cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revival of the intrauterine device: increased insertions among US women with employer-sponsored insurance, 2002-2008.

Abstract Background Use of the intrauterine device (IUD) in the United States has recently increased. New evidence for women with employer-sponsored health insurance permits analysis of variation and trends in such use. Study Design A retrospective analysis of annual IUD insertion rates between 2002 and 2008 was conducted by evaluating claims from the MarketScan® Commercial Research Databases for US women insured by plans that covered IUD insertions. Estimates were weighted to be nationally representative. Results IUD insertion rates increased from 1.6/1000 women of reproductive age to 9.8/1000 over 2002–2008 and varied substantially by state. Insertion rates of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) increased from 0.4/1000 to 7.7/1000, whereas the insertion rates of copper T380A IUD (copper IUD) increased from 0.6/1000 to 1.5/1000. IUD insertions, which are most common among women aged 25–34 years, increased at roughly the same rate across all age groups. Conclusions The sixfold increase in IUD insertion rates between 2002 and 2008 was accompanied by an increase in the share IUD use with the LNG-IUS from 40% to 85%. Substantial geographic and age variations existed.
Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the reaction between conalbumin and anticonalbumin

Abstract Methods are presented by which the two phases of the primary AgAb reaction can be studied independently. It is experimentally justified that the first phase of the reaction can be treated as an equilibrium reaction. In one special example, in the FCA-AFCA and FITC-AFCA systems, experimental data are presented for the calculation of the association constant of the reaction from equilibrium fluorescence measurements. The usefulness of fluorescence quenching measurements for both equilibrium and kinetic measurements is demonstrated in the FCA-AFCA system. Our data suggest that the fluorescence quenching of labeled protein antigens would be generally applicable for measuring the rate of formation of the primary AgAb complex between the soluble protein Ag and its Ab. The presence of the fluorescent label does not change significantly the combining or precipitating properties of the Ag, or the rate of the primary combination of Ag with Ab, but changes significantly the rate of growth of the primary AgAb complex. These data suggest that different combining sites may be involved in the primary union of Ag with Ab than in the growth of the AgAb complex.
Introduction: Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Cancer: An Update for 2012 with a Focus on Controversial Topics

Human papillomavirus has emerged as a major pathogen, capable of causing cancer at many different sites. In the head and neck, human papillomavirus is associated with many squamous cell carcinomas and is particularly important in the oropharynx. This is a fast moving topic with many important epidemiological, biological, pathological, and clinical features that are often confusing and misunderstood. This article introduces a series of timely reviews and editorials on this important subject in head and neck oncology.
Developmental Research Methods: Creating Knowledge from Instructional Design and Development Practice

THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE is to provide direction to those entertaining a developmental research project. There are two categories of developmental research, both of which are examined here. The two types vary in terms of the extent to which the conclusions resulting from the research are generalizable or contextually specific. This article describes developmental research in terms of the traditional stages of planning, conducting, and reporting a research project—problem definition, literature reviews, and research procedures. Examples of adapting a literature review to a developmental study are identified. Problem definition procedures encompass focusing on and framing the problem, and identifying the limitations of the research. Research procedures are adapted to developmental studies, particularly with respect to identifying the study’s participants, creating a research design, and collecting and analyzing the data. Finally, issues with respect to reporting developmental research are discussed.
Personalized Interactive Storyboarding utilizing Content Based Multimedia Retrieval

Abstract An explosion of digital multimedia technologies that permit quick and easy uploading of any multimedia file to the web, coupled with the rapid advancement of hardware and software have resulted in petabytes of multimedia data being available on the internet. In this paper, we provide a framework that rapidly integrates these data for personalized storyboarding utilizing Content Based Multimedia Retrieval (CBMR) techniques. A storyboard is a narrative of audio, text, video and images of a particular topic that are linked systematically. People have different abilities to understand a story/topic according to their learning styles coupled with experience, age, knowledge, gender etc. Personalized storyboard multimedia learning help the user dictate the learning process in a creative way through multiple means of representation, expression and engagement. This process involves active learning, both behavioral as well as cognitive. Learning is constructive, and information learned is remembered at a deeper level. The use of multimedia promotes meaningful learning that can be transferred or generalized to other situations. In this paper, various learning styles are discussed. The goal of the research was to design and implement a novel approach that integrates human reasoning with computerized algorithms for multimedia storyboarding for learning. By systematically coupling human reasoning and computerized process, we attempt to minimize the barrier between the human's cognitive model of what they are trying to storyboard and the computers understanding of the user's task. We present our model which utilizes a fusion of content based image retrieval, content based video retrieval, content based audio retrieval, and text based retrieval techniques with human computer interaction based relevance feedback to enhance the learning process through personalized multimedia storyboarding. To illustrate the advantages of this model in a greater detail, we showcased the concepts of this model utilizing the game of cricket. We summarize the paper by discussing the future in this area.
Reflecting on online learning designs using observed behavior

