cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insights into operation of the subduction factory from the oxygen isotopic values of the southern Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc

Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth, and isotopic analysis of this element in island arc lavas potentially provides sensitive constraints on the proportion of oxygen recycled from subducted material, relative to that extracted from the mantle. Here we report on 225 new oxygen isotopic analyses of whole-rock and glass samples, and clinopyroxene separates, from lavas collected from the southernmost 1500 km of the Izu–Bonin–Mariana (IBM) convergent margin. Whole-rock samples clustered around a mean of 6.11 ± 0.47‰, whereas Mariana Trough glasses and mafic melts, calculated to be in equilibrium with mafic phenocrysts, clustered narrowly around a mean of 5.7‰. These data demonstrate that unequivocal identification of magmatic oxygen requires analysis of fresh glass or mafic minerals, and that the source of southern IBM Arc melts is entirely, or almost entirely, in equilibrium with normal mantle oxygen. If the elemental enrichments characteristic of the subduction component originate in subducted materials, these oxygen isotopic data are most consistent with the interaction of a small amount of sediment melt (<4%; mostly less than 1%) with mantle peridotite to yield the hybrid mantle that melts to form IBM Arc magmas.
Modeling Group Communication Protocols Using Multiset Term Rewriting

Abstract Protocols for secure group management are essential in applications concerned with confidential authenticated communication among coalition members, authenticated group decisions, or the secure administration of group membership and access control. New languages and models are necessary to appropriately capture the concepts of such protocols and make them amenable to formal analysis. For this purpose, we developed MuCAPSL (Multicast Common Authentication Protocol Specification Language) and its intermediate language MuCIL (MuCAPSL Intermediate Language). MuCIL is based on multiset term rewriting rules that permit state changes to be presented concisely, and in a way that closely matches the requirements of existing protocol analysis tools. With the help of the Group-Diffie-Hellman protocol suite we illustrate how secure group communication principles are modeled using multiset term rewriting.
Microbial adhesins recognizing extracellular matrix macromolecules

Microorganisms express a family of cell-surface adhesins that specifically recognize and bind components of the extracellular matrix. Adhesion of microorganisms to host tissues represents a critical phase in the development of many types of infections. Recent studies have focused on the mechanisms of microbial attachment at a molecular level, including the identification of ligand-binding domains in several cell-surface adhesins from Gram-positive bacteria and the construction of adhesin-deficient isogenic mutants.
Lab-on-a-bubble: direct and indirect assays with portable Raman instrumentation

Lab-on-a-Bubble (LoB) is a new method for SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering) assays that combines separationand concentration of the assay results. A direct LoB assay is comprised of gold nanoparticles coupled directly to the ~30 μm diameter buoyant silica bubble. The direct LoB method was evaluated with cyanide and 5,5’-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB). An indirect assay uses the same ~ 30 μm diameter buoyant silica bubble and a silica coated SERS reporter. Both the bubble and SERS reporter are coated with a coupling agent for the analyte. The assay measures the amount of SERS reporter coupled to the bubble through a sandwich created by the analyte. The couling agent could consist of an immunological coupling agent (antibody) or a nucleic acid coupling agent (single strand DNA). The indirect LoB method was examined with Cholera toxin (CT) and antibodies against the β subunit. An LOD of ~ 170 pptrillion was measured for cyanide and a limit of detection of 1100 ng was found for CT. Instrumentation for the assay and a novel technique of dynamic SERS (DSERS) will also be discussed. The instrument is a small hand-held Raman device called the CBEx (Chemical Biological Explosive) with a novel raster system to detect heterogeneous or light sensitive materials. DSERS is a mathematical algorithm which eliminates background interference in SERS measurements with colloidal nanoparticles.
Running Steel, Running America: Race, Economic Policy, and the Decline of Liberalism

The history of modern liberalism has been hotly debated in contemporary politics and the academy. Here, Judith Stein uses the steel industry--long considered fundamental to the U.S. economy--to examine liberal policies and priorities after World War II. In a provocative revision of postwar American history, she argues that it was the primacy of foreign commitments and the outdated economic policies of the state, more than the nation's racial conflicts, that transformed American liberalism from the powerful progressivism of the New Deal to the feeble policies of the 1990s. Stein skillfully integrates a number of narratives usually treated in isolation--labor, civil rights, politics, business, and foreign policy--while underscoring the state's focus on the steel industry and its workers. By showing how those who intervened in the industry treated such economic issues as free trade and the globalization of steel production in isolation from the social issues of the day--most notably civil rights and the implementation of affirmative action--Stein advances a larger argument about postwar liberalism. Liberal attempts to address social inequalities without reference to the fundamental and changing workings of the economy, she says, have led to the foundering of the New Deal state. |Using the steel industry to examine liberal policies and priorities after World War II, Stein shows that economic policy--not racial conflict--led to the feeble liberalism of the 1990s.
The Constitutive Approach to Kantian Rigorism

