cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping Fear and Danger in Global Space Arab Americans’ and Others’ Engagement with Action-Adventure Film

This article explores how Arab American and other US-based communities map global place, fear and danger through their engagement with action-adventure film. While there is extensive literature demonstrating the limited characterization of Arab communities, of Islam and of the Middle East, we know much less about the consequences of these media portrayals. In discussions of action-adventure settings, Arab American groups and informants were much more likely than their counterparts to specify particular places over more generalized regions, and to be highly critical of rather than justify these constructions. These groups’ sense of danger in the world at large, dictating concern with travel outside the known and familiar territory of citizenship, seemed contingent upon cultural identification as well as direct experience. The connection between identification, whether as an American citizen primarily or as an Arab constituent, and fear in the world is critical in understanding how mapping predicates experi...
Relative contribution of cyclooxygenases, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, and pH to the cerebral blood flow response to vibrissal stimulation.

The increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) during neuronal activation can be only partially attenuated by individual inhibitors of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), cyclooxgenase-2, group I metabotr...
Evaluation of Estrogenic Activity of Plant Extracts for the Potential Treatment of Menopausal Symptoms

Eight botanical preparations that are commonly used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms were tested for estrogenic activity. Methanol extracts of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus L.), and hops (Humulus lupulus L.) showed significant competitive binding to estrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ). With cultured Ishikawa (endometrial) cells, red clover and hops exhibited estrogenic activity as indicated by induction of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and up-regulation of progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA. Chasteberry also stimulated PR expression, but no induction of AP activity was observed. In S30 breast cancer cells, pS2 (presenelin-2), another estrogen-inducible gene, was up-regulated in the presence of red clover, hops, and chasteberry. Interestingly, extracts of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) induced pS2 mRNA expression in S30 cells, but no significant ER binding affinity, AP induction, or PR expressio...
ASYMPTOTIC OBSERVERS FOR DISCRETE-TIME SWITCHED LINEAR SYSTEMS

Abstract An asymptotic observer design procedure is analyzed for discrete-time switched linear systems with exogenous, arbitrary and unknown mode sequences. The observer consists of two parts: a mode detector, and a continuous observer. It is shown that, under mild conditions, the proposed scheme results in a global asymptotic observer for almost all initial states.
Reflections on the New Historicism

In this essay, I describe my practice of historicism circa 1986 by setting it into a field of distinctions and affinities gathered from the annals of intellectual history, literary history, critical theory, and critical practice. Under “critical practice,” I set my own developing thought over the past two decades, the new resources on which it draws, and its overall shape as an immanent critique of commitments informing the ideas and methods of my earliest work. I offer this vantage on what was lacking in my historicism in order to bring out a double irony: one, that my critique of my work goes deeper than the many attacks on it, and, two, that in surpassing that practice of historicism, I see it realized and validated.
Bridge to heart transplantation with left ventricular assist device versus inotropic agents in status 1 patients.

Objective: Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are commonly used for critically ill patients awaiting heart transplantation, although their effect on long-term outcomes, relative to inotropic support alone, is still debated. Method: Data from Status 1 patients who underwent heart transplantation at our institution between 1990 and 2005 were reviewed (n = 180). They were divided into two groups: those who underwent LVAD implantation as a bridge to transplant (n = 31) and those treated with inotropic agents without the support of LVAD (n = 149). They were compared in terms of demographics and clinical outcome. Results: Both groups were similar in terms of patient and donor demographics. Relative to the inotrope group, the LVAD group did have a longer ischemic time (p = 0.032), a greater incidence of pretransplant transfusion (p < 0.00001), and a greater maximum level of pretransplant panel reactive antibodies (p < 0.001). Creatinine at listing significantly improved in LVAD patients awaiting transplantation (p < 0.0001). Comparisons of 5-year survival in addition to freedom from posttransplant infection, malignancy, revascularization, and acute rejection did not show significant difference between the two groups. The LVAD group did benefit from increased freedom from chronic rejection compared to the inotrope group (p = 0.049). Stepwise Cox Regression did not identify any independent factors affecting patient survival during the first 5 years after transplant. Conclusions: Status 1 patients successfully bridged to heart transplantation with LVADs had similar long-term clinical outcomes compared to those treated with inotropic agents.
An attempt to evaluate the influence of neighboring amino acids (n − 1) and (n + 1) on the backbone conformation of amino acid (n) in proteins. Use in predicting the three-dimensional structure of the polypeptide backbone of other proteins

