cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design economies of surface: can Architects learn from the manufacturing process of industry-driven projects like auto-cross racing?

This paper discusses an in-house manufactured race-car body for the annual Formula SAE® Series competition. The driving parameters for the design and fabrication process are examined with regards to the assignment's ‘format’ as a joint study between architecture and engineering students. Traditionally there has been an inhibition concerning communication between architects and engineers, that is perhaps successfully exemplified through Peter Rice's example of the "Iago mentality" (Rice, 1998) where the Shakespearean confrontation between Othello and Iago is viewed as an analogy to this communication: "In the dialogue of Architecture and Engineering, the engineer is the voice of rationality and reasoni." Unless dictated by construction necessities, research between these two disciplines is not sought as regularly as we would hope for; we are therefore, interested to assess the analog and computational techniques used from a design perspective, and, by understanding the implications of working among two dif...
Does virtual dimensionality work in hyperspectral images

The effective dimensionality (ED) of hyperspectral images is often viewed as the dimensionality of an affine subspace defined by linear combinations of spectra of materials present in the image. That affine subspace is expected to give an acceptable approximation to all pixels. At this point, there is no precise definition of ED. In an effort to assess ED, a notion of virtual dimensionality (VD) has been developed, and it is being used in many papers including those published in TGARS. The ever- spreading use of VD warrants its thorough investigation. In this paper, we investigate properties of VD, and we show that VD largely depends on the average value of all spectra rather than on ED. We show specific examples when VD would give entirely misleading results. We also explain fallacies associated with justifications for VD.
Unusual mitochondrial morphology in the rat adrenal cortex following hypophysectomy.

Unusually long and thin mitochondria (3–4 μ in length and 0.2–0.4 μ in width) were observed in zona fasciculata cells in the hypophysectomized rat adrenal cortex. The elongated mitochondria assumed C-shape configurations and were frequently in juxtaposition to each other and to lipid droplets. These mitochondrial organizations were considered to be unstable, dependent on the presence of trophic hormone and involved in the formation of bizarre membranous bodies. The relationship of these observations to the process of glandular involution is discussed.
Allometric nucleo-cytoplasmic volume relations and rotation ellipsoid neuronal bodies of the cat nodosal and superior sympathetic ganglia

Abstract Using a Henning and Elias' plot, evidence was obtained for the rotation ellipsoid nature of the three-dimensional shape of neuronal bodies of the nodosal and cervical sympathetic ganglia of the cat. Nucleo-cytoplasmic volume relationships for both types of ganglia neurons obeyed the allometry formula. The allometry coefficient (ratio of logarithms of cytoplasmic and nuclear volumes) was found to be similar in the neurons of both ganglia, its value corresponding to 1.38–1.43.
The Role of Template in the Enzymatic Synthesis of Conducting Polyaniline

It was recently reported that water soluble conducting polyaniline may be prepared using a new template-guided enzymatic approach. To address the mechanistic role of the template in this reaction, various macromolecular and surfactant templates were investigated. It was found that the template provides a necessary type of “local” environment where the pH and charge density near the template molecule is different from that of the bulk solution. 13C and 1H NMR studies showed that this “local” environment serves as a type of nano-reactor that is critical in anchoring, aligning, and reacting the aniline monomers and ultimately controls what form of polyaniline (conducting or insulating) is obtained during reaction. Strong acid polyelectrolytes, such as sulfonated polystyrene (SPS), are the most favorable because they provide a lower, local pH environment that serves to both charge and preferentially align the aniline monomers through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions to promote the desired head-to-ta...
Th17 cells in autoimmune demyelinating disease

Recently published studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have demonstrated an association between the development of demyelinating plaques and the accumulation of Th17 cells in the central nervous system and periphery. However, a causal relationship has been difficult to establish. In fact, in reports published thus far, interleukin (IL)-17A deficiency or neutralization in vivo attenuates, but does not completely abrogate, EAE. There is growing evidence that clinically similar forms of autoimmune demyelinating disease can be driven by myelin-specific T cells of distinct lineages with different degrees of dependence on IL-17A production to achieve their pathological effects. While such observations cast doubts about the potential therapeutic efficacy of Th17 blocking agents in MS, the collective data suggest that IL-17A expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells could serve as a surrogate biomarker of neuroinflammation and plaque formation and be a useful outcome measure for future clinical trials.
More Is Not Always Better: α2A-Adrenoceptor Expression in Type 2 Diabetes

Various members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily are known to modulate the release of insulin from pancreatic β cells. Rosengren and colleagues have recently provided convincing evidence for a role of increased expression of the α 2A -adrenoceptor in β cells in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
Experiencing Geometry in Roman Surveyors’ Texts

