cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The encephalomyocarditis virus 3C protease is a substrate for the ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic system

The encephalomyocarditis virus 3C protease has been shown to be rapidly degraded in infected cells and in vitro in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The in vitro degradation, at least, is accomplished by a virus-independent, ATP-dependent proteolytic system. Here we identify this proteolytic system as the ubiquitin-mediated system. Incubation of the 3C protease in rabbit reticulocyte or cultured mouse cell lysate preparations, alone or in the presence of added ubiquitin or methylated ubiquitin, resulted in the generation of new higher molecular weight species. These new products were shown to be 3C protease-ubiquitin conjugates by their ability to bind antibodies against both the 3C protease and ubiquitin. Supplemental ubiquitin also stimulated the degradation of the 3C protease in these preparations. Large 3C protease-polyubiquitin conjugates were observed to accumulate in reticulocyte lysate in the presence of adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), an inhibitor of the 26 S multicatalytic protease. This, combined with the fact that the proteolytic activity could be removed from the lysate by sedimentation, implicates the multicatalytic protease in the degradation of the 3C protease-ubiquitin conjugates. It was also found that the slow rate of degradation of a model polyprotein, which resembles the stable viral 3CD diprotein produced in vivo, is likely due to the fact that the polyprotein is a poor substrate for the ubiquitin-conjugating system.
Chemistry and reaction mechanisms of complement.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemistry and reaction mechanisms of complement. Complement constitutes the principal, immunologically relevant effector system that is present in blood serum. It consists of nine components or eleven distinct serum proteins. Membranes are the primary target of complement. They are irreversibly damaged, sustaining distinct ultrastructural lesions, by direct attack that requires participation of all nine complement components. Isolation of many of these components makes possible the analysis of the chemistry and dynamics of the complement reactions themselves and the understanding of the protein-protein interactions and enzyme activations involved. The effects of complement, primarily on cell surface membranes, eventuate in a spectrum of changes ranging from cell lysis to directed migration, histamine release, and susceptibility to phagocytosis, all of which are partially described in molecular terms. Complement research has become an active, rapidly moving, and exciting field of the biological sciences. New methods and tools are available to the biologist and clinician for the investigation of the physiogenic and pathogenic role of complement.
Manufacturing Danger: Fear and Pollution in Industrial Society

Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers. Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. x + 221 pp. $14.95 (cloth), $7.95 (paper).
Effect of biological water in the far-infrared absorption spectrum of myoglobin studied by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy was applied to study the far-infrared absorption spectra of the myoglobin-water system as a function of hydration level. The effect of biological water on the far-infrared absorption properties of myoglobin was observed.
The effect of mitochondrial inhibitors on calcium homeostasis in tumor mast cells

The depletion of intracellular ATP by mitochondrial inhibitors in a glucose-free saline solution inhibited antigen-stimulated 45Ca uptake, the rise in cytoplasmic calcium, measured by fura-2, and secretion in rat basophilic leukemia cells. Lowering the intracellular ATP concentration also released calcium from an intracellular store and made further 45Ca efflux from the cells unresponsive to subsequent antigen stimulation. Antigen-stimulated 45Ca efflux could be restored by the addition of glucose. The ATP-sensitive calcium store appeared to be the same store that releases calcium in response to antigen. In contrast, intracellular ATP was not lowered, and antigen-stimulated secretion was unaffected by mitochondrial inhibitors, provided that glucose was present in the bathing solution. Similarly, antigen-stimulated 45Ca uptake, 45Ca efflux, and the rise in free ionized calcium were unaffected by individual mitochondrial inhibitors in the presence of glucose. However, when the respiratory chain inhibitor antimycin A was used in combination with the ATP synthetase inhibitor oligomycin in the presence of glucose, antigen-stimulated 45Ca uptake was inhibited, whereas the rise in free ionized calcium and secretion were unaffected. Also, antigen-induced depolarization (an indirect measurement of Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane) was not affected. The inhibition of antigen-stimulated 45Ca uptake could, however, be overcome if a high concentration of the Ca2+ buffer quin2 was present in the cells to buffer the incoming 45Ca. These results suggest that in fully functional rat basophilic leukemia cells the majority of the calcium entering in response to antigen stimulation is initially buffered by a calcium store sensitive to antimycin A and oligomycin, presumably the mitochondria.
“Can a Fellow Be a Villain All His Life?”: Oliver!, Fagin, and Performing Jewishness

The first time many people encounter the story of Oliver Twist is through the musical Oliver!, long before they read the novel or—more likely—see a different film or TV adaptation. Joe Litvak remar...
The Influence of Board Monitoring, Executive Incentives, and Corporate Strategy on Employment Stability

