cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low Magnetic Reynolds Number Gas Flows Inside a Two-Dimensional Channel

This paper analyzes a near continuum compressible MagnetoGasDynamic(MGD) flow inside a two-dimensional microchannel or a two-dimensional channel of conventional dimensions, with a low magnetic Reynolds number assumption. This work represents an extension from the classical Hartmann flow in a two-dimensional channel of infinite length to a microchannel of finite length. First, a comparison of the magnitudes of different forces in the compressible gas flow produces a nondimensional X-momentum equation that relates the pressure ratio, Reynolds number, Mach number, magnetic Reynolds number and magnetic force number. Second, for two cases of selected nondimensional parameters of comparable magnitude, we solved for asymptotic solutions of velocities, pressure, temperature and mass flow rate of compressible gas flow based on the velocity-slip and temperature-jump wall boundary conditions while maintaining a consistent quasi-isothermal assumption. It was found that even with a small magnetic Reynolds number, the electric and magnetic field effects on the flow properties can be significant. Numerical solutions of the same formulation are obtained for validation of the present analytical solutions. The major work in this study is theoretical and the solutions are obtained in closed forms which can provide physical insights on flows inside a MGD microchannel or a channel of conventional dimensions.
Plasticity in an electrosensory system. I. General features of a dynamic sensory filter

1. In this study we describe changes in neuronal responses within the primary electrosensory processing nucleus of a weakly electric fish that occur when the fish are exposed to repetitive patterns...
EmerGPU: Understanding and mitigating resonance-induced voltage noise in GPU architectures

This paper characterizes voltage noise in GPU architectures running general purpose workloads. In particular, it focuses on resonance-induced voltage noise, which is caused by workload-induced fluctuations in power demand that occur at the resonance frequency of the chip's power delivery network. A distributed power delivery model at functional unit granularity was developed and used to simulate supply voltage behavior in a GPU system. We observe that resonance noise can lead to very large voltage droops and protecting against these droops by using voltage guardbands is costly and inefficient. We propose EmerGPU, a solution that detects and mitigates resonance noise in GPUs. EmerGPU monitors workload activity levels and detects oscillations in power demand that approach resonance frequencies. When such conditions are detected, EmerGPU deploys a mitigation mechanism implemented in the warp scheduler that disrupts the resonance activity pattern. EmerGPU has no impact on performance and a small power cost. Reducing voltage noise improves system reliability and allows for smaller voltage margins to be used, reducing overall energy consumption by an average of 21%.
A Case of Nephrobronchial and Colonobronchial Fistula Presenting as Lung Abscess

AbstractA nephrobronchial fistula is an uncommon clinical entity and perinephric abscess is the most common etiological lesion. At times, pulmonary symptoms may dominate the clinical picture and the diagnosis of an associated renal lesion may be overlooked. An unusual case of a coexisting nephrobronchial and colonobronchial fistula is reported. The patient had been treated for chronic lung abscess for 4 years before the final diagnosis was made.
Bone Quality and Implant Design-Related Outcomes Through Stage II Surgical Uncovering of Spectra-System Root Form Implants

Failure rates at second-stage surgery were reported for the ongoing Dental Implant Clinical Research Group studies of the Spectra-System (Core-Vent Corporation, Las Vegas, NV) implants. As of May 1995, 69 implants failed out of 2,633 placed and uncovered. The overall failure rate was 2.6%, with 3.6% in bone quality 1 (BQ-1), 2.4% in BQ-2, 2.5% in BQ-3, and 3.1% in BQ-4. HA-coated cylinders had the lowest number of failures and titanium alloy baskets the highest. The basket design failed more often in the posterior jaw areas; 9 of 32 clinical centers (28%) accounted for 72% of these failures.
Network Coding in Application Layer Multicast

It is proved that network coding can achieve multicast capacity and therefore improves the throughput of a multicast network significantly. This chapter will focus on applying network coding to Application layer multicast(ALM). The benefits are two folds: first, ALM is built on peer-to-peer networks whose topology can be arbitrary so it is easy to tailor the topology to facilitate network coding; second, the nodes in ALM are end hosts which are powerful enough to perform complex encoding and decoding operations.
Language Proficiency, Technical Skill, and Vocational Awareness: Instructor Competencies for Bilingual Vocational Training

This article describes the skills required of occupational instructors who provide bilingual vocational training and offers a rationale for the skills selected based primarily on expert opinion and...
Numerical Simulations of Thermal Detection of Disbonds in Lap Joints

