cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary Phosphorus for Laying Hens

Abstract THE phosphorus needs of the laying hen for optimum performance have been the subject of investigation for a number of years. Rather high phosphorus requirements were reported in some of the early literature. A level of 0.8% phosphorus was found by Miller and Bearse (1934) to be required at either 2.23 or 3.0% calcium. Norris et al. (1934) found that 0.5% total dietary phosphorus was inadequate for egg production while 0.75% appeared to be sufficient. Schaible (1941) concluded in a review of mineral needs of laying hens that 0.4% phosphorus was required for egg production and recommended the feeding of 0.5% to allow a margin of safety. The occurrence of phosphorus in the form of phytic acid in vegetable feedstuffs has been one source of trouble in estimating the phosphorus needs of laying hens. It was suggested by Gillis et al. (1953) that the utilization of phytic acid phosphorus by…
Breaking the Silence: Using a Token Economy to Reinforce Classroom Participation

We propose a procedure for increasing student participation, particularly in large classes. The procedure establishes a token economy in which students earn tokens for participation and then exchange those tokens for extra credit. We evaluated the effectiveness of the procedure by recording the degree of participation in an introductory psychology class before, during, and after implementation of the token economy. Results revealed that the amount of directed and nondirected participation increased during the token economy and returned to baseline after removal of the token economy. Furthermore, students responded faster to questions from the instructor during the token economy than during baseline, and this decrease in response latency continued even after removal of the token economy.
Anesthesia Information Management Systems: Past, Present, and Future of Anesthesia Records

Documenting a patient's anesthetic in the medical record is quite different from summarizing an office visit, writing a surgical procedure note, or recording other clinical encounters. Some of the biggest differences are the frequent sampling of physiologic data, volume of data, and diversity of data collected. The goal of the anesthesia record is to accurately and comprehensively capture a patient's anesthetic experience in a succinct format. Having ready access to physiologic trends is essential to allowing anesthesiologists to make proper diagnoses and treatment decisions. Although the value provided by anesthesia information management systems and their functions may be different than other electronic health records, the real benefits of an anesthesia information management system depend on having it fully integrated with the other health information technologies. An anesthesia information management system is built around the electronic anesthesia record and incorporates anesthesia-relevant data pulled from disparate systems such as laboratory, billing, imaging, communication, pharmacy, and scheduling. The ability of an anesthesia information management system to collect data automatically enables anesthesiologists to reliably create an accurate record at all times, regardless of other concurrent demands. These systems also have the potential to convert large volumes of data into actionable information for outcomes research and quality-improvement initiatives. Developing a system to validate the data is crucial in conducting outcomes research using large datasets. Technology innovations outside of healthcare, such as multitouch interfaces, near-instant software response times, powerful but simple search capabilities, and intuitive designs, have raised the bar for users' expectations of health information technology.
Radiation cooling with π pulses

The concept of radiation cooling with π pulses is presented and quantified with a theoretical analysis. Numerical analysis of π-pulse cooling on the hydrogen Lyman-α transition is presented as an example. The cooling rate and limiting temperature are discussed and compared with steady-state radiation cooling.
Rehabilitation After Cranial Base Surgery

Recent advancements in skull base surgery to remove or diminish the size of cranial base tumors allow more to be done than ever before to preserve life for patients who have tumors in anatomic locations once considered unreachable without causing massive functional impairment or death. Nonetheless, the resulting outcome has a direct and serious impact on the quality of life of the patient. In this article on palliation, the authors focus on the rehabilitative techniques used in patients who have undergone extensive cranial base resection. These techniques can also be used to improve the life of patients who have not undergone surgery but suffer from poor quality of life because of the natural growth of the tumor.
Aggregation As a Determinant of Protein Fate in Post-Golgi Compartments: Role of the Luminal Domain of Furin in Lysosomal Targeting

The mammalian endopeptidase furin is a type 1 integral membrane protein that is predominantly localized to the TGN and is degraded in lysosomes with a t1/2 = 2–4 h. Whereas the localization of furin to the TGN is largely mediated by sorting signals in the cytosolic tail of the protein, we show here that targeting of furin to lysosomes is a function of the luminal domain of the protein. Inhibition of lysosomal degradation results in the accumulation of high molecular weight aggregates of furin; aggregation is also dependent on the luminal domain of furin. Temperature and pharmacologic manipulations suggest that furin aggregation occurs in the TGN and thus precedes delivery to lysosomes. These findings are consistent with a model in which furin becomes progressively aggregated in the TGN, an event that leads to its transport to lysosomes. Our observations indicate that changes in the aggregation state of luminal domains can be potent determinants of biosynthetic targeting to lysosomes and suggest the possible existence of quality control mechanisms for disposal of aggregated proteins in compartments of the secretory pathway other than the endoplasmic reticulum.
Ambulatory electrocardiogram analysis in infants treated with recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase enzyme replacement therapy for Pompe disease.

