cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Working in the Cafe: Lessons in Group Dialogue.

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to report on findings related to the use of a large group intervention method known as The World Cafe.Design/methodology/approach – The intervention method and its philosophical genesis are described along with lessons learned from observation, personal use, and interviews with cafe participants.Findings – While The World Cafe approach has the potential to make significant contributions to large group knowledge exchange and collective meaning making, it has suffered from being used by inexperienced facilitators and for reasons not well suited to the method. Participants, as a result, have failed to achieve the results expected and in some cases formed negative opinions of a lasting nature about the method and its proponents.Research limitations/implications – The limitations of this paper and its generalizability are framed within the nature of a case study, which is neither a representation of the whole nor a controlled experiment. Every effort has been made to fairly r...
Patterns of convergent and overlapping transcription within the b2 region of coliphage λ

Abstract The central b2 region in the conventional vegetative map of the coliphage λ genome was found to be a unique DNA segment in which two opposingly oriented mRNA syntheses, one originating on the r strand of the left arm and the other on the l strand of the right arm, converge and partially overlap (Figs. 1 and 2). Thus, a segment located to the left of the center of the b2 region, for which no functional genes have been found, appears to act as a buffer zone between the two converging transcriptions, some complementary RNA sequences being produced in the region of overlapping syntheses. The l strand of the b2 region is transcribed early and late after infection or induction. However, there is little or no such transcription upon induction of singly lysogenized bacteria when the excision and circularization of λ are blocked. It appears, therefore, that the l strand transcription of the b2 region does depend on coupling between b2 and the early N- a ′ genes; this link is characteristic of the DNA extracted from phage particles and of the circularized genomes, but is disrupted in the singly lysogenic form of λ, which is cyclicly permuted (Fig. 1). The r strand within the left segment of the b2 region becomes transcribed only late after infection or induction, as if it were coupled to the A-J genes, which are expressed late and transcribed from strand r . When protein synthesis is inhibited by chloramphenicol or when gene N is nonfunctional, the b2 region is not transcribed from either strand of DNA. The possible roles of the b2 region, which constitutes a model system for studying convergent transcriptions, are discussed.
Neuroprotective Drug Gives a Nod to NAD

Abnormal function and death of neurons lie at the heart of many neurodegenerative diseases, as well as conditions such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. No available therapeutics have been proven to prevent or even slow neuronal death in many of these diseases. In 2010, researchers used in vivo screening to identify a new class of molecules, termed aminopropyl carbazoles, which enhanced growth of new nerve cells in the hippocampus of mouse brain. A particular compound from this group, P7C3, was found to be orally bioavailable, and readily crossed the blood-brain barrier and strongly enhanced neurogenesis by preventing death of newborn neurons. Subsequently, it was shown that P7C3 could prevent neuronal death in models of Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury. However, the mechanism of P7C3’s efficacy remained a mystery, hampering further development. To address this mechanistic question, the same group of researchers recently synthesized a derivative of P7C3, which was amenable to photocrosslinking as well as CLICK chemistry. This allowed them to crosslink P7C3 to its protein targets, isolate these covalently-modified proteins, and then identify them using 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Using this method, Wang et al . identified nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) as a key target of P7C3 action. NAMPT is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of the metabolite NAD+, which is critical for neuronal survival and the function of many enzymes, including the neuroprotective sirtuin proteins. A decline in NAMPT function has been implicated in the pathogenesis of aging, and can hasten neuronal death. Wang et al . demonstrated that P7C3 enhanced NAMPT activity and prevented NAD+ depletion and death of cells treated with doxorubicin. This discovery supports the existing data suggesting that bolstering NAD+ production can be neuroprotective, and provides a critical reagent for future research, as well as a drug candidate for human studies. Whereas P7C3 has not yet been tested in humans and may not survive the drug development process, this discovery firmly establishes the NAMPT-NAD+ pathway as a viable and potentially tractable therapeutic target for developing drugs to treat neurodegenerative diseases. G. Wang et al ., P7C3 neuroprotective chemicals function by activating the rate-limiting enzyme in NAD salvage. Cell 158, 1324–34 (2014). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(14)00990-8
Free and membrane-bound polysomes of rat liver: separation in nearly quantitative yield and analysis of structure and function.

