cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Algorithmic self-calibration for optimized 3D quantitative differential phase contrast microscopy

3D differential phase contrast (3D DPC) microscopy uses asymmetric illumination patterns and axial scanning to recover volumetric maps of refractive index. To avoid the expense of automated axial scanning, we demonstrate 3D DPC without a z-stage by hand spinning the microscope’s defocus knob to scan the object axially while updating illumination patterns on the LED-array microscope. We utilize an inverse problem optimization to retrieve the sample’s volumetric information with measurements from unknown axial positions by jointly solving for each measurement’s axial position. Finally, we explore how to optimize the LED-array illumination patterns for varying axial sampling rates.
Delivered dose with jet and mesh nebulisers during spontaneous breathing, noninvasive ventilation and mechanical ventilation using adult lung models.

What is the delivered dose with jet and mesh nebulisers during spontaneous breathing (SB), noninvasive ventilation (NIV), and mechanical ventilation (MV) using an adult lung model with exhaled humidity (EH)? The delivery of salbutamol sulfate (2.5 mg per 3 mL) with jet (Mistymax10) and mesh nebulisers (Aerogen Solo) was compared during SB, NIV, and MV using breathing parameters (tidal volume 450 mL, respiratory rate 20 breaths per min, inspiratory:expiratory ratio 1:3) with three lung models simulating exhaled humidity. A manikin was attached to a sinusoidal pump via a filter at the bronchi to simulate an adult with SB. A ventilator (V60) was attached via a facemask to a manikin with a filter at the bronchi connected to a test lung to simulate an adult receiving NIV. A ventilator-dependent adult was simulated through a ventilator (Servo-i) operated with a heated humidifier (Fisher & Paykel) attached to an endotracheal tube (ETT) with a heated-wire circuit. The ETT was inserted into a filter (Respirgard II). A heated humidifier was placed between the filter and test lung to simulate exhaled humidity (35±2°C, 100% relative humidity). Nebulisers were placed at the Y-piece of the inspiratory limb during MV and positioned between the facemask and the leak-port during NIV. A mouthpiece was used during SB. The delivered dose was collected in an absolute filter that was attached to the bronchi of the mannequin during each aerosol treatment and measured with spectrophotometry. Drug delivery during MV was significantly greater than during NIV and SB with a mesh nebuliser (p=0.0001) but not with a jet nebuliser (p=0.384). Delivery efficiency of the mesh nebuliser was greater than the jet nebuliser during MV (p=0.0001), NIV (p=0.0001), and SB (p=0.0001). Aerosol deposition obtained with a mesh nebuliser was greater and differed between MV, NIV, and SB, while deposition was low with a jet nebuliser and similar between the modes of ventilation tested.
Variance associated with the use of relative velocity for force platform gait analysis in a heterogeneous population of clinically normal dogs

Factors that contribute to variance in ground reaction forces (GRFs) include dog morphology, velocity, and trial repetition. Narrow velocity ranges are recommended to minimize variance. In a heterogeneous population, it may be preferable to minimize data variance and efficiently perform force platform gait analysis by evaluation of each individual dog at its preferred velocity, such that dogs are studied at a similar relative velocity (V*). Data from 27 normal dogs were obtained including withers and shoulder height. Each dog was trotted across a force platform at its preferred velocity, with controlled acceleration (±0.5 m/s(2)). V* ranges were created for withers and shoulder height. Variance effects from 12 trotting velocity ranges and associated V* ranges were examined using repeated-measures analysis-of-covariance. Mean bodyweight was 24.4 ± 7.4 kg. Individual dog, velocity, and V* significantly influenced GRF (P <0.001). Trial number significantly influenced thoracic limb peak vertical force (PVF) (P <0.001). Limb effects were not significant. The magnitude of variance effects was greatest for the dog effect. Withers height V* was associated with small GRF variance. Narrow velocity ranges typically captured a smaller percentage of trials and were not consistently associated with lower variance. The withers height V* range of 0.6-1.05 captured the largest proportion of trials (95.9 ± 5.9%) with no significant effects on PVF and vertical impulse. The use of individual velocity ranges derived from a withers height V* range of 0.6-1.05 will account for population heterogeneity while minimizing exacerbation of lameness in clinical trials studying lame dogs by efficient capture of valid trials.
Chapter 7 Molecular Associations and Membrane Domains

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the models of membrane organization. The most widely cited model of the organization of cell membranes is termed “fluid mosaic.” It emphasizes the mobility and autonomy of membrane lipids and proteins and implies a role for molecular mobility in membrane function. Indeed, this aspect of the model has been the basis for proposals that reactions among membrane proteins may be coupled by a collision of diffusing species and that signaling from the cell surface may require clustering of mobile receptors by antigens or hormones. This chapter discusses results with a technique, fluorescence photobleaching and recovery (FPR) that was developed to quantitate D lat in membranes and how this technique for measuring molecular mobility on a scale of micrometers per minute can be used to demonstrate molecular associations and molecular immobilization­­­­––that is, the way in which FPR can be used to investigate the spatial and temporal organization of cell surfaces. The FPR technique, which measures lateral mobility of membrane lipids and proteins, can be readily used to show that the cell surface is “grainy,” differentiated into regions of specialized composition and function. Examples show that FPR can be used as a qualitative tool for detecting molecular associations in surfaces. A minimum of two cross-linking antibodies are required, and ideally a third, irrelevant monoclonal antibody should be available to show that the effects of surface cross-linking are specific for the pair of molecules of interest.
The Conceptual Distinctions Are Important: Another Look at Communication Apprehension and Related Constructs.

