cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomic and Patient Risk Factors for Postoperative Periprosthetic Hip Fractures: A Case-Control Study.

Background Periprosthetic fracture remains a major source of reoperation following total hip arthroplasty (THA). Within 90 days of surgery, fractures may occur spontaneously or with minor injury and are therefore more likely related to patient factors including anatomic variation. Methods From 2008 to 2018, 16,254 primary THAs were performed at our institution; of those, 48 were revised for periprosthetic fracture within 90 days of surgery. A control group of 193 patients undergoing THA for hip osteoarthritis (OA) was randomly selected from the source population. We excluded patients with genetic bone disease and THA performed for hip fracture. We used logistic regression to analyze associations between patient factors (demographics, anatomical factors, comorbidities, surgical technique, and implants) and odds of 90-day periprosthetic fracture. Results Increased age was significantly associated with fracture (P = .002), as was female gender (P = .046). After adjusting for age and gender, absence of contralateral OA was associated with increased odds of fracture relative to patients with contralateral OA (odds ratio [OR] 3.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.60-9.29), as was having a contralateral THA in place (OR 3.70, 95% CI 1.59-8.60). The neck-shaft angle, femoral offset, and the Dorr classification were not associated with increased odds of fracture. Additionally, the distance from the tip of the trochanter to the top of the femoral head was associated with increased odds of fracture per half centimeter (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.14-1.93). Conclusion Risk of early postoperative periprosthetic fracture following THA is increased with age, female gender, and increasing distance from the greater trochanter to the top of the femoral head; and decreased in the setting of contralateral hip OA. The trochanter-head distance correlation with periprosthetic hip fracture indicates that the preoperative anatomy may influence PPF, particularly regarding how that anatomy is reconstructed.
Motivational Differences Among Viewers of Traditional Sports, Esports, and NBA 2K League

Although there have been significant strides in terms of understanding motivations for esports participation and consumption, there has been limited research done with regard to the consumption of ...
Estimating uncertainties in statistics computed from direct numerical simulation

Rigorous assessment of uncertainty is crucial to the utility of direct numerical simulation (DNS) results. Uncertainties in the computed statistics arise from two sources: finite statistical sampling and the discretization of the Navier–Stokes equations. Due to the presence of non-trivial sampling error, standard techniques for estimating discretization error (such as Richardson extrapolation) fail or are unreliable. This work provides a systematic and unified approach for estimating these errors. First, a sampling error estimator that accounts for correlation in the input data is developed. Then, this sampling error estimate is used as part of a Bayesian extension of Richardson extrapolation in order to characterize the discretization error. These methods are tested using the Lorenz equations and are shown to perform well. These techniques are then used to investigate the sampling and discretization errors in the DNS of a wall-bounded turbulent flow at Reτ ≈ 180. Both small (Lx/δ × Lz/δ = 4π × 2π) and la...
Has Russia’s Anti-NATO Agenda Succeeded?

Stopping NATO enlargement has become a clear foreign policy priority for Russia. Given the diminished likelihood of Ukrainian and Georgian membership, Russia’s anti-NATO agenda may appear as an unq...
Typology and nuance: relativization

Much of linguistic typology is inherently categorical. In large-scale typological surveys, grammatical constructions, distinctions, and even variables are typically classified as present, absent, or embodying one of a set of specified options. This work is valuable for a multitude of purposes, and in many cases such categorization is sufficient. In others, we can advance our understanding further if we take a more nuanced approach, considering the extent to which a particular construction, distinction, or variable is installed in the grammar. An important tool for this approach is the examination of unscripted speech in context, complete with prosody. This point is illustrated here with Mohawk, an Iroquoian language indigenous to the North American Northeast. As will be seen, the two types of construction which might be identified as relative clauses are emergent, one less integrated into the grammar than the other. Examination of spontaneous speech indicates that the earliest stages of development are prosodic, as speakers shape their messages according to their communicative purposes at each moment.
Commemorative Address: Celebrating Twenty-Five Years of God's Faithfulness

This is the text of an address celebrating the 25th anniversary of Regent Law School. It recounts the achievements of the law school and its alumni and concludes that, by the grace of God, it is possible for a law school to be thoroughly excellent and thoroughly Christian.
Use of an Infrared Spectroscopic Method for Isotopic Analysis of Gaseous Uranium Hexafluoride

