cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NSF budget for fiscal 1984

Although the fiscal 1984 budget for the National Science Foundation (NSF) was signed into law in mid July, the agency only recently distributed the appropriations to the various directorates. NSF's total appropriation is for $1320.3 million, an increase of 20.7% over the fiscal 1983 budget of $1093.5 million. Here are highlights of the NSF appropriations levels and how the agency plans to distribute the funds for the fiscal year that began on October 1. The final conference between the House of Representatives and Senate did not specify appropriations for all of the NSF research directorates (see Table 1), but it set an overall appropriation level for research and related activities and made general recommendations. NSF officials, using the appropriation level and reports from House and Senate committees as guidelines, established program levels for the directorates.
The Locus of Free Charge-Carrier Generation in Solution-Cast Zn1–xMgxO/Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Bilayers for Photovoltaic Applications†

The photoconductivity of solution-cast Zn1–xMgxO (x=0-0.4) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin films, and Zn1-xMgxO/P3HT bilayers is investigated using Time-Resolved Microwave Conductivity (TRMC) with the aim of determining the locus of free charge carrier generation in the bilayer system. The photoconductivity of Zn1–xMgxO thin films, under illumination with 300 nm laser pulses, is limited by the formation of stable excitons and by scattering of the carriers at grain boundaries. The electron mobility in Zn1–xMgxO films decreases exponentially with Mg concentration, up to x=0.4. In agreement with previous work, free carriers are observed in the P3HT film under illumination with 500 nm pulses in the absence of an acceptor. Under illumination with 500 nm pulses, where only the polymer absorbs, the TRMC signal for the Zn1–xMgxO/P3HT bilayers for x≥0.2 is the same as that of pure P3HT, indicating that free carrier generation in these bilayers occurs predominately by exciton dissociation in the polymer bulk, and not at the interface between the polymer and the solution-cast oxide. At lower Mg concentrations (x<0.2) the TRMC signal increases with decreasing x following the dependence of the electron mobility in the oxide but its light intensity dependence remains consistent with free carrier generation in the polymer bulk. To explain these results and previously published photovoltaic device data (Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 264) we propose that free carrier generation in the bilayers predominantly occurs in the bulk of P3HT, and is followed by electron injection to the oxide to yield photocurrent in photovoltaic cells. The dependence of the TRMC signal of the bilayers on Mg concentration is explained in terms of the yield for free carrier generation in the polymer and the relative contributions of electrons in the oxide and holes in the polymer.
Single-crystal thin films of organic molecular salt may lead to a new generation of electro-optic devices

Single-crystal films of an organic molecular salt, 4-dimethylamino- N -methyl-4-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST) with exceptional optical quality are prepared by a modification of the shear method. Electro-optic modulation for light propagating perpendicular to the film is measured at 720 and 750 nm wavelengths with electric fields over the frequency range of 2 kHz to 100 MHz. A modulation depth of 80% was measured at 750 nm for a field of 4 V/μm in a 4-μm-thick film. The measured electro-optic response is flat over the frequency range used (2 kHz to 100 MHz), indicating electronic origin of the electro-optic effect. The results show that these films may lead to a new generation of electro-optic devices.
Modelling habitat suitability for black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in heterogeneous landscapes

The California Wildlife Habitat Relationships (CWHR) System is a set of standardized procedures including an information system describing the management status, distribution, life history, and habitat requirements of 643 species of terrestrial vertebrates regularly occurring in California. The original CWHR Database consisted of a series of non-spatial, matrix models, including one for black-tailed deer. A series of second-generation models incorporates explicit spatial relations for use within a geographic information system. These models were designed for landscapes larger than 60 000 ha with a minimum mapping unit of 0.8 ha. As part of our development of a third-generation model applicable to landscape depictions with a minimum mapping unit of 0.06 ha, we assessed the utility of a measure of landscape composition, and an interspersion index, both based on feeding and cover habitat suitability classes found within deer home ranges. General linear model analysis indicated that the percentage of the home rang comprised by each class and the interspersion index were correlated (P < 0.05) with feeding-cover class, site, the interaction between feeding-cover class and site, and the interaction between home range type (actual or random) and site. The percentage of home ranges comprised by feeding-cover class and the level of interspersion within home ranges differed significantly by suitability class. We detected differences between actual deer home ranges and random home ranges of similar size only within the site that had significant separation in the composition of classes and the interspersion of classes. This suggests that landscape representations resulting in classes with similar composition levels and similar levels of interspersion at the scale of the animal's home range may hinder the assessment of habitat use within home ranges by promoting Type II errors. We demonstrated that organism-centered specifications for extent and grain can be defined from a generic structural representation of the landscape using functional-based models. Spatial extent was defined using the adaptive kernel home range estimator. Within this extent, habitat suitability classed based on feeding and cover produced the grain size for black-tailed deer (mean 0.44 ha, range 0.06–7.79 ha). Furthermore, this approach portrayed the low feeding-high cover matrix class exerting the dominant influence within home ranges. Thus, we suggest measures of landscape composition and interspersion may be useful for characterizing landscapes when assessing habitat use by deer. They may also be of value to natural resource managers attempting to predict the response of deer to proposed changes in land use.
Hemarthrosis as the presenting manifestation of myeloproliferative disease.