A recent comparative analysis of the constructs of reticence, shyness, communication apprehension, and unwillingness to communicate concluded that there are no important distinctions among these terms. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that there are important conceptual distinctions among these and related constructs. Some of these terms refer to subjective, affective responses, and comprise specific instances of the umbrella construct of social anxiety. Others refer to patterns of overt, social-communicative behaviors. The failure to distinguish between anxiety and behavior results in conceptual confusion, measurement and methodological problems in research, and in unfocused, nonspecific treatments for communication difficulties. Recommendations for the amelioration of conceptual and methodological problems in the area are presented.
Socially Assistive Robot Exercise Coach: Motivating Older Adults to Engage in Physical Exercise

We present the design, implementation, and user study evaluation of a socially assistive robot (SAR) system designed to engage elderly users in physical exercise aimed at achieving health benefits and improving quality of life. We discuss our design methodology, which incorporates insights from psychology research in the area of intrinsic motivation, and focuses on maintaining engagement through personalized social interaction. We describe two user studies conducted to test our design principles in practice with our system. The first study investigated the role of praise and relational discourse in the exercise system by comparing a relational robot coach to a non-relational robot coach. The second study compared physical vs. virtual embodiment in the task scenario. The results of both studies demonstrate the feasibility and overall effectiveness of the robot exercise system.
Experimental constraints on thermal cracking of peridotite at oceanic spreading centers

We couple two-dimensional micromechanical models for thermal cracking with fracture mechanics data for olivine to constrain the conditions where diffuse fluid flow could occur in the oceanic lithosphere. In addition, we ran controlled cooling rate experiments on hot-pressed olivine aggregates to test the micromechanical models of thermal cracking in peridotite and study the evolution of permeability due to thermal cracking. In our experiments, impermeable olivine aggregates, formed at elevated temperatures and pressures, are subsequently cooled at constant rates. In situ permeability measurements, made as the aggregate cooled, allow us to determine when an interconnected microcrack network develops. By varying grain size and confining pressure during the experiments, we were able to either enhance or suppress thermal cracking within the olivine samples. When the results of our experiments are coupled with micromechanical models, we estimate a polycrystalline olivine fracture toughness of approximately 0.6 MPa m 1/2 . We scaled the results of our experiments to the Earth using models that account for the influence of grain size, cooling rate, and confining pressure on the onset of thermal cracking in olivine aggregates. The depth extent of thermal cracking is estimated by coupling micromechanical models of stress intensity resulting from anisotropic thermal contraction with thermal models for upwelling mantle at oceanic spreading centers. Our analysis indicates that thermal cracking of peridotite is likely at depths less than 4 to 6 km beneath the seafloor. These predictions agree well with the depth of a transition from serpentinized to unaltered peridotite in the oceanic lithosphere determined from seismic observations.
Formal Methods at NASA Langley

In this talk, a short history of NASA Langley's research in formal methods is presented. The talk begins with an examination of the attempted formal verification of the SIFT (Software Implemented Fault Tolerance) operating system in the late 1970s. The primary goal of the SIFT verification project was to verify an operating system for a fault-tolerant, distributed, real-time, avionics computing platform. The SIFT project was deemed a failure because it did not meet its primary objective. However, important results in the field of computer science were obtained from the SIFT project including fault tolerant clock synchronization, Byzantine agreement (interactive consistency), and others.
Operation of a Sunpower M87 Cryocooler in a Magnetic Field

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer-02 (AMS-02) is an experiment that will be flown as an attached payload on the International Space Station to detect dark matter and antimatter. It uses large superconducting magnets cooled with superfluid helium to bend the path of cosmic particles through a series of detectors, which then measure the mass, speed, charge, and direction of the particles. Four Sunpower M87N Stirling-cycle cryocoolers are used to extend the mission life by cooling the outer vapor-cooled shield of the dewar. The main magnet coils are separated by a distance of approximately 1 m and the coolers are located approximately 1.5 m from the center line of the magnet, where the field is nearly 1000 gauss at the cryocooler cold tip. Interactions between the applied magnetic field and the linear motor may result in additional forces and torques on the compressor piston. Motion of the compressor and displacer pistons through the magnetic field spatial gradients will generate eddy currents. Additional eddy currents are created during magnet charge, discharge, and quench by the time-varying magnetic field. The results of tests to demonstrate the performance of the cryocoolers in an external magnetic field, with and without magnetic shielding, are presented.
Determination of the Cysteine and Cystine Content of Proteins by Amino Acid Analysis: Application to the Characterization of Disulfide-Coupled Folding Intermediates

