cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The myth of an AIDS free world

Control isn’t the same as eradication Two events here in Washington, DC, have got me thinking about HIV and AIDS. The first was a revival of Larry Kramer’s searing 1985 AIDS play The Normal Heart , which I saw recently. The second was the widely publicised 19th International AIDS Conference, held here at the end of July.1 Watching The Normal Heart I was reminded how grim things were in the early 1980s. Set in New York City, the play follows its hero, the gay activist Ned Weeks (a thinly disguised alter ego of the author), as he rants and raves about the unknown plague that is killing dozens and then hundreds of gay men every month. No one will listen, even fellow members of his activist organisation. Another major character is a physician who is caring for the dying men, basically serving as a palliative care doctor because she can isolate no pathogen and has no effective treatments. The city health department won’t pay attention, and the government won’t sponsor enough research to find the cause and its cure. It is a …
Twist: A Regulator of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Lung Fibrosis

Background Several studies have implicated viral infection as an important factor in the pathogenesis of IPF and related fibrotic lung disorders. Viruses are thought to cause epithelial cell injury and promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process whereby differentiated epithelial cells undergo transition to a mesenchymal phenotype, and considered a source of fibroblasts in the setting of lung injury. We have demonstrated an association between the epithelial injury caused by chronic herpes virus infection with the murine gamma-herpes virus, MHV68, and lung fibrosis. We hypothesize that EMT in this model of virus-induced pulmonary fibrosis is driven by the expression of the transcription factor Twist. Methods/findings In vitro MHV68 infection of murine lung epithelial cells induced expression of Twist, and mesenchymal markers. Stable overexpression of Twist promoted EMT in MLE15 lung epithelial cells. Transient knockdown expression of Twist resulted in preservation of epithelial phenotype after in vitro MHV68 infection. In concordance, high expression of Twist was found in lung epithelial cells of MHV68 infected mice, but not in mock infected mice. Alveolar epithelial cells from lung tissue of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients were strongly positive for Twist. These cells demonstrated features of EMT with low expression of E-cadherin and upregulation of the mesenchymal marker N-cadherin. Finally, IPF tissue with high Twist protein levels was also positive for the herpesvirus, EBV. Conclusions/significance We conclude that Twist contributes to EMT in the model of virus-induced pulmonary fibrosis. We speculate that in some IPF cases, gamma-herpes virus infection with EBV might be a source of injury precipitating EMT through the expression of Twist.
Aging and the Perception of Illness

The purpose of these studies is to learn more about how aging and illness are perceived by assessing cognitive and emotional representations of illness, coping behaviors and perceived efficacy of coping behavior. Age-related differences were found in emotional representations of illnesses, and in expectations of coping ability. Older participants also tended to dichotomize rather than dimensionalize their responses. An open-ended interview on self-aging indicated universal and individual symptoms of aging.
An Engineering Flight-Test Course Emphasizing Flight Mechanics Concepts

To provide real-world experience for aeronautical engineering students at the U.S. Naval Academy, a flight-test engineering course was developed and implemented. The course used flights both in an actual aircraft and in a motion-based simulator. Cost, scheduling, manpower, and safety were the principal considerations in obtaining approval. Cost was contained by using a rented aircraft and limiting the course enrollment to 12 students. The availability of an experienced pilot in the chosen aircraft also contributed to cost containment. Data acquisition was accomplished using handheld and standard onboard instrumentation. Selecting benign flight-test profiles contributed to safety
The effects of single-sex compared with coeducational schooling on mathematics and science achievement: Data from Korea

Some U.S. school districts are experimenting with single-sex schooling, hoping that it will yield better academic outcomes for students. Empirical research on the effects of single-sex schooling, however, has been equivocal, with various studies finding benefits, disadvantages, or no effect. Most of this research is marred because families generally choose whether the child attends a single-sex or coeducational school, so there are selection effects that create pre-existing differences between students in the different types of schools. The research reported here capitalized on the case of Korea, where students are randomly assigned to single-sex or coeducational schools. Using 2007 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) data, we applied hierarchical linear modeling to account for the nesting of students within schools. Results for eighth graders indicated no differences between students in single-sex and coeducational schools in mathematics and science achievement. Results from the 2003 TIMSS data replicated the finding: students' mathematics and science achievement was unrelated to the gender composition of their school. These results call into question whether single-sex schooling has the academic advantages claimed by its proponents.
Determination of Trace Perchlorate in High-Salinity Water Samples by Ion Chromatography with On-Line Preconcentration and Preelution

