cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo Simulation Methods for Computing Liquid-Vapor Saturation Properties of Model Systems.

We discuss molecular simulation methods for computing the phase coexistence properties of complex molecules. The strategies that we pursue are histogram-based approaches in which thermodynamic properties are related to relevant probability distributions. We first outline grand canonical and isothermal–isobaric methods for directly locating a saturation point at a given temperature. In the former case, we show how reservoir and growth expanded ensemble techniques can be used to facilitate the creation and insertion of complex molecules within a grand canonical simulation. We next focus on grand canonical and isothermal–isobaric temperature expanded ensemble techniques that provide a means to trace saturation lines over a wide range of temperatures. To demonstrate the utility of the strategies introduced here, we present phase coexistence data for a series of molecules, including n-octane, cyclohexane, water, 1-propanol, squalane, and pyrene. Overall, we find the direct grand canonical approach to be the mo...
Early supersensitive changes in [3H]spiroderidol binding in the isolated striatum

Adult mouse striatum was dissected and incubated as an organ culture in chemical medium for up to 24 hours to measure alterations in [ 3 H]spiroperidol binding. High-affinity [ 3 H]spiroperidol binding (ligand concentration 2 nM) was constant throughout the incubation. However, there was a 33% increase in lower-affinity binding (ligand concentration 20 nM) during 24 hours of incubation. Inhibition of dopamine synthesis with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester enhanced the increase in 20 nM [ 3 H]spiroperidol binding by 65%.
Laminar Mixed Convection From a Vertical Heated Surface in a Crossflow

The present study is concerned with mixed convection from a vertical heated surface in a horizontal crossflow. The governing boundary layer equations were solved numerically using an extension of the technique developed by Cebeci and Keller. The combining law of Churchill and Usagi was utilized to develop a correlation for the average Nusselt number. (AIP)
The gamma chain subunit of Fc receptors is required for alpha-synuclein-induced pro-inflammatory signaling in microglia.

The protein alpha-synuclein (α-SYN), which is found in the Lewy bodies of dopamine-producing (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), has an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Previous studies have shown that neuroinflammation plays a key role in PD pathogenesis. In an AAV-synuclein mouse model of PD, we have found that over-abundance of α-SYN triggers the expression of NF-κB p65, and leads to microglial activation and DA neurodegeneration. We also have observed that Fcγ receptors (FcγR), proteins present on the surface of microglia that bind immunoglobulin G (IgG) and other ligands, are key modulators of α-SYN-induced neurodegeneration. In order to study the role of FcγRs in the interactions of α-SYN and microglia, we treated the primary microglial cultures from wild-type (WT) and FcγR−/− mice with aggregated human α-SYN in vitro. Using immunocytochemistry, we found that α-SYN was taken up by both WT and FcγR−/− microglia, however, their patterns of internalization were different, with aggregation in autophagosomes in WT cells and more diffuse localization in FcγR−/− microglia. In WT microglia, α-SYN induced the nuclear accumulation of NF-κB p65 protein and downstream chemokine expression while in FcγR−/− mouse microglia, α-SYN failed to trigger the enhancement of nuclear NF-κB p65, and the pro-inflammatory signaling was reduced. Our results suggest that α-SYN can interact directly with microglia and can be internalized and trafficked to autophagosomes. FcγRs mediate this interaction, and in the absence of the gamma chain, there is altered intracellular trafficking and attenuation of pro-inflammatory NF-κB signaling. Therefore, blocking either FcγR signaling or downstream NF-κB activation may be viable therapeutic strategies in PD.
Genetic Distances for the Study of Infectious Disease Epidemiology

Molecular epidemiologic studies of infectious pathogens 1) generate genetic patterns from a collection of microorganisms, 2) compare the degree of similarity among these patterns, and 3) infer from these similarities infectious disease transmission patterns. The authors propose a quantitative approach using genetic distances to study the degree of similarity between patterns. Benefits of such genetic distance calculations are illustrated by an analysis of standard DNA fingerprints of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in San Francisco collected during the period 1991-1997. Graphical representation of genetic distances can assist in determining if the disappearance of a specific pattern in a community is due to interruption of transmission or ongoing evolution of the microorganism's fingerprint. Genetic distances can also compensate for varying information content derived by DNA fingerprints of contrasting pattern complexity. To study demographic and clinical correlates of transmission, the authors calculated the smallest genetic distance from each patient sample to all other samples. With correlation of genetic distances and nearest genetic distances with previously understood notions of the epidemiology of M. tuberculosis in San Francisco, factors influencing transmission are investigated.
The primary σ factor in escherichia coli can access the transcription elongation complex from solution in vivo

