cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oocyte development in summer flounder: seasonal changes and steroid correlates.

Seven ovarian stages are described in summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus. In the prespawning season plasma oestradiol levels increased in maturing fish with lipidogenic oocytes and gonadosomatic index increased in fish undergoing vitellogenesis. Atretic oocytes present in the postspawning season indicated which individuals may have spawned. The pattern of oocyte development is similar to that of other flatfishes and some teleosts. The summer flounder was unusual in having a long lipid uptake phase (oocyte diameter up to 301 μm) prior to any indication of vitellogenin (yolk protein) uptake. This information will be useful in the construction of an updated maturity schedule for the wild population.
On some worldly worries

Israel Scheffler and others have had trouble accepting such drastic theses in my work as that worlds, even old ones, are made by right versions, even new ones, and that two conflicting versions may both be right. But further explication shows how such theses have advantages over the more usual common-sense alternatives.
A novel three-dimensional dual control-gate with surrounding floating-gate (DC-SF) NAND flash cell

Abstract A novel three-dimensional (3D) Dual Control gate with Surrounding Floating gate (DC-SF) NAND flash cell has been successfully developed. The DC-SF cell consists of a surrounding floating gate with stacked dual control gates. With this structure, high coupling ratio, low voltage cell operation, and wide P/E window (9.2 V) can be obtained. Moreover, negligible FG–FG coupling interference (12 mV/V) is achieved due to the control-gate shield effect. As a result, DC-SF NAND flash cell can overcome the problems of SONOS-based 3D NAND flash. It is proposed that 3D DC-SF NAND flash cell is the most promising candidate for 1 Tb and beyond, with stacked multi bit FG cell (2–4 bits/cell).
Age differences in cognitive and psychomotor abilities and simulated driving.

The current study investigated the relationship between drivers' abilities in various cognitive and psychomotor domains and their driving performance. The goal was to identify test measures that could be used to develop a fitness-for-driving test battery, particularly for older drivers. Licensed drivers over 40 years of age (M=65.56 years, SD=13.02) were recruited from university leisure courses (n=18) and drivers under 40 (M=22.20 years, SD=3.79) were recruited from undergraduate and graduate courses (n=44). Participants were given a battery of standard neuropsychological tests used to assess ability in the domains of cognitive processing speed, psychomotor functioning, visuospatial performance, sustained attention, and executive functioning. Participants' driving ability was assessed in a simulator with data collected in three categories of driving performance: (a) driver control maintenance behaviors, (b) accidents and violations, and (c) attention and reaction time. Younger participants outperformed older participants in 4 out of the 5 domains of neuropsychological testing (all but sustained attention). Age differences were found in simulator driving accidents and violations and driving performance was significantly correlated with neuropsychological test performance. The results are discussed in terms of the potential to use these tests to assess older drivers seeking license renewal or for selecting professional drivers for the transportation industry. Language: en
Between Layers: Understanding the Communicative Negotiation of Conflicting Identities by Transgender Individuals

This study employs the Communication Theory of Identity (CTI) to theorize transgender-identity-negotiation processes. My analysis explores messages contained in narrative texts to attend to articulations of struggles pertaining to binary classifications of gender. Specific sites of struggle were identified through the articulations of three identity gaps (personal-enacted, personal-relational, and enacted-relational). Furthermore, four discursive strategies (Closeted Enactment, Disengagement, Passing, and Label Changing) used to navigate tensions within each gap are discussed. Findings illuminate the complex ways trans-identities are communicatively negotiated among multiple, intersecting layers of identity.
Regulation of Canonical Wnt Signaling by Brachyury Is Essential for Posterior Mesoderm Formation

The T box transcription factor Brachyury is essential for the formation of the posterior body in all vertebrates, although its critical transcriptional targets have remained elusive. Loss-of-function studies of mouse Brachyury and the zebrafish Brachyury ortholog Ntl indicated that Brachyury plays a more significant role in higher vertebrates than lower vertebrates. We have identified a second zebrafish Brachyury ortholog (Bra), and show that a combined loss of Ntl and Bra recapitulates the mouse phenotype, demonstrating an ancient role for Brachyury in patterning all but the most anterior somites. Using cell transplantation, we show that the only essential role for Brachyury during somite formation is non-cell autonomous, and demonstrate that Ntl and Bra are required for and can induce expression of the canonical Wnts wnt8 and wnt3a. We propose that a positive autoregulatory loop between Ntl/Bra and canonical Wnt signaling maintains the mesodermal progenitors to facilitate posterior somite development in chordates.
Regulation of Na/H exchange in renal microvillus vesicles in chronic hypercapnia.

