cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local Treatment of Rectal Cancer (TEM Versus TAMIS Versus Transanal Excision)

Although total mesorectal excision (TME) and abdominoperineal resection (APR) are routinely employed for major oncologic resection of more advanced rectal lesions, the transanal approach to rectal cancer is uniquely poised to provide a curative option without the added morbidity of a transabdominal procedure. Additionally, a transanal option can help preserve function without compromising oncologic outcome. Since its first description in 1966, transanal excision continues to be an ideal option in select patients who present with early tumors and favorable characteristics, as well as a palliative procedure for more advanced disease in high-risk patients. In this chapter, we will describe the outcomes associated with various transanal excisional techniques, including transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) and the more recently described transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) technique, to provide recommendations regarding options for managing these lesions.
Coupling First-Principles Calculations of Electron-Electron and Electron-Phonon Scattering, and Applications to Carbon-Based Nanostructures.

We report first-principles calculations of electronic gaps, lifetimes, and photoelectron spectra of a series of molecules, performed by efficiently combining the computation of electron–electron an...
Highly mechanosensitive ion channels from graphene-embedded crown ethers.

The ability to tune ionic permeation across nanoscale pores profoundly impacts diverse fields from nanofluidic computing to drug delivery. Here, we take advantage of complex formation between crown ethers and dissolved metal ions to demonstrate graphene-based ion channels highly sensitive to externally applied lattice strain. We perform extensive room-temperature molecular dynamics simulations of the effects of tensile lattice strain on ion permeation across graphene-embedded crown ether pores. Our findings suggest the first instance of solid-state ion channels with an exponential permeation sensitivity to strain, yielding an order of magnitude ion current increase for 2% of isotropic lattice strain. Significant permeation tuning is also shown to be achievable with anisotropic strains. Finally, we demonstrate strain-controllable ion sieving in salt mixtures. The observed high mechanosensitivity is shown to arise from strain-induced control over the competition between ion–crown and ion–solvent interactions, mediated by the atomic thinness of graphene. Tuning ionic permeation across nanoscale pores is important for areas ranging from nanofluidic computing to drug delivery. Complex formation between crown ethers and dissolved metal ions is used to demonstrate graphene-based ion channels with high mechanosensitivity.
HALF-LIFE OF B$sup 12$, Na$sup 24$m, AND As$sup 75$m

The following half-lives were measured: ${\mathrm{B}}^{12}$, (20.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ sec; the 472-kev level of ${\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$, (19.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ sec; and the 305-kev level of ${\mathrm{As}}^{75}$, (16.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ sec. The activities were made with a pulsed beam from a Van de Graaff generator. The data were taken with gated radiation-detection circuits in conjunction with a 9-channel time-delay analyzer, and the half-lives were determined by least-squares analysis.
On N-Shaped I-V Characteristic Devices with Memristive Behavior

The small-signal model of an n-shaped I-V characteristic device with a resistance memory (memristor) is considered in this work. The implications of this memristance property on a typical application of these devices in negative differential resistance oscillators is considered. It is shown thru theory and simulation that the n-shaped I-V device with memristance demonstrates distinct differences from the device without memristance.
The Regressive Effects of Direct Democracy: Evidence from Property Tax Assessors

What effect does increasing opportunities for participation have on policy outcomes? While formal models predict progressivity (Acemoglu and Robinson 2006; Besley and Coate 2003), empirically, there are large biases in who actually participates in politics (Verba, Schlozman and Brady 1995). Exploiting a New York law requiring the appointment of tax assessors in towns with over 10,000 residents, I show that a particular form of direct democracy – the direct election of tax assessors – makes local tax policy more regressive.
Dihydronicotinamide riboside is a potent NAD+ concentration enhancer in vitro and in vivo.

Interest in pharmacological agents capable of increasing cellular NAD+ concentrations has stimulated investigations of nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). NR and NMN require large dosages for effect. Herein, we describe synthesis of dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH) and the discovery that NRH is a potent NAD+ concentration-enhancing agent, which acts within as little as 1 h after administration to mammalian cells to increase NAD+ concentrations by 2.5–10-fold over control values. Comparisons with NR and NMN show that in every instance, NRH provides greater NAD+ increases at equivalent concentrations. NRH also provides substantial NAD+ increases in tissues when administered by intraperitoneal injection to C57BL/6J mice. NRH substantially increases NAD+/NADH ratio in cultured cells and in liver and no induction of apoptotic markers or significant increases in lactate levels in cells. Cells treated with NRH are resistant to cell death caused by NAD+-depleting genotoxins such as hydrogen peroxide and methylmethane sulfonate. Studies to identify its biochemical mechanism of action showed that it does not inhibit NAD+ consumption, suggesting that it acts as a biochemical precursor to NAD+. Cell lysates possess an ATP-dependent kinase activity that efficiently converts NRH to the compound NMNH, but independent of Nrk1 or Nrk2. These studies identify a putative new metabolic pathway to NAD+ and a potent pharmacologic agent for NAD+ concentration enhancement in cells and tissues.
PARADIGM UNIFORMITY AND ANALOGY: THE CAPITALISTIC VERSUS MILITARISTIC DEBATE