Purpose: Infantile Pompe disease is caused by deficiency of lysosomal acid α-glucosidase. Trials with recombinant human acid α-glucosidase enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) show a decrease in left ventricular mass and improved function. We evaluated 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms (ECGs) at baseline and during ERT in patients with infantile Pompe disease. Methods: Thirty-two ambulatory ECGs were evaluated for 12 patients with infantile Pompe disease from 2003 to 2005. Patients had a median age of 7.4 months (2.9–37.8 months) at initiation of ERT. Ambulatory ECGs were obtained at determined intervals and analyzed. Results: Significant ectopy was present in 2 of 12 patients. Patient 1 had 211 and 229 premature ventricular contractions (0.2% of heart beats) at baseline and at 11.5 weeks of ERT, respectively. Patient 2 had 10,445 premature ventricular contractions (6.7% of heart beats) at 11 weeks of therapy. Conclusion: Infantile Pompe disease may have preexisting ectopy; it may also develop during the course of ERT. Therefore, routinely monitoring patients using 24-hour ambulatory ECGs is useful. Periods of highest risk may be early in the course of ERT when there is a substantial decrease in left ventricular mass and an initial decrease in ejection fraction.
Structural characterization of naturally occurring RNA single mismatches

RNA is known to be involved in several cellular processes; however, it is only active when it is folded into its correct 3D conformation. The folding, bending and twisting of an RNA molecule is dependent upon the multitude of canonical and non-canonical secondary structure motifs. These motifs contribute to the structural complexity of RNA but also serve important integral biological functions, such as serving as recognition and binding sites for other biomolecules or small ligands. One of the most prevalent types of RNA secondary structure motifs are single mismatches, which occur when two canonical pairs are separated by a single non-canonical pair. To determine sequence–structure relationships and to identify structural patterns, we have systematically located, annotated and compared all available occurrences of the 30 most frequently occurring single mismatch-nearest neighbor sequence combinations found in experimentally determined 3D structures of RNA-containing molecules deposited into the Protein Data Bank. Hydrogen bonding, stacking and interaction of nucleotide edges for the mismatched and nearest neighbor base pairs are described and compared, allowing for the identification of several structural patterns. Such a database and comparison will allow researchers to gain insight into the structural features of unstudied sequences and to quickly look-up studied sequences.
Statistical mechanics of solvent induced forces and vibrational frequency shifts. Low density expansions and Monte Carlo simulations

Theoretical expressions are presented for the solvent configuration averaged force on a diatomic solute throughout the vapor–liquid density range. Analytical low density expansions and solvent configurational space averages are used to predict solvent induced changes in solute vibrational frequency. Purely classical Monte Carlo simulation results for a system representing bromine (Br2) dissolved in argon agree quantitatively with previous coupled quantum‐classical results of Herman and Berne, up to liquid densities. It is found to be impossible to obtain a red gas to liquid shift (such as that typically observed experimentally) in any realistic diatomic system with only binary solvent atom–solute atom interaction potentials. However, redshifts are predicted when a three‐atom potential, in which the solute–solvent interaction depends on solute bond length, is introduced.
Localization of insulin-like growth factor I and inhibition of coronary smooth muscle cell growth by somatostatin analogues in human coronary smooth muscle cells. A potential treatment for restenosis?

In this study, we demonstrate, for the first time, the localization of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in de novo and restenotic human coronary atherectomy plaques by using immunocytochemical techniques. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) exhibiting the synthetic phenotype contained a statistically significant higher concentration of IGF-I than SMCs of the contractile phenotype or SMCs from normal coronary arteries. In addition, we provide data to suggest that the long-acting somatostatin analogues octreotide and angiopeptin inhibit IGF-I- and basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF)- induced human coronary artery SMC proliferation. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated cultures were minimally affected by the addition of octreotide but were significantly inhibited by angiopeptin. All three growth factors stimulated SMC migration in a dose-dependent manner. The somatostatin analogues tested had no effect on growth factor-stimulated SMC migration. Our data suggest that by reducing SMC proliferation, s...
Time-resolved picosecond optical measurements of laser-excited graphite

A phase transformation in graphite irradiated by visible picosecond laser pulses is observed above a well-defined pump threshold. Time-resolved reflectivity measurements at different wavelengths indicate that the high-temperature phase is not metallic. At low irradiation levels, a fast decaying plasma component is observed.
Estimation and Detection on Uniform Hexagonal Array Models

Magnetic recording at the highest areal density on conventional granular recording media uses $\sim 10$ grains to carry each bit of customer data. Efforts to reduce this number have focused on improving the resolution of the writing and reading processes and, in particular, on improving uniformity of the recording medium and on incorporating knowledge of the recording medium statistics into the detection process. This paper considers the extreme case of data detection on a perfect hexagonal array of grains. This paper looks at two aspects: 1) the estimation of the angle and positioning of the array with respect to the bit-steam and 2) the use of that information to assist data detection. At aggressive densities with very few grains per bit (GPB), the estimation proceeds well and the extra information is helpful in detection. With more GPB, the gains become small.
Communities on the Verge: Intersections and Disjunctures in the New Information Order.

