cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specification to biomineralization: following a single cell type as it constructs a skeleton.

The sea urchin larva is shaped by a calcite endoskeleton. That skeleton is built by 64 primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) in Lytechinus variegatus. The PMCs originate as micromeres due to an unequal fourth cleavage in the embryo. Micromeres are specified in a well-described molecular sequence and enter the blastocoel at a precise time using a classic epithelial–mesenchymal transition. To make the skeleton, the PMCs receive signaling inputs from the overlying ectoderm, which provides positional information as well as control of the growth of initial skeletal tri-radiates. The patterning of the skeleton is the result both of autonomous inputs from PMCs, including production of proteins that are included in the skeletal matrix, and of non-autonomous dynamic information from the ectoderm. Here, we summarize the wealth of information known about how a PMC contributes to the skeletal structure. The larval skeleton is a model for understanding how information encoded in DNA is translated into a three-dimensional crystalline structure.
An improved device for continuous intraventricular infusions prevents the introduction of pump-derived toxins and increases the effectiveness of NGF treatments

The recent demonstrations of the ability of nerve growth factor (NGF) to protect and promote the welfare of certain cholinergic neurons in the adult CNS have increased the need for safe, accurate, and reliable procedures for intracerebral administration of protein and other experimental agents. Osmotic minipumps have been used to infuse NGF into the lateral ventricle of adult rats, but a sustained and harmless performance of such infusions has not been fully evaluated. The study reported here has led to (i) the recognition that cytotoxic substances, released from some minipumps into the infusion fluid, may be responsible for various degrees of periventricular tissue damage, and (ii) the redesigning of an infusion device which, among other modifications, uses the osmotic pump to propel infusion fluid into the ventricle but prevents pump-derived materials from entering the infusate itself. Besides several other advantages, the modified infusion device has permitted the demonstration that NGF can fully protect experimentally axotomized medial septum cholinergic neurons and can do so with less variability than previously observed and without creating tissue damage.
Adrenal zona glomerulosa after hypophysectomy in the Mongolian gerbil

Abstract The ultrastructure of the adrenal zona glomerulosa was examined in hypophysectomized female Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). After 3 weeks, the width of the zona glomerulosa increased significantly. As early as 2 weeks, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum became hypertrophic and the Golgi apparatus was well developed. Two populations of coated vesicles were observed with increased frequency in zona glomerulosa cells of hypophysectomized gerbils
Ophthalmology Resident Surgical Competency: A National Survey

Purpose To describe the prevalence, management, and career outcomes of ophthalmology residents who struggle with surgical competency and to explore related educational issues. Design Fourteen-question written survey. Participants Fifty-eight program directors at Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education-accredited, United States ophthalmology residency programs, representing a total of 2179 resident graduates, between 1991 and 2000. Methods Study participants completed a mailed, anonymous survey whose format combined multiple choice and free comment questions. Main Outcome Measures Number of surgically challenged residents, types of problems identified, types of remediation, final departmental decision at the end of residency, known career outcomes, and residency program use of microsurgical skills laboratories and applicant screening tests. Results One hundred ninety-nine residents (9% overall; 10% mean per program) were labeled as having trouble mastering surgical skills. All of the programs except 2 had encountered such residents. The most frequently cited problems were poor hand–eye coordination (24%) and poor intraoperative judgment (22%). Most programs were supportive and used educational rather than punitive measures, the most common being extra practice-laboratory time (32%), scheduling cases with the best teaching surgeon (23%), and counseling (21%). Nearly one third (31%) of residents were believed to have overcome their difficulties before graduation. Other residents were encouraged to pursue medical ophthalmology (22%) or to obtain further surgical training through a fellowship (21%) or a supervised practice setting (12%); these residents were granted a departmental statement of satisfactory completion of residency for Board eligibility. Twelve percent were asked to leave residency. Of reported career outcomes, 92% of residents were practicing ophthalmology, 65% as surgical and 27% as medical ophthalmologists. Ninety-eight percent of residency programs had microsurgical practice facilities, 64% had a formal teaching course, and 36% had mandatory practice time. Most programs (76%) did not perform applicant vision or dexterity screening tests; questions existed about the legality and validity of such tests. Conclusions The issue of ophthalmology residents who struggle to develop surgical competency appears common. Although many problems appear to be remediable with time, practice, and dedicated, patient teachers, more specific guidelines for a statement of surgical competency are likely necessary to standardize the Board certification process.
Government as the decision maker in infrastructure projects: What diffusion models tell us

