cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetotransmission of microwaves through potassium slabs.

Five signals which emerge after transmission through potassium slabs (\ensuremath{\sim}0.1 mm thick) have been studied by Dunifer, Sambles, and Mace at 1.3 K with 79-GHz microwaves and large magnetic fields, Hz^, perpendicular to the slabs. They are (i) conduction-electron-spin resonance (together with spin-wave sidebands); (ii) Gantmakher-Kaner (GK) oscillations; (iii) cyclotron resonance; (iv) cyclotron-resonance subharmonics; and (v) high-frequency oscillations. Spin-resonance transmission has been understood for many years, but not the other four. The isotropic-Fermi-surface model is used here to calculate the transmitted power versus H by solving Maxwell's equations self-consistently with the Boltzmann transport equation. GK oscillations do emerge, but the (theoretical) transmitted power is too large by a factor \ensuremath{\sim}10 000. In contrast, the remaining three signals should not even exist. It has been shown that a charge-density-wave broken symmetry creates a family of (higher-order) minigaps which cuts through the Fermi surface near its extremities along the slab normal. These gaps diminish the effectiveness of conduction electrons having ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{z}}$ near the Fermi velocity. Calculation confirms that this ineffectiveness dramatically reduces the predicted amplitude of the GK oscillation, and thereby provides an interpretation of the huge discrepancy. The minigaps also give rise to a small Fermi-surface cylinder which (as recently shown) leads to Landau-level oscillations that quantitatively explain signal (v). Signals (iii) and (iv) can also be attributed to the small Fermi-surface cylinder, but only because its axis is tilted \ensuremath{\sim}45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} relative to z^. A nonlocal theory for such a scenario is yet to be formulated.
Economic development and gender inequality in cognition: a comparison of China and India, and of SAGE and the HRS sister studies

This paper examines cognition measures by age and gender from two types of studies in China and India. It finds that despite some notable differences in samples and measures, a general strong association of cognition in older ages with education emerges as a potential explanation for gender gaps and cohort differences. Female disadvantage in cognition is greater in India, both before and after controlling for education. The process of rural-urban migration draws more cognitively able women to cities in China but not in India. The advent of modern longitudinal studies of aging in these developing countries holds great promise for future work.
Consequences of insufficient equations in models of the Münch hypothesis of phloem transport

Abstract The suggestion of concentration dependent unloading as a necessary assumption for a closed-form mathematical expression of the Munch hypothesis of phloem transport (Goeschl et at., 1976) has been recently questioned (Ferrier & Christy, 1977). Also questioned was whether previous models, known to have one less equation than dependent variables, have produced erroneous or misleading results. A review of Munch's original concepts and recent comments by several researchers indicate that an equation describing the exit of solutes from sieve tubes is essential for consistency with the Munch hypothesis. Evidence is presented to show that previous mathematical predictions and interpretations regarding ‘runaway velocities’ have resulted in part from mathematical inconsistencies and characteristics of the numerical solution procedures. Likewise, a proposal that different steady-state velocities and concentrations of transport at a given loading rate might be determined by ‘previous history’ of the system can be explained on the basis of implied relationships hidden in models with insufficient equations. Finally it is concluded that concentration dependent unloading in models of the Munch hypothesis will not detract, but rather will contribute to their usefulness in experimental testing and other research regarding phloem transport.
The U.S. government technical report and the transfer of federally funded aerospace R&D

This article discusses the U.S. government technical report and the transfer of federally funded aerospace research and development in a conceptual framework of the federal government as a producer of scientific and technical information. The article summarizes current literature and research and discusses U.S. government technical report use and the importance of using data obtained from the NASA/DoD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. The authors make a case for changing existing U.S. technology policy and present a research agenda for the U.S. government technical report.
Food Intake After an Overnight Fast is not Affected by Acute Alterations in Corticosterone but is Decreased by Chronic Adrenalectomy

Corticosterone increases food intake in adrenalectomized rats and plasma corticosterone is 3-fold elevated in intact rats during an overnight fast, suggesting that the steroid may stimulate food intake in intact rats when food is provided. If so, this would present a challenge to maintenance of energy balance. Both chronic and acute effects of corticosterone were tested on feeding the next day after a 15 hour overnight fast in 5-day adrenalectomized rats. Similarly, RU486 was given acutely to intact rats. As expected, adrenalectomized rats replaced at surgery with corticosterone exhibited corticosterone dose-related increases in food intake and insulin levels during the first 8 hours after the fast. By contrast, treatment during the fast of: 1. intact rats with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486, 2. adrenalectomized steroid-replaced rats, with injections of corticosterone or 3. adrenalectomized rats with injections of corticosterone without prior steroid replacement, did not significantly affect...
Accruals and Conditional Equity Premium

