cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Likelihood of Falling Asleep While Driving Using Psychophysics

The current research aimed at developing a behaviorally based, subjective measure to assess the likelihood of falling asleep behind-the-wheel, using psychophysical scaling. Participants performed a...
A Gaussian Process Approach for Effective Soft Error Detection

In this paper, we present a non-parametric dataanalytic soft-error detector. Our detector uses the key properties of Gaussian process regression. First, because Gaussian process regression provides confidence on the prediction, this confidence can be used to automatize construction of the detection range. Second, because the correlation model of a Gaussian process captures the similarity among neighboring point values, only one-time online training is needed. This leads to very low online performance overheads. Finally, Gaussian process regression localizes the detection range computation, thereby avoiding communication costs. We compare our detector with the adaptive impact-driven (AID) and spatial supportvector- machine (SSD) detectors, two effective detectors based on observation of the temporal and spatial evolution of data, respectively. Experiments with five failure distributions and six real-world high-performance computing applications reveal that the Gaussian-process-based detector achieves low false positive rate and high recall while incurring less than 0.1% performance and memory overheads. Considering the detection performance and overheads, our Gaussian process detector provides the best trade-off.
On‐line addition of catalyst in high‐temperature reactors: high selectivity to olefins

By adding solutions containing catalyst salts to hot monolith catalysts during partial oxidation processes, the salt decomposes instantly and is deposited selectively near the front face. We have used this technique to deposit extremely small amounts of Pt on α-Al2O3 monoliths during ethane oxidation to olefins. We find that on this catalyst with H2 addition, the selectivity to ethylene rises from ∼ to over 80% at an ethane conversion of ∼60% and at complete O2 conversion. We also examine the addition of promoters including Sn, which gives improved performance compared to the Pt catalyst alone. This appears to be a general effect that could be useful in preparing catalysts with different loadings and distributions in high‐temperature processes. It can also be used for rapid and accurate diagnosis of catalysts and additives and to modify catalysts on‐line in situations where deactivation or catalyst loss occurs.
Quantitative Microstructural Characterization and Description of Multiphase Ceramics

The microstructural state possessed by a material is the legacy of its history, the key to its properties, and the portent of its response to subsequent processing. Thus, a knowledge of this microstructural state plays a central role in developing an understanding of how a material behaves. In a broad sense, the concept contained in “microstructural state” may imply a hierarchy of aspects of the structure of the material (electronic, crystal, defect, phases) and a range of attributes of its structural elements (chemical. physical , mechanical , thermodynamical).
Calculations of Void Streaming in the Argonne Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor Critical Experiments

In this paper we describe a validation procedure for and results of streaming calculations for the Argonne National Laboratory gas-cooled fast reactor critical assemblies. The calculational approac...
Gaël and the Didactical Contract

In this chapter we return to the story of Gael and how working with him led Brousseau and his colleagues to the invention of the didactical contract. The development is described in detail in “The Case of Gael”. Here I will present excerpts from the article, with occasional minor modifications, connected by my own commentary and descriptions of the intervening sections.
eHealth for Stigma Reduction Efforts Designed to Improve Engagement in Care for People Living with HIV

HIV-related stigma remains a significant barrier to engagement in care for persons living with HIV (PLWH) worldwide. This review examines the use of eHealth technologies for reducing stigma as a pathway toward improved engagement in care for PLWH. We provide a brief overview of effective stigma reduction interventions for PLWH, both eHealth and others; identify gaps in the research on use of eHealth technologies for stigma reduction; and suggest potential research avenues moving forward. The majority of HIV-related eHealth studies use technology to improve ART adherence. To date, few HIV-related eHealth studies have included any measurement of stigma. Given the current narrow evidence base, further research is needed to determine whether eHealth technologies can help to reduce stigma and improve engagement in care for PLWH.
Stigmatization of War Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Stereotyping and Social Distance Findings:

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects a significant portion of the US population, but there remains limited information on public responses to affected individuals. Diagnosed mental illnesse...
That Is My Wife: Reproductive Futurism and Patriarchal Competition

The chapter examines the oppressive relational dynamics engendered in The Walking Dead by reproductive futurist ideology. This dynamic of competition and ownership plays out in the conflict between Rick and Shane over Lori and Lori’s children. That this competition results in conflict and death rather than a cooperative adjustment of familial structure demonstrates the tenacity of heteronormative ideology. Even Carl ignores queer possibilities, and the competition over Lori and her children also foregrounds the significance of the symbolic Child, worth killing and dying for and able to temporarily redeem even the Governor. Occasionally, Rick briefly seems willing to reimagine family relationships, and the adherence of many characters to patriarchal norms repeatedly causes violence and death, even as the franchise frequently aligns itself with these norms.
Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Algorithm for Distributed Dynamic Pricing of Managed Lanes

