cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Dynamic Model of Hip Joint Biomechanics: The Contribution of Soft Tissues.

Before recent advances in computer modeling technology, it has been nearly impossible to define the contribution of soft tissue structures when constructing models of the body, and in particular the lower extremity. For almost 100 years, the design and fixation of femoral components for total hip arthroplasty (THA), whether cemented or press fit, have been predicated on the Koch model of hip biomechanics. A more comprehensive model, which includes the dynamic contribution of soft tissues, has expanded the Koch’s static model. This new model has led to a more complete representation of reality and has become the basis for the inclusion of a new stem design element (a lateral flare), a new concept of implant fixation (rest fit), and consequent significant increase in bone preservation and implant stability.
The Nursing Perspective

This article examines how today’s culture of perpetual safety is reliant upon the relationships between all health partners and within that macrocosm of healthcare the collaboration of the nurse-physician is viewed by many as the classic essential model of success. It is with this premise that maximizing and developing a good working relationship between the physician and the nurse leads to improved outcomes and safety. This important liaison of the nurse and physician is built upon a foundation of good solid two way communication, respect for the craft of nursing which involves the perspective that nurses approach patient care and the critical thinking of the nurse in identifying concerns and problem solving, understanding how nursing units are staffed and the correlation of optimal staffing and clinical outcomes which all lead to the basic ingredients towards delivering person centered care.
Cooperation of Hot Holes and Surface Adsorbates in Plasmon-Driven Anisotropic Growth of Gold Nanostars.

Light-driven synthesis of plasmonic metal nanostructures has garnered broad scientific interests. Although it has been widely accepted that surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-generated energetic elect...
Is bringing one's own alcohol to parties protective or risky? A prospective examination of sexual victimization among first-year college women.

This study assessed whether college women who bring their own alcohol to parties (BYOB) are less vulnerable to sexual victimization (SV). Participants: Participants were 652 female freshmen (M age ...
Attachment and Borderline Personality Disorder: Differential Effects on Situational Socio-Affective Processes

Insecure attachment and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are defined by similar affective and interpersonal processes. Individuals diagnosed with BPD, however, represent only a subset of those described as insecurely attached, suggesting that attachment may hold broader relevance for socio-affective functioning. Based on a 21-day ecological momentary assessment protocol in a mixed clinical and community sample (N = 207) oversampled for BPD, we evaluate the discriminant validity of each construct as it influences daily interpersonal interactions. We find that insecure attachment is associated with elevated perceptions of interpersonal disaffiliation and maladaptive strategies for affect regulation, whereas enacted interpersonal hostility is more distinctive for BPD. In a series of sensitivity analyses, we further highlight potential caveats to these findings when studying both constructs concurrently. Together, our results suggest that both insecure attachment and BPD contribute to problematic affective and interpersonal processes, but that they do so at different stages of the unfolding social interaction, which has important implications for their maintenance and treatment.
The Relationship between Young Women’s Work-Family Orientations and Educational Transitions in Early Adulthood:

The primary aim of this paper is to examine the links between young women’s schematic configurations about work and family with their educational attainment at critical transitions of early adultho...
Cadherin-11 dimerization multi-site kinetics: combined partial unfolding and strand-swapping

Cadherin extracellular domain 1 (EC1) mediates dimerization of type II cadherins between opposing cell surfaces to facilitate cell-cell adhesion. EC1 forms domain-swapped dimers, with residues Trp2 and Trp4 crucial to anchor the EC1 A-strand in the strand-swapped conformation. In the present work, the specific roles of Trp2 and Trp4 in the dimerization mechanism of Cadherin-11 have been elucidated using NMR spectroscopy of wild-type and designed mutant EC1 domains. The results show that the dominant monomeric state, with the A strand and Trp side chains packed intramolecularly, is in equilibrium with a sparsely populated (1.6%) partially strand-exposed state, in which the Trp2 side chain packing is disrupted and with a sparsely populated (1.6%) fully strand-exposed state, in which the A strand, Trp2 and Trp4 side chain packing are fully disrupted. The exchange kinetics between the major state and the partially strand-exposed state are slow-intermediate (kex = 700 - 734 s-1) and the exchange kinetics between the major state and the fully strand-exposed state are intermediate-fast (kex = 3470 - 3591 s-1,) on the NMR chemical shift time scale. These three conformations, varying in the degree of A-strand exposure, also are coupled to additional conformational states on very fast and very slow timescales. The very fast exchange process arises from interconversion between ordered and random coil conformations of the BC loop in proximity to the Trp2 binding pocket, with relative populations that depend on the extent of A-strand exposure and dimerization status. The very slow exchange processes link the folded partially and fully strand-exposed conformations with partially unfolded conformational states, which have been recognized as crucial intermediates for domain-swapping in proteins other than cadherins. This framework reveals the dimerization mechanism of type II Cadherins as coupled folding and strand-swapping.
Growth Differentiation Factor (GDF)-15 and Cardiometabolic Outcomes among Older Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

