cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A two‐dimensional continuum model of biofilm growth incorporating fluid flow and shear stress based detachment

We present a two-dimensional biofilm growth model in a continuum framework using an Eulerian description. A computational technique based on the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) and the level set method is used to simulate the growth of the biofilm. The model considers fluid flow around the biofilm surface, the advection-diffusion and reaction of substrate, variable biomass volume fraction and erosion due to the interfacial shear stress at the biofilm-fluid interface. The key assumptions of the model and the governing equations of transport, biofilm kinetics and biofilm mechanics are presented. Our 2D biofilm growth results are in good agreement with those obtained by Picioreanu et al. (Biotechnol Bioeng 69(5):504-515, 2000). Detachment due to erosion is modeled using two continuous speed functions based on: (a) interfacial shear stress and (b) biofilm height. A relation between the two detachment models in the case of a 1D biofilm is established and simulated biofilm results with detachment in 2D are presented. The stress in the biofilm due to fluid flow is evaluated and higher stresses are observed close to the substratum where the biofilm is attached.
Children of Divorce: A Family Systems Perspective

This paper is a report of a study of marriage and divorce as processes through which emotional attachments are established and resolved. The concepts of family systems theory and therapy are used to describe the ways in which emotional attachments in general, and child focus in particular, operate in families undergoing separation or divorce. The report begins with a general description of family systems theory, including an examination of the patterns of management of emotional attachment in families and the relationship of these patterns to the ways children experience their parents' separation, divorce, and custody arrangements. Then the management of emotional attachment in families which may have either a mild or severe degree of child focus is compared and contrasted. The final section considers family therapy in relation to these issues.
Advance Preparation in Task Switching What Work Is Being Done

The preparation effect in task switching is usually interpreted to mean that a switching process makes use of the interval between task-cue onset and trial-stimulus onset (the cue-stimulus interval, or CSI) to accomplish some of its work ahead of time. This study undermines the empirical basis for this interpretation and suggests that task activation, not task switching, is the functional process in cognitive control. Experiments 1 and 2 used an explicit cuing paradigm, and Experiments 3 and 4 used a variation in which the trial after a task cue was followed by several cueless trials, requiring retention of the cue in memory. Experiments 1 and 3 replicated the preparation effect on switch cost, and Experiments 2 and 4 showed that this effect vanishes when CSI is manipulated between subjects, leaving only a main effect of CSI when the task cue is a memory load.
Neutrophil inhibitory factor abrogates neutrophil adhesion by blockade of CD11a and CD11b β2 integrins

We studied the basis of inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) adhesion induced by neutrophil inhibitory factor (NIF), a 41-kDa CD11/CD18 beta(2) integrin-binding protein isolated from the canine hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum). NIF blocked PMN adhesion in a concentration-dependent manner with complete blockade occurring at approximately 10 nM NIF. Because CD11a and CD11b beta(2) integrins are functionally active on stimulated PMNs, and yet NIF is postulated to inhibit only CD11b integrin by binding to its I domain, we evaluated the contributions of CD11a and CD11b beta(2) integrins in the mechanism of inhibition of PMN adhesion to endothelial cells. We observed an additive inhibitory effect (>90% inhibition) of PMN adhesion to endothelial cells when NIF was used in combination with anti-CD11b monoclonal antibodies, which alone at saturating concentrations reduced PMN adhesion by only 50%. NIF also prevented aggregation of phorbol ester-stimulated JY lymphoblastoid cells that expressed only the functionally active CD11a, suggesting that NIF also can inhibit CD11a-dependent response. We transduced the NIF cDNA into human dermal microvessel endothelial cells in which NIF synthesis and release prevented PMN adhesion to the transduced human dermal microvessel endothelial cells. These data indicated that the potent antiadhesive effect of NIF may be the result of inhibition of CD11a and CD11b beta(2) integrins on PMNs. Moreover, the strategy of NIF release from transduced endothelial cells suggests the feasibility of blocking the CD11a- and CD11b beta(2) integrin-dependent PMN adhesion and PMN migration responses specifically at sites of endothelial cell activation.
New (Quark) Flavors

Some possible characteristics of the new quark suggested by the discovery of Υ(9.4) are surveyed. An inverse scattering approach to the interquark potential is summarized.
Optimal lower bounds on the dilatational strain inside random two-phase composites subjected to hydrostatic loading

Composites made from two linear isotropic elastic materials are considered. It is assumed that only the volume fraction of each elastic material is known. The composite is subjected to a uniform hydrostatic strain. For this case lower bounds on all r th moments of the dilatational strain eld inside each phase are obtained for r 2. A lower bound on the maximum value of the dilatational strain eld is also obtained. These bounds are given in terms of the volume fractions of the component materials. All of these bounds are shown to be the best possible as they are attained by the dilatational strain eld inside the Hashin{Shtrikman coated sphere assemblage. The bounds provide a new opportunity for the assessment of the local dilatational strain in terms of a statistical description of the microstructure.
Concurrent Validity of a Stress-Vulnerability Model of Suicidal Ideation and Behavior: A Follow-Up Study.

