cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NF-κB regulates mesenchymal transition for the induction of non-small cell lung cancer initiating cells.

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a de-differentiation process that has been implicated in metastasis and the generation of cancer initiating cells (CICs) in solid tumors. To examine EMT in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we utilized a three dimensional (3D) cell culture system in which cells were co-stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). NSCLC spheroid cultures display elevated expression of EMT master-switch transcription factors, TWIST1, SNAI1/Snail1, SNAI2/Slug and ZEB2/Sip1, and are highly invasive. Mesenchymal NSCLC cultures show CIC characteristics, displaying elevated expression of transcription factors KLF4, SOX2, POU5F1/Oct4, MYCN, and KIT. As a result, these putative CIC display a cancer “stem-like” phenotype by forming lung metastases under limiting cell dilution. The pleiotropic transcription factor, NF-κB, has been implicated in EMT and metastasis. Thus, we set out to develop a NSCLC model to further characterize the role of NF-κB activation in the development of CICs. Here, we demonstrate that induction of EMT in 3D cultures results in constitutive NF-κB activity. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-κB resulted in the loss of TWIST1, SNAI2, and ZEB2 induction, and a failure of cells to invade and metastasize. Our work indicates that NF-κB is required for NSCLC metastasis, in part, by transcriptionally upregulating master-switch transcription factors required for EMT.
Law in a Reign of Terror

From David Daube I learned Roman law and many other things: inter alia that accepted doctrines and approaches need continual re-examination, that research in one field may illumine another, that limitations because of one's background or upbringing, or in one's academic skills affect one's judgment, and that the connection between life and law is more complex than is usually supposed. A paper dedicated to a beloved and revered master may properly strike a more personal—though not less scholarly—note than is usual; especially when the theme concerns tyranny and the recipient has experienced tyranny and withstood it mightily.
Person-environment intersections: Everyday settings and common trait dimensions.

Intersection of personality dimensions (adjustment, likeability, self-control, social inclination, intellectance, and dominance) and taxonomy of everyday settings were examined. In studies 1 and 2, Ss recalled situations relevant to each personality dimensions. Judges categorized into six nondomicile (academic, athletic, business, play, religious, and streets) and six domicile (bedroom, eating room, living room, dormitory room, fraternity or sorority house, and outside house) categories
Deformation by a kink mechanism in high temperature materials

Abstract A new double kink dislocation model has been developed to explain the temperature dependence of the yield stress in materials such as oxides and intermetallics that require high temperatures for plastic flow. The major variation in the free energy for the formation of a double kink nucleus with stress is the kink–kink interaction energy. However, there is also a stress dependence of the pre-exponential factor in the strain rate constitutive equation arising from kink diffusion. Numerical solution of the resulting equations shows that there are temperature regimes where the stress varies logarithmically with temperature. The model explains quantitatively the temperature dependence of the critical resolved shear stress on different slip systems for sapphire and spinel in terms of different activation energies for kink diffusion. The model can be modified to explain compositional softening in spinel by incorporating enhanced kink nucleation at cation vacancies. This changes both the pre-exponential term and the activation energy and explains why the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) decreases as the inverse of the square of the vacancy concentration, as is observed.
Driver hand-held cellular phone use: a four-year analysis

Abstract Introduction The use of hand-held cellular (mobile) phones while driving has stirred more debate, passion, and research than perhaps any other traffic safety issue in the past several years. There is ample research showing that the use of either hand-held or hands-free cellular phones can lead to unsafe driving patterns. Whether or not these performance deficits increase the risk of crash is difficult to establish, but recent studies are beginning to suggest that cellular phone use elevates crash risk. Methods The purpose of this study was to assess changes in the rate of hand-held cellular phone use by motor-vehicle drivers on a statewide level in Michigan. This study presents the results of 13 statewide surveys of cellular phone use over a 4-year period. Hand-held cellular phone use data were collected through direct observation while vehicles were stopped at intersections and freeway exit ramps. Data were weighted to be representative of all drivers traveling during daylight hours in Michigan. Results The study found that driver hand-held cellular phone use has more than doubled between 2001 and 2005, from 2.7% to 5.8%. This change represents an average increase of 0.78 percentage points per year. The 5.8% use rate observed in 2005 means that at any given daylight hour, around 36,550 drivers were conversing on cellular phones while driving on Michigan roadways. The trend line fitted to these data predicts that by the year 2010, driver hand-held cellular phone use will be around 8.6%, or 55,000 drivers at any given daylight hour. Conclusions These results make it clear that cellular phone use while driving will continue to be an important traffic safety issue, and highlight the importance of continued attempts to generate new ways of alleviating this potential hazard.
Mock modular forms and d-distinct partitions

