cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview of Evaluation Considerations

Physicians who provide comprehensive health care for children have frequent contact during the first several years of life with the child and his or her family. This contact affords the potential for early identification of developmental delays. However, only approximately 15% to 30% of pediatricians routinely use developmental screening instruments; frequently these screening inventories are administered to children already suspected of having delays, to confirm that these delays truly exist.1–3 However, screening instruments do not confirm a diagnosis; rather, they establish the need for additional, more in-depth testing. Practitioners must appreciate that development is determined by a complex interaction of multiple factors; screening or assessment methods that do not acknowledge this complexity cannot be considered comprehensive.4 Moreover, developmental change is supported, facilitated, or impeded by environmental influences.5
Insights from Long-Term Ungrazed and Grazed Watersheds in a Salt Desert Colorado Plateau Ecosystem

Abstract Dryland ecosystems cover over 41% of the earth’s land surface, and living within these important ecosystems are approximately 2 billion people, a large proportion of whom are subsistence agropastoralists. Improper grazing in drylands can negatively impact ecosystem productivity, soil conservation, hydrologic processes, downstream water quantity and quality, and ultimately human health and economic well-being. Concerns regarding the degraded state of western US rangelands in the 1950s resulted in an interagency committee to study the effects of land use on runoff and erosion processes. In 1953, a federal research group established four paired watersheds in western Colorado to study the interaction of grazing by domestic livestock, runoff, and sediment yield. Exclusion of livestock from half of the watersheds dramatically reduced runoff and sediment yield after the first 10 yr—primarily due to changes in ground cover but not vegetation. Here, we report results of repeated soils and vegetation assessments of the experimental watersheds after more than 50 yr of grazing exclusion. Results show that many of the differences in soil conditions between grazed and ungrazed watersheds observed in the 1950s and 1960s were still present in 2004, despite reduced numbers of livestock: few differences in vegetation cover but large differences in biological soil crusts, soil stability, soil compaction, and soil biogeochemistry. There were differences among soil types in response to grazing history, especially soil lichen cover and soil organic matter, nitrogen, and sodium. Comparisons of ground cover measured in 2004 with those measured in 1953, 1966, and 1972 suggest much of the differences between grazed and ungrazed watersheds likely were driven by high sheep numbers during droughts in the 1950s. Persistence of these differences, despite large reductions in stocking rates, suggest the combination of overgrazing and drought may have pushed these salt desert ecosystems into a persistent, degraded ecological state.
CHEMISTRY OF PLANT/INSECT INTERACTIONS

Publisher Summary Insect predation upon plants is highly specific. This specificity is largely dependent upon the defensive screen of chemicals produced by the plant. All plants have a variety of chemical methods of defense against attack by not only insects but also by plant pathogens, nematodes, etc. Because all plants are not equally preyed upon by all insects, successful attack of a particular plant species by an insect must depend upon the avoidance of the chemical screen or the development of resistance to the chemical's action upon the insect. Certain insects are able to attack only those portions of a plant that do not contain a defensive chemical, whereas other insects develop metabolic machinery able to rapidly inactivate or destroy the poison. These insects prey upon a plant that is otherwise able to overcome the attacks of less persistent and biochemically flexible insects. This chapter discusses the intricacies of the insect endocrine system, which is is the target of subtle plant chemical defenses that disrupt insect growth, development, reproduction, diapause, behavior, and communication.
METHODOLOGY: on the crypto-structuralist nature of transformational grammar

This chapter discusses the methodology on the crypto-structuralist nature of transformational grammar. Rationalists have been known for their bold and complex theoretical constructs and explanations, often remaining naive or downright sloppy in their approach to the gathering of data. Thus, Skinner's concept of stimulus-response is just as theoretically vacuous as is Descartes's description of animals as automata empirically irresponsible. The curious thing about transformational-generative grammar is that, it somehow succeeded in combining the worst methodological features of the two traditional schools of Western epistemology—the theoretical vacuity of empiricism and the empirical irresponsibility of rationalism. If one agrees with Chomsky's view of the central role that the study of language must play in elucidating the nature of human cognition and human behavior—indeed in constructing a theory of man—then one must reject transformational-generative grammar as a pseudotheory and useless methodology, and then start afresh.
Analysis of Phosphoryl-Transfer Enzymes with QM/MM Free Energy Simulations.

Abstract We discuss the application of quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) free energy simulations to the analysis of phosphoryl transfers catalyzed by two enzymes: alkaline phosphatase and myosin. We focus on the nature of the transition state and the issue of mechanochemical coupling, respectively, in the two enzymes. The results illustrate unique insights that emerged from the QM/MM simulations, especially concerning the interpretation of experimental data regarding the nature of enzymatic transition states and coupling between global structural transition and catalysis in the active site. We also highlight a number of technical issues worthy of attention when applying QM/MM free energy simulations, and comment on a number of technical and mechanistic issues that require further studies.
"I Think When I Speak, I Don't Sound Like That": The Influence of Social Positioning on Rhetorical Skill Development in Science.

