cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue distribution and binding of radioactivity in mouse after intravenous administration of [14C]3-chloro-p-toluidine

The avicide [14C]3-chloro-p-toluidine (CPT) HCL, ring labeled, was injected intravenously to mice. The radioactivity associated with this compound was found to be unevenly distributed in different parts of the body. It leaves the plasma, as well as many tissues, with 2 elimination rate constants, the fast and the slow. The faster component of the [14C]CPT decay curve of the plasma was similar to the faster components of the decay curves of brain, lung, heart, intestine, testicle and kidney. The retention half-life of the radioactivity for the slower component of the decay curve varied a great deal from tissue to tissue, being shortest (14.55 h) in the intestine and longest (326 h) in the adipose tissue. Of the 10 tissues examined, a substantial amount of [14C]CPT radioactivity was found to be covalently bound only to liver, kidney, lung and RBC protein. There was no cause and effect relationship between the covalent binding of radioactivity and the tissue pathology, since no remarkable histopathological lesions were found in the liver and kidney of treated mice. The tissue retention of [14C]CPT radioactivity did not parrallel the covalent binding of the compound to tissue protein. The covalent binding of [14C]CPT radioactivity to RBC was suggestive of the conversion of the parent compound into a reactive metabolite responsible for the generation of methemoglobin in mice. The percent distribution of radioactivity in subcellular fractions of liver and kidney correlated with the amount of protein associated with subcellular fractions. The 102 000 g supernatant fraction of the liver contained the highest proportion of radioactivity, both in terms of absolute percent radioactivity as well as specific activity (dpm/mg of protein). This was also true for the 102 000 g supernatant fraction of the kidney. The majority of radioactivity in the 102 000 g supernatant fraction of liver appears to be bound to one or more polypeptide sized proteins with a mol. wt. of approx. 1000--2000.
B cell specificity contributes to the outcome of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice

Type I diabetes mellitus (TIDM) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. In the nonobese diabetic (NOD) model of TIDM, insulitis and diabetes are dependent on the presence of B lymphocytes; however, the requirement for specificity within the B cell repertoire is not known. To determine the role of Ag-specific B cells in TIDM, V(H) genes with different potential for insulin binding were introduced into NOD as H chain transgenes. VH125 H chain combines with endogenous L chains to produce a repertoire in which 1-3% of mature B cells are insulin specific, and these mice develop accelerated diabetes. In contrast, NOD mice harboring a similar transgene, VH281, with limited insulin binding develop insulitis but are protected from TIDM. The data indicate that Ag-specific components in the B cell repertoire may alter the course of TIDM.
Acquired auditory-visual synesthesia: A window to early cross-modal sensory interactions

Synesthesia is experienced when sensory stimulation of one sensory modality elicits an involuntary sensation in another sensory modality. Auditory-visual synesthesia occurs when auditory stimuli elicit visual sensations. It has developmental, induced and acquired varieties. The acquired variety has been reported in association with deafferentation of the visual system as well as temporal lobe pathology with intact visual pathways. The induced variety has been reported in experimental and post-surgical blindfolding, as well as intake of hallucinogenic or psychedelics. Although in humans there is no known anatomical pathway connecting auditory areas to primary and/or early visual association areas, there is imaging and neurophysiologic evidence to the presence of early cross modal interactions between the auditory and visual sensory pathways. Synesthesia may be a window of opportunity to study these cross modal interactions. Here we review the existing literature in the acquired and induced auditory-visual synesthesias and discuss the possible neural mechanisms.
Hardware fault tolerance in arithmetic coding for data compression

New fault tolerance techniques are presented for protecting a lossless compression algorithm, arithmetic coding, whose recursive nature makes it vulnerable to temporary hardware failures. The fundamental arithmetic operations are protected by low-cost residue codes, employing fault tolerance in multiplications and additions. Additional fault-tolerant design techniques are developed to protect other critical steps such as normalization and rounding, bit stuffing and index selection. For example, the decoding step that selects the next symbol is checked by comparing local values with estimates already calculated in other parts of the decoding structure. Bit stuffing, a procedure for limiting very long carry propagations, is checked through modified residue values, whereas normalization and rounding after multiplication are protected by efficiently modifying the multiplier to produce residue segments.
Hispanic-Serving Institutions: Patterns,Predictions, and Implications for Informing Policy Discussions

This article seeks to identify and assess the readiness of Potential Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs)—institutions located within Latino communities projected to increase the number of Latino/a high school graduates. Institutions are described based on evaluation of institutional missions, planning documents, programs, and marketing strategies—resulting in three institutional categories: unaware, aware, and committed institutions.
Caffeine increases false memory in nonhabitual consumers

