cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ubiquitous Expression of the Forkhead Box M1B Transgene Accelerates Proliferation of Distinct Pulmonary Cell Types following Lung Injury

The delayed early transcription factor Forkhead Box M1B (FoxM1B) is expressed in proliferating cells, but its expression is extinguished in cells undergoing terminal differentiation. Liver regeneration studies with genetically altered mice that either prematurely expressed FoxM1B in hepatocytes or contained a hepatocyte-specific deletion of the Foxm1b allele demonstrated that FoxM1B is critical for regulating the expression of cell cycle genes required for hepatocyte proliferation. Furthermore, preventing the decline in hepatocyte FoxM1B levels during aging was sufficient to increase regenerating hepatocyte proliferation and expression of cell cycle genes to levels found in young regenerating mouse liver. Although these liver regeneration studies demonstrated that FoxM1B is required for hepatocyte proliferation, whether FoxM1B regulates proliferation of cell types other than hepatocytes remains to be determined. Here, we developed a new TG mouse line in which the –800-base pair Rosa26 promoter was used to drive expression of the FoxM1B transgene in all mouse tissues and found that Rosa26-FoxM1B TG mice were healthy, displaying no developmental defects. We used butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) lung injury to demonstrate that premature expression of the FoxM1B transgene protein accelerated proliferation of different lung cell types, including alveolar type II epithelial cells, bronchial epithelial and smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells of pulmonary capillaries and arteries. This was associated with the earlier expression of the cell cycle promoting cyclin A2, cyclin E, cyclin B1, cyclin F, and cyclin dependent kinase-1 (Cdk1) genes and diminished protein levels of Cdk inhibitor p21Cip1. Taken together, these results suggest that increasing FoxM1B levels is an effective means to stimulate cellular proliferation during aging and in lung diseases such as emphysema.
Initiation of ice: comparison of numerical model results with observations of ice development in a cumulus cloud

Abstract The results from a recently revised microphysical model are compared with airborne measurements and observations of a small cumulus. The model used was a parcel model with explicit microphysics. A gaseous tracer, sulfur hexafluoride, was used to tag a region of the cloud to help observe the behavior of one region of the cloud. The model reproduced several features of the observed cloud microphysics, including the peak size of the observed droplet spectra and the development of large precipitation particles through riming. The major nucleation mechanisms were predicted to be deposition and condensation freezing. The effects of precipitation falling into the observed cloud region and mixing between adjacent parcels (processes that are not simulated in the model) were the likely cause of the discrepancy between the observed size spectra and those simulated by the model.
Time-variable retort temperature profiles for cylindrical cans: batch process time, energy consumption, and quality retention model

The batch retort model developed uses a heat transfer equation for heat conduction in cylindrical cans, first order kinetics for microbial inactivation, first order kinetics for quality losses and a transient energy balance to estimate steam consumption. For a given retort, lethality process and quality retention, the transient energy balance equation in the model allowed the identification of feasible time-temperature profiles reducing energy consumption, total process time or both. In the examples analyzed and depending upon product specijkations, time-variable retort temperatures reduced process time by 18-55 min. These examples suggested that a change from constant to time-variable retort temperatures could increase canning capacity by 20-50%.
Absence of effects of lead feedings and growth-retardation on mitochondrial and microsomal cytochromes in the developing brain

Abstract Heme-containing enzymes were measured by absorption spectroscopy in mitochondria and microsomes isolated from the brains of PbCO 3 -fed rat pups. Brain mitochondrial cytochromes also were measured in lead-fed adult rats and in growth-retarded pups. In normal animals, brain mitochondrial and microsomal cytochrome levels increased about twofold from 1 week of age to adulthood. In pups fed lead from birth, the resulting encephalopathy occurred most frequently in the first 2 weeks. Cerebellar mitochondrial cytochromes were decreased but only after 4 weeks of feedings. In pups fed lead from 2 weeks of age, the encephalopathy occurred after 2 weeks of feedings. There were no decreases in cerebral or cerebellar mitochondrial cytochromes. In both groups of pups, brain microsomal cytochromes tended to be higher in lead-fed than in control animals. Lead-feedings did not alter adult brain mitochondrial cytochrome levels. Brain mitochondrial levels also were unchanged in growth-retarded compared to normal rat pups. We conclude that the cytochrome concentrations of mitochondria and microsomes from both the immature and adult rat brain are relatively unaffected by factors such as inorganic lead exposure, known to influence pathways of heme breakdown and synthesis in other tissues. Second, changes in brain mitochondrial cytochrome contents are not associated with the development of lead encephalopathy in the rat pup.
Single amino acid residue-linked signaling shifts in the transduction activities of atrial and type C natriuretic factor receptor guanylate cyclases.

