cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite-State Machines for Mining Patterns in Very Large Text Repositories

The emergence of WWW search engines since the 1990s has changed the scale of many natural language processing applications. Text mining, information extraction and related tasks can now be applied to tens of billions of documents, which sets new efficiency standards for NLP algorithms. Finite-state machines are an obvious choice of a formal framework for such applications. However, the scale of the problem (size of the searchable corpus, number of patterns to be matched) often poses a problem even to well-established finite-state string matching techniques. In my presentation, I will focus on the experience gained in the implementation a finite-state matching library optimized for searching large amounts of complex patterns in a WWW-scale repository of documents. Both algorithmic and implementation-related aspects of the task will be discussed. The library is based on OpenFST.
From the Republic of the Rio Grande: A Personal History of the Place and People

Beatriz de la Garza's From the Republic of the Rio Grande: A Personal History of the Place and People offers readers an intimate history of family and community that spans the US–Mexico divide. Usi...
On the original distribution of the asteroids: IV. Numerical experiments in the outer asteroid belt

Abstract We assumed, in 1973, that the asteroids were the building blocks of the planets and initially were distributed approximately uniformly. We suggested that the present distribution was carved out by the perturbations of Jupiter. To test this hypothesis further, we have now integrated the orbits of 140 asteroids with 14 semimajor axes from 0.63 to 0.76 (in units where aJupiter = 1.0) in increments of 0.01, and at 10 values of the eccentricity from 0.01 to 0.19 in increments of 0.02. The integrations extended for 1 million Jovian years (about 12 million years) unless the asteroid crossed Jupiter's orbit before then. Jupiter was in an elliptic orbit with its eccentricity varying in a 54,000-year period, and its line of apsides rotating with a 300,000-year period induced by the secular perturbations of Saturn. The integrations were confined to a plane. In the main survey, we chose the most “unstable” phases of the asteroid relative to Jupiter; i.e., the apsidal lines of the asteroid and Jupiter were separated by 180°. There are only 8 of the 8032 asteroids with reliable orbits with semimajor axes between 0.68 and 0.74. In our simulation, 64 90 (71%) of the asteroids with semimajor axes equal to or larger than 0.680 were removed. Of the 26 asteroids that remained, 16 had initial eccentricities equal to or less than 0.03. Ten of the remaining asteroids with a≥0.68 were integrated for 10 million Jovian years; 5 became Jupiter crossers and 5 remained. Including these longer integrations, 69 90 (77%) of the asteroids with a≥0.68 escaped. However, the depletion was much reduced in those cases when the initial phases caused conjunctions to occur at the asteroid's perihelion; i.e., the apsidal lines of the asteroid and Jupiter coincided. We found a strong correlation between the Lyapunov exponent and the crossing time for orbits with crossing times less than 1 million Jovian years (and for the few longer integrations). If this result extrapolates to 4.5 billion years, it would indicate that with Jupiter the only perturber, there are stable orbits where there are no asteroids today.
Imaging of Adnexal Masses in Pregnancy

Objective. To illustrate the imaging appearances of a variety of adnexal masses in pregnancy. Methods. Cases of adnexal masses in pregnancy were chosen to illustrate the appearance on ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Results. Adnexal masses in pregnancy have a wide spectrum of imaging characteristics and clinical manifestations. Sonography is important in diagnosing, monitoring, and determining the malignant potential of these masses. Common adnexal lesions seen in pregnancy include simple cysts, hemorrhagic cysts, leiomyomas, and hyperstimulated ovaries in patients who have undergone assisted fertility. Uncommon adnexal lesions specific to pregnancy include hyperreactio luteinalis, theca lutein cysts with moles, and luteomas. Adnexal masses associated with pain include ovarian torsion and heterotopic pregnancy. Adnexal lesions that are found incidentally include teratomas, endometriomas, hydrosalpinx, cystadenomas, and cystadenocarcinomas. When the diagnosis of the adnexal mass cannot be made on the basis of sonographic appearance alone, magnetic resonance imaging may help. Conclusions. Familiarity with the clinicopathologic and sonographic features of common and uncommon adnexal masses in pregnancy is important for diagnosis and treatment.
Climbing to understanding: lessons from an experimental learning environment for adjudicated youth

We present lessons from an experimental educational intervention based in a residential facility for adjudicated youth. In this initiative we created a technologically immersive environment based upon constructionist learning. Rather than adjust one element of the learning environment at a time, we created a radically different environment not just for this particular setting, but for any setting. The youth worked in an age and grade integrated, inter-disciplinary, open, learner-centered, project-based way, investigating areas of their own choice, learning through design and construction. We found many results that far exceeded expectations and past performance. We analyze the factors behind these results to shed light on learning environments in general. We also discuss the limits exposed within this experience.
Low loss, high index of refraction metamaterials based on multiple enhancement mechanisms

