cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Energy Proton-Proton Scattering and Associated Polarization Effects

Three phenomenological descriptions of $p\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering have been proposed to date, two of which, the singular tensor-force model of Christian-Noyes and the L\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}S force model of Case-Pais, are characterized by a singular triplet potential. The Jastrow model introduces a hard core in the singlet interaction. The parameters of these various potentials were all determined, in part, by use of Born approximation estimates of triplet scattering cross sections at high energies. Inasmuch as the validity of such estimates is not clear in those cases where the interaction is singular, more exact calculations have been performed at 240 Mev with the singular potentials (and also, for comparative purposes, with the well-behaved triplet interaction of Jastrow) using Schwinger's variational method and/or numerical integration procedures. Such calculations have also been performed at 450 Mev for the singular tensor-force model. To insure the existence of solutions, a zero cutoff has been introduced in the singular potentials at distances of the order of the nucleon Compton wavelength.
Increasing the Trapping Mass Range to m/z = 109—A Major Step Toward High Resolution Mass Analysis of Intact RNA, DNA and Viruses

Abstract This work demonstrates sampling of singly charged particles up to 200 nm in diameter at atmospheric pressure into vacuum and trapping large numbers (>106) at a point in front of the end cap electrode of a linear quadrupole ion guide/trap for on-demand injection into the acceleration region of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer in a well-collimated ion packet. This procedure was shown to yield trapping efficiencies that ranged from 4 to 5% for 10 nm diameter urea particles (∼400 kDa) to 1% for 200 nm urea particles (∼3 × 109 Da). Analysis of the inlet optimization procedure suggests that the inlet can be adapted to sample and trap beyond the 200 nm range. Review of the most likely places for ion loss in the sampling process suggests that the sampling and trapping efficiencies can be improved well beyond the 4–5% shown. Moreover, it suggests that sampling of smaller than 10 nm ions could achieve efficiencies in the 10s of percent range thereby suggesting new levels of sensitivity can be achieved for small ions (
Creating moral buffers in weapon control interface design

We examine the ethical and social issues surrounding the design of human-computer interfaces that are designed for control of highly autonomous weapons systems. With the improvements of global positioning satellite communications and control algorithms, it is currently possible to launch weapons. These systems are highly autonomous in that they do not need constant human supervision and manual control for operation and indeed, only require human intervention when a change in a goal state is required. In the swarm concept, human decision makers are removed even further from the decision-making loop.
PARENTAL AND PLANNING INFLUENCES ON THE FORMATION OF STUDENT COLLEGE CHOICE SETS

This study examines a model of college choice by parents on behalf of their eighthgrade children. A sample of 931 Illinois parents nominated 154 identifiable institutions in a 1986 survey. Multivariate multiple regression is used to predict preferred institutional characteristics, including selectivity, highest degree offering, proximity, enrollment, and tuition. Results indicate that socioeconomic, familial, and college planning characteristics explain 35 percent of the variance in selectivity of colleges in the choice sets, with lesser (but significant) percentages of explained variance for the other institutional characteristics. These parental college nominations parallel previously reported matriculation behaviors.
Genome Mining in Streptomyces clavuligerus: Expression and Biochemical Characterization of Two New Cryptic Sesquiterpene Synthases

Summary Two presumptive terpene synthases of unknown biochemical function encoded by the sscg_02150 and sscg_03688 genes of Streptomyces clavuligerus ATCC 27074 were individually expressed in Escherichia coli as N-terminal-His 6 -tag proteins, using codon-optimized synthetic genes. Incubation of recombinant SSCG_02150 with farnesyl diphosphate ( 1 , FPP) gave (-)-δ-cadinene ( 2 ) while recombinant SSCG_03688 converted FPP to (+)-T-muurolol ( 3 ). Individual incubations of (-)-δ-cadinene synthase with [1,1- 2 H 2 ]FPP ( 1a ), (1 S )-[1- 2 H]-FPP ( 1b ), and (1 R )-[1- 2 H]-FPP ( 1c ) and NMR analysis of the resulting samples of deuterated (-)-δ-cadinene supported a cyclization mechanism involving the intermediacy of nerolidyl diphosphate ( 4 ) leading to a helminthogermacradienyl cation 5 . Following a 1,3-hydride shift of the original H-1 si of FPP, cyclization and deprotonation will give (-)-δ-cadinene. Similar incubations with recombinant SSCG_03688 supported an analogous mechanism for the formation of (+)-T-muurolol ( 3 ), also involving a 1,3-hydride shift of the original H-1 si of FPP.
Capacity, Guidance, and the Implementation of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

