cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Mobile App Directory of Occupational Therapists Who Provide Home Modifications: Development and Preliminary Usability Evaluation

Background: Home modifications provided by occupational therapists (OTs) are effective in improving daily activity performance and reducing fall risk among community-dwelling older adults. However, the prevalence of home modification is low. One reason is the lack of a centralized database of OTs who provide home modifications. Objective: This study aimed to develop and test the usability of a mobile app directory of OTs who provide home modifications in the United States. Methods: In phase 1, a prototype was developed by identifying OTs who provide home modifications through keyword Web searches. Referral information was confirmed by phone or email. In phase 2, community-dwelling older adults aged older than 65 years and OTs currently working in the United States were purposefully recruited to participate in a single usability test of the mobile app, Home Modifications for Aging and Disability Directory of Referrals (Home Maddirs). Participants completed the System Usability Scale (SUS) and semistructured interview questions. Interview data were coded, and themes were derived using a grounded theory approach. Results: In phase 1, referral information for 101 OTs across 49 states was confirmed. In phase 2, 6 OTs (mean clinical experience 4.3 years, SD 1.6 years) and 6 older adults (mean age 72.8 years, SD 5.0 years) participated. The mean SUS score for OTs was 91.7 (SD 8.0; out of 100), indicating good usability. The mean SUS score for older adults was 71.7 (SD 27.1), indicating considerable variability in usability. In addition, the SUS scores indicated that the app is acceptable to OTs and may be acceptable to some older adults. For OTs, self-reported barriers to acceptability and usability included the need for more information on the scope of referral services. For older adults, barriers included high cognitive load, lack of operational skills, and the need to accommodate sensory changes. For both groups, facilitators of acceptability and usability included perceived usefulness, social support, and multiple options to access information. Conclusions: Home Maddirs demonstrates good preliminary acceptability and usability to OTs. Older adults’ perceptions regarding acceptability and usability varied considerably, partly based on prior experience using mobile apps. Results will be used to make improvements to this promising new tool for increasing older adults’ access to home modifications.
Mathematical Description of Abbe’s Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope Based on Diffraction

In Abbe’s 1873 seminal publication he promised another paper that would contain his mathematical analysis of image formation in the light microscope, a paper that never appeared because he died. After Abbe’s death his students and colleagues developed and published details of his theory of image formation in terms of Fourier optics (see Appendix A).
Mindfulness, Life Skills, Resilience, and Emotional and Behavioral Problems for Gifted Low-Income Adolescents in China.

In contrast to Emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs), which can disrupt normal adolescent development, resilience can buffer the effects of stress and adverse childhood experiences and can help youth overcome adversity. While research has looked at the relationship between adolescent resilience and EBPs, current literature relatively lacks a discussion of a strengths-based approach of resilience framework, nor discuss non-western sociocultural contexts. In this study, we utilized the resilience theory to examine the effects of individual mindfulness and life skills on resilience and consequently on EBPs in a group of gifted low-income adolescents in China. A secondary data of 152 adolescents from a specialized school for low-income and gifted students in Guangzhou, China was used for the analysis. The findings from Structural Equation Modeling indicated that mindfulness and life skills were associated with heightened resilience and reduced EBPs. In addition, resilience reduced EBPs for this group of adolescents. These findings underscore the promise of mindfulness and life skills training on increasing resilience and reducing EBPs in gifted low-income adolescents.
Biotin: From Supplement to Therapy

Abstract Biotin, also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H, is an essential vitamin for life. The daily requirement of biotin is only 30 μg, which can be easily satisfied from diet because the average Western diet contains 35–70 μg biotin per day. Nutritional biotin deficiency is rare. Although approximately half of healthy pregnant women may have marginal biotin deficiency, it has no known adverse effects on the fetus and as a result biotin supplementation is not currently recommended during pregnancy. However, hereditary biotin deficiency has been reported, which in most cases is treated with oral biotin supplementation. There is a popular belief that taking biotin supplement 5–10 mg per day is associated with healthy hair, nails, and skin, but there is no scientific evidence to support such claims in healthy individuals with no biotin deficiency. However, preliminary data from several clinical trials indicate that biotin in pharmaceutical dosage (100–300 mg/day) may reduce symptoms of multiple sclerosis in some patients.
Effective Budgeting: Putting It Together

Effective budgeting is imperative for a simulation program to remain focused on strategy and goals, as well as highlight where the program should allocate short and long-term resources (Fig. 7.1).
Developing a University Children’s Collection for Pre-Service Teachers Using PLACID

Not all academic librarians who oversee children’s collections for pre-service teachers have backgrounds in K-12 education. To develop a robust collection, the St. Cloud State University library re...
MetaPrism: A versatile toolkit for joint taxa/gene analysis of metagenomic sequencing data