A simple, automated system for the determination of trace perchlorate by ion chromatography (IC) with an online preconcentration technique is reported. The sample is preconcentrated, and less strongly held ions preeluted before the analyte is transferred to the principal separation system. This approach provides low limits of detection (LOD) and is particularly robust toward the effect of high concentrations of common anions, such as those present in groundwater samples. It compares favorably with currently promulgated EPA method 314.0. The LOD (S/N = 3) is 0.77 μg/L for a 2-mL reagent water sample and decreases more-or-less proportionately with increasing sample volume, at least up to 20 mL. Even with a sample of conductivity 14.7 mS/cm (approximately that of 0.1 M Na2SO4), the recovery of added perchlorate at the 25.0 μg/L level was still 92%. The concentration of added perchlorate in the range of 1−400 μg/L was linearly correlated to the peak area, with an r2 value of 0.9997. The recovery of perchlorat...
Ordered and disordered systems in order

Nuclear Magnetism: Order and Disorder. By A. Abragam and M. Goldman. Pp.626. ISBN 0-19-851294-5. (Oxford University Press: 1982.) £45, $69.
HLA antigens in familial Hodgkin's disease

In a study of 13 families prone to Hodgkin's disease, the probands showed significant excesses of the HLA antigens Bw35 (7 cases) and Bw37 (3 cases). Although based on a small number of patients, the results suggest that immunogenetic mechanisms account at least partly for the familial predisposition to Hodgkin's disease.
Structural load monitoring of the RV Triton using fiber optic sensors

This paper describes the installation and testing of a large-scale fiber optic sensor network on the British Trimaran Research Vessel (RV) Triton. In this on-going project with the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division (NSWCCD) and the British Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (formerly DERA), Systems Planning and Analysis, Inc. (SPA) recently completed the installation and at-sea testing of an integrated hardware/software structural monitoring system for rough sea trial testing of the RV Triton. This paper describes a fiber optic Bragg grating sensor network comprising of 51 sensors, the interrogation system, and the processing algorithms used to simultaneously record strain data at both high- and low-speed frequencies, including triggering of the high-speed channels. This paper also details the sensor layout and installation process with emphasis on lessons learned during this procedure. The test procedure and sample data results are presented. Finally, conclusions are drawn from our experience and recommendations are given for future large-scale installations of optical sensing systems.
Impurity Scattering in Dilute Silver Alloys

Phase shifts that describe the scattering of conduction electrons by impurity atoms incorporated substitutionally in a silver lattice have been deduced from experimental Dingle-temperature data. The results are consistent with a Friedel model of the electronic structures of the impurity states.
Further studies on the inhibition of adenosine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes by adenosine derivatives and methylxanthines

Abstract 1. 1. Various adenosine derivatives, methylxanthines and other compounds were tested for their abilities to inhibit the rapid uptake of adenosine by rat cerebral cortical synaptosomes. 2. 2. Several pharmacologically potent derivatives of adenosine were weak inhibitors of uptake with IC 20 values in excess of 10 −5 M. Derivatives in this category were adenosine-5′-N-ethylcarboxamide, adenosine-5′-cyclopropylcarboxamide, N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine, l -N 6 -phenylisopropyladenosine, 1-methylisoguanosine, 2-phenylaminoadenosine and 5-iodotubercidin. 3. 3. Several methylxanthines were very weak inhibitors of adenosine uptake. These included pentoxifylline, n-hexyltheophylline, n-butyltheobromine, and isoamyltheobromine. 4. 4. HL 725, a pyrimido-isoquinoline with potent phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity, inhibited adenosine uptake with an IC 20 of 2.0 × 10 −6 M. 5. 5. PK 11195, a putative ligand for the peripheral benzodiazepine binding site did not alter uptake at a concentration of 10 −4 M.
Reduced pesticide programme for peach based on tree phenology

Abstract A variable reduced-rate pesticide programme was compared with a full-rate pesticide programme for the control of insects and diseases on peach during a 2-year study. Rates of insecticides and fungicides in the reduced programme were 25, 50 and 100% of full recommended rates on an a.i. ha −1 basis at 0–30, 31–90 and >90 days after full bloom, respectively. The reduced programme provided similar control of green peach aphid, oriental fruit moth, catfacing insects, peach scab and brown rot to that of the full-rate programme, with 51% less pesticide. The reduced programme is proposed as a means to make spray deposit on the target more uniform throughout the season, while maintaining effective insect and disease control with less pesticide.
Skill Development in Graduate Education

The process of training new PhDs is complex and has significant dropout rates associated with loss of financial and time investments by the student, mentor, and program. One approach to improve graduate education is to make explicit the skills students need to develop and to put in place mechanisms to develop those skills.
Some applications of fibre pullout analyses

On etend l'analyse de l'arrachement de fibre a l'etude du deplacement de l'ouverture des fissures et au deplacement axial additionnel dans des composites ceramiques renforces de fibres
A surface cluster algorithm for the U(1) quantum link model

