cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survival outcomes in patients with IDC and ILC breast cancer: A well matched single institution study.

e13056Background: Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) accounts for only 10-15% of all invasive breast cancers but has distinct clinicopathologic characteristics and genomic profiles. In particular, me...
CREATING AFFILIATIONS, LEARNING, AND MINDFULNESS FOR IN VITRO FERTILIZATION PATIENTS (CALM IVF)

Objective: To determine if a psychoeducational group (PG) model can improve quality of life (QoL) in patients undergoing IVF. Materials and Methods: Patients starting their first IVF cycle at our institution between 8/13/2019 - 12/31/2020 were recruited. Exclusions included previous IVF treatment, use of donor gametes/embryos, and non-English speakers. Enrolled participants completed baseline surveys (FertiQoL, PHQ-9, GAD-7, the 2-index Connor-Davidson Resilience scale, and an IVF knowledge survey). Participants were assigned to groups of 5-8 couples by projected oocyte retrieval date. Randomization to control (standard of care (SOC)) or intervention (CALM IVF + SOC) was done at the group level. CALM IVF participants attended 3 one-hour PG sessions prior to oocyte retrieval. 3 days after retrieval, all participants repeated surveys. Participants were followed for 3 months after retrieval to determine outcome and return to care. We estimated needing a sample size of 40 to show a 13.5 point difference in FertiQoL scores with 82.5% power and α=0.05. Analyses were performed using Student’s t-tests or Fischer’s exact tests as appropriate. Intent-to-treat analyses were performed for overall group differences as well as for differences in outcomes for those participating during the COVID-19 pandemic (after IVF clinical operations were paused on 3/16/20). Results: 76 couples enrolled. Due to drop-out, 20 females and 11 males participated in CALM IVF, and 20 females and 13 males in the control group. Those randomized to CALM IVF were more likely to experience a cancelled oocyte retrieval or poor embryo development in comparison to control (26% vs 13%). Males had significantly higher total QoL (6.68 [0.39 – 12.98], p=0.039), treatment QoL (8.26 [0.69 – 15.82], p=0.034), and resilience (1.13 [0.54 – 1.72], p=0.001) change in scores from pre-treatment to post-treatment after participating in CALM IVF versus control. Prior to COVID clinical pause, knowledge scores in the CALM IVF group significantly increased compared with control (13.19 [3.53 – 22.84], p=0.011). CALM IVF groups spanning 3/16/2020 and those recruited after had a significant improvement in the social subscale score (11.67 [-0.54 – 22.79], p=0.042 and 10.42 [1.79 – 19.04], p=0.023, respectively). Rates of ongoing pregnancy and return to care were not significantly different between groups. Conclusions: QoL and resilience are improved in males participating in CALM IVF during their first IVF cycle. Prior to COVID-19 shutdowns, CALM IVF improved IVF knowledge scores in participants. In participants who underwent treatment after COVID-19 shutdowns, CALM IVF improved social QoL scores. Impact Statement: Male partners of the IVF dyad may receive significant fertility related QoL and resilience benefits from a PG intervention. Female partners may experience improved social QoL with PG experiences, especially during a time of additional stressors and isolation.
Public Perception of COVID-19 Vaccines on Twitter in the United States

Background COVID-19 vaccines play a vital role in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Social media provides a rich data source to study public perception of COVID-19 vaccines. Objective In this study, we aimed to examine public perception and discussion of COVID-19 vaccines on Twitter in the US, as well as geographic and demographic characteristics of Twitter users who discussed about COVID-19 vaccines. Methods Through Twitter streaming Application Programming Interface (API), COVID-19-related tweets were collected from March 5 th , 2020 to January 25 th , 2021 using relevant keywords (such as "corona", "covid19", and "covid"). Based on geolocation information provided in tweets and vaccine-related keywords (such as "vaccine" and "vaccination"), we identified COVID-19 vaccine-related tweets from the US. Topic modeling and sentiment analysis were performed to examine public perception and discussion of COVID-19 vaccines. Demographic inference using computer vision algorithm (DeepFace) was performed to infer the demographic characteristics (age, gender and race/ethnicity) of Twitter users who tweeted about COVID-19 vaccines. Results Our longitudinal analysis showed that the discussion of COVID-19 vaccines on Twitter in the US reached a peak at the end of 2020. Average sentiment score for COVID-19 vaccine-related tweets remained relatively stable during our study period except for two big peaks, the positive peak corresponds to the optimism about the development of COVID-19 vaccines and the negative peak corresponds to worrying about the availability of COVID-19 vaccines. COVID-19 vaccine-related tweets from east coast states showed relatively high sentiment score. Twitter users from east, west and southern states of the US, as well as male users and users in age group 30-49 years, were more likely to discuss about COVID-19 vaccines on Twitter. Conclusions Public discussion and perception of COVID-19 vaccines on Twitter were influenced by the vaccine development and the pandemic, which varied depending on the geographics and demographics of Twitter users.
Resolving buried optoelectronic features in metal halide perovskites via modulation spectroscopy studies

