cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiplicity adjustments in testing for bioequivalence.

Bioequivalence of two drugs is usually demonstrated by rejecting two one-sided null hypotheses using the two one-sided tests for pharmacokinetic parameters: area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax). By virtue of the intersection–union test, there is no need for multiplicity adjustment in testing the two one-sided null hypotheses within each parameter. However, the decision rule for bioequivalence often requires equivalence to be achieved simultaneously on both parameters that contain four one-sided null hypotheses together; without adjusting for multiplicity, the family wise error rate (FWER) could fail to be controlled at the nominal type-I error rate α. The multiplicity issue for bioequivalence in this regard is scarcely discussed in the literature. To address this issue, we propose two approaches including a closed test procedure that controls FWER for the simultaneous AUC and Cmax bioequivalence and requires no adjustment of the type-I error, and an alpha-adaptive sequential testing (AAST) that controls FWER by pre-specifying the significance level on AUC (α1) and obtaining it for Cmax (α2) adaptively after testing of AUC. While both methods control FWER, the closed test requires testing of eight intersection null hypotheses each at α, and AAST is at times accomplished through a slight deduction in α1 and no deduction in α2 relative to α. The latter considers equivalence reached in AUC a higher importance than that in Cmax. Illustrated with published data, the two approaches, although operate differently, can lead to the same substantive conclusion and are better than a traditional method like Bonferroni adjustment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Service Perspective on IBM’s Brand

Today, global conditions challenge traditional views of management, marketing, and economics. The goods-dominant view, centered on the notion of production and consumption, is being subsumed by the service-dominant view, centered on the notion that business value is cocreated by interaction of economic entities. Here, we consider IBM and its brand, showing that it reflects - and always has reflected — the service-dominant view of value cocreation.
Cosmetic fat augmentation following breast reconstruction: sonographic appearance with cytopathologic correlation

This series presents the history and imaging of patients who had cosmetic fat augmentation following mastectomy and reconstruction. The cases provide the useful reminder that a complete surgical history is essential when assessing the imaging of a post-operative breast patient and that speaking directly with patients can be a critical step in putting together a complete clinical picture and adding value to their care.
Acute cholecystitis. Does the clinical diagnosis correlate with the pathological diagnosis

Background: Most of the literature dealing with the surgical management of acute cholecystitis bases patient selection on pathological diagnosis, either exclusively or using it as a major selection criteria or as a confirmation of diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between preoperative clinical findings, intraoperative gross findings, and postoperative pathological findings. Methods: A retrospective review of 493 consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed by a single surgeon (RJF) in a single institution was done. Four different sets of criteria were used to define four groups of patients as having acute cholecystitis: (1) preoperative acute cholecystitis based on defined criteria (PA); (2) intraoperative gross findings of acute or subacute cholecystitis based on surgeon assessment of inflammation (IA); (3) initial pathological evaluation by a staff pathologist (IP); and (4) expert pathological (EP) review using strictly defined histological criteria. Results: Of 41 patients, 40 (97.6%) were classified as having acute cholecystitis by IA, 21 (51.2%) by IP, and 17 (41.5%) by EP. Of the 75 patients classified as having acute cholecystitis by IA, 40 (53.0%) were classified acute by PA, 34 (45.0%) by IP, and 17 (22.7%) by EP. Of the 72 IP patients, 34 (47.2%) were classified as acute by IA, 15 (20.8%) by EP, and 24 (33.3%) were PA. Of the 32 EP patients, 21 (65.6%) were classified as acute by IA, 14 (43.8%) by IP, and 18 (56.3%) were PA. Conclusion: The correlation between the pathological diagnosis and intraoperative findings is poor. Preoperative clinical findings of acute cholecystitis are highly reliable for predicting intraoperative gross findings. However, intraoperative findings of acute cholecystitis are commonly found in the absence of preoperative clinical signs. Recommendations for surgical therapy should be based on studies which use either operative findings or the preoperative clinical findings as the basis for patient selection.
Dopamine physiology in the basal ganglia of male zebra finches during social stimulation.

Accumulating evidence suggests that dopamine (DA) is involved in altering neural activity and gene expression in a zebra finch cortical–basal ganglia circuit specialized for singing, upon the shift between solitary singing and singing as a part of courtship. Our objective here was to sample changes in the extracellular concentrations of DA in Area X of adult and juvenile birds, to test the hypothesis that DA levels would change similarly during presentation of a socially salient stimulus in both age groups. We used microdialysis to sample the extracellular milieu of Area X in awake, behaving adult and juvenile male zebra finches, and analysed the dialysate using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection. The extracellular levels of DA in Area X increased significantly during both female presentation to adult males and tutor presentation to juvenile males. DA levels were not correlated with the time spent singing. We also reverse-dialysed Area X with pharmacologic agents that act either on DA systems directly or on norepinephrine, and found that all of these agents significantly increased DA levels (3- to 10-fold) in Area X. These findings suggest that changes in extracellular DA levels can be stimulated similarly by very different social contexts (courtship and interaction with tutor), and influenced potently by dopaminergic and noradrenergic drugs. These results raise the possibility that the arousal level or attentional state of the subject (rather than singing behavior) is the common feature eliciting changes in extracellular DA concentration.
G416(P) Is Meningococcal B vaccination worth implementing in the Irish population

