cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Prophecy and Passion of al-Hārit b. Sa'īd al-Kaddāb: Narrating a Religious Movement from the Caliphate of 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwān

This study examines the historical reports on the 'false prophet ( kaddāb )' known as al-Hāritb. Sa'īd from both a historical and literary perspective. From the historical perspective, I investigate how a Syrian mawlā began a prophetic movement in the Umayyad mosque of Damascus during the caliphate of 'Abd al-Malik, which subsequently spread throughout the caliph's army. My study then follows the second phase of al-Hārit's career in which he flees Damascus to initiate an underground movement in Jerusalem where, once uncovered and captured, the would-be prophet is crucified on a cross. By examining al-Hārit's alleged associations and followers, such as Umm al-Dardā' al-Suġrā and Ġaylān al-Dimasqī, I attempt to gauge the scope and subsequent influence of al-Hārit's brief prophetic career. From the literary perspective, my study argues that one of the principal transmitters of the ahbār on al-Hārit's prophetic career, Abū Bakr b. Abī Haytama (d. 279/892), considerably doctored the early accounts in order to fashion a parodic, expanded narrative largely of his own making. I thus contend that Ibn Abī Haytama, by culling tropes and anecdotes from sīra - and qisas- material on the lives of Muhammad and Jesus, constructed a biography of al-Hārit that cast him as a farcical version of a genuine prophet.
Exploring the outdoors together: Assessing family learning in environmental education

Abstract This research examined families’ interactions with the outdoors and exploration tools, such as field guides, at a nature center. In Phase 1 of the research, 28 families attending nature walk programs completed a survey on exploration tools and were ethnographically shadowed as they interacted on one trail. In Phase 2, an in-depth video-based analysis of learning processes was applied to 16 families’ (54 people) recorded conversations from the nature walks. A conceptual framework based on informal learning and sociocultural theory situates the study. Findings show that families wanted scientific tools to support observations, yet struggled with field guides to identify species. Implications for supporting family learning processes include the need for localized educational guides and the advantages of video-based methodologies.
Digital libraries: an overview

Digital libraries are complex systems that stretch institutional resources and capabilities, but also offer unparalleled opportunities for new and improved user services. An overview of the basic components of a digital library looks at the challenges and the potentials.
Spectrally-efficient elastic optical path networks toward 1 Tbps era

We present spectrally-efficient elastic optical path networks for the 400 Gbps and 1 Tbps era. They enable rate/distance-adaptive spectrum allocation in a highly spectrum-efficient manner, and IP traffic offloading to an elastic optical layer.
Fast and frugal heuristics: What about unfriendly environments?

Simple heuristics that make us smart offers an impressive compilation of work that demonstrates fast and frugal (one-reason) heuristics can be simple, adaptive, and accurate. However, many decision environments differ from those explored in the book. We conducted a Monte Carlo simulation that shows one-reason strategies are accurate in “friendly” environments, but less accurate in “unfriendly” environments characterized by negative cue intercorrelations, that is, tradeoffs.
Who earns extra credit these days

Abstract The question of who does extra credit—and thus becomes a subject in a psychological study—is still an important issue. Here, we report the characteristics of 242 introductory psychology students who volunteered for research participation. Our results showed that students who volunteered frequently for such studies do not differ from other students in any of the ways we considered (e.g., demographics and test scores). We compared these findings with older and different results.
Pathophysiology and Therapy of Chronic Radiation-Induced Injury to the Colon

Radiotherapy of pelvic malignancies causes chronic radiation damage to the gut in approximately 5% of patients. The injury can lead to local ischemia and fibrosis with the development of ulcers, strictures and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. The clinical presentation varies from mild disease to debilitating rectal bleeding, diarrhea, obstruction and fistula formation. Therapy should be directed toward the dominant symptom. Formalin instillation and endoscopic obliterative therapy can be used for bleeding due to telangiectasis. Nutritional intervention, e.g. total parenteral nutrition or elemental diets, is useful as adjunctive therapy to maintain hydration and nutritional status. Surgery should be reserved for severe refractory bleeding, fistulas or obstruction. Due to the recurrent character of the disease and the high complication rate, surgery should be viewed as an effort of last resort.
Sensitivity of exercise electrocardiography for acute cardiac events during moderate and strenuous physical activity. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial.

