cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revelation without presentation: Counterfeit study list yields robust revelation effect

This study explores the revelation effect, a recognition memory phenomenon that occurs when test items (or related items) are specially processed before recognition judgment. These revealed items, whether targets or lures, receive a positive response bias. Although the effect occurs across various conditions, it has not been shown to occur when participants make judgments unrelated to episodic memory. We investigated whether the effect would occur when a recognition decision was nominally one of episodic memory, but when a complete episodic event had not occurred. Specifically, participants listened to noise that allegedly masked a list of words (in fact, no words existed). A revelation effect occurred with this pseudo-subliminal procedure, suggesting that the revelation effect need not rely on stimuli recalled through episodic memory but only a specific event to recall. The effect did not occur when participants simply guessed whether words were on an unheard list or made semantic judgments.
With Eyes on the East and Ears on the West: Handel's Orientalist Operas

After the formal establishment of an Austrian competitor to the English East India Company (eic) in 1722, the English drew on every resource available to force the Austrian company to close down—not only political pressure and extensive pamphleteering but also the arts. Of the fifteen operas presented by the Royal Academy of Music from 1724 to 1728, twelve, including seven by George Frideric Handel, featured settings in the Orient. Chosen by the directors of the Academy, who were also eic directors and investors, these Oriental settings kept the image of the East in front of aristocratic audiences, including important Members of Parliament, who had the power to assist the East India effort.
A Longitudinal Study of Coronary Heart Disease

Certain of the data accumulated over the course of more than 4 years in a prospective study of coronary heart disease being carried on in an industrial population have been presented. In a base population of 1,989 men, 88 cases of coronary heart disease have developed: angina pectoris, 47 men; myocardial infarction, 28 men; death from coronary, disease, 13 men. This approximates one case per 100 men per year. The development of clinical coronary heart disease has shown an association with early age of death of father, history of "noncardiac" chest discomfort, history of chronic cough, history of shortness of breath, history of peptic ulcer, presence of increased skinfold thickness, elevated blood pressure, AV nicking in the fundi, elevated blood cholesterol, ST and T abnormalities in the electrocardiogram, and use of cigarettes and coffee. No relation was encountered between body weight, mean blood sugar levels, lipoprotein lipase levels, or diet (other than coffee), and the development of coronary heart ...
Estimate of the life time of superoxide in seawater

Abstract The effects of ionic interactions on the dissociation of HO2HO2→H+ + O−2 have been examined using the measurements of Bray et al. (1977) on the disproportionation of HO2HO2 + HO2→H2O2 + O2. In NaCl solutions the values of pK∗ HO 2 for ionization can be accounted for by using Pitzer's equations for activity coefficients. In CaCl2 and BaCl2 it was necessary to account for the formation of CaO+2 and BaO+2 ion pairs. The values of pKMO2 for the formation of these ion pairs (1.7 to 2.1) was of the same order of magnitude as for Mg2+ and Ca2+ interactions with F−, OH− and B(OH)−4. These ionic interaction results have been used to estimate K∗{HO 2 } in seawater at 25°C. The values of t 1 2 for the disproportionation of HO2 in seawater estimated from these results are 3 to 5 times longer than in pure water.
The role of the physician in the preservation of life.

In the modern hospital, and in the present climate of increasing concern over medical costs, it has become fashionable to question the traditional duty of the physician to preserve life. Anguished relatives wait in the wings, expecting and fearing that death will come, and sometimes disappointed that it does not. We are urged to consider the needs of society in determining the type and amount of care we deliver. Ethicists and churchmen indicate their up-to-date orientation by proposing an action of ‘allowing to die’. Grieving relatives, wracked by the strains of a terminal illness, write powerfully about the callousness of physicians who keep patients alive. Honestly distressed doctors sometimes talk of ‘the right to die’ with the fervour of a Rousseau declaring the rights of man, and increasingly take refuge in that Orwellian phrase, ‘Comfort measures only’. It was easier 100 years ago in the era of therapeutic nihilism. Then, for many more patients than at present, the matter seemed to be out of our hands. There were fewer decisions to be made. A gentle manner and a firm, wise countenance did wonders for the physician and the family, if not for the patient. ‘Pneumonia,’ said William Osler, ‘is the friend of the aged.’ Antibiotics were not available; transfusions were given in homeopathic amounts; mechanical ventilation and dialysis machines were unheard of. It was easy to let an old, sick patient die, and even to believe that it was God's will. But it is harder for us. We have become, some feel, too successful in rescuing life. For some perverse reason, God has made dialysis machines, respirators, cardiac catheters, and antibiotics available, and we don't know whether Osler would call them friends of the aged or not. And on this subject, (and in the absence of facts) everyone feels entitled …
The remaking of a unipolar world

No state should have a greater stake in preserving the international system than its hegemon. Yet, the United States is behaving more like a revolutionary state than a status quo power. Why? The answer transcends both September 11 and President Bush himself.
Effects of dangling chains on some dynamic mechanical properties of model poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks

Elastomeric networks of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)) prepared previously for studying the effects of dangling chains on equilibrium elastomeric properties are now studied with regard to their dynamic mechanical properties. These model irregular networks had been prepared by end-linking divinyl-terminated PDMS chains having a number-average molecular weight of 11.3×103 g mol-1. The tetrafunctional end-linking agent present was used in varying amounts smaller than that corresponding to stoichiometric balance between its active hydrogen atoms and the chain vinyl groups. The resulting networks were studied from-135 to-28 °C using a Rheovibron DDV III Viscoelastometer. The glass transition temperature Tg was found to be generally insensitive to the concentration of dangling chains, over the range 0 to 41.1 wt %. The intensity of the tan δ relaxation, however, decreased significantly with increase in concentration over most of this range, suggesting the dangling chains facilitated crystallization. At the highest concentration, tan δ begins to increase, however, presumably because the inherent energy-dissipating ability of the dangling chains finally predominates.
Observation of focal point shift in solid immersion mirror

Focal point shift in a solid immersion mirror of a high numerical-aperture is experimentally demonstrated with a scanning near-field optical microscope. The solid immersion mirror focuses light by a two-dimensional parabolic reflective surface integrated in a planar waveguide. The focal point shifts inward along the optical axis for metallized surface. The amount of shift from its geometrical node depends on the wavelength of the incident light and is determined to be roughly one-fifth of the wavelength.
IgM Antibody Response to Staphylococcal Infection

Of patients with staphylococcal infections, high levels of IgM antibodies to staphylococci measured by radioimmunoassay were present in 13 of 17 patients with endocarditis, nine of 23 with complicated bacteremia, one of 20 with uncomplicated bacteremia, and two of 21 with nonbacteremic infections. Of control subjects, high levels of IgM antibodies were present in seven of 26 individuals with gram-positive infections, two of 16 with gram-negative infections, two of 20 with rheumatoid arthritis, and two of 50 uninfected persons. Concomitant elevation of IgG and IgM antibody levels occurred in 20 of 40 patients with endocarditis or complicated bacteremia compared with two of 41 patients with other types of staphylococcal infections and three of 112 control subjects. IgM antibodies only were present early in the infection in six of 13 patients with staphylococcal endocarditis or complicated bacteremia. IgG or IgM antibody levels remained elevated at least four weeks after initiation of treatment. The IgG antibody response to staphylococcal infection has been reported [1]. High levels of IgG antibody were present in 700/o-907o of patients with staphylococcal endocarditis or bacteremia complicated by secondary sites of infection but not in patients with uncomplicated staphylococcal bacteremia. High levels of IgG antibodies to staphylococci were also present in r\10% of patients with endocarditis caused by organisms other than Staphylococcus aureus. Differences between IgG and IgM antibody responses have made assays for IgM antibodies useful in several infections. IgM antibodies generally appear earlier than IgG antibodies after the initial antigenic stimulation but may not
CAMSAPs add to the growing microtubule minus-end story.

Free microtubule minus ends, found in many differentiated cells, contribute to polarized motility. Work from Jiang et al. (2014) in this issue of Developmental Cell shows how mammalian CAMSAP proteins stabilize minus ends, providing a key piece to the puzzle of how these minus ends are formed and stabilized.
Multiple origins of methane at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field

Abstract The high concentrations of methane in the vent fluids of the Lost City Hydrothermal Field represent the sum of abiotic and biological sources and sinks. Stable isotopes of carbon are of limited value in discriminating between the various sources of methane because the isotope effects associated with the multiple processes forming and consuming methane are each poorly constrained, and the products of these processes are pooled. Furthermore, reservoir effects complicate interpretation: the near quantitative reduction of inorganic carbon to methane under highly reducing conditions limits the isotope effects associated with methanogenesis. However, the carbon isotope compositions of lipids derived from anaerobic methanotrophs suggest that more than one isotopically distinct pool of methane exists at Lost City. In this analysis we integrate multiple lines of evidence to constrain the relative contribution of various processes at Lost City. The processes that we consider here include i) Fischer–Tropsch-type (FTT) abiotic synthesis of methane and other hydrocarbons, ii) the Sabatier process for the abiotic synthesis of methane alone, iii) biological methane production by Methanosarcinales, and iv) biological methane consumption by anaerobic and aerobic methanotrophs. This analysis suggests that abiotic processes, particularly the Sabatier reaction, are likely to be the dominant source of methane at Lost City. Biological methane is present in the vent fluids, but does not compose a high fraction of the total methane pool. These observations imply that ultramafic systems could have supplied abundant reduced carbon to the early Earth, even without biological catalysis.
Pharmacologic management of diabetic nephropathy.

Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are leading causes of end stage renal disease in the United States. Drug therapy that focuses on tight glycemic control and blood pressure control reduces the progression of nephropathy and cardiovascular complications. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been shown to reduce the progression of renal disease in patients with diabetes. The angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) losartan and irbesartan have also been shown to reduce microalbumin-uria compared with placebo. The nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (CCBs) verapamil and diltiazem have been shown to be as effective as an ACE inhibitor in reducing urinary albumin excretion. Objective: This paper reviews the pathophysiology and diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy and recent clinical trials assessing the most appropriate therapeutic options for delaying the progression of nephropathy in patients with diabetes. Methods: Primary and review articles that addressed the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic options for attenuating the progression of diabetic nephropathy were retrieved through a MEDLINE search (January 1990 to August 2002) and the bibliographies of identified articles were reviewed. English-language sources were searched using the following search terms: diabetes mellitus, nephropathy, proteinuria, ACE inhibitors , and ARBs . Studies published in peer-reviewed journals that were determined to be methodologically sound, with appropriate statistical analysis of the results, were selected for inclusion in this review. Results: Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and evidence of nephropathy should be started on an ACE inhibitor unless contraindicated. The ARBs and ACE inhibitors are viable choices for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and evidence of proteinuria. Patients who experience adverse events such as dry cough with ACE inhibitors can be switched to ARBs. Clinical literature suggests that if monotherapy with an ACE inhibitor or ARB does not provide an adequate response, a nondihydropyridine CCB should be added to the regimen. Nondihydropyridine CCBs should also be considered when ACE inhibitors and ARBs are contraindicated. Conclusions: ACE inhibitors and ARBs should be considered first-line therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and nephropathy. The ACE inhibitors are still the drug of choice for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and evidence of incipient or overt nephropathy. If therapeutic goals are not achieved with an ACE inhibitor or ARB, then the addition of a nondihydropyridine CCB should be considered.
CXVII. The total reflexion of X-rays

(1923). CXVII. The total reflexion of X-rays. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 45, No. 270, pp. 1121-1131.
High pressure effect on the twisted intromolecular charge transfer fluorescence and absorption of p-N,N-dimethylaminobenzylidinemalononitrile (DMABMN) in polymeric matrices

Abstract The pressure effect on the luminescence of p -N,N-dimethylaminobenzylidenemabolonitrile (DMABMN) in several solid polymer matrices has been studied. An increase of fluroescence intensity by a factor of 35 to 200 has been observed, in different polymers, within 100 kbar. Two general regions of pressure behavior are distinguished. In the first, “low pressure” region (0–25) kbar the amplification of luminescence intensity is explained by a retardation of motion (twist) in the excited state by increasing pressure. The generalized volume change “Δ V ” for this process has been obtained as a function of pressure and could be predicted from the kinetic model proposed. The polarity and free volume effects are discussed. The free volume concept is found not to provide a satisfactory quantitative description for the pressure dependence of the rearrangement. In the “high pressure” region (×50 kbar) where intensity decreases to a different degree in different polymers the contribution of the nonradiative rate from the originally excited state is considered.
Inheritance of plant height, tiller number per plant, spike height and 1000-kernel weight in a 8×8 diallel cross population of bread wheat

The inheritance of plant height, tiller number per plant, spike height and 1000-kernel weight was studied using a Jinks-Hayman diallel analysis in a 8×8 wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cross population with the following bread wheat cultivars: Cumhuriyet (1), Kasifbey (2), Ziyabey (3), Marmara (4), Basribey (5), Malabadi (6), Yuregir (7) and Seri-82 (8). The data analysis showed that the additive variance component ( D ) was significant for plant height, spike height and 1000-kernel weight at 1% level. The F parameter which is effect of dominant and recessive genes has a positive value for all four traits studied and was significant for plant height at 1% level. Dominance variance component ( H 1 ), corrected dominance variance component ( H 2 ) and dominancy level variance component ( h 2 ) were significant for all four traits studied. The Wr-Vr graphs indicated overdominance can be inferred for tiller number number per plant, spike height and 1000-kernel weight while partial dominance could be inferred fo...
The role of defects in the laser ablation of wide bandgap materials

Abstract In model wide bandgap materials such as single crystal alkali halides and MgO (nominally transparent), the absorption of laser radiation at 248 nm (5 eV photons) at modest fluences is defect dominated. We describe a technique for imaging the initial defect densities by their luminescence at low laser fluences and apply it to cleaved MgO. High defect densities are observed along many cleavage steps, consistent with previous observations of strong point-to-point variations in the ablative response of cleaved MgO surfaces. The composition of neutral particles emitted from the surface can be strongly influenced by defects (here, impurities), as shown by the intense emission of carbon oxides and the correspondingly weak emissions of atomic and molecular oxygen from arc-fused MgO at fluences below that required for sustained emission. We also present evidence for defect-mediated ion emission at these low fluences. Mass selected time-of-flight measurements of Mg + emission show a well defined kinetic energy in the range of 4–5 eV, consistent with electrostatic ejection of weakly bound ions following the ionization of a nearby surface F-center.
Capital punishment and homicide and rape rates in the united states: Time series and cross sectional regression analyses

