cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
View Selection in Knot Deformation

Extracting good views from a large sequence of visual frames is quite difficult but a very important task across many fields. Fully automatic view selection suffers from high data redundancy and heavy computational cost, thus fails to provide a fast and intuitive visualization. In this paper we address the automatic viewpoint selection problem in the context of 3D knot deformation. After describing viewpoint selection criteria, we detail a brute-force algorithm with a minimal distance alignment method in a way to not only ensure the global best viewpoint but also present a sequence of visually continuous frames. Due to the intensive computation, we implement an efficient extraction method through parallelization. Moreover, we propose a fast and adaptive method to retrieve best viewpoints in real-time. Despite its local searching nature, it is able to generate a set of visually continuous key frames with an interactive rate. All these combine provide insights into 3D knot deformation where the critical changes of the deformation are fully represented.
Supporting proactive management in the context of climate change: prioritizing range-shifting invasive plants based on impact

Non-native, invasive plants are projected to shift their ranges with climate change, creating hotspots of risk where a multitude of novel species may soon establish and spread. The Northeast U.S. is one such hotspot. However, because monitoring for novel species is costly, these range-shifting invasive plants need to be prioritized. Preventing negative impacts is a key goal of management, thus, comparing the potential impacts of range-shifting invasive species could inform this prioritization. Here, we adapted the environmental impacts classification for alien taxa protocol to evaluate potential impacts of 100 invasive plants that could establish either currently or by 2050 in the states of New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, or Rhode Island. We searched Web of Science for each species and identified papers reporting ecological, economic, human health, or agricultural impacts. We scored ecological impacts from 1 (‘minimal concern’) to 4 (‘major’) and socio-ecological impacts as present or absent. We evaluated 865 impact studies and categorized 20 species as high-impact, 36 as medium-impact, and 26 as low-impact. We further refined high-impact invasive species based on whether major impacts affect ecosystems found in Northeast U.S. and identified five high-priority species: Anthriscus caucalis, Arundo donax, Avena barbata, Ludwigia grandiflora, and Rubus ulmifolius. Additional research is needed for 18 data-deficient species, which had no studies reporting impacts. Identifying and prioritizing range-shifting invasive plants provides a unique opportunity for early detection and rapid response that targets future problem species before they can establish and spread. This research illustrates the feasibility of using impacts assessments on range-shifting invasive species in order to inform proactive policy and management.
Remote onboarding and training of new program coordinators into the medical education office during Covid-19 social distance quarantine: process and recommendations

The Medical Education Office at Rochester Regional Health was required to remotely onboard and train its new program coordinators using telework during the Covid-19 quarantine restrictions mandatin...
Aristotle on Perception as Representation

Aristotle speaks of perception as having a content that is assessable in terms of truth and falsity. Why might Aristotle have been drawn to a view of perception as representational (as opposed to presentational) in nature? That is the question I aim to address in this paper. I am inclined to think that Aristotle takes perception to be representational rather than presentational because perception sometimes involves having in mind things which are not, strictly speaking, present.
Low profile fragment specific plate fixation of lateral tibial plateau fractures - A technical note

Abstract Purpose Precontoured plates used to stabilize lateral tibial plateau (LTP) fractures are limited in their ability to raft particular areas of the reconstructed articular surface. These implants also do not fit every individual's bony anatomy and can lead to soft tissue irritation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate fragment specific plate fixation of LTP fractures using generic small and mini fragment constructs. Methods This was a retrospective case series of LTP fractures treated with small fragment tubular and/or mini fragment plate constructs at a single Level I trauma center. Postoperative complications were recorded. Final radiographs were analyzed to determine union and interval subsidence of the articular surface and/or loss of reduction. Results All 19 LTP fractures healed without loss of reduction or implant failure. There was minimal interval subsidence of the LTP in all patients. There were no complications or reoperations for symptomatic implant removal within the given follow-up period. Conclusion Fragment specific fixation of LTP fractures using small and mini fragment plates creates a lower profile construct that reliably maintains fracture reduction to union.
Public relations and public service: police departments on Facebook

Academic research on police departments’ use of social media has emerged over the past decade, often focusing on large, metropolitan police departments, from what they post, to how they interact wi...
The Prevalence and Persistence of Homophobia in Italy.