From φ, ψ data on eleven proteins, a 20 × 20 × 20 Table of tripeptides has been computed to evaluate the influence of nearest neighbors (n − 1) and (n + 1) on the φ, ψ angles of amino acid (n). From this Table, having removed values for horse cytochrome c and using the sequences of 18 cytochromes c and the procedure of Kabat & Wu (1972), an attempt was made to select a set of φ, ψ angles for positions 2 to 103 of cytochrome c and compare them with the values obtained from the atomic co-ordinates. Agreement was good for 56, intermediate for 29 and poor for 17 residues. Eleven of the 17 with poor agreement were residues contacting the heme or adjacent to a contacting residue. Moreover, 6 of the 17 poor values were in regions of the φ, ψ plot for which no occurrences in the ten known proteins were reported, and for four others known values were minimal so that no basis for selection existed. Frequency distributions on the Ramachandran plot (Ramachandran & Sasisekharan, 1968) of all φ, ψ values in the eleven known proteins are given as well as a contour plot for such frequencies. The uses and limitations of the procedure are discussed and the need for obtaining accurate estimates of errors in experimentally determined φ, ψ angles is emphasised.
Inhibition of BALB/c‐3T3 cells in late G1: Commitment to DNA synthesis controlled by somatomedin C

Methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) (mGBG) blocked the stimulation of DNA synthesis in quiescent, density-inhibited BALB/c-3T3 cells treated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP). Competence formation produced by a transient exposure to PDGF was not effected by mGBG. In contrast, mGBG effectively inhibited the PPP-stimulated progression of competent cells through the G1 phase of the cell cycle, although maximal inhibition was observed when mGBG was present during both the exposure to PDGF- and PPP-supplemented media. When quiescent cells were treated with PDGF and PPP-supplemented media in the presence of mGBG for 12--18 hours and the mGBG was then removed, cells entered the S phase after a 4 hour lag. The rate of entry into the S phase, but not the time necessary for the cells to progress from the mGBG block into the S phase, was dependent on the concentration of PPP present after removal of the mGBG. Either somatomedin C or insulin, but not epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, or PDGF were able to substitute for PPP in allowing cells to enter the S phase after the cells were released from the mGBG block. A marked inhibition of (3H)-leucine incorporation in serum-stimulated cultures was produced at mGBG concentrations which caused no decrease in the amount of (3H)-uridine incorporated during a short (15 minute) pulse. The ability of hormones to allow cells to progress to the late G1 phase and become committed to DNA synthesis after a mGBG inhibition was not related to their ability to restore the normal rate of protein synthesis as determined by (3H)-leucine incorporation.
Cultured Bloom's syndrome substrains: A relationship between growth in low serum and the expression of double minute chromosomes

Four Bloom's syndrome fibroblast strains were examined for chromosome changes, immortalization, tumorigenicity, anchorage independent growth, and the ability to grow in low serum. Only one strain (GM 1492) exhibited some of these characteristics, which are generally associated with neoplastic cells. Strain GM 1492 also exhibited a low frequency of cells that contained double minute chromosomes. Substrains from GM 1492 were cloned, and showed that some of the above characteristics were expressed as a heritable trait. Karyotype instability (heteroploidy) was seen in all clones studied, with modal chromosome numbers ranging from near-diploid to near-tetraploid, as confirmed by DNA content distributions. Although no clones studied were tumorigenic in nude mice or immortalized, some showed an increased cellular proliferative capacity. Several clones were isolated after growth in 1% fetal bovine serum, and these all showed an increased expression of double minute chromosomes. Two of these 1% serum-isolated clones, (1492/clone 3-1% and clone 8-1%) were further studied by G-banding analysis, and found to show specific chromosomal anomalies. Clone 3 showed monosomy for chromosomes #4, #13, and #19, along with the absence of both copies of chromosome #7 but with both i(7p) and i(7q) chromosomes consistently seen. Clone 8 showed monosomy for chromosome #13. Preliminary experiments using DNA slot blots indicated that erb a and b, v-fes, v-mos, c-myc, n-myc, v-src, and v-sis showed no sequence amplification in GM 1492 cells or subclones.
The effects of stimulus sequence on event related potentials: A comparison of visual and auditory sequences

The effect of stimulus sequence on the waveform of the scalp-recorded event-related potential (ERP) was studied in the auditory and visual modalities. The results indicate that the sequential effects are qualitatively similar in the two modalities; however, an interaction appeared between the modalities and the stimulus effects. The degree of sequential effect was a function of whether or not the stimulus eliciting the ERP was the counted (target) event. This finding is discussed in terms of an expectancy model, and the interaction is attributed to variations in short-term memory for past events as a function of the level of processing required for each.
A tumor suppressor SIRTainty.

Sirtuin deacetylases are linked to longevity, aging, and stress responses. In this issue of Cancer Cell , Kim et al. show that SIRT3 functions as a tumor suppressor by enhancing the expression of mitochondrial MnSOD. Loss of SIRT3 leads to increased mitochondrial ROS, which then enhances cellular transformation and tumor growth.
Kindled seizures during a critical post-lesion period exert a lasting impact on behavioral recovery.

