cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mining least privilege attribute based access control policies

Creating effective access control policies is a significant challenge to many organizations. Over-privilege increases security risk from compromised credentials, insider threats, and accidental misuse. Under-privilege prevents users from performing their duties. Policies must balance between these competing goals of minimizing under-privilege vs. over-privilege. The Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC) model has been gaining popularity in recent years because of its advantages in granularity, flexibility, and usability. ABAC allows administrators to create policies based on attributes of users, operations, resources, and the environment. However, in practice, it is often very difficult to create effective ABAC policies in terms of minimizing under-privilege and over-privilege especially for large and complex systems because their ABAC privilege spaces are typically gigantic. In this paper, we take a rule mining approach to mine systems' audit logs for automatically generating ABAC policies which minimize both under-privilege and over-privilege. We propose a rule mining algorithm for creating ABAC policies with rules, a policy scoring algorithm for evaluating ABAC policies from the least privilege perspective, and performance optimization methods for dealing with the challenges of large ABAC privilege spaces. Using a large dataset of 4.7 million Amazon Web Service (AWS) audit log events, we demonstrate that our automated approach can effectively generate least privilege ABAC policies, and can generate policies with less over-privilege and under-privilege than a Role Based Access Control (RBAC) approach. Overall, we hope our work can help promote a wider and faster deployment of the ABAC model, and can help unleash the advantages of ABAC to better protect large and complex computing systems.
Management of civilians with penetrating brain injury: A systematic review.

Abstract Purpose There has been a dramatic increase in penetrating gunshot-inflicted civilian penetrating brain injuries (cvPBI). We undertook a systematic review with exclusive focus on the management of cvPBI. Methods We explored: (1) cervical spine immobilization, (2) seizure incidence and prophylaxis, (3) infection incidence and antibiotic prophylaxis, (4) coagulopathy (5) vascular complications, and (6) surgical management. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane (1985–2019). The PRISMA guidelines were followed. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was employed for qualitative assessment; risk of bias was evaluated based upon the RTI item bank. The full protocol was registered to PROSPERO (CRD42019118877). Results The literature is scant, and of overall low quality and high risk of bias. Incidence of c-spine injury with no direct trauma is low; incidence of seizures does not appear to be different from non-penetrating mechanisms; there is no robust data for prophylactic antibiotics; coagulopathy is prevalent and has been independently associated with outcome; there is a high incidence of vascular injuries with traumatic intracranial aneurysms the most common sequelae; neurosurgical decision-making appears largely influenced by operator's assessment of salvageability. Surgery has been associated with decreased mortality. Conclusions Limited amount of published work is clinically meaningful; this systematic review identified key knowledge gaps.
Multi-Marginal Optimal Transport Defines a Generalized Metric.

Optimal transport (OT) is rapidly finding its way into machine learning. Favoring its use are its metric properties. Indeed, many problems admit solution guarantees only for objects embedded in a metric space, and the use of non-metrics can make their solving more difficult. Multi-marginal OT (MMOT) generalizes OT to simultaneously transporting multiple distributions. It captures important relations that are missed if the transport is pairwise. Research on MMOT, however, has been focused on its existence, the uniqueness and structure of transports, applications, practical algorithms, and the choice of cost functions. There is a lack of discussion on the metric properties of MMOT, which critically limits its theoretical and practical use. Here, we prove that MMOT defines a generalized metric. We first explain the difficulty of proving this via two negative results. Afterwards, we prove key intermediate steps and then prove MMOT's metric properties. Finally, we show that the generalized triangle inequality that MMOT satisfies cannot be improved.
Understanding America: Unequal Economic Returns of Years of Schooling in Whites and Blacks

Background: Higher schooling is associated with higher economic wellbeing. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, however, refers to smaller returns of schooling for non-Hispanic Blacks (NHBs) compared to non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). Aim: Using a national sample of American adults, the current study compared NHBs and NHWs for the effects of each incremental increase in the years of schooling (gradient of educational level) among American adults. Methods: Data came from the Understanding America Study (UAS), a national online survey with a nationally representative sample. A total of 5715 adults (18+ years old) were included. From this number, 4,826 (84.4%) were NHWs, and 889 (15.6%) were NHBs. Years of schooling was the independent variable. Economic wellbeing was the main outcome. Age and gender were the covariates. Race was the moderator. Results: Overall, each additional year of schooling was associated with higher economic wellbeing, net of age, and gender. A statistically significant interaction was found between race and years of schooling on the outcome, indicating a smaller boosting effect of any incremental increase in the years of education on the economic wellbeing of NHBs compared to NHWs. Conclusion: In line with MDRs, highly educated Black people experience low economic wellbeing. The MDRs of education on economic wellbeing may be why highly educated, and middle-class Black Americans still report poor health. Policy solutions should address multi-level causes of MDR-related health disparities.
A case report of disseminated herpes simplex hepatitis masquerading as spinal headache.

