cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Possibility of Obtaining Experimental Information Concerning the Meson-Meson Interaction

The observation of correlated pairs of mesons associated with high energy stars is suggestive of a strong attractive interaction between pairs of $\ensuremath{\pi}$-mesons. If such an interaction exists, it should appear in a relatively simple manner in the production of pairs of mesons by protons or $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays near the energetic threshold. The observation of a marked correlation in energy and angle between the mesons of a pair produced in a single event should lead to quantitative information concerning the meson-meson interaction.
Single-walled carbon nanotubes in superacid: X-ray and calorimetric evidence for partly ordered H 2 SO 4

Liquid anhydrous sulfuric acid forms a partly ordered structure in the presence of single-walled carbon nanotubes SWNTs. X-ray scattering from aligned fibers immersed in acid shows the formation of molecular shells wrapped around SWNTs. Differential scanning calorimetry of SWNT-acid suspensions exhibits concentration-dependent supercooling/melting behavior, confirming that the partly ordered molecules are a new phase. We propose that charge transfer between nanotube electrons and highly oxidizing superacid is responsible for the unique partly ordered structure.
Hydraulic concentration of magnetic fields in the solar photosphere. III - Fields of one or two kilogauss

Detailed analysis of weak and strong lines suggests that the magnetic fields in isolated intense flux tubes in supergranule boundaries in the solar photosphere may be as large as 2000 gauss. This paper is a concise systematic review of hydrodynamic effects that might compress a magnetic field to great intensity. The properties of force-free fields are reviewed to show that they do not contribute to concentration of magnetic fields, in spite of the popular notion to the contrary. Of the seven effects considered, it is concluded that only cooling of the gas within the field can produce the high field densities inferred from observation. It is shown that inhibition of convection appears not to possess the necessary qualitative cooling features and that overstability, generating transverse hydromagnetic waves - essentially Alfven waves - is the only way to account for the cooling and field intensification.
Remarks on the Lexicographical Treatment of Metaforms

This paper examines the way dictionaries describe metaforms, items that refer to the linguistic system itself (e.g., pronouns and indexicals). The paper first shows the inconsistent grammatical classification of metaforms, which are usually and incorrectly categorized as adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, or interjections. It is then argued that metaforms should be classified in their currently known grammatical categories: discourse marker (now), focus particle (even, like), quotative (like), and so on. Discussion then turns to the definitions of metaforms, with illustration of their incorrect or misleading semantic characterization and suggestions for capturing their denotations consistently. This examination of the lexicography of metaforms is ultimately a case study in how dictionary making might be informed by judicious use of current grammatical, semantic, and pragmatic theory.
The Career Development Institute for Psychiatry: An Innovative, Longitudinal Program for Physician-Scientists

Objectives The Research Career Development Institute for Psychiatry is a collaboration between the University of Pittsburgh and Stanford University to recruit and train a broad-based group of promising junior physicians by providing the necessary skills and support for successful research careers in academic psychiatry.
Iron deficiency among incarcerated juvenile delinquents.

A population of 163 incarcerated delinquents (126 males and 37 females aged 12–18 years) was studied to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency and to compare hemoglobin (Hgb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), serum ferritin (SF), and erythrocyte protoparphyrin/hemoglobin (EP/Hgb) as predictors of response to iron therapy. Thirty-two percent of females and 6% of males had SF ≤ 12 ng/ml; 51% of females and 24% of males had SF ≤ 20 ng/ml. The mean SF was 17.7 ng/ml for females and 29.2 ng/ml for males. Of the 163 subjects, 53 were at risk for iron deficiency based on SF, Hgb, EP/Hgb, or MCV criteria. Twenty-one completed treatment with iron, and nine had greater than 1 g rise in Hgb. The following tests identified responders: SF ≤ 12 ng/ml-5/9; SF ≤ 20 ng/ml-9/9; Hgb ≤ third percentile-4/9; Hgb ≤ tenth percentile-7/9; MCV ≤ tenth percentile-2/9; EP/Hgb ≥ 3.0 μg/g Hgb-2/9; EP/Hgb ≥ 2.5 μg/g Hgb-4/9. Serum ferritin ≤ 20 ng/ml had a false positive rate of 57%; Hgb ≤ tenth percentile and EP/Hgb ≥ 2.5 μ g/g Hgb had no false positives. The significance of the high prevalence of iron deficiency among a population of incarcerated adolescents is not clear. Serum ferritin ≤ 20 ng/ml offers the most sensitive screening test to suggest iron-responsive anemia, but it has poor specificity; Hgb ≤ tenth percentile is an alternative screening test that is more available, less expensive, nearly as sensitive, and more specific; EP/Hgb ≥ 2.5 μg/g Hgb, MCV ≤ tenth percentile, SF ≤ 12 ng/ml, and Hgb ≤ third percentile did not prove to be good screening tests because of poor sensitivity.
Hydrolysis reactions of the taccalonolides reveal structure-activity relationships

