cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oyster Economics: Simulated Costs, Returns, and Nonmarket Ecosystem Benefits of Commercial Bottom Reefs, Off-Bottom Aquaculture, Living Shorelines, and Restored Reefs

We simulate potential costs, market returns, and nonmarket ecosystem benefits for commercial bottom oyster reefs, off-bottom oyster aquaculture, oyster-based living shorelines, and (non-harvested) restored oysters reefs. Results indicate that the range of benefits accruing from commercial bottom reefs and non-harvest restored reefs may be less variable than off-bottom aquaculture and living shorelines. On average, bottom reefs, off-bottom aquaculture, and restored reefs are expected to yield positive net benefits, whereas net benefits of living shorelines are highly variable are more likely to yield negative net benefits, except for under the most optimistic assumptions. Bottom reefs and restored reefs have lower per-unit costs and lower benefits, whereas off-bottom aquaculture has higher per-unit costs, but also higher per-unit revenues; living shorelines have higher upfront construction costs and highly variable nonmarket benefits. Bottom reef and off-bottom aquaculture benefits are driven by market revenues, whereas restored reef and living shoreline benefits are driven by nonmarket ecosystem services.
Glycogen-dependent demixing of frog egg cytoplasm at increased crowding

Abstract Crowding increases the tendency of macromolecules to aggregate and phase separate, and high crowding can induce glass-like states of cytoplasm. To explore the effect of crowding in a well-characterized model cytoplasm we developed methods to selectively concentrate components larger than 25 kDa from Xenopus egg extracts. When crowding was increased 1.4x, the egg cytoplasm demixed into two liquid phases of approximately equal volume. One of the phases was highly enriched in glycogen while the other had a higher protein concentration. Glycogen hydrolysis blocked or reversed demixing. Quantitative proteomics showed that the glycogen phase was enriched in proteins that bind glycogen, participate in carbohydrate metabolism, or are in complexes with especially high native molecular weight. The glycogen phase was depleted of ribosomes, ER and mitochondria. These results inform on the physical nature of a glycogen-rich cytoplasm and suggest a role of demixing in the localization of glycogen particles in tissue cells.
Contemporary analysis of epididymal tumors using a national database.

Introduction Epididymal tumors are rare malignancies with sparse research available to guide recommendations. We sought to characterize malignant epididymal tumors in the United States using population level data. Material and methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results database was queried for patients diagnosed with malignant epididymal tumors between 1975-2016. International classification of disease for oncology code C63.0 was used to identify population with disease of interest. Primary objective was to characterize patient demographics, disease characteristics, and management. Secondary objectives included overall and cancer-specific survival (CSS) utilizing Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis. Results A total of 66 cases of malignant epididymal tumors were identified during the study period. The cohort was largely white (84.8%), with a mean age of diagnosis of 46.9 years old. The predominant histology consisted of rhabdomyosarcoma 26%, leiomyosarcoma 23%, liposarcoma 17%, adenocarcinoma 9%, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma 5%. During histopathological assessment, 21.1% of tumors were classified as high-grade while 71.2% exhibited sarcomatoid elements. Majority of patients presented with localized disease (68.2%), whereas regional (18.2%) and distant (13.2%) disease was less frequently discovered. All patients were diagnosed by surgical therapy consisting of radical epididymectomy (39.4%), partial epididymectomy (27.3%) or 'unknown surgery' (33.3%). Meanwhile, 15.2% and 34.8% received radiation and chemotherapy, respectively. KM analysis revealed an 84.9% CSS at 5-years. Over 60% of documented cases have arisen since 2000, with 3.0% of the cohort diagnosed in 2016, increased from 1.5% of the diagnoses in 1975. Conclusions Malignant epididymal tumors are exceedingly rare and typically present with localized disease. Surgical excision is associated with an estimated 85% CSS at 5-years.
A 56-Gb/s 8-mW PAM4 CDR/DMUX with High Jitter Tolerance

An analog one-eighth-rate CDR circuit detects both major and minor transitions in PAM4 data by calculating the Euclidean distances between the sampled points. Realized in 28-nm CMOS technology, the prototype exhibits a jitter transfer bandwidth of 160 MHz and a jitter tolerance of 1 UI at 10 MHz.
Toward an ontology of regulation: socially-based support for coordination in human and machine joint activity

In this chapter we explore the role of regulation in joint activity that is conducted among people and how understanding this better can enhance the efforts of researchers seek ing to develop effective means to coordinate the performance of consequential work within mixed teams of humans, agents, and robots. Our analysis reveals challenges to the quality of human-machine mutual understanding; these in turn set upper bounds on the degree of sophistication of human-automation joint activity that can be supported today and point to key areas for further research. These include development of an ontology of regulatory systems that can be utilized within human-agent-robotic teamwork to help with mutual understanding and complex coordination.
A QFT controller design implementation for a worm gear driven manipulator joint

Quantitative feedback theory (QFT) design technology is used in conjunction with a parametric model of a robot manipulator joint driven by a worm gear transmission. The plant family of this system contains both stable and unstable members and it is of interest to design a controller that will stabilize the entire family and provide acceptable performance. A nominal loop transfer function containing a nonminimum phase controller is shaped. It is found that controller bandwidth is a key for successful implementation.
Olfactory receptor gene regulation.