Insight into caffeine's equivocal effects on memory can be derived from work suggesting both emotional arousal and psychosocial stress increase false memory rates without increasing veridical memory. This study investigated how a range of caffeine doses affect veridical and false memory formation in nonhabitual consumers. A double-blind, repeated-measures design with caffeine (0 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg caffeine) was used to examine memory using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Results showed that caffeine modulated arousal levels, peaking at 200 mg and returning to near baseline levels at 400 mg. Main effects of caffeine demonstrated higher critical lure recall and recognition ratings (i.e., false memory) as a function of dose, again peaking at 200 mg. Those who showed the highest arousal increases as a function of caffeine also tended to produce the highest false recall and recognition rates. Veridical memory was not affected. Results demonstrate that consumption of as little as 100 mg of ...
Saturation effects in testing of formal models

Formal analysis of software is a powerful analysis tool, but can be too costly. Random search of formal models can reduce that cost, but is theoretically incomplete. However, random search of finite-state machines exhibits an early saturation effect, i.e., random search quickly yields all that can be found, even after a much longer search. Hence, we avoid the theoretical problem of incompleteness, provided that testing continues until after the saturation point. Such a random search is rapid, consumes little memory, is simple to implement, and can handle very large formal models (in one experiment shown here, over 10/sup 178/ states).
An Improved Tissue Culture System for Embryogenic Callus Production and Plant Regeneration in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)

The increased emphasis on research of dedicated biomass and biofuel crops begs for biotechnology method improvements. For switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), one limitation is inefficient tissue culture and transformation systems. The objectives of this study were to investigate the utility of a new medium described here, LP9, for the production and maintenance of switchgrass callus and its regeneration, which also enables genetic transformation. LP9 medium is not based on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, the basal medium that all published switchgrass transformation has been performed. We demonstrate an efficient tissue culture system for switchgrass Alamo 2, which yields increased viability of callus and the ability to maintain callus for a duration of over 6 months. This longevity gives a greater useful callus lifetime than for published switchgrass MS-based media. This increased longevity enables greater potential efficiency and throughput for a transformation pipeline. Callus produced on LP9 is categorized as type II callus, which is more friable and easier to multiply, maintain and transfer than type I callus obtained from previously described tissue culture systems.
RNA-Seq: Improving Our Understanding of Retinal Biology and Disease

Over the past several years, rapid technological advances have allowed for a dramatic increase in our knowledge and understanding of the transcriptional landscape, because of the ability to study gene expression in greater depth and with more detail than previously possible. To this end, RNA-Seq has quickly become one of the most widely used methods for studying transcriptomes of tissues and individual cells. Unlike previously favored analysis methods, RNA-Seq is extremely high-throughput, and is not dependent on an annotated transcriptome, laying the foundation for novel genetic discovery. Additionally, RNA-Seq derived transcriptomes provide a basis for widening the scope of research to identify potential targets in the treatment of retinal disease.
Glacier readvance during the late glacial (Younger Dryas?) in the Ahklun Mountains, southwestern Alaska

An expansion of alpine glaciers during the latest Pleistocene produced an extraordinarily well defined end moraine system in the Ahklun Mountains, southwestern Alaska. These moraines, deposited during the Mount Waskey advance, are several kilometers beyond modern glacier termini, and ∼80 km upvalley of the late Wisconsin Ahklun Mountains ice cap terminal moraine. Eleven cosmogenic 10 Be and 26 Al exposure ages on moraine boulders, combined with radiocarbon ages from a lake core upvalley of a moraine deposited during the Mount Waskey advance, suggest that the advance culminated between 12.4 and 11.0 ka, sometime during, or shortly following, the Younger Dryas event (ca. 12.9–11.6 ka). We believe that the Mount Waskey advance was a consequence of cooling during the Younger Dryas. These data further strengthen emerging evidence for Younger Dryas–age cooling of the North Pacific region.
An unusual foreign body as cause of chronic sinusitis: a case report

Introduction: The presence of a foreign body in the nose is a relatively uncommon occurrence. Many unusual foreign bodies in the nose have been reported in the literature, but no case of a nasal packing occurring as a foreign body in the nasal cavity for a prolonged time has been found. Case presentation: We describe a unique case of the largest foreign body left in situ in the nasal cavity for over 10 years. Our patient was a 71-year-old Caucasian man with diabetes. Because of this, he was at high risk of developing complications from the foreign body and the chronic sinusitis. Amazingly, though, the foreign body had not caused any symptoms on our patient for many years, except for nasal discharge during the last few years. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature of such a large intra-nasal foreign body described in an adult without mental illness and without trauma that remained in situ for such a long time. Conclusion: Undoubtedly, even illnesses with no complications could prove difficult for clinicians to diagnose. Clinicians should recognize the underlying causes that are responsible for the symptoms of chronic sinusitis and a unilateral nasal discharge should be assumed to be caused by an intra-nasal foreign body until proven otherwise.
Inflammatory dermatoses of the vulva

Inflammatory, non-neoplastic epidermal alterations of the vulva can be correctly diagnosed using classification schemes applied to skin elsewhere on the body. A wide range of inflammatory disorders may occur on the vulva, and they may have a similar clinical presentation to HPV lesions. However, HPV is incurable and often is treated surgically. Accordingly, as inflammatory dermatoses commonly occur on the vulva and are often curable with topical therapy, an awareness of these entities and an ability to distinguish them from HPV are imperative.
Fabrication of crosslinked carboxymethylchitosan microspheres and their incorporation into composite scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration.

