cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Innovation and Job Training on Export Decision: Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Firms

This paper investigates the factors affecting the decisions of Chinese manufacturing firms to begin and stop exporting. In addition to factors investigated in previous studies, I consider two additional factors: firms’ technology level (measured by the output of new products) and investment in human capital in the form of job training. I find that technology level and job training have a positive (negative) impact on the likelihood of entering (exiting from) export markets. Exploring heterogeneity across firms, I also find that these factors have more substantial effects on high-tech firms.
De novo isolated myeloid sarcoma: comparative analysis of survival in 19 consecutive cases.

Institutional database search (1999-2020) for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) identified 109 cases of myeloid sarcoma (MS), of which 19 were isolated and presented de novo. The latter displayed longer survival (median 78 months), compared to MS with synchronous intramedullary AML (n = 32; median 16 months) and de novo AML without MS (n = 729; median 22 months; P = 0·13). However, the difference in survival was no longer apparent after accounting for bone marrow cytogenetic risk status (P = 0·67). Treatment-induced MS tumour resolution was not affected by the presence of intramedullary disease (P = 0·61). The current study clarifies the prognosis of de novo isolated MS, in the context of AML.
Faculty Professional Development Through International Experiences

Much emphasis is put on the important benefits for students who engage in international study experiences. This paper outlines the potential benefits for faculty professional development through international experiences such as leading a study abroad class, teaching in an international posting, or conducting research internationally. I highlight the evidence from the literature and my own experience on the development opportunities for faculty pedagogy, career development, and research opportunities. I also recommend some resources for identifying opportunities and best practices to gain the most from your experience.
Impact thermochronology and the age of Haughton impact structure, Canada

[1] Most successful efforts to determine the ages of impact events are based on the isotope geochronology of crystalline or glassy impact melts. Studies of impact sites on Earth show that many form without significant melt production, meaning that traditional geochronologic approaches can yield unsatisfying results. We describe here an alternative approach based on theoretical calculations that even brief thermal events related to impact can reset the isotopic systematics of unmelted target rocks. Thermochronometers based on the production of radiogenic 4He in accessory minerals are particularly amenable to complete resetting by impact and should yield robust impact ages if helium systematics are not further disturbed during post-impact thermal events. We illustrate the utility of this method through a presentation of a new zircon (U-Th)/He date for the Haughton impact structure, Canada, of 23.5 ± 2.0 Ma.
The electrocardiogram in the aged

Abstract An electrocardiographic study was made on 100 men and women who, in so far as could be ascertained by a careful history and physical examination, had no heart disease. Eighty-two were in the eighth decade, sixteen in the ninth, and two in the tenth. Sixty-four were men, and thirty-six were women. Twenty-six per cent showed distinct electrocardiographic abnormalities. It is evident from this study that approximately 25 per cent of apparently healthy men and women over the age of 70 probably have considerable myocardial damage.
Graphisch-interaktives Arbeiten mit Wissensstrukturen

Graphisch-interaktive Arbeitsstationen erweitern die Einsatz- und Anwendungsmoglichkeiten wissensbasierter Systeme, wobei sich verbesserte Arbeitsmoglichkeiten fur den Entwickler und den Benutzer ergeben. Ein Teilgebiet aus diesem Bereich ist die Erfassung, Wiedergabe, Uberprufung und Korrektur von Wissensreprasentationen, die auf semantischen Netzen und damit zusammenhangenden Frames und Regeln beruhen. Die hier untersuchten Operationen sind (1) Auswahl von Teilbereichen eines semantischen Netzes zur graphischen Wiedergabe (2) Bestimmung einer flachenhaften Prasentation des semantischen Netzes aufgrund der gespeicherten Netzstruktur und Darstellung auf Bildschirm bzw. Plotter, (3) Interaktive Veranderungen an graphisch dargestellten Netzen, (4) Produktive Erfassung eines semantischen Netzes uber Frames und (5) Verdichtung der dargestellten graphischen Information zur Verbesserung der Orientierung des Benutzers. Es wird uber den Stand eines Programms berichtet, das diese Operationen durchfuhrt.
Physically Based Lighting Calculations for Computer Graphics: A Modern Perspective

The light transport problem is discussed and formulated in a form convenient for Computer Graphics. Basic physical units are presented, and the rendering equation is formulated in these units. A survey of view dependent and zonal methods is presented, and the extension of these methods to non-diffuse surfaces and non-isotropically scattering media is outlined.
Transient inhibition of DNA synthesis by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine leads to overexpression of dihydrofolate reductase with increased frequency of methotrexate resistance.