This study examines the diffusion models for insights into how governments make decisions on which type of infrastructure projects to undertake. The existing technology diffusion literature was reviewed and based on this a conceptual model was formulated. The study will focus on High Speed Rail (HSR) infrastructure technology. Four countries with the most kilometers of HSR, i.e. China, Japan, Spain, and France, are compared to countries with limited or no HSR service, i.e. currently the United States, India, Morocco and Saudi Arabia. It was concluded that the current models for technology diffusion do not offer a complete model for government decision making. No particular factor was found that explains diffusion of HSR.
Changes in lung volume and work of breathing: A comparison of two variable‐flow nasal continuous positive airway pressure devices in very low birth weight infants

Variable flow nasal continuous positive airway pressure (VF-NCPAP) recruits lung volume more effectively and reduces work of breathing (WOB) compared to constant-flow NCPAP (CF-NCPAP) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Because different VF-NCPAP devices have somewhat different flow patterns, whether different VF-NCPAP devices function similarly is unknown. We compared two VF-NCPAP devices: the Infant Flow trade mark (EME, Ltd.) and the Arabella(R) (Hamilton Medical) to assess whether lung volume recruitment and WOB were similar in VLBW infants requiring NCPAP. Eighteen infants <1,500 g were studied on both NCPAP devices applied in random order. All infants required NCPAP for mild respiratory distress. Calibrated DC-coupled respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) was used to assess lung volume changes. NCPAP was first increased to 8 cmH(2)O to allow comparable recruitment in all infants, and then was slowly decreased to 6, 4, and 0 cmH(2)O, with data collection at each level. Mean birth weight (+/-SD) was 1,107 +/- 218 g, gestational age was 27.9 +/- 2.0 weeks, weight at study was 1,092 +/- 222 g, and age at study was 4.6 +/- 4.3 days. There were no differences in lung volume recruitment overall or at any NCPAP level (P = 0.943). No differences were found in either inspiratory WOB (P = 0.468) or in resistive WOB (P = 0.610) between devices. Compliance, tidal volume, respiratory rate, and minute ventilation were also similar. Despite differences in flow characteristics between the two VF-NCPAP devices we studied, lung volume recruitment and WOB were similar.
FLEXIBLE BACKSTEPPING DESIGN FOR TRACKING AND DISTURBANCE ATTENUATION

SUMMARY In this paper we consider the benchmark nonlinear control problem and use backstepping to design several active controllers for tracking and disturbance attenuation; these two problems are much more challenging than stabilization. We show that the significant flexibility of backstepping can be exploited to reduce the required control e⁄ort and to eliminate the winding problem. ( 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
White matter integrity and cortical metabolic associations in aging and dementia

Abstract Background Studies show that white matter hyperintensities, regardless of location, primarily affect frontal lobe metabolism and function. This report investigated how regional white matter integrity (measured as fractional anisotropy [FA]) relates to brain metabolism, to unravel the complex relationship between white matter changes and brain metabolism. Objective To elucidate the relationship between white matter integrity and gray matter metabolism using diffusion tensor imaging and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in a cohort of 16 subjects ranging from normal to demented (age, >55 years). Methods Mean FA values from white matter regions underlying the medial prefrontal, inferior-lateral prefrontal, parietal association, and posterior temporal areas and the corpus callosum were regressed with glucose metabolism (by positron emission tomography), using statistical parametric mapping ( P 100). Regional cerebral glucose metabolism was the primary outcome measure. According to our hypothesis, those hypometabolic cortical regions affected by Alzheimer's disease would correlate with a lower FA of associated tracks. Results Our data show inter-regional positive correlations between FA and gray matter metabolism for the prefrontal cortex, temporal, and parietal regions. Our results suggest that left prefrontal FA is associated with left temporal and parietal metabolism. Further, left posterior temporal FA correlated with left prefrontal metabolism. Finally, bilateral parietal FA correlated with bilateral temporal metabolism. Conclusions These regions are associated with cognitive processes affected in Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease, suggesting a link with white matter degeneration and gray matter hypometabolism. Therefore, cortical function and white matter degeneration are related in aging and dementia.
Recurrence rate of shoulder dystocia

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Shoulder dystocia continues to be a major complication of obstetrics, and several factors have been identified to help predict its occurrence. A previous shoulder dystocia is one of the risk factors. However, the recurrence rate is unknown. The purpose of this study is to report the recurrence rate of shoulder dystocia. STUDY DESIGN: Our obstetric database was used to identify all vaginal deliveries between January 1983 through December 1992. A subset of vaginal deliveries complicated by shoulder dystocia was selected from this database. These records were reviewed to identify subsequent pregnancies, outcomes, risk factors, and demographic data. RESULTS: During the study period there were 37,465 total vaginal deliveries, with shoulder dystocia complicating 747 (overall rate 2%). Of these 747 cases, 101 patients had 123 subsequent vaginal deliveries, with shoulder dystocia complicating 17 of these pregnancies (13.8% recurrence rate, p CONCLUSION: Shoulder dystocia recurred at a rate approximately seven times higher than our primary rate. Whether patients with a history of shoulder dystocia should be offered an elective abdominal delivery requires further investigation.
Improving individual learning for trainees with low conscientiousness

