cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of adaptive optics in fluorescent microscopy using wavefront sensing and correction

Adaptive optics (AO) improves the quality of astronomical imaging systems by using real time measurement of the turbulent medium in the optical path using a guide star (natural or artificial) as a point source reference beacon [1]. AO has also been applied to vision science to improve the view of the human eye. This paper will address our current research focused on the improvement of fluorescent microscopy for biological imaging utilizing current AO technology. A Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS) is used to measure the aberration introduced by a Drosophila Melanogaster embryo with an implanted 1 micron fluorescent bead that serves as a point source reference beacon. Previous measurements of the wavefront aberrations have found an average peak-to-valley and root-mean-square (RMS) wavefront error of 0.77 micrometers and 0.15 micrometers, respectively. Measurements of the Zernike coefficients indicated that the correction of the first 14 Zernike coefficients is sufficient to correct the aberrations we measured. Here we show that a MEMS deformable mirror with 3.5 microns of stroke and 140 actuators is sufficient to correct these aberrations. The design, assembly and initial results for the use of a MEMS deformable mirror, SHWS and implanted fluorescent reference beacon for wavefront correction are discussed.
Recent advances in the biological production of mannitol

Mannitol is a fructose-derived, 6-carbon sugar alcohol that is widely found in bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and plants. Because of its desirable properties, mannitol has many applications in pharmaceutical products, in the food industry, and in medicine. The current mannitol chemical manufacturing process yields crystalline mannitol in yields below 20 mol% from 50% glucose/50% fructose syrups. Thus, microbial and enzymatic mannitol manufacturing methods have been actively investigated, in particular in the last 10 years. This review summarizes the most recent advances in biological mannitol production, including the development of bacterial-, yeast-, and enzyme-based transformations.
Alzheimer's disease: clinical care and management.

Abstract Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent form of severe dementia in the United States, and as the proportion of older Americans rises, the absolute number of such patients will increase. The diagnosis is best made by looking at the overall course of the illness and by ruling out other causes of dementia, some of which are potentially treatable. Management of the Alzheimer patient necessitates that the physician assist family members and be familiar with use of psychotropics and cognition-enhancing drugs. Concomitant depression, psychosis, anxiety, or behavioral problems are generally responsive to medication. Consultation with the family is discussed in terms of optimizing home care of the patient.
Characterization and use of the new NIST rapid pneumatic tube irradiation facility

Recently a new rapid pneumatic tube facility was inserted into a long unused location in the NIST 20 MW nuclear reactor. This facility was designed and constructed specifically for rapid INAA using short lived activation products. Included is a computer controlled console which uses fast sensors to accurately measure the irradiation capsule flight time, and a loss-free counting system connected to a 32% efficient PHGe detector with a transistor reset preamplifier. Measurement of travel, times from end-of-irradiation to detector were 473±8 ms. Measurement of the thermal neutron fluence rate was 5.0·1013 n·cm−2·s−1. The other three pneumatic tubes in the NIST reactor have transfer times of 3 to 15 seconds, and no timing capability more accurate than human response. This new facility substantially improves our ability to accurately determine activation products with half-lives from 1 to 100 seconds. Characterization information reported on this new irradiation facility includes absolute fluence measurements, fluence rate variations within the capsule and variations with time, and determination of analytical sensitivities for fluorine-20 selenium-77m, and silver-110g.
Consideration for application of NTD from OPC and simulation perspective

State of the art Extreme Ultra Violet Lithography (EUVL) gives high hope for further shrinkage of semiconductor devices, but currently, EUVL is not ready for 2xnm node manufacturing and ArF immersion must extend its capability in manufacturing 2xnm devices. Extending the limit of ArF requires varieties of Resolution Enhancement Techniques (RET) such as inverse lithography (ILT) , double patterning (DPT), spacer patterning and so on. One of the brightest candidate for extension of ArF for contact layer is negative tone development (NTD), since this process utilizes the high contrast of the inverse tone of the mask for patterning. NTD usually results in high process margin compared to conventional positive tone development (PTD) process1. Therefore, in this paper we will study application of NTD from optical proximity correction (OPC) and simulation perspective. We will first discuss difference of NTD from PTD. We will also discuss on how to optimize NTD process in simulation perspective, from source optimization to simulation calibration. We will also discuss what to look out for when converting PTD process to NTD process, including OPC models to design rule modification. Finally, we will demonstrate the superiority of NTD process through modeling and simulation results with considering these factors mentioned above.
Immigration and major affective disorder.