In microbiome research, metagenomic sequencing generates enormous amounts of data. These data are typically classified into taxa for taxonomy analysis, or into genes for functional analysis. However, a joint analysis where the reads are classified into taxa-specific genes is often overlooked. To enable the analysis of this biologically meaningful feature, we developed a novel bioinformatic toolkit, MetaPrism, which can analyze sequence reads for a set of joint taxa/gene analyses to: 1) classify sequence reads and estimate the abundances for taxa-specific genes; 2) tabularize and visualize taxa-specific gene abundances; 3) compare the abundances between groups; and 4) build prediction models for clinical outcome. We illustrated these functions using a published microbiome metagenomics dataset from patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and showed the joint features can serve as potential biomarkers to predict therapeutic responses. MetaPrism is a toolkit for joint taxa and gene analysis. It offers biological insights on the taxa-specific genes on top of the taxa-alone or gene-alone analysis. MetaPrism is open-source software and freely available at https://github.com/jiwoongbio/MetaPrism. The example script to reproduce the manuscript is also provided in the above code repository.
AB0432 SURVIVAL AND PROGNOSIS IN SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS: RESULTS FROM A SINGLE-CENTER COHORT

Objectives: To analyze survival, causes of death, and risk factors associated with mortality in a cohort of patients with Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) at a single center Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study of a cohort of patients with SSc undergoing follow-up during 2012 and until August 2020. We used the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate survival from onset of symptoms and multivariate Cox regression analysis to obtain independent risk factors associated with mortality Results: The study population included 85 patients (women, 85.8%; mean age at diagnosis, 64.4 ± 12.7 years). A total of 19 patients (22.6%) died (table 1). Of these 11 (57.9%) died of a cause related to the disease itself (interstitial lung disease [ILD], 5 (26.3%); pulmonary hypertension, 2 (10.5%); or a combination of both, 3 (15.8%). The main cause of non–SSc-related death was cancer (21.1%). Survival rates at 5, 10, and 20 years were 98%, 92%, and 75%, respectively. Survival was statistically significantly poorer for the absence of ACA, the presence of antitopoisomerase I antibodies, proximal skin thickening, pulmonary hypertension, ILD, cancer and the diffuse subtype. The multivariate analysis performed to determine which factors were independently associated with mortality confirmed that older age at diagnosis of the disease, lower FVC in spirometry at diagnosis of ILD, and proximal skin thickening were associated with greater mortality Conclusion: Survival at 10 years was greater than 90% in the study cohort. The main causes of death were ILD, pulmonary hypertension and cancer. The main factors associated with mortality were proximal skin thickening, older age at diagnosis, and lower forced vital capacity Disclosure of Interests: None declared
Impact of Regulatory Fit on Consumers’ Evaluation of Brands’ Fair Labor Messages: An Abstract

In response to the conscious consumer movement, brands are communicating about their fair labor initiatives through their marketing messages to create a niche for themselves and to show that they are doing their part for social improvement. In this study, we particularly focus on how framing of brands’ fair labor-related messages, particularly using regulatory ‘fit’, can influence consumers’ message evaluations through three measures of message effectiveness, namely, perceived message credibility, attitude toward message, and perceived message persuasiveness.
Belief Revision in Uncertain Data Integration

This paper studies the problem of integrating probabilistic uncertain information. Certain constraints are imposed by the semantics of integration, but there is no guarantee that they are satisfied in practical situations. We present a Bayesian-based approach to revise the probability distribution of the information in the sources in a systematic way to remedy this difficulty. The revision step is similar in spirit to tasks like data cleaning and record linkage and should be carried out before integration can be achieved for probabilistic uncertain data.
A 5 GHz low-power, high-linearity low-noise amplifier in a digital 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS process

A 5 GHz low noise amplifier (LNA), intended for use in a wireless local area network (WLAN) receiver, has been implemented in a standard digital 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS process. The amplifier provides a power gain of 9.0 dB while consuming 11 mW from a 2.2 V supply and reaches 6.0 dBm at third order input intermodulation intercept point (IIIP3). In this paper, we present a brief analysis of the LNA architecture and experimental results.
Hiding the Hidden: A software system for concealing ciphertext as innocuous text

In this paper we present a system for protecting the privacy of cryptograms to avoid detection by censors. The system transforms ciphertext into innocuous text which can be transformed back into the original ciphertext. The expandable set of tools allows experimentation with custom dictionaries, automatic simulation of writing style, and the use of Context-Free-Grammars to control text generation. The scope of this paper is to provide an overview of the basic transformation processes and to demonstrate the quality of the generated text.
Online malleable job scheduling for m≤3