Abstract Transient but incomplete suppression of DNA synthesis by a single exposure of an asynchronous population of cells to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) increases the frequency of appearance of methotrexate (MTX)-resistant colonies. This increase was greater than 10-fold following a 6-h incubation of cells with 3 microM FdUrd prior to selection in MTX, an interval one-half the normal L1210 cell cycle time. During this period of exposure to FdUrd, DNA synthesis decreased to 25% of control rates and cells accumulated at the G1/S interface. The 6-h incubation with FdUrd resulted in greater than a 2.5-fold increase in the dihydrofolate reductase protein level in the treated cell population, which was accounted for, at least in part, by increased de novo synthesis of the enzyme as assessed by [35S]methionine labeling. This increase in dihydrofolate reductase was associated with a decrease in growth inhibition by MTX. A brief reversal (2 h) of FdUrd-induced DNA synthesis inhibition by the addition of thymidine eliminated the amplification of dihydrofolate reductase and the enhanced emergence of MTX-resistant clones. Beyond this, an analysis of clones that survive MTX selection indicates that the dihydrofolate reductase gene copy in cells spontaneously resistant to 50 nM MTX and those which resulted after the additional pretreatment with FdUrd for 6 h are comparable with a 2-4-fold amplification of enzyme in most clones. These studies demonstrate that FdUrd enhancement of dihydrofolate reductase expression can have a profound effect upon the incidence and expression of MTX resistance and that dihydrofolate reductase gene amplification may be another basis for antagonism between these agents.
Is It Time to Trade “Wet-Work” for Network?

Systems biology aims to create a predictive mathematical model of the living organism. Such a goal may seem to be an exciting challenge to those with a quantitative background but it often sounds like a preposterous idea to others with less affinity to computers. Therefore, a talk on this topic should start with presenting several concrete examples on how systems biology may aid solving both practical and theoretical problems in biomedical research. These will include the difficulties associated with finding combinatorial therapeutic targets and a related theoretical problem of understanding the robustness of genetic networks in order to facilitate efficient drug design. The limitations of massively parallel biological data acquisition will be also discussed in order to provide an assessment of the data quality quantitative approaches will rely on [1,2].
The Future of International Law: Global Government

1. Introduction: the crisis in international law 2. Reasons for international law and organization 3. International law and organization as a system for transnational political linkage 4. The futurology of international law 5. Cyberspace 6. Human rights 7. Environmental protection and public health 8. Global regulation of finance 9. Economic liberalization: trade, intellectual property, migration, and investment 10. Fragmentation, synergy, coherence, and institutional choice 11. International legal constitutionalization 12. Conclusion: functionalism revisited.
Potential mechanisms of metabolic imprinting that lead to chronic disease

This review synthesizes a subset of human epidemiologic and experimental animal studies that suggest that early nutrition affects susceptibility to chronic diseases in adulthood. These studies provide evidence that biological mechanisms may exist to "memorize" the metabolic effects of early nutritional environments. However, hypothesis-driven investigations of potential mechanisms have been scant. Thus, our understanding of the biology underlying metabolic imprinting is incomplete. A working definition of metabolic imprinting is proposed, emphasizing the adaptive nature and limited ontogenic window of the mechanisms putatively responsible for these relations. Five specific candidate mechanisms of metabolic imprinting are elaborated: 1) induced variations in organ structure, 2) alterations in cell number, 3) clonal selection, 4) metabolic differentiation, and 5) hepatocyte polyploidization. Last, experimental approaches for probing potential mechanisms with animal models are discussed.
A Short Proof of Rayleigh's Theorem with Extensions

Consider a walk in the plane made of n unit steps, with directions chosen independently and uniformly at random at each step. Rayleigh's theorem asserts that the probability for such a walk to end ...
Effect of Low Carbohydrate Diets During Pregnancy on Embryogenesis and Fetal Growth and Development in Rats

Effects in pregnant rats of feeding diets specifically deficient in carbohydrate were studied. The dietary nonprotein energy source was lipid, provided as intact fat (soybean oil) or a fatty acid mixture (edible oleic acid) or a combination of these. These diets provided 9.5% casein protein, which was shown to be minimally adequate in both the lipid-based experimental diets and the high carbohydrate control diet. The diets were fed from mating through d 21 of pregnancy, and pups were delivered by cesarean section. The soybean oil-based zero-carbohydrate diet supported embryogenesis and produced at term normal numbers of normal appearing pups of body weight lower than that of pups from the high carbohydrate control diet. In contrast, the oleic acid-based zero-carbohydrate diet failed to maintain pregnancy, indicating a requirement for carbohydrate or intact fat or both. To maintain pregnancy to term required both 5-10% intact fat and 4% carbohydrate as glucose or its equivalent amount of glycerol from lipid. From feeding graded levels of glucose in fatty acid based diets containing 5-10% intact fat as soybean oil, the carbohydrate requirement was found to be 6-8% glucose to sustain maternal food intake and weight gain and to produce normal fetal weight at term, and 12% glucose to provide approximately half the fetal liver glycogen levels in controls fed a high carbohydrate diet. These experiments have produced the first evidence of the quantitative requirement for carbohydrate for embryogenesis and fetal growth and development in the pregnant rat dam.
Modeling the effect of anchor geometry on the quality factor of bulk mode resonators