We studied bipolar (ever manic; n: = 297) primary unipolar (never secondary; n: = 328), and secondary unipolar (n: = 241) RDC major affective disorder patients in the NIMH — CRB Collaborative Study of the Psychobiology of Depression — Clinical. We examined rates of immigration, for patients and their parents, in these three diagnostic groups. Primary patients had a twofold increase in the odds in favor of immigration, compared to secondary patients. The difference persisted when proband age was statistically controlled, and could not be accounted for by any difference in sex ratios between groups. Previous findings of an increased rate of immigration in bipolar patients could not be replicated.
The annual silica cycle in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda

The annual cycles of silicic acid and biogenic particulate silica (BSiO2) concentrations were examined from October 1988 through December 1992 at the JGOFS time-series site near Bermuda. Lithogenic particulate silica (LSiO2) concentrations were measured from August 1991 through December 1992 at the same site. Distinctly different seasonal patterns were observed in the concentration of biogenic and lithogenic phases. Integrated BSiO2 concentrations in the upper 160 m were greatest (7.6–56.3 mmol BSiO2 m−2 during an annual diatom bloom that occurred each year between January and April. In contrast, integrated LSiO2 concentrations in the upper 160 m showed an annual maximum during July and August (2.05–2.12 mmol LSiO2 m−) probably due to greater aeolian dust inputs during summer. The export of both BSiO2 and LSiO2 was examined with sediment traps deployed for 4 days each month from August 1991 through August 1992. The annual export of biogenic silica at 150 m (47.6 ± 8.6 mmol BSiO2 m−2 y−1, s. d.) was dominated by a winter diatom bloom, which was responsible for 62% of the annual flux. In contrast, the export of LSiO2 through 150 m was highest during July and August (0.039–0.064 mmol LSiO2 m−2 day−1), coincident with the summer maxima in suspended LSiO2 concentrations. The close temporal coupling between maxima in suspended concentrations and vertical flux indicates that any delay between the appearance of BSiO2 and LSiO2 in the surface water and their subsequent export was less than our 30 day sampling interval. The standing stock of BSiO2 in the upper 160 m during non-bloom periods was very small with little temporal variability (mean = 2.7 ± 0.9 mmol m−2, s. d.). High dissolution rates of BSiO2 within sediment traps at that time (mean = 0.072 ± 0.036 day−1, s. d.) suggested that significant silica production was occurring to maintain the observed standing stocks of BSiO2 against losses due to dissolution. Comparison of estimated BSiO2 production and export during this period indicates that at least 64–82% of the BSiO2 produced during the non-bloom period was recycled within the euphotic zone. Estimates of the annual new production by diatoms, with a mole ratio of 1:1 for Si:N within sinking siliceous particles assumed, suggest that diatoms account for up to 26–48% of the new production occurring at this site.
Personality Theory: Clinical Practice, Social Development, and the Biology of Individual Differences

THE ARTICLE by Horowitz et al 1 in this issue of theArchivesis intended to introduce a complex procedure of personality assessment, the role-relationship method, to a wide and varied readership. Horowitz et al give a glimpse of the scientific and theoretical background of this approach, present a single example of how this approach is used, and finally give a brief summary of a novel program to assess the reliability and validity of this procedure. Since all these sections are intended to be introductory, none is detailed enough to provide a basis for a systematic clinical or scientific critique. Rather, in the spirit of this contribution, it is more productive to consider the article itself as a configuration of carefully arranged parts and to examine this configuration of clinical ideas and procedures as a whole. See also pages 625, 637, 639, 642, 645, 646, 649, 651, and 654 In this
SU-GG-T-413: Combined Biological Effective Dose Based Treatment Planning for Low Dose Rate Prostate Brachytherapy and IMRT

Purpose:Brachytherapy with seed implants followed by intensity‐modulated radiotherapy provides an effective treatment for prostate cancer. However, it is difficult to quantify the effectiveness of the combined treatment because of the different dose rates of brachy and IMRT. We developed a simple pc‐based system using the α/β model for the biological effective dose (BED) as an additional quality index to evaluate treatment plans. Method and Materials:Dose grids and organ contours from a commercial brachy planning system (Variseed) and external beams systems (Eclipse and Brainscan) were exported to our in‐house system where physics doses were converted to BED. Iso‐BED derived from the brachy, IMRT, and the combined treatment of brachy + IMRT were displayed using our software. The in‐house system was implemented by using Interactive Data Language (IDL). The IDL provides the capability of importing treatment plans and the graphical interface for navigating the combined results. Results: Contours and isodose curves generated from the commercial software were unchanged after being transferred to the in‐house planning system. Iso‐BED curves were verified with hand calculation method. Our system allows users to customize the α/β values and iso‐BED curves, zoom in and out on each available plane, view BED‐volume histograms, and display 2D/3D at any angle to detail the target and normal tissuesdoses. Because BED is more appropriate to correlate with tissue injury, knowing the BED of the prior treatment, we can design dose‐mapping plans to compensate for under‐ or over‐dose regions in the previous treatments. Conclusion: This combined BED based treatment planning system will allow for clinicians to make more informed judgments regarding the therapeutic ratio of any given give treatment plan which uses two different modalities of radiotherapy delivery.
The Integrated Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect as a Superior Method for Measuring the Mass of Clusters of Galaxies

