cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PRISM: Piecewise Reusable Implementation of Solution Mapping. An Economical Strategy for Chemical Kinetics

In a chemical kinetics calculation, a solution-mapping procedure is applied to parametrize the solution of the initial-value ordinary differential equation system as a set of algebraic polynomial equations. To increase the accuracy, the parametrization is done piecewise, dividing the multidimensional chemical composition space into hypercubes and constructing polynomials for each hypercube. A differential equation solver is used to provide the solution at selected points throughout a hypercube, and from these solutions the polynomial coefficients are determined. Factorial design methods are used to reduce the required number of computed points. The polynomial coefficients for each hypercube are stored in a data structure for subsequent reuse, since over the duration of a flame simulation it is likely that a particular set of concentrations and temperature will occur repeatedly at different times and positions. The method is applied to H2–air combustion using an 8-species reaction set. After N2 is added as an inert species and enthalpy is considered, this results in a 10-dimensional chemical composition space. To add the capability of using a variable time-step, time-step is added as an additional dimension, making an 11-dimensional space. Reactive fluid dynamical simulations of a 1-D laminar premixed flame and a 2-D turbulent non-premixed jet are performed. The results are compared to identical control runs which use an ordinary differential equation solver to calculate the chemical kinetic rate equations. The resulting accuracy is very good, and a factor of 10 increase in computational efficiency is attained.
Conformal invariants measuring the best constants for Gagliardo–Nirenberg–Sobolev inequalities

We introduce a family of conformal invariants associated to a smooth metric measure space which generalize the relationship between the Yamabe constant and the best constant for the Sobolev inequality to the best constants for Gagliardo–Nirenberg–Sobolev inequalities \({\| w \|_q \leq C \| \nabla w \|_2^{\theta} \| w \|_p^{1-\theta}}\) . These invariants are constructed via a minimization procedure for the weighted scalar curvature functional in the conformal class of a smooth metric measure space. We then describe critical points which are also critical points for variations in the metric or the measure. When the measure is assumed to take a special form—for example, as the volume element of an Einstein metric—we use this description to show that minimizers of our invariants are only critical for certain values of p and q. In particular, on Euclidean space our result states that either p = 2(q−1) or q = 2(p−1), giving a new characterization of the GNS inequalities whose sharp constants were computed by Del Pino and Dolbeault.
Investigation of an Early Intervention Tibial Component for Medial Osteoarthritis

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is usually the treatment of choice for severe osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Numerous clinical studies of TKA have shown high rates of long-term joint survival with good function [1]. Nevertheless, alternatives to this established procedure are being increasingly considered for several reasons. Postoperatively, patients frequently experience a slow rehabilitation and do not fully recover normal function [2]. On the other hand, there is a growing pressure to reduce operating time while increasing the use of less invasive surgical techniques.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Cross-section measurements for electron-H3O+ recombination

Cross sections for electron-${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ recombination have been measured over an electron energy range of 0.060-1.15 eV by using a trapped-ion technique to contain an ion sample at a temperature of \ensuremath{\simeq} 400 K. The cross section deduced from these measurements can be represented by $\ensuremath{\sigma}=4.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}{E}^{\ensuremath{-}2.9}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for $0.038lE\ensuremath{\le}0.110$ eV; $\ensuremath{\sigma}=4.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}{E}^{\ensuremath{-}0.79}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for $0.110lE\ensuremath{\le}0.420$ eV; and $\ensuremath{\sigma}=7.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}{E}^{\ensuremath{-}2.9}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for $Eg0.420$ eV. Uncertainties are estimated to be at the \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 50% level. Recombination-rate coefficients were calculated from the deduced cross sections, assuming a Maxwellian electron velocity distribution and trial forms for the cross section below 0.038 eV. Assuming the theoretical ${E}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ behavior for the cross section just above zero energy and comparing with the measured rate coefficient of Leu et al. at 540 K, we can deduce consistent cross sections below 0.038 eV to be $\ensuremath{\sigma}=6.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}{E}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for $0lEl0.023$ eV, and $\ensuremath{\sigma}=4.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}{E}^{\ensuremath{-}2.9}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for $0.023lEl0.038$ eV. The calculated rate coefficients have temperature dependence ${T}_{e}^{\ensuremath{-}0.5}$ at 50 K and ${T}_{e}^{\ensuremath{-}1.43}$ at ${10}^{5}$ K, and values of the coefficient are in good agreement with all direct measurements.
Religion and high-school graduation: a comparative analysis of patterns for white and black young women

This paper examines how two dimensions of childhood religion—affiliation and participation—are related to the probability of graduating from high school. Hypotheses derived from a human capital model are tested with data on non-Hispanic white and black women from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. The empirical findings are generally consistent with the hypotheses, revealing sizeable differentials in the likelihood of obtaining a high-school diploma by affiliation and participation. The results suggest that the convergence of Catholics to the mainline Protestant pattern for non-Hispanic whites found here, and supported by many previous studies, has not taken place in the black population. In other respects, the relationships between religion and high-school graduation are similar for the two racial groups.
Risk sharing in Coasean contracts

