cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Color calibration of liquid crystal displays

For more than a decade the Image Applications department at IBMs Watson Research Center has been involved in cultural and commercial imaging projects that demand high-fidelity color reproduction of precious objects like paintings, illuminated manuscripts or jewelry. Our primary display media have been high-resolution cathode ray tubes (CRT), but for the last three years our customers have been replacing them with liquid crystal displays (LCD). The color calibration model we have been using for the CRT is the one described in the literature. It assumes that the chromas of the primaries are independent of intensity, that the colors produced from them are additive and that the intensity of black is almost zero. We measured several models of LCDs and observed that they poorly satisfied these assumptions at medium to low intensities. This becomes noticeable if the image has dark areas or if the display is viewed under a weak ambient light. In this paper, we use a modified version of the CRT model to calibrate the LCD. First we measure four sets of red, green, blue and gray patches. THen we determine the correction factor needed to make, at each level,the sum of the primaries equal to the corresponding gray. Finally, we use these factors to modify the data of red, green and blue.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
USE OF RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT IN SUPERPAVE HOT-MIX ASPHALT APPLICATIONS

Implementation of the Superpave mix design method has encouraged the use of coarser hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures, which require tight control of both the overall gradation and the percent passing the 0.075-mm (No. 200) screen. There is some concern that use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in Superpave mixtures may be seriously limited because stockpiles of RAP may have widely variable gradations as well as high percentages of minus 0.075-mm material. The possibility of splitting RAP stockpiles by using the coarser RAP fraction in a typical 12.5 mm below-the-restricted-zone Superpave gradation has been evaluated. The finer RAP fraction was used in an above-the-restricted zone 12.5-mm Superpave gradation. Two sources of RAP (Georgia and Minnesota) were used so that a wide range of asphalt and aggregate properties would be represented. Screening the RAP allowed up to 40 percent of the coarse RAP fraction to be used and still meet below-the-restricted zone Superpave gradation requirements. This was main...
Scanning cytophotometric analysis of brain neuronal nuclear chromatin changes in acute T-2 toxin-treated rats.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200 g) were injected intraperitoneally with T-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin protein synthesis inhibitor, at dosages of 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, and 6.0 mg/kg (1 LD50 = 0.9 mg/kg) before decapitation at 8-hr postexposure. Correlative data were obtained on changes in physicochemical properties of nuclear chromatin, chromatin dispersion, and nuclear volume of cerebrocortical (layer III) and striatal neurons using Feulgen-DNA (F-DNA) cytophotometry and ocular filar micrometry. Decreased lability of neurons to F-DNA acid hydrolysis (reduced F-DNA yield), nuclear shrinkage, and chromatin aggregation (decreased chromophore area) were used as indices of suppression of genomic template activity, i.e., neuronal nuclear functioning. Conversely, increased F-DNA yield, chromophore area, and nuclear volume signify enhanced neuronal activation. At 8 hr following T-2 toxin exposure, cerebrocortical and striatal neurons exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in F-DNA hydrolyzability, i.e., impaired chromatin activity, and increases in both chromatin dispersion and nuclear volume. Microscopic observation revealed no gross evidence of T-2 induced neurotoxicity. These data indicate that T-2 toxin elicits both neurochemical injury and adaptive or compensatory processes simultaneously. The toxicological importance of observed nuclear alterations and the role of impairments in central nervous system metabolism in acute T-2 toxicity remain to be ascertained.
“Pathological” Martian craters: Evidence for a transient obliteration event?

— We have detected three unusual, low-relief circular features, 1.2 to 2.1 km in diameter, in the northwest Noachis highlands, which may be craters that have undergone isostatic deformation. They may shed light on the existence, nature, and timing of suspected widespread Martian erosion/obliteration events, and offer clues to a type of Martian terrain softening. In the surrounding area, we find an anomalous deficiency of craters in the 3–11 km diameter range and evidence that larger, older craters have undergone relief softening and infill. We discuss three different hypotheses to explain these features, two of which involve Martian ice. This region may have undergone a transient event in which a near-surface permafrost layer (several hundred meters deep) underwent partial melting or softening. This would allow relaxation of kilometer-scale craters and softening of larger craters. Crater data presented here suggest that this event happened some time in mid-Martian history. Whether the event was regional or related to global-scale events is uncertain, though it may represent a class of events that also happened in other Martian areas.
Food Safety Informatics: A Public Health Imperative

