cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twinning stress prediction in bcc metals and alloys

The development of a twin stress relationship for bcc metals and alloys in agreement with experiments has been both scientifically challenging and technologically vital. A modified approach to Peierls–Nabarro model is formulated that predicts the twinning stress in excellent agreement with experiments. We utilize the first principles energy calculations to extract the energy landscape associated with twinning and obtain the disregistry function to account for the interaction of multiple dislocations comprising the twin. The metals and alloys considered include Fe, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Fe–3at.%V, Fe–35at.%Ni and Fe–3at.%Si. The variation of twinning stress within metals is substantial (90–800 MPa) and depends primarily on the twin boundary migration energy, the shear moduli, the interplanar spacing and the geometrical positions of the fractional dislocations constituting the twin.
Growth Response of Bigcone Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa) to Long-Term Ozone Exposure in Southern California

Abstract Long-term radial growth of bigcone Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa) was studied throughout its range in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, where ambient ozone has been high for approximately the past 40 years. A gradient of both ozone concentration and precipitation exists from west (high) to east (low). Growth rates of bigcone Douglas fir are considerably lower since 1950 throughout the San Bernardino Mountains, with the largest growth reductions in the western part of the range where ozone exposure is highest. Needle retention is also somewhat lower at high ozone sites. Lower annual precipitation since 1950 may have some impact on long-term growth reductions, and short-term growth reductions induced by drought are an important component of long-term growth reductions at sites with high ozone exposure. An ozone-climate stress complex may be responsible for recent reductions in the growth of bigcone Douglas fir.
The Impact of Heterogeneous Computing on Workflows for Biomolecular Simulation and Analysis

The field of biomolecular simulation has matured to where detailed, accurate, and functionally relevant information that complements experimental data about the structure, dynamics, and interactions of biomolecules can now be routinely discovered. This has been enabled by access to large-scale and heterogeneous high-performance computing resources, including special-purpose hardware. The improved performance of modern simulation methods coupled with hardware advances is shifting the rate-limiting steps of common biomolecular simulations of small to moderately sized systems from the generation of data (for example, via production molecular dynamics simulations that used to take weeks or even months) to the pre- and postprocessing phases of the workflow, namely, simulation setup and data processing, management, and analysis. Because the computational resources that are optimal for generating data aren't necessarily the same as for processing that data, access to heterogeneous computational resources enables a broader exploration of biomolecular structure and dynamics by facilitating distinct aspects of typical biomolecular simulation workflows, which might not be as efficient on a one-size-fits-all computational platform.
Infrared matrix isolation studies of hydrogen bonds involving C-H bonds: CF3H, (CF2H)2O and CF3OCF2H with selected bases

Abstract Hydrogen bonded complexes of fluoroform and fluoromethylethers with halide anions and amines have been isolated at 15 K in argon matrices and characterized by IR spectroscopy. The observed red shifts of the CH stretching mode were significantly less than for analogous alkyne complexes. For a given alkane, the magnitude of shifts for complexes with the halide anions were greater than complexes with neutral amines, consistent with the greater basicity of the halide anions. The perturbed and shifted CH bending mode and its overtone were also observed, as well as perturbations to the CF stretching and bending modes. The spectral evidence tentatively suggests a monodentate hydrogen bond for the (CF 2 H) 2 O•F − complex, rather than the bidentate structure inferred from ion cyclotron resonance data.
Proceedings: Consideration of Genetics in the Design of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models of Complex Disease

The goal of exploiting induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology for the discovery of new mechanisms and treatments of disease is being pursued by many laboratories, and analyses of rare monogenic diseases have already provided ample evidence that this approach has merit. Considering the enormous medical burden imposed by common chronic diseases, successful implementation of iPSC-based models has the potential for major impact on these diseases as well. Since common diseases represent complex traits with varying genetic and environmental contributions to disease manifestation, the use of iPSC technology poses unique challenges. In this perspective, we will consider how the genetics of complex disease and mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation affect experimental design.
Prothrombin gainesville. A dysprothrombinemia in a pair of identical twins

A pair of identical twins was evaluated for menometrorrhagia and mild post-operative bleeding. Each had a slightly prolonged partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time. Full hemostatic evaluation was normal, except that plasma prothrombin activity was 23% and 25% of normal with a Russell's viper venom assay. Each twin had 70% of normal plasma prothrombin antigen. Prothrombin kinetic data were obtained before and during hysterectomy. In these twins, infused prothrombin (Konyne) was found to have a volume of distribution of approximately one and one-half times the plasma volume and a half-life of 34 hours. The previously reported dysprothrombins are briefly reviewed. Prothrombin Gainesville is the twelfth such disorder reported.
Unsuspected Lymphoma Diagnosed with Use of Biopsy During Kyphoplasty