We determined whether the exercise electrocardiogram predicted acute cardiac events during moderate or strenuous physical activity among 3617 asymptomatic, hypercholesterolemic men (age range, 35 to 59 years) who were followed up in the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Submaximal exercise test results were obtained at entry and at annual follow-up visits in years 2 through 7. ST-segment depression or elevation (≥ 1 mm or 10 μV-sec) was considered to be a positive test result. The circumstances that surrounded each nonfatal myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease death were determined through a record review. The cumulative incidence of activity-related acute cardiac events was 2% during a mean follow-up period of 7.4 years. The risk was increased 2.6-fold in the presence of clinically silent, exercise-induced, ST-segment changes at entry (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 5.2) after adjustment for 11 other potential risk factors. Of 62 men who experienced an activity-related event, 11 had a positive test result at entry (sensitivity, 18%; 95% CI, 8 to 27). The specificity of the entry exercise test was 92% (95% CI, 91 to 93). The sensitivity and specificity were similar when the length of follow-up was restricted to 1 year after testing. For a newly positive test result on a follow-up visit, the sensitivity was 24% (95% CI, 12 to 36), and the specificity was 85% (95% CI, 84 to 86); for any positive test result during the study (mean number of tests per subject, 6.2), the sensitivity was 37% (95% CI, 25 to 49), and the specificity was 79% (95% CI, 77 to 80). Our findings suggested that the presence of clinically silent, exercise-induced, ischemic ST-segment changes on a submaximal test was associated with an increased risk of activity-related acute cardiac events. However, this test was not sensitive when used to predict the occurrence of activity-related events among asymptomatic, hypercholesterolemic men. For this reason, the utility of the submaximal exercise test to assess the safety of physical activity among asymptomatic men at risk of coronary heart disease is likely to be limited. ( Arch Intern Med . 1991;151:325-330)
Clinical, Autoimmune, and HLA Characteristics of Children Diagnosed With Type 1 Diabetes Before 5 Years of Age

Background. Little is known about auxologic, autoimmune, and HLA characteristics specific to children with early-onset diabetes (EOD). HLA subtypes have been shown to play an important part in the determination of islet-cell autoimmunity and in the pace and intensity of the β-cell destructive process. Objectives. Our goals were to: 1) outline auxologic, autoimmune, and HLA class II characteristics of children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes before 5 years of age (EOD); 2) evaluate differences between EOD and later-onset or non-age-stratified type 1 diabetes; and 3) investigate the relation between type 1 diabetes-related HLA subtypes and markers of diabetic autoimmunity in EOD. Methods. Forty children with EOD were studied. Auxologic and antibody radioimmunoassay data were obtained by retrospective analysis of records. HLA diabetes-related class II alleles were typed by polymerase chain reaction using sequence-specific primers. Results. At diagnosis, the average age of the EOD study patients was 2.6 years, body mass index was 16.9 kg/m2, and weight was 106% of average weight for height. When compared with a matched subgroup of children with later-onset type 1 diabetes, preschoolers did not significantly differ in terms of birth weight or body mass index. The frequency of positive islet cell antibodies 512 and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 antibodies was significantly less in EOD (28.6% and 31.6%, respectively). There were significant differences in the frequencies of some diabetes-related HLA alleles and haplotypes between the early-onset group and a large non-age-stratified type 1 diabetes group. None of the patients with EOD had either of the protective DRB1*1501 or DQB1*0602 alleles. There was a negative correlation between glutamic acid decarboxylase and the predisposing haplotype DR3/DQ2. Conclusions. Children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes before 5 years of age may have different diabetes-related autoimmune and genetic characteristics from those diagnosed at a later age.
Actinomycin D inhibition of monoclonal antibody binding to nucleolar phosphoprotein 37/5.2 (B23).

Abstract Actinomycin D was found to block binding of a monoclonal antibody to nucleolar phosphoprotein 37 5.2 (B23) when incubated either simultaneously with or prior to addition of the antibody. Daunorubicin had no significant blocking activity of this antigen-antibody reaction. In comparative studies with a monoclonal antibody to nucleolar phosphoprotein 110 5.2 (C23), actinomycin D exhibited little blocking activity. When a 42-mer peptide tested as the antigen, similar inhibition by actinomycin D of binding of the monoclonal antibody was found. These results provide evidence for binding of actinomycin D to a specific epitope of protein 37/5.2 (B23).
Competing atomic processes in Ba and Sr injection critical velocity experiments

The critical ionization velocity effect requires a superthermal electron population to ionize through collisional impact. Such superthermal electrons can however lose energy to competing atomic processes, as well as to ionization, thus limiting the efficiency of the effect. Considering Ba and Sr magnetospheric injection experiments designed to test the CIV theory, it is found that in both cases roughly 60 percent of the superthermal electron energy is lost on exciting line radiation. Moreover, energy loss to background neutral oxygen places a strict limit on the injected cloud densities for which critical velocity effects are possible; a finding which explains the consistently negative results in radial injection experiments.
Refractory Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn Responsive Only to Neuromuscular Blockade

We discuss the case of a premature newborn boy presenting with severe persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) at 48 hours of life in the context of Staphylococcus aureus sepsis. PPHN was refractory to classical treatment (oxygen, control of acid basic balance, sedation, high frequency oscillation ventilation, inhaled nitric oxide and antibiotics). We observed an improvement only after administration of a curare. Despite much progress in the management of this entity, a clear and well defined therapy is still missing and especially when PPHN is refractory to classical treatment. The use of neuromuscular blockers in the treatment of this kind of PPHN has been described and some physiological explanations are likely. Neuromuscular blocking agents are rarely useful to treat PPHN since the introduction of iNO, nevertheless, it might still be a useful rescue therapy in some selected newborns with PPHN refractory to classical treatments. J Med Cases. 2013;4(5):288-291 doi: https://doi.org/10.4021/jmc1114w
A Comparative Study of Drosophila and Human A-Type Lamins