As research on both bulk and low dimensional metal halide perovskites (MHPs) continues to grow, the tools necessary to gain insights into their exotic and highly convoluted optoelectronic features must also expand. Electroabsorption (EA) is a modulation spectroscopy technique that is exceptionally valuable at deconvoluting overlapping spectral features as well as discerning between different electronic environments in semiconductors. This review outlines the critical shortcomings of traditional optical spectroscopy in determining essential properties such as the bandgap and exciton binding energy. We provide a brief overview of the working principles of EA, focusing on the differences between bound and unbound charge carriers that result in unique behavior when interacting with an applied electric field. We discuss key studies highlighting the unique characterization available when coupling EA spectroscopy with traditional steady-state optical tools to investigate interesting and complex optical features in MHPs. We conclude that EA is a crucial tool for pushing the boundaries of our understanding of the optoelectronic properties of MHP thin films. When other optical characterization methods fall short in the richness of data provided, EA can bridge the knowledge gap to provide a complete optoelectronic characterization of novel MHPs and deepen the understanding of current structures and compositions as a function of their structural and morphological dimensionality.
An Eclectic Perspective to Model Adoption of Technological Innovations

The failure of substantial number of innovations in the marketplace is of concern to both marketing researchers and managers. One possible reason for this failure is the inappropriate application of innovation diffusion models. Another possible reason is the difficulty in analyzing when and why innovations are desired by the market. Some diffusion researchers have long maintained that a particular set of variables, such as evaluation of innovation attributes, was the best predictor of adoption behavior. Other researchers have championed personal characteristics of adopters as the most predictive variable of adoption. This paper presents an eclectic model of adoption that synthesizes concepts from key research traditions. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for future diffusion research and theory.
The Other Classical Groups

We consider only the algebraic groups, over a groundfield k, which, over the universal domain, are isogenous to products of simple groups of the three “classical” types : “special” linear, orthogonal and symplectic. Excluding the case of characteristic 2 (which has not been fully investigated) and certain “exceptional” forms of the orthogonal group in 8 variables (depending upon the principle of triality), such groups, up to isogeny, can be reduced to the following types, which will be called “classical” (the letter indicates the type over the universal domain, and K denotes any separably algebraic extension of k): L1. Special linear group (or projective group) over a division algebra DK over K. L2. (a) Hermitian (i.e., “special” unitary) group for a hermitian form over a quadratic extension K’ of K. (b) Id. for a non-commutative central division algebra DK’ over K’, with an involution inducing on K’ the non-trivial automorphism of K’ over K. O1. Orthogonal group for a quadratic form over K. O2. Antihermitian group for an antihermitian (or “skewhermitian”) form over a quaternion algebra over K, with its usual involution. S1. Symplectic group over K. S2. Hermitian group for a hermitian form over a quaternion algebra over K, with its usual involution.
The Limbic Systems, Efferent Control of Neural Inhibition and Behavior

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the model of limbic system function along with the neurophysiological and behavioral data. The model focuses on the interaction of these two forms of afferent inhibition: collateral type and recurrent type. The collateral type acts to accentuate the difference between active and less active sites while the recurrent type tends to equalize such differences. The model regards inhibitory neural processes—inhibition defined as a reduction in the excitation of a neural unit. Two major types of neural inhibition are recognized. The first is inherent in afferent activity: active afferent neurons inhibit their neighbors. This lateral or surround inhibition operates through collateral processes distributed among neurons or via amacrine-like cells and is well-demonstrated in the visual, auditory, and somatic systems, both at peripheral and central stations. This type of afferent neural interaction corresponds to Pavlov's “external” inhibition. The second type of afferent inhibition is recurrent. It takes two forms, presynaptic and postsynaptic. This neurological model of information processing is able to make understanding about the wealth of neurophysiological and neuropsychological data available.
Simplification of spatially distributed systems

A technique for the simplification of spatially distributed systems is presented. This technique relies on linear matrix inequality (LMI) based reduction results originally developed for the simplification of uncertain and multi-dimensional systems. The original results are applicable to systems that can be modelled by linear fractional transformations (LFTs) on structured operator sets whose elements are assumed to be temporal variables. In the paper, the original LFT results are extended to systems written as LFTs on spatial variables as well as on temporal variables. The main technical difference in the derivation of the new reduction results is a relaxation of standard causality requirements (or equivalently stability requirements), which in turn leads to a relaxation of the constraints to the relevant LMI solutions.
Radical stabilizing effects : A comparison of transition state effects (rates of azoalkane decompositions) with calculated (ab initio) pi spin densities

Abstract Rate studies on five azoalkanes (4a-e) have been studied to assess important radical stabilizing effects. MO calculations of spin densities for three radicals with pi systems are correlated with kinetic rates of radical formation.
REPORTER'S NOTES—FIRST SESSION