A malleable parallel job is one that may be assigned to any number of processors in a parallel computing environment. In our particular problem, we assume that the execution time of a job j with processing requirement p"j is p"j/k"j+(k"j-1)c if the job is assigned to k"j@?{1,2,...,m} processors, where c is a constant representing overhead and m is the number of processors. Given a sequence of jobs, an online algorithm must assign to each job, as it arrives, both a number of processors and a start time to minimize the makespan of the schedule. We provide online algorithms for m=2 and m=3 with asymptotically optimal competitive ratios of 3/2 and 5/3, respectively. We also provide a similar online algorithm for the more general problem with job dependent overhead term c"j that has optimal competitive ratio @f=(1+5)/2 when m=2.
ANALYSIS OF THE DIRECTIONAL RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF DOUBLE TANKERS

A linear mathematical model is developed for studying the directional response and yaw stability of many-axled, multi-articulated tanker trucks. Analytical results obtained from the model provide an understanding of (1) the factors leading to unstable lateral responses of double tankers when only the rear compartment of the rear (pup) trailer is loaded and (2) the likelihood of rollover of the pup trailer in obstacle-avoidance maneuvers on the highway. Rigidizing the connection at the pintle hook is found to improve the directional performance of the double tanker.
Philosophical Perspectives for Serving Handicapped Persons

Abstract It is likely that social workers' involvement with rehabilitation services for the handicapped will increase. An understanding of the philosophical foundation of such services may be especially relevant now as social work education appears to renew its commitment to the study of ethics and values in society.
LAWYERS AND MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS WORKING TOGETHER: RECONCILING THE DUTIES OF CONFIDENTIALITY AND MANDATORY CHILD ABUSE REPORTING

Lawyers are increasingly finding themselves working in conjunction with a social worker and/or a psychologist. This dynamic can be found in organizations that take a multi-disciplinary approach to the law, such as New York City's Legal Aid Society and Lawyers for Children. Collaborative law is another such example. Collaborative law is an increasing trend in family law; it provides a divorcing couple the opportunity to work with professionals from different disciplines, without being subject to the court system. While a multi-disciplinary approach to the law has the ability to maximize the value of representation, it also can create tension when inconsistent duties are imposed by conflicting professional obligations. A major area of conflict is between the lawyer's duty to maintain client confidences and the mental health professional's duty to report child abuse. This Note discusses the important policies behind these opposing duties. The Note recommends amending state child abuse and neglect laws in order to eliminate the conflict between the professions' duties and allow lawyers and mental health professionals to work together more harmoniously. Amending state child abuse and neglect laws will allow for mental health professionals working with a lawyer who represents a client the same reporting duties as lawyers in the process.
Knowing a synapse when you see one

Recent years have seen a rapidly growing recognition of the complexity and diversity of the myriad individual synaptic connections that define brain synaptic networks. It has also become increasingly apparent that the synapses themselves are a major key to understanding the development, function and adaptability of those synaptic networks. In spite of this growing appreciation, the molecular, structural and functional characteristics of individual synapses and the patterning of their diverse characteristics across functional networks have largely eluded quantitative study with available imaging technologies. Here we offer an overview of new computational imaging methods that promise to bring single-synapse analysis of synaptic networks to the fore. We focus especially on the challenges and opportunities associated with quantitative detection of individual synapses and with measuring individual synapses across network scale populations in mammalian brain.
Robustness in the l/sup 1/-based design methodology

The authors are concerned with obtaining necessary and sufficient conditions for robustly stabilizing a class of plants characterized by a known linear-shift-invariant plant with additive perturbations of the form of possibly nonlinear, time-varying l/sup 1/-stable operators. The authors show that, in some sense, the small gain theorem is necessary and sufficient even when the perturbations are restricted to a class of linear operators. >
Electron Microscopic Study of Leukocytes in Infectious Mononucleosis

(1). Leukocytes from eight patients with infectious mononucleosis, one with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and from three normal individuals were examined with the light and the electron microscope. (2). Most of the mononuclear cells in infectious mononucleosis belonged to the lymphocytic series. (3). Mitochondria in lymphocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis were generally larger and more varied in appearance than those from normal individuals and from the patient with leukemia. (4). Although there was some variation in the density of the cytoplasm, number of PNA granules, and appearance of the mitochondria, the differences were insufficient to justify an electron microscopic classification of lymphocytes as atypical or typical, as is possible with Wright-stained smears in light microscopy. (5). Different forms of granules and inclusions in leukocytes were shown and their possible significance discussed. (6). Electron dense deposits in channels interpreted as endoplasmic reticulum were demonstrated in some neutrophils.
Law and Economics of Possession: The elements of possession

This Chapter offers a bottom-up account of possession that builds on salience-based accounts of conventions and on the economics of property rights. Possession is a first cut at a legal ontology in an overall modular architecture of property. The legal ontology divides the world up into persons and things, and establishes associations between persons and things. These associations will be in the interest of use, and so possession will usually require stylized duties of abstention on the part of other potential users. Depending on the nature of the group, the resources, and the universe of possible uses, duties of abstention can be implemented though norms of exclusion or governance of particular uses. What counts as a “thing” emerges from a combination of possession and accession, and so these aspects of property form a basic module, which serves as a basic default regime that can be displaced by more refined rules of title and governance. Possessory customs tend to be formalized into law, and yet for reasons of information cost, basic notions of possession retain their importance in many, especially informal, contexts. From the basic modular architecture many of the puzzling features of possession receive an explanation.
Comparison of Computerized Versus Booklet Versions of the TOMM