Nuclear intermediate filament proteins, called lamins, form a meshwork that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. Lamins contain three domains: an N-terminal head, a central rod and a C-terminal tail domain possessing an Ig-fold structural motif. Lamins are classified as either A- or B-type based on structure and expression pattern. The Drosophila genome possesses two genes encoding lamins, Lamin C and lamin Dm(0), which have been designated A- and B-type, respectively, based on their expression profile and structural features. In humans, mutations in the gene encoding A-type lamins are associated with a spectrum of predominantly tissue-specific diseases known as laminopathies. Linking the disease phenotypes to cellular functions of lamins has been a major challenge. Drosophila is being used as a model system to identify the roles of lamins in development. Towards this end, we performed a comparative study of Drosophila and human A-type lamins. Analysis of transgenic flies showed that human lamins localize predictably within the Drosophila nucleus. Consistent with this finding, yeast two-hybrid data demonstrated conservation of partner-protein interactions. Drosophila lacking A-type lamin show nuclear envelope defects similar to those observed with human laminopathies. Expression of mutant forms of the A-type Drosophila lamin modeled after human disease-causing amino acid substitutions revealed an essential role for the N-terminal head and the Ig-fold in larval muscle tissue. This tissue-restricted sensitivity suggests a conserved role for lamins in muscle biology. In conclusion, we show that (1) localization of A-type lamins and protein-partner interactions are conserved between Drosophila and humans, (2) loss of the Drosophila A-type lamin causes nuclear defects and (3) muscle tissue is sensitive to the expression of mutant forms of A-type lamin modeled after those causing disease in humans. These studies provide new insights on the role of lamins in nuclear biology and support Drosophila as a model for studies of human laminopathies involving muscle dysfunction.
Lead accumulation and depression of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in young birds fed automotive waste oil

The effects of a 3-week dietary exposure to automotive waste crankcase oil (WCO) were examined in 1-week-old mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings and pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) chicks. Treatment groups consisted of birds exposed to 0.5, 1.5, or 4.5% WCO, to 4.5% clean crankcase oil (CCO), or untreated controls. In both species, red blood cell ALAD activity was significantly inhibited after one week by 50 to 60% in the 0.5% WCO group and by 85 to 90% in the 4.5% WCO group due to the presence of lead. Growth, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were not significantly affected at the end of three weeks. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity was higher in mallards after three weeks of ingesting either 4.5% WCO or 4.5% CCO, suggesting an oil-related effect due to components other than lead. Treatment had no effect on plasma concentration of uric acid, glucose, triglycerides, total protein, or cholesterol. Lead analysis showed the WCO to contain 4,200 ppm Pb and the CCO to contain 2 ppm. Tissues of mallards were examined for accumulation of lead and the order of accumulation at the end of three weeks was kidney > liver > blood ∼ brain.
Observations on the sense of taste in the armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)

Summary The armadillo was observed to be indifferent to solutions preferred by many other species and described by man as ‘sweet’ (saccharin and sucrose). Furthermore, these animals avoided maltose, a sugar which is selected by rats, dogs and man. They were also found to be indifferent to quinine hydrochloride at a concentration which is rejected by other animals. While the responses to ‘bitter’ and ‘sweet’ suggest the taste pattern found in the fowl and other members of the class Aves, the armadillo rejects hydrochloric acid at a concentration quite acceptable to many birds. Formic acid was also avoided with a concomitant reduction in total fluid intake. Furthermore, the armadillo displayed indifference to a salt concentration preferred by many mammals. Collectively, the information indicates that the armadillo has a sense of taste differing from that of other animals for which data are available.
The influence of soil redox conditions on atrazine degradation in wetlands

Abstract The biotransformation of atrazine as affected by soil redox conditions was investigated in soil collected from a Taxodium distichum/Nyssa aquatic (bald cypress/water tupelo) swamp-forest receiving run-off from sugarcane growing on adjacent natural levees of the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain, LA. The soil was incubated under controlled redox conditions over a range representing both reducing and oxidizing conditions (−164, +169, +392, and +584 mV). The atrazine biotransformation rate was extremely rapid in oxidized soil (+392 mV and +584 mV). The concentration of atrazine dropped from approximately 70 μg g −1 soil to non-detectable levels after only two weeks of incubation under both oxidized redox treatments. Biotransformation of atrazine was considerably slower in soils maintained under reducing or anaerobic redox conditions (−164 mV and +169 mV). From an initial atrazine concentration of 70 μg g −1 soil, 9 μg g −1 and 3 μg g −1 atrazine, respectively, remained after 99 d for soil incubated at −164 mV and +169 mV. This study shows that there is a very clear demarcation in atrazine biotransformation between soil redox levels representing aerobic and anaerobic conditions. There was no significant difference in biotransformation between the two anaerobic redox treatments and between the two aerobic redox treatments. Results shows that atrazine will be more persistent under anaerobic conditions such as found in wetlands or subsurface environments than in more oxidizing environments such as surface agricultural soils in which it is commonly applied as a herbicide.
Synthesis and ROMP Chemistry of Decafluoroterphenoxide Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene and Ethylene Complexes

