in the thallium sequence are compared with the shifts in the mercury sequence.
Social Reality of the Drug Problem: New York's Lower East Side

The scope and nature of social problems are frequently a creation of the various organizations and agencies established to deal with some aspect of community concern. The "educational" and other activities of these groups can be seen as attempts at reality construction. Regarding these efforts, this study examined the kind and effectiveness of drug addiction programs sponsored by social service agencies in New York City's Lower East Side and found them to be wanting. The absence of drug programs and the inability of these agencies to effectively carry out projects of this (and any other) kind appears to be a consequence of the funding structure and the existence of conflict between agencies. It is argued, however, that these agencies can serve as a principal base from which community control over and ultimately any just solution to the drug problem may be initiated.
The Empty Shelf and Other Curricular Challenges of Teaching for Children of African Descent Implications for Teacher Practice

This article examines aspects of an African-centered pedagogy defined here as a pedagogy in which children can come to critically understand their identities as people of African heritage in a Nort...
Pollution, property value, and air quality control strategies

The housing stock of Chicago is divided into several groups based on the race and income of the residents in the housing. It is shown that the relationship between air pollution intensity and property values varies greatly from group to group. The ramifications of these findings for the interpretation of similar studies by other researchers are discussed in light of this conclusion.
Multicolor Optical Imaging of Infrared-Warm Seyfert Galaxies. V. Morphologies and Interactions: Challenging the Orientation Model

This paper is the last in a series investigating the optical properties of a sample of mid-IR warm Seyfert galaxies and of a control sample of mid-IR cold galaxies. In the present paper I parametrize the morphologies and interaction properties of the host galaxies and combine these with the major conclusions in my previous papers. My results confirm that nuclear activity is linked to galactic interactions. I suggest an alternative view to the simple orientation-obscuration model postulated for Seyfert types 1 and 2 that takes into account the time evolution of their environmental and morphological properties. Within this view, the distinction between warm Seyfert 1 and 2 galaxies is not one of simple orientation; the latter might instead represent an earlier evolutionary stage, with properties intermediate between the (starburst-dominated) cold galaxies and the (AGN-dominated) warm Seyfert 1 galaxies.
Androgens and the breast

Androgens have important physiological effects in women while at the same time they may be implicated in breast cancer pathologies. However, data on the effects of androgens on mammary epithelial proliferation and/or breast cancer incidence are not in full agreement. We performed a literature review evaluating current clinical, genetic and epidemiological data regarding the role of androgens in mammary growth and neoplasia. Epidemiological studies appear to have significant methodological limitations and thus provide inconclusive results. The study of molecular defects involving androgenic pathways in breast cancer is still in its infancy. Clinical and nonhuman primate studies suggest that androgens inhibit mammary epithelial proliferation and breast growth while conventional estrogen treatment suppresses endogenous androgens. Abundant clinical evidence suggests that androgens normally inhibit mammary epithelial proliferation and breast growth. Suppression of androgens using conventional estrogen treatment may thus enhance estrogenic breast stimulation and possibly breast cancer risk. Addition of testosterone to the usual hormone therapy regimen may diminish the estrogen/progestin increase in breast cancer risk but the impact of this combined use on mammary gland homeostasis still needs evaluation.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for oscillation of neutral equations with real coefficients

Abstract Consider the neutral delay differential equation d dt [y(t) + py(t − τ)] + q 1 y(t − σ 1 ) + q 2 y(t − σ 2 ) = 0 , where the coefficients p, q1, q2 are real numbers and the delays τ, σ1, σ2 are nonnegative eal numbers. We prove that every solution of Eq. (1) oscillates if and only if the characteristic equation λ + λpe−λτ + q1e−λσ1 + q2e−λσ2 = 0 has no real roots.
Interface and Electronic Characterization of Thin Epitaxial Co3O4 Films