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the morphology and life cycle of neuronal and adrenal amine storage vesicles or granules, and the details of the release process and its regulation. The presence of electron-dense cores in neuronal vesicles may be a useful morphologic index by which to evaluate the distribution of amine containing nerve terminals in a complex tissue, such as, the CNS by electron microscopy. The generally accepted notion that large dense-core vesicles occur in greater frequency closer to the perikaryon and less toward the nerve terminals may not be correct as large dense-core vesicles, may not represent more than 10% of total vesicles in many adrenergic neurons and most are small, although, the commonly studied bovine splenic nerve preparation may have an unusually high incidence of larger vesicles. Speculations include a role of ATP or even cyclic phosphonucleotides as some pharamacologic evidence suggests that ATP or cAMP can release amines and those putative phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as the xanthines may also facilitate or provoke release.
Drosophila telomeres: two transposable elements with important roles in chromosomes.

Telomeres in Drosophila melanogaster are composed of multiple copies of two retrotransposable elements, HeT-A and TART, instead of the short DNA repeats generated by telomerase in most organisms. Transpositions of HeT-A and TART yield arrays of repeats larger and more irregular than the repeats produced by telomerase; nevertheless, these transpositions are, in principle, equivalent to the telomere-building action of telomerase. Both telomerase and transposition of HeT-A and TART extend chromosomes by RNA-templated addition of specific sequences. We have proposed that HeT-A has evolved from genes encoding telomerase components. Although both HeT-A and TART share some novel features, TART probably has a different origin from HeT-A. HeT-A and TART are clearly identifiable as non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons. Both telomere elements transpose only to the ends of chromosomes (apparently to any chromosome end in D. Melanogaster) and each contains a large segment of untranslated sequence. HeT-A and TART are the first examples of transposable elements with a clear role in chromosome structure. This has interesting implications for the evolution of both chromosomes and transposable elements. The finding also raises the possibility that other transposable elements with bona fide roles in the cell will be detected, not only in Drosophila, but also in other organisms.
Chapter 2 Frequency domain wave models in the nearshore and surf zones

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses nonlinear frequency domain models that have undergone rapid development, and apace with corresponding advances in the time domain realm. They have increased in utility with the incorporation of enhanced frequency dispersion effects, improved shoaling, and energy dissipation from wave breaking. Several formulations for nonlinear frequency domain models are investigated in the chapter. The data-model ensures comparisons to demonstrate that nonlinear models based on the mild-slope equations appear to be more accurate than frequency domain transformations of the extended Boussinesq equations. Initial phases of the irregular wave train are available to drive the models for data-model comparisons to the laboratory data. Smoothed spectra from pressure gauges, and wave buoys or forecast model output are the only source of data. Using smoothed spectra as an initial condition requires multiple runs of the model with random phases, and a time consuming task. With the advent of the SWAN model, the consideration of triad interactions has become more widespread. This is particularly evident as more model systems linking wave, hydrodynamic and sediment modules are developed. The stochastic models described exhibit great potential for operational use, and more development in this area is warranted.
Corporate Diversification, Manager's Incentive, And Shareholder Wealth

This study examines the impact of managers' incentives and corporate diversification on the returns to shareholders of acquiring firms in acquisition activities. Managers' incentives are measured by creating an incentive ratio (IR). The IR is constructed by dividing the market value of the equity holdings of the three managers with the largest equity shareholding within the firm by their annual compensation. We hypothesize that managers with a high IR are more likely to undertake acquisitions that benefit the shareholders of the acquiring firm than are managers with a low IR. We further hypothesize that the acquisition of a firm that is a focused acquisition (i.e., same industry) will produce greater returns to the acquiring firm's shareholders than will diversified acquisitions. Results indicate significant positive returns to acquiring firms whose managers have high IRs. While diversified acquisitions produce insignificant negative stock returns, focused acquisitions, on average, generate significant positive stock returns for acquiring firms. Results also suggest that managers with a low IR consistently undertake more diversified acquisitions than focused acquisitions, that the group with the combination of high IRs and focused acquisitions produces the highest returns among four groups, and that the group with the opposite combination produces the lowest returns.
Changes in Conformational State of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Adsorbed on Phosphatidylinositol Liposomes

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase /G3PDH/ belongs to the glycolytic enzymes which are found to have ability of association with membranes /1, 2, 3, 4, 5/,The association with membranes is controlled by electrostatic interactions. Hence, electrically charged surface of lipid bilayer was chosen as a model system for investigation of the association. Electrostatic binding of the enzyme on monolayers and liposomes modifies the enzyme specific activity /6, 7, 8/. The modification of specific activity may be a result of several reasons. Conformational modification of the enzyme molecules induced by the adsorption may be one of them. The aim of this work was attempt to test the possibility. In addition changes in conformational state of the enzyme upon the association with membranes may have important implications for other properties of the enzyme. We used the fluorescence probe bound to the enzyme molecule which was formed during the reaction of o-phthaldialdehyde with amino groups of the protein. This fluorophore is an acceptor of the excitation energy transfered from tryptophanyl residues of the protein. Resonance energy transfer efficiency strongly depends on the distance between donor and acceptor of the excitation energy. Any changes in the distance due to conformational rearrangement in protein molecule must effect the energy transfer.
Can ecological theory cross the land-sea boundary?