We investigate empirical scaling relations between the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (SZE) and cluster mass in simulated clusters of galaxies. The simulated clusters have been compiled from four different samples that differ only in their assumed baryonic physics. We show that the strength of the thermal SZE integrated over a significant fraction of the virialized region of the clusters is relatively insensitive to the detailed heating and cooling processes in the cores of clusters, by demonstrating that the derived scaling relations are nearly identical among the four cluster samples considered. For our synthetic images, the central Comptonization parameter shows significant boosting during transient merging events, but the integrated SZE appears to be relatively insensitive to these events. Most importantly, the integrated SZE closely tracks the underlying cluster mass. Observations through the thermal SZE allow a strikingly accurate mass estimation from relatively simple measurements that do not require either parametric modeling or geometric deprojection and thus avoid assumptions regarding the physics of the intracluster medium or the symmetry of the cluster. This result offers significant promise for precision cosmology using clusters of galaxies.
Molecular tagging velocimetry and other novel applications of a new phosphorescent supramolecule

The development and applications of a new class of water-soluble compounds suitable for molecular tagging diagnostics are described. These molecular complexes are formed by mixing a lumophore, an appropriate alcohol, and cyclodextrin. Using 1-BrNp as the lumophore, cyclohexanol is determined to be the most effective overall among the alcohols for which data are currently available. Information is provided for the design of experiments based on these complexes along with a less complex method for generating the grid patterns typically used for velocimetry. Implementation of a two-detector system is described which, in combination with a spatial correlation technique for determining velocities, relaxes the requirement that the initial tagging pattern be known a priori, eliminates errors in velocity estimates caused by variations in the grid pattern during an experiment, and makes it possible to study flows with non-uniform mixtures. This detection and analysis combination also solves one of the problems associated with using caged fluorescein to study high-speed flows. In addition to the traditional implementation for velocimetry, novel applications for studying the Lagrangian evolution of both reacting and non-reacting interfaces and obtaining combined passive scalar/velocity measurements are demonstrated.
Item Selection for the Development of Short Forms of Scales Using an Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

This article presents the use of an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm for the development of short forms of scales. An example 22-item short form is developed for the Diabetes-39 scale, a quality-of-life scale for diabetes patients, using a sample of 265 diabetes patients. A simulation study comparing the performance of the ACO algorithm and traditionally used methods of item selection is also presented. It is shown that the ACO algorithm outperforms the largest factor loadings and maximum test information item selection methods. The results demonstrate the capabilities of using ACO for creating short-form scales.
Short-term variability of physical oceanographic features in the Indian waters

A symposium with the title given above took place at the Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory in Cochin, India, on February 19–20, 1987. Scientists from 18 different universities, colleges, and governmental laboratories presented papers. This is indicative of the widespread interest in the subject matter in India. Because of the length of the meeting, it will be impossible to discuss all of the papers that were presented. Only a few of the papers that seemed most cogent to me will be discussed.
Anomaly detection of microstructural defects in continuous fiber reinforced composites

ABSTRACT Ceramic matrix composites (CMC) with continuous fiber reinforcements have the potential to enable the next generation of high speed hypersonic vehicles and/or significant improvements in gas turbine engine performance due to their exhibited toughness when subjected to high mechanical loads at extreme temperatures (2200F+). Reinforced fiber composites (RFC) provide increased fracture toughness, crack growth resistance, and strength, though little is known about how stochastic variation and imperfections in the materi al effect material properties. In this work, tools are developed for quantifying anomalies within the microstructure at several scales. The detection and characterization of anomalous microstructure is a critical step in linking producti on techniques to properties, as well as in accurate material simulation and property prediction for the integrated computation materials engineering (ICME) of RFC based components. It is desired to find statistical outliers for any number of material character istics such as fibers, fiber coatings, and pores. Here, fiber orientation, or velocity, and velocity gradient are developed and examined for anomalous behavior. Categorizing anomalous behavior in the CMC is approached by multivariate Gaussian mixture modeling. A Gaussian mixture is employed to estimate the probability density function (PDF) of the features in question, and anomalies are classified by their likelihood of belonging to the statistical normal behavior for that feature. Keywords: Fiber reinforced composites, Ceramic matrix composites, Anomaly detection, Gaussian mixture modeling, Color visualization, Texture anomalies, Velocity gradient tensor
X-ray studies of motility of gastro-intestinal tract of rachitic rats with healed bone lesions.

ConclusionThe hypomotility of the gastro-intestinal tract of rachitic rats is evident even after the healing of bone lesions. We appreciate that the number of rats used in our experiment is small, but we have received sufficient encouragement for us to continue on with the work.
Trend of caesium-137 in the effluent of a large city.