To date, little has been written about the implementation of utilizing food safety informatics as a technological tool to protect consumers, in real-time, against foodborne illnesses. Food safety outbreaks have become a major public health problem, causing an estimated 48 million illnesses, 128,000 hospitalizations, and 3,000 deaths in the U.S. each year. Yet, government inspectors/regulators that monitor foodservice operations struggle with how to collect, organize, and analyze data; implement, monitor, and enforce safe food systems. Currently, standardized technologies have not been implemented to efficiently establish “near-in-time” or “just-in-time” electronic awareness to enhance early detection of public health threats regarding food safety. To address the potential impact of collection, organization and analyses of data in a foodservice operation, a wireless food safety informatics (FSI) tool was pilot tested at a university student foodservice center. The technological platform in this test collected data every six minutes over a 24 hour period, across two primary domains: time and temperatures within freezers, walk-in refrigerators and dry storage areas. The results of this pilot study briefly illustrated how technology can assist in food safety surveillance and monitoring by efficiently detecting food safety abnormalities related to time and temperatures so that efficient and proper response in “real time” can be addressed to prevent potential foodborne illnesses. Key words: foodborne illness, surveillance, technology
Non-destructive lifetime measurement in silicon wafers by microwave reflection

Abstract A non-destructive method for measuring excess carrier lifetime in semiconductor wafers is presented. The method is based on detecting the decay in the microwave reflection following the introduction of excess carriers by a pulsed light source. The theory of measurement has been tested by comparing the lifetime measured by this technique with other more conventional methods and good agreement was found among the values obtained. The method appears to be appropriate for distinguishing wafers with short Defect Free Zone wafers from those of long DFZ.
Modeling myeloid leukemia tumor suppressor gene inactivation in the mouse.

Introducing dominant oncogenic alterations uncovered in human myeloid malignancies into the mouse germline provides a powerful approach for studying leukemogenesis. However, little is known about how gene inactivation contributes to the development of myeloid malignancies. We describe how Nf1 mutant mice provide one example in which disrupting a tumor suppressor gene has been used to generate an informative murine leukemia model. We also discuss how chromosome engineering technologies are being harnessed to model the segmental deletions found in myeloid malignancies, and how these approaches can be combined with retrovirally medicated insertional mutagenesis to generate new models and for gene discovery.
Characterization of untreated gliomas by magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging

Although there are trends in the morphologic, metabolic, hemodynamic, and structural properties of untreated gliomas that are reflected in MR measurements, there is considerable heterogeneity both within and between lesions of the same histologic grade. The spatial extent of the abnormality in ADC and RA images is similar to the T2 lesion, but there is no obvious difference in intensity between grades. The rCBV is significantly increased in the enhancing volume of grade 4 lesions but is similar or reduced in intensity for most grade 3 lesions. There are clear differences between the enhancing volumes and the regions with increased Cho that may be highly significant for planning focal therapy. The location and intensity of the Lac/Lip peaks are consistent with those representing regions of necrosis for grade 4 lesions. The fact that small Lac/Lip peaks can also be seen in grade 2 and grade 3 lesions suggests that their presence may be indicative of regions that are likely to progress to a higher grade. If this were the case, it would be valuable for directing biopsies. The correlations between rCBV, Cho, and ADC suggest that cellularity, membrane turnover, and vascularity are linked in grade 4 lesions. It is not clear whether there is any relationship between these parameters regions in grade 2 or grade 3 gliomas. While further work is required to optimize the methodology associated with these MR parameters, it seems likely that combining the information from such measurements may be valuable for predicting outcome and tailoring therapy to individual patients.
Modeling corporate identity: a concept explication and theoretical explanation

This research introduces new conceptual and operational definitions of corporate identity. In addition, based on these definitions, introduces a model of corporate identity and how it works in the context of a firm’s mission, corporate image and reputation. This model helps further to explicate the concept of corporate identity as well as provide a plausible theoretical explanation for the way corporate identity works. In that way, this article provides evidence of the efficacy of corporate identity as a strategic management tool.
Pyridoxal phosphate protects against an irreversible temperature-dependent inactivation of hepatic δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase

Abstract The stability of hepatic gd-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway, was investigated. Incubation of the mitochondrial matrix fraction obtained from either control or allylisopropylacet-amide-induced rats at 37 °C in Tris-Cl, pH 7.4, EDTA, and dithiothreitol resulted in a rapid decrease in ALAS activity such that 50–70% of the activity was lost after 30 min. Similar decreases in ALAS activity were observed when a cytosolic fraction from the induced animals was incubated at 37 °C. Addition of 0.1 m m pyridoxal-P, the cofactor of ALAS, to the preincubation medium completely prevented the observed loss of activity; however, dialysis of the inactive matrix fraction against several changes of buffer containing pyridoxal-P did not restore activity, suggesting that the inactivation was irreversible. These decreases in ALAS activity in the absence of pyridoxal-P were temperature dependent, as a 55% loss of ALAS activity was observed after a 60-min incubation at 30 °C, while the enzyme was completely stable when preincubated at 22 °C for 60 min. This inactivation of ALAS does not appear to involve proteolytic digestion, as addition of a wide spectrum of protease inhibitors to the preincubation medium in the absence of pyridoxal-P did not protect against the inactivation. The suggestion is made that the cofactor, pyridoxal-P, may dissociate from the enzyme during the preincubation and, consequently, the apoenzyme may be irreversibly inactivated at temperatures above 22 °C.
Differential absorption lidar signal averaging