Critics often charge that Kantian ethics is implausibly rigoristic: that Kantianism recognizes a set of perfect duties, encapsulated in rules such as ‘don’t lie,’ ‘keep one’s promises,’ etc., and that these rules apply without exception. Though a number of Kantians have plausibly argued that Kantianism can acknowledge exceptions to perfect duties, this acknowledgment alone does not indicate how and when such exceptions ought to be made. This article critiques a recent attempt to motivate how such exceptions are to be made, namely, the constitutive approach developed by Tamar Schapiro. I argue that the constitutive approach is vulnerable to the objection that it is too permissive, justifying many morally dubious exceptions to perfect duties. I conclude by briefly outlining an alternative ‘fine print’ approach to the rigorism objection that appears to avoid the objection leveled at Schapiro’s approach, focusing on how modifying the constituents of agents’ maxims can change the deontic status of an act of a generally impermissible kind.
Prostaglandin inhibition of amphetamine-induced circling in mice

The effect of prostaglandins (PG) on amphetamine(AMPH)-induced circling was examined in mice unilaterally lesioned with 6-hydroxy-dopamine. At doses of 0.03–1.0 nmol/g, intraventricularly injected PGD2, PGE2, and PGF2α all inhibited AMP-induced circling, while thromboxane-B2 (TxB2) was inactive at 1.0 nmol/g. The inhibition of circling was not due to alterations in body temperature as measured by rectal temperature changes. When injected intrastriatally, the same major PG inhibited AMP-induced circling at the lower doses of 0.01–0.1 nmol/g, while the PGE2 metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 was inactive at 0.1 nmol/g. PG administered alone did not procude circling. For both routes of administration, the order of potency was PGE2>PGD2>PGF2α. These results suggest that PG can alter motor function governed by central dopaminergic pathways.
Critical study of thermosonic copper ball bonding

Copper wire is getting well accepted as a reliable design alternative to the gold wire in the wire bonding process. In the present study, the shear strength results of the copper ball bond show better performance than the gold bond. Additionally, microhardness results also confirm that Cu ball bonds reveal a higher hardness of 111 VHN than that of initial Cu ball (84 VHN). The increased shear strength and hardness can be rationalized based on the strain hardening process due to application of the ultrasonic energy. Microstructural study of the deformed ball confirms the presence of subdivided grains (or cells) of a few microns in size. In addition, slip bands inside the cells are also observed.
Study of the excited states of nafion incorporated xanthone and benzophenone

Abstract The photochemistry of xanthone and of benzophenone has been examined in Nafion membranes in their acid and sodium exchanged forms. Both ketones remain in their neutral form in their ground state, but in acid-Nafion they protonate upon excitation and lead to the typical fluorescence of the protonated form. Similarly, the triplet states protonate in the acid membranes. These membranes offer excellent protection from oxygen quenching.
Loop quantum gravity corrections to gravitational wave dispersion

Cosmological tensor perturbations equations are derived for Hamiltonian cosmology based on Ashtekar's formulation of general relativity, including typical quantum gravity effects in the Hamiltonian constraint as they are expected from loop quantum gravity. This translates to corrections of the dispersion relation for gravitational waves. The main application here is the preservation of causality which is shown to be realized due to the absence of anomalies in the effective constraint algebra used.
The implications of cognitive-style findings for operational research

Cognitive style refers to differences that can be perceived in individuals due to differing cognitive structures. There has been a large amount of research on how cognitive style affects managerial decision-making, particularly in the context of management information systems, but little or no attempt to relate these findings to operational research. This paper reviews the findings of cognitive-style research from the perspective of operational research, and draws a number of useful inferences concerning the matching of OR aids to managers, the presentation of information and recommendations, the use and acceptance of OR, and the structure of OR groups. Further, it is argued that cognitive-style findings help to give a justification to the move towards ‘soft’ approaches to analysis.
Anomalous Palaeolatitudes in Cretaceous Granitic Rocks

IN a recent study of the distribution of fusulinaceans in western Canada, Monger and Ross1 interpreted their observations in terms of three plate-tectonic models, two of which invoke or might involve large northward translations of portions of the western Cordillera relative to cratonic North America. In this communication we describe anomalously low palaeomagnetic inclinations in radiometrically dated batholithic rocks exposed in the Cascade Range of central Washington. If interpreted in accordance with the usual axial dipole hypothesis of palaeomagnetism2, our results suggest that these rocks originated roughly 25° further from the Cretaceous pole than their present location relative to the North American craton suggests. A simple application of plate tectonics based on existing models1,3,4 can tentatively account for our results. Alternative explanations seem unlikely.
Time-Resolved Photon Correlation Spectroscopy, A Progress Report

