cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vp/Vs anomalies in dilatant rock samples

In a series of triaxial experiments we have measured V p , V s and volumetric strain simultaneously in dilating dry and saturated rocks. For the first time these data permit quantitative comparison of seismic velocities or their ratio and dilatant volumetric strain. In air-dry samples V p /V s decreases by a few per cent at strains of 10−3; in saturated materials with high pore pressure, V p /V s increases by a comparable amount. Decreases in seismic velocity ratio are difficult to generate in initially saturated rocks even with low pore pressures and at strain rates of 10−4/sec. A liquid-vapor transition will not produce a significant drop in V p /V s . If dilatancy and fluid flow are responsible for seismic travel time anomalies prior to earthquakes, our results suggest that such anomalies will occur only in regions where pore fluid source to sink dimensions are of the order of 10 km or more, or in regions where the rocks are not saturated to begin with.
A new fluorogenic mono-ionizable calix[4]arene dansylcarboxamide as a selective chemosensor of soft metal ions, Tl+ and Hg2+

Abstract A new fluorogenic calix[4]arene containing one pendent N -dansylcarboxamide group has been synthesized. The ligand demonstrates selective optical recognition of Tl + and Hg 2+ in solvent extraction from aqueous solutions with high content of Na + . Complexation of Tl + and Hg 2+ produces contrasting changes in the fluorescence spectrum of this sensor. Partial cone is the dominant calixarene conformation in the complex with Tl + .
Laparoscopic-assisted surgical reconstruction of a rare congenital abdominal wall defect in two children misdiagnosed with prune-belly syndrome

Abstract Purpose Abdominal wall laxity is typically associated with prune-belly syndrome (PBS). Incomplete forms of PBS have been rarely reported with only the abdominal wall laxity. Herein, we describe a rare congenital abdominal wall defect that has been confused with PBS and illustrate the laparoscopic-assisted surgical technique used for reconstruction. Materials and methods Two boys with symmetrical, bilateral absence or hypoplasia of the internal and external oblique muscles and no genitourinary abnormalities underwent a laparoscopic-assisted abdominal wall reconstruction utilizing the technique previously described by Firlit. Each patient had a Ct scan which confirmed the absence of the oblique muscles. In one patient EMG data confirmed no electrical activity of the obliques. Radiologic evaluation of the urinary tracts revealed no abnormalities. The abdominal wall was plicated utilizing bilateral subcostal incisions. Results Both patients had excellent cosmetic and functional results with no weakness or bulging of the lateral abdominal wall and improvement of associated symptoms. Conclusions We believe these two cases and their congenital abdominal wall defects are a rare and often misdiagnosed muscular deficiency separate from PBS. The novel laparoscopic-assisted surgical technique illustrated is feasible and highly successful for these and possible other patients with similar rare congenital abdominal wall defects.
Group Members' Self-Monitoring as a Possible Neutralizer of Leadership.

Data derived from responses of 195 staff nurses indicated that the impact of a leader's behavior was neutralized among group members who were low self-monitors, but intensified among group members who were high self-monitors. Correlations between staff nurses' job performance and their ratings of the head nurses' leadership behaviors were not significant for low self-monitoring nurses but were significant for high self-monitoring nurses. Low self-monitoring individuals, who guide their behavior by monitoring internal cues, tended to ignore the leader's behavior but produced effective work when they felt the work was important. High self-monitoring individuals, who guide their behavior by situational cues, depended upon the leader's behavior for effective job performance regardless of the importance of the job.
Whether, When, and How Is Spirituality Related to Well-Being? Moving Beyond Single Occasion Questionnaires to Understanding Daily Process

Prior research suggests that spirituality is positively related to well-being. Nevertheless, within-person variability in spirituality has yet to be addressed. Do people experience greater spirituality on some days versus others? Does daily spirituality predict daily well-being? Do within-person relationships between spirituality and well-being vary as a function of trait spirituality? The authors examined such questions using a daily diary study with 87 participants who provided reports of their daily spirituality and well-being for a total of 1,239 days. They found that daily spirituality was positively related to meaning in life, self-esteem, and positive affect, and the link from daily spirituality to both self-esteem and positive affect was fully mediated by meaning in life. Moreover, within-person relationships between daily spirituality and self-esteem and meaning in life were stronger for people higher in trait spirituality. Lagged analyses found positive relationships between present day spirituality and next day's meaning in life; there was no evidence for meaning in life as a predictor of the next day's spirituality. When focusing on affect, for people higher in trait spirituality, greater negative affect (and lower positive affect) predicted greater spirituality the next day. These results provide new insights into how spirituality operates as a fluctuating experience in daily life.
Hall-effect characterization of III–V nitride semiconductors for high efficiency light emitting diodes

