cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Front End Mission Modeling

Mission Modeling has become popular due to the need to verify proposed system solutions against valid models early in the solutions development lifecycle phase. With the advancement of computing power and the rise in model fidelity, it is no longer difficult to evaluate proposed solutions (e.g. architectures) against system requirements. However, the mission analysis phase, which contains mission modeling, is often uni-directional and uncoupled from the system analysis phase; thus, creating disconnect and risk fulfilling customers' requirements. Front End Mission Modeling (FEMM) provides an approach that establishes continuity between system lifecycle phases if it is implemented over the entire lifecycle. This is done by integrating the tools used during each lifecycle phase, analysis the artifacts generated, and provide a feedback between the mission being modeled and the simulation results. An FEMM approach is demonstrated utilizing IBM DOORS, IBM Rhapsody Designer for System Engineers, OPNET Modeler, and DISA JCSS tools.
Abstract 4424: Roles of the primary bile acid receptor FXR in liver repair and tumorigenesis

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Bile acids promote processing of dietary fat and regulate glucose homeostasis in liver through its receptor, FXR. In our study, we demonstrate that bile acid/FXR signaling also plays a role in the tissue homeostasis and repair as well as hepatocarcinogenesis. Either decreased bile acid level or loss of FXR leads to impaired liver regeneration after carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury or 70% partial hepatectomy, which indicates that FXR is an essential liver protector by regulating liver cell proliferation and death. Indeed, FXR-/- mice spontaneously develop liver cancer when they are aged due to their chronic liver injury and deregulated repair. In addition, FXR expression is down-regulated in human liver tumors compared with non-tumor regions, and the hepatocarcinogenesis in FXR-/- mice can recapitulate the process of human liver cancer initiation and progression. Therefore, FXR-/- mice provide a unique animal model for liver cancer study. For instance, we generated IFNα-/-FXR-/- mice to clarify the tumor suppressor role of the cytokine IFNα, the function of which was ever under debate. FXR-/- mice can be also used to identify or predict more differentially expressed genes in human liver cancer. For example, we found that one liver-rich miRNA, miR-194, which is down-regulated in the liver tumors of FXR-/- mice, is an important liver epithelial cell marker and prevents cancer metastasis, which has not been described before. In conclusion, ablation of FXR increases susceptibility to liver injury and tumorigenesis, and the FXR-/- mice provide a unique animal model for human liver cancer study. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4424. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4424
Effect of capillary number on the relative permeability function for two-phase flow in porous media

Abstract Expressions for both drainage and imbibition relative permeabilities for wetting and nonwetting phases have been derived using the cut and random rejoin model approach. The pore structure is modeled by using information about the pore size distribution that determines the capillary pressure. The nonwetting phase is considered to be present as both connected and disconnected fluid. The appropriate permeability equations are obtained by considering laminar flow equations at the randomly formed pore throat constrictions. Based on the percolation theory, the relative permeability equations are presented for capillary numbers for which viscous forces are nonnegligible. These equations consider both the mobilization of disconnected nonwetting phase and the displacement of connected nonwetting phase. The theoretical results of relative permeability for natural and synthetic porous media agree with the available experimental data for drainage as well as imbibition. Moreover, the limited experimental data for high capillary numbers corroborate the assumptions of the model. The injection or in situ generation of surface active agents alters the fractional flow of oil in a reservoir due to an increase in the capillary number. This change in the fractional flow is also dependent upon the connected and disconnected nonwetting phase saturations at the onset of high Nc imbibition. The present approach takes both of these factors into account and presents algebraic relations for relative permeabilities. The model, therefore, can be put to use in describing surfactant and caustic flooding processes.
Geminate ion-electron recombination kinetics in non-polar liquids by time-resolved fluorescence

Abstract The dynamics of geminate ion-electron recombination following laser photoionization of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine (TMPD) in non-polar solution were observed by time resolving the resulting delayed fluorescence. Geminate recombination was observed for TMPD excited by intense (3μJ) picosecond pulses of 305 nm light in low electron mobility solvents. Preliminary comparisons were made to theoretical models.
The effects of two reality explanations on children's reactions to a frightening movie scene

This experiment assesses the effectiveness of two reality explanations on children's reactions to a frightening program. Children from two age groups (5—6 vs. 7—9 years) were assigned to one of three conditions before watching a frightening movie scene: special tricks explanation, real life explanation, or no explanation. Results revealed that neither of the reality instructions influenced younger children's emotional or cognitive reactions to the program. In contrast, the special tricks explanation reduced older children's emotional responses to the movie, but had no impact on their interpretations of the program. Unexpectedly, the real life explanation did not influence older children's emotional reactions, and had only a limited effect on interpretations of the program. The findings are discussed in terms of developmental differences in perceived reality.
Large-scale current lineations on the central New Jersey shelf: Investigations by side-scan sonar