Accruals correlate closely with the determinants of conditional equity premium at both the firm and the aggregate levels. The common component of firm-level accruals, which cannot be diversified away by aggregation, explains the positive relation between aggregate accruals and future stock market returns (Hirshleifer, Hou, and Teoh [2007]). The residual component, which accounts for most variation in firm-level accruals, is responsible for the negative cross-sectional relation between firm-level accruals and future stock returns (Sloan [1996]). Consistent with the risk-based explanation, aggregate accruals, as a proxy for conditional equity premium, forecast changes in aggregate economic activity. Moreover, we document a similar co-movement of earnings with conditional equity premium at both the firm and the aggregate levels, which helps explain the negative relation between changes in aggregate earnings and contemporaneous market returns (Kothari, Lewellen, and Warner [2006]).
The role of oligomerization and cooperative regulation in protein function: the case of tryptophan synthase.

The oligomerization/co-localization of protein complexes and their cooperative regulation in protein function is a key feature in many biological systems. The synergistic regulation in different subunits often enhances the functional properties of the multi-enzyme complex. The present study used molecular dynamics and Brownian dynamics simulations to study the effects of allostery, oligomerization and intermediate channeling on enhancing the protein function of tryptophan synthase (TRPS). TRPS uses a set of α/β–dimeric units to catalyze the last two steps of L-tryptophan biosynthesis, and the rate is remarkably slower in the isolated monomers. Our work shows that without their binding partner, the isolated monomers are stable and more rigid. The substrates can form fairly stable interactions with the protein in both forms when the protein reaches the final ligand–bound conformations. Our simulations also revealed that the α/β–dimeric unit stabilizes the substrate–protein conformation in the ligand binding process, which lowers the conformation transition barrier and helps the protein conformations shift from an open/inactive form to a closed/active form. Brownian dynamics simulations with a coarse-grained model illustrate how protein conformations affect substrate channeling. The results highlight the complex roles of protein oligomerization and the fine balance between rigidity and dynamics in protein function.
The Right Kind of Revolution: Modernization, Development, and U.S. Foreign Policy from the Cold War to the Present

Michael E. Latham. The Right Kind of Revolution: Modernization, Development, and U.S. Foreign Policy from the Cold War to the Present. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2011. Pp. ix. 246. £14.95.In...
The Ultraviolet Spectrum of VV Cephei Out of Eclipse

The International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite observed VV Cephei (M2 Iab) B? ) over nearly a full 20.3 year orbital period, but all the observations were obtained outside total eclipse. Egress of the chromospheric eclipse was the only portion of the eclipse observed by IUE. We have examined all 124 high-resolution IUE spectra of VV Cephei and describe the spectrum and its variations. Contrary to initial expectations, the spectrum remained complex throughout the entire orbit, and Ðve line components have been identiÐed : (1) emission lines ; (2) neutral, low-excitation (e.g., Fe I) lines, which disappear as the hot component emerges from eclipse ; (3) broad, high-ionization (e.g., Si IV and Fe III) lines arising from the hot component or nearby circumstellar material ; (4) narrow absorption cores from the circumstellar envelope of the M supergiant ; and (5) "" shell II absorption lines with variable proÐles which do not absorb below a minimum depth. Mg II h and k emission broadens and strengthens when the system is near periastron and secondary eclipse. Most of the variation in the other emission features appears to be stochastic rather than phase dependent. The continuum shows rapid variations on timescales as short as 2 weeks. At any one time, the continuum Nux between 1400 and 3000 is fairly constant but varies, apparently stochastically, in the range A � (2E7) ) 10~12 ergs s~1 cm~2 for observations obtained outside of chromospheric eclipse. The dered- A � ~1 dened continuum Nuxes vary as Dj~0.8, implying that the source is not purely stellar. Radial velocity measurements of the circumstellar and shell lines show that neither follows the radial velocity curve of the two stars. Circumstellar line velocities range from the systemic velocity to D15 km s~1 more negative, consistent with their formation in an extended circumstellar envelope of the M supergiant which is large compared to the scale of the orbit. The shell lines are redshifted from the systemic velocity by D30 km s~1 .T he lastIUE observations (near phase 0.9) showed shell lines with greater redshifts and deeper absorption than around the rest of the cycle. The ultraviolet spectrum of VV Cep is compared to spectra of stars showing similar features : the Be shell star 28 Tauri, the B(e) star HD 45677, and the M supergiant)B binary systems a Scorpii and KQ Puppis. A table detailing the appearance and behavior of numerous line multiplets is presented.
Properties of partially purified allozymes of esterase-5 of Drosophila pseudoobscura

1. 1. Five partially purified allozymes of Esterase-5 (EST-50.85, EST-50.95, EST-51.00, EST-51.07–1.17, and EST-51.12) of Drosophila pseudoobscura did not differ with respect ot substrate specificity except for small differences in the presence of dimethylformamide. 2. 2. The most common allozyme (EST-51.00) was far more heat stable than the others. 3. 3. The two most common alloyzmes (EST-510.00 and EST-51.12) were more stable in urea than the others. 4. 4. Approximately half of the soluble esterase activity was EST-5.
Long HIV-1 incubation periods and dynamics of transmission within a family.

