cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Special Education and the Exclusion of Youth with Social Maladjustments A Cultural-Organizational Perspective

The authors address the current controversy regarding the exclusion of youths labeled socially maladjusted from special education services under the auspices of the seriously emotionally disturbed (SED) category. Both proponents and opponents of serving these students base their arguments largely on the analysis of specijk child characteristics that can differentiate between social maladjustment and serious emotional disturbance. Subscribing to this child-centered perspective limits the discussion and potential for its resolution. Rather than attempting to refute or support arguments presented by both sides in this debate, the authors have chosen to reconceptualize the issue from a cultural-organizational perspective. From this view-point, calls to exclude youths who are socially maladjusted result from a society that has Zittle tolerance for “deviant” behavior, and from schools that must maintain their legitimacy and popular support. Distinctions are made among participants in what has become a character...
Activation of heterocyclic amines by combinations of prostaglandin H synthase-1 and -2 with N-acetyltransferase 1 and 2

Cooking of meats produces several heterocyclic amines which are mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic. We found that metabolic activation of one of these heterocyclic amines, the quinoline derivative 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), can be catalyzed by prostaglandin H synthase (PHS) as well as by CYP1A2. N-Acetyltransferase (NAT) increased IQ-DNA adduct formation by either of these pathways. In sonicate from transiently transfected COS cells, NAT1 increased CYP1A2 catalyzed adduct formation 4-fold while NAT2 increased adduct formation 12-fold. Both expressed human and purified ovine PHS-1 and PHS-2 catalyzed IQ-DNA adduct formation. The presence of NAT1 and NAT2 increased PHS-1 catalyzed adduct formation 2.5- and 4-fold, respectively. PHS-2 catalyzed IQ adduct formation was also enhanced by either NAT. The pyridine derivative, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, also produced by protein pyrolysis, did not form detectable DNA adducts during incubation with PHS. These results indicate that IQ is a substrate for both PHS-1 and PHS-2 and that NAT increases the ability of the resulting IQ metabolites to cause DNA damage. PHS activity, constitutive and induced, as well as NAT polymorphisms should be considered as factors in environmental carcinogenesis.
Patterns of Care for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in Appalachia, and the Clinical, Sociodemographic, and Service Provider Determinants.

Background Appalachia has high colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality, at least in part due to screening disparities. This paper examines patterns and determinants of metastatic colorectal cancer care. Methods CRC patients diagnosed in 2006-2008 from 4 cancer registries (Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina) were linked to Medicare claims (2005-2009.) The final sample after exclusions included 855 stage IV and 590 stages I-III patients with metachronous or synchronous metastases. We estimate bivariate and multivariate analyses for several surgical and chemotherapeutic strategies of care using clinical, sociodemographic, and contextual determinants. Results Among 1,445 CRC patients, 84% had primary tumor resection and 44% received chemotherapy. Of the chemotherapy patients, 44% received newer systemic agents for at least 75% of the cycles. One year survivors with liver or lung metastases were more likely to have their primary tumor resected immediately (86.1% vs 69.5% for liver, and 78.2% vs 64.9% for lung) and have their metastases resected/ablated (15.7% vs 2.6% for liver and 15.0% vs 0.5% for lung). Patients with stages I-III primary tumors (versus IV) were much more likely to be resected, but they were less likely to receive chemotherapy. Patients with comorbidities (congestive heart failure, dementia, or respiratory disease) had lower odds of chemotherapy. Smaller hospital size and surgical volume had higher odds of immediate versus delayed surgery. The newer chemotherapeutic agents were more common with higher surgical volume. Conclusions Metastatic colorectal cancer has clinical, sociodemographic, and service provider determinants.
Operant Theories of Insight, Originality, and Creativity

There is no doubt that operant theory has contributed to our understanding of behaviors that are indicative of creativity, such as insight, novelty, and originality. The operant research that has been applied to these indicative behaviors is reviewed in this article. What exactly does this research tell us about creativity? To answer that, three issues must be explored. One of these concerns contingencies and intrinsic motivation. Can both contribute to creative performance? A second question concerns the role of originality. Indeed, the biggest challenge for an operant theory of creativity and discovery may be to explain behavioral variation. Operant theory must do so in order to explain originality and novelty, two of the key facets of creativity. How do new and original behaviors arise? A third question concerns insight. Operant research often focuses on insight, but what exactly does this tell us about creativity? As discussed in the article, there is some controversy about the actual role of insight ...
Enhanced backscattering of optical vortex fields

The effect of an incident field with a phase screw dislocation (a so-called optical vortex) on the shape of the enhanced backscattering cone was studied theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. We show that the correlation function of the incident field acts as a filter that modifies the shape of the enhanced backscattering cone. The peak value is reduced, and its width is increased as the topological charge of the phase dislocation increases.
Brainstem glioma presenting as paroxysmal headache.