Regulation of Na/H exchange in renal microvillus vesicles in chronic hypercapnia. Several (disturbances of acid-base balance, including chronic metabolic and respiratory acidoses and metabolic alkalosis, are associated with enhanced proximal tubule bicarbonate reabsorption. To determine whether augmented brush border Na/H exchange might mediate enhanced proximal tubule bicarbonate reabsorption in these disorders, we measured Na/H exchange activity in cortical brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) prepared from rats and rabbits adapted to hypercapnia and other chronic acid-base disturbances. BBMV prepared from control animals and animals with chronic acid-base disturbances were similar as judged by marker enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, and ouabain-sensitive phosphatase. Despite profound respiratory acidosis, no increase in Na/H exchange activity could be detected in vesicles prepared from rats adapted to chronic (8 to 10 days) or subacute (24 hr) respiratory acidosis. In addition, vesicles prepared from rabbits exposed to chronic hypercapnia did not show increased Na/H exchange when compared with contemporaneous controls. By contrast, in agreement with previously published results, amiloride-sensitive sodium uptake was increased by 30% in vesicles derived from animals with ammonium chloride-induced acidosis compared with contemporaneous controls. Two models of chronic metabolic alkalosis were also studied; vesicles from alkalotic rats did not show any alteration in Na/H exchange. We conclude that metabolic acidosis, but not respiratory acidosis or metabolic alkalosis, leads to enhanced activity of the luminal Na/H exchanger.
Factors Affecting Sleep Spindle Activity During Infancy

SUMMARY Sleep spindle activity was evaluated in 32 twins at 52 weeks postconceptional age. Significantly increased mature spindle activity was seen in infants born at older gestational ages, in females, and in infants who were stressed by intra-uterine growth retardation or with mild postnatal respiratory illness. RESUME Facteurs de preAdiction de I'activite de sommeil en fuseau au cours de la premiere enfance L'activite de sommeil en fuseau a ete recherchee chez 32 jumeaux a 52 semaines d'age conceptuel. Une maturite significativement accrue d'activite en fuseau a ete observee chez les nourrissons nes a un age de gestation plus tardif, chez les filles et chez les nourrissons ayant eu un retard de croissance intra-uterin ou une detresse respiratoire post-natale moderee. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Faktoren, die auf Schlafspindelaktivitat im fruhen Kindesalter hinweisen Bei 32 Zwillingen mit einem Konzeptionsalter von 52 Wochen wurde die Schlafspindelaktivitat untersucht. Eine signifikant vermehrte reife Spindelaktivitat wurde bei Kindern gefunden, die ein hoheres Gestationsalter hatten, bei Madchen und bei Kindern, die eine intra-uterine Wachstumsverzdgerung oder eine leichte postnatale respiratorische Erkrankung durchgemacht hatten. RESUMEN Factores predictivos de la actividad de los husos de sueno durante la lactancia La actividad de husos de sueno fue evaluada en 32 mellizos de 52 semanas de edad postconcepcional. Si observo un aumento significativo en la actividad madura fusiforme en lactantes nacidos mas tarde de la edad concepcional, en ninas y en lactantes que habian tenido un retraso en el crecimiento intrauterino o una enfermedad respiratoria postnatal ligera.
Value-aware networking for mobile media delivery

This talk describes an architectural framework to wireless media delivery, we call value aware networking in which the knowledge of relative value of data bits are used to best optimize application performance at different layers. The proposed techniques recognize the significance of mobile media content in the future Internet and explore how to optimize application performance natively at different layers, in a manner that is natural to the specific layer. While the concept is fairly general, in this talk, I will focus on specific mechanisms at the MAC and PHY layers, and discuss some technical challenges in implementing such a framework.
Reclamation and revaluation: The discursive dominion and critical poetics of erotic teachers

EROTIC FACULTIES. By Joanna Frueh. Berkeley: U of California P, 1996; pp. ix‐214; $19.95. READING, WRITING, AND REWRITING THE PROSTITUTE BODY. By Shannon Bell. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994; pp. ix‐229; $13.95. REAL, LIVE, NUDE, GIRL: CHRONICLES OF A SEX‐POSITIVE CULTURE. By Carol Queen. Pittsburgh: Cleis, 1997; pp. ix‐216; $14.95.
NMR studies of the aluminum hydride phases and their stabilities

Multinuclear and multidimensional solid state NMR techniques including magic-angle-spinning (MAS) and multiple-quantum (MQ) MAS experiments have been used to characterize various AlH_3 samples. At least three distinct polymorphic AlH_3 phases have been prepared by desolvating the alane etherate product from its organometallic synthesis. MAS-NMR spectra for the ^(1)H and ^(27)Al nuclei have been obtained on a variety of AlH_3 samples that include the β- and γ-phases as well as the α-phase. ^(27)Al MAS NMR was found to respond with high sensitivity for showing differences in spatial arrangements of AlH_6 octahedra in the three polymorphs studied. Based on the characteristic NMR signatures determined, phase transition of the γ-AlH_3 to the α-AlH_3 was studied at room and high temperatures. Direct decomposition of the γ-AlH_3 to aluminum metal at room temperature was also unambiguously confirmed by NMR studies.
Melanosomes Are Specialized Members of the Lysosomal Lineage of Organelles

Melanosomes are specialized subcellular organelles in which melanin is synthesized and deposited. Electron microscopic, cytochemical, genetic, and biochemical evidence all support the contention that melanosomes are specialized lysosomes. The relationship of melanosomes and lysosomes provides a framework in which to understand the pathogenesis of disorders such as the Chediak-Higashi syndrome, allows the testing of hypotheses for the trafficking of proteins to melanosomes, and has important implications for the chemistry of melanization and the potential pharmacologic manipulation of that process. In addition, the lysosome-like nature of melanosomes may provide insight into the processing and presentation of melanosomal antigens by melanoma cells.
Wheat demand in Japanese flour milling industry: a production theory approach