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of situational factors in improving learning for trainees with low conscientiousness.Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 117 employees completed a survey questionnaire in the context of a training intervention. Perceptions of conscientiousness, legitimacy, and accountability were used to predict employee learning in a training context. Moderated multiple regression was used to test the hypotheses.Findings – Results support interactions of conscientiousness and perceived accountability to predict learning such that learners who are low in conscientiousness showed higher levels of learning when perceived accountability was considered strong than when perceived accountability was considered weak. There was no support for the proposed interaction of conscientiousness and perceived legitimacy to predict learning.Practical implications – Results support the view that organizations should implement formal controls to increase perceived accountabili...
Measuring the strength of slurry phase heterogeneous catalysts

Abstract Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) synthesis is a process used to convert coal-derived syngas to hydrocarbon liquids and waxes. A slurry phase bubble-column reactor (SBCR) is the preferred reactor type due to improved heat and mass transfer and operational simplicity in terms of catalyst loading and discharge. A potential disadvantage in the SBCR vs. a fixed-bed reactor is the attrition of the catalyst which can cause difficulty with the catalyst/wax separation, resulting in gradual loss of catalyst from the reactor. In this work, we have evaluated two approaches to measure the strength and attrition resistance of heterogeneous catalysts: uniaxial compaction and ultrasonic fragmentation. A commercial catalyst developed for F–T synthesis was tested along with a sample of an alumina support having a similar particle size distribution. It was found that the cumulative particle size mass distribution plots after ultrasonic fragmentation show significant differences in strength, whereas the same powders show small differences in strength as measured by the uniaxial compaction method. Erosion was found to be the dominant fragmentation mechanism for the alumina support whereas fracture was the dominant mechanism for the F–T catalyst. Ultrasonic fragmentation also was applied to Fe F–T catalysts containing a kaolin binder. The catalyst with the binder was very weak, comparable to the binderless catalyst. Further analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that kaolin and the Fe F–T catalyst occurred as two distinct phases, with plate-like structures which did not help create strong interlocking forces between them. These results provide clues for the design of attrition resistant catalysts.
Conformationally constrained analogues of diacylglycerol (DAG). 25. Exploration of the sn-1 and sn-2 carbonyl functionality reveals the essential role of the sn-1 carbonyl at the lipid interface in the binding of DAG-lactones to protein kinase C.

A group of DAG-lactones with altered functionality (C=O → CH2 or C=O → C=S) at the sn-1 and sn-2 carbonyl pharmacophores was synthesized and used as probes to dissect the individual role of each carbonyl in binding to protein kinase C (PKC). The results suggest that the hydrated sn-1 carbonyl is engaged in very strong hydrogen bonding interactions with the charged lipid headgroups and organized water molecules at the lipid interface. Conversely, the sn-2 carbonyl has a more modest contribution to the binding process as a result of its involvement with the receptor (C1 domain) via conventional hydrogen bonding to the protein. The parent DAG-lactones, E-6 and Z-7, were designed to bind exclusively in the sn-2 binding mode to insure the correct orientation and disposition of pharmacophores at the binding site.
Differences in the in vivo and in vitro Effects of the Carbamate Insecticide, Carbaryl on rat Hepatic Monooxygenases

ABSTRACTThe effects of one of the most widely used insecticides, carbaryl, on the hepatic cytochrome P-450—dependent monooxygenases were determined. Addition of carbaryl to liver microsomes from untreated or phenobarbital (PB)-pretreated rats resulted in a weak Type I binding spectrum. A much stronger spectral Type I interaction was observed when microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene(3—MC)-treated rats were used. In vitro, carbaryl caused marked inhibition of ethylmorphine and benzphetamine N-demethylases, benzo(a)pyrene hydro-xylase, 7-ethoxycoumarin and 7-ethoxyresorufin 0-deethylases in liver microsomes. Kinetic studies demonstrated that carbaryl was a competitive inhibitor of ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity. Daily administration of carbaryl for 4 days by gavage or intra-peritoneally resulted in no significant alterations in hepatic cytochrome P-450 levels, ethylmorphine N-demethylase or benzo(a)-pyrene hydroxylase activities. The lack of effect of carbaryl in vivo may be due to the rapid metabolis...
Mobilization of radionuclides from uranium mill tailings and related waste materials in anaerobic environments

Specific extraction studies in our laboratory have shown that iron and manganese oxide- and alkaline earth sulfate minerals are important hosts of radium in uranium mill tailings. Iron- and sulfate-reducing bacteria may enhance the release of radium (and its analog barium) from uranium mill tailings, oil field pipe scale [a major technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material (TENORM) waste], and jarosite (a common mineral in sulfuric acid processed-tailings). These research findings are reviewed and discussed in the context of nuclear waste forms (such as barium sulfate matrices), radioactive waste management practices, and geochemical environments in the Earth's surficial and shallow subsurface regions.
Correcting Radiance Data for Randomly Occurring Nonuniform Illumination of the IFOV of Individual Detectors in Arrays