Hepatitis is a rare complication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) which can lead to acute liver failure, liver transplant, or death. This complication is more commonly seen in neonates, immunocompromi...
Hybrid 3D Package with RDL and Laminate Substrate for Ultra-Thin and High-Bandwidth Applications

In this work, a hybrid 3D package combining a redistribution layer (RDL) and laminate substrate layer for ultra-thin and high-bandwidth mobile applications are discussed and demonstrated. The motivation behind this hybrid 3D package structure was leveraging the advantages of high density RDL layer and advanced laminate substrate layer in one package to optimize package features or performance in bandwidth, package height, assembly manufacturing and package level as well as board level reliability to each specific industry requirement. For demonstration purposes, a $12.5\times 12.5-\text{mm}$ hybrid 3D packages combining a high density RDL and advanced laminate-substrate layer were designed and manufactured. In this demonstration, the $12.5\times 12.5-\text{mm}$ hybrid 3D package showed $395\ \mu \mathrm{m}$ package height including ball grid array (BGA) solder ball height and package warpage of $+64\ \mu \mathrm{m}$ (in crying mode) at 25°C and $-81\ \mu \mathrm{m}$ (in smile mode) at 260°C. The demonstration package passed package level reliability tests including unbiased highly accelerated stress test (uHAST), temperature cycling (TC) test and high temperature storage (HTS) test. The package showed less creep strain energy density (CSED) of the BGA solder balls under board level reliability-temperature cycling conditions than that of the RDL-based 3D package in the finite element model (FEM) simulation to a fully top package and 3D package stacked structure.
African American Representation: Introduction

It is both an honor and a privilege to be the guest editor of this special issue. First, as an alum of Howard University, I have admired the work of the Howard Journal of Communications and its sta...
Minimum-cost bounded-skew clock routing

In this paper, we present a new clock routing algorithm which minimizes total wirelength under any given path-length skew bound. The algorithm constructs a bounded-skew tree (BST) in two steps: (i) a bottom-up phase to construct a binary tree of shortest-distance feasible regions which represent the loci of possible placements of clock entry points, and (ii) a top-down phase to determine the exact locations of clock entry points. Experimental results show that our clock routing algorithm, named BST/DME, can produce a set of routing solutions with skew and wirelength trade-off.
Ultrafast Nonlinear Optical Signals Viewed from the Molecule’s Perspective: Kramers–Heisenberg Transition-Amplitudes versus Susceptibilities

Abstract Coherent nonlinear optical signals are commonly calculated using a semiclassical approach that assumes a quantum system interacting with classical fields. Compact expressions for the signals are then derived in terms of nonlinear susceptibilities. We present an alternative approach based on a quantum description of both matter and field. The signals are further recast in terms of transition amplitudes, which provide a clearer picture for the underlying molecular processes and may be intuitively represented by closed-time-path-loop diagrams. Unlike the semiclassical approach that treats the signal mode macroscopically using Maxwell’s equations, the present formalism allows for a fully microscopic calculation of the entire process. For example, n + 1 wave mixing appears as a concerted n + 1 photon event and all n + 1 field modes (including the signal) are treated on the same footing. Resonant contributions to nonlinear optical signals that carry useful molecule-specific information are recast as the modulus square of transition amplitudes and are clearly separated from the parametric background. Purely dissipative signals that can be measured using a collinear beam geometry and manipulated by pulse shaping techniques are proposed. The approach is demonstrated by applications to the stimulated Raman and the two-photon absorption components of pump–probe, and to coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy.
Segmentation of liver tumor using efficient global optimal tree metrics graph cuts

We propose a novel approach that applies global optimal tree-metrics graph cuts algorithm on multi-phase contrast enhanced contrast enhanced MRI for liver tumor segmentation. To address the difficulties caused by low contrasted boundaries and high variability in liver tumor segmentation, we first extract a set of features in multi-phase contrast enhanced MRI data and use color-space mapping to reveal spatial-temporal information invisible in MRI intensity images. Then we apply efficient tree-metrics graph cut algorithm on multi-phase contrast enhanced MRI data to obtain global optimal labeling in an unsupervised framework. Finally we use tree-pruning method to reduce the number of available labels for liver tumor segmentation. Experiments on real-world clinical data show encouraging results. This approach can be applied to various medical imaging modalities and organs.
A Review of: “HPCL Methods for Recently Approved Pharmaceuticals”

This text is a well organized and much-needed continuation of HPLC Methods for Pharmaceutical Analysis published in four volumes from 1997 to 2000. I purchased the previous volumes and can attest t...
Reevaluating access and preservation through secondary repositories: needs, promises, and challenges