Abstract The type A (ANF) and the type C (CNP) natriuretic factor activated guanylate cyclases, respectively termed as ANF-RGC and CNP-RGC, are single-chain transmembrane-spanning proteins, containing ligand binding and catalytic cyclase domains at two opposite ends of the protein. The binding activity resides at the N-terminal extracellular region and the catalytic cyclase activity at the carboxyl end. The ANF-RGC residue Leu-364, residing in the extracellular region, is critical for the ANF-binding activity; the CNP-RGC residue Glu-332 is critical for the CNP-binding activity. The counter part of CNP-RGC-Glu-332 residue is the ANF-RGC residue Gln-338 and of ANF-RGC-Leu-364 residue in CNP-RGC is the Valine-358. The present study shows a remarkable signal switching phenomenon associated with these residues. By changing the ANF-RGC residue Gln-338 to Glu, ANF-RGC switches from no to significant CNP signal transduction activity; similarly, a change from Valine-358 to Leu generates ANF signal transduction activity in CNP-RGC. These acquired signal transduction activities in the cyclases are in addition to their natural signal transduction activities. Thus, these new cyclases show both ANF and CNP signaling activities.
Mixed Potential Hydrocarbon Sensors based on a YSZ Electrolyte and Oxide Electrodes

The mixed potential response of perovskite-type oxide electrodes on a yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte have been examined. The effects of varying the electrode and electrolyte composition and morphology on the sensor response have been studied in detail. La 0.8 Sr 0.2 CrO 3 was found to be an excellent electrode material for a highly selective nonmethane hydrocarbon sensor. Moreover, the sensor response was greatly improved by decreasing the heterogeneous catalysis on the YSZ electrolyte. Optimizing the electrode and electrolytes resulted in a sensor response of up to 100 mV for 500 ppm of propylene in a 1% O 2 stream at 550°C. The response times of these sensors were found to be strongly dependent on the porosity in the YSZ electrolyte and could be optimized to yield a sensor response time as low as one second.
Multiphoton fluorescence excitation in continuous-wave infrared optical traps

The multiphoton fluorescence excitation observed in a continuous-wave (cw) single-beam gradient force optical trap (optical tweezers) is reported for latex beads labeled with a yellow-green fluorescent dye (BODIPY). The fluorescence emission spectra of the yellow-green beads trapped and excited by the same 1064-nm laser light are identical to the spectra excited by the 365-nm UV light. The influence of the numerical aperture of the objective on the slope of the log–log power-dependence has been demonstrated for BODIPY–Oil solution under cw and pulsed-laser conditions. The possibility that three-photon excitation process occurs is discussed within the context of a dog-bone saturation model. Other possibilities for the observed fluorescence excitation have been discussed.
STM, LEED and AES studies on the oxidation of a CrN overlayer on Fe0.8Cr0.2(100)

Abstract A combination of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) was used to study the CrN surface phase grown on a Fe0.8Cr0.2(100) substrate. The co-segregation of Cr and N was achieved by annealing the Fe0.8Cr0.2(100) crystal to 833 K. LEED data of the annealed surface showed a sharp (1 × 1) pattern corresponding to the segregated CrN phase. STM images showed that the CrN overlayer is rough and inhomogeneous, exhibiting many deviations from ideal regularity. Steps were observed with terrace widths ranging from 5 to 65 nm. The step heights are in the range 0.2–3.5 nm. Most of the steps are oriented preferentially in the 〈100〉 direction. Oxidation of the surface results in disordering of the CrN layer (1 × 1) LEED pattern. STM measurements revealed oxide island formation at saturation coverage. Our Auger data suggest that a Cr oxide overlayer forms over the surface nitrogen. Auger spectra indicated that exposure to O2 results only in the oxidation of Cr while the underlying Fe is still metallic. Tunneling current-voltage measurements and Auger spectra at different O coverages can be correlated with the surface oxidation behavior of the CrN overlayer. Comparison of the CrN(1 × 1) layer with a N-depleted surface indicates that surface N retards oxidation at 300 K.
Tissue-specific effects of divalent cations and activators on soluble guanylate cyclase.

Abstract The interactions of divalent cations, Mn 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ , with the cytosolic guanylate cyclase (GTP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing, EC 4.6.1.2) from different tissues were studied. Guanylate cyclase activities of the kidney, liver, and lung were strongly dependent on Mn 2+ . In contrast, the enzyme in smooth muscle of the colon, aorta, and vas diferens was active with Mg 2+ as well as with Mn 2+ . Ca 2+ was ineffective in all tissues. Preincubation, at 30°C, of colon extracts, but not those of kidney and liver, increased guanylate cyclase activity. The Mg 2+ -dependent activity was preferentially enhanced by this treatment. These results suggest that when the enzyme was autoactivated by endogenus factors it became more Mg 2+ dependent. Dithiothreitol strongly inhibited the Mg 2+ -dependent colon enzyme, whereas activities in kidney and liver were not affected and the response of the enzyme in lung was intermediate. This suggests that autoactivation involved an oxidative-reductive alteration of the enzyme. Ca 2+ markedly inhibited the Mg 2+ -dependent activity in smooth muscles but Mg 2+ -dependent activities in lung, liver, and kidney were not influenced appreciably. Exogenous activators, dehydroascorbate and NaN 3 , increased guanylate cyclase, assayed with either Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ . However, the relative stimulation of the enzyme assayed with Mg 2+ was greater than with Mn 2+ . When activated by these exogenous agents, guanylate cyclase in all tissues became inhibitable by Ca 2+ . These findings suggest that guanylate cyclase in smooth muscle, as prepared, was in a partially activated form. The endogenous activating factors in colon smooth muscle were heat-stable, largely extractable with chloroform/methanol, and cochromatographed with authentic fatty acids. Arachidonic acid stimulated colon guanylate cyclase and enhancement of the Mg 2+ -dependent activity was blocked by Ca 2+ . This strongly infers that a significant part of the endogenous activating factors in the colon was fatty acids or their derivatives. The colon activators had only minimal affects on the enzyme in the kidney. Similarly prepared activator extracts from the kidney increased colon guanylate cyclase but did not stimulate the renal enzyme. Thus, the ability of the enzyme to be stimulated by endogenous activators was dependent on the tissue from which the enzyme was derived. The possibility that the interactions of Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ on guanylate cyclase in smooth muscles are of regulatory significance to the contractile response of the muscle was discussed. It was proposed as a working hypothesis that cyclic GMP and Ca 2+ might participate in reciprocal negative feedback mechanisms.
Prejunctional α2-Adrenoceptors and Adenylyl Cyclase Regulation in the Rabbit Iris-Ciliary Body