Terrestrial and marine ecological research are usually carried out in different institutions, published in different journals and funded from different sources. There are obvious disparities in space and time scales of processes; for example, trees compared with phytoplankton as primary producers; and the structure of their physical and chemical environments are quite distinct. Yet many common problems exist—patch dynamics, foodweb topology, density dependance. Especially there are questions about the nature of the biotic/abiotic relations in the two environments. These comparisons are discussed across sectors particularly in the context of space and time scale interactions between biological processes and the physical milieu. It is proposed that theories developed in one sector can be tested most critically in the other, with potential for greater generality. These extensions are often peripheral to research but the present focus on “global ecosystem dynamics” makes integration of these components a central and pressing issue.
Effects of scatterings on the gain broadening of type-I quantum-cascade lasers

ABSTRACT The gain bandwidth of a quantum-cascade (QC) laser is important for determining the magnitude of the opticalgain, the refractive index change, and the linewidth enhancement factor. We investigate the eects of thescattering mechanisms on the gain linewidth of a type-I QC laser and compare our theoretical results withexperimental data. The bandwidth of the gain spectrum of a QC laser is related to the electron relaxationrate, which is determined by scatterings that change the electron momentum or energy in the same subband(intrasubband) or dierent subbands (intersubband). Polar optical phonon scattering, impurity scattering, andelectron-electron scattering are the important mechanisms. In this paper, we investigate the magnitude of thelinewidth of the optical gain spectrum due to these scattering mechanisms in type-I mid-IR QC laser structures.In particular, the dependence of the scattering rate on the doping position will be shown in the case of the impurityscattering. We also present calculated optical gain, refractive index change, and linewidth enhancement factorspectra. Our theoretical results agree well with the experimental data.Keywords: Intersubband transition, gain linewidth, impurity scattering, polar-optical phonon (POP) scatter-ing, quantum-cascade (QC) laser
Embedding computer-based critics in the contexts of design

Computational critiquing mechanisms provide an effective form of computer-human interaction supporting the process of design. Critics embedded in domain-oriented design environments can take advantage of additional knowledge residing in these environments to provide less intrusive, more relevant critiques. Three classes of embedded critics have been designed, implemented, and studied: Generic critics use domain knowledge to detect problematic situations in the design construction. Specific critics take advantage of additional knowledge in the partial specification to detect inconsistencies between the design construction and the design specification. Interpretive critics are tied to perspective mechanisms that support designers in examining their artifact from different viewpoints.
Human Papillomavirus Infection in Women Who Submit Self-collected Vaginal Swabs After Internet Recruitment

Submission of vaginal samples collected at home could remove barriers that women face in getting screened for cervical cancer. From December 2013 to January 2014, women aged 21–30 years were recruited online to participate in either (1) self-collected testing for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and an online survey, or (2) an online survey regarding their perceptions of self-collected testing for HPV infection. Demographics, risk factors, testing perceptions, and satisfaction with self-collected testing were assessed with online questionnaires. Women who performed self-collection were sent a home sampling kit by US mail, which was returned via US mail for HPV testing. A total of 197 women were enrolled, with 130 completing the online survey and 67 participating in both the survey and self-collection. Of the 67 women who were sent kits, 62 (92.5 %) were returned for testing. Sixty kits contained a sample sufficient for testing. The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 17.8 %, however 6 women (9.7 %) were infected with >1 type of HPV. Women who self-collected a sample reported more favorable attributes of self-collection compared to women who only participated in the online survey, including ease of sampling (87.1 vs. 18.9 %), no pain during sampling (72.6 vs. 5.6 %), and lack of embarrassment (67.7 vs. 12.9 %). A high prevalence of HPV infection was demonstrated among women recruited via the internet. Online recruitment and at home screening methods have the potential to engage women in screening by offering an approach that might be more acceptable to women of different backgrounds.
A preliminary look at the effects of coupled lateral modes on aircraft handling qualities

Analytic and six-degree-of-freedom motion base simulator studies have been conducted to better understand how the coupled roll-spiral and coupled roll-aileron actuator modes affect aircraft handling qualities. The results reported herein are preliminary and are subject to change until other aircraft and several more data points can be examined. The results obtained thus far indicate that when the roll-spiral coupled mode is brought about by unusual values of an aircraft's stability and control derivatives, the lateral-directional handling qualities will invariably be degraded. However, when the roll spiral coupling is brought about by a roll-rate command/roll-attitude hold stability and control augmentation system (SCAS), the requirements for satisfactory handling qualities can be correlated to the natural frequency and the damping of the coupled mode. Satisfactory handling qualities were also achieved when the lateral SCAS brought about a coupling of the roll mode with the aileron actuator mode. In this case, the pilot ratings indicate that the handling qualities may be correlated to the natural frequency of the coupled roll-aileron mode.
The role of type 1 and type 2 5'-deiodinase in the pathophysiology of the 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine toxicosis of McCune-Albright syndrome.

