cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“You're Being Paged!” Outcomes of a Nursing Home On-Call Role-Playing and Longitudinal Curriculum

Effectively handling telephone calls about nursing home (NH) residents is an important skill for healthcare professionals, but little formal training is typically provided. The objective of the current study was to describe and evaluate the effectiveness of a novel structured role-playing didactic session followed by an on-call NH longitudinal clinical experience. The effectiveness of the structured role-playing didactic session was compared in different learners, including geriatric medicine fellows (n = 10), family medicine residents and faculty (n = 14), nurse practitioner students (n = 31), and other learners (n = 7). The curriculum focused on common problems encountered while caring for NH residents during on-call periods. Learners rated themselves using an 18-item pre/post questionnaire including five attitude and 13 skills questions, using a 1-to-5 Likert scale. T-tests were used to compare means before and after sessions. Significant improvements were found in overall mean attitudes and skills scores. For all learners, the greatest improvements were seen in "comfort in managing residents at the NH," "managing feeding or gastrostomy tube dislodgement," "identifying different availability of medications, laboratory studies, and procedures in NH," and "describing steps to send NH residents to the emergency department." Geriatric medicine fellows' attitudes and skills improved significantly after the longitudinal clinical experience. The faculty survey demonstrated improved documentation, communication, and fellows' management of on-call problems after curriculum implementation. This novel curriculum used role-playing to provide training for on-call management of NH residents. This curriculum has been successfully disseminated on a national geriatrics educational resource website (POGOe) and is applicable to geriatric medicine fellowships, internal medicine and family medicine residency programs, and other training programs.
Estrogen inhibits interleukin-6 production and gene expression in a human osteoblastic cell line with high levels of estrogen receptors

Some studies suggest that estrogen acts on bone by decreasing the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine that increases bone resorption, by osteoblasts or bone marrow cells. However, other studies have not confirmed this, possibly because of a low and variable number of estrogen receptors (ER) in the model systems used. Thus, we employed a recently developed human fetal osteoblast cell line with high levels of ER. Treatment (n = 4 experiments) with 0.01 to 10 nM of 17 beta-estradiol had no effect on the constitutive production of IL-6. However, stimulated production, induced by treatment with IL-1 beta plus tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), was reduced in a dose-dependent manner to 74 +/- 3% (mean +/- SEM) of control (p < 0.01). This response was blocked by cotreatment with the type II antiestrogen ICI 182,780. Treatment with hydrocortisone (1 microM), a known inhibitor of IL-6 production in many cell types, reduced IL-6 production to 17 +/- 1% of control (p < 0.001). As assessed by Northern analysis, treatment (n = 3 experiments) with 0.01-10 nM of 17 beta-estradiol decreased steady-state levels of IL-6 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. These data support the hypothesis that at least part of the antiresorptive action of estrogen in humans is mediated by decreased production of IL-6 by osteoblastic cells.
The alpha-factor receptor C-terminus is important for mating projection formation and orientation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Successful mating of MATa Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells is dependent on Ste2p, the alpha-factor receptor. Besides receiving the pheromone signal and transducing it through the G-protein coupled MAP kinase pathway, Ste2p is active in the establishment and orientation of the mating projection. We investigated the role of the carboxyl terminus of the receptor in mating projection formation and orientation using a spatial gradient assay. Cells carrying the ste2-T326 mutation, truncating 105 of the 135 amino acids in the receptor tail including a motif necessary for its ligand-mediated internalization, display slow onset of projection formation, abnormal shmoo morphology, and reduced ability to orient the mating projection toward a pheromone source. This reduction was due to the increased loss of mating projection orientation in a pheromone gradient. Cells with a mutated endocytosis motif were defective in reorientation in a pheromone gradient. ste2-Delta296 cells, which carry a complete truncation of the Ste2p tail, exhibit a severe defect in projection formation, and those projections that do form are unable to orient in a pheromone gradient. These results suggest a complex role for the Ste2p carboxy-terminal tail in the formation, orientation, and directional adjustment of the mating projection, and that endocytosis of the receptor is important for this process. In addition, mutations in RSR1/BUD1 and SPA2, genes necessary for budding polarity, exhibited little or no defect in formation or orientation of mating projections. We conclude that mating projection orientation depends upon the carboxyl terminus of the pheromone receptor and not the directional machinery used in budding.
Photoelectrochemical properties of porphyrin dyes with a molecular dipole in the linker

