cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mycoside G, a Specific Glycolipid in Mycobacterium marinum (Balnei).

Abstract Navalkar, R. G. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), E. Wiegeshaus, E. Kondo, H. K. Kim, and D. W. Smith. Mycoside G, a specific glycolipid in Mycobacterium marinum (Balnei). J. Bacteriol. 90:262–265. 1965.—A new specific glycolipid in extracts prepared from strains designated Mycobacterium marinum and M. balnei has been demonstrated by use of the techniques of column chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. Since there is now agreement among many workers that M. marinum and M. balnei are identical, the demonstration of the same specific glycolipid in both species is not surprising. This substance, which we have designated mycoside G, is chemically similar to mycosides A and B, and apparently differs only in the sugar moiety. In addition, the lipids extracted from these cultures contain phthiocerol dimycocerosate, a wax component found also in M. tuberculosis and M. bovis.
Lack of Cross Talk Between α1-Adrenergic and Angiotensin Type 1 Receptors in Neurons of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Brain

Abstract Norepinephrine causes downregulation of angiotensin II (Ang II) receptors in Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) brain neuronal cultures. The aim of this study was to compare the cross talk between Ang II and α 1 -adrenergic receptors in these neuronal cultures. Norepinephrine causes a 66% decrease in B max of Ang II type 1 (AT 1 ) receptors in neuronal cultures of WKY brain. This decrease is mediated by the interaction of norepinephrine with the α 1A -adrenergic receptor subtype. Norepinephrine also causes a decrease in mRNA levels for AT 1 receptors. A maximal decrease of 83% in AT 1 receptor mRNA is observed in 8 hours with 100 μmol/L norepinephrine, is blocked by 5-methyluradipil, and involves inhibition of AT 1 receptor transcription. Furthermore, decreases in the AT 1 receptor and its mRNA are associated with a significant attenuation of AT 1 receptor–mediated stimulation of norepinephrine transporter mRNA in WKY brain neurons. In contrast, norepinephrine does not decrease AT 1 receptors or mRNA and has no effect on Ang II stimulation of norepinephrine transporter mRNA in neuronal cultures of spontaneously hypertensive rat brain. Thus, these data show that norepinephrine-mediated downregulation of AT 1 receptors is associated with a parallel decrease in AT 1 mRNA and Ang II stimulation of norepinephrine transporter mRNA and involves the α 1A -adrenergic receptor in neurons of WKY brain. This cross talk between the two receptors is lacking in neurons of spontaneously hypertensive rat brain.
Coordination of an array of signaling proteins through homo- and heteromeric interactions between PDZ domains and target proteins.

The rapid activation and feedback regulation of many G protein signaling cascades raises the possibility that the critical signaling proteins may be tightly coupled. Previous studies show that the PDZ domain containing protein INAD, which functions in Drosophila vision, coordinates a signaling complex by binding directly to the light-sensitive ion channel, TRP, and to phospholipase C (PLC). The INAD signaling complex also includes rhodopsin, protein kinase C (PKC), and calmodulin, though it is not known whether these proteins bind to INAD. In the current work, we show that rhodopsin, calmodulin, and PKC associate with the signaling complex by direct binding to INAD. We also found that a second ion channel, TRPL, bound to INAD. Thus, most of the proteins involved directly in phototransduction appear to bind to INAD. Furthermore, we found that INAD formed homopolymers and the homomultimerization occurred through two PDZ domains. Thus, we propose that the INAD supramolecular complex is a higher order signaling web consisting of an extended network of INAD molecules through which a G protein–coupled cascade is tethered.
Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian Snakes of the Liophis taeniurus Complex with Descriptions of Two New Species

Abstract A brief review of the Liophis taeniurus group from western South America is given. Also included are descriptions of two new species (vitti and janaleeae), a taxonomic comparison of taeniurus and festae, and a brief description of variation among them.
An Unusual Cause of Infective Endocarditis: Proteus mirabilis Bacteremia from an Infected Pressure Ulcer

Summary Proteus species is a common cause of urinary tract and wound infections in humans. We herein present the case of a 71-year-old male who had fever, a new-onset heart murmur, bacteremia, and a vegetation over his native aortic valve in echocardiography. This rare case demonstrated that infective endocarditis could be caused by Proteus mirabilis from an infected pressure ulcer.
ArtBreak Group Counseling for Children: Framework, Practice Points, and Results

Child social/emotional development and mitigation of child stress are receiving continued emphasis in the literature. While choice-based group art studios have a long association with mental health, documentation on their potential for supporting children is limited. This article describes an elementary school counseling intervention designed to mitigate child stress and support child social/emotional development through a choice-based studio art group known as ArtBreak. The article explains its fully developed framework, provides information that supports practitioner implementation, presents results of the program, and proposes directions for future research.
Madison and the Market Economy