Italy is an anomaly among its peers in the European Union (EU) because of its resistance to LGBTQ+ inclusion, acceptance, and legitimation. The acquisition of civil liberties—especially the right t...
Hide and Seek: Choices of Virtual Backgrounds in Video Chats and Their Effects on Perception

In two studies, we investigate how users choose virtual backgrounds and how these backgrounds influence viewers' impressions. In Study 1, we created a web prototype allowing users to apply different virtual backgrounds to their camera views and asked users to select backgrounds that they believed would change viewers' perceptions of their personality traits. In Study 2, we then applied virtual backgrounds picked by participants in Study 1 to a subset of videos drawn from the First Impression Dataset. We then ran a series of three online experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) to compare participants' personality trait ratings for subjects (1) with the selected virtual backgrounds, (2) with the original video backgrounds, and (3) with a gray screen as a background. The selected virtual backgrounds did not change the personality trait ratings in the intended direction. Instead, virtual background use of any kind results in a consistent "muting effect" that mitigates very high or low ratings (i.e., compressing ratings to the mean level) compared to the ratings of the video with the original background.
The role of infectious agents in the etiopathogenesis of chronic rheumatic diseases.

Many rheumatic diseases are classic examples for chronic disorders in which a specific etiological factor has not been identified. Thus, therapy of many patients with chronic rheumatic diseases is limited to the attempt to relieve pain symptomatically and prevent extensive destruction. Lacking knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms leading to arthritis is intimately linked to the lack of curative therapeutic interventions. Throughout the history of rheumatic diseases, researchers have been intrigued by the idea that infectious agents represent the etiological factor initiating chronic rheumatic diseases. However, despite extensive investigation of bacteriologists, virologists and immunologists, only rarely has an infectious microorganism been isolated from inflammatory tissue. With waxing and waning interest researchers over the last decade have searched for infectious causes of rheumatic diseases. It is no surprise that newly described microorganisms have initiated yet another search for their potential role in triggering of rheumatic diseases. Early this century, spirochetes were suspected to play a crucial role. When the researchers’ interests focused on other families of bacteria, the pathogenetic models adapted and included new microorganisms as potential etiological factors or rheumatic diseases. The 80’s have brought major interest in retroviruses, and we expect that the increasing knowledge on these viruses will be associated with new models of a virally induced pathomechanism resulting in arthritis.
Acquired Ileal Diverticulosis and Hemorrhagic Diverticulitis

Summary A case of marked intestinal hemorrhage, rapidly developing as a result of inflammation and perforation of an ileal diverticulum, is presented, with demonstration of the pathologic features and discussion of the general topic of small bowel diverticula.
Isolation of Monosomics in Yeast

Abstract Tetraploid cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae triplex (A/A/A/a) at several loci were sporulated. All the diploid spores are expected to be homozygous (A/A) or heterozygous (A/a) and, hence, to have the dominant phenotype. Cells lacking one of the chromosomes (monosomics) may show the recessive phenotype (a/−). Therefore, spores that grew on complete medium but failed to grow on the relevant synthetic single-omission media were presumed to be monosomic. These isolates were further characterized by sporulation, and several stable monosomics were established.
Detection of cigarette smoke inhalations from respiratory signals using decision tree ensembles

In this study we explored the ability of ensembles of decision trees to classify hand-to-mouth gestures in order to detect cigarette smoke inhalations. Three subject independent models were constructed using a variety of ensemble techniques: boosting (AdaBoost), bootstrap aggregating (bagging), and Random Forests. Data was gathered during previous studies by extracting features from the signal waveforms of worn sensors. Each hand gesture was associated with either a smoke inhalation or a hand gesture of another type (e.g. eating). Subject as well as group models were trained. For the group models, model performance was evaluated by computing F-score, precision, and recall statistics using a 20-fold leave-one-out cross-validation testing strategy where one subject was held out for evaluation and models were trained on the remaining 19 subjects. For the individual models, models were trained on a single subject and evaluated using 5-fold cross validation. The average and standard deviation of each statistic across all folds were reported.
Finite Element Model Updating Using Evolutionary Strategy for Damage Detection