Abstract The generating function for partitions into ( d + 1 ) -distinct parts ( d + 1 ∈ N ) may be expressed as the q-hypergeometric series R d + 1 ( 1 ; q ) : = ∑ n ⩾ 0 q d + 1 ( n ) q n = ∑ n ⩾ 0 q ( d + 1 ) ( n 2 ) + n ( q ; q ) n , where q d + 1 ( n ) : = p ( n | parts differ by at least d + 1 ) . Within combinatorial number theory, this function has long since been of historical importance: a famous identity of Euler and Sylvester implies that the distinct parts function q 1 / 24 R 1 ( 1 ; q ) is an ordinary modular form, and the celebrated Rogers–Ramanujan identities imply that the 2-distinct parts function q − 1 / 60 R 2 ( 1 ; q ) is an ordinary modular form. More recently Alder–Andrews, Zagier, and others have studied the general series R d + 1 ( 1 ; q ) for d ∈ N 0 . In particular, Zagier has proved for d > 1 that these series are never ordinary modular forms; however, other than the cases d = 0 (Euler) and d = 1 (Rogers–Ramanujan), the precise modular properties of these combinatorial series remain unknown. Here, we prove for integers d ⩾ 1 , that the combinatorial q-series R d + 1 ( 1 ; q ) , and relevant generalizations, are natural denominators of a new class of mixed mock modular forms. As such, we also obtain many new results as corollaries, including new expressions for Zwegersʼs lauded μ-function, and many of the well-known combinatorial q-series in the subject, confirming the central role that the q-hypergeometric series R d + 1 ( 1 ; q ) play within the theory. Once armed with this realization, we also obtain general theorems on the analytic behavior of R d + 1 ( 1 ; q ) and related series near the unit disk, a priori an impenetrable barrier littered with exponential singularities.
Multi-scale Rule-of-Mixtures Model of Carbon Nanotube/Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Lamina

A unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy lamina in which the carbon fibers are coated with single-walled carbon nanotubes is modeled with a multi-scale method, the atomistically informed rule-of-mixtures. This multi-scale model is designed to include the effect of the carbon nanotubes on the constitutive properties of the lamina. It included concepts from the molecular dynamics/equivalent continuum methods, micromechanics, and the strength of materials. Within the model both the nanotube volume fraction and nanotube distribution were varied. It was found that for a lamina with 60% carbon fiber volume fraction, the Young's modulus in the fiber direction varied with changes in the nanotube distribution, from 138.8 to 140 GPa with nanotube volume fractions ranging from 0.0001 to 0.0125. The presence of nanotube near the surface of the carbon fiber is therefore expected to have a small, but positive, effect on the constitutive properties of the lamina.
FACTOR ENDOWMENTS, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, AND THE FUTURE OF APEC TRADE PATTERNS

The heads of state of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) nations have committed member nations to remove all barriers to trade both among themselves and with respect to the rest of the world by 2020. The present paper uses a simple econometric model of bilateral trade flows based on country size, relative factor endowments, and trade barriers of importing as well as exporting countries to estimate the shares by country of origin in imports of each of the 16 major APEC countries and the rest of the world for each of 45 commodity groups comprising world trade in commodities. The estimates reveal that APEC trade would be expanded by 13% with complete liberalization of tariff barriers, by an additional 5% if nontariff barriers are also removed, and by another 4% if the rest of the world would also remove all barriers to trade. Variants on this base scenario show that such trade expansion could be substantially reduced were trade liberalization, capital growth, or both to be reduced in the countries affected by the Asian financial crisis. (JEL Fl, F17)
Three‐Dimensional Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging Technique for Mapping Porosity in Ceramics

This paper reports on a three-dimensional (3D) electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) method which was developed to probe the structure and size of pores in ceramic materials. The imaging device that was added to the EPR instrument consisted of a computer-controlled current source and magnetic field gradient. This add-on facility was tested using a well-defined diphenlpicrylhydrazzyl phantom sample. Pumice was then used to demonstrate the potential of the technique. This stone was immersed in a 0.5 mm {sup 15}N-substituted per-deutereted tempone water solution to fill the pores with spin labels. Images were reconstructed using a filtered back-projection technique. A two-dimensional (2D) imaging plane was constructed by collecting 33 projection planes over 180 {degrees}. A 3D image was derived from 22 planes each constructed by 22 projections. At present, the facility allows a resolution of 69 and 46 {mu}m for 2D and 3D imaging, respectively. Advancements of the imaging apparatus, software, and line width of the spin labels will be needed to enhance the resolution of this technique.
Convergence of Successive Approximation Methods with Parameter Target Sets