This study examines the effects of corporate governance and diversification strategy on organizational employment stability. Calls for reform in the governance of public corporations have led to the adoption of practices that render senior executives more accountable to shareholders. However, the extant corporate governance literature suggests that mechanisms which make managers more accountable to shareholders might introduce a short-term bias to top managers’ decision-making. Arguing that employment stability reflects a long-term decision-making orientation, results of this study show that firms with boards comprised of a greater proportion of independent, or “outside,” directors have lower levels of aggregate employment stability. In contrast, findings indicate that more diversified firms tend to have higher levels of aggregate employment stability.
Semiquantum approximation for the Reggeon field theory on a lattice

The Reggeon field theory on a lattice is studied for values of the intercept ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ near the critical point by using a semiquantum approximation to the single site and the linear chain Hamiltonian. Results are in quantitative agreement with those obtained by other methods and lend support to previous extrapolation procedures.
Phase Space Analysis of a Gravitationally-Induced, Steady-State Nonequilibrium

Recently a new type of pressure gradient was introduced, a gravitationally-induced, dynamically-maintained, steady-state pressure gradient (GDSPG) (D P Sheehan and J Glick 2000 Physica Scripta 61 635). In this paper, three dimensional numerical test particle simulations detail its phase space structure. These verify the underlying physical mechanism originally hypothesized for its operation and support key assumptions upon which it is based. The GDSPG appears to be a member of a more general class of steady-state nonequilibrium systems that arise under extreme thermodynamic conditions (D P Sheehan 1998 Phys. Rev. E 57 6660).
Variation, innovation and dynamic quality

This paper discusses the concepts of static and dynamic quality enunciated by Robert Pirsig in relation to concepts of variation and statistical control enunciated by W. Edwards Deming. The relationship between static and dynamic is seen to reflect a fundamental truth present in many systems, and is posited to lead to approaches to foster innovation and dynamic change. Three dimensions for addressing dynamic change concern operational processes, organizations and the environment. Along all three dimensions, the challenge for organizations is how to foster, recognize and manage the variation necessary for dynamic change. Approaches are discussed for doing this and conclusions are presented.
Verification metrics - how you know when you're done

Functional coverage is a good way of determining verification completeness. Two issues that limit the adoption of functional coverage methodology are execution of the desired functionality and collection of the functional coverage data to determine the metric. Advances in directed randomisation. technologies will help address the issue of test creation. To address the collection, analysis and determination of the metric, tools have been developed to capture and analyse transaction-based information. These advancements will simplify the implementation of functional coverage metrics, allowing for greater adoption of this methodology.
Threshold Stress Creep Behavior of Alloy 617 at Intermediate Temperatures

Creep of Alloy 617, a solid solution Ni-Cr-Mo alloy, was studied in the temperature range of 1023 K to 1273 K (750 °C to 1000 °C). Typical power-law creep behavior with a stress exponent of approximately 5 is observed at temperatures from 1073 K to 1273 K (800 °C to 1000 °C). Creep at 1023 K (750 °C), however, exhibits threshold stress behavior coinciding with the temperature at which a low volume fraction of ordered coherent γ′ precipitates forms. The threshold stress is determined experimentally to be around 70 MPa at 1023 K (750 °C) and is verified to be near zero at 1173 K (900 °C)—temperatures directly correlating to the formation and dissolution of γ′ precipitates, respectively. The γ′ precipitates provide an obstacle to continued dislocation motion and result in the presence of a threshold stress. TEM analysis of specimens crept at 1023 K (750 °C) to various strains, and modeling of stresses necessary for γ′ precipitate dislocation bypass, suggests that the climb of dislocations around the γ′ precipitates is the controlling factor for continued deformation at the end of primary creep and into the tertiary creep regime. As creep deformation proceeds at an applied stress of 121 MPa and the precipitates coarsen, the stress required for Orowan bowing is reached and this mechanism becomes active. At the minimum creep rate at an applied stress of 145 MPa, the finer precipitate size results in higher Orowan bowing stresses and the creep deformation is dominated by the climb of dislocations around the γ′ precipitates.
Aggregated platelets enhance adherence of Candida yeasts to endothelium.

The adherence of Candida albicans yeasts to human umbilical vein endothelium to subendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM) was investigated. Yeasts added to confluent endothelium in citrated platelet-poor plasma adhered on the average of 1 colony forming unit (cfu) per culture well. When platelets were added as platelet-rich plasma, a significant increase of yeast adherence was not seen. However, when endothelium was contracted by treatment with 2 mM EDTA, resulting in exposure of ECM, yeast adherence was increased to 10 cfu/well. When platelets were added with these yeasts, the number of adhering yeasts was further increased to 23 cfu/well (P less than .01). This represented an increase in adherence of yeasts of 230%. When the endothelial cells were completely removed and ECM exposed, platelets were found to likewise augment yeast adherence. Platelets, when added to the ECM, formed aggregates to which the yeasts firmly adhered. Likewise, when platelets were aggregated by adenosine diphosphate and mixed with yeasts, yeasts were shown to bind avidly to aggregated platelets, whereas yeasts did not adhere to unactivated, discoid platelets. Thus, exposed subendothelial ECM induces the aggregation of platelets and yeasts bind avidly to these platelet aggregates.
Reading among children with left and right brain lesions