This is a review of James Madison and the Future of Limited Government, a CATO Institute publication, edited by John Samples. The thesis of the review is that Madison has been improperly presented as a believer in limited government. Rather his public and private writings indicate that he was suspicious of the market, and saw the need for positive government in order to regulate private economic power. He also believed that the meaning of words was dim and doubtful, requiring interpretation.
Chapter 24 – Photocontact Dermatitis

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on photoallergy and phototoxicity and lists some relevant compounds responsible for these distinct entities. It explains the clinical workup of photosensitive patients, including phototesting, and discusses management strategies for photosensitivity and photoallergy. Photocontact dermatitis results from skin exposure to an endogenous or exogenous offending substance, and skin exposure to UV radiation worsens the condition. Photosensitivity is an abnormal cutaneous reaction to solar ultraviolet radiation. This reaction may clinically manifest as a greater propensity toward sunburn or development of a rash upon exposure to solar radiation. A variety of etiologies may be responsible, including porphyria, connective tissue disease, nutritional abnormalities, genetic diseases, and idiopathic disorders. Phototoxic reactions are the most common type of exogenous photosensitivity. This is a nonimmune-mediated mechanism of photosensitivity that may occur in any individual. In these reactions, an offending chemical absorbs UVR and becomes activated; this activated chemical then causes direct tissue damage. Pesticides such as chlorothalonil can cause phototoxic or photoallergic reactions. Until dermatotoxicologic assays are done for many of the suspect agricultural chemicals; however, the field of dermatology will misdiagnose or completely miss the diagnosis of many photocontact dermatoses. Therefore, dermatotoxicologic characterization and identification are of the essence to susceptible individuals because photocontact dermatoses often resolve upon avoidance of the offending agent.
On the Environment of Aramis: Reply to Gani and Gani

The extended Current Anthropology correspondence cited by Gani and Gani (2016, in this issue) includes the Cerling et al. (2014) citation of their 2011 publication. The latter paper is an imaginative account based on the few hours the Ganis spent visiting one of the Aramis fossil localities. My response to Cerling et al.’s invocation of Gani and Gani’s (2011) paper was meant to alert Current Anthropology’s readers to a bit of its context and a few of its most patent flaws. This alert was warranted not just by the data that our team
Analysis on Knowledge,Attitude,Practice of Schistosomiasis Control of Population in Endemic Areas of Sichuan

Objective To analyse the knowledge,attitude,practice(KAP) of schistosomiasis control of different groups of population in Sichuan schistosomiasis epidemic areas so as to offer scientific evidence for establishing health education of schistosomiasis control program in the future.Method A total of 1 220 adults male,894 female adults and 1 219 of pupils were studied by questionnaire,and the KAP of three population groups was analyzed by group comparison.Results The rates of schistosomiasis control knowledge and correct behavior of three groups population were higher than 90% and 80%,respectively.Among the rates,the rate of schistosomiasis control knowledge of male adults was the highest(92.62%),and that of female adults was the lowest(90.16%)(χ2=4.07,P0.05).The rate of correct behavior of pupils was the highest(83.10%),and that of female adults was the lowest(80.54%)(χ2=2.299,P0.05).Conclusion Upon maintaining and strengthening the health education of schistosomiasis control in Sichuan endemic areas,the rates of schistosomiasis control knowledge and correct behavior of female adults should be enhanced in priority.
NEOGLACIAL FACIES IN THE COLORADO FRONT RANGE

A variety of surficial deposits related to three intervals of Neog!aciation occur in valley heads above timberline in the Colorado Front Range. These deposits may be treated as facies, each
Calcium currents of ventricular cell pairs during action potential conduction

We have studied the L-type calcium current that occurs during action potential conduction between an isolated pair of guinea pig ventricular cells. To accomplish this, we first recorded action potentials from the leader cell (stimulated cell, cell 1) and the follower cell (nonstimulated cell, cell 2) with a fixed coupling resistance between the cells supplied by a coupling clamp circuit. We then applied these recorded action potentials as command potential waveforms for other cells studied in the voltage-clamp mode in which internal and external solutions that isolated the L-type calcium current were used. The action potential waveform of the leader cell had a rapid upstroke and then a partial repolarization during the conduction delay before activation of the follower cell. The L-type calcium current occurred with a large magnitude during the conduction delay for the leader cell but not for the follower cell. This leads to an asymmetry of calcium current for the two cells, with greater calcium current for the leader cell than for the follower cell. When we reversed the direction of conduction for cell 1 and cell 2 by stimulating cell 2, we found that application of these recorded waveforms for the action potentials for cell 1 and cell 2 to the voltage-clamped cells also reversed the asymmetry of the magnitude of the calcium current. We conclude that discontinuous conduction in cardiac tissue is associated with a directionally determined asymmetry in the magnitude of the calcium current, with the leader cell experiencing a greater peak calcium current than the follower cell.
Lung function, birth weight and tobacco smoke exposure in children from rural and urban areas

