cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multidimensional simulation of PFAS transport and leaching in the vadose zone: Impact of surfactant-induced flow and subsurface heterogeneities

Abstract PFAS are emergent contaminants of which the fate and transport in the environment remain poorly understood. As surfactants, adsorption at air–water and solid–water interfaces in soils complicates the retention and leaching of PFAS in the vadose zone. Recent modeling studies accounting for the PFAS-specific nonlinear adsorption processes predicted that the majority of long-chain PFAS remain in the shallow vadose zone decades after contamination ceases—in agreement with many field measurements. However, some field investigations show that long-chain PFAS have migrated to tens to a hundred meters below ground surface. These discrepancies may be attributed to model simplifications such as a one-dimensional (1D) homogeneous representation of the vadose zone. Another potentially critical process that has not been fully examined by the 1D models is how surfactant-induced flow (SIF) influences PFAS leaching in multidimensions. We develop a new three-dimensional model incorporating the PFAS-specific flow and transport processes to quantify the impact of SIF and subsurface heterogeneities. Our simulations and analyses conclude that 1) SIF has a minimal impact on the long-term leaching of PFAS in the vadose zone, 2) preferential flow pathways generated by subsurface heterogeneities lead to early arrival and accelerated leaching of (especially long-chain) PFAS, 3) the acceleration of PFAS leaching in high water-content preferential pathways or perched water above capillary barriers is more prominent than conventional contaminants due to the destruction of air–water interfaces, and 4) subsurface heterogeneities are among the primary sources of uncertainty for predicting PFAS leaching and retention in the vadose zone.
Capitalismo en el Cono Sur de América Latina luego del final del Consenso de Washington: ¿notas sin partitura? *

This article analyzes the main challengesthe Southern Cone has in terms of development.Under the umbrella of thevarieties of capitalism literature, thedocume...
Power and Profit: Engineering in the Envelope

A convergence of opportunities and concerns has driven consumer and industrial buying behavior to put increasing value on electronic systems which offer significantly differentiated capabilities in the area of Power Effectiveness. As a direct result of this, engineering teams from Systems through Material Science have been motivated to drive the development of new capabilities that allow effective design of complex, power optimized systems. This keynote will explore the challenges and possible solutions for Engineering in the Envelope of these power optimized systems.
Which Interest Rate Should We Use In The Is Curve

Do interest rates effect investment and the GDP? If so, which ones, and by how much? Research on this topic over 5 decades has produced conflicting results. Yet, this question is of critical importance to the viability of Keynesian macroeconomics. This paper attempts to explain why results have been conflicting. It also attempts to determine with some finality which rate(s), if any, are related to GDP through the standard Keynesian mechanism: the IS curve. The paper tests exhaustively (1) a variety of real and nominal rates, (2) different hypotheses about how businesses calculate “real” interest rates (3) how the number of lags used affects results, (4) whether small sample size inherent in annual time series data adversely affects results, and (5) whether lack of hetroskedasticity and autocorrelation controls in earlier studies influenced their findings. This paper concludes only the real prime or Federal funds rates, lagged two years and the nominal current mortgage rate are significantly related to variation in the GDP, and running the prime rate alone picks up most of the variation in both. The prime rate was found to be twice as important as the mortgage rate. It also finds relatively small size (40 observation) annual data sets do not lead to problems achieving statistical significance, at least in simple IS curve models. It also finds that post - 1980 White and Newey - West correction methods for hetroskedasticity make it far more likely that any of a wide variety of interest rates and lags will be found statistically significant than was the case in earlier studies, but that correcting for multicollinearity between rates again leaves only the real prime and Federal funds rate lagged two periods and perhaps the current nominal mortgage rate significant. The effect of changes in the prime rate and mortgage rates on the GDP, though systematic, appears to be small, implying the IS curve may be nearly vertical and the Fed’s interest rate policy of little significance unless rate changes are draconian. We estimate that even a five percentage - point change in the real Federal funds and prime rates changes GDP only 2.4%, and employment only 1.2% maximally (using Okun’s law). Other findings were that nominal interest rates deflated by adaptive expectations models of inflation using the past two year’s inflation seem to best describe how businesses calculate real rates. Rational expectations models were least successful. Other rates examined include the ten year treasury rate, the Aaa and Baa corporate rates. They were seldom found statistically significant, but the mortgage rate’s estimated marginal effect seems to also capture these rates’ effect on the economy.
Atomic H interaction with the γ-U (100) surface

Theoretical analysis of the adsorption of a H atom on the (100) surface of bcc γ-U represented by a 5 layer slab indicates an exothermic reaction with the bridge site as the preferred site with a chemisorption energy of 3.80 eV at the relativistic level of theory with spin–orbit coupling (SOC) included. The ground state magnetic configuration of the UH system is found to be nonmagnetic, in agreement with experimental results for UH3. The change in work function of the slab with the addition of the H atom is at a maximum when the adatom is bound to the top site and is 0.61 eV. H bound to the lattice in interstitial regions was also found to be exothermic in nature with the interstitial bridge site being the most stable at 2.13 eV at the nonmagnetic state with SOC included. Two potential wells were found under the surface. The first with a barrier of 0.41 eV and the second with a barrier of 0.71 eV indicating preferred H bonding with the γ-U surface and an aversion to further diffusion into the bulk.
Study of Stresses and Plasticity in Through-Silicon Via Structures for 3D Interconnects by X-Ray Micro-Beam Diffraction