Abstract This article examines the relationship of information technology to communities of color. In recent decades, American microelectronics firms have shifted production facilities to offshore sites while prototypic and short-term projects, research, and development have remained in places such as Silicon Valley. Assembly work that fuels the industry there, done mostly by immigrant women, closely resembles the “low tech” labor of their overseas counterparts. Despite these attachments by people of color at the level of labor and hightech production, the same people are largely isolated from the technology on the levels of use, consumption, and content development. Some attempts have been made by marginalized communities, however, to “stake a claim in cyberspace.” Examining what anthropologist David Hess termed the social and cultural “reconstruction of technology,” we argue that attempts to claim information technologies happen on two levels: the “virtual” and the “real.” We explore questions of how community is conjured or imagined by people of color using icons and language and how images and language mark insiders and outsiders, we examine the inconsistencies in “global village” metaphors and whether communities of color betray similar inconsistencies, and we conclude that we are both critical of and optimistic about the communicative possibilities of information technology.
Isotachysterol3 and 25-Hydroxyisotachysterol3: Analogs of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

Isotachysterol(3), 25-hydroxyisotachysterol(3), and isovitamin D(3) have been synthesized and tested for biological activity. Like 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), isotachysterol(3) stimulates intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization in anephric rats, whereas 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) does not. Although isovitamin D(3) is biologically active in normal rats it is inactive in anephric rats.
No association between XRCC1 and XRCC3 gene polymorphisms and breast cancer risk: Iowa Women's Health Study

Abstract Background : Genetic variation in DNA repair may contribute to differences in the susceptibility of several cancers. We evaluated two polymorphisms in the base excision repair pathway (BER) (XRCC1; Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln) and one polymorphism in the double strand DNA repair pathway (XRCC3; Thr241Met) for their association with breast cancer risk. Methods : The association was analyzed in a nested case control study of 460 breast cancer cases and 324 cancer-free controls within the Iowa Women's Health Cohort. DNA was obtained from blood samples or paraffin embedded tissues (PET) and all samples were genotyped by one of three genotyping platforms—PCR-RFLP, PCR-INVADER, or Sequenom. Results : None of the three polymorphisms studied were significantly associated with breast cancer risk (XRCC1: Arg194Trp (OR=1.21, 95% CI: 0.78–1.88); Arg399Gln (OR=1.20, 95% CI: 0.80–1.79); XRCC3: Thr241Met (OR=1.04, 95% CI: 0.76–1.41). Conclusions : These results suggest that independently these polymorphisms of XRCC1 and XRCC3 genes do not contribute significantly to the genetic susceptibility of breast cancer.
High Energy pA Collisions in the Color Glass Condensate Approach

Abstract We present a brief review of phenomenological applications of the gluon saturation approach to the proton-nucleus collisions at high energies.
Extracardiac rhabdomyoma: A clinicopathologic study and review of the literature

Extracardiac rhabdomyomas are rare benign neoplasms that in the past have been divided by histologic criteria into adult and fetal types. In this series, 15 previously unpublished cases are presented and analyzed in combination with 51 acceptable cases from the literature. The adult type of rhabdomyoma occurs almost exclusively in the head and neck region (93% of all cases), particularly in the larynx and pharynx of adult males. The fetal type of rhabdomyoma may be subdivided on histologic grounds into myxoid and cellular variants. The fetal myxoid type usually occurs in the vulvovaginal region of middle aged women or in the postauricular region of male infants. The fetal cellular type has not been previously emphasized. This type tends to occur in the head and neck region of adult males. It may be mistaken for a sarcoma because of its high degree of cellularity. Local recurrence of a rhabdomyoma is rare and has only been occasionally reported in the adult type of rhabdomyoma. In no instance has a rhabdomyoma been shown to possess aggressive local growth or metastatic potential. Therefore, it is essential that these neoplasms be recognized histologically and that they be treated conservatively by local excision.
Detoxification of phaseollin by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli

Abstract Evidence is presented indicating that the bean pathogen Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli is able to metabolize the phytoalexin phaseollin in vitro. Phaseollin is metabolized in shake cultures of actively growing mycelium exposed to a concentration non-inhibitory to growth. An inhibitory concentration of phaseollin is likewise rapidly metabolized, provided the fungus is first allowed to adapt during exposure to a non-inhibitory dosage. Germinating spores can also metabolize phaseollin. Disappearance of phaseollin is accompanied by the appearance of several metabolic products. The most prominent of these, compound B (C20H18O5), differs from phaseollin in that its mass is 16 units higher and it has a carbonyl group, which suggested that it was an oxidation product of phaseollin. Compound B is less fungitoxic than phaseollin. It is suggested that F. solani f. sp. phaseoli is able to detoxify phaseollin by an inducible oxidizing system.
Properties of Cerebellar Fastigial Neurons During Translation, Rotation, and Eye Movements

