cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum Measurements with Dynamically Bistable Systems

Periodically modulated nonlinear oscillators often display bistability of forced vibrations. This bistability can be used for new types of quantum measurements. They are based on switching between coexisting vibrational states. Since switching is accompanied by a large change of the amplitude and phase of forced vibrations, the measurements are highly sensitive. Quantum and classical noise plays dual role. It imposes a limitation on sensitivity in the familiar regime of a bifurcation amplifier. On the other hand, it makes it possible to use a bistable modulated oscillator in a new regime of a balanced dynamical bridge.We discuss the switching probabilities and show that they display scaling with control parameters. The critical exponents are found for different types of bifurcations and for different types of noise.
Disabled-1 Binds to the Cytoplasmic Domain of Amyloid Precursor-Like Protein 1

Disruption of the disabled-1 gene (Dab1) results in aberrant migration of neurons during development and disorganization of laminar structures throughout the brain. Dab1 is thought to function as an adapter molecule in signal transduction processes. It contains a protein-interaction (PI) domain similar to the phosphotyrosine-binding domain of the Shc oncoprotein, it is phosphorylated by the Src protein tyrosine kinase, and it binds to SH2 domains in a phosphotyrosine-dependent manner. To investigate the function of Dab1, we searched for binding proteins using the yeast two-hybrid system. We found that the PI domain of Dab1 interacts with the amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1). The association of Dab1 with APLP1 was confirmed in biochemical assays, and the site of interaction was localized to a cytoplasmic region of APLP1 containing the amino acid sequence motif Asn-Pro-x-Tyr (NPxY). NPxY motifs are involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and they have been shown to bind to PI domains present in several proteins. This region of APLP1 is conserved among all members of the amyloid precursor family of proteins. Indeed, we found that Dab1 also interacts with amyloid precursor protein (APP) and APLP2 in biochemical association experiments. In transiently transfected cells, Dab1 and APLP1 colocalized in membrane ruffles and vesicular structures. Cotransfection assays in cultured cells indicated that APP family members increased serine phosphorylation of Dab1. Dab1 and APLP1 are expressed in similar cell populations in developing and adult brain tissue. These results suggest that Dab1 may function, at least in part, through association with APLP1 in the brain.
A comparison of the prevalence of sensitization to Aspergillus antigens among asthmatics in Cleveland and London

Abstract A survey of the frequency of sensitization to Aspergillus antigens was conducted in a group of asthmatics in Cleveland and compared with a group of asthmatics in London, using common antigens for testing purposes. The two groups were comparable except for earlier onset, longer duration of asthma, and a larger number of males in the London group. Twenty-eight per cent of the asthmatics from Cleveland and 23% from London had immediate skin reactivity to Aspergillus . Seven and one-half percent from the Cleveland group and 10.5% of the London group had Aspergillus precipitins in the serum. Aspergillus skin test reactivity was related to the severity of airways obstruction (p Aspergillus antigens occur with equal frequency in both the United States and the United Kingdom.
Modulation of a neural antigen during metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Major reorganization in the central nervous system (CNS) takes place during metamorphosis in holometabolan insects ( G. Technau and M. Heisenberg, 1982 , Nature (London) 295, 405–407. J. W. Truman and S. E. Reiss, 1976 , Science 192, 477–479). In this report, two monoclonal antibodies specific for antigens localized in the CNS of Drosophila melanogaster are utilized to examine the behavior of these neuronal antigens during metamorphosis. One of the antigens studied is concentrated in synaptic areas of the CNS in adults and larvae. The other antigen is more ubiquitously distributed, being present in both cortical and synaptic regions. Metamorphosis is accompanied by dramatic change in the concentration of the antigen localized to synaptic areas. In contrast, the ubiquitously present antigen persists throughout.
The two-track society

Abstract The rapid growth of high-technology industries is one of the most important economic trends in recent years. Yet there has been a tendency, among journalists, public policy analysts, government officials and others, to overstate the nature of the changes which are taking place. We are not witnessing “the end of the industrial age” nor are basic industries about to be replaced by high-technology industries. For at least the next decade, basic industries will continue to be important sources of employment and output. More importantly, they will serve as markets for high tech goods and services as they modernize their operations. The future will see a two-track economy which is built on both high-tech and basic industry.
Efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts in a pediatric population.

While pancreatitis is uncommon in children, pseudocyst development can be a serious complication. Endoscopic drainage of pseudocysts is well established in adults. However, there are limited data regarding this procedure in a pediatric population. The objective of this study is to determine the safety and efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided pseudocyst drainage in children. The study group included children (age <18 years) who presented for endoscopic drainage of symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts in whom endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) was performed. In those cases with EUS guidance, a 19-gauge needle was used to access the pseudocyst and place a guidewire under fluoroscopic visualization. Needle-knife diathermy and balloon dilation of the tract were performed with subsequent placement of double pig-tailed stents for drainage. Ten children with mean age of 11.8 years (range 4–17 years) were analyzed for pancreatic pseudocysts due to biliary pancreatitis (n = 4), trauma (n = 2), familial pancreatitis (n = 1), idiopathic pancreatitis (n = 2), and pancreas divisum (n = 1). In eight cases, EUS-guided puncture and stent placement was successful. In the remaining two cases, aspiration of cyst fluid until complete collapse was adequate. As experience increased with EUS examination in children, the therapeutic EUS scope alone was used in 50% of cases for the entire procedure. In all ten cases, successful transgastric endoscopic drainage of pseudocysts was achieved. Endoscopic drainage of symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts can be achieved safely in children. EUS guidance facilitates optimal site of puncture as well as placement of transmural stents.
A finite element analysis of adhesively bonded composite joints with moisture diffusion and delayed failure