The taccalonolides are microtubule stabilizers isolated from plants of the genus Tacca that show potent in vivo antitumor activity and the ability to overcome multiple mechanisms of drug resistance. The most potent taccalonolide identified to date, AJ, is a semisynthetic product generated from the major plant metabolite taccalonolide A in a two-step reaction. The first step involves hydrolysis of taccalonolide A to generate taccalonolide B, and then this product is oxidized to generate an epoxide group at C-22–C-23. To generate sufficient taccalonolide AJ for in vivo antitumor efficacy studies, the hydrolysis conditions for the conversion of taccalonolide A to B were optimized. During purification of the hydrolysis products, we identified the new taccalonolide AO (1) along with taccalonolide I. When the same hydrolysis reaction was performed on a taccalonolide E-enriched fraction, four new taccalonolides, assigned as AK, AL, AM, and AN (2–5), were obtained in addition to the expected product taccalonolide...
608 GROWTH OF VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS FED THEIR OWN MATERNAL BREAST MILK

Twenty-one VLBW infants(Group I)were fed their own mothers milk. Randomly selected similar VLBW infants were fed a standard 24 cal/oz formula(Group II, 19 pts)and a whey protein based 24 cal/oz formula(Group III, 20 pts).Birth weights (gm) and GA (wk) were 1230 ± 200, 30.6 ± 2.1; 1275 ± 222, 31.1 ± 1.7 & 1357 ± 170, 31.3 ± 1.7,. respectively.Feedings, of equal volume per kg of body weight, were started at 4.9 ± 2.5, 5.4 ± 4.3 and 5.9 ± 4.5 day of life. Total serum protein, albumin, Ca, P, BUN and pH in each group were in normal physiologic range before, during and after the study period of achieving 1800 gm body weight and not different between the groups. Days of feedings to regain birth weight was statistically different only between I and II(18.5 ± 9.2 vs 12.4 ± 5.3; p<.025).Daily weight gain was different between I and II(16.3 ± 3.1 vs 21.5 ± 4.3 gm; p<.001), I and III(16.3 ± 3.1 vs 20.9 ± 4.7 gm; p<.001).Days required to achieve 1800 gm were different between I and II(42.3 ± 14.0 vs 29.3 ± 9.7; p<.005)and I and III(42.3 ± 14.0 vs 28.4 ± 8.5; p<.001).Contrary to weight gain, changes in head growth were higher in breast milk fed infants than II and III from birth to achieving 1800 gm body weight (4.0 ± 2.1, 2.2 ± 1.7 and 3.2 ± 1.8 cm)with significant difference between I and II (p<.01). This study reveals that despite lower calorie and protein intake, slower weight gain and longer hospitalization, relative to their weight gain, VLBW infants fed their own maternal milk have more rapid brain growth.
The general fluid circuit theory of active chloride absorption

The original fluid circuit theory used to explain active intestinal absorption of chloride is modified to include diffusion and secretion of chloride and osmosis. The general differential equation developed is integrated in a particular case. The definition, “effective concentration of chloride in the fluid passing into the intestinal lumen,” leads to simplified general expressions.
Systematic review: the hepatotoxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

SUMMARY 1 Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been implicated in reports of liver injury. However, the precise risk of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for this rare complication is unknown. Aim: To review systematically the published literature ofpopulation-basedepidemiological studies reportingthe incidence or comparative risk of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs for liver injury resulting in clinically significant events, defined as hospitalization or death. Data extraction: Duplicate extraction of the methodological quality, design, source, population, years studied, particular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs studied, definitions, patient counts and follow-up, and the adjustment for confounders. Results: Seven articles met inclusion criteria. The comparative risk of liver injury resulting in hospitalization for current non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug users compared with past non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug users ranged from 1.2 to 1.7, but none was statistically significant. The incidence of liver injury resulting in hospitalization ranged from 3.1 to 23.4/100 000 patient-years of current use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, with an excess risk compared with past non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs users of 4.8‐8.6/100 000 patient-years of exposure. There were zero deaths from liver injury associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use in over 396 392 patient-years of cumulative exposure. Conclusion: These findings allow for the possibility of a small increase in the risk of clinically relevant hepatotoxicity with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use, but do not document that such a risk occurs.
Numerical scoring of treatment plans