X-ray microbeam diffraction measurements were conducted for copper (Cu) through-silicon via (TSV) structures. This technique has the unique capability to measure stress and deformation in Cu and in silicon with submicron resolution, which enables direct observation of the local plasticity in Cu and the deformation induced by thermal stresses in TSV structures. Grain growth in Cu vias was found to play an important role in controlling the stress relaxation during thermal cycling and, thus, the residual stress and plasticity in the TSV structure. The implication of the local plasticity on TSV reliability is discussed based on the results from this study and finite element analysis.
Two Ages of Waterfront Labour

THERE ARE TWO crucial watersheds in the modem history of waterfront labour (1) the successful struggle, beginning with the Pacific Coast revolts of the 1930s, to set-up union-dominated hiring halls; and (2) the technological revolution in cargo handling and ship design associated with the introduction of containers in the 1960s and 70s. Bruce Nelson's historical treatment of waterfront labour focuses on the first of these watersheds, with particular emphasis on the interactions between seamen and longshoremen during the "syndicalist renaissance'' of the late 1930s. William Finlay's sociological study is concerned with the effects of the second watershed—the technological revolution in cargo handling—on skill levels, job control and status hierarchies within die longshore labour process. A good sense of the dramatically different emphases of these books can be derived by comparing their dustjackets. The cover of the Nelson study shows a photograph of a march by picketing San Francisco longshoremen, during the first week of die legendary 1934 strike. Overlaid on this are photographs of two former "Aussies" who had a large impact on the US waterfront struggles of the 1930s: Harry Bridges, who was to become the dominant figure in the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU), and Harry Hynes, a rankand-file leader of the Communist-led Marine Workers Industrial Union (MWIU)
Malignancy of the small bowel simulating regional enteritis

Summary 1.Six case reports of malignancy complicating regional enteritis have been found and a possible seventh case has been described. 2.In the present case it is felt that the diagnosis of carcinoid tumor without regional enteritis is most compatible with the patient's clinical and pathologic findings.
A Cointegration Analysis of the Correlates of Performance in Franchised Channels

Not much is known about the primary drivers of performance in franchising systems. With some notable exceptions, much of the franchising literature on performance related issues has focused on either contrasting failure rates of independent small businesses and entrepreneurs with those of franchises and/or system survival issues. The existing literature on franchising performance displays at least three other characteristic patterns. First, most studies have restricted themselves to a single sector, usually, the fast food restaurant industry, since it is often perceived and portrayed as the archetypical franchise sector. Second, existing investigations have tended to focus on a single measure of performance. Finally, with the exception of survival articles, empirical studies have typically confined themselves to cross-sectional examination of the evidence. In other words, we know very little about what fosters long term performance.
A Presentation and Comparison of Two Large Deformation Viscoelasticity Models

In this paper we present a theory of finite deformation viscoelasticity. The presentation is not restricted to small perturbations from the elastic equilibrium in contrast to many viscoelasticity theories. The fundamental hypothesis of our model is the multiplicative viscoelastic decomposition of Sidoroff (1974). This hypothesis is combined with the assumption of a viscoelastic potential to give a model that is formally similar to finite associative elasto-plasticity. Examples are given to compare the present proposal to an alternative formulation in the literature for the cases of uniaxial plane strain relaxation and creep.
Differential Regulation of Membrane Guanylyl Cyclases in Congestive Heart Failure: Natriuretic Peptide Receptor (NPR)-B, Not NPR-A, Is the Predominant Natriuretic Peptide Receptor in the Failing Heart

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) bind natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)-A and decrease blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy by elevating cGMP concentrations. Physiological responses to ANP and BNP are diminished in congestive heart failure (CHF) by an unknown mechanism. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) binding to NPR-B decreases cardiac hypertrophy, but the effect of CHF on NPR-B is unknown. Here, we measured ANP/NPR-A-dependent and CNP/NPR-B-dependent guanylyl cyclase activities in membranes from failing and nonfailing hearts. Transaortic banding of mice resulted in marked CHF as indicated by increased heart/body weight ratios, increased left ventricular diameters, and decreased ejection fractions. In nonfailed hearts, saturating ANP concentrations increased particulate guanylyl cyclase activity almost 10-fold, whereas saturating CNP concentrations increased activity 6.9-fold, or to about 70% of the ANP response. In contrast, in failed heart preparations, CNP elicited twice as much activity as ANP due to dramatic reductions in NPR-A activity without changes in NPR-B activity. For the first time, these data indicate that NPR-B activity represents a significant and previously unappreciated portion of the natriuretic peptide-dependent guanylyl cyclase activity in the normal heart and that NPR-B accounts for the majority of the natriuretic peptide-dependent activity in the failed heart. Based on these findings, we suggest that drugs that target both NPRs may be more beneficial than drugs like nesiritide (Natrecor) that target NPR-A alone.
Heterosexual anal intercourse among Black and Latino adolescents and young adults: a poorly understood high-risk behavior.

