cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene-Expression Novelty in Allopolyploid Cotton: A Proteomic Perspective

Allopolyploidization is accompanied by changes in gene expression that are thought to contribute to phenotypic diversification. Here we describe global changes in the single-celled cotton fiber proteome of two natural allopolyploid species (Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense) and living models of their diploid parents using two different proteomic approaches. In total, 1323 two-dimensional gel electrophoresis spots and 1652 identified proteins by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation were quantitatively profiled during fiber elongation. Between allopolyploids and their diploid A- and D-genome progenitors, amounts of differential expression ranged from 4.4 to 12.8%. Over 80% of the allopolyploid proteome was additively expressed with respect to progenitor diploids. Interestingly, the fiber proteome of G. hirsutum resembles the parental A-genome more closely, where long, spinable fiber first evolved, than does the fiber proteome of G. barbadense. More protein expression patterns were A-dominant than D-dominant in G. hirsutum, but in G. barbadense, the direction of expression-level dominance switched from the D-genome to the A-genome during fiber development. Comparison of developmental changes between the two allopolyploid species revealed a high level of proteomic differentiation despite their shared ancestry, relatively recent evolutionary divergence, and similar gross morphology. These results suggest that the two allopolyploid species have achieved superficially similar modern fiber phenotypes through different evolutionary routes at the proteome level. We also detected homeolog-specific expression for 1001 proteins and present a novel approach to infer the relationship between homeolog-specific and duplicate expression patterns. Our study provides a proteomic perspective on understanding evolutionary consequences of allopolyploidization, showing how protein expression has been altered by polyploidization and subsequently has diversified among species.
Infrequency of "pure" GAD: impact of psychiatric comorbidity on clinical course.

The widespread occurrence of psychiatric comorbidity among patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has been well documented. However, there is a paucity of studies examining the impact comorbid disorders have on the clinical course of GAD. In this study, 179 patients with GAD at intake, 12 patients with a past history of GAD, and 109 patients who subsequently onset a first episode of GAD during the course of follow-up were followed for 8 years in this naturalistic, prospective study of anxiety disorders. Results indicate that comorbid anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders are very common with GAD and increased during follow-up. For example, 39% of participants with GAD also had a comorbid diagnosis of major depressive disorder at intake and increased to 65% at 4 years and 74% at the 8-year follow-up. Inspection of "pure" cases of GAD indicated that out of 20 patients with GAD alone at intake, all but 1 went on to develop some comorbidity. Results also indicate that being in episode of comorbid MDD or panic disorder with agoraphobia decreased the probability that a subject would remit from their GAD. The findings highlight the need for such long-term, prospective research since results show that patients with GAD at intake had increasing risk for developing other mental disorders during subsequent follow-ups. Additionally, results of such high comorbidity and the impact of these comorbid disorders on the clinical course of GAD should have a notable impact on research into the treatment of GAD.
Urokinase plasminogen activator independent early experimental thrombus resolution: MMP2 as an alternative mechanism.

Deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) resolution is thought to be primarily a urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) -dependent mechanism, although observations suggest other non-fibrinolytic mechanisms may exist. We explored the role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -2 and –9 in early DVT resolution in uPA-deficient mice. Male B6/SVEV (WT) and genetically matched uPA -/- mice underwent inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation to create stasis venous thrombi, with IVC and thrombus harvest. Thrombus size was similar between WT and uPA -/- mice at day 4, suggesting early non uPA-dependent resolution. Intrathrombus neutrophils and monocytes were reduced 3- and 3.5-fold in uPA -/- mice as compared with WT. By ELISA, tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β were not altered, while interferon (IFN)γ was significantly elevated in uPA -/- mice. A compensatory increase in thrombus tPA was not observed, plasmin activity was reduced and PAI-1 was elevated 2.5-fold in uPA -/- mice. Active MMP2, but not MMP9, was elevated 3-fold in uPA -/- mice as compared with WT as well as MMP-14, an MMP2 activator. Collagen type IV and fibrinogen were reduced in uPA -/- mice thrombi as compared with WT. IFNγ induces MMP2, and blockade of IFNγ was associated with larger venous thrombi and reduced active MMP2, as compared with WT. Consistently, MMP2 -/- mice had larger VT as compared with WT controls, despite normal thrombus plasmin levels. Taken together, early experimental venous thrombus resolution is independent of uPA, and, in part, inflammatory cell influx. MMP2-dependent thrombolysis is an important compensatory mechanism of venous thrombus resolution, possibly by collagen type IV metabolism, and may represent an exploitable therapeutic avenue.
Carbon Dioxide-dependent Morphogenesis in Arthrobotrys conoides

CARBON dioxide has been shown to influence morphogenesis in micro-organisms, higher plants and animals. Among the processes affected by carbon dioxide (or bicarbonate) concentration are sporangial differentiation in Blastocladiella emersonii1, mould-yeast dimorphism2,3, spherulation in Coccidioides immitis4, sporulation by bacteria5 and fungi6,7, root development by pea8, and sexual differentiation in Hydra9. This list can now be extended to include morphogenesis in Arthrobotrys conoides. A. conoides is a nematode-trapping fungus which captures prey in adhesive networks of hyphal loops. Usually, these organelles of capture are not formed spontaneously by the fungus but develop in response to the presence of prey. Morphogenesis is induced by a metabolic product of nematodes which has been partially purified10–12 and designated nemin13. The tests described here provide evidence that nemin-induced morphogenesis in A. conoides is dependent on carbon dioxide.
Weighing in on bariatric surgery: who and when?

