cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benefits of a CS0 course in liberal arts colleges

Many computer science programs begin their major courses with a course in programming. If the department offers a service course for students not majoring in computer science it is often an applications course that encourages the belief that computer science is knowing how to use a computer skillfully. Courses that provide a broad view of the field of computer science are rare in Midwest small liberal arts colleges. This paper opens an old debate [4, 6] and argues that we do a disservice to computer science majors and non-majors alike by separating the two groups in this way. We make the point that we should offer introductory courses that are appropriate for all students regardless of their intended major. In addition to the arguments that have been proffered in the past, which are well documented in section 7.2 of Computing Curricula 2001 (CC2001) [4], this paper concentrates on two arguments: That doing so can help to attract more students to the discipline, and that a well thought-out broad introductory course can benefit majors and non-majors alike.
Religious Appeals and Implicit Attitudes

This article explores the effects of religious appeals by politicians on attitudes and behavior. Although politicians frequently make religious appeals, the effectiveness of these appeals and the mechanisms of persuasion are unknown. This article explores the possibility that religious language can affect political attitudes through implicit processes. Because religious attachments are formed early in the lives of many Americans, religious language may influence citizens without their awareness. Implicit and explicit attitudes are related but distinct constructs, and implicit attitudes may have behavioral implications in the political realm. I test these hypotheses experimentally, relying on a widely used implicit measure, the Implicit Association Test. I find that a Christian religious appeal affects implicit attitudes and political behavior among people who currently or previously identify as Christian. Furthermore, an explicit preference for less religion in politics does not moderate implicit effects.
Internal Hernia as a Cause for Intestinal Obstruction in a Newborn

Abstract Background An internal hernia is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction, which can occur at any age. Children most often develop an internal hernia due to a congenital defect in the mesentery. While some patients are asymptomatic, others present to medical attention with vague abdominal symptoms, an acute abdomen, or in shock. Case Report We report a case of a 5-day-old previously healthy baby who presented to our pediatric emergency department with bilious vomiting, grossly bloody stool, and abdominal distention. During an exploratory laparotomy, the patient was diagnosed with an internal hernia caused by a congenital mesenteric defect. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Although internal hernia is an infrequent cause of intestinal obstruction in a newborn and requires emergent operative repair, it may be mistaken for other more common causes, such as necrotizing entercolitis, which are often managed medically. This case report aims to highlight some of the difficulties in diagnosis and key features that may assist the clinician in identifying these patients.
Azathioprine therapy of steroid-responsive pericarditis

Abstract Two patients are reported who had pericarditis which on several occasions was shown to be responsive to steroid therapy. Further, each time steroid therapy was tapered and/or discontinued, the pericarditis recurred. When azathioprine was added to the therapeutic regimen, there was no recurrence with steroid discontinuation or later when azathioprine was tapered and discontinued. The possible immunological basis for these syndromes and the known effect of azathioprine on the immunological response prompted a trial with this agent. In view of the currently recommended alternative of pericardiectomy in this type of patient, further experience with this regimen seems indicated.
Does Gastric Resection Have a Role in the Management of Severe Postfundoplication Gastric Dysfunction

Bloating, flatulence, early satiety, and dysphagia resolve in more than 90% of patients early after fundoplication. Gastric dysfunction can persist, however, and a small number of patients develop severe gastric dysfunction (gastroparesis). Management of gastroparesis after antireflux procedures is generally conservative, but gastroparesis can become refractory to medical therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the role of gastric resection in the management of the unusual patient with severe postfundoplication gastric dysfunction. From January 1990 to October 2010, a total of 5,129 gastric resections were performed at our institution. From this cohort, we identified nine patients with postfundoplication gastric dysfunction managed with gastric resection. Clinical records were reviewed retrospectively for preoperative evaluation, perioperative course, and long-term outcomes. Over 20 years, nine patients were treated with gastric resection for debilitating gastric dysfunction after antireflux surgery. Seven of the nine patients were female; the median preoperative body mass index was 25 kg/m2 (18–31 kg/m2). Median follow-up was 23 months (1–97 months). Preoperatively, five patients required enteral feeding. Postoperatively, although there were no deaths, one patient required operative drainage of a subphrenic abscess, one developed temporary respiratory failure, and one was readmitted for partial small bowel obstruction. Six of the nine patients maintain their nutrition orally, but three are maintained with enteral nutrition. Only two patients are subjectively asymptomatic. Outcomes after gastric resection for postfundoplication gastric dysfunction are poor, with three of the nine patients requiring supplemental nutrition and seven of the nine having persistent symptoms.
Picking teams: When dominant facial structure is preferred

Abstract Research has demonstrated that individuals with higher facial width-to-height ratios (fWHR) are consistently perceived negatively on numerous important interpersonal dimensions. In contrast, the current research posited that high fWHR individuals might be perceived as providing group advantages, and thus preferred in certain contexts. We examined how fWHR influences group membership selection decisions during competitive intergroup contexts. Faces with a high or low fWHR were presented in arrays, and participants were tasked with selecting group members across a variety of contexts. In Study 1, participants were more likely to select high fWHR individuals for group membership during intergroup competition. Results from the following four studies lead to the conclusion that preferences for higher fWHR individuals in competitive intergroup contexts are driven by inferences of physical strength and aggression. Thus, fWHR is perceived as a cue to attributes considered advantageous during times of intergroup conflict.
Quantum chemical studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their metabolites: correlations to carcinogenicity.

