cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for wing molt and breeding site fidelity in King Eiders

Abstract Fidelity of King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis) to breeding and wing molt sites was examined using satellite telemetry data obtained opportunistically when battery life of transmitters provided locations in a second year. Consecutive breeding locations were obtained for eleven female and 23 male King Eiders. All females exhibited breeding site fidelity by returning to sites within 15 km of first year breeding areas on the North Slope of Alaska. Breeding locations of males in a subsequent year were located on average >1000 km from their prior breeding sites and were primarily outside Alaska, on the coasts of Russia and Canada. Second-year wing molt locations were obtained for two female and six male King Eiders. Wing molt sites of males were located 6.2 ± 3.1 km apart on average in successive years, while female wing molt locations averaged almost 50 km apart. Our results demonstrate site fidelity of female King Eiders to a breeding area on the North Slope of Alaska, document the dispersal of male...
Betty Werlein Carter, a Writer in Her Own Regard

Abstract During her almost sixty years as a twentieth-century journalist, Betty Werlein Carter received several honors for her role as a civil rights activist and as a civic leader, although few sources have acknowledged her importance as a member of the press. Her career as a writer has been overshadowed by that of her acclaimed husband, Hodding Carter Jr., and her two journalist sons, Hodding, III and Philip. As a communicator, Betty Carter worked as a journalist, public relations practitioner, editor, civil rights advocate, feature and travel writer, hostess to numerous national and international personalities, and newspaper publisher. Yet, she did her most noteworthy work apart from her husband during World War II. This article records several of her journalistic endeavors.
Ultrafast all-optical integrated optic switch realized by selective area multi-quantum well disordering

An integrated all-optical interferometric switch has been implemented using selective area disordering of a multiple quantum well structure. The device with an adjustable gate timing window had a switch contrast ratio of 9dB and the rise and fall times were around 2ps
Prolactin production by rat anterior pituitaries cultured in vitro as estimated by crop gland assay, densitometric analysis and radioimmunoassay.

SummaryAnterior pituitaries (AP) were aseptically removed from sexually mature female Sprague Dawley rats and cultured in an air environment for a period of 54 days with a medium change every 3 days. The prolactin activity in the medium was determined by the intradermal crop gland bioassay, by disc electrophoresis-microdensitometric analysis (ED) and by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Prolactin activity was detected in the medium by all three methods up to the 33rd day of culture. There was a decrease in medium prolactin content up to the 15th day and an increase thereafter. Examination of the medium by disc electrophoresis revealed the loss of the growth hormone component beginning on the 15th day medium change. The three methods used to estimate prolactin activity produced results which were in general agreement on a relative basis. The ED and RIA methods, however, were more closely related to each other than to the crop gland assay. On an absolute basis (μg-μg) the ED method overestimated the prolactin content...
Synthesis of 1-O-Methylchlorogenic Acid: Reassignment of Structure for MCGA3 Isolated from Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) Leaves

The first synthesis of 1-O-methylchlorogenic acid is described. The short and efficient synthesis of this compound provides laboratory-scale quantities of the material to investigate its biological properties. The synthesis involves C-1 alkylation of the known (−)-4,5-cyclohexylidenequinic acid lactone followed by methoxide opening to the hydroxyl ester. Acylation of the C-5 hydroxyl group followed by sequential removal of protecting groups afforded 1-O-methylchlorogenic acid. The NMR spectroscopic characteristics of this compound do not coincide with those reported for the original isolation from bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) leaves of the compound designated MCGA3. Comparison of the published spectroscopic data reported for MCGA3, with both reported literature values and spectroscopic data obtained from an authentic sample, leads to the conclusion that the compound isolated from bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) leaves is instead methyl chlorogenate.
The Steady-State Modeling and Analysis of a Two-Loop Cooling System for High Heat Flux Removal

Steady-state modeling and analysis of a two-loop cooling system for high heat flux removal applications are studied. The system structure proposed consists of a primary pumped loop and a vapor compression cycle (VCC) as the secondary loop to which the pumped loop rejects heat. The pumped loop consists of evaporator, condenser, pump, and bladder liquid accumulator. The pumped loop evaporator has direct contact with the heat generating device and CHF must be higher than the imposed heat fluxes to prevent device burnout. The bladder liquid accumulator adjusts the pumped loop pressure level and, hence, the subcooling of the refrigerant to avoid pump cavitation and to achieve high critical heat flux (CHF) in the pumped loop evaporator. The vapor compression cycle of the two-loop cooling system consists of evaporator, liquid accumulator, compressor, condenser and electronic expansion valve. It is coupled with the pumped loop through a fluid-to-fluid heat exchanger that serves as both the vapor compression cycle evaporator and the pumped loop condenser. The liquid accumulator of the vapor compression cycle regulates the cycle active refrigerant charge and provides saturated vapor to the compressor at steady state. The heat exchangers are modeled with the mass, momentum, and energy balance equations. Due to the projected incorporation of microchannels in the pumped loop to enhance the heat transfer in heat sinks, the momentum equation, rarely seen in previous refrigeration system modeling efforts, is included to capture the expected significant microchannel pressure drop witnessed in previous experimental investigations. Electronic expansion valve, compressor, pump, and liquid accumulators are modeled as static components due to their much faster dynamics compared with heat exchangers. The steady-state model can be used for static system design that includes determining the total refrigerant charge in the vapor compression cycle and the pumped loop to accommodate the varying heat load, sizing of various components, and parametric studies to optimize the operating conditions for a given heat load. The effect of pumped loop pressure level, heat exchangers geometries, pumped loop refrigerant selection, and placement of the pump (upstream or downstream of the evaporator) are studied. The two-loop cooling system structure shows both improved coefficient of performance (COP) and CHF overthe single loop vapor compression cycle investigated earlier by authors for high heat flux removal.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Susceptibility tensor imaging (STI) of the brain