The surveyors who mapped and measured the Roman world engaged broadly withthe Greek tradition of mathematical literature, transforming it to fit their profession?spractical needs and to enhance the cultural status of their discipline. This paper will explore the transformative strategies used by Hyginus Gromaticus and Balbus,two agrimensorial authors who wrote in the late first or early second century CE.Both authors work to integrate Greek mathematical knowledge into a literary milieuin which broad appeal is privileged over narrow expertise, and a profession whichdemanded the application of mathematical knowledge to the experiential needs of surveyors. The hands-on experiences of practicing surveyors selectively re-formed themathematical and literary structures of Greek mathematics, including both verbaland visual elements. Far from being derivative repetitions or simplifications of the mathematical material, these texts build it into a rich structure of creatively deployedexperiential knowledge, giving it a new life in a complex and concrete world.
Dynamic Poisson Autoregression for Influenza-Like-Illness Case Count Prediction

Influenza-like-illness (ILI) is among of the most common diseases worldwide, and reliable forecasting of the same can have significant public health benefits. Recently, new forms of disease surveillance based upon digital data sources have been proposed and are continuing to attract attention over traditional surveillance methods. In this paper, we focus on short-term ILI case count prediction and develop a dynamic Poisson autoregressive model with exogenous inputs variables (DPARX) for flu forecasting. In this model, we allow the autoregressive model to change over time. In order to control the variation in the model, we construct a model similarity graph to specify the relationship between pairs of models at two time points and embed prior knowledge in terms of the structure of the graph. We formulate ILI case count forecasting as a convex optimization problem, whose objective balances the autoregressive loss and the model similarity regularization induced by the structure of the similarity graph. We then propose an efficient algorithm to solve this problem by block coordinate descent. We apply our model and the corresponding learning method on historical ILI records for 15 countries around the world using a variety of syndromic surveillance data sources. Our approach provides consistently better forecasting results than state-of-the-art models available for short-term ILI case count forecasting.
Light emission properties of porous Si

The discovery of visible luminescence from porous silicon has generated significant interest in view of the fact that bulk silicon does not emit light in the visible part of the spectrum. This material differs from bulk silicon in one important way: it consists of interconnected silicon structures that in some cases are on the order of several nanometers. having a very large surface-to-volume ratio. Thus, in a material such as this, both the effect of particle size and surfaces must be examined in order to determine the optical behavior of this system.
The WPA Outcomes Statement, validation, and the pursuit of localism

Abstract This validation study examines the WPA Outcomes Statement for First-Year Composition, a United States consensus statement for first-year post-secondary writing, as implemented in a unified instructional and assessment environment for first-year college students across three different institution types. Adapting categories of contemporary validation from Kane (2013) , we focus on four forms of evidence gathered from early and late-semester student performance (n = 153): scoring, generalization, extrapolation, and implication. With an emphasis on education policies in action, the study generates important questions that, in turn, provide a basic framework for further research into the challenges of aligning broad consensus statements with locally developed educational initiatives.
De novo stent-stone complex after long-term biliary stent placement: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and endotherapy.

Background Long-term and permanent biliary stenting have been reported in many studies and are infrequently practiced in selected patients with irretrievable common bile duct stones and biliary strictures. Patients Here we report 3 new cases and review 7 other cases of de novo stent-stone complex formation after long-term biliary stent placement. Interventions De novo stent-stone complexes developed in 3 young patients after unintended long-term biliary stent placement of 4.5 to 11 years' duration. The stent-stone complexes were successfully removed during ERCP with electrohydrolic lithotripsy (EHL) in combination with choledochoscopy or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) with mechanical lithotripsy (ML). Results The de novo radiolucent stones formed around and above the stent in the proximal and end part of the stent. The stones were generally large with a diameter >2 to 3 cm. The stent-stone complex usually assumed a 1-sided dumbbell configuration inside the bile duct. The mean duration to clinical presentation after initial biliary stenting is 5.64 years (range 2-11 years). Conclusions It is important to keep in mind that a biliary stent can act as a nidus for new biliary stone formation around the stent after long-term placement. We recommend that the optimal endotherapy in this situation is ML for the free-floating complexes with short stents, and choledochoscopy with EHL or laser lithotripsy and ESWL for impacted complexes with longer stents.
Adult tolerance induced by 6-methyl mercaptopurine to a canine renal homograft.