SUMMARY An unusual case of brainstem glioma is described. The distinctive features were long duration (at least six months) of headaches preceding the appearance of neurological signs, and the intermittent, paroxsymal nature of the symptoms, often precipitated by postural change. The mechanism of headache induced by brain tumor is discussed, and a possible cause for the headaches in this patient is suggested, involving intermittent obstruction of CSF flow. RESUME Gliome du tronc cerebral se presentant sous l'asped de cephalees paroxysliques L'article rapporte un cas inhabituel de gliome du tronc cerebral. Les caracteristiques distinctives en ont ete la longue duree (au moins six mois), des cephalees precedant l'apparition des signes neurologiques et la nature intermittente, paroxystique des symptomes souvent declenches par les modifications posturales. Le mecanisme des cephalees dans les tumeurs cerebrates est discute et une cause possible de cephalee chez ce malade est suggeree impliquant une obstruction intermittente de la circulation du LCR. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Hirnstammgliom mil dem Symptom paroxysmaler Kopfschmerzen Es wird ein ungewohnlicher Fall eines Hirnstammglioms beschneben. Die charakteristischen Merkmale waren seit langem bestehende Kopfschmerzen (mindestens sechs Monate), die den neurologischen Zeichen vorausgingen und das intermittierende, paroxsymale Auftreten der Symptome, die oft plotzlich durch eine Haltungsanderung hervorgerufen wurden. Es wird uber die Entstehung des Kopfschmerzes beim Hirntumor diskutiert und als mogliche Ursache der Kopfschmerzen bei diesem Patienten wird eine intermittierende Obstruktion des Liquorflusses angenommen. RESUMEN Glioma de tronco iniciado con cefalalgia paroxistica Se describe un caso poco corriente de glioma de tronco. Las caracteristicas distintivas eran cefaleas de larga duracion (por lo menos seis meses) que precedieron la aparicion de signos neurologicos, asi como la naturaleza intermitente y paroxistica de los sintomas, a menudo precipitados por cambios posturales. Se discuten los mecanismos de la cefalea en el tumor cerebral y se apunta una posible causa de las cefaleas en este paciente: una Obstruction intermitente de la circulacion del LCR.
Experimental Investigation of Laminar Near Wakes Behind 20 Wedges M=6

An experimental investigation at Mm = 6 has been conducted to determine mean-flow properties in near wakes behind several 20° included- angle wedges at zero angle of attack. One cold-wall (H = 0.3 in., TW/TQ = 0.19) and two adiabatic-wall (H = 0.15 in., H = 0.3 in.) configurations were tested. Freestream Reynolds numbers were varied from 0.5 X 10 5 to 2 X 105 per in. for each model. Flowfield mappings and flow-property profiles were obtained in the base region for the wedge of 0.3-in. base height with and without cooling by combining Pitot- pressure data with total temperature and mass flux results from hot-wire measurements. The variation of total pressure along streamlines was initially negligible during the shearlayer turning process. Downstream boundaries of these isentropic turns corresponded to viscous-layer edges that were positioned in the outer portions of the shear layers, indicating that wake shocks originated from within viscous regions of the shear layer.
Enhanced clearance of highly protein-bound drugs by albumin-supplemented dialysate during modeled continuous hemodialysis.

Background.In2006,therewere16796toxicexposuresattributed to valproic acid (VPA), carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenytoin (PHT) reported to the US Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Of these, 30% (5046) were treated in a health care facility with 12 cases resulting in death. Thesedrugsarehighlyproteinboundandpoorlydialyzable; however, it has been suggested that albumin-supplemented dialysate may enhance dialytic clearance. We investigated whether the addition of albumin to dialysate affects dialytic clearance of VPA, CBZ and PHT. Methods. VPA, CBZ and PHT were added to a bovine blood-basedinvitrocontinuoushemodialysiscircuit,which included a polysulfone or an AN69 hemodialyzer. VPA, CBZ and PHT clearances were calculated from spent dialysate and pre-dialyzer plasma concentrations. VPA, CBZ and PHT clearances with control (albumin-free) dialysate were compared to clearances achieved with 2.5% or 5% human albumin-containing dialysate. The influences of blood flow (180 and 270 mL/min) and dialysate flow (1, 2 and 4 L/h) on dialysis clearance were also assessed. Results. The addition of 2.5% albumin to dialysate significantly enhanced dialytic clearance of VPA and CBZ, but not PHT. Use of 5% albumin dialysate further increased VPA and CBZ clearance. Overall, drug clearance was related directly to dialysate flow but independent of blood flow.
Looking at Research Consent Forms through a Participant-Centered Lens: The PRISM Readability Toolkit:

Abstract Synopsis Communicating in lay language is an underdeveloped skill among many researchers—a limitation that contributes to low readability among research consent forms and may hinder participant understanding of study procedures and risks. We present the Project to Review and Improve Study Materials (PRISM) and its centerpiece, the PRISM Readability Toolkit. The toolkit provides strategies for creating study materials that are readable and participant centered, focusing on consent forms but also addressing other participant materials. Based on plain language principles, this free resource includes a flexible menu of tools, such as an editing checklist, before and after examples, easy-to-read template language, and a list of alternative words. Among PRISM's ongoing goals is to test the toolkit with populations groups.
An Update on the Distribution and Diversity of Bombus in Nebraska (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Abstract From 1999–2002, the University of Nebraska Department of Entomology, Folsom's Children Zoo, and Lincoln Public Schools Science Focus High School initiated a program called Bumble Boosters. Forty schools participated to conduct a general survey of Nebraska bumble bees to: 1) determine whether the 20 species of bumble bees previously identified can still be found in Nebraska, 2) collect in areas that were not included in previous surveys, and 3) discover any additional species in the state. This study provides an update to previous surveys including; new distribution maps for species, and a discussion of findings.
Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy

The ARPES technique has seen continuous development with time. The distinct difference of the ARPES technique in this book is a high resolution spectroscopy system combined with a narrow band vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) laser, giving a total energy resolution better than 1 meV which has been greatly improved from the previous spectroscopy systems equipped with synchrotron light source or gas discharge lamp. In this chapter, a brief introduction to photoemission is given at first. Then based on the VUV laser, development of a new generation ARPES, another spin-resolve ARPES, and ARPES system based on a latest time-of-flight electron energy analyzer are introduced. Moreover, the angular mode test, distribution of Fermi level on detector, space charge effect, test of system resolution and an actual measurement on Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 on the VUV laser ARPES system is introduced in detail in the main text.
Robust w-Estimators for Cryo-EM Class Means

A critical step in cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) image analysis is to calculate the average of all images aligned to a projection direction. This average, called the class mean, improves the signal-to-noise ratio in single-particle reconstruction. The averaging step is often compromised because of the outlier images of ice, contaminants, and particle fragments. Outlier detection and rejection in the majority of current cryo-EM methods are done using cross-correlation with a manually determined threshold. Empirical assessment shows that the performance of these methods is very sensitive to the threshold. This paper proposes an alternative: a w-estimator of the average image, which is robust to outliers and which does not use a threshold. Various properties of the estimator, such as consistency and influence function are investigated. An extension of the estimator to images with different contrast transfer functions is also provided. Experiments with simulated and real cryo-EM images show that the proposed estimator performs quite well in the presence of outliers.
Just saying no to NOTA: court permits the sale of hematopoietic stem cells.

In a recent case decided by the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, we see another struggle to work within the confines of poorly designed healthrelated laws. The case concerns the unintended sideeffects resulting from laws that prohibit payments to “donors” of lifesaving biological material.
The Effect of Changing Epitaxial Strain on Colossal Magnetoresistance Thin Films

We have studied the properties of epitaxial La (1-x) Sr x MnO 3 (x=0.3, 0.5) epitaxial thin films grown on BaTiO 3 and SrTiO 3 . Significant modifications of properties are observed in magnetization and resistivity versus temperature experiments. These modifications occur at temperatures corresponding to structural phase transitions in the substrate. The x=0.5 composition is particularly sensitive to changes in the epitaxial strain state, exhibiting a direct correlation between changes in strain, magnetization and resistivity. Strain can also be induced in BaTiO 3 by the inverse piezoelectric effect, which results in as much as a 13% decrease in the resistivity of the film.
Stratified tidal flow over a tall ridge above and below the turning latitude

The interaction of the barotropic tide with a tall, two-dimensional ridge is examined analytically and numerically at latitudes where the tide is subinertial, and contrasted to when the tide is superinertial. When the tide is subinertial, the energy density associated with the response grows with latitude as both the oscillatory along-ridge flow and near-ridge isopycnal displacement become large. Where , nonlinear processes lead to the formation of along-ridge jets, which become faster at high latitudes. Dissipation and mixing is larger, and peaks later in the tidal cycle when the tide is subinertial compared with when the tide is superinertial. Mixing occurs mainly on the flanks of the topography in both cases, though a superinertial tide may additionally generate mixing above topography arising from convective breaking of radiating waves.
Self-Organizing Map and Back Propagation Network for Aircraft Failure Detection and Identification

In this paper, an aircraft failure detection and identification methodology is presented, utilizing the Kohonen self-organizing map network structure coupled with a traditional back-propagation network. In this method, the self-organizing map structure is used to categorize normal and failure data based on a number of identifiers. Once the map has converged, a back-propagation network is trained using the map output distances for the same training data as inputs. This allows the back-propagation network to readily diagnose the occurrence and type of failure. Preliminary results obtained using this method show correct diagnosis for several sensor, actuator, structural, and propulsion system failures over a wide range of the flight envelope, with proper network training. This method allows detection and identification of failures to be performed concurrently, while obtaining a high rate of correct diagnosis.
Density, Viscosity, Speed of Sound, and Bulk Modulus of Methyl Alkanes, Dimethyl Alkanes, and Hydrotreated Renewable Fuels