Susceptibility tensor imaging (STI) is a recently developed MRI technique that allows quantitative determination of orientation-independent magnetic susceptibility parameters from the dependence of gradient echo signal phase on the orientation of biological tissues with respect to the main magnetic field. By modeling the magnetic susceptibility of each voxel as a symmetric rank-2 tensor, individual magnetic susceptibility tensor elements as well as the mean magnetic susceptibility and magnetic susceptibility anisotropy can be determined for brain tissues that would still show orientation dependence after conventional scalar-based quantitative susceptibility mapping to remove such dependence. Similar to diffusion tensor imaging, STI allows mapping of brain white matter fiber orientations and reconstruction of 3D white matter pathways using the principal eigenvectors of the susceptibility tensor. In contrast to diffusion anisotropy, the main determinant factor of the susceptibility anisotropy in brain white matter is myelin. Another unique feature of the susceptibility anisotropy of white matter is its sensitivity to gadolinium-based contrast agents. Mechanistically, MRI-observed susceptibility anisotropy is mainly attributed to the highly ordered lipid molecules in the myelin sheath. STI provides a consistent interpretation of the dependence of phase and susceptibility on orientation at multiple scales. This article reviews the key experimental findings and physical theories that led to the development of STI, its practical implementations, and its applications for brain research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectrum-cluster analysis for rapid discerning of adulterated olive oil

Raman spectrum- cluster analysis method was developed for rapid discerning of adulterated olive oil using multiple batches of olive oil,soybean oil,corn oil,rapeseed oil,palm oil,cottonseed oil and refined swill- cooked dirty oil with various origins and brands as samples. Raman spectrum patterns of olive oil,low- price edible vegetable oil and refined swill- cooked dirty oil were studied under the conditions of 780 nm and 532 nm laser sources with common gratings and 532 nm laser source with extended grating. Then the adulterated olive oil was discerned by cluster analysis method. The results indicated that the extended and first- order derivative Raman spectra showed abundant information and significantly different spectrum patterns among olive oil,low- price edible vegetable oil and refined swill- cooked dirty oil in 532 nm laser source. The cluster analysis model established on full- range spectrum information could discern olive oil as well as kinds of adulterated olive oils. The discriminant rates were 100% for30 olive oils,105 low- price edible vegetable oils,38 refined swill- cooked dirty oils and 75 olive oils mixed with at least 5% refined swill- cooked dirty oil. Besides,the discriminant rates were above 94%and 88% respectively for 180 olive oils mixed with at least 5% low- price edible vegetable oil and 72 vegetable oils mixed with at least 5% refined swill- cooked dirty oil. The measurement process required no sample preparation or chemical reagent consumption,and the time cost was 5 min for each sample,therefore the discerning of adulterated olive oil was rapid,non- destructive and accurate.
Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Blockade of Human Leukemic Cell Differentiation

HE BONE MARROW (BM) serves as an important reservoir for leukemic cells in the clinical setting.’Pz3 Whereas relatively little is known about the cellular determinants within the BM compartment that promote leukemic cell escape during therapy, it has been presumed that BM stromal cells may be one such critical determinant? Because a growing body of data now support the notion that direct cell-cell interactions play an essential role in BM stromal cell regulation of normal hematop~iesis~~~ ’
Targeting Candida albicans filamentation for antifungal drug development

Candida albicans remains the main etiological agent of candidiasis, as this otherwise normal commensal of humans is capable of causing active infection in immune- and medically-compromised patients...
Toward a Differential Diagnosis of Hidden Hearing Loss in Humans.