A method has been developed for the simultaneous detection of cysteine and cystine in proteins by amino acid analysis. In this method, the sulfhydryl groups of the cysteine residues are first blocked with 2-aminoethyl methanethiosulfonate (AEMTS). This reagent converts all free sulfhydryl groups to mixed disulfides with 2-aminoethanethiol (AET). The isolated blocked protein is subjected to oxidation with performic acid prior to hydrolysis and amino acid analysis. This procedure quantitatively converts the 2-aminoethanethiol blocking groups into taurine, and all cysteine residues (including those involved in disulfide bonds) into cysteic acid. Both of these derivatives are stable and can be recovered quantitatively by amino acid analysis. The speed and specificity with which AEMTS reacts with thiols make this method particularly effective for the characterization of disulfide-coupled folding intermediates.
Minimal Group Experiments

The ‘minimal group paradigm’ is an experimental method in which people are assigned to arbitrary groups, and then required to allocate rewards to members of their group or another group. The surprising result of these studies is that ingroup favoritism is elicited under these conditions, suggesting that merely placing people into different groups, even meaningless ones, leads to discrimination. Keywords: groups; favoritism; discrimination; decision-making; social identity; social psychology
Task force on network storage architecture: network attached storage is inevitable

We see networked attached storage as being a common means of storage connection and access by the year 2000. This will not, at first, be manifested in direct communication between any node on a network and an individual disc drive, Rather, the likely first step is that storage will be linked with clusters of file servers as part of a server wide network. Later, broader sharing of storage access may appear. The reason for taking this position is quite simple: our customers are telling us that they want to and will do this. The acceptance and adoption of Fibre Channel as both an intersystem and I/O channel interconnect is a reflection of and a stimulus for this trend. The author believes there are four reasons why systems suppliers and their customers find this direction in storage attachment to be right for large segments of the computer systems market and he presents them.
Material classification with thermal imagery

Material classification is an important area of research in computer vision. Typical algorithms use color and texture information for classification, but there are problems due to varying lighting conditions and diversity of colors in a single material class. In this work we study the use of long wave infrared (i.e. thermal) imagery for material classification. Thermal imagery has the benefit of relative invariance to color changes, invariance to lighting conditions, and can even work in the dark. We collect a database of 21 different material classes with both color and thermal imagery. We develop a set of features that describe water permeation and heating/cooling properties, and test several variations on these methods to obtain our final classifier. The results show that the proposed method outperforms typical color and texture features, and when combined with color information, the results are improved further.
Solitary wave solution for KdV equation with power-law nonlinearity and time-dependent coefficients

This paper obtains an exact solitary wave solution of the Korteweg–de Vries equation with power law nonlinearity with time-dependent coefficients of the nonlinear as well as the dispersion terms. In addition, there are time-dependent damping and dispersion terms. The solitary wave ansatz is used to carry out the analysis. It is only necessary for the time-dependent coefficients to be Riemann integrable. As an example, the solution of the special case of cylindrical KdV equation falls out.
A Quantitative Applications-Oriented Evaluation of Thematic Mapper Design Specifications

Simulated Thematic Mapper data sets were created from aircraft Multispectral Scanner data in order to predict the sensitivity of applications-oriented classification results to variations in selected sensor parameters. It was found that band-to-band misregistration as little as 0.3 pixel can have a pronounced effect on the classification of both field-center pixels and pixels associated with edges and small objects in the scene. It was also determined that a significant improvement in classification accuracy could be achieved if the resolution of the thermal band of the Thematic Mapper were comparable to the resolution of its other spectral bands.
Vaccinia virus: kinetics of the hemagglutination-inhibition test and preparation of hemagglutinin.

The optimum temperature and time of incubation of the vaccinia hemagglutination-inhibition test were 37°C and 16 hours, respectively. A convenient method for preparing vaccinia hemagglutinating antigen consisted of infecting one-day-old primary chick embryo fibroblasts with a high multiplicity of vaccinia virus, employing a maintenance medium devoid of serum, preparing a 20-fold concentration of virus-infected cells, and finally extracting the concentrated antigen homogenate with genetron.
Trust in Government: Lessons from the Clinton Impeachment

Abstract The impeachment of Bill Clinton represented a major event in the nation's history. It marked the first time that an elected president was impeached in America's more than two hundred‐year history. The process captivated attention for over one year and its implications will be debated for many decades into the future. This paper discusses the impeachment within the context of broad administrative themes. In addition, the impact of the Clinton impeachment on major institutions is addressed. Tentative conclusions are finally offered in regard to impeachment's impact on trust in government.
Investigating Change in Field Sites Through Mentor and Candidate Dialogues