Abstract The interface and electronic structure of thin (∼20–74 nm) Co 3 O 4 (1 1 0) epitaxial films grown by oxygen-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on MgAl 2 O 4 (1 1 0) single crystal substrates have been investigated by means of real and reciprocal space techniques. As-grown film surfaces are found to be relatively disordered and exhibit an oblique low energy electron diffraction (LEED) pattern associated with the O-rich CoO 2 bulk termination of the (1 1 0) surface. Interface and bulk film structure are found to improve significantly with post-growth annealing at 820 K in air and display sharp rectangular LEED patterns, suggesting a surface stoichiometry of the alternative Co 2 O 2 bulk termination of the (1 1 0) surface. Non-contact atomic force microscopy demonstrates the presence of wide terraces separated by atomic steps in the annealed films that are not present in the as-grown structures; the step height of ≈2.7 A corresponds to two atomic layers and confirms a single termination for the annealed films, consistent with the LEED results. A model of the ( 1 × 1 ) surfaces that allows for compensation of the polar surfaces is presented.
Stimulus Characteristics Determine Processing Approach on Random Array Letter-Cancellation Tasks

Abstract Target-to-distractor ratio strongly influences performance on typical random array letter cancellation tasks, suggesting that a “controlled” processing approach is used. This study was designed to determine whether “automatic” processing could be also demonstrated in the random array cancellation paradigm by changing the perceptual characteristics of the stimuli. Thirty-two healthy subjects sequentially performed four random array cancellation tasks with 50 and 100 stimuli. The letters “I” or “O'' were targets and “L” served as the distractor. Performance was measured by the number of correctly canceled targets divided by the time to completion, corrected for accuracy. There was a strong effect of the number of stimuli on forms using I targets ( p p = .15) Performance scores were lower for I target forms than for O targets. These findings demonstrate that performance approximating “automatic” processing can also be elicited on clinically useful, office-based, or bedside tests such as random array cancellation.
What Does the Keane PTSD Scale of the MMPI Measure? Repeated Measurements in a Group of Patients with Major Depression:

We looked at a group of depressed patients in a treatment study, none of whom by study design had Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). High scores on the PTSD (PK) scale could only be due to factors other than PTSD. Despite the absence of PTSD, we observed an extremely high false positive rate in a group given the MMPI on multiple occasions. 92% of the subjects had at least one T score at or above 65 on the PK scale. 44% of the men and the women had at least one score at or above the more conservative cutoff (a raw score of 28) recommended by Lyons and Keane. The PK scale is sensitive to depression as well as anxiety and PTSD. The PK scale showed multiple high correlations with clinical and validity scales. It was concluded, in agreement with Miller, Goldberg, and Streiner (1995) and Moody and Kish (1989), that the PK scale is primarily a measure of general dysphoria. In populations with considerable psychopathology, the PK scale does not appear to discriminate between patients with and without PTSD.
The discovery of situated worlds: Analytic commitments, or moral orders?

The discovery of social phenomena by a discipline whose roots are abidingly psychological has been a singular development in American educational research. Formulations of “situatedness” are emblematic of this rethinking, and depending on our understanding of it, we have in situatedness the possibility of a distinctive set of analytic commitments. This paper discusses these possibilities and their development in the educational research literature, in the particulars of the Brown, Collins and Duguid (1989) publication “Situated Cognition.” In the end, situatedness is understood as a unifying formulation. And while it opens a huge domain of topics for inquiry, it also proves, as its inclusiveness, of no use whatsoever as a parsing device. Situated cognition, for example, could not be, nor has ever been, otherwise.
Crosscorrelation properties of pseudorandom and related sequences

Binary maximal-length linear feedback shift register sequences (m-sequences) have been successfully employed in communications, navigation, and related systems over the past several years. For the early applications, m-sequences were used primarily because of their excellent periodic autocorrelation properties. For many of the recent systems applications, however, the crosscorrelation properties of such sequences are at least as important as the autocorrelation properties, and the system performance depends upon the aperiodic correlation in addition to the periodic correlation. This paper presents a survey of recent results and provides several new results on the periodic and aperiodic crosscorrelation functions for pairs of m-sequences and for pairs of related (but not maximal-length) binary shift register sequences. Also included are several recent results on correlation for complex-valued sequences as well as identities relating the crosscorrelation functions to autocorrelation functions. Examples of problems in spread-spectrum communications are employed to motivate the choice of correlation parameters that are considered in the paper.
Frege's content-principle and relevant deducibility

Given the harmony principle for logical operators, compositionality ought to ensure that harmony should obtain at the level of whole contents. That is, the role of a content qua premise ought to be balanced exactly by its role as a conclusion. Frege's contextual definition of propositional content happens to exploit this balance, and one appeals to the Cut rule to show that the definition is adequate. We show here that Frege's definition remains adequate even when one relevantizes logic by abandoning an unrestricted Cut rule. The proof exploits the fact that in the relevantized logic, which abandons the unrestricted rule of Cut, any failure of the transitivity of deduction is offset by the epistemic gain involved in learning that a stronger-than-expected result holds.
Structural basis for the potent antisickling effect of a novel class of five-membered heterocyclic aldehydic compounds

Naturally occurring five-membered heterocyclic aldehydes, including 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural, increase the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) and strongly inhibit the sickling of homozygous sickl...
The Selection of an Interim CEO Boundary Conditions and the Pursuit of Temporary Leadership

More and more boards are tapping interim CEOs to temporarily fill the corner office. Prior research indicates the negative performance implications of this decision; yet, little is known about the rationale behind this decision. Our aim is to fill this research gap. Drawing on agency and human capabilities frameworks, we examined the contextual elements that influence a board’s decision to pursue temporary leadership. Within a sample of 375 successions occurring between 1998 and 2005, we found that boards of directors were more likely to select interim CEOs under certain succession conditions, namely, when the prior CEO was forced out and there was no heir apparent or when the prior CEO had served for a short tenure. Our results highlight the importance of context in succession selections and provide insights into why a board would pursue a decision with seemingly negative repercussions. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Seasonal and spatial variability in macrobenthos communities in Jamaica Bay, New York—an urban estuary

Macrobenthos were sampled at 27 sites on a seasonal basis from October 1981 through November 1982. Cluster analyses and principal components analyses indicated that although spatial and species groupings were weak, an underlying sediment-correlated structure persisted for all seasons. Weak station groupings resulted from great seasonal and local variability in abundance of several dominant taxa. The most widely distributed species varied the least in density over time. Species richness (number of species) and dominance were uncorrelated. Dominance was correlated with sediment organic content [% total organic carbon (TOC)] and % Mud. Species richness increased with increasing % TOC, reaching a maximum in the range 0.7 to 1.0% TOC (primarily sand stations). At higher organic levels (muddy, sand stations), species richness declined. Muddy sand stations were dominated byAmpelisca abdita. In this community, species richness was inversely correlated both with percent TOC and heavy metals concentrations. In both sand and mud communities, species richness was positively correlated with density (mean number individuals of all species per sample).
Unravelling the Excitation Spectrum of the Nucleon

The low-energy structure of QCD lies encoded in the excited states of the nucleon, a complicated overlap of many resonances. Recent Lattice calculations have confirmed the longstanding quark model predictions of many more excited states than have been identified. Reactions that probe the spectrum are clouded by effects that dress the interactions and complicate the identification of excited levels and the interpretation of their structure. Recent theoretical work has exposed dramatic effects from such dressings. On the experimental side, new complete measurements of pseudoscalar meson photo-production are being pursued at several laboratories, where here the designation of complete refers to measurements of most if not all of the 16 possible reaction observables. This has been the focus of a series of experiments at Jefferson Lab culminating in the recently completed g9/FROST and g14/HDice runs which are now under analysis. With realistic errors, the number of observables needed to constrain the production amplitude is many more than required of a mathematical solution.
Optimal digitization of earthquake records

Abstract The optimal time interval for sampling an earthquake timehistory in order to recover the original record in a unique manner is derived. If the sampling time interval is too large, the high frequency components of the timehistory can ‘impersonate’ low frequencies. This results in ‘aliasing’, in which is a major source of distortion in the reconstruction of the original timehistory from its discretized values. In the present study, the optimal sampling time interval known as the Nyquist interval in signal processing is derived. The results indicate that if the optimal time interval is exceeded, loss of information occurs. The use of a smaller time interval results in additional computer cost without any increase in the information necessary to reconstruct the original time history.
Histamine release from leukocytes with antigen E and whole ragweed extract.