Negotiating membership within a disciplinary community is as much an exercise in rhetorical facility as it is content expertise. Where individuals reside in the hierarchy of membership is determine...
A Robust Method to Estimate the Time Constant of Elastographic Parameters

Novel viscoelastic and poroelastic elastography techniques rely on the accurate estimation of the temporal behavior of the axial or lateral strains and related parameters. From the temporal curve of the elastographic parameter of interest, the time constant (TC) is estimated using analytical models and curve-fitting techniques such as Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), Nelder–Mead (NM), and trust-region reflective (TR). In this paper, we propose a new technique named variable projection (VP) to estimate accurately and robustly the TC and steady-state value of the elastographic parameter of interest from its temporal curve. As a testing platform, the method is used with a novel analytical model, which can be used for both poroelastic and viscoelastic tissues and in most practical experimental conditions of clinical interest. Finite element and ultrasound simulations and experimental results demonstrate that VP is robust to noise and capable of estimating the TC of the elastographic parameter with accuracy higher than that of typically employed curve-fitting techniques. The results also demonstrate that the performance of VP is not affected by an incorrect initial TC guess. For example, in simulations, VP can estimate the TC of axial strain and effective Poisson’s ratio accurately for initial guesses ranging from 0.001 to infinite times of the true TC value even in fairly noisy conditions (30-dB signal to noise ratio). In experiments, VP always estimates the axial strain TC reliably, whereas the LM, NM, and TR methods fail to converge or converge to wrong solutions in most of the cases.
Cancer Awareness and Barriers to Medical Treatment Among Syrian Refugees and Lebanese Citizens in Lebanon

The Syrian conflict has forced over a million refugees into Lebanon, which now faces the challenge of providing healthcare for this large, vulnerable population. Syrian refugees and Lebanese citizens suffer from an immense burden of cancer and encounter many barriers to obtaining healthcare. An increase in cancer awareness could prompt earlier diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to evaluate the level of cancer awareness and barriers to medical treatment among Syrian refugees and Lebanese citizens in Lebanon. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used. Four hundred seventeen Syrian refugees and 319 Lebanese citizens seeking healthcare in Lebanon completed the Cancer Awareness Measure. The mean age of Syrian refugees and Lebanese citizens was 33.8 years (SD 11.9) and 41.7 years (SD 16.3), respectively. Syrian refugees and Lebanese citizens were only able to recognize a low number of cancer symptoms (mean 4.2 (out of 9), SD 2.4 and 3.9, SD 2.3, respectively) and risk factors (mean 5.1 (out of 11), SD 2.6 and 5.2, SD 2.9, respectively). Barriers to seeking medical care were prevalent. The most commonly reported barrier among both samples was having no medical insurance or funds to cover the cost of treatment (78.9% and 67.7%, respectively). A comprehensive restructuring of the Lebanese healthcare system and a massive influx of resources are required for Syrian refugees and Lebanese citizens to obtain adequate access to cancer treatment. To encourage early diagnosis and treatment, much more work is needed to overcome barriers and enhance knowledge of cancer.
Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists Enhance Syncytia Formation in MT-2 Cells Infected with Cell Free HIV-1MN

Marijuana and other drugs have been suggested to act as cofactors for HIV infection. Interestingly, Δ9-THC has been shown to upregulate NFKB, a transcription factor utilized by HIV. Therefore, it was of interest to investigate whether cannabinoids can modulate HIV infection and replication. Initially, we tested for evidence of receptor expression by examining for receptor mRNA in various cell lines used to study HIV infection and replication. Cellular RNA was isolated from SupT, and H9, H9MN, and MT-2 cells and RT-PCR was performed. Results showed that, although all of the cell lines tested were positive for CB2 mRNA, only the MT-2 cells also expressed CB1 mRNA. Since the MT-2 cells expressed both CB1 and CB2 receptor mRNA, we next wanted to determine whether different cannabinoid receptor agonists such as CP-55,940, Δ9-THC, WIN-55,212-2, and WIN-55,212-3 influenced infection of these cells by cell free HIV-1MN. Infectivity assays were performed where MT-2 cells were incubated with drug and cell free virus for 90 min., the free virus washed off, and the cells incubated further, and checked for virus growth by syncytia formation. It was found that the drugs significantly increased syncytia formation when MT-2 cells were cultured in the presence of both drug and cell free HIV-1MN. In conclusion, of the cell lines tested, only the MT-2 cells were positive for both CB1 and CB2 mRNA. In addition, since syncytia formation is an indication of virus infection and cytopathicity it was concluded that cannabi- mimetic drugs may enhance HIV-1 infection of susceptible cells.
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis with Koebner phenomenon associated with Ehlers Danlos syndrome.