Introduction Laboratory studies suggest an involvement of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) in metabolic dysregulation. However, the utility of GDF-15 for assessing risk of cardiometabolic outcomes has not been rigorously examined among older adults. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of older adults who attended visit 6 (2016-2017) of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. We used multivariable logistic regression to quantify cross-sectional associations of GDF-15 (in quartiles) with prevalent diabetes, obesity, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), subclinical myocardial stress/injury (assessed by NT-proB-type Natriuretic Peptide [NT-proBNP] and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T [hs-cTnT]), and heart failure (HF). Results Among 3792 ARIC study participants (mean age 80 years, 59% women, 23% Blacks and 77% Whites, mean GDF-15: 2094.9 pg/mL [SD: 1395.6]), higher GDF-15 concentrations (highest vs. lowest quartile) were positively associated with diabetes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]:] : 2.48, 95% CI : 1.89, 3.26), ASCVD (aOR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.11), increased hscTnT (aOR: 2.27, 95%CI: 1.54, 3.34), increased NT-proBNP (aOR: 1.98, 95%CI: 1.46, 2.70), and HF (aOR: 3.22, 95%CI : 2.13, 4.85), in models adjusted for demographics and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions In this sample of older US black and whites, increased GDF-15 was positively associated with diabetes, ASCVD, HF, and markers of subclinical myocardial stress or injury. These results illustrate the diverse aspects of the link between GDF-15 and diseases states, and its potential utility as robust biomarker of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes.
Quantile regression for exposure data with repeated measures in the presence of non-detects.

Background Exposure data with repeated measures from occupational studies are frequently right-skewed and left-censored. To address right-skewed data, data are generally log-transformed and analyses modeling the geometric mean operate under the assumption the data are log-normally distributed. However, modeling the mean of exposure may lead to bias and loss of efficiency if the transformed data do not follow a known distribution. In addition, left censoring occurs when measurements are below the limit of detection (LOD). Objective To present a complete illustration of the entire conditional distribution of an exposure outcome by examining different quantiles, rather than modeling the mean. Methods We propose an approach combining the quantile regression model, which does not require any specified error distributions, with the substitution method for skewed data with repeated measurements and non-detects. Results In a simulation study and application example, we demonstrate that this method performs well, particularly for highly right-skewed data, as parameter estimates are consistent and have smaller mean squared error relative to existing approaches. Significance The proposed approach provides an alternative insight into the conditional distribution of an exposure outcome for repeated measures models.
Accelerating Mixed Methods Research With Natural Language Processing of Big Text Data

Situations of catastrophic social change, such as COVID-19, raise complex, interdisciplinary research questions that intersect health, education, economics, psychology, and social behavior and requ...
Design drainage rates to optimize crop production for subsurface-drained fields

Abstract Agricultural subsurface drainage is critical for crop production in temperate humid regions. With the heightened concern of its water-quality implications, we need a method to design drainage systems for both crop production and environmental protection. The objective of this research was to develop an empirical equation that estimates the design drainage rate ( DDR ) for local soil and weather conditions. This DDR can then be used in the Hooghoudt equation to estimate the optimum drain spacing that maximizes profit. We conducted DRAINMOD simulations for each combination of four factors: three drain depths, three effective radii, seven locations, and five soils. For each combination of factors, simulations were repeated for a range of drain spacing from 5 to 100 m using 30 years (1990–2019) of weather data planted with continuous corn (Zea mays L.). Simulations provided a 30-year average relative corn yield and drainage discharge for each combination of factors. The drain spacings that maximized annual economic return on investment were identified as optimum spacings and used to calculate the DDR for each combination of factors. Results were then used in a multiple linear regression to develop two empirical equations for northeast and southeast USA with DDR as the dependent variable. The independent variables were the long-term average growing-season precipitation, drain depth, equivalent saturated hydraulic conductivity, and depth to restrictive layer. The environmental value of the empirical equations is that they help avoid too narrow of a drain spacing, thereby preventing more drainage than is needed. In conclusion, application of these empirical equations is a means for estimating the site-specific optimum drain spacing that maximizes economic return on investment.
Tätertypologien zu strafrechtlich relevantem Sexualverhalten

Es existieren verschiedene Einteilungssysteme, die zum Teil atiologische Uberlegungen oder Tatverhaltensweisen zur Differenzierung zwischen Tatern aufgreifen und anhand dessen Klassifikationen der einzelnen Tater vorgenommen werden. Die meisten bestehenden Typologien unterscheiden auf einer ersten Ebene zwischen der Art des Deliktes. Die einflussreichsten und in der Forschung am haufigsten diskutierten Typisierungsansatze werden im Folgenden dargestellt.
Mapping Human Understanding to Robotic Perception

