cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of The Zebra Protein in the Switch Between Epstein-Barr Virus Latency and Replication

Experiments will be summarized which address two general questions about the BZLF1 gene. The first is, “what factors regulate expression of the gene?” The second is “which other EB viral genes are activated as the result of ZEBRA expression?”
Paradoxes and wonders of intrinsic disorder: Complexity of simplicity

At first glance it may seem that intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and IDP regions (IDPRs) are simpler than ordered proteins and domains on multiple levels. However, such multilevel simplicity equips these proteins with the ability to have very complex behavior.
New Bulk Materials for Thermoelectric Applications: Synthetic Strategies Based On Phase Homologies

Success in discovering new thermoelectric (TE) materials hinges on our ability to achieve simultaneously high electronic conductivity (σ), high thermoelectric power (S) and low thermal conductivity (κ) in the same material.1,2,3These properties define the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT = (S2¦O/k)T; where T is the temperature. The S2s product is often called the power factor. All σ, S and κ are transport quantities and therefore are determined by the details of the crystal and electronic structure and scattering of charge carriers. They cannot be controlled independently. The thermal conductivity k has an electronic contribution κeland a lattice contribution, κ1, which is called the lattice thermal conductivity. The latter sometimes can be manipulated independently from the electrical conductivity and thermopower.
Multi-graded Betti numbers of path ideals of trees

A path ideal of a tree is an ideal whose minimal generating set corresponds to paths of a specified length in a tree. We provide a description of a collection of induced subtrees whose vertex sets correspond to the multi-graded Betti numbers on the linear strand in the corresponding minimal free resolution of the path ideal. For two classes of path ideals, we give an explicit description of a collection of induced subforests whose vertex sets correspond to the multi-graded Betti numbers in the corresponding minimal free resolutions. Lastly, in both classes of path ideals considered, the graded Betti numbers are explicitly computed for t-ary trees.
A computer model to predict empty body weight in cattle from diet and animal characteristics.

A computer model was developed to predict empty BW in cattle as a function of diet (forage NDF, physical form of forage hay vs silage and pasturel, proportion of dietary concentrates) and animal (full BW) characteristics. The model was empty BW = full BW * (1 - GFILL), where GFILL is gut fill expressed as a fraction of full BW. An equation obtained from published data (GFILL = .05354 + .329 NDF) was used to provide a base prediction of GFILL from the fraction of NDF in the forage. Predicted GFILL was then corrected for full BW, physical form of forage, and fraction of concentrates using multiplicative factors obtained from published data. The model was evaluated with data from 11 published experiments. Several breeds of cattle, a wide range of forage types, and diets with 0 to 93% concentrates were represented in these data. Observed values for empty BW were compared to model-predicted values and to values predicted by systems published by the Agricul- tural Research Council (ARC) and National Research Council (NRC). Sums of squared devia- tions of predicted values from observed (n = 64) were 3,074, 37,327, and 25,920 for the model, ARC, and NRC systems, respectively. After fitting predicted empty BW values to observed values, proportion of concentrates and forage NDF ac- counted for a significant (P < .011 amount of the residual variation with the ARC and NRC systems, but not for the model. This finding suggests that the model will predict empty BW more accurately than the ARC and NRC systems with diets similar to those used in the evaluation.
Biology of Stenolophus (=Agonoderus) comma, a Ground Beetle of Cropland

Stenolophus comma (F.), a common carabid in cropland in South Dakota, is transamerican in distribution and is found in a wide variety of habitats. Adults are active in the field from early April to early November. Dispersal flights occur from mid-April to mid-October; spring flights are often heavy during the daytime, and summer flights are heavy during the night. Eggs are laid in cells in the soil, and the adults and larvae may be found tunneling through the soil. There are 3 larval instars; the mean period from egg to adult takes about 47 days. The new-generation adults that appear from mid-June to mid-October are known to overwinter, oviposit from late April to late July, and continue this overwintering and oviposition cycle through 3 years.
EDDY VISCOSITY MODELS FOR WAVE BOUNDARY LAYERS

Motivated by recent experimental results on wave, current and combined wave-current flows over an artificially rippled bed, the boundary resistance experienced by waves over two-dimensional bottom roughness elements is formulated in terms of a drag law. The resulting empirical relationship for the drag coefficient suggests a flow resistance that is similar in nature to one obtained from a constant, pseudo-laminar eddy viscosity model for the wave boundary layer flow. Analysis of available experimental data on energy dissipation for oscillatory flow over movable rippled beds leads to a constant eddy viscosity model for wave boundary layers above naturally rippled beds. The constant eddy viscosity model is modified to include a near-bottom linear transition to make it zero at the bed. This hybrid eddy viscosity model is shown to capture the essential features of wave boundary layer flows for the full range of bottom roughnesses encountered, i.e. from sand grains to ripples. Application of the hybrid model requires knowledge of the equivalent bottom roughness for which empirical expressions are derived. The implication of the results, obtained here for waves, for combined wavecurrent boundary layer flows suggests modifications of the Grant-Madsen model that greatly improve this model's ability to predict observed current velocity profiles over rippled bottoms in the presence of waves.
Project Management Recognizes R&D Performance