A production approach based on the translog cost function is used to analyze import demand for wheat differentiated by class and country of origin in the Japanese wheat flour milling industry. Results indicate that US wheat faces strong competition in the Japanese wheat market, but its multiple classes and end-use characteristics enable the US to preserve the largest market share in Japan.
Pediatric cervical spine trauma imaging: a practical approach

Cervical spine trauma in children is rare and the diagnosis can be challenging due to anatomical and biomechanical differences as compared to adults. A variety of algorithms have been used in adults to accurately diagnose injuries, but have not been fully studied in pediatric patients. In this article we review suggested imaging protocols and the general characteristics, types of injuries, and measurements used to diagnose cervical spine injuries in children.
Evolution at 150: time for truly biological psychiatry

Darwin's On the Origin of Species was published 150 years ago, but evolution is just now being recognised as the missing half of a truly biological psychiatry. The general framework offered by an evolutionary perspective may be as valuable as its specific applications.
PspF and IHF bind co-operatively in the psp promoter-regulatory region of Escherichia coli

PspF bound to the psp enhancer activates E sigma54 holoenzyme-dependent transcription of the Escherichia coli phage-shock protein (psp) operon and autogenously represses its own sigma70-dependent transcription, thereby keeping its concentration at a low level. It has been demonstrated previously that integration host factor (IHF) bound to a DNA site located between the psp core promoter and the PspF binding sites stimulates psp expression. We show here that wild-type IHF strongly retards DNA containing the psp promoter region. In vitro, PspF binding to the psp enhancer facilitates IHF binding, while IHF binding to the pspF-pspA-E promoter-regulatory region increases the efficacy of PspF binding to the upstream activating sequences (UASs). This is the first demonstration of co-operative binding of an activator and IHF in a sigma54-dependent system. In the absence of IHF, in vivo autoregulation of pspF transcription is lifted and, consequently, PspF production is increased, indicating that IHF enhances PspF binding to the psp enhancer in vivo.
Facile Synthesis of a Highly Crystalline, Covalently Linked Porous Boronate Network

A covalent organic framework (COF-18A) based on poly(boronate ester)s has been successfully synthesized through a facile dehydration process in 85−95% isolated yield. Spectroscopic characterization confirms formation of the intended ester linkages as the key structural motif forming infinite 2D hexagonally porous sheets. Powder X-ray diffraction studies were used to determine the stacking orientation between the ester-linked sheets, such that atoms in adjacent layers lie directly over each other, resulting in a hexagonal array of 1D, 18 A pores. COF-18A exhibits rigid, thermally stable (to 500 °C) pores with high surface area (1260 m2/g) and a micropore volume of 0.29 cm3/g.
Existence and dynamics of quasilinear parabolic systems with time delays

Abstract This paper is concerned with a coupled system of quasilinear parabolic equations where the effect of time delays is taken into consideration in the reaction functions of the system. The partial differential operators in the system may be degenerate and the reaction functions possess some mixed quasimonotone property, including quasimonotone nondecreasing functions. The aim of the paper is to show the existence and uniqueness of a global solution to the parabolic system, the existence of positive quasisolutions or maximal–minimal solutions of the corresponding elliptic system, and the asymptotic behavior of the solution of the parabolic system in relation to the quasisolutions or maximal–minimal solutions of the elliptic system. Applications are given to three reaction–diffusion models arising from mathematical biology and ecology where the diffusion coefficients are density dependent and are degenerate. This degenerate density-dependent diffusion leads to some interesting distinct asymptotic behavior of the time-dependent solution when compared with density-independent diffusion.
Morphological studies on secretion in the silk glands of the caddis fly larvae, Platyphylax designatus walker

Actively secreting silk gland cells of caddis fly larvae show the following fine structure: a well developed rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, continuity between roughsurfaced and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum adjacent to the Golgi saccules, dense material (secretion) in the margins of the Golgi saccules, some of which appear in the form of blebs and discrete membane bounded secretion granules; the latter seem to coalesce and migrate to the surface of the cell where they are discharged. Intracisternal granules appear in glands where the secretion cycle has apparently been interrupted. These observations suggest a secretion cycle for the silk glands comparable to that demonstrated by both morphological and experimental methods in certain other protein secreting cells: namely, synthesis by the ribosomes, transport to the Golgi complex through the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, concentration by the Golgi complex and movement of the secretion granules through the cytoplasm to the surface of the cell where they are discharged.
Developmental co-variation of RNA editing extent of plastid editing sites exhibiting similar cis-elements

