cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microfilaments regulate the rate of exocytosis in rat basophilic leukemia cells.

Abstract Disruption of microfilaments in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells by exposure to cytochalasin B is observed to potentiate the rate of antigenstimulated secretion from these cells. Under these conditions, cytochalasin B is without effect on the antigen-stimulated production of inositol phosphates or 45Ca2+-influx. In streptolysin-O-permeabilized RBL cells, cytochalasin B is observed to potentiate the rate of secretion in response both to guanosine 5′-(2-thio)-O-triphosphate (GTPγS) and to Ca2+ (buffered between 0.1 and 10 μM). However, under these conditions, cytochalasin B does not affect to antigen-stimulated production of inositol phosphates. Consistent with these data, microfilaments are proposed to regulate a terminal step in exocytosis, in a physiologically relevant manner.
Determination of a Skin-Related Erythropoietic Substance

SummaryA method is presented for the extraction of a hemin-stimulated, heat stable erythropoietically active fraction (HSP) from the skin of subcutaneously injected animals. The production of HSP is not species specific; similar substances were produced by the enderonic tissues of the cat, guinea pig, rabbit, rat, and mouse. While the production of HSP is coincident with inflammation produced by hemin injection, the production is not inflammation-dependent per se since other inflammatory substances tested do not stimulate production. The HSP compares favorably with erythropoietin Standard B (from human urine) for erythropoietic activity in the fasting “dehydrated” rat. Its activity has also been confirmed in the polycythemic rat. The dose-response curve for HSP administration shows a definite response to as little as 70 μg. The maximal response plateaus at a dose of about 1 mg.
A Geographic Information System (GIS) User Interface for Delineating Wellhead Protection Areas

Digital tools such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) store, analyze, map, and illustrate large amounts of diverse electronic data. This paper develops a GIS modeling user interface for delineating Wellhead Protection Areas (WHPAs) around public water-supply wells. With this modeling interface, the user can extract the necessary information from the GIS database automatically. The GIS database can then store the delineated WHPAs for further analysis and display. The modeling interface allows local agencies to delineate and manage WHPAs for hundreds of wells more efficiently and effectively than with the traditional paper maps and overlay system. In order to demonstrate the efficiency of the user interface, this paper presents a wellhead delineation pilot study for the City of Houston. WHPAs for the 202 active public water-supply wells in the city were delineated using GIS and the modeling interface. Detailed sensitivity analyses were completed to evaluate the effect of uncertainty in model parameters on the delineated WHPAs. Potential sources of contamination within the delineated WHPAs were then identified using the GIS database. While GIS are perceived as an important tool that can enhance a user's ability for spatial data analyses, they have many problems. The system hardware and software require a substantial investment in financial and human resources. Database development is a tricky process requiring planning and commitment; in most cases, the anticipated outcome from GIS software development is not immediately realized.
The biophysical properties of spines as a basis for their electrical function: a comment on Kawato & Tsukahara (1983)

In a theoretical study of the passive cable properties of dendritic spines Kawato & Tsukahara (1983) claim to have proved that “the dendritic spine has no significant electrical function” (from their discussion). However, Kawato & Tsukahara restrict their analysis to current inputs to spines. Since the dimensions of spines are very small, their input resistance is expected to be very large and the synaptic input to spines has to be modeled as conductance change. Under this assumption, spines show interesting (non-linear) electrical properties: i) the somatic potential induced by an excitatory synapse on a spine may depend strongly on the shape of the spine and ii) the effect of inhibition might be confined to the spine.
Effective collective barrier for magnetic relaxation in frozen ferrofluids

Magnetic relaxation and frequency response were measured in frozen magnetic colloids of different concentrations. A crossover from reversible to irreversible behavior is observed for increasing concentration. In the irreversible state (below blocking temperature), magnetic relaxation is time-logarithmic over seven decades of the experimental time window. Effective collective barrier, U(M), was obtained as a function of the irreversible magnetization, M, by utilizing a master curve construction within developed phenomenological model. It was found that U(M) logarithmically diverges. This might provide evidence for self-organized critical behavior during magnetic relaxation in frozen ferrofluids.
Assessing performance-related disability in patients with knee osteoarthritis

This investigation describes the development and validation of a test battery for evaluating physical activity restrictions (PAR) in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). The tasks on the final version of the PAR include (a) a 6-min walk; (b) a stair climb; (c) a lifting and carrying task; and (d) getting into and out of a car. Data from patients with knee OA revealed that the four tasks loaded highly on a single unrotated principal component yielding an alpha internal consistency reliability of 0.92. These data suggest that investigators may choose to use an aggregate score and/or responses from individual tasks. Two week test-retest reliabilities for the four tasks were all in excess of 0.85 and there was support for their concurrent and convergent validity. Specifically, performance on the tasks correlated with time on treadmill, difficulty with self-reported ADLs, and ratings of difficulty following the performance of each task. Additional research is needed on the predictive validity of the measure and its sensitivity to change.
Mixed-valence tetranuclear manganese single-molecule magnets.

