cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NAMING THE ROMAN STARS: CONSTELLATION ETYMOLOGIES IN CICERO'S ARATEA AND DE NATVRA DEORVM *

Modern readings of Cicero's reception of Greek culture tend to reflect the way we frame the larger question of Roman reception of Greek culture. In the nineteenth century, and indeed well into the twentieth, when Hellenism was in the ascendant and Latin awarded a decidedly second place, Cicero was often read as a slavish copyist in thrall to the Greek classics. Recent work, however, has emphasized Cicero's sense of control over and entitlement to the cultural capital of this conquered province, and his manipulation of it in ways that position Rome (and himself) as a cultural and intellectual rival to Greece.
Phenotypic analysis of lamina propria lymphocytes. Predominance of helper-inducer and cytolytic T-cell phenotypes and deficiency of suppressor-inducer phenotypes in Crohn's disease and control patients.

Abstract To better define the nature of intestinal T cells, the phenotypes of isolated lamina propria lymphocytes (IPL) were determined in both Crohn's disease patients and control patients using combinations of monoclonal antibodies that have been found to correlate with particular immunoregulatory functions. Isolated LPL and autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were stained with multiple combinations of monoclonal antibodies and studied by dual immunofluorescence flow cytometry. In LPL, compared with PBL, there was a significant increase in the proportion of T cells having the Leu-3 +, Leu-8- and Leu-3 +, 2H4 − phenotypes (associated with helper-inducer function) and a corresponding decrease in the proportion of T cells having the Leu-3 +, Leu-8 + and Leu-3 +, 2H4 + phenotypes (associated with suppressor-inducer function). It was also found that in LPL, compared with PBL, the percentage of cells with the Leu-2 +, Leu-15 + phenotype (associated with suppressor-effector function) was significantly lower. However, the percentage of T cells with the Leu-2 +, 9.3 + phenotype (associated with cytolytic function) was similar in PBL and LPL in control patients. There were no major differences comparing Crohn's disease patients with control patients, except that the proportion of Leu-2 +, 9.3 + lymphocytes was higher in PBL in Crohn's disease patients. These results show that the lymphocyte subpopulations in the lamina propria differ from those in peripheral blood in having predominantly the phenotypes of helper-inducer and cytolytic T cells, whereas the phenotypes of suppressor-inducer cells and activated suppressor cells are less frequently observed.
Electron–ion collisions

In ionized plasmas spectral formation is due to particle collisions or radiative excitations. In astrophysical situations there is usually a primary energy source, such as nuclear reactions in a stellar core, illumination of a molecular cloud by a hot star or accretion processes around a black hole. The ambient energy is transferred to the kinetic energy of the particles, which may interact in myriad ways, not all of which are related to spectroscopy. Electron collisions with ions may result in excitation or ionization. The former process is excitation of an electron into discrete levels of an ion, while the latter is excitation into the continuum , or ionization, as shown in Fig. 3.1 and discussed in Chapter 3. A practically complete description of the (e + ion) excitation process requires collisional information on the ions present from an observed astrophysical source, and for all levels participating in spectral transitions. As the excitation energy from the ground state to the higher levels increases, the ionization energy E I is approached. The negative binding energy of the excited states increases roughly as E ~ – z 2 / n 2 , where z is the ion charge. As n → ∞, E → 0, i.e., the electron becomes free. At first sight, therefore, it might seem like a very large number of levels need to be considered for a given atomic system in order to interpret its spectrum completely.
Critical Care in Older Adults

Geriatric patients constitute a substantial proportion of those utilizing critical care services in acute care hospital settings. This chapter reviews clinical indications for critical care services in this population. Specific treatments are reviewed in the context of overall care, including care at the end of life. Critical care medicine plays an important role in the management of elderly urologic patients with complex care requirements.
25-year weight gain in a racially balanced sample of U.S. adults: The CARDIA study.

Objective To examine 25-year trends in weight gain, partitioned by time-related and aging-related changes, during early and middle adulthood. Methods Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA), a prospective, non-nationally representative cohort study conducted at four urban field centers that began in 1985 to 1986 with 5,109 Black (B) and White (W) men (M) and women (W) aged 18 to 30 years, has followed participants for 25 years (aged 43–55 years in 2010–2011). Time-related and aging-related components of weight change were estimated to construct longitudinal models of linear and nonlinear trends. Results There were nonlinear trends in time-related weight gain in W, with larger weight gains early that attenuated at subsequent exams. Time-related trends were linear in M. There were nonlinear trends in aging-related weight gain in BM, BW, and WM, with the greatest weight gains at younger ages. Aging-related trends were linear in WW. Participants with overweight or obesity in early adulthood had greater attenuation of aging-related weight gain during middle adulthood. Conclusions These findings partially support recent surveys indicating slower increases in obesity prevalence in recent years. Findings further suggest that aging-related weight gain is greatest in the 20s and may begin attenuating as early as the mid-30s among some groups.
Cardiac angiosarcoma: histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetic analysis of 10 cases