We report progress on a PCS technique that utilizes time-resolved detection to preferentially suppress multiply scattered light, thereby enabling the study of intensity fluctuations arising from low order scattering within a dense random medium.
Accelerating imitation learning through crowdsourcing

Although imitation learning is a powerful tech- nique for robot learning and knowledge acquisition from na¨ human users, it often suffers from the need for expensive human demonstrations. In some cases the robot has an insufficient number of useful demonstrations, while in others its learning ability is limited by the number of users it directly interacts with. We propose an approach that overcomes these short- comings by using crowdsourcing to collect a wider variety of examples from a large pool of human demonstrators online. We present a new goal-based imitation learning framework which utilizes crowdsourcing as a major source of human demonstration data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach experimentally on a scenario where the robot learns to build 2D object models on a table from basic building blocks using knowledge gained from locals and online crowd workers. In addition, we show how the robot can use this knowledge to support human-robot collaboration tasks such as goal inference through object-part classification and missing-part prediction. We report results from a user study involving fourteen local demonstrators and hundreds of crowd workers on 16 different model building tasks.
Overview of results from ALICE

ALICE is a dedicated experiment for measurements of heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). A wealth of experimental data recorded in 2010, 2011 and 2012 suggests that a strongly interacting de-confined medium is created in collisions of lead ions at a centre-of-mass energy = 2.76 TeV. In order to quantify the properties of this hot and dense matter, measurements were performed in smaller systems, such as proton-proton and proton-lead, where effects related to the medium are expected to be negligible. We present an overview of recent measurements of particle production and particle correlations in protonproton, Pb-Pb and p-Pb collisions at the LHC by ALICE Collaboration.
Emergency Room and Inpatient Use After Cardiac Pacemaker Implantation

Although studies have demonstrated health benefits, there is limited evidence on utilization and cost changes associated with cardiac pacemaker implantation from national community samples. The aim of this study was to quantify changes in emergency room (ER) and hospital inpatient use and in Medicare payments per beneficiary/year after pacemaker implantation. Outcomes for pacemaker recipients after and before implantation and between pacemaker recipients and controls were compared using propensity score matching. Data came from Health and Retirement Study interviews merged with Medicare claims. Sample subjects were aged ≥68 years with diagnosed conduction disorders or cardiac dysrhythmias in the previous 3 years. Outcome measures were (1) ER visits, inpatient admissions and days, and Medicare payments for ER and inpatient care in the after period for the pacemaker versus control groups, defined per beneficiary/year, (2) difference in differences in the same 5 outcome variables, and (3) binary variables for whether or not utilization or payments were lower in the after versus before periods for the pacemaker versus control groups. In conclusion, most pacemaker recipients improved, as measured by reductions in use and payments in the after versus before period, and there were reductions in ER visits and hospital admissions for conditions commonly leading to pacemaker implantation.
Error analysis of filtering operations in pixel-duplicated images of diabetic retinopathy

In this paper, diabetic retinopathy is chosen for a sample target image to demonstrate the effectiveness of image enlargement through pixel duplication in identifying regions of interest. Pixel duplication is presented as a simpler alternative to data interpolation techniques for detecting small structures in the images. A comparative analysis is performed on different image processing schemes applied to both original and pixel-duplicated images. Structures of interest are detected and and classification parameters optimized for minimum false positive detection in the original and enlarged retinal pictures. The error analysis demonstrates the advantages as well as shortcomings of pixel duplication in image enhancement when spatial averaging operations (smoothing filters) are also applied.
Standardizatlon of Vitreal inflammatory Activity in Intermediate and Posterior Uveitis

Standardization of observations is recognized as fundamental to clinical research. The methodology for the evaluation of anterior segment inflammatory disease has become well accepted, while the ocular inflammatory standardization of the posterior segment has not been so well described or accepted. A system for the evaluation of vitreal inflammatory activity in patients with intermediate and posterior uveitis is presented. A series of photographs representing various degrees of fundus vitreal haze is depicted. The observer examines the eye with an indirect ophthalmoscope, then chooses the photograph which most closely simulates what is being seen. This technique is rapid and its reproducibility is helpful in standardizing clinical observations.
Calculation of infinite‐dilution partial molar properties by computer simulation

Utilisation de la methode de simulation Monte Carlo pour calculer les proprietes molaires partielles a dilution infinie de melanges binaires Lennard-Jones. Etude systematique de ces proprietes en fonction de la temperature, de la densite et des forces intermoleculaires
Investigating biological control over soil carbon temperature sensitivity

