cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A random-sampling-based algorithm for learning intersections of halfspaces

We give an algorithm to learn an intersection of k halfspaces in Rn whose normals span an l-dimensional subspace. For any input distribution with a logconcave density such that the bounding hyperplanes of the k halfspaces pass through its mean, the algorithm (ϵ,δ)-learns with time and sample complexity bounded by (nkl/ϵ)O(l) log 1/ϵ δ. The hypothesis found is an intersection of O(k log (1/ϵ)) halfspaces. This improves on Blum and Kannan's algorithm for the uniform distribution over a ball, in the time and sample complexity (previously doubly exponential) and in the generality of the input distribution.
Vibrational spectra of water at water/alpha-quartz (0001) interface

Selected beam geometry allows us to suppress the bulk contribution to sum-frequency generation from crystalline quartz and use sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy to study water/α-quartz interfaces with different bulk pH values. The spectra are qualitatively similar to those of water/fused-quartz interfaces, but display an ice-like peak that resembles very closely that of a real ice surface, providing the first evidence to the belief that water molecules at a crystalline oxide surface form a more ordered hydrogen-bonding network.
Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Light Harvesters

The emergence of semiconductor nanocrystals as the building blocks of nanotechnology has opened up new ways to utilize them in next generation solar cells. This paper focuses on the recent developments in the utilization of semiconductor quantum dots for light energy conversion. Three major ways to utilize semiconductor dots in solar cell include (i) metal−semiconductor or Schottky junction photovoltaic cell (ii) polymer−semiconductor hybrid solar cell, and (iii) quantum dot sensitized solar cell. Modulation of band energies through size control offers new ways to control photoresponse and photoconversion efficiency of the solar cell. Various strategies to maximize photoinduced charge separation and electron transfer processes for improving the overall efficiency of light energy conversion are discussed. Capture and transport of charge carriers within the semiconductor nanocrystal network to achieve efficient charge separation at the electrode surface remains a major challenge. Directing the future resear...
Hepatomas in marine fish from an urban estuary.

Increased concern for the effects of urban wastes on aquatic animals prompted our investigation of the health of demersal fishes in the Duwamish River estuary, Seattle, Washington. The study of two diseases found in English sole (Parophrys vetulus) and starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus)--fin erosion (WELLINGS et al. 1976) and epidermal papillomas--led to the finding of hepatomas in English so~e. The frequency, gross pathology, and histopathology of the liver neoplasm will be reported here.
Information and decision making in human services

The author discusses organizational decision making and the way administrators typically obtain and use information in their daily work. The informal processes of information collection and utilization are stressed.
Using State Board of Nursing data to estimate the number of nurse practitioners in the United States.

Abstract Knowing the number of nurse practitioners, both at the state and national levels, is important to those dealing with health care policy and education. To determine these numbers, we telephoned all state boards of nursing, and asked whether they distinguished nurse practitioners from other registered nurses and what the respective numbers were. Data were available from a time period beginning in March 1992 and ending in September 1992. Thirty-four states, representing 70.6 percent of all registered nurses, now distinguish nurse practitioners from other nurses. In these states, 1.35 percent of all registered nurses are nurse practitioners. Projecting this percentage to the states that do not make the distinction yields a total of 33,834 nurse practitioners in the United States. Using neighboring states rather than the national average as a predictor for no-data states leads to a national total estimate of 31,294. When corrected for multistate licensure, the final estimated number is 27,226. This estimating method should yield even more accurate data in the future as more states certify and list their nurse practitioners. This method enumerates nurse practitioners as defined by the various states, which have highly variable definitions of what a nurse practitioner is. However, the variability in legal definition is decreasing as more states require national certification.
The Quintessential Rural Sociologist

Alvin L. Bertrand's career and research have made him an exemplar of humane social scientist, scholar, and academician. For many of his peers, Bertrand is the quintessential rural sociologist. Spending almost all of his career at Louisiana State University, Dr. Bertrand has addressed an extraordinarily broad array of social phenomena, often of a community problem variety, in his research. His research employed a social systems analysis frequently focused on the rural context and had a strong applied orientation with the result that his findings have been widely used as the basis for the formulation of important national and international program and policy decisions. Bertrand's work has attracted wide attention abroad as well as in the United States. Because of his many contributions to the discipline of sociology, he has received numerous awards and recognitions and has also been elected to various offices in professional societies and associations, including the presidency of five such groups.
THE METABOLISM OF CHYLOMICRON CHOLESTERYL ESTER IN RAT LIVER: A Combined Radioautographic-Electron Microscopic and Biochemical Study