In evaluating a patient with hemarthrosis, it is customary to consider trauma, neoplasm (1,2), infection, and coagulation abnormalities in the differential diagnosis. Hemorrhagic effusions are also seen with neuropathic joints (3), and recent reports have linked hemarthrosis to the pseudogout syndrome (4), sickle trait (5), and metallic joint prostheses (6). We have just had the opportunity to study 2 patients in whom painful hemarthrosis was the presenting manifestation of a myeloproliferative syndrome.
Monolayer studies of hydroxyhexadecanoic acids

The monolayer characteristics of a series of homologous hydroxyhexadecanoic acids have been determined in order to obtain information on the effect of attaching a secondary hydrophilic group to various positions along the alkane chain of a simple fatty acid. Evidence is described for an immersion mechanism for 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid (2HHA) and 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid (3HHA), whereby the methylene groups separating the primary and secondary polar groups are additionally immersed in the water as a result of the combined strength of the two polar groups. These two molecules thus act as monopolar substances. In contrast, 9-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid (9HHA) and 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid (16HHA) act as bipolar substances, exhibiting gaseous behavior at high areas/molecule. Both show a point of inflection in their respective pressure-area and potential-area isotherms at the point at which the weaker polar group (the hydroxyl) is expelled from the interface. 9HHA exhibits a stable condensed region, whereas 16HHA does not. These differences are explained in terms of the respective transition states of the monomolecular films as well as the stability of the solid forms of the two molecules.
Zinc deficiency in women, infants and children

Zinc deficiency in humans is widespread and is more prevalent in areas where the population subsists on cereal proteins. Conditioned deficiency of zinc is seen in many diseased states. A mild deficiency of zinc in pregnancy is associated with increased maternal morbidity, abnormal taste sensation, prolonged gestation, inefficient labor, atonic bleeding, and increased risks to the fetus. Among the urban poor in the US, a marginal zinc intake during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of preterm and very preterm delivery. Factors responsible for zinc deficiency in premature infants include high fecal losses of zinc, low body stores of zinc at birth, and increased zinc requirement during rapid growth. Zinc supplemented infants demonstrated improved linear growth velocity and maximum motor development scores. Marginal and moderate growth impairment in children as a consequence of inadequate zinc intake has been reported from many developed and developing countries. In one study from Japan, 21 prepube...
CULTURE, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, AND DIVIDEND POLICY: INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE

We find that Hofstede's cultural dimensions—uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and long-term orientation—remain significant in the determination of firms’ dividend policies, even after controlling for corporate governance. We also show that this association varies with the strength of corporate governance, measured by the degree of investor protection. Hence, national culture and investor protection independently affect firms’ dividend payouts but also interact with each other, such that strong investor protection induces higher dividend payouts in high uncertainty avoiding and/or highly masculine cultures. Our results provide strong evidence that cultural differences matter and offer additional power in explaining variations in dividend policies.
TRICUSPID VALVE DISEASE: Clinical Evaluation, Physiopathology, and Management

This article discusses the recognition and management of major disorders of the tricuspid valve in the context of altered anatomy and physiology. First, selected congenital lesions in which the tricuspid valve is an important, often primary component of the complex are discussed, then acquired causes of valvar insufficiency and finally restricted inflow are discussed. Ultrasound imaging and Doppler flow interrogation allow bedside analysis of the pathoanatomy and altered physiology, correlate beautifully with careful physical examination, and provide insight into cause and severity that are important factors in clinical decision making.
Thymus dependence of viral antigens.

AFTER exposure of animals to most antigens, formation of antibody by cells of the B lymphocyte lineage requires helper effects of T lymphocytes1. The degree of thymus dependence varies for different antigens, and slowly metabolised immunogens with repeating epitopes, generally polysaccharides or polymerised forms of protein, seem to be the most thymus-independent2. Antigens of some viruses, however, may be relatively thymus independent. Inherent in the structures of many viruses is a rigid geometrical array of repeating antigenic determinants which, if the spatial relationships were appropriate, may effectively interact with and trigger B cells without help from T cells. Also, glycoproteins are important antigens in the virions of many viruses3, and the carbohydrate portions of these molecules may function as thymus-independent immunogens. In addition, repeated immunisation of mice depleted of T cells can sometimes result in antibody production to thymus-dependent antigens4, and virus infections often result in the sustained production of antigens and thus prolonged exposure of the infected host to the antigens. These antigens may be presented to the immune system in a variety of ways—on the membranes of infected cells, as soluble antigens released from such cells, and as repeating epitopes on virus particles.
New results on reconstruction of continuous-tone from halftone