This study examined whether there is a significant difference in performance on two different versions of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM; Tombaugh, 1996). Differences in performance were compared between the examiner-administered booklet version versus the self-administered computerized version. No statistically significant differences were found between performance on the two versions. These data indicate that the two versions of the TOMM produce equivalent performance, at least among college students. Further studies employing other populations are warranted.
Gaussian-optical approach to stable periodic orbit resonances of partially chaotic dielectric micro-cavities.

The quasi-bound modes localized on stable periodic ray orbits of dielectric micro-cavities are constructed in the short-wavelength limit using the parabolic equation method. These modes are shown to coexist with irregularly spaced “chaotic” modes for the generic case. The wavevector quantization rule for the quasi-bound modes is derived and given a simple physical interpretation in terms of Fresnel reflection; quasi-bound modes are explictly constructed and compared to numerical results. The effect of discrete symmetries of the resonator is analyzed and shown to give rise to quasi-degenerate multiplets; the average splitting of these multiplets is calculated by methods from quantum chaos theory.
NMR determination of intracerebral glucose concentration and transport kinetics in rat brain.

The concentration of intracerebral glucose as a function of plasma glucose concentration was measured in rats by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Measurements were made in 20–60 min periods during the infusion of [1-13C]d-glucose, when intracerebral and plasma glucose levels were at steady state. Intracerebral glucose was found to vary from 0.7 to 19 μmol g−1 wet weight as the steady-state plasma glucose concentration was varied from 3 to 62 mM. A symmetric Michaelis–Menten model was fit to the brain and plasma glucose data with and without an unsaturable component, yielding the transport parameters Km, Vmax, and Kd. If it is assumed that all transport is saturable (Kd = 0), then Km = 13.9 ± 2.7 mM and Vmax/Vgly = 5.8 ± 0.8, where Vgly is the rate of brain glucose consumption. If an unsaturable component of transport is included, the transport parameters are Km = 9.2 ± 4.7 mM, Vmax/Vgly = 5.3 ± 1.5, and Kd/Vgly = 0.0088 ± 0.0075 ml μmol−1. It was not possible to distinguish between the cases of Kd = 0 and Kd > 0, be...
Inhibition of vitamin B12-dependent microbial growth by nitrous oxide

In methionine-free media, nitrous oxide inhibits the growth of an auxotrophic strain of Escherichia coli lacking a cobalamin-independent pathway for the de novo synthesis of methionine. Prototrophic E. coli is similarly inhibited by nitrous oxide if the cobalamin-independent pathway is selectively depressed by sulfanilamide. Nitrous oxide thus effectively inactivates cobalamin-dependent 5-methyltetrahydrofolate--homocysteine methyltransferase (methionine synthase, EC 2.1.1.13) in intact bacteria.
Racial differences in sleep architecture: the role of ethnic discrimination.

Abstract African Americans have been consistently shown to have less deep (slow wave sleep; SWS) and more light (Stages 1 and 2) sleep than Caucasian Americans. This paper explored whether discrimination, a stressor that uniquely impacts certain ethnic groups, contributes to differences in sleep architecture. The sleep of 164 African and Caucasian Americans was examined with laboratory based polysomnography (PSG). Experiences of perceived discrimination (The Scale of Ethnic Experience) and sociodemographic factors were also assessed. After adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), socioeconomic status (SES) and smoking status, African Americans slept approximately 4.5% more total sleep time (TST) in Stage 2 sleep and 4.7% less TST in SWS than Caucasian Americans ( p s p s
Simultaneous in-situ neutron diffraction studies of the anode and cathode in a lithium-ion cell.

In situ neutron diffraction analysis was employed to study the behavior of the cathode and anode materials in a commercial Li-ion cell (Saehan Enertech, Inc) using the exact configuration of the commercial product. Accurate lattice parameters were refined for the type cathode based on measurements collected as a function of the state of charge. Simultaneous structural characterization was possible on the graphitic anode as well. The simultaneous direct correlation of structural information for both the anode and cathode with the electrochemical data provided a highly detailed picture of the behavior of the active cell materials that ultimately underlie the cell performance. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Robert E. Brenneman: Homies and Hermanos: Gods and Gangs in Central America