A new metallo-dielectric metamaterial is described in this paper that is comprised of a lattice of so-called dumbbell particles. Low loss with potentially large index of refraction is possible with these artificial electromagnetic materials using multiple enhancement effects including thin layers of high dielectric constant, low loss composite films printed between layers of dumbbell particles. Spray deposition of these composite dielectric layers is described.
Anthropogenic changes to leaf litter input affect the fitness of a larval amphibian

Summary Human activities, invasive species and climate change have altered the composition of native forest plant communities in North America. These changes have, in turn, altered the composition of leaf litter in woodland ponds with consequences for the organisms they harbour, such as amphibian larvae. We used mesocosms to assess how 10 species of allochthonous litter, which differ in their regional abundance and chemical composition, affect ephemeral ponds. We were particularly interested in effects on larval amphibian fitness, including metamorphic mass, larval period and survival. Litter had strong effects on the fitness of larval wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), water chemistry, and phytoplankton and periphyton biomass in the mesocosms. Litter from green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), a tree species in decline, enabled frog larvae to grow larger, develop faster and survive better than larvae from other litter treatments. Interestingly, three invasive wetland plant species produced heavy metamorphs, with shorter larval periods and higher survival relative to native wetland plants. Litter from red maple (Acer rubrum, now among the most abundant native trees in the eastern United States), cattail (Typha latifolia) and sedge (Carex stricta) produced metamorphs that were small and survived poorly. Mass at metamorphosis was best explained by litter quality (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content) and primary producer biomass, while survival and larval period were best explained by a combination of litter quality, primary producer biomass and water chemistry (polyphenolics and pH). Additionally, litter quality and primary producer biomass explained differences in the elemental composition of metamorphs. Lastly, our data suggest that litter nitrogen may be a limiting resource that affects the export of metamorphic frog biomass from ephemeral ponds. Overall, our results indicate that anthropogenic changes in plant communities lead to changes in the quality of allochthonous litter input and strongly affect amphibian fitness.
Gravure Printed Electrochemical Biosensor

Abstract An impedance based electrochemical biosensor was successfully printed using a rotogravure printing technique. The biosensor was fabricated on a flexible poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate and silver (Ag) nano particle based ink was used as metallization for the printed interdigitated electrodes (IDE's), with dimensions of 200 μm width and spacing. The response of the printed device towards different bio/chemical species such as cadmium sulphide (CdS), lead sulphide (PbS), D-proline and mouse IgG were measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The response of the printed biosensors towards these bio/chemicals demonstrated detection capabilities as low as picomolar levels.
Design and Analysis of an X-ray Differential Phase Contrast Imaging System with Grating-less X-ray Source and Detectors

X-ray differential phase contrast imaging system with a grating-less X-ray source and grating-less detectors are effective for applications with higher X-ray photon energy by decoupling a trade-off the parameters, signal contrast and field-of-view.
Granule-lamella complex in monkey renal proximal tubular cells.

A complex was seen in the proximal tubules of three species of monkey which consisted of lamellae and layers of granules. It is postulated that this complex may reflect some specialized state of synthesis in these cells because the granules stained with uranyl acetate alone, were digested by RNase treatment, and appeared morphologically similar to ribosomes from this tissue. It is impossible to exclude some other cause such as a viral infectious process or an unknown function.
A Developing Aquatic Sciences Information Retrieval System

Abstract The Aquatic Sciences Information Retrieval Center is being developed to meet the urgent necessity for rapid synthesis and dissemination of information related to the aquatic sciences. The inability of researchers to maintain familiarity with recent work in their discipline is looming as one of the most significant problems in many fields of endeavor, including fisheries and related aquatic sciences. Further rapid progress in the aquatic sciences is believed to be contingent upon an objective means of relieving this problem.
PERCEPTIONS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS ASSOCIATED WITH HUSBANDS' AMBIVALENCE AND DEPENDENCYIN ANTICIPATING LOSING THEIR WIVES TOMETASTATIC/RECURRENT BREAST CANCER

This study examined perceptions of family relationships associated with a husband's ambivalence and dependency in anticipating losing his wife to metastatic/recurrent breast cancer. Baseline data were collected from 50 husbands of women with metastatic/recurrent breast cancer who participated in a randomized clinical trial examining the effects of group therapy on emotional adjustment and health. Both women with metastatic/recurrent breast cancer and their husbands completed the Family Relations Index and were assessed for their demographic characteristics. Also, husbands completed the Anticipation of Loss Questionnaire, assessing their ambivalence and dependency in anticipating the loss of their wives. The results showed that a wife's positive evaluation of cohesiveness in her family relations was associated with having her husband report that he felt highly dependent on her in anticipating her loss. In contrast, the husband's positive evaluation of family relations was associated with his reporting low ...
Differential effects of kidney–lung cross-talk during acute kidney injury and bacterial pneumonia