Abstract A two-dimensional finite element computational procedure is developed for the accurate analysis of the strains and stresses in adhesively bonded joints. The adhesive layer is modeled using Schapery's nonlinear single integral constitutive law for uniaxial and multiaxial states of stress. The effect of temperature and stress level on the viscoelastic response is taken into account by a nonlinear shift factor definition. Penetrant Sorption is accounted for by a nonlinear Fickean diffusion model in which the diffusion coefficient is dependent on the penetrant concentration and the dilatational strain. A delayed failure criterion based on the Reiner-Weisenberg failure theory has also been implemented in the finite element code. The applicability of the proposed models is demonstrated by several numerical examples.
Longitudinal linac beam focusing for neutron time-of-flight measurements

Abstract A method is described in which 805 MHz acceleration cavities in the LAMPF linac are used to form a nearly isochronous beam of particles for use in high-resolution neutron time-of-flight spectroscopy at energies less than 800 MeV.
The Many Faces of ET

Abstract A major feature of the ET molecule is its ability to form many different phases and structures with the same or different anions. Whilst this considerably complicates the growth and characterisation of these materials this does allow a systematic study of compounds differing only in charge state or crystal structure, but otherwise containing the same donor and acceptor species. We show that ET forms at least four different phases with the ReO4 −anion, allowing such a systematic study. We show that one of these, γ-ET3(ReO4)2, is the only currently known example of an ET charge transfer salt in which the anions are not ordered at room temperature. We find the anions become ordered at a lower temperature. We show that anions smaller than some certain value stabilise a single phase containing 3 ET molecules for every two anions and that larger anions form different sets of crystal structures.
Local convective heat transfer to submerged pulsating jets

Abstract An experimental investigation was performed to study the effect of flow pulsations on the local heat transfer characteristics of a planar air jet. A microsensor provided localized and essentially instantaneous heat flux and temperature signals. Heat transfer and thermal anemometry flow measurements were synchronized to associate influences of periodic flow structures and pulsations on heat transfer. Pulsation frequencies corresponded to Strouhal numbers below 0.106, and pulse amplitude was varied from 0 to 50% of the mean flow velocity. Nusselt numbers in the nozzle mid-plane increased by up to 12%, and by up to 80% at distances downstream.
Solution to the multi-particle diffusion problem with applications to Ostwald ripening—I. Theory

The multi-particle diffusion problem (MDP), which is a general problem concerning n-domains interacting through their diffusion fields is treated by an embedding technique, wherein growing and shrinking domains are represented by point sources or sinks. The diffusion solution exterior to the phase domains is constructed using potential theoretic techniques by an adaptation of Ewald's method for calculating lattice sums. Here a periodic representation is applied to a random particle basis and used to circumvent the semiconvergent behavior of the monopole sums normally encountered in such embedding methods. The phenomenon of Ostwald ripening is then discussed in terms of the MDP, and a novel formulation is developed based on the concept of an interaction matrix, the elements of which are Ewald sums. The formal relationship of these interaction matrix elements to Madelung's constant is discussed, with emphasis on an analytical description of how local diffusional interactions influence the coarsening rate. A comparison is presented of MDP results with the statistical behavior predicted by Lifshitz, Slyozov, and Wagner.
Effects of interpolated activity on short-term kinesthetic memory

Effects of motor and of verbal interpolated activities on short-term retention of grip tensions were studied in relation to effects of unoccupied retention intervals. Basic measure was absolute error made in attempts to reproduce an initial grip tension after retention intervals of 0, 5, 10, or 20 sec. Both verbal (counting backward by threes) and motor (a kinesthetic analogue to counting backwards) tasks were shown to increase absolute error, as linear functions of retention interval, relative to a control. Short-term kinesthetic decrement functions were similar to those reported for auditory and for visual stimuli, suggesting some common process(es) underlying verbal, visual, and kinesthetic short-term memory.
Revised life history analysis for large grazing copepods in the subarctic Pacific Ocean

Abstract Discovery that the subarctic Pacific copepods previously grouped as Neocalanus plumchrus belong to two species required reanalysis of the life histories of both. After correction of the abundance estimates for N. plumchrus s.str., our concept of its life history remains much as previously described, because it makes up about 90% of the summed populations. Fifth copepodites of the new species, Neocalanus flemingeri, descend from the surface layer in late May to early June and mature immediately. Males are only present for about two months, and females carrying spermatophores are found during that period. Throughout the summer and autumn the entire population is constituted of females with small, dormant ovaries. This appears to be a diapause phase. Ovarian development begins in November, and spawning occurs at the end of January. Copepodite stages develop in surface layers from February through May.
Binding of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by the renal brush border membrane from rat kidney cortex.