The detection of disbonds in riveted lap joints is of increasing interest to the aerospace community. For some cases a disbonded lapjoint gives rise to cracks at the rivets due to stress concentrations in the aluminum skin when the lapjoints are loaded. When a number of these cracks exist they have been known to suddenly link up and cause sudden failure of the part. Thermographic detection of these disbonds has advantages over other methods in that it is a noncontacting, quantitative method which can inspect large areas in a short period of time. By even application of heat to the outer surface of the lap joint, details of the inner structure become thermographically detectable. A disbond between layers of a laminated structure will prevent heat from penetrating from the surface layer to the subsurface layers and will result in an increase in surface temperature over the disbond.
Not just for fun ! Social play as a springboard for adult social competence in human and non-human primates

Play is one of the most difficult behaviors to quantify and for this reason, its study has had a very rocky history. Social play is ephemeral, difficult to distinguish from the other so-called serious behaviors, not so frequent (especially in sexually mature subjects), fast, and complex to describe. Due to its multifaceted nature, it has often been considered as a wastebasket category that has included all kinds of the behaviors not showing any immediate, obvious goal. Yet, play is widespread across the whole primate order and can have a strong impact on the development of cognitive, psychological, and social skills of many species, including humans. Unlike functional behaviors that are specifically and economically performed to reduce uncertainty and to increase the opportunity to gain resources, play seems to introduce and increase uncertainty, creating new challenges for the animals. For this reason, social play has been hypothesized to be the engine of behavioral innovation in ontogeny. From the first mild and gentle interactions with the mother to the most sophisticated play fighting sessions and acrobatic action sequences with peers, play represents for juveniles (and not only for them!) a window onto the social and physical environment. In this review, I focus on social play and its relation to adult social competence. By playing, juveniles acquire competence to manage interactions with conspecifics, enlarge their social networks, and test their physical power and motor skills (i.e., long-term benefits). At the same time, I propose the view that play—due to its plastic and versatile nature—can be used in an opportunistic way, as a joker behavior, throughout life to strategically obtain short-term or immediate benefits. I put forward the hypothesis that, during ontogeny, the joker function of play can be modulated according to the differing inter-individual relationships present in the diverse societies, characterizing the primate order.
Lower bounds on non-adaptive data structures maintaining sets of numbers, from sunflowers

We prove new cell-probe lower bounds for dynamic data structures that maintain a subset of {1, 2, ..., n}, and compute various statistics of the set. The data structure is said to handle insertions non-adaptively if the locations of memory accessed depend only on the element being inserted, and not on the contents of the memory. For any such data structure that can compute the median of the set, we prove that:[EQUATION]where tins is the number of memory locations accessed during insertions, tmed is the number of memory locations accessed to compute the median, and w is the number of bits stored in each memory location. When the data structure is able to perform deletions non-adaptively and compute the minimum non-adaptively, we prove[EQUATION]where tmin is the number of locations accessed to compute the minimum, and tdel is the number of locations accessed to perform deletions. For the predecessor search problem, where the data structure is required to compute the predecessor of any element in the set, we prove that if computing the predecessors can be done non-adaptively, then[EQUATION]where tpred is the number of locations accessed to compute predecessors.These bounds are nearly matched by Binary Search Trees in some range of parameters. Our results follow from using the Sunflower Lemma of Erdos and Rado [11] together with several kinds of encoding arguments.
Quadratic Stark Shift between Zeeman Substates in Cs 133 , Rb 87 , Rb 85 , K 39 , and Na 23

An atomic-beam magnetic-resonance apparatus with separated oscillatory fields has been used to make precision measurements of the quadratic Stark shift between "flop-in" Zeeman levels in the ground-state hyperfine structure of ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{133}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$, ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$, and ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}$. The shift was measured as a function of the applied electric field and as a function of the rf power used to induce transitions. At magnetic fields of 1 G, the Stark shifts in cesium and ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$ increased when the rf power was decreased. This observation has been explained by including multiple-quantum effects. The effects were eliminated in ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$ by operating at low rf power, but in cesium it was necessary to extrapolate to zero rf power to obtain the final result. Systematic error due to uncertainties in the electric field and the filling factor are less than 2%. The results in units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ ${H}_{z}{E}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, where $E$ is in V/cm, are: Cs=-137.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7.9, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ =-104.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6.7, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$=-22.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.2, ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$=-4.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.31, and ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}$=-11.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.96.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a problem revisited.