The electronic properties of three porphyrin–bridge–anchor photosensitizers are reported with (1a, 1e, 3a and 3e) or without (2a and 2e) an intramolecular dipole in the bridge. The presence and orientation of the bridge dipole is hypothesized to influence the photovoltaic properties due to variations in the intrinsic dipole at the semiconductor–molecule interface. Electrochemical studies of the porphyrin–bridge–anchor dyes self-assembled on mesoporous nanoparticle ZrO2 films, show that the presence or direction of the bridge dipole does not have an observable effect on the electronic properties of the porphyrin ring. Subsequent photovoltaic measurements of nanostructured TiO2 semiconductor films in dye sensitized solar cells show a reduced photocurrent for photosensitizers 1a and 3a containing a bridge dipole. However, cooperative increased binding of the 1a + 3a co-sensitized device demonstrates that dye packing overrides any differences due to the presence of the small internal dipole.
Analysis of closed-loop control of parallel-plate electrostatic microgrippers

A design of a high-force-output large-deflection parallel-plate electrostatically actuated microgripper is described. This design uses polysilicon as a structural material and may be fabricated using an IC-based surface machining process. This paper shows that by using a position feedback controller, the microgripper can be stabilized in theory, which is supported by computer simulations. Preliminary data from fabricated micro-grippers also supports the mathematical model for the open loop system, although the pull-in voltages (50 V to 100 V for gaps of 80 to 100 /spl mu/m/sup 2/) are generally lower than predicted ones, probably due to the inherent instability of the electrostatic system. Further experiments are in progress to evaluate the open-loop system and the closed-loop system. >
Effects of gravitational slip on the higher-order moments of the matter distribution

Cosmological departures from general relativity offer a possible explanation for the cosmic acceleration. To linear order, these departures (quantified by the model-independent parameter $\ensuremath{\varpi}$, referred to as a ``gravitational slip'') amplify or suppress the growth of structure in the universe relative to what we would expect to see from a general relativistic universe lately dominated by a cosmological constant. As structures collapse and become more dense, linear perturbation theory is an inadequate descriptor of their behavior, and one must extend calculations to nonlinear order. If the effects of gravitational slip extend to these higher orders, we might expect to see a signature of $\ensuremath{\varpi}$ in the bispectrum of galaxies distributed on the sky. We solve the equations of motion for nonlinear perturbations in the presence of gravitational slip and find that, while there is an effect on the bispectrum, it is too weak to be detected with present galaxy surveys. We also develop a formalism for incorporating scale dependence into our description of gravitational slip.
A kinetic theory of dense fluids

A new kinetic equation is developed which incorporates the desirable features of the Enskog, the Rice-Allnatt, and the Prigogine-Nicolis-Misguich kinetic theories of dense fluids. Advantages of the present theory over the latter three theories are (1) it yields the correct local equilibrium hydrodynamic equations, (2) unlike the Rice-Allnatt theory, it determines the singlet and doublet distribution functions from the same equation, and (3) unlike the Prigogine-Nicolis-Misguich theory, it predicts the kinetic and kinetic-potential transport coefficients. The kinetic equation is solved by the Chapman-Enskog method and the coefficients of shear viscosity, bulk viscosity, thermal conductivity, and self-diffusion are obtained. The predicted bulk viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients are singular at the critical point, while the shear viscosity and self-diffusion coefficients are not.
Oligomerization of vinyl monomers 18. Stereochemistry of anionic oligomerization of 4‐vinylpyridine

Reaction dans le vide de la vinyl-4 pyridine avec la lithio ethyl-4 pyridine a −78°C suivie d'une reaction avec CH 3 I ou CH 3 OH. Etude de la stereochimie par RMN et GC
Retinal Metastasis From Systemic Cancer in 8 Cases

Importance Metastatic tumors of the retina are rare, simulate retinitis, and are associated with poor patient survival. Objective To describe the clinical features and outcomes of patients with retinal metastasis from systemic cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective case series of 8 patients with retinal metastasis from cutaneous melanoma (n = 4), breast cancer (n = 2), esophageal cancer (n = 1), and lung cancer (n = 1). At presentation, the mean patient age was 62 years and all were white. Intervention Treatment included plaque radiotherapy (n = 1) for localized disease or enucleation (n = 3) for extensive tumor hemorrhage (n = 1), total retinal detachment (n = 1), or pain (n = 1). For 4 preterminal patients, observation was preferred. Main Outcomes and Measures Clinical features and systemic outcomes. Results The mean interval from primary cancer diagnosis to retinal metastasis was 63 months. Initial misdiagnosis as retinitis (n = 5), hemangioma (n = 1), choroidal neovascular membrane (n = 1), or nerve fiber layer infarction (n = 1) for a mean interval of 5 months was recorded. Visual acuity in the affected eye was 20/40 to 20/60 (n = 5) or 20/400 to light perception (n = 3). The tumors were unilateral (n = 7), involved the macula (n = 3), and had a mean distance to the foveola of 6 mm. In one case, dense vitreous blood precluded fundus visualization. The mean tumor basal dimension was 7.4 mm, and the mean thickness was 2.3 mm. The tumors appeared white (n = 2), yellow (n = 4), or brown (n = 1); were located in the inner retina (n = 6) or full-thickness retina (n = 1); and had vitreous seeds (n = 3), vitreous hemorrhage (n = 2), retinal hemorrhage (n = 4), subretinal fluid (n = 4), and/or intraretinal exudation (n = 1). Fluorescein angiography disclosed early retinal hypofluorescence and late hyperfluorescence with staining. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy confirmed the diagnoses (n = 4). Metastasis-related death occurred in 5 patients within 1 month in each case. Of the remaining 3 patients, 2 were alive at 4 and 17 months and 1 was too sick to return. Conclusions and Relevance Retinal metastases resemble retinitis, often with delay in diagnosis and poor life prognosis.
Cardiac muscle protein catabolism in diabetes mellitus: activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system by insulin deficiency.