Priced managed lanes are increasingly being used to manage congestion on urban freeways. This research looks at a distributed model of dynamic pricing for managed lanes with multiple entrances and exits with a toll agent controlling the toll at each diverge point. We formulate the problem as a Markov decision process for each agent and use a multiagent reinforcement learning algorithm to find toll policies that maximize revenue over a finite time horizon. We also propose a local policy search method which explores the continuous action space without the need to discretize tolls. We compare the performance of the distributed control against other heuristics used in practice. Experiments conducted on the test networks show promising results. The proposed algorithm generates 70–86% more revenue than the other heuristics which assume no coordination and produces toll policies which reduce the violation of free flow travel on managed lanes to only 5% of the times. Despite showing lack of convergence within a reasonable computation time, the proposed algorithm generates toll policies which perform better than the existing heuristics and provides a viable alternative for dynamic tolling of managed lanes with multiple toll locations.
Dislocation Plasticity in Single Crystals

Constitutive modeling is described for crystalline solids undergoing thermoelastic deformation in conjunction with inelastic deformation by dislocation glide. General physical phenomena, predominantly with regard to crystal structure and dislocation kinematics, are presented. A nonlinear thermoelastic-plastic theory for anisotropic single crystals based on a two-term decomposition of the deformation gradient and the use of the material Eulerian thermoelastic strain tensor is derived. The model is designed for describing shock compression of metallic solids via incorporation of viscoplasticity and dislocation of kinetic relations applicable at up to very high strain rates. Thermodynamic relations and pertinent material coefficients are presented. The planar shock problem is addressed for single crystals via analytical, steady wave, and finite difference approaches. Model predictions for aluminum provide complementary insight into experimental shock compression data.
Salience in the noticing and production of L2 arabic forms

This study investigated the effect that the salience of an L2 form has on learner noticing and production of the form. The study also explored the effects that task type (output vs. input) has on form noticing and production. The study targeted three Arabic forms: a low salient form (the future tense) and two salient ones (time telling and time connectors). Eighty beginning‐level learners of Arabic were assigned to two treatment conditions: output and input. The output group described a picture story; listened to, read, and underlined an Arabic speaker's description of the story; and redid the picture description. The input group answered pre‐text exposure questions; listened to, read, and underlined the same model description; and answered posttext exposure questions. There was an immediate posttest, and a delayed posttest and interviews two weeks later. The findings suggest that the salience of the target forms affected form noticing and production, but task type only had a mediating effect on production; output did not promote learner noticing of L2 forms better than input, but it did lead to partial gains in form production.
Discordance between Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate with Creatinine and Cystatin is Associated with Inflammation and Worsened Survival in Heart Failure

Introduction Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be estimated using serum creatinine or cystatin C. At the population level, these equations predict GFR with similar accuracy but can give substantially different results at the level of an individual patient. These within-patient differences may be explained by factors such as inflammation, as cystatin C is associated with higher levels of established inflammatory markers. We sought to determine if the discordance between the two GFR estimates could be attributed to inflammation, and furthermore to examine if this information held prognostic value. Hypothesis Discordance of estimated GFR (eGFR) using creatinine vs. cystatin C will be affected by inflammation and patients with greater discordance will have worsened survival. Methods We analyzed an outpatient cohort of patients with chronic stable heart failure (n= 162). CKDEPI-Creatinine and CKDEPI-Cystatin C equations were used to estimate GFR. Discordance of eGFR was calculated as the ratio of eGFRcreatinine to eGFRcystatin. (values higher than 1 represent eGFRcreatinine > eGFRcystatin and lower than 1 represent eGFRcystatin > eGFRcreatinine). Results In the overall population eGFRcreatinine was 54±28mL/min/m2 and the eGFRcystatin was 43±25mL/min/m2, resulting in an average ratio of 1.3±0.4. There were, however, substantial differences in individual patients with the 10th percentile ratio at 0.9 and 90th percentile a ratio of 1.7. Notably, the ratio was correlated with plasma interleukin-6 (r= 0.24), C-reactive protein (r= 0.23), and ST2 (r= 0.26); p Conclusion The discordance of eGFR with creatinine and cystatin C was associated with markers of inflammation and holds powerful independent prognostic information. Additional study into the drivers of the discordance in GFR estimates by cystatin C and creatinine is warranted.
Normally supportive sublattices of crystallographic space groups