: Structural health monitoring through the use of finite element model updating techniques for dispersed civil infrastructures usually deals with minimizing a complex, nonlinear, nonconvex, high-dimensional cost function with several local minima. Hence, stochastic optimization algorithms with promising performance in solving global optimization problems have received considerable attention for finite element model updating purposes in recent years. In this study, the performance of an evolutionary strategy in the finite element model updating approach was investigated for damage detection in a quarter-scale two-span reinforced concrete bridge system which was tested experimentally at the University of Nevada, Reno. The damage sequence in the structure was induced by a range of progressively increasing excitations in the transverse direction of the specimen. Intermediate nondestructive white noise excitations and response measurements were used for system identification and damage detection purposes. It is shown that, when evaluated together with the strain gauge measurements and visual inspection results, the applied finite element model updating algorithm of this article could accurately detect, localize, and quantify the damage in the tested bridge columns throughout the different phases of the experiment.
I–Elliott Sober

In ‘Two Dogmas of Empiricism’, Quine attacks the analytic/synthetic distinction and defends a doctrine that I call epistemological holism. Now, almost fifty years after the article’s appearance, what are we to make of these ideas? I suggest that the philosophical naturalism that Quine did so much to promote should lead us to reject Quine’s brief against the analytic/synthetic distinction; I also argue that Quine misunderstood Carnap's views on analyticity. As for epistemological holism, I claim that this thesis does not follow from the logical point that Duhem and Quine made about the role of auxiliary assumptions in hypothesis testing, and that the thesis should be rejected.
Direct-contact transfer processes with moving liquid droplets

Publisher Summary The study of direct-contact heat and mass transfer to liquid droplets (dispersed phase) moving in a fluid medium (continuous phase) is of interest because the transfer rates with direct-contact systems are usually much higher than those with surface-type exchangers. This is due to the availability of a larger surface area for a given volume. Direct-contact transfer processes with moving liquid droplets may or may not involve phase change at the drop surface. Furthermore, the process may involve single- or multi component systems. This chapter is concerned primarily with analytical or numerical studies of direct contact transfer phenomena, rather than the experimental aspects or the specifics of the design of direct-contact transfer systems. The main emphasis throughout is on convective flow effects. Recent studies related to direct-contact heat and mass transfer processes with moving liquid droplets are reviewed. Finally, the chapter concludes that, analytical or numerical studies of compound drops are at the initial stages. Very extensive studies are needed in this important area.
Thermal Emission of Pulsars

Theoretical models of cooling and re-heating of single neutron stars is reviewed and compared with the observations of EINSTEIN and EXOSAT satellites. The expected contribution of the ROSAT satellite is discussed.
Combined proximal nerve graft and distal nerve transfer for a posterior cord brachial plexus injury

The treatment of patients with prolonged denervation from a posterior cord brachial plexus injury is challenging and no management guidelines exist to follow. The authors describe the case of a 26-year-old man who presented to our clinic for treatment 11 months after suffering a high-energy injury to the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. A combined 9-cm proximal cable nerve graft procedure and a pronator branch to the posterior interosseous nerve transfer were performed. Satisfactory deltoid, triceps, wrist, and finger extensor recovery was noted 3 years after surgery. Patients with prolonged denervation from posterior cord injuries can be successfully treated with a combination of a proximal nerve graft and a distal nerve transfer.
Environmental Policy, Rankings and Stock Values

This paper examines the impact of Newsweek's ‘The Greenest Big Companies in America’ on stock values for large companies. Newsweek ranks the biggest Companies in America from one to 500. An event window of ten days following the rankings release to the public was examined to analyze the impact of relative rankings on stock values. Dummy variables were constructed denoting firms ranked in the highest and lowest quartiles. Control variables included return to the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the firm's beta coefficient and total revenue. The main finding of the study is that inclusion in the top quartile of the rankings has a positive and statistically significant impact on firms' stock values, while the coefficient for the lowest quartile was not statistically different from zero. The results provide evidence of a positive impact on stock values from favorable environmental recognition but no effect for low ranked firms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The current status of CT urography (2002).