The article explores issues on the measurement of the productivity and performance of professional scientific personnel in the U.S. Various industries in the country have been actively seeking a us...
Clinical analysis on detection of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 of different specimens from severe patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Objective:To find out the state of the EV71 and CoxA16 infection in severe patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease(HFMD) in Quanzhou in 2008,in order to constitute the therapy,prevention and control strategy of HFMD.Methods:We have taken RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR to detect EV71 and CoxA16 in 104 specimens from 36 severe patients in Quanzhou(including 35 throat swabs,32 vesicle fluids and 36 cerebrospiral fluids).Some specimens were investigated by phylogenic analysis.Results:EV71 was identified from all 36 svere patients(100%),The positive rate of EV71 between throat swabs,vesicle fluids and cerebrospiral fluids were 97.2%,100%,2.8%.The homegeneity belong to EV71 sub-genotype C4.Concluslon:RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR were rapid,specific and sensitive method for detection of HFMD,The positive rate of EV71 had no difference between throat swabs and vesicle fluids.EV71 was the etiological agent of the severe patients with HFMD.EV71 was detected from only one cerebrospiral fluid and the patient did not recovered within disease course.
Thermodiffusion in liquid binary alloys computed from molecular-dynamics simulation and the Green-Kubo formalism

Abstract In the presence of a temperature gradient, the components of a binary liquid tend to segregate. This phenomenon, generally referred to as thermodiffusion or the Soret effect, is usually quantified by the heat of transport. We report heat of transport values Q c ∗ for NiAl and NiCu melts computed using molecular-dynamics simulation and the Green-Kubo formalism. Thermal conductivities are also reported. To develop a clear picture of the phenomena, we determined contributions to Q c ∗ due to the convective and virial components of the heat current, which were then compared to the related terms in the partial enthalpy. It is shown that the contribution to Q c ∗ from the convective component of the heat current is comparable to the average energy of the diffusing atoms, differing by an amount comparable to the activation energy for diffusion. The contribution to Q c ∗ from the virial heat current is closely related to the pressure-volume term p c Ω in the partial enthalpy. It is established that the virial heat current plays a dominant role in determining the sign of the reduced heat of transport Q c ∗ ′ = Q c ∗ - h c . By comparing results obtained with different empirical potentials, a trend emerges. Specifically, it is found that the sign of the reduced heat of transport is correlated with the sign of the partial pressure associated with the low-mass component. It is also shown that two different empirical potentials for the NiAl system give vastly different results for Q c ∗ ′ . The results indicate that in developing a potential that might accurately predict Q c ∗ ′ , the distribution of the partial energy and partial pressure between the two components is critical. Based on these observations, it would appear that existing empirical potentials may not be able to generate reliable predictions for Q c ∗ ′ without additional validation.
Stability and Electronic Properties of 2D Nanomaterials Conjugated with Pyrazinamide Chemotherapeutic: A First-Principles Cluster Study

Electronic and optical properties of 2D models of graphene, boron nitride (BN), silicene, SiC, and phosphorene functionalized with pyrazinamide (PZA), a front line antitubercular chemotherapeutic, are investigated using cluster models and density functional theory with van der Waals dispersion corrections and including solvent effects. PZA favors covalent functionalization onto silicene and SiC whereas it is physisorbed onto graphene, BN, and phosphorene at a nearest-neighbor distance >3.0 A and binding energies between −0.7 and −0.8 eV. The analysis of orbital energies, frontier orbitals, density of states, and absorption spectra shows that the HOMO–LUMO gaps for graphene, silicene, and phosphorene remain virtually unchanged upon adsorption, whereas midgap states appear in the BN and SiC clusters. For silicene, Si 2p core level photoemission spectroscopy is the better tool to analyze the chemisorption of PZA. Our study brings atomistic insight into the structural, electronic, and optical response of 2D m...
Free Speech Law for on Premise Signs

This 2016 edition has been updated and revised to consider the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Reed v. Town of Gilbert, and cases decided since that decision. Chapter II explains Supreme Court doctrine as it applies to signs, including content and speaker neutrality; judicial standards for regulating commercial speech; time, place and manner regulations; and the prior restraint doctrine. Basic issues concerning on premise sign regulations receive attention in Chapter III, including the noncommercial message requirement, exemptions in on premise sign ordinances and problems raised by the federal Highway Beautification Act. Free speech questions raised by specialized signs are discussed next, including digital signs, flags, murals and portable and temporary signs. A final chapter discusses regulations for the display of on premise signs, including animation, design review, color and illumination.
Message-Passing Algorithm