The mammalian olfactory system recognizes and discriminates a vast array of odorant ligands . The number of odors that can be distinguished is on the order of tens of thousands. Recognition is accomplished, initially, by members of a family of 1000 odorant receptors. Thus the olfactory system rivals the immune system in its ability to recognize a large number of molecules. While the immune system faces a complex problem in discr iminating the universe of antigens, the olfactory system faces a further challenge: it must convey to the brain a conscious appreciation of the fine distinctions between odor molecules.
A model-based software engineering of parallel and distributed systems using Petri nets

This paper describes a sequence of two graduate courses devoted to Software Engineering of Parallel and Distributed Systems (SEPDS) in a software-oriented graduate computer science curriculum. We apply a model-based integrated approach using Petri nets. Two main objectives of these courses are: to present Petri nets as a model to specify, verify, validate, and evaluate performance of PDSs, and to show examples of Petri nets applications to development of PDSs. Software tools such as: Design/CPN, Great GSPN, UltraSAN are utilized.
A new locus for autosomal dominant generalized epilepsy associated with mild mental retardation on chromosome 3p

Summary Purpose: Generalized epilepsies are clinically and genetically heterogeneous syndromes. Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), which has a strong genetic background, is not associated with any additional clinical features, such as mental retardation (MR). Herein we report results of linkage analysis in a large family with autosomal dominant (AD) generalized epilepsy associated with MR. Methods: We identified a four-generation kindred with several affected members with generalized epilepsy without any evidence for secondary causes. Electroencephalography (EEG) studies and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results were reviewed when available. We performed a genome-wide linkage analysis. Key Findings: Fourteen individuals were classified as affected and an additional three were considered as nonpenetrant obligatory carriers. Thirteen affected individual had a history of generalized tonic–clonic seizures, and absence seizures were reported in nine affected individuals. There was no history of preceding febrile seizures. MR was present in nine affected individuals with epilepsy but the other affected individuals had normal intelligence. Neuroimaging did not reveal any structural abnormalities and EEG studies were consistent with IGE rather than symptomatic generalized epilepsy. Genetic analysis detected a group of markers with logarithmic (base 10) of odds (LOD) score >3 on chromosome 3p spanning a 5.5 Mbp region. Sequencing of several candidate genes, including dynein light chain-A, golgin subfamily a4, leucine rich repeat (in FLII) interacting gene, serine/threonine-protein kinase DCAMKL3 (doublecortin- like and CAM kinase-like 3), laforin (EPM2A) interacting protein 1 (EPM2AIP1, programmed cell death 6 interacting protein, and CLIP-associating protein 2 (cytoplasmic linker-associated protein 2) (hOrbit2) genes did not identify the disease-causing mutations. Significance: We report the identification of a genetic locus for generalized epilepsy associated with MR on chromosome 3p. Affected individuals have a form of genetic epilepsy with generalized seizures variably associated with MR. Despite the presence of MR in several affected patients, epilepsy phenotype was not fully consistent with symptomatic epilepsy and suggests a biologic continuum between symptomatic epilepsies and IGE.
Bi-phasic expression of Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) during breast cancer progression: Potential roles of HP1 and chromatin structure in tumorigenesis

Epigenetics in cancer prognosis and therapy is gaining recognition in recent years. Breast cancer is a genetic disease harboring numerous genetic mutations, including tumor suppressor BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. However, the functions of BRCA1 in cancer cells are also altered by non-genetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and chromatin structure. Therefore, identification of epigenetic markers for breast cancer is very important for early diagnosis and effective therapy. This review focuses on recent findings on the roles of Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) in BRCA1 functions and breast cancer progression. We previously showed that BRCA1 function and breast cancer progression are frequently associated with HP1 expression level and potentially with chromatin structure. Herein, we suggest that bi-phasic expression of HP1 during breast cancer progression indicates dual roles of HP1 in tumorigenesis. Exploiting differential HP1 expression in tumors could lead to effective cancer therapy. Re-setting the chromatin structure may be a critical step for high-efficiency cancer therapy for many breast cancer patients.
Characterization of Mutations That Feminize Gametophytes of the Fern Ceratopteris