Acute injuries of the kidney or lung each represent serious, complex clinical problems, and their combination drastically decreases patient survival. However, detailed understanding of interactions between these two organs is scarce. To evaluate this further, we used the folic acid (FA) and myohemoglobinuria models of acute kidney injury (AKI) together with Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhalation to study kidney–lung cross-talk in mice during acute kidney and lung injury. Subgroups of mice received antineutrophil antibody or platelet-depleting serum to assess the role of neutrophil and platelets, respectively. AKI by itself did not cause clinically relevant acute lung injury. Pneumonia was neutrophil dependent, whereas pneumonia-induced AKI was platelet dependent. AKI attenuated pulmonary neutrophil recruitment and worsened pneumonia. Mice with AKI had lower oxygen saturations and greater bacterial load than mice without. Neutrophils isolated from mice with FA-induced AKI also had impaired transmigration and F-actin polymerization in vitro. Thus, during acute kidney and pneumonia-induced lung injury, clinically relevant kidney–lung interactions are both neutrophil and platelet dependent.
Factors influencing the difference between maternal and cord blood lead

Aims: To determine the factors that affect why some infants receive higher exposures relative to the mother’s body burden than do others. Methods: A total of 159 mother-infant pairs from a cohort of women receiving prenatal care at Magee-Womens Hospital in Pittsburgh, PA from 1992 to 1995 provided blood samples at delivery for lead determination. The difference between cord and maternal blood lead concentration (PbB) and a dichotomous variable indicator of higher cord than maternal PbB, were examined as indicators of relative transfer. Women were interviewed twice during the pregnancy about lifestyle, medical history, calcium nutrition, and physical activity. Results: Higher blood pressure was associated with relatively greater cord compared with maternal PbB, as was maternal alcohol use. Sickle cell trait and higher haemoglobin were associated with a lower cord relative to maternal blood lead PbB. No association was seen with smoking, physical exertion, or calcium consumption. Conclusion: While reduction in maternal exposure will reduce fetal exposure, it may also be possible to mitigate infant lead exposure by reducing transfer from the pregnant woman. Interventions aimed at reducing blood pressure and alcohol consumption during pregnancy may be useful in this regard.
Trilobites and the Origin of Arthropods

While the question of whether the Arthropoda represent more than one phylum of animals is debatable, the jointed exoskeleton, a fundamental feature of arthropods, evolved independently in two groups that shared a worm-like common ancestor. The two major branches of Arthropoda, the primitively marine TCC and the primitively terrestrial (with one exception) Uniramia, independently arrived at arthropodization as the solution to the same problems of adaptation of the body mechanical system. New discoveries on trilobite anatomy show the unity of TCC as a group that shared a trilobite-like ancestor near the beginning of the Cambrian. With change in the constituency of Arthropoda through geologic time, the ways in which it would be categorized as a taxonomic group have also changed. The seeming isolation of the major modern arthropod groups is in large part an artifact of extinction of primitive intermediate forms such as trilobites which, in the Early Paleozoic, made the Arthropoda more diverse in basic modes of body organization than the group is at present. The appearance of fossilizable hard parts in arthropods resulted from shift in supporting function from the body cavity, primitively a hydrostatic skeleton, to the cuticle, which came to be strengthened in becoming an exoskeleton. Energetic efficiency, more than protection from predators or evolutionary size increase in itself, was probably the impetus behind the transition. On the scale provided by the general evolutionary trend toward progressive specialization of segments, TCC became arthropodized at earlier stages than did Uniramia. Among TCC, the shift may have been driven by the evolution of locomotory and feeding mechanisms that were exclusively geared to an aqueous medium.
The Effectiveness of State Economic Development Policies: a Time-Series Analysis

IN THE past thirty or more years, state policy-makers have expanded their efforts to improve the health of their state economies by going beyond traditional road and school building activities. New approaches in this area have included the provision of general obligation and industrial revenue bonds, loans and loan guarantees, tax reductions and exemptions, research and development support, and various programs to direct aid to those who are chronically unemployed. (See ACIR 1963, 1967; Conway 1979; Reinshuttle 1983; Council of State Governments 1976; National Association of State Development Agencies et al. 1984; New York Department of Commerce 1983; U.S. Office of Technology Assessment 1983, for descriptions of state programs.) General studies of the process of creating economic growth stress the many factors involved, including innovation, productivity, employment, and taxation, as well as the difficulty in designing and targeting policies for particular outcomes (Bosworth 1984; Rubin and Zorn 1985; Rasmussen et al. 1982a, 1982b; Nelson et al. 1967; Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City 1983). State leaders, realizing the complexity of the process of economic growth, have frequently enacted a diverse set of policies. These programs are, in many instances, quite expensive in terms of direct program costs, tax expenditures, or both. One tax expenditure in Arizona for 1984-85 cost the state almost $8 million (Arizona Department of Revenue 1985), while two tax expenditures in Massachusetts in 1986-87 were estimated to cost the state nearly $187 million (Massachusetts House of Representatives 1986). If we add to such figures the amounts of other tax expenditures plus program costs, the totals lie in the billions of dollars of state resources. In most states, data on the costs of tax expenditures are not available.
Modelling of thick composites using a layerwise laminate theory