Abstract The present study was undertaken to assess the effects of amygdala kindling on behavioral recovery following unilateral frontal cortex damage in rats. Daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala began 48 h after lesion and continued until all animals had a single Stage 5 seizure. When amygdala kindled seizure activity ratable as Stage 0 occurred within the first 6 days after lesion, animals recovered from somatosensory asymmetries in approximately 3 weeks. In contrast, kindled animals that experienced Stage 1 seizure activity within the first 6 days after lesion failed to recover from somatosensory deficits in 4 months of testing. Differences in rate of recovery could not be accounted for by lesion size or placement. These data support the notion that not only is there a ‘critical period’ after brain damage during which the recovery process is vulnerable to seizure activity, but the type of kindled seizure that is experienced during that time ultimately determines how recovery is affected.
Evidence-based static branch prediction using machine learning

Correctly predicting the direction that branches will take is increasingly important in today's wide-issue computer architectures. The name program-based branch prediction is given to static branch prediction techniques that base their prediction on a program's structure. In this article, we investigate a new approach to program-based branch prediction that uses a body of existing programs to predict the branch behavior in a new program. We call this approach to program-based branch prediction evidence-based static prediction, or ESP. The main idea of ESP is that the behavior of a corpus of programs can be used to infer the behavior of new programs. In this article, we use neural networks and decision trees to map static features associated with each branch to a prediction that the branch will be taken. ESP shows significant advantages over other prediction mechanisms. Specifically, it is a program-based technique; it is effective across a range of programming languages and programming styles; and it does not rely on the use of expert-defined heuristics. In this article, we describe the application of ESP to the problem of static branch prediction and compare our results to existing program-based branch predictors. We also investigate the applicability of ESP across computer architectures, programming languages, compilers, and run-time systems. We provide results showing how sensitive ESP is to the number and type of static features and programs included in the ESP training sets, and we compare the efficacy of static branch prediction for subroutine libraries. Averaging over a body of 43 C and Fortran programs, ESP branch prediction results in a miss rate of 20%, as compared with the 25% miss rate obtained using the best existing program-based heuristics.
Computer‐aided interpretation of mass spectra. STIRS prediction of rings‐plus‐double‐bonds values

The number of rings-plus-double-bonds (R + DB) in an unknown molecule can be predicted from its mass spectrum using the ‘Self-Training Interpretive and Retrieval System’.2 The average R + DB value of the 15 compounds selected by the overall match-factor (highest MF11.0 values) predicts the R + DB value of the unknown within ±1 of the correct value for predictions between 0 and 4 in 87% of the cases, and within ±2 for predictions between 5 and 11 for 77% of the cases.
Rapid simple sample preparation technique for analyzing polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Abstract A rapid, simple and reproducible sample preparation technique has been developed for analyzing polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments. The PAHs are removed by ultrasonic extraction and isolated by solvent partition and silica gel column chromatography. The sulfur removal step, which is often necessary for gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of sediments, is combined into the ultrasonic extraction procedure. Identification of PAHs is carried out by GC alone and in conjunction with MS. Quantitation is achieved by addition of known amount of standard compounds using flame ionization and multiple ion detectors. Major PAHs in Charles River sediment have been analyzed.
The Determination of Catecholamines, Indoleamines, Metabolites, and Related Enzymatic Activities Using Three Micron Liquid Chromatography Columns

Abstract Liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection has become an established technique for the determination of catechol-amines, indoleamines, precursors, metabolites, and related enzymatic activities in tissues and fluids. Previously available instrumentation, however, has limited the number of individual species readily and simultaneously accessible with reasonable throughput to only a few. Determinations of other species required either extended amounts of time per individual chromatogram or the use of an entirely separate chromatographic setup employing different columns and eluting solvents. Using reversed-phase columns packed with 3 micron particles, we have been able to produce the separation of 16 different catecholamine and in-doleamine related species and two different internal standard compounds in 5 or 7 minutes. Samples may be analyzed directly after only homogenization, centrifugation, and clarification by filtration. No further purification steps are required. The enzymatic activ...
Reaction probability for sequential separatrix crossings.

The change of the crossing parameter (essentially the phase) between sequential slow separatrix crossings is calculated for Hamiltonian systems with one degree of freedom. Combined with the previous separatrix crossing analysis, these results reduce the dynamics of adiabatic systems with separatrices to a map. This map determines whether a trajectory leaving a given separatrix lobe is ultimately captured by the other lobe. Averaging these results over initial phase yields the reaction probability, which does not asymptote to the fully phase-mixed result even for arbitrarily long times between separatrix crossings.
Repeated Schistosoma japonicum infection following treatment in two cohorts: evidence for host susceptibility to helminthiasis?