Carboxymethylchitosan (CMCS) microspheres were prepared by the carboxymethylation of chitosan (CS) beads using monochloroacetic acid. The CMCS microspheres were crosslinked using two different methods: the amine-amine crosslinker genipin and carbodiimide chemistry, yielding Gen-X CMCS and X-CMCS beads, respectively. The Gen-X CMCS beads were found to have poor degradation and drug release profiles. The X-CMCS microspheres displayed good potential for use in tissue engineering applications in which degradation and local drug delivery are desired. The X-CMCS beads displayed enzymatic degradation of 82.7 ± 1.2% in 100 μg/mL lysozyme after 1 month. An extended release of rhBMP-2 for at least 45 days was also observed with the X-CMCS microspheres. Scaffolds were formed by fusing beads together, and the X-CMCS beads were successfully incorporated into composite X-CMCS/CS scaffolds. The composite scaffolds had increased degradation of 14.5 ± 6.6% compared to 0.5 ± 0.4% for CS-only scaffolds, and the X-CMCS/CS scaffolds released more rhBMP-2 at all timepoints. The composite scaffolds also supported the attachment and proliferation of SAOS-2 cells. The addition of X-CMCS beads resulted in fabrication of scaffolds with improved properties for use in bone tissue engineering. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2013.
Trends in Hispanic Academic Achievement: Where Do We Go From Here?

This article sought to identify factors related to high school completion rates and college enrollment among Hispanic students. Hispanic students were found to have high attrition rates in institut...
A retargetable framework for instruction-set architecture simulation

Instruction-set architecture (ISA) simulators are an integral part of today's processor and software design process. While increasing complexity of the architectures demands high-performance simulation, the increasing variety of available architectures makes retargetability a critical feature of an instruction-set simulator. Retargetability requires generic models while high-performance demands target specific customizations. To address these contradictory requirements, we have developed a generic instruction model and a generic decode algorithm that facilitates easy and efficient retargetability of the ISA-simulator for a wide range of processor architectures, such as RISC, CISC, VLIW, and variable length instruction-set processors. The instruction model is used to generate compact and easy to debug instruction descriptions that are very similar to that of architecture manual. These descriptions are used to generate high-performance simulators. Our retargetable framework combines the flexibility of interpretive simulation with the speed of compiled simulation. The generation of the simulator is completely separate from the simulation engine. Hence, we can incorporate any fast simulation technique in our retargetable framework without introducing any performance penalty. To demonstrate this, we have incorporated fast IS-CS simulation engine in our retargetable framework which has generated 70p performance improvement over the best known simulators in this category. We illustrate the retargetability of our approach using two popular, yet different, realistic architectures: the SPARC and the ARM.
The cGMP-dependent protein kinase stimulates the basolateral 18-pS K channel of the rat CCD

We used the patch-clamp technique to study the effect of cGMP on the 18-pS K channel in the basolateral membrane of the rat cortical collecting duct. Addition of 100 microM 8-bromoguanosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP) increased the activity of the 18-pS K channel, defined by NP(o), by 95%. In contrast, applying 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) has no effect on channel activity. The effect of 8-Br-cGMP was observed only in cell-attached but not in inside-out patches. Application of 1 microM KT-5823, an inhibitor of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), not only reduced the channel activity, but also completely abolished the stimulatory effect of 8-Br-cGMP, suggesting that the 18-pS K channel is not a cGMP-gated K channel. Addition of H-89, an agent that also blocks the PKG, mimicked the effect of KT-5823. To examine the possibility that the effect of 8-Br-cGMP is the result of inhibiting cGMP-dependent phosphodiesterase (PDE) and, accordingly, increasing cAMP or cGMP levels, we explored the effect on the 18-pS K channel of IBMX, an agent that inhibits the PDE. The addition of 100 microM IBMX had no significant effect on channel activity in cell-attached patches. Moreover, in the presence of IBMX, 8-Br-cGMP increased the channel activity to the same extent as that observed in the absence of IBMX, suggesting that the effect of cGMP is not mediated by inhibiting the cGMP-dependent PDE. That the effect of cGMP is mediated by stimulating PKG was further indicated by experiments in which application of exogenous PKG restored the channel activity when it decreased after the excision of the patches. In contrast, adding exogenous cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit failed to reactivate the run-down channels. We conclude that cGMP stimulates the 18-pS channel, and the effect of cGMP is mediated by PKG.
Spectroscopic characterization and catalytic activity of Rh supported on CeO2-modified Al2O3 for low-temperature steam reforming of propane