ABSTRACT Agents that elevate intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) have been found to enhance the synaptic discharge of norepinephrine (NE) from sympathetic nerve terminals in the rabbit iris-ciliary bod...
Measuring and pricing QoS

AbstractThe authors study a scalable pricing framework for QoS enabled networks that support real-time, adjustable real-time, and non-realtime traffic. The scheme, which belongs to usage-based methods, is independent of the underlying network and the mechanisms for QoS provisioning. The framework is credit based, ensuring the fairness, comprehensibility, and predictability of usage price. It also provides a means for the network providers to ensure, with high probability, cost recovery and profit, competitiveness of prices, and encouragement of client behaviours that will enhance the network's efficiency. This is achieved by appropriate charging mechanisms and the provision of suitable incentives. Simulation results suggest that users have better overall satisfaction, that providers are able to recover costs; and that better network utilization is achieved while reduced call blocking probability is observed. The implementation and usage costs of the framework are low.
Obtaining molecular and structural information from 13C-14N systems with 13C FIREMAT experiments.

Abstract The effect of dipolar coupling to 14 N on 13 C FIREMAT ( fi ve π re plicated m agic a ngle t urning) experiments is investigated. A method is developed for fitting the 13 C FIREMAT FID employing the full theory to extract the 13 C– 14 N dipolar and 13 C chemical shift tensor information. The analysis requires prior knowledge of the electric field gradient (EFG) tensor at the 14 N nucleus. In order to validate the method the analysis is done for the amino acids α-glycine, γ-glycine, l -alanine, l -asparagine, and l -histidine on FIREMAT FIDs recorded at 13 C frequencies of 50 and 100 MHz. The dipolar and chemical shift data obtained with this analysis are in very good agreement with the previous single-crystal 13 C NMR results and neutron diffraction data on α-glycine, l -alanine, and l -asparagine. The values for γ-glycine and l -histidine obtained with this new method are reported for the first time. The uncertainties in the EFG tensor on the resultant 13 C chemical shift and dipolar tensor values are assessed.
Lack of cross-reaction between DNCB and chloramphenicol

Although one study has reported a cross-reactivity between DNCB and chloramphenicol in 40% of patients, other investigators have been unable to confirm the existence of any cross reaction. The purpose of this study is to determine whether sensitization of patients to DNCB poses a risk of cross reaction to chloramphenicol. In the present study, 100 consecutive patients who were sensitized to DNCB failed to show a single reaction to patch testing with chloramphenicol in a 1% ointment. The discrepancy between these results may be explained by a possible misinterpretation of a primary irritant reaction as an allergic contact reaction in the original report.
Fluoro-containing complexes of chromium (III). II. Crystal structure oftrans-difluorodiaquo-ethylenediaminechromium(III) chloride

The results of an X-ray structure determination of one of the three possible chloride salts of [Cr(en) F2(OH2)2]+ show the two fluoro ligands to betrans to each other. The purple crystals are monoclinic in the space groupC2/c-C2h6, witha=11.409(3),b=9.319(2),c=10.260(3) A,β=128.73(2)° andDc=1.73 g cm−3 forZ=4. Least-squares refinement based on 1341 independent observed reflections resulted in a finalR of 0.026. The molecule lies on a crystallographic two-fold axis, and the Cr-F, Cr-N, and Cr-O bond lengths are 1.885(1), 2.044(2), and 1.997(2) A respectively. It is suggested that the ill-defined shoulder in the visible electronic spectrum of this complex is indicative of atrans dihalo geometry.
Effect of Tactile Stimulation on Lingual Motor Function in Pediatric Lingual Dysphagia

