cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of the extended linearization design method to longitudinal flight control

A typical approach to control of a nonlinear system is to linearize the system about a nominal operating point. Then linear feedback design methods are used, yielding a closed-loop system whose linearization about the corresponding closed-loop operating point has the desired characteristics. So long as the closed-loop system is operated in a region sufficiently close to the operating point, the closed-loop linearization should accurately reflect the behavior of the closed-loop nonlinear system. Of course, simulation is used to verify the design effectiveness.
Adopt-A-Student: early mentoring in family medicine

Increasing dissatisfaction with traditional medical school curricula in the United States and the increasing desire to expose medical students early to physicians at work in the realistic community setting led to our development of an 8-week summer program at the University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine. The background, development and results of this mentoring program, Adopt-A-Student, are described. Survey responses of participating students and mentors, from 1991 to 1993, indicate the value of the program early in medical education.
Sexually aggressive college males: empathy as a moderator in the “Confluence Model” of sexual aggression

We replicated the findings of Malamuth, Linz, Heavey, Barnes, and Acker [Malamuth, N. M., Linz, D., Heavey, C. L., Barnes, G., & Acker, M. (1995). Using the confluence model of sexual aggression to predict men's conflict with women: a 10-year follow-up study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69,2 (1995) 353] by using the Confluence Model to predict sexually aggressive behavior (SA) in a sample of undergraduate males. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that Hostile Masculinity (HM) and Impersonal Sex (IS) interact to predict SA. We extended the Confluence Model by adding a measure of generalized empathy to predict SA. Empathy moderated HM and IS in predicting SA, such that high-risk males (high HM and high IS) with low empathy reported higher rates of SA than all other males, while high-risk males with high empathy reported rates of SA comparable with those of all lower-risk males. The implications for multidimensional models of sexual aggression and the limitations of measuring rates of sexual aggression are discussed.
Suppression of specific IgM, IgA and IgG responses in mice treated with anti-6 from birth

In contrast to previous studies, we report that heterologous anti-delta antibodies can act as a powerful multi-class humoral immunosuppressant. Primary direct plaque-forming cell (IgM) responses of BALB/c mice injected from birth with a rabbit anti-delta antiserum were reduced to 3% of control levels against a T-dependent antigen (sheep red blood cells), and to 2% against a T-independent antigen (dextran); IgA responses against 2 intraduodenal injections of cholera toxin were reduced to 7% of control levels. Other secondary immune responses of anti-delta-suppressed mice were suppressed to a lesser degree. IgM plaque responses generated by 2 injections of sheep red cells, for example, were reduced to 50% of control levels, with reduction of the corresponding IgG response to 42%. The multi-class suppression observed indicates a clonal differentiation pathway in which the IgD+ cell develops into IgM-, IgA- and IgG-secreting cells. In light of reports that the IgD+ cell is antigen sensitive, our demonstration that IgD is capable of delivering the same sort of immunosuppressive signal in response to anti-heavy chain antibodies that IgM delivers also suggests, though it does not establish, an antigen-receptor role for IgD.
INFLUENCE OF FINASTERIDE ON FREE AND TOTAL SERUM PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN LEVELS IN MEN WITH BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

AbstractPurpose: Finasteride therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) results in a marked lowering of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. However, little is known about the effect of finasteride on unbound or free serum levels of PSA. Such information would be important since percent free PSA may substantially improve the cancer specificity of PSA testing. Thus, we prospectively studied the effect of finasteride therapy on total and free serum PSA levels.Materials and Methods: In a randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind trial 40 men with histologically confirmed BPH (age range 52 to 78 years) were treated with either 5 mg. finasteride daily (26 patients) for 9 months or placebo (14) for 6 months. Prostate volume was assessed by transrectal ultrasound. Serum levels of free and total PSA were measured from archived serum samples stored at −70C at baseline and for as long as 9 months of treatment.Results: In the finasteride group mean total PSA levels declined from 3.0 ng./ml. at baseli...
High-gain quantum-dot infrared photodetector

An innovative idea in design of sensitive quantum-dot (QD) infrared photodetector is to use a structure with QDs surrounded by repulsive potential barriers which are created due to interdot doping. Spatial separation of the localized ground state and continuum conducting states of the electron increases significantly the photoelectron capture time and photoconductive gain. Large value of the gain results in high responsivity, which in turn improves detectivity and raises the device operating temperature.
Construct Validity Evidence for Enrichment Clusters and Regular Classrooms: Are they Different as Students See them?