The tabulation of normal subgroups of 3D crystallographic space groups that are themselves 3D crystallographic space groups (csg's) is an ambitious goal, but would have a variety of applications. For convenience, such subgroups are referred to as `csg-normal' while normal subgroups of the crystallographic point group (cpg) of a crystallographic space group are referred to as `cpg-normal'. The point group of a csg-normal subgroup must be a cpg-normal subgroup. The present work takes a significant step towards that goal by tabulating the translational subgroups (a.k.a. sublattices) that are capable of supporting csg-normal subgroups. Two necessary conditions are identified on the relative sublattice basis that must be met in order for the sublattice to support csg-normal subgroups: one depends on the operations of the point group of the space group, while the other depends on the operations of the cpg-normal subgroup. Sublattices that meet these conditions are referred to as `normally supportive'. For each cpg-normal subgroup (excluding the identity subgroup 1) of each of the arithmetic crystal classes of 3D space groups, all of the normally supportive sublattices have been tabulated in symbolic form, such that most of the entries in the table contain one or more integer variables of infinite range; thus it could be more accurately described as a table of the infinite families of normally supportive sublattices. For a given pair of cpg-normal subgroup and normally supportive sublattice, csg-normal subgroups of the space groups of the parent arithmetic crystal class can be constructed via group extension, though in general such a pair does not guarantee the existence of a corresponding csg-normal subgroup.
Abstract P4-07-09: Identification and functional analysis of interleukin-1 (IL-1) induced gene expression pattern in breast cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa) cells

Breast cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa) are both hormone receptor (HR) driven cancers with similar etiology, where tumor microenvironment inflammation promotes both BCa and PCa progression. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an inflammatory cytokine present in the tumor microenvironment, is elevated in BCa and PCa patient tumor tissue, correlates with poor prognosis, and inversely correlates with HR expression in tumor tissue. We have shown that IL-1 represses the BCa and PCa therapeutic targets, Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERα) and Androgen Receptor (AR), respectively, in PCa and BCa cell lines; yet the cells remain viable. Thus, we hypothesize that IL-1 induces similar molecular responses in BCa and PCa cells that promote HR independence and subsequent treatment resistance. To address our hypothesis, we performed RNA sequencing of HR positive (HR+) BCa and PCa cell lines treated with IL-1 and compared IL-1-modulated gene expression patterns with the basal gene expression of HR negative (HR-) BCa and PCa cell lines. Our bioinformatics analysis revealed a suite of 350 genes that, based on ontology, promote inflammation response, angiogenesis, oxidative stress response, and cell motility. We chose two IL-1-induced genes from the genes list, p62 and SOX9, for functional analysis. p62 is an antioxidant and autophagy-related scaffold protein and SOX9 is an embryonic transcription factor. We performed p62 and SOX9 siRNA and found that loss of p62 or SOX9 reduce cell viability in HR- cell lines. We also found that the FDA approved p62-targeting drug, verteporfin, reduces cell viability in HR- cells line. Thus, our 350 genes list revealed alternative therapeutic targets for HR-independent cells, including BCa or PCa patients that might evolve HR-independence due to inflammation. Citation Format: Afshan Fathima Nawas, Mohammed Kanchwala, Shayna Thomas-Jardin, Haley Dahl, Nicole Roos, Monica Bautista, Ally Wong, Chao Xing, Nikki Delk. Identification and functional analysis of interleukin-1 (IL-1) induced gene expression pattern in breast cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa) cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-07-09.
Sequence learning in Associative Neuronal-Astrocytic Network

The neuronal paradigm of studying the brain has left us with limitations in both our understanding of how neurons process information to achieve biological intelligence and how such knowledge may be translated into artificial intelligence and its most brain-derived branch, neuromorphic computing. Overturning our fundamental assumptions of how the brain works, the recent exploration of astrocytes is revealing that these long-neglected brain cells dynamically regulate learning by interacting with neuronal activity at the synaptic level. Following recent experimental evidence, we designed an associative, Hopfield-type, neuronal-astrocytic network and analyzed the dynamics of the interaction between neurons and astrocytes. We show that astrocytes were sufficient to trigger transitions between learned memories in the neuronal component of the network. Further, we mathematically derived the timing of the transitions that was governed by the dynamics of the calcium-dependent slow-currents in the astrocytic processes. Overall, we provide a brain-morphic mechanism for sequence learning that is inspired by, and aligns with, recent experimental findings. To evaluate our model, we emulated astrocytic atrophy and showed that memory recall becomes significantly impaired after a critical point of affected astrocytes was reached. This brain-inspired and brain-validated approach supports our ongoing efforts to incorporate non-neuronal computing elements in neuromorphic information processing.
Machine Learning in the Analysis of Mental Disease

Mental Health issues affect millions of people every year and deter the ability of an individual to live a fulfilling life. 1 in 5 U.S. adults experience some type of mental illness every year. Even though in the U.S. there are progressive policies and initiatives to help those with mental illnesses, there are still many people suffering and not receiving the help they need. There are different factors and reasons behind why some individuals are hesitant to receive care. Location, stigma, and the fear of treatment are some of the reasons, but with the help of technology like machine learning there can be a access to help everywhere. This work provides general overview on the mental disease particularly to review the machine learning application in the mental disease analysis to provide the best overview of this emerging direction.
Early steroid withdrawal in HIV-infected kidney transplant recipients: Utilization and outcomes.