Programs administered by the U.S. Department of Energy under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 were designed to spur investment in clean energy and jump-start the economy. There was considerable variation, however, in the proportion of obligated funds that states spent during each year. A primary goal of the ARRA was to infuse as much money as possible into the struggling economy; however, there was significant variation in the success with which states implemented these programs. This article draws on and extends the literature on intergovernmental implementation to explain such variation. The authors argue that jurisdictional capacity and federal guidance were important determinants of the rate at which states spent ARRA funds and, more important, that these factors interacted with one another in the implementation process. This assertion is tested using a mixed-methods approach that includes a regression analysis of state ARRA spending between 2009 and 2012, as well as an evaluation of interviews conducted with 46 state agency representatives responsible for spending ARRA energy funds.
Differential regulation of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in experimental acute Chagasic cardiomyopathy

We have previously demonstrated induction and high level expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in the myocardium during the acute stage of experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection (Chagas' disease). The myocardial depressive effects of these cytokines are mediated in part by the induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), production of nitric oxide (NO) and formation of peroxynitrite. In this study we investigated the expression, activity and localization of NOS isoforms, and the levels of NO, malondialdehyde (a measure of oxidative stress), and peroxynitrite in rats at 1·5, 5, 10 and 15 days after infection with T. cruzi trypomastigotes. The myocardial inflammatory infiltrate and number of amastigote nests increased over the course of infection. A significant increase in tissue nitrate + nitrite levels, NOS2 mRNA, and NOS2 enzyme activity was observed at all time points in the infected compared with uninfected animals. The enzyme activity of constitutive NOS, tissue malondialdehyde levels, and NOS3 mRNA levels was only transiently increased after infection. The protein levels of the NOS isoforms paralleled their mRNA expression. While no positive nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity was detected in control myocardium, its levels increased in infected animals over time. Thus, by 1·5 days post-infection, when no parasite or immune cell infiltration could be detected, the myocardium expressed high levels of NOS and NO metabolites. Nevertheless, the early production of NO in the myocardium was not sufficient to clear the parasites.
GIS as a visualization tool for economic development

Abstract GIS technology is now being applied to the economic development process at local, regional, and state levels of government. Most of the existing systems have utilized the analytical capabilities of GIS to locate suitable sites for various types of development. A computer system recently developed by Georgia Tech and Georgia Power uses GIS technology in a new way: as an interactive-visualization and decision-support tool designed to directly support business location decision-makers. The development of such presentation systems, along with the more traditional analytical systems, raises important policy implications of concept transferability, appropriate organizational structures, and the potential savings to be achieved by the rational targeting of future infrastructure finance.
Power flow router sensititvities for post-contingency corrective control

Power electronics based power flow routers are powerful tools that provide easy and cost-effective control of power flows in large-scale electricity networks. By adding additional controls, fast power flow routing can increase the secure operational range of bulk power systems both during normal operations and contingencies. Increased integration of power flow routers could allow the bulk power system to operate at a lower cost while maintaining, and possibly increasing, the level of security. In this paper, we develop power flow router sensitivities that enable corrective flow routing capabilities during post-contingency conditions.
Motor vehicle emission modelling issues

Mobile source emission estimates used throughout the United States for developing ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO) abatement strategies may be underestimated by a factor of two or more for both hydrocarbons (HC), an O3 precursor, and CO. Since motor vehicles are the dominant source of these species in many areas of the United States, such large errors make determination of appropriate abatement strategies difficult and prone to error. The perspective taken in this paper to address these deficiencies is based on the experiences of the authors in evaluating and applying motor vehicle emission models in non-attainment areas. Weaknesses in the models are described and potential improvements identified. An experimental protocol for performing on-road validation of motor vehicle emission models is described.
Fracture Surface Energy of Glass

Fracture surface energies of six glasses were measured using the double-cantilever cleavage technique. Values ranged from 3.5 to 5.3 J/m2 depending on the chemical composition of the glass and the temperature of the test. The fracture surface energy increased with decreasing temperature and increasing Young's modulus; however, exceptions to this behavior were noted. The magnitude of the values obtained is discussed with respect to the theoretical strength of glass and possible irreversible effects at the crack tip such as stress corrosion and plastic deformation are considered.
The Economist's Quandary: Ethical Values

The purpose of this article is to suggest a solution to the quandary from which the economist appears unable or unwilling to extricate himself. The quandary is his own production. On the one hand, the economist is jealous of his position as scientist, a disinterested pursuer of the truth, and on the other hand, he has an irresistible urge to use his knowledge as an economist for the purpose of relieving society, and, indeed, civilisation of its social ills. To suggest how social ills may be cured is to define goals to be reached. To choose goals is to make value judgements. There is no quandary where the economist as economist simply makes value judgments and still adopts the posture of the scientist. Such dualism, however, incurs the displeasure of those of a critical turn of mind. It actually brings forth censure and suggestions that value judgments should be openly made.
Structural and Dynamic Evidence for C−H···O Hydrogen Bonding in Lariat Ethers: Implications for Protein Structure