Successive approximation methods appear throughout numerical optimization, where a solution to an optimization problem is sought as the limit of solutions to a succession of simpler approximation problems. Such methods include essentially any standard penalty method, barrier method, trust region method, augmented Lagrangian method, or sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method, as well as many other methods. The approximation problems on which a successive approximation method is based typically depend on parameters, in which case the performance of the method is related to the corresponding sequence of parameters. For many successive approximation methods, the sequence of parameters might need only approach some parameter target set for the method to have nice convergence properties. Successive approximation methods could be analyzed as examples of a generic inclusion solving method from Levy (2004) because the solutions to the approximation problems satisfy necessary optimality inclusions. However, the inclusion solving method from Levy (2004) was developed for single-parameter target points. In this paper, we extend the results from Levy (2004) to allow parameter target sets and apply these results to the convergence analysis of successive approximation methods. We focus on two important convergence issues: (1) the rate of convergence of the iterates generated by a successive approximation method and (2) the validity of the limit as a solution to the original problem. An augmented Lagrangian method allowing quite general parameter updating is explored in detail to illustrate how the framework presented here can expose interesting new alternatives for numerical optimization.
A phase II trial of trastuzumab in combination with low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) in patients (PTS) with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) who have previously failed trastuzumab

Trastuzumab mediates the lysis of HER2-expressing breast cancer cell lines by interleukin-2 (IL-2) primed natural killer (NK) cells. We hypothesized that IL-2 would augment the anti-tumor effects of trastuzumab in MBC in patients who had progressed on or within 12 months of receiving a trastuzumab-containing regimen. Secondary objectives were to measure antibody-directed cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against HER2 over-expressing target cells, and to measure serum cytokines. Patients received trastuzumab (4 mg/kg intravenously (IV)) every 2 weeks in combination with daily low-dose IL-2 (1 million IU/m2 subcutaneously (SC)) and pulsed intermediate-dose IL-2 (12 million IU/m2 SC). Samples were analyzed for NK cell expansion and ADCC against a HER2-positive breast cancer cell line. In addition, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the following serum cytokines were measured: IFN-γ, monokine-induced by IFN-γ (MIG), and interferon-inducible protein ten (IP-10). The median number of treatment cycles was four (range 1–23) and the treatment was well tolerated. There were no objective responses. NK cells were not expanded and ADCC was not enhanced. Eight (62%) patients had a twofold or higher increase in mRNA transcript for IFN-γ, two (15%) patients had elevated serum levels of IFN-γ and 12 (92%) had increases angiogenic MIG and IP-10. In trastuzumab-refractory patients adding IL-2 did not produce responses and did not result in NK cell expansion. However, these patients had the ability to respond to IL-2 as evidenced by increases in IFN-γ transcripts and chemokines. The lack of NK cell expansion may explain the absence of clinical benefit.
Taxation of Personal Use of Corporate Aircraft: Should Income Equal the Deduction?

Business growth and ease of mobility have played a significant role in the increasing use of corporate aircraft through the 21st century. Along with the increased use of corporate aircraft, personal use of corporate aircraft has also been on the rise. With this increased use, the tax treatment of the personal use of corporate aircraft has become much more visible and controversial. This paper tracks the changes in the law and focuses on the tax policy issues related to the equity in the reporting of income by the employee and the deduction claimed by the corporation. Specifically, this paper addresses the three‐fold problem related to the current inequities of the current and proposed laws: What amount should be included as compensation by the employee as a fringe benefit for the personal use of company‐owned aircraft? How much should the employer deduct for the operating cost of the aircraft for personal use? Should these amounts, compensation and deduction, be equal? The paper also addresses the horizon...
Diffusion-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging of the brain, made easy

Diffusion-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging (DWI/DTI) has revolutionized clinical neuroimaging. Pathology may be detected earlier and with greater specificity than with conventional magnetic resonance imaging sequences. In addition, DWI/DTI allows exploring the microarchitecture of the brain. A detailed knowledge of the basics of DWI/DTI is mandatory to better understand pathology encountered and to avoid misinterpretation of typical DWI/DTI artifacts. This article reviews the basic physics of DWI/DTI exemplified by several classical clinical cases.
Functional outcomes in limb salvage vascular surgery

background : The crisis in health care brings a new focus to defining successful outcomes of medical treatments. The surgical literature has been criticized for not assessing functional outcomes in addition to technical success. methods : We evaluated the functional outcomes of limb salvage surgery over 3 years in 38 patients 65 years of age and older with limb-threatening ischemia. The RAND-36-Item Health Survey 1.0 was used as a health assessment tool. results : In spite of an 80% limb salvage rate, only 58% of patients survived 3 years and only 25% survived with the index limb and were able to walk. The RAND scores of patients whose limbs were amputated did not significantly differ from those of patients whose surgery was successful. conclusion : Functional outcome goals need to be better defined for patients who need limb salvage vascular operations to enhance the quality of care given these patients and to be in concert with emerging health policy.
Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Arising in the Liver