A follow-up study to test the concurrent validity of a stress-vulnerability model of suicidal ideation and behavior was conducted. A total of 202 college students (139 females, 63 males) completed self-report measures of life stress, loneliness, depression, dysfunctional cognitions, reasons for living, hopelessness, current suicide ideation, and predictions of future suicide probability. The results of a multiple-regression analysis indicated that 30% of the variation in suicide ideation scores could be accounted for by the linear combination of negative life stress, depression, loneliness, and few reasons for living. The linear combination of current suicide ideation, hopelessness, dysfunctional cognitions, and few reasons for living explained 56% of the variance in self-predicted future suicide probability. The results are interpreted as being supportive of the proposed model.
Analytical neighboring optimal guidance to finite horizon linear quadratic tracking problems

In this paper, a new approach to solving finite horizon linear quadratic tracking problems is proposed. An analytical means is derived based on the virtual motion camouflage concept, and pseudospectral discretization and differential inclusion techniques. The method avoids several disadvantages of classic approaches by avoiding backward propagation and satisfying the boundary conditions exactly. The solution requires only a single matrix inversion and a numerical example is provided to show the effectiveness of the algorithm.
War Is Hell

War is hell; but in the study of human pain, it has no parallel, as illustrated once again in the case presented by Dr. Gallo [1] in the Neuropathic Section of this issue of Pain Medicine . Historically, military surgeons such as Pare and Mitchell have significantly advanced the field [2,3], and apparently, these learning opportunities will always exist. The “Causalgic” injuries described by Mitchell in the Union Veterans of the War Between the States were partly the result of the primitive weapons used perforce by the Confederate army, especially the …
High Prevalence of Thymoma in the Dairy Goat Report of Seventeen Cases

Among 92 dairy goats, mainly of Saanen breeding, necropsied during studies on slow viral diseases, 17 (25.3%) of 67 over 2 years old had thymoma. Ten were females and seven were castrated males. In none was the thymoma accompanied by clinical signs attributable to it. Except for one at the thoracic inlet, all tumors were in the cranial mediastinal cavity. Encapsulated and sometimes cystic, they varied from a 2-centimeter nodule to a smoothly bosselated 10x8x8-centimeter mass weighing 300 grams. Although they were composed of lymphocytes and epithelial cells, small lymphocytes predominated in 16. One was predominantly epithelial. Hassall's corpuscles and myoid cells were seen in all tumors. In 12 tumors, small veins were encircled by spaces that varied from empty clefts to wide, fluid-filled cavities. The high prevalence of thymoma in these goats supports previous reports that this tumor occurs more often in Capra hircus than in other domestic animals. It may be one of the more common neoplasms in older goats.
Productivity Study of Microtunneling Pipe Installation Using Simulation

Microtunneling is a complex operation that requires the integration of several systems, a variety of supporting equipments and personnel, and is heavily influenced by subsurface condition. The objective of this research is to analyze and evaluate the factors that affect the productivity in microtunneling operations. Computer simulation can be used to study microtunneling operations before they are actually performed, thereby identifying operational inefficiency at different stages of the project and finding soil impact on the productivity. For this research, an actual microtunneling field study conducted at Louisiana Tech University was selected. Based on the data collected during this field study, a cyclic operations network model was developed with consideration on the impact of variations in soil compositions on the productivity of the operation. Simulations were repetitively conducted with different soil compositions. The simulation results were studied with regression analysis. A linear function of productivity and soil compositions was found. Various combinations of resources were also simulated. In this research study, the hypothesis that microtunneling boring machine is the bottleneck of the operation was proved to be true, whereas labor resources were found to be secondary limitations.
Slow-wave properties of superconducting microstrip transmission lines

A complex resistive boundary condition is used to accurately model very thin superconducting films used in microstrip transmission lines. The imaginary part of the conductivity is a measure of the energy stored in the superconductor, which contributes to the slow-wave propagation behavior of these transmission lines. Numerical solutions of superconducting microstrip are obtained and the dependence of the complex propagation constant on the microstrip geometry and the superconducting thin film properties is investigated. >
Behavioural and neuroendocrine adaptations to repeated stress during puberty in male golden hamsters.