Background: Vertebral augmentation procedures are currently widely performed to treat vertebral compression fractures. In selecting appropriate patients for these procedures, it is important to distinguish the pain caused by a fracture from other causes of back pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of underlying, previously unrecognized malignant tumors in a consecutive series of patients undergoing kyphoplasty to treat vertebral compression fractures. Our hypothesis was that an unsuspected malignant tumor will exist and that a bone-marrow aspiration from the iliac crest would enhance our ability to detect a malignant tumor. Methods: A prospective histological evaluation of vertebral body biopsy specimens from presumed osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures and a concurrent bone-marrow aspiration from the iliac crest were performed in order to identify latent hematopoietic dyscrasias. Over a four-year period, vertebral body biopsies from 523 vertebral levels as well as iliac crest bone-marrow aspirations were performed in 238 patients. Both specimens were evaluated histologically, and the prevalence of an underlying occult malignant neoplasm was determined. Results: All specimens from the vertebral bodies showed signs of bone-remodeling and/or fracture-healing. However, in three patients, both the bone biopsy specimen and the bone-marrow aspirate showed evidence of B-cell lymphoma. The bone-marrow aspirate did not provide any additional information compared with the vertebral body biopsy specimen, and multiple myeloma was not identified in any patient. Conclusions: Lymphoma is an uncommon cause of a vertebral compression fracture, but on the basis of our experience in this series, we recommend that vertebral body biopsy specimens be obtained in all patients managed with kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty to rule out an unsuspected malignant tumor. However, we do not recommend the routine use of an additional bone-marrow aspiration from the iliac crest during vertebral augmentation procedures because doing so did not appear to enhance our ability to detect a malignant tumor.
Fractionation of neurons and satellite cells from human sensory ganglia in order to study herpesvirus latency

A method is described for fractionating human trigeminal ganglia into highly purified populations of neurons and satellite cells in order to study α-herpesvirus latency. The method was validated by microscopy of the separated populations and by the observation that only the neuronal population, not the satellite cells, contained herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA. The frequency of detecting HSV in neurons from ganglia was 3% (43 of 1440 neurons). HSV DNA was not detected in approximately 17,500 satellite cells. The HSV DNA genome copy number in single cells ranged from 2 to 50. These data on the frequency and cellular location of latent HSV indicate that our mechanical fractionation of cell types results in low levels of cross-contamination and provides samples from which cells infected latently can be studied at the single cell level.
Security analysis for fingerprint fuzzy vaults

In this work we place some of the traditional biometrics work on fingerprint verification via the fuzzy vault scheme within a cryptographic framework. We show that the breaking of a fuzzy vault leads to decoding of Reed-Solomon codes from random errors, which has been proposed as a hard problem in the cryptography community. We provide a security parameter for the fuzzy vault in terms of the decoding problem, which gives context for the breaking of the fuzzy vault, whereas most of the existing literature measures the strength of the fuzzy vault in terms of its resistance to pre-defined attacks or by the entropy of the vault. We keep track of our security parameter, and provide it alongside ROC statistics. We also aim to be more aware of the nature of the fingerprints when placing them in the fuzzy vault, noting that the distribution of minutiae is far from uniformly random. The results we show provide additional support that the fuzzy vault can be a viable scheme for secure fingerprint verification.
Broadening the Study of Peace Operations

The academic study of peace operations, long a dusty and isolated corner of political science, experienced a renaissance in the early 1990s, when the United Nations launched a flurry of new missions. Although enthusiasm for deploying new peace operations cooled after setbacks in Somalia and Bosnia, the task of evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of existing operations continues to attract intense scholarly attention. This research has helped policymakers improve existing techniques for responding to what is arguably the most pressing security problem of the post-Cold War era: pervasive civil and ethnic conflicts. Nevertheless, the literature on peace operations has neglected broader questionsabout the relationship between these activities and our theoretical understanding of international politics. Building the study of peace missions into a mature academic subfield will require a concerted effort to move beyond the urrent preoccupation with practical operational issues. Such a research strategy would open up a number of interesting and theoretically important questions. It might also enhance communication between students of peace operations and other branches of international relations. Three research agendas that consider norms, global culture, and international governance offer the possibility of building the requisite bridges between theory and practice.
Design and construction of a light-delivery system for photodynamic therapy.