We report 3 cases of primary hepatic peripheral Tcell lymphoma (PTCL). All patients were men, 50 to 57 years of age, who sought care because of systemic symptoms including fever, fatigue, and weight loss. Physical examination revealed hepatomegaly in 2 patients, associated with jaundice in 1. Two patients had abnormal serum liver enzyme levels and coagulation profiles. Imaging studies demonstrated marked hepatomegaly without focal lesions in 1 patient and multiple discrete tumor masses in 2 patients. Tumor infiltrates in biopsy specimens were heterogeneous with a large cell component in 2 cases. An inflammatory background was present in all cases, complicating the histologic recognition of PTCL. Immunohistochemical studies showed that all tumors were of T-cell lineage, and 2 cases had monoclonal T-cell receptor gamma chain gene rearrangements. One patient died of disease shortly after diagnosis, and 2 patients treated with multiagent chemotherapy are in clinical remission with 12 and 84 months of clinical follow-up, respectively. PTCL may rarely arise in the liver. These neoplasms respond to chemotherapy, suggesting that this disease is curable if diagnosed at an early stage.
Fully adaptive minimal deadlock-free packet routing in hypercubes, meshes, and other networks: algorithms and simulations

This paper deals with the problem of packet-switched routing in parallel machines. Several new routing algorithms for different interconnection networks are presented. While the new techniques apply to a wide variety of networks, routing algorithms will be shown for the hypercube, the two-dimensional mesh, and the shuffle-exchange. Although the new techniques are designed for packet routing, they can be used alternatively for virtual cut-through routing models. The techniques presented for hypercubes and meshes are fully-adaptive and minimal. A fully-adaptive and minimal routing is one in which all possible minimal paths between a source and a destination are of potential use at the time a message is injected into the network. Minimal paths followed by messages ultimately depend on the local congestion encountered in each node of the network. All of the new techniques are completely free of deadlock situations. >
Properties and applications of the large circular resonant dipole array

Large closed-curve antenna arrays have been a subject of research for many years and have been shown to have many interesting properties. The paper investigates some of the properties of such a dipole array when the closed curve is a circle. Recently, because of its unique horizontal field pattern, a 90-element circular array of this type has been proposed as a microwave beacon for the coastal navigation of ships and airplanes. In the design of these arrays, it is suggested that the array be rotated mechanically. The question arises: can the mechanical rotation be replaced by an electronic rotation? We show that electronic rotation is not possible for the 90-element circular array originally described, but is possible for a modified array. The subtle difference between these two arrays is clarified and a simple criterion is given for the general case. Also presented is the derivation of an asymptotic formula for the radiation pattern of a resonant circular array of N equal elements with only one element driven. Since the theory for such an array is complicated and involves numerous numerical difficulties, a simple asymptotic formula for the field pattern has advantages over other methods. The simple formula is shown to produce a vertical field pattern that is indistinguishable from its numerically calculated counterpart. Generalization to noncircular arrays is discussed briefly.
Bioequivalence study of two subcutaneous formulations of dalteparin: randomized, single-dose, two-sequence, two-period, cross-over study in healthy volunteers.

AbstractObjective:This study assessed relative bioavailability of a new subcutaneous formulation, test (T) (dalteparin sodium 95000 IU/3.8 mL) with the branded product (R) in healthy subjects to meet the regulatory requirements of bioequivalence in the US.Methods:This was an open label, randomized, single dose, two-sequence, two-period cross-over study under fasting conditions. A total of 88 healthy adult volunteers were randomized to either of the treatment arms (T or R) separated by a washout period of 7 days. Pharmacodynamic surrogates, namely anti-Xa and anti-IIa activity, heparin clotting assay (heptest), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were used as a tool to establish bioequivalence between these two formulations. Blood samples were collected up to 36 h post-dose to characterize the primary pharmacokinetic parameters Amax, AUC0–t, and AUC0–∞ for anti-Xa and anti-IIa and heptest; parameters (Δt )max and AU(Δt ) for aPTT.Results:For anti-Xa activity, the means (SD) of Amax (IU/mL) wer...
Physical disability and social liminality: A study in the rituals of adversity

Sociological research on the disabled has for the past 25 years made extensive use of a social deviance model to characterize the status of the physically impaired. The present article, which is based on a three-year anthropological investigation of the social relations of paraplegics and quadriplegics in the New York metropolitan area, argues that there are shortcomings in the deviance model and offers, instead, a model taken from the anthropological study of ritual. The disabled are viewed as being in a 'liminal' state, as in the liminal phases of rites of passages. They are persons having an undefined status: they are neither ill nor well, neither socially alive and active nor socially expunged and removed. The status of the disabled in American society and the symbolism of disability in American culture are reexamined within this framework. This perspective is extended to other types of deep adversity, such as acute loss of income and status or catastrophic illness.
FAINT DETECTION OF EXOPLANETS IN MICROLENSING SURVEYS