In American English, /t/ in capitalistic is generally flapped while in militaristic it is not due to the influence of capi[ɾ]al and mili[tʰ]ary. This is called Paradigm Uniformity or PU (Steriade, 2000). Riehl (2003) presents evidence to refute PU which when reanalyzed supports PU. PU is thought to work in tandem with a rule of allophonic distribution, the nature of which is debated. An approach is suggested that eliminates the need for the rule versus PU dichotomy; allophonic distribution is carried out by analogy to stored items in the mental lexicon. Therefore, the influence of the pronunciation of capital on capitalistic is determined in the same way as the pronunciation of /t/ in monomorphemic words such as Mediterranean is. A number of analogical computer simulations provide evidence to support this notion.
Designing Just-in-Time Detection for Gamified Fitness Frameworks.

This paper presents our findings from a multi-year effort to detect motion events early using inertial sensors in real-world settings. We believe early event detection is the next step in advancing motion tracking, and can enable just-in-time interventions, particularly for mHealth applications. Our system targets strength training workouts in the fitness domain, where users perform well-defined movements for each exercise, while wearing an inertial sensor. We collect data for 20 exercises across 12 users over 26 months. We propose an algorithm to detect repetitions before they end, to allow a user to visualize movement derived metrics in real-time. We further develop a gamified approach to display this information to the user and encourage them to perform consistent movements. Participants in a feasibility study find the gamified feedback useful in improving their form. Our system can detect repetition events as early as 500 ms before it ends, which is 2x faster and more accurate than state-of-the-art trackers. We believe our approach will open exciting avenues for tracking, detection, and gamification for fitness frameworks.
A simplified treatment of neutron slowing by elastic collisions

An approximate treatment of neutron slowing by elastic collisions with nuclei of a moderating material in a nuclear reactor is developed on the basis of a compact treatment of elastic collisions previously published in this journal [B. C. Reed, Am. J. Phys. 86(8), 622 (2018)]. The analysis is straightforward enough to be presented to lower-level students and gives results in good accord with more sophisticated treatments.
The prevalent I686T human variant and loss-of-function mutations in the cardiomyocyte-specific kinase gene TNNI3K cause adverse contractility and concentric remodeling in mice.

TNNI3K expression worsens disease progression in several mouse heart pathology models. TNNI3K expression also reduces the number of diploid cardiomyocytes, which may be detrimental to adult heart regeneration. However, the gene is evolutionarily conserved, suggesting a beneficial function that has remained obscure. Here, we show that C57BL/6 J-inbred Tnni3k mutant mice develop concentric remodeling, characterized by ventricular wall thickening and substantial reduction of cardiomyocyte aspect ratio. This pathology occurs in mice carrying a Tnni3k null allele, a K489R point mutation rendering the protein kinase-dead, or an allele corresponding to human I686T, the most common human nonsynonymous TNNI3K variant, which is hypomorphic for kinase activity. Mutant mice develop these conditions in the absence of fibrosis or hypertension, implying a primary cardiomyocyte etiology. In culture, mutant cardiomyocytes were impaired in contractility and calcium dynamics and in protein kinase A signaling in response to isoproterenol, indicating diminished contractile reserve. These results demonstrate a beneficial function of TNNI3K in the adult heart that might explain its evolutionary conservation and imply that human TNNI3K variants, in particular the widespread I686T allele, may convey elevated risk for altered heart geometry and hypertrophy.
Chiropractic Day: A Historical Review of a Day Worth Celebrating.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss historical concepts about the celebration of Chiropractic Day. Discussion Daniel David Palmer attributed September 18, 1895 to be the day that he delivered the first chiropractic adjustment. As the chiropractic profession grew, the celebration of Chiropractic Day became more widespread throughout the United States and the world. This paper offers suggestions about how to celebrate Chiropractic Day. Activities include educating, learning, honoring, volunteering, and engaging. Conclusion The chiropractic profession celebrates its birth on September 18. Regardless of the many different names used over the past 125 years, including Chiropractic Founder's Day, Chiropractic Rally Day, Chiropractic Anniversary, and Chiropractic Discovery Day, the celebration of this special day provides an opportunity to reflect on how far the profession has come and how chiropractors continue to help and serve their patients.
Testing daily-level drinking and negative consequences as predictors of next-day drinking cognitions.