Angiosarcoma (AS) is the most common cardiac sarcoma with differentiation, and is poorly characterized from a molecular genetic standpoint. Prognosis remains poor, owing to several factors including aggressive tumor biology, poor response to adjuvant therapy, and lack of targeted therapy. The clinical, pathologic and molecular cytogenetic features were studied in ten cardiac AS surgically resected at Mayo Clinic (1994-2015) using a whole-genome, single-nucleotide polymorphism-based platform (OncoScan). Mean patient age was 47.8 years, male/female ratio was 1:1.5, and overall median survival was 5.2 months. The most common location was the right atrium (n=7), with one case each occurring in the epicardium, pericardium, and right ventricle. No patients had received thoracic irradiation. The most common morphology was spindle cell (n=8), with one case each of epithelioid and biphasic. ERG was the most sensitive vascular marker, with diffuse immunoreactivity in all cases. Several recurrent (present in at least 3 cases) aberrations were identified, including trisomies in chromosomes 4, 8, 11, 17, 20, as well as 1q+, and homozygous deletion of CDKN2. Patients who received adjuvant therapy had longer overall survival than those who did not (median 13.4 vs 3.2 months; P=.0283). There were no significant associations between tumor location, histology, immunohistochemical findings, cytogenetic profile, and clinical outcome; however, there was a trend towards improved overall survival in patients with tumors harboring 1q+(median 31.8 vs 3.7 months, P=.06). This study confirms recurrent cytogenetic aberrations in cardiac AS, some of which may have prognostic or predictive implications.
Activation of AKT and Enhanced Resistance to Apoptosis Induced by Surface IgM Ligation in ZAP-70-Positive Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells.

Signaling through the B-cell receptor (BCR) for antigen has been implicated to play a role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Previously we found that BCR ligation on CLL cells that expressed ZAP-70 induced significantly higher levels of phosphorylation in p72Syk, BLNK, and phospholipase C-gamma than did BCR ligation on CLL cells that lacked expression of this protein tyrosine kinase. We hypothesized that CLL B cells that express ZAP-70 also may have enhanced levels of AKT activation following BCR ligation that is associated with increased resistance to apoptosis. CLL B cells were stimulated via surface IgM ligation and monitored at various time points for phosphorylation of cytoplasmic signaling molecules via immunoblot analyses and for viability by flow cytometry after staining with propidium iodide and DiOC6 to detect changes in mitochondrial membrane potential associated with apoptosis. We found that CLL cells that expressed ZAP-70 experienced significantly higher levels of AKT phosphorylation within 10 minutes following BCR-ligation than did ZAP-70-negative CLL cells. Over time a significantly higher proportion of ZAP-70-negative CLL cells were induced to undergo apoptosis by BCR-ligation than similarly treated CLL cells that were ZAP-70 positive. The differences between these two groups in leukemia cell viability over time after BCR ligation could be abrogated by addition of LY294002, a PI3-K inhibitor, to the CLL cell cultures 30 minutes prior to surface IgM ligation. We conclude that ZAP-70-positive CLL cells are relatively resistant to apoptosis induced by surface IgM ligation under the experimental conditions used, a characteristic that is associated with enhanced phosphorylation of AKT and activation of AKT-dependent pathways following BCR ligation. These studies support a model proposing that BCR ligation induces signaling that results in enhanced growth and/or survival of CLL cells that express ZAP-70 relative to that of leukemia cells that lack expression of this tyrosine kinase. Because expression of ZAP-70 typically is associated with expression of unmutated Ig V genes in CLL, the improved signaling afforded by expression of this tyrosine kinase may account in part for the greater tendency for disease progression observed in patients with CLL cells that use unmutated Ig V genes.
Streptococcus Mutans: A Potential Risk Factor in Recurrent Hemorrhagic Stroke.

Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death and is responsible for approximately nine percent of all deaths worldwide. Cases of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans)-induced intracerebral hemorrhage as a result of bloodstream infections have seldom been reported. New reports show that bacteria with specific collagen binding proteins (CBPs), such as the Cnm type produced by S. mutans, may inhibit platelet aggregation and cause bleeding. In this article, we report on a 62-year-old man with a recent history of left frontal intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) who presented to the emergency department after a fall due to suspected seizure while in rehabilitation. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain showed a right cerebellar hemorrhage with surrounding edema and mass effect on the fourth ventricle. A suboccipital craniotomy to evacuate the cerebellar ICH was completed without complication. Radiologic and angiographic assessments regarding the etiology of this patient's stroke did not reveal any evidence of vascular pathology or mycotic aneurysms to explain his recurrent intracranial hemorrhages. Through persistent patient and family interviews, it came to light that a few weeks prior to the patient's first ICH, he was diagnosed with a bloodstream infection by S. mutans. Bacteremia is known to be associated with embolic stroke, but only recently has it been shown that bacteremia can also be implicated in hemorrhagic stroke. S. mutans of the k serotype have specific CBPs that are attracted to exposed collagen in previously damaged small vessel walls. These bacterial proteins can interrupt the blood clotting cascade through the prevention of platelet aggregation, increasing the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage.
WiMAX Application for E-Police Patrolling System