The bisDFTO alkylidene complexes of molybdenum Mo(NR)(CHCMe2Ph)(DFTO)2 (R = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H3, 2,6-Me2C6H3, C6F5, 1-adamantyl; DFTO = 2,6-(C6F5)2C6H3O) and monoaryloxide monopyrrolide (MAP) complexes Mo(NR)(CHCMe2Ph)(Me2Pyr)(OAr) (Me2Pyr = 2,5-dimethylpyrrolide; R = C6F5, OAr = DFTO, 2,6-dimesitylphenoxide (HMTO); R = 2,6-Me2C6H3, OAr = DFTO) have been prepared in good yields. Addition of dicarbomethoxynorbornadiene (DCMNBD) to bisDFTO complexes yielded polymers that have a cis,isotactic structure. Polymerization of DCMNBD by Mo(NC6F5)(CHCMe2Ph)(Me2Pyr)(HMTO) gives a polymer that contains the expected cis,syndiotactic structure, but polymerization of DCMNBD by Mo(NR)(CHCMe2Ph)(Me2Pyr)(DFTO) (R = C6F5, 2,6-Me2C6H3) generates a polymer that has a cis,isotactic structure, the first observation of a cis,isotactic polymer prepared employing a MAP initiator. Norbornene is polymerized to give what is proposed to be highly tactic cis-polyNBE. Addition of ethylene to Mo(NC6F5)(CHCMe2Ph)(DFTO)2 leads to formation of Mo...
An unusual case of a metastatic lesion to the penis.

Primary penile carcinoma is an uncommon malignancy with an estimated incidence of 0.2/100,000 in the United States. Overall, penile carcinoma only accounts for 0.4% to 0.6% of all male malignancies. Metastatic tumors of the penis are more uncommon with only a few sporadic cases in the literature. 1 Of the reported cases 75% arose from the genitourinary tract. We report an unusual case of a hepatocellular carcinoma with metastasis to the penis. CASE REPORT A 67-year-old Asian man with a history of hepatitis B had a1 03 16 cm. lesion in the inferior aspect of the right lobe of the liver. a-Fetoprotein was 132 ng./ml. (normal 0 to 20). Biopsy confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma. The patient subsequently underwent right partial hepatectomy and cholecystectomy without complications. Convalescence was uneventful. Pathological examination revealed well differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma with negative margins but vascular invasion was present. No additional treatment was recommended. The patient presented with a nontender growth confined to the left glans 10 months postoperatively (fig. 1). The lesion was 2 3 1.5 cm., firm, nonpurulent and without hemorrhage. He denied any voiding difficulty. Evaluation, including computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and bone scan of chest, abdomen and pelvis, failed to reveal any evidence of metastatic disease. Biopsy of the glanular lesion revealed metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. The patient initially underwent partial penectomy. Pathological examination revealed carcinomatous tissue within the vascular spaces of the corpus cavernosum and spongiosum. The glanular lesion was composed of tumor emboli throughout the entire specimen and at the margin of resection (fig. 2). Total penectomy and perineal urethrostomy were performed. On pathological examination tumor emboli were present within the vascular spaces of the corpus cavernosum but the margin was negative. The immediate postoperative course was complicated by a urethral stricture that was treated with intermittent dilation. At 8-month followup the patient was voiding well without any complaints. DISCUSSION
Practical formulation of shrinkage and creep of concrete

A set of algebraic formulas is proposed to describe the shrinkage and creep of concrete over the entire range of time durations of interest. The formulas cover: the effects of drying at various environmental relatire humidities, the size and shape of cross section, aging (due to hydration), the effect of time lag of loading after the start of drying, creep of specimens predried to various humidities, the nonlinear dependence of stress, the increase of nonlinearity at simultaneous drying, and the decrease of strength for long-time loads. Simplification in the form of a linear dependence on stress is obtained as special case. The formulation is an extension of the double power creep law, which has been recently proposed for creep in absence of moisture exchange. The shape of the time curves of creep depends on the humidity. A rather close agreement with the extensive experimental data available in the literature is demonstrated.
LAMPF Nuclear Chemistry Data Acquisition System

The LAMPF Nuclear Chemistry Data Acquisition System (DAS) is designed to provide both real-time control of data acquisition and facilities for data processing for a large variety of users. It consists of a PDP-11/44 connected to a parallel CAMAC branch highway as well as to a large number of peripherals. The various types of radiation counters and spectrometers and their connection to the system will be described. The operation of the system from the standpoint of both hardware and software, as well as future plans, will be described.
Effect of feeding carbofuran on the physiology of the dairy cow and on pesticide residues in milk.

