cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of adhesive bond properties using Lamb waves

This research combines laser ultrasonic techniques with the two-dimensional Fourier transform (2D-FFT) to characterize adhesive bond properties. The experimental procedure consists of measuring a series of equally spaced, transient Lamb waves in specimens consisting of aluminum plates joined with an adhesive bond. The frequency spectrum (dispersion curves) for each specimen are obtained by operating on these transient waveforms with the 2D-FFT. This study quantifies the effect of bond stiffness on the dispersion curves of two different bonded specimens (a single aluminum plate with an adhesive transfer tape attached to one side, and two aluminum plates joined with the same adhesive tape) and four adhesive bond conditions (un-aged, and three different aging temperatures and times). The proposed procedure consists of first determining the frequency spectrum of the Lamb waves that propagate in each of the two bonded specimens (plus a single plate); these measurements provide the dispersion curves for each specimen in their un-aged state. Degradation causes changes in the stiffness of an adhesive bond, which causes changes in the dispersion curves of the aged specimens. Experimentally measured dispersion curves are used to quantitatively track changes in the bonded specimens, as a function of age. Finally, these experimental results are interpreted in terms of an analytical model that replaces the adhesive bond layer with a linear spring boundary condition.
beta-endorphin suppresses adrenocorticotropin and cortisol levels in normal human subjects.

To determine the effect of beta-endorphin on the pituitary-adrenal axis, human synthetic beta-endorphin was infused iv in 10 normal human subjects. Either beta-endorphin (0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 micrograms/kg . min, each dose for 30 min) or a control (sham) infusion of 5% dextrose water was administered in a blind fashion in the same subjects on 2 successive days. Plasma ACTH and cortisol and serum human GH and PRL levels were measured 30 min before and then every 30 min for 210 min during and after both the beta-endorphin and control infusions. In all subjects, cortisol levels decreased below the basal level in response to the infusion of beta-endorphin. The threshold dose was 1.0 micrograms/kg . min, with the mean control cortisol level (12 +/- 2 micrograms/dl) declining significantly to 7 +/- 1 micrograms/dl (1.0 micrograms/kg . min) and 6 +/- 1 micrograms/dl (3.0 micrograms/kg . min; P less than 0.01). ACTH levels also were significantly lower than the control value (48 +/- 6 pg/ml) at the 1.0 microgram/kg . min dose (32 +/- 4 pg/ml; P less than 0.05). The decline in ACTH and cortisol levels was also significantly different from levels obtained during the control infusions (P = 0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively). The results are consistent with short feedback loop inhibition of pituitary ACTH release or suppression of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor release by beta-endorphin.
Colorimetry — methodology and applications∗

Color and appearance, those nebulous aspects of food acceptability which are taken for granted by most consumers, are coming under increasingly severe scrutiny. For this reason, it is essential that an adequate knowledge base for measurement be available to those working in the field. This base must be grounded upon the fact that color is a sensory phenomenon, and its measurement must include the physical, psychological, and physiological aspects. That is, measurement must involve tristimulus colorimetry, whether obtained by spectrophotometric or colorimetric techniques. It is the object of this article to review the general area of tristimulus colorimetry along with the techniques required for measurement. It is essential to include a section on the manipulation of data as well, since colorimetric data is often misused. Further treatment will be given to object-light interactions and how these affect not only measurement but sample perception, since manipulation of the physical parameters of the sample can affect the total appearance and color. Instruments and their usage will be reviewed so that decisions may be made on the correct instrument for a particular measuring system. In addition, a section will be devoted to on-line color measurement which may facilitate continuous processes. A final section of this article will deal with some advances in data manipulation and the development of new scales for color measurement. Fundamental colorimetric theory is essential in this area for proper usage. It is the aim of this paper to integrate theory with application in order to facilitate optimization of both the color of food and its measurement.
The Economics of Medicaid Dental Care: How Global Budget Methods Affect Reimbursement

The primary factor in level of participation by dentists in Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance (SCHIP) programs is the level of reimbursement received. The purpose of this article is to describe how the use of the global budget method used by managed care vendors, or their subcontractors, discourages dentists from participating in Medicaid/SCHIP programs, ultimately decreasing access to oral health care for the lower-income populations. The author posits that the global budget method is misapplied to Medicaid/SCHIP systems, and the experience of Missouri is used to demonstrate problems in reimbursement to dental providers.
Sputtering Products of Sodium Sulfate: Implications for Io's Surface and for Sodium-Bearing Molecules in the Io Torus☆