Many children who receive cancer chemotherapy are at increased risk for developing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Despite knowledge of chemoprophylaxis, isolated incidents of PCP still occur. This article reviews the incidence, pathophysiology, clinical course, treatment and prevention of PCP. Case study vignettes exemplify variables contributing to non-compliance with prophylactic measures, as well as suggest areas for nursing intervention.
The nonstress test: An evaluation of 1,000 patients

In November, 1978, the fetal heart rate nonstress test (NST) was instituted as the primary screening procedure for the evaluation of fetal well-being at Vanderbilt University Hospital. The results of the first 1,000 patients tested are presented. The stillborn rate within 8 days of a reactive NST was 6.4 per 1,000, with the stillbiths occurring either in patients with diabetes mellitus or with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). A review of other series in which both the total indications for nonstressed testing and the risk groups in which stillbirths occurred within 7 days of an NST reveals that patients with diabetes mellitus (p less than 0.025) and patients with IUGR (p less than 0.01) are at greater risk for stillbirth within 7 days of an NST. Weekly nonstress testing, effective in preventing stillbirths in most risk groups, is not adequate in patients with diabetes mellitus or IUGR.
Fine slicing: theory and applications for computation extraction

Software evolution often requires the untangling of code. Particularly challenging and error-prone is the task of separating computations that are intertwined in a loop. The lack of automatic tools for such transformations complicates maintenance and hinders reuse. We present a theory and implementation of fine slicing, a method for computing executable program slices that can be finely tuned, and can be used to extract non-contiguous pieces of code and untangle loops. Unlike previous solutions, it supports temporal abstraction of series of values computed in a loop in the form of newly-created sequences. Fine slicing has proved useful in capturing meaningful subprograms and has enabled the creation of an advanced computation-extraction algorithm and its implementation in a prototype refactoring tool for Cobol and Java.
AMP deaminase as a cell-age marker in transient erythroblastopenia of childhood and its role in the adenylate economy of erythrocytes.

Erythrocytes from 11 patients with presumptive diagnoses of transient erythroblastopenia of childhood were evaluated retrospectively (six) or prospectively (five) for a possible relationship between erythrocyte adenosine 5′-monophosphate aminohydrolase, adenylic acid deaminase (AMP deaminase) activity and intracellular concentrations of adenine nucleotides. Older red blood cell (RBC) cohorts in these patients consistently exhibited significantly decreased activities of AMP deaminase (approximately 5% to 70% of normal control mean) in association with increased concentrations (up to threefold) of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and total adenine nucleotides. We postulate that the latter is a direct consequence of the former, since diminishing AMP deaminase activity in aging cells should reduce the drain on the adenine nucleotide pool imposed by irreversible deamination of AMP to inosine 5′-monophosphate. Consistent reductions in AMP deaminase activity indicate that this enzyme should also serve as a reliable marker of mean RBC age useful in diagnostic confirmation of transient erythroblastopenia. The observed increases in ATP and total adenine nucleotides in older RBCs require a reevaluation of the traditional view that age-related losses of these compounds mediate the ultimate demise of senescent erythrocytes. Similar alterations in the balance of degradative and salvage pathways in RBC nucleotide metabolism may also underlie certain cases of so-called “high ATP syndrome.”
Multiple embolic strokes as a result of Libman-Sacks endocarditis associated with lupus and secondary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a case report.

Background Libman-Sacks endocarditis (LSE) is an infrequently recognized pathogenesis of embolic cerebrovascular disease. Patients often have asymptomatic valvular dysfunction which if not recognized promptly, can lead to serious complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, cerebroembolic phenomena with increased neurocognitive disability, and even death. It can be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APLS). Case summary Previously very healthy and active, 49-year-old Caucasian female with past medical history of mild lupus, for which she stopped treatment 10 year ago, saw a primary care physician complaining of intermittent double vision of 2 months duration. Urgent brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple embolic infarcts of the brain stem. Further comprehensive work-up led to diagnosis of mitral LSE and APLS. After 2 months of systemic anticoagulation with warfarin and immunosuppressive therapy with hydroxychloroquine sulfate, repeat imaging demonstrated resolution of the mitral valve vegetation with no clinical recurrence of thromboembolic events at 6 months. Discussion Mild, often silent, autoimmune disease as described in our case can lead to significant cerebrovascular disease. Patients who present with cryptogenic strokes with high suspicion of underlying autoimmune disease should be worked up thoroughly for possible valvular heart disease associated with lupus, APLS, or both. Acquisition of transoesophageal images proved superior to transthoracic approach and it should be implemented in these subsets of patients. With this case report, we highlight the importance of early recognition of cardiac manifestations, amelioration of risk factors, as well as close follow-up of lupus or APLS patients, as crucial steps in reducing their morbidity and mortality along with preventing recurrence or progression of cerebrovascular disease.
High-density surface electromyography: A visualization method of laryngeal muscle activity.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Laryngeal muscle activation is a complex and dynamic process. Current evaluation methods include needle and surface electromyography (sEMG). Limitations of needle electromyography include patient discomfort, interpretive complexity, and limited duration of recording. sEMG demonstrates interpretive challenges given loss of spatial selectivity. Application of high-density sEMG (HD sEMG) arrays were evaluated for potential to compensate for spatial selectivity loss while retaining benefits of noninvasive monitoring. STUDY DESIGN Basic science. METHODS Ten adults performed phonatory tasks while a 20-channel array recorded spatiotemporal data of the anterior neck. Data were processed to provide average spectral power of each electrode. Comparison was made between rest, low-, and high-pitch phonation. Two-dimensional (2D) spectral energy maps were created to evaluate use in gross identification of muscle location. RESULTS Three phonatory tasks yielded spectral power measures across the HD sEMG array. Each electrode within the array demonstrated unique power values across all subjects (P < .001). Comparison of each electrode to itself across phonatory tasks yielded differences in all subjects during rest versus low versus high, rest versus low, and rest versus high and in 9/10 subjects (P < .001) for low versus high phonation. Symmetry of HD sEMG signal was noted. Review of 2D coronal energy maps allowed for gross identification of cricothyroid muscle amidst anterior strap musculature. CONCLUSIONS HD sEMG can be used to identify differences in anterior neck muscle activity between rest, low-, and high-pitch phonation. HD sEMG of the anterior neck holds potential to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring for pathologies of laryngeal function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 129:2347-2353, 2019.
Emissions from in-use residential wood pellet boilers and potential emissions savings using thermal storage