Two iterative methods are used to reconstruct a continuous-tone image from its halftone: successive approximation and projection onto convex sets. The halftone image is assumed to be generated by thresholding with an unknown screen function which is estimated from the halftone image in the first stage of the reconstruction process. The screen function is an integral part of both iterative reconstruction methods. The other key element is a constraint on the bandwidth of the reconstructed image. Relaxing this constraint during the course of the iterations not only reduces the RMS error after each iteration but also achieves a relatively sharp full-band reconstruction at the end. >
The study of the biphasic curve of gastric secretion following insulin stimulation.

Insulin was administered intravenously to 5 unanesthetized pigtail monkeys with isolated, vagally innervated, gastric pouches, and to 5 with Heidenhain pouches. Analysis of 45 tests demonstrated an obvious increase of gastric acid during the first 2 hr. in the group with vagally innervated pouches. Reliable evidence of the second or late phase of gastric secretion was not found.
Androgen and estrogen uptake in the canine prostate and their excretion in prostatic fluid.

Abstract Serial biopsies of mature canine tissues (prostate, muscle, blood, and testis) after the injection of labeled steroids (estrone, estriol, testosterone, and DHT) show that prostatic tissue concentrates radioactivity associated with estriol to an equal extent to that originating from testosterone. No such concentration was seen when estrone was injected. DHT is concentrated in the canine prostatic tissue to an equal extent compared with testosterone. The tested androgens and estrogens were excreted in prostatic fluid, albeit in very small amounts (0.01–0.2% of the injected dose). Relatively more of the estrogens are excreted in prostatic fluid, as compared to the androgens. The total amounts of testosterone and DHT and/or their metabolites excreted during the first hour of prostatic fluid collection were very similar. The amount of steroid present in prostatic fluid appears to be related to the volume of prostatic fluid excreted during the experimental period and this may be considered as an index of prostatic function.
Scattering metrics and geodesic flow at infinity

Any compact ? ∞ manifold with boundary admits a Riemann metric on its interior taking the form x −4 dx 2 +x −2 h′ near the boundary, where x is a boundary defining function and h′ is a smooth symmetric 2-cotensor restricting to be positive-definite, and hence a metric, h, on the boundary. The scattering theory associated to the Laplacian for such a ‘scattering metric’ was discussed by the first author and here it is shown, as conjectured, that the scattering matrix is a Fourier integral operator which quantizes the geodesic flow on the boundary, for the metric h, at time π. To prove this the Poisson operator, of the associated generalized boundary problem, is constructed as a Fourier integral operator associated to a singular Legendre manifold.
The Internet, Health Information, and Managing Health: An Examination of Boomers and Seniors

This article examines the use of the Internet for gathering health information by boomers and seniors. This study attempts to determine whether online health seekers (individuals that have Internet access and have searched for health information online) have changed their behaviors from the information they found online. Essentially, has online health information helped them to manage their health more effectively? This research analyzes the Kaiser Family Foundation e-Health and the Elderly public opinion dataset of access by boomers and seniors to online health information. The major results indicate that boomers marginally use online health information more than seniors for the management of their health. The most significant results indicated that boomers and seniors who are more aware and have positive feelings toward online health information would use it more to manage their health.
Thematic course design for an undergraduate photonics engineering course

The traditional approach to undergraduate engineering course design is to first present underlying theoretical concepts in the course curriculum and then subsequently apply these theoretical concepts to system-level applications. A traditional photonics engineering course, for example, first reviews electromagnetic field theory, addressing essential concepts from geometrical and wave optics followed by an investigation of the interaction of photons with materials. Building upon these fundamental principles, the students then study the operating principles and design considerations of photoemitters, photodetectors, optical waveguides, and optical modulators. Individual devices are then combined in the design, construction and testing of a system — an example being a fiber optic communication link. This approach is often frustrating for the students because it is the applications that motivated them to study the subject and in many cases they have lost focus and interest well-before the applications are covered. This challenge can be overcome by deliberate course design where relevant thematic applications are introduced early in the course and routinely revisited as a referent. This approach has been shown to effectively motivate student-centric, inquiry-based learning.This thematic course design framework was applied to an undergraduate photonics engineering course,1,2 at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point where an emphasis was placed on inquiry-based investigation of a wavelength division multiplexing communication system introduced during the first lesson of the course and subsequently revisited throughout the remainder of the course. The underlying theory necessary to understand foundational concepts, device behavior and subsystem operation was presented in a just-in-time fashion.
Characterization of multipoint field ionization sources

