cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can mirrors alleviate visual hemineglect

Following right hemisphere stroke, many patients display an indifference to objects and events in the left side of the world ('neglect'). Here, we describe a new technique that might help accelerate recovery from neglect. The patient sits at a table and a mirror is propped vertically on the patient's right side in the parasagittal plane, so that when the patient rotates his head rightward and looks into the mirror, he sees the neglected side of the world reflected in the mirror. Our question was: since the sensory information was now coming from the non-neglected left side, would this somehow make him overcome the neglect? In pilot experiments, two types of responses were seen: (a) In one subset of patients the presence of the mirror seemed to enhance the patients' awareness of the neglected field, so that they reached correctly for an object that was shown in the neglected field. Will repeated practice with this task accelerate recovery from neglect? (b) The second group of patients kept reaching into the mirror to grasp the reflection or kept groping behind the mirror ('mirror agnosia'). If the mirror was placed in the coronal position and the object placed behind their head, then some of these patients (from group B) reached correctly for the object. Quite apart from its obvious theoretical implications, we believe this technique might provide a new approach for the treatment of visual hemineglect.
Muslim Residential Clustering and Political Radicalism

Through a review of the academic literature and the popular press there is considerable support for the concerns of politicians about Muslim segregation in European cities. First, the levels of seg...
Learning Local Image Descriptors

In this paper we study interest point descriptors for image matching and 3D reconstruction. We examine the building blocks of descriptor algorithms and evaluate numerous combinations of components. Various published descriptors such as SIFT, GLOH, and Spin images can be cast into our framework. For each candidate algorithm we learn good choices for parameters using a training set consisting of patches from a multi-image 3D reconstruction where accurate ground-truth matches are known. The best descriptors were those with log polar histogramming regions and feature vectors constructed from rectified outputs of steerable quadrature filters. At a 95% detection rate these gave one third of the incorrect matches produced by SIFT.
Sea floor spreading, progressive alteration of layer 2 basalts, and associated changes in seismic velocities

Compressional (V p) and shear (V) wave velocities and the dependen t elastic constants have been determined by the pulse transmission technique to 10 kb for basalts from six Atlantic sites of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Vp and Vsare found to vary linearly with density,V ranging at 0.5 kb from 4.53 km/sec for the lowest density sample (2.40 g/cm3) to 6.37 km/sec for the highest [2.92 g/cm3), while V~ranges similarly from 2.09 to 3.38 km/sec. This range of Vp is consistent with the wide variability in layer 2 velocities found from refraction studies. Petrographic and X-ray analyses demonstrate that the wide range in densities observed for these basalts is the result of progressive clay alteration and low-grade metamorphism; elastica\1y this can be noted as an increase at 10 kb in d Vp/dP from 0.01 to 0.05 km/sec kb and an increase at 0.5 kb of compressibility from 1.38 to 2.58 Mb-3 with decreasing density. Of particular interest, in the ridge traverse of Leg 3 where the basalt ages are we\1 known, density and velocity decrease linearly with age from the ridge crest to the abyssal plain. At least provincially, where uniformity of rock type may be suspected, it may be possible to derive submarine weathering rates and approximate layer 2 ages from careful refraction surveys.
Network Coding for Two-Way Relaying: Rate Region, Sum Rate and Opportunistic Scheduling

Network coding for two-way relaying in a three-node network is considered. The achievable rate regions under both traditional four-slot multi-hopping (FSMH) and network coding (MAC-XOR) are characterized, showing a combination between the two is needed for a larger region. This is accomplished by an opportunistic network coding scheduling which requires minimal information. Queuing analysis shows that for any pair of random Poisson arrivals with rates within the convex hull of FSMH and MAC-XOR regions is stabilizable. Next we consider how traffic pattern, described by the rate ratio between uplink and downlink, influences the sum rate. It is analyzed and compared with that of FSMH. It is shown that network coding achieves the maximum gain when traffic is symmetric, while it could be worse than FSMH when the traffic is very asymmetric. How multiple antennas influence the performance of network coding is also discussed. Finally, simulations based on Erceg fading model under a WiMAX setting are presented, which shows that the network coding gain (vs FSMH) improves further under MIMO.
Energy efficient liquid-thermoelectric hybrid cooling for hot-spot removal

We report a study on a liquid-thermoelectric hybrid cooling that allows a multiple larger heat flux (>600 W/m2) hotspots on a chip that is never achievable with a reasonable pump power for a microchannel with single phase liquid cooling. Thermoelectric effect is realized in this study by embedding to the silicon chip in superlattice microcooler which has been studied in our previous work. We went through an analytic modeling including spreading resistance through the substrate and modeled the fluid dynamic characteristic of microchannel so that we were able to find the pump power and cooling power of superlattice cooler. We also verified the performance with 3D numerical simulation. The results show that the hybrid system allows much higher heat flux for a hotspot while superlattice cooler locates correctly. As an example, if we have a ZT=0.5 material, a 500µm × 500µm hotspot can be maintained at 85°C (ambient 35°C) with around 850W/cm2 while a simple liquid cooling reaches 620W/cm2 for the same 12W/cm2 of overall cooling power.
FUNDING HEAD START: What Are the Issues?