Abstract The characteristics of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) binding on brush border membranes prepared from rat renal cortex were investigated with the use of radioactively labelled NAD, [adenine-2,8-3H]NAD+, as a ligand. (1) We found that NAD binds on brush border membrane and that the extent of NAD binding is linearly proportional to the brush border membrane protein, and progressively increases with concentration of NAD in the medium. (2) The rate of NAD binding was dependent on temperature. At 20°C, the equilibrium binding was obtained at 15 min, while NAD binding at 0°C was slower, but the final level of binding reached at 120 min was similar to that plateau of binding observed at 20°C. Brush border membrane inactivated by heating at 95°C for 3 min did not bind NAD. Binding of NAD on brush border membranes was reversed by simple dilution or by the addition of unlabelled NAD. Both α-NAD and β-NAD stereoisomers displaced bound [3H]NAD. Reduced NAD (NADH) caused less displacement of bound NAD than oxidized NAD+. Adenine, nicotinamide, pyrophosphate, of 5′-AMP did not displace bound NAD. (3) The NAD binding to brush border membranes was nearly saturable, approximating saturation at 10−4 M NAD. Kinetic analysis by Scatchard plot indicates two sets of NAD binding sites in brush border membranes: a high-affinity binding site (Kd = 1.9·10−5 M) and a low-affinity binding site (Kd = 2.2·10−3 M). (4) Unlike concentrative uptake of d -[14C]glucose by brush border membrane vesicles, binding of NAD was not dependent on the presence of an outside-in sodium gradient [Nao+ > Nai+], nor was it abolished by repeated freezing and thawing of brush border membranes. Unlike d -[14C]glucose uptake, NAD binding by brush border membranes did not change upon decrease of intravesicular volume in hypertonic media. These observations indicate that NAD association with brush border membranes is true binding rather than intravesicular uptake of this compound. (5) The presence of specific binding sites in renal brush border membrane capable of binding of NAD with a high degree of affinity suggests that such sites may be involved in previously observed (Kempson, S.A., Colon-Otero, G., Ou, S.L., Turner, S.T. and Dousa, T.P. (1981) J. Clin. Invest. 67, 1347) modulatory effect of NAD on sodium-gradient-dependent uptake of phosphate across luminal brush border membrane of proximal tubules.
Derivatives Market Activity in Emerging Markets and Exchange Rate Exposure

Using firm-level data, we show that higher derivatives market participation by emerging market firms contributed to the observed decline in the exchange rate exposure of these firms from 1995 to 2005. Our methodology follows a three-stage approach. First, we measure and report exchange rate exposures for each year using the popularized extension of the Adler and Dumas (1984) model. Next, we use an indirect methodology to estimate firms' derivatives market participation. Finally, we investigate the effects of derivatives market participation on firms' exchange rate exposure. Our results show that exposure is negatively related to derivatives usage.
Physical structure of the energy-momentum tensor of a dust of spinning particles

The algebraic classification of the energy-momentum tensor of a dust of spinning particles in Einstein-Cartan theory based on the Segre type is presented.
Protein carboxyl methyltransferase from cow eye lens

Protein carboxyl methyltransferase activity (S-adenosyl-L-methionine: protein carboxyl-0-methyltransferase; E.C. 2.1.1.24) has been detected in crude soluble extracts of cow eye lens. The activity incorporates methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine into endogenous lens proteins in vitro, and several of these species co-migrate electrophoretically with lens crystallins. A 2600-fold purification of the enzyme free of endogenous substrates was achieved by gel filtration and affinity chromatography. The lens methyltransferase has a native molecular weight of approximately 27,000, and catalyzes the substoichiometric incorporation of highly alkali-labile methyl ester groups into a broad range of protein substrates. The lens enzyme appears to be similar to that found in human erythrocytes, which specifically recognizes and modifies D-aspartic acid residues in aged proteins in a postulated degradative or racemization-repair pathway (McFadden, P.N., and Clarke, S. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 2460-2464).
Measuring Mechanical Force during Zebrafish Development using an Expressible Tension Sensor

Early vertebrate development is a mechanically dynamic process. Embryos undergo radical morphological changes to mold a ball of cells into the recognizable planes of a frog or fish or mouse. Along with more basic morphogenesis, evidence exists that mechanical force can play a determinative role in processes such as differentiation and tissue sorting. Yet, while the chemical and genetic signals underlying early development have long been studied, the mechanical stresses defining the physical landscape of the embryo remain poorly understood, particularly at the cell and molecule scale. An expressible fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based probe has been developed to measure piconewton force levels in vivo (Grashoff et al. 2010). We adapt this Tension Sensor Module (TSMod) for use in the zebrafish embryo using the epithelial cell adhesion molecule, EpCAM. In doing so we validate FLIM-FRET for use in zebrafish embryos and show that TSMod can be used to make meaningful cell and tissue scale force measurements in a developing vertebrate system.
Persistent solar influenced libration point motion.