The SINPHONIE project was the first Europe-wide project to monitor the school environment and children9s health in parallel in 23 European countries. SINPHONIE assessed the air quality (indoor and outdoor) and associated children9s health in schools throughout Europe using common and standardized methodologies and tools. As part of the extensive SINPHONIE data base obtained on children in Serbia here we present the correlation between the exposure to tobacco smoke –ETS (household smoking or maternal smoking during pregnancy), birth weight and lung function in children living in rural and city areas. Method: Data were obtained from 300 children (rural and urban group) and their parents using adapted questionnaires9 (birth weight, ETS exposure) and spirometry testing performed by all children (FEV1, FVC and FEF 25-75). Results: Statistical method used was Spearman correlation test. It showed weak negative correlation between ETS and decline of FVC.(r=-0.17 p=0.077. ) and FEV1( r=-0.20 p=0.037), both in children from rural areas. Weak negative correlation between maternal smoking and lower birth weight in children from city areas was obtained.( r=-0.20 p=0.026) Conclusion: childhood exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) adversely affects lung function. Exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight and lower values of FEV1 and FVC.
Art, Beauty, and Darwinism

A brand-new field is that of evolutionary aesthetics, the attempt to explain art and beauty in terms of Darwinian principles. This quest runs into an immediate problem, in that the human valuation of art seems to contradict Darwinian principles, in that it represents an enormous investment of resources in an activity with no apparent practical value. As we show, the theories to explain this anomaly almost exactly parallel those offered to explain human ethics, and hence suffer from the same failings. We end by examining the Savanna Hypothesis that purports to explain our preference for the suburban lawn in terms of our evolutionary origin on the African savanna.
Fuzhuan tea reverses arterial stiffening after modest weight gain in mice

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a Western diet (WD) and supplementation with Fuzhuan tea on large artery stiffness, as determined by aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV). Methods Mice were subjected to a standard diet (SD; n = 12) or WD (n = 10) for 7 mo, and were then separated to receive nonsupplemented drinking water (SD-W and WD-W) or water supplemented with Fuzhuan tea (SD-T and WD-T) (200 mg/kg daily); mice were then maintained on their respective diets for an additional 2 mo. Results After the initial 7-mo feeding period, WD elicited a modest and significantly greater increase in body weight than did SD (39.6 ± 0.71 versus 34.5 ± 1.16 g; P P P P Conclusion The results of the present study suggest that the increase in arterial stiffness after modest, diet-induced weight gain can be reversed by supplementation with Fuzhuan tea.
Effect of Mammography on Marker Clip Migration After Stereotactic-Guided Core Needle Breast Biopsy.

Objective To determine whether the type of projection used—same as or orthogonal to the projection used during a stereotactic-guided core needle biopsy procedure—to obtain the first view on a 2-view postbiopsy mammogram affects biopsy marker clip migration. Patients and Methods We prospectively recruited women scheduled to undergo stereotactic-guided core needle breast biopsy with marker clip deployment and categorized the women randomly into one of the following 2 groups: first view on the postbiopsy mammogram obtained in the same projection as that used during the biopsy procedure (group 1), or first view on the postbiopsy mammogram obtained orthogonally to the projection used during the biopsy procedure (group 2). Masks of the prebiopsy and postbiopsy mammograms were used to determine whether and how far the biopsy marker clip moved from the biopsy cavity. Results Sixty-two biopsies were performed in 60 patients (mean age = 56 years; range: 30-78 years); 30 women (32 lesions) were randomized to group 1 and 30 women (30 lesions) were randomized to group 2. Marker clip migration occurred in 10 cases in group 1 (20%, 3 cm) and 8 cases in group 2 (0%, 3 cm). The mean displacement distance was 0.84 cm in group 1 and 0.67 cm in group 2 (P = 0.83). The mean displacement distance difference was −0.17 cm with a 95% bootstrap confidence interval from −0.87 to 0.57 cm. Conclusion The type of projection used to obtain the first view on the postbiopsy mammogram, relative to that used during the stereotactic biopsy procedure, did not affect biopsy marker clip migration.
Cerebrovascular adaptations to cocaine-induced transient ischemic attacks in the rodent brain

Occurrence of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and cerebral strokes is a recognized risk associated with cocaine abuse. Here, we use a rodent model along with optical imaging to study cocaine-induced TIA and the associated dynamic changes in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv) and cerebrovasculature. We show that chronic cocaine exposure in mice resulted in marked cortical hypoperfusion, in significant arterial and venous vasoconstriction, and in a sensitized vascular response to an acute cocaine injection. Starting after 10 days of exposure, an acute cocaine challenge to these mice resulted in a TIA, which presented as hemiparalysis and was associated with an abrupt exacerbation of CBFv. The severity of the TIA correlated with the decreases in cortical CBFv such that the greater the decreases in flow, the longer the TIA duration. The severity of TIA peaked around 17-22 days of cocaine exposure and decreased thereafter in parallel to a reorganization of CBFv from superficial to deep cortical layers, along with an increase in vessel density into these layers. Here, we document for the first time to our knowledge evidence of a TIA in an animal model of chronic cocaine exposure that was associated with profound decreases in CBFv, and we revealed that while the severity of the TIA initially increased with repeated exposures, it subsequently improved in parallel to an increase in the vessel density. This suggests that strategies to accelerate cerebrovascular recovery might be therapeutically beneficial in cocaine abusers.
Dynamic observations of dislocation/grain-boundary interactions in ice