We present an unusual case of leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) demonstrating the Koebner phenomenon. A patient with Ehlers Danlos syndrome had cutaneous lesions exclusively on skin of the lower legs that was traumatized by shaving. Biopsy of the lesions found LCV. Vascular fragility caused by Ehlers Danlos may have contributed to Koebnerization after mild trauma from shaving.
Superlubricity in rolling/sliding contacts

Rolling element bearings and gears are critical components of mechanical systems such as wind turbines and automotive engines and transmissions that use oil-based lubricants. Oil-based lubricants used in these applications many times need periodic replacement, which not only adds more cost but also affects overall productivity. More importantly, the used oil generates hazardous waste creating huge environmental problems. In this study, we demonstrated that nanomaterials can be employed as solid lubricants in combination with diamond like carbon (DLC) films in a dry nitrogen environment under rolling/sliding contacts. Using a micropitting rig which is generally used to test and qualify materials and lubricants for bearings and gear systems for industrial applications, we have tested diamond like carbon (DLC) material pairs in an oil-free, dry nitrogen environment along with two-dimensional MoS2 combined with nanodiamond as a solid lubricant. We show that superlubricity (traction coefficient of friction is 0.003) was achieved through the formation of a carbon rich superlubricious tribolayer at the interface reducing the overall friction by a minimum of 20 times, and no surface damage was observed as compared to Steel-Steel contacts lubricated with oil (0.06–0.07). The current work paves the way for developing oil-free solid lubricants in a variety of applications involving rolling/sliding contacts.
Genetic identification of threatened shark species in pet food and beauty care products

Contemporary global demand for shark commodities such as fins, meat, and liver oil, is arguably the main driver of shark overexploitation trends observed in the last three decades. Shark are most commonly traded for their fins to be used in different Asian countries as a soup delicacy. Nevertheless, shark meat trade has increased substantially in the last decade, while liver oil trade is still largely unknown. Shark liver oil is highly valuable in the cosmetic industry as a moisturizer, while shark meat is directly consumed in a large number of countries but the whole extent of its uses is unknown. Here I used a multiplex mini-barcode PCR protocol to identify traces of shark DNA in beauty care and pet food products, in order to identify them to the genus and/or species level. All products tested for this study were not labeled as containing elasmobranch-based ingredients. I tested 87 pet food products, 63% amplified successfully, and 70% of those were identified as the Endangered shortfin mako shark. I also tested twenty-four cosmetics, where 3 (12.5%) amplified successfully, containing blue shark, scalloped hammerhead and blacktip shark. This study highlights the need for more labeling controls, since shark populations could benefit if consumers have the alternative to choose whether or not to purchase products containing threatened shark species in order to decrease the global demand.
Political ideology and compensatory control mechanisms.

People strive to feel in control. As such, under control threat, people defensively endorse ideologies that help compensate for diminished control. Although scholarly work has tended to focus on conservatism as a compensatory control mechanism, recent research suggests that conservatism is not always the most appealing means of restoring feelings of control. While conservatives are higher in the need for control — and conservative social ideologies often function as compensatory control tools — the endorsement of both liberal and normative ideologies can also serve as compensatory control mechanisms, under different circumstances. However, political groups are likely to differ in the ideologies they adopt under control threat. Factors related to the cognitive accessibility of ideologies and their propensity to combat the control threat at play help determine which set of ideological beliefs people embrace when they face control loss.
A Study of Generalization of Stochastic Mirror Descent Algorithms on Overparameterized Nonlinear Models

We study the convergence, the implicit regularization and the generalization of stochastic mirror descent (SMD) algorithms in overparameterized nonlinear models, where the number of model parameters exceeds the number of training data points. Due to overpa-rameterization, the training loss has infinitely many global minima where they define a manifold of interpolating solutions. To have an understanding of the generalization performance of SMD algorithms, it is important to characterize which global minima the SMD algorithms converge to. In this work, we first theoretically show that in the overparameterized nonlinear setting, if the initialization is close enough to the manifold of global minima, which is usually the case in the high overparameterization setting, using sufficiently small step size, SMD converges to a global minimum. We further prove that this global minimum is approximately the closest one to the initialization in Bregman divergence, demonstrating the approximate implicit regularization of SMD. We then empirically confirm that these theoretical results are observed in practice. Finally, we provide an extensive study of the generalization of SMD algorithms. In our experiments, we show that on the CIFAR-10 dataset, SMD with l 10 norm potential (as a surrogate for l ∞ ) consistently general-izes better than SGD (corresponding to an l 2 norm potential), which in turn consistently outperforms SMD with l 1 norm potential.
Production, nitrogenous compounds in manure and serum chemistry of laying hens provided multi-species (Lactobacillus spp.) probiotics