Digital access and preservation questions for cultural heritage institutions have focused primarily on primary repositories — that is, around collections of discrete digital objects and associated metadata. Much of the promise of the information age, however, lies in the ability to reuse, repurpose, combine and build complex digital objects[1-3]. Repositories need both to preserve and make accessible primary digital objects, and facilitate their use in a myriad of ways. Following the lead of other annotation projects, we argue for the development of secondary repositories where users can compose structured collections of complex digital objects. These complex digital objects point back to the primary digital objects from which they are produced (usually with URIs) and augment these pointers with user-generated annotations and metadata. This paper examines how this layered approach to user generated metadata can enable research communities to move forward into more complex questions surrounding digital archiving and preservation, addressing not only the fundamental challenges of preserving individual digital objects long term, but also the access and usability challenges faced by key stakeholders in primary digital repository collections—scholars, educators, and students. Specifically, this project will examine the role that secondary repositories can play in the preservation and access of digital historical and cultural heritage materials with particular emphasis on streaming media.
Detection of [O I] λ6300 Emission from the Diffuse Interstellar Medium

The Wisconsin H? Mapper facility was used to obtain spectra of [O I] ?6300 in three directions that sample the warm ionized component of the interstellar medium at the Galactic midplane and at z-300 pc. Weak interstellar [O I] emission was clearly detected toward all three directions, with [O I] ?6300/H? intensity ratios for individual radial velocity components that range from less than 0.01 to approximately 0.04. According to photoionization models of the warm ionized medium, these [O I]/H? ratios suggest that most of the H? originates from density-bounded, nearly fully ionized regions along the lines of sight rather than from partially ionized H I clouds or layers of H II on the surfaces of H I clouds.
You Can't Win

Charles Francis Adams, JR., one of my favorite characters, preserved with youthful pride the reactions by letter to one of his earliest essays for the Atlantic. One, from an unidentifiable correspondent in Cambridge, expressed a considerable degree of disenchantment with the author's effort.
Early and delayed preconditioning : differential mechanisms and additive protection

The purposes of this study were to determine whether 1) 24-h endotoxin (ETX) pretreatment induces delayed ("second window") myocardial protection against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), 2) acute adenosine (Ado) or phenylephrine (PE) pretreatment confers similar protection, 3) the mechanisms of Ado- and PE-induced early protection remain intact after endotoxemia, 4) Ado- and PE-induced protection may combine with ETX-induced delayed protection to optimize cardiac protection, and 5) these strategies of early and/or delayed myocardial protection require de novo protein synthesis. Rats (n = 6-8/group) were treated with ETX (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle, with or without prior inhibition of protein synthesis. Twenty-four hours later, the hearts were isolated, perfused, and acutely pretreated with Ado or PE before I/R (20-min ischemia and 40-min reperfusion). Developed pressure, coronary flow, compliance (end-diastolic pressure), and reperfusion creatine kinase leak were measured. Results indicated that 1) Ado, PE, and ETX independently induced myocardial functional protection; 2) either Ado or PE acutely enhanced ETX induced protection; and 3) cycloheximide abolished delayed, but not acute, protection. We conclude that early and delayed forms of protection 1) may be combined to optimize protection and 2) differentially rely on de novo protein synthesis.
The effect of sex steroids on insulin binding by target tissues in the rat.

Abstract The effect of estradiol, progesterone and norgestrel on serum insulin and glucose levels and on insulin binding to adipocytes, hepatocytes and diaphragm muscle cell membranes has been evaluated in castrated male rats. Estradiol administration (5 μ g/day × 6) significantly increased basal plasma insulin levels and the amount of insulin bound to fat and liver cells as well as muscle cell membranes. Progesterone treatment (5 mg/day × 6) caused a slight increase of basal insulin levels and a decrease of insulin binding to fat cells. Norgestrel treatment (5 mg/day × 6) decreased both insulin levels and the amount of insulin bound to adipocytes; a much lower dose of norgestrel, 6 μ g/day × 7, also caused a decline in adipocyte insulin binding due to an apparent increase in the dissociation constant of the high affinity binding sites. These studies demonstrate that ovarian sex steroids have a significant effect on insulin binding to target cells. This animal model would assist in determining the mechanisms involved in changes of carbohydrate metabolism which occur during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, the menopausal state and with the use of oral contraceptives.
Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology, and aggression in male juvenile offenders.

Juvenile offenders have a high prevalence of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, as well as aggressive behavior. However, relationships between exposure to different specific types of traumatic events, PTSD symptoms, and aggression have not been systematically investigated. Subgroups of male juvenile offenders were identified based on their self-reported exposure to different types of traumatic events. Male juvenile offenders who endorsed multiple types of trauma exposure or traumatic exposure involving violence endorsed higher levels of PTSD symptomatology but not self-reported aggression. In addition, meeting the DSM-IV PTSD diagnosis Criterion A for traumatic exposure was associated with more severe emotional and behavioral problems in the youth who were exposed to community violence. Implications for theory and research on violent trauma and polyvictimization, and the use of self-report trauma history and PTSD measures for screening, with youth involved in the juvenile justice system, are discussed.
A tale of two vacancies

In this paper we have applied first-principle density-functional theory to calculate some of the interesting roles played by vacancies in material properties, such as magnetic properties and complex formation. We use as examples our recent results on vacancies in group III-V semiconductors like GaN and II-VI semiconductor like CdTe.
The development of sustained visual attention in infants from 14 to 26 weeks of age.