Abstract We discuss the implementation in continuous time of a cluster algorithm for the quantum link model for U (1) gauge theory (a d + 1 dimensional D-theory). Clusters in this quantum link model are 2 d surfaces, and the algorithm is seen to be a generalization of the 1 d loop cluster algorithms for spin models. Problems sampling different winding number sectors are discussed.
Regions of Sex-Specific Hypo- and Hyper-recombination Identified through Integration of 180 Genetic Markers into the Metric Physical Map of Human Chromosome 19

The order of and physical distance between 180 polymorphic markers, many from the Genethon and CHLC genetic maps, have been determined through inclusion of probe-positive cosmids in the metric physical map of human chromosome 19. The markers incorporated into the physical map include 38 genetic markers with heterozygosities of > 0.8 and approximately 120 markers with heterozygosities of > 0.60. The average distance between markers in this integrated map is approximately 320 kb. Clustering of markers is noted in several regions of the chromosome; only 11 intervals exist where the distance between markers is greater than 1 Mb, with the largest gap being 1.6 Mb. The ratio of sex-average genetic distance from the Genethon and CHLC genetic linkage maps to physical distance in the metric map is approximately 1.7 cM/Mb for the entire chromosome but ranges from 4 cM/Mb across the telomeric bands to 1 cM/Mb for the centromeric cytogenetic bands. The recombination distance in males is approximately twice that of females in the most telomeric bands but is only 10-25% of the activity observed in females in the more centromeric bands. Seven regions along the chromosome are noted where the recombination distance between markers in one sex is greater than 10 times the recombination distance in the other sex. The integration of genetic markers into the high-resolution physical map of human chromosome 19 provides a framework for isolation of disease genes and resources for studies of genome organization, such as regions of interesting recombinational activity.
A quality assurance method for analyzing and verifying intensity modulated fields.

A quality assurance method is developed for measuring, verifying and analyzing intensity modulated radiation fields. It is applicable for rotational and fixed-beam intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT)treatments. A gantry-mount device was constructed to measure the transmission dose of an IMRT field using radiographicfilms. A double-exposure technique with optimal kernel estimate method was developed to minimize the errors from measurements. A χ 2 confidence level test method was developed to detect the discrepancies between measured and prescribed IMRT fluence distributions. Our method was tested for rotational and fixed-beam IMRTtreatment verifications. The method was found insensitive to the hardware-related parameters for rotational and fixed-beam IMRTdeliveries. The χ 2 confidence level test was found to be more sensitive than linear correlation method in detecting relative small errors for cases with a few segments or narrow regions of interest. In conclusion, we demonstrated a quantitative method for verifying and analyzing IMRTtreatmentdeliveries.
Freezing damage to bovine cream indicated by release of enzymes.

When washed cream was frozen slowly and thawed, some breaking of the emulsion occurred and on centrifugation a pellet, mostly membrane material, was obtained. Xanthine oxidase and alkaline phosphatase were present in this pellet, but little enzyme activity was found in the aqueous phase. The maln effect of slow freezing was to force the fat globules together so that alteration and redistribution of the membranes could occur, and, on thawing, fat could coalesce. Rapid freezing on the other hand distributed fat globules more evenly so that less coalescence could occur on thawing.
Use and availability of tree and shrub resources on Maasai communal rangelands near Amboseli, Kenya.

Use of plant resources is critical in understanding resource dependence among poor rural communities. This study investigated use of tree and shrub resources by a local Maasai community, through discussions and a questionnaire. Twenty-four tree and shrub species were utilised for four main purposes: medicinal, fencing, firewood and shelter. These uses were mainly confined to four key species: Acacia mellifera, Acacia xanthophloea, Acacia tortilis and Balanites glabra. Ethno-medicine was the most common use and required smaller quantities of plant materials, followed by firewood and fencing. Construction of shelter was the least of the uses, requiring specific plant resources. The purposes of use, frequency of utilisation and quantities consumed were species-dependent. Though generally common and accessible, plant resource availability and proximity varied among species. The community felt there was a decline in tree and shrub cover due to charcoal burning, land use changes — particularly agricultural expa...
Analytic solutions for nonsingular Coulomb potentials

A series of nonsingular Coulomb potentials is found that admits exact analytic solutions. The form of the potentials is {ital V}{prime}={minus}{ital Ze}{sup 2}/({ital r}+{ital a}) with specific choices for the cutoff parameter {ital a}, which does not have the troublesome singularity at {ital r}=0 but retains the long-range feature of the Coulomb interaction. Determination of the parameter {ital a} and construction of the analytic solutions are discussed in detail. Applications to laser-induced dressing of atomic states are considered.
The Coping Cat Program for Anxious Youth: The FEAR Plan Comes to Life