Gametophytes of the fern Ceratopteris are either male or hermaphroditic. Their sex is epigenetically determined by the pheromone antheridiogen, which is secreted by the hermaphrodite and induces male and represses female development in other young, sexually undetermined gametophytes. To understand how antheridiogen represses the development of female traits at the genetic level, 16 new mutations that feminize the gametophyte in the presence of antheridiogen were identified and characterized. Seven are very tightly linked to the FEM1 locus previously described. Nine others define another locus named NOTCHLESS1 (NOT1), as several of the not1 mutants lack a meristem notch. Some not1 mutations also affect sporophyte development only when homozygous, indicating that the not1 mutations are recessive and that NOT1 is also required for normal sporophyte development. The epistatic interactions among FEM1, NOT1, and other sex-determining genes are described. This information was used to expand the genetic model of the sex-determining pathway in Ceratopteris. On the basis of this model, we can say that the presence of antheridiogen leads to the activation of the FEM1 gene, which not only promotes the differentiation of male traits, but also represses female development by activating the NOT1 gene. NOT1 represses the TRA genes necessary for the development of female traits in the gametophyte.
Turning Cones Off: the Role of the 9-Methyl Group of Retinal in Red Cones

Our ability to see in bright light depends critically on the rapid rate at which cone photoreceptors detect and adapt to changes in illumination. This is achieved, in part, by their rapid response termination. In this study, we investigate the hypothesis that this rapid termination of the response in red cones is dependent on interactions between the 9-methyl group of retinal and red cone opsin, which are required for timely metarhodopsin (Meta) II decay. We used single-cell electrical recordings of flash responses to assess the kinetics of response termination and to calculate guanylyl cyclase (GC) rates in salamander red cones containing native visual pigment as well as visual pigment regenerated with 11-cis 9-demethyl retinal, an analogue of retinal in which the 9-methyl group is missing. After exposure to bright light that photoactivated more than ∼0.2% of the pigment, red cones containing the analogue pigment had a slower recovery of both flash response amplitudes and GC rates (up to 10 times slower at high bleaches) than red cones containing 11-cis retinal. This finding is consistent with previously published biochemical data demonstrating that red cone opsin regenerated in vitro with 11-cis 9-demethyl retinal exhibited prolonged activation as a result of slowed Meta II decay. Our results suggest that two different mechanisms regulate the recovery of responsiveness in red cones after exposure to light. We propose a model in which the response recovery in red cones can be regulated (particularly at high light intensities) by the Meta II decay rate if that rate has been inhibited. In red cones, the interaction of the 9-methyl group of retinal with opsin promotes efficient Meta II decay and, thus, the rapid rate of recovery.
Factors Associated with Non-Compliance During 16-Hour Long Call Shifts

Background Duty hour restrictions limit shift length to 16 hours during the 1st post-graduate year. Although many programs utilize a 16-hour “long call” admitting shift on inpatient services, compliance with the 16-hour shift length and factors responsible for extended shifts have not been well examined.
Calculations of the effect of nitrogen vibrational kinetics on laminar flame temperature profiles

Abstract Calculations of several premixed and nonpremixed laminar flames have been performed using two chemical kinetics mechanisms: (1) a vibrational kinetics mechanism treating nitrogen as a number of distinct species corresponding to different vibrational energy levels, with reactions representing transitions between energy levels; and (2) a traditional mechanism that treats nitrogen as being in vibrational equilibrium. In the vibrational kinetics calculations, translational/vibrational and vibrational/vibrational energy transfers are included, as is the effect of collisions with CO2 and H2O on N2 vibrational excitation. Vibrational temperatures are calculated from the populations of various N2 species. For a stoichiometric, atmospheric-pressure premixed methane/air flame, the vibrational temperature is 40 K lower than the rotational/translational temperature in the region of high temperature gradient. The lag in filling upper vibrational energy levels of nitrogen also results in a lower effective heat capacity for the mixture in the vibrational kinetics case than in the vibrational equilibrium case. Rotational/translational temperatures exceed those calculated with the traditional mechanism by as much as 15 K in the region of steep temperature gradient. For diffusion flames over the range of strain rates investigated here, the effect of vibrational kinetics is much smaller. Sensitivity analysis indicates that, among the vibrational kinetics reactions, the initial vibrational excitation of N2 by CO2 and H2O has the greatest impact on the temperature results.
Endothelial cell seeding

Endothelial cell seeding is the transplantation of vascular endothelial cells to denuded vascular surfaces. Seeding theoretically reduces the probability of graft or vessel thrombosis and of neointimal fibrous hyperplasia. Thus far, clinical seeding trials disclosed modest improvements in patency and the development of hyperplastic anastomotic lesions in failed grafts. Seeding inefficiency theoretically contributes to anastomotic hyperplasia. The inefficiency is linked to two steps in the seeding process, namely harvesting and cell retention. Of these, cell retention on the seeded surface is the more critical. Priorities for future research should be set first on the retention of seeded endothelium in vitro and second on improved and standardized methods of cell harvesting.
Oxidative stress in sepsis: a redox redux

Sepsis and sepsis syndrome are leading causes of mortality throughout the world. It is widely held that sepsis represents a dysregulated innate immune response to an offending pathogen. This immune response is often initiated via microbial products signaling through TLRs expressed on host immune cells. There is increasing evidence that this innate response can be dramatically influenced by the cellular redox state, and thus a better understanding of oxidative regulation of innate immunity could lead to new treatments for sepsis. In this issue of the JCI, Thimmulappa et al. show that nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a member of the "cap'n'collar" family of basic region-leucine zipper transcription factors, which has previously been shown to be involved in the transcription of antioxidant gene expression in response to xenobiotic stress, is also a critical regulator of cellular oxidative stress in sepsis (see the related article beginning on page 984).
4-Dimensional Microscope System for Dynamic Phase Imaging