The preparations, X-ray structures, and detailed physical characterizations are presented for two new mixed-valence tetranuclear manganese complexes that function as single-molecule magnets (SMM’s): [Mn4(hmp)6Br2(H2O)2]Br2·4H2O (2) and [Mn4(6-me-hmp)6Cl4]·4H2O (3), where hmp- is the anion of 2-hydroxymethylpyridine and 6-me-hmp- is the anion of 6-methyl-2-hydroxymethylpyridine. Complex 2·4H2O crystallizes in the space group P21/c, with cell dimensions at −160 °C of a = 10.907(0) A, b = 15.788(0) A, c = 13.941(0) A, β = 101.21(0)°, and Z = 2. The cation lies on an inversion center and consists of a planar Mn4 rhombus that is mixed-valence, Mn2IIIMn2II. The hmp- ligands function as bidentate ligands and as the only bridging ligands in 2·4H2O. Complex 3·4H2O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, with cell dimensions at −160 °C of a = 17.0852(4) A, b = 20.8781(5) A, c = 14.835(3) A, β = 90.5485(8)°, and Z = 4. This neutral complex also has a mixed-valence Mn2IIIMn2II composition and is best descri...
Carbon-14 Distribution in Carbohydrates of Immature Zea mays. Kernels Following 14CO2 Treatment of Intact Plants

Shortly after Zea mays L. plants were exposed to (14)CO(2), most of the radioactivity in the kernel occurred in the free monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. Later the proportion of (14)C in sucrose increased and that in the monosaccharides declined. These data have been interpreted as showing that the translocated sugar is hydrolyzed prior to or during its movement into the storage cells of the endosperm. This hydrolysis appears to occur in the "pedicel region" of the kernel. After entry into the endosperm tissue, sucrose was rapidly resynthesized from the monosaccharides prior to its utilization in starch synthesis.
An evaluation of the accessibility benefits of commuter rail in Eastern Massachusetts using spatial hedonic price functions

We estimate spatial hedonic price functions to examine local and regional accessibility benefits of commuter rail service in Eastern Massachusetts, while controlling for proximity-related negative externalities and other confounding influences. The data include 1,860 single-family residential properties from four municipalities with commuter rail service, and three municipalities without commuter rail service. We find some evidence of the capitalization of accessibility to commuter rail stations. Two model specifications suggest that properties located in municipalities with commuter rail stations exhibit values that are between 9.6% and 10.1% higher than properties in municipalities without a commuter rail station. With a third model we detect weak evidence of the capitalization of auto access time or walking time to the stations, suggesting that properties located within a one-half mile buffer of a station have values that are 10.1% higher than properties located outside of this buffer area and that an additional minute of drive time from the station is related to a decrease of 1.6% in property values. Our results also indicate that proximity to commuter rail right-of-way has a significant negative effect on property values, which suggests that for every 1,000 ft. in distance from the commuter rail right-of-way, property values are between $732 and $2,897 higher, all else held equal. At the mean sample values, this result translates into an elasticity of between 0.03 and 0.13, depending on the functional form of the hedonic price equation.
Simultaneous multiplanar image acquisition in light microscopy

There has been great interest in automated image cytometry because of the increased information afforded by a native 2D data set (as opposed to 1D in flow cytometry). High resolution scanning cytometry, however, has been severely hampered by cell analysis rates three orders of magnitude slower than that of flow cytometry. Thus far, a two-pass strategy of scanning at very low resolution followed by high resolution imaging of a few selected fields has been most commonly employed to avoid this problem and achieve higher rates of analysis. Fast scanning can be performed at high resolution using a time- delay-and-integrate (TDI) CCD camera synchronized to constant- velocity stage movement, but images collected by this method are degraded by inability to track focus during continuous stage movement. Here we introduce simultaneous multiplanar image acquisition and focus measurement for tracking focus. This volume-scanning, autofocus system combines multiplanar fiberoptic image coupling, an array of TDI CCD cameras, and an array of focus measurement circuits. This design will also enable future high speed 3D scanning cytometry applications.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Numerical Simulations with a Three-Dimensional Cloud Model: Lateral Boundary Condition Experiments and Multicellular Severe Storm Simulations

Abstract Simulations with a three-dimensional numerical cloud model are presented for airflow over a bell-shaped mountain and for a multicellular severe storm. A comparison of results using the Orlanski (1976) and Klemp and Wilhelmson (1978) treatments for the normal velocities shows that physical modes can be computationally excited using the latter's treatment with the result of very large horizontally averaged vertical velocities. Cell splitting occurs for the model calculations and the analysis indicates the splitting is caused by an entrainment effect which may be an artifact of the experimental design. An analysis of subgrid/resolved scale kinetic energy shows that this ratio is much smaller for the current severe storm simulations than that found by Lipps (1977) for his trade wind cumuli simulations. A comparison of some general features of the multicellular severe storm with observational data is presented.
Relation between speed of learning and rate of forgetting in the elderly