Within the last decade or so, economists have become increasingly interested in the economic analysis of i l l eg i t imate social behavior. Investigations in the early 1960's by Fleisher ( i i , 12) regarding the effects of income and unemployment on juveni le delinquency preceded the pathbreaking work of Becker (4) in 1968, which was followed by works of economists such as St ig ler (18), Harris (13), and Ehrlich (6), who further contributed to the theoretical analysis of i l l eg i t imate behavior and i t s social control. Other studies on d i f ferent aspects of the economics of crime include those of Weicher (24), Ph i l l i ps , Votey, and Maxwell (16), Sjoquist (17), and Bechdolt (2, 3). Ph i l l ips and Votey (15) presented an economic analysis of the deterrent ef fect of law enforcement on criminal ac t i v i t y in !972. In i975, Ehrlich (7) published his well-known study of the deterrent ef fect of capital punishment and sparked considerable controversy centered around the basic question of to what extent capital punishment is a deterrent to criminal ac t i v i t y . The December 1975 issue of The Yale ~Jou_mna l was devoted to this debate, with Baldus and
Preliminary report on reliability and validity of the trait form of the Depression Adjective Check List in a representative community sample.

The purpose of this study was to investigate preliminary internal consistency and split-half reliability estimates of the trait form of the Depression Adjective Check List-Form E (DACL-E), as well as to validate three specific adjectives. The sample consisted of 294 residents of 17 inner-city neighborhoods of a large midwestern city, selected through a modified cluster sampling procedure. The Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability estimates were similar in magnitude for both genders (.88 for males and .85 for females) and were at a level generally found to be reliable. Analyses of the three DACL-E adjectives--"distressed," "safe," and "active"--were related, respectively, to fear of crime (p less than .01), perception of one's safety (p less than .01), and active participation in crime prevention activities (p less than .001).
Substrate specificity and inhibitor analyses of human steroid 5β-reductase (AKR1D1)

Abstract Human steroid 5β-reductase (aldo-keto reductase 1D1) catalyzes the stereospecific NADPH-dependent reduction of the C4–C5 double bond of Δ4-ketosteroids to yield an A/B cis-ring junction. This cis-configuration is crucial for bile acid biosynthesis and plays important roles in steroid metabolism. The biochemical properties of the enzyme have not been thoroughly studied and conflicting data have been reported, partially due to the lack of highly homogeneous protein. In the present study, we systematically determined the substrate specificity of homogeneous human recombinant AKR1D1 using C18, C19, C21, and C27 Δ4-ketosteroids and assessed the pH-rate dependence of the enzyme. Our results show that AKR1D1 proficiently reduced all the steroids tested at physiological pH, indicating AKR1D1 is the only enzyme necessary for all the 5β-steroid metabolites present in humans. Substrate inhibition was observed with C18 to C21 steroids provided that the C11 position was unsubstituted. This structure activity relationship can be explained by the existence of a small alternative substrate binding pocket revealed by the AKR1D1 crystal structure. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which are potent inhibitors of the related AKR1C enzymes do not inhibit AKR1D1. By contrast chenodeoxycholate and ursodeoxycholate were found to be potent non-competitive inhibitors suggesting that bile-acids may regulate their own synthesis at the level of AKR1D1 inhibition.
The effect of dissipation on the resistive admittance of an elastic medium.

The effect of dissipation on the real part of the admittance of an elastic half-space is typically thought to be unimportant if the loss factor ζ of the elastic medium is small. However, dissipation induces losses in the near field of the source and, provided the size of the source is small enough, this phenomenon can be more important than elastic wave radiation. Such losses give rise to a fundamental limit in the quality factor of an oscillator attached to a substrate. Near field losses associated with strains in the elastic substrate can actually be larger than intrinsic losses in the oscillator itself if the internal friction of the substrate is larger than the internal friction of the oscillator. For a uniform stress applied to a disk of radius a, a monopole source, such phenomena become significant for kLa<ζ, while for higher order multipole sources of order l, near field losses are important for (kLa)l+1<ζ, a far less restrictive constraint.
The enzymic glycosylation of quercetin to quercitrin

Abstract An enzyme preparation from leaves of Leucaena glauca is shown to catalyze the transfer of the 14C-labeled l -rhamnosyl moiety of uridine 5′-diphosphate l -rhamnose to quercetin to form the widely distributed flavonol glycoside, quercitrin. The reaction requires quercetin and is stimulated by manganous ion. In this system, thymidine 5′-diphosphate l -rhamnose is a considerably less effective donor of l -rhamnosyl groups than is the uridine derivative.
Determination of olefins in combustion gases and in the atmosphere.