The development of sustained visual attention was examined in infants cross-sectionally at 14, 20, and 26 weeks of age. Heart rate, heart rate variability, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were measured in a 5-min baseline period. Two methods for measuring visual attention were used. The “infant control” method consisted of checkerboard presentations which were terminated when the infant looked away from them. The “interrupted stimulus” method consisted of a blinking panel in addition to the checkerboard patterns in order to attempt to actively terminate the fixation. The visual and cardiac responses during the interrupted stimulus method were more highly correlated with baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia than were the responses during the infant control trials. The long latency heart rate responses during the interrupted stimulus trials showed a developmental change toward more mature response patterns from 14 to 26 weeks of age. It may be concluded that: 1) sustained attention, measured with the interrupted stimulus method, increases from 14 to 26 weeks of age; and 2) baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia is correlated with sustained attention responses and their development.
ISEE observations of low frequency waves and ion distribution function evolution in the plasma sheet boundary layer

This paper describes ISEE plasma and magnetic fluctuation observations during two crossings of the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) in the earth's magnetotail. Distribution function observations show that the counterstreaming ion components undergo pitch-angle scattering and evolve into a shell distribution in velocity space. This evolution is correlated with the development of low frequency, low amplitude magnetic fluctuations. However, the measured wave amplitudes are insufficient to accomplish the observed degree of ion pitch-angle scatttering locally; the near-earth distributions may be the result of processes occurring much farther down the magnetotail. Results show a clear correlation between the ion component beta and the relative streaming speed of the two components, suggesting that electromagnetic ion/ion instabilities do play an important role in the scattering of PSBL ions.
Characterizing surface roughness from pressure-joint closure using an inversion procedure

An inversion procedure is formulated based on the modification of the theory proposed by Brown and Scholz (1985) and has been successfully tested with synthetic and laboratory data. The inversion finds average height , standard deviation σ, and average aperture. These three parameters characterize the surface roughness and aperture of a fracture. The inversion results agree with the profile measurements quite well.
Third-generation electrokinetically pumped sheath-flow nanospray interface with improved stability and sensitivity for automated capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry analysis of complex proteome digests.

We have reported a set of electrokinetically pumped sheath flow nanoelectrospray interfaces to couple capillary zone electrophoresis with mass spectrometry. A separation capillary is threaded through a cross into a glass emitter. A side arm provides fluidic contact with a sheath buffer reservoir that is connected to a power supply. The potential applied to the sheath buffer drives electro-osmosis in the emitter to pump the sheath fluid at nanoliter per minute rates. Our first-generation interface placed a flat-tipped capillary in the emitter. Sensitivity was inversely related to orifice size and to the distance from the capillary tip to the emitter orifice. A second-generation interface used a capillary with an etched tip that allowed the capillary exit to approach within a few hundred micrometers of the emitter orifice, resulting in a significant increase in sensitivity. In both the first- and second-generation interfaces, the emitter diameter was typically 8 μm; these narrow orifices were susceptible to...
Multilayer-coated blazed grating with variable line spacing and a variable blaze angle

The blazing ability of multilayer-coated blazed gratings (MBGs) was systematically investigated via numerical calculation of the diffraction efficiency with a rigorous electromagnetic simulation code. It was found that the blazing condition is not exact and allows significant deviation from the ideal situation for ultra-dense MBGs. A mismatch of the interfaces of the multilayer (ML) stacks of adjacent grooves results in a modified effective blaze angle, which gives the opportunity to control and tune precisely the blaze angle via a proper choice of ML d-spacing. Also this allows a new kind of x-ray gratings that have a variable line spacing (VLS) as well as a variable blaze angle. Precise adjustment of a local blaze angle of a VLS MBG can be achieved with a laterally graded ML, providing very high diffraction efficiency for the whole area of the grating.
The Perfect Storm: Obesity, Adipocyte Dysfunction, and Metabolic Consequences

Background: As the prevalence of adiposity soars in both developed and developing nations, appreciation of the close links between obesity and disease increases. The strong relationships between excess adipose tissue and poor health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer, mandate elucidation of the complex cellular, hormonal, and molecular pathophysiology whereby adiposity initiates and maintains adverse health effects. Content: In this report we review adipocyte metabolism and function in the context of energy imbalance and postprandial nutrient excess, including adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, adipocyte dysfunction, and other systemic consequences. We also discuss implications for laboratory evaluation and clinical care, including the role of lifestyle modifications. Chronic energy imbalance produces adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These processes lead to increased intracellular and systemic release of adipokines, free fatty acids, and inflammatory mediators that cause adipocyte dysfunction and induce adverse effects in the liver, pancreatic β-cells, and skeletal muscle as well as the heart and vascular beds. Several specialized laboratory tests can quantify these processes and predict clinical risk, but translation to the clinical setting is premature. Current and future pharmacologic interventions may target these pathways; modest changes in diet, physical activity, weight, and smoking are likely to have the greatest impact. Summary: Adipocyte endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress, and associated changes in circulating adipokines, free fatty acids, and inflammatory mediators, are central to adverse health effects of adiposity. Future investigation should focus on these pathways and on reversing the adverse lifestyle behaviors that are the fundamental causes of adiposity.
Bruising and Physical Child Abuse