The work of teacher candidates matters in particular ways to the quality of children's experiences and environments when they teach in preschools. We conducted a mixed-method study with survey, interviews, focus groups, and photographic documentation of classroom spaces, and theorized findings through Bahktin's dialogism and the notion of figured worlds. Ranked survey items confirmed that the physical environments of preschools were shaped by projects stemming from university courses. Although the physical traces of candidates' work were short-lived, ending with student teaching, the classroom climate changes garnered positive social and emotional supports to children in situ that made lasting changes in children's places in the social community of preschool. Dialogues allowed mentors and candidates to reinterpret their images of children and in some cases renew instructional approaches and act against standardized forms of accountability, which limited curriculum and pedagogic choice.
Suppression by heparin of smooth muscle cell proliferation in injured arteries

INTIMAL smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation dominates the early phase of healing after arterial endothelial injury1–6; what growth factors are responsible for this mitotic activity of an otherwise quiescent cell is not known. SMC growth in vitro is enhanced by platelet factors, insulin and lipoproteins7–11 and, according to some reports, can be diminished in vivo with various antiplatelet agents. Harker et al.6 have reported decreased myointimal thickening in homocystinaemic baboons treated with dipyridamole, and Friedman et al.11 and Moore et al.12 have reported suppression of SMC proliferation in the injured arteries of rabbits injected with anti-platelet serum. Intimal thickening was not diminished, however, in the injured carotid arteries of rats given various anti-platelet drugs13. Because the clotting system is inextricably linked to arterial injury and because thrombin is used to generate the platelet growth factor9 and may itself be a mitogen14,15, we speculated that heparin might inhibit myointimal thickening. We report here the use of heparin to suppress intimal SMC hyperplasia in a rat model of arterial endothelial injury and suggest possible mechanisms for the heparin effect.
Inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchange by KB-R7943, a novel selective antagonist, attenuates phosphoethanolamine and free fatty acid efflux in rat cerebral cortex during ischemia-reperfusion injury

Reversal of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) occurs during ischemia-reperfusion injury as a result of changes in intracellular pH and sodium concentration. Inhibition of NCXs has been shown to be neuroprotective in vitro. In this study, we evaluated the effects of KB-R7943 (50 microM), a specific inhibitor of the reverse mode of NCX, applied topically onto rat cerebral cortex prior to and during ischemia. Amino acid and free fatty acid levels in cortical superfusates, withdrawn at 10-min intervals from bilateral cortical windows, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. During a 20-min period of ischemia in control animals, there were significant increases in all amino acids and in all FFAs. Following reperfusion, all FFAs remained significantly elevated. Application of KB-R7943 (50 microM) significantly inhibited effluxes of phosphoethanolamine, but had no effect on glutamate, aspartate, taurine or GABA levels. KB-R7943 also resulted in significant reductions in levels of myristic, docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid during ischemia and in reperfusion levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids. These data indicate that inhibition of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange likely prevented the activation of phospholipases that usually occurs following an ischemic insult as evidenced by its attenuation of phosphoethanolamine and free fatty acid efflux. The inhibition of phospholipases may be an essential component of the neuroprotective benefits of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange inhibitors in ischemia-reperfusion injury and may provide a basis for their possible use in therapeutic strategies for stroke.
Uptake and transformation of metals and metalloids by microbial mats and their use in bioremediation

Constructed microbial mats, used for studies on the removal and transformation of metals and metalloids, are made by combining cyanobacteria inoculum with a sediment inoculum from a metal-contaminated site. These mats are a heterotrophic and autotrophic community dominated by cyanobacteria and held together by slimy secretions produced by various microbial groups. When contaminated water containing high concentrations of metals is passed over microbial mats immobilized on glass wool, there is rapid removal of the metals from the water. The mats are tolerant of high concentrations of toxic metals and metalloids, such as cadmium, lead, chromium, selenium and arsenic (up to 350 mg L−1). This tolerance may be due to a number of mechanisms at the molecular, cellular and community levels. Management of toxic metals by the mats is related to deposition of metal compounds outside the cell surfaces as well as chemical modification of the aqueous environment surrounding the mats. The location of metal deposition is determined by factors such as redox gradients, cell surface micro-environments and secretion of extra-cellular bioflocculents. Metal-binding flocculents (polyanionic polysaccharides) are produced in large quantities by the cyanobacterial component of the mat. Steep gradients of redox and oxygen exist from the surface through the laminated strata of microbes. These are produced by photosynthetic oxygen production at the surface and heterotrophic consumption in the deeper regions. Additionally, sulfur-reducing bacteria colonize the lower strata, removing and utilizing the reducing H2S, rather than water, for photosynthesis. Thus, depending on the chemical character of the microzone of the mat, the sequestered metals or metalloids can be oxidized, reduced and precipitated as sulfides or oxides. For example precipitates of red amorphous elemental selenium were identified in mats exposed to selenate (Se-VI) and insoluble precipitates of manganese, chromium, cadmium, cobalt, and lead were found in mats exposed to soluble salts of these metals. Constructed microbial mats offer several advantages for use in the bioremediation of metal-contaminated sites. These include low cost, durability, ability to function in both fresh and salt water, tolerance to high concentrations of metals and metalloids and the unique capacity of mats to form associations with new microbial species. Thus one or several desired microbial species might be integrated into mats in order to design the community for specific bioremediation applications.
The validity of regulating blood lactate concentration during running by ratings of perceived exertion.