New, novel interference microscope system utilizing a pixelated phase sensor capturing dynamic phase images in vitro, enabling volumetric, motion and morphological studies, including examples of monitoring different biological processes and motions.
THE U.V. SENSITIVITY OF BACTERIA: ITS RELATION TO THE DNA REPLICATION CYCLE

Abstract— A striking increase in the shoulder of the u.v. survival curve but no change in the limiting slope is obtained when cultures of Escherichia coli strain TAU complete the DNA replication cycle in the absence of concommitant protein synthesis prior to irradiation. The u.v. sensitivity of protein synthesis or RNA synthesis is not altered significantly by this treatment. In contrast to the result for strain TAU, there is no significant change in the u.v. survival curve for the u.v. sensitive E. coli Bs-1 when its DNA replication cycle is completed under similar conditions. Following a period of inhibited protein synthesis there is a delay in the reinitiation of the normal DNA replication cycle when protein synthesis resumes. This delay would allow time for an intracellular repair system to operate before the attempted resumption of normal replication. Strain Bs-1, which is deficient in this repair system, would not be expected to benefit from such a delay, as consistent with the observed results. A model is presented to account for lethality due to attempted DNA replication during a period of repair synthesis. The maximum survival for a given u.v. dose would be predicted for a culture which has completed the normal DNA replication cycle prior to irradiation and which is not permitted to reinitiate the cycle until all possible repair synthesis is completed.
159 LEFT VENTRICULAR PRESSURE-DIAMETER RELATIONS FOLLOWING ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY IN CHILDREN

The LV pressure-diameter (P-D) relations of 8 children (3 - abnormal LV, 5 - normal LV) were evaluated before and 5 minutes after right heart angiography (preA, postA) using Millar catheter transducer and M-mode echocardiogram. A digitizer interfaced to H-P computer obtained sequential LV diameter, wall thickness and pressure of 4 cardiac cycles. Circumferential wall force (F), meridional wall stress (S), D/P and P/D ratios, dD/dt, dD/dt/D, dF/dt and dS/dt were obtained q 10 msec. Systolic and diastolic segments of P-D, P-S and P-F loops were analyzed. Paired t-test of preA vs postA showed no change in heart rates and endsystolic diameters. However, significant changes were observed postA: LVEDP (+67%, p < .005), LVEDD (+6.6%, p < .01), ejection period (+9.9%, p < .02), peak systolic pressure (+11.5%, p < .01), peak S (+23%, p < .005) and total systolic S (+34%, p < .005). S/unit pressure rise during isovolumic contraction did not change postA. The increase in peak S postA was accompanied by drop in peak dD/dt/D (-31%, p < .05) suggesting decreased pump function despite increased sarcomere length. The diastolic segment of P-F loop characterized early relaxation (E) and later ventricular filling (L). Although diastolic F was higher postA during E and L, the P-D-F relations did not change significantly suggesting unaltered ventricular compliance. The change in LV performance following angiography is related to increased preload plus some reduction of pump function.
Friend on Making Up Stories

Stacie Friend (2012) dismisses the traditional view that it is an author's imaginative activity of ‘making the story up’ rather than the reader's make-believe, that is of the essence of fiction. She claims that this view is ‘neither plausible nor popular’. I argue that her claim is false and that her arguments are unconvincing. I argue further in defence of the traditional view that it is quite easy to find or to simply construct counterexamples to the standard view that fiction necessarily involves an invitation to the reader or audience to engage in make-believe. The counterexamples are the direct result of the fact that composing fiction need not involve any invitation to engage in make-believe.
Structural and superconducting properties of HgBa 2 CuO 4+δ over an extended doping range: nonparabolic doping behavior

The structural and superconducting properties of HgBa2CuO4+(delta ) have been investigated over a large doping range (0 < (delta) < 0.25). Two series of samples were measured in which oxygen contents were varied through different annealing conditions. Both series are found to have non-parabolic doping behavior as well as unusual structural phenomena in the underdoped region and at maximum Tc. Samples of identical oxygen content are found to have variations in Tc large as 30 K. These differences in superconducting and structural properties are evidence of oxygen/charge ordering present in HgBa2CuO4+(delta ). Results are discussed in terms of structural distortions present and possible charge ordering and the formation of filamentary condensates.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Automatic generation of locally controlled arithmetic unit via floorplan based partitioning

In the paper a framework for generating a locally controlled arithmetic unit is presented including graph generation from a mathematical expression, graph partitioning to determine locally controlled parts of the design and VHDL generation. The output of the framework is a pipelined architecture containing locally controlled groups of floating point units. It is demonstrated that both partitioning and placement aspects of the design have to be considered to obtain a highspeed circuit. In a well-placeable design locally controlled groups can be mapped to FPGA in such a way that only neighboring groups communicate with each other. In the presented algorithm an initial floorplan of the floating point units is produced and a novel graph partitioning representation is used for partitioning the floating point units to obtain a well-placeable design. The framework is demonstrated during the automatic circuit generation of a complex mathematical expression related to Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The framework produces 15–27% faster design than the unpartitioned, globally controlled one in the price of a modest area increase. The framework automatically produces well-placeable deadlock-free partitions for complex expressions as well, while in case of traditional partitioners these objectives cannot be targeted.
Sexual and asexual reproductive strategies of invasive Eurasian milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) in estuarine environments.