ADULT acquired tolerance for an organ homotransplant can be achieved between unrelated animals only if the immunological mechanisms of the transplantation reaction are reduced or suppressed. Antimetabolites have been used to extend renal homograft survival for prolonged periods, but once the drug has been withdrawn, rejection has been the immediate result. In a further attempt to prolong canine renal homograft survival, the effect of 6-methyl mercaptopurine (6-methyl MP) was investigated. A preliminary report of this work has been published1.
Atomic structure sensitivity of XPS: The oxidation of cobalt

Abstract The cobalt (0001) surface has been oxidized to form an epitaxial CoO structure. The intraplaner lattice parameter of the CoO surface has been measured by LEED to be initially 8% larger than that of the bulk and to approach that of the bulk with increasing oxygen exposure. This lattice parameter change has been related to an observed 0.5 eV shift to higher binding energy shoulder on the oxygen 1 s level as a function of oxygen exposure. A high binding energy shoulder on the oxygen 1 s level has also been identified as non-stoichiometric oxygen in the cobalt oxide.
Enhancing the performance of free-standing TiO2 nanotube arrays based dye-sensitized solar cells via ultraprecise control of the nanotube wall thickness

Free standing TiO2 nanotube (TNT) array film was fabricated via template-assisted Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) in nanoporous anodic alumina templates followed by alumina dissolution. Effect of TiO2 nanotube wall thickness on the photovoltaic performance was studied on the dye sensitized solar cells with the TNT wall thickness precisely controlled by ALD between 250 and 550 cycles. The results show that the photovoltaic performance can be improved by optimizing the TNT wall thickness. A thick enough tube wall is crucial for forming space charge layer to allow efficient charge separation, but too thick wall thickness will reduce dye loading relatively. A photovoltaic energy conversion efficiency of 4.65% was obtained on the device with 450 ALD cycles of TNT wall thickness, which is about 1.8 times of that obtained with 250 cycles thickness.
Assessment of Model Error in Limited-Area Simulations of Shallow Water Test Cases on the C-Grid Plane and Sphere

AbstractA suite of limited-area test cases for the solution of the shallow water (SW) equations on the plane and sphere is collected and evaluated using the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) modeling system. Included are regional simulations of standard test cases, as well as new viscous and linearized test cases with exact analytic solutions. Four different aspects of model error are isolated and thereby assessed: 1) error generated by grid nonuniformity on the plane and sphere, 2) time-independent (balanced) error and time-dependent (propagating wave) error, 3) lateral boundary implementation error, and 4) error reduction due to a viscous equation set or an absorbing sponge layer. Results show that the nature of model error for these test cases is specific to the geophysical regime: SW flows on a rotating sphere with Froude numbers of O(0.1) and Rossby numbers also of O(0.1). For SW simulations in this context, inward reflection of gravity waves at the domain boundary does not appear to be a dri...
Efficiency considerations for the use of blended biofuel in diesel engines

Biodiesel continues to be an alternative fuel of interest for use in diesel engines. Although biodiesel’s properties are similar to petroleum diesel’s, certain differences create possibilities for parameters, such as efficiency, to be different. The objective of the study is to identify the parameters that influence gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency and how they are affected by the use of biodiesel relative to petroleum diesel, in a production-ready diesel engine. This study of nine operating conditions observes mostly insignificant differences in efficiency among the three fuels. This seems to result from a tradeoff between biodiesel’s inherently shorter combustion durations, which phases combustion better for higher efficiency, and its inherently lower air–fuel ratios, which causes a relatively lower ratio of specific heats resulting in lower efficiency. Both features seem to be linked to the fuel-bound oxygen of biodiesel. Because of the changing fractions of premixed and diffusion combustion and turbocharger performance at different engine speeds and loads, the influences of the two competing factors vary with operating condition. Significant differences in efficiency are mostly manifested by system response issues, where the engine controller alters due to a response of an interpreted higher load with the use of the lower energy-density biodiesel.
On the Distribution of the Difference of Two t-Variables

Abstract Formulas and values of the percentage points and the incomplete probability integral are provided for the distribution of the sum or the difference of two independent t-variables. Approximations are also given and compared with an earlier one. Some applications are cited.
The Tile Game

A simplified method of teaching dimensional analysis to students that can be used in a liberal arts, nonmathematical chemistry course is presented in the form of a game or puzzle that can be played by the student. This game is designed to counter the mathematical anxiety that many students bring to such courses. The result of the game is that certain concepts in chemistry relating to numbers can be taught in a fun interactive manner.
Practical wavelength division demultiplexer for short wavelength local area networks

Using a beveled-edge to coupled optical signals into a waveguiding plate, a path-reversed substrate-guided wave holographic interconnection is employed for a WDDM with a channel wavelength spacing as small as 2 nm. A waveguide grating with a 45 degree incident angle and a 45 degree diffraction angle is fabricated using 20 micrometers thick DuPont photopolymer film HRF 600 X 001. The dispersion and the 3 dB bandwidth of the device are measured to be 0.18 degrees/nm and 20 nm, respectively. A four-channel wavelength demultiplexing is demonstrated at 796 nm, 798 nm, 800 nm and 802 nm with no crosstalk observed. A one-to-five cascaded 4-channel WDDM with +/- 5 percent energy uniformity under an s-polarization is also demonstrated to increase the user-sharing capacity. Twenty fanout channels are experimentally achieved.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Endoisomorphisms yield module and character correspondences

Abstract In an earlier paper (Turull, 2012 [12] ) the author introduced the concept of endoisomorphisms and showed its natural connection with Clifford theory of finite groups. Associated with Clifford theory are module and character correspondences. In the present paper the author shows that each endoisomorphism produces a unique module and character correspondence with excellent compatibility results.
The Best Laid Plans: Examining the Conditions under Which a Planning Intervention Improves Learning and Reduces Attrition.