Understanding the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration is critical for predicting the response of ecosystems to climate change, yet the microbial communities responsible are rarely considered explicitly in studies or models. In this study, we assessed total microbial community composition, quantified bacterial respiration temperature response, and investigated the temperature dependence of bacterial carbon substrate utilization in tropical, temperate, and taiga soils (from Puerto Rico, California, and Alaska). Microbial community composition was characterized using phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Bacterial community respiration on a standardized set of substrates was ascertained using the BiOLOG™ substrate utilization assay incubated at four temperatures: 4, 12, 28, and 40 °C. First, we found that microbial communities from the three latitudes were compositionally distinct and that the bacterial component of the three communities had markedly different respiration temperature-response curves corresponding with their experienced temperature regimes. We use these data to highlight limitations of widely used temperature-response equations and investigate temperature-dependent patterns of substrate utilization. We found that temperature response, in terms of both respiration rates and substrate use, varied for these bacterial communities independent of substrate quality or quantity interactions such as labile depletion. In contrast to the common assumption of heterotrophic microbial ubiquity, we found that bacterial community differences from these diverse systems appeared to determine both rates of respiration and patterns of carbon substrate usage. We suggest that microbial community composition-specific responses to changing climate may be important in predicting the long-term role of ecosystems in atmospheric CO 2 dynamics.
An approach to singular perturbation problems insoluble by asymptotic methods

Singular perturbation problems not amenable to solution by asymptotic methods require special treatment, such as the method of Carrier and Pearson. Rather than devising special methods for these problems, this paper suggests that there may be a uniform way to solve singular perturbation problems, which may or may not succumb to asymptotic methods. A potential mechanism for doing this is the author's boundary-value technique, a nonasymptotic method, which previously has only been applied to singular perturbation problems that lend themselves to asymptotic techniques. Two problems, claimed by Carrier and Pearson to be insoluble by asymptotic methods, are solved by the boundary-value method.
Open Innovation for Phenotypic Drug Discovery The PD2 Assay Panel

Phenotypic lead generation strategies seek to identify compounds that modulate complex, physiologically relevant systems, an approach that is complementary to traditional, target-directed strategies. Unlike gene-specific assays, phenotypic assays interrogate multiple molecular targets and signaling pathways in a target "agnostic" fashion, which may reveal novel functions for well-studied proteins and discover new pathways of therapeutic value. Significantly, existing compound libraries may not have sufficient chemical diversity to fully leverage a phenotypic strategy. To address this issue, Eli Lilly and Company launched the Phenotypic Drug Discovery Initiative (PD(2)), a model of open innovation whereby external research groups can submit compounds for testing in a panel of Lilly phenotypic assays. This communication describes the statistical validation, operations, and initial screening results from the first PD(2) assay panel. Analysis of PD(2) submissions indicates that chemical diversity from open source collaborations complements internal sources. Screening results for the first 4691 compounds submitted to PD(2) have confirmed hit rates from 1.6% to 10%, with the majority of active compounds exhibiting acceptable potency and selectivity. Phenotypic lead generation strategies, in conjunction with novel chemical diversity obtained via open-source initiatives such as PD(2), may provide a means to identify compounds that modulate biology by novel mechanisms and expand the innovation potential of drug discovery.
Human energy expenditure for picking oranges

Investigations have been made of the energy expended by citrus pickers performing some of the component functions in citrus picking. General picking, picking ground-zone fruit, picking ladder-zone fruit, carrying and setting the ladder, and carrying the bag, were studied to quantify the physiological costs of performing these functions. The results do not reveal anything contrary to what might be expected by a person with experience in citrus picking. The results, do, however provide a method and a quantitative base with which to compare advantages of proposed alterations in equipment and materials, management practices, tree structure, and fruit-bearing characteristics.
Antibody-mediated remyelination operates through mechanism independent of immunomodulation

A set of antibodies capable of binding glial cells promotes remyelination in models of multiple sclerosis (MS). Within this set, the mouse antibody, SCH94.03, was immunomodulatory implying that immune system mobilization might be integral to remyelination. We evaluated whether the human remyelination-promoting antibody rHIgM22 influences acquired immunity. The antibody did not bind to immune cells, or influence humoral immune responses, antigen presentation, T cell proliferation or cytokine production. Treatment with rHIgM22 had no effect on demyelination or virus infection in two disease models. These results demonstrate that the remyelination-promoting activity of antibody rHIgM22 is not dependent on immunomodulation.
A Quasi-Two-Dimensional Benchmark Problem for Low Mach Number Compressible Codes