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the dimensionality of students' attitudes toward regular classroom activities and enrichment clusters. The secondary purpose was to report the development of two student attitude surveys, one regarding regular classroom learning situations and the other regarding enrichment clusters. A total of 379 students involved in both regular classrooms and enrichment clusters completed parallel surveys designed to assess their attitudes toward these learning situations with respect to challenge, interest, meaning, choice, and enjoyment. Factor analytic procedures yielded four factors for each attitude survey with estimates of internal consistency ranging from .70 to .93. The analyses allowed examination of the construct validity of scores on both instruments while providing insight that the derived factors were not identical for the regular classroom activities and enrichment clusters.
Molecular Association in Nematic Phases of Cyclic Liquid Crystal Oligomers

We analyzed molecular ordering in the nematic phase of cyclic LC oligomers with mesogenic groups attached to a central siloxane ring. We focus on relationships between the local spatial arrangement of these molecules and low-angle X-ray scattering phenomena as revealed by computer molecular modeling. Computer simulation shows that the presence of strong low-angle X-ray reflections in the nematic phase is caused by local association of the molecules. The cyclic molecules form double-row associations with up to six molecules packed in a single string. The presence of the siloxane central rings with a high local concentration of Si−O atomic groups with strong scattering power is critical for the appearance of these low-angle X-ray reflections with significant intensity. Cycling of siloxane groups into short rings hinders rotation and restricts mobility of these fragments, resulting in a high localization of strong scattering groups. Computer simulation of X-ray properties of partially ordered systems within ...
An Empirical Analysis of The Effects of Government Spending on Capital Investment: Evidence from O.E.C.D. Countries.

This paper focuses on the possible “direct” effect in increased government size on fixed capital formation. That is, we hypothesize that as government increases its consumption as percentage of GDP, investors modify their investment plans accordingly. It is our contention that the direct effect of government size on fixed capital investment manifest themselves through a downward shift in the investment schedule. To test this hypothesis, we estimate an aggregate investment function for eighteen O.E.C.D. countries for the period 1960-1994. Our findings suggest a negative relationship between government size and fixed capital investment. [ E22, E62]
Expanding the Meaning of Social Education: What the Social Studies Can Learn From Gay Straight Alliances

Abstract The author explores significant points of intersection between foundational tenets of the social studies and the lessons learned by students in the Gay Straight Alliance (GSA) at one Midwestern high school. He suggests new ways social studies researchers and teachers might conceptualize the ideas and themes promoted in GSAs and apply them directly to social studies content and/or standards. The research is informed by Judith Butler's articulation of “performativity” of gender and Queer Theory and draws on ethnographic fieldwork conducted over the course of 1 school year as well as in-depth interviews with GSA members. Findings suggest students' attention to gender scripts combined with the knowledge they gained from selected lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT), and queer-focused topics have strong implications for changing the landscape of social education. The author concludes that social studies education has an opportunity to broaden students' understanding of social education, to undo ...
Nephrotoxicity From Chemotherapeutic Agents: Clinical Manifestations, Pathobiology, and Prevention/Therapy

Nephrotoxicity remains a vexing complication of chemotherapeutic agents. A number of kidney lesions can result from these drugs, including primarily tubular-limited dysfunction, glomerular injury with proteinuria, full-blown acute kidney injury, and long-term chronic kidney injury. In most cases, these kidney lesions develop from innate toxicity of these medications, but underlying host risk factors and the renal handling of these drugs clearly increase the likelihood of nephrotoxicity. This article reviews some of the classic nephrotoxic chemotherapeutic agents and focuses on examples of the clinical and histopathologic kidney lesions they cause as well as measures that may prevent or treat drug-induced nephrotoxicity.
Abstract 2699: Phase II study evaluating the effect of tetrathiomolybdate on circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with high risk for breast cancer recurrence

Background: Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are critical for metastatic progression. Tetrathiomolybdate (TM), a copper-depleting compound inhibits angiogenesis and maintains tumor dormancy. This study explores the effect of TM on EPCs in patients (pts) at high risk for breast cancer (BC) recurrence. Methods: This phase II study enrolled Stage 3, 4 without evidence of disease (NED), and any node-positive triple negative (TN) BC pts. Only concomitant hormonal therapy was allowed. Pts received induction TM 180 mg daily at baseline (with exception of one pt) followed by an equal or lower daily dose (median 100mg, range 0-140) to maintain ceruloplasmin (Cp) level Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2699. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2699
SCEMA: The role of school personnel