Abstract Two morphological orders of ridge and trough topography can be recognized on a terraced segment (at 37 m) of the central New Jersey shelf: (1) a first-order system with ridges to 14 m high, 2–6 km apart, in a Z-shaped pattern trending to the NNE, and (2) a second-order system with ridges 2–5 m high, 0.5-1.5 km apart and trends to the NE. Side-scan mapping together with submersible observations and bottom samples indicate a third-order system of large-scale current lineations which has been imprinted across the first- and second-order systems. The lineations are low relief forms (to 1.5 m high) which occur as elongate zones of textural contrast arranged in furrows, bands, patches and ribbons and display a uniform directional trend to the ENE. The morphology of the lineations appear to vary in response to the nature of the bottom. The lineations are narrow (10–25 m apart) and have no detectable relief in troughs and wider (to 75 m apart) and higher (to 1.5 m high) on ridges, especially second-order ridges of fine sand. Also revealed are wave ripple patterns and a pattern related to the outcropping of Pleistocene/Holocene units in trough bottoms and lower flanks. It is suggested that the first- and second-order systems developed during earlier stages of the Holocene transgression in response to a hydraulic regime of the inner shelf. The first-order system may have inherited some of its morphology from an older system, but did respond to a Holocene tidal regime adjacent to a major estuary. The second-order system developed in slightly deeper water, subsequent to the resumption of the transgression after the 37-m stillstand. The third-order lineations appear to be a response to the helical-flow structure within the flow field of a major shelf storm. Ridges of the central shelf may be maintained by alternate periods of oblique sweeping during storms, resulting in a net transport of fine sand out of the troughs and up on the ridges. Subsequent wave reworking returns the fine sand to the troughs.
Ceramide synthase mediates daunorubicin-induced apoptosis: An alternative mechanism for generating death signals

Abstract The sphingomyelin pathway, which is initiated by sphingomyelin hydrolysisto generate the second messenger ceramide, signals apoptosis for tumor necrosis factor α, Fas, and ionizing radiation. In the present studies, the anticancer drug daunorubicin also stimulated ceramide elevation and apoptosis in P388 and U937 cells. Cell-permeable analogs of ceramide, but not other lipid second messengers, mimicked daunorubicin in inducing apoptosis. Daunorubicin-stimulated ceramide elevation, however, did not result from sphingomyelin hydrolysis, but rather from de novo synthesis via activation of the enzyme ceramide synthase. An obligatory role for ceramide synthase was defined, since its natural specific inhibitor, fumonisin B1, blocked daunorubicin-induced ceramide elevation and apoptosis. These studies demonstrate that ceramide synthase activity can be regulated in eukaryotes and constitute definitive evidence for a requirement for ceramide elevation in the induction of apoptosis.
Cochlear implant information on the Internet

Abstract Introduction A survey was distributed to parents of children with cochlear implants to determine if parents used the Internet to look for cochlear implant information and how this information may have influenced their preoperative decisions. A detailed search of “cochlear implant” Web sites was performed to determine the quality and readability of cochlear implant information. Results Over 80% of parents completing the survey used the Internet to look for cochlear implant-related information. Most parents found the Internet-based information to be helpful and most stated the information was influential in their decision to get a cochlear implant for their child. Cochlear implant information on the Internet was predominately at or above a twelfth grade reading level and was often incomplete. Conclusions Most parents used the Internet to look for cochlear implant information although the same parents ranked the cochlear implant team as their primary source of information. There is an abundance of cochlear implant information on the Internet although the readability and completeness of this information is unsatisfactory.
Simulation Study on Influence of Various Parameters on Vibration Piling Process

The liquefaction of soil around the pile and the friction resistance between the pile-soil may be greatly affected by the various vibration conditions in the process of vibration piling. The efficiency of the pile may be affected by the above situation. And how to increase the piling speed is the key component studied in related field. The plane contact element is adapted in this paper to establish the system of pile-soil dynamics model. The piling process is simulated by changing the parameters such as, the amplitude and frequency of vibration force, and the stiffness and damping of soil. Then the influence on piling speed by every parameter can be studied. The way to raise piling speed can be achieved, and it provides theoretical guidance for practical application.
Applications of First Break Turning-ray Tomography to Shallow Seismic Reflection Data Processing And Interpretation

Shallow seismic reflection surveys commonly suffer from poor data quality in the upper 100 to 150 ms of the stacked seismic record due to shot-associated noise, surface waves, and direct arrivals which obscure the reflected energy. Nevertheless, insight into lateral changes in shallow structure and stratigraphy can still be obtained from these data by using first arrivals picks in a refraction analysis to derive a near-surface velocity model. We have used turning-ray tomography to model near-surface velocities from a high-resolution seismic profile recorded in the Trans-Pecos region of west Texas, near Fort Hancock. The result of this analysis is an interval velocity model for the upper 200 ms of the seismic profile that locates several geologic features which were not interpretable on the original stacked record. This model helps locate an unconformity near 70 ms two way travel time and strong lateral velocity variations above water table that may be due to a perched water table or soil horizon development. In addition, the interval velocity model leads to improved time-to-depth conversion, and when changed to stacking velocities may aid in producing a better stacked record at early travel times.
High pressure mass-spectrometric study of ion-molecule reactions in C2H3F