Abstract Variable-temperature Hall-effect measurements were employed to optimize doping for GaN layers utilized in blue, blue-green and green light emitting diodes (LEDs). N-type doping was accomplished by doping with Si, Ge, and O, and the electronic properties of these donors were studied. Si and Ge, which substitute for Ga, are shallow donors with almost identical activation energies for ionization (ca. 17 and ca. 19 meV, respectively, for a donor concentration of ca. 3×10 17 cm −3 ). O substitutes for N and introduces a slightly deeper donor level into the bandgap of GaN having an activation energy of ca. 29 meV (for a donor concentration of ca. 1×10 18 cm −3 ). Mg doping was employed to achieve p-type conductivity for GaN device layers. Mg substitutes for Ga introducing a relatively deep acceptor level. For the analysis of the variable-temperature Hall-effect data, it was found important to take the coulomb interaction between ionized acceptors into account, leading to lower activation energy with increasing degree of ionization (increasing temperature). The activation energy for ionization of Mg acceptors in GaN was thus estimated to be (208±6) meV for very low acceptor concentrations. Using optimized nitride layers, LEDs with typical external quantum efficiencies of ca. 10% in the blue and blue-green, and ca. 8% in the green wavelength range were achieved. Due to optimized doping, the forward voltages for these diodes were as low as 3.2 V at 20 mA drive current.
Can misoprostol be interchanged with oxytocin for augmentation of labor

Abstract Objective: To evaluate if misoprostol used as an augmentation agent reduces the duration of labor. Methods: Fifty-nine patients presenting for labor induction/augmentation who met inclusion criteria were recruited for study. All were randomized to one of two groups for augmentation medication. Group A (n = 31) received oxytocin at standard infusion rate. Group B (n = 28) received 25 μg of misoprostol per vagina every 4 hours. An additional 25 μg at 2 hours was given if active labor was inadequate. Patients failed the misoprostol protocol if labor arrested for more than 4 hours despite a 50-μg dose. Misoprostol was stopped if nonreassuring fetal heart rate developed. Data were analyzed by intent to treat to a significance level of P Results: The groups were similar in outcome and Apgar score. Duration of labor in groups A and B was 11.43 ± 7.02 hours and 9.36 ± 10.00 hours ( P = NS). The cesarean delivery rate was similar, 10.9% versus 12.9%. Two patients failed the misoprostol protocol; one developed nonreassuring fetal heart rate and the other failed to progress. No patient developed hyperstimulation or uterine rupture. Five patients receiving misoprostol and one receiving oxytocin developed chorioamnionitis ( P = 0.0007). Conclusions: Misoprostol seems to be an effective alternative to oxytocin augmentation of labor. Further investigation is required to assess associated infectious morbidity.
Measuring real interstate income inequality in the United States

Abstract Using constructed state-level price data we examine real interstate income inequality. Contrary to previous results we find that real income inequality is as much as 53% larger than its nominal counterpart and real inequality has steadily increased since 1981.
Characterization of ferric-anguibactin transport in Vibrio anguillarum

The fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum is the causative agent of a fatal hemorrhagic septicemia in salmonid fish. Many serotype O1 strains harbors a 65 Kbp plasmid (pJM1 encoding an iron sequestering system essential for virulence. The genes involved in the biosynthesis of the indigenous siderophore anguibactin are encoded by both the pJM1 plasmid and the chromosome, while those involved in the transport of the ferric-siderophore complex, including the outer membrane receptor, are plasmid-encoded. This work describes the role of specific amino acid residues of the outer membrane receptor FatA in the mechanism of transport of ferric-anguibactin. FatA modeling indicated that this protein has a 22 stranded beta-barrel blocked by the plug domain, the latter being formed by residues 51-154. Deletion of the plug domain resulted in a receptor unable to act as an open channel for the transport of the ferric anguibactin complex.
Amplitude and phase spectra as indices of infants' pattern preferences.

Abstract This study examined whether the linear systems model of infants' visual preferences ( Banks & Salapatek, 1981 ) could predict neonates' preferences, among facelike and abstract patterns. To do so, the study assessed the relative importance of stimulus energy (as measured by the amplitude spectrum) and stimulus structure (as measured by the phase spectrum) in determining early preferences. Forty-eight neonates viewed six pairings of four stimuli: (a) a schematic face, (b) a lattice, (c) a pattern composed of the amplitude spectrum of the lattice and the phase spectrum of the face, and (d) a pattern composed of the amplitude spectrum of the face and the phase spectrum of the lattice. The linear systems model predicted the observed preferences quite accurately. That is, the infants' preferences could be predicted from knowledge of the amplitude spectrum but not the phase spectrum. These results are interpreted as showing that neonates' preferences for facelike patterns are governed primarily by simulus energy and not by the familiarity or social significance of such patterns.
Organized Labor and Philanthropic Foundations: Partners or Strangers?:

Although labor unions have been among the most important categories of voluntary organizations in American society, little has been written about them in the nonprofits literature. This article examines the relationship between foundations and labor unions. That relationship has involved both approach and avoidance. Tied as they have been to corporate leaders, foundations often have opposed radicalism in the labor movement. However, foundations also have supported the union movement in a variety of ways. Particularly important is their support for research, education, and community reconstruction in the wake of plant closings.
The moderating effects of product involvement on situational brand choice