Protein degradation is increased by both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance in humans and animal models. In skeletal muscle this insulin-dependent increase in protein degradation involves activation of both caspase-3 and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The influence of abnormal insulin signaling on protein metabolism in cardiac muscle is not well understood; therefore, we measured protein degradation in cardiac muscle of mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Insulin deficiency increased both total muscle proteolysis (measured as tyrosine release in muscle slices or extracts) and the degradation of the myofibrillar protein actin (measured as the appearance of a 14-kDa actin fragment). Expression of ubiquitin mRNA and chymotrypsin-like activity in the proteasome were increased, indicating activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in diabetic mouse heart. We also evaluated possible signaling pathways that might regulate cardiac muscle proteolysis. Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) tyrosin...
Security of random data perturbation methods

Statistical databases often use random data perturbation (RDP) methods to protect against disclosure of confidential numerical attributes. One of the key requirements of RDP methods is that they provide the appropriate level of security against snoopers who attempt to obtain information on confidential attributes through statistical inference. In this study, we evaluate the security provided by three methods of perturbation. The results of this study allow the database administrator to select the most effective RDP method that assures adequate protection against disclosure of confidential information.
Mapping thin resistors and hydrocarbons with marine EM methods: Insights from 1D modeling

The use of marine controlled-source electromagnetic EM (CSEM) sounding to detect thin resistive layers at depths below the seafloor has been exploited recently to assess the resistivity of potential hydrocarbon reservoirs before drilling. We examine the sensitivity of the CSEM method to such layers with forward and inverse modeling in one and three dimensions. The 3D modeling demonstrates that if both source and receivers are over a tabular 3D target, 1D modeling predicts the observed response to very high accuracy. Experimental design can thus be based on 1D analysis in which hundreds of range and frequency combinations can be computed to find the optimal survey parameters for a given target structure. Modeling in three dimensions shows that the vertical electric-field response is largest over the edges of a 3D target. The 3D modeling also suggests that a target body needs to have a diameter twice the burial depth to be reliably seen by CSEM sounding. A simple air-wave model (energy propagating from source to receiver via the atmosphere) allows the effects of the target layer and atmosphere to be separated and shows where sensitivity to the target is diminished or lost because of finite water depth as a function of range, frequency, and seafloor resistivity. Unlike DC resistivity sounding, the marine CSEM method is not completely T-equivalent and, in principle, can resolve resistivity and thickness separately. Smooth inversion provides an estimate of the method’s resolving power and highlights the fact that although the radial CSEM fields contain most of the sensitivity to the thin resistive target, inverted alone they produce only increasing resistivity with depth. Inclusion of the radial mode CSEM data forces the recovery of the thin resistor, but magnetotelluric data can be used more effectively to achieve the same result.
Phosphorus transfer from sediments by Myriophyllum spicatum1

The uptake of phosphorus, the biomass, and the standing P stock were measured over the course of a year in roots and shoots of the Eurasian watermilfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum, from Lake Wingra, Wisconsin. The resulting data were used to estimate the relative contributions of root and shoot uptake to the phosphorus economy of the plant and to examine the role of the plant in moving phosphorus between sediment and water. The total yearly uptake of P by a square meter of Myriophyllum was 3.0 g P m-*. Root uptake accounted for 2.2 g, shoot uptake only 0.8 g. The rate of P release from healthy shoots was insignificant, but about 2.8 g P m-* yr-l was lost due to shoot turnover. Since most of the P uptake is by the roots and much of the plant P is transferred to and lost by the shoots, Myriophyllum is a potentially important vector in the movement ofP from the sediments to the water. The net transfer of P from the sediments to shoots of Myriophyllum in Lake Wingra is about 2.0 g P m-* yr-l. Release of this P during decay makes Myriophyllum an important source of P for pelagic phytoplankton and can explain much of the previously reported P export from the littoral zone of Lake Wingra.
The Organization of Egypt: Inadequacies of a Nonpolitical Model for Nation-Building