This is a report on numerical scoring techniques developed for the evaluation of treatment plans as part of a four-institution study of the role of 3-D planning in high energy external beam photon therapy. A formal evaluation process was developed in which plans were assessed by a clinician who displayed dose distributions in transverse, sagittal, coronal, and arbitrary oblique planes, viewed dose-volume histograms which summarized dose distributions to target volumes and the normal tissues of interest, and reviewed dose statistics which characterized the volume dose distribution for each plan. In addition, tumor control probabilities were calculated for each biological target volume and normal tissue complication probabilities were calculated for each normal tissue defined in the agreed-upon protocols. To score a plan, the physician assigned a score for each normal tissue to reflect possible complications; for each target volume two separate scores were assigned, one representing the adequacy of tumor coverage, the second the likelihood of a complication. After scoring each target and normal tissue individually, two summary scores were given, one for target coverage, the second reflecting the impact on all normal tissues. Finally, each plan was given an overall rating (which could include a downgrading of the plan if the treatment was judged to be overly complex).
SIGART (Paper Session)

Natural language processing has had a spurt of interest in recent years, due in part to a new focus on the representation and structure of knowledge. The papers in this session cover all ends of natural language research, parsing, generating, and memory and inference. The advances to be reported on here indicate that the possibility of natural communication with machines may be closer than had been anticipated.
On index merging for semantic web data

In this paper we explore the properties of description indices that store concept descriptions rather than plain data. Although these novel data structures are beneficial for efficiently answering semantic web queries, expressed in a language such as nRQL or SPARQL-DL, they take extra storage and their maintenance can become a performance bottleneck. In order to alleviate these shortcomings, we introduce a procedure for merging description indices. Experimental results over the LUBM benchmark show that this technique can result in economy of storage space, while the performance is slightly affected for a static workload and is improved for a dynamic workload.
Surface energy effects at the boundary between a superconductor and a normal conductor

Films of tin ranging from 500 to 1400 A in thickness have been prepared in pairs by vacuum deposition onto rotating cylindrical glass and metal substrates. Thetemperature dependence of the critical fields has been measured. The critical temperatures of the films on metal substrates are all depressed. Their critical fields at absolute zero, however, are usuallny ot depressed but can be higher than those of the corresponding films on glass. This increase can be explained by a negative surface energy arising from a short mean free path of the superconducting electrons in an incidental oxide layer at the surfece of the metal. Most of the films on glass had an abnormally small value of the critical field at absolute zero.
Response of discretely stiffened structures

This paper presents a theoretical study on dynamic response of complex discretely stiffened and interconnected structures to random loads. Modal and transfer matrix techniques are utilized to analyze these multidimensional structures. Application of this formulation for response and noise generation studies in space station and fuselage-wing design is discussed. The response spectral densities are calculated for several typical discretely stiffened and interconnected structural systems. It is found that this approach allows for easy parametric evaluation and that by proper selection of structural parameters and loading conditions, the vibration response can be reduced.
Sustainable Capitalism or Ethical Transnationalism: Off-Shore Production and Economic Development

Multinational firms are increasingly facing pressures from consumer groups and activists to become more socially responsible. These pressures include calls for more environmentally safe production, improved labor conditions, and fair trade among transnational subsidiaries. While some describe the effects of globalization and the Consumer Social Responsibility (CSR) movement as ratcheting up transnational social standards, others claim that these efforts merely serve as a legitimizing mechanism of global capitalism, which sustains unequal distributional effects under the rhetoric of human rights. By tracing CSR activism surrounding the apparel industry (focused on Nike) and the mass-retail industry (focusing on Wal-Mart), this article offers a more nuanced analysis of recent developments in the quest for socially and environmentally responsible global production.
The influence of carbon dioxide and oxygen as additives on soot formation in diffusion flames

A study of carbon dioxide and oxygen addition on soot formation has been performed such that the effects of dilution, temperature and direct chemical participation have been isolated for the additives on both the fuel and oxidizer sides. By measuring soot inception limits in the counterflow flame and integrated soot volume fractions in the coflow flame, the influence of the additives on soot inception, growth and burnout has also been ascertained. Results demonstrate that carbon dioxide, whether added to the fuel or oxidizer side, can suppress soot formation chemically. The effect of oxygen addition is more complex. When added to the fuel side of an ethylene flame, the addition leads to an abrupt increase in the inception limit, indicating that the inception chemistry has been accelerated. The addition to propane, however, is initially suppressive and results in a significant reduction in the soot inception limit which is more than can be accounted for by dilution. The addition becomes promoting as the oxygen mole fraction approaches 40%. Finally, the effect of oxygen concentration on the oxidizer side, for both ethylene and propane flames, is almost totally thermal.
Multipolar expansions for the empty-lattice problem.