Despite its current popularity in Congress, budgetary constraints dictate that future appropriations for Head Start will inevitably fall short of the amount needed to provide increased access to the program and sufficient improvement of its services. Issues are examined, competing policy options are analyzed, and a hierarchy of needs for future funding is proposed.
Valuing ecosystem services from wetlands restoration in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley

a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o This study assesses the value of restoring forested wetlands via the U.S. government's Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley by quantifying and monetizing ecosystem services. The three focal services are greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, nitrogen mitigation, and waterfowl recreation. Site- and region-level measurements of these ecosystem services are combined with process models to quantify their production on agricultural land, which serves as the baseline, and on restored wetlands. We adjust and transform these measures into per-hectare, valuation-ready units and monetize them with prices from emerging ecosystem markets and the environmental economics literature. By valuing three of the many ecosystem services produced, we generate lower bound estimates for the total ecosystem value of the wetlands restoration. Social welfare value is found to be between $1435 and $1486/ha/year, with GHG mitigation valued in the range of $171 to $222, nitrogen mitigation at $1248, and waterfowl recreation at $16. Limited to existing markets, the estimate for annual market value is merely $70/ha, but when fully accounting for potential markets, this estimate rises to $1035/ha. The estimated social value surpasses the public expenditure or social cost of wetlands restoration in only 1 year, indicating that the return on public investment is very attractive for the WRP. Moreover, the potential market value is substantially greater than landowner opportunity costs, showing that payments to private landowners to restore wetlands could also be pro fitable for individual landowners.
Cytoplasmic Rbfox1 Regulates the Expression of Synaptic and Autism-Related Genes

Summary Human genetic studies have identified the neuronal RNA binding protein, Rbfox1, as a candidate gene for autism spectrum disorders. While Rbfox1 functions as a splicing regulator in the nucleus, it is also alternatively spliced to produce cytoplasmic isoforms. To investigate the function of cytoplasmic Rbfox1, we knocked down Rbfox proteins in mouse neurons and rescued with cytoplasmic or nuclear Rbfox1. Transcriptome profiling showed that nuclear Rbfox1 rescued splicing changes, whereas cytoplasmic Rbfox1 rescued changes in mRNA levels. iCLIP-seq of subcellular fractions revealed that Rbfox1 bound predominantly to introns in nascent RNA, while cytoplasmic Rbox1 bound to 3ʹ UTRs. Cytoplasmic Rbfox1 binding increased target mRNA stability and translation, and Rbfox1 and miRNA binding sites overlapped significantly. Cytoplasmic Rbfox1 target mRNAs were enriched in genes involved in cortical development and autism. Our results uncover a new Rbfox1 regulatory network and highlight the importance of cytoplasmic RNA metabolism to cortical development and disease. Video Abstract
Random Projections for Low Multilinear Rank Tensors

We propose two randomized tensor algorithms for reducing multilinear tensor rank. The basis of these randomized algorithms is from the work of Halko et al. (SIAM Rev 53(2):217–288, 2011). Here we provide some random versions of the higher order SVD and the higher order orthogonal iteration. Moreover, we provide a sharp probabilistic error bound for the matrix low rank approximation. In consequence, we provide an error bound for the tensor case. Moreover, we give several numerical examples which includes an implementation on a MRI dataset to test the efficacy of these randomized algorithms.
Structural Sources of Unequal Responsiveness to Group Demands in American Cities

RECENTLY we introduced the concept of responsiveness bias in order to contribute to two major developments in urban political research (Schumaker and Getter, 1977). First is the literature concerned with political (or policy) responsiveness (see, for example, Eulau and Prewitt, 1973; 424-62; Verba and Nie, 1972: 299-343; Lineberry and Fowler, 1967; Karnig, 1975; Zeigler and Tucker, 1978; Getter and Schumaker, 1978; and Clark and Ferguson, 1981). The central questions addressed in this research concern the extent to which policy decisions by municipal officials are consistent with various demand imputs from citizens and groups. Second, is the literature concerning the extent of equality achieved in the distribution of urban services and outcomes (see, for example, Levy, Meltsner, and Wildavsky, 1974; Lineberry, 1978; Mladenka, 1980 and 1981; and Jones, 1981). This research has been principally concerned with discovering the extent to which different neighborhoods receive disproportionately more-or-less specific governmental services than other neighborhoods. The major shortcoming of most previous work on responsiveness has been its failure to consider that policy-makers are often more responsive to the demands of some people than others, thus creating a pattern of unequal (or biased) responsiveness. Concerned with measures of "overall" responsiveness (i.e., the general tendency of policy-makers to be receptive to citizen inputs), previous studies have usually failed to consider how the receptivity of officials varies by the class, racial, ethnic, and neighborhood characteristics of persons or groups making demands. In short, the literature has failed to consider how equally or unequally governments respond to different types of citizens. Meanwhile, previous work on the distribution of municipal services has been flawed by its inability to specify an agreed-upon standard for assessing the extent to which equality in the distribution of city services is achieved. Most scholars seem to suggest that equality implies equal policy benefits (e.g., equal quality and quantity of streets, schools, police protection, etc.) for residents of various neighborhoods, regardless of their class and racial compositions. Yet, it has also been suggested that "equality" is achieved when the distribution of policy benefits to citizens is proportionate (equal) to their contributions. By this standard, if the rich pay more taxes, "equity" demands that they get proportionately more services (Levy, Meltsner, and Wildavsky, 1974: 240). In contrast to this rather conservative conception of equality, it has also been suggested that equality requires "equality of condition after receipt of services" or "output equality" (Lineberry, 1978: 32). Such a standard assumes that relatively disadvantaged people have greater needs than relatively advantaged
Effect of Protein Level During Late Gestation on Weight Change and Calving Characteristics of First Calf Heifers 1