Author(s): Carlton, Elizabeth J; Hubbard, Alan; Wang, Shuo; Spear, Robert C | Abstract: BackgroundIn light of multinational efforts to reduce helminthiasis, we evaluated whether there exist high-risk subpopulations for helminth infection. Such individuals are not only at risk of morbidity, but may be important parasite reservoirs and appropriate targets for disease control interventions.Methods/principal findingsWe followed two longitudinal cohorts in Sichuan, China to determine whether there exist persistent human reservoirs for the water-borne helminth, Schistosoma japonicum, in areas where treatment is ongoing. Participants were tested for S. japonicum infection at enrollment and two follow-up points. All infections were promptly treated with praziquantel. We estimated the ratio of the observed to expected proportion of the population with two consecutive infections at follow-up. The expected proportion was estimated using a prevalence-based model and, as highly exposed individuals may be most likely to be repeatedly infected, a second model that accounted for exposure using a data adaptive, machine learning algorithm. Using the prevalence-based model, there were 1.5 and 5.8 times more individuals with two consecutive infections than expected in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively (pl0.001 in both cohorts). When we accounted for exposure, the ratio was 1.3 (p = 0.013) and 2.1 (pl0.001) in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively.Conclusions/significanceWe found clustering of infections within a limited number of hosts that was not fully explained by host exposure. This suggests some hosts may be particularly susceptible to S. japonicum infection, or that uncured infections persist despite treatment. We propose an explanatory model that suggests that as cercarial exposure declines, so too does the size of the vulnerable subpopulation. In low-prevalence settings, interventions targeting individuals with a history of S. japonicum infection may efficiently advance disease control efforts.
Foam formation and stabilization

Destabilization of protein-stabilized food foams by some ingredients has been shown to be due to disruption of protein-protein interactions in the adsorbed protein layer. The structure of adsorbed protein layers at air/water interfaces has been elucidated by neutron reflectance. A new mechanism of thin film drainage at high protein concentration has been demonstrated. Drainage models have been developed to predict.syneresis and collapse of equilibrium foams.
Metal transcription factor-1 regulation via MREs in the transcribed regions of selenoprotein H and other metal-responsive genes

Selenoprotein H is a redox-sensing DNA binding protein that upregulates genes involved in antioxidant responses. Given the known links between oxidative stress and heavy metals, we investigated the potential for regulation of selenoprotein H by metals. In silico analysis of the selenoprotein H genes from nine species reveals multiple predicted metal response elements (MREs). To validate MRE function, we investigated the effects of zinc or cadmium addition and metal-responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) knockout on selenoprotein H mRNA levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to directly assess physical binding of the transcription factor to MREs in the human and mouse selenoprotein H genes. The results reported herein show that selenoprotein H is a newly identified target for MTF-1. Further, whereas nearly all prior studies of MREs focused on those located in promoters, we demonstrate binding of MTF-1 to MREs located downstream of the transcription start sites in the human and murine selenoprotein H genes. Finally, we identified MREs in downstream sequences in 15 additional MTF-1 regulated genes lacking promoter MREs, and demonstrated MTF-1 binding in three of these genes. This regulation via sequences downstream of promoters highlights a new direction for identifying previously unrecognized target genes for MTF-1.
Reuse-oriented camouflaging trojan: Vulnerability detection and attack construction

We introduce the reuse-oriented camouflaging trojan — a new threat to legitimate software binaries. To perform a malicious action, such a trojan identifies and reuses an existing function in a legal binary program instead of implementing the function itself. Furthermore, this trojan is stealthy in that the malicious invocation of a targeted function usually takes place in a location where it is legal to do so, closely mimicking a legal invocation. At the network level, the victim binary can still follow its communication protocol without exhibiting any anomalous behavior. Meanwhile, many close-source shareware binaries are rich in functions that can be maliciously “reused”, making them attractive targets of this type of attack. In this paper, we present a framework to determine if a given binary program is vulnerable to this attack and to construct a concrete trojan if so. Our experiments with a number of real-world software binaries demonstrate that the reuse-oriented camouflaging trojans are a real threat and vulnerabilities of this type in legal binaries can be effectively revealed and confirmed.
TWT phase noise reduction techniques

The traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) is widely utilized in RF amplification for radar transmitters. This application requires very low phase noise in order to distinguish a moving target from strongly reflected clutter. This paper provides better understanding of the phase noise behavior of a TWTA and discusses new methods to substantially suppress this noise.
Novel nonreciprocal materials based on magnetic photonic crystals