Abstract A method is presented for the separation of free and bound polysomes of rat liver in which liver homogenate was initially fractionated by centrifugation for 162 · 104 g · min into two fractions containing the bulk of free polysomes (supernatant) and rough membranes plus large cellular organelles (pellet), respectively. The pellet was suspended in ribosome-free liver supernatant containing glutathione and treated with Triton X-100. The resulting suspension of partially disrupted microsomal vesicles was freed of intact nuclei by low-speed centrifugation and then the polysomes still attached to membranous material were released by treatment with deoxycholate. The two suspensions containing free and bound polysomes, respectively, were layered over discontinuous sucrose gradients and were centrifuged simultaneously at 145 000 × g for 24 h. Under optimal conditions, the recoveries of free and bound polysomes in the pellets were about 90 and 86 %, respectively. Free polysome contamination in rough membranes was minimal (4 %). An average of 78 % of cellular RNA was recovered in the form of ribosomes; of this, free and bound polysomes comprised 34 and 66 %, respectively, of the total ribosomes. Free and bound polysomes isolated by this method and bound polysomes isolated from postmitochondrial fraction by conventional methods had the same size distribution in isokinetic sucrose gradients, A 260 to A 280 ratio, density in CsCl and initial rate of amino acid incorporation in vitro. These results support the concept that there is no difference between isolated free and bound polysomes. However, the amino acid incorporating ability of bound polysomes decayed more rapidly than that of free polysomes, suggesting either that the former may synthesize shorter polypeptide chains than free polysomes or that bound polysomes may be altered by detergent treatment.
Gendered, Material, and Partial Knowledges: A Feminist Critique of Neighborhood-Level Indicator Systems

As researchers and community-based organizations increasingly move toward a more ‘holistic approach’ to addressing urban problems, the use of neighborhood-level social indicator systems as a tool t...
Permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. The effect of changed ionic environments on Ca2+ release.

Permeability properties and the effects of a changed membrane potential on Ca2+ release of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles of rabbit skeletal muscle were investigated by Millipore filtration. The relative permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum to solutes determined under conditions of isotope exchange at equilibrium and/or under conditions of net flow of solute and water into the vesicles was as follows: sucrose, Ca2+, Mn2+<gluconate−, choline+, Tris+<methanesulfonate−<urea, glycerol, K+, Na+, Li+, Cl−. Transient membrane potentials were induced by rapidly changing the ionic environment of the vesicles. Knowledge of the relative permeation rates of the above ions allowed prediction of the direction and extent of membrane polarization. Osmotic effects in the polarization measurements due to the rapid influx of solute and water into the vesicles were minimized by using media containing a fast (K+ or Cl−) and a relatively slow (gluconate− or choline+) penetrating ion.45Ca2+ efflux from vesicles derived from different parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum structure was not appreciably changed when vesicles were made more positive inside (choline chloride → potassium gluconate) or more negative inside (potassium gluconate → choline chloride). These studies suggest that part or all of the ion-induced changes in sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane permeability, previously interpreted to indicate “depolarization”-induced Ca2+ release, may be due to osmotic effects.
IMPORTANCE OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT IN THE FORMATION OF RELAXIN1

THE remarkable loosening of the pelvic ligaments which occurs both at the symphysis pubis and iliosacral junctions in the pregnant guinea pig has been observed and described by numerous investigators. These separations become so extensive, as pregnancy progresses, that a condition is attained in which the two halves of the pelvis can be freely and independently manipulated thus making possible an increase in the diameter of the birth canal. Hisaw (1926) found that pronounced relaxation of the pelvis could be induced experimentally by injecting blood serum of pregnant rabbits or guinea pigs into normal virgin guinea pigs during estrus or into castrated female guinea pigs that had been conditioned with estrogen. The pelvic ligaments usually showed marked relaxation within 8 to 12 hours after one injection of the serum. The relaxative substance was found also in the blood of pregnant sows, dogs, cats and mares, in extracts of the placentae of rabbits (Hisaw, 1927, 1929) and corpora lutea of the sow (Hisaw, F...
Low-Thrust Aldrin Cycler with Reduced Encounter Velocities

The Aldrin cycler has been proposed as a transportation system for human missions between Earth and Mars. However, the hyperbolic excess velocity values at the planetary encounters for these orbits are infeasibly large, especially at Mars. In this new version of the Aldrin cycler, low thrust is used in the interplanetary trajectories to reduce the encounter velocities. Reducing the encounter velocities at both planets reduces the propellant needed by the taxis to perform hyperbolic rendezvous. While the propellant expenditure for the cycler vehicle increases, trade studies over seven synodic periods show that the low-thrust Aldrin cycler is effective in reducing the total (i.e., cycler plus taxi) initial mass in low-Earth orbit.
Polarization Microscopy of Short Chain Sodium Carboxylate Mesophases

Abstract Polarization microscopy has been used to study the ionic mesophases of melts of short chain sodium alkyl carboxylates. The smectic A or neat structure is confirmed for all the sodium carboxylates studied: isovalerate, n-butyrate, n-valerate, n-hexanoate and n-heptanoate. The domain sizes and transition temperatures are reported and an empirical correlation between birefringence and the order parameter is observed. The birefringence is predicted to be negative for all the compounds studied. It is interesting to note that sodium isovalerate exhibits quite different properties from those found for the other n-alkyl carboxylates. Both the birefringence temperature coefficient and the average domain size (500 μm) are unusually large for sodium isovalerate.
Does Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome (Ascites) Occur More Frequently in Broilers Medicated with Monensin