Effective biomass energy utilization for residential space heating relies on having combustion systems with both high efficiency and low emissions. European technology in wood pellet boilers was introduced into the United States over the past decade. However, these systems need to be designed and operated to minimize the emissions of air pollutants, particularly airborne particulate matter. One approach to minimize emissions is to improve system efficiency and limit the number of boiler cycles that include start-up and shut down periods where emission rates are higher by utilizing thermal storage as part of the boiler system. In this study, emissions from two 25 kW European-designed, but U.S. manufactured wood pellet boilers (PB and WPB) with thermal energy storage (TES) were measured in actual home operation using the EPA CTM-039 stack sampling method. These measurements allowed the estimation of the emissions reductions due to the presence of TES. PB had much higher emissions than WPB because PB had frequent local oxygen deficit-induced non-uniform combustion, which highlights the significance of periodic onsite oxygen tuning after the boiler installation. Particulate emissions were dominated by PM2.5 and the particles mainly consisted of low melting point, alkali compounds such as K2SO4, KCl, Na2SO4, CaCl2, etc. Both PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions increased linearly with CO because they are products of incomplete combustion. Optimum boiler operating conditions were found with 12% flue gas oxygen content for both systems to achieve minimum CO emissions, which is 2% higher than the manufacturer's set-point of 10%. The potential emissions reductions by using a system with TES instead of a non-TES system were estimated under three scenarios. The results showed both significant gaseous and particulate matter emissions reductions that demonstrate that modern, high-efficiency wood pellet boilers with TES systems can produce heat with lower total emissions compared to non-TES systems.
Plasmalemma Function Is Rapidly Restored in Mdx Muscle after Eccentric Contractions.

ABSTRACTPurposeMuscle that lacks dystrophin, as in the mdx mouse, has a heightened sensitivity to eccentric (ECC) contraction-induced strength loss, but an enhanced rate of recovery. However, the timeline and mechanisms underlying why mdx muscle recovers quicker has yet to be determined. We used an
Accurate experimental benchmark study of a catamaran in regular and irregular head waves including uncertainty quantification

Abstract Irregular wave experiments are essential to assess the statistics of ship responses in realistic operating conditions and to validate the associated numerical simulations. The cost and time required to achieve statistically-converged results are usually high (both experimentally and computationally). For these reasons, high-quality statistically-converged irregular wave studies are limited in the literature and models to reduce the experimental/computational costs are highly desirable. Here, a statistically-converged experimental benchmark study of a catamaran in irregular waves is presented, along with regular-wave Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) model used to approximate the relevant statistical estimators. The statistical assessment is achieved through recently-developed approaches based on the analysis of the autocovariance function of the ship response, along with block-bootstrap and bootstrap methods. The validation variables are the wave elevation, axial force, heave and pitch motions, vertical acceleration of the bridge and vertical velocity of the flight-deck. Values from the time series are addressed as primary variables, whereas heights associated to mean-crossing waves are referred to as secondary variables. The statistical uncertainty related to Expected Value (EV) and Standard Deviation (SD) of primary variables is evaluated through autocovariance analysis and block-bootstrap methods. The latter are used to assess also the quantile function. EV, SD, and quantile function of secondary variables are then assessed by the bootstrap method. Regular-wave models assess the EV of the axial force, and single significant amplitudes (twice the SD) of pitch, acceleration, and velocity, as relevant merit factors used for design optimization in earlier studies.
Standard and Robot-Assisted Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Urologic Surgery

Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) is appropriate for patients interested in better cosmesis. The approach is challenging for the surgeon and requires consistent experience. Nevertheless, the threshold for conversion to standard laparoscopy should be low. Better instrumentation, especially dedicated robotic platforms, may enable the wider use of LESS.
8.6fJ/step VCO-Based CT 2 nd -Order $\Delta\Sigma$ ADC

A purely VCO-based continuous-time (CT), single-loop second-order $\Delta\Sigma$ ADC is proposed in this work. Two ring oscillators are used as integrators to perform second-order quantization noise shaping. The proposed CT ADC does not require additional circuit for excess loop delay compensation. A current-reuse DAC architecture is proposed to simultaneously reduce ADC noise and power consumption. A 65nm prototype consumes $105\mu \mathbf{W}$ from 1V supply at sampling frequency of 32.6MHz, and achieves a walden FoM of 8.6fJ/step over 2.3MHz bandwidth, which is the best among current CT $\Delta\Sigma$ ADCs.
The Leibnizian breakthrough: on Rosemary Sponner Sand’s The Unconscious Without Freud, Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, 188 pp., $100. ISBN: 978-1442231733

There is no one single, historical source of the concept of the unconscious because there is no single concept of the unconscious. In The Dark Ground of Spirit (Routledge, 2012), I distinguished th...
Structural basis of GIRK2 channel modulation by cholesterol and PIP2

G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels play important roles in controlling cellular excitability in the heart and brain. While structural data begin to unravel the molecular basis for G protein and alcohol dependent activation of GIRK channels, little is known about the modulation by cholesterol. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) structures of GIRK2 in the presence and absence of the cholesterol analog cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS), and PIP2. The structures and their comparison reveal that CHS binds near PIP2 in lipid-facing hydrophobic pockets of the transmembrane domain (TMD). CHS potentiates the effects of PIP2, which stabilizes the inter-domain region and promotes the engagement of the cytoplasmic domain (CTD) onto the transmembrane region. The results suggest that CHS acts as a positive allosteric modulator and identify novel therapeutic sites for modulating GIRK channels in the brain.
Readmission and Resource Use After Robotic-Assisted versus Open Pancreaticoduodenectomy: 2010-2017.

Abstract: Background Unplanned rehospitalization is considered an adverse quality of care indicator. Minimally invasive operations carry the potential to reduce resource use while enhancing recovery. Robotic-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy (RAPD) has been used to improve outcomes of its morbid open counterpart. We sought to identify factors associated with readmission between RAPD and open pancreaticoduodenectomy (OPD). Materials and methods We used the 2010-17 National Readmissions Database to identify adults who underwent RAPD or OPD. The primary outcome was 30-day readmission. Secondary outcomes included readmission diagnosis: index, readmission, and total (index + readmission) length of stay, costs, and mortality. Results Of an estimated 84,036 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy, 96.9% survived index hospitalization. Frequency of both RAPD and OPD increased during the study period with similar mortality (2.5% versus 3.2%, P = 0.46). Compared with OPD, RAPD was not an independent predictor of 30-day readmission (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.0, P = 0.98). Disposition with home health care (AOR: 1.1, P Conclusions Readmission after pancreaticoduodenectomy is common, regardless of surgical approach. Although RAPD saves in-patient days on index admission, readmission rates and length of stay are similar between the two modalities. Neither RAPD nor OPD is a risk factor for readmission, highlighting the complexity of pancreaticoduodenectomy, with complications that may result from factors independent of the operative approach.
Comprehensive framework for data-driven model form discovery of the closure laws in thermal-hydraulics codes

Abstract The two-phase two-fluid model is a basis of many thermal-hydraulics codes used in design, licensing, and safety considerations of nuclear power plants. Thermal-hydraulics codes rely on the closure laws to close the system of conservation equations and describe the interactions between phases. These laws, derived from years of experimental investigations, are semi-empirical correlations that lack generality and have a limited range of applicability. Increase of computational power, availability of new experiments, and development of high-fidelity simulations has increased the number of validation data. The discrepancies between the code predictions and the validation data are a great source of knowledge. Missing physics that are not included in the model but are important for the considered phenomena can be discovered by propagating the information from the experimental results through the model. Physics-discovered data-driven model form (P3DM) methodology integrates available integral effect tests and separate effects tests to determine the necessary corrections to the model form of the closure laws. In contrast to existing calibration techniques, the methodology modifies the functional form of the closure laws. Based on the functional form of the correction, the missing physics that were not included in the original model can be discovered. The methodology provides the alternative to the machine learning approach, in which the model is discovered in the form of the intractable black-box relation. In this work, the methodology was applied to the CTF subchannel code to improve the prediction of the two-phase flow phenomena.
Certifiably-Robust Federated Adversarial Learning via Randomized Smoothing.