Magnetic photonic crystals are spatially periodic dielectric composites with at least one of the constitutive components being a magnetically polarized material. Magnetic polarization, either spontaneous or induced, is always associated with nonreciprocal circular birefringence (Faraday rotation), which can bring qualitatively new features to the electrodynamics of photonic crystals. If the geometry of the periodic array meets certain symmetry criterion, the electromagnetic properties of the composite appear similar to those of a hypothetical bianisotropic medium with gigantic linear magnetoelectric effect. In particular, such a photonic crystal can display sptrong spectral asymmetry, which implies that electromagnetic waves propagate from left to right significantly faster or slower than from right to left. The strong spectral asymmetry can result in the phenomenon of electromagnetic unidirectionality. A lossless unidirectional medium, being perfectly transmissive for electromagnetic wave of certain frequency, "freezes" the radiation of the same frequency propagating in the opposite direction. The frozen mode is a coherent Bloch wave with nearly zero group velocity and drastically enhanced amplitude. The phenomenon of electromagnetic unidirectionality is essentially nonreciprocal and unique to gyrotropic photonic crystals. Physical conditions for the phenomenon include (i) significant Faraday rotation in the magnetic component of the composite structure at the frequency range of interest and (ii) the proper spatial arangement of the constituents. Unidirectional photonic crystals can be very attractive for a variety of applications.
High-rate oxygen reduction in mixed nonaqueous electrolyte containing acetonitrile.

A mixed nonaqueous electrolyte that contains acetonitrile and propylene carbonate (PC) was found to be suitable for a LiO2 battery with a metallic Li anode. Both the concentration and diffusion coefficient for the dissolved O2 are significantly higher in the mixed electrolyte than those in the pure PC electrolyte. A powder microelectrode was used to investigate the O2 solubility and diffusion coefficient. A 10 mA?cm-2 discharge rate on a gas-diffusion electrode is demonstrated by using the mixed electrolyte in a LiO2 cell.
Rapid fabrication of diffractive optical elements by use of image-based excimer laser ablation

We describe a method of fabricating multilevel diffractive optics by excimer laser ablation. A portion of a chrome mask containing many patterns is illuminated by 193-nm laser light and imaged by an objective lens onto a poly(imide) substrate. Ablation of an entire single pattern is achieved in a single laser pulse. Multiple pulses are used to vary the ablation depth, and multiple patterns are used to create a variety of multilevel optics. We have successfully fabricated arrays of eight-level diffractive microlenses with varying focal lengths and decenters. The optics performed with diffraction-limited focusing and near-theoretical diffraction efficiency (92%).
The association between incisor trauma and occlusal characteristics in individuals 8-50 years of age.

– To explore the association between incisal trauma and occlusal characteristics using oral examination and health interview data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988–1994 (NHANES III). Incisal trauma examinations were performed on 15 364 individuals 6–50 years of age using an ordinal scale developed by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Occlusal examinations were performed on 13 057 individuals 8–50 years of age. We fitted separate multivariate logistic regression models for maxillary and mandibular incisor trauma adjusting for socio-demographic variables (age, gender, race-ethnicity) and occlusal characteristics (overbite, overjet, open bite). 23.45% of all individuals evidenced trauma on at least one incisor, with trauma more than four times more prevalent on maxillary (22.59%) than on mandibular incisors (4.78%). Males (OR = 1.67) had greater odds of trauma than females; Whites (OR = 1.37) and non-Hispanic Blacks (OR = 1.37) had greater odds of trauma than Mexican–Americans. The odds of trauma increased with age, peaked from age 21 to 30 (OR = 2.92), and declined. As overjet increased, so did the odds of trauma. Compared to individuals with ≤0-mm overjet, odds of trauma increased from 1–3 mm (OR = 1.42) to 4–6 mm (OR = 2.42) to 7–8 mm (OR = 3.24) to >8 mm (OR = 12.47). Trauma to incisors is prevalent but mostly limited to enamel. Trauma to maxillary incisors is associated with overjet, gender, race-ethnicity, and age, while trauma to mandibular incisors is associated with gender, age, and overbite.
INFLUENCE OF TRANSVERSE ACOUSTIC MODAL STRUCTURE ON THE FORCED RESPONSE OF A SWIRLING NOZZLE FLOW

This study describes continued investigations of the response of a swirling flow to transverse acoustic excitation. This work is motivated by transverse combustion instabilities in annular gas turbine engine architectures. This instability provides a spatially varying acoustic velocity disturbance field around the annulus, so that different nozzles encounter different acoustic disturbance fields. In this study, we simulate this effect by looking at a standing wave acoustic field where the nozzle is located at either a velocity anti-node, referred to as out-of-phase forcing, and a velocity node, referred to as in-phase forcing. The out-of-phase forcing condition provides an asymmetric forcing field about the center plane of the flow and excites an asymmetric response in the flow field; the in-phase forcing provides a symmetric forcing condition and results in symmetric flow response near the nozzzle. The symmetric versus asymmetric flow response was measured in two ways. First, in the r-x plane where axial and radial components of velocity are measured using high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV), a helical and ring vortex rollup of the shear layers is evident in the asymmetric and symmetric forcing condition, respectively. Additionally, the swirling motion of the jet is measured in the r-θ plane at two downstream locations and a spatial decomposition is used to calculate the strength of azimuthal modes in radial velocity fluctuations. At the forcing frequency, the m=0 mode is strongly excited at the nozzle exit with symmetric forcing, while asymmetric forcing results in a strong peak in the m=1 mode, or the first helical mode. The results in this plane of view are congruent with those in the r-x plane. Further downstream, however, the mode strengths change as the vorticity is religned and natural asymmetries of the swirling jet set in. Finally, the low frequency self-excited motion of the vortex core was measured and characterized in the unforced flow. It is composed of an m=-1 and m=-2 mode, and the physical interpretation of these mode numbers is highlighted. High amplitude acoustic forcing decreases the amplitude of oscillation of this structure in both the in-phase and out-ofphase forcing, but to varying degrees. NOMENCLATURE Am Counter-rotating mode amplitude Bm Co-rotating mode amplitude D, Dout
Increases in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) of the Breast in Relation to Mammography: A Dilemma