Abstract The performance of broilers reared in floor pens and given monensin in the feed at 121 ppm was compared with that of birds given no drug. Feed intake and BW gain of medicated birds was significantly lower than that of unmedicated birds from 0 to 22 d of age. Feed intake and feed conversion of medicated birds was significantly reduced, compared with unmedicated birds, from 22 to 53 and 0 to 60 d of age. Total mortality, and mortality due to leg abnormalities from 22 to 53 and 0 to 60 d, was significantly lower in birds given monensin. There was no difference in the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) by 60 d. No differences in mortality due to pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) were observed for any age period. Birds removed from pens at 28 d that had received monensin had lower hematocrit and percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in the blood than unmedicated birds. No differences in these variables were found at 54 d. There were no differences in the right ventricle weight: total ventricular weight ratios or electrocardiogram lead II values at 28 or 54 d. The results indicate that PHS does not occur more frequently in broilers medicated with monensin.
Functional Prediction of Binding Pockets

Putative function for targets with no known ligands has typically been determined from liganded homologous proteins using sequence and structure comparisons. However, it is debatable what percentage of sequence identity implies similar function, whereas structural similarity is focused on global folds and could miss divergent structures and novel global folds. The present study describes an approach to classify a diverse set of proteins and predict their function. Descriptors corresponding to structural, physicochemical, and geometric properties of the ligand-binding cavities of a collection of 434 complexes (17 protein families) were calculated and analyzed by statistical methods. The best model using discriminant function analysis (DFA) consisted of 371 proteins (15 families) and had correct classification rates of 90% and cross-validation 86%. DFA with one protein and a random sample of the remaining proteins led to 100% correct prediction of putative protein function for 10 of the 15 protein families.
Diurnal and other variations in blood glucose in intensive care unit patients receiving insulin infusions

Treatment of hyperglycemia in ICU patients using an insulin infusion protocol was shown by van den Berghe and colleagues to reduce mortality and morbidity in ICU patients. Consequently, many healthcare bodies proposed guidelines for the control of hyperglycemia in the ICU. However, the patchy evidence underpinning these guidelines and a high rate of complications lead to controversy about the optimal glucose target range. Studies showing insulin infusions are effective have reported average glucose values at single time points. However, single time points are difficult to interpret as they do not provide information about the proportion of glucose measurements that need to be in range for benefit. We hypothesized that blood glucose variance was greater if all glucose measurements were considered and asked whether there was a diurnal pattern that accounted for some of the variance.
The use of the Raven advanced progressive matrices for the selection of magnet junior high school students

(1986). The use of the Raven advanced progressive matrices for the selection of magnet junior high school students. Roeper Review: Vol. 8, The IQ Controversy, pp. 181-184.
Visual approach for MEMS gyroscope drift compensation

This paper presents the design of an attitude determination system from a small satellite perspective that automatically corrects for attitude drift using relative attitude measurements generated using a small imager. The visual attitude propagation approach, referred to as the “stellar gyroscope”, is a star imaging system that generates relative attitude measurements between star field images with common stars, without using a star database. The Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) approach used in star pair detection offers significant noise immunity, which allows the approach to be implemented using miniature cameras with lower signal to noise ratios, providing a new alternative for miniature spacecraft (such as CubeSats). The various mechanism of attitude estimate drift when using MEMS rate gyroscopes are discussed in detail. The stellar gyroscope concept is described, and a Kalman filter is described that can utilize the relative attitude measurements provided by the stellar gyroscope in order to maintain a high accuracy attitude fix throughout the orbit.
Plant lectins detect age and region specific differences in cell surface carbohydrates and cell reassociation behavior of embryonic mouse cerebellar cells

When plated at high cell density in a microwell culture system, freshly dissociated embryonic mouse cerebellar cells assemble into reproducible, 3-dimensional patterns. The addition of the dimeric lectin Succinyl Concanavalin A blocks reversibly the formation of the microwell pattern, suggesting that cell surface carbohydrates affect the reassociation behavior of embryonic mouse cerebellar cells. Agglutination studes of dissociated cell populations harvested from different regions of the embryonic brain reveal that different lectins agglutinate cell populations from different embryonic brain regions. Cells from E13 cerebellum are agglutinated with Concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, Ricinus communis agglutinin, mol wt 60,000, Ricinus communis agglutinin, mol wt 120,000, and Lens culinaris, but not by soybean agglutinin or a fucose-binding protein. Cells from the midbrain are agglutinated only with Concanavalin A, Ricinus communis agglutinin, mol wt 60,000 and Ricinus communis agglutinin, mol wt 120,000; those from the cerebral cortex are agglutinated only with Lens culinaris; and those from the medulla are agglutinated only with Ricinus communis agglutinin, mol wt 60,000, and Ricinus communis agglutinin, mol wt 120,000. In addition, agglutination of cerebellar cells with Concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, and Ricinus communis agglutinin is diminished over the course of development from embryonic day 13 to postnatal day 7. These studies suggest regional differences in the cell surfaces of the developling brain that are further modulated during the differentiation of the tissues. On a poly(D-lysine) treated substrate in microwell cultures, cell migration is unique to the cerebellum of the 4 brain regions studied. Surfaces treated with carbohydrate-derivatized poly(D-lysine) are currently being tested for their efficacy as substrates for differential cell migration.
An Embedding Property of Universal Division Algebras