Abstract The present work aims at clarifying the effects of CeO2 addition to Al2O3 support on the surface chemical characteristics and catalytic activity of supported Rh catalysts for low-temperature steam reforming of propane. Steam reforming of propane was carried out at 500 °C over Rh catalysts supported on alumina modified with different CeO2 loading (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, 75, and 100 wt%). The Rh catalyst supported on 20 wt% CeO2-modified alumina (2Rh/20CeAl) showed the highest propane and steam conversions, followed in decreasing order by those with 10, 5, 50, 75, 0, and 100 wt% CeO2. TPR results show that the interaction between ceria and rhodium improves the reducibility of both rhodium oxide and ceria. XPS analysis indicates strong ceria–alumina interaction and strong Rh-support interaction for Rh catalysts with CeO2 loading less than 20 wt%. Field-Emission SEM and AES results revealed that at 20 wt% CeO2 loading, ceria was dispersed as separate nano-particles with sizes of 100–200 nm on the alumina surface. At high CeO2 loading (≥50 wt%) ceria particles formed conglomerates covering alumina surface. The 2Rh/20CeAl catalyst showed the highest activity for propane steam reforming possibly because the high CeO2 dispersion created a large area of ceria–alumina interface which helped increase Rh dispersion, and the strong interaction between Rh and support helped enhance the reducibility of ceria and rhodium oxide. Rh loaded onto the interfacial region of ceria and alumina is considered to be most active for the 2Rh/20CeAl catalyst.
Optimum spectral and geometric parameters for early detection of laurel wilt disease in avocado

Abstract Avocado ( Persea americana ) is a crop that is second in importance in Florida behind citrus with a wholesale value of $35 million and represents approximately 60% of the tropical fruit crop acreage. Laurel wilt (LW) is a lethal disease that has spread rapidly along the southeastern seaboard of the United States affecting commercial avocado production. This article evaluates the spatial and spectral requirements for quick and accurate detection of LW. Spectral data from healthy (H), Phytophthora root rot (PPR) and LW leaves were analyzed using ANOVA and two neural networks, multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF). The most effective wavelengths were identified and the filters were updated to a MCA-6 Tetracam camera (580–10 nm, 650–10 nm, 740–10 nm, 750–10 nm, 760–10 nm and 850–40 nm). Then, the MCA camera was used to take multispectral aerial images from a helicopter at three altitudes (180, 250 and 300 m) in an avocado field with trees at different stages of LW development, early, intermediate and late. The analyses were conducted based upon 2-class and 4-class systems. The 2-class system was designed to differentiate H and LW trees sufficient to identify trees for removal and the 4-class system was used to differentiate H plants and the three stages of LW development. Aerial image analysis proved the utility of the selected filters for successful identification of LW, even for trees in early stage of disease development with minimal symptoms. The ideal flight altitude of 250 m (15.3 cm pixel size) was selected according to the M-values and biological parameters such as canopy size and orchard size. The optimum VIs determined by higher M-values were TCARI 760–650 as well as GNDVI, NIR/G, Redge/G and VIGreen using any of the bands related to Redge (740 and 750 nm) or NIR regions (760 and 850 nm). Results reported on the utility of the 2-class and 4-class systems using the above VIs to discriminate LW; however it would be more convenient to develop the algorithm based on the 4-class system (H, early, intermediate and late). The early detection of LW through the methodology proposed in this research could allow farmers to control the movement of this disease through proper management strategies.
New high-precision 40Ar/39Ar ages on Oligocene volcanic rocks of northwestern Kenya

Abstract New, high-precision 40Ar/39Ar ages from volcanic rocks in northwestern Kenya are provided for some areas of exposure in this remote area. We report seven 40Ar/39 Ar ages generated from single crystal total fusion experiments on alkali feldspar separated from volcanic rocks in the Mogila, Songot, and Lokwanamur Ranges and the Gatome valley. A rhyolite from the lower part of the sequence in the Mogila Range yielded ages of 32.31 ± 0.06 Ma and 32.33 ± 0.07 Ma, and a rhyolite near the top of that sequence yielded 31.67 ± 0.04 Ma. A single sample from the Songot Range yielded an age of 32.49 ± 0.07 Ma, slightly older than the rocks collected from Mogila. In both ranges the early Oligocene rhyolites are underlain by basalts , as is also the case in the Labur Range. Ages of 25.95 ± 0.03 Ma, 25.91 ± 0.04 Ma, and 27.15 ± 0.03 Ma were measured on alkali feldspar from rhyolites from the Lokwanamur Range, and the nearby Gatome valley. All of these rocks are part of an episode of widespread volcanism in northwestern Kenya in the mid-to late Oligocene that is not currently known from the Ethiopian Rift Valley .
Crystal structure of the pristine peroxidase ferryl center and its relevance to proton-coupled electron transfer.

