cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Activity of Subsurface Life in Deep-Sea Sediments

Global maps of sulfate and methane in marine sediments reveal two provinces of subsurface metabolic activity: a sulfate-rich open-ocean province, and an ocean-margin province where sulfate is limited to shallow sediments. Methane is produced in both regions but is abundant only in sulfate-depleted sediments. Metabolic activity is greatest in narrow zones of sulfate-reducing methane oxidation along ocean margins. The metabolic rates of subseafloor life are orders of magnitude lower than those of life on Earth's surface. Most microorganisms in subseafloor sediments are either inactive or adapted for extraordinarily low metabolic activity.
Determination of the grain boundary recombination velocity in polycrystalline silicon as a function of illumination from photoconductance measurements

Abstract The grain boundary recombination velocity of polycrystalline Si is separated from bulk effects and its value is determined with practically no assumption of numerical values for any parameter other than the minority carrier diffusion coefficient. The method used utilizes photoconductance measurements taken by the scanning laser spot technique. It is found that, for the illumination levels used, there is a transition from low level to high-level injection of minority carriers, and this transition is used to estimate the quasi-Fermi level separation. The recombination velocity S , ranging in value from 5000 to 17000 cm/sec, is thus presented both as a function of the illumination level as well as of the quasi-Fermi level separation ΔE f . It is found that S increases monotonically with illumination and does not saturate, even at the high light concentrations used.
Temperature and Heat-Flux Distributions in a Strip-Heated Composite Slab

The steady temperature and heat-flux distributions for a composite slab consistig of a strip-heated, large-conductivity fin in intimate contact with a small-conductivity, convectively cooled substrate are obtained. Such a problem has application to the strip heating of process equipment and laboratory experiments where uniform thermal conditions are desired and where the conductivity of the substrate is small. Analytical methods are used to obtain closed-form solutions for the local temperature and heat flux for the full, two-dimensional problem and for the bounding case of no transverse conduction within the substrate. A design procedure to determine the strip-heater spacing necessary for a prescribed maximum variation in heat flux at he convectively cooled surface is presented. An application example is given and the results discussed. Expressions for the steady temperature and heat flux are also obtained for the limiting cases of infinite heat transfer coefficient and zero-thickness substrate.
Bifurcation of Nonlinear Normal Modes by Means of Synge’s Stability

We study bifurcation of fundamental nonlinear normal modes (FNNMs) in 2-degree-of-freedom coupled oscillators by utilizing geometric mechanics approach based on Synges concept, which dictates orbital stability rather than Lyapunovs classical asymptotic stability. Use of harmonic balance method provides reasonably accurate approximation for NNMs over wide range of energy; and Floquet theory incorporated into Synges stability analysis predicts the respective bifurcation points as well as their types. Constructing NNMs in the frequency-energy domain, we seek applications to study of efficient targeted energy transfers.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Atmospheric deposition of arsenic and selenium across Canada using Sphagnum moss as a biomonitor.

A biomonitoring study was made of the atmospheric deposition of arsenic and selenium across northern Canada utilizing Sphagnum fuscum moss. Intensive sampling was carried out adjacent to the smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec. An average background concentration of arsenic in the moss of 0.66 mg kg−1 was determined, while most selenium concentrations were below the detection limit of 0.2 mg kg−1. Elevated arsenic concentrations were found in the vicinity of the mining and smelting areas of Flin Flon, Manitoba, and Atikokan, Ontario. High concentrations of selenium were detected only near Rouyn-Noranda. Both arsenic and selenium occurred in moss at concentrations lower than found in Canadian soils.
A grouped data semiparametric competing risks model with nonparametric unobserved heterogeneity and mover-stayer structure

Abstract This paper incorporates nonparametric unobserved heterogeneity and mover–stayer structure into a grouped data semiparametric competing risks model with time-varying covariance.
Preprophase Bands of Microtubules in Developing Stomatal Complexes of Sugarcane

This study describes the features of the preprophase bands of microtubules found in the subsidiary and guard mother cells prior to mitosis. In subsidiary mother cells the two bands occur in complementary locations along the walls immediately above and below the guard mother cell. The preprophase bands of the guard mother cell are seen along the walls that are shared with the subsidiary mother cells on either side of the guard mother cell. The preprophase bands occupy a considerable width laterally and the microtubules occur several deep in the band. These features, however, do not give a clue as to what precise role the bands play either in the asymmetrical division of the subsidiary mother cell or in the symmetrical division of the guard mother cell.
The Role of Internal Elastic Laminae Damage in the Development of Canine Arteriosclerosis

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the extent of damage to the internal elastic lamina (IEL) may be a factor in determining the development of atheromatous lesions (lesion area). A bilateral iliac artery arteriosclerotic (AS) model in seven dogs prepared by intimal denudation and fracture of the IEL plus 5% cholesterol diet was investigated. The animals were sacrificed at 10–52 weeks (10, n = 1; 16, n = 3; 20, n = 1; 32, n = 1; 52, n = 1). Histologic analysis of sections (n = 42) of 14 canine iliac AS arteries harvested bilaterally from identical locations along the vessels (2, 7, and 12 cm from the aortic bifurcation) were compared with control segments of caudal and femoral arteries (n = 12) that had intact lamina and no luminal trauma. AS segments at all sites along the length of the traumatized iliac vessels demonstrated significant lesions, while control vessels had no arteriosclerotic changes. AS lesion area was calculated using ocular micrometry and a multiple regression model to t...
Ontogeny of bird song.

