cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acclimation of Light-Harvesting and Light-Utilization Capacities in Response to Growth Temperature

There is considerable variation in the ability of tuber-bearing Solanum species to increase their frost tolerance during a two week exposure to low, non-freezing temperature (1). We have previously shown that there is a light-dependent inhibition of photosynthetic capacity during this acclimation period (2). The degree of inhibition was significantly greater in a species which can not acclimate than in a species which is able to acclimate. We have suggested that an important component of the ability to frost acclimate is the ability to maintain high levels of photosynthetic metabolism during the acclimation period. While there are a number of protective compounds and mechanisms present within the chloroplast which are known to provide protection from the damaging effects of excess light energy (3), it is reasonable to expect that a plants first and most efficient response would be an adaptation which would balance its light-trapping and light-utilization capacities to the prevailing environmental conditions.
Sex, Lies and Videogames: Why Videogames Still Struggle to Overcome Moral Panic

For the past few decades video games have been the focus of widespread concerns regarding violence, addiction and sexist content. In the United States, video games are blamed for high gun violence rates. The World Health Organization (WHO) has claimed that excessive gaming is tantamount to a disease. Activists worldwide express concerns that the sexist content of some games may lead to sexism and misogyny in real life. But is there good research evidence to support these claims? Lessons learned from the "video game violence" research era are instrumental. The term "violent video game" never held conceptual, scientific value, yet was used as an emotional loadstone. This resulted in overstatements of evidence by politicians, scholars and professional guilds such as the American Psychological Association. In some cases, hyperbole continued despite mounting evidence that action-oriented games are associated with, if anything, declining trends in violence and evidence for even effects on mild aggression remained inconsistent. Nonetheless repetitions of this trend continued with discussions of "sexist" games and their impact on sexism in real life as well as the controversy over the WHO's "gaming disorder." In both cases activists for particular positions which appear to disparage games pushed forward aggressively despite the presence of evidence that might have advised a more cautious approach. It is time for a reassessment of games research and how a societal culture of moral panic impacted games research over the past few decades. However, these cultural issues can be repaired first by understanding the historical patterns of moral panic that scholars contributed to and second by embracing a culture of open science.
Stimulation of the posterior cingulate impairs episodic memory encoding

Abstract Neuroimaging experiments implicate the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in episodic memory processing, making it a potential target for responsive neuromodulation strategies outside of the hippocampal network. However, causal evidence for the role PCC plays in memory encoding is lacking. In patients undergoing seizure mapping, we investigated functional properties of the PCC using deep brain stimulation (DBS) and stereotactic electroencephalography (stereo EEG). These techniques allow precise targeting of deep cortical structures including the PCC, and simultaneous acquisition of oscillatory recordings from neighboring regions such as the hippocampus. We used a free recall experiment in which PCC was stimulated during item encoding period of half of the study lists, while no stimulation was applied during encoding period of the remaining lists. We evaluated if stimulation affected memory and/or modulated hippocampal activity. Results revealed four main findings. (i) Stimulation during encoding impaired memory for early items on the study lists. (ii) Stimulation increased hippocampal gamma band power. (iii) Stimulation-induced gamma power predicted memory impairment. (iv) Functional connectivity between the hippocampus and PCC predicted the degree of stimulation effect on memory. Our findings offer the first causal evidence implicating the PCC in episodic memory encoding. Importantly, results highlight that stimulation targeted outside of the temporal lobe can modulate hippocampal activity with implications on behavior. Furthermore, a-priori measures of connectivity between brain regions within a functional network can be informative in predicting behavioral effects of stimulation. Our findings have significant implications for developing therapie to treat diseases of memory loss and cognitive impairment using DBS. Significance Statement Cognitive impairment and memory loss are critical public health challenges. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising tool for developing strategies to ameliorate memory disorders by targeting brain regions involved in mnemonic processing. Using DBS, our study sheds light on the lesser-known role of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in memory encoding. Stimulating the PCC during encoding impairs subsequent recall memory. The degree of impairment is predictedby stimulation-induced hippocampal gamma oscillations and functional connectivity between PCC and hippocampus. Our findings provide the first causal evidence implicating PCC in memory encoding and highlight the PCC as a favorable target for neuromodulation strategies, using a-priori connectivity measures to predict stimulation effects. This has significant implications for developing therapies for memory diseases.
Deconstructing Weight Management Interventions for Young Adults: Looking Inside the Black Box of the EARLY Consortium Trials.

