cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tritium permeability in polycrystalline tungsten

Abstract A flowing hydrogen-tritium permeation system was used to investigate tritium permeation behavior in polycrystalline tungsten. Tritium permeability was measured with T2 partial pressure ranging from 5.8 × 10−2 Pa to 6.8 × 10−2 Pa over the temperature range from 573 to 873 K. The obtained tritium permeability in polycrystalline tungsten was PT [mol m−1s−1 Pa−0.5] = (2.13 × 10−9)exp(−93.32 [kJ mol−1]/RT). This is one of the first tritium permeability data from any polycrystalline tungsten via a gas-driven permeation technique. The tritium permeability in polycrystalline tungsten was compared with the reported hydrogen isotope permeability in other polycrystalline tungsten.
Darwin's Other Dilemmas and the Theoretical Roots of Emotional Connection.

Modern scientific theories of emotional behavior, almost without exception, trace their origin to Charles Darwin, and his publications On the Origin of Species (1859) and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). The most famous dilemma Darwin acknowledged as a challenge to his theory of evolution through natural selection was the incomplete Sub-Cambrian fossil record. However, Darwin struggled with two other rarely referenced theoretical and scientific dilemmas that confounded his theories about emotional behavior. These included (1) the origin of social instincts (e.g., altruism, empathy, reciprocity and cooperation) and the reasons for their conservation in evolution and (2) the peripheral control of heart rate vis-a-vis emotional behavior outside of consciousness. Darwin acknowledged that social instincts are critical to the survival of some species, but had difficulty aligning them with his theory of natural selection in humans. Darwin eventually proposed that heart rate and emotions are controlled via one's intellect and cortical mechanisms, and that instinctive behavior is genetically programmed and inherited. Despite ongoing efforts, these two theoretical dilemmas are debated to this day. Simple testable hypotheses have yet to emerge for the biological mechanisms underlying instinctive behavior or the way heart rate is controlled in infants. In this paper, we review attempts to resolve these issues over the past 160 years. We posit that research and theories that supported Darwin's individualistic brain-centric and genetic model have become an "orthodox" Western view of emotional behavior, one that produced the prevailing behavioral construct of attachment as developed by John Bowlby. We trace research and theories that challenged this orthodoxy at various times, and show how these challenges were repeatedly overlooked, rejected, or misinterpreted. We review two new testable theories, emotional connection theory and calming cycle theory, which we argue resolve the two dilemmas We show emerging scientific evidence from physiology and a wide variety of other fields, as well from clinical trials among prematurely born infants, that supports the two theories. Clinical implications of the new theories and possible new ways to assess risk and intervene in emotional, behavioral and developmental disorders are discussed.
Assessment of Different Turbulence Models on the Large Scale Internal Heated Water Pool Natural Convection Simulation

Abstract In vessel retention (IVR) is treated as one of the strategies in the severe accident management aspect for the safety of nuclear reactor. The investigation of internal heated melt pool natural convection behavior is important for providing the reference for the IVR strategy. Various researchers conducted internal heated melt pool simulation with focusing on the different aspects and conditions. Based on the previous research, the large scale internal heated melt pool flow behavior located in the turbulence flow region and turbulence models used could affect the simulation result of the internal heated melt pool. Therefore, it is important to conduct the simulation of comprehensive assessment of different turbulence models on the melt pool simulation. In this work, the simulation of large scale internal heated water pool, which is one of the COPRA (COrium Pool Research Apparatus) water tests, is conducted by using ANSYS FLUENT 18.2. The large scale internal heated water pool transient behavior is investigated. The effect of various turbulence models on the internal heated water pool simulation is investigated. This work could provide better understanding of temperature distribution and velocity distribution of large scale internal heated water pool natural convection behavior from the numerical aspect. Based on the current simulation, Realizable k-epsilon turbulence model with the consideration of full buoyancy effects, RNG k-epsilon turbulence model with the consideration of full buoyancy effects, DES (Spalart-Allmaras) turbulence model and DES (SST k-omega) turbulence model are recommended for the simulation of large scale internal heated water pool. This work could bring the benefits for the further study on the numerical investigation of large scale internal heated water pool natural convection behavior.
Extrapolated full waveform inversion with deep learning