Abstract The characteristics of multipoint field ionization (FI) sources are described. In addition, efficiency comparisons are made with the more commonly used activated tungsten wire emitters. The multipoint FI source has been found to be more efficient due to more effective sample feed to the ionizing volume.
Monitoring steam laser cleaning using optical probe techniques

Steam laser cleaning of alumina and titanium carbide nanoparticles from silicon substrates is presented. A KrF excimer laser with a wavelength of 248 nm was used to irradiate the substrates in laser cleaning. A water layer of micrometer thickness was deposited on silicon substrates to improve the cleaning process. Cleaning efficiency was measured for different laser fluences ranging from 50 to 250 mJ/cm2 and pulse numbers from 1 to 100. Research work was carried out to address the factors governing steam laser cleaning, during which thickness of water thin film and lift-off velocities of water films from Si substrate surfaces were monitored. In addition, one-dimensional simulations were employed to estimate the temperature increase on the material surfaces upon laser irradiation. Water layer thickness was measured using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Monitoring of both lift-off velocities and water thin film removal time were carried out by optical probing approaches using He-Ne laser of 632.8 nm wavelength.
Synthesis and characterization of HgBa2Can−1CunO2n+2+δ (n = 1, 2, and 3)

Abstract We have successfully prepared the first three members of the mercury-based superconducting compounds Hg Ba2Can−1CunO2n+2+δ, namely Hg1201, Hg1212 and Hg1223 with high purity and very good quality. T he influence of the synthesis parameters is studied in detail. Using the sealed quartz tube method, very simple procedures are found to ensure a 100% reproducibility of nearly 100% pure Hg1201 and 85–90% Hg1212 and Hg1223. Oxygen annealing of the sample Hg1201 at 300°C for 18 h results in an enhancement of its critical temperature up to 97 K. The symmetry of the first and second members is tetragonal with lattice parameters a = 3.8831 (1) A , c = 9.5357 (2) A , and a = 3.8624 (1) A , c = 12.7045 (2) A , respectively. X-ray diffraction lines of Hg1223 can be indexed in a tetragonal cell with a = 3.8564 (1) A and c = 15.8564 (9) A as well as in an orthorhombic cell with lattice parameters a = 5.4537 (1) A , b = 5.4247 (1) A , and c = 15.8505 (7) A .
Synthesis, photophysics, and photovoltaic properties of low-band gap conjugated polymers based on thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione: a combined experimental and computational study

Four novel donor–acceptor (D–A) alternating copolymers were designed and successfully synthesized by the palladium-catalyzed Stille coupling and Suzuki coupling reactions. Utilizing thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) as an acceptor comonomer coupled with dialkoxybithiophene or cyclopentadithiophene as the donor gave polymers PTBT and PTCT. Employing carbazole as the donor and the dithiophene-substituted TPD serving as the acceptor monomers yielded polymers PTC1 and PTC2. Owing to the various strengths of electronic coupling between the donors and the acceptor unit, the band gaps of these polymers can be adjusted from 1.57 to 1.90 eV. Due to the different electron-donor ability of dialkoxybithiophene, cyclopentadithiophene, and carbazole, the HOMO energy levels of polymers were tuned from −5.34 to −5.67 eV, while LUMO levels remained relatively unchanged. The theoretical calculations provided insight to the observed photophysical properties of these polymers. Theoretically estimated band gaps and oxidation potentials correlate well with the experimental data. Carrier mobility and photovoltaic properties of TPD polymers were also investigated for which 1.3% power conversion efficiency was obtained from a blend of PTCT:PC71BM (1:2) bulk-heterojunction device.
Interactive 3D distance field computation using linear factorization

We present an interactive algorithm to compute discretized 3D Euclidean distance fields. Given a set of piecewise linear geometric primitives, our algorithm computes the distance field for each slice of a uniform spatial grid. We express the non-linear distance function of each primitive as a dot product of linear factors. The linear terms are efficiently computed using texture mapping hardware. We also improve the performance by using culling techniques that reduce the number of distance function evaluations using bounds on Voronoi regions of the primitives. Our algorithm involves no preprocessing and is able to handle complex deforming models at interactive rates. We have implemented our algorithm on a PC with NVIDIA GeForce 7800 GPU and applied it to models composed of thousands of triangles. We demonstrate its application to medial axis approximation and proximity computations between rigid and deformable models. In practice, our algorithm is more accurate and almost one order of magnitude faster as compared to previous distance computation algorithms that use graphics hardware.
11.1.3 Identifying the Most Critical Documents and Reviews for Small Information Technology Projects

Managing Information Technology projects has historically been a very difficult endeavor. For the project manager, there are many project management (PM), systems engineering (SE), and information technology (IT) standards, bodies of knowledge, process models, and management models to use to help manage a project. The wealth of information makes it difficult for project managers and systems engineers of small IT projects to filter through the information and determine the specific documents and reviews that are the most useful to effectively and efficiently manage the project. The goal of this research is to identify the documents and reviews that are most helpful for managing small IT projects.
Drug modulation of water-heme interactions in low-spin P450 complexes of CYP2C9d and CYP125A1.

