cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of zero-valent iron reductive transformation of the anthraquinone dye Reactive Blue 4.

Abstract The effect of operational conditions and initial dye concentration on the reductive transformation (decolorization) of the textile dye Reactive Blue 4 (RB4) using zero-valent iron (ZVI) filings was evaluated in batch assays. The decolorization rate increased with decreasing pH and increasing temperature, mixing intensity, and addition of salt (100 g L−1 NaCl) and base (3 g L−1 Na2CO3 and 1 g L−1 NaOH), conditions typical of textile reactive dyebaths. ZVI RB4 decolorization kinetics at a single initial dye concentration were evaluated using a pseudo first-order model. Under dyebath conditions and at an initial RB4 concentration of 1000 mg L−1, the pseudo first-order rate constant (kobs) was 0.029 ± 0.006 h−1, corresponding to a half-life of 24.2 h and a ZVI surface area-normalized rate constant (kSA) of 2.9 × 10−4 L m−2 h−1. However, as the initial dye concentration increased, the kobs decreased, suggesting saturation of ZVI surface reactive sites. Non-linear regression of initial decolorization rate values as a function of initial dye concentration, based on a reactive sites saturation model, resulted in a maximum decolorization rate (Vm) of 720 ± 88 mg L−1 h−1 and a half-saturation constant (K) of 1299 ± 273 mg L−1. Decolorization of RB4 via a reductive transformation, which was essentially irreversible (2–5% re-oxidation), is believed to be the dominant decolorization mechanism. However, some degree of RB4 irreversible sorption cannot be completely discounted. The results of this study show that ZVI treatment is a promising technology for the decolorization of commercial, anthraquinone-bearing, spent reactive dyebaths.
3′ end formation of U1 snRNA precursors is coupled to transcription from snRNA promoters

Promoters of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes are partly responsible for 3' end formation of snRNA precursors. In injected X. laevis oocytes, substitution of an mRNA promoter (HSV tk) for the snRNA promoter significantly reduces the utilization of a conserved snRNA 3' end signal and permits recognition of a downstream polyadenylation site. Neither the U1 enhancer nor the U1 coding region is essential for recognition of the snRNA 3' end signal. Deletion of the U1 3' end signal from genes with a U1 promoter results in utilization of "cryptic" signals resembling the consensus sequence. However, these snRNA gene-promoted transcripts are not polyadenylated, in spite of the functional polyadenylation signal they contain. Thus, the ability to recognize 3' end signals is determined during initiation, presumably by interaction of transcription complexes with specific processing or termination factors.
High-spectral-resolution x-ray measurements of solar flares and gama ray bursts on two new small satellites

Two new small satellites will be launched in late 1996, each carrying x-ray and gamma-ray detectors capable of high spectral resolution while operating at or near room temperature. The Argentinean Satellite de Aplicaciones Cientificas B (SAC-B) and the Small Spacecraft Technology Institute Clark mission will each carry several arrays of x- ray detectors primarily to study solar flares and gamma ray bursts. Arrays of small (8 mm X 8 mm X 2 mm thick) cadmium zinc telluride detectors will provide x-ray measurements in the 5 - 60 keV range with an energy resolution of 2 - 4 keV. Arrays of both silicon avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and P-intrinsic-N photodiodes will provide energy coverage from 2 to 20 keV with approximately 1 keV resolution. High energy data from 30 to 300 keV will be obtained on SAC-B using CsI(TI) scintillators coupled to silicon APDs, resulting in significant savings in weight, power, and volume relative to conventional CsI- photomultiplier systems.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Screening for conditions that do not meet the Wilson and Jungner criteria: The case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

In this manuscript, I examine four overlapping policy and ethical issues regarding screening newborns (and infants) for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). First, what are the risks and benefits of expanding newborn screening (NBS) to include DMD? Second, if NBS were to expand to include DMD, should it require informed consent? Third, should NBS for DMD be limited to boys? Why or why not? Fourth, when is the ideal timing for screening (prenatal, newborn, or later in infancy) and what factors influence this determination? I argue that decisions about when, how, and whom to test reflect a tension between maximizing uptake and diagnosis versus maximizing autonomy and choice with respect to genetic information. I conclude that screening for DMD is a valid moral option, but not as part of the mandatory NBS population program. Rather, I propose that screening for DMD should be offered only on a voluntary basis beyond the newborn period. I support offering this screening to families of young boys and girls to ensure that all children and their families can benefit from early diagnosis and its reproductive implications. A rigorous consent process will be necessary to ensure that the decision whether or not to test is a voluntary and informed choice. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and ischemia-reperfusion injury