Fernando Nottebohm locomotion or feeding. Consequently, a study of vocal development involves control over only a small number of variables. This does not mean that the operation of the vocal system is free from constraints. The characteristics of its innervation (7), musculature (8), membranes and resonators (9) impose a limit on what can be done, and its functioning must incorporate the prior' ity of respiratory needs. Also, vocal patterns may be programmed by properties of the nervous system.
Analog VLSI neuromorphic image acquisition and pre-processing systems

Abstract We consider the problem of automatic object recognition by small, light-weight, low power, hardware systems. We abstract from biological function and organization and propose hardware architectures and a design methodology to engineer such hardware. Robust, miniature, and energetically efficient VLSI systems for AOR can ultimately be achieved by following a path which optimizes the design at and between all levels of system integration, i.e., from devices and circuit techniques all the way to algorithms and architectural level considerations. By way of example, we discuss two experimental systems for image acquisition and preprocessing fabricated in standard CMOS processes. The first one is a large scale analog system, a contrast sensitive silicon retina, with over 590, 000 transistors operating in subthreshold CMOS. The second system is a mixed analog-digital system for image acquisition and tracking compensation that incorporates a contrast sensitive silicon retina in the image sensing area.
Effect of Leukocyte-Promoting Factor (LPF) on Survival of X-Irradiated Mice.

SummaryThe present study does not contribute to the discussion as to whether or not a “humoral” substance is secreted by the spleen. It does show, however, that LPF, a logical therapeutic agent, is ineffective in reducing X-ray mortality in mice.
Developing First Encounters of the Close Kind: A Beginning Class Exercise

Initial meetings with new colleagues or teammates frequently give rise to behaviors such as nervousness, shyness, sarcasm, or false joviality. These behaviors can make the formation of a strong working relationship very slow and even difficult. This article presents an exercise for helping one interact more comfortably and effectively during a first encounter. The exercise provides a basis for improved interpersonal interaction and teamwork throughout the relationship or class. The exercise also leads to an exploration of individual entry behaviors and an examination of the effectiveness of those behaviors in developing a collaborative learning environment. The exercise can be used to introduce important management course topics (i.e., decision making, leadership, attitudes and perceptions, communication processes, interpersonal style, group dynamics, issues of trust, and organizing processes) via experiential methods. The success of this exercise is discussed along with a pedagogical framework for class ...
Successful multi-national workforce integration program to improve construction site performance

Hispanics are a large and growing part of the United States workforce. Hispanic workers in the US construction industry comprise nearly 20% of the workforce and are projected to increase significantly over the next several decades. Construction companies in the United States will be challenged in melding Hispanic and American cultures on project job sites. Using an integration/differentiation/ambiguity framework of cultural analysis, this research focuses on the development of an introductory training program designed to fit the needs of the US construction industry. The purpose of the study is to identify aspects of construction which should either pursue cultural integration or preserve cultural differentiation as well as assess how much ambiguity can be anticipated in the cultural training programs. This is accomplished through a review of the literature as well as through a survey of contractor attitudes and needs related the use of Hispanic workers in their construction operations. This paper focuses on describing the research and development of various courses for improving communication between the American supervisor and the Hispanic laborer. Results from this study confirm that higher order industry values such as safety should be integrated across cultural groups, while specialized technical training can be effectively targeted to a specific cultural subgroup (differentiation). A certain degree of ambiguity in cultural identify and individualization of needs should be expected as boundaries between cultural subgroups blur over time.
Mutations of Anacystis nidulans that affect cell division.