Abstract Sixty-six Angus x Gelbvieh heifers were used to determine the effects of protein intake during the last one-third of gestation on heifer weight change, body condition score, and calving characteristics. Heifers were randomized to 1 of 12 groups of either five or six animals, then groups were randomized to one of four dietary protein levels with three replications of each diet. Diets were calculated to be isocaloric and to supply either 75, 100, 150, or 200% of NRC protein requirements for heifers in the last one-third of gestation. Experimental diets were fed for 77 d. At 1 wk before the first estimated calving date, all heifers were grouped in one lot and fed a diet calculated to meet NRC requirements for lactating heifers. Heifer weights and body condition scores (1 to 9 scale) were recorded at the beginning and end of the experimental feeding period after 16-h feed removal. Replicate means were analyzed using a general linear model. Protein intake level had no effect (p>0.10) on calf birth weight, weaning weight, adjusted 205-d weight, calving ease score, calf vigor score, or postpartum interval to estrus. Birth weights were 37, 39, 38, and 40 ± 1 lb for 75, 100, 150, and 200% protein intake levels (p=0.28), respectively. Dietary protein intake level did not affect heifer weight change (p=0.27) during the study (22, 44, 43, and 36 ± 8 lb for 75, 100, 150, and 200% protein intake levels, respectively). Dietary protein treatments also did not affect dystocia (p=0.58) or postpartum interval (P=0.93). In summary, protein intake levels as high as 200% of recommended NRC requirements during late gestation did not affect calving difficulty, birth weight, or postpartum interval to estrus in first-calf heifers.
Assessment of Pediatric Neurotrauma Imaging Appropriateness at a Level I Pediatric Trauma Center.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of appropriate neuroimaging on the basis of the ACR Appropriateness Criteria among pediatric patients presenting after head trauma to a level I emergency department. Methods A retrospective emergency department record review was performed for patients Results Among 207 patients, 120 (58%) were imaged with CT and 107 (52%) with MRI; 20 patients underwent both CT and MRI. One hundred eighty-seven patients (90.3%) were appropriately imaged, with 90.0% of CT studies (108 of 120) deemed appropriate and 91.6% of MRI studies (98 of 107) deemed appropriate. Younger patients were more likely to be inappropriately imaged with CT or MRI than older patients ( P = .02 and P P P P P Conclusions Most pediatric patients undergoing neuroimaging for head trauma did so appropriately per ACR guidelines and had symptom resolution with conservative management. The minority not imaged appropriately represent a target for quality improvement efforts.
Developing a Rubric for a Creative CS Principles Lab

The "Beauty and Joy of Computing" Computer Science Principles class has inspired many new teachers to learn to teach creative computing classes in high schools. However, new computer science teachers feel under-prepared to grade open-ended programming assignments and support their students' successful learning. Rubrics have widely been used to help teaching assistants grade programs and are a promising way to support new teachers to learn how to grade BJC programs. In this paper, we adapt general coding criteria from auto-graders to a lab where students write code to draw a brick wall. We tested the rubric on student assignments and showed that we can achieve high inter-rater agreement with the refined rubric.
Mixture and Production Parameters Affecting Cracking Performance of Mixtures with RAP and RAS

Many methods and approaches have been developed to evaluate the asphalt performance in the laboratory. The laboratory testing can be conducted on mix design (lab produced) and QA/QC (plant produced) stages. To predict the asphalt field performance, an understanding of differences between the behavior of lab and plant produced mixtures is required. There are many factors in the design and production of recycled mixtures that can potentially impact the performance of the in-place material. The project involves testing of both laboratory and plant produced mixtures containing 20–30 % recycled materials (RAP and RAS) by total weight. The mixtures have different gradations (12.5 and 19 mm NMSA), and contain different virgin binder PG grade (PG 58-28, and PG 52-34). The characteristic damage curves and failure criterion diagrams of mixtures are developed based on fatigue testing following the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (SVECD) protocols. The results show that the most of lab produced mixtures have better fatigue properties in damage characteristics, but they do not follow a consistent trend in fatigue life.
On Optimization Problems with Symmetric Constraints