Abstract Humans are excellent at adapting their knowledge to various situations and adjusting their communication accordingly. Thus, a person who knows a great deal about a subject can still talk about it to a child, albeit in a much more simplified form. What is of interest here is whether a robot can do the reverse: in other words, can it adjust a limited knowledge that it receives from its sensors to a more complicated knowledge of the world that it doesn’t sense, but knows only abstractly? In other words, what kind of mapping is possible to adapt sensory knowledge to a more expressive knowledge of the world (or, in some cases, less expressive). When DARwin sees a red ball, does it really know that it is a ball? Can the fact that the object is moving in certain manner be leveraged for understanding that it is a ball? Similarly, when a robot or agent has access to a very specific domain, what has to happen to relate this knowledge to a more general domain? What kind of information has to be transferred and what can be omitted? The paper will review previous research in ontology mapping and alignment and, based on the existing research, propose some of the solutions.
SU‐E‐J‐125: A Novel IMRT Planning Technique to Spare Sacral Bone Marrow in Pelvic Cancer Patients

Purpose: Develop an IMRT planning technique that can preferentially spare sacral bone marrow for pelvic cancer patients. Methods: Six pelvic cancer patients (two each with anal, cervical, and rectal cancer) were enrolled in an IRB approved protocol to obtain FLT PET images at simulation, during, and post chemoradiation therapy. Initially, conventional IMRT plans were created to maintain target coverage and reduce dose to OARs such as bladder, bowel, rectum, and femoral heads. Simulation FLT PET images were used to create IMRT plans to spare bone marrow identified as regions with SUV of 2 or greater (IMRT-BMS) within the pelvic bones from top of L3 to 5mm below the greater trochanter without compromising PTV coverage or OAR sparing when compared to the initial IMRT plan. IMRT-BMS plans used 8–10 beam angles that surrounded the subject. These plans were used for treatment. Retrospectively, the same simulation FLT PET images were used to create IMRT plans that spared bone marrow located in the sacral pelvic bone region (IMRT-FAN) also without compromising PTV coverage or OAR sparing. IMRT-FAN plans used 16 beam angles every 12° anteriorly from 90° – 270°. Optimization objectives for the sacral bone marrow avoidance region were weighted to reduce ≥V10.more » Results: IMRT-FAN reduced dose to the sacral bone marrow for all six subjects. The average V5, V10, V20, and V30 differences from the IMRT-BMS plan were −2.2 ± 1.7%, −11.4 ± 3.6%, −17.6 ± 5.1%, and −19.1 ± 8.1% respectively. Average PTV coverage change was 0.5% ± 0.8% from the conventional IMRT plan. Conclusion: An IMRT planning technique that uses beams from the anterior and lateral directions reduced the volume of sacral bone marrow that receives ≤10Gy while maintaining PTV coverage and OAR sparing. Additionally, the volume of sacral bone marrow that received 20 or 30 Gy was also reduced.« less
Neoliberalization of the Developmental State: Tokyo's Bottom-Up Politics and State Rescaling in Japan

Abstract In order to pursue the contradictory goals of effective economic development and equal spatial distribution, the Japanese Developmental State (JDS) under the Liberal Democratic Party tried to strike a balance between concentrated growth in Tokyo and redistribution to the rest of Japan. However, in recent years government leaders have been de-emphasizing the balance and introducing state devolution and market-based policy choices. Meanwhile, mixing such neoliberalism-style measures with government activism, state leaders have endorsed redevelopment in Tokyo. These political developments exhibit marked resemblance to the neoliberal glocalization observed in Western Europe. Nevertheless, Japan's neoliberalization displays fundamental differences from that of Western experiences. This study investigates how Japan's recent neoliberalization has come to take shape. Findings indicate that Tokyo had an important effect on Japan's state rescaling, not by functioning as Japan's economic engine in the global economy, but by playing the political and symbolic center of the JDS. It indicates the persistence of the JDS's ideology and Tokyo's special position therein. Neoliberalism is now treated as a ‘solution’ to what is considered the cause of Japan's prolonged economic problems, but its introduction relied on the strength of the JDS's deep-seated values. Resume Pour atteindre les buts contradictoires d'un essor economique performant et d'une repartition spatiale uniforme, ‘l'Etat developpeur’ japonais mis en place par le parti liberal democrate a tente d'equilibrer une croissance concentree a Tokyo et une redistribution au reste du Japon. Cependant, ces dernieres annees, les dirigeants gouvernementaux ont peu a peu leve cette priorite d'equilibre, a travers un Etat decentralise et des choix de politiques publiques repondant au marche. Parallelement, melant mesures neoliberales de ce type et activisme gouvernemental, les dirigeants de l'Etat ont avalise le redeveloppement de Tokyo. Ces evolutions politiques montrent une nette ressemblance avec la ‘glocalisation’ neoliberale observee en Europe de l'Ouest. Toutefois, la neoliberalisation du Japon presente des differences fondamentales comparee aux experiences occidentales. Cette etude examine comment la recente neoliberalisation nippone a fini par prendre forme. Il en ressort que Tokyo a influe sur le redimensionnement de l'Etat japonais, non pas comme moteur economique national au sein de l'economie mondialisee, mais comme pole politique et symbolique de l'Etat developpeur. L'ideologie de cette demarche demeure donc et Tokyo y occupe une place speciale. Le neoliberalisme est desormais traite comme une ‘solution’a ce qui est estimeetre la cause des problemes economiques persistants du Japon, mais sa mise en place a repose sur la solidite des valeurs profondement ancrees de l'Etat developpeur japonais.
Turbine Engine Component Integration