A high performance infrared (HPIR) system was developed and demonstrated for the infrared absorption analysis of uranium-235 and uranium-238 isotopes in uranium hexafluoride gas samples. The method takes advantage of the recent commercial availability of quantum cascade lasers (QCL) and has required the use of advanced statistical data analysis, as well as materials selection due to the chemical reactivity of uranium hexafluoride gas. Sweeping the QCL over the spectral range and sampling via a high-rate analog-to-digital converter provided 0.0005 cm−1 spectral resolution, allowing for high-precision measurements of the isotopic peak shift. A data analysis method was developed using principal component analysis to predict the isotope weight percent content of uranium-235. The HPIR precision, accuracy, and error were evaluated for a wide range of isotopic ratio samples (0.287–93.7 weight percent uranium-235), and the results were compared to the International Target Values (ITVs) set forth by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for nondestructive and destructive analytical techniques used in safeguards verification under the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The method meets or surpasses the IAEA ITVs for nondestructive analysis of samples with isotopic content of depleted to highly enriched. The results also demonstrated the capability of the HPIR system to correctly predict the uranium-235 weight percent content of a mislabeled sample whose isotopic distribution was validated by mass spectroscopic measurements. The HPIR measurement is nondestructive and, thus, allows for confirmatory analyses of the exact sample at a designated IAEA laboratory if higher resolution or a certified analysis is needed.
Zooming into a Malpractice Suit: Updating the Model Rules of Professional Conduct in Response to Socially Distanced Lawyering

There has been a significant increase in the use of videoconferencing platforms in the practice of law during the COVID-19 pandemic. These platforms have raised numerous ethical concerns based on shortcomings in the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. This Comment will argue that more meaningful guidance is needed under both Model Rule 1.1 and Model Rule 1.6 in order to effectively govern the ethical obligations of a lawyer who uses videoconferencing platforms or other electronic means of communication for virtual practice. Assistive guidance will help lawyers differentiate between ethical and unethical conduct in an area that potentially has serious ethical consequences if not adequately addressed. This Article will propose that the ABA is in the best position to provide meaningful guidance by adopting new comments elaborating on technology competence and reasonable efforts to safeguard client confidentiality.
Simulation of ratcheting non-Newtonian fluids using a geometric anisotropy

Abstract In this work, we describe a simulation framework for fluid movement in a corrugated sawtooth channel whose walls are undergoing periodic repeated oscillations. The sawtooth geometry of the channel walls creates a fluid ratchet by generating an anisotropy in the fluid impedance. The simulations are developed using an immersed boundary method, and we present numerical results for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. These results are in agreement with physical studies of ratchets in the literature and with general flow behaviors expected for non-Newtonian fluids. In particular, we find enhanced mean flow rates for non-Newtonian fluids up to a critical value of the Weissenberg number. Existence of such a critical value has been shown for non-Newtonian flows in other environments, but has not been explored computationally for fluid ratchets. We also provide results which highlight the difference in movement of ratcheted non-Newtonian versus Newtonian fluids.
Research on Water Resources Intelligent Management of Thermal Power Plant Based on Digital Twins

With the development of industry digitization, and the convergence of industry and the internet, the digital twin technology was widely used in many industries, thermal power plants were big users of water, the intelligent management of the whole plant water resource system had become inevitable. This paper expounded the digital twin theory, and the power plant in Shandong province was taken as an example, the theory and method of digital twinning were applied, advanced information technologies such as internet of things technology, cloud computing and big data analysis were used, the thermal power plant water resource intelligence management system had been constructed, the intersection and fusion among physical layer, data layer, model layer and function layer were completed, and the application of water resource intelligence management system in thermal power plants was analyzed. The results show that: this system had realized the factory water balance figure of automatic updates, water balance, dynamic test and application analysis, the water system of water, water quality of three dimensional display, dynamic analysis and evaluation, trend prediction, etc. It guided the water adjustment and optimization of the whole plant, the electricity consumption had been reduced, water use efficiency and efficiency were improved, the discharge of wastewater had been reduced, the amount of water extracted per unit of generating capacity was reduced from 1.90m3/MW to 1.21m3/MW in this plant, it could reduce the fresh water intake by about 800,000 tons per year, which had good economic and social benefits. It would be an important part of future smart power plants to set an example for the intelligent management of water resources for the whole plant.
A comparison of cognitive performance in the Suffolk County cohort and their unaffected siblings.

