cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infectivity of the multiple nucleoprotein and RNA components of citrus leaf rugose virus.

Abstract The nucleoprotein components of citrus leaf rugose virus (CLRV) were separated by two cycles of density gradient centrifugation and designated, from slowest to most rapidly sedimenting, TZ, MZ, and BZ. Only the BZ component was infectious, but the addition of either TZ or MZ to BZ preparations increased infectivity. Ribonuclease, but not DNase, abolished infectivity of CLRV nucleic acid preparations. Citrus leaf rugose virus RNA consistently separated into four species when electrophoresed in polyacrylamide gels. The RNA species observed in gels were designated, from slowest to most rapidly migrating, as RNA-1, -2, -3, -4. RNA species 1, 2, and 3 were not infectious alone or in combinations. RNA-4 was not infective alone, but gave high infectivity when added to inocula containing RNA-1 and -2. The BZ component, which separated into two closely spaced zones following centrifugation in shallow sucrose gradients, contained RNA-1 and -2 and small amounts of RNA-3 and -4. The MZ component contained RNA-3 and small amounts of RNA-4. The TZ component contained RNA-4. We suggest that at least RNA-1, -2, and -4 are required for high infectivity.
Powdered tart cherry supplementation demonstrates benefit on markers of catabolism and muscle soreness following an acute bout of intense lower body resistance exercise

samples and VAS ratings of muscle soreness were taken pre-squat workout, 60-minutes following the squat workout as well as after 24 and 48 hours of recovery and analyzed by MANOVA with repeated measures. Consent to publish the results was obtained from all participants. Results Pain ratings from all 3 quadriceps locations (p<0.001); AST, ALT, CK, BUN/Cr ratio, UA (p<0.001); cortisol, testosterone, and cort/test ratio (p<0.001) all demonstrated significant changes in both groups over time, but the overall Wilks’ Lambda MANOVA analysis did not reveal a significant group x time effect for any pain ratings (p=0.199); AST, ALT, CK, BUN/Cr ratio, UA (p=0.605); cortisol, testosterone, CORT/TEST ratio (p=0.35). MANOVA univariate analysis revealed significant time effects for all locations of pain ratings (p<0.001); AST, UA (p<0.001); cortisol, testosterone (p<0.001); CK (p=0.003); and CORT/TEST ratio (p=0.022) in both groups in addition to trends for both groups over time for ALT (p=0.094) and BUN/Cr ratio (p=0.059). A significant group x time quadratic effect was shown for v. lateralis [¼] pain perception (p=0.024) with a trend toward a significant cubic interaction for the v. lateralis [½] pain perception (p=0.10). No significant group x time interaction was evident in pain perception from the v. medialis [¼] (p=0.24), but a delta value trend was shown based on v. medialis [¼] pain perception differences in group assignment (p=0.10). A significant group x time linear effect was shown for UA (p=0.014) along with a trend toward a significant linear interaction (p=0.067) and a significant delta value based
Subcascade formation in displacement cascade simulations: Implications for fusion reactor materials

Displacement cascade formation in iron has been investigated by the method of molecular dynamics (MD) for cascade energies up to 40 keV, corresponding to PKA energies up to 61 keV. The results of these simulations have been used in the SPECOMP code to obtain effective, energy-dependent cross sections for two measures of primary damage production: (1) the number of surviving point defects expressed as a fraction of the those predicted by the standard secondary displacement model by Norgett, Robinson, and Torrens (NRT), and (2) the fraction of the surviving interstitials contained in clusters that formed during the cascade event. The primary knockon atom spectra for iron obtained from the SPECTER code have been used to weight these MD-based damage production cross sections in order to obtain spectrally averaged values for several locations in commercial fission reactors, materials test reactors, and a DT fusion reactor (ITER) first wall. An evaluation of these results indicates that neutron energy spectrum differences between the various environments do not lead to significant differences between the average primary damage formation parameters. This conclusion implies that the displacement damage component of radiation damage produced in a DT fusion reactor should be well simulated by irradiation in a fission reactor neutron spectrum, and that differences in nuclear transmutation production may be the primary source of uncertainty in the prediction of material performance at high doses in DT fusion reactors.
Heme charge-transfer band III is vibronically coupled to the Soret band.

A complete resonance Raman excitation profile of the heme charge-transfer band known as band III is presented. The data obtained throughout the near-infrared region show preresonance with the Q-band, but the data also clearly show the enhancement of a number of modes in the spectral region of band III. Only nontotally symmetric modes are observed to have resonance enhancement in the band III region. The observed resonance enhancements in modes of B 1g symmetry are compared with the enhancements of those same modes in the excitation profiles of the Q-band of deoxy myoglobin, also presented here for this first time. The Q-band data agree well with the theory of vibronic coupling in metalloporphyrins (Shelnutt, J. A. J. Chem. Phys. 1981, 74, 6644-6657). The strong vibronic coupling of the Q-band of the deoxy form of hemes is discussed in terms of the enhancement of modes with both B 1g and A 2g symmetry. The comparison between the Q-band and band III reveals that, consistent with the theory, only modes of B 1g symmetry are enhanced in the vicinity of band III. These results show that band III is vibronically coupled to the Soret band. The coupling of band III to modes with strong rhombic distortion of the heme macrocycle calls into question the hypothesis that the axial iron out-of-plane displacement is primarily responsible for the structure-dynamics correlations observed in myoglobin.
Engineering alcohol tolerance in yeast

Ethanol toxicity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae limits titer and productivity in the industrial production of transportation bioethanol. We show that strengthening the opposing potassium and proton electrochemical membrane gradients is a mechanism that enhances general resistance to multiple alcohols. The elevation of extracellular potassium and pH physically bolsters these gradients, increasing tolerance to higher alcohols and ethanol fermentation in commercial and laboratory strains (including a xylose-fermenting strain) under industrial-like conditions. Production per cell remains largely unchanged, with improvements deriving from heightened population viability. Likewise, up-regulation of the potassium and proton pumps in the laboratory strain enhances performance to levels exceeding those of industrial strains. Although genetically complex, alcohol tolerance can thus be dominated by a single cellular process, one controlled by a major physicochemical component but amenable to biological augmentation.
Keeping Our Ambition Under Control: The Limits of Data and Inference in Searching for the Causes and Consequences of Vanishing Trials in Federal Court

This article offers some reflections stimulated by Professor Galanter's materials, which were the common springboard for the Vanishing Trials Symposium. It suggests that other data, quantitative and qualitative, may be helpful in understanding the vanishing trials phenomenon in federal civil cases, notably data available for years prior to 1962, and questions whether it is meaningful to use total dispositions as the denominator in calculating a trial termination rate. The article argues that care should be taken in using data from state court systems, as also data from criminal cases, administrative adjudication, and ADR, lest one put at risk through careless assimilation of data or muddled thinking a project quite difficult enough without additional baggage. The article describes the limitations of data previously collected by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts and highlights unique opportunities created by the AO's switch to a new Case Management/Electronic Case Files system. It argues that Professor Galanter may underestimate the influence of both changing demand for court services (docket makeup) and of changing demand for judicial services (resources) on the trial rate. Finally, the article argues that conclusions about either the causes or consequences of the vanishing trials phenomenon in federal civil cases are premature, suggesting in particular reasons to be wary of emphasis on “institutional factors” such as the discretionary power of first-instance judges and the ideology of managerial judging.
Recognition of lysosomal glycosidases in vivo inhibited by modified glycoproteins.

PURIFIED liver lysosomal glycosidases display very short plasma survival times following intravenous injection. The mechanism by which these hydrolases are cleared from plasma involves specific recognition of the enzymes by way of sites associated with the enzyme molecules. In our study, a modified plasma glycoprotein terminating in N-acetyl-glucosamine has been shown to inhibit recognition and clearance of several purified lysosomal glycosidases.
Brontispa Yoshinoi Barber, a Description of Adult and Immature Stages (Coleoptera: Hispidae)

The coconut pest from the Palau Islands, Brontispa yoshinoi Barber, was first recorded by Chujo (1937) who misidentified it as Planispa chalybeipennis (Zacher). Later Esaki (1940) recognized this Palauan insect as an undescribed blue species of the genus Planispa .
Anti-apoptotic effects of CNTF gene transfer on photoreceptor degeneration in experimental antibody-induced retinopathy

Autoantibodies against recoverin are found in the sera of patients with cancer-associated retinopathy syndrome, a paraneoplastic disease associated with retinal degeneration. We have previously shown that anti-recoverin autoantibodies induced photoreceptor apoptotic cell death after injection into the vitreous of Lewis rats. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has been shown to promote the survival of a number of neuronal cell types, including photoreceptors. In this study, we examined whether an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated delivery of gene encoding the human CNTF protected photoreceptor cells from anti-recoverin antibody-induced death. One month after subretinal injection of the AAV-CNTF gene into one eye and a control vector into the other eye, an anti-recoverin antibody was injected to induce retinal cell death in Lewis rats. Subretinal administration of the virus led to an efficient transduction of photoreceptors, as indicated by immunostaining of retinas with anti-CNTF. Histological examination of the corresponding retinas showed that photoreceptor cells were significantly protected from apoptotic death in the CNTF-treated eyes. CNTF treatment of the retinas resulted in a time-dependent activation of STAT 3. The present study shows that an AAV-mediated delivery of CNTF may protect photoreceptors from antibody-induced cell death through the activation of STAT3 and the suppression of caspase 3 activity, a key caspase leading to apoptosis. Thus, CNTF may be a useful treatment for human antibody-mediated retinal degeneration.
Taking emotion seriously: meeting students where they are.

Emotions are often portrayed as subjective judgments that pose a threat to rationality and morality, but there is a growing literature across many disciplines that emphasizes the centrality of emotion to moral reasoning. For engineers, however, being rational usually means sequestering emotions that might bias analyses—good reasoning is tied to quantitative data, math, and science. This paper brings a new pedagogical perspective that strengthens the case for incorporating emotions into engineering ethics. Building on the widely established success of active and collaborative learning environments, in particular the problem-based learning (PBL) philosophy and methodology, the paper articulates new strategies for incorporating emotion into engineering ethics education. An ethics education pilot study is analyzed to explore how PBL can engage students’ emotions. Evidence suggests that PBL empowers students to cultivate value for engineering ethics and social responsibility, and in doing so, redefine the societal role of the engineer. Taking students’ emotions seriously in engineering ethics offers an effective strategy to meaningfully engage students in ethical learning.
Porosity and oxidation of amorphous silicon films prepared by evaporation, sputtering and plasma-deposition

Abstract The amount of water adsorbed by amorphous silicon films upon exposure to normal humidity levels has been measured with a quartz-crystal microbalance. Films electron-beam evaporated on room temperature substrates absorb about 11 mol% H 2 O on the internal surfaces of an interconnected void structure. We estimate that nearly 15% of the silicon atoms lie at internal void surfaces. The water causes internal oxidation and cannot be removed by drying. It produces an increase in resistance and a shift of the optical absorption edge to higher photon energies. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon prepared by sputtering at 200°C or by rf plasma deposition at 25 and 150°C, on the other hand, is not porous. Exposure to 60% relative humidity at 300 K produces a 5 A thick oxide layer in about 20 h. Water adsorption strongly affects the conduction in the space charge layer near the surface of plasma-deposited films but has little or no effect on the conductivity of sputtered films. Long term relaxation effects are observed in the conductivity of freshly plasma-deposited amorphous silicon-hydrogen films prepared at room temperature. Based on the very low hydrogen content found in chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) amorphous silicon we conclude that the CVD films are impervious to water.
MODIS/Terra observed snow cover over the Tibet Plateau: distribution, variation and possible connection with the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM)

Based on the snow cover fraction (SCF) data acquired from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the NASA Terra spacecraft from 2000–2006, statistical analyses are performed to explore the spatial and temporal distribution and variation of the snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). It is found that the snow persistence over the TP varies in different elevation ranges generally becomes longer with increases in the terrain elevation. In addition, the spatial distribution of the snow cover not only depends on the elevation but also varies with terrain features, such as aspect, slope, and curvature in the local areas. With 7-year observational data, seasonal and interannual variability of snow cover has been detected. There are slight decreasing trends in SFCs from 2000–2006. With MODIS satellite snow-cover fraction data and the National Centers for Environmental Predictions and U.S. Department of Energy NCEP/DOE reanalysis II dataset, the relationship between snow cover anomalies over the TP and the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) is examined. Results indicate that the onset of the EASM is closely associated with snow cover anomalies in the spring. Specifically, a positive (negative) snow cover anomaly is followed by a later (earlier) onset of the EASM.
Ghrelin stimulates angiogenesis in human microvascular endothelial cells : Implications beyond GH release

Ghrelin, a peptide hormone isolated from the stomach, releases growth hormone and stimulates appetite. Ghrelin is also expressed in pancreas, kidneys, cardiovascular system and in endothelial cells. The precise role of ghrelin in endothelial cell functions remains unknown. We examined the expression of ghrelin and its receptor (GHSR1) mRNAs and proteins in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) and determined whether ghrelin affects in these cells proliferation, migration and in vitro angiogenesis; and whether MAPK/ERK2 signaling is important for the latter action. We found that ghrelin and GHSR1 are constitutively expressed in HMVEC. Treatment of HMVEC with exogenous ghrelin significantly increased in these cells proliferation, migration, in vitro angiogenesis and ERK2 phosphorylation. MEK/ERK2 inhibitor, PD 98059 abolished ghrelin-induced in vitro angiogenesis. This is the first demonstration that ghrelin and its receptor are expressed in human microvascular endothelial cells and that ghrelin stimulates HMVEC proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis through activation of ERK2 signaling.
A NEW SPECIES OF MACHAERANTHERA SECTION PSILACTIS (ASTERACEAE: ASTEREAE) FROM COASTAL TEXAS

Machaeranthera heterocarpa, a new species from southern Texas, is described and illustrated. It is closely related to M. tenuis of Trans-Pecos Texas, is described Mexico from which it differs most notably in stem pubescence, fruit morphology, and chromosome number. The adaptive significance of the heteromorphic achenes of this new species is discussed.
Detection of atrial fibrillation using a modified microlife blood pressure monitor.

BACKGROUND Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) and for stroke due to AF. Asymptomatic AF can result in a stroke, in patients with risk factors, if it is not detected and treated appropriately. This study evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of an automatic oscillometric sphygmomanometer designed to detect AF. METHODS The sphygmomanometer incorporates an algorithm for detecting AF while reducing false positive readings due to premature beats. A total of 405 unselected outpatients seen in two cardiology offices were evaluated by taking three sequential device readings and one electrocardiogram (EKG) on each patient. RESULTS For detecting AF, the sensitivity was 95% and the specificity 86% with a positive predictive value of 68% and a negative predictive value of 98% for single device readings. For the three sequential device readings grouped together, the sensitivity was 97% and the specificity was 89%. The device correctly categorized most of the non-AF, abnormal rhythms. The specificity for those in sinus rhythm was 97%. CONCLUSIONS This device is able to detect AF with high sensitivity and specificity. Use of this device by patients who monitor their blood pressure at home may help detect asymptomatic AF and allow for treatment prior to the development of a stroke.
Readmission After Pancreatectomy for Pancreatic Cancer in Medicare Patients

Objective The objective of this study was to use a population-based dataset to evaluate the number of readmissions and reasons for readmission in Medicare patients undergoing pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer.
The importance of geometry in mathematical models of developing systems

Understanding the interaction between the spatial variation of extracellular signals and the interpretation of such signals in embryonic development is difficult without a mathematical model, but the inherent limitations of a model can have a profound impact on its utility. A central issue is the level of abstraction needed, and here we focus on the role of geometry in models and how the choice of the spatial dimension can influence the conclusions reached. A widely studied system in which the proper choice of geometry is critical is embryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster, and we discuss recent work in which 3D embryo-scale modeling is used to identify key modes of transport, analyze gap gene expression, and test BMP-mediated positive feedback mechanisms.
Single copy DNA and structural gene sequence relationships among four sea urchin species.

Measurements of the divergence of single copy DNA sequences among four sea urchin species are presented. At a standard criterion for reassociation (0.12 M phosphate buffer, 60° C, hydroxyapatite binding) we observe the following extents of reaction and reductions in thermal stability for single copy DNA reassociation between Strongylocentrotus purpuratus tracer and heterologous driver DNA: S. drobachiensis 68% and 2.5°C; S. franciscanus 51% and 3.5° C; Lytechinus pictus 12% and 7.5° C. The implied extents of sequence relatedness are consistent with the phylogenetic relationships of these species. The rate of single copy sequence divergence in the evolutionary lines leading to the Strongylocentrotus species is estimated to be 0.06–0.35% per million years. The rate of divergence of total single copy sequence has been compared to that of structural gene sequences represented in S. purpuratus gastrula polysomal messenger RNA. When closely related species, S. purpuratus and S. franciscanus, are compared, these polysomal sequences are found to diverge at a lower rate than does the total single copy sequence. For two very distantly related species, S. purpuratus and L. pictus, a small fraction of the single copy DNA sequence is probably conserved. These conserved sequences are not enriched in their content of structural gene sequences.
Molecular cloning of proopiomelanocortin cDNA and multi-tissue mRNA expression in channel catfish

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) proopiomelanocortin (POMC) cDNA was cloned to investigate its structure, evolution, and expression in different tissues. POMC is an important gene in the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, the main mediator of the stress response. POMC gene was isolated from a pituitary cDNA library and nucleotide sequence was determined. POMC cDNA is composed of 1164 nucleotides with a 639 nucleotide open reading frame encoding a protein of 212 amino acids. Catfish POMC protein contains a signal peptide (SP, Met1–Ala28), N-terminal peptide (Gln29–Glu101), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, Ser104–Met142), α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH, Ser104–Val116), corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP, Arg121–Met142), β-lipotropin (β-LPH, Glu145–His212), γ-lipotropin (γ-LPH, Glu145– Ser177), β-MSH (Asp161–Ser177), and β-endorphin (β-EP, Tyr180–His212). Catfish POMC protein does not contain a γ-MSH region and most of the joining peptide and part of the γ-LPH are deleted. Protein sequence alignment showed the highest similarity with the carp (Cyprinus carpio) POMC I (66.5%) and POMC II (67%), while the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) POC (17.9%) and POM (18.8%) were the most divergent. The average similarity was 46.95% among the 44 POMC proteins from 36 different species analyzed. Compared to the POMC mRNA levels in the pituitary, the concentration of the POMC mRNA was 0.0594% in the anterior kidney and 0.0012–0.0045% in all the other tissues except in the skin where the lowest expression (0.0005%) was observed. Overall architecture of channel catfish POMC is highly similar to those from other teleosts.
Evidence for the role of nitric oxide in macula densa control of glomerular hemodynamics.

Abstract There is evidence that nitric oxide, an endothelium-derived relaxing factor, may be produced by the macula densa, as well as by blood vessels, within the kidney. To examine the role of nitric oxide in macula densa control of glomerular hemodynamics directly, we performed in vitro microperfusions of both rabbit afferent arterioles (with the glomerulus intact) and adherent tubular segments consisting of portions of the thick ascending limb, macula densa, and early distal tubule. While keeping afferent arteriolar pressure constant at 60 mmHg, we examined the effect of Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, added to a macula densa perfusate. When the macula densa perfusate was changed from low to high NaCl, the diameter of the arterioles decreased from 16.3 +/- 1.0 to 14.0 +/- 1.1 microns (n = 10; P < 0.001). Addition of 10(-5) M L-NAME to the high NaCl solution further decreased the diameter to 11.9 +/- 1.1 microns (P < 0.001). In contrast, when macula densa perfusion was maintained with the low NaCl solution, addition of L-NAME had no effect. L-NAME-induced constriction was completely reversed by adding 10(-3) M L-arginine (the precursor of nitric oxide) but not D-arginine (an inactive isomer) to the macula densa perfusate. We confirmed that perfusing the macula densa with L-NAME did not affect the vasodilator action of acetylcholine added to the lumen of the afferent arteriole, indicating that NO synthesis by the arteriole was not altered. Thus, our findings suggest that the macula densa may produce nitric oxide, which in turn modulates the afferent arteriolar constriction induced by high concentrations of NaCl at the macula densa.
Microglial Activation and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: A Critical Examination of Recent History

The neurofibrillary degeneration that occurs in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is thought to be the result of a chronic and damaging neuroinflammatory response mediated by neurotoxic substances produced by activated microglial cells. This neuroinflammation hypothesis of AD pathogenesis has led to numerous clinical trials with anti-inflammatory drugs, none of which have shown clear benefits for slowing or preventing disease onset and progression. In this paper, I make the point that AD is not an inflammatory condition, and reconstruct the sequence of events during the 1980s and 1990s that I believe led to the development of this faulty theory.
MRI of regular-shaped cell-encapsulating polyhedral microcontainers

We devised cubic and pyramidal microcontainers for cell encapsulation. While the cube is easier to manipulate, the pyramid offers a higher surface area-to-volume ratio and may therefore provide the encapsulated cells with increased access to nutrients. To discern the microcontainers' implant location and environment, and to aid in image-guided therapy, we showed noninvasive detection of microcontainers using MRI. Diamagnetic microcontainers were imaged using the radio frequency (RF) shielding effect, with negative contrast localized to the interior of the microcontainers. For applications in which it is difficult to distinguish the microcontainers from other hypointensities, positive contrast can be used to discern them. We showed positive-contrast MRI of a diamagnetic microcontainer. To image microcontainers that are smaller than the spatial resolution of MRI, we performed in vivo negative-contrast MRI of a ferromagnetic microcontainer. As opposed to the diamagnetic microcontainer, the ferromagnetic microcontainer created a region of MRI contrast several times larger than the microcontainer's dimensions.
Kinetic Study of Vacancy Clustering and Annealing in Metals

The rate equations governing the clustering and annealing of vacancies in metals have been studied. Single vacancies were considered to be immobile at temperatures at which small clusters migrate. Clusters with up to seven vacancies were explicitly treated, and approximations were made to account for larger clusters. A variety of cases for different cluster binding and migration energies were run. Since the annealing curves generally gave little indication of the actual processes occurring, the input data could not be inferred from standard analyses of isothermal and isochronal data. For small binding energies the annealing was small, as some clusters reached sinks, and the single-vacancy concentration increased. For large binding energies the annealing was also small, as clustering dominated the recovery and few clusters reached sinks. Between these limits, complex results were obtained; the total annealing could be quite large with an appreciable decrease in concentration of single vacancies, and anomalously low activation energies were often found.
Recess-Free Nonalloyed Ohmic Contacts on Graded AlGaN Heterojunction FETs

We report on a new approach to achieve nonalloyed ohmic contacts with record low resistance in GaN-based transistors. We use upward and reverse grading of Al composition in a polarization-graded field-effect transistor structure to eliminate abrupt heterojunction band offsets and create direct contact to the channel. Total contact resistance of 73 mQ · mm and interfacial resistance of 29 mQ · mm to the 2-D electron gas were obtained. The method adopted here could enable to ultralow-resistance contacts without ohmic recess.
Work-Family Relations in Transnational Perspective: A View from High-Tech Firms in India and the United States

This article presents a transnational analysis of work-family relations. Comparing three high-tech firms in India and the United States, we find that employees in each country establish different work-family boundaries. While those in the United States tend to prefer an integration of work and family realms through permeable boundaries, employees in India more often support a separation between work and family spheres through solid boundaries. Our analysis employs a “contextual” view of boundary formation. We argue that work-family relations observed in these U.S. and Indian firms reflect two important factors: 1) varying social contracts between workers, the state, and the private sector, which provide different types of support for families; and 2) varying trends in the persistence or reversal of historical, societal work-family divisions, which create pressures and opportunities either to insulate the household from the workplace, or to merge them together. In contrast to prevailing cultural explanations in the work-family literature that focus on culture or development, we argue for an approach that incorporates global power and inequality. We conclude by discussing implications for transnational debates about work-family. To many observers, the realms of work and family in the United States appear to be converging (Darrah, English-Lueck, and Freeman 2001; Hochschild 1997; Nippert-Eng 1996). As demands of family life and the workplace increasingly compete, activities within these historically distinct institutions often overlap, and have the effect of blurring, if not obliterating, customary boundaries and distinctions. Trends towards globalization suggest that this process may be transnational. These developments prompt several compelling questions. If labor patterns are converging globally (Lincoln and Kalleberg 1990), will this merging of work and family happen in other contries as well? If large corporations are becoming increasingly global, will (or should) their international branches establish work-family arrangements and policies that reflect current developments from their home countries, in our case those of the United States (see also Florida and Keeney 1991 on Japanses firms)? In short, are U.S. workfamily patterns the inevitable model for the rest of the world? This article addresses these questions through a transnational analysis of work-family relations. While the growing literature in this field provides an increasingly nuanced underEarlier versions of this article were presented at meetings of the American Sociological Association, and the Sloan
Secure Bayesian model averaging for horizontally partitioned data

When multiple data owners possess records on different subjects with the same set of attributes--known as horizontally partitioned data--the data owners can improve analyses by concatenating their databases. However, concatenation of data may be infeasible because of confidentiality concerns. In such settings, the data owners can use secure computation techniques to obtain the results of certain analyses on the integrated database without sharing individual records. We present secure computation protocols for Bayesian model averaging and model selection for both linear regression and probit regression. Using simulations based on genuine data, we illustrate the approach for probit regression, and show that it can provide reasonable model selection outputs.
Flame ionization mass spectrometry : isotope ratio determinations for potassium

The air/acetylene flame provides a convenient ion source for the determination of potassium isotopic ratios by mass spectrometry. Unlike the argon inductively coupled plasma (ICP), the flame provides low background in the mass region of interest. Ion production is quite satisfactory for isotope ratio measurements at the micrograms per milliliter (μg/mL) level and slightly below, with 1 μg/mL potassium giving about 105counts/second at a nominal mass-to-charge ratio of 39. The detection limit for potassium was 2-3 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). The ratio of 41K/39K was measured with 0.5-1% relative standard deviation, and a 41K spike representing 0.2% of the total potassium was readily detected. Both signal levels and signal stability were improved by adding a second easily ionized element such as cesium to samples and standards. Alternatively, a cesium solution could be aspirated for about 1 minute between sample measurements to ensure signal stability.
Best Practices as Agency-Based Knowledge in Social Welfare

Abstract One of the important elements in the knowledge systems of human service organizations is best practices that are formed by those purposeful actions agencies take to develop their intervention technologies, improve their organizational performance, and refine their service delivery, management and administrative systems. As an increasing number of human service agencies engage in the creation of their own practice-relevant knowledge, and as this knowledge proves useful in particular fields of service, creating and implementing best practices becomes a potential source of organizational empowerment. This paper explicates the basic attributes of best practices and addresses the role human service agencies can play in their creation, application, and deployment.
Bringing People, Technology, and Systems Together Through Classification Research: Designing, for Change, Learning, and Maintenance

This 13 SIGICR Classification Workshop provides an opportunity for reflection on the challenges that we face as researchers in an applied field. In considering the papers of the previous 12 American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIST) Special Interest Group (SIG) in Classification Research (CR) Workshops as well as those of the International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO) Conferences from the point of view of systems thinking (Emery, 1969), several themes (among others) emerge. These include 1) the tension that exists between stability and change in systems of knowledge organization, 2) the view of knowledge organization schemes as vehicles for learning and exploration as people engage in information search, and 3) the problem of maintenance of knowledge organization schemes as the world turns. These themes are all related through the challenge that we face in designing structures (e.g., metadata arrays, classifications, displays) that not only support people's tasks and problem solving, but which include self-referential actions to renew, update, or recreate the structures themselves as new technologies, ideas, and inventions arise and old ones fade from consideration.
Screening acidic zeolites for catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass and its components

Abstract Zeolites have been shown to effectively promote cracking reactions during pyrolysis resulting in highly deoxygenated and hydrocarbon-rich compounds and stable pyrolysis oil product. Py/GC–MS was employed to study the catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass samples comprising oak, corn cob, corn stover, and switchgrass, as well as the fractional components of biomass, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Quantitative values of condensable vapors and relative compositions of the pyrolytic products including non-condensable gases (NCG's) and solid residues are presented to show how reaction products are affected by catalyst choice. While all catalysts decreased the oxygen-containing products in the condensable vapors, H-ZSM-5 was most effective at producing aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolytic vapors. We demonstrated how the Si/Al ratio of the catalysts plays a role in the deoxygenation of the vapors towards the pathway to aromatic hydrocarbons.
LOCUST MARCHING ORDERS

![Figure][1] Strange things happen when individuals aggregate. That is, a solitary sparrow does not reveal how large flocks move. Likewise, fish and schools; bison and herds; ants and anthills; people and maddening crowds; and cars and traffic jams. Recent work, from physics, has focused on
‘Right Paths’ and/or ‘Paths of Righteousness’? Examining Psalm 23.3b within the Psalter

There are various interpretations of ‭קדע־ילגעמב‬ ‭ינחני‬ in Ps. 23.3b. Does it profess confidence in Yahweh's guidance of his people to live morally, his righteous treatment of them, his ensuring their prosperity, or some combination of these? This article contributes to the discussion by drawing upon the literary context of the Psalter for assistance in several ways. First, with the Psalter providing a ‘grammar of faith’ for its readers, seven verses containing collocations similar to Ps. 23.3b receive consideration to discern what sense they typically convey (Pss. 1.6; 5.9; 25.9; 27.11; 107.7; 119.35; 139.24). Second, this article explores how the frame of Book I and Psalms 15–24, a smaller collection within Book I, illuminate how one might read Ps. 23.3 within these contexts. Thus, the Psalter as a collocative and structural context is brought to bear on the interpretation of Ps. 23.3b.
Spitz nevus or melanoma

Spitz nevi are benign melanocytic neoplasms of children and young adults that can be exceedingly difficult to distinguish from malignant melanomas. Although a nearly definite diagnosis can be made in most cases, the histological distinction between Spitz nevi and melanomas is equivocal in about 6% to 8% of cases. In those cases, and perhaps even with presumed benign Spitz nevi, clear surgical margins are desirable. The most helpful differentiating features of Spitz nevi are patient age, sharp demarcation, symmetry, maturation of melanocytes at the base, and epithelial hyperplasia. None of these criteria are completely reliable, and multiple other criteria must be considered as well.
The Influence of Temperature on Absorbance in Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. I: General Considerations

The influence of a temperature ramp on the absorbance in graphite furnace atomic spectroscopy has been investigated with the use of a computer simulation of the absorption process. For increasing temperature, the absorbance will increase for low values of the damping constant at constant pressure and all values of the damping constant at constant volume. For large values of the damping constant at constant pressure (the presumed real situation), the absorbance decreases with increasing temperature due to the narrowing of the collisional profile. Hyperfine structure diminishes the change in absorbance within limits. The evaluation of the number density of analyte for temperatures (times) other than the peak maximum temperature could be in error if the peak maximum absorbance of a GFAAS peak is used to derive the number densities at the other temperatures. In effect, the relative absorbances on the peak in GFAAS are not totally representative of the relative atom release and removal peak. The presence of multiple ground states can, under certain circumstances, improve the absorbance-atom density relationship between the peak maximum absorbance and other absorbances on the peak. The temperature ramp has no deleterious effect on the analytical capabilities of GFAAS when the effect of temperature on absorbance is considered.
Invited Paper-Los Alamos Meson Factory: Present Status and Fuiure Plans

This paper describes briefly the present status and future plans of the work at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory on a meson factory project. At the time of writing, some 40 scientists and engineers are engaged in research and development activities for this project. The primary emphasis at present is on the linear accelerator which will generate the proton beam for meson production; in the future, this emphasis will shift to research activities connected with the use of the accelerator as a tool of experimental physics. More detailed descriptions of this work can be found in the quarterly progress reports (LA-3419-MS and following reports). The first section of the paper contains a general description of the accelerator; the following sections give somewhat more detailed descriptions of particular research and development activities.
Screening prior to Breast Cancer Diagnosis: The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same

Purpose. In November 2009, the U.S. Preventative Service Task Force (USPSTF) revised their breast cancer screening guidelines. We evaluated the pattern of screening subsequent to the altered guidelines in a cohort of women. Methods. Our database was queried for the following variables: age, race, method of diagnosis, mass palpability, screening frequency, histology, and stage. Statistical analyses were performed using Pearson’s chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Results. 1112 women were diagnosed with breast cancer from January 2010 to 2012. The median age at diagnosis was 60 years. Most cancers were detected on mammography (61%). The majority of patients had invasive ductal carcinoma (59%), stage 0 (23%), and stage 1 (50%) cancers. The frequency of screening did not change significantly over time (). However, nonregular screeners had an increased risk of being diagnosed with later stage breast cancer () and were more likely to present with a palpable mass compared to regular screeners (56% versus 21%; ). Conclusions. In our study, screening behavior did not significantly change in the years following the USPSTF guidelines. These results suggest that women who are not screened annually are at increased risk of a delay in breast cancer diagnosis, which may impact treatment options and outcomes.
Design and optimization of microscale magnetic probes for multi-site neural stimulation

In this paper, we evaluate the ability of using microscale magnetic probes to evoke activating function potentially for multi-site magnetic-based neural stimulation. Two different designs, a conventional closed-winding coil array and a new open-winding coil array, are investigated using both analytical method in MATLAB and finite element method in Ansoft HFSS. The open-winding configuration is shown to improve spatial resolution and uniformity of magnetically induced activating function and reduce fabrication complexity. To prove the simulation results, device prototypes are fabricated based on the new open-winding configuration. Preliminary testing results are in agreement with the simulation expectation.
Monoclonal antibodies against purified nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Abstract Eleven stable monoclonal hybridoma cell lines synthesizing antibodies against purified acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica were produced. Spleen cells from a rat immunized with acetylcholine receptor and exhibiting experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis were fused with a mouse myeloma cell line. Studies of the binding of these antibodies to acetylcholine receptor by use of a passive hemagglutination assay in the presence of various cholinergic ligands revealed four general categories of binding specificities: 1) blockade only by alpha bungarotoxin, 2) partial blockade by all ligands, 3) increased titer in the presence of alpha bungarotoxin and benzoquinonium chloride, 4) absence of effect by any ligand.
Applied plasma spectroscopy: Laser-fusion experiments

Abstract High-energy-density plasmas created in laser-fusion experiments are diagnosed with X-ray spectroscopy. Hans Griem, considered the father of modern plasma spectroscopy, provided an excellent foundation for this research. He studied the effect of plasma particles, in particular the fast-moving free electrons, on the Stark-broadening of spectral line shapes in plasmas [H. Griem, Phys. Rev. 125 (1962) 177]. Over the last three decades, X-ray spectroscopy has been used to record the remarkable progress made in inertial confinement fusion research. Four areas of X-ray spectroscopy for laser-fusion experiments are highlighted in this paper: Kα emission spectroscopy to diagnose target preheat by suprathermal electrons, Stark-broadened K-shell emissions of mid-Z elements to diagnose compressed densities and temperatures of implosion cores, K- and L-shell absorption spectroscopy to diagnose the relatively cold imploding shell (the “piston”) that does not emit X rays, and multispectral monochromatic imaging of implosions to diagnose core temperature and density profiles. The seminal research leading to the original X-ray spectroscopy experiments in these areas will be discussed and compared to current state-of-the-art measurements.
Paced breathing compared with usual breathing for hot flashes.

AbstractObjectivePaced breathing (slow, deep, diaphragmatic breathing) reduces central sympathetic activity and facilitates the relaxation response. The present study was designed to assess the feasibility of and to obtain initial efficacy estimates of two paced-breathing programs, compared with usu
Energy distribution of fast test particles slowing down in plasmas. II. Time-dependent energy spectra in finite media

The time-energy spectrum of fast particles released in background plasmas is evaluated for the cases of monoenergetic impulses and sources dispersed in time and energy, as well as for general source spectra. Distant encounters are assumed to contribute mainly to the energy degradation of the test particles in the slowing-down range in which ions are treated as fixed centers, and in which the probability of elastic scattering by electrons is insignificant compared to the probability of scattering by plasma ions. The results give a slowing-down time close to that evaluated by approaches that account for close encounters. Asymptotic solutions of the Boltzmann equation are also obtained, and the effects of the confinement time of the test particles on the time-energy spectrum are taken into account. Confinement times characteristic of open-ended devices, tokamaks, and Bohm-like plasmas are considered. Pitch-angle scattering is not considered here, and hence only a rough estimate of the parameters relevant to neoclassical processes is given. The average density and mean energy of the test particles are obtained in the slowing-down range for these three types of plasmas. Discrepancies resulting from the classical treatment of scattering as opposed to the quantum-mechanical treatment are pointed out. A multienergy approachmore » is introduced for numerical calculations; such an approach is necessary in particular for model dependent studies. The approach is rather flexible and can accommodate different types of spatial dependence and scattering processes.« less
Long-term correction of very long-chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency in mice using AAV9 gene therapy.

Very long-chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) is the rate-limiting step in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. VLCAD-deficient mice and patients clinical symptoms stem from not only an energy deficiency but also long-chain metabolite accumulations. VLCAD-deficient mice were treated systemically with 1 × 1012 vector genomes of recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 (rAAV9)-VLCAD. Biochemical correction was observed in vector-treated mice beginning 2 weeks postinjection, as characterized by a significant drop in long-chain fatty acyl accumulates in whole blood after an overnight fast. Changes persisted through the termination point around 20 weeks postinjection. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) revealed normalization of intramuscular lipids in treated animals. Correction was not observed in liver tissue extracts, but cardiac muscle extracts showed significant reduction of long-chain metabolites. Disease-specific phenotypes were characterized, including thermoregulation and maintenance of euglycemia after a fasting cold challenge. Internal body temperatures of untreated VLCAD−/− mice dropped below 20 °C and the mice became lethargic, requiring euthanasia. In contrast, all rAAV9-treated VLCAD−/− mice and the wild-type controls maintained body temperatures. rAAV9-treated VLCAD−/− mice maintained euglycemia, whereas untreated VLCAD−/− mice suffered hypoglycemia following a fasting cold challenge. These promising results suggest rAAV9 gene therapy as a potential treatment for VLCAD deficiency in humans.