The question whether or not faster elderly learners are slower forgetters, when all learn to some criterion, was tested by a paired-associates learning, recall, and relearning task. The learning criterion was two successive correct responses to each stimulus word learned by the anticipation method. Ss were 46 guests of nursing and retirement homes between the ages of 65 and 80. It was found that the slower elderly learners showed poorer retention over a 15-min interval, as measured by recall and relearning.
Chemical modulation of a small central pattern generator circuit

Abstract Simple motor networks can be modulated to produce a wide variety of different behaviors. Motor physiologists are now identifying the neurons and transmitter substances that function in these modulatory roles. The mechanisms of modulation of neuronal networks are more varied and complex than expected. Every aspect of a neuronal circuit can be modified, including the neurons that participate in the circuit, the strength of synaptic interactions, and the intrinsic properties of the component neurons. This allows tremendous plasticity in the motor patterns that can be generated by one neural network.
In situ X-ray diffraction study of germanium at pressures up to 11 GPa and temperatures up to 950 K

Abstract In situ X-ray diffraction measurements on germanium were conducted in the pressure range of 5–11 GPa and temperatures up to 950 K. Using our data a better defined P–T diagram for germanium is presented. The coordinates of the triple point between GeI–GeII–GeL have been determined to a better degree of precision. The onsets of the GeI–GeII transition were found both under hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic conditions. Anisotropy of thermal expansion coefficient for the GeII is characterized from the c/a ratios in the temperature interval 473–823 K. Phases GeIII and GeIV are shown to be metastable forms of germanium.
Equilibria in noncooperative models of competition

Abstract An equilibrium in a game theoretic setting a la Debreu (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 38 (1954), 886–893) and Shafer-Sonnenschein (J. Math. Econ. 2 (1975), 345–348) with a broader structure is proved. In particular, our framework is general enough to encompass both the Aumann (Econometrica 34 (1966), 1–17) economy of perfect competition and the nonordered preferences setting of Mas-Colell (J. Math. Econ. 1 (1974), 237–246). Moreover, since the dimensionality of the strategy space may be infinite it contains Bewley-type (J. Econ. Theory 4 (1972), 514–540) results and may be useful in obtaining existence results for economies with a measure space of agents and infinitely many commodities.
Directional damping control: vibration reduction and optimality for precision slide motion

Abstract When driving a lightly damped system with a servo motor, the design of a controller that reduces disturbance-excited vibration can be undermined by the need to maintain the system bandwidth to achieve good tracking performance. The use of classical lag/lead compensation and conventional filtering techniques to dampen the oscillatory modes often has adverse effects on the system bandwidth. This is the case with precision hydrostatic fluid-bearing slide systems. A control scheme designated as “directional damping control” is developed using classical root locus and frequency response techniques for systems with a lightly damped mode at a frequency considerably higher than the servo bandwidth. The scheme separates the design of the system bandwidth from that of the damping of the highly underdamped mode. The design guidelines are first presented for the general case, followed by a design example of a slide motion controller for precision machining. The scheme is compared with conventional PID control and the H ∞ optimal disturbance rejection controller. The procedure produces a vibration reduction controller similar in nature to the H ∞ optimal solution, but with some practical advantages. Using the scheme, the slide vibration is significantly less than when using conventional PID control, and a corresponding improvement is seen in the surface roughness of machined parts.
Technology in audit engagements: a case study

Purpose – The audit of corporations is now dependent on the examination of corporate computer systems. Although tools and techniques have been available for decades, there are major limitations on the audits of corporate systems by external auditors. This paper aims to examine external auditor usage of technology benefiting from a unique opportunity of reviewing a large CPA firm's audit work papers and interviewing their audit staff to examine the following questions: are auditors using the available technological tools? What are the difficulties they face in using these tools? Are there mediators to enhance usability? Why and what circumstances surround their absence? Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a cross-sectional, case-based field study comparing four engagements in a major audit firm. Findings – This paper concludes that the characteristics of the audit team largely determine the levels of technology utilization. Furthermore, the integration of technology support teams and auditors may...
Behavior of non-Abelian magnetic fields at high temperature

We investigate the properties of non-Abelian magnetic fields at high temperature using Monte Carlo simulation and finite-size scaling on SU(2) lattice gauge theory. Magnetic flux is introduced using twisted boundary conditions. We find that color magnetic fields are screened, not confined, at long distances, and measure the screening length.
Regulation of expression of c-fos and c-myc in rat lymphoma Nb-2 cells.

