cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short chain alcohols activate guanine nucleotide-dependent phosphoinositidase C in turkey erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract The ability of alcohols to regulate inositol lipid-specific phospholipase C (phosphoinositidase C) was examined in turkey erythrocyte ghosts prepared by cell lysis of erythrocytes which were prelabeled with [3H] inositol. Guanosine 5'-[gamma-thiotriphosphate] GTP[S] stimulated the production of both [3H]inositol bisphosphate (18-fold) and [3H]inositol trisphosphate (6-fold) in this system. The accumulation of [3H]inositol bisphosphate and [3H]inositol trisphosphate was linear up to 8 min following an initial lag period of 1-2 min. Ethanol (300 mM) reduced the lag period for [3H]inositol phosphate accumulation at submaximal GTP[S] concentrations and caused a shift to the left (3-fold) in the dose-response curve. Other short chain alcohols, methanol (300 mM), 1-propanol (200 mM), and 1-butanol (50 mM) also enhanced the accumulation of [3H] inositol phosphates in the presence of submaximal GTP[S] concentrations. Receptor activation by the purinergic agonist adenosine 5'-[beta-thio]disphosphate (ADP[S]) (10 microM) also reduced the lag period for [3H] inositol phosphate formation and shifted the GTP[S] dose response to the left (10-fold). In addition, ADP[S] increased the response to maximal GTP[S] concentrations. The formation of [3H]inositol phosphates induced by GTP[S] was associated with a concomitant decrease in labeling of both [3H]phosphatidylinositol monophosphate and [3H]phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, but no decrease in [3H]phosphatidylinositol was observed. All of the alcohols tested enhanced the breakdown of [3H]polyphosphoinositides in the presence of GTP[S]. The dose response to guanosine 5'-[beta gamma-imino]triphosphate for [3H]inositol phosphate formation was displaced to the left by ethanol (300 mM) and ADP[S] (10 microM) (2- and 7-fold), respectively. ADP[S] also enhanced the maximal response to guanosine 5'-[beta gamma-imino]triphosphate. The [3H]inositol phosphate formation produced in response to NaF was unaffected by either ethanol or receptor activation. These results indicate that alcohols initiate an activation of phosphoinositidase C, mediated at the level of the regulatory guanine nucleotide-binding protein.
IL-4 Induces In Vivo Production of IFN-γ by NK and NKT Cells

Although IL-4 and IFN-gamma often have opposite effects and suppress each other's production by T cells, IL-4 can stimulate IFN-gamma production. To characterize this, we injected mice with IL-4 and quantified IFN-gamma production with the in vivo cytokine capture assay. IL-4 induced Stat6-dependent IFN-gamma production by NK and, to a lesser extent, NKT cells, but not conventional T cells, in 2-4 h. Increased IFN-gamma production persisted at a constant rate for >24 h, but eventually declined, even with continuing IL-4 stimulation. This eventual decline in IFN-gamma production was accompanied by a decrease in NK and T cell numbers. Consistent with a dominant role for NK cells in IL-4-stimulated IFN-gamma secretion, IL-4 induction of IFN-gamma was B and T cell-independent; suppressed by an anti-IL-2Rbeta mAb that eliminates most NK and NKT cells; reduced in Stat4-deficient mice, which have decreased numbers of NK cells; and absent in Rag2/gamma(c)-double-deficient mice, which lack T, B, and NK cells. IL-4-induced IFN-gamma production was not affected by neutralizing IL-12p40 and was increased by neutralizing IL-2. IL-13, which signals through the type 2 IL-4R and mimics many IL-4 effects, failed to stimulate IFN-gamma production and, in most experiments, suppressed basal IFN-gamma production. Thus, IL-4, acting through the type 1 IL-4R, induces Stat6-dependent IFN-gamma secretion by NK and NKT cells. This explains how IL-4 can contribute to Th1 cytokine-associated immune effector functions and suggests how IL-13 can have stronger proallergic effects than IL-4.
The Clinical Record in Medicine Part 2: Reforming Content and Purpose*

Case Records and Evaluating the Outcomes of Care In the early twentieth century, a new form of medical evidence came to the forefront. While nineteenth century clinicians were using simple instrume...
Regulation of renal ammoniagenesis: Purification and characterization of phosphate-dependent glutaminase from rat kidney

Abstract Phosphate-dependent glutaminase can be solubilized from rat kidney mitochondria by treatment with high concentrations of nonionic detergents or by lyophilization in the presence of a borate buffer. Borate promotes a reversible polymerization of this enzyme into a high molecular weight aggregate. Removal of borate to produce the low molecular weight Tris form of glutaminase is associated with a reversible threefold decrease in specific activity. This process makes possible the rapid purification (1000-fold) of this glutaminase by successive gel filtration in each of its molecular weight forms. The purified glutaminase is stable at 3 °C in borate, phosphate buffer for at least 6 months. Activation of this enzyme is not specific and can be achieved by a large number of phosphate-containing compounds including pyrophosphate, nucleotides and sugar phosphates. Nucleotides produced a significantly greater percentage activation of the mitochondrial and borate forms of glutaminase than of the Tris form. In addition, only the former two forms are activated by a large number of carboxylic acids. The specific activities of the borate and Tris forms of glutaminase are also increased by the presence of Triton X-100.
Instabilities in a coherently pumped laser