The proliferation and domination of many of the world’s ecosystems by invasive species is thought to have numerous deleterious impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. As a first step toward improving our understanding of factors controlling the reproductive potential of one such species, we report on the impacts of varying salinity on reproductive strategies of Eurasian milfoil, an invasive species of submerged vegetation that has persisted in Gulf of Mexico estuaries for decades. We present results from a series of experiments designed to determine relative incidences of sexual (flowering) and asexual (fragmentation) reproduction at salinities commonly encountered in these estuaries (0, 5, 15 psu). Because fragmentation is thought to be responsible for milfoil spread in freshwaters, we also investigate the effects of salinity on shoot breaking strength and fragment root production. Experimental results indicate that production of fragments and plant breaking strength are not significantly impacted by increased salinity. In contrast, flowering and fragment root production are decreased at elevated salinities. These results suggest that milfoil’s invasiveness may be diminished in brackish water. As such, the removal of impediments to brackish water intrusion may aid in reducing milfoil’s proliferation via disruption of physiological processes such flowering and fragment root generation.
Response to a Mail Nutritional Survey in an Older Bi-Racial Community Population

Abstract PURPOSE: We conducted a pilot study of a mail food frequency questionnaire among a bi-racial sample of 200 persons 65 years and older, selected from participants of an ongoing community study. METHODS: Up to three successive mailings were followed by personal contact with nonresponders. Response to the mail survey was higher in whites (81%) than in blacks (53%). Personal contact was important to achieving high and uniform response (94%) in both racial groups. RESULTS: Those responding to the mailed questionnaires were also more likely to be older and higher educated. The vast majority of questionnaires returned by mail were complete; 85% had fewer than 15 missing items out of 152 questions. CONCLUSIONS: A mail nutritional survey is a feasible method of dietary assessment in older, white populations, but personal contact with nonresponders may be required for comparable participation among blacks.
Teaching social influence: Demonstrations and exercises from the discipline of social psychology

Education is enhanced when students are able to be active, rather than passive, learners (McKeachie, 2002). Fortunately, social psychologists have a rich history of creating and publishing classroom demonstrations that allow for such active learning. Unfortunately, these demonstrations have been published in diverse journals, teaching manuals, and edited volumes that are not always readily available. The purpose of this article is to review demonstrations and exercises that have been developed for teaching students about social influence. Using an annotated bibliography format, we review more than five dozen techniques that assist instructors in demonstrating such social influence principles as cognitive dissonance, conformity, obedience, deindividuation, propaganda, framing, persuasion, advertising, social norms, and the self‐fulfilling prophecy.
Assessment of bone quantity and 'quality' by ultrasound attenuation and velocity in the heel.

Abstract Objective . To determine if ultrasound measurements in the heel are related to bone quality in addition to quantity. Design . In situ and in vitro experiments on cadaver heels. Background . It has been suggested, but not demonstrated, that clinical ultrasound—used to screen for osteoporosis in clinical trials — provides a measure of ‘bone quality’ as distinct from bone quantity. Methods . Ultrasound transmission velocity (UTV) and the slope of the linear dependence of broadband ultrasound attenuation on frequency (BUA) were measured in situ in 32 heels of 16 cadavers and in vitro in cores of calcaneal trabecular bone. Results . After adjusting for Young's modulus, in situ UTV explains 33% P = 0.03) and in situ BUA explains none of the remaining variance in density ( r 2 = 0.02, P = 0.60). After adjusting for density, in situ BUA explains 29% ( P = 0.04) and in situ UTV explains none of the remaining variance in Young's modulus ( r 2 = 0.01, P = 0.79). By comparison, in vitro BUA explains 58% ( P = 0.001) of the remaining variance in Young's modulus, after adjusting for density. Conclusions . In situ BUA reflects ‘bone quality’ independently of bone quantity, whereas in situ UTV reflects bone quantity independently of ‘bone quality’.
(0,2) Non-critical strings in six dimensions

Abstract Type IIB strings compactified on K 3 have a rich structure of solitonic strings, transforming under SO(21, 5, Z ) . We derive the BPS tension formula for these strings, and discuss their properties, in particular, the points in the moduli space where certain strings become tensionless. By examining these tensionless string limits, we shed some further light on the conjectured dual M-theory description of this compactification.
Mutational Analysis of α-β Subunit Interactions in the Delivery of Na,K-ATPase Heterodimers to the Plasma Membrane