Abstract People diagnosed with schizophrenia and other psychoses demonstrate impaired neuropsychological performance. Their unaffected siblings exhibit mild impairments relative to unrelated controls, suggesting genetic and shared environmental risk for psychosis account for some portion of cognitive impairments observed in cases. However, most sibling studies were conducted early in illness course. Studying cases and unaffected siblings later in life is valuable because diagnostic misclassification is common early in illness, possibly leading to spurious conclusions. This study compared neuropsychological performance of individuals with psychotic disorders (schizophrenia and other psychoses), their unaffected siblings, and controls. Assessments were conducted 20 years after case enrollment in the Suffolk County Mental Health Project, when siblings and controls were added to the protocol. Results showed individuals with schizophrenia and other psychoses performed worse than their matched siblings across domains. Relative to controls, siblings of participants with schizophrenia showed mild deficits in executive function and processing speed, while no significant differences were observed between siblings of those with other psychoses and controls. These findings suggest pre- and post-onset factors impact cognitive deficits in psychosis, but pre-onset factors are more salient in schizophrenia. Additionally, schizophrenia and other psychoses exist on a neurodevelopmental continuum, with schizophrenia being a more severe manifestation.
Efficacy of topical tranexamic acid in epistaxis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Introduction Epistaxis is a very common presentation in the emergency department (ED), accounting for approximately 1 in 200 ED visits in the United States. Currently, standard practice includes the initial use of topical anesthetics and vasoconstrictors, followed by more invasive treatments such as nasal packing, cauterization or surgical ligation for refractory cases. Over the years several studies have investigated the potential use of topical Tranexamic Acid (TXA) in the management of epistaxis. We have conducted a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of topical TXA versus other standard practices or placebo in the management of epistaxis. Methods PubMed and Scopus databases were searched from inception to April 2021. We included randomized controlled trials and observational studies investigating the efficacy of TXA in bleeding cessation in epistaxis in adults. The primary outcome measured was the prevalence of bleeding cessation after treatment at first assessment. Other outcomes were bleeding reoccurrence between 24 and 72 h and at 7–8 days. A random-effects model was used to estimate odds ratio (OR) for outcomes. Results A total of eight studies were included in the analysis, including seven randomized trials and one retrospective study. We included a total of 1299 patients, 596 (46%) received TXA while 703 (54%) received control treatment (placebo, lidocaine plus vasoconstrictors or local anesthetics). Patients who were treated with TXA were 3.5 times (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.3–9.7) more likely to achieve bleeding cessation at the first assessment. Patients treated with TXA had 63% (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.20–0.66) less likelihood of returning due to rebleeding at 24–72 h. Conclusion Topical TXA is associated with better bleeding cessation rates after treatment compared to the standard practices.
Global Warming Gridlock: Hard truths about global warming: a roadmap to reading this book

After two grueling weeks of negotiations, late in 2009 the Copenhagen conference on global warming ended with a whimper. On nearly every major agenda item, including the need for a new treaty to replace the aging Kyoto Protocol, the meeting failed to produce a useful agreement. Diplomats did the easy things, such as making bold proclamations that global warming should be stopped at 2 degrees and promising huge new sums of money to help developing countries control their emissions and adapt to the changing climate. They also invited countries to make pledges for how they would contribute to these planetary goals. In the months since Copenhagen, analysts have shown that those national pledges won't come close to stopping global warming at 2 degrees. Many of the pledges are missing serious plans for how they will be fulfilled. And the new financial promises for developing countries are also slipping away. Even worse, while everyone agrees that more formal global talks are needed, there is little consensus on the best strategy. As global talks have become stuck in gridlock, the picture inside the countries whose policies will matter most in determining the future of global warming isn't any more encouraging. Of the industrialized countries, for many years the members of European Union (EU) and Japan have made the biggest policy efforts.
Direct and indirect genomic evaluations in beef cattle

We tested two modifications into single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) that allow it to work with a large amount of genotyped animals. The first method is based on genomic recursions (APY) to construct the inverse of the genomic relationship matrix without directly inverting it; all available genotyped animals are included in ssGBLUP with APY, but they are split into base and non-base, and the method returns direct predictions. The second method is an interim genomic evaluation (IP) for young genotyped animals; only a reference set of animals are used in ssGBLUP with IP, and the method returns indirect predictions for young genotyped animals. A dataset from American Angus with records for growth traits was used. Over 8 million animals were in the pedigree, of which 51,883 were genotyped. The ssGBLUP with APY was as accurate as regular ssGBLUP when the number of genotyped base animals was at least 10,000; this method was also faster and required less memory. The ssGBLUP with IP mimicking the previous official evaluation returned the same accuracy of GEBV for young animals as the regular ssGBLUP. While the first method enables complete genomic evaluations for huge genotyped populations, the second allows for quick genomic predictions on young animals without including their information into a new run of evaluation.
C# and the .NET Platform