Seven diaza-18-crown-6 ethers having aromatic sidearms were studied: benzyl (1), 2-hydroxybenzyl (2), dansyl (3), 1-naphthylmethyl (4), 2-naphthylmethyl (5), 9-anthrylmethyl (6), and 1-pyrenylmethyl (7). Solution studies of these compounds included homogeneous binding constant determination, picrate extraction efficiency, and/or bulk chloroform membrane transport rate experiments. Compounds 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 exhibited binding affinities for alkali metal cations that were surprisingly low. Fifteen crystal structures have been used to understand the conformations of 1−7 and their alkali metal complexes. Unusually weak cation binding in solution was found to correlate with intramolecular interactions observed between the crown's macroring and both sidearms. For one of the five weakly binding crowns (2) the low binding affinity is attributed to an intramolecular O−H···N hydrogen bond, confirmed by the solid-state structure and IR studies. The weak cation binding abilities of 3, 4, 6, and 7 are ascribed to in...
Spectrally tunable uncaging of biological stimuli from nanocapsules

This communication describes the first uncaging of stimuli in the far red, wavelengths that have much less of an adverse affect on cellular systems, via photolysis of photosensitized nanocapsules.
The Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Congenital Pericardial Defects

Pericardial defects are rare congenital anomalies that result from failure of the pericardium to form properly during embryogenesis. In this article, we present a case of a patient with persistent atrial fibrillation who underwent a multimodality imaging evaluation that included cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Our patient demonstrated secondary signs of a partial defect that was not directly visualized on imaging and was ultimately diagnosed during open surgical intervention. This case illustrates that a high level of suspicion should be maintained for patients who demonstrate secondary imaging findings that suggest the presence of an underlying pericardial defect. Magnetic resonance imaging is the preferred modality for evaluating the pericardium, because of its ability to image the heart in any plane, improved soft tissue contrast compared with computed tomography, and lack of radiation exposure to the patient. However, direct visualization may be limited by patient-specific factors, such as paucity of pericardial fat and the size and location of the defect. In such cases, surgical evaluation may be necessary.
A first-principles based chemophysical environment for studying lignins as an asphalt antioxidant

Abstract Asphalt binder is an important material for many industrial applications. Oxidative aging of asphalt is a constantly occurring chemical process that involves the reactions between oxygen molecules and component species of bulk asphalt throughout its service life, which could lead to significant alterations to the desired physical properties of asphalt. A common practice to alleviate asphalt aging today is to use different chemical additives or modifiers as antioxidants. The current state of knowledge in asphalt oxidation and antioxidant evaluation is focused on monitoring the degradation in asphalt’s physical properties, mainly the viscosity and ductility, which although meeting direct engineering needs does not contribute to the fundamental understanding of the aging and anti-aging mechanisms. Within this context, this study was initiated to study the chemical and physical bases of general chemical antioxidants, using a biopolymer, i.e., coniferyl-alcohol lignin as an example. A quantum chemistry (QC) based chemophysical environment is developed in this study, which is capable of analyzing the various chemical reactions between asphalt component species and oxygen, as well as the incurred physical changes. The techniques of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to prove the validity of the lignin-modified and unmodified asphalt models, from which the XPS results showed high agreement to the model predictions.
Regional oxygen delivery in oxygen supply-dependent states.

Assessment of the adequacy of systemic O2 delivery (DO2) is central in the evaluation of critically ill patients, but estimates of systemic DO2 do not assess the effectiveness of regional DO2 to all vascular beds whose functions may require different degrees of blood flow depending on their metabolic and functional demands. The oxygen supply-consumption curve includes a supply-in-dependent portion, which represents the reserve capacity of the body to maintain oxygen consumption (VO2) despite inadequate increases in DO2, and a supply-dependent portion, which represents the physiologic adaptation that occurs once DO2 is unable to meet the metabolic demands of the body. Experiments in dogs revealed that when systemic DO2 was progressively reduced, blood flow was maintained in the vital organs (heart and brain) and redistributed away from the kidneys and liver, enhancing the ability of the whole organism to use oxygen efficiently. Disease states and iatrogenic conditions that alter this vasoregulatory process may directly impair organ system function.
Actor-network theory and documentary studies

ABSTRACTThis article examines how science studies in general and actor—network theory (ANT) in particular can inform scholarship on documentary. More specifically, we argue that both ANT scholars and documentary scholars are faced with the question of how a particular set of interactions are transformed into representations of reality that can travel into other contexts with their truth value intact. The ANT perspective views putative truth as circulating through a series of networks shaped through specific interactions, and identifies the interlinking of the networks as crucial to the preservation of truth value across them. Furthermore, the ANT perspective provides tools for understanding how representations are transformed into facts through the labour of specific networks. We thus refuse sharp distinctions between documentary production, distribution and reception, and instead see all aspects as central to how documentaries themselves function as actants and representations.
Computer Simulation of Marine-Organism Community Environments: ABSTRACT