Twenty left hemisphere lesioned and 10 right hemisphere lesioned children between 6 and 20 years old were administered a battery of tests assessing phonetic analysis and segmentation, single word decoding, reading comprehension, and spelling. Although group mean performance on all tasks was consistently below that of controls matched for age, sex, race, and social class, few differences reached statistical significance. These findings demonstrate that the majority of children with unilateral brain lesions learn to read quite adequately, evidencing considerable functional reorganization of higher cognitive abilities following brain lesions sustained early in life. Yet five left‐ and two right‐lesioned children did present marked reading deficits in contrast to 1 of the 30 control subjects. A family history for reading disorders was implicated in one left lesioned, one right lesioned and the control subject, suggesting the contribution of a genetic basis. Age of lesion onset was not found to be related to r...
Antisocial Behavior of Adoptees and Nonadoptees: Prediction from Early History and Adolescent Relationships

This study examined the contribution of demographic characteristics, early maltreatment, and peer and family relationships during adolescence to the prediction of aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior (AASB and NAASB, respectively) during young adulthood; and determined whether adoption status has additional ability to predict ASB, once background, early experience, peer, and family variables were controlled. Data from adolescent and parent interviews were used from Waves 1 (predictors) and 3 (outcomes) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The sample included 337 adopted and 10,339 nonadopted adolescents whose mean ages were 15.8 at W1 and 21.7 at W3. Although AASB and NAASB were predicted by background characteristics, early maltreatment, peer relations, and family relationships, adoption status had little to no additional predictive power once the other variables were controlled.
Optical constants derivation for an inhomogeneous thin film from in situ transmission measurements.

The optical constants of a thin film on its structure. A technique, based on transmission measurements carried out in vacuo, has been developed to derive the profiles of the refractive index and extinction coefficient. The interpretation of the profiles gives information on the layer structure in vacuo. The technique can be used as a means of monitoring the variations of the optical constants with changes in the deposition parameters. This paper presents the technique, which is based on an envelope method, and gives some experimental results.
An Accurate Spatial Discretization and Substructural Method With Application to Moving Elevator Cable-Car Systems: Part I—Methodology

This paper uses the methodology developed in Part I of this work to study the longitudinal, transverse, and their coupled vibrations of moving elevator cable-car systems. A suspension cable is a one-dimensional length-variant distributed-parameter component. When there is only one suspension cable connected to the car, the car is modeled as a point mass. When there are multiple suspension cables, the car is modeled as a rigid body, and the rotation of the car is also included. There are complicated matching conditions between the cable and the car, which cannot be satisfied in the classical assumed modes method, but can be satisfied in the current method. Hence not only the longitudinal and transverse displacements, but also the internal forces/moment, such as the axial force, the bending moment, and the shear force, which are related to the spatial derivatives of the longitudinal and transverse displacements, are accurately calculated. The results from different choices of boundary motions and trial functions are essentially the same, and the convergence is much faster than that of the assumed modes method. The longitudinal-transverse coupled vibrations of a moving cable-car system are also studied using the current method, and the results are compared with those from the linear models. While the result from the linear model for the transverse vibration agrees well with that from the nonlinear coupled model, the axial force from the linear model can significantly differ from that from the nonlinear model when the car approaches the top of the hoistway.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Denominators of Dedekind sums

Abstract A necessary and sufficient condition is given for a positive integer to appear as the denominator of some reduced Dedekind sum.
Factors Influencing Seed Imbibition of Blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima: Rosaceae)

Abstract Intraspecific variation in blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) seed imbibition was investigated using seeds collected at elevations of 1,100 and 1,700 m in the Spring Mountains, Clark County, Nevada. Under experimental conditions in the laboratory, seeds of C. ramosissima collected from a high-elevation site imbibed more water than seeds collected from a low-elevation site. Amount of water in seeds at full imbibition was not affected by mode of wetting and age of seed. Thickness of testa, a possible source of regulation of imbibition, also did not differ between collection sites. These results suggest that imbibition potential of seeds of C. ramosissima may differ as a function of elevation, a trait with potential adaptive importance for this dominant aridland shrub.
Spinal cord nitric oxide synthase and heme oxygenase limit morphine induced analgesia.