The density, viscosity, and speed of sound were measured in this work for pure component branched alkanes (2-methyloctane, 4-methyloctane, 2-methylnonane, 2-methyldecane, 3-methylundecane, 2-methylpentadecane, 7-methylhexadecane, 3,6-dimethyloctane, and 3,5-dimethylheptane) commonly found in hydrotreated renewable fuels (HRFs) and for HRFs from tallow, camelina oil, and algae and waste cooking oil blended 50/50 with petroleum diesel. The density and viscosity were measured at temperatures from (283.15 to 373.15) K and ranged from (661 to 788) kg·m–3 for density and (0.261 to 5.36) mPa·s for viscosity. Speed of sound data were measured at temperatures from (283.15 to 323.15) K and spanned from (1081 to 1393) m·s–1. The bulk modulus was calculated from the density and speed of sound data, and its values varied from (809 to 1527) MPa. All values increased as the carbon chain length on the alkane increased. All physical property values for the HRFs fell between those measured for individual pure component bra...
First Arrival Tomography Using Depth-varying Velocity Gradients

Summary Many cell and layer tomography methods assume that the velocity or velocity perturbation is constant within each cell or layer. When the velocity field varies continuously, traditional cell or layer tomography methods will be problematic. While it will be erroneous to approximate the velocity field using few constant-velocity cells, using two many cells will increase the number of inversion variables and the computation cost. Here we improve a first arrival layer tomography to invert for the interface geometry and depth-varying velocity gradient of each model layer. An efficient ray tracing is developed for the model with depthvarying velocity gradients. For areas of prominent velocity gradient, our new method will use fewer model parameters and therefore more robust tomographic inversion than the method using constant velocity cells or layers. The method is shown using a 2D synthetic example.
Test and analysis to a novel optic fiber curvature sensor

A novel optic fiber curvature sensor is developed,in which the light loss brought by the tested structure distortion is measured out through a sensitive area.In the experiment,with cantilever beam,simply supported beam and standard cylinder,both the static and dynamic features,together with the directional character are tested through an amplifier.
Experimental measurement and numerical computation of temperature-gradientdriven marangoni convection under normal and microgravity conditions

The Marangoni convection driven by temperature gradient were studied both under normal and microgravity conditions.Ex- periments were conducted both on the ground and aboard the NASA's KC-135 parabolic flight aircraft.Photochromic Dye Activation (PDA)technique was used to visualize the fluid movement.The effect on the fluid movement at the liquid-liquid interface of silicon oils with different viscosities was studied.The numerical simulations were performed by solving the Navier-Stokes(N-S)equations in two-dimensional(2-D)general orthogonal coordinates.The computed results were compared with experimental findings.
Dynamic data replication in distributed systems

We are presently moving towards a distributed, wholly interconnected information environment, in which data items will be accessed from many locations that may be geographically distributed world-wide. In such an environment, data items are usually replicated, i.e., stored in local databases of multiple processors, for data access availability and its performance. Improper management of the replicated data may result in heavy network traffic, and lead to severe performance problems. Such a problem is especially significant in the mobile computing environments, in which the aerial bandwidth is limited, and wireless communication is much more costly than the cable wired network communication. In this thesis, several mathematical models for evaluating the network traffic involved with the replicated objects are presented. Convergence is introduced for evaluating the replicated data management algorithms of regular network traffic. Competitiveness is introduced for the worst case analysis. A stochastic method is introduced for the expected-case study. Meanwhile, I will present a couple of dynamic data replication algorithms, each of which is for different network architecture. I will compare the proposed algorithms with the traditional static management algorithm for the replicated data, analytically and experimentally. The analytical comparison is based on the above proposed measurements, and the experimental comparison is based on our simulation results.
Complement, C receptors, and immune complex disease.

The complement system has been underestimated. In addition to its role in defense against infection, it protects against immune complex diseases. Paradoxically, however, it can contribute to the development of IC disease, particularly in lupus. Recent studies suggest the usually protective system is subverted when certain complement components or receptors are deficient.
ERK2 phosphorylates Krüppel-like factor 8 protein at serine 48 to maintain its stability.

Kruppel-like factor 8 (KLF8) plays important roles in cancer and is strictly regulated by various post-translational modifications such as sumoylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation and PARylation. Here we report a novel phosphorylation of KLF8 by ERK2 responsible and critical for the stability of KLF8 protein. The full-length KLF8 protein displays a doublet in SDS-PAGE gel. The upper band of the doublet, however, disappeared when the N-terminal 50 amino acids were deleted. In its full-length the upper band disappeared upon phosphatase treatment or mutation of the serine 48 (S48) to alanine whereas the lower band was lost when the S48 was mutated to aspartic acid that mimics phosphorylated S48. These results suggest that S48 phosphorylation is responsible for the motility up-shift of KLF8 protein. Pharmacological and genetic manipulations of various potential kinases identified ERK2 as the likely one that phosphorylates KLF8 at S48. Functional studies indicated that this phosphorylation is crucial for protecting KLF8 protein from degradation in the nucleus and promoting cell migration. Taken together, this study identifies a novel mechanism of phosphorylation critical for KLF8 protein stabilization and function.
Not Sweet At All

This case discusses the pharmacokinetic interaction between glipizide and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), resulting in hypoglycemia. Glipizide is a cytochrome P450 2C9 substrate and TMP/SMX is a 2C9 inhibitor.
Biomedical Polymers: Synthetic Strategies

As discussed in Chap. 1, polymeric biomaterials of both natural and synthetic origin constitute an important class of biomedical materials that are used extensively in various applications ranging from drug delivery to tissue engineering. The use of natural polymers such as cellulose and collagen for various medical applications dates back to centuries.
Review: Prevalence and co-occurrence of addictions in US ethnic/racial groups: Implications for genetic research.