Several radioactivities in sewage flowing from Los Angeles. California, were monitored at the treatment plant for more than two years. Cesium-137 was followed in detail and the average and peak outputs from the city were recorded over 21 months. Estimates were made of the influence of Csi/sup 137/ on the radioactivity of coastal waters. Data were compared with reported contamination of human focd by fall-out. Data are presented on the trend of Cs/sup 137/ concentration over the 21 months derived from 75 composited samples, a comparison of influent and fertilizer concentrations, and Cs/sup 137/ to potassium ratio in raw sewage and fertilizer. It is suggested that monitoring of the beta - gamma activities in sewage systems might provide additional safeguards to the public against misuse of radioactive materials. Cesium-137 activity may be used to follow the local dispersal of sewage by the ocean only if the most sensitive counting methods are used. (C.H.)
Affix-favored Contrast Inequity and Psycholinguistic Grounding for Non-concatenative Morphology

Focusing on a cross-linguistically unusual contrast inequity between stems and affixes, this paper argues for an approach to morphological patterning based on psycholinguistically-relevant factors. These factors include neighborhood density and token frequency, which play an important role in lexical retrieval. The paper first shows that the proposed root-affix faithfulness metaconstraint of McCarthy and Prince (1995) is factually incorrect, given the existence of patterns in which affixes control the phonology of stems. The paper then turns in detail to the case of Modern Hebrew, and shows that despite the unusual features normally associated with nonconcatenative morphology the morphophonological patterning observed there is readily explained once factors relating to lexical retrieval are taken into consideration.
Nonlinear saturation of trapped electron instability

We consider the effect of trapped electron instability turbulence on the dynamics of a typical mode. We find its effects are turbulence induced additional collision frequencies for the trapped electrons which are stabilizing. The resulting saturation level is found to be considerably smaller than previous estimates.
Changes in hyperspectral reflectance signatures of lettuce leaves in response to macronutrient deficiencies

Abstract The adaptation of specific remote sensing and hyperspectral analysis techniques for the determination of incipient nutrient stress in plants could allow early detection and precision supplementation for remediation, important considerations for minimizing mass of advanced life support systems on space station and long term missions. This experiment was conducted to determine if hyperspectral reflectance could be used to detect nutrient stress in Lactuca sativa L. cv. Black Seeded Simpson. Lettuce seedlings were grown for 90 days in a greenhouse or growth chamber in vermiculite containing modified Hoagland’s nutrient solution with key macronutrient elements removed in order to induce a range of nutrient stresses, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Leaf tissue nutrient concentrations were compared with corresponding spectral reflectances taken at the end of 90 days. Spectral reflectances varied with growing location, position on the leaf, and nutrient deficiency treatment. Spectral responses of lettuce leaves under macronutrient deficiency conditions showed an increase in reflectance in the red, near red, and infrared wavelength ranges. The data obtained suggest that spectral reflectance shows the potential as a diagnostic tool in predicting nutrient deficiencies in general. Overlapping of spectral signatures makes the use of wavelengths of narrow bandwidths or individual bands for the discrimination of specific nutrient stresses difficult without further data processing.
3‐D flow effects on residence time distribution in screw extruders

This work concerns some selected 3-D flow effects on residence time distribution (RTD) in a screw extruder. The Newtonian problem is emphasized in which the cross- and down-channel flow components can be formally discoupled and treated as two parallel 2-D problems : our stream-function-based analysis of the Newtonian cross-channel flow was combined with the existing 2-D solution for the down-channel flow. The RTD was determined by tracing the streamlines generated from both velocity components for the industrially important cases of fully- and partially-filled channels. The effect of the cross-channel flow on the RTD is discussed in connection with the stagnation flows, the down-channel pressure gradient, and the presence of a free surface in a partially-filled channel. The cross-channel pressure distribution is compared to the conventional 1-D theory. The non-Newtonian effects were assessed using the commercial software POLYCAD.
Radiographically occult ureteral calculi in an HIV-positive child undergoing indinavir therapy

Helical CT has been shown to be a sensitive and specific tool for the rapid diagnosis of obstructing urinary tract calculi. AIDS patients taking the protease inhibitor indinavir, however, can develop urinary tract calculi that are invisible on CT. We present a case of a 9-year-old HIV-positive girl who developed acute ureteral obstruction while taking indinavir. Helical CT after the administration of intravenous contrast demonstrated signs of ureteral obstruction although no obstructing calculus was visualized. This case demonstrates that obstructing ureteral calculi secondary to indinavir therapy may not be visualized with helical CT, unlike nearly all other obstructing calculi. When secondary signs of obstruction are seen in these patients, the radiologist must have a high index of suspicion for urinary tract calculi even without direct visualization of a stone.
An emerging time-domain sensing technique for large scale, multi-function fiber optic sensor networks