High quality factor (Q) resonators are desired for numerous applications such as clocks and gyroscopes. For bulk acoustic wave resonators, energy dissipation through the anchors (i.e. anchor loss or anchor damping) can often limit Q. This work explores several designs of anchor geometries for a width extensional resonator with experimental results confirming that the geometry of the anchor can have a large effect on the mode shape as well as the quality factor. We present a Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) COMSOL model which is able to predict Q for several anchor loss limited anchor designs. Temperature dependencies of f and Q are also reported and favorable designs are set forth.
Multichain Mean-Field Theory of Quasi-One-Dimensional Quantum Spin Systems

A multichain mean-field theory is developed and applied to a two-dimensional system of weakly coupled $S\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1/2$ Heisenberg chains. The environment of a chain ${C}_{0}$ is modeled by a number of neighboring chains ${C}_{\ensuremath{\delta}}$, $\ensuremath{\delta}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1,\dots{},\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}n$, with the edge chains ${C}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}n}$ coupled to a staggered field. Using a quantum Monte Carlo method, the effective $(2n+1)$-chain Hamiltonian is solved self-consistently for $n$ up to $4$. The results are compared with simulation results for the original Hamiltonian on large rectangular lattices. Both methods show that the staggered magnetization $M$ for small interchain couplings $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ behaves as $M\ensuremath{\sim}\sqrt{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ enhanced by a multiplicative logarithmic correction.
Pyridine nucleotides in human erythrocytes in different metabolic states.

Abstract 1. 1. NAD + , NADH, NADP + , and NADPH concentrations in intact erythrocytes 2. 2. When acid extracts were prepared in the presence of ascorbic acid, NADP + was markedly lower as observed by Burch, Bradley and Lowry . An influence of this agent on NAD + content was not readily apparent but was demonstrable under appropriate conditions. Accordingly, ascorbic acid treatment appears to be necessary in order to obtain valid figures for NAD + as well as for NADP + . 3. 3. In incubation studies, NADP + increased and both NADPH and NADH decreased when medium glucose was omitted. With 0.5 mM iodoacetate and 10 mM glucose, only a decrease in NADH was noted. Thus, glucose lack alters nucleotide concentrations associated with both glycolytic adn phosphogluconate pathways, whereas iodoacetate only modifies the reduced nucleotide level related to glycolysis. 4. 4. In contrast to glucose-free controls, 10 mM lactate increased NADPH as well as NADH levels. Both NADPH and NADH were decreased in the presence of 10 mM pyruvate and glucose. These findings suggest the presence of a transhydrogenase activity. 5. 5. Change in NAD + was not generally observed except for the decrease noted with 5 mM fluoride. It appears that NAD + content may be influenced by factors other than those affecting glycolysis directly.
Absence of Elastica from Inner Half of Aorta Multiple Dissecting Aneurysms

Multiple dissecting aneurysms were found in the course of an autopsy on a 52-year-old male patient who had expired suddenly as a result of a massive pericardial tamponade. Two of these aneurysms involved the aorta. The others involved muscular arteries, namely, the superior mesenteric and the splenic. In the case of the aorta, there was an absence of elastica from the entire inner half of the media, leaving the fabric of the outer half intact. The course of dissection in the case of each aneurysm lay along the line of demarcation separating the inner from the outer half of the media. This very unusual pattern, showing an absence of elastic lamina in the inner half of the media, differs remarkably from the changes that are commonly seen in dissecting aneurysms of this large elastic artery. Neither the etiology nor pathogenesis of this defect is known. The recognition that such a disease exists is only the first step toward its solution.
An improved quadrilateral localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks

Self-localization is a precondition for many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. To obtain a more accurate and robust localization, an improved quadrilateral localization algorithm is proposed. Considering a real environment, a flip ambiguity detection criterion is adopted into trilateration localization. And for the propose of avoiding intense fluctuation and error propagation of localization results, a centroid quadrilateral localization (CQL) and a comparative weighted quadrilateral localization (WQL) with flip ambiguity detection conditions are developed by adding a node with known position. Then a development flow is designed for the real environment. Finally, the distributed suitable localization experiment is conducted in an area of 15.3m×15.3m, and the results show that both CQL and WQL have a capacity of error endurance, CQL errors are within 2.7m, WQL errors are within 3.7m. And WQL is more stable than CQL, but also bears results with larger stable errors.
The effect of sizing on composite properties for materials used in the shuttle filament wound case

An epoxy resin and a sized carbon fiber have been used to produce a light-weight filament wound case for the Space Shuttle. The sizing facilitates fiber handling during winding but may affect the amount of resin absorbed by the fiber during impregnation and the final mechanical properties of the composite. Naval Ordnance Lab rings were wound to study the effect of the sizing content on the resin absorption by the fiber bundles, the final tensile properties of the composite, and the type of failure observed at burst. The resin content of the rings studied was between 20 to 40 percent, and the sizing content, 0 to 1.6 percent by weight. Results showed that the sizing content was a critical parameter which determined the amount of resin absorbed by the fibers. The final tensile strength was dependent on the amount of sizing present. The tensile strength decreased by as much, as 60 percent when a low resin and high sizing content were present. The type of failure at burst was a function of resin content rather than size content.
Magnetic ordering in the ternary intermetallic compound UAu2Si2