Educators, as designers of resources, experiences, and environments for learning, make judgments and assumptions about learners and how design choices will affect them. While some uncertainties can be resolved through the design process, others must be addressed experientially, through action (implementation or enactment) punctuated by reflection. Online learning designs, since they are often motivated by broad, asynchronous accessibility, offer both unique challenges and opportunities for design reflection. The challenges tend to concern greater diversity among larger learner populations, and therefore a need to account for greater potential variance in learner experiences. The opportunities arise from the nature of the medium, where use can be passively observed through interactions between learners and the learning environment. In this paper, we address the use of observed behavior as a lens for design reflection on a large corpus of online learning resources focusing on cybersecurity for adult learners.
Non-linear convection in a porous medium with internal heat sources

Abstract The paper studies non-linear thermal convection in a horizontal porous layer of fluid with nearly insulating boundaries and in the presence of internal heat sources. Square and hexagonal cells are found to be the only possible stable convection cells. Finite amplitude instability could exist for some particular forms of an internal heat source Q. For a uniform Q, the preferred flow pattern is that of hexagons for amplitude e smaller than some critical value ec, while both squares and hexagonal cells are stable for e ⩾ ec. The convective motion is downward at the hexagonal cell's centers. For a non-uniform Q, the qualitative features of thermal convection depend on the actual form Q. In particular, a non-uniform Q can increase or decrease the cell's size and the critical Rayleigh number at the onset of convection, and stabilize or destabilize the convective motion in the form of hexagonal cells with either upward or downward motion at the cell's centers.
Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystal dispersions in polar liquids

Cu(2)ZnSnS(4) (CZTS) nanocrystals sterically stabilized with oleic acid and oleylamine ligands and dispersed in nonpolar organic liquids have been extracted into, and electrostatically stabilized in, polar liquids by covering their surfaces with S(2-).
First report of mountain hemlock dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium tsugense subsp. mertensianae) on sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) from oregon

Mountain hemlock dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium tsugense (Rosendahl) G.N. Jones subsp. mertensianae Hawksw. & Nickrent, Viscaceae) commonly parasitizes mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.) from the central Sierra Nevada Mountains to the southern Cascades in Oregon (1,3). It has also been reported to commonly parasitize whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) and occasionally western white pine (P. monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) (1,4). In September of 2008, we found mountain hemlock dwarf mistletoe infecting two sugar pines (P. lambertiana Dougl.) 4.5 km north of Windigo Pass, Oregon (42°24'40″N, 123°35'26″W, elevation 2,710 m). One of the sugar pines was 63.5 cm (25 inches) in diameter and had three infections. The other tree was 22.4 cm (9 inches) in diameter, but had 17 infections, many with mistletoe plants that allowed identification of the mistletoe using published descriptions (1,2). Mountain hemlock dwarf mistletoe can be distinguished from sugar pine dwarf mistletoe (A. californicum Hawksw. & Wiens) by its smaller plant size (mean height 5 cm versus 8 cm) and plant color (green-brown versus green to yellow) (1,2). An area (site) of approximately 1 ha around the infected sugar pines was examined and none of the other sugar pines we observed (33 trees) were found to be infected. Because mountain hemlock dwarf mistletoe also occurs in the principal range of sugar pine in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, it may also parasitize this tree there. However, our observations in several mountain hemlock stands infested with mountain hemlock dwarf mistletoe in California have failed to uncover infection of sugar pine by this mistletoe. Therefore, we would tentatively classify sugar pine as a rare host of mountain hemlock dwarf mistletoe (1). Specimens of mountain hemlock dwarf mistletoe on sugar pine were collected and deposited at the Deaver Herbarium (ASC), Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff (Accession No. 87122). To our knowledge, this is the first report of mountain hemlock dwarf mistletoe parasitizing sugar pine. References: (1) F. G. Hawksworth and D. Wiens. USDA For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 709, 1996. (2) F. G. Hawksworth et al. Novon 2:204, 1992. (3) R. L. Mathiasen and C. M. Daugherty. Novon 17:222, 2007. (4) R. L. Mathiasen and F. G. Hawksworth. For. Sci. 34:429, 1988.
Fungi in developing peanut fruits

Tests conducted on developing peanut fruits showed that 84 % of the pegs contained fungi before they entered the ground. Shell invasion remained high (90–100 %) throughout the season; seed invasion rose to 82 %, declining at harvest time.Penicillium, Fusarium andPhoma were the most common shell fungi;Penicillium andGliocladium were most common in seeds. Ecologically, peanut fungi fall into 3 groups: an aerial flora, a terrestrial flora and species which colonize peanut fruits both above and below ground.
Support of retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration by lithium through a Bcl-2-dependent mechanism.