The increased use of screening mammography has resulted in a marked increase in detected cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast since the early 1980s. In 1993, there were an estimated 23,275 newly diagnosed cases of DCIS in the United States, of which 4,676 were in women aged 40-49. DCIS accounted for 14.7% of all newly diagnosed breast cancers in women aged 40-49 in 1993, and perhaps 40% of all mammographically detected breast cancers in this age group are DCIS. Among women aged 40-49, an estimated 1,890 mastectomies and 2,707 lumpectomies (with or without radiation) were performed for DCIS in 1993. There is an urgent need to better understand the relationship of mammographically detected DCIS to invasive and potentially life-threatening breast cancer. Better information about the appropriate treatment of DCIS is also needed to reduce the confusion and uncertainty many women and their physicians currently experience in the face of a DCIS diagnosis. For the present, women considering screening mammography should be told the likelihood of being diagnosed with DCIS and that only some DCIS cases may be clinically significant but almost all will be treated surgically.
The prokaryotic selenoproteome

In the genetic code, the UGA codon has a dual function as it encodes selenocysteine (Sec) and serves as a stop signal. However, only the translation terminator function is used in gene annotation programs, resulting in misannotation of selenoprotein genes. Here, we applied two independent bioinformatics approaches to characterize a selenoprotein set in prokaryotic genomes. One method searched for selenoprotein genes by identifying RNA stem–loop structures, selenocysteine insertion sequence elements; the second approach identified Sec/Cys pairs in homologous sequences. These analyses identified all or almost all selenoproteins in completely sequenced bacterial and archaeal genomes and provided a view on the distribution and composition of prokaryotic selenoproteomes. In addition, lineage-specific and core selenoproteins were detected, which provided insights into the mechanisms of selenoprotein evolution. Characterization of selenoproteomes allows interpretation of other UGA codons in completed genomes of prokaryotes as terminators, addressing the UGA dual-function problem.
Navigated guide tube for the placement of mini-open pedicle screws using stereotactic 3D navigation without the use of K-wires: Technical note

Object Three-dimensional spinal navigation increases screw accuracy, but its implementation in clinical practice has been difficult, mainly because of surgeons' concerns about increased operative times, disturbance of workflow, and safety. The authors present a custom-designed navigated guide that addresses some of these concerns by allowing for drilling, tapping, and placing the final screw via a minimally invasive approach without the need for K-wires. In this paper, the authors' goal was to describe the technical aspects of the navigated guide tube as well as pedicle screw accuracy. Methods The authors present the technical details of a navigated guide that allows drilling, tapping, and the placement of the final screw without the need for K-wires. The first 10 patients who received minimally invasive mini-open spinal pedicle screws are presented. The case series focuses on the immediate postoperative outcomes, pedicle screw accuracy, and pedicle screw–related complications. An independent board-certif...
Probabilistic fatigue life prediction of multidirectional composite laminates

A new damage accumulation model for fatigue life prediction of composite laminates is proposed in this study. The model is constructed on the ply level and uses a new multiaxial damage index to consider the damage caused by different stress components. The fatigue life is predicted based on the proposed model and experimental results of the unidirectional laminates. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data for balanced laminates. The predicted fatigue lives agree with the experimental observations very well. The methodology for probabilistic fatigue life prediction and reliability calculation is also presented.
Making connections: Service‐learning competencies and beginning teacher standards

Abstract Service learning is gaining recognition as a powerful tool to promote student learning in K‐12 and higher education classrooms. In an era of standards‐based assessment and accountability, pedagogical strategies must be aligned with a unified vision of effective teaching as defined by the standards. This article discusses the connection of service‐learning competencies to nationally recognized beginning teacher standards, such as Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium (INTASC). It also provides specific examples of strategies that various teacher education programs have used to infuse the pedagogy of service learning into courses while addressing the INTASC standards.
Picture this!: film assembly using toy gestures