Mitochondrial dysfunction is an underlying cause of ischemia-reperfusion injury. In particular, ischemic injury induces dramatic increases in mitochondrial permeability, thereby instigating a chain of events that leads to both apoptotic and necrotic cardiomyocyte death. The mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore, a large, non-specific channel that spans the inner mitochondrial membrane, is known to mediate the lethal permeability changes that initiate mitochondrial-driven cardiomyocyte death. The purpose of this review is to focus on the role of the MPT pore in ischemia-reperfusion injury, the mechanisms involved, and, in particular, what we do and do not know regarding the pore’s molecular composition.
Effects of Telephone Canvassing on Turnout and Preferences: A Field Experiment

IN DECIDING how to allocate campaign resources, strategists have remarkably little scholarly research available on the effects of particular kinds of campaign activities. The large volume of electionrelated research includes few attempts to isolate and examine the impact of specific tactics. As grass-roots party organizations atrophy, efforts to get out the vote are increasingly conducted over the telephone, rather than house-to-house, and are often run by paid workers rather than by volunteers. Despite the large sums of money invested in these telephone operations, clear tests of their effectiveness have not been published. Instead, most research in this area concerns the effects of party activity, broadly construed, on elections in the 1950s (Eldersveld, 1956; Wolfinger, 1963; Crotty, 1971). Aside from Eldersveld's finding that personal contact was somewhat more effective than letters in increasing turnout, the effects of particular tactics were not examined. One study that did specifically address the impact of door-to-door canvassing was that of Gerald Kramer (1970-71). Using 1952 through 1964 SRC election surveys and controlling for a variety of sociodemographic characteristics, Kramer used maximum-likelihood methods to estimate the consequences of such canvassing.' Aside
A Single-Phase Self-Oscillating Thyristor Inverter

A single-phase self-oscillating square-wave inverter using silicon controlled rectifiers, which can operate at any load power factor is described. The inverter can operate either in a fixed-frequency fixed- voltage mode or with a variable-frequency variable-voltage mode within the commutation capability, where the frequency to voltage ratio remains constant. The circuit has higher power handling capability compared to a similar type transistor inverter. A basic center-tapped circuit has been designed and tested and shows promising performance.
Whence tit-for-tat?

In theoretical and empirical studies of the evolution of cooperation, the tit-for-tat strategy (i.e. cooperate unless your partner did not cooperate in the previous interaction) is widely considered to be of central importance. Nevertheless, surprisingly little is known about the conditions in which tit-for-tat appears and disappears across generations in a population of interacting individuals. Here, we apply a newly developed classifier-system model (EvA) in addressing this issue when the key features of interactions are caricatured using the iterated prisoner's dilemma game. Our simple representation of behavioural strategies as algorithms composed of two interacting rules allowed us to determine conditions in which tit-for-tat can replace noncooperative strategies and vice versa. Using direct game-theoretic analysis and simulations with the EvA model, we determined that no strategy is evolutionarily stable, but larger population sizes and longer sequences of interactions between individuals can yield transient dominance by tit-for-tat. Genetic drift among behaviourally equivalent strategies is the key mechanism underlying this dominance. Our analysis suggests that tit-for-tat could be important in nature for cognitively simple organisms of limited memory capacity, in strongly kin-selected or group-selected populations, when interaction sequences between individuals are relatively short, in moderate-sized populations of widely interacting individuals and when defectors appear in the population with moderate frequency.
Inexpensive robot for remote detection of UXO

The Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology (ECET) Honors student developed a prototype for an inexpensive unexploded ordinance (UXO) seeking robot. The system provided functionality including: locating metallic landmines and UXO within a defined area/environment, recording the location of said landmines and UXO's, and storing the data off unit via an IEEE 802.11b/g connection to a Windows or Linux-based laptop computer. Application of the prototype and corresponding research may lend themselves to de-mining the more than 100 landmine/unexploded ordinance affected countries in the world particularly in desert terrain (US Department of State Fact Sheet, 2 July 2003).
A method for microscopic studies of cerebral angioarchitecture and vascular- parenchymal relationships, based on the demonstration of ·paravascular’ fluid pathways in the mammalian central nervous system

A new method is described for morphological studies of blood vessels and related cellular elements in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The tracer protein, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), in solution, is infused intraventricularly or intracisternally in anesthetized animals over 5-10 min. During this period, HRP in the subarachnoid space enters the perivascular spaces around penetrating arterioles and rapidly permeates the gliovascular basal laminae surrounding capillaries. After fixation by intravascular perfusion of aldehydes, brain sections are incubated with the highly sensitive chromogen, tetramethylbenzidine. Intraparenchymal blood vessels throughout the CNS are vividly demonstrated for light microscopy by HRP reaction product in their perivascular spaces or basal laminae. Correlative ultrastructural investigations of specific blood vessels and related parenchymal elements can be conducted using adjacent sections.
Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to behavioral stress after central or peripheral barodenervation in rats.