This chapter introduces a framework for understanding probabilistic decoding, and applies it to the decoding of low-density parity check (LDPC) codes. Section 1. sets up the preliminaries for soft iterative decoding. Section 2. explains the message-passing algorithm using normal graphs. Section 3. presents some basic nodes and modules. Section 4. introduces LPDC codes and discusses their decoding algorithm.
A Story of Three Bank-Regulatory Legal Systems: Contract, Financial Management Regulation and Fiduciary Law

How should banks be regulated to avoid their failure? Banks must control the risks they take with depositors' money. If depositors lose their trust in their banks, and demand their money, the banks will fail. This article describes three legal bank regulatory systems: Contract with depositors (U.S.); a mix of contract and trust law, but going towards trust (Japan) and a full trust-fiduciary law regulating banks (Israel). The article concludes that bank regulation, which limits the banks' risks and conflicts of interest, helps create trustworthy banks that serve their country best.
Biological and analytic components of variation in long-term studies of serum constituents in normal subjects. IV. Results of a study designed to eliminate long-term analytic deviations

Blood was sampled from nine healthy subjects weekly for 10 weeks, under controlled conditions. Eighteen serum constituents were measured in duplicate in each sample on a single occasion. In this way analytic variation was minimized. Considerable variations in mean values and standard deviations of results were observed among the subjects. Physiological control of serum calcium and magnesium concentrations appeared to be more precise than duplicate determinations in the laboratory. Compared with a previous study from this laboratory, significantly different estimates of personal variation were noted for sodium, chloride, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and LDH in a group matched by age, race, and sex. At the same time, the present study group, homogenous with respect to these demographic factors (and also occupation) showed as great a diversity in the mean concentrations of most constituents as was seen earlier in a larger, more heterogenous group of normal individuals. These findings indicate that certain blood parameters depend more on personal characteristics than on broad demographic factors.
Capturing Radioactive Waste Before It Leaves The Hospital

2734 Objectives To identify that radioactivity is continually being released from hospitals from patients that have undergone diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine procedures. Methods Scintillation radiation portal monitorswere installed at the egress points where general waste and biohazardous waste exits the nine Cleveland Clinic hospitals in the greater Cleveland area. The environmental services staff at each hospital underwent training on natural background sources of radiation, sources of radiation in the hospital, potential effects of radiation and available methods to reduce exposure. Specific training on the portal monitors, developing a weekly QA program, developing forms for logging the triggered waste and the development of policies unique for each site were part of the program. Results The nuclear medicine departments and the hospital sizes vary greatly within the health system from a single camera department to a broad scope licensee with multiple nuclear medicine and PET cameras. Radioactive waste has routinely been found in varying forms at all of the hospitals. A non-inclusive list of items triggering the detectors included: disposable gloves, syringes, IV tubing, urinary catheters, diapers, absorbent paper, adhesive bandages, bedpans and urinals. The recordkeeping of the weekly QA program and the logs of each in-house triggering were maintained and data was collected. Conclusions Neither the Ohio EPA nor the Department of Health requires licensees to monitor general and biohazardous waste leaving their facilities. The waste triggering the portal monitors were found to originate from areas within the hospital, primarily nursing floors. The same State Departments also don’t require the waste haulers to install radiation monitors at the landfills, transfer stations and incinerators. Although that is the case, many do have these installed because of corporate policy and tack on a surcharge to the licensee if their detectors should trigger. Within less than a year the investment in the portal monitors has reduced the triggering of alarms outside the hospitals by over 80%. It is expected that because of the staggered installations, trainings and development of good practices that this value will only improve.
Comparative Language Development in Bilingual and Monolingual Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review:

The prevalence of both bilingual children and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is growing rapidly, and early childhood educators may be increasingly likely to encounter bilingual children with ASD in their classrooms. Because ASD significantly affects communication, many parents and professionals may have questions or concerns about the impact of bilingualism on language development in children with ASD. The present article presents a systematic review of the literature comparing monolingual to bilingual development in children with ASD. Seven articles were included, covering a wide variety of languages and involving predominantly young, simultaneously bilingual children with ASD. Results generally showed small, varied differences in both receptive and expressive language outcomes for bilingual and monolingual children with ASD, thus providing tentative support for the idea that bilingualism does not have a consistent or large negative effect on language development in children with ASD. Impli...
Propaganda’s Place in Strategic Communication: The Case of ISIL’s Dabiq Magazine

ABSTRACTThis study explores how extremist groups use propaganda as a form of strategic communication. The theoretical foundation used was an adaption of neo-institutional theory for strategic communication. The sample was an issue of Dabiq, an online propaganda magazine, from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The qualitative method employed was ethnographic content analysis. The study found ISIL used Dabiq as a form of strategic communication to achieve organizational goals in compliance with neo-institutional theory. Furthermore, ISIL used strategic communication in a similar manner as nonextremist groups; it sought to advance its organization as being superior to rival ones. These findings indicate that neo-institutional theory can further understanding of how extremist groups use propaganda, as strategic communication, to achieve organizational goals. This is accomplished by analyzing the functions specified in neo-institutional theory that propagandists attempt to fulfill. In general, t...
Longitudinal and dynamic measurement invariance of the FACIT-Fatigue scale: an application of the measurement model of derivatives to ECOG-ACRIN study E2805