The layerwise laminate theory of Reddy (1987) is used to develop a layerwise, two-dimensional, displacement-based, finite element model of laminated composite plates that assumes a piecewise continuous distribution of the tranverse strains through the laminate thickness. The resulting layerwise finite element model is capable of computing interlaminar stresses and other localized effects with the same level of accuracy as a conventional 3D finite element model. Although the total number of degrees of freedom are comparable in both models, the layerwise model maintains a 2D-type data structure that provides several advantages over a conventional 3D finite element model, e.g. simplified input data, ease of mesh alteration, and faster element stiffness matrix formulation. Two sample problems are provided to illustrate the accuracy of the present model in computing interlaminar stresses for laminates in bending and extension.
Enacting traditional roles in a nontraditional setting: Women employed by the Red Cross in Viet Nam

This paper examines role behavior among women employed in three Red Cross sponsored programs in Viet Nam. In-depth interviews were used to collect data from twenty women who were employed in Viet Nam. Nineteen of the women were White non-Hispanic and one was African American. All had middle or upper middle class backgrounds. Data collected from former Red Cross workers who had served in Viet Nam were analyzed and organized into a typology of roles, including “all-American girl,” “sex object,” and “deviant.” The images portrayed by these women and their conflicting role expectations reflect the difficulties women experience when working in male-dominated environments. Conflict and strain emanated from the variety of role expectations associated with Red Cross work, as well as their own sense of importance compared to others' definitions of their job. The incompatibility between official and unofficial role expectations resulted in role strain. Although role taking was the most prevalent response to role strain, the women also engaged in role making, role distancing, and to a lesser extent, role rejection.
The Linear and Nonlinear Extratropical Response of the Atmosphere to Tropical Intraseasonal Heating

Abstract This study examines the dynamical nature of the linear and nonlinear extratropical response of the atmosphere to tropical intraseasonal heating with various temporal and spatial structures. A global two-level model is used. It is found that the midlatitude response is very sensitive to the phase speed of the forcing and, to a lesser extent, to its spatial scale. For a narrow monopolar heating source traveling eastward uniformly with an around-the-world period of 40 days, as in GCM simulations of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the response is weak and explains very little of the extratropical variance. For dipolar beating with zonal scale around 15 000 km (k = 2–3) and wave period of 40 days propagating slowly eastward within a confined longitudinal domain, a good approximation of the outgoing longwave radiation fields associated with the real MJO, the extratropical response is wavelike and well defined and stands significantly above the background variability. The nonlinear wavetrains evolv...
Department executives in the states: An examination of differences based on selection and work experience

State level department executives have an extraordinary influence over policy in their departments. Yet these executives receive neither public nor research attention in proportion to their importance in directing state policy. This study, based on a survey and resumes from state executives in all 50 states, examines the individual characteristics and professional experiences of state executives. The study found significant differences between elected and appointed executives. Also, most of the appointed department heads had experience in substantive area of the department. State government or partisan political experience was less common among the appointed executives. Finally, the professional experience of executives varied among the departments.
A General Class of One-Sample Nonparametric Test Statistics Based on Subsamples

Abstract A general class of nonparametric test statistics is constructed by considering the sign of the most extreme value in subsamples of size m taken from n independent observations. The test statistics can be expressed as linear rank statistics and reduce to the sign test statistic for m = 1 and a modified Wilcoxon signed-rank test statistic for m = 2. Asymptotic normality of properly standardized versions of our statistics is established under general conditions. Small sample power simulations as well as Pitman and Bahadur efficiencies indicate that members of our class do well in comparison with already existing test statistics.
Peer Group Influences on Children's Product Preferences

In contrast to earlier studies using adult subjects, this experiment with first graders did not f’md a high degree of brand loyalty development in response to a minimally differentiated product. In fact, while some brand preferences did develop, most subjects appeared to seek some degree of variety in their choices. It is interesting to speculate that children have a “greater need for novelty” than adults and are thus less likely to develop brand loyalty. However, extensive research will be required to remove this proposition from the realm of speculation.
Genome-wide Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Cleaved tRNA Fragments Induced by Cellular Stress

Certain stress conditions can induce cleavage of tRNAs around the anticodon loop via the use of the ribonuclease angiogenin. The cellular factors that regulate tRNA cleavage are not well known. In this study we used normal and eIF2α phosphorylation-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts and applied a microarray-based methodology to identify and compare tRNA cleavage patterns in response to hypertonic stress, oxidative stress (arsenite), and treatment with recombinant angiogenin. In all three scenarios mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient in eIF2α phosphorylation showed a higher accumulation of tRNA fragments including those derived from initiator-tRNAMet. We have shown that tRNA cleavage is regulated by the availability of angiogenin, its substrate (tRNA), the levels of the angiogenin inhibitor RNH1, and the rates of protein synthesis. These conclusions are supported by the following findings: (i) exogenous treatment with angiogenin or knockdown of RNH1 increased tRNA cleavage; (ii) tRNA fragment accumulation was higher during oxidative stress than hypertonic stress, in agreement with a dramatic decrease of RNH1 levels during oxidative stress; and (iii) a positive correlation was observed between angiogenin-mediated tRNA cleavage and global protein synthesis rates. Identification of the stress-specific tRNA cleavage mechanisms and patterns will provide insights into the role of tRNA fragments in signaling pathways and stress-related disorders.
Comparative effects of streptonigrin derivatives on tissue culture cells.