Abstract Four-carbon and higher molecular weight olefins can be quantitatively determined in the gas phase by reaction with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in concentrated sulfuric acid, heating at 100° C, and measurement of the absorhance at 500 mμ;. The absorptivities are such that less than 0.1 ppm of gaseous olefins can be determined. Interference by formaldehyde is appreciable. Excess amounts of aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols interfere somewhat in the procedure. Simple methods for removing possible interferences in gas mixtures are discussed. The method has been applied to the analysis of automobile exhaust and diluted irradiated exhaust mixtures.
Codeine: Developmental toxicity in hamsters and mice

Abstract Timed-pregnant LVG Syrian hamsters and Swiss CD-1 mice were dosed orally twice daily (b.i.d.) with codeine in water on Gestational Days (gd) 5–13 (0, 10, 50, or 150 mg/kg, b.i.d.—hamsters) or 6–15 (0, 37.5, 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg, b.i.d.—mice). Dams were necropsied on gd 14 (hamsters) or 17 (mice), and fetuses were weighed, sexed, and examined for external, visceral, and skeletal malformations. No maternal deaths were observed in hamsters, while 19% of the pregnant mice in the high-dose group died. Maternal weight gain (gestational and treatment periods) and gravid uterine weights were significantly depressed in hamsters (150 mg/kg, b.i.d.) and in mice (300 mg/kg, b.i.d.). However, the corrected weight gain for both species, although decreased, was not significantly different from that of the controls. In both species, maternal liver weights (relative) were significantly increased in the high-dose groups. There were increases in the percentage resorptions per pregnant dam and in the proportion of litters with 100% resorptions in the high-dose groups of both species. Considering only live litters, the number of live fetuses per litter and the sex ratio were unaffected in both species. Mean fetal body weights were also significantly decreased in the 50 and 150 mg/kg, b.i.d. (hamsters), and the 150 and 300 mg/kg, b.i.d. (mice), groups. The no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) for developmental toxicity were 10 (hamsters) and 75 (mice) mg/kg, b.i.d., whereas the NOAELs for maternal toxicity were 50 (hamsters) and 150 (mice) mg/kg, b.i.d. The predominant structural malformation in hamsters was meningoencephalocele (high-dose group only), affecting 3% of fetuses and 19% of litters (neither statistically significant). Codeine did not induce any increase in structural malformations in mice. Thus, codeine produced developmental toxicity (as indicated by decreased fetal body weight) at doses below those producing maternal toxicity in both hamsters and mice. In the hamster, the more sensitive species to codeine developmental toxicity, effects were observed at a total daily dose of 100 mg/kg, which is only 11 times the maximum human therapeutic oral dose.
Experimental investigation of planar ion traps

Chiaverini et al. [Quantum Inf. Comput. 5, 419 (2005)] recently suggested a linear Paul trap geometry for ion-trap quantum computation that places all of the electrodes in a plane. Such planar ion traps are compatible with modern semiconductor fabrication techniques and can be scaled to make compact, many-zone traps. In this paper we present an experimental realization of planar ion traps using electrodes on a printed circuit board to trap linear chains of tens of charged particles of $0.44\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{m}$ diameter in a vacuum of $15\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Pa}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}({10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{torr})$. With these traps we address concerns about the low trap depth of planar ion traps and develop control electrode layouts for moving ions between trap zones without facing some of the technical difficulties involved in an atomic ion-trap experiment. Specifically, we use a trap with 36 zones (77 electrodes) arranged in a cross to demonstrate loading from a traditional four-rod linear Paul trap, linear ion movement, splitting and joining of ion chains, and movement of ions through intersections. We further propose an additional dc-biased electrode above the trap which increases the trap depth dramatically, and a planar ion-trap geometry that generates a two-dimensional lattice of point Paul traps.
Response of circular foundation to spatially random ground motion

A method to obtain the response of a rigid circular foundation resting on a uniform elastic half‐space and subjected to a spatially random ground motion is presented. The solution of the resulting mixed boundary‐value problem is based on the use of an integral representation of the response of the foundation in terms of the free‐field ground motion and of the contact tractions between the foundation and the soil obtained in the course of calculating the dynamic compliance functions for the foundation. The results obtained indicate that the effects of the spatial randomness of the ground motion on the response of the foundation are qualitatively similar to deterministic wave passage effects. Both effects involve a reduction of the translational components of the response at high frequencies and the creation of rotational response components.
Human cyclo-oxygenase-1 and an alternative splice variant: contrasts in expression of mRNA, protein and catalytic activities.