The reaction of peroxides with peroxidases oxidizes the heme iron from Fe(III) to Fe(IV)=O and a porphyrin or aromatic side chain to a cationic radical. X-ray–generated hydrated electrons rapidly reduce Fe(IV), thereby requiring very short exposures using many crystals, and, even then, some reduction cannot be avoided. The new generation of X-ray free electron lasers capable of generating intense X-rays on the tenths of femtosecond time scale enables structure determination with no reduction or X-ray damage. Here, we report the 1.5-A crystal structure of cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP) compound I (CmpI) using data obtained with the Stanford Linear Coherent Light Source (LCLS). This structure is consistent with previous structures. Of particular importance is the active site water structure that can mediate the proton transfer reactions required for both CmpI formation and reduction of Fe(IV)=O to Fe(III)-OH. The structures indicate that a water molecule is ideally positioned to shuttle protons between an iron-linked oxygen and the active site catalytic His. We therefore have carried out both computational and kinetic studies to probe the reduction of Fe(IV)=O. Kinetic solvent isotope experiments show that the transfer of a single proton is critical in the peroxidase rate-limiting step, which is very likely the proton-coupled reduction of Fe(IV)=O to Fe(III)-OH. We also find that the pKa of the catalytic His substantially increases in CmpI, indicating that this active site His is the source of the proton required in the reduction of Fe(IV)=O to Fe(IV)-OH.
Serum Taurine and Stroke Risk in Women: A Prospective, Nested Case-Control Study.

Background Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a conditionally essential sulfur-containing amino acid, is mainly obtained from diet in humans. Experimental studies have shown that taurine’s main biological actions include bile salt conjugation, blood pressure regulation, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation. Methods We conducted a prospective case-control study nested in the New York University Women’s Health Study, a cohort study involving 14,274 women enrolled since 1985. Taurine was measured in pre-diagnostic serum samples of 241 stroke cases and 479 matched controls. Results There was no statistically significant association between serum taurine and stroke risk in the overall study population. The adjusted ORs for stroke were 1.0 (reference), 0.87 (95% CI, 0.59–1.28), and 1.03 (95% CI, 0.69–1.54) in increasing tertiles of taurine (64.3–126.6, 126.7–152.9, and 153.0–308.5 nmol/mL, respectively). A significant inverse association between serum taurine and stroke risk was observed among never smokers, with an adjusted OR of 0.66 (95% CI, 0.37–1.18) and 0.50 (95% CI, 0.26–0.94) for the second and third tertile, respectively (p for trend = 0.01), but not among past or current smokers (p for interaction < 0.01). Conclusions We observed no overall association between serum taurine and stroke risk, although a protective effect was observed in never smokers, which requires further investigation. Taurine, Stroke, Epidemiology, Prospective, Case-control study, NYUWHS.
Concordance and discordance between objectively and subjectively measured successful aging and their linkages with mortality

Successful aging has extended from the biomedical-oriented model to the biomedi-cal-and-psychosocial mixed model. However, few studies have investigated the subtypes of the joint classification between subjective (psychosocial-oriented) (SSA) and objective (biomedi-cal-oriented) (OSA) measures to identify and distinguish different risk groups. This study aims to examine how concordance and discordance between SSA and OSA are associated with sub-sequent mortality based on five waves of a nationwide longitudinal survey in China from 2000 to 2011 with 30,948 sampled persons aged 65 and older. SSA was measured by absence of poor life satisfaction, poor self-rated health, and psychological distress, while OSA was measured by absence of disability, cognitive impairment, and chronic diseases. We then defined a variable with four subtypes of concordance and discordance from these two dichotomous variables: Type I (not-OSA & not-SSA), Type II (not-OSA & SSA), Type III (OSA & not-SSA) and Type IV (OSA & SSA). Types I and IV are concordance types, while Types II and III are discordance types. The results showed that a negative association between Type IV (SSA & OSA) and risk of mortality was universal over age groups and sexes. Compared to Type I (not-SSA & not-OSA), Type IV (SSA & OSA) has a 25–71% lower risk of mortality, depending on age group and sex, after controlling for a rich set of confounders. Concordance and discordance between OSA and SSA provide added power in predicting subsequent mortality. Public health programs should target those more vulnerable subtypes to promote successful aging.
Ultra Low Power Bioelectronics: Low-power filters and resonators

The laws of nature are but the mathematical thoughts of God. Euclid In this chapter, we shall discuss techniques for the design of active transconductor-capacitor ( G m -C ) filters, which are power efficient compared with several other topologies. We shall particularly focus on second-order systems and resonators, since they are a good vehicle for illustrating general issues in filter design and are ubiquitous in RF design. We shall present an intuitive –s 2 plane geometry for understanding second-order and first-order systems that allow them to be analyzed quickly without significant algebra and then generalize these methods to higher-order systems. Since cascades of first-order and/or second-order systems or summed first-order and/or second-order systems can architect all linear systems, such methods are useful in filter design, feedback system design, and all linear systems. Filters have been built with various topologies. Five kinds include passive-RLC filters, op-amp-RC, G m -C , MOSFET-C, and switched-capacitor filters. Passive-RLC filters are the most power efficient since the use of only passive components results in no power dissipation apart from that required to supply signal currents; these filters use only bidirectional components. Inductors above 100 nH, capacitors above 100 pF, and resistors above 10 MΩ are rarely practical in integrated-circuit design due to their large size. On-chip inductors and resistors are subject to significant parasitics that degrade their operation. For example, resistors often have significant distributed parasitic capacitance, and inductors frequently have significant resistance and parasitic capacitance. Passive components cannot be electronically tuned.
Development Status of Wind Power Generation in Germany and Its Enlightenment to Jiangsu Province