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the context of heterosexual anal intercourse (HAI) among adolescents. Black and Latino youth were recruited at an urban college and an inner-city adolescent clinic. Participants completed a sexual behavioral questionnaire and the Sexual Relationship Power Scale (SRPS). A total of 61 young people, all of whom were sexually experienced, completed the survey (53 females; 8 males). Of these respondents, 20% reported engaging in HAI (N = 12), and 50% reported HAI refusal. The Relationship Control subscale scores of the SRPS were significantly inversely correlated with a history of HAI. Those who reported HAI or HAI refusal were invited to participate in an interview; 15 participants were interviewed. Most women found HAI distasteful, though some enjoyed it and instigated it. Most participants did not associate HAI with HIV-infection risk, and few used condoms. Some reported no longer using condoms for vaginal or oral intercourse after not using co...
X/Y translocations resulting from recombination between homologous sequences on Xp and Yq.

Abstract Several regions of sequence homology between the human X and Y chromosomes have been identified. These segments are thought to represent areas of these chromosomes that have engaged in meiotic recombination in relatively recent evolutionary times. Normally, the X and Y chromosomes pair during meiosis and exchange DNA only within the pseudoautosomal region at the distal short arms of both chromosomes. However, it has been suggested that aberrant recombination involving other segments of high homology could be responsible for the production of X/Y translocations. We have studied four X/Y translocation patients using molecular probes detecting homologous sequences on X and Y chromosomes. In one translocation the breakpoints have been isolated and sequenced. The mapping data are consistent with the hypothesis that X/Y translocations arise by homologous recombination. The sequencing data from one translocation demonstrate this directly.
Inhaled nitric oxide selectively dilates pulmonary vasculature in adult patients with pulmonary hypertension, irrespective of etiology.

Abstract OBJECTIVES We sought to compare the responses of patients with pulmonary hypertension from primary and secondary causes (PPH and SPH, respectively) to inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension can lead to right ventricular pressure overload and failure. Although vasodilators are effective as therapy in patients with PPH, less is known about their role in adults with SPH. Inhaled nitric oxide can accurately predict the response to other vasodilators in PPH and could be similarly utilized in SPH. METHODS Forty-two patients (26 to 77 years old) with pulmonary hypertension during cardiac catheterization received iNO. Demographic and hemodynamic data were collected. Their response to iNO was defined by a decrease of ≥20% in mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure or pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). RESULTS Mean PA pressures and PVR were lower during nitric oxide (NO) inhalation in all patients with pulmonary hypertension. Seventy-eight percent of patients with PPH and 83% of patients with SPH were responders to iNO. A trend was seen toward a greater response with larger doses of NO in patients with SPH. Nitric oxide was a more sensitive predictor of response (79%), compared with inhaled oxygen (64%), and was well tolerated, with no evidence of systemic effects. Elevation in right ventricular end-diastolic pressure appeared to predict poor vasodilatory response to iNO. CONCLUSIONS Nitric oxide is a safe and effective screening agent for pulmonary vasoreactivity. Regardless of etiology of pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vasoreactivity is frequently demonstrated with the use of NO. Right ventricular diastolic dysfunction may predict a poor vasodilator response.
The Skin Friction and Heat Transfer in a Laminar Plane Wall Jet That Evolves From a Uniform Velocity to Its Self-Similar Behavior

The plane, steady, laminar wall jet with a uniform velocity and temperature profiles at the jet exit is numerically investigated using a two-dimensional finite volume approach for a variety of Reynolds numbers and Prandtl number of 0.712 and 7. Between the jet exit and the downstream self-similar behavior, the flow exhibits a developing region that is not self-similar. The location of the dimensionless virtual origin is carefully investigated and expressed as a function of Reynolds number. The local skin friction coefficient is observed to converge to the analytical self-similar solution at downstream locations. Since no analytical solution exists for the temperature field in either the developing or self-similar regions of this problem, the thermal solution is investigated for both isothermal and isoflux boundary conditions at the wall. The local and overall skin friction coefficients, in addition to the local and overall Nusselt numbers, are reported as a function of Reynolds number, Prandtl number and the dimensionless location downstream of the jet exit.© 2005 ASME
Sonographic evaluation of a leiomyoma of the broad ligament of the uterus.