Abstract Let A be a central simple algebra of degree n and let k be a subfield of its center. We show that A contains a copy of the universal division algebra Dm, n(k) generated by m generic n × n matrices if and only if trdegkA ≥ trdegkDm, n(k) = (m − 1)n2 + 1. Moreover, if in addition the center of A is finitely and separately generated over k then "almost all" division subalgebras of A generated by m elements are isomorphic to Dm, n(k). In the last section we give an application of our main result to the question of embedding free groups in division algebras.
Girls Just Being Girls? Mediating Relational Aggression and Victimization

Although physical aggression has received much attention in the literature, relational aggression has only been explored in the past decade or so. This is problematic given that relational aggression is increasingly prevalent among middle school girls and has become a cause for alarm, as this phenomenon leads to several negative psychological, social, and academic outcomes. Furthermore, it often goes undetected because this behavior is typically viewed as “girls just being girls.” The purpose of this article is to help school personnel understand relational aggression and its effects, identify aggressors and victims, and recognize the importance of social support. Prevention and intervention methods for ameliorating the problem are provided.
Analysis of subbanding techniques in blind source separation

In this paper, we seek to study the impact of subbanding on blind source separation (BSS) as it could apply to radar and audio signals. We will focus on comparing wavelet-based subbanding, uniform subbanding, and no subbanding. For performing the BSS, we will use two common algorithms: joint approximate diagonalization of eigen-matrices (JADE) [4] and second-order blind identification (SOBI) [6]. As the measure of performance, we will use the interference to signal ratio.
Superficial Femoral Artery Catheterization: Effect on Extremity Length

Leg length measurements were obtained in 250 congenital heart disease patients who had undergone puncture or incision of the right superficial femoral artery at cardiac catheterization. The data give no indication that the procedure results in a notable discrepancy between the length of the lower extremities. It is concluded that significant inequality in the length of the lower limbs is a rare complication of cardiac catheterization.
Identification of a source of size polydispersity and its solution in Brust-Schiffrin metal nanoparticle synthesis.

The co-presence of thiolvs.disulfide in the well-known Brust–Schiffrin two-phase synthesis has been identified as a source of size polydispersity in nanoparticles synthesized and a procedure has been proposed to address this long outstanding issue.
Viscosity and social cohesion in temporal lobe epilepsy

Clinical case reports suggest that viscosity, the behavioural tendency to talk repetitively and circumstantially about a restricted range of topics, is common in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Such patients are also reported to exhibit heightened levels of social cohesion, the tendency to become interpersonally "clingy". This "sticky" interpersonal style may be particularly common in TLE patients with a left sided temporal lobe seizure focus. To test this hypothesis, self-report and observer rating scales were developed to assess both viscosity and social cohesion. Subjects consisted of patients with right, left, or bilateral temporal lobe seizure foci, absence or primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures, psychiatric controls (panic disorder patients), and normal controls. Elevations on the viscosity scale were observed primarily in TLE patients with left or bilateral seizure foci. Viscosity scores also correlated with seizure duration and left handedness. No group differences were observed on the social cohesion scale. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that viscosity results from subtle interictal language disturbances, although other pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.
Pulmonary Vascular Disease and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Evaluation and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension

Despite major advances in perinatal medicine, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) persists as a major complication of prematurity. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been long-recognized as a significant problem of infants with BPD and remains strongly associated with worse outcomes and late mortality. Recent studies further suggest that the pulmonary circulation is characterized by a dysmorphic structure, which contributes to impaired gas exchange, poor tolerance of respiratory infections, increased risk for developing PH, and late exercise intolerance. Current approaches to the diagnosis and management of PH in BPD includes avoidance of hypoxia, aggressive treatment of airways disease, assessing risk for chronic aspiration, and other factors that can complicate the overall respiratory course of infants with established BPD. Echocardiograms and cardiac catheterization remain essential for the accurate assessments of the presence and severity of PH and potential therapeutic strategies. Novel pharmacologic therapies are available for the treatment of PH in BPD, but data are limited regarding optimal strategies and efficacy. Further studies are needed to better understand the incidence, risk factors, and optimal management of PH in infants with BPD.
Optical Sensing by Transforming Chromophoric Silver Clusters in DNA Nanoreactors