Dislocation/grain-boundary (GB) interactions have been studied in situ in polycrystalline ice using synchrotron X-ray topography in the temperature range 0° to –15°C GBs were observed to act both as sources of lattice dislocations and as strong obstacles to dislocation motion. Dislocations were observed to form pile-ups at GBs upon loading. Generally the basal slip system with the highest Schmid factor was found to be the most active, and dislocations were emitted from GB facets as semi-hexagonal loops in order to relieve the stress build-up from GB sliding. When the relative orientation of two adjacent grains and the orientation of the GB between them with respect to the loading direction discouraged GB sliding, thus suppressing dislocation nucleation at the GB, dislocations originating in one grain piled up at the GB and led to slip transmission through the GB The latter geometrical arrangement is rarely encountered, suggesting that slip transmission through grain boundaries in ice is a rare event. When basal slip was suppressed, i.e. when the loading direction lay in the basal plane, slip occurred by the glide of a fast edge segment on non-basal planes.
8‐4: Invited Paper: Amber OLED Lighting Technology Development and Application

In this work we describe the technology employed to develop a second generation high efficiency amber OLED panel for the healthcare industry. The significant difference between this and the first generation offering is that the new product utilizes phosphorescent emitting materials, resulting in 60 lm/W power efficacy. Additionally, long lifetime and good uniformity was achieved by stacking of multiple emissive layers. Development of this amber product utilized extensive reliability and qualification testing including usage of modern statistical methodologies to ensure a robust product with excellent quality.
Parental care mitigates carry-over effects of poor early conditions on offspring growth

Lay SummaryEarly environmental conditions can have important long-term consequences for fitness. These carry-over effects often differ among species but the reason for such interspecific variation is not clear. We experimentally manipulated incubation temperatures in 4 sympatric bird species and show that carry-over effects differ among species according to parental care responses.
A testbed for evaluating network construction algorithms from GPS traces

Abstract Developing algorithms which construct street/pedestrian networks from crowd-sourced GPS traces has been an ongoing research since the outbreak of inexpensive GPS receivers on mobile devices. Although, the proposed algorithms are evaluated by their developers, the evaluation results cannot be used to compare their accuracy because: (a) different algorithms target different types of networks, some designed for complicated networks while others for simple ones, (b) GPS traces, used in different studies, are not the same, some of them are more accurate and denser than others, and (c) the constructed networks are evaluated either qualitatively or with different quantitative metrics. Lack of a comprehensive testbed for evaluating network construction algorithms has made it difficult for authors, reviewers, and readers to monitor the effectiveness of such algorithms. This study establishes a testbed for evaluating network construction algorithms containing three components: (a) street and pedestrian networks with different densities and complexities as the baseline, (b) collections of GPS traces with different accuracies and sampling rates to be used by algorithms to construct those networks, and (c) three quantitative metrics to indicate the completeness, precision, and topology correctness of the constructed network, in addition to the algorithm's time complexity, conventionally used to indicate its time performance. This testbed not only paves the way for comparing network construction algorithms but also allows researchers to focus on their algorithms rather than collecting data for testing it or looking for ways to describe its accuracy.
Theories and Hypotheses in Biology

Many physicists and philosophers coming to the philosophy of science through the inanimate sciences find biology an untidy subject1 in certain respects. It does not seem to have conceptual boundaries that can be made self-contained as in physics. This paper examines the problem of functional explanation, together with the role, if any, of theoretical entities (or ‘units’) in biology. To begin with I shall examine, fairly precisely, the physicist’s idea of a typical ‘theoretical entity’, and then look to see whether we in fact find theoretical entities of a similar type appearing in biological theory. I shall be considering four examples: the ‘gene’, the ‘organiser’, ‘messenger R.N.A.’ and the ‘repressor’. Then I shall apply my conclusions to the problems of functional explanation.
Atom/Molecule van der Waals Interaction with Graphene

We examine the van der Waals interaction between Graphene and an atom/molecule to the second order in the Coulomb interaction between the electrons of the two systems involved. Our analysis extends to dipole–dipole terms of the mutually polarized systems, including plasma nonlocality of the Graphene.
Impact of Cystectomy with Urinary Diversion upon Tracked Receipt of Opioid Prescriptions among Patients with Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome.