From the Publisher: "C# and the .NET Platform", Second Edition starts with a brief overview of the C# language and then quickly moves to key technical and architectural issues for .NET developers. Not only is there extensive coverage of the .NET Framework, but Andrew Troelsen also shows programmers what they need to know about such necessary, but subtle, areas as the proper use of threads and how to leverage the new .NET remoting protocol. Readers will also see how to use C# for GUI applications with a complete discussion of Windows Forms, custom controls, and GDI+. There are equally useful discussions on how to use C# and .NET for Web development, Web services, and data access using ADO.NET. From Windows-based to Web-based applications, it's all here. There are detailed discussions of every aspect of .NET development and useful examples with no toy code(.
Developmental regulation of the gene for formate dehydrogenase in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract We have isolated and characterized a gene, fdh, from Neurospora crassa which is developmentally regulated and which produces formate dehydrogenase activity when expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene is closely linked (less than 0.6 kb apart) to the leu-5 gene encoding mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase; the two genes are transcribed convergently from opposite strands. The expression patterns of these genes differ: fdh mRNA is found only during conidiation and early germination and is not detectable during mycelial growth, while leu-5 mRNA appears during germination and mycelial growth. The structure of the fdh gene was determined from the sequence of cDNA and genomic DNA clones and from mRNA mapping studies. The gene encodes a 375-amino-acid-long protein with sequence similarity to NAD-dependent dehydrogenases of the E. coli 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (serA gene product) subfamily. In particular, there is striking sequence similarity (52% identity) to formate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas sp. strain 101. All of the residues thought to interact with NAD in the crystal structure of the Pseudomonas enzyme are conserved in the N. crassa enzyme. We have further shown that expression of the N. crassa gene in E. coli leads to the production of formate dehydrogenase activity, indicating that the N. crassa gene specifies a functional polypeptide.
Contested Justice: Bespoke transitional justice at the International Criminal Court

This chapter grapples with the question of whether the International Criminal Court should be conceptualized as a mechanism of transitional justice. Most schools of thought insist that transitional justice is either an inappropriate or an unrealistic goal for the Court. Some scholars have proposed that the Court might more accurately be theorized as seeking to achieve political goals through “juridified diplomacy”. Others suggest that the Court should speak primarily to a global, rather than local, audience. A third school of thought criticizes international criminal law as insufficiently focused on the preferences of societies affected by mass violence. Going one step further, some theorists suggest that the Court should be set aside in favor of mechanisms that are more responsive to local preferences. Though the incorporation of the International Criminal Court into a “locally owned” transitional justice paradigm faces substantial challenges, this chapter draws on a theory of bespoke transitional justice to suggest ways in which this knotty relationship might be better designed.
Morphogenesis of Vascular Smooth Muscle in Atherosclerosis and Cell Culture

The sections in this article are: 1 Smooth Muscle Cells 1.1 Morphology and Growth Characteristics 1.2 Problems With Studies of Diploid Cells—Variability in Response 1.3 Senescence in Culture 1.4 Growth Requirements in Culture 1.5 Platelet Factors and Growth Control 1.6 Connective Tissue Formation by Smooth Muscle Cells in Culture 2 Endothelium 3 Fibroblasts 4 Summary 5 Appendix 5.1 Surgical Procedures for Dissection of Thoracic Aorta 5.2 Preparation of Primary Cultures and Maintenance of Secondary Cultures 5.3 Preparation of Pooled Monkey Serum for Stock Cultures and Dose-Response Curves 5.4 Preparation of Monkey Blood Serum and Monkey Plasma Derived Plasma Serum for Growth Curves 5.5 Growth Curves
Teva, Nautilus, and Change Without Change

Over the past several years, the Supreme Court has been remarkably active in patent law. Out of all those decisions, which touched almost every aspect of patent law, the ones with the greatest potential to shake the foundations of patent law were the Court’s opinions addressing claim meaning. “The name of the game is the claims,” after all. Almost everything in patent law flows from the claims. Thus, when the Supreme Court granted certiorari in Nautilus v. Biosig, and then three months later in Teva v. Sandoz, the expectation was that great change was afoot.On the surface, the Court’s opinions bore out that expectation. In both Nautilus and Teva, the Supreme Court expressly rejected the Federal Circuit’s approach and replaced it with its own. But in the months since, the doctrines the Court addressed in Nautilus and Teva have changed very little. It seems to be business as usual at the Federal Circuit. The Federal Circuit continues to routinely reject indefiniteness challenges and grant no formal deference to district courts in reversing their claim constructions. Meanwhile, its formal doctrinal analyses look virtually identical to those before the Supreme Court intervened. This change without change raises two important questions: first, how has the Federal Circuit accomplished it from formal, legal perspective? In other words, how is it that the Federal Circuit, seemingly constrained by the express instructions of the Supreme Court, nonetheless managed to avoid any meaningful change to the doctrines of claim meaning? Second, what does the future hold, particularly for claim construction, as the district courts rely on Teva and adapt their claim construction opinions to expressly rely on factual findings? This Essay examines the Federal Circuit’s jurisprudence following Nautilus and Teva to answer these questions.
Cosmological Origami: Properties of Cosmic-Web Components when a Non-Stretchy Dark-Matter Sheet Folds