The Coase Theorem is analyzed in a setting in which pollution damages are a stochastic function of emissions and of natural environmental variability (e.g., weather). When pollution damages are stochastic, emissions create financial risks. Pollution levels allowed under Coasean contracts then in general depend on agents’ risk appetites, and on the initial configuration of property rights and bargaining power. In this case, resource allocation decisions are not separable from the legal institutions that allocate risks, nor from the financial institutions that facilitate risk transfer. In particular, improvements in environmental risk markets generally induce greater levels of pollution.
System-Level Power Loss Sensitivity to Various Control Variables in Vector-Controlled Induction Motor Drives

Vector-controlled induction motor drives include several design and control variables that affect power losses. Flux may be weakened to reduce machine losses; switching and conduction losses in the inverter are affected by the flux ripple and current hysteresis bands. This paper combines the machine and inverter to investigate the effects of various control variables on the total system power loss. Both indirect field-oriented control and direct torque control are evaluated. Power losses considered include semiconductor switching and conduction losses and machine core and copper losses. Magnetic saturation is taken into account. A 1.5-hp system is simulated and experimentally tested to find minimum-loss operating points for various control variable combinations. Experimental results show that the operating point for minimum system-level power loss is slightly different from that for minimum machine power loss, but both can yield significant energy savings. The results presented here suggest that, for efficient system operation, control aspects should be utilized and integrated into motor drive designs.
Modeling the optoelectronic mixing effect in metal-semiconductor-metal detectors

The optoelectronic mixing effect in metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors (MSM-PDs) is studied. Numerical results, using the Scharfetter-Gummel scheme, are presented for gallium-arsenide (GaAs) MSM-PDs with different donor concentrations and analytical results are presented for devices with high background donor concentration operating below the flat-band condition and for low background donor concentration operating above the flat-band condition. MSM-PDs with unequal Schottky barrier heights at the electrodes (asymmetric MSM-PDs) are also studied. We find that asymmetric detectors exhibit asymmetric dc characteristics with the photocurrent asymmetry opposite to the dark-current asymmetry. We also find that the mixing efficiency of the MSM-PD increases with increase in applied ac voltage and decreases with increase in ac frequency. For asymmetric detectors, a rectification current exists even under zero mean ac bias that varies not only with ac voltage and optical power but also with ac-bias frequency. The theoretical results agree with observed experimental results.
Automated strategy searches in an electronic goods market: learning and complex price schedules

In an automated market for electronic goods new problems arise that have not been well studied previously. For example, information goods are very flexible. Marginal costs are negligible and nearly limitless bundling and unbundling of these items are possible, in contrast to physical goods. Consequently, producers can offer complex pricing schemes. However, the profit-maximizing design of a complex pricing schedule depends on a producer's knowledge of the distribution of consumer preferences for the available information goods. Preferences are private and can only be gradually uncovered through market experience. In this paper we compare dynamic performance across price schedules of varying complexity. We provide the producer with two machine learning methods producer that is performing a naive, knowledge-free form of leanings (function approximation and hill-climbing) which implement a strategy that balances exploitation to maximize current profits against exploration of the profit landscape to improve future profits. We find that the tradeoff between exploitation and exploration is different depending on the learning algorithms employed, and in particular depending on the complexity of the price schedule that if offered. In general, simpler price schedules are more robust and give up less profit during the learning periods even though in our stationary environment learning eventually is complete and the more complex schedules have high long-run profits. These results hold for both learning methods, even though the relative performance of the methods is quite sensitive to choice of initial conditions and differences in the smoothness of the profit landscape for different price schedules. Our results have implications for automated learning and strategic pricing in non-stationary environments, which arise when the consumer population changes, individuals change their preferences, or competing firms change their strategies.
Quasi-inverses of schema mappings

Schema mappings are high-level specifications that describe the relationship between two database schemas. Two operators on schema mappings, namely the composition operator and the inverse operator, are regarded as especially important. Progress on the study of the inverse operator was not made until very recently, as even finding the exact semantics of this operator turned out to be a fairly delicate task. Furthermore, this notion is rather restrictive, since it is rare that a schema mapping possesses an inverse.In this article, we introduce and study the notion of a quasi-inverse of a schema mapping. This notion is a principled relaxation of the notion of an inverse of a schema mapping; intuitively, it is obtained from the notion of an inverse by not differentiating between instances that are equivalent for data-exchange purposes. For schema mappings specified by source-to-target tuple-generating dependencies (s-t tgds), we give a necessary and sufficient combinatorial condition for the existence of a quasi-inverse, and then use this condition to obtain both positive and negative results about the existence of quasi-inverses. In particular, we show that every LAV (local-as-view) schema mapping has a quasi-inverse, but that there are schema mappings specified by full s-t tgds that have no quasi-inverse. After this, we study the language needed to express quasi-inverses of schema mappings specified by s-t tgds, and we obtain a complete characterization. We also characterize the language needed to express inverses of schema mappings, and thereby solve a problem left open in the earlier study of the inverse operator. Finally, we show that quasi-inverses can be used in many cases to recover the data that was exported by the original schema mapping when performing data exchange.
Bures measures over the spaces of two- and three-dimensional density matrices