Abstract The gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of C 2 H 3 F have been studied to a pressure of 1 torr using both 12.5- and 200-eV electron impact energies in a conventional single ion source quadrupole mass spectrometer. The parent ion-molecule reaction is third order under the experimental conditions and its rate constant has been determined to be 1.61-10 −25 cm 6 molecule −2 s −1 at 12.5-eV nominal electron energy. The ratio of product distribution of C 3 H 3 F 2 + : C 3 H 4 F + : C 3 H 5 + was obtained as 0.66 : 0.17 : 0.17. In addition, rate coefficients for the reactions of the secondary ions C 3 H 3 F 2 + , C 3 H 4 F + , and C 3 H 5 + in C 2 H 3 F were obtained as 0.5, 2.2, and 4.9 in the unit of 10 −10 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . The formation of (C 2 H 3 F) 3 + , (C 2 H 3 F) 4 + and several others is reported for the first time. Reaction paths, product distribution, and rate constants have been determined for interaction of the majority of the ions with the parent molecule. At high pressure, successive addition of the vinyl fluoride molecule to several classes of ions was observed, and at each step a competing reaction involving loss of HF from the polymer molecule occurred.
Learning complex, extended sequences using the principle of history compression

Previous neural network learning algorithms for sequence processing are computationally expensive and perform poorly when it comes to long time lags. This paper first introduces a simple principle for reducing the descriptions of event sequences without loss of information. A consequence of this principle is that only unexpected inputs can be relevant. This insight leads to the construction of neural architectures that learn to “divide and conquer” by recursively decomposing sequences. I describe two architectures. The first functions as a self-organizing multilevel hierarchy of recurrent networks. The second, involving only two recurrent networks, tries to collapse a multilevel predictor hierarchy into a single recurrent net. Experiments show that the system can require less computation per time step and many fewer training sequences than conventional training algorithms for recurrent nets.
Noninsulin glucose-lowering agents for the treatment of patients on dialysis

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). As the worldwide prevalence of diabetes continues to increase, the number of patients with CKD will also increase. Therefore, it is essential that physicians know how to safely and effectively manage diabetes in the setting of CKD. Adequate glycaemic control in patients with diabetes is important to prevent ESRD and other complications and to decrease mortality. However, many glucose-lowering agents need to be dose-adjusted or should not be used in the setting of stage 3 CKD or higher (defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)), particularly in patients with stage 5 CKD (eGFR <15 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) and in those receiving dialysis. Insulin therapy is appropriate for patients undergoing dialysis; however, several orally administered glucose-lowering agents can also be used safely in these patients. In this Review, we provide an overview of the use of noninsulin glucose-lowering agents in the dialysis population.
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM AND SEX RATIO IN THE YELLOWSHOULDERED WIDOWBIRD EUPLECTES MACROURUS SOROR

Summary Savalli, U.M. 1994. Sexual dimorphism and sex ratio in the Yellowshouldered Widowbird Euplectes macrourus soror. Ostrich. 65: 297–301. Yellowshouldered (Yellowbacked) Widowbirds Euplectes macrourus soror are sexually dimorphic in plumage and size. At Kakamega, western Kenya, adult males were all black except for the yellow shoulders, contrary to previous reports that yellow-mantled individuals were predominant in this area. Males were larger than females, with wing length the best single measure to distinguish sex (since immature males are streaky brown, like females). Immature males had shorter wings and tails than did adult males, but did not differ in other measures of size. The sex ratio of netted birds was near 1:1, but nearly half of the males were immature. The breeding sex ratio was nearly even in one year but heavily male biased the second, suggesting that not all females may breed.
Neighborhood Crime and School Climate as Predictors of Elementary School Academic Quality: A Cross‐Lagged Panel Analysis

Past research has found negative relationships between neighborhood structural disadvantage and students’ academic outcomes. Comparatively little work has evaluated the associations between characteristics of neighborhoods and schools themselves. This study explored the longitudinal, reciprocal relationships between neighborhood crime and school-level academic achievement within 500 urban schools. Results revealed that higher neighborhood crime (and particularly violent crime) predicted decreases in school academic achievement across time. School climate emerged as one possible mechanism within this relationship, with higher neighborhood crime predicting decreases in socioemotional learning and safety, but not academic rigor. All three dimensions of school climate were predictive of changes in academic achievement. Although this research supports a primarily unidirectional hypothesis of neighborhoods’ impacts on embedded settings, additional work is needed to understand these relationships using additional conceptualizations of neighborhood climate.
A Holistic Family Wellness Program Focusing on Family Strengths