Author(s): Tate, Deborah F; Lytle, Leslie; Polzien, Kristen; Diamond, Molly; Leonard, Kelsey R; Jakicic, John M; Johnson, Karen C; Olson, Christine M; Patrick, Kevin; Svetkey, Laura P; Wing, Rena R; Lin, Pao-Hwa; Coday, Mathilda; Laska, Melissa N; Merchant, Gina; Czaja, Sara J; Schulz, Richard; Belle, Steven H | Abstract: ObjectiveThe goal of the present study was to deconstruct the 17 treatment arms used in the Early Adult Reduction of weight through LifestYle (EARLY) weight management trials.MethodsIntervention materials were coded to reflect behavioral domains and behavior change techniques (BCTs) within those domains planned for each treatment arm. The analytical hierarchy process was employed to determine an emphasis profile of domains in each intervention.ResultsThe intervention arms used BCTs from all of the 16 domains, with an average of 29.3 BCTs per intervention arm. All 12 of the interventions included BCTs from the six domains of Goals and Planning, Feedback and Monitoring, Social Support, Shaping Knowledge, Natural Consequences, and Comparison of Outcomes; 11 of the 12 interventions shared 15 BCTs in common across those six domains.ConclusionsWeight management interventions are complex. The shared set of BCTs used in the EARLY trials may represent a core intervention that could be studied to determine the required emphases of BCTs and whether additional BCTs add to or detract from efficacy. Deconstructing interventions will aid in reproducibility and understanding of active ingredients.
Carbon Dots as a New Class of Diamagnetic Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (diaCEST) MRI Contrast Agents

While carbon dots (C-dots) have been extensively investigated pertaining to their fluorescent, phosphorescent, electrochemiluminescent, optoelectronic, and catalytic features, their inherent chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging (CEST MRI) properties are unknown. By virtue of their hydrophilicity and abundant exchangeable protons of hydroxyl, amine, and amide anchored on the surface, we report here that C-dots can be adapted as effective diamagnetic CEST (diaCEST) MRI contrast agents. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, human glioma cells were labeled with liposomes with or without encapsulated C-dots and implanted in mouse brain. In vivo CEST MRI was able to clearly differentiate labeled cells from non-labeled cells. The present findings may encourage new applications of C-dots for in vivo imaging in deep tissues, which is currently not possible using conventional fluorescent (near-infrared) C-dots.
EdgeServe: efficient deep learning model caching at the edge

In this work, we look at how to effectively manage and utilize deep learning models at each edge location, to provide performance guarantees to inference requests. We identify challenges to use these deep learning models at resource-constrained edge locations, and propose to adapt existing cache algorithms to effectively manage these deep learning models.
Unequal social vulnerability to Hurricane Sandy flood exposure.

Disparities exist in post-disaster flooding exposure and vulnerable populations bear a disproportionate impact of this exposure. We describe the unequal burden of flooding in a cohort of New York residents following Hurricane Sandy and assess whether the likelihood of flooding was distributed equally according to socioeconomic demographics, and whether this likelihood differed when analyzing self-reported or FEMA flood exposure measures. Residents of New York City and Long Island completed a self-administered survey 1.5–4.0 years after the storm. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to determine the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and flood exposure. Participants (n = 1231) residing in areas of the lowest two quartiles of median household income experienced flooding the most often (FEMA/self-reported: <$40,298: 65.3%/42.0%, $40,298–$67,188: 43.3%/32.1%), and these areas contained the highest proportions of non-White participants (<$40,298: 39.1%, $40,298–$67,188: 36.6%) and those with ≤high school education (<$40,298: 35.5%, $40,298–$67,188: 33.6%). Both self-report (p < 0.05) and FEMA (p < 0.05) flood measures indicated that older participants were more likely to live in a household exposed to flooding, while those living in higher-income areas had decreased likelihood of flooding (p < 0.0001). Socioeconomic and age disparities were present in exposure to flooding during Hurricane Sandy. Future disaster preparedness responses must understand flooding from an environmental justice perspective to create effective strategies that minimize disproportionate exposure and its adverse outcomes.
Biologics in refractory idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM): What experience in juvenile vs adult myositis tells us about the use of biologics in pediatric IIM

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is an extremely heterogeneous orphan disease with limited amount of dedicated research on the subject matter. Recent research suggests that JDM may not just be the classic antibody driven complements mediated microangiopathy as was thought to be in the past. The etiopathogenesis of JDM also involves inappropriate stimulation of innate immune system followed by dysregulation of the adaptive immune response through dendritic cells. Many variable immune factors such as genetics, major histocompatibility complex expressions, immunohistochemical variabilities, and diversity in specific and associated autoantibodies may make individual IIM and JDM cases unique. The diversity in IIM and JDM also explains individual variability in response to specific therapies. Classifying and matching the right patients to the right treatment is crucial to the successful treatment of these patients with better outcomes. Sub-type specific biologic therapy may be the best current treatment that can match the patient to the best treatment options. A PubMed search was performed to find all the available cases of refractory myositis patients treated with biologics up to July 2020. Using this search this article reviews all the current biologic treatment options and experiences for both adults and children in the context of recent basic science to assist pediatric rheumatologists in choosing the optimal biologic therapy for a child with recalcitrant JDM.
The Xa7 resistance gene guards the rice susceptibility gene SWEET14 against exploitation by the bacterial blight pathogen.