We examined whether ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) observed during an incremental (response) protocol could be used to produce target blood [HLa] of 2.5 mM and 4.0 mM during a 30-min treadmill run at a constant RPE. RPE (15.3, 17.6, 19.1), oxygen uptake ('VO2) (3.31, 3.96, 4.00 l·min-1), velocity (V) (198, 218, 223 m·min-1), and heart rate (HR) (179, 185, 190 bpm) at blood [HLa] of 2.5 mM and 4.0 mM, and peak were determined for nine subjects (5 males, 4 females) during incremental exercise. Subjects then completed two 30-min runs at the RPE corresponding to blood [HLa] of 2.5 mM (RPE 2.5 mM) and 4.0 mM (RPE 4.0 mM) measured during the incremental protocol. For both 30-min runs.'VO2 was not different from 'VO2 corresponding to either 2.5 or 4.0 mM blood [HLa] during the incremental test. During the 30-min run at RPE 2.5 mM: (a) only during minutes 25-30 was the blood [HLa] significantly different than 2.5 mM (3.2 ± 0.6 mM, P < 0.05), (b) for the first 20 min HR was significantly lower than the HR at 2.5 mM during the incremental protocol, and (c) V did not differ from V at 2.5 mM during the incremental protocol. During the 30-min run at RPE 4.0 mM: (a) blood [HLa] was not significantly different from 4.0 mM, (b) HR at every time point was significantly lower than HR 4.0 mM during the incremental protocol, and (c) V was decreased over time by an average of 24.6 m·min-1(P < 0.05). Because RPE from the response protocol was able to produce a blood [HLa] close to the criterion value during each 30-min run, we conclude that RPE is a valid tool for prescribing exercise intensities corresponding to blood [HLa] of 2.5 mM and 4.0 mM.
CONSUMER PREFERENCES RELATIVE TO THE PRICE AND NETWORK CAPABILITY OF SMALL URBAN VEHICLES

Preferences of consumers for small urban vehicle concepts differing only with respect to their hypothetical purchase prices and network capabilities (i.e., whether they are capable of operating on expressways, major arterials or local streets) are analyzed using statistical techniques based on psychological scaling theories. Results from these analyses indicate that a vast majority of consumers are not readily willing to give up the accessibility provided by conventional automobiles. More specifically, over the range of hypothetical prices considered here, network capability dominates as a determinant of preferences for vehicle concepts. Also, the ability to operate vehicles on expressways is of utmost importance to consumers.
Dexamethasone Improves Neutrophil Mediated Killing of Group B streptococcus(GBS) |[dagger]| 1463

Previous reports about the effect of corticosteroids on neutrophil phagocytic-killing function are conflicting. GBS is a significant cause of infection in certain adult population and neonates. Neutrophil mediated bacterial killing is an important defense against GBS infection. We hypothesized that dexamethasone (DEX) would affect neutrophil mediated bacterial killing and studied this in vitro. Neutrophils (PMNs) were isolated from healthy adults (n=27) and term neonates (n=8) by dextran and ficoll-hypaque density centrifugation and resuspended to a concentration of 2.5 × 107 cells/ml. PMNs were then either: a) incubated for two hours with various concentrations (0 to 100 mcg/ml) of DEX in the presence of GBS (0.5 × 105 cfu/ml, serotype III, strain SS 878), complement, and human antibody; or b) incubated with the same concentrations of dexamethasone for one hour, washed and resuspended to the same above PMNs concentration then incubated for two hours with GBS, complement, and human antibody. In both intances,bacterial killing was calculated based on colony counts performed prior to and after the final two hour incubation. No bacterial killing was noted in negative controls. Results are expressed as the log antibody-1 level (log Ab-1) at which the largest reciprocal dilution promoted ≥ 90% bacterial killing. Adult PMNs that were exposed to DEX during their interaction with GBS had no change in killing activity. However, adult PMNs exposed to the same concentrations of DEXbefore their interaction to GBS demonstrated a significant increase in killing activity (log Ab-1 = 1.24 at 100 mcg/ml vs. 0.8 at zero mcg/ml). Neonatal PMNs exposed to DEX during their interaction to GBS had a significant decrease in their killing activity (log Ab-1= 1.0 at zero mcg/ml vs. 0.45 at 100 mcg/ml). Interestingly, neonatal PMNs that were exposed to DEX before their interaction to GBS tended to improve their killing activity, though this was not statistically significant. Adult and neonatal PMNs enhance their killing activity, in a dose response fashion, when they are exposed to DEX only prior to their interaction with GBS. However, neonatal PMNs exposed to DEX only at the time of their encounter with GBS will demonstrate, in a dose response fashion, a decreased killing activity against these bacteria. The interaction of DEX, PMNs and GBS is complex and we speculate it may depend upon the timing of these interactions, the population of PMNs and the concentration of DEX.
The vibration dance behavior of queenless workers of the honey bee, apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: apidae).