Abstract Manual-based treatments (therapist manuals, child workbooks) exist for the treatment of anxiety disorders in youth. The current article describes a cognitive-behavioral treatment program, Coping Cat, for childhood anxiety, with an emphasis on its flexible application and implementation as well as video components to demonstrate aspects of the program. The Coping Cat program, in the context of a favorable working relationship, uses relaxation, cognitive restructuring, problem-solving, and exposure tasks to help youth learn to identify and cope with their anxious arousal. Video components and case vignettes are used to bring life to the organizational framework used in the program: the FEAR plan. The FEAR plan, which provides youth with an acronym to recall their acquired skills, is defined and illustrated. Recommendations for the flexible application of the manual-based treatment of anxious youth are provided.
Nets with reciprocity bias

The random net is modified by the introduction of a finite probability that an arbitrarily selected axon is reciprocated. The resulting distribution of convergence orders is compared with the corresponding distribution for random nets (the Poisson distribution). It is shown that for small values of the bias the terms of the distribution near the modal term (within a range equal to the square root of the axon density) at first increase as the bias increases, while the remaining terms decrease. The modal term itself is shown to increase monotonically with the bias throughout the whole range of the bias. In some special cases, the general behavior of the terms is calculated for the whole range of the bias. Some implications are discussed related to the statistical properties of sociograms.
Developmentally distinct activities of the exocyst enable rapid cell elongation and determine meristem size during primary root growth in Arabidopsis

Exocytosis is integral to root growth: trafficking components of systems that control growth (e.g., PIN auxin transport proteins) to the plasma membrane, and secreting materials that expand the cell wall to the apoplast. Spatiotemporal regulation of exocytosis in eukaryotes often involves the exocyst, an octameric complex that tethers selected secretory vesicles to specific sites on the plasma membrane and facilitates their exocytosis. We evaluated Arabidopsis lines with mutations in four exocyst components (SEC5, SEC8, EXO70A1 and EXO84B) to explore exocyst function in primary root growth. The mutants have root growth rates that are 82% to 11% of wild-type. Even in lines with the most severe defects, the organization of the quiescent center and tissue layers at the root tips appears similar to wild-type, although meristematic, transition, and elongation zones are shorter. Reduced cell production rates in the mutants are due to the shorter meristems, but not to lengthened cell cycles. Additionally, mutants demonstrate reduced anisotropic cell expansion in the elongation zone, but not the meristematic zone, resulting in shorter mature cells that are similar in shape to wild-type. As expected, hypersensitivity to brefeldin A links the mutant root growth defect to altered vesicular trafficking. Several experimental approaches (e.g., dose–response measurements, localization of signaling components) failed to identify aberrant auxin or brassinosteroid signaling as a primary driver for reduced root growth in exocyst mutants. The exocyst participates in two spatially distinct developmental processes, apparently by mechanisms not directly linked to auxin or brassinosteroid signaling pathways, to help establish root meristem size, and to facilitate rapid cell expansion in the elongation zone.
Positive Pattern Formation and its Mechanism from Ionic bonded Negative Photosensitive Polyimide

We found positive pattern formation by ionic bonded photo-sensitive polyimide (PSPI). The PSPI is composed of poly(amic acid), photo-reactive tertiary amine (such as N.N-dimethylaminoethylacrylate), and photo-initiator. The PSPI basically has negative photo-sensitivity. However, we found that positive pattern formation from the PSPI when adding a post-exposure bake (PEB) about 120-140 °C. By adding PEB, imidization rate of unexposure area of PSPI is higher than that of exposed area. High imidizaiton of unexposed area of PSPI makes hard to solubule to alkaline solution. The imidization rate difference attributes to glass transition temperature difference between exposed area and unexposed area.
Acute central cervical cord syndrome caused by minor trauma

tests for bacteria which grow aerobically. Villanova: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 1983:1-11 12. Wehrli W. Rifampin: mechanisms of action and resistance. Rev Infect Dis 1983;5:$407-11 13. The Meningococcal Disease Surveillance Group. Analysis of endemic meningoeoccal disease by serogroup and evaluation of chemoprophylaxis. J Infect Dis 1976;134:201-4 14. Khuri-Bulos N. Meningococcal meningitis following rifampin prophylaxis. Am J Dis Child 1973;126:689-91
E.P.R. calculations by the eigenfield method

(1975). E.P.R. calculations by the eigenfield method. Molecular Physics: Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 1925-1933.
Dynamics and control of cable-drogue system in aerial recovery of Micro Air Vehicles based on Gauss's Principle

This paper presents a new concept for aerial recovery of Micro Air Vehicles (ARMAVs) using a large mothership and a recovery drogue. The mothership drags a drogue attached to a cable and the drogue is controlled to match the flight patten of the MAV. This paper uses Gauss's Principle to derive the dynamic model of the cable-drogue systems. A controllable drogue plays a key role in recovering MAVs in windy conditions.We develop a control approach for the drogue using its drag coefficient. Simulation results based on multi-link cable-drogue systems present the feasibility of the aerial recovery concept and the controllability of the drogue.
Sequential Sampling for Estimation and Classification of the Incidence of Hop Powdery Mildew II: Cone Sampling