Abstract Objective Limited research has examined how alcohol use and related consequences affect drinking-related cognitions, which is important as these cognitions may contribute to future drinking. The current study examines daily associations between alcohol use and alcohol-related negative consequences with next-day Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) social reaction pathway cognitions. Method Participants ages 15–25 years (N = 124, Mean age 18.7, SD = 2.87) completed daily surveys for up to three weeks (i.e., up to 11 surveys/week) using an ecological momentary assessment design. Linear mixed models and Poisson generalized mixed models were conducted to examine whether number of alcoholic drinks or number of negative alcohol-related consequences were associated with next-day PWM social reaction cognitions, including perceived vulnerability, descriptive normative perceptions of number of drinks consumed and the percentage of friends who drink, prototype favorability, prototype similarity, and willingness (i.e., openness) to drink. Results Within-person results indicated more alcohol use on a given day was associated with lower next-day normative perceptions of the percentage of friends who drink on that day of the week and higher prototype similarity. Furthermore, within-person results indicated that experiencing more negative alcohol-related consequences on a given day was associated with higher perceived vulnerability and lower willingness to drink the next day. Conclusions Findings showed that next-day social reaction PWM cognitions were associated with prior day alcohol use and negative alcohol-related consequences, suggesting that an intervention might be timed to target drinking cognitions the morning following a drinking event, particularly after experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences.
Flatness of conjugate reciprocal unimodular polynomials

Abstract A polynomial is called unimodular if each of its coefficients is a complex number of modulus 1. A polynomial P of the form P ( z ) = ∑ j = 0 n a j z j is called conjugate reciprocal if a n − j = a ‾ j , a j ∈ C for each j = 0 , 1 , … , n . Let ∂D be the unit circle of the complex plane. We prove that there is an absolute constant e > 0 such that max z ∈ ∂ D ⁡ | f ( z ) | ≥ ( 1 + e ) 4 / 3 m 1 / 2 , for every conjugate reciprocal unimodular polynomial of degree m. We also prove that there is an absolute constant e > 0 such that M q ( f ′ ) ≤ exp ⁡ ( e ( q − 2 ) / q ) 1 / 3 m 3 / 2 , 1 ≤ q 2 , and M q ( f ′ ) ≥ exp ⁡ ( e ( q − 2 ) / q ) 1 / 3 m 3 / 2 , 2 q , for every conjugate reciprocal unimodular polynomial of degree m, where M q ( g ) = ( 1 2 π ∫ 0 2 π | g ( e i t ) | q d t ) 1 / q , q > 0 .
Love—Can Be Taught in Dance

(1970). Love—Can Be Taught in Dance. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 89-90.
Robot calibration with planar constraints

Investigates robot calibration with planar constraints, and in particular the conditions for the parameters of the robot kinematic model to be observable. Mainly multiple-plane constraints for robot calibration are considered. It is first shown that a single-plane constraint is normally not sufficient to calibrate a robot. It is also proven that by using a three-plane constraint, the constrained system is equivalent to an unconstrained point-measurement system under certain conditions. The significance of this observation is that one can use the three-plane constraint setup to successfully calibrate a robot. Simulations have been conducted to verify the theory presented in the paper.
Mean and Temporal Variability in Kuroshio Geostrophic Transport South of Taiwan (1993-2001)

Observations of the Kuroshio south of Taiwan have been carried out on a quarterly basis since late 1992 as part of the basin-wide High Resolution expendable bathythermograph/expendable conductivity-temperature-depth (XBT/XCTD) network. Mean geostrophic transport in the Kuroshio, 0–800 m, from 34 cruises is 22.0 Sv ± 1.5, consistent with previous results from moorings and geostrophic calculations in the upstream Kuroshio region. The mean core of the current has speed about 90 cm s−1 and is located close to Taiwan. At this location the Kuroshio appears to be confined mainly to the upper 700 m, and there is no evident tight recirculation of the current. Eddy variability is substantial, and large eddies can be seen propagating westward for thousands of kilometers in TOPEX/Poseidon altimetric data, impinging on the current and altering its structure and transport. The annual range in transport is about 8 Sv ± 6, with maximum in summer. Interannual variability is about 12 Sv ± 6, with transport maxima in 1995 and 2000 and a minimum in 1997–1998. Interannual variability in the upstream Kuroshio may be uncorrelated with that in the downstream region south of Japan, where the transport is much greater. Our quarterly sampling aliases high frequency variability of the current, and an improved boundary-current observation program would include more frequent transects and occasional deeper measurements.
Functions of nuclear factor κB in bone

Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a set of multifunctional transcription factors that regulate expression of genes involved in numerous normal cellular activities. They also are activated in many inflammatory and neoplastic conditions in which their expression may be stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines. NF-κB, in turn, regulates the expression of cytokines and so can mediate autocrine self-amplifying cycles of cytokine release and NF-κB activation, leading to maintenance of inflammatory reactions beyond the initial stimulus, as seen in rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. Since discovery of the requirement of NF-κB for basal and cytokine-induced osteoclast formation in the mid-1990s, much has been learned about the role of NF-κB in bone. NF-κB has roles in skeletal development, endochondral ossification, osteoclast and osteoblast functions, and common bone diseases. NF-κB inhibitors have been developed, but none have made it to clinical trials for the treatment of common bone diseases. Here we review the roles for NF-κB in bone and in common bone diseases.
Grazing Animal Intake and Equivalence