This paper discusses the nonuniform illumination of individual pixels in an array that is intrinsic to the scene viewed, as opposed to turbulence or platform motion as an error source in quantitative imagery. It describes two classes of algorithms to treat this type of problem. It points out that this problem can be viewed as a type of inverse problem with a corresponding integral equation unlike those commonly treated in the literature. One class allows estimation of the spatial variation of radiance within pixels using the single digital number irradiances produced by the measurements of the detectors within their instantaneous-fields-of-view (IFOVs). Usually it is assumed without discussion that the intrapixel radiance distribution is constant. Results are presented showing the improvements obtained by the methods discussed.
The diet of early man: aspects of archaeological evidence from Lower and Middle Pleistocene Sites in Africa.

Abstract Evidence for Palaeolithic diet is critically reviewed, especially that from African sites. Methods of evaluating it, and some of the resulting socio‐economic conclusions, are examined. Hominids, although their ancestral stock was largely vegetarian, have evolved so as to include more protein in their diet; its importance has varied, apparently increasing by latitudinal gradations from equator to pole. Flexible joint dependence on animal and plant foods, establishment of home bases, food sharing, and differentiation of the subsistence activities of the sexes, together constitute an integrated behavioural complex already partly established some two million years ago. Large animals are certainly represented in Lower Pleistocene food refuse; they become commoner in the Middle Pleistocene, when evidence for effective co‐operative large‐scale hunting also first occurs. Other Middle and Late Pleistocene developments, some dependent on the increased geographic range of hominid settlement, are briefly rev...
Equilibrium size of large ring molecules

The equilibrium properties of isolated ring molecules were investigated using an off-lattice model with no excluded volume but with dynamics that preserve the topological class. Using an efficient set of long range moves, chains of more than 2000 monomers were studied. Despite the lack of any excluded volume interaction, the size of the chain scaled like that of a self-avoiding walk, as had been previously conjectured. However, this scaling was only seen for chains greater than 500 monomers.
Preeclampsia and liver infarction in early pregnancy associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome

Background Usually, preeclampsia is a disease of the second half of pregnancy (ie, beyond 20 weeks' gestation). Early-onset preeclampsia has been reported in association with the antiphospholipid syndrome; however, the cases reported have been at 25–30 weeks' gestation. Cases Three pregnant women presented with clinical and laboratory features of severe preeclampsia and the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) before 20 weeks' gestation. On evaluation, they were found to have antiphospholipid antibodies (anticardiolipin and/or lupus anticoagulant). Two of the patients had abdominal computed tomography scans that showed a low-density area along the hepatic periphery, compatible with hepatic infarction. Spontaneous resolution of all clinical and laboratory manifestations of preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome was observed after fetal death and pregnancy termination. Conclusion Preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome can present before 20 weeks' gestation in association with the antiphospholipid syndrome and may be associated with hepatic infarction.
Practical computer vision: example techniques and challenges

Humans, as well as many living organisms, are gifted with the power of "seeing" and Bunderstanding[ the environment around them using their eyes. The ease with which humans process and understand the visual world is very deceiving and often prompts us to underestimate the effort and methods needed to build practical, effective, and inexpensive computer vision systems. In essence, humans have a 500-million-year head start due to evolution; it is extremely difficult at this point to build a computer vision system that has the abilities of a three-year-old child. However, by confining ourselves to particular domains, we can often find shortcuts to solve particular problems. This paper illustrates a number of such solutions in various areas developed by our group at IBM. These include object finding for video surveillance, person identification via biometrics, inspection of manufactured items along railways, and scene understanding for driver assistance, as well as object recognition and motion interpretation for retail stores. We discuss the real-world constraints for each system and describe how we overcame the irksome variability inherent in each task. By further analyzing such successful systems and comparing them to each other, we can come to understand the common underlying problems and thus start to extend our initially limited areas of competence into a more general-purpose vision toolkit. This paper concludes with a set of challenging unresolved problems that if solved could spur great progress in practical computer vision.
Two-Color Single-Photon Photoinitiation and Photoinhibition for Subdiffraction Photolithography