The most medial of the deep cerebellar nuclei, the fastigial nucleus (FN), receives sensory vestibular information and direct inhibition from the cerebellar vermis. We investigated the signal processing in the primate FN by recording single-unit activities during translational motion, rotational motion, and eye movements. Firing rate modulation during horizontal plane translation in the absence of eye movements was observed in all non-eye-movement-sensitive cells and 26% of the pursuit eye-movement-sensitive neurons in the caudal FN. Many non-eye-movement-sensitive cells recorded in the rostral FN of three fascicularis monkeys exhibited convergence of signals from both the otolith organs and the semicircular canals. At low frequencies of translation, the majority of these rostral FN cells changed their firing rates in phase with head velocity rather than linear acceleration. As frequency increased, FN vestibular neurons exhibited a wide range of response dynamics with most cells being characterized by increasing phase leads as a function of frequency. Unlike cells in the vestibular nuclei, none of the rostral FN cells responded to rotational motion alone, without simultaneously exhibiting sensitivity to translational motion. Modulation during earth-horizontal axis rotation was observed in more than half (77%) of the neurons, although with smaller gains than during translation. In contrast, only 47% of the cells changed their firing rates during earth-vertical axis rotations in the absence of a dynamic linear acceleration stimulus. These response properties suggest that the rostral FN represents a main processing center of otolith-driven information for inertial motion detection and spatial orientation.
Neuroendocrine control of reproduction and its manipulation with LHRH and its analogs

By administering luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) at different frequencies, or utilizing long-acting LHRH analogs, it is possible to stimulate or suppress the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. The use of LHRH or its long-acting analogs should have a profound clinical impact in restoring or inhibiting fertility.
Effects of androstenedione administration on epitestosterone metabolism in men

Androstenedione is a steroid hormone sold over-the-counter to individuals who expect that it will enhance strength and athletic performance. Endogenous androstenedione is the immediate precursor of testosterone. To evaluate the metabolism of oral androstenedione, we randomly assigned 37 healthy men to receive 0 (group 1), 100 mg (group 2), or 300 mg (group 3) of androstenedione in a single daily dose for 7 days. Eight-hour urines were collected 1 day before the start of androstenedione, and on days 1 and 7. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we measured excretion rates of glucuronide-conjugated epitestosterone, its putative precursor (E-precursor), and metabolites (EM-1 and EM-2), and we evaluated possible markers of androstenedione administration. Day 1 and 7 rates were not different: the means were averaged. The means (μg/h) for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively were, for epitestosterone 2.27, 7.74, and 18.0; for E-precursor, 2.9, 2.0, and 1.5; for EM-1/E-precursor 0.31, 1.25, and 2.88; for EM-2/E-precursor 0.14, 0.15, and 1.15; for testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) 1.1, 3.5, and 3.2. Epitestosterone, EM-1, and EM-2 excretion was greater in groups 2 and 3 versus group 1 (0.0001 < P < 0.03), as were EM-1/E-precursor, EM-2/E-precursor, and T/E. E-precursor excretion was lower in groups 2 (P = 0.08) and 3 (P = 0.047) versus group 1. Androstenedione increases excretion of epitestosterone and its two metabolites, while decreasing that of its precursor. Elevated ratios of EM-1- and EM-2/E-precursor, and the presence of 6α-hydroxyandrostenedione are androstenedione administration markers.
Estimation of variation after outlier rejection

Abstract Outliers are common in many sources of data used for estimation of variation; for example, they are a constant problem in data used to determine the precision of analytical methods. Ordinary analysis of unaltered data is often undesirable because the value of an estimate of variation can be essentially determined by only a few points. This paper shows that outlier rejection followed by an ordinary analysis of the remaining data is not acceptable method either - when any data are actually rejected, the variance of the remaining points is badly biased down, even when the distribution from which the data are generated is outlier-prone. By comparison, the robust method of Rocke (1983) performs well. Maximum likelihood for mixtures of normals is promising, but requires further development before its use is practical in small samples.
Underuse of Coronary Revascularization Procedures: Application of a Clinical Method

Abstract Objectives. Our main objective was to apply a new method to determine whether coronary revascularization procedures are underused, especially among African-Americans and uninsured patients. Background. Although overuse of revascularization procedures has been studied, underuse as defined clinically has not been examined before. Methods. The study was conducted at four public and two academically affiliated private hospitals in Los Angeles; 671 patients who underwent coronary angiography between June 1, 1990 and September 30, 1991 and met explicit clinical criteria for coronary revascularization were included. The main outcome measure was the proportion of patients undergoing an indicated procedure within 12 months (ascertained by medical record review and confirmed with a telephone survey). Adjusted relative odds of undergoing an indicated procedure for African-Americans and patients in public hospitals compared with whites and patients in private hospitals were calculated. Results. Overall, 75% of patients underwent a revascularization procedure. Of 424 patients requiring bypass surgery, 107 angioplasty and 140 either bypass surgery or angioplasty, 59%, 66% and 75% underwent the procedure, respectively. African-Americans were less likely than whites to undergo operation (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.49, p Conclusions. Underuse of coronary revascularization procedures is measurable and occurs to a significant degree even among insured patients attending private hospitals. Underuse is especially pronounced among African-Americans and patients attending public hospitals. Future cost-containment efforts must incorporate safeguards against underuse of necessary care. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:891–7) © 1997 by the American College of Cardiology
Rankine pseudo-static earth pressure for c–ϕ soils