There is a scarcity of empirical evidence on effective treatments of swallowing dysfunction in young children who do not suck or swallow. There is no literature testing the effects of shaping a reflex or specifically shaping a swallow reflex. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate and isolate the specific regional mechanical functions of the tongue during swallowing. This study included 45 patients who did not swallow because of multiple congenital anomalies and gastroenterologic dysfunctions before and after corrective surgery and had histories of unsuccessful traditional feeding therapies. Evaluation included clinical gastroenterologic, nutritional, and neurologic examination, routine laboratory tests, and radiologic swallowing studies. A ten-year study analyzed the behavioral science procedures shaping both a swallow reflex and lingual surface geometry. Treatment variables were (1) a tactile stimulus to the posterior tongue and (2) sequential tactile stimuli to varied locations on the lingual surface. There were significant differences in lingual responses for all patients who were transferred from artificial feedings to independent prototypical swallowing capability and acquired oral consumption of recommended daily hydration and nutrition in 5–7 days of treatment. The initial tactile stimulus and six-level sequential stimuli resulted in six sequential lingual responses within each wavelike swallow reflex. Results of stimuli shaping varied lingual responses across 45 patients with severe multiple medical and anatomical deficits in swallowing, suggest that the etiology was not relevant in this population. These behavioral science approaches are novel treatment for pediatric lingual dysphagia.
Predicting inpatient stay lasting 2 midnights or longer after robotic surgery for endometrial cancer.

Abstract Objective To estimate the rate of inpatient stay and the factors predicting inpatient status after robotic surgery for endometrial cancer following the change in the Medicare definition of “inpatient” to include hospitalization spanning 2 midnights. Design Retrospective chart review (Canadian Task Force classification II-1). Setting Academic hospital. Patients All patients (n = 395) with endometrial cancer who underwent robotic surgical management between 2006 and 2010. Intervention The outpatient stay group with hospitalization spanning 1 midnight was compared with the inpatient stay group with hospitalization spanning 2 midnights or longer through estimation of the adjusted relative risk (aRR) for various characteristics of interest. Results Ninety-six of 395 patients (24.3%) stayed at least 2 midnights and thus were deemed inpatients. Clinical factors associated with inpatient stay were increasing age, history of myocardial infarction (aRR, 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0–3.7), surgery start time at or after 12 noon (aRR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2–2.4), perioperative blood transfusion (aRR, 3.2; 95% CI, 2.3–4.5), and surgery performed in the year 2010 (aRR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3–0.7). Age ≥60 years was associated with at least a 2-fold adjusted risk of prolonged hospitalization. Body mass index, other medical comorbidities, operative duration, estimated blood loss, and performance of lymphadenectomy or additional surgical procedures were not identified as significant risk factors. Conclusion Approximately 75% of the patients undergoing robotic surgery for endometrial cancer were discharged as outpatients. Recognition of factors predicting inpatient stay can improve hospital resource allocation and throughput in women undergoing robotic surgery for endometrial cancer.
Predicting node location in a PCS network

Predicting the location of a mobile via a previously known location can reduce costs over non-predictive methods that always begin paging in the last known location. If the mobility pattern of a mobile can be described by a mathematical model, such as the Gauss-Markov model, a predictive management scheme based on that model is ideal. Typically, however, the mobility pattern of a mobile is too complex to be modeled accurately. In this paper, we propose an adaptive mobility management method which is not based upon a mathematical model. In our method, the location of a mobile is predicted solely on the basis of previously reported locations. We compare our method, through simulations, with a non-predictive method and a method based upon a mathematical model. The results show that our adaptive mobility management method performs well under a wide variety of mobility patterns.
Microscopic Theory of Energy Distribution of SiO2/Si Interface Traps: A Survey of History and Some New Results

Slater's 3-dimensional localized perturbation theory for bound electronic states at bulk donor and acceptor impurity ions in solids, as extended by Sah, anticipates U-shaped energy distributions of bound electronic states from neutral electron and hole interface traps due to random variations of the Si:Si and Si:O bond angle and length. Energy dissipation of electronic transitions at the interface traps anticipates the rate of electron capture into neutral electron trap larger for electron trap energy levels nearer the conduction band edge, and similarly, the rate of hole capture into neutral hole trap larger for hole trap energy levels nearer the valence band edge. Historical searches of U-shaped density of electronic states, the perturbation theory, and the effects on the current versus voltage lineshape of electron-hole recombination current from interface traps are described
The Utility of Inpatient Rebound Bilirubin Levels in Infants Readmitted After Birth Hospitalization for Hyperbilirubinemia

Background and Objectives: There are few data evaluating the role of inpatient rebound bilirubin levels in the management of infants readmitted after their birth hospitalization for indirect hyperbilirubinemia. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the clinical utility of inpatient rebound bilirubin levels within this patient population. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 226 infants readmitted after their birth hospitalization for indirect hyperbilirubinemia. Data from 130 infants with rebound bilirubin levels drawn at a mean of 6.1 ± 2.4 hours after discontinuation of phototherapy were compared with data from 96 infants without rebound bilirubin levels. The primary outcome was readmission to the hospital, and secondary outcomes included length of stay and discharge time. A subgroup analysis compared characteristics of children who required repeat phototherapy versus those who did not. Results: Overall, 5 of 130 patients from the rebound group were readmitted compared with 4 of 96 patients from the no-rebound group (P = .98). Length of stay was significantly longer for patients with rebound bilirubin levels (27.7 vs 23.2 hours; P = .001). Patients with bilirubin levels lowered to ≤14 mg/dL were less likely to receive repeat phototherapy than those with levels >14 mg/dL (2 of 129 vs 12 of 97; P = .001). Conclusions: Early inpatient rebound bilirubin levels do not successfully predict which patients will require hospital readmission for repeat phototherapy. Children with bilirubin levels lowered to ≤14 mg/dL with phototherapy are unlikely to receive repeat phototherapy.
Diné Bizaad [Navajo Language] at a Crossroads: Extinction or Renewal?