We propose a new approach to discovering faint microlensing signals below traditional thresholds, and for estimating the binary-lens mass ratio and the apparent separation from such signals. The events found will be helpful in accurately estimating the true distribution of planetary semimajor axes, which is an important goal of space microlensing surveys.
Spt10 and Spt21 Are Required for Transcriptional Silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transcriptional silencing occurs at three classes of genomic regions: near the telomeres, at the silent mating type loci, and within the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats. In all three cases, silencing depends upon several factors, including specific types of histone modifications. In this work we have investigated the roles in silencing for Spt10 and Spt21, two proteins previously shown to control transcription of particular histone genes. Building on a recent study showing that Spt10 is required for telomeric silencing, our results show that in both spt10 and spt21 mutants, silencing is reduced near telomeres and at HML, while it is increased at the rDNA. Both spt10 and spt21 mutations cause modest effects on Sir protein recruitment and histone modifications at telomeric regions, and they cause significant changes in chromatin structure, as judged by its accessibility to dam methylase. These silencing and chromatin changes are not seen upon deletion of HTA2-HTB2, the primary histone locus regulated by Spt10 and Spt21. These results suggest that Spt10 and Spt21 control silencing in S. cerevisiae by altering chromatin structure through roles beyond the control of histone gene expression.
Ventricular pressure-area loop characteristics in the stage 16 to 24 chick embryo

The accurate description of embryonic cardiovascular function requires the adaption of standard measurement techniques to the small scale of the developing heart. In the mature heart, the analysis of ventricular pressure and volume accurately defines function. Because in vivo measures of volume are not feasible in the embryonic heart, we tested the hypothesis that ventricular pressure-area loops accurately define ventricular function in the stage 16 to stage 24 white Leghorn chick embryo. We simultaneously measured ventricular pressure with a servo-null pressure system and recorded video images at 60 Hz. The pressure waveform was superimposed onto the video image in real time. Video fields were planimetered for epicardial ventricular cross-sectional area and ventricular pressure. Pressure and area data were smoothed using a fast Fourier transform filter and plotted. Data are reported as mean +/- SEM, n greater than or equal to 4, and were tested by regression analysis and analysis of variance (p less than 0.05). Heart rate increased from 90 +/- 7 beats/min at stage 16 to 130 +/- 13 beats/min at stage 24. All pressure-area loops displayed diastolic filling, isometric contraction, ejection, and isometric relaxation, similar to pressure-volume loops of the mature heart. Isometric contraction time increased from 42 +/- 5 to 62 +/- 4 msec (p less than 0.05), while isometric relaxation time was 124 +/- 12 and 120 +/- 10 msec (p greater than 0.05) between stages 16 and 24, respectively. The maximum ratio of instantaneous ventricular pressure to area identified end systole better than peak ventricular pressure or minimum ventricular area. Thus, pressure-area relations define ventricular function in the embryonic chick heart.
The Mathematical Assessment of Long‐Range Linguistic Relationships

Language classification differs from biological cladistics in that monogenesis cannot be assumed. Before a cladogram or family tree can be accepted, linguists must be convinced that the languages are related at all. Morpheme tables, or word lists, provide a good framework for investigating relatedness, but methodologies for quantifying and assessing the data statistically are still being developed. The comparative method furnished a viable statistic, recurrent sound correspondences, but by no means to see whether they exceeded levels expected by chance. Organizing correspondences into contingency tables permitted hypothesis testing, with Monte Carlo resampling methods providing the flexibility to support a wide variety of test statistics, including different ways of computing sound recurrences and phonetic similarity. Thus, techniques from both the comparative method and multilateral comparison can be deployed with rigorous numeric assessment. Experiments seek to increase the power of the tests to explore new hypotheses and verify long-range language relationships.
Authors as citers over time

This study explores the tendency of authors to recite themselves and others in multiple works over time, using the insights gained to build citation theory. The set of all authors whom an author cites is defined as that author's citation identity. The study explains how to retrieve citation identities from the Institute for Scientific Information's files on Dialog and how to deal with idiosyncrasies of these files. As the author's oeuvre grows, the identity takes the form of a core-and-scatter distribution that may be divided into authors cited only once (unicitations) and authors cited at least twice (recitations). The latter group, especially those recited most frequently, are interpretable as symbols of a citer's main substantive concerns. As illustrated by the top recitees of eight information scientists (Marcia J. Bates, Christine L. Borgman, William S. Cooper, Michael H. MacRoberts, Henry Small, Karen Sparck Jones, Don R. Swanson, Patrick Wilson), identities are intelligible, individualized, and wide-ranging. They are ego-centered without being egotistical. They are often affected by social ties between citers and citees, but the universal motivator seems to be the perceived relevance of the citees' works. Citing styles in identities differ: scientific-paper style authors recite heavily, adding to core; bibliographic-essay style authors are heavy on unicitations, adding to scatter; literature-review style authors do both at once. Identities distill aspects of citers' intellectual lives, such as orienting figures, interdisciplinary interests, bidisciplinary careers, and conduct in controversies. They can also be related to past schemes for classifying citations in categories such as positive-negative and perfunctory-organic; indeed, one author's frequent recitation of another, whether positive or negative, may be the readiest indicator of an organic relation between them. The shape of the core-and-scatter distribution of names in identities can be explained by the principle of least effort. Citers economize on effort by frequently reciting only a relatively small core of names in their identities. They also economize by frequent use of perfunctory citations, which require relatively little context, and infrequent use of negative citations, which require contexts more laborious to set.
Mechanical environment affects allograft incorporation.