Abstract Many plant disease resistance (R) genes function specifically in reaction to the presence of cognate effectors from a pathogen. Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae (Xoo) uses transcription activator-like effectors (TALes) to target specific rice genes for expression, thereby promoting host susceptibility to bacterial blight. Here, we report the molecular characterization of Xa7, the cognate R gene to the TALes AvrXa7 and PthXo3, which target the rice major susceptibility gene SWEET14. Xa7 was mapped to a unique 74-kb region. Gene expression analysis of the region revealed a candidate gene that contained a putative AvrXa7 effector binding element (EBE) in its promoter and encoded a 113-amino-acid peptide of unknown function. Genome editing at the Xa7 locus rendered the plants susceptible to avrXa7-carrying Xoo strains. Both AvrXa7 and PthXo3 activated a GUS reporter gene fused with the EBE-containing Xa7 promoter in Nicotiana benthamiana. The EBE of Xa7 is a close mimic of the EBE of SWEET14 for TALe-induced disease susceptibility. Ectopic expression of Xa7 triggers cell death in N. benthamiana. Xa7 is prevalent in indica rice accessions from 3000 rice genomes. Xa7 appears to be an adaptation that protects against pathogen exploitation of SWEET14 and disease susceptibility.
The therapeutic effects of journal writing for parents of PICU patients: A research brief.

Purpose The admission of a critically ill child to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) is well known to be a stressful experience for parents. The overall aim of this study was to explore whether the use of journal writing would be acceptable and feasible to PICU parents as a stress-reducing intervention. Design and methods A longitudinal, quasi-experimental two-group study design was conducted with a convenience sample of 28 parents. Experimental group parents were given instructions on how to journal write each day their child was hospitalized, while control group parents received usual care. Data were collected at three evaluation time points. Results The response rates at the final time point (6-8 weeks after discharge) were 93% for the control group and 71% for the experimental group. Outcome measure trends were similar for parents in both groups, with most perceiving mild-to-moderate stress from the PICU environment. A significant correlation was found between the perceived stress from the PICU environment and parental traumatic stress symptoms 6-8 weeks postdischarge for the experimental group (Time 1 r = .919, p = .00; Time 2 r = .969, p = .00). The majority of the experimental group parents wrote in their journals daily and found the intervention helpful. Practice implications Although further research is warranted, journal writing is a simple-to-do intervention that should be considered for use with future PICU parents.
The Diets of the Pearl and Pascagoula Map Turtles (Graptemys pearlensis and Graptemys gibbonsi)

Patterns of interspecific differences in the diets of nonavian reptiles may be complicated by intraspecific dietary diversity that is related to variation in body size and trophic morphology. Graptemys pearlensis and Graptemys gibbonsi are sister map turtle species endemic to adjacent Gulf Coastal river drainages and both are candidates for federal listing. Little has been reported about the diet of either species. We examined fecal samples collected from turtles captured throughout their respective ranges in the Pearl and Pascagoula river drainages. Females of both species primarily consumed invasive Asian clams (Corbicula spp.), with adult females being nearly exclusively molluscivorous while juvenile females also consumed softer-bodied prey items. Adult males and unsexed juveniles primarily consumed insects; males in particular specialized on trichopteran larvae and also ate more mollusks than did unsexed juveniles. In comparisons to each species' sympatric congeneric sawback species, the two focal species' avoidance of sponges caused large interspecific differences. Due to their greater consumption of insect prey than mollusks, unsexed juvenile G. pearlensis and unsexed juvenile and adult male G. gibbonsi were slightly more similar in diet to their respective sympatric congeneric sawbacks than to conspecific large juvenile females and adult females. Scoring of similarity in diet was greatly influenced by strongly predominant prey items found within each class of each species. Future studies of interspecific dietary differences in sympatric species should include consideration of intraspecific variation in diet as it relates to body size and sexual dimorphism.
Increasing Participation in Psychological Science by Using Course-Based Research Projects: Testing Theory, Using Open-Science Practices, and Professionally Presenting Research:

Introduction:Undergraduate research experiences prepare students for graduate training or employment.Statement of problem:At many teaching-intensive universities, there is a greater demand for rese...
Entropy and information theory

This book is an updated version of the information theory classic, first published in 1990. About one-third of the book is devoted to Shannon source and channel coding theorems; the remainder addresses sources, channels, and codes and on information and distortion measures and their properties. New in this edition:Expanded treatment of stationary or sliding-block codes and their relations to traditional block codesExpanded discussion of results from ergodic theory relevant to information theoryExpanded treatment of B-processes -- processes formed by stationary coding memoryless sourcesNew material on trading off information and distortion, including the Marton inequalityNew material on the properties of optimal and asymptotically optimal source codesNew material on the relationships of source coding and rate-constrained simulation or modeling of random processesSignificant material not covered in other information theory texts includes stationary/sliding-block codes, a geometric view of information theory provided by process distance measures, and general Shannon coding theorems for asymptotic mean stationary sources, which may be neither ergodic nor stationary, and d-bar continuous channels.
d-Amino Acid Oxidase Induction in the Kidneys of Germ-free Mice