WiMAX is one of wireless broadband transmission standards, which is based on IEEE 802.16 serious. Its signal coverage, UL/DL rate, and bandwidth efficiency are better than traditional ones. It can be the last mile for where the cable and DSL network cannot reach. Because of its characteristic of broadband access and mobility, wireless applications become more enhanced and various. E-Police Patrolling System is one of the wireless applications over WiMAX network. It can help commander monitor any event in front of police officers, and talk to officers via VoIP. In contrast to traditional approach where police on patrol can only give voice back to commander. E-Police Patrolling System can provide both audio and video information of the scene. According to this, commander can give instructions more efficiently and clearly. In this paper, architecture of device and the working scenario of E-Police Patrolling System are going to be presented.
“When size matters”: Multimodality, material ethnography and signage in Trump’s race to the White House

This paper examines the in-built message modality of Republican Party campaign yard signage in the 2016 U.S. Presidential race, and argues for a ‘reading’ in which known and unknown contender biographical details and idiolectal patterns form a key component in analyses using material ethnography. Examining the grammar of visuality in which typographic choice, toponymic-allusion, punctuational detail, as well as onomastics and embedded speech acts emerge ripe in literal and metaphoric meaning, the paper demonstrates how acts of intertextual chaining of political history and candidate biography re-affirm the need for interpretive frameworks which are dynamic – not static – and which are simultaneously incorporative of exophoric text-context accounts of witnessed signage. The in-built potential of campaign yard signage in triggering contagious and conspicuous acts of affective stance-taking particularly in neighborhoods of geospatial contiguity are examined both for how they fit into LL research, as well as for how they prod further innovation in its interdisciplinary-inspired and evolving frameworks of analysis.
Gliomatosis Cerebri: Current Understanding and Controversies

Gliomatosis cerebri (GC) is a rare, extensively infiltrating glioma involving multiple contiguous lobes of the brain. This lethal disease affects all age groups, and the majority of patients have a poor outcome despite aggressive treatment. Despite its initial recognition in 1938, GC remains a controversial entity with little consensus in its definition, histology, or treatment. The majority of GC tumors are astrocytic, although mixed phenotypes have been identified. Treatment of GC is challenging as surgery is generally not an option due to the extensive areas of brain involved, the benefit of radiation therapy is unclear, and no chemotherapy has proven efficacy. Due to the rarity of the disease and its heterogeneity, both at histopathological and molecular levels, it is difficult to conduct clinical trials tailored for this diagnosis. This review summarizes our current knowledge, examines clinical studies focusing on the treatment of GC, highlights ongoing challenges, and discusses the recent molecular insights into adult and pediatric GC. We conclude that, although no longer recognized as a distinct pathological entity, GC represents a unique disease phenotype. Given the histologic and molecular overlap with other diffuse gliomas, the research emphasis should be on investigating its unique invasive biology.
Systems Neuroscience: The Exciting Journey to Oblivion

The mechanisms of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness remain incompletely understood. A recent study reveals that activation of glutamatergic neurons in the lateral habenula plays a causal role in general anesthesia. We explore the systems neuroscience implications of this finding.
The Marcy Repair of Indirect Inguinal Hernia

Surgical trainees often question the fact that different repairs are recommended for the single entity of indirect inguinal hernia, and ask which is the best repair and why. The purpose of this review is to answer these questions with fundamental anatomic, physiologic, and surgical concepts.
Calcium signalling and phosphoinositide metabolism in platelets: subsecond events revealed by quenched-flow techniques.

Thrombin and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) are perhaps the two most important activators of platelet function (Stormorken, 1986). Both agents elicit a rapid “shape change” where platelet discoid shape is lest and pseudopodia are extended, followed by aggregation. Thrombin also induces massive granule secretion under a variety of conditions, while ADP is much less potent (Mustard et al., 1975). There is therefore considerable functional similarity for both agents and much research has been directed to understanding the biochemical basis for how they cause the initial events in signal transduction, leading to “shape change”, activation of the glycoprotein IIb/Illa receptor with binding of fibrinogen, and resulting platelet aggregation.
Can 250+ Fusions Per Muon be Achieved?

Nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes can be induced by negative muons (μ) in reactions such as: $$ \mathop {\underleftarrow {\mu - + d + t \to \alpha + n + \mu - }}\limits_N $$ (1) This reaction is analagous to the nuclear fusion reaction achieved in stars in which hydrogen isotopes (such as deuterium, d, and tritium, t) at very high temperatures first penetrate the Coulomb repulsive barrier and then fuse together to produce an alpha particle (α) and a neutron (n), releasing energy which reaches the earth as light and heat. Life in the universe depends on fusion energy.
An Introduction to Atmospheric Methane

I have two purposes in writing this chapter. The first is to give a brief eyewitness report on the evolution of the current knowledge of methane trends, and the second is to provide a guide to the logic behind this book.
Moral Wounds and Moral Repair: The Dilemmas of Spirituality and Culturally Sensitive Practice:

As our understanding of trauma is expanding, greater consideration is being given to factors such as moral injury and spirituality. Moral injury appears to be especially pertinent in the case of wa...
Abstract 452: Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Inhibition by the Oncometabolite D2-HG Causes Proteome and Metabolome Remodeling in Myocytes

Autophagy “scavenges” proteins and yields amino acids under conditions of metabolic stress to support cell survival and growth. In isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutant tumors, increased plasma l...
miR-373 promotes neuroblastoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting SRCIN1.

Introduction Previous studies have shown that miR-373 functions as either a tumor suppressor or an oncogene depending on which type of cancer it's operating in. However, the functional role of miR-373 in neuroblastoma (NB) remains largely unclear. Methods Expression of miR-373 and SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1 (SRCIN1) in 20 metastatic and 20 primary NB tissues was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. MTT assay, flow cytometry analysis and transwell migration and invasion assays were performed to evaluate the influence of miR-373 inhibition on the growth, migration and invasion of NB cells, respectively. In vivo experiment was applied to determine the effect of miR-373 inhibition on tumor growth. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the interaction between miR-373 and SRCIN1. Results We observed a significant increase in the expression of miR-373 in metastatic NB samples compared with primary NB samples, and this was inversely correlated with SRCIN1 expression. Functional studies revealed that depletion of miR-373 inhibited in vitro NB cell growth, migration and invasion, and also suppressed tumor growth in an in vivo mouse model. Moreover, we identified that SRCIN1 was a direct and functional target gene of miR-373. Silencing of SRCIN1 partially rescued the antimiR-373-mediated inhibition of cell growth, migration and invasion. Conclusion The data from our study verified a potential oncogenic role of miR-373 in NB cells that occurs through direct targeting SRCIN1. The newly identified miR-373/SRCIN1 axis represents a new potential candidate for therapeutic intervention of malignant NB.
Supporting Children's Outdoor Science Learning with Mobile Computers: Integrating Learning On-the-Move Strategies with Context-Sensitive Computing.

Two cases of context-sensitive mobile computing curricula for children are shown to develop analytical understandings of how science-related sense-making talk can be supported through physical and ...
Effects of feeding live yeast at 2 dosages on performance and feeding behavior of dairy cows under heat stress.

ABSTRACT The objectives were to evaluate the effects of feeding different amounts of supplemental live yeast (LY) on performance and digestion of cows under heat stress. Sixty Holstein cows, 27 multiparous and 33 primiparous, were blocked by parity and milk yield in the first 20 d in milk (DIM) and randomly assigned to receive 0, 0.5, or 1.0 g/d of LY, resulting in daily intakes of 0, 14.2, and 37.6 billion cells, respectively, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CNCM I-1077 from 30 to 107 DIM. Cows were milked twice daily, dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were measured daily, and milk components, body weight, and body condition were measured weekly. Blood was sampled weekly and plasma analyzed for concentrations of glucose, fatty acids, urea N, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, and acid-soluble protein. Digestibility of nutrients was measured in the last 2 wk of the experiment. Ruminal fluid was collected on 2 consecutive days 6 h after the morning feeding for measurements of pH, concentrations of short chain fatty acids, and NH3-N. Feeding behavior was observed for 48 h on experiment d 21 and 63. The mean ambient temperature was 26.8°C, humidity was 83.2%, and the temperature and humidity index ranged from 73 to 81. Treatment did not affect rectal temperature (38.9 ± 0.04°C) or DMI but increased yield of energy-corrected milk (ECM; 35.2 vs. 36.1 vs. 37.2 kg/d for 0, 0.5, and 1.0 g/d, respectively) and efficiency of conversion of DM into ECM (1.70, 1.79, and 1.83 for 0, 0.5, and 1 g/d, respectively). Feeding LY increased digestibility of crude protein (65.1 vs. 68.8 vs. 70.4%) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; 47.5 vs. 49.2 vs. 55.2%), and concentration of acetate (64.7 vs. 69.1 vs. 72.2 mM), which resulted in increased concentration of total short chain fatty acids in ruminal fluid (110.3 vs. 117.7 vs. 121.4 mM). Mean ruminal pH increased (5.99 vs. 6.03 vs. 6.26), and proportion of cows with pH
Internalized weight bias in patients presenting for bariatric surgery.