Abstract The intent of the Sohlberg, Todis and Glang article is to describe a team-based approach for providing service delivery to youngsters with brain injury within the school setting. The approach has been developed in the context of an experimental, grant-funded project over the course of the past several years. According to the authors the approach shows promise as an effective model for serving this population. Based on anecdotal information, observations, and the literature on brain injury treatment, the approach described certainly seems reasonable and plausible. In fact, it is hard to imagine recommending any service delivery model for this population that does not incorporate team planning. Literature on service delivery to individuals with brain injury has encouraged this service delivery model for the past 15 years, The article serves as a reminder that the recommendation has not yet become a reality in practice. It offers a structured process for developing a team process to meet the needs o...
A comparative study of the ring glands from wild type and 1(2)gl mutant Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster homozygous for the second chromosomal, recessive lethal gene 1(2)gl form puparia much later than wild type (+) and are unable to metamorphose. Implantation of + ring glands accelerates puparium formation by 1(2)gl hosts. The ring gland is a compound structure containing the prothoracic glands (pg), corpus allatum (ca), and corpus cardiacum (cc). An electron microscopic study demonstrates that in both the pg and ca the most common subcellular component is smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (ser). In + flies the amount of ser per pg increases by ten times during the four hour prepupal period. In 1(2)gl flies which have spent two days in the prepupal period the pg looks juvenile and contains only 1% the amount of ser per cell found in the + prepupal pg. The ca cells look alike in both + and 1(2)gl individuals, and the cortical cells of the cc in both contain abundant neurosecretory spheres. We suggest that the + allele of 1(2)gl indirectly influences the synthesis of ser by the pg and that this is the site where dietary cholesterol is transformed to ecdysone.
Will Judicial Error Allow Industrial Point Sources to Avoid BPT and Perhaps BAT Later - A Story of Good Intentions, Bad Dictum, and Ugly Consequence

The 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments were aimed at reducing or eliminating water pollution discharges at point sources. All discharges were to reach compliance by way of the best practical technology (BPT) by 1977 and by the best available technology (BAT) that is economically achievable by 1983. A review of this legislation and subsequent variance regulation reveals that, while the intent was for uniformity during the pre-BAT clean-up stage, industries have avoided or delayed compliance with five-year interim permits, through Environmental Protection Agency exemptions, or by demonstrating that individual discharge factors were fundamentally different. The failure to meet the BPT deadline, often on the grounds that compliance will lead to unemployment, indicates the stricter BAT limitations are even less likely to be met. If the BAT goals for water quality are to be reached, Congress must explicitly require dischargers to comply or go out of business.
Latent Class Analysis of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome Using Comorbidities: Clinical and Genetic Implications

Background Although susceptibility loci exist for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS), no causative gene has been identified, perhaps in part because of phenotypic heterogeneity. This study used latent class analyses (LCA) to identify GTS subphenotypes and assess characteristics and heritability of the classes. Methods The study included 952 individuals from 222 GTS families recruited for genetic studies. LCA identified a best-fit model for combinations of the diagnoses of GTS, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), OC symptoms and behaviors (OCS/OCB), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a random sample of one sibling from each family ( n = 197), a replication sample randomly chosen from the remaining siblings ( n = 203), and in the entire sample (all siblings and parents, N = 952). Heritabilities were assessed for all categoric diagnoses and LCA classes using a variance components approach. Results In this large sample of GTS sib pairs and their parents, three GTS-affected groups were identified—GTS + OCS/OCB (Class III), GTS + OCD (Class IV), and GTS + OCD + ADHD (Class V)—in addition to a minimally affected class (I) and a small chronic tics + OCD class (II). A preponderance of males and younger age at onset was found in more comorbidly affected classes. Only the GTS + OCD + ADHD class was highly heritable. Conclusions Our data suggest that GTS classes may represent distinct entities, with both shared and unique etiologies. In particular, GTS + OCD + ADHD may represent a separate, heritable phenotype that can be used to further inform genetic studies.
Oxidation of 8′-hydroxy abscisic acid in Black Mexican Sweet maize cell suspension cultures

Abstract In a biotransformation study to prepare deuterium labelled phaseic acid (PA) from deuterated abscisic acid (ABA), the product contained fewer deuterium atoms than expected. Thus, spectroscopic data of isolated deuterated PA prepared from biotransformation of (+)-5,8′,8′,8′-d 4 -ABA in maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Black Mexican Sweet) cell suspension cultures showed 83% deuterium incorporation at the 8′- exo position. Also, metabolism studies of (+)-4,5-d 2 -ABA in maize resulted in the isolation of deuterium labelled ABA derivatives, namely PA, dihydrophaseic acid (DPA), 4′- O -β- d -glucopyranosylDPA, 8′-hydroxyPA, 8′-hydroxyDPA and 8′-oxoDPA, as deduced from spectroscopic methods. These combined results suggested the presence of an aldehyde intermediate which is either: (a) reduced to 8′-hydroxyABA and cyclized to PA, or (b) is hydrated and cyclized to 8′-hydroxyPA or (c) is further oxidized to the acid and cyclized to 8′-oxoPA. The chemical synthesis of this intermediate, as well as its biotransformation in maize cell cultures is presented.
The Recursively Mahlo Property in Second Order Arithmetic

The paper characterizes the second order arithmetic theorems of a set theory that features a recursively Mahlo universe; thereby complementing prior proof-theoretic investigations on this notion. It is shown that the property of being recursively Mahlo corresponds to a certain kind of β-model reflection in second order arithmetic. Further, this leads to a characterization of the reals recursively computable in the superjump functional. Mathematics Subject Classification: 03F35, 03F15, 03E70.
Transanal endoscopic microsurgery.