Abstract Due to considerable recent interest in the use of density matrices for a wide variety of purposes, including quantum computation, we present a general method for their parameterizations in terms of Euler angles. We assert that this is of more fundamental importance than (as several people have remarked to us) “just another parameterization of the density matrix”. There are several uses to which this methodology can be put. One that has received particular attention is in the construction of certain distinguished (Bures) measures on the ( n 2 −1)-dimensional convex sets of n × n density matrices.
Reactivity of (3-chloro-2-methylenecycloalkyl)palladium chloride dimers: coupling with phenyl nucleophiles

Abstract Reaction of the (3-chloro-2-methylenecycloalkyl)palladium complexes ( 1 ) with sodium tetraphenylborate proceeds via coupling at either the exocyclic or endocyclic terminus to afford phenyl substituted π-allyl complexes 5 and/or 11 . The regioselectivity of this coupling reaction is somewhat dependent on ring size. The new π-allyl complexes 5 / 11 can further undergo cleavage reaction or nucleophilic addition.
Nanostructure and microstructure of laser-interference-induced dynamic patterning of Co on Si

We have investigated the nanostructure and microstructure resulting from simultaneous ns laser irradiation with deposition of Co films on Si(001) substrates. The spatial order and length scales of the resulting nanopatterns and their crystalline microstructure were investigated as a function of film thickness h and laser energy density E using a combination of atomic force, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopies. The results could be classified into two distinct categories based on the laser energy density used. It was observed that the thickness-dependent E required to melt the Co film (ECo) was lower than for Si (ESi) primarily because of the higher reflectivity of Si. Consequently, for energy densities ECo < E1 < ESi that preferentially melted the Co film, spatially ordered nanoparticles were formed and were attributed to capillary-driven transport in the liquid phase. The ordering length scale corresponded to the interference fringe spacing Λ and the microstructure was primarily Co metal and a metal-rich silicide phase. The native oxide layer played an important role in minimizing the Co–Si reaction. For laser energy densities E2 ≥ ESi, spatially ordered patterns with periodic length scales L < Λ were observed and resulted from interference of an incident laser beam with a beam transmitted into the Si substrate. These nanopatterns showed one- as well as two-dimensional spatial ordering of the nanostructures. The microstructure in this laser energy regime was dominated by silicide formation. These results suggest that various nanostructures and microstructures, ranging from nearly pure metal to a Si-rich silicide phase, can be formed by an appropriate choice of the laser energy simultaneously with film growth.
Thermal Roughening and Deroughening at Polymer Interfaces In Electrophoretic Deposition

Thermal scaling and relaxation of the interface width in an electrophoretic deposition of polymer chains is examined by a three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation on a discrete lattice. Variation o...
Impurity spin dynamics in 2D antiferromagnets and superconductors

Abstract We discuss the universal theory of localized impurities in the paramagnetic state of 2D antiferromagnets where the spin gap is assumed to be signigicantly smaller than a typical exchange energy. We study the impurity spin susceptibility near the host quantum transition from a gapped paramagnet to a Neel state, and we compute the impurity-induced damping of the spin-1 mode of the gapped antiferromagnet. Under suitable conditions our results apply also to d-wave superconductors.
A new synthetic protocol for the direct preparation of organomanganese reagents; organomanganese tosylates and mesylates

Abstract A new synthetic route to organomanganese sulfonate reagents has been developed. These useful reagents can be readily prepared via direct oxidative addition of highly reactive manganese to carbonoxygen bonds of the corresponding tosylates and mesylates under mild conditions.
Effect of irradiation on the critical currents of alloy and compound superconductors

Abstract The effects of irradiation on the critical current density J c (H) of several superconducting compounds and Nb-Ti alloys have been examined by a number of workers. The irradiations in the studies include electrons, fast neutrons, ions and fission fragments. In alloys, changes in J c (H) on irradiation depend on the metallurgical history of the material and indicate that radiation defects modify the interaction between the fluxoid array and the sample microstructure. Radiation defects in alloys can also affect J c (H) through small decreases in T c , the transition temperature and ρ, the normal state resistivity. Irradiations of A15 compounds to moderate fluences (dependent on the type and energy of irradiating particle) lead to decreases in T c of ∼1 K and increases in J c (H) with dose for most of the samples investigated and can be qualitatively understood as resulting from changes in ρ and the pinning force acting on the fluxoids. At higher dose levels, larger depressions of T c and possibly γ, the electronic specific heat coefficient, lead to drastic reductions J c (H) . The effect of various energetic particles and irradiation temperature on J c (H) are discussed.
Coordination of pentaammineruthenium to RNA: spectra, equilibria, kinetics and electrochemistry