This paper presents experimental results using an atmospheric backscatter dual CO(2) laser differential absorption lidar (DIAL). It is shown that DIAL signals can be averaged to obtain an N(-(1/2)) dependence decrease in the standard deviation of the ratio of backscattered returns from two lasers, where N is the number of DIAL signals averaged, and that such a lidar system can make measurements of gas concentrations with a precision of 0.7% in absorptance over 75 m in a short measurement time when the signal strength is high-Factors that eventually limit the rate of improvement in the SNR, such as changes in the ratio of the absorption and/or backscatter at the two laser frequencies and background noise are discussed. In addition, it is noted that DIAL measurements made using hard-target backscatter often show departures from N((1/2)) dependence improvement in the standard deviation, because they are further limited by the combined effects of atmospheric turbulence and speckle, since the relative reproducibility of the speckle pattern on the receiver gives rise to correlations of the lidar signals.
Permutation Distributions via Generating Functions with Applications to Sensitivity Analysis of Discrete Data

Abstract Generating functions provide a simple and elegant way to describe probability or frequency distributions of discrete statistics and, in particular, permutation distributions. They are also a computational tool. Many efficient algorithms, including those described as fast Fourier transform methods, network methods, and multiple shift methods, are different implementations of the recursions needed to evaluate generating functions efficiently. Our goals here are twofold. First, we make the relationship between these efficient methods and generating functions explicit; this establishes a language for looking at other questions in randomization/exact inference and may help in finding more efficient implementations. Second, we propose methods to examine the sensitivity of results of exact analysis of discrete data to small perturbations in the data. Specifically, we consider two settings: how the analysis would change if one outcome changed, and how the analysis would change if one observation was adde...
Sensitivity of Time Lapse Seismic Data to the Compliance of Hydraulic Fractures

We study the sensitivity of seismic waves to changes in the fracture normal and tangential compliances by analyzing the fracture sensitivity wave equation, which is derived by differentiating the elastic wave equation with respect to the fracture compliance. The sources for the sensitivity wavefield are the sensitivity moments, which are functions of fracture compliance, background elastic properties and the stress acting on the fracture surface. Based on the analysis of the fracture sensitivity wave equation, we give the condition for the weak scattering approximation to be valid for fracture scattering. Under the weak scattering approximation, we find that the percentage change of fracture compliance in hydraulic fracturing is equal to the percentage change of the recorded time-lapse seismic data. This could provide a means for monitoring the opening/closing of fractures in hydraulic fracturing through time-lapse seismic surveys.
Trends in Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce Professionals

This special issue was conceptualized as an opportunity for the Information Systems (IS) community to pause to consider the changing role of professionals who support management information systems...
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Glucose Transport by Rat Brain Cells

The fluorescent, non-metabolizable glucose analog 6-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-6-deoxyglucose (NBDG) was used to measure rates of hexose transport by dissociated brain cells from developing and adult rats. Flow cytometric analysis of glucose uptake and expression of glucose transporters was performed by mapping on size by granularity, which discriminated between neurons and astrocytes in a suspension of mixed brain cells. These mapped cell populations were identified by immunofluorescent staining with antisera to neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Specific uptake of the analog by membrane glucose transporters was confirmed by its inhibition by D-glucose and by cytochalasin B. Both neurons and astrocytes expressed the GLUT1 and GLUT3 transporter isoforms. This was confirmed by the additive inhibition of NBDG uptake by antibodies to these transporter isoforms in both cell types. The advantages of flow cytometric analysis of glucose transport include continuous monitoring over extremely short periods of time, increased precision of cell-by-cell flow cytometric measurements versus average uptake rates obtained with radioisotopes, and simultaneous analysis of uptake by different cell populations. Moreover, both uptake rates and the abundance of specific transporters can be determined directly and rapidly on the same cell suspension.
Chemistry of miscible polycarbonate–copolyester blends