Computers can be used to re-create the behavior of ancient marine-organism communities with surprising effectiveness. Organism communities and their environments have been represented symbolically in a three-dimensional mathematical model embodied as a series of computer programs for IBM 7090/7094 computers. Factors affecting environmental conditions, such as depth of water, distance from shore, water turbulence, deposition of sediment, and salinity, can be adjusted by changing the numbers fed into the End_Page 616------------------------------ computer, thus regulating the model. By advancing the model through increments of geologic time, the response of the organism communities can be observed. This approach provides an experimental means of dealing with problems in which experimentation has, heretofore, been largely or wholly closed. The model may be used by initially populating the sea floor with organism communities whose behavior is to be studied. Each community is assigned certain properties which affect its response to different water depths, presence of mud and sand, and other environmental factors. These properties can be finely adjusted so that the communities "behave" more or less like their actual ancient counterparts, competing with each other and adapting to changing conditions. The adjustments can be made on a trial-and-error basis until satisfactory results, as determined by comparison with observed distribution of fossils, are obtained. Recent work with the model has dealt with environmental responses of leaf-like calcareous algae of the late Paleozoic. These algae were widespread in shallow Pennsylvanian and Early Permian seas, locally creating thickened banks or reefs. Today, some of these algal deposits serve as large oil reservoirs in southeastern Utah, northern Oklahoma, and West Texas. Exploration for these reservoirs will be enhanced if the environmental response of the organisms that created them can be determined experimentally and this knowledge used effectively in an exploration program. End_of_Article - Last_Page 617------------
Tandem Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation and Collisionally Activated Dissociation Techniques in a Quadrupole Ion Trap

Tandem infrared multiphoton dissociation and collisionally activated dissociation methods are implemented in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer and used to characterize an array of antibiotic ions generated by electrospray ionization. The tandem methods prove useful for probing fragmentation genealogies, evaluating the structures of lower mass fragment ions produced from higher mass molecular ions, and differentiating isobaric ions. The infrared multiphoton dissociation method is more efficient for producing an array of fragment ions over a large mass range, whereas collisionally activated dissociation is preferable for the analysis of lower m/z ions.
The use of a dual-task procedure for the assessment of cognitive effort associated with cigarette craving

Two experiments used a dual-task procedure to investigate Tiffany's (1990) proposal that drug craving should disrupt activities that demand nonautomatic cognitive processing. The primary task required smokers to imagine sentences that incorporated urge or no-urge descriptors. During imagery, the subjects also responded to a secondary reaction time (RT) task. Additional dependent variables collected during the imagery manipulation included craving report, mood report, heart rate (HR), and skin conductance levels (SCL). In study 1, imagery of urge sentences produced slower probe RTs and increases in HR and SCL, greater urge and negative mood reports, and lower positive mood ratings. This same pattern of results was replicated in the second study, which utilized sentence types more closely matched on no-urge content. These results support Tiffany's (1990) cognitive processing theory and suggest an innovative approach to the investigation of drug craving.
Traumatic Posterior Glenohumeral Dislocation: Classification, Pathoanatomy, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Posterior humeral dislocations often go undetected. Proposed explanations for the delay in diagnosis include failure of the evaluating physician to include the condition in the differential diagnosis, suboptimal radiographic evaluation and interpretation, and coincidental injuries such as fractures that can confound the patient's presentation. It is imperative that the orthopedic surgeon develop a complete understanding of the nature of this injury and its treatment so that patients who present with this condition can be diagnosed and treated effectively. This article provides a detailed discussion of the classification, pathoanatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of traumatic posterior glenohumeral dislocation.
Volume-selected proton spectroscopy in the human brain

We have obtained fully localized, high-resolution spectra from selected volumes of the human brain as small as 1 cm3 rapidly and reproducibly, using a combined depth pulse/two-dimensional ISIS method (2, 2) and a single transmit/receive surface coil. In the standard ISIS experiment (2), three orthogonal slice-selective inversion pulses are used to select a cubic volume of interest. Here we use only two-slice-selective inversion pulses which produce slices perpendicular to the plane of a surface coil. These slices in our studies were in planes perpendicular to y and z, while the transmit/ receive surface coil is at constant x. The result is that a column of sensitive volume is produced which extends perpendicularly from the center of the coil. To remove high-flux signals from the regions in this column which lie close to the coil, a series of depth pulses were included prior to the excitation pulse. This localizes signals in the third dimension, parallel to the plane of the coil. The potential advantages of using a depth-pulse approach for localization in the x direction rather than a third ISIS type slice selection are, first, that chemical-shift effects on slice location in the x direction are symmetrical about the carrier, and, second, by suppressing the high-flux signals with a series of depth pulses, better cancellation of the surface signals may be achieved. We are currently comparing results from the depth-pulse/2D ISIS method with a 3D ISIS or depth-pulse/3D ISIS method in order to optimize localization. By combining the depth-pulse/2D ISIS technique with a 1 -t1 binomial spin-echo sequence (the depth pulses also being l-t-l binomial pulses), the following overall pulse sequence was obtained:
Compressive fatigue behaviour of a glass fibre-reinforced polyester composite at 300 K and 77 K