Robert Brenneman’s Homies and Hermanos, a study of the relationship between religious conversion and gang desistance in Central America, is replete with such stories of baptism. Brenneman takes advantage of his opportunity as a North American scholar with years of experience working in Central America to bring the reader inside a world to which not many have access. His interviews with 63 exgang members and 32 individuals working with gangs in Central America provide insight into a way of life and individual stories that portray the motivations and agonies that both propel youth into this lifestyle and, later, allow them to pull away. Brenneman discusses the historical and structural antecedents of Central American gangs from their nascence in Los Angeles, to their growth and embeddedness as a result of deportations from the US, surges in urban population, state abandonment of poor urban areas, and effects of the ‘‘war on drugs.’’ Yet, Brenneman notes, the question of why gangs exist and grow is not the same as the question of why any particular youth joins a gang. To understand what motivates youth to make this decision and to bridge the gap between structure and agency, he turns to the work of Thomas Scheff on the shame/anger cycle. Social structures create life conditions that contribute to shame, and the desire to hide or avoid the shame leads to violence to counteract or avenge the shame. Youth turn to gangs to discharge their shame and project shame onto others through violence, as well as to escape or dull the pain of shame through substance use and sex. Partaking in such activities only heightens the
Quantifying Protein Conformation Heterogeneity in Live Cells by Fourier Lifetime Excitation-Emission Matrix Spectroscopy

FLIM-FRET is a powerful imaging technique to study molecular interactions and conformational changes in biological systems. However, current FLIM-FRET techniques have difficulties to provide robust quantitative analysis of heterogeneous protein species due to several factors arising from live cell imaging, including low signal to noise ratio, small lifetime differences and intensity imbalance between high and low FRET species. Here we present a FRET lifetime analysis method based on frequency domain Fourier lifetime excitation-emission matrix (FLEEM) imaging. FLEEM is a novel high-speed multiplexed frequency-domain lifetime imaging method developed by our group. With FLEEM, time-resolved fluorescence images of live cells can be acquired simultaneously in multiple excitation-emission channels, including the donor spontaneous emission, acceptor spontaneous emission induced by direct acceptor excitation and the sensitized emission from the acceptor induced by FRET1. Assuming a two conformation model, each protein conformation has a distinct FRET efficiency, which results in two distinct donor lifetimes. The measured average donor lifetimes in both donor spontaneous emission and FRET-induced sensitized emission channel are population weighted averages of these two lifetimes, readily described by a two-dimension linear parametric function, of which weighting coefficients of two lifetime species differ between two channels. Two FRET efficiencies corresponding to low and high FRET conformation can be extracted from parametric fitting of the experimentally measured life times. The ratio of the two conformation populations can then be easily computed from the average donor lifetime. We used this method to analyze time-resolved images of FRET sensors in live HeLa cells and obtained quantitative measurements of sensor FRET efficiencies under reacted or unreacted states, which allow time-lapse quantifications of Ca2+ and cAMP levels in vivo.1. Zhao, M., Huang, R. & Peng, L. Opt. Express20, 26806-27 (2012).
Amyloid‐enhancing factor mediates amyloid formation on fibroblasts via a nidus/template mechanism

Objective To determine the mechanism by which amyloid-enhancing factor (AEF) promotes amyloid deposition, and to test whether AEF seeds deposition of serum amyloid A (SAA) and facilitates conversion to beta-sheet structure. Methods Fibroblasts were cultured with mouse recombinant SAA1.1 and AEF, SAA1.1, or AEF. AEF was prepared as a glycerol extract of spleen from amyloidotic mice. Amyloid was identified by staining with Congo red and examining for green birefringence under polarized light. SAA was localized immunohistochemically. Texas Red–labeled SAA was visualized in living cultures by fluorescence confocal microscopy. AEF was characterized by Western blot analysis using anti-SAA antiserum and N-terminal sequence analysis. Subunits comprising amyloid in fibroblast cultures were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results Amyloid was produced in fibroblast cultures by an AEF-dependent mechanism. AEF, added to culture medium as insoluble protein precipitates, adhered to fibroblast monolayers. SAA bound preferentially to the adherent precipitates. Coincident with SAA binding, precipitates developed an affinity for Congo red. Over time, as more SAA was added, networks of Congo red–positive material producing bright green birefringence also developed outward from AEF precipitates. Amyloid built upon AEF in this manner was composed of full-length SAA. No amyloid was produced in cultures treated with either SAA or AEF alone. SAA and SAA peptides processed in the C-terminal region were the most prominent proteins in the glycerol-extracted AEF preparation. Conclusion AEF binds to fibroblast monolayers and acts as a sink for SAA. SAA that collects on AEF assembles into an amyloid structure. Thus, it is concluded that AEF serves as both a nidus and a template for amyloid formation.
Experimental Consequences of Objective Local Theories

A broad class of theories, called "objective local theories," is defined, motivation for considering these theories is given, and experimental consequences of the class are investigated. An extension of previous analyses by Bell and by Clauser et al. shows that predictions of objective local theories and of quantum mechanics differ, and that an experimental test of the entire family of objective local theories can be performed. The experimental requirements are given. Objective local theories satisfying a plausible but experimentally untestable supplementary assumption are shown to be incompatible with existing experimental data.
Towards a facility for lexically scoped, dynamic mutual recursion in Scheme