Abstract The incubation period of human immuno-deficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection was studied in a family of five in which vertical and heterosexual transmission occurred from one index case. This investigation documented incubation periods of longer than 12 years in a mother and her daughter; although neither has symptoms, both are definitely infected and have very low CD4 + -lymphocyte counts. The study confirmed the predictions of incubation periods longer than 10 years in a small proportion of infected individuals. It provides evidence that vertically HIV-1-infected teenagers can be expected to appear in the population.
Calcination of Calcite: I, Effect of Heating Rate and Temperature on Bulk Density of Calcium Oxide

High-purity calcite of 10/20 mesh was calcined at various heating rates and fired to various maximum temperatures to determine the effect of these variables on the densification of the CaO produced. It was found that the heating rate during dissociation had a great bearing on densification. Shock heating conditions at temperatures between 2200° and 2530°F. gave bulk density values which were abnormally low.
Radar sensor for an autonomous Antarctic explorer

The localization and identification of antarctic meteorites is a task of great scientific interest and with implications to planetary exploration. Autonomous search for antarctic meteorites presents a profound technical challenge. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) holds the prospect to safeguard antarctic robot from terrain dangers and detect subsurface objects. In January 1998, we validated a 500 MHz GPR sensor as part of as field robotic technology demonstration at Patriot Hills, Antarctica. We deployed the sensor from a sled and integrated with position and attitude instruments to perform field measurements. Data was acquired under different conditions and in multiple locations. The radar detected hidden crevasses from 50 cm. distance, thus showing its merit as a rover safeguarding device. It also localized 5 cm. rocks in snow and ice. Moreover, the radar data was used to characterize snow/ice/bedrock stratigraphy. GPS position measurements enabled ground truth and mapping of the location of hazards and interesting subsurface objects and features. This paper summarizes the experiments performed and discusses on the utility of the GPR sensor for autonomous antarctic robots.
Transition test generation using replicate-and-reduce transform for scan-based designs

In this paper, we presented a new transition ATPG methodology flow for scan-based design using broad-side test format. A replicate and reduce (RR) circuit transform is introduced, which maps the two time frame processing of transition fault ATPG to a single time frame processing on duplicated iterative blocks with reduced connection. A complete ATPG methodology flow is proposed to generate high coverage transition test patterns both fast and efficiently. Experimentation results on several circuits from next generation Motorola microprocessor design are presented to show the effectiveness of our approach.
Changes in lymphocyte and Langerhans cell populations in allergic and irritant contact dermatitis.

: We observed in situ changes in lymphocyte sub-populations and Langerhans cells during allergic and irritant contact dermatitis using immunohistochemical staining methods with monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens. In both types of contact dermatitis, there was a perivascular infiltrate of T lymphocytes, with helper/inducer T cells predominating. B cells were absent, and natural killer cells were absent or sparse. During the course of allergic contact dermatitis, Langerhans cells showed a striking sequential change in location, with the cells first in the epidermis, then perivascularly in the dermis (days 1–14), and returning to the epidermis (days 14–21). In irritant contact dermatitis, the Langerhans cells were initially identified in the epidermis and then appeared diffusely in the dermis (days 1–2). The numbers in the dermis then decreased abruptly (day 4). They were again identified in normal numbers in the epidermis (day 21). The response of Langerhans cells appears to be different between allergic and irritant contact dermatitis.
Enhancement of laser assisted fabrication of devices by a thin film two-photon absorbing filter

Multiphoton processes are playing a significant role in micro fabrication, patterning of nanostructures. We show that significantly reduced spot sizes are achieved through the use of various thickness of a thin film nonlinear absorbing filter.
Interaction between transcription factors Iroquois proteins 4 and 5 controls cardiac potassium channel Kv4.2 gene transcription

Aims The homeobox transcription factor, Iroquois protein 5 (Irx5), plays an essential role in the generation of region-selective expression of Kv4.2 gene across the left ventricular wall of rodent hearts. Here, we analyse molecular mechanisms underlying the Irx5-induced regulation of the rat Kv4.2 promoter. Methods and results The mRNA levels for Irx members in various heart regions were assessed by RT–PCR. A luciferase reporter gene with the rat Kv4.2 promoter was used to test the effects of Irx members on channel promoter activity. Irx3 and Irx5 mRNAs were differentially distributed across the left ventricular wall, whereas Irx4 message was equally abundant in various ventricular regions. Irx5, but not Irx3 or Irx4, increased Kv4.2 promoter activity in 10T1/2 fibroblasts, whereas the transcription factor decreased promoter activity in neonatal ventricular myocytes. These effects were mediated by the C-terminal portion of Irx5. Irx4 appeared to inhibit the Irx5-induced increase in channel promoter activity in 10T1/2 cells. The N-terminal region of Irx4 was necessary and sufficient for this inhibition. Furthermore, when endogenous Irx4 expression was suppressed with siRNA, Irx5 increased channel promoter activity in neonatal myocytes. Conclusion These results indicate that Irx5 possesses the ability to activate the Kv4.2 promoter. The abundant Irx4 expression throughout the rat ventricle may play a role in the inverse relationship between Irx5 and Kv4.2 levels across the left ventricular wall.
Issues in the Acquisition of the Sesotho Tonal System.