Aims Meningococcal B sepsis is a devastating disease with a 5% mortality rate 1 . Effects for survivors include neurological damage, limb amputation and widespread skin necrosis. A compelling case can be made for prevention by immunisation. Since 1997, the multicomponent Meningococcal B vaccine, Bexsero ® has been in development. The European Medicines agency approved the vaccine in November 2012 2 . However, in July 2013 the UK Joint Committee Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) stated that they cannot recommend the vaccine to be included for use in the routine immunisation programme in the United Kingdom 3 . No such decision has yet been made on its implementation in the Irish population. Our aim was to assess the disease burden and to ascertain if the Meningococcal B vaccine should be included in the Irish vaccination schedule. Methods The Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC) publishes an annual report on Meningococcal disease in Ireland 4 . We conducted a retrospective review on surveillance figures over a ten year period, 2002–2012. Subset analysis was performed for a three year period 2009–2011. Results In total, 1,867 cases of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) were notified in Ireland over the ten year period. Serogroup B accounted for 1,565 (84%). Over the three year period 2009–2011, there were 355 cases of IMD with a crude incidence rate of 2.7/100,000. Cases ranged from age 1.3 months to 84.6 years (median age 2.4years). Male cases (n = 207) exceeded female cases (n = 147) resulting in a ratio of 1.4:1. There were 12 deaths due to Meningococcal B which corresponded to a case fatality ratio (CFR) of 5%; 4.3%; 2.4% and no deaths due to Meningococcal C. Conclusion Despite a marked decline in the overall incidence in the past decade, IMD is still an important public health concern. Effective vaccination against Meningococcal B is necessary for the complete prevention and control of Invasive Meningococcal Disease.
Changes in ATP and Creatine Phosphate Storage in Skeletal Muscle of Rats trained at 900 and 7,600 Feet

THE hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy source for muscular contraction. ATP is either stored in the muscle or produced by phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate or glycolytic processes, or through oxidative processes in the mitochondria. The processes of adaptation which facilitate the glycolytic or oxidative production of ATP have been studied in trained and acutely exercised animals. After work has been done by the muscle, the oxidative1 and glycolytic2,3 capacities of its fibres increase. Christensen4 has shown that neither glycolysis nor oxidative processes take place during short anaerobic bursts of activity. The energy for such limited activities is provided by the hydrolysis of stored ATP and phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate by the Lohman reaction. Previous exercise studies using endurance types of training have not shown any adaptation of either ATP or creatine phosphate5–7, although electrical stimulation8 and dwelling at high altitude9 have produced increases in creatine phosphate.
Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm: "to-and-fro" flow.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4] An 81-year-old man with known coronary disease and prior single-vessel coronary artery bypass grafting surgery presented with shortness of breath on moderate exertion. An extensive lateral wall infarct with free wall rupture
The locus of word-frequency effects in the pronunciation task: Lexical access and/or production? ☆

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to separate the influence of word frequency on lexical access from its influence on production stages in the pronunciation task. A delayed pronunciation task was used in which a word was presented and, after some delay, a cue was presented to pronounce the word aloud. Presumably, subjects should access the word's lexical representation during the delay interval and any effect of frequency can be attributed to its influence on production rather than on lexical access. In the first two experiments frequency still had a significant effect with a delay interval of 900 milliseconds. At a delay interval of 400 milliseconds, where the subjects should have accessed the word's lexical representation before the pronunciation cue, the word-frequency effect was 41 milliseconds, only 17 milliseconds less than the 58-millisecond effect obtained with the same words in a normal pronunciation task. A significant word-frequency effect at a delay interval of 2900 milliseconds was found in the third experiment where rehearsal during the delay interval was disrupted by requiring subjects to whisper the alphabet while waiting for the cue to respond.
A Systems Biology Approach to Investigating Apoptotic Stimuli as Effectors of Cell Metabolism: Practical Application of Top-Down Control Analysis to Attached Neurons

Reduced glycolytic and mitochondrial respiration rates are common features of apoptosis that may reflect key events contributing to cell death. However, it is unclear to what extent the rate changes can be explained by direct alterations in the kinetics of the participating reactions, as changes in the concentrations of intermediates also affect reaction rates. Direct kinetic changes can be identified, ranked, and compared to the indirect effects mediated by the intermediates using top-down control analysis. Flux changes that are explained primarily by direct effects are likely to be prime targets of the pathways that signal death, and thus important contributors to apoptosis. Control analysis concepts relevant to identifying such effects are reviewed. Metabolic flux measurements are essential for this approach, but can be technically difficult, particularly when using adherent cells such as neurons. A simple method is described that renders such measurements feasible.
The continuum absorption in H2O+N2 mixtures in the 2000–3250 cm−1 spectral region at temperatures from 326 to 363 K