Abstract This study provides an analytical solution for calculation of seismic active earth pressure on the back of a rigid wall retaining cohesional–frictional (c–φ) soil. The proposed formulation is based on the conjugate stress concept, without employing any additional assumptions, similar to Rankine's original earth pressure formulation. The effects of sloping backfill and wall inclination are considered. In addition, a closed form solution has been derived for the soil–wall friction angle as a function of inertial forces and problem geometry for any given pseudo-static acceleration, as opposed to the constant value commonly employed in practice. The net seismic active force calculated based on the proposed formulations is found to be comparable with those obtained from previously published methods.
Address-Vector Quantization : An Adaptive Vector Quantization Scheme Using Interblock Correlation

Memoryless vector quantizers exploit the high correlation and the spatial redundancy between neighboring pixels, but they totally ignore the spatial redundancy between the blocks. In this paper a new vector quantization scheme called the Address-Vector Quantizer (A-VQ) is proposed. It is based on exploiting the inter-block correlation to encode a group of blocks together by using an address-codebook. The address-codebook consists of a set of address codevectors where each represents a combination of blocks, with each of its element being the address of a LBG-codebook entry representing a vector quantized block. The address-codebook consists of two regions, one is the active (addressable) region, and the other is the inactive (non-addressable) region. During the encoding process the codevectors in the address-codebook are reordered adaptively in order to bring the most probable address codevectors into the active region. When encoding an address combination the active region of the address-codebook is checked, if such an address combination exists its index is transmitted to the receiver, otherwise the address of each block is transmitted individually. The performance (SNR value) of the proposed A-VQ method is the same as that of a memoryless vector quantizer, but the bit rate would be reduced by a factor of two when compared with a memoryless vector quantizer.
Competitive Coordination of Lithium Ion

Mixtures of solvents are commonly used in nonaqueous lithium battery electrolytes. Structures comprised of the solvents and ions determine many of the electrolyte properties. Solvation structures which could exist in the electrolyte include separated-solvated ions, solvent-separated ion pairs, and solvated contact ion pairs. An understanding of these solvent-ion interactions aid in the selection of solvent mixtures. Three molecules are used to investigate the competition between solvents to bind to Li{sup +}. Ethylene carbonate has a high dielectric constant, is a common component in lithium battery electrolytes, and has a carbonyl functional group to bind to the Li{sup +}. Water has a lower dielectric constant, is a common contaminant in electrolytes, and has an ether-like oxygen. Acetaldehyde has the lowest dielectric constant and also has a carbonyl functional group. This paper attempts to identify the primary solvation structure using the experimental observation that water excludes ethylene carbonate from close contact with the lithium ion and the calculated energetics of the solvation structures. The preference of binding to Li{sup +} is determined by calculating the energies of the possible solvation structures and comparing the energetics. For separated-solvated structures of Li{sup +}, ethylene carbonate and acetaldehyde are found to displace water. Ethylene carbonatemore » is the preferred solvent for the contact ion pair. Water is the preferred solvent for solvent-separated complexes. Experimentally water is found to bind to Li{sup +} in ethylene carbonate/water mixtures. To explain the complete exclusion of ethylene carbonate from Li{sup +} solvation is necessary to postulate the existence of aggregates of solvated, solvent-separated ion pairs, which are similar to structures common to highly hydrogen-bonded water.« less
Transition metal catalysis in the generation of natural gas

Carbonaceous sedimentary rocks containing transition metals are known to be catalytic in the conversion of hydrogen and n-alkenes into natural gas, but the source of activity is unclear. The evidence presented here supports transition metals as the active agents. Various metal compounds in the pure state show the same levels of catalytic activity as sedimentary rocks and the products are identical. Nickel is particularly active among the early transition metals and is projected to remain catalytically robust at all stages of catagenesis. Nickel oxide promotes the formation of n-alkanes in addition to natural gas (NG), demonstrating the full scope of the hypothetical catalytic process: n−Cx=+H2→[NiO∗]NG+n−C5+n−C6+…n−Cx−1 The composition of catalytic gas duplicates the entire range of natural gas, from so-called wet gas to dry gas (60–95 + wt% methane), while gas generated thermally is consistently depleted in methane (10–60 wt% methane). These results support the view that metal catalysis is a major pathway through which natural gas is formed in the earth.
Entropy measures of signal in the presence of noise: evidence for 'byte' versus 'bit' processing in the nervous system.