Controlling and reducing the developed region initiated by photoexposure is one of the fundamental goals of optical lithography. Here, we demonstrate a two-color irradiation scheme whereby initiating species are generated by single-photon absorption at one wavelength while inhibiting species are generated by single-photon absorption at a second, independent wavelength. Co-irradiation at the second wavelength thus reduces the polymerization rate, delaying gelation of the material and facilitating enhanced spatial control over the polymerization. Appropriate overlapping of the two beams produces structures with both feature sizes and monomer conversions otherwise unobtainable with use of single- or two-photon absorption photopolymerization. Additionally, the generated inhibiting species rapidly recombine when irradiation with the second wavelength ceases, allowing for fast sequential exposures not limited by memory effects in the material and thus enabling fabrication of complex two- or three-dimensional structures.
Detection of hydrogen cyanide emission from the peculiar oxygen–rich evolved star IRC + 10420

Chemical reaction models do not predict appreciable amounts of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in oxygen rich [O]>[C] circumstellar envelopes. Recently, two detections of HCN in oxygen–rich envelopes have been reported1. Here we report the first detection of HCN in the oxygen–rich evolved star IRC + 10420. This star has been classified as an F8 supergiant and is considered by many to be in transition between a red giant star and a planetary nebula. Its circumstellar envelope may be in a more advanced stage of chemical evolution than red giant envelopes.
Cultural safety in child protection: Application to the workplace environment and casework practice

Cultural safety is a term that originated in the nursing profession in New Zealand. Common definitions focus on participants (whether clients or workers) feeling safe; feeling they can express their cultural identity; feel respected and listened to. The present study describes the concept of cultural safety and how it is applied in statutory child protection in Alice Springs. The context of child protection is described, including the workplace context, where Aboriginal Community Workers comprise 30% of the child protection workforce. Applying the concept of cultural safety can be more challenging in settings other than health care, and particularly in statutory child protection. However, we are finding it valuable for creating more appropriate workplaces for Aboriginal staff in child protection, and for assisting casework approaches and decisions for all staff. The present study discusses the process of developing a shared understanding of cultural safety to assist critical reflection on our workplace an...
The reliability of k out of n systems when k components are equally reliable

Abstract The k out of n systems are compared in terms of system reliability when k components are equally reliable. The result enables us to compare the system reliabilities of various sets of k out of n systems under some conditions.
On the Index of Geometrical Operators for Riemannian-Manifolds with Boundary

Abstract We use heat equation methods and invariance theory to compute the index of the classical elliptic complexes with pseudo-differential boundary conditions of Atiyah-Patodi-Singer type where the structure are not product near the boundary.
Race/Ethnicity, Disability, and Medication Adherence Among Medicare Beneficiaries with Heart Failure

BACKGROUND Recent and national data on adherence to heart failure drugs are limited, particularly among the disabled and some small minority groups, such as Native Americans and Hispanics.
Scalings of Ion-Temperature-Gradient-Driven Anomalous Transport in Tokamaks.

Results are presented from the first systematic nonlinear gyrokinetic simulation study of the scalings and parameter dependences of toroidal ion-temperature-gradient-driven (ITG) turbulence and transport in large magnetic-fusion-relevant tokamaks. Such simulations are made possible by significant advances in computational physics algorithms which are summarized. The simulated ion-thermal transport rates have clear ``gyroreduced Bohm'' scaling and are too low to account for the anomalous transport seen in the outer half of some TFTR $L$-mode discharges, indicating that additional mechanisms, such as nonadiabatic-electron effects, are operative.
The Influence of Rotation on the Free Oscillations of the Earth

We pursue an abstract investigation of the theory of the infinitesimal free elastic-gravitational oscillations of a fairly general rotating Earth model. By considering in some detail the transition to the non-rotating case, we are able to delineate certain of the intrinsic effects of rotation on the normal mode eigensolutions, and to show how profoundly rotation alters the fundamental mathematical and physical properties of these eigensolutions. In particular, we show that the displacement eigenfunctions of a rotating Earth model are not mutually orthogonal, and that the corresponding normal modes of oscillation cannot in general be represented by pure standing waves. We consider the excitation of the normal modes of oscillation of a rotating Earth model by a transient imposed body force distribution, and we show that the complex dynamical amplitude of each normal mode may, in many geophysical applications, be determined separately, in spite of the lack of orthogonality among the displacement eigenfunctions. The calculation of the associated static response after the decay of the normal modes of oscillation is, on the other hand, complicated considerably by the absence of orthogonality. We specifically examine the influence of rotation on the zero-frequency rigid body translational and rotational modes of any non-rotating Earth model, and show how to account for the corresponding rigid body modes of any rotating Earth model in excitation calculations.
Corrections to the neutrinoless double-β-decay operator in the shell model

We use diagrammatic perturbation theory to construct an effective shell-model operator for the neutrinoless double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of $^{82}\mathrm{Se}$. The starting point is the same Bonn-C nucleon-nucleon interaction that is used to generate the Hamiltonian for recent shell-model calculations of double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay. After first summing high-energy ladder diagrams that account for short-range correlations and then adding diagrams of low order in the $G$ matrix to account for longer-range correlations, we fold the two-body matrix elements of the resulting effective operator with transition densities from the recent shell-model calculation to obtain the overall nuclear matrix element that governs the decay. Although the high-energy ladder diagrams suppress this matrix element at very short distances as expected, they enhance it at distances between one and two fermis, so that their overall effect is small. The corrections due to longer-range physics are large, but cancel one another so that the fully corrected matrix element is comparable to that produced by the bare operator. This cancellation between large and physically distinct low-order terms indicates the importance of a reliable nonperturbative calculation.
Comment on "reversing the perturbation in nonequilibrium molecular dynamics: an easy way to calculate the shear viscosity of fluids".