Blends of polycarbonate and the copolyester based on 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and a mixture of terephthalic and isophthalic acids are known to be completely miscible. This study was concerned with various chemical events which may occur in this system, particularly during melt processing. Degradation reactions were studied by both TGA and dilute viscometry techniques, and some indications of component interaction were noted. The residual titanium catalyst from the copolyester formation was found to produce color formation by interaction with phenolic end groups in the polycarbonate and to promote interchange reactions. Both events could be suppressed by deactivation of the residual catalyst with appropriate additives. An indication of the extent of interchange reactions was obtained by following the crystallizability of the copolyester component using differential scanning calorimetry.
A Preliminary Laboratory Investigation of PCB Flux from Dredge Resuspensions and Residuals

A preliminary laboratory investigation was conducted to understand the relative contributions of major dredge resuspension and residual processes on the releases of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminants from sediments to water column. Sediments from New Bedford Harbor were used as test samples. Six sets of experiments were run for simulated resuspension and residual scenarios. During the experiments, water above the sediments was recirculated by peristaltic pumping or orbital shaking and the levels of two PCBs, Aroclor 1248 (PCB-1248) and Aroclor 1254 (PCB-1254), were monitored for 15 days. Analysis of the model predicted data indicated that resulting water column PCB concentrations differed with sediment surface, residual, and resuspension type. Highest PCB water column concentrations were observed for a condition which used a settled fluff from thin sediment slurry as a residual source and the column water was recirculated by orbital shaking. Lowest water column PCB levels were observed for a thic...
Chaparral shrub recovery after fuel reduction: a comparison of prescribed fire and mastication techniques

Fuel management techniques are commonly used in shrublands to reduce wildfire risk. However, more information about the ecological effects of these treatments is needed by managers and ecologists. In an effort to address this need, we performed a replicated (4 replicates per treatment) 48-ha experiment in northern California chaparral dominated by Adenostoma fasciculatum to determine the effects of two fuel reduction types (prescribed fire and mastication) and three different seasons of treatment (fall, winter, and spring) on shrub cover, height, and seedling density. Exclosures (2.5 m2 each) were also used to assess herbivory effects. By the third post-treatment year, prescribed fire treatments had higher shrub cover (71 ± 2%) than mastication (43 ± 4%). There was no treatment effect on shrub height, species richness, or composition. Seedling density was initially higher in prescribed fire treatments (31 ± 4 seedlings m−2) than mastication (3 ± 0 seedlings m−2); however, prescribed fire treatments experienced substantial mortality, especially spring burning, resulting in lower densities 3 years after treatments (18 ± 0 seedlings m−2 after fall and winter fire compared to 2 ± 0 seedlings m−2 after spring fire). A. fasciculatum remained the dominant shrub species after the treatments, and Ceanothus cuneatus recruitment was higher in fall burning. Deer herbivory only affected shrub height, especially in masticated units, resulting in heights of 55 ± 2 cm in unexclosed areas compared to 66 ± 4 cm inside exclosures by the third post-treatment year. Overall, our findings suggest that fuel treatments play an important role in shrubland community dynamics, at least in the short-term, with implications for re-treatment frequency, community structure, and wildlife habitat.
Glucocorticoids Exacerbate Hypoxic and Hypoglycemic Hippocampal Injury In Vitro: Biochemical Correlates and a Role for Astrocytes

The acute secretion of glucocorticoids is critical for responding to physiological stress. Under normal circumstances these hormones do not cause acute neuronal injury, but they have been shown to enhance ischemic and seizure-induced neuronal injury in the rat brain. Using fetal rat hippocampal cultures, we asked whether hypoxic and hypoglycemic cell damage in vitro could be exacerbated by direct exposure to corticosterone (CORT). Each of these insults alone damaged neuronal cells, whereas 4-6 h of hypoxic treatment could damage age-matched astrocytes if glucose was reduced or omitted. Ischemic-like injury to both cell types could be attenuated by pretreatment with high (30 mM) glucose. Exposure to 100 nM CORT did not affect cell viability under control conditions but enhanced both hypoxic and hypoglycemic neuronal injury. In both cases, pretreatment with high glucose abolished this CORT-mediated synergy. In astrocyte cultures, CORT exacerbated both hypoxic and hypoglycemic injury and this effect was also attenuated by high-glucose pretreatment. Identical 24-h CORT treatment caused a 13% reduction in glucose uptake in astrocytes and a 38% reduction in glycogen content, without affecting the level of intracellular glucose. Thus, CORT could endanger both neurons and astrocytes in mixed hippocampal cultures and this effect emerged only under conditions of substrate depletion. The metabolic disruption in astrocytes by CORT further suggests that the ability of CORT to exacerbate neuronal injury may be due in part to impaired glial cell function.
Tactile pattern recognition with complex linear morphology