Forage intake by grazing animals is determined by a large number of animal (physical, physiological, and psychogenic), forage/dietary, weather, and management factors. Feed intake is controlled by physiological demand due to maintenance needs and production demands, but only up to the limits of the gastrointestinal capacity, and more particularly reticulo-rumen capacity in the ruminant. The National Research Council concluded that both taste and smell can influence the selection and consumption of various foods for most animal species. The olfactory cues (smell) can influence whether or not a meal will be initiated, and the taste may affect the length of that meal. Environmental factors—principally forage availability and acceptability and weather—affect forage intake. Smell, taste, and appearance of the feedstuff have less effect on the level of dry matter intake when no choice is offered. Nitrogen deficiency can be a primary factor limiting feed intake, while also reducing net utilization of metabolizable energy. The digestibility and rate of ingesta passage and its association with reticulo-rumen fill (distention) appear to be the primary mechanisms of forage intake regulation in large ruminants. Animal numbers and mixes should optimally be adjusted to forage availability on a yearly or seasonal basis.
An Algorithm for Approximate Tandem Repeats

A perfect tandem repeat within a string S is a substring r = r1,... r2l of S, for which r1 ... rl = rl+1 ... r2l. An approximate tandem repeat is a substring r = r1,..., rl′,... rl, for which r1,..., rl′ and rl′+1, ... rl are similar. In this paper we consider two criterions of similarity: the Hamming distance (k mismatches) and the edit distance (k differences). For a string S of length n and an integer k our algorithm reports all locally optimal approximate repeats, r = ūu, for which the Hamming distance of ū and u is at most k in O(nk log (n/k)) time, or all those for which the edit distance of ū and u is at most k, in O(nk log k log n) time.
Generation and Use of Antibody Fragments for Structural Studies of Proteins Refractory to Crystallization

With the rapid technological advances in all aspects of macromolecular X-ray crystallography the preparation of diffraction quality crystals has become the rate-limiting step. Crystallization chaperones have proven effective for overcoming this barrier. Here we describe the usage of a Fab chaperone for the crystallization of HIV-1 Rev, a protein that has long resisted all attempts at elucidating its complete atomic structure.
THE STATUS OF TRAFFIC SAFETY IN THE UNITED STATES

Thank you, Dr. Mackay, for your kind introduction, and a thank you to Dr. von Holst, Dr. Nygren, Mr. Wittlov and honored guests, for the invitation to represent the United States at this conference. We have recently made a fundamental shift in how we approach traffic safety in the United States and I hope that our recent successes can illustrate how change can sometimes overcome existing barriers to success.
Graph-theoretic considerations on the invariance of return difference

Abstract Contrary to the common assumption, it is shown that the general return difference and the general null return difference are variant under the general transformations between a system of basis circuits and a system of basis cutsets. Necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for the invariance of these functions. Formulation of these functions in terms of the primary systems of equations and illustrative examples are also given.
A note on revelation of information for joint production

If investors' attitudes toward risk are sufficiently similar to admit an efficient sharing rule that is linear, then this rule also provides sufficient incentives for truthful revelation of private information relevant for joint production decisions.
A linearized intensity modulator for analog optical links using a three-section mode-locked laser

A true linearized intensity modulator for pulsed light is demonstrated using an injection-locked three-section mode-locked laser. A low Vπ of 1.1 mV and SFDR of 75 dB.Hz2/3 are achieved by modulating the phase section.
Is Early Smoking a Causal Risk Factor for Later Cognitive Impairment? A 20-year Prospective Study with Time-varying Propensity Score Matching Based on Random Intercept and Slope

Although epidemiological studies support an association between smoking and cognitive impairment, existing data do not answer the question of whether this association is causal or arises from covariates. In this paper, we investigate smoking status, assessed from adolescence to adulthood, and subsequent cognitive problems in a large representative sample of youths. To analyze this data, we propose a method for causal effects using full matching based on the subject-specific random intercept and slope of the propensity scores. The findings suggest that earlier smoking is not a causal factor for later cognitive problem (odds ratio = 1.64, 95% CI: 0.97–2.80, p = 0.06).
Neuronal Polarity and Trafficking

Among the most morphologically complex cells, neurons are masters of membrane specialization. Nowhere is this more striking than in the division of cellular labor between the axon and the dendrites. In morphology, signaling properties, cytoskeletal organization, and physiological function, axons and dendrites (or more properly, the somatodendritic compartment) are radically different. Such polarization of neurons into domains specialized for either receiving (dendrites) or transmitting (axons) cellular signals provides the underpinning for all neural circuitry. The initial specification of axonal and dendritic identity occurs early in neuronal life, persists for decades, and is manifested by the presence of very different sets of cell surface proteins. Yet, how neuronal polarity is established, how distinct axonal and somatodendritic domains are maintained, and how integral membrane proteins are directed to dendrites or accumulate in axons remain enduring and formidable questions in neuronal cell biology.
Optimal spatiotemporal reduced order modeling of the viscous Burgers equation