Context A practical, low-cost suggestion for industry to reduce ammonia (NH3) in layer houses is use of Lactobacillus species (L. rhamnosus, L. paracasei and L. plantarum) in drinking water or feed. Thus, we investigated their short-term (8 weeks) use in young layers. Aim A combination of species of Lactobacillus (L. rhamnosus, L. paracasei and L. plantarum at 1.0 × 1012 CFU/kg feed) was provided for laying hens in order to investigate effects on production, nitrogenous compounds in manure, serum chemistry and uric acid in the liver. Method Ninety-six White Leghorns (32 weeks old) were randomly assigned to a control diet (commercial feed) or a diet containing commercial feed + probiotics (g/kg feed: L. rhamnosus 1.667, L. paracasei 0.667 and L. plantarum 0.740) and fed for an additional 8 weeks. Key results No significant major effects were observed among diets on bodyweight, feed intake, egg production or feed conversion ratio. Numerical reductions were noted for feed intake (10%) and feed conversion ratio (9%) at Week 2 for layers receiving probiotics as compared to the control. Ammonia, ammonium-nitrogen (N), total Kjeldahl N and total N in manure were not changed significantly by probiotics, nor did probiotics significantly affect the serum profile (ammonia, uric acid, total protein, albumin and creatine kinase) or uric acid in the liver. There was a numerical but non-significant increase in creatine kinase (11%) after 8 weeks in serum of hens receiving probiotics; likewise, there was a non-significant 8% increase in uric acid concentration in the liver of hens receiving probiotics at the end of the experimental period. Conclusion The probiotics (L. rhamnosus, L. paracasei and L. plantarum at 1.0 × 1012 CFU/kg feed) used in this study did not significantly reduce N-containing compounds in manure of 32–40-week-old layers. Implications Age, different types of layers (and broilers) and mode of administration or concentration of probiotics play important roles in outcomes. Extensive collaborative studies are needed to provide definitive answers for use of probiotics in layer (as well as broiler) feed for reduction of N-containing compounds in poultry houses.
Expression of milk fat globule-EGF-factor 8 (MFG-E8) is reduced in human breast cancer, which contributes to tumorigenesis by increasing cell survival

3676 Milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8) is a key factor that promotes clearance of dying cells by linking apoptotic cells to phagocytes. Early studies of MFG-E8 demonstrated increased serum levels in breast cancer patients, which was therefore designated as breast carcinoma-associated antigen BA64. We recently identified MFG-E8 as a down-regulated gene in murine model mammary tumors caused by erbB2 and cyclin D1 using array analysis of laser capture microdissected (LCM) tissues. These new data better fit an emerging view of MFG-E8 as a potent promoter of apoptotic clearance. To further evaluate the role of MFG-E8 in breast cancer, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qrt-PCR) of LCM extracted RNA from pre-invasive and invasive breast lesions to avoid infiltrating phagocytic cells that express MFG-E8. Here we report that cell-intrinsic MFG-E8 expression is reduced both in mouse erbB2 and cyclin D1 transgenic tumors when compared to normal or preinvasive mammary controls, and in tissues from invasive lesions in patients matched with their own pre-invasive control tissue (n=45) (p
Considerations for control of helminths in stocker cattle

Many factors influence the spectrum and magnitude of helminth populations in stocker cattle. Calves are placed into stocker operations during all seasons, from all regions of the country, and with a broad range of prior parasite exposure and parasiticide treatment. This makes it unlikely that a generalized or generic parasite control program will be effective for all animals at receiving. Follow-up treatment recommendations are equally problematic, contingent upon the success of the treatment protocol utilized when cattle arrived at the stocker operation, residual activity of the anthelmintic(s) used at arrival, parasite challenge during the stocker phase, general animal health, and producer expectations. At the farm or ranch level, the more troublesome and conflicted considerations regarding parasite control are often ignored, and treatments are based on what appears to have worked in the past or the current cost of treatment options. This paper is not intended to make detailed recommendations about worm control, but is instead a discussion of factors at play in stocker cattle, including the species of the parasites, biology of the parasites, parasiticides, and the interaction and effect of these factors on the health and productivity of stocker cattle.
Primary Care Physician Recognition and Documentation of Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese and Latinx Patients During Routine Visits: A Cross-Sectional Study

Purpose: Asian and Latinx individuals have a high burden of untreated depression. Under-recognition of depressive symptoms may contribute to existing disparities in depression treatment. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine whether physicians recognize and treat depressive symptoms for Chinese and Latinx patients during routine primary care visits. Methods: We analyzed data from 1171 Chinese and Latinx patients who were interviewed within 1 week after a primary care visit in a large academic practice, which had not yet implemented universal depression screening. We included participants with depressive symptoms (defined as a Patient Health Questionaire-2 score ≥3) and no prior history of depression (N=118). We investigated whether patients perceived having a mental health need in the prior year and conducted chart reviews to assess provider recognition of depressive symptoms, defined as documentation of symptoms, antidepressant initiation, or mental health referral within 30 days of the visit. We further examined differences by race/ethnicity and language preference. Results: Among the 118 patients with depressive symptoms and no prior depression diagnosis (mean age 68), 71 (61%) reported a mental health need in the prior 12 months; however, providers recognized depressive symptoms in only 8/118 patients (7%). The number of patients with recognized symptoms was small across race/ethnicity and language preference groups and we found no significant differences. Conclusion: Physicians recognized and documented depressive symptoms for 1 in 10 Chinese and Latinx patients during routine primary care visits. Targeted efforts are needed to address under-recognition of symptoms and improve depression care for these populations.
Reticle: a virtual machine for programming modern FPGAs