Tactile information processing has received a relatively small amount of attention in the area of pattern recognition. However, while most of the attention has been given to image, acoustic, and electromagnetic signal processing, there are many applications where tactile information processing is applicable. For example, underwater salvage operations where the water may be opaque with debris and target objects may be covered with viscous substances like silt, sand, mud, or camouflaged by crustaceans. These environments may also be hazardous to humans, because of pressure, temperature, or contamination. Another example is industrial assembly where subcomponents, initially in random position and orientation, need to be assembled together. We assume that an object has been tactilly sampled into a polyhedron mesh. Our concentration in this writing is to identify this mesh as belonging to a target object independent of orientation and position. To solve this problem we present a fundamental approach we call Complex Linear Morphology (CLM). This technique involves non-linear architectures which rely on banks of linear correlation filter elements thus the term linear. These elements are comprised of complex weighted training images or solids, thus the term complex. These complex weights are used to approximate logical operations on the input images or solids which result in the discrimination of target objects from clutter objects, thus the term morphology. There are two architectures presented. The first architecture assumes the 3-D polyhedron mesh is converted to a 2-D image by projection. CLM is applied to these 2-D images which are rotation-variant. The second architecture uses CLM techniques to process 3-D information directly. Results are presented for the 2-D CLM approach and techniques are presented for the 3-D CLM approach.
Treatment of flaring of the costal arch after the minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair (Nuss procedure) in children

Flaring of the costal arch may be part of the pectus excavatum deformity. This aspect will in rare cases be even worsen after the Nuss repair. This remaining deformity can be treated with a minimal subperichondral partial resection of the costal arch cartilage. In 5 patients, this additional technique regained good to excellent results.
Does Learning Others' Opinions Change One's Opinions?:

Two experiments examined the attitudinal effects of mere exposure to others' attitudes. Both experiments replicated previous findings that people exposed to others' judgments often then exceed those judgments when indicating their own opinions. The first experiment indicated that (1) exposure to only a small number of others' responses (rather than a large distribution, as in previous experiments) will still produce the effect, that (2)face-to-face exposure and statistical exposure to others' opinions elicit much the same effect, and that (3) making a public pretest commitment attenuates the phenomenon. The second experiment revealed that observing others' judgments on onescale also influenced responding on a separate, but related judgment scale. This indicates that the effect of mere exposure to others' attitudes is not just a response effect that is specific to the scale on which others' responses have been observed
Management of paronychia and ingrown toenail: Medical and surgical approaches

Abstract The nails of the hands and feet serve not only a cosmetic function, but improve tactile sensation and maintain the shape of the digit. Damage to the nail may result in functional disability. Ingrown toenail and paronychia are two of the most common nail disorders encountered by primary care physicians. Paronychia are most often caused by gram-positive cocci, particularly Staphylococcus aureus . Superficial infections may be treated with an oral first-generation cephalosporin. Paronychia extending under the nail require surgical drainage. Ingrown toenail, when only inflammation is present, may be treated with simple elevation of the nail edge. However, when granulation tissue or infection occurs in association with an ingrown toenail, surgical intervention is warranted. This review presents the anatomy of the nail and discusses the etiology and management of paronychia and ingrown toenail, including conservative measures, use of antibiotics, and the types of surgical procedures performed.
Computer-aided content analysis: A short primer

This paper is a short introduction to computer-aided content analysis in which words or phrases are the basic units. The advantages of computer-aided content analysis are noted and some general issues in its use discussed. Several ways of manipulating text by computer are then illustrated, including ordered word frequency lists, key-word-in-context lists, concordances, classifications of text in terms of content categories, category counts, and category-based retrievals from text. Although examples are based on Democratic and Republican platforms in presidential campaigns, these techniques can be applied to texts from a variety of sources, including in-depth and open-ended interviews, fieldnotes, letters, speeches, newspapers, books, and diaries, to cite a few examples.
Synthesis and structural analysis of a novel iodinated cyclopentadienone via ring-contraction iodination and its application in synthesis of alkyne-functionalized cyclopentadienones

The first iodinated cyclopentadienone was isolated and its structure was confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis. Based on this intermediate, the first direct C–C bond formation on cyclopentadienone ring was achieved. The photo induced intramolecular charge transfer of alkynylated cyclopentadienones was evaluated by solvent polarity effect on their electronic absorption spectra.
Safe Living: The Impact of Unstable Housing Conditions on HIV Risk Reduction Among Female Drug Users