The σ subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) confers on the enzyme the ability to initiate promoter-specific transcription. Although σ factors are generally classified as initiation factors, σ can also remain associated with, and modulate the behavior of, RNAP during elongation. Here we establish that the primary σ factor in Escherichia coli, σ 70 , can function as an elongation factor in vivo by loading directly onto the transcription elongation complex (TEC) in trans .W e demonstrate that σ 70 can bind in trans to TECs that emanate from either a σ 70 -dependent promoter or a promoter that is controlled by an alternative σ factor. We further demonstrate that binding of σ 70 to the TEC in trans can have a particularly large impact on the dynamics of transcription elongation during stationary phase. Our findings establish a mechanism whereby the primary σ factor can exert direct effects on the composition of the entire transcriptome, not just that portion that is produced under the control of σ 70 -dependent promoters.
Providing Palliative Care to People with Intellectual Disabilities: Services, Staff Knowledge, and Challenges

Abstract People with intellectual disabilities require access to compassionate, quality, and effective palliative and end-of-life care when facing serious, life-limiting illness. This study was designed to document the degree to which hospice and palliative care services were provided to New Jersey residents with intellectual disabilities, and the challenges in providing this care. Surveys were designed to assess the provision of hospice and palliative care services to this population, staff knowledge and training needs, experiential and communication challenges, and financial concerns. Twenty-two hospice and palliative care providers, 50 group home/community living sponsors, and 5 state-run developmental centers completed this survey. Twenty-two percent of group home sponsors and 60% of developmental centers report ever using hospice services, with 1–2 residents using hospice care during the previous year. Ninety-one percent of palliative care providers reported providing services to the community, with ...
Complementation analysis of linked circadian clock mutants of Neurospora crassa.

A fourth mutant of Neurospora crassa, designated frq-4, has been isolated in which the period length of the circadian conidiation rhythm is shortened to 19. +/- 0.3 hours. This mutant is tightly linked to the three previously isolated frq mutants, and all four map to the right arm of linkage group VII about 10 map units from the centromere. Complementation tests suggest, but do not prove, that all four mutations are allelic, since each of the four mutants is co-dominant with the frq+ allel--i.e., heterokaryons have period lengths intermediate between the mutant and wild-type--and since heterokaryons between pairs of mutants also have period lengths intermediate between those of the two mutants.
Mind-Body Problems in Family Therapy: Contrasting First- and Second-Order Cybernetics Approaches†

Using detailed case examples, we contrast first- and second-order cybernetics approaches to family problems involving somatic symptoms in a family member. A second-order cybernetics approach views the reality of the problem as linguistically shaped by those interacting around it, including the therapist and observing team members. This co-constructed reality, the story of the problem, inadvertently contributes to the problem's endurance by narrowing the choice of more effective solutions. In our approach, the therapist elicits from each person his or her story about the illness in the family. The therapist then facilitates a therapeutic conversation that provides a context for new linguistic distinctions to be drawn, including the way mind and body may interact to generate the symptoms. Shifts in beliefs and behaviors follow, and more innovative solutions to the problem can then emerge. Unlike the approach in our previously published work based upon ecosystemic patterns as "system diagnoses," this approach uses only descriptions and explanations of the problem as are collaboratively constructed within this therapeutic conversation.
MEMS-actuated microdisk resonators with variable power coupling ratios

A novel tunable microdisk resonator with microelectromechanical-system (MEMS)-actuated deformable waveguides is demonstrated for the first time. The deformable waveguide enables us to continuously vary the power coupling ratio of the microdisks. A laterally coupled device with a quality factor of 7700 is fabricated on silicon-on-insulator substrate. An optical notch filter with variable attenuation at the resonant wavelength is successfully demonstrated, with an extinction ratio of 9 dB. The MEMS-actuated tunable microdisk is a basic building block for many dynamic wavelength-division-multiplexing circuits.
Water efficiency management in datacenters: Metrics and methodology

The demand for data center solutions with lower total cost of ownership and lower complexity of management is driving the creation of next generation datacenters. The information technology industry is in the midst of a transformation to lower the cost of operation through consolidation and better utilization of critical data center resources. Successful consolidation necessitates increasing utilization of capital intensive “always-on” data center infrastructure, reduction in the recurring cost of power and management of physical resources like water. A 1MW data center operating with water-cooled chillers and cooling towers can consume 18,000 gallons per day to dissipate heat generated by IT equipment. However, this water demand can be mitigated by appropriate use of air-cooled chillers or free cooling strategies that rely on local weather patterns. Water demand can also fluctuate with seasons and vary across geographies. Water efficiency, like energy efficiency is a key metric to evaluate sustainability of the IT ecosystem. In this paper, we propose a procedure for calculation of water efficiency of a datacenter and provide guidance for a management system that can optimize IT performance while managing the tradeoffs between water and energy efficiency in conventional datacenters.
Single- and two-mode theory for coupled lasers with Doppler-broadened gain media