Abstract The cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to acute behavioral stress were evaluated in rats after disruption of the baro reflexes by electrolytic lesions of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) or sinoaortic denervation (SAD). Rats with NTS lesions or SAD showed significantly greater increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentrations than control rats during a single 30-min escape-avoidance test. In addition, the increases in MAP and plasma NE concentration of NTS lesion rats were significantly greater than those of SAD rats. However, NTS lesion raats showed no increase in plasma renin activity (PRA), as observed in the other groups. Thus, disruption of the baroreflexes by NTS lesions oraugments the arterial pressure and plasma NE responses to stress. Additionally, NTS lesions appeared to eliminate the neurons or fibers of passage participating in the sympathetically mediated increase in PRA.
The Expression of Algorithms by Charts

This paper discusses the expression of algorithms by flowcharts, and in particular by flowcharts without explicit go-to's (D-charts). For this purpose we introduce a machine independent definition of algorithm which is broader than usual. Our conclusion is that D- charts are in one technical sense more restrictive than general flowcharts, but not if one allows the introduction of additional variables which represent a history of control flow. The term "algorithm" is used in many different ways. Sometimes we speak of an algorithm as a process in the abstract, without reference to a particular computer. It is in this sense, for example, that we speak of the "radix exchange sort algorithm," or the "simplex algorithm." Often we identify an algorithm with a particular se- quence of instructions for a particular computer. In this paper we shall present a new definition of algorithm which emphasizes the sequence of commands associated with a particular "input." We then define the notion "expression" of algorithms by general flowcharts and flowcharts without explicit go-to's (D-charts). Some theorems are given which exhibit some of the rela- tionships between algorithms, flowcharts, and D-charts.
Endocannabinoids at the spinal level regulate, but do not mediate, nonopioid stress-induced analgesia

Recent work in our laboratories has demonstrated that an opioid-independent form of stress-induced analgesia (SIA) is mediated by endogenous cannabinoids [Hohmann et al., 2005. Nature 435, 1108]. Non-opioid SIA, induced by a 3-min continuous foot shock, is characterized by the mobilization of two endocannabinoid lipids--2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide--in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). The present studies were conducted to examine the contributions of spinal endocannabinoids to nonopioid SIA. Time-dependent increases in levels of 2-AG, but not anandamide, were observed in lumbar spinal cord extracts derived from shocked relative to non-shocked rats. Notably, 2-AG accumulation was of smaller magnitude than that observed previously in the dorsal midbrain following foot shock. 2-AG is preferentially degraded by monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), whereas anandamide is hydrolyzed primarily by fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). This metabolic segregation enabled us to manipulate endocannabinoid tone at the spinal level to further evaluate the roles of 2-AG and anandamide in nonopioid SIA. Intrathecal administration of the competitive CB1 antagonist SR141716A (rimonabant) failed to suppress nonopioid SIA, suggesting that supraspinal rather than spinal CB1 receptor activation plays a pivotal role in endocannabinoid-mediated SIA. By contrast, spinal inhibition of MGL using URB602, which selectively inhibits 2-AG hydrolysis in the PAG, enhanced SIA through a CB1-selective mechanism. Spinal inhibition of FAAH, with either URB597 or arachidonoyl serotonin (AA-5-HT), also enhanced SIA through a CB1-mediated mechanism, presumably by increasing accumulation of tonically released anandamide. Our results suggest that endocannabinoids in the spinal cord regulate, but do not mediate, nonopioid SIA.
Synthetic Strategies for Engineering Intravenous Hemostats.

While there are currently many well-established topical hemostatic agents for field administration, there are still limited tools to staunch bleeding at less accessible injury sites. Current clinical methods to restore hemostasis after large volume blood loss include platelet and clotting factor transfusion, which have respective drawbacks of short shelf life and risk of viral transmission. Therefore, synthetic hemostatic agents that can be delivered intravenously and encourage stable clot formation after localizing to sites of vascular injury are particularly appealing. In the past three decades, platelet substitutes have been prepared using drug delivery vehicles such as liposomes and PLGA nanoparticles that have been modified to mimic platelet properties. Additionally, structural considerations such as particle size, shape, and flexibility have been addressed in a number of reports. Since platelets are the first responders after vascular injury, platelet substitutes represent an important class of intr...
Regulation of Immune Complexes During Infection of Mice with Lactate Dehydrogenase–Elevating Virus: Studies with Interferon-γ Gene Knockout and Tolerant Mice