Abstract The absorption spectra of H 2 O+N 2 mixtures, as well, as the spectra of pure gases, have been measured using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer at a resolution of 0.1 cm −1 . The sample temperatures were 326, 339, 352, and 363 K. Water vapor pressures varied from 8 (60 torr) to 34.5 kPa (259 torr). The nitrogen pressure was kept constant at about 414 kPa (4.1 atm). The path length was 100 m. The continuum absorption coefficients obtained in the spectral range 2000–3250 cm −1 (3.1–5 μm) do not depend significantly on temperature, as is predicted by the well known MT_CKD model. But there are significant deviations in the continuum spectral behavior and magnitude. Around 2050 cm −1 the measured absorption coefficients C f are about two times larger than those of the model. This deviation grows rapidly at shorter wave lengths, reaching a maximum of two orders of magnitude in the middle of the window at 2500 cm −1 . At this point, the deviation starts to decrease significantly and around 3100 cm −1 our results are in agreement with the MT_CKD model. This behavior of the deviation is due to the broad and structureless feature in the region of the nitrogen fundamental band. Most likely, this feature is the N 2 fundamental band component, induced by collisions between H 2 O and N 2 molecules. The data obtained and a comparison with the results from the other available sources are presented.
On various cases of instability for elastic nonconservative systems with damping

Abstract We investigate the stability of a mechanical system with viscous damping when subjected to nonconservative forces. The spectrum corresponding to the eigenvalue problem is proved to have a symmetrical property, and therefore the zero frequency is always at least double. Here, we consider the following important cases : where two linearly independent eigenfunctions correspond to zero frequency, and where only one eigenfunction corresponds to zero frequency (bimodal and unimodal cases). The full description of all possible variants of the system behaviour in the neighbourhood of critical points is obtained. Examples are considered.
Forest structure and organic horizon analysis along a fire chronosequence in the low elevation forests of western Montana

Abstract Although fire consumes much of the forest floor, few studies have examined the change in forest floor characteristics with increasing time since fire. Mixed forests of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Doug. Ex. laws) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga mensizii (Mirb.) Franco) in the inland northwest once burned with greater frequency than today. Fire exclusion over the last 100 years is believed to have caused a shift in forest structure, forest floor decomposition and nitrogen availability. However, no research has clearly demonstrated this in forests of the dry inland northwest. The objective of this study was to determine how fire exclusion has shaped forest structure and understory composition in ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests and how these changes have altered forest floor characteristics. Stand level and understory vegetation characteristics, organic horizon depth and biochemistry were analyzed along a 132-year chronosequence at 25 sites in second growth forests of western Montana. Principle components analysis confirmed that time since fire was significantly correlated to most biotic variables, including nutrient availability and indicates that the disturbance regime is tightly coupled to ecosystem function. Douglas-fir basal area, total shrubs and forest floor thickness were observed to increase with time since fire. Graminoids and forbs did not change significantly with time since fire. There was a significant increase in the content of total C, total N, N H 4 + and potential mineralizable N (PMN) in the forest floor, while N O 3 − content decreased significantly with time since fire. Total phenols increased significantly and were positively correlated with forest floor thickness, total shrub cover, PMN and N H 4 + , but not correlated with N O 3 − content, suggesting that phenolic compounds accumulate with time and may affect N transformations.
Tremor disorders: Identification and treatment

Abstract Tremor, one of the most common neurological disorders, may be defined simply as a rhythmic and sinusoidal movement. The abundant array of tremors may be classified along multiple axes, and this results in a nosology which can be confusing to the novice. In general, however, all tremors may be simply classified as either rest tremors or action tremors. This review focuses on some of the more common tremor disorders as well as those that are most relevant to clinical psychiatrists. The most common cause of rest tremor is Parkinson's disease, treated with levodopa, amantadine, and anticholinergic agents. The most common cause of action tremor is physiologic tremor and essential tremor, treated with propranolol and primidone. The major indications for treating tremor are social embarrassment or functional disability.
Holographic Honeycomb Microlens

A honeycomb close-packed microstructure can be recorded in a positive photoresist layer by a simultaneous exposure of three coherent laser beams. A close-packed square structure results from a simultaneous four-beam exposure. The structure consists of parabolic-shaped depressions in the surface. By replication and embossing techniques, it is possible to impress the mirror image of the microstructure into plastic, such that the top surface consists of parabolic-shaped posts, or microlenses. The size of each microlens can be varied from around one micrometer to a millimeter or more. There are wide-ranging applications for such regularly spaced and precise structures, extending from solar concentrators to three-dimensional imaging devices.
Cross-Reactivity of Antibodies against Leptospiral Recurrent Uveitis-Associated Proteins A and B (LruA and LruB) with Eye Proteins