Objective To compare opioid requirements before and after cystectomy for end-stage Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS) using a statewide tracking system. Methods Narcotic prescriptions were captured using the North Carolina Controlled Substance Reporting System for patients at a single institute undergoing cystectomy with urinary diversion (CWUD) for refractory, end-stage IC/BPS between 2010 and 2017. Values were documented for the year before and the year after surgery (excluding 30 days postoperatively to account for surgical pain) and converted to morphine equivalents (ME). Values were compared using Student t test. Results Following CWUD, there was a mean decrease in opioid receipt per patient of 6535 ME/year ( P = .321). 8/26 (31%) had not filled any opiate prescriptions for the preceding 3 months at time of manuscript writing. Conclusion In certain patients with end-stage, refractory IC/BPS, CWUD can help reduce opioid requirements.
Lumen Gentium and Unity in Christ

This essay contends that Lumen Gentium ( LG ) harmoniously integrates three interrelated but importantly distinct kinds of Christian unity. While the emphasis upon sacramental unity found in Dominus Iesus contrasted with the emphasis upon ecumenical unity developed in Peter Knauer’s influential essay, ‘“katholische Kirche” subsistiert in der “katholischen Kirche”’ may be set in opposition to each other and thus regarded as demonstrative of a lack of coherence in LG , this essay argues that Lumen roots these kinds of unity in the mystical unity between Christ and the Church. The significance of this mystical unity, as opposed to a merely functional unity, is examined through analysis of Aquinas’s use of the term una persona mystica to signify the relationship between Christ and the Church. Sacramental, ecumenical, and mystical unity, as described in Lumen , are mutually illuminative and complementary kinds of unity that shed light upon the nature and universal mission of the Church.
Technical Note: Emission expectation maximization look-alike algorithms for x-ray CT and other applications.

PURPOSE In emission tomography, the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is easy to use with only one parameter to adjust - the number of iterations. On the other hand, the EM algorithms for transmission tomography are not so user-friendly and have many problems. This paper develops a new transmission algorithm similar to the emission EM algorithm. METHODS This paper develops a family of emission-EM-look-alike algorithms by expressing the emission EM algorithm in the additive form and changing the weighting factor. One of the family members can be applied to transmission tomography such as the x-ray computed tomography (CT). RESULTS Computer simulations are performed and compared with a similar algorithm by a different group using the transmission CT noise model. Our algorithm has the same convergence rate as theirs, and our algorithm provides better contrast-to-noise ratio for lesion detection. CONCLUSIONS For any noise variance function, an emission-EM-look-alike algorithm can be derived. This algorithm preserves many properties of the emission EM algorithm such as multiplicative update, non-negativity, faster convergence rate for the bright objects, and ease of implementation.
Reduced phagosomal content of the retinal pigment epithelium in response to retinoid deprivation.

Previous investigations have shown that lipofuscin accumulation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is reduced greatly as a consequence of vitamin A deprivation. The mechanism by which vitamin A regulates RPE lipofuscin deposition remains to be determined. It is possible that retinoids are direct precursors of this substance. Alternatively, vitamin A deficiency may reduce the uptake and processing of other potential precursors. In retinas lacking photoreceptor cells, RPE lipofuscin accumulation is decreased substantially. This finding suggested that components of phagocytosed photoreceptor outer segments may be precursors for RPE lipofuscin. The effect of vitamin A deprivation on RPE lipofuscin content therefore could be the result of reduced outer segment phagocytosis by the RPE of vitamin A-deprived animals. To evaluate this possibility, experiments were conducted to determine whether vitamin A deprivation altered the phagosomal content of the RPE. Rats were fed diets containing or lacking retinoid precursors of 11-cis retinal. Retinoic acid was included in the diets of the vitamin A-deprived animals. After both 10 and 26 weeks, the RPE phagosomal contents were determined in animals from each dietary group. Photoreceptor cell densities also were measured in these rats. At both time points, the RPE phagosomal content was lower significantly in the retinoid-deprived animals than in those fed a vitamin A precursor of the visual pigment chromophore. This reduction was not the result of photoreceptor cell death; the density of these cells was not affected significantly by dietary vitamin A. Thus, it appears that retinoid deprivation reduces the rate of photoreceptor outer segment turnover and, consequently, outer segment phagocytosis by the RPE. This finding is consistent with other data showing that components of phagocytosed photoreceptor outer segments are precursors for RPE lipofuscin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:2612-2618, 1992
Adolescent Pregnancy in Canada: Multicultural Considerations, Regional Differences, and the Legacy of Liberalization