This paper examines the acquisition of the grammatical tone system of Sesotho, a southern Bantu language where tone sandhi is rich, and where surface and underlying representations are often quite distinct. Results of the longitudinal case study show that rule-assigned tone on subject markers is generally marked appropriately by age two. In contrast, underlying tonal representations on verb roots are learned gradually over time, showing an early Default High tone pattern. The study also finds that, while some tone sandhi rules are in the process of being acquired between 2;6 and 3;0, problems in the mapping between tonal representations and segments persist. The paper raises methodological and theoretical issues not only for the acquisition of tonal systems, but for the acquisition of phonology in general.
Do Important Papers Produce High Citation Counts

In honor of the centennial of the American Astronomical Society, we asked 53 senior astronomers to select what they thought were the most important papers published in the Astronomical Journal or Astrophysical Journal during this century. This selection of important papers gives us the opportunity to determine whether important papers invariably produce high citation counts. We compared those papers with control papers that appeared immediately before and after the important papers. We found that the important papers published before 1950 produced 11 times as many citations on the average as the controls and after 1950, 5.1 times as many citations. Of the important papers, 92% produced more citations than the average for the control papers. Therefore important papers almost invariably produce many more citations than others, and citation counts are good measures of importance or usefulness. An appraisal of the 53 papers is that three are primarily useful collections of data or descriptions, 46 are fundamental studies giving important results, and four are both useful and fundamental. The lifetimes of all 53 important papers average 2.5 times longer than for the controls. The ages of the authors of these important papers ranged from 23 to 70, with a mean of 39±11 years, indicating that astronomers can write important papers at any age.
Clinical studies of seven patients with rheumatoid arthritis and uniquely large amounts of rheumatoid factor.

Large amounts of the rheumatoid factor were found in the serum of patients with far advanced, active rheumatoid disease, many of whom had “Felty's syndrome,” and all of whom had subcutaneous nodules. A large part of the associated elevated gamma globulin was due to the abnormal 22 S rather than the 7 S component found in other diseases. Whether this 22 S component is but another manifestation of the disease or plays an active role in pathogenesis of various complications is not known at present. Grande quantitates de factor rheumatoide esseva trovate in le sero de patientes con avantiatissime morbo rheumatoide active, multes con “syndrome de Felty,” omnes con nodulos subcutanee. Un grande portion del associate augmento de globulina gamma representava le anormal componente 22 S plus tosto que le componente 7 S que es trovate in altere morbos. Si le componente 22 S es solmente un del manifestationes del morbo o si illo es un factor active in le pathogenese de varie complicationes remane un question aperte a iste tempore.
A quantitative study of the nucleus of the mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal nerve of the cat.

The number of cells in the mesencephalic nuclei of 38 cats averaged 2015 and ranged from 1237 to 2946. The individual right and left nuclei averaged 980 cells and ranged from 581 to 1489. About 3% of the cells were chromatolytic in the control animals. Various nerves were sectioned and the animals were sacrificed 14 days later. After unilateral section of the nerve to the masseter muscle 18% of the cells in the ipsi- and 9.7% of the cells in the contralateral nuclei were chromatolytic. After simultaneous unilateral section of the nerves to both the masseter and temporalis muscles 3% of the ipsi- and 23% of the cells of the contralateral nuclei were chromatolytic. After unilateral section of the inferior alveolar nerves 13% of the cells of the ipsi- and 9% of the cells of the contralateral nuclei were chromatolytic. After unilateral section of the lingual nerves 9% of the cells of the ipsi- and 7% of the cells of the contralateral nuclei were chromatolytic. After unilateral section of the hypoglossal nerves 12% of the ipsi- and 10% of the cells of the contralateral nuclei were chromatolytic. These results provide anatomical evidence that the axons of the cells of the mesencephalic nuclei are distributed to both the ipsi- and contralateral peripheral nerves. These findings also confirm the presence of such axons in the lingual and inferior alveolar nerves and demonstrate their heretofore unsuspected presence in the hypoglossal nerve.
Conserving disk energy in network servers