High levels of d-amino acid oxidase activity were found in the kidneys of conventionally reared mice, whereas the enzyme was absent from the kidneys of most germ-free mice. Injection of d-alanine or monocontamination with Bacillus cereus stimulated d-amino acid oxidase activity in the kidneys of germ-free mice.
Idea avoidance: reflections on a conference and its language

Purpose – This paper aims to offer a personal reflection on the 2012 joint conference of the American Society for Cybernetics and the Bateson Idea Group, “An Ecology of Ideas”. The intent is to raise awareness, through examples, of ideas – and their associated ways of thinking – that the author tends to take for granted in the work as systems theorists as well as in everyday life, yet ideas that confound the very social issues the conferees were trying to address. Design/methodology/approach – The thoughts expressed arose after five days of listening to presentations and discussions, both formal and informal. The approach is conversational, with a desire to stimulate further conversation. Findings – Certain versions of systems theory – whole systems, purposeful systems, systems theory as ideology – rely on ideas that although written about extensively in philosophical and socio-political works go unchallenged in everyday life. Three of these ideas – hierarchy, purpose, belief – are embedded in the way of ...
Biomechanics of Closed Head Impact

This paper begins with a survey and exposition of the biomechanics of head impact covering three major areas of study: mechanical properties of the constituent tissues, animal and cadaver experimental models, and mathematical models. Recent animal experiments of the volume elasticity of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space have shown that the spinal cord cavity acts as a dump tank for the cranial cavity under physiological higher rates of CSF infusion. The question of whether or not this integral volume elasticity of the central nervous system affects the biomechanics of head injury is explored through a simple nonlinear lumped parameter model. It was shown that the intracranial pressure attained (in the CSF) is primarily a function of the fluid volume infused. The rate of CSF pressure rise is directly proportional to the rate of infusion.
Greedy Recombination and Genetic Search on the Space of Computer Programs

Many natural organisms overproduce zygotes and subsequently decimate the ranks of offspring at some later stage of development. The basic purpose of this behavior is the reduction of parental resource investment in offspring which are less fit than others according to some metabolically cheap fitness measure. An important insight into this process is that for single-pair matings all offspring are products of the same parental genotypes: the selection taking place therefore seeks the most fit recombination of parental traits. This paper presents the Greedy Recombination operator RB(n) for genetic programming, which performs greedy selection among potential crossover sites of a mating pair. The properties of RB(n) are described both from a statistical standpoint and in terms of their effect upon search; comparisons are drawn to existing methods. We formulate the class of constructional problems, which allow precise control over the fitness structure in the space of expressions being searched. The constructional approach is used to create simple GP analogies of the “Royal Road” problems used to study classical GA. The effects of RB(n) upon search properties, fitness distributions, and genotypic variations are examined and contrasted with effects of selection and recombination methods.
The novel modified polypyrimidine antitumor agent FdUMP[10] induces topoisomerase I-DNA complexes in DNA fragmentation-dependent and -independent manners.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 2024 FdUMP[10] is a 10mer of FdUMP, the thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitory metabolite of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We studied the mechanism by which FdUMP[10] inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis. COMPARE analysis of the data from the NCI 60 cell line screen revealed unexpected mechanistic similarities for FdUMP[10] with camptothecins (CPTs), suggesting that FdUMP[10] possesses a mechanism of action possibly related to topoisomerase I (top1) inhibition. In this study, we found that FdUMP[10] is much more potent than 5-FU (160-fold and 600-fold, respectively) toward P388 (mouse leukemia) and HCT116 (human colon adenocarcinoma) cells. P388/CPT45 cells that are highly-resistant to CPT as a consequence of top1-deficiency are highly cross-resistant to FdUMP[10], but not to 5FU. Intense DNA fragmentation following exposure to FdUMP[10] was observed by alkaline elution in P388 and HCT116 cells. Interestingly, FdUMP[10] induced the trapping of top1-DNA complexes both in P388 and HCT116 cells when these complexes were detected with the Immuno Complex of Enzyme (ICE) bioassay. These top1-DNA complexes could only be partially reduced by co-treatment with the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.FMK in FdUMP[10] treated HCT116 cells, while Z-VAD.FMK almost had no effect on top1-DNA complexes formation in P388 cells treated with FdUMP[10]. In such case, we propose that the top1-DNA complexes result from trapping of top1 at misincorporation sites (uracil and fluorouracil incorporation) resulting from potent TS inhibition by FdUMP[10]. In conclusion, FdUMP[10] is a markedly more potent antitumor agent than 5-FU. Trapping of top1- DNA complexes in cells by FdUMP[10] could be one of the mechanisms of action. FdUMP[10] mainly targets the DNA pathway, and is mechanistically distinct from 5-FU which targets both RNA and DNA pathways. FdUMP[N] compounds may be more efficacious than 5-FU or alternative FPs in cancer chemotherapy.
Hypotony Maculopathy: Clinical Presentation and Therapeutic Methods

Introduction Hypotony maculopathy is ocular hypotony complicated by papilledema and/or folding of the retina and choroid in the posterior pole. Our objective was to examine the current literature regarding hypotony maculopathy and treatment methods.
Strategic selection of hyperthermophilic esterases for resolution of 2-arylpropionic esters.