Mice persistently infected with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) develop circulating IgG-containing hydrophobic immune complexes, with a molecular mass of 150 to 300 kd, which bind to the surfaces of high-capacity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates. LDV infection also stimulates polyclonal B-cell activation and autoimmunity. For this study, interferon-gamma gene knockout (GKO) mice were utilized to study circulating immune complexes and other parameters of LDV infection. The kinetics of LDV viremia, formation of plasma IgG anti-LDV antibodies, and LDV replication in the spleen and liver were essentially normal in GKO mice. Polyclonal activation of B cells, as reflected by increased total plasma IgG concentration during LDV infection, was found to be intact in GKO mice, although at a lower magnitude than in control mice. The plasma concentration of IgG-containing hydrophobic immune complexes was reduced about 75% in LDV-infected GKO mice relative to normal LDV-infected controls. Allogeneic tissue responses were also found to be reduced in LDV-infected GKO mice relative to those in normal LDV-infected controls. These results dissociate specific anti-LDV immunity from formation of hydrophobic immune complexes, show that the IgG anti-LDV response as well as LDV replication in the spleen and liver are insensitive to physiological levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma, and suggest that IgG-containing immune complexes stimulated by LDV infection are a marker for autoimmunity.
Sensillar diversity, density and distribution during post-embryonic development ofCyrtacanthacris ranacea Stoll and their role in feeding

Diversity, density and distribution of the sensilla ofCyrtacanthacris ranacea Stoll during post-embryonic development and their role in feeding are discussed alongside with the scanning electron microscopic studies of these sensilla.
New markers and map sequences in Neurospora crassa, with a description of mapping by duplication coverage, and of multiple translocation stocks for testing linkage.

Thirty previously unmapped markers have been located; 13 are at newly designated loci. Numerous sequences for previously mapped genes have also been determined. A revised map of linkage group I is presented. The order from conventional mapping has been confirmed by testing recessive markers in IL for coverage by duplications. Assignment of new mutants to linkage groups is greatly facilitated by using gene-tagged multiple translocation strains for linkage detection; these “alcoy” tester strains and procedures for using them are described. Recent mapping data of other workers are compiled. Distal markers are now known for all but one of the 14 chromosome arms, but extensive map segments are still devoid of markers.
Hybrid repair of aortic aneurysms involving the visceral and renal vessels.

Background We sought to analyze our experience with hybrid treatment of aortic aneurysms involving the renal and visceral arteries. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 36 consecutive patients who underwent renal/visceral bypasses followed by aortic endografting. Patient demographics, medical history, operations, complications, graft patency, and patient survival were recorded. Observational and comparative analyses were performed. Results Mean patient age was 71 years. Mean aneurysm diameter was 6.3 cm (range 4.1-9.4 cm). Crawford aneurysm types included 1 type I, 10 type II, 12 type III, 10 type IV, and 3 pararenal aneurysms. Four patients were symptomatic. One hundred twenty-three bypasses were performed (median of three per patient), including 62 renal, 32 superior mesenteric, and 29 celiac arteries. Retrograde inflow (using the iliac arteries, aorta, or a limb of an aortobifemoral graft) was obtained in 30 patients and antegrade inflow was performed in six (three from the supraceliac aorta and three celiac branch to renal bypasses). In-hospital mortality occurred in 3 patients (8.3%). Patient survival was 80% at a mean follow-up of 6 months. Major morbidity occurred in 17 patients (47%) and included need for dialysis (5), ischemic colitis (3), failure to thrive (5), temporary paraparesis (1), and need for reoperation (7). No patient sustained permanent paraplegia. Mean length of stay was 26 days (range 8-100 days). Primary renovisceral bypass graft patency rate at 8 months was 93%. During follow-up, 14 patients developed at least one endoleak, 2 patients required percutaneous intervention, and the rest remained under observation. At last follow-up, four type 2 endoleaks and one type 3 endoleak with stable or decreasing aneurysm size. Conclusion Hybrid repair of aortic aneurysms involving the renal and visceral arteries is feasible with a reasonable mortality and satisfactory short-term visceral graft patency rate. However, the morbidity of the debranching procedures is high. More stringent patient selection may improve these results.
Occupational Stratification across the Life Course: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study

Sociologists frequently study changes across cohorts in the consequences of family background, gender, education, and cognitive ability for occupational outcomes. This study focuses, however, on how the consequences of these variables change within the course of individuals' lives. To appropriately estimate changes across the life course in the determinants of occupational standing, corrections are made for measurement errors in variables, and data on siblings are used to account for all aspects (measured and unmeasured) of family background. The analyses use data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, which provides multiple measures of siblings'occupational standing at four points in their lives. Models of sibling resemblance show that the effects of family background on occupational standing operate entirely through their effects on education and cognitive ability. The effects of education decline across the life course, while the effects of ability remain small but persistent. In comparing men and women, substantial differences are found in career trajectories and in life course changes in occupational returns to schooling.
Temperature dependence of spin-torque-driven self-oscillations

We have measured the temperature dependence of spin-torque-driven self-oscillations in point-contact nano-oscillators for both in-plane and out-of-plane applied fields. We find that the linewidth for both field geometries is qualitatively similar. In the absence of observable low-frequency noise, at high temperatures the linewidth decreases roughly linearly as the temperature decreases. However, extrapolation of the quasilinear region to a zero-temperature linewidth intercept can yield either a positive or negative value. This variation in the zero-temperature linewidth intercept indicates that a range of mechanisms must be involved in setting the linewidth. When $1/f$ noise is present in the device power spectrum, the linewidth varies quasiexponentially with temperature. While the linewidth versus temperature behavior is similar for both in-plane and out-of-plane applied fields, their output power versus current variation with temperature is qualitatively different.
Discrete-continuum analysis of shear banding in the direct shear test