In tobacco, 30 of 34 sites in chloroplast transcripts that undergo C-to-U RNA editing can be grouped into clusters of 2-5 sites based on sequence similarities immediately 5' to the edited C. According to a previous transgenic analysis, overexpression of transcripts representing one cluster member results in reduction in editing of all cluster members, suggesting that members of an individual cluster share a trans-factor that is present in limiting amounts. To compare leaves and roots, we quantified the editing extent at 34 sites in wild-type tobacco and at three sites in spinach and Arabidopsis. We observed that transcripts of most NADH dehydrogenase subunits are edited inefficiently in roots. With few exceptions, members of the same editing site cluster co-varied in editing extent in chloroplasts versus non-green root plastids, with members of most clusters uniformly exhibiting either a high or low editing extent in roots. The start codon of the ndhD transcript must be created by editing, but the C target is edited inefficiently in roots, and no NDH-D protein could be detected upon immunoblotting. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that cluster-specific trans-factors exist and that some are less abundant in roots, limiting the editing extent of certain sites in root plastids.
Using linked data for systems management

Integration of data from multiple sources makes it possible to build effective systems management solutions. Despite the expected benefits, data integration remains a challenge. Heterogeneity between data sources in terms of lack of an accepted common model, data semantics and access methods are among the difficulties. The goal of our research is to realize loosely coupled integration of data for systems management by building a lightweight mechanism to easily browse, search and query data across multiple sources without enforcing a common model across all sources. The approach is based on the emerging Semantic Web and Linked Data technologies proposed for the World Wide Web (WWW). The focus of this short paper is to report on our work on the transformation of management data sources into Linked Data providers.
Devel-op: An optimizer development environment

Recent advances in the underlying architectures of database management systems (DBMS) have motivated the redesign of key DBMS components such as the query optimizer. Optimizers are inherently difficult to build and maintain, and yet there exists no software engineering tools to facilitate their development. In this paper, we introduce a [Devel]opment Environment for Query [Op]timizers (Devel-Op) designed to facilitate the rapid prototyping, profiling and benchmarking of optimizers. Our current version of the tool permits declarative specification and generation of two key optimizer components (the logical plan enumerator and physical plan generator) as well as debugging and visualization tools for profiling generated components.
Operative treatment of displaced surgical neck of humerus fractures

Surgical neck fractures are the most common type of proximal humerus fractures. Surgical neck fractures occur in all age groups, affecting pediatric, young adult, and geriatric individuals. The majority of surgical neck of the proximal humerus fractures are nondisplaced or minimally displaced and do not require operative intervention. Displaced fractures can disrupt the function of the upper extremity, however, and often necessitate operative care. Standard radiographs should include an anteroposterior view taken in the scapular plane, a scapular “Y” lateral, and an axillary view. If the patient is in too much discomfort to obtain a standard axillary view, a Velpeau axillary can be obtained. Nondisplaced fractures, greater tuberosity fractures with less than 5-mm displacement, and surgical neck fractures with less than 1-cm displacement and 45° angulation should be treated by nonoperative means. The reduction maneuver involves longitudinal traction on the arm to disimpact the fracture. The arm is abducted approximately 70°, and then a posterior force is applied to the shaft of the humerus to correct the apex anterior angulation. Slight external rotation of the shaft may be necessary. The fracture can then be impacted for increased stability. Displaced surgical neck fractures can be stabilized by a variety of techniques. Some of the commonly used techniques involve percutaneous pin fixation, suture techniques, antegrade and retrograde insertion intramedullary rods, a combination of Ender nails and suture techniques, plate and screw fixation, and external fixation. In this article, we will discuss the use of these techniques, the details of percutaneous pinning, and the technique of Ender nail and suture fixation
Relationships among Organisational Justice Perceptions, Adjustment, and Turnover of United States-Based Expatriates

Expatriate turnover is a potentially expensive problem for organisations. This study examined the process of cognitive evaluation that can result in the formation of turnover intentions. Expatriates from two organisations participated. Results indicated that facets of justice and adjustment interacted to explain turnover intentions. Specifically, when procedural fairness perceptions were low, general adjustment was related to turnover perceptions. Also, assignment satisfaction partially mediated relationships between facets of justice and adjustment and turnover cognitions. Findings are integrated into existing models of expatriate adjustment and turnover cognitions. La rotation du personnel expatrie revient potentiellement cher aux organisations. Cette etude examine comment le processus d’evaluation cognitive peut avoir comme resultat l’emergence d’intentions de turnover. Des expatries de deux organisations ont participea cette etude. Les resultats indiquaient que les aspects de la justice et de l’adaptation interagissaient pour expliquer les intentions de turnover. Plus particulierement, lorsque les perceptions d’equite procedurale etaient basses, l’adaptation generale etait liee aux perceptions de turnover. De plus, la satisfaction de la mission influencait partiellement les relations entre les aspects de la justice, l’adaptation et les cognitions a propos du turnover. Ces resultats ont ete integres aux modeles existants a propos de l’adaptation des expatries et des cognitions a propos du turnover.
Effects of Elevated Selenium and Salinity Concentrations in Root Zone on Selenium and Salt Secretion in Saltgrass (Distichlis spicataL.)