The vibration dance was investigated in queenless (QL) colonies of honey bees. Workers performing the dance had significantly less-developed ovaries than recipients. Vibrators were more likely to be mauled by nestmates (an aggressive act) and were more strongly associated with foraging than were nonvibrating controls. Recipients responded to the dance by increasing the amount of time spent performing tasks. The vibration dance may therefore be associated with aggression in QL colonies and may give workers with less-developed ovaries a degree of control over the behavior of bees with greater ovarian development.
Solution to a problem of Sands on the factorization of groups

Abstract Using elementary methods, a positive answer is given to a question of A. D. Sands concerning factorizations of abelian groups. We then indicate how our approach to Sands's question has its roots in a result on the ergodic theory of infinite measure preserving transformations due to Eigen, Hajian and Ito.
Averroism and the Politics of Philosophy

I N THIS STUDY I WISH TO show the interdependence of three propositions: that Averroism exists as an intellectual entity over and above pure Aristotelianism; that this is historically demonstrated in the condemnations and persecutions of thinkers sharing Averroes' premises; and that present disputations concerning the existence of Averroism in Catholic Europe reflect acute contemporary political and philosophical commitments whose roots lie in earlier controversies. I contend that the reason these three propositions have not received due emphasis stems from the desire by all concerned to consider the debate as a purely philosophical one. As soon as Averroism is broadened, and viewed from the social-intellectual perspective of the parties in this debate, objections to the integrity of Averroes and Averroism dissolve. This essay is a social interpretation, no less than a philosophical excursion, since I am trying to establish the context of the argument as well as the structure of Averroist doctrine. From the standpoint of philosophic history, Averroes is a conservative. He is defending the traditional rationalism of Plato and Aristotle against the critique of causality and the doctrine of relativism offered by contemporaries like al-Ghazali. Thus it is only from a sociological view that the passions surrounding Averroes for at least three centuries after his death can be adequately understood. The renewal of the debate over Averroism in this century has confirmed my belief that at a purely philosophic level the issues remain hopelessly clouded.1
The Road to Collective Debt in Rural China: Bureaucracies, Social Institutions, and Public Goods Provision

Focusing on the episodes of the government’s Paved Road to Every Village (PREV) project in an agricultural township in northern China, this article examines two research issues: First, the role of ...
Wasp nests for self-configurable factories

Agent-based approaches to manufacturing scheduling and control have gained increasing attention in recent years. Such approaches are attractive because they offer increased robustness against the unpredictability of factory operations. But the specification of local coordination policies that give rise to efficient global performance and effectively adapt to changing circumstances remains an interesting challenge. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to this coordination problem, drawing on various aspects of a computational model of how wasp colonies coordinate individual activities and allocate tasks to meet the collective needs of the nest. We focus specifically on the problem of configuring machines in a factory to best satisfy (potentially changing) product demands over time. Our system models the set of jobs queued in front of any given machine as a wasp nest, wherein wasp-like agents interact to form a social hierarchy and prioritize the jobs that they represent. Other wasp-like agents external to the nest act as overall machine proxies, and use a model of wasp task allocation behavior to determine which new jobs should be accepted into the machine's queue. We show for simple factories that our multi-agent system achieves the desired effect. For a given job mix, the system converges to a factory configuration that maximizes overall performance, and as the job mix changes, the system quickly adapts to a new, more appropriate configuration.
Twenty-four hour oscillation of cAMP in chick pineal cells: role of cAMP in the acute and circadian regulation of melatonin production.

Abstract Chick pineal cells contain circadian oscillators that regulate a rhythm of melatonin biosynthesis. We explored the role of cAMP in regulating this melatonin rhythm. Chick pineal cells expressed a 24 hr oscillation of cAMP efflux with a waveform similar to that of melatonin. Elevation of cAMP in chick pineal cells stimulated melatonin. These results suggest that an oscillation of cAMP regulates the rhythm of melatonin. We investigated whether cAMP was a component of the circadian oscillator by determining the effects of 8-Br cAMP pulses on the phase of the circadian melatonin rhythm. Six hour pulses of 8-Br CAMP did not cause steady-state phase shifts of the rhythm. The acute regulation of melatonin by cAMP, the 24 hr oscillation of cAMP, and the inability of CAMP to phase-shift the melatonin rhythm strongly suggest that CAMP acts as an output signal of the circadian oscillator.
Ultraviolet photoemission and low-energy-electron diffraction studies of Ti O 2 (rutile) (001) and (110) surfaces

We have examined the (001) and (110) faces of Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ (rutile) using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), low-energy-electron diffraction (LEED), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). We found that the (001) surface is unstable and reconstructs or facets when annealed while the (110) surface is stable and does not reconstruct. Other indications of the relative instability of the (001) surface include the presence of a surface phase change for $Tg950\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$C, significant oxygen-adsorption effects, and thermal instability in the concentration of surface ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{3+}$-O-vacancy defects.
School Recognition: Principals, Do You Know Who You Are?