The composition of the sodium-bearing molecular ion cloud in the vicinity of Io may yield clues to Io's geochemistry. Likely Na-bearing source minerals are Na-sulfides and Na_2SO_4, with the relative composition depending on the distribution of thermal environments in the upper crust. These materials will be sputtered by co-rotating torus ions either from the surface or from atmospheric aerosols. Using laser postionization, we investigated the ion-sputtered neutral products of Na_2SO_4 to determine whether NaO in the Io torus might be a diagnostic indicator for sodium sulfate on Io's surface or in aerosols. With an ArF excimer laser (λ = 6.4 eV), single-photon saturation of the ionization step was achieved for NaS, Na_2O, and the combination Na_2S + Na_2O_2 at mass 78, while other species, including NaO, were close to saturation. Photofragmentation during the ionization step was minimal by all indications. The results predict sputtering ratios NaO/NaS > 8, Na_2O/NaS ∼8, Na_2/NaS ≥ 6, and Na/NaS ≥ 100. Multiphoton ionization was also attempted using a frequency-doubled (3.2-eV) Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser at high intensities, but saturation was not achieved for the major species, and there was evidence of photofragmentation. Velocity distributions of the sputter products show for the first time that significant fractions of sodium-bearing molecules can be sputtered into unbound trajectories from Io's surface, with escape fractions > 50% in the case of NaO. Combining relative sputter yields and velocity distributions gives escape ratios of NaO/NaS > 10, Na_2/NaS ∼ 6, and Na_2O/NaS ∼2.8 from Na_2SO_4. While absolute sputtering and escape ratios need to be compared for Na-sulfides versus Na_2SO_4, this work shows that, in the absence of significant modification by atmospheric chemical reactions, measurement of the neutral NaO/NaS ratio in the vicinity of Io could identify the major Na-bearing minerals.
Solution structure of hypothetical nudix hydrolase DR0079 from extremely radiation‐resistant Deinococcus radiodurans bacterium

Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based methods, including residual dipolar coupling restraints, we have determined the solution structure of the hypothetical Deinococcus radiodurans Nudix protein DR0079 (171 residues, MW = 19.3 kDa). The protein contains eight beta-strands and three alpha-helices organized into three subdomains: an N-terminal beta-sheet (1-34), a central Nudix core (35-140), and a C-terminal helix-turn-helix (141-171). The Nudix core and the C-terminal helix-turn-helix form the fundamental fold common to the Nudix family, a large mixed beta-sheet sandwiched between alpha-helices. The residues that compose the signature Nudix sequence, GX5EX7REUXEEXGU (where U = I, L, or V and X = any amino acid), are contained in a turn-helix-turn motif on the face of the mixed beta-sheet. Chemical shift mapping experiments suggest that DR0079 binds Mg2+. Experiments designed to determine the biological function of the protein indicate that it is not a type I isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase and that it does not bind alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate (AMPCPP) or guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate (GMPPNP). In this article, the structure of DR0079 is compared to other known Nudix protein structures, a potential substrate-binding surface is proposed, and its possible biological function is discussed.
Modeling interaural-delay sensitivity to frequency modulation at high frequencies

Interaural-delay sensitivity to high-frequency (⩾3 kHz) sinusoidal-frequency-modulated (SFM) tones is examined for rates from 25 to 800 Hz and depths of −12 to 18 dB. Comparison is made to thresholds obtained for sinusoidal-amplitude-modulated (SAM) tones for the same observers and modulation rates. Both SAM and SFM threshold-by-rate functions are U-shaped with optimum sensitivity to SFM tones occurring at higher rates (fm=200–400 Hz) compared to those for SAM tones (fm=100–200 Hz). Effects of modulation depth were examined for rates from 50 to 300 Hz. In all cases thresholds improved considerably with increasing modulation depth. It is also shown that a hybrid dichotic signal composed of an SFM tone presented to one ear and an SAM tone to the other, can perceptually fuse and be lateralized, with the contingency that both stimuli have equal modulation rates but not necessarily equal carrier frequencies. Using bandpass noise to restrict off-frequency listening, it was shown that for this stimulus, observer...
Corpus Luteum and Fetoplacental Functions in Monkeys Hypophysectomized During Late Pregnancy

The hormonal regulation of corpus luteum (CL) function during late pregnancy was studied in hypophysectomized monkeys. Between days 149–154 of gestation, 9 days after hypophysectomy, progesterone in the uteroovarian vein (UOV), uterine vein (UV) and peripheral circulation (P) averaged 179.7 ng/ml, 38.9 ng/ml and 5.5 ng/ml, respectively. Amniotic fluid prolactinranged from 2150-6700 ng/ml and monkey chorionic somatomammotropin (mCS) in mothers carrying live fetuses ranged from 11.4-30.8 pig/ml in the UV and P. Prolactin and monkey chorionic gonadotropin in the UV and P were low or nondetectable as was mCS in 2 mothers carrying dead fetuses. CL function was further studied 7 and 39 days after removal of the fetus alone or both the fetus and placenta. Placental delivery was extremely variable, ranging from 2–>63 days post-fetectomy. Although progesterone was not detectable in the P 7 days after cesareansection in those animals in which both fetus and placenta were absent, surprisingly, progesterone was measu...
Ventricular arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Incidence, risk factors and long-term prognosis