Chylomicrons containing labeled cholesterol, mainly (70%) present as cholesteryl ester, were injected intravenously into intact rats, and samples of liver were obtained 27–210 min later. Most (58–75%) of the injected label was recovered in the liver after 27–75 min. Hepatic uptake occurred without hydrolysis of the labeled cholesteryl ester. In separate experiments, in vitro perfusion of livers of similarly treated rats for 30–35 min washed out only 3–9% of the labeled sterol. Samples of liver and small intestine were prepared for electron microscopy with Aquon as the dehydrating agent. Good retention (70% or more) of labeled cholesterol and satisfactory preservation of ultrastructure were obtained. After 30 min, the radioautographic reaction was localized mainly over the region of the cell boundary of the parenchymal liver cells, with fewer grains being present over intracellular organelles. At later time intervals, when considerable hydrolysis of the labeled cholesteryl ester had occurred, the radioautographic reaction was more evenly distributed. Phagocytosed labeled lipid was seen in Kupffer cells after the larger lipid load; phagocytosis by parenchymal cells was not seen. In other experiments, cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity was found in all subcellular fractions, the microsome and plasma membrane fractions showing the highest activity per mg protein. The mechanism of cholesteryl ester transport into the liver cell may involve: (1) hydrolysis at the cell surface; or (2) slow entry of intact molecules followed by intracellular hydrolysis of the ester bond.
NON-LINEAR FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL FOR FORCED LARGE MOTIONS OF SPINNING SHAFTS

A unique control approach is developed for prescribed large motion control using magnetic bearings in a proposed active stall control test rig. A finite element based, flexible shaft is modeled in a closed loop system with PD controllers that generate the control signals to support and to shake the rotor shaft. A linearized force model of the stall rig with 16 magnetic poles (4 opposing C-cores) yields stability and frequency responses. The non-linear model retains the non-linearities in Ampere's law, Faraday's law and the Maxwell stress tensor. A fuzzy logic control system is then designed to show the advantages over the conventional controllers with the fully non-linear model.
Swimming and Flying in Nature—The Route Toward Applications: The Freeman Scholar Lecture

Evolution is a slow but sure process of perfecting design to give a life-form a natural advantage in a competitive environment. The resulting complexity and performance are so sophisticated that, by and large, they are yet to be matched by man-made devices. They offer a vast array of design inspirations. The lessons from swimming and flying animals that are useful to fluids engineering devices are considered. The science and engineering of this subject—termed “biorobotics” here—are reviewed. The subject, being of dynamic objects, spans fluid dynamics, materials, and control, as well as their integration. The emphasis is on understanding the underlying science and design principles and applying them to transition to human usefulness rather than to conduct any biomimicry. First, the gaps between nature and man-made devices in terms of fluids engineering characteristics are quantitatively defined. To bridge these gaps, we then identify the underlying science principles in the production of unsteady high-lift that nature is boldly using, but that engineers have preferred to refrain from or have not conceived of. This review is primarily concerned with the leading-edge vortex phenomenon that is mainly responsible for unsteady high-lift. Next, design laws are determined. Several applications are discussed and the status of the closure of the gaps between nature and engineering is reviewed. Finally, recommendations for future research in unsteady fluids engineering are given. DOI: 10.1115/1.3063687
A systematic probabilistic approach to energy-efficient and robust data collections in wireless sensor networks

We propose a systematic approach, based on probabilistic graphical model, to infer missing observations in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for sustaining environmental monitoring. This enables us to effectively address two critical challenges in WSNs: (a) energy-efficient data gathering through planned energy-saving sleep cycles and (b) sensor-node failure tolerance in harsh environments. In our approach, we model the spatial correlations in a sensor network as a pairwise Markov Random Field (MRF). Our MRF model is constructed from historical data using Iterative Proportional Fitting (IPF). Then Loopy Belief Propagation (LBP) is employed to estimate the missing data at the data sink. We demonstrate our approach using real-world sensed data on 32 × 32 grids. Empirical results show our approach can achieve the high rates of estimation accuracy (e.g. 65 90% for soil moisture data), even when the unobserved nodes consist of more than 50% of the total sensing nodes.
Dirofilaria immitis in a River Otter (Lutra canadensis) from Louisiana

A single adult male river otter (Lutra canadensis) from Louisiana was found naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. One adult male nematode was found in the heart; lesions attributable to the presence of the parasite were not found. This is the first report of D. immitis in the river otter in North America.
Fallout of thorium and uranium isotopes from the 1982 eruption of El Chichón volcano

Marked increases in the concentrations of thorium and uranium isotopes observed in rain samples collected at Fayetteville (36° N, 94° W), Arkansas, during 1983 are attributed to the fallout from the 1982 eruption of El chichon volcano in Mexico.
Effects on proliferation and melanogenesis by inhibition of mutant BRAF and expression of wild‐type INK4A in melanoma cells