Infection by Leptospira interrogans has been causally associated with human and equine uveitis. Studies in our laboratories have demonstrated that leptospiral lipoprotein LruA and LruB are expressed in the eyes of uveitic horses, and that antibodies directed against LruA and LruB react with equine lenticular and retinal extracts, respectively. These reactivities were investigated further by performing immunofluorescent assays on lenticular and retinal tissue sections. Incubation of lens tissue sections with LruA-antiserum and retinal sections with LruB-antiserum resulted in positive fluorescence. By employing two-dimensional gel analyses followed by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry, lens proteins cross-reacting with LruA antiserum were identified to be α-crystallin B and vimentin. Similarly, mass spectrometric analyses identified β-crystallin B2 as the retinal protein cross-reacting with LruB-antiserum. Purified recombinant human α-crystallin B and vimentin were recognized by LruA-directed antiserum, but not by control pre-immune serum. Recombinant β-crystallin B2 was likewise recognized by LruB-directed antiserum, but not by pre-immune serum. Moreover, uveitic eye fluids contained significantly higher levels of antiibodies that recognized α-crystallin B, β-crystallin B2 and vimentin than did normal eye fluids. Our results indicate that LruA and LruB share immuno-relevant epitopes with eye proteins, suggesting that cross-reactive antibody interactions with eye antigens may contribute to immunopathogenesis of Leptospira-associated recurrent uveitis.
Performance criterion sensitivity analysis of ship-steering models with respect to shaping filter design parameters

The design of linear-quadratic controllers for the steering control of ships requires the design of sway force and yaw moment disturbance shaping filters to adequately represent the statistical properties of the sea-way. The estimated disturbance states are employed in the formulation of the optimal control law to improve the steering quality to minimize propulsion losses. In this paper a sensitivity analysis of the optimal cost criteria with respect to the shaping filter parameters is made to determine the relative importance of the filters and parameters with differing ships, cost criteria and sea-way conditions. For simplicity of the present analysis the Kalman filter is excluded from the dynamics, i.e. all the states are assumed to be perfectly measurable. This allows the analysis to be done at the upper bound of optimal performance. The percentage deviation in the resulting optimal propulsion loss from a known deviation in the parameters is calculated. Sensitivities with respect to two different controllers, each minimizing a different performance criterion are analysed for two ship types. The results indicate that the yaw shaping filters are relatively more important for both of the ship types. It is also shown, however, that the sway shaping filter, although having no significant effect on the optimal performance of ship types such as the large tanker examined, does affect that of fine-lined high-speed vessels such as the container ship analysed.
A comparison between water adsorbed on Rh(111) and Pt(111), with and without predosed oxygen

The adsorption of water and its interactions with oxygen on Rh(111) were studied by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), temperature programmed desorption (TPD) ultraviolet and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (UPS and XPS), and low energy electron diffraction (LEED); and comparison was made with similar data for Pt(111). On Rh(111) water absorbs molecularly in hydrogen-bonded clusters; no evidence for dissociation was seen on the clean surface. Reaction of water with adsorbed oxygen on Rh(111) produces hydrated surface hydroxyls. While the gross features of adsorption and hydroxyl formation are similar to those previously reported on Pt(111), significant differences in detail were found. In particular, the complex librational and OH-stretching regions of the HREELS spectra for H 2 O/Rh(111), more closely resemble those for other noble metal surfaces than the sharp, single feature observed for Pt(111). HREELS peaks at 970, 1020 and 1950 cm −1 seen for H 2 O/Pt(111) were absent on Rh(111). The middle (3a 1 ) molecular orbital for molecular water on Rh(111) is shifted towards the Fermi level, while on Pt(111) the spacing between the three orbitals is the same as in water vapor. Comparison with spectral data for bulk phases suggests that water on Pt(111) exists primarily in a state with O-O nearest neighbor distances closer to those of liquid water than of ice, allowing better match with the Pt(111) surface mesh. Additional minority species account for the additional EELS peaks specific to Pt(111). Water on Rh(111) is a mixture of ice-like water and water similar to the majority species on Pt(111). The structural differences lead to different chemistry. On both surfaces adsorbed oxygen and water react to yield a surface phase which evolves water upon heating to 210 K. On Pt(111) this phase contains OH but no H 2 O. On Rh (111) this phase contains both OH and H 2 O in association. The differences in the interactions between water and the (111) surfaces of these two catalytically and electrochemically similar metals may help explain electrochemical effects peculiar to the (111) face of Pt.
Forbidden decay modes of one- and two-electron ions

Abstract There are four forbidden decay modes that are obserbable in one- and two-electron atoms. In one electron atoms, 2 2 S 1 2 level decays to the ground state primarily by a two-photon process. This is also true of the 2 1 S 0 state of two-electron atoms. Moreover, the M1 decay of 2 3 S 1 and the M2 decay of 2 3 P 2 are also observable processes in two-electron atoms. The properties of these decays and an experiment to detect them and measure their lifetimes will be described.
Diagnosis of Diabetes Using a Weight-Adjusted Voting Approach

Diabetes is a worldwide public health challenge with a yearly increasing incidence. Many approaches using different machine learning classifiers have been developed for automatic diagnosis of diabetes. However, they mostly rely on a single classifier or a hybrid model to make the diagnosis decision, which might be weaker than a voted decision of multiple classifiers. In this study, we present an approach that combines three classifiers (i.e. Support vector machine, artificial neural network, and naive bayes) to diagnose diabetes. The approach can adjust each classifier's weight based on their ability and history of making correct predictions. A rule that mixes majority voting and weights of classifiers was proposed and applied for the final diagnosis decision. The Pima Indians diabetes data set (268 diabetes patients and 500 normal subjects) was used in the work. A wrapper method was adopted to select features for classification. An experimental comparison of our method with other voting strategies and each single classifier used in our study demonstrated that our approach performed better in sensitivity.
The influence of boron on the grain boundary chemistry and microstructure of ni- 16cr- 9fe- 0.03c