Spacecraft libration point motion in restricted four body model including earth-moon orbit plane inclination to ecliptic, noting solar effects
Spectroscopic changes in human dentine exposed to various storage solutions — short term

Abstract Objectives : Tooth storage conditions in studies of dentine have not been standardized. The objective of this investigation was to determine the effects of storage solution and time on dentine, using spectroscopic methods. Methods : Twenty-seven dentine disks (0.75 mm thick) were prepared from freshly extracted third molars with documented histories. The teeth were sectioned parallel to the occlusal plane using a diamond saw. Specimens were analysed non-destructively for surface chemical changes using specular reflectance infra-red Fourier transform spectroscopy (SRIFTS), and changes in optical properties were measured in the ultraviolet, visible and near-infra-red spectral ranges with an integrating sphere spectrophotometer (UV/VIS/NIR) before and after storage. A minimum of five specimens were stored in distilled water with 0.02% thymol, purified and filtered water, phosphate buffered saline with 0.02% thymol, 70% ethanol or 10% buffered formalin and evaluated at 0, 1, 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. After each measurement, specimens were stored in fresh solutions. IR spectra were obtained from 4400 to 400 wave-numbers (cm −1 ). Optical properties of reflectance and transmittance were determined from 200 to 2500 nm, and absorbance was calculated. Results : Analysis of the IR spectra indicated no significant differences in collagen or mineral peak positions for any solution at any time period. There were significant differences in peak intensities of dentine stored in distilled water, purified and filtered water and phosphate-buffered saline over time in the IR spectra. Furthermore, differences in optical properties of dentine disks were detected by UV/VIS/NIR. Conclusion : It was concluded that changes in surface chemistry and optical properties of dentine occur as a function of storage solution and time, which must be considered when studying dentine.
Bioconversion of the anthracycline analogue desacetyladriamycin by recombinant DoxA, a P450-monooxygenase from Streptomyces sp. strain C5.

A recombinant P450-monooxygenase, DoxA, obtained from Streptomyces sp. strain C5, the producer of the anticancer compound daunorubicin, was expressed in S. lividans TK24 and therein used to catalyze the conversion of the anthracycline analogue desacetyladriamycin into the new anthracycline, 10-hydroxydesacetyladriamycin. This work establishes a new function for DoxA and demonstrates the use of a recombinant enzyme to prepare a new anthracycline analogue.
Single Molecule Imaging Reveals that Activating Kinase Domain Mutations Reduce EGFR Mobility and Enhance Dimerization

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases which play an important role in a number of physiological responses and have also been identified as a common signaling component in several cancer types. Physiological signaling is initiated by ligand binding which stabilizes EGFR dimers, resulting in auto-phosphorylation of the intracellular kinase domain. Mutation of EGFR is associated with tumor progression due to constitutive activity resulting from several known kinase domain variants. Our previous work has shown that ligand-induced dimerization of wild type EGFR results in decreased receptor mobility, and that this reduction in mobility is dependent on kinase activity. Therefore, we wondered whether ligand-independent activity of EGFR mutants correlates with differences in receptor mobility or dimerization kinetics.Here, we employ multi-color, single particle tracking (SPT) of quantum dots to visualize and quantify the dynamics and interactions of individual receptors within the membrane. Using a novel, high-speed hyperspectral microscope, we are able to track up to eight spectrally distinct quantum dots for visualization and quantification of receptor interactions. From this data, we quantify receptor dimerization kinetics using a Hidden Markov Model. We find that unliganded EGFR mutants exhibit a reduced mobility and longer dimer lifetimes when compared to wild type. These results are consistent with constitutive activity of the EGFR mutants and suggest that the active kinase domain facilitates dimer formation in the absence of ligand. Moreover, we test the effects of clinical tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the single molecule behavior of EGFR mutants. We further examined the mobility and clustering of EGFR within the cellular actin cytoskeleton by hyperspectral tracking over GFP-actin, as well as two-color super-resolution microscopy.
Production of free fatty acids in safflower seeds by fungi

In 1975, free fatty acids (FFA) reached 0.50% in hand-sampled seeds (achenes) from the Sacramento Valley but never exceeded 0.10% in samples from the San Joaquin Valley. High levels of FFA in safflower seeds from the Sacramento Valley were attributed to seed-borne fungi, especiallyAlternaria sp., having a lipolytic action on safflower oil. Greenhouse inoculations on representative safflower cultivars reduced yields and oil content while increasing FFA. In vitro experiments using safflower oil-potato dextrose agar medium showed that theAlternaria species and four other fungi isolated from safflower had lipolytic activity. TheAlternaria sp. produced 3.90% FFA after 20 days of growth on this medium. Separation of the FFA by thin layer chromatography and characterization by gas liquid chromatography indicated that fatty acids are released by all five fungi in proportions similar to those in safflower oil.
On quenching of dilute MgH alloys