Activating BRAF mutations and loss of wild-type INK4A expression both occur at high frequencies in melanomas. Here, we present evidence that BRAF and INK4A have different effects on melanogenesis, a marker of melanocytic differentiation. Human melanoma cell line 624Mel harbors mutations in both BRAF and INK4A. The in vitro and in vivo growth of these cells was inhibited by either reduced expression of mutant BRAF using stable retroviral RNA interference (RNAi) or retrovirus-mediated stable expression of wild-type INK4A cDNA. Consistent with the observed growth inhibition, phosphorylation of S780 and S795 in pRB, both CDK4/6 targets, was suppressed in cells expressing either mutant BRAF RNAi or wild-type INK4A. Interestingly, melanoma cells expressing mutant BRAF RNAi had increased pigmentation, produced more mature melanosomes and melanin and expressed higher levels of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1, whereas melanogenesis was not induced by wild-type INK4A. We found that the melanocyte lineage-specific master control protein microphthalmia-associated transcription factor was upregulated by inhibition of mutant BRAF, which may be the cause for the melanogenic effect of BRAF RNAi. The results suggest that, although both BRAF and INK4A lesions promote cell growth and tumor formation, mutant BRAF may also induce dedifferentiation in melanoma cells.
Value Orientations of College Students: Preliminary Data and Review of the Literature:

Structured and semi-structured questionnaire data are presented which reveal comprehensive portraits of five discriminable value orientations among college students: Privatism (males); Privatism (females); Identity-seekers (males); Identity-seekers (females); and Proletariat males. These results are interpreted in the context of (1) previous research on student value orientations and related areas, (2) theories of personality, and (3) contemporary social, political, ethical, and artistic trends.
Unwanted sexual experiences among middle and high school youth

Abstract Of the 1197 middle and high school students who participated anonymously in a health survey, 15% reported they had had a past unwanted sexual experience. Females were more likely than males and older students more likely than younger students to have had such experiences, which were categorized into six types: force/rape, child abuse, influence of drugs/alcohol, partner pressure, regret, and peer pressure. Male students tended to report peer pressure and regret more often than females, who tended to report forced situations and child abuse. The genders were similar, however, regarding partner pressure and the influence of drugs and alcohol. Students who reported having had an unwanted sexual experience were more likely to report current risk taking behaviors, school problems, and health problems than these who had not had such experiences. Students who had been physically forced were less likely to be currently sexually active and scored lower on a measure of current substance use than those who were not forced.
Interspinous Spacers for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

Neurogenic claudication secondary to lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) generally responds to conservative measures, but individuals with persistent symptoms or significant functional disability often require surgical intervention. Interspinous spacers (ISSs) have been introduced as a novel method for reproducing the postural relief that these individuals typically experience with lumbar flexion, which may avoid much of the morbidity of other operative procedures, such as a laminectomy. By distracting the interspinous space, ISSs have been shown to increase the dimensions of the spinal canal and foramina, thereby bringing about an “indirect” decompression of the neural elements. There is only one implant currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of intermittent neurogenic claudication arising from 1 or 2 levels of LSSs confirmed by appropriate imaging studies. As part of the surgical technique, the patient must be maintained in maximum flexion to facilitate the safe placement of the implant, and care must be taken to adequately preserve the interspinous ligament. Multiple in vitro and clinical investigations have established the safety and efficacy of ISS, but these devices are known to be associated with a number of complications, including spinous process and neurologic sequelae. Although additional prospective clinical trials are necessary to establish the long-term durability and cost-effectiveness of ISS, this strategy remains a viable, less invasive option for the treatment of symptomatic LSS compared with posterior decompression.
Bushwhacking the Democratic Peace

President George W. Bush concluded his final 2004 debate with John Kerry by declaring his faith in “the ability of liberty to transform societies, to convert a hostile world to a peaceful world.” Such affirmations then became part of his rhetorical repertoire, as in his 2005 State of the Union address and his claims about building democracy in the Middle East as a result of his invasion of Iraq. For example, “By now it should be clear that decades of excusing and accommodating tyranny in the pursuit of stability have only led to instability and tragedy … It should be clear that the advance of democracy leads to peace, because governments that respect the rights of their people also respect the rights of their neighbors.”1
An analysis of quantum coherent solar photovoltaic cells

Abstract A new hypothesis (Scully et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108 (2011) 15097) suggests that it is possible to break the statistical physics-based detailed balance-limiting power conversion efficiency and increase the power output of a solar photovoltaic cell by using “noise-induced quantum coherence” to increase the current. The fundamental errors of this hypothesis are explained here. As part of this analysis, we show that the maximum photogenerated current density for a practical solar cell is a function of the incident spectrum, sunlight concentration factor, and solar cell energy bandgap and thus the presence of quantum coherence is irrelevant as it is unable to lead to increased current output from a solar cell.
UNITS OF DEBT WITH WARRANTS: EVIDENCE OF THE “PENALTY-FREE” ISSUANCE OF AN EQUITY-LIKE SECURITY