We present Picture This! a new input device embedded in children's toys for video composition. It consists of a new form of interaction for children's capturing of storytelling with physical artifacts. It functions as a video and storytelling performance system in that children craft videos with and about character toys as the system analyzes their gestures and play patterns. Children's favorite props alternate between characters and cameramen in a film. As they play with the toys to act out a story, they conduct film assembly. We position our work as ubiquitous computing that supports children's tangible interaction with digital materials. During user testing, we observed children ages 4 to 10 playing with Picture This!. We assess to what extent gesture interaction with objects for video editing allows children to explore visual perspectives in storytelling. A new genre of Gesture Object Interfaces as exemplified by Picture This relies on the analysis of gestures coupled with objects to represent bits.
Superresolution and duality for time-reversal of waves in random media

We analyze the time reversal of waves in a turbulent medium using the parabolic Markovian model. We prove that for waves in a fractal medium with a sufficiently small Fresnel number the time reversal resolution can be a nonlinear (between linear and quadratic) function of the wavelength and independent of the aperture. We establish the duality between the forward propagation and time reversal. The duality holds true for any media and has two aspects: First there is an uncertainty inequality between the turbulence-induced wave spread and time-reversal resolution. The inequality becomes an equality when the wave structure function is Gaussian. Second, the turbulence-induced resolution in time reversal is identical to the turbulence-induced coherence length. As a consequence, the turbulence-induced aperture can be estimated by 2π times the forward spread, independent of the original aperture.
Project-based introduction to scientific computing for physics majors

This paper presents an overview of a project-based course in computing for physics majors using Python and the IPython Notebook that was developed at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. The course materials are made freely available on GitHub as a project under the Computing4Physics [C4P]
Variations in the anatomic relationship of the left renal vein to the left renal artery at the aorta

Anatomic textbook descriptions imply that there is little variability in the relationships of the left renal vein, abdominal aorta, and left renal artery. However, previous studies of the renal pedicle have documented a significant amount of variability in the anatomy of the left renal vein, calling the consistency of the regional anatomy into question. To determine the validity of using the left renal vein as an anatomic landmark, the renal vessels of 57 postmortem subjects were examined. Seven subjects with anomalies or pathology which distorted the regional anatomy were excluded from the study group. In the remaining 50 subjects, the relationship of the left renal vein to the origin of the left renal artery was determined. The left renal artery was directly beneath the left renal vein in 52%, below (caudal to) the corresponding vein in 14%, and above (craniad to) the corresponding vein in 34%. The mean distance between the midpoint of the origin of the left renal artery and the cephalad margin of the left renal vein was 3.1 mm (P = 0.034). These data validate the assumption that the left renal vein is a reliable anatomic landmark for locating the left renal artery and juxtarenal aorta in cases where anomalous vascular anatomy or previous retroperitoneal dissection are not present.
The generative dance in pursuit of generative knowledge

This paper describes how a group working around the emotionally-charged topic of cultural and linguistic appropriateness created new knowledge about practice, and in particular practice about keeping a knowledge problem constantly open for inquiry. The group's work focused on the creation of a database of materials to support and educate practitioners in their field. Interviews with 23 participants revealed that key to their success was learning and growth in understanding the importance of opening up discussion on what "appropriateness" meant to group members, assumptions about appropriateness, and how to approach appropriateness on the way to deciding what to include in the database. Moreover, the group learned how to discuss and move forward a project based in the discussion of "hotly contested" areas in the face of "passionately held" beliefs. Cook and Brown's (1999) view that new knowledge arises from a generative dance between what knowledge is possessed by the individual and what is inextricably linked to practice, resonated with the kind of interaction and problem solving we found in this group. We adopt their perspective to interpret our data and further appropriate their terminology when we refer to and identify generative knowledge: an epistemically productive kind of knowledge predicated on constant openness, and characterized by repeated evaluation and interpretation of a problem.
Teaching Social Communication to Young Children with Severe Disabilities

The ability to communicate in conventional ways is an essential component of any social endeavor. To convey strategies and considerations for establishing initial communication repertoires in young...
A highly-tunable 12 GHz quadrature LC-VCO in SiGe BiCMOS process

This paper describes a 12 GHz fully-integrated, fully-differential quadrature LC VCO. Fabricated in a 0.35 /spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS process with 55 GHz f/sub T/, the oscillator achieves 37% tuning range (9.62 to 14.0 GHz) and exhibits 113.5 and -112.3 dBc/Hz phase noise at 10 MHz away from 11 and 13 GHz oscillation frequencies, respectively. The oscillator draws 39 mA current from a 3.3 V supply and occupies 0.36 mm/sup 2/ active die area.
Atmospheric pressure laser desorption/chemical ionization mass spectrometry: a new ionization method based on existing themes.