Gent, D. H., Turechek, W. W., and Mahaffee, W. F. 2007. Sequential sampling for estimation and classification of the incidence of hop powdery mildew II: Cone sampling. Plant Dis. 91:10131020. Sequential sampling models for estimation and classification of the incidence of powdery mildew (caused by Podosphaera macularis) on hop (Humulus lupulus) cones were developed using parameter estimates of the binary power law derived from the analysis of 221 transect data sets (model construction data set) collected from 41 hop yards sampled in Oregon and Washington from 2000 to 2005. Stop lines, models that determine when sufficient information has been collected to estimate mean disease incidence and stop sampling, for sequential estimation were validated by bootstrap simulation using a subset of 21 model construction data sets and simulated sampling of an additional 13 model construction data sets. Achieved coefficient of variation (C) approached the prespecified C as the estimated disease incidence, p , increased, although achieving a C of 0.1 was not possible for data sets in which p < 0.03 with the number of sampling units evaluated in this study. The 95% confidence interval of the median difference
English and the Language of Others

Any consideration of English in the context of a literature for Europe prompts the question of whether English can be contained within the paradigm of Europe, whether it could or should ever be restrained from overflowing its edges and boundaries. While English was created from the crucible of European languages, its filiations have long since stretched far beyond the borders of the continent. Close observation of the dynamics of English, and of English Literature, it could be argued, illustrates one reason why contemporary Britain finds it difficult to limit itself to an exclusively European dimension.
Transthoracic percutaneous access for electroanatomic mapping and catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia in patients with a lateral tunnel Fontan.

Background The incidence of atrial tachycardia following Fontan surgery is high, but access to the pulmonary venous atrium, a frequent site of arrhythmia origin, is limited. Objectives The purpose of this study is to report our results with a novel transthoracic percutaneous technique that provides direct access to the pulmonary venous atrium for electrophysiologic procedures. Methods Six transthoracic ablation procedures were performed in five patients (age 1.2–17 years, weight 9.2–68.4 kg) with a lateral tunnel Fontan. Under biplane fluoroscopy, a percutaneous needle was advanced at the selected intercostal space toward the pulmonary venous atrium. Once access was confirmed, a sheath was placed over a wire and a Navistar CARTO catheter advanced for mapping and ablation. Additional catheters were placed in the baffle and esophagus for pacing and reference. Atrial tachycardia was induced, electroanatomic mapping performed, and candidate areas tested with entrainment techniques. Radiofrequency ablation was performed and success defined as the inability to reinduce tachycardia using the initiating protocol. Results All tachycardias were ablated. Procedure time ranged from 3.7 to 4.9 hours, and fluoroscopy time ranged from 31 to 70 minutes. Hospital stay was 2 days. One patient had a pneumothorax and two had a hemothorax that was drained. Tachycardia recurred in one patient at 3 months. Ablation was repeated successfully. Four patients are free of tachycardia at follow-up ranging from 6 to 29 months. Follow-up is not available for one child. Conclusion Transthoracic percutaneous access provided a direct route to the pulmonary venous atrium for successful mapping and radiofrequency ablation in Fontan patients.
Optimizing Nephelometric Measurement of Specific Serum Proteins: Evaluation of Three Diluents

Three diluents were studied, to determine which is the best for the automated immunochemical measurement of specific serum proteins. Nine serum proteins (orosomucoid, α1-antitrypsin, α2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin, transferrin, C3, IgG, IgA, and IgM) were measured in physiological saline (9 g NaCI/liter), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer (0.01 mol/liter; pH 7.4), and physiological saline containing polyethylene glycol ("PEG 6000," 40 g/liter). Criteria were: reaction rate, analysis rate, carryover between samples, steady-state approximation, precision, and correlation with other methods. Saline containing polyethylene giycol is the best of the three diluents for use in continuous-flow nephelometric analysis of serum proteins.
Monitoring photosensitizer concentration by use of a fiber-optic probe with a small source–detector separation

We present a noninvasive method to track the concentration of photodynamic therapy drugs in real time. The method is based on measurements of backscattered and fluorescent light with a steady-state fluorescence spectrometer. The ratio of the fluorescent light to the scattered light is found to be linearly proportional to the absorption coefficient of the photosensitizer. The fiber-optic probe used for the measurements has a small source-detector separation; therefore the measurements could be performed through the working channel of an endoscope.
Pulse time-delay method for geophysical tomography

Geotomography methods are presented for reconstructions of index-of-refraction distributions for time-delay measurements. Two versions of the algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) are compared to the conjugate residual (CR) method with Lagrange multiplier conditioning. The CR method with Lagrange multiplier conditioning provided the best reconstructions for good anomaly boundary definition under noisy conditions. A ray bending model to account for refraction is also used in the reconstructions. Modifications are made in the algorithm to simplify its use and to improve the convergence stability. Two image filters, the two-group minimum-variance partition-average (MVP2-AVE) one and the selective smoothing (SS) one, are used in succession and some of the limitations of each filter are eliminated. This improves the implementation of the filters and the accuracy of the reconstructions. >
Effect of ablation on local activation intervals and dominant frequencies of fibrillation