Abstract This study examined the effects of the mitogen, prolactin and the cell cycle inhibitors, cyclosporin A and neomycin sulfate, on expression of the proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-myc in the rat lymphoma Nb-2 cell line. Stimulation of quiescent cultures with prolactin resulted in a 2–3-fold increase in the constitutive levels of c-myc mRNA which peaked at 4 h and declined thereafter. c-Fos mRNA was not detected in quiescent or prolactin-stimulated cultures. Cyclosporin A or neomycin sulfate reversibly blocked the mitogenic effect of prolactin on Nb-2 cells, but had little effect on constitutive levels of c-myc. However, the release of Nb-2 cells from a cyclosporin A or a neomycin sulfate block resulted in a rapid transient induction of c-fos which peaked at 0.5–1 h and declined rapidly thereafter. These results indicate that the rapid transient expression of c-fos following release from cell cycle blockage was not sufficient to elicit cell division, but these cells were competent to respond to prolactin. Prolactin allows progression through the cell cycle and enhances c-myc mRNA levels.
Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of Simonsiellaceae.

The molar percentages of guanine plus cytosine in the DNA of 51 strains of Simonsiellaceae were determined by buoyant density ultracentrifugation of cell lysates in CsCl. The DNA base ratios ranged from 41–55 mole-% guanine plus cytosine. These values fall within the range known for the Order Cytophagales, the non-fruiting gliding bacteria, and are out-side the range of the Order Myxobacterales, the fruiting myxobacteria. Among the strains of the genus Simonsiella, four distinct groups can be delineated on the basis of source of origin (sheep, dog, cat, human) and GC content. The neotype of Alysiella filiformis has a GC content of 45.4 mole-%.
Purification of the spherule-endospore phase of Coccidioides immitis.

Upon shaking an aqueous suspension of spherules, endospores and mycelium of Coccidioides immitis with chloroform, selective agglomeration of the mycelium around the emulsified chloroform droplets occurred. The mycelial strands became aligned on the surface of the droplets in parallel configurations, as an apparent consequence of surface forces, and the droplets accumulated at the chloroform-water interface. Spherules and endospores were not so-affected and could be resuspended readily in the aqueous phase of the system. This observation formed the basis of a procedure that was employed to obtain the spherule-endospore phase from cultures of C. immitis in highly purified form.
Factors affecting the efficiency of filtration leukapheresis.

Continuous flow filtration leukapheresis was performed on normal volunteer donors with and without intravenous administration of dexamethasone. Although granulocyte counts were increased in steroid treated donors and almost 20 per cent more cells were presented to the filters, the final yield of granulocytes was slightly decreased and the efficiency of collection during a two- to three-hour leukapheresis was statistically significantly decreased.
Integrated vehicle control based on tire force reserve optimization concept

Integrated vehicle control (IVC) (also known as Integrated Chassis Control (ICC)) is a key technology for vehicle active safety. The basic concept of IVC is to allocate chassis actuations coherently to control vehicle dynamics in longitudinal and lateral directions simultaneously. Even when only the four brake inputs are considered, the IVC problem is over-determinant. In other words, it must be solved as an optimization problem. In this paper, the optimization goal is to achieve best “tire force reserve”, defined as the difference between the tire force capacity and the resultant tire force. This optimization formulation achieves uniform utilization of tire forces and thus better robustness against normal force and road roughness disturbances. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the basic idea of this approach.© 2011 ASME
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) INHIBITS [Ca 2+ ]i RESPONSE TO ACETYLCHOLINE BY REGULATING SECOND MESSENGER PRODUCTION IN AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE. † 1802

NO inhibits acetylcholine (ACh)-induced intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) oscillations in b-escin permeabilized porcine tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) cells. Using real-time confocal microscopy and radioimmunoassay, we determined the mechanisms by which NO inhibits the [Ca2+]i response to ACh. Heparin, a selective IP3 receptor antagonist, and U73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor, slowed the frequency of ongoing ACh-induced oscillations. Pre-exposure to U73122 or heparin prevented the initiation of ACh-induced [Ca2+]i oscillations. The [Ca2+]i response to ACh was abolished by ruthenium red, a ryanodine receptor (RyR) antagonist, and by 8-amino-cyclic ADP-ribose, an antagonist of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) receptor. The [Ca2+]i response to ACh, IP3 and cADPR were abolished by s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a NO donor. SNAP reduced ACh-induced elevation of IP3 and cADPR levels. These results indicate that ACh-induced [Ca2+]i oscillations involve Ca2+ release by IP3 and cADPR and NO regulates their production. Supported by Graduate School, Univ. of Minnesota, NIH grant HL51736 and Abbott Laboratories.
Ion-induced secondary electron and negative ion emission from Mo/O