Bruising is one of the earliest, most common, and easily recognizable signs of physical child abuse and can signal escalating interpersonal violence within a household. Early detection of abuse through recognition of bruising coupled with appropriate intervention may help to prevent future and potentially more severe physical assaults. This article provides an overview of precise terminology and definitions, contusion pathology, development and appearance of bruises, characteristics of bruises suspicious for abuse, photographic documentation, techniques to help visualize bruising, conditions that may be confused with abusive bruising, and the difficulties encountered when attempting to estimate the age of bruises.
Using protein-based motifs to stabilize peptides.

: While the use of synthetically derived novel inhibitor peptides as a source of new therapeutics for medicine remains incredibly promising, there is a major problem with implementing this technology, as many synthetic peptides have proven to be unstable and are degraded by peptidases in the host cell. In this study, we have investigated methods by which peptides can be stabilized using protein-based motifs in order to prevent the action of peptidases. Using an in vivo approach our laboratory developed to screen for synthetic peptides which can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, we found that protecting the amino or carboxyl terminus of the peptides via fusion to the very stable Rop protein, or the incorporation of two proline residues, increased the frequency at which potent inhibitor peptides could be isolated. Using an in vitro degradation assay in which extracts from several different cell types were tested, we demonstrated that peptides stabilized with multiple proline residues were more resistant to degradation than peptides stabilized by amidation or acetylation, two approaches that are routinely utilized to improve the stability of peptide drugs.
Analysis of genetic polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor-β1 gene and the risk of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disease involving several genetic and environmental components. Genetic studies have yet to identify all the genes involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a candidate gene for AD. It is a multifunctional cytokine whose overexpression has been shown to promote the deposition of amyloid-β peptide. The goal of this study was to investigate the association of three polymorphisms in TGF-β1 with the risk of AD. Two of the polymorphisms are located in the 5' region at positions –800 (G→A) and –509 (C→T), and the third is in exon 5 at codon 263 (Thr→Ile). We screened DNA samples from 428 sporadic, late-onset patients and 421 controls by PCR-based assays. There was no statistically significant difference in genotype or allele frequency distributions between cases and controls for the –800 or codon 263 polymorphisms (P=0.38 and P=0.60, respectively). The overall genotype distribution at the –509 site was significantly different between cases and controls. (P=0.017). The frequency of the –509/TT genotype was significantly higher in AD patients than controls (P=0.015). We further tested whether this polymorphism may alter the regulation of the TGF-β1 gene using dual luciferase reporter assay. We subcloned the 5' flanking region, which contained the –509 C/T polymorphic sites, in front of the firefly luciferase reporter gene in pGL-3 basic vector and co-transfected with the pRL-CMV vector containing Renilla luciferase gene as a control for transfection efficiency in COS-1 cells. The activity of each promoter allele was directly measured by the ratio of firefly luciferase activity to Renilla luciferase activity. The –509 T allele was associated with marginally higher transcriptional activity of TGF-β compared with the –509 C allele (P=0.051). These data suggest that the –509 polymorphism of TGF-β1 may be modestly associated with the risk of AD. However, these data should be interpreted with caution as the differences associated with the –509 alleles in both the genetic association and the transfection studies were modest.
Transport models for chemotactic cell populations based on individual cell behavior

A simple, generalized transport equation for the migration of chemotactic cell populations is derived from a probabilistic model in one spatial dimension. This general equation is then made specific for the cases of flagellar bacteria and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, based on quantitative information concerning chemosensory movement behavior of individual cells of these types. The resulting specialized equations allow a priori estimation of the polulation transport coefficients (μ, the random motility coefficient, and x, the chemotaxis coefficient) in terms of individual cell movement properties (such as speed, directional persistence time, and directional orientation bias). Thus, our model permits cell population migration to be related quantitatively to individual cell behavior. Examples of application of our models to experimental data are provided. Despite the simplifying approximations involved in our derivations, especially in the extrapolation to higher spatial dimensions, the models demonstrate a satisfactory and very useful ability to quantitatively interpret population assays for bacterial and leukocyte chemotactic migration.
Septic complications after restorative proctocolectomy do not impair functional outcome: long-term follow-up from a specialty center.