Planning plays an instrumental role in prominent self-regulation theories (e.g., action regulation, control, goal setting), yet as a scientific community we know little about how people carry out their learning plans. Using an experimental field study, we implemented a repeated-measures intervention requiring trainees to create a plan for when, where, and how much time they intended to devote to training before each of 4 online modules and examined the conditions under which the planning intervention improved learning and reduced attrition. Trainees benefited from the planning intervention when it was paired with another intervention-prompting self-regulation-targeting self-regulatory processes that occur subsequent to planning (e.g., monitoring, concentration, learning strategies). Trainees' learning performance was highest and attrition lowest when they received both interventions. The planning intervention was also advantageous for enhancing learning and reducing attrition when trainees followed through on the amount of time that they planned to devote to training. Finally, the relationship between planned study time, time on task, and learning performance was cyclical. Planned study time had a positive effect on time on task, which, in turn, had a positive effect on learning performance. However, trainees planned to devote less time to training following higher rather than lower learning performance. The current study contributes to our theoretical understanding of self-regulated learning by researching one of the most overlooked components of the process-planning-and examining the conditions under which establishing a learning plan enhances training outcomes.
Modification of the tyrosine hydroxylase assay. Increased enzyme activity in the presence of ascorbic acid.

A modification of the tyrosine hydroxylase assay is described in which ascorbate, rather than 2-mercaptoethanol or dihydropteridine reductase with NADPH, is used as the reductant. Enzyme activity is 3–4 times higher with ascorbate than with the other reducing agents. Low blanks are obtained with the ascorbate system provided that catalase is also included. The tissue distribution and kinetic activation of the enzyme have been studied with the ascorbate assay. The results obtained are consistent with the biological and regulatory properties of the enzyme which have been determined with the other reducing systems.
Formation of nodular structures resembling mature articular cartilage in long–term primary cultures of human fetal epiphyseal chondrocytes on a hydrogel substrate

Objective. To establish long–term cultures of human fetal epiphyseal chondrocytes under conditions that allow the preservation of a cartilage–specific phenotype. Methods. Chondrocytes isolated from 20—24–week human fetal epiphyseal cartilage were cultured for up to 180 days on plastic dishes previously coated with the hydrogel, poly–(2–hydroxyethyl methacrylate). Morphologic, ultrastructural, and biochemical characteristics of the cultures were examined at various intervals, and the expression of genes encoding types I, II, and IX collagen and aggrecan core protein was determined by Northern hybridizations of total cellular RNA with human–specific complementary DNAs. Results. Human fetal epiphyseal chondrocytes cultured for 180 days under conditions that prevented their attachment to the underlying substratum formed nodular structures with morphologic and structural characteristics resembling mature articular cartilage. The cells in the center of the nodules remained spherical and were surrounded by an abundant cartilaginous extracellular matrix, as evidenced by histochemical and ultrastructural examinations. The cells in the periphery of the nodules acquired a discoid morphology and were surrounded by a sparse extracellular matrix. Biosyn–thetic studies demonstrated the maintenance of a cartilagespecific phenotype throughout the 180 days of culture, with the production of aggrecan and types II, IX, and XI collagens but not type I collagen. Northern hybridizations showed high levels of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for aggrecan core protein, type II procollagen, and type IX collagen, but type I procollagen mRNA was not detectable even at 180 days of culture. Conclusion. The human chondrocyte culture system described here allows the maintenance of a chondrocyte–specific phenotype for prolonged periods (up to 180 days). The long–term chondrocyte cultures formed nodular structures that resemble mature articular cartilage morphologically, ultrastructurally, biosynthetically, and in the pattern of cartilage–specific gene expression.
On the complexity of concurrency control using semantic information

In the presence of semantic information, serializability is too strong a correctness criterion and unnecessarily restricts concurrency. Many researchers have investigated the use of semantic information to allow interleaving among transactions which are non-serializable, but which nonetheless preserves the consistency of the database and is acceptable to the users. In this paper we consider a class of schedules, calledconflict-correct schedules, first proposed by Farrag and Ozsu, which enlarges upon the class of serializable schedules by taking semantic information of transactions into account. In this paper we show that the problem of recognizing schedules in this class is NP-complete. Thus it is unlikely that there exists an efficient scheduler which accepts the entire class of conflict-correct schedules.
Brain mechanisms for interleaving routine and creative action