The direct shear test is a widely used method for determining peak and critical state strength parameters for soil and for soil-manufactured material interfaces. The objective of this research was to examine the direct shear test by way of a discrete-continuum approach. Specifically, the effects of non-coaxiality between the principal stress and the principal strain increment direction and the deviation of zero extension direction from horizontal are examined. A new, mesh-free method of evaluating internal strains is proposed, and a new flow rule is also presented. The results from discrete simulations indicate that development of shear bands proceeds from the side boundaries toward the centre with both primary and secondary bands formed. A distinct shear band along the middle plane develops around peak state in a dense sample. Simulation data using the new flow rule and laboratory test data using a conventional flow rule are in good agreement, indicating that the effect of non-coaxiality is small at peak...
Psychopharmacological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder

More social workers are employed in mental health service settings than any other. They frequently participate in the treatment of clients with bipolar disorder, a long-term mood disorder that has ...
Contribution of Base Flow to Nonpoint Source Pollution Loads in an Agricultural Watershed

Nonpoint source pollution of surface water from overland flow, drainage tiles, and ground water discharge is a major cause of water quality impairment in Iowa. Nonpoint source pollution from base flow ground water was estimated in the Walnut Creek watershed by measuirng chemical loads of atrazine, nitrate, chloride, and sulfate at 18 tributary creeks and 19 tiles. Loads were measured during a stable base flow period at creeks and tiles that discharged into Walnut Creek between two stream gauges. Chemical concentrations of atrazine (< 0.1−12 μg/L), nitrate (0.1 to 15 mg/L, and chloride (1.5 to 26 mg/L) in water were similar for creek and tile samples. Water draining predominantly agricultrural row crop areas had much higher concentrations than water draining restored prairie areas. Three methods were used to estimate base flow discharge in the watershed: (1) Darcy flux; (2) watershed discharge budget; and (3) discharge-drainage area; each yielded similar results (31.2 L/s to 62.3 L/s). Base flow loads to the main channel were esteimated by subtracting the loads from the upstream gauge; creeks and tiles, from the total load measured at the downstream gauge station. Base flow concentration for atrazine ranged from 0.15 to 0.29 μg/L and sulfate concentration ranged from 32 to 64 mg/L, whereas concentrations for nitrate and chloride were negative (−1 to −4 mg/L). Calcultaed base flow concentrations of atrazine and sulfate appeared to be reasonable estimates, but negative concentrations of nitrate and chloride imply either loss of chemical mass in the stream from upstream to downstream sampling points or measurment error. Load data suggest little contribution from base flow pollutants to Walnut Creek water quality, with most of the pollutant load derived from major tributary creeks. Results from this study have implication for dtermining total maximum daily loads in agricultural watersheds where contributions from point sources (creeks and tiles) can be used to estimate loads from nonpoint source ground water inputs.
Response to Richard B. Miller's Children, Ethics, and Modern Medicine

In this essay, Paul Lauritzen examines Richard B. Miller's liberal account of pediatric ethics by asking if the duty to promote a child's basic interests is substantial enough to secure the well-being of children. This question is raised in light of two case studies: daytime TV talk shows that broadcast interviews with sexually active children, and a medical study conducted to test the effect of growth hormone treatment on adult height in peripubertal children. In both cases, Lauritzen argues, children are subjected to potential harms that are not easily explained, and therefore not easily prevented, by appeals to basic interests.
A fullerene–single wall carbon nanotube complex for polymer bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells

A novel immobilized fullerene–single wall carbon nanotube (C60–SWCNT) complex was synthesized via a microwave induced functionalization approach. It has been used as a component of the photoactive layer in a bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell. As compared to a control device with only C60, the addition of SWCNTs resulted in an improvement of both the short circuit current density JSC and the fill factor (FF). This device takes advantage of the electron accepting feature of C60 and the high electron transport capability of SWCNTs. The results indicate that C60 decorated SWCNTs are promising additives for performance enhancement of polymer photovoltaic cells.
DNA-decorated carbon nanotube-based FETs as ultrasensitive chemical sensors: Discrimination of homologues, structural isomers, and optical isomers

We have explored the abilities of all-electronic DNA-carbon nanotube (DNA-NT) vapor sensors to discriminate very similar classes of molecules. We screened hundreds of DNA-NT devices against a panel of compounds chosen because of their similarities. We demonstrated that DNA-NT vapor sensors readily discriminate between series of chemical homologues that differ by single methyl groups. DNA-NT devices also discriminate among structural isomers and optical isomers, a trait common in biological olfactory systems, but only recently demonstrated for electronic FET based chemical sensors.
Automated artery-venous classification of retinal blood vessels based on structural mapping method