M\"uller-Plathe [Phys. Rev. E 59, 4894 (1999)] gives a velocity exchange method that creates a shear momentum flux. Measurement of the mean velocity gradient allows the determination of the shear viscosity. Low gradients are achieved when the time interval between exchanges is large (low frequency). We show that low frequency does not produce a steady shear flow while a weaker, but continuous exchange, does have a steady flow.
Implications of an Emerging Integration of Universal and Culturally Specific Psychologies.

Psychological researchers increasingly recognize that human behavior reflects a complex interplay of universal human capacities, cultural responses to unique histories and circumstances, and individual differences. Many psychological processes appear to reflect culturally specific instantiations of universal capacities. Current integrative research focuses on further clarifying definitions of universality and on refining methods for identifying universal and cultural components of psychological processes. In this article, we consider implications of this emerging integration. To illustrate possible implications for psychology, we apply it to the study of psychopathology. We report on formal models that explain why some cultures embrace dysfunction among members. We then use the integrative framework to describe methods for determining whether putative disorders bring universal or contextual life dysfunction and to clarify etiological models of three disorders. Models of psychopathology can be more informe...
Sub-10 nm lithography with self-assembled monolayers

Dots demonstrating critical resist dimensions of approximately 5 to 6 nm were formed in an octadecylsiloxane monolayer on silicon by electron beam exposure using a digital scanning electron microscope at 20 keV beam energy. The patterned dots were observed by imaging with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The electron beam size was measured to confirm that it is not the limiting factor in the exposure resolution. The limit that prevents the observation of smaller structures is either the small contrast in the AFM imaging for smaller dots or an intrinsic material limit caused by the secondary electron range.
Primary radiotherapy for carcinoma in situ and early invasive carcinoma of the glottic larynx

One hundred and sixty two patients with early carcinoma of the true vocal cord were treated primarily with radiation. Total dose ranged from 4700 to 7600 rad and was delivered at any one of four different beam energies. We present 5 and 10 year no evidence of disease (NED) rates as well as survival data for patients having primary tumor recurrence. Comparison of treatment results is made as a function of total dose, time-dose fractionation factor, beam quality and stage of disease.
A&#x00E9;rgia: A Network-on-Chip Exploiting Packet Latency Slack

A traditional Network-on-Chip (NoC) employs simple arbitration strategies, such as round robin or oldest first, which treat packets equally regardless of the source applications' characteristics. This is suboptimal because packets can have different effects on system performance. We define slack as a key measure for characterizing a packet's relative importance. Aergia introduces new router prioritization policies that exploit interfering packets' available slack to improve overall system performance and fairness.
Regional spatial and temporal interpolation of atmospheric PCBs: Interpretation of Lake Michigan Mass Balance data

During the Lake Michigan Mass Balance (LMMB) Project, over 600 atmospheric samples were collected at eight shoreline sites and during seven cruises. These samples were analyzed for persistent organic pollutants, including PCB congeners, atrazine, and trans-nonachlor. We have developed a method for interpreting the gas-phase data that includes fractionating the observed PCB concentration into land- and water-based sources. This approach accounts for differences in gas-phase atmospheric PCB concentra tions over water and over land. Using this fractionation approach, we have interpolated the measured data over time and space to predict PCB air concentrations over the lake during the LMMB field period. The results predict gas-phase ∑PCB (sum of ∼98 congener groups) concentrations for each of 2318 grid cells over the lake, on a monthly basis. We estimate that lake-wide monthly average ∑PCB gas-phase concentrations range from 0.136 to 1.158 ng/m3, with an annual average PCB concentration of 0.457 ng/m3. As expe...
Exchange and correlation in the Si atom: A quantum Monte Carlo study

We have studied the pair-correlation function, the exchange-correlation hole, and the exchange-correlation energy density of the valence electrons in the Si atom using the Coulomb-coupling constant integration technique with the variational quantum Monte Carlo method. These quantities are compared to those derived from various approximate models within the Kohn-Sham density functional theory. We find that the charge density prefactor in the expression for the exchange-correlation hole dominates the errors found in the local spin density approximation (LSDA), that the generalized gradient approximation improves energy calculations by improving the LSDA at long ranges, and that the weighted spin density approximation, which uses the correct charge density prefactor, gives the lowest root mean square error for the exchange-correlation energy density.
Covariance Searches for ncRNA Gene Finding