We argue that frontal areas select and control routine action which originates in the basal ganglia, providing detailed interleaving with the creative knowledge elaboration activity of the cortex. The basal ganglia form loops and learn associations from various source areas to target areas of the cortex. We relate these connections to the cortical perception-action hierarchy. We outline examples of routinization and interleaving for the Tower of Hanoi problem, for routinization of motor control, of problem solving action, and of eye movement. We suggest a role for the ventral group of thalamic nuclei in controlling the flow of routine action.
Designing smart systems to selectively entrap and burst microcapsules

To optimize the efficient operation of microfluidic devices, there is a need for micro-carriers that can be readily directed to specific locations within microchannels and made to release their contents in a prescribed manner. Compliant microcapsules constitute ideal micro-carriers since both their chemical and mechanical properties can be tailored, providing distinct keys for regulating their behavior. Using computational modeling, we lay out chemically patterned substrates that exploit these distinctive features and thereby selectively route specific capsules to specified locations, drive these capsules to burst and thus, deliver their payload in a “programmable” manner. The findings reveal that an “instruction set” can be encoded into the system by coupling the mechanical and chemical properties of the microcapsules and the substrates. These instructions are dynamically deciphered during the operation of the device, so that the system can perform a number of functions in an autonomous manner. This approach opens up new strategies for designing smart microfluidic devices.
Short assay periods and restricted feeding procedures in caries assays with cotton rats.

Abstract Three varieties of rice hulls were assayed under equivalent conditions by either long, 98-day assays or by short, 28-day assays. In the long assays, 18-day-old weanlings were used, and caries scores were evaluated in all three molar teeth. In the short assays, 12-day-old weanlings were used, and caries was observed in first and second molars. A mixture of three rice hull varieties was tested in two 18-day assays under the same conditions as the 28-day assays. All assays readily detected anticariogenicity in the hull samples. It was concluded that for detecting rice hull activity, assays longer than 18 days and inclusion of third molar scores were unnecessary. The usefulness of assays employing only short preliminary feeding of rice hulls was also studied. An initial, 3-day feeding of hulls did not influence caries scores measured 15 days later at 30 days of age, but 18 days of hulls significantly decreased scores at 30 days and for as long as 30 days after feeding hulls was discontinued. These studies confirmed the advantages of such assays. They allow a substance to be evaluated for its ability to exert prolonged protection. If extended to 50 days of age or longer, they permit an evaluation of anticariogenic effects on unerupted teeth. The assay periods may be short if the agent being tested is sufficiently potent to protect after a few days of feeding. Sensitivity to short feedings can be increased by controlling dietary sucrose. Evidence reviewed indicated that the short assays and the restricted feeding procedures described would be useful for evaluating agents other than rice hulls and that the results of the assays would be of significance in caries studies other than those using cotton rats.
Effect of irrigation schedules on cotton leafperforator 1 populations in pima and deltapine cottons 2 3

Abstract Populations of the cotton leafperforator, Bucculatrix thurberiella Busck, increased throughout the growing season on ‘Pima S‐5’ (Gossypium barbadense L.) and ‘Deltapine 16’ (G. hirsutum L.) cottons grown under 7‐, 14‐, and 21‐day irrigation schedules. Cotton leafperforators did not prefer one cotton cultivar over the other, but significantly larger numbers were found on plants in the 21‐day irrigation schedule plots as compared to the other treatments. Although large numbers of the insect were collected from all plots late in the season, early season populations were not high enough to reduce yields of cotton lint. Likewise, irrigation schedules did not appear to influence cotton production although yield of Pima S‐5 on the 7‐day (wet) irrigation was slightly lower than in the other treatments. Cotton leafperforators did not prefer one cotton cultivar over the other, but significantly larger numbers were found on plants in the 21‐day irrigation schedule plots as compared to the other treatments. ...
Temperature and food quality influences feeding behavior, assimilation efficiency and growth rate of arctic woolly-bear caterpillars