Fiber loop ringdown (FLRD), a uniform time-domain sensing scheme, has potential to help address the three key issues: Power losses, light intensity fluctuations, and high terminal equipment costs, in the development of fiber optic sensor networks for simultaneously sensing multiple quantities, including pressure, temperature, strain, chemical species, etc. with fast response, high sensitivity, and significantly reduced costs. Performance and design of a cluster of individual FLRD-based fiber optic sensors are presented. Multiplexing those individual FLRD sensor units into a large scale sensor system for multi-function sensing is proposed. System configuration, operation, and advantages are discussed.
Cospeciation Between the Primary Endosymbionts of Mealybugs and Their Hosts

Mealybugs have an association with prokaryotic endosymbionts that are located in specialized cells called bacteriocytes. In order to compare the phylogeny of the host with that of the previously published phylogeny of the endosymbionts, 3.1 to 3.2 kilobase DNA fragments containing mitochondrial cytB (part), nd1,16S ribosomal DNA(rDNA), and 12S rDNA (part) were amplified and sequenced. A phylogenetic analysis of the data and a comparison with the trees obtained from endosymbiont genes and host 18S and 28S rDNA indicated that all the trees were similar. This result is consistent with an infection of a mealybug ancestor with a precursor of the endosymbiont followed by the vertical transmission of the endosymbiont to progeny. Comparison of the guanine + cytosine (G + C) contents of the mealybug mitochondrial genes with the same genes from other members of Sternorrhyncha and Arthropoda indicated that the mealybug genes had unusually low G + C contents in their DNAs (10.2 to 11.1 mol%).
Synthesis and chemistry of secondary alkyl iodide complexes of the formula[(η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(ICHRR′)]+BF4−

Abstract Reactions of deuterodichloromethane complex [(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 ) (ClCD 2 Cl)] + BF 4 − with ( a ) isopropyl iodide, ( b ) sec -butyl iodide, ( c ) cyclopentyl iodide, and ( d ) cyclohexyl iodide give secondary alkyl iodide complexes [(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Re(NO) (PPh 3 )(ICHRR′)] + BF 4 − ( 3a–d ) in good to high NMR yields, depending upon the quantity of alkyl iodide employed. These compounds are much less stable than analogous primary alkyl iodide complexes, but analytically pure 3d can be isolated from the reaction of (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(CH 3 ) and HBF 4 ·OEt 2 in neat cyclohexyl iodide (73%). Complex 3d decomposes in CD 2 Cl 2 to give cyclohexyl fluoride, cyclohexene (74% total) and bridging halide complexes [(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 )] 2 X + BF 4 − (X = I, 33%; Cl, 36%). The formation of cyclohexyl fluoride suggests BF 4 − participation in carbon-iodine bond cleavage. Reaction of 3d and PPh 3 gives the substitution product [Ph 3 PC 6 H 11 ] + BF 4 − (24%), cyclohexyl fluoride (24%), cyclohexene (30%) and (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(I) (7, 95%). An analogous reaction of 3d and PPN + Br − gives cyclohexene (57%) and 7 (99%).
A stochastic approach towards understanding the frequency and polarity bias of geomagnetic reversals

Abstract During time intervals when the geomagnetic reversal process is stationary, spectral analysis shows that harmonic components are absent. Autocorrelation analysis shows that the lengths of successive polarity intervals are uncorrelated. Both tests establish that the lengths of polarity intervals are statistically independent. Stochastic and deterministic models have both been successful in modeling statistically independent reversals that display no polarity bias. To account for the latter, two classes of stochastic models are discussed. In the first, instabilities in the dynamo process which accompany reversals are assumed to occur at a higher rate when the dynamo is in either the normal or reversed polarity state. In the second, it is assumed that the rate at which instabilities occur is constant but different fractions of instabilities are “infertile” in the two polarity states. The cause of polarity bias is attributed to variations in the physical properties of the lower mantle with a spatial distribution that can be described by an odd zonal harmonic.
Hypoglycemia presenting as acute respiratory failure in an infant

Hypoglycemia, a common metabolic abnormality seen in the pediatric population, is most often easily diagnosed and rapidly treated with satisfactory outcome. If not recognized and treated in prompt fashion, however, hypoglycemia may cause irreversible central nervous system injury or expose the patient to unnecessary procedures; it rarely results in death. The classic emergency department (ED) presentation of hypoglycemia, the diabetes mellitus patient using hypoglycemic therapy, is frequently encountered and adequately managed with excellent outcome. Alternatively, the patient may present to the ED in a fashion suggestive of a situation other than hypoglycemia. For example, the patient with an altered sensorium following a traumatic event, with a focal neurologic finding, or with bradycardia--all situations in which hypoglycemia is the causative issue--may not be immediately recognized as such a metabolic problem. This report presents a case of a 9-month-old boy who presented with acute respiratory failure and mental status change; the initial ED impression was one of pneumonia with sepsis. Further evaluation uncovered the actual reason for the mental status change and respiratory insufficiency: hypoglycemia was noted on laboratory analysis; no clinical evidence of pneumonia was found after thorough ED evaluation and a prolonged hospital stay. His mental status improved and his respiratory insufficiency resolved after glucose therapy. No other explanation for the respiratory failure was found during the hospital admission. It is imperative that the emergency physician consider hypoglycemia in all patients with any degree of mental status abnormality, even when the findings seem to be explained initially by other etiologies.
Natural language processing using a propositional semantic network with structured variables