In a bilateral canine tibial model, the mechanical, radiologic, and histologic characteristics of intercalary allografts stabilized with locked intramedullary nails were compared with those of allografts fixed with compression plates. Both methods of fixation achieved healing to host bone. Tibiae that were plated had more callus with statistically greater mean torsional rigidity and strength than those treated with nails (paired t-test, p ≤ 0.05). On average, tibiae which had been plated had much higher bending rigidity than those fixed with locked nails; however, the difference in means was not statistically significant. Histomorphometric analysis showed an overall greater total bone formation in those limbs treated with plates compared to nails (paired t-test, p ≤ 0.04). The mechanical environment created by the different fixation methods are thought to be responsible for the observed differences in healing pattern. The traditional concept of fixation for allografts to achieve maximum rigidity of the construct may not necessarily promote the most appropriate host healing response in all situations. A less rigid fixation method (plates) produced more callus resulting in superior torsional and bending properties. These data show that in this canine intercalary allograft model, limbs fixed with plates produced more external callus resulting in stronger, more rigid healing. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 53: 67–72, 2000
BEYOND ASCRIPTION: Racial Identity, Culture, Schools, and Academic Achievement

Amanda E. Lewis, Race in the Schoolyard: Negotiating the Color Line in Classrooms and Communities. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2003, 243 pages, ISBN: 0-8135-3225-6, Cloth, $60.00, and Paper, $22.00.John U. Ogbu, Black American Students in an Affluent Suburb: A Study of Academic Disengagement. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003, 320 pages, ISBN: 0-8058-4516-X, Cloth, 32.50.Douglas Massey, Camille Charles, Garvey Lundy, and Mary Fischer, The Source of the River: The Social Origins of Freshmen at America's Selective Colleges and Universities. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003, 283 pages, ISBN: 0-691-11326-2, Cloth, $29.95.Sarah Susannah Willie, Acting Black: College, Identity, and the Performance of Race. New York: Routledge Press, 2003, 210 pages, ISBN: 0-415-94410-4, Paper, $22.95.
Minimum Enclosing and Maximum Excluding Machine for Pattern Description and Discrimination

This work addresses the description problem of a target class in the presence of negative samples or outliers. Traditional Support Vector Machines (SVM) has strong discrimination capability to distinguish the target class but does not reject the uncharacteristic patterns well. The one-class SVM, on the other hand, provides good representation for the class of interest but overlooks the discrimination issue between the class and outliers. This paper presents a new one-class classifier named minimum enclosing and maximum excluding machine (MEMEM), which offers capabilities for both pattern description and discrimination. The properties of MEMEM are analyzed and the performance comparisons using synthetic and real data are presented.
Record-breaking earthquake intervals in a global catalogue and an aftershock sequence

Abstract. For the purposes of this study, an interval is the elapsed time between two earthquakes in a designated region; the minimum magnitude for the earthquakes is prescribed. A record-breaking interval is one that is longer (or shorter) than preceding intervals; a starting time must be specified. We consider global earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 5.5 and show that the record-breaking intervals are well estimated by a Poissonian (random) theory. We also consider the aftershocks of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake and show that the record-breaking intervals are approximated by very different statistics. In both cases, we calculate the number of record-breaking intervals (nrb) and the record-breaking interval durations Δtrb as a function of "natural time", the number of elapsed events. We also calculate the ratio of record-breaking long intervals to record-breaking short intervals as a function of time, r(t), which is suggested to be sensitive to trends in noisy time series data. Our data indicate a possible precursory signal to large earthquakes that is consistent with accelerated moment release (AMR) theory.
Alarm calls elicit predator-specific physiological responses

Glucocorticoids regulate glucose concentrations and responses to unpredictable events, while also modulating cognition. Juvenile Belding's ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi) learn to respond to whistle and trill alarm calls, warning of aerial and terrestrial predators, respectively, shortly after emerging from natal burrows at one month of age. Alarm calls can cause physiological reactions and arousal, and this arousal, coupled with watching adult responses, might help juveniles learn associations between calls and behavioural responses. I studied whether young show differential cortisol responses to alarm and non-alarm calls, using playbacks of U. beldingi whistles, trills, squeals (a conspecific control vocalization) and silent controls. Trills elicited very high cortisol responses, and, using an individual's response to the silent control as baseline, only their response to a trill was significantly higher than baseline. This cortisol increase would provide glucose for extended vigilance and escape efforts, which is appropriate for evading terrestrial predators which hunt for long periods. Although whistles do not elicit a cortisol response, previous research has shown that they do result in bradycardia, which enhances attention and information processing. This is a novel demonstration of two physiological responses to two alarm calls, each appropriate to the threats represented by the calls.
Strategies for the production of cell wall-deconstructing enzymes in lignocellulosic biomass and their utilization for biofuel production