Existing coupled-laser theories have been extended to analyze the case of two coupled lasers supporting two modes in each cavity. A set of eight coupled equations describing the amplitudes and phases of the two modes oscillating in each cavity has been solved numerically to evaluate the operating characteristics of the coupled-laser system. Locking ranges were computed for both single- and two-mode coupled-laser systems, and it was found that the presence of the additional mode reduces the locking range of the two-mode system to approximately one half that of the single-mode coupled lasers. A number of other oddities in behavior have been found, including a mutually reinforced hole-burning minimum in intensity and a phase-dependent shift of the laser frequency from the bare-cavity frequency.
Growth of High‐Quality, Thickness‐Reduced Zeolite Membranes towards N2/CH4 Separation Using High‐Aspect‐Ratio Seeds

Greatly improved zeolite membranes were prepared by using high-aspect-ratio zeolite seeds. Slice-shaped seeds with a high aspect ratio (AR) facilitated growth of thinner continuous SAPO-34 membranes of much higher quality. These membranes showed N2 permeances as high as (2.87±0.15)×10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 at 22 °C while maintaining a decent N2/CH4 selectivity (9–11.2 for equimolar mixture). On the basis of these thinner high-quality SAPO-34 membranes, fine-tuning the local crystal structure by incorporating more silicon further increased the N2 permeance by 1.4 times without sacrificing the N2/CH4 selectivity. We expect that application of large AR zeolite seeds might be a viable strategy to grow thin high-quality zeolite membranes. In addition, fine-tuning of the crystal structure by changing the crystal composition might be a feasible way for further improving the separating performance of high-quality zeolite membranes.
Large signal performance of ferroelectric FBARs

Ferroelectric thin film bulk acoustic wave resonators (FBARs) have been of growing interest due to their electric field dependent properties. Resonators based on the ferroelectric barium strontium titanate (Ba x Sr (1−x) TiO 3 , BST) are intrinsically switchable, namely they have resonances that switch on with the application of a dc bias voltage. In this paper, the large signal performance and nonlinear behavior of BST FBARs are investigated. Measurement results show as the dc bias voltage increases, the nonlinear behavior due to high RF input power decreases. For better understanding, measurement results of BST FBARs are fitted to a nonlinear modified Butterworth-Van Dyke (MBVD) model with respect to dc bias voltage and RF input power.
Alcohol Consumption and Plasma Concentration of C-Reactive Protein

Background— Moderate alcohol intake has been associated with lower cardiovascular mortality. However, data evaluating the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP), a predictor of cardiovascular risk, and alcohol consumption are sparse. Methods and Results— The relationship between alcohol consumption and CRP was evaluated in a cross-sectional survey and over time among 1732 men and 1101 women participating in the Pravastatin Inflammation/CRP Evaluation Study. CRP levels were lower in those with moderate alcohol intake versus light or occasional intake: in 5 categories of alcohol intake (no alcohol or <1 drink monthly, 1 to 3 drinks monthly, 1 to 4 drinks weekly, 5 to 7 drinks weekly, and ≥2 drinks daily), median CRP levels were 2.60 mg/L (interquartile range (IQR), 1.20 to 5.30 mg/L), 2.20 mg/L (IQR, 1.00 to 4.40 mg/L), 1.70 mg/L (IQR, 0.80 to 3.80 mg/L), 1.60 mg/L (IQR, 0.80 to 3.30 mg/L), and 1.80 mg/L (IQR, 0.80 to 2.90 mg/L), respectively. This relationship was present among men, women not taking...
Clinical effects and brain metabolic correlates in non‐invasive cortical neuromodulation for visceral pain

Abstract Background and aims Chronic visceral pain is frequent, extremely debilitating, and generally resistant to pharmacological treatment. It has been shown that chronic visceral inflammation, through altered afferent visceral sensory input, leads to plastic changes in the central nervous system that ultimately sustain pain. Therefore approaches aiming at modulation of brain activity are attractive candidates to control visceral pain. Methods Here we report findings of a phase II, sham-controlled clinical trial assessing the clinical effects and brain metabolic correlates of a 10-day course of daily sessions of slow-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting the right secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) in patients with chronic pancreatitis and severe visceral pain. Results Our results show a significant reduction in pain after real rTMS that lasted for at least 3 weeks following treatment. These clinical changes were correlated with increases in glutamate and N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) levels – neurometabolites associated with cortical activity and brain damage – as measured by in vivo single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Adverse effects in the real rTMS group were mild and short-lasting. Conclusions Our results support preliminary findings showing that modulation of right SII with rTMS is associated with a significant analgesic effect and that this effect is correlated with an increase in excitatory neurotransmitter levels such as glutamate and NAA.
Effects of Slotted Hub and Casing Treatments on Compressor Endwall Flow Fields

Influence de rainures dans le stator et le moyen du rotor sur les ecoulements de parois dans un compresseur
Variation in the vasopressin V1a receptor promoter and expression: implications for inter- and intraspecific variation in social behaviour*

Instability in highly repetitive microsatellite DNA located in the regulatory regions of genes may be a major factor producing diversity in both region-specific gene expression and the resulting phenotypes. Polymorphisms in promoter regions affecting expression of genes involved in regulating behaviour may play a role in generating individual variation in behaviour, including psychopathologies in humans, and probably are also important for the evolution of behaviour. Here we discuss the prairie vole vasopressin V1a receptor gene as a model that may be useful for understanding the evolution of promoter sequences and the relationship between gene sequence, expression and behavioural phenotype.
e-Perceptions: personality impressions based on personal websites.