While units of debt with warrants are not structured as perfect substitutes for convertible bonds, there is reason to believe that firms view the two securities as viable alternative methods of raising funds. Analyses of the capital market effects of the announcement of the plan to issue and the issuance of units of debt with warrants provide unique evidence of the “penalty-free” issuance of an equity-like security. Evidence is found to support the conjecture that units are typically issued by smaller, riskier firms than are convertible bonds. However, there is no evidence that the use of this security is interpreted by the market as a sign of financial distress.
Use of multiple information types in assessing accounting faculty teaching performance

Abstract This paper examines whether multiple types of information are used in assessing faculty teaching performance and provides insight into the characteristics of departments where administrators use this assessment approach. The results show that student ratings are used by 95% of accounting departments administrators. Although 82% of administrators use multiple types of information to assess teaching performance, they employ, on average, less than three types of information and show a preference for non-systematic, subjective types of information. While the AACSB, the AECC and others have encouraged the use of multiple types of information in assessing teaching performance, the overall number of information types used by accounting administrators is significantly less than the broad set of items suggested for inclusion in a teaching portfolio. Administrators from accounting departments with Ph.D. programs and from departments accredited at both the college and department levels are most likely to use multiple types of information in assessing faculty teaching performance.
Carcinoma of the esophagus: experience with a philosophy for palliation.

Abstract The preliminary results of a new therapeutic approach to carcinoma of the esophagus were reported in 1972. The primary objective of treatment should be palliation, with cure an important but secondary goal. Lesions in the upper third of the esophagus are treated by irradiation unless there is severe obstruction or tracheal involvement, in which case colon bypass is carried out. Limited resection and esophagogastrostomy is performed through a right thoracotomy and midline laparotomy for middle-third lesions and through a left thoracotomy for lower-third carcinomas. Since 1969, 85 patients have been evaluated, of whom 65 (76%) have been treated according to the new protocol. Thirteen patients with upper-third carcinomas were treated primarily by radiation therapy and 6 by colon bypass. Resection was performed in 45 of the 46 patients with middle- and lower-third lesions. There were 5 operative deaths (9.8%). The quality and duration of palliation have been far superior to that achieved by previous methods of treatment and, perhaps surprisingly, survival rates have improved.
The Effect of Femoral Tunnel Position and Graft Tensioning Technique on Posterior Laxity of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament-Reconstructed Knee

We report the effects of femoral tunnel position and graft tensioning technique on posterior laxity of the posterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knee. An isometric femoral tunnel site was located using a specially de signed alignment jig. Additional femoral tunnel positions were located 5 mm proximal and distal to the isometric femoral tunnel. With the graft in the proximal femoral tunnel, graft tension decreased as the knee flexed; with the graft in the distal femoral tunnel, graft tension in creased as the knee flexed. When the graft was placed in the isometric femoral tunnel, a nearly isometric graft tension was maintained between 0° and 90° of knee flexion. One technique tested was tensioning the graft at 90° of knee flexion while applying an anterior drawer force of 156 N to the tibia. This technique restored sta tistically normal posterior stability to the posterior cru ciate ligament-deficient knee between 0° and 90° for the distal femoral tunnel position, between 0° and 75° for the isometric t...
An interpretation of the structural changes responsible for the chronicity of rhinoscleroma

Objective To identify the structural changes of the proliferative phase of rhinoscleroma which could be responsible for the chronicity of the disease. Study Design Observational research. Methods Samples of friable tissue taken from the nasal mucosa of nine untreated patients were processed for light and ultrastructural microscopy. Results The majority of changes contributing to the chronicity of the disease occurred in the subepithelium and followed three closely related but distinct events. In the first (infiltrative), subepithelial invasion by the Klebsiella was followed by its active multiplication and proliferation of capillaries. In the second (neutrophilic), large numbers of neutrophils were delivered into this space. Neutrophils actively phagocytized the Klebsiella but appeared to die at an accelerated rate without completing digestion of the microorganisms. In the third event (histiocytic), histiocytes entered the subepithelium and engaged in unrestrained phagocytosis of decaying neutrophils, Klebsiella, and debris. During this process, the histiocytes' phagosomes underwent massive dilation, thus becoming Mikulicz cells. Mikulicz cells were unable to consistently destroy the Klebsiella and eventually ruptured, releasing them into the interstitium. Evidence was found that an autophagic process might contribute to phagosome distention and to the rupture of the vacuolar membranes and cell wall. Conclusions Several critical changes responsible for the chronicity of rhinoscleroma occur during the proliferative phase of the disease. The majority of these take place in the subepithelium and include: 1) factors leading to the transformation of histiocytes into Mikulicz cells, 2) the inability of these cells to consistently destroy the Klebsiella, 3) their rupture releasing viable Klebsiella, and 4) the intrinsic resistance of the pathogen.
Ibn al-Nadīm's Ismāʿīlī Contacts