Context: McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is caused by mutations in GNAS (most often R201C or R201H) leading to constitutive cAMP signaling and multiple endocrine dysfunctions, including morphological and functional thyroid involvement. Objective: The objective of the study was to characterize the clinical and molecular features of the MAS-associated thyroid disease in a large cohort of patients. Design: This was a retrospective analysis. Setting: The study was conducted at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. Patients: The study included 100 consecutive MAS patients. Interventions: There were no interventions. Main Outcome Measure: Functional and morphological evaluation of the thyroid was measured. Ex vivo experiments were performed on MAS thyroid samples to study the effects of the GNAS mutations on the 5′-deiodinases. Reconstitution experiments in HEK-293 cells were performed to study the effects of GNAS mutations on the type-2 5′-deiodinase. Results: Fifty-four patients had abnormal thyro...
Cerebellar Zones: History, Development, and Function

The longitudinal and transverse zonal arrangement of axonal projections to and from the cerebellum, even more than the well-known laminar cytoarchitecture, is the hallmark of cerebellar anatomy. No model of cerebellar function, whether in motor control, cognition, or emotion, will be complete without understanding the development and function of zones. To this end, a special issue of this journal is dedicated to zones, and the purpose of this article is to summarize the research and review articles that are contained within. The special issue begins by considering some of the very first studies in the 1960s and 1970s that led to our modern understanding of this unique and defining anatomical substructure. Then, it considers the molecular analogs of longitudinal zones in the form of stripes in the cerebellar cortex and related sub-areas in the deep cerebellar nuclei, and it includes studies on the genetic underpinnings of stripes and zones. Several articles address the evolution of both embryonic clusters and adult zones across vertebrate species, and others discuss the functional and clinical relevance of zones. While we do not yet fully understand the role of zones with respect to motor behavior in all of its complexities, cerebellar function is clearly modular, and combinatorial models of complex motor movements based on multi-purpose modules are beginning to emerge. This special issue, by refocusing attention on this fundamental organization of the cerebellum, sets the stage for future studies that will more fully reveal the cellular, developmental, behavioral, and clinical relevance of zones.
Weakly non-linear development of rotating disk flow

Abstract The problem of primary stability of rotating disk boundary layer flow for stationary modes was studied by using the weakly non-linear theory where the Reynolds number R is close to its critical value Rc as determined by linear theory. The system of equations for small amplitude disturbances is solved by a combination of theoretical and computational methods. A Landau type equation for the disturbance amplitude, A, is derived whose coefficients are determined numerically. It is found that for R ¦A¦ becomes very large in a finite time for R >Rc. These results suggest possible fast transition to turbulence in rotating-disk flow.
Hyaluronic acid--an indicator of pulmonary injury?

Abstract Hyaluronic acid was the only glysosaminoglycan detected in the pulmonary secretions of healthy adult rats exposed by inhalation to methylene chloride, but not of the control animals. The compound migrated as a single spot with the mobility of standard hyaluronic acid on cellulose acetate electrophoresis and disappeared after digestion with testicular hyaluronidase. Its identification was confirmed by finding hexuronate/hexosamine in a molar ratio of approx. 1. Glucosamine represented over 97% of the total hexosamine, the remaining 3% being galactosamine. No hexose or sulfate could be detected. Sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed no protein associated with this glycosaminoglycan. It appears that the secretion of hyaluronic acid into the airways may be the result of pulmonary inflammation induced by the toxic effects of methylene chloride.
‘So that we might have roses in December’: The functions of autobiographical memory

Autobiographical memory is not merely declarative and episodic in nature. It also entails explicit self-reference, chronological organization and causal relations. It entails conscious recollection, in terms of remembering, knowing, feeling or believing. Its functions may be agentic or nonagentic, but all are assigned, not intrinsic, and thus are observer-relative features of reality. Questions about function risk committing the adaptationist fallacy. Intrapersonally, autobiographical memory is a critical component in the mental representation of self. Interpersonally, autobiographical memory provides a basis for establishing and maintaining social relationships. Autobiographical memory is an individual right, and it may also be an ethical obligation. The popularity of memoir as a literary genre indicates that it is also a means of making money. In a future world of artificial minds with infinite capacity for data storage, there still will be no substitute for the human capacity to remember what really matters and forget what does not. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory of multiwave mixing in a squeezed vacuum.