Recent work suggests that hair cells are not the most vulnerable elements in the inner ear; rather, it is the synapses between hair cells and cochlear nerve terminals that degenerate first in the aging or noise-exposed ear. This primary neural degeneration does not affect hearing thresholds, but likely contributes to problems understanding speech in difficult listening environments, and may be important in the generation of tinnitus and/or hyperacusis. To look for signs of cochlear synaptopathy in humans, we recruited college students and divided them into low-risk and high-risk groups based on self-report of noise exposure and use of hearing protection. Cochlear function was assessed by otoacoustic emissions and click-evoked electrocochleography; hearing was assessed by behavioral audiometry and word recognition with or without noise or time compression and reverberation. Both groups had normal thresholds at standard audiometric frequencies, however, the high-risk group showed significant threshold elevation at high frequencies (10–16 kHz), consistent with early stages of noise damage. Electrocochleography showed a significant difference in the ratio between the waveform peaks generated by hair cells (Summating Potential; SP) vs. cochlear neurons (Action Potential; AP), i.e. the SP/AP ratio, consistent with selective neural loss. The high-risk group also showed significantly poorer performance on word recognition in noise or with time compression and reverberation, and reported heightened reactions to sound consistent with hyperacusis. These results suggest that the SP/AP ratio may be useful in the diagnosis of “hidden hearing loss” and that, as suggested by animal models, the noise-induced loss of cochlear nerve synapses leads to deficits in hearing abilities in difficult listening situations, despite the presence of normal thresholds at standard audiometric frequencies.
Messages promoting genetic modification of crops in the context of climate change: Evidence for psychological reactance.

Abstract Genetic modification (GM) of crops and climate change are arguably two of today's most challenging science communication issues. Increasingly, these two issues are connected in messages proposing GM as a viable option for ensuring global food security threatened by climate change. This study examines the effects of messages promoting the benefits of GM in the context of climate change. Further, it examines whether explicit reference to “climate change,” or “global warming” in a GM message results in different effects than each other, or an implicit climate reference. An online sample of U.S. participants (N = 1050) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: “climate change” cue, “global warming” cue, implicit cue, or control (no message). Generally speaking, framing GM crops as a way to help ensure global food security proved to be an effective messaging strategy in increasing positive attitudes toward GM. In addition, the implicit cue condition led to liberals having more positive attitudes and behavioral intentions toward GM than the “climate change” cue condition, an effect mediated by message evaluations.
Should Mechanically Ventilated Intensive Care Unit Patients Receive Physical Therapy

An obese 45-year-old man is brought to our level-one trauma center after being struck by a car while on his motorcycle. He was in the right lane on the highway when a sleep-deprived delivery driver swerved to make the exit and clipped the victim’s back tire. The focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) scan in the trauma slot reveals significant abdominal bleeding. An exploratory laparotomy finds a ruptured spleen requiring splenectomy for source control. Due to bowel swelling and the patient’s body habitus, the abdomen cannot be closed. A vacuum dressing is placed over the incision, and the patient is brought to the surgical intensive care unit (ICU).
Incidence and Toxigenicity of Aeromonas Species in Retail Poultry, Beef and Pork.

Five enrichment broths and five selective and differentia] plating media were tested for efficiency of isolation of Aeromonas spp. from chicken, beef and pork. An overnight incubation of sample in Trypticase soy broth containing 10 μg of ampicillin/ml which was spread on starch ampicillin agar or on MacConkey mannitol ampicillin agar, gave the best results. A small survey was conducted on 10 samples each of chicken thigh-meat, ground beef, and pork sausage or ground unseasoned pork purchased from local food stores. Aeromonads were found in all of the samples in numbers ranging from 4.44 × 10-2->4.44× 103/g except for two of the pork products from which the organisms could not be isolated. Fifty-eight isolates from this survey were tested for hemolysin production and cytotoxin production; 36 isolates were tested for production of cholera-like toxin. Cytotoxin, as detected by mouse adrenyl Y1 cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells, was produced by 92.8% of the Aeromonas hydrophila isolates, by 84.6% of the Aeromonas sobria isolates and by 17.6% of the Aeromonas caviae isolates. Hemolysin production paralleled cytotoxin production in A. hydrophila and A. caviae . Of the A. sobria isolates, 69.2% were hemolysin producers. None of the isolates tested produced cholera-like toxin. It is not known whether the presence of cytotoxin- and hemolysin-producing Aeromonas species in retail meat and poultry has any public health significance, since to date there have been no reported outbreaks of Aeromonas -caused gastroenteritis traced to meat or poultry.
Emergency Computed Tomography Angiogram of the Chest, Abdomen, and Pelvis

In the setting of blunt trauma, the rapid assessment of internal injuries is essential to prevent potentially fatal outcomes. Computed tomography is a useful diagnostic tool for both screening and diagnosis. In addition to trauma, acute chest syndromes often warrant emergent computed tomographic angiography, looking for etiologies such as aortic aneurysms or complications of aortic aneurysms, or both, pulmonary emboli, as well as other acute vascular process like aortic dissection and Takayasu aortitis. With continued improvements in diagnostic imaging, computed tomographic angiography of the chest, abdominal and pelvis proves to be an effective modality to image the aorta and other major vascular structures.
Salvage Therapy and Palliative Care for Metastatic Sarcoma