We compare the multipolar representation we defined in an earlier publication to a recently proposed ``Bloch-periodic'' multipolar representation in an application to the empty-lattice problem. We show, both algebraically and through explicit calculations, that the ``Bloch-periodic'' multipoles are order zero in the central cell in the d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} limit so that truncated l sums do not converge in this limit. The error in a truncated l sum with the exact coefficients strictly increases with d for any finite dg${d}_{\mathrm{min}}$. An infinite l sum, performed before the limit d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} is taken and subject to the restriction ${l}_{\mathrm{max}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\gg}}\mathrm{kd}}$ while both limits are taken, will yield an exact expansion of the crystal wave function in the central cell if and only if the expansion for ${d}_{\mathrm{min}}$ (our original multipolar expansion) already does. We conclude that the energy-band theory derived with this representation is not an improvement on the exact multipolar multiple-scattering band theory that we previously derived.
Alterations of nutritional status. Impact of chemotherapy and radiation therapy

The nutritional status of a cancer patient may be affected by the tumor, the chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy directed against the tumor, and by complications associated with that therapy. Chemotherapy-radiotherapy is not confined exclusively to malignant cell populations; thus, normal tissues may also be affected by the therapy and may contribute to specific nutritional problems. Impaired nutrition due to anorexia, mucositis, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may be dependent upon the specific chemotherapeutic agent, dose, or schedule utilized. Similar side effects from radiation therapy depend upon the dose, fractionation, and volume irradiated. When combined modality treatment is given the nutritional consequences may be magnified. Prospective, randomized clinical trials are underway to investigate the efficacy of nutritional support during chemotherapy-radiotherapy on tolerance to treatment, complications from treatment, and response rates to treatment. Preliminary results demonstrate that the administration of total parenteral nutrition is successful in maintaining weight during radiation therapy and chemotherapy, but that weight loss occurs after discontinuation of nutritional support. Thus, long-term evaluation is mandatory to learn the impact of nutritional support on survival, disease-free survival, and complication rates, as well as on the possible prevention of morbidity associated with aggressive chemotherapy-radiation therapy.
Bedload entrainment in low-gradient paraglacial coastal rivers of Maine, U.S.A.: Implications for habitat restoration

Abstract The rivers of coastal Maine flow through mainstem lakes and long low-gradient reaches that break the continuum of bedload transport expected in nonparaglacial landscapes. Stream erosion of glacial deposits supplies coarse sediment to these systems. The land use history includes intensive timber harvest and associated dam construction, which may have altered the frequency of substrate-mobilizing events. These watersheds are vital habitat for the last remaining wild anadromous Atlantic salmon in the United States. Future adjustments in channel morphology and habitat quality (via natural stream processes or restoration projects) depend on erosion, transport, and deposition of coarse sediment. These factors motivate our study of competence at four sites in the Sheepscot and Narraguagus watersheds. Three of the four sites behaved roughly similarly, with particle entrainment during intervals that include winter ice and spring flood conditions, and relatively minor bed mobilization during moderate floods in the summer and fall (with a recurrence interval of 2–3 years). The fourth site, on the Sheepscot River mainstem, exhibits more vigorous entrainment of marked particles and more complex three-dimensional channel morphology. This contrast is partially due to local geomorphic conditions that favor high shear stresses (particularly relatively steep gradient), but also likely to nourishment of the bedload saltation system by recruitment from an eroding glacial deposit upstream. Our results suggest that the frequency and magnitude of bedload transport are reach specific, depending on factors including local channel geometry, upstream sediment supply and transport, and formation of anchor ice. This presents a challenge for stream practitioners in this region: different reaches may require contrasting management strategies. Our results underscore the importance of understanding channel processes at a given site and assessing conditions upstream and downstream as a prerequisite for conducting habitat restoration projects.
CID755673 enhances mitogenic signaling by phorbol esters, bombesin and EGF through a protein kinase D-independent pathway

Recently, CID755673 was reported to act as a highly selective inhibitor of protein kinase D (PKD). In the course of experiments using CID755673, we noticed that it exerted unexpected stimulatory effects on [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and cell cycle progression in Swiss 3T3 cells stimulated by bombesin, a Gq-coupled receptor agonist, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), a biologically active tumor promoting phorbol ester and epidermal growth factor (EGF). These stimulatory effects could be dissociated from the inhibitory effect of CID755673 on PKD activity, since enhancement of DNA synthesis was still evident in cells with severely down-regulated PKD1 after transfection of siRNA targeting PKD1. A major point raised by our study is that CID755673 can not be considered a specific inhibitor of PKD and it should be used with great caution in experiments attempting to elucidate the role of PKD family members in cellular regulation, particularly cell cycle progression from G(1)/G(o) to S phase.
The role of the CTLA4 blockade in the treatment of malignant melanoma.