A method for detecting signal in the presence of noise in a highly specific was is described. Using action potential interval data from 12 neurons in rat cerebellum, we have demonstrated that the sequential ordering of spike intervals contains both noise and signal. We have identified and quantified the magnitude of relative entropy (uncertainty) for specified sets of interval patterns, ranging in length from 3–5 successive intervals. Some of these sets have exceptionally low entropy and thus seem to be especially meaningful as a set (‘word’) to the brain.
The Isoperimetric Number and The Bisection Width of Generalized Cylinders

Abstract A d–dimensional generalized cylinder is the Cartesian product of d graphs each of which is either a path graph or a cycle graph. In this paper, we use a simple embedding technique to find exact formulae for the edge–isoperimetric number and the bisection width of a cylinder in certain cases, e.g. when the size of the largest factor is even. The isoperimetric number and the bisection width of d–dimensional tori (products of cycle graphs) and arrays (products of path graphs) are thus obtained as a byproduct under the same conditions. We also give description of an isoperimetric set as well as a bisection.
Diffusion of antibiotics from plasma into prostatic fluid.

Of nine antimicrobial agents introduced intravenously into sixteen dogs, only the basic macrolides erythromycin and oleandomycin readily crossed the prostatic epithelium into the prostatic fluid. A suitable drug for curing chronic bacterial prostatitis with bladder bacteriuria must be lipid soluble, have a pKa of 8.6 or more, and have optimal activity against Gram-negative bacteria at pH 6.6.
JTT-608 restores impaired early insulin secretion in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats

1. We investigated the pharmacological effects of a new antidiabetic agent, JTT-608, in comparison with the sulphonylurea tolbutamide, in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a genetic model of non-obese insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). 2. In isolated perfused pancreas from GK rats, JTT-608 (200 microM) enhanced 11.1 mM glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the first and second phases, but had little effect on insulin secretion at 2.8 mM glucose. In contrast, tolbutamide (100 microM) markedly stimulated insulin secretion at 2.8 mM glucose and enhanced the second phase of insulin secretion but not the first phase at 11.1 mM glucose. 3. In vivo JTT-608 also enhanced early insulin secretion only with glucose-loading. In contrast, tolbutamide enhanced insulin secretion both with and without glucose-loading. 4. JTT-608 (10-100 mg kg(-1)) improved oral glucose tolerance with enhanced insulin secretion in a meal tolerance test (MTT). In comparison with tolbutamide, JTT-608 improved glucose tolerance more efficiently in GK rats than in Wistar rats. 5. We conclude that in diabetic GK rats JTT-608 suppressed postprandial glucose excursions with enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, especially the first phase of insulin secretion.
Aspects of Communication in Families with Young Children

The subjects for this study were 16, non-pathological, four-person families, each with a child three or four years old and a child six or seven. Half the children were male and half female. The interactions studied involved both parents with one child and then with the other. The content of each remark was studied through a system of language-usage categories. This analysis indicated that older children sent and received a wider variety of messages than younger children did. Also, female children received a higher ratio of positive feedback to negative feedback from parents than males did. Who talks to whom, and who talks the most were also studied. These measures showed the formation of strong same-sex coalitions between parent and child. A number of the findings support a general systems interpretation of family interaction.
Modeling of Dislocations in an Epitaxial Island Structure

We present calculations of dislocations in CoSi2 islands grown by reactive epitaxy on a Si(111) substrate. The stress fields due to the lattice mismatch are calculated with standard FEM techniques, and are converted into a structured, multi-level and multi-grid stress table that is imported into the PARANOID code to study the dislocation dynamics. Single and multiple dislocations in the island have been simulated, and the predicted patterns are strikingly similar to those observed experimentally. By looking at the growth behavior of very small loops we also find that dislocation-loop nucleation becomes easier as the islands become larger, and that thick islands are dislocated at smaller sizes than thin ones. These results are also in good agreement with experimental observations. We conclude that current modeling techniques are sufficient to treat this type of problem at a useful level of accuracy.
The effect of a diuretic and antidiuretic on tooth eruption.

Abstract The effect of a diuretic and antidiuretic on the tooth eruption rate of female albino rabbits was evaluated. The eruption rate was evaluated by measuring from a reference mark on the tooth to the interdental papilla after a 4-day growth period. Statistical analysis of the difference between experimental and control eruption measurements showed a significant increase in the eruption rate (p
Growth and Percolation of Thin Films: A Model Incorporating Deposition, Diffusion and Aggregation

Abstract We propose a model for describing diffusion-controlled aggregation of particles that are continually deposited on a surface. The model, which incorporates deposition, diffusion and aggregation, is motivated by recent thin film deposition experiments. We find, that the diffusion and aggregation of randomly deposited particles “builds” a wide variety of fractal structures, all characterized by a common length scale L1. This length L1 scales as the ratio of the diffusion constant over the particle flux to the power 1/4. We compare our results with several recent experiments on two-dimensional nanostructures formed by diffusion-controlled aggregation on surfaces.
A spline framework for sparse tomographic reconstruction

We present a spline-based sparse tomographic reconstruction framework. The proposed method utilizes the closed-form analytical Radon transform of B-splines and box splines of any order and integrates the (transform-domain) sparsity of the image into the reconstruction algorithm. Our experiments show that the synergy of sparse reconstruction together with higher order basis functions (e.g., cubic B-splines) improves the accuracy of the reconstruction. This gain can also be exploited for reducing the number of projection angles in the data acquisition.
Bioactive compounds in the aquatic environment: studies on the mode of uptake of DDE by the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae).