Abstract In the context of the bay region hypothesis for polycyclic aromatic: hydrocarbon (PAH) carcinogenesis, molecular properties were calculated for seventeen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons related to (1) intrinsic substrate reactivities towards activating and detoxifying metabolism and (2) the stabilities of the putative carbocation ultimate carcinogens. All-valence electron methods were used, avoiding the inherent difficulties found in the π-electron methods. The calculated substrate reactivities were found to predict major metabolites successfully, supporting the validity of their use in attempted correlations with observed carcinogenic potencies. Positive correlations were found between observed carcinogenic potencies and (1) the reactivities of the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons towards the initial distal bay region epoxidation and (2) the stabilities of the diol epoxide carbocations. The reactivities of the distal bay region dihydrodiols towards an adjacent epoxidation, leading to bay region diol epoxides, were high for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic compounds, implying that the second epoxidation does not determine relative carcinogenic activity. Support for a possible alternative hypothesis, that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are activated by one electron oxidation, was also found.
Tropical forest litter dynamics and dry season irrigation on Barro Colorado Island, Panama

Moisture seasonality may control forest floor decomposition rates in tropical forest. We used a mass balance model and 5 yr (December 1986 through December 1990) of weekly litterfall and monthly forest floor mass measurements from control and dry season irrigated plots to test this hypothesis on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Litterfall and forest floor mass were greater in the dry season that in the wet season. Irrigation affected neither the timing nor the quantity of litterfall. In contrast, dry season irrigation reduced forest floor mass throughout the year, not just during the dry season. Forest floor decomposition during the dry season was enhanced by irrigation. During the dry season, net decomposition (in grams per square metre per day) and exponential decay coefficients (per day) averaged 48 and 42% greater, respectively, in irrigated plots than in controls plots. As a consequence, seasonal differences in decomposition rates were more pronounced in the control plots than in the irrigated plots. Net decomposition rates, for examples, a averaged 105 and 22% greater during the wet season than during the dry season on control and irrigated plots, respectively. Net decomposition was positively correlated with rainfall in the control plots, but not in the irrigated plots. These results support the hypothesis that moisture seasonality controls forest floor decomposition in tropical moist forests.
Steroid Monosulfates in Urine from Male Rat Pseudohermaphrodites

The excretion of steroid monosulfates in urine from female, male and male pseudohermaphrodites of the same strain of King X-Holtzman rats was studied by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. Female rats excreted C19O3 and C21O3 steroids of ovarian origin and C21O4 and C21O5 steroids of adrenal origin. No steroid monosulfates were found in urine from male rats. Male pseudohermaphrodites excreted C19O3 C21O4 and C21O5 steroids identical to the corresponding steroids in the female rat; however, no C21O3 steroids were found in urine from male pseudohermaphrodites. The present results show that the hepatic metabolism of steroids in male pseudohermaphrodites has a female character. (Endocrinology 90: 931, 1972)
Effects on the central nervous system of hypernatremic and hyponatremic states

Both hyponatremic and hypernatremic patients are commonly encountered in a wide variety of clinical situations. Most prominent among the clinical manifestations of either of these electrolyte abnormalities are central nervous system symptomatology and/or disorders of sensorium. Not infrequently, such patients have other associated medical conditions, which may modify the clinical picture presented by the abnormalities of salt and water balance. Nonetheless, both hyper- or hyponatremic subjects may present with confusion, lethargy, muscle weakness or myoclonus [1], and seizures are frequently observed. Thus, it would appear that similar abnormalities of central nervous system function may be induced by dissimilar disturbances of electrolyte and osmotic equilibrium. It is the purpose of the present paper to review the clinical, anatomical and biochemical changes in the central nervous system induced by hypo- and hypernatremic states, and to attempt to correlate these changes with the observed central nervous system disorders.
Trends in the Treatment of Resectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Background Multiple prospective, randomized trials have demonstrated that the addition of adjuvant therapy after surgical resection of pancreatic cancer improves survival compared to surgery alone. However, the optimal type of adjuvant therapy, chemotherapy alone, or chemotherapy combined with chemoradiation therapy remains controversial. Our aim was to examine the treatment trends for surgically resectable (stages I and II) pancreatic cancer in the USA using the National Cancer Database.
Author's Reply 3

In general, when a logical element fails it can fail not only at true or false levels but at any one of infinitely many different voltage levels. Thus, strictly speaking, one should talk of probability density function, rather than discrete probabilities. When considering the simultaneous failures of several modules one has to consider the joint probability density function.
New Data on Tolterodine: Do Recent Findings Dispel Questions About Treating Overactive Bladder in Men?