Modern field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have recently powered high-profile efficiency gains in systems from datacenters to embedded devices by offering ensembles of heterogeneous, reconfigurable hardware units. Programming stacks for FPGAs, however, are stuck in the past—they are based on traditional hardware languages, which were appropriate when FPGAs were simple, homogeneous fabrics of basic programmable primitives. We describe Reticle, a new low-level abstraction for FPGA programming that, unlike existing languages, explicitly represents the special-purpose units available on a particular FPGA device. Reticle has two levels: a portable intermediate language and a target-specific assembly language. We show how to use a standard instruction selection approach to lower intermediate programs to assembly programs, which can be both faster and more effective than the complex metaheuristics that existing FPGA toolchains use. We use Reticle to implement linear algebra operators and coroutines and find that Reticle compilation runs up to 100 times faster than current approaches while producing comparable or better run-time and utilization.
Inferential social learning: cognitive foundations of human social learning and teaching.

Social learning is often portrayed as a passive process of copying and trusting others. This view, however, does not fully capture what makes human social learning so powerful: social information is often ‘curated' by helpful teachers. I argue that both learning from others (social learning) and helping others learn (teaching) can be characterized as probabilistic inferences guided by an intuitive understanding of how people think, plan, and act. Consistent with this idea, even young children draw rich inferences from evidence provided by others and generate informative evidence that helps others learn. By studying social learning and teaching through a common theoretical lens, inferential social learning provides an integrated account of how human cognition supports acquisition and communication of abstract knowledge.
Disentangling relations between attention to the eyes and empathy.

Social interactions involve an interplay between lower-level social perceptual biases and higher-level cognition and affect. One particularly important building block of social interaction is attention to others' eyes. Previous research has found links between individual differences in eye-looking and complex social capacities, including empathy. Such research, however, has predominately used nonnaturalistic stimuli and has not addressed the directional relation between these processes. In this study, a large sample of adults (N = 164) were eye-tracked while watching naturalistic videos of complex social interactions. Additionally, participants completed measures of empathy and spontaneous and explicit mentalizing. To disentangle relations between variables, participants were assigned to one of three conditions: first, a baseline condition with no instructions; second, an eye-looking condition, where participants were told to look at the eyes of the characters; and, third, an empathy condition, where participants were told to become involved with the characters' thoughts and feelings. In the baseline condition, we found no relation between mentalizing and eye-looking, yet found that eye-looking and empathy were positively related. Inducing one behavior, however, did not affect the other. That is, participants in the eye-looking condition showed increased eye-looking but not increased empathy, and participants in the empathy condition scored more highly on empathy and mentalizing measures with no corresponding changes in eye-looking. These results suggest that the relations between visual attention and social cognition are complex and difficult to manipulate. Future research should examine the developmental links between these behaviors, as understanding their emergence has implications for social disabilities and interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Methodology of Construction Industry Profiling: A Case History

When a large-scale construction program is to be undertaken, it becomes important to assess its impact upon the construction market in which it is executed. Such an assessment was undertaken in 1973 in connection with the rapid transit system proposed for Atlanta, Ga. (MARTA). The paper describes the procedures followed in making the study, the statistical data obtained and sought, and the methods used to analyze the data. Procedures for forecasting construction volume are also discussed.
Experimental Validation of Lafortune-Lacrous Indoor Propagation Model at 1900 MHz Band

With an ever increasing demand for cellular voice and data services, many of the cellular providers are finding deployment of the in-building infrastructure inevitable. The in-building deployments allow for further re-use of the allocated spectrum and hence, they provide one of the most effective ways for increasing the overall system capacity. However, such deployments face some formidable challenges. The performance of the in-building systems depends heavily on the characteristics of the indoor radio channel . Excessive path loss within the building can cause lack of coverage . The indoor mobile radio channel is not easily modeled. The channel varies significantly from one building to the other. Furthermore, the channel depends heavily on factors which include building structure, layout of rooms, and the type of construction materials used.
Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded Riveted or Bolted Joints

The semigraphical analysis developed here is applicable to all riveted or bolted joints not stressed beyond the elastic limit. The stress on each rivet or bolt is obtained by plotting one point on a scale drawing of the joint and multiplying the distance from this point to each rivet or bolt by a constant factor. The coordinates of the point and the multiplying factor depend only on the loads on the joint, the total rivet area, and the polar moment of inertia of the rivet areas. The application of this method is simple and brief.
Monoclonal antibodies to the dentate gyrus: immunocytochemical characterization and flow cytometric analysis of hippocampal neurons bearing a unique cell-surface antigen