The lack of low frequency information and a good initial model can seriously affect the success of full waveform inversion (FWI), due to the inherent cycle skipping problem. Computational low frequency extrapolation is in principle the most direct way to address this issue. By considering bandwidth extension as a regression problem in machine learning, we propose an architecture of convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically extrapolate the missing low frequencies without preprocessing and post-processing steps. The bandlimited recordings are the inputs of the CNN and, in our numerical experiments, a neural network trained from enough samples can predict a reasonable approximation to the seismograms in the unobserved low frequency band, both in phase and in amplitude. The numerical experiments considered are set up on simulated P-wave data. In extrapolated FWI (EFWI), the low-wavenumber components of the model are determined from the extrapolated low frequencies, before proceeding with a frequency sweep of the bandlimited data. The proposed deep-learning method of low-frequency extrapolation shows adequate generalizability for the initialization step of EFWI. Numerical examples show that the neural network trained on several submodels of the Marmousi model is able to predict the low frequencies for the BP 2004 benchmark model. Additionally, the neural network can robustly process seismic data with uncertainties due to the existence of noise, poorly-known source wavelet, and different finite-difference scheme in the forward modeling operator. Finally, this approach is not subject to the structural limitations of other methods for bandwidth extension, and seems to offer a tantalizing solution to the problem of properly initializing FWI.
Effects of temporal distortions on consonant perception with and without undistorted visual speech cues

Effects of temporal distortions on consonant perception were measured using locally time-reversed nonsense syllables. Consonant recognition was measured in both audio and audio-visual modalities for assessing whether the addition of visual speech cues can recover consonant errors caused by time reversing. The degradation in consonant recognition depended highly on the manner of articulation, with sibilant fricatives, affricates, and nasals showing the least degradation. Because consonant errors induced by time reversing were primarily in voicing and place-of-articulation (mostly limited to stop-plosives and non-sibilant fricatives), undistorted visual speech cues could resolve only about half the errors (i.e., only place-of-articulation errors).
“It’s Called a Hustle, Sweetheart”: Zootopia, Moana, and Disney’s (Dis) empowered Postfeminist Heroines

Throughout its long history, the Walt Disney Company has repeatedly relied on a patriarchal idealization of femininity to craft its animated female protagonists. In Disney films, male interests, expectations, power, and leadership are consistently valued over those of female characters, who must submit unquestioningly to male direction. Internet reviewers and respected news sources alike claimed that Judy Hopps, Zootopia’s bunny cop protagonist, and Moana’s royal Polynesian title character, are independent, “feminist” heroines who counter this patriarchal narrative template. While critics argue that Judy and Moana defy Disney’s patriarchal template, these two films actually represent a postfeminist, rather than a feminist, reimagining of Disney’s template which resigns both protagonists to narratives that celebrate and center male power. Judy Hopps and Moana act independently, but each woman is relegated to a tenuous relationship with a domineering male character whom she must defer to and emotionally nurture. Intentionally or not, Disney empowers Judy and Moana only to the extent that both women manage and control themselves, rather than allowing them to exercise power to contest the relationships and societies which oppress them. Thus, these films offer a tepid acknowledgment of the problems with Disney’s traditional depiction of femininity, but they ultimately reveal that female empowerment exists in the Disney Co.’s narratives only when incubated in a toxic, platonic relationship with a male character.
Gradient-enhanced continuum plasticity for finite deformations

Abstract A coupled thermomechanical gradient-enhanced continuum plasticity theory containing the flow rules of the grain interior and grain boundary areas is developed based on the assumption of small deformations. Two-dimensional finite element implementation for the proposed gradient plasticity theory is carried out to examine the micromechanical and thermal characteristics of small-scale metallic volumes. The thermodynamic conjugate microstresses are decomposed into dissipative and energetic components; correspondingly, the dissipative and energetic length scales for both the grain interior and grain boundary are incorporated in the proposed model, and an additional length scale related to the geometrically necessary dislocation-induced strengthening is also included. The derived constitutive framework and two-dimensional finite element model are validated through the comparison with the experimental observations conducted on microscale thin films. The proposed enhanced model is examined by solving the simple shear problem and the square plate problem to explore the thermomechanical characteristics of small-scale metallic materials.
Depression and anxiety in patients with interstitial lung disease.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by alveolar interstitial damage, severe airways limitation, impaired gas exchange, impaired quality of life and reduced ex...
Nonfatal All-Terrain Vehicle-Related Head and Neck Injuries to Children Treated in US Emergency Departments.

This study investigates children <18 years old with nonfatal all-terrain vehicle (ATV)–related head and neck injuries treated in United States emergency departments by analyzing data from the Natio...
Proactive Design Quality Assessment Tool for Building Projects

AbstractBuilding projects have become increasingly complex in recent decades for various reasons, including continuously improving technology, ongoing demand for more sophisticated design, and larg...
BLOCKADE OF M4 MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS ON STRIATAL CHOLINERGIC INTERNEURONS NORMALIZES STRIATAL DOPAMINE RELEASE IN A MOUSE MODEL OF DYT1-TOR1A DYSTONIA