Abstract Introduction Internalized weight bias (IWB) is significantly related to poor psychosocial health outcomes in patients with increased body mass index (BMI). The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties and correlates of the Weight-Bias Internalization Scale in a pre-surgical bariatric population. Methods Self-report measures were administered to patients prior to surgery. Measures assessed internalized weight bias, body dissatisfaction, depression, anxiety, quality of life, and eating behaviors. Statistical methods included confirmatory factor analysis to examine the factor structure [of the WBIS] in this population, descriptive statistics, correlations, and hierarchical linear regression between continuous variables to determine patterns of associations, and t-tests to compare levels of IWB between the current sample and previously documented samples. Results Confirmatory factor analysis indicated an acceptable fit using a one-factor structure for the WBIS, with one item removed. Mean WBIS in the current sample was comparable to that documented in a community sample of adults with overweight and obesity, as well as a sample of adolescents seeking bariatric surgery. Additionally, IWB was positively associated with body dissatisfaction, restrained, emotional, and external eating, depression, and anxiety, and negatively associated with quality of life. Further, individuals endorsing episodes of loss of control over eating had significantly higher WBIS scores. Conclusions This study highlights the strong pattern of associations with measures of body image, disordered eating, and quality of life point toward the relevance of IWB to bariatric patients' experiences. Future studies to explore the longitudinal effects of IWB in a post-bariatric population are needed particularly to understand psychosocial and surgical health outcomes.
SEDIMENTOLOGY OF BEACHES IN NORTHERN PALM BEACH COUNTY, FLORIDA, USA

Beach nourishment is a common strategy for erosion mitigation that also increases coastal resilience to storm impacts, provides habitat, and supports the economy. Regulations often require that placed sediment closely match the native grain size distribution and composition, however characteristics can vary based on the borrow site. Certain sediment properties will also influence beach slope and other critical beach functions. This study evaluates the 3-dimensional sediment properties and beach morphology of nourished and non-nourished barrier island beaches in northern Palm Beach County, Florida, USA. Surveyed beach profiles were compared with predicted slope based on median grain size. The inlet-adjacent beach managed with annual placement of beneficial use of dredged materials consisted of poorly sorted coarse sand and the steepest measured slope. Sediment was progressively finer and better sorted downdrift with decreasing foreshore slopes. Although sediment near the shoreline is typically the coarsest, clasts were finer than the mid-beach location suggesting that the sampling period coincided with beach recovery and onshore sediment transport of finer material. Sediment at the surface differed from sediment at depth, likely due to the frequent introduction of sediment from various borrow areas compared to the dominance of weathered coquina at depth. The non-carbonate, siliciclastic fraction was primary quartz with few other minerals. The estimated beach slope at the location with the coarsest sediment matched the measured slope. A lower beach slope was predicted for the other locations with finer grain sizes at the shoreline that was attributed to slightly steeper slopes associated with beach accretion. Therefore, complicated spatio-temporal morphodynamics of beaches should be considered when using median grain size from only one sampling event.
A phase 1b expansion study of TAS-102 with oxaliplatin for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer.

Background TAS-102, a novel antimetabolite, is approved for treatment of refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). This study sought to determine whether the addition of TAS-102 to oxaliplatin (TAS-OX) was safe and effective in metastatic CRC previously treated with oxaliplatin. Methods This investigator-initiated, open-label, single-arm phase 1b study enrolled patients with metastatic CRC previously treated with 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin. In dose escalation, TAS-102 was given at 3 dose levels: 25, 30, and 35 mg/m2 twice daily on day 1 to day 5 with 85 mg/m2 oxaliplatin on day 1 in 14-day cycles. The primary endpoint of dose escalation was the recommended dose for expansion, and in dose expansion, the primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR) according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST, version 1.1). Results Forty-one patients were treated with TAS-OX. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed in the 11 patients treated in escalation. The recommended dose for expansion was 35 mg/m2 TAS-102 twice daily on day 1 to day 5 in combination with 85 mg/m2 oxaliplatin on day 1 in 14-day cycles. In the intention-to-treat population, the ORR was 2.4% (95% CI, 0%-12.9%) with 1 of 41 patients having a partial response, although 12 (29%) had tumor shrinkage. The median progression-free survival was 2.7 months (95% CI, 2.4-4.8 months) and median overall survival was 6.8 months (95% CI, 5.7-10 months). Conclusions TAS-OX is safe with no unexpected toxicities at standard doses of each agent. The combination did not result in a clinically meaningful ORR, although progression-free survival and overall survival were encouraging in this heavily pretreated population. Lay summary For metastatic colorectal cancer, the treatment combination of TAS-102 and oxaliplatin was found to be well-tolerated and revealed no unexpected side effects. Twelve of 41 patients had reductions in the size of their tumor, and the study treatment delayed the time to tumor growth as opposed to what would be expected.
Protest Policing and the Fourth Amendment