The incidence, risk factors and long-term prognosis of complex ventricular arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass graft surgery are not known. Complex ventricular arrhythmias are defined as Lown grades 4a (couplets), 4b (ventricular tachycardia) and 5 (R on T phenomenon). Ninety-two patients with normal left ventricular function who underwent elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery were prospectively evaluated. Ventricular arrhythmias were documented by predischarge 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring; 43% of patients had no or simple ventricular arrhythmias (Lown grades 1 to 3) and 57% had complex ventricular arrhythmias. Risk factors analyzed included age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, preoperative digoxin or propranolol therapy, cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic crossclamp time, number of vessels bypassed, peak creatine kinase (CK) elevation and pericarditis. No risk factor identified patients at higher risk for complex ventricular arrhythmias. Patients were followed up for 6 to 24 months (mean 16). Patients with complex ventricular arrhythmias did not have a higher incidence of sudden death, cardiac death, syncope, angina, myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident. It was concluded that: 1) Complex ventricular arrhythmias are common after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. 2) None of the risk factors considered identify high risk patients. 3) Complex ventricular arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass graft surgery do not indicate a poor prognosis in patients with normal left ventricular function.
Oxidative phosphorylation in fractionated bacterial systems. 43. Coupling factors associated with the NAD+ linked electron transport pathway

Oxidative phosphorylation with the cell-free system from Mycobacterium phlei is dependent on the presence of both the particulate and soluble fractions. While the particles contain the bulk of the respiratory components, the soluble fraction contains a number of dehydrogenases which are necessary to initiate electron transport and protein components which are necessary for the coupling process. The supernatant components necessary for restoration of phosphorylation were resolved into two different coupling factors which appear to operate at different phosphorylative sites. The purified coupling factors appear to be protein in nature. The phosphorylation restored on addition of the purified coupling factors to the electron transport particles was found to be sensitive to uncoupling agents. The purified coupling factors were found to contain some ATPase, adenylate kinase, 14C-ADP-ATP and 32Pi-ATP exchange activities. Antibodies prepared to either of the coupling factors was found to be specific for the coupling protein to which it was prepared. In addition, the antibodies were found to inhibit the phosphorylation elicited by that coupling factor. An additional coupling factor was found to be bound to the electron transport particles. The particulate bound factor was released from the particles by treatment with 1.0 m urea. The level of phosphorylation was increased by a combination of the different coupling factors. The coupling factors had no significant effect on the level of oxidation.
Therapeutic modalities in hand surgery

Therapeutic modalities are useful adjuncts in the rehabilitation of many patients commonly seen by hand surgeons. Therapeutic heat, cold, electrical stimulation, and laser and magnetic field treatments are evaluated for their respective mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, and clinical results. The majority of therapeutic modalities have been extensively investigated and relevant basic science and randomized well-controlled clinical studies addressing the efficacy of therapeutic modalities are emphasized.
Ethical Dilemmas Associated With Self-Disclosure in Student Writing

Personal and reflective writing assignments in psychology courses may prompt self-disclosure that presents ethical dilemmas. The literature discusses responsibilities of the psychologist in instances such as disclosure of suicidal ideation or threats of harming others within the context of the therapist-client relationship, but significantly less so within the professor-student relationship. I review relevant models of ethical decision making, ethics codes, case law, and related research and propose an ethical decision making guideline for addressing student self-disclosure. I offer additional suggestions for ethical decision making, based on the current American Psychological Association Code of Ethics (2002), and for future research endeavors in this area.
Health Issues and Policy Options

The high cost and inefficiency of the United States' health care system has been widely documented. These problems, augmented by increased government financing of the health cost spiral, have led policymakers to search frantically for programs and strategies which can interject a modicum of rationality back into the health care field. There has been general agreement among health care analysts about the need to control costs and even the principal causes of these rapid increases. However, there has been less agreement on appropriate and effective solutions. The following analysis will provide an overview of current problems and proposed solutions.
Seven Cases of Trilateral Retinoblastoma

Of 245 consecutive children with retinoblastoma referred to the Oncology Service at the Wills Eye Hospital between January 1974 and August 1988 and followed up for three months to 15 years, seven (3%) developed midline intracranial malignancies consistent with the diagnosis of trilateral retinoblastoma. Six of the seven had bilateral retinoblastoma, and four had a family history of retinoblastoma. The time of diagnosis of retinoblastoma varied between five months after the intracranial tumor was diagnosed and four years before the intracranial tumor was diagnosed. The midline intracranial malignancies were pineal tumors (five cases), suprasellar neuroblastoma (one case), and a parasellar undifferentiated calcified mass (one case). Despite control of the intraocular tumors, five of the seven children have died of the intracranial tumors.
Seminoma in a 46, XX true hermaphrodite with positive H-Y antigen. A case report

This case study represents the first report of a 46, XX phenotypic male true hermaphrodite with a pure seminoma. Serologic testing of tissue demonstrated the presence of the H-Y antigen. This finding supports the theory that the H-Y gene is essential for primary sex determination and raises the possibility that it may also be the specific factor responsible for malignant degeneration of dysgenetic gonads. Cancer 53:1181-1184, 1984.
Characterization and cloning of fasciclin III: A glycoprotein expressed on a subset of neurons and axon pathways in Drosophila