PURPOSE. To explore whether lithium, a long-standing moodstabilizing drug, can be used to induce expression of Bcl-2 and support the survival and regeneration of axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). METHODS. Levels of expression of Bcl-2 in the retina were assessed with quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. To determine whether lithium directly supports the survival of and axon-regenerative functions of RGCs, various amounts of lithium were added to cultures of isolated RGCs. Anti-Thy1.2 antibodies-conjugated to magnetic beads were used to isolate the RGCs. In addition, retina– brain slice cocultures were prepared from tissues of Bcl-2– deficient or Bcl-2–transgenic mice and treated with various amounts of lithium. The effects of the expression of Bcl-2 on lithiummediated functions were then analyzed. RESULTS. Normal mouse retina expressed very low levels of Bcl-2 after birth. Addition of lithium in the culture increased mRNA levels of Bcl-2 in retinas of postnatal mice in a dosedependent manner. Moreover, lithium promoted not only the survival of RGCs but also the regeneration of their axons. Depleting or forcing the expression of Bcl-2 in RGCs eliminated the effects of lithium. CONCLUSIONS. Lithium supports both the survival and regeneration of RGC axons through a Bcl-2– dependent mechanism. This suggests that lithium may be used to treat glaucoma, optic nerve neuritis, the degeneration of RGCs and their nerve fibers, and other brain and spinal cord disorders involving nerve damage and neuronal cell loss. To achieve full regeneration of the severed optic nerve, it may be essential to combine lithium therapy with other drugs that mediate induction of a permissive environment in the mature central nervous system. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:347–354) DOI:10.1167/iovs.020198
TAP: A Semantic Web Test-bed

Abstract In this paper, we describe TAP, an experimental system for identifying and researching many different of the different technical issues that lie on the path to achieving the vision of the Semantic Web. In particular, we address the issues of scalable query languages, sharing vocabularies, bootstrap knowledge bases, automated extraction of RDF from text and applications of the Semantic Web.
Mutagenic activity of biliary metabolites of 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene.

Abstract The biliary excretion of the carcinogen 6-hydroxy-methylbenzo[a]pyrene was investigated in rats after i.p. administration. Mutagenicity of the parent compound and its biliary metabolites was tested in Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. Approximately 40% of the dose administered (0.25–0.5 mg/kg) to the rats was excreted in the bile within 6 h. 6-Hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene was excreted primarily as water-soluble metabolites, including glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Negligible quantities of unchanged 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene were excreted in the bile. In the presence of Aroclor-induced S9, 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene was a potent mutagen. The mutagenicity of bile from rats treated with 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene was variable in the absence of an activation system. However, the same bile samples were mutagenic in the presence of B-glucuronidase and/or S9. These results indicate that biliary metabolites of 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene can be metabolically activated to mutagenic species.
Understanding ac–dc–ac accelerated test results

Abstract The ac–dc–ac accelerated testing method is an unconventional method that involves subjecting organic coatings on metallic substrates to cycles of cathodic potential. The ac–dc–ac degradation associated with a standard Army epoxy primer on a steel substrate is reported. The ac–dc–ac procedure was modified to include wetting and drying stages. Experimental results demonstrated the influence that the method had on the barrier property, the diffusion of water, and saturated condition of the primer. A quantitative analysis of the transient potential profile that followed the cathodic potential was performed to address processes of charge transfer, transport, and coating relaxation during this step.
Hagar's Hymns: Echo and Allusion in Margaret Laurence's The Stone Angel

In Margaret Laurence's The Stone Angel, hymns define one context in which Hagar lives, and one voice that she might claim as her own. However, because singing unites many voices into a single voice, when Hagar challenges the words of hymns or connects with only a few of the hymn's words, hymns introduce paradox and ambiguity into her quest, and blur her supposed epiphany when the minister sings “All People that on Earth Do Dwell.” Although hymns may assist a character to transcend self and be subsumed into a spiritual community, hymns may also be part of a process of discovering the sound of an individual voice.
Effect of selenium deficiency on liver iron stores in mice

Excess Fe accumulation has been associated with increased risk of chronic disease in humans. Others have shown that rats fed Se deficient diets containing normal Fe levels accumulate excess hepatic Fe. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of Se deficiency on Fe accumulation in mice fed adequate or high Fe diets. Sixty-four weanling male mice were divided into 2 groups and fed either a Se deficient diet or the same diet supplemented with 0.2 μg Se/g diet added as sodium selenite. Half the mice in each group consumed diets supplemented with adequate (35 μg Fe/g) or high (1050 μg Fe/g) Fe added as ferric citrate. Mice were fed diets over a 4 or 12 week period. Mice fed the high Fe diets had increased liver Fe stores while mice fed the Se deficient diets had decreased liver glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) activity after both 4 and 12 weeks. After 4 weeks, Se deficiency had a significant (P = 0.048) effect on liver Fe stores. Mice fed Se deficient diets had elevated liver Fe concentration compared to mice fed Se adequate diets although differences between individual diets were not significant. After 12 weeks, however, Se deficiency had no effect on liver Fe stores. Mice fed the Se deficient diet containing high Fe had elevated liver TBARS levels compared to mice fed the Se adequate diet containing adequate or high Fe after 4 weeks. Mice fed the Se deficient diet containing high Fe had elevated plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to mice fed the Se adequate diet containing high Fe after 4 weeks. Mice fed the Se deficient diet containing high Fe had decreased plasma triglyceride levels compared to mice fed the Se adequate diet containing adequate Fe after 12 weeks. Increased oxidative stress, a consequence of decreased Se status may affect liver Fe accumulation as well as plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
Developmental regulation of protein kinase-A and -C activities in the baboon fetal adrenal