Kidney transplant (KT) outcomes for HIV-infected (HIV+) persons are excellent, yet acute rejection (AR) is common and optimal immunosuppressive regimens remain unclear. Early steroid withdrawal (ESW) is associated with AR in other populations, but its utilization and impact are unknown in HIV+ KT. Using SRTR, we identified 1225 HIV+ KT recipients between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2017, without AR, graft failure, or mortality during KT admission, and compared those with ESW with those with steroid continuation (SC). We quantified associations between ESW and AR using multivariable logistic regression and interval-censored survival analysis, as well as with graft failure and mortality using Cox regression, adjusting for donor, recipient, and immunologic factors. ESW utilization was 20.4%, with more zero HLA mismatch (8% vs 4%), living donors (26% vs 20%), and lymphodepleting induction (64% vs 46%) compared to the SC group. ESW utilization varied widely across 129 centers, with less use at high- versus moderate-volume centers (6% vs 21%, P < .001). AR was more common with ESW by 1 year (18.4% vs 12.3%; aOR: 1.08 1.612.41 , P = .04) and over the study period (aHR: 1.02 1.391.90 , P = .03), without difference in death-censored graft failure (aHR 0.60 0.911.36 , P = .33) or mortality (aHR: 0.75 1.151.77 , P = .45). To reduce AR after HIV+ KT, tailoring of ESW utilization is reasonable.
The Firing of Angela Davis at UCLA, 1969–1970: Communism, Academic Freedom, and Freedom of Speech

In 1969, the Board of Regents of the University of California fired Angela Davis for her membership in the Communist Party. The subsequent legal case illustrates an apparent paradox: the legal system’s protection of her First Amendment rights did not preclude dismissing her for her speech. Broadly speaking, since the 1960s, the Supreme Court has been consistent in upholding freedom of speech as a central constitutional value. What remains contested and unresolved is the scope of academic freedom--something which universities, not the courts, are responsible for defining. The Davis case, which was saturated with competing conceptions of academic freedom, can serve as a textbook for understanding the structure of debate about this topic.
Comprehensive review of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC) is the third most common type of RCC with distinct biology compared to other kidney cancer subtypes. The heterogeneity between the RCC subtypes is associated with noticeable differences in tumor aggressiveness and risk for the development of metastatic disease. ChRCC is characterized by chromosomal aneuploidy, TP53, PTEN, and mitochondrial gene mutations. Though the therapeutic landscape of clear cell RCC (ccRCC) has significantly evolved over the past decade, limited progress has been seen in chRCC due to its infrequent incidence. In fact, the therapeutic approach for chRCC is often extrapolated from ccRCC treatments or studies that combine several forms of nccRCC subtypes. In the new era of genetic profiling of tumors and targeted therapeutics, this review describes the epidemiology, pathology, molecular characteristics, and current management with ongoing clinical trials for chRCC.
Almost Automorphic Functions

Let \(\mathbb X\) be a (real or complex) Banach space and \(f\in C(\mathbb R,\mathbb X)\). We say that f is almost automorphic if for every sequence of real numbers \((s^{\prime }_n)\) there exists a subsequence (sn) such that $$\displaystyle \displaystyle \lim _{m\to \infty }\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }f(t+s_m-s_n)=f(t) $$ for each \(t\in \mathbb R\).
The reciprocal Bayesian bridge for left-censored data

We propose two Bayesian methods for regularized left censored regression: the reciprocal Bayesian bridge and the reciprocal Bayesian adaptive bridge. Gibbs samplers are derived based on the recipro...
Learning Formulas in Finite Variable Logics.

We consider grammar-restricted exact learning of formulas and terms in finite variable logics. We propose a novel and versatile automata-theoretic technique for solving such problems. We first show results for learning formulas that classify a set of positively- and negatively-labeled structures. We give algorithms for realizability and synthesis of such formulas along with upper and lower bounds. We also establish positive results using our technique for other logics and variants of the learning problem, including first-order logic with least fixed point definitions, higher-order logics, and synthesis of queries and terms with recursively-defined functions.
Proteoglycans and other repulsive molecules in glial boundaries during development and regeneration of the nervous system.

