cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Effects of Air Quality Policy Changes on Water Quality in Urban Areas

This paper describes the development and application of an integrated modeling framework composed of an urban air chemistry model, an urban runoff model, and a water-quality model. The models were linked to simulate the fate and transport of air emissions of nitrogen compounds in the air, urban watershed, surface water runoff, and in a coastal receiving-water body. The model linkage is demonstrated by evaluating the potential water quality implications of reducing NOx emissions by 32%, volatile organic compound emissions by 51%, and ammonia emissions by 30%, representing changes from 1987 levels to proposed 2000 target levels in Los Angeles, California, USA. Simulations of the Los Angeles dry season during the summer of 1987 (June 1 to August 31) indicated that by reducing emissions from 1987 to proposed year 2000 levels, the dry deposition nitrogen loads to Santa Monica Bay and the Ballona Creek watershed were reduced 21.4% and 15.0%, respectively. Water quality modeling results indicated that dry season atmospheric load reductions to the Ballona Creek Estuary did not reduce chlorophyll-a levels or significantly raise nighttime dissolved oxygen levels because the magnitude of the reductions was negligible compared to non-atmospheric inputs of nitrogen compounds. Simulations of the time period from November 18, 1987 to December 4, 1987 during the Los Angeles wet season indicated that air emissions reductions produced an 18.6% reduction in the dry deposition nitrogen load to Santa Monica Bay, a 15.5% reduction in the dry deposition nitrogen load to the Ballona Creek watershed, a 16.8% reduction in the wet deposition nitrogen load to the Ballona Creek watershed, and a 16.1% reduction in the stormwater discharge load from the Ballona Creek watershed. Although the wet season load reductions are significant, modeling results of the ultimate effect on the Ballona Creek Estuary water quality were inconclusive.
The significance of the structural and functional similarities of bacteria and mitochondria.

Publisher Summary The mitochondrion is the only structure in the nucleated animal cell which satisfies both the biochemical and structural criteria for an evolutionary relationship with bacteria. Isolated mitochondria can perform most of the fundamental biochemical cycles necessary for independent life, including oxidative phosphorylation and protein, lipid, and nucleic acid synthesis. Despite this relative independence, mitochondria are essential structures of the eukaryotic cell. This chapter traces the history and evidence for an evolutionary relationship between bacteria and mitochondria. Mitochondria and bacteria are of similar shape and size and also there are similar cytochemical properties of mitochondria and some bacteria. One obvious difference between mitochondria and bacteria is their external envelopes. Bacteria are enclosed by a cell wall formed by enzymes located in the internal cytoplasmic membrane. Mitochondria are enclosed by two envelopes, both are membranous.
Contract Design, Complexity, and Incentives: Evidence From U.S. Federal Agencies:

Financial incentives are used throughout the public and private sectors to control costs, expedite projects, maximize quality, and encourage performance. Although federal agencies in the United States utilize incentive contracts, there is little research on the scope of their use or effectiveness. This study analyzes nearly 390,000 federal contracts across service acquisitions of varying complexity to determine whether incentive contracts differ in contract duration, cost, or technical performance when compared with other types of contracts. The results indicate that contracts appear to execute differently on these three dimensions based on the complexity of the acquired service. The findings provide a heightened understanding of the accountability dynamics in third-party implementation, particularly when financial incentives are used to motivate contractor performance.
Immunologic recognition of cell surface antigens in normal mouse neural tissues and in neuroepithelial cells of the OTT-6050 mouse teratoma. A radiometric, gel electrophoretic and morphologic (immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase) study.

A rabbit antiserum against mouse neonatal brain cell surface membranes labeled by immunoperoxidase (PAP) the cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems of adult and neonatal mice and their processes, as well as the differentiating neuroepithelial cells of three OTT-6050 mouse teratoma-derived tumors. Indirect immunofluorescence on living 14-day-old monolayer cultures of neonatal mouse brain demonstrated reaction of the immune serum with external surface membrane antigens of neuroblasts and of primitive and mature glial cells. Radioimmune assays (RIA) showed almost complete loss of antiserum binding to neonatal mouse brain plasma membranes after absorption with adult or neonatal mouse brain membranes, and no loss of binding after absorption by liver, spleen, kidney, and heart membranes. Cross-reactivity of the immune serum to several non-neural cell types was demonstrated by immunoperoxidase on sperm and sperm-precursors, on moderate numbers of epithelial cells in the medulla of adult mouse thymus, and, in the neonate, on a range of mesenchymal cells. This cross-reactivity was reflected in the RIA by a moderate reduction of immune serum binding to neonatal mouse brain plasma membranes after absorption with testis pellets and with thymus membranes. PAP staining showed loss of crossreactivity after testis or thymus absorption, without climination of neural cell recognition. Absorption with adult or neonatal mouse brain eliminated cross-reactivity. In the teratoma-derived tumors, absorption of the antiserum with testis or thymus eliminated or markedly reduced the PAP staining of primitive neuroepithelial cells, and only moderately reduced, but did not remove, that of neural cells in the mature neuropil. Among the proteins of neonatal mouse brain plasma membranes separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, there were six distinct bands indicating major proteins ranging from 26,000–54,000 daltons. Autoradiography of the antigen-antibody complexes with125I protein A on the same gels demonstrated three discrete bands of activity at 10,000–12,000, 76,000, and 97,000 daltons, and one greater than 130,000 daltons, suggesting that the immune serum recognizes only minor protein components of the mouse brain plasma membranes. The application of the PAP method to the recognition of neural cell surface antigens considerably enhances the potential of this antiserum as a tool for the early identification of primitive neural cells in the experimental mouse teratoma.
Case 28: Zone I/II Open Globe Injury with Corneal Patch Graft and Corneal Glue