Trihexyphenidyl (THP), a non-selective muscarinic receptor (mAChR) antagonist, is the preferred oral pharmaceutical for the treatment of DYT1-TOR1A dystonia. A better understanding of the mechanism of action of THP is a critical step in the development of better therapeutics with fewer side effects. Using a mouse model of DYT1-TOR1A dystonia (Tor1a+/ΔE KI mice), we recently found that THP normalized striatal DA release, revealing a plausible mechanism of action for this compound. However, the exact mAChR subtypes that mediate this effect remain unclear. In this study we used a combination of a newly developed M4 subtype-selective mAChR antagonist and cell-type specific mAChR KO mice to determine which mAChR subtypes mediate the DA enhancing effects of THP. We determined that THP and the M4 subtype-selective mAChR antagonist enhance striatal DA release by blocking M4 mAChR on striatal cholinergic interneurons in Tor1a+/ΔE KI mice. However, in Tor1a+/+ mice THP increases striatal DA release through a combination of M1 and M4 mAChR, which reveals an alteration in M1 mAChR function in Tor1a+/ΔE KI mice. Taken together these data implicate a principal role for M4 mAChR located on striatal cholinergic interneurons in the mechanism of action of THP and suggest that M4-subtype selective mAChR antagonists may be more efficacious therapeutics for DYT1-TOR1A dystonia.
Succession from Pasture to Forest in a Mesic Southern Forest in Michigan, USA

After the southern part of an old-growth, mesic southern forest dominated by Fagus grandifolia and Acer saccharum in southwestern Michigan, USA, had been clearcut, it was converted to a pasture. In 1919 grazing ceased on the pasture, and it and the old-growth forest to the north were protected as a natural area, later named Warren Woods State Park. At that time the pasture began to develop into a second-growth forest from root and stump sprouts and seeds. In 2014, 2018, and 2019, the tree species composition of the old-growth and second-growth forest was studied to answer the following questions: (1) How, when, and from where did the current species of the second-growth forest arrive? (2) Is there any evidence that the second-growth forest is trending toward the composition of the old-growth forest? (3) If so, what changes are predicted to occur? Data show that the second-growth forest has become a hardwood forest dominated by A. rubrum, Liriodendron tulipifera, Prunus serotina, and Quercus rubra with a subcanopy of A. saccharum and F. grandifolia. Finally, size class frequency distributions of F. grandifolia and A. saccharum, but not of the current canopy dominants, indicate that the second-growth forest may be trending toward the composition and structure of the old-growth forest that preceded it. As it does, tree species richness and diversity will decrease as basal area increases.
A Survey Of Health Information Exchange Organizations In Advance Of A Nationwide Connectivity Framework.

After more than a decade of investment in electronic health information exchange (HIE), the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology is advancing a national framework—th...
Reliable location of first responder stations for cooperative response to disasters

Abstract Strategic positioning and allocation of emergency responders and/or resources to potential emergency incidents are very important decisions for disaster management programs. In this paper, a reliable multi-type joint-service facility location model is proposed, which takes into consideration the need for cooperative service from multiple types of responder stations, as well as the probabilistic risk of station disruptions. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer non-linear program and solved via a set of customized linear program and Lagrangian relaxation based algorithms. Numerical experiments on hypothetical and full-scale cases are conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the model and to draw managerial insights.
The Myth of Science as a ‘Neutral Arbiter’ for Triggering Precautions

This article demonstrates that science cannot be a "neutral arbiter" for triggering precautionary measures, because both making and warranting findings of risk require non-scientific decisions. Making a risk finding requires decisions about the meaning of "risk of harm," about the meaning of any modifiers for that predicate, and about the degree of confidence asserted for the finding as a whole. Determining that the available scientific evidence warrants a finding of risk requires decisions about acceptable degrees of various types of uncertaintynamely, conceptual uncertainty, measurement uncertainty, sampling uncertainty, modeling uncertainty, and causal uncertainty. This article illustrates these decisions using examples from the food safety law of the United States, recent animal feed cases in the European Community, and Appellate Body decisions in INTO trade disputes. Finding a risk that triggers precautions cannot be a purely scientific act, notwithstanding the myth that a "value-neutral" science cati do so.
Structural features of aquatic fulvic acids by analytical and preparative HPLC followed by spectroscopic characterization

Analytical and preparative reversed-phase liquid chromatography were used to separate constituents of Suwannee River aquatic fulvic acid. Photodiode array UV-Vis, and fluorescence detectors were used to monitor the HPLC separation. Preparative FA fractions were subjected to 1H and 13C solid state NMR, FT-IR, and ESR. The preparative and analytical RP-HPLC separations have shown that the FA macromolecule consists of at least two polymeric fractions, each of which can further be separated into individual constituents by analytical RP-HPLC. Vanillic acid structures were identified in the analytical chromatograms of the total FA sample, but not in the fractions. The first fraction included the hydrophilic constituents of FA and represented about 40 percent of the total sample. It could be resolved into six constituents by analytical RP-HPLC. Their tR and UV-Vis scans were characteristic of carboxylic acids in rigid structures which exhibit strong hydrogen bonding. The second fraction included the hydrophobic constituents and represented about 30 percent of the total sample. It could be resolved into twelve constituents. Repeated structurally related units were separated and their UV-Vis scans were characteristic of conjugated ketone and phenolic structures. Free radical structures were present in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions.
Pocket PC based wireless continuous wave near infrared spectroscopy system for functional imaging of human brain