The purpose of this article is to argue that the doctrine of rapid economic development coupled with organization theory is an inadequate basis for a nation-state. Our subject is Egypt, but we believe the analysis reaches beyond Egypt because the problem—the attempt to use organization theory with a doctrine of economic development as a political philosophy—can be found in a number of other countries; in a sense it can be found in most countries today. Egypt is a good case because salient aspects of the problem are writ large there and articulated with unusual clarity. While Egypt is in some ways unique, it shares with other countries certain characteristics that are basic to the analysis pursued in this article: underdevelopment, scarce resources, lack of enthusiasm for development on the part of the population, a “Western” and a “Communist” set of models to observe, a knowledge of modern organization theory, charismatic leadership, a one-party system (to the extent that there is a party in operation at all), and a lack of structural pluralism and group action.
Spatial patterns of large natural fires in Sierra Nevada wilderness areas

The effects of fire on vegetation vary based on the properties and amount of existing biomass (or fuel) in a forest stand, weather conditions, and topography. Identifying controls over the spatial patterning of fire-induced vegetation change, or fire severity, is critical in understanding fire as a landscape scale process. We use gridded estimates of fire severity, derived from Landsat ETM+ imagery, to identify the biotic and abiotic factors contributing to the observed spatial patterns of fire severity in two large natural fires. Regression tree analysis indicates the importance of weather, topography, and vegetation variables in explaining fire severity patterns between the two fires. Relative humidity explained the highest proportion of total sum of squares throughout the Hoover fire (Yosemite National Park, 2001). The lowest fire severity corresponded with increased relative humidity. For the Williams fire (Sequoia/Kings Canyon National Parks, 2003) dominant vegetation type explains the highest proportion of sum of squares. Dominant vegetation was also important in determining fire severity throughout the Hoover fire. In both fires, forest stands that were dominated by lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) burned at highest severity, while red fir (Abies magnifica) stands corresponded with the lowest fire severities. There was evidence in both fires that lower wind speed corresponded with higher fire severity, although the highest fire severity in the Williams fire occurred during increased wind speed. Additionally, in the vegetation types that were associated with lower severity, burn severity was lowest when the time since last fire was fewer than 11 and 17 years for the Williams and Hoover fires, respectively. Based on the factors and patterns identified, managers can anticipate the effects of management ignited and naturally ignited fires at the forest stand and the landscape levels.
Effect of Ouabain on the ATPase of Cardiac Myosin B at High Ionic Strength

The effect of ouabain (10 -8 to 10 -3 m) on the hydrolysis of ATP by beef cardiac myosin B was measured at various KC1 concentrations and at various interaction times at 25°C. Using an ionic strength of 0.24 m KC1 and a 10-minute contact time, 10 -7 and 10 -5 m ouabain approximately doubled the ATPase activity of freshly prepared natural actomyosin. After storage of the myosin B sample in 0.6 m KC1 at 2°C, ouabain had a small inhibitory effect in 0.24 m KC1 on the ATPase activity. At an ionic strength of 0.36 m KC1, only the inhibitory effect was observed. This effect was dependent on contact time and on calcium ion concentration. Previous treatment of the myosin B with EDTA removed the activating effect observed in 0.24 m KC1 at short contact times. Addition of 0.1 mM MgCl 2 restored the activating effect of ouabain. In the EDTA-treated myosin B in 0.6 m KC1 at high ouabain concentrations in the presence of 1 mm CaCl 2 , a small activation was observed. Addition of 0.1 mm MgCl 2 under the same experimental conditions produced a small deactivation. The effect of ouabain on the ATPase of myosin B in solution appears to be dependent on protein preparation, age of the protein preparation (which may affect aggregation), ionic strength, ouabain concentration, contact time, and divalent ions present. All effects induced by ouabain on the ATPase activity of myosin B may be related to the conformation of the myosin B in solution. However, no simple relationship was observed with any individual variable such as preparation, age, contact time, or ouabain concentration.
Sources of Self-Efficacy in School: Critical Review of the Literature and Future Directions

The purpose of this review was threefold. First, the theorized sources of self-efficacy beliefs proposed by A. Bandura (1986) are described and explained, including how they are typically assessed and analyzed. Second, findings from investigations of these sources in academic contexts are reviewed and critiqued, and problems and oversights in current research and in conceptualizations of the sources are identified. Although mastery experience is typically the most influential source of self-efficacy, the strength and influence of the sources differ as a function of contextual factors such as gender, ethnicity, academic ability, and academic domain. Finally, suggestions are offered to help guide researchers investigating the psychological mechanisms at work in the formation of self-efficacy beliefs in academic contexts.
The avian chB6 alloantigen induces apoptosis in DT40 B cells.