The objectives of this article are to explore differences in HIV risk behaviors and subsequent risk reduction among female drug users based on their housing conditions. In addition, we investigate psychosocial characteristics as mediators. Data were collected from 336 adult women. Structured interviews were conducted at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. At baseline, women with unstable housing conditions reported higher levels of HIV drug and sex-related HIV risk behavior. In addition, their levels of behavioral change over time were lower. The findings also show the importance of expanding the stable housing condition into two categories thereby distinguishing between a woman’s own and someone else’s place. None of the mediating factors were statistically significant and there was no moderation by intervention condition. The findings suggest that unstable housing conditions form a structural barrier to HIV risk reduction irrespective of the message. Future interventions should consider such conditions and the larger social context of the women’s lives.
Thermal and hormonal regulation of the dormancy–germination transition in Amaranthus tuberculatus seeds

Summary The transition from seed dormancy to germination is a multi-step process. However, distinguishing between physiological processes involved in seed dormancy alleviation and those involved in germination has been difficult. We studied the seed dormancy alleviation process in Amaranthus tuberculatus, an important weed species in midwestern USA. Using three A. tuberculatus biotypes that differ in dormancy level, it was determined that stratification reduced seed dormancy from a high to a low level. Temperature alternation alleviated low seed dormancy and triggered germination. Exogenously applied abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) had no effect on seeds with high dormancy. However, ABA and paclobutrazol (a GA biosynthesis inhibitor) significantly reduced germination of seeds with low dormancy. Hormones could not replace the effects of stratification or temperature alternation on dormancy alleviation. Based on our results, we propose a seed dormancy–germination transition model in which the dormancy of A. tuberculatus seeds is progressively reduced from a high to a low level; but environmental conditions (i.e. stratification) can accelerate the dormancy alleviation process. Under low dormancy levels, the seed is more sensitive to environmental cues that are responsible for removing dormancy and triggering germination (i.e. temperature alternation). Finally, ABA and GA regulation occurs primarily during the final transition from low dormancy to germination rather than the alleviation of high dormancy.
THEORY OF COEXISTING STATES : CALCULATION OF BINODALS

Abstract A set of differential equations is established that determine the positions of the tielines for phase separation at constant temperature, provided the equation of state for a binary mixture is given in analytical form. Despite the fact that a large amount of work has been done on this problem, there is little information on the general theory, except for some papers that were written at the turn of the century. In most cases tielines are calculated by a “brute force” method, i.e. after the problem is formulated a non-linear simultaneous equation-solving program is called upon, with little or no attention to the specifics of the problem on hand. It is shown that there exists a very useful relation between the orientation of the tieline and the tangents to the binodals at each end. This relation persists near the almost pure liquid limit despite the fact that the Helmholtz free energy is a singular function in this case. In addition, a differential equation is given for the binodal as well as a theorem on the termination of a set of tielines in the neighborhood of a three-phase (or triple) point. The equations given here are different from the Gibbs Konowalow expressions. The latter hold at constant concentration, while the equations presented here are at constant temperature.
Look at the Genes, See What's in the Jeans

How important is the study of one patient? In the analysis of genetic diseases, studies of individual patients have been extraordinarily useful for determining chromosomal localization of disease and the ordering of loci on an individual chromosome. Studies of X-linked ichthyosis illustrate this very well. X-linked ichthyosis (recently reviewed by Shapiro 1 is very common, 1/2000 to 1/6000 males, and is life-long. The complexity of the inherited disorders of keratinization and their treatments requires the special skills of the dermatologist for diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and genetic counseling. Formal genetic analysis of affected patients shows the disease was caused by a defect on the X chromosome. It is just over a decade since the molecular basis of the disorder, a deficiency of the microsomal enzyme steroid sulfatase, was first determined; testing the cultured fibroblasts of patients for this enzyme is a standard way of verifying the diagnosis. Finding increased blood cholesterol
Elevated baseline CA19-9 levels correlate with adverse prognosis in patients with early- or advanced-stage pancreas cancer.

CA19-9 is the most specific biomarker for pancreas cancer. We investigated the prognostic significance of normal (≤37 U/mL) versus elevated (>37 U/mL) CA19-9 levels in patients with resected and advanced pancreas cancer. Relevant data were obtained from patients treated for early-stage or advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma at our institution. Log-rank tests were used to evaluate relationship between CA19-9 and clinical outcomes of interest for both early- and advanced-stage patients. A total of 123 patients were included (Group A: N = 30 stage I/II; Group B: N = 93 stage III/IV). In group A, elevated preoperative CA19-9 was significantly associated with lymph node involvement (p = 0.031), tumor ≥3 cm (p = 0.011), and lack of tumor differentiation (p = 0.048). Failure of postoperative CA19-9 to normalize predicted significantly worse DFS (p = 0.021). For group B, elevated baseline CA19-9 was associated with shorter OS on chemotherapy (p = 0.0008) and decline in CA19-9 >25 % with treatment was a significant predictor of improved OS (p = 0.0099). Higher than normal CA19-9 level is an adverse prognostic factor in both early and advanced settings and may prove to be useful in the selection of patients for more aggressive therapy in future trials. CA19-9 level decrease of >25 % predicts improved survival in advanced disease on chemotherapy.
THYMIDINE KINASE: THE DISSOCIABILITY AND ITS BEARING ON THE ENZYME ACTIVITY IN PLANT MATERIALS.