We have previously demonstrated that the estrogen-regulated change in transuteroplacental metabolism of cortisol (F) and cortisone (E) from preferential reduction (E to F) at midgestation to oxidation (F to E) near term results in activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the baboon and the ontogenesis of rate-limiting steroidogenic enzymes, culminating in de novo F secretion. It is well established that transcription of messages activated by peptide-mediated binding to membrane receptors can occur via cAMP-dependent protein kinase-A (PKA) and/or phospholipid/calcium-dependent protein kinase-C (PKC). The present study was designed to determine whether basal levels of PKA and PKC in the fetal adrenal are developmentally regulated during baboon gestation and, thus, could provide the mechanism(s) by which activation of the fetal adrenal near term is mediated. Fetal adrenal glands were obtained on day 100 (n = 8) and day 165 (n = 6) of gestation (term = day 184) from untreated baboons and on day 100 after treatment of the mother with estradiol benzoate, injected sc between days 70-100 to increase estrogen production. PKA activity (picomoles of 32P incorporated into kemptide per min/mg protein) was determined by incubation of adrenal cytosol (12,000 x g; 0.3-30 micrograms protein) in reaction mixtures containing 0.25 mM ATP, 1 x 10(6) dpm [lambda-32P]ATP, and 3 micrograms kemptide in the presence or absence of 0.02 mM cAMP. PKC activity (picomoles of 32P incorporated into histone IIIS per min/mg protein) was determined in cytosol (105,000 x g) and detergent-solubilized membrane fractions after incubation with 0.02 mM ATP, 50 micrograms histone IIIS, and 1 x 10(6) dpm [lambda-32P]ATP in the presence or absence of calcium and phospholipids. Mean (+/- SE) maternal serum estradiol concentrations (nanograms per ml) were 3-fold greater (P < 0.05) at term (1.9 +/- 0.3) than at midgestation and increased (P < 0.05) after treatment with estradiol. PKA activity was greater at term (3965 +/- 546) than at midgestation (2130 +/- 240) and increased (P < 0.05) 2-fold after treatment with estrogen (3525 +/- 416) at midgestation. PKC activity was always 3- to 4-fold lower than that of PKA and was similar in the cytosol and membrane fractions of the cell. In contrast to PKA, cytosolic PKC activity was similar at mid (265 +/- 98)-and late (353 +/- 99) gestation and was not altered by treatment with estradiol (223 +/- 27).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Binocular Disparity and the Perception of Depth

I would like to thank my collaborators Drs. Yudong Zhu and Richard Andersen for their contributions to some of the works reviewed here. I am also grateful to Drs. Eric Kandel, Bard Geesaman, John Koester, and Vicent Ferrera for their very helpful discussions, comments, and suggestions on earlier versions of the manuscript. This review was supported by a research grant from the McDonnell-Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and NIH grant Number MH54125.
The Physician Assistant Role in Geriatric Medicine and Rehabilitation

Physician Assistants (PAs) are relatively new members of the health care team caring for elderly patients. The profession is rapidly growing, and PAs are uniquely adaptable to respond to the increasing need for the provision of quality healthcare services to the elderly. Physician Assistant scope of practice is derived from state laws; the supervising physician; facility policy and the specific training and experience of the individual PA. Occupational and physical therapy practitioners treating geriatric patients may interact with a PA in various settings and this article presents information regarding the role of the PA within the healthcare system and, specifically, in geriatric medicine and rehabilitation.
Semantic satiation and word association

Forty Ss gave word associations to 12 common English words after undergoing a semantic satiation treatment for six of the words. For half the Ss the satiation treatment was of the stimulus material in the word association test while half were satiated for responses (the most common word association to items on the list underwent satiation treatment.) Satiation treatment retarded association speed when stimuli were satiated but had a tendency to facilitate association speed when response satiation was attempted.
Voltage Clamp Limitations of Dual Whole-Cell Gap Junction Current and Voltage Recordings. I. Conductance Measurements