Abstract In avian species, B-lymphocytes develop in the bursa of Fabricius. Cells developing in the bursa are subject to signals regulating their survival, with the majority of cells dying by apoptosis within the bursa. However, the molecules delivering the signals influencing this life and death decision remain enigmatic. We have previously shown that antibodies against the chB6 alloantigen present on avian B-lymphocytes can induce a rapid form of cell death. Here we extend this finding by showing that anti-chB6 antibodies induce true apoptosis in DT40 cells without visible membrane damage. This apoptosis results in DNA degradation and morphologic changes characteristic of apoptosis. Furthermore, this apoptosis is coincident with a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and is inhibited by either overexpression of bcl-x L or the presence of inhibitors of caspase 8, 9, or 3 activity. Collectively these data argue that chB6 may function as a novel death receptor on avian B-lymphocytes and support the use of DT40 as an amenable model to study the signaling involved in chB6-induced apoptosis.
NGOs, States and Donors Revisited: Still Too Close for Comfort?

Serious questions remain about the ability of NGOs to meet long-term transformative goals in their work for development and social justice. We investigate how, given their weak roots in civil society and the rising tide of technocracy that has swept through the world of foreign aid, most NGOs remain poorly placed to influence the real drivers of social change. However we also argue that NGOs can take advantage of their traditional strengths to build bridges between grassroots organizations and local and national-level structures and processes, applying their knowledge of local contexts to strengthen their roles in empowerment and social transformation.
Stability and Surface Reactivity of Anatase TiO2 Films

Atomic Layer Deposition has been used to deposit a series of TiO2 films on native oxide Si(100) at temperatures ranging from 100 to 300 ◦C using tetrakis(dimethylamino) titanium and H2O. The films were subjected to post-deposition thermal treatment and their structure, morphology and composition was examined. As-deposited films were amorphous and began to crystallize after thermal treatment at 500 ◦C. The films deposited at 100 ◦C and treated thermally at temperatures up to 900 ◦C for 10 min crystallized exclusively in the anatase phase forming crystallites with lateral size in excess of 200 nm. The films deposited at higher temperatures formed rutile crystallites with no mixing of the two phases. The films containing anatase grains exhibited significantly higher surface activity as evidenced by the detection of surface bound species such as carbonates (CO), carbon-nitrogen (CN) and nitrosyls. Although 100 ◦C is not within the ALD window for optimal film growth, it appears that the poor film adhesion to the substrate as well as the low film density and possibly the presence of carbon containing impurities result in the stabilization of anatase crystallites with lateral size at least one order of magnitude higher than it is widely reported in the literature. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0041508jss] All rights reserved.
Acid-catalyzed cyclization of farnesol and nerolidol

Abstract As the preliminary phase of a program directed to the construction of polyfunctional catalysts for specifically directed cyclizations, a re-investigation of the acid-catalyzed cyclization of farnesol and related compounds has been undertaken. To simplify the analysis of the complex mixture obtained from these reactions an assay method has been devised which, using 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene as an internal standard, allows (a) the quantitative determination of the total volatile product in terms of polyenes, farnesol, nerolidol, bisabolol, and diols and (b) the quantitative determination of the total cyclic product in terms of monocyclic compounds (via 2-(p-tolyl)6-methylheptane in the dehydrogenation product) and bicyclic compounds (viacadalene in the dehydrogenation product(. The preparations of bisabolol, a bisabolyl diol, and 2-(p-tolyl)6-methylheptane are described, these and other compounds being necessary for quantitation of the assay procedure. In the cyclization experiments the effects of changes in time, temperature, water content of the formic acid, and identity of the starting alcohol have been tested. For each run, the changes in concentration of starting material and the various products were measured as a function of time. The results from these experiments show that (a) nerolidol reacts somewhat more rapidly than farnesol (b) cis-trans and trans-trans farnesol react at the same rate and give the same ratio of products (c) the reaction rate falls off rather rapidly with increasing water content of the formic acid (d) even under very mild conditions the reactions proceed rapidly to yield, by the time that the starting alcohol is ca. 90% consumed, a product comprised mainly of monocyclic and bicyclic polyenes and mono alcohols (e) with more prolonged reaction time the concentration of diol derivatives and, probably, triol derivatives, increases (f) with more prolonged reaction time at higher temperatures the concentration of total cyclic material diminishes, probably as the result of polymerization reactions (g) the monocyclic and bicyclic products are formed concurrently rather than sequentially. These data, combined with information obtained from cyclization experiments with pure bisabolol, have led to the conclusion that the pathway to bicyclic compound involves the sequence: farnesol (or nerolidol) → bisabolyl cation → rearranged bisabolyl cation → cadinyl cation → cadinyl derivatives.
INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION LOCATION AND “PRO FORMA” FINANCIAL HEDGING OF EXCHANGE RATE RISK

There are many considerations in a firm's choice of where to locate a production facility. One of the least understood is the implication of foreign exchange risk. The issue is complex because, in addition to the concept of operational hedging, managers must also consider economic exposure and, in cases with foreign competitors, competitive exposure. As shown in this article, a firm's competitive exposure to exchange rate changes depends upon the location of its competitors' plants as well as its own. The currency exposures of various international production strategies are demonstrated using hypothetical scenarios. The scenarios can also be used to perform a “pro forma” financial hedging analysis of currency exposure in simple “three-outcome” cases. By implicitly accounting for the market's pricing of exchange rate risk, the financial hedging analysis provides a straightforward way for managers to evaluate various international production possibilities.
Direct Reciprocity Under Uncertainty Does Not Explain One-Shot Cooperation, But It Can Explain Norm Psychology