We present a theory of nondegenerate multiwave mixing in a squeezed vacuum. The probe absorption and coupling coefficients are derived using a standard Fourier-series method. We average the coefficients over pump spatial holes and solve the coupled mode equations to find the four-wave-mixing reflection coefficient. Reflectivity peaks and dips are found to be narrower than in an unsqueezed vacuum. Both the absorption and the reflectivity provide sensitive ways to measure the amount of squeezing in the vacuum.
Spherulites in nylon 610 and nylon 66

The two types of spherulites in nylon 610 differ in birefringence, melting point, and rate of growth. The rates of growth depend strongly upon the degree of supercooling, and—at least for the positive spherulites—to a small extent on the molecular weight. The rate curve for the positive spherulites has a singular point at 188°C. and appears to have a maximum in the neighborhood of 120°C. Concentric rings were observed in positive spherulites only after crystallization in the temperature range between 188° and 195°C. Positive spherulites formed near 180°C. have maximum birefringence. Negative spherulites were observed only in specimens allowed to crystallize between 205° and 225°C. Three types of spherulites were observed in nylon 66. The large, positive, and highly birefringent spherulites have the same melting point, 273—274°C., as the negative spherulites. The small positive spherulite with normal birefringence melt at 269.5—270°C. Simultaneous growth of all three types of spherulites was observed only between 250 and 255°C.
What Do We Mean by Mathematical Proof

Mathematical proof lies at the foundations of mathematics, but there are several notions of what mathematical proof is, or might be. In fact, the idea of mathematical proof continues to evolve. In this article, I review the body of literature that argues that there are at least two widely held meanings of proof, and that the standards of proof are negotiated and agreed upon by the members of mathematical communities. The formal view of proof is contrasted with the view of proofs as arguments intended to convince a reader. These views are examined in the context of the various roles of proof. The conceptions of proof held by students, and communities of students, are discussed, as well as the pedagogy
Satellite DNA in mouse autosomal hetero chromatin

Abstract Within the last several years numerous investigations have been concerned with the existence of a minor DNA component, termed satellite DNA, in the genome of a number of higher organisms ( Kit, 1961 ; Chun and Littlefield, 1963 ; Corneo et al., 1968 ; Britten and Kohne, 1968 ). In the present communication, we wish to report that mouse autosomal heterochromatin, isolated by sonication of purified nuclei, is composed primarily of satellite DNA.
Effects of Climate Variability on Interannual Variation in Parasites, Pathologies, and Physiological Attributes of Bivalves from the U.S. East, Gulf, and West Coasts

We analyzed weighted prevalence of various parasites and pathologies for 1995 to 2006 along with a set of physiological variables to determine the degree of concordancy in their interannual variations over 500-km stretches of coastline using data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) National Status and Trends “Mussel Watch” Program. The variables examined in mytilid mussels fell into three groups based on the temporal patterns observed: ceroid bodies, taxon richness, digestive tubule atrophy, and major pathologies varied concordantly along the Northeast and West Coasts. For reproductive stage, sex ratio, and gill ciliates, concordant temporal trends were limited to the northeast coast. Gregarines, found only in West coast mussels, behaved similarly to those variables falling into the first group. A final group, trematode metacercariae and sporocysts, tissue pathologies, and the prokaryotes, was characterized by limited concordancy. For oysters, a similar triplet of groups wa...
The search for the complicit native: Epistemic violence, historical amnesia, and the anthropologist as ideologue of empire

This essay analyzes a number of issues surrounding the Menchu/Stoll dispute. In locating Stoll's criticism of Rigoberta within a larger referential arena that includes an attack on the North American academic left and an unbridled anti-Marxism, the authors attempt to reveal how Stoll's ideological agenda is functionally compatible with the larger political agenda of the New Right. The authors also attempt to reveal Stoll's distortions of Guatemalan guerrilla history as well as problems with his analysis and collection of the data.
Local resection of the pancreatitic head for pancreatic pseudocysts.

Background Local resection of the head (LRPH) has improved markedly the clinical outcome of patients that undergo surgery for chronic pancreatitis. LRPH is often combined with a lateral pancreatojejunostomy for complete duct drainage. Randomized controlled trials have confirmed the superiority of the Frey and Beger operations compared to pancreatoduodenectomy. Appropriate patient selection is critical to an excellent outcome. Patients with an enlarged pancreatic head or duodenal or biliary obstruction are ideal candidates for LRPH. In addition, patients with symptomatic pseudocysts in the pancreatic head can be adequately treated with these operations.
Fiber-optic sensor for salt concentration based on polymer swelling coupled to optical displacement

