cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“If I’m in the Grass and These Boots Overflow, I Could Water the Plants”: Exploring the Natural World as Service Learning with Young Children

Service learning is a valuable learning tool when properly integrated into educational settings, yet relatively little research explores this form of experiential education with preschool-aged children. A particular challenge is identifying developmentally-appropriate methods of reflection, a key component of service learning. The chapter will explore environmental stewardship in a Reggio-inspired preschool as a form of service learning in young children. We will demonstrate, through our own research as well as extant developmental theoretical frameworks, that affording young children positive relationships with nature cultivates the next generation of environmental stewards. Fostering environmental stewardship through developmentally-appropriate, engaging experiences is a unique form of service learning in that it connects with community values and needs on a local and global scale. Furthermore, it integrates with the Reggio Emilia early childhood pedagogical approach in which the environment is considered a “third educator.” Finally, this form of service learning provides opportunities for children to reflect through interactions with peers, intentional teacher guidance, regular interviews at school, photo-documentation of children’s ongoing experiences, and activities that demonstrate respect and valuing of the natural world including growing and eating their own food, recycling, picking up trash, and mindful meditation in natural outdoor environments.
Advances in volt-var control approaches in utility distribution systems

In recent years, voltage and reactive power control in distribution systems is becoming increasingly complex with the growing penetration levels of distributed energy resources (DER), electric vehicle loads, and new requirements like conservation voltage reduction (CVR). Traditional approaches of voltage control rely on slow acting electromechanical devices installed on the primary feeder. These approaches are not suitable for handling the changing paradigm in the distribution systems towards smart grid. Advanced volt-var control technologies like smart inverters and other distributed secondary-side voltage regulation devices are perceived to be the key enabling technologies to meet the requirements of future smart grid such as effective voltage control and ability for seamless integration of DER. This paper reviews existing and emerging volt-var control techniques in the distribution systems with DER.
Institutionalizing Black Studies at the University of California

Three campuses of the University of California, Berkeley (UCB), Santa Barbara, and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)—provide a case study of the proposition that Black Studies is most successful as a program or research center rather than a department. The “Yale program model” was financially supported by the Ford Foundation, which was mainly concerned with the perceived academic legitimacy of Black Studies. The field, however, has moved toward the department model that emphasized identity and oppositional space. The latter model has permitted Black Studies units to develop graduate programs that ensure the longevity of the field and generate innovation.
Hepatitis C viraemia reversibly maintains subset of antigen-specific T-bet+ tissue-like memory B cells.

Summary Background: Chronic antigen exposure and/or ageing increases the frequency of T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet)-expressing B-lymphocytes in mice. The frequency and significance of B-cell T-bet expression during chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection in human subjects has never been described. Methods: Healthy controls, cirrhotic and noncirrhotic HCV-infected patients, and non-HCV patients with cirrhosis were recruited. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were phenotyped for expression of T-bet and related markers by flow cytometry. In a subset of patients who underwent antiviral therapy and were cured of HCV infection (sustained virological response), the dynamics of T-bet expression in B cells was monitored. After cure, convalescent B cells were tested for T-bet expression after re-exposure to infected plasma or recombinant HCV proteins. Results: Forty-nine patients including 11 healthy donors, 30 hepatitis C-infected individuals (nine with liver cancer, 13 with cirrhosis, eight without cirrhosis) and eight patients with cirrhosis due to non-HCV-related cause were recruited. We found that B cells in patients with chronic HCV exhibited increased frequency of T-bet+ B cells relative to noninfected individuals (median 11.5% v. 2.2%, P<.0001) but that there were no significant differences between noncirrhotic, cirrhotic and cancer-bearing infected individuals. T-Bet+ B cells expressed higher levels of CD95, CXCR3, CD11c, CD267 and FcRL5 compared to T-bet− B cells and predominantly exhibit a tissue-like memory CD27−CD21− phenotype independent of HCV infection. T-bet+ B cells in HCV-infected patients were more frequently class-switched IgD−IgG+ (40.4% vs. 26.4%, P=.012). Resolution of HCV infection with direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy leads to a marked reduction in the frequency of T-bet+ B cells (median 14.1% pretreatment v. 6.7% end of treatment v. 6.1% SVR12, P≤.01). Re-exposure of convalescent (cured) B cells to viremic plasma and recombinant HCV E2 protein led to re-expression of T-bet. Conclusion: Chronic antigenemia in chronic HCV infection induces and maintains an antigen-specific T-bet+ B cell. These B cells share markers with tissue-like memory B cells. Antigen-driven T-bet expression may be a critical suppressor of B-cell activation in chronic HCV infection.
Thromboembolic Events (TEE) with Lenalidomide-Based Therapies for Multiple Myeloma (MM): Emory Experience.