In adult animals, the consequences of stress are often severe and long lasting. Repeated subjugation in adult male golden hamsters inhibits aggression and increases submissive and avoidant behaviours. By contrast, subjugation during puberty enhances offensive aggression. The goals of this study were to characterize behavioural and neuroendocrine responses of nao¨ve and repeatedly subjugated juveniles to social defeat and to assess potential recovery from social stress. From the onset of puberty on postnatal day 28 (P28) to mid puberty (P42), animals were either socially subjugated or placed in a clean and empty cage for 20 min daily. The subjugated and control groups were further divided into subgroups and sacrificed under basal conditions or after social defeat on P28, P35 (early puberty), P45 (mid puberty) and P70 (early adulthood). On P35 and P45, repeatedly subjugated juveniles showed a complete inhibition of olfactory investigation (i.e. risk assessment) towards aggressive adults. Repeatedly subjugated animals also had lower postdefeat cortisol levels than controls on P45. Interestingly, basal cortisol levels increased gradually during puberty but did not differ between treatment groups at any point. Repeated subjugation was also associated with increased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (ir-TH) within the extended medial amygdala. After a 4-week recovery period, none of these variables differed between subjugated and control groups. In an additional experiment, subjugated adults also had increased ir-TH in the medial extended amygdala, suggesting that these neurones are particularly responsive to social stress. In conclusion, puberty may be a developmental period characterized by behavioural and neuroendocrine plasticity in stress responsiveness. Furthermore, peri-pubertal changes in stress hormones may explain why juvenile hamsters are more resilient to social stress than adults.
Enzymology and Evolution of the Pyruvate Pathway to 2-Oxobutyrate in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii

The archaeon Methanocaldococcus jannaschii uses three different 2-oxoacid elongation pathways, which extend the chain length of precursors in leucine, isoleucine, and coenzyme B biosyntheses. In each of these pathways an aconitase-type hydrolyase catalyzes an hydroxyacid isomerization reaction. The genome sequence of M. jannaschii encodes two homologs of each large and small subunit that forms the hydrolyase, but the genes are not cotranscribed. The genes are more similar to each other than to previously characterized isopropylmalate isomerase or homoaconitase enzyme genes. To identify the functions of these homologs, the four combinations of subunits were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and reconstituted to generate the iron-sulfur center of the holoenzyme. Only the combination of MJ0499 and MJ1277 proteins catalyzed isopropylmalate and citramalate isomerization reactions. This pair also catalyzed hydration half-reactions using citraconate and maleate. Another broad-specificity enzyme, isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (MJ0720), catalyzed the oxidative decarboxylation of β-isopropylmalate, β-methylmalate, and d-malate. Combined with these results, phylogenetic analysis suggests that the pyruvate pathway to 2-oxobutyrate (an alternative to threonine dehydratase in isoleucine biosynthesis) evolved several times in bacteria and archaea. The enzymes in the isopropylmalate pathway of leucine biosynthesis facilitated the evolution of 2-oxobutyrate biosynthesis through the introduction of a citramalate synthase, either by gene recruitment or gene duplication and functional divergence.
Neuro-ophthalmologic findings in patients with rhombencephalosynapsis.

Rhombencephalosynapsis is a rare, sporadic, posterior fossa malformation characterized by agenesis of the cerebellar vermis, dorsal fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres, and fusion of the dentate nuclei and superior cerebellar peduncles. 1 Ophthalmologic findings in patients with rhombencephalosynapsis have not been described in detail. Optic nerve and chiasmal hypoplasia were reported in two patients. 2 , 3 Strabismus has been noted in several patients; however, specific details were not provided. 1 We describe the association of A -pattern strabismus and superior oblique overaction with rhombencephalosynapsis.
Carcinomas of the lacrimal drainage system

Primary carcinomas of the lacrimal drainage system are rare. These malignant neoplasms typically present as noncompressible, nontender masses with low-grade dacyrocystitis and/or unilateral epiphora. Lymph node metastasis may occur late in the disease course. Complete surgical resection is the best treatment choice; extensive procedures such as orbital exenteration and maxillectomy may be necessary for complete tumor extirpation. Further adjunctive radiotherapy may improve local control. We present two cases of carcinoma of the lacrimal drainage system, including one locally controlled tumor with apparent lymph node metastasis that occurred 21 years after primary treatment. A review of the histopathology and literature concerning carcinomas of the lacrimal drainage system is presented.
Insulin-like Growth Factor I Receptor Signaling in Differentiation of Neuronal H19-7 Cells

The type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) is known to send two seemingly contradictory signals inducing either cell proliferation or cell differentiation, depending on cell type and/or conditions. H19-7 cells are rat hippocampal neuronal cells immortalized by a temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen that grow at 34 degrees C in epidermal growth factor or serum but differentiate at 39 degrees C when induced by basic fibroblast growth factor. At 39 degrees C, expression of the human IGF-IR in H19-7 cells induces an insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I-dependent differentiation. We have investigated the domains of the IGF-IR required for differentiation of H19-7 cells. The tyrosine 950 residue and serines 1280-1283 in the COOH terminus of the receptor are required for IGF-I-induced differentiation at 39 degrees C, although they are dispensable for IGF-I-mediated growth at 34 degrees C. Both domains have to be mutated to inactivate the differentiating function. The inability of these mutant receptors to induce differentiation correlates with mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. In contrast, inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase have no effect on IGF-I-mediated differentiation of H19-7 cells, although they do inhibit the mitogenic response.
Developing compatible grasp and fixture plans