The uniaxial compressive strength and fatigue behaviour of a glass fibre-reinforced polyester composite was studied at 77 K and 300 K. The scattering of the compressive strength data was analysed using a Weibull distribution function. The fatigue life of the composite was investigated as a function of fatigue wave shape, temperature and the ratio of peak to ultimate stresses. The material exhibited a longer fatigue life under sinusoidal loading than under half triangular ramped loading. Fatigue life was also found to increase at 77 K, whilst the fatigue life dependence on the ratio of peak to ultimate stresses was the same at both temperatures studied. Failure in this composite was initiated by delamination along the long glass fibre bundles, and was followed by catastrophic shear failure across the short glass fibre mat.
Optimization of Organic Rankine Cycles Using Dry Fluids

This paper presents an optimization of Organic Rankine Cycles "ORC" using dry organic fluids, to convert waste energy to power from low grade heat sources. The dry organic working fluids under investigation are R113, R245ca, R123, and Isobutene. Different configurations such as reheat ORC and regenerative ORC will be analyzed and compared with the basic ORC in order to determine the configuration that presents the best performance. The optimization for the different configurations will be performed using a combined first and second law analysis by varying some system operating parameters at various reference temperatures and pressures. Some of the results show that regenerative ORC produces higher efficiency compared with the basic ORC while also reducing the amount of waste heat needed to produce the same power with a less irreversibility.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Sickling rates of human AS red cells infected in vitro with Plasmodium falciparum malaria

The kinetics of sickling of malaria-infected red cells from humans with sickle cell trait were studied in vitro in an attempt to obtain direct experimental evidence for a selective advantage of the hemoglobin S heterozygote in a malarious region. The sickling rates of cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum and of non-infected cells were studied both in the total absence of oxygen (by dithionite addition) and at several different concentrations of oxyhemoglobin which might obtain in vivo. In all cases, red cells containing small plasmodium parasite forms (ring forms) sickled approximately eight times as readily as uninfected cells. Cells containing large parasitic forms (trophozoites and schizonts) appeared to sickle less readily than uninfected cells, by light microscopy criteria, but electron micrographs demonstrated the presence of polymerized deoxyhemoglobin S with a high frequency. It is concluded that enhanced sickling of plasmodium-infected AS cells may be one mechanism whereby the hemoglobin S polymorphism is balanced in favor of the heterozygote.
Preventive intervention with latency‐aged children of divorce: A replication study

This replication study assessed the efficacy of a school-based preventive intervention for latency-aged children of divorce. The Children of Divorce Intervention Program (CODIP) emphasizes support, identifying and expressing divorce-related feelings, training situationally relevant communication, problem solving, and anger control skills, and enhancing self-esteem. Fifty-four children of divorce participated in the 11-session program conducted in small groups. Their adjustment was contrasted at pre and post with that of demographically matched peers (N = 78) from intact families on teacher, parent, self-report, and group leader measures. Children of divorce were less well adjusted than their peers before the intervention. They improved significantly after the intervention, approaching youngsters from intact families in adjustment status. The replication data support CODIP's efficacy as a preventive alternative for children of divorce. Needed future development and research steps are considered.
Efficient Quenching of Oligomeric Fluorophores on a DNA Backbone

The quenching properties of a series of oligodeoxyribosides bearing fluorophore ‘bases’ is described. Sequences of adjacent, π-stacked pyrenes exhibit stronger electronic interactions visible in both absorbance and emission spectra than pyrenes that are insulated by intervening adenines. Quenching by N, N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride is efficient for excimer-and exciplex-forming oligomers, with Stern-Volmer constants comparable to conjugated polymer “superquenching” schemes.
Mapping Petri nets to concurrent programs in CC

Abstract Petri nets have been widely used as a tool for modeling and analyzing concurrent and distributed system for many years; however their applications are mainly limited to the earlier activities of software system development. To make Petri nets a fully fledged software development methodology, systematic (eventually automatic) code generation techniques are needed. In this paper, we present an approach to deriving concurrent program skeletons from Petri nets which establishes a link between Petri nets and object-oriented concurrent programming and forms a foundation for a Petri net based transformational software development methodology. We demonstrate our code derivation approach with several examples.
An approach to evolving database dependent systems

It is common in client/server architectures for components to have SQL statements embedded in their source code. Components submit queries to relational databases using such standards as Universal Data Access (UDA) and Open Database Connectivity (ODBC). The API that implements these standards is complex and requires the embedding of SQL statements in the language that is used to write the components. Such programming practices are widespread and result in increased complexity in maintaining systems.We propose an approach that eliminates the embedding of SQL in programming languages, thereby enabling the automation of important software maintenance tasks.
Two-dimensional radiative equilibrium: Boundary emissive powers for a finite medium subjected to cosine varying radiation