Abstract One Holstein cow was given one dose of 5 g carbofuran in a gelatin capsule, and 8 cows were fed carbofuran of from 0.5 to 3.0 g per day mixed with silage for an extended time to determine the effect of pesticide on the physiology of the cow and on residues in milk. The 5 g single dose caused acute symptoms of toxicity within 30 minutes. However, the cow recovered following atrophine administration. The addition of 0.5 to 1.0 g of carbofuran to silage caused some minor nervous symptoms in cows immediately following initial feedings. At subsequent feedings, silage consumption was slower and no clinical symptoms were observed. The concentration of carbofuran in silage had a significant effect (P The only residue detected in the milk was the metabolite, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, ranging from nondetectable amounts to 0.26 ppm. An average of 0.05% of the concentration of carbofuran consumed was excreted in the milk as the 3-hydroxy metabolite.
The Pediatric Cancer Quality of Life Inventory: a modular approach to measuring health-related quality of life in children with cancer.

Measurement of pediatric cancer patients' health-related quality of life (HRQL) in phase III randomized, controlled clinical trials is being recognized increasingly as an essential component in evaluating the comprehensive health outcomes of modern anti-neoplastic treatment protocols. Use of a brief core measure of HRQL plus disease-specific symptom modules is a way to assess specific HRQL outcomes with a minimum of subject burden. Demonstrating a measure's feasibility, reliability and validity also represents children's ability to provide reliable and valid responses to HRQL questions. The Pediatric Cancer Quality of Life Inventory (PCQL) Modular Approach consists of a 15-item core measure of HRQL and 2 specific symptom modules: pain and nausea. To validate a patient-report form and a parent-report form, the PCQL was administered to 291 pediatric cancer patients and to their parents. Feasibility and range of measurement, as well as patient–parent concordance, were assessed. Internal consistency reliability was assessed via Cronbach's alpha. Validity was determined by the known-groups approach and by correlating PCQL scores with days missed from school. Patients had minimal missing data, and the range of measurement for the items was good. Patient–parent concordance was large but not perfect. For both patient and parent forms, internal consistency reliability of the PCQL core scale (0.83 and 0.86, respectively) was strong. The internal consistency reliabilities of the 2 symptom modules for both patient and parent forms were in the acceptable range for group comparisons. Regarding clinical validity, the core scale and the 2 symptom modules distinguished between patients on and off treatment for both patient and parent reports. Further, both patient and parent reports correlated with days of missed school in the past 6 and 12 months. The PCQL Modular Approach has demonstrated acceptable internal consistency reliability and clinical validity for both patient-report and parent-report forms. By implication, children are capable of providing reliable and valid responses to these HRQL questions. Int. J. Cancer Suppl. 12:71–76, 1999. ©1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Induction effects for heterochromatic brightness matching, heterochromatic flicker photometry, and minimally distinct border: implications for the neural mechanisms underlying induction

Brightness induction refers to the finding that the apparent brightness of a stimulus changes when surrounded by a black versus a white stimulus. In the current study, we investigated the effects of black/white surrounding stimuli on settings made between red and green stimuli on three different tasks: heterochromatic brightness matching (HBM), heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP), and minimally distinct border (MDB). For HBM, subjects varied the relative luminance between the red and green stimuli so that the brightness of the two colors appeared equal. For the two other tasks, matches were made based on minimizing red/green flicker (HFP) or the saliency of a red/green border (MDB). For all three tasks, the presence of black/white surrounding stimuli significantly altered red/green settings, demonstrating the existence of induction effects. These results are discussed in terms of which underlying color pathways (L+M versus L−M) may contribute to induction effects for the different tasks.
Mcm Subunits Can Assemble into Two Different Active Unwinding Complexes

The replication fork helicase in eukaryotes is a large complex that is composed of Mcm2-7, Cdc45, and GINS. The Mcm2-7 proteins form a heterohexameric ring that hydrolyzes ATP and provide the motor function for this unwinding complex. A comprehensive study of how individual Mcm subunit biochemical activities relate to unwinding function has not been accomplished. We studied the mechanism of the Mcm4-Mcm6-Mcm7 complex, a useful model system because this complex has helicase activity in vitro. We separately purified each of three Mcm subunits until they were each nuclease-free, and we then examined the biochemical properties of different combinations of Mcm subunits. We found that Mcm4 and Mcm7 form an active unwinding assembly. The addition of Mcm6 to Mcm4/Mcm7 results in the formation of an active Mcm4/Mcm6/Mcm7 helicase assembly. The Mcm4-Mcm7 complex forms a ringed-shaped hexamer that unwinds DNA with 3′ to 5′ polarity by a steric exclusion mechanism, similar to Mcm4/Mcm6/Mcm7. The Mcm4-Mcm7 complex has a high level of ATPase activity that is further stimulated by DNA. The ability of different Mcm mixtures to form rings or exhibit DNA stimulation of ATPase activity correlates with the ability of these complexes to unwind DNA. The Mcm4/Mcm7 and Mcm4/Mcm6/Mcm7 assemblies can open to load onto circular DNA to initiate unwinding. We conclude that the Mcm subunits are surprisingly flexible and dynamic in their ability to interact with one another to form active unwinding complexes.
The neurologic findings in Taybi–Linder syndrome (MOPD I/III): Case report and review of the literature