The care of a patient with metastatic disease involves multiple disciplines. One individual must be the designated leader and always be accessible to the patient and/or family. The medical oncologist often utilizes salvage chemotherapy regimens that balance both quality of life and deceleration of the progression of disease. The radiation oncologist plays an important role with the delivery of radiation to painful sites for palliation, and to sites that require greater local control to slow the disease down. When the disease has spread to the spine, the orthopedist or neurosurgeon aids in preventing paralysis or neurologic pain. A mental health professional may be necessary to treat reactive depression in both the patient and any family members and involved caretakers. The primary care physician often knows the patient and family best and may assist in pain control and the general health of all involved. Above all, a member of the healthcare team must manage the patient’s pain. Although it may not be possible to cure the patient with metastatic sarcoma, all efforts should be made to control the patient’s pain and optimize a patient’s function for the remaining duration of their life.
An Experiential Social Media Project: Comparing Client-Sponsored and Non-Client-Sponsored Alternatives.

Students implemented social media campaigns to raise awareness and funds for nonprofit organizations. Teams in one section of the course worked on a designated client-sponsored project (CSP), while teams in another section chose their own nonprofit organizations. Although both the CSPs and non-CSPs were evaluated favorably, students who worked on the CSP reported greater learning and greater career confidence compared to students who worked on the self-selected projects. Suggestions for implementing the project in both CSP and non-CSP formats are provided.
The Levellers and the Agreement, 1647–1648

The Agreement of the People produced sharp division between more cautious Independent politicians and generals and the new faction of Levellers. The General Council debates at Putney famously expressed this split. The Agreement emphasized popular liberties—including electoral rights and liberty of conscience—and accountable, representative government. Its provocative language reflected the participatory expectations of Londoners and gave rise to the Leveller name for the new political grouping. The generals outmaneuvered the Levellers in the army, both at Putney and at the subsequent Ware rendezvous. Moreover, parliament suppressed Leveller efforts to create the continuing civilian organization that some scholars have detected. Nevertheless, the Levellers successfully promoted support for the Agreement in London, the army, and the country.
Abduction Deficits in Strabismus: Differential Diagnosis

The differential diagnosis for abduction deficits in strabismus includes many disorders. While some conditions are described for an abduction deficit, many have only an associated abduction limitat...
Farmers’ Response to Land Privatization in Tajikistan

This chapter was a review of farmers’ response to land privatization in Tajikistan with a specific set of suggestions that would increase the efficiency of the land reform process. While land reforms and privatization is seen as a key element of the overall economic reforms process, much needs to be done in translating the full benefits of such reform efforts for the rural population. Moving away from approaches that perpetuate the Soviet style land ownership to provisioning clear individual land titles that are transferable would form the strong foundation for agricultural development in Central Asia.
Challenges and Opportunities of Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in Croplands

This chapter reviews the main farming practices related with soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in croplands, aimed, simultaneously, at improving soil quality and health, and reducing net emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The reviewed practices include conservation tillage, reduced tillage, no tillage, crop re­sidues management, manuring and fertilizing, and cover cropping. In addition, this manuscript addresses prospects for future development by means of agroforestry, biochar application, and perennial grain crops, aimed at maintaining sustainability of agroecosystems, restoring degraded croplands, and increasing the SOC sink capacity. The data collected supports the conclusion that taking into consideration the prevailing physical conditions, wise integration of various conservation practices may increase the ability of croplands in sequestering SOC while maintaining ecosystem services and enhancing agronomic production.
Deep subwavelength imaging via tunable terahertz plasmons

A deep subwavelength structured illumination microscopy scheme via tunable plasmons is proposed. The sample is placed on a semiconductor heterostructure where terahertz plasmons generated by a current-driven instability illuminate it. Full coverage of the spatial frequency regime is obtained by tuning the plasmons through adjusting gate voltage. Hence, it is possible to reconstruct an image with a resolution down to 75 nm and up to two orders of magnitude beyond the diffraction limit. Due to the linear nature of the technique, only a weak illumination signal is required, which minimizes the likelihood of sample damage and has potential applications in bioimaging.
Managing projects with uncertain deadlines

Abstract In conventional project management, the project manager is given a deadline and is responsible for making decisions assuming this deadline will not change. But in reality, project deadlines frequently change. Conventional project management addresses unanticipated changes in the project deadline with external change control processes. If this external process changes the deadline, the manager will replace the original deadline with the modified deadline. The manager is still suppose to assume this modified deadline is fixed in making project decisions. As this paper will show, recognizing deadline uncertainty can substantially improve the value of the manager’s decisions. Deadline uncertainty could be formally addressed in project management by making dramatic changes in conventional project management. But given the widespread use of project management, making such dramatic changes might not be feasible. This paper presents a much more easily implemented approach to incorporating deadline uncertainty into managerial decision making which makes no changes to conventional project management procedures.
Cartesianism Without the Consciousness Criterion: Solving the Mystery of Freud’s Missing Account of the Mental