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the moderating role of product involvement in predicting the effects of self‐concept and consumption situation on consumers' situational decision making.Design/methodology/approach – An experiment was conducted based on a two (self‐concept) × two (consumption situation) between group design. Participants' product involvement was treated as a covariate in repeated measures test to analyze the relationships between product involvement, self‐concept and consumption situation.Findings – Results suggested that, for consumers who were highly involved with the product, self‐concept and consumption situation were both determinant factors in a situational brand choice. For consumers who were not highly involved with the product, however, their situational brand choice was based solely on the situational factor, not their self‐concept.Research limitation/implications – Participants' pre‐existing attitude towards the brands might have influenced their answers. On...
Effect of 4He impurities on exchange in b.c.c. 3He

Abstract The exchange energy has been studied in b.c.c. 3 He with various 4 He impurity concentrations between 2 × 10 -5 and 10 -2 at molar volumes of 21 and 24 cm 3 /mole. There is very little enhancement of the exchange due to the 4 He impurity. The time constant for isotropic phase separation in the mixtures has been studied as a function of molar volume.
Factors Affecting Swiss Cheese Starter Activity. Effect of Heat-Treatment and Source of Milk

Summary 1.Heat-treatment of milk from a single source at 80° C. for periods up to 4 hours had little effect on the activity of Swiss cheese starters subsequently inoculated. 2.Heat-treatment at 100° C. for 2 to 4 hours increased the rate of acid production by the starters over that occurring in milk heated a shorter or a longer period. Similar stimulation was observed in milk heated at 120° C. for 30 to 45 minutes. 3.The redox potential of the milk samples showed a downward trend with increase in temperature or with the longer holding periods at any one temperature. 4.The increased rate of acid production in milk heated at 100° C. for 2 to 4 hours appeared to be due to an increased growth rate, since the fermenting capacity of the cells decreased progressively in milk heated for the longer periods. 5.The composition of the milk, as determined by source, had a greater effect on the activity of the starters than heat-treatment. 6.It is suggested that important differences in the activity of Swiss cheese starters may be due to variations in (1) the oxidation-reduction potential in milk and (2) the growth factor content of milk from different sources.
The function of theory in international relations

During the past half-dozen years the interest in international relations theory has risen remarkably. The volume of writing, including descriptive and analytical materials, by the professional students of the field has grown to the extent that courses of study on theory may now be put on the sound foundation of a special literature. Collections of essays on international relations theory have appeared, and more will be published shortly. The development is clear and certain; therefore, it is timely to ask what this thrust toward theorizing intends and portends. Of what use is it? What place has it in the advancement of the science or art of international relations?
The Correction for Attenuation.

This article examines the statistical correction for attenuation and the controversies surrounding the procedure. Although originally developed for test construction purposes, the correction for attenuation is also used in meta-analysis and assessments of validity generalization. Since Spearman's classic article in 1904, correct use and interpretation of the correction for attenuation has been debated. The logic of the double and single correction formulae is discussed as well as the correction producing validity coefficients greater than 1.00. Three types of misapplications and misinterpretations of the correction in published literature are presented. The article concludes with arguments pertaining to the use of the correction formula, and it attempts to sharpen the focus of issues that have led to differences of opinion about its meaning and purpose.
Data Needs to Assess Environmental Quality Issues Related to Agriculture and Rural Areas

The assessment of environmental quality problems and the design and economic evaluation of alternative federal, state, and local policy strategies to address environmental issues require complex analyses which must address the underlying physical, biological, social, and economic processes. The study of environmental problems is thus inherently multidisciplinary and should involve the physical, biological, and social sciences. Unfortunately, the multidisciplinary nature of environmental issues has caused problems with the quality and general availability of the data necessary for appropriate analyses. While data have been collected in many areas to address discipline-specific problems, there has been little regard for the eventual need to coordinate analyses across disciplinary lines. As Portney points out, this lack of coordination in data collection is reflected in the often Bal-
Color discrimination in horses

Abstract Four Arabian horses and one Thoroughbred were presented with a series of two-choice color vs. gray discrimination problems. Testing was done in a stall containing a wall with two translucent panels that were illuminated from behind by light projected through color or gray filters to provide the discriminative stimuli. Horses first learned to push one of the panels in order to receive the food reward behind the positive stimulus in an achromatic light–dark discrimination task, and were then tested on their ability to discriminate between gray and four individual colors: red (617 nm), yellow (581 nm), green (538 nm), and blue (470 nm). The criterion for learning was set at 85% correct responses, and final testing for all color vs. gray discriminations involved grays of varying intensities, making brightness an irrelevant cue. Three subjects were tested with all four colors. Two of those subjects successfully reached the criterion for learning on all four color vs. gray discriminations, while the third reached criterion with red and blue, but performed at chance levels for yellow and green. A fourth horse was only tested with green and yellow, and a fifth only with blue, and both of those horses successfully reached criterion on the discriminations they attempted. With the exception of the one subject's poor performance with yellow and green, there was no significant difference between horses on any of the discrimination tasks, and no significant difference in their performance with different colors. The results suggest that horses have color vision that is at least dichromatic, although partial color-blindness may occur in some individuals.
Dopamine receptors in the rat frontal cortex: An autoradiographic study