Abstract Spinal cord tissue contains two enzyme systems capable of producing monoxide gasses which in turn are linked to the stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which produces NO and heme oxygenase (HO) which produces CO. Reports from several laboratories link these two enzyme systems to pain of inflammatory and neuropathic etiologies. Additional studies have demonstrated that the activation of the NOS system by morphine limits the spinal analgesic action of this drug. In this study we first employed the hot plate model of pain to demonstrate that the NOS inhibitor l -NAME and the HO inhibitor Sn-P potentiate the analgesic actions of intrathecally administered morphine while having no intrinsic analgesic action at the doses used. We then determined that l -NAME loses its ability to potentiate morphine in nNOS null-mutant mice, while Sn-P no longer potentiates morphine in mice lacking a functional HO-2 gene. The intrathecal injection of the cGMP analog 8-Br cGMP caused hyperalgesia in the hot plate assay. Focusing on the possible involvement of cGMP metabolism, we documented that morphine stimulates cGMP production in a spinal cord slice model in a concentration dependent and naloxone reversible manner. Both l -NAME and Sn-P were potent inhibitors of morphine-stimulated cGMP production. Buffer containing either CO or the NO donor compound SNAP stimulated cGMP production as well. In spinal cord slices from either nNOS or HO-2 null-mutant animals morphine did not stimulate cGMP production. Taken together our data suggest that spinal monoxide generation modifies the acute analgesic actions of morphine.
An Analysis of the Seasat Satellite Data Distribution System

A real-time oceanographic information system has been designed and implemented for commercial user evaluation as part of the Seasat Project. The users are members of the maritime community involved in a diversity of oceanic enterprises. This system development serves as a testbed for understanding and refining their requirements for advanced oceanographic information delivery systems. It is configured as a virtual star network with a PDP 11/60 host computer located in Monterey, California, at the center. All of the data products now available on the system are generated by the U.S. Navy Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Central (FNOC) and are transferred to the PDP 11/60 shortly after preparation. Users access the data products through peripheral nodes of the network including CRT graphics, fascimile receivers, or local computers. The system users, distributed throughout the U.S. and Canada, receive the data over a value-added network or high-speed computer-to-computer links. Data products are transmitted to ships at sea via datafax.
Toward a phase diagram for stocks

Abstract A display of the tentatively basic parameters of stocks, i.e. the daily closing price and the daily transaction volume is presented eliminating the time variable between them. The “phase diagram” looks like a triangular region similar to the two-phase region of traffic diagrams. The data is taken for two companies (SGP and OXHP) which present different long-range correlations in the closing price value as examined by the linearly Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) statistical method. Substructures are observed in the “phase diagram” as due to changes in management policy, e.g. stock splits.
The high-temperature deformation and tensile ductility of al alloys

Tensile ductilities consistently in excess of 100 percent are produced at elevated temperatures in aluminum solid-solution alloys containing magnesium. The alloys that produce such enhanced ductility include commercially available 5XXX-series alloys and course-to fine-grained Al-Mg alloys.
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder preceding Parkinson's disease with therapeutic response to levodopa

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) involves complex behavior and a loss of muscle atonia occurring during REM sleep. Half of these patients with RBD have an underlying neurologic disorder including dementia, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cerebrovascular disease. Clonazepam is the drug of choice for RBD. RBD has been rarely reported to precede the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD). Three patients are presented here whose RBD preceded the onset of PD by several years, and both the symptoms of PD and RBD improved with levodopa treatment. It is postulated that levodopa ameliorates RBD by suppressing REM sleep, and it remains to be seen whether levodopa can be an alternative to clonazepam in idiopathic RBD without PD.
Surface immunoglobulin on granular and agranular leukocytes in the thymus and spleen of the snapping turtle, Chelydraserpentina

Spleen and thymus suspensions from the turtle, Chelydra serpentina were examined by indirect immunofluorescence and found to contain both agranulocytes and granulocytes positive for surface Ig. Among the splenic agranulocytes , 50% of the lymphocyte and monocyte population was positive for surface Ig. In the thymus only 7% of the thymocytes were positive. Ninety-two percent of the granulocytes, composed primarily of basophils and eosinophils, were positive for surface Ig in both the thymus and spleen. The presence of surface immunoglobulins on turtle splenic leukocytes was confirmed by sheep red blood cell (SRBC) immunization studies. Basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes from immunized turtles formed SRBC rosettes, while eosinophils from immunized turtles were found to specifically phagocytose SRBC. Splenic leukocytes from control turtles did not phagocytose or rosette with SRBC. This study demonstrates that indirect immunofluorescent techniques can be used to identify surface immunoglobulin on turtle granulocytes as well as agranulocytes .
An Emergency Department Nurse-Driven Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Intravenous Line Program