How did Freud transform Brentano’s version of the Cartesian tradition? This chapter provides a broad initial sketch of the basic elements of Freud’s account of the mental, pinpointing how he reacted to each of the central tenets of the Cartesian/Brentano tradition. I argue that Freud retained most of Brentano’s account while performing a precise “point mutation” on the tradition that separated consciousness from intentionality. I, thus, explain how Brentano’s intentionality theory of the essence of consciousness and the mental provided a template for Freud’s dismantling of the Cartesian tradition by Freud’s accepting intentionality as the essence of the mental but disengaging intentionality from consciousness.
Marginalizing What Matters: Revisiting Latino Male Students in the Educational Pipeline

This chapter presents the results of a qualitative study using Schlossberg’s theory of mattering and marginality to provide an understanding of first-generation, low-income urban Latino male students and their transition experiences at and success in various higher education institutions. The study explored how these students navigated the college environment and developed relationships with campus agents. The findings illustrate (a) role modeling for society, (b) economic status and lived experiences, (c) first encounters, and (d) high school peer groups. The authors offer implications and program recommendations for high school and college professionals to more adequately support and understand Latino male experiences at their institutions.
Reducing Electrolyte Monitoring for Refeeding Syndrome in Adolescents with Disordered Eating

Introduction: Refeeding syndrome is a life-threatening complication of weight restoration from malnutrition due to restrictive eating disorders. It is characterized by onset in the early stages of nutritional rehabilitation with electrolyte abnormalities, particularly hypophosphatemia, and can result in pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure, and death. Our institution often monitored electrolytes twice a day during the initial five days of nutritional rehabilitation of eating disorder patients; our default order sets included this frequency. Our clinical team was concerned that these multiple daily lab draws were excessive, expensive, and uncomfortable for …
Mapping cell phenotypes in breast cancer

Tumor heterogeneity remains an obstacle to effective clinical management of breast cancer. Two new studies use high-dimensional imaging of single-cell protein expression in situ in clinical samples to link genomic alterations to multi-cellular features of the tumor microenvironment and reveal breast-cancer phenotypes associated with clinical outcome.
A Study of On-state Breakdown Decreasing of nLDMOSFETs by Hole Current Increase Depending on Drain Pulse Rise Time

The introduction of a p-type RESURF (REduced SURface Field) layer under an n-type drift region is a well-known means to improve the specific on-resistance (R$_{\mathbf{sp}}$) versus the off-state breakdown voltage (BV$_{\mathbf{off}}$) trade-off and reduce hot carrier injection (HCI) degradation in n-channel LDMOSFETs (nLDMOSFETs). The p-type RESURF layer also works as a punch-through stopper to maintain sufficient source/drain (S/D) negative bias capability to sub. However, the short rise time (T$_{\mathbf{r}}$) of the pulse input to drain has the disadvantage of decreasing the on-state breakdown voltage (BV$_{\mathbf{on}}$) with a large channel width layout. A mechanism for the decrease in the BV$_{\mathbf{on}}$ for an nLDMOSFET with a p-type RESURF layer is clarified, and a method to suppress the decrease in BV$_{\mathbf{on}}$ is proposed.
Islam and West African Religions

The chapter discusses the extraordinarily long history of West Africa’s religious traditions. It argues that Islam in West African has been profoundly transformed by ancient Egypto-African belief systems that are far older than any of the Abrahamic traditions, and that the faith in Africa has been ʿAjamized (or Africanized). It contents that it is largely for this reason that Wahhābī and other Islamic militants have targeted West African Muslims as needful of their “benevolent” intervention and that their activities in the Sahel are better construed as a particularly pernicious form of the old taboo-Arab racism and neo-imperialism. The chapter also observes that the current instability in the Sahel region is largely due to U.S., French, and NATO-led attacks on Libya, which destabilized the region.
Umbilical cord care

Despite the importance of umbilical disease as a risk factor for newborn calf morbidity, research data on umbilical cord care are lacking. Moreover, no practical technique for objective detection of umbilical disorders in calves under field conditions has been described. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influence of umbilical cord care on navel infection. A secondary objective of this study was to describe umbilical involution in calves receiving different navel dips using ultrasonography. To improve applicability for veterinary practitioners and researchers alike, an ultrasound device was chosen that would commonly be used in the field.
Women's Rights and Feminist Movements in Iran