While quality of life measures may be used to assess meaningful change and group differences, their scaling and validation often rely on a single occasion of measurement. Using the 13-item FACIT-Fatigue questionnaire at three timepoints, this study tests whether individual items change together in ways consistent with a general fatigue factor. The measurement model of derivatives (MMOD) is a novel method for measurement evaluation that directly assesses whether a given factor structure accurately describes how individual test items change over time. MMOD transforms item-level longitudinal data into a set of orthogonal change scores, each one representing either a within-person longitudinal mean or a different type of longitudinal change. These change scores are then factor analyzed and tested for invariance. This approach is applied to the FACIT-Fatigue scale in a sample of patients with renal cell carcinoma treated on ’ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group (ECOG-ACRIN) study 2805. Analyses revealed strong evidence of unidimensionality, and apparent factorial invariance using traditional techniques. MMOD revealed a small but statistically significant difference in factor structure ( $$\chi ^2_{12}=49.597$$ , $${\textit{p}}<.001$$ ), where factor loadings were weaker and more variable for measuring longitudinal change. The differences in factor structure were not large enough to substantially affect scale usage in this application, but they do reveal some variability across items in the FACIT-Fatigue in their ability to detect change. Future applications should consider differential sensitivity of individual items in multi-item scales, and perhaps even capitalize upon these differences by selecting items that are more sensitive to change.
Design of Efficient HVAC Systems

The acronym HVAC is a shorthand designation for heating, ventilating and cooling often used in describing air conditioning systems. The HVAC designation is used as the common notion is that air conditioning is just cooling. However in the broadest sense air conditioning encompasses all those heating, cooling, humidity control, ventilation and air filtration, and air distribution processes necessary to maintain a healthy, comfortable, and productive environment in buildings. An efficient air conditioning, or HVAC, system will also incorporate the design characteristics and the control functions necessary to achieve these goals at a minimum cost and with the minimum expenditure of energy.
Complications of Skin Cancer Treatment

Treatment of skin cancers has an inherent risk of complications, as with any other medical treatment. The main complications seen with the surgical treatment of skin cancers are the same as with any other surgery. They include infection, bleeding, dehiscence, and necrosis. These four interrelated complications are often referred to as the “terrible tetrad” (Hendi 2007). The rate of these complications is relatively low with dermatologic surgery procedures (Cook and Perone 2003; Aasi and Leffell 2003).
Lessons for experimental philosophy from the rise and “fall” of neurophilosophy

Experimental philosophy is a recent development whose broader aims and goals are still being debated. Some prominent experimental philosophers have articulated an attitude toward perennial philosop...
A Case Study Examining Links between Fractional Knowledge and Linear Equation Writing of Seventh-Grade Students and Whether to Introduce Linear Equations in an Earlier Grade

As a part of the larger study, a case study of two seventh grade students, Peter and Willa, was conducted. To examine links between their fractional knowledge and algebraic reasoning, the students were interviewed twice, once for their fractional knowledge and once for their algebraic knowledge in writing linear equations that required explicit use of unknowns. Peter and Willa’s fractional knowledge influenced the linear equations they wrote to represent quantitative situations. In particular, the findings showed that a reversible iterative fraction scheme is important to understand reciprocal relationships between two quantities in writing a basic linear equation of the form ax=b. Also, considering fractions as multipliers on unknowns is important to write linear equations. Implications for the possibility of introducing linear equations in an earlier grade and how to support the introduction are suggested.
Simulation and Analysis of Resonant Overvoltage of AC System at $\pm 800\mathrm{kV}$ Converter Station based on EMTS/EMTPE

There are a large number of ac filters, reactors and other reactive compensation equipment in the $+800\mathbf{kV}$ converter station. Continuous switching of capacitive and inductive equipment may trigger resonant overvoltage. This article is based on power electronics and electromagnetic transient calculation program established $+800\mathbf{kV}$ ac system for electromagnetic transient model, to start debugging infill transformer and the ac system for filter when possible resonance overvoltage are analyzed in the simulation. The results show that the transient voltage during the start-up and commissioning of ac system of $+800\mathbf{kV}$ converter station is within the national standard limit and no resonant overvoltage is generated.
On flattening of symmetric tensors and identification of latent factors

This paper considers canonical polyadic (CP) decomposition of symmetric tensors of arbitrary even order. In earlier work [1], we showed that decomposition of such tensors is equivalent to solving a system of quadratic equations. As part of ongoing work, we further show that for almost all tensors, singular value decomposition of a certain matrix can uniquely obtain the solution to the system of quadratic equations. Our proposed algorithm is able to find the CP-decomposition, even in the regime where the CP-rank far exceeds the dimensions of the tensor (overcomplete tensors). We further show that using the symmetry of the tensor, it is possible to only use a certain type of flattening to significantly reduce the number of quadratic equations. Also, we show that the computational complexity can be reduced by a sketching technique, without any performance loss.
Antibodies Predict Pegaspargase Allergic Reactions and Failure of Rechallenge