Previous correction methods for series access resistance errors in the dual whole-cell configuration did not take into account the effect of nonzero resting potentials (E(rest)) and junctional reversal potentials (E(rev)). Dual whole-cell currents were modeled according to resistor-circuit analysis and two correction formulas for the measurement of junctional currents (I(j)) were assessed. The equations for I(j), derived from Kirchoff's law before and after baseline subtraction of the nonjunctional current, were assessed for accuracy under a variety of whole-cell patch-clamp recording conditions. Both equations accurately correct for dual whole-cell voltage-clamp errors provided that the cellular parameters are included in the nonbaseline subtracted I(j) derivations. Junctional conductance (g(j)) estimates are most reliable at high junctional resistance (R(j)) values and minimize the need for corrective methods based on electrode series and cellular input resistances (R(el) and R(in)). In the "open-cell" configuration, low R(j) values relative to R(in) are required for accurate g(j) estimates. These methods provide the basis for accurate quantitative measurements of junctional resistance (or conductance) of gap junction channels or connexin hemichannels in the dual whole-cell or open-cell configurations. Revaluation of V(j)-dependent gating of rat connexin40 g(j) produced nearly identical Boltzmann fits to previously published data. Continuous g(j)-V(j) curves generated by variable slope V(j) ramps provide for more accurate fits and assessment of the time-dependence of the half-inactivation voltage and net gating charge movement.
Boundary-making in feminist research: new methodologies for ‘intimate insiders’

In the past 20 years, feminist geographers have gone to great lengths to complicate notions of ‘the field’ and make clear that the field is not an easily bounded space. This body of work has demonstrated the complexity of field spaces, explored ways to destabilize boundaries, and traced the power relations between researchers and participants. Ultimately, this work takes the breaking down of boundaries as an inherent good in field research, and, subsequently, little work has focused explicitly on the utility of physical and emotional boundaries that develop in field research. Our experiences as feminist geographers who reside in our fields show there is much left to understand and subsequently disrupt regarding the boundaries of ‘the field.’ In this article, we build on the concept of ‘intimate insiders’ to discuss the complex negotiation of doing research in the places where we have created personal lives and our sense of community. We often found ourselves struggling to define the physical and emotional...
One-Electron Photooxidation of N-Methionyl Peptides. Mechanism of Sulfoxide and Azasulfonium Diastereomer Formation through Reaction of Sulfide Radical Cation Complexes with Oxygen or Superoxide

We have characterized and quantified pathways by which sulfide radical cation complexes of N-methionyl peptides (Met-Met, Met-Met-Ala, and Met-Leu) transform into various products through the reaction with superoxide or oxygen. Sulfide radical cations were generated photolytically by the reaction of the peptides with either triplet carboxybenzophenone (3CB) or hydroxyl radicals (HO•). Sulfide radical cations of Met-Met and Met-Met-Ala, generated through 3CB, formed intramolecularly sulfur−sulfur three-electron-bonded radical cation complexes, [R2S∴SR2]+, which efficiently reacted with superoxide to yield the respective disulfoxides Met(O)-Met(O) and Met(O)-Met(O)-Ala. Competitively, monomeric sulfide radical cations and [R2S∴SR2]+ converted intramolecularly into sulfur−nitrogen three-electron-bonded complexes, [R2S∴N(R)H2]+, which reacted with both superoxide and molecular oxygen to yield azasulfonium derivatives. Among these azasulfonium derivatives the C(S),S(R) diastereomers (AS II) were generally form...
The disappearance of voids during 180 keV Ni+ bombardment of nickel

Abstract Ni + -ions with 180 keV energy promote void nucleation, growth and shrinkage as a result of impinging on nickel substrates held at temperatures between 600°C and 750°C. Growth proceeds to fluences near 3 × 10 21 ions/m 2 and is followed by shrinkage and, at 650°C and 700°C, increasing void number densities at higher fluences. Voids formed at 650°C, when ion bombarded at temperatures between 25°C and 550°C, decrease in size and number density, ultimately disappearing after a fluence of ∼ 2 × 10 21 ions/m 2 administered at the lower temperature. These observations are explained using rate theory modified to include the interstitials injected by the ion beam, the changing dislocation density in the irradiation damaged layer, and sputtering of the surface by the ion beam.
A three-dimensional localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks using artificial neural networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are being deployed in a variety of location-aware applications, where the measurement of data is meaningless without accurate location. Many localization algorithms have been proposed in the literature. However, localization in threedimensional (3D) space has not been studied sufficiently. Also, artificial neural networks are not commonly used in localization. In this paper, we present a 3D localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks using artificial neural networks. In the proposed scheme, the idea of the 2D localization using neural network is extended to achieve a 3D localization with simplicity, location accuracy, mobility, and low cost. The simulation results depict the performance and the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Differential regulation of 'central' and 'peripheral' benzodiazepine binding sites in the rat olfactory bulb.