Abstract The effects of elevated selenium (Se) and salinity concentrations in the root zone on Se and salt secretion and accumulation were studied for an inland (Kesterson) and a coastal (Bodega Bay) saltgrass in sand culture and under greenhouse conditions. The results of this study indicate that the secretory mechanism of the saltgrass exhibits high ion specificity. Plants of both ecotypes were more efficient at Cl − and Na + secretion than at SO 4 2− and Se secretion, suggesting that the saltgrass secretion mechanism is adapted primarily to saline environments high in NaCl. The saltgrass plants of the Kesterson ecotype secreted more Se than the Bodega Bay plants when treated with Se alone. However, the Bodega Bay plants secreted more Se than the Kesterson plants when the plants were treated with Se + NaCl. These differences reflect a ecotypical difference in which the Kesterson plants are more adaptive to the seleniferous soil, and the Bodega Bay plants are more adaptive to a coastal saline soil high in NaCl. Sulfate availability inhibited both Se accumulation and Se secretion in the plants of both ecotypes by approximately 98%. Ion secretion molar ratios of Na:Cl were calculated and the results suggest that Na + secretion is dependent on the availability of Cl − . Selenium was taken up by plants with little discrimination, and thus it may be regarded as a master of chemical mimicry sharing similar physical and chemical properties with sulfur (S). Selenium and salt accumulation indices and secretion efficiency indices were calculated and found that the accumulation indices were higher for Se than for S, suggesting that Se uptake may be more passive and less regulated by active transport than S. Secretion efficiency was much higher for Na + and Cl − than for Se and SO 4 2− , but the efficiency indices between ecotypes were comparable, suggesting that the secretion mechanism in this species is designed mainly for adaptation of high NaCl concentrations. About 85% of the secreted Se was found in selenate form. This finding suggests that the mechanism of Se translocation and Se secretion in the saltgrass resembles the movement of selenate in xylem found in nonhalophytic plants. Less than 15% of organic Se was detected in the secretions and only trace amount of selenite was detected. Overall, the Se secretion mechanism in saltgrass does not seem to contribute substantial Se speciation in the plant soil system.
Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities using array-based comparative genomic hybridization.

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of using a targeted array-CGH strategy for prenatal diagnosis of genomic imbalances in a clinical setting of current pregnancies. Methods: Women undergoing prenatal diagnosis were counseled and offered array-CGH (BCM V4.0) in addition to routine chromosome analysis. Array-CGH was performed with DNA directly from amniotic fluid cells with whole genome amplification, on chorionic villus samples with amplification as necessary, and on cultured cells without amplification. Results: Ninety-eight pregnancies (56 amniotic fluid and 42 CVS specimens) were studied with complete concordance between karyotype and array results, including 5 positive cases with chromosomal abnormalities. There was complete concordance of array results for direct and cultured cell analysis in 57 cases tested by both methods. In 12 cases, the array detected copy number variation requiring testing of parental samples for optimal interpretation. Array-CGH results were available in an average of 6 and 16 days for direct and cultured cells, respectively. Patient acceptance of array-CGH testing was 74%. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the feasibility of using array-CGH for prenatal diagnosis, including reliance on direct analysis without culturing cells. Use of array-CGH should increase the detection of abnormalities relative to the risk, and is an option for an enhanced level of screening for chromosomal abnormalities in high risk pregnancies.
Characterization of an immune suppressor from transformed human trophoblastic JEG-3 cells.

Abstract Cultured human choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells secrete an immunosuppressor that inhibits lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by either an antigen or a mitogen. In this study, the immunosuppressive factor was characterized by three methods: ion-exchange and exclusion chromatography, partition in organic solvents, and thin-layer chromatography on silicic acid. This JEG-3 cell factor appeared to be a protein complex of about 150,000–200,000 Da that contained an immunologically active polar lipid. The structural and functional characteristics of JEG-3 cell immunosuppressor are similar if not identical to those of SIF, a suppressor lymphokine derived from T cells. These secretions from transformed trophoblastic cells may correspond to normal placental products or represent a function of malignant cells.
The Study of Salicylate Pharmacokinetics in Intoxicated Infants and Children

AbstractIt would be reasonable to assume that all o r most of the important aspects of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a long established and widely used group of drugs such as the salicylates (particularly aspirin and salicylic acid) have been fully elucidated many years ago. Surprisingly, this i s not the case. Detailed studies of the pharmacokinetics of salicylate absorption and elimination have been carried out only recently [1-3]. These studies have revealed that man eliminates salicylate relatively more slowly as the amount of the drug in the body i s increased. This effect is due to a limited biotransformation capacity which i s apparent also in the elimination of certain other drugs [4]. It has potentially important implications with respect to the causation and treatment of salicylate poisoning, particularly in in-fants and children. It is appropriate therefore to summarize the available knowledge of salicylate elimination in man and to present some results of recent st...
Neuropeptide Y-mediated enhancement of NMDA-stimulated [3H]dopamine release from rat prefrontal cortex is reversed by σ1 receptor antagonists

Abstract Sigma (σ) receptors are located in limbic areas, including the prefrontal cortex, where decreased dopamine levels have been linked to negative symptoms. Although the endogenous ligands for σ receptors are unknown, neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been named as the potential endogenous agonist at these receptors. NPY enhanced NMDA-stimulated [ 3 H]dopamine release in rat prefrontal cortex. This was in contrast to the inhibition produced by the σ agonists (+)pentazocine and BD737. However, four σ antagonists, including one which is σ 1 selective, that reverse (+)pentazocine- or BD737-mediated inhibition all reversed the NPY-mediated enhancement. In addition, PYX-1, a Y receptor antagonist, reversed both the (+)pentazocine- and BD737-mediated inhibition and the NPY-mediated enhancement of release. Peptide YY (PYY), [Leu 31 ,Pro 34 ]NPY and NPY 13–36 did not mimic the effect of NPY. Our findings are consistent with NPY acting as an endogenous ligand for a subtype of σ receptor with characteristics different from Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 receptors but sensitive to PYX-1. These findings suggest a role for NPY, via σ receptors, as a modulator of dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex.
Identification of two nuclear genes (ATP11, ATP12) required for assembly of the yeast F1-ATPase.