Near infrared spectroscopy is a novel method to monitor the hemodynamic activity of the brain. Various techniques and devices have been developed to utilize this method in various fields such as neuroscience, neuropsychology, education and training. However, current devices do not enable complete freedom of motion; therefore limit the fields where this technology can be deployed. In this paper, a prototype wireless continuous wave near infrared imager is described. The aim of this design is to produce a miniaturized, wearable, affordable, negligibly intrusive system that can monitor hemodynamic response during cognitive activity.
Fatigue Performance of Forged Steel and Ductile Cast Iron Crankshafts

Fatigue is the primary cause of failure of crankshafts in internal combustion engines. The cyclic loading conditions and the stress concentrations in the crank pin fillets are unavoidable, and can result in fatigue failure. The objectives of this study were to compare the fatigue behavior of forged steel and ductile iron crankshafts from a one-cylinder engine as well as to determine if the fatigue life of a crankshaft can be accurately estimated using fatigue life predictions. Monotonic tensile tests as well as strain-controlled fatigue tests were conducted using specimens machined from the crankshafts to obtain the monotonic and cyclic deformation behavior and fatigue properties of the two materials. The forged steel had higher tensile strength and better fatigue performance than the ductile cast iron. Charpy v-notch impact tests were also conducted using specimens machined from the crankshafts to obtain and compare the impact toughness of the materials. Forged steel in the L-T and T-L directions had a higher impact toughness than the ductile cast iron regardless of temperature. Load-controlled component fatigue tests were performed using the forged steel and ductile cast iron crankshafts. For a given bending moment amplitude, the forged steel crankshaft had a factor of six (6) longer life than the ductile cast iron crankshaft. A finite element analysis of the crankshafts was conducted using boundary conditions similar to the component test. The fatigue properties from the specimen tests were used in life predictions of the crankshafts. The lives based on the S-N predictions were close to the lives based on the component tests for both forged steel and cast iron crankshafts. The lives from the e-N predictions were very close to the lives from the component tests for forged steel, but less accurate for the cast iron crankshafts.
Implicit Bias: Scientific Foundations

The assumption that human behavior is largely under conscious con trol has taken a theoretical battering in recent years. Although this assault in some ways resembles the previous century's Freudian revolution, there are important differences between the two. Freud's views of unconscious mechanisms were embedded in a theory that never achieved conclusive support among scientists, despite many empirical theory-testing efforts in the middle third of the twentieth century.1 Consequently, most psycholo gists have abandoned Freud's psychoanalytic theory of unconscious mental processes. Theoretical conceptions of conscious control over human behavior were strongly re-established in the last third of the twentieth century, but the dominance of such views has been crumbling during the past two dec ades. Unlike the Freudian revolution, however, the new science of
Implementing open standards: a case study of the Massachusetts open formats policy

In 2003, Massachusetts embarked on a policy to transition to open standards for information technology. This article documents this historic process as Massachusetts was the first government to set an open standards policy. The article also analyzes the Massachusetts experience to develop a set of lessons learned. The resulting guidance should aid governments that are considering policies that encourage or favor open standards.
One Dimensional Stochastic Ising Models

We prove that for one dimensional stochastic Ising models with finite range interactions the rate of convergence to equilibrium is at least as fast as e-const t/log(t). There is no assumption here that the interaction must be attractive.
Volume Change Due to Freezing in Plastic Masonry Mortar

Scandinavian researchers have identified reduction of moisture content to 6 percent and sufficient prehardening as conditions under which mortar in masonry walls will withstand early freezing without damage. This paper reports the results of a study in which volume changes due to freezing were measured in mortars to assess these conclusions for Canadian masonry materials. Volume changes in mortar samples encased in a rubber balloon immersed in alcohol in a cylinder connected to a calibrated capillary were measured as the temperature was lowered through the freezing zone. The effect of variable moisture contents and setting times for a 1:1:6 cement-lime mortar and a 1:3 masonry-cement mortar were studied. It was found that freezing expansions of the order of 2 percent for cement-lime mortar control samples dropped sharply after a setting time of 4 h and virtually disappeared at 16 h. Expansions of 1.25 percent in masonry-cement control mortars decreased to negligible values after a setting time of 4 h. Reductions to 6 percent moisture content reduced freezing expansions to negligible values for both mortars, although problems were encountered in bringing moisture contents down to 6 percent. The possible application of the results to field conditions is discussed.
Reproductive seasonality of the female Florida gar, Lepisosteus platyrhincus