Exploration and research of wind power generation is greatly valued domestically and abroad at present. The policies,current status,technology and costs of wind power development in Germany are introduced,which is a developed country in the area of wind generation,then the necessity and feasibility of developing wind power in Jiangsu Province are comparatively analyzed from the aspects of resources,environment,technology and costs. At last,some advice on wind power policies and related technological research is provided.
Analysis on Results of EHF surveillance in Hengshui City during 2004-2009

[Objective] To understand the epidemic situation human plague and mouse plague induced by epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF) in Hengshui City,and provide scientific evidence for developing preventive and control strategies.[Methods]By means of etiology and serology,the indices of regional rodent density,proportion of rats with virus and latent infection rate of healthy people were investigated with the cross-sectional study from 2004 to 2009.[Results]A total of 1596 rats were captured in 6 years,Rattus norvegicus occupied 55.26% of the total and 63.97% of the indoor rodents,as the dominant rat of rodents in Hengshui City. The proportion of Rattus norvegicus with virus was 9.04% which was higher than that of other species. During 6 years,there was no significant difference between A segment (2004-2006) and B segment (2007-2009) of rodent density (χ2=0.048,df=1,P0.05),while the proportion of rats with virus in B segment was higher than that in A segment (χ2=14.70,P0.01,df=1). During 6 years,the latent infection rate of healthy people showed upward trend annually (χ2=107.92,P0.01,df=5). The average infection rate was up to 7.73%. There was no significant difference between male and female (χ2=0.091,P0.05,df=1). The infection rate in 40 -59 years age group was relatively high(χ2=4.71- 6.28,P0.05,df=1),but the difference between other age groups was not significant(χ2=0.28-3.64,P0.05,df=1).[Conclusion]
An operational definition of frailty predicted death, hip fracture, and hospitalization in older women.

Source Citation Fugate Woods N, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL, et al. Frailty: emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 20...
Synthesis of cyclohexylpuromycin and its reaction with N-acetylphenylalanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid on rat liver ribosomes

1. Cyclohexylpuromycin, an anlogue of puromycin in which a cyclohexane ring replaces the aromatic benzene ring of the L-phenylalanyl moeity of the nucleoside., has been synthesized and examined for its ability to release N-acetylphenylalanine from tRNA attached to rat liver ribosomes. 2.dl-Cyclohexylpuromycin was active in reacting with N-[3H]acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA on rat liver ribosomes to form N-E13H]lacetylphenylalanycyclohexypuromycin. 3. The reaction product N-acetylphenylalanylcyclohexylpuromycin and the corresponding analogue N-acetylphenylalanylpuromycin were chemically synthesized for evaluation of the structure of the released N-acetylphenylalanyl-containing material. 4. The results obtained suggest that the model of Raacke (1971) for purmycin reactivity needs further examination with regard to the role played by the aromatic ring system of the Lphenylalanyl moiety of the nucleoside
Relationship between fatty acid and glucose utilization in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Glucose greatly increased total free fatty acid (FFA) esterification by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. However, the FFA concentration of the cells was not altered. Less exogenous FFA was oxidized to CO(2) at any given extracellular FFA:albumin molar ratio when glucose was available, but increasing amounts of radioactive CO(2) were produced as the FFA:albumin molar ratio was raised, even in the presence of glucose. It is suggested that glucose, by providing either energy or an excess of triose acceptor for fatty acid esterification, stimulated FFA uptake only indirectly, by increasing the utilization of FFA subsequent to initial uptake from the medium, i.e., by increasing the turnover rate of the cellular FFA pool. Availability of glucose decreased the oxidation of endogenous lipid radioactivity and the depletion of endogenous lipid ester radioactivity. Most of the radioactivity utilized was derived from phospholipids, and depletion of phospholipid radio-activity was spared when glucose was available. Depletion of cellular total lipid ester also was spared in the presence of glucose. Availability of FFA did not decrease total glucose uptake or its oxidation to CO(2). Glucose utilization by these cells appears not to be regulated by FFA availability in the manner that Randle and coworkers described for muscle.
A Longitudinal Assessment of Associations between Adolescent Environment, Adversity Perception, and Economic Status on Fertility and Age of Menarche

Purpose Perceptions of environmental adversity and access to economic resources in adolescence can theoretically affect the timing of life history transitions and investment in reproductive effort. Here we present evidence of correlations between variables associated with subjective extrinsic mortality, economic status, and reproductive effort in a nationally representative American population of young adults.
Fecal Coliform Methods for Examination of Sea Water: Interlaboratory Evaluation of Split Sample Analysis

An interlaboratory study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of the following 3 multiple-tube fermentation methods for determining the most probable number (MPN) of Escherichia coli in a split artificial sea water sample: (1) the 72-hr standard methods procedure of the American Public Health Association, (2) a 24-hr elevated-temperature test using A-1 medium, and (3) a 24-hr elevated temperature test modified to include an initial 3-hr resuscitation period using A-1 medium. The capability of the laboratories to perform the 3 test procedures was also compared. Split sample replicates with low, medium, and high levels of E. coli were examined in 18 laboratories in the United States and Canada. Data indicate that the laboratories performed each test with equal capability, and all 3 procedures were equally effective in enumerating the strain of E. coli used in this investigation. By virtue of its homogeneity and stability, the split sample served as an appropriate specimen for this study and could probably be used as a proficiency test specimen for evaluating laboratory analyst performance in the bacteriological examination of sea water.
Cell density modulates the decrease of cytosolic free Ca2+ induced by atrial natriuretic hormone, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine and 8-bromo cyclic GMP in cultured rat mesangial cells.