Federated learning is an emerging data-private distributed learning framework, which, however, is vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Although several heuristic defenses are proposed to enhance the robustness of federated learning, they do not provide certifiable robustness guarantees. In this paper, we incorporate randomized smoothing techniques into federated adversarial training to enable data-private distributed learning with certifiable robustness to test-time adversarial perturbations. Our experiments show that such an advanced federated adversarial learning framework can deliver models as robust as those trained by the centralized training. Further, this enables provably-robust classifiers to $\ell_2$-bounded adversarial perturbations in a distributed setup. We also show that one-point gradient estimation based training approach is $2-3\times$ faster than popular stochastic estimator based approach without any noticeable certified robustness differences.
What Legal Scholarship Can Contribute to Environmental Law

Debates over environmental law and policy benefit from a variety of participants with differing perspectives. Active contributors to such debates include academics from other fields, government agencies, industry professionals, trade groups, advocacy organizations, and think tanks. Amongst this crowd, it may not be immediately clear what distinctive contributions legal scholars can make to advance conversations about environmental law. Legal academics generally lack the technical education and training of a scientist, economist, or engineer or the ongoing work experience of a practicing lawyer. This chapter argues that legal academics have at least three key areas of comparative advantage with respect to environmental policy debates, and that the legal academy should foster scholarship that leverages these advantages. First, legal scholars make law the focal point of their analysis, and so bring a more sophisticated understanding of individual laws as they operate in the context of broader legal systems. Second, whereas environmental law practice and policy debates often tend toward siloed analysis of discrete policy problems, environmental law scholarship is more conducive to integrative and cross-cutting work. Third, environmental law scholarship is well poised to challenge methodological and ideological orthodoxies that stagnate policy innovation. The best environmental law scholarship exhibits these attributes, and environmental law scholars need to do more in their work to leverage these potential advantages.
Human Brain and Blood N-Glycome Profiling in Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease-Related Dementias.

Glycosylation, the process of adding glycans (i.e., sugars) to proteins, is the most abundant post-translational modification. N-glycosylation is the most common form of glycosylation, and the N-glycan moieties play key roles in regulating protein functions and many other biological processes. Thus, identification and quantification of N-glycome (complete repertoire of all N-glycans in a sample) may provide new sources of biomarkers and shed light on health and disease. To date, little is known about the role of altered N-glycome in Alzheimer’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease-related Dementias (AD/ADRD). The current study included 45 older adults who had no cognitive impairment (NCI) at baseline, followed and examined annually, and underwent brain autopsy after death. During about 12-year follow-up, 15 developed mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 15 developed AD, and 15 remained to be NCI. Relative abundances of N-glycans in serum at 2 time points (baseline and proximate to death, ~12.3 years apart) and postmortem brain tissue (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) were quantified using MALDI-TOF-MS. Linear mixed or logistic regression models were used to test the associations of N-glycans with AD/ADRD phenotypes. We detected 71 serum and 141 nerual N-glycans, of which 46 were in common. Most serum N-glycans had mean fold changes less than one between baseline and proximate to death. The cross-tissue N-glycan correlations were weak. Baseline serum N-glycans were more strongly associated with AD/ADRD compared to change in serum N-glycans over time and nerual N-glycans. The N-glycan associations were observed in both AD and non-AD neuropathologies. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive glycomic analysis in both blood and brain in relation to AD pathology. Our results suggest that altered N-glycans may serve as mechanistic biomarkers for early diagnosis and progression of AD/ADRD.
What Does the Future Hold

Very few people, if any, probably would have predicted 50 years ago what kind of materials would dominate our technology today. Who could foresee the computer revolution and thus the preponderance of silicon in the electronics industry? How many scientists or engineers prognosticated the laser and its impact on communication, data-processing, data storage, and thus on optical materials? Was there anybody who foretold, 50 years ago, the impact of superalloys, of composites, or of graphite fibers as important materials? Were ceramics not essentially perceived as clay and sand; that is, could anybody anticipate high-tech ceramics, including high T c -superconductors, heat-resistant tiles (for space shuttles), silicon carbide engine parts, etc.? And finally, how many people could visualize 50 years ago the impact of plastics as one of the prime materials of the present day, or an accentuation on recycling and environmental protection?
Temporality, Selfhood, and Creative Intentionality: Mead’s Phenomenological Synthesis