The work is concerned with the nature of the quench product(s) when dilute samples are quenched from temperatures not far below T/sub m/ to room temperature. At -130/degree/C only MgH/sub 2/ particles were formed. Observation of hydrides at room temperature caused their immediate destruction and the appearance of H/sub 2/ gas bubbles. Further heating led to formation of a cavity. 20 refs.
Two-channel cavity QED : Stokes plus anti-Stokes emission with a classical pump field

We consider a two-channel \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type three-level atom interacting simultaneously with two quantized cavity fields and a classically described cw laser field, all of different frequencies. The effective interactions are of the Raman type, in which the two cavity fields are regarded as Stokes and anti-Stokes modes, and the classical field acts as the pump mode, so that both the pump-Stokes and the pump--anti-Stokes transitions are included. We present the analytic solution of the system evolution operator. We also study the time dependence of the atomic inversion and the statistical properties of the cavity fields. We show that strongly correlated photons can be generated in our model.
59.5: A Novel Test for Evaluating Surface and Edge Strengths of LCD Panel

The cylindrical bend test offers the unique advantage of stressing both the #1 and #4 surfaces along with their corresponding edges in a uniform manner thereby proofing all of the exposed surfaces to a prescribed stress value dictated by the radius of cylindrical bend fixture. Several LCD panels, comprised of Eagle 2000 and Code 1737 glasses with substrate thicknesses of 1.1 and 0.7 mm and with diagonal dimensions ranging from 5″ to 23″, were tested in the cylindrical bend fixture to stresses ranging from 34 MPa to 83 MPa. Failure modes, fracture origins and strain values on #4 surface and the edges were recorded. The stresses based on cylindrical bend theory were found to be in good agreement with those computed from measured strain components and/or mirror radius. The failure origins were observed both on #4 surface as well as on the edges depending on handling damage and the quality of edge finish. In general, edges appear to be weaker due to their i) inadequate finish and ii) greater vulnerability to handling damage during panel manufacturing.
Synthesis of trimethylphosphine

Abstract An improved synthesis of trimethylphosphine from the reaction of phosphorus trichloride with methyl lithium is presented. Yields of 60 per cent are obtained at −78°. This synthesis employs a simplified procedure to give higher yields than are realized with the methyl Grignard reagents.
An oncogene isolated by transfection of Kaposi's sarcoma DNA encodes a growth factor that is a member of the FGF family

We recently reported the cloning of a rearranged human oncogene following transfection of DNA from Kaposi's sarcoma into NIH 3T3 cells. To identify the protein(s) encoded in two novel mRNAs of 3.5 and 1.2 kb expressed in NIH 3T3 transformants, we constructed a cDNA library. One of the cDNA clones isolated (KS3) corresponded to the 1.2 kb mRNA and transformed NIH 3T3 cell when inserted into a mammalian expression vector. The 1152 nucleotide KS3 cDNA encodes a protein of 206 amino acids with significant homology to the growth factors basic FGF and acidic FGF. Expression of the KS3 product as a bacterial fusion protein or in COS cells allowed us to determine that both proteins had significant growth-promoting activity and that the COS cell protein was glycosylated. Thus one of the mRNAs transcribed from the KS oncogene encodes a growth factor that could transform cells by an autocrine mechanism and appears to represent a new member of the FGF family.
Evaluation of Molybdenum−Sulfur Interactions in Molybdoenzyme Model Complexes by Gas-Phase Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The “Electronic Buffer” Effect

The first ionization energy in the gas-phase photoelectron spectra (PES) of Tp*Mo(E)(tdt) complexes (where E = O, S, NO; Tp* = hydrotris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate; tdt = 3,4-toluenedithiolate) is essentially independent of the nature of E, even though the formal oxidation state of the Mo center ranges from +2 to +5. The PES data for the tdt complexes contrast with the results for analogous complexes with alkoxide ligands, which show large variations in first ionization energy (Westcott, B. L.; Enemark, J. H. Inorg. Chem. 1997, 36, 5404−5405). For the tdt complexes the relative intensities of the two lowest energy ionizations do not substantially change as the excitation source is varied among Ne I, He I, and He II radiation, even though the atomic photoionization cross sections for Mo 4d and S 3p orbitals change dramatically over this energy region. These results all point to substantial covalency in the Mo−S bonds. It is proposed that the S atoms of the tdt ligand act as an “electronic buffer” to t...
The exchange value of the dollar and the U.S. trade balance: An empirical investigation based on cointegradon and Granger causality tests☆

Abstract This article performs tests of Granger causality in the relationships between the nominal ad real exchange rates of the dollar and the U.S. trade balance as well as its price and quantity components over the period 1973:IIQ–1989:IIIQ. Our results suggest: (i) weak statistical evidence of unidirectional causality running from the nominal exchange rate to import prices and nominal trade balance (ii) no statistical support for the proposition that the real exchange rate simply “accommodates” changes in the real trade balance, and (iii) strong (no) causal links between the nominal and real exchange rates and export (import) volume. We tentatively conclude that movements in the exchange rate have a rather limited effect on the trade balance and that this effect is more likely to materialize on the export side of the trade balance.
Coping with ambiguity in a large-scale machine translation system

In an interlingual knowledge-based machine translation system, ambignuity arises when the source language analyzer produces more than one interlingua expression for a source sentence. This can have a negative impact on translation quality, since a target sentence may be produced from an unintended meaning. In this paper we describe the methods used in the KANT machine translation system to reduce or eliminate ambiguity in a large-scale application domain. We also test these methods on a large corpus of test sentences, in order to illustrate how the different disambiguation methods reduce the average number of parses per sentence.
When You Have a Hammer, Everything Looks Like a Nail.