Abstract Exact expressions are presented for the emissive power at the boundaries of a two- dimensional, finite, planar, absorbing-emitting, gray medium exposed on one side to cosine varying radiation and on the other side to no radiation. The emissive powers at the boundaries of a medium illuminated by cosine varying collimated radiation are the generalized X- and Y-functions which are analogous to Chandrasekhar's X- and Y-functions. Integro-differential equations for the generalized X- and Y-functions are formulated and reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations and are solved numerically. The emissive powers at the boundaries for cosine varying diffuse radiation are moments of the generalized X- and Y-functions.
Acetazolamide reduces hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in isolated perfused rabbit lungs

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) may modulate regional blood flow by mediating changes in extra- and intracellular pH. We hypothesized that CA inhibition with acetazolamide would inhibit the kinetics and magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). Isolated rabbit lungs were ventilated and perfused in situ at constant flow, with buffer containing red blood cells. Preparations were sequentially challenged with hypoxic (FI(O(2)) 0.05) and/or hypercapnic (FI(CO(2)) 0.10) gas mixtures for 5 or 10 min. In the experimental groups, acetazolamide (33 microM) was added to the perfusate after establishing baseline responses, and gas challenges were repeated; control groups were studied without acetazolamide. Acetazolamide reduced the increase in pulmonary artery pressure (DeltaPAP) and the rate of pressure rise by approximately 30-50% during hypoxia and combined hypoxia/hypercapnia. The reduction in DeltaPAP occurred for both 5 and 10 min challenges. Acetazolamide did not affect expired nitric oxide concentrations. We conclude that acetazolamide reduces both the magnitude and kinetics of HPV by a mechanism that does not involve nitric oxide.
On the Evolution of the Temperature-Virial Mass Relation for Clusters of Galaxies

X-ray temperature measurements of clusters of galaxies are now reaching to redshifts high enough to constrain ? -->0. A redshift-dependent relation that maps these X-ray temperatures to the virial masses of clusters is an essential ingredient when one is trying to determine cosmological parameters from cluster evolution. Most such relations assume that clusters form from top-hat perturbations that virialized just before the time at which we are observing them. The smaller ? -->0 is, the less accurate these relations become. Here we derive a relation between virial mass and cluster temperature that allows for the fact that clusters form gradually and cease forming when the density of the universe drops well below the critical value. We show how sensitively the expected redshift distribution of clusters depends on the mass-temperature relation used and argue that one needs to use a relation that yields no evolution in the low-? -->0 limit.
Frequency dispersion associated with a non-homogeneous interfacial capacitance

Abstract The interfacial capacitance of the metal-solution interface, at a given applied potential, often depends strongly on the nature of the exposed crystal face. Consequently, capacitance measurements on a polycrystalline electrode may exhibit frequency dispersion. We describe a simple numerical method to demonstrate the existence of this effect.
Inessential games and non-imposed solutions to allocation problems

The basic objective of this paper has been to develop some mathematical models for shortage situations (both real and psychological) in which the solution is determined by the participants. The purpose of these models is to highlight some of the inequities which may result when such bargaining goes on and to observe that under certain conditions the structure of the game is such that each player may be able to salvage at least a partial allocation. This can occur when the game is not status quo stable for power weighted solutions, or when priorities are equal for priority solutions. Majority solutions can counteract powerful groups and can minimize the number of unsatiated parties. But some majority solutions can also be unfair by discriminating against the remaining players. These models may be of some use in determining whether or not outside regulation of a particular situation is a sound policy.
Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Films Enriched with Essential Oils

ABSTRACT: Antimicrobial and physicochemical properties of chitosan films and chitosan films enriched with essential oils (EO) were determined in vitro and on processed meat. Antimicrobial effects of pure EO of anise, basil, coriander, and oregano, and of chitosan-essential oil films against Listeria monocytogenes and Escheri-chia coli O157:H7 were determined by an agar diffusion test. The antibacterial effects of the EO were similar when applied alone or incorporated in the films. The intensity of antimicrobial efficacy was in the following order: oregano > > coriander > basil > anise. The chitosan films and chitosan-oregano EO films were applied on inoculated bologna samples and stored 5 d at 10 °C. Pure chitosan films reduced L. monocytogenes by 2 logs, whereas the films with 1% and 2% oregano EO decreased the numbers of L. monocytogenes by 3.6 to 4 logs and E. coli by 3 logs. Pure chitosan films were 89 μm thick, whereas addition of 1% and 2% oregano EO increased thickness to 220 and 318 μm, respectively. During application on bologna discs, the films absorbed moisture, resulting in the final thickness of 143, 242, and 333 μm, respectively. Addition of oregano essential oil into the chitosan films decreased water vapor permeability, puncture and tensile strength, but increased elasticity of the films. The films have the potential to be used as active biodegradable films with strong antimicrobial effects.
Hypothalamic Sites which Control the Surges of Prolactin Secretion Induced by Cervical Stimulation