The two COX (cyclo-oxygenase) isoenzymes COX-1 and -2 catalyse the initial step in the conversion of arachidonic acid into PG (prostaglandin) hormones. The identification of an mRNA transcript encoding a splice variant of human COX-1 was reported more than a decade ago [Diaz, Reginato and Jimenez (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10816–10822], yet catalytic activity and tissue expression of the corresponding spliced protein remained uncharacterized. The splice variant lacks amino acids 396–432, corresponding to the last 37 amino acids of exon 9 of the gene encoding COX-1. These amino acids form a loop at one side of the peroxidase active site of the protein. We expressed the full-length and spliced COX-1 cDNAs in COS-7 and Sf9 insect cells, and determined the PG-forming activity using incubations with radiolabelled arachidonic acid and HPLC analyses. When expressed in either system, abundant PG formation was observed with the full-length COX-1, whereas the spliced protein did not form any detectable product. Peroxidase activity was readily detected in microsomes prepared from COS-7 cells transfected with COX-1 but not with the splice variant. In reverse transcriptase–PCR experiments, we detected the mRNA for the alternatively spliced and full-length COX-1 in human brain, tonsil and colon tissue, yet we were unable to detect expression of the spliced protein in the same tissues using immunoprecipitation and Western-blot analyses. We conclude that, whereas the mRNA transcript for the spliced COX-1 is present in various human tissues, the corresponding protein is either not formed or subject to rapid proteolytic degradation.
Using Behavioral Indication and Functional Communication Training to Establish an Initial Sign Repertoire with a Young Child with Severe Disabilities

Functional communication training (FCT) has been an effective strategy for replacing challenging behavior with more socially acceptable behavior that serves the same communicative function. In this study, the application of FCT was extended to replacing behavior that was communicative, but not identified as challenging. A within-subject multiple baseline design was used to teach a young girl with severe disabilities six target signs that were functionally equivalent to existing behavior (e.g., leading, reaching). The use of the existing forms served as behavioral indication of motivation for determining appropriate occasions for teaching the new forms, and teaching occurred only in the presence of behavioral indication by the participant. Results showed successful acquisition and discriminated use of the six signs. Implications of these findings are discussed.
A Tissue Biomarker Panel Predicting Systemic Progression after PSA Recurrence Post-Definitive Prostate Cancer Therapy

Background Many men develop a rising PSA after initial therapy for prostate cancer. While some of these men will develop a local or metastatic recurrence that warrants further therapy, others will have no evidence of disease progression. We hypothesized that an expression biomarker panel can predict which men with a rising PSA would benefit from further therapy.
The effect of instability and subsequent anterior shoulder repair on proprioceptive ability

Proprioceptive ability was prospectively evaluated in patients with recurrent traumatic anterior instability who subsequently underwent anterior shoulder repair. Thirty consecutive patients were evaluated for passive position sense and detection of motion with the shoulder in flexion, abduction, and external rotation 1 week before surgery. They were then retested at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. A significant deficit in proprioception was found when the unstable side was compared with the uninvolved side before surgery. Six months after surgical repair, position sense showed an improvement of approximately 50% but was still found to be significantly different on the involved side; detection of motion was no longer significantly different from the uninvolved shoulder. One year after open anterior shoulder repair, both position sense and detection of motion were equivalent to those of the uninvolved shoulder.
Embracing Pedagogical Pluralism:An Educator's Case for (at Least Public) School Choice

Pedagogical and curricular beliefs and commitments are expressions of deeper philosophical and ideological worldviews that empirical research can sometimes modify but not ultimately eliminate. The pluralism these views produce is reasonable in that they all represent plausible interpretations of liberal-republican values and professional standards of practice; they should be granted some room to flourish under a system of carefully regulated autonomy and choice. Three objections to a conception of school choice grounded in a notion of reasonable pluralism among educational doctrines are addressed: 1) that it would undermine educators' efforts to secure status for themselves as professionals by admitting that “best practices” in education offer rough guidance at best; 2) that it would leave parents and students vulnerable to quackery; 3) that it abandons the common school tradition and its aspirations. I conclude with an examination of why the conceptual basis on which a society designs a system of choice makes a difference.
THE FREQUENCY OF VERY LARGE EARTHQUAKES

Observational data relating surface wave magnitude M sub s to seismic moment M sub o are used to convert a well-known frequency-M sub s plot into a frequency-M sub o relationship, which turns out to be remarkably linear. There is no evidence of an upper bound to M sub o, on the basis of presently available. The possibly exists that extremely large earthquakes (M sub o = 10 to the 31th power dyne-centimeters or greater) may occur from time to time.
Regulatory T cell infiltration predicts outcome following resection of colorectal cancer liver metastases

Background Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) counts in colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM) predict survival following resection. While CD4 and CD8 T cells have been correlated with outcome following CRCLM resection, the role of regulatory T cells (Treg) is not well defined.
Effects of the γ-secretase inhibitor semagacestat on hippocampal neuronal network oscillation