Abstract In tissue culture cells, streptonigrin methyl ester (MES) had 1/100th the activity of streptonigrin. MES inhibited the uptake of labeled precursors into RNA and DNA. Although its mode of action could not be distinguished from that of streptonigrin, this effect could not be accounted for by the liberation of free streptonigrin during metabolism. With isopropylidine azastreptonigrin (IPAS), no evidence could be found of cytotoxicity or biochemical effects on nucleic acids in concentrations up to 10 −3 M. The degree of binding of IPAS to cells was 70 times less than with MES. IPAS had no effect on DNA synthesis even when the cell membrane barrier had been disrupted; therefore lack of cell penetration could not be invoked as an explanation for its inactivity. Since bridging the aminoquinone function of streptonigrin resulted in loss of biological activity, it is suggested that the o -aminoquinone moiety may be important for the pharmacological action of streptonigrin.
Training effective multicultural group counselors: Issues for a group training course

Abstract This article gives a brief overview of multicultural theory (racial identity development, counselor racial consciousness development and implications) and practice (specific multicultural issues and techniques) that could be included in a group leader training course.
Monolithic implementation of AlN-on-silicon bandpass filters with a high-Q notch within the passband

In this paper, we present acoustically coupled filters capable of inducing a high-Q notch within the filter passband. The origin of the notch is a result of charge cancellation across the output electrodes, which is a direct consequence of exciting higher order lateral modes with a displacement profile out-of-phase with the primary modes of the filter. We show multiple filters with a passband notch and demonstrate the viability of using top electrode layout to adjust the placement of the notch within the filter passband. A modified equivalent circuit is used to intuitively explain the response of a bandpass filter with an integrated notch. Such filters can have applications as pre-select bandpass filters capable of rejecting in-band interfering signals.
On the role of particulate contamination in scuffing failure

Abstract A theoretical study of the effect of particulate contamination on scuffing of bearing surfaces is presented. The governing equations are presented for an abrasive particle that comes into contact with the sliding surface and partially penetrates into the bearing overlayer (liner). A computer program is developed to simulate the governing equations. A parametric study of the results is presented which includes the critical particle size and the critical temperature which could cause surfaces to scuff for a range of operating speeds, minimum film thickness values and material properties.
Horizontal well stream function model for improved waterflood performance and evaluation

Abstract This paper describes the construction of a new streamtube numerical reservoir simulator and detailed results of recovery performances of mixed five-spot pattern waterfloods. Newly defined stream functions for horizontal wells were combined with conventional (vertical well) stream functions to implement streamtube modeling of horizontal wells in mixed pattern waterfloods. The horizontal wellbore was approximated with a finite, distributed line source in two dimensions. The new streamtube simulator was used to numerically simulate the recovery performance of horizontal wells in mixed five-spot pattern waterfloods. The numerical study encompassed a wide range of horizontal wellbore lengths as well as three magnitudes in mobility ratios. Horizontal well five-spot patterns have higher recovery performance than mixed patterns. Mixed five-spot patterns (horizontal wells used in conjunction with vertical wells in) also show accelerated recovery, but they require more pore volumes of water injected per pore volume hydrocarbon produced. Interestingly, longer horizontal wellbores require more injected pore volumes of water to displace the same amount of pore volume of hydrocarbons than shorter wellbores. Breakthrough areal sweep efficiency of mixed patterns decreased with increase in horizontal wellbore length. Nonetheless, mixed patterns with horizontal injectors and vertical producers consistently gave higher breakthrough sweep efficiencies than other patterns with vertical injectors and horizontal producers. This performance difference was considerably greater for unfavorable (M > 1) mobility ratio waterfloods than for favorable mobility ratio floods (M
Phospholipase Cγ-2 and Intracellular Calcium Are Required for Lipopolysaccharide-induced Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Endocytosis and Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF3) Activation