(2002). The Current Status of CT Urography (2002) Critical Reviews in Computed Tomography: Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 219-241.
ANCOVA for nonparallel slopes: the Johnson-Neyman technique

The Johnson-Neyman (JN) procedure, as originally formulated (Stat Res Mem, 1 (1936) 57-93), applies to a situation in which measurements on 1 dependent (response) variable, X, and 2 independent (predictor) variables, Z1 and Z2, are available for the members of 2 groups. The expected value of X is assumed to be a linear function of Z1 and Z2, but not necessarily the same function for both groups. The JN technique is used to obtain a set of values for the Z variables for which one would reject, at a specified level of significance alpha (e.g., alpha = 0.05), the hypothesis that the 2 groups have the same expected X values. This set of values, or 'region of significance,' may then be plotted to obtain a convenient description of those values of Z1 and Z2 for which the 2 groups differ. The technique can thus be described as a generalization of the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) which does not make the assumption that the regression coefficients for the regression of X on the covariates, Z1 and Z2, are equal in the groups being compared. In this paper we describe, illustrate and make available a menu-driven PC program (TXJN2) implementing the JN procedure.
The Four-Step Test for Diagnosis of Paralytic and/or Restrictive Strabismus

By placing four diagnostic steps in a logical sequential manner, the diagnosis of a paralytic or restrictive deviation is made somewhat easier. Each time an incomitant strabismus is presented to an ophthalmologist, the fourstep procedure should be used. Versions, ductions, and the cover test will reveal the eye to be investigated. Saccades, forced ductions, and/or forced generations will determine the problem and direct a surgical approach if needed.
Coffee grounds. I. Effects of coffee grounds on ration digestibility and diuresis in cattle, on in vitro rumen fermentation, and on rat growth

Holstein steers were used to compare rations in which coffee grounds replaced grain at rates of 0, 5, 10, or 20%. The coffee grounds analyzed (%) dry matter 91.1, protein 11.8, fat 23.1, fiber 42.5, ash .7, and caffeine .13. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein, and energy decreased, and ether extract increased progressively as concentrations of coffee grounds in the ration were increased. There was a significant decrease in nitrogen retention and utilization when the rations contained 10 or 20% coffee grounds. Coffee grounds depressed feed intake, increased urinary output, and increased water intake (based on dry matter intake). Coffee grounds caused diuresis and renal, urethral, and bladder irritation. Adding coffee grounds up to 35% of the substrate did not depress rumen microbial fermentation, as measured by in vitro gas production. Weight gain of rats fed rations containing 22.5% untreated coffee grounds was reduced significantly. Water extraction removed some undersirable factors in coffee grounds for rats, and ether extraction removed most of them. Incremental additions of coffee oil (1, 3, or 5%) to the basal diet resulted in incremental decreases in rat weight gain.
Paleomagnetism and tectonic significance of the Goble Volcanic Series, southwestern Washington

The mean direction of remanent magnetism of the upper Eocene-Oligocene Goble Volcanic Series, located on the western flank of the Cascades in southwestern Washington, points about 25° east of the expected middle Tertiary geomagnetic field direction for the area. This deflection is in the same sense as discrepant paleomagnetic directions reported for Tertiary rocks from the Oregon Coast Range, but seems to be somewhat less in magnitude. From their major-element chemistry and their structural location, it appears that the Goble flows may be an early arc assemblage that was ancestral to the present Cascade magmatic arc, although origin as an oceanic basalt assemblage akin to the Yachats basalts and the Siletz River and Tillamook Volcanic Series of the Oregon Coast Range cannot be ruled out. Whatever its origin, the Goble block has been rotated about a pivot located somewhere nearby, either as part of the Coast Range or as an independent microcontinental block.
Conductivity in semiconductors

This article is a summary of the material on the nature of the conductivity in semiconductors presented at the AIEE Summer General Meeting in a Symposium on Electrical Properties of Semiconductors and the Transistor. Previous articles in the series covered rectification and photoeffects in semiconductors.
Intramolecular C−H Activation by Putative Terminal Two-Coordinate Manganese(III) Imido Intermediates: Hydrogen Abstraction from a Phenyl Group

Reactions of the Mn(I) inverted sandwich complex (η6-C7H8){MnAr*-3,5-iPr2}2 (Ar*-3,5-iPr2 = C6H-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-iPr3)2-3,5-iPr2) with bulky terphenyl azides afforded the dimeric Mn(II) amido/aryl c...
FEATURE COMPARISON OF GIGABIT ETHERNET VERSUS ATM FOR THE DIGITAL RADIOLOGY ENVIRONMENT