Leiomyomas of the uterus generally have a characteristic ultrasound appearance. We present a case of leiomyoma of the broad ligament of the uterus. A 46-year-old woman who had previously undergone a hysterectomy had a pelvic mass with a whorled appearance and acoustic shadowing suggestive of a leiomyoma on sonography. Based on the sonographic appearance, a preoperative diagnosis of a leiomyoma was made despite the unusual location. Histologic examination of the excised mass revealed leiomyoma originating from the broad ligament.
Large Rectangular Vacuum Windows

A combination of dacron sail cloth and mylar film is used for large vacuum windows in secondary beams at the Bevatron. The dacron cloth provides the structural strength and the mylar film provides the gas barrier. Windows of this type have three principal advantages over plain mylar of equivalent strength: 1. Safer, will not catastrophically fail; 2. Forms square corners; 3. Less dense. This paper discusses the development, testing, and fabrication techniques of several such windows in use.
A characterization of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function during and after human cardiac arrest.

OBJECTIVE This study characterizes hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function during cardiopulmonary arrest and after return of spontaneous circulation. DESIGN Prospective case series. SETTING A large urban emergency department and intensive care unit over an 8-month period. PATIENTS Two hundred five adult patients presenting in cardiopulmonary arrest to an urban emergency department. Three patients known to be taking corticosteroids were excluded from the study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Cortisol concentrations were measured before and after advanced cardiac life support and for five consecutive hours after return of spontaneous circulation. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations were measured before advanced cardiac life support and when the cosyntropin stimulation tests were performed 6 and 24 hrs after the return of spontaneous circulation. The mean initial serum cortisol concentration was 32.0 +/- 33.1 micrograms/dL (882.9 +/- 913.2 nmol/L). Fifty-three percent of patients had cortisol concentrations of 10 micrograms/dL (> 276 nmol/L) and 73% of patients had initial cortisol concentrations of > 20 micrograms/dL (> 552 nmol/L). Mean serum cortisol concentrations increased significantly (p = .0001) from 1 to 6 hrs after return of spontaneous circulation and decreased significantly (p = .03) from 6 to 24 hrs. A serum cortisol concentration of < 30 micrograms/dL (< 828 nmol/L) was associated with a 96% and 100% mortality rate at 6 and 24 hrs, respectively. Mean ACTH concentrations were increased without a significant difference between the initial and 6-hr concentrations. Mean ACTH concentrations decreased between 6 and 24 hrs (p = .06). There were no significant responses to the cosyntropin stimulation at 6 and 24 hrs. CONCLUSIONS Cortisol concentrations after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are lower than those concentrations reported in other stress states. There is an association between cortisol concentrations and short-term survival after cardiac arrest. Survivors have a significantly greater increase in serum cortisol concentrations than nonsurvivors during the first 24 hrs. Lower than expected cortisol concentrations for the extreme stress of cardiac arrest may have pathologic significance in the hemodynamic instability seen after return of spontaneous circulation. The etiology of the low cortisol concentrations may be primary adrenal dysfunction.
Echocardiographic imaging techniques with subcostal and right parasternal longitudinal views in detecting sinus venosus atrial septal defects

Sinus venosus atrial septal defects are frequently missed and difficult to visualize with conventional two-dimensional echocardiographic views. Using modified subcostal and right parasternal longitudinal views, nine patients were found to have a sinus venosus atrial septal defect. The modified subcostal view showed a sinus venosus atrial septal defect in all nine patients; three patients had secundum atrial septal defects as well. The right parasternal view detected only six patients with sinus venosus atrial septal defect. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return was diagnosed in seven patients using these views. The combination of subcostal and right parasternal longitudinal imaging views will improve the detection of sinus venosus atrial septal defects.
Forecast sufficiency characteristic: Construction and application

Abstract The binary relation of sufficiency induces a quasi order among alternative forecast systems, consistent with their order in terms of economic values, yet independent of the prior distribution and the loss function. This invariance across decision problems makes the sufficiency relation an attractive tool for comparing forecasts serving multiple users. The existence of the sufficiency relation between discrete probabilistic forecasts of binary events may be verified graphically by plotting Forecast Sufficiency Characteristics (FSC). The article presents a general algorithm for constructing FSC and illustrates the concept with an application to real meteorologic forecasts.
Sprites and possible mesospheric effects

Images of sprites have been recorded at 1 ms resolution revealing several new sprite properties. Sprites appear to occur in a highly structured mesosphere, and we suggest that the cause of some of this structure is the sprite activity itself. Evidence is seen in events where a subsequent nearby sprite appears to re-activate the volume of a previous sprite, in sprites where tendrils and branches develop away from the normally observed vertical direction, and in beads that lasts much longer that the parent sprite. Sprites can be large with horizontal widths of more than 40 km and can extend from the clouds up to the lower ionosphere thus affecting a large volume of the atmosphere. The total horizontal area of sprites during one storm over Nebraska was a significant fraction of the area covered by the associated thunderstorm raising the possibility of larger scale measurable mesospheric effects.
Effects of turbulence-induced anisoplanatism on the imaging performance of adaptive-astronomical telescopes using laser guide stars