Following nitrosoguanidine treatment of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans strain 6311, mutants which grow predominantly as short or long filaments are commonly produced. Cytological study shows that the filaments are multinucleate, coenocytic structures. Such mutations are therefore best interpreted as ones that impair cell division in a normally unicellular organism.
Determination of kinetic isotope effects for nucleoside hydrolases using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Kinetic isotope effects are widely used to determine the transition state of chemical and enzymatic reactions. Radioactive isotopes are used most often to determine these kinetic isotope effects. However, stable isotopes offer a number of advantages over the use of radioactive isotopes. These advantages include ease of handling and disposal along with increased safety in the laboratory. [1'-(13)C]Inosine and [1'-(2)H]inosine kinetic isotope effects were determined using a gas chromatograph in conjunction with a mass selective detector for nucleoside hydrolase, a purine-metabolizing enzyme. Three ion pairs were used to determine kinetic isotope effects. These ion pairs were 158/159, 187/188, and 217/218. The average isotope effects for all ion pairs were 1.021 +/- 0.006 for [1'-(13)C]inosine and 1.113 +/- 0.008 for [1'-(2)H]inosine. The transition state consistent with these isotope effects is also consistent with the transition state proposed by Schramm and Horenstein using radioactive substrates.
Construct Validation of a Scale of Academic Curiosity

The present study was an attempt to validate a scale of academic curiosity. An 80-item true-false self-report scale was constructed containing items that seemed to reflect curiosity of an academic ...
Thermodynamics of Crystals

Thermodynamics of Crystals is a gold mine of a references bargain with more derivations of useful equations per dollar, or per page, than almost any other book I know. Useful to whom? To the solid state physicist, the solid state chemist working the geophysicist, the rock mechanic, the mineral physicist. Useful for what? For lattice dynamics, crystal potentials, band structure. For elegant, rigorous, and concise derivations of fundamental equations. For comparison of levels of approximation. For some data and physical insights, especially for metals and simple halides. This book is a reissue, with some changes and additions, of a 1970 treatise. It ages well, since the fundamentals do not change.
Secondary Nucleating Sequences Affect Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Tau Aggregation

Tau protein was scanned for highly amyloidogenic sequences in amphiphilic motifs (X)nZ, Z(X)nZ (n ≥ 2), or (XZ)n (n ≥ 2), where X is a hydrophobic residue and Z is a charged or polar residue. N-Acetyl peptides homologous to these sequences were used to study aggregation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed seven peptides, in addition to well-known primary nucleating sequences Ac275VQIINK (AcPHF6*) and Ac306VQIVYK (AcPHF6), formed fibers, tubes, ribbons, or rolled sheets. Of the peptides shown by TEM to form amyloid, Ac10VME, AcPHF6*, Ac375KLTFR, and Ac393VYK were found to enhance the fraction of β-structure of AcPHF6 formed at equilibrium, and Ac375KLTFR was found to inhibit AcPHF6 and AcPHF6* aggregation kinetics in a dose-dependent manner, consistent with its participation in a hybrid steric zipper model. Single site mutants were generated which transformed predicted amyloidogenic sequences in tau into non-amyloidogenic ones. A M11K mutant had fewer filaments and showed a decrease in aggregati...
Effect of Low Molecular Weight Dextran on Red Blood Cell Charge During Clinical Extracorporeal Circulation

Low molecular weight dextran, when included in the priming mixture of a pump oxygenator for clinical extracorporeal circulation, almost uniformly increased the electric charge of red blood cells. In perfusions in which 5 per cent dextrose and water were used as the priming vehicle, there appeared to be no change in red blood cell charge. The increase in red blood cell electronegativity, associated with the presence of low molecular weight dextran, appeared to decrease red blood cell aggregation and permit improved tissue perfusion.
Active/Passive Near-Millimeter Wave Imaging For Tactical Applications

ABSTRACTAn all- weather, kilometer -range, high resolution battelfield imaging system, capable of detecting andidentifying enemy targets, is of considerable importance. In that view, this paper seeks to describe astate -of- the -art scanning mirror imaging system operating in the 1.3mm atmospheric window that providessimulated data on resolution and expected target signatures. Both passive and active imaging is performedusing scale model targets to simulate reasonable tactical scenerios. INTRODUCTION The near -millimeter -wave (NMMW) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum has recently experienced rapidgrowth due to new technology developments in both the source and detector fields. Among the potentialapplications of this NMMW technology is the possibility of imaging objects of tactical significance withresonable resolution through various weather and /or countermeasures situations. Studies o£ Buch "imaging radar" ystems and their feasibility have been performed by Gamble et. al.
The integrationist temptation

(1995). The integrationist temptation. The Washington Quarterly: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 35-44.
Gadamerian Hermeneutics and Irony: Between Strauss and Derrida

Against the background of Gadamer's hermeneutics of trust, for which the primary concern of the hermeneutical enterprise is the matter under discussion, the Sache, this essay raises the question of Gadamer's treatment of irony. Gadamer and Gadamerians have criticized the hermeneutics of suspicion—a hermeneutics that always looks under the surface of what is said to see what is hidden. This would seem to make irony a problematic aspect of texts and discourse for a Gadamerian hermeneutics. Nowhere in Gadamer's corpus can we find an extensive discussion of irony, but Gadamer does raise the question of irony in a provocative way in several important junctures. This essay contrasts Gadamer's treatment of irony to that of Leo Strauss and Jacques Derrida. It explores why for Gadamer irony does not call for a hermeneutics of suspicion.
Intralesional Treatment for Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars: A Review