Abstract The reaction of [H 2 O(NH 3 ) 5 Ru] 2+ with a mixture of tyrosine and valine tRNAs is first order in [P RNA ] and [H 2 O(NH 3 ) 5 Ru] 2+ with k =6.0±0.9 M −1 s −1 . A strong dependence on ionic strength shows ion-pairing to occur during the course of binding. The equilibrium association constant for the binding of [H 2 O(NH 3 ) 5 Ru] 2+ to guanine sites on RNA is K eq =2.9×10 3 . Air oxidation results in the coordination of [(NH 3 ) 5 Ru] 3+ . Signature ligand-to- metal charge transfer bands in the spectra of [(NH 3 ) 5 Ru III ] n -RNA samples provide evidence for binding to A, G and C residues with their relative intensities varying with [Ru]/[P RNA ] in the reaction mixture. Square-wave and cyclic voltammetry revealed two peaks, which are attributed to the Ru III,II couples of RuG, and the sum of RuA and RuC. Consistent with the spectroscopic results, the relative peak currents indicate that [RuG] RNA >;{[RuA] RNA +[RuC] RNA }. The appearance of a new current peak following reduction of [(NH 3 ) 5 Ru III ] n -RNA suggests migration of the metal to endocyclic A sites.
Recent progress in metal forming tribology

A review of recent progress in metal forming tribology, both in bulk and sheet-forming processes, with regard to advances in fundamental concepts, test methods, developments in various areas of metal forming processes, lubricants and lubrication, improvements and new applications.
Walks and the spectral radius of graphs

Abstract Given a graph G, write μ(G) for the largest eigenvalue of its adjacency matrix, ω(G) for its clique number, and wk(G) for the number of its k-walks. We prove that the inequalities w q + r ( G ) w q ( G ) ⩽ μ r ( G ) ⩽ ω ( G ) - 1 ω ( G ) w r ( G ) hold for all r > 0 and odd q > 0. We also generalize a number of other bounds on μ(G) and characterize semiregular and pseudo-regular graphs in spectral terms.
Diastereoselective synthesis of piperazines by manganese-mediated reductive cyclization.

A simple and effective synthesis of trans aryl-substituted piperazines using a Bronsted acid and manganese(0) is described.
“God Damn”: The Law and Economics of Monastic Malediction

Today monks are known for turning the other cheek, honoring saints, and blessing humanity with brotherly love. But for centuries they were known equally for fulminating their foes, humiliating saints, and casting calamitous curses at persons who crossed them. Clerics called these curses "maledictions." This article argues that medieval communities of monks and canons used maledictions to protect their property against predators where government and physical self-help were unavailable to them. To explain how they did this I develop a theory of cursing with rational agents. I show that curses capable of improving property protection when cursors and their targets are rational must satisfy three conditions. They must be grounded in targets’ existing beliefs, monopolized by cursors, and unfalsifiable. Malediction satisfied these conditions, making it an effective institutional substitute for conventional institutions of clerical property protection. (JEL D83, K11, K42, K49, N43, Z12)
Electrochemistry of technetium

Abstract Recent work on the electrochemistry of technetium is reviewed, covering the period 1973–1980. Topics include polarographic studies of aqueous pertechnetate, coulometric studies of aqueous pertechnetate at mercury cathodes, and electrochemistry of pertechnetate at solid electrodes. A review is also given of electrochemistry of other technetium compounds, non-acueous systems, chemical redox reactions. and substitution reactions. Consideration is also given to studies of electrochemistry at tracer concentrations, electrolytic syntheses, standard electrode potentials, and electroanalytical methods.
On Affine Orbifold Nets Associated with Outer Automorphisms

We construct solitons in affine orbifold nets associated with outer automorphisms, and we show that our construction gives all the twisted representations of the fixed point subnet. This allows us to settle a number of questions concerning such orbifold constructions.
Apportionment of residential indoor aerosol, VOC, and aldehyde species to indoor and outdoor sources, and their source strengths

Abstract The average concentrations of 45 fine-particle aerosol, VOC and aldehyde species measured in 10 Boise, ID, residences in wintertime have been apportioned according to their contributions from all inside sources and all outside sources. In most of the homes the indoor source contributions was dominant for-fine particle S Si, Ca and Fe, while the infiltration contribution was dominant for fine-particle S, K, Pb, Zn, mass and extractable organic matter. Indoor contributions to individual VOCs were frequently very large at a few residences and negligible at the others. All aldehydes were dominated by indoor sources. The apportionment results have also been expressed as indoor source strengths.
Lattice polytopes, Hecke operators, and the Ehrhart polynomial