The one-dimensional viscous Burgers equation with a time-periodic inflow boundary condition is investigated within the context of a newly developed optimal spatiotemporal reduced order modeling (OPSTROM) framework. Flow simulations are carried out with a conventional finite-difference scheme, and are expedited by coarsening the computational grid in space and time. The OPSTROM framework is used to maintain reliable predictions for the flow by constructing interactive subgrid-scale models to account for the effects due to unresolved spatial and temporal scales. Model construction is data-driven, and is based upon principles of mean-square error minimization, conditional expectations and stochastic estimation. The results indicate a need to model both subgrid spatial and temporal scales in order to improve the accuracy of under-resolved simulations.
P059 Dynamic Updating of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGS)

Background We have been developing CPGs for use within our organisation since 2002. Our lengthy, text- based rationales were not widely read by guideline users. We created a decision support (rationale) table, based on GRADE methodology, and added a summary statement (basis of recommendation) to allow readers a concise and transparent snapshot of our justification for recommendation and strength. Context The rationale serves as a bridge between systematic review and recommendation, and provides users with a high-level justification for a recommendation. The basis of recommendation (BoR) summarises the 4 GRADE domains of strength of recommendation and how they are integrated to derive the final recommendation & strength. The BoR serves to: •Provide information to the Guideline Development Team and frontline clinicians to facilitate discussion and consensus and aid clinical decision-making. •Provide a structured, standardised portal into more detailed information in the CPG. Description of Best Practice We follow GRADE’s 2-level designation of recommendation strength (strong/weak), and developed standardised recommendation language to align with recommendation strength. We considered two approaches to derive the final recommendation strength, finally settling on an approach that allows flexible weighting of the contribution of each domain to recommendation strength. With this approach, in special circumstances, a strong recommendation may be given in the absence of a high-level of certainty. We plan to provide direct links from the CPG to our electronic medical record’s decision support tools. Implications for Guideline Developers/Users A concise and targeted rationale helps clinicians understand how the evidence was used to develop clinical practice recommendations.
Translator's Introduction to Max Weber's Essay on Some Categories of Interpretive Sociology*

The essay on “Some Categories of Interpretive Sociology” is Max Weber's first systematic statement of his own sociology. Weber had written earlier as an economist and as a methodologist of the social sciences. But in this essay, he sets forth the method and indicates the scope of his interpretive sociology. He delineates the boundaries between it and two neighboring disciplines (psychology and law) and defines some basic concepts or categories of social action. The essay first appeared in 1913 in Logos, an interdisciplinary journal of which Weber was an editor.
Gambling prevalence rates among immigrants: a multigenerational examination.

Abstract Introduction The present study employed data from Waves I and II of the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) to compare gambling prevalence rates across gender and world regions (e.g., Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America). Methods Responses from first generation (n = 5363), second generation (n = 4826), third generation (n = 4746), and native-born Americans (n = 19,715) were subjected to a series of multinomial regression analyses, after controlling for sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, household income, education level, region of the United States, and urbanicity. Results The prevalence of gambling and problem gambling was markedly lower among first-generation immigrants than that of native-born Americans and second and third-generation immigrants. Results also point to inter- and intra-generational dynamics related to gender, age of arrival and duration in the United States, and world region from which participants emigrated. Additionally, we found that second-generation immigrants and nonimmigrants were significantly more likely to meet criteria for disordered gambling compared to first-generation immigrants in general. Conclusions Compared to first-generation immigrants, male and female immigrants of subsequent generations and nonimmigrants were significantly more likely to report involvement in all problem gambling behaviors examined. Findings suggest that gambling prevalence rates increase across subsequent generations, and are more likely to occur in women than among men.
A nest of LTR retrotransposons adjacent the disease resistance-priming gene NPR1 in Beta vulgaris L. U.S. hybrid H20.

A nest of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons (RTRs), discovered by LTR_STRUC analysis, is near core genes encoding the NPR1 disease resistance-activating factor and a heat-shock-factor-(HSF-) like protein in sugarbeet hybrid US H20. SCHULTE, a 10 833 bp LTR retrotransposon, with 1372 bp LTRs that are 0.7% divergent, has two ORFs with unexpected introns but encoding a reverse transcriptase with rve and Rvt2 domains similar to Ty1/copia-type retrotransposons and a hypothetical protein. SCHULTE produced significant nucleotide BLAST alignments with repeat DNA elements from all four families of plants represented in the TIGR plant repeat database (PRD); the best nucleotide sequence alignment was to ToRTL1 in Lycopersicon esculentum. A second sugarbeet LTR retrotransposon, SCHMIDT, 11 565 bp in length, has 2561 bp LTRs that share 100% identity with each other and share 98-99% nucleotide sequence identity over 10% of their length with DRVs, a family of highly repetitive, relatively small DNA sequences that are widely dispersed over the sugarbeet genome. SCHMIDT encodes a complete gypsy-like polyprotein in a single ORF. Analysis using LTR_STRUC of an in silico deletion of both of the above two LTR retrotransposons found that SCHULTE and SCHMIDT had inserted within an older LTR retrotransposon, resulting in a nest that is only about 10 Kb upstream of NPR1 in sugarbeet hybrid US H20.
Simultaneous analysis of cell surface antigens and cell morphology using monoclonal antibodies conjugated to fluorescent microspheres