The status of women’s rights in Iran can appear contradictory at first glance – despite both high levels of education and low birth rates, for example, participation of women in the work force or in parliament is amongst the lowest in the world. In this summary of her chapter in the book Women’s Movements in the Global Era – The Power of Local Feminisms (Westview Press, 2016), Nayereh Tohidi offers a fascinating overview of women's rights and the feminist movement in Iran. The author highlights how the demands, strategies, tactics, effectiveness and achievements of the movement have varied in accordance with socioeconomic developments, state policies, political trends, and cultural contexts at national and international levels. Tohidi suggests that this history can be roughly divided into eight periods from the era of Constitutional Revolution and constitutionalism (1905–1925) until the modern day under President Rouhani. Finally, despite various challenges, the author notes that the women's movement in Iran continues to grow and reminds the reader of the key role that civil society plays in guaranteeing equal rights and gender justice in Iran and beyond.
Challenging patient phenotypes in the management of anaemia of chronic kidney disease.

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often complicated by anaemia, which is associated with disease progression and increased hospital visits, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality. Methods A comprehensive literature search of English language peer-reviewed articles in PubMed/MedLine published between 1998 and 2020 related to the treatment of anaemia of CKD was conducted. The United States Renal Database System and Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) data reports, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US Food and Drug Administration websites, and published congress abstracts in 2020 were surveyed for relevant information. Results Subgroups of patients with anaemia of CKD present a clinical challenge throughout the disease spectrum, including those with end-stage kidney disease, advanced age or resistance to or ineligibility for current standards of care (ie, oral or intravenous iron supplementation, erythropoietin-stimulating agents and red blood cell transfusions). In addition, those with an increased risk of adverse events because of comorbid conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases or diabetes, comprise special populations of patients with an unmet need for interventions to improve clinical outcomes. These comorbidities must be managed in parallel and may have a synergistic effect on overall disease severity. Conclusions Several therapies provide promising opportunities to address gaps with a standard of care, including hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, which stimulate haematopoiesis through promoting modest increases in serum erythropoietin and improved iron homeostasis. The critical issues in the management of anaemia of CKD in these challenging phenotypes and the clinical utility of new therapeutic agents in development for the treatment of anaemia of CKD should be assessed and the information should be made available to healthcare providers.
Outdoor artificial light at night, air pollution, and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common form of cancer in children. An environmental exposure that has been previously associated with childhood ALL is air polluti...
Determining the Ratio of Wedge Height to Degree of Correction for Anterior Tibial Closing Wedge Osteotomies for Excessive Posterior Tibial Slope.

Background:Anterior closing wedge osteotomy of the proximal tibia may be considered in revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery for patients with excessive posterior tibial ...
The fiction of reality

Sometimes I think; and sometimes I am. (Valery). One can be sitting beside the ligustrum bushes with their snow-white blossoms in early summer, the butterflies folding and unfolding their wings as they cling to the perfumed essence and the bees moaning in the delirium of the sweetness from the blossoms which seems to be overwhelming them as they attach themselves now to one and now to another powdery dot in the cluster of white blossoms surrounded by new glossy leaves; and one can be content with the purity of sensation, leaving the mind to flit unchecked from one thought to another while the body absorbs the idle passions of the fragrant afternoon. One can be subsumed by the light which filters through the green leaves in that contentment with life when memories dissolve and the body is felt to possess that substantiality in which vague, but rich, odours become a solid presence. There is a whirling of colours as if the currents of the perfumed air were each a strip of the blue sky or a red pomegranate flower torn from the branch by a sudden, maddening gust.
Longitudinal, reciprocal effects of social skills and achievement from kindergarten to eighth grade

Previous research suggests that students' social skills and achievement are interrelated, and some findings support bi-directional effects between the two constructs. The purpose of this research study was to estimate the possible longitudinal and reciprocal effects of social skills and achievement for kindergarten through eighth grade students. Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study program were analyzed; teachers' ratings of students' social skills and students' standardized math and reading achievement performance were collected 4 and 5 times, respectively. Latent variable structural equation modeling was used to test a panel model of reciprocal, longitudinal effects of social skills and achievement. The results suggest that the effects of students' social skills and achievement are bi-directional, but the effects of students' achievement on their later social skills are stronger than the effects of social skills on achievement. The significant effects of students' social skills on their later achievement are mostly indirect. These findings suggest that the future social skills of students who struggle academically may be of particular concern to educators, and intervention and prevention efforts aimed to address both social and achievement skills may help remediate the other skill in the future.
In Defense of the Law Review: A Response to Megan S. Knize’s Article, The Pen Is Mightier: Rethinking the “Gladiator” Ethos of Student-Edited Articles