Iraq in the tenth and eleventh centuries witnessed a flowering of Shiite cultural production with lasting effects on the Islamic sciences such as law, hadith, theology, and Qur'anic commentary. The works of al-Shaykh al-Mufīd (d. 413/1022), al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍā (d. 436/1044), and al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī (d. 460/1067) not only broke significant new ground in Shiite intellectual history and defended Shiite doctrinal positions against opponents, but also set parameters for production in these fields that would remain in effect, grosso modo, until modern times. During the same period, Shiite authors made substantial contributions to fields not directly related to Shiite religious doctrine, playing a crucial role in elaborating and preserving Islamic heritage in general. Al-Masʿūdī's (d. 345/956) famous history Murūj al-dhahab and Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī's (d. 356/967) collection of songs, poetry, and associated lore, Kitāb al-Aghānī, are prominent examples of Shiite authors' contributions to general Arabo-Islamic cultural production. Arguably yet more important is the Fihrist, composed in Baghdad in 377-378 ah/987-988 ce by Ibn al-Nadīm, an Imāmī Shiite bookseller. This work, a comprehensive catalogue of Arabic book titles, is widely recognised as one of the most important sources for the history of all learned disciplines recorded in Arabic in the course of the first four Islamic centuries. As a consequence, the present understanding of entire swaths of Islamic intellectual history, including the rise and development of Muʿtazilī theology and the translation of the Greek sciences into Arabic, is heavily indebted to a Shiite author.
Assessment of Various Statistical Downscaling Methods for Downscaling Precipitation in Florida

Several statistical downscaling models have been developed in the past couple of decades to assess the hydrologic impacts of climate change by projecting the station-scale hydrological variables from large-scale atmospheric variables simulated by General Circulation Models (GCMs). GCMs have a good chance to capture the large-scale circulation patterns and correctly model smoothly varying fields such as surface pressure, but it is extremely unlikely that these models properly reproduce non smooth fields such as precipitation. This study compares five statistically downscaling models, viz, Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Positive Coefficient Regression (PCR), Stepwise Regression (SWR), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and BiasCorrection Spatial Disaggregation (BCSD) for estimation of rainfall in the state of Florida, USA. The performance of the models is evaluated using various performance measures and it was found that the SVM model performed better than all the other models in reproducing most monthly rainfall statistics at 18 locations. Output from the third generation Canadian Global Climate Model (CGCM3) GCM for A1B scenario was used for future precipitation projections.
Total synthesis of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of the human lymphocyte CD52 antigen

The first total synthesis of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor bearing a polyunsaturated arachidonoyl fatty acid is reported. This lipid is found in mammalian GPIs that do not undergo lipid remodeling, a process that has important implications in the localization and function of GPI-anchored proteins. Incorporation of the oxidation- and reduction-sensitive arachidonoyl lipid in the target GPI was accomplished by using the para-methoxybenzyl (PMB) group for permanent hydroxyl group protection, which featured a selective, rapid, and efficient global deprotection protocol. The flexibility of this synthetic strategy was further highlighted by the inclusion of two additional GPI core structural modifications present in the GPI anchor of the human lymphocyte CD52 antigen.
Nursing in Turkey

The current discussion on the nursing shortage needs to focus as much on nursing job satisfaction and retention as on nursing recruitment and education. Selected aspects of the motivational psychology of Abraham Maslow, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, and Frederick Hertzberg are here discussed in light of the challenges-opportunities of nursing in Turkey and elsewhere. Also discussed is an innovative program to support the application of nursing theory and professional development in Toronto, Canada.
Leave Home Without It? The Effects of Credit Card Debt and Available Credit on Spending

Abstract This research examines how credit card debt affects consumer spending. In five experimental and field studies, the authors demonstrate that outstanding credit card debt increases spending for consumers with high self-control. They also show that this effect can be eliminated by increasing the available credit on the credit card. Thus, when the available credit is low, consumers with greater self-control increase spending, but when the available credit is high, they reduce spending. The results extend the literature on goal violation and self-control and offer insights into consumer decision making and consumption patterns under conditions of debt.
Surfactant proteins A and D specifically stimulate directed actin-based responses in alveolar macrophages

Surfactant protein (SP) A and SP-D are the pulmonary members of the collectin family, structurally related proteins involved in innate immune responses. Here, we have examined the abilities of SP-A, SP-D, mannose-binding protein (MBP), and the complement component C1q to stimulate actin-based cellular functions in rat alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes. Our goal in this study was to examine the cell specificity of the effects of the collectins to understand further the mechanisms by which SP-A and SP-D stimulate alveolar macrophages. We found that SP-A and SP-D have lung cell-specific effects at physiologically relevant concentrations; they stimulate directional actin polymerization and chemotaxis in alveolar macrophages but not in monocytes. Although C1q and MBP weakly stimulate the rearrangement of actin in both cell types, C1q is chemotactic only for peripheral blood monocytes and MBP does not stimulate chemotaxis of either cell type. Neither C1q nor MBP stimulates actin polymerization in alveolar macrophages. These results support the hypothesis that alveolar macrophages express receptors specific for the pulmonary collectins SP-A and SP-D and provide insight into the potential roles of collectins in the recruitment and maturation of mononuclear phagocytes in the lung.
Alternative brain organization after prenatal cerebral injury: convergent fMRI and cognitive data.