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is unique among the TLRs in its use of multiple adaptor proteins leading to activation of both the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways. Previous work has demonstrated that TLR4 initiates NF-κB activation from the plasma membrane, but that subsequent TLR4 translocation to the endosomes is required for IRF3 activation. Here we have characterized several components of the signaling pathway that governs TLR4 translocation and subsequent IRF3 activation. We find that phospholipase C γ2 (PLCγ2) accounts for LPS-induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) production and subsequent calcium (Ca2+) release. Blockage of PLCγ2 function by inhibitors or knockdown of PLCγ2 expression by siRNAs in RAW 264.7 macrophages lead to reduced IRF3, but enhanced NF-κB activation. In addition, bone marrow-derived macrophages from PLCγ2-deficient mice showed impaired IRF3 phosphorylation and expression of IRF3-regulated genes after LPS stimulation. Using cell fractionation, we show that PLCγ2-IP3-Ca2+ signaling cascade is required for TLR4 endocytosis following LPS stimulation. In conclusion, our results describe a novel role of the PLCγ2-IP3-Ca2+ cascade in the LPS-induced innate immune response pathway where release of intracellular Ca2+ mediates TLR4 trafficking and subsequent activation of IRF3.
Phosphate uptake and glycolysis in human erythrocytes heated in vitro.

AbstractThis work was supported by Contract H-1142 (C-4) with the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, U. S. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, and by Contract DA 49–007-MD-435 with the Department of the Army, Office of the Surgeon General, Medical Research and Development Board, Washington, D. C.
Agenda control and budget size: An extension of the Romer-Rosenthal model

Recent work in public choice theory has examined ways in which control of the agenda might be used by interested parties to manipulate voting outcomes (Plott and Levine, 1978; Romer and Rosenthal, 1978; Mackay and Weaver, 1979, 1981). The agenda can be defined as the set of rules under which collective decisions are to be made. In the relevant cases for discussion here, these rules impose constraints on the set of options which can actually be put before the voters. There is potential value in controlling the agenda because the actual collective choice from a restricted set of options may differ from that which might emerge if voters were allowed to consider a more inclusive set. The discussion in this paper is concerned with a particular type of agenda control first examined by Romer and Rosenthal (Romer and Rosenthal, 1979). In their model, voters are confronted with a single proposed level of spending on a particular public service and asked to approve or disapprove. A simple majority is required for approval. If the proposed budget fails to win majority support, then the level of spending approved for the preceding year is automatically adopted for the current year. The choice before the voters, in other words, is between the new budget proposal and the status quo. Suppose a group of relatively high demanders of the public service control the choice of what budget proposal is actually placed before the voters. For example, the annual budget proposal might be submitted by the bureau charged with supplying the service and said bureau might be dominated by Niskanen type budget-maximizing bureaucrats. Under these circumstances those in control of the agenda will seek to submit the largest possible budget which can win majority approval over the status quo. Romer and Rosenthal contributed two key insights into this budget procedure. First, if the status quo budget is below that most preferred by the median voter, then the maximum new budget which can win majority approval is in excess of the median voter's optimum. Second, the smaller is the status quo budget relative to that preferred by the median voter, the larger is the maximum budget which can be successfully proposed as an alternative to the status quo. Consider Figure 1 in which is depicted the ordinal ranking of the median voter of various spending levels. If S' is the status quo budget, then B' is the maximum
Starved anammox cells are less resistant to NO2− inhibition

Anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria are be inhibited by their terminal electron acceptor, nitrite. Serious nitrite inhibition of the anammox bacteria occurs if the exposure coincides with the absence of the electron donating substrate, ammonium and pH < 7.2. Starvation of biomass occurs during underloading of bioreactors or biomass storage. This work investigated the effect of starvation on the sensitivity of anammox bacteria to nitrite exposure. Batch activity tests were carried out evaluating the response of anammox biomass subjected to different levels of starvation upon exposure to nitrite in the presence and absence of ammonium (active- and resting-cells, respectively). The response of the bacteria was evaluated by measuring the specific anammox activity and the evolution of the ATP content in the biomass over time. The 50% inhibitory concentrations of nitrite in starved- and fresh-resting-cells was 7 mg N L−1 and 52 mg N L−1, respectively. By contrast, only moderate nitrite inhibition occurred to starved anammox biomass when exposed to nitrite and ammonium simultaneously. Maximum ATP levels were observed in fresh cells. The ATP content in starved resting cells peaked 2–3 h after addition of NO2−-. The response was hindered in cells starved for long periods. These findings agreed with a bioreactor study in which underloading of anammox biomass (0.10 g N L−1 d−1) decreased its tolerance to a nitrite (only) exposure (101 mg NO2−–N L−1) and completely disrupted the N removal capacity of the biomass. A similar accumulation of 108 mg NO2−–N L−1 after operation at 0.95 g N L−1 d−1 did not cause observable inhibition of the bacteria. The results taken as a whole demonstrate that starved anammox biomass is highly sensitive to nitrite toxicity. An explanation is proposed based on energy requirements to translocate nitrite in the cell.
Exact rate calculations by trajectory parallelization and tilting