Abstract 3888 Poster Board III-824 Introduction Lenalidomide is a derivative of thalidomide with an additional amino group at position 4 and removal of a carbonyl group that has enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity relative to its parent compound. However, studies have reported the incidence of TEE from 3-23.8%. We proceeded to evaluate incidence and risk factors of TEE associated with lenalidomide-based therapies in patients with multiple myeloma at our institution. Methods We reviewed 152 records of patients that were prescribed lenalidomide from prescribing information obtained from Celgene pharmaceuticals as well as reviewing patient information from all clinical trials from 2004 until October 2008. IRB approval was obtained. 146 patients (pts) were included in study after excluding 6 pts in whom lenalidomide was used for non-myeloma indications. Lenalidomide was indicated for induction in 22 (15%) pts and for maintenance/salvage in 124 (85%) pts. Results 81 (55.5%) pts were male and 65 (44.5%) were female. White pts (65%) contributed to majority of our pt population. Median age (range) is 62 months (23-87); stage III disease is seen in 23 pts (22%); median (range) β-2 microglobulin is 2.68 (0.8-43.51) and median (range) creatinine is 1.05 (0.6-21). Pts received a median (range) of 7 (1-58) cycles. Overall ten (6.8%) TEEs were observed including nine venous TEEs (6.12%) and one arterial TEE (0.68%). Nine pts developed TEE despite being on ASA prophylaxis. Median (range) time to event was 17 weeks (4-158). Median (range) cycles of lenalidomide before the event were 3.5 (1-38). 60% of events took place in the first 4 months of initiation of therapy. On univariate analysis, erythropoietin use vs. none (21.4% vs. 5.3% p=0.023); median number of cycles ≥7 vs. <7 (11.1% vs. 2.7% p=0.044) and previous history of DVT vs. none (20% vs. 4.1%; p=0.014) were identified as significant risk factors. Steroid doses, BMI were not identified as risk factors. On multivariate analysis, age <60 (HR 0.11 95%CI 0.00-0.50; p = 0.021) had a significant protective impact on developing TEE. Median survival (range) in pts with TEE is 102 months (100.4-103.6) and pts without TEE is 99 months (79.38-118.62); log rank 0.125. Conclusion Neither high dose steroids nor the BMI were identified as risk factors for TEE. All pts with venous TEE had high risk factors validating the risk model of IMWG. No impact on overall survival was seen between pts with TEE and pts without TEE. Disclosures: Kaufman: Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Millenium: Consultancy; Genzyme: Consultancy; Merck: Research Funding. Heffner: Millenium: Honoraria. Gleason: Millenium: Consultancy. Lonial: Celgene: Consultancy; Millennium: Consultancy, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Gloucester: Research Funding.
March sadness: Coping with fan identity threat

Abstract While a majority of team identification studies have focused on the influence of psychological connection on organizational objectives, it is important to also examine the influence of team identification on fans in terms of their well-being. Considering the latter, there has been a relative lack of inquiry into how identified fans cope with identity threat, such as program scandal. In the current study, the author uses autoethnography, an interpretive ethnographic mode of inquiry, to examine her Syracuse University Men’s Basketball fandom and her reaction to sanctions imposed on the program in 2015. In doing so, the author finds that she relied on multiple emotion-focused coping strategies over a one-year period to deal with identity threat until a series of positive team-related events restored her identity. The author also finds that her role identities as fan and scholar frequently conflicted one another. Theoretical, methodological, and managerial implications of the current study are discussed.
Feature space for edgels in images with landmarks

In many current medical applications of image analysis, objects are detected and delimited by boundary curves or surfaces. Yet the most effective multivariate statistics available pertain to labeled points (landmarks) only. In the finite-dimensional feature space that landmarks support, each case of a data set is equivalent to a deformation map deriving it from the average form. This paper introduces a new extension of the finite-dimensional spline-based approach for incorporating edge information. In this implementation edgels are restricted to landmark loci: they are interpreted as pairs of landmarks at infinitesimal separation in a specific direction. The effect of changing edge direction is a singular perturbation of the thin-plate spline for the landmarks alone. An appropriate normalization yields a basis for image deformations corresponding to changes of edge direction without landmark movement; this basis complements the basis of landmark deformations ignoring edge information. We derive explicit formulas for these edge warps, evaluate the quadratic form expressing bending energies of their formal combinations, and show the resulting spectrum of edge features in typical scenes. These expressions will aid all investigations into medical images that entail comparisons of anatomical scene analyses to a normative or typical form.
What Happens After Reacting? A Follow-Up Study of Past RTTP Participants at a Public Regional University

This chapter’s authors conducted an online survey of two matched groups of Eastern Michigan University (EMU) students and former students. Surveying a cohort of Reacting to the Past (RTTP)-experienced students and EMU students with no RTTP exposure produced findings on student engagement with learning, civic engagement, choice of major, career preparation, and in the case of the RTTP group, information about the class taken, depth of learning, and which elements of RTTP students considered most valuable. The authors report surprising results regarding the comparisons on student performance, retention, and disruption of students’ perceptions of success.
Gallbladder Cancer and Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