We solved in steady state in the rotating wave limit a five-level model which is fully coherent on the coupled pump–laser transition and includes relaxation of diagonal elements through, two rotational reservoirs connected by vibrational relaxation. The equations were solved in steady state for χ P ″ and χ S ″, the imaginary susceptibilities on the pump and laser transitions. These results were velocity integrated to generate susceptibilities for the inhomogeneously broadened system with arbitrary field strengths and relaxation rates.1 The effects of pump absorption were included by numerically integrating the spatial differential equation for the pump intensity down the laser axis.
Methylprednisolone Protection Against Endotoxin in Lead-Sensitized Mice

Lead-sensitized BALB/c male mice are protected against Escherichia coli endotoxin by the intraperitoneal administration of 6α-methylprednisolone. This protection is dependent on time of administration of the methylprednisolone.
Perception of the role of medical-service representatives in hospitals.

How sales directors of pharmaceutical manufacturing firms and hospital pharmacy directors perceive the role of medical-service representatives (MSRs) in hospitals was studied. Pharmacy directors at U.S. hospitals and sales directors of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association member firms were surveyed by questionnaire in February 1988. Respondents were presented with a list of 13 product-related services and a list of 11 professional and informational services; they were asked to use a five-point scale to indicate how important they believed each service was and how frequently they believed that most MSRs performed the service. A total of 251 (47.0%) usable questionnaires were returned from the hospital pharmacy directors, and 35 (38.5%) were returned from the pharmaceutical sales directors. Hospital pharmacy directors perceived professional and informational services as more important than product-related services. The results suggest that pharmacy directors would like MSRs to place more emphasis on (1) providing drug information to pharmacy before promoting their products to physicians, (2) supporting the role of the clinical pharmacist in promoting appropriate and rational use of a product, and (3) complying with pharmacy and therapeutics committee formulary decisions. Compared with sales directors, pharmacy directors placed less emphasis on information about new dosage forms, assistance in drug recalls, and assistance in obtaining hospital-specific pricing. Differences in perceptions of the role of MSRs exist between hospital pharmacy directors and sales directors of pharmaceutical manufacturing firms.
Team collaboration in virtual worlds

Are virtual worlds more or less effective for virtual team collaboration? We suggest that the answer to this question is complicated and dependent upon a number of factors, and we propose a research agenda with theoretical bases to guide researchers in the area of virtual team collaboration for the next seven to ten years. While virtual teams are increasingly used by organizations, there has been little systematic research done to understand how collaboration in virtual worlds compares to collaboration supported by other media, or how characteristics of virtual teams influence the collaboration process and outcomes. The research agenda that we propose looks at basic differences between virtual worlds and other media, but also includes consideration of the specific contextual factors, and the influence that leadership might have on the collaboration process and outcomes.
Incisive papilla line as a guide to predict maxillary anterior tooth display.

Oh and Hansen Oh and Hansen Maxillary anterior tooth display should be predicted and controlled for an esthetic outcome in an edentulous patient.1 The customary prosthodontic procedure requires an occlusion wax rim to be contoured for adequate lip support and occlusal vertical dimension determination.2 The lip line is marked on the rim when the patient is in the full smile to determine the amount of tooth display and guide the selection of the artificial denture teeth. However, the smile line is dynamic, and the degree of anterior tooth display will vary depending on gender, race, lip fullness, age, and upper lip length.3,4 The upper lip length is measured from the base of the columela to the tip of the philtrum to aid in the selection and positioning of the anterior teeth.3 In general, the longer the upper lip, the less the maxillary teeth are visible, and vice versa. However, the lip length as measured according to the facial morphology may not always provide an accurate estimation of the relative amount of tooth display, both at rest and in the full smile, because of a large variability in maxillary lip line relative to the incisal edge position.3,4 The incisive papilla remains relatively constant in both vertical and horizontal locations, except when combined with excessive resorption of alveolar bone, and is frequently used as an anatomic landmark in arranging maxillary anterior teeth.2,5-7 The mean vertical distance between the incisive papilla and the incisal edges of maxIncisive papilla line as a guide to predict maxillary anterior tooth display
Educating knowledge workers for e-business and web services