Activation frequencies of tachyarrhythmias may guide production of high-quality ablation lesions. To examine this in rabbit ventricles, frequencies from bipolar potentials adjacent to a continuous and transmural lesion were analyzed with a time-domain algorithm and FFT. Time-domain analysis produced greater variability among frequencies compared with dominant frequencies from the FFT. With either time-domain or FFT, frequency distributions were different after vs. before ablation. Means of frequencies had equal probability to increase or decrease, while standard deviations decreased after production of a continuous and transmural lesion. Thus, both the time-domain method and FFTs indicate reduced variation of activation frequencies by ablation.
Between a Ball and a Harsh Place A Study of Black Male Community College Student-Athletes and Academic Progress

Objective:This study examined to what extent differences exist in pre-college characteristics and academic performance between Black male student-athletes and their student-athlete peers.Method:Dat...
Role of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids in cerebral ischemia

The human costs of stroke are very large and growing; it is the third largest cause of death in the United States and survivors are often faced with loss of ability to function independently. There is a large need for therapeutic approaches that act to protect neurons from the injury produced by ischemia and reperfusion. The goal of this review is to introduce and discuss the available data that endogenous cannabinoid signaling is altered during ischemia and that it contributes to the consequences of ischemia-induced injury. Overall, the available data suggest that inhibition of CB1 receptor activation together with increased CB2 receptor activation produces beneficial effects.
TUNING PREFERENCES IN RECORDED ORCHESTRAL MUSIC

The purpose of this study was to investigate tuning preferences regarding recorded orchestral music. Specifically, the study was designed to test subjects' tuning preferences while investigating both the direction and magnitude of mistuning. Sixty randomly selected undergraduate and graduate music students modulated a variable speed tape recorder to preferred pitch levels. Stimuli were recorded excerpts of ten orchestral works, each representative of a different key. Subjects listened to the thirty-second excerpts and turned a linear continuous-speed control knob with a pitch range of approximately an augmented fourth. Data consisted of cent deviation scores relative to A = 440 Hz. Results indicated a marked propensity to tune these excerpts sharper than their recorded pitch level. Subjects' responses indicated the mean cent deviation for sharp tunings to be 149.29 cents (approximately 11/2 semi-tones); when tuning flat, the mean deviation was 88.43 cents.
Dietary sugar promotes systemic TOR activation in Drosophila through AKH-dependent selective secretion of Dilp3.

Fruit flies have eight insulin-like peptides (Dilps), whose regulation and function is largely unexplored. Here the authors show that, whereas dietary amino acids promote secretion of Dilp2, sugar-dependent release of the glucagon-related hormone AKH drives Dilp3 secretion.
The Role of Surface Energy on Thermal Shock of Ceramic Materials

The thermal shock resistance of a material is a measure of three energies associated with the material, i.e., the elastic strain energy, the energy associated with the formation of new surfaces (surface energy), and the kinetic energy associated with the formation and growth of cracks. Within limits, the work done per unit volume in stressing a material is converted to strain energy where, if Hook’s Law applies: $$SE = \sigma \in /2$$ (1) or, $$SE = E{ \in ^2}/2$$ (2) The limits for a truly elastic material are established when the material is stressed in tension to the level necessary to overcome the energy barrier for creation of a new surface by breaking bonds of atoms lying in a plane of fracture. This barrier is the surface energy, γ, of the material. Griffith1 established a relationship between the surface free energy and the amount of stress, σg (the Griffith stress), necessary to start growth of a crack of half width c: $$\sigma \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 2 \\ g \end{array} = \frac{{2\gamma E}}{{\pi c}}$$ (3)
Fluorescence spectroscopy as a biomarker in a cell culture and in a nonhuman primate model for ovarian cancer chemopreventive agents

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of chemopreventive agents on natural fluorescence emission of ovarian cells in a cell culture and in a primate model as a feasibility trial to monitor drug activity. Methods: Fluorescence emission spectra were collected from normal (NOE) and immortalized ovarian surface epithelial cells at 290, 360, and 450 nm excitation. Redox potentials were calculated and compared to % apoptosis and cell survival. Fluo- rescence emission spectra were collected from 18 female rhesus macaques receiving fenretinide (N-(-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4- HPR)) orally and/or oral contraceptive pills (OCP) or no medication. Fluorescence intensities and redox ratios were compared using a two- tailed Student's t test. Results: Apoptosis and cell survival correlated with fluorescence emission consistent with metabolically active pro- teins (flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(P)H)) and the resulting redox ratio in cells grown with 4-HPR. The 4-HPR consistently inhibited cell survival in a dose dependent manner. Degree of correlation varied between different cell lines. In primates receiving 4-HPR, fluorescence emission was increased at 450 nm excitation, 550 nm emission consistent with FAD presence, whereas those receiving OCP showed decreased emission at 350 nm excitation, 450 nm emission consistent with decreased NAD(P)H presence. Redox ratios were increased by both drugs. Con- clusions: Fluorescence intensity and redox ratio appear to be altered by 4-HPR treatment in vivo and in cell culture and by OCP in vivo. Fluorescence intensity may be useful to monitor chemopreventive agents in clinical trials. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
A Corresponding States equation for saturated liquid densities. II. Applications to the calculation of swelling factors of CO2—crude oil systems