Retinal blood vessels show morphologic modifications in response to various retinopathies. However, the specific responses exhibited by arteries and veins may provide a precise diagnostic information, i.e., a diabetic retinopathy may be detected more accurately with the venous dilatation instead of average vessel dilatation. In order to analyze the vessel type specific morphologic modifications, the classification of a vessel network into arteries and veins is required. We previously described a method for identification and separation of retinal vessel trees; i.e. structural mapping. Therefore, we propose the artery-venous classification based on structural mapping and identification of color properties prominent to the vessel types. The mean and standard deviation of each of green channel intensity and hue channel intensity are analyzed in a region of interest around each centerline pixel of a vessel. Using the vector of color properties extracted from each centerline pixel, it is classified into one of the two clusters (artery and vein), obtained by the fuzzy-C-means clustering. According to the proportion of clustered centerline pixels in a particular vessel, and utilizing the artery-venous crossing property of retinal vessels, each vessel is assigned a label of an artery or a vein. The classification results are compared with the manually annotated ground truth (gold standard). We applied the proposed method to a dataset of 15 retinal color fundus images resulting in an accuracy of 88.28% correctly classified vessel pixels. The automated classification results match well with the gold standard suggesting its potential in artery-venous classification and the respective morphology analysis.
All Justice is Social but it’s not all Social Justice

I take social injustice to be injustice perpetrated on members of society by laws and public social practices. I take social justice to be the struggle to right social injustice. After explaining these ideas, I then address the question: why are so many people opposed to the very idea of social justice? I offer a number of explanations, among them, that to acknowledge that there is social injustice in one’s society often requires considerable change on one’s part.
Immigrant “Illegality” as Neoliberal Governmentality in Leadville, Colorado

In this paper, I frame immigrant "illegality" as a local-scale technique of neoliberal governmentality. Drawing on recent work of anthropologists, I present illegality as a racialized, spatialized social condition which operates as governmentality by marginalizing and criminalizing immigrants, loosening the US border and forcing it into local spaces, and impacting immigrants' everyday lives and mobility. The paper then draws on a case study of Leadville, Colorado, to illustrate the utility of this framework. In Leadville, we see how through illegality neoliberalism seeps through scales. Illegality disciplines immigrant labor in service of the neoliberal order, turns all residents into surveillers of immigrants' subordinate sociospatial position, and masks contradictions within neoliberalism that arise particularly at the local scale. I argue that conceptualizing illegality as a governmentality technique provides a powerful tool for understanding changing state spatiality, especially ways in which neoliberalism is diffused and embedded into local economic, political, and social processes.
Expression and immunogenicity of an 18-residue epitope of HIV1 gp41 inserted in the flagellar protein of a Salmonella live vaccine.

Abstract A synthetic oligonucleotide specifying residues 735–752 of the product of the env gene of HIV1 IIIB was inserted by blunt-end ligation at restriction sites in the hypervariabls, antigenically determinant region IV of two flagellin genes. Its integration, in name and correct orientation, into gene fliC(d) in plasmid pLS408 allowed production of functional flagella when the plasmid was placed in a flagellin-negative aroA live-vaccine Salmonella dublin strain, SL5928. Bacteria thus made motile were immobilized and agglutinated by anti-(735–752 peptide) serum; expression was also shown by immunoelectron-microscopy and by Western blot of whole-cell lysates. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) of sera of mice given three doses by intraperitoneal injection of the live-vaccine strain producing chimeric flagellin, or of concentrated flagella from it showed production of antibody with affinity for the peptide, and in some sera, also for r-gp160. Pooled serum from mice given five i.p. doses of the live vaccine strain expressing the gp41 epitope at the surface of its flagellar filaments had higher titres of anti-peptide and anti-r-gp160 antibody and weak neutralizing activity on the IIIB isolate (90 % neutralization at 1 100 ). The sera of nine mice given two doses of the live vaccine by the oral route had either no or only very low titres of antibody to flagellar antigen d; they were therefore not tested for anti-peptide activity.
Damage Detection of a Plate Using Migration Technique

This paper demonstrates a feasibility study of applying migration,which is widely used as an advanced data processing technique in geophysical exploration,to detect damage in a plate. This technique suggests a scheme that may build a real time, in situ,and quantitative health monitoring system. A linear actuator/sensor array is placed along a horizontal central axis on a square homogeneous isotropic plate. A technique is proposed to utilize piezoelectrics as both actuators and sensors to generate and collect the flexural waves in the plate. Migration technique is then adopted to interpret the recorded data and image the damage that formed in the plate. The wave field reflected from the damage is synthesized by using a two-dimensional explicit finite difference method to model the plate using Mindlin plate theory. A one-way version of flexural wave equation is derived. The one-way wave equation based poststack reverse-time migration is then used to back-propagate the synthetic wave field to their secondary sources,and the damage is imaged by applying appropriate imaging condition. The data pre-processing procedures before migration,such as muting direct arrival,deconvolution and stacking,are also discussed. The satisfactory determination of the locations and dimensions of the damages in several numerical simulation examples validates the feasibility of proposed monitoring system.
Long-Term Effects of Divorce on the Self-Esteem of Young Adults