This research examined the accuracy of personality impressions based on personal websites, a rapidly growing medium for self-expression, where identity claims are predominant. Eighty-nine websites were viewed by 11 observers, who rated the website authors’ personalities. The ratings were compared with an accuracy criterion (self- and informant reports) and with the authors’ ideal-self ratings. The websites elicited high levels of observer consensus and accuracy, and observers’ impressions were somewhat enhanced for Extraversion and Agreeableness. The accuracy correlations were comparable in magnitude to those found in other contexts of interpersonal perception and generally stronger than those found in zero-acquaintance contexts. These findings suggest that identity claims are used to convey valid information about personality. Jessica has agreed to go on a blind date. She knows nothing about Ben except his name. Naturally, she wonders what he is like and she begins to browse the Internet for information. After entering his name into a search engine, she soon finds Ben’s personal website; here she discovers that Ben has read all of Steinbeck’s novels, minored in Eastern philosophy in college, pays homage to his heroes Ralph Nader and Malcolm X, and keeps meticulous records of his stamp collection. An impression begins to form of Ben in Jessica’s mind as a quiet, intellectual, organized, politically liberal neat freak. But how accurate is Jessica’s impression of Ben? Would other visitors to Ben’s website form the same impression? Is the website giving Jessica an overly positive impression of Ben? How does Jessica’s impression differ from the impression she would get from another source of information, such as actually meeting Ben or visiting his office? Jessica’s Internet sleuthing illustrates one of the myriad ways in which the Internet impacts modern social life (McKenna & Bargh, 2002). With the proliferation of Internet chat rooms, e-mail, newsgroups, and personal websites, the Internet has become a pervasive medium for social interaction. Indeed, over 50% of American
The clinical significance of erythrocyte cholinesterase titers. I. A method suitable for routine clinical use, and the distribution of normal values.

A method for determining erythrocyte cholinesterase titers on small samples of whole blood is described in detail. The method is one which requires little special equipment and can be used by any competent technician. Data for erythrocyte cholinesterase are presented on a group of 101 normal adults, and it is shown that the observed data fit the normal distribution. Eighteen children, aged three months to ten years, all had values within the adult distribution, and the mean value was the same as that for adults. Seven newborn babies all had values at or below the lower limit for adults.
The Magnolia Scale (Neolecanium Cornuparvum Thro.).

It is always of great interest to watch the “ups and downs” of insects—to observe the enormous abundance of a certain species over a period of years and then note the gradual subsidence of the species through the following years. For instance, it has actually been difficult during the last few years to find enough fresh specimens of the San Jose Scale about Ithaca for study in the laboratory and for observance in the field. On the other hand the magnolia scale ( N. cornuparvum ) has apparently been increasing in numbers during recent years. My attention has been called, by correspondents, to excessive infestations of the scale followed by serious injury to its host plants, Magnolia liliflora and Magnolia soulangeana . The scale has been especially prominent in the city of Ithaca and its outlying districts. Undoubtedly the magnolia shrub is becoming more popular as an ornamental and is therefore more commonly planted. Thus the scale has found its host plentiful and readily accessible.
Attraction of Adult Apple Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Microbial Isolates

Eight bacterial species isolated from apple foliage were evaluated for attractiveness to adult apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) in the laboratory. None elicited a strong response from the adult apple maggot flies. Another, previously unknown bacterium was isolated internally from the adult fly, from under fresh oviposition sites on field collected fruit, and from the decaying flesh of maggot infested apples. Efforts to identify the bacterium indicated that it is similar to Enterobacter agglomerans , but inconsistencies in biochemical tests and colonial morphology were shown. The bacterium, or volatiles produced by the bacterium, is attractive to foraging apple maggot flies in the orchard environment, and significantly increases fly captures on Ladd apple maggot traps with an apple volatiles attractant.
Abstract A28: Identification of HDAC inhibitor potentiating targets in acute myeloid leukemia cells by large-scale RNA-interference

