cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Intravascular and Extravascular Extracellular Volume Fractions by Total Area under Curve for Neovascularization Assessment by Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging

In this paper, we propose and investigate distribution of intravascular and extravascular extracellular volume fractions (DIEEF) as a noninvasive biomarker for neovascularization assessment by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). A generalized two-compartment exchange model (G2CXM) that uniformly includes the Patlak model, Tofts model, extended Tofts model, and recent two-compartment exchange model as special instances is first presented. Based on the total area under curve of the G2CXM a method of DIEEF estimation without knowing the artery input function is proposed. The mean square error of DIEEF estimate in the presence of noise and with incomplete DCE-MRI data is analyzed. Simulation results demonstrate that DIEEF estimate is accurate when signal to noise ratio is only 5 dB in both cases of tracer infusion and bolus injection, and slightly favors the bolus injection. Tested on a model of atherosclerotic rabbits, the DIEEF of aorta plaques is positively correlated with the histological neovessel count with correlation coefficient of 0.940 and P = 0.017, and outperforms six semiquantitative parameters in the literature. DIEEF might be useful as a biomarker for noninvasive neovascularization assessment by DCE-MRI.
Second Amendment, Constitutional Dysfunction or Necessary Safeguard?

This Essay was delivered at the Boston University School of Law Symposium titled “America’s Political Dysfunction: Constitutional Connections, Causes, and Cures.” The Essay challenges the assumption that the Second Amendment historically has provided a barrier to a desirable policy result: radical gun control or gun prohibition. It also challenges the assumption that such a policy is indeed desirable. The Essay traces the history of judicial engagement with the Second Amendment, including the Supreme Court’s most recent pronouncement recognizing the right to bear arms as an individual right in Heller and McDonald, and lower federal courts’ subsequent application of this right. It concludes that the principle that there is a need for the means of self-defense, that it should not be taken away, and that it is dangerous to force a people to rely solely on the state for protection, remains sound policy, and not an example of constitutional dysfunction.
Near infrared monitoring of oxygenation and metabolism during brain hypoxia

Near infrared (NER) spectroscopy as a new tool in analyzing brain oxygenation and metabolism has been applied to test different physiological phenomena eight New Zealand white rabbits were studied by a three wavelength (780 nm, 810 nm and 840 nm) NLR spectroscopic monitor. Oxygenation and metabolism signals were interpreted by a matrix of equations derived from in vitro study. Brain oxygenation decreased at the onset of hypoxia but the arterial blood oxygenation decreased only when serious hypoxia was imposed. Brain metabolism was found to coincide with changes of brain oxygenation level. >
Helping Haiti in the Wake of Disaster: Law Students as First Responders

On January 12, 2010, a devastating and catastrophic 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti. A week after the earthquake, and only a day after the United States designated Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for eligible Haitians living in the U.S., University of Miami law students, faculty and other volunteers became legal “first responders,” assisting those in need. As Miamians, we all recognized that the tragic events of January 12 had affected not only those Haitians in Port au Prince, but the entire Haitian country and diaspora. Haitians here in the United States were anxious to help financially but many lacked work authorization. In a country where remittances were already equal to 30% of the pre-earthquake gross domestic product, a program that would deliver employment authorization documents to previously undocumented Haitians held tremendous promise as a means of infusing cash where it was most needed - directly to family and loved ones back in Haiti. Our law school clinic does a significant amount of immigration status adjustment work and has experience applying for fee waivers from United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). This is the story of how we put an immediate-need and longer-term TPS service effort together, the lessons we learned in doing so, and what we believe to be a sustainable clinical pedagogy and law school service model built around disaster assistance and recovery. We begin by examining how lawyers and law students have traditionally made valuable contributions to disaster response by using their legal training. All too often, those efforts have been hampered by the ad hoc nature in which they have been constructed post-disaster, and by the limitations inherent in the relatively small number of lawyers available to offer significant amounts of time to the overwhelming number of disaster-affected individuals. Recognizing this, many volunteer agencies and legal services providers have sought to improve the response time, quality, and quantity of post-disaster legal assistance by preparing materials and training volunteer lawyers in advance. Our proposal incorporates and builds on these improvements by arguing that law students and law clinics are a veritable “army” of untapped potential legal resources that could be configured to provide quick legal responses to emergencies and disasters, targeted to enforce disaster victims’ basic needs. We encourage the legal community that is already working on emergency and disaster preparedness, relief and recovery to include law school clinics and students in their present efforts; and we encourage law school clinical instructors and pro bono programs to give serious consideration to incorporating legal first response into their pedagogical and service programs.
Robotic System for Transapical Aortic Valve Replacement with MRI Guidance

This paper reports our work on developing a robotic surgical system for transapical beating heart aortic valve replacement (AVR) under interactive real-time magnetic resonance imaging (rtMRI) guidance. Our system integrates a real-time MRI system, a compound MRI robot, as well as an interface for the surgeon to plan the procedure and manipulate the robot. The compound robot consists of a positioning module and a valve delivery module. A 5-DOF Innomotion positioning arm provides and maintains direct access to the native aortic valve. A newly developed 3-DOF robotic valve delivery module allows the surgeon to remotely control bioprosthetic valve delivery with MRI guidance. Preliminary evaluation of the parameters of the robotic system demonstrates it can provide sufficient capability to successfully assist the surgeon.
Generation of m-sequences over GF(q2) from m-sequences over GF(q)

A closed form solution that yields the component shift required for the vector representation of m-sequences over GF(q2) in terms of m-sequences over GF(q2) is presented. Iterative application of this expression then enables the vctor representation of m-sequences over GF(q2m) in terms of m-sequences over GF(q). These vector m-seqeences can be used directly for the selection of frequencies in frequency hopped spread spectrum communication systems.
Reasoning with an Attitude: Johannes Fabian's Ecstatic Trek

Out of Our Minds: Reason and Madness in the Exploration of Central Africa. Johannes Fabian. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. 320 pp. Anthropology with an Attitude: Critical Essays. Johannes Fabian. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. 356 pp.
Heart-rate response to forest harvesting work in the south-eastern United States during summer

Abstract The physiological workload of forest harvesting workers during summer in the south-eastern United States was evaluated by measuring work heart-rate response. The harvesting tasks considered were chainsaw felling, cable skidding, bucking and trimming at the landing, knuckle-boom loader operation, feller-buncher operation and grapple skidding. VO2 max of the workers ranged from 28 to 53 ml min−1kg−1. The WBGT ranged from 20 to 344°C during data collection. The task time-weighed, age-corrected, percent maximum heart-rate response ranged from 42-5 to 69 2°. The data indicate that the manual and semi-mechanized tasks are potentially stressful and that hotter environmental conditions increase the likelihood of higher heart-rate responses. No relationship was found between heart-rate response and three measures of static muscle strength.
On the intrinsic nature of states of consciousness: Further considerations in the light of James’s conception

How are the states of consciousness intrinsically so that they all qualify as “feelings” in William James’s generic sense? Only a small, propaedeutic part of what is required to address the intrinsic nature of such states can be accomplished here. I restrict my topic mainly to a certain characteristic that belongs to each of those pulses of mentality that successively make up James’s stream of consciousness. Certain statements of James’s are intended to pick out the variable “width” belonging to a stream of consciousness as it flows. Attention to this proposed property brings me to a discussion of (a) the unitary character of each of the states of consciousness however complex they may frequently be and (b) how to conceive of their complexity without recourse to a misleading spatial metaphor.
Opioid peptide inhibition of endogenous norepinephrine release from the A2 noradrenergic cell group in vitro

Abstract We investigated the potential influence of opioid and melanotropic peptides on endogenous norepinephrine (NE) release from the A2 noradrenergic cell group of rats using a static, fixed-volume incubation procedure. Norepinephrine release from slices of caudal dorsomedial medulla (CDMM) was evoked by high potassium concentrations (20 and 60 mM) in a Ca 2+ -dependent and dose-related manner. Treatment with the potent melanotropin agonist [Nle 4 ,D-Phe 7 ]α-MSH(NDP-MSH) had no effet of K + -induced NE release. In conrast, human β-endorphin 1–31 significantly reduced K + -stimulated NE release, but not in the presence of naloxone. The highly-selected μ-opioid agonist [ d -Ala 2 , N-Me-Phe 4 , Gly-ol 5 ]-enkephalin (DAMGO) also significantly reduced evoked NE release. The inhibitory effect of DAMGO was completely blocked by naloxone. Naloxone alone did not alter evoked NE release. The inhibitory effect of DAMGO was not enhanced by reducing the stimulatory concentration of K + . None of the peptides tested influenced basal NE release. These data indicate that melanotropin receptors do not regulate NE release in CDMM. In contrast, the opioid peptides DAMGO and β-endorphin inhibit K + -stimulated release of endogenous NE. These data suggest a role for μ-opioid receptors in controlling NE release from A2 noradrenergic neurons.
Polarized Secretion of Human Corticosteroid Binding Globulin by MDCK and BeWo Cells

Polarized epithelial cells are able to faithfully direct certain secretory protein components to either their apical or basolateral environments. The mechanism by which these cells accomplish this is still not entirely understood. It is hypothesized that a membrane-associated "sorting receptor" recognizes an intrinsic signal contained within the sorted protein. This interaction directs the secretory protein into the appropriate domain-specific vesicle for transport to either the apical or basolateral face. The nature of this sorting signal and the recognition receptor have not been established. In an effort to understand this phenomenon, a study was undertaken to ascertain whether human corticosteroid binding globulin (hCBG) contains intrinsic signals capable of directing its secretion to a particular side of polarized epithelial cells. The results of these studies have revealed that hCBG is selectively secreted into the apical environment by both MDCK and BeWo cells. Furthermore, this polarized secretion is unaffected by either (1) agents that inhibit N-linked oligosaccharide processing or (2) lysomotrophic drugs, which alter the intravesicular pH. It is concluded that hCBG possesses an intrinsic signal for apical secretion, which can be recognized by two polarized cell types of differing origins. This signal does not appear to be present in the N-linked oligosaccharide moieties of hCBG nor is it affected by an elevation of the intravascular pH within the trans-Golgi network. The use of hCBG-transfected MDCK and BeWo cells constitute a useful model system for the investigation of the signals involved in the sorting of secreted proteins.
Stability of Li3CrO4 and Ba2CrO4 in KClLiCl melt

Abstract The stability of several oxyanions of chromium, added as Li2CrO4, Li3CrO4, Ba2CrO4 and LiCrO2, has been studied in molten LiClKCl eutectic at 450°. Li3CrO4 decomposed into CrO42− and LiCrO2 in acidic melts, but was stable in basic melts. LiCrO2 has a hexagonal lattice with a = 2·869 A and c = 14·44 A . Ba2CrO4 decomposed completely in the melt. In acidic melts, the products were CrO42− and a chromium(III) compound (as a precipitate), and in basic melts the products were Li3CrO4 and chromium (III) compounds. The schematic potential-pO2− diagram of these oxyanions was drawn.
Testing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Missions in a Scaled Environment

UAV research generally follows a path from computer simulation and lab tests of individual components to full integrated testing in the field. Since realistic environments are difficult to simulate, its hard to predict how control algorithms will react to real world conditions such as varied lighting, weather, and obstacles like trees and wires. This paper introduces a methodic approach to developing UAV missions. A scaled down urban environment provides a facility to perform testing and evaluation (T&E) on control algorithms before flight. A UAV platform and test site allow the tuned control algorithms to be verified and validated (V&V) in real world flights. The resulting design methodology reduces risk in the development of UAV missions.
Role of bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and amygdala AMPA receptors in the development and expression of context conditioning and sensitization of startle by prior shock

A core symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder is hyper-arousal—manifest in part by increases in the amplitude of the acoustic startle reflex. Gewirtz et al. (Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 22:625–648, 1998) found that, in rats, persistent shock-induced startle increases were prevented by pre-test electrolytic lesions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). We used reversible inactivation to determine if similar effects reflect actions on (a) BNST neurons themselves versus fibers-of-passage, (b) the development versus expression of such increases, and (c) associative fear versus non-associative sensitization. Twenty-four hours after the last of three shock sessions, startle was markedly enhanced when rats were tested in a non-shock context. These increases decayed over the course of several days. Decay was unaffected by context exposure, and elevated startle was restored when rats were tested for the first time in the original shock context. Thus, both associative and non-associative components could be measured under different conditions. Pre-test intra-BNST infusions of the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX (3 μg/side) blocked the non-associative (as did infusions into the basolateral amygdala) but not the associative component, whereas pre-shock infusions disrupted both. NBQX did not affect baseline startle or shock reactivity. These results indicate that AMPA receptors in or very near to the BNST are critical for the expression and development of non-associative shock-induced startle sensitization, and also for context fear conditioning, but not context fear expression. More generally, they suggest that treatments targeting the BNST may be clinically useful for treating trauma-related hyper-arousal and perhaps for retarding its development.
Prenatal exposure to prescribed drugs in Tennessee Medicaid, 1983-1988.

Summary. This report describes the prenatal exposure histories of 107 804 women to prescribed drugs other than vitamins, iron and other minerals. The data were obtained from Tennessee Medicaid pharmacy files linked to birth and fetal death certificates for 1983–1988. The utility of these data to other investigators in predicting power or estimating sample size for studies of drug exposure in pregnancy associated with adverse birth outcomes is discussed.
Discourse, politics, and the development process: reflections on Escobar's 'anthropology and the development encounter'

L'analyse de l'article d'A. Escobar « Anthropology and the development encounter : the making and marketing of development anthropology » met en avant quatre faiblesses : (1) la presentation concernant le role des anthropologues travaillant dans ou avec les agences de developpement est incomplete et impropre, (2) Escobar ne considere pas adequatement le contexte dans lequel le discours du developpement s'etablit ou le role que l'anthropologie joue dans la construction de ce discours, (3) il ne considere pas systematiquement la relation entre le discours et les relations de pouvoir en general et il limite sa discussion sur le developpement a la production du discours du developpement des agences de donneurs, (4) il ne considere pas les relations specifiques et les questions de pouvoir s'y impliquant et liant les anthropologues a ceux qu'ils etudient
NF-κB and IKK as therapeutic targets in cancer

The transcription factor NF-kappaB and associated regulatory factors (including IkappaB kinase subunits and the IkappaB family member Bcl-3) are strongly implicated in a variety of hematologic and solid tumor malignancies. A role for NF-kappaB in cancer cells appears to involve regulation of cell proliferation, control of apoptosis, promotion of angiogenesis, and stimulation of invasion/metastasis. Consistent with a role for NF-kappaB in oncogenesis are observations that inhibition of NF-kappaB alone or in combination with cancer therapies leads to tumor cell death or growth inhibition. However, other experimental data indicate that NF-kappaB can play a tumor suppressor role in certain settings and that it can be important in promoting an apoptotic signal downstream of certain cancer therapy regimens. In order to appropriately move NF-kappaB inhibitors in the clinic, thorough approaches must be initiated to determine the molecular mechanisms that dictate the complexity of oncologic and therapeutic outcomes that are controlled by NF-kappaB.
Improving sub-150-nm lithography and etch CD-SEM correlations to AFM and electrical test

Automated top down critical dimension scanning electron microscopy (CD SEM) remains the tool of choice for critical dimension process control and dispositioning. Although CD SEMs have limitations, their combination of throughput, resolution, precision, ability to measure any feature of interest and automation has been unmatched in recent years. As geometries shrink in non-uniform ways and manufacturing processes become more complicated, questions continue to recur concerning the degree of correlation between post- develop and post-etch CD measurements. For the particularly critical processing steps of forming the transistor gate, the correlation of these measurements to subsequent electrical measurements is also of major concern. Can CD SEM measurement parameters be better optimized to improve these correlations. This study attempts to answer this question by gathering CD SEM raw waveforms and AFM linescans at gate develop and etch and comparing to electrical test measurements for an advanced device fabrication process. Optimal settings of the CD algorithms working on the waveforms are then sought to improve these correlations. The tradeoff with measurement precision will also be discussed.
Life outcomes and relationship dispositions: The unique role of Emophilia

Abstract Emophilia (EP) predicts forming indiscriminate romantic bonds, and is associated with falling in love faster and with more people. Retrospective data examined life outcomes and relationship orientations in a large adult sample. Among both men and women, results indicated that both sociosexuality and EP were unique predictors of number of previous romantic relationships. However, among both men and women, EP was the only unique predictor of number of times being engaged to be married. Further, among women, EP was a unique predictor of younger age of first marriage engagement. Finally, high levels of both EP and unrestricted sociosexuality were associated with more pregnancies by different men. In sum, sociosexuality, anxious attachment, and EP all uniquely associated different relationship life outcomes, especially among women. Overall, the findings support and extend previous research showing that Emophilia is a critical variable in the realm of relationships.
Arthroscopic decompression of shoulder impingement secondary to os acromiale

Summary Os acromiale is the result of failure of one of the outer ossification centers of the acromion to unite with the more medial portion. This creates an additional motion segment which may itself contribute to impingement syndrome of the shoulder or which may create hypertrophy or spurs which directly impinge on the cuff. Three cases of impingement syndrome of the shoulder with associated os acromiale are presented. All three were initially relieved with arthroscopic subacromial decompression of either the entire os acromiale or simply of the impinging spur. After 1 year, however, all three had recurrent or continued complaints of pain and/or impingement. Therefore, it would appear that arthroscopic subacromial decompression is not a solution to impingement syndrome secondary to os acromiale. Careful preoperative radiographic evaluation to rule out all causes of impingement syndrome including os acromiale is essential so that the surgeon may better choose an approach to decompression.
A phase I trial of continuous infusion VP16-213 (etoposide).

Since there appears to be a schedule dose relationship for VP16-213, the current dose seeking study of 5 day continuous infusion was initiated. Patients not candidates for other treatments were started at 75 mg/m2/dayx5. Eight patients had prior chemotherapy, eight had radiotherapy plus chemotherapy and one patient had prior interferon. The median age was 53 (range 23–65) and the median performance status was 60 (range 50–90). Seventeen patients received 20 courses; two at 75 mg/m2/day, seven at 100 mg/m2/day, ten at 125 mg/m2/day, and six at 150 mg/m2/day. The major toxicity was hematologic and median WBC count nadirs (ranges) were respectively: 3.5 (2.3–4.7)x103/μl, 1.6 (0.2–3.4)x103/μl, 2.4 (0.1–3.6)x103/μl, 0.4(<0.1–0.7)103/μl. Platelet count nadirs were respectively: 150, 78 (20–189), 138 (26–326), 16 (9–88)x103/μl. The median days to WBC nadir and recovery and did not vary with dose and were 15 (9–21) and 24 (19–38) respectively. Median days to platelet count nadir were 12 (10–29) and recovery 24 (20–38) and did not vary with dose. Non-hematologic toxicities included mild nausea and vomiting, mild mucositis on six courses, diarrhea with two courses and fever during granulocytopenia during seven courses. Three patients manifested evidence of myocardial disease two with infarction and one with congestive failure during treatment. Two patients showed objective evidence of tumor regression, one patient with seminoma and one patient with renal cell carcinoma. The latter response was short. The current studies demonstrate that high dose continuous infusion VP16-213 is tolerable with acceptable toxicity using doses up to 125 mg/m2/day (625 mg/m2 over 5 days).
Gyroscopic analog for collective motion of a stratified fluid

A precise analogy is drawn between circulation of a stratified fluid in a gravitational field, and angular momentum of a gyroscope. Collective dynamical equations for a stratified fluid are derived from tensor spatial moments of the fluid motion equation in the Boussinesq approximation. From the collective dynamical equations the gyroscope equations arise as a special case. In two dimensions the gyroscope equations reduce to the pendulum equation, which describes planar convection as “angular sloshing” whereby the density gradient vector of the stratified fluid undergoes pendulum motion in a vertical plane.
Biochemical and immunocytochemical evidence for a deficiency of normal interfascicular oligodendroglia in the CNS of the dysmyelinating mutant (md) rat.

Carbonic anhydrase was assayed and carbonic an-hydrase and 5′-nucIeotidase were localized in the CNS of myelin-deficient mutant rats and normal littermates. The carbonic anhydrase specific activities were reduced by 61% and 29% in the mutants' forebrains and cerebella, respectively, and the total carbonic anhydrase activity in the spinal cords was reduced by 35%. Immunostained cells were found in gray matter from both normal and mutant rats, but, in the mutants, there was a marked deficiency of interfascicular oligodendrocytes in the regions that are normally occupied by white matter. It is suggested that a developmental study could indicate the step(s) at which normal differentiation of interfascicular oligodendroglia is blocked in this mutant.
Hypoxic Activation of Adventitial Fibroblasts*: Role in Vascular Remodeling

Substantial experimental evidence supports the idea that the fibroblast may play a significant role in the vascular response to injury, especially under hypoxic conditions. Fibroblasts have the ability to rapidly respond to hypoxic stress and to modulate their function to adapt rapidly to local vascular needs. Fibroblasts appear to be uniquely equipped to proliferate, transdifferentiate, and migrate under hypoxic conditions. Proliferative responses to hypoxia depend on the activation of Galpha(i) and Gq kinase family members, and on the subsequent stimulation of protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase family members. Extracellular nucleotides (eg, adenosine triphosphate [ATP]) are likely to be increased in the hypoxic adventitial compartment and can act as autocrine/paracrine modifiers of the hypoxia-induced proliferative response. The proliferative effects of ATP appear to be mediated largely through G-protein-coupled P2Y receptors in fetal and neonatal fibroblasts. Hypoxia, acting through Galpha(iota)-coupled pathways, also can directly up-regulate alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in fibroblast subpopulations, suggesting that hypoxia may play a direct role in mediating the "transdifferentiation" of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts in the vessel wall. In addition, chronic hypoxia causes stable (at least in vitro) phenotypic changes in fibroblasts that appear to be associated with changes in the signaling pathways used to elicit proliferation. However, it is also becoming clear that, similar to the heterogeneity described for vascular smooth muscle cells, numerous fibroblast subtypes exist in the vessel wall, and that each may respond in unique ways to hypoxia and other stimuli and thus serve special functions in response to injury. In fact, adventitia may be considered to be compartments in which cells with "stem-cell-like" characteristics reside. Future work is needed to determine more precisely the role of the fibroblast in the wide variety of vascular complications observed in many humans diseases, and in the genes and gene products that confer unique properties to this important vascular cell.
Compact multiplexing of monodisperse electrosprays

Abstract Widespread application of the cone-jet electrospray has been hampered by the low flow rate at which the spray is dispersed, despite the unique ability of this device to disperse quasi-monodispersed particles over a phenomenal size range. Compact multiplexing, that is, with a high number of sources per unit area, is indispensable for dramatically increasing the throughput and reducing the cost per electrospray source. We demonstrate the successful operation of multiplexed electrospray systems with an unprecedented packing density of up to 11,547 sources/cm2. The devices were fabricated and operated by implementing three criteria: (a) the extractor electrode configuration should be used to localize the electric field; (b) the viscous pressure drop acting on the liquid should dominate with respect to the electrostatic pulling force by the electric field; and (c) the electric field “driving” the droplets between the extractor electrode and the collector should be sufficiently intense to avoid reversal of the droplet motion near the extractor (satellite trapping). All devices showed excellent droplet size uniformity across the entire spray region, which indicates effective decoupling of the electrospray sources even for closely packed nozzles. The experimental results show that these design criteria provide effective and reliable guidelines for the successful design and operation of multiplexed devices from first principles, that is, based only on knowledge of the suitability of a liquid for electrospray dispersion and of the critical liquid properties such as surface tension, viscosity and electric conductivity. As a result, the design of these devices for a given application is achievable without costly trial-and-error microfabrication trials. This development opens the door for applications requiring flows from multiplexing 106–107 individual electrospray sources from industry-standard 12-in silicon wafers.
Comments on rotational perturbations of Friedmann models.

In addition to the solutions we have discussed before, we show that the field equations corresponding to the slowly rotating Friedmann models admit solutions for a special class of nonseparable rotation functions of the matter distribution. We also present two analytic solutions and discuss their possible use.
Effects of texture on surface attachment of spawning‐run sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus: a quantitative analysis

Adult sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus attachment strength by the oral sucker was quantified. Surfaces with shallow, rounded discontinuities into which the oral fimbriae could be folded yielded the strongest seal and some fish could control their mouths to improve ‘suction’. Narrow grooves of 1 mm width and 3 mm depth prevented P. marinus from creating a lasting attachment.
Primes and consecutive sums in arithmetic progressions

A necessary and sufficient condition for a positive integer to be prime is explored in terms of its number-theoretic ramifications and its generalization to arithmetic progressions. A computer experiment is shown describing how the main results were conjectured. Several open problems are posed for readers.
The Role of Hydrated Divalent Metal Ions in the Bridging of Two Anionic Groups. An ab initio Quantum Chemical and Molecular Mechanics Study of Dimethyl Phosphate and Formate Bridged by Calcium and Magnesium Ions

Ab initio quantum chemical (Gaussian82) and molecular mechanics (AMBER2.0) computational techniques are employed to investigate the interaction of two anions (formate an dimethylphosphate) and a central divalent metal cation (magnesium or calcium). These systems are models for the essential GDP binding unit of the G-proteins (e.g., EF-Tu or the ras oncogene proteins) and for protein/phospholipid interactions, both of which are mediated by divalent metal cations. Various levels of hydration are utilized to examine coordination of differences between magnesium and calcium ions. Two different orientations of formate and dimethyl phosphate in direct ion contact with a magnesium ion and two waters of hydration were energy minimized with both quantum and molecular mechanics techniques. The structures and energy differences between the two orientations determined by either of the computational techniques are similar. Magnesium ion has a strong propensity to assume six coordination whereas calcium ion preferentially assumes a coordination greater than six. Likewise, water molecules attached to magnesium ion are held more rigidly than those of calcium ion, thus calcium ion is more accommodating in the exchange of water for negative ligands.
Effect of pH and buffer on the precorneal disposition and ocular penetration of pilocarpine in rabbits

Abstract An in vivo technique was utilized to study the effect of pH and buffer capacity on the precorneal disposition and ocular penetration of pilocarpine in the rabbit eye. Tear film pH, tear drug concentration and aqueous humor levels were measured at various times following the instillation of 25 μl of a 1 × 10−2 M isotonic pilocarpine solution. Test solutions were prepared in 0.0667 M phosphate buffer at various pHs (4.5, 6.0, 7.2) and at various phosphate buffer concentrations (0 M, 0.00667 M, 0.0667 M, 0.1 M) at pH 4.5. It appears that following the instillation of pilocarpine nitrate solutions buffered below the physiological pH of the lacrimal fluid, the extent of depression of the tear film pH and the tear pH re-equilibration time depends not only on the pH of the solution, but also on the precorneal fluid dynamics, and the buffer capacities of the instilled solution and that of the tears. As the buffer capacity of the instilled solution is increased, the ability of incoming tears to raise the pH in the precorneal area to its physiological value is reduced. The increase in the drainage rate due to reflex tear production is an effective mechanism by which the tear film pH re-equilibrates and is also responsible for the large reduction in the drug concentration in the precorneal area. This study examines this mechanism in detail. The depression in the tear film pH can also reduce the ocular penetration of pilocarpine by reducing its corneal permeability. Buffering of the pilocarpine nitrate solution with 0.0667 M phosphate buffer at pH 4.5 causes a two-fold reduction in the aqueous humor level as compared to an unbuffered solution at the same pH. Such a decrease is also predicted based on tear pH-time and tear concentration-time measurements of pilocarpine. This study shows the practical utility of such information in estimating the ocular penetration of drugs. Based on such information it is expected that at least a two-fold reduction in pilocarpine absorption may be caused by reflex tear production. In order to ensure optimum ocular penetration of pilocarpine, the system should not depress the tear film pH appreciably, and should allow rapid tear pH re-equilibration.
Characteristics of diet-induced brown adipose tissue growth and thermogenesis in rats

The characteristics of regional brown (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) growth and of thermogenesis following experimental overfeeding were studied in groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats fed lab chow or cafeteria diets for 8 weeks postweaning. Regional BAT and WAT growth was determined by dissection and weighing, and thermogenesis was characterized by measurements of resting and norepinephrine (NE)-stimulated oxygen consumption, of serum thyroid hormone concentrations, and of 24-hour urinary NE excretion levels. Cafeteria feeding resulted in a 113% increase in total BAT, with the most prominent increases in the interscapular, thoracic, and perirenal regions. Retroperitoneal, epididymal, and omental WAT were significantly greater in cafeteria than in chow-fed rats. Resting oxygen consumption of cafeteria-fed rads increased by 10% and NE excretion by 64% compared to chow-fed controls, while serum T3 concentrations were nearly doubled in the cafeteria-fed rats. The thermogenic response to NE injection in cafeteria-fed rats was 102% of their resting levels, compared to a 51% increase in the chow-fed controls. The results indicate that increased BAT growth occurs in all primary BAT depots following cafeteria-feeding in rats, and that the greater BAT mass is qualitatively proportional to their greater capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis. Also, the increased NE excretion and greater serum T3 concentration are consistent with increased sympathetic and thyroidal activity and may in part explain the thermogenic response to diet in the rat.
Mass and Energy Balances of Wet Torrefaction of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Solid handling of diverse lignocellulosic biomass feedstock is very challenging for thermochemical conversion to renewable fuels. Wet torrefaction is a pretreatment process to convert biomass to energy-dense solid fuel, with relatively uniform handling characteristics. The fuel value of the produced solid may be as much as 36% higher than that of the original biomass. In the process, biomass is reacted with hot compressed water at the temperature of 200−260 °C. The mass and energy balance in wet torrefaction were established for these conditions. Products include pretreated solid, precipitates (simple sugars and sugar derivatives), volatile acids, and gases (carbon dioxide). With increasing temperature, the mass of the solid decreases, the fuel value of the solid increases, and the quantity of gas increases. The heat of reaction for each temperature was estimated from an energy balance. The uncertainty analysis also showed that the temperature slightly affected the heat of reaction, which is very close to...
Comparisons of Golgi Structure and Dynamics in Plant and Animal Cells

The Golgi apparatus of both higher plant and animal cells sorts and packages macromolecules which are in transit to and from the cell surface and to the lysosome (vacuole). It is also the site of oligosaccharide and polysaccharide synthesis and modification. The underlying similarity of function of plant and animal Golgi is reflected in similar morphological features, such as cisternal stacking. There are, however, several fundamental differences between the Golgi of plant and animal cells, reflecting, in large part, the fact that the extracellular matrices and lysosomal systems differ between these kingdoms. These include 1) the form and replication of the Golgi during cell division; 2) the disposition of the Golgi in the interphase cell; 3) the nature of "anchoring" the Golgi in the cytoplasm; 4) the genesis, extent, and nature of membranes at the trans side of the stack; 5) targeting signals to the lysosome (vacuole); and 6) physiological regulation of secretion events (constitutive vs. regulated secretion). The degree of participation of the Golgi in endocytosis and membrane recycling is becoming clear for animal cells, but has yet to be explored in detail for plant cells.
Eimeria praecox infection ameliorates effects of Eimeria maxima infection in chickens

The effect of Eimeria praecox on concurrent Eimeria maxima infection was studied in susceptible chickens. Cinical signs of coccidiosis were assessed in single E. praecox or E. maxima infections and compared to dual infection with both Eimeria species. Groups infected solely with 10 4 E. maxima oocysts displayed weight gains that were 48% of weight gain in uninfected controls. Weight gain in chickens infected only with 10 4 E. praecoxoocysts was 90% of uninfected controls. Averageweight gain in chickens infected with both E. maxima and E. praecox was 79% of controls, and showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) from weight gaininE.praecox-infectedchickens.Feedutilization(feed conversionratio,FCR)inchickensinfectedwithbothspeciesshowedno significant difference (P > 0.05) from FCR in non-infected controls or chickens infected with E. praecox alone; all showing a significant difference (P < 0.05) from FCR in chickens infected solely with E. maxima. Although E. praecox did not appear to have a negative effect on weight gain and FCR, it did cause a significant decrease in serum carotenoids. Analysis of oocysts excreted by chickens during dual infection showed little effect of E. praecox on E. maxima oocyst production. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Combining absorption microCT and position-resolved x-ray scattering

In studies of inorganic and biogenic structural materials, x-ray absorption microCT (micro Computed Tomography) can be combined to great effect with x-ray scattering. The techniques provide complimentary information, and the limitations of one are offset by the strengths of the other. For example, absorption microCT can supply an accurate, 3D map of the distribution of material within a solid specimen but cannot identify where different crystalline or amorphous phases are to be found (unless compositions or densities differ significantly) or what changes occur in the material itself (amount of plastic deformation, magnitudes of internal stress); this latter information is provided by x-ray scattering (diffraction from crystalline phases and small angle x-ray scattering, SAXS, from nm-sized structures) albeit at much lower spatial resolution. Three examples of studies combining the two approaches are presented: correlation of different scale of crystallographic texture with fatigue crack path and crack closure, studies of damage in monofilament composites and in situ loading of bone.
Temperature affects Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) Development

SummaryThe effects of temperature on several life history parameters of small hive beetles (SHB), Aethina tumida, were investigated under laboratory conditions. Our results showed that the development, body size and weight of SHB were dependent on temperature. Egg incubation was about two days at higher temperature (34°C) and three days at lower (room) temperature (24–28°C). Exposure of larvae to lower temperature resulted in a 15-day extension to their development to adult emergence with a mean of 36.31 ± 0.08 days as opposed to 20.68 ± 0.08 days at higher temperature (34°C). At lower temperature, the developmental time (first instar to adult emergence) of males was about one-half day longer (36.63 ±0.12 days) than that of females (36.02 ±0.15 days). Higher temperature supported larger (length = 6.30 ± 0.07mm, width = 3.48 ± 0.02mm) and heavier (12.95 ± 0.22mg) adult females than did the lower temperature (length = 5.30 ± 0.04mm, width = 3.39 ± 0.02mm, weight = 11.40 ± 0.20mg). Weight and width similarit...
Progress on the ICR Engine Development

Since 1992, advanced development of an intercooled recuperated (ICR) gas turbine engine for naval ship propulsion has been progressing under a U.S. Navy contract. This paper summarizes progress on the ICR engine development. An overview of the program plan is presented including discussion of significant changes made since contract award. The engine development status is discussed including the significant accomplishments, the recovery from an initial recuperator failure, and the remaining development work.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Use of ΦX174 as a shuttle vector for the study of in vivo mammalian mutagenesis

The most promising new techniques for the study of in vivo mammalian mutagenesis make use of transgenic mice carrying a recoverable vector. Mutation systems in mammals can be based on the selection of altered phenotypes among cells sampled from the whole animal, but they are then limited to the very few cell types in which the marker gene is expressed. Such systems require both in vivo and in vitro cell proliferation for expression and verification of the mutations. To avoid these complications, the study of mutations in most tissues must be based on the detection of genetic alterations in a vector that is independent of the phenotype of the mammalian cell. The vector is only a small portion of the mammalian genome, and many of the procedures for recovering the vector are inhibited by the host DNA. For this reason, partial purification is necessary. The purification is made possible by using vectors which are not cut by restriction enzymes that cut the host DNA to pieces of an average size considerably smaller than the vector. The efficiency for measuring mutation frequencies depends on the number of vectors which can be recovered from a certain amount of DNA and is affected by the number of vectors per mammalian genome and the transfection efficiency of the partially-purified vector. In order to avoid selection against or for the spontaneous or induced mutations, the transfection efficiency of the vector from the transformed DNA and of the pure vector DNA should be of the same order of magnitude. Differences in the response to mutagens between the mammalian genome and the procaryotic vector may be expected due to the lack of unique mammalian topographical features in the vectors. Any mutation induction which depends preferentially on these unique features of the mammalian genome may not be detected in a shuttle vector system unless the vector has been engineered or specifically designed to include such topographical characters. The shortcoming of short-term tests that use mutagenicity for predicting human carcinogenicity is usually lack of correlation between mutagenesis in the short-term tests and the corresponding results in carcinogenesis bioassays in mammals. One factor which could contribute to the lack of correlation between the short-term test systems and the bioassays is that we are comparing mutations in totally different genes in different organisms. By using the phi X174 shuttle system, one of the variables may be eliminated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Constraints on spontaneous transfer in problem-solving tasks

In three experiments, we investigated the conditions under which relevant knowledge is spon­ taneously transferred to problem-solving tasks. Subjects were presented with key concepts that could help them solve problems presented at a later time in the experiment. The key concepts were embedded in statements that had surface structures similar or dissimilar to those of the problems and that emphasized relevant or irrelevant properties ofthe key conceptsfor the problem­ solving task (contextual relevance). The results indicated that the spontaneous transfer of clue information to subsequent problem-solving tasks is affected by the contextual relevance and the surface-structure similarity of the clue statements to the problems. The findings also suggested that the surface-structure similarity and the contextual relevance of clue statements differen­ tially affect the accessibility and appropriate application of key concepts in problem-solvingtasks. The implications ofthese results for understanding the transfer of knowledge in problem-solving tasks are discussed. Successful problem solvers appear to benefit from both factual knowledge and general problem-solving skills
Microwave-Reduced Uncapped Metal Nanoparticles on Graphene: Tuning Catalytic, Electrical, and Raman Properties

This work addresses a major challenge in liquid-phase catalysis by enabling the synthesis of solvent dispersible “uncapped” metal nanoparticles (NPs) with enhanced density of accessible catalytic sites. We demonstrate that graphene oxide’s (GO's) high density of accessible and bondable oxy-functional groups and the high steric hindrance from its micrometer-scale area covalently implant, stabilize, and support bare-surfaced gold nanoparticles (BSGNs) produced in situ by a unique microwave reduction process. Comparing the efficiency of catalytic reduction of p-nitroaniline (p-NA) by BSGNs and similar sized surfactant-capped gold NPs showed that the uncapped surface on GO-supported NPs, (a) opens up 258% more active sites, and (b) enhances the catalytic reduction of p-NA by 10−100 fold. Further, BSGN implantation on GO, (a) amplifies the Raman signal of bare GO by ∼3 fold, and (b) increases the conductivity of native p-type GO by >10 fold via injection of 1.328 × 1012 electrons/cm2, consequently transforming...
Small-scale displacement measurement with passive harmonic RF tag using Doppler radar

Measurement accuracy of the displacement from human cardiopulmonary activities has potential in predicting physiological information for the purpose of biomedical remote sensing and non-contact monitoring. In this paper, an RF frequency doubling tag was used for detecting small displacement with high accuracy. A heterodyne and a homodyne quadrature radar receiving systems were used to detect small scale tag motion and non-tagged motion from a distance, respectively. Arctangent demodulation algorithm and imbalance compensation technique were applied to the raw radar data for displacement estimation. Simulation and experimental results were compared, indicating that by using the frequency doubling tag, a better accuracy can be achieved for small displacement estimation with Doppler radar.