Abstract We propose a facility which allows unbounded associative structures, which we call Dynamic Mutually Recursive Structures (DMRS), in Scheme [1]. An important application is the creation of unbounded vectors and arrays. Another application is as the underpinnings of a global, dynamic letrec capability. A third application is the construction of memo-functions. Under this facility, DMRS elements are allocated space individually and not until they are side-effected. Thus, a DMRS can be sparse and waste little memory. In addition, the proposed facility removes some of the burdens of writing procedural specifications that are not relevant to functional specifications such as vector boundedness.
Pedestrian behavior at five dangerous and busy Manhattan intersections

Technology-related distracted behavior is an emergent national concern. Listening to, looking at or talking into an electronic device while walking divides attention, increasing the risk of injury. The purpose of this study was to quantify technology-related distracted pedestrian behavior at five dangerous and busy Manhattan intersections. Data were collected over ten cycles of signal changes at each of the four corners of five intersections at four times of day. Data for ‘Walk’ and ‘Don’t Walk’ signals were tallied separately. A total of 21,760 pedestrians were observed. Nearly one-third crossing on a ‘Walk’ signal (n = 5414, 27.8 %), and nearly half crossing on a ‘Don’t Walk’ signal (n = 974; 42.0 %) were wearing headphones, talking on a mobile phone, and/or looking down at an electronic device. Headphone use was the most common distraction.
Visualization of health-subject analysis based on query term co-occurrences

A multidimensional-scaling approach is used to analyze frequently used medical-topic terms in queries submitted to a Web-based consumer health information system. Based on a year-long transaction log file, five medical focus keywords (stomach, hip, stroke, depression, and cholesterol) and their co-occurring query terms are analyzed. An overlap-coefficient similarity measure and a conversion measure are used to calculate the proximity of terms to one another based on their co-occurrences in queries. The impact of the dimensionality of the visual configuration, the cutoff point of term co-occurrence for inclusion in the analysis, and the Minkowski metric power k on the stress value are discussed. A visual clustering of groups of terms based on the proximity within each focus-keyword group is also conducted. Term distributions within each visual configuration are characterized and are compared with formal medical vocabulary. This investigation reveals that there are significant differences between consumer health query-term usage and more formal medical terminology used by medical professionals when describing the same medical subject. Future directions are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Psychosocial Correlates of Illness Burden in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

We related reported physical symptoms, cognitive appraisals (e.g., negative style of thinking), and coping strategies (e.g., denial/disengagement strategies) with illness burden across several functional domains separately in subsets of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients with (n= 26) and without (n=39) concurrently diagnosed major depressive disorder (MDD). In regard to cognitive appraisal measures, automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes were strongly associated with a higher illness burden, as indicated in sickness impact profile (SIP) scores
Two empires or three

In the last 100 years, several spectacular discoveries were made in the world of biodiversity, discoveries such as the Okapi in the Congo forest, the only living relative of the giraffes, or Latimeria in the Indian Ocean, a living coelacanth fish, believed to have been extinct for 60 million years. But these were merely small white spots on the world map of biodiversity. By contrast, Carl Woese’s discovery of the archaebacteria was like the discovery of a new continent. Where should one place this new group of microorganisms? From antiquity until the twentieth century, the traditional division of the living world was into animals and plants. Even today, biology is taught in zoology and botany departments in many colleges and universities, particularly abroad. Botany, for a long time, was defined as including anything living that is not an animal. As a result, the study of fungi and bacteria was assigned to botany departments. Indeed, in the nineteenth century, some of the leading bacterial taxonomists had their professorships in botany departments. The subdivisions within animals and plants were equally unbalanced. After 1859, the study of phylogeny produced great advances in our understanding of the relationship of animals. The recognition by Grobben (1) that “above” the coelenterates there are two major groupings of animals, the Protostomia and the Deuterostomia, was a great leap forward. The most important recent development, of course, was the use of molecular methods in the field of classification. Although usually confirming the results of morphological analysis, molecular methods are all-important in all cases of controversy and/or uncertainty. It is now only a question of time until the true relationship of all phyla and classes of animals is firmly established. Although foreshadowed by suggestions made by earlier authors, by far the most important advance made …
Thanks to all those who reviewed for Biological Procedures Online in 2014

Contributing reviewers A peer-reviewed journal would not survive without the generous time and insightful comments of the reviewers, whose efforts often go unrecognized. Although final decisions are always editorial, they are greatly facilitated by the deeper technical knowledge, scientific insights, understanding of social consequences, and passion that reviewers bring to our deliberations. For these reasons, the Editor-in-Chief and staff of the journal warmly thank the reviewers whose comments helped to shape Biological Procedures Online, for their invaluable assistance with review of manuscripts for the journal in Volume 16 (2014).
Kobalt-, Nickel- und Kupfer-Phasen vom ternären MnCu2Al-Typ