Taybi-Linder syndrome, also known as microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism types I and III, is a rare disorder with presumed autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, distinctive bone dysplasia, and central nervous system malformations. We present two siblings with Taybi-Linder syndrome, with an emphasis on the neurological profile in this disease, which includes brain malformations, intractable epilepsy, sensory deficits, profound cognitive deficits, and neuroendocrine dysfunction. We also present distinctive correlative neuroimaging (MRI) and electroencephalographic (EEG) findings. Increased knowledge of the neurological profile of Taybi-Linder syndrome may be helpful for clinicians and genetic counselors managing these patients.
Perceptual compensation for coarticulation by Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

When members of a series of synthesized stop consonants varying in third-formant (F3) characteristics and varying perceptually from /da/ to /ga/ are preceded by /al/, human listeners report hearing more /ga/ syllables than when the members of the series are preceded by /ar/. It has been suggested that this shift in identification is the result of specialized processes that compensate for acoustic consequences of coarticulation. To test the species-specificity of this perceptual phenomenon, data were collected from nonhuman animals in a syllable “labeling” task. Four Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were trained to peck a key differentially to identify clear /da/ and /ga/ exemplars. After training, ambiguous members of a /da/–/ga/ series were presented in the context of /al/ and /ar/ syllables. Pecking performance demonstrated a shift which coincided with data from humans. These results suggest that processes underlying “perceptual compensation for coarticulation” are species-general. In addition, the pattern of response behavior expressed is rather common across perceptual systems.
Global finance and the growth of offshore financial centers: The manx experience

Abstract The globalization of the world economy and the concomitant increasing complexity of the global financial system has resulted in a large number of relatively small places functioning as offshore financial centers (OFCs). OFCs provide an alternative avenue for capital to be invested (literally) in offshore markets. This paper argues that these small places have to strive hard to link in to the global economy in a reputable fashion and have to do so through the creation of spatially focused financial regulation and supervision. The importance of the constructs of trust, knowledge, reputation, and networks in the functioning of offshore financial services is explored. A conceptual framework is developed to illustrate how OFCs link in to the global economy along three dimensions: regulation, location, and function. A case study of the rise of the Isle of Man as an OFC provides empirical evidence regarding global-local linkages and the importance of creating an appropriately balanced regulatory regime.
EUV observations of subflares and surges

EUV observations of two subflares and associated surges have been analyzed. At maximum brightness the emission measures and radiative outputs of the subflares were approximately 20% of the corresponding values for the active region. Multiple EUV surges were observed during and following each subflare, with surge material being ejected in a variety of directions, including toward a coronal bright point located outside of the active region. The total energy of the surges appears to be comparable to that radiated by the subflares, a few times 1028 erg. As reported in previous studies of surges, we find that there was no significant emission from these features in spectral lines formed at temperatures T>106K. The ejection of surges in several different directions and nearly simultaneous flaring of various areas of the active region suggest that the primary site of the subflares was magnetically connected to a variety of different areas in the active region and the surrounding quiet region.
Relating Potato Yield and Quality to Field Scale Variability in Soil Characteristics

Causes of within-field spatial variability in potato (Solarium tuberosum L.) yield are not well understood. To address this, a study was conducted from 1998 to 2000 on a commercial farm in southeastern Washington. Soil samples were collected from four center-pivot-irrigated, uniformly fertilized fields on a 0.4-ha grid interval prior to potato planting and analyzed for nitrate-N, ammonium-N, P, K, organic matter, pH, and texture. The elevation of each grid point was also recorded. Four to five days before commercial harvest, potatoes were collected from a 3-m row length at each original grid point using a one-row digger. The potatoes were weighed, sorted into five weight classes, and evaluated for specific gravity. Correlation and stepwise regression analyses were conducted to test relationships between soil-based and yield variables. Factors driving yield varied between fields. Soil texture components (sand, silt, clay) had stronger impact on yield than with the soil chemical properties we measured. However, all four fields showed an inverse relationship between specific gravity and soil test K, although the correlation coefficients and contributions to regression models were relatively low. Finding a general prescription formula for goals other than higher yield (e.g., nutrient-leaching potential) may be feasible. The consistent relationship of soil textural components in our models suggest that monitoring available soil water, a factor closely related to soil texture, should be included in any future work.
Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Infection on Transplanted Tumours in the Mouse

DURING the growth of certain transplanted tumours considerable hyperactivity of the reticulo-endothelial system is observed.1 Similar alterations are also found in the first stage of experimental infections2, suggesting that the host response to foreign tissue and some infectious agents is closely related. Agents such as endotoxins, zymosan, products of the tubercle bacillus, and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection which enhance the activity of the reticulo-endothelial system3 and the capacity for antibody production4 also increase natural resistance to infection5. In light of these observations, we have attempted to alter the growth and lethality of various experimental tumours by agents known to possess the common property of stimulating the phagocytic capacity of the reticulo-endothelial system. One such agent, zymosan, has been demonstrated to increase significantly the regression rate of the mouse tumour, sarcoma 180 (S-180), under certain conditions6. The present report deals with the course of three transplantable tumours, S-180, carcinoma 755 (Ca 755), and Ehrlich ascites, in mice infected with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin.
Fine structural analysis of palpal receptors in the tick Amblyomma americanum (L.)