E-business and web services now have an established and significant presence in the global marketplace. The growth of e-business and web services has been substantial. One of the constraints on this growth is the availability of knowledge workers with the skills necessary to design, implement and support e-business systems via web services. To sustain the continued growth of e-business in the future, a workforce with e-business knowledge and skills will be necessary. This paper addresses the e-workforce constraint by presenting a model for a graduate certificate program designed to develop the knowledge and skills needed to sustain e-business and further opportunities for innovation in e-business. We report on a successful program in Web Services that recognizes the interdisciplinary nature of services management and is designed for business and management professionals. This paper will discuss the motivation and design of the program, preliminary results as well as challenges faced in offering such a program.
IMMEDIATE IMPRESSIONS OF LD CHILDREN BY FEMALE ADULTS

While considerable evidence has been reported concerning peer rejection of the learning disabled child, much less study has been carried out of adult attitudes toward LD children. This study was designed to investigate adults' immediate impressions of LD children with whom they were unfamiliar and to analyze the relative contributions of the LD child's verbal and nonverbal behaviors upon such impressions. The results of this study suggest that considerably more attention needs to be given to the role of LD children's nonverbal behaviors in affecting others' impressions of them. The increasing concern in the field regarding the social relationships of LD children is addressed, in part, through investigations such as the one presented in this article. - D.D.D.
Localizing molecular probes: Inclusion of Re(I) complexes in β-cyclodextrin

Abstract The inclusion of a series of luminescent Re(I) complexes in α- and β-cyclodextrin in water is described. The complex's general structure is [L 2 Re(CO) 3 (4-R-pyridine)][ClO 4 ] where L 2 represents the α-diimine ligands 2,2′-bipyridine or 1,10 phenanthroline. The R groups were selected to span a range of hydrophobicity from –H to –(CH 2 ) 12 CH 3 . These R's showed a variety of binding constants of the complexes to the hydrophobic interior of the β-cyclodextrin. Binding to β-cyclodextrin was accompanied by shifts in the emission λ max to shorter wavelengths, and increases in both the excited state lifetime and luminescence quantum yield. No such effects were observed for α-cyclodextrin. The binding data could be fit by a simple two state model and binding constants ranged from 0.2 to 6.5 mM −1 . In contrast to previous studies, the mechanism responsible for the changes in photophysics is attributed to shielding the complexes from solvent interaction rather than from quenching by O 2 . Solvent exposure experiments suggest that binding effectively blocks about half the solvent access to the chromophore.
The role of fitness in health and disease: Status of adults with cerebral palsy

Physical activity has significant health benefits and is positively associated with health-related quality of life and psychosocial functioning. Persons with disability are at particular risk of inactivity. For adults with cerebral palsy (CP), impaired health and function typically impede participation in physical activity, setting into motion a downward spiral of prolonged inactivity. Adults with CP may not be engaging in sufficient physical activity to produce the improvements in fitness required to experience associated health benefits. However, the literature related to physical activity and fitness in adults with CP is sparse. As more and more persons with CP lead productive lives into their golden years, it is imperative that the scientific community provide definitive information to help guide decisions related to the type and extent of fitness-related activities most beneficial to these individuals. This information will facilitate development of physical training programs that promote maintenance of function and fitness while preventing the onset of secondary conditions. This presentation will address the state-of-the-science regarding physical activity and fitness for adults with CP and how fitness training relates to physical activity and health in this population. Gaps in the evidence, as well as possible directions for future research, will be presented.
Interaction of soil solarization and metham-sodium in the destruction of Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum

Abstract The effects of solarization, metham-sodium (12·5 or 25 ml/m 2 ) and combined action of the two treatments (soil solarization plus metham-sodium) on the viability of Verticillium dahliae (VD) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (FOV) added to field soil were compared in two successive field experiments. In both experiments solarization combined with metham-sodium was more effective in destroying both pathogens as compared with solarization or metham-sodium alone. In the earlier experiment, when soil temperatures were higher, soil solarization and combined treatments were more effective in controlling VD and FOV than in the later experiment. The effect of metham-sodium on V. dahliae microsclerotia was studied in open and sealed containers incubated at 25° and 35°C. The fumigant dose required to kill 50% of the microsclerotia at 25°C was four times higher at 25°C than at 35°C. Toxicity of the chemical was similar in open and sealed containers. This and field experiment results suggest that the higher toxicity observed under plastic cover in the field is due to synergistic interaction between solarization and metham-sodium. Combined solarization and metham-sodium killed more propagules more quickly than solarization alone; these results suggested that the period over which effective solarization can be used is longer than previously thought and that the time needed to solarize the soil for control of these pathogens is less.
Assessment of coronary artery disease risk in 5463 patients undergoing cardiac surgery: when is preoperative coronary angiography necessary?