The density of [3H]flunitrazepam and [3H]Ro 5-4864 binding sites was examined 19–21 and 27–31 days after surgical isolation of the olfactory bulbs. While statistically significant reductions in [3H]flunitrazepam binding were observed in the olfactory bulbs at both intervals, a significant reduction in [3H]Ro 5-4864 binding was observed only at 27–31 days after surgery. No consistent changes in the binding of either radioligand were observed in cerebella. Extirpation of the olfactory bulbs resulted in a significant reduction in the convulsant potency (but not efficacy) of Ro 5-4864, while neither the potency nor efficacy of pentylenetetrazole was affected by this procedure. These results suggest that benzodiazepine receptors and ‘peripheral-type’ binding sites for benzodiazepines are regulated independently, and that at least a subpopulation of peripheral-type binding sites are associated with neuronal elements in the olfactory bulb. These data also suggest that peripheral-type binding sites for benzodiazepines in the olfactory bulbs may influence the convulsant actions of Ro 5-4864.
Adhesive contact of an elastic semi-infinite solid with a rigid rough surface: Strength of adhesion and contact instabilities

Abstract The effect of adhesion on the contact behavior of elastic rough surfaces is examined within the framework of the multi-asperity contact model of Greenwood and Williamson (1966), known as the GW model. Adhesive surface interaction is modeled by nonlinear springs with a force–displacement relation governed by the Lennard–Jones (LJ) potential. Constitutive models are presented for contact systems characterized by low and high Tabor parameters, exhibiting continuous (stable) and discontinuous (unstable) surface approach, respectively. Constitutive contact relations are obtained by integrating the force–distance relation derived from the LJ potential with a finite element analysis of single-asperity adhesive contact. These constitutive relations are then incorporated into the GW model, and the interfacial force and contact area of rough surfaces are numerically determined. The development of attractive and repulsive forces at the contact interface and the occurrence of instantaneous surface contact (jump-in instability) yield a three-stage evolution of the contact area. It is shown that the adhesion parameter introduced by Fuller and Tabor (1975) governs the strength of adhesion of contact systems with a high Tabor parameter, whereas the strength of adhesion of contact systems with a low Tabor parameter is characterized by a new adhesion parameter, defined as the ratio of the surface roughness to the equilibrium interatomic distance. Applicable ranges of aforementioned adhesion parameters are interpreted in terms of the effective surface separation, obtained as the sum of the effective distance range of the adhesion force and the elastic deformation induced by adhesion. Adhesive strength of rough surfaces in the entire range of the Tabor parameter is discussed in terms of a generalized adhesion parameter, defined as the ratio of the surface roughness to the effective surface separation.
Information Theoretic Key Frame Selection for Action Recognition

This paper presents an approach for human action recognition by finding the discriminative key frames from a video sequence and representing them with the distribution of local motion features and their spatiotemporal arrangements. In this approach, the key frames of the video sequence are selected by their discriminative power and represented by the local motion features detected in them and integrated from their temporal neighbors. In the key frame’s representation, the spatial arrangements of the motion features are captured in a hierarchical spatial pyramid structure. By using frame by frame voting for the recognition, experiments have demonstrated improved performances over most of the other known methods on the popular benchmark data sets. Recognizinghumanactionfromimagesequencesis an appealingyet challengingproblem in computer vision with many applications including motion capture, human-computer interaction, environment control, and security surveillance. In this paper, we focus on recognizing the activities of a person in an image sequence from local motion features and their spatiotemporal arrangements. Our approach is motivated by the recent success of “bag-of-words” model for general object recognition in computer vision[21, 14]. This representation, which is adapted from the text retrieval literature, models the object by the distribution of words from a fixed visual code book, which is usually obtained by vector quantization of local image visual features. However, this method discards the spatial and the temporal relations among these visual features, which could be helpful in object recognition. Addressing this problem, our approach uses a hierarchical representation for the key frames of a given video sequence to integrate information from both the spatial and the temporal domains. We first apply a spatiotemporal feature detector to the video sequence and obtain the local motion features. Then we generate a visual word code book by quantization of the local motion features and assign a word label to each of them. Next we select key frames of the video sequence by their discriminative power. Then, for each key frame, we integrate the visual words from its nearby frames, divide the key frame spatially into finer subdivisions and compute in each cell the histograms of the visual words detected in this key frame and its temporal neighbors. Finally, we concatenate the histograms from all cells and use
Long term consequences of oxygen therapy in the neonatal period

Preterm and term infants are frequently exposed to high concentrations of oxygen for prolonged periods. In experimental models, high and prolonged oxygen exposures cause delayed alveolar septation and a bronchopulmonary dysplasia phenotype. Often, however, the oxygen exposure is tolerated in that the infants recover without severe lung or systemic injury. Multiple exposures change oxygen sensitivity in adult and newborn animals. Examples are antenatal corticosteroids, inflammatory mediators or preconditioning with oxygen, which will increase tolerance to oxygen injury. Intrauterine growth restriction or postnatal nutritional deficits will increase oxygen injury. Different infants probably have quite variable sensitivities to oxygen injury, but there are no biomarkers available to predict the risk of oxygen injury.
The sensitization of humor responses to cartoons