Abstract Until about 20 years ago, the Navajo language was one of the most resilient American Indian languages in modern U.S. history. Today, at the dawn of the 21st century, that has all changed. Some changes can be attributed to the normal dynamics of cultural transmission that affect language use. Some others, such as the dramatic shift toward English that is occurring—largely due to the agency of public education and mass media—are jeopardizing the survival of the Navajo language. The Navajo language is at a crossroads; it can still be renewed among the growing number of non-speakers so it can be strengthened, or it can continue to decline in its use. On several levels the language appears to remain strong and viable, but on others the telltale signs of impending extinction are becoming apparent. This paper addresses the differences between the normal changes and adaptation of Navajo as a living language and those that are indicative of language loss or other dramatic linguistic shifts that threaten i...
Family Resilience: A Framework for Clinical Practice

This article presents an overview of a family resilience framework developed for clinical practice, and describes its advantages. Drawing together findings from studies of individual resilience and research on effective family functioning, key processes in family resilience are outlined in three domains: family belief systems, organizational patterns, and communication/problem-solving. Clinical practice applications are described briefly to suggest the broad utility of this conceptual framework for intervention and prevention efforts to strengthen families facing serious life challenges.
Group I PAKs function downstream of Rac to promote podosome invasion during myoblast fusion in vivo

The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) play essential roles in diverse cellular processes and are required for cell proliferation, apoptosis, polarity establishment, migration, and cell shape changes. Here, we have identified a novel function for the group I PAKs in cell–cell fusion. We show that the two Drosophila group I PAKs, DPak3 and DPak1, have partially redundant functions in myoblast fusion in vivo, with DPak3 playing a major role. DPak3 is enriched at the site of fusion colocalizing with the F-actin focus within a podosome-like structure (PLS), and promotes actin filament assembly during PLS invasion. Although the small GTPase Rac is involved in DPak3 activation and recruitment to the PLS, the kinase activity of DPak3 is required for effective PLS invasion. We propose a model whereby group I PAKs act downstream of Rac to organize the actin filaments within the PLS into a dense focus, which in turn promotes PLS invasion and fusion pore initiation during myoblast fusion.
The Impact of Global Financial Crisis and Policy Responses The Caucasus, Central Asia and Mongolia

The global economic crisis of 2008–09 was transmitted to the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Mongolia through the decline in prices of commodity exports and a slowdown in destination countries—principally the Russian Federation—which buy their exports and employ migrant workers. Unlike the other countries, however, Kazakhstan, which is well-integrated into global financial markets, experienced a sudden stop in capital flows in 2007. Fiscal stimuli have supported weakening economies, and have been financed through official borrowing by energy importers (Armenia, Georgia, the Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Tajikistan) to the extent pre-crisis imbalances and the resulting debt dynamics allow and by stabilization funds in energy exporters (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan). But more concessional financing will be needed to moderate the tradeoff between stimulus and sustainable debt levels in the event of a global recovery, which is weaker than expected. Distress in the banking sectors has been contain...
Pr3+-doped GeGaS glasses for 1.3 μm optical fiber amplifiers☆

Abstract The synthesis and optical properties of Pr-doped GeGaS glasses are reported. The radiative properties associated with the important 1G4 → 3H5 transition of Pr3+ at 1.3 μm have been determined by absorption and fluorescence measurements coupled with Judd-Ofelt analysis. As compared with ZBLAN glass, Pr-doped GeGaS glasses have a longer fluorescence lifetime and a larger stimulated emission cross-section, which are favorable for an efficient fiber amplifier. The concentration quenching of Pr3+ in these glasses has also been studied by fluorescence lifetime measurements.
COMMEMORATING SEVENTY FIVE YEARS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI LAW REVIEW

It is coincidental but also fitting that the Review's 75th volume will be published the year before the College's 175th anniversary. That anniversary will be an occasion to reflect on the rich heritage of the College and the many contributions of the College's graduates and faculty. The Review has earned an extremely important place in that story. The past volumes speak to the many scholarly accomplishments of the College as a whole, and of the faculty and students, in particular. We will expect no less for the next 75 volumes of the Review.
Electoral Systems and Political Corruption