Background and Objectives We conducted a review of the prevalence and co-occurrence of 12 types of addictions in US ethnic/racial groups and discuss the implications of the results for genetic research on addictions. Methods We utilized MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases to review the literature on alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, illicit drugs, gambling, eating/food, internet, sex, love, exercise, work, and shopping. We present results for each addiction based on total US prevalence, prevalence within ethnic groups, and co-occurrence of addictions among ethnic groups when available. Results This review indicates very little research has examined the interrelationships of addictive behaviors among US ethnic groups. The studies that exist have focused nearly exclusively on comorbidity of substances and gambling behaviors. Overall findings suggest differences among US ethnic groups in prevalence of addictions and in prevalence of addiction among those who use substances or engage in gambling. Almost no ethnic group comparisons of other addictive behaviors including eating/food, internet, love, sex, exercise, work, and shopping were identified in the literature. Conclusions Despite large-scale research efforts to examine alcohol and substance use disorders in the United States, few studies have been published that examine these addictive behaviors among ethnic groups, and even fewer examine co-occurrence and comorbidity with other addictions. Scientific Significance Even with the limited studies, these findings have implications for genetic research on addictive behaviors. We include a discussion of these implications, including issues of population stratification, disaggregation, admixture, and the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in understanding the etiology and treatment of addictions. (Am J Addict 2016;XX:1–13)
Decontaminating human judgments by removing sequential dependencies

For over half a century, psychologists have been struck by how poor people are at expressing their internal sensations, impressions, and evaluations via rating scales. When individuals make judgments, they are incapable of using an absolute rating scale, and instead rely on reference points from recent experience. This relativity of judgment limits the usefulness of responses provided by individuals to surveys, questionnaires, and evaluation forms. Fortunately, the cognitive processes that transform internal states to responses are not simply noisy, but rather are influenced by recent experience in a lawful manner. We explore techniques to remove sequential dependencies, and thereby decontaminate a series of ratings to obtain more meaningful human judgments. In our formulation, decontamination is fundamentally a problem of inferring latent states (internal sensations) which, because of the relativity of judgment, have temporal dependencies. We propose a decontamination solution using a conditional random field with constraints motivated by psychological theories of relative judgment. Our exploration of decontamination models is supported by two experiments we conducted to obtain ground-truth rating data on a simple length estimation task. Our decontamination techniques yield an over 20% reduction in the error of human judgments.
Cannibal Chiefs and the Charter for Rebellion in Rotuman Myth

A prominent theme in Rotuman myth concerns rebellion against oppressive chiefs. Encoded in the myths are strong oppositions between "chiefs" and "people of the land," chiefs being associated with the sky, sea, east, north, and coast; people of the land with the earth, land, west, south, and inland. An analysis of available narratives suggests that chiefs are in an ambiguous position since their role requires a combination of vitality, expressed in the form of demands upon their subjects, and domestication, expressed through generosity. Excesses of the latter characteristic imply chiefly impotence, excesses of the former, oppression. The narratives suggest that supernatural supports are available for insurrections against oppressive chiefs, who are the conceptual equivalents of cannibals, and for usurpation of their authority by successful rebels. The instrumental role of women as victim provocateurs, mediators with the supernatural, and leaders of rebellion is also detailed. It is argued that the myths explore various permutations of the dilemma of chieftainship and provide a charter for rebellion against chiefs whose demands are perceived as excessive.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy for the Group-Based Treatment of Oppositional Youth

Aggression is one of the most stable problem behaviors in childhood (Lochman, Barry, Powell, Boxmeyer, & Holmes, 2008), and may escalate over time to include a wide range of severe antisocial behaviors in adolescence (Loeber, 1990). The negative developmental trajectory for aggressive children can lead to poor adjustment in the middle school years (Coie, Lochman, Terry, & Hyman, 1992) and to negative outcomes in adolescence such as drug and alcohol use, truancy and dropout, delinquency, and violence (e.g., Lochman & Wayland, 1994). The negative trajectory continues into adulthood for a portion of these children, with higher rates of criminal convictions and antisocial behavior (Cernkovich & Giordano, 2001). Because of the serious negative outcomes that can occur for aggressive children, intervention is critically important. Two related evidence-based interventions that will be discussed in this chapter are the group-based Anger Coping Program and the Coping Power Program. The Coping Power program is a multicomponent intervention that has 34 child sessions and 16 parent sessions (Lochman & Wells, 1996). The Coping Power child component evolved from the earlier 18-session Anger Coping program (Lochman, Nelson & Sims, 1981).
Chemicals Derived From Biomass Thermolysis and Gasification

The United States has the potential to sustainably produce over 1 billion dry tons of nonfood biomass per year by 2030. While conversion of this biomass into fuels has garnished significant attention, these renewable feedstocks can also be converted into valuable chemicals. Analogous to petroleum refining, the coproduction of fuels and chemicals from biomass enables more complete utilization of the feedstock and supports the growth of a bio-economy by improving biorefinery economics. This chapter provides an overview of biomass thermolysis and gasification technologies, highlights existing and future chemical production opportunities, and elaborates on specific challenges associated with product separation and purification.
DAMed in (Trem) 2 Steps.