Abstract Nuclear respiratory-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (pet mutants) have been screened for defects in the mitochondrial ATPase. Mutants in two complementation groups were found to have 10% or less of wild-type ATPase activity. The two wild-type nuclear genes defined by the mutants have been designated ATP11 and ATP12. The proteins encoded by the two genes are not subunits of the ATPase but rather appear to exercise an important function at a late stage in the synthesis of F1 after transport of the subunits into the internal compartment of mitochondria. Mitochondria of atp11 and atp12 mutants have only marginally reduced levels of the alpha and beta subunits of F1. Both proteins are processed to their mature size but are not part of a native F1 structure or associated with the mitochondrial membrane. The most reasonable explanation for the mutant phenotype is a block in the assembly of the F1 oligomer.
Regulation of alcohol intake with advancing age.

Abstract Previous surveys of alcohol use in the general population have not gathered sufficient data to allow for estimations of the blood alcohol levels (BACs) routinely achieved in survey participants. Our goal was to assess the influence of age on the estimated peak BAC achieved on typical drinking occasions in a representative sample ( n =2,626) of the U.S. adult population. Variables related to the quantity and duration of alcohol consumption on typical drinking occasions were assessed by computer-assisted telephone interview. In addition, the height, weight, age, and gender of subjects were ascertained to be used in equations to predict the volume of distribution of ethanol (total body water). Prediction equations were used to estimate the probable peak BACs achieved during the typical drinking occasion. The survey identified 1,833 subjects ("current drinkers") of 18–89 years, who reported alcohol consumption within the past 12 months. Linear regression analyses performed on data from these "current drinkers" revealed that, for both men and women, there was an age-related decrease in the predicted peak BAC achieved on typical drinking occasions. The approaches used to modify the BAC with advancing age differed slightly for men and women, but both relied heavily upon a reduction in the quantity of consumption.
Electronic control of the Bergman cyclization: the remarkable role of vinyl substitution.

We report an ab initio study of the effect of vinyl substitution on the cycloaromatization of 3-ene-1,5-diynes (the Bergman cyclization). The majority of the calculations were conducted by using the BLYP version of Density Functional Theory, and higher level Brueckner orbital calculations were used for a few key compounds. In all, 46 enediynes, 44 cyclization transition states, 39 singlet p-benzynes, and 28 related triplet p-benzynes were studied, including simple vinyl-substituted and annulated examples. The data indicate that strongly electron-withdrawing groups increase the cyclization barrier, while σ-donating groups decrease it; π conjugation, especially donation, has little effect. Most annulations, including those involving heteroaromatic rings, lower the barrier slightly (6 MR) or raise it slightly (5 MR). Larger effects are seen for smaller rings or charged rings. Some previously observed apparent rate inhibitions are seen to be due to reversibility or forward reactivity of the intermediate p-ben...
Active magnetic bearings for machining applications

Abstract High-speed machining offers substantial economic benefits due to increased metal cutting productivity. Critical to realizing this technology's promise are the intertwined challenges of spindle dynamic stiffness and cutting process stability. Active magnetic bearings enable greater spindle dynamic stiffness through higher attainable bearing surface speeds, and also provide a means for enhancing cutting process stability. Herein, experimental results from two test rigs are presented illustrating the potential of magnetic bearings for the active suppression of machining chatter. Application challenges and controller design issues are examined in detail.
Heats of atomization and resonance energy of some ortho-substituted benzoic acids

Abstract An experimental determination of heats of atomization of some ortho -substituted benzoic acids has been performed by combustion and differential scanning calorimetry. Resonance energy was calculated by the difference between the heat of atomization in the gas phase and the sum of the bond energies of a fixed bond structure for a resonating molecule. As the van der Waals radii of the ortho -substituent increased a decrease in resonance energy was observed.
Enhanced triplet Andreev reflection off a domain wall in a lateral geometry

We find that the triplet Andreev reflection amplitude at the interface between a half-metal and an $s$-wave superconductor in the presence of a domain wall is significantly enhanced if the half-metal is coupled laterally to the superconductor. Whereas triplet Andreev reflection is absent at the Fermi energy in the case of serial coupling, it is nonzero in a lateral contact geometry. We also find that in the lateral case domain walls cause (Andreev) backscattering even in the adiabatic limit of long domain walls, contrary to adiabatic domain walls in ordinary magnetic systems. For a lateral contact, domain walls can thus be an effective source of the triplet proximity effect.
Failure of premature rabbits to increase lung antioxidant enzyme activities after hyperoxic exposure: antioxidant enzyme gene expression and pharmacologic intervention with endotoxin and dexamethasone.