Abstract A sensor that responds reversibly to salt concentration was prepared in which the sensing element is an ionic polymer, either sulfonated polystyrene or sulfonated dextran, that shrinks as the ionic strength is increased. The polymer is coupled to a reflector such that changes in polymer size cause a change in reflector position, which in turn causes a change in the intensity of light reflected back into an optical fiber. The range of salt concentrations that cause a change in polymer size depends on the charge density on the polymer. Larger intensity changes are observed as the degree of polymer cross-linking decreases. Intensity changes are larger for smaller beads. Plots of intensity vs. concentration vary from salt to salt but follow concentration more closely than ionic strength. The response is more sensitive with a two-fiber optical arrangement than with a single fiber.
Risk analysis of a Pinewood derby : A case study

This paper presents risk analyses for Pinewood Derbies. It shows the derivation of probabilities and risk assessment numbers. It presents several risk analysis techniques and shows problems associated with them. ' 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 3: 143n155, 2000
Stress distributions within the proximal femur during gait and falls: Implications for osteoporotic fracture

The rates of fracture at sites with different relative amounts of cortical and trabecular bone (hip, spine, distal radius) have been used to make inferences about the pathomechanics of bone loss and the existence of type I and type II osteoporosis. However, fracture risk is directly related to the ratio of tissue stress to tissue strength, which in turn is dependent not only on tissue composition but also tissue geometry and the direction and magnitude of loading. These three elements determine how the load is distributed within the tissue. As a result, assumptions on the relative structural importance of cortical and trabecular bone, and how these tissues are affected by bone loss, can be inaccurate if based on regional tissue composition and bone density alone. To investigate the structural significance of cortical and trabecular bone in the proximal femur, and how it is affected by bone loss, we determined the stress distributions in a normal and osteoporotic femur resulting from loadings representing: (1) gait; and (2) a fall to the side with impact onto the greater trochanter. A three-dimensional finite element model was generated based on a representative femur selected from a large database of femoral geometries. Stresses were analyzed throughout the femoral neck and intertrochanteric regions. We found that the percentage of total load supported by cortical and trabecular bone was approximately constant for all load cases but differed depending on location. Cortical bone carried 30% of the load at the subcapital region, 50% at the mid-neck, 96% at the base of the neck and 80% at the intertrochanteric region. These values differ from the widely held assumption that cortical bone carries 75% of the load in the femoral neck and 50% of the load at the intertrochanteric region. During gait, the principal stresses were concentrated within the primary compressive system of trabeculae and in the cortical bone of the intertrochanteric region. In contrast, during a fall, the trabecular stresses were concentrated within the primary tensile system of trabeculae with a peak magnitude 4.3 times that present during gait. While the distribution of stress for the osteoporotic femur was similar to the normal, the magnitude of peak stress was increased by between 33% and 45%. These data call into question several assumptions which serve as the basis for theories on the pathomechanics of osteoporosis. In addition, we expect that the insight provided by this analysis will result in the improved development and interpretation of non-invasive techniques for the quantification of in vivo hip fracture risk.
Transformation of the Small Cell Variant Ki-1+ Lymphoma to Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: Pathologic and Clinical Features

The disease spectrum of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) includes a biologically aggressive small cell variant (SCV). The SCV may progress to ALCL, but little is known about the transformation process and its significance. The goals of this study were (1) to identify the clinical and pathologic features that characterize ALCL arising in SCV and (2) to determine whether some cases with ALCL histologic appearance at the outset arose from an SCV. Seventeen SCV were reviewed, and four cases (24%) transformed to ALCL as shown by subsequent biopsy. The ALCLs were predominantly monomorphic (3 cases) rather than pleomorphic (1 case). Residual SCV was detected at transformation in 3 of 4 cases. Twenty-one de novo T-cell ALCLs were reviewed for an SCV component; such a component was identified in two ALCLs with monomorphic features, suggesting a preceding SCV phase. There was no change in the immunophenotype between the SCV and ALCL, all marking as EMA+ T cells. Expression of p80 was detected in 3 of 4 (75%) SCV with transformation and 10 of 12 (77%) SCV without transformation. Chromosomal abnormalities involving the sex chromosomes and 6, 7, 9, and 15, in addition to the characteristic t(2;5)(p23;q35), were present in 2 cases at transformation. Times to transformation ranged from 1 to 146 months (mean: 63 months) after diagnosis. Transformation to ALCL signaled a rapid clinical course, with 75% of patients dying in less than a year; one patient remains alive at 15 months. In summary, some ALCLs, particularly those with monomorphic features, arise from an SCV. Transformation to ALCL signals a rapid course, with death occurring in less than a year in most cases. Necrosis in the SCV may be predictive of transformation. Chromosomal abnormalities in addition to the t(2;5)(p23;q35) are present at transformation, suggesting that multiple genetic alterations are involved in disease progression.
Fine structure of hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma of the Atlantic tomcod, Microgadus tomcod (Walbaum)