The problem of minimizing functional over symmetric constraints arises in many applications in engineering and applied sciences. In this paper a number of computational tools for solving optimization problems over symmetric constraints are proposed. Among many applications, this proposed approach is exploited in the development of minor and principal component analyzers and for computing the principal singular subspace of a rectangular matrix
Alignment of Healthy Dietary Patterns and Environmental Sustainability: A Systematic Review

To support food security for current and future generations, there is a need to understand the relation between sustainable diets and the health of a population. In recent years, a number of studies have investigated and compared different dietary patterns to better understand which foods and eating patterns have less of an environmental impact while meeting nutritional needs and promoting health. This systematic review (SR) of population-level dietary patterns and food sustainability extends and updates the SR that was conducted by the 2015 US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, an expert committee commissioned by the federal government to inform dietary guidance as it relates to the committee's original conclusions. In the original SR, 15 studies met the criteria for inclusion; since then, an additional 8 studies have been identified and included. The relations between dietary intake patterns and both health and environmental outcomes were compared across studies, with methodologies that included modeling, life cycle assessment, and land use analysis. Across studies, consistent evidence indicated that a dietary pattern higher in plant-based foods (e.g., vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts, whole grains) and lower in animal-based foods (especially red meat), as well as lower in total energy, is both healthier and associated with a lesser impact on the environment. This dietary pattern differs from current average consumption patterns in the United States. Our updated SR confirms and strengthens the conclusions of the original US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee SR, which found that adherence to several well-characterized dietary patterns, including vegetarian (with variations) diets, dietary guidelines-related diets, Mediterranean-style diets, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, and other sustainable diet scenarios, promotes greater health and has a less negative impact on the environment than current average dietary intakes.
Production dynamics of Cenococcum geophilum ectomycorrhizas in response to long-term elevated CO2 and N fertilization

Abstract Ectomycorrhizal fungi are important in many forest ecosystems, yet their production dynamics and responses to environmental changes are poorly understood. Cenococcum geophilum is a common ectomycorrhizal fungus important to plant and forest soil biogeochemical cycles. The seasonal and inter-annual patterns of production and persistence of mycorrhizas formed by C. geophilum in a pine forest exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen fertilization were monitored using a 12 y minirhizotron dataset. Production of C. geophilum mycorrhizas was distinctly seasonal and peaked in late summer/autumn. Elevated CO2 generally increased production while nitrogen fertilization strongly decreased production. Persistence times of C. geophilum mycorrhizas was ca. 2.7 y and was unaffected by CO2 and nitrogen addition. Total production was greater in shallow soil (0–16 cm) but persistence was longer in deeper soil (17–32 cm). These observations provide insights into the autecology of C. geophilum and suggest that its tissues may be slow to decompose compared to other ectomycorrhizal species.
Mechanistic Characterization of Photosensitized Reactions

This paper provides a brief overview of mechanisms and reactive intermediates that may be important in photosensitized oxidation, and techniques for characterizing and distinguishing them. Photosensitized oxidation is a process in which a compound (which may not absorb light itself) is oxidized in the presence of light, oxygen and a light-absorbing molecule called a photo-sensitizer (Gollnick, 1968; Foote, 1976; Frimer, 1985). The first step in this process is absorption of light by the sensitizer (Sens), which undergoes excitation directly (i. e, without change of electron spin) to a singlet excited state (1Sens, containing no unpaired electrons). The singlet state has a lifetime on the order of nanoseconds, too short to allow reaction with a substrate in most cases. In some cases, the singlet state can undergo intersystem crossing (i. e., f electron spin inversion) to a triplet state (3Sens), containing two electrons with parallel spins. In general, the triplet state has a much longer lifetime than the singlet (Turro, 1978). Because of its long lifetime, the triplet is often, but not always, the key intermediate in photosensitized oxygenations. This is particularly true in the case of dilute homogeneous solutions, where diffusion limits the rate of reaction and only long-lived states can react. However, at high concentrations of particularly reactive substrates or oxygen, the singlet may be trapped within its lifetime and undergo reaction. Thus it is important to consider competitive reactions which can occur through either the singlet or triplet state.
Transcriptional Profiling of Melanoma as a Potential Predictive Biomarker for Response to Immunotherapy