Purpose After restorative proctocolectomy, 7 to 8 percent of patients may have a pouch leak. Concern exists that pouch leak may be associated with impaired functional outcome. We evaluated patients who underwent restorative proctocolectomy to determine whether pouch leak adversely affected long-term functional outcome and quality of life.
A nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of tetraselenafulvalene partially oriented in a nematic liquid crystal

Abstract The molecular structure of tetraselenafulvalene (TSeF) dissolved in a nematic crystal solvent is determined from the PMR spectra including 77 Se satellites. The molecule is found to be either puckered in a boat form or possessing a broad potential function for the in-phase puckering motion. The dihedral angle between the SeHCCHSe and Se 2 CCSe 2 plane is 15.5 ± 0.6°. The structure is in good agreement with that of the dimerized TSeF in the solid state. Some 77 Se indirect coupling constants are also determined.
p-Chlorophenylalanine and fluoxetine inhibit d-fenfluramine-induced Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus, cingulate cortex and frontal cortex but not in other forebrain and brainstem regions

Abstract d -Fenfluramine, a putative serotonin releaser and reuptake inhibitor, is commonly prescribed for the treatment of obesity. Brain sites activated by d -fenfluramine have been mapped via the expression of the immediate early gene Fos. However, it is not clear that serotonin release in the brain mediates the effects of d -fenfluramine on Fos expression. The present study determined whether d -fenfluramine induces the expression of Fos in the brain through the release of serotonin. Rats were pretreated either with the serotonin depleting drug p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) or with the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Both drugs inhibited d -fenfluramine-induced Fos expression in the cingulate cortex, frontal cortex, and the parvocellular subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Neither drug reduced d -fenfluramine-induced Fos responses in several other brain areas, including the caudate–putamen, amygdala, and brainstem regions such as the lateral parabrachial nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract. These results indicate regional specificity of mechanisms mediating d -fenfluramine-induced Fos expression. It is likely that d -fenfluramine-induced Fos expression at various sites in the brain is mediated via a combination of serotonin release and other, as yet unidentified, neurotransmitters.
Faith Tabernacle Congregation and the Emergence of Pentecostalism in Colonial Nigeria, 1910s-1941

Abstract Faith Tabernacle literature first spread into the Christian community in Lagos from Western Ghana in the 1910s. By at least 1917 Faith Tabernacle literature was being read in Lagos, and the first formal branch was established in Lagos in 1920. During the early 1920s Faith Tabernacle literature was being spread throughout Nigeria as Faith Tabernacle members traveled across the colony as labor migrants, leading to the rapid spread of the church, particularly in the major cities. By early 1929 Faith Tabernacle had established 61 branches in Nigeria with over 1,200 members. However, due to the schisms of 1925 and 1929, many Faith Tabernacle leaders, members, communicants, and entire congregations left the church to establish the first Pentecostal denominations in Nigeria, which were the Apostolic Faith (1928), the Apostolic Church (1931), the Assemblies of God (1939), and the Christ Apostolic Church (1941).
Petrography of refractory inclusions in CM2.6 QUE 97990 and the origin of melilite-free spinel inclusions in CM chondrites

Queen Alexandra Range (QUE) 97990 (CM2.6) is among the least-altered CM chondrites known. It contains 1.8 vol% refractory inclusions; 40 were studied from a single thin section. Inclusion varieties include simple, banded and nodular structures as well as simple and complex distended objects. The inclusions range in mean size from 30 to 530 μm and average 130 ± 90 μm. Many inclusions contain 25 ± 15 vol% phyllosilicate (predominantly Mg-Fe serpentine); several contain small grains of perovskite. In addition to phyllosilicate, the most abundant inclusions in QUE 97990 consist mainly of spinel-pyroxene (35%), followed by spinel (20%), spinel-pyroxene-olivine (18%), pyroxene (12%), pyroxene-olivine (8%) and hibonite ± spinel (8%). Four pyroxene phases occur: diopside, Al-rich diopside (with ≥8.0 wt% Al2O3), Al-Ti diopside (i.e., fassaite), and (in two inclusions) enstatite. No inclusions contain melilite. Aqueous alteration of refractory inclusions transforms some phases (particularly melilite) into phyllosilicate; some inclusions broke apart during alteration. Melilite-free, phyllosilicate-bearing, spinel inclusions probably formed from pristine, phyllosilicate-free inclusions containing both melilite and spinel. Sixty-five percent of the refractory inclusions in QUE 97990 appear to be largely intact; the major exception is the group of spinel inclusions, all of which are fragments. Whereas QUE 97990 contains about 50 largely intact refractory inclusions/cm2, estimates from literature data imply that more-altered CM chondrites have lower modal abundances (and lower number densities) of refractory inclusions: Mighei (CM ~ 2.3) contains roughly 0.3-0.6 vol% inclusions (~10 largely intact inclusions/cm2); Cold Bokkeveld (CM2.2) contains ~0.01 vol% inclusions (on the order of 6 largely intact inclusions/cm^2).
Uremic serum effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cell and purified T lymphocyte responses