We have designed and constructed an atmospheric pressure laser desorption/chemical ionization (AP-LD/CI) source that utilizes a laser pulse to desorb intact neutral molecules, followed by chemical ionization via reagent ions produced by a corona discharge. This source employs a heated capillary atmospheric pressure inlet coupled to a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer and allows sampling under normal ambient air conditions. Preliminary results demonstrate that this technique provides approximately 150-fold increase in analyte ions compared to the ion population generated by atmospheric pressure infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP-IR-MALDI).
PREDICTION OF PARTICLE SIZE EFFECTS ON LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY PERFORMANCE BY MULTILAYER MODEL

The effect of adsorbent particle size distribution on chromatography performance is examined using a multilayer model. This model can take into account the dependence of related parameters on particle size, and provide quantitative information about the significance of considering particle size distribution. A novel fast Fourier transform technique is utilized in this study to solve the multilayer model problem.
Learning the Semantics in Image Retrieval - A Natural Language Processing Approach

Learning the semantics of image retrieval using both text and visual information is a challenging research issue in content-based image retrieval systems. In this paper, we present a statistical natural language processing model for image retrieval, which integrates semantic information provided by WordNet, an online lexical reference system, and low-level visual features. In our system, the semantic hierarchy of word senses from WordNet is used to strengthen the association between images and the textual description of a concept. A statistical keyword selection algorithm is followed to choose the most representative keywords to annotate those images of the concept. We test our model on a landscape image database with 10 different concepts. Our experimental results show that our approach could greatly improve the retrieval accuracy. The results also demonstrate the high potential of our approach in building ontologies of image databases.
Enface Thickness Mapping and Reflectance Imaging of Retinal Layers in Diabetic Retinopathy.

Purpose To present a method for image segmentation and generation of enface thickness maps and reflectance images of retinal layers in healthy and diabetic retinopathy (DR) subjects. Methods High density spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) images were acquired in 10 healthy and 4 DR subjects. Customized image analysis software identified 5 retinal cell layer interfaces and generated thickness maps and reflectance images of the total retina (TR), inner retina (IR), outer retina (OR), and the inner segment ellipsoid (ISe) band. Thickness maps in DR subjects were compared to those of healthy subjects by generating deviation maps which displayed retinal locations with thickness below, within, and above the normal 95% confidence interval. Results In healthy subjects, TR and IR thickness maps displayed the foveal depression and increased thickness in the parafoveal region. OR and ISe thickness maps showed increased thickness at the fovea, consistent with normal retinal anatomy. In DR subjects, thickening and thinning in localized regions were demonstrated on TR, IR, OR, and ISe thickness maps, corresponding to retinal edema and atrophy, respectively. TR and OR reflectance images showed reduced reflectivity in regions of increased thickness. Hard exudates appeared as hyper-reflective spots in IR reflectance images and casted shadows on the deeper OR and ISe reflectance images. The ISe reflectance image clearly showed the presence of focal laser scars. Conclusions Enface thickness mapping and reflectance imaging of retinal layers is a potentially useful method for quantifying the spatial and axial extent of pathologies due to DR.
Derocher, A. E., and W. Lynch. 2012. Polar Bears: A Complete Guide to Their Biology and Behavior. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 264 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0305-2, price (hardbound), $39.95.

A. E. Derocher, W. Lynch. 2012. Polar Bears: A Complete Guide to Their Biology and Behavior. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 264 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0305-2, price (hardbound), $39.95. When I 1st became interested in mammals at about the age of 8, my neighbor Gordon True—a botanist at California Academy of Sciences—had a book on his desk by Karl Kenyon (1953), The Seals, Sea-Lions, and Sea Otter of the Pacific Coast . I read through it as best I could and was transformed. A few years later I read it again, adding (Kenyon 1969) The Sea Otter in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and Victor Scheffer's (1972) The Year of the Seal and later The Year of the Whale (Scheffer 1984). I was fascinated by the interplay between these animals and a major predator of theirs, the polar bear. During the early 1970s many books appeared by naturalists and ecologists that not only documented important natural history stories, but also told of how humans had affected the lives of other animals and entire biomes. Greenpeace hit the high seas and cruised into the Arctic bringing untold stories of slaughter of marine mammals, especially whales. As more and more books hit the shelves, new chapters appeared on “human interactions,” and “threats,” and “will they survive?” We sometimes forget—as even the 1% start to admit that climate change is a problem—that there are many stories still to tell. In fact, there are many stories yet to be discovered, especially by seasoned, trained observers such as those documented in Polar Bears: A Complete Guide to Their Biology and Behavior by authors Andrew Derocher and Wayne Lynch. And the story told in text (Derocher) and photographs (Lynch) is one that Scheffer and Kenyon would have likely loved to have seen and read. A more proximate reason this book attracted my attention was its beautiful design, rich color of the photographs, and seemingly broad (not necessarily deep) treatment of polar bear biology. There are … *Correspondent: wgannon{at}unm.edu