High-purity Ni-16Cr-9Fe-0.03C was doped with 50 wppm B in order to determine the effects of B on the grain boundary chemistry and microstructure following both high temperature anneals (1373 to 1473 K) and lower temperature heat treatments (873 to 973 K). The anneals at high temperature yield precipitate-free grain boundaries in the B-free material, while the addition of B results in the intergranular precipitation of B-containing M7X3 and M23X6 and a 30 to 50 Pct reduction in grain growth. The low temperature heat treatments of the B-free material result in the growth of intergranular Cr-rich M7C3, which in turn causes Cr depletion at the grain boundary. Adding B does not affect the Cr concentration at the grain boundary nor the width of the Cr-depleted zone. However, B segregation occurs, with a segregation energy of 42.6 kJ/mole. In addition, intergranular Ni + B-rich M23X6 forms. These changes in the grain boundary chemistry due to B cause a reduction in intergranular attack of up to 50 Pct as measured by the electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation test in a solution of 0.05 M H2SO4 + 0.05 M KSCN.
Matched pairs of human prostate stromal cells display differential tropic effects on LNCaP prostate cancer cells

Prostate stromal cells may play binary roles in the process of prostate cancer development. As the first to be encountered by infiltrating prostate cancer cells, prostate stromal cells form the first defense line against prostate cancer progression and metastasis. However, interaction between prostate cancer and stromal cells may facilitate the formation of a tumor microenvironment favoring cancer cell growth and survival. To establish an experimental system for studying the interaction between cancer and stromal cells, we isolated three matched pairs of normal and cancer-associated human prostate stromal clones. In this report, we describe the morphologic and behavioral characteristics of these cells and their effect on LNCaP prostate cancer cells in co-culture. Unlike LNCaP prostate cancer cells, the isolated prostate stromal clones are large fibroblast-like cells with a slow proliferation rate. Growth and survival of these clones are not affected by androgens. The stromal cells display high resistance to serum starvation, while cancer-associated stromal clones have differentiated survival ability. In co-culture experiments, the stromal cells protected some LNCaP prostate cancer cells from death by serum starvation, and cancer-associated stromal clones showed more protection. This work thus established a panel of valuable human prostate stromal cell lines, which could be used in co-culture to study the interaction between prostate cancer and prostate stromal cells.
Conceptualizing models using multidimensional constructs: a review and guidelines for their use

While information on multidimensional constructs and empirical methods has become more accessible, there remain substantial challenges to theorizing about their form and implications. There are at ...
The Nineteenth-Century Indo-American Ice Trade: An Hyperborean Epic

Thus it appears that the sweltering inhabitants of Charleston and New Orleans, of Madras and Bombay and Calcutta, drink at my well. In the morning I bathe my intellect in the stupendous and cosmogonal philosophy of the Bhagvat Geeta [sic], since whose composition years of the gods have elapsed, and in comparison with which our modern world and its literature seem puny and trivial; and I doubt if that philosophy is not to be referred to a previous state of existence, so remote is its sublimity from our conceptions. I lay down the book and go to my well for water, and lo! there I meet the servant of the Bramin [sic], priest of Brahma and Vishnu, and Indra, who sits in his temple on the Ganges reading the Vedas, or dwells at the root of a tree with his crust and waterjug. I meet his servant come to draw water for his master, and our buckets as it were grate together in the same well. The pure Walden water is mingled with the sacred waters of the Ganges. With favouring winds it is wafted past the site of the fabulous islands of Atlantis and the Hesperides, makes the Periplus of Hanno, and floating by Ternate and Tidore and the mouth of the Persian Gulf, melts in the tropic gales of the Indian seas, and is landed in ports of which Alexander only heard the names.' So Henry David Thoreau alluded to the Indo-American ice trade-a trade based on shipping ice produced of Massachusetts' winters to the ice-free world of India where its chill relieved the stress of tropic climes by frosting beverages, soothing fevered brows, and preserving perishable foods. Thoreau's rapturous statement is one of many which refer to Indo-American intercourse prior to the emergence of the United States
The Determination of Oxides of Sulfur by X-Ray Emission Spectrometry

Abstract Determination of sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, or sulfuric acid mist becomes difficult in the presence of other acid gases or where collected samples are highly colored or turbid. A method is described by which all oxides of sulfur are oxidized and precipitated as barium sulfate. The barium in the precipitate is determined by measuring the intensity of the L-alpha emission produced by x-ray excitation. The method is useful for about 0.05 to 10 micromoles of oxides of sulfur in the aliquot analyzed.
Syntheses and characterization of the ruthenium carbonyl porphyrin complexes Ru(TPP)(CO)(1-MeIm) and Ru(α-PocPivP)(CO)(1-MeIm)☆