The energy budget for feeding activity and growth of larval Gynaephora groenlandica was investigated on the tundra and in the laboratory. Larvae fed only in June when the buds and young leaves of Salix arctica, its principal host plant, contained the highest concentrations of macro-nutrients and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC). The mid-summer hiatus in larval feeding was coincident with an abrupt decline in the TNC content of leaves and a buildup of plant secondary metabolites in the leaves of S. arctica. Following cessation of feeding, the larvae remained concealed from the sun within crevices and vegetation mats. Growth rates of larvae incubated at 15 and 30°C were similar (4.7–5.0 mg/larva/day), but the assimilation efficiency at 15°C was four times greater (40%) than at 30°C. Growth rates were lowest at 5°C (0.22mg/larva/day) as was the assimilation efficiency (6.6%), because of the extended residence time of food in the gut. The high rate of ingestion and excretion at 30°C was caused by elevated maintenance metabolism. Changes in metabolic state influenced oxygen consumption, which was highest for feeding larvae (0.29 ml/g/h) and significantly lower for each, digesting, moving, starved larvae, and lowest for inactive larvae (0.06 ml/g/h). An influence of temperature and leaf quality on digestion rate and maintenance metabolism is the most likely cause of the feeding behavior pattern in G. groenlandica. The larvae may undergo “voluntary hypothermia” in order to avoid an energy, deficit resulting from high maintenance metabolism during mid-season when the energy content and food quality declines. The restriction of growth and development to a very short period prior to mid-summer may have contributed, to the extended 14-year life cycle of this species.
The Transmission Control Protocol

For over three decades, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) has been the de-facto transport protocol for a countless number of network applications. So popular is the protocol that according to prior studies, TCP accounts for almost 90 % of the byte count in the Internet. TCP’s robustness in a wide variety of networking environments is one of the primary reasons for its large scale deployment. In this chapter we provide an overview of the TCP along with brief description of its internal mechanisms like reliable delivery and congestion control that that are key to our understanding of the Incast phenomena.
Lower Extremity Edema in a Child Due to Pectus Excavatum

A previously healthy 11-year-old girl was referred for pediatric cardiology evaluation because of the development of progressive bilateral lower extremity swelling over the course of 2 years. Her prior workup had included a negative result for proteinuria and a negative ultrasound for deep venous thrombosis. On physical examination, in addition to her edema, she was found to have a severe pectus excavatum deformity, which prompted cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. This study demonstrated compression of the inferior vena cava. She underwent uneventful pectus repair with use of a modified Ravitch procedure and experienced complete resolution of her lower extremity edema.
Levels of Recent Thymic Emigrant Cells Decrease in Children Undergoing Partial Thymectomy during Cardiac Surgery

The human thymus is required for establishment of a T-cell pool in fetal life, but postnatal thymectomy is not known to cause immunodeficiency. T-cell emigration from thymus (thymic recent emigrants [TRECs]) is a continuous thymic-dependent process. We studied TREC levels pre- and post-partial thymectomy in children undergoing cardiac surgery. TRECs were quantitated by real-time PCR in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 24 children (0 to 12 years). TREC values were 47916 +/- 9271 pre-partial thymectomy and 33157 +/- 8479 post-partial thymectomy in 11 paired patients (P = 0.014). Interval between pre- and post-partial thymectomy was 8.8 days +/- 5.8 days. Another group of 8 children had 30384 +/- 9748 TRECs 16 days to 6 years post-partial thymectomy. There was a significant drop in TREC values post-partial thymectomy in the immediate postoperative period compared to prethymectomy TREC levels. While decreased thymic output may persist, the long-term implications were not evaluated in this patient population.
Steatohepatitis in obese individuals

Abstract Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is the most severe histological form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is emerging as the most common clinically important form of liver disease in developed countries. Although its prevalence is 3% in the general population, this increases to 20–40% in obese patients. Since NASH is associated with obesity, prevalence has been predicted to increase along with the arsent epidemic of obesity and type II diabetes mellitus. The importance of this observation comes from the fact that NASH is a progressive fibrotic disease, in which cirrhosis and liver-related death occur in 25% and 10% in these patients respectively over a 10-year period. This is of particular concern given the increasing recognition of NASH in children. Treatment consists of treating obesity and its co-morbidities; diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Nascent studies suggest that a number of pharmacological therapies may be effective, but all remain unproven at present. Histological and laboratory improvement occurs with a 10% decrease in body weight. Bariatric surgery is indicated in selected patients. A greater understanding of the pathophysiological progression of NASH in obese patients must be obtained in order to develop more focused and improved therapy.
Association between plasma 25-OH vitamin D and testosterone levels in men.

Objective A small randomized controlled trial suggested that vitamin D might increase the production of testosterone in men, which is supported by experimental studies in animals and a cross-sectional study showing positive associations between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and testosterone and concordant seasonal variation of both biomarkers.
A hybrid quarantine defense

We study the strengths, weaknesses, and potential synergies of two complementary worm quarantine defense strategies under various worm attack profiles. We observe their abilities to delay or suppress infection growth rates under two propagation techniques and three scan rates, and explore the potential synergies in combining these two complementary quarantine strategies. We compare the performance of the individual strategies against a hybrid combination strategy, and conclude that the hybrid strategy yields substantial performance improvements, beyond what either technique provides independently. This result offers potential new directions in hybrid quarantine defenses.
Mechanisms of skeletal muscle injury and repair revealed by gene expression studies in mouse models