Abstract Measurements of electrical resistivity between 0.3 to 300 K and transverse magnetoresistance in fields up to kOe on UAu2Si2 compounds with ThCr2Si2-type structure suggest a transition to a spiral magnetic order below 80 K followed by another to a ferromagnetic order below 18 K.
The influence of grip width on two-handed grip strengths in females

Abstract Nineteen female adults were tested for maximal voluntary contraction strengths of two-handed grip in a snap-type action at 11 different grip widths, ranging from 3.8 TO 16.5 cm in increment of 1.2 cm. The results indicated that the greatest strength was achieved at the smallest grip width and the weakest at the largest width. Also, strength declined linearly with increasing width at the rate of 18.5 N per cm, and the strongest two-handed strength was 1.61 times as strong as standard one-handed power grip strength. Relevance to industry The results of this study provide new data on grip strength that can be used for designing tasks and equipment, and for evaluating bilateral muscular efforts in manual gripping and squeezing tasks.
CRYSTAL-CELL INTERACTIONS : CRYSTAL BINDING TO RAT RENAL PAPILLARY TIP COLLECTING DUCT CELLS IN CULTURE

Retention of stone crystallites by urothelium is clearly one of the prime requisites for urinary stone disease. Studies in the literature as early as 1937 have highlighted that the initiation of renal calculi followed the formation of subepithelial calcified plaques in the renal pelvis. The renal papilla is one of the primary sites for crystal fixation and stone maturation. We have developed an in vitro model system for the study of kidney stone crystal retention to tubular epithelium using rat renal papillary collecting tubule (RPCT) cells in primary culture. We have qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed the binding of preformed calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), hydroxyapatite (HA), and uric acid (UA) crystals to RPCT cells. Our goal was to determine if three common urinary stone crystals evidenced different crystal-cell binding characteristics. Also, since these crystals are frequently observed admixed in stones, we have studied the inhibitive binding characteristics of these crystals with RPCT cells. The RPCT cells in culture grow both as the typical polygonal cells in monolayer and as clumps of aggregated cells. The cells in the aggregates are viable epithelial cells that have lost their attachment to the basement membrane, resulting in the exposure of surface molecules that would not normally be present unless the cells were damaged or if there was a loss of intercellular tight junctions. COM, HA, and UA crystals all preferentially bound to the aggregated cells and all exhibited similar saturable binding patterns. If HA crystals were either applied simultaneously or before COM crystals were added to the culture, HA effectively bound to the cell culture and inhibited approximately 66% of the COM binding, suggesting that there are common binding areas on the cell aggregates for both COM and HA crystals and that there may also exist unique binding sites for these crystals. UA crystal binding to RPCT cells exhibited a similar concentration-dependent binding pattern and the binding was inhibitable by prebound COM crystals. We propose that in urolithiasis, it is likely that some form of renal tubular injury or damage to the epithelial cell membranes in the collecting ducts such as the loss of intercellular tight junctions exposes basolateral or basement membrane molecules, and that this event is a necessary requirement for successful crystal retention and calculi development.
Economic cost outlook for surfactant intermediates

Synthetic alcohol, natural alcohol and linear alkylbenzene (LAB) surfactant feedstocks will all be needed to meet market requirements in the coming decade. Of the synthetic alcohol processes, the Alfol® alcohol process, due to its strong byproduct credit, will be the most cost efficient. Moreover, LAB and natural alcohols will have the lowest production costs of all surfactant intermediates throughout the decade.
Similarities of Negro and Caucasian fetal extremity lengths in the interval from 9 to 20 weeks of pregnancy.

Abstract Foot, leg, and arm measurements were compared from 599 electively aborted fetuses of Negro and Caucasian women who had reliable menstrual dates and agreement between dates and uterine size. When compared by week, no significant racial differences were detected in the means of any of these measurements between 9 and 20 menstrual weeks of pregnancy. The combined, corrected data provided smoother curves than those previously published. The following formulas are recommended for weeks 9 to 20 of pregnancy, where W=weeks and F, L, and A are the foot, leg, and arm measurements in centimeters: W=4.5261 + 11.937(F) − 4.4895(F 2 ) + 0.71583(F 3 ); W=5.9957 + 5.7279(L) − 1.2246(L 2 ) + 0.11880(L 3 ); W=5.4007 + 5.0305(A) − 0.93540(A 2 ) + 0.079022(A 3 ).
Evaluation of muscle diseases using artificial neural network analysis of 31P MR spectroscopy data.