Abstract Literature findings indicated that injection of low doses of [ 3 H] spiperone results in a labelling of dopamine receptors in rat brain, but also in a labelling of serotonin receptors. Administration of pipamperone, a drug with serotonergic properties, to animals treated with [ 3 H] spiperone reduced the serotonergic component of the binding and permitted an easier identification of dopamine receptor binding. At the level of Forceps Minor, there were elevated levels of receptors in the deeper layers of the cingulate cortex, in the region above the rhinal sulcus and in an area dorsal to the accumbens. This distribution is in agreement with the results of other biochemical, histochemical and electrophysiological studies.
Meta-analysis of the Randomized controlled trials (RCT's) of Recombinant human Erythropoietin (EPO) in Anemia of Prematurity (AOP). ▴ 1731

Meta-analysis of the Randomized controlled trials (RCT's) of Recombinant human Erythropoietin (EPO) in Anemia of Prematurity (AOP). ▴ 1731
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Aortic Atresia-Mitral Stenosis Variant: Role of Myocardial Protection Strategy and Impact of Ventriculo-coronary Connections After Stage I Palliation

Aortic atresia-mitral stenosis (AA-MS) has been implicated as a determinant of outcome after Stage-1 palliation (S1P) in hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS).Studies evaluating the association of AA-MS with ventriculo-coronary connections (VCC) and mortality report conflicting results. The significance of VCC, myocardial protection, and shunt strategy after S1P has yet to be determined. Between January 2005 and July 2009, 100 neonates with HLHS underwent S1P. Mitral and aortic valves and presence of VCC were assessed. Antegrade continuous cold blood cardioplegia was administered throughout the vast extent of the neo-aortic reconstruction. A right ventricle-to-pulmonary shunt was used for an ascending aortic diameter of 0.6 mm/kg or less. Survival analysis was performed to determine predictors and assess impact of AA-MS and VCC on hospital and interstage mortality. Twenty-seven (of 100) patients had AA-MS. The mean age and weight at S1P were 6.5 ± 2.8 days and 3.09 ± 0.47 kg, respectively. VCC were found in 56% of AA-MS. Twenty-two had Norwood-Sano, 3 had classic Norwood, and 2 had hybrid S1P. VCC were associated with AA-MS, endocardial fibroelastosis, and ascending aortic size <2 mm (P < 0.05) but not higher mortality (P = ns). Operative and interstage survival for AA-MS after S1P was 85.2 and 71%, respectively (not statistically different compared to all other subtypes; P = ns). Actuarial survival after S1P at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 36 months was 92.9 ± 4.9, 78.6 ± 7.8, 75 ± 8.2, 71.3 ± 8.3, and 71.3 ± 8.3%, respectively. Intact atrial septum and post-S1P renal dysfunction (P < 0.05) were independent predictors of hospital and interstage mortality. In patients with HLHS, AA-MS carries no survival disadvantage after S1P during the hospital and interstage period regardless of VCC. Intact atrial septum and post-S1P renal dysfunction predict early and interstage mortality. Myocardial protection and shunt strategy might influence the outcome in this HLHS variant.
The effect of substrate material on nucleation behavior of molten silicon for photovoltaics

Abstract To manufacture crystalline silicon for photovoltaic applications, molten silicon is often solidified while in physical contact with a crucible or substrate, where nucleation of new grains should be minimized. This study aims to determine the propensity of silicon to nucleate in contact with different materials. Differential scanning calorimetry is used to measure the undercooling below the melting temperature of molten silicon in contact with these materials. Dry thermal oxide shows up to 141 °C of undercooling before nucleation occurs, while silicon nitride consistently shows less than 20 °C. Noticeable variation in the level of undercooling may be related to sample deformations or coating thickness. Greater undercooling indicates a lower driving force for the coating material to nucleate heterogeneously, thus promoting growth of larger grains, which will be useful in designing crystal growth processes for photovoltaics.
Litterfall, litter decomposition, and flux of particulate organic material in a coastal plain stream

Import of allochthonous material in terms of litterfall in a 3rd order stream in Mississippi coastal plain was 386g dry wt/m2/yr. Litter materials consisting of deciduous leaves, pine needles, and woody twigs collected during different seasons showed some differences in ash-free dry weight, caloric, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus contents. In situ decomposition to particulate form of deciduous and pine litter enclosed in nylon litter bags showed 15% and 65%, respectively, of the litter remaining after 334 days. Downstream net transport of suspended particulate organic material in the river averaged 688,290 kg dry wt/yr with a range of 456,061 to 920,518 kg dry wt/yr. There was a tendency for the particulate organic matter load of the water to increase during ebbtide and to decrease during floodtide.
Optimal foldover plans for two-level fractional factorial designs