To identify candidates for neuronal recognition molecules in Drosophila, we used monoclonal antibodies to search for surface glycoproteins expressed on subsets of axon bundles (or fascicles) during development. Here we report on the characterization and cloning of fasciclin III, which is expressed on a subset of neurons and axon pathways in the Drosophila embryo. Fasciclin III is also expressed at other times and places including transient segmentally repeated patches in the neuroepithelium and segmentally repeated stripes in the body epidermis. Antisera generated against each of four highly related forms of the protein were used for cDNA expression cloning to identify a single gene, which was confirmed to encode fasciclin III by tissue in situ hybridization and genetic deficiency analysis.
Primary Waking Suggestibility and Classical Conditioning of Word Meaning

Primary waking suggestibility has been related to both instrumental and classical conditioning. The nature of language mediational processes in suggestibility is most closely connected with classical conditioning mechanisms. However, methodological and empirical difficulties render ambiguous the previous research on classical conditioning interpretations. The present study extended the procedures for language (higher-order classical) conditioning of evaluative word meaning to investigate the nature and function of suggestibility. The results were that the classical conditioning of word meaning was not predicted by suggestibility. These and other data indicate that suggestibility is not mediated by classically conditioned verbal processes but may be based on instrumental conditioning functions.
Comparison of clips versus sutures in orthopaedic wound closure

A prospective randomised trial was conducted to compare the use of skin clips versus interrupted nylon sutures in uncomplicated orthopaedic wound closure. Non-blinded wound assessment for complications and outcome (cosmesis) was performed on day 13 when the clips/sutures were removed. Average time for removal of each clip/suture was calculated for each wound. Also, an assessment of patient pain during removal was made using a patient-completed visual analogue scoring system (VAS). No statistically significant difference was found in wound healing and cosmesis between the clip and suture group at follow-up. Clip removal with the special clip remover was found to be quicker and less painful (p=0.001). There was good patient satisfaction with the use of skin clips over nylon sutures. We recommend the use of skin clips, using an assistant to evert the wound edges, as an efficient form of wound closure in most uncomplicated orthopaedic procedures.
Factors Involved in Clinician Adoption and Nonadoption of Evidence‐Based Interventions in Mental Health

With the development of empirically supported psychological treatments and the growing mandate for evidence-based practice, the dissemination and implementation of interventions with proven efficacy has assumed a growing sense of urgency. One barrier to the implementation of new procedures involves
Compensating for Mismatch in High-Level Speaker Recognition

Speaker recognition using high-level features has been a successful area of exploration. Features obtained from many different levels?phones, words, prosodic events, etc.?are used to characterize the speaker. A good modeling technique for these features is the support vector machine (SVM). SVMs model the n-gram frequencies from speaker utterances in a high-dimensional SVM feature space and have shown excellent performance over a wide variety of high-level features. A complimentary method of recent exploration in SVM speaker recognition is the use of nuisance attribute projection (NAP). NAP removes directions from SVM feature space that are superfluous to the task of speaker recognition?channel information, session variability, etc. In this paper, we consider the application of NAP to high-level speaker recognition. We describe the difficulties in applying this method and propose solutions. We also conduct experiments showing that NAP can reduce variability in SVM feature space leading to improved performance.
Incidence of ionized gas in E/SO radio galaxies

SEVERAL nearby E and SO galaxies are known to contain weak (Lrad∼1039erg s−1) radio sources1–3. Heeschen4 found that these sources fall into two distinct classes: ‘extended’ sources with steep radio spectra and sizes comparable to their parent galaxies, and ‘compact’ sources with flat spectra, which are centred on the optical nucleus and have sizes smaller than a few arc s. Although ionised gas is generally inconspicuous in E/SO galaxies, spectroscopy of ∼24 E/SO radio sources3,5,6 suggests a high incidence of optical emission lines in galaxies with compact radio structure. The two best-known examples, NGC1052 and NGC4278, have, in addition to unusually strong emission lines, abnormal amounts of neutral hydrogen7–9, and this has led to the speculation10 that radio outbursts in early type galaxies are fuelled by accretion of neutral gas, possibly from intergalactic clouds. As part of an optical study of E/SO sources with flux densities higher than 20 mJy from the deep Arecibo radio survey of Dressel and Condon11, we have recently obtained spectrophotometry of 57 objects which makes the radio structure–optical line emission correlation more definitive. The 2,380 MHz Arecibo survey of bright Uppsala General Catalogue galaxies included 2,095 objects with 0°≤δ≤+37°. 24% of the E, and 12% of the SO galaxies were detected at the 5σ level (S2380>15 mJy). Interferometer observations12 of the brighter sources allowed separation into the compact (CRS) or extended (ERS) categories; continuing work with higher resolution indicates that several ERS objects have a well-defined double structure (J. J. Condon, personal communication). The optical observations were made with the image dissector scanner on the Kitt Peak National Observatory 2.1 m telescope in December 1977. The scanner was operated with an 8.4-arc s diameter entrance aperture, which yielded an effective resolution of ∼ 11 A. Scans covered λλ 3400–5200. We confine our attention here to [O II] λ 3727, which is expected to be ∼ 10 times stronger against the galaxy background in objects with spectra like NGC1052 (ref. 8) than is Hβ.
EVOLUTION OF DORMANCY AND ITS PHOTOPERIODIC CONTROL IN PITCHER-PLANT MOSQUITOES.