The β-subunit of the Na,K-ATPase is required to deliver functional αβ–heterodimers to the plasma membrane (PM) of baculovirus-infected insect cells. We have investigated the molecular determinants in the β-subunit for the assembly and delivery processes. Trafficking of both subunits was analyzed by Western blots of fractionated membranes enriched in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi, and PM. Heterodimer assembly was evaluated by co-immunoprecipitation, and enzymatic activity was measured by ATPase assay. Elimination of enzymatic activity by D369A point mutation of the α-subunit had no effect on the compartmental distribution of the Na,K-ATPase, demonstrating that enzymatic functioning is not a prerequisite for PM delivery. Replacement of all three N-glycosylation site asparagines with glutamines produced no effect on the delivery to the PM or the activity of the enzyme, but increased susceptibility to degradation was observed. Analysis of β-subunits in which the disulfide bonds were removed through substitution reveals that the bridges are important for PM targeting but not for assembly of the heterodimer. Assembly is supported by β-subunits with greatly truncated extracellular domains. The presence of the amino-terminal domain and transmembrane segment is sufficient for assembly and PM delivery. Intermediate length truncated β-subunits and some disulfide bridge substitution mutants assemble with the α-subunit but are not able to exit the ER. We conclude that there are different and separable requirements for the assembly of Na,K-ATPase heterodimer complexes, exit of the dimer from the ER, delivery to the PM, and catalytic activity of the dimer.
Mathematical modeling of material-induced blood plasma coagulation.

Abstract Contact activation of the intrinsic pathway of the blood coagulation cascade is initiated when a procoagulant material interacts with coagulation factor XII, (FXII) yielding a proteolytic enzyme FXIIa. Procoagulant surface properties are thought to play an important role in activation. To study the mechanism of interaction between procoagulant materials and blood plasma, a mathematical model that is similar in form and in derivation to Michaelis–Menten enzyme kinetics was developed in order to yield tractable relationships between dose (surface area and energy) and response (coagulation time (CT)). The application of this model to experimental data suggests that CT is dependent on the FXIIa concentration and that the amount of FXIIa generated can be analyzed using a model that is linearly dependent on contact time. It is concluded from these experiments and modeling analysis that the primary mechanism for activation of coagulation involves autoactivation of FXII by the procoagulant surface or kallikrein-mediated reciprocal activation of FXII. FXIIa-induced self-amplification of FXII is insignificant.
Which patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer need a computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis? An analysis based on 588 patients.

Abstract Objectives. Although a computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis is often recommended as part of the staging evaluation for newly diagnosed prostate cancer, most scans are negative for metastases. We hypothesized that biopsy Gleason score, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, and clinical stage could predict for a positive CT scan and that a low-risk group of patients could be identified in whom CT might be omitted. Methods. All patients who had both pathologic review of their prostate cancer biopsies and abdominopelvic CT scans at our institution between January 1990 and May 1996 were studied. Gleason score, PSA, and stage were evaluated by univariate (chi-square) and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses for their ability to predict for a positive CT. Results. Of 588 patients, 41 (7%) had a positive CT scan. Multivariate analysis showed Gleason score, PSA, and clinical stage to be significant independent predictors of a positive CT scan, all P Conclusions. Gleason score, PSA, and clinical stage were independent predictors for a positive CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. In this cost-conscious era, we can decrease expenditure by obviating the need for a CT scan in low-risk patients (clinical Stage T2b or less, Gleason score 2 to 7, and PSA 15 ng/mL or less). A CT scan should be considered in all other patients.
FOS EXPRESSION IN THE MEDULLARY DORSAL HORN OF THE RAT AFTER CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY TO THE INFRAORBITAL NERVE

Chronic constriction injury to the rat's infraorbital nerve (IoN-CCI) induces asymmetric face grooming directed to the injured nerve territory and, beginning at 7-12 days postoperative, hyperresponsiveness to mechanical stimulation in this territory (B.P. Vos, A.M. Strassman, and R.J. Maciewicz, 1994, J. Neurosci. 14:2708-2723). To examine central mechanisms involved in these behavioral alterations, changes in nonevoked and mechanical stimulation-evoked fos-like immunoreactivity (fos-LI) following IoN-CCI were quantified in the medullary dorsal horn. Following the appearance of hyperresponsiveness in IoN-CCI rats, experimental and matched sham-operated rats were anesthetized with urethane and received either no stimulation or repeated stimulation with either a 2- or 15-g von Frey hair applied to the hairy skin between vibrissae B3-4/C3-4 on the operated side. Unstimulated IoN-CCI rats had increased fos-LI in laminae I-IV of the ipsilateral medullary dorsal horn. In both groups, mechanical stimulation produced a distinct pattern of fos-LI in the ipsilateral medullary dorsal horn, the quantity of which was related to stimulus intensity. For both stimulus intensities, the total amount and the rostrocaudal spread of evoked fos-LI were significantly larger in IoN-CCI rats. In IoN-CCI rats, stimulation-evoked increases in fos-LI were proportionally larger in laminae I-II than in III-IV. This laminar effect was also present in sham-operated rats but only for 15-g stimulation. Neither condition nor stimulus intensity affected fos-LI in the contralateral medullary dorsal horn. Positive correlations were found between the behavioral parameters of increased trigeminal nociceptive activity and the total amount of fos-LI in the ipsilateral medullary dorsal horn. The results demonstrate that IoN-CCI induces significant alterations in the central processing of afferent signals, which may underlie behavioral manifestations of increased nociceptive activity.
Synthesis of fatty acids by testicular tissue in vitro.