Metastatic melanoma remains a disease with few effective treatments. The anti-tumor immune response has long been felt to be important in the prognosis of melanoma, and much work has focused on har...
Prenatal diagnosis of Krabbe disease: Galactosylceramide metabolism in cultured amniotic fluid cells

KRABBE DISEASE, or globoid cell leukodystrophy, is an inborn error of galactosylceramide metabolism with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. ~ The majority of patients show the first symptoms between 4 and 6 months of age, and they usually die by 2 years of age. The primarY defect appears to be a deficiency of gal-cer /3-galactosidase activity. 2 This enzyme has also been demonstrated to catalyze the hydrolysis of psychosine (galactosylsphingosine), monogatactosyldiglyceride, and lactosylceramide. Leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts have been used to iglentify patients and carriers? .4 Prenatal diagnosis has been carried out with the use of cultured amniotic fluid cells in couples at risk for having a child with Krabbe disease 5,6 (also unpublished data). However, as noted by Vanier et al, 6 the test is difficult because of the relatively high residual activity in some affected fetuses. In 1976, we reported that some healthy people had gal-cer fl-ga!actosidase levels near those of affected children. 7 Similar findings have been made in healthy people who may be carriers of metachromatie leukodystrophy)'9 These "pseudodeficient" families present a problem when prenatal diagnosis is requested because cultured A F C with 8 to 15% of normal activity for the enzyme in question may indicate an affected fetus or a healthy person with low activity when measured in vitro. Deficient and pseudodeficient fetuses have been successfully identified by use of either 35S-labeled cerebroside sulfate or ~4C-stearic ac idlabeled CS in the media of the cultured AFC. 9,10 By using ~4C-stearic acid-labeled CS in cultured cells, we are able to follow the stepwise catabolism of the ~4C-CS
An algorithm for the multiple objective integer linear programming problem

Abstract A technique is presented for solving the multiple objective integer linear programming problem. The technique can be used to identify some or all efficient solutions. While the technique is applicable with any integer programming algorithm, it is well suited for implementation using integer postoptimality techniques. Such an implementation, based on Balas' Additive algorithm, is described for problems with zero-one variables.
Targeting the mTOR Signaling Network for Cancer Therapy

The serine-threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a major role in the regulation of protein translation, cell growth, and metabolism. Alterations of the mTOR signaling pathway are common in cancer, and thus mTOR is being actively pursued as a therapeutic target. Rapamycin and its analogs (rapalogs) have proven effective as anticancer agents in a broad range of preclinical models. Clinical trials using rapalogs have demonstrated important clinical benefits in several cancer types; however, objective response rates achieved with single-agent therapy have been modest. Rapalogs may be more effective in combination with other anticancer agents, including chemotherapy and targeted therapies. It is increasingly apparent that the mTOR signaling network is quite complex, and rapamycin treatment leads to different signaling responses in different cell types. A better understanding of mTOR signaling, the mechanism of action of rapamycin, and the identification of biomarkers of response will lead to more optimal targeting of this pathway for cancer therapy.
Mentorship and pursuit of academic medicine careers: a mixed methods study of residents from diverse backgrounds

Mentorship influences career planning, academic productivity, professional satisfaction, and most notably, the pursuit of academic medicine careers. Little is known about the role of mentoring in recruiting Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino residents into academia. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of mentoring on academic medicine career choice among a cohort of racially and ethnically diverse residents. A strategic convenience sample of U.S. residents attending national professional conferences between March and July 2010; residents completed a quantitative survey and a subset participated in focus groups. Of the 250 residents, 183 (73%) completed surveys and 48 participated in focus groups. Thirty-eight percent of residents were white, 31% Black/African American, 17% Asian/other, and 14% Hispanic/Latino. Most respondents (93%) reported that mentorship was important for entering academia, and 70% reported having sufficient mentorship to pursue academic careers. Three themes about mentorship emerged from focus groups: (1) qualities of successful mentorship models; (2) perceived benefits of mentorship; and (3) the value of racial/ethnic and gender concordance. Residents preferred mentors they selected rather than ones assigned to them, and expressed concern about faculty using checklists. Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, and female residents described actively seeking out mentors of the same race/ethnicity and gender, but expressed difficulty finding such mentors. Lack of racial/ethnic concordance was perceived as an obstacle for minority mentees, requiring explanation of the context and nuances of their perspectives and situations to non-minority mentors. The majority of residents in this study reported having access to mentors. However, data show that the lack of diverse faculty mentors may impede diverse residents’ satisfaction and benefit from mentorship relationships compared to white residents. These findings are important for residency programs striving to enhance resident mentorship and for institutions working to diversify their faculty and staff to achieve institutional excellence.
RADIATIVE IONIZATION PATTERNS IN COLD PRECURSOR OF AXISYMMETRIC DETACHED SHOCK