Common acute injuries to skeletal muscle can lead to significant pain and disability. The current therapeutic approaches for treating muscle injuries are dependent on the clinical severity but not on the type of injury. In the present studies, the pathophysiology and molecular pathways associated with two different types of skeletal muscle injury, one induced by direct destruction of muscle tissue (i.e. FI) and the other induced by a contractile overload (more specifically high-force eccentric contractions, i.e. CI) were compared side by side. Histopathological evaluation and measurements of muscle strength were accompanied by analyses of expression for 12 488 known genes at four time points ranging from 6 h to 7 days after injury. Real-time RT-PCR was used to confirm some of the injury type differences in the temporal profiles of gene expression. Our data revealed several pools of genes, including early induction of transcription, myogenic and stress-responsive factors, common for both types of injury as well as pools of genes expressed specifically with one of the injury types. Only CI activated a set of genes associated with the repair of impaired proteins and structures including genes related to apoptosis, whereas FI uniquely activated gene sets involved in extensive inflammatory responses, tissue remodelling, angiogenesis and myofibre/extracellular matrix synthesis. In conclusion, knowledge of the sets of genes associated specifically with the nature of the injury may have application for development of new strategies for acceleration of the recovery process in injured skeletal muscle.
Protective effect of anti-oxidants on endothelial function in young Korean-Asians compared to Caucasians.

Background Previous studies show that Asians have an impaired blood flow response (BFR) to occlusion after a single high fat (HF) meal. The mechanism is believed to be the presence and susceptibility to high free radicals in their blood. The free radical concentration after a HF meal has not been examined in Asians. Further the BFR to heat after a single HF meal in Koreans has not been measured.
The Chiropractic Scope of Practice in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the current status of chiropractic practice laws in the United States. This survey is an update and expansion of 3 original surveys conducted in 1987, 1992, and 1998. Methods A cross-sectional survey of licensure officials from the Federation of Chiropractic Licensing Boards e-mail list was conducted in 2011 requesting information about chiropractic practice laws and 97 diagnostic, evaluation, and management procedures. To evaluate content validity, the survey was distributed in draft form at the fall 2010 Federation of Chiropractic Licensing Boards regional meeting to regulatory board members and feedback was requested. Comments were reviewed and incorporated into the final survey. A duplicate question was imbedded in the survey to test reliability. Results Partial or complete responses were received from 96% (n = 51) of the jurisdictions in the United States. The states with the highest number of services that could be performed were Missouri (n = 92), New Mexico (n = 91), Kansas (n = 89), Utah (n = 89), Oklahoma (n = 88), Illinois (n = 87), and Alabama (n = 86). The states with the highest number of services that cannot be performed are New Hampshire (n = 49), Hawaii (n = 47), Michigan (n = 42), New Jersey (n = 39), Mississippi (n = 39), and Texas (n = 30). Conclusion The scope of chiropractic practice in the United States has a high degree of variability. Scope of practice is dynamic, and gray areas are subject to interpretation by ever-changing board members. Although statutes may not address specific procedures, upon challenge, there may be a possibility of sanctions depending on interpretation.
Caveolin-1 does not affect SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux or selective uptake of cholesteryl ester in two cell lines.

Free cholesterol (FC) has been reported to efflux from cells through caveolae, which are 50–100 nm plasma membrane pits. The 22 kDa protein caveolin-1 is concentrated in caveolae and is required for their formation. The HDL scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI), which stimulates both FC efflux and selective uptake of HDL-derived cholesteryl ester (CE), has been reported to be concentrated in caveolae, suggesting that this localization facilitates flux of FC and CE across the membrane. However, we found that overexpression of caveolin-1 in Fischer rat thyroid (FRT) cells, which lack caveolin-1 and caveolae, or HEK 293 cells, which normally express very low levels of caveolin-1, did not affect FC efflux to HDL or liposomes. Transient expression of SR-B1 did not affect this result. Similarly, caveolin-1 expression did not affect selective uptake of CE from labeled HDL particles in FRT or HEK 293 cells transfected with SR-BI. We conclude that basal and SR-BI-stimulated FC efflux to HDL and liposomes and SR-BI-mediated selective uptake of HDL CE are not affected by caveolin-1 expression in HEK 293 or FRT cells.
Getting Mill Right

Utilitarianism and its principal architect, John Stuart Mill, are staples of media ethics teaching and analysis. However, utilitarianism, in its usual presentation, is offered as a simplistic arithmetic formula: Do the greatest good for the greatest number. This quantification approach, when attached to Mill, misinterprets this philosopher and robs media ethics discussions of the rich reflection that an important classical theory can bring. Mill is a particularly suitable philosopher for presentation to students of journalism and mass communication. Mill provides a strong argument in favor of freedom of expression in addition to espousing a moral theory that is simultaneously protective of individual rights while promoting communitarian principles. But it is imperative to get Mill right. This essay attempts to do so and to offer a utilitarian decision tree for those who wish to properly apply Mill's theory in teaching and practice.
A Bayesian Approach for Disturbance Detection and Classification and Its Application to State Estimation in Run-to-Run Control