The use of covariance models for non-coding RNA gene finding is extremely powerful and also extremely computationally demanding. A major reason for the high computational burden of this algorithm is that the search proceeds through every possible start position in the database and every possible sequence length between zero and a user-defined maximum length at every one of these start positions. Furthermore, for every start position and sequence length, all possible combinations of insertions and deletions leading to the given sequence length are searched. It has been previously shown that a large portion of this search space is nowhere near any database match observed in practice and that the search space can be limited significantly with little change in expected search results. In this work a different approach is taken in which the space of starting positions, sequence lengths, and insertion/deletion patterns is searched using a genetic algorithm.
Multiple Scattering of Light in a Turbulent Atmosphere

An integral formulation of multiple scattering of light in a turbulent atmosphere is considered. The well-known Fresnel-zone single scattering is the first-order term in a Born series. Secondary-scattering contributions to the power spectra of amplitude and phase variations of the scattered light wave are exhibited in terms of the transverse power spectrum of the index-of-refraction fluctuations.
Carrier-induced mechanism for defect formation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract A mechanism is proposed for the formation of metastable defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon that is driven by the presence of mobile carriers, instead of by their recombination as has been thought. This carrier-induced mechanism explains several observations that could not be reconciled with recombination-driven mechanisms, including defect formation in accumulation layers and light-induced recovery of defects. A configuration coordinate diagram and rate equation are proposed.
Towards building a fault tolerant and conflict-free distributed file system for mobile clients

The rising demand for mobile computing has created a need for improved file system that supports mobile clients. Current file systems with support for mobility provide availability through file replicas that are cached at the client side. However, mobile clients may experience different obstacles in regard to the local cache, such as the limited network bandwidth, the intermittent connection, and serious conflicts when synchronizing back to the server, to mention a few. In this paper, we propose a novel fault tolerant and conflict free distributed file system for mobile clients, which provides high available and reliable storage for files and guarantees that file operations are executed in spite of concurrency and failures. The design is intended to fit mobile clients (e.g., PDAs and cell phones) that have limited storage space and can not store all data they need, yet they require to access these data at all times. We present our mobile file system model, describe its implementation, and report on its performance evaluation using an extensive set of simulation experiments. Our results indicate clearly that our model exhibits a significant degree of automation and conflict-free mobile file system.
Hemodynamic and Respiratory Concomitants of Learned Heart Rate Control During Exercise

Each of three monkeys was trained to slow its heart, to exercise (lift weights), and to attenuate the tachycardia of exercise by combining these two skills. During all experiments, heart rate, stroke volume, intra-arterial blood pressure, O2 consumption, and CO2 production were recorded on a beat-to-beat basis. All animals reliably attenuated the tachycardia of exercise, indicating that this expression of central command is, at least in part, a learned motor skill. Double-product (heart rate × systolic pressure) was attenuated during combined sessions relative to exercise only sessions, and heart rate was always lower at similar levels of cardiac output, indicating that under the combined conditions, animals were performing with better cardiac efficiency at comparable levels of mechanical effort. Analyses of O2 consumption, CO2 production, and respiratory quotient (the ratio of CO2 production to O2 consumption) suggested that the animals also might have been delivering more O2 to their working muscles during combined sessions.
Using ICPSR Resources to Teach Sociology

The focus on quantitative literacy has been increasingly outside the realm of mathematics. The social sciences are well suited to including quantitative elements throughout the curriculum but doing so can mean challenges in preparation and presentation of material for instructors and increased anxiety for students. This paper describes tools and resources available through the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) that will aid students and instructors engaging in quantitative literacy across the curriculum. The Online Learning Center is a source of empirical activities aimed at undergraduates in lower-division substantive courses and Exploring Data through Research Literature presents an alternative to traditional research methods assignments. Searching and browsing tools, archive structures, and extended online-analysis tools make it easier for students in upper-division undergraduate and graduate courses to engage in exercises that increase quantitative literacy, and paper competitions reward them for doing so.
Control of a teleoperator system with redundancy based on passivity conditions

Ways a stiffness controller can be used to control a teleoperator system with a redundant degree-of-freedom (DOF) slave manipulator and a dissimilar master are examined. No path planning is allowed because of the uncertainty of the environment and computational limitations. The proposed controller was implemented on the 7-DOF Center for Engineering Systems Advanced Research Manipulator slave manipulator with a 6-DOF Kraft master manipulator. The overall performance of this scheme and future directions are discussed. >
Long-term oncological outcomes of men undergoing radical prostatectomy with preoperative prostate-specific antigen <2.5 ng/ml and 2.5–4 ng/ml