Abstract : Radiative ionization patterns in the precursor of the shock preceding a blunt body immersed in a hypersonic monatomic gas flow are obtained. Based on earlier work that provides for the uncoupling of the radiative transfer from the gas dynamics, a plausible model of the shock structure and shock layer radiation is proposed. The rate equation for the production of electrons in the precursor is dependent only upon photon absorption because ionizing and neutralizing collisions are negligible; it is solved in the near precursor where one-step radiative ionization dominates. Geometrical complexities introduced by the multidimensional shock are encountered along with the spectral difficulties associated with nonequilibrium radiative ionization. Spatial calculations for the degree of ionization in argon throughout the near precursor are presented for a downstream degree of ionization on the stagnation streamline of 0.8, an upstream temperature of 300K, and an upstream pressure of .001 atm. Intriguing patterns of constant electron density reveal a 'concentric sphericity effect' close to the shock axis of symmetry. In addition, asymptotic solutions illustrate the failure of a radiative point source description of the shock layer to yield accurate solutions illustrate the failure of a radiative point source description of the shock layer to yield accurate solutions off the axis of symmetry. (Author)
The lability of dilutions of skin-sensitizing antibody and antigen (ragweed) on freezing

Abstract In the course of investigations on other aspects of antigen-antibody reactions, we became suspicious that the potency of both diluted reaginic serum and antigen may be impaired by freezing. The following protocol was carried out. Ragweed reaginic serum (KA), which had been kept frozen for 2 years at −20° C., was diluted in threefold serial dilutions from 1:9 to 1:2,187. One set was kept frozen for 4 days, another was refrigerated for a similar period, and a third was prepared and used immediately. Three nonatopic subjects were passively sensitized with these 3 series of dilutions at one sitting and the sites were challenged 48 hours later with ragweed extract, 1:300. In one subject the procedure was repeated a second time. The preparations which had been frozen required 9 to 27 times the concentration of the fresh and refrigerated serum dilutions to produce an end point. The lability of the diluted ragweed extract upon freezing was similarly tested. Several sets of threefold serial dilutions were prepared from stock refrigerated extract and treated as follows: (1) used immediately, (2) refrigerated for 1 day to 4 weeks, (3) frozen for 1 day to 4 weeks in glass vials, and (4) frozen in siliconized vials. Titrations were made on 4 ragweed-sensitive subjects and on 2 nonatopic individuals sensitized with reaginic serum diluted 1:9. The results indicate a substantial loss of skin-reacting potency from freezing. In addition, other aspects of antigen lability were measured.
High Frequency Differential Passive FET Direct Conversion Mixer/Modulator

A passive FET differential mixer/modulator for direct conversion and low IF applications is described. Operation of the example circuits are in the HF spectrum using discrete components, but the design is scalable to microwave and millimeter waves using common IC processes. LO drive level is from ?10 to +10 dBm, measured conversion loss is 7 dB, input 3rd order intercept is +17 dBm, and estimated noise figure is within 2 dB of conversion loss. The mixer ports are 50 ohm differential, and there is no internal or external ground connection. Elimination of ground isolates the signal path from ground noise, and eases scaling to microwaves and mm waves where ground via inductance is significant. The internal bias circuit has large value decoupling resistors and draws 190 microamps from a 3 to 15 volt dc supply.
Abstract P2-10-02: PD-L1 protein expression is a prognostic biomarker in breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and its receptor, PD1, are involved in limiting immune response. In the context of cancer, tumor cells expressing PD-L1 can suppress the immune response of PD1-expressing tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Disruption of this pathway with antibodies to either the ligand or the receptor has shown promise in the treatment of non small cell lung cancer, melanoma and renal cell cancer. Here we investigate the pathway in breast cancer. METHODS: PD-L1 protein expression was assessed on two Yale TMA breast cancer cohorts with two-fold redundancy by quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF) using AQUA technology. Cohort 1 (YTMA201) consists of 400 patients with has extensive follow-up and adjuvant treatment information. Cohort 2 (YTMA128) consists of 245 patients with limited follow-up and no treatment information. The PD-L1 antibody (Lieping Chen, clone 5H1) has been previously validated for specificity and reproducibility using transfected cell models. TILs were assessed by a pathologist for each cohort using a score from 0-3 based on the amount of TILs within the spot. AQUA scores for PD-L1 were used as a continuous variable and also cut at the median for outcome analysis. RESULTS: PD-L1 protein is positively correlated with TILs (p CONCLUSIONS: PD-L1 expression in breast cancer is positively associated with TILs and inversely associated with estrogen receptor status on two independent breast cancer cohorts. PD-L1 protein expression shows prognostic value in breast cancer patients, particularly the ER positive subset of patients. Further assessment of PD-1 axis marker expression may be valuable as the associated therapeutics are being tested in breast cancer patients. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-10-02.
Rhythmic discharge properties of caudal cochlear nucleus neurons during postnatal development in cats.