The role of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases has been controversial. In this issue, Keren-Shaul et al. identify a unique population of disease-associated microglia (DAM) that develop in two steps and may help to restrict damage in Alzheimer and related diseases.
Population-based Semen Analysis Results and Fertility Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results From Subfertility Health Assisted Reproduction and the Environment (SHARE) Study.

Objective To evaluate male fertility in Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) by examining semen analysis results and paternity from the SHARE study (Subfertility Health Assisted Reproduction and the Environment), a population-based cohort of semen analysis results from Utah men. Methods A population-based cohort of men with CD or UC was identified using the Utah Population Database (contains person-level linked demographic, genealogical, and medical record information for 85% of Utahans) from 1996 to 2014, and validated by clinical chart review. This cohort was then cross-linked (n = 55) to the SHARE population dataset of semen analysis results. Men with CD or UC were compared with population-based, age-matched, paired (1:1) controls (n = 47). Paternity was evaluated though presence and number of linked offspring and inter-birth interval. Results Offspring were identified in 71% of UC patients (mean of 1.8 children) and 61% of CD patients (mean of 1.2 children). Compared with matched controls, there were no differences in number of offspring, mean inter-birth interval, or any of the evaluated semen analysis parameters among either men with CD or UC. Conclusion Fertility and semen analysis values among men with UC or CD are not significantly impacted compared with population-based, age-matched controls.
Predictive factors on outcomes in metaplastic breast cancer.

Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) is a rare, aggressive variant of breast cancer, with limited data available regarding treatment and outcomes. This study aims to review patients with MBC treated at our tertiary care institution with an emphasis on the role of treatment modality and histologic classification. With IRB-approval, we queried our pathology database for patients with MBC diagnosis. All cases were re-evaluated by dedicated breast pathologists and confirmed as MBC breast cancer. Patient demographics, clinical/pathologic histology, and treatment were analyzed with respect to outcomes including local–regional recurrence (LRR), distant metastasis (DM), and overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were performed to evaluate the impact on outcomes. Kaplan–Meier methods estimated survival. We evaluated 113 patients with MBC diagnosed between 2002 and 2013. Median age was 61 years and median pathologic tumor size 2.5 cm; 76 (67%) were ER/PR/Her2 negative, 83 (74%) grade 3. Median follow-up was 38 months. 47 (42%) underwent breast conservation therapy (BCT), 66 (58%) had mastectomy, 61 (54%) underwent adjuvant radiation (RT), and 85 (75%) had chemotherapy. At 2 and 5 years, the LRR/DM/OS rates were 12%/15%/90% and 21%/35%/69%, respectively. On Cox regression analysis, only adjuvant RT correlated with reduced LRR [RR 3.1 (1.13–9.88), p = 0.027], while chemotherapy, type of surgery, and T-N stage did not. Only T-stage (p = 0.008) correlated with DM, however chemotherapy, RT, surgery type, and N-stage were not. Univariate analysis demonstrated histologic subtype did not significantly correlate with local (p = 0.54) or distant (p = 0.83) disease control. This study represents among the largest institutional experiences in the outcomes of MBC. At this time, there does not appear to be a clear histologic subset of MBC which has significantly different clinical outcomes from the other subtypes. Although limited in its sample size, this study shows RT remains important in local–regional control.
Evaluating hypotheses of expansion from refugia through comparative phylogeography of south‐eastern Coastal Plain amphibians

Aim Early genetic studies in the south-eastern United States provided the foundation for ideas in the field of comparative phylogeography, but few direct comparisons with consistent sampling across taxa exist for this region. We investigate the influence of historical processes and species-level characteristics on phylogeographic structure within four anuran species, evaluate previously described biogeographic patterns, and test three hypotheses of expansion from putative glacial refugia. Location South-eastern United States Coastal Plain. Methods We sampled four anuran species from the same 36 localities, assembled mitochondrial genomes from Illumina sequence data and estimated phylogenetic relationships and divergence times within each species. We used spatially explicit phylogeographic analyses and ecological niche models (ENMs) to test predictions about expansion from putative glacial refugia and estimate species-specific parameters including dispersal, migration direction and centre of origin. ENMs for four different time periods were compared within species to assess niche stability. Results Species differ in patterns of mitochondrial divergence, with only one species displaying a pattern consistent with the previously described Alabama suture zone. Few predictions for hypotheses of expansion from putative glacial refugia were met. ENMs suggest that species have responded differently to historical changes in climate, possibly contributing to discordant genetic patterns. Two species with deep mitochondrial divergences (>2.5 Ma) had low niche stability through time and potentially isolated regions of suitable habitat, whereas the two species with relatively stable, continuous niches exhibit less genetic structure. Main conclusions These Coastal Plain anurans appear to have been affected by historical climate change, but were not necessarily isolated in glacial refugia. Different natural history characteristics have likely produced discordant patterns in these species, with more generalist, ephemeral breeders exhibiting greater niche stability and lower phylogeographic structure.
Lift and Drag Forces for a Sphere on a Flat Wall in Non-Newtonian Shear Flow