The laser power requirement for an adaptive-astronomical telescope using laser guide stars is determined largely by the effects of turbulence-induced anisoplanatism. Owing to the relatively low altitude of laser guide stars and the small size of the isoplanatic angle at visible wavelengths, multiple guide stars are required for correcting large telescope apertures. The laser power requirements are proportional to the required number of guide stars. Using an analysis technique that takes into account the realistic characteristics of the wave-front sensor and deformable mirror, as well as the spherical nature of the wave front from the laser guide star, we present computational results that show how the imaging performance of a laser-guided adaptive telescope varies as a function of the number and height of the guide stars. The results are presented as a function of the isoplanatic angle θIP as defined by Fried [ J. Opt. Soc. Am.72, 52 ( 1982)]. A new parameter, the characteristic diameter of the largest telescope requiring a single guide star, is also introduced. This parameter is designated DIP and is related to the height of the guided star zg and the isoplanatic angle θIP by DIP = 2zgθIP. The effects of anisoplanatism on the design of a 2-m-diameter adaptive telescope using laser guide stars created in the mesospheric Na layer is considered. Using a Hufnagel Cn2 model, an isoplanatic angle of θIP = 1.64 arcsec (calculated for a value of ro = 20 cm), and zg = 92 km (the nominal height of the mesospheric Na layer), we find that three Na guide stars are required in order to achieve a rms wave-front error of approximately λ/10 across the telescope aperture.
The effect of acid treatments on subsequent reactivity of carbon-carbon composites

Abstract An approach to improve oxidation behavior of carbon-carbon composites subjected to high temperature oxidation environments is required in many industrial applications. This article addresses the relationship of reactivity to composite structure and describes new approaches to inhibiting the gasification of carbon-carbon composites in air. Postgraphitization treatments of the carbon-carbon composites were carried out using various acids. Acid treatments were used in an attempt to remove impurities and provide inhibitors to the gasification reactions. Measurements of the rate of oxidation for the untreated and treated composites in air are reported. Enhanced oxidation resistance has been observed in samples treated by several different methods.
The enzymes in cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism in human corpora lutea : dependence on luteal phase, cellular and subcellular distribution

Eicosanoids synthesized within corpus luteum are presumed to regulate luteal function in women. However, the potential cellular source(s) of the eicosanoids, whether small and large luteal cells differ in eicosanoid synthesis and whether eicosanoids other than prostaglandin (PG)E2, PGF2 alpha and 6-keto-PGI1 alpha can be synthesized, have not been investigated. The present immunocytochemical studies were undertaken to answer these questions using mono and polyclonal antibodies to several enzymes in arachidonic acid metabolism by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. Human corpora lutea from early (n = 5), mid (n = 6) and late (n = 3) luteal phases were specifically immunostained for all the enzymes. All the enzymes were present in small and large luteal cells as well as in non luteal cells. However, small luteal cells contained more immunoreactive 5-lipoxygenase, PGD2 and PGF2 alpha synthases; large luteal cells contained more TXA2 synthase and 12-lipoxygenase; small and large luteal cells contained similar amounts of cyclooxygenase and PGI2 synthase. In all the cells, immunoreactive PGD2, PGI2 and TXA2 synthases increased from early to mid luteal phase and then declined in late luteal phase. Cyclooxygenase, 5- and 12-lipoxygenases and PGF2 alpha synthase, on the other hand, increased from early to mid and mid to late luteal phases. Immunoreactive cyclooxygenase and 5- and 12-lipoxygenases were present primarily in rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and/or smooth ER and cytoplasm. Quite unexpectedly, all three enzymes were also found in nuclear membranes, condensed chromatin and especially at the perimeter of condensed chromatin. Dispersed chromatin contained very little or no immunoreactive enzyme. These results indicate that regulation of human luteal function by eicosanoids synthesized within the corpus luteum is complex involving perhaps a) small and large luteal as well as non luteal cells, b) eicosanoids which have not been previously considered to play a role in luteal function and c) coordinate regulation of more than one enzyme in the pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism.
Production Rate, Population Density, and Drift of a Stream Invertebrate

Production rates of the stream mayfly, Baetis vagans McDunnough (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), were estimated by two different methods, compared, and related to population density and drift rate. In the year of study, this mayfly had two summer generations and one winter generation. The two production rate methods yielded estimates of 9.1 and 12.6 g/m2 year as the sum of the three generations, although both estimates were minimal. Production rates for the summer generations were higher than for the winter generation, although winter production was still at a significant level. The summer generations drifted in large quantities, up to about 22 g/day, but the winter generation appeared to drift little, if any, until near the end of the generation in early spring. The relation between annual production rate and mean population density, or turnover ratio, was 9.7, or 3.2 times the number of generations. See full-text article at JSTOR
Rates of formation of modern phosphorite off western Mexico