Bifunctional DNA oligonucleotides serve as templates for chromophoric silver clusters and as recognition sites for target DNA strands, and communication between these two components is the basis of an oligonucleotide sensor. Few-atom silver clusters exhibit distinct electronic spectra spanning the visible and near-infrared region, and they are selectively synthesized by varying the base sequence of the DNA template. In these studies, a 16-base cluster template is adjoined with a 12-base sequence complementary to the target analyte, and hybridization induces structural changes in the composite sensor that direct the conversion between two spectrally and stoichiometrically distinct clusters. Without its complement, the sensor strand selectively harbors ∼7 Ag atoms that absorb at 400 nm and fold the DNA host. Upon association of the target with its recognition site, the sensor strand opens to expose the cluster template that has the binding site for ∼11 Ag atoms, and absorption at 720 nm with relatively stro...
A versatile data acquisition system for general gamma ray spectroscopy

Abstract A description is given of the associated hardware and instrumentation which have been designed and adapted for use in general gamma-ray spectroscopy studies involving nuclear reactions where high bombarding energies, typically available from tandem electrostatic accelerators, are employed. The function of the system is illustrated by experimental data taken from recent particle-gamma-ray angular correlation and Doppler shift lifetime measurements involving utilization of the laboratory on-line IBM 360/44 data acquisition system.
MODIS Observations of Ship Tracks in Summertime Stratus off the West Coast of the United States

Abstract Three years of 1-km Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations for morning (Terra) and afternoon (Aqua) summertime marine stratus off the west coast of the United States were analyzed to determine the response of the clouds to aerosols in the plumes of underlying ships. The polluted clouds were identified in pixels with elevated 2.1-μm reflectivities and 3.7-μm radiances when compared with nearby pixels that contained unpolluted clouds. An automated routine was developed to identify which of the pixels contained clouds polluted by underlying ships and then to select unpolluted control pixels on both sides of the ship track as near as was feasible to the polluted clouds, often with a separation of as little as 1 pixel. While no requirements were placed on the cloud cover fraction within the selected pixels, to facilitate comparisons with an earlier study based on 1-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery, the results presented here are restricted to 20-p...
Differential behavioral responses to cocaine are associated with dynamics of mesolimbic dopamine proteins in Lewis and Fischer 344 rats.

Differential behavioral and biochemical responses to drugs of abuse may reflect genetic makeup as suggested by studies of inbred Lewis (LEW) and Fischer 344 (F344) rats. We investigated locomotor activity, stereotypy signs, and levels of specific proteins in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in these strains at baseline and following chronic administration of cocaine (30 mg/kg/day for 14 days). Using Western blot analysis, we replicated our previous findings of baseline strain differences and found lower levels of ΔFosB immunoreactivity in NAc of F344 vs. LEW rats. F344 rats showed greater baseline locomotor activity, sniffing, and grooming compared to LEW rats. Chronic cocaine increased ΔFosB levels in NAc in both strains, whereas adaptations in other proteins were induced in F344 rats only. These included reduced levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in NAc and increased TH and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity in VTA. Chronic cocaine led to greater increases in overall stereotypy in F344 vs. LEW rats and decreased exploratory behaviors in LEW rats. Opposing effects by strain were seen in locomotor activity. Whereas F344 rats showed higher initial activity levels that decreased with cocaine exposure (tolerance), LEW rats showed increased activity over days (sensitization) with no strain differences seen at 14 days. Further, conditioned locomotor activation to vehicle injections was greater in F344 vs. LEW rats. These results suggest that behavioral responsiveness to chronic cocaine exposure may reflect dynamics of mesolimbic dopamine protein levels and demonstrate the role of genetic background in responsiveness to cocaine. Synapse 41:179–190, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Estimating probabilities of hurricane wind speeds using a large-scale empirical model

Abstract A new method is presented for estimating the probability of exceeding a given wind speed in 1 year at any given location in the Atlantic tropical cyclone basin. The method is especially appropriate for wind speeds with return periods of 100 years or more, for which on-the-spot data are inadequate. The relative intensity of a tropical cyclone at any point in time is the actual central pressure drop divided by the greatest possible central pressure drop that mean seasonal climatic conditions allow. The empirical distribution of relative intensity as a function of time is derived from all Atlantic cyclone data. By combining this with information about the distribution of time from cyclone inception to closest approach to the site, and other steps, probabilities for various wind speeds at the site are obtained. Unlike other methods, this one does not attempt to fit data to any extreme value distribution, and it performs all integrations by discretizing and summing explicitly, never by simulation. The...
Metabolic effects of voluntary wheel running in young and old Syrian golden hamsters.