Introduces a method for producing geometrically compatible grasp and fixture plans which minimize the closing force required of a gripper loading an object into a fixture and the closing force required of the fixture to keep the object stable during subsequent assembly operations. The authors formulate the problem for parallel-jaw tools by considering equilibrium equations with the gripper and fixture positions as unknown parameters. Algebraic constraints on the positions of the gripper and fixture ensure geometric compatibility. The resulting maximin problem is solved for a two and a three-dimensional example. Extensions of this formulation to other gripper geometries can easily be made.
Confidence and Population Means

The major difficulty in putting the properties of the special batch discussed in Chapter 8 to use is that we had to know a good deal about the population from which the sample was drawn in order to specify the characteristics of the special batch. We knew that the mean of the special batch was the same as the mean of the population and that the standard deviation of the special batch (that is, the standard error of the sample) was the standard deviation of the population divided by the square root of the number in the sample. In real life, however, we do not know either the mean or the standard deviation of the population from which our sample is drawn. Indeed those are precisely the things we are trying to estimate on the basis of a sample. Thus we must find a way to use the special batch without first knowing these characteristics of the entire population. In this chapter we will extend the notion of unusualness of a sample to apply to the more realistic situation in which, instead of having one population and all the possible samples from it, we have one sample and consider the possible populations it might have come from. We will start by asking the question, “How unusual would it be for the sample we actually have to come from a population with a particular mean?” And we will proceed to ask that question about a number of different possible parent populations for our sample.
Zn2+ Blocks Annealing of Complementary Single-Stranded DNA in a Sequence-Selective Manner

Zinc is the second most abundant trace element essential for all living organisms. In human body, 30–40% of the total zinc ion (Zn2+) is localized in the nucleus. Intranuclear free Zn2+ sparks caused by reactive oxygen species have been observed in eukaryotic cells, but question if these free Zn2+ outrages could have affected annealing of complementary single-stranded (ss) DNA, a crucial step in DNA synthesis, repair and recombination, has never been raised. Here the author reports that Zn2+ blocks annealing of complementary ssDNA in a sequence-selective manner under near-physiological conditions as demonstrated in vitro using a low-temperature EDTA-free agarose gel electrophoresis (LTEAGE) procedure. Specifically, it is shown that Zn2+ does not block annealing of repetitive DNA sequences lacking CG/GC sites that are the major components of junk DNA. It is also demonstrated that Zn2+ blocks end-joining of double-stranded (ds) DNA fragments with 3′ overhangs mimicking double-strand breaks, and prevents renaturation of long stretches (>1 kb) of denatured dsDNA, in which Zn2+-tolerant intronic DNA provides annealing protection on otherwise Zn2+-sensitive coding DNA. These findings raise a challenging hypothesis that Zn2+-ssDNA interaction might be among natural forces driving eukaryotic genomes to maintain the Zn2+-tolerant repetitive DNA for adapting to the Zn2+-rich nucleus.
Biomarkers That Predict Sensitivity to Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitors.

Abstract Introduction Heat shock protein (HSP) 90, a viable target for cancer treatment, mediates the maturation and stabilization of client oncoproteins. HSP90 inhibitors (HSP90i) are potentially active in a variety of tumors, but therapeutic benefit is confirmed in only a small subset. We explored potential biomarkers across multiple studies of HSP90i in advanced solid tumors. Patients and Methods Archived tumor specimens from patients treated with HSP90i in 7 different phase I/II trials at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center were identified. Tumor tissue was tested using immunohistochemistry; estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors ≥ 1% positive and Results Adequate tissue was available for 51 of 158 patients (32%), including 10 different solid tumors. Of these, 71% (36 of 51) and 51% (26 of 51) patients met the criteria to assess CB by best ORR or by the "8-week scan" assessment, respectively. Breast was the most frequent tumor. The mean duration of HSP90i therapy was 55 days (range, 16-411 days). There were 16 responses (4 partial response; 12 stable disease); 13 of 16 responses strongly correlated with HER2-positive status ( P = .001). Conclusion Our findings suggest HER2 as a sensitive client and perhaps the only effective biomarker for sensitivity to these HSP90i.
Photoelastic Analysis of Concrete Storage Tanks

A study by three-dimensional photoelasticity of the behavior of a 1/50 scale structural system made up of intersecting plates, modeling a reinforced-concrete ground-level liquid-storage tank covered by a column-supported flat-plate roof forty foot square in plan is reported. The model is used to observe both the overall response and the detailed stress concentrations at plate intersections and openings and at the column top. Experimental design and test details, and the validity and accuracy of the model approach are discussed. Results from the test indicated that the PCA tables are not adequate for many practical tank designs. Maximum corner moments differed by a factor of 3 from the tabulated data used in design, and the distribution of these moments was entirely dissimilar.
Energetic factors influencing foraging tactics of juvenile steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri

Increases in water temperature and fish size should increase standard metabolism and food demand. Stream-dwelling trout may then, despite the increased cost of swimming, seek faster water where food is more abundant. We tested these predictions with juvenile steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri, in a California stream and found that increased fish size and water temperatures did result in the increased selection of microhabitats with high water velocities. Faster water provided proportionally larger amounts of drifting invertebrate food. Higher velocity, shallower, and coarser substrate microhabitats also enabled fish to capture prey from portions of the water column substantially faster and more productive than at their resting positions. Velocities selected in this stream were similar to those which would result in a doubling of metabolic rate. Models evaluating trout habitat and effects of modifications should take energetic factors into account.
Music and spirit possession at a Shona Bira

During the year 1971-72 and the summers of 1974 and 1975, in which I carried out field research in Rhodesia on mbira music, I had the opportunity to attend as an observer and, at times, as a performer, over thirty spirit possession ceremonies held by members of the traditionalist segment of Shona culture. At these events villagers participate with tremendous energy and the intensity of their music is deeply moving. In this article, my aim is to describe the purpose underlying Shona spirit possession ceremonies as well as the nature of the music and the interaction among participants at these events
Ajdukiewicz on justifying the laws of logic

The issue of the justification of the laws of logic has been under discussion since the end of the nineteenth century. However, in many works devoted to this problem Ajdukiewicz’s achievements are left unmentioned. It can be shown that in certain periods of the development of his views, he tried to present various attempts at solving the problem of the justification of the laws of logic.
Determination of carbonate in sodium solution with ion chromatography

Objective: To develop a method for determination of carbonate in industrial sodium solution.Methods:After being diluted for 25 times,sample was separated by MetroSep Organic Acid column and determined with ion chromatography(IC).Results:The calibration curve showed good linearity in the range of 1.0~500 mg/L(r0.999).The recovery of the method was 98%~101.1% and the detection limit 0.1 μg/L.Conclusion:This method is suitable for determination of carbonate in industrial sodium solution.
Species and geographical distribution of cockroach in Chongqing city

Objective To investigate the species and geographical distribution of cockroach in Chongqing city.Methods Using bait trap,glue trap and medicine eliminates to catch cockroach,and bring them back to identify in laboratory.Moreover,sorting and analyzing data according to relevant literature searching.Results A total of 13 species of cockroach belonging to 8 genera of 4 branch were recorded in Chongqing city,and their geographical distribution in Chongqing city were described too.Conclusion This investigation will provide scientific basis for controlling cockroach and prevent harm of cockroach in Chongqing city.
Depression and cigarette smoking behavior: A critical review of population-based studies

ABSTRACTBackground: Smoking and depression are both leading causes of disability, mortality and morbidity around the world. Using epidemiologic data to study the association between depression and the severity, course, and persistence of smoking in the general population is important for understanding the scope of the problem of smoking among people with depression. Objectives: The current paper aims to critically review existing epidemiologic research on the smoking behaviors of persons with depressive symptoms and disorders and to identify gaps in the literature that warrant further study. Methods: Literature searches of Medline and EMBASE were used to identify articles that analyzed epidemiologic data and examined an aspect of smoking behavior in persons with depressive symptoms or disorders. Six hundred ninety-three abstracts were reviewed and 45 studies met all of the inclusion criteria to be included in the review. Results: Persons with depression, compared to those without depression, are more like...
An improved global wind resource estimate for integrated assessment models

Abstract This paper summarizes initial steps to improving the robustness and accuracy of global renewable resource and techno-economic assessments for use in integrated assessment models. We outline a method to construct country-level wind resource supply curves, delineated by resource quality and other parameters. Using mesoscale reanalysis data, we generate estimates for wind quality, both terrestrial and offshore, across the globe. Because not all land or water area is suitable for development, appropriate database layers provide exclusions to reduce the total resource to its technical potential. We expand upon estimates from related studies by: using a globally consistent data source of uniquely detailed wind speed characterizations; assuming a non-constant coefficient of performance for adjusting power curves for altitude; categorizing the distance from resource sites to the electric power grid; and characterizing offshore exclusions on the basis of sea ice concentrations. The product, then, is technical potential by country, classified by resource quality as determined by net capacity factor. Additional classifications dimensions are available, including distance to transmission networks for terrestrial wind and distance to shore and water depth for offshore. We estimate the total global wind generation potential of 560 PWh for terrestrial wind with 90% of resource classified as low-to-mid quality, and 315 PWh for offshore wind with 67% classified as mid-to-high quality. These estimates are based on 3.5 MW composite wind turbines with 90 m hub heights, 0.95 availability, 90% array efficiency, and 5 MW/km 2 deployment density in non-excluded areas. We compare the underlying technical assumption and results with other global assessments.
Modeling martian thermal inertia in a distributed memory high performance computing environment