Abstract For high school and middle school principals, the ability to create and maintain positive recognition and identity both personally and for the school is crucial for support from all stakeholders. Finding proactive ways to do this is not much different than the way a large corporation develops a campaign for a major product. Nine principles for developing a positive persona for a school are identified as steps to take to achieve this goal. Beginning with these in mind starts the process for administrators to know who and what they are.
1020-6 Delineation of Three-Dimensional Geometry of Intracardiac Blood Flow Jets and Proximal Flow Convergence Regions in Patients with Flow Abnormalities by Volume-Rendered Three-Dimensional Echocardiography via Transthoracic Imaging

Volume-rendered three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) has the capability of not only displaying cardiac structures but also has the potential to depict intracardiac flow jets in a dynamic mode. In this study, we explored the ability of 3DE to provide new information on intracardiac flow disturbances not available from 2D color Doppler. Sequential 2DE images with color Doppler information were acquired using a calibrated rotational scanning method by a transthoracic approach in 34 pts (29 adults and 5 children) with a variety of cardiac disorders. Using a computerized motor coupled to conventional transducers (2 MHz to 5 MHz), 2DE images were collected every 2 degrees over a span of 180 degrees along with ECG and respiratory gating. After digital reformatting, thresholding and adequate segmentation, intracardiac flow jets could be seen in every desired 3DE projection. Flow jet reconstruction was possible in all but 1 pt, yielding a total of 34 jets for review (23 regurgitant jets, 9 stenotic jets and 2 shunts). Central flow jets (n = 24) were the easiest to reconstruct and display in a dynamic 3DE mode, providing an immediate appreciation oftheir exact shape and spatial extension. Eccentric jets (n = 10) with only partial contact with cavity walls could be reconstructed but required more careful segmentation. However, when the flow jet was in direct contact and alignment with a wall, it was difficult to clearly discriminate the flow data from the tissue signals. When mental 3D appraisal of flow jets (based on combining various 2D color Doppler views) was compared to actual 3DE display of flow jets, there was concordance in all instances of central jets, but when a jet was eccentric, 3DE yielded an easier and frequently different dynamic geometry. Examination of various flow convergence zones (n = 10) by 3DE indicated the absence of a perfect hemispheric geometry in all cases (in contrast to the generally-held assumption of a hemisphere in the use of PISA method). We conclude that 3DE has the potential to provide useful information onflow abnormalities in patients, with important diagnostic and research implications on the study of flow and flow quantitation.
Mechanical response and failure of High Performance Propellant (HPP) subject to uniaxial tension

As part of a program to characterize and understand the mechanical response and failure behavior of the High Performance Propellant (HPP), uniaxial tensile tests were conducted. The mechanical properties of the HPP solid propellant subject to tension are investigated as a function of both the loading (strain) rate and the temperature. The nominal strain rate varies from 10−6 to 10−2 s−1 and the temperature varies from −50 to 50 °C. Digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to obtain the full field deformation measurement over the sample surface, from which both the axial strain and the circumferential strain were determined, and as a result, volume changes during the uniaxial tension were studied. Some of the material parameters, e.g., Young’s modulus E, the tensile strength σ max, and uniaxial tensile strain at the maximum tensile stress ϵ max, were found to be extremely sensitive to both the strain rate and the temperature. It was also observed that during the linear portion of the uniaxial tension, the HPP is close to incompressible. But when deformation enters the nonlinear regime, volume change of the sample accelerates and such a significant volume increase during the nonlinear portion of the deformation can be attributed to the formation and extension of damage within the gage section, which lead to the macroscopic tearing failure of the material.
Comparison of Surgical Methods in the Treatment of Dissociated Vertical Deviation

The effectiveness of 3- to 5-mm recession of the superior rectus muscle with and without posterior fixation sutures was compared with 7- to 9-mm superior rectus muscle recessions in 228 patients with dissociated vertical deviation. We examined the patients at intervals ranging from six months to three years, and the results were classified as corrected, improved, or failed. Superior rectus muscle recessions of 3 to 5 mm were the least successful treatment. When 3- to 5-mm recession was combined with posterior fixation, the short-term results were more encouraging but the failure rate after three years was nearly the same in both groups (59% and 55%, respectively). The best results (P = .021) were achieved with 7- to 9-mm recessions. After three years the dissociated vertical deviation of most patients treated with this technique remained corrected or improved.
Informational Properties of Anxiety and Sadness, and Displaced Coping