In the current cosmological paradigm, an initially flat three-dimensional manifold that pervades space (the `dark-matter sheet') folds up to build concentrations of mass (galaxies), and a cosmic web between them. Galaxies are nodes, connected by a network of filaments and walls. The folding is in six-dimensional (3D position, plus 3D velocity) phase space. The positions of creases, or caustics, mark the edges of structures. Here, I introduce an origami approximation to cosmological structure formation, in which the dark-matter sheet is not allowed to stretch. But it still produces an idealized cosmic web, with nodes, filaments, walls and voids. In 2D, nodes form in `polygonal collapse' (a twist-fold in origami), necessarily generating filaments simultaneously. In 3D, nodes form in `polyhedral collapse,' simultaneously generating filaments and walls. The masses, spatial arrangement, and angular momenta of nodes and filaments are related in the model. I describe some `tetrahedral collapse', or tetrahedral twist-fold, models.
Strategies of Visual Search by Novice and Experienced Drivers

Six novice drivers drove a 2.1-mi. neighborhood route and a 4.3-mi. freeway route. Eye movements (including blinks and glances to the vehicle's mirrors and speedometer) were videotaped. The visual ...
Differences in proxy-reported and patient-reported outcomes: assessing health and functional status among medicare beneficiaries

Proxy responses are very common when surveys are conducted among the elderly or disabled population. Outcomes reported by proxy may be systematically different from those obtained from patients directly. The objective of the study is to examine the presence, direction, and magnitude of possible differences between proxy-reported and patient-reported outcomes in health and functional status measures among Medicare beneficiaries. This study is a pooled cross-sectional study of a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries from 2006 to 2011. Survey respondents can respond to the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey either by themselves or via proxies. Health and functional status was assessed across five domains: physical, affective, cognitive, social, and sensory status. Propensity score matching was used to get matched pairs of patient-reports and proxy-reports. After applying the propensity score matching, the study identified 7,780 person-years of patient-reports paired with 7,780 person-years of proxy-reports. Except for the sensory limitation, differences between proxy-reported and patient-reported outcomes were present in physical, affective, cognitive, and social limitations. Compared to patient-reports, a question regarding survey respondents’ difficulties in managing money was associated with the largest proxy response bias (relative risk, RR = 3.83). With few exceptions, the presence, direction, and magnitude of differences between proxy-reported and patient-reported outcomes did not vary much in the subgroup analysis. When there is a difference between proxy-reported and patient-reported outcomes, proxies tended to report more health and functional limitations among the elderly and disabled population. The extent of proxy response bias depended on the domain being tested and the nature of the question being asked. Researchers should accept proxy reports for sensory status and objective, observable, or easy questions. For physical, affective, cognitive, or social status and private, unobservable, or complex questions, proxy-reported outcomes should be used with caution when patient-reported outcomes are not available.
Inverse planning and optimization : a comparison of solutions

Abstract The basic problem in radiation therapy treatment planning is to determine an appropriate set of treatment parameters that would induce an effective dose distribution inside a patient. One can approach this task as an inverse problem, or as an optimization problem. In this presentation, we compare both approaches. The inverse problem is presented as a dose reconstruction problem similar to tomography reconstruction. We formulate the optimization problem as linear and quadratic programs. Explicit comparisons are made between the solutions obtained by inversion and those obtained by optimization for the case in which scatter and attenuation are ignored (the NS–NA approximation).
An O(m) Analysis Technique for Supporting Real-Time Self-Suspending Task Systems

In many real-time and embedded systems, suspension delays may occur when tasks block to access shared resources or interact with external devices. Unfortunately, prior analysis methods for dealing with suspensions are quite pessimistic. In this paper, a novel technique is presented for analyzing soft real-time sporadic self-suspending task systems, for which bounded deadline tardiness is required, scheduled under global schedulers such as global EDF on multiprocessors (or EDF on uniprocessors). This technique is used to derive a new schedulability test that results in only O(m) suspension-related utilization loss, where m is the number of processors. The derived test theoretically dominates prior tests with respect to schedulability. Furthermore, experiments presented herein show that the improvement over prior tests is often quite significant.
Isolation of acetylseryltyrosine from the chymotryptic digests of proteins of five strains of tobacco mosaic virus.

Abstract Acetylseryltyrosine was isolated from the chymotryptic digests of the proteins of five tobacco mosaic virus strains: common TMV, M, J14D1, HR and YA. N-acetylseryltyrosine and N,O-diacetylseryltyrosine were synthesized. A comparison of these with the natural peptide in various respects confirmed that the natural acetylpeptide was N-acetylseryltyrosine. Small amounts of pyroglutamylthreonylglutamine were also detected in the chymotryptic digests of the TMV proteins in every strain. This peptide was probably derived from glutaminyl threonylglutamine by the catalytic action of the ion-exchange resin, which was employed during fractionation of the peptide.
FHA in the Great Recession: Rebalancing Its Role

The Federal Housing Administration's (FHA) Mutual Mortgage Insurance Fund has a negative net worth as of FY2012, partly because of the weak economic recovery and partly because its policy has been directed to supporting homeownership at the risk of incurring more defaults. Although recently announced reforms should reduce losses, higher insurance premiums and lower loan-to-value ratios will still be necessary. But FHA faced and survived similar situations before, and should be able to do so again, without draconian limitations on its authority.
Discharge patterns of neurons in the rostral superior colliculus of cat: activity related to fixation of visual and auditory targets.