The lysine deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide acid (SAHA) has shown promising but limited activity in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To identify potential targets for rational combination therapies that increase the efficacy of SAHA in AML, we used a functional RNA-interference (RNAi) screening approach to identify genes, that when inhibited, potentiate the in vitro anti-leukemic activity of SAHA. A total of 901 kinase, phosphatase and associated signaling genes were silenced, with four different siRNA sequences per gene, in combination with SAHA treatment. Log2 values of the ratio [(siRNA + SAHA)/(siRNA alone)] were calculated, with median and standard deviation determined on a per-plate basis. Hits were defined as ≥ 2 standard deviations from the log2 ratio median. Hit lists for each cell line were over-laid on an integrated functional relationship network. We applied a community detection algorithm to this sub-network and identified siRNA sensitive modules. Each module represents a highly connected set of genes in the integrated network. To identify the pathways represented by each module, we evaluated enrichment using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Protein Interaction Database (PID) pathways. Several novel sensitizing targets, grouped into a small number of pathways, emerged from these screens. Some hits exhibit little to no anti-leukemic activity when silenced alone, indicative of synthetic lethal interaction with SAHA treatment. Initial validation experiments with siRNA and novel small molecule inhibitors confirm RNAi screen results and pharmacological sensitization is observed. The first reported large-scale HDAC inhibitor RNAi screen in leukemias has identified a novel rational combination that can be translated into design of a clinical trial. Citation Format: James M. Bogenberger, James E. Rudd, Donald Chow, Michelle Kassner, Holly Yin, Casey S. Greene, Raoul Tibes. Identification of HDAC inhibitor potentiating targets in acute myeloid leukemia cells by large-scale RNA-interference. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Synthetic Lethal Approaches to Cancer Vulnerabilities; May 17-20, 2013; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(5 Suppl):Abstract nr A28.
A radioreceptor assay for quantitating plasma factor VIII/von Willebrand's protein

A sensitive and precise radioreceptor assay for determining plasma levels of human factor VIII/von Willebrand's factor (FVIII/vWF) has been developed by taking advantage of the FVIII/vWF receptor sites on human platelets. Paraformaldehyde-fixed platelets, which were processed and then stored, retained FVIII/vWF binding activity and therefore could be used as a convenient source of receptors. The human plasma samples to be tested were initially filtered on 4% agarose columns to concentrate the FVIII/vWF protein in the void volume and to remove the factor(s) that interferes with the assay. The percent recovery of FVIII/vWF in the pooled eluent was measured by the recovery of added trace 125I-FVIII/vWF. The coefficients of intra- and interassay variation were 6% and 10%, respectively. The plasma FVIII/vWF concentrations determined by the assay for pooled normal plasma, hemophilia A plasma, and plasmas from two patients with von Willebrand's disease were 16.3 +/- 0.5, 52.6 +/- 1.5, 6.8 +/- 0.8, and 3.2 +/- 0.2 microgram/ml, respectively. The range of plasma FVIII/vWF concentrations varied between 8.3 microgram/ml and 24.9 microgram/ml for 10 normal adults. The plasma FVIII/vWF concentrations determined by the radioreceptor assay correlated well with levels measured by the ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation method, thus demonstrating the functional relevancy of the radioreceptor assay for plasma FVIII/vWF.
Measures of Quantum Entanglement

A quantum system consisting of two or more subsystems is said to exhibit entanglement if the wave function (or density operator) of the system cannot be written as a product of wave functions (or density operators) of the component subsystems. The purpose of this work is to introduce several different measures of entanglement and to explore to what extent they agree with each other. This work is concerned largely with systems consisting of just two subsystems, although extensions to more than two subsystems are briefy considered.
Computational model coupling mode II discrete fracture propagation with continuum damage zone evolution

Summary We propose a numerical method that couples a cohesive zone model (CZM) and a finite element-based continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model. The CZM represents a mode II macro-fracture, and CDM finite elements (FE) represent the damage zone of the CZM. The coupled CZM/CDM model can capture the flow of energy that takes place between the bulk material that forms the matrix and the macroscopic fracture surfaces. The CDM model, which does not account for micro-crack interaction, is calibrated against triaxial compression tests performed on Bakken shale, so as to reproduce the stress/strain curve before the failure peak. Based on a comparison with Kachanov's micro-mechanical model, we confirm that the critical micro-crack density value equal to 0.3 reflects the point at which crack interaction cannot be neglected. The CZM is assigned a pure mode II cohesive law that accounts for the dependence of the shear strength and energy release rate on confining pressure. The cohesive shear strength of the CZM is calibrated by calculating the shear stress necessary to reach a CDM damage of 0.3 during a direct shear test. We find that the shear cohesive strength of the CZM depends linearly on the confining pressure. Triaxial compression tests are simulated, in which the shale sample is modeled as an FE CDM continuum that contains a predefined thin cohesive zone representing the idealized shear fracture plane. The shear energy release rate of the CZM is fitted in order to match to the post-peak stress/strain curves obtained during experimental tests performed on Bakken shale. We find that the energy release rate depends linearly on the shear cohesive strength. We then use the calibrated shale rheology to simulate the propagation of a meter-scale mode II fracture. Under low confining pressure, the macroscopic crack (CZM) and its damaged zone (CDM) propagate simultaneously (i.e., during the same loading increments). Under high confining pressure, the fracture propagates in slip-friction, that is, the debonding of the cohesive zone alternates with the propagation of continuum damage. The computational method is applicable to a range of geological injection problems including hydraulic fracturing and fluid storage and should be further enhanced by the addition of mode I and mixed mode (I+II+III) propagation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On compressible materials capable of sustaining axisymmetric shear deformations. Part 3: helical shear of isotropic hyperelastic materials