We describe a knowledge representation and inference formalism, based on an intensional propositional semantic network, in which variables are structures terms consisting of quantifier, type, and other information. This has three important consequences for natural language processing. First, this leads to an extended, more “natural” formalism whose use and representations are consistent with the use of variables in natural language in two ways: the structure of representations mirrors the structure of the language and allows re-use phenomena such as pronouns and ellipsis. Second, the formalism allows the specification of description subsumption as a partial ordering on related concepts (variable nodes in a semantic network) that relates more general concepts to more specific instances of that concept, as is done in language. Finally, this structured variable representation simplifies the resolution of some representational difficulties with certain classes of natural language sentences, namely, donkey sentences and sentences involving branching quantifiers. The implementation of this formalism is called ANALOG (A NAtural LOGIC) and its utility for natural language processing tasks is illustrated.
Infant feeding and maternal attitudes among mothers of low-income.

Demographic variables, maternal attitudes, knowledge, practices, and support systems were studied in a sample of 50 low-income mothers from one area to assess the basis for the low incidence of breastfeeding in this group. Attitudes were compared with those of a previous study of middle-class women. These women of low income emphasized the homemaking role, favored earlier motor and emotional development of the child, and had a more favorable attitude toward breastfeeding. Being unmarried and living with parents or other relatives proved to be an impediment to breastfeeding. More education, encouragement, and support from medical personnel are needed to increase the rate of breastfeeding in such a low-income population.
MS Implementation: A Parable

An essay about a young MBA graduate who became and administrative assistant to the plant manager of a good-sized manufacturing facility. The morales of the story are: 1 An optimal solution derived by suboptimal methods is still optimal, 2 He who derives an optimal solution at a cost in excess of its benefit is indeed stupid, and 3 Do not expect people to believe you have arrived at optimality unless you can explain it, and how you got there.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CLASSES OF SYNAPTIC VESICLES BY MEANS OF CONTROLLED ALDEHYDE FIXATION

Examination of variables of aldehyde fixation that may affect the shape of agranular synaptic vesicles has revealed that even brief storage of aldehyde-perfused nervous tissue pieces in cacodylate buffer, prior to hardening in osmium tetroxide, has an unusually severe flattening effect on agranular vesicles of a particular type. These are the vesicles of peripheral cholinergic axon endings, and of certain central synaptic bulbs. Types of synaptic bulbs can now be further defined on the basis of shape of agranular synaptic vesicles under controlled conditions of aldehyde fixation. Previously described "S" bulbs in the spinal cord contain uniformly spheroid vesicles, which are wholly resistant to flattening. Previously described "F" bulbs contain somewhat smaller agranular vesicles that are flattened after aldehyde fixation, even when this is followed by prompt hardening in osmium tetroxide solution. A third type, previously characterized as having irregularly round agranular vesicles after the above treatment, contains only severely flattened vesicles when the osmium tetroxide hardening is preceded by even a brief wash with sodium cacodylate buffer containing sucrose. Moreover, the "third" type is characteristic of all cholinergic peripheral axon endings examined, as well as the large axosomatic ("L") synaptic bulbs of the spinal cord.
Changes in the spectrum of light arising on propagation through a linear time-invariant system

Abstract The spectrum of light, in general, changes when the light interacts with a dispersive medium or when it is diffracted. It may also change on propagation, even in free space, because of the coherence properties of the source. The difference and some similarities between these processes of spectral modification are analyzed.
Assessing the value of diagnostic imaging : the role of perception

The value of diagnostic radiology rests in its ability to provide information. Information is defined as a reduction in randomness. Quality improvement in any system requires diminution in the variation in its performance. The major variation in performance of the system of diagnostic radiology occurs in observer performance and in the communication of information from the observer to someone who will apply that information to the benefit of the patient. The ability to provide information can be determined by observer performance studies using a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The amount of information provided by each observer can be measured in terms of the uncertainty they reduce. Using a set of standardized radiographs, some normal and some abnormal, sorting them randomly, and then asking an observer to redistribute them according to their probability of normality can measure the difference in the value added by different observers. By applying this observer performance measure, we have been able to characterize individual radiologists, groups of radiologists, and regions of the United States in their ability to add value in chest radiology. The use of these technologies in health care may improve upon the contribution of diagnostic imaging.
Ship Motion Instabilities in Coastal Regions