Phenotypic characters which vary over a wide geographic range are not unusual. Good examples relating ecogeographic characters to specific environmental variables are less frequently encountered and usually correlate a physiological function with some aspect of environmental temperature (Brown and Lee, 1969; Snyder and Weathers, 1975; Moore, 1950; Ruibal, 1955; Volpe, 1957). Photoperiodism is also an ecogeographic character and correlates closely with altitude, latitude, and growing season (Danilevskii et al., 1970; Danilevskii, 1965; Masaki, 1972; Bradshaw, 1976). Since natural selection will favor adaptation to a combination of climatic factors impinging upon an organism, ecogeographic characters like photoperiodism which provide a link between the organism and climate in general are more likely to correlate with geography than a character relating to only one aspect of climate. In our current study, we examine the effects of latitude, altitude, and longitude on photoperiodism and dormancy of pitcherplant dwelling mosquitoes in eastern North America. The range of the purple pitcher-plant, Sarracenia purpurea Lin. extends from the Gulf Coast of the United States north to Labrador and west to Manitoba (McDaniel, 1971). Throughout most of this range, the water-filled leaves serve
Metabolic Compartmentation in Living Cells: Structural Association of Aldolase☆

The glycolytic enzyme aldolase is concentrated in a domain around stress fibers in living Swiss 3T3 cells, but the mechanism by which aldolase is localized has not been revealed. We have recently identified a molecular binding site for F-actin on aldolase, and we hypothesized that this specific binding interaction, rather than a nonspecific mechanism, is responsible for localizing aldolase in vivo. In this report, we have used fluorescent analog cytochemistry of a site-directed mutant of aldolase to demonstrate that actin-binding activity localizes this molecule along stress fibers in quiescent cells and behind active ruffles in the leading edge of motile cells. The specific cytoskeletal association of aldolase could play a structural role in cytoplasm, and it may contribute to metabolic regulation, metabolic compartmentation, and/or cell motility. Functional duality may be a widespread feature among cytosolic enzymes.
The early stages of GP zone formation in naturally aged Ai-4 wt pct cu alloys

The early stages of the room temperature decomposition of supersaturated solid solutions of Al-4 wt pct Cu alloys have been investigated. Diffuse satellites have been found to flank fundamental reflections in electron diffraction patterns prior to the formation of the platelike GP zones. These are herein interpreted as evidence for the occurrence of spinodal decomposition at room temperature. The development of GP zones from the modulated microstructure is documented by the bright field and weak beam dark field techniques. This continuous formation of GP zones is then interpreted in terms of Cahn’s later stage spinodal theory.
Anytime computation algorithms for stochastically parametric approach-evasion differential games

We consider an approach-evasion differential game where the inputs of one of the players are upper bounded by a random variable. The game enjoys the order preserving property where a larger relaxation of the random variable induces a smaller value function. Two numerical computation algorithms are proposed to asymptotically recover the expected value function. The performance of the proposed algorithms is compared via a stochastically parametric homicidal chauffeur game. The algorithms are also applied to the scenario of merging lanes in urban transportation.
Isopiestic Determination of the Osmotic and Activity Coefficients of K2SO4(aq) at the Temperatures 298.15 and 323.15 K, and Revision of the Thermodynamic Properties of the K2SO4 + H2O System

Isopiestic vapor-pressure measurements were made for K2SO4(aq) from (0.228 to 0.740) mol·kg-1 at 298.15 K and from (0.200 to 0.957) mol·kg-1 at 323.15 K, using NaCl(aq) as the isopiestic reference standard. These isopiestic measurements extend to saturation at 323.15 K and to slightly above saturation at 298.15 K. There are no previous isopiestic studies for K2SO4(aq) at 323.15 K. Thermodynamic properties from the literature for the potassium sulfate + water system and the present measurements were used to generate equations that represent the thermodynamic properties of this system from the freezing point of the aqueous solution to 500 K. The measured values included for least-squares estimation of the model parameters spanned the temperature range approximately 271 K to 530 K for K2SO4(aq).
Life Is Not an “Outcome”: Reflections on Recovery as an Outcome and as a Process

It is has repeatedly been said within the recovery movement that the term “recovery” may refer both to a process as well as to an outcome (cf., e.g., Anthony, 1993; Bellack, 2006; Davidson & Roe, 2...
A Treatment for memory problems in left hemisphere CVA patients

Abstract Several studies have reported improvements in memory functioning of left hemisphere brain-damaged patients with the use of visual imagery mnemonic technique. Research on this topic reported to date has not included a control group of brain-damaged patients trained in other mnemonic techniques. The present research was designed to control for placebo effects, to determine if the visual imagery is essential for memory improvement, if the effect is durable, and if it can be applied to memory for word lists and sentences. The sample consisted of thirty male, right-handed, Speech Therapy Clinic patients who had suffered left hemisphere cerebral vascular accidents (CVA's). Subjects were taught to remember paired associates with a visual imagery mnemonic technique, or with verbal mediation. Memory scores were significantly higher with the visual imagery technique (p≤.001). Visual imagery was also found more effecitve than rote repetition with encouragement, when the subjects actually use the technique p...
Postcolonial African practical theology: Rituals of remembrance, cleansing, healing and re-connection