Police crowd control techniques have come under increased scrutiny after viral videos of unprovoked violence against protesters dominated airwaves in 2020. Many demonstrators, and at least two state attorneys general, pursued civil rights claims claiming excessive use of force under the Fourth Amendment. While debate rages over the merits of those claims, surprisingly little scholarly literature exists to examine an important related threshold question: does the Fourth Amendment apply at all to protest policing violence? This Article provides the first sustained treatment of the issue, highlighting how the United States Supreme Court’s narrow definition of “seizure” and cramped notion of Fourth Amendment “standing” cast doubt on demonstrators’ ability to sustain claims of excessive force under the Fourth Amendment. The Court has long defined a “seizure” as requiring an intent to submit a suspect to an officer’s grasp, but crowd control techniques are designed to disperse rather than restrain protesters. Moreover, questions abound regarding whether actual submission or physical force are required to constitute a seizure, as well as what one means by “submission” or a physical touching in a crowd dispersed by chemical munitions. As to standing, while some individuals may assert personal claims, more recent attempts to aggregate protester claims through class actions or State-led parens patriae actions seem to contravene the Court’s strict rejection of vicarious standing in Fourth Amendment cases. This Article critiques both the Court’s seizure and standing jurisprudence as contrary to the original purpose of the amendment, articulates a novel “restraint on liberty” theory of seizures that incorporates the command to leave as equivalent to the command to stay, and charts a principled path forward for class action and state representative actions limited to the mass demonstration context.
Reconstructive Management of Gunshot Wounds to the Frontal Sinus: An Urban Trauma Center's Perspective.

Introduction In the last decade, we have seen a steady increase in the incidence of frontal sinus trauma due to gunshot wounds and a decrease in motor vehicle trauma. Penetrating gunshot wounds to the frontal sinus present a unique challenge to the reconstructive surgeon because they require careful consideration of the management principles of plastic surgery. Despite previous reviews on frontal sinus trauma, there are no studies examining the management techniques of frontal sinus fractures due specifically to gunshot wounds. In this study, we aim to retrospectively evaluate the use of a variety of tissue flaps in intervention and associated outcomes. Methods A retrospective chart review was completed on all patients with gunshot wound(s) to the frontal sinus from January 2010 to January 2018 at a single institution. The patients were classified based on the fracture pattern (anterior vs posterior table vs both), degree of displacement, presence of nasofrontal outflow tract injury, and evidence of cerebrospinal fluid leak. Patients were then stratified according to the type of reconstruction performed (cranialization, obliteration and need for free flap) and evaluated for major and minor complications after reconstruction. Results In this study, we present outcome data from 28 cases of frontal sinus trauma due to gunshot wounds. There was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.049) in the type reconstructive strategy employed with each type of flap, with pericranial flaps primarily used in cranialization, temporal grafts were more likely to be used in obliteration, and free flaps were more likely to be used in cranialization. The overall major complication rate was 52% (P = 0.248), with the most common acute major complication was cerebrospinal fluid leak (39%) and major chronic was abscess (23.5%). Conclusions This report explores the management of frontal sinus trauma and presents short-term outcomes of treatment for penetrating gunshot wounds at a tertiary referral center.
JAX-ReaxFF: A Gradient Based Framework for Extremely Fast Optimization of Reactive Force Fields

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations ease the study of the chemistry of interest. While classical models that governs the interaction of the atoms lack reactivity, the quantum mechanics based methods increase the computational cost drastically. ReaxFF fills the gap between these two ends of the spectrum by allowing bond breaking and dynamic charges. To achieve realistic simulations using ReaxFF, the model parameters need to be carefully tuned based on the training data created using more accurate but expensive methods. The current optimization methods focus on black-box optimization methods such as genetic algorithms (GAs), Monte-Carlo methods and covariance matrix adaptation evolutionary strategy (CMA-ES). Due to the stochastic behavior of these methods, the training requires hundreds of thousands of error evaluations for complex training tasks and each error evaluation usually involves energy minimization of the many molecules in the training data. In this work, we propose a novel approach which takes advantage of the modern tools developed for machine learning to improve the training efficiency of the force field development for ReaxFF. By calculating the gradients of the loss function using JAX library developed by Google, we are able to use well studied local optimization methods such as the limited Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (LBFGS) and Sequential Least Squares Programming (SLSQP) method. To further decrease the training time, we skip the energy minimization of the molecules during the local optimization since the parameters of the model are not likely to change drastically during a local search. JAX allows us to easily parallelize the error evolution by compiling the code for CPUs, GPUs or TPUs. With the help of the modern accelerators and the gradient information, we are able to decrease the training time from days to minutes.
A Critical Analysis of the Specific Pharmacist Interventions and Risk Assessments During the 12-Month TRANSAFE Rx Randomized Controlled Trial:

BackgroundMedication safety issues have detrimental implications on long-term outcomes in the high-risk kidney transplant (KTX) population. Medication errors, adverse drug events, and medication no...
Voluntary Action, Chosen Action, and Resolve

This paper provides a phenomenological account of the intentional structure of action. To establish the context, I first distinguish (a) physiological changes and the bodily motions manifesting the...
Upregulation of bax protein levels in neurons following cerebral ischemia