In an earlier article, a Corresponding States Method was presented for predicting the saturated liquid densities of both pure components and mixtures. The method is based on the known saturated liquid densities of two reference fluids and requires the critical properties and acentric factors of the pure components as input parameters. We use the method here to calculate the swelling factors of CO2-crude oil mixtures using CO2 and n-dodecane as the reference fluids. The critical properties and acentric factors of the crude oils were estimated from their API gravities and Watson K-factors. Using only one adjustable coefficient to characterize each CO2-crude oil system, swelling factors were calculated to within 0.5% of their experimental values. The single, adjustable coefficient is linearly related to the boiling point of the crude.
The Policy Sciences of Development

These first three volumes of a promising series are strong evidence that the policy sciences of development are beginning to emerge as an identifiable problem-oriented frame of reference, intersecting every specialized field of knowledge. The goals of development are gaining clarity; the historical perspective deepens; the interdependence of conditioning factors is better understood; the probable lines of future growth are more fully projected; and the invention and evaluation of policies designed to maximize or at least to achieve minimum results are forging ahead. The editors of each volume have woven theory and data into coherent patterns, and many essays—such as the chapters by Marx, Riggs, Lerner, and Pool—are sharply centered on the hitherto underdeveloped topics with which they come to grips. The Almond-Coleman model of political development lurks meaningfully in the wings.
Hypoxia does not promote naphthalene bioaccumulation in the brown shrimp, Penaeus aztecus

Since increased ventilation is known to be a common strategy used by aquatic animals to cope with hypoxia, we tested in present study the hypothesis that hypoxia can promote the bioaccumulation of naphthalene, a representative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), in Penaeus aztecus, a penaeid shrimp subject to hypoxia and PAH contamination in the northern Gulf of Mexico. For each of the two naphthalene concentrations, five groups of shrimps were, respectively, subjected to five different conditions, namely, clean seawater under normoxia, seawater containing acetone under normoxia and hypoxia, and seawater containing 10 or 250 μg/L naphthalene under normoxia and hypoxia. Our results suggest that hypoxia does not significantly alter naphthalene bioaccumulation in either the gills or the hepatopancreas of P. aztecus. The absence of a promoting effect of hypoxia on naphthalene bioaccumulation is attributed to the increased disposition of naphthalene when the shrimps are subjected to hypoxia.
Management of Complications of Microdermabrasion and Dermabrasion

Fortunately, complications following microdermabrasion and dermabrasion are rare when performed properly.
Applications of Molecular Beams to Problems in Rarefied Gas Dynamics

In classical aerodynamics the air is considered as a continuum and its flow characteristics are described by the equations of fluid mechanics. From the standpoint of kinetic theory, the validity of these equations is based on the physical assumption that the behavior of the fluid is determined almost exclusively by the interactions between the individual molecules and only to a very minor, generally negligible, ex tent by the interaction between molecules and solid boundaries. Another expression of this physical situation is contained in the statement that under the conditions encountered in classical fluid mechanics, the mean free paths between individual molecules is very small compared with the dimensions of the bodies in contact with the fluid. If, however, the density of the gas is gradually being decreased to reach such values as, for instance, exist in tne upper atmosphere, the mean free path which is inversely proportional to the density will gradually increase until the condition mentioned above is no longer valid. We are then reaching the regime known as rarefied gas dynamics, which is characterized by a mean free path λ between the molecules of the gas of the same order or even larger than the critical dimension d of the system. The ratio between this mean free path λ and the characteristic dimension K=λ/d, commonly called the Knudsen number, divides gas dynamics into the various flow regimes, values of K 10 free molecular flow, and intermediate values the re gions commonly called slip and transition flow. In this series of lectures we will be concerned only with the regions of very large K's, that is with free molecular flow, also called Knudsen flow. In this flow regime individual molecules will make many collisions with the solid walls bordering on the system before they will have a chance to collide with one another. As a result, the flow characteristics are determined by the interactions between solid surfaces and gas molecules while the continuum quantities such as viscosity and heat conductivity lose their importance.
Topology Optimization for Heat Conduction Applications