A 53-year-old man was struck in the right eye by barbed wire that he was cutting under tension while working on a fence. He was found to have Zone I-II open globe injury and underwent surgical repair. He was initially taken to an outside hospital in the late afternoon before being transferred to MEE for further management of his eye trauma. Between the time of his initial injury and open globe repair (which was approximately 17 h), his cornea became increasingly necrotic, making direct suture repair difficult. This necessitated a corneal patch graft, corneal glue, cultures, pathology, and intracameral antibiotics. The glue was subsequently removed over several clinic visits, and the patient healed well.
User-Based Photometer Analysis of Effluent from Advanced Nitrogen-Removal Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems

Advanced nitrogen-removal onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) are used to reduce total nitrogen (N) levels in domestic wastewater. Maintaining system performance requires regular monitoring and in situ rapid tests can provide an inexpensive option for assessing treatment performance. We used a portable photometer to measure ammonium and nitrate concentrations in final effluent from 46 advanced N-removal OWTS, sampling each site at least three times in 2017. To assess photometer accuracy, we compared measurements made using the photometer with those determined by standard laboratory methods using linear regression analysis and a two-tailed t test to compare regression parameters to those for a perfect linear relationship (slope = 1, intercept = 0). Our results show that photometer-based analysis reliably estimates inorganic N (ammonium and nitrate) concentration in field and laboratory settings. Photometer-based analysis of the sum of inorganic N species also consistently approximated the total N concentration in the final effluent from the systems. A cost-benefit analysis indicated that the photometer is a more cost-effective option than having samples analyzed by commercial environmental testing laboratories after analysis of 8 to 33 samples. A portable photometer can be used to provide reliable, cost-effective measurements of ammonium and nitrate concentrations, and estimates of total N levels in advanced N-removal OWTS effluent. This method can be a viable tool for triaging system performance in the field, helping to identify systems that are not functioning properly and may need to be adjusted or repaired by an operation and maintenance service provider in order to meet treatment standards.
Youth with type 2 diabetes have hepatic, peripheral, and adipose insulin resistance

Adolescents with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have severe insulin resistance (IR) secondary to obesity, genetics, and puberty, and IR predicts metabolic comorbidities. Adults with T2D have multitissue IR,...
Surgical Lesioning of the Brain, Brain Stem, Spinal Cord, and Nerves

Intractable pain from malignancy or other causes can be debilitating. When medical management fails, surgical treatment can be considered. Different techniques of surgical lesioning are presented here.
Status quo bias in flexible spending account usage

Abstract I apply prospect theory to explain patterns of flexible spending account (FSA) utilization that suggest the presence of status quo bias. Using prospect theory as an alternative to expected utility maximization, I show that loss aversion with an endogenous, interior reference level provides a plausible explanation for low participation rates and state dependence. Using 17 years of data from a private benefits firm, I find that FSA participation rates have increased but remain surprisingly low. I estimate models of FSA participation and find significant evidence of state dependence, meaning that past FSA participation is an important determinant of future participation.
Univariate Fuzzy Nonlinear Regression

This chapter is concerned with fuzzy nonlinear regression. One of the problems in fuzzy linear regression is to find the “best” values of triangular (trapezoidal) (shaped) fuzzy numbers \(\overline{A}\) and \(\overline{B}\) so that the fuzzy linear function \(\overline{Y}=\overline{A} \; \overline{X} + \overline{B}\) “explains” the fuzzy data \((\overline{X}_l,\overline{Z}_l)\), 1 ≤ l ≤ n. In fuzzy nonlinear regression we are looking for a fuzzy polynomial, or a fuzzy exponential, or a fuzzy logarithmic, ..., function that “explains” the data. In the next section we discuss univariate (one independent variable) fuzzy nonlinear regression. The next chapter continues this discussion where there is more than one independent (explanatory) variable.
Partial Reconstruction of the Nigrostriatal Circuit along a Preformed Molecular Guidance Pathway