It was hypothesized that a humor response to a cartoon in a series depends upon arousal or increased salience, both of which may be produced by preceding cartoons. A humor response, however, should eventually decline owing to habituation. Three experiments were conducted in order to determine if responding to cartoons with the same theme depends upon the cartoon's serial position. Facial responses and ratings of funniness increased over the first few cartoons, reflecting the effect of arousal or salience. It appears that the initial cartoons make the person more sensitive to later cartoons. A downward trend in responding was more apparent for facial responses than for funniness ratings. The evidence for habituation was weak, however, and did not seem occur to the experimenter-defined cartoon theme. Cartoons even representing the same theme may be too variable to permit habituation. It was suggested that cartoon researchers be aware of the effect of a cartoon's serial position on humor responses.
Water relations of pine seedlings in contrasting overstory environments

Abstract Overstory conditions influence understory microclimate and resource availability, leading to gradients in evaporative demand and moisture availability that influence seedling water relations. Partial canopies may either reduce seedling moisture stress by ameliorating environmental conditions, or increase moisture stress by reducing soil moisture availability. This study used stable isotope ratios of oxygen (δ 18 O) and carbon (δ 13 C) and mass-based foliar nitrogen concentrations to investigate changes in transpiration ( E ), stomatal conductance ( g s ) and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) of pine seedlings across an overstory gradient from open canopy gap environments to closed canopy forest. Foliar δ 18 O increased sharply from basal areas of 0–10 m 2 ha −1 in Pinus banksiana , Pinus resinosa , and Pinus strobus seedlings, followed by a more gradual increase with further increases in basal area. Foliar δ 13 C followed a similar, but less pronounced pattern in P. banksiana and P. strobus seedlings, and had no apparent relationship with overstory basal area in P. resinosa seedlings. The slope of the δ 18 O:δ 13 C relationship was positive for every species. Foliar nitrogen concentrations were not correlated with overstory basal area. These results suggest seedling E declined as overstory basal area increased due to reductions in g s , while iWUE increased slightly from open gaps to partial canopy environments. Open gap environments appear to provide sufficient moisture to sustain high leaf-level gas exchange rates in the species we studied, while relatively small increases in overstory basal area apparently promote rapid declines in g s , leading to greatly reduced seedling water loss and small increases in iWUE.
Collective oscillations in the CA3 region of the guinea pig hippocampal slice

A detailed model of the in vitro guinea pig hippocampal CA3 region has been constructed, using three neuronal types (pyramidal cells and two kinds of inhibitory cell). The model cells (up to 9900 of them) have dendrites and voltage-dependent and calcium-dependent conductances. The connectivity and unitary synaptic actions are defined experimentally by dual intracellular recordings. The model generates two basic types of oscillation: with inhibition blocked, synchronized epileptiform bursts occur at low rates; with inhibition present, low-amplitude population oscillations occur in which individual cells do not fire periodically. Both sorts of activity are observed in experiments. >
Prospective Use of Descriptors of Dyspnea to Diagnose Common Respiratory Diseases

BACKGROUND Although patients may find it difficult to describe their breathing discomfort, most are able to select statements among a list to describe their experience. The primary objective of this study was to examine sensitivity and specificity of descriptors of breathing discomfort prospectively in patients with common respiratory conditions as well as those patients who had refractory dyspnea. METHODS Outpatients answered "Yes" or "No" for each of 15 statements describing breathing discomfort, next selected the best three that most closely applied, and then completed the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale-Anxiety subscale. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated for the descriptors by diagnosis. RESULTS "Work/effort" descriptors were selected as the best three by patients with COPD (n = 68), respiratory muscle weakness (n = 11), and refractory dyspnea (n = 17). Along with "work/effort" descriptors, "My chest feels tight" was among the best three in asthma (n = 22), with 38% sensitivity and 88% specificity. Along with "work/effort" descriptors, "My breathing is shallow" was among the best three in interstitial lung disease (n = 8), with 33% sensitivity and 84% specificity. Affective descriptors "frightening" (61% vs 31%, P = .002) and "awful" (66% vs 37%, P = .004) were reported more frequently in those with high anxiety scores compared with low anxiety scores. CONCLUSIONS Although no descriptor achieved satisfactory sensitivity and specificity for identifying a particular condition, chest "tightness" was unique for asthma, whereas "shallow breathing" was unique for interstitial lung disease. Affective descriptors were associated with high anxiety scores. CHEST 2015; 148(4):895-902
Point Mutations in Exon I of the Herpes Simplex Virus Putative Terminase Subunit, UL15, Indicate that the Most Conserved Residues Are Essential for Cleavage and Packaging