Abstract Ru(TPP)(CO)(1-MeIm) and Ru(α-PocPivP)(CO)(1-MeIm) (TPP = tetraphenylporphyrinato; PocPivP = ‘pocket’ porphyrin dianion) were prepared by metalation of the free-base porphyrins with Ru3(CO)12, followed by reaction with 1-MeIm. The structures of Ru(TPP)(CO)(1-MeIm) and Ru(α-PocPivP)(CO)(1-MeIm) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The compound Ru(TPP)(CO)(1-MeIm) packs as one crystallographically independent porphyrin molecule with toluene solvate, whereas Ru(α-PocPivP)(CO)(1-MeIm) crystallizes as two crystallographically independent porphyrin molecules, molecule A and molecule B, with disordered solvate, modeled as water. In Ru(TPP)(CO)(1-MeIm) the Ru atom lies 0.032 A out of the 24-atom porphyrin plane toward the CO ligand. The RuCO bond angle is 179.3(2)° and the RuC(CO) and CO bond distances are 1.828(2) A and 1.147(3) A, respectively. The RuNax(1-MeIm) distance is 2.187(2) A, compared with an average RuNeq(porphine) distance of 2.058(3) A. The molecular structure of Ru(α-PocPivP)(CO)(1-MeIm), a sterically protected ‘pocket’ porphyrin, is more distorted than that of (Ru(α-PocPivP)(CO)(1-MeIm). In molecule A the Ru atom lies 0.03 A out of the 24-atom porphyrin plane toward the 1-MeIm ligand whereas in molecule B the Ru atom lies 0.01 A out of the porphyrin plane toward the CO ligand. For molecule A the RuC(CO) and CO bond distances are 1.82(3) A and 1.18(3) A, respectively, and the RuCO bond angle is 168(3)°. Respective values for molecule B are 1.82(2) A, 1.16(3) A, and 159(3)°. The MNax distances are 2.20(2) A and 2.16(2) A, respectively, for molecules A and B. The average MNeq distances are 2.03(3) A and 2.03(5) A. The CO stretching frequencies are 1939 cm−1 for Ru(TPP)(CO)(1-MeIm) and 1933 cm−1 for Ru(α-PocPivP)(CO)(1-MeIm). Crystallographic data for Ru(TPP)(CO)(1-MeIm): triclinic, C i 1 −P 1 , Z = 2, a = 9.796(2) A , b = 13.320(1) A , c = 17.618(2) A , α = 74.88(1)°, β = 87.97(1)°, γ = 83.23(1)°, T = 153 K , 9049 unique unique reflections, 579 variables, R(F) (F02 > 2σ(F02)) = 0.034, Rw(F2) = 0.094. Crystallographic data for Ru(α-PocPivP)(CO)(1-MeIm): orthorhombic, C 2v 9 −Pn2 1 a, Z = 8, a = 26.672(5) A , b = 32.243(6) A , c = 14.124(3) A , T = 150 K , 8006 unique reflections, 699 variables, R(F)(F02 > 2σ(F02)) = 0.113, Rw(F2) = 0.246.
Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in livers of cadmium-treated rats.

Abstract Groups of male Wistar rats were given 0, 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75 mg of Cd/kg body wt sc 3 days/week for 8 weeks. At the times sampled, the fraction of total cadmium administered in the liver and kidney (40–50% in the liver and 6% in the kidney) remained constant. Until Week 6, no differences were found in plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), γ-glytamyl transpeptidase (GT), and ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT) activities. At Week 6, GT and AAT activities became elevated. Small but significant changes in red blood cell carbonic anhydrase activity occurred at 6 and 8 weeks. Electron microscopic examination of liver tissue indicated dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and prolification of prominent connective tissue fiber bundles at Week 6. These results show a correlation between ultrastructural liver changes and elevations in plasma enzyme activities, which are usually considered to be indicative of chronic liver damage.
The Need Structure of Teachers Varying in Experience and Job Satisfaction

The influence of personality needs and occupational press as they affect Australian teachers remains largely unexplored. One hundred and twenty‐six Queensland teachers provided data for a study of need structure and job satisfaction by completing the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule and the Gross, Mason and McEachern H‐technique instrument. The data suggest that teaching is likely to be attractive to those who have low achievement needs and high deference needs, though the findings that satisfaction accompanies strong needs for affiliation and nurturance are difficult to reconcile with the view that teachers are discouraged from displaying warmth. That a low dominance need appears to accompany high job satisfaction might be taken as evidence that conformism rather than originality is encouraged in Australian teachers.
DEVOLATILIZATION STUDIES ON A BITUMINOUS COAL UNDER VARIOUS GAS ENVIRONMENTS

ABSTRACT Devolatilization of a bituminous coal was studied in the temperature range 3 50°C to 550°C and at two pressures: 30 psig and 375 psig. Three separate particle sizes were investigated: (−2, +l),(−4, +3) and (−9, +6) mm. The runs, lasting up to 30 minutes, were carried out under two different types of flowing gas environments: a synthetic gas mixture of composition similar to that entering the devolatilization zone from the gasification zone below in a fixed bed gasifier, and containing 3% steam by volume; and, a helium-steam mixture, also containing 3% steam by volume. The gas evolution rates from devolatilization show a peak at 5–10 minutes from the start of a run and then gradually taper off to zero as the run progresses. The concentration of methane in the off-gas stream is observed to be higher in the helium runs. There, however, is no significant effect of gas environment on the molecular weights of the tar, which show a maximum in the range 300–500. The tar yields, however, are higher for th...
Chemistry, biochemistry, and safety of acrylamide. A review.