Parametrical study of perfect steady rolling and steady state freely motion of spherical particle on the wall in shear flow of non-Newtonian fluid was carried out. In the case of perfect rolling the jumps of forces acting on a sphere in the moment of changing particle velocity from zero to positive were observed. Non-Newtonian properties of fluid lead to decreasing of drag force coefficient for low particle's velocity and to opposite effect for high velocity relative to Newtonian fluid. There is no such significant effect for a lift force coefficient. Steady state particle's velocity (Fd (Vpss )=0) increases for non-Newtonian fluid for both considered types of motion. Steady state particle's velocity and lift force coefficient are lower for the case of freely particle motion. Steady state rotational velocity decreases for non-Newtonian fluid.
Effect of High-Intensity Treadmill Exercise on Motor Symptoms in Patients With De Novo Parkinson Disease: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Parkinson disease is a progressive neurologic disorder. Limited evidence suggests endurance exercise modifies disease severity, particularly high-intensity exercise. Objectives To examine the feasibility and safety of high-intensity treadmill exercise in patients with de novo Parkinson disease who are not taking medication and whether the effect on motor symptoms warrants a phase 3 trial. Design, Setting, and Participants The Study in Parkinson Disease of Exercise (SPARX) was a phase 2, multicenter randomized clinical trial with 3 groups and masked assessors. Individuals from outpatient and community-based clinics were enrolled from May 1, 2012, through November 30, 2015, with the primary end point at 6 months. Individuals with idiopathic Parkinson disease (Hoehn and Yahr stages 1 or 2) aged 40 to 80 years within 5 years of diagnosis who were not exercising at moderate intensity greater than 3 times per week and not expected to need dopaminergic medication within 6 months participated in this study. A total of 384 volunteers were screened by telephone; 128 were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups (high-intensity exercise, moderate-intensity exercise, or control). Interventions High-intensity treadmill exercise (4 days per week, 80%-85% maximum heart rate [n = 43]), moderate-intensity treadmill exercise (4 days per week, 60%-65% maximum heart rate [n = 45]), or wait-list control (n = 40) for 6 months. Main Outcomes and Measures Feasibility measures were adherence to prescribed heart rate and exercise frequency of 3 days per week and safety. The clinical outcome was 6-month change in Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale motor score. Results A total of 128 patients were included in the study (mean [SD] age, 64 [9] years; age range, 40-80 years; 73 [57.0%] male; and 108 [84.4%] non-Hispanic white). Exercise rates were 2.8 (95% CI, 2.4-3.2) days per week at 80.2% (95% CI, 78.8%-81.7%) maximum heart rate in the high-intensity group and 3.2 (95% CI, 2.8-3.6; P = .13) days per week at 65.9% (95% CI, 64.2%-67.7%) maximum heart rate in the moderate-intensity group ( P P = .03). The high-intensity group, but not the moderate-intensity group, reached the predefined nonfutility threshold compared with the control group. Anticipated adverse musculoskeletal events were not severe. Conclusions and Relevance High-intensity treadmill exercise may be feasible and prescribed safely for patients with Parkinson disease. An efficacy trial is warranted to determine whether high-intensity treadmill exercise produces meaningful clinical benefits in de novo Parkinson disease. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01506479
Intramuscular Hemangioma After Total Hip Arthroplasty: An Iatrogenic Etiology.

Soft-tissue hemangioma is a common benign tumor that can develop cutaneously, subcutaneously, or intramuscularly. Hemangioma formation within a muscular compartment is most often developmental in etiology; however, some cases are known to occur after blunt trauma to the soft tissues. To our knowledge, no cases of hemangioma formation after joint arthroplasty have been reported. We present a case of intramuscular hemangioma development within the hip abductor musculature after total hip arthroplasty via an anterolateral approach. Aside from developing congenitally or posttraumatically, hemangiomas may form after surgical dissection and must be considered as a source of anomalous swelling after surgery.
Adaptive design clinical trials: a review of the literature and ClinicalTrials.gov