Our objective was to characterize the reproductive seasonality of a wild population of female Florida gar, Lepisosteus platyrhincus. We measured the gonadosomatic index, plasma estradiol, testosterone, and vitellogenin concentrations, and follicle diameters of fish collected from Orange Lake, Florida (USA). Additionally, the reproductive stage of the ovary was resolved histologically. We observed a seasonal pattern in reproduction. Following a quiescent period in the summer, there was an increase in sex steroid hormones during the fall, associated with the onset of vitellogenesis and active oogenesis. During the February collection, we directly observed ovulation in several females. This observation was supported by a sharp decrease in the gonadosomatic index between February and March as well as a decline in plasma hormones to basal levels during the summer months. Our data suggest the Florida gar has a group-synchronous ovary and the majority of females spawned during the early spring, followed by a general decrease in reproductive parameters to summer levels. While hormone and vitellogenin peaks may vary annually and variations in these reproductive patterns are expected for different collection sites, this study is important as it is the first characterization of the seasonal morphological and endocrinological reproductive pattern in a female holostean species. Moreover, it increases our understanding of basic reproductive biology of semitropical fishes in general, and nonteleost, bony fishes in particular.
Rotational atmospheric circulation during North Atlantic-European winter: the influence of ENSO

The dominant variability modes of the North Atlantic-European rotational flow are examined by applying a principal component analysis (PCA/EOF) to the 200 hPa streamfunction mid-winter anomalies (Jan–Feb monthly means). The results reveal that, when this norm is used, the leading mode (EOF1) does not correspond to the traditional North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO, which appears in our analysis as the second leading mode, EOF2) but is the local manifestation of the leading hemispheric streamfunction EOF. The regression of this regional mode onto the global SST field exhibits a clear El Nino signature, with no signal over the Atlantic, while the associated upper height anomalies resemble the Tropical/Northern Hemisphere (TNH) pattern. East of North America, this TNH-like wavetrain produces a meridional dipole-like pattern at lower levels. Although in some ways this pattern resembles the NAO (EOF2), the dynamics of these two modes are very different in that only EOF2 is associated with a latitudinal shift of the North Atlantic stormtrack. Thus, the choice of the streamfunction norm in the EOF analysis allows the separation of two different phenomena that can produce similar dipolar surface pressure anomalies over the North Atlantic but that have different impact on European climate. These two modes also differ on their contribution to variability at lower levels: while NAO-EOF2 is mostly confined to the North Atlantic, TNH-EOF1 has a more annular, global character. At upper levels NAO-EOF2 also produces a global pattern but with no annular structure, reminiscent of the “circumglobal” teleconnection.
Wrong-footing MNCs and local manufacturing: Zambia's 1992–1994 structural adjustment program

Abstract It is now more than five years since the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) came to power after the October 1991 World Bank and IMF “political conditionality” induced democratic elections in Zambia. Under World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) tutelage, the MMD government embarked upon the most far-reaching market-led economic reforms ever seen in Zambia, under the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP). Using evidence from 43 companies and representatives of Zambian industry, this paper argues that the SAP (as implemented) has wrong-footed the manufacturing sector. The paper apportions the bulk of the blame squarely on the shoulders of the Zambian government, for the unrealistic policies and manner in which it has implemented the Neoclassical Counterrevolution Model, also known as market-based SAP reforms.
Polychaete assemblages in the south-eastern Bering Sea: linkage with groundfish distribution and diet

Ecological information on the polychaete community may improve habitat descriptions and distribution models of commercially important species that are polychaete-feeders. This study reports on the first new observations in nearly three decades on the polychaete assemblages in the south-eastern Bering Sea. This information was used in an exploratory assessment of the association between polychaete assemblages and environmental variables that define the benthic habitat. The spatial association between polychaete assemblages and groundfish predators was also explored for insight into whether prey assemblages influence predator distribution. Canonical correspondence analysis indicates that surficial sediment is the most important factor in organizing polychaete assemblages, over other common environmental variables such as depth and temperature. Co-correspondence analysis of the distributions of groundfish species and polychaete families does not indicate that predators are associated with specific prey families. Families that are most frequent in stomach contents of some of the fish in the analysis, mainly Maldanidae and Nephtyidae, are widely distributed across the Bering Sea shelf in diverse sediment types, as are the principal polychaete-feeders in the eastern Bering Sea such as Alaska plaice (Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus) and northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra).
An intermediate phytochrome photoequilibria from night-interruption lighting optimally promotes flowering of several long-day plants