Abstract Absolute yields of secondary electrons and negative ions resulting from collisions of Na+ with Mo(100) and a polycrystalline molybdenum surface have been measured as a function of the oxygen coverage of the surface for impact energies below 500 eV. The sputtered negative ions have been identified with mass spectroscopy, and O− is found to be the dominant sputtered negative ion for the surfaces at all oxygen coverages and impact energies. Both the electron and O− yields have an impact energy threshold at about 50 eV and exhibit a strong dependence on oxygen coverage. The kinetic energy distributions of the secondary electrons and sputtered O− were determined as functions of the oxygen coverage and impact energy. The distributions for O− are characterized by a narrow low-energy peak (at ∼1–2 eV) followed by a low-level high-energy tail. The secondary electrons have a narrow (FWHM ∼1–2 eV) kinetic energy distribution, centered approximately at 1–2 eV. The shapes of the distributions and their most probable energies are essentially invariant with impact energy, oxygen coverage and the nature of the Mo surface. The emission is explained and analyzed in terms of a simple model which involves a collision-induced electronic excitation of the MoO− surface state. The decay of this excited state leads to the production of both secondary electrons and O− with energy distributions and yields comparable to those observed.
A Photo-Based Computer System for Identifying Wisconsin Fishes

Abstract New digital technologies provide fresh opportunities to address the challenging task of fish species identification. We have developed a photo-based computer system, in both website (http://wiscfish.org) and compact disk format, to help identify the fishes of Wisconsin. The system includes over 4,000 photos of 174 species. Three approaches are available for identifying species–traditional dichotomous keys, a multi-feature query tool, and a “mug shot” slide show. Also provided are quantitative and qualitative data on the distinguishing characteristics of each species, comparisons among similar-appearing species, a searchable and sortable list of the fishes of the state, illustrations of morphological features commonly used in identification, and an illustrated glossary. We describe the structure and function of the Wisconsin system and provide suggestions on photography, system design, programming, and testing for those contemplating developing their own computer-based identification system. The W...
The H(t, n)3He reaction for depth profiling of hydrogen by neutron time-of-flight

Abstract The usefulness of the H(t, n) reaction for depth profiling of hydrogen in solids was investigated using the pulsed T + beam from the Los Alamos vertical Van de Graaff accelerator. A 2.54 cm diameter by 2.54 cm thick stilbene neutron detector was placed at 0°, 5.35 meters from the target. Pulse shape discrimination virtually eliminated gamma-ray background. Neutron spectra from targets of Ti and TiH 2 with a nominal thickness of ten micrometer were compared with targets of SiO 2 , Si, C and Au to assess the importance of neutron backgrounds from triton reactions with the constituents of those targets. When the neutron spectra were transformed into profiles, the background corrected TiH 2 spectrum showed a uniform hydrogen concentration over ten microns. A measurement of the neutron spectrum produced when bombarding an Au target on which (t, n) reactions are strongly inhibited by the Coulomb barrier gives a yield equivalent to a background concentration of 3 at.% of hydrogen in Ti. This background is due to reactions on hydrogen, hydrocarbons, or other light nuclei on or in beam line components. Similar measurements on other targets gave background values equivalent to hydrogen atomic concentrations in Ti of: SiO 2 −11 at.%, Si−7 at.%, C−22 at.%. Ti−5 at.%. Development of high sensitivity for depth profiling hydrogen with this technique appears possible only for high Z host materials and will require careful attention to beam line and vacuum system design.
Verification of dynamic and segmental IMRT delivery by dynamic log file analysis.

A program has been developed to evaluate the delivered fluence of step-and-shoot segmental and sliding window dynamic multileaf collimator (MLC) fields. To automate these checks, a number of tools have been developed using data available from the dynamic log files that can be created each time a dynamic delivery occurs. Experiments were performed with a Varian 2100EX with a 120 leaf MLC equipped with dynamic capabilities. A dynamic leaf sequence is delivered and measured with film or an amorphous silicon imager. After delivery, the dynamic log file is written by the accelerator control system. The file reports the expected and actual position for each leaf and the dose fraction every 0.055 seconds. Leaf trajectories are calculated from this data and expected and actual fluence images are created from the difference of opposing leaf trajectories. These images can be compared with the expected delivery, measurements, and calculations of fluence. Tools have been developed to investigate other aspects of the delivery, such as specific leaf errors, beam hold-off flags sent by the control system to the MLC, and gap widths. This program is part of a semi-automated quality assurance (QA) system for pretreatment fluence verification and daily treatment verification of dynamic multileaf collimation (DMLC) delivery. 2002 American College of Medical Physics.
Comparing Separate and Statically-Partitioned Caches for Time-Predictable Multicore Processors

In this paper, we quantitatively compare two different time-predictable multicore cache architectures, separate and statically-partitioned caches, through extensive simulation. Current research trends primarily focus on partitioned-cache architectures in order to achieve time predictability for hard real-time multicore based systems, and our experiments reveal that separate caches actually lead to much better performance and energy efficiency when compared to staticallypartitioned caches, and both of them are adequate for timing analysis for real-time multicore applications.
Shakespeare and Hobbes: Macbeth and the Fragility of Political Order