Let P be a simple lattice polytope. We define an action of the Hecke operators on E(P), the Ehrhart polynomial of P, and describe their effect on the coefficients of E(P). We also describe how the Brion–Vergne formula for E(P) transforms under the Hecke operators for nonsingular lattice polytopes P.
Nickel-catalyzed amination of aryl carbamates and sequential site-selective cross-couplings

We report the amination of aryl carbamates using nickel-catalysis. The methodology is broad in scope with respect to both coupling partners and delivers aminated products in synthetically useful yields. Computational studies provide the full catalytic cycle of this transformation, and suggest that reductive elimination is the rate-determining step. Given that carbamates are easy to prepare, robust, inert to Pd-catalysis, and useful for arene functionalization, these substrates are particularly attractive partners for use in synthesis. The sequential use of carbamate functionalization/site-selective cross-coupling processes highlights the utility of this methodology.
2-Local Random Reductions to 3-Valued Functions

Yao (in a lecture at DIMACS Workshop on structural complexity and cryptography, 1990) showed that if a language L is 2-locally random reducible to a Boolean function, then L ∈ PSPACE/poly. Fortnow & Szegedy quantitatively improved Yao’s result to show that such languages are in fact in NP/poly (Information Processing Letters, 1992). In this paper we extend Yao’s result to show that if a language L is 2-locally random reducible to a target function which takes values in {0, 1, 2}, then L ∈ PSPACE/poly.
Top-quark pair plus large missing energy at the LHC

We study methods of extracting new physics signals in final states with a top-quark pair plus large missing energy at the LHC. We consider two typical examples of such new physics: pair production of a fermionic top partner (a T' in Little Higgs models for example) and of a scalar top partner (a in SUSY). With a commonly-adopted discrete symmetry under which non Standard Model particles are odd, the top partner is assumed to decay predominantly to a top quark plus a massive neutral stable particle A0. We focus on the case in which one of the top quarks decays leptonically and the other decays hadronically, pp → tA0A0X → bj1j2 l− A0A0X + c.c., where the A0s escape detection. We identify a key parameter for the signal observation: the mass splitting between the top partner and the missing particle. We reconstruct a transverse mass for the lepton-missing transverse energy system to separate the real W background from the signal and propose a definition for the reconstructed top quark mass that allows it to take unphysical values as an indication of new physics. We perform a scan over the two masses to map out the discovery reach at the LHC in this channel. We also comment on the possibility of distinguishing between scalar and fermionic top partners using collider signatures.
Cutoff for General Spin Systems with Arbitrary Boundary Conditions

The cutoff phenomenon describes a sharp transition in the convergence of a Markov chain to equilibrium. In recent work, the authors established cutoff and its location for the stochastic Ising model on the d-dimensional torus (ℤ/nℤ)d for any d ≥ ;1. The proof used the symmetric structure of the torus and monotonicity in an essential way. Here we enhance the framework and extend it to general geometries, boundary conditions, and external fields to derive a cutoff criterion that involves the growth rate of balls and the log-Sobolev constant of the Glauber dynamics. In particular, we show there is cutoff for the stochastic Ising model on any sequence of bounded-degree graphs with subexponential growth under arbitrary external fields provided the inverse log-Sobolev constant is bounded. For lattices with homogenous boundary, such as all-plus, we identify the cutoff location explicitly in terms of spectral gaps of infinite-volume dynamics on half-plane intersections. Analogous results establishing cutoff are obtained for nonmonotone spin systems at high temperatures, including the gas hard-core model, the Potts model, the antiferromagnetic Potts model, and the coloring model. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrically triggered release of a small molecule drug from a polyelectrolyte multilayer coating

Electrically triggered drug delivery represents an attractive option for actively and remotely controlling the release of a therapeutic from an implantable device (e.g., a “pharmacy-on-a-chip”). Here we report the fabrication of nanoscale thin films that can release precise quantities of a small molecule drug in response to application of a small, anodic electric potential of at least +0.5 V versus Ag/AgCl. Films containing negatively charged Prussian Blue (PB) nanoparticles and positively charged gentamicin, a small hydrophilic antibiotic, were fabricated using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. When oxidized, the PB nanoparticles shift from negatively charged to neutral, inducing dissolution of the film. Films with thicknesses in the range 100−500 nm corresponding to drug loadings of 1−4 μg/cm2 were characterized. We demonstrate control over the drug dosage by tuning the film thickness as well as the magnitude of the applied voltage. Drug release kinetics ranging from triggered burst release to on/off, or p...
Near Sharp Strichartz Estimates with Loss in the Presence of Degenerate Hyperbolic Trapping

We consider an n-dimensional spherically symmetric, asymptotically Euclidean manifold with two ends and a codimension 1 trapped set which is degenerately hyperbolic. By separating variables and constructing a semiclassical parametrix for a time scale polynomially beyond Ehrenfest time, we show that solutions to the linear Schrodinger equation with initial conditions localized on a spherical harmonic satisfy Strichartz estimates with a loss depending only on the dimension n and independent of the degeneracy. The Strichartz estimates are sharp up to an arbitrary β > 0 loss. This is in contrast to Christianson and Wunsch (Amer J Math, 2013), where it is shown that solutions satisfy a sharp local smoothing estimate with loss depending only on the degeneracy of the trapped set, independent of the dimension.
The Existence of Time