Abstract Flowering of long-day (LD) plants is promoted by low-intensity (photoperiodic) lighting during an otherwise long night. Conventional lamps that emit a relatively low red (R; 600–700 nm) to far-red (FR; 700–800 nm) light ratio (e.g., incandescent lamps) create an intermediate phytochrome photoequilibria (PPE) and are sometimes more effective at promoting flowering of LD plants (LDP) than lamps that emit a higher R:FR (e.g., fluorescent lamps) and establish a higher PPE. Thus, we postulated that flowering of several LDPs would be increasingly promoted as the fraction of FR radiation increased relative to R light and the established PPE decreased. Rudbeckia (Rudbeckia hirta), snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), Fuchsia (Fuchsia × hybrida), and three cultivars of Petunia (Petunia × hybrida) were grown at 20 °C under a truncated 9-h ambient photoperiod with or without 4-h NI lighting by incandescent lamps or light-emitting diodes that emitted seven different R:FR and created estimated PPE from 0.16 to 0.89. For all three Petunia cultivars and snapdragon, flowering was earliest under an NI with an intermediate PPE and delayed under short days (SDs) or an NI that elicited the highest or lowest PPE. For Rudbeckia and Fuchsia, all NI treatments promoted flowering except for the highest PPE NI, which was perceived as an SD. There were relatively subtle effects of the NI treatments on extension growth except in Petunia, in which all three cultivars showed a quadratic response to the PPE under the NI treatments, where plants were tallest at flowering under intermediate PPE. We conclude that an NI that establishes an intermediate PPE optimally promotes flowering of a variety of LDPs. These results are not consistent with the established paradigm for how light quality regulates flowering of LDPs, particularly in Arabidopsis, suggesting that the paradigm is not necessarily applicable to plants outside of the Brassicaceae.
Teratogenic compounds of Veratrum californicum as a function of plant part, stage, and site of growth☆

Abstract The level of the teratogen cyclopamine in Veratrum californicum varied considerably among plants from various collection sites. The variation was not correlated with differences in soil type, pH, soil nutrients, elevation, drainage, or sunlight. However, marked variation in both total alkaloid and percentage cyclopamine occurred as a function of stage of growth of the plant. The levels of both were highest in early growing season in the leaves, in midgrowing season in the stems and in late growing season in the root/rhizome system.
Direct observation of ICT cations at the HTL/transparent semiconductor interface

Abstract The cation density at the interface of a transparent anode and an organic layer has been measured for several hole transport (HT) materials. The number of cations at the interface of ITO:MoOx with rubrene, NPB, m-MTDATA and TCTA was found to range from 8 × 1013 to 1.5 × 1014 per cm2 in freshly prepared devices. These values decreased by about 25% after one month. These cations are part of the dipole layer that results from the transfer of electrons from an organic layer, whose adiabatic ionization potential is less than the work function of the anode.
Note on the stability of first-order p.w.m. systems

It is shown in this letter that the necessary and sufficient condition for stability of first-order pulse-width-modulated (p.w.m.) systems derived using exact analysis by Skoog and Blankenship1 is the same as that obtained by using a linearisation technique. This points to the accuracy of the linear model which is simple and easy to use.
A Noncomputerized Version of the Williams and Walker Stock Market Experiment in a Finance Course.

The author describes a trading game used to teach asset valuation to upper-division finance students. As in the Williams and Walker stock market game, students must devise bid strategies for an asset, but management of the exercuse does not require a computer.
Jet quenching and Cronin enhancement in A+A at s=20 versus 200 AGeV

Abstract The sensitivity of semi-hard ( p ⊥ Pb + Pb → π 0 up to 4 GeV/c and while these data are reproduced, the results depends sensitively on the model of the Cronin effect. At (RHIC) collider energies ( s >200 AGeV), on the other hand, semi-hard hadron production becomes insensitive to the above model and is thus expected to be a cleaner probe of jet quenching signature associated with non-Abelian radiative energy loss.
Disinterested Love: Understanding Leibniz's Reconciliation of Self- and Other-Regarding Motives

While he was in the employ of the Elector of Mainz, between 1668 and 1671, Leibniz produced a series of important studies in natural law. One of these, dated between 1670 and 1671, is especially noteworthy since it contains Leibniz's earliest sustained attempt to develop an account of justice. Central to this account is the notion of what Leibniz would later come to call `disinterested love', a notion that remained essentially unchanged in Leibniz's work from this period to the end of his life. Through his notion of disinterested love, Leibniz sought to resolve the supposed conflict between self- and other-regarding motives. For a variety of reasons, many commentators have failed to understand the basis of Leibniz's proposed resolution. My purpose in the present paper is to clarify the terms in which Leibniz effected this resolution, as well as to point out important developments in his later thought concerning the relation between pleasure, good, and happiness.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Six-Minute Walk Is a Better Outcome Measure Than Treadmill Walking Tests in Therapeutic Trials of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease”