The mode of uptake of DDE-14C byChironomus tentans larvae was investigated. There was no difference in the amount of DDE-14C accumulated by live and dead fourth instar larvae as a function of exposure time. Dead and live larvae were also exposed to an aqueous and substrate source of DDE-14C contamination and again no differences were found in the amount of DDE-14C accumulated indicating passive accumulation. Cuticle surface area and DDE-14C uptake relationships were found to have a high degree of correlation. The amount of DDE-14C concentrated by the larvae was increased by manipulation of water hardness. Calcium and magnesium ion concentrations in the water were increased and a subsequent increase in DDE-14C accumulation by the larvae resulted. An adsorption-diffusion mechanism is proposed to account for the mode of uptake and biological concentration capabilities of the midge.
Detection and identification of buried objects in shallow water

A variety of experimental results indicate that Dolphins possess a unique and highly sophisticated sonar system. In addition, this sonar system is highly adaptive in detecting, discriminating and recognizing objects in highly reverberating and noisy environments. This paper presents possibly a new technique for target detection and recognition using the G- Transform and a new approach based on Resonance and Resonant Scattering Theory. These results show that this approach and signal processing technique used with neural networks may be useful in detection and identification of buried mine and minelike targets.
Split-dose Recovery for Radiation-induced Tumours in Rat Skin

SummaryTumour-related recovery in rat skin was estimated from the dependence of tumour yield on time between split doses of electron radiation. Tumour yield versus dose was established at nine dose points, and at three points the dose was split into two equal fractions spaced 0·25, 1·0, 3·2 or 6·3 hours apart. After irradiation the rats were observed periodically for at least 64 weeks, and at death the tumours were examined histologically. The dependence of yield on dose for single doses was consistent with a quadratic function up to a peak yield at about 1600 rad. The effect of split doses on tumour yield depended on the position on the dose–response curve. At the lowest split dose, the yield declined with a half-time of about 1·8 hours. At the intermediate split dose, an initial increase was followed by a decline with a half-time of about 3·9 hours. At the highest split dose, the tumour yield increased with time between exposures. Fractionation-induced increases in tumour yield were explained as a spari...
Multivalent Protein Binding Kinetics of Variable Lymphocyte Receptors Probed using Dynamic Force Spectroscopy

The binding of an antibody to a target antigen underpins an array of biological warfare agent detection schemes and pharmaceutical therapies. However, current antibody-based detection and treatments suffer from multiple drawbacks, including the lack of an antibody that offers a range of affinities for a target antigen. Here, we measure the binding kinetics of a recently discovered class of antibody derived from jawless vertebrates called Variable Lymphocyte Receptors (VLRs), which can achieve IgG-like binding specificity. We first tether low densities of mono-, di-, and pentavalent VLRs to an atomic force microscope cantilever via polyethylene glycol linkers, and then measure the forces required to rupture their bonds with a substrate tethered anthrax antigen. We find that in all three cases the interactions are load-rate dependent - probed far from equilibrium - over the entire range of load rates for which our apparatus is capable. As expected, binding affinity is enhanced in a noncooperative fashion with increasing VLR valency. Furthermore, for the di- and pentavalent molecules, the at-surface dwell time is varied, with longer dwell times increasing the probability of states in which multiple VLR binding domains of a single VLR protein are complexed with surface bound BclA. Thus, through single molecule force spectroscopy, VLRs with greater valency show increased binding stability and lower dissociation rates, and therefore tunable affinity, while the nature of how the binding state probabilities vary with time provides insight into the intermediate binding state kinetics of this system.
Recent Clinical Trials of Antiplatelet Therapy in Secondary Stroke Prevention: Expectations and Results for Application in Primary Care Settings