This chapter explores adolescent pregnancy among Canadians. Canada enjoys a relatively low teenage pregnancy rate compared with other Western nations, but aggregate statistics mask regional variations. As a vast nation with two European colonial settler populations and diverse Aboriginal peoples, Canada has historically been a diverse country. Canada’s multicultural policy has further diversified the population, making large urban centers such as Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver among the most diverse cities in the world. Federally funded health care is managed at the provincial level making each province’s priorities and delivery different. While a human sexual rights perspective broadly frames reproductive health and national guidelines for sexual health education, local programs are not bound to them. Women generally enjoy high levels of access to health care, abortion, and reproductive health information, but there is variation in access, attitudes, and behaviors. The ethno-cultural diversity of Canada’s population, its regional differences, languages, and religions challenge aggregate analyses and social service implementation. These concerns are reflected in the body of research about adolescent pregnancy in Canada. In this chapter, we describe variation in, and attitudes toward, adolescent pregnancy and sexual behavior are described with emphasis on adolescents and young women. These issues remain strongly influenced by Canada’s extensive geographical realities as well as political, social, and economic values that reflect dedication to upholding multicultural differences, social justice, and freedom. Widely sanctioned reproductive choice and sexual education programs exemplify how Canadian values translate into rational and health promoting policies rather than punitive and restrictive agendas which lead to less effective health and mental health care for women and their newborns. We discuss these issues in this chapter but first we begin by providing a brief description of Canada’s history and its population.
Direct delivery of anticancer agents: Experimental treatment of intraocular malignancy

Two anticancer agents, one lipophilic, l,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU), and one hydrophilic, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno) imidazol-4-carboxamide (DT1C), were used to treat Brown-Pearce epithelioma in the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes. The BCNU test animals were divided into three groups: one treated by direct injection of the drug into the subconjunctival space or the anterior chamber, the second by both direct injection and intravenous administration, and the third by intravenous injection alone. The DTIC test animals were treated with only local injection into the subconjunctival space or anterior chamber. Dosage, delivery system, and effectiveness were compared following clinical observation and histopathologic examination. Direct delivery of BCNU or DTIC in subconjunctival space or anterior chamber delayed the growth of Brown-Pearce epithelioma in rabbit eye. The effectiveness of this treatment was significantly enhanced by combining direct injection with systemic administration of a lower dose of BCNU.
Estimation of Finger Joint Angle Based on Neural Drive Extracted from High-Density Electromyography

Robust human-machine interactions require accurate and intuitive interfaces. Neural signals associated with muscle activities are widely used as the interface signals. This preliminary study evaluated the feasibility of a novel neural-drive-based interface in estimating the individual finger joint angles. The motor unit pool discharge probability was used to predict the neural drive associated with the fine control of the finger joint angle during individual finger extension movement. To obtain the neural drive information, individual motor unit discharge events were extracted from the decomposition of high-density surface electromyogram (sEMG) signals, and discharge events from different motor units were pooled to from a composite discharge event train. The neural-drive-based estimate was obtained by calculating the probability (normalized frequency) of the populational motor unit discharge. The global EMG signal (root-mean-squared value) was also used to estimate the joint angles as a control condition. Our preliminary results showed that the accuracy and stability of the neural-drive-based approach outperformed the classic EMG-based method. Our findings suggest that the novel neural-drive-based interface could be used as a promising control input for intuitive dynamic control of a robotic hand.
Prostate Cancer Genomic Classifier Relates More Strongly to Gleason Grade Group Than Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Score in Multiparametric Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging-ultrasound Fusion Targeted Biopsies.

Abstract Objective To assess the association between Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADSv2) score, the Decipher score, and histologic grade of carcinoma in biopsy tissue among low- to intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients. Methods MRI-ultrasound targeted biopsy of regions of interest and concurrent 12-core systematic biopsy was performed on men with Gleason grade group (GG) 1 and 2. We compared Decipher score with PI-RADS scores and biopsy Gleason GG. Subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP), and men with Decipher testing from a targeted biopsy core. Results One hundred two patients with GG1 and GG2 had biopsy Decipher testing. There was no significant difference in the median Decipher scores among the 3 multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging categories. Patients with GG2 vs GG1 in the setting of PI-RADS 4-5 had higher genomic scores (P = .01), but no significant difference was noted in patients with PI-RADS ≤3. The rate of genomic higher-risk disease on a targeted biopsy from PI-RADS5 was higher in GG2 (75%) vs GG1 (11.1%; P = .01). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, the Decipher score ≥0.45, (odds ratio (OR) 2.71; P = .02), and age (OR 1.11; P = .004) remained significant factors associated with Gleason GG2 on biopsy. Conclusion High-risk genomic classification can be seen across all combinations of PI-RADS categories and Gleason GG1 and GG2, confirming a potential utility for Decipher testing in men with low- to favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer. The Decipher biopsy genomic test related to Gleason GG independent of PI-RADSv2 score. Confirmatory genomic testing for patients undergoing active surveillance appears more valuable than PI-RADSv2 score.
Suppression of Active HIV-1 Infection in CD34+ Hematopoietic Humanized NSG Mice by a Combination of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy and CCR5 Targeting Drugs.