That melanoma is a tumor type that can respond to immunotherapies has been well documented. However, it has been equally clear that only a subset of patients is responsive to such immune-based interventions. The response rate to high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) is around 15% with around 5% of patients achieving a durable complete response (Atkins et al. 1999). While it might be considered that the majority of patients with melanoma simply have tumors that are generally resistant to all forms of therapy, this is probably not the case, as it has been shown that there is not cross-resistance to IL-2 and treatment with chemotherapy (Richards et al. 1992). This simple observation suggests that there might be subsets of melanomas having biologic characteristics that make them responsive to certain modes of therapy; specifically, there may be a molecular subtype of melanoma that is more amenable to treatment with immunotherapeutic approaches. This notion has begun to be investigated, beginning with gene expression profiling of tumors from individual patients undergoing treatment with experimental melanoma vaccines. Similar studies have been initiated in patients treated with IL-2 and with those receiving anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
The Bayesian Model of Conditional Preference and Trade Under Uncertainty

An implicit assumption, labeled experience stability, of standard models of conditional preference is discussed. A suggestive example is given to illustrate why choices may not be experience stable and a simple numerical representation of preferences not necessarily satisfying this assumption is examplified. The relevance of this assumption in resolving descriptive difficulties of economic models of trade under uncertainty is discussed. Keywords: Bayesian Inference, Conditional Preference, Speculative Trade.
Ethics in Pediatric Environmental Health Research

Pediatric environmental health research raises unique ethical issues because of children's legal and social vulnerability and the inextricable involvement of guardians and families in the participation consent process and data collection. The value of pediatric environmental health science data for effective policy depends on the implementation of ethical procedures fitted to children's consent capacities, respect for family decision-making traditions, and sensitivity to family contextual issues involved in exposure and vulnerability to environmental toxins. Community consultation can produce sound evidence on which to meet the ideals of environmental justice, protection of participant and family privacy, and respect for their information needs.
Sedimentary profiles of pollution marker chemicals along a large tributary of Chesapeake Bay (mid-Atlantic USA)

Molecular markers in environmental geochemistry include natural product or pollutant chemicals in sediments that are indicative of discharge sources or emission pathways. Four classes of molecular marker compounds, including fatty acids, sterols, PCBs, and PAHs, in surficial sediments (top 2 cm) collected along a downstream transect of the Potomac River within the US mid-Atlantic region were analyzed and correlated with potential pollution discharge sources in close proximity to the sampling sites. Thirty-five surficial sediment samples were collected using a petite Ponar grab sampler along a 320-km longitudinal transect of the Potomac River (mid-Atlantic USA), a major tributary of Chesapeake Bay, ranging from the upland fluvial river to its confluence with the Bay. The sediments were collected along the transect at approximately equidistant points. The marker chemicals were extracted from sediments using microwave-assisted extraction and quantified on a dry weight basis by gas chromatography or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sediment moisture, texture, and organic carbon and nitrogen content were also determined. Fatty acids and sterols were well correlated with ecological factors in the Potomac River, while the sterol ratio epi+brassicasterol/stigmasterol showed moderate spatial correlation with nearby waste treatment plants (WTPs) and city locations, especially in the upland and tidal freshwater river. The fecal sterol coprostanol also showed moderate spatial correlation with some WTPs in both the upland and tidal river. PCB and PAH concentrations were primarily correlated with urban and large military installations. PCBs in sediments appeared to be predominantly derived from Aroclors while PAHs showed a strong pyrogenic origin. Retene and perylene were unique markers for PAHs in sediment and were indicative of aged organic matter in sediments. The marker chemicals had utility in identifying pollution emission sources and pathways in the Potomac River. For PCB pollutants, sediment profiles reflected localized source emissions from industrial sites. PAHs showed a downstream plume effect derived from urban Washington, DC. Fatty acids and sterols were most useful for identifying ecological shifts (i.e., terrestrial versus aquatic origin), but showed spatial correlations with wastewater treatment plants and cities.
Tumors of the thyroid gland: histologic and cytologic features--part 1.

Every year, 18,000 new thyroid cancer cases are reported in the United States, representing 1.2% of the total number of new cancer cases of all sites. Thyroid cancer accounts for 1,200 deaths, or 0.2% of the total number of deaths related to cancer. 1 Over the last two decades, there has been important progress in our understanding of tumors of the thyroid gland, from both histopathologic and etiopathogenetic points of view. In the first part of this review, we summarize the histologic and cytologic features of benign and malignant tumors of the thyroid gland that derive from follicular cells.
Abstract 413: NAD+-dependent Pathogenic Mechanisms and Metabolic Interventions for Mitochondrial Disease and its Associated Cardiomyopathy

Leigh syndrome (LS) is a congenital mitochondrial disease. Patients with LS develop metabolic abnormality and progressive dysfunctions in brain, skeletal and cardiac muscles, eventually leading to ...
A Time to Intervene: A Historical Overview of Pedagogical Responses to an Unjust Society

This historical retrospective chronicles the evolution of cultural and ethnic difference in education from the 1920s to the present day. It presents one educator’s perspective on the history of constructing programs and curricula that incorporate cultural diversity. Specifically, this article focuses on the history of racial climate in the United States, where pedagogical interventions have been used to respond to racial unrest in society. Highlighting five specific historical education movements, the author seeks to unearth the roots of incorporating and infusing cultural pluralism in the higher education curriculum and encourages the field of higher education to adopt current pedagogical practices that emphasize intercultural relations and intergroup dialogue.
Looking at My (Real) World through Mathematics: Memories and Imaginaries of Math and Science Learning