A commonly used follow-up experiment strategy involves the use of a foldover design by reversing the signs of one or more columns of the initial design. Defining a foldover plan as the collection of columns whose signs are to be reversed in the foldover design, this article answers the following question: Given a 2k−p design with k factors and p generators, what is its optimal foldover plan? We obtain optimal foldover plans for 16 and 32 runs and tabulate the results for practical use. Most of these plans differ from traditional foldover plans that involve reversing the signs of one or all columns. There are several equivalent ways to generate a particular foldover design. We demonstrate that any foldover plan of a 2k−p fractional factorial design is equivalent to a core foldover plan consisting only of the p out of k factors. Furthermore, we prove that there are exactly 2k−p foldover plans that are equivalent to any core foldover plan of a 2k−p design and demonstrate how these foldover plans can be const...
Structural Stability of LiCoO2 at 400°C☆

The relative stability of the lithiated-spinel structure, Li{sub 2}[Co{sub 2}]O{sub 4}, at 400{sup o}C to the layered LiCoO{sub 2} structure has been investigated. 'Low-temperature' LT-LiCoO{sub 2} samples were synthesized at 400{sup o}C by the solid-state reaction of Li{sub 2}CO{sub 3} with CoCO{sub 3} (or Co{sub 3}O{sub 4}) for various times between 10 min and 232 days. Least-squares refinements of X-ray powder diffraction patterns were used to determine the fractions of lithiated-spinel Li{sub 2}[Co{sub 2}]O{sub 4} and layered LiCoO{sub 2} in the samples. X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscope data show that Li{sub 2}[Co{sub 2}]O{sub 4} nucleates from an intermediate Li{sub x}Co{sub 1-x}[Co{sub 2}]O{sub 4} spinel product before transforming very slowly to layered LiCoO{sub 2}. The experimental data confirm the theoretical prediction that layered LiCoO{sub 2} is thermodynamically more stable than the lithiated-spinel structure at 400{sup o}C and support the arguments that a non-ideal cation distribution in Li{sub 2}[Co{sub 2}]O{sub 4}, non-stoichiometry and kinetic factors restrict the transformation of the lithiated-spinel structure to layered LiCoO{sub 2} at this temperature.
Differential response of cold stored potato tubers to ethylene

The chip color of two potato varieties (Monona and Kennebec) processed directly out of 40 F storage changed in different directions after short exposure to ethylene and continued cold storage. Monona tubers produced much darker chips after ethylene treatment whereas non-enzymatic browning of Kennebec chips was considerably less after gassing. The distribution of pigmentation in chips prepared from both tubers was more uniform after ethylene treatment.
Bayesian estimation of rock mass boundary conditions with applications to the AECL underground research laboratory

In this paper, the estimation of boundary conditions for rock mass models is addressed by means of Bayesian identification procedures. Basic information can consist of stress, strain, or displacement measurements. Previous information is accounted for, so that boundary conditions can be updated at the various stages of a project, as soon as new information becomes available. For linearly elastic rock masses, the boundary conditions are computed in a one-step solution. For rock masses with non-linear behavior, an iterative procedure must be followed. Potential advantages and shortcomings are also discussed, together with comparisons with other methods available in the literature. The proposed procedure is applied to two(2)- and three-dimensional (3-D) non-linear models of the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) of the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), Canada. The procedure displayed fast convergence despite the complex geometry of the site, and the high degree of non-linearity of the models. The 3-D model was able to completely reproduce the complex measured stress pattern, and the 90° rotation of the principal in situ stresses with depth. In order to reliably estimate the boundary conditions reproducing the current in situ state of stress, response measurements of the rock mass to current disturbances are necessary as input data.
Dynamic diffuse optical tomography imaging of peripheral arterial disease

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is the narrowing of arteries due to plaque accumulation in the vascular walls. This leads to insufficient blood supply to the extremities and can ultimately cause cell death. Currently available methods are ineffective in diagnosing PAD in patients with calcified arteries, such as those with diabetes. In this paper we investigate the potential of dynamic diffuse optical tomography (DDOT) as an alternative way to assess PAD in the lower extremities. DDOT is a non-invasive, non-ionizing imaging modality that uses near-infrared light to create spatio-temporal maps of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin in tissue. We present three case studies in which we used DDOT to visualize vascular perfusion of a healthy volunteer, a PAD patient and a diabetic PAD patient with calcified arteries. These preliminary results show significant differences in DDOT time-traces and images between all three cases, underscoring the potential of DDOT as a new diagnostic tool.
Can Soliton Attractors Exist in Realistic 3+1-D Conservative Systems?