Humans in many societies cooperate in economic experiments at much higher levels than would be expected if their goal was maximizing economic returns even when interactions are anonymous and one-shot. This is a puzzle because paying a cost to benefit another player in one-shot interactions has no direct benefit to the cooperator. This paper explores the logic of two competing evolutionary hypotheses to explain this behavior. The "norm psychology" hypothesis holds that a player's choice of strategy is heavily influenced by socially-learned cultural norms. Its premise is that over the course of human evolutionary history, cultural norms varied considerably across human societies and through a process of gene-culture co-evolution, humans evolved mechanisms to learn and adopt the norms of their particular society. The "evolutionary mismatch" hypothesis holds that pro-social preferences evolved genetically in our hunter-gatherer past where one-shot anonymous interactions were rare and these evolved "protocols" for cooperation are misapplied in modern, laboratory, conditions. I compare these hypotheses by adopting a well known model of the mismatch hypothesis. I show that the cooperation generated by the model is based on a flawed assumption - that the best thing to do is cooperate in a repeated game. I show that repeated games generate a great diversity of behavioral equilibria, in support of the norm psychology hypothesis's premise. When interaction is repeated, adopting local norms is a more evolutionarily successful strategy than automatically cooperating. If various groups are at different behavioral equilibria, then cultural selection between groups tends to select for cooperative behavior.
Developing the Global Student: Higher Education in an Era of Globalization

AbstractThe development of transcultural competency in today’s students, or the students' ability to reflect on the world and themselves through the lens of another culture, is an emerging area of study and concern in higher education. David Killick’s new book, Developing the Global Student: Higher Education in an Era of Globalization advocates for a new way to define the desired outcome of student development from campus internationalization efforts, as one that focuses on the concept of the global-self.
Disposition of Nonmanuscript Items Found Among Manuscripts

of manuscripts1 often include a wide variety of COLLECTIONS materials such as pamphlets, books, serials and government documents (both annotated and unannotated) , maps, photographs, mimeographed items, and many other related items. To learn the "general" practice of institutions in the disposition of these items a survey was taken by sending questionnaires to institutions housing manuscript collections; 53 replies were received. On this basis current practices were determined. From this, it was possible to suggest some practical guidelines for the disposition of these nonmanuscript materials. Many replies to the questionnaire stated "it all depends on the nature of the collection and the materials." Yet in the final analysis of the returns, many answers were heavily weighted on one side or the other. It appears that some operational principle is being observed in most institutions, and it is indeed assumed here that such principles lurk behind the decisions concerning nonmanuscript materials that accompany manuscript accessions. As can be seen from the tabulation on the questionnaire /tally sheet, it would appear that some coherent model based on sound theoretical premises might prove helpful. A brief review of the archival concepts of provenance and respect des fonds will establish the theoretical context from which an operational model may be extrapolated that may serve as a guide to practice. The essence of these two concepts is that recognition is given to the fact that records are generated from activity and consequently they will reflect that activity in a documentary sense. This activity itself may be personal or corporate or a combination of both (in the sense that corporate activity is conducted by people and also that these people will often conduct both corporate and personal work concurrently) . Record items will be received and sent out in connection with that activity. These
Use of Disinfection Cap to Reduce Central-Line–Associated Bloodstream Infection and Blood Culture Contamination Among Hematology–Oncology Patients

OBJECTIVE In this study, we examined the impact of routine use of a passive disinfection cap for catheter hub decontamination in hematology–oncology patients. SETTING A tertiary care cancer center in New York City METHODS In this multiphase prospective study, we used 2 preintervention phases (P1 and P2) to establish surveillance and baseline rates followed by sequential introduction of disinfection caps on high-risk units (HRUs: hematologic malignancy wards, hematopoietic stem cell transplant units and intensive care units) (P3) and general oncology units (P4). Unit-specific and hospital-wide hospital-acquired central-line–associated bloodstream infection (HA-CLABSI) rates and blood culture contamination (BCC) with coagulase negative staphylococci (CONS) were measured. RESULTS Implementation of a passive disinfection cap resulted in a 34% decrease in hospital-wide HA-CLABSI rates (combined P1 and P2 baseline rate of 2.66–1.75 per 1,000 catheter days at the end of the study period). This reduction occurred only among high-risk patients and not among general oncology patients. In addition, the use of the passive disinfection cap resulted in decreases of 63% (HRUs) and 51% (general oncology units) in blood culture contamination, with an estimated reduction of 242 BCCs with CONS. The reductions in HA-CLABSI and BCC correspond to an estimated annual savings of $3.2 million in direct medical costs. CONCLUSION Routine use of disinfection caps is associated with decreased HA-CLABSI rates among high-risk hematology oncology patients and a reduction in blood culture contamination among all oncology patients. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(12):1401–1408
The Politics of Expatriates