PURPOSEPegaspargase (PEG-ASP) has largely replaced native Escherichia coli asparaginase (L-ASP) in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia because of its longer half-life and lower immunogeni...
Methods for Objective and Subjective Evaluation of Zero-Client Computing

Zero clients are hardware-based devices without a central processing unit (CPU) that deliver virtual desktops (VDs) from remote computing systems to users. We measured the performance of applications accessed through zero clients to study the feasibility of using this approach to provide a desktop-pc experience across a network. Performance evaluation is complicated because monitoring software cannot be downloaded to the zero clients. Therefore, we introduce a new methodology and metric to measure zero-client VD performance that is based on network-traffic analysis. We conducted objective and subjective studies to determine the sensitivity of application-specific metrics to different network conditions. The results show that the packet loss rate (PLR) impacts zero-client performance for some applications such as video streaming. Subjective tests showed a greater user sensitivity to the PLR for video streaming than for image viewing or Skype. A strong correlation was found between the objective and subjective measurements but the rate at which these measurements changed with increasing PLR differed depending on the application.
Monitoring Post-tensioned Miter Gate Diagonals Using Vision- based Vibration Measurements

Miter gates are structures that act as both the damming surface and doorway of lock chambers and are commonly found on U.S. rivers. The geometry of a miter gate is such that the structure is similar to a very deep, cantilevered beam with a channel-like cross-section. Generally, a miter gate is assumed to have very little torsional stiffness, which is an issue due to the torsional loads imparted on the gate as it swings open and closed through the river. Moreover, the channel-like cross-section of the gates means that the gate will torsionally deflect due to its own weight. Thus, long, slender, posttensioned steel members (termed diagonals) are attached across the diagonal dimensions of the miter gate to address the lack of torsional stiffness and counteract the twist of the gate. Maintaining an appropriate level of tension in these diagonals is of critical importance to both the structural performance and serviceability of the miter gate; however, the number of diagonals that need to be monitored, the difficulty of accessing the diagonals, and the geographic distribution of miter gates makes traditional contact sensors economically impractical for monitoring the tension in diagonals. Accordingly, this study investigates non-contact methods for monitoring the tension in miter gate diagonals. The expected low frequency of vibration of the diagonals makes vision-based methods attractive. Initial efforts of this study are focused on the feasibility of an approach wherein a region of interest of the frames of a video of a vibrating diagonal is used as a virtual sensor from which the displacement of the diagonal can be estimated by means of optical flow measurements. Using the time history of displacement obtained from the virtual sensor, the dominant frequencies of vibration of the diagonal are estimated and used to determine the tension in the diagonal using beam theory. The efficacy of the approach is demonstrated by means of a scale-model lab experiment.
The dynamic ligand field of a molecular qubit: decoherence through spin–phonon coupling

Quantum coherence of S = 1/2 transition metal-based quantum bits (qubits) is strongly influenced by the magnitude of spin-phonon coupling. While this coupling is recognized as deriving from dynamic distortions about the first coordination sphere of the metal, a general model for understanding and quantifying ligand field contributions has not been established. Here we derive a general ligand field theory model to describe and quantify the nature of spin-phonon coupling terms in S = 1/2 transition metal complexes. We show that the coupling term for a given vibrational mode is governed by: (1) the magnitude of the metal-based spin-orbit coupling constant, (2) the magnitude and gradient in the ligand field excited state energy, which determines the magnitude of ground state orbital angular momentum, and (3) dynamic relativistic nephelauxetic contributions reflecting the magnitude and gradient in the covalency of the ligand-metal bonds. From an extensive series of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations calibrated to a range of experimental data, spin-phonon coupling terms describing minimalistic D4h/D2d [CuCl4]2- and C4v [VOCl4]2- complexes translate to and correlate with experimental quantum coherence properties observed for Cu(ii)- and V(iv)-based molecular qubits with different ligand sets, geometries, and coordination numbers. While providing a fundamental framework and means to benchmark current qubits, the model and methodology described herein can be used to screen any S = 1/2 molecular qubit candidate and guide the discovery of room temperature coherent materials for quantum information processing.
How to Borrow Information From Unlinked Data? A Relative Density Approach for Predicting Unobserved Distributions:

One of the most important developments in the current era of social sciences is the growing availability and diversity of data, big and small. Social scientists increasingly combine information fro...
Investigating the reactive oxygen species production of Rose Bengal and Merocyanine 540-loaded radioluminescent nanoparticles