Abstract To explore the metabolic effects of high volume wheel running in the Syrian golden hamster, 6-week old (YOUNG) and 6-month old (OLD) male animals were randomly divided into sedentary (i.e., YOUNG-S or OLD-S) or running wheel (i.e., YOUNG-RW or OLD-RW) groups ( n = 8/group). RW groups had 24-h access to activity wheels while S were housed in standard rodent cages. At the start of wheel exposure, the number of revolutions were similar in both groups, but by day 15 were nearly two-fold higher in the YOUNG vs. OLD. OLD ate more than YOUNG and wheel running increased food intake by ∼50%. YOUNG-RW maintained the same total body mass as YOUNG-S, while OLD-RW had a transient weight loss of ∼10 g. Perirenal fat mass was smaller in YOUNG- and OLD-RW groups compared with S groups (45% and 66%, respectively. Plantaris muscle cytochome c oxidase activity was also ∼2-fold higher in YOUNG-RW than in YOUNG-S hamsters but was similar between OLD-RW and OLD-S groups. Plasma leptin levels were ∼60% lower in YOUNG-RW compared with YOUNG-S and correlated significantly with visceral fat pad mass ( r 2 = 0.58, p = 0.001). Corticosterone levels were lower in YOUNG-RW (13.0 ± 0.36 ng/ml) than in YOUNG-S (16.4 ± 0.83 ng/ml) hamsters and higher in OLD-RW (22.62 ± 0.47 ng/ml) than in OLD-S (15.54 ± 0.13 ng/ml) hamsters. These observations reveal that the hamster is a suitable model for accelerating the effects of exercise on body composition and metabolic alterations associated with training and that the training adaptations are more pronounced in younger compared with older hamsters, possibly as a result of the higher voluntary wheel activity in the former group.
Modeling of oxidation behavior of SiC-reinforced ceramic matrix composites

Abstract Internal oxidation of SiC reinforcement is a major factor affecting the environmental stability of SiC reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) for high temperature applications. A simple phenomenological model describing the unidirectional oxidation of SiC reinforced oxide CMCs is presented. The model allows to calculate the thickness of the silica layer formed on a SiC reinforcement as a function of its location (depth beneath the surface) and time, if the oxygen permeabilities of silica and the matrix are known. The oxidation mode can thereby be predicted. Alternatively, the model allows to evaluate the oxygen permeabilities of silica and the matrix from the experimental oxidation data. Moreover, the expected mode of oxidation, I or II, can be predicted depending on oxygen permeabilities and volume fraction of the reinforcement phase. Application of the model to the results of the microscopic study of the oxidation of SiC reinforced mullite–zirconia matrix composites allowed to evaluate oxygen permeabilities of the matrix and of the growing silica layer on the SiC particles. It was found that while oxygen permeability of the silica layer on the SiC particles may depend significantly on the type of SiC reinforcement, it is reasonably close to the values obtained from the experiments on direct oxidation of SiC and permeation through vitreous silica. Oxygen permeability of the mullite–ZrO2 matrix showed a dependence on the microstructure and composition of the matrix.
Cyclized Substituted Thioureas II: Preparation of Some 1-Substituted 1,2,3,4-Tetrazole-5-thiones

Some 1-alkyl- and 1-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrazole-5-thiones are synthesized by preparing methyl-(N-alkyl- and N-aryl)-dithiocarbamates by dropwise addition of carbon disulfide to a cold solution of the amine in aqueous sodium hydroxide, followed by slowly esterifying, separating, and purifying the ester. Sodium azide is refluxed with the various esters forming, in several cases, the substituted tetrazole-5-thione on purification.
The deafferentation syndrome in monkeys: Dysesthesias of spinal origin

Chronic thoracic spinal lesions were surgically placed in 35 monkeys of 6 different species. In a very large percent of the cases, a bizarre behavioral pattern was released, which persisted for many months of observation. This syndrome was one in which the monkey severely attacked an hypoalgesic area of the body, namely, the leg. The syndrome resulted from contralateral anterolateral cordotomy or hemisection. It was very similar to the deafferentation syndrome which results from extensive dorsal rhizotomies. Bilateral spinal lesions indicated that the release of the syndrome was dependent upon the integrity of a widespread bilateral spinal pathway for peripheral nociception, but was independent of the integrity of specific sensory tracts. The deafferentation syndrome is considered to be a behavioral response to abnormal subjective sensations of central neural origin, and appears not to be relieved by morphine therapy. The incidence of this syndrome in the primate was subject to genetic variation.
Altered heat resistance in spores and vegetative cells of a mutant fromBacillus subtilis