Ship motion instabilities occur much more frequently in coastal regions than in the deep ocean because both nonlinear wave-wave interactions and wave-current interactions increase significantly as the water depth decreases. This is particularly significant in the coastal regions connecting to the open ocean, since the wave resonant interactions change from the four-equivalent-wave interaction in deep water to the interactions of three local wind waves with a long wave (e.g. swell, edge waves, bottom topography waves, etc.) in shallow water [1, 2], resulting in rapid growth of the incoming long waves. In this study, we use our DiSSEL (Di gital, S elf-consistent, S hip E xperimental L aboratory) Ship Motion Model [3,4,5,6] coupled with our Coastal Wave Model [1,2,11] and an Ocean Circulation Model [7] to simulate strongly nonlinear ship motions in coastal regions, focusing on the ship motion instabilities arising from ship body-surface wave-current interactions.
Scapholunate Interosseous Ligament Reconstruction: Results With a Modified Brunelli Technique Versus Four-Bone Weave

Purpose To compare clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients with chronic scapholunate dissociation treated with a modified Brunelli technique versus a 4-bone tendon weave. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed. Twenty-three patients presented with chronic scapholunate dissociation and were treated with the 4-bone tendon weave technique as described by Almquist and colleagues. A separate group of 21 patients were subsequently treated with a modified Brunelli plus reduction-assisted scapholunate ligament technique. All patients had preoperative radiographs demonstrating scapholunate ligament disruption and positive magnetic resonance arthrograms. All were treated by the senior surgeon (T.E.T.), who initially performed the 4-bone tendon weave and later the modified Brunelli procedure plus temporary screw fixation. Evaluation included radiographic changes, pain and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire scores, grip strength, and range of motion. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test for preoperative-to-postoperative comparisons and the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test for comparison between the 2 treatment groups. Results The scapholunate angle decreased in both groups (mean 15° ± 5 decrease for the Brunelli group; 10° ± 4 decrease in the 4-bone tendon weave group). Mean pain and DASH scores preoperatively and postoperatively demonstrated greater improvement for the modified Brunelli group (pain scores rated on a visual analog scale of 1 to 10: mean difference Brunelli group=4.8 cm; 4-bone tendon weave group=3.2 cm; mean difference 1.6 cm; DASH scores: mean difference Brunelli group=31.5 points; 4-bone tendon weave group=14.2 points). The Brunelli group also experienced greater postoperative motion as a percentage of preoperative motion (mean 86% ± 7 vs 60% ± 12) and significant increases in postoperative versus preoperative grip strength (mean 2 kg vs 1 kg; increase of 1 kg). Conclusions The modified Brunelli technique for scapholunate interosseous ligament reconstruction compared with the 4-bone tendon weave technique has improved outcomes in pain relief, DASH scores, range of motion, and grip strength at 2.5 years follow-up. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Fracture Mechanics and the Time Dependent Strength of Adhesive Joints

The strength of technical joints formed with (soft) polymeric ad hesives is discussed from the detailed viewpoint of fracture mechanics. A new approach to the analysis of technical joints has been ...
Collaborative Production Line Control for Collaborative Supply Networks

Abstract Industries with automated discrete production lines struggle with intrinsic process variability affected, among other factors, by the rules that coordinate interactions among machines. This problem involves uncertain and dynamic conditions, and the need for collaboration and conflict resolution mechanisms to minimize disruptions in the production flow and achieve high process efficiency to meet customer demand with minimum inventory levels. A Collaborative Control Theory approach based on three of its principles is developed to solve this problem. Its performance is compared to common industry standard control methods. A case study shows that Collaborative Production Line Control (CPLC) outperform traditional models, achieving a 43% reduction in throughput variability, 24% reduction in WIP, and a 0.5% increase in service level.
Loss of heterozygosity and p53 expression in Pterygium

While the pathogenesis of pterygium is still not well understood, environmental factors such at UV light, appear to play an important role in its development. UV radiation can cause mutations in genes such as the p53 tumor suppressor gene, that when inactivated through mutation and loss of heterozygosity can lead to cell proliferation and genomic instability. However, aside from mutations in the gene, other mechanisms have been identified that can lead to loss of p53 function. These include the interaction of the p53 protein with cellular or viral gene products that lead to the inactivation of p53 or to its rapid degradation as well as the silencing of transcription of the p53 gene through the aberrant expression of factors that control p53 expression. We have analyzed the status and expression of the p53 gene in epithelial cells derived from pterygium and have demonstrated that the p53 gene has undergone a monoallelic deletion. Assays for both p53 protein and mRNA revealed that the remaining allele in these cells is not expressed at detectable levels. Furthermore, the remaining allele, by DNA sequence analysis appears to remain wild type. The mechanism of silencing the p53 gene and the loss of p53 expression in these cells is currently under investigation.
VLSI design and implementation of a real-time image segmentation processor

Image segmentation is a crucial part of machine vision applications. In this paper a system to perform real-time segmentation of images is presented. It uses a real-time segmentation VLSI chip that is based on a gradient relaxation algorithm and is designed using the Path Programmable Logic design methodology developed at the University of Utah. The system design considerations, system specifications, and an input/output format for the chip are discussed. The actual design of the chip is given that uses pipeline methodology to achieve real-time performance with a compact VLSI layout. The implementation of the segmentation system is presented and the segmentation chip and the overall system are evaluated with regard to real-time performance and segmentation results.
The welfare impact of implicit income generated from childcare in home-based employment

For households that take care of their children when working at home, the income earned from home-based employment is twofold. While visible money income is generated from the paid employment, there is a certain amount of invisible income generated from performing childcare at the same time. The purpose of this study was to estimate the invisible income generated from performing childcare when working at home, and its impact on household welfare change at both micro and macro levels. The results show that in 1988, for a typical home-based worker who took care of his/her children when working at home, the Hicksian compensating and the Hicksian equivalent variation were about $2564·53 and $1651·87 respectively. At the aggregate level, for the nine states included in this study, a point estimate of the total Hicksian equivalent variation was about 80·5 million. This means, if these households could not take care of their children when working, 80·5 million dollars would need to be given to them in order to keep them as well off.
A review of the respiratory effects of smoking cocaine

A variety of pulmonary complications related to the use of freebase cocaine have been reported in the medical literature. Pulmonary barotrauma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary hemorrhage, obliterative bronchiolitis, asthma, and pulmonary edema have all recently been described. The number of reports are few, reflecting either the low incidence of these complications or the lack of recognition of these phenomena as cocainerelated illnesses. The mechanism by which freebase cocaine can injure the lung is not well defined. Whether an abnormal immunologic response to cocaine freebase can result in hemorrhage, pneumonitis, bronchiolitis, or asthma remains speculative. Whether cardiogenic or non-cardiogenic factors play a role in the development of pulmonary edema in freebase smokers has not yet been determined. Likewise, the roles of either cocaine, tobacco, or adulterants in producing the observed abnormalities of lung function remain controversial. Further reporting of freebase-related pulmonary complications, as well as the development of appropriate animal models, is needed.
Simulated strength-grain size study using a glass-glass-ceramic composite system

Strength studies have been conducted on composite specimens of a glass and a glass-ceramic. The composite system consists of a glass fillet on the surface of a bar-shaped glass-ceramic. Controlled surface flaws have been introduced into the glass fillet via indentation. Strength has been studied as a function of indent load and the size of the glass fillet. The glass-glass-ceramic composite system is meant to represent a polycrystalline ceramic with duplex microstructure such that the glass fillet simulates a large single crystal. The glass-ceramic on the other hand simulates a fine-grained matrix. Thus, the present study simulates a strength versus grain size relation for a polycrystalline ceramic. The data indicate that in several coarse grained ceramics, an inherent crack arrests within the body after initial propagation prior to catastrophic failure. Microscopic examination coupled with an electric potential method indicated that the initial crack arrests at the glass-glass-ceramic interface. The data also suggests that differences in elastic constants across an interface may have a significant influence on strength.
Apomorphine responses in parkinson's disease and the pathogenesis of motor complications

We studied the contribution of basal ganglia circuitry downstream from the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system to the pathogenesis of levodopa associated motor complications by means of an apomorphine dose-response paradigm in 28 parkinsonian patients grouped according to their clinical response to levodopa therapy. With progression from the dopa-naive to the severely fluctuating dyskinetic state, apomorphine response duration shortened, the dose-response slope steepened, and the therapeutic window narrowed. Because apomorphine acts independently of the integrity of presynaptic dopaminergic neurons, our results suggest that postsynaptic alterations account mainly for the appearance of response complications. The present findings support the possibility, raised by animal model studies, that motor response complications arise as a consequence of altered signal transduction mechanisms in striatal medium-sized neurons.
Ion transport across the exocrine glands of the frog skin.

Exposure of the intact frog skin to β-adrenergic agonists stimulates chloride secretion by the exocrine glands. The secretory response is dependent on Na in the serosal bath and is inhibited by exposure to ouabain and furosemide. Thus the transport mechanism has properties similar to those described for other exocrine glands. Analysis of3H-ouabain binding sites and determination of intracellular ions by energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis indicates that the transepithelial pathway for Cl flux may be via a distinct group of cells located at the ductal pole of the acinus of two of the gland types; termed mucous and seromucous.