In this paper we study four approaches to conserving disk energy in high-performance network servers. The first approach is to leverage the extensive work on laptop disks and power disks down during periods of idleness. The second approach is to replace high-performance disks with a set of lower power disks that can achieve the same performance and reliability. The third approach is to combine high-performance and laptop disks, such that only one of these two sets of disks is powered on at a time. This approach requires the mirroring (and coherence) of all disk data on the two sets of disks. Finally, the fourth approach is to use multi-speed disks, such that each disk is slowed down for lower energy consumption during periods of light load. We demonstrate that the fourth approach is the only one that can actually provide energy savings for network servers. In fact, our results for Web and proxy servers show that the fourth approach can provide energy savings of up to 23%, in comparison to conventional servers, without any degradation in server performance.
Amazon's Mechanical Turk A New Source of Inexpensive, Yet High-Quality, Data?

Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a relatively new website that contains the major elements required to conduct research: an integrated participant compensation system; a large participant pool; and a streamlined process of study design, participant recruitment, and data collection. In this article, we describe and evaluate the potential contributions of MTurk to psychology and other social sciences. Findings indicate that (a) MTurk participants are slightly more demographically diverse than are standard Internet samples and are significantly more diverse than typical American college samples; (b) participation is affected by compensation rate and task length, but participants can still be recruited rapidly and inexpensively; (c) realistic compensation rates do not affect data quality; and (d) the data obtained are at least as reliable as those obtained via traditional methods. Overall, MTurk can be used to obtain high-quality data inexpensively and rapidly.
Plasma biomarkers for distinguishing etiologic subtypes of thoracic aortic aneurysm disease

Background Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) develop through an asymptomatic process resulting in gross dilation that progresses to rupture if left undetected and untreated. If detected, patients with TAA are followed over time until the risk of rupture outweighs the risk of surgical repair. Current methodologies for tracking TAA size are limited to expensive computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging because no acceptable population screening tools are currently available. Previous studies from this laboratory and others have identified differential protein profiles for the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), in ascending TAA tissue from patients with bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs), versus patients with idiopathic degenerative disease and a tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). In addition, altered microRNA (miR) expression levels have also been reported in TAAs compared with normal aortic tissue. The objective of our study was to identify circulating factors within plasma that could serve as potential biomarkers for distinguishing etiologic subtypes of aneurysm disease. Methods Ascending TAA tissue and plasma specimens were obtained from patients with BAV (n = 21) and TAV (n = 21) at the time of surgical resection. The protein abundance of key MMPs (1, 2, 3, 8, and 9), TIMPs (1, 2, 3, and 4), and miRs (1, 21, 29a, 133a, 143, and 145) was examined using a multianalyte protein profiling system or by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results were compared with normal aortic tissue and plasma obtained from patients without aortic disease (n = 10). Results Significant ( P P Conclusions Taken together, these unique data demonstrate differential plasma profiles of MMPs, TIMPs, and miRs in ascending TAA specimens from patients with BAV and TAV. These results suggest that circulating biomarkers may form the foundation for a broader platform of biomarkers capable of detecting the presence of TAA using a simple blood test and may also be useful in personalized strategies to distinguish between etiologic subtypes of TAAs in patients with aneurysm disease.
Health care consumer's use and trust of health information sources

Although most individuals continue to use and trust their health care professional for health information, they are increasingly bombarded with health information from other sources such as the Internet, television,andfamilyorfriends.Itisimportanttounderstand where variances in the use and trust of health information by various demographic factors occur, in order to monitor these sources to make sure that information provided is accurate and understandable. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to use data from the Annenberg National Health Communication Survey (ANHCS) to determine the relationship of demographic variables of age, race/ethnicity, educational level, gender, income level, and health status to use and trust of health information sources (health provider, television, Internet, and family or friends). Data were also analyzed to determine how these demographic variables increase or decrease the likelihood of using the various sources for health information. Results from the analysis showed that significant differences occur in use of health information when examined by demographic variables. Suggestions were made on how to make these health information sources more user-friendly and caution was expressed regarding the accuracy of sources.
Apportionment of racial diversity: A review

It has become increasingly popular to theorize and assert significant genetic differences between arbitrary regional, ethnic, and racial groupings of humans. Beginning with Livingstone, Brace, and Newman is the early 1960s, biological anthropologists have shown that variation in human traits is non-concordant along racial lines, as they are products of overlapping, dynamic selective pressures. In 1972, Lewontin analyzed blood groups, serum protein, and red blood cell enzyme variants and found that only about 6% of total genetic variance was accounted for by race, while the majority of variance is accounted for by differences between individuals. Using similar assays, Latter obtained similar results in 1980. In 1982, Nei and Roychoudhury analyzed 62 protein variants and 23 blood groups, finding that roughly 10% of genetic variance was accounted for by race. Analyzing protein, blood group, and HLA variants, Ryman and coworkers obtained similar figures in 1983. More recently, Dean and coworkers (1994) and Barbujani and coworkers (1997) have used PCR techniques to analyze RFLP and microsattelite loci, again yielding estimates of around 10% for the amount of genetic variance accounted for by race. Furthermore, recent research on regional and racial variance in mtDNA (Excoffier and coworkers, 1992), a traditional marker for human racial groupings, shows a higher proportion of variance within than across racial categories. These studies used a variety of assays and analytical techniques, some of which are designed to maximize the amount of variance accounted for by race. In light of this, the low proportion of genetic variance across racial groupings strongly suggests a re-examination of the race concept. It no longer makes sense to adhere to arbitrary racial categories, or to expect that the next genetic study will provide the key to racial classification.
STABILITY OF THE IRON(III) COMPLEX WITH 2-HYDROXYPYRIDINE