The relationship between sporulation temperature and spore killing temperature is described.Bacillus subtilis YB886, grown and sporulated at 25°, 30°, 37°, and 45°C, produced spores having D90 values of 63.5, 76.3, 89.0, and 106 min respectively. In addition, the vegetative cells of this strain also demonstrated resistance to heat killing when grown at elevated temperatures (D50 of 26.6, 32.5, 39.0, and >50 min for cells grown at 25°, 30°, 37°, and 45°C). A transposon-generated mutant of strain YB886, designated as BUL786, which is missing a heat shock-induced protein (97 kDa) (Qoronfleh MW and Streips UN, BBRC, 138:526–532, 1986 and FEMS 1987), was tested for thermotolerance under similar conditions. The cells failed to respond to growth at high temperature by producing heat-resistant spores or vegetative cells. For strain BUL786 the D90 of spores generated at 20°, 25°, 30°, 37°, and 45°C was 9.4, 11.3, 12.8, 14.1, and 20 min, respectively. Similarly, the D50 of vegetative cells was 15, 16.8, 17.8, 19.0, and 22.3 min when the cells were grown at 20°, 25°, 30°, 37°, and 45°C. Also, sporulation of YB886 cells in the presence of cadmium chloride increased the D90 values for the resulting spores (5µM CdCl2 resulted in a D90 of 160 min). Strain BUL786 failed to produce spores with any elevated D90 when grown in the presence of CdCl2.
A manifold lifting algorithm for multi-view compressive imaging

We consider a multi-view imaging scenario where a number of cameras observe overlapping, translated subimages of a larger scene. To simplify the acquisition and encoding of these images, we propose a non-collaborative compressive sensing protocol at each camera. We discuss a prototype algorithm for joint reconstruction of the images from the ensemble of random measurements, based on the geometric manifold structure that arises from the varying camera positions. Even when the camera positions are unknown, we demonstrate that it is possible to simultaneously resolve the images and register their positions using only the random measurements.
Increased risk of Staphylococcus epidermidis peritonitis in patients on dialysate containing 1.25 mmol/L calcium.

Peritoneal macrophage function is decreased in vitro in the presence of dialysate with 1.25 mmol/L calcium compared with that containing 1.75 mmol/L calcium. Theoretically, patients using this dialysate may have a higher risk of peritonitis. Nineteen patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) or continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) were converted from dialysate with 1.75 mmol/L calcium (mean time, 33 ± 26 months) to that with 1.25 mmol/L calcium, for some or all exchanges (mean time, 10 ± 4.7 months). Peritonitis rates were compared with 19 control patients who remained on dialysate with 1.75 mmol/L calcium. The two groups were matched for the proportion of diabetics, sex, age, use of the Y-set, and dialysis modality (CAPD, CCPD). Peritonitis rates were similar in the study patients before conversion to 1.25 mmol/L calcium dialysate and in the control patients (0.49 v 0.58 episodes/patient-year, respectively). After conversion to dialysate with 1.25 mmol/L calcium, the peritonitis rate was 0.82 episodes/patient-year contrasted to 0.58 episodes/patient-year in the control patients ( P = 0.09). The peritonitis rate due to Staphylococcus epidermidis was 0.51 episodes/patient-year when 1.25 mmol/L calcium dialysate was used, and 0.19 episodes/patient-year for the comparable period in the control patients on 1.75 mmol/L calcium dialysate ( P = 0.005). The proportion of peritonitis episodes due to S epidermidis increased from 20% to 61% after conversion to 1.25 mmol/L calcium ( P = 0.01). The increased risk of peritonitis due to S epidermidis in patients using dialysate with 1.25 mmol/L calcium is consistent with a previous study demonstrating that clearance of S epidermidis by peritoneal macrophages is less effective with a decrease in the dialysate calcium content. Further studies comparing peritonitis rates with dialysate containing 1.25 mmol/L calcium to that with 1.75 mmol/L calcium should be performed.
Characterization of human joint impedance during impulsive motion.

The objective of the present work is to make use of the limited existing information on human joint impedance and to supplement and refine it synthetically, by means of simulation. A modular concept was applied to the construction of a joint model. The basic module was an individual revolute joint which was constrained by four resistive elements. The module was adapted to represent the different anatomical joints by specifying their corresponding mechanical parameters. The modular joint model was tested by incorporating it into a two dimensional whole body model and subjecting it to known impulsive conditions such as those reported in literature with regard to vehicular collision. Fine tuning was done by examining the sensitivity of the human model kinematic response to variation of the joint parameters. The whole body model was simulated with the aid of the ADAMS computer code. A comparison of the existing experimental data related to the sled test performed on a Hybrid III dummy with synthetic collision results showed good agreement.
Biological studies of Dysthymia

Dysthymic disorder (DD) is a chronic subsyndromal depressive condition that has generated increasing interest since its formal introduction into the psychiatric nomenclature in 1980. Although DD was included among the affective disorders in DSM-III, this classification was controversial. Some clinical and family studies support an association between DD and major depression disorder (MDD), but there has been little additional research firmly establishing the diagnostic validity of DD or clarifying its relation to MDD and to personality disorders. In this article, the literature on the biology of DD is reviewed. Studies of rapid eye movement (REM) latency, electrodermal activity, and the thyroid axis show similarities between DD and MDD, but the findings are mixed. Other investigations, including the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST), catecholamines, and several other electroencephalogram (EEG) sleep variables, show more consistent differences between DD and MDD. These findings suggest that DD manifests primarily trait characteristics of depression, thus differentiating it from the state characteristics of MDD. The methodological problems and implications of these studies, and suggestions for future research, are discussed.
Consolidation and expression of a shock-induced odor preference in rat pups is facilitated by opioids