Abstract Overactive bladder (OAB) is a syndrome characterized by urinary urgency, with or without urgency urinary incontinence (UUI), usually with frequency and nocturia. These symptoms represent a subset of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Results from epidemiologic studies conducted in the United States and Europe suggest that OAB affects 11–16% of men. Although OAB is frequently associated with detrusor overactivity, the coexistence of OAB symptoms and prostatic conditions (e.g., benign prostatic hyperplasia, benign enlargement of the prostate, and bladder outlet obstruction [BOO]) in men adds complexity to the diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Men with OAB symptoms are more often prescribed pharmacotherapies that target the prostate (e.g., α-receptor antagonists, 5α-reductase inhibitors) rather than the bladder (e.g., antimuscarinics), possibly due to a tendency among clinicians to attribute all LUTS to prostate disease. Thus, a subset of men who receive treatment for prostatic conditions may have persistent OAB symptoms. Moreover, some physicians may be concerned that the inhibitory effect of antimuscarinic agents on detrusor contraction could aggravate the voiding difficulties of, or cause urinary retention in, men with OAB and possible BOO. Recent prospective studies and post hoc analyses of data from men with OAB symptoms and other LUTS, with or without concomitant BOO (not significant BOO at risk for urinary retention), have suggested that tolterodine improves OAB symptoms without an increased incidence of acute urinary retention. However, the literature would benefit from larger and longer placebo-controlled studies.
Supplemental products used for weight loss.

ABSTRACT Objective To review the scientific literature on several dietary supplements and herbal products commonly promoted for weight loss. Data Sources Recently published articles and abstracts identified through PubMed (May 1987–May 2003), MEDLINE (January 1966–May 2003), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (January 1970–May 2003), and Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (January 1995–May 2003) using the search terms supplement, herbal, weight loss, obesity, overweight, conjugated linoleic acid, ephedra, ephedrine, chromium, Garcinia cambogia, hydroxycitric acid, chitosan, and pyruvate. Study Selection Performed manually by the authors. Data Extraction Performed manually by the authors. Only single-agent, randomized, blinded, controlled studies with sufficient scientific rigor in overweight or obese subjects were included. Data Synthesis Approximately 50 individual supplemental products and hundreds of combination products are promoted for weight loss. As a result, much confusion exists among health care professionals regarding the efficacy and safety of these products. Results for conjugated linoleic acid were positive in three clinical studies, with few adverse effects. Ephedra has been shown to be effective in promoting weight loss, especially when combined with caffeine, but it has a high adverse effect risk profile. The data regarding ephedra and ephedra combinations are conflicting, and many of the studies were poorly designed. Garcinia and chitosan have not shown much promise for weight loss, but little research has been done. Pyruvate has consistently shown positive weight loss effects. Conclusion Overall, herbal products and dietary supplements promoted for weight loss lack sufficient supporting efficacy and safety data. More research is needed to draw definitive conclusions. Conjugated linoleic acid and pyruvate have the best supporting evidence, but larger and better-controlled trials are needed before pharmacists should recommend these agents to patients seeking to lose weight.
Educational research and the problems of practice

Abstract In this paper we use the lens of an emerging research method in education called “design research” to address questions raised by Sugrue and Ui Thuama (1994) about the lack of strong linkages between research and classroom practice in Irish education. We provide context for this question by contrasting it with similar discussions in the US and UK about research quality in education. Next we elaborate a framework from one member of the design research community in educational research (Bannan‐Ritland, 2003) to show why some varieties of educational research may have little to offer practice at least directly and in the short term. Finally, we offer insight from Lesson Study in Japan (Lewis, 2002) as one possible solution to the problem of research and practice alignment.
Correctable plasma lipoprotein abnormalities in infants with choledochal cysts.