We thank Dr Le Faucheur and colleagues for their interest in our article.1 Le Faucheur et al recommend the community-based global positioning system (GPS) to assess walking performance in people with peripheral artery disease (PAD). A study by Le Faucheur et al2 demonstrates strong correlations between this GPS measure and both the 6-minute walk and treadmill walking performance. The GPS measures unsupervised walking in an outdoor public park over 45 to 60 minutes but is not a measure of typical physical activity during daily life. The method promoted by Le Faucheur et al provides participants with the GPS and instructs them to walk at usual speed for 45 to 60 minutes in a park. This method requires access to a flat public …
Effects of processing on microstructure and properties of α-uranium formed parts

Abstract The interrelated effects of thermomechanical processing and chemistry on the microstructure and tensile properties of α-uranium formed parts were characterized and presented.
Design and characterization of a haptic paddle for dynamics education

A single axis force feedback device known as a haptic paddle has been implemented as a teaching tool at several universities with different designs and emphases. Presented here is a low-cost haptic paddle design that increases the ease with which students can assemble and perform virtual environment experiments over that of previously presented designs, without decreasing the haptic performance below acceptable levels. We present a frequency domain system identification and Z-Width performance characterization of the new design alongside a comparison to the previous Rice University haptic paddle design. Lastly, we discuss the benefits of new real-time hardware, an easy-to-use Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), implemented with the haptic paddle.
Stem cells: Cell fusion causes confusion

'Transdifferentiation' is a poorly understood process invoked to explain how tissue-specific adult stem cells can generate cells of other tissues. New results challenge its existence.
Metabolomic Analysis of Liver Tissue from the VX2 Rabbit Model of Secondary Liver Tumors

Purpose. The incidence of liver neoplasms is rising in USA. The purpose of this study was to determine metabolic profiles of liver tissue during early cancer development. Methods. We used the rabbit VX2 model of liver tumors (LT) and a control group consisting of sham animals implanted with Gelfoam into their livers (LG). After two weeks from implantation, liver tissue from lobes with and without tumor was obtained from experimental animals (LT+/LT-) as well as liver tissue from controls (LG+/LG-). Peaks obtained by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry were subjected to identification. 56 metabolites were identified and their profiles compared between groups using principal component analysis (PCA) and a mixed-effect two-way ANOVA model. Results. Animals recovered from surgery uneventfully. Analyses identified a metabolite profile that significantly differs in experimental conditions after controlling the False Discovery Rate (FDR). 16 metabolites concentrations differed significantly when comparing samples from (LT+/LT-) to samples from (LG+/LG-) livers. A significant difference was also shown in 20 metabolites when comparing samples from (LT+) liver lobes to samples from (LT-) liver lobes. Conclusion. Normal liver tissue harboring malignancy had a distinct metabolic signature. The role of metabolic profiles on liver biopsies for the detection of early liver cancer remains to be determined.
Collision of Fano resonances: An exactly solvable model

Abstract We examine new effects arising from the collision of two Fano dipoles formed in the transmission of an Aharonov–Bohm ring with strongly-coupled quantum dots. A new quasi-particle is formed, which behaves as a coupled object called a Fano-quadrupole, giving new possibilities for controlling the transmission as a function of flux.
Bionomics and Parasites of a Needle Miner, Coleotechnites sp., Infesting Jeffrey Pine in Southern California

The needle miner is univoltine with 4 larval stadia and mines the distal ⅓ to ½ of a single needle. Seven hymenopterous parasites were found associated with the needle miner: Zagrammasoma multilineatum Ashmead (Eulophidae), Copidosoma deceptor Miller (Encyrtidae), Haltichella rhyacioniae Gahan and Spilochalcis side Walker (both Chalcididae) were recorded as primary, Chrysocharis robusta Yoshimoto (Eulophidae) as a primary-secondary, and Mesopolobus (= Amblymerus ) sp. (Pteromalidae) and Tetrasticus sp. (Eulophidae) as secondary parasites. With the exception of H. rhyacioniae , conspecific or congeneric representatives of these species have been previously recorded from populations of other Coleotechnites spp.
Adverse Family Influences on Emerging Adult Depressive Symptoms: A Stress Process Approach to Identifying Intervention Points