Abstract Significant progress has been made in the diagnostics and treatment of AIDS since the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 1983. The remarkable effectiveness of ...
Cutaneous Fungal Infections in Left Ventricular Assist Device Recipients

This review summarizes medical literature regarding fungal skin and soft tissue infections in recipients of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). Superficial fungal infections at the exit site are likely under-reported. Driveline-related fungal infections are well-described, with total parenteral nutrition as a known risk factor. They are typically due to yeast and may require systemic antifungal therapy or surgery, often followed by long-term suppression. Invasive cutaneous infections are rare and often lethal, frequently with disseminated infection. These typically require aggressive medical and surgical therapy. No strategy has demonstrated efficacy at preventing these fungal infections. Cutaneous fungal infections related to the LVAD are uncommon. There are broad recommendations regarding diagnosis and management of fungal driveline infections. Invasive cutaneous infections are rare but often have poor outcomes in spite of aggressive interventions. More insight into prevention and management may arise as more cases come to light.
A systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers.

Introduction Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) share their target receptor site with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, that may cause ACE2 receptor up-regulation which raised concerns regarding ACEI and ARB use in COVID-19 patients. However, many medical professional societies recommended their continued use given the paucity of clinical evidence, but there is a need for an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the latest clinical studies. Methods and results A search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and various preprint servers for studies comparing clinical outcomes and mortality in COVID-19 patients on ACEIs and/or ARBs, and a meta-analysis was performed. A total of 16 studies were included for the review and meta-analysis. There were conflicting findings reported in the rates of severity and mortality in several studies. In a pooled analysis of four studies, there was a statistically non-significant association of ACEI/ARB use with lower odds of developing severe disease vs. non-users [odds ratio (OR) = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.41-1.58, I2=50.52, P-value = 0.53). In a pooled analysis of six studies, there was a statistically non-significant association of ACEI/ARB use with lower odds of mortality as compared with non-users (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.53-1.41, I2 = 79.12, P-value = 0.55). Conclusion It is concluded that ACEIs and ARBs should be continued in COVID-19 patients, reinforcing the recommendations made by several medical societies. Additionally, the individual patient factors such as ACE2 polymorphisms which might confer higher risk of adverse outcomes need to be evaluated further.
Stockpiling in the time of COVID-19.

Objectives Consistent with behaviour observed in prior crises, individuals are stockpiling supplies during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The goal of this study was to describe stockpiling behaviour in response to COVID-19 and investigate individual predictors of stockpiling. Methods Workers (N = 363, 54.72% male, 44.65% female, 0.63% other; Mage = 38.41, SD = 12.48, range = 18-78) were recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk and completed a survey about their stockpiling of 13 items, as well as behaviours and opinions surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic and their political affiliation. Results Participants stockpiled, on average, approximately 6 items, and toilet paper was the item most commonly procured. Approximately 25% of the sample acquired a gun or other weapon in response to the pandemic and approximately 20% of participants stockpiled gold or other precious metals. Stockpiling was more commonly observed among individuals who were more conservative, worried more about the pandemic, and social distanced less. Conclusions Individual, societal, and ideological implications are discussed.
Subjective Voice Outcomes in Surgeon Versus Technician-Monitored Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves in Thyroidectomy.

Objectives:To compare subjective voice outcomes and postoperative laryngoscopic examination findings of patients with subjective voice complaints between surgeon-monitored and certified technician–...
Redundant cytokine requirement for intestinal microbiota-induced Th17 cell differentiation in draining lymph nodes.

Summary Differentiation of intestinal T helper 17 (Th17) cells, which contribute to mucosal barrier protection from invasive pathogens, is dependent on colonization with distinct commensal bacteria. Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are sufficient to support Th17 cell differentiation in mouse, but the molecular and cellular requirements for this process remain incompletely characterized. Here, we show that intestine-draining mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), not intestine proper, are the dominant site of SFB-induced intestinal Th17 cell differentiation. Subsequent migration of these cells to the intestinal lamina propria is dependent on their upregulation of integrin β7. Stat3-dependent induction of RORγt, the Th17 cell-specifying transcription factor, largely depends on IL-6, but signaling through the receptors for IL-21 and IL-23 can compensate for absence of IL-6 to promote SFB-directed Th17 cell differentiation. These results indicate that redundant cytokine signals guide commensal microbe-dependent Th17 cell differentiation in the MLNs and accumulation of the cells in the lamina propria.
Making antibiotic choices in bovine medicine

Selection of therapeutic antibiotics for use in bovine patients can be a difficult decision, particularly when clinical experience is limited. A limited number of antimicrobial drugs are available to the bovine practitioner, and extra-label drug use is restricted in food animal medicine. Factors of the target infectious agent, the host and management scheme, as well as the drug must be considered when prescribing or administering antibiotics. The goal of this presentation is to review the major antibiotics available to the bovine practitioner, and provide a brief outline of the restrictions of extra-label drug use in cattle with the aim of applying this knowledge to selection of antibiotics for use in beef or dairy cattle.
Non-Autonomous Spatial-Temporal Differentiation Theorems for Group Endomorphisms