This paper addresses the challenges that the clinical information system manager faces when selecting a core network technology to meet the ever increasing demand for bandwidth and efficiency in the digital radiology environment. Important metrics include network performance, reliability, cost, and computability with existing infrastructure. This work presents and compares the salient features of the two predominant high-speed radiology network solutions; asynchronous transfer mode and gigabit Ethernet. Its goal is to enable the information system manager to made informed decisions that are in the best interest of the radiology department. Since these two technologies are more complementary than competitive, a perspective of the benefits and risks of selecting each technology is presented. Recommendations are then made based upon the criteria presented from the overall clinical task.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A wavelet-based spectral procedure for steady-state simulation analysis☆

Abstract We develop WASSP, a wavelet-based spectral method for steady-state simulation analysis. First WASSP determines a batch size and a warm-up period beyond which the computed batch means form an approximately stationary Gaussian process. Next WASSP computes the discrete wavelet transform of the bias-corrected log-smoothed-periodogram of the batch means, using a soft-thresholding scheme to denoise the estimated wavelet coefficients. Then taking the inverse discrete wavelet transform of the thresholded wavelet coefficients, WASSP computes estimators of the batch means log-spectrum and the steady-state variance parameter (i.e., the sum of covariances at all lags) for the original (unbatched) process. Finally by combining the latter estimator with the batch means grand average, WASSP provides a sequential procedure for constructing a confidence interval on the steady-state mean that satisfies user-specified requirements concerning absolute or relative precision as well as coverage probability. An experimental performance evaluation demonstrates WASSP’s effectiveness compared with other simulation analysis methods.
Defining the CREB Regulon: A Genome-Wide Analysis of Transcription Factor Regulatory Regions

The CREB transcription factor regulates differentiation, survival, and synaptic plasticity. The complement of CREB targets responsible for these responses has not been identified, however. We developed a novel approach to identify CREB targets, termed serial analysis of chromatin occupancy (SACO), by combining chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with a modification of SAGE. Using a SACO library derived from rat PC12 cells, we identified ∼41,000 genomic signature tags (GSTs) that mapped to unique genomic loci. CREB binding was confirmed for all loci supported by multiple GSTs. Of the 6302 loci identified by multiple GSTs, 40% were within 2 kb of the transcriptional start of an annotated gene, 49% were within 1 kb of a CpG island, and 72% were within 1 kb of a putative cAMP-response element (CRE). A large fraction of the SACO loci delineated bidirectional promoters and novel antisense transcripts. This study represents the most comprehensive definition of transcription factor binding sites in a metazoan species.
The ACTS software and its supervisory control framework

In recent work we have developed software implementing a supervisory control approach to concurrent programming. Starting with a specification describing the concurrency constraints, the software generates automatically the concurrency control code implementing the specification. The paper describes the approach with an emphasis on the supervisory control aspects. Included are also results pertaining to limitations and future extensions of the supervisory control approach.
Electromagnetic Excitation of a Generic Cavity with a Variable e-Beam Pulse

Relativistic electron-beam nose-erosion techniques have been employed to produce an electron beam with variable pulse shape and bremsstrahlung capability ("dial a pulse"). This capability has been employed to excite a large number of electromagnetic fields inside a canonical cavity. Electron-beam and bremsstrahlung pulse-shape parameters have been varied to produce changes in the electromagntic cavity response. For example, generic cavity test parameters such as displacement currents or conduction currents can be emphasized or de-emphasized. A theoretical interpretation of these electromagnetic excitations is presented.
Update on Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Ischemic Stroke

The controversial field of interventional stroke neurology has attracted considerable interest within the stroke community, but no endovascular interventional therapies have proved to be superior to intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA), the standard of care for patients with acute ischemic stroke. In this article, we review the evidence and background of IV thrombolysis for stroke, the clinical application of IV rtPA in practice, and the management of potential complications after thrombolysis. We conducted this review using a search of PubMed for articles published from January 1, 1995, to October 31, 2013, with the following terms: ischemic stroke, tissue plasminogen activator, TPA, alteplase, thrombolysis, and intracranial hemorrhage. Articles were also identified through searches of reference lists and the authors' files. In nearly 2 decades since the publication of the transformative National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke trials, the efficacy and safety of IV rtPA has been consistently verified in international real-world clinical practice. Time from stroke symptom onset to thrombolysis is crucial and probably the most important determinant of success of IV therapy. Thus, optimal care of patients with acute stroke should include community education and standardized protocols to guide immediate patient assessment and triage to medical centers with capability for efficient neurologic assessment, brain imaging, drug administration, and specialized postthrombolysis care.
The relation between obsessive-compulsive personality traits and subtypes of compulsive behavior