Abstract A new method for simultaneous analysis of cell surface antigens and cell morphology using monoclonal antibodies conjugated to fluorescent microspheres (‘immunospheres’) is described. Wright's staining was performed on cells after reaction with immunospheres, and a direct correlation of cell surface antigen expression and cell morphology was made. Mild formalin fixation of cells inhibited phagocytosis of microspheres, which is a potential source of confusion in the analysis of cell surface binding. Rapid, accurate analysis of cell surface antigen expression in single cell suspensions of heterogeneous human hematopoietic and lymphoid cell populations was facilitated by this method.
Integrated infrared band intensity measurement of stereoregularity in polypropylene

An infrared band asymmetry method involving use of integrated infrared band intensities was devised for the measurement of stereoregularity differences in polypropylene resins. A simple digital readout apparatus was attached to a high resolution infrared spectrophotometer, and a computer program was written to calculate the integrated band intensities from the digital data. Comparison of this method with others based on crystallinity measurements of the isotactic portion and on solvent extraction techniques for measurement of the atactic portion demonstrated its sensitivity for the stereoblock portion of the polypropylene resin. A polypropylene resin which was fractioned by a temperature-controlled sequential extraction was examined by this band asymmetry method and the results reported.
Down syndrome screening in the United States in 2001 and 2007: a survey of maternal-fetal medicine specialists.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine changes in screening and performance of invasive diagnostic procedures for Down syndrome between 2001 and 2007. Study Design The Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine members completed a survey in 2007 regarding screening tests and diagnostic procedures for Down syndrome. With the use of descriptive statistics, the χ 2 test, and the Student t test, responses from 2007 were compared with responses from a similar 2001 survey. Results Performance of first-trimester screening more than doubled from 2001-2007 (43.1% in 2001, 97.3% in 2007; P P P Conclusion Down syndrome screening evolved from 2001-2007, with an increasing emphasis on first-trimester screening. With more efficacious screening, the number of invasive procedures has declined.
Epidemiology of constipation in the United States

In the present study, the epidemiology of constipation in the United States and an assessment of its impact on national health are presented. This analysis was based on four different surveys, i.e., the National Health Interview Survey, the National Hospital Discharge Survey, the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, and the Vital Statistics of the United States. These surveys have estimated that over 4 million people in the United States have frequent constipation, corresponding to a prevalence of about 2 percent. Constipation was the most common digestive complaint in the United States, outnumbering all other chronic digestive conditions. Cathartics and laxatives were prescribed to 2 to 3 million patients yearly by general and family practitioners or internists. In 92,000 annual hospitalizations, constipation was listed among the discharge diagnoses. About 900 persons die annually from diseases associated with or related to constipation. Constipation was three times more common in women than men. It showed a marked increase after the age of 65 years. It appeared to affect nonwhites 1.3 times more frequently than whites. In addition, constipation was more frequent in people living in the South than elsewhere in the United States, and in people from families with low income or brief education of the head of family than in people from families with high income or a high educational level of their family head. These data suggest that there are other factors involved in the cause of constipation in addition to dietary fiber content and psychogenic influences. The frequent occurrence of constipation and its impact on public health stress the need for further studies devoted to the epidemiology and basic pathophysiology of this condition.
Transcription regulation is demonstrated for five key enzymes in Giardia intestinalis cyst wall polysaccharide biosynthesis

The cyst wall of Giardia intestinalis contains proteins and a novel N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) polysaccharide, which is its major constituent. GalNAc is not present in growing trophozoites, but is synthesized during encystment via an inducible pathway of enzymes that produce UDP-GalNAc from fructose 6-phosphate. This report focuses on the regulation of these enzymes and thus the genes for glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase (GNA), phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase (AGM), UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase (UAP), and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4-epimerase (UAE) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Each of these expressed enzymes had the predicted activity and was used to generate antibodies. Northern and Western blot analyses demonstrated that both the mRNA and protein levels for all of these enzymes increase during encystment. Nuclear run-on assays of these and the previously analyzed glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase (GNP; glucosamine 6-P isomerase) showed that all of the genes responsible for UDP-GalNAc synthesis during encystment are induced at the transcription level.
Ultrastructure of the esthesioneuroblastoma

A tumor in the anatomic location and with the light microscopic appearance of an esthesioneuroblastoma was examined with the electron microscope. Secretory-type granules, cytoplasmic fibrils, and microtubules similar to those described in neuroblastomas were found in many of the tumor cells, which supports an origin from the sympathetic autonomic nervous system. Similar organelles were found in three other nasal tumors considered to be esthesioneuroblastomas, but their detail was obscured because they were examined after being initially processed in paraffin.
Benefits to Supplemental Instruction leaders