Abstract Thymidine kinase (ATP: thymidine 5′-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21) was obtained from roots of germinating corn and wheat seedlings. The enzyme could be separated by precipitation with ammonium sulphate into two components, designated Components P and T, both being enzymatically inactive. However, high activity was restored by combining the two components either both from the same or from the two different sources. The components, except Component P from wheat, were stable for several months if stored in a deepfreeze. Component P from corn exhibited an appreciable negative net charge at pH 7.2. The kinase from wheat could be purified about 40 fold by heat treatment and fractionation on Sephadex G 50 and CM-Sephadex C 25. Electrophoresis of the purified extract at pH 7 yielded two protein bands, both with a slight positive charge. The functional enzyme was found only in tissues where mitosis or polyploidization is concurring is occuring. Component P, however, was present in all plant materials studied. From the results it appears that enzyme activity is controlled via formation and degradation of Component T. Similar results were observed for the phosphorylation of uridine.
Active memory processes in visual sentence comprehension: Clause effects and pronominal reference

Two experiments were conducted to investigate active memory processes during reading. Subjects read two-clause sentences one word at a time at a self-paced rate. Following each sentence a probe word was presented; subjects were to decide if this word occurred in the sentence they had just read. The first experiment examined clausal effects during reading. Reaction times to items from the final clause were shorter than those to items from a previous clause even when the same number of words intervened. The second experiment used the clause effect to address the issue of proniminal reference. Results indicated that a pronoun in the final clause activated the meaning of its antecedent, thus demonstrating that the method is sensitive to both surface and meaning codes in active memory.
Automated Feature Design for Numeric Sequence Classification by Genetic Programming

Pattern recognition methods rely on maximum-information, minimum-dimension feature sets to reliably perform classification and regression tasks. Many methods exist to reduce feature set dimensionality and construct improved features from an initial set; however, there are few general approaches for the design of features from numeric sequences. Any information lost in preprocessing or feature measurement cannot be recreated during pattern recognition. General approaches are needed to extend pattern recognition to include feature design and selection for numeric sequences, such as time series, within the learning process itself. This paper proposes a novel genetic programming (GP) approach to automated feature design called Autofead. In this method, a GP variant evolves a population of candidate features built from a library of sequence-handling functions. Numerical optimization methods, included through a hybrid approach, ensure that the fitness of candidate algorithms is measured using optimal parameter values. Autofead represents the first automated feature design system for numeric sequences to leverage the power and efficiency of both numerical optimization and standard pattern recognition algorithms. Potential applications include the monitoring of electrocardiogram signals for indications of heart failure, network traffic analysis for intrusion detection systems, vibration measurement for bearing condition determination in rotating machinery, and credit card activity for fraud detection.
Dissociation of pyruvate dehydrogenase from the glucagon stimulation of pyruvate carboxylation in rat liver mitochondria.

Abstract Liver mitochondria isolated from glucagon-treated rats have been previously shown to exhibit stimulated rates of pyruvate carboxylation and pyruvate decarboxylation as compared with controls. Under these same conditions there is no change in the total activity of pyruvate carboxylase as assayed with saturating concentrations of substrates and acetyl-CoA. Arsenite additions to mitochondria have been used to cause inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase, allowing a study of the relationship between pyruvate dehydrogenase and the glucagon stimulation of pyruvate carboxylation. Preincubation of mitochondria with arsenite inhibits pyruvate carboxylation 95%, presumably through inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase and subsequent loss of acetyl-CoA, NADH, and ATP. Addition of 30 μ m palmitoyl-carnitine restores pyruvate carboxylation to the same level as in uninhibited mitochondria without palmitoyl-carnitine, and the glucagon stimulation is still observed. In mitochondria not inhibited with arsenite, progressive inhibition of pyruvate decarboxylation with increasing palmitoyl-carnitine is seen. Pyruvate carboxylation shows a biphasic response, increasing at palmitoyl-carnitine concentrations up to 30 μ m but then decreasing above these concentrations. These results indicate that pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase are not necessarily linked in a compulsory manner and that pyruvate dehydrogenase can be ruled out as a primary site of glucagon action. Glucagon stimulation of pyruvate entry into mitochondria is consistent with the above observations.
Mathematical homogenization of nonperiodic heterogeneous media subjected to large deformation transient loading