We have developed a device to divide the output from a dye laser into as many as eight beams of equal power with negligible total power loss. In this system, 630-nm s-plane polarized laser light was split by a series of highly polarization-sensitive plate beamsplitters. Each of the beams was coupled to a 200, 400, or 600 μm diameter optical fiber. Brewster-window-type attenuators allowed the power of each beam to be individually set. It was possible to reconfigure the device to produce four, two, or one output(s). We discuss the design requirements of the beamsplitter device and describe its construction from mostly commercially available components. An apparatus for positioning and stabilizing each optical fiber relative to the skin surface of a patient is also described. The illumination from the fiberoptic supported by such an apparatus strikes a defined surface area and is independent of patient movement. Both the beamsplitter device and the optical fiber positioner are used routinely in photodynamic therapy(PDT) of malignant tumors in the clinic and in the laboratory.
Correlation of left ventricular diastolic filling characteristics with right ventricular overload and pulmonary artery pressure in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

Objectives This study was designed to determine a quantitative relationship between right ventricular (RV) pressure overload and left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling characteristics in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Background Right ventricular pressure overload in patients with CTEPH causes abnormal LV diastolic filling. However, a quantitative relationship between RV pressure overload and LV diastolic function has not been established. Methods We analyzed pre- and postoperative diastolic mitral inflow velocities and right heart hemodynamic data in 39 consecutive patients with CTEPH over the age of 30 (55 ± 11 years) with mean pulmonary artery pressure >30 mm Hg who underwent pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE). Results After PTE, mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) decreased from 50 ± 11 to 28 ± 9 mm Hg (p 1.50 had mPAP 5.0 l/min. E/A correlated inversely with mPAP (r = 0.55, p < 0.001) and directly with CO (r = 0.53, p < 0.001). Conclusions E/A is consistently abnormal in patients with CTEPH and increases post-PTE. Moreover, E/A varies inversely with mPAP and directly with CO. Following PTE, E/A >1.5 correlates with the absence of severe pulmonary hypertension (mPAP >35 mm Hg) and the presence of normal cardiac output (> 5.0 l/m).
Imaging interferometric nanoscopy to the limit of available frequency space

Imaging interferometric microscopy resolution to λ/2(n sub +1) (n sub = substrate refractive index) is demonstrated using evanescent-wave illumination. Resolution to 150 nm (λ/4.2) is achieved using a 633 nm source and a 0.4 NA lens.
The transport of exogenous peroxidase across the blood-tissue-lymph interface

Horseradish peroxidase has been used as an electron opaque probe to trace movement of this protein across the blood-tissue-lymph interface at the electron microscopic level. Peroxidase was injected into the tail veins of mice and localized by the cytochemical procedures of Graham and Karnovsky within blood capillaries, connective tissue, and lymphatics in the dermis of mouse ears. This procedure provides the advantage of investigating the transport of a protein across the blood-tissue-lymph interface without the increase of fluid pressure that is possible with microinjection procedures. Within 1 minute peroxidase staining is observed in the blood capillaries, throughout the connective tissue areas between collagen fibrils, and within macrophages. A strong reaction product is observed along the endothelial plasma membranes and within the lymphatic lumen. Also at the early time periods (1–5 minutes), reaction product is observed in plasmalemmal vesicles which open onto both connective tissue and luminal surfaces of the endothelium, as well as in vesicles which appear to be in transit through the cytoplasm. Enzyme staining is also prominent throughout the clefts of intercellular junctions. The reaction product within the lymphatic lumen reaches its maximal concentration between 15 and 30 minutes; thereafter its staining intensity declines markedly so that by 24 hours very little staining is observed in either the interstitium or the lymphatic lumen. However, peroxidase staining is observed in macrophages and vesicles of varying sizes in the lymphatic endothelium. It is concluded that clefts of intercellular junctions provide the major passageway for transendothelial movement between the interstitium and the lymphatic capillary lumen. The presence of peroxidase in vacuoles for time periods of up to 24 hours is discussed in relation to previous findings, which suggest that the accretion of proteins and tracers within lysosomal vacuoles is indicative of an intracellular digestion of engulfed substances for release from the lymphatic endothelium.
How did the equatorial ridge on Saturn's moon Iapetus form?