ABSTRACT: Plasma lipoproteins from two female patients—patient A, 4 wk and patient B, 19 months—were examined prior to and at 1 and 5 wk after surgical correction of biliary obstruction due to choledochal cyst. The findings were correlated with standard indices of hepatic function, namely SGPT, GGTP, 5′nucleotidase, serum bile salts, and total and conjugated bilirubin. Prior to surgery in both patients plasma cholesterol, phospholipid, and triglyceride were elevated; cholesterol esters were low; high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I, the major protein constituent of HDL, were subnormal; most of the plasma lipids were contained in the low-density lipoprotein density region; lipoprotein-X was present. Patient B had had a relatively brief obstruction and suffered little secondary hepatic injury. One week after surgery, plasma lipid concentrations returned to normal; apoliprotein A-I increased in the HDL density region and a concomitant rise in cholesterol esters to near normal, 65%, was observed; plasma lipids were contained predominantly in HDL; hepatic function improved markedly. Patient A had had intrauterine obstruction and suffered major hepatic injury with cirrhosis. One week after surgery, plasma lipid concentrations, cholesterol esters, low-density lipoprotein lipid predominance, and hepatic function remained essentially unchanged. Five weeks after surgery, the lipoprotein levels and composition and hepatic function were near normal. In conclusion, children with biliary obstruction have lipoprotein abnormalities similar to those seen in adult patients. These alterations are rapidly reversible with surgical relief and may be used as prognostic indicators of outcome.
History of abuse and its relationship to pain experience and depression in women with chronic pelvic pain

Objective We sought to determine the relationship among a history of physical or sexual abuse, pain experience, and depressive symptoms among women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP). Study Design This was a cross-sectional study of women who presented to a tertiary referral center for evaluation of CPP (N = 273). All participants completed standardized questionnaires to assess a history of physical or sexual abuse, pain severity, pain disability, and depressive symptoms. Subjects were grouped by abuse category and compared to CPP participants without history of abuse. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine the association between adolescent or adult and childhood physical or sexual abuse with pain intensity, pain-related disability, and depressive symptoms. Results Logistic regression analyses indicated that, after controlling for age and education, none of the abuse categories was associated with pain severity. However, adolescent or adult sexual abuse predicted greater pain-related disability (odds ratio, 2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–5.40), while both adolescent or adult physical and sexual abuse were associated with higher levels of depression (both P Conclusion For our sample of women with CPP, a history of abuse during childhood or adulthood was not associated with differences in pain intensity, but adolescent or adult sexual abuse was associated with greater pain-related disability. A history of physical abuse or sexual abuse appears to hold a stronger relationship with current depressive symptoms than pain experience for women with CPP. Educational achievement holds a robust relationship with pain morbidity and depression for this population.
The impact of assumptions about oil exploration on projections of long-range energy supplies in the United States

A large-scale linear programming model has been designed to assist in the analysis of world-wide energy resource development and processing activities over a 20- to 30-year time horizon. the model includes explicit representation of exploration and production operations for the energy minerals, as well as the supply, conversion, and distribution of the different energy forms, accounting for interfuel substitution alternatives. The method of analysis consists of developing “optimal” planning solutions relative to anticipated demands for energy and using these solutions as bases for evaluation of energy policies and technology assumptions. This paper briefly outlines the representation of the exploration activities in the overall model formulation and illustrates the projected energy supply patterns and related economics as developed with the model for alternative assumptions about oil resources, exploration success rates, and constraints on exploratory drilling.
Notes: Oxygen Consumption by Larval Japanese Medaka with Inflated or Uninflated Swim Bladders

Abstract Inflation and regulation of swim bladder volume enables fish to maintain position within the water column with minimal energy cost. Larvae whose swim bladders fail to inflate must move to stay suspended and would be expected to use additional energy to maintain position. As a relative measure of extra effort expended by fish with uninflated swim bladders, oxygen consumption rates at 26°C were compared for larval Japanese medaka Orvzias latipes with inflated and uninflated swim bladders. During the first 24 h after hatching, oxygen consumption rates were significantly higher for larvae with uninflated swim bladders (1.75 ± 0.13 μg O2·h−1·larva−1) than for those with inflated swim bladders (0.92 ± 0.05 μg O2·h−1·larva−1); after 96 h, oxygen consumption rates had decreased for all larvae to about 0.6 μg O2·h−1·larva−1. For larvae held in sealed containers for 72 h without access to free surface air, the volume of air-saturated water required to maintain an adequate concentration of dissolved oxygen ...
Realization and comparison of a new push-pull direct-connected multiple-input converter family for distributed generation applications

A new multiple-input converter family with push-pull connection is proposed in this paper. The principles to synthesize multiple-input push-pull connected converters are discussed and a multiple-input push-pull connected Buck-boost converter is analyzed. In addition, comparisons with cost, modularity, flexibility and converter efficiency are made among multiple-input push-pull connected converter family and six other previous studied multiple-input converter families. Three prototypes are built to verify the converter efficiencies and components stress. The results show that the multiple-input push-pull connected Boost converter gives the best efficiency and lowest input switch stresses.
A concept for wide band global communications

The Global Communication Network (GCN) is a new concept that uses polar-orbiting satellites to provide communications services that are unavailable otherwise from existing satellite systems. These services are becoming essential to perform the kind of global science that has been proposed for the 1990s and beyond by the ocean, atmosphere, and earth processes science communities. Existing communications services over the oceans and particularly over the polar regions are severely constrained. Service Argos provides worldwide data collection capability at low rates and for limited quantities of data, but it makes no provisions for interrogation or for wide band, high-volume data [see In Situ Ocean Science Working Group, 1985]. Other geostationary satellite systems, such as the Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES), require an amount of transmission power that is prohibitive for most mobile, floating, or airborne users [see Hughes Aerospace Corporation, 1980].
Field dependence of drift velocity and electron population in satellite valleys in gallium arsenide