Objectives We sought to critically analyze the routine use of conventional coronary angiography (CCA) before noncoronary cardiac surgery and to assess clinical prediction models that might allow more selective use of CCA in this setting. Methods We studied 5463 patients undergoing aortic valve surgery, mitral valve surgery, or septal myectomy with or without coronary artery bypass grafting from 2001 to 2010. Preoperative CCAs were evaluated for the presence of significant coronary artery disease (CAD). Random forests and logistic regression methods were used to determine the predictors of significant (≥50%) coronary stenosis. Results Preoperative CCA was performed in 4711 patients (86%). Two thirds of those with angina, previous myocardial infarction, or percutaneous coronary intervention had significant CAD found on CCA, versus one third of patients free of these risk factors ( P P Conclusions In the absence of angina, previous myocardial infarction, or percutaneous coronary intervention, preoperative CCA identified significant CAD in only one third of patients. Our clinical prediction models could enhance the identification of patients at low risk of significant CAD for whom CCA might potentially be avoided before cardiac surgery. This strategy may improve the efficiency of cardiac surgical care delivery by diminishing procedure-related morbidity and offering significant cost savings.
Determination of the Metabolites of the Herbicide Dimethyl Tetrachloroterephthalate in Drinking Water by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Confirmation

Two metabolites of the herbicide dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate, (DCPA), monomethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (MM) and tetrachloroterephthalic acid (TCPA), are assayed via high-performance liquid chromatography with ion paring. Samples are analyzed via direct injection, without preparation, and analyte detection is accomplished with an ultraviolet photodiode array detector. The metabolites are extracted from positive samples with a petroleum ether/diethyl ether mixture, derivatized with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoracetamide, and confirmed by way of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The HPLC analysis of 200 spiked drinking water samples yielded a recovery range of 92-106% with a mean recovery of 101% for TCPA and a recovery range of 92-101% with a mean recovery of 96% for MM. The minimum detection limits for TCPA and MM were 2.4 and 2.7 micrograms/L, respectively. In addition, the GC/MS analysis of spiked reagent water yielded mean recoveries of 91% for MM and 86% for TCPA. Twenty drinking water samples were split and analyzed by the HPLC and GC/MS methods and by USEPA Method 515.1. Comparable results were obtained. The HPLC method, which is amenable to automation, typically allows for the analysis of up to 40 samples overnight.
Social Engineering as an Infringement of the Presumption of Innocence: The Case of Corporate Criminality

I examine how deferred-prosecution agreements employed against suspected corporate criminality amount to a form of social engineering that infringes the presumption. I begin with a broad understanding of the presumption itself. Then I offer a brief description of how these agreements function. Finally I address some of the normative issues that must be confronted if legal philosophers who hold retributivist views on punishment and sentencing hope to assess this device. My judgment tends to be favorable. More importantly, I caution against the facile assumption that any means to infringe the presumption is necessarily an illegitimate part of penal practice.
Vitamin E biokinetics, oxidative stress and cigarette smoking

Abstract Vitamin E is comprised of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols, and functions as a lipophilic chain-breaking antioxidant that prevents lipid peroxidation. Although it is well recognized that cigarette smoke is source of oxidative stress, relatively little is known regarding how oxidative stress alters vitamin E utilization in humans. Therefore, this review will highlight the recent knowledge regarding how cigarette smoking alters vitamin E (as α- and γ-tocopherols) utilization in humans. Specifically, we will discuss the mechanisms by which cigarette smoking increases the turnover of plasma vitamin E, decreases the P450-mediated metabolism of vitamin E, and increases the nitration of γ-tocopherol to result in the formation of 5-nitro-γ-tocopherol. In addition, the interrelationship between oxidative stress and vitamin C will also be emphasized as it relates to vitamin E utilization.
Monoclinic-to-Tetragonal Phase Transformation in a Ceramic Rare-Earth Orthoniobate, LaNbO4

The monoclinic-to-tetragonal phase transformation in LaNbO4 has been investigated by X-ray diffraction and dilatometry. Based on the experimental results and theoretical concerns (Landau theory and thermodynamics), it is suggested that this transformation is second order in nature.
Aneurysm of the Aortic Sinuses of Valsalva: Hemodynamics and Long-Term Prognosis After Surgery

Seventeen patients with sinus of Valsalva aneurysm are described. All of these patients have had late follow-up to assess prognosis. Twelve patients had congenital aneurysms and five were mycotic. There were 12 males and five females, ranging in age from 20 to 59 years of age (mean of 38 years). Symp toms of congestive heart failure, fatigue, and palpitations were common and were present from three days to seven years before diagnosis (mean of 13.8 months.) All patients had cardiac catheterization including aortography, and 16 had right heart catheterizations. Eleven patients (65%) had aneurysms which ruptured into another cardiac chamber, most frequently the right atrium (six patients). Eleven patients (65%) had aortic insufficiency, and it was moderate to severe in seven. New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class at diag nosis was variable and did not correlate with degree of left-to-right shunt in patients with fistulas to the right heart. Functional Class seemed to correlate with the degree o...
The Aleatory Encounter and the Common Name Reading Negri Reading Althusser

This article discusses the relation between the concepts of the Epicurean void and the aleatory encounter in Louis Althusser’s late philosophy and the concepts of kairos and the common name (or common concept; nome comune) in Antonio Negri’s later work. It is important to consider the political efficacy of nome comune in the context of ontological commitments such as the Althusserian void and Negri’s “postmodern” landscape of “total subsumption,” among other reasons because common concepts play important social and political mediating roles in both modern broadcast media and in more recent ranked information retrieval, crowd-sourced information aggregation, and computer mediated communication.
The role of the concentration of the products in integrated rate equations.