Abstract Phosphorite deposition represents a significant but poorly constrained sink in the marine P cycle. This study establishes conclusively that phosphorite forms today throughout a widespread region along the upper continental slope off southern Baja California, Mexico. In this region, O2-depleted (5–50 μM) bottomwater overlies the seafloor, and a narrow range of suboxic to anoxic redox conditions prevail in the modern (0–18,000 yr old), near-surface (0–50 cm), organic-C-rich (2–10 wt%) sediment. Interstitial gradients of total alkalinity (TA) and inferred effects of organic-matter decay correlate directly with sedimentation rates calculated from 14C dating. Other porewater and solid-phase data indicate that francolite currently precipitates authigenically at each of five study sites. Moderately high concentrations (20–100 μM) of dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) produced in the upper 5 cm of sediment sustain francolite growth at slightly greater depths, while the necessary F− diffuses into the sediment from above. Neither organic-matter decay nor fish-bone dissolution seem capable of producing the steep, near-surface gradients of DIP measured in this study. At some sites, DIP production coincides spatially with the reversible production of dissolved Fe2+, but thorough evaluation of the possible link between these processes requires further study. The mechanism responsible for the near-surface enrichment of interstitial DIP thus remains unidentified. Box cores from each site contain an unreworked sequence of up to six thin (1–3 cm), discrete, francolite-rich horizons, several of which qualify as true phosphorite (≥ 50 wt% francolite). Estimated diffusional burial fluxes of inorganic P and F range respectively from 2–40 μg cm−2 y−1 and 4–12 μg cm−2 y−1, or the equivalent in francolite of 16–260 μg cm−2 y−1. These present-day accumulation rates lie within the range of those determined for several ancient phosphorite deposits and for the extensively studied region of modern phosphorite deposition off Peru.
Sperm whale depredation of sablefish longline gear in the northeast Pacific Ocean

Interactions between marine mammals and fisheries include competition for prey (catch), marine mammal entanglement in fishing gear, and catch removal off fishing gear (depredation). We estimated the magnitude of sperm whale depredation on a major North Pacific longline fishery (sablefish) using data collected during annual longline surveys. Sperm whale depredation occurs while the longline gear is off-bottom during retrieval. Sperm whales were observed on 16% of longline survey sampling days, mostly (95% of sightings) over the continental slope. Sightings were most common in the central and eastern Gulf of Alaska (98% of sightings), occasional in the western Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands, and absent in the Bering Sea. Longline survey catches were commonly preyed upon when sperm whales were present (65% of sightings), as evidenced by damaged fish. Neither sperm whale presence (P = 0.71) nor depredation rate (P = 0.78) increased significantly from 1998 to 2004. Longline survey catch rates were about 2% less at locations where depredation was observed, but the effect was not significant (P = 0.34). Estimated sperm whale depredation was < 1% of the annual sablefish longline fishery catch off Alaska during 1998 to 2004.
The poly(A)(+)RNA sequence complexity is also represented in poly(A)(-)RNA in sea-urchin embryos.

Abstract The extent to which the poly(A)(+)RNA sequence complexity from sea-urchin embryos is also represented in poly(A)(-)RNA was determined by cDNA cross-hybridization. Eighty percent or more of both the cytoplasmic poly(A)(+)RNA and polysomal poly(A)(+)RNA sequences appeared in a poly(A)(-) form. In both cases, the cellular concentrations of the poly(A)(-)RNA molecules that reacted with the cDNA were similar to the concentrations of the homologous poly(A)(+) sequences. Additionally, few, if any, abundant poly(A)(+)mRNA molecules were quantitatively discriminated by polyadenylation, since the abundant poly(A)(+)sequences were also abundant in poly(A)(-)RNA. Neither degradation nor inefficient binding to oligo (dT)-cellulose can account for the observed cross-reactivity. These data indicate that, in seaurchin embryos, the poly(A) does not regulate the utilization of mRNA by demarcating an mRNA subset that is specifically and completely polyadenylated.
Grinding booth for large castings

The design of a grinding booth suitable for large castings and portable hand-held grinders is recommended. Systematically studied were the air velocities within the booth as functions of the geometry of the suction ports, recirculation jets, ventilation flow rate and recirculation flow rate. The rate at which grinding particles are injected into the air from the surface of the grinding wheel was studied and described in terms of a distribution function G(θ) and the metal removal rate.
A periodic review inventory model involving fuzzy expected demand short and fuzzy backorder rate

The purpose of this paper is to extend [Ouyang, L. Y., Chuang, B. R. (2001). A periodic review inventory-control system with variable lead time. International Journal of Information and Management Sciences, 12, 1-13] periodic review inventory model with variable lead time by considering the fuzziness of expected demand shortage and backorder rate. We fuzzify the expected shortage quantity at the end of cycle and the backorder (or lost sales) rate, and then obtain the fuzzy total expected annual cost. Using the signed distance method to defuzzify, we derive the estimate of total expected annual cost in the fuzzy sense. For the proposed model, we provide a solution procedure to find the optimal review period and optimal lead time in the fuzzy sense so that the total expected annual cost in the fuzzy sense has a minimum value. Furthermore, a numerical example is provided and the results of fuzzy and crisp models are compared.
Integrative approaches to pain management: how to get the best of both worlds