The paper is a discussion of an international ceremony of remembrance, cleansing, healing and reconciliation enacted on the shores of Ghana in 2007 for Diasporan Africans seeking to reverse the horrors of the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. It shows how the ritual is an illustration of postcolonial African practical theology occuring on the margins of the institutional African churches. It demonstrates the relevance of ritual in pastoral practices of cleansing, healing and reconciliation.
An analysis of the long-term trend in ozone data from two Houston, Texas monitoring sites

Abstract This paper uses the theory of extreme values to estimate the long-term trend in the probability that ozone measurements made at two monitoring sites in Houston, TX exceed a threshold level specified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In addition, a bootstrap testing procedure is used to test if the trend is statistically significant. The analysis takes into account the correlation in the series of daily ozone readings, seasonality in the data, and missing values in the ozone series. The empirical results indicate a downward trend in the probability of exceeding the EPA's specified threshold level at both sites. However, the magnitude of the downward trend is much greater at one site than at the other, even though both sites are in Houston. In fact, hypothesis testing results suggest that only one site has a statistically significant trend in the long-term probability of an exceedance.
Braking Magnets for Watt-Hour Meters

The function of a braking magnet for a watt-hour meter is to produce a retarding torque acting to balance the electromagnetic driving torque. This retarding torque must be strictly proportional to the velocity of the disk for the watt-hour meter to register accurately. This is readily seen from a consideration of the fundamental watt-hour meter equation.1
Methacholine Challenge Testing*: Comparison of the Two American Thoracic Society-Recommended Methods

Study objectives Recent American Thoracic Society guidelines recommend two different methods of methacholine challenge testing: the 2-min tidal breathing method with twofold increases in concentration, and the five-breath dosimeter method with fourfold increases. Since the tidal breathing method delivers more methacholine to the mouthpiece, we hypothesized that the provocative concentration of methacholine required to decrease FEV 1 by 20% (PC 20 ) would be lower than with the dosimeter method. Design Twelve subjects 18 to 45 years old with stable asthma were selected on the basis of a screening PC 20 (by tidal breathing) of Results The geometric mean PC 20 was 1.8 mg/mL (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7 to 4.3) after tidal breathing and 1.6 mg/mL (95% CI, 0.7 to 3.7) after dosimeter (p = 0.2). There was no significant difference between the screening PC 20 and the PC 20 obtained by either method on randomized study days. The maximum decrease in FEV 1 from diluent baseline after the last concentration was 27.8% (range, 20 to 50%) during tidal breathing and 27.9% (range, 16 to 47%) during the dosimeter method (p = 0.35). Conclusions Both methods give similar results. Fourfold increases in methacholine concentration with the dosimeter method are as safe as twofold increases with the tidal breathing method.
Design of Support Systems for Cognitive Work in Airline Operations

Presented at the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Aviation Technology, Integration and Operations Conference (ATIO).
Groups with few non-nilpotent subgroups

Let G be a non-nilpotent group in which all proper subgroups are nilpotent. If G is finite then G is soluble [18], and a classification of such groups is given in [14]. The paper [12]. of Newman and Wiegold discusses infinite groups with this property. Clearly such a group is either finitely generated or locally nilpotent. Many interesting results concerning the finitely generated case are established in [12]. Since the publication of that paper there have appeared the examples due to Ol'shanskii and Rips (see [13]) of finitely generated infinite simple p-groups all of whose proper nontrivial subgroups have order p, a prime. Following [12], let us say that a group G is an AN-group if it is locally nilpotent and non-nilpotent with all proper subgroups nilpotent. A complete description is given in Section 4 of [12] of AN-groups having maximal subgroups. Every soluble AN-gvoup has locally cyclic derived factor group and is a p-group for some prime p ([12; Lemma 4.2]). The only further information provided in [12] on AN-groups without maximal subgroups is that they are countable. Four years or so after the publication of [12], there appeared the examples of Heineken and Mohamed [5]: for every prime p there exists a metabelian, non-nilpotent p-group G having all proper subgroups nilpotent and subnormal; further, G has no maximal subgroups and so G/G' is a Prufer p-group in each case.
Simulation of Low Speed Gas Flow Over Backward Facing Step in Microchannels

Proper design of thermal management solutions for future nano-scale electronics or photonics will require knowledge of flow and transport through micron-scale ducts. As in the macro-scale conventional counterparts, such micron-scale flow systems would require robust simulation tools for early-stage design iterations. This paper concentrates on such a flow process, namely pressure-driven gas flow over a backward facing step in a microchannel. A well-known particle-based method, Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) is used as the simulation tool. Separating the macroscopic velocity from the molecular velocity through the use of the Information Preservation (IP) method eliminates the high-level of statistical noise as typical in DSMC calculations of low-speed flows. The non-isothermal IP method is further modified to incorporate the pressure boundary conditions, which are expected to be more prevalent in design of thermal management systems. The applicability of the method in solving a real flow situation is verified using the backward facing step flow in a micro geometry. The flow and heat transfer mechanisms at different pressures in Knudsen transient regime are investigated. The range of parameters for this investigation are: Re from 0.03 to 0.64, Ma from 0.013 to 0.083, and Kn from 0.24 to 4.81, all based on maximum values.© 2006 ASME
Chronic food restriction alters μ and κ opioid receptor binding in the parabrachial nucleus of the rat: a quantitative autoradiographic study