This chapter provides a broad overview of the benefits attained by SI leaders as a result of their participation in SI leadership activities.
Latin routers, design and implementation

An optical system in which the available bandwidth is divided into F frequency bands is considered. The connectivity of an N*N wavelength routing device, or an all-optical network with passive wavelength routing, can be specified by an N*N matrix S, where the (i, j)th element, S(i, j), is the set of wavelengths connecting input i to output j. When the matrix S is a latin square, the device is called a latin router. A class of designs for very large latin routers using a relatively small number of components is presented. The designs use a minimal number of interconnections and can be implemented distributively. >
Phytomelanin of Sunflower Achenes: a Mechanism for Pericarp Resistance to Abrasion by Larvae of the Sunflower Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Phytomelanin in the pericarp of sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., achenes is an effective mechanism for reducing yield losses due to achene injury by larvae of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst). In field trials, a highly significant negative correlation (r = –0.93) existed between percent injured achenes and percent achenes having phytomelanin in the pericarp. We showed in penetrometer studies that pericarps with phytomelanin harden much more quickly than pericarps lacking phytomelanin, and that there are genotypic differences for its expression among lines having the trait. We demonstrated in pericarp developmental studies that phytomelanin begins to be deposited between the hypodermis and sclerenchyma of pericarps by day 3 after ovule fertilization, and that its deposition progresses rapidly through day 13 after ovule fertilization. In laboratory feeding bioasays with whole achenes and pericarp mash incorporated in a wheat germ diet, we showed that phytomelanin exhibited both antizenosis and antiobiosis toward larvae of H. electellum when eaten.
Consistency of the disposition index in the face of diet induced insulin resistance: potential role of FFA.

Objective Insulin resistance induces hyperinsulinemic compensation, which in turn maintains almost a constant disposition index. However, the signal that gives rise to the hyperinsulinemic compensation for insulin resistance remains unknown.
Synthesis and spectral properties or Rose Bengal derivatives containing anthracene chromophores

Abstract Rose Bengal derivatives containing separated anthracene chromophores as C-2′ esters have been synthesized. The spectral properties of these compounds have been studied in aqueous solution, and both short-chain (I) and long-chain (II) compounds form intramolecular Rose Bengal—anthracene complexes. Equilibrium constants for complex formation have been determined by spectral methods and are 1.78 ± 0.23 for I and 10.06 ± 0.39 for II. Intramolecular singlet—singlet enrgy from anthracene to Rose Bengal has been observed in both long-chain and short-chain compounds in EtOH. Measurements of the triplet lifetimes of I, II, RBEt and RBEt + anthracene at 77 K indicate that there is neither triplet—triplet energy transfer nor chemical reaction between Rose Bengal and anthracene.
Experimental Methods for Determining the Eutectic Composition of a Multi-Component Liquid Crystal Mixture

Abstract Experimental techniques are described for determining the eutectic composition of multicomponent mixtures of nematic liquid crystals. These techniques were applied to the formulation of nematic esters, when the idealized eutectic composition calculated by the Schroeder-Van Laar relationship did not give a good melting point minimum for the mixture. One experimental procedure was based on the assumption that the composition of the initial nematic melt from a frozen, crystallized mixture is closer to a true eutectic than is the calculated value from which the frozen mixture was formulated. Another experimental procedure was based on the assumption that a new eutectic could be obtained by adding small amounts of a new component to an existing multicomponent eutectic mixture, using the a plot of the melting point versus the percentage of the new component added to determine a new eutectic mixture corresponding to a new melting point minimum. High performance liquid chromatography was used to estimate...
Synthesis, structure, and electrochemistry of mer[RuCl3(DMSO–S)(DMSO–O)(py)]

Reaction of mer-[RuCl3(DMSO–S)2(DMSO–O] (1) with pyridine (py) in dichloromethane yields mer-[RuCl3(DMSO–S)(DMSO–O)(py)] (2). A single crystal suitable for X-ray diffraction was obtained by recrystalization with dichloromethane and diethyl ether. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed an unusual case in which two independent molecules (2a and 2b) are present in the asymmetric unit cell. Both molecules have distorted octahedral geometry in which DMSO is bound through oxygen and sulfur. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed for 2a and 2b in gas phase to investigate bonding shown by the two DMSO ligands. Optimizations were done on both DMSO ligands bonded through S, both DMSO ligands bonded through O, one DMSO bonded through O, and the other through S but opposite to the actual molecule. The energy differences of the optimized structures were calculated.
Population Characteristics and Spawning Migration Dynamics of Pink Salmon in U.S. Waters of the St. Marys River