Mead’s understanding of temporality and selfhood, couched as it is in the language of biological activity, is frequently interpreted by phenomenologists to be rooted in a derived, reductivistic scientific level, far removed from the phenomenological concern with lived experience.1 There are, however, two dimensions of human behavior as it develops in Mead’s philosophy, for there is two-fold philosophical sense of purposive activity running throughout Mead’s position, one biological, the other phenomenological, both of which undercut the level of the biological in terms of the contents of scientific analysis. Human behavior, in its biological dimension, is understood as a process of the purposive adjustment of the organism to the conditions of the environment. In this sense Mead speaks of the adequacy of meanings in terms of the ongoing conduct of the biological organism immersed in a natural world.2 Behavior, in its phenomenological dimension, is partially constitutive of its field of awareness and involves an intentional mind-object relationship as a field of meanings that can be phenomenologically studied from within. In this second sense Mead speaks of the adequacy of meanings in terms of the appearance of what is meant.3
Risk of New or Recurrent Cancer in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Previous Cancer Exposed to Immunosuppressive and Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Agents.

Background & Aims Our understanding of malignancy associated with immunosuppression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comes from studies of individuals with no history of cancer. We investigated whether patients with IBD and a history of cancer who were subsequently immunosuppressed have an increased risk of developing incident cancer. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of data from 333 patients with IBD treated at 8 academic medical centers who developed cancer and subsequently received treatment with anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF), anti-TNF with an antimetabolite (thiopurines, methotrexate), antimetabolites, or no subsequent exposure to immunosuppressive agents (controls). We collected data on their primary outcomes of incident cancers (new or recurrent). Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated by using Cox proportional hazards and Kaplan-Meier survival curves; study groups were compared by using the log-rank test. Results During the follow-up period, 90 patients (27%) developed an incident cancer. Patient characteristics between groups differed, but matching was not possible because of the relatively small sample sizes. There was no difference in time to incident cancer ( P = .14) or type of incident cancer ( P = .61) among the 4 groups. After adjusting for recurrence risk for type of prior cancer, there was no difference in risk of incident cancer (HR for anti-TNF, 0.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.09–1.09; HR for anti-TNF with an antimetabolite, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.26–1.59; HR for an antimetabolite, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.54–2.15) or time to subsequent cancer between study arms ( P = .22). Conclusion On the basis of a retrospective study, in patients with IBD and a history of cancer, exposure to an anti-TNF agent or an antimetabolite after cancer was not associated with an increased risk of incident cancer, compared with patients who did not receive immunosuppression. Larger, matched, prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Have Per Capita Incomes Stopped Converging in Missouri Counties

Regional convergence of per capita incomes and per capita earnings inMissouri is studied for the period, 1980-2007, as well as for selected subperiods.Convergence as measured by the coefficient of variation in per capita income and percapita earnings has been modest at best from 1980 to 2007 in Missouri counties. Theevidence indicates that conditional â-convergence has likely ceased in Missouri countiessince 2000, and perhaps earlier. This is true whether per capital income or per capitaearnings is used as the measure of regional welfare. (O47, R11)
Effects of invasive woody plants on avian nest site selection and nesting success in shrublands

Exotic, invasive plants are a growing conservation problem. Birds frequently use invasive plants as nest substrates, but effects of invasives on avian nesting success have been equivocal in past studies. In 2004 and 2005, we assessed effects of invasive woody plants on avian nest-site selection and nesting success in western Massachusetts shrublands. At the nest scale, we tested the effects of invasive versus native substrates on nesting success as well as differences among individual invasive species. At the patch scale, we tested effects of invasive prevalence on nesting success in natives and invasives. We found that, as a whole, shrubland birds preferred invasive substrates. Of two species sufficiently abundant for individual analysis, gray catbirds Dumetella carolinensis preferred invasive substrates, but chestnut-sided warblers Dendroica pensylvanica showed no preference for natives or invasives. At the nest scale, nests of gray catbirds placed in invasive substrates were more successful than those in natives. Chestnut-sided warblers and all species combined, however, had equal nest success in invasives and natives. We found no differences in nest success for nests in different species of invasive substrates or in invasive substrates with and without thorns. At the scale of the patch, nest success in invasive substrates increased with the prevalence of invasives on a site. Nest success in native plants did not change with invasive prevalence. We attribute this finding to the tendency for thickets of invasive plants to be larger on sites with more invasive cover. These findings illustrate the complex interaction of different factors that can determine how invasive plants affect avian nesting success. We conclude that control of invasive woody plants should be neutral for most shrubland birds.
Cholesterol, transferrin saturation, and the development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: results from an 18-year population-based cohort.