Uremic serum effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and purified T lymphocyte responses. We have studied the effects of uremic serum on the activation state and function of normal lymphocytes in vitro, by examining both accessory cell-dependent and accessory cell-independent responses. Uremic serum was obtained from patients on conservative treatment and from the same patients after they have undergone six months of maintenance hemodialysis. Uremic serum inhibited the proliferative responses to mitogens and to recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) of both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and purified T cell populations. However, the responsiveness to IL-2 of pre-formed lymphoblasts, obtained from both PBMC and purified T cells, in the presence of uremic serum was similar to that obtained in the presence of normal serum, or was even enhanced. Uremic serum did not affect the cellular IL-2 receptor α (IL-2R) generation though it inhibited significantly the release of soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and the production of IL-2 after mitogenic stimulation. Uremic serum from patients after six months of hemodialysis enhanced, but did not completely restore, proliferative responses and IL-2 production by control PBMC. Neither IL-1 nor IL-2R, which are present at elevated concentrations in uremic serum, appeared to be responsible for serum effects on in vitro responses of control lymphocytes. In conclusion, our results indicate that uremic serum affects both accessory cell-mediated and accessory cell-independent normal T cell responses. Uremic serum inhibition of T cell proliferation is associated with down-regulation of IL-2 synthesis by lymphocytes and the induction of an abnormal state of activation of lymphoblasts which is further enhanced following chronic hemodialysis.
An Explanation for the Effects of Hold Periods on the Elevated Temperature Fatigue Behavior of 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo Steel

An analysis of previously reported elevated-temperature fatigue with hold time data supplemented by a metallographic examination of the 2/one quarter/ Cr-1Mo alloy steel specimens is reported. The tests were conducted in air over the temperature range of 427 to 593/degree/C. Hold periods were introduced at various points of the hysteresis loop during each cycle. 25 refs.
Modifiers in Metaphors: Effects of Constituent Phrase Similarity on the Interpretation of Figurative Sentences.

Previous research has shown that the ease of metaphor interpretation and judgments of metaphor goodness are correlated with the degree of similarity between the two nouns linked in a metaphor. This study was designed to investigate the effects of adding adjective modifiers to the nouns constituting metaphorical sentences. Four types of associative relationships, between adjectives and nouns were defined. It was found that different patterns of adjective modification influenced constituent phrase similarity (e.g., the ADJECTIVE-NOUNA is an ADJECTIVE-NOUNB), and such differences were consistent with changes in metaphor goodness and interpretability. However, the intercorrelations among these variables were a function of the level of similarity between unmodified constituent nouns. With initially similar constituent nouns, the three variables were about equally intercorrelated. With initially dissimilar constituent nouns, constituent phrase similarity and metaphor goodness were highly correlated, but interpretability was not predictable from a linear model. Results are discussed in terms of a cognitive-feature model of association and metaphor processing.
Ligand-receptor interaction rates in the presence of convective mass transport

The rate of binding of a ligand to receptors on the cell surface can be diffusion limited. We analyze the kinetics of binding, diffusion-limited in a stationary liquid, in the presence of convective mass transport. We derive a formula that expresses the reaction kinetics in terms of the mass transfer coefficient. A moderately transport-limited kinetics is not readily recognizable from the shape of the binding curve and may lead to erroneous estimates of the rate coefficients. We apply our results to practically important cases: a cell suspension in a stirred volume of liquid and a confluent cell colony under a laminar stream. Using typical numbers characterizing the ligand-receptor interactions, we show that stirring and perfusion can be important factors determining the reaction rates. With the confluent colony, the early reaction kinetics requires a different treatment, and we provide it for the case of low receptor occupancy. We show that, even with a fast perfusion, a cell monolayer can transiently generate a zone of depletion of the ligand, and that would affect the early stages of the reaction. Our results are expressed in a simple analytical form and can be used for the design and interpretation of experimental data.
Cigarette smoke adversely affects functions and cell membrane integrity in c-kit+ cardiac stem cells

Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for numerous diseases including cardiovascular diseases. Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) leads to increased cardiovascular risk, myocardial injury, and mortality. Stem cell therapy is one of the promising therapeutic options available to treat myocardial injuries. Understanding the impact of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on stem cell function would be valuable in determining the risk passed on during transplant. In this study, the impact of CSE on cardiac stem cell (CSC) functions was investigated using c-kit+ rat cardiac stem cells as the experimental model. Here, we hypothesized that CSE attenuates CSC membrane integrity, causes cytotoxicity, and affects many CSC functions via multiple mechanisms including modulation of extracellular stress-regulated kinase (ERK) (44/42) signaling and oxidative stress. The effects of CSE on CSCs were examined in vitro. Based on a published method, CSE was prepared. CSE-induced ERK signaling was detected by western blotting. CSE-induced modulation of catalase activity was also measured. Functional modulations due to CSE were examined via several methods including Apostain, BrdU, and LDH assays. In agreement with the CSE-induced activation of ERK, CSE-induced reduction in viability, migration, and increase in both cytotoxicity and para-cellular permeability were observed in CSCs. These results suggest that CSE impaired CSC responses that contribute to decreased ability of CSC to respond to stress or injury leading to exacerbation of the damage. Our findings will contribute to the understanding of the discipline and might contribute to the development of stem cell therapy approaches in the future.
Physicochemical Properties of Starch in Extruded Rice Flours