Surgical resection improves survival for patients with gallbladder cancer and extraheptatic cholangiocarcinoma and should be considered in the absence of metastatic disease. Adjuvant chemoradiation following surgery has demonstrated benefit in multiple retrospective studies and is generally recommended for advanced T-stage, node-positive, or margin-positive disease. Definitive chemoradiation is used in patients with unresectable non-metastatic disease. This chapter outlines treatment planning approaches for adjuvant and definitive radiation as a component of multimodality therapy for patients with non-metastatic gallbladder cancer and extrahepatic cholangicarcinoma.
Thymosin α1: Chemistry, Mechanism of Action and Clinical Applications

Thymosin α1, is a 28 amino acid, 3108 molecular weight acidic peptide isolated from thymosin fraction 5 (1). Its amino acid sequence is homologous in murine, bovine and human species (2) and a chemically synthesized version (3) has shown activity similar to the native peptide in modulating T-cell maturation (1).
A New Approach for Determining Mechanical Properties of Thermoset Resins

A new approach for using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), to characterize the mechanical properties of thermoset resins has been developed. This new thermoanalytical method requires that the existing clamping mechanism of the DuPont 981 Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer be modified with semi-half rounds on each face of the clamps. This modification allows the clamping of thermoplastic tubing to be attached to the vibrating arms of the instrument. Thermosetting resin is loaded into the tubing and sealed with thermoplastic plugs. The resin is polymerized upon heating and the cure cycle is obtained. In addition, a rod specimen that has dimensional stability is formed and can be analyzed for the mechanical properties of the resin only.
The structure of moderately strong winds at a mid-Atlantic coastal site /below 75m/

Velocity and temperature measurements were obtained from an instrumented 76-meter meteorological tower located near the Atlantic Ocean at Wallops Island, Virginia. The instrumentation consists of a slow-response cup-vane and resistance temperature system and a hot-film, thermocouple system for turbulence measurements. Results are presented for moderately strong winds from westerly directions (category I) and for on-shore winds from southerly directions (category II). Results from category I winds indicate the presence of low-frequency velocity fluctuations affecting all turbulence parameters similar to the observations made in Kansas and Minnesota. Winds of category II experience a change in surface roughness and surface temperature as they cross the coast line, resulting in the development of an internal boundary layer. The stable ocean air above the IBL shows extremely low turbulence levels (less than 3%). Because of the lack of turbulent mixing with adjacent layers, Coriolis effects are important and profiles with a maximum velocity at heights between 60-200 m exist.
Ultrasound-Guided Knee Injections

Intra-articular knee injections as well as other peripheral joint injections have been successfully utilized for several decades [1]. Knee injections may be completed for both diagnostic and therapeutic goals. More recently, in 1997 exogenous high molecular weight hyaluronan viscosupplementation was approved to treat knee osteoarthritis in the United States by the FDA.
Plasmonic nanoparticle-based epoxy photocuring: A deeper look

Abstract Many epoxy adhesives require high temperatures to bond composite materials. However, oven heating severely restricts what may be attached or enclosed within composite material-based structures and greatly limits the possibilities for repair. Inspired by initial reports of photothermal epoxy curing using plasmonic nanoparticles, we examine how laser-illuminated Au nanoparticles embedded within high-temperature epoxy films convert the conventional thermal curing process into a photothermally driven one. Our theoretical investigations reveal that plasmonic nanoparticle-based epoxy photocuring proceeds through a four-stage process: a rapid, plasmon-induced temperature increase, a slow localized initialization of the curing chemistry that increases the optical absorption of the epoxy film, a subsequent temperature increase as the epoxy absorbs the laser radiation directly, and a final stage that completes the chemical transformation of the epoxy film to its cured state. Our experimental studies validate this model, and also reveal that highly local photocuring can create a stronger bond between composite materials than thermal curing without nanoparticles, at times even stronger than the composite material itself, substantially reducing the time needed for the curing process. Our findings support key advances in our understanding of this approach to the rapid, highly efficient bonding and repair of composite materials.
The Role of Effective Leadership on Turnover in Work groups: Evidence from a Government Agency

Much of previous research on employee turnover in government agencies has examined intended rather than actual turnover behavior of public employees. The limited research that has examined turnover...
17 Crisis Intervention

This chapter presents a summary of the historical highlights and the theoretical influences on the development of modern crisis intervention theory that provide the groundwork for our current understanding of crisis intervention. More recent, advanced interventions, such as solution-focused therapy, cognitive therapy, and psychological first aid, are also discussed. A conceptual overview and framework for identifying, assessing, and treating individuals or groups experiencing a crisis is outlined. Additionally, examples of specific events are used to illustrate the implementation of specific assessments and interventions in providing crisis intervention services. Further, current research and recent trends are reviewed, along with relevant policy and legal issues. Finally, a description of how mental health teams are formed and mobilized to provide crisis intervention services at disaster sites and in a variety of mental health care settings is provided. Keywords: crisis; trauma; stress; coping; assessment; intervention
“Our Anglo-Saxon Colleagues”: French Administration of Niger and the Constraining Embrace of British Northern Nigeria