A sampling procedure to compute exactly the rate of activated processes arising in systems at equilibrium or nonequilibrium steady state is presented. The procedure is a generalization of the method proposed in [A. Warmflash et al., J. Chem. Phys. 127, 154112 (2007); A. Dickson et al., J. Chem. Phys. 130, 074104 (2009)] in which one performs simulations restricted into cells by using a reinjection rule at the boundaries of the cells which is consistent with the exact probability fluxes through these boundaries. Our generalization uses results from transition path theory which indicate how to tilt the dynamics to calculate reaction rates.
I=1/2, J=1/2, STATE IN $pi$ N SCATTERING WITH THE NUCLEON AS A BOUND STATE

An approximate formula for the I = 1/2, J = 1/2 phase shift is derived. assuming that the nucleon is a bound state, this formula depends only on the pion and nucleon masses, and the pi N coupling constant (f/sup 2/). No purely phenomenological parameters are involved, The formula is roughly consistent with experiment in the 0- to 220-Mev range. (auth)
An improved model for the measurement of myocardial perfusion in human beings using N-13 ammonia

Background Oxygen 15 water and nitrogen 13 ammonia are widely used for the quantitative measurement of myocardial perfusion with positron emission tomography. However, blood flow obtained with N-13 ammonia by use of the conventional 2-compartment model frequently underestimates flow by 30% to 50% compared with O-15 water. We hypothesized that this discrepancy is a result of the model configuration of N-13 ammonia and investigated changes to the mathematical model to determine whether more accurate measurements of perfusion could be obtained. Methods and Results Twelve healthy volunteers were sequentially studied with O-15 water and N-13 ammonia at rest and during maximal coronary vasodilation with adenosine. Perfusion measurements obtained with the conventional and modified models were compared with values obtained with O-15 water. The conventional N-13 ammonia model underestimated flow by 37% ± 16% at rest and by 20% ± 24% with stress when compared with flows obtained with O-15 water. The modified model yielded flow values closer to the line of identity than the conventional model (y = 1.07x + 0.04 vs y = 0.69x + 0.08; respectively; P Conclusions Model changes made N-13 ammonia myocardial blood flow estimates more comparable to those obtained with O-15 and may allow for better comparison of flows obtained with these two tracers in the future. Further efforts are warranted to evaluate the accuracy of flow models in human subjects.
Simulation of Metals Total Maximum Daily Loads and Remediation in a Mining-Impacted Stream

Simulation of metals transport was performed to help develop metals total maximum daily loads ~TMDLs! and evaluate remediation alternatives in a mountain stream in Montana impacted by hundreds of abandoned hardrock metal mines. These types of watersheds are widespread in Montana and many other areas of the western United States. Impacts from abandoned hardrock or metal mines include loadings of sediment, metals, and other pollutants causing impairment of multiple beneficial uses and exceedances of water quality standards. The United States Environmental Protection Agency ~EPA! Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP)was used to model and evaluate TMDLs for several heavy metals in Tenmile Creek, a mountain stream supplying drinking water to the City of Helena, Mont. The model was calibrated for baseflow conditions and validated using data collected by the EPA and the United States Geological Survey, and used to assess existing metals loadings and losses, including interactions between metals in water and bed sediment, uncertainty, water quality standard exceedances, TMDLs, potential source areas, and required reductions in loadings. During baseflow conditions, adits and point sources contribute significant metals loadings to Tenmile Creek. Exceedances of standards are widespread throughout the stream under both baseflow and higher flow conditions. Adsorption and precipitation onto bed sediments play a primary role in losses from the water column in some areas. Modeling results indicate that some uncertainty exists in the metal partition coefficients associated with sediment, significance of precipitation reactions, and in locations of unidentified sources and losses of metals. TMDLs and loading reductions were calculated based on variations in flow, concentrations, loadings, and standards ~which vary with hardness! along the mainstem. In most cases, considerable reductions in loadings are required to achieve TMDLs and water quality standards. Reductions in loadings from point sources, mine waste near watercourses, and streambed sediment can help improve water quality, but alteration of the water supply scheme and increasing baseflow will also be needed.
Physical Form and Energy Value of Corn Grain

Abstract Sixteen energy balance trials with lactating Holstein cows were in each of two changeover experiments to test the effect of physical folm of corn grain on its energy value for lactation. In each experiment eight cows were paired on milk production. Pair mates were given equal amounts of diets containing 40% long alfalfa hay as the sole forage. In the first experiment, diets containing 54.5% ground corn and 5.5% soybean meal had higher digestible, metabolizable, and net energy values than did a diet containing a similar amount of whole corn. In a second experiment, diets containing 5.4% wheat bran, 5.4% molasses, 1.2% minerals, and 48% ground corn had higher digestible and metabolizable energy values than did the corresponding diet in which cracked corn was substituted for ground corn. The higher digestible energy value for the ground corn diet in both experiments was due largely to improved digestibility of cell solubles. The metabolizable energy of the ground corn diets was used less efficiently for milk production, however, and this may have been related to the lower fat content in milk produced on those diets. These data suggest caution in the use of energy values for feedstuffs without regard to the physical form of the grain and the nature of the product formed.
Idiopathic cardiac hypertrophy of long duration