Publisher Summary In most systems that have been studied, a common theme is the close association of proteoglycans with glial boundaries. Proteoglycans are complex macromolecules comprised of a protein core and covalently attached glycosaminoglycan side chains. They are the major components of the extracellular matrix in most tissues, including the nervous system and have been implicated in a wide variety of cellular functions and intercellular interactions. The chapter also lists the known proteoglycans associated with glial boundaries during development and regeneration of the nervous system. The large effective size created by hydration of negatively charged glycosaminoglycans, such as chondroitin sulfates could result in the steric exclusion of other molecules from the cell surface glycocalyx. This would interfere in the interaction between cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and their receptors on the growth cone surface. A similar mechanism of steric exclusion has been proposed for the modulation of intercellular space by polysialic acid on neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). The complex structure and the presence of specific domains in glycosaminoglycans open up the possibility that these carbohydrate sequences may have specific interactions with peptide sequences on other proteins.
Theoretical study of the resistance switching mechanism in rutile TiO 2−x for ReRAM: The role of oxygen vacancies and hydrogen impurities

We study the resistance switching mechanism of rutile TiO 2 using ab initio calculations based on DFT. Ordering of the oxygen vacancies substantially increases the conductivity of TiO 2 by forming a conductive channel, i.e. “ON”-state. We find that the diffusion of either oxygen or hydrogen atoms into the conductive channel causes the rupture of the conductive filament resulting in the transition from “ON”-state to “OFF”-state.
Introduction to Continuum Mechanics

1. Introduction 2. Cartesian tensors 3. General tensors 4. Integral theorems 5. Deformation 6. Motion 7. Fundamental laws of mechanics 8. Stress tensor 9. Energy and entropy constraints 10. Constitutive relations 11. Hyperelastic materials 12. Fluid dynamics 13. Viscoelasticity 14. Plasticity.
Between anarchy and leviathan: A note on the design of federal states

Abstract Recent research suggests a rationale for the autonomy retained by federal states' lower and intermediate level governments: by encouraging interjurisdictional competition, federal structures constrain the pursuit by public officials of private objectives inconsistent with the public weal. But using federal structures to achieve this end has a cost: the more decentralized a nation's public sector, the more likely that some of the externalities generated by the provision of public goods and services will be ignored. This note investigates the balance between the costs and benefits of decentralization that must be struck by a federal state's designers.
Progress in the Development of Inhaled, Long-Acting β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists

Publisher Summary Long acting β 2 -adrenoceptor agonists are a highly precedented drug class used for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There are currently two marketed long acting β 2 -adrenoceptor agonists—salmeterol 1 and formoterol 2—neither of which provides a once daily dosing regimen. This chapter discusses various β 2 -adrenoceptor agonist head groups—including 8-hydroxycarbostyril, formamides, and saligenins—employed by researchers and discusses the potential development of dual pharmacology agents. The 8-hydroxycarbostyril moiety is known to have a high affinity for the β 2 -adrenoceptor and has been postulated to give potential slow offset properties to ligands to drive the duration of action. A recently published patent suggests that the maleate salt of indacaterol is highly crystalline, stable, and may be the preferred form of this compound for development and clinical use. The saligenin head group has been used with success to prepare long acting β 2 -adrenoceptor agonists with salmeterol playing a prominent role as a benchmark compound. In this connection, the combination agent Advair™ (salmeterol and fluticasone) is currently in third place globally in terms of sales, thereby demonstrating the success of this approach. The dual pharmacology approach presents a number of potential advantages, including the ease of formulation, simpler pharmacokinetics, and the option of combining the dual agent with a third pharmacology in the inhaler. The most notable effort to combine a second pharmacology with β 2 -adrenoceptor agonism is the development of sibenadet (AR-C68397AA).
Properties of excitatory synaptic connections mediated by the corpus callosum in the developing rat neocortex.

Despite the major role of excitatory cortico-cortical connections in mediating neocortical activities, little is known about these synapses at the cellular level. Here we have characterized the syn...
PyGen: a MATLAB/Simulink based tool for synthesizing parameterized and energy efficient designs using FPGAs

System level tools based on MATLAB/Simulink are becoming popular for designing applications using FPGAs. In these tools, application designers describe their designs at a high level using the powerful modeling environment provided by MATLAB/Simulink. Then, these designs are automatically translated into corresponding FPGA implementations. However, there is a lack of support for developing parameterized and energy efficient designs using these tools. In this paper, we propose PyGen, an add-on tool, to address this issue. The four major functionalities offered by our tool are: development of parameterized designs; integration of a domain-specific modeling technique for rapid and accurate energy estimation; profile of energy dissipation and feedback to application designers; flexible interface for design space traversal and identification of energy efficient designs. To illustrate the design process using the tool and to show its effectiveness, details of designs for an FFT kernel and an adaptive beamforming application are shown. For the adaptive beamforming application, the identified design achieves up to 30% energy reduction compared with other designs considered in our experiments.
Age at marriage, contraceptive use and abortion in Yemen, 1991-1997

This paper attempts to examine the extent of influence of the three components of fertility, age at marriage, extent of modern contraceptive use and the level of abortion on fertility in the Republic of Yemen and to explore the impact of a selected set of demographic and socioeconomic variables on the three fertility components. This study uses data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in Yemen in 1991/1992 and 1997. The results from this study present empirical evidence of an onset of fertility decline in the Republic of Yemen. An important component of this decline is delayed age at marriage. There has been an increase in modem contraceptive use during the last decade. However, these methods are not widely used at early stages of family formation. The most common method of family limitation among women with large families is abortion. There has been very little change if any in the widespread occurrence of abortion during the last decade. There exist significant urban-rural differences in the levels of contraceptive use and abortion. Improvements in women's education and modern sector labor participation are crucial for increasing age at marriage, and level of contraceptive use and for reducing the prevailing level of abortion.
Bilirubin recommendations present problems: new guidelines simplistic and untested.