The overall goal of our research is to establish a preformed molecular guidance pathway to direct the growth of dopaminergic axons from embryonic ventral mesencephalon (VM), tissue placed within the substantia nigra (SN), into the striatum to reconstruct the nigrostriatal pathway in a hemi-Parkinson's disease rat model. Guidance pathways were prepared by injecting lentivirus encoding either GFP or a combination of glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) with either GDNF family receptor α1 (GFRα1) or netrin1. In another cohort of animals, adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was injected within the striatum after guidance pathway formation. GDNF combined with either GFRα1 or netrin significantly increased growth of dopaminergic axons out of transplants and along the pathway, resulting in a significant reduction in the number of amphetamine-induced rotations. Retrograde tract tracing showed that the dopaminergic axons innervating the striatum were from A9 neurons within the transplant. Increased dopaminergic innervation of the striatum and improved behavioral recovery were observed with the addition of BDNF. Preformed guidance pathways using a combination of GDNF and netrin1 can be used to reconstruct the nigrostriatal pathway and improve motor recovery.
Pediatric Interstitial (Diffuse) Lung Disease

Interstitial (diffuse) lung diseases in infants and children comprise a rare heterogeneous group of parenchymal lung disorders, with clinical syndromes characterized by dyspnea, tachypnea, crackles, and hypoxemia. They arise from a wide spectrum of developmental, genetic, inflammatory, infectious, and reactive disorders. In the past, there has been a paucity of information and limited understanding regarding their pathogenesis, natural history, imaging findings, and histopathologic features, which often resulted in enormous diagnostic challenges and confusion. In recent years, there has been a substantial improvement in the understanding of interstitial lung disease in pediatric patients due to the development of a structured classification system based on the etiology of the lung disease, established pathologic criteria for consistent diagnosis, and the improvement of thoracoscopic techniques for lung biopsy. Imaging plays an important role in evaluating interstitial lung diseases in infants and children by confirming and characterizing the disorder, generating differential diagnoses, and providing localization for lung biopsy for pathological diagnosis. In this chapter, the authors present the epidemiology, challenges, and uncertainties of diagnosis and amplify a recently developed classification system for interstitial lung disease in infants and children with clinical, imaging, and pathological correlation.
The Fall Risk with Alpha blockers Given InitiaL dose or Elderly status (FRAGILE) Study

Background: α-1 adrenergic antagonists are commonly prescribed, but there is question regarding their safety in patients at increased fall risk. Objective: The purpose of the FRAGILE study was to determine the risk for developing adverse drug events (ADEs) in veterans prescribed α-1 blockers. Methods: A single-center, retrospective, observational cohort analysis was conducted of veterans newly initiated on α-1 antagonists. Veterans were categorized into at-risk (patients who met at least 1 of 2 criteria: age 65 or older or high initial dose of α blockade) or control (veterans without either risk factor) groups. The primary outcome was the composite all-cause ADEs, including hospitalizations or emergency department (ED) visits. Secondary outcomes included number of fall-related ADEs and medication discontinuation rates with follow-up for 12 months. Results: A total of 300 veterans were evaluated. There was no significant difference in the composite outcome of all-cause ED visits between at-risk (n = 169) versus control (n = 131) groups (0.81 vs 1.17, P = 0.09) or all-cause hospitalizations (0.28 vs 0.39, P = 0.25). Seventy-three veterans in the at-risk group experienced an all-cause ADE versus 64 in the control group (P = 0.36). No significant differences in secondary outcomes were found. Fall-related side effects occurred in 8% of the total cohort. Conclusion and Relevance: Rates of all-cause or fall-related ADEs were not significantly different. An 8% discontinuation rate resulting from fall-related ADEs and high rates of coadministered medications that could increase fall risk. Pharmacists can play a key role in optimizing α-1 blocker administration.
Compensatory Mutations in GI and ZTL May Modulate Temperature Compensation in the Circadian Clock

Circadian systems share the three properties of entrainment, free-running period, and temperature compensation (TC). TC ensures nearly the same period over a broad range of physiologically relevant temperatures; however, the mechanisms behind TC remain poorly understood. Here, we identify single point mutations in two key elements of the Arabidopsis circadian clock, GIGANTEA (GI) and ZEITLUPE (ZTL), which likely act as compensatory substitutions to establish a remarkably constant free-running period over a wide range of temperatures. Using near-isogenic lines generated from the introgression of the Cape Verde Islands (Cvi) alleles of GI and ZTL into the Landsberg erecta (Ler) background, we show how longer periods in the Cvi background at higher temperatures correlate with a difference in strength of the GI/ZTL interaction. Pairwise interaction testing of all GI/ZTL allelic combinations shows similar affinities for isogenic alleles at 22°C, but very poor interaction between GI (Cvi) and ZTL (Cvi) at higher temperature. In vivo, this would result in lower ZTL levels at high temperatures leading to longer periods in the Cvi background. Mismatched allelic combinations result in extremely strong or weak GI/ZTL interactions, indicating how the corresponding natural variants likely became fixed through epistatic selection. Additionally, molecular characterization of GI (Cvi) reveals a novel functional motif that can modulate the GI/ZTL interaction as well as nucleocytoplasmic partitioning. Taken together, these results identify a plausible temperature-dependent molecular mechanism, which contributes to the robustness of TC through natural variation in GI and ZTL alleles found on the Cape Verde Islands.
Primary Election Timing and Voter Turnout