We present, for the first time, simple explicit expressions for the drift velocity and the electron population in the many-valley band structure of n-type gallium arsenide. It is shown that all the experimentally observed features could be well explained if mean-free-path values of 150 nm and 700 nm in the two sets of valleys are assumed. It is indicated that the mobilities of high-mobility valleys are rapidly degraded with the increase in the electric field. The novel results so obtained could be usefully applied in the design and development of semiconducting devices with two or more energy level structures.
Axolemmal differentiation in myelinated fibers of rat peripheral nerves.

Abstract In developing rat peripheral fibers, nodal specialization appears early, prior to myelin compaction, and is first detected as a junction between the axon and the overhanging Schwann cell process characterized by a uniformly wide (∼ 18 nm) intercellular gap containing a patchy dense substance and a cytoplasmic undercoating subjacent to the axolemma. The gap width is rather consistent but the axolemmal undercoating is more variable and lower in density than that found at more mature nodes of Ranvier, and it is also highly variable in length, ranging from 0.5 to 3 μm. The outermost Schwann cell layer is usually prominent with a large volume of cytoplasm and many organelles. In freeze-fracture replicas, modal specializations are characterized by accumulations of large (∼10 nm) particles in the axolemma, especially the E face, but immature nodes generally have a lower particle concentration than mature nodes. No node-like particle aggregates have been found in axons not intimately associated with Schwann cells. Mature paranodal axon-Schwann cell junctions are usually formed first by the loops closest to the node and are characterized by a 2–3 nm gap between the apposed membranes, periodic intercellular densities (transverse bands) in the gap and cisternae flattened against the junctional Schwann cell membrane. The loops further removed from the node display a wider gap containing irregularly spaced or diffuse intercellular densities, or none. Mature junctions appear relatively late in the rat, and it is not unusual to find developing nodes with several Schwann cell loops present that do not indent the axolemma significantly and are not associated with the paracrystalline pattern characteristic of the mature junctional axolemma. In such instances, the nodal particle aggregates do not have sharply circumscribed boundaries. The majority of the developing nodes are asymmetric with one paranodal segment more mature than the other.
Spin-polarizable excitonic luminescence in colloidal Mn2+-doped CdSe quantum dots.

The photoluminescence of colloidal Mn2+-doped CdSe nanocrystals has been studied as a function of nanocrystal diameter. These nanocrystals are shown to be unique among colloidal doped semiconductor nanocrystals reported to date in that quantum confinement allows tuning of the CdSe bandgap energy across the Mn2+ excited-state energies. At small diameters, the nanocrystal photoluminescence is dominated by Mn2+ emission. At large diameters, CdSe excitonic photoluminescence dominates. The latter scenario has allowed spin-polarized excitonic photoluminescence to be observed in colloidal doped semiconductor nanocrystals for the first time.
Viscosity of Fluorinated Propane Isomers. 2. Measurements of Three Compounds and Model Comparisons

Viscosity data are reported for three fluorinated propane isomers in the saturated-liquid state over a combined temperature range from 248 to 348 K. The compounds are 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (R245fa), 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (R245ca), and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (R227ea). The measurements were carried out in sealed gravitational capillary viscometers. The estimated uncertainty of the measurements is ±3.4%. Including earlier viscosity measurements on 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (R236fa) and 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (R236ea), the viscosity data of all five fluids were correlated within their experimental uncertainty in terms of the rough hard-sphere model. The experimental data were also compared with predictions of the extended corresponding-states method in NIST Standard Reference Database 23 (REFPROP). Deviations range between −20 and 15%.
Detecting Integrity Attacks on SCADA Systems

Abstract Ensuring security of systems based on supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a major challenge. In this paper we analyze the effect of integrity attacks on control systems and provide countermeasure capable of exposing such attacks. To validate the results, we apply our findings to an industrial control problem concerning a chemical plant and then a simplified model of a power system.
Ovipositional Rhythms of Thyanta pallidovirens (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The complete ovipositional rhythms of Thyanta pallidovirens (Stal) fed peas, beans, or lentils and the diel ovipositional rhythms when fed beans were determined in the laboratory. The ovipositional response of these insects was significantly affected by the food provided; T. pallidovirens that were provided peas produced significantly more eggs ($\bar x$ = 295) than those provided beans ($\bar x$ = 165) or lentils ($\bar x$ = 122). T. pallidovirens fed peas had constant eggs per clutch (E/C) and number of days between clutches (DBC) over the ovipositional period; whereas those fed beans or lentils had significant negative slope when E/C or DBC were predicted by either days from first oviposition or number of clutches already laid. T. pallidovirens that were fed beans had a consistent diel ovipositional cycle with 1500 and 1700 hours having significantly more oviposition than 400, 1600, 1800, and 1900 hours, which were significantly greater than 200, 2200, 2000, 1400, and 2100 hours, which were significantly greater than the remaining hours. There was also a consistent diel mating cycle for this insect, with 400, 500, 600, and 700 hours having significantly more mating than 800, 900, 2200, 2100, and HOO hours, which were significantly greater than the remaining hours.
The Early Motor Profile: Correlation with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency

A correlational study of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and the Early Motor Profile with 109 kindergarten children showed a significant relation between these two measures of motor abilities. These results support use of the latter profile as a measure of motor development in preschool age children.
Bilateral fibromatosis of the breast in Gardner's syndrome

A 21-year-old woman with Gardner's syndrome (colonic polyposis with soft tissue and bone tumors) and bilateral fibromatosis of the breast is presented. Six other members of her family had polyposis of the colon, and 4 of them had 2 or more manifestations of Gardner's syndrome. One patient, a 21-year-old man, had an osteochondroma of the femur. Fibromatosis of the breast and osteochondroma are unusual findings in patients with familial polyposis. The colons were compared to those from 8 patients with polyposis without soft tissue or bone tumors, and no differences were observed. Gardner's syndrome and familial polyposis may be produced by a single pleiotropic gene with varying expressivity.
Thermodynamics: when a phase is born.

Phase changes in matter generally occur by building up from small nuclei of the new phase. Scattering experiments and computer simulations reveal the characteristic size of the smallest of these nuclei.
Enhancing Tumor-Specific Uptake of the Anticancer Drug Cisplatin with a Copper Chelator

Uptake of the anticancer drug cisplatin is mediated by the copper transporter CTR1 in cultured cells. Here we show in human ovarian tumors that low levels of Ctr1 mRNA are associated with poor clinical response to platinum-based therapy. Using a mouse model of human cervical cancer, we demonstrate that combined treatment with a copper chelator and cisplatin increases cisplatin-DNA adduct levels in cancerous but not in normal tissues, impairs angiogenesis, and improves therapeutic efficacy. The copper chelator also enhances the killing of cultured human cervical and ovarian cancer cells with cisplatin. Our results identify the copper transporter as a therapeutic target, which can be manipulated with copper chelating drugs to selectively enhance the benefits of platinum-containing chemotherapeutic agents.
n-3 PUFA improves fatty acid composition, prevents palmitate-induced apoptosis, and differentially modifies B cell cytokine secretion in vitro and ex vivo.

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) modify T-cell activation, in part by remodeling lipid composition; however, the relationship between n-3 PUFA and B-cell activation is unknown. Here we tested this relationship in vitro and ex vivo by measuring upregulation of B-cell surface molecules, the percentage of cells activated, and cytokine secreted in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation. In vitro, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improved the membrane n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, and DHA lowered interleukin (IL)-6 secretion; overall, n-3 PUFAs did not suppress B-cell activation compared with BSA, oleate, or elaidate treatment. Palmitate treatment suppressed the percentage of B cells activated through lipoapoptosis, which was differentially prevented by cosupplementing cells with MUFAs and PUFAs. Ex vivo, we tested the hypothesis with mice fed a control or high-fat saturated, hydrogenated, MUFA or n-3 PUFA diets. n-3 PUFAs had no effect on the percentage of B cells activated. Unexpectedly, the n-3 PUFA diet increased B-cell CD69 surface expression, IL-6 and IFNγ secretion, and it significantly increased body weight gain. Overall, we propose that changes in lipid composition with n-3 PUFA and suppression of lymphocyte activation is not universal. The study highlights that high-fat n-3 PUFA diets can promote pro-inflammatory responses, at least from one cell type.
Genetic analysis of TAF68/61 reveals links to cell cycle regulators.

In yeast, inactivation of certain TBP-associated factors (TAFIIs) results in arrest at specific stages of the cell cycle. In some cases, cell cycle arrest is not observed because overlapping defects in other cellular processes precludes the manifestation of an arrest phenotype. In the latter situation, genetic analysis has the potential to reveal the involvement of TAFIIs in cell cycle regulation. In this report, a temperature-sensitive mutant of TAF68/61 was used to screen for high-copy dosage suppressors of its growth defect. Ten genes were isolated: TAF suppressor genes, TSGs 1–10. Remarkably, most TSGs have either a genetic or a direct link to control of the G2/M transition. Moreover, eight of the 10 TSGs can suppress a CDC28 mutant specifically defective for mitosis (cdc28-1N) but not an allele defective for passage through start. The identification of these genes as suppressors of cdc28-1N has identified four unreported suppressors of this allele. Moreover, synthetic lethality is observed between taf68-9 and cdc28-1N. The isolation of multiple genes involved in the control of a specific phase of the cell cycle argue that the arrest phenotypes of certain TAFII mutants reflect their role in specifically regulating cell cycle functions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polynuclear Speciation of Trivalent Cations near the Surface of an Electrolyte Solution.