Modeling martian surface properties fusing high resolution, spatially enabled, remotely sensed data and derived thermophysical modeling is an essential tool for surface property characterization studies. In this work, we describe the development of a thermal inertia modeling tool that integrates the KRC thermal model and a nine-dimensional parameter interpolation with inputs draw from remotely sensed data. Our model is classifiable as operating in both the Big Data and Big Process domains. We utilize the KRC thermal model to generate a dense lookup table. We show that the overall size of the lookup table necessary to derive thermal inertia can be reduced, through sampling, by approximately 82% while maintaining a high level of accuracy at those regions of the parameter space where thermal inertia is most frequently derived. This level of data reduction supports the distributed, in-memory application of our model and we illustrate the computational performance through a classic scaling experiment. This work extends previous modeling efforts by allowing for pixel scale thermal inertia modeling at the highest spatial scales allowed, and enabling surface properties investigations at spatial scales relevant to addressing high-priority science and engineering questions.
Group prenatal care

Patients participating in group prenatal care gather together with women of similar gestational ages and 2 providers who cofacilitate an educational session after a brief medical assessment. The model was first described in the 1990s by a midwife for low-risk patients and is now practiced by midwives and physicians for both low-risk patients and some high-risk patients, such as those with diabetes. The majority of literature on group prenatal care uses CenteringPregnancy, the most popular model. The first randomized controlled trial of CenteringPregnancy showed that it reduced the risk of preterm birth in low-risk women. However, recent meta-analyses have shown similar rates of preterm birth, low birthweight, and neonatal intensive care unit admission between women participating in group prenatal care and individual prenatal care. There may be subgroups, such as African Americans, who benefit from this type of prenatal care with significantly lower rates of preterm birth. Group prenatal care seems to result in increased patient satisfaction and knowledge and use of postpartum family planning as well as improved weight gain parameters. The literature is inconclusive regarding breast-feeding, stress, depression, and positive health behaviors, although it is theorized that group prenatal care positively affects these outcomes. It is unclear whether group prenatal care results in cost savings, although it may in large-volume practices if each group consists of approximately 8-10 women. Group prenatal care requires a significant paradigm shift. It can be difficult to implement and sustain. More randomized trials are needed to ascertain the true benefits of the model, best practices for implementation, and subgroups who may benefit most from this innovative way to provide prenatal care. In short, group prenatal care is an innovative and promising model with comparable pregnancy outcomes to individual prenatal care in the general population and improved outcomes in some demographic groups.
Knock-in Blunt Ligation Utilizing CRISPR/Cas9

The incorporation of the CRISPR/Cas9 bacterial immune system into the genetic engineering toolbox has led to the development of several new methods for genome manipulation ( Auer et al., 2014 ; Byrne et al., 2015 ). We took advantage of the ability of Cas9 to generate blunt-ended double-strand breaks ( Jinek et al., 2012 ) to introduce exogenous DNA in a highly precise manner through the exploitation of non-homologous end-joining DNA repair machinery ( Geisinger et al., 2016 ). This protocol has been successfully applied to traditional immortalized cell lines and human induced pluripotent stem cells. Here we present a generalized protocol for knock-in blunt ligation, using HEK293 cells as an example.
The 3-Year Course of Multiple Substance Use Disorders in the United States: A National Longitudinal Study.

Objective To examine the 3-year course of multiple co-occurring substance use disorders (SUDs) based on longitudinal survey data from a large, nationally representative sample. Methods National estimates of the prevalence of DSM-IV SUDs were derived by analyzing data from structured, face-to-face diagnostic interviews as part of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), which collected data from a large, nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized US adults at 2 waves (2001-2002 and 2004-2005; N = 34,653). Results US adults with multiple past-year SUDs at Wave 1 were substantially more likely than those with an individual past-year SUD or no SUD at Wave 1 to report at least 1 past-year SUD at Wave 2 (66.3% vs 46.0% vs 6.9%, respectively). There were several sociodemographic characteristics and psychiatric disorders (ie, male, younger age, never married, sexual minority identity, nicotine dependence, mood disorder, and personality disorder) associated with increased odds of developing multiple SUDs and having 3-year persistence of multiple SUDs. The majority of adults with multiple past-year SUDs had a lifetime personality disorder and did not utilize substance abuse treatment or other help-seeking. Conclusions Multiple SUDs are associated with a more persistent 3-year course of disease over time relative to individual SUDs. Despite a more severe 3-year course and higher rates of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, the majority of US adults with multiple SUDs do not utilize substance abuse treatment or other help-seeking. Clinical assessments and the substance abuse literature tend to focus on drug-specific individual SUDs rather than considering the more complex multiple SUDs, which can be more challenging to treat.
Additions to the Rapateaceae

Abstract New taxa in the Rapateaceae are described herein: Spathantheae, Cephalostemoneae, Stegolepis piresii, Kunhardtia radiata. Rapatea rugulosa, Rapatea ulei var. latifolia, and Rapatea ulei var. latifolia forma multicapitata.
Uncommodified blackness: the African male experience in Australia and New Zealand