Homologues to Carboxylesterase NP and Candida rugosa lipase, used for the chiral separation of racemic mixtures of 2-arylpropionic methyl esters, were identified by BLAST searches of available genome sequences for hyperthermophilic microorganisms. Two potential candidates were identified: a putative lysophospholipase from Pyro. coccus furiosus (Pfu-LPL) and a carboxylesterase from Sulfolobus solfataricus P1 (Sso-EST1). Although both enzymes showed hydrolytic preference toward the (S) methyl ester, only Sso-EST1 yielded highly optically pure (S) naproxen (%ee p ≥ 90) and was thus further investigated. Changes in pH or reaction time showed little improvement in %ee p or E values with Sso-EST1. However, the addition of 25% methanol resulted in a 25% increase in E. The effect of various cosolvents on the enantiomeric ratio showed no correlation with the log P or dielectric constant values of the solvent. However, an inverse relationship between E and the denaturation capacity (DC) of the water miscible cosolvents was observed. This was attributed to an increase in enzyme flexibility with increasing solvent DC values leading to a concomitant reduction in the resolving power of Sso-EST1. The results here show that although bioinformatics tools can be used to select candidate biocatalysts for chiral resolution of 2-arylpropionic esters, biochemical characterization is needed to definitively determine functional characteristics.
RADIUM-226, RADIUM-228, LEAD-210, AND FLUORINE IN PERSONS WITH OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA

Concentrations of the naturally occurring alpha-emitting radioelements, radium-226, radium-228, and lead-210, and of stable lead and fluorine were determined in bone specimens from 32 individuals having a verified osteogenic sarcoma. Comparison of these results with those for the average person showed no significant differences in either the absorbed dose (rad) from the accumulated radioisotopes or in the concentrations of the elements studied.
Barium ruthenate: A sink for gaseous molecules

Abstract The complex oxide BaRuO3 was found to absorb hydrogen at room temperature at least to the extent of H0·3BaRuO3. The product is analogous to the hydrogen-tungsten bronzes (HxWO3). The formation takes place at room temperature using gaseous H2, without an external catalyst. Partially reduced BaRuO3 does not absorb hydrogen at room temperature but can incorporate NO into the bulk to give a mixed nitroxide-oxide.
A family of genes with growth factor and adenosine deaminase similarity are preferentially expressed in the salivary glands of Glossina m. morsitans

A cDNA library constructed from salivary glands of tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae), was differentially screened, and two related full-length cDNAs were molecularly characterized: tsetse salivary growth factor, TSGF-1 and TSGF-2. The cDNAs encode for open reading frames (ORFs) of 494 and 506aa, respectively, and display an overall 45% amino acid identity and 61% similarity to one another. Both genes are preferentially expressed in the salivary glands of male and female adult flies. In addition to salivary glands, both transcripts can be detected from the gut tissue. Only transcripts specific for TSGF-2 are detected in ovary and testes tissues of adults as well as in puparia, while neither gene is expressed during the larval developmental stages. The N-terminal region of both putative proteins contains a hydrophobic sequence with secretory signal peptide characteristics, and analysis of proteins in saliva by Western blot indicates that both are secreted. Western blot analysis indicates that TSGF-1 is synthesized at significantly higher levels than TSGF-2. The deduced protein sequences of both cDNAs display extensive similarities to two other proteins: insect derived growth factor (IDGF) characterized from Sarcophaga peregrina with growth-factor activity, and atrial gland specific antigen (AGSA or MDSF) characterized from Apylasia californica. In addition to growth factor similarity, all four related proteins share the evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues associated with the enzymatic deamination of adenosine, which is shown here to be present in salivary gland extracts of tsetse. While both genes are present and expressed in G. m. morsitans and G. p. palpalis, only TSGF-1 is present in G. austeni. We present the molecular characteristics of the cDNAs, their genomic arrangement and their regulation of expression in different fly tissues and species. We discuss the potential role of these proteins in hemostatis and in African trypanosome transmission by different species of tsetse.
Pseudo-racism among Chicano(a), Asian and African Americans: implications of the black/white dichotomy

Abstract The black/white dichotomy in America has dictated conventional concepts of racism. People of color are consistently portrayed as victim and the Euro mainstream as perpetrator. In fact, following years of Euro colonization and/or domination Chicano(a), Asian and African Americans act out racist behaviors. The result is pseudo-racism whereby those lighter-skinned assume the psychological demeanor of a dominant group. The reluctance of scholars to acknowledge its existence is reinforcing. Resolution will require that people of color confront and dialogue directly with one another about their role in the racist aftermath.
A Cacciopoli-type inequality to prove coercivity of a bilinear form associated with spatial hysteresis internal damping for an Euler–Bernoulli beam