Modern medicine has few good answers to the perplexing problem of chronic pain and, as a result, people with chronic pain often turn to complementary medicine. In most cases, people concurrently use complementary and conventional medicine, hoping perhaps to find the “magic bullet” cure but also realising they need to find other ways to cope and to improve their quality of life. A recent study published in JAMA has shown that people often turn to complementary therapies out of a desire to find approaches that are more congruent with a mind-body-spirit philosophy (not merely treating symptoms) and because they want to play an active part in their own healing.1 Nevertheless, the medical profession is often ambivalent about the role of complementary approaches, partly from a lack of knowledge but also from a feeling that good practice should be based on solid scientific evidence of effectiveness and safety, which has been lacking in complementary medicine. As commendable as the scientific approach is, clinicians may be missing the boat by resting their case on the evidence argument and summarily dismissing complementary medicine. Patients are becoming increasingly well informed and want to be treated as partners in their health care but, finding or anticipating ambivalence among their primary care providers, they tend not to divulge their concurrent use of complementary medicine.2 This has important implications for the legacy of the doctor-patient relationship, which should embody mutual trust and shared decision making, and holding …
A cyclic diphosphinite by a formal [4+4] cycloaddition reaction of β-phosphaenone

Unstable β-phosphaenones formed by reaction of the phosphanylidene-σ4-phosphorane DmpP = PMe3 (Dmp = 2,6-dimesitylphenyl) with acenaphthenequinone dimerize in hexane by a formal [4+4] cycloaddition reaction to form a cyclic diphosphinite. X-ray crystallographic analysis and variable temperature 1H NMR spectra of the cyclic diphosphinite are presented.
The C-Terminal Region of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Nucleoprotein Contains Distinct and Segregable Functional Domains Involved in NP-Z Interaction and Counteraction of the Type I Interferon Response

Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever (HF) disease in humans that is associated with high morbidity and significant mortality. Arenavirus nucleoprotein (NP), the most abundant viral protein in infected cells and virions, encapsidates the viral genome RNA, and this NP-RNA complex, together with the viral L polymerase, forms the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) that directs viral RNA replication and gene transcription. Formation of infectious arenavirus progeny requires packaging of vRNPs into budding particles, a process in which arenavirus matrix-like protein (Z) plays a central role. In the present study, we have characterized the NP-Z interaction for the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The LCMV NP domain that interacted with Z overlapped with a previously documented C-terminal domain that counteracts the host type I interferon (IFN) response. However, we found that single amino acid mutations that affect the anti-IFN function of LCMV NP did not disrupt the NP-Z interaction, suggesting that within the C-terminal region of NP different amino acid residues critically contribute to these two distinct and segregable NP functions. A similar NP-Z interaction was confirmed for the HF arenavirus Lassa virus (LASV). Notably, LCMV NP interacted similarly with both LCMV Z and LASV Z, while LASV NP interacted only with LASV Z. Our results also suggest the presence of a conserved protein domain within NP but with specific amino acid residues playing key roles in determining the specificity of NP-Z interaction that may influence the viability of reassortant arenaviruses. In addition, this NP-Z interaction represents a potential target for the development of antiviral drugs to combat human-pathogenic arenaviruses.
Inhomogeneous spin-polarization anomaly in the Kondo alloy Y1−xUxPd3

Abstract Host 89 Y nuclear magnetic resonance line widths have been measured in the Kondo alloy Y 1− x U x Pd 3 , x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2, from 1.5 to 300 K. An anomalous temperature dependence of the 89 Y line shape indicates that the U-induced host electronic spin polarization is modified on a distance scale orders of magnitude shorter that the Kondo coherence length. This strongly suggests a qualitative difference between the ground states of Y 1− x U x Pd 3 and more conventional Kondo alloys.
Prospects for viral-based strategies enhancing the anti-tumor effects of ionizing radiation.

Ionizing radiation (IR) has been extensively used to treat a variety of solid tumors to improve local control and overall survival in patients. Gene therapy strategies represent one experimental direction to improve radiocurability. These gene therapy strategies include (1) replacement of mutated or deleted tumor-suppressor genes, (2) delivery of prodrugs, (3) transduction of genes under the control of radiation-inducible promoters, and (4) genetically engineered viruses that replicate preferentially in tumor cells after IR. Although any one of these viral-based gene therapy approaches is unlikely to succeed independently, experimental results suggest that clinically important antitumor can be achieved when these strategies are combined with IR. Several of these strategies are currently being or soon will be evaluated in clinical trials. This review focuses on molecular mechanisms and potential clinical application of these viral-based gene therapy strategies to improve the therapeutic index of IR.
Zinc bis(pyrazolyl)silane complexes