BACKGROUNDAlthough differing in clinical presentation and prognosis, keloids and hypertrophic scars are generally characterized by abnormally proliferative scar tissue and are extremely debilitating. Several intralesional therapies have been studied in attempts to find a universally safe and effecti
A six-channel PDP-8 interface for nerve impulse data

An interface operating on the I/O bus of the LINC-8 has been built which accepts up to six channels of nerve impulse data simultaneously at rates up to 4,000 pps/channel. By means of a 100-KHz clock and a 17-bit counter, the time of occurrence of each nerve impulse is strobed into one of six 17-bit buffer registers. The strobe causes a program interrupt to occur. Two I/O instructions are used to read the buffers into the PDP-8 accumulator. Additional instructions for skipping on data or overflow, enabling the counter, clearing the overflow flag, and clearing the counter are available.
Caloric regulation in the rat: evidence for a calibration mechanism.

Abstract Rats were given access to small quantities of a 50% oil/water mixture on each of 7 baseline days. On the eighth day, a 30 min compensation test was conducted during which control rats had access to the 50% oil/water mixture and experimental rats had access to either a more concentrated or a more dilute oil/water mixture. Experimental rats given the more concentrated mixture consumed significantly less than controls, while rats given the dilute mixture consumed significantly more than controls. These results suggested that rats can immediately adjust their food intake in response to changes in the caloric density of their diets. In a second experiment, immediate adjustment for caloric change was inhibited by giving rats a supplementary meal directly after access to the 50% oil/water mixture during the baseline phase. These results were discussed in terms of a hypothetical “calibration” mechanism which allows rats to estimate the density of novel caloric concentrations on the basis of a standard concentration.
Transversality of double-pulse homoclinic orbits in the inviscid Lorenz-Krishnamurthy system

Abstract We study a 5-dimensional system originally introduced by Lorenz (1986). Apart from its atmospheric interest, this system also exhibits interesting dynamical behavior. We introduce a general technique, based on the Fenichel coordinates introduced by Jones and Kopell (1994), which systematically tracks the evolution of the tangent space of the unstable manifold along a trajectory that spends a long time ( =O( log ( I ϵ ) ), where ϵ is a small parameter) inside a neighborhood of a two-dimensional normally hyperbolic invariant manifold. The estimates for the components of tangent vectors are nontrivial precisely because of this long time. More specifically, we establish the transversality of the double-pulse homoclinic orbits constructed by Camassa (1993). Transversality gives rise to chaotic behavior near the double-pulse homoclinic orbits. In particular, there is a countable infinity of homoclinic orbits in the system with even number of pulses.
A mixed dicarboxylate strut approach to enhancing catalytic activity of a de novo urea derivative of metal-organic framework UiO-67.

A hydrogen-bond donating MOF catalyst based on the UiO-67 framework, containing both urea-functionalized dicarboxylate and biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylate struts, was synthesized by a de novo route. The mixed strut framework has larger pore sizes and improved catalytic activity for Henry reactions than the pure strut analogue, which contains only the urea-functionalized dicarboxylate linker.
Twenty years of bacterial RNases and RNA processing: how we've matured.

By 1995, the year that publication of RNA began, the field of RNA processing was already well established. A dedicated cadre of scientists was actively engaged in studying how RNA precursors are converted to their mature, functional forms, and conferences dealing with the topic were held at regular intervals. In fact, members of the RNA processing community were instrumental in founding the RNA Society and starting RNA. What follows are the personal reflections and biases of one who has worked in the RNA processing field from very early on. Emphasis will be on advances in bacterial systems, with which I am most familiar, but readers should be aware that the last 20 years has seen an explosion of information about RNA metabolism in eukaryotic systems, leading to the realization that organisms from bacteria to mammals share much in common in their RNA metabolic processes. As a consequence, information gleaned in one organism has had important ramifications for studies in all systems.
Attributes of organizational ability related to writing ability

Abstract The present study investigated the relationship between writing ability and a reconstruction test requiring anagram solving, word reordering, sentence reordering, paragraph assembly. The results of a canonical correlation corroborated earlier findings that this test is a good predictor of writing ability.
Developing an In-Training Examination for Fellows: The Experience of the American Society of Clinical Oncology

The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) developed its own test—the Medical Oncology In-Training Examination (MedOnc ITE)—as a tool to assess trainees' knowledge of the clinical oncology subspecialty, establish consistency in educational standards across training programs, identify areas of strength and weakness in individual programs, and stimulate intraprogrammatic reading and discussion. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Outcome Project provided additional incentive for ASCO to develop an ITE. The examination was developed in 4 years. The concept of the examination and the budget were approved by the ASCO governing board. The National Board of Medical Examiners was selected to work with ASCO. Fellowship programs were contacted to determine if they had the information technology support to hold the examination. A blueprint for the examination was developed. The test format, including the number of questions and the selection of case-based single best answers, was determine...
Evolution of Transcription Networks — Lessons from Yeasts