Over two-thirds of the United States is overweight or obese, and over 5% of the country is morbidly obese. Numerous public health preventative measures have been established to help battle this public health epidemic. Surgical obesity treatment, although now gaining popularity, has been an underutilized treatment option for obesity. Patients with a body mass index (BMI) of >40 or >35 kg m−2 with two or more comorbid conditions are eligible for bariatric surgery. Currently, the three most popular bariatric surgeries are Roux-en-y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy and gastric banding procedures, all overwhelmingly performed laparoscopically. The purpose of this article is to discuss the heterogeneity of bariatric surgery. In our practice, among 834 patients operated over a 4-year period (2006–2010), patients were of an average age of 45 years (16–73 years), 80.4% were female patients, 82.5% had private insurance, 61% were White, 17% were Hispanic and 9% were Black. Patients had an average BMI of 46.2 kg m−2 (30.1–75.3 kg m−2), waist circumference of 133.6 cm (68.6–207.8 cm) and four preoperative comorbidities (0–11 comorbidities). Variation exists in surgeon practice patterns for preoperative weight-loss recommendations and complication rates based on surgery case volume. Despite variation in patient, surgeon and hospital characteristics, bariatric surgery outcomes are generally highly safe and effective.
Glass physics: Prigogine and Defay say relax

For an important class of liquids, relaxation dynamics are constrained by a surprisingly simple scaling relationship between density and temperature. It seems that thermodynamics holds the key to pinning down the exponent.
InAs gate-all-around nanowire MOSFETs by top-down approach

InAs gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire MOSFETs are experimentally demonstrated for the first time by a top-down approach [1-3] . Thanks to the well-controlled nanowire release process and the novel ALD high-k/metal gate stack process, InAs nFETs with channel length (L ch ) ranging from 380 to 20 nm and nanowire width (W NW ) from 60 to 20 nm are achieved. With an EOT of 3.9 nm, high drain current of 4.3 A/mm at V ds = V gs = 2 V and maximum transconductance (g max ) of 1.6 S/mm at V ds = 1 V are obtained in a device with W NW = 20 nm and L ch = 180 nm, normalized by the perimeter of the nanowires. A detailed scalability study (V TH , g m , I ds vs. L ch ) was carried out. The devices in this study show strong dependence on the nanowire width and smaller nanowire size offers much enhanced electrical performance and better immunity from the short channel effects (SCEs).
Permanency outcomes of children in kinship and non-kinship foster care: Testing the external validity of kinship effects

Abstract The study investigates the permanency outcomes of children in kinship foster homes in comparison to children in non-kinship foster homes. To examine whether the effects of kinship placements are generalizable across states, the study utilizes the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) data obtained for five states that participated in the Fostering Court Improvement project: Arizona, Connecticut, Missouri, Ohio, and Tennessee. The study also addresses the issue of selection biases with the use of propensity score matching (PSM) methods. A partially longitudinal file was created from the states' AFCARS 6-month submissions from March 2000 to September 2005. The PSM method created the matched samples of the study, balancing the mean covariates between kin and non-kin children. Analyses of survival times were conducted to investigate the permanency outcomes of children in kinship and non-kinship foster homes, using unmatched and matched samples. In the study, permanency outcomes include legal permanence and placement stability. The study finds that the direction and the size of kinship effects vary across the states with respect to the outcome of legal permanence, but positive advantages of kinship placements are reported for placement stability in all five states. Implications of the findings for practice and policy are discussed.
The Coupling of Pertussis Toxin-Sensitive G Proteins to Phospholipase A2 and Adenylyl Cyclase in CHO Cells Expressing Bovine Rhodopsin