The fatty acids palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, and oleic have been isolated from rabbit testis and evidence for the synthesis of palmitic and stearic acids de novo from acetate-1-C14 is presented....
The Effect of Contact on Attitudes Toward Old Order Amish1

This investigation was guided by social categorization theory and the contact hypothesis. A convenience sample of 89 adults provided survey data to test the hypothesis that non-Amish individuals who shared more contact with Old Order Amish would report more positive attitudes (less attitudinal bias) toward the Amish than would individuals who shared less contact. Blockwise hierarchical regression analysis showed that after controlling for demographic factors and known correlates of attitudinal bias, deep (but not superficial) contact was significantly related to positive attitudes toward the Amish. Deep contact and need for cognition explained 29.4% of the variance in attitudes that non-Amish people held toward Old Order Amish. Application of these findings, suggestions for future research, and study limitations are discussed.
Cryoglobulinemia and Decreased Monocyte Chemotaxis in Malignant Melanoma

The sera fromm 13 patients with malignant melanoma were evaluated for immune complexes by cryoprecipitation and the 125I Clq binding assay. Cryoprecipitates were identified in 12/13 patients (92%) and cryoimmunoglobulins in 7/13 patients (54%). Either cryoimmunoglobulin or elevated Clq binding was identified in 8/13 patients (62%). Incubation of normal monocytes with the resuspended cryoimmunoglobulin of 7 melanoma patients produced greater than 50% reduction in the ability of th monocytes to respond to chemotactic stimuli (p < .01). Similar inhibition was seen with cryoimmunoglobulin from erythema multiforme patients, but not with 'medium alone, albumin, heat aggregated albumin or heat aggregated-IgG in similar concentrations. No soluble factors produced in vitro could be demonstrated to produce this inhibition. Inhibition of monocyte function by immune complexes may be an important component of impaired host response to malignant melanoma, or alternatively may represent an important mechanism for the accumulation of monocytes at sites of inflammation, analogous to migration inhibition factor.
Phenological Disruption and Economic Consequence of Injury to Alfalfa Induced by Potato Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

A field study to characterize the effect of potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), feeding on alfalfa developmental physiology was begun in 1984 (one trial) and continued in 1985 (two trials). The rate of crop development was significantly reduced, with heavily infested plots (200 potato leafhoppers/m2) maturing about 30% later than uninfested plots. This phenological delay resulted in a concomitant reduction in daily accumulation of dry matter, crude protein, and digestible energy per hectare, but much of the loss was compensated for with additional regrowth time. To account for the disparity in maturity among plots, estimated nutrient yields at the predicted date of first bloom were compared with calendar date nutrient yields (all plots harvested when uninfested plots reach first bloom). These comparisons indicate that the economic consequence of potato leafhopper feeding was more severe with alfalfa managed on a calendar-date basis because time for compensatory regrowth was not available. Values for injury per insect were estimated from linear equations that predicted crop phonological delay based on potato leafhopper density. Economic losses associated with delays were based on slopes of nutrient yield accumulations per day of regrowth. Separate economic injury levels were calculated for potato leafhopper based on losses in digestible energy, crude protein, and dry matter.
Spectroscopic constraints on the surface magnetic field of the accreting neutron star EXO 0748-676.

Gravitationally redshifted absorption lines of Fe XXVI, Fe XXV, and O VIII were inferred recently in the x-ray spectrum of the bursting neutron star EXO 0748-676. We place an upper limit on the stellar magnetic field based on the iron lines. The oxygen absorption feature shows a multiple component profile that is consistent with Zeeman splitting in a magnetic field of $\ensuremath{\sim}(1--2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}\text{ }\mathrm{G}$ and for which the corresponding Zeeman components of the iron lines are expected to be blended together. In other systems, a field strength $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}\text{ }\mathrm{G}$ could induce a blueshift of the line centroids that would counteract gravitational redshift and complicate the derivation of constraints on the equation of state of the neutron star.
Biogenesis of 30-S subunits in exponentially growing Escherichia coli.