A quasi-two-dimensional model problem is presented, which can be used as a benchmark problem for verification of numerical methods for the solution of the low Mach number compressible reactive flow equations. A recently developed high order splitting method for this type of problem is presented and analyzed, and the behavior of the numerical errors is assessed and compared to asymptotic estimates. It is found that the behavior of splitting errors is predicted well by the asymptotic estimates and that these errors are always smaller than the formal truncation order of the integrating scheme.
The effect of PGG‐β‐glucan on neutrophil chemotaxis in vivo

The beta-glucans are long-chain polymers of glucose in beta-(1,3)(1,6) linkages, which comprise the fungal cell wall and stimulate cells of the innate immune system. Previous in vitro studies have shown the ability of beta-glucan to increase the chemotactic capacity of human neutrophils. The current study examined an in vivo correlate of that observation by testing the hypothesis that systemic beta-glucan treatment would result in enhanced migration of neutrophils into a site of inflammation and improve antimicrobial function. A model of acute inflammation was used in which polyvinyl alcohol sponges were implanted subcutaneously into the dorsum of rats. Animals treated with beta-glucan showed a 66 +/- 6% and 186 +/- 42% increase in wound cell number recovered 6 and 18 h postwounding, respectively. Increased migration did not correlate with increased chemoattractant content of wound fluid, alterations in neutrophil-induced loss of endothelial barrier function, or changes in neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells. Systemic administration of SB203580 abrogated the enhanced migration by beta-glucan without altering normal cellular entry into the wound. Studies also showed a priming effect for chemotaxis and respiratory burst in circulating neutrophils isolated from beta-glucan-treated animals. Heightened neutrophil function took place without cytokine elicitation. Furthermore, beta-glucan treatment resulted in a 169 +/- 28% increase in neutrophil number and a 60 +/- 9% decrease in bacterial load in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of Escherichia coli pneumonic animals. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that beta-glucan directly affects the chemotactic capacity of circulating neutrophils through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism and potentiates antimicrobial host defense.
Symmetrical frictionless indentation over a uniformly expanding contact region—I. Basic analysis

Abstract The study of two-dimensional wave propagation in a half-space due to indentation by a rigid smooth indentor of a general shape at a non-uniform velocity is approached by assuming that the indentor shape and displacement history can be represented by polynomial curves in, respectively, a spatial variable and the time. As a first step symmetric indentation over a contact region expanding at a constant sub-Rayleigh wave speed is considered. Since superposition will yield more general forms attention is confined to polynomials homogeneous of degree n ⩾ 1 with n + 1 terms and arbitrary coefficients. By homogeneous function techniques all the field variables in the half-space for any n are obtained as single integrals. Conditions for the existence of singularities in the stresses and particle velocities are examined and some general results with bearing on the indentation problem are discussed.
Education for All: where does religion come in?

What roles do religions play in meeting global education challenges? This article explores five potential avenues for action: advocacy, service delivery, pluralism‐focused curricula to further religious literacy, theological training for social justice, and addressing values challenges in education. Despite growing contemporary advocacy by religious institutions – individual as well as interfaith – for global education objectives, the effort is suboptimal. Faith institutions play important but complex and often under‐appreciated roles in overall global education. Poor data and controversy about public and private roles in education can contribute to religion’s exclusion from many influential debates. Outstanding institutions that strive to increase access to education and exemplify quality can better serve as models of excellence. Faith leaders and institutions offer particular advantages in meeting the pivotal challenges of education for marginalised groups and conflict‐ridden societies. Education about ...
Heterologous expression, purification, reconstitution and kinetic analysis of an extended type II polyketide synthase

Background Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are bacterial multienzyme systems that synthesize a broad range of natural products. The ‘minimal' PKS consists of a ketosynthase, a chain length factor, an acyl carrier protein and a malonyl transferase. Auxiliary components (ketoreductases, aromatases and cyclases) are involved in controlling the oxidation level and cyclization of the nascent polyketide chain. We describe the heterologous expression and reconstitution of several auxiliary PKS components including the actinorhodin ketoreductase ( act KR), the griseusin aromatase/cyclase ( gris ARO/CYC), and the tetracenomycin aromatase/cyclase ( tcm ARO/CYC). Results The polyketide products of reconstituted act and tcm PKSs were identical to those identified in previous in vivo studies. Although stable protein-protein interactions were not detected between minimal and auxiliary PKS components, kinetic analysis revealed that the extended PKS comprised of the act minimal PKS, the act KR and the gris ARO/CYC had a higher turnover number than the act minimal PKS plus the act KR or the act minimal PKS alone. Adding the tcm ARO/CYC to the tcm minimal PKS also increased the overall rate. Conclusions Until recently the principal strategy for functional analysis of PKS subunits was through heterologous expression of recombinant PKSs in Streptomyces . Our results corroborate the implicit assumption that the product isolated from whole-cell systems is the dominant product of the PKS. They also suggest that an intermediate is channeled between the various subunits, and pave the way for more detailed structural and mechanistic analysis of these multienzyme systems.
Electromagnetic Field and Wave Propagation in Gravitation