The regulation of phospholipase A2 by G protein-coupled receptors is examined in CHO cells which normally express the purinergic receptor and have been transfected with bovine rhodopsin. The purinergic receptor has been reported to activate both phospholipase C and phospholipase A2 in this cell line. In contrast, bovine rhodopsin by itself is not able to activate phospholipase A2. However, the photoreceptor does potentiate purinergic receptor-mediated phospholipase A2 activation in a light-dependent manner. Both the purinergic receptor stimulation of phospholipase A2 and the enhanced activity mediated by rhodopsin are completely pertussis toxin-sensitive, suggesting the regulation of phospholipase A2 by a member of the Gi family of G proteins. Both of these receptors also inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity. Rhodopsin-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase is pertussis toxin-sensitive, whereas inhibition by the purinergic receptor is calcium-sensitive but not pertussis toxin-sensitive. These results suggest (1) that rhodopsin is similar to other receptors that normally couple to Gi when expressed in cultured cells and (2) that regulation of adenylyl cyclase and PLA2 in CHO cells by rhodopsin and the purinergic receptor occur via distinct pathways.
Direct Visualization of Cooperative Binding of Troponin-Tropomyosin to F-Actin

In cardiac muscle, troponin (Tn) and tropomyosin (Tm) on f-actin (Ac) provide Ca2+-dependent regulation of force development by myosin motors. Ca2+ activation is a highly cooperative process that is thought to be due to cooperative structural interactions among Tn, Tn, and Ac. Previous measurements have quantified cooperative binding associations through indirect methods coupled with modeling. We sought to characterize cooperative interactions within regulated actin by directly observing individual actin filaments. Tn, Tm, and Ac were labeled, respectively, with AF 546 (green), ATTO 655 (red) and phalloidin AF488 (blue dyes). Regulated actin was reconstituted at 1:1:1 stoichiometry of Tn:Tm:Ac7. The samples were diluted, immediately deposited on aminosilanized glass coverslips, and imaged in an epifluorescence microscope. From the co-localization of the three dye colors, we observe that (1) Tn-Tm binding to actin is a highly cooperative nearly all-or-nothing process, where actin had TnTm bound along its entire length or had no TnTm bound at all; (2) Tn-Tm not bound to actin are dissociated from each other. Filaments had different lengths, and Tn-Tm bound preferentially longer filaments. Regulated filaments were on average 4.75 times longer than unregulated filaments in presence and absence of Ca2+. In the Mg2+- and Ca2+ -saturated state, the average binding constant of TnTm to actin is 0.55 ± 0.08 uM-1 and 0.7 ± 0.2 uM-1 respectively. Dissociation rate of TnTm bound to f-actin at 20 was very slow (< 1 hr-1). Our results suggest that surface immobilized regulated actin, combined with single particle analysis and particle sorting, is a promising method for examining the structure of Tn as a member of regulated actin.
Spectral reflectance of Lemna gibba fronds exposed to ethylene glycol

Abstract Spectroradiometry was used to quantify changes in duckweed frond reflectance that occurred throughout the 400–850 nm spectrum under various ethylene glycol (EG) concentrations and exposure times. The threshold concentration of EG at which a reflectance change could be detected was between 35 and 40 mM ( P ≤0.01), approximately, the same as by visual observation. EG-induced changes in frond reflectance were maximal at concentrations of 50 mM or greater. Reflectance changes were detectable within 24 h of exposure to 100 mM EG, 2–3 days prior to changes in frond appearance. Thus, spectroradiometry of duckweed may serve as a rapid and sensitive technique for detection of ecosystem exposure to EG and perhaps other stress agents.
Decadal variability in the frequency of fall precipitation over the United States

[1] We examined decadal variability in fall daily precipitation across the United States over the period 1948 to 2004. By analyzing daily precipitation, we are able to decompose the interannual variability in fall total precipitation into the contributions of variations in the frequency of precipitation and variations in the mean rain day precipitation. Principal components analysis suggests that coherent variations in fall precipitation total across the central United States exhibit strong decadal variability that is due to coherent decadal variations in the frequency of precipitation. A wavelet analysis of regionally averaged total, frequency, and mean rain day precipitation and a series of synthetic experiments that allowed the shape and location of the distribution to change confirmed that the source of the observed decadal variability is the frequency of events rather than changes in the distribution of daily precipitation.
The role of tryptophan in the reaction catalyzed by spinach ferredoxin-dependent nitrite reductase

Abstract Treatment of nitrite reductase with an 8–10-fold excess of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) for 16–24 h modifies slightly less than 1 mol of tryptophan per mol of enzyme and eliminates approx. 80% of the activity of the enzyme, whether the physiological electron donor, reduced ferredoxin, or the non-physiological donor, reduced methyl viologen, is used as a source of electrons. NBS treatment does not result in any detectable change in the secondary structure of the enzyme and does not alter the oxidation-reduction properties of the siroheme and [4Fe-4S] cluster prosthetic groups of the enzyme. NBS has little or no effect on the affinity of substrate binding by nitrite reductase. These data suggest the possibility that one of the eight tryptophan residues known to be present in spinach nitrite reductase may play a direct role in the electron transfer reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. Data presented below suggest that this tryptophan may be proximal to both the ferredoxin-binding site and the siroheme group.
Scattering by ellipsoids of revolution a comparison of theoretical methods