Background and Objectives: Oxidative stress plays a role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and iron and cholesterol together have been linked to oxidative stress. This study examined the relationship between transferrin saturation (TS) and cholesterol to see if both are necessary to increase the risk for the subsequent development of AD. Methods: We analyzed data from US adults (ages 40‐74 years at baseline) followed from baseline in 1971‐1974 to 1992 (n=6,558) in the cohort study, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Followup Study (NHEFS). Results: The unadjusted relative risk of developing AD when both TS and cholesterol were at the 75th percentile was 3.19 (95% CI, 1.31‐7.75). In adjusted models when only one marker was elevated, there was no significant increased risk for AD. The risk of AD increased as both markers increased. Even at the 85th percentile, individuals had no significant risk of AD when only having elevated cholesterol (>280 mg/dl) but not elevated TS (39.6%). Findings were similar for individuals with elevated TS but not elevated cholesterol. Conclusions: In this population-based cohort, the risk of developing AD when one has both elevated cholesterol and elevated TS is much larger than the risk associated with elevation of either of these factors alone.
Canonical divisors in weighted Bergman spaces

Canonical divisors in Bergman spaces can be found as solutions of extremal problems. We derive a formula for certain extremal functions in the weighted Bergman spaces A p α for a > -1 and 1 < p < ∞. This leads to a study of the zeros of a specific family of hypergeometric functions.
Po Xi Wen Ti: The “Mother-in-Law Problem”

In this article we explore the cultural context in which Chinese families are embedded and focus on systemic and culturally responsive ideas and interventions when couples present with po xi wen ti, the “mother-in-law problem,” in their family life. We look at the Confucian value of filial piety and examine how modern Chinese people understand and interpret this enduring Chinese value in their intergenerational relationships. We discuss po xi wen ti through the lenses of intergenerational therapies, in particular Bowen theory, in tandem with Chinese ways of life and thinking. This article contributes to current efforts at integrating Eastern and Western thought in family therapy with Chinese families.
Measuring attributes of primary care: development of a new instrument.

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurement properties of an instrument developed to measure seven key aspects of the delivery of primary care from the perspective of patients visiting their family physician, and to report the association of these aspects with patient satisfaction. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used to examine the responses of 2899 patients visiting 138 family physicians' offices in Northeast Ohio. A 20-item research tool, the Components of Primary Care Index (CPCI), was created to measure the domains of primary care based on the new Institute of Medicine definition and on additional domains based on the literature. Patient satisfaction was measured with the Medical Outcomes Study 9-item visit rating form. The usual provider continuity (UPC) index was calculated as the proportion of visits to the index physician with relation to all physician visits for the past year by patient report. The CPCI was subjected to item and factor analysis. Scale scores were computed, and the association with patient satisfaction with the visit was tested by correlation. Results The factor analysis resulted in four stable and internally consistent factors. The factors were named: interpersonal communication, physician's accumulated knowledge of the patient, coordination of care, and patients' preference to see their regular physician. Each of the CPCI scale scores was significantly associated with patient satisfaction with the visit. The UPC index, length of time as a patient, and intensity of visits were not as strongly associated with the patient satisfaction measure. Conclusions The CPCI provides a brief and reliable measure of four important aspects of the delivery of primary care. The components of primary care are associated with patient satisfaction with visits to family physicians. The CPCI could be used with other outcomes and to assess the effect of interventions and systems changes on the delivery of critical aspects of primary care.
Introduction to special section on Colloid Transport in Subsurface Environments

[1] The Water Resources Research special section on Colloid Transport in Subsurface Environments presents new knowledge that is critical to solving problems related to groundwater pollution by microbial pathogens and hazardous chemicals. This introduction to the special section surveys fourteen manuscripts that advance current understanding of the transport of biocolloids (e.g., bacteria, viruses, and protozoa), mineral colloids, and colloid-associated contaminants in the vadose zone and in groundwater. These papers present new techniques for elucidating mechanisms that govern colloid mobility, propose mathematical models appropriate for quantifying colloid and colloid-associated contaminant transport, and report pore-scale and column-scale observations requisite for evaluating these models. Together, the papers of this special section illuminate the complexity of the colloid transport problem and describe progress toward understanding this complexity.
The Incongruous Self: Facing the Fallibility

In contrast to humor derived from incongruity between the reader's own expectations and perceptions in Joseph Conrad's "The Secret Agent," post-World War I literature is characterized by a internal incongruity wrought by the characters' own subjectivity. As the period following World War I fostered internal skepticism through recognition of one’s fallibility and faulty perspective, the characters’ discovery of their own incongruity fuels the transition from external to internal subjectivity in Kingsley Amis' "Lucky Jim" and Graham Greene's "Heart of the Matter." However, the contradiction manifests itself differently in each – via humor in "Lucky Jim" and tragedy in "The Heart of the Matter." More specifically, Lucky Jim’s Dixon represents the clash with absurdity through comical outward expression, while Scobie in The Heart of the Matter commits suicide in the face of his own contradiction.