The paper describes a topology optimization procedure to obtain optimal structures which maximize a chosen quantity of interest (QoI). Conduction heat transfer is assumed to govern the underlying physics. The numerical solution is performed using a finite volume formulation. The computational domain is divided into structured quadrilateral or hexahedral cells. Associated with each cell is a design variable that is intended to be driven to a binary value of either 0 or 1. The binary value determines which of two materials fill the cell. Thus the optimization problem seeks to find a structure, i.e., a spatial distribution of the design variable that maximizes a global QoI under specified constraints. A gradient-based optimization technique is developed within the framework of the finite volume formulation. We demonstrate the efficacy of the technique using a variety of test cases specifically for conduction heat transfer applications. The underlying procedure is, however, applicable to more general problems involving fluid flow and convective thermal transport as well as other physics.© 2014 ASME
Nonselective β-Blockers and Survival in Patients With Cirrhosis and Ascites: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background & Aims Nonselective β-blockers (NSBBs), given to reduce the risk of variceal bleeding, have been associated with increased mortality in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites in some, but not all, studies. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of NSBBs on all-cause mortality in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Methods We performed a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases through January 2015, supplemented with a manual search. Trial-specific risk ratios (RRs) were pooled using the random-effects model. Results Our analysis included 3 randomized control trials and 8 observational studies of propranolol, carvedilol, nadolol, and metoprolol, reporting 1206 deaths among 3145 patients with ascites. The control groups received other interventions to prevent variceal bleeding. NSBB use was not associated with increased all-cause mortality in all patients with ascites (RR, 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67–1.35); nonrefractory ascites alone (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.50–1.82), or refractory ascites alone (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.57–1.61). Results were similar in randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Use of NSBBs was not associated with increased mortality at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Overall, the included studies had a medium to high risk of bias, except for 3 clinical trials in which the risk of biased was determined to be low. Conclusions The use of NSBBs was not associated with a significant increase in all-cause mortality in patients with cirrhosis and ascites or refractory ascites. Certainty in the available estimates is low; a randomized trial of only patients with ascites is needed to answer this question. This meta-analysis does not support the position that NSBBs routinely be withheld from patients with ascites.
The Value of Product Innovation in a Mature Industry: A Natural Experiment in the DRAM Industry

How much do R&D units for product innovation affect performance in a mature industry? Industry evolution literature predicts that opportunities for product innovation deplete over time and process ...
680 Hospital Readmission for Fluid and Electrolyte Abnormalities Following Ileostomy Construction: Preventable or Unpredictable?

Background Ileostomy creation has complications, including rehospitalization for fluid and electrolyte abnormalities. Although studies have identified predictors of this morbidity, readmission rates remain high.
SIMULTANEOUS DATA SYSTEM FOR INSTRUMENTING THE SHELF

A system, designed to give maximum flexibility and portability, has been developed to collect wave, current and other physical data within the dynamic environment from the surf zone to the edge of the shelf. The system consists of a radio-linked shore station, housed in a mobile van and as many as six shelf stations mounted in bottom referencing spars. A shelf station can be deployed from a small boat with minimum diver time. The ease of deployment of the shelf stations coupled with the mobile self-contained shore station, allows the use of a modern data acquisition system, and rapid deployment of sensors, for the field study of remote coastal areas. Each of the shelf stations is designed to accomodate as many as fifteen sensors. All simultaneous sensor outputs are digitized and transmitted by radio to the mobile shore station, where the received signals are processed and selected for recording on strip charts or digital magnetic tapes for computer analyses. Very high sampling rates and a real time system are used to insure precise time correlation between all data channels including those from separate shelf stations. A single shelf station would transmit data from an array of wave sensors, thus providing continuous wave climate including the two dimensional wave spectra. Some different combinations of shelf station ensembles are shown.
Immunochemical detection of cell cycle synchronization in a human erythroid cell line, K562

Cells of the human erythroleukemic line K562 can be manipulated by culture conditions to arrest within the G1 phase of synchronously after release from G1. Cell cultures subjected to serum deprivation and hydroxyurea (HU) treatment demonstrated less than 5% of the cells to be in S phase. Four hours after release from HU, 63% of the cells were in S phase, as detected by immunofluorescence. This protocol offers a method for synchronization of K562 cells at the G1/S border and a technique for detection of S-phase cells without the use of radioisotopes or flow cytometry instrumentation.
Duality Theory In Multiobjective Differentiable Programming

Abstract In this paper, a Mond-Weir type dual is considered for a multiobjective n n-linear programming problem with inequality and equality constraints. Both the primal and the dual have the same objective function. Weak and strong duality theorems are established along the lines of classical nonlinear programming. This is done under various (relaxed) convexity restrictions on the linear combinations of the components of maps describing the constraints and the objective function. Some of the strong duality results are based on necessary conditions for a vector to be a Pareto minimal. These necessary conditions are based on the idea of a convergence vector, a constraint qualification and a theorem of the alternative.