Saturn's moon Iapetus is one of the most unusual moons in our solar system. Perhaps the most bizarre feature of Iapetus is its equatorial ridge, a 20-kilometer-high, 200-kilometer-wide mountain range that runs exactly along the equator, circling more than 75% of the moon. No other body in the solar system exhibits such a feature; asDombard et al. show, previous models have been unable to adequately explain how the ridge formed. The authors propose that the ridge formed from an ancient giant impact that produced a subsatellite around Iapetus. Tidal interactions with Iapetus ultimately led to orbital decay, eventually bringing the subsatellite close enough that the same forces tore it apart, forming a debris ring around Iapetus. Material from this debris ring then rained down on Iapetus, the researchers say, creating the mountain ring along the equator. (Journal of Geophysical Research-Planets, doi:10.1029/2011JE004010, 2012)
Role of p53 and NF-κB in epigallocatechin-3-gallate-induced apoptosis of LNCaP cells

We have recently shown that oral consumption of green tea polyphenols inhibits prostate carcinogenesis in transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer and suggested that induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells is responsible for these effects. Much of the chemopreventive effects of green tea are attributed to its major polyphenolic constituent (-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). In the present study, we report that EGCG-induced apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells is mediated via modulation of two related pathways: (a) stabilization of p53 by phosphorylation on critical serine residues and p14ARF-mediated downregulation of murine double minute 2(MDM2) protein, and (b) negative regulation of NF-kappaB activity, thereby decreasing the expression of the proapoptotic protein Bcl-2. EGCG-induced stabilization of p53 caused an upregulation in its transcriptional activity, thereby resulting in activation of its downstream targets p21/WAF1 and Bax. Thus, EGCG had a concurrent effect on two important transcription factors p53 and NF-kappaB, causing a change in the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in a manner that favors apoptosis. This altered expression of Bcl-2 family members triggered the activation of initiator capsases 9 and 8 followed by activation of effector caspase 3. Activation of the caspases was followed by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and induction of apoptosis. Taken together, the data indicate that EGCG induces apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma cells by shifting the balance between pro- and antiapoptotic proteins in favor of apoptosis.
Comparison of human, primate, and canine femora: Implications for biomaterials testing in total hip replacement

The canine model remains an animal of choice for determining the efficacy and safety of various materials and designs used in human total hip replacement (THR). The primate also is used in orthopedic-related research for studying limb anatomy, gait, and age-related bone loss. In order to better understand the appropriateness of these animal models for human THR, external morphologies of thirty-three adult Caucasian human, sixteen adult chimpanzee, and forty-two adult greyhound femora were compared using osteometric methods. Measured parameters included anteversion angle, cervico-diaphyseal angle, femoral head offset in the frontal plane, and anterior bow profiles along the femoral diaphysis. Although some of the measured parameters were approximately similar between species (e.g., mean cervico-diaphyseal angle of humans and chimpanzees), the majority demonstrated morphologic differences that may be biomechanically significant for interpreting stress transfer across the hip (e.g., mean anteversion angle and mean normalized femoral head offset between species). Additionally, age-related changes in proximal femoral morphology and gait pattern, as well as species-related differences in local muscle and inertial forces, may result in notably different loading conditions across the hip joint of each species. Therefore, discretion must be exercised when evaluating canine or primate THR materials and designs for potential use in the human hip.
Discretization error analysis for fluorescence diffuse optical tomography

In fluorescence diffuse optical tomography, the error due to discretization of the forward and inverse problems leads to an error in the reconstructed image. Using a Galerkin formulation, we consider zeroth and first order Tikhonov regularization terms and analyze the forward and inverse problems under an optimization formulation which incorporates a priori information. We derive error estimates to describe the impact that discretization of the forward and inverse problems due to finite element method has on the accuracy of the reconstructed optical absorbtion image.
A stochastic interrogation method for experimental measurements of global dynamics and basin evolution: Application to a two-well oscillator

An experimental study of local and global bifurcations in a driven two-well magneto-mechanical oscillator is presented. A detailed picture of the local bifurcation structure of the system is obtained using an automated bifurcation data acquisition system. Basins of attractions for the system are obtained using a new experimental technique: an ensemble of initial conditions is generated by switching between stochastic and deterministic excitation. Using this stochastic interrogation method, we observe the evolution of basins of attraction in the nonlinear oscillator as the forcing amplitude is increased, and find evidence for homoclinic bifurcation before the onset of chaos. Since the entire transient is collected for each initial condition, the same data can be used to obtain pictures of the flow of points in phase space. Using Liouville's Theorem, we obtain damping estimates by calculating the contraction of volumes under the action of the Poincare map, and show that they are in good agreement with the results of more conventional damping estimation methods. Finally, the stochastic interrogation data is used to estimate transition probability matrices for finite partitions of the Poincare section. Using these matrices, the evolution of probability densities can be studied.
Eosinophils and Bronchial Inflammation