Law reviews have been heavily criticized for many reasons. A recent voice to join this conversation is that of Megan S. Knize, former Editor-in-Chief of the U.C. Davis Law Review. In her article, The Pen Is Mightier: Rethinking the “Gladiator” Ethos of Student-Edited Law Reviews, Knize contends that Professor Susan P. Sturm’s “gladiator model” explains the low rates of women’s participation on law review and in leadership positions on the law review’s editorial board. In 1997, Professor Sturm suggested that a gladiator model of lawyering pervades the legal profession and legal education in the United States. According to Professor Sturm, the gladiator model “celebrates analytical rigor, toughness, . . . quick thinking[, and] . . . competitiveness,” because it “defines successful performance as fighting to win: an argument, a conflict, or a case.” Professor Sturm argued persuasively that the dominance of the gladiator ethos in legal education and the profession negatively impacts the success and participation rates of women in law school and beyond. Knize extends Professor Sturm’s gladiator model to student-run law reviews, arguing that the gladiator model explains the existence of the “adversarial law review culture” and lower participation rates of women. Knize argues that “the gladiator model emphasizes competition above collaboration, . . . focuses on
Augmentation of T Cell Levels and Responses Induced by Androgen Deprivation

Androgen has been implicated as a negative regulator of host immune function and a factor contributing to the gender dimorphism of autoimmunity. Conversely, androgen deprivation has been suggested to potentiate male host immunity. Studies have shown that removal of androgen in postpubertal male mice produces an increase in size and cellularity of primary and peripheral lymphoid organs, and enhances a variety of immune responses. Yet, few details are known about the effect of androgen removal on T cell-mediated immunity. In this study, we demonstrate two pronounced and independent alterations in T cell immunity that occur in response to androgen deprivation, provided by castration, in postpubertal male mice. First, we show that levels of T cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues of mice are increased by androgen deprivation. Second, T cells from these mice transiently proliferate more vigorously to TCR- and CD28-mediated costimulation as well as to Ag-specific activation. In addition, androgen deprivation accelerates normalization of host T and B cell levels following chemotherapy-induced lymphocyte depletion. Such alterations induced by androgen deprivation may have implications for enhancing immune responses to immunotherapy and for accelerating the recovery of the immune system following chemotherapy.
Mining Programming Activity to Promote Help

We have investigated techniques for mining programming activity to offer help to programmers in difficulty. We have developed a (a) difficulty-detection mechanism based on the notion of command ratios; (b) difficulty-classification mechanism that uses both command ratios and rates; and (c) collaboration mechanism that provides both workspace and difficulty awareness. Our studies involve interviews and lab and field experiments, and indicate that (a) it is possible to mine programming activity to reliably detect and classify difficulties, (b) it is possible to build a collaborative environment to offer opportunistic help, (c) programmers are not unnerved by and find it useful to receive unsolicited help arriving in response to automatically detected difficulties, (d) the acceptable level of privacy in a help-promotion tool depends on whether the developers in difficulty are student or industrial programmers, and whether they have been exposed earlier to a help promotion tool, and (e) difficulty detection can filter out spurious help requests and reduce the need for meetings required to poll for rare difficulty events.
Voltage tunable epitaxial PbxSr(1-x)TiO3 films on sapphire by MOCVD: Nanostructure and microwave properties

Frequency and phase agile microwave components such as tunable filters and phase shifters will require ferroelectric thin films that exhibit a nonlinear dependence of dielectric permittivity (ɛ r) with dc electric bias, as well as a high material (Δɛ r/tan δ) and device (or K-factor in phase shift/dB) figure of merits (FOM). Therefore, voltage tunable (Pb0.3Sr0.7)TiO3 (PST) thin films (90–150 nm) on (0001) sapphire were deposited by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition at rates of 10–15 nm/min. The as-deposited epitaxial PST films were characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, X-ray methods, field emission scanning electron microscope, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electrical methods (7–17 GHz) using coplanar waveguide test structures. The epitaxial relationships were as follows: out-of-plane alignment of [111] PST//[0001] sapphire, and orthogonal in-plane alignments of \( [1\bar 10] \) PST//\( [10\bar 10] \) sapphire and \( [\bar 1\bar 12] \) PST//\( [1\bar 210] \) sapphire. The material FOM and device FOM (or K-factor) at 12 GHz were determined to be 632 and ∼13 degrees/dB, respectively. The results are discussed in light of the nanostructure and stress in epi-PST films. Finally, a rational basis for the selection of PST composition, substrate, and process parameters is provided for the fabrication of optimized coplanar waveguide (CPW) phase shifters with very high material and device FOMs.
Modern marine sediments as a natural analog to the chemically stressed environment of a landfill