The patterns of expression of the bcl-2, bax, and bci-X genes were examined immunohistochemically in neurons of the adult rat brain before and after 10 min of global ischemia induced by transient cardiac arrest. High levels of the cell death promoting protein Bax and concomitant low levels of the apoptosis-blocking protein Bcl-2 were found in some populations of neurons that are particularly sensitive to cell death induced by transient global ischemia, such as the CA1 sector of the hippocampus and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Moreover, within 0.5 to 3 hr after an ischemic episode, immunostaining for Bax was markedly increased within neurons with morphological features of degeneration in many regions of the brain. Use of a two-color staining method for simultaneous analysis of Bax protein and in situ detection of DNA-strand breaks revealed high levels of Bax immunoreactivity in many neurons undergoing apoptosis. Postischemic elevations in Bax protein levels in the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum were also demonstrated by immunoblotting. At early times after transient ischemia, regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x protein levels varied among neuronal subpopulations, but from 3 hr on, those neurons with morphological evidence of degeneration uniformly contained reduced levels of Bci-2 and particularly Bci-X immunoreactivity. The findings suggest that differential expression of some members of the bcl-2 gene family may play an important role in determining the relative sensitivity of neuronal subpopulations to ischemia and that postischemic alterations in the expression of bax, bcl-2, and bcl-x may contribute to the delayed neuronal cell death that occurs during the repurfusion phase after a transient ischemic episode.
A Taxonomy of Presidential Powers

This Essay proposes a typology of presidential powers that seeks to improve how scholars discuss the substance of presidential powers.The goal is to make it easier to express and to understand the claims and counterclaims often made about the sources, limits, and exclusivity of various presidential powers. Too often, scholars and politicians use somewhat confusing terminology, obscuring their assertions and making it difficult to discern their actual arguments.This Essay supplies new phrases scholars can use to clarify their claims, and, in doing so, seeks to dispel the seemingly endless confusion that is endemic to arguments about presidential power.
VICARIOUS LIABILITY AND ADMINISTRATION OF RISK II

In an earlier part of this article 1 a translation of the rules of frolic and detour and independent contractor into administration of risk concepts was attempted. The case of the person to whom the loss was allocated was considered to ascertain what his capacity was to administer it. The analysis undertaken there will be extended here to some of the partnership and business trust problems. The capacity of the persons being held liable to administer the risks allocated to them will be studied. Contract as well as tort liability will be included. But only those problems will be analyzed which involve the determination of what persons are vicariously liable for contracts and torts admittedly within the scope of the business being undertaken. Questions of the scope of the authority or power of the so-called agent will not be included.
Asymptomatic compression of brainstem by basilar or vertebral arteries: A case series of 20 patients (P1.070)

OBJECTIVE: Brainstem compression caused by vascular tortuosity has been associated with pyramidal tract signs and cranial nerve dysfunction. We describe twenty cases of incidental compression and distortion of the medulla oblongata by, vertebral or basilar arteries. BACKGROUND: There are multiple case series of patients with brainstem compression treated with surgical decompression as a treatment for lower cranial nerve palsies and weakness. Not all patients improved after surgical intervention. METHODS: Twenty patients, twelve male and eight female, were evaluated by neurologists for symptoms like headache, visual changes, dysarthria, numbness, weakness, dizziness and poor cognition. All patients had a comprehensive neurological examination and a brain MRI. Patients were included if distortion/compression of the medulla or pons was observed. RESULTS: All patients had prominent medullary distortion axial T2 sequences due to adjacent vascular structures. The right side of medulla was compressed by the right vertebral artery (n=6) or basilar artery (n=1); the left side was compressed by the left vertebral artery (n=13). Vertebral arteries crossed the midline in 7. The lateral medulla was affected in 6 patients; the ventral medulla was affected in 14. None of the patients was thought to be symptomatic from brainstem compression. CONCLUSION: Vascular compression of the brainstem, even with severe distortion, can be incidental and unassociated with overt clinical symptoms or signs. The prevalence of this entity requires a prospective population based study. Clinical correlation is paramount when determining when and if to offer treatment. Disclosure: Dr. Daneshmand has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thaler has received personal compensation for activities with St. Jude Medical and W. L. Gore & Associates as a consultant.
(2S,3S)‐2‐Benzyl‐3‐(nosyl­amino)­butano‐4‐lactone

In the crystalline state, the title mol­ecule, C17H16N2O6S, with its five-membered ring in an envelope conformation, produces a three-dimensional network of weak intermolecular hydro­gen-bonding interactions.
Impact of deposition and laser densification of Silicalite-1 films on their optical characteristics