Those of us who assist our clients to develop communication systems that maximize their communication effectiveness often attempt to do so against incredible odds. We cannot afford to have our judg...
The MSG1 Non-DNA-binding Transactivator Binds to the p300/CBP Coactivators, Enhancing Their Functional Link to the Smad Transcription Factors

The MSG1 nuclear protein has a strong transcriptional activating activity but does not bind directly to DNA. When cotransfected, MSG1 enhances transcription mediated by the Smad transcription factors in mammalian cells in a manner dependent on ligand-induced Smad hetero-oligomerization. However, the mechanism of this MSG1 effect has been unknown. We now show that MSG1 directly binds to the p300/cAMP-response element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP) transcriptional coactivators, which in turn bind to the Smads, and enhances Smad-mediated transcription in a manner dependent on p300/CBP. The C-terminal transactivating domain of MSG1 is required for binding to p300/CBP and enhancement of Smad-mediated transcription; the viral VP16 transactivating domain could not substitute for it. In the N-terminal region of MSG1, we identified a domain that is necessary and sufficient to direct the specific interaction of MSG1 with Smads. We also found that the Hsc70 heat-shock cognate protein also forms complex with MSG1 in vivo, suppressing both binding of MSG1 to p300/CBP and enhancement of Smad-mediated transcription by MSG1. These results indicate that MSG1 interacts with both the DNA-binding Smad proteins and the p300/CBP coactivators through its N- and C-terminal regions, respectively, and enhances the functional link between Smads and p300/CBP.
Counseling Gifted Adolescents: A Curriculum Model for Students, Parents, and Professionals:

Abstcact Providing appropriate counseling for gifted and talented students requires deliberate effort to increase knowledge about self-development, awareness of social realities, and understanding about the interaction of conflict and intimacy in adolescence. This article presents an overview of a two-tiered curriculum model used to proactively counsel and support the growth of young gifted adolescents. Key developmental issues form the core of the curriculum, while integrated learning strategies are applied to two audiences: gifted adolescents themselves, and their parents, teachers, and counselors. Features of the model, a sample unit design, and suggestions for implementing the curriculum conclude the article.
Design and synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts: the thermolytic molecular precursor approach

The use of the thermolytic molecular precursor (TMP) method for the generation of multicomponent oxide materials is reviewed with emphasis on the generation of catalysts and catalyst support materials. Various adaptations of the TMP method that allow manipulation of catalyst compositions are presented. Further, the generation of isolated catalytic centers via grafting techniques is summarized. The implications for syntheses of new catalysts and catalyst formulations are discussed, and specific examples that involve selective hydrocarbon oxidation catalysts are provided.
Comparison of CT- and FDG-PET-defined gross tumor volume in intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer.

Purpose: To compare the gross tumor volume (GTV) identified on CT to that obtained from fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and determine the differences in volume and dose coverage of the PET-GTV when the CT-GTV is used for radiotherapy planning. Methods and Materials: A total of 40 patients with intact squamous cell carcinoma arising in the head-and-neck region underwent intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) at one department. All patients underwent CT simulation for treatment planning followed by PET-CT in the treatment position. CT simulation images were fused to the CT component of the PET-CT images. The GTV using the CT simulation images was contoured (CT-GTV), as was the GTV based on the PET scan (PET-GTV). The IMRT plans were obtained using the CT-GTV. Results: The PET-GTV was smaller, the same size, and larger than the CT-GTV in 30 (75%), 3 (8%), and 7 (18%) cases respectively. The median PET-GTV and CT-GTV volume was 20.3 cm 3 (range, 0.2–294) and 37.2 cm 3 (range, 2–456), respectively. The volume of PET-GTV receiving at least 95% of the prescribed dose was 100% in 20 (50%), 95–99% in 10 (25%), 90–94% in 3 (8%), 85–89% in 1 (3%), 80–84% in 2 (5%), 75–79% in 1 (3%), and Conclusion: The PET-GTV was larger than the CT-GTV in 18% of cases. In approximately 25% of patients with intact head-and-neck cancer treated using IMRT, the volume of PET-GTV receiving at least 95% of the prescribed dose and minimal dose received by 95% of the PET-GTV were less than optimal.
Does n-achievement cause economic development? a cross-lagged panel analysis of the McClelland thesis