Of those gauge theories of gravity known to be equivalent to general relativity, only the biconformal gauging introduces new structures — the quotient of the conformal group of any pseudo-Euclidean space by its Weyl subgroup always has natural symplectic and metric structures. Using this metric and symplectic form, we show that there exist canonically conjugate, orthogonal, metric submanifolds if and only if the original gauged space is Euclidean or signature 0. In the Euclidean cases, the resultant configuration space must be Lorentzian. Therefore, in this context, time may be viewed as a derived property of general relativity.
Analysis of ballistic anomalies in solid rocket motors

Ballistic anomalies, defined as pressure deviations from the normally expected trace, have occurred frequently during solid rocket motor firings. This paper describes techniques for determining the probable cause of such anomalies. Mass and energy balance relationships, which account for changes in chamber volume and throat area, are derived for the purpose of calculating a burning surface history that corresponds to pressure data from flight measurements or static tests. Results indicate that chamber temperature variations caused by ballistic anomalies are negligible. Characteristic burning surface signatures for propellant voids, cracks, unbonds, and high burn rate pockets are discussed. Conservation of momentum relationships are derived for the purpose of describing anomalies caused by mass ejection through the nozzle throat. Specific examples form inertial upper stage motors and the Titan T34-D solid rocket booster are presented to illustrate the application of the generic analysis techniques described in this paper.
Submillimeter Array Observations of Disks in the SR 24 Multiple Star System

We present high-resolution aperture synthesis images from the Submillimeter Array of the 225 GHz (1.3 mm) continuum and 12CO J = 2-1 line emission from the disks around components of the hierarchical triple system SR 24, located in the Ophiuchus star-forming region. The most widely separated component, SR 24 S (with a projected semimajor axis a = 832 AU), has a circumstellar disk with properties typical of those around single T Tauri stars. The binary SR 24 N (a = 32 AU) is undetected in the continuum but has strong, resolved CO emission that likely originates in a circumbinary disk with a central gap. The data constrain the total disk mass in the SR 24 N system to be 10-3 M☉ and indicate that the depletion of CO onto dust grains is not more than 100 times larger than the mean value in the interstellar medium. The SR 24 N disk is unusual in that it is only detected in line emission. It is possible that other low-mass disks around binaries and single stars may have been missed in single-dish continuum surveys.
Bipolar outflows and the evolution of stars

Abstract Hypersonic bipolar outflows are a ubiquitous phenomena associated with both young and highly evolved stars. Observations of Planetary Nebulae, the nebulae surrounding Luminous Blue Variables such as η Carinae, Wolf Rayet bubbles, the circumstellar environment of SN 1987A and Young Stellar Objects all reveal high velocity outflows with a wide range of shapes. In this paper the current state of our theoretical understanding of these outflows is reviewed. Beginning with Planetary Nebulae considerable progress has been made in understanding bipolar outflows as the result of stellar winds interacting with the circumstellar environment. In what has been called the “Generalized Wind Blown Bubble” (GWBB) scenario, a fast tenuous wind from the central star expands into a ambient medium with an aspherical (toroidal) density distribution. Inertial gradients due to the gaseous torus quickly lead to an expanding prolate or bipolar shell of swept-up gas bounded by strong shock waves. Numerical simulations of the GWBB scenario show a surprisingly rich variety of gasdynamical behavior, allowing models to recover many of the observed properties of stellar bipolar outflows including the development of collimated supersonic jets. In this paper the physics behind the GWBB scenario is reviewed in detail and its strengths and weakness are considered. Alternative models involving MHD processes are also examined. Applications of these models to each of the principle classes of stellar bipolar outflow (YSO, PNe, LBV, SN87A) are then reviewed. Outstanding issues in the study of bipolar outflows are considered as are those questions which arise when the outflows are viewed as a single class of phenomena occurring across the HR diagram.
On membership and marginal values

In Kleinberg and Weiss, Math Soc Sci 12:21–30 (1986b), the authors used the representation theory of the symmetric groups to characterize the space of linear and symmetric values. We call such values “membership” values, as a player’s payoff depends on the worths of the coalitions to which he belongs and not necessarily on his marginal contributions. This could mean that the player would get some share of $$v(N)$$ regardless of whether or not he makes a marginal contribution to the welfare of society. In this paper it is demonstrated that the set of (non-marginal) membership values include those that embody numerous widely held notions of fairness, such as partial “benefit equalization”, individual rationality and “greater rewards follow from greater contributions”, where one’s contributions are not measured marginally. We also present a very simple and revealing way of interpreting all values, including those having a marginal interpretation. Finally, we obtain a mapping which effectively embeds the space of marginal values in the space of all membership values.
Complex formation of sulfur dioxide with HSCH2CH2SH, CH3SCH2SH, and CH3SSCH3 in argon matrices