Abstract Four ordered sequence mechanisms and the random sequence mechanism for the enzymic conversion of two substrates to two products are examined. The four ordered sequence mechanisms include the two reversible mechanisms usually associated with transaminase-type enzymic reactions and the two reversible mechanisms usually associated with dehydrogenase-type enzymic reactions. Only the dehydrogenase-type mechanism involving a ternary complex of the enzyme and both substrates requires that the time course of the reaction depends on terms involving the concentration of the product squared in addition to the usual linear and logarithmic functions of the product concentration.
Past as prologue

The Development of American Pharmacology: John J. Abel and the Shaping of a Discipline. By John Parascandola. John Hopkins University Press: 1992. Pp. 224. $32.50, £27.
Localization of the glucagon receptor gene to human chromosome band 17q25.

Abstract The gene encoding the human glucagon receptor (GCGR) was mapped to chromosome band 17q25 by fluorescence in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. An Alu variable poly(A) DNA polymorphism was identified in this gene. Studies in the CEPH families showed significant evidence of linkage between this DNA polymorphism and markers localized to the distal long arm of chromosome 17.
The effect of meniscal tears on cartilage loss of the knee: findings on serial MRIs.

AbstractBackground: The relationship between meniscal tears and progressive loss of hyaline cartilage and osteoarthritis of the knee has been reported in the literature. The current treatment protocols for meniscal tears include conservative treatment, meniscal repair, and meniscectomy. Treatment plans are based on factors such as tear pattern, patient age, and associated pathology. The mechanism, pattern, and treatment of meniscal tears vary with age and activity level. Younger, more active patients often sustain more acute tears, which are more amenable to repair due to increased propensity for healing compared with older patients. It is unclear which patients or types of meniscal tears will go on to sustain cartilage loss or osteoarthritis. Objective: In our study, we aimed to determine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in patients with meniscal tears that may be predictive as a risk factor for future cartilage loss. Methods: A database was retrospectively searched for patients with ≥ 2 MRIs of...
VOLTAGE COLLAPSE ANALYSIS WITH REACTIVE GENERATION AND VOLTAGE DEPENDENT LOAD CONSTRAINTS

In this paper we extend the singular value decomposition method for detecting voltage collapse to include voltage dependent loads, Q-limited generation sources and also propose a new indicator called the condition number which is more sensitive than the minimum singular value. Numerical example on the six-bus and fourteen-bus systems are given.
An Empirical Investigation of the Objectives and Constraints of Electronic Data Processing Departments

Managers of electronic data processing (EDP) departments were asked to identify the highest priority objectives and most severe constraints for their departments. Their replies show general agreeme...
Ergonomics: influencing management behaviour

If successful, ergonomics can prevent accidents and improve occupational safety and health. This success creates 'non-events' that are counterintuitive to organizational goals of efficiency and optimization. It is, therefore, difficult to cost-justify ergonomics to organizations and their management. This paper presents three specific strategies and one general strategy for marketing ergonomics and occupational safety and health. The specific strategies involve: (1) understanding corporate culture and translating ergonomics into that cultural context; (2) identifying criteria that motivate people to use ergonomics; and (3) introducing ergonomics proactively as a tool for cost avoidance. The more general strategy suggests that we need to be more involved at the organizational design and management level. By operating at the organizational level we can make changes from within the management structure rather than making suggestions to management.
Sequential Task Anycast Scheduling in Optical Burst Switched Networks

We investigate the sequential task anycast scheduling problem (STAS) for grid applications in an optical burst switched network. In STAS, the subtasks of a given request have sequential dependency and must be processed in order. Each node in the network provides a set of services and each subtask may demand a different type of service. The problem is to find an ordered set of nodes that can minimize the request completion time and request blocking probability. In this work, we consider the delay caused by buffering at service nodes and the blocking caused by burst contention. We propose an auxiliary graph based heuristic with cost assignment policies to obtain ordered set of sequential nodes which can minimize task completion time. We compare the heuristics with a random task assignment policy, and the results show that the proposed heuristics can improve request blocking probability and end-to-end delay.
Role of the advanced IR sounder in land surface remote sensing