Abstract 1. This study is designed to measure the rate of appearance of pulse-labeled ribosomal proteins onto 30-S subunits. Examination of individual 30-S ribosomal proteins fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that the rate of appearance of the individual proteins varies during the chase period following a 1-min pulse with [ 14 C]leucine. A study of the individual 30-S ribosomal proteins labeled after a 15-sec pulse with [ 14 C]leucine and no additional incubation suggests that at least two groups of 30-S ribosomal proteins appear at different rates. Those proteins which appear most rapidly could be removed by treating the 30-S subunits with CsCl while most of the proteins which appear at the slower rate remain bound to the RNA.
Trace construction using enhanced performance monitoring

We present a hardware assisted approach for constructing software traces in binary translation systems. The new approach leverages an enhanced performance monitoring hardware (PMU) with a combination of hardware techniques: branch prediction information, branch trace collection, and a hardware signature representing the calling context. Overall, the combined approach significantly reduces the time and overhead in building traces, while capturing high-quality traces. Our approach significantly reduces the time to build traces, compared to previous research which exploited a sampling PMU mechanism. The calling context signature could also be used in other applications such as debugging, program understanding, security and other optimizations.
Microbial and histopathologic considerations in the use of mouse models of inflammatory bowel diseases.

Abstract: Mouse models provide powerful tools to investigate disease mechanisms and are widely used in inflammatory bowel disease research. However, it is common for reports of mouse model studies to lack potentially important information about the microbial status of the mice and the method used to evaluate disease expression for statistical analysis. For example, it is common practice to state that the mice were housed under specific pathogen-free conditions but provide no further information regarding the presence or absence of organisms such as Helicobacter spp. that are known or likely to affect disease expression, thus omitting information potentially important to the expected phenotype of the mice and their responses to experimental manipulation. We therefore encourage authors to use such terms as “conventional” and “specific pathogen-free” precisely, to state the agents from which the mice are represented to be free, and to provide a brief description of the health monitoring protocol. Descriptions of histopathologic methods used to evaluate colitis in mouse models also often do not include sufficient detail to allow readers to understand and evaluate the methods; in addition, the lesions commonly are shown in photomicrographs that are too small and of too low resolution to be interpreted. Inasmuch as such methods are often the major or only source of data upon which conclusions regarding genotype or experimental treatment effects are based, the method employed should be fully described, and photomicrographs should be of adequate size and resolution to allow independent assessment. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012)
HOMICIDE FOLLOWED BY SUICIDE: AN ANALYSIS OF CHICAGO DATA

Homicide followed by suicide has been a neglected area in criminological theory and research. The work that exists is marked by a series of methodological limitations, such as small samples and lack of systematic multivariate analysis. This study tests the thesis that the closer the ties between the offender and victim in a homicide, the greater the ensuing guilt and the greater the likelihood of suicide. Data on 16,245 homicides in Chicago are analyzed. A multivariate logistic regression analysis largely confirms the hypothesis. Controlling for sociodemographic variables, killing an ex-spouse/lover increased the risk of suicide the most, 12.68 times. The odds of suicide are increased 10.28 times for killing a child, 8.00 times for killing a spouse, 6.11 times for killing a girlfriend or boyfriend, and 1.88 times for killing a friend. The act of homicide-suicide is conceptualized as stemming from a frustrated intimate relationship and a blend of self- and other-blame in one's attribution style.
Administrator Supervision, Evaluation, and Performance Pay

Effective evaluation is a complex pro cess. Here's a look at the tasks that must be addressed when developing an effective and valid structure for such a process.
Prevention of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction by lodoxamide ethyl, a new orally active antiallergic drug

Abstract Lodoxamide ethyl, an orally active drug with pharmacologic activity similar to that of cromolyn sodium, blocks passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in rats and antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs and monkeys. Its effectiveness in preventing antigen-induced airway obstruction was studied in 12 asymptomatic asthmatic adults with immediate skin test sensitivity to ragweed, Alternaria , or animal dander. The dose required to reduce the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV 1 ) by 20% (PD 20 ) was determined by dosimeter bronchoprovocation challenge with the appropriate antigen. At 1-wk intervals each subject received either placebo or 1, 3, or 10 mg drug in a randomized, double-blind fashion 30 min prior to starting bronchoprovocation challenge. On average, 1 mg increased the PD 20 fivefold, 3 mg about sixfold, and 10 mg about 27-fold. Dose-related side effects began 10 min after drug and lasted up to 40 min. Thus the oral administration of lodoxamide ethyl was effective in preventing antigen-induced bronchoconstriction, and both the beneficial effects and side effects are dose related.
Voices of African Women: Women's Rights in Ghana, Uganda, and Tanzania

Bond, Johanna, ed. (2005), Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 456 pp., $45.00, ISBN 978‐0‐89089‐124‐7. Johanna Bond has assembled an impressive collection of essays (27 in all) written by African...
Towards an interactionist theory of group‐level feedback

Although scholars have shown that group goals can positively affect group performance, very little work has focused on developing an understanding of group feedback as a component of the group goal‐group performance relationship. A current model of individual‐level response to group feedback is examined as a basis for moving towards an interactionist perspective encompassing both the individual and group‐level response to group feedback based on an understanding of groups as information processors. It is suggested that individual feedback provided in groups is a complex phenomena necessitating an understanding of the multiple ways in which information in groups may be processed. Implications for future research are considered.