From an anthropological perspective we present the contents and delivery of a holistic family wellness program. We also share evaluation results obtained from a follow-up survey of training seminars. Finally, we speculate on how we might evaluate outcomes with families in future research.
Electron beam lithography and information transfer

Abstract The evolution of EBL is considered in terms of transferring digital into spatial information. A standard lithography task is postulated to evaluate writing strategies. It is shown that as the speed and accuracy of lithography increases, different strategies are required to avoid information transfer limitations. Review of electron optics evolution also shows how pattern redundancy and parallel transfer of feature detail have been exploited. Examples of submicron lithography under high throughput conditions are presented, showing that EBL can perform at high speed using optical resists.
Solid phase epitaxy in silicide-forming systems

Abstract We investigated nine metal-silicon systems for solid phase epitaxy with a sample configuration of a layer of amorphous silicon deposited onto a silicon crystal substrate interposed with a metal layer (where the metal was palladium, platinum, nickel, chromium, iron, cobalt, titanium, vanadium or rhodium, all of which form silicides). It is shown that solid phase epitaxial growth is a rather general phenomenon in these systems. We further observed that the temperature at which the solid phase epitaxy process took place at a given rate generally increased with the heat of formation, the melting point and the formation temperature of the silicide.
Numerical and Experimental Simulation on Aerodynamic Character of Crescent-Shaped Iced Conductor

The dynamics force of iced-conductor is the driving force of galloping, its variation is depended on the aerodynamic character of iced conductor. The aerodynamic character of iced conductor is the key factor of galloping of iced-conductor, but the result of theoretically analysis and numerical simulation isn’t suited for the requirement of transmission line project. In the paper, basing on the theoretically analysis and numerical simulation, the simulation tests in wind tunnel of crescent-shaped iced conductor is stetted up and put into practice, and then the systemic study is carried into execution. The result of research is indicated that there is a better coherence between the numerical simulation and experiment test, and the result of numerical simulation is the beneficial supplement to the experiment test. The result can not only provide the original date for the galloping analysis, but also validate the affectivity of numerical simulation, support the research of mechanism and control of galloping.
KSHV seroprevalence, and blood and saliva viral loads in the HIV-infected population of south Texas

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the most common neoplasm in HIV-infected subjects, and is associated with infection by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Our previous studies have shown that KSHV epidemiology in South Texas is distinct with an increased KSHV seroprevalence in blood donors and unique distribution of KSHV genotypes in KS subjects. However, KSHV epidemiology in the HIV-infected population in South Texas remains undefined. In this cross sectional study, we examined specific antibodies to KSHV latent nuclear antigen (LANA) by immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) and to KSHV lytic antigen ORF65 by ELISA in 25 HIV-infected KS subjects, 314 HIV-infected subjects, and 335 HIV-negative subjects. Relative antibody titers to ORF65 were estimated based on optical density values (O.D.). Blood and saliva viral loads were also determined in KSHV-seropositive subjects by quantitative real-time PCR. Antibodies to KSHV antigens were detected in 25 (100%) KS subjects, 114 (36%) HIV-infected subjects and 65 (19%) HIV-negative subjects. KS subjects had higher antibody titers to ORF65 compared to HIV-infected and -negative subjects (median O.D. 0.76 versus 0.47 and 0.27; p = 0.0017 and 0.0001, respectively). Antibody titers in HIV-infected subjects were also significantly higher than HIV-negative subjects (p = 0.0001). Among the HIV-infected subjects, males had higher KSHV seroprevalence than females (42%, 95% CI: 35.6–47.4% versus 8%, 95% CI: 0.5–15.8%, p 400 CD4+ T cell counts, those with <200 CD4+ T cell counts had higher KSHV seroprevalence (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.4–4.80, p = 0.017) and higher antibody titers (median O.D. 0.48 versus 0.32; p = 0.001). KSHV blood and saliva viral loads were detected in 12 (48%) and 9 (36%) of 25 KS subjects, 16 (26%) and 12 (19%) of 62 HIV-positive KSHV-seropositive subjects, and none of the HIV-negative KSHV-seropositive subjects, respectively. Among the KS subjects, KSHV blood and saliva viral loads were detected more frequently in those with active KS than those without active KS (81.8%, 95% CI: 48.2–97.7% and 54.5%, 95% CI: 23.3–83.2% versus 18%, 95% CI: 2.2–51.7% and 45%, 95% CI: 16.7–76.6%, p = 0.004 and 0.05, respectively). Together, these results indicate that HIV infection and the status of HIV disease might modulate KSHV infection and replication, and impact the development of KS.
Effect of chronic ethanol consumption on protective T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 immune responses against the parasites Leishmania major and Strongyloides stercoralis in mice.