Acrylamide (CH2CHCONH2), an industrially produced α,β-unsaturated (conjugated) reactive molecule, is used worldwide to synthesize polyacrylamide. Polyacrylamide has found numerous applications as a soil conditioner, in wastewater treatment, in the cosmetic, paper, and textile industries, and in the laboratory as a solid support for the separation of proteins by electrophoresis. Because of the potential of exposure to acrylamide, effects of acrylamide in cells, tissues, animals, and humans have been extensively studied. Reports that acrylamide is present in foods formed during their processing under conditions that also induce the formation of Maillard browning products heightened interest in the chemistry, biochemistry, and safety of this vinyl compound. Because exposure of humans to acrylamide can come from both external sources and the diet, a need exists to develop a better understanding of its formation and distribution in food and its role in human health. To contribute to this effort, this integrate...
Power in the classroom VII: Linking behavior alteration techniques to cognitive learning

The present investigation examined the relationship between use of Behavior Alteration Techniques (BATs) and student perceived cognitive learning in college classes. Arguing that BATs serve to gain student on‐task compliance which, in turn, is consistently associated with achievement, results indicated a substantial relationship between BAT use and cognitive learning on both absolute and relative measures of achievement. Supplementary analyses further indicated that students perceived “good”; teachers employing more of the BATs positively associated with learning, while “poor”; teachers employed more of the BATs negatively associated with learning. Relatively small differences in teacher BAT use were noted for courses in students’ major area of study versus those courses outside their major. Discussion centers on those BATs recommended for use which are associated with higher cognitive learning and which do not, simultaneously reduce students’ affect.
MgB 2 energy gap determination by scanning tunnelling spectroscopy

We report scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS) measurements of the gap properties of both ceramic MgB2 and c-axis oriented epitaxial MgB2 thin films. Both show a temperature dependent zero bias conductance peak and evidence for two superconducting gaps. We report tunnelling spectroscopy of superconductor–insulator–superconductor (S-I-S) junctions formed in two ways in addition to normal metal–insulator–superconductor (N-I-S) junctions. We find a gap Δ = 2.2–2.8 meV, with spectral features and temperature dependence that are consistent between S-I-S junction types. In addition, we observe evidence of a second, larger gap, Δ = 7.2 meV, consistent with a proposed two-band model.
Respiration of the pelagic Sargassum community

Abstract Respiration of the pelagic Sargassum community was determined at three stations along a transect from a Slope Water station off New Jersey to a position southeast of Bermuda. Total community respiration ranged from 9·6 ml O2 g dry wt. Sargassum−1hr−1 in the Sargasso Sea to 13·6 ml O2 g dry wt. Sargassum −1hr−1 at the Slope station. Community respiration was compartmentalized into epiphyte, macrofaunal, Sargassum, and microbial respiration. Microbial respiration was the most important component, contributing from 47 to 54% of the total uptake. Macrofaunal respiration accounted for 18 to 24% of the total community respiration, while Sargassum oxygen consumption contributed from 15 to 20%. Epiphyte respiration was more important in the Slope Water (18%) than in the Sargasso Sea (2–5%). The importance of the Sargassum community in the epipelagic zone is discussed.
Mechanism of the cyanide-catalyzed oxidation of α-ketoaldehydes and α-ketoalcohols

Cyanide catalyzes the reduction of dioxygen or of ferricytochrome c by dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The rapid initial phase of these reactions, but not the subsequent slow phase, was augmented by incubating the triose phosphate aerobically or anaerobically at pH 9.0 prior to adding the cyanide. The aerobic incubation, which was most effective, was associated with a decline in enediol, whereas the less effective anaerobic incubation was accompanied by an increase in enediol content. This suggested that the alpha-ketoaldehyde product of autoxidation of the enediol, rather than the enediol itself, was responsible for the rapid phase reaction which followed addition of cyanide. This was confirmed by exploring the cyanide-catalyzed oxidation of the alpha-ketoaldehyde, phenylglyoxal. The inhibitory effect of the manganese-containing superoxide dismutase indicated that O2- was a kinetically important intermediate of the rapid phase reaction. A reaction mechanism is proposed which is consistent with the results presented.
On the Representation of the Elasticity Tensor for Isotropic Materials

This note provides a different proof of the theorem concerning the representation of the elasticity 4-tensor for isotropic materials. Other relatively recent proofs may be found in [1]-[3].
Murine Osteochondral Stem Cells Express Collagen Type I More Strongly on PDMS Substrates Than on Tissue Culture Plastic