ABSTRACT: Premature rabbits, unlike full-term rabbits, are unable to mount a protective increase in pulmonary antioxidant enzyme (AOE) activities in response to 48 h of hyperoxic exposure and demonstrate increased pulmonary O2 toxicity compared with full-term rabbits. To examine AOE gene expression of CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in preterm versusterm rabbits in response to hyperoxia, 29.5 d preterm rabbits (delivered by hysterotomy) and term rabbits (spontaneously vaginally delivered) were exposed to 48 h of >90% O2 or room air. Preterm rabbits had a significant increase in CuZn SOD mRNA without corresponding AOE activity increases, suggesting translational/posttranslational inhibition. In full-term rabbits, the magnitude of lung AOE mRNA changes was associated with concordant magnitude changes in activities of CuZn SOD, Mn SOD, and catalase, suggesting pretranslational regulation of AOE gene expression; glutathione peroxidase, however, appears to be regulated translationally/posttranslationally. To investigate potential pharmacologic means of overcoming the susceptibility of the preterm rabbit to O2 toxicity, 29.5 d preterm rabbits received 20–40 μg/kg of Salmonella typhimuriumendotoxin or diluent S.C. (after birth and at 24 h); in separate experiments, pregnant rabbits received intramuscular injections of dexamethasone (0.01–0.05 mg/kg) or saline on gestational d 27.5 and 28.5 and underwent hysterotomy at 29.5 d. After hyperoxic exposure, postnatal endotoxin treatment of preterm rabbits resulted in significant increases in CuZn SOD activity and CuZn SOD mRNA, suggesting a reversal of the translational/posttranslational inhibition characteristic of the preterm rabbit, improved hyperoxic survival (74/81 = 91% versus70/92 = 76%, p< 0.05; endotoxin versuscontrols), and protection against hyperoxia-induced increases in lung lavage protein (+4% endotoxin versus+28% controls, p< 0.05). Prenatal dexamethasone neither improved hyperoxic survival, protected against O2 toxicity, nor produced increases in any of the AOE after 48 h of hyperoxia relative to air-breathing preterm rabbits.
Standardized method for the determination of human erythrocyte membrane adenosine triphosphatases

Abstract A standardized assay is described for the simultaneous determination of Mg 2+ -ATPase, Na + , K + -ATPase, and Ca 2+ -ATPase in human erythrocyte (RBC) membrane preparations. Membranes were prepared by lysis of RBCs in hypotonic buffer, and ATPase activity assays were based on the measurement of 32 P-labeled inorganic phosphate release from [γ- 32 P]ATP. The results obtained by this method were compared with those of colorimetric determination of inorganic phosphate and of ATP hydrolysis with high-performance liquid chromatography. The activity of the three enzymes was measured in RBC membranes obtained from 30 normal subjects. Repeated sampling of individuals over a 4-month period showed that interindividual differences were substantial, but that in each individual enzymatic activity was maintained in a narrow range by presumed homeostatic mechanisms. Statistical analysis of the data showed no interdependence of the three enzymes; a correlation of activity with age, sex, or phase of the menstrual cycle was not apparent. The values obtained for the Ca 2+ -ATPase did not follow a normal distribution, and it is suggested that this enzyme has two phenotypic variants. The described method is sufficiently precise and economical to be recommended for adoption as standard procedure in clinical research.
Rapid disappearance of protamine in adults undergoing cardiac operation with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Abstract Background Despite long use of protamine in cardiac operations, neither protamine concentrations nor pharmacokinetics have been reported in patients. Methods Twenty-eight patients (age, 26 to 80 years) undergoing various cardiac surgical procedures gave their consent to receive 250 mg of protamine sulfate administered intravenously by an infusion pump during 5 minutes. Protamine was administered at the usual intraoperative time after separation from cardiopulmonary bypass for reversal of heparin. Timed arterial blood samples were obtained after protamine infusion. Blood plasma was subjected to solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Total (free + heparin-bound) protamine concentration versus time data were subjected to pharmacokinetic modeling. Results Twenty-six patients completed the study. Total plasma protamine concentrations declined rapidly. Model-independent pharmacokinetic analysis revealed median (range) values as follows: volume of distribution, 5.4 L (0.82 to 34 L); clearance, 1.4 L/min (0.61 to 3.8 L/min); and half-life, 4.5 min (1.9 to 18 min). Schwarz-Bayesian criterion identified a two-compartment exponential model with adjustment for weight in the central compartment volume of distribution as performing better than other compartmental or Michaelis-Menten models. Conclusions Protamine has a very short (approximately 5 minutes) half-life after a single 250-mg dose in adult patients. This short half-life could underlie recurrent anticoagulation after initial apparent reversal of heparin.
Distinct Flippases Translocate Glycerophospholipids and Oligosaccharide Diphosphate Dolichols across the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Transbilayer movement, or flip-flop, of lipids across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is required for membrane biogenesis, protein glycosylation, and GPI anchoring. Specific ER membrane proteins, flippases, are proposed to facilitate lipid flip-flop, but no ER flippase has been biochemically identified. The glycolipid Glc 3Man 9GlcNAc 2-PP-dolichol is the oligosaccharide donor for protein N-glycosylation reactions in the ER lumen. Synthesis of Glc 3Man 9GlcNAc 2-PP-dolichol is initiated on the cytoplasmic side of the ER and completed on the lumenal side, requiring flipping of the intermediate Man 5GlcNAc 2-PP-dolichol (M5-DLO) across the ER. Here we report the reconstitution of M5-DLO flipping in proteoliposomes generated from Triton X-100-extracted Saccharomyces cerevisiae microsomal proteins. Flipping was assayed by using the lectin Concanavalin A to capture M5-DLOs that had been translocated from the inner to the outer leaflet of the vesicles. M5-DLO flipping in the reconstituted system was ATP-independent and trypsin-sensitive and required a membrane protein(s) that sedimented at approximately 4 S. Man 7GlcNAc 2-PP-dolichol, a higher-order lipid intermediate, was flipped >10-fold more slowly than M5-DLO at 25 degrees C. Chromatography on Cibacron Blue dye resin enriched M5-DLO flippase activity approximately 5-fold and resolved it from both the ER glycerophospholipid flippase activity and the genetically identified flippase candidate Rft1 [Helenius, J., et al. (2002) Nature 415, 447-450]. The latter result indicates that Rft1 is not the M5-DLO flippase. Our data (i) demonstrate that the ER has at least two distinct flippase proteins, each specifically capable of translocating a class of phospholipid, and (ii) provide, for the first time, a biochemical means of identifying the M5-DLO flippase.
Advance Directives in Community Patients With Heart Failure