Abstract Background Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous (USGPIV) technology is being utilized more frequently in emergency department settings. Traditionally, physicians have performed this procedure to gain vascular access in patients for whom standard intravenous line procedures are unsuccessful. Nurses at Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University have shown that a nurse-driven ultrasound program can be successfully implemented in an emergency department. Methods Standardized training for registered nurses includes a 4-hour didactic and hands-on course and 24 hours of 1-on-1 individualized instruction with a nurse champion. Emphasis is placed on avoiding the larger upper arm veins. Results A peripheral intravenous line database has been maintained since the beginning of the program in 2009. This database shows a significant percentage of admitted patients received USGPIV service. In 2010, USGPIVs were successfully placed 90% to 98% of the time. Conclusions Utilizing UGSPIV can expedite treatment and disposition in an emergency department. Ultimately, throughput and wait time for an emergency department bed can thus be similarly affected, positively affecting customer service.
Pattern matching techniques for correcting low-confidence OCR words in a known context

A commercial OCR system is a key component of a system developed at the National Library of Medicine for the automated extraction of bibliographic fields from biomedical journals. This 5-engine OCR system, while exhibiting high performance overall, does not reliably convert very small characters, especially those that are in italics. As a result, the 'affiliations' field that typically contains such characters in most journals, is not captured accurately, and requires a disproportionately high manual input. To correct this problem, dictionaries have been created from words occurring in this field (e.g., university, department, street addresses, names of cities, etc.) from 230,000 articles already processed. The OCR output corresponding to the affiliation field is then matched against these dictionary entries by approximate string-matching techniques, and the ranked matches are presented to operators for verification. This paper outlines the techniques employed and the results of a comparative evaluation.
Driving-induced stress in urban college students

Urban college student commuters (N = 407) were surveyed about their experiences with stress induced by driving. Of the participants 23.6% reported becoming angry at another driver more than once per day. They rated stress from other drivers as equal to the stress experienced during a college examination but gave slightly lower ratings to traffic congestion, road construction, and finding a parking place as sources of stress. Slow drivers, a child not restrained, and a vehicle following too closely were the highest rated annoying situations. Of participants, 21.6% had reported another driver to the police; nearly 22% said they carried a weapon for protection from other drivers (5.4% said a gun). Men were more than twice as likely as women to carry a weapon and three times as likely to carry a gun. Of the total sample, 19.1% feared being shot by another driver. Most participants (75.8%) said drivers were more aggressive and dangerous than they were five years ago.
Blocking in closed-loop conveyor systems connected in series with discrete and deterministic material flow

Abstract We consider m closed-loop conveyor systems each having a single loading and a single unloading station. The output flow of products (units) from the i th conveyor system is the input flow to i+l th conveyor system (i=1,2,..,m-1). Each conveyor system moves continuously but the speed rates are not necessarily the same. Products to be transported or temporarily stored on the conveyor systems are identical and they are placed on the conveyor along their length. Interarrival times of products to the first conveyor system as well as service times of the servers at the unloading stations are all known and deterministic. An arriving unit at the loading station of any conveyor system is blocked and lost to the system when it interferes with the recirculating products of that conveyor system. An algorithm is developed to measure the effects of recirculation times of products, and other parameters of the system such as the ratios between product length ∗ and conveyor lengths, and arrival/service rates on the performance of the system.
Topological construction of mesoporous materials

Abstract Major advances in the field of ordered mesoporous materials have been achieved in topological structure definition at the meso phase, and macroscale levels (shape and morphology) using molecular control during mesoporous materials synthesis. Examples include the use of block copolymers for the preparation of mesoporous materials with large pore sizes ( $ 30 nm), the formation of mesoporous silica with 3D periodically ordered cage-structures, and the fabrication of selected mesoporous silica having designated macrostructures, including fibers, thin films and monoliths along with hollow and transparent hard spheres. The judicious integration of hydrogen—bonding interactions at the organic/inorganic interface with organic/inorganic domain assembly and the use of sol-gel and emulsion chemistry in acidic media proves to be a general route for the syntheses of mesoporous materials with potential applications in catalysis, sensors, separations, optoelectronics, and functional nanomaterial fabrication.
Expression of syndecan-3 and tenascin-C: possible involvement in periosteum development.

The development of cartilaginous elements of long bone during embryogenesis and postnatal bone repair processes is a complex process that involves skeletal cells and surrounding mesenchymal periosteal cells. Relatively little is known of the mechanisms underlying these processes. Previous studies from this and other laboratories have suggested that the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C is involved in skeletogenesis. Using in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence, we extended those studies by comparing the expression of tenascin-C with that of syndecan-3, which belongs to a family of cell surface receptors with which tenascins are known to interact. We found that syndecan-3 transcripts at first were very abundant in the presumptive periosteum surrounding the diaphysis of early chondrocytic skeletal elements in chick limb. As the elements developed further syndecan-3 gene expression decreased in the diaphyseal periosteum, whereas it became stronger around the early epiphysis and within the forming articular cells. However, as the diaphyseal periosteum initiated osteogenesis and gave rise to the intramembranous bone collar, syndecan-3 gene expression increased again. At early stages of skeletogenesis, the tenascin-C gene exhibited patterns of expression that were similar to, and temporally followed, those of the syndecan-3 gene. At later stages, however, tenascin-C gene expression was markedly reduced during intramembranous osteogenesis around the diaphysis. In addition, although syndecan-3 gene expression was low in osteoblasts and osteocytes located deep into trabecular bone, tenascin-C gene expression remained strong. Thus, tenascin-C and syndecan-3 display distinct temporal and spatial patterns of expression in periosteum and during the development of long bone. Given their multidomain structure and specific patterns of expression, these macromolecules may regulate site-specific skeletal processes, including interactions between developing periosteum and chondrocytes and delineation of the early cartilaginous skeletal elements.
The role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between family conflict and depression among early adolescents