This research focused on the long-term effects of family structure (intact vs. divorced) and interparental conflict on the self-esteem of young adults. While much of the literature before the 1970s focuses on negative effects of divorce (physical-wholeness), recent research suggests that children's self-esteem is threatened by interparental conflict regardless of family structure (psychological-wholeness). Using the Interparental Conflict Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Social Self-Concept Scale, data were collected from 324 undergraduates and analyzed with a two-way ANOVA design (family structure X conflict). Since interparental conflict was significantly related to self-esteem and family structure was not, the psychological-wholeness perspective was supported.
Adiabatic self-tuning in a silicon microdisk optical resonator

We demonstrate a method for adiabatically self-tuning a silicon microdisk resonator. This mechanism is not only able to sensitively probe the fast nonlinear cavity dynamics, but also provides various optical functionalities like pulse compression, shaping, and tunable time delay.
Intergranular Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum Alloys Exposed to Artificial Seawater in the Presence of Nitrate Anion

Abstract The corrosion behavior of several high-strength aluminum alloys was characterized. The alloys were exposed to solutions of artificial seawater, some of which contained nitrate ion. Alloys were tested in the seawater solutions at room temperature and elevated temperature conditions. A unique synergism was discovered when nitrate anion was present in seawater; the synergism between nitrate anions and seawater greatly accelerated the intergranular corrosion of AA7075 alloys. This environment was relatively benign toward the alloys AA6061, PM7XXX, IN9052, and IN905XL. A mechanism to account for the observed synergism, which was recreated by mixing nitrate salts with artificial seawater, is proposed herein. The importance of grain boundary microstructure and chemical composition is discussed with respect to intermetallic reactivity and connectivity.
High-dose cisplatin in advanced head and neck cancer

In 22 patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck we evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of 200 mg/m2 cisplatin administered in 3% NaCl with vigorous hydration. Six patients had previously untreated stage IV disease and 16 patients had recurrent disease, including eight with prior chemotherapy including low-dose cisplatin and carboplatin. Cisplatin was administered as a brief infusion, either 40 mg/m2/day × 5 or 50mg/m2/day × 4, every 28 days. Objective responses were observed in 16 of 22 (73%) patients, including 5 of 6 (83%) previously untreated patients and 11 of 16 (69%) patients with recurrent disease. This included two comoplete responses, one confirmed pathologically. Fifty-seven courses of drug were administered and toxicity was monitored with serial creatinine clearance determinations, audiograms, and sensorimotor exams. Neuropathy and ototoxicity were dose-limiting and led to the stopping of treatment in 12 of the 16 responders after one to four courses (median three courses). Only two responding patients continued treatment until disease progression occurred at 3 and 4 months after achieving maximum response. Acute, transient nephrotoxicity occurred in four patients; two were retreated. Moderate myelosuppression occurred in all patients but was not treatment-limiting. For most patients the maximally tolerated number of courses was three. The median survival time was 33.5 weeks for recurrent disease patients, 108 weeks for newly diagnosed patients. This regimen is not recommended for the palliation of recurrent disease. However, the very high response rate suggests that high-dose cisplatin may have a useful role in induction or adjuvant chemotherapy regimens.
Reflection and Learning to Teach Reading: A Critical Review of Literacy and General Teacher Education Studies

Much has been hoped for and said about reflection as an essential attribute of effective literacy teaching. Equally as much remains muddled and confused, however, as to its purpose, development, an...
Imagining El Ser Argentino : Cultural Nationalism and Romantic Concepts of Nationhood In Early Twentieth-Century Argentina

This article reexamines early twentieth-century Argentine cultural nationalism, arguing that the movement's true significance rests in its promotion of a vision of Argentine nationhood that closely resembled the ideal of the folk nation upheld by German romanticism. Drawing from recent theoretical literature on ethnic nationalism, the article examines the political implications of this movement and explores the way in which the vigorous promotion of the ethnocultural vision of argentinidad by cultural nationalists served to detach definitions of Argentine identity from constitutional foundations and from the ideas of citizenship and popular sovereignty. It also challenges the accepted view that Argentine cultural nationalism represented a radical break with late nineteenth-century positivism. Positivist ideas about social organicism, collective character and historical determinism all helped paved the way for the Romantic vision of nationhood celebrated by the cultural nationalists. The early twentieth-century has long been considered a turning point in Argentine intellectual history. As is well known, these years witnessed the emergence of an intellectual and cultural movement opposed to what its proponents saw as the excessive cosmopolitanism of Argentine society. The cultural nationalists, as they have since become known, formed a loosely drawn group of young intellectuals based in Buenos Aires. Primarily from prominent provincial families, these individuals shared a belief that foreign influences and the growing immigrant population posed a threat to the nation.1 Convinced that the Argentine 'personality' was on the verge of disappearing, they called for the defence of the
Cleavage inhibition by cell shape change