Abstract The nature of the relationship between obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been the subject of considerable debate. The current study examined the hypothesis of a differential association of compulsive checking and washing behaviours with obsessive-compulsive personality traits within a nonclincal sample utilizing the Checking and Washing subscales of the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). Since checking behavior and obsessive-compulsive personality traits share a common future orientation, it was expected that checking behaviour would be more strongly related to OCPD traits than washing behavior. As hypothesized, checkers scored significantly higher than washers on several measures of obsessive-compulsive personality traits. In addition, the MOCI Checking subscale was more strongly associated with obsessive-compulsive personality measures than was the MOCI Washing subscale. The implications of these results in terms of etiology and treatment of OCD are discussed.
Hydrodynamics of a bubble formed at vent pipe exit

Abstract In this paper, the hydrodynamics of a bubble formed during transient injection of air through a tube submerged in a pool of water has been studied. The experiments were performed by injecting air through vertical tubes varying in diameter from 0.9 to 9.5 cm and located in the middle of a 45 cm dia. and 120 cm high plexiglas chamber. The plexiglas chamber was partly filled with water and was open at the top to the outside. Data for bubble growth and vent line pressure histories are obtained under different upstream pressure conditions. Effect of presence of an orifice in the vent line on bubble growth has also been investigated. A theoretical model describing the bubble growth at the exit of a vent pipe submerged in a pool of water is developed. Predictions of bubble radius, line static pressure and uplift on the bottom of the test chamber have been made and are found to compare well with the data. Insertion of an orifice in the pipe line between the solenoid valve and the vent exit has been found to inhibit the bubble expansion as well as alter the bubble oscillation characteristics.
Assessing the Performances of Dispersion-Corrected Density Functional Methods for Predicting the Crystallographic Properties of High Nitrogen Energetic Salts.

Several density functional methods with corrections for long-range dispersion interactions are evaluated for their capabilities to describe the crystallographic lattice properties of a set of 26 high nitrogen-content salts relevant for energetic materials applications. Computations were done using methods that ranged from adding atom-atom dispersion corrections with environment-independent and environment-dependent coefficients, to methods that incorporate dispersion effects via dispersion-corrected atom-centered potentials (DCACP), to methods that include nonlocal corrections. Among the functionals tested, the most successful is the nonlocal optPBE-vdW functional of Klimes and Michaelides that predicts unit cell volumes for all crystals of the reference set within the target error range of ±3% and gives individual lattice parameters with a mean average percent error of less than 0.81%. The DCACP, Grimme's D3, and Becke and Johnson's exchange-hole (XDM) methods, when used with the BLYP, PBE, and B86b functionals, respectively, are also quite successful at predicting the lattice parameters of the test set.
Mantle temperature variations beneath back-arc spreading centers inferred from seismology, petrology, and bathymetry

Variations in seismological structure, major element composition, and axial depth between different back-arc spreading centers provide constraints on physical conditions associated with back-arc melt production. We invert vertical and transverse seismograms from several representative paths traversing the Mariana, Lau, North Fiji, and East Scotia back-arc basins. Seismic velocity varies substantially at depths of 40–100 km, with differences of up to 7% between the slowest (Lau) and the fastest (Mariana) structures. These mantle seismological structures correlate with major element systematics and the elevations of the ridge axes, consistent with differences in average upper mantle temperatures. In contrast to the temperature correlation, mantle seismic structure shows no apparent correlation with petrologically inferred water content. Petrological indicators suggest a ∼ 100 °C range in mantle potential temperature, consistent with the seismic velocity variations, assuming experimentally determined temperature derivatives. The temperature variations, however, must extend throughout the upper ∼ 200 km of the mantle wedge to produce the observed ridge elevation differences. Fast slab rollback and the influx of hot Samoan mantle may contribute to high temperatures in the Lau Basin.
On Safari in Policy-Land