Abstract Complex formation of three organosulfur compounds, including 1,2-ethanedithiol, (methylthio)methanethiol, and dimethyl disulfide, with sulfur dioxide have been prepared by condensing the reagents diluted in argon at 12–14 K. The 1:1 complexes were identified from the infrared spectra of the mixtures of these sulfur compounds with sulfur dioxide in argon matrices. In each case, red shifts for the SO stretching vibrations and slight blue shifts for the OSO bending mode from the corresponding vibrations of the “free” SO 2 were observed. Perturbation of some vibrations of the organosulfur subunit were characterized in the complexes. The experimental results suggested the existence of two different 1:1 (methylthio)methanethiol/SO 2 complexes resulting from the SO 2 bonding to different sulfur atoms in the organosulfur compound.
Synthesis and structure of peri‐substituted boron/pnictogen naphthalene derivatives

The reaction of tetrakis(thf)lithium dimesityl-1,8-naphthalenediylborate with either Ph2 SbCl or Ph2BiCl afforded 1-(diphenylantimony)-8-(dimesitylboron)naphthalenediyl (1) and 1-(diphenylbismuth)-8-(dimesitylboron) naphthalenediyl (2). These unprecedented boron/antimony and boron/bismuth derivatives have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray single-crystal analysis. The latter reveals that the 1,8-naphthalenediyl backbone enforces short EB (E = Sb, Bi) distances of 3.216 A for 1 and 3.330 A for 2. Natural bond order studies indicate that these short contacts are associated to lp(E)p(B) interactions, which contribute to the stability of the compounds by 8.65 kcal/mol−1 in the case of 1 and 6.32 kcal/mol−1 in the case of 2. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:500–505, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20713
Birkhoff's Theorem for Panstochastic Matrices

are panstochastic. A linear combination is called convex if the coefficients are nonnegative and their sum is equal to 1. In [1], Birkhoff showed that every doubly stochastic matrix can be expressed as a convex combination of permutation matrices. Related results for integral matrices had been obtained earlier by Konig [8] and Egervary [5]. Birkhoff's theorem has been generalized in various ways; for example, Schneider obtained the result for matrices with entries in lattice-ordered abelian groups [11]. Does the analogue of Birkhoff's theorem hold for panstochastic matrices? Our first main result is that this is the case when n = 5.
An Eigensystem Realization Algorithm in Frequency Domain for Modal Parameter Identification

This paper demonstrates the close conceptual relationships between time domain and frequency domain approaches to identification of modal parameters for linear systems. A frequency domain eigensystem realization algorithm, via transfer functions, is developed using a known procedure formulated for a time domain eigensystem realization algorithm, via free decay measurement data. An important feature is the capability of windowing to concentrate analysis on the frequency range of interest. The procedure of overlap averaging is used to produce smoother spectra to reduce the effect of noise on identified modal parameters. Examples from simulation and experiments are given to illustrate the validity of formulations derived in the paper.
"Relative State" Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

The task of quantizing general relativity raises serious questions about the meaning of the present formulation and interpretation of quantum mechanics when applied to so fundamental a structure as the space-time geometry itself. This paper seeks to clarify the foundations of quantum mechanics. It presents a reformulation of quantum theory in a form believed suitable for application to general relativity. The aim is not to deny or contradict the conventional formulation of quantum theory, which has demonstrated its usefulness in an overwhelming variety of problems, but rather to supply a new, more general and complete formulation, from which the conventional interpretation can be deduced. The relationship of this new formulation to the older formulation is therefore that of a metatheory to a theory, that is, it is an underlying theory in which the nature and consistency, as well as the realm of applicability, of the older theory can be investigated and clarified.
PtCl2-catalyzed rapid access to tetracyclic 2,3-indoline-fused cyclopentenes: reactivity divergent from cationic Au(I) catalysis and synthetic potential.

A PtCl2-catalyzed 3,3-rearrangement/[3+2]-cycloaddition of propargylic 3-indoleacetates is developed. Besides the efficient formation of highly functionalized tetracyclic cyclopentenes, the reaction is dramatically divergent from that catalyzed by cationic AuI. Moreover, the synthetic potential of this method is demonstrated by a succinct synthesis of the tetracyclic core of vindolinine.
Risk aversion and the value of information

Abstract Determining,the value of information is a fundamental research problem for information system scientists. Unfortunately, very little research exists that examines the relationship between risk aversion and the value of information. This is surprising because empirical studies show that most managers are risk averse rather than risk neutral. Moreover, the small literature that exists appears to be in conflict. We have developed a framework to examine the relationship between the value of information and risk aversion. We show that the method of payment for information must be considered in determining this relationship. We have used the Arrow-Pratt measure of risk aversion to derive explicit conditions under which the value of information increases (decreases) with risk aversion. From our analysis it is clear that earlier work has depicted a limited view of the relationship between risk aversion and value of information. Our analysis is applicable to the ex-post evaluation of transaction processing systems and a subset of decision and expert support systems.
Transposable Elements Contribute to Activation of Maize Genes in Response to Abiotic Stress

Transposable elements (TEs) account for a large portion of the genome in many eukaryotic species. Despite their reputation as “junk” DNA or genomic parasites deleterious for the host, TEs have complex interactions with host genes and the potential to contribute to regulatory variation in gene expression. It has been hypothesized that TEs and genes they insert near may be transcriptionally activated in response to stress conditions. The maize genome, with many different types of TEs interspersed with genes, provides an ideal system to study the genome-wide influence of TEs on gene regulation. To analyze the magnitude of the TE effect on gene expression response to environmental changes, we profiled gene and TE transcript levels in maize seedlings exposed to a number of abiotic stresses. Many genes exhibit up- or down-regulation in response to these stress conditions. The analysis of TE families inserted within upstream regions of up-regulated genes revealed that between four and nine different TE families are associated with up-regulated gene expression in each of these stress conditions, affecting up to 20% of the genes up-regulated in response to abiotic stress, and as many as 33% of genes that are only expressed in response to stress. Expression of many of these same TE families also responds to the same stress conditions. The analysis of the stress-induced transcripts and proximity of the transposon to the gene suggests that these TEs may provide local enhancer activities that stimulate stress-responsive gene expression. Our data on allelic variation for insertions of several of these TEs show strong correlation between the presence of TE insertions and stress-responsive up-regulation of gene expression. Our findings suggest that TEs provide an important source of allelic regulatory variation in gene response to abiotic stress in maize.
Real effects of money in general equilibrium

Abstract This paper studies a simple stochastic general equilibrium model with money and nominal assets. We examine the role of money as a medium of exchange and as a store of value and give conditions under which local changes in the money supply lead to local changes in the equilibrium allocation.
Conditional and unconditional statistical independence

Abstract Conditional independence almost everywhere in the space of the conditioning variates does not imply unconditional independence, although it may well imply unconditional independence of certain functions of the variables. An example that is important in linear regression theory is discussed in detail. This involves orthogonal projections on random linear manifolds, which are conditionally independent but not unconditionally independent under normality. Necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained under which conditional independence does imply unconditional independence.
Subjective well-being and reference-dependence: Insights from Mexico

Data from Mexico are used to examine whether two indicators of subjective well-being—income satisfaction and income adequacy—correlate not only with the respondent’s absolute level of income, but also with their assessment of how their income compares relative to the income of a reference group, the level of income they hoped to have achieved by that stage of their life, and the income they had three years earlier. Both subjective well-being indicators correlate positively with the ranking relative to all three reference points. Some of the findings differ across segments of the income distribution. Subjective well-being assessments of the poor are influenced more by the inability to achieve income aspirations, while differences with respect to others is a more prominent factor among non-poor respondents.
Reliability of high-strain ionomeric polymer transducers fabricated using the novel direct assembly process

Ionomeric polymer transducers have received considerable attention in the past several years. These actuators, sometimes referred to as artificial muscles, have the ability to generate large bending strain and moderate stress at low applied voltages. Typically, ionic polymer actuators are composed of Nafion-117 membranes with platinum electrodes and are saturated with water diluents. Recently the authors have developed a novel fabrication technique named the Direct Assembly Process (DAP), which allowed good control on electrode morphology and composition. The DAP consists of spraying two high surface area metal-ionomer electrodes on a Nafion membrane. A single- walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and ruthenium dioxide (RuO 2 ) hybrid electrode was sprayed on a Formamide hydrated Nafion-117 membrane using the DAP method. This transducer was shown to generate 9.4% peak-peak strain under the application of ±2V at a strain rate of 1%/sec. Furthermore using the DAP one is capable of incorporating several types of diluents in ionomeric polymer transducers. Transducers with ionic liquid diluents are demonstrated to operate in air for long periods of time. In this work we will present a reliability study of transducers fabricated using the DAP. Each transducer is tested under a frequency range of 0.2Hz to 1Hz, and a potential of ±1V to ±3V. Water hydrated transducers dehydrates and stop moving within 5 minutes while operating in air under ±2V. Transducers with Formamide diluents operate for 20,000 cycles under ±1.5V and 0.5Hz (around 11hrs), while they degrade in less than 3000 cycles under ±2V and 0.5Hz. Ionic liquid based transducers are demonstrated to operate in air for over 400,000 with little loss in performance, and over 1 million cycle with a loss of only 43%. Actuators with several electrode compositions are fabricated and a correlation between the reliability of ionic liquid-ionic polymer transducers and maximum strain will be presented. This correlation will be used to assess the adhesion between the high surface area electrodes and the Nafion membrane. SEM images of tested transducers will be presented.