Abstract New methods were recently developed for calculating the differential and total scattering cross sections of ellipsoids of revolution. In one, the extended boundary condition method numerically solves Maxwell's equations exactly for this and other particle shapes. In the other, postulates of the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye and anomalous diffraction approximations and the Lorenz-Mie equations are used to obtain improved approximate methods for ellipsoids. In this paper, these methods are used to calculate differential and total scattering cross sections and the corresponding scattering efficiencies of prolate and oblate ellipsoids. Comparisons of the results provide an independent check of each method. They also supply a basis for assessing the roles of the various mechanisms of the wave-particle interaction.
A tutorial on CRC computations

The theory of cyclic redundancy codes (CRS) is reviewed. Four software algorithms for performing CRC computations are described: table lookup, reduced table lookup, on-the-fly, and wordwise. They are compared in terms of their speeds and storage requirements. >
All of the above: New coalitions in sociocultural linguistics1

As the history of sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology shows, a sharp distinction between these fields and others concerned with the sociocultural investigation of language is untenable given their significant common ground. The article describes the current state of relations between sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, and similar approaches to language, culture, and society. It then locates theoretical, methodological, thematic, and political points of commonality and explores emerging areas of productive dialogue among these closely overlapping research traditions. Two analytic examples, one focused on race talk in sociolinguistic interviews with European American youth and the other on ideologies of English among sexual and gender minorities in India, illustrate the benefits of bringing together different branches of sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology.
Speakers' eye gaze disambiguates referring expressions early during face-to-face conversation

In two experiments, we explored the time course and flexibility with which speakers’ eye gaze can be used to disambiguate referring expressions in spontaneous dialog. Naive director/matcher pairs were separated by a barrier and saw each other’s faces but not their displays. Displays held identical objects, with the matcher’s arranged in a row and the director’s mirroring the matcher’s or else in a circle (Experiment 1) or in a reversed row (Experiment 2). Directors instructed matchers to move targets, which were unique or had a competitor nearby or far away. When mirrored displays held far competitors, matchers used directors’ eye gaze to identify targets before the linguistic point of disambiguation. Reversed displays caused substantial competition, yet matchers still identified targets before the linguistic point of disambiguation, showing an ability to rapidly re-map directors’ eye gaze. Our findings indicate eye gaze is a powerful and flexible disambiguating cue in referential communication.
On trade, land-use, and biodiversity

Abstract We combine a simple trade model with a species–area curve to derive the effect of trade on biodiversity conservation. Trade causes specialization in production that drives specialization in ecosystems and their associated biodiversity. When trading partners contain similar species in autarky, trade has little effect on global biodiversity but lowers local biodiversity. On the other hand, with high endemism, specialization causes significant declines in both local and global biodiversity. If preferences for biodiversity conservation are sufficiently high, overall utility may decline with a move toward free trade unless corrective conservation policy is instituted.
Numerical treatment of laminar flow in helically coiled tubes of square cross section. Part I. Stationary helically coiled tubes

The numerical method of Part I is extended to study periodic laminar flow in helically coiled tubes of square cross section oscillating sinusoidally about their helix axis. Depending on the relative strength of the wall velocity and the velocity of flow through the tube, one of three flow regimes occur. When the wall velocity is small, the computed results resemble these for a stationary helix. When the wall velocity dominates, the direction of the secondary flow is reversed. When the wall and flow velocities are comparable, the secondary flow pattern varies periodically in time and sometimes alternates in direction.
In Vitro Antifungal Activities of a Series of Dication-Substituted Carbazoles, Furans, and Benzimidazoles

Aromatic dicationic compounds possess antimicrobial activity against a wide range of eucaryotic pathogens, and in the present study an examination of the structures-functions of a series of compounds against fungi was performed. Sixty-seven dicationic molecules were screened for their inhibitory and fungicidal activities against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. The MICs of a large number of compounds were comparable to those of the standard antifungal drugs amphotericin B and fluconazole. Unlike fluconazole, potent inhibitory compounds in this series were found to have excellent fungicidal activities. The MIC of one of the most potent compounds against C. albicans was 0.39 microg/ml, and it was the most potent compound against C. neoformans (MIC, </=0.09 microg/ml). Selected compounds were also found to be active against Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium solani, Candida species other than C. albicans, and fluconazole-resistant strains of C. albicans and C. neoformans. Since some of these compounds have been safely given to animals, these classes of molecules have the potential to be developed as antifungal agents.
Diagnosing Santa Ana Winds in Southern California with Synoptic-Scale Analysis