Abstract To support nipple attachment and huddling, rat pups must learn to approach and prefer maternal odor. Similar to other altricial species, rat pups have a sensitive period for learning this odor preference, which ends around postnatal day (PN) 10 and coincides with the emergence of walking. One characteristic of this sensitive period is that an odor paired with moderate shock elicits an odor preference. After PN10, this behavioral training produces an odor aversion, although pain threshold remains unchanged. Recently, we demonstrated that the endogenous opioid system might be a key element in the acquisition of the shock-induced odor preference during the sensitive period since antagonism of this system disrupts odor preference learning. In older pups, acquisition of a shock-induced odor aversion was unaffected by opioid system manipulation. The purpose of these experiments was to further elucidate the role of opioids in infant olfactory learning through assessment of memory consolidation and expression during and after the sensitive period. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate that naltrexone (NTX), a nonspecific opioid antagonist, given immediately following odor–shock conditioning during the sensitive period, blocks odor preference formation and yields an odor aversion. However, the same treatment does not disrupt consolidation of an odor aversion in older pups. In Experiment 2, we demonstrate that during the sensitive period, NTX disrupts expression of the shock-induced odor preference, but not the learned odor aversion in older pups. Results using this model of attachment suggest that opioids have an important role in the acquisition, consolidation, and expression of early olfactory preferences. Furthermore, since prenatal drug exposure is known to alter the endogenous opioid system, these results highlight the capacity of prenatal opiate exposure to disrupt early infant learning and attachment.
Finite sample tail behavior of multivariate location estimators

A finite sample performance measure of multivariate location estimators is introduced based on "tail behavior". The tail performance of multivariate "monotone" location estimators and the halfspace depth based "non-monotone" location estimators including the Tukey halfspace median and multivariate L-estimators is investigated. The connections among the finite sample performance measure, the finite sample breakdown point, and the halfspace depth are revealed. It turns out that estimators with high breakdown point or halfspace depth have "appealing" tail performance. The tail performance of the halfspace median is very appealing and also robust against underlying population distributions, while the tail performance of the sample mean is very sensitive to underlying population distributions. These findings provide new insights into the notions of the halfspace depth and breakdown point and identify the important role of tail behavior as a quantitative measure of robustness in the multivariate location setting.
Occupied and unoccupied band structure of Ag(100) determined by photoemission from Ag quantum wells and bulk samples

Angle-resolved photoemission spectra taken from atomically uniform films of Ag on Fe(100) show layer-resolved quantum-well peaks. The measured peak positions as a function of film thickness permit a unique determination of the initial band dispersion via the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rule. This information, combined with normal-emission data taken from a single crystal Ag(100), leads to a unique determination of the final band dispersion. In this study, we employ a two-band model with four adjustable parameters for a simultaneous fit to these experimental results. The initial and final band dispersions deduced from the fit are accurate to better than 0.03 eV at any wave vector k within the range of measurement. The analytic formula for the band dispersions and the parameters for the best fit are given for future reference. The Fermi wave vector along [100], normalized to the Brillouin-zone size, is determined to be ${\mathbf{k}}_{F}/{\mathbf{k}}_{\ensuremath{\Gamma}X}=0.828\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001,$ which is more accurate than the de Haas--van Alphen result. The corresponding Fermi velocity is ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{F}=1.06$ in units of the free-electron value. The combined reflection phase for the electron wave at the two boundaries is also deduced and compared with a semiempirical formula. This comparison allows us to deduce the edges of the hybridization gap in the Fe substrate.
Refractometric sensors based on microsphere resonators

We have developed a highly sensitive refractometric sensor based on fused silica microsphere resonators. The spectral position of the whispering gallery mode (WGM) of a sphere shifts in response to the refractive index change in the surrounding medium. The strong light-matter interaction due to the extremely high Q factor associated with the WGM results in a sensitivity of approximately 30nm∕RIU (refractive index units). This, together with the high spectral resolution of our sensor system (∼0.01pm), yields a detection limit of refractive index change on the order of 10−7RIU. Theoretical calculation is also performed and agrees well with the experimental data.
Basic Competencies for Statistical Work in the Library and Information Science Profession

SUMMARY The purpose of this paper is to prepare the reader conceptually and technically to be able to critically read literature that refers to statistically developed results. This article is not intended as a tutorial on how to perform statistical tests but rather an overview of basic definitions and concepts in the context of the research process and library decision making.