Despite long-standing efforts, there is no agreed upon structural model for electrolyte solutions at air–liquid interfaces. We report the simultaneous detection of the near-surface and bulk coordination environments of a trivalent metal cation (europium) in an aqueous solution by use of X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Within the first few nanometers of the liquid surface, the cations exhibit oxygen coordination typical of inner-sphere hydration of an aquated Eu3+ cation. Beyond that, outer-sphere ion–ion correlations are observed that are otherwise not present in the bulk electrolyte. The combination of near-surface and bulk sensitivities to probe metal ion speciation in electrolyte solutions is achieved by detecting electron-yield and X-ray fluorescence signals from an inverted pendant drop. The results provide new knowledge about the near-surface chemistry of aqueous solutions of relevance to aerosols and ion transport processes in chemical separations and biological systems.
Nucleation Constraints Lead To Molten Chondrule Precursors in the Early Solar System

This paper is on an application of nucleation theory and an empirical extension of the quasichemical solution theory of Guggenheim to an ancient bit of nature and to a long standing problem on the origins of meteorites. Chondritic meteorites, which were formed 4.6 billion years ago, contain solid chondrules, which appear to have been liquid silicate droplets formed in a rainlike process in the solar nebula with a gas of solar composition. Such droplets have been experimentally subcooled up to 500 °C below their liquidus temperatures. Just as in terrestrial clouds of subcooled water, silicate droplets should readily form metastably below their liquidus temperatures. Calculations of the condensation of these metastable droplets from a solar gas with an expected nucleation constraint on the formation of metallic iron lead to calculated compositions of chondrules at two different temperatures for each particular pressure that emulate the compositions of two types of porphyritic chondrules in the well-studied ...
Further investigation of the effect of phase spectrum on visual detection in structured backgrounds

Medical images can be described by their power and phase spectra. Therefore, it is of interest to know how these components influence human observers in detection tasks. Whereas the power spectrum appears to correctly describe the useful statistical properties of computer generated noise images (like white noise, filtered white noise or lumpy backgrounds), this might not be the case for patient structured images. The present study investigates the role of stationarity, power and phase spectra of two types of medical images (mammography and angiography). We consider different categories of images that all have the same mean, and power spectrum. Two-alternative forced-choice experiments are performed on patient structured images, random phase, filtered white noise, and clustered lumpy background. This latter has the property to contain visible structures similar to the ones observed on real mammograms, and (unlike real patient structure) to be stationary by construction. It is shown that model observers can take non-stationarity into account of real images in two different ways. The safest and easiest way consists of applying the model template directly on the images. The other way consists of correcting the performance computed from global quantities with a factor that takes into account local statistical values in the area of interest. Finally, patient structured backgrounds are not fully described by their power spectrum and we show that human observers are able to use some information contained in the phase spectrum.
CNS adrenergic inhibition of parasympathetic oculomotor tone.

Abstract Inhibition of parasympathetic neural tone to the iris was produced by electrical stimulation of the afferent sciatic nerve, medullary reticular formation, and posterior hypothalamus in anesthetized cats in which only the parasympathetic nerves to the eye were intact. Stimulation of all 3 sites of activation produced a graded pupillary dilation and reduction of tonic nerve activity in the short ciliary nerves. Intravenous administration of the α-2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine hydrochloride, (0.03–1.0 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent antagonism of the mydriasis elicited by activation of the ascending (sciatic nerve and medullary) mechanisms but did not block the pupillary dilation evoked by stimulation of the system descending from the hypothalamus. This differential action of yohimbine was confirmed directly by means of nerve recordings taken from the parasympathetic nerve to the eye. Depletion of CNS monoamines with reserpine and α-m-p-tyrosine reduced the norepinephrine concentration of the medulla and midbrain by 95% and 97%, respectively. In these depleted preparations, stimulation of the hypothalamus still produced the characteristic mydriasis and inhibition of parasympathetic tonic activity whereas activation of ascending mechanisms (sciatic or medullary) were no longer effective in producing these effects. Taken together, these results suggest that ascending parasympatho-inhibition is mediated by a monoamine (probably norepinephrine) and that inhibition descending from the hypothalamus is mediated by a non-monoaminergic mechanism.
CHANGES IN ADRENAL GLAND MOTILIN CONTENT DURING DEVELOPMENT AND WITH PHARMACOLOGIC DENERVATION