Abstract Although the field of integrated optics has advanced tremendously in the past two decades, the state-of-the-art still lags behind its electronic counterpart, particularly in the development and integration of new optical materials systems. Nanostructured materials, and in particular, porous, nanostructured materials, often have unique and complex relationships between their structure and their resulting optoelectronic properties. These relationships may be tailored during or after synthesis or deposition, leading to potentially intriguing new material systems suitable for various applications in integrated optics (tunable lasers, waveguides, transmitters, etc.) in the visible or near infrared regions. Zeolites represent a unique example of this material class; with their uniform microporosity and structural symmetry, their physicochemical and optoelectronic properties may be tailored to present a broad range of structures, compositions, surface areas, chemical and thermal stabilities, refractive index, dielectric constants, etc. Here, we synthesize a model zeolite system, silicalite-1 (MFI), in film form and characterize the resulting films both before and after partial laser densification to evaluate its potential for integrated optics. We use scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and ellipsometry to determine the crystallinity, film thickness, surface coverage, crystal size, and crystal habit of the MFI films. We explore the fundamental optical properties of these films, such as index of refraction, and absorption and transparency windows, as a function of deposition method and film orientation. Within these parameters, we discuss their potential versatility and how slight structural changes induced via CO 2 laser-assisted densification impact their resulting IR and Raman characteristics. The resulting randomly- and b -oriented films of thickness 94.32–510.31 nm showed the ability to reach a range of refractive indices (1.327–1.678), depending on film orientation, deposition technique, and crystallization time. The intensities of their IR (1400–400 cm −1 ) and relative Raman (1500–600 cm −1 ) absorption regions indicate an increase in crystallinity with laser irradiation from 10 to 20% power, however, crystallinity then decreases above 30% laser irradiation. These changes are all possible without changes in the overall composition. Determining these fundamental optical properties will allow us to explore the functionality of these materials for a wider array of applications in optics and electronics, where nanostructured materials can make a significant difference in scale, cost, efficiency, and overall performance. The results of this study will help determine the suitability of zeolites for optoelectronic materials, and will broaden their usage in optical computing, signal processing, and a new generation of optical components.
Latent tuberculosis in kidney and liver transplant patients: a review of treatment practices and outcomes

Background The standard treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is associated with toxicities and data are limited on tolerability among patients with advanced organ disease listed for transplant. Alternate options are available, but they have yet to be studied in this population. Methods A retrospective review of the treatment of LTBI among kidney and/or liver transplant candidates was conducted to assess factors impacting therapy initiation, tolerability, and completion of therapy. Results Of 174 eligible patients, treatment of LTBI was initiated in 129, of which 91 were listed for kidney transplant and 38 were listed for liver or liver/kidney transplant. Infectious Diseases consultation was independently associated with treatment initiation when controlling for waitlisted organ and receipt of hemodialysis (odds ratio [OR] 81.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 23.94–274.94, P < 0.001). Documented completion of first-line therapy was 47% overall, and 49% and 39%, respectively, among kidney and liver/kidney candidates (P = not significant). On multivariable analysis, controlling for baseline aspartate aminotransferase and waitlisted organ, first-line receipt of rifampin was associated with lower rates of treatment completion (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05–0.77, P = 0.02). Conclusion Based on medical record documentation, completion of first-line therapy was <50% in this cohort, although this is likely an underestimate, as 34% of patients had no chart documentation that therapy was completed. Approximately 20% of patients did not complete first-line therapy because of adverse effects.
Correlation of local velocities in tubes, annuli, and parallel plates

A consistent method is presented for predicting local velocities in smooth tubes, concentric annuli, and parallel plates. Consideration is limited to the steady, isothermal, fully turbulent flow of constant-density fluids. Experimental data show the proposed correlation to be indepdent of Reynolds number and radius ratio. Intermediate quantities, calculated from friction data, permit local velocities to be determined over a wide range of operating conditions.
Limits in the evaluation of closely spaced chemical relaxation processes

Abstract Earlier studies on fundamental errors in the evaluation of chemical relaxation parameters from curves of closely spaced relaxation processes are reinvestigated with rigorous mathematical tools. Very precise data referring to two neighboring relaxation processes are produced by non-linear equations and subsequently evaluated by non-linear least squares analysis, assuming two exponential terms. Previously, linear equations were used in the generation of precise data and then evaluated by graphical means. Relaxation processes are evaluated with ratios of two consecutive relaxation times of up to 2/3. The enzyme catalyzed isomerization is used as underlying chemical mechanism with most thermodynamic parameters fixed. The analyses showed that derived signal amplitudes should be used with great care, if relaxation times exceed ratios of around 1/10. If these amplitudes have the same sign, the relaxation times are generally quite precise, as long as the overall amplitudes are sufficiently large. If amplitudes become comparatively small in selected regions, evaluated amplitudes may deviate considerably from computed (theoretical) ones. The experimentalist has to be aware of this problem even if high signal-to-noise ratios are maintained ( S/N ≳ 1000).
E-Participation in Planning: An Analysis of Cities Adopting On-Line Citizen Participation Tools

E-government tools provide municipal planning departments with an alternative means to inform and engage their citizenry. We examine the use of information and communication technology e-government tools to promote citizen participation in the planning process. The analysis is based on an examination of municipal planning-related websites for the 590 US cities with a 2000 Census population of 50 000 or more. We also explore the influence which demographic contextual factors have on what tools are provided. Principal findings highlight the dominance of simple, information-based, e-government tools. The analyses also suggest that population-related and geographic-related variables are significant and pervasive influences on the provision of these tools.