A fundamental analysis of the matching of the rotating components of a gas turbine engine and their integration into an airframe is presented. Similarity variables are introduced to characterize the operation of the rotating engine components. Performance maps of compressors and turbines are used to illustrate the manner in which they may be matched in terms of power, mass flow, and shaft speed. Because one engine may be used in several different aircraft it must be properly integrated in each. The specific case of matching inlet performance and engine airflow requirements is discussed. An analysis of thrust generation in an aircraft is performed to identify those parameters necessary for monitoring and controlling the thrust in flight. An illustration of the importance of proper positioning of the terminal shock in supersonic inlets and means for controlling that position is presented. Keywords: airframe-inlet matching; compressor and turbine maps; engine pressure ratio; inlet shock positioning; thrust monitoring and control; turbine-compressor matching
Measuring insulin action in vivo

The goal to accurately measure insulin sensitivity (i.e., “insulin resistance”) in patients remains an important goal. Insulin resistance is a risk factor for a plethora of chronic diseases (diabetes cardiovascular disease, hypertension, colon cancer). To study these diseases and to intervene early in their pathogenesis requires that we quantify risk factors and insulin resistance is one important candidate. To accurately measure sensitivity it is important to use a method that observes in some fashion the metabolic effect of insulin given intravenously. Thus, the glucose clamp and the minimal model are accurate and reproducible methods. One must remain vigilant regarding limitations of these methods. However, they may be applied with confidence under a wide variety of conditions. Unfortunately it is not possible to recommend simpler (i.e. surrogate) methods that can be applied with confidence. While it might be appropriate to use fasting insulin to reflect insulin resistance in patients without any degree of β-cell failure, it is usually not possible to determine a priori whether any such defect exists. Thus, one can report fasting insulin simply as a qualitative reflection of insulin resistance. Indices, which also include glucose, appear to add little to the fasting insulin itself. If β-cell failure progresses, the interpretation of fasting insulin per se becomes impossible. Finally, as of this writing it is not possible to recommend insulin sensitivity measures calculated from the oral glucose tolerance test due to confounds related to differences in gastric emptying, β-cell function, and glucose effectiveness. Clearly, studies to identify and validate simpler methods to assess insulin action accurately in the intact subject should be continued. Keywords: pancreatic suppression test; qualitative; quantitative; glucose clamp; euglycemic clamp; insulin action dynamics; disposition index; fasting; oral glucose tolerance test; OGTT
Rounding Error in Regression: The Appropriateness of Sheppard's Corrections,

Abstract : We consider three simple approaches to rounding error in least squares regression. The first treats the rounded data as if they were unrounded, the second adds an adjustment to the diagonal of the covariance matrix of the variables, and the third subtracts an adjustment from the diagonal. The third, Sheppard's corrections, can be motivated as maximum likelihood with small rounding error and either (1) joint normal data or (2) normal residuals, regular independent variables, and large samples. Although an example and theory suggest that the third approach is usually preferable to the first two, a generally satisfactory attack on rounding error in regression requires the specification of the full distribution of variables, and convenient computational methods for this problem are not currently available. (Author)
TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE FORMIC HYDROGENLYASE IN A PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIUM

Upadhyay, J. (Washington State University, Pullman) and J. L. Stokes. Temperature-sensitive formic hydrogenlyase in a psychrophilic bacterium. J. Bacteriol. 85: 177–185. 1963.—A temperature-sensitive formic hydrogenlyase has been found in a psychrophilic bacterium, strain 82. The enzyme was most active at 30 C, but completely inactive at 45 C. In contrast, formic hydrogenlyase in mesophilic Escherichia coli was most active at 45 C, and completely inactivated only at 70 C. The hydrogenlyase-forming system in psychrophile strain 82 also was unusually heat-sensitive. It was inactivated at temperatures above 20 C; whereas, in mesophilic E. coli, Proteus vulgaris , and Salmonella oranienburg , hydrogenlyase was formed even at 45 C. This heat sensitivity of the enzyme-forming system accounted fully for the inability of strain 82 to produce gas from carbohydrates above 20 C. Psychrophile hydrogenlyase resembled the mesophilic variety in several respects. It was most active at pH 5.0. It was not formed by cells grown aerobically. It could be induced in resting-cell suspensions by use of glucose, formate, and casein hydrolysate as supplements, although several times as much glucose was required as for enzyme induction in strains of E. coli and Salmonella . The enzyme was formed best at pH 7.5, which was somewhat higher than the pH of 6 to 7 for mesophile hydrogenlyase, and by cells taken from the beginning of the stationary phase of growth. Images
Deoxygenation-induced cation fluxes in sickle cells. II, Inhibition by stilbene disulfonates