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a specialized type of local excision minimally invasive surgery. It utilizes high-resolution optics and endoscopic instruments to remove both benign and malignant rectal lesions, avoiding the morbidity of larger operations. It requires specialized equipment and setup, but can be integrated into any operating room. TEM is largely used to remove unresectable polyps, but can also be used on T1N0 and select T2 rectal cancers. Recent studies suggest promising local recurrence and survival rates on carefully selected early-stage cancers.
Reaching for the future: The education-focused possible selves of low-income mothers

This chapter describes the educational possible selves of low-income mothers as they make the transition from welfare to work.
Fractal characteristics of dense stream networks

In the past, a great deal of research has been conducted to determine the fractal properties which quantify the sinuosity of individual streams and the branching configuration of stream channel networks in watersheds. Much of this work has been conducted with sparse rather than dense stream networks. It seems appropriate that characteristics should be determined for dense networks to decide if the ranges of values of the fractal characteristics computed by previous researchers hold for the dense networks. The first objective of the present study is to compute the fractal measures for several watersheds, which have dense network data, and to compare them to the values in the literature estimated by using sparse network data. The second objective is to compare the different fractal measures for different watersheds and examine their variability. If there is considerable variability in these measures, then the question of which measures to use arises. The third objective is to examine whether these watersheds are self-similar or self-affine. The results indicate that the fractal dimensions vary widely, depending on the definitions used. The watersheds have self-affine rather than self-similar characteristics.
Children plus all nonautomobile motorized vehicles (not just all-terrain vehicles) equals injuries.

OBJECTIVES. The goals were to describe the epidemiological features of pediatric nonautomobile motorized vehicle-related injuries sustained between 1990 and 2003 and to compare all-terrain vehicle-related injuries with other types of nonautomobile motorized vehicle-related injuries. METHODS. An analysis of nationally representative pediatric nonautomobile motorized vehicle-related injury data from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was performed. RESULTS. Nationally, an estimated 1203800 children were treated in hospital emergency departments for nonautomobile motorized vehicle-related injuries between 1990 and 2003. These children had a mean age of 12.7 years (range: 1 month to 19 years), and 77.0% were male. The majority of injuries were associated with all-terrain vehicles (44.8%), 2-wheeled off-road vehicles (21.1%), and go-carts/buggies (13.7%). The most common diagnoses were contusions/abrasions (28.3%), fractures (24.2%), and lacerations (20.0%). Overall, the number of injuries increased 86% from 70500 injuries in 1990 to 130900 injuries in 2003. The numbers of all-terrain vehicle-related, 2-wheeled off-road vehicle-related, 2-wheeled on-road vehicle-related, and go-cart/buggy-related injuries all increased significantly from 1990 to 2003. There were greater proportions of all-terrain vehicle-associated injuries among children >/=16 years of age (48.0%) and children 12 to 15 years of age (46.6%) than among children /=16 years of age (23.0%). CONCLUSIONS. Although most public health and legislative attention to date has been focused on all-terrain vehicles, parents, children, and public officials should be educated about the injury risk that all types of nonautomobile motorized vehicles pose to children. Language: en
Hormonal correlates of siblicide in Nazca boobies: support for the Challenge Hypothesis.

Abstract The androgen hormone testosterone (T) mediates vertebrate aggression in many contexts and according to the Challenge Hypothesis is up-regulated during social challenges. While originally applied to challenges experienced by breeding adults, we show for the first time that T is similarly up-regulated during deadly sibling aggression in young birds. When two nestling Nazca boobies hatch, one—usually the older chick—virtually always kills the other chick by pushing it from the nest. We compared concentrations of T, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; a precursor of T), and corticosterone (Cort; a stress hormone) of chicks at various stages. T was elevated during fights in both chicks in two-chick broods, but not before and after fights, and not in chicks lacking a nest mate. DHEA was elevated 1 day after hatching and declined with age but appeared not to vary in concert with aggression. Cort did not vary across fighting and nonfighting periods. In conjunction with an earlier study [Tarlow, E.M., Wikelski, M., Anderson, D.J., 2001. Hormonal correlates of siblicide in Galapagos Nazca boobies. Horm. Behav. 40:14–20], these results indicate that T is temporarily up-regulated around the time of fights, as predicted by the Challenge Hypothesis. Our data suggest a general role for T during challenges at any time in life, not just during breeding.
Laser atmospheric wind sounder (LAWS)

The principle of operation of a space based Doppler lidar wind measuring system is discussed along with laser wavelength selection considerations. Differences in accommodating the Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder (LAWS) on the Earth Observing System (EOS) polar platform and the Manned Space Station are presented. The impact of the LAWS instrument support subsystems are specifically discussed.
An overview of enabling technology research in the United States

Abstract The mission of the US Fusion Energy Sciences Program is to advance plasma science, fusion science, and fusion technology—the knowledge base needed for an economically and environmentally attractive fusion energy source. In support of this overall mission, the Enabling Technology Program in the US incorporates both near and long term R&D, contributes to material and engineering sciences as well as technology development, contributes to spin-off applications, and performs global systems assessments and focused design studies. This work supports both magnetic and inertial fusion energy (IFE) concepts. The Enabling Technology research mission is to contribute to the national science and technology base by developing the enabling technology for existing and next-step experimental devices, by exploring and understanding key materials and technology feasibility issues for attractive fusion power sources, by conducting advanced design studies that integrate the wealth of our understanding to guide R&D priorities and by developing design solutions for next-step and future devices. The Enabling Technology Program Plan is organized around five elements: plasma technologies, fusion (chamber) technologies, materials sciences, advanced design, and IFE chamber and target technologies. The principal technical features and research objectives are described for each element.
Iron aluminide coatings by an in-situ reaction process

Iron aluminide (Fe3Al) coatings were prepared by a novel reaction process. In the process, the iron aluminide coating is formed by an in-situ reaction between the aluminum powder fed through a plasma transferred arc (PTA) torch and the steel substrate. Subjected to the high temperature within an argon plasma zone, aluminum powder and the surface of steel substrate melt and react to form the iron aluminide coating. The prepared coating was found to be phase-pure iron aluminide that is porosity-free and metallurgically bonded to the steel substrate. It is expected that the principle demonstrated in this process can be applied to the preparation of other intermetallic and alloy coatings.
Utilization of Land Resources in Agriculture – Opportunity or Risk for Romanian Agri-food Sector Competitiveness

Abstract Despite the fact that arable land in Romania has a significant ecological potential (7000-7100 kg/ha conventional cereals, according to ASAS experts’ estimates), the average utilization degree of the natural potential of land in the last twenty years reached the value of only 0.39 (which represents an average yield of 2770 kg/ha conventional cereals). According to specialists’ calculations, an optimal utilization of the ecological resources of agricultural land in Romania would make it possible to cover the agri-food consumption needs for more than 38.5 million people, yet our country's agri-food trade balance has been deficient after 1989. The present paper attempts to make an inter-census analysis of one of the main factors responsible for the current poor performance and competitiveness of the Romanian agri-food sector: the utilization modality of the main resource in agriculture – land. The bipolarity in land operation remains the defining reality for Romania's agriculture, with significant consequences on the production structure and performance in land operation. Thus, 30% of UAA is operated by the small-sized farms (under 5 ha), whose agricultural production mainly goes to self-consumption and only a very small amount is sold on the market. The productivity on these holdings is low, with a precarious technical endowment and a deficient investment capacity. Only half of Romania's UAA is operated by commercial farms, which are better capitalized. The specialization of the large-sized farms in field crops can transform Romania into a cereal exporter, yet it generates a deficit in the self-sufficiency of the domestic market in certain agri-food products for which Romania has adequate agro-pedo-climatic conditions.
The Relationships Among Beliefs, Organizational Position, and Whistle-Blowing Status: A Discriminant Analysis

Survey data from a random sample of 8,500 employees were examined to determine whether persons who report perceived organizational wrongdoing differ from other employees as to their beliefs about o...
Oxygen-induced retinopathy in the rat: possible contribution of peroxidation reactions.

Albino rats were maintained in 60% atmospheric oxygen from birth through 14 days of age. Age-matched controls were simultaneously raised in room air. Some rats were perfused with India ink before sacrifice and retinal dissection in order to study the effect of oxygen-rearing on the retinal vasculature. By this method it was found that oxygen-reared animals sustained a 36% loss of retinal blood vessels. Other animals' retinas were removed immediately after sacrifice and examined for evidence of lipid peroxidation by one of three means: 1) a determination of the presence of products of lipid peroxidation, 2) a measure of the loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and 3) a determination of retinal vitamin E level. Each of these determinations indicated that peroxidation reactions had occurred in the retinas of oxygenreared rats. Retinal vitamin E was supplemented in the young rats through the diet of the mothers. This treatment resulted in a two-fold increase of retinal vitamin E over levels in pups of mothers fed rat chow. Oxygen-reared vitamin E-supplemented rats sustained significantly less obliteration of blood vessels than non-supplemented oxygen-reared animals.
Treatment of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus by hydrochlorothiazide and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor

A 1-month-old male infant presented with failure to thrive, polyuria, and severe hypernatremic dehydration. Based on family history, lack of response to vasopressin, and normal sonography of the urinary system, the diagnosis of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (cNDI) was established. The infant responded well to indomethacin in combination with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), but quickly developed gastrointestinal bleeding. The substitution of indomethacin by amiloride and later by tolmetin was found to be ineffective. Treatment with HCTZ (3 mg/kg per day) and rofecoxib (1 mg/kg per day, both divided into three doses) combined with a low-salt formula resulted in a dramatic decrease in urinary free water losses. No side effects of the combination were noted. At age 8.5 months, the infant demonstrated catch-up growth and normal neurodevelopmental milestones. We conclude that the combination HCTZ/cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor could be successfully used to treat infantile cNDI.
Quantification of volatile constituents in orange juice drinks and its use for comparison with pure juices by multivariate analysis

Thirty-two orange juice drinks containing up to 50% orange juice were analysed by headspace gas chromatography and 46 volatile constituents were quantified in each sample. Principal components analysis was used to classify the juice drinks into three types based on juice content. It was also possible to classify the orange juice drinks relative to pure juice samples by comparing the 32 drink samples to 62 pure orange juice samples previously analysed using the same 46 volatile constituents. Principal components analysis separated this group of orange juice products into three types: orange juice drinks, juices prepared from orange juice concentrate, and juices not from concentrate. Such classification was not possible based on the quantitative information without the aid of computer assisted multivariate analysis techniques.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor binding sites in the human gastrointestinal tract: localization by autoradiography.

Abstract Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a putative neurotransmitter in both the brain and peripheral tissues. To define possible target tissues of VIP we have used quantitative receptor autoradiography to localize and quantify the distribution of [125I]VIP receptor binding sites in histologically normal human surgical specimens. While the distribution of VIP binding sites was different for each gastrointestinal segment examined, specific vasoactive intestinal polypeptide binding sites were localized to the mucosa, the muscularis mucosa, the smooth muscle of submucosal arterioles, the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle of the muscularis externa, the myenteric plexus, and lymph nodules. In most segments, the mucosal layer expressed the highest concentration of VIP binding sites, with the duodenal and jejunal mucosa showing the highest density of receptors. These results identify putative VIP target tissues in the human gastrointestinal tract. In correlation with physiological data, VIP binding sites appear to be involved in the regulation of a variety of gastrointestinal functions including mucosal ion transport, gastric secretion, hemodynamic regulation, gastric and intestinal motility, neuronal excitability, and modulation of the immune system.
Dynamic regulation of estrogen receptor-alpha gene expression in the brain: a role for promoter methylation?

Estrogen has long been known to play an important role in coordinating the neuroendocrine events that control sexual development, sexual behavior and reproduction. Estrogen actions in other, non-reproductive areas of the brain have also been described. It is now known that estrogen can also influence learning, memory, and emotion and has neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties. The actions of estrogen are largely mediated through at least two intracellular estrogen receptors. Both estrogen receptor-alpha and estrogen receptor-beta are expressed in a wide variety of brain regions. Estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα), however, undergoes developmental and brain region-specific changes in expression. The precise molecular mechanisms that regulate its expression at the level of gene transcription are not well understood. Adding to the complexity of its regulation, the estrogen receptor gene contains multiple promoters that drive its expression. In the cortex in particular, the ERα mRNA expression is dynamically regulated during postnatal development and again following neuronal injury. Epigenetic modification of chromatin is increasingly being understood as a mechanism of neuronal gene regulation. This review examines the potential regulation of the ERα gene by such epigenetic mechanisms.
A method for introducing a new standard of length

The advantages of uniform standards throughout the world are so great that it is unnecessary to prove their desirability. It is most fortunate for science and commerce that the metric system is becoming more and more a universal standard. However, the English system of inches, feet, and yards still prevails as the most widely used standard of length.
Dielectric study of the antiplasticization of trehalose by glycerol

Recent measurements have suggested that the antiplasticizing effect of glycerol on trehalose can significantly increase the preservation times of proteins stored in this type of preservative formulation. In order to better understand the physical origin of this phenomenon, we examine the nature of antiplasticization in trehalose-glycerol mixtures by dielectric spectroscopy. These measurements cover a broad frequency range between 40 Hz to 18 GHz (covering the secondary relaxation range of the fragile glass-former trehalose and the primary relaxation range of the strong glass-former glycerol) and a temperature (T) range bracketing room temperature (220 K to 350 K). The Havriliak-Negami function precisely fits our relaxation data and allows us to determine the temperature and composition dependence of the relaxation time tau describing a relative fast dielectric relaxation process appropriate to the characterization of antiplasticization. We observe that increasing the glycerol concentration at fixed T increases tau (i.e., the extent of antiplasticization) until a temperature dependent critical "plasticization concentration" xwp is reached. At a fixed concentration, we find a temperature at which antiplasticization first occurs upon cooling and we designate this as the "antiplasticization temperature," Tant. The ratio of the tau values for the mixture and pure trehalose is found to provide a useful measure of the extent of antiplasticization, and we explore other potential measures of antiplasticization relating to the dielectric strength.
Role of synaptotagmin in Ca2+-triggered exocytosis

The Ca(2+)-binding synaptic-vesicle protein synaptotagmin I has attracted considerable interest as a potential Ca(2+) sensor that regulates exocytosis from neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Recent studies have shed new light on the structure, biochemical/biophysical properties and function of synaptotagmin, and the emerging view is that it plays an important role in both exocytosis and endocytosis. At least a dozen additional isoforms exist, some of which are expressed outside of the nervous system, suggesting that synaptotagmins might regulate membrane traffic in a variety of cell types. Here we provide an overview of the members of this gene family, with particular emphasis on the question of whether and how synaptotagmin I functions during the final stages of membrane fusion: does it regulate the Ca(2+)-triggered opening and dilation of fusion pores?
New Models for Large Prospective Studies: Is There a Risk of Throwing Out the Baby With the Bathwater?

Manolio et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175:859-866) proposed that large cohort studies adopt novel models using "temporary assessment centers" to enroll up to a million participants to answer research questions about rare diseases and "harmonize" clinical endpoints collected from administrative records. Extreme selection bias, we are told, will not harm internal validity, and "process expertise to maximize efficiency of high-throughput operations is as important as scientific rigor" (p. 861). In this article, we describe serious deficiencies in this model as applied to the United States. Key points include: 1) the need for more, not less, specification of disease endpoints; 2) the limited utility of data collected from existing administrative and clinical databases; and 3) the value of university-based centers in providing scientific expertise and achieving high recruitment and retention rates through community and healthcare provider engagement. Careful definition of sampling frames and high response rates are crucial to avoid bias and ensure inclusion of important subpopulations, especially the medically underserved. Prospective hypotheses are essential to refine study design, determine sample size, develop pertinent data collection protocols, and achieve alliances with participants and communities. It is premature to reject the strengths of large national cohort studies in favor of a new model for which evidence of efficiency is insufficient.
Pilot study of vincristine, oral irinotecan, and temozolomide (VOIT regimen) combined with bevacizumab in pediatric patients with recurrent solid tumors or brain tumors

Background The combination of vincristine, oral irinotecan, and temozolomide (VOIT regimen) has shown antitumor activity in a pediatric Phase I trial. To further potentiate synergy, we assessed the safety and feasibility of adding bevacizumab to VOIT for children and young adults with recurrent tumors. Methods Patients received vincristine (1.5 mg/m2 on day 1), oral irinotecan (90 mg/m2 on days 1–5), temozolomide (100–150 mg/m2 on days 1–5), and bevacizumab (15 mg/kg on day 1) in 3-week cycles, which were repeated for up to six cycles. Cefixime prophylaxis was used to reduce irinotecan-associated diarrhea. Results Thirteen patients received 36 total cycles. Six of the first 10 patients required dose reductions due to toxicity during the first cycle (n = 3) or subsequent cycles (n = 3), and these grade 3 side effects included prolonged nausea, dehydration, anorexia, neuropathy, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, as well as prolonged grade 4 neutropenia. After reducing daily temozolomide to 100 mg/m2, three additional patients tolerated therapy well without the need for dose reductions. Toxicities attributed to bevacizumab were limited to grade 1 epistaxis (1) and grade 2 proteinuria (1). Tumor responses were seen in both patients with Ewing sarcoma. Conclusions Reducing temozolomide from 150 to 100 mg/m2/day improved tolerability, and treatment with this lower temozolomide dose was feasible and convenient as outpatient therapy. Although responses were seen in Ewing sarcoma, the benefit of adding bevacizumab remains unclear. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:1447–1451. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
User-Driven Access Control: Rethinking Permission Granting in Modern Operating Systems

Modern client platforms, such as iOS, Android, Windows Phone, Windows 8, and web browsers, run each application in an isolated environment with limited privileges. A pressing open problem in such systems is how to allow users to grant applications access to user-owned resources, e.g., to privacy- and cost-sensitive devices like the camera or to user data residing in other applications. A key challenge is to enable such access in a way that is non-disruptive to users while still maintaining least-privilege restrictions on applications. In this paper, we take the approach of user-driven access control, whereby permission granting is built into existing user actions in the context of an application, rather than added as an afterthought via manifests or system prompts. To allow the system to precisely capture permission-granting intent in an application's context, we introduce access control gadgets (ACGs). Each user-owned resource exposes ACGs for applications to embed. The user's authentic UI interactions with an ACG grant the application permission to access the corresponding resource. Our prototyping and evaluation experience indicates that user-driven access control is a promising direction for enabling in-context, non-disruptive, and least-privilege permission granting on modern client platforms.
Diccionario de trabajo social

The Diccionario is the result of a three-year collective effort of one hundred and forty-six social scholars from Spain, Latin America, and the USA. It consists of a Preface by the editors, the bod...
Radial temperature profiling of VCSELs

High resolution temperature measurements of thermal lensing in a proton implanted VCSEL are reported. We show that the radial surface temperature profile can be linked to the transverse mode profile.
Mdx mice inducibly expressing dystrophin provide insights into the potential of gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disease caused by the lack of expression of the dystrophin protein in muscle tissues. We genetically engineered a mouse model (mdx) of DMD that allowed for the high level and inducible transcription of a dystrophin mini-gene. This was achieved via the tetracycline-responsive transactivator (tTA) system. Multiple analyses confirmed that dystrophin expression in the mice was: (i) tTA dependent; (ii) correctly localized to the sarcolemmal membranes; (iii) capable of preventing the onset of dystrophy; and (iv) effectively blocked by the oral administration of tetracyclines. The model allowed us to somatically extinguish or induce dystrophin gene transcription. Somatic induction of dystrophin transcription prevented the onset of muscular dystrophy in some muscle groups. The levels of phenotypic rescue were influenced, however, by the age of the animals at the time of dystrophin induction. We also found that despite somatic termination of dystrophin gene transcription, the dystrophin protein was found to be associated with the sarcolemmal membrane for at least 26 weeks. Persistent detection of dystrophin was also accompanied by a prolonged protection of the muscle cells from the onset of dystrophy. The findings demonstrated that somatic transfer of the dystrophin gene not only may allow for the prevention of muscular dystrophy in multiple muscle groups, but also may be accompanied by persistent efficacy, secondary to the long-term functional stability of the dystrophin protein in vivo. This model should be useful in future studies concerning the potential of genetic therapy for DMD, as well as other muscle disorders.
Treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with cortisone.

CONGENITAL adrenal hyperplasia causes pseudohermaphrodism in females and macrogenitosomia precox in males. The differentiation of these conditions from other types of intersexuality and from various disorders causing male sexual precocity is well known (1). This type of hyperadrenocorticism in contrast to the Cushing type is characterized by accelerated growth, muscular development and epiphysial ossification, early growth of sexual hair and progressive virilization, all of which are due to excessive secretion of adrenal androgen. In most cases there are no evidences of disturbance of electrolyte or carbohydrate regulation; in others there is a disorder of electrolyte regulation causing symptoms similar to those of Addison's disease and often leading to death. Unsuccessful attempts (unpublished) have been made by us to suppress the secretion of androgen in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia by the administration of steroids, such as 17-ethyl testosterone, 17-vinyl testosterone, 17-methyl androst...
Latino School Dropout and Popular Culture: Envisioning Solutions to a Pervasive Problem.

The richest nation of the world, the United States still struggles to graduate 50% of its Latina/o high school students. Nominal policy attention on this issue begs the need for bolder and more creative initiatives that call attention to this crisis. States, districts, and schools need to reconfigure this pedagogical crisis by leveraging all venues of potential support, including popular culture. The author calls for courageous leadership that moves beyond the traditional teaching and learning dynamic to address this problem impacting the future of the Latino community's health and mobility.
Chameleon: On the Energy Efficiency of Exploiting Multiple Frequencies in Wireless Sensor Networks

We consider the energy efficiency of medium access control (MAC) in low power wireless communication where multiple channels are available and the duty cycle of (send, receive, and idle) channel access is controllable. We show that in this setting maximization of MAC energy efficiency reduces to maximizing the aggregate channel utilization and minimizing the aggregate duty cycle channel access. Based on the reduction, we show the theoretical existence of centralized, global information protocols which achieve optimal energy efficiency in terms of channel assignment and duty cycle scheduling. Then, towards practically realizing these protocols in a distributed fashion with local information only, we present Chameleon, which assigns channels based on lightweight estimation of channel utilization and adapts the duty cycle of node reception relative to the incoming traffic. Chameleon improves energy efficiency and channel utilization not only among users internal to the network, but also in the presence of external users that share the spectrum. We compare Chameleon with state-of-the-art single-channel and multi-channel protocols. Our experimental results show substantial energy efficiency gains over these protocols, which range from an average of 24% to 66%.