This paper argues that the relationship between legislative electoral systems and political corruption is different from what previous studies have contended. It argues that open-list proportional systems promote political corruption more than closed-list proportional and single-member plurality systems because they make campaign finance shortages more pronounced, legislative corruption opportunities more numerous, and the provision of anti-corruption institutions more challenging. Moreover, each of these effects is mediated by institutions that structure policymaking processes, such that legislatures elected by identical systems can differ in the degree to which they enable or frustrate political corruption. This account contrasts with previous research in several respects, especially by emphasizing that electoral system influence depends significantly on what occurs in the legislative arena. The paper provides two empirical studies to support the theory: a regression analysis of corruption across fifty-one democracies and case studies of legislator-involved corruption scandals in three open-list countries (Brazil, Chile, and Finland).
Reactions Li 7 (α, n)B 10 , Li 7 (α, α')Li 7* , and B 10 (n, α)Li 7

The nuclear reactions ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n){\mathrm{B}}^{10}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, {\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}){\mathrm{Li}}^{7*}$ have been studied for monoenergetic $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles from a Van de Graaff accelerator. The threshold in the ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, n$) reaction was measured to be 4.379 Mev which gives a $Q$ value of -2.788 Mev. Resonances in the yield of 0.477-Mev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ radiation were observed at $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle energies of 1.91, 2.49, 3.06, 3.6, 4.39, 4.6, and 5.0 Mev. The inverse reaction ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}(n, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ was also studied by using monoenergetic neutrons with energies between 0.020 and 4.80 Mev. Resonances were observed at neutron energies of 0.53, 1.86, 2.8, and 4.1 Mev. Excited states in ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$ from these experiments are indicated at 9.88, 10.25, 10.62, 10.97, 11.46, 11.6, 11.9, 13.2, 14.0, and 15.2 Mev.
Development of a High-Throughput Ultrasound Technique for the Analysis of Tissue Engineering Constructs

Development of hydrogel-based tissue engineering constructs is growing at a rapid rate, yet translation to patient use has been sluggish. Years of costly preclinical tests are required to predict clinical performance and safety of these devices. The tests are invasive, destructive to the samples and, in many cases, are not representative of the ultimate in vivo scenario. Biomedical imaging has the potential to facilitate biomaterial development by enabling longitudinal noninvasive device characterization directly in situ. Among the various available imaging modalities, ultrasound stands out as an excellent candidate due to low cost, wide availability, and a favorable safety profile. The overall goal of this work was to demonstrate the utility of clinical ultrasound in longitudinal characterization of 3D hydrogel matrices supporting cell growth. Specifically, we developed a quantitative technique using clinical B-mode ultrasound to differentiate collagen content and fibroblast density within poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels and validated it in an in vitro phantom environment. By manipulating the hydrogel gelation, differences in ultrasound signal intensity were found between gels with collagen fibers and those with non-fiber forming collagen, indicating that the technique was sensitive to the configuration of the protein. At a collagen density of 2.5 mg/mL collagen, fiber forming collagen had a significantly increased signal intensity of 14.90 ± 2.58 × 10(-5) a.u. compared to non-fiber forming intensity at 2.74 ± 0.36 × 10(-5) a.u. Additionally, differences in intensity were found between living and fixed fibroblasts, with an increased signal intensity detected in living cells (5.00 ± 0.80 × 10(-5) a.u. in 1 day live cells compared to 2.26 ± 0.39 × 10(-5) a.u.in fixed cells at a concentration of 1 × 10(6) cells/mL in gels containing collagen). Overall, there was a linear correlation >0.90 for ultrasound intensity with increasing cell density. Results demonstrate the feasibility of using clinical ultrasound for characterization of PEG-based hydrogels in a tissue-mimicking phantom. The approach is clinically-relevant and could, with further validation, be utilized to nondestructively monitor in vivo performance of implanted tissue engineering scaffolds over time in preclinical and clinical settings.
A Novel Algorithm for Quantifying Multiunit Sympathetic Nerve Activity

Recordings of peripheral nerve activity were obtained using standard laboratory techniques. Conventional and MDSP processing are compared for noise removal and nerve activity envelope generation. In addition, a recording of nerve activity in response to pulse train stimulation was analyzed using MDSP to remove noise and measure conduction velocity. Figure 4. Raw rat PNA telemetry recording (top) and activity envelope (middle). Left tracings are conventionally processed. Right tracings are processed with MDSP. Data generously provided by Prof. Gregory Fink.
REFLECTIONS ON ADMINISTRATION

As is true of so many who venture into administrative work in colleges and universities, I did so without any plan or sense of the fact that I would do so for as many years as I have. My first move into an administrative position was done quite deliberately. I took the position of department chair. It was a relatively small, but rapidly growing department. At that time, we numbered six. Four were senior members and two of us were brash, new, and opinionated. The institution was growing rapidly, as were all at that time (the late 1950s), and the challenge seemed straightforward and easy to attack. We had to build a "modern," well-rounded department which reflected the very optimistic view that sociology held of itself at that time. The task involved three major dimensions as we saw it then. The first was to bring in bright and active persons prepared in the major areas of the discipline. We had to follow this with an expansion of the curriculum and, finally, we needed to develop a clear sense of shared professional expectations. With my colleagues, we did those things. During the six years I served as chair, we added at least seven or eight new positions. We expanded and reshaped the curriculum and spent considerable time articulating a shared sense of our expectations of ourselves and of our students. A graduate program was added and it grew fairly rapidly. Like so many institutions during those years, San Francisco State College was growing rather rapidly and changing its definition of its mission and role. I participated in institutional committees and affairs with the widelyshared notion that this was an important obligation of a faculty member. It was exciting to be part of it. Like so many other institutions, it was an institution that had begun as a teacher's college, changed into a broader college with the full liberal arts and sciences curriculum, and finally evolved into a comprehensive university. In this transition, research and scholarly activity were given significant importance within the institution, with considerable success. The institution attracted an exceptionally able group of young faculty, a large number of whom are viewed as quite successful today, and the institution's image and reputation flowered.
More than Just a Cargo Adapter: Melanophilin Prolongs Slow Processive Runs of Myosin Va