The current study presents both longitudinal behavioral data and functional activation data documenting the effects of early focal brain injury on the development of spatial analytic processing in two children, one with prenatal left hemisphere (LH) injury and one with right hemisphere (RH) injury. A substantial body of evidence has shown that adults and children with early, lateralized brain injury show evidence of spatial analytic deficits. LH injury compromises the ability to encode the parts of a spatial pattern, while RH injury impairs pattern integration. The two children described in this report show patterns of deficit consistent with the site of their injury. In the current study, their longitudinal behavioral data spanning the age range from preschool to adolescence are presented in conjunction with data from a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of spatial processing. The activation results provide evidence that alternative profiles of neural organization can arise following early focal brain injury, and document where in the brain spatial functions are carried out when regions that normally mediate them are damaged. In addition, the coupling of the activation with the behavioral data allows us to go beyond the simple mapping of functional sites, to ask questions about how those sites may have come to mediate the spatial functions. ( JINS , 2003, 9 , 604–622.)
Reproductive consequences of a matrilineal overthrow in rhesus monkeys.

Matrilineal overthrows in macaque societies are rare but devastating events, often resulting in severe morbidity, mortality, and loss of individual and group fitness. The handful of documented macaque overthrows provides scant evidence to reveal the severity or longevity of reproductive consequences resulting from such violent events. We analyzed archival records from semi-free ranging rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta, across six years [55≤N≤107, from 2007–2012] during which time a matrilineal overthrow occurred [in 2009] to test the hypothesis that extremely violent interactions such as a matrilineal overthrow would significantly reduce reproductive fitness for the involved matrilines and for the troop collectively. The matrilineal overthrow resulted in a significant increase in infant loss for the population from the previous year [χ2=8.117, df=1, P=0.004], as evidenced by the fact that in 2009, but not in other years, the proportion of infants lost was greater than the proportion of viable infants [χ2=4.55, df=1, P=0.03]. Moreover, the deposed matriline suffered 100% infant loss in 2009, a significant change from the previous year [χ2=7.87, df=1, P=0.005] while the attacking matriline suffered 50% infant loss [also a significant change from the previous year; χ2=4.44, df=1, P=0.035], with the uninvolved, lowest-ranking matriline showing no change in infant loss from the previous year [χ2=0.008, df=1, P=0.93]. The deposed matriline did not produce viable offspring again until three years later. We further found that rates of severe fighting [as indicated by the number of fight wounds requiring medical treatment] were positively correlated with infant loss across the six years of the study [r[s]=0.943, P=0.005]. Our data indicate that extreme periods of intra-group conflict, such as the matrilineal overthrow, have marked short-term consequences for individual fitness, and may be extreme examples of the long-term influences that group violence exerts on the mean fitness within a primate troop.
The Okamoto-Nolen-Schiffer anomaly without p-ω mixing

Abstract We examine the effect of isospin-violating meson-nucleon coupling constants and of π-η mixing on the binding-energy differences of mirror nuclei in a model that possesses no contribution from p-ω mixing. The 3He3H binding-energy difference is computed in a nonrelativistic approach using a realistic wave function. We find the 3He3H binding-energy difference very sensitive to the short-distance behavior of the nucleon-nucleon potential. We conclude that for the typically hard Bonn form factors such modles cannot account for the observed binding-energy difference in the three-nucleon system. For the medium-mass region (A = 15–41) the binding-energy differences of mirror nuclei are computed using a relativistic mean-field approximation to the Walecka model. We obtain large binding-energy differences - of the order of several hundred KeV - arising from the pseudoscalar sector. Two effects are primarily responsible for this new finding: a) the inclusion of isospin breaking in the pion-nucleon coupling constant and b) the in-medium enhancement of the small components of the bound-state wave functions. We look for off-shell ambiguities in these results and find them to be large; while 70–85% of the anomaly can be explained with a pseudoscalar coupling only 30% of it can be accounted for with a pseudovector vertex.
Functional and genetic studies of isolated cells from parathyroid tumors reveal the complex pathogenesis of parathyroid neoplasia