AbstractSanta Ana winds (SAW) are among the most notorious fire-weather conditions in the United States and are implicated in wildfire and wind hazards in Southern California. This study employs large-scale reanalysis data to diagnose SAW through synoptic-scale dynamic and thermodynamic factors using mean sea level pressure gradient and lower-tropospheric temperature advection, respectively. A two-parameter threshold model of these factors exhibits skill in identifying surface-based characteristics of SAW featuring strong offshore winds and extreme fire weather as viewed through the Fosberg fire weather index across Remote Automated Weather Stations in southwestern California. These results suggest that a strong northeastward gradient in mean sea level pressure aligned with strong cold-air advection in the lower troposphere provide a simple, yet effective, means of diagnosing SAW from synoptic-scale reanalysis. This objective method may be useful for medium- to extended-range forecasting when mesoscale mo...
Quantum limited detection in tunnel junction mixers

A complete quantum generalization of microwave mixer theory is constructed for nonlinear single-particle tunnel junctions. The result represents a unification of the concepts used to describe these "classical" resistive mixers with the language of photon detection. Tunneling devices are predicted to undergo a transition from energy detectors to photon counters when operated at frequencies where the photon energy becomes comparable to the voltage scale of the dc nonlinearity. The small-signal video current response is found to approach one electron for each photon absorbed at high frequencies. In a heterodyne receiver, sufficiently nonlinear tunnel junctions are predicted to be capable of achieving the fundamental quantum noise limit for sensitivity in the detection of electromagnetic radiation. The theory presented here thus provides a framework for systematically extending the techniques of quantum electronics to considerably lower frequencies than are currently being exploited. Recent measurements of heterodyne mixer performance using superconductive tunneling devices are already beginning to approach quantum limited results at microwave and millimeter wave frequencies. Eventual application of tunnel barriers as photon detectors in the submillimeter and infrared spectral regions also appears to be possible, and the fast response times of such devices could give them an advantage over photoconductors even at the higher frequencies. The development of suitable nonlinear tunnel junctions contains the potential to bridge the present gap in quantum detectors between the infrared photon devices and microwave masers.
On minimal pseudo-codewords

The performance of linear-programming decoding of a binary linear code described by a parity-check matrix depends on the set of pseudo-codewords associated to this matrix and in particular, on the set of minimal pseudo-codewords. This paper attempts to provide an algebraic characterization of the minimal pseudo-codewords. It also provides a connection between the fundamental cone of a Tanner graph and the fundamental cone of its Forney-style factor graph.
Political cleavages in Serbia: Changes and continuities in structuring left-right orientations

This study examines the structuring of political attitudes in Serbia through the framework of the left–right schema. Using data from public opinion surveys taken during the 1990s and early 2000s, the impact of socio‐demographic variables, economic interests, democratic support, social values, and nationalistic sentiments on respondents’ left–right orientations is analysed, as well as the relationship between left–right placements and support for individual political parties. Results show that in addition to age and religiosity, evaluation of communist rule and satisfaction with the state of democratic development form the main axis of contestation, while there is little evidence for economic, authoritarian–libertarian, or nationalist cleavages.
Development of tissue-targeted metabonomics. Part 1. Analytical considerations

Tissue-targeted metabonomics provides tissue specific metabolic information while still retaining the profiling approach of traditional metabonomics. Microdialysis sampling is used to generate site-specific samples of endogenous metabolites. The dialysate samples are subjected to proton NMR analysis with data analysis by principal components analysis and partial least squares regression. In this study, sample and data pretreatment methods were examined for their impact on the quality of the data analysis. Specifically, the effects of speedvacuuming, sample solubility, sample pH stability, and sample storage stability were examined. Data pretreatment methods examined included the effects of standardization and normalization to internal standards. In addition, the ability of tissue-targeted metabonomics to generate time trend data was explored and more fully characterized using principal components analysis and partial least squares regression.
Bouguer Redeemed: The Successful 1737-1740 Gravity Experiments on Pichincha and Chimborazo

During the 1735-1745 French Academy of Sciences expedition to Peru, Pierre Bouguer conducted two experiments confirming Newtonian gravitational attraction and estimating the mean density of the Earth. One set of experiments determined the variation in gravity with altitude using a pendulum at sea level, Quito (2,860 m) and the summit of Pichincha (4,784 m). Qualitatively correct, Bouguer reported a smaller decrease in gravity than that predicted from altitude increase alone, but he calculated that the mean density of the Earth was nearly five times that of the near-surface rocks, an overestimate by a factor of at least two. The better reported experiment was an attempt to detect the deflection of the vertical near the mountain Chimborazo. There was a large difference between Bouguer's predicted plumb-line deflection, 103", and that which he and La Condamine measured, just 7". I have investigated both experiments using a digital elevation model to compute the vertical and horizontal components of the gravi...
A Biaxial-Flexure Test for Evaluating Ceramic Strengths

An improved test fixture for biaxial-tension strength testing of ceramics featuring uniform pressure loading of disks was developed and qualified. Biaxial data were obtained for an alumina ceramic, along with comparable uniaxial data from three- and four-point flexure tests. Weibull statistics provided a good description of the size effect on data from the two uniaxial tests, but underestimated the effect of stress biaxiality. The biaxial strengthening observed in the alumina ceramic is consistent with that observed previously in a glass-ceramic.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE SODIUM AND MANGANESE CONTENT OF BARNACLE SHELLS