Artificial stimulation of the uterine cervix (CS) of the rat institutes two daily surges of PRL. These surges in turn activate and maintain luteal progesterone secretion for a 13-day interval known as pseudopregnancy. Electrolytic lesions of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) or electrical stimulation of the dorsomedial-ventromedial areas (DMN-VMN) of the hypothalamus also induce pseudopregnancies. This study was designed to determine if these pseudopregnancies are also characterized by the biphasic pattern of PRL secretion. Bilateral electrolytic lesions were placed in the MPOA on the morning of either estrus or the 14th day after ovariectomy. Both experimental models had nocturnal (0500 h) but no diurnal (1900 h) surges of PRL on the second day after placement of the lesion. Shamlesioned rats had neither surge. When both surges were initiated by CS on proestrus, placement of the lesion on estrus blocked the diurnal but not the nocturnal surge of PRL. These data suggest that the MPOA possesses neurons which...
Evidence for strain compensation in stabilizing epitaxial growth of highly doped germanium

We report on a study of the epitaxial phase diagram of Co- and Mn-doped Ge(001) magnetic semiconductors. Complementary doping using dopants from different groups of elements can compensate for the effects of lattice strain caused by the doping species. Reducing lattice mismatch with the Ge host has been shown to be the key to stabilizing epitaxial growth and suppressing phase separation at higher doping levels. Applying this approach to other multidopant systems opens new prospects for tailoring highly doped electronic materials.
An evaluation of fracture mechanics quarter-point displacement techniques used for computing stress intensity factors

Engineers have made extensive efforts to predict cracking which is inherent in most structural systems. This paper evaluates two nodal displacement methods used for prediction of cracking in massive concrete structures. The methods are based on linear elastic fracture mechanics principles because the object of the research is massive concrete structures. The methods evaluated are the displacement correlation technique and the quarter-point displacement technique and must be implemented through the use of quarter-point elements (QPE). Since assumptions exist in development of the method for computing stress intensity factors, it is necessary to quantify the effects of these assumptions for use with QPEs of different sizes. Four different problems with closed form solutions are analyzed using five different meshes around the crack tip. Results from these analyses are used to draw conclusions regarding the ability of nodal displacement methods to predict stress intensity factors of cracks.
Psychological well-being and sociocultural adaptation in college-aged, repatriated, missionary kids

A growing body of literature suggests that children of international missionaries (missionary kids; MKs) struggle with repatriation and have lower levels of well-being than non-MK peers. Unfortunately, many of these reports provide only frequency or bivariate-level data, fail to report the magnitude of differences or problems, and are not theoretically driven. We responded to these needs with a multivariate comparison of 63 MKs and 63 university students (with no expatriation history) from a Christian university. Results indicated significant differences between the MK and university student samples on measures of psychological well-being and sociocultural adaptation. Moreover, a mediated model, with sociocultural adaptation as a mediator between psychological well-being and MK status, was supported. MK supporters, such as recipient universities, mission-sending organisations, and the Christian fraternity Mu Kappa may be able to assist with some of the sociocultural adaptation challenges identified (e.g. ...
Photo-oxidation of polyhydroxyl molecules on TiO2 surfaces: from hole scavenging to light-induced self-assembly of TiO2-cyclodextrin wires.

First-principles calculations are carried out to study photo-oxidation of glucose, as a prototype of polyhydroxyl carbohydrates and alcohols, on ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ surfaces. We reveal the microscopic mechanisms for the separation and transfer of photogenerated electrons and holes at the ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$-molecule interface as detailed from hole trapping, deprotonation, to the formation of an electron-hole recombination center. These revealed mechanisms further lead to the understanding of the light-induced self-assembly mechanism for ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$-cyclodextrin nanowires.
X Elyhordeum Iowense, a new intergeneric hybrid in the triticeae