Motilin is a peptide first isolated from small intestine based on its effects on gut motility. It is widely distributed in neuroendocrine tissue including adrenal gland but its function in these tissues is not known. We measured adrenal gland motilin during development (day 20 of fetal life thru adulthood) and after treatment with drugs known to effect adrenal function. Adrenal glands from Sprague-Dawley rats were extracted and motilin content measured by radioimmunoassay. In drug studies young adult male rats were injected I.M. for 5 days with either dexa-methasone 0.1 mg daily or reserpine 1 mg every other day. Control rats received saline. Motilin was not detectable in adrenal until 1 week of age. The concentration then increased until 5 wks of life when it reached adult levels. Reserpine, but not dexa-methasone, had a marked effect on motilin content.
Seasonal-latitudinal variation of the eastward-propagating diurnal tide with zonal wavenumber 3 in the MLT: Influences of heating and background wind distribution

Abstract This study demonstrates how the mean zonal wind affects the propagation of tidal energy from the troposphere to the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) region (60–120 km). We diagnose the seasonal-latitudinal variation of the eastward-propagating diurnal tide with zonal wavenumber 3 (DE3), which is a prominent tidal component and agrees well between model and observation in recent studies. It is shown that during the course of a year the seasonal-latitudinal variation of mean zonal wind modulates and filters DE3 energy propagating upwards from tropospheric radiative and latent heating sources. Our results are based upon ISCCP and TRMM troposphere heating rates, SABER-derived zonal mean gradient wind, SABER tidal signatures and GSWM (the global-scale wave model) diagnoses. The tropospheric tidal heating rates are derived from ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) radiative fluxes and TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) latent heating profiles together with TRMM rainfall rates. The zonal mean winds are derived from measurements of geopotential height from the SABER (sounding of the atmosphere with broadband emission radiometry) instrument on the TIMED (thermosphere, ionosphere, mesosphere energetics and dynamics) spacecraft, and the tidal signatures are determined from SABER temperature measurements.
Zero-Field Nuclear Quadrupole Spin-Lattice Relaxation in the Rotating Frame

Nuclear quadrupole spin-lattice relaxation rates in different frames of reference for pure electric quadrupole coupling are evaluated in terms of spectral density functions of lattice vibrations. The rate is determined in each of three important reference frames defined with respect to (1) the axial crystalline field in the laboratory, (2) a strong rotating radiofrequency field, and (3) internal dipolar fields following adiabatic demagnetization in the rotating frame. For spin states established by pure quadrupole coupling, modification of the relaxation behavior in the different frames does not conform to the behavior obtained from spins bound in pure magnetic Zeeman states. The density-matrix perturbation formalism is applied. In order to transform the total Hamiltonian into the interaction representation of the main quadrupole interaction, a convenient representation is devised for quadratic exponential unitary operators which do not directly carry out simple rotations. The transformation permits an approach to the rigorous analysis of dynamic nuclear quadrupole resonance phenomena which usually have been qualitatively described by comparison with analogous phenomena in pure magnetic resonance. The new representation is presented explicitly for spin $I=\frac{3}{2}$. Experimental measurements of ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{35}$ pure quadrupole spin-lattice relaxation times in chlorate salts in the three reference frames are compared with the theoretically determined relaxation rates.
Reduction chemistry of substituted derivatives of cyclopentadienyldicarbonylcobalt. ESR and infrared spectroscopy and their relationship to electronic structure of the dinuclear reduction products

Abstract The reductions of five substituted cyclopentadienyl dicarbonyl cobalt complexes have been carried out. Mixtures of dinuclear radical anions, Ring 2 Co 2 (CO) −• 2 , and ring loss products are obtained with the former predominating except in the case of (C 5 H 4 CO 2 CH 3 )Co(CO) 2 where 85% ring loss is observed. Infrared and electron spin resonance measurements on the radical anions yield the following data: g iso = 2.08 ± 0.01 and g 1 , = 2.18 ± 0.01 for all systems; a iso and a 1 vary over a 10% range, thereby revealing variations in spin density on cobalt over the series. A qualitative electronic picture of the system is presented.
OML macros: Web presentation guidelines and source list

More than 100 macros have been written and made available on the Web since the debut of PFW in 1996. Evidently, OML has benefited many OCLC system users in automating their jobs. Nevertheless, finding the desired macros takes considerable time and effort because Web sites that provide macros present them in widely varied formats. This article presents the Web sites that currently provide macros for sharing, initiates the discussion on Web macro presentation guidelines, evaluates the presented Web sites based on these guidelines, and provides a source list of useful macros specifically for OCLC subsystem applications.
Syntectonic Dolomitization in the Helvetic Nappes of Central Switzerland

Some dolomitizations in the Jurassic beds of the Middle Helvetic Urirotstock Nappe can be attributed to events associated with the Alpine orogeny. This relationship, together with the occurrence of syntectonic chert deposits, suggests that pore solutions were active during the deformation. The precipitates from such fluids may be sensitive indicators of changes in tectonic environment.