AbstractCritical math and science educators have argued for pedagogies that focus on equity, social justice, and the identities of learners. To inform debates about the purposes and values of math ...
Optic Nerve Disorders

The optic nerve is a white matter tract conveying visual information to central visual pathways. It is susceptible to a wide variety of pathological processes, all conforming to standard mechanisms of disease. Optic neuropathies are frequently encountered in clinical practice. Recognition of impaired optic nerve functions allows for more precise localization and diagnosis.
How Appropriate Are Appropriate-use Criteria?

In their paper titled “Appropriateness and Total Hip Arthroplasty: Determining the Structure of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons System of Classification,” Riddle and Perera have analyzed the American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) appropriate-use criteria (AUC) for total hip arthroplasty (THA)1. They aimed to determine the contribution of each of the variables included by the AAOS (age, function-limiting pain, hip radiographic evaluation, range-of-motion limitation, presence or absence of modifiable risk factors) to the classification of appropriateness. An appropriate procedure is commonly defined as one for which “the expected health benefits significantly exceed the expected health risks by a wide margin,” based on the best available evidence2. The aim of AUC is to improve patient care and outcomes, and to identify the complexities of clinical decision making, helping practitioners and patients make a decision about a specific procedure in a specific clinical condition. The US Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) established a program to promote AUC in response to both overuse and underuse of medical procedures, and to link them to physician payments (now pushed back to 2020). In response to the CMS and cognizant of wide regional variations in the use of arthroplasty, the significant proportion of recipients who are dissatisfied, and the expenditure of billions of dollars annually, the AAOS developed AUC to guide management of osteoarthritis of the hip, including performance of THA3. Appropriateness differs from guideline recommendations, which provide overarching approaches to healthcare but cannot determine whether the procedure should be performed in an individual patient’s situation. This is where AUC can be used for guidance in decision making, because AUC can identify gradations in severity of disease or risk in specific clinical situations. In a process using the RAND/University of California at Los Angeles Appropriateness Method, the … Address correspondence to Dr. S.M. Goodman, Department of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th St., New York, New York 10021, USA. E-mail: goodmans{at}hss.edu.
Overlapping demyelinating syndrome and anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis with seizures

Abstract Anti-N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis, the most recognized type of autoimmune encephalitis, manifests with rapid cognitive decline, psychosis, and seizures that develop in 78–86% of patients. Recently, anti-NMDAR encephalitis was reported in association with demyelinating diseases which are accompanied by a characteristic clinical phenotype, imaging abnormalities, and the presence of antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) in bodily fluids. The patient presented herein suffered from bilateral optic neuritis followed by recurrent encephalitis with focal seizures and demonstrated anti-NMDAR and MOG-IgGs in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum, respectively. Her symptoms responded to immunotherapy and antiseizure medication. The recognition of the novel syndrome of MOG antibody-associated demyelination (MOGAD), encompassing the overlapping anti-NMDAR encephalitis and other MOG-IgG associated disorders, is important for the successful management of these patients.
Transcutaneous Cervical Vagal Nerve Stimulation Blocks Sympathetic Responses to Stress in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Abstract Objective Exacerbated autonomic responses to acute stress are prevalent in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of transcutaneous cervical VNS (tcVNS) on autonomic responses to acute stress in patients with PTSD. The authors hypothesized tcVNS would reduce the sympathetic response to stress compared to a sham device. Methods Using a randomized double-blind approach, we studied the effects of tcVNS on physiological responses to stress in patients with PTSD (n=25) using noninvasive sensing modalities. Participants received either sham or active tcVNS after exposure to acute personalized traumatic script stress and mental stress (public speech, mental arithmetic) over a three-day protocol. Physiological parameters related to sympathetic responses to stress were investigated. Results Relative to sham, tcVNS paired to traumatic script stress decreased sympathetic function as measured by: decreased heart rate (adjusted s=-5.7%; 95% CI: ±3.6%, effect size d=0.43, p Conclusion tcVNS attenuates sympathetic arousal associated with stress related to traumatic memories as well as mental stress in patients with PTSD, with effects persisting throughout multiple traumatic stress and stimulation testing days. These findings show that tcVNS has beneficial effects on the underlying neurophysiology of PTSD. Such autonomic metrics may also be evaluated in daily life settings in tandem with tcVNS therapy to provide closed-loop delivery and measure efficacy. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration # NCT02992899 Highlights We studied the effects of tcVNS on physiological responses to stress in patients posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). tcVNS modulates physiologic reactivity to traumatic and mental stress in PTSD, and modulates autonomic tone when applied without acute stress. Repeated tcVNS enhances resilience in the face of repeated stress in PTSD as quantified by peripheral autonomic measures which potentially could serve as real-time measures to evaluate the therapy response in longitudinal settings.
Chapter 21 – Gamma Oscillations