Abstract We prove an inequality that resembles Cacciopoli inequalities in that it bounds the norm of the derivative of a function by using the norm of the function. Unlike in Cacciopoli inequalities, there is no restriction on the function, a fact made up for by adding an extra term to the norm of the function. The inequality arose in the proof that a bilinear form associated with spatial hysteresis internal damping for an Euler–Bernoulli beam is coercive.
Phospholipid metabolism in rat liver endoplasmic reticulum structural analyses, turnover studies and enzymic activities

Abstract 1. 1. Rough and smooth submicrosomal fractions of normal rat liver were isolated by zonal centrifugation. The distribution and turnover of acyl moieties at the 1 and 2 positions of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, the relative rates of degradation of the major phospholipid classes, and several synthetic and hydrolytic enzyme activities associated with lipid metabolism were determined in both subfractions. 2. 2. We found that the fatty acid compositions of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylathanolamine in the submicrosomal fractions were very similar. The 1 position is predominantly occupied by saturated fatty acids and the 2 position by unsaturated fatty acids. The relative rates of degradation for the phospholipid classes in the rough microsomes are the same as those in the smooth microsomes. However, the different phospholipid species are degraded deferently within a given subfraction. Furthermore, acyl moieties esterified at the 1 position of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine turned over faster than the acyl moieties esterified at the 2 position. 3. 3. A delicate balance of synthetic and degradative enzymes apparently accounts for the similar gross features of lipid composition and turnover in the two submicrosomal fractions derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. For example, the specific activities of 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, palmityl-CoA hydrolase, and palmityl-CoA synthetase are higher in the smooth-surfaced microsomes than in rough-surfaced microsomes. Yet, when measuring in vitro exchange (indicative of phospholipase and total acyltransferase activities) with [1- 14 C]oleic acid, the smooth microsomes incorporated more [ 14 C]oleic acid into phosphatidyl-ethanolamine than the rough microsomes, but essentially no difference was observed for other lipid classes within the two submicrosomal fractions. The results obtained in vivo and in vitro are consistent with the concept that the endoplasmic reticulum is a mosaic array of structural lipoproteins and enzymic proteins in a dynamic state of heterogeneous turnover.
The effects of nymphal feeding by the meadov spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.) on strawberry yield and quality

Abstract In a field study, the effects of nymphal feeding by the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus) (Homoptera: Cercopidae), on strawberry yield and quality were examined. Gradients of spring nymphal populations were established by infesting strawberries of the variety ‘Redchief’ with ovipositing adults the previous August. The first year of study, nymphal feeding in a one-year-old stand resulted in a significant reduction in yield. The following year, feeding on a second-year stand resulted in a reduction in yield, berry numbers and mean berry weight. The relationships between nymphal population densities and the percentage loss in weight, number of berries and mean weight per berry were statistically the same for both of the above-mentioned fields. Quality measurements showed that nymphal feeding had no effect on the percentage of rotted or deformed berries. An economic threshold based on the average production level and average 1983 selling price for strawberries in Indiana (USA) is proposed.
Eyeglass: a very large aperture diffractive space telescope

Eyeglass is a very large aperture (25 - 100 meter) space telescope consisting of two distinct spacecraft, separated in space by several kilometers. A diffractive lens provides the telescope's large aperture, and a separate, much smaller, space telescope serves as its mobile eyepiece. Use of a transmissive diffractive lens solves two basic problems associated with very large aperture space telescopes; it is inherently fieldable (lightweight and flat, hence packagable and deployable) and virtually eliminates the traditional, very tight, surface shape tolerances faced by reflecting apertures. The potential drawback to use of a diffractive primary (very narrow spectral bandwidth) is eliminated by corrective optics in the telescope's eyepiece. The Eyeglass can provide diffraction-limited imaging with either single-band, multiband, or continuous spectral coverage. Broadband diffractive telescopes have been built at LLNL and have demonstrated diffraction-limited performance over a 40% spectral bandwidth (0.48 - 0.72 μm). As one approach to package a large aperture for launch, a foldable lens has been built and demonstrated. A 75 cm aperture diffractive lens was constructed from 6 panels of 1 mm thick silica; it achieved diffraction-limited performance both before and after folding. This multiple panel, folding lens, approach is currently being scaled-up at LLNL. We are building a 5 meter aperture foldable lens, involving 72 panels of 700 μm thick glass sheets, diffractively patterned to operate as coherent f/50 lens.
Genetic diversity of bovine ulcerative mammary dermatitis-associated Treponema

The etiology of bovine ulcerative mammary dermatitis (UMD) is poorly characterized. The goal of this study was to genetically analyze spirochetes present in UMD lesions. DNA prepared from UMD lesion biopsies and from spirochetes cultured from the corresponding lesion biopsies was PCR amplified using primers for the 16S rDNA-tRNA(ile) intergenic spacer region (ISR) of Treponema 16S-23S rDNA. Analysis of cloned ISR amplicons from three cultivable UMD-associated spirochetes indicated that two isolates cluster closely with cultivable papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD)-associated and human-associated Treponema phylotypes, while the remaining isolate is unique. Analysis of ISR amplicons from UMD lesion biopsies identified additional not-yet-cultivable Treponema phylotypes. Our results revealed the presence of a genetically diverse Treponema population in an UMD lesion.
RNA induced enhancement of a simple discrimination task