We present a generalization of the classical mathematical homogenization theory aimed at accounting for finite unit cell distortions, which gives rise to a nonperiodic asymptotic expansion. We introduce an auxiliary macro-deformed configuration, where the overall Cauchy stress is defined, and nonperiodic boundary conditions. Verification studies against a direct numerical simulation demonstrate the versatility of the proposed method.
Collection Evaluation in Women's Studies: One Model for Learning the Process

The one component of collection development most difficult for librarians is the evaluation of the collection. Various methods can be employed to evaluate the collection including statistical analysis, list checking, user opinions, direct observation, and applying standards. All of these methods have strengths and weaknesses, and numerous opinions exist on the value of each method. However, almost all experts agree that libraries need to invest a great deal of time, staff, and budget for any evaluation to be considered valuable. The process becomes even more complex when evaluating interdisciplinary areas such as women's studies. Collection development issues for women's studies has been well covered in the literature, but very little exists on the evaluation of women's studies collections. This article will discuss one method for collection evaluation, the Research Libraries Group (RLG) Conspectus, and outline the process of using the Conspectus to evaluate the women's studies collection at the Pennsylvania State University Libraries. Given the importance of information needs for diversity materials and the number of librarians who select women's studies materials among their many other responsibilities, this information will be valuable for all librarians engaged in interdisciplinary collection development in both public and academic libraries.
VERBAL REPORTS AS MEASURES OF COMPREHENSION EVALUATION

The present study assessed several commonly used measures of children's comprehension evaluation ability. Third and sixth grade higher and lower ability readers (N = 120) read texts that either contained an inconsistency or did not. Following each passage reading, six measures of comprehension evaluation were obtained: one performance measure and five commonly used verbal report measures. The results revealed that different verbal report measures are not comparable measures of children's comprehension evaluation ability. The verbal report measures were differently affected by grade level, reading ability, and text variables. Moreover, the verbal report measures did not all relate equally to comprehension evaluation performance and relationships between verbal reports and performance were stronger for higher ability readers and young readers. The results suggest that caution is needed in interpreting studies using verbal report measures in isolation to assess children's evaluation skills, and that the use of poorly defined verbal report measures may be one factor contributing to inconsistent findings concerning the development of such skills. Researchers interested in how readers evaluate ongoing comprehension during reading have relied heavily on error detection tasks. Such tasks usually involve reading a text containing an error of some type, for example, anomalous or difficult words (Garner, 1981; Paris & Myers, 1981), violations of prior knowledge (Baker, 1984a; Markman & Gorin, 1981) or inconsistencies within passages (Baker, 1984b; Markman, 1979). Failure to detect the error suggests that readers have failed to use an appropriate standard to evaluate their comprehension, for example, a lexical standard for anomalous or difficult words or a semantic standard for inconsistencies or prior knowledge violations (Baker, 1985).
Autophagy Inhibition for Chemosensitization and Radiosensitization in Cancer: Do the Preclinical Data Support This Therapeutic Strategy?

Recognition of the cytoprotective functions of autophagy that occur in tumor cells exposed to various forms of chemotherapy or radiation has generated intense interest in the possibility that pharmacological interference with autophagy could provide a clinical strategy for overcoming therapeutic resistance. Multiple clinical trials are currently in progress to evaluate the antimalarial agent chloroquine (generally in its clinical formulation as hydroxychloroquine) and its impact on various forms of cancer therapy. In this commentary/review, we focus on the relatively limited number of studies in the literature where chloroquine has been tested in combination with chemotherapy or radiation in experimental tumor-bearing animal models. We also present recent data from our own laboratories, in cell culture experiments as well as in vivo studies, which demonstrate that neither chloroquine nor silencing of an autophagy regulatory gene was effective in conferring radiation sensitivity in an experimental model of breast cancer. The capacity for sensitization by chloroquine appears to be quite wide-ranging, with dramatic effects for some drugs/tumor models and modest or minimal effects in others. One possible caveat is that, with only a few exceptions, experiments have generally been performed in xenograft models, thereby eliminating the involvement of the immune system, which might ultimately be proven to play a central role in determining the effectiveness of autophagy inhibition in chemosensitization or radiosensitization. Nevertheless, a careful review of the current literature suggests that caution is likely to be warranted in translating preclinical findings relating to autophagy inhibition as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy.
Leadership style vs. success in student chief programmer teams

The style of leadership on chief programmer teams was inferred from student peer evaluations, using a sample of 87 teams over a seven-year period. The strongest correlations with team success resulted from diligent attention (or lack thereof) to the duties of the Chief Programmer, Backup, and Librarian, rather than from leadership personality factors.