Abstract A case of long-standing cardiac hypertrophy and subsequent myocardial failure of unknown origin has been described. Common etiological factors have been excluded. The clinical course was short, when congestive failure developed, progressive, and complicated by emboli. At necropsy, the outstanding finding was marked myocardial hypertrophy. There were no abnormalities in the coronary vascular tree, pericardium, aorta, or cardiac valves. No additional clue as to the etiology of the hypertrophy was discovered.
Le fonctionnement moteur dans le cas d'autisme

Durant les dix dernieres annees, un interet croissant s’est porte sur le fonctionnement moteur dans le cas d’autisme, en reference a l’imitation et a d’autres domaines. La question de la dyspraxie a ete centrale dans cette focalisation, qu’il s’agisse de la motricite fine ou du fonctionnement oromoteur. Cet article passe en revue la litterature sur les dysfonctionnements moteurs lies a l’autisme, et leur role dans des habiletes comme l’imitation.
Cross-linking of Wild-type and Mutant α2-Antiplasmins to Fibrin by Activated Factor XIII and by a Tissue Transglutaminase

Human α2-antiplasmin (α2AP), the main inhibitor of plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis, is a substrate for plasma transglutaminase, also termed activated factor XIII (FXIIIa). Of 452 amino acids in α2AP, only Gln2 is believed to be a fibrin-cross-linking (or FXIIIa-reactive) site. Kinetic efficiencies (k cat/K m(app)) of FXIIIa and the guinea pig liver tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and reactivities of Gln substrate sites were compared for recombinant wild-type α2AP (WT-α2AP) and Q2A mutant α2AP (Q2A-α2AP). [14C]Methylamine incorporation showed thek cat/K m(app) of FXIIIa to be 3-fold greater than that of tTG for WT-α2AP. With FXIIIa or tTG catalysis, [14C]methylamine was incorporated into Q2A-α2AP, indicating that WT-α2AP has more than one Gln cross-linking site. To identify transglutaminase-reactive sites in WT-α2AP or Q2A-α2AP, each was labeled with 5-(biotinamido)pentylamine by FXIIIa or tTG catalysis. After each labeled α2AP was digested by trypsin, sequence and mass analyses of each labeled peptide showed that 4 of 35 Gln residues were labeled with the following reactivities: Gln2 > Gln21 > Gln419 > Gln447. Q2A-α2AP was also labeled at Gln21 > Gln419 > Gln447, but became cross-linked to fibrin by FXIIIa or tTG at approximately one-tenth the rate for WT-α2AP. These results show that α2AP is a better substrate for FXIIIa than for this particular tTG, but that either enzyme involves the same Gln substrate sites in α2AP and yields the same order of reactivities.
Keratinocytes as initiators of inflammation

Environmental stimuli responsible for inducing cutaneous inflammation include contact allergens and ultraviolet light. We postulate that these diverse stimuli trigger a cutaneous inflammatory response by directly inducing epidermal keratinocytes to elaborate specific pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules. The consequences are activation of dermal microvascular endothelial cells and selective accumulation of specific mononuclear cells in the dermis and epidermis. Thus, keratinocytes may act as "signal transducers", capable of converting exogenous stimuli into the production of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and chemotactic factors (acting in an autocrine and paracrine fashion) responsible for initiation of "antigen-independent" cutaneous inflammation. The initiation phase may facilitate or promote an amplification phase with additional production of tumour-necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma via an "antigen-dependent" pathway, and keratinocyte/T cell/antigen-presenting dendritic cellular associations. The direct activation of keratinocytes, with their ability to produce the complete repertoire of pro-inflammatory cytokines, can profoundly influence endogenous and recruited immunocompetent cells, thereby providing the critical trigger responsible for the swift and clinically dramatic alterations that occur following contact between the epidermis and a host of "noxious" agents.
Tacit knowledge in information systems

Knowledge management is now a recognized force in the corporate world. Today's companies grudgingly acknowledge information as a source of capital and realize how important it is to have an established methodology for managing and distributing this information. Proven techniques for knowledge management are still lacking, however. information systems, or networks of interconnected computers and data storage devices, provide an environment in which information overload is a very real problem and threatens to severely limit the capabilities of information managers. In this type of environment, a means for managing tacit knowledge is critical.
Heart Rate Variability as an Index of Regulated Emotional Responding

The study of individual differences in emotional responding can provide considerable insight into interpersonal dynamics and the etiology of psychopathology. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is emerging as an objective measure of regulated emotional responding (generating emotional responses of appropriate timing and magnitude). This review provides a theoretical and empirical rationale for the use of HRV as an index of individual differences in regulated emotional responding. Two major theoretical frameworks that articulate the role of HRV in emotional responding are presented, and relevant empirical literature is reviewed. The case is made that HRV is an accessible research tool that can increase the understanding of emotion in social and psychopathological processes.