The applicability of a simple light-dark discrimination task to the study of RNA induced behavioral effects was investigated. Significant results with RNA extracted from trained donors using the cold phenol method support the value of this task in future RNA investigations.
Mixed layering in disordered Sri Lanka graphite

Abstract Rotational disorder is common to two millimeter-sized samples of Sri Lanka disordered graphite which also contains domains of the new carbon phase. Chemical disorder in the samples is inferred from d 002 interplanar and lattice fringe spacings that are part of three distinct populations, centered at about d 002 = 0.348 nm, 0.371 nm, and 0.45 nm and from short-range periodic stacking in lattic-fringe ribbons. The aromatic and alicyclic structures form metastable carbon-rich sheets with variable (100 × C) (C + H + O + N) ratio. The chemical and structural data are consistent with a model of mixed-layered carbon-rich, C—(H,O,N), material. Mixed-layered carbons include previously reported carbynes which are re-interpreted as carbon-rich, pre-graphitic C—(H,O,N) material. Mixed layering of chemically impure, carbon-rich pre-graphite sheets reflects complex interactions of physical and chemical parameters during carbonisation and graphitisation of natural terrestrial carbonaceous material.
Prehistoric Diet and Parasitic Infection in Tennessee: Evidence from the Analysis of Desiccated Human Paleofeces

Eight desiccated human feces recovered from Big Bone Cave (40VB103) were analyzed for dietary contents and evidence of endoparasitic infection. Radiocarbon-dated materials from the cave indicated that it was a locus of human activity 2220 ± 135 years ago. The dietary contents were primarily composed of three domesticated plant species: Iva annua, Chenopodium berlandieri ssp. jonesianum, and Helianthus annuus. Endoparasitic species infecting the population using the cave were: Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Giardia intestinalis, and a species tentatively identified to the superfamily Ancylostomoidea. The evidence of endoparasitic infection preserved in the Big Bone Cave paleofecal sample is the most complete record available for Eastern North America. This information is a new contribution to understanding the relative health status and living conditions of the emergent horticultural societies of prehistoric Eastern North America.
Platelet-activating factor as a potential retrograde messenger.

Abstract Previously the involvement of platelet-activating factor (PAF) as a retrograde messenger in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1 region of rat hippocampus has been reported (Kato, K. et al. (1994) Nature 367, 175–179). In this report, the effect of PAF receptor antagonist on LTP in the dentate gyrus has been demonstrated and suggests the existence of common mechanisms of LTP in CA1 and dentate gyrus. The site responsible for the expression of LTP induced by PAF has also been examined. The frequency of miniature EPSCs were enhanced by application of a PAF analog, but median amplitude were unaffected, suggesting that PAF preferentially affects presynaptic sites. Evoked synaptic responses were also monitored and the potentiation by the PAF analog was observed. Interestingly, there is a discrepancy between the results observed in the miniature and evoked potential studies in terms of dose effect of PAF. This discrepancy could have resulted from repeated synaptic stimulations required for studying evoked responses. The requirement for a monitoring stimulation in the evoked response measurement could activate additional biological process that enhance LTP expression.
Studies of Anomalous Contrast and Assimilation

Studies of von Bezold type of “spread” or assimilation, wherein white lines lighten and black lines darken contiguous areas, have shown that the effect depends upon both absolute and relative widths of the lines and intervening areas and their respective reflectances. Moreover, there is a continuum from assimilation (reversal of classical contrast) to contrast with an interval in which neither assimilation nor contrast occurs. With grays of about 36% reflectance, assimilation is found with lines up to 8–10 mm after which classical contrast is found. With grays of 80% and 14% reflectance, assimilation occurs when the white and black lines and the line separations are as wide as 29 mm. Another type of anomalous contrast, the Gelb spotlight effect, proves to be a case of ‘trigger’ contrast, so-called here because of the very large contrast effect of the very small patch of white. Here the area and position of the white surface exert measurable, consistent effects. A theory of retinal and/or central facilitation and inhibition seems to account for the data.
Rapid Enhancement of Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in Bipolar Depression Following Treatment with Riluzole