Parathyroid adenomas (PAs) causing primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are histologically heterogeneous yet have been historically viewed as largely monotypic entities arising from clonal expansion of a single transformed progenitor. Using flow cytometric analysis of resected adenomatous parathyroid glands, we have isolated and characterized chief cells, oxyphil cells, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. The parathyroid chief and oxyphil cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), express the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR), and mobilize intracellular calcium in response to CASR activation. Parathyroid tumor infiltrating lymphocytes are T cells by immunophenotyping. Under normocalcemic conditions, oxyphil cells produce ∼50% more PTH than do chief cells, yet display significantly greater PTH suppression and calcium flux response to elevated calcium. In contrast, CASR expression and localization are equivalent in the respective parathyroid cell populations. Analysis of tumor clonality using X-linked inactivation assays in a patient-matched series of intact tumors, preparatively isolated oxyphil and chief cells, and laser-captured microdissected PA specimens demonstrate polyclonality in 5 of 14 cases. These data demonstrate the presence of functionally distinct oxyphil and chief cells within parathyroid primary adenomas and provide evidence that primary PA can arise by both clonal and polyclonal mechanisms. The clonal differences, biochemical activity, and relative abundance of these parathyroid adenoma subpopulations likely reflect distinct mechanisms of disease in PHPT.
Active flow control for complete elimination of fluid transients. II. Control robustness analysis

For pt.I, see ibid. p.980-6. The control robustness of an active flow control system using a partitioned optimal flow control system to completely eliminate the nonlinear transient flows is evaluated to assure that such a control scheme can perform satisfactorily when subjected to substantial system uncertainty. The effects of the uncertainties on the control stability as well as accuracy are studied. Recommendations based on the results of the study are made to improve the control robustness of the system. >
Women Marketing Students and the Service Economy: A New Majority

Women marketing students, nearly the majority, are likely to work in services: 84% of all women and most mangers and entrepreneurs are in service industries. Business programs' responses to women students include course development and nonsexist language. A women-related resource appendix for educators is included.
Predictability and Information Theory. Part I: Measures of Predictability

Abstract This paper gives an introduction to the connection between predictability and information theory, and derives new connections between these concepts. A system is said to be unpredictable if the forecast distribution, which gives the most complete description of the future state based on all available knowledge, is identical to the climatological distribution, which describes the state in the absence of time lag information. It follows that a necessary condition for predictability is for the forecast and climatological distributions to differ. Information theory provides a powerful framework for quantifying the difference between two distributions that agrees with intuition about predictability. Three information theoretic measures have been proposed in the literature: predictive information, relative entropy, and mutual information. These metrics are discussed with the aim of clarifying their similarities and differences. All three metrics have attractive properties for defining predictability, i...
Mechanical Performance of Microcantilevers in Liquids

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are exposed to a variety of liquid environments in applications such as chemical and biological sensors and microfluidic devices. Environmental interactions between liquids and microscale structures can lead to unpredictable performance of MEMS in liquid environments. In this paper, the mechanical performance of microcantilevers in liquid environments was investigated through a series of experiments: Microcantilever beams were placed in a liquid-filled enclosure and cyclically actuated for ~ 108 cycles. Silicon, silicon with titanium coating, silicon with a polymeric coating (SU-8), and silicon nitride microcantilevers were evaluated in deionized water, saline, and glucose. Microcantilever materials, liquid environments, and load levels (0-5 ± 0.5 MPa) were selected to be representative of sensor applications. The mechanical performance of the microcantilevers was evaluated by periodically monitoring changes in resonant frequency. All specimens performed reliably in air. Significant changes in resonant frequency, often exceeding 1%, were observed for uncoated silicon and titanium-coated microcantilevers immersed in saline and for SU-8-coated microcantilevers immersed in water. The changes in resonant frequency were attributed to mineral deposition for uncoated silicon microcantilevers in saline, corrosion fatigue for titanium-coated silicon microcantilevers in saline, and water absorption for SU-8-coated microcantilevers in water.
Research Use in the Policy Process: New Information to Help Meet the Demand

The use of research and evidence at the state and national levels varies considerably based on the stage of the policymaking process, the level of the educational governance system, and the availability of relevant research. The chapters presented in this section begin to build an evidence base that could inform future research supply. This chapter argues that in order to enhance the use of research and evidence in the policymaking process, research must be created through partnerships, conducted on relevant topics, and presented in usable forms.
The Biology of Acroceridae (Diptera): True Endoparasitoids of Spiders