Abstract High-energy physicists already know that stable attractors (solitons) can exist in 3+1-dimensional conservative Lagrangian systems, so long as the definition of an attractor is based on weak notions of stability and the fields admit topological charge. This paper explores the possibility of attractors in Lagrangian field theories without topological charge, using a new, stronger concept of stability—Convective quantized Asymptotic Orbital Stability (ChAOS) . Under certain conditions, ChAOS is related to additive Liapunov stability or energetic stability. Russian physicists have argued that such stability tends to require topological charge; however, this paper describes systems which avoid those arguments, and suggests how numerical examples might be constructed. Solitons have been proposed to explain the existence and nature of elementary particles within the Feynman version of quantum theory; Section 6 cites this literature, as well as new possibilities for alternative versions with testable nuclear implications.
Transitory pulmonary infiltration (Loeffler's syndrome).

1.Three cases of Loeffler's syndrome are discussed. In each instance, atopic rhinitis and asthma were present and sensitivities to multiple inhalant allergens were demonstrated. 2.Presumably, polyvalent bacterial or intrinsic sensitivities were present in all three patients in addition to recognized extrinsic sensitivities. It is difficult and often impossible in the presence of multiple sensitivities to incriminate any single antigen as the cause of an episode of allergic pulmonary infiltration. 3.In two of the patients described, pulmonary infiltrations were characteristically transitory. In the third patient, although early infiltrations were of fleeting character, repeated attacks have left increasing residual fibrosis and evidence of irreversible damage. It is believed that irreversible changes after allergic pulmonary infiltrations are especially apt to occur when so-called intrinsic or bacterial sensitivities are present.
Exporting toxic waste

Abstract There is concern that developing countries are victimized by international trade in toxic wastes. A Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model demonstrates that a Pigouvian tax on untreated wastes can correct for the attendant externalities. When each country imposes the tax on waste stored within its jurisdiction, at a rate equal to the expected marginal damage to its own citizens, and then distributes the tax revenue to its own citizens in such a way that every household is fully compensated for the impending toxic risk, then all citizens in all countries benefit from free trade in toxic waste.
Global analysis of a buck regulator

Liapunov's direct stability method as applied to discrete systems and the method of paired systems due to Kaiman are used to obtain sufficient conditions for global stability. The global convergence of a buck regulator is also investigated.
Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on cocaine sensitization.

Behavioral sensitization to cocaine was tested for in rats pretreated with a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or 7-nitro indazole (7-NI). A 5-day pre-exposure to once daily cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) injections yielded sensitization to cocaine (15 mg/kg)-induced behavioral activation. Pretreatment injections of L-NAME (100 mg/kg) or 7-NI (30 mg/kg), administered 30 min before each cocaine pre-exposure injection, acutely inhibited cocaine-induced behavioral activation. No sensitization was found after L-NAME pretreatment in a protocol with a 3-day withdrawal between pre-exposure and test cocaine injections. With a 10-day withdrawal period, cocaine sensitization was prevented by L-NAME or 7-NI pretreatment. These results after a 10-day withdrawal are unlikely to arise from deficient brain NO synthase activity on the test day. Instead, these findings suggest a role for NO in mechanisms underlying the development of cocaine sensitization. We conclude that NO participates in both the development of sensitization as well as the expression of cocaine-induced behavior in previously drug-naive animals.
Algae after dark: mechanisms to cope with anoxic/hypoxic conditions.

Summary Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular, soil-dwelling (and aquatic) green alga that has significant metabolic flexibility for balancing redox equivalents and generating ATP when it experiences hypoxic/anoxic conditions. The diversity of pathways available to ferment sugars is often revealed in mutants in which the activities of specific branches of fermentative metabolism have been eliminated; compensatory pathways that have little activity in parental strains under standard laboratory fermentative conditions are often activated. The ways in which these pathways are regulated and integrated have not been extensively explored. In this review, we primarily discuss the intricacies of dark anoxic metabolism in Chlamydomonas, but also discuss aspects of dark oxic metabolism, the utilization of acetate, and the relatively uncharacterized but critical interactions that link chloroplastic and mitochondrial metabolic networks.
Effect of age on the accumulation of (131-I)triiodothyronine in male and female rat brains and other tissues.

Summary Accumulation of [131I]triiodothyronine (T3) by the brain and other tissues in young male and female adult (3 months old) rats was compared with that occurring in old (17 and 24 months) male and female rats. Brain tissues (cerebellum, cerebral white matter, hypothalamus and the neurohypophysis) of old males accumulated significantly more T3 than did comparable tissues from young adult males. Other brain tissues from old males had a slightly higher T3 uptake than those from the younger rats. Similar comparisons between brain tissues from young and very old female rats showed no significant differences or trends. Statistical evaluation of the data on T3 accumulation in the CNS of 3-month-old rats suggests that there is a basic difference in T3 metabolism between male and female animals. Plasma levels of labeled thyroid hormone were not affected by age in either sex.131I accumulation in non-neural tissues was also not significantly influenced by age in either sex. Thus, the metabolism of T3 as reflected by its accumulation in tissues, does not seem to be influenced by age in the same manner in brain and non-neural tissues. This age influenced aspect of T3 metabolism is most evident in the male. The mechanism for these differences with age in T3 metabolism by the brain tissue in males but not in females is not apparent from these studies.
An analysis of image retrieval tasks in the field of art history