Azoles and pyridines are commonly incorporated into small molecule inhibitor scaffolds that target cytochromes P450 (CYPs) as a strategy to increase drug binding affinity, impart isoform-dependent selectivity, and improve metabolic stability. Optical absorbance spectra of the CYP–inhibitor complex are widely used to infer whether these inhibitors are ligated directly to the heme iron as catalytically inert, low-spin (type II) complexes. Here, we show that the low-spin complex between a drug-metabolizing CYP2C9 variant and 4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole (PPT) retains an axial water ligand despite exhibiting elements of “classic” type II optical behavior. Hydrogens of the axial water ligand are observed by pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for both inhibitor-free and inhibitor-bound species and show that inhibitor binding does not displace the axial water. A 15N label incorporated into PPT is 0.444 nm from the heme iron, showing that PPT is also in the active site. The reverse ...
Bridging the Gaps between Synapses, Circuits, and Behavior

The decade of the brain may have come and gone, but the final frontier, cracking the neuronal code, still lies ahead. Today, new technologies that allow precise spatiotemporal remote control over the activity of genetically defined populations of neurons within intact neural circuits are providing a means of obtaining a functional wiring diagram of the mammalian brain, bringing us one step closer to understanding precisely how neuronal activity codes for perception, thought, emotion, and action. These technologies and the design principles underlying them are reviewed herein.
Airborne Lidar Measurements

Since the early 1980's, airborne lidar systems have been used for making remote measurementsof ozone, water vapor, and aerosols in studies of many important atmospheric processes. Recent ozone and aerosol investigations have been conducted in the troposphere over thetropical Atlantic and western Pacific and in the Arctic stratosphere, and water vapor, aerosols, and clouds in the troposphere were measured over land and water during daytime and nighttimeconditions. Advanced airborne systems are under development to demonstrate autonomousoperation of these lidar systems and to expand their measurement capabilities. In thenear future, lidar systems will be used in space to investigate a wide variety of global atmosphericprocesses. This paper describes the NASA Langley Research Center's airborne differentialabsorption lidar systems, discusses measurements with these systems in recent atmosphericinvestigations, and describes the development of advanced airborne and spacebornelidar systems.
‘Others Wanted to Travel’: Woolf and ‘America Herself’

This paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. Urmila Seshagiri (University of Tennessee) and Rishona Zimring (Lewis and Clark College) first provide an introduction for this paper along with Martha Klironomos's article, ‘Early Twentieth-Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf.’ The full text of Thaine Stearns's piece then follows. These papers grew out of the 15th Annual International Virginia Woolf Conference (College of Lewis and Clark, Portland, OR, June 9–12, 2005). The full cluster is made up of the following articles: ‘Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration,’ Urmila Seshagiri and Rishona Zimring, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00393.x ‘Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure,’ Maria DiBattista, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00394.x ‘The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room,’ Benjamin Harvey, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00395.x ‘“Street Haunting”: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis,’ Sara Gerend, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00396.x ‘Hyde Park Gate News,’ Gill Lowe, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00397.x ‘The Art of “Scene-Making” in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements,’ Claudia Olk, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00398.x ‘A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron,’ Emily Setina, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00399.x ‘Woolfian Resonances,’ Anne Fernald, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00400.x ‘Early Twentieth-Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf,’ Martha Klironomos, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00401.x ‘“Others Wanted to Travel”: Woolf and “America Herself”,’ Thaine Stearns, Literature Compass 4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00402.x
Breakthroughs in the Management of Multiple Myeloma