Abstract Action potentials recorded extracellularly from neurons within the caudal cochlear nuclei of developing cats exhibited distinctive temporal characteristics (i.e., rhythmic responses) in response to long-duration acoustic stimuli including both tone and noise bursts. Unlike the homogeneous response characteristics of auditory nerve fibers, cochlear nucleus neurons exhibited many variations in rhythmic discharge patterns. The majority of neurons within the caudal CN of kittens younger than 10 days of age responded rhythmically to long-duration acoustic stimuli, however, the percentage of neurons responding rhythmically steadily decreased thereafter, and by the end of the second postnatal week most tonically-responding neurons maintained sustained steady-state discharge rates throughout stimulation. Discharges of neurons recorded during the transitional ages (around 13 days) were rhythmic at low sensation levels and exhibited adultlike sustained patterns at higher levels. Using constant sensation level stimuli (re individual neuron thresholds), burst frequencies remained essentially constant during the period of development in which rhythmic responses were observed. Intervals separating discharge bursts decreased as stimulus intensities increased for all neurons studied during therelevant period, but were not related in an orderly way to stimulus frequency. The effects of intensity on response periodicity were not mimicked by altering the amount of neurotransmitter present at the postsynaptic cell through microionophoresis of excitatory amino acids and their antagonists onto the surface of neurons within the caudal CN. In addition, some immature neurons which responded phasically to acoustic stimuli responded rhythmically during the simultaneous presentation of acoustic stimuli and neuroexcitatory agents (i.e., glutamate). These results suggest that the source of the rhythmicity is not intrinsic to neurons in the caudal CN. Based on these and other observations we conclude that the most probable source of response periodicity observed early in development is the domination of inner hair cell output by efferent projections of the olivocochlear bundle, the temporal discharge patterns of which are also periodic.
Microcavity enhanced Raman gain

Abstract The cavity QED behavior of stimulated Raman gain within a droplet microcavity was experimentally investigated. Stimulated Raman scattering thresholds were measured as a function of microdroplet size and composition. Gain enhancements were estimated by comparing measured thresholds to reported values for liquid core fibers having equivalent interaction lengths. The resulting gain enhancement was found to vary inversely with the homogeneous linewidth of the various liquids studied as well as the inverse of the mode volume of the cavity resonance. Enhancements as large as 500 ± 300 were observed in carbon disulfide, the species with the narrowest linewidth examined.
Effectiveness of Groups in the Schools.

This article reviews the current literature, specifically meta-analytic research, on the effectiveness of psychoeducational and counseling groups in the schools. Topics for such groups include: eating disorders, anger management/bullying, child sexual abuse prevention, pregnancy prevention, and social competency. There is support for groups in the schools, specifically some psychoeducational groups and classroom interventions. There is also support for the use of group interventions that are both short in session length and overall time. Research reflects the importance of adjusting content to the population and maturity level of group members as well. Future research should more clearly identify the type of group intervention and goals used as well as reflect collaborations between researchers and school counselors.
Effects of gendered character representation on person perception and informational social influence in computer-mediated communication

Abstract Two experiments examined (a) if the gender of a randomly assigned character would affect individuals' inferences about an anonymous partner in computer-mediated communication (CMC) and (b) how the gender inference would moderate informational social influence. In Experiment 1, participants played a trivia game on a gender-biased topic (sports vs. fashion) with their ostensible partner via computer, represented by a gender-marked cartoon character. The results showed that both men and women, despite the arbitrary nature of character assignment, categorized the partner according to the character's gender. However, the effects of the gender inference on conformity were moderated by the topic and the participant's gender. First, when the topic matched the participant's gender, there was no character effect. Second, whereas women used “expertise heuristics”, exhibiting greater conformity to the male-charactered than female-charactered partner on a masculine topic, men displayed greater conformity to the male-charactered than female-charactered partner on a feminine topic, suggesting male resistance to female influence. Using a gender-neutral topic, Experiment 2 confirmed the explanations. Although the character triggered gender-stereotypical perception of the partner, when the gender was not diagnostic of expertise, the character's gender did not affect women's conformity behavior while men nonetheless showed greater conformity to the male-charactered partner.
Advantages of Monte Carlo Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects

Monte Carlo simulation is a useful but underutilized method of constructing confidence intervals for indirect effects in mediation analysis. The Monte Carlo confidence interval method has several distinct advantages over rival methods. Its performance is comparable to other widely accepted methods of interval construction, it can be used when only summary data are available, it can be used in situations where rival methods (e.g., bootstrapping and distribution of the product methods) are difficult or impossible, and it is not as computer-intensive as some other methods. In this study we discuss Monte Carlo confidence intervals for indirect effects, report the results of a simulation study comparing their performance to that of competing methods, demonstrate the method in applied examples, and discuss several software options for implementation in applied settings.
Efficient alphabet partitioning algorithms for low-complexity entropy coding