Glutamatergic abnormalities may underlie bipolar disorder (BD). The glutamate-modulating drug riluzole may be efficacious in bipolar depression, but few in vivo studies have examined its effect on glutamatergic neurotransmission. We conducted an exploratory study of the effect of riluzole on brain glutamine/glutamate (Gln/Glu) ratios and levels of N-acetylaspartate (NAA). We administered open-label riluzole 100–200 mg daily for 6 weeks to 14 patients with bipolar depression and obtained imaging data from 8-cm3 voxels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and parieto-occipital cortex (POC) at baseline, day 2, and week 6 of treatment, using two-dimensional J-resolved proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 4 T. Imaging data were analyzed using the spectral-fitting package, LCModel; statistical analysis used random effects mixed models. Riluzole significantly reduced Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) scores (d=3.4; p<0.001). Gln/Glu ratios increased significantly by day 2 of riluzole treatment (Cohen's d=1.2; p=0.023). NAA levels increased significantly from baseline to week 6 (d=1.2; p=0.035). Reduction in HAM-D scores was positively associated with increases in NAA from baseline to week 6 in the ACC (d=1.4; p=0.053), but was negatively associated in the POC (d=9.6; p<0.001). Riluzole seems to rapidly increase Gln/Glu ratios—suggesting increased glutamate–glutamine cycling, which may subsequently enhance neuronal plasticity and reduce depressive symptoms. Further investigation of the Gln/Glu ratio as a possible early biomarker of response to glutamate-modulating therapies is warranted.
Signal detection theory analyses of semantic priming in word recognition.

Word recognition, semantic priming, and cognitive impenetrability research have used signal detection theory (SDT) measures to separate perceptual and postperceptual processes. In the D. Norris (1986) checking model and model simulation (D. Norris, 1995), priming alters only postperceptual word decision criteria: Stimulus-related priming reduces uncertainty, increasing sensitivity; stimulus-unrelated priming increases false alarms more than hits, reducing sensitivity. This work is cited as strong evidence that criterion changes can alter perceptual sensitivity and that SDT is inappropriate for investigating complex cognitive processes. The authors' current SDT ideal observer analysis of the model demonstrates that related priming does not directly alter sensitivity and that unrelated priming increases only false-alarm rate, reducing sensitivity. This analysis provides new perspectives on SDT concepts of complex decision processing.
Intraarticular fibrous nodule as a cause of loss of extension following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Loss of motion is a well-known complication following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. We have found that loss of extension is more disabling than loss of flexion, and is a more common problem following arthroscopic assisted ACL reconstruction. We are reporting on a group of 21 patients who have developed restricted knee extension following ACL reconstruction utilizing either the central one-third of the patellar ligament or the hamstring tendons as an autogenous graft. The patients presented at an average of 4 months postoperatively with a clinical syndrome of loss of extension associated with pain at terminal extension, crepitus, and grinding with attempted extension beyond their limit. The consistent finding at arthroscopy was a fibrous nodule occupying the intercondylar notch, varying in size from 1 x 1 to 2 x 3 cm, and presenting a mechanical block to full extension. It appears that anterior placement of the graft, particularly on the tibia, results in injury to the graft and subsequent nodule formation. Removal of the nodule resulted in improvement of an average preoperative loss of extension of 11 degrees, to 3 degrees at surgery, and 0 degrees at 1 year follow-up. The average side-to-side difference in terminal extension at final examination, using the uninvolved limb for comparison, was 3 degrees. Histology was available for review on 19 of the 21 patients operated on. The consistent microscopic finding within the nodule was the presence of disorganized dense fibroconnective tissue that, with time, underwent modulation to fibrocartilage. It is postulated that this occurs in response to compressive loading of the nodule.
2′-Fluoro-3-deazaaristeromycin

The carbocyclic nucleoside 3-deazaaristeromycin has shown biological promise but a library of its derivatives upon which to expand this property is lacking. To address this situation, the synthesis of the two diastereomers of 2′-fluoro-3-deazaaristeromycin is described in a multistep convergent process that calls upon d-ribose for construction of the cyclopentyl fluoro units.
Information leaks in structured peer-to-peer anonymous communication systems

We analyze information leaks in the lookup mechanisms of structured peer-to-peer anonymous communication systems and how these leaks can be used to compromise anonymity. We show that the techniques that are used to combat active attacks on the lookup mechanism dramatically increase information leaks and increase the efficacy of passive attacks. Thus there is a trade-off between robustness to active and passive attacks.We study this trade-off in two P2P anonymous systems, Salsa and AP3. In both cases, we find that, by combining both passive and active attacks, anonymity can be compromised much more effectively than previously thought, rendering these systems insecure for most proposed uses. Our results hold even if security parameters are changed or other improvements to the systems are considered. Our study therefore motivates the search for new approaches to P2P anonymous communication.
Face-to-face interactions between hearing mothers and their deaf or hearing infants

Abstract This research was part of a longitudinal study investigating the impact of early deafness on the cognitive, social, and communicative development of deaf infants with normally hearing mothers in the first 18 months of the child's life. The study examines the patterns of face-to-face interaction between deaf and hearing 9-month-old infants and their hearing mothers, to determine which infant behaviors are most affected by lack of access to the auditory channel of communication. On particular interest was the infants' response to an age-appropriate stressor, the “still-face” situation. which was introduced between two interaction episodes. Although mothers of deaf infants appeared to compensate by increasing their reliance on visual interaction strategies, the deaf infants used fewer overt signaling behaviors such as smiling, greeting, or reaching toward the mother and resorted more readily to self-comforting behaviors than did the hearing infants. However, the deaf infants also engaged in higher levels of repetitious motor activity, which could be interpreted by the partner as another form of eliciting behavior, albeit one that is not typically coded as such.