Expatriate communities are a relatively understudied aspect of political life that pose questions about national identity, citizenship and the attitudes of citizens towards the state. Expatriates are examples of individuals who "opted out" of life within their home country either voluntarily or for reasons associated with work or family. While immigration and other diasporas associated with national or ethnic identity have been studied within a political framework in some detail, the role of the expatriate has been less fully theorized. However, there is a politics to the way global flows of people are categorized. Terms such as immigrant, refugee, and expatriate highlight the underlying politics of these global flows and the privileges associated with some types of national status. While the concept will be investigated generally, it is the role of the American expatriate that is of most interest here. In this paper, I will focus on American expatriates because while American politics includes a wide-ranging debate on immigration to the United States, those opting out of America as expatriates are much less visible. I will examine the politics of definition when it comes to who is termed an expatriate and seek to map out the ways the experience of an expat perpetuate forms of colonialism and western privilege throughout the world.
MEAPsoft chopshop

MEAPsoft Chopshop is a hybrid performance which is part preconceived composition, DJ performance, and improvisation. Three of my composed pieces and one Chris Mann Remix were manipulated using MEAPsoft to create 8 new pieces. These 8 new tracks are then mixed live in a sort of Electro-Acoustic turntabalism manner. These tracks are mixed and cut together using special software (Max/msp & Ms. Pinky) and time coded vinyl. The idea is that the frantic mixing and manipulation of the vinyl will result in a more compelling live show than a laptop set. The same time code that controls the audio will control video clips in the live set up. An additional midi controller will help mix the video clips. The piece runs 10--20 minutes depending on the venue.
Time-varying reeb graphs: a topological framework supporting the analysis of continuous time-varying data

I present time-varying Reeb graphs as a topological framework to support the analysis of continuous time-varying data. Such data is captured in many studies, including computational fluid dynamics, oceanography, medical imaging, and climate modeling, by measuring physical processes over time, or by modeling and simulating them on a computer. Analysis tools are applied to these data sets by scientists and engineers who seek to understand the underlying physical processes. A popular tool for analyzing scientific datasets is level sets, which are the points in space with a fixed data value s. Displaying level sets allows the user to study their geometry, their topological features such as connected components, handles, and voids, and to study the evolution of these features for varying s. For static data, the Reeb graph encodes the evolution of topological features and compactly represents topological information of all level sets. The Reeb graph essentially contracts each level set component to a point. It can be computed efficiently, and it has several uses: as a succinct summary of the data, as an interface to select meaningful level sets, as a data structure to accelerate level set extraction, and as a guide to remove noise. I extend these uses of Reeb graphs to time-varying data. I characterize the changes to Reeb graphs over time, and develop an algorithm that can maintain a Reeb graph data structure by tracking these changes over time. I store this sequence of Reeb graphs compactly, and call it a time-varying Reeb graph. I augment the time-varying Reeb graph with information that records the topology of level sets of all level values at all times, that maintains the correspondence of level set components over time, and that accelerates the extraction of level sets for a chosen level value and time. Scientific data sampled in space-time must be extended everywhere in this domain using an interpolant. A poor choice of interpolant can create degeneracies that are difficult to resolve, making construction of time-varying Reeb graphs impractical. I investigate piecewise-linear, piecewise-trilinear, and piecewise-prismatic interpolants, and conclude that piecewise-prismatic is the best choice for computing time-varying Reeb graphs. Large Reeb graphs must be simplified for an effective presentation in a visualization system. I extend an algorithm for simplifying static Reeb graphs to compute simplifications of time-varying Reeb graphs as a first step towards building a visualization system to support the analysis of time-varying data.
The Complex Relationship between Bilingual Home Language Input and Kindergarten Children's Spanish and English Oral Proficiencies.

This study examined how emergent bilingual children’s English and Spanish proficiencies moderated the relationships between Spanish and English input at home (bilingual home language input [BHLI]) and children’s oral language skills in each language. The sample comprised over 1,400 Spanish-dominant kindergartners in California and Texas. BHLI was estimated by parental report of what language adults (mother, father, and other adults) and peers (older and younger siblings and friends) usually speak to the child at home and the language in which the child watches TV programs. Spanish and English oral proficiencies were measured by the Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery-Revised. Although a “time-on-task” model suggests straightforward linear associations between language use at home and oral skills within the same language, we found far more complex cross-linguistic relationships even when controlling for school-level random effects and individual-level confounds: (a) children’s proficiency in a language (English or Spanish) moderates the relationship between BHLI and proficiency in the other language and (b) BHLI moderates the relationship between children’s Spanish and English oral proficiencies. The results suggest that among this population of children, bilingual home language environments that maintain high levels of Spanish use are associated with additive bilingualism whereas bilingual home language environments with high levels of English use are associated with subtractive bilingualism. However, the cross-sectional and correlational design of the present study requires caution in drawing simple conclusions about the relationship between BHLI and children’s oral language skills. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Ergonomic Analysis of Extension Ladders