Newman and Maisels1 raise strong arguments to change our approach to neonatal jaundice in the wellbaby nursery. The plea for a more gentle approach to the jaundiced newborn is long overdue, but what do we then do? Newman and Maisels not only identify the problem, but they offer a detailed solution which would significantly alter standards of practice for neonates. While one might bicker about their selection of evaluation tests to be conducted in the nursery, the proposed guidelines present two more fundamental problems: (1) the recommendation for intervention (total bilirubin concentration 25 to 29 mg/dL) sustains the myth that the total unconjugated bilirubin is the best clinical predictor of kernicterus and ignores known and proposed pathochemical processes involved in bilirubin encephalopathy, and (2) no mechanism is proposed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of their proposal.
Attitudes Toward Interprofessional Collaboration Among Students in the Health Care Professions

This study investigated differences in attitudes expressed by medical, nursing, and social work students regarding interprofessional collaboration (a) between physician and nurse, (b) between nurse and social worker, and (c) between physician and social worker. A self-administered cross-sectional survey was presented to participants online. The Jefferson School of Attitudes Toward Physician-Nurse Collaboration (JSAPNC), a modified JSAPNC, and a demographic questionnaire were completed online by 80 students from medicine, nursing, and social work. Significant (p = ≤ .005) differences in attitudes toward interprofessional collaboration (IPC) were noted among social work, medical, and nursing students. Attitudes toward IPC in the health care setting were generally positive, with social work and nursing students showing more positive attitudes than medical students. Additional psychometric tests are required to obtain sound reliability and validity scores for the modified JSAPNC.
Limestone interbedded with submarine volcanics: the Early–Middle Miocene Conejo Volcanics, California

Carbonate sedimentation concurrent with submarine volcanism is very rare in the geologic record but is well displayed in the Early to Middle Miocene Conejo Volcanics of the central Santa Monica Mountains of southern California. Limestone occurs as lenticular deposits on the surface of composite flows units, as matrix within breccia of pebble- to cobble-size volcanic clasts, within primary voids extending down from flow surfaces, as lenses between flows within composite flow units, and as neptunian dikes. The common depositional sequence is of limestone lying on a flow and being overlain by hyaloclastic breccia. Limestone is not deposited on hyaloclastic breccia. Limestone deposition was controlled locally by relief on the sea floor that formed as the volcanic rocks accumulated. The limestone is predominantly skeletal packstone; volcanic clasts ranging in size from silt to boulders are locally common. Major constituent fossils are shallow-water bivalve mollusks, barnacles, serpulids, and regular echinoids; most are epifaunal and hard-substrate taxa in contrast to the soft-substrate and burrowing infaunal biota otherwise dominant in Cenozoic strata along the Pacific Coast of North America. The biota is diagnostic of a non-tropical, warm temperate environment. The limestone was deposited within a local basin that formed along the plate boundary at the western margin of the North American Plate. While volcanic rocks accumulated in the basin at bathyal depth, carbonate sediment accumulated on the outer-shelf margin of the basin and was transported intermittently into the basin by gravity flow. Neogene limestone occurs at only a few other sites in southern California. These have an origin that is similar to those in the Conejo Volcanics but differ in occurring with basin fill of diatomaceous sedimentary rocks rather than of submarine volcanics.
Simulations of delta check rule performance to detect specimen mislabeling using historical laboratory data.

Abstract Background Despite their widespread use, the performance of delta check rules is rarely evaluated because errors are rare and lack a gold standard for detection. In this study we used a simulation-based approach to compare strategies for empirically defining criteria for univariate delta checks, and assessed the performance of these rules for detecting mislabeled specimens in 2 inpatient populations. Methods We performed simulations using historical laboratory test results by randomly sampling pairs of specimens successively drawn from the same patient or two different patients. We evaluated the performance of delta check rules using a variety of thresholds, including those currently in use in our laboratory. Result Mean corpuscular volume had the highest positive predictive value for specimen mislabeling, and produced the fewest false positives. Conversely, rules using other laboratory tests had considerably poorer performance. Several of the “best guess” thresholds historically used in our laboratory, notably those for potassium and anion gap, were predicted to have extremely low yields. In addition, rule performance was not consistent between the two patient populations. Conclusions The low yield of delta checks based on any single analyte should prompt careful evaluation of their practical utility. Furthermore, our results indicate that it may not be possible to generalize delta rules across institutions.
Consistency in growth line counts in bivalve specimens