Conditions on the form of the strain energy function in order that homogeneous, compressible and isotropic hyperelastic materials may sustain controllable static, axisymmetric anti-plane shear, azimuthal shear, and helical shear deformations of a hollow, circular cylinder have been explored in several recent papers. Here we study conditions on the strain energy function for homogeneous and compressible, anisotropic hyperelastic materials necessary and sufficient to sustain controllable, axisymmetric helical shear deformations of the tube. Similar results for separate axisymmetric anti-plane shear deformations and rotational shear deformations are then obtained from the principal theorem for helical shear deformations. The three theorems are illustrated for general compressible transversely isotropic materials for which the isotropy axis coincides with the cylinder axis. Previously known necessary and sufficient conditions on the strain energy for compressible and isotropic hyperelastic materials in order that the three classes of axisymmetric shear deformations may be possible follow by specialization of the anisotropic case. It is shown that the required monotonicity condition for the isotropic case is much simpler and less restrictive. Restrictions necessary and sufficient for anti-plane and rotational shear deformations to be possible in compressible hyperelastic materials having a helical axis of transverse isotropy that winds at a constant angle around the tube axis are derived. Results for the previous case and for a circular axis of transverse isotropy are included as degenerate helices. All of the conditions derived here have essentially algebraic structure and are easy to apply. The general rules are applied in several examples for specific strain energy functions of compressible and homogeneous transversely isotropic materials having straight, circular, and helical axes of material symmetry.
Reference Health and the Demand for Medical Care

We propose that health in prior periods, termed reference health, is theoretically and empirically relevant to the demand for medical care. To address non-normality in the distributions of medical care spending, consumption, and health, we use a conditional density estimator nested in a finite mixture framework. We find that reference health can help explain the variation in spending among individuals with the same contemporaneous health, particularly in the top tail of the spending distribution. We demonstrate that omitting reference health understates the potential cost-savings of healthy-aging initiatives by 50 percent. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Central Forces and Orbits

Central forces are of considerable importance in both classical and quantum mechanics so we briefly review their properties. In this chapter we deal with two bodies of masses m1 and m2. We ignore the motion of the center-of-mass so that only the relative interparticle coordinates r and θ are treated, as will be discussed below. The effective mass for motion in \(\left (r,\theta \right )\) is the reduced mass μ = m1m2∕(m1+m2). The central forces , \(\boldsymbol{F}\left (r\right )\), and the potentials that produce them, \(U\left (r\right )\), depend only upon the spherical coordinate r. The angular momentum vector \(\boldsymbol{L} =\boldsymbol{ r} \times \boldsymbol{ p}\), where \(\boldsymbol{r}\) is the position vector and \(\boldsymbol{p}\) is the linear momentum vector, is conserved for all central potentials. This will be proven in Problem 1 of this chapter. Because \(\boldsymbol{L}\) is conserved, the motion under the action of a central force takes place in a plane so that only two dimensions are required to describe it. Plane polar coordinates \(\left (r,\theta \right )\) are almost always used in central force problems (see Appendix B.2). When written in polar coordinates, the total energy of a system under the influence of a central potential contains an angular momentum term, \(\ell^{2}/\left (2\mu r^{2}\right )\) where l is the magnitude of the angular momentum \(\boldsymbol{L}\). For constant l this term acts as an additional potential, which is usually referred to as the centrifugal potential. Thus, we may define the “effective potential ” as $$\displaystyle{ U_{\text{eff}}\left (r\right ) = U\left (r\right ) + \frac{\ell^{2}} {2\mu r^{2}} }$$
Space-time-resolved quantum electrodynamics: A (1+1)-dimensional model

We develop a model that reduces quantum electrodynamics (QED) in time plus three spatial dimensions to time plus a single spatial dimension, making it is possible to numerically calculate the dynamic behavior of simple QED systems. The dimensionality is restricted in such a way as to preserve the influence of spin and angular momentum. In contrast to the $S$-matrix scattering approach, these calculations are not perturbative within the zero- and one-photon sector of the relevant Hilbert space. The model restricts the electron occupation number to one and the photon occupation number to zero or one. We use this model to calculate the dynamics of a so-called bare electron that dresses itself by a photon field.
Formally Specify Evolutionary Complex Systems