. The fine structure of livers from Atlantic tomcod, Microgadus tomcod (Walbaum), differed between samples from the Hudson and the Pawcatuck Rivers. The hepatocytes of fish from the Pawcatuck River were characterized by cords two cells wide separated by distinct blood sinuses. The hepatocytes contained moderate amounts of glycogen and lipid, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and a central nucleus. Hepatocytes of samples from the Hudson River had ceroid plaques, extensive arrays of rough endoptasmic reticulum that were often distended, heavy deposits of lipid that deformed other organelles and no glycogen. The nucleus and cytoplasmic portion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells from the Hudson River were much larger than other hepatocytes and contained fewer fatty deposits, but still had lots of rough endoplasmic reticulum in varying degrees of distension. The pathological manifestations of the hepatocytes are consistent with damage due to exposure to toxic compounds and suggest that the high prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma from the Hudson River tomcod is due to exposure to environmental carcinogens.
Systematic Bias in the Measurement of Water in Oils by Tubular Oven Evaporation and Azeotropic Distillation

Water in oil has been measured by tubular oven evaporation and by azeotropic distillation into a coulometric moisture analyzer. The results of these measurements were compared to the results obtained by volumetric titration of water in oil. The volumetric measurements were consistently higher than the measurements made by tubular oven evaporation or azeotropic distillation. A mass balance study was performed by volumetric Karl Fischer titration of the water in the oil that remained in the tubular oven and in the distillation apparatus. This study indicated that measurable amounts of water were not removed after exhaustive evaporation or distillation. The sum of the water removed by distillation from toluene and that remaining in the distillation chamber was equal to the amount of water measured in the oil by the volumetric method. The data are consistent with the existence of an oil−water azeotrope that does not release water upon evaporation at 160 °C or upon dissolution in toluene and distillation of th...
Family satisfaction with family conferences about end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: increased proportion of family speech is associated with increased satisfaction.

Objective:Family members of critically ill patients report dissatisfaction with family-clinician communication about withdrawing life support, yet limited data exist to guide clinicians in this communication. The hypothesis of this analysis was that increased proportion of family speech during ICU f
Antibodies to the type II TGFβ receptor block cell activation and migration during atrioventricular cushion transformation in the heart

Abstract Epithelial–mesenchymal transformation is a critical event in the development of many organ systems including the heart. Descriptive studies have implicated a number of factors in mediating this transformation, including transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). We now report that disruption of a TGFβ signal transduction complex by antibodies directed against the Type II TGFβ receptor blocks both the endocardial cell activation and subsequent migration that constitute transformation in the chick atrioventricular (AV) cushion. The Type II receptor was localized to both endothelial and endocardial cells of the chick embryo. Incubation of AV cushion explants from Stage 14, 16, and 18 embryos with antibody resulted in a blockade of AV endocardial cell transformation by greater than 50% as measured by mesenchyme formation. Similarly, the appearance of procollagen Type I, a marker of endocardial cell transformation, was blocked. In addition, within 2 hr after the incubation of activated Stage 18 explants with Type II antibody the rate of migration of transformed cells was decreased by 50%. These data suggest that TGFβ acts directly on AV cushion endocardial cells to stimulate epithelial–mesenchymal transformation and that TGFβ mediates at least two distinct components of AV cushion transformation, activation and migration.
Primary Prevention and High Risk Populations

A primary prevention program designed to promote the personal development of individuals in a particular high risk population is discussed.
Gold labeling of cell monolayers grown on dextran beads

Gold labeling of antigenic sites has become an increasingly useful tool in the study of cultured cell monolayers. If these mono-layers are grown on flat substrates, major difficulties in both scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimen preparation and imaging may result. An alternate surface, that of dextran microcarrier beads, eliminates a majority of these difficulties and facilitates correlative TEM and SEM. The SEM procedure for using backscattered electron imaging requires the use of carbon planchets as the cell growth matrix to eliminate background signals. These planchets are expensive and are not an optimal cell-attachment matrix in that they result in loose and abnormally shaped cells. In contrast, the dextran beads were produced specifically for cell culture and, therefore, provide an excellent surface for growth. The beads have an average diameter of 100 μm, allowing attachment directly to aluminum stubs without signal generation from the aluminum to interfere with the gold signal. With TEM preparation, the monolayer poses the major disadvantage. Specimen preparation for thin sectioning is often preceded by extensive manipulation. In the microcarrier bead system, the beads are directly sectionable, and it is possible to cut five to eight full beads per thin section. This increase in cell surface makes quantification of gold labeling easier and also provides a more representative sampling of the monolayer. The ease of preparation, the decrease in reagents used (via cell pooling), and the ability to use one cell preparation for TEM and SEM make this procedure an ideal technique for gold labeling.
An inexpensive instrumentation winch

Abstract An inexpensive, unitized instrumentation winch suitable for duty at sea is described. The winch is electric powered and has a capacity of 300 m of 19 cable with a pulling rate of 20 m/min at 35 kg-m torque. Interchangeable reels are a feature of the winch, which is waterproof and requires only 0·7 m 2 of deck area.