The Hausa-speaking region of West Africa, including French Niger (1900–1958) and British Northern Nigeria (1897–1953), allows an exploration of how French and British administrators perceived one another as they looked across the border and what they made of the differences they saw. Britain’s portion of Hausaland was home to the largest Islamic state in Africa—the Sokoto Caliphate—becoming in many ways a model for indirect rule. The French took territories hostile to Sokoto, including Maradi, Tsibiri, and Zinder, the colonial boundary reiterating precolonial divides. Drawing from French administrative reports, this chapter explores how French administrators’ readings of precolonial history affected their interpretation of the British, how local dynamics became projected onto the opposing colonial power, and how the differing strategies of the two powers (relative to ending the slave trade, managing the hajj, regulating Anglophone missionaries, and recruiting military labor) prompted rethinking, readjustment, and reassessment of French policy, particularly in the postwar era.
Ureterostomy as an alternative to ileal conduits in pediatric kidney transplantation.

INTRODUCTION Urinary diversion in pediatric renal transplant candidates with bladders not amenable to primary reconstruction can be achieved by pre-transplant ileal conduit creation. We performed cutaneous ureterostomies to limit pre-transplant surgery, protect the peritoneum for dialysis, transplant patients sooner, and preserve ureter length for future surgical reconstruction. METHODS We compared four pediatric transplant recipients with ureterostomies to four recipients with ileal conduits from 2009 to 2017. RESULTS All patients with ileal conduits developed at least one urinary tract infection (UTI) within 1 year of transplant and three of four patients had recurrent UTIs within the first year. Two patients required ileal conduit revisions for redundant conduits and recurrent UTIs. Of the four ureterostomy patients, two patients had UTIs within one year of transplant. Two patients developed ureterostomy strictures requiring revision at the fascial level; one was associated with a UTI. CONCLUSION In our small case series, ureterostomy allowed for a single operative intervention with preservation of ureter length for later reconstruction. Ureterostomy is safe and recurrent UTI may be lower in the ureterostomy group. Long-term evaluation of ureterostomy for urinary diversion in pediatric kidney transplant is warranted.
Chapter 14 – Insects

Publisher Summary Insects have three general body regions—the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head bears such structures as the antennae, eyes, and mouthparts. It evolves from the fusion of six or seven anterior segments from the ancestral Annelida–Arthropoda line. Aquatic insects, for the most part, undergo one of two kinds of development, termed hemimetabolous and holometabolous. Hemimetabolous insects pass through three distinct life stages—egg, immature (often called a nymph or naiad), and adult, which is terrestrial. Examples of hemimetabolous insects include stoneflies, mayflies, and dragonflies. Holometabolous insects undergo complete metamorphosis and pass through four life stages—egg, immature (usually called a larva), pupa, and adult. Insects, in relation to their high diversity in rivers and streams, can be found occupying just about every available niche present. They are found on the top, sides, and bottom of stones, deep within the substratum, floating in the current, and even in the surface film. In softer bottoms, insects build tubes within which they maintain a current of water with their gills to obtain fresh, oxygenated water and food. Some insects work the sediments in a way that is similar to that of the earthworms. Others build portable cases of inorganic or organic matter and live within these structures as they seek food. Some build fixed retreats on stones, wood, or other solid substrate and let the current bring their food to them.
Quantile-dependent expressivity of plasma adiponectin concentrations may explain its sex-specific heritability, gene-environment interactions, and genotype-specific response to postprandial lipemia.

Background "Quantile-dependent expressivity" occurs when the effect size of a genetic variant depends upon whether the phenotype (e.g. adiponectin) is high or low relative to its distribution. We have previously shown that the heritability (h2 ) of adiposity, lipoproteins, postprandial lipemia, pulmonary function, and coffee and alcohol consumption are quantile-specific. Whether adiponectin heritability is quantile specific remains to be determined. Methods Plasma adiponectin concentrations from 4,182 offspring-parent pairs and 1,662 sibships from the Framingham Heart Study were analyzed. Quantile-specific heritability from offspring-parent (β OP,h2 = 2β OP/(1 + rspouse)) and full-sib regression slopes (β FS, h2 = {(1 + 8rspouse β FS)0.05-1}/(2rspouse)) were robustly estimated by quantile regression with nonparametric significance assigned from 1,000 bootstrap samples. Results Quantile-specific h2 (± SE) increased with increasing percentiles of the offspring's age- and sex-adjusted adiponectin distribution when estimated from β OP (P trend = 2.2 × 10-6): 0.30 ± 0.03 at the 10th, 0.33 ± 0.04 at the 25th, 0.43 ± 0.04 at the 50th, 0.55 ± 0.05 at the 75th, and 0.57 ± 0.08 at the 90th percentile, and when estimated from β FS (P trend = 7.6 × 10-7): 0.42 ± 0.03 at the 10th, 0.44 ± 0.04 at the 25th, 0.56 ± 0.05 at the 50th, 0.73 ± 0.08 at the 75th, and 0.79 ± 0.11 at the 90th percentile. Consistent with quantile-dependent expressivity, adiponectin's: (1) heritability was greater in women in accordance with their higher adiponection concentrations; (2) relationships to ADIPOQ polymorphisms were modified by adiposity in accordance with its adiponectin-lowering effect; (3) response to rosiglitazone was predicted by the 45T> G ADIPOQ polymorphism; (4) difference by ADIPOQ haplotypes increased linearly with increasing postprandial adiponectin concentrations. Conclusion Adiponectin heritability is quantile dependent, which may explain sex-specific heritability, gene-environment and gene-drug interactions, and postprandial response by haplotypes.
Educational Downgrading: Adult Education and Downward Mobility:

Scholarship on adult education throughout the life course focuses on the relationship between education and upward mobility. Scholars rarely examine how adults’ educational aspirations or trajector...
Finsler differential geometry in continuum mechanics: Fundamental concepts, history, and renewed application to ferromagnetic solids:

Finsler differential geometry enables enriched mathematical and physical descriptions of the mechanics of materials with microstructure. The first propositions for Finsler geometry in solid mechani...
Earthquake engineering handbook

PART 1: FUNDAMENTALS Earthquakes-Historical Perspective, Charles Scawthorn Earthquake Risk Management-An Overview, Charles Scawthorn Dynamics of Structures, Jorma K. Arros PART 2: GEOSCIENCE ASPECTS Earthquakes: Seismogenesis, Measurement and Distribution, Charles Scawthorn Engineering Models of Strong Ground Motion, Kenneth W. Campbell Simulation Modeling of Strong Ground Motion, M. Erdik and E. Durukal Geotechnical and Foundation Aspects, Horst Brandes Seismic Hazard Analysis, Paul C. Thenhaus and Kenneth W. Campbell Tsunami and Seiche, Costa Synolakis Soil-Structure Interaction, James J. Johnson PART 3: STRUCTURAL ASPECTS Building Code Provisions for Seismic Resistance, Ronald O. Hamburger, S.E. Seismic Design of Steel Structures, Ronald O. Hamburger, S.E and Niaz A. Nazir, SE Reinforced Concrete Structures, Y.L. Mo Precast and Tilt-Up Buildings, Charles Scawthorn and D.L. McCormick Wood Structures, J. Daniel Dolan Seismic Behaviour, Design and Retrofitting of Masonry, Richard E. Klingner Base Isolation, Yeong-Bin Yang, Kuo-Chun Chang and Jong-Dar Yau Bridges, Lian Duan and W.F. Chen Structural Control, Hirokazu Iemura and Mulyo Harris Pradono Equipment and Systems, Gayle S. Johnson Seismic Vulnerabilify, Keith Porter PART 4: INFRASTRUCTURE ASPECTS Lifeline Seismic Risk, Ronald T. Eguchi Buried Pipelines, Michael J. O'Rourke Water and Wastewater Systems, Don Ballantyne Electrical Power Systems, Anshel J. Schiff Dams and Appurtenant Facilities, Gilles J. Bureau Ports Structures, Susumu Iai PART 5: SPECIAL TOPICS Human Impacts of Earthquakes, Hope A. Seligson and Kimberley I. Shoaf Fire Following Earthquake, Charles Scawthorn Hazardous Materials, Guna Selvaduray Loss Estimation, Mahmoud Khater, Charles Scawthorn and James J. Johnson Insurance and Financial Risk Transfer, Charles Scawthorn, Howard Kunreuther and Richard Roth Emergency Planning, Charles Scawthorn Developing an Earthquake Mitigation Program, Charles Scawthorn
Entropy production and a toy model as to irregularities in the CMBR spectrum

While assuming the relatively narrow spectrum of graviton frequencies in the onset of inflation, it is necessary to examine how this could tie into instanton-anti-instanton production. We do so via a thermal input from the prior universe model. We also discuss how the break up of such structure could influence later inflationary cosmology �physics. The following paper attempts a thought experiment as to how to present a genesis of irregularites in the CMBR spectrum. This is not meant to be a substitute for Sakar�s ground breaking work, but an addendium as to how the initially very smooth start of inflation could lead to the pronounced irregularities Dr. Sarkar commented upon.
Developing Probes for Molecular Imaging

Nuclear Medicine is a priori an entity that provides images with a molecular basis. The current PET imaging with the workhorse agent 18F-FDG quantifies glucose metabolism; the upcoming agent 18F-FLT enables imaging of cellular proliferation (Larson 2009). Furthermore, there are radiolabeled antibodies and peptides in clinical use and even more in clinical trials. Together, these help define classical molecular imaging with targeted (e.g. antibodies, MIBG) imaging agents. Not surprisingly, PET imaging is advertized in the community as molecular imaging and has been labeled as such for quite some time. However, while Nuclear Medicine is certainly one of the driving forces to further clinical molecular imaging there are other modalities that contribute to the field of molecular imaging today and they should not be underestimated (Weissleder and Mahmood 2001; Weissleder 2006). These add alternative perspectives to this growing discipline in addition to their increasing importance of multimodality imaging, which may bring new modalities into the realm of Nuclear Medicine in the future. This trend has already begun with the advent of MRI/PET (Schlemmer 2008), the future may see even more novel combinations, for example with optical imaging modalities (Kirsch 2007) or optical imaging of radiotracers through Cerenkov imaging (Ruggiero 2010). This chapter will make the reader more familiar with molecular imaging agents beyond PET.
CONGENITAL INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIA: CT DEMONSTRATION IN A YOUNG CHILD