Neurological and psychiatric disorders are frequently associated with disruption of various cognitive functions, but development of effective drug treatments for these conditions has proven challenging. One of the main obstacles is the poor predictive validity of our preclinical animal models. In the present study the effects of the γ-secretase inhibitor semagacestat was evaluated in preclinical in vivo electrophysiological models. Recently disclosed Phase III findings on semagacestat indicated that Alzheimer’s disease patients on this drug showed significantly worsened cognitive function compared to those treated with placebo. Since previous studies have shown that drugs impairing cognitive function (including scopolamine, NMDA receptor antagonists and nociceptin receptor agonists) disrupt or decrease power of elicited theta oscillation in the hippocampus, we tested the effects of acute and sub-chronic administration of semagacestat in this assay. Field potentials were recorded across the hippocampal formation with NeuroNexus multi-site silicon probes in urethane anaesthetized male C57BL/6 mice; hippocampal CA1 theta oscillation was elicited by electrical stimulation of the brainstem nucleus pontis oralis. Sub-chronic administration of semagacestat twice daily over 12 days at a dose known to reduce beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) level (100 mg/kg, p.o.) diminished power of elicited hippocampal theta oscillation. Acute, subcutaneous administration of semagacestat (100 mg/kg) produced a similar effect on hippocampal activity. We propose that the disruptive effect of semagacestat on hippocampal function could be one of the contributing mechanisms to its worsening of cognition in patients with Alzheimer disease. As it has been expected, both acute and sub-chronic administrations of semagacestat significantly decreased Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels but the current findings do not reveal the mode of action of semagacestat in disrupting hippocampal oscillation.
Delineating runoff processes and critical runoff source areas in a pasture hillslope of the Ozark Highlands

The identification of runoff contributing areas would provide the ideal focal points for water quality monitoring and Best Management Practice (BMP) implementation. The objective of this study was to use a field-scale approach to delineate critical runoff source areas and to determine the runoff mechanisms in a pasture hillslope of the Ozark Highlands in the USA. Three adjacent hillslope plots located at the Savoy Experimental Watershed, north-west Arkansas, were bermed to isolate runoff. Each plot was equipped with paired subsurface saturation and surface runoff sensors, shallow groundwater wells, H-flumes and rain gauges to quantify runoff mechanisms and rainfall characteristics at continuous 5-minute intervals. The spatial extent of runoff source areas was determined by incorporating sensor data into a geographic information-based system and performing geostatistical computations (inverse distance weighting method). Results indicate that both infiltration excess runoff and saturation excess runoff mechanisms occur to varying extents (0–58% for infiltration excess and 0–26% for saturation excess) across the plots. Rainfall events that occurred 1–5 January 2005 are used to illustrate the spatial and temporal dynamics of the critical runoff source areas. The methodology presented can serve as a framework upon which critical runoff source areas can be identified and managed for water quality protection in other watersheds. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Dark Matter Properties at High-Energy Colliders

If the cosmic dark matter consists of weakly-interacting massive particles, these particles should be produced in reactions at the next generation of high-energy accelerators. Measurements at these accelerators can then be used to determine the microscopic properties of the dark matter. From this, we can predict the cosmic density, the annihilation cross sections, and the cross sections relevant to direct detection. In this paper, we present studies in supersymmetry models with neutralino dark matter that give quantitative estimates of the accuracy that can be expected. We show that these are well matched to the requirements of anticipated astrophysical observations of dark matter. The capabilities of the proposed International Linear Collider (ILC) are expected to play a particularly important role in this study.
Handedness, eyedness and perceptual stability of the left and right visual fields☆

Abstract The perceptual stability of visual targets in the left vs. right visual fields was investigated by having Ss report the perceptual fragmentation of dim stimuli. The right visual field was found more stable than the left. This difference was not related to handedness but was significantly related to ocular dominance. Monocular results yielded significant laterality differences for the left eye, but not the right eye. An interpretation based on sensory cerebral dominance and retinal sensitivity was advanced to account for the results.
Regulation of Cellular Genes in a Chromosomal Context by the Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Protein

The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product (pRb) is involved in controlling cell cycle progression from G1 into S. pRb functions, in part, by regulating the activities of several transcription factors, making pRb involved in the transcriptional control of cellular genes. Transient-transfection assays have implicated pRb in the transcription of several genes, including c-fos, the interleukin-6 gene, c-myc, cdc-2, c-neu, and the transforming growth factor β2 gene. However, these assays place the promoter in an artificial context and exclude the effects of far 5′ upstream regions and chromosomal architecture on gene transcription. In these experiments, we have studied the role of pRb in the control of cell cycle-related genes within a chromosomal context and within the context of the G1 phase of the cell cycle. We have used adenovirus vectors to overexpress pRb in human osteosarcoma cells and breast cells synchronized in early G1. By RNase protection assays, we have assayed the effects of this virus-produced pRb on gene expression in these cells. These results indicate that pRb is involved in the transcriptional downregulation of the E2F-1, E2F-2, dihydrofolate reductase, thymidine kinase, c-myc, proliferating-cell nuclear antigen, p107, and p21/Cip1 genes. However, it has no effect on the transcription of the E2F-3, E2F-4, E2F-5, DP-1, DP-2, or p16/Ink4 genes. The results are consistent with the notion that pRb controls the transcription of genes involved in S-phase promotion. They also suggest that pRb negatively regulates the transcription of two of the transcription factors whose activity it also represses, E2F-1 and E2F-2, and that it plays a role in downregulating the immediate-early gene response to serum stimulation.
Problems in the recognition of aortoembolic stroke.