The "generic" name X Elyhordeum is used for hybrids between various species of Elymus and Hordeum. It has recently been reviewed by Bowden (Canad. J. Bot. 36: 101-123. 1958) who listed eight hybrids. The plants discussed below conform to the generic description of X Elyhordeum. They have the general aspect of Hordeum jubatum L., with which they grow. A specimen was brought in for identification by Mr. Charles Crane, a student in Ames High School, who found the stand. In their fragile rachis, spikelet triads, and slender awns, the plants are similar to Hordeum jubatum, but are sterile. They occur along the grassy road ditch of a, gravelled county road, adjacent to a cornfield in the vicinity of Ames. These apparent hybrids were first seen by me in September, 1964, and have been observed repeatedly since. At least 75 of the plants have been counted along 300 m of the roadside. They occur in the road ditch, in dense turf with such species as Poa pratensis L., Spartina pectinata Link, and Calamagrostis canadensis (MVlichx.) Beauv. Scattered plants of Elymus canadensis L. and a few dicotyledonous herbs are also present. This roadside, like all others in the county, has been repeatedly sprayed with herbicides over a period of years, and the vegetation consisted primarily of grasses. At each point where clumps of the hybrids were observed, Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. and Hordeum jubatum also grew. No trees were present in the immediate vicinity, and from the soil type and topography, it is possible to determine that the original vegetation was prarie. The occurrence of Elymus villosus in such an open habitat is unusual, since this is largely a woodland species. These hybrids are completely sterile and can spread only by the gradual stooling of the clumps. Since the plants are distributed over about 300 m of roadside and occur on both sides of a gravelled road, it is very unlikely that they are the products of a single isolated hybridization, propagated by vegetative spread. In observing the habitat, I found hybrids only immediately adjacent to both parents. Clumps of all sizes and apparent ages can be found, from those consisting of only one or two. culms to vigorous individuals as much as 20 cm across at the base and with many inflorescences. It seems evident, therefore, that this cross occurs readily and repeatedly at this site and that the hybrids establish adjacent to the parents. This. particular hybridization has not been reported before, and we have no indication from Iowa herbarium specimens that it occurs elsewhere in the state. Since theparents cross so freely at this location, the genetic barriers between these parental species must be weak. However, the habitats occupied by Hordeum jubatum and Elymus villosus are very different, and these species may not ordinarily cross because of their ecological differences. Hordeum jubatum usually occupies disturbed roadsides and overgrazed pastures, whereas E. villosus is almost universally foundc
Investigation of laser ablation plume dynamics by high-resolution time-resolved atomic absorption spectroscopy

Abstract The dynamics of neutral and singly ionized strontium, produced as minor components in the laser ablation of amorphous calcium carbonate (chalk), have been investigated by space- and time-resolved atomic absorption spectroscopy. Absorption of a probe beam from a single-frequency cw dye laser was used to monitor the subject species at 420.7 nm (ion) and 460.7 nm (neutral). Results including time-resolved absorption profiles, energy distributions and the effect of a cover gas are presented and discussed.
Pharmacokinetics and cancer chemotherapy

When considering a specific application of pharmacokinetics, a major consideration must be some of the other relevant aspects of the area. We will begin with a few general considerations of cancer chemotherapy in order to set the stage for the role of pharmacokinetics. This will consist of a brief description of cell kinetics and some of the biochemical events involved in cancer chemotherapy followed by a discussion of some aspects of local tissue and cell uptake of drugs. Finally, the combination of cell kinetics and pharmacokinetics will specifically focus on some recent efforts to model this behavior and compare the results with experiment. Many of these topics have not been extensively synthesized into a working quantitative description of cancer chemotherapy, especially for clinical applications. It is hoped that the description of, and references to, these areas will provide a basis for future work.
A Comparison of Distribution Between Simultaneously or Sequentially Delivered Antegrade/Retrograde Blood Cardioplegia

Commercially available cardioplegia delivery systems now allow for antegrade (aortic root, coronary ostia, saphenous vein graft) perfusion to occur either sequentially or simultaneous with retrograde (coronary sinus) perfusion. This study was designed to compare the total flow and local distribution of sequential versus simultaneous antegrade/retrograde cardioplegia delivery. Methods: Explanted human hearts diagnosed with idiopathic cardiomyopathy underwent a cold cardioplegic arrest and bicaval cardiectomy. Thirty-seven degree centigrade blood cardioplegia containing colored microspheres was then delivered antegrade (red color) at a pressure of 80 mmHg or retrograde (blue color) at a pressure of 40 mmHg. In the sequential group (n = 6), cardioplegia was delivered antegrade and then retrograde for 2 minutes, respectively. For the simultaneous group (n = 6), cardioplegia was delivered both antegrade and retrograde for 2 minutes. The ventricular myocardium was then sampled at 12 representative sites to determine regional cardioplegic flow. Results: Mean total cardioplegia delivery/minute was 0.69 ± 0.62 mL/g per minute for sequential cardioplegia, and 0.46 ± 0.19 mL/g per minute for simultaneous cardioplegia (p > 0.05, NS). At the 12 ventricular sites sampled, mean regional cardioplegic flow (mL/g per min) was in general slightly greater for sequential delivery. However, this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05, NS). Conclusion: The data suggest that there may be a slight advantage in total cardioplegia delivery and regional cardioplegia delivery when using sequential rather than simultaneous cardioplegia delivery. However, this difference was not statistically significant and is likely not of clinical significance. Therefore, we would recommend using either sequential or simultaneous antegrade/retrograde cardioplegia based upon whichever technique facilitates the conduct of the individual operation.