Deoxygenation-induced cation movements in sickle cells were inhibited 80% to 85% by the anion transport inhibitor, 4,4′-diisothiocyano- 2,2′disulfostilbene (DIDS). Morphologic sickling was not altered by DIDS treatment, demonstrating that morphologic sickling was not sufficient to produce cation leaks in sickle cells. DIDS inhibition of deoxygenation-induced cation flux was not affected when l- replaced Cl- , indicating that conductive anion movements did not limit cation flux in deoxygenated cells treated with DIDS. Inhibition was irreversible after preincubation with DIDS at 37 degrees C for 20 minutes, and was not affected by the oxygenation state of cells at the time of drug exposure. Sulfate self-exchange was inhibited at lower DIDS concentrations than was deoxygenation-induced flux. Incubation of cells with DIDS at 4 degrees C produced progressive blockade of sulfate exchange, but did not alter deoxygenation-induced cation fluxes. Other stilbene disulfonates, including compounds incapable of covalent reactions, also inhibited deoxygenation-induced cation movements, although several other inhibitors of anion exchange did not. Dissociation of the inhibition of anion exchange and deoxygenation- induced cation flux indicates that the DIDS effect on deoxygenation- induced cation movements does not involve the well-characterized stilbene binding site of the anion exchanger. These data provide evidence for a membrane constituent on the external surface of oxygenated sickle cells capable of interacting with DIDS to prevent the increase in cation permeability associated with sickling.
An accommodating edge follower

We describe an operational program that locates objects in a television image and traces their edges. The program accommodates the television camera, maximizing dynamic range during acquisition and sensitivity during tracing, to obtain the most appropriate image for each phase. If the trace routine loses an edge, various heuristics diagnose the difficulty and tune both the camera and software to recover contrast at the point of difficulty. Experimental evidence of the effectiveness of accommodation is provided.
A translator system for the MATLAB language: Research Articles

A whole-program MATLAB to C translation system is presented. The paper outlines the motivation for the problem, discusses the system's architecture, its features and limitations. The translator's operation is explained using an example input program. Details are given on how the system implements and specializes some of the language's built-in primitives. Finally, the paper reports measurements evaluating the execution time and memory usage of the translated sources, and the compilation time required for the translations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The work for this paper was carried out when the authors were at Northwestern University
How Can we Teach "Western Civilization" if it doesn't exist? Rethinking the European History Survey Model

Teaching "Western Civilization" survey courses presents a delimma to teachers and scholars who find themselves teaching with models, categories, and narratives that they would not only not use in their research, but also actively counter with their research. This article proposes that bringing our research into the classroom means fundamentally rethinking how we teach survey courses, from their conceptualization to the sources used.
Spectral amplification in a sediment-filled Valley exhibiting clear basin-edge-induced waves

Various site-response estimates are presented for a linear array deployed in the Coachella Valley, California, during the 1992 Landers/Big Bear aftershock sequence. This systematic comparison is unique in that the response of the site is clearly dominated by basin-edge-induced waves. Average sediment to bedrock spectral ratios for long S -wave windows, which include the basin-edge-induced waves, exhibit amplification factors as high as ∼ 18, below 7 Hz. The deep basin structure, which gives rise to the obvious multi-dimensional effects, produces a fundamental resonant peak that shifts between basin sites (from 0.23 to 0.48 Hz) as the depth to bedrock changes. Above 0.6 Hz, where the largest amplifications occur, the response is remarkably similar between sites and appears to be dominated by a near-surface layer that is relatively uniform across the valley. The apparent fundamental resonant frequency of this layer is between 0.8 and 1 Hz. Sediment to bedrock spectral ratios computed using shorter windows that exclude the basin-edge-induced waves imply that the multi-dimensional effects are significant only below ∼ 4 Hz, where they increase amplifications by an approximate factor of 2. Spectral ratios computed using coda windows, taken at twice the S -wave travel time, exhibit amplifications that are an average factor of 1.7 greater, between 1 and 4 Hz, than those of the S -wave estimates. This discrepancy does not improve by taking coda windows later at four times the S -wave travel time. Horizontal- to vertical-component S -wave spectral ratios do not agree with the sediment to bedrock ratios. However, they do exhibit a clear peak at the fundamental resonant frequency of the deep basin structure. Sediment to bedrock spectral ratios of ambient seismic noise are also inconsistent with the S -wave estimates. However, horizontal to vertical noise ratios exhibit clear peaks near the fundamental resonant frequencies of both the deep basin structure (below 0.6 Hz) and the suspected near-surface layer (between 0.8 and 1 Hz). Therefore, ambient-noise data appear to provide valuable constraints on the basin structure. Ongoing efforts involve multi-dimensional modeling of the observed basin-edge-induced phases and resonant frequencies.
Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule to porcine interposition vein grafts.