Abstract The formation of the complex formed between 2-hydroxypyridine and ferric ion has been studied in weakly acidic aqueous solution. Prior to the acquisition of the data for this equilibrium study it was necessary to study the equilibrium for the protonation of 2-hydroxypyridine in aqueous solution. A pK value of 0.98 was obtained for the protonation reaction at unit ionic strength at 25°. The formation constant for the 1:1 complex formed by the displacement of hydrogen ion by ferric ion in 2-hydroxypyridine at 25° and unit ionic strength was found to be 5.6. This value is much higher than the corresponding constants for 3- and 4-hydroproxypyridines. This evidence strongly suggests that interaction between the ferric ion and both the oxygen and nitrogen centers in 2-hydroxypyridine enhances complex stability.
NITROGEN ADDITIONS AND LITTER DECOMPOSITION: A META-ANALYSIS

We conducted a meta-analysis of previously published empirical studies that have examined the effects of nitrogen (N) enrichment on litter decomposition. Our objective was to provide a synthesis of existing data that comprehensively and quantitatively evaluates how environmental and experimental factors interact with N additions to influence litter mass loss. Nitrogen enrichment, when averaged across all studies, had no statistically significant effect on litter decay. However, we observed significant effects of fertilization rate, site-specific ambient N-deposition level, and litter quality. Litter decomposition was inhibited by N additions when fertilization rates were 2-20 times the anthropogenic N- deposition level, when ambient N deposition was 5-10 kg N·ha 21 ·yr 21 , or when litter quality was low (typically high-lignin litters). Decomposition was stimulated at field sites exposed to low ambient N deposition (,5 kg N·ha 21 ·yr 21 ) and for high-quality (low-lignin) litters. Fertilizer type, litterbag mesh size, and climate did not influence the litter decay response to N additions.
Comparison of internet versus lecture instructional methods for teaching nursing research

Although many higher education programs are using the Internet to teach classes, there are few published reports on the effectiveness of this method on test scores or student satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to compare test and student satisfaction scores of graduate nursing students who take a nursing research course via the Internet with those of students who take the same course via traditional lecture instruction. In addition, student technical support use and Internet student lecture attendance also were examined. A total of 97 students (Internet, 44; lectures, 53) participated. There were no significant differences in test scores and overall course student satisfaction (P > .05). However, the Internet students reported significantly higher (P = .04) stimulation of learning compared with the traditional lecture students. Technical support use by the Internet students was high initially and was related to software problems. Of interest were the large proportion of Internet students (73 percent) who attended at least 3 of the 10 lectures. Use of the Internet to teach graduate-level nursing research can provide comparable learning and student satisfaction to traditional lecture instructional methods.
Concurrent Mutations in ATM and Genes Associated with Common γ Chain Signaling in Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma

Peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a heterogeneous malignancy with poor response to current therapeutic strategies and incompletely characterized genetics. We conducted whole exome sequencing of matched PTCL and non-malignant samples from 12 patients, spanning 8 subtypes, to identify potential oncogenic mutations in PTCL. Analysis of the mutations identified using computational algorithms, CHASM, PolyPhen2, PROVEAN, and MutationAssessor to predict the impact of these mutations on protein function and PTCL tumorigenesis, revealed 104 somatic mutations that were selected as high impact by all four algorithms. Our analysis identified recurrent somatic missense or nonsense mutations in 70 genes, 9 of which contained mutations predicted significant by all 4 algorithms: ATM, RUNX1T1, WDR17, NTRK3, TP53, TRMT12, CACNA2D1, INTS8, and KCNH8. We observed somatic mutations in ATM (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated) in 5 out of the 12 samples and mutations in the common gamma chain (γc) signaling pathway (JAK3, IL2RG, STAT5B) in 3 samples, all of which also harbored mutations in ATM. Our findings contribute insights into the genetics of PTCL and suggest a relationship between γc signaling and ATM in T cell malignancy.
Survival outcomes of advanced pancreatic cancer in an integrative treatment setting: The Cancer Treatment Centers of America experience

15188 Background: In this study, we report the survival outcomes of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer who underwent intra- arterial mitomycin/cisplatin therapy at Cancer Treatment Centers of...
Multi-Layer Feed-Forward Networks

Recent developments in neural network theory show that multi-layer feed-forward neural networks with one hidden layer of neurons can be used to approximate any multi-dimensional function to any desired accuracy, if a suitable number of neurons are included in the hidden layer and the correct interconnection weight values can be found [28].
Factors Influencing Physician Counseling on Cardiovascular Risk.