Abstract Objectives Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening has increased the detection of small, organ-confined tumors, and studies suggest that these patients may have favorable outcomes following radical prostatectomy (RP). To date, there are limited data available on the outcomes of patients diagnosed with low PSA (≤4 ng/ml) who underwent RP. This study aimed to evaluate long-term oncological outcomes of patients undergoing RP with preoperative PSA Materials and methods Data were analyzed from 3,621 men who underwent RP between 1988 and 2010 at our institution. Patients were stratified into 3 PSA groups: n = 280), 2.5–4 ng/ml ( n = 563), and 4.1–10 ng/ml ( n = 2,778). Patient and disease characteristics were compared. Overall, biochemical disease-free (bDFS), and PCa-specific survivals were analyzed and compared between the groups. Multivariable analyses were conducted using proportional hazards model. Results Compared with the 4.1–10 ng/ml PSA group, Gleason score >7, extracapsular extension, and non-organ-confined disease were less common in patients with PSA ≤4 ng/ml (all P P = 0.050) and Gleason score ≥7 ( P = 0.026) were more common in the 2.5–4 ng/ml PSA group. Estimated 10-year overall and PCa-specific survivals were comparable across all PSA groups, whereas bDFS was significantly lower in PSA 4.1–10 group ( P P = 0.300). 10-year bDFS were 59.0%, 70.1%, and 76.4% in PSA 4.1–10, 2.5–4, and Conclusions Long-term oncological outcomes (overall, bDFS, PCa-specific survivals) of patients presenting with low PSA (≤4 ng/ml) were excellent in this study. Compared with PSA 4.1–10 ng/ml, patients presenting with PSA ≤4 ng/ml had better bDFS outcomes. However, there was no difference in long-term outcomes between PSA
Parameterized hardware design on reconfigurable computers: An image registration case study

Reconfigurable computers (RCs) with hardware (FPGA) co-processors can achieve significant performance improvement compared to traditional computers for certain categories of applications. The potential amount of speedup an RC can deliver depends on the intrinsic parallelism of the target application as well as the characteristics of the target platform. In this paper, we use image registration implementation as a case study to show how a hardware implementation is parameterized by co-processor architecture, particularly the local memory layout. Image registration is a fundamental task in image processing used to match two or more pictures taken at different times, from different sensors, or from different viewpoints. One of several basic transformations in image registration is rigid-body transformation, which is composed of a combination of a rotation θ, a translation (t x ,t y ), and a scale change (s). In this work, rigid-body transformation is applied on the test image to register it with the reference image; and correlation coefficient is used as the similarity metric between the two images. Two different algorithms, exhaustive search algorithm and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)-based search algorithm, are implemented on hardware (i.e., FPGA device on Cray XD1 reconfigurable computer). The hardware implementation of exhaustive search algorithm is 10× faster than the software implementation. The performance improvement of DWT-based search algorithm in hardware is roughly 2 folds compared to the corresponding software implementation.
COPULA-BASED CHARACTERIZATIONS FOR HIGHER ORDER MARKOV PROCESSES

In this paper, we obtain characterizations of higher order Markov processes in terms of copulas corresponding to their finite-dimensional distributions. The results are applied to establish necessary and sufficient conditions for Markov processes of a given order to exhibit m-dependence, r-independence, or conditional symmetry. The paper also presents a study of applicability and limitations of different copula families in constructing higher order Markov processes with the preceding dependence properties. We further introduce new classes of copulas that allow one to combine Markovness with m-dependence or r-independence in time series.
Feedback regulation of ribosomal protein synthesis in E. coli: Localization of the mRNA target sites for repressor action of ribosomal protein L1

Abstract E. coli ribosomal protein L1 is a translational repressor of the synthesis in vitro of both proteins encoded in the L11 operon (L11 and L1). L1 is shown to act at a single target site within the first 160 bases of the bicistronic mRNA, near (or at) the translation initiation site of the L11 cistron. Synthesis of L1 apparently requires translation of the preceding L11 cistron, allowing regulation of the synthesis of both proteins from a single mRNA target site. This observation suggests a sequential translation mechanism that results in the equimolar synthesis rates of the two proteins observed in vivo. It was found that the presence of 23S rRNA, but not 16S rRNA, relieves translational inhibition by L1. L1 presumably recognizes structural features of the mRNA target site that are homologous to the L1-binding site of 23S rRNA. Although previous work indicated that translationally inhibited ribosomal protein mRNA is degraded in vivo, L1 repressor action in the present in vitro system was found not to involve mRNA degradation.
Note model‐checking in non‐stationary poisson processes

An approach to assessing the fit of a parametric non-stationary Poisson process model to data is presented. The approach uses kernel estimation in conjunction with a parametric bootstrap. An example is given.