Although multiple myeloma remains a terminal illness, the past four decades have seen a dramatic change in the outlook for a newly diagnosed patient in terms of therapies available, supportive care and insight into the pathogenesis of this disease. Among the newer agents available for treatment, thalidomide has been resurrected and discovered to be a valuable therapy for myeloma. Thalidomide appears to work, at least in part, through its anti-angiogenic properties, but much remains to be learned about its mechanism of action as well as optimal administration regimens. With the development of increasingly more potent bisphosphonates it has become possible to diminish the painful skeletal complications of myeloma, one of the most devastating problems of this disease. The most recent generation of bisphosphonates, pamidronic acid and zoledronic acid, have provided a statistically significant decrease in the skeletal complications of myeloma when used in a prophylactic manner. These agents appear to work by inhibiting osteoclast function. Progressive improvement in cytogenetic techniques has now demonstrated that almost all patients with myeloma have chromosomal abnormalities, some of which appear to confer varying degrees of prognostic significance. In particular, the changes in chromosome 13 are associated with an unusually poor outcome. These findings are serving as a guide toward learning more about the pathogenesis of myeloma as well as in identifying potential targets for therapy. Stem cell transplantation has emerged as the standard treatment for the large majority of patients with myeloma following the demonstration of superior complete remission and survival, both disease-free and overall, in a French randomised trial. Unfortunately, virtually all patients will eventually relapse following autologous stem cell transplantation, prompting continuing efforts such as tandem transplants, CD34+ selection, as well as modifications in the conditioning regimen to improve outcomes. Allogeneic bone marrow transplants appear to offer a better chance for a possible cure of myeloma but have been associated with an unusually high mortality. However, this approach is being revived with the advent of the less toxic non-myeloablative transplant that has provided an 81% short-term survival in a trial combining this approach with an initial conventional autologous bone marrow transplant. Immunotherapy with dendritic cells appears now to be a feasible way to enhance innate or acquired immunity to help eliminate minimal residual disease following autologous bone marrow transplant. Unfortunately, a cure for myeloma remains elusive but the continuing advances in management may significantly prolong survival in affected patients.
The Thermal State of Io

Abstract A novel heat balance is proposed for Io's mantle in which heat produced by tidal dissipation is brought to the surface by rapid ascent of magma, rather than by convection. This is essentially a heat pipe mode of heat transport, with magma going up (taking latent heat) and solid mantle going down. Assuming latent heat dominates the heat transport, a simplified energy equation is coupled to the mass conservation equations and a Darcy flow law, resulting in two coupled, first-order equations for the melt velocity and melt fraction as functions of depth in the mantle. Tidal heating is modeled by uniformly distributing the observed surface heat flow of 2×1014 W over the partially molten region. Melt fractions less than 20% are required to remove this heat from the mantle via melt segregation.
Site of iron absorption in man.

This study was done to test the assumption that the duodenum is the site of most efficient iron absorption in man. In 8 normal and 9 iron deficient subjects a preselected intestinal site was incubated. On alternate days for 6 days either 59Fe or 55Fe was given with 5 mg. of carrier iron, one isotope by mouth, the other by tube. Two weeks later red cells were assayed for each isotope and the ratio of the isotope given orally to the isotope given by tube was determined. This ratio reflects the effect of bypassing the selected gastrointestinal segment. Results showed that iron is absorbed along the entire small intestine. When the doses of iron were put into proximal jejunum of normal subjects results varied but absorption decreased as much as 50% compared to absorption following the oral dose. In normal man the small intestine proximal to the mid-jejunum may be capable of more efficient iron absorption than the distal portion. In iron deficiency enhanced absorption extends distally to about the mid-jejunum.
Converging evidence for abnormalities of the prefrontal cortex and evaluation of midsagittal structures in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder: an MRI study

Volumetric imaging research has shown abnormal brain morphology in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) when compared with control subjects. We present results on a study of brain morphology in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and midline structures, via indices of gray matter volume and density, in pediatric PTSD. We hypothesized that both methods would demonstrate aberrant morphology in the PFC. Further, we hypothesized aberrant brainstem anatomy and reduced corpus callosum volume in children with PTSD. Twenty-four children (aged 7-14) with history of interpersonal trauma and 24 age- and gender-matched controls underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). Images of the PFC and midline brain structures were first analyzed using volumetric image analysis. The PFC data were then compared with whole brain voxel-based techniques using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). The PTSD group showed significantly increased gray matter volume in the right and left inferior and superior quadrants of the PFC and smaller gray matter volume in the pons and posterior vermis areas by volumetric image analysis. The voxel-by-voxel group comparisons demonstrated increased gray matter density mostly localized to ventral PFC as compared with the control group. Abnormal frontal lobe morphology, as revealed by separate-complementary image analysis methods, and reduced pons and posterior vermis areas are associated with pediatric PTSD. Voxel-based morphometry may help to corroborate and further localize data obtained by volume of interest methods in PTSD.
Effects of Misting and Subsurface Air Movement on Bentgrass Putting Greens