Radioluminescent nanomaterials have garnered significant attention in the past decade due to their potential to perform X-ray mediated photodynamic therapy (X-PDT). Many of these materials are assumed to produce singlet oxygen based on a single assay. Herein we demonstrate that multiple assays are required to confidently determine whether singlet oxygen or other reactive oxygen species are being produced through type I or type II PDT mechanisms. Rose Bengal and Merocyanine 540 photosensitizers were loaded into mesoporous silica-coated NaLuF4:Dy3+,Gd3+ nanoparticles and the combination of ABDA, DPBF, and NaN3 assays along with electron paramagnetic resonance were employed to determine that superoxide and hydroxyl radicals were exclusively produced from this system under X-ray excitation. Knowledge of the correct PDT mechanism is crucial for informing what types of disease may be best suited for treatment using PDT nanosystems.
Hematology and Oncology

Blood-related disorders can be life-threatening emergencies. Understanding the pathology, physiology, and related complications of common blood disorders is essential for every emergency medicine practitioner. These entertaining graphics will help you commit to memory the types of blood transfusion complications while learning about common blood disorders such as sickle cell disease, hemophilia, leukemia, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, as well as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), and so much more!
On the Role of Generation Rules in Moderating the Beneficial Effects of Errorful Generation

Abstract. In participants’ learning of semantically related paired associates, such as whale-mammal, prior research has demonstrated that having participants first attempt to predict what the to-be...
Association Between Receipt of Cancer Screening and All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults

Importance Guidelines recommend against routine breast and prostate cancer screenings in older adults with less than 10 years' life expectancy. One study using a claims-based prognostic index showed that receipt of cancer screening itself was associated with lower mortality, suggesting that the index may misclassify individuals when used to inform cancer screening, but this finding was attributed to residual confounding because the index did not account for functional status. Objective To examine whether cancer screening remains significantly associated with all-cause mortality in older adults after accounting for both comorbidities and functional status. Design, setting, and participants This cohort study included individuals older than 65 years who were eligible for breast or prostate cancer screening and who participated in the 2004 Health and Retirement Study. Data were linked to Medicare claims from 2001 to 2015. Data analysis was conducted from January to November 2020. Main outcomes and measures A Cox model was used to estimate the association between all-cause mortality over 10 years and receipt of screening mammogram or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, adjusting for variables in a prognostic index that included age, sex, comorbidities, and functional status. Potential confounders (ie, education, income, marital status, geographic region, cognition, self-reported health, self-care, and self-perceived mortality risk) of the association between cancer screening and mortality were also tested. Results The breast cancer screening cohort included 3257 women (mean [SD] age, 77.8 [7.5] years); the prostate cancer screening cohort included 2085 men (mean [SD] age, 76.1 [6.8] years). Receipt of screening mammogram was associated with lower hazard of all-cause mortality after accounting for all index variables (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.67; 95% CI, 0.60-0.74). A weaker, but still statistically significant, association was found for screening PSA (aHR 0.88; 95% CI, 0.78-0.99). None of the potential confounders attenuated the association between screening and mortality except for cognition, which attenuated the aHR for mammogram from 0.67 (95% CI, 0.60-0.74) to 0.73 (95% CI, 0.64-0.82) and the aHR for PSA from 0.88 (95% CI, 0.78-0.99) to 0.92 (95% CI, 0.80-1.05), making PSA screening no longer statistically significant. Conclusions and relevance In this study, cognition attenuated the observed association between cancer screening and mortality among older adults. These findings suggest that existing mortality prediction algorithms may be missing important variables that are associated with receipt of cancer screening and long-term mortality. Relying solely on algorithms to determine cancer screening may misclassify individuals as having limited life expectancy and stop screening prematurely. Screening decisions need to be individualized and not solely dependent on life expectancy prediction.
In Situ Volumetric Imaging and Analysis of FRESH 3D Bioprinted Constructs Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Abstract As 3D bioprinting has grown as a fabrication technology, so too has the need for improved analytical methods to characterize these engineered constructs. This is especially challenging for soft tissues composed of hydrogels and cells as these materials readily deform, posing a barrier when trying to assess print fidelity and other properties non-destructively. Indeed, given the importance of structure-function relationships in most tissue types, establishing that the 3D architecture of the bioprinted construct matches its intended anatomic design is critical. Here we report development of a multimaterial bioprinting platform with integrated optical coherence tomography (OCT) for in situ volumetric imaging, error detection, and 3D reconstruction. While generally applicable to extrusion-based 3D bioprinting, we also report improvements to the Freeform Reversible Embedding of Suspended Hydrogels (FRESH) bioprinting process through new collagen bioink compositions, support bath optical clearing, and machine pathing. This enables high-fidelity 3D volumetric imaging with micron scale resolution over centimeter length scales, the ability to detect a range of print defect types within a 3D volume, and real-time imaging of the printing process at each print layer. These advances provide FRESH and other extrusion-based 3D bioprinting approaches with a comprehensive methodology for quality assessment that has been absent in the field to date, paving the way for translation of these engineered tissues to the clinic and ultimately to achieving regulatory approval. Teaser Transparent FRESH support bath enables in situ 3D volumetric imaging and validation of patient-derived tissue constructs.
The Trading Profits of Soes Bandits