From the physical three-vector Maxwell equations for an electromagnetic (E.M.) field in static gravitation, we examine the artifice of replacing the gravitation by an equivalent medium and we find modified Debye potentials for an E.M. wave in a simple, angularly homogeneous, material medium in a Schwarzs-child gravitational field. The fact that these potentials do not obey the generalized scalar wave equation implies that gravitation scatters the vector E.M. wave and a scalar wave differently. Also, we obtain and solve by perturbation the amplitude and eikonal equations for a high-frequency wave in a weak spherical gravitational field. To the order $\frac{M}{r}$, the state of transverse polarization does not change along a ray path whereas the transverse-field amplitudes are modified by the factor ${e}^{\frac{M}{r}}$ which strengthens the field near the mass. The longitudinal-field amplitude, on the other hand, is modified by ${e}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}M}{r}}$. These effects, in principle, may provide a further test of classical E.M. theory and general relativity.
Aerodynamic Drag Loss Chargeability and Its Implications in the Vehicle Design Process

The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of aerodynamic drag losses, relate them to aerothermodynamic losses in the aircraft as a whole, and develop methods for assessing drag chargeability. The concept of the aerodynamic "loss deck" is introduced and applied to the analysis of an F-5E fighter. It is shown that this loss deck can be used to integrate aero losses through the vehicle mission to obtain total losses attributable to each drag mechanism. This information is then used to facilitate design trades and estimate sensitivity factors useful in the design process.
Structure of the DMPC lipid bilayer ripple phase

High resolution structure is presented for the ripple (Pβ′) phase of the phospholipid dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. Low angle X-ray scattering from oriented samples yielded 57 orders, more than twice as many as recorded previously. The determined electron density map has a sawtooth profile similar to the result from lower resolution data, but the features are sharper allowing better estimates for the modulated bilayer profile and the distribution of headgroups along the aqueous interface. Analysis of high resolution wide angle X-ray data shows that the hydrocarbon chains in the longer, major side of the asymmetric sawtooth are packed similarly to the LβF gel phase, with chains in both monolayers coupled and tilted by 18° in the same direction. The absence of Bragg rods that could be associated with the minor side is consistent with disordered chains, as often suggested in the literature. However, the new high resolution bilayer profile strongly suggests that the chains in the two monolayers in the minor side and the curved region are not in registry. This staggered monolayer modulated melting suggests a direction for improving theories of the ripple phase.
Comparison of patient referral processes between rural and urban health facilities in Liberia

Introduction Since the 2003 peace talks, the Liberian government has made progress in rebuilding a comprehensive national health system. However, the effective referral of patients from one health facility to another remains a challenge, especially in rural areas. The objective of this study is to compare referral care practices at rural and urban health facilities in the most populous county in Liberia. Methods A cross-sectional health referral survey was conducted at a representative sample of primary clinics, health centres and hospitals in Montserrado County, Liberia. The survey was administered via direct interview with a qualified director of each health facility by a single observer. The survey describes baseline facility data, characteristics of referrals, referral guidelines used, transport modes and communication methods. Referral processes were compared between rural and urban health facilities. Results During the 6-week study, 62 health facilities were surveyed. Most facilities were considered urban ( n = 52, 84%). Average patient presentations to rural outpatient and inpatient health facilities during the 3-months prior to the study period was 3182.8 and 42.4, respectively, compared to 2559.0 and 866.8 at urban outpatient and inpatient facilities. The mean percent of referred patients at rural health facilities was 51.8% compared to 10.7% at urban facilities ( p = 0.004). The mean overall distance to the referred health facility ( p = 0.025), and cost of taxi transfer was greater among rural health facilities ( p = 0.093). Conclusions Patient referral systems in Liberia are relatively unsystematic. While formal and informal mechanisms for referrals exist at both rural and urban health facilities, establishing guidelines for referral care practices and transportation strategies tailored to each of these settings will help to strengthen the healthcare system as a whole.
TWO VIEWS OF MOTORIST BEHAVIOR IN RURAL FREEWAY CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE ZONES: THE DRIVER AND THE STATE HIGHWAY PATROLMAN

Ohio state highway patrolmen and drivers completed two separate questionnaires designed to assess problems related to driver behavior in road construction and maintenance (C&M) zones. The highway patrolmen saw driver inattention, excessive speed, and improper driver behaviors as major causes of accidents in C&M zones and stated that most problems occur in the taper area of lane closures. Patrolmen considered rear-end collisions to be the most typical accident in these zones. The driver questionnaire revealed that when making decisions about speed and lane changes in C&M zones, most drivers rely on their own judgment and cues from other vehicles rather than on signing. Implications of the findings for the design and placement of traffic control devices in C&M zones are discussed.
A Case for the Use of Video in Hospitality Management Education