Uncommodified Blackness is a sobering reflection on racism in Australia and New Zealand, focused on the experiences of male African refugees. Centering the spatiality and persistence of colonial lo...
A 21-year experience with major hemorrhage after percutaneous liver biopsy

Nine thousand two hundred twelve liver biopsies were performed according to a defined protocol, and data were prospectively recorded to identify risk factors for major bleeding. There were 10 fatal and 22 nonfatal hemorrhages (0.11% and 0.24%, respectively). By comparison with a control group that did not hemorrhage, malignancy, age, sex, and the number of passes were the only predictable risk factors. The risk of fatal hemorrhage in patients with malignancy is estimated to be 0.4%; for nonfatal hemorrhage, 0.57%. In patients undergoing liver biopsy for nonmalignant disease, the risks are 0.04% and 0.16%, respectively.
Women’s Career Construction: Promoting Employability Through Career Adaptability and Resilience

While slightly over half of women worldwide are in the workforce, men’s participation rate is about 77% and the average global gender wage gap is 24%. These statistics, among others, are clear indicators that gender equity in the workplace is not yet a reality. In this chapter, the author presents information regarding the gendered workplace, which is highly influenced by gender role socialization and stereotyping. Then, through the lens of a life design paradigm, the application and integration of career construction theory and social cognitive career theory are discussed. Additionally, the use of reflexivity within career construction counseling, as well as deconstruction that can occur around limiting beliefs and/or behaviors, and other strategies for developing resilience and career adaptability are proposed. Lastly, there is a call for lifelong career development, starting at an early age and continuing throughout the lifespan, to help combat gender stereotypes and promote women’s employability (career) resilience, and career adaptability, thereby opening opportunities for a lifetime of optimal life design.
Using a Genome-Based PCR Primer Prediction Pipeline to Develop Molecular Diagnostics for the Turfgrass Pathogen Acidovorax avenae.

Acidovorax avenae is the causal agent of bacterial etiolation and decline (BED) of creeping bentgrass, a poorly understood and often misdiagnosed disease that can result in considerable aesthetic a...
Free Reverse Gracilis Muscle Combined With Steindler Flexorplasty for Elbow Flexion Reconstruction After Failed Primary Repair of Extended Upper-Type Paralysis of the Brachial Plexus.

Purpose To report the clinical outcomes of elbow flexion reconstruction using a reverse free gracilis muscle flap plus Steindler flexorplasty in patients with previously failed reconstruction of extended upper-type brachial plexus paralysis. Methods Twenty-four male patients were reoperated upon an average of 45 months (SD, ± 45 months) after brachial plexus repair. The gracilis tendon was secured to the acromion, and the muscle belly was sutured to the biceps distal tendon. Vascular repair was performed preferentially end to end to the radial artery and cephalic vein. Nerve repair was achieved by coapting the nerve to the gracilis to motor fascicles of the median or ulnar nerve. The medial epicondyle was osteotomized, proximally advanced by 4 to 5 cm and secured to the anterior side of the humerus. Results Active elbow flexion was restored in 23 of 24 patients. Sixteen patients ultimately achieved M4 strength, among whom 6 had full range of motion (ROM), and the remaining 10 recovered an average of 110° (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 100°–120°) of elbow flexion. Seven patients exhibited M3 elbow flexion strength recovery, which was associated with weaker hands and incomplete ROM, averaging 94° (95% CI, 86°–102°). There was, on average, a 10° (95% CI, 4.4°–15.6°). elbow flexion contracture. Among the 16 patients with M4 level recovery of elbow flexion, supination was partially restored in 12. Conclusions In patients previously operated upon, using a reversed free gracilis muscle flap in association with a Steindler procedure is effective as salvage surgery to restore elbow flexion and partial supination. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
An Overview of the ATM Forum and the Traffic Management Activities

In this paper we provide an overview of the ATM Forum objectives and summarize the work in progress in the Traffic Management Subworking group as of year end 1992. We give particular emphasis on traffic characterization since this is one major area where the ATM Forum has taken decisions beyond that of the CCITT Standards.
SafeScript: JavaScript Transformation for Policy Enforcement

Approaches for safe execution of JavaScript on web pages have been a topic of recent research interest. A significant number of these approaches aim to provide safety through runtime mediation of accesses made by a JavaScript program. In this paper, we propose a novel, lightweight JavaScript transformation technique for enforcing security properties on untrusted JavaScript programs using source code interposition. Our approach assures namespace isolation between several principals within a single web page, and access control for sensitive browser interfaces. This access control mechanism is based on a whitelist approach to ensure soundness of the mediation. Our technique is lightweight, resulting in low run-time overhead compared to existing solutions such as BrowserShield and Caja.
Forensic Science, Applications of Mass Spectrometry