Recent reports suggest aortoembolism is an important cause of stroke. Although transesophageal echocardiography visualizes the aortic arch, diagnosis of aortoembolism stroke is not common. We investigated reasons for this discrepancy at our institution. We reviewed charts and transesophageal echocardiography videotapes of 16 patients with recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack who had undergone transesophageal echocardiography. For each patient, we determined the most likely cause of cerebral ischemia, and we compared the official transesophageal echocardiography report to our interpretation of the videotape. In our videotape review, 13 patients had good visualization of the aortic arch. Of 6 patients with atherosclerosis in the arch, 1 had high-grade carotid stenosis, 1 had atrial fibrillation, 1 had "small-vessel disease," and 3 had cerebral ischemia of unknown cause. The official reports did not mention aortic arch disease in 4 of 6 patients. A possible cause of cerebral ischemia was identified in 6 of 7 patients with normal aortic arches. Of 3 patients who had poor visualization of the aortic arch, one had "small-vessel disease," and 2 had ischemic stroke of unknown cause despite extensive workups. We conclude that aortic arch disease is common in patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack and may be a cause of cerebral ischemia, especially in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack due to small-vessel occlusion or of unknown cause. Aortic arch disease may not be identified as the cause of stroke or transient ischemic attack because (a) transesophageal echocardiography is not done, (b) transesophageal echocardiography is done but the aortic arch is not visualized, (c) transesophageal echocardiography is done, the aortic arch is visualized, but the examiner does not comment on aortic arch disease, or (d) despite transesophageal echocardiography identification of arotic arch disease, the treating physician does not consider the aorta to be a potential source of embolization.
Pressure-flow characteristics and nutritional capacity of coronary veins in dogs.

To examine the hemodynamic interdependence of coronary arteries and veins, great cardiac vein (GCV) and left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery flows of dogs were measured. Although they were not different under base-line conditions, 42.9 +/- 4.1 and 34.9 +/- 5.2 ml/min, respectively, LAD occlusion caused only a 56% decrease in GCV flow, whereas peak GCV flow during reactive hyperemia consistently underestimated peak LAD flow by nearly 40%. The measured hemodynamic data were very closely predicted by a simple model that assumed the presence of a low-resistance venous collateral anastomotic pathway between the GCV and veins outside the LAD territory. The resistance of the venous collaterals averaged 9.9 +/- 3.0% of LAD resistance. Therefore, GCV flow does not solely represent LAD collateral flow when the LAD is occluded, nor is it a reliable indicator of changes in LAD perfusion patterns. Nutritional myocardial perfusion assessed with 133Xe washout decreased from 0.86 +/- 0.16 to 0.13 +/- 0.02 ml.min-1.g-1 after LAD occlusion, whereas retroperfusion of the GCV with arterial blood enhanced washout by 85% to 0.23 +/- 0.03 ml.min-1.g-1 (P less than 0.005). Retroperfusion was inefficient, however, since only 10% of the isotope injected into the GCV gained access to the myocardium.
A case of anastomosis malposition of the Blalock-Taussig shunt diagnosed using perioperative transesophageal echocardiography monitoring.

The perioperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a very useful and minimal invasive monitoring not only for the cardiac anesthesia management, but also for the anesthesia management of the non-cardiac operations of the heart high risk patients. In this case report, we report a case of the urgent Blalock–Taussig shunt (BT shunt) operation for a small patient of Fallot’s tetralogy with anoxic spell, which showed an atypical change of hemodynamics and SpO2 with the shunt opening. After the BT shunt anastomosis, the diastolic blood pressure decreased with the shunt opening, however, the expected rise of SpO2 was not provided. By the perioperative TEE monitoring with the single plane TEE transducer for neonate; UST-52110S (Hitachi Aloka Medical, Tokyo, Japan) with 4.5 mm in diameter, the cause of this atypical change of hemodynamics and SpO2 was diagnosed to be an accidental anastomosis malposition of the BT shunt to the right pulmonary vein and reported to the operator during the operation, and the operation was performed correctly.
Effects of Test Methods on Crevice Corrosion Repassivation Potential Measurements of Alloy 22

Abstract Alloy 22 (UNS N06022) may be used as the waste package outer container material for disposal of high-level waste at the potential repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Crevice corrosion is one of the corrosion processes that may affect the performance of the waste package outer container. The relative susceptibility of Alloy 22 to crevice corrosion is evaluated through the measurement of crevice corrosion repassivation potential (Ercrev) using electrochemical test methods. The main purpose of the work described in this paper is to verify some Ercrev values reported in the literature and investigate the effects of different electrochemical test methods on the measurement of Ercrev. This work also provides risk insights and reduces the measurement uncertainties associated with evaluating the effects of the fabrication process on crevice corrosion susceptibility. In this work, Ercrev was measured in various chloride solutions at 90°C (194°F) using three methods: ASTM G61-86, the potentiodynamic pola...