Sodium and manganese in barnacle shells, collected from habitats with salinities varying from l-26%,, have been measured by neutron activation analysis. Sodium content varies From 1,600 to 5,000 ppm and is proportional to environmental salinity. Manganese values rnngc from 80 to 3,800 ppm and are related to the concentration of manganese in the local water.
REDUCTION OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE, ESCHERICHIA COLI AND LISTERIA INNOCUA IN APPLE JUICE BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT

Apple juice was inoculated separately with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Listeria innocua (ATCC 51742) or Escherichia coli (ATCC 11775) for treatment in a double tube ultraviolet (UV) disinfection system. The apple juice was treated at six flow rates (0.073-0.548 L/min) for selected fluences (75-450 kJ/m 2 ). The juice was also inoculated with a mixture of these three microorganisms and UV light treated from 0.548 to 0.735 L/min for 30 min. The microbial reduction was described with a first order kinetic model. Average D uv values of 23.1-40.5, 8.2-20.6 and 6.0-17.7 min were obtained for S. cerevisiae, L. innocua and E. coli, respectively. A linear model was used to describe the relationship between log D uv versus flow rate for S. cerevisiae and L. innocua. However, a third order polynomial model was more adequate for describing the E. coli D uv values versus flow rate. Less than 10 (no growth), 190 and 200 cfu/mL of S. cerevisiae, L. inocua and E. coli, respectively, were observed in UV-treated apple juice inoculated with a mixture of microorganisms.
The validity of a game-based assessment of persistence

In this study, 154 students individually played a challenging physics video game for roughly 4h. Based on time data for both solved and unsolved problems derived from log files, we created a game-based assessment of persistence that was validated against an existing measure of persistence. We found that the game-based assessment of persistence predicted learning of qualitative physics after controlling for gender, video game experience, pretest knowledge and enjoyment of the game. These findings support the implementation of a real-time formative assessment of persistence to be used to dynamically change gameplay.
Paradigms of the Past: The Story of Missouri Archaeology, by Michael J. O'Brien, 1995. Columbia: University of Missouri Press

A volume this massive (562 pages) contains far more substance than any short review can hope to do justice. One can, however, highlight major themes and directions of the tome. I see significant contributions in three areas: (i) the history of the development of archaeological thinking using Missouri as a foil; (ii) some autobio­graphical exegesis of the development of the author's understanding of archaeology; and (iii) a strongly stated theoretical argument, repeated throughout the volume, that a variety of neo-functionalism espoused by Robert Dunnell, and now practiced by O'Brien and a handful of his Ph.D. students, is the only scientific archaeology extant.
Effect of Aging on the Fertilizing Capacity of Testicular Spermatozoa from the Rabbit

The effect of aging on the fertilizing capacity of testicular spermatozoa from the rabbit was investigated. Aging in vitro was ruled out since the fertilizing capacity of mature spermatozoa decreased to less than 2% when stored for 48 hours at room temperature and 1.5 x 10 less than 6 greater than were inseminated. This occurred whether the spermatozoa were diluted or undiluted and was not improved by addition of catalase theorphylline or myoinosital to the incubation medium. Testicular spermatozoa were unable to fertilize ova after retention in the rete testis from 4 to 6 days or after retention in a sperm-free distal cauda epididymidis for 2 3 and 4 days. The fertilizing capacity of mature spermatozoa retained in the distal cauda under the same conditions fell from 57% to 17% over a 2-4 day period. These studies make it clear that full functional maturity of immature spermatozoa does not occur with aging in the testis.
Voicing an impact: who does the National Institutes of Health support for voice disorder research?

Abstract Purpose Interest in a variety of neoplastic, functional, neurological, and age-related laryngeal disorders has contributed to the development of laryngology as an established subspecialty. Funding support plays a critical role in facilitating scholarship within the field. Our objectives were to evaluate who is receiving funding from the NIH for topics relevant to voice disorders, and further describe temporal trends in grants awarded. Methods The NIH RePORTER database was searched for grants relevant to voice disorders. Data were further organized by PI specialty, academic department, and funding totals. Furthermore, PI scholarly impact, as measured by the h-index , was calculated. Results A total of 830 funded fiscal years (for 232 unique projects) totaling $203 million have supported projects examining voice disorders. A plurality of projects (32.8%) was awarded to PIs in otolaryngology departments, followed by 17.2% to speech pathology/communication sciences departments. Although year-to-year variation was noted, otolaryngology departments received approximately 15% of funding annually. Funded otolaryngologists had similar scholarly impact values to individuals in other specialties. Conclusions The study of voice disorders involves an interdisciplinary approach, as PIs in numerous specialties receive NIH funding support. As they receive a considerable proportion of this funding and had similar h-indices compared to other specialties involved, otolaryngologists have just as much scholarly impact despite being a smaller specialty. As speech and language pathologists also comprised a significant proportion of individuals in this analysis, enhanced cooperation and encouragement of interdisciplinary scholarly initiatives may be beneficial.
Effect of feeding protocol on intake by Angus bulls