With growing demand for effective management of abnormal situations in process industry, disturbance detection and classification has drawn considerable interest from researchers in both industry and academia. In this paper, a disturbance detection and classification method is developed using Bayesian statistics. The theoretical derivation of the proposed method as well as its practical implementation are provided. With the introduction of preand post-change windows, detection and classification are achieved simultaneously in the proposed method through matching the posterior probability pattern to predefined patterns. An overlapping window mechanism is incorporated into the proposed method to minimize detection and classification delay. A simulation example is given to illustrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed disturbance detection method. One application of the proposed Bayesian disturbance detection and classification algorithm is a Bayesian enhanced exponentially weighted moving average (B-EWMA) state estimator which improves state estimation in the run-to-run control of semiconductor manufacturing processes. The superior performance of B-EWMA compared to the conventional EWMA is demonstrated using an industrial example
The Economics of the Manipulation End Game with Private Information About Positions

Private information about position sizes can exert a decisive impact on derivatives prices when traders can accumulate positions sufficiently large to permit them to exercise market power, i.e., to manipulate the market. When a large long's position size is private information, equilibrium outcomes depend on the structure of the short side of the market. If shorts are atomistic, the large long does not liquidate any of his position prior to expiration, and the resulting "delivery end game" results in large deadweight losses. If there is a large short, however, these inefficiencies can be mitigated by pre-expiration trading. These deadweight losses and the distributive effects of manipulation create gains from trade that the large short and long can split by trading prior to expiration. The short chooses a pre-expiration price at which he is willing to trade that trades off efficiency and rent extraction. Some privately informed large longs accept the shorts price. Thus, with a large short and private information about positions (a) the manipulator sometimes liquidates some or all of his position early, (b) strategic behavior causes price fluctuations unrelated to fundamental information as expiration nears, and (c) market power deadweight losses are smaller than if shorts are atomistic. Private information can also explain other phenomena observed during manipulations, such as the long suffering large losses due to an avalanche of deliveries, and the manipulator's use of "step up" orders at expiration.
Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the biological implications of slow reacting substance for the entire subject of acute immunologic reactions and their pharmacologic manipulations and also provides an enticing preview to advances that may be expected in this field in the next few years. The term “slow reacting substance” is a descriptive one referring to substances of unidentified chemical composition that possess certain common characteristics. These compounds produce a slow, prolonged contraction of only certain isolated smooth muscle preparations. In general, slow reacting substances are not stored in tissues in appreciable quantity and, apparently, must be both formed and released from tissues or cells following some form of eliciting stimulus. A further feature of slow reacting substance is that it appears to be somewhat lipid soluble. Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis possesses potential biological significance not only for antigen-induced bronchoconstriction but also for forms of immunological tissue injury relating to increased vascular permeability.
Self-focusing of 10-μm laser pulses in SF 6

Self-focusing and self-defocusing of 1.6-nsec CO2 laser pulses were observed in SF6 gas for several selected 10-μm P-branch lines. The lines P(8), P(10), P(14), and P(16) self-focused, P(28) defocused, and either effect occurred at P(20), depending on the incident energy. The self-focusing was found to depend on incident fluence rather than on intensity and weakly on He buffer. Under the appropriate conditions beam filamentation occurred.
The problems of weak sustainability and associated indicators

ABSTRACTSustainability is a grand challenge of our time. While there is a universal recognition that sustainability includes social, economic, and environmental components, the relationship and interchangeability between these components has been debated, resulting in three distinct sustainability perspectives: weak, strong, and absurdly strong sustainability. However, despite this active debate, few have questioned which types of sustainability commonly utilized index forms actually measure. Here we provide such an analysis, focusing on the interplay between the mathematical forms of sustainability indices and the three sustainability perspectives. We show that the computational underpinning of a sustainability index defines what type of sustainability the index is capable of measuring, while also providing alternative forms. We then provide a brief example of how these different sustainability perspectives can radically alter measured sustainability. We end with a call for sustainability researchers to ...
Sufficient Conditions for Stability of Shear Flow of Nematic Liquid Crystals

In this paper we investigate the role of Parodi’s relation in the stability of the general Ericksen-Leslie system modeling nematic liquid crystal flows. For shear flow of nematic liquid crystals, Wu, Xu and Liu have shown that if Parodi’s relation does not hold, the Ericksen-Leslie system may be linearly unstable. Assuming Parodi’s relation and adding a restriction on the alignment of the molecules via Leslie coefficients, we show in this work that the Ericksen-Leslie system satisfies the stablity condition for shear flow of nematic liquid crystals.