The literature is replete with studies suggesting that videotape materials can be used to advantage in educational settings, particularly in teaching/learning of complex interpersonal skills. Such skills are of great importance in preparing students to assume management positions in the hospitality fields, as in other people-oriented careers.We have developed and used six videotape simulations depicting situations involving hospitality managers interacting with employees and peers. The development, content, and uses are briefly described. We urge others to consider the advantages of videotape materials.
Time-Accurate Calculations of Free-Flight Aerodynamics of Maneuvering Projectiles

This paper describes a multidisciplinary computational study undertaken to model the flight trajectories and the free-flight aerodynamics of finned projectiles both with and without control maneuvers. Advanced computational capabilities both in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and rigid body dynamics (RBD) have been successfully fully coupled on high performance computing (HPC) platforms for "virtual fly-outs" of munitions similar to actual free flight tests in the aerodynamic experimental facilities. Time-accurate Navier-Stokes computations have been performed to compute the unsteady aerodynamics associated with the free flight of a finned projectile at a supersonic speed using an advanced scalable unstructured flow solver on a highly parallel Linux cluster. Some results relating to the portability and the performance of the flow solver on the Linux clusters are also addressed. Computed positions and orientations of the projectile along the flight trajectory have been compared with actual data measured from free flight tests and are found to be generally in good agreement. Computed results obtained for another complex finned configuration with canard-control pitch-up maneuver in a virtual fly-out show the potential of these techniques for providing the actual time-dependent response of the flight vehicle and the resulting unsteady aerodynamics for maneuvering projectiles.
A hybrid approach for solving shift-selection and task-sequencing problems

A common problem in production planning is to sequence a series of tasks so as to meet demand while satisfying operational constraints. This problem can be challenging to solve in its own right. It becomes even more challenging when higher-level decisions are also taken into account, such as which shifts should be selected to accommodate production. In this paper, we introduce the Shift-Selection and Task Sequencing (SS-TS) problem, develop the hybrid Test-and-Prune algorithm (T&P) to solve SS-TS, and present computational experiments based on a real-world problem in automotive stamping to demonstrate its effectiveness. In particular, we are able to solve, in very short run times, a number of problem instances that could not be solved through traditional integer programming methods.
Lessons from MacGyver: working psychoanalytically under less than optimal conditions.

The author describes a model for working psychoanalytically under less than optimal conditions. Using the television character MacGyver as a metaphor, the author explores challenging situations in which factors related to the patient, setting, and therapist preclude the possibility of conducting a standard analysis. Psychoanalytically informed clinicians need to have a simple, practical model for understanding the psychical world and the importance of the unconscious. In this “search-and-rescue operation,” the therapist helps the patient make fresh contact with split-off parts of his or her personality. The main tool used is psychoanalytic understanding, enhanced by analytic listening and the interpretation of the transference. Two clinical cases demonstrate how, even when so many prohibitive factors predominate, deeper contact with the patient’s unconscious life and development of the personality can be facilitated. (Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 66[2], 145-165)
Decametric radiation from Jupiter

A brief historical summary is followed by a review of current observations of Jupiter's decametric radiation. Particular attention is given to the time structure and statistical properties of the emission, and several important deficiencies in our observational knowledge are pointed out.
Application of angle‐resolved XPS algorithms to overlayers and concentration gradients

Angle-resolved XPS data from three different sample types was used to compare algorithms for the determination of overlayer thickness and/or concentration gradients. Samples included SiO2 on Si, epitaxial Si0.862Ge0.138 on Si and As implanted in Si. Two algorithms for the determination of overlayer thickness (the relative ratio and patchy overlayer algorithms) and two algorithms based on Laplace transform or regularization methods for the evaluation of concentration gradients were evaluated. For the SiO2 and As-implanted samples, results representative of the sample type were obtained. However, the composition profiles from the Laplace algorithms showed the expected sharp interface between the Si substrate and the SiGe overlayer, while the regularization algorithm did not. All of the algorithms have correlating parameters, and absolute results depend upon the normalization method, electron attenuation length values and other algorithm-dependent terms. A comparison of angle-resolved XPS data from different samples thus requires careful and consistent choices for algorithm parameters.
Statistical Issues in DNA Profiling

DNA profiles consist of pairs of variants, or alleles, at one or more genetic loci. If the profile from an evidentiary sample does not match that from a suspect in a crime, then the suspect is excluded from having contributed to the sample. When the two profiles do match, however, then the suspect is not excluded from being a contributor. In this case, it may be necessary to attach some numerical weight to the evidence of a match, and statistical issues arise.
Adverse childhood experiences are associated with adult sleep disorders: a systematic review