SOES bandits are individual investors who day-trade primarily through Nasdaq's Small Order Execution System (SOES). They attempt to predict short-term price movements of Nasdaq stocks by observing trades and changes in market maker quotes. We find that they usually hold positions for only a few minutes and usually trade profitably. They do not exploit single market makers who have failed to update quotes, but usually trade before the majority of dealers change quotes. It is intersting that SOES bandits trade profitably against dealers who have as much or more information. We attribute this to the greater incentives of the bandits. Market makers are trading with the firm's money while SOES bandits are trading with their own.
The Shrinking Generator: Some Practical Considerations

The Shrinking Generator, presented at Crypto'93, is a LFSR-based pseudorandom generator suitable for the implementation of additive stream ciphers. It is particularly simple and has attractive security properties. (The reader is referred to [1] for the definition of the generator and its properties). Although the algorithm was originally intended for hardware implementation, here we will focus on some initial results of an experimental software implementation and other practical considerations.
Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates: Kairomones and synomones

Kairomones (from the Greek kairos , opportune moment, by stealth) are chemical cues from one species that another uses (“spying”). Primarily the receiver of the signal benefits, as in finding prey by odor, or detecting and avoiding predators by chemical cues. Since the cues are available to another species, they are considered “public” signals, in contrast to “private” signals of restricted pheromone systems, intraspecific by definition. Synomones are chemicals that regulate interspecific relationships where both partners benefit. Section 12.1–12.7 discuss kairomones and Section 12.8 synomones. Predator–prey interactions Prey odors used by predators Fish Not surprisingly, much research in sharks, skates and rays has focused on the responses of sharks to human body odors. Human blood attracts sharks, while sweat does not, and urine was even slightly repellent (Tester, 1963). Practitioners use whale meat and mixtures of fish meal and fish oils as shark attractants. In both carnivorous and herbivorous bony fish (Osteichthyes) smell deals with prey odors, social odors, and chemical stimuli in homing, and it is mediated by the first cranial nerve, the olfactory nerve. By contrast, taste serves in detection and selection of food and avoidance of toxic food, and it employs the facial, glossopharyngeal, vagal, and hypoglossal nerves. Numerous experiments with prey extracts have elucidated the stimuli that guide fish in their feeding behavior. These studies showed: rinses of prey organisms attract predatory fish and release food searching behavior predators can distinguish rinses of different prey species fractions of prey rinses also release feeding responses mixtures of amino acids are also active […]
Association of Diabetic Macular Nonperfusion With Outer Retinal Disruption on Optical Coherence Tomography.

Importance Diabetic macular nonperfusion leads to decreased perifoveal capillary blood flow, which in turn causes chronic ischemia of the retinal tissue. Using point-to-point correlation between spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and nonperfusion on fluorescein angiography, we observed that retinal capillary nonperfusion is associated with photoreceptor compromise on OCT. This study highlights a new concept of a possible contribution of the retinal deep capillary plexus to photoreceptor compromise in diabetic retinopathy in the absence of diabetic macular edema. Objective To report outer retinal structural changes associated with enlargement of the foveal avascular zone and/or capillary nonperfusion in the macular area of diabetic patients. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective observational cross-sectional study in 9 patients who were diagnosed as having diabetic retinopathy without diabetic macular edema and underwent fluorescein angiography and SD-OCT for diabetic retinopathy from July 8, 2014, to December 1, 2014, at a tertiary academic referral center. This analysis was conducted between December 2, 2014, and January 31, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Outer retinal changes on SD-OCT in areas of macular ischemia. Results The study included 13 eyes of 9 diabetic patients (4 men and 5 women aged 34-58 years) with a mean duration of diabetes mellitus of 14.5 years. Nine eyes showed outer retinal disruption revealed by SD-OCT that colocalized to areas of enlargement of the foveal avascular zone and macular capillary nonperfusion. Four fellow eyes with normal foveal avascular zones did not show any retinal changes on SD-OCT. Conclusions and Relevance Macular ischemia in diabetic patients can be associated with photoreceptor compromise. The presence of disruption of the photoreceptors on OCT in diabetic patients can be a manifestation of underlying capillary nonperfusion in eyes without diabetic macular edema. Ischemia at the deep capillary plexus may play an important role in these outer retinal changes.
Classification of Abnormal Children: Discrimination Learning Ability'

Large individual differences exist among psychotic and retarded children, and a procedure that would enable classification of discrimination learning ability would be of value. A procedure designed to assess the discrimination learning thresholds of low-functioning children is described. A performance index (PI) that reflects accuracy of discriminative responding, difficulty of the discriminations attained, and learning rate was found to correlate significantly with mental age, intelligence quotient, Vineland Social Age, Vineland Social Quotient, and language functioning, but not with chronological age. The question of the optimal magnitude of correlation between a new measure and existing measures is discussed.
Regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle progression by MCL1. Differential role of proliferating cell nuclear antigen.