Abstract Experiential avoidance (EA) consists of efforts to control or avoid unwanted emotions, upsetting memories, troubling thoughts, or physical pain and the contexts that occasion them, even when doing so creates problems over the long run. While substantial evidence finds EA to be a risk factor for diverse psychological problems, most of that evidence comes from research with adults. This paper presents longitudinal findings from a study of adolescents that examined the relationships between EA, family conflict and depression. We obtained data from students in grades 6, 7, and 8 (81.8% white, with Hispanic students the largest group of minority participants—8.8%). The analysis included latent growth models of family conflict, adolescent EA, and adolescent depression: all showed acceptable fit; mean intercepts and slopes (with their respective variances) were significant. The results suggest that EA is associated with depression and is more likely in families with high conflict. Female adolescents had higher EA and were differentially affected by family conflict.
Digitalis in heart failure. Farewell to the foxglove

AFTER more than 200 years of clinical use, the role of digitalis therapy in the management of acute and chronic congestive heart failure and its effectiveness compared with vasodilator therapy is being questioned. This controversy results from the difficulty in demonstrating the salutary effect of digitalis on overall cardiac performance, although the positive inotropic effect of digitalis on left ventricular function, both in the normal and depressed ventricle, has been well established. 1,2 Accordingly, we will review the evidence for the beneficial effects of digitalis in acute (eg, myocardial infarction) and chronic heart failure and the relation between digitalis therapy and vasodilator therapy in these conditions. Net cardiac pump performance results from the complex interaction of several opposing factors 3 (Figure). Cardiac output is determined by the heart rate, left ventricular filling volume or preload, left ventricular afterload or resistance to left ventricular ejection (approximated by systolic blood pressure), and
Assessment of risk factors for emergence distress and postoperative behavioural changes in children following general anaesthesia.

Summary Background: Emergence distress commonly occurs in children recovering from the immediate effects of general anaesthesia. This study was performed to (1) examine whether parental presence in the operating room during emergence from anaesthesia reduces the incidence or severity of emergence distress behaviour, and (2) assess psychosocial risk factors, including child temperament and sleep behaviour, for development of emergence distress. Methods: A randomized and controlled trial of parental presence at emergence was conducted in 100 ASA class I and II children having general anaesthesia for inguinal or penile surgery. Children in the study group had a parent present at induction and emergence of anaesthesia, while children in the control group had a parent present only at induction. Emergence and postanaesthesia care unit (PACU) behaviour was monitored using both the Operating Room Behaviour Rating Scale (ORBRS) and a 7-point Likert type cooperation scale. Results: One-way anovas showed no significant differences between the control group and the study group on emergence distress behaviour. The frequency of negative postoperative behavioural changes at 1 and 4 weeks postsurgery was low in both groups. Children described as clingy/dependent (χ2 = 5.57, P < 0.06) and children with frequent temper tantrums (χ2 = 7.44, P < 0.02) were more likely to have emergence distress behaviour. Conclusions: Parental presence during emergence from anesthesia did not decrease the incidence or severity of emergence distress behaviour in children. Young children and children with a history of temper tantrums or separation anxiety may be more likely to develop such behaviour.
Control of lysozyme gene expression in differentiating HL-60 cells

We have investigated the control of lysozyme gene expression in HL-60 cells induced to differentiate into macrophage-like cells with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Differentiation, as evidenced by cellular adherence, and morphological changes corresponded temporally to an increase in nonspecific esterase activity. The lysozyme concentration in the medium of uninduced HL-60 cells was 10 micrograms/10(7) cells, increasing to a maximum of 46 micrograms/10(7) cells after 48 h incubation with PMA (16 nM). At 72 h the lysozyme concentration decreased to 16 micrograms/10(7) cells. Intracellular lysozyme activity remained constant throughout differentiation. If HL-60 cells were exposed to PMA for 24 h, washed, then maintained in normal medium, they differentiated normally, confirming their irreversible commitment to differentiate. The increase in lysozyme secretion by these cells, however, is markedly blunted suggesting that continued PMA treatment of differentiated cells is required for their secretion of lysozyme. There is no change in the rate of extracellular degradation of lysozyme during differentiation. The level of lysozyme mRNA does not correlate directly with the amount of lysozyme secreted into the medium. Hybridization of uninduced HL-60 cell RNA with a chicken lysozyme cDNA probe demonstrates moderate hybridization. There is a modest (five-fold) increase in lysozyme mRNA between 0 and 36 h of exposure to PMA, corresponding to the burst of lysozyme secretion by these cells. The lysozyme mRNA decreases to a level which is lower than the original baseline by 72 h, when the cells are still secreting substantial amounts of lysozyme. These data suggest that both transcriptional and post-transcriptional controls are operative in the control of lysozyme gene expression during the differentiation of HL-60 cells. They also imply that lysozyme secretion is not a necessary component in the macrophage-monocyte differentiation of these cells.
Dissolution Behavior of Crystalline Solvated and Nonsolvated Forms of Some Pharmaceuticals