Summary Ordinary least squares regression estimates were made of two cross-lagged models to assess McClelland's contention that n Ach (need for achievement) is a cause of economic development and not a result of economic development. Results of the analysis suggested partial support for McClelland's contention. However, results indicated that n Ach had a much smaller effect on economic development than originally reported by McClelland. It was concluded that the link between n Ach and economic development has been overstated by McClelland and some of his theoretical opponents.
Inhibition of Methionine Adenosyltransferase by the Polyamines

The effect of the polyamines, putrescine, spermine, and spermidine, on the activity of extrahepatic methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT II) was studied. The polyamines inhibited MAT II activity at concentrations equal to or greater than 5 mm. Combinations of polyamines were more effective than individual polyamines in inhibiting MAT activity; maximum inhibition approached 80% with combinations of all three polyamines. S-Adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), Pi, and PPi, the products of the MAT reaction, are known to be synergistic inhibitors of the nonhepatic form of the enzyme. Combinations of polyamines plus Pi and/or PPi induced an additive inhibition of the enzyme. AdoMet plus polyamines also resulted in significant inhibition, but inhibition plateaued at about 80%, indicating the presence of a protective mechanism to maintain AdoMet synthesis. Extrahepatic MAT from human and rat tissues was inhibited by the polyamines, indicating that this phenomenon is not species specific. In addition, we examined the effect of polyamines on MAT activity in resting and activated human lymphocytes that were shown to differ in the relative expression of MAT II subunits. Although MAT from mitogen (phytohemagglutinin, PHA)- and superantigen (Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, SEB)-stimulated lymphocytes were similarly inhibited by 10 mM polyamines, at lower concentrations of polyamines (1-5 mM), MAT from SEB-stimulated cells appeared to be more susceptible to inhibition by the polyamines. Inasmuch as SEB is a more physiological stimulator of T cells than PHA, the data suggest a possible role of polyamines in regulating MAT activity.
Effects of clearcutting and site preparation on stormflow volumes of streams in Pinus elliottii flatwoods forests

Abstract Three operational-sized watersheds in pine flatwoods of the Lower Coastal Plain in north Florida were isolated and continuously monitored for 3 1 2 years. Recording flumes assessed quantity of runoff water. After 1 year of calibration monitoring, two of the watersheds were, harvested, site-prepared, and planted under distinct harvest and regeneration practices. Minimum practices, imposed on one watershed, consisted of manual shortwood harvest of pinelands, roller drum chopping of harvest residues and residual understory, bedding, and planting. Maximum practices, imposed on another, consisted of tree-length logging of pinelands with heavy equipment, extraction of lightwood stumps, burning and windrowing of logging residue and residual understory, harrowing, bedding, and planting. Both silvicultural systems increased stormflow volumes; maximum practices moreso. Under both systems stormflow volumes apparently increased immediately following tree harvests. The increase persisted through site preparation, planting, and subsequently for 1 1 2 years without further detectable change. Results of this and two earlier reports on the effects of silviculture on hydrologic regimes of flatwoods forests are reviewed and summary conclusions drawn.
Neonatal respiratory failure due to a novel mutation in the surfactant protein C gene

A full-term infant developed respiratory distress immediately after birth, requiring a prolonged course of extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation, followed by high-frequency ventilation. She was unable to wean off mechanical ventilation, required tracheostomy, and ultimately lung transplantation. A novel mutation in the surfactant C protein gene was identified as the cause of her lung disease.
Clinical Outcome of Arthrodesis of the Ankle Using Rigid Internal Fixation with Cancellous Screws

Thirty consecutive patients underwent arthrodesis of the ankle using rigid internal fixation with cancellous screws between 1992 and 1996. One patient died of causes unrelated to the surgery before...
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis/nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy: A primer for radiologists

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a rare, idiopathic systemic fibrosing disorder that is predominantly characterized by a clinicopathologically distinct symmetric dermopathy and debilitating joint contractures. The condition affects patients with renal insufficiency and appears to show improvement with prompt restoration of renal function. Although NSF was initially reported in the United States as nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy, it has subsequently been described in patients in Europe and Asia. More than 215 cases of NSF have been reported in the nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy/NSF registry that is currently maintained at the Yale University. Recent reports suggest a possible etiologic link between systemic administration of gadolinium-containing magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents in patients with renal insufficiency and the development of NSF.
Ultrafast Time-resolved Absorption Spectroscopy of Geometric Isomers of Carotenoids.