We analyze the technique for reducing the complexity of entropy coding consisting of the a priori grouping of the source alphabet symbols, and in dividing the coding process in two stages: first coding the number of the symbol's group with a more complex method, followed by coding the symbol's rank inside its group using a less complex method, or simply using its binary representation. Because this method proved to be quite effective it is widely used in practice, and is an important part in standards like MPEG and JPEG. However, a theory to fully exploit its effectiveness had not been sufficiently developed. In this work, we study methods for optimizing the alphabet decomposition, and prove that a necessary optimality condition eliminates most of the possible solutions, and guarantees that dynamic programming solutions are optimal. In addition, we show that the data used for optimization have useful mathematical properties, which greatly reduce the complexity of finding optimal partitions. Finally, we extend the analysis, and propose efficient algorithms, for finding min-max optimal partitions for multiple data sources. Numerical results show the difference in redundancy for single and multiple sources.
Parents’ Marital Distress, Divorce, and Remarriage: Links With Daughters’ Early Family Formation Transitions:

We used data from the Add Health study to estimate the effects of parents' marital status and relationship distress on daughters' early family formation transitions. Outcomes included traditional transitions (marriage and marital births) and nontraditional transitions (cohabitation and nonmarital births). Relationship distress among continuously married parents was not related to any outcome. Offspring with single parents and remarried parents had an elevated risk of nonmarital births and nonmarital cohabitation. Offspring with remarried parents with a high-distress relationship had an elevated risk of early marriages and marital births. These results, combined with analyses of mediating variables, provide the strongest support for a modeling perspective, although some support also was found for a perspective based on escape from stress.
Consumer Cooperation as an Empowerment Technology: How Might it be Enhanced?

Consumer cooperatives represent a time-honored technology of empowerment that behaviorists interested in social action might benefit from studying. Cooperatives are user-owned businesses that subscribe to a set of principles (e.g., one member-one vote) that promote democratic member involvement. One of the cooperative principles is "continuous education," which researchers have identified as essential to the success of cooperative group (e.g., Schildgen, 1987; Sekerak & Danforth, 1980). Education, however, is often neglected by co-ops, thus undermining the democratic, empowering nature of such organizations. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that behavior analysis might be helpful in designing an active program of member education for cooperative groups. Specifically, the Personalized System of Instruction is recommended as a set of educational procedures that would be compatible with the needs and goals of most cooperative groups.
Revised Visual Assessment of (Cluster) Tendency (reVAT)

The Visual Assessment of (cluster) Tendency (VAT) method readily displays cluster tendency for small data sets as grayscale images, but is too computationally costly for larger data sets. A revised version of VAT is presented here that can efficiently be applied to larger collections of data. A numerical example is included.
Transactivation by the E2 Protein of Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Type 31 Is Not Essential for Early and Late Viral Functions

The activation of transcription and of DNA replication are, in some cases, mediated by the same proteins. A prime example is the E2 protein of human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which binds ACCN6GGT sequences and activates heterologous promoters from multimerized binding sites. The E2 protein also has functions in replication, where it complexes with the virally encoded origin recognition protein, E1. Much of the information on these activities is based on transient-transfection assays as well as biochemical analyses; however, their importance in the productive life cycle of oncogenic HPVs remains unclear. To determine the contributions of these E2 functions to the HPV life cycle, a genetic analysis was performed by using an organotypic tissue culture model. HPV type 31 (HPV31) genomes that contained mutations in the N terminus of E2 (amino acid 73) were constructed; these mutants retained replication activities but were transactivation defective. Following transfection of normal human keratinocytes, these mutant genomes were established as stable episomes and expressed early viral transcripts at levels similar to those of wild-type HPV31. Upon differentiation in organotypic raft cultures, the induction of late gene expression and amplification of viral DNA were detected in cell lines harboring mutant genomes. Interestingly, only a modest reduction in late gene expression was observed in the mutant lines. We conclude that the transactivation function of E2 is not essential for the viral life cycle of oncogenic HPVs, although it may act to moderately augment late expression. Our studies suggest that the primary positive role of E2 in the viral life cycle is as a replication factor.
Outcomes of heart transplantation using donor hearts from infants with sudden infant death syndrome

Background Uncertainty exists whether hearts from infants who have died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are acceptable for transplantation because the mechanism of death in SIDS remains unclear. We analyzed post-transplant outcomes in infants who received a heart from a donor where SIDS was the primary cause of brain death. Methods This retrospective multicenter cohort study used data from the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN). All infants aged Results During the study period, 66 of 1033 infants (6.4%) who underwent heart transplant received an allograft from a SIDS donor. These infants were similar to the remaining infants with respect to age, diagnosis, blood type, and invasive support. In multivariable analysis, graft loss was associated with congenital heart disease (hazard ratio [HR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–2.1), ventilator (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1–1.9), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support (HR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.2–4.3), but not donor SIDS (HR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6–1.5), suggesting graft survival in SIDS-donor heart recipients was similar to the remaining infants. Primary causes of post-transplant death in infants receiving SIDS-donor hearts and the remaining infants were similar. Conclusions Graft survival was similar in infants who received SIDS-donor hearts compared with those who received hearts from donors who died of other causes. There was no increase in incidence of non-rejection-related cardiac deaths after transplant in these children.