Abstract The first two members of a new family of nitrogen-donor ligands, the bis(pyrazolyl)silanes Me2Si(3,5-R2pz)2 (R=H, Me), have been readily synthesized in almost quantitative yield from Me2SiCl2 and the alkali metal pyrazolates M(3,5-R2pz) (M=Li or Na). Both bidentate ligands, abbreviated Bps and BpsMe2, respectively, have been used to prepare the zinc derivatives LZnX2 (L=Bps, BpsMe2; X=Cl, Br, I), all of which have been characterized by a combination of analytical and spectroscopic techniques and, in the case of (BpsMe2)ZnI2, also by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Interpretation of pH, Acidity, and Alkalinity in Aquaculture and Fisheries

Abstract Measurements of pH, acidity, and alkalinity are commonly used to describe water quality. The three variables are interrelated and can sometimes be confused. The pH of water is an intensity factor, while the acidity and alkalinity of water are capacity factors. More precisely, acidity and alkalinity are defined as a water's capacity to neutralize strong bases or acids, respectively. The term “acidic” for pH values below 7 does not imply that the water has no alkalinity; likewise, the term “alkaline” for pH values above 7 does not imply that the water has no acidity. Water with a pH value between 4.5 and 8.3 has both total acidity and total alkalinity. The definition of pH, which is based on logarithmic transformation of the hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]), has caused considerable disagreement regarding the appropriate method of describing average pH. The opinion that pH values must be transformed to [H+] values before averaging appears to be based on the concept of mixing solutions of different ...
Accuracy of Palpation-Guided and Ultrasound-Guided Needle Tip Placement Into the Deep and Superficial Posterior Leg Compartments:

Background: Invasive leg compartment testing may be performed to diagnose chronic exertional compartment syndrome. No prior study has assessed the accuracy of leg compartment needle tip access.Purpose: This study was undertaken to describe and determine the accuracy of palpation-guided and ultrasound-guided techniques for needle tip placement into the deep and superficial posterior leg compartments by a less experienced clinician and a more experienced clinician using a cadaveric model.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Twenty unembalmed adult lower limb cadaveric specimens were used for the study. Two investigators, a sports medicine fellow with 10 months of musculoskeletal ultrasound experience and a staff physiatrist with 3 years of musculoskeletal ultrasound experience, each performed 1 palpation-guided and 1 ultrasound-guided colored latex dye injection into the deep and superficial posterior leg compartments of each cadaveric specimen. A blinded investigator dissected the specimens a...
Is Cable the Answer

“There are grounds for the pessimistic expectation that the newer medium is in transition toward a structure dominated by one or possibly two networks. …”
Isolation and characterization of the envelope glycoprotein of an avian osteopetrosis virus: Effect of host cell on antigenic reactivity

Abstract The physical and antigenic properties of the surface glycoprotein (gp85) of an avian myeloblastosis-associated virus [MAV-2(O)] were compared with those of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) gp85. Purified MAV-2(O) contained 3- to 4-fold higher levels of gp85 than AMV, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and guanidine hydrochloride column chromatography. The antigenic reactivity of MAV-2 (O) gp85 was examined in competition radioimmunoassays using rabbit antisera prepared against purified AMV and B77 gp85. The antigenic reactivity of MAV-2(O) as measured in competition radioimmunoassay using antiserum prepared against AMV gp85 depended on the source of the virus; MAV-2(O) isolated from chicken embryo fibroblast cultures showed considerably less antigenic reactivity than did MAV-2(O) isolated from the serum of osteopetrotic chickens. In contrast, MAV-2(O) from serum or grown in chicken embryo fibroblasts showed similar antigenic reactivities in competition radioimmunoassays using antiserum prepared against gp85 from B77. A comparison of the antigenic reactivities of the purified glycoproteins from MAV-2(O) (grown in fibroblasts) and AMV (isolated from plasma) demonstrated that the two glycoproteins showed equal reactivity using anti-B77 gp85 serum, but that MAV-2(O) gp85 showed at least 100-fold less antigenic reactivity than AMV gp85 in competition radioimmunoassay using anti-AMV gp85 serum. These results together with those previously published (Van Eldik et al. , (1978). Virology 86 , 193–204.) suggest that MAV-2(O) and AMV gp85 show similar host-dependent glycosylation patterns in vivo , which differ from the pattern observed when the viruses are grown in chicken embryo fibroblasts.
An examination of cross-cultural differences toward computers

Abstract The attitudes and reactions of two samples of college students from Los Angeles, California, and Hunan, People's Republic of China, toward computers were examined and compared. The results indicate that computer anxiety is present to a similar degree for both samples of American and Chinese students.
Optimal power dispatch&#2014;A comprehensive survey

This paper reviews the progress of optimal dispatch, also called economic dispatch, since its inception to the present in chronological sequence. The classic single area as well as multiarea cases are summarized, and the important theoretical work in optimal load flows suggested to date reviewed. Approaches to the optimal load flow taken by industry are also reported, as well as an itemization of problems that still remain to be solved.