A new era of Earth remote sensing began with the launch of the NASA EOS Aqua platform with the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) in May 2002. The EOS AIRS instrument is the first in a series of high spectral resolution infrared spectrometers that will allow improved characterization of the global atmospheric temperature and water vapor structure. Follow-on operational sensors with similar sounding capability include the Cross-track InfraRed Sounder (CrIS) on the NPP/NPOESS satellites and the Infrared Advanced Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on the European METOP series. These so-called advanced infrared sounders will have a vital role to play in the remote sensing of land ecosystems. This paper describes how the use of Advanced IR Sounder data can be used to improve the accuracy of atmospheric corrections in the thermal IR and provide detailed information on the spectral dependence of the infrared land surface emissivity. Radiance observations from AIRS have been obtained over a large, uniform sandy desert region in the Libyan Desert suitable for evaluation of the 15-km footprints of the NASA AIRS advanced sounder. Analysis of this data indicates a spectral contrast of more than 30% between 12 mm and 9 mm in the surface infrared emissivity due to the presence of the mineral quartz with somewhat smaller contrast at 4 mm. Results of a method for separation of infrared surface emissivity and effective surface skin temperature are presented also.
Notes and Descriptions of Bees

The specimens on which this paper is based are in the collection of the University of Nebraska, unless otherwide stated. Especial acknowledgments are due to Prof. Cockerell for specimens and suggestions, to Prof. Titus for specimens, and to Prof. Bruner for overseeing my work.Halictus Montanus, n. sp. –Female: Black, head closely coarsely and deeply puncutred on the vertex, coarser along the inner orbits, less closely on the face below the antennae clypesu sparsely and more coarsely punctured, fringed with golden hair at the apex; mandibles black, reddish at tips; antennae black flagellum dark brownish beneath towards tip; pubescence of head and thorax griseous, slightly tinged with ochraceous on the thorax, thin on the disc of mesothorax, dense on pleura and cheeks; thorax closely and rather coarsely punctured; base of metathorax enclosed and finely rugose, truncation finely roughened and with large punctures; tegulae large, testaceous, and with punctures anteriorly; wings slightly yellowish, clouded apically; nervures and stigma bright testaceous; legs black, tarsi and hind tibiae behind ferruginous; pubescence of legs slightly ochraceous, on inner side of tarsi and hind tibiae golden; inner hind tibial spur with many short blunt teeth; abdomen black, very finely punctured, apical margins of segments with yellowish-white hair bands, bases of segments 2–4 also showing slight hair bands; pubescence at base of first segment griseous, on discs of other segments black, not showing plainly except from the sides. Length, 12–14 mm.
AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR RELATING CONSUMER AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA USED TO IDENTIFY CRITICAL FLAVOR PROPERTIES OF MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.)

An alternative method for measuring response and analyzing data in consumer research was explored in this study which attempted to identify critical flavor properties of mango. Twelve mango samples were evaluated according to 13 flavor descriptors by a trained panel using 150-mm unstructured lines. Consumers (n = 120), intercepted in supermarkets, each tasted 3 samples and responded ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to an intent-to-purchase question. Consumer response, coded by respectively assigning 0 or 1 to each negative or positive answer, was expressed as a probability of purchase and related to descriptive attributes using logistic regression. Critical descriptors were peachy, grassy, and green banana (α= 0.10). The function generated had an index of discrimination of 0.70. Although limitations in flavor variations and possible segmentation among the consumers studied restricted the usefulness of the acceptability function, using a probability of purchase as an index of acceptability and logistic regression to relate consumer response with product attributes was demonstrated.
Lipid signalling in cardiovascular pathophysiology

Although the role of lipids in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has been appreciated for several decades, recent studies have advanced our understanding and revealed complex new functions and interactions for lipid molecules that are both beneficial and adverse. It is now well appreciated that lipids are not merely structural components of cell membranes but serve as substrates for enzymes that generate second messengers involved in cell signalling. In the case of the sphingolipids, sphingomyelinase and sphingosine kinase (SK) are regulated enzymes and the product, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), is a ligand for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that activate myriad cellular responses. Inositol phospholipids, or phosphoinositides, are synthesized or degraded through regulated enzymes including phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinases (PI3Ks), which generate the second messenger PIP3, and phospholipase C which generates inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol (DAG) as well as modulating membrane levels of phosphatidylinositol 4′5′-bisphosphate (PIP2). Sphingolipid pathways, including responses involving sphingomyelinases, have been appreciated as signalling mediators in the cardiovascular system under both normal conditions and during acute and chronic stress. It is well known that activation of the SK/S1P pathway promotes survival in many cells and tissues, but this pathway has only recently been identified as having similar effects in the heart and vasculature. The delineation of multiple S1P receptor subtypes has added to the complexity of this regulation, as have the observations regarding the function of S1P as a protective ‘cargo’ carried by high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Experimental data are beginning to result in clinical studies designed to test the efficacy of sphingolipids in therapeutics. These include agonists and antagonists for S1P receptors, neutralizing antibodies for S1P, and inhibitors of SK. Phosphatidylinositol 4′5′-bisphosphate is hydrolysed by phospholipase C, which is activated by GPCRs and other cell-surface receptors. One product, DAG, is the endogenous activator of protein kinase C (PKC). Studies … *Corresponding author. Tel: +1 415 221 4810 (J.S.K.)/+1 858 822 5858 (J.H.B.); fax: +1 415 750 6959 (J.S.K.)/+1 858 822 0041 (J.H.B.). E-mail addresses: joel.karliner{at}va.gov (J.S.K.) and jhbrown{at}ucsd.edu (J.H.B.)
THE CONTRIBUTION OF RHODOSPZRZLLUM RUBRUM FERREDOXIN II TO IN VIVO EPR SIGNALS AND ITS ROLE IN ELECTRON TRANSPORT