Abstract Using quantitative autoradiography, it was previously observed that chronic food restriction alters μ and κ receptor binding in several regions of the rat forebrain. The present autoradiographic study was designed to investigate whether food restriction affects regional μ and κ binding in the brainstem. [ 3 H]DAGO (It,) and μ/δ blocked [ 3 H]BMZ (κ) binding were analyzed in 21 brainstem regions. A signficant decrease in μ binding was observed in the external lateral and external medial subnuclei of the parabrachial nucleus while a significant increase in κ binding was observed in the external lateral subnucleus. The possible functional significance of these changes is discussed.
The mutator phenotype in cancer: molecular mechanisms and targeting strategies.

Normal human cells replicate their DNA with exceptional accuracy. It has been estimated that approximately one error occurs during DNA replication for each 109 to 1010 nucleotides polymerized. In contrast, malignant cells exhibit multiple chromosomal abnormalities and contain tens of thousands of alterations in the nucleotide sequence of nuclear DNA. To account for the disparity between the rarity of mutations in normal cells and the large numbers of mutations present in cancer, we have hypothesized that during tumor development, cancer cells exhibit a mutator phenotype. As a defining feature of cancer, the mutator phenotype remains an as-yet unexplored therapeutic target: by reducing the rate at which mutations accumulate it may be possible to significantly delay tumor development; conversely, the large number of mutations in cancer may make cancer cells more sensitive to cell killing by increasing the mutation rate. Here we summarize the evidence for the mutator phenotype hypothesis in cancer and explore how the increased frequency of random mutations during the evolution of human tumors provides new approaches for the design of cancer chemotherapy.
The isoproterenol stress test in unanesthetized atherosclerotic rabbits.

SummaryIsoproterenol infusion was employed as a cardiac stress test in unanesthetized, atherosclerotic rabbits. In addition to tachycardia, isoproterenol infusion caused ischemic S-T segment depression of the electrocardiogram. Propranolol (0.1 and 1 mg/kg, iv), given during isoproterenol infusion, reversed the tachycardia and S-T segment depression. Nitroglycerin (100 μg/kg, iv) reversed the ischemic S-T segment depression but did not affect the tachycardia. Dipyridamole (250 μg/kg) tended to exacerbate S-T segment depression, and had no effect on the tachycardia. The effects of nitroglycerin and dipyridamole in these animals correlated well with clinical results, i.e. nitroglycerin had a beneficial effect whereas dipyridamole did not. We conclude that the stress of isoproterenol infusion is as useful as atrial pacing in this experimental model of angina pectoris.
The top quark

Abstract The top quark has probably been found at last, produced in very high energy proton-antiproton collisions. This article reviews the history of the discovery of the six quark types and their fundamental partners, the six lepton types (electrons, neutrinos etc.).
Analysis of Products Formed during Bleomycin-Mediated DNA Degradation†

By the use of DNA, copolymers of defined nucleotide composition, and a synthetic dodecanucleotide having putative bleomycin cleavage sites in proximity to the 5'- and 3'-termini, the products formed concomitant with DNA strand scission have been isolated and subjected to structural identification and quantitation via direct comparison with authentic synthetic samples. The products of DNA strand scission by Fe(II)-bleomycin include oligonucleotides having each of the four possible nucleoside 3'-(phosphoro-2''-O-glycolates) at their 3'-termini, as well as the four possible base propenals. At least for 3-(adenin-9'-yl)propenal and 3-(thymin-1'-yl)propenal, the products formed were exclusively of the trans configuration.
TAp63γ regulates hOGG1 and repair of oxidative damage in cancer cell lines

We showed that TAp63gamma regulates hOGG1. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we found that TAp63gamma binds to the hOGG1 promoter. Reintroduction of wild-type TAp63gamma into HEK 293 cells, induced transcription of hOGG1 promoter, leading to increase in RNA and protein. Using RNAi studies, we observed that TAp63gamma-RNAi resulted in reduced hOGG1 RNA and protein in HeLa cells. This decrease in hOGG1 expression was associated with reduced cell viability upon oxidative damage. Taken together, our results indicate that hOGG1 is a direct target of TAp63gamma, suggesting a role for TAp63gamma in oxidative damage and repair.
Inducing optimally directed innovative designs from chemical engineering first principles

A computational methodology is presented for the innovation of chemical engineering designs from first principle equations developed from the fundamental physics, chemistry, manufacturing and safety constraints of a system. The 1stPRINCE methodology, originally developed for mechanical design, generates optimally directed novel designs from previously known configurations. Design space expansion is performed by dimensional variable expansion which expands a design into multiple regions with independent properties. Symbolic optimization directs the search within the design space via monotonicity analysis. Trends over generations of designs are observed and the limiting designs are determined. In some design problems the 1stPRINCE methodology eliminates the need for a prepostulated superstructure for finding the optimal solution. The domain independence of 1stPRINCE is demonstrated in an application to the innovative design of a mixed flow reactor for maximum conversion.
Long-Run Gasoline demand for passenger cars: the role of income distribution