1985;87;10S-13S Chest G. J. Gleich, D. A. Loegering and C. R. Adolphson Eosinophils and Bronchial Inflammation http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/87/1_Supplement/10S.citation can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights of been published monthly since 1935. Copyright1985by the American College is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It has Chest
Measurement of microbial biomass in arctic tundra soils using fumigation-extraction and substrate-induced respiration procedures

Sammary-The microbial biomass of seven arctic tundra soils was measured using both the chloroform fumigation-extraction procedure (biomass-C and -N) and the substrate-induced respiration method (biomass-C only) to test the suitability of these two methods for organic and mineral arctic soils. Results indicate that in general the two methods gave consistent microbial biomass-C measurements. Microbial biomass-C, estimated by the fumigation-extraction procedure (using & = 0.35) was highly correlated (r = 0.831, P < 0.001) with the microbial biomass-C values measured by the substrate-induced respiration technique across all soil types. Microbial biomass-N of the seven arctic soils measured by the fumigation-extraction procedure showed a higher linear correlation with the biomass-C values produced by the substrate-induced respiration procedure (r = 0.88) than those produced by the fumigation-extraction procedure (r = 0.69). This result seems to suggest that the fumigation+xtraction procedure works better for microbial biomass-N measurements than for biomass-C in these arctic soil conditions. The fumigation-extraction and substrate-induced respiration methods, developed to study mostly temperate agricultural soils, can be successfully applied to arctic tundra soils.
Experimental Investigation of Helicopter Weight and Mass Center Estimation

Real-time estimates of weight and mass center location for helicopters are desirable for flight control and condition-based maintenance purposes. While methods to estimate mass parameters of helicopters have been developed, they often assume near-perfect knowledge of helicopter dynamics and have been validated only through simulated measurement data. The work described here aims to experimentally validate a method for weight and mass center estimation using an ALIGN T-REX 600e R/C helicopter. The estimation algorithm utilizes an extended Kalman filter (EKF) which estimates the helicopter states along with the weight and mass center location in real-time. Nonlinear system identification is performed using maximum likelihood estimation to create an accurate dynamic model for use in the EKF. Results show that given a reasonably accurate dynamic model, weight and mass center location can be reliably estimated in non-descending flight conditions. Weight estimation is shown to be robust to sudden weight changes during flight. Detailed flight test studies characterize estimation error in weight and three-dimensional mass center position using the EKF formulation.
Mitochondrial membrane potential and aging

The mitochondrial membrane potential (or protonmotive force) is the central bioenergetic parameter that controls respiratory rate, ATP synthesis and the generation of reactive oxygen species, and is itself controlled by electron transport and proton leaks. As a consequence of extensive research, there has emerged a consensus as to how these parameters integrate. Despite this consensus, the literature contains contradictory reports on the extent to which these parameters are modified in animal models of aging. This article critically examines the basis for a number of these reports.
Problems of knowledge in contemporary Chinese medical discourse

Abstract This study begins by criticizing the epistemological approach in medical anthropology to non-western medical knowledge and practice, arguing that implicit western dichotomies (especially those of theory and practice, reality and symbol) tend to be inappropriately imposed. It then examines some approaches to knowledge and practice in contemporary Chinese discourse on “traditional’ medicine, focussing particularly on recent use of the term ‘epistemology’ in Maoist writing and in professional commentaries on medicine. Commonalities between medical uses of yin and yang and Maoist dialectics are explored, and the Maoist concept of essence (benzhi) is found to be important in medicine as well. It appears that though theory and practice are beginning to be drawn apart by some practitioners in the PRC, the classic texts that are still in use and the practical experience of senior Chinese doctors act as important constraints on the development of western style epistemological dualities in medical knowledge.
The metaphysical foundations of reproductive ethics

Many bioethicists working in reproductive ethics tacitly assume some theory of diachronic personal identity. For example, Peter Singer argues that there is no identity relation between a foetus and a future individual because the former shares no robust mental connections with the latter. Consequently, abortion prevents the existence of an individual; it does not destroy an already existing individual. Singer's argument implicitly appeals to the psychological account of personal identity, which, although endorsed by many philosophers such as Derek Parfit, is contentious. Singer does not attempt to defend the psychological account before applying it to the moral permissibility of abortion. Indeed, with some notable exceptions, very few bioethicists attempt antecedently to defend their chosen theory of personal identity before applying it to their ethical arguments. In this paper, I look at the issues of abortion, embryonic stem cell research, and human reproductive cloning in order to illustrate how many of the arguments made by bioethicists on these topics are, at least partly, based upon veiled metaphysical assumptions. My objective is to illustrate that progress can be made on these topics by attending to their fundamental metaphysical claims.
Target templates: the precision of mental representations affects attentional guidance and decision-making in visual search.