That regulatory evolution is important in generating phenotypic diversity was suggested soon after the discovery of gene regulation. In the past few decades, studies in animals have provided a number of examples in which phenotypic changes can be traced back to specific alterations in transcriptional regulation. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology and functional genomics have stimulated a new wave of investigation in simple model organisms. In particular, several genome-wide comparative analyses of transcriptional circuits across different yeast species have been performed. These studies have revealed that transcription networks are remarkably plastic: large scale rewiring in which target genes move in and out of regulons through changes in cis-regulatory sequences appears to be a general phenomenon. Transcription factor substitution and the formation of new combinatorial interactions are also important contributors to the rewiring. In several cases, a transition through intermediates with redundant regulatory programs has been suggested as a mechanism through which rewiring can occur without a loss in fitness. Because the basic features of transcriptional regulation are deeply conserved, we speculate that large scale rewiring may underlie the evolution of complex phenotypes in multi-cellular organisms; if so, such rewiring may leave traceable changes in the genome from which the genetic basis of functional innovation can be detected.
A tunable hydrogel microlens array with light-switching capability

This paper demonstrates a two step casting process to fabricate a bi-functional hydrogel-based microlens array which responds to both temperature (becomes opaque above certain temperature) and pH (changes its focal length at different pH levels) and can be operated in air for an extended period of time. Each lens in the array is 1mm in diameter and its focal length changes from 4.5 to 55mm when the environmental pH is varied between 2.0 and 5.0. The light-switching capability is measured to be ∼ 92% when temperature increases from 25 to 35°C.
On Resonance in Infinite Gratings of Cylinders

The diffraction by a grating is examined (for spacing large compared to wavelength and dimension of grating element) for wavelengths in the neighborhood of the "Rayleigh" wavelengths. The shape of the elements, and their size in wavelengths is unrestricted. The results, including the effect of interaction, are expressed in terms of quantities relating to single scattering. Some properties of certain determinants formed from single scattered amplitudes are derived. The results are compared with those obtained by other authors, using various restrictions on the parameters.
Stability and orientation of cecropin P1 on maleimide self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces and suggested functional mutations

Abstract One of the main challenges of biosensor design is to understand the protein or peptide stability on the chip in high resolution structural detail. Since conventional experimental methods are limited by the resolution for their applications on surface tethered peptides/proteins, a recently developed coarse grained simulation method is employed to explore the peptide/surface interaction in residue-level resolution. This work shows how the coarse grained model successfully describes peptide–surface interactions by evaluating thermal stability of the peptide cecropin P1 in bulk solution and on surfaces by physical adsorption and chemical tethering. The simulation also reproduces observations of peptide orientations on the self-assembled monolayer surface from earlier experimental work. Additionally, using knowledge obtained from the simulations, specific mutations are suggested and the desired structure and pose on the surface is obtained. In summary, this work sheds a light on the reasonable biosensor design that is guided by simulations.
Emerging sensing techniques for emerging memories

Among all emerging memories, Spin-Transfer Torque Random Access Memory (STT-RAM) has shown many promising features such as fast access speed, nonvolatility, compatibility to CMOS process and excellent scalability. However, large process variations of both magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) and MOS transistor severely limit the yield of STT-RAM chips. In this work, we present a recently proposed sensing technique called nondestructive self-reference read scheme (NSRS) to overcome the bit-to-bit variations in STT-RAM by leveraging the different dependencies of the high-resistance state of MTJs on the sensing current biases. Additionally, a few enhancement techniques including R-I curve skewing, yield-driven sensing current selection, and ratio matching are introduced to further improve the robustness of NSRS. The measurements of a 16Kb STT-RAM test chip shows that NSRS can significantly improve the chip yield by reducing sensing failures with high sense margin and low power consumptions.
It takes a village: Student chapter survival and success

Many student chapters of professional organizations like ASIS&T can have difficulty sustaining membership, educational support, financial resources, and chapter competitiveness. Some organizations are more successful than others in sustaining student chapters. Since student chapter membership and activity are important contributors to parent organization long-term survival, growth, and success, it is essential to identify student chapter problems and take steps to solve them. Current trends in scholarly collaboration and distance education, assisted by technical networking advances, can provide methods for linking student chapters to help each other with problem-solving through “intellectual proximity” (Weedman, 1999). We can form a collaborative community that will work together to improve the chances of long-term chapter survival and success. Such an environment will also provide opportunities for inter-institution research, creativity, and socialization (Students, 1998). We will invite other student chapters of ASIS&T to join this network, using existing Internet technology such as WebCT, Yahoo Groups, and email listservs to create a “virtual village” for all student chapters. If successful, this collective Village has the potential to become a permanent Internet service for ASIS&T student membership.
Unconventional antigen-presenting cells in the induction of peripheral CD8(+) T cell tolerance.