Monoclonal antibodies were generated using 5 d neonatal rat dentate gyrus as immunogen. One antibody of this panel, G6E3, recognized a cell-surface protein with an Mr = 43,000 that was found only in the nervous system. The antigen was expressed as early as embryonic day 13 in the rat in both the brain and spinal cord. In the adult rat the antigen was demonstrated immunohistochemically to be restricted to dentate gyrus granule, hippocampal pyramidal, and cerebellar Purkinje neurons. These results suggested that the antigen recognized by G6E3 may be developmentally regulated. Moreover, G6E3 did not appear to bind to mitotic cells, implying that the antigen was expressed after the terminal mitosis. The antibody also bound to hippocampal and cerebellar cells from mouse brain, including the reeler mutant, and rat hippocampal neurons in vitro. Double-labeling experiments performed on embryonic rat hippocampal cultures with G6E3 and antibodies to neuron-specific enolase (NSE) or anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) revealed that only NSE-positive cells were immunoreactive for G6E3 and, while G6E3-positive cells were decorated with GAD-positive boutons, their cell bodies did not contain GAD. With the use of a fluorescence-activated cell sorter it was possible to analyze the immune reaction on embryonic and postnatal hippocampal cells and to sort G6E3-positive neurons for maintenance in vitro.
Effects of morphine and naloxone on ethanol- and sucrose-reinforced responding in nondeprived rats

In the following series of experiments, effects of morphine (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 mg/kg) and naloxone (0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were assessed in nondeprived rats trained to leverpress with 10% ethanol, sweetened ethanol, or 5% sucrose and water as the reinforcers. Morphine, at doses of 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg had little effect on responding with ethanol or sweetened ethanol available on a fixed ratio 4 (FR4) schedule of reinforcement, but at the 3.0 mg/kg dose, morphine suppressed responding to near zero. Similar results were obtained when 10% ethanol and water were available on a concurrent FR4 FR4 schedule of reinforcement. When 5% sucrose and water were available concurrently, morphine suppressed responding at 3.0 and 10 mg/kg. Naloxone (0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) decreased responding for ethanol, sweetened ethanol, and sucrose solutions in a dose-dependent manner. Naloxone decreased total number of responses/session by shortening the duration of responding without affecting momentary rate. Overall, the data suggest that the endogenous opioid system plays a role in the ability of ethanol to reinforce operant behavior. However, this role does not appear to be specific to ethanol because similar results were observed with sucrose reinforcement. Failure to find enhanced ethanol intakes following morphine injections in the operant situation suggests that the method used to measure ethanol self-administration makes a difference in assessing the effects of drugs on ethanol intake.
Comparison between diffusion-weighted imaging, T2-weighted, and postcontrast T1-weighted imaging after MR-guided, high intensity, focused ultrasound treatment of uterine leiomyomata: preliminary results.

Purpose : To investigate the comparison between diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), T 2 -weighted imaging, ( T 2 WI ) and contrast T 1 -weighted imaging ( cT 1 WI ) in uterine leiomyoma following treatment by magnetic resonance imaging-guided, high intensity focused ultrasound surgery (MRg-HIFUS). Methods : Twenty one patients ( 45 ± 5 yrs ) with clinical symptoms of uterine leiomyoma (fibroids) were treated by MRg-HIFUS using an integrated 1.5T MRI-HIFUS system. MRI parameters consisted of DWI, T 2 WI , and T 1 -weighted fast spoiled gradient echo before and after contrast. The post-MRg-HIFUS treatment volume in the fibroid was assessed by cT 1 WI and DWI. Trace apparent diffusion coefficient maps were constructed for quantitative analysis. The regions of the treated uterine tissue were defined by a semisupervised segmentation method called the “eigenimage filter,” using both cT 1 WI and DWI. Signal-to-noise ratios were determined for the T 2 WI pretreatment images. Segmented regions were tested by a similarity index for congruence. Descriptive, regression, and Bland–Altman statistics were calculated. Results : All the patients exhibited heterogeneously increased DWI signal intensity localized in the treated fibroid regions and were colocalized with the cT 1 WI defined area. The mean pretreatment T 2 WI signal intensity ratios were T 2 WI / muscle = 1.8 ± 0.7 and T 2 WI / myometrium = 0.7 ± 0.4 . The congruence between the regions was significant, with a similarity of 84% and a difference of 8% between the regions. Regression analyses of the cT 1 WI and DWI segmented treatment volumes were found to be significantly correlated ( r 2 = 0.94 , p 0.05 ) with the linear equation, ( cT 1 WI ) = 1.1 ( DWI ) − 0.66 . There is good agreement between the regions defined by cT1WI and DWI in most of the cases as shown from the Bland–Altman plots. Conclusions : Diffusion-weighted imaging exhibited excellent agreement, congruence, and correlation with the cT 1 WI -defined region of treatment in uterine fibroid. Therefore, DWI could be useful as an adjunct for assessing treatment of uterine fibroids by MRg-HIFUS.
Application of the root locus technique to the closed-loop SO/sub 2/ pacemaker-cardiovascular system

A previously developed nonlinear model of the pacemaker-cardiovascular system (G.F. Inbar et al. ibid., vol.35, p.679-90, 1988) is converted to a linear model using a Taylor's series expansion procedure. As the expansion is about a steady-state value, the linear model operates at specified exercise levels. Using the linear forward-loop transfer function a root locus plot of the closed-loop s-plane poles is obtained as a function of pacemaker controller gain. The unique feature of this root locus algorithm is that it allows for a time delay in the forward-loop transfer function. The simulation results presented show that the dynamics of the nonlinear model step responses correspond to the predicted performance from the location of the poles in the root locus plot. >
Mixing of a heavy neutrino with the electron neutrino.