The division mechanism of animal cells is positioned by the mitotic apparatus. The mitotic apparatus determines the position by a pattern of regional inequality of its effect on the surface and cortex. Because the effect of the asters decreases with distance, the location of the division plane can be manipulated geometrically. It follows that cytokinesis should be preventable by imposition of a cell shape that prevents the normal pattern of unequal aster effect. The shape that inhibits division reveals something of the normal pattern of aster effect as well as the nature of the immediate response of the surface to the aster. In 13 of 13 experiments, sand dollar (Echinarachnius parma) eggs fail to cleave when the polar and subpolar regions are extruded in the mitotic axis, although some surface contraction may develop in the extruded region. Extrusion was accomplished by sucking the appropriate regions into opposed pipets. A computer model of the relative aster effect in this circumstance indicates that the minimum is at the equator, and the maximum is in the extruded regions. These experiments indicate that furrows do not form where the aster effect is minimal. Previous experiments showed that cells divide when cells are artificially constricted in the equatorial plane where the aster effect is maximal. Together, the geometrical experiments strongly suggest that furrowing activity occurs in maximally affected areas. These results are consistent with the equatorial contraction theory of cell division, but inconsistent with the aster relaxation theory. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reasoning about geometric constraints for assembly sequence planning

An approach to geometric reasoning about the feasibility of translation motion of parts of assembly operations is demonstrated. The feasibility problem has been broken down hierarchically such that necessary conditions for less complex motions may be evaluated early, and the problem of planning arbitrarily complex part trajectories is not treated unless required for the specific design implementation. The determination of local motion feasibility using the polyhedral convex cone representation of contact constraints has been extended to the analysis of global transition feasibility using a polyhedral cone algebra. This representation has further been used for the formulation of the multistage translation problem where a simulated annealing optimization strategy and a reachability wave algorithm was used to efficiently search for feasible solutions. >
Psychology and Neuroscience Making Peace

There has been no historically stable consensus about the relationship between psychological and biological concepts and data. A naively reductionist view of this relationship is prevalent in psychology, medicine, and basic and clinical neuroscience. This view undermines the ability of psychology and related sciences to achieve their individual and combined potential. A nondualistic, nonreductionist, noninteractive perspective is recommended, with psychological and biological concepts both having central, distinct roles.
Isotopic analysis of respired CO2 during decomposition of separated soil organic matter pools

A detailed understanding of the processes that contribute to the d 13 C value of respired CO2 is necessary to make links between the isotopic signature of CO2 efflux from the soil surface and various sources within the soil profile. We used density fractionation to divide soils from two forested sites that are a part of an ongoing detrital manipulation experiment (the Detrital Input and Removal Treatments, or DIRT project) into two soil organic matter pools, each of which contributes differently to total soil CO2 efflux. In both sites, distinct biological pools resulted from density fractionation; however, our results do not always support the concept that the light fraction is readily decomposable whereas the heavy fraction is recalcitrant. In a laboratory incubation following density fractionation we found that cumulative respiration over the course of the incubation period was greater from the light fraction than from the heavy fraction for the deciduous site, while the opposite was true for the coniferous site. Use of stable isotopes yielded insight as to the nature of the density fractions, with the heavy fraction solids from both forests isotopically enriched relative to those of the light fraction. The isotopic signature of respired CO2, however, was more complicated. During incubation of the fractions there was an initial isotopic depletion of the respired CO2 compared to the substrate for both soil fractions from both forests. Over time for both fractions of both soils the respired d 13 C reflected more closely the initial substrate value; however, the transition from depleted to enriched respiration relative to substrate occurs at a different stage of decomposition depending on site and substrate recalcitrance. We found a relationship between cumulative respiration during the incubation period and the duration of the transition from isotopically depleted to enriched respiration in the coniferous site but not the deciduous site. Our results suggest that a shift in microbial community or to dead microbial biomass as a substrate could be responsible for the transition in the isotopic signature of respired CO2 during decomposition. It is likely that a combination of organic matter quality and isotopic discrimination by microbes, in addition to differences in microbial community composition, contribute to the isotopic signature of different organic matter fractions. It is apparent that respired d 13 CO2 cannot be assumed to be a direct representation of the substrate d 13 C. Detailed knowledge of the soil characteristics at a particular site is necessary to interpret relationships between the isotopic values