In this chapter, we will first disentangle the different definitions of gamma oscillation, dissect the mechanistic underpinnings of gamma oscillations, and then review the key findings about the functional role of gamma oscillations in both animal models and human recordings. We will also discuss how gamma oscillations relate to lower- and higher-frequency oscillations (“high gamma”). We conclude the chapter with a note on the role of the gamma oscillation during the development of the nervous system.
Two Color High-Order Harmonic Generation from Solids Combining Mid-Infrared and Terahertz Pulses

In this work, we present our novel approach to explore high-order harmonic generation from solids by introducing a two-color scheme that combines an 80 fs, 3.6 µm mid-infrared driving field with a 2 ps, 600 µm single-cycle terahertz dressing field.
Buoyancy Streams and Cloud Flare-Ups Along Rainbands in the Eye Wall of Rapidly Intensifying Storms

This study addresses the passage of buoyancy streams within moist air along with the rain bands of a hurricane, Ingrid of September 2013 and Gabrielle of August 2013. Moist air along the rain bands of a hurricane supplies buoyancy to the eyewall where clouds grow during the hurricane's intensifying phase. In order to visualize these buoyancy streams, it was necessary to invoke rain rate initialization referred to as Physical initialization for the model. For Ingrid, physical initialization resulted in a relatively moist boundary layer where the buoyancy stream passages were also noted. It was also noted that the convergence of flux of buoyancy contributes to the confinement of buoyancy elements within the moist stream. Physical initialization provided an improvement for the boundary layer moisture along with the rain bands. In Ingrid, the initial moisture analysis (data assimilation) was a little too dry and was improved by invoking physical initialization that made the boundary layer moist. Computations showed a larger population (area occupied) of the buoyant elements before and after physical initialization. This study's salient aspect relates to a time history of buoyancy over a box where the rain band meets the eyewall of hurricane Ingrid. As many as 5-peaks showing buoyancy flare-ups and vertical stretching were followed with increased storm intensification. Monitoring the time history of buoyant elements and their budget is remarkable in the understanding of growing versus decaying phases of these storms.
Limited arbitrage in necessary and sufficient for the non-emptiness of the core☆

Abstract A close connection is drawn between the non-emptiness of the core and limited arbitrage, a condition originally defined on the preferences and endowments of the traders of an Arrow-Debreu economy in Chichilnisky (1992, 1993b, 1994, 1995a,b). This condition limits the traders' diversity, and bounds their mutually beneficial gains from trade.
Bispecific antibodies for the treatment of lymphomas: Promises and challenges

The potential of bispecific antibodies to direct antigen-specific T cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward malignant cells bearing a target antigen was recognized over 35 years ago. Generally, this is accomplished by combining a T-cell receptor-specific monoclonal antibody or monoclonal antibody-derived fragment that is capable of activating and expanding resting T cells with a second monoclonal antibody or monoclonal antibody fragment directed against a tumor target antigen. Bispecific antibodies induce effector T cells that bind to tumor cells independently of their T-cell receptor specificity and without the requirement of MHC-mediated antigen presentation, focusing effector T-cell cytotoxicity on tumor cells bearing the target antigen. The therapeutic efficacy of this approach for treatment of relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphomas was first demonstrated with blinatumomab, a single molecule comprised of two linked single-chain variable fragments with binding specificities for CD19 and CD3. The recent demonstration that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells can achieve very durable remissions in some patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphomas, as well as the potential efficacy of bispecific antibodies in CAR T cell failures, has rekindled interested in bispecific antibodies as a T cell-mediated therapeutic approach. We review the early results of phase 1 clinical trials of bispecific antibodies targeting CD20 on B cells and engaging T cells via CD3 in 1:1 or 2:1 CD20:CD3 Fab formats for treatment of relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphomas.
Untangling ideologies of disablement: the perils of the (in)visibility of dis/ability in urban teacher education programs

Research on urban teacher education (UTE) programs have studied teacher candidates’ (TCs) perceptions of urban communities and schooling, but have provided limited insights on how ideologies about ...
Microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of LiVyM1−yOPO4 (M = Mn, Cr, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, W) cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

LiVOPO4 (LVP) is a promising next generation multi-electron material with a theoretical capacity of 305 mA h g−1, higher than any commercially used cathode material. LVP still faces significant commercialization challenges, including difficulty obtaining full theoretical capacity at fast rates and capacity fading over several cycles. In this paper, we show that a low temperature microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis yields a pure LVP material that can achieve high capacity at fast rates with decent cycle stability. There is, however, evidence of side reactions occurring during cycling starting at 4.1 V that leads to a slight degradation of capacity over time. In this paper, we also compare the effects of different substituents on the electrochemical performance of LVP. Structurally, we show the 5% Nb-substituted material adopts the beta phase, and the Ti-substituted LVP exhibits roughly 50/50 epsilon/beta phase, while all other substituents tend towards the epsilon phase. Ti-, Nb-, and Mo-substitution noticeably improved the electrochemical performance, while the other substituents either worsened or did not affect the material's electrochemical performance.
実験室に原始太陽系をつくる−原始太陽系での蒸発・凝縮−