Bone marrow-derived APCs are considered the predominant cell type involved in the induction and maintenance of T cell tolerance in vivo. In the periphery, cross-presentation of self-antigens by DCs, in particular, CD8alpha(+) DCs, has been the most discussed mechanism underlying the induction of CD8(+) T cell tolerance against self. However, nonhematopoietic APCs in the liver, skin, parenchymal tissues, and lymph nodes can also present self- and exogenous antigens to CD8(+) T cells under steady-state conditions. Although far surpassed by their DC counterparts in their ability to stimulate T cell responses, these unconventional APCs have been shown to play a role in the induction, maintenance, and regulation of peripheral CD8(+) T cell tolerance by a multitude of mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the different nonhematopoietic cells that have been shown to present tissue-specific or exogenous antigens to naive CD8(+) T cells, thereby contributing to the regulation of T cell responses in the periphery.
QCD CONFRONTS EXPERIMENT

Some current issues are reviewed qualitatively with an emphasis on those problems which complicate direct comparisons of QCD with experiment.
The role of carbon-donor hydrogen bonds in stabilizing tryptophan conformations.

Although most side-chain torsion angles correspond to low-energy rotameric positions, deviations occur with significant frequency. One striking example arises in Trp residues, which have an important role in stabilizing protein structures because of their size and mixed hydrophobic/hydrophilic character. Ten percent of Trp side-chains have unexplained conformations with χ2 near 0° instead of the expected 90°. The current work is a structural and energetic analysis of these conformations. It is shown that many Trp residues with these orientations are stabilized by three-center carbon-donor hydrogen bonds of the form CH…X…HC, where X is a polar hydrogen-bond acceptor in the environment of the side-chain. The bridging hydrogen bonds occur both within the Trp side-chain and between the side-chain and the local protein backbone. Free energy maps of an isolated Trp residue in an explicit water environment show a minimum corresponding to the off-rotamer peak observed in the crystallographic data. Bridging carbon-donor hydrogen bonds are also shown to stabilize on-rotamer Trp conformations, and similar bridging hydrogen bonds also stabilize some off-rotamer Asp conformations. The present results suggest a previously unrecognized role for three-center carbon-donor hydrogen bonds in protein structures and support the view that the off-rotamer Trp side-chain orientations are real rather than artifacts of crystallographic refinements. Certain of the off-rotamer Trp conformations appear to have a functional role. Proteins 2004;54:000–000. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison between plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid content as biomarkers of fatty acid intake in US women

Background: Erythrocyte fatty acids may be superior to plasma fatty acids for reflecting long-term fatty acid intake because of less sensitivity to recent intake and a slower turnover rate. Objective: The objective was to compare the fatty acid content of erythrocytes with that of plasma with respect to their abilities to reflect usual fatty acid intake. Design: Fatty acids in plasma and erythrocytes were measured by capillary gas-liquid chromatography in 306 US women aged 43–69 y. Fatty acid intake was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire, which was validated for measuring intakes of various fatty acids. Results: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3) in erythrocytes and plasma provided the strongest correlations with its intake, but erythrocyteDHAconcentrations[Spearman’spartialcorrelationcoefficient (rs) 0.56] were better than plasma DHA concentrations (rs 0.48) as a biomarker. Total trans fatty acids (rs 0.43) and total 18:1 trans isomers (rs 0.42) in erythrocytes were also more strongly correlated with intake than were those in plasma (rs0.30 and rs 0.29, respectively). Moderate correlations were observed for linoleic acid (18:2n6; erythrocytes, rs 0.24; plasma, rs 0.25), -linolenic acid (18:3n3; erythrocytes, rs 0.18; plasma, rs 0.23), and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3; erythrocytes, rs 0.38; plasma, rs 0.21). For polyunsaturated and trans fatty acids, correlations between intakes and biomarkers improved moderately when average intakes over previous years were used. Conclusion: Erythrocyte n3 fatty acids of marine origin and trans fattyacidcontentaresuitablebiomarkersforlong-termintake. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:74–81.
SPOT: a web-based tool for using biological databases to prioritize SNPs after a genome-wide association study