It is commonly agreed that the level of income and prices are crucial determinants of the consumption of motor gasoline. The respective long run price and income elasticities are regularly calculated using cross sectional models. Despite the acknowledgement of the role of income distribution, it plays no role in intercountry cross sectional models. This is due to a lack of appropriate data. This paper shows that the omission of distributional characteristics provides misleading elasticities. Using available distributional measures this paper is referring to an income threshold, which is crucial to the acquisition of an automobile. It is shown that on the one hand, in poor countries an unequal income distribution is needed to enable at least some people to buy automobiles. On the other hand, in wealthy countries an unequal income distribution would exclude some people from acquiring automobiles. Hence, depending on the income level, inequality has a diverging impact on the ability to buy durable goods. The second part of this paper develops a pooled 90-country model to examine this approach empirically. It could be shown that distribution variables are highly significant to explain the demand for automobiles and motor gasoline. Moreover, the consideration of the distribution of income leads to a considerable decrease in income elasticity values. This is mainly due to the positive correlation between income level and income equality within the sample.
Inactivation of enzymes by therapeutic concentrations of aspirin and salicylate.

OUR recent report on the rapid inactivation of enzymes by high concentrations of salicylate and acetylsalicylate1 has received much attention. This report implicated salicylates in the phenomena of chemotrophic regulation2. We now investigate whether similar effects occur with therapeutic concentrations of salicylates.
Impact of natural chemokine receptor polymorphisms on perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

The rate of progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease exhibits an extraordinary variation among individuals. The most commonly transmitted strains of HIV-1 fuse with their target cells after interacting with CD4 and the CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). CCR5 is the major co-receptor for the most commonly transmitted strains of HIV-1 (Alkhatib, ’96; Choe, ’96; Deng, ’96; Doranz, ’96; Dragic, ’96). Over the past few years, several mutations in CCR5 have been identified as natural genetic polymorphisms that are able to influence the probability of acquiring HIV-1 infection or to affect the rate of disease progression, in infected adults or infants (Buseyne, ’88; Dean, ’96; Huang, ’96; Liu, ’96; Samson, ’96; Michael, ’97; Zimmerman, ’97; Shearer, ’98). A deletion of 32nucleotides in the CCR5 gene (denoted CCR5-D32) results in a truncated protein that is not expressed on the cell surface; individuals homozygous for this deletion have an absolute resistance to infection by CCR5-using HIV-1 variants (Dean, ’96; Liu, ’96; Samson, ’96), whereas heterozygotes for CCR5-D32 do not resist HIV-1 infection, but progress more frequently to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Another mutation in a closely linked chemokine receptor gene, CCR2, also affects HIV-1 disease progression. This mutation, denoted CCR2-64I, is a G-to-A substitution that results in a replacement of valine with isoleucine at position 64 of the CCR2 protein (Smith, ’97). The homozygous CCR2-64I/64I phenotype has no effect on HIV-1 transmission but is associated with a delayed progression to disease (Smith, ’97; Kostrikis, ’98). Several genetic variations have recently been identified within the CCR5 regulatory region (Mummidi, ’97, ’98; Kostrikis, ’98; Martin, ’98; McDermott, ’98), some of which have been reported recently to affect the rate of disease progression in adults (Martin, ’98; McDermott, ’98; Mummidi, ’98).
Radiographic demonstration of small intestinal villi on routine clinical studies

The radiographic demonstration of the small intestinal villi is reported. The villi were demonstrable with both single- and double-contrast methods on routine clinical studies. The primary requirement for their delineation appears to be employment of a high-resolution radiographic system.
SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS. B. GROSS STRUCTURE IN THE ADULT MONKEY.

Dorsal and ventral roots were dissected bilaterally on spinal cords of adult monkeys: six rhesus, six irus and three baboons. Measurements made were: the distance between the uppermost cord attachments of successive nerve roots (segment length); the distance between the uppermost and lowermost fila within each root (root attachment length); and the distance beween the lowermost fila of one root and the uppermost fila of the subjacent root (interroot length). Segment lengths, dorsally and ventrally, are essentially alike within each species. In rhesus the average at various levels ranges from 4½ mm in cervical and sacral to 12½ mm in lower thoracic; in irus, from 4 mm in cervical and sacral to 10 mm in lower thoracic; in the baboon, from 5½ mm in cervical and sacral to 19 mm in lower thoracic. Within each species the dorsal and ventral root attachment lengths are similar, as are the interroot lengths, except in the lower thoracic levels. There dorsal interroot lengths range up to 3 mm longer than ventral. Cross sectional areas of the various levels were planimetrically determined. Within each species the largest areas are at lower cervical and lower lumbar levels. Individual segment volumes were calculated. In rhesus and irus these vary only about 60 mm3 from the largest to the smallest segment, excluding sacrocaudal levels. In baboon this difference is as much as 260 mm3.