Abstract Cyclic GMP-elevating agents, including atrial natriuretic hormone and NO-generating vasodilators, decrease cytosolic free Ca2+ levels in mesangial cells. We have investigated the role of cell density as a modulator of the decrease in cytosolic free Ca2+ induced by the cyclic GMP (cGMP)-elevating vasodilators atrial natriuretic peptide (99-126) [ANP (99-126); 'atriopeptin 28'] and the NO-generating vasodilator S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), in cultured rat mesangial cells. Increasing cell density was significantly correlated with the decrease in cytosolic free Ca2+ induced by ANP (99-126) or SNAP. Moreover, this effect was independent of the cells' proliferative status. ANP (99-126) and SNAP induced greater fold stimulation of cGMP accumulation in high-density cells, but the levels of cGMP elicited by high concentrations of ANP (99-126) or SNAP were similar in high- and low-density cells. 8-Bromo cGMP was more effective in decreasing cytosolic free Ca2+ in high- than in low-density cells, suggesting that the greater effectiveness of ANP (99-126) and SNAP was, in part, due to greater effectiveness of endogenous cGMP in high-density cells. The results document that cell density, but not proliferative status, plays an important role in the modulation of intracellular Ca2+ dynamics in rat mesangial cells by atriopeptins, NO-generating vasodilators and cGMP.
On the 2-Row Rule for Infectious Disease Transmission on Aircraft

Background With over two billion airline passengers annually, in-flight transmission of infectious diseases is an important global health concern. Many instances of in-flight transmission have been documented, but the relative influence of the many factors (see below) affecting in-flight transmission has not been quantified. Long-standing guidance by public health agencies is that the primary transmission risk associated with air travel for most respiratory infectious diseases is associated with sitting within two rows of an infectious passenger. The effect of proximity may be one of these factors. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the risk of infection within and beyond the 2-row rule given by public health guidance. Methods We searched the literature for reports of in-flight transmission of infection which included seat maps indicating where the infectious and infected passengers were seated. Findings There is a ∼ 6% risk to passengers seated within the 2-rows of infected individual(s) and there is ∼ 2% risk to passengers seated beyond 2-rows from the infectious individual. Discussion Contact tracing limited to passengers within 2-rows of the infectious individual(s) could fail to detect other cases of infections. This has important consequences for assessing the spread of infectious diseases. Conclusions Infection at a distance from the index case indicates other factors, such as airflow, movement of passenger/crew members, fomites and contacts between passengers in the departure gate before boarding, or after deplaning, are involved.
Infrequent cardiac manifestations of sarcoidosis

Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is found in 2-7% of patients with systemic sarcoidosis (SS). Its diagnosis and treatment is challenging, notwithstanding the poor prognosis and treatment. Hereby, we present a case of systemic sarcoidosis with rare cardiac manifestations of severe mitral incompetence and large coronary aneurysm in a previously healthy woman. She underwent successful mitral valve replacement and coronary artery bypass surgery and was maintained on low dose glucocorticoid therapy.
Punishing Latina/o Youth: School Justice, Fairness, Order, Dropping Out, and Gender Disparities.

Although Latina/o youth are one the fastest growing segments of the U.S. population, they face a number of educational hurdles, such as disproportionate school punishment and increased risk of drop...
Integrating the multi-label land-use concept and cellular automata with the artificial neural network-based Land Transformation Model: an integrated ML-CA-LTM modeling framework