Abstract MCL1 (ML1 myeloid cellleukemia 1), a Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-leukemia 2) homologue, is known to function as an anti-apoptotic protein. Here we show in vitro and in vivo that MCL1 interacts with the cell cycle regulator, proliferatingcell nuclear antigen (PCNA). This finding prompted us to investigate whether MCL1, in addition to its anti-apoptotic function, has an effect on cell cycle progression. A bromodeoxyuridine uptake assay showed that the overexpression of MCL1 significantly inhibited the cell cycle progression through the S-phase. The S-phase of the cell cycle is also known to be regulated by PCNA. A mutant of MCL1 that lacks PCNA binding (MCL1Δ 4A) could not inhibit cell cycle progression as effectively as wild type MCL1. In contrast, MCL1Δ 4A retained its anti-apoptotic function in HeLa cells when challenged by Etoposide. In addition, the intracellular localization of MCL1Δ 4A was identical to that of wild type MCL1. An in vitro pull-down assay suggested that MCL1 is the only Bcl-2 family protein to interact with PCNA. In fact, MCL1, not other Bcl-2 family proteins, contained the PCNA-binding motif described previously. Taken together, MCL1 is a regulator of both apoptosis and cell cycle progression, and the cell cycle regulatory function of MCL1 is mediated through its interaction with PCNA.
Laser microdissection of actinomycin D segregated nucleoli.

Abstract Nucleoli of tissue culture cells were segregated into their fibrillar (light) and granular (dark) components by treatment with actinomycin D. Following this segregation, the cells were treated with quinacrine hydrochloride, an agent which selectively sensitizes the nucleoli to argon laser light. The actinomycin D-segregated, quinacrine-sensitized nucleolar components (dark and light) were selectively irradiated with the laser microbeam and subsequent uridine uptake assayed. The data indicate that selective damage to the light (fibrillar) area is generally more damaging than damage to the dark (granular) area. These results support the idea that DNA is closely associated with the nucleolar fibrillar component.
Changes in the nutritive value of soy protein concentrate during autoclaving

Soy protein concentrate (Promosoy R Plus) was mixed with water to form a thick paste and autoclaved at 121 degrees C for 10 min, 30 min, 2 h, or 4 h. Unautoclaved SPC served as a control. Nitrogen solubility measurements and SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that autoclaving resulted in the formation of soy protein aggregates, with a MW of approximately 1 million daltons, held together by non-covalent and disulfide bonds. The 10 min, 30 min, 2 h, and 4 h SPC samples contained 6, 20, 27 and 39% less cysteine, respectively, than the SPC control. No significant differences were found in the PERs, 2.6-2-7, of a casein control, unautoclaved SPC control and 10 min and 30 min autoclaved samples. PERs of the 2 h and 4 h autoclaved samples, 2.0 and 1.9 respectively, were significantly lower than the other four diets. No significant differences were found in the apparent digestibility of the 10 min, 30 min, and 2 h autoclaved samples; the 4 h autoclaved sample however was significantly less digestible. Decreased PERs of autoclaved SPC samples were likely due to (1) crysteine destruction, (2) decreased protein digestibility, and (3) decreased food intake.
Properties of a recombinant human hemoglobin double mutant: Sickle hemoglobin with Leu‐88 (β) at the primary aggregation site substituted by Ala

A recombinant double mutant of hemoglobin (Hb), E6V/L88A(beta), was constructed to study the strength of the primary hydrophobic interaction in the gelation of sickle Hb, i.e., that between the mutant Val-6(beta) of one tetramer and the hydrophobic region between Phe-85(beta) and Leu-88(beta) on an adjacent tetramer. Thus, a construct encoding the donor Val-6(beta) of the expressed recombinant HbS and a second mutation encoding an Ala in place of Leu-88(beta) was assembled. The doubly mutated beta-globin gene was expressed in yeast together with the normal human alpha-chain, which is on the same plasmid, to produce a soluble Hb tetramer. Characterizations of the Hb double mutant by mass spectrometry, by HPLC, and by peptide mapping of tryptic digests of the mutant beta-chain were consistent with the desired mutations. The absorption spectra in the visible and the ultraviolet regions were practically superimposable for the recombinant Hb and the natural Hb purified from human red cells. Circular dichroism studies on the overall structure of the recombinant Hb double mutant and the recombinant single mutant, HbS, showed that both were correctly folded. Functional studies on the recombinant double mutant indicated that it was fully cooperative. However, its gelation concentration was significantly higher than that of either recombinant or natural sickle Hb, indicating that the strength of the interaction in this important donor-acceptor region in sickle Hb was considerably reduced even with such a conservative hydrophobic mutation.