Background: Chronic alcohol consumption has been associated with significant increases in the prevalence of infectious diseases, and it has been suggested that these increases are caused by a direct effect of ethanol on the immune response. The objective of this study was to determine whether chronic ethanol consumption would affect the development of protective immunity to Leishmania major, which is controlled by the T-helper 1 (Th1) subset of CD4 cells, and Strongyloides stercoralis, which is controlled by the Th2 subset. Methods: Mice were fed ethanol-containing liquid diet (25% ethanol-derived calories), liquid isocaloric diet without ethanol, or solid chow and then exposed to either of the two parasites. The ability of the mice chronically consuming alcohol to eliminate the infections was determined, as were the levels of parasite-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Results: Mice chronically consuming alcohol were capable of eliminating both of these infections in a manner identical to the control mice. In addition, splenocytes from mice chronically consuming alcohol infected with L. major produced nitric oxide at the same levels as in control mice. Antibody responses were altered in a manner suggesting an increase in Th2 immunity and a decrease in Th1 immunity in the mice chronically consuming alcohol. In mice chronically consuming alcohol that were infected with S. stercoralis, eosinophils migrated to the parasite's microenvironment, and antibodies were produced at levels equivalent to those seen in control mice. Conclusions: Mice maintained on an ethanol-containing liquid diet had some alteration in their ability to produce Th1 and Th2 immune responses yet were capable of generating unimpaired protective Th1 and Th2 responses.
Reclaiming the Street: The Discourse of Curfew

The 1998 Crime and Disorder Act enables local authorities to put in place local street curfews for children aged under 10 years. The Act has been fuelled by discourses which present a vision of a society escalating towards lawlessness and moral decline. Curfew orders are grounded on the exclusionary principles of control and deterrence. We argue that the case for curfews is much less clear than recent policy documents suggest. Evidence based upon a large-scale study points to a more positive role of streets in the lives of young people than is acknowledged in current discussions. We propose that curfew does not offer a way forward: for young people it reinforces a sense of power-lessness and alienation and for adults it establishes a positionality which further dislocates young people from their world. Throughout the curfew debate there has been no attempt to incorporate the views of young people. We propose that, instead of curfew, what is needed are inclusionary strategies which encourage the incorporat...
Theoretical aspects of superconductivity in very high magnetic fields

This paper reviews the progress made in the last few years in theoretical understanding of the properties of superconductors in very high magnetic fields. The key ingredient in the new understanding is the recognition that the usual negative effect of orbital frustration in a superconducting state, reflected in diamagnetic pair breaking, is obviated when all electrons reside in only the few lowest Landau levels. A new relation between the superconducting order parameter and the magnetic field now exists which permits a strong enhancement of the critical temperature with increasing magnetic field. The issue of Pauli pair breaking and the effect of impurities in this new state are also discussed, along with the important observation that the attractive component of the effective electron-electron interaction in systems with low carrier density is enhanced with increasing magnetic field. While this paper emphasizes the theoretical aspects of this high-field limit, it does present a unified picture of superconductivity throughout the whole temperature and magnetic-field phase diagram. Numerical applications to simple models of low-carrier-density semiconductors and semimetals are also discussed, since these materials are the most likely candidates for this new phase.
Artificial Spawning of Tilapia Eggs

A stripspawning methodology was evaluated for tilapia (oreochromid) species. This technique achieved an average hatching success of 68.6 ± 3.6% (N= 31). Female fecundity and spawning frequency were dependant on both genetical and husbandry factors. Egg yields for Oreochromis niloticus, O. mossambicus, and O. niloticus±O. mossambicus hybrids averaged 4.54, 10.86 and 10.36 eggs/g female/spawn, respectively. Female broodstock that were adapted to an intensive spawning regime exhibited a significant increase in fecundity. Additionally, egg survival was not affected by hydration for up to 15 minutes prior to fertilization. Results suggest that the strip spawning of tilapia species may be an efficient method of providing viable gametes for hatchery purposes.
Cochlear pathology after destruction of the endolymphatic sac in the cat.

The endolymphatic sacs of the left ears of fifteen cats were destroyed surgically, and after survival times of six months to three years, twelve were found to have endolymphatic hydrops. Four control ears which were subjected to sham operations and eighteen opposite ears failed to show endolymphatic hydrops. Three of four animals with postoperative survival times of two and a half to three years also had atrophic changes in the organ of Corti and spiral ganglion which were most severe in the apical regions. Thus it appears that loss of function of the endolymphatic sac not only results in increase in volume of endolymph presumably due to inadequate resorption, but also leads to atrophy of the sense organ and ganglion of the cochlea. A critical appraisal of all the evidence supports the concept that loss of function of the sac may be the primary etiologic factor in Meniere's disease.
On the general rolling contact problem for finite deformations of a viscoelastic cylinder

Abstract The formulation of a variational principle for the finite steady-state deformation of a rolling cylinder is presented together with finite element methods and numerical algorithms for the analysis of such problems. The unilateral contact of hyperelastic and viscoelastic rolling cylinders on a rough foundation on which nonclassical friction laws hold is characterized by a highly nonlinear variational inequality, the solutions of which can exhibit bifurcations for certain values of angular velocity. Some of these bifurcations correspond to the emergence of standing waves in such cylinders. The results of several numerical experiments are also presented.
Knowledge of HIV transmission through breast milk among drug-dependent pregnant women.