Use of growth increments in invertebrates as tools in paleoecology, archaeology and geophysics depends in part on the consistency with which the increments are formed and the consistency with which they are recognized by the researcher. Regarding this consistency, our research in effect tested the hypotheses that: (1) growth line counts are consistent between specimens (a) of different size or age, (b) from different tidal heights, and (c) of different taxa; and (2) multiple, independent counters obtain consistent results in line counts made on the same sample. The bivalves Chione fluctifraga (Sowerby, 1853) and Protothaca staminea (Conrad, 1837) were used. The field location for specimen collection and growth was upper Newport Bay, southern California. Notched specimens of various sizes were grown for 47 days at different intertidal locations. Line counts were made from photomicrographs of acetate peels of shell cross-sections. In C. fluctifraga, significantly fewer lines were counted both in larger specimens (P 0.50) on line counts. There was no significant difference (P>0.10) in counts between C. fluctifraga and P. staminea. Although the six counters in the multiple counter study disagreed significantly (P<0.001) in absolute counts they were in excellent agreement in their ranking of specimens by counts. Such a ranking of counts may be useful in some growth increment applications.
Core morphological concepts of disease for second-year medical students

Abstract With the increasing emphasis on independent learning and early patient contact, the time in the undergraduate medical curriculum for formal teaching of morphology of disease is decreasing. Thus, we thought it advisable to identify those core morphological entities of disease that should not get lost in the new paradigm. Our approach was to list all disease processes in Robbins Pathologic Basis of Diseases , 5th edition, that have distinguishing gross or microscopic characteristics. Appropriate portions of this list of 952 morphological entities from the Robbins textbook were distributed to 46 clinical specialists and pathology faculty. Each of these was asked to strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree with the following for each entry on the list: "For purposes of developing concepts of disease, an M2 physician in training should recognize classical examples or a diagrammatic representation of the following lesions, and distinguish them from each other." Responses resulted in a consensus core list of 63 general disease process lesions and 545 organ system lesions, for a total of 608. These 608 core morphological entities were incorporated into our course by means of (1) a computer program with over 1,022 images and clinical-pathological correlations, and (2) a core list of morphological objectives for each unit in the course. In general, entities were judged noncore material if they were rare or were microscopic lesions of primary interest to pathologists and provided no major pathomorphologic concepts. The computer program as a supplement to glass slides and gross specimens has been very well accepted by students, and satisfactory performance on examinations has been maintained in spite of a 25% reduction in pathology course contact hours.
Parallel gateways to pluripotency: open chromatin in stem cells and development

Open chromatin is a hallmark of pluripotent stem cells, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are only beginning to be unraveled. In this review we highlight recent studies that employ embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells to investigate the regulation of open chromatin and its role in the maintenance and acquisition of pluripotency in vitro. We suggest that findings from in vitro studies using pluripotent stem cells are predictive of in vivo processes of epigenetic regulation of pluripotency, specifically in the development of the zygote and primordial germ cells. The combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches is expected to provide a comprehensive understanding of the epigenetic regulation of pluripotency and reprograming.
Residential treatment and its alternatives: A review of the literature

This review summarizes the literature for residential treatment, family preservation services, treatment foster care, and individualized services and evaluates characteristics of each model, methodological limitations of outcome studies, and treatment effectiveness with children. Although residential care is often viewed negatively, empirical evidence does not suggest differential levels of effectiveness compared to nonresidential alternatives. The results of some nonresidential outcome studies are promising, but efficacy claims should be viewed critically due to the absence of methodologically rigorous evaluations for both residential and nonresidential approaches. Future research should focus on establishing empirically grounded placement criteria, identifying what presenting problems are most amenable to each form of treatment, and maximizing the maintenance of treatment gains in the postdischarge environment.
Oscillatory activity in neocortical networks during tactile discrimination near the limit of spatial acuity.

Abstract Oscillatory interactions within functionally specialized but distributed brain regions are believed to be central to perceptual and cognitive functions. Here, using human scalp electroencephalography (EEG) recordings combined with source reconstruction techniques, we study how oscillatory activity functionally organizes different neocortical regions during a tactile discrimination task near the limit of spatial acuity. While undergoing EEG recordings, blindfolded participants felt a linear three-dot array presented electromechanically, under computer control, and reported whether the central dot was offset to the left or right. The average brain response differed significantly for trials with correct and incorrect perceptual responses in the timeframe approximately between 130 and 175 ms. During trials with correct responses, source-level peak activity appeared in the left primary somatosensory cortex (SI) at around 45 ms, in the right lateral occipital complex (LOC) at 130 ms, in the right posterior intraparietal sulcus (pIPS) at 160 ms, and finally in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) at 175 ms. Spectral interdependency analysis of activity in these nodes showed two distinct distributed networks, a dominantly feedforward network in the beta band (12–30 Hz) that included all four nodes and a recurrent network in the gamma band (30–100 Hz) that linked SI, pIPS and dlPFC. Measures of network activity in both bands were correlated with the accuracy of task performance. These findings suggest that beta and gamma band oscillatory networks coordinate activity between neocortical regions mediating sensory and cognitive processing to arrive at tactile perceptual decisions.
AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR ROUTING MULTIATTRIBUTE MULTICOMMODITY FREIGHT

An analytical framework is developed to account for both the weight and the cubic volume of freight when selecting the most cost-effective shipping routes. The objective is to achieve higher utilizations of both the weight and the volume capacities of the carrying vehicles, achieved in this case by mixing freight at transshipment terminals. This paper develops a marginal cost based framework to analyze the resulting tradeoffs between travel distance and vehicle capacity utilization in the context of freight carrier operations. The framework is robust and requires only a relatively small number of system parameters. It will be used to show how weight and volume, along with travel distance and other key system parameters, play an important role in determining cost-effective shipping routes.
Heat-capacity study of the melting of submonolayer butane films adsorbed on graphite

We have used ac calorimetry to study the melting transition of submonolayer butane films adsorbed on graphite. We investigated eight surface coverages ranging from n=0.56 to n=0.89 for temperatures between 98 and 126 K. We find one single, asymmetric, heat-capacity peak at melting. The melting-peak height is typically 15 in units of C/${\mathit{Nk}}_{\mathit{B}}$ (where C is the total heat capacity of the film and N the number of butane molecules), and the peak temperature is 112.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 K. We identify the transition as first order. Our heat-capacity results are in good agreement with the elastic neutron-scattering results as well as with very recent computer simulations for this system. We also compare our results with predictions by Janke and Kleinert that the monolayer melting transition changes from first order to continuous as the adsorbed molecules studied go from spherical to elongated.
A charcoal sampling method and a gas chromatographic analytical procedure for carbon disulfide.

Research is reported concerning an acceptable method for sampling and analyzing samples for carbon disulfide. Test atmospheres of carbon disulfide were generated dynamically using the syringe injection method, and the theoretical concentration verified by a liquid absorbent, colorimetiric method. The CS2 was adsorbed on charcoal tubes, eluted with benzene, and quantitated with a gas chromatograph equipped with a sulfur flame photometric detector,. The results compared with the colorimetric analysis. The sensitivity of this method is 1 µg on a charcoal tube. The charcoal tubes were also tested for breakthrough volumes, holding power vs time, and the effect of air transport and temperature cycles.
Intestinal Ischemic Injury following Mild Hypothermic Stress in the Neonatal Piglet

The core body temperature of unanesthetized neonatal piglets was lowered 4 +/- 1 degrees C for 4.5 h. Although systolic blood pressure, arterial blood gases, and pH were similar in hypothermic and control animals, grossly evident small intestinal injury occurred in 94% of hypothermic piglets but in none of the controls (p less than 0.01). The histopathology of the intestinal lesions in the experimental animals was characteristic of ischemic injury and ranged from superficial mucosal necrosis to transmural infarct. The lesions were more frequent in the mid- and distal small bowel and involved the muscularis propria only in the distal small bowel. The location and histopathologic characteristics of the bowel lesions in these animals support the concept that mild hypothermia could be a pathogenetic factor in the ischemic bowel lesions of human neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.
Chlorination of isothiocyanates. V . 5-imino-1,2,4-thiadiazolidin-3-ones†

S-[N'- (Chlorocarbonyl)amino]isothiocarbamoyl chlorides (II), obtained from S-chloroisothiocarbamoyl chlorides (I) and isocyanates, react with primary aliphatic and aromatic amines to form the unknown class of 5-imino-1,2,4-thiadiazolidin-3-ones. The structures were confirmed by chemical means and by spectroscopic methods.
Wearable sensor platform and mobile application for use in cognitive behavioral therapy for drug addiction and PTSD

We present a wearable sensor platform designed for monitoring and studying autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity for the purpose of mental health treatment and interventions. The mobile sensor system consists of a sensor band worn on the ankle that continuously monitors electrodermal activity (EDA), 3-axis acceleration, and temperature. A custom-designed ECG heart monitor worn on the chest is also used as an optional part of the system. The EDA signal from the ankle bands provides a measure sympathetic nervous system activity and used to detect arousal events. The optional ECG data can be used to improve the sensor classification algorithm and provide a measure of emotional “valence.” Both types of sensor bands contain a Bluetooth radio that enables communication with the patient's mobile phone. When a specific arousal event is detected, the phone automatically presents therapeutic and empathetic messages to the patient in the tradition of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). As an example of clinical use, we describe how the system is currently being used in an ongoing study for patients with drug-addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).