This project applied Jorgensen's three image retrieval tasks (1995) and Enser's four models of image retrieval (1995) to investigate end-users' image retrieval tasks and image query modes in the field of art history. Twenty-six undergraduate students majoring in art history were recruited in this study. They were required to finish a term paper including at least 20 images. The participants' image retrieval tasks were collected by pre- and post-search questionnaires, and a post-search interview. There was a significant difference between the mean number of search keywords or phrases participants planned to use and the mean number of search keywords or phrases they actually used. The study found a significant relationship between the level of success for the search results and the percentage of search keywords or phrases drawn from the topic title or topic description participants planned to use. Implications for image indexing tools and image retrieval system design are proposed.
Feeder Protection and Monitoring System, Part II: Staged Fault Test Demonstration

This paper describes the demonstration of three Texas A&M University experimental Feeder Protection and Monitoring Systems during staged fault tests at Houston Lighting and Power and at Public Service Company of New Mexico. The purpose of the experimental devices is to demonstrate improvements in the protection and monitoring capabilities of distribution relays. The Feeder Protection and Monitoring System is a microcomputer-based device installed at a distribution substation which includes arcing fault detection and overcurrent relaying. The arcing fault detector identifies many ground faults which exhibit current too low to be picked up by overcurrent devices. The digital overcurrent relay provides several enhancements over electromechanical relays. The system also demonstrates some of the advantages of computer automation of distribution protective devices by providing remote monitoring, data retrieval and adjustment of settings. These features of the Feeder Protection and Monitoring System were demonstrated during the staged fault tests. The paper includes plotted data and logs of the system performance during the fault tests.
Drain Amylase Levels Are an Adjunct in Detection of Gastrojejunostomy Leaks after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Background Because anastomotic leaks after gastric bypass surgery can have devastating consequences for the patient, early detection is highly desirable. This and many other bariatric surgical centers have discontinued routine use of upper gastrointestinal contrast x-ray because of the lack of cost-effectiveness, discomfort to the patient, and the failure of the study to detect some leaks. We postulated that drain amylase levels from a juxta-anastomotic drain would detect the presence of salivary amylase and be a sensitive test for gastrojejunostomy leak. Study Design Routine measurement of amylase levels from a drain adjacent to the gastrojejunostomy was instituted in 2005. Leak was defined as anastomotic incompetence documented either by confirmatory upper gastrointestinal contrast x-rays, CT scans, or reoperation. Results On postoperative day 1, the drain amylase levels of 350 patients were tested. Seventeen patients had postoperative leaks (4.8%); 14 of the 17 had leaks at the gastrojejunal anastomosis (82%). The median peak value for patients without leak was 79.5 IU/L±1,436.2 SD; for patients with leak it was 6,307 IU/L±50,166 (p 400 IU/L. A drain amylase value of 400 IU/L empirically defines gastrojejunostomy leaks with a sensitivity of 94.1% and a specificity of 90.0%. Negative predictive value of a drain amylase level 400 IU/L in predicting leak was 33.3%. Of the 17 leaks, 7 required reoperation at a median of 1 day (mean, 1.6±1.1 days). There was no perioperative mortality. Conclusions Drain amylase levels are a simple, low-cost adjunct with high sensitivity and specificity that can help to identify patients who may have a leak after gastric bypass surgery.
Atmospheric response to heating within a stable auroral red arc

Abstract We assume the electron conduction hypothesis for the stable auroral red arc. That is, energy conducted in the electron gas from the magnetosphere atong the geomagnetic field lines into the ionosphere heats the ambient F-region electrons. These, in turn, excite the ( 1 D) term of atomic oxygen by electron impact giving rise to the λ6300 emission characteristic of the arc. A two-dimensional model of a red arc is constructed using solutions of the one-dimensional electron heat-conduction equation so that the calculated two-dimensional λ6300 volume emission-rate contours model the contours determined from photometric observations. The resulting electron temperature, λ6300 volume emission-rate, and neutral heating-rate contours are obtained for the arc model. More than 99 per cent of the energy conducted from the magnetosphere is transferred to the neutral gas in the ionosphere through elastic and inelastic collisions of the electrons and ions with the neutrals. A two-dimensional steady-state dynamic model of the neutral thermosphere incorporating thermal conduction, viscosity, and ion drag is used to calculate the temperature perturbation and circulation pattern within the arc region. The pressure forces originating from the red-arc heating drive a thermal cell with upward motion in the red-arc region and a stow subsidence over a much greater area outside the arc. The adiabatic warming and cooling by these motions significantly reduce the neutral temperature increase within the red arc compared to the increase obtained in the absence of motions, but the warming and cooling enlarge the horizontal scale of the region of temperature increase.
Anchor-Free Localization in Rapidly-Deployed Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper we consider a wireless sensor network consisting of a single sink node at the center of a field of randomly distributed sensors. An anchor-free node localization algorithm is proposed in which the sink node imparts radial location information through the phased-array transmission of a series of beacons. The individual sensors use knowledge of received beacons and information from nearest neighbors to identify the sub-sectors in which they reside. This location information can then be used as the basis for an emergent routing algorithm. We present the localization algorithm, deduce the partition error analytically, and then provide simulation results. The results indicate that the localization performance improves with node density, and is robust against RSS measurement noise
Intra-articular migration of a sutureless arthroscopic rotator cuff fixation device