When people look for things in the environment, they use target templates—mental representations of the objects they are attempting to locate—to guide attention and to assess incoming visual input as potential targets. However, unlike laboratory participants, searchers in the real world rarely have perfect knowledge regarding the potential appearance of targets. In seven experiments, we examined how the precision of target templates affects the ability to conduct visual search. Specifically, we degraded template precision in two ways: 1) by contaminating searchers’ templates with inaccurate features, and 2) by introducing extraneous features to the template that were unhelpful. We recorded eye movements to allow inferences regarding the relative extents to which attentional guidance and decision-making are hindered by template imprecision. Our findings support a dual-function theory of the target template and highlight the importance of examining template precision in visual search.
Sidewall and non-uniformity corrections for flume experiments

ABSTRACTStudying open channel flow and sediment transport in narrow flumes under non-uniform flow conditions, both sidewall and non-uniformity corrections are required for bed-shear stress. This research first reviews conventional predictive methods for bed-shear stress, including the flow-depth method, the hydraulic radius method and Einstein's sidewall correction. It then presents a novel procedure for sidewall and non-uniformity corrections based on a recent cross-sectional velocity distribution model. These methods are compared with data from the log-law under uniform and non-uniform, sub- and supercritical flow conditions, indicating that (i) the flow-depth and the hydraulic radius methods specify the upper and lower bounds for bed-shear stress; (ii) although Einstein's procedure causes a paradox for smooth flumes, it agrees with data from rough beds; and (iii) the proposed is better than Einstein's for subcritical flow, but the latter has advantage for supercritical flow. As an application, sediment...
General hospital: modeling complex problem solving in complex work system

To be truly useful, applications for complex problem solving require distinct design approaches. One that is crucial is getting the user model right for dynamic, emergent, nonlinear work. Drawing on an example in healthcare, this paper proposes modeling complex work in ways that go beyond common user-centered approaches. It models nurses' dosage decisions as patterns of inquiry and visualizes them as task landscapes.
Steroisomeric Distinction By the Kinetic Method: 2,3-Butanediol

The kinetic method is used to differentiate the diastereomers and enantiomers of 2,3-butanediol. By using a number of reference compounds of known gas phase basicity (GB), the GBs of (2R,3R- and meso-butanediol are determined as 191.5 and 191.2 kcal/mol, respectively, with an estimated uncertainty of ±0.4 kcal/mol and an uncertainty in the 0.3 kcal/mol difference of 0.12 kcal/mol. This result is consistent with a literature GB value for a mixture of isomers of 192.3 kcal/mol (C. Gruenat et al, Helv. Chim, Acta, 68, 1647 (1985). The smaller GB of the meso form is ascribed to destabilization associated with the two eclipsed methyl groups in the eclipsed conformation which is energetically favored by simultaneous bonding (chelation) of the two oxygen atoms to the proton. Differentiation between the enantiomers is achieved by collision-induced dissociation of the diasteromeric proton-bound dimers formed from each isomer with a chiral reference compound; this experiment is successful for both positively- and negatively-charged cluster ions. The observed small difference in fragment ion abundance ratios in the dissociation of these two dimers is ascribed to a difference in free energy barriers to enantiomeric product formation from the two diastereomeric intermediates. The present study demonstrates that the kinetic method can reveal small differences in free energies resulting from differences in chirality and, in this case at least, it provides a simple method to differentiate steroisomers. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic orientation and TQM: Linking vision to action

Abstract Total Quality Management (TQM) programs have been increasing in popularity in the U.S., in part an organizational response to a turbulent environment. Yet empirical studies on the relationship between organizational strategy and implementation of TQM programs are scarce. This issue grows in importance as managers search for ways to integrate internal practices with strategic objectives. Using the Miles-Snow (1978) typology, we studied the relationship between strategic orientation of home health care organizations and their use of TQM practices. The sample for this study consisted of 361 home health care organizations from all major regions of the U.S. Regression analysis showed that the analyzer orientation significantly predicted commitment to quality improvement, after controlling for structural factors.
Subsonic Stability and Control Characteristics of ConfigurationsIncorporating Wrap-Around Surfaces