We show that recent monojet searches in electron-positron annihilation experiments can be used to extend significantly the limits on the mixing of a massive fourth-generation neutrino with the electron neutrino. When combined with other limits from hadron decays and secondary-vertex searches in hadron and electron-positron annihilation experiments, bounds of Vertical BarU/sub 14/Vertical Bar/sup 2/< or approx. =10/sup -6/ for neutrino masses of 10 MeV/c/sup 2/ to over 10 GeV/c/sup 2/ are obtainable by analysis of existing data.
Demo abstract: a magnetic field-based appliance metering system

In this demonstration, we show an energy measurement system that estimates the energy consumption of individual appliances using a wireless sensor network consisting of contactless electromagnetic field (EMF) sensors deployed near each appliance, and a whole-house power meter. The EMF sensor can detect appliance state transitions within close proximity based on magnetic field fluctuations. Data from these sensors are then relayed back to the main meter using a low-latency wireless sensor networking protocol, where changes in the total power consumption of the house are used to determine the power usage of individual appliances. The sensors are low-cost, easy to deploy and are able to detect current changes associated with the appliance from a few inches away making it possible to externally monitor in-wall wiring to devices like overhead lights or heavy machinery that might operate on multiple phases of the AC distribution system of the building. Appliance-level energy data provide continuous feedback to end users about their consumption patterns and provide building managers accurate information that can be used to target the most effective update and retrofit strategies.
Three-dimensional structure of the smooth muscle in the term-pregnant human uterus.

Abstract Objective: To identify the structural elements and describe the three-dimensional microanatomy of the term-pregnant human uterus. Methods: Biopsy specimens were taken from the funduses and the lower uterine segments of two term-pregnant uteri. Tissue was sectioned serially and stained with Masson trichrome. Microscope images were captured with a digital camera, aligned, and computer-processed. Computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction of structures was performed. Results: Five structures were identified: 1) fasciculus—the macroscopic organization of myocytes and connective tissue, 2) cylindric bundle—300 ± 100-μm diameter cylinder of densely packed myocytes, 3) sheet-like bundle—densely packed sheet of myocytes, 4) fiber bundle—a loosely packed bundle of small numbers of myocytes, and 5) communicating bridge—a large cylindric bundle that bridges adjacent fasciculi. The cylindric bundles merged, dichotomized, and intertwined with each other and with sheet-like bundles. Essentially all myocytes except those in fiber bundles were contiguous. Conclusion: The microanatomy of the term-pregnant human uterus contains clearly defined structural elements. These structures merge with each other and potentially form an interlacing network, connecting the vast majority of the myocytes of the uterus in a contiguous pathway.
Phase transitions in the (Ni,Zn)TiF6 · 6H2O system

Measurements of the transformation rates and the characteristic temperatures of the trigonal ≡ monoclinic structural change in (Ni1−xZnx)TiF6 · 6H2O show a double transition up to x = 0.5. The relationships between the phase changes generally observed in the ABF6 · 6H2O system and the internal motions of the octahedral ionic complexes are discussed, and a phase diagram for the mixed nickel/zinc fluorotitanate is established.
Plasma induced line shifts and line merging

In this paper we briefly review the theory of plasma induced line shifts and present some experimental evidence. We then consider the effects that these shifts have on the merging of line series. Influence on continuum lowering is also discussed.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of thin filaments decorated with a Ca2+-regulated myosin☆

Abstract Three-dimensional reconstructions of “barbed” and “blunted” arrowheads (Craig et al. , 1980) show that these two forms arise from arrangement of scallop myosin subfragments (S1) that appear about 40 A longer in the presence of the regulatory light chain than in its absence. A similar difference in apparent length is indicated by images of single myosin subfragments in partially decorated filaments. The extra mass is located at the end of the subfragment furthest from actin, and probably comprises part of the regulatory light chain as well as a segment of the myosin heavy chain. The fact that barbed arrowheads are also formed by myosin subfragments from vertebrate striated and smooth muscles implies that the homologous light chains in these myosins have locations similar to that of the scallop light chain. The scallop light chain probably does not extend into the actin-binding site on the myosin head, and is therefore unlikely to interfere physically with binding. Rather, regulation of actin-myosin interaction by light chains may involve Ca 2+ -dependent changes in the structure of a region near the head-tail junction of myosin. The reconstructions suggest locations for actin and tropomyosin relative to myosin that are similar to those proposed by Taylor & Amos (1981) and are consistent with a revised steric blocking model for regulation by tropomyosin. The identification of actin from these reconstructions is supported by images of partially decorated filaments that display the polarity of the actin helix relative to that of bound myosin subfragments.
Scaling directions for 2D and 3D NAND cells

This paper describes NAND cell scaling directions for 20nm and beyond. Many of the 2D NAND cell scaling challenges can be resolved by a planar floating gate (FG) cell. Scaling directions and key technology requirements for 3D NAND are also discussed.
Synthesis and crystal structures of Boc-L-Asn-L-Pro-OBzl.CH3OH and dehydration side product, Boc-beta-cyano-L-alanine-L-Pro-OBzl.