In 16 ternaren Systemen werden neue Phasen vom L21-Strukturtyp gefunden. Im System Be−Cu−Si wird eine ternare Phase mit dem γ-Messing-Strukturtyp und in Mg−Ni−Si eineG-Phase beobachtet.
Analysis of mass hypertension screening

Abstract Mass screening for high blood pressure is one means of identifying a significant portion of the hypertensive population. In one weekend 30,329 adults were screened and 35% (8,875 of 25,284 with complete data) were referred for high blood pressure. Although this was a self-selected population, these results are similar to other studies of Southern populations. Racial differences were notable in that 36.7% of blacks were referred as compared to 30.5% for whites, with blacks having a higher rate for both systolic and diastolic hypertension. Males had a higher percentage of high blood pressure than females at every level of diastolic hypertension. Of those 49.8% having a prior history of hypertension, 70% were already on therapy, but only 36% of this group had blood pressures within the normal adult range, leaving 8,875 individuals (87%) who were either unaware, untreated or had persistent elevation of blood pressure in spite of therapy. A follow-up program is in progress, and at least 30% have gone to their own physician or clinic for secondary screening. Mass screening is a feasible and relatively inexpensive method for detection of hypertensives, but should only be one aspect of a large-scale coordinated community hypertension control program. In addition, public interest generated from mass screenings is a positive factor in increasing the health awareness of cardiovascular disease and its associated mortality.
Designing a defect classification system: A case study

Abstract This paper describes designing and testing a vision system for web material inspection. The system incorporates five subsystems: sensing, detection, characterization, feature analysis and classification. Each subsystem contains adaptive image processing and pattern recognition algorithms that perform specific functions. A very difficult real-world case study of defect classification is detailed and examples of algorithms used by the five subsystems are outlined. The results are summarized and interpreted.
Targeting the Prodromal Stage of Alzheimer’s Disease: Bioenergetic and Mitochondrial Opportunities

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has a complex and progressive neurodegenerative phenotype, with hypometabolism and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics among the earliest pathogenic events. Bioenergetic deficits are well documented in preclinical models of mammalian aging and AD, emerge early in the prodromal phase of AD, and in those at risk for AD. This review discusses the importance of early therapeutic intervention during the prodromal stage that precedes irreversible degeneration in AD. Mechanisms of action for current mitochondrial and bioenergetic therapeutics for AD broadly fall into the following categories: 1) glucose metabolism and substrate supply; 2) mitochondrial enhancers to potentiate energy production; 3) antioxidants to scavenge reactive oxygen species and reduce oxidative damage; 4) candidates that target apoptotic and mitophagy pathways to either remove damaged mitochondria or prevent neuronal death. Thus far, mitochondrial therapeutic strategies have shown promise at the preclinical stage but have had little-to-no success in clinical trials. Lessons learned from preclinical and clinical therapeutic studies are discussed. Understanding the bioenergetic adaptations that occur during aging and AD led us to focus on a systems biology approach that targets the bioenergetic system rather than a single component of this system. Bioenergetic system-level therapeutics personalized to bioenergetic phenotype would target bioenergetic deficits across the prodromal and clinical stages to prevent and delay progression of AD.
Editorial, Forum and Book Reviews

Review of the Sixth (1980) Annual SPIE Seminar on Modern Utilization of Infrared Technology My column this month is a review of the sixth annual seminar on Modern Utilization of Infrared Technology, which was held at the Town & Country Hotel, San Diego, on 31 July to 1 August 1980. The seminar was divided into four sessions:
Construction, transfer and properties of a novel temperature-sensitive integrable plasmid for genomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus

As an alternative approach to genetic transfer and analysis, a novel integrable plasmid system was developed that should prove useful for mapping and cloning various genes in Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive bacteria. The use of a restriction-deficient recipient strain and an improved protocol for protoplast plasmid transformation facilitated direct cloning of a recombinant plasmid (pPQ126) in S. aureus NCTC 8325-4. Plasmid pPQ126 (13.6 kb) is a novel, temperature-sensitive integrable plasmid containing genes encoding resistance to erythromycin and chloramphenicol (from plasmid pTV1ts), and resistance to gentamicin (from transposon Tn4001). When introduced into an appropriate recipient strain at the permissive temperature (30 degrees C), pPQ126 replicates autonomously. Integration of pPQ126 is directed into homologous chromosomal target sequences (chromosomal insertions of Tn551 or Tn4001) by growing a population of cells containing autonomous pPQ126 in the presence of gentamicin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol at 39 degrees C (nonpermissive temperature). Elevated temperature both selects for and maintains pPQ126 as an integrated replicon. Integration of pPQ126 occurs at significantly reduced frequency in a recombination-deficient host, and does not occur in the absence of host chromosomal homology. Integrated pPQ126 excises from the chromosome under permissive conditions (30 degrees C), and excision results in derivatives of pPQ126 that harbour DNA of chromosomal origin.
Treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus to preserve insulin secretion.