Thomas Hobbes sought a reconstruction of philosophy, ethics, and politics that would end, once and for all, the bitter disputes that led to the English Civil War. This reconstruction begins with the first principles of matter and motion and extends to a unique account of moral consent and political obligation. However, the author contends that his materialist account of human nature gives rise to a set of perceptions, imaginings, and desires that contribute to the chaos of the state of nature. He argues that the sort of person that emerges from Hobbes’s materialist anthropology is unlikely to be able, or unwilling, to make the necessary agreements about common meaning and language that constitute the ground of the social contract. Following Hobbes’s materialist anthropology, Shakespeare’s Macbeth, and not the rational actor who consents to the social contract, is the more likely result. Performed approximately 25 years before Leviathan appeared, Macbeth provides a literary version of the state of nature, and expresses many of the themes that Hobbes later gave philosophical explanation to. The author suggests that we interpret Macbeth through Hobbes’s materialism. On this reading, the crisis of Macbeth is caused by the material motion of Macbeth’s senses, imagination, and desires. Macbeth provides graphic examples of the type of problems that the author suggests arise from Hobbes’s materialism, and it illuminates the political significance of Macbeth.
Anatomic types of congenital mitral stenosis: Report of 49 autopsy cases with consideration of diagnosis and surgical implications☆

Abstract In a series of 49 autopsy cases of congenital mitral stenosis, four anatomic types were found: (1) typical congenital mitral stenosis with short chordae tendineae, obliteration of interchordal spaces and reduction of interpapillary distance (24 cases, 49 percent); (2) hypoplastic congenital mitral stenosis almost always associated with a hypoplastic left heart syndrome (20 cases, 41 percent); (3) supramitral ring (6 cases, 12 percent); and (4) parachute mitral valve (4 cases, 8 percent). The median ages at death were as follows: parachute mitral valve, 9 11 12 years ; supramitral ring, 5 6 12 years ; typical congenital mitral stenosis, 6 months, and hypoplastic congenital mitral stenosis, 5 days. Thus, parachute mitral valve had the best natural history and the hypoplastic type of mitral stenosis the worst; that of the other two types was intermediate. Associated malformations were present in 96 percent of cases, endocardial sclerosis or florid endocardial fibroelastosis occurring in 47 percent, hypoplasia of the aortic isthmus in 37 percent, aortic valve stenosis in 29 percent, aortic atresia in 29 percent and coarctation of the aorta in 27 percent of the cases. On the basis of an understanding of the pathologic anatomy, real time twodimensional echocardiography probably will make it possible to make the differential diagnosis among the four major anatomic types of congenital mitral stenosis. Mitral valvuloplasty of several new types appears to merit trial as the initial surgical procedure. At present, mitral valve replacement should be deferred as long as possible.
Approved Quarantine Treatment for Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Large-Size Hay Bales and Hessian Fly and Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Control by Bale Compression

ABSTRACT A quarantine treatment using bale compression (32 kg/cm2 pressure) and phosphine fumigation (61 g/28.3 m3 aluminum phosphide for 7 d at 20°C) was approved to control Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), in large-size, polypropylene fabric-wrapped bales exported from the western states to Japan. No Hessian fly puparia (45,366) survived to the adult stage in infested wheat, Triticum aestivum L., seedlings exposed to the treatment in a large-scale commercial test. Daily temperatures (mean ± SEM) inside and among bales in three test freight containers were 17.8 ± 0.2 front top, 17.0 ± 0.2 front bottom, 17.3 ± 0.2 middle bale, 15.7 ± 0.3 middle air, 18.5 ± 0.1 back top, and 18.1 ± 0.1°C back bottom, allowing the fumigation temperature to be established at ≥20°C. Mean fumigant concentrations ranged from 208 to 340 ppm during the first 3 d and ranged from 328 to 461 ppm after 7 d of fumigation. Copper plate corrosion values inside the doors, and in the middle of the large-size bales in all locations...
Promoters from kin1 and cor6.6, two Arabidopsis thaliana low-temperature-and ABA-inducible genes, direct strong beta-glucuronidase expression in guard cells, pollen and young developing seeds.

The ability of most higher plants to withstand freezing can be enhanced by cold acclimation, although the freezing tolerance of plant tissues is also affected by their developmental stage. In addition, low temperature has pleiotropic effects on many plant developmental processes such as vernalization. The interaction between plant development and low temperature implies that some genes are regulated by both environmental factors and developmental cues. Although a number of cold-inducible genes from plants have been identified, information concerning their regulation during plant development is limited. In order to understand their developmental regulation and obtain possible clues as to function, the promoters of kin1 and cor6.6, two cold- and abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated genes from Arabidopsis thaliana, were fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS)-coding sequence and the resulting constructs were used to transform tobacco and A. thaliana. Transgenic plants with either the kin1 or cor6.6 promoter showed strong GUS expression in pollen, developing seeds, trichomes and, most interestingly, in guard cells. During pollen development, maximum GUS activity was found in mature pollen. In contrast, the maximum GUS activity during seed development was during early embryogenesis. These patterns of expression distinguish kin1 and cor6.6 from related lea genes which are strongly expressed during late embryogenesis. There was no major qualitative difference in patterns of GUS expression between kin1 and cor6.6 promoters and the results were similar for transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis. Considering the results described, as well as those in an accompanying paper Wang et al., 1995, Plant Mol Biol 28: 605–617 (this issue), we suggest that osmotic potential might be a major factor in regulating the expression of kin1 and cor6.6 during several developmental processes. The implication of the results for possible function of the gene products is discussed.
A Crosslinguistic PET Study of Tone Perception