The use of mass spectrometry in forensic science investigations is described. The areas where the technique has been important include workplace drug testing, testing of motor vehicle operators for drug impairment, and post mortem toxicology. The approach typically consists of extraction of the drug or its metabolites from selected body fluids or tissues, chromatographic separation of the drug and mass spectrometric detection of the analyte. The chromatographic separation is most often performed using capillary column gas chromatography (GC) following chemical conversion of the analyte to a volatile derivative, although liquid chromatography is increasingly used.
Demand for Green Refueling Infrastructure

Despite increasing public investment in charging infrastructure for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), policymakers know little about drivers’ preferences for publicly-accessible charging stations. Using data from an innovative choice experiment, we estimate demand for PEV charging stations, characterizing willingness to pay for access to types of locations as well as driver tradeoffs between refueling duration and costs. Prospective PEV drivers are willing to pay the actual variable cost of recharging at public charging stations and are willing to pay to cover significant fixed costs at select locations. Not surprisingly, many prospective drivers reveal a positive willingness to accept to wait while refueling, but this varies greatly across latent classes.
The Isolation and Characterization of Kronos, a Novel Caulobacter Rhizosphere Phage that is Similar to Lambdoid Phages

Despite their ubiquity, relatively few bacteriophages have been characterized. Here, we set out to explore Caulobacter bacteriophages (caulophages) in the rhizosphere and characterized Kronos, the first caulophage isolated from the rhizosphere. Kronos is a member of the Siphoviridae family since it has a long flexible tail. In addition, an analysis of the Kronos genome indicated that many of the predicted proteins were distantly related to those of bacteriophages in the lambdoid family. Consistent with this observation, we were able to demonstrate the presence of cos sites that are similar to those found at the ends of lambdoid phage genomes. Moreover, Kronos displayed a relatively rare head and tail morphology compared to other caulophages but was similar to that of the lambdoid phages. Taken together, these data indicate that Kronos is distantly related to lambdoid phages and may represent a new Siphoviridae genus.
Just Keep Swimming, Sara

I listened to my radio on the way to the observation, music up, windows down, enjoying the warmth of an early spring day. I was headed to the elementary school that serves deaf and hard-of-hearing ...
Unmet mental health and substance use treatment needs among older homeless adults: Results from the HOPE HOME Study.

Author(s): Kaplan, Lauren M; Vella, Lea; Cabral, Elise; Tieu, Lina; Ponath, Claudia; Guzman, David; Kushel, Margot B | Abstract: AimsTo examine the prevalence of and factors associated with unmet need for mental health and substance use treatment in older homeless adults.MethodsAmong 350 homeless adults aged ≥50, we examined prevalence of mental health and substance use problems and treatment. Using logistic regression, we examined factors associated with unmet treatment need.ResultsAmong those with a mental health problem, being aged ≥65 was associated with an increased odds, while having a regular healthcare provider and case manager were associated with a decreased odds of having unmet need for mental health treatment. A first homelessness episode at age ≥50 was associated with increased, while spending time in jail/prison or having a case manager was associated with decreased odds of unmet needs for substance use treatment.ConclusionOlder homeless adults have a high prevalence of unmet behavioral health treatment need. There is a need for targeted services for this population.
Technical Literature Digest

This book is presumably an outgrowth and expanded version of Professor Nikolsky's original "Notes on Helicopter Design Theory" (Princeton University Press, 1944), and as such contains much of the original work. The main difference is that nearly half of this later version is devoted to dynamic stability and control analysis, and it is in this respect that the book will appeal to the practicing engineer. Longitudinal stability in forward flight is considered in detail, and the method for analyzing the lateral case is indicated. Automatic stabilization is also considered. For the most part the book is directed to students, and the author has made it very useful for this purpose by employing clear notation, adequate detail, illustrative examples, and class problems. The bibliography, while not extensive, is representative, the latest reference extending into 1950. re ta i led performance methods are not discussed in detail nor is the effect of various rotor configurations on the analysis dwelt upon at any great length. The author has a'so chosen to exclude any discussion of the alternate various types of power supply, such as the pressure jet or pulsejet. While a chapter on modern power-plant possibilities and their effects upon helicopter analysis might have been included, the book is thought to fulfill a definite need in this rapidly expanding field by introducing students to helicopters and in providing engineers with a ready reference for stability and control work
Chapter 10 – Photochemical Simulation

This chapter describes the gas phase photochemical reactions that control the formation of ozone and the degradation of pollutants in the atmosphere, with an emphasis on near-source chemistry. For the purpose of illustration, the HARC chemical mechanism, chemical solver, and chemical adjoint are presented in detail. The HARC forward and adjoint, micro-scale chemical transport model is then used to demonstrate the application of the adjoint method to inverse modeling of reactive species such as formaldehyde. Two examples in the context of historical field studies are presented. The first study quantified primary formaldehyde and accompanying sulfur dioxide emissions from one of the largest refineries in the United States during the 2009 SHARP/FLAIR campaign. The second study examined the role of oil and gas site emissions in producing wintertime ozone in the Uinta Basin of Utah, which included primary formaldehyde emissions comparable to the output of a large refinery.