Dermatomyositis is an autoimmune disease characterized by an erythematous rash and severe muscle weakness. 31 P Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides quantitative data for longitudinal monitoring of disease status and responses to immunosuppressive therapy. A disease variant, amyopathic dermatomyositis, presents with a typical rash but no clinical muscle weakness. However, metabolic abnormalities in the oxidative capacity of muscles of amyopathic patients during exercise were detected with 31 P MRS. Because MRS provided the best quantitative data for evaluating dermatomyositis, the 31 P metabolic parameters derived from the MR spectra were further processed using an artificial neural network (XERION). The neural network analyses provided additional clinical information from the weighted correlations of multiple 31 P parameters, namely, inorganic phosphate, phosphocreatine, ATP, phosphodiesters, and selected ratios. This investigation analyzes the relative importance of the various metabolic parameters for accurate patient characterization and provides insights into the pathogenesis of the disease.
Amyloid β peptides act directly on single neurons

A peptide consisting of residues 25-35 of the amyloid beta protein was applied to single neurons while monitoring membrane current by whole cell voltage clamp recording. Within minutes of direct exposure of a neuron to the amyloid beta peptide, a paroxysmal increase in neuronal membrane conductance was observed. This conductance does not resemble previously described ionic conductances in terms of its time-dependence, voltage-dependence or sensitivity to changes in extracellular or intracellular ionic constituents. The effect of the amyloid beta peptide was not mimicked or blocked by substance P nor was it prevented by low intracellular or extracellular Ca. The increased membrane permeability elicited by the peptides may lead to the neuropathology observed in Alzheimer's disease.
Fly ash surface formation and segregation during heating

Abstract The possible importance of various physical and chemical processes relevant to fly ash surface formation during coal combustion have been studied. Chemical segregation phenomena and crystal formation processes occurring on fly ash glass surfaces during heating in air and vacuum have been studied for extended periods and temperatures up to 1100°C. XPS, Auger and SIMS methods were used to obtain both relative surface elemental concentrations and depth profiles for major and minor components. Major differences were noted between samples heated in air and in vacuum environments. For the fly ash glass heated in air Fe, Ti and Mg become enriched on surfaces while heating in a vacuum leads to Si surface segregation. The results indicate two levels of surface enrichment; a thin ( 1000°C. The results indicate that the rates of surface segregation may not be sufficiently fast on the time scale of fly ash formation to result in equilibrium levels of surface segregation and that condensation processes during fly ash formation probably play a major role in the observed fly ash surface enrichments.
Thiadiamondoids as proxies for the extent of thermochemical sulfate reduction

Abstract Thiadiamondoids have been analyzed in a suite of Smackover-derived oils from the US Gulf Coast to determine whether their abundance and distribution reflect alteration by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). The sample suite includes oils and condensates having various thermal maturities that are characterized as being unaltered by TSR, altered by TSR, or of uncertain affinities due to inconsistencies between conventional geochemical indicators of TSR. Nearly all samples contain thiadiamondoids, indicating that small amounts of these compounds can be generated from sulfur rich kerogen. TSR results in the generation of H2S, sulfides and thiophenic aromatic hydrocarbons, either by reaction with sulfate or by back reactions with the evolved H2S. Evidence shows that thiadiamondoids originate exclusively from reactions involving TSR. Once generated, their high thermal stability permits thiadiamondoids to accumulate with little further reaction and their abundance reflects not only the occurrence of TSR, but the extent of the alteration. The abundance of thiaadamantanes (1-cage structures) is particularly diagnostic of the onset of TSR. Examination of condensates from reservoirs >180 °C indicates that the thiadiamondoids can be thermally degraded. They are more thermally stable than the dibenzothiophenes, but are less stable than diamondoid hydrocarbons. Their stability appears to increase with increasing cage number, suggesting that the thiatriamantanes are the best proxy for the extent of TSR alteration in very high temperature reservoirs. Polythiadiamondoids (diamondoids with multiple sulfur substitutions) were detected in trace amounts and are also indicators of TSR.
A parallel, real-time garbage collector

We describe a parallel, real-time garbage collector and present experimental results that demonstrate good scalability and good real-time bounds. The collector is designed for shared-memory multiprocessors and is based on an earlier collector algorithm [2], which provided fixed bounds on the time any thread must pause for collection. However, since our earlier algorithm was designed for simple analysis, it had some impractical features. This paper presents the extensions necessary for a practical implementation: reducing excessive interleaving, handling stacks and global variables, reducing double allocation, and special treatment of large and small objects. An implementation based on the modified algorithm is evaluated on a set of 15 SML benchmarks on a Sun Enterprise 10000, a 64-way UltraSparc-II multiprocessor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first implementation of a parallel, real-time garbage collector.The average collector speedup is 7.5 at 8 processors and 17.7 at 32 processors. Maximum pause times range from 3 ms to 5 ms. In contrast, a non-incremental collector (whether generational or not) has maximum pause times from 10 ms to 650 ms. Compared to a non-parallel, stop-copy collector, parallelism has a 39% overhead, while real-time behavior adds an additional 12% overhead. Since the collector takes about 15% of total execution time, these features have an overall time costs of 6% and 2%.
R Factors Mediate Resistance to Mercury, Nickel, and Cobalt