We introduce a non-autonomous generalization of spatial-temporal differentiations, and prove results about probabilistically and topologically generic behaviors of certain spatial-temporal differentiations generated by endomorphisms of compact abelian metrizable groups.
Rapid Column-Free Enrichment of Mononuclear Cells from Solid Tissues

We have developed a rapid negative selection method to enrich rare mononuclear cells from human tissues. Unwanted and antibody-tethered cells are selectively depleted during a Ficoll separation step, and there is no need for magnetic-based reagents and equipment. The new method is fast, customizable, inexpensive, remarkably efficient, and easy to perform, and per sample the overall cost is less than one-tenth the cost associated with a magnetic column-based method.
Appendix 3: Inside S 3 and Questions

This appendix provides an inside view of the 3-sphere and a few thoughts about the limits of physics.
Birth and motherhood: childbirth experience and mothers' perceptions of themselves and their babies

Childbirth is a major experience in a woman's life, but the relation between childbirth experiences and later mother-infant outcomes has been understudied. This study examined the relation between mode of delivery and subjective birth experience (e.g., perception of control, social support during labor and delivery), and mothers' descriptions of their babies and their maternal self-esteem, both powerful predictors of maternal caregiving behavior. This study had three questions: (a) Do mode of delivery and subjective birth experience predict mothers' descriptions of their babies and maternal self-esteem? (b) Are the effects of mode of delivery on mothers' descriptions and maternal self-esteem mediated by subjective birth experience? (c) Does infant age moderate any of these pathways? The sample consisted of 269 mothers of full-term, healthy infants who gave birth in the year prior to the study. Mode of delivery showed a direct effect on how mothers describe their babies, but not maternal self-esteem, which was not mediated by subjective birth experience. Subjective birth experience had direct effects on both outcomes. Infant age did not moderate any of these pathways. Results point to the subjective aspects of childbirth as important components of women's experience of labor and delivery. Implications are discussed.
SU‐E‐J‐140: Simulation Study Using Thermoacoustics to Image Proton Dose and Range in Water and Skull Phantom

Purpose: In this study, thermoacoustic pressure signals generated from a proton beam were simulated in water and currently within a skull phantom to investigate the sensitivity of radioacoustic CT imaging in the brain. Methods: Thermoacoustically generated pressure signals from a pulse pencil proton beam (12, 15, 20, and 27cm range) were simulated in water. These simulated pressure signal are detected using a (71) transducer array placed along the surface of a cylinder (30cm × 40cm) and rotated over 2π (in 2 degree increments), where the normal vector to the surface of each transducer intersects the isocenter of the scanner. Currently, a software skull phantom is positioned at isocenter, where the scattering, absorption and speed of dispersion of the thermoacoustic signal through a three layer cortical-trabecular-cortical structure is being simulated. Based on data obtained from the literature, the effects of acoustic attenuation and speed-of-sound (dispersion) will be applied within the 3D FBP algorithm to obtain dosimetric images. Results: Based on hydrophone detector specifications, a 0.5MHz bandwidth and 50dB re 1μPa per Hz^1/2, a 1.6cGy sensitivity at the Bragg peak was demonstrated while maintaining a 1.0 mm (FWHM) range resolution along the central axis of the beam. Utilizing this same information, themore » integral dose within the Bragg peak and distal edge compared to MC had a 2% (statistical) and 5% voxel-based RMS at this same dose sensitivity. We plan to present preliminary data determining the range sensitivity for a head phantom for this scanner design and the feasibility of imaging the proton dose in patients with a brain tumor undergoing therapy. Conclusion: RACT scanner provides 3D dosimetric images with 1.6cGy (Bragg peak) sensitivity with 1mm range sensitivity. Simulations will be performed to determine feasibility to treat brain cancer patients.« less
Data Compression for the Exascale Computing Era - Survey

While periodic checkpointing has been an important mechanism for tolerating faults in high performance computing HPC systems, it is cost-prohibitive as the HPC system approaches exascale. Applying compression techniques is one common way to mitigate such burdens by reducing the data size, but they are often found to be less effective for scientific datasets. Traditional lossless compression techniques that look for repeated patterns are ineffective for scientific data in which high-precision data is used and hence common patterns are rare to find. In this paper, we present a comparison of several lossless and lossy data compression algorithms and discuss their methodology under the exascale environment. As data volume increases, we discover an increasing trend of new domain-driven algorithms that exploit the inherent characteristics exhibited in many scientific dataset, such as relatively small changes in data values from one simulation iteration to the next or among neighboring data. In particular, significant data reduction has been observed in lossy compression. This paper also discusses how the errors introduced by lossy compressions are controlled and the tradeoffs with the compression ratio.