Relative rates of dissolution of several crystalline steroids, xanthines, and other solid drugs have been measured to determine the effect of solvate formation on this property. Equations have been derived relating the solubility products and diffusional constants to rates of solution of organic solvates. The results suggest that the tendency of many drugs to form such adducts provide pharmaceutical investigators a powerful tool in effecting rapid dissolution of highly insoluble substances.
Growth of pen reared pink salmon fry, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, feeding on available marine zooplankton

Abstract Pink salmon fry, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha , were held in a small floating net pen for nearly 7 weeks. The pen was moored in a narrow channel where tidal current velocities reach values near 0.4 m/s. The fry were maintained solely by marine zooplankton carried into the enclosure by surface currents. Samples of approximately 100 fry were removed weekly from the pen to monitor growth and diet. For the 1049 fry which began the experiment, fork length ( FL ) averaged 32.7 mm and wet weight ( W ) 0.23 g. Forty-eight days later 330 fry remained in the pen; FL had increased to 44.1 mm and W to 0.76 g. Natural mortality in the pen was less than 2% during this period.
Three-dimensional Structure of Thermolysin

The electron density map of thermolysin indicates how the polypeptide chain is displaced throughout the overall shape of the molecule.
Let's Not Forget the Organization in Organizational Justice: It Just Wouldn't Be Fair

Abstract The theoretical suggestions of Cropanzano et al. are summarized and evaluated in this paper that also attempts to integrate the lead article with the six responses. Criticisms, concerns, and suggestions espoused in the responses are considered in light of the author's own view of the justice area and especially in light of their relevance to studying justice in organizational contexts.
Deconcentrating Poverty With Housing Programs

Problem: Housing programs of the past have exacerbated the problems of concentrated poverty. Current housing programs serving very low-income households, including homebuyers as well as renters, should be examined to determine the extent to which they help households make entry into neighborhoods with low concentrations of poverty. Purpose: This research is designed to assist planners in understanding how well various approaches to resolving housing affordability problems can facilitate the poverty deconcentration process. Methods: Administrative data from the Department of Housing and Urban Development are used to assess the degree to which federal housing programs help lowincome homebuyers and renters locate in neighborhoods where less than 10% of the population is below poverty. Results and conclusions: Subsidizing households ought to be more effective than subsidizing housing units at helping lowincome households locate in low-poverty areas, and whether a household rents or buys should not matter to w...
Clinical assessment of neurobehavioral outcomes in infants and children with congenital heart disease

Abstract The prevalence of CHD, coupled with a dramatically improved rate of survival, means that more children enter the community as survivors. This creates a new challenge to understand the neurobehavioral profile of this group and respond with services to support their optimal development and long-term outcome. A distinctive neurodevelopmental outcome characterized by mild intellectual and language impairment, impaired executive functioning and disruptions of behavior including inattention, impulsivity and poor social skills has been documented. There is a need in every community for comprehensive research-informed clinical care and educational and therapeutic programs. This article focuses on recommendations regarding neurobehavioral assessment of toddlers to young adults with the goal of best supporting their neuropsychological development and optimal functioning at home, in school and the community. Recommendations cover suggested domains for assessment and measures for use as well as discussion of common psychoeducational challenges for this population.
Inhibition of contamination laser induced damage to optical substrates

ABSTRACT We have characterized the thresholds for contamination lase r induced damage (C-LID) process using toluene as a model contaminant by varying oxygen and toluene concentrations. In the presence of 300 ppm toluene and nitrogen, the damage threshold is (7.8 ± 1.9) u 10 3 laser pulses, in synthetic air the damage threshold is (18.0 r 2.1) u 10 3 laser pulses. We have found several high vapor pressure molecules that effectively inhibit the (C-LID) process and greatly extend the lifetime of fused silica optics under high power laser irradiati on. With the addition of ~4000 ppm of water, methanol or ethanol, the lifetime exceeds 1 u 10 6 laser pulses with no damage observed . Possible mechanisms are discussed. Keywords: contamination, laser induced damage, fused silica, toluene, water, methanol, ethanol 1. INTRODUCTION Contamination from material outgassing and shedding continues to be a cha llenging problem for space optical hardware. The degradation effects on imaging payloads and optical sensors have been studied extensively but only recently has contamination laser induced damage (C-LID) been identified as a major mission success risk to space based lasers.
HOW TO DEFEAT BELIEF IN THE EXTERNAL WORLD