Antiplatelet therapies significantly reduce the risk of secondary noncardioembolic ischemic stroke. First-line treatment for secondary stroke prevention involves the use of antiplatelet drugs over oral anticoagulation therapies; antiplatelet treatment options include aspirin, aspirin in combination with extended-release dipyridamole (ER-DP), or clopidogrel. Aspirin plus ER-DP has been shown to be effective for secondary stroke prevention, whereas aspirin plus clopidogrel offers no additive benefits and is associated with safety issues. During the past several years, significant progress has been made in secondary stroke prevention, which continues to be an active area of interest. Today's primary care physicians are challenged with keeping abreast of new findings and ensuring that guideline-recommended therapies are initiated and maintained as indicated. It is important that primary care physicians be knowledgeable of the evidence by which clinical practice guidelines have been developed and on which their treatment decisions are based. In the future, antiplatelet treatment may be tailored based on patient risk. Forthcoming trial data may offer additional insight into the roles of antiplatelet agents and appropriate identification and treatment of different patient types. This review provides primary care physicians with timely evidence- and guideline-based recommendations on prevention of secondary stroke.
Abstract C169: Inhibition of SREBPs by fatostatin reduces glioblastoma cell proliferation and viability.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common type of malignant brain tumor. Due to its aggressive invasion of the surrounding tissue, it is one of the most deadly cancers, with an average patient survival rate of 12–18 months after diagnosis despite surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, underscoring the urgent need to find new molecular targets and effective drugs. Recently, The Cancer Genome Atlas identified that the RTK/PI3K/Akt pathway, which can be initiated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is activated in about 88% of GBM; this pathway has been recognized as a major driver in promoting malignant cancer cell growth in several cancers. In accordance with this, our group has demonstrated that aberrant EGFR/PI3K/Akt signaling promotes GBM cell growth through sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) mediated fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol uptake, and identified SREBP-1 as a potential molecular target. The focus of our research is to evaluate inhibitors of lipid synthesis/uptake, and to assess their affect on GBM growth. Previously, the small molecular inhibitor fatostatin was shown to effectively inhibit cleavage and activation of SREBPs, suggesting that it can prevent EGFR induced lipid synthesis and uptake and reduce cancer cell viability. Indeed, GBM cells treated with fatostatin exhibited diminished cell proliferation and increased cell death in a dose-dependant manner. These data suggest that alteration of lipid and cholesterol homeostasis through pharmacological inhibitors can suppress glioblastoma growth, providing a new avenue for treating GBM. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C169.
Repair of the energy slit on an AECL Therac-20 accelerator

Instabilities in the beam symmetry of our AECL Therac-20 accelerator were traced back to a minute water leak in the energy defining slit.
Imperishable Labels for Preserved Organisms

WHEN paper labels are used for describing the contents of a bottle containing animals, especially those obtained on expeditions and not examined until many years after the material is preserved, it is not infrequently difficult to read the labels with certainty. Valuable material is sometimes lost from this cause. Moreover, the writing of paper labels out-of-doors in wet weather under pressure of time and material is irksome and inefficient. No doubt there are many ways of overcoming a minor difficulty of this kind, but it is probably not superfluous to record a successful method which may not be known generally and has been extended in this laboratory to more valuable uses. A satisfactory label can be made of pieces of opal glass of a suitable size and thickness. Opal glass sheets or slips can be obtained easily commercially with one side polished and the other rough and unpolished. There is no difficulty in writing with a graphite pencil on the unpolished surface, and the writing is permanent in ordinary preservatives and fixatives.
Beyond the visual: Sound and image in ethnographic and documentary film

edited by Gunnar Iversen and Jan Ketil Simonsen Hojbjerg, Denmark: Intervention Press, 2010, 302 pages ISBN: 978-87-89825-93-9 (paperback) Price $49.95 Reviewed by Irina Z. Leimbacher, Keene State ...
The impulse approximation to S( Q, ω)

The values of momentum transfer Q at which the Impulse Approximation (IA) to the dynamic form factor S(Q, ω) holds is a subject of much debate. To test the IA and its dependence on the magnitude of the interatomic forces, we have evaluated S,(Q, ω) for solid helium at V= 21.2 cm3/mol and compressed to 9.03 cm3/mol. At 21.1 cm3/mol, the error in n(p) extracted from S,(Q, ω) is ∼10% at Q = 15 A -1. At 9.03 cm3/mol the error in n(p) is ∼10% at Q = 40A -1. This error can be reduced by a factor of ∼10 in each case using the symmetrization procedure proposed by Sears.
Affinity labeling of spinach phosphoribulokinase subsequent to S-methylation at Cys16.

The chloroplast enzyme phosphoribulokinase is reversibly deactivated by oxidation of Cys16 and Cys55 to a disulfide. Although not required for catalysis, Cys16 is an active-site residue positioned at the nucleotide-binding domain (Porter and Hartman, 1988). The hyperreactivity of Cys16 has heretofore limited further active-site characterization by chemical modification. To overcome this limitation, the partially active enzyme,S-methylated at Cys16, has been probed with a potential affinity reagent. Treatment of methylated enzyme with bromoacetylethanolamine phosphate results in essentially complete loss of catalytic activity. Inactivation follows pseudo-first-order kinetics and exhibits a rate saturation with an apparentKd of 3–4 mM. ATP, but not ribulose 5-phosphate, affords substantial protection. Complete inactivation correlates with incorporation of 1 mol of [14C]reagent per mole of enzyme subunit. Amino acid analysis of the [14C]-labeled enzyme demonstrates that only cysteine is modified, and mapping of tryptic digests shows that Cys55 is a major site of alkylation. These results indicate that Cys55 is also located in the ATP-binding domain of the active-site.