Boc-L-Asn-L-Pro-OBzl: C21H29O6N3.CH3OH, Mr = 419.48 + CH3 OH, monoclinic, P2(1), a = 10.049(1), b = 10.399(2), c = 11.702(1) A, beta = 92.50(1)degrees, V = 1221.7(3) A3, dx = 1.14 g.cm-3, Z = 2, CuK alpha (lambda = 1.54178 A), F(000) = 484 (with solvent), 23 degrees, unique reflections (I greater than 3 sigma(I)) = 1745, R = 0.043, Rw = 0.062, S = 1.66. Boc-beta-cyano-L-alanine-L-Pro-OBzl: C21H27O5N3, Mr = 401.46, orthorhombic, P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 15.741(3), b = 21.060(3), c = 6.496(3) A, V = 2153(1) A3, dx = 1.24 g.cm-3, Z = 4, CuK alpha (lambda = 1.54178 A), F(000) = 856, 23 degrees, unique reflections (I greater than 3 sigma(I)) = 1573, R = 0.055, Rw = 0.078, S = 1.86. The tert.-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) protected dipeptide benzyl ester (OBzl), Boc-L-Asn-L-Pro-OBzl, prepared from a mixed anhydride reaction using isobutylchloroformate, Boc-L-asparagine, and HCl.L-proline-OBzl, crystallized with one methanol per asymmetric unit in an extended conformation with the Asn-Pro peptide bond trans. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding occurs between the methanol and the Asn side chain and between the peptide backbone and the Asn side chain. A minor impurity due to the dehydration of the Asn side chain to a beta-CNala crystallized with a similar extended conformation and a single intermolecular hydrogen bond.
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND OPERATIONS

To date, it is unclear as to how Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are implemented and what effects these systems have on other environmental and operational practices. This study reports empirical insights to EMS practices based on the largest EMS survey of manufacturing firms in the United States. The objective of the study is to test for a relationship between environmental management systems and perceived operations performance while considering direct and indirect effects of various environmental practices. The results of this study are supported by several field studies and provide a new source of information regarding EMS theory development. The results also indicate a positive relationship between an EMS, the environmental practices a firm engages, and operations performance measures. (ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS; ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES; ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE; MULTIMETHODS; STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING)
Is the Wada test still relevant? Yes.

F OR NEUROSURGICAL and presurgical epilepsy evaluations, localization of eloquent cortical functions is imperative in predicting the postsurgical outcome. In the case of presurgical epilepsy evaluations, localization of language and memory is an important factor in determining whether further presurgical evaluation is needed, whether intraoperative or extraoperative electrocorticography is indicated, and whether the patient is a suitable surgical candidate at all. The decades-old gold standard has been the intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP), or the Wada test. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a newer, relatively safe neuroradiological technique for localization of cortical function. Although fMRI is a widely used research tool, it has increasingly been used in clinical settings as a technique for presurgical cortical localization. Because it is noninvasive, fMRI has multiple possible advantages compared with the IAP. Is the Wada test, therefore, replaceable? As the following concerns demonstrate, not yet.
Optimization of formulation variables affecting spray-dried oily core nanocapsules by response surface methodology.

The formulation variables required for the production of spray-dried oily core nanocapsules (NCs) with targeted size and drug payload were optimized using a Box-Behnken experimental design. These NCs were characterized for size, morphology, encapsulation effi- ciency (EE%) and drug release kinetics, crystallinity, and density, by dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectrometry, powder X-ray diffraction, and density-gradient centrifugation, respectively. The size of the NCs ranged from 208.6 to 504.4 nm, with EE% from 64.7% to 94.6%. The amounts of oil and surfactant (Pluronic F127) significantly affected size. The amounts of polymer (polylactide (PLA)), oil, and surfactant significantly affected EE%. The optimum formulation parameters were set to be 300 mg of PLA, 0.56 mL of oil, and 239.57 mg of Pluronic F127, which corresponded to size of 284.1 nm and EE% of 95.7%. Morphological analysis and density-gradient centrifugation showed the existence of an oily core and spherical nanostructure with no detectable drug crystals. The NCs had longer sustained drug release than nanosphere control, with a good fit to the Ritger-Peppas model (R 2 > 0.930). Spray-dried oily core NCs were successfully produced, and the Box-Behnken design appears to be an effec- tive tool to predict the size and encapsulation of NCs. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 100:1031-1044, 2011 Keywords: Spray drying; Nanocapsules; Biodegradable polymers; Formulation; Emulsion; Indomethacin; Box-Behnken design