Population attributes and migratory dynamics of spawning pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha were examined in U.S. waters of the St. Marys River from 1998 through 2002. Spawning migrations were monitored twice each week from late August through early October of each sampling year using a single gill net set immediately below their spawning grounds. Pink salmon were captured between 23 August and 11 October, with the peak migration event in all years occurring between 10 and 22 September. Catch-per-unit-effort was greater in even years (57 fish/night) than in odd years (30 fish/night). Water temperature during spawning migrations ranged from 11.4 to 21.4°C, with nearly 90% of fish captured between 15.0 and 19.7°C. The proportion of females captured (mean = 0.25; range, 0.09 to 0.35) declined after the peak-migration event, with few females caught during October. Total length and wet weight of male and female fish displayed much variability within and among years. Relative condition of male pink salmon declined over the spawning migration, with a sharp decline observed after peak migration events. Pink salmon representing ages 2 through 4 were captured during the study period, with a large percentage (range, 14.6 to 50.6%) of these fish deviating from their usual two-year life cycle. These are the first reported age-3 pink salmon from a Lake Huron tributary and first age-4 fish observed in any freshwater or marine system. Our results suggest that the naturalization of pink salmon to the upper Great Lakes has resulted in system-specific modifications to their potamodromous life history.
Evaluating assistance of natural language policy authoring

The goal of the research study reported here was to investigate policy authors' ability to take descriptions of changes to policy situations and author high-quality, complete policy rules that would parse with high accuracy. As a part of this research, we investigated ways in which we could assist policy authors in writing policies. This paper presents the results of a user study on the effectiveness of providing syntax highlighting in a natural language policy authoring interface. While subjects liked the new interface, they showed no improvement in accuracy when writing rules. We discuss our results in terms of a three phase authoring process that users move through when authoring or modifying policies. We describe this process, discuss why and how our interface failed to support it and make recommendations to designers on how to better support this process.
Corrosion of Steels and Nickel Alloys in Superheated Steam

The corrosion behavior of the 18‐8 stainless steels and some nickel alloys in superheated steam was found to be dependent on the surface preparation. Those treatments which left a severely cold worked surface resulted in reduced corrosion attack in subsequent exposure to steam as compared with annealed metal surfaces. The corrosion rate of electropolished annealed type 304 stainless steel in oxygenated (30 ppm) steam rose rapidly as the temperature increased from 540° to 650°C. At 600° and 650° the measured rate decreased with increasing time during 80 day static tests. The corrosion appeared more linear with time in dynamic tests at 650°C (∼7 mg/dm2‐day). In these tests there appeared to be no effect of velocity (30–91 m/sec) or oxygen and hydrogen content on the corrosion rate. Flaking and loss of the outer corrosion coating was severe in the dynamic tests. The corrosion rate of type 406 was too small to be precisely measured in all of the tests, static and dynamic, in which it was simultaneously exposed with type 304. A coating equivalent to about metal penetration was formed on the initial exposure of 406. No flaking of the outer coating was evident in 80 day tests. The corrosion attack of the 400 series steels in static oxygenated steam went down with increasing chromium content, particularly above about 13 w/o Cr. Both type 430 (16 w/o Cr) and 446 (25 w/o Cr) exhibited greater short term corrosion resistance than type 304 to 650 °C, 42 kg/cm2 steam. The nickel based alloys, particularly Inconel 625, were also more corrosion resistant than type 304 in short static and dynamic tests in 650 °C, 42 kg/cm2, superheated steam.
A gamma absorptiometer for laboratory analysis of the heavy elements

Abstract Construction of a simple gamma absorptiometer employing a small 241 Am source, for the determination of U or Pu in relatively pure solutions, is described. The instrument yields a recorded voltage directly proportional to absorbance.
Interview: Future directions for PET in colorectal cancer

Anthony Frank Shields talks to Ruth Williamson, Commissioning Editor: Dr Shields is Professor of Oncology and Medicine at Wayne University School of Medicine in Detroit (MI, USA). He is the Associate Center Director for Clinical Sciences and Program Leader in Molecular Imaging and Diagnostics at the Karmanos Cancer Institute. Dr Shields obtained his MD at Harvard Medical School (MA, USA) and PhD in cell biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MA, USA). He was trained in internal medicine and oncology at the University of Washington (WA, USA) and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (WA, USA). He is involved in clinical research and the care of patients with colorectal and other gastrointestinal cancers. He is the sub-chair for colorectal cancer at the Southwest Oncology Group and serves on the National Cancer Institute Colon Task Force. His laboratory research focuses on the development and testing of tracers for use with PET for the assessment of a variety of tumors and their response...
Estimating parameters of the Pareto distribution by means of Zipf's law: application to Internet research

A new estimation method for the Pareto distribution has been proposed. We have proved that a random variable that obeys Zipf's law is Pareto distributed and shown how the parameters of the Pareto distribution can be determined by applying the Zipf's law linear regression model. The maximum likelihood estimators of the Pareto distribution are given for comparison. Goodness of both fits is evaluated in terms of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov supremum statistic. The differences between numerical values of the Pareto distribution parameters determined by the proposed new method and the maximum likelihood estimation are investigated and explained. Three sets of actual measurement data are processed to illustrate how the presented new estimation algorithm can be applied in practice for Internet research.