Fifty-five clinical isolates and laboratory stocks of Escherichia coli and Salmonella were studied for resistance to each of ten metals. Eleven clinical isolates carrying R factors were resistant to mercury, and, in each case, the resistance was mediated by a previously undefined R-factor gene. The gene was phenotypically expressed within 2 to 4 minutes after entry into sensitive bacteria, but the basis for the resistance remains undefined. Fourteen strains, 12 infected with R factors, were resistant to cobalt and nickel, but these resistances were mediated by R-factor genes in only two strains; separate R-factor genes mediated the resistances to nickel and cobalt. These and other results indicate that the genetic composition of R factors is greater than that originally defined.
Effect of Interferon Therapy on Human Papillomavirus Copy Number in Patients With Condyloma Acuminatum

Interferons exert antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory effects on target cells. The effectiveness of interferon treatment can be followed by measuring parameters involved in interferon action. The clinical effectiveness of interferons has been proved in the human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated disease condyloma acuminatum. Because one of the most important goals in the treatment of this condition is the elimination of recurrences, it was asked whether clinically effective interferon therapy was associated with elimination of HPV DNA. The authors used a polymerase chain reaction-based method to detect the HPV from minute amounts of clinical biopsies. Human papillomavirus-transformed cell lines or cloned HPV genomes served as different copy number controls. The intensity ratio of L1 HPV and the human β-globin (which served as an internal control) fragments was determined and used for estimation of HPV copy number in different biopsies. A direct effect of interferon treatment on HPV viral genome copies was observed in a group of responder patients, but not in the clinically resistant group. With these data, a correlation was found between virologic data and clinical findings. This method also can be used in other lesions to determine the HPV copy number and HPV type and may have value in determining the antiviral activities of other agents used in the treatment of HPV-related lesions.
Austempered Ductile Cast Irons–Influence of Microstructure Control

The influence of microstructure on the properties of austempered ductile cast irons have been studied along with an analysis of the necessary process control to insure consistent properties. Both austempered ductile iron transformed at high temperatures with a matrix structure of carbide-free ferrite and substantial amounts of austenite, and austempered/bainitic ductile iron transformed at low temperatures with a more characteristic bainitic structure also containing austenite have been studied. The good toughness and ductility of these high strength ductile irons is due to the microplasticity associated with both the ferrite and austenite phases; however carbide precipitation during the later stages of austempering reduces room temperature toughness considerably and results in a change to a quasi-cleavage fracture mode. The influence of casting quality control and heat treatment control on the microstructures and properties obtained are discussed.
Adult versus developmental neurotoxicology: An occupational perspective of similarities and differences

Most readers of this journal are involved in neurotoxicology research, whether it is in adult or developing organisms. Although there are a number of similarities between adult and developmental neurotoxicology, there are also a number of differences. The intent of this "perspective" is to highlight some of the similarities and differences between these disciplines in the hopes of enhancing communication among neurotoxicologists.
Solution to the isotope dilution challenge.

Over the years, isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) has witnessed many reformulations. One of the earliest expressions for this quantitation model was given by the single isotope dilution (IDMS). In IDMS, the mass fraction of an analyte A is obtained from mass spectrometric analysis of a mixture (blend) of sample and an isotopically-enriched form of the analyte (B) which acts as an internal standard:
Convergence of CG and GMRES on a tridiagonal Toeplitz linear system

The Conjugate Gradient method (CG), the Minimal Residual method (MINRES), or more generally, the Generalized Minimal Residual method (GMRES) are widely used to solve a linear system Ax=b. The choice of a method depends on A’s symmetry property and/or definiteness), and MINRES is really just a special case of GMRES. This paper establishes error bounds on and sometimes exact expressions for residuals of CG, MINRES, and GMRES on solving a tridiagonal Toeplitz linear system, where A is Hermitian or just normal. These expressions and bounds are in terms of the three parameters that define A and Chebyshev polynomials of the first or second kind.
The Imaging of Fine Lines‐Conventional Technology or Laser Direct Imaging?

The continuing trend towards miniaturisation is constantly driving the printed circuit manufacturer to seek new or improved methods of imaging the circuit pattern onto base laminates. Significant advances have recently been made in conventional dry film technology to meet the needs for fine‐line applications. However, a new technology—Laser Direct Imaging of the dry film—is also emerging as a viable alternative. This paper will examine the state‐of‐the‐art of both conventional dry film technology and laser direct imaging of a photoresist for production of the next generation of high density printed circuit boards.
The representative's problem: how legislators use communication to secure constituent support

In a representative democracy elected officials face what I call the representative's problem. Elected officials work in Washington to provide representation, yet constituents lack the incentive and capacity to track what their representative does in office. Worse yet, challengers and media may portray an elected officials' work negatively to constituents.In this presentation, I show how legislators use communication to overcome the representative's problem, how this affects constituents' evaluations, and how this matters for US politics and political representation. To characterize what legislators say to constituents I apply and develop text as data methods to analyze press releases, floor speeches, newsletters, and media coverage. This reveals the diverse way legislators characterize their work in Washington to constituents and how members of Congress use rhetoric to ensure they receive credit for government actions.Based on this analysis of legislators' rhetoric, I use a series of experiments to analyze how constituents respond to legislators' messages. I show how legislators ensure they receive credit for favorable actions the government does, even when the legislator's actual connection to the expenditure is only indirect. Together, this presentation shows how representation works in American politics and how computational tools can examine previously difficult to study features of politics.
Differences in the fatty acid patterns synthesized from 14 C-acetate by functional and dedifferentiated bovine mammary cells