ABSTRACT The effects of extruding temperatures and subsequent drying conditions on X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of long grain (LG) and short grain (SG) rice flours were investigated. The rice flours were extruded in a twin-screw extruder at 70–120°C and 22% moisture, and either dried at room temperature, transferred to 4°C for 60 hr, or frozen and then dried at room temperature until the moisture was 10–11%. The dried materials were milled without the temperature increasing above 32°C. XRD studies were conducted on pellets made from extruded and milled flours with particle sizes of 149–248 μm; DSC studies were conducted from the same material. DSC studies showed that frozen materials retrograded more than the flours dried at room temperature. The LG and SG samples had two distinct XRD patterns. The LG gradually lost its A pattern at >100°C, while acquiring V patterns at higher temperatures. SG gradually lost its A pattern at 100°C but stayed amorphous at the...
Aging-related concerns and body image: possible future implications for eating disorders.

We observed a direct correlation between aging-related concerns about the appearance and Drive for Thinness (Eating Disorders Inventory [EDI]), among males (n = 71) (Pearson r =.36, p <.01) and females (n = 102) (Pearson r =.44, p <.01) from a nonclinical sample of shoppers. Among the women there was a direct correlation between the belief that weight loss is associated with youthful looks and both Drive for Thinness (EDI) (Pearson r =.44, p <.01) and Body Dissatisfaction (EDI) (Pearson r =.27, p <.01). Concerns about the cutaneous stigmata of aging, a commonly recognized sign that a person is older, correlated directly with Drive for Thinness (Pearson r =.27, p <.01) and Body Dissatisfaction (Pearson r =.38, p <.01) among the women. These correlations were all obtained after statistically controlling for the effects of age and body mass index. Our empirical observations may have important future implications in the development of eating disorders, as our society continues to place an inordinate value on youthful looks. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Singularity solutions for ellipsoids in low-Reynolds-number flows: With applications to the calculation of hydrodynamic interactions in suspensions of ellipsoids

Abstract The disturbance velocity fields due to translational and rotational motions of an ellipsoid in a uniform stream. constant vorticity and constant rate-of-strain. required in fundamental studies of behavior of suspensions. have been obtained by the singularity method. These solutions extend earlier solutions for prolate spheroids. Although equivalent solutions problems were obtained by Oberbeck. Edwardes and Jeffery by separation of variables in ellipsoidal coordinates. the singularity solutions are far more simple in form. Other significant results obtained by the singularity method include the exposition of the unified structure shared by the three boundary value problems and the construction of new forms of the Faxen laws for ellipsoids through application of the reciprocal theorem. The disturbance solutions and Faxen laws. the basis for Smoluchowski's method-of-reflections technique. are used to calculate hydrodynamic interactions between two or more arbitrarily oriented ellipsoids. In particular. mobility problems are solved directly to orderR−5. whereR is the centroid-to-centroid separation between the ellipsoids.
Dynamic Enzymatic Resolution of Thioesters

A detailed investigation of several issues related to the enzymatic resolution of thioesters under conditions of continuous racemization of substrate was conducted. The kinetic acidity of the α-protons of a series of α-substituted propionate thioesters was studied. It was found that the rate of α-proton exchange could be enhanced as much as 20-fold by variation of the thiol moiety, increasing the range of compounds to which enzymatic dynamic resolution may be applied. The relative rates of hydrolysis of ethyl butyrate and ethyl thiobutyrate by several enzymes commonly used in enzymatic resolution were determined. All of the enzymes studied exhibited similar rates of thioester and oxoester hydrolysis except for the esterase from pig liver, which showed very low activity in thioester hydrolysis. Dynamic resolution of the propargyl and trifluoroethyl thioesters of α-phenylpropionate was conducted using subtilisin Carlsberg as a catalyst. These examples demonstrated that enzymatic dynamic resolution can be ap...
Evolution of type C viral genes: evidence for an Asian origin of man.

Old World monkeys and apes, including man, possess, as a normal component of their cellular DNA, gene sequences (virogenes) related to the RNA of a vims isolated from baboons. A comparison of the viral gene sequences and the other cellular sequences distinguishes those Old World monkeys and apes that have evolved in Africa from those that have evolved in Asia. Among the apes, only gorilla and chimpanzee seem by these criteria to be African, whereas gibbon, orang-utan and man are identified as Asian, leading us to conclude that most of man's evolution has occurred outside Africa.