Abstract Histamine release from washed leukocytes of 12 ragweed-sensitive patients was studied. Leukocytes from 4 patients did not release significant amounts of histamine when challenged with purified antigen E. However, histamine was released from these cells after incubation with crude ragweed extract. The quantity of purified antigen E used was 3 to 30 times as great as the antigen E estimated to be contained in the crude extract. This implies that antigens other than antigen E may be of clinical significance.
Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) Genotype and Reduced CETP Levels Associated With Decreased Prevalence of Hypertension

OBJECTIVES To clarify whether reduced cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity carries inherent blood pressure risks and to infer whether the increased blood pressure and elevated mortality associated with torcetrapib are idiosyncratic or characteristic of this class of drugs. PATIENTS AND METHODS We examined the associations among CETP genotype, phenotype, and blood pressure in a cohort of 521 older adults (who have complete data for the variables required in our primary analysis) enrolled between November 1, 1998, and June 30, 2003, in our ongoing studies of genes associated with longevity, including a cohort with a high prevalence of a genotype coding for a reduced activity variant of CETP and low levels of CETP. RESULTS The prevalence of hypertension was actually lower among homozygotes for the variant CETP (48% vs 60% among those with wild-type and 65% among heterozygotes; P =.03). Low levels of CETP were associated with reduced prevalence of hypertension (65% in highest tertile, 59% in middle tertile, and 55% in lowest tertile; P =.04) and lower systolic blood pressure (140.8, 138.1, 136.2 mm Hg, respectively; P =.03). CONCLUSION Reduced levels of CETP are associated with lower, not higher, blood pressure. The adverse results with torcetrapib, if mediated through blood pressure, are likely to represent effects of this specific drug, rather than a result of lower CETP levels.
Multimodality tissue identification for neurosurgery: the NASA Smart Probe project

Real-time tissue identification can benefit procedures such as stereotactic brain biopsy, functional neurosurgery, and brain tumor excision. Optical scattering spectroscopy has been shown effective at discriminating cancer from non-cancerous conditions in the colon, bladder, and breast. The NASA Smart Probe extends the concept of "optical biopsy" by using neural network techniques to combine the output from three microsensors contained within a cannula 2.7 mm in diameter (i.e. the diameter of a stereotactic brain biopsy needle). Experimental data from five rats show the clear differentiation between tissues such as brain, nerve, fat, artery, and muscle that can be achieved with optical scattering spectroscopy alone. These data and previous findings with other modalities such as (1) analysis of the image from a fiberoptic neuroendoscope and (2) the output from a micro strain gauge suggest the Smart Probe multiple microsensor technique shows promise for real-time tissue identification in neurosurgical procedures.
A design approach for a decimation filter

A basis for the design of a novel half band decimation filter is described. It is shown that by optimizing the decimation-filter design to the final performance specification rather than a stage-by-stage optimization, the performance goals can be achieved at lower cost, i.e., fewer computations per sample. The equations are derived and performance demonstrated against a typical specification. >
A FACILE SYNTHESIS FOR FUNCTIONAL PERFLUOROPOLYETHER OLIGOMERS, DIACIDS, DIESTERS, AND SURFACTANTS

La methode de preparation est basee sur la fluoration directe de polyesters lineaires (le poly(succinate d'ethylene)), suivie d'un traitement par les quantites non-stoechiometriques de SF 4 puis d'une hydrolyse des fonctions ester residuelles pour donner les oligomeres RO 2 C-(CF 2 ) 3 -[OCF 2 CF 2 O(CF 2 ) 4 ] n -O CF 2 CO 2 R (n=0, 8, R=H, Me). L'influence des quantites de SF 4 utilisees sur la structure des composes est etudiee par RMN et spectrometrie de masse