Melanophilin (Mlph) is a cargo adapter protein that links melanosomes via Rab27a to myosin Va (myoVa) for transport along actin. In the absence of cargo, full length myoVa is in equilibrium between a folded, inactive and an extended, active conformation. This equilibrium causes a deviation from a hand-over-hand stepping pattern due to altered gating between the heads (Armstrong et al. 2012). Cargo binding has been suggested to activate myoVa for transport. Here we used single molecule TIRF assays at near physiological ionic strength (150mM KCl) to determine the effect of Mlph on myoVa processivity. In the absence of Mlph, Qdot labeled full-length myoVa moved at a median velocity of 443nm/s, and showed the altered stepping pattern previously seen at lower ionic strength. Addition of Mlph recruited 14-times more motors to move processively, consistent with a simple model of cargo activation. The myoVa-Mlph complex also showed increased run lengths, with many motors traveling to the ends of the actin filament. In the presence of Mlph, myoVa moved much more slowly (median velocity=75nm/s). The speed distribution was asymmetrical and similar to speeds of melanosome movement observed in vivo. In the presence of Mlph, myoVa showed normal gating between the heads, and hand-over-hand steps on actin typical of a fully-active motor. Based on mutagenesis of Mlph the enhanced processivity depended on a positively charged cluster of amino acids in the actin binding site of Mlph. This suggests that Mlph acts as an electrostatic tether to limit myoVa dissociation from actin, a property likely to favor the transfer of melanosomes to adjacent keratinocytes in vivo. More generally, our results suggest that adapter proteins which link motors to cargo can affect motor properties in ways favorable for their biological role.
Action of Bacteriophage on Psychrophilic Organisms

Additional species of bacteria which are susceptible to bacteriophagy are being reported from time to time, and the list at the present time appears to be far from complete. It seemed of interest, in view of the report of Koser 1 on transmissible lysis of a thermophilic bacterium to determine whether the same phenomenon would be evident in the group of psychrophilic organisms which are capable of growth at low temperatures. A preliminary communication regarding the action of the bacteriophage on psychrophiles has appeared 2 and additional data will be presented here. The cultures selected for investigation were originally isolated from samples of diluted aerobic sewage which had been held at 2 C. for three weeks. Sixty cultures, all of which grew quite well at 4 C. but would not grow at 37 C. were included in this study. From the sixty cultures first selected six which appeared to grow more rapidly at 4 C. than any of the others were selected for bacteriophage experiments. Attempts were made to find an active lytic principle against each of these organisms by means of the method of alternate feeding and filtration. A lytic principle was obtained by incubation of a filtrate of sewage-polluted water with small amounts of the young culture 9 in broth. Beef infusion peptone broth, PH 7.4 to 7.6, was used in all the experiments. Continued alternate feedings and filtrations failed to produce a lytic principle for any of the other five organisms. The lytic principle for culture 9 developed rapidly. The third filtrate showed some evidence of lytic power and the sixth filtrate gave a complete clearing when a drop of the culture was brought in contact with an agar slant previously inoculated with the culture. The psychrophilic lytic principle was shown to be filtrable, produced lysis which was transmissible in series and produced plaques on agar; it therefore fulfilled the common requirements of bacteriophagy.
Colloidal Synthesis of Germanium Nanorods

A colloidal synthesis of crystalline germanium (Ge) nanorods is reported. Diphenylgermane (DPG) is decomposed in a high boiling solvent in the presence of bismuth (Bi) nanocrystals and trioctylphos...
Potential Dependence of Electrochemical Barriers from ab Initio Calculations

We present a simple and computationally efficient method to determine the potential dependence of the activation energies for proton–electron transfer from a single ab initio barrier calculation. We show that the potential dependence of the activation energy is given by the partial charge transferred at the transition state. The method is evaluated against the potential dependence determined explicitly through multiple calculations at varying potential. We show that the transfer coefficient is given by the charge transferred from the initial to transition state, which has significant implications for electrochemical kinetics.
Consumers' Cognitive Level and Influential Factors of Food Corporate Social Responsibility

This article measures consumers' cognitive level of food corporate social responsibility from consumers' knowledge of corporate social responsibility standards and relational concepts and analyzes its effective factors from two perspectives of individuals' statistical characteristics and market circumstances based on a 584-consumers' survey.Research shows that native consumers' cognitive level to food corporate social responsibility is low;consumers know less about corporate social responsibility standards than its concepts,and individuals' statistical characteristics(family situation,income and education)and market environments affect cognitive level of food corporate social responsibility.
Structure and realization of spatial information grid's node based on NWGISS