Abstract: I defend the view that there is a privileged class of propositions – that there is an external world, among other such ‘hinge propositions’– that possess a special epistemic status: justified belief in these propositions is not defeated unless one has sufficient reason to believe their negation. Two arguments are given for this conclusion. Finally, three proposals are offered as morals of the preceding story: first, our justification for hinge propositions must be understood as defeatable, second, antiskeptics must explain our knowledge in the face of ‘actual world’ skepticism (like dreaming skepticism) as much as in the face of the usual sort (like brain-in-vat skepticism), and, finally, our justification for hinge propositions is basic (i.e. non-inferential).
Method for Conversion of α-Ketols to Ketones. Deoxygenation with Iodotrimethylsilane

Abstract Iodotrimethylsilane has rapidly become a valuable reagent for organic synthesis since its use in the cleavage of alkyl esters and ethers1,2,3 under essentially neutral conditions was introduced. For example, the conversion of ketals to ketones4, alcohols to iodides5, alkyl carbamates to amines, and sulfoxides to sulfides7 can now be readily promoted by iodotrimethylsilane.
Crystallographic model validation: from diagnosis to healing

Model validation has evolved from a passive final gatekeeping step to an ongoing diagnosis and healing process that enables significant improvement of accuracy. A recent phase of active development was spurred by the worldwide Protein Data Bank requiring data deposition and establishing Validation Task Force committees, by strong growth in high-quality reference data, by new speed and ease of computations, and by an upswing of interest in large molecular machines and structural ensembles. Progress includes automated correction methods, concise and user-friendly validation reports for referees and on the PDB websites, extension of error correction to RNA and error diagnosis to ligands, carbohydrates, and membrane proteins, and a good start on better methods for low resolution and for multiple conformations.
The management of federal research programs: Part II — Patterns of management

Analyses of responses to a survey of 215 managers of basic and applied research programs in the federal government were undertaken to identify factors that are useful in describing the pattern, or mix, of management techniques used by a program. Results indicate that the program's agency setting is of overwhelming importance. Of lesser importance are the position of the program on the spectrum of basic to applied research and the extent to which program management is “top down.”
Effects of fungal endophytes on the seed and seedling biology of Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea

Many grasses are infected by endophytic fungi that grow intercellularly in leaves, stems, and flowers and are transmitted maternally by hyphal growth into ovules and seeds. The seed biology and seedling growth of endophyte-infected and uninfected perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) were investigated under controlled environmental conditions. The percentage of filled seeds produced by infected tall fescue was over twice of uninfected tall fescue; infected and uninfected perennial reegrass had similar percentages. Weights of seeds from infected and uninfected plants were similar in both species. Seeds from infected plants of both species exhibited a higher rate of germination than seeds from uninfected plants. Shoot growth in the greenhouse was compared by making three sequential harvests of above-ground plant parts from infected and uninfected plants of both species. Infected perennial ryegrass plants produced significantly more biomass and tillers than uninfected plants after 6 and 10 weeks of growth and significantly more biomass after 14 weeks of growth. Infected tall fescue plants produced significantly more biomass and tillers than uninfected plants after 10 and 14 weeks of growth. The physiological mechanism of enhancement of growth is not known. The results of this study suggest that infected plants may have a selective advantage in populations with uninfected members.
Authoritarianism, pretrial publicity, and awareness of bias in simulated jurors.

In a simulated jury experiment, 158 university students were asked to render certain decisions as jurors in a criminal case. Subjects were exposed to damaging (to the defendant) pretrial publicity or to neutral pretrial publicity. Subjects were asked if they could remain impartial and also completed the F-scale questionnaire. Results indicated that even when subjects claim they are unbiased by pretrial publicity, their decisions as simulated jurors reveal bias. Their F-scores, however, appeared unrelated to judicial decisions.
External ocular herpesvirus infections in immunodeficiency.

Infections of the eye with members of the herpes family of viruses (e.g. HSV, CMV, VZV) are frequent manifestations of acquired and inherited defects in cell mediated immunity. Herpesvirus infections in the immunocompromised may reflect frequent viral reactivation from the latent state, as well as extensive productive infection of ocular structures following reactivation or primary infection. A review of experimental and clinical studies of both acquired and inherited immune dysfunction implicates specific immune mechanisms influencing the establishment of latency, viral reactivation and the control of active viral replication in ocular tissues.