Evaporation and condensation played a major role in producing chemical and/or isotopic variations in the early solar system, which have been recorded in primitive meteorites. Experimental studies on evaporation and condensation of various planetary materials have started in 1970's to reproduce chemical compositions and textures of constituents of primitive meteorites. In a recent decade, many evaporation experiments of minerals and melts have been carried out to obtain fundamental kinetic parameters and to comprehend the chemical (or isotopic) fractionations in the early solar system in terms of evolution. Experimental simulation of evaporation and condensation in the solar system should be combined with isotopic or chemical analyses of meteorites and observational and theoretical studies of the proto-planetary disk for complete understanding of the early solar system chemical evolution. The history of experimental studies of evaporation and condensation under the early solar system conditions and some recent progresses are reviewed in this paper.
121Sb nuclear gamma-ray resonance study of crystal chemical structures in USbO acrylonitrile catalysts

/sup 121/Sb nuclear-gamma-ray resonance measurements have been made at 77/sup 0/K on USb/sub 3/O/sub 10/, USbO/sub 5/ and on a commercial supported catalyst preparation 60 wt percent USb/sub 4/./sub 6/O/sub x/--40 wt percent SiO/sub 2/. The NGR spectrum of USbO/sub 5/ is consistent with a single Sb site. The spectrum of USb/sub 3/O/sub 10/ is interpreted as resulting from more than one Sb site. In both materials, the covalency of the Sb sites is greater than that in pure Sb--O phases such as Sb/sub 2/O/sub 4/ and Sb/sub 2/O/sub 5/. The NGR data are consistent with both USbO/sub 5/ and USb/sub 3/O/sub 10/ being catalytically active and with previous conclusions based on kinetic data that differences in the selectivity of USbO/sub 5/ and USb/sub 3/O/sub 10/ result from differences in atomic topologies and geometries.
The importance of the N-terminus for activity of Ptr ToxB, a chlorosis-inducing host-selective toxin produced by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, the causal agent of tan spot of wheat, produces Ptr ToxB (ToxB), a chlorosis-inducing host-selective toxin. To define the sequence requirements for chlorosis induction, the biological activity of chimeric proteins that contain combinations of three coding regions from ToxB and/or an inactive allele toxb, was tested. Results indicate that, although the entire ToxB sequence is required to trigger full symptom development, the N-terminal region plays a critical role in the activity of the toxin. Results of site-directed mutagenesis of the two amino acids in the N-terminal region that differ between ToxB and toxb indicate that: 1) each of these two amino acid is essential for complete ToxB activity and 2) the sequence surrounding the first cysteine residue is necessary for proper folding of the protein. We conclude that ToxB does not contain a single contiguous motif sufficient to confer chlorosis-inducing activity.
Displaced Iraqis in Jordan: Formal and Informal Information Flows, and Migratory Decisions in a Context of Uncertainty

While it is not uncommon for humanitarian organizations, such as the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), to implement information campaigns about forced migrant rights, the assistance available to them, and options for the future, these efforts often meet unintended consequences. Forced migrants have, at times, rejected, misinterpreted, and condemned the information they get from these sources. This paper argues that official information campaigns often falter for two crucial reasons beyond resource scarcity. First, those agencies disseminating information are often under pressure to curb the outflow of migrants from the Global South, and as a result, information provision has tended to be coloured by efforts to control or protect against forced migrants’ movement or desires. Second, these agencies do not typically consider or engage with migratory capital, including migrants’ informal networks for sharing knowledge about the migratory process. As a case study, this paper relies on qualitative interviews and focus groups with Iraqis displaced in Jordan to explore their lived experiences vis-a-vis both the official information from humanitarian agencies and their informal networks that are transnational in nature.
Surgery and stratified spaces

This paper surveys the significant progress over the past couple of decades in the theory of stratified spaces through the application of controlled methods as well as through the application of intersection homology.
Estimates of “Invisible” Earnings in the Balance of Payments of the British North American Colonies, 1768–1772

There is widespread agreement among historians of the colonial period, as there was among contemporary observers, that a significant deficit existed in the American colonies' balance of trade with Great Britain. That a large deficit did exist in the late colonial period is shown by estimates of commodity trade given in Table 1 for the period 1768 through 1772 (for which period statistics of all legal overseas trade exist in the “American Inspector-General's Ledgers”). It is clear from Table 1 that the overall deficit in the commodity trade with the British Isles was due mainly to the deficits incurred by New England and the middle colonies. Similarly, it appears that on the average for this five-year period, the southern colonies, as well, incurred a deficit—although a small one—in their commodity trade with Great Britain.