Abstract A complex evolving system requires: (1) A suite of formal languages for representation of applications. (2) A transformation engine or the evolving system manager, which accepts formal specifications and goals and applys transformation to determine evolution. (3) A formal representation for the justification, which is denoted by a derivation history. A derivation history/trajectory represents a particular sequence of transformations. Upon applying a delta(change) to a specification, understanding derivation histories helps clarify the selection of rules/procedures/methods, since there may be an analog between the existing and new trajectories. (4) Integration of deltas into the design history. For example, to determine the success of evolution from a maintenance delta, the design history must be revised to reflect where or whatever delta has been applied. In this paper, a suite of formal languages is presented to describe complex evolving systems.
Differential Control of Axonal and Somatic Resting Potential by Voltage-Dependent Conductances in Cortical Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons

Voltage-dependent conductances not only drive action potentials but also help regulate neuronal resting potential. We found differential regulation of resting potential in the proximal axon of layer 5 pyramidal neurons compared to the soma. Axonal resting potential was more negative than the soma, reflecting differential control by multiple voltage-dependent channels, including sodium channels, Cav3 channels, Kv7 channels, and HCN channels. Kv7 current is highly localized to the axon and HCN current to the soma and dendrite. Because of impedance asymmetry between the soma and axon, axonal Kv7 current has little effect on somatic resting potential, while somatodendritic HCN current strongly influences the proximal axon. In fact, depolarizing somatodendritic HCN current is critical for resting activation of all the other voltage-dependent conductances, including Kv7 in the axon. These experiments reveal complex interactions among voltage-dependent conductances to control region-specific resting potential, with somatodendritic HCN channels playing a critical enabling role.
Distribution and Taxonomic Variation in the Amanita Cyclic Peptide Toxins

The literature on the taxonomic and tissue distribution of the Amanita cyclic peptides is extensive. Dating from the earliest day of toxin research, many studies have surveyed different mushroom species, specimens of the same species, growing environments, mushroom development stages, and mushroom tissues. It would be an encyclopedic and not very informative exercise to tabulate all of the results, not just because of their number but because many of the different studies are not easily comparable due to the use of different methods of toxin extraction and quantitation (or lack thereof) and the frequent omission of sufficient descriptions of the samples to allow species identifications. For an earlier summary of knowledge about the distribution of toxins among species and tissues, see Wieland (1986).
Trichomonas vaginalis Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Mediates Parasite Survival during Nutrient Stress.

Trichomonas vaginalis is responsible for the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide, and yet the mechanisms used by this parasite to establish and maintain infection are poorly understood. We previously identified a T. vaginalis homologue (TvMIF) of a human cytokine, human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (huMIF). TvMIF mimics huMIF's role in increasing cell growth and inhibiting apoptosis in human host cells. To interrogate a role of TvMIF in parasite survival during infection, we asked whether overexpression of TvMIF (TvMIF-OE) confers an advantage to the parasite under nutrient stress conditions by comparing the survival of TvMIF-OE parasites to that of empty vector (EV) parasites. We found that under conditions of serum starvation, overexpression of TvMIF resulted in increased parasite survival. Serum-starved parasites secrete 2.5-fold more intrinsic TvMIF than unstarved parasites, stimulating autocrine and paracrine signaling. Similarly, we observed that addition of recombinant TvMIF increased the survival of the parasites in the absence of serum. Recombinant huMIF likewise increased the parasite survival in the absence of serum, indicating that the parasite may use this host survival factor to resist its own death. Moreover, TvMIF-OE parasites were found to undergo significantly less apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation under conditions of serum starvation, consistent with increased survival being the result of blocking ROS-induced apoptosis. These studies demonstrated that a parasitic MIF enhances survival under adverse conditions and defined TvMIF and huMIF as conserved survival factors that exhibit cross talk in host-pathogen interactions.IMPORTANCE Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a conserved protein found in most eukaryotes which has been well characterized in mammals but poorly studied in other eukaryotes. The limited analyses of MIF proteins found in unicellular eukaryotes have focused exclusively on the effect of parasitic MIF on the mammalian host. This was the first study to assess the function of a parasite MIF in parasite biology. We demonstrate that the Trichomonas vaginalis MIF functions to suppress cell death induced by apoptosis, thereby enhancing parasite survival under adverse conditions. Our research reveals a conserved survival mechanism, shared by a parasite and its host, and indicates a role for a conserved protein in mediating cross talk in host-pathogen interactions.
Newton, Corruption, and the Tradition of Universal History