There has been substantial disagreement about the “best” time to hold primary elections, yet there is little evidence about the effects of different election dates. This article represents the firs...
Evaluation of an Occupational Exercise Training Program for Firefighters: Mixed Methods Pilot Study

Background: Occupational exercise training programs can improve overall health and fitness in firefighters, but evidence beyond clinical and performance outcomes is needed before fire departments invest in and successfully adopt health promotion programs. Objective: This mixed methods pilot study sought to pair clinical and performance outcomes with participants’ qualitative feedback (eg, participants’ enjoyment, lifestyle behavior changes, and team structure) with the goal of informing recommendations for future programs. Methods: Professional firefighters participated in a 14-week occupational exercise training program with assessments conducted pre- and posttraining. Clinical outcomes included weight, BMI, body fat percentage, resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Performance outcomes included the sharpened Romberg balance test, 1-repetition maximum leg press and bench press, graded exercise test (estimated VO2max), knee range of motion, shoulder flexibility, and hamstring flexibility. Self-administered surveys (Short Form-36, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Barriers Self-Efficacy Scale, and Barriers to Being Active Quiz) were completed. In 3 private focus groups of 3 to 4 participants, firefighters' experiences in the training program and their health behaviors were explored. Results: Male firefighters (n=14; age: mean 36.4, SD 2.6 years) completed 20 training sessions. There were no significant changes to weight (P=.20), BMI (P=.15), body fat percentage (P=.16), systolic blood pressure (P=.12), estimated VO2max (P=.34), balance (P=.24), knee range of motion (left: P=.35; right: P=.31), or hamstring flexibility (P=.14). There was a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (P=.04) and significant increases in shoulder flexibility (P<.001) and leg press 1-repetition maximum volume (P=.04). Participants reported improvements in overall health, endurance, flexibility, and mood as well as improvements to team environment and health behaviors around the station; however, there was a decline in overcoming barriers to physical activity. Conclusions: A 14-week program of exercise training in firefighters elicited improvements in clinical, performance, and self-reported physical activity outcomes. This occupational exercise training program for firefighters increased time spent exercising, improved team building, and led to physical and mental health benefits. Results from this pilot study set a broad, informed, and meaningful foundation for future efforts to increase firefighter participation in occupational fitness programs.
‘Many Sisters Wish They Were Men’: Gendered Discourse and Themes in pro-ISIS Online Communities

Though official Islamic State propaganda maintained narratives about women and the appropriate societal roles they were expected to fill, unofficial online content and behavioral patterns of online supporters both amplified and strayed from the official party line. Excellent scholarship has focused on gender dynamics and female membership in the Islamic State however, with the exception of Twitter studies, not as much research has been conducted in the online realm on other platforms. This paper hopes to contribute towards filling the gap by 1) examining 22 conversation exchanges in private pro-ISIS groups; some of which include interactions between male and female members and 2) analyzing prominent themes and narratives displayed in unofficial propaganda about women by addressing how these elements may or may not reflect the official narratives of the Islamic State. The findings are drawn from qualitative and quantitative data gathered from the online platforms of Hoop, Riot (Element), RocketChat, TamTam and Telegram which were selected for their wide popularity among ISIS supporters during a period ranging from 2018-2020.
Web Appendix to: Why the Optimal Long-Run Tax Rate on Capital is Zero...or Very High: The Missing Explanation

This posting is the mathematical appendix to Sanchirico, Chris William, Why the Optimal Long-Run Tax Rate on Capital is Zero…Or Very High: The Missing Explanation (April 30, 2020). U of Penn, Inst for Law & Econ Research Paper No. 20-33. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3589720.
Social conquest of land: Sea-to-land changes in shell architecture and body morphology, with consequences for social evolution.

Abstract Architecture, like nests, burrows, and other types of fortresses, may have played an important role in the evolution of social life on land. However, few studies have examined architecture in organisms that transitioned from sea to land to test how and why architectural and morphological changes might have jointly impacted social evolution. Here I contrasted the shell architecture and body morphology of two of the phylogenetically most closely-related land versus sea species of hermit crab (the terrestrial hermit crab, Coenobita compressus, and the marine hermit crab, Calcinus obscurus), as well as the original builder of their shells (the gastropod, Nerita scabricosta). In contrast to the shells of gastropods and marine hermit crabs, only the shells of terrestrial hermit crabs were architecturally remodeled, with no columella inside for the occupants to grip upon to resist eviction. The bodies of terrestrial hermit crabs were also significantly more exposed outside the enlarged openings of their remodeled shells, whereas the substantially smaller-bodied marine hermit crabs were safeguarded deep within the recesses of their unremodeled shells. Ultimately, these changes in shell architecture and body morphology likely had consequences for social evolution on land, making conspecifics not only more dependent upon one another for homes, but also potentially easier to evict. Further changes in claw shape on land (with the claws of terrestrial hermit crabs becoming shorter, wider, and thicker) may have evolved to help offset their heightened danger of social eviction, acting as a more effective door against conspecifics.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nighttime room entries and sleep disruptions for pediatric patients.