ABSTRACT Individual intakes are required to evaluate rate and efficiency of gain in young bulls. The objectives were to confirm use of alkanes as acceptable markers to calculate DMI of corn silage–based diets and to assess changes in DMI by Angus bulls (288 to 402 kg of BW) in response to individual feeding or group feeding. An 80:20 corn silage:supplement TMR was offered to 12 Angus bulls in each of 2 yr. The bulls were housed together and fed individually (period 1), group fed in a bunk (period 2), then again fed individually (period 3). Periods lasted 21 d. In addition to the TMR, each bull consumed 0.908 g/d of 50:50 corn grain:soybean hulls. Feed intake was recorded daily. Fecal grab samples were collected during the last 5 d of each period to calculate TMR DMI from feed and fecal content of hentriacontane and dotriacontane. Measured and calculated TMR DMI did not differ (P
Humans vs. Zombies at the Library: Gauging the Impact of Live Action Gaming Events on Studentsâ Library Use and Perceptions

This paper describes how a game of Humans vs. Zombies was coordinated and hosted by the Ralph Brown Draughon Library at Auburn University. A survey was designed to discover studentsâ attitudes and perceptions and evaluate whether hosting such an event was a worthwhile use of library resources. Analysis of survey results revealed value in hosting such an event as a means of orienting students to the library while increasing positive feelings about the library as a social and study space. Â Â
Seismicity of the Baffin Bay region

Twenty-eight earthquakes in the Baffin Bay region have been relocated using the method of Joint Hypocenter Determination. The revised locations indicate two parallel, linear trends, one along the northeast coast of Baffin Island and the other in the western part of Baffin Bay. The seismicity does not appear to be controlled by glacial rebound but may be a remnant of sea-floor spreading which occurred 40 to 60 m.y. ago. Early P arrivals at near seismograph stations (Δ < 20°) can be explained by a high-velocity (8.5 km/sec) upper mantle in the Baffin region.
Logically rearrangeable multihop lightwave networks

Multihop architectures represent a practical approach for exploiting the vast capacity potential of multiuser lightwave networks (terabits per second) through user access ports constrained in speed by the electrooptic bottleneck (gigabits per second).1
S(e)oul Search: The Changing Religious Landscape in Seoul and Its Implications for Defining “Asia”

There is a saying that if one looks at Seoul at night from afar, one will see a large city covered with neon-lit red crosses. It is also said that a Christian church can be found on every other block in the streets of Seoul, the capital of the Republic of Korea (also known as South Korea). To be sure, this is not the case. Yet this embellished illustration of Seoul as a Christian symbol of a cross-covered city conveys the message that Christianity is no longer a foreign or a Western religion, but has, rather, become a major religious tradition in South Korea as represented in its capital. Christianity may not be the majority religion in terms of demographics, but it has certainly become a dominant religion in terms of social and political influence as well as economic power in South Korea.
Quantifying and measuring cyber resiliency

Cyber resliency has become an increasingly attractive research and operational concept in cyber security. While several metrics have been proposed for quantifying cyber resiliency, a considerable gap remains between those metrics and operationally measurable and meaningful concepts that can be empirically determined in a scientific manner. This paper describes a concrete notion of cyber resiliency that can be tailored to meet specific needs of organizations that seek to introduce resiliency into their assessment of their cyber security posture.
Design and Capability Analysis of a New Kind of Overflow Valve Controlled by MR Damper

Using the controllable characteristic of magnetorheological fluid,a new kind of overflow valve controlled by MR damper was designed,and its static and dynamic capability was analyzed.The analysis shows that the overflow valve controlled by MR damper has nicer static characteristics than the traditional overflow valve,and has better dynamic characteristics such as quicker response,better stabilization etc..It is prone to realize auto control and fit for big power situation.
Transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma as part of a balanced, multidisciplinary strategy.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a formidable challenge in the United States due to its increasing incidence, its advanced-stage presentation, and its association with chronic liver disease.[1-3]
Incorporating Spectral Similarity Into Markov Chain Geostatistical Cosimulation for Reducing Smoothing Effect in Land Cover Postclassification