Neurons in the rostral superior colliculus (SC) of alert cats exhibit quasi-sustained discharge patterns related to the fixation of visual targets. Because some SC neurons also respond to auditory stimuli, we investigated whether there is a population of neurons in the rostral SC which is active in relation to fixation of both auditory and visual targets. We identified cells which were active with visual fixation and which continued to discharge if the fixation stimulus was briefly extinguished. The population of neurons exhibited similar discharge characteristics when the fixation stimulus was auditory. Few neurons were significantly more active during fixation of visual targets than during fixation of auditory targets. Most fixation neurons showed a diminished discharge rate during spontaneous (self-generated) saccadic eye movements away from a visual fixation stimulus, regardless of the direction of the saccade. this diminished discharge rate (or pause) typically began, on average, 12.2 ms before saccade onset and the duration of the pause was Ionger than the duration of the saccade. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that increased discharge of these neurons is related to active fixation and that reductions in their activity are important for the generation of saccades. However, the lack of a precise relationship between pause duration and saccade duration implies that these neurons would be unlikely to project directly to the saccadic burst generator. The mean interval from the beginning of the pauses of fixation neurons to be beginning of the saccades away from fixation targets is also shorter than has been found in brainstem omnipause neurons. By analogy with the concept of a receptive field, agaze position error field depicts the range of gaze position error for which a cell is active. Although fixation neurons appear to encode the magnitude and direction of the error between visual targets and the visual axis, visual error fields at the end of fixating eye movements were significantly larger than those at stimulus onset. For auditory stimuli, this difference was not significant. These observations are compatible with a number of recent experiments indicating that neural signals of eye position are damped or delayed with respect to current eye position.
An assessment of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) γ9(+) T cells and their response to phosphoantigen in vitro.

Abstract γ9δ2 T cells are a primate-specific γδ T cell subtype that expand and become activated during infection, responding directly to phosphoantigens which are by-products of essential metabolic pathways in both bacteria and mammals. Analogues of natural phosphoantigens have been developed as potential immunotherapeutics for treatment of tumours and infectious diseases. Several non-human primate models have been used in preclinical studies, however, little is known about marmoset γ9δ2 T cell responses. We identified γ9+ T cells in various tissues in the marmoset and determined that these cells respond to phosphoantigen in a similar manner to human γ9δ2 T cells in vitro. Both human γ9δ2 T cells and marmoset γ9+ T cells were able to reduce growth of the intracellular bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei in vitro following expansion with phosphoantigen. This suggests that the marmoset is an appropriate model for examining the immunotherapeutic potential of compounds which target γ9δ2 T cells.
Social Influence and Preference of Direct-Manipulation and Keyboard-Command Computer Interfaces

Direct-manipulation and command-based computer interfaces have each found their own following among microcomputer users. This study explores some of the differences between these two groups of computer users. Participants completed a questionnaire that requested their microcomputer usage and ownership, usage and preference of various command methods and pointing devices, the microcomputers most of their friends use, the microcomputer they would be most willing to purchase next, and their preference for several models of microcomputers. The results showed that participants preferred pointing devices (e.g., mouse) compared to other input methods (e.g., arrow keys) regardless of their prior usage. They tended to use an interface similar to that of their friends' and they reported greater willingness to purchase a computer with an interface similar to the one they most often use. In general, the results suggest that social influence and interface familiarity are important factors in determining which interfac...
What Makes Deterrence Work? Cases from 1900 to 1980

The use of military force to achieve foreign policy objectives is an enduring feature of international politics. Force, or the threat of force, may be used either to change the status quo or to maintain it. Threatening the use of force to maintain the status quo often takes the form of deterrence, defined by Patrick Morgan as “the threat to use force in response as a way of preventing the first use of force by someone else.”1 Deterrence sometimes succeeds and sometimes fails. Failures are attested to by numerous international wars of history. In the nuclear age, a failure could cost us our lives. The conditions of successful deterrence thus require thorough logical and empirical analysis.
An X-band radar receiver with bandwidth reduction implemented in 0.13µm SiGe technology