Abstract The current study examined the correlates of knowledge about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through breast milk among drug-dependent pregnant women. There is a tremendous need to examine the knowledge about HIV transmission through breastfeeding among this largely understudied, but high-risk subset of pregnant women in order to minimize the extent to which they pass HIV to their children after giving birth. Participants included 97 pregnant women from Baltimore, MD, USA. Prevalence of drug use over the last 6 months included 37.1% reporting smoking marijuana, 36.1% injecting heroin, and 67.0% smoking crack. When asked whether HIV could be transmitted through breast milk, 72 women (74.2%) answered correctly. Our results indicate that the overall knowledge about transmission through breast milk is relatively low. Furthermore, participants who smoked crack during the past 6 months and participants who were white were significantly less likely to have correct knowledge about this top...
Aspects of Protein Reaction Dynamics: Deviations from Simple Behavior

Proteins are complex systems so that their reactions may have characteristics not often observed in small molecules. Two common aspects of small molecule reactions are an exponential time dependence and Arrhenius-like temperature dependence. This review shows that corresponding behavior is not always observed in reactions involving proteins. Bond-making and bond-breaking reactions, as well as conformational changes, which do not involve chemical bonds, are discussed. As examples of bond making, bond breaking reactions, enzyme catalysis by triosephosphate isomerase and ligand binding by myoglobin are considered. Several reactions involving conformational changes are described. They include aromatic side chain rotations, loop/lid opening and closing motions, quaternary structural changes in hemoglobin, and protein folding. In some of these cases, deviations from simple small molecule behavior have been observed, but it is evident that more information is needed for a complete understanding. The protein fold...
Induced Radioactivity & Remote Handling Methods for Accelerators

The improvement of accelerators for greater beam intensity brings on problems of high induced radioactivity in parts and hardware associated with these machines. Data showing the magnitude of induced activity at several existing installations are tabulated to forecast the ultimate levels. Magnitudes of several hundred R/hr. are predicted, thus showing the need for a logical approach to the problem in new machine design parameters and in remote handling. The proposed modifications of present accelerators are presented showing the different approaches taken and the philosophy upon which their criteria are based. Design in some cases is based upon the ultimate activity levels expected, while others plan to make improvements as the activity grows. Regardless of the approach, definite design features are mandatory to make them compatible to remote handling. These features take into account the inaccessibility to the activated equipment and the need for rapid assembly and disassembly. Modular design of apparatus with quick disconnect means for both the mechanical and electrical coupling is presented to fulfill the above needs. A review is made of the existing remote handling equipment and systems showing their shortcomings or possible application to accelerator work. This is supplemented with an explanation of what features must be present in remote handling systems to make them usable for accelerator use. Manipulators and remote handling devices used in hot cells are designed for operation within the confines of limited and selected space.
Active control using piezoceramic linear motors

Proof mass actuators have long been an accepted and reliable method of vibration control. With the advent of new piezoceramic technology, the proof mass can now be driven by a piezoceramic linear motor. A linear motor has been designed and its performance is evaluated by comparing it against a Physik Instrument piezoceramic stack translator. Both linear motors are used to actively add damping to the bending modes of a section of the NASA Phase Zero Evolutionary Model. A modal test has been done on the test structure and its mode shapes, natural frequencies and damping ratios have been recorded. In the unlikely event of a power failure on board such a structure, a backup control scheme is desired. Viscoelastic damping material is incorporated into the newly designed actuator to improve the stability of the closed loop system and to offer good `shut down' performance in case of a power failure. Actuator performance such as force output, stroke length, and control implementation are compared.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Capsule commentary on Brenner et al., comparing 3 values clarification methods for colorectal cancer screening decision-making: a randomized trial in the US and Australia.