Background and Importance: A significant reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality is related to aggressive management of modifiable CVD risk factors. Therefore, patients at increased ris...
See No Evil

“In the Western world both the proverb and the image are often used to refer to a lack of moral responsibility on the part of people who refuse to acknowledge impropriety, looking the other way or feigning ignorance.”—Wikipedia [(1)][1] Consider the following scenario: a 40-year-old male
Estimation of alternative metabolic pathways of catecholamines in man.

The recent elucidation of the metabolic products of the catecholamines [1,2,3,4] has resulted in an understanding of the pathways of metabolism of these neurohumors. Figure 1 illustrates our current concept of these pathways. Norepinephrine may be N-methylated in some tissues to form epinephrine. Both norepinephrine and epinephrine may be deaminated to form 3,4-dihydroxymandelic aldehyde. This intermediate may undergo oxidation to 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid (DHMA) or reduction to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG). Either of these catechols may then be O-methylated to form 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) or 3-methoxy-4-hydroxypheny lgly col (MHPG). Norepinephrine and epinephrine may both be O-methylated to form normetanephrine or metanephrine, respectively. Both of these 0-methylated amines form a common intermediate aldehyde which may undergo subsequent oxidation or reduction to form VMA or MHPG by an alternative route.
Speech understanding

Research on speech understanding is adding new dimensions to the analysis of speech and to the understanding of language. The accoustic, phonetic, and phonological processing of speech recognition efforts are being blended with the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of question-answering systems. The goal is the development of capabilities that will allow a person to have a conversation with a computer in the performance of a shared task. Achievement of this goal will both require and contribute to a more comprehensive and powerful model of language---with significant consequences for linguistics, for computer science, and especially for computational linguistics.
Bad Food-Good Food: A Broken Paradigm

We live in a fast-changing environment, no doubt about it. We work fast, we talk fast, and we never sleep enough. We also want to understand things quickly, and we think that we are perfectly able to do it thoroughly. But are we? You will ask what does this have to do with nutrition. Of course it does, and it hurts us very much, either the public or scientists. This editorial is about what I call “a broken paradigm”. I am referring to the very notion that, by classifying foods (or nutrients) in “bad” or “good”, we can achieve nothing but preventing ourselves from understanding the basis of healthy nutrition.
The Survey of Condition of Human Intestinal Parasitic Diseases in Shouguang Country in 2010

OBJECTIVE To understand the epidemic status of human parasitosis in rural area of shouguang county for the next work to control and prevent the disease.METHODS Two villages which mainly plant vegetables and one village which is engaged on traditional agriculture were selected randomly.Basic information about the villagers was understood by questionary and survey.The samples of villagers' dejection and cellophane tape of children at the age of 3 to 12 were jerqued with microscope for parasites' eggs.And the infection rate were calculated.RESULTS A total of 1 010 samples of dejecta and 148 samples of cellophane tape were collected.The villagers' infection rate of intestinal parasites is 0.89.The ascendant species were necator americanus,trichuris trichiura and nterobius vermicularis,and their infection rates were 0.10,0.03 and 3.38.The differences of the infection rate beween vegetable-planted villagers and traditionally agricultural villagers were not significant.CONCLUSION The decrease of infection rate of intestinal parasites in the rural area of Shouguang County possibly owes to the improvement of sanitation and living conditions and the measures of control and prevence of parasite disease.However,it's still the most important task of disease control and prevention in rural area to chang people's bad habits,popularize health knowledge and properly treat with night soil.
Identification of Immune Activation Profiles That May Predict Morbidity During Antiretroviral Therapy Treated HIV Infection

Chronic elevation in markers of immune activation is a hallmark of HIV infection, even when viral replication has been suppressed by antiretroviral therapy (ART) (Lederman et al., 2013). The Strategies for the Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) study demonstrated that plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein, and D-dimer are independent predictors of mortality in HIV infection, including deaths related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Kuller, LH, et al., 2008, Emery, S, et al., 2008). The predictive value of markers of immune activation and inflammation has been confirmed in several studies (Psomas, C, et al., 2016, Hunt, PW, et al., 2014, Kalayjian, RC, et al., 2010). Potential mechanisms have also been identified that may contribute to increased activation of both the innate and the adaptive immune systems in chronic HIV infection, including: copathogens, microbial translocation, pro-inflammatory lipids, low level viral replication, and the immune system's response to cytopenia (Lederman et al., 2013).
Special Problems with the Use of Cotherapists in Group Psychotherapy