Cellular automata (CA) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used by researchers over the last three decades to simulate land-use change (LUC). While conventional CA and ANN models assign a cell to only one land-use class, in reality, a cell may belong to several land-use classes simultaneously. The recently developed multi-label (ML) concept overcomes this limitation in land change science. Although the ML concept is a new paradigm with nonexclusive classes and has shown considerable merit in several applications, few studies in land change science have applied it. In addition, determining transition rules in conventional CA is difficult when the number of drivers is large. Since CA has been shown as a potential model to consider neighborhood effects and ANN has been shown effective in determining CA transition rules, we integrated both CA with an ANN model to overcome limitations of each tool. In this study, we specifically extended the ANN-based Land Transformation Model (LTM) with both a CA-...
Ferritin and Percent Transferrin Saturation Levels Predict Type 2 Diabetes Risk and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk associate with ferritin and percent transferrin saturation (%TS) levels. However, increased risk has been observed at levels considered within the “normal range” for these markers. Objective: To define normative ferritin and %TS levels associated with T2D and CVD risk. Methods: Six-monthly ferritin, %TS and hemoglobin levels from 1,277 iron reduction clinical trial participants with CVD (peripheral arterial disease, 37% diabetic) permitted pair-wise analysis using Loess Locally Weighted Smoothing plots. Curves showed continuous quantitative ferritin, hemoglobin (reflecting physiologic iron requirements), and %TS (reflecting iron transport and sequestration) levels over a wide range of values. Inflection points in the curves were compared to ferritin and %TS levels indicating increased T2D and CVD risk in epidemiologic and intervention studies. Results: Increasing ferritin up to about 80 ng/mL and %TS up to about 25% TS corresponded to increasing hemoglobin levels, and minimal T2D and CVD risk. Displaced Loess trajectories reflected lower hemoglobin levels in diabetics compared to non-diabetics. Ferritin levels up to about 100 ng/mL paralleled proportionately increasing %TS levels up to about 55%TS corresponding to further limitation of T2D and CVD risk. Ferritin levels over 100 ng/mL did not associate with hemoglobin levels and coincided with increased T2D and CVD risk. Conclusions: Recognition of modified normal ranges for ferritin from about 15 ng/mL up to about 80-100 ng/mL and %TS from about 15% up to about 25-55% may improve the value of iron biomarkers to assess and possibly lower T2D and CVD risk.
Political Communication Theory and Research: An Overview

The past year has witnessed the appearance of numerous published books and articles and unpublished papers reporting aspects of theory and research in the area of political communication. That rese...
Developing nanocomposite 3D printing filaments for enhanced integrated device fabrication

In this research, an enhanced carbon nanotube-based filament has been formulated. Three concentrations of 0.5, 0.75 and 1% (wt) graphitized multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been dispersed into an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer matrix under high sheer mixing. This formulation was extruded to form a 1.75-mm-diameter filament that was used to 3D print custom test components that were later tested and displayed both electrical conductivity and mechanical strength enhancement. These nanostructured 3D printing filament formulations were 3D printed to form a series of complex and sophisticated structures. I show how these novel formulations can be used to produce custom and high-performance devices. This advance in nanostructured 3D printing filaments offers a paradigm shift in the 3D printing domain for the fabrication of printed sensors which incorporate nanomaterials and reinforcement in the polymer matrix.
Sculpting with flow

Flowing air and water are persistent sculptors, gradually working stone, clay, sand and ice into landforms and landscapes. The evolution of shape results from a complex fluid–solid coupling that tends to produce stereotyped forms, and this morphology offers important clues to the history of a landscape and its development. Claudin et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 832, 2017, R2) shed light on how we might read the rippled and scalloped patterns written into dissolving or melting solid surfaces by a flowing fluid. By better understanding the genesis of these patterns, we may explain why they appear in different natural settings, such as the walls of mineral caves dissolving in flowing water, ice caves in wind, and melting icebergs.
Modeling of Vibration-Vibration Energy Transfer in the DSMC Method

Modeling of vibration-vibration (V-V) energy transfer in collisions of diatomic anharmonic oscillators is discussed, applicable for the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. An attempt is made to t...
Protein Glycosylation: Oligosaccharyl Transferase and a Novel Recognition Protein

The amount of information about the pathway of secretory and plasma membrane glycoprotein synthesis has increased dramatically during the past decade. It is clear that not only the initial process of translation/glycosylation, but also the subsequent steps of polypeptide and oligosaccharide chain processing occur in the endomembrane system consisting of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, and vesicles derived from these subcellular organelles. Although there has been good progress in acquiring information about the overall pathway of N-linked glycoprotein synthesis in this endomembrane system, detailed characterization of the properties of the enzymes has been restricted to those involved in processing reactions in the Golgi complex. Indeed, a number of these enzymes have been isolated in pure form and some have been cloned and sequenced.
Microcomputer-Embedded Distributed Control of a Switching and Communication System

A new methodology for controlling and managing a complex distributed communication system is presented here. A model which describes the real-time behavior has been proposed, together with the recommended alternative for its implementation. The research is based on a rational design approach, supported by a simulation study, for evaluating the relative performance of different strategies. The main problem is related to the constraints of signal observability by all distributed units. It creates an uncertainty gap which ends up in a non-coherent view of the system state by all its units. The uncertainty gap can be minimized by the creation of a new control architecture. The communication coordinator section in every unit should carry all of the mechanistic management activities, leaving only strategic decisions to the control section. Another promising method for reducing the uncertainty gap, is the integration of the reconfiguration technique into the distributed system, which leads to the adaptation of the system to the varying work profile. The simulation study indicated a potential bottleneck in the centralized scheduling approach, and recommended the dynamic allocation method as the prefered one. The minimal-queue unit is selected for running the new task, provided that the source unit queue has reached a threshold level above its average queue length.
Reference Parameters for Protein Hydrogen Exchange Rates

The analysis of many hydrogen exchange (HX) experiments depends on knowledge of exchange rates expected for the unstructured protein under the same conditions. We present here some minor adjustments to previously calibrated values and a stringent test of their accuracy.