SPOT (http://spot.cgsmd.isi.edu), the SNP prioritization online tool, is a web site for integrating biological databases into the prioritization of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for further study after a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Typically, the next step after a GWAS is to genotype the top signals in an independent replication sample. Investigators will often incorporate information from biological databases so that biologically relevant SNPs, such as those in genes related to the phenotype or with potentially non-neutral effects on gene expression such as a splice sites, are given higher priority. We recently introduced the genomic information network (GIN) method for systematically implementing this kind of strategy. The SPOT web site allows users to upload a list of SNPs and GWAS P-values and returns a prioritized list of SNPs using the GIN method. Users can specify candidate genes or genomic regions with custom levels of prioritization. The results can be downloaded or viewed in the browser where users can interactively explore the details of each SNP, including graphical representations of the GIN method. For investigators interested in incorporating biological databases into a post-GWAS SNP selection strategy, the SPOT web tool is an easily implemented and flexible solution.
Slobogin on Dehumanization

The dehumanization objection to preventive detention is, in Slobogin's words, that "preventive detention shows insufficient respect for the individual because it signals either that the person detained does not possess the capacity to choose the good or that, having such capacity, the person will not do so." This is the proposition that criminals are entitled to be punished, which, as we know, sounds odd only until we understand the alternative: indefinite detention and treatment. Slobogin's solution to the impediment presented by the objection - an impediment to the imposition of preventive detention - is to make deterrability the criterion for application of the objection: No one is to be preventively detained unless he can't or won't respond to the threat of punishment. I raise two objections to the dehumanization objection.
Spread of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Central Appalachians: Comparison of Population Boundaries Obtained from Male Moth Capture, Egg Mass Counts, and Defoliation Records

Since its introduction near Boston in 1869, the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), has spread over 1,000 km to the southwest. To measure its current rate of spread through the central Appalachian Mountains we estimated population boundaries, which are lines that separate areas with population densities generally above and below a specific threshold. Population boundaries were estimated in northwestern Virginia and southeastern West Virginia using male moth counts (1988-1994), egg mass counts (1988-1991), and defoliation maps (1988-1994). The boundary of 1 moth per trap was on average 110 km from the boundary of defoliation, and the male moth capture rate increased 10 times per 29 km perpendicular to the population front. Approximately 11 yr separated the time when traps caught 1 moth per trap until defoliation first occurred in the same area. The rates of gypsy moth spread estimated using different census methods and from different population thresholds changed almost synchronously from year to year. Only spread rates estimated from defoliation data had a different temporal pattern. Gypsy moth spread rate declined from 1988 to 1994 by 35%, as measured from time series of spread rates and boundary compression (reduction of the distance between adjacent boundaries). Reduction in gypsy moth spread rate may have been the result of intensive population management in the area.
Using Riemann Sums in Evaluating a Familiar Limit

(1986). Using Riemann Sums in Evaluating a Familiar Limit. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 170-171.
AB0424 Seasonal change may influence activity of rheumatoid arthritis

Background RA activity is assessed by means of laboratory data and physical examination. Objectives We assessed RA activity during the year in order to investigate whether the seasonal change influences parameters for the assessment of RA activity or not. This investigation may be useful to assess the reliability of parameters for RA activity. Methods This study consisted of 348 patients (281 females and 67 males) with RA including 140 patients treated with biologics. The average age was 62.1 years old and the average period of RA was 10.8 years in all patients, and the average age was 63.0 years old and the average period of RA was 11.9 years in patients treated with biologics. This study was performed in Fukuoka city, Japan. Fukuoka city locates in southern part of Japan and clearly has four seasons. Since September 1st 2009 to August 31st 2011, all parameters for RA activity were assessed in total 3811visits of 348 patients including 2174 visits of 140 patients treated with biologics. In the patients treated with the biologics, tocilizumab was administrated 437 times, etanercept 1171 times, abatacept 28 times, adalimumab 77 times and infliximab 461 times. The parameters were CRP, ESR, MMP-3, Rheumatoid factor, tender joints count, swollen joints count, patient general health measured on a visual analogue scale, DAS28-CRP and DAS28-ESR. All parameters in each month in the first year and the second year were assessed and the results were compared among the months. The monthly average temperature in Fukuoka city in 2 years since September to August was 25, 19, 13, 8, 4, 8, 9, 14, 19, 23, 27 and 29 degrees Celsius. Results In all cases, the average CRP value was 0.65mg/dl since October to December and was 0.53mg/dl since July to September. The difference was statistically significant (p The results clearly showed that seasonal change significantly influenced the CRP values. In autumn, some patients may have cold or some kinds of respiratory infections and/or inflammation. In spring, pollinosis is widespread in Japan. These respiratory diseases may increase CRP value. However, MMP-3 value was also higher in autumn and spring even though no significant difference was found. In winter, CRP value was stable even though the temperature was the lowest in the year. The seasonal change may influence RA activity. No significant difference was found in ESR values. It may be better to use ESR for the assessment of RA activity throughout the year. DAS28CRP was not influenced by the difference of CRP value. On the other hand, SDAI value may be influenced by the difference of CRP value to some extent because CRP value is simply added to CDAI value. When RA activity is assessed, it may be better to consider the change of seasons. Conclusions Seasonal change significantly influenced the CRP values in RA patients. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Comparison of Good Labovatory praetice between China and Korea