Spatial statistics provides useful methods for incorporating spatial dependence into land cover classification. However, the geometric features of land cover classes are difficult to be captured by geostatistical models due to smoothing effect. The objective of this study is to incorporate spectral similarity into the Markov chain random field (MCRF) cosimulation (coMCRF) model, that is, to propose a spectral similarity-enhanced MCRF cosimulation (SS-coMCRF) model, for land cover postclassification so that postclassification will cause less geometric loss. Two mutually complementary spectral similarity measures, Jaccard index and the spectral correlation measure, were employed as a constraining factor in SS-coMCRF. One medium spatial resolution scene with a complex landscape and one very high spatial resolution scene with an urban landscape were selected for case studies. Neural network classifier and support vector machine classifier were used to conduct land cover preclassifications. Both coMCRF and SS-coMCRF were used to postprocess preclassified images based on expert-interpreted sample datasets from multiple data sources. Compared with preclassified results that depend on only spectral information of pixels, postclassifications by both models achieved similar significant improvements in overall accuracy. However, compared with coMCRF, the SS-coMCRF model apparently improved postclassified land cover patterns by effectively capturing some geometric features (e.g., boundaries and linear stripes) and more details of land cover classes. In general, incorporating spectral similarity into land cover postclassification through SS-coMCRF may contribute significantly to the “shape” or geometric accuracy of classified land cover classes.
Key generation with limited interaction

The basic two-terminal key generation model is considered, where the communication between the terminals is limited. We introduce a preorder relation on the set of joint distributions called XY-absolute continuity, and we reduce the multi-letter characterization of the key-communication tradeoff to the evaluation of the XY-concave envelope of a functional. For small communication rates, the key bits per interaction bit is expressed with a “symmetrical strong data processing constant”. Using hypercontractivity and Renyi divergence, we also prove a computationally friendly strong converse bound for the common randomness bits per interaction bit in terms of the supremum of the maximal correlation coefficient over a set of distributions, which is tight for binary symmetric sources. Regarding the other extreme case, a new characterization of the minimum interaction for achieving the maximum key rate (MIMK) is given, and is used to resolve a conjecture by Tyagi [1] about the MIMK for binary sources.
Precision mapping of the vibrissa representation within murine primary somatosensory cortex.

The ability to form an accurate map of sensory input to the brain is an essential aspect of interpreting functional brain signals. Here, we consider the somatotopic map of vibrissa-based touch in the primary somatosensory (vS1) cortex of mice. The vibrissae are represented by a Manhattan-like grid of columnar structures that are separated by inter-digitating septa. The development, dynamics and plasticity of this organization is widely used as a model system. Yet, the exact anatomical position of this organization within the vS1 cortex varies between individual mice. Targeting of a particular column in vivo therefore requires prior mapping of the activated cortical region, for instance by imaging the evoked intrinsic optical signal (eIOS) during vibrissa stimulation. Here, we describe a procedure for constructing a complete somatotopic map of the vibrissa representation in the vS1 cortex using eIOS. This enables precise targeting of individual cortical columns . We found, using C57BL/6 mice, that although the precise location of the columnar field varies between animals, the relative spatial arrangement of the columns is highly preserved. This finding enables us to construct a canonical somatotopic map of the vibrissae in the vS1 cortex. In particular, the position of any column, in absolute anatomical coordinates, can be established with near certainty when the functional representations in the vS1 cortex for as few as two vibrissae have been mapped with eIOS. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interpreting BOLD: a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience’.
Modeling Offshore Turbine Installation Vessel Dayrates in the U.S.

The cost to install the foundation and turbines at offshore wind farms depends upon the duration of the operation and the vessel dayrate. In 2012, the market for offshore wind installation vessels is small and located exclusively in Europe with pricing mechanisms that are not transparent. The cost to a U.S. developer to lease an installation vessel is subject to a large degree of uncertainty and will be impacted by supply and demand conditions, willingness to pay, and regulatory requirements. The purpose of this chapter is to estimate dayrate ranges for U.S. offshore operations. Three model frameworks are developed using a capital cost model, a leasing strategy, and a developer-owned vessel strategy. Liftboat dayrates are expected to range between 12,500 and 75,000 $/d, jackup barges 25,000 and 150,000 $/d, and self-propelled installation vessels from 60,000 to 300,000 $/d. Mobilization costs are estimated and parameterized to estimate total costs by vessel type and mobilization distance.
Analytical valuation and hedging of variable annuity guaranteed lifetime withdrawal benefits

Abstract Variable annuity is a retirement planning product that allows policyholders to invest their premiums in equity funds. In addition to the participation in equity investments, the majority of variable annuity products in today’s market offer various types of investment guarantees, protecting policyholders from the downside risk of their investments. One of the most popular investment guarantees is known as the guaranteed lifetime withdrawal benefit (GLWB). In current market practice, the development of hedging portfolios for such a product relies heavily on Monte Carlo simulations, as there were no known closed-form formulas available in the existing actuarial literature. In this paper, we show that such analytical solutions can in fact be determined for the risk-neutral valuation and delta-hedging of the plain-vanilla GLWB. As we demonstrate by numerical examples, this approach drastically reduces run time as compared to Monte Carlo simulations. The paper also presents a novel technique of fitting exponential sums to a mortality density function, which is numerically more efficient and accurate than the existing methods in the literature.