Abstract Baedecker, M.J. and Back, W., 1979. Modern marine sediments as a natural analog to the chemically stressed environment of a landfill. In: W. Back and D.A. Stephenson (Guest-Editors), Contemporary Hydrogeology — The George Burke Maxey Memorial Volume. J. Hydrol., 43: 393-414. Chemical reactions that occur in landfills are analogous to those reactions that occur in marine sediments. Lateral zonation of C, N, S, O, H, Fe and Mn species in landfills is similar to the vertical zonation of these species in marine sediments and results from the following reaction sequence: (1) oxidation of C, N and S species in the presence of dissolved free oxygen to HCO 3 - , NO 3 - and SO 4 2 ; (2) after consumption of molecular oxygen, then NO 3 - is reduced, and Fe and Mn are solubilized; (3) SO 4 2- is reduced to sulfide; and (4) organic compounds become the source of oxygen, and CH 4 and NH 4 + are formed as fermentation products. In a landfill in Delaware the oxidation potential increases down-gradient and the redox zones in the reducing plume are characterized by: CH 4 , NH 4 + ,Fe 2+ . Mn 2+ , HCO 3 - and NO 3 - . Lack of SO 4 2- at that landfill eliminates the sulfide zone. Although it has not been observed at landfills, mineral alteration should result in precipitation of pyrite and/or siderite downgradient. Controls on the pH of leachate are the relative rates of production of HCO 3 - , NH 4 + and CH 4 . Production of methane by fermentation at landfills results in 13 C isotope fractionation and the accumulation of isotopically heavy σ CO 2 (+10 to +18 0 / 00 PDB). Isotope measurements may be useful to determine the extent of CO 2 reduction in landfills and extent of dilution downgradient. The boundaries of reaction zones in stressed aquifers are determined by head distribution and flow velocity. Thus, if the groundwater flow is rapid relative to reaction rates, redox zones will develop downgradient. Where groundwater flow velocities are low the zones will overlap to the extent that they may be indeterminate.
The effects of age and incentive value on discrimination learning

Abstract The present study was an investigation of the effectiveness of two levels of incentive on discrimination learning. Children from two age groups were assigned to two experimental conditions, high incentive and low incentive, determined by their choice of reinforcers in a paired comparisons procedure. An analysis of the relative preference for the eight reward objects indicated that there were significant age and sex differences. A subsequent comparison of responses in a two-choice learning task indicated that children in the high incentive group made significantly more correct responses than those in the low incentive group. No significant age differences were found.
Hippocampal lesions slow extinction of a conditioned taste aversion in rats.

Abstract Rats were subjected to either a bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglia or to a sham operation of the neck. In subsequent operations, these animals underwent either bilateral dorsal hippocampal lesions, bilateral neopallial lesions or no further operation. Removal of the superior cervical ganglia prevented the anomalous innervation of the remaining hippocampal tissue. All animals then learned a conditioned taste aversion to a sweetened milk solution (CS) following LiCl-induced gastrointestinal illness (UCS). The rats with hippocampal lesions were significantly slower to extinguish the aversion conditioning across the 14 day recovery period than were controls. There was no effect of any manipulation on the acquisition of the conditioned taste aversion, and there were no behavioral consequences of the presence or absence of the anomalous innervation. The slower extinction of the taste aversion shown by the hippocampal lesioned rats was discussed in terms of a lessened impact of the pre-illness exposure to the CS in these animals.
Expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in a clinical model of acute inflammation.

Abstract Cyclooxygenase (COX) plays an important role in the induction of pain and inflammation as well as the analgesic actions of NSAIDs and coxibs. This study evaluates the expression of the two isoforms COX-1 and COX-2 in a clinical model in which the surgical removal of impacted third molars is used to evaluate the analgesic activity of anti-inflammatory drugs. A 3-mm punch biopsy was performed on the oral mucosa overlying 1 impacted third molar immediately before extraction of 2 impacted lower third molars. After the second tooth was extracted, a second biopsy was performed adjacent to the surgical site either immediately after surgery or 30, 60, or 120 minutes after surgery. RNA was extracted from the biopsy specimens, and RT-PCR was performed to assess mRNA levels of COX-1, COX-2, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH). The RT-PCR products in the biopsy specimens were normalized to G3PDH and compared with baseline. COX-2 mRNA was progressively increased at 30, 60, and 120 minutes after surgery ( P P 2 at the site of injury, pain onset, and the analgesic activity of both nonselective NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors. Perspective This clinical study uses a physiologically relevant model to determine the time course of expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in acute inflammation of the human oral mucosa. This study furthers our understanding of the contribution of the COX isoforms to acute pain.
Classification of absolute and convective instabilities in premixed bluff body stabilized flames

A local, small perturbation, linear, inviscid stability analysis is applied to co-flowing reacting shear layers downstream of a bluff body flame holder. Velocity and density profiles are taken from premixed flame experiments. Linear stability theory is employed to determine the regions of transition from absolute to convective instabilities in the wakes of transverse circular cylinder and rectangular bar stabilized flames at two fuel lean conditions, one close to blow off and the other further from blow off. Instabilities in the near wake region of the flame holders are found to be absolute in nature while further downstream in the recirculation zone, the stabilities are of the convective type. Frequencies corresponding to regions of absolute instabilities are determined and compared to previously measured experimental values known to result in vortex shedding.