This study investigated whether different types of “values clarification exercises—or methods” (VCMs) impacted (a) what attribute patients named as most important in making decisions about colorectal cancer screening, and (b) their decisions about colorectal screening (whether to get screened and which type of test to have). They found that the different VCMs did not produce any difference in terms of decisions about colorectal screening, but argue that they did impact which attribute patients named as most important.1 This is a very important study, since, as the authors note, most decision aids have some sort of section that helps a patient think about and compare the desirability of the options (oddly, termed a “values” clarification exercise). While it is true that there is a sense in which the different VCMs had an impact on which attributes patients designated as most important to them, there is a more important sense in which the VCMs did not. The sense in which they did, which the authors report, is that those who went through the VCM of ranking [abstract] attributes were more likely to choose “reduction in risk” as more important than those who went through the two other VCMs. The sense in which the type of VCM did not impact which attributes patients thought most important, however, is that the ordering of the importance of the attributes was actually exactly the same (with one minor exception) across all VCMs. “Risk reduction” was always the most important attribute, followed by “nature of the test,” “frequency of the test,” “chance of complications,” and “chance of needing a colonoscopy.” The authors conclude that no meaningful differences in test preference (whether to do it and what type) emerged based on the VCM, but this may be partially because the VCMs tested contained verbiage that was rather abstract (e.g., attribute of “nature of the test” was just described as, say, mild discomfort, invasive, done in a hospital). VCMs with more concrete descriptions of the “nature” of a colonoscopy may have a significant impact on patient choices. The essential message is that VCMs are potentially very powerful exercises for shaping patients’ decisions.
Temperature responses of enzymes in two forest soils

The temperature response curves (Arrhenius plots) for endocellulase, exocellulase, exochitinase, laccase and peroxidase found in the upper horizons of a mixed hardwood and a Pinus resinosa stand in central Massachusetts were linear over the range of ambient temperatures (2–30°C). Energies of activation, determined from Arrhenius functions, are higher in mineral soil than in forest floor for endoand exocellulases and are higher for bound than for extractable endocellulases. The results are comparable with results from Arctic tundra and indicate that the potential for soil enzyme activity remains high at freezing temperatures.
Antibody-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticle-Based Immunosensor for Ultra-Sensitive Detection of Troponin-T:

The technology presented in this study demonstrates the feasibility of integrating nanostructures onto the surface of an electrical platform to achieve enhanced detection of the cardiac biomarker, troponin-T. A polymer microcontact printing technique was modified using printed circuit boards as molds for the application of gold nanoparticles onto microelectrode-patterned glass substrates. The microelectrodes were designed to support electrical impedance spectroscopy measurements and fabricated using standard photolithography methods. Capture antibodies specific to troponin-T were functionalized onto the surface of gold nanoparticles by using a thiol-based cross-linking molecule. The antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles were stamped onto the electrodes using a matching pattern imprinted onto an elastomeric mold. As a control to validate the efficacy of the nanotextured surface on the glass substrate, an electroplated printed circuit board was also used. The incorporation of gold nanoparticles showed significant amplification of the electro-ionic signals generated through binding of the antigen to its capture antibody. Enhanced sensitivity was demonstrated through detection of the target biomarker in the femtogram per milliliter range in buffer solution and biological media. In the absence of gold nanoparticles, the sensor demonstrated detection of troponin-T at higher concentration points. This study illustrates a robust method for developing a more sensitive, label-free biosensor.
Classifying Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Imagery With Independent Component Analysis

In this paper, we investigate the application of independent component analysis (ICA) to remotely sensed hyperspectral image classification. We focus on the performance of Joint Approximate Diagonalization of Eigenmatrices (JADE) algorithm, although the proposed method is applicable to other popular ICA algorithms. The major advantage of using ICA is its capability of classifying objects with unknown spectral signatures in an unknown image scene, i.e., unsupervised classification. However, ICA suffers from computational expensiveness, which limits its application to high dimensional data analysis. In order to make it applicable to hyperspectral image classification, a data preprocessing procedure is employed to reduce the data dimensionality. Noise adjusted principal component analysis (NAPCA) is used for this purpose, which can reorganize the original data information in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, a more appropriate criterion than variance when dealing with images. The preliminary results demonstrate that the selected major components from NAPCA can better represent the object information in the original data than those from ordinary principal component analysis (PCA). As a result, better classification using ICA is expected.
The Problem of Irreversibility in Newtonian Dynamics

A new type of dissipation function which does not satisfy the Lipschitz condition at equilibrium states is proposed. It is shown that Newtonian dynamics supplemented by this dissipation function becomes irreversible, i.e., it is not invariant with respect to time inversion. Some effects associated with the approaching of equilibria in infinite time are eliminated. New meanings of chaos and turbulence are discussed.
Período de armazenamento e da massa na germinação de sementes de mangueira da variedade Carabao

A mangueira e considerada uma especie que produz sementes recalcitrantes, que possuem problemas com o armazenamento. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do periodo de armazenamento e da massa na germinacao de sementes de mangueira Carabao. Os frutos foram colhidos e os carocos colocados para secar. As sementes foram pesadas e separadas em duas classes: I, com massa de ate 19,0g, e II, acima de 19,0g, tratadas com Thiabendazol 60%, embaladas em sacos transparentes de polietileno perfurados, e mantidas no laboratorio. As sementes foram postas para germinar diretamente em sacos plasticos. Na analise estatistica utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repeticoes, que consistiram de cinco periodos de armazenamento: 0 (zero), 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. Tambem foi realizada a analise de regressao. Devido ao pequeno numero de sementes com massa inferior a 19,0g, a germinacao com separacao de classes foi realizada somente nos periodos de zero e sete dias de armazenamento. Concluiu-se que as sementes de manga da variedade Carabao, tratadas com fungicida, apresentam melhor desempenho semeadas apos sete dias de armazenamento em sacos de polietileno e que a massa das sementes de manga influi positivamente na sua germinacao.
Growth and foliar δ15N of a Mojave desert shrub in relation to soil hydrological dynamics