BACKGROUND The efficacy of aorto-coronary vein grafting is limited by early graft thrombosis and accelerated graft atherosclerosis. Direct adenovirus-mediated transfer of genes encoding inhibitory proteins may prevent or slow progression of vein graft disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Recombinant adenoviruses containing the cDNA for the marker gene lacZ (Ad.CMVlacZ) or soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM) (Ad.CB-sVCAM) were used to infect segments of porcine jugular vein or human saphenous vein. Ex vivo testing showed expression of the introduced genes after incubation with Ad.CMVlacZ or Ad.CBsVCAM for periods from 1 to 24 hours, with an increase in transfection efficiency with increasing incubation time. Porcine jugular veins were then interposed as vascular grafts in the carotid arteries of four juvenile farm pigs after ex vivo gene transfer by incubation for 90 to 120 minutes with Ad.CMVlacZ or Ad.CBsVCAM. sVCAM-transfected carotid vein grafts were placed on one side and lacZ transfected veins were placed contralaterally as controls. Three days later, the vein graft segments were resected. Expression of the lacZ gene was confirmed by X-Gal chromagen staining and visualization by light and transmission electron microscopy. Gene expression was apparent in all layers of the vein graft wall, with prominent staining in the adventitia. sVCAM expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that ex vivo gene transfer before vein grafting is feasible using a replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus and results in a high level of gene expression in vivo. The potential for this approach to prevent early vein graft thrombosis or accelerated vein graft atherosclerosis requires further evaluation.
Zinc and Phytate Distribution in Peas. Influence of Heat Treatment, Germination, pH, Substrate, and Phosphorus on Pea Phytate and Phytase

The largest proportions of zinc and phytate, 88.7 and 97.1%, respectively, were in the Garfield pea cotyledon; the greatest concentrations were in the germ. Cooking peas by two different methods resulted in 13% phytate reduction. Peas incubated 6.5 hr from 25 to 80°C yielded maximum phytate loss (25%) at 60°C due to phytase activated hydrolysis. Germination (10 d) decreased pea phytate 75% and increased phytase activity 12-fold. Semi-purified germinated pea phytase showed temperature optimum at 45°C, pH optimum of 5.2, 30% inhibition by 1 mM inorganic P, and substrate preference for pyrophosphate. Incubation of early germinated peas at optima pH and temperature is suggested for maximum phytate reduction.
Oral altretamine used as salvage therapy in recurrent ovarian cancer.

Abstract Background . Altretamine has reported efficacy in the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer following platinum-based therapy. This report presents the cases of two long-term survivors with recurrent ovarian cancer given oral altretamine. Cases . Two patients diagnosed with stage IIIC ovarian cancer underwent optimal cytoreductive surgery. Both women were subsequently treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. One had persistent cancer documented 2 months post therapy, while the other was disease-free for 22 months before recurring. Both received altretamine in a salvage setting. Each of these women achieved a prolonged response to third-line altretamine therapy, and one of whom was disease-free for 4 years and the other remains disease-free over 7 years following initiation of salvage therapy. Conclusion . Outpatient-administered oral altretamine can provide a prolonged disease-free interval with minimal toxicity.
Male Dentists at Midlife: An Exploration of the One Life/One Career Imperative:

A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of male dentists (ages 35–50) in a single midwestern state. All dentists surveyed held similar views on the role that their careers played in shaping their identity, and 84 percent agreed with an hypothesis which suggests that most Americans believe they have the opportunity to pursue but one career during their lifetimes and that professionals, in particular, are likely to feel “trapped” in their careers as they age. A “crisis index” sought to isolate men undergoing the so-called midlife crisis, and both high and low crisis groups were identified. High-crisis dentists were markedly more concerned about health problems than were low-crisis dentists. High-crisis dentists were less satisfied with their careers, were far more likely to feel “trapped” in their positions, and experienced a greater entanglement of their domestic and professional lives.
Simulation of visual cortex development under lid-suture conditions: enhancement of response specificity by a reverse-Hebb rule in the absence of spatially patterned input

In this report, I show that a reverse-Hebb synaptic modification rule leads to the enhancement of response specificity of simulated visual cortex neurons in the absence of spatial patterning of the afferent activity. Although it is clear that receptive fields in the visual cortex can be modified by experience, many studies have shown a substantial increase of response specificity in cats deprived of pattern vision by lid suture, leading some to conclude that receptive field properties are essentially hard-wired. The hard-wired vs. experience-dependent controversy can be resolved by assuming that while Hebb-type plasticity is responsible for developmental synaptic changes, the organization of presynaptic activity which exists under conditions of visual deprivation is sufficient to drive the neurons towards greater specificity (Linsker 1986a---c; Miller 1989, 1992; Miller et al. 1989). As a reverse-Hebb rule enhances response specificity by balancing the push-pull system of ON- and OFF-center afferents, the sufficient condition is that the activity of ON- and OFF-center retinal ganglion cells be negatively correlated, a condition which will be met by diffuse illumination as seen through sutured eyelids. Unlike the models of Linsker and Miller and colleagues, which are based on a standard-Hebb rule, the model presented here does not require the presence of a "Mexican hat" spatial patterning of the afferent correlations, which has not been observed experimentally.
Evaluation of Coexisting Optic Nerve Head Drusen and Glaucoma with Optical Coherence Tomography