Aim: To find the common points and differences of the good laboratory practice (GLP) between China and Korea,and to compare the advantages of each GLP,the suggestions to develop and perfect the GLP in China were raised.Methods:This study uses literature and comparison method,and the present developmental situation of GLP between two countries were analyzed in detail combined with the current situation of GLP in China.Results:GLP issued by SFDA and KFDA were basically consistent in general structure and topics,especially in the aspect of lab facility,equipment management,SOP,test and control articles.However,some differences were existed with regard to management system,definition and analysis,organization and personnel,testing protocol,report and GLP inspection.Conclusion:It is necessary to introduce the management software of toxic studies and the concept of multi-site studies for institution of GLP in China,and to strengthen the measures in the aspect of animal rights and animal welfare.
The age of onset of anxiety disorders in samples from the general population: A meta-analysis

Workshop Age of onset of mental disorders: etiopathogenetic and treatment implications. Background Age of onset (AOO) of anxiety disorders could serve as a vital statistic in the formulation of mental health policy. Previous reviews have reported on the AOO of anxiety disorders in the general population. However, these review studies did not systematically estimate the AOO of different anxiety disorder subtypes, and did not examine factors that might have influenced reported AOO. Objective The aims of the present study were (1) to estimate the AOO for all anxiety disorders and for specific subtypes, (2) to examine gender differences in AOO of anxiety disorders, and (3) to examine the influence of study characteristics on reported AOO. Method Seven electronic databases were searched with keywords representing anxiety disorder subtypes, AOO and study design. The inclusion criteria were studies using a general population sample that provided data on AOO for all anxiety disorders, or specific anxiety disorders, according to DSM-III-R, DSM-IV or ICD-10 criteria. Meta-analysis was used to estimate AOO and gender differences, while meta-regression was used to examine the influence of study characteristics. Results A total of 1028 titles were examined, which yielded 24 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis found an average AOO of all anxiety disorders of 21.3 years (95% CI: 17.46 to 25.07). Separation anxiety disorder, specific phobia and social phobia had their mean onset before the age of 15 years, whereas AOO of agoraphobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder began on average between 21.1 and 34.9 years. Anxiety disorder is more common in women, but meta-analysis revealed no difference in AOO between genders. Prospective study design and higher developmental level of the study country were associated with earlier AOO. Conclusion Results from this meta-analysis indicate that anxiety disorder subtypes differ in mean AOO, with onsets ranging from early adolescence to young adulthood. These findings suggest that prevention strategies of anxiety disorders should be directed towards the factors associated with the development of subtypes of anxiety disorder in the age groups with the greatest vulnerability for developing those disorders.
Co-localization of catalysts within a protein cage leads to efficient photochemical NADH and/or hydrogen production.

Using the interior of the P22 virus-like particle (VLP) we have co-localized and constrained multiple copies of a photosensitizer (Eosin-Y) and a NADH/hydrogen catalyst (cobaloxime). These small molecules were conjugated to an amine bearing polymer framework synthesized within the confines of the P22 capsid by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Using aminoethyl methacrylate (AEMA) and bis-acrylamide as the monomers we introduced a crosslinked polymer framework with addressable amines and conjugated each of the small molecules through an isothiocyanate moiety. With precise control over the average labeling stoichiometry, we conjugated the Eosin-Y and cobaloxime catalysts to the polymer such that they were co-localized on the interior of the P22 VLP. This co-localization facilitated the photochemical production of NADH from NAD+ under aqueous conditions with a maximum turnover of 11.40 × 10−3 s−1. The reaction products could be switched from NADH to H2 production by increasing the relative stoichiometry of the cobaloxime labeling. The co-confinement of this coupled catalytic system within the VLP P22 creates a nano-material whose turnover activity is independent of the bulk concentration. These constructs are an example of a biomimetic materials design and synthesis approach in which efficient photochemical production of both NADH and hydrogen can be controlled by co-localizing catalysts within a virus-like particle.
Rating child passenger safety laws relative to best practice recommendations for occupant protection

ABSTRACTBackground: State laws regarding child passenger protection vary substantially.Objectives: The objective of this study was to develop a scoring system to rate child passenger safety laws relative to best practice recommendations for each age of child.Methods: State child passenger safety and seat belt laws were retrieved from the LexisNexis database for the years 2002–2015. Text of the laws was reviewed and compared to current best practice recommendations for child occupant protection for each age of child.Results: A 0–4 scale was developed to rate the strength of the state law relative to current best practice recommendations. A rating of 3 corresponds to a law that requires a restraint that is sufficient to meet best practice, and a rating of 4 is given to a law that specifies several options that would meet best practice. Scores of 0, 1, or 2 are given to laws requiring less than best practice to different degrees. The same scale is used for each age of child despite different restraint recomm...