There have been few reports of the CT findings of intestinal lymphangiectasia in adults, and no CT descriptions have been reported in the literature in children. We describe the CT appearance of a biopsy-proven case of primary small intestinal lymphangiectasia in a 3-year-old boy, and we will review the limited literature on the CT findings in this disorder in adults.
Can we predict future depression in residents before the start of clinical training

and found that individualswith low SoC scores were 3.5 (95%conﬁdence interval 1.8–6.8) timesmore likely to become depressedthan those with high SoC scores ina comparison of extreme thirds.Here, we raise the question of howthis powerful tool might be incor-porated into residency programmesto prevent the development ofdepression among trainees.In general, residency programmeshave employed a reactive approachto the treatment of trainee depres-sion. In the best-case scenario,depressed residents self-refer tomental health services, receive adiagnosis of depression, and areprovided with care. However, thisdiagnose–treat model has signiﬁ-cant drawbacks. In addition toinvolving waiting until residentsbecome depressed – and, as thedata show, up to one third will
Regulated secretion of beta-amyloid precursor protein in rat brain

The beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a ubiquitous, highly conserved secretory glycoprotein that is expressed at high levels in mammalian brain by neurons, astrocytes, and activated microglia. Secreted APP (APPs) is generated by the cleavage of APP within the beta-amyloid (A beta) portion of its ectodomain. The formation and secretion of APPs can be increased by activation of particular neurotransmitter receptors and subsequent protein phosphorylation. We found that tissue slices from rat cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum secrete APPs in vitro. APPs secretion was enhanced by electrical stimulation, but was not associated with a general increase in the release of total protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, or neuronal cell adhesion molecules. The pharmacological profile of stimulation-induced APPs secretion suggests complex interactions between muscarinic receptor subtypes in the tissue slices: in the unstimulated state, activation of Muscarinic M1 receptors increased APPs release while nonspecific activation of multiple muscarinic receptors had little effect on APPs release; in electrically stimulated slices, nonspecific inhibition of muscarinic receptors blunted the increase in APPs secretion. The nonspecific muscarinic agonist carbachol increased APPs secretion only in the presence of an M2 receptor antagonist, suggesting that activation of M2 receptors suppresses APPs formation. These data indicate that secretory APP processing in brain includes depolarization-enhanced cleavage of the cell-associated holoprotein within its ectodomain, and that the net effect of depolorization involves several subtypes of acetylcholine receptors.
Calculus on Manifolds

The equations of mathematical physics are typically ordinary or partial differential equations for vector or tensor fields over Riemannian manifolds whose group of isometries is a Lie group. It is taken as axiomatic that the equations be independent of the observer, in a sense we shall make precise below; and the consequence of this axiom is that the equations are invariant with respect to the group action. The action of a Lie group on tensor fields over a manifold is thus of primary importance. The action of a Lie group on a manifold M induces in a natural way automorphisms of the algebra of C∞ functions over M and on the algebra of tensor fields over M. The one parameter subgroups of the group induce one parameter subgroups of automorphisms of the tensor fields. The infinitesimal generators of these groups of automorphisms are the Lie derivatives of the action.
Nonlinear effects of non-Foster matching networks

Non-Foster circuits (NFCs) can overcome bandwidth and performance limitations of passive antennas and metamaterial structures. However, these active circuits have nonlinear transistors which can introduce undesirable effects at high signal power levels. A non-Foster matching network has been designed for a small loop antenna, and its broadband matching capability has been examined at varying signal power levels. It has been observed that the NFC impedance changes considerably as the signal power increases, thus reducing its matching capability as well as introducing stability problems.
Genetic epistasis of IL23/IL17 pathway genes in Crohn’s disease

Background: The IL23/IL17 pathway is pivotal in the development of chronic mucosal inflammation seen in Crohn's disease (CD). Genetic variants in the IL23R and IL12B have been associated with CD susceptibility. We investigated 10 genes within the IL23/IL17 pathway in a case-control study of 763 CD cases and 254 healthy controls. Methods: We identified a novel association in haplotypes in IL17A (empirical P = 0.02), IL17RA (P = 0.001), IL17RD (P = 0.001), IL12RB1 (P = 0.003), and IL12RB2 (P = 0.001) as well as confirming the association with IL12B variants (P = 0.003). Results: The cumulative risk for carrying an increased number of CD risk haplotypes from genes in this pathway rises to an odds ratio of 4.3 for carrying 5 risk haplotypes. We have previously demonstrated an association between this cohort and IL23R haplotypes. Pairwise analyses suggest that there is statistical interaction between variants in IL17A and IL23R (P = 0.047) and between variants in IL17RA and IL23R (P = 0.036). Furthermore, a significant association between CD and the widely replicated IL23R variants is only seen in the presence of IL17A or IL17RA variants. Conclusions: These data support the investigation of pathways implicated in CD pathogenesis in order to identify further susceptibility genes and also suggest that important gene–gene interaction is present in CD susceptibility. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009)
The Obese Smoker's Wage Penalty*