Abstract Objectives/background Sleep is critical to recovery, but inpatient sleep is often disrupted. During the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing efforts to minimize spread may have improved hospitalized children's sleep by decreasing unnecessary overnight disruptions. This study aimed to describe the impact of these efforts on pediatric inpatient sleep using objective and subjective metrics. Methods Sleep disruptions for pediatric inpatients admitted prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared. Hand hygiene sensors tracking room entries were utilized to measure objective overnight disruptions for 69 nights pre-pandemic and 154 pandemic nights. Caregiver surveys of overnight disruptions, sleep quantity, and caregiver mood were adopted from validated tools: the Karolinska Sleep Log, Potential Hospital Sleep Disruptions and Noises Questionnaire, and Visual Analog Mood Scale. Results Nighttime room entries initially decreased 36% (95% CI: 30%, 42%, p Conclusions Despite a decrease in objective room entries during the pandemic, caregivers reported their children were disrupted more and slept less. Caregivers also self-reported worse mood. This highlights the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on subjective experiences of hospitalized children and their caregivers. Future work targeting stress and anxiety could improve pediatric inpatient sleep.
CO2 Capture Using PIM-1 Hollow Fiber Sorbents with Enhanced Performance by PEI Infusion

This paper describes hollow fiber sorbents made of the parent polymer of intrinsic microporosity, PIM-1, using a spinning method designed to control the formation of dense barrier layers followed b...
The Infant With Noisy Breathing

Evaluation of the infant with noisy breathing can be intimidating as it suggests some degree of airway obstruction. Knowledge of airway anatomy and the common causes of noisy breathing in this patient population is critical in making the diagnosis and determining the next step in clinical management. A focused history with emphasis on birth, intubation, and feeding history as well as a complete head and neck examination often yield the diagnosis. The clinician must be able to differentiate stridor from stertor as well as determine whether the airway noise is inspiratory, expiratory, or biphasic. The phase of respiration in which the noise is best heard is an important clue to the level of airway obstruction. Evaluation with awake flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy (FFL) and/or sedated airway endoscopy is often required for diagnosis and intervention. Differentiating nasal and pharyngeal sources of obstruction from laryngeal anomalies is important for determining urgency of management. Laryngomalacia, congenital or acquired subglottic stenosis, and airway hemangioma are the most common laryngeal sources of noisy breathing in infants. Respiratory papillomatosis and airway foreign body should also be considered but are less common causes. Proper identification, management, and understanding of the current trends in treating these conditions will ensure the best possible patient outcomes.
C1,1 regularity for degenerate elliptic obstacle problems

Abstract The Heston stochastic volatility process is a degenerate diffusion process where the degeneracy in the diffusion coefficient is proportional to the square root of the distance to the boundary of the half-plane. The generator of this process with killing, called the elliptic Heston operator, is a second-order, degenerate-elliptic partial differential operator, where the degeneracy in the operator symbol is proportional to the distance to the boundary of the half-plane. In mathematical finance, solutions to the obstacle problem for the elliptic Heston operator correspond to value functions for perpetual American-style options on the underlying asset. With the aid of weighted Sobolev spaces and weighted Holder spaces, we establish the optimal C 1 , 1 regularity (up to the boundary of the half-plane) for solutions to obstacle problems for the elliptic Heston operator when the obstacle functions are sufficiently smooth.
School context and the effect of ESL placement on Mexican-origin adolescents' achievement

OBJECTIVES: Immigrant adolescents' academic achievement is crucial to our future economic stability, and Mexican-origin linguistic minority youth in U.S. schools generally demonstrate lower levels of achievement. English as a Second Language (ESL) programs provide an institutional response to these students' needs, the effect of which may vary by the proportion of immigrant students in the school. MEASURES: Using propensity score matching and data from the Adolescent Health and Academic Achievement Study (AHAA) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we estimate the effect of ESL placement on Mexican-origin achievement for first-, second-, and third-generation adolescents separately in schools with many and few immigrant students. RESULTS: The estimated effect of ESL placement varies by both immigrant concentration in the school and by students' generational status. CONCLUSIONS: We find that ESL enrollment may be protective for second-generation Mexican-origin adolescents in high immigrant concentration schools, and may prove detrimental for first-generation adolescents in contexts with few other immigrant students.
A study of the action of prostigmine on the bowel of human beings.

Summary This report is based on a study of the action of prostigmine on the bowel of 12 patients by means of a tandem balloon recording system. The balloons were placed in the bowel through an ileac stoma in 2 cases and through a colonic stoma in the remaining 10 cases. After the intramuscular injection of 0.5 mg. of prostigmine methylsulfate, an effect on the bowel was noted in from two to eight minutes. This consisted of a definite change of the character of intestinal activity. There was a decrease in the number of type I and type III contractions and an increase in the number of type II contractions. The average height of the type II contractions increased and the incidence of co-ordinated type II contractions rose. The proportion of each hour that the bowel was active was no greater after the drug was administered than it was previously. Thus, in these cases, prostigmine shifted motility toward propulsion, which was indicated not only by the recordings but also by the expulsion of feces and gas. In 6 of the 12 cases, "prostigmine rhythm" developed. When this occurred, the recorded contractions of the bowel consisted exclusively of type II contractions. These were !co-ordinated and were repeated regularly every two to four minutes.
Immunization with a Single Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I-Restricted Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Recognition Epitope of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Confers Protective Immunity

We have evaluated the potential of conferring protective immunity to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) by selectively inducing an HSV-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response directed against a single major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CTL recognition epitope. We generated a recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV-ES-gB498-505) which expresses the H-2Kb-restricted, HSV-1/2-cross-reactive CTL recognition epitope, HSV glycoprotein B residues 498 to 505 (SSIEFARL) (gB498-505), fused to the adenovirus type 5 E3/19K endoplasmic reticulum insertion sequence (ES). Mucosal immunization of C57BL/6 mice with this recombinant vaccinia virus induced both a primary CTL response in the draining lymph nodes and a splenic memory CTL response directed against HSV gB498-505. To determine the ability of the gB498-505-specific memory CTL response to provide protection from HSV infection, immunized mice were challenged with a lethal dose of HSV-2 strain 186 by the intranasal (i.n.) route. Development of the gB498-505-specific CTL response conferred resistance in 60 to 75% of mice challenged with a lethal dose of HSV-2 and significantly reduced the levels of infectious virus in the brains and trigeminal ganglia of challenged mice. Finally, i.n. immunization of C57BL/6 mice with either a recombinant influenza virus or a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HSV gB498-505 without the ES was also demonstrated to induce an HSV-specific CTL response and provide protection from HSV infection. This finding confirms that the induction of an HSV-specific CTL response directed against a single epitope is sufficient for conferring protective immunity to HSV. Our findings support the role of CD8(+) T cells in the control of HSV infection of the central nervous system and suggest the potential importance of eliciting HSV-specific mucosal CD8(+) CTL in HSV vaccine design.
PET/CT in the Thorax. Pitfalls.

PET/CT is widely used in the staging and assessment of therapeutic response in patients with malignancies. Accurate interpretation of PET/CT requires knowledge of the normal physiologic distribution of [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose, artifacts due to the use of CT for attenuation correction of the PET scan and potential pitfalls due to malignancies that are PET negative and benign conditions that are PET positive. Awareness of these artifacts and potential pitfalls is important in preventing misinterpretation that can alter patient management.
Modeling of steady motion and vertical-plane dynamics of a tunnel hull

High-speed marine vehicles can take advantage of aerodynamically supported platforms or air wings to increase maximum speed or transportation efficiency. However, this also results in increased complexity of boat dynamics, especially in the presence of waves and wind gusts. In this study, a mathematical model based on the fully unsteady aerodynamic extreme-ground-effect theory and the hydrodynamic added-mass strip theory is applied for simulating vertical-plane motions of a tunnel hull in a disturbed environment, as well as determining its steady states in calm conditions. Calculated responses of the boat to wind gusts and surface waves are demonstrated. The present model can be used as a supplementary method for preliminary estimations of performance of aerodynamically assisted marine craft.
RARE PLANT RESTORATION ON LONG PINE KEY

The Long Pine Key area of Everglades National Park (Florida) is critical habitat for a large number of rare plant species including two candidates for federal listing and several dozen listed as endangered or threatened by the state of Florida. In addition, there are nineteen species present in the Long Pine Key area that are critically imperiled in South Florida and six species historically documented from the area that may be extinct in the continental United States (Gann et al., 2002).
Excitatory mechanisms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: the role of AMPA/KA glutamate receptors.

A variety of evidence suggests that the effects of light on the mammalian circadian system are mediated by direct retinal ganglion cell projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). This synapti...
A new lock detector for phase-lock receivers

In most phase-lock receivers the output of a quadrature phase detector is low-pass filtered to produce a voltage that is used in two different ways. First, the voltage is used in a coherent automatic gain control (AGC) system to control the gain(s) of one or more receiver stages. Secondly, the filtered output of the quadrature detector is subjected to a user-defined threshold. Phase lock is declared if an above threshold condition is observed; otherwise, the receiver is considered to be in an unlock state. This level-detection scheme is the basis of the quadrature lock detector. The AGC and lock detection subsystems can interact to produce undesirable results under false lock conditions. The quadrature phase detector is common to both subsystems, and it is the root of the problem. Basically, the output of the quadrature phase detector may contain a significant DC component under false lock conditions. The AGC subsystem may drive up receiver gain until this spurious DC component is above lock detector threshold. A false-positive lock indication would result; it may go undetected until it is noted by some independent means. This problem can be reduced significantly, or possibly eliminated, by a lock detector algorithm described in the paper. Compared to the classical quadrature lock detector, the new algorithm is better able to differentiate true phase lock from anomalous false lock. Furthermore, the commonly-used quadrature lock detector is a simple, first-order approximation of the new lock detector.
Sleep inducing effects of propofol microinjection into the medial preoptic area are blocked by flumazenil.

Microinjection of a wide range of sedative agents, including triazolam, pentobarbital, ethanol and adenosine, into the medial preoptic area has been shown to increase sleep, suggesting that it is an important (though not necessarily the only) anatomic site mediating hypnotic effects of these compounds. The mechanism by which adenosine increases sleep at this site is not clear, but one possibility is that this is related to its effects on the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor complex. In order to assess this possibility, this paper describes the administration of adenosine, alone and in combination with the benzodiazepine receptor blocker flumazenil, into the MPA. It was found that 12.5 and 25 nM of adenosine significantly reduced sleep latency and increased total sleep time. The sleep-inducing effect was blocked by flumazenil. Flumazenil caused a modest increase in total sleep, and prevented the increase in total sleep induced by the higher dose of adenosine. These data suggest that at least one aspect of the hypnotic properties of adenosine is mediated by a direct or indirect action on the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor complex.
District Magnitude, Economic Performance, and Party-System Fragmentation in Five Latin American Countries:

This article makes a fresh start in the attempt to explain the number of parties in party systems. It develops a simultaneous equations model to differentiate between the psychological and mechanical effects of district magnitude on party-system fragmentation. Both effects are statistically significant and approximately equal. However, neither effect is very large in comparison to underlying patterns of politicization, which are argued to be reflections of the number of political cleavages in society. These cleavages predispose each party system to converge toward a country-specific effective number of parties within 5 elections, regardless of the initial level of fragmentation, barring outside disturbances. Major devaluations may act as such disturbances, but the evidence so far is inconclusive. The analysis is based on new data from 62 elections in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela, supplemented by 30+ additional elections in Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, and Uruguay for th...
The cardiovascular effects in dogs of two N-Di-Alkyl substituted analogs of dopamine and dopamine

The cardiovascular effects of two N-di-alkyl substituted analogs of dopamine and dopamine were tested in the dog. Intravenous administration of N, N-diethyldopamine (DEDA) decreased mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and mildly depressed cardiac output. Intravenously administered N, N-dipropyldopamine (DPDA) decreased mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and total peripheral vascular resistance. Both compounds inhibited reflex sympathetic responses produced by a bilateral common carotid occlusion. Femoral artery injections of DEDA or DPDA produced biphasic responses. A transient increase in femoral bed vascular resistance was followed by a decrease in femoral bed vascular resistance sensitive to alpha adrenoceptor antagonism. In contrast to DEDA and DPDA, intravenously administered dopamine increased cardiac output and heart rate while reducing arterial pressure and total peripheral vascular resistance. Femoral artery injections of dopamine resulted in a dose-dependent constrictor response which was antagonized by alpha receptor blockade. These data demonstrate that DEDA and DPDA induce different cardiovascular responses from dopamine.
Parallel Tridiagonal Equation Solvers

Three parallel algorithms were compared for the direct solution of tridiagonal linear systems of equations. The algorithms are suitable for computers such as ILLIAC 4 and CDC STAR. For array computers similar to ILLIAC 4, cyclic odd-even reduction has the least operation count for highly structured sets of equations, and recursive doubling has the least count for relatively unstructured sets of equations. Since the difference in operation counts for these two algorithms is not substantial, their relative running times may be more related to overhead operations, which are not measured in this paper. The third algorithm, based on Buneman's Poisson solver, has more arithmetic operations than the others, and appears to be the least favorable. For pipeline computers similar to CDC STAR, cyclic odd-even reduction appears to be the most preferable algorithm for all cases.
Reciprocal Relationship of Copper and Iron in Blood. Polycythemia Vera

We have already reported the blood iron content of the adult to be an average of 50 mg. per 100 cc. for men and 45 mg. per 100 cc. for women, and the blood copper 0.132 mg. or 132 micrograms per 100 cc. for men and women.1,2 In determining the blood iron and copper in various pathological conditions accompanied by anemia, we observed an inverse relationship between the copper and the iron in the blood. As the blood iron fell, the blood copper rose. Hypercupremia was the usual response to hypoferronemia.1,2We have already reported the blood findings in a white woman, age 60, suffering from polycythemia vera.2 We now report another case which verifies our first findings. The aim of the treatment in vogue in this condition, which is manifested by an increase in the red cell count beyond the normal, is to cut down the number of red cells to the physiological level. In this type of therapy it is often advisable to diminish the red cell count even below the normal in order to postpone the rapid return of the po...
Nitrogen measurement in biological fluids and bone by an automatic Dumas technique.

Abstract The micro-Dumas pyrolysis technique for measurement of nitrogen has been applied to biological materials. Measurement of nitrogen in biological materials with this technique is comparable to the standard macro-Kjeldahl procedure. This technique permits one technician to accurately measure the nitrogen content of more than 20 samples per day. The technique has been applied to the measurement of nitrogen in bone samples and the results obtained are in close agreement with studies previously reported with more tedious analytical methods.
A dynamical model estimating the upper and lower bounds of the infectivity of the HTLV-III/LAV virus for the male bisexual and homosexual population in the absence of preventative measures

A dynamical, random probability model is constructed which describes the HTLV-III/LAV viral epidemic in the male bisexual and homosexual population in major population centers. Among the many results of this model are upper and lower bounds to the infection transmission probability per partner, also known as the infectivity ƒ. We find the extreme limits to ƒ are 0.0245 < ƒ < 0.1197, with the most probable limits being 0.0245 < ƒ < 0.0490.
A look at social support patterns

The issue of how to provide support for patients with a life-threatening illness continues to be a problem for pastors and chaplains. The authors discuss the significance and reasons for looking at the present day social support patterns as an “unnatural” problem. Unless the “unnatural” nature of support in the modern medical setting is understood pastors and chaplains can miss the target on answering the question of how to provide support. The authors conclude the article by addressing this question from the position of reserving the “unnatural” nature of providing support.
Correcting Sample Selection in FARS Data to Estimate Seatbelt Use

In this paper, we use 2006 FARS data to estimate se atbelt use in the United States. We apply a method to correct the FARS data for sample selection bias introduced by Levitt and Porter (2001), as well as discuss the advantage s of using FARS data for seatbelt analysis. Furthermore, based on assumptions of ind ependence for seatbelt choice, we establish a lower and upper bound for seatbelt usag e rates, and that once we correct for sample selection bias, the seatbelt usage estimates from the corrected FARS emerge at least as a comparable alternative to NOPUS estimate s. This implies that researchers can use corrected FARS to complement NOPUS, thus being able to utilize the rich crosssectional details available in FARS data to analyze various relevant research questions.
MILL AND SENIOR ON LONDON'S WATER SUPPLY: AGENCY, INCREASING RETURNS, AND NATURAL MONOPOLY

In recent years, water utilities have received increasing attention. Issues of ownership and market structure have been the focus of academic research, policy debates and grassroots activism. These...
PROGRESS REPORT: MENTAL HEALTH AND THE FISCAL CRISIS: THE PROSPECTS FOR A SOCIALLY CONSCIOUS URBAN GEOGRAPHY

(1987). PROGRESS REPORT: MENTAL HEALTH AND THE FISCAL CRISIS: THE PROSPECTS FOR A SOCIALLY CONSCIOUS URBAN GEOGRAPHY. Urban Geography: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 55-64.
Hand position during writing, cerebral laterality and reading: age and sex differences.

Abstract Recent research suggests that hand position during writing, in conjunction with handedness, indexes the pattern and perhaps the degree of cerebral laterality of an individual. It has also been hypothesized that bilateralization of verbal or visuospatial functions may lead to reading difficulties. Results from 173 school children (ages 6.4–10.3 yr) showed that: (a) hand position during writing was a function of age; (b) girls were closer to the eventual normal position than boys at every age level; and (c) the closer a child was to the normal position, the better the child's reading scores. These results are interpretable in terms of cerebral laterality and/or maturational factors.
Statistical mechanics of multilayer adsorption: electrolyte and water activities in concentrated solutions

Abstract Approximately 33 years after Stokes and Robinson's modification of the Brunauer– Emmett–Teller (BET) adsorption isotherm paved the way for experimental investigations of the water activities and properties of concentrated aqueous electrolytes, Abraham derived an equation giving the activity of a salt on the basis of the same model, but restricted his result to a binary aqueous system consisting of one salt only. Many investigators have used Stokes and Robinson's modification to show good agreement between experimental and calculated water activities even for ternary and quaternary aqueous solutions, if the system is treated as a pseudobinary. However, no previous (theoretical) attempt has been made to go beyond the single salt or pseudobinary restriction of Abraham. In this paper, we categorically prove that there is no fundamental limitation that restricts the BET model to a single electrolyte. We verify the consistency of our results through satisfaction of the Gibbs–Duhem relationships and by showing agreement between the calculated and experimental data of Iyoki on water vapor pressures for {x(2.8LiCl + LiNO3)+(1−x)H2O}, wherex=ωMw/{ωMw+ (1−ω)Ms}; ω denotes the mass fraction of lithium salts; andMwandMsdenote the molar masses of H2O and of (2.8LiCl + LiNO3), respectively. In predicting activities of the components of {x(2.8LiCl + LiNO3)+(1−x)H2O}, no experimental data on this ternary system are utilized. This fact underlies the predictive quality of the theoretical model presented in our paper. By induction, we extend our results to the case of (water + N electrolytes).