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) represent substantial threats to public health and affect about 58% of youth in the US. In addition to their acute effects such as injury and physical trauma, ACEs are associated with an increased risk of several negative health outcomes throughout the life course. Emerging evidence suggests that sleep disorders may be one such outcome, but existing studies have not been systematically reviewed and summarized. We conducted a systematic review to summarize the evidence concerning the relationship between ACEs and sleep disorders and disturbances, with a focus on adult women. Original publications were identified through searches of the electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science using the keywords "childhood," "adversity," "abuse," and "sleep" as well as searches of the reference lists of eligible studies. Studies evaluating ACEs that occurred before 18 years of age and sleep outcomes that were assessed at 18 years or older were adjudicated and included. A total of 30 publications were identified. Of the 30 studies, 28 were retrospective analyses and there was vast heterogeneity in the types of ACEs and sleep outcomes measured. The majority of retrospective studies (N = 25 of 28) documented statistically significant associations between sleep disorders including sleep apnea, narcolepsy, nightmare distress, sleep paralysis, and psychiatric sleep disorders with a history of childhood adversity. In many studies, the strengths of associations increased with the number and severity of adverse experiences. These associations were corroborated by the two prospective studies published to date. Notably, investigators have documented statistically significant associations between family conflict at 7-15 years of age and insomnia at 18 years of age (odds ratio, OR = 1.4; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.2-1.7) and between childhood sexual abuse and sleep disturbances 10 years later in adult women (β = 0.24, p Language: en
Water diffusion into and electrical testing of composite insulator GRP rods

This paper describes water diffusion into and electrical testing of unidirectional glass reinforced polymer (GRP) composite rods used as load bearing components in high voltage composite (non-ceramic) insulators. The tests were performed following ANSI standard C29.11 Section 7.4.2 that can be used to evaluate electrical properties of composites. The unidirectional composite rod materials based on either E-glass or ECR-glass fibers with modified polyester, epoxy and vinyl ester resins were investigated. Two types of ECR-glass fibers were considered, namely high and low seed (voids). The effects of composite surface sandblasting, mechanical pre-loading and nitric acid exposure on the electrical properties of the composites were studied. In addition to the required data of the ANSI standard, the specimen mass gain was also measured after boiling for 100 h. Most importantly, there was no correlation found between the mass gain and the leakage current for different composites. The materials with high seed ECR-glass fibers had much higher leakage currents and they absorbed less moisture than the composites based on either the low seed ECR-glass fibers or E-glass fibers. It was shown in this work that different types of sandblasting, as well as mechanical preloading with and without acid exposure had a negligible effect on the leakage currents and water mass gain of the composite specimens.
Identity and Achievement: A Depth Psychology Approach to Student Development

This case study report describes a series of workshops exploring social and developmental challenges confronted by Black adolescents in the schooling process. Analysis of workshop session notes led to a community-based educational initiative aimed at promoting African heritage identity as an incentive to school achievement. Wilfred R. Bion’s theory of small group behavior is used to shed light on the group process of workshop sessions and postworkshop events and activities. Case findings are discussed in terms of Janet Helms’s theory of racial identity development and Perry, Steele, and Hillyard’s work on promoting achievement for African American students. It is concluded that defining the culturally specific conditions for personal growth and combining professional concern with family support can be crucial to promoting developmental success for Black and African heritage youth.
Kinetics of Epitaxial Layer Growth from Silane on (100) Silicon

Low temperature growth of silicon from silane is required in devices such as germanium- silicon HBTs and multiple quantum well structures for infrared detectors. Understanding the silicon growth kinetics is an important step in developing a complete model for incorporation of other species such as germanium, boron, and phosphorus. In this paper, we show that a wide range of recent data can be well explained by a model which includes the effect of hydrogen carrier gas and is based on a simple two- step reaction sequence for silane decomposition. Gas phase reactions and gas phase transport limits appear unimportant at least up to 1 Torr total pressure.
Validation of the Global Relocatable Tide/Surge Model PCTides

The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has developed a global, relocatable, tide/surge forecast system called PCTides. This system was designed in response to a U.S. Navy requirement to rapidly produce tidal predictions anywhere in the world. The system is composed of a two-dimensional barotropic ocean model driven by tidal forcing only or in conjunction with surface wind and pressure forcing. PCTides is unique in its ability to forecast tidal parameters for a user-specified latitude/longitude domain easily and quickly, and is especially useful in areas where observations are nonexistent. PCTides provides short-term (daily to weekly) predictions of water-level elevation and depth-averaged ocean currents. The system has been tested in numerous regions and validated against observations collected in conjunction with several navy exercises.