The space information grid can integrate a huge volume of multi-source data from multiple data centers, and realize resource sharing and coordinating. The concept structure of space information services node was studied, the composition structure and work mechanism of NWGISS were analyzed, the structure and prototype system of the node based on NWGISS and OGC interface specification were designed. Experimental result indicates the data node can provide space information services effectively.
Compensation for Antitrust Violations An Economic Perspective

Antitrust systems that permit private enforcement must choose between prioritizing compensation or deterrence as primary goals given the inevitable trade-offs. Although a number of systems that have been transitioning towards private enforcement—the EU in particular—have recently sided with compensation as the primary goal, it is doubtful that antitrust generally can achieve effective compensation to consumers as compensation is traditionally understood in remedial systems. This article considers the possibility of reaching for a different definition of compensation than conventionally understood and casts doubt on the advisability of such a move.
Land-total and Ocean-total Precipitation and Evaporation from a Community Atmosphere Model version 5 Perturbed Parameter Ensemble

This document presents the large scale water budget statistics of a perturbed input-parameter ensemble of atmospheric model runs. The model is Version 5.1.02 of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM). These runs are the “C-Ensemble” described by Qian et al., “Parametric Sensitivity Analysis of Precipitation at Global and Local Scales in the Community Atmosphere Model CAM5” (Journal of Advances in Modeling the Earth System, 2015). As noted by Qian et al., the simulations are “AMIP type” with temperature and sea ice boundary conditions chosen to match surface observations for the five year period 2000-2004. There are 1100 ensemble members in addition to one run with default inputparameter values.
Virus Survival in Sewage Sludge Amended Desert Soil

Currently Pima County, Arizona, disposes all of its anaerobically digested sewage sludge in liquid form (1.5% solids) on agricultural land used for non-food crop production by subsurface injection or surface spreading. Present in these sludges are human enteric viruses in concentrations as high as 1,000 per liter of sludge. These viruses could potentially contaminate surface and groundwater sources during periods of irrigation or extended rainfall. This study was designed to assess the survival of viruses under field conditions typical of the arid Southwestern United States during the winter and summer months. This study was also conducted in the laboratory to simulate field conditions. Soil samples taken from freshly amended fields were seeded with poliovirus type 1 (stock titer = 10 6 /ml) and bacteriophage MS-2 (stock titer = 10 10 /ml)and thoroughly mixed with the sludged soil. The seeded samples were put into containers and buried 10 cm below the soil surface, and samples were taken at pre-determined time intervals. Average soil temperature (measured at the 10 cm depth) ranged from 15°C in the winter to 33°C in the summer. Soil moisture decreased from 25% to 15% in the winter and from 40% to less than 5 % in the summer. During the winter study, no inactivation of poliovirus was observed after 7 days, while greater than a 90% reduction was observed for MS-2. During the summer study, no poliovirus was recovered after 7 days, and no MS-2 was recovered after 3 days. The results of this study suggest that high soil temperature and rapid loss of moisture limit the survival of viruses in desert soils.
Use of Mixed Distribution Generalized Linear Models to Quantify Safety Effects of Rural Roadway Features

A challenge in modeling crash frequency is an excess of sites with no crashes, few sites with a large number of crashes, or both. When there are excess zeros in the data or when the variance of the response is greater than the mean, the data are overdispersed. Recently, a few promising modeling techniques, such as the negative binomial–Lindley (NB-L) and negative binomial–generalized exponential (NB-GE) mixed distribution generalized linear models (GLMs), have been developed to handle count data overdispersion while keeping the core strength of the NB model. This study expanded the discussion on NB-L and NB-GE GLMs by focusing on their capability for modeling crash data as well as quantifying the safety impact of crash contributing factors. The mixed distribution models along with the conventional NB model were applied to a rural two-lane, two-way highway data set. The results showed that both NB-L and NB-GE GLMs could yield results similar to those of the NB model in addition to having mixed distribution...
Correction: No Child Left Alone: Moral Judgments about Parents Affect Estimates of Risk to Children

This article details a correction to article Thomas, A. J., Stanford, P. K., & Sarnecka, B. W. (2016). No Child Left Alone: Moral Judgments about Parents Affect Estimates of Risk to Children. Collabra , 2(1), 10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.33
Nonparametric target detection using airborne MIMO communication systems

We investigate the dual use of airborne radio frequency (RF) systems. Specifically, airborne multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems are leveraged for the detection of moving targets in a typical airborne environment that is characterized by the lack of scatterers. With uniform linear arrays (ULA), angular domain decomposition of channel matrices is utilized and target detection can be accomplished by detection of change in the peak values of resolvable paths in the angular domain. For both linear and nonlinear arrays, Doppler frequency analysis can also be utilized and the change in frequency components indicates the presence of potential airborne targets. Nonparametric detection of distribution changes is utilized in both approaches.