— Evidence is presented that Fd II, an iron-sulfur protein containing 4 irons and 4 acid-labile sulfurs, is responsible for a number of signals previously reported detectable in cells of R. rubrum. When oxidized, Fd II exhibits a g = 2.012 EPR signal which is readily detected in R. rubrum cells. In our hands, Fd II is photochemically reduced to an EPR-silent product contrary to the results of other investigators. However. in the presence of reducing agents. the reduced form is apparently denatured upon freezing. The denatured form exhibits EPR signals similar to some also previously observed in whole cells. Fd II catalyzes the ascorbate-DCPIP linked photoreduction of NAD with R. rubrum chromatophores even in the presence of an inhibitor which suppresses the formation of pH and emf gradients. This result raises the possibility of a role for Fd II in non-cyclic electron transport in R. rubrum.
Effect of 5-thio-D-glucose on food and water intakes and on the acquisition and performance of maze tasks in the rat.

Abstract A potent inhibitor of D-glucose transport across the membrane, 5-thio-D-glucose (5-TDG) was examined with respect to its effect on runway and maze performance as well as on food and water intakes and body weight. In an initial experiment, three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were matched in terms of their performance to learn a runway task with Noyes pellets serving as the reinforcement. After extinction, two groups of rats were given 5-TDG in their food for 14 days, in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg/day, which exerts potent effects on other functions. Retesting in the runway task showed no significant differences in the time required for the controls and for the 5-TDG treated rats to reach the goal box. Nonfed controls and the same two groups were again fed 50 and 100 mg/kg/day 5-TDG and were tested on the 12 problems of the Hebb-Williams maze. Again, no significant differences were found in the number of errors made on the 12 problems by the 5-TDG treated animals or by the controls. Thus, this sugar analogue, administered in doses that affect spermatogenesis and other processes, has no effect on the ability of the rats to perform these tasks. Similarly, the intakes of food and water were unaffected by the systemic administration of 5-TDG.
Programmable shunt-related suicide attempt

The treatment of hydrocephalus has benefited recently from the use of programmable shunt valves. These devices can be adjusted using magnets to regulate how much spinal fluid is drained. However, it is unclear to what extent other environmental magnetic sources can affect programmable valves. We present the case of a man who attempted suicide by successfully turning his adjustable valve to a near-maximal setting using a hand-held electromagnet, and discuss other reported cases in order to better understand the effects of environmental magnets on programmable shunt valves.
A test of resource-allocation explanations of the generation effect

Several current theories of the generation effect posit that generated items receive greater encoding resources than do read items in the same list. These theories were tested, by asking subjects to pay special attention to target items embedded in a list of background items. Targets were either read or generated, and received either normal or special attention. Background items were always read. Compared to memory for words in a list of read target and background items, memory for generated targets was enhanced and memory for surrounding read items was suppressed. These results paralleled the effects of the special attention instructions. It was suggested that generation is a controlled process requiring encoding resources that are taken from surrounding read items in a mixed-list design and from relational processing in a between-list design.
Creating Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Polyelectrolytes for Thin Film Construction Using an Ionic Linker Strategy

This paper describes the conversion of poly(ethylene oxide) into a polyelectrolyte by use of an ionic linker strategy, and its subsequent use in fabricating polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH). The resulting thin films were found to exhibit reverse size-selectivity, in which the permeation of a relatively large CO2 molecule was favored over He. The potential of this new approach for modifying the bulk properties of PEMs is briefly discussed.
Robust natural language dialogues for instruction tasks

Being able to understand and carry out spoken natural instructions even in limited domains is extremely challenging for current robots. The difficulties are multifarious, ranging from problems with speech recognizers to difficulties with parsing disfluent speech or resolving references based on perceptual or task-based knowledge. In this paper, we present our efforts at starting to address these problems with an integrated natural language understanding system implemented in our DIARC architecture on a robot that can handle fairly unconstrained spoken ungrammatical and incomplete instructions reliably in a limited domain.
Classification of articulators