The aerodynamic feasibility of using wrap-around lifting, stabilizing, and controlling surfaces on tubelaunched bank-to-turn missile configurations is established by wind tunnel tests at high subsonic speeds. Test results show that the stability and control characteristics of a wrap-around-surface configuration are as good or better than those of an equivalent planar-surface configuration. Predictions based on planar surfaces agree well with test results when surface-to-surface interference is not present. An improved prediction method for tail efficiency of wrap-around-s urface configurations is shown. Several configurational design preferences are indicated by the test results, including: a high wing (concave side windward) to a low wing (convex side windward); horizontal tails mounted with their concave side windward when in the undetected position; and a windward directional stabilizer. From all observatiions on the aerodynamic effectiveness of wrap-around-s urfaces, a configuration having all of its surfaces wrap-around appears to be aerodynamically feasible.
An update on chemotherapy and tumor gene expression profiles in breast cancer

Introduction: Various trials have attempted to develop gene expression profiles (GEPs) that may provide a better predictor of clinical outcome over traditional clinicopathological criteria. Areas covered: The review focuses on two main areas: trials examining chemotherapy-induced GEP changes pre- and post-treatment, and studies correlating baseline signatures with chemosensitivity. In the first part of the article, the authors specifically cover areas pertaining to general/drug-specific tumor GEP changes and GEP changes between responders versus non-responders in specific molecular subclasses. The authors also discuss non-tumor-specific signatures, and provide a comparison of different biopsy methods. The authors also discuss the challenges that must be overcome in this area, looking at the clinical application of gene expression profiling and some of the multigene assays which have gained clinical utility. Expert opinion: Current studies are challenged by a number of issues including: small sample sizes,...
News Coverage of FDA Warnings on Pediatric Antidepressant Use and Suicidality

Objective: In 2004, after an 18-month investigation, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) directed pharmaceutical manufacturers to add a black box warning to antidepressants regarding increased risk of suicidality in children. Our objective was to evaluate the quality and content of and overall impression conveyed in news coverage of this issue. Methods: We collected all news stories on pediatric antidepressant use and suicidality published in a convenience sample of 10 of the highest-circulation print newspapers in the United States, the 3 major television networks, and a major cable news network in 2003 and 2004 (N = 167). Two researchers coded news articles by using a 9-item instrument. Results: The quality of news reporting on key health messages included in FDA warnings was mixed. The overwhelming majority of news stories correctly described a risk of suicidality associated with pediatric antidepressant use, as opposed to suicide itself. However, other key health messages highlighted in FDA warnings often were absent from news coverage. News stories were more likely to include anecdotes of children harmed versus children helped by antidepressants, whereas expert sources quoted were more likely to emphasize the benefits of antidepressants over their risks. However, the majority of news stories conveyed neither the overall impression that the risks of pediatric antidepressant use outweighed the benefits nor the impression that the benefits outweighed the risks, and coverage became increasingly neutral over time. Conclusions: Inclusion of key health messages in FDA safety warnings was not sufficient to ensure their communication to the public through the lay press. Language: en
Relationships between Cloninger's, Zuckerman's, and Eysenck's dimensions of personality.

The personality systems of Cloninger (1987), Cloninger, Svrakic and Przybeck (1993), Eysenck (1967), and Zuckerman (1983, 1984, 1991) are all based on psychobiological models of personality. Cloninger and Zuckerman both focus on monoamine neurotransmitter systems as the bases for fundamental personality traits, although they differ on the relationships between particular monoamines and personality traits and in the relative specificity of the relationships (Zuckerman, 1995). All three theorists developed questionnaires to assess what they regard as the basic dimensions of personality or temperament. The precise relationships between the scales in the inventories is a matter of interest not only to know the comparability of the phenotypical representations or the traits, but also to compare the results of research being done with the various instruments. Zuckerman, Kuhlman, Joireman, Teta and Kraft (1993) compared three structural models for personality, Costa and McCrae’s (1992) big five, Eysenck’s (1967) big three, and their own “alternative five”. Extraversion and neuroticism factors were very highly related across all three systems. Zuckerman et al.’s Impulsive Sensation Seeking and Aggression-Hostility factors showed moderately high relationships with Conscientiousness and Agreeableness in Costa and McCrae’s big five and with Eysenck’s P dimension. Some dimensions such as Zuckerman et al.’s Activity and Costa and McCrae’s Openness to Experience were unique to their particular system or subsumed as facets of major dimensions in other systems. Cloninger (1987) started with a tridimensional model of temperament, which included dimensions of novelty seeking, harm avoidance and reward dependence, but later added a fourth factor of temperament, persistence, in the Temperament Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). More recently, he and his colleagues expanded the TPQ in the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI, Cloninger, Przybeck, Svrakic & Wetzel, 1994) which adds three scales of “character” (self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence) to the four temperament scales. The TCI manual (Cloninger et al., 1994) describes correlations between TPQ and TCI scales and other personality scales as well as a wealth of clinical data and biological correlates of the new scales. The purpose of the present study is to compare Cloninger’s 7 factor model with Eysenck’s 3 and Zuckerman’s 5 factor models by correlating the scales developed to measure the traits. Factor analysis will not be used in this study because many previous analyses have already been done across other systems (e.g., Avia, Sanz, Sanchez-Bernardos, Martinez-Arias, Silva & Grana, 1995; Costa & McCrae, 1995; Zuckerman et al., 1993) and our primary concern is the direct equivalence of Cloninger’s scales with Zuckerman’s 5 and Eysenck’s 3.
Molten globule structure of equine beta-lactoglobulin probed by hydrogen exchange.