S cientists and policy makers alike increasingly recognize the need for engagement between their communities, but bridging the perceived gap between science and policy can be difficult in practice. In particular, there is a clear need and increasing demand for people with scientific expertise who understand enough about the policy world to engage with policyand decision makers. However, opportunities to develop depth in both science and policy are rarely offered in graduate degree programs, and acquiring basic understanding of the policy landscape, let alone deep knowledge of the inner workings of its myriad processes, is a challenge for a working scientist. Programs such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Science and Technology Policy Fellowships teach scientists how to swim in a policy pond, but they are highly time-intensive. How-to articles exist, but are limited by their medium and may be difficult for the uninitiated to digest without guidance. If you are a “policy-curious” scientist of any stripe, and want to contribute without a yearlong investment, the American Meteorological Society Summer Policy Colloquium deserves consideration. For me, the Colloquium felt like a first African safari. It provided a guided look at an ecosystem (federal policy making) I had read about in books, including clear views of animals in their natural habitat (purveyors of science policy) otherwise normally observed in captivity. The Colloquium provided an immediately useful introduction to policy for scientists and agency staff, and did so in a safe and low-commitment context.
Hybridization expansion impurity solver: General formulation and application to Kondo lattice and two-orbital models

A recently developed continuous time solver based on an expansion in hybridization about an exactly solved local limit is reformulated in a manner appropriate for general classes of quantum impurity models including spin exchange and pair hopping terms. The utility of the approach is demonstrated via applications to the dynamical mean field theory of the Kondo lattice and two-orbital models. The algorithm can handle low temperatures and strong couplings without encountering a sign problem.
Propagation of uncertainty in test-analysis correlation of substructured spacecraft

Determining a finite element model's (FEM) fidelity-to-data, or the process of test/analysis correlation, is a vital component of the overall verification and validation procedure that is applied to analytical models of spacecraft prior to flight. The goal of this work is to develop a methodology for studying the effects of uncertainty on metrics used for test/analysis correlation of complex spacecraft that are validated on a substructure-by-substructure basis. Uncertainty will be propagated from substructures to system for low frequency applications.
Making the Grade with Students: The Case for Accessibility

Student-based teaching evaluations are one critical component of instructor and course evaluation in most universities. The purpose of this study is to critically examine several factors that drive student-based ratings of instructors and courses in an undergraduate mechanical engineering program. The findings are based on a statistical study of student ratings in 181 mechanical engineering courses during a three and one-half year period, two mid-semester classroom interviews, and anecdotal evidence garnered from personal experience. A key rating that appears strongly linked with the overall instructor and course rating is the “accessibility of the instructor.” The instructor accessibility factor outweighs others often cited by conventional wisdom, such as perceived course workload or expected grade in the course. Rationale for the strong correlation between instructor rating and perceived instructor accessibility is discussed. Several suggestions for how to improve instructor accessibility and resulting student-based teaching evaluations are provided.
Mineralogy and Composition of Lunar Fines and Selected Rocks

Mineralogical descriptions and both wet chemical analyses and microprobe analyses are given of the glasses and crystalline components of the lunar fines and of the minerals in microgabbros (samples 10050 and 10047). The principal minerals described are various clinopyroxenes, plagioclase, olivine, low cristobalite, low tridymite, ilmenite, iron-nickel, iron, schreibersite, cohenite, troilite, and a new CaFe pyroxenoid. Descriptions are given of small craters produced by hypervelocity particle impact on glass and iron-nickel fragments in the fines. The rounding of grains in the fines and of surface rocks is attributed to mechanical ahrasion and not to cratering.
Waist Circumference, Body Mass Index, and Their Association With Cardiometabolic and Global Risk

Total body fat and adipose tissue distribution are associated with cardiometabolic risk, yet there are conflicting data as to whether waist circumference (WC) or body mass index (BMI) is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk. To determine whether WC or BMI was more strongly associated with cardiometabolic risk, family members of patients with cardiac disease were studied (N=501; mean age, 48 years; 66% female; 36% nonwhite). Height, weight, WC, BMI, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 were systematically measