cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of nutrition literacy scale in elderly minority population.

Objetives The major objective of our paper was to test and validate the nutritional literacy scale (NLS) in a pre-dominantly African-American geriatric population.
Effect of a commercial fungicide on the viability and phagocytosis of hemocytes of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica

Abstract A commercial fungicide containing triforine as the active ingredient was tested for its effects on the viability of hemocytes of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica . The test was conducted by measuring the cells' ability to intracellularly hydrolyze the vital stain, fluorescein diacetate. The phagocytic activity of these cells as affected by the fungicide was also measured. The results were compared with the effects of cytochalasin B, a known inhibitor of phagocytosis, and with iodoacetamide, an inhibitor of glycolysis. Both cell viability and bead phagocytosis were reduced to approximately 50% of control levels within a dose range of 0.0295 to 1.966 μg of fungicide/ml of hemolymph. Iodoacetamide showed a direct dose-related reduction in viable cell fluorescence down to zero viability confirming the validity of the fluorescein diacetate test. Cytochalasin B inhibited phagocytosis but not vital staining. The data show that the fungicide significantly reduces the number of viable hemocytes and, as a consequence, may reduce the efficacy of the animal's defense mechanism against invasion of the tissue by foreign particulates.
Homeless Youths' Perceptions of Services and Transitions to Stable Housing

Use of available services is low among homeless youths, and how youth make decisions to access services or seek housing is unclear. This study explored perspectives of current and former street youth about these processes. Recruited from the streets and a drop-in center, 27 youth ages 16-24, participated in individual qualitative interviews. Findings from consensual qualitative analyses indicated choices to use services were embedded within developing autonomy and identification with street lifestyles. Themes of self-reliance, substance use, and relationships with street and housed persons were expressed as critical for both using services and transitioning to stable housing. Agency-related factors such as caring staff, a nonjudgmental atmosphere, and flexible policies were perceived as important for service use while youth-related factors such as experiencing major events, being internally motivated, and embracing mainstream values were seen as conducive to transitioning off the streets. Implications for service providers and future research are discussed.
Two new species ofLitomosoides (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) from pocket gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) in Colorado

Two new species of nematodes representing the genusLitomosoides were obtained from pocket gophers collected in the early 1960s and during 1982 in Colorado. Individuals ofLitomosoides thomomydis n. sp. were recovered from the abdominal cavities of two species of pocket gopher,Thomomys talpoides (Richardson) andT. bottae (Eydoux & Gervais). Nematodes representingL. westi n. sp. were recovered from the abdominal and pleural cavities of the plains pocket gopherGeomys bursarius (Shaw) from eastern Colorado. These two species of filarioid nematodes appear to be restricted in geographical range to those pocket gophers inhabiting the central grasslands and Rocky Mountain region of the United States and Canada. ac]19851217
The efficiency of first-trimester serum analytes and maternal characteristics in predicting fetal growth disorders

Objective To evaluate the association between first-trimester serum analytes, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, and fetal growth disorders, and to determine whether a prediction model for these growth disorders can be developed. Study Design Retrospective cohort study of patients seen for first-trimester aneuploidy screening. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin multiples of the median were evaluated for association with small- and large-for-gestational-age infants in combination with maternal characteristics. Univariate and backward stepwise logistic regression analyses were performed and the area under the receiver-operator curves used to determine the best prediction models. Results Neither pregnancy-associated plasma protein A nor free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels were associated with an increased risk of large-for-gestational-age infants. For small-for-gestational-age infants, the final model included black race, free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin multiples of the median >90th percentile, and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A multiples of the median Conclusion Low pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and high free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels are associated with a small-for-gestational-age growth pattern; however, additional factors to improve the prediction model are needed.
Ways to Improve International Training

REVIEW of training related to the economics of agriculture for lower income countries (LIC) was sponsored during the past year by the American Agricultural Economics Association.' The study, which was conducted by the International Committee, focused largely on improvements that could be implemented within American institutions. The review involved widespread participation and made committee members much more sensitive to the training needs of foreign students [7]. It also provided a better understanding of the merits of various institutions engaged in this type of training [4] and produced many suggestions for improving the educational training process. Our purpose in this paper is to identify those recommendations which might be embraced and supported by a substantial majority of the Association membership.2
FEDERAL INTERVENTION IN TROUBLED INDUSTRY: LESSONS FROM THE NEW ENGLAND FISHERIES

The United States government has provided a range of assistance to help troubled industries. Such aid is of particular interest in debates over in- dustrial or competitiveness policy and in thinking about how effectively American government intervenes in the “micro economy.” The experience of aid to one industry, the New England fisheries, suggests that programs fail to achieve their ends for three major reasons. First, industry spokesmen and government officials have difficulty understanding the cause of in- dustry problems. Second, programs fail when they are inappropriate ap- proaches to solving the problems. Third, many programs have implementation difficulties. Findings on other industries suggest that the same kinds of problems interfere with the success of other programs. If government efforts to help industries often fail in ways that are somewhat predictable, then Congress and federal agencies should make the assistance more effective by taking specific steps. These efforts to improve programs, however, are problematic themselves and will not ensure success.
Resonant patch antennas on spherical ground planes and the need for fractional order associated legendre functions

Summary form only given. The traditional cavity model has been a valuable tool for the estimation of resonant modes of patch antennas since its inception nearly 30 years ago. This model is frequently used for planar antenna structures having canonical shapes in Cartesian, cylindrical, and elliptical coordinates. However, there is no limitation on the cavity model that requires the ground plane to be planar. As such, the cavity model can be useful for determining resonant modes of patch antennas having canonical shapes in spherical coordinates on a spherical ground plane. Indeed, the resonant modes readily follow by solving for the internal fields (underneath the patch) with the presumption of fictitious magnetic walls around the perimeter of the patch and electric walls on the top and bottom. Using a classical TE/TM decomposition of the fields, the resonant modes may be found.
U.S. Navy Experiences Coking of Lube Oil Purifier Heaters

Normally U.S. Navy ships operate their lubricating oil systems with oil that is clear to light amber in color. Recently, many ships have reported the presence of dark oil and, in some cases, burgundy colored oil. Laboratory analysis of the affected oil has shown that the lube oil has been stressed due to heat. In at least three cases, the flashpoint and the viscosity of the oil were significantly reduced as compared to the samples analyzed from ship’s storage tanks. In one particular case volatile aromatics were discovered possibly indicating that pyrolysis is taking place. In an effort to determine the cause of the heat stress a hand-over-hand tracing of the system was accomplished. Subsequently, the lube oil purifier heater was inspected and coking of the heating elements was discovered. Approximately 65% of the ships inspected have reported fouling of the heating elements ranging from a tar-like substance to severe coking. A land-based lube oil purifier heater was configured to operate in the same manner as a shipboard unit. This unit was instrumented to collect oil and sheath temperature data to aid in determining the temperature within the heater that may cause the lubricating oil to form coke. In addition, laboratory testing is also being conducted to determine the oil’s tendency to coke and at what temperatures the pyrolysis will begin to take place. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the ongoing investigation, results of data collected, the laboratory testing and engineering solutions to minimize or eliminate lube oil coking.
Use of computer and in vitro modeling techniques during the development of pediatric circulatory support devices: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Pediatric Assist Device Contractor's Meeting: Pediatric Modeling Techniques Working Group.

Pediatric mechanical circulatory devices are currently being developed by several programs. Along with the engineering and testing challenges to be considered is the regulatory process which will be used to review applications to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to initiate clinical trials with these devices. This paper considers the appropriate use of computer and in vitro modeling data as a part of an FDA Investigational Device Exemption submission for a pediatric circulatory support device. Initially, the types and value of modeling techniques that may be used are discussed. How the unique physiology, flow requirements, and anatomy of pediatric patients may affect modeling efforts is then reviewed. Modeling assumptions, justification, and validation are key aspects of modeling data to be submitted as a part of an FDA submission. Finally, key recommendations are made for the appropriate use of modeling data for an FDA clinical trial submission.
Development of Multiplex Real-Time RT-PCR as a Diagnostic Tool for Avian Influenza

Abstract A multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of the H5 and H7 avian influenza hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes was developed with hydrolysis type probes labeled with the FAM (H5 probe) and ROX (H7 probe) reporter dyes. The sensitivity of the H5-H7 subtyping assay was determined, using in vitro transcribed RNA templates, to have a reproducible detection limit for H7 of approximately 104 HA gene copies and approximately 104–105 HA gene copies of H5. A direct comparison of H5-H7 multiplex RRT-PCR with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) was performed with 83 AI RRT-PCR and virus isolation positive tracheal and cloacal swab samples obtained from various avian species and environmental swabs from live-bird markets in New York and New Jersey. Both multiplex RRT-PCR and HI agreed on the subtype determination of 79 (95.2%) of the 83 samples, of which 77 were positive for H7 and two were determined to be non-H5/non-H7 subtypes. No samples wer...
Species resistance and community response to wind disturbance regimes in northern temperate forests

Summary 1 Severe winds are the predominant cause of natural disturbance in temperate forests of north-eastern and north-central North America. Conceptual models of the effects of wind disturbance have traditionally focused on the impacts of catastrophic disturbances and have painted a simple picture of how disturbance acts to maintain tree species diversity. These models ignore variation among species characteristics that could have important consequences for both resistance to and recovery from disturbance. 2 We integrated an empirically parameterized, mechanistic model of windstorm mortality (WINDSTORM) and a seed-mass-based dispersal and recruitment model into a spatially explicit, individual tree model of forest dynamics (SORTIE) in order to create simulated long-term ‘experiments’ designed to explore the sensitivity of forest composition and structure to species-specific resistance to and recovery from disturbance. 3 We found that species-specific variation in resistance to wind mortality interacted strongly with: (i) shade tolerance characteristics, (ii) the medium-term history of disturbances, (iii) the long-term average severity of the disturbance regime and (iv) seedbed substrate dynamics to influence tree population dynamics and successional trajectories. 4 We also examined how local and long-distance dispersal affect response to wind disturbance. Ignoring differences among local dispersal characteristics overestimates the importance of dispersal-limited species. Our results show that long-distance immigration maintains species coexistence only if the immigration rate is very high relative to local dispersal. Despite this, stand-scale models that ignore long-distance dispersal can underestimate population dynamics of dispersal-limited species. 5 Our results indicate that landscape-scale heterogeneity in structure and species composition in these forests is facilitated by synergisms between the stochastic nature of wind disturbance and complex interactions between species traits that govern: (i) resistance to disturbance, (ii) local dispersal and seedling establishment and (iii) competitive (i.e. growth/survival) traits that do not adhere to strict tradeoffs. 6 We conclude that wind disturbance has much more complex and variable effects on long-term dynamics of forest structure and composition than suggested by previous models. In particular, non-catastrophic disturbances can generate important variation in forest dynamics that can either lead to dominance by a single or small number of species, or facilitate species coexistence.
Dynamic Deployment of Small Cells in TV White Spaces

The operation of small cells in TV white spaces (TVWSs) represents a coexistence challenge due to their unplanned deployment, their heterogeneous transmission technologies, and the scarcity of TVWS channels in crowded cities. Whenever a new small cell is switched on, a spectrum reassignment of already-deployed small cells can be used to avoid high interference and enable coexistence. However, as users may turn on and off their small cells at times, these reassignments may lead to frequent reconfigurations of already-deployed small cells. For this reason, a solution named small-cell dynamic deployment (SCDD) is designed to reassign TVWS channels only to the small cells in the neighborhood of the new cell. A channel allocation is proposed for SCDD formulated as an exact potential game. Its exact potential function is the sum of the average capacity of the small cells considered in the game. Results show that SCDD requires a few channel reconfigurations of already-deployed small cells because the channel assignment outside the neighborhood of the new cell remains unchanged. However, SCDD performs similarly to the case in which the allocation may modify the channels of all small cells already deployed.
Lyman Break Galaxies and Reionization of Universe

We present the star formation histories, luminosities, colors, mass-to-light ratios, and halo masses of "galaxies" formed in a simulation of cosmological reionization. We compare these galaxies with Lyman break galaxies observed at high redshift. While the simulation is severely limited by the small box size, the simulated galaxies do appear as fainter cousins of the observed ones. They have similar colors, and both simulated and observed galaxies can be fitted with the same luminosity function. This is significant to the process of reionization, since in the simulation the stars alone are responsible for reionization at a redshift consistent with that of the Gunn-Peterson trough seen in the absorption spectra of QSOs. The brightest galaxies at z = 4 are indeed quite young, in accord with observational studies. But these brightest galaxies are free riders—they contributed only about 25% to the reionization of the universe at z > 6. Instead, the bulk of the work was done by dimmer galaxies, those that fall within the 28 < I < 30 magnitude range at z ~ 4. These dimmer galaxies are not necessarily less massive than the brightest ones.
Phytotoxicity, uptake, and distribution of [14C] simazine in Canna hybrida ‘Yellow King Humbert’

Phytoremediation depends on the ability of plants to tolerate and assimilate contaminants. We have been interested in the use of common ornamental plants to ameliorate the impacts of pesticide waste on golf courses and ornamental plant nurseries. This research characterized the interaction between an ornamental, Canna hybrida ‘Yellow King Humbert,’ and the herbicide simazine. Simazine tolerance levels for C. hybrida were determined by exposing plants for 7 d to 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg-simazine/L aqueous nutrient media. Response endpoints included fresh mass production after 7 d of exposure and 7 d postexposure and quantum efficiency using dark-adapted and light-adapted plants. Simazine uptake and distribution within the plant was determined by exposing plants to 2.02 μCi [14C]simazine in nutrient media (0.242 mg/L) for 1, 3, 5, or 7 d. Plant tissues were combusted and analyzed by liquid scintillation counting. Fresh mass production was reduced 66 and 78% for plants exposed to 1.0 and 3.0 mg/L, respectively. Photosynthetic efficiency measured in dark-adapted plants was reduced 34 and 60% at the same respective concentrations, whereas photosynthetic efficiency measured in light-adapted plants was reduced 76 and 92%, respectively. Simazine activity in solution was reduced 80% over 7 d. By day 7, simazine (and/or an impurity) was distributed throughout the plant, but predominantly occurred in the leaves. Uptake of simazine was correlated with water uptake throughout the 7 d. These results suggest that C. hybrida may be a good candidate for incorporation into a phytoremediation scheme for simazine.
Anneal‐tunable Curie temperature and transport of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3

Resistivity measurements on a La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 film are reported for a series of argon anneals at successively higher temperatures. Tc, the ferromagnetic ordering temperature, increases uniformly with increasing annealing temperature and annealing time. Hence, Tc can be tuned by appropriate annealing. In order to fully anneal these samples, i.e., achieve bulk properties, it proves sufficient to anneal them in argon. Further annealing in oxygen produces only minor changes in the resistivity. Data from Tc up to 1200 K show activated conduction with ρ=BTeEa/kT, the temperature dependence predicted by the Emin–Holstein theory of adiabatic polaron hopping. Their model fits both data from the partially annealed and fully annealed samples better than the variable range hopping or semiconductor models which have been used by previous workers. The activation energy Ea and resistivity coefficient B decrease with increasing maximum anneal temperature. These changes, together with the increase in Tc, are consistent w...
Theoretical Study of Ion Pair SN2 Reactions: Ethyl vs Methyl Reactivities and Extension to Higher Alkyls

Identity SN2 reactions of methyl fluoride and chloride with fluoride and chloride ions are compared computationally with the ion pair displacement reactions of lithium fluoride and chloride and of sodium fluoride. The results with the RHF MP2 and B3LYP methods and the 6-31+G* basis set essentially confirm some previous results obtained by RHF and MPn methods. The ion pair reactions proceed via an initial dipole−dipole complex and a cyclic transition structure with highly bent X−C−X bonds that resemble a collection of two cations and two anions. Extension of the calculations to the corresponding ethyl systems gives lower ion pair barriers than methyl, completely different from the corresponding ionic barriers. The bending away of the halogens in the ion pair transition structures reduces steric effects. Analysis of charge distributions shows that in the ionic transition structures the nearby halogens electrostatically inhibit polarization and delocalization of charge. The nonlinear X−C−X bond angle in the ...
Colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) in pregnancy

Uterine growth factors appear to play a role in the regulation of pregnancy. One of these, colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), synthesized by the uterine epithelium under the control of female sex steroids, has been shown to have important functions both before implantation and during the formation of the placenta. In the female reproductive tract the CSF-1 receptor, the product of the c-fms proto-oncogene, is expressed in decidual cells, trophoblasts and macrophages, indicating that these cells are the primary targets for CSF-1. This article reviews the biology of CSF-1 during gestation as well as the possible involvement of CSF-1 and its receptor in the aetiology of gynaecological tumours.
The page number of genus g graphs is (g)

This paper disproves the conjecture that graphs of fixed genus g ≤ 1 have unbounded pagenumber (Bernhart and Kainen, 1979). We show that genus g graphs can be embedded in O(g) pages, and derive an O(√g) lower bound. We present the first algorithm in the literature for embedding an arbitrary graph in a book with a non-trivial upper bound on the number of pages. We first compute the genus g of a graph using the algorithm of Filotti, Miller, Reif (1979), and then apply our (optimal-time) algorithm for obtaining an O(g) page embedding. An important aspect of our construction is a new decomposition theorem, of independent interest, for a graph embedded on a surface. Book embedding has application in several areas, two of which are directly related to the results we obtain: fault-tolerant VLSI and complexity theory.
Spiritual Needs and Spiritual Care for Veterans at End of Life and Their Families

Spiritual care is an important domain of palliative care programs across the country and in the Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System specifically. This qualitative study assessed the spiritual needs, spiritual care received, and satisfaction with spiritual care of both Veterans at the end of life and their families. Seventeen Veterans and 9 family members participated. They expressed a wide range of spiritual needs, including a wish of Veterans to have a better understanding of traumatic events that occurred during their combat experience. Some Veterans reported military experience enhanced their spirituality. Generally, respondents reported satisfaction with VA spiritual care, but indicated that Veterans may benefit from greater access to VA chaplains and explicit discussion of the impact of their military experience on their spirituality.
Competitive Maps: The Structure Underlying Asymmetric Cross Elasticities

A special case of three-mode factor analysis is used to portray the systematic structure underlying asymmetric cross elasticities for a broad class of market-share attraction models. Analysis of the variation over retail outlets and weeks reveals competitive patterns corresponding to sales for the major brands in the market as well as patterns reflecting shelf-price competition. Analysis of the brand domain results in a joint space. One set of brand positions portrays how brands exert influence over the competition. The other set of points portrays how brands are influenced by others. The interset distances angles provide direct measures of competitive pressures. Maps are formed as spatial representations of each of the competitive patterns discovered.
The Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation Pledge: Calories Purchased by U.S. Households with Children, 2000–2012

Context An independent evaluation of the Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation (HWCF) marketplace pledge found that the participating companies met and exceeded their interim 2012 sales reduction pledge. Evidence acquisition This follow-up study conducted in 2013 used purchase data from 2000 to 2012 among U.S. households with children and compared trends in calorie purchases of HWCF, non-HWCF name brands, and private label (PL) products in the pre-pledge period (2000–2007) and the post-pledge period (2008–2012); controlled for potential effects of concurrent changes in demographic and economic factors, including the Great Recession and food prices; and assessed whether the HWCF marketplace pledge was associated with reductions in consumer packaged goods (CPG) calorie purchases by households with children. Evidence synthesis There has been a significant per capita decline in average daily CPG caloric purchases between 2000 and 2012 among households with children from all brand categories. Based on pre-pledge trends, declines in CPG caloric purchases were already occurring. However, post-pledge reductions in calories purchased from HWCF brands were less than expected, and reductions in calories purchased from non-HWCF name brands and PLs were greater than expected after economic, sociodemographic, and secular factors were accounted for. Conclusions If the 16 HWCF companies had been able to maintain their pre-pledge trajectory, there should have been an additional 42 kcal/capita/day reduction in calories purchased from HWCF products in 2012 among households with children. A lack of change in total CPG calories purchased between 2011 and 2012 calls into question the sustainability of the decline and a need for continued monitoring.
Letter to the Editors: in Defense of Visual Inspection

Cornelissen and Haus (1) are certainly correct in their assertion that computerized data collection and analysis are useful and important tools in chronobiological research. We also agree that circadian rhythm data should be subjected to multiple complementary analyses whenever possible. In fact, both of our laboratories currently employ on-line collection of behavioural activity data, as well as several different computer-assisted statistical procedures, including analyses similar to those referred to by Cornelissen and Haus in their commentary.
WDM interconnection network for traffic with group locality

Designing optical communication networks that support large numbers of processors, while maintaining acceptable performance under traffic patterns relevant to parallel- distributed computing, remains an open problem in optical networks research. Central obstacles to its solution appears to hinge on the inadequacy of the standard design methods to overcome the current limitations on the number of available wavelength channels per fiber and the cost and the technologically difficulty of fully-optical switching of wavelength channels. This paper proposes a WDM optical network architecture design within the limits of current technology. The design goals are to support a large number of nodes and to parametrically configure the network to perform with acceptable packet loss under a variety of offered traffic patterns consistent with communication primitives often used in parallel-distributed computing. Scalability problems due to the limitations of multiplexing in a single dimension (e.g., space, time, and wavelength) are alleviated by an orchestration of the communication traffic according to three design strategies: multidimensional space-time-wavelength multiplexing, spatial reuse of wavelengths, and parametrically driven network reconfiguration as collection groups each made up of processor-clusters where the number of processors per cluster is limited by the number of available wavelengths. The design does not require tunable components nor wavelength sensitive switching. A group-localized traffic model is proposed as a motivation for network design and used for its experimental evaluation.
Simulation of storm surge, wave, currents, and inundation in the Outer Banks and Chesapeake Bay during Hurricane Isabel in 2003: The importance of waves

[1] This paper investigates the effects of waves on storm surge, currents, and inundation in the Outer Banks and Chesapeake Bay during Hurricane Isabel in 2003 through detailed comparison between observed wind, wave, surge, and inundation data and results from an integrated storm surge modeling system, CH3D-SSMS. CH3D-SSMS, which includes coupled coastal and basin-scale storm surge and wave models, successfully simulated measured winds, waves, storm surge, currents, and inundation during Isabel. Comprehensive modeling and data analysis revealed noticeable effects of waves on storm surge, currents, and inundation. Among the processes that represent wave effects, radiation stress (outside the estuaries) and wave-induced stress (outside and inside the estuaries) are more important than wave-induced bottom stress in affecting the water level. Maximum surge was 3 m, while maximum wave height was 20 m offshore and 2.5 m inside the Chesapeake Bay, where the maximum wave-induced water level reached 1 m. Significant waves reached 3.5 m and 16 s at Duck Pier, North Carolina, and 1.6 m and 5 s at Gloucester, Virginia. At Duck, wave effects accounted for ∼36 cm or 20% of the peak surge elevation of 1.71 m. Inside the Chesapeake Bay, wave effects account for 5–10% of observed peak surge level. A two-layer flow is found at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, during the peak of storm surge owing to the combined effects of wind and wave breaking. Higher surge elevations result when the 3-D surge model, instead of the 2-D surge model, is coupled with the 2-D wave model owing to its relatively lower bottom friction. Wave heights obtained with 3- and 2-D surge models show little difference.
Bacterial Biofilms: Survival Mechanisms and Antibiotic Resistance

Biofilm represents single species or multi-species communities that interact and cooperate with each other and their environment to carry out complex processes. One of the most important challenges is to understand intercellular communications that exist within the community that promote biofilm formation. Biofilm currently represents a major health problem as it play an important role in device-related infections such as prosthetic valves, catheters and contact lenses. The present review will focus on the mechanisms that lead to biofilm formation on surfaces and highlight several medically important pathogens.
Accuracy of Positive Airway Pressure Device—Measured Apneas and Hypopneas: Role in Treatment Followup

Improved data transmission technologies have facilitated data collected from positive airway pressure (PAP) devices in the home environment. Although clinicians’ treatment decisions increasingly rely on autoscoring of respiratory events by the PAP device, few studies have specifically examined the accuracy of autoscored respiratory events in the home environment in ongoing PAP use. “PAP efficacy” studies were conducted in which participants wore PAP simultaneously with an Embletta sleep system (Embla, Inc., Broomfield, CO), which was directly connected to the ResMed AutoSet S8 (ResMed, Inc., San Diego, CA) via a specialized cable. Mean PAP-scored Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) was 14.2 ± 11.8 (median: 11.7; range: 3.9–46.3) and mean manual-scored AHI was 9.4 ± 10.2 (median: 7.7; range: 1.2–39.3). Ratios between the mean indices were calculated. PAP-scored HI was 2.0 times higher than the manual-scored HI. PAP-scored AHI was 1.5 times higher than the manual-scored AHI, and PAP-scored AI was 1.04 of manual-scored AI. In this sample, PAP-scored HI was on average double the manual-scored HI. Given the importance of PAP efficacy data in tracking treatment progress, it is important to recognize the possible bias of PAP algorithms in overreporting hypopneas. The most likely cause of this discrepancy is the use of desaturations in manual hypopnea scoring.
The practicality of vertical cephalopod shells as paleobathymetric markers

The depth to which an intact coiled cephalopod shell will sink with its plane of symmetry vertical is related to shell geometry. Equations that relate shell geometry to physical constants of pressure, sea-water density, and gravity yield the maximum depth of stable verticality of a shell. Water depths calculated from the geometries of vertical shells of Cymatoceras hilli (Shattuck), Drakeoceras drakei Young, and Mortoniceras wintoni (Adkins) from the Fort Worth Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Albian) of north-central Texas are used to reconstruct a portion of the paleobathymetry of the East Texas Embayment during late Fort Worth time. The maximum water depth to which shells with these geometries would have sunk with the plane of symmetry vertical range from 1.6 m for the least stable shell geometry ( D. drakei ) to 2.6 m for the most stable shell geometry ( C. hilli ). Water depths were deeper than 2.6 m at localities where no vertical shells were observed and shells with the plane of symmetry horizontal showed no evidence of being reworked from the vertical orientation.
Poster abstract: On the spatial characteristics of the gray region for 802.15.4 radios

Packet loss and energy consumption in sensor networks depend critically on the quality of the network's wireless links. In turn, link quality depends on the environment in which the RF signals propagate and the locations of the link's endpoints. Experimental results have shown that a low-power wireless link can be in one of three states or ‘regions’, as the inter-node distance increases: connected, transitional (gray), and disconnected. The gray region is characterized by extreme variability, whereby small differences in distance or end-point locations can lead to pronounced differences in loss rates. However, not all is lost. This work investigates the spatial characteristics of the gray region and experimentally shows that one can efficiently identify links with low loss rates within the radio's gray region. One of the possible applications of this finding is in the design of sparse, yet low-loss network deployments.
Study of A Pursuit-Evasion Guidance Law for High Performance Aircraft

This paper discusses the study of a one-on-one aircraft pursuit-evasion gidance scheme for high performance aircraft. The research objective is to implement a guidance law derived earlier [1] using differential game theory [2] in conjunction with the theory of feedback linearization. Unlike earlier research in this area, the present formulation explicitly recognizes the two sided nature of the pursuit-evasion scenario. Present research implements this guidance law in a realistic model of a modern high performance fighter aircraft [3]. The present paper will discuss the details of the guidance law, implementation in a highly detailed simulation of a high performance fighter, and numerical results for two engagement geometries. Modifications of the guidance law for on-board implementation will also be discussed.
The Effect of Emigration of Husbands of Husbands on the Status of their Wives: An Egyptian Case

It is a widespread pattern in many countries in the Third World for men to leave their families and migrate long distances in order to earn money. The effects of labor migration are usually studied using a macro approach: how migration effects the wages, labor supplies, and governmental policies on the national level. In this study, labor migration is studied using a micro approach: the effect of the migration of the husband on the relationships between husband and wife, mother and child, and wife and in-laws.
Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Ischemic Limbs

In this issue of Circulation , Baumgartner et al1 ). The plasmid DNA was injected directly into the muscle of ischemic limbs. Anatomic and functional efficacy was demonstrated by increased serum levels of VEGF, improved hemodynamic measurements and angiographic evaluation, reduced pain, increased healing of ischemic ulcers, limb salvage, and immunohistochemical evidence of proliferating endothelial cells in tissue specimens. The authors emphasize that this is the first medical therapy to achieve an increase in limb perfusion that is equivalent to or greater than successful surgical or percutaneous intervention. Direct intramuscular gene transfer of plasmid DNA appears to effectively stimulate collateral vessel growth, despite the lower transfection efficiency that is usually associated with gene therapy in the absence of a viral vector. This result has implications for other clinical trials of gene therapy that use intramuscular naked DNA. The fact that Isner’s group could prepare the plasmid for human use in a university medical center laboratory dedicated to this purpose reveals why gene therapy has moved so rapidly from the laboratory to the clinic, in contrast to protein therapy, which requires expensive manufacturing facilities and years of scale-up effort. Although the plasmid was injected into muscle of the ischemic limb, VEGF levels were apparently elevated in the whole circulation, as evidenced by transient peaks of VEGF in the serum and by edema of the ischemic limb and in some patients, in the opposite limb. The increased collateral vessels, however, are localized to the ischemic limb and do not develop in other areas of the body. This may reflect in part the short half-life of VEGF in the circulation (minutes) as well as the upregulation of receptors for VEGF in ischemic tissue. …
All American City: Rural and Urban Contingencies Under Capitalism in the Case of Allentown, Pennsylvania

The 'All American Cities' is an award handed out to ten cities annually by the National Civil League (formerly the National Municipal League). The organization was founded in 1894 in Philadelphia by a group of over 100 prominent leaders including Theodore Roosevelt, Louis Brandeis, Marshall Field, and Frederick Law Olmsted, who met to discuss the future of American cities. Allentown, Pennsylvania is a smallish city situated about 90 miles from New York City and 70 miles from Philadelephia. It was awarded the All American City title in 1962, 1974, 1975. Allentown would not win any awards now. Devastated by racial violence, gang turmoil, rising crime rates, and an impoverished farming community, the city has been utterly transformed. The title of 'All American City' may still be invoked ironically in that the situation of Allentown is a familiar tale in the rust belt. In this paper, I will examine this familiar tale through a different lens, that of 'place.' Situated between two major metropolitan centers, Allentown was, until recently, simultaneously a farming community and home to several major heavy industries including Mack Trucks and the nearby Bethlehem Steel. This paper explores the rise and decline of Allentown by focusing on its location at the nexus of urban and rural, its changing proximity to New York City due to the construction of new highways, and capital flight from the northeast.
The Exponential Representation of Unitary Matrices

(1964). The Exponential Representation of Unitary Matrices. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 111-112.
Synthesis of 3,3'-di-O-methyl ardimerin and exploration of its DNA binding properties.

The 3,3′-di-O-methyl derivative (15) of the bis-C-aryl glycoside natural product ardimerin (1) has been synthesized in 11 steps from 2,3,4,6-tetrabenzylglucose (2) and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene (3). Key steps in the synthesis involve a Lewis acid mediated Friedel–Crafts type glycosylation and a Yamaguchi lactonization under Yonemitsu conditions. 3,3′-Di-O-methyl ardimerin aggregates in aqueous solutions at concentrations greater than 1 μM, and both UV and fluorescence binding studies indicate that 15 has a low affinity for duplex DNA.
Carbamazepine for assaultive patients with organic brain disease.

Abstract Carbamazepine was administered to eight patients with organic brain disease characterized by aggressive and assaultive behavior refractory to conventional treatment. Improvement was observed in all patients, with the average number of assaults over pretreatment and post-treatment observation periods declining by more than half (P
Serum prolactin in seizure diagnosis: Glass half-full or half-empty?

Since the initial paper by Trimble in 19781 highlighting postictal levels of serum prolactin as a way to separate epileptic from nonepileptic seizures, PubMed has logged approximately 300 articles retrievable by the search terms “epilepsy” and “prolactin.” Despite this considerable body of work, the role of serum prolactin in diagnosis of seizures remains uncertain. In this issue of Neurology® Clinical Practice , Abubakr and Wambacq2 evaluated serum prolactin levels 20 minutes after a behavioral seizure–like event in 200 patients undergoing video-EEG recordings in an epilepsy monitoring unit. Using the video-EEG as the “gold standard,” they found prolactin to be elevated in all 22 patients with tonic-clonic seizures, 27 of 32 patients with complex partial seizures, and 42 of 146 patients with psychogenic seizures. For tonic-clonic seizures sensitivity was 100% and for complex partial seizures sensitivity was 84.4%. Overall, elevated prolactin occurred in 84.4% of patients with epileptic events and 28.8% of patients with nonepileptic events. Sensitivity and specificity in this study were comparable to the pooled sensitivity (52.6%) and specificity (92.8%) for all epileptic seizures in a previously published American Academy of Neurology Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee review of 10 studies.3
Cost-effectiveness of robotic surgery in gynecologic oncology.

Purpose of reviewRobotically assisted surgeries have flourished in the United States, especially in gynecological procedures. Current robotic systems have high upfront and procedure costs that have led many in the medical community to question the new technology's cost-effectiveness.Recent findingsR
Differential Response of Male Oriental Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Colored Traps Baited with Methyleugenol

The response of male oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, to colored plastic bucket traps baited with methyleugenol was determined in a commercial guava, Psidium guajava L., orchard. When traps were placed close together on stakes, white and yellow traps caught the largest number of flies, whereas green, red, and black caught the fewest. When traps were placed in guava trees, no significant difference in fly captures occurred, although white traps caught the most flies and the same general trend in trap efficiency occurred. Results suggest that the attractiveness of traps is due primarily to intensity of reflected light. The potential for improving trap efficiency in D. dorsalis monitoring and control programs is discussed.
High-Fidelity Optimization of Flapping Airfoils and Wings

We present the results of several optimizations for 2D airfoils and 3D wings undergoing periodic, apping-type motions. Optimizations are achieved by coupling highdelity 2D and 3D Navier-Stokes solvers with a gradient-based optimization algorithm. In 2D we consider a pitching and plunging NACA0012 airfoil and investigate the maximization of the propulsive e ciency. In 3D we consider a rectangular wing that is hinged at the root. The motion of the 3D wing is parameterized by spline control points that allow span-wise variation of both the dihedral angle and twist angle, allowing complex wing motions and deformations with relatively few parameters. Propulsive e ciency is maximized for the 3D wing in an non-twisting case as well as using one, two and four of these span-wise twist control points. The results of the optimizations lead to several conclusions, including that pitching and twisting can signi cantly improve the attainable propulsive e ciency, can delay the onset of leading edge separation, and that solutions that maximize propulsive e ciency appear to operate at the limit of leading edge separation.
Material and Device Characteristics of MBE Microwave Power FETs with Buffer Layers Grown at Low Temperature (300°C)

MBE GaAs grown at low temperature (300°C) is evaluated for its suitability as a buffer layer for microwave power FETs. Hall effect and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements show that low temperature (LT) buffers may have strong deleterious effects on the electronic quality of FET active layers unless they are heat-treated in-situ at 600°C and topped with a thin (~0. lμm) 600°C GaAs buffer prior to growth of the FET active layer. The voltage isolation properties of the LT buffers are found to be thermally stable to rapid thermal anneals up to 870°C for 10 seconds.
Summary of Main Arguments

The hypothesis that foci that are visualized with fMRI are signs of hubs rather than modules can be tested by combining hemodynamic imaging (Buxton, Introduction to functional magnetic resonance imaging: principles and techniques, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001, [1]) with EEG imaging (Barlow, The electroencephalogram: its patterns and origins, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1993, [2], Pfurtscheller, Functional brain imaging. Hans Huber Publishers, Lewiston, 1988, [3]) and MEG (Hamalainen, JAMA, Rev Mod Phys 65:413–497, 1993, [4]). Experimental data indicate that the necessary macroscopic frames with beta-gamma carrier frequencies are readily found in human volunteers engaged in cognitive tasks by several research groups.
Optimizing the predictive value of diagnostic decision rules

An approach to finding an optimal solution for an important diagnostic problem is described. Examples are taken from laboratory medicine, where the problem can be stated as finding the best combination of tests for making a diagnosis. These tests are typically numerical with unknown decision thresholds. Because of uncertainty in classification, the solution is described in terms of maximizing measures of decision rule performance on a data base of cases, for example maximizing positive predictive value, subject to a constraint of a minimum sensitivity. The resultant rules are quite similar to classifi cation production rules, and the procedures described should be valid for many knowledge acquisition and refinement tasks. The solution is found by a heuristic search procedure, and empirical results for several data bases and published studies are described.
The Dōngběi varieties of Mandarin

The Dōngběi dialects comprise a Mandarin subgroup that is related to, but nevertheless clearly distinct from, the Běijīng dialect. The dialects are an exceedingly young variety formed by a huge wave of emigrants from northern Chinese provinces who moved into the theretofore sparsely populated Manchurian territory in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The new immigrants were primarily from Shāndōng and Heběi and they came in numbers that overwhelmed the languages spoken by the previous inhabitants, comingling with each other, then developing into a new set of regional varieties of Mandarin. This paper first examines the history of the population in China’s northeast and its growth from the beginning of the Qīng dynasty in the mid 17th century to its peak in the 20th, paying particular attention to the origins of the large Chinese speaking migration into the region at the end of the dynasty. Following, our study looks at the phonology and lexicon of the new regional varieties — the northeastern Mandarin dialects, investigating their characteristics and classification to show that historical and geographic factors have resulted in discernable differences between the Dōngběi and Běijīng dialects, differences that are sufficient to warrant separate classification.