The transition to college is often a stressful time where individuals are launching from the family. Despite awareness of this crucial transitional period, few studies have examined the enduring influence of the family environment on emerging adult mental health. We utilized a stress process framework to examine the impact of an adverse family environment, which accounts for multiple dimensions of family processes including perceptions of the childhood family environment, lack of parental support, and parental psychological control, on emerging adult depressive symptoms. The study explores a process model mediated by self-efficacy and moderated by social provisions, using latent variable structural equation modeling with a sample of 154 college students from a large southeastern, United States University. As hypothesized by the stress process model, an adverse family environment was related to higher levels of emerging adult depressive symptomology indirectly through self-efficacy, such that a more aversive family environment was related to lower levels of self-efficacy and lower levels of self-efficacy were related to more depressive symptoms. Results also indicate that the presence of social provisions can alleviate the strain of an adverse family environment on an individual’s sense of self and mental health. Discussion of the importance of families and other forms of social support, during emerging adulthood, as well as implications for intervention timing and method are included.
β-Arrestin1 Mediates Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) and Anti-apoptosis

beta-arrestins (1 and 2) are widely expressed cytosolic proteins that play central roles in G protein-coupled receptor signaling. beta-arrestin1 is also recruited to the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor, a receptor tyrosine kinase, upon agonist binding. Here we report that, in response to IGF-1 stimulation, beta-arrestin1 mediates activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in a pathway that leads to the subsequent activation of Akt and anti-apoptosis. This process is independent of both Gi and ERK activity. The pathway fails in mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking both beta-arrestins and is restored by stable transfection of beta-arrestin1. Remarkably, this pathway is insensitive to chemical inhibition of IGF-1 receptor tyrosine kinase activity. These results suggest that, in addition to their roles in G protein-coupled receptor signaling, beta-arrestins couple the IGF-1 receptor tyrosine kinase to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase system and suggest that this mechanism is operative independently of the tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor.
Political communications in British election campaigns: Reconsidering media effects

(1995). Political communications in British election campaigns: Reconsidering media effects. British Elections and Parties Yearbook: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 125-138.
Multispectral mapping of the lunar surface using ground-based telescopes

Images of the lunar surface were obtained at several wavelengths using a silicon vidicon imaging system and ground-based telescopes. These images were recorded and processed in digital form so that quantitative information was preserved. The photometric precision of the images is shown to be better than 1%. Ratio images calculated by dividing images obtained at two wavelengths (0.40/0.56 and 0.95/0.56 microns) are presented for about 50% of the lunar frontside. Spatial resolution is about 2 km at the subearth point. A complex of distinct units is evident in the images. Earlier work with the reflectance spectrum of lunar materials indicates that, for the most part, these units are compositionally distinct.
Developmental regression among children with autism spectrum disorder: Onset, duration, and effects on functional outcomes

Abstract Studies using varied methods report that developmental regression occurs in a sizeable proportion of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Findings are equivocal as to whether regression is associated with poorer cognitive and adaptive functioning. This study examined retrospective parent report in 2105 Simons Simplex Collection participants with ASD. Children were classified as having “full” or “subthreshold” losses on language and/or other skills using items from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and a supplemental interview to capture more subtle regressions. Overall, 36.9% of children had some type of regression (27.8% language, 27.0% other-skill loss), with the supplemental interview capturing 11.7% of losses that would have been missed using the ADI-R alone. This figure is consistent with previous parent-report studies but lower than clinician-observed rates in prospective investigations. Early language losses—either full or subthreshold—and full other-skill losses appear to be associated with more deleterious outcomes by middle childhood. Findings may signify the need for more immediate and/or intense therapies for children who have even minor skill losses, particularly in language skills. Results further demonstrate the utility of an expanded set of additional queries with slightly modified criteria to capture such early, subtle losses.
Oblique collimated irradiation of an absorbing, scattering, plane-parallel layer

Abstract The exact solution is presented for the integral equation governing radiative flux in a cold, absorbing and isotropically-scattering, plane-parallel medium subject to parallel irradiation from arbitrary directions. The internal radiation source and flux penetration are calculated for various optical thicknesses, single scattering albedos, and incidence angles.
Vision-based strategy to improve the color misregistration of image capturing devices

Color misregistration is one of the common artifacts for 3-CCD desktop scanners. The misregistration of red, green and blue image layers causes both color fringing and blur in the scanned images. These effects are quantified by linear system theory analysis. Knowing the bandwidth and peak sensitivity asymmetries in the opponent color representation of the visual system, we developed a method to reduce the color misregistration artifact by attempting to capture signals in an approximate opponent color space. A new sensor arrangement facilitates this goal, in which the luminance and chrominance signals are captured independently. The luminance signal (Y) is captured at the full resolution using one row of the 3-row CCD linear arrays. The first chrominance signal is captured on another row with an interleaved half resolution red (R) and half resolution luminance sensor elements, and the second chrominance signal is similarly captured on a third row using blue (B) and luminance (Y). Since each luminance and chrominance signal is isolated on a single row, and since there is no registration error within a row, color misregistration is theoretically prevented in luminance as well as in the chrominance signals. Simulation shows that the new method does eliminate the blur and reduces the visibility of color fringing. Since residual luminance and chrominance misregistration may occur, a psychophysical experiment was conducted to judge the improvement in the scanned image quality. The experiment shows that this new capture scheme can significantly reduce the perception of misregistration artifacts.