Rotator cuff tears are a common orthopaedic condition. Recent new advances in arthroscopic equipment and devices has allowed many rotator cuff tears to be repaired arthroscopically. Some of these newer devices allow sutureless repair of rotator cuff tears. We report a case of failure in intra-articular migration of such a fixation device. Displacement of the device was noted 4 months after surgery on magnetic resonance arthography. The device was removed arthroscopically with no long-term sequelae. Nevertheless, it is important to recognize that these devices have the potential for intra-articular migration. Due diligence is required in placing these devices. As with all arthroscopic procedures, there appears to be a learning curve associated with the use of sutureless rotator cuff repair fixation devices.
Automated detection and recognition of small targets in compressed imagery: background and theory

The detection of small targets in uncompressed imagery frequently incurs high computational cost due to area-based filtering and template matching processes. In particular, the convolution of a K-pixel filter with an N-pixel image typically requires work that is bounded below by O(KN). However, we have shown that such image-template operations can be computed in less than O(KN) time if the image is appropriately compressed. We call this technique compressive processing. In this two-art series of papers, we present supporting theory, derivations, and analyses of compressive image-template operations that frequently occur in automated target recognition practice. For example, compression ratios of 30:1 or greater have been reported for imagery when interframe differences are small. Similarly high compression ratios have been reported for video imagery using vector quantization (VQ) or visual pattern image coding (VPIC). We thus derive image operations such as edge detection and target classification that are applicable to VQ- and VPIC-compressed imagery, as well as to a VPIC-like transform, called Adaptive Vector Entropy Coding. In the case of edge detection and target classification over VQ- or VPIC-compressed imagery, we show that computational speedups of O(CR) can be obtained with appropriate data structural manipulation. For example, if VQ is employed with fixed-size, K-pixel encoding blocks, then edge detection can be achieved by entropy-based thresholding of the VQ codebook exemplars, at a cost of N/K block substitution operations. Given a codebook of size M vectors, an additional overhead of 2M comparisons may be required for validation purposes. A similar method is employed for VPIC, which encodes image patterns in terms of the encoding block mean, gradient intensity and orientation, and an index that references a bitmap pattern. In practice, the bitmap is derived from the encoding block's zero crossings about the block mean. Analyses emphasize performance measures such as computational cost, information loss, computational error, and compression ratio. Our algorithms are expressed in terms of image algebra, a rigorous, concise notation that unifies linear and nonlinear mathematics in the image domain. Since image algebra has been implemented on numerous sequential and parallel computers, our algorithms are feasible and widely portable.
Earthquake swarms in circum-Pacific subduction zones

Abstract We systematically and manually search through clusters of earthquakes along circum-Pacific subduction zones to identify potential earthquake swarms. In total, we find 266 potential earthquake swarms: 180 we classify as megathrust and 68 we classify as volcanic due to their proximity to the megathrust or to volcanoes. We focus on the megathrust swarms and demonstrate that: (1) the number of events in a swarm is not a function of the largest earthquake in the swarm, (2) swarms exhibit an approximately constant rate of seismicity that lasts until after the mean timing of events in the swarm, (3) the timing of the largest earthquake in the sequence is no different than the timing of any other earthquake in the sequence, (4) our catalogs of earthquakes comprising swarms (~ 9000 events) have high b-values (1.5 to 2), and (5) when earthquake swarms are considered as single events using total duration and cumulative moment, they appear to be consistent with the slow earthquake magnitude-duration scaling law presented by Ide et al. (2007). The first three observations, along with the observation that swarms can span very large areas compared to their cumulative seismic moment, argue against static stress triggering as a driving mechanism for earthquake swarms. Along strike propagation velocities are observed for several swarms, showing epicentral propagation of ~ 10 km/day, similar to other documented slow slip events. Together, this evidence implies that aseismic slip along the megathrust is likely an important mechanism for the generation of megathrust earthquake swarms in circum-Pacific subduction zones. We then conduct a comparison of swarms and large megathrust earthquakes, finding evidence that the two are broadly anti-correlated: megathrust segments with large earthquake swarm gaps are more likely to experience large (Mw > 8) megathrust events. We characterize the ubiquity of megathrust swarms at different margins, and suggest that fault properties along Marianas-type margins may allow for earthquake swarms to occur regularly, but other margins may rely on other variables, such as the subduction of a ridge or seamount, to facilitate the generation of megathrust earthquake swarms.