Background—Although it is recommended that all patients with heart failure (HF) have advance directives (AD) in place before the end of life is imminent, the use of AD in HF has not been well studied. Methods and Results—We enrolled consecutive Olmsted County residents presenting with HF from October 2007 through October 2011 into a longitudinal study. Information from AD completed before enrollment and hospitalizations in the month before death were abstracted. Among 608 patients (mean age, 74.0 years; 54.9% men; 65.3%; New York Heart Association functional class 3 or 4), 164 (27.0%) patients died after a mean follow-up of 1.8 years. At enrollment, only 249 (41.0%) patients had an AD. Although most AD appointed a proxy decision-maker (90.4%), less than half addressed wishes regarding use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (41.4%), mechanical ventilation (38.6%), or hemodialysis (10.0%) at the end of life. The independent predictors of AD completion were older age (adjusted odds ratio [OR] per 10-year incre...
High-speed convolution using GQRNS arithmetic hardware

Generalized quadratic residue number systems (GQRNS) offer the possibility of real-time convolution using highly parallel real integer arithmetic. Using carefully chosen moduli, an overlap-and-save or overlap-and-add algorithm can be implemented that is far superior to the normal FFT-based convolution algorithms. Using the recursive algorithm for a GQRNS CNTT and an overlap of one data point, an extremely efficient algorithm is obtained. A 216-point GQRNS convolution can be implemented with less hardware and higher speed than a 128-point FFT-based convolution. Similarly, a 1296-point GQRNS convolution can be implemented with less hardware and higher speed than a 1024-point FFT-based convolution. >
Impact of Policy Research on Drug Development Strategies

Policy research examines, among other things, factors related to the development and review of new drugs, allowing one to assess the overall outcome of the processes involved therein. Results of this research may directly influence development strategies. For example, data on relative development times of drugs in different therapeutic classes may constitute incentives for pursuing drug development in some therapeutic areas and disincentives in others. As another example, data on the average length of time required for approval of second or further indications for already approved drugs may dissuade a sponsor from initiating supplemental indication research, especially when taken in conjunction with the deterioration of patent protection time and the growth of generic prescribing. These and other policy data related to the drug development and review processes are presented, and their impact on development strategies is discussed.
Adrenal suppression and extubation rate after moderately early low-dose dexamethasone therapy in very preterm infants.

Abstract Objective : A short course of moderately early dexamethasone therapy with a starting dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day improves lung compliance and shortens the duration of ventilatory support in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). We conducted a double-blind, randomized study to evaluate whether a moderately early 14-day weaning course of low-dose dexamethasone affects adrenal function and facilitates weaning from the ventilator. Patients and methods : Thirty-six preterm infants with a gestational age ≤32 weeks who required ventilatory support for RDS on days 7–14 were randomized to a 14-day treatment course with dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg/day start, tapering doses) or placebo (equivalent amounts of normal saline). Prior to the first study treatment and the day after completion of the treatment course, adrenal function was assessed from serum cortisol levels drawn before and 30 min after intravenous administration of 0.1 mg Cortrosyn. Extubation rate during treatment in both groups was compared. Results : In both groups baseline serum cortisol levels decreased significantly during treatment, but stimulated cortisol levels did not change. After the 14-day treatment course, stimulated cortisol levels increased significantly from baseline levels in both groups ( p p Conclusions : A moderately early 14-day weaning course of low-dose dexamethasone does not significantly suppress the adrenal function of very preterm infants with RDS, but accelerates weaning from the ventilator.