The structures of a number of stereoisomers of carotenoids have been revealed in three-dimensional X-ray crystallographic investigations of pigment–protein complexes from photosynthetic organisms. Despite these structural elucidations, the reason for the presence of stereoisomers in these systems is not well understood. An important unresolved issue is whether the natural selection of geometric isomers of carotenoids in photosynthetic pigment–protein complexes is determined by the structure of the protein binding site or by the need for the organism to accomplish a specific physiological task. The association of cis isomers of a carotenoid with reaction centers and trans isomers of the same carotenoid with light-harvesting pigment–protein complexes has led to the hypothesis that the stereoisomers play distinctly different physiological roles. A systematic investigation of the photophysics and photochemistry of purified, stable geometric isomers of carotenoids is needed to understand if a relationship between stereochemistry and biological function exists. In this work we present a comparative study of the spectroscopy and excited state dynamics of cis and trans isomers of three different open-chain carotenoids in solution. The molecules are neurosporene (n = 9), spheroidene (n = 10), and spirilloxanthin (n = 13), where n is the number of conjugated π-electron double bonds. The spectroscopic experiments were carried out on geometric isomers of the carotenoids purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and then frozen to 77 K to inhibit isomerization. The spectral data taken at 77 K provide a high resolution view of the spectroscopic differences between geometric isomers. The kinetic data reveal that the lifetime of the lowest excited singlet state of a cis-isomer is consistently shorter than that of its corresponding all-trans counterpart despite the fact that the excited state energy of the cis molecule is typically higher than that of the trans molecule. Quantum theoretical calculations on an n = 9 linear polyene were carried out to examine this process. The calculations indicate that the electronic coupling terms are significantly higher for the cis isomer, and when combined with the Franck–Condon factors, predict internal conversion rates roughly double those of the all-trans species. The electronic effects more than offset the decrease in coupling efficiencies associated with the higher system origin energies and explain the observed shorter cis isomer lifetimes.
NFATc2 (NFAT1) assists BCR-mediated anergy in anti-insulin B cells.

NFAT transcription factors play critical roles in both the activation and repression of T and B lymphocyte responses. To understand the role of NFATc2 (NFAT1) in the maintenance of tolerance for anti-insulin B cells, functionally inactive NFATc2 (NFATc2−/−) was introduced into C57BL/6 mice that harbor anergic anti-insulin 125Tg B cells. The production and peripheral maturation of anti-insulin B cells into follicular and marginal zone subsets was not altered by the absence of functional NFATc2. Surface B cell receptor expression levels, important for tonic signaling and altered by anergy, were not altered in any spleen B cell subset. The levels of anti-insulin antibodies were not different in 125Tg/B6/NFATc2−/− mice and the anti-insulin response remained silenced following T cell dependent immunization. However, studies addressing in vitro proliferation reveal the anergic state of 125Tg B cells is relieved in 125Tg/B6/NFATc2−/− B cells in response to BCR stimulation. In contrast, anergy is not released in 125Tg/B6/NFATc2−/− B cells following stimulation with anti-CD40. The relief of anergy to BCR stimulation in 125Tg/B6/NFATc2−/− B cells is associated with increased transcription of both NFATc1 and NFATc3 while expression of these NFATs does not change in anti-IgM stimulated 125Tg/B6/NFATc2+/+ B cells. The data suggest that NFATc2 plays a subtle and selective role in maintaining anergy for BCR stimulation by repressing the transcription of other NFAT family members.
The first course in speech: A call for revolution

This essay discusses the necessity of revolutionizing the basic speech course in higher education. The rationale for revolt is based upon both pragmatic and intellectual considerations. The essay suggests criteria which an ideal first course in speech might meet: (1) focus on the elements typical in all speech communication behavior, (2) delete formal individual oral performances, and (3) utilize the empirical data produced by the behavioral scientists.
Paleocurrent analysis of a deformed Devonian foreland basin in the Northern Appalachians, Maine, USA

Abstract New paleocurrent data indicate that the widespread Late Silurian and Devonian flysch and molasse succession in Maine was deposited in an ancestral, migrating foreland basin adjacent to an advancing Acadian orogenic belt. The foreland-basin sequence spread across a varied Silurian paleogeography of deep basins and small islands—the vestiges of an intraoceanic arc complex that not long before had collided with the Laurentian passive margin during the Ordovician Taconic Orogeny. We report paleocurrents from 43 sites representing 12 stratigraphic units, the most robust and consistent results coming from three units: Madrid Formation (southwesterly paleoflow), Carrabassett Formation (northerly paleoflow), and Seboomook Group (westerly paleoflow). Deformation and regional metamorphism are sufficiently intense to test the limits of paleocurrent analysis requiring particular care in retrodeformation.
Quick-Reference Tables to Determine the Significance of the Difference between Two Correlation Coefficients from Two Independent Samples

A number of research questions (e.g., differential validity, moderator variables) require comparisons of correlation coefficients across independent populations. In the two population case, the test statistic used in these comparisons is not a simple function of the difference between the sample correlations. Hence, this difference is not a direct indicator of significance. The formula can be rewritten to give the value of the larger correlation (rL) required to reach significance at a specified alpha level, given the value of the smaller correlation (rs) and the sample sizes. Quick-reference tables are presented giving critical values of rL for a two-tailed critical region at an alpha level of .05. Tabled values of rs range from .10 to .95, and sample sizes range from 15 to 200. The tables allow quick assessment of significance without requiring calculation of the test statistic.
The Gatekeeping Imperative in Counselor Education Admission Protocols: The Criticality of Personal Qualities

Admission procedures in counselor education have received little focus regarding their essential function in gatekeeping. By exploring current admission trends, specifically as they relate to the identification of preferred personal qualities, implications for development of more rigorous admission gatekeeping procedures will be addressed. A call to action to the entire field of counseling is necessary, demanding this standard of excellence be implemented in an effort to protect the field on a global level.