Abstract A simple classification in familiar terms with definite, clear characteristics can be adopted. This classification system is based on the number of records used and the adjustments necessary for the articulator to accept these records. The classification divides the articulators into nonadjustable, semiadjustable, and fully adjustable articulators (Table I).
Traditional Cures for Modern Conflicts: African Conflict "Medicine"

This text identifies contributions of traditional mechanisms for conflict management in Africa and elsewhere. With African conflicts eluding efforts to be controlled, this work is guided by the question: can traditional methods yield insights and approaches that might help end the violence?
Inactivation of phage α by single-strand breakage

Abstract Bacillus megaterium phage α is more sensitive to X-irradiation than a typical phage of its size containing double-stranded DNA. Double-strand breakage accounts for only a small part of the inactivation in contrast with many other phages. An ultracentrifuge assay has been used to measure single-strand breakage in the DNA of the X-irradiated phages. The inactivating event is apparently a single-strand break. However, not all single-strand breaks are lethal. Two alternatives are possible: (1) a break is lethal only if it occurs in a particular strand; or (2) only one strand can function in the cell, and this strand is selected at random. These alternatives cannot be distinguished by the present experiments.
Embryoid Body–Mediated Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Along a Hepatocyte Lineage: Insights from Gene Expression Profiles

Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells represent a promising renewable cell source for the generation of functional differentiated cells. Previous studies incorporating embryoid body (EB)-mediated stem cell differentiation have, either spontaneously or after growth factor and extracellular matrix protein supplementation, yielded populations of hepatocyte lineage cells expressing mature hepatocyte markers such as albumin (ALB). In an effort to promote ES cell commitment to the hepatocyte lineage, we have evaluated the effects of four culture conditions on albumin and gene expression in differentiating ES cells. Quantitative in situ immunofluorescence and cDNA microarray analyses were used to describe not only lineage specificity but also to provide insights into the effects of disparate culture environments on the mechanisms of differentiation. The results of these studies suggest that spontaneous and collagen-mediated differentiation induce cells with the highest levels of ALB expression but mature liver specific genes were only expressed in the spontaneous condition. Further analysis of gene expression profiles indicated that two distinct mechanisms may govern spontaneous and collagen-mediated differentiation.
Skill-oriented task sequencing in an intelligent tutor for basic algebra

As part of a project to develop an intelligent computer tutor for basic algebra, we have been investigating task sequencing. In this paper we present an approach to task sequencing that is based on a component-skills view of intelligence and learning. We postulate that tutors use inferences about past and present student performance to determine a current skill set that will be the new target for learning. The skill set is then used as a basis for generating tasks that should elicit those skills. Current skill sets are modified slowly over time so that lessons appear coherent and well-planned. We first describe the approach at a general level, where it can be viewed as a cognitive model of human task sequencing. Then we discuss the implementation of the model in our intelligent algebra tutoring system.
Measuring College Students’ Attitudes Toward Requesting Accommodations: A National Multi-Institutional Study

College students with disabilities represent an increasing population of nontraditional students that often experience difficulty in achieving in higher education. This difficulty appears to be rel...
The Effect of Generalized Compliments, Sex of Server, and Size of Dining Party on Tipping Behavior in Restaurants

This study examined the effects of food servers' sex, the use of generalized compliments, and the size of the dining party on tipping behavior in restaurants. Four food servers (2 males, 2 females) waited on 360 parties eating dinner, and either complimented or did not compliment the parties on their dinner selections. Results indicated that food servers received significantly higher tips when complimenting their parties than when not complimenting them, although as the size of the party increased, the effectiveness of compliments decreased. These results and their implications are discussed.
Effects of prostaglandin antagonist SC-19220 on body temperature and on hyperthermic responses to prostaglandin E1 and leukocytic pyrogen in the cat

Abstract Intravenous injection of SC-19220 (3–9 mg/kg) caused dose-related hypothermic responses in cats. Repeated administration of SC-19220 resulted in tolerance to its hypothermic action. During SC-19220-induced hypothermia, the hyperthermic activity of both prostaglandin E 1 and leukocytic pyrogen was reduced or abolished. Neither prostaglandin E 1 nor leukocytic pyrogen was antagonized when given shortly after recovery from SC-19220-induced hypothermia or by doses of SC-19220 which did not cause hypothermia. Although these results may indicate a role of prostaglandins in normal physiological thermoregulation, it is also possible that production of hypothermia by SC-19220 is unrelated to prostaglandin antagonism.
Purification and characterization of the Staphylococcus aureus bacillithiol transferase BstA.

Background Gram-positive bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes synthesize the low molecular weight thiol bacillithiol rather than glutathione or mycothiol. The bacillithiol transferase YfiT from Bacillus subtilis was identified as a new member of the recently discovered DinB/YfiT-like Superfamily. Based on structural similarity using the Superfamily program, we have determined 30 of 31 Staphylococcus aureus strains encode a single bacillithiol transferase from the DinB/YfiT-like Superfamily, while the remaining strain encodes two proteins.