Microbial cell wall-deconstructing enzymes are widely used in the food, wine, pulp and paper, textile, and detergent industries and will be heavily utilized by cellulosic biorefineries in the production of fuels and chemicals. Due to their ability to use freely available solar energy, genetically engineered bioenergy crops provide an attractive alternative to microbial bioreactors for the production of cell wall-deconstructing enzymes. This review article summarizes the efforts made within the last decade on the production of cell wall-deconstructing enzymes in planta for use in the deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass. A number of strategies have been employed to increase enzyme yields and limit negative impacts on plant growth and development including targeting heterologous enzymes into specific subcellular compartments using signal peptides, using tissue-specific or inducible promoters to limit the expression of enzymes to certain portions of the plant or certain times, and fusion of amplification sequences upstream of the coding region to enhance expression. We also summarize methods that have been used to access and maintain activity of plant-generated enzymes when used in conjunction with thermochemical pretreatments for the production of lignocellulosic biofuels.
Large scale multi-species palindrome study using distributed in-memory computing

Palindromic DNA has many interesting and functional properties, including the ability to form non-canonical DNA structures such as hairpins, cruciforms, and slipped strand structures. Palindromes also serve important roles in binding sites and enzyme activity, and have a strong effect on mutation rates. Palindromes are abundant in most genomes, often occurring within coding sequences, though in many instances it is still not clear how their presence affects genomic functions. The identification and study of palindromic DNA is essential to the progression of our understanding of the genome. To address this need, we present a novel method using an in-memory computing environment for identifying, extracting, and indexing palindromes in a searchable database for all mammals in Ensembl release 80. We discuss the preliminary results of a multi-species study on palindromic DNA, focusing on the size, frequency, and distribution of palindromes. Utilizing a Big Data ecosystem enables us to generate the largest palindrome database to date, comprising 42 genomes. Our study offers new insight into the dynamics of palindromes and facilitates future investigation.
Evaluating metabolites in patients with major depressive disorder who received mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and healthy controls using short echo MRSI at 7 Tesla

Objectives Our aim was to evaluate differences in metabolite levels between unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy controls, to assess changes in metabolites in patients after they completed an 8-week course of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), and to exam the correlation between metabolites and depression severity.
Dietary protein-induced renal growth: correlation between renal IGF-I synthesis and hyperplasia

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) mRNAs are colocalized in the medullary thick ascending limb (MTAL) of the rat nephron, a segment that undergoes selective growth in response to elevated dietary protein. In the present study, rats were fed isocaloric diets containing variable protein content (6-40%) for 1-7 days, and changes in fractional renal weight, MTAL length, and regional DNA synthesis were assayed and compared with local changes in IGF-I/IGFBP-1 mRNAs, as determined by quantitative in situ hybridization. Rats switched to high-protein diets demonstrated increased IGF-I and decreased IGFBP-1 mRNA levels in MTALs, whereas those switched to low protein showed inverse changes. The increase in renal IGF-I mRNA was maximal at 2 days and was closely paralleled by significant increases in fractional renal weight, DNA synthesis, and MTAL length. Similar changes were seen in vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro and growth hormone (GH)-deficient dwarf rats in response to high-protein diets, suggesting that the effects of dietary protein in this model are not mediated by vasopressin or GH. The close spatial and temporal correlation between changes in renal IGF-I expression and changes in regional growth parameters strongly supports a role for locally produced IGF-I in the induction of protein-induced renal growth.
Cognitive Femtocell Scheduling and Power Allocation Based on Channel Quality Report

Resource scheduling and power allocation for femtocell downlink when reusing regular macro-cell resources must ensure good signal quality at macrocell user equipment (MUE). This work considers the resource assignment and power allocation problem when femtocell can overhear the channel quality indicator (CQI) report from the MUE to its serving macro-base-station (MBS). Considering two different channel models, we study the distribution of signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) at the MUE. Utilizing the available CQI report, we aim to maximize the throughput of femtocell users while limiting femtocell interference to the MUE receiver in terms of SINR and outage constraints. Our solution consists of two simple steps that first identify potentially valid channel assignment (scheduling) before solving it optimally using the well known Hungarian algorithm.
Surgery of the Bovine Small Intestine

Cattle require surgery for small-intestinal problems less frequently than they do for abomasal, forestomach, or large-intestinal problems. Close attention to local vascular anatomy is critical to success when intestinal resection is required. Cows with signs of severe abdominal pain may make rapid recoveries following prompt surgical treatment. This article discusses relevant anatomy of the small intestine and the diagnosis and treatment of intussusception, volvulus, obstruction by incarceration or entrapment, and duodenal obstruction.
Lysosomal Disorders Associated with Leukoencephalopathy