Since the publication of Frank Manuel’s Isaac Newton, Historian in 1963, most commentators have recognized that Newton’s unpublished manuscripts on the history of religions fall into three broad, if occasionally overlapping, categories: those devoted to the interpretation of biblical prophecy; those concerned with the histories of ancient empires and the corruption of a primitive monotheistic religion; and those that challenge trinitarian histories of the Church in the fourth and fifth centuries.’ Although several scholars have argued that these manuscripts reveal what Betty Jo Dobbs has called the “the ultimate unity” of Newton’s thought, few have been willing to claim that this unity manifests itself as a methodological imperative in his historiography.’ In this essay, I want to investigate—and contextualize—the dialectical tensions between the redemptive history of Newton’s writings on biblical prophecy and the postlapsarian history of those manuscripts, such as The Original of Religions and the Theologiae Gentilis Origines Philosophicae [The Philosophical Origins of Gentile Theology], concerned with humankind’s Fall from a pristine Noachian religion. If Newton’s manuscripts on Daniel and the Apocalypse draw on a rich tradition of prophetic interpretation, and confirm their author’s self-perception as one of “a remnant, a few scattered persons which God bath chosenchwr(133)to search after truth,” then his unfinished, obsessively rewritten, and often self-censored Origines represents the dark underside of such a faith—the anatomizing of human corruption and the psychological insecurity of a truth-seeker irrevocably implicated in the fallen world that he condemns.3 I have argued previously that Newton’s inquiries in a variety of disciplines—mathematics, biblical scholarship, optics, alchemy, and history–constitute heuristic, and always partial, efforts to understand the workings of a mysterious providence.4 Precisely because these attempts to celebrate the “absent” guarantee of a divine order must employ the fallen languages of postlapsarian existence, they become, in Newton’s mind, rearguard actions fought against the forces of metastasizing corruption, embodied in trinitarian theology by Athanasius, in a deterministic, or at least non-voluntarist, physics by Leibniz, and in politics by the entwined threats of tyranny and Catholicism. In what follows, I want to extend my argument to suggest that Newton’s fascination with the origins, corruption, and cyclical renovations of a pristine monotheism locates his sprawling, if fragmentary, historical project in the context of the dominant genre of seventeenth-century historiography—universal history.
Socio-demographic, Clinical, and Genetic Determinants of Quality of Life in Lung Cancer Patients.

Patient reported health-related quality of life (QOL) is a major component of the overall well-being of cancer patients, with links to prognosis. In 6,420 lung cancer patients, we identified patient characteristics and genetic determinants of QOL. Patient responses from the SF-12 questionnaire was used to calculate normalized Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores. Further, we analyzed 218 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, a key mediator of response to cellular and environmental stress, as genetic determinants of QOL in a subset of the study population (N = 641). Trends among demographic factors for mean PCS and MCS included smoking status (PCS Ptrend < 0.001, MCS Ptrend < 0.001) and education (PCS Ptrend < 0.001, MCS Ptrend < 0.001). Similar relationships were seen for MCS. The homozygous rare genotype of MEF2B: rs2040562 showed an increased risk of a poor MCS (OR: 3.06, 95% CI: 1.05-8.92, P = 0.041). Finally, survival analysis showed that a low PCS or a MCS was associated with increased risks of five-year mortality (HR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.51-1.77, HR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.16-1.32, respectively) and there was a significant reduction in median survival time (Plog-rank < 0.001). These findings suggest that multiple factors contribute to QOL in lung cancer patients, and baseline QOL can impact survival.
Bernoulli Trials and Discrete Distributions

This tutorial paper defines a process in terms of Bernoulli random variables and develops a number of discrete distributions based on this formulation. The distributions are the binomial, geometric, hypergeometric, negative binomial, beta-binomial, mult..
A Probability Analysis of the Playoff System in Sumo Tournaments

If three rikishi are tied at the conclusion of a sumo tournament, then a playoff system is implemented to determine who will be the tournament champion. This system has the interesting property that the two rikishi who contest the first fight have an advantage over the third rikishi. Some probability calculations are presented which analyse this playoff system and which assess the relative advantages and disadvantages of the starting positions. The number of fights needed to determine the champion is also considered, and comparisons are made with a fairer playoff protocol. Extensions are also considered to situations with more than three rikishi.
Insulated-Gate-Field-Effect-Transistor (IGFET)

The discussion of the MIS structure as a two terminal device and the gate controlled pn junction as a three terminal device has brought out much of the physics needed to describe the fundamentals of the insulated gate field effect transistor (IGFET).1 If the appropriate voltage is applied to the gate of an MIS structure, an inversion layer can be formed on the surface of the semiconductor composed of carriers which are, by definition, of the opposite type to majority carriers in the substrate. In a gate controlled pn junction, the thin inversion layer forms an extension of the pn junction along the surface under the gate. If a second diffusion pocket is placed as shown in figure 6.1, the inversion layer can be used as a conducting path between the two pockets. This four terminal device constitutes the IGFET (or MOSFET).
BeHAVE: a Heatmap-based Audiovisual Representation of Personal Data

This paper presents BeHAVE, a web-based audiovisual piece that explores a way to represent personal behavioral data in a multimodal approach, by visualizing and sonifying this data based on the form of a heatmap visualization. As a way of typical visualization, it shows the location and time records of the author's mobile phone use as clustered circles on an interactive map. In order to explore all of the data sequentially in a short period, it also transforms a year of data into sound and visuals based on a microsound timescale. By suggesting this multimodal data representation as a means of revealing one's personality or behavior in an audiovisual form, BeHAVE attempts not only to improve the perception and understanding of self-tracking data but also to arouse aesthetic enjoyment.