In studies of pitch processing, a fundamental question is whether shared neural mechanisms at higher cortical levels are engaged for pitch perception of linguistic and nonlinguistic auditory stimuli. Positron emission tomography (PET) was used in a crosslinguistic study to compare pitch processing in native speakers of two tone languages (that is, languages in which variations in pitch patterns are used to distinguish lexical meaning), Chinese and Thai, with those of English, a nontone language. Five subjects from each language group were scanned under three active tasks (tone, pitch, and consonant) that required focused-attention, speeded-response, auditory discrimination judgments, and one passive baseline as silence. Subjects were instructed to judge pitch patterns of Thai lexical tones in the tone condition; pitch patterns of nonspeech stimuli in the pitch condition; syllable-initial consonants in the consonant condition. Analysis was carried out by paired-image subtraction. When comparing the tone to the pitch task, only the Thai group showed significant activation in the left frontal operculum. Activation of the left frontal operculum in the Thai group suggests that phonological processing of suprasegmental as well as segmental units occurs in the vicinity of Broca’s area. Baseline subtractions showed significant activation in the anterior insular region for the English and Chinese groups, but not Thai, providing further support for the existence of possibly two parallel, separate pathways projecting from the temporo-parietal to the frontal language area. More generally, these differential patterns of brain activation across language groups and tasks support the view that pitch patterns are processed at higher cortical levels in a top-down manner according to their linguistic function in a particular language.
Glycogen storage disease type III-hepatocellular carcinoma a long-term complication?

Background/Aims Glycogen storage disease III (GSD III) is caused by a deficiency of glycogen-debranching enzyme which causes an incomplete glycogenolysis resulting in glycogen accumulation with abnormal structure (short outer chains resembling limit dextrin) in liver and muscle. Hepatic involvement is considered mild, self-limiting and improves with age. With increased survival, a few cases of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been reported. Methods A systematic review of 45 cases of GSD III at our center (20 months to 67 years of age) was reviewed for HCC, 2 patients were identified. A literature review of HCC in GSD III was performed and findings compared to our patients. Conclusions GSD III patients are at risk for developing HCC. Cirrhosis was present in all cases and appears to be responsible for HCC transformation There are no reliable biomarkers to monitor for HCC in GSD III. Systematic evaluation of liver disease needs be continued in all patients, despite lack of symptoms. Development of guidelines to allow for systematic review and microarray studies are needed to better delineate the etiology of the hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with GSD III.
Design and comparison of command shaping methods for controlling residual vibration

The authors evaluate a signal generation technique for commanding high-performance machines to move without exciting residual vibration. This time-domain input-shaping technique works like a filter that is designed to eliminate decaying sinusoidal resonance responses. It is compared to a variety of filtering techniques and is shown to perform more effectively than any of them. In particular, frequency-domain filter design techniques are less effective for shaping vibration-reducing inputs to systems. The three-impulse shaping sequence offers significant performance advantages in that moves require less time and result in little or no residual vibration. In addition, the response is not sensitive to variations in the system parameters. >
Application of GLASSO in Variable Selection and Crash Prediction at Unsignalized Intersections

AbstractIn this paper, a new promising variable screening technique is proposed to select important covariates and to improve crash prediction; the group least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (GLASSO). The GLASSO’s main power lies in its ability to deal with data sets havinga large number of categorical variables, the case in this study. Identifying the significant factors affecting the safety of unsignalized intersections was also an essential objective. Two applications of GLASSO were investigated: before fitting the negative binomial (NB) model, and before fitting the promising multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) technique using extensive data representing 2,475 unsignalized intersections. Regarding the NB models, GLASSO yielded close prediction capability to the backward deletion and random forest techniques. Also, MARS model fitting after using GLASSO relatively outperformed that after using random forest, with similar prediction performance. Because of its outstanding performan...
Programmatic and Participatory: Two Frameworks for Classifying Experiential Change Implementation Methods

This work introduces two broad, conceptual frameworks, programmatic and participatory, for classifying experiential change implementation methods. Grounded in scholarly and empirical research, several benefits and limitations of each theoretical change implementation framework are proposed. In addition, six propositions for testing the validity and utility of the programmatic and participatory frameworks are advanced. This article concludes with a discussion of implications for organizational change practitioners.
Efficient modular testing of SoCs using dual-speed TAM architectures

The increasing complexity of system-on-chip (SOC) integrated circuits has spurred the development of versatile automatic test equipment (ATE) that can simultaneously drive different channels at different data rates. Examples of such ATEs include the Agilent 93000 series tester based on port scalability and the test processor-per-pin architecture, and the Tiger system from Teradyne. The number of tester channels with high data rates may be constrained in practice however due to ATE resource limitations, the power rating of the SOC, and scan frequency limits for the embedded cores. Therefore, we formulate the following optimization problem: given two available data rates for the tester channels, an SOC-level test access mechanism (TAM) width W, V (V < W) channels that can transport test data at the higher data rate, determine an SOC TAM architecture that minimizes the testing time. We present an efficient heuristic algorithm for TAM optimization that exploits port scalability of ATEs to reduce SOC testing time and test cost. We present experimental results on dual-speed TAM optimization for the ITC'2002 SOC test benchmarks.
Genetic and ecological dynamics of species replacement in an arid-land river system.