The dipterous parasitoids and predators of spiders are restricted to a few families of Diptera and vary considerably in their mode of action. Members of the families Drosophilidae, Phoridae, Chloropidae, and Sarcophagidae are known to predate on eggs of several families of spiders (Clausen 1940; Eason et al. 1967). Recently, the first endoparasitic member of the family Tachinidae, Lypha sp., was reported to attack the fossorial spider Atypoides riversi in California (Vincent 1985). The only truly coevolved, host-restricted, parasitoid family of Diptera known to attack spiders is the endoparasitic family Acroceridae (Cyrtidae of authors). Although I am convinced that acrocerid larvae attack and develop successfully only in true spiders (Araneae), I should note the case cited by Sferra (1986) where the first instar larvae of Pterodontia flavipes were found internally in the bodies of several types of Acari. However, because of the small size of the hosts, there is no possibility that this parasitoid could develop further. The only real competitor to acrocerids for this endoparasitic mode of life appears with certain nematodes (Poinar, this volume). In fact, Vincent and Schlinger (unpublished notes) recently found a case where the spider, Atypoides riversi was serving as a host for both a nematode and an acrocerid (Eulonchus) larva simultaneously. Which one of these parasitoids (if any) would have been the successful competitor was not determined due to the early dissection of the host.
A case of cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman disease (CRDD) with underlying calvarial involvement and absence of BRAFV600E mutation

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a benign histiocytic proliferation that most commonly presents with painless bilateral lymphadenopathy and constitutional symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and night sweats.1 RDD is considered by many to be a reaction pattern with several different manifestations, especially as clonality has not been documented to support it representing a neoplasm per se. Classic histologic features include histiocytes that are S100 protein positive, are CD1a−, and demonstrate emperipolesis. Cutaneous lesions can occur in about 10% of patients, however, RDD limited only to cutaneous involvement is particularly rare.2, 3 Moreover, concomitant cutaneous RDD (CRDD) and bone RDD has rarely been reported in the English-language literature.4, 5 Here, we presented a case of CRDD on the scalp with underlying bony involvement.
Should self‐determination be legalized?

(2000). Should self‐determination be legalized? Terrorism and Political Violence: Vol. 12, The Democratic Experience and Political Violence, pp. 106-134.
Interaction and Analogy in the Comprehension and Appreciation of Metaphors

Two experiments tested a theory of information processing in metaphoric comprehension and appreciation. According to this theory, certain kinds of metaphors are based upon underlying analogies, and...
In Support of Theory of Appearing: Defending Langsam against Djukic’s Critique

The purpose of this paper is to defend Langsam’s Theory of Appearing (TA) against Djukic et al’s critique. In strengthening Langsam’s defense of TA, I adopt some of Le Morvan's arguments in defending Direct Realism. TA states that experiences are relations between material object and mind, and that phenomenal features are appearances of relations held between material objects and mind. Djukic objects to TA on three grounds of Hallucination, Causal Principle (CP), and Time-Gap: First, Djukic objects to TA on the ground that perception and hallucinations are phenomenally indistinguishable, thus phenomenal features (or properties) instantiated in perception may not be relations either, and thus TA could fail. In defending TA, Langsam argues that indistinguishability does not entail that perception and hallucination instantiate the same appearance. Moreover, disjunctivist conception of experience supports TA in that phenomenal features are either a relation between a material object and mind, or it is something else (as in cases of hallucination). I aim to show that sense-data (or like) theories of perception, that Djukic favors as being superior, would fail Djukic's own scrutiny in cases of hallucination in addition to being against common-sense. Second objection is that perception and hallucination must have the same-cause because they are indistinguishable, and also CP requires that same-causes to produce the same-effects. But hallucination and perception are different experiences, and hence TA fails CP. Responding to CP objection, “same-cause same-effect” only applies to intrinsic changes and intrinsic changes are changes in intrinsic properties and relations between intrinsic properties. Third, TA is opposed because for a given Time-Gap we cannot experience objects as they are (were) at the time of our perception. TA defeats this objection because it does not claim that “we can now (experience) the no-longer existent object as it is now, but only that we can now (experience) the once-existent object as it used to be. Fourth, to further strengthen TA, I will raise objections to TA including from the vantage point of Durability, Perceptual Relativity, Illusion, and Partial Perception arguments, and respond to such objections accordingly. To explicate TA, I argue from the vantage points of common sense, realistic physical biological considerations, and non-miraculous expectations from any theory of perception, including from TA.
Continual mechanical twinning: Part I: Formal description

Abstract A model-independent description of mechanical twinning is presented. It is shown that slip, which may be induced concurrent with twinning, serves as an energy dissipation process. The relative case of this dissipation governs the characteristics of the total deformation process and predicts phenomena such as a negative strain-rate sensitivity and a positive temperature dependence for the deformation. Details of the description are tested by experiments on several cubic metals and appropriate experimental support from subsequent papers is quoted here. The alloy Fe-25 at. % Be is of particular interest because it deforms almost exclusively by twinning; moreover, when in an ordered state the alloy can untwin spontaneously even under opposing stresses. The formal description of continual mechanical twinning can be made sufficiently general to account in detail for such events, as well as the more standard observations of work hardening, orientation effects, etc. The existence of a critical resolved shear stress for twinning (which must, however, depend on the state of the material through dislocation mobility) is observed and forms an integral part of the description. No particular model for twin nucleation is necessary in the formal development since most results are adequately explained without specifically accounting for nucleation.