This paper presents an X-band chirp radar receiver with bandwidth reduction for range detection. The proposed receiver is composed primarily of a RF front end with reconfigurable bandwidth, a receiver baseband and an ADC. The receiver uses dual down-conversion architecture to convert the X-band chirp signal to the baseband signal, which is further mixed with a replica of the transmitted chirp through stretch processing in a modified Weaver receiver. The resulting waveform is of greatly reduced bandwidth and thus relaxes the power and bandwidth requirements of the ADC. The de-stretched baseband waveform is a single tone signal with a fixed frequency that is related to the range of the target. Therefore, the proposed radar receiver with stretch processing achieves power and bandwidth reductions without degrading the range resolution. The radar receiver including a 12-b ADC was implemented in a 0.13μm SiGe technology with die area of 2.64 mm2 and total power consumption of 403 mW from the 2.2V and 1.5V power supplies.
At the Intersection of Private and Political Conflict Zones Policing Domestic Violence in the Arab Community in Israel

This article addresses the challenges posed by state intervention in a multicultural society characterized by intense political conflict, juxtaposing the voices of batterers, victims, community members, and the officials who are involved in policing domestic violence (DV) in the Arab community in Israel. A meta-analysis of interview-based data excerpts appearing in published studies shows how the response to DV in the Arab community, though consistent with Israeli law and policy, creates a sense of paralysis for the police and frustration for the parties to the violence as well as the affected communities. The cultural, social, and political forces that underlie the dynamics, tensions, and pressures experienced by the various parties are analyzed in the context of everyday life amid concerns about the Israeli-Arab conflict. The implications for policing DV in minority communities, and for police-community relations in political conflict zones, are highlighted.
Aluminum biocycling as a factor in soil change

Significant differences in extractable aluminium (pH 4. 8 NH4OAc) exist between old fields, young pine plantations, and native hardwood stands; surface soil values ranged from 80 ppm in old fields to 210 ppm in a white pine plantation.
Thermally tunable double-peak phase-conjugate reflectivity in InP:Fe at 1.32 μm

We report on double-peak thermally tuned reflectivity of optical phase conjugation in InP:Fe under dc fields. A single-pump four-wave mixing geometry generates a phase-conjugate reflectivity up to 6.7% for a pump intensity of 28 mW/cm2 at 1.32 μm wavelength. The phase-conjugate reflectivity exhibits strong temperature dependence that is attributed to the phase-shift variations of the index grating due to optical power density of the intensity distribution. Two strong peaks in phase-conjugate reflectivity are observed near room temperature and are separated by 3 °C. Our theoretical predictions, which are based on the modified single-defect model, are in good agreement with the experimental findings.
Regional industrial structure and agglomeration economies: An analysis of productivity in three manufacturing industries

Abstract We investigate whether a more concentrated regional industrial structure – the dominance of a few large firms in a given industry in a region – limits agglomeration economies and ultimately diminishes the economic performance of firms in that industry, especially small ones. In an application to three industries using establishment-level production functions and a combination of confidential and publicly available data sources, we find a consistently negative and substantial direct productivity effect associated with regional industrial structure concentration and only mixed and relatively weak evidence that agglomeration economies are a mediating factor in that effect.
Spinal tonicaine: potency and differential blockade of sensory and motor functions.

BackgroundLong-acting local anesthetics are beneficial for the management of postoperative pain and chronic pain. The authors recently reported that a single injection of N-β-phenylethyl-lidocaine (tonicaine), a quaternary lidocaine derivative, effectively blocks rat sciatic nerve function four to n
Regeneration of Periodontal and Transseptal Fibers After Autografts in Rhesus Monkeys : A Qualitative Approach:

Autografts were performed on rhesus monkeys. After standard endodontic procedures and reimplantation the monkeys were killed at one week intervals. Elastic, reticulin, collagen, and oxytalan fibers were studied histologically in the periodontal ligament and transseptal regions. Ankylosis and fiber degeneration may be related to the quality of the regenarted fibers and the lack of functional stimulation during fiber regeneration.
SYNTHESIS, ASSEMBLY, AND SECRETION OF GAMMA GLOBULIN BY MOUSE MYELOMA CELLS I. ADAPTATION OF THE MERWIN PLASMA CELL TUMOR-11 TO CULTURE, CLONING, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GAMMA GLOBULIN SUBUNITS

MPC-11 myeloma tumor cells were adapted to growth in continuous culture. The cultured cells resembled the parent tumor in that they produced the fully assembled gamma globulin molecules as well as six unassembled molecules. Although cultured and tumor cells synthesized excess light chains, the molar ratio of light (L) to heavy (H) chains was approximately 1.7:1 in the culture, and 3.5:1 in the tumor. The cultured cells also produced fewer half molecules and free light chains than the parent tumor. Peptide column analysis did not reveal differences in the primary structure of the H chains derived from the parent tumor and the culture. The L chains may have differed by a minor peptide. As much as 20% of the newly labeled cytoplasmic proteins and almost 100% of the proteins secreted by the cultured myeloma cells could be precipitated by specific antiserum. The immune precipitates contained seven different gamma globulin molecules, six of which were characterized according to their molecular size and H and L chain content as fully assembled molecules (H2L2), heavy chain dimers (H2), half molecules (HL), H, light chain dimers (L2), and L chains. All gamma globulin subunits as well as the complete H2L2 molecule were produced and secreted by splenic clones of the parent MPC-11 tumor, and agar clones of the cultured cells. This indicates that the various gamma globulin subunits were produced by the same cell and did not reflect cellular heterogeneity with respect to gamma globulin synthesis.
Molecular identification of an IgE-dependent histamine-releasing factor

An immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent histamine-releasing factor (HRF) produced by lymphocytes of atopic children and present in biological fluids of allergic patients has been identified and purified. Amino-terminal sequencing revealed extensive homology to a mouse protein, p21, and its human homolog, p23. Both recombinant proteins caused histamine release from the human basophils of a subpopulation of donors, and this release was dependent on IgE. Polyclonal antibodies recognized and removed the biological activity of recombinant and native HRF. HRF identifies a heterogeneity of IgE and is believed to play a prominent role in chronic allergic disease processes.
The readability of printed education materials regarding hormone replacement therapy.

In summary, HRT is a preventative medication that has been shown to decrease the incidence of heart disease and osteoporosis. It also has been shown to reduce symptoms of menopause and to increase the quality of life of users. Choosing to begin and maintain HRT is a personal and complicated decision. In evaluating the risks and benefits of HRT for any one woman, that woman and her primary care provider must individualize her past and current medical history, her family history, and her lifestyle. Together they must come to a decision that best represents the health, social needs, and desires of the patient. Individualizing HRT is difficult for a woman to do on her own, and it is time-consuming for a practitioner. Using PEMs to clarify the benefits and risks of HRT can be very beneficial to a woman considering such therapy. PEMs, however, are not a substitute for one-on-one education, and especially are not appropriate for teaching if their level of technical difficulty is beyond the scope of a patient's comprehension. This study suggests that many of the PEM's provided to women on the subject of HRT are failing to reach their target audiences because of their level of reading difficulty. A stated objective identified in the national initiative Healthy People 2000 (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1997) is to "Increase to at least 90% the proportion of perimenopausal women who have been counseled about the benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy for the prevention of osteoporosis." PEMs are one way to reach this objective, provided they are understandable to the clientele of focus.
Letter to a college president

In view of the increasing interest in the accreditation of engineering curricula, this “letter to a college president” attempts to set forth, informally but factually, the types of questions that a visiting committee of the Engineers' Council for Professional Development would consider in its efforts to determine the acceptability of an engineering program for listing by the Council.
Interaction of pyridoxal phosphate with thymidylate synthase: spectral and equilibrium dialysis studies.

Abstract 1. 1. Changes in the spectrum of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) were produced by adding an equimolar amount of native thymidylate synthase, but not by adding denatured enzyme or enzyme modified by sulfhydryl-blocking reagents. 2. 2. The dissociation constant of the thymidylate synthase-PLP complex determined by equilibrium dialysis was 9 ± 1.6 μM, the maximum number of PLP molecules bound per molecule of native thymidylate synthase was 2.5 ± 0.4, and the Hill coefficient was 0.97. 3. 3. No evidence of PLP binding was found with denatured thymidylate synthase, and only slight binding was observed when enzyme SH groups were blocked or when the active site was blocked with 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate (FdUMP) and methylenetetrahydrofoliate. 4. 4. The presence of dUMP, dTMP, or FdUMP interfered with the binding of PLP to thymidylate synthase, and the presence of equimolar amounts of PLP interfered with the binding of dUMP.
Quartz microbalance study of thick 4He film near the superfluid transition

We present the resugts of a quartz microbalance measurement of a ∼440 A thick 4He film adsorbed on Au. This measurement confirms the resugt of an earlier capacitance measurement that showed a dip in the film thickness just below Ta due to the critical Casimir force. The magnitude of the dip in the two measurements agrees within 15% . In addition to the dip, we see a signal due to the onset of superfluidity in the film. An apparent peak in the film thickness, not observed previously, is also found coinciding closely with the bulk T λ. This extra feature may be due to a sound resonance in the cell associated with the bulk fluid.
A Theoretical model to predict pool boiling CHF incorporating effects of contact angle and orientation

A theoretical model is developed to describe the hydrodynamic behavior of the vapor-liquid interface of a bubble at the heater surface leading to the initiation of critical heat flux (CHF) condition. The momentum flux resulting from evaporation at the bubble base is identified to be an important parameter. A model based on theoretical considerations is developed for upward-facing surfaces with orientations of 0 deg (horizontal) to 90 deg (vertical). It includes the surface-liquid interaction effects through the dynamic receding contact angle. The CHF in pool boiling for water, refrigerants and cryogenic liquids is correctly predicted by the model, and the parametric trends of CHF with dynamic receding contact angle and subcooling are also well represented