Objective: Optic nerve head drusen often make evaluation of the nerve head difficult to interpret. In addition, visual field defects are known to occur in patients with optic disk drusen, resembling glaucomatous damage. The authors report two cases of coincident optic nerve head drusen and glaucoma, in which the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in evaluating the nerve fiber layer was beneficial. Participants: Two patients with both optic nerve head drusen and glaucoma, one with primary open angle glaucoma, the other with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma were evaluated. Both patients had asymmetric optic disk drusen, with clinically visible drusen only in one eye. Intervention: Ophthalmologic examination, color and red-free photography, automated Humphrey visual field testing and OCT were performed. Results: Nerve fiber layer loss as measured by OCT was found to be greater than expected by the appearance of the optic nerve head and red-free photography, with visual fields consistent with findings in case 1. In case 2, visual fields were full, despite nerve fiber layer thinning seen by OCT and red-free photography. Conclusions: There can be significant nerve fiber layer thinning in patients with both glaucoma and optic disk drusen, despite the appearance of the optic nerve head in these patients. The cup margin may be obscured by the drusen, giving rise to a falsely full-appearing disk. In such cases, OCT may provide a useful means to quantitatively measure the nerve fiber layer thickness and to aid in the management of these patients by detecting nerve fiber layer thinning earlier than would otherwise be possible.
Evolution of seizure characteristics after callosotomy

Twenty-five patients who underwent corpus callosum section at Yale for medically intractable secondarily generalized seizures with at least 2 years follow-up were studied to assess the frequency and intensity of generalized and partial seizures before surgery, 1 year after surgery, and at latest follow-up. A questionnaire was used to determine seizure characteristics following surgery and was supplemented by patient records and videotaped seizures. Generalized seizures remitted in 52% and improved in 39% 1 year after surgery; at latest follow-up, 70% were in remission and 26% were improved. Partial seizure frequency decreased in 68% 1 year after surgery, a trend that also continued in subsequent years. Partial seizure intensity was nearly equally likely to improve (40%) or worsen (32%) 1 year after surgery; this trend also continued. Our results have implications for counseling of patients as to possible changes in partial seizures over many years, often for the better, despite the stability of generalized seizure control after corpus callosum section.
TH-B-L100F-01: Quantification in 3D PET/CT Imaging

In oncology,imaging studies play an increasingly important role in assessing patients' response to treatment. Serial CT scans of a patient are evaluated for changes in the number and size of tumors, while serial PET scans are assessed for changes in the metabolic activity of the lesions. The advent of combined CT and PET systems streamlines the fusion of these anatomic and functional images. However there are many confounding effects that complicate quantification in 3D PET/CT imaging. This lecture will review these sources of variability in the data, grouped into three broad categories: patient‐related factors (e.g. dose, uptake time before imaging, blood glucose level, body habitus); instrument‐related factors (spatial and energy resolution, sensitivity, data acquisition mode (2D or 3D), attenuation and scatter correction method, image reconstruction algorithm, respiratory and cardiac motion‐correction method); and operator‐related factors such as acquisition and reconstruction protocols, instrument and imagequality control, instrument calibrations, and method of image analysis. The impact of these variables on quantification will be discussed, with particular emphasis on how to minimize those that are controllable. The presentation will conclude with a review of current efforts by government agencies, professional organizations, academic institutions, and sponsors of multicenter trials to grapple with the additional complexities that arise from combining data from multiple patients at multiple sites. Research partially supported by the American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN). Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the scope of the problems inherent in using PET/CT imaging to detect changes in patient response to treatment. 2. Understand the factors that affect the variability and accuracy of PET/CT quantification. 3. Understand the importance of minimizing variability in order to enhance the ability to identify non‐responders to treatment over evershorter time intervals. 4. Understand the efforts currently underway to standardize acquisition and processing protocols and to monitor equipment performance through credentialing and periodic quality control checks.
How rare is symmetry in musical 12-tone rows?

(2003). How Rare Is Symmetry in Musical 12-Tone Rows? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 110, No. 2, pp. 124-132.
Inside the trap: gland morphologies, digestive enzymes, and the evolution of plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales

The digestion of prey by carnivorous plants is determined in part by suites of enzymes that are associated with morphologically and anatomically diverse trapping mechanisms. Chitinases represent a group of enzymes known to be integral to effective plant carnivory. In non-carnivorous plants, chitinases commonly act as pathogenesis-related proteins, which are either induced in response to insect herbivory and fungal elicitors, or constitutively expressed in tissues vulnerable to attack. In the Caryophyllales carnivorous plant lineage, multiple classes of chitinases are likely involved in both pathogenic response and digestion of prey items. We review what is currently known about trap morphologies, provide an examination of the diversity, roles, and evolution of chitinases, and examine how herbivore and pathogen defense mechanisms may have been coopted for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales.
Effect of Maternal Betamethasone, Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone and Betamethasone plus Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Therapy on Mouse Fetal Lung Surfactant Protein A, B and C Expression. † 1455

Effect of Maternal Betamethasone, Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone and Betamethasone plus Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Therapy on Mouse Fetal Lung Surfactant Protein A, B and C Expression. † 1455
Estimating energy expenditure in mice using an energy balance technique.

To compare, in mice, the accuracy of estimates of energy expenditure (EE) using an energy balance technique (TEEbal: food energy intake and body composition change) vs indirect calorimetry (TEEIC). In 32 male C57BL/6J mice, EE was estimated using an energy balance (caloric intake minus change in body energy stores) method over a 37-day period. EE was also measured in the same animals by indirect calorimetry. These measures were compared. The two methods were highly correlated (r2=0.87: TEEbal=1.07*TEEIC–0.22, P<0.0001). By Bland–Altman analysis, TEEbal estimates were slightly higher (4.6±1.5%; P<0.05) than TEEIC estimates (Bias=0.55 kcal per 24 h). TEEbal can be performed in ‘home cages’ and provides an accurate integrated long-term measurement of EE while minimizing potentially confounding stress that may accompany the use of indirect calorimetry systems. The technique can also be used to assess long-term energy intake.
Pregnancy-induced changes in the interaction of guinea pig myometrial β-adrenergic receptors with l-isoproterenol

The ability of myometrial β-adrenergic receptors to form a "high-affinity state" with β-adrenergic receptor agonists might be greater in pregnant guinea pigs at ≥0.9 of gestation than in nonpregnant animals. To determine whether this difference is due to pregnancy in general or is associated only with late pregnancy and to determine whether it persists in the postpartum period, we studied the interaction of I -isoproterenol with β-adrenergic receptors in myometrial membranes obtained from nonpregnant (nulligravid) animals, pregnant (primigravid) animals at 0.3, 0.7, and 0.9 to 1.0 of gestation (term 65 days), and postpartum guinea pigs (2 to 3 days). The affinity of myometrial β-adrenergic receptors for l -isoproterenol was measured by percent inhibition of −[ 125 I]cyanopindolol binding. In the presence of magnesium chloride, the competition curves could be resolved into two affinity states of the P-adrenergic receptor, "high" and "low," respectively, in all groups. The ratio of the dissociation constant of the "low"-affinity state to that of the "high"-affinity state was significantly higher in pregnant guinea pigs at ≥0.9 of gestation than in nonpregnant or postpartum animals and in pregnant animals of earlier gestations. In the presence of guanosine triphosphate only one (low-affinity) state of the receptor was detectable. Thus it is only in pregnant guinea pigs at ≥0.9 of gestation that the ability of myometrial β-adrenergic receptors to form a high-affinity state is enhanced.
Electron g Factors of Low-Lying Levels of Ce i

Electron $g$ factors have been measured for 33 low-lying states of Ce i with the atomic-beam magnetic-resonance technique.
Layout Influences Testability

This correspondence addresses actual implementation of a multiway fan-out and its effect on test generation. If a test generation ignores the fan-out implementation faults may be left undetected by the test set. Moreover, different implementations of the multiway fan-out may lead to different fault coverages. Careless implementation of the fan-out may also yield undetectable faults. Some guidelines for fan-out implementation that may enhance testability are given in this correspondence.
Sheaf Representation for Topoi

Abstract It is shown that every (small) topos is equivalent to the category of global sections of a sheaf of so-called hyperlocal topoi, improving on a result of Lambek and Moerdijk. It follows that every boolean topos is equivalent to the global sections of a sheaf of well-pointed topoi. Completeness theorems for higher-order logic result as corollaries.
Temperature, pH and seasonal dependence of Ca-uptake and ATPase activity of white and red muscle microsomes.

Abstract The total Ca ++ -uptake of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) of either white or red skeletal muscle was optimal between pH 6.5–7.0 and 5.7–6.4 in the presence or absence of oxalate, respectively. Both the total Ca ++ -uptake and the initial rate of uptake were considerably lower in red FSR than in white FSR. The Ca ++ -uptake ability of either FSR showed seasonal variations; in the summer the activity was considerably less than during the winter or springtime. Under optimal conditions Ca ++ -uptake in the absence of oxalate was 250 nmoles/mg for white and 40 nmoles/mg for red FSR; corresponding uptakes in the presence of oxalate were 6.0 and 1.2μmoles/ mg. The initial rates measured over the first seconds were 1.8 and 0.15μmoles/mg/min for white and red FSR, respectively, regardless whether oxalate was present or absent. The initial rate of the “basal” ATPase activity of particulate or solubilized red FSR was almost one order of magnitude higher than that of white FSR. The latter, however, showed a significant calcium dependence while the red FSR ATPase was insensitive to calcium. The temperature dependence of Ca ++ -uptake was the same for the two types of FSR's; the activation energies were 11 and 25 kcal/mole in the absence and in the presence of oxalate, respectively. The activation energy of the hydrolysis of ATP in the absence of Ca ++ (basal ATPase) was the same for both FSR (11 kcal/mole); Ca ++ roughly doubled the activation energy for white, but had little or no effect on red FSR. 32 P incorporation from γ- 32 P-ATP was eight times less for red FSR than for white FSR.