Objectives This review investigates characteristics of implemented adaptive design clinical trials and provides examples of regulatory experience with such trials. Design Review of adaptive design clinical trials in EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Registry of Controlled Clinical Trials, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov. Phase I and seamless Phase I/II trials were excluded. Variables extracted from trials included basic study characteristics, adaptive design features, size and use of independent data monitoring committees (DMCs) and blinded interim analyses. We also examined use of the adaptive trials in new drug submissions to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) and recorded regulators’ experiences with adaptive designs. Results 142 studies met inclusion criteria. There has been a recent growth in publicly reported use of adaptive designs among researchers around the world. The most frequently appearing types of adaptations were seamless Phase II/III (57%), group sequential (21%), biomarker adaptive (20%), and adaptive dose-finding designs (16%). About one-third (32%) of trials reported an independent DMC, while 6% reported blinded interim analysis. We found that 9% of adaptive trials were used for FDA product approval consideration, and 12% were used for EMA product approval consideration. International regulators had mixed experiences with adaptive trials. Many product applications with adaptive trials had extensive correspondence between drug sponsors and regulators regarding the adaptive designs, in some cases with regulators requiring revisions or alterations to research designs. Conclusions Wider use of adaptive designs will necessitate new drug application sponsors to engage with regulatory scientists during planning and conduct of the trials. Investigators need to more consistently report protections intended to preserve confidentiality and minimise potential operational bias during interim analysis.
On the Coalgebraic Theory of Kleene Algebra with Tests

We develop a coalgebraic theory of Kleene algebra with tests (\(\mathsf {KAT}\)) along the lines of Rutten (1998) for Kleene algebra (\(\mathsf {KA}\)) and Chen and Pucella (Electron Notes Theor Comput Sci 82(1), 2003) for a limited version of \(\mathsf {KAT}\), resolving some technical issues raised by Chen and Pucella. Our treatment includes a simple definition of the Brzozowski derivative for \(\mathsf {KAT}\) expressions and an automata-theoretic interpretation involving automata on guarded strings. We also give a complexity analysis, showing that an efficient implementation of coinductive equivalence proofs in this setting is tantamount to a standard automata-theoretic construction. It follows that coinductive equivalence proofs can be generated automatically in PSPACE. This matches the bound of Worthington (2008) for the automatic generation of equational proofs in \(\mathsf {KAT}\).
Subcellular Localization and Interacellular Dynamics of σ1 Receptors

Recent studies using specific ol receptor antibodies, in corroboration with early subcellular fractionation studies, begin to unveil the unique cellular localization of σ1 receptors. It is clear now that σ1 receptors localize predominantly on the ER in varieties of mammalian cells, although σ1 receptors can show a multi-organelle distribution pattern inside the cell. Details of σ1 receptor distribution in highly polarized neurons in the brain will be examined in future studies. Understanding the protein topology and lipid components of specific membrane domains where σ1 receptors target (eg. lipid-rich globules on the ER) must help to unveil the exact molecular mechanism of σ1 receptors. ol Receptors show a very unique ability to translocate that is evoked by varieties of psychotropic drugs possessing σ1 receptor affinities. The dynamics of σ1 receptors appears to be related intimately to diverse actions exerted by σ1 ligands, particularly at the plasma membrane and at the ER. These actions include regulations of channel activity, exocytosis, signal transduction, plasma membrane remodeling (raft formation), and lipid transport/metabolism. All these actions may have a bearing in promoting neuronal plasticity in the brain.
Automated quantification of low amplitude rhythmic contractions (LARC) during real-world urodynamics identifies a potential detrusor overactivity subgroup.

OBJECTIVES Detrusor overactivity (DO) is characterized by non-voiding detrusor smooth muscle contractions during the bladder filling phase and often contributes to overactive bladder. In some patients DO is observed as isolated or sporadic contractions, while in others DO is manifested as low amplitude rhythmic contractions (LARC). The aim of this study was to develop an objective method to quantify LARC frequencies and amplitudes in urodynamic studies (UDS) and identify a subgroup DO of patients with LARC. METHODS An automated Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm was developed to analyze a 205-second region of interest of retrospectively collected "real-world" UDS ending 30 seconds before voiding. The algorithm was designed to identify the three largest rhythmic amplitude peaks in vesical pressure (Pves) in the 1.75-6 cycle/minute frequency range. These peak Pves amplitudes were analyzed to determine whether they were 1) significant (above baseline Pves activity) and 2) independent (distinct from any in abdominal pressure (Pabd) rhythm). RESULTS 95 UDS met criteria for inclusion and were analyzed with the FFT algorithm. During a blinded visual analysis, a neurourologist/urodynamicist identified 52/95 (55%) patients as having DO. The FFT algorithm identified significant and independent (S&I) LARC in 14/52 (27%) patients with DO and 0/43 patients (0%) without DO, resulting in 100% specificity and a significant association (Fischer's exact test, p<0.0001). The average slowest S&I LARC frequency in this DO subgroup was 3.20±0.34 cycles/min with an amplitude of 8.40±1.30 cm-H2O. This algorithm can analyze individual UDS in under 5 seconds, allowing real-time interpretation. CONCLUSIONS An FFT algorithm can be applied to "real-world" UDS to automatically characterize the frequency and amplitude of underlying LARC. This algorithm identified a potential subgroup of DO patients with LARC.