The idea of treating type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) with immunosup-pressive agents began with the recognition of this form of diabetes asa chronic autoimmune process [1]. Understanding of this process has beenevolving, and with it, strategies for immune therapy. Unlike treatment withinsulin, immune interventions are believed to affect the cause of the disease,but because newer data suggest a role for insulin in mediating b-cell survivaland regeneration, metabolic treatment and immune intervention may needto be considered jointly. This article summarizes the evolution of currentapproaches to treatment and current controversies that attend these studies.Natural history of type 1 diabetes mellitusThe autoimmune response that causes T1D begins years before clinicalonset of disease, continues for years after diagnosis, and may recur yearslater if patients are rechallenged with an islet transplant. Initial pathologicstudies of islets from patients with new-onset T1D suggested loss ofapproximately 90% of insulin-positive cells [2]. Early studies by Faber andcolleagues [3] showed that soon after diagnosis, the production of C-peptidein patients with diabetes consuming a standard diet was about one third ofthat seen in normal individuals. These studies measured 24-hour C-peptidelevels, which provide only an estimate of insulin production. The inter-pretation that insulin secretion was impaired markedly at the time of di-agnosis with little evidence of recovery of b-cell mass was prevalent in thelate 1980s and early 1990s. The potential beneﬁts of immunosuppressive
A simplified approach to magnetic equivalent-circuit modeling of induction machines

The fundamentals of magnetic equivalent circuit representation of electromechanical systems and the application of these principles to the computation of induction machine dynamics have been previously discussed. Here, some simplifications which clarify the principles of the method and speed up the computation are introduced. The ability of the method to evaluate both time and space variations simultaneously is illustrated with graphs which represent the traveling waves in induction machines on a tooth-by-tooth basis. >
Release of dopamine from tuberoinfundibular neurons into pituitary stalk blood after prolactin or haloperidol administration

The effects of PRL or haloperidol on the release of dopamine from tuberoinfundibular neurons were assessed by measuring the concentrations of dopamine in hypophysial portal plasma. The mean concentration of dopamine in portal plasma of male rats which had received an intracerebroventricular injection of PRL or a sc injection of haloperidol on the day before the collection of pituitary stalk blood was approximately 5 times that in stalk plasma of vehicle-treated control rats. The haloperidol- induced increase in the concentration of dopamine in pituitary stalk plasma appeared to be PRL mediated, since this effect of haloperidol was significantly attenuated in rats which had been pretreated with antiserum to PRL. These observations are consistent with the view that the mechanisms involved in the release of dopamine from tuberoinfundibular neurons are regulated, in part, by PRL. Moreover, in view of the inhibitory effect of dopamine on PRL secretion, a PRL-induced increase in the release of dopamine from tub...
Specific heat of Mg11B2

Abstract We report specific-heat measurements on two samples of Mg 11 B 2 , one powder and one sintered, that give essentially identical results. Both samples are of exceptionally high quality: At the critical temperature the discontinuity in specific heat is higher than that of other samples, the transition is sharper than for most samples, and the signature feature of the small, non-BCS energy gap is particularly pronounced. The results are compared with a phenomenological model for a multi-gap superconductor, with band-structure calculations, and with spectroscopic determinations of the energy gaps.
Increasing patient compliance through the applied analysis of behavior

Abstract Applied Analysis of Behavior (ABA) provides a systematic and easily acquired technique for increasing adherence to medication. This is a problem-solving process which can be readily employed on behavioral problems in drug adherence. A number of observation, cueing and reward techniques are suggested to increase adherence. Various dimensions of adherence behavior can be systematically observed and modified to increase compliance. ABA, due to its simplicity, has been successfully employed by nurses, patients, physicians and parents on many health or health maintenance problems. The main point of this paper is that both the patient and physician can profit from often employed clinical scientific techniques: naturalistic observation of behaviors and events functionally related to the event under analysis—in this case the act of taking medication.
Polymer brushes: Applications in biomaterials and nanotechnology

Surface-confined macromolecules known as polymer brushes are being increasing applied to a variety of areas. As more information is gained on the molecular structure of polymer brushes and how they respond to environmental stimuli, these applications are becoming wider ranging and better defined. This review seeks to highlight recent contributions in two broad areas: biotechnology and nanotechnology. These are positions in which polymer brushes are well-suited to offer performance gains. Examples are given that describe the benefits of using a well defined, covalently bound, and densely grafted polymer including in areas such as prevention of bacterial adherence, cell attachment, electrochemistry, and formation of colloidal crystals.