Les cellules de lactation des tissus mamellaires, lorsqu'elles sont cultivees in vitro, perdent leur capacite de synthetiser les acides gras a courte chaine propres au lait de vache — les cellules et peut-etre la synthetase, enzyme des acides gras, se dedifferencient et produisent, a partir de l'acetate exogene radioactif, des acides gras a longue chaine, c'est-a-dire les acides palmitique, stearique et oleique.
In-Vivo Fluorescence Spectroscopy Of Normal And Atherosclerotic Arteries

Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy can discriminate atherosclerotic from normal arteries in-vitro and may thus potentially guide laser angioplasty. To evaluate the feasibility of laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy in a living blood-filled arterial system we performed fiberoptic laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy in a rabbit model of focal femoral atherosclerosis. A laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy score was derived from stepwise linear regression analysis of in-vitro spectra to distinguish normal aorta (score>0) from atherosclerotic femoral artery (score<0). A 400 u silica fiber, coupled to a helium cadmium laser and optical multichannel analyzer, was inserted through a 5F catheter to induce and record in-vivo fluorescence from femoral and aortoiliac arteries. Arterial spectra could be recorded in all animals (n=10: 5 occlusions, 5 stenoses). Blood spectra were of low intensity and were easily distinguished from arterial spectra. The scores (mean ± SEM) for the in-vivo spectra were -0.69 ± 0.29 for artherosclerotic femoral, and +0.54 ±. 0.15 for normal aorta (p<.01; p=NS compared to in-vitro spectra). In-vitro, a fiber tip to tissue distance <50 u was necessary for adequate arterial LIFS in blood. At larger distances low intensity blood spectra were recorded (1/20 the intensity of tissue spectra). Thus, fiberoptic laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy can be sucessfully performed in a blood filled artery provided the fiber tip is approximated to the tissue.
A 25 GHz wide-tuning VCO RFIC implemented in 0.13 um SiGe BiCMOS technology

This paper presents the design and measurement of an integrated millimeter wave wideband voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). This VCO employs the on-chip transmission lines and hyper-abrupt junction varactors to form high Q resonator. The VCO RFIC was implemented in a 0.13um 200GHz ft SiGe hetero-junction bipolar transistor (HBT) BiCMOS technology. The VCO oscillation frequency is around 25GHz, targeting at the ultra wideband (UWB) and short range radar applications. The VCO phase noise was measured around −82.5dBc/Hz at 500 KHz frequency offset. It has a wide tuning range from 23.8GHz to 26.3GHz. The core of VCO circuit consumes 10mA current from a 2.2V power supply and occupies 0.56×0.205mm2 area.
A general technique for deriving analytical structure of fuzzy controllers using arbitrary trapezoidal input fuzzy sets and Zadeh AND operator

Deriving the analytical structure of fuzzy controllers is very important as it creates a solid foundation for better understanding, insightful analysis, and more effective design of fuzzy control systems. We previously developed a technique for deriving the analytical structure of the fuzzy controllers that use Zadeh fuzzy AND operator and the symmetric, identical trapezoidal or triangular input fuzzy sets. Many fuzzy controllers use arbitrary trapezoidal/triangular input fuzzy sets that are asymmetric. At present, there exists no technique capable of deriving the analytical structure of these fuzzy controllers. Extending our original technique, we now present a novel method that can accomplish rigorously the structure derivation for any fuzzy controller, Mamdani type or TS type, that employs the arbitrary trapezoidal input fuzzy sets and Zadeh fuzzy AND operator. The new technique contains our original technique as a special case. Given the importance of PID control, we focus on Mamdani fuzzy PI and PD controllers in this paper and show in detail how to use the new technique for different configurations of the fuzzy PI/PD controllers. The controllers use two arbitrary trapezoidal fuzzy sets for each input variable, four arbitrary singleton output fuzzy sets, four fuzzy rules, Zadeh fuzzy AND operator, and the centroid defuzzifier. This configuration is more general and complicated than the Mamdani fuzzy PI/PD controllers in the current literature. It actually contains them as special cases. We call this configuration the generalized fuzzy PI/PD controller.
Feminism, Technology and Body Projects

One of the ways that feminists have taken up the problem of Women's body practices is to debate over their meanings for gender and sexuality and to consider the subject’s intentions, radical or oth...
Pressure effects on metallic glasses