Replicating Raghunathan and Pham ([1999][1]), results from two experiments confirm that while anxiety triggers a preference for options that are safer and provide a sense of control, sadness triggers a preference for options that are more rewarding and comforting. Results also indicate that these effects are driven by an affect-as-information process and are most pervasive when the source of anxiety or sadness is not salient. Finally, our results document a previously unrecognized phenomenon we term displaced coping , wherein affective states whose source is salient influence decisions that are seemingly—but not directly—related to the source of these affective states. [1]: #ref-13
EXPERIMENTS WITH BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES IN A SPIN-ORBIT COUPLED OPTICAL LATTICE

Ultracold quantum gases dressed by laser light are a powerful tool to investigate the dynamics of quantum mechanical Hamiltonians. This talk will describe experiments conducted with spin-orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensates confined in optical lattices.
Visual perception of direction and number in right and left visual fields.

Summary This study attempted to extend findings of a dissociation in the tactile perception of direction and number in unilaterally brain-damaged subjects, to visual perception of those characteristic in normal subjects. Subjects were asked to select from an array of designs differing in number of dots and direction from the horizontal, the design exposed to them tachistoscopically for approximately 250 msec. No dissociation in the visual perception of direction and number was found nor was any difference found in the accuracy of perception of visual stimuli as a function of visual halffield, for either male or female college students. It was noted that any differences found in such studies in normals depends upon differences in the efficiency of the transmission of information. It was speculated that the simultaneous processing of more than one stimulus dimension, with sufficient time for mediation of the response, might have sufficiently confounded the effects to override any differences.
Syntactic, semantic, and rhythmic influences on children's and adults' motor programming of speech

The influence of linguistic and paralinguistic structure on speech motor programming was investigated for 5-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and adults. Subjects repeated verbal stimuli, each at maximum rate on numerous consecutive trials. It was hypothesized that structure in an utterance would allow a speaker to organize its motor program more efficiently than would be possible for an otherwise identical utterance that lacked such structure, although the types of structure employed might change with age. Differences in the efficiency of motor program organization were expected to be evidenced in the syllable duration and the relative variability of the syllable duration of subjects' repetitions. At all ages, repetition durations were shorter for stimuli with a sentencelike rhythm than for unstructured stimuli. Stimuli that were syntactically structured and contained a sentencelike rhythm were spoken with shorter durations than nonsyntactic stimuli with sentential rhythm but only by 8-year-olds and adults. Meaningful stimuli were produced with shorter durations than were nonmeaningful stimuli at all ages, but there were developmental differences as regards the types of sentence meaning that affected repetition duration and the role of practice in producing an effect of sentence meaning. Thus, there is a shift from a semantically and rhythmically based motor programming system at age 5 to a system that also utilizes syntax at age 8. The variability of repetition durations was minimally influenced by utterance structure. The implications of these cross-measure differences for models of motor programming are briefly considered.
Impact of aerosols generated from biomass burning and dust storms

Atmospheric aerosol particles play a vital role in the earth's radiative energy budget. They exert a net cooling influence on climate by directly reflecting the solar radiation to space and by modifying the shortwave reflective properties of clouds. Each year, increasing amounts of aerosol particles are released into the atmosphere due to biomass burning, dust storms, forest fires and volcanic activity. These particles significantly perturb the radiative balance on local, regional, and global scales. While the detection of aerosols over water is a well established procedure, the detection of aerosols over land is often difficult due to the poor contrast between the aerosols and the underlying terrain. In this study, we use textural measures in order to detect aerosols generated from biomass burning and dust storms.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Feeling Creative, Being Creative: An Empirical Study of Diversity and Creativity in Teams

Two empirical studies explored objectively measured creative fluency and subjectively perceived creativity in cognitively diverse teams. Results indicate that cognitive diversity may be beneficial for objective functioning but may damage team satisfaction, affect, and members' impressions of their creative performance. Subjective ratings diverged greatly from more objective measures and were more closely related to affective measures. The overall findings present creativity as a complex multidimensional construct, and cognitive diversity as an important predictor of both team emotions and outcomes. Arguments are presented for the value of subjectively perceived creativity, even in the absence of more concrete performance in the immediate time period.
Customer perceptions of service dimensions: American and Asian perspectives

This article reports the results of a study that examined how US, Korean and Taiwanese customers perceived and classified a set of 13 services based on multidimensional scaling (MDS). Service classifications were developed on a perceptual space where the actual services were mapped for three countries, US, Korea and Taiwan. The results suggest service perceptions and classifications. The dimensions and correlations for the classifications and services displayed many consistencies and some differences among American, Korean and Taiwanese consumers. Directions for future academic research and managerial implications are cited and discussed.