Objective. Smoking and obesity are associated with significant wage penalties when considered separately. We assess the combined effects of those behaviors. Methods. We estimate the effects of smoking and obesity on wages using multivariate regression analysis with 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data. Results. The raw data indicate that obese smokers experience large earnings penalties. However, these penalties are not found to be interactive or directly causal for most of the demographic subgroups we examine. One exception is the wage penalty associated with obesity for females, which remains significant throughout the analysis. Conclusions. In the absence of a demonstrable direct causal effect of those behaviors on wages, associated individual-specific socioeconomic factors appear to be the driving forces behind the obese smoker wage penalty. Not included, but potentially significant, are the effects of employer and customer discrimination against obese smokers and the possible labor policy implications of such discrimination.
Afterbody Heating Predictions for a Mars Science Laboratory Entry Vehicle

The Mars Science Laboratory mission intends to deliver a large rover to the Martian surface within 10 km of its target site. One candidate entry vehicle aeroshell consists of a 3.75-m diameter, 70-deg sphere-cone forebody and a biconic afterbody similar to that of Viking. This paper presents computational fluid dynamics predictions of laminar afterbody heating rates for this configuration and a 2010 arrival at Mars. Computational solutions at flight conditions used an 8-species Mars gas model in chemical and thermal non-equilibrium. A grid resolution study examined the effects of mesh spacing on afterbody heating rates and resulted in grids used for heating predictions on a reference entry trajectory. Afterbody heating rate reaches its maximum value near 0.6 W/sq cm on the first windward afterbody cone at the time of peak freestream dynamic pressure. Predicted afterbody heating rates generally are below 3% of the forebody laminar nose cap heating rate throughout the design trajectory. The heating rates integrated over time provide total heat load during entry, which drives thermal protection material thickness.
Chemistry-wide association studies (CWAS) to determine joint toxicity effects of co-occurring chemical features

Individual structural alerts often fail to accurately predict chemical toxicity as they tend to overlook the moderating effects of other co-occurring alerts. Features are said to have statistical interaction effects when one changes or modulates the effect of another on the target property. Here we introduce Chemistry-Wide Association Study (CWAS; by analogy with GWAS in genomics) to systematically elicit the individual and interaction effects of chemical features on the target property. A mutagenicity dataset of 5,439 compounds was used in this proof-of-concept study. We utilized QSAR models built with random forest and ISIDA fragment descriptors to select the most important chemical features and identify pairs of features with significant interaction effects. These interacting feature pairs revealed how subtle structural changes affect mutagenicity (e.g., ortho-substitution reduces mutagenicity caused by nitroarene moiety). We also found that feature pairs can be integrated into more specific structural alerts with fewer false positives. We believe the interaction effects uncovered by CWAS are useful for refining structural alerts and enhancing model interpretation, enabling more effective design of safe chemical substances and leading to the improved regulatory chemical risk assessment.
Monitoring Model Predictive Control Systems Using Pattern Classification and Neural Networks

A novel, pattern classification approach is proposed for monitoring the performance of model predictive control (MPC) systems. Current MPC operation is compared to a simulated database of closed-loop MPC system behavior, containing various combinations of disturbances and plant changes. Neural network-based pattern classifiers are used to classify the MPC performance as normal or abnormal and to determine whether an unusual disturbance or significant plant change has occurred. If a plant change is detected, other classifiers are used to diagnose the specific submodel(s) that are no longer accurate. The proposed methodology is successfully demonstrated in a detailed case study for the Wood-Berry distillation column model.
An Alternative Outpatient Care Model: Postoperative Guest Suite–Based Care

Background: Patients recovering from outpatient surgery are responsible for managing their pain, managing ambulation, and even implementing thromboembolism prophylaxis after discharge. Because of the importance of postoperative care to prevent complications, a model of care that helps a patient transition to independent self-care could provide optimal results. Objectives: The authors investigated the safety and morbidity rate for patients who underwent body contouring procedures and overnight care at an attached, nurse-staffed guest suite facility. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of 246 patients who underwent major body contouring and who stayed at least 1 night in the guest suite facility. Major complications included a return to the operating room within 48 hours, major wound infection, and unplanned hospitalization within 48 hours. Minor complications included any postsurgical effect necessitating unplanned physician intervention within the first 30 days. Univariate analyses correlating patient characteristics and complication rates were conducted, as well as comparison of complication rates among same procedures reported in the literature. Results: The complication rate (major and minor complications) was 25.20%. Surgical site infection occurred in 8.13% of patients. The most common wound complication was erythema around the incision site (12.20%). Death, deep vein thrombosis, or pulmonary embolism did not occur. Comparison with relevant results reported in the literature indicated a significant reduction in the occurrence of postoperative venous thromboembolism. Conclusions: Patient education after surgery is essential to healing and adequate care. The guest suite model provides improved care and education for the patient and family postsurgery by addressing some of the known risk factors of plastic surgery. Level of Evidence: 4 ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Glutaminolysis: supplying carbon or nitrogen or both for cancer cells?