The effects of normal stress/superimposed pressure on the flow/fracture of two different zirconium-based glasses and a hafnium-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) tested at Case Western Reserve University is presented. These results are compared with the pressure sensitivity of the bulk modulus and shear modulus of amorphous metals in the manner previously conducted by Spitzig and Richmond for crystalline metals. Although few experimental results of this nature exist, the data obtained to date reveal minimal normal stress/pressure sensitivity for the BMG examined in this study, consistent with the small pressure dependence of the shear modulus. Comparison with various yield/fracture criteria is also provided.
Magnetoresistance and Hall effect in epitaxial Co-Au superlattices

Resistivity, magnetoresistance, and the Hall effect have been measured in two epitaxially ordered Co-Au superlattices at temperatures between 2 and 295 K. One sample is composed of 60 bilayers of Co 5 \AA{} Au 16 \AA{} and has a magnetic easy axis perpendicular to the film plane, while the other contains 30 bilayers of Co (30 \AA{})/Au(16 \AA{}) and has an easy axis parallel to the film plane. The magnetoresistance effect of the first sample (\ensuremath{\sim}15%) is an order of magnitude larger than in the second sample. In addition, the Co(5 \AA{})/Au(16 \AA{}) sample exhibits a large Hall voltage in zero applied magnetic field.
Effects of nitrogen fertilization method and tillage system on squash growth, nutrient uptake and fruit yield

Abstract Squash, cv Dixie, grown on a Lakeland sand was subjected to factorial combinations of 3 tillage systems and 2 N application methods during 1979 and 1980. Fruit yield was greatest with a combination of moldboard plow tillage and application of 22 kg N/ha preplant and 18 kg/ha increments of N by fertigation 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks after planting. Plant growth and nutrient uptake were greatest and N available for potential contamination of the ground‐water was least with subsoil‐bed tillage and N application by fertigation. Disc harrow tillage with 67 kg N/ha preplant and 45 kg N/ha 4 weeks after planting resulted in 42% less yield, 61% less plant growth, 29 to 64% less nutrient uptake and more than 5 times as much N available for potential contamination of the groundwater as the best practices.
Impact of environmental exposures on ovarian function and role of xenobiotic metabolism during ovotoxicity

The mammalian ovary is a heterogeneous organ and contains oocyte-containing follicles at varying stages of development. The most immature follicular stage, the primordial follicle, comprises the ovarian reserve and is a finite number, defined at the time of birth. Depletion of all follicles within the ovary leads to reproductive senescence, known as menopause. A number of chemical classes can destroy follicles, thus hastening entry into the menopausal state. The ovarian response to chemical exposure can determine the extent of ovotoxicity that occurs. Enzymes capable of bioactivating as well as detoxifying xenobiotics are expressed in the ovary and their impact on ovotoxicity has been partially characterized for trichloroethylene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, and 4-vinylcyclohexene. This review will discuss those studies, as well as illustrate where knowledge gaps remain for chemicals that have also been established as ovotoxicants.
Ultrasound enhanced bioprocesses: Cholesterol oxidation by Rhodococcus erythropolis

Cholesterol oxidation to cholestenone by resting cells of Rhodococcus erythropolis ATCC25544 was investigated under a computer-controlled ultrasonic irradiation at a frequency of 20 kHz. The optimization of the ultrasound intensity and its mode of application to a stirred bioreactor was first established at a level which preserved the structural integrity of the cells and enabled their metabolic activity. A significant enhancement in the kinetic rates of the biotransformation was observed in microbial slurries of 1.0 and 2.5 g/L cholesterol when sonicated for 5 s every 10 min with a power output of 2.2 W/cm(2). In contrast, ultrasound had no effect on the enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol (2.5 g/L) by cholesterol oxidase. A high loading of cholesterol (5.0 g/L) in sonicated microbial systems had, however, an adverse effect. The ultrasound enhancement is discussed in terms of an increased dissolution rate of the sustrate crystals and more importantly, in terms of the uniquely ultrasound-induced enhancement of mass transfer inside and outside a cell.
Total capacity in a shared CDMA LEOS environment

We are interested in determining the feasibility of having multiple service providers share the same spectrum in transponder-type. Satellite-based, code-division multiple-access mobile communications. To accomplish this, we compare the total capacity when n systems are operational to that when only a single system uses the frequency band. This comparison is made for both the uplink and the downlink under one of two possible constraints, either a maximum power flux density (PFD) limit per system, or an aggregate PFD limitation. While there are circumstances when the total capacity of multiple systems can achieve a greater value than that of a single service provider, conditions depend on the degree of shadowing, and whether or not the PFD limit is on a per system basis or on an aggregate basis from all systems. >
A numerical method for the calculation of traveling wave solutions of a quench front problem

A numerical method is described for the solution of the following quench front problem: Find u(x, y) and ν such that ˩˨˩˨xk(u)˩˨u˩˨x+vq(u)˩˨u˩˨x+˩˨˩˨yk(u)=0 , ˩˨u˩˨yy=0=f(u) , ˩˨u˩˨yy=1=0 , u(−∫,y)=0 , u(+∫,y)=1 , The method is based on the idea of isotherm migration. The resulting problem is an eigenvalue problem for a system of nonlinear Cauchy-Riemann equations. The method is very efficient in comparison with previous methods for this problem.