(1971). Special Problems with the Use of Cotherapists in Group Psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 143-158.
Concluding Remarks on Part IV

Our two papers on ‘New Forms of Internationalisation of Business’ are rather different. Professor Casson offers us a series of abstractions related to a new international division of labour within the firm, the remarkable growth of multinational companies in service industries that specialise in the purchase and sale of information, and a trend, as he sees it, in new forms of business such as joint ventures, licensing, contracts and the like. Professor Komiya, on the other hand, provides a largely empirical account of the recent rise of Japanese firms in foreign direct investment, although he concludes by putting forward his view of a general theory of investment.In the initial major portions of the paper he observes that the Japanese data on direct investment are as good as those of most nations, but that they are absolutely rather poor; he notes that Japanese FDI goes largely to the United States and Western Europe, rather than to the less-developed countries (LDCs); and observes the absence in Japan of large multinational corporations (MNCs) of the order of Shell, Esso, IBM, Philips, SKF etc., and the emergence of FDI on the part of many small Japanese firms establishing suppliers in the newly-industrialising countries (NICs) of Asia.
Airborne Demonstration of DPCA for Velocity Measurements of Distributed Targets

Measurement of the Doppler velocity of distributed targets, such as precipitation and rough surfaces, from space is challenging due to the large platform velocity, the broad Doppler spectrum, and the resulting decorrelation between pulses. A previous paper by Durden et al. suggested the use of the displaced phase center antenna (DPCA) technique for the Doppler measurements of such targets. The proposed technique uses two antennas with appropriately chosen pulse timing to cancel platform motion. While DPCA has been used for many years in canceling clutter for point target motion measurements, its use in measuring Doppler from distributed targets was not well established. Here, the authors provide an example of surface measurements from a dual-antenna airborne system and a first demonstration of the use of DPCA to estimate the surface Doppler.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an acknowledged risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, molecular mechanisms linking these disorders remain poorly defined. This chapter will review recent advancements in the understanding of the etiologic causes of AD occurring in a subgroup of diabetic patients based on studies using a variety of animal models of insulin resistance, and T2DM. We will also focus on vascular deterioration and defective insulin signaling in the brain as primary causes of molecular, vascular, and neuronal changes that translate into cognitive decline, memory loss, and other features characteristic of AD.
Ontogenetic Characterization of the Intestinal Microbiota of Channel Catfish through 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing Reveals Insights on Temporal Shifts and the Influence of Environmental Microbes

Aquaculture recently overtook capture fisheries as the largest producer of food fish, but to continue increasing fish production the industry is in search of better methods of improving fish health and growth. Pre- and probiotic supplementation has gained attention as a means of solving these issues, however, for such approaches to be successful, we must first gain a more holistic understanding of the factors influencing the microbial communities present in the intestines of fish. In this study, we characterize the bacterial communities associated with the digestive tract of a highly valuable U.S. aquaculture species, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, over the first 193 days of life to evaluate temporal changes that may occur throughout ontogenetic development of the host. Intestinal microbiota were surveyed with high-throughput DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA V4 gene amplicons derived from fish at 3, 65, 125, and 193 days post hatch (dph), while also characterizing the environmental microbes derived from the water supply and the administered diets. Microbial communities inhabiting the intestines of catfish early in life were dynamic, with significant shifts occurring up to 125 dph when the microbiota somewhat stabilized, as shifts were less apparent between 125 to 193 dph. Bacterial phyla present in the gut of catfish throughout ontogeny include Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria; with the species Cetobacterium somerae and Plesiomonas shigelloides showing the highest abundance in the catfish microbiota after 3 dph. Comparisons of the gut microbiota to the environmental microbes reveals that the fish gut is maintained as a niche habitat, separate from the overall microbial communities present in diets and water-supply. Although, there is also evidence that the environmental microbiota serves as an inoculum to the fish gut. Our results have implications for future research related to channel catfish biology and culture, and increase our understanding of ontogenetic effects on the microbiota of teleost fish.
Voting Rates 1989 to 2007

Prior research highlights the relevance of gender in determining who is elected in postcommunist countries, yet there has been only limited work examining the relevance of gender in understanding voter participation. I examine the extent to which a gender gap in voting is present among Polish citizens. I use a model of voter participation previously found to predict differences in men's and women's rates of participation in established democracies. Findings show that, controlling for family structure, socioeconomic resources, religious attendance, and political interest, women were less likely to vote in Poland in 1989 and 1991 but more likely to vote in 1993. Since 1993, however, there are no significant gender differences in voting. Gender differences in the effects of other factors did emerge beginning in 2007. The emergence of differences in the effects of marital status, children, and work hours mirrors what is found in other European democracies. This finding suggests that as more voters without dir...