Museum records indicate that Hybognathus placitus was introduced into the Pecos River, New Mexico during the early 1960s. Approximately 10 years later, a congener, Hybognathus amarus, was extirpated from the system. We used microsatellite and mtDNA data, ecological data and modelling, and a computer simulation approach to reconstruct the history of invasion and species replacement. To identify the potential role of hybridization and introgression, we genetically screened H. amarus (n = 389) from the Rio Grande, New Mexico, and H. placitus (n = 424) from the Pecos River, New Mexico using four nuclear microsatellites and a partial fragment of the mtDNA ND4 gene. Assignment tests excluded hybridization as a primary factor in species replacement and suggested a role for interspecific competition. Genetic analyses showed that H. placitus were introduced into the Pecos River from at least two genetically distinct source populations in the Canadian and Red rivers, Oklahoma. Lotka–Volterra models of interspecific competition indicated that the number of founding individuals could have been as few as 20 for H. placitus to have competitively displaced H. amarus in the Pecos River in 10 to 15 generations. Observed differences of allele frequencies between source and founder populations indicated that between 32 and 115 H. placitus individuals founded the Pecos River. Genetic and ecological data suggest that interspecific competition could have led to species replacement in this arid-land river system.
A Lazy Monitoring Approach for Heartbeat-Style Failure Detectors

Failure detectors are a fundamental part of safe fault-tolerant distributed systems. Many failure detectors use heartbeats to draw conclusions about the state of nodes within a distributed environment. The contribution of this paper is an approach whose benefits are twofold. On the one hand it reduces the network overhead produced by heartbeat-style failure detectors. On the other hand it improves the quality of these failure detectors by providing them with richer information about the current network condition. We call this approach lazy monitoring since the active sending of heartbeats is avoided if possible. As it is independent of the actual failure detection algorithm it can be used in many domains. For evaluation purposes we applied our approach to the Smart Doorplate Project. In this testbed the proposed technique reduced the traffic to 1.2% while providing much more information about the environment to the failure detectors.
Heterogeneous distributed parallel programming for coordination in software development

We are presenting a formal specification-based approach to heterogeneous distributed parallel programming. A specification language is used to describe system behaviors. The specification is then analyzed to create a multiparty interaction interface description describing the properties of the multiparty interactions among processes. Our language mapping approach allows a multiparty interaction interface description automatically created in any target programming language. Developers can then write a program in the target language to include the description for execution. A familiar programming model is provided to support implicit communication, concurrency, synchronization, and parallelism in systems through an implicit coordination-oriented approach. In other words, developers do not have to explicitly express communication, concurrency, synchronization, and parallelism when they are developing heterogeneous distributed and parallel systems.
Bortezomib: friend or foe of hemolytic anemia?:

Over the last decade, bortezomib moved in a stepwise fashion from a benchside promise into a bedside reality and is currently an important tool in the treatment of plasma cell disorders. This review focuses on the relationship between bortezomib and hemolytic anemia. In animal models with lupus-like disease, this agent was shown to deplete the auto-reactive plasma cells and serum autoantibody levels. In humans, two isolated reports advocate the efficacy of bortezomib in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, but important concerns remain with data interpretation and length bias. Conversely, bortezomib may be causative of hemolytic anemia, as reported in a cohort of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia [corrected]. Concerted efforts of both basic and clinical researchers are necessary to further explore the safety and efficacy of this agent in nonmalignant disorders, including autoimmune disorders and anemias.
The Role of Insulin Resistance in Age-Related Cognitive Decline and Dementia

The role of insulin in peripheral energy metabolism has been well described, and converging evidence has identified a role for insulin in central nervous system functions. Epidemiological studies support an important relationship between diabetes and other insulin-resistant conditions, and cognitive functioning. For example, diabetes increases the risk for memory loss, and treating diabetes can reverse memory loss. These studies have also identified a reciprocal relationship between insulin resistance and dementia, such that one condition increases the risk for the other. A substantial body of work has explored the role of insulin in regulating brain glucose metabolism, memory function, inflammatory responses, and amyloid concentrations. Knowledge of these relationships has suggested that increasing brain insulin activity may have a beneficial impact on memory and may serve as the basis for novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer’s disease. Three such strategies include intranasal administration of insulin, drugs that improve insulin sensitivity, and diet and exercise