Palps of the tick Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acarina: Ixodidae; nymphal stage) were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The terminal palp segment (IV) bears the so-called “palpal organ”, a cluster of 10 short, blunt-tipped sensilla. All sensilla (except for the center sensillum) receive a dual innervation: 2 mechanoreceptive dendrites which terminate in the socket membrane plus several chemoreceptive dendrites (4–12) which enter the lumen. The thick-walled cuticular shaft possesses 2–3 small pore openings (100 A) below the tip, thus establishing communication between dendrites and environment. Two structurally different types of palpal sensilla exist: The A-type has a characteristic doublelumen and always contains 4 dendrites, the B-type features a single lumen and a specially layered cuticular shaft with 6–12 dendrites. The fine structure of the tick palpal receptors corresponds closely to that of known contact chemoreceptors in insects.
Prospective comparison of sequential pulse and single pulse defibrillation with use of two different clinically available systems.

Abstract Sixteen out-of-hospital survivors of ventricular fibrillation underwent a prospective, randomized, intraoperative comparison of sequential pulse and single pulse defibrillation with use of two distinct electrode systems and waveform shapes currently available for clinical use. Defibrillation was tested alternately with either the single pulse or the sequential pulse system 10 s into an episode of ventricular fibrillation. Sequential pulse defibrillation was performed with two 4 ms truncated exponential pulses of constant duration delivered to three equally spaced oval epicardial patch electrodes composed of concentric coils. The posterior left ventricular electrode served as the common cathode. The first anode was over the anterior right ventricle and the second anode was over the anterior left ventricle. Single pulse defibrillation was performed with the standard intracardiac defibrillation system with use of a single truncated exponential pulse with a fixed 65% tilt delivered across two rectangular, wire mesh epicardial patch electrodes positioned over the anterior right ventricle and posterolateral left ventricle. During defibrillation threshold determination, voltage and current waveforms were recorded and used to determine pulsing resistance and delivered and stored energy. Average defibrillation threshold leading edge voltage for the single pulse technique was 273 ± 101 V compared with 246 ± 67 V (11% less) for the sequential pulse technique (p = 0.136). Defibrillation threshold leading edge current for the single pulse technique was 6.7 ± 2.5 A compared with 5.2 ± 1.7 A (29% less) for the sequential pulse method (p = 0.005). The defibrillation threshold delivered energy was 5.6 ± 4.0 J for the single pulse technique and 3.5 ± 1.8 J (38% less) for the sequential pulse technique (p = 0.021). The defibrillation threshold stored energy for the single pulse technique was 6.3 ± 4.3 J compared with 4.0 ± 2.0 J (37% less) for the sequential pulse technique (p = 0.013). In survivors of cardiac arrest, the clinically available sequential pulse three electrode defibrillation system is at least as viable as the standard single pulse two electrode system for defibrillation of the heart. In some individuals, the sequential pulse system utilizes substantially lower current and energy to defibrillate than does the single pulse system.
Throughput Guarantee for Maximal Schedulers in Sensor Networks with Cooperative Relays

This paper addresses the question of throughput guarantees through distributed scheduling in sensor networks with relay based cooperative communications. We prove that in a single frequency network with bidirectional, equal power communication and low complexity distributed maximal scheduling attains a guaranteed fraction of the maximum throughput region in arbitrary wireless networks. We also show that the guarantees are tight in the sense that they cannot be improved any further with maximal scheduling. Simulation results are also provided to show the performance of a distributed, maximal scheduling algorithm under different network settings.
“WHAT IS INDIAN ABOUT YOU?” A Gendered, Transnational Approach to Ethnicity

This study offers a feminist analysis of the dominant sociological theories of ethnicity that restrict understandings of immigrant identity formation within the boundaries of the United States. These scholars have, for the most part, been preoccupied with the loss or persistence of ethnicity. By using a transnational approach to interpret data, this article argues that questions of identity have to be linked to what gets designated as ethnic culture and tradition by immigrant communities. These designations often hierarchically reorganize difference, with immigrant women bearing the weight of signifying their communities' ethnic identity. An examination of what counts as culture is necessary if feminist scholarship on immigrant identities is to pose an alternative to depoliticized notions of multiculturalism.
The transneuronal spread phenotype of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of the mouse hind footpad.

The mouse hind footpad inoculation model has served as a standard laboratory system for the study of the neuropathogenesis of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. The temporal and spatial distribution of viral antigen known as the transneuronal spread phenotype has not previously been described; nor is it understood why mice develop paralysis in an infection that involves sensory nerves. The HSV-as-transneuronal- tracer experimental paradigm was used to define the transneuronal spread of HSV-1 in this model. A new decalcification technique and standard immunocytochemical staining of HSV-1 antigens enabled a detailed analysis of the time-space distribution of HSV-1 in the intact spinal column. Mice were examined on days 3 4 5 and 6 postinoculation (p.i.) of a lethal dose of wild-type HSV-1 strain 17 syn1. Viral antigen was traced retrograde into first-order neurons in dorsal root ganglia on day 3 p.i. to the dorsal spinal roots on days 4 and 5 p.i. and to second- and third-order neurons within sensory regions of the spinal cord on days 5 and 6 p.i. HSV-1 antigen distribution was localized to the somatotopic representation of the footpad dermatome within the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord. Antigen was found in the spinal cord gray and white matter sensory neuronal circuits of nociception (the spinothalamic tract) and proprioception (the dorsal spinocerebellar tract and gracile fasciculus). Within the brain stems and brains of three paralyzed animals examined late in infection (days 5 and 6 p.i.) HSV antigen was restricted to the nucleus subcoeruleus region bilaterally. Since motor neurons were not directly involved we postulate that hindlimb paralysis may have resulted from intense involvement of the posterior column (gracile fasciculus) in the thoracolumbar spinal cord a region known to contain the corticospinal tract in rodents. Originally published Journal of Virology Vol. 71 No. 3 Mar 1997
Formation of c- and s-nitroso compounds and their further reactions†