The discovery of the multipotent lineage of mesenchymal stem cells has dawned a new age in tissue engineering, where an autologous cell-seeded scaffold can be implanted into different therapeutic sites. Mesenchymal stem cells have been reported to differentiate into numerous anchorage-dependent cell phenotypes, including neurons, adipocytes, myoblasts, chondrocytes, tenocytes, and osteoblasts. A seminal work detailing that mesenchymal stem cells can be directed towards differentiation of different cell types by substrate stiffness alone [1] has led to numerous studies attempting to understand how cells can sense the stiffness of their substrate [2–3] Substrate stiffness has been shown to be an inducer of stem cell differentiation. MSCs on extremely soft substrates (250 Pa), similar to the stiffness of bone marrow, became quiescent but still retained their multipotency [4]. Elastic substrates in the stiffness range of 34 kPa revealed MSCs with osteoblast morphology, and osteocalcin along with other osteoblast markers were expressed [1]. However, osteogenesis has been found to increase on much stiffer (20–80 kPa) [5–6] (400 kPa) [7] as well as much softer substrates (75 Pa) [8]. Overall, cells have increased projected cell area and proliferation on stiffer substrates, leading to higher stress fiber formation. This study seeks to understand if the stiffness of the substrate has any effect on the differentiation potential of osteochondral progenitor cells into bone cells, using an in vitro dual fluorescent mouse model.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A Useful Solution for Estimating Contact Pressure Between a Plate and Foundation

Many manufacturing situations involve a finite thickness plate or layer of material which is pressed against a much thicker foundation of the same or different material. One key example is a blank holder (plate) pressed against a die (foundation) in a sheet metal forming operation. In designing such a plate/foundation system the design objective often involves the contact stress distribution between the plate and foundation and the design variables are typically the thickness and modulus of the plate, the stiffness of the foundation and the applied pressure distribution on the noncontacting side of the plate. In general the problem relating the variables to the contact pressure distribution is three-dimensional and requires a complex finite element or boundary element solution. However, if the applied pressure distribution consists of sufficiently localized patches, which is often the case in applications, then an approximate 3D solution can be constructed by superposition. Specifically, the paper provides a convenient calculation procedure for the contact pressure due to a single circular patch of applied pressure on an infinite, isotropic, elastic layer which rests on a Winkler foundation. The procedure is validated by using known analytical solutions and the finite element method (FEM). Next a sensitivity study is presented for ascertaining the validity of the solution's use in constructing solutions to practical problems involving multiple patches of loading. This is accomplished through a parametric study of the effects of loading radius, layer thickness, layer elastic properties, foundation stiffness and the form of the applied pressure distribution on the magnitude and extent of the contact pressure distribution. Finally, a procedure for determining an appropriate Winkler stiffness parameter for a foundation is presented.
Acute hepatitis with fatal outcome in a two-year-old child.

Summary In connection with acute hepatitis a two-year-old boy developed insufficiency of the liver ending in hepatic coma and death. Par suite d'une hepatite aigue, un enfant de deux ans developpa une grave insuffisance du foie, qui entraina la mort dans un tableau de coma hepatique.
Accuracy and variability of the movement in Fitts' and Schmidt's laws

In Schmidt's experiments, only properties of actually produced movements systems are measured; in Fitts' experiments, external task parameters are measured too (target size and distance). Thus, the laws contain variables of different natures and cannot be reduced to each other even formally. These difference especially reveals itself in modeling: a model of variability can be simpler if it deals with the performance variables only. On the other hand, modeling Fitts' law, one should take into account not only the human effector system but features of the experimental apparatus as well. These differences have not been sufficiently reflected in Plamondon & Alimi's target article.
Alternatives to anarchy: Africa's transition from agricultural to industrial societies

Abstract Policy makers, development assistance agencies, and the media paint a grim picture for Africa's twenty-first century. Famine, chaos, overpopulation, resource degradation, and anarchy are oft-cited buzzwords that have, in recent years, encouraged donors to abandon the continent. Africa is in trouble. But the buzzwords that precipitate donor withdrawal are symptoms, not causes. Africa is in trouble because the institutions of governance and management that external agencies have prescribed and national politicians embraced do not match the need. Colonial regimes in the early 20th century and development agencies in the later decades have imposed institutions of centralized decision-making at a time when most African states are navigating the treacherous shoals of transitions from agricultural to industrial societies. Central rule has enabled small and powerful elites to gain control of political and economic institutions and impose arbitrary and self-serving policies. Fragmented agricultural societies lack national institutions of accountability; many of Africa's people have therefore endured capricious rule with little opportunity for recourse. Alternatives exist to African anarchy. Poverty can be reduced, livelihoods improved, and resource degradation reversed. Eight brief case examples suggest how local planning and action, rooted in community based-institutions compatible with Africa's transition, have enabled village organizations to mobilize internal resources, link with external agencies, and implement action plans of their own design. Lessons learned suggest that structured and systematic tools that engage local people in decision-making can ease the agricultural-to-industrial transition, build local institutional capabilities, and strengthen the accountability that many Africa countries currently lack.