A cancer cell comprising largely of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur requires not only glucose, which is avidly transported and converted to lactate by aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect, but also glutamine as a major substrate. Glutamine and essential amino acids, such as methionine, provide energy through the TCA cycle as well as nitrogen, sulfur and carbon skeletons for growing and proliferating cancer cells. The interplay between utilization of glutamine and glucose is likely to depend on the genetic make-up of a cancer cell. While the MYC oncogene induces both aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis, activated b-catenin induces glutamine synthesis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer cells that have elevated glutamine synthetase can use glutamate and ammonia to synthesize glutamine and are hence not addicted to glutamine. As such, cancer cells have many degrees of freedom for re-programming cell metabolism, which with better understanding will result in novel therapeu...
Size changes of protamine 1 mRNA provide a molecular marker to monitor spermatogenesis in wild‐type and mutant mice

We utilized a cDNA encoding the cysteine-rich, tyrosine-containing mouse protamine, mouse protamine 1 (MP1), to detect the presence of several classes of differentiating germ cells in testicular extracts from wild-type and male sterile mutant mice. This assay is based on the changes in the poly (A) length of MP1-mRNA during spermatogenesis. Testicular extracts of sexually mature CD-1 mice contain a heterogeneous population of protamine-1 mRNA ranging in length from 450 to 580 nucleotides. When the protamine-1 probe was hybridized to testicular RNA preparations from 16- to 20-day-old animals, no MP1-mRNA was detected. Twenty-four-day-old mice contain only the 580-nucleotide form of MP1-mRNA. This size class of protamine mRNA is also present in purified populations of round spermatids, whereas elongating spermatids and residual bodies contain mRNAs ranging from 450 to 580 nucleotides in length, which are identical in size to those present in the testes of sexually mature animals. When the protamine cDNA probe was used to examine the progression of spermiogenesis in three male sterile mouse mutants, blind sterile (bs), quaking (qk) and testicular feminization (Tfm), the results demonstrated that each mutant is pathologically distinct. Analysis of the bs mutant revealed a diminution in the amount of both size classes of MP1-mRNA, in agreement with the cytological reports of reduced numbers of haploid spermatogenic cells in these animals. The presence of both size classes of protamine mRNA in the qk mutant indicates that germ-cell differentiation has proceeded at least to the step-12 spermatid in these animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Generation, composition, and verification of families of human-intensive systems

Software products are rarely developed without providing different sets of features to better meet varying user needs, whether through tiered products as part of a product line or different subscription levels for software as a service (SaaS). Software product line approaches for generating and maintaining a family of different variants of software products address such needs for variation quite well. Real-world human-intensive systems (HISs) display similar needs for families of variants. A key contribution of this paper is to show how many of these needs can be rigorously and systematically addressed by adapting established techniques from system and software product line engineering (SPLE).In this paper, we present an approach for creating such families by explicitly modeling variation in HISs. We focus on two kinds of variation we have previously described in other work---functional detail variation and service variation. We describe a prototype system that is able to meet the need for these kinds of variation within an existing modeling framework and present a case study of the application of our prototype system to generate a family in an HIS from the domain of elections. Our approach also demonstrates how to perform model-checking of this family to discover whether any variants in the family may violate specified system requirements.
Direct detection of a metal desorption channel: electron-stimulated desorption of aluminum from methanol-dosed Al(111)

Abstract Multiphoton laser ionization mass spectrometry has been used to investigate neutrals produced in 1 keV electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) from Al(111) which was methanol-dosed to produce the monolayer-coverage CH 3 O/Al(111) system. The major neutral desorption channel consists of CH 3 O, the methoxy species, detected primarily as the C + , CH + , and CO + photofragments. The novel observation of the desorption of metal substrate was facilitated by the overlap of 193 nm laser radiation with a strong Al autoionization transition. Differences between the laser power dependence of ESD-produced Al + signal and that from sputtered aluminum atoms, photoionized in a reference experiment, suggest that ESD releases an aluminum-containing molecule which is efficiently photofragmented to Al atoms; no molecular precursor was detectable directly. Velocity distributions of the methoxy photofragments and the Al + photoion have been measured. The former have distributions which peak at ∼ 1100 m/s, corresponding to a kinetic energy of 0.19 eV for the parent methoxy desorbate. The aluminum distribution peaks at ∼ 800 m/s and exhibits less population in the high-velocity region. These differences indicate that the detected aluminum is independent of the major desorption channel: neutral methoxy. An absolute yield measurement for aluminum of 1.7 × 10 −6 atoms per incident 1 keV electron was substantially lower than that for the methoxy channel (yield ≈ 10 −3 ). In addition, it is shown that increasing the temperature of the surface to ∼ 600 K, where methoxy is known to be decomposed on Al(111), leads to a drastic decrease in the desorbed aluminum signal. The findings are discussed in the context of current desorption theories.