Abstract Soil matric potential (ψ matric ) was modeled for two years at four sites with different soil profile characteristics. Canopy volumes and foliar 15 N ratios (δ 15 N) of Larrea tridentata were related to average soil water availability (ψ matric ) and the modeled duration of available soil water (consecutive days ψ matric > −6.0 MPa). Weakly developed soils on young (Holocene) alluvial deposits had the longest duration (129 d) and highest ψ matric (−1.8 MPa), compared to soils with moderate horizon development in intermediate-aged (late Pleistocene) deposits (80 d, −4.3 MPa) and in soils with strong horizons on old (mid-late Pleistocene) deposits (20 d, −3.2 MPa). Plant canopy volume was highest in weakly developed soils (2.23 m 3 ± 0.342 SE) than in moderately or strongly developed older soils (0.57 m 3 ± 0.082 SE; 0.56 m 3 ± 0.123 SE, respectively). The fourth site possessed a soil with a silt- and clay-rich horizon beneath a strong stone pavement, and had the shortest, most water-limited regime (13 d; −5.5 MPa) and smallest plant canopies (0.46 m 3 ± 0.073 SE). Foliar δ 15 N variation was better explained by average ψ matric ( R 2 = 0.69; p ≤ 0.001) than duration of available soil water ( R 2 = 0.49; p ≤ 0.001). Together, these findings suggest soil hydrological regimes establish thresholds for plant growth, and plant N-dynamics are tightly coupled to desert soil hydrological characteristics.
Fearing, not loving, the reflection: Narcissism, self-esteem, and self-discrepancy theory

Abstract This study used self-discrepancy theory to explore self-esteem and narcissism. College students (N = 450) completed measures of self-discrepancy, affect, self-esteem, and narcissism. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses found that self-discrepancies explained variance in self-esteem and narcissism beyond that explained by affect. Results also indicated that the actual-ideal and actual-undesired self-discrepancies predicted self-esteem, while the actual-undesired self-discrepancy was the only significant predictor of narcissism. This study provides evidence of incremental validity for self-discrepancies in measuring self-esteem and narcissism. It also suggests that narcissism is associated with an undesired, not an ideal, self-concept.
Facile preparation of ammonium alginate-derived nanofibers carrying diverse therapeutic cargo

Alginic acid was converted to a variety of ammonium alginate derivatives carrying diverse chemical cargo such as analgesics, antibiotics, and enzymes. These functional polymers could be fashioned into nanofibrous mats by electrostatic spinning. The therapeutic payload could be released in functional form by a simple ion exchange mechanism. Prospects in wound healing are discussed.
Correlates of Family Conflict in Families Raising Children with Diabetes

Background and Aims: Conflicts within families of children with diabetes may have adverse effects on their disease management. This study aims to identify factors related to family conflict in families with diabetic children. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of 262 birth parents recruited from a children's hospital Diabetes Clinic between January 2010 and January 2011. The survey included demographics, the Social Capital Scale (SCS), Diabetes Family Conflict Scale (DFCS), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and Pediatric Quality of Life Scale (PedsQL). Results: 221 were birth mothers and 41 were birth fathers. 71% were married, 58% were employed full-time, and 59% reported more than a high school education. 84% of the children were white, and 49% were girls. Mean age (years) was 11.9 (SD, 3.9). Total DFCS was significantly correlated with SCS (r=-0.17, p 12 years) compared to younger daughters (27.4 {0.9} vs. 24.9{1.0}, p< 0.01). Conclusions: The CES-D, PedsQL and SCS were all significantly correlated with the DFCS. For daughters of all ages, mothers reported more conflict than fathers. Parents of adolescent daughters reported more conflict than parents of younger daughters.
Morphological plasticity in the wall of the third ventricle during the estrous cycle in the rat: a scanning electron microscopic study.

The ependymal tanycytes lining the ventral basal region of the third ventricle were studied in female rats during different stages of the estrous cycle. At mid-diestrus, the apical membranes of tanycytes were shown to be devoid of microvilli and of other surface irregularities. During proestrus, a multitude of microvilli and small bulbous protrusions characterize this region of the ventricular wall. These surface disruptions persist through estrus and disappear during diestrus. In addition, so-called supraependymal cells were observed and counted. Their numbers also vary with respect to the estrous cycle. The significance of these changes is discussed with respect to a possible mechanism for transporting substances from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the parenchyma of the hypothalamus and to the circulation.