The possible involvement of nitrite in C- and S-nitrosation reactions with either food components or food additives is reviewed. C-nitrosation of phenols has been shown to occur in smoked bacons with the formation of trace amounts of nitrophenols, and protein-nitrite interactions have been studied under simulated stomach conditions where three products were identified. Also some theoretically possible reactions of nitrite with the activated methylene groups of creatinine and ketones are considered. The implication of reaction with sulphydryl groups of meat proteins with loss of nitrite in meat products and of the potential formation ot S-nitrosothiols is discussed with reference to current literature.
Nighttime sleep and daytime functioning (sleepiness and fatigue) in well-defined chronic rheumatic diseases.

Wake/sleep complaints are very common in the rheumatic diseases, and include: insomnia, non-restorative sleep, frequent awakenings, daytime fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness. Imprecise use of terminology has confused 'sleep dissatisfaction' (i.e. 'non-restorative sleep') with specific sleep disorders (i.e. 'insomnia' or 'sleep fragmentation') and 'fatigue' with 'daytime sleepiness'. This review examines current concepts from the literature of disparate disciplines pertaining to the complaint of poor sleep and daytime fatigue in patients with rheumatic disorders. The ability to monitor multiple physiologic parameters during sleep (polysomnography) has led to a greater understanding of normal and abnormal phenomena which occur during sleep, and has resulted in the identification of a variety of sleep disorders which have specific therapeutic implications. Actigraphy allows the prolonged monitoring of wake/sleep patterns, and the multiple sleep latency test permits the determination of physiologic sleepiness during the daytime. These techniques enable identification of objective sleep disorders in those whose complaint is subjective sleep dissatisfaction, and permit differentiation between the easily confused complaints of excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue. The abnormal sleep/wake symptoms in patients with rheumatic diseases may not simply be a 'non-specific' or systemic effect of the disease. Some patients may have a specific sleep disorder (either independent from, or due to, the underlying rheumatic condition) which should be diagnosed and treated specifically. Conversely, subjective 'sleep dissatisfaction' does not necessarily imply an underlying sleep disorder. The primary intent of this review is to encourage systematic, objective study of sleep and daytime function in these common, often disabling conditions.
Structures of C1q-like Proteins Reveal Unique Features among the C1q/TNF Superfamily.

C1q-like (C1QL) -1, -2, and -3 proteins are encoded by homologous genes that are highly expressed in brain. C1QLs bind to brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3 (BAI3), an adhesion-type G-protein coupled receptor that may regulate dendritic morphology by organizing actin filaments. To begin to understand the function of C1QLs, we determined high-resolution crystal structures of the globular C1q-domains of C1QL1, C1QL2, and C1QL3. Each structure is a trimer, with each protomer forming a jelly-roll fold consisting of 10 β strands. Moreover, C1QL trimers may assemble into higher-order oligomers similar to adiponectin and contain four Ca(2+)-binding sites along the trimeric symmetry axis, as well as additional surface Ca(2+)-binding sites. Mutation of Ca(2+)-coordinating residues along the trimeric symmetry axis lowered the Ca(2+)-binding affinity and protein stability. Our results reveal unique structural features of C1QLs among C1q/TNF superfamily proteins that may be associated with their specific brain functions.
Dangers of the one-good model: Böhm-Bawerk's critique of the “naïve productivity theory of interest”

In the late nineteenth century, Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk's magisterial work (1881) or capital and interest provided the foundation upon which virtually all modern theories are built. In his first volume, History and Critique of Interest Theories, Bohm-Bawerk classified and (in his mind) refuted all previous explanations. Bohm-Bawerk thought a proper theory of interest must explain the apparent undervaluation of future goods For example, if a machine is expected to yield annual rents of 10,000? To answer this question was to provide a theory of interest, for only with such an undervaluation would it be possible for a capitalist to invest in machines, for example, and reap a flow of returns, over time greater than his initial investment.
Adjusting for Unit Non-Response in Surveys Through Weighting

Unit non-response is a serious problem in survey research. This article validates the necessity of adjusting for unit non-response in disproportionate stratified sampling designs through the use of sample weights. Using data from the 1958 Birth Cohort study, we demonstrate that sample data which are affected by unit non-response can be a poor representation of population parameters. These non-response effects can be addressed through the application of sample weights.