Preferential use of creeping bentgrass Agrostis stoloniferous L. var. palustris (Huds.) on golf putting greens has expanded into the hotter, more environmentally stressful regions of the southeastern United States where turfgrass decline is problematic during summer months. Methods of reducing temperatures in the putting green microclimate would enhance bentgrass survival under heat stress conditions. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the bentgrass putting green microclimate under combined misting and/or subsurface fan systems with surface fans. Field studies were conducted in the summers of 2001 and 2002 on a 'Crenshaw' creeping bentgrass putting green located in Clemson, SC. Treatments consisted of surface fan only, surface fan plus misting, surface fan plus subsurface fan, and surface fan plus misting and subsurface fan. Fan treatments were applied from 1100 to 1500 h on days when temperatures were greater than or equal to 29.5 degrees C, there was no visible cloud cover, and wind speed < 1.0 m s(-1). Surface fan plus misting treatments reduced putting green canopy, soil surface, and soil temperatures by as much as 9, 7, and 6 degrees C, respectively, while increasing canopy relative humidity and soil moisture content. Benefits were generally observed over a range of 5 m from the fan. These treatments demonstrate great potential for improving canopy and soil microclimate conditions influencing bentgrass survival in a heat stress environment. Surprisingly, the use of subsurface fans did not enhance the cooling effect provided by surface fans. Fan/mist systems should be investigated further to determine possible disease occurrence during extended use periods.
Transduction of functionally active TAT fusion proteins into cornea.

Abstract A technology has recently been developed that allows for the rapid transduction of full-length functionally active proteins into intact tissue through intravenous injection and into cultured cells. This technology involves the fusion of an 11 amino acid sequence of the HIV TAT protein to the protein of interest. In the current investigation, we determined whether functionally active TAT fusion proteins could be transduced into intact corneas by topical application. TAT-β-galactosidase was purified from bacterial cells and applied in serial dilutions (12·5–250 n m ) to cultured epithelial cells for 5 or 15 min. In addition, enucleated globes and excised corneas with or without a central 3-mm epithelial debridement were incubated with TAT-β-galactosidase for 1 or 2 hr. Excised corneas were allowed to heal in organ culture. Transduction of active β-galactosidase was detected by incubating the cells or corneas with X-gal. TAT-β-galactosidase was transduced into nearly all cultured cells in a concentration-dependent manner. When TAT-β-galactosidase was topically applied to intact corneas, only the most superficial layer of epithelium was highly transduced. When the superficial layer was removed with nitrocellulose, two to four layers of cells were transduced. In corneas with a central debridement, epithelial cells at the edge of the debridement were transduced as well as the stromal cells subjacent to the debridement. Active β-galactosidase was maintained at least 1 day in organ culture. No X-gal reaction was seen in either cells or corneas not incubated with TAT-β-galactosidase. Functionally active proteins can be efficiently transduced into corneal epithelial and stromal cells using TAT fusion protein technology. The intact epithelium provides a barrier to penetration of TAT proteins. This barrier can be overcome by disrupting the epithelium. TAT-mediated protein transduction may be extremely useful in studies of corneal wound healing and homeostasis.
Recent experiments with the Nova laser

Experiments conducted at the Nova facility in laser fusion under the auspices of the inertial confinement fusion program are discussed. Research in the production of fusion conditions in the laboratory and in the development of high-power neodymium lasers is assessed. Target and plasma developments are evaluated along with neutron diagnostics using time-of-flight spectrometers and x-ray framing cameras. An inertial confinement fusion power plant using the Cascade reactor is described from the standpoint of cost and efficiency.
Fabrication challenges for next-generation devices: MEMS for rf wireless communications

With wireless communications becoming an important technology and growth engine for the semiconductor industry, many semiconductor companies are developing technologies that differentiate themselves in this space. One means of accomplishing this goal is to find a way to integrate passive components, which currently make up over 70 percent of the discrete components in a wireless handset today, directly on-chip thereby greatly simplifying handsets. While a number of technologies are being investigated to allow on- chip integration, MEMS technologies are an important part of this development effort. They have been used to create switches, filters, local oscillators, variable capacitors and high quality factor inductors to name a few examples. The lithography requirements for these devices are very different than those found in standard semiconductor fabrication with the most importatnt involving pattern over extreme topography. In this paper, we discuss some of the fabrication challenges for these devices as well as some approaches that have been demonstrated to satisfy them.
A mediational explanation of the priority effect

The “priority effect” in the A–B, A–C transfer paradigm is manifested by higher recall of B than C on an MMFR test. It was hypothesized that the lack of an immediate A–B test plus the anticipation that A–B would eventually be tested during MMFR would cause the priority effect to occur. The results of Experiment 1 supported this hypothesis. We proposed that the absence of an immediate test of the A–B items results in response B being used as a mediator for learning response C during the learning of the A–C list. This would result in B–C dependence, poor recall of C, and a manifestation of the priority effect. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 supported this analysis.
A TEST OF TWO HIV DISCLOSURE THEORIES

The purpose of this study was to examine two theories of HIV disclosure. The first is a disease progression theory and the second is the theory of competing consequences. Participants were 138 HIV-positive gay men involved in a larger study of HIV disclosure. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze each model, with the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and the nonnormed fit index (NNFI) used to evaluate goodness of fit. The RMSEA for the disease progression model was .031 and the NNFI was .932. The RMSEA for the consequences model was .018 and NNFI was .978. Both indices are considered to be a close fit; however, the parameter estimates for disease progression to disclosure in the disease model and disease progression to consequences in the consequences model were nonsignificant, suggesting that disease progression may not play a role in the decision to disclose an HIV diagnosis. Researchers may want to focus on the intentions and possible outcomes from disclosure as predictive factors.
Effect of geocarposphere temperature on pre-harvest colonization of drought-stressed peanuts by Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxin contamination