Metachromatic leukodystrophy and Krabbe's disease are among the most widely recognized causes of leukodystrophy. However, white matter changes have been described in several other lysosomal storage disorders. These conditions are summarized and those associated with hypomyelination are reviewed in more detail.
Effects of Relative Group Size, Increase, and Segregation on the Earnings of Blacks and Asians

Abstract This study examines the effects of relative group size, group increase and segregation on the earnings of blacks and Asians, using data from the 1980 census. Relative group size and segregation influence the earnings of blacks and Asians, net of human capital, but have different effects on workers from the two groups. The earnings of black workers increase as the relative group size (percent black) expands. But this positive effect diminishes and then becomes negative. Segregation is not significant. The earnings of Asian workers also increase as relative group size (percent Asian) expands. Yet, in contrast to blacks, there is no turning point in the relationship, although the positive effect declines at high levels of percent Asian. Segregation has a similar effect — positive with a declining slope — on the earnings of Asians. Disparities in the effects of group size and segregation suggest that Asians may have greater access to demographic and ecological “recourses” than do blacks.
Abstract A67: Dietary xanthones for prostate cancer chemoprevention: From fruit extract to structure activity relationship studies

The purple mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana) is native to southeast Asia and has been reported to contain a variety of health promoting properties that include antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anit‐microbial and anti‐diabetic properties. The principle constituents isolated from the mangosteen fruit are the xanthones with well over 50 unique entities isolated to date. Here we report on the properties of dietary xanthones for cancer chemoprevention using prostate cancer (PCa) as a model disease. Using a mangosteen fruit extract (MFE) standardized to alpha‐mangostin (40%) and three other xanthones a significant decrease in cell viability was observed against four different prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, CWR22, PC3, DU145). Next, using an athymic nude mouse model implanted with CWR22Rv1 cells we randomized mice to receive intraperitoneally the standardized mangosteen fruit extract (MFE) or placebo two times weekly with tumors measured twice weekly once tumors reached a volume of 200 mm3. At the conclusion of the study the treatment group had a significantly smaller tumor with an average tumor volume of (143 mm3) compared to the placebo group (1135 mm3) representing an 87.5% smaller tumor in the treatment group. To gain an understanding of the pharmacology we selected alpha‐mangostin as the lead compound and evaluated alpha‐mangostin against fifty different protein kinases deregulated in cancer with 11 unique kinase targets identified. The three kinases displaying the most inhibition by alpha‐mangostin included cyclinD1/CDK4, cyclinA1/CDK2, and Mek1. Using two different cells lines (LNCaP and DU145) we have evidence suggesting alpha‐mangostin promoted G1 cell cycle arrest by flow cytometry and western blot analysis of cyclins and CDKs with observed effects in the range of 5–10 µM. A preliminary pharmacokinetic analysis of mice administered 1 mg of alpha‐mangostin intraperitoneally resulted in a plasma concentration of 7.3 µM ‐ within the concentration of in vitro mechanistic studies. Next, using an athymic nude mouse model implanted with CWR22Rv1 cells we randomized mice to receive intraperitoneally the alpha‐mangostin (>95%) or placebo two times weekly with tumors measured twice weekly. At the conclusion of the study the treatment group had a significantly smaller tumor with an average tumor volume of (400 mm3) compared to the placebo group (1225 mm3) representing a 69% smaller tumor in the treatment group. Based on these promising results we used purified xanthones from the mangosteen fruit and selected 9 xanthones for structure activity relationship studies against cyclinD1/CDK4 and CyclinA1/CDK2 using cell free biochemical assays and molecular modeling. Collectively these data indicate that alpha‐mangostin could be a promising agent for PCa prevention. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A67.
Investigation and Management on an Unknown-reason Diarrhea Outbreak

Objective To evaluate the management measures and the effects and to offer instructions for the management of related events.Methods Spot epidemiology was implied to investigate the outbreak.The outbreak was controlled by isolating the patients,breaking the water-borne spread and publicizing the hygiene knowledge.Results 314 cases were confirmed and managed.The outbreak was effectively controlled after a three-day peak.Conclusion The diarrhea outbreak is caused by drinking water pollution.The effective control relies on the opportune control management.
Rectifying Behavior and Light Emission from Nickel Oxide MIS Structures

We have demonstrated the NiO/ZnO based rectifying diode for LED application for substituting GaN for optoelectronics applications. We have systematically studied the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of NiO based Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor (MIS) devices under forward and reverse bias for its use in LED applications. The results obtained show that the current increases exponentially with the voltage after a critical turn-on-voltage. The mechanism of carrier transport responsible for the rectifying behavior of the MIS structure as well as the light emission is discussed in relation to the experimental results.