The herpes simplex virus UL15 and UL28 genes are believed to encode two subunits of the terminase involved in cleavage and packaging of viral genomes. Analysis of the UL15 protein sequence and its herpesvirus homologues revealed the presence of 20 conserved regions. Twelve of the twenty regions conserved among herpesviruses are also conserved in terminases from DNA bacteriophage. Point mutations in UL15 were designed in four conserved regions: L120N (CR1), Q205E (CR2), Q251E (CR3), G263A (CR3), and Y285S (CR4). Transfection experiments indicated that each mutant gene could produce stable UL15 protein at wild-type levels; however, only one mutant (Q251E) was able to complement the UL15-null virus. Each mutation was introduced into the viral genome by marker transfer, and all mutants except Q251E were unable to form plaques on Vero cells. Furthermore, failure to form plaques on Vero cells correlated with a defect in cleavage and packaging. Immunofluorescence experiments indicated that in cells infected with all mutant viruses the UL15 protein could be detected and was found to localize to replication compartments. Although wild-type and mutant Q251E were able to produce A, B, and C capsids, the rest of the mutants were only able to produce B capsids, a finding consistent with their defects in cleavage and packaging. In addition, all mutant UL15 proteins retained their ability to interact with B capsids. Therefore, amino acid residues 120, 205, 263, and 285 are essential for the cleavage and packaging process rather than for association with capsids or localization to replication compartments.
High anisotropy L1/sub 0/ thin films for longitudinal recording

Bulk L1/sub 0/ phase materials, such as CoPt and FePt, are known for their high magnetocrystalline anisotropy and magnetic moment, properties that are also desirable for high density magnetic recording media. This work reports the preparation, microstructural characterization, magnetic properties, and magnetic recording performance of L1/sub 0/ phase thin (25 /spl Aring/ to 200 /spl Aring/) films. The samples are prepared by sputter deposition and ex-situ anneal. The microstructural characterization is by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. High magnetocrystalline anisotropy is apparently maintained for even the thinnest films, where coercivity, H/sub c/, >10,000 Oe is observed for a 25 /spl Aring/ sample. The H/sub c/ of films prepared for magnetic recording measurements is considerably less to ensure that test patterns could be written. Samples for recording measurements were obtained by a reduction in anneal temperature or the codeposition of an oxide with the L1/sub 0/ phase material to limit grain growth during anneal.
Dynamics of the Large-Scale Structure

The observations of distant objects provide strong evidences that the universe is nearly isotropic and homogeneous on very large scales l ≥ 300Mpc. On the other hand, the universe is extremely clumpy on small scales l ≤ 1Mpc. The inhomogeneities in the intermediate range of scales — groups and clusters of galaxies, superclusters and voids — that are collectively termed as the large scale structure of the universe (hereafter LSS) show a variety of shapes and sizes.
Discrete Decision Theory: Manipulations

Abstract Decision trees are a frequently used form of representation especially in application areas in which efficiency is important. Despite this little is known about how they can be manipulated. This paper introduces identifies for manipulating decision trees. Decision trees are interpreted to be terms of coalgebras and for this method of interpretation it is shown that the identities are complete. When decision trees are viewed as terms of an algebraic system, it is reasonable to look for special forms into which these terms can be transformed. Not only do decision trees have a canonical form but also a number of other significant forms. These forms include the simply reduced form and the irreducible form. The former is useful in determining equality, while the latter is significant in the problem of optimizing decision trees.
Inferring query intent from reformulations and clicks

Many researchers have noted that web search queries are often ambiguous or unclear. We present an approach for identifying the popular meanings of queries using web search logs and user click behavior. We show our approach to produce more complete and user-centric intents than expert judges by evaluating on TREC queries. This approach was also used by the TREC 2009 Web Track judges to obtain more representative topic descriptions from real queries.
In situ measurement of bioluminescence and fluorescence in an integrated microbioreactor.

DuPont Company, Wilmington, DelawareReceived 23 March 2005; accepted 5 July 2005Published online 26 September 2005 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/bit.20708Abstract: Reporter strains of bacteria that emit light or aﬂuorescent marker in response to speciﬁc conditions intheirenvironmentarehavingasigniﬁcantimpactinmanyareas of biology, including toxicity assays for environ-mental pollutants, chemical detection, and gene expres-sionproﬁling. Wehave demonstratedmethods for insitumeasurements of bioluminescence and ﬂuorescencefrom bacterial cultures grown in 50 mL instrumentedmicrobioreactors. Results from microbioreactors werecompared to results obtained from conventional 500 mLbatch bioreactors and shake ﬂasks. Experiments wereconducted with reporter strains of Escherichia coli inwhichluxCDABE or gfp was fused to a promoter that waseither expressed constitutively, or that responded tooxygen limitation. With these reporter strains, we havedemonstratedtheabilitytoobtaininformationongrowthconditions within the microbioreactor. We have alsoshown that the large aspect ratio of the microbioreactorprovides a unique advantage over measurements inlarger bioreactors by reducing the inner ﬁlter effect inon-linemeasurementsandeliminatingtheneedforerror-prone off-line dilutions. In addition, continuous on-linemonitoring of genes in real-time, when expanded toincludeentirereporterlibraries, couldpotentiallyprovidea true dynamic picture of cellular gene expression fromwhich the kinetics of gene expression can be untangledand elucidated.