Although the most serious accident mode associated with extension ladder use has always been “falling off the ladder” there has been increasing attention, recently, on “contact with electric current” or electrocution accidents primarily with aluminum ladders. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has made several recommendations to address this problem from a technical approach. They have proposed insulating and/or isolating the ladder electrically or replacing it with a fiberglass ladder. Long extension ladders are heavy, and proposed recommendations by the CPSC to make aluminum extension ladders nonconductive include replacing them with fiberglass extension ladders, which will definitely result in a heavier ladder. A heavier ladder has implications for the characteristics of the user population and for types of injury patterns.Occupational accident data show that ladder associated accidents directly related to ladder weight, such as overexertion, are more likely. If ladder weight were incre...
Hypoglycemic action of indole-3-acetic acid by mouth in patients with diabetes mellitus.

ConclusionsIndoleacetic acid by mouth produces a decrease in the blood sugar of adult patients with diabetes mellitus.
THE SECURE MIGRATION OF A VIRTUAL MACHINE INTROSPECTION INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM

This paper presents a method to perform a live migration of a virtual machine introspection (VMI) intrusion detection system (IDS) from one physical node to another with its associated virtual machine (VM). This is extremely important as more attention is given to VMI IDSes in the areas of both Enterprise and Cloud Computing environments where live migration is utilized for load balancing and fault tolerance. Current VMI IDS systems neglect the live migration capabilities of VMs restricting the monitored VM to that specific node. Our work is to investigate the potential methodologies to perform this task such that VMI IDSes become feasible within practical computing environments. We have designed a methodology to accomplish this goal and extended the VMI IDS known as the virtual systemlevel lightweight integrity monitor (vSLIM) in order to validate our work. We have evaluated this design using manin-the-middle attacks which modify the VM during transit in order to verify the correctness of our design and found less than 3% overhead when compared to the cost of migrating a VM without a VMI IDS. Likewise, the cost of this migration provides little impact on the performance of co-located VMs.
Behavior of larval Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae).

The behavior of Aedes triseriatus (Say) fourth instars was studied in laboratory microcosms. A list of 14 larval behaviors was developed from observations of 108 larvae performing 1,836 different acts, and a time budget was developed from 88 larvae by recording the proportion of time each larva spent in the different behavioral states. Larval behavior was organized into clusters of surface and subsurface activities, linked by "dive" and "rise" behaviors. Eight behaviors formed the major activity pattern for larvae and dominated the time budget. Feeding behavior consisted of suspension feeding, feeding at the air-water interface, brushing container and leaf surfaces, and chewing leaf veins. Most (90.8%) of the time budget was devoted to feeding, and larvae spent 52.5% of their time feeding at or near the surface of the water and 37.5% brushing while submerged. When feeding at the air-water interface, larvae rotated about the axis formed by the respiratory siphon in alternating clockwise and counterclockwise directions, possibly to rest the muscles used to twist the larval body into the U-shaped posture characterizing this feeding behavior. Our studies showed that Ae. triseriatus larvae were not exclusively brushers nor bottom feeders as has been assumed for many Aedes larvae but showed great flexibility in feeding, where nearly the entire habitat was the "feeding zone."
Effects of Different Planting Densities on Yield of Mechanical Transplanted Double-cropping Late Rice

Three rice varieties with different growth durations were selected and mechanical transplanted as double-cropping late rice with the two planting densities(14 cm×30 cm and 17 cm×30 cm).The yield and the yield-related traits were measured at mature period to analyze the effects of planting density on the yield of mechanical transplanted double-cropping late rice.The results showed that high planting density was conducive to the yield increase for the cultivar with short growth period,while low planting density was conductive to the yield increase for the cultivar with long growth duration.For the cultivar with a slight shorter growth period,appropriately increasing planting density would make its tank of the yield equivalent to that of the variety with longer growth period,but the seed-set percentage and 1000-grain-weight were higher than those of the cultivar with longer growth duration,so it expressed yield increase in the end.
Enhanced myocardial depression in diabetic rats during E. coli sepsis.

The aim of this study was to determine whether diabetes enhanced the sensitivity of the myocardium to the deleterious effects of in vivo-administered Escherichia coli. Diabetes was induced in two g...
An Examination of North American Leading Edge Logistics

Logistical practices of North American manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and logistical service providers are examined in a broad-based survey conducted by Michigan State University researchers. The characteristics and strategies of logistically excellent firms are profiled.