Florunner peanuts grown in research plots were subjected to 5 soil temperature and moisture treatment regimes resulting in A. flavus infestation and subsequent aflatoxin contamination in drought-stressed peanuts. Treatments imposed beginning 85 days after planting were drought, drought with heated soil and 3 drought treatments with cooled soil. The incidence of A. flavus in drought-stressed, unshelled, sound mature kernels (SMK) decreased with decreases in the mean 5 cm deep soil temperature. The incidence of A. flavus was greater in inedible categories and in damaged kernels than in SMK. The mean, threshold, geocarposphere temperature required for aflatoxin development during the latter part of the peanut growth cycle was found to be between 25.7° C and 27° C.
Altered expression of α-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase in prostatic adenocarcinoma following hormone therapy

α-Methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) is a sensitive and specific tissue marker for the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. However, limited data are available on AMACR expression in residual prostatic carcinoma following hormone therapy. We analyzed 64 residual or recurrent prostatic adenocarcinomas following hormonal therapy for the expression of AMACR using a monoclonal antibody (P504S) to AMACR. In 20 localized cases, AMACR staining was absent in 11 (55%), 1+ in 6 (30%), and 2+ or 3+ in 3 (15%). However, in 15 metastatic cases, AMACR was absent in 1 (7%), 1+ in 3 (20%), and 2+ or 3+ in 11 (73%). None of the 29 postradiotherapy cases showed complete absence of AMACR staining: 2 (7%) were 1+, and 27 (93%) were 2+ or 3+. AMACR expression was reduced significantly in the majority of posthormonal residual carcinomas, whereas in postradiotherapy and in hormone-refractory metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma, AMACR expression was retained. Therefore, the diagnosis of residual prostatic carcinoma after hormonal therapy using AMACR immunostaining must be interpreted with caution. Furthermore, AMACR might have a role in the recurrence of prostatic adenocarcinoma after medical therapy.
Using Normalized Interest Point Trajectories Over Scale for Image Search

Image search and object recognition are two domains where it is useful to be able to describe an image in a form that is invariant to image lighting, image intensity, scaling, rotation, translation, and changes in camera position. This paper presents a method based on tracing the trajectories of interest points, specifically KLT corners, across scale-space. The KLT corner interest points are calculated with an adaptive threshold to make them invariant to image intensity. A three-dimensional point composed of two-dimensional spatial coordinates and the scale of gaussian smoothing is found for each interest point, together all the points in the image are normalized into a form that is mostly invariant to geometric changes such as scale and rotation. Each image is converted to a trajectory set which is compared between images to assess their similarity. Experiments are shown.
Assessment of hemodynamic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in chronic aortic regurgitation by using velocity-encoded cine magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Long-term treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors has beneficial effects in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation by reducing left ventricular volumes and regurgitant fraction. Velocity-encoded cine magnetic resonance imaging can directly measure antegrade (forward stroke volume) and retrograde blood flow (regurgitant volume) in the ascending aorta. Velocity-encoded cine magnetic resonance imaging was used in 9 patients with moderate to severe aortic regurgitation (regurgitant fraction 49% ± 17%) to measure regurgitant fraction, regurgitant volume, and forward stroke volume at baseline and 3 months after therapy with enalapril (mean dose 29 ± 13 mg). Ten additional patients with aortic regurgitation without any drug therapy served as a control group. In the treatment group, systolic blood pressure slightly decreased from 132 ± 20 mm Hg to 121 ± 14 mm Hg ( p = not significant), whereas diastolic blood pressure and heart rate (beats per minute) remained unchanged. Regurgitant fraction decreased in 6 patients (responders) from 49% ± 19% to 39% ± 20% (percentage change 24% ± 14%, p = 0.002) and was unchanged in 3 patients (nonresponder, 49% ± 19% vs 51% ± 16%; p = not significant). In the responder group, forward stroke volume increased from 128 ± 32 ml to 148 ± 57 ml, whereas regurgitant volume remained unchanged (67 ± 40 ml vs 65 ± 51 ml). At baseline, the responder group had a significant higher total vascular resistance than the nonresponder group (998 ± 538 dyne sec·cm −5 vs 625 ± 214 dyne·sec·cm −5 ; p −5 ), but slightly increased in the nonresponder group (679 ± 276 dyne·sec·cm −5 ). The control group showed no changes in regurgitant fraction, regurgitant volume, forward stroke volume, and total vascular resistance at follow-up.