The molten globule structure of equine beta-lactoglobulin has been inferred from the hydrogen exchange protection of the backbone amide protons. In order to make it possible to measure the hydrogen exchange kinetics of the individual backbone amide protons, the uniformly (15)N-labeled recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and the NMR peak assignment was obtained for most of the backbone protons. The chemical shift and NOE results obtained under the condition where the protein assumes the native structure are fully consistent with the known secondary structure of bovine beta-lactoglobulin, indicating that the equine protein has a similar native conformation to that of the bovine protein. The hydrogen exchange rate of the individual backbone amide protons was measured under the conditions where the protein assumes the native and molten globule states. In the native state, strong protection was observed for the residues located in the eight (A to H) strands, which form a barrel structure, and residues of a major helix. In the molten globule state at acidic pH conditions, significant protection from the exchange has been observed for residues located in the A, F, G and H strands in the native structure. The pattern of protection is consistent with a native-like beta-sheet formation by these strands. The residues located in a major helix of the native structure are also protected, suggesting that this helix is formed in the molten globule and is packed against the sheet as in the native structure. These results indicate that a native-like subdomain is formed in the molten globule state of equine beta-lactoglobulin.
Being a Heterosexual Ally to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Community: Reflections and Development

SUMMARY The author provides a narrative of his development as a heterosexual ally of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community. The author uses those parts of his own experience that are consistent with components of existing ally identity development models to provide qualitative evidence regarding the validity of those models. The author goes on to discuss the role of affect components in ally identity development and the implications of these models for training non-LGBT allies to the LGBT community.
Phase I trial of docetaxel and thalidomide: a regimen based on metronomic therapeutic principles.

Purpose: Pre-clinical models have demonstrated the benefit of metronomic schedules of cytotoxic chemotherapy combined with anti-angiogenic compounds. This trial was undertaken to determine the toxicity of a low dose regimen using docetaxel and thalidomide. Patients and Methods: Patients with advanced solid tumors were enrolled. Thalidomide 100mg twice daily was given with escalating doses of docetaxel from 10 to 30mg/m2/week. One cycle consisted of 12 consecutive weeks of therapy. The maximal tolerated dose (MTD) was defined as the dose of thalidomide along with docetaxel that caused ≤grade 1 non-hematologic or ≤grade 2 hematologic toxicity for cycle one. Results: Twenty-six patients were enrolled. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were bradycardia, fatigue, fever, hyperbilirubinemia, leukopenia, myocardial infarction, and neutropenia. Prolonged freedom from disease progression was observed in 44.4% of the evaluable patients. Conclusions: This anti-angiogenic regimen was well tolerated and demonstrated clinical benefit. The recommended phase II dosing schedule is thalidomide 100mg twice daily with docetaxel 25mg/m2/week.
Rapid Prototyping Using CNC Machining

Although current rapid prototyping methods have had a significant impact on product and process design, they are often limited in both accuracy and choice of suitable materials. Also, the current methods share little similarity to typical manufacturing processes. In this paper, a method for using CNC machining as a Rapid Prototyping process is described in order to exploit the creation of functional prototypes in a wide array of materials. The method uses a plurality of simple 2 1/2-D toolpaths from various orientations about an axis of rotation, in order to machine the entire surface of a part without refixturing. It is our goal to automatically create these tool paths for machining, and eliminate the complex planning traditionally associated with CNC machining. The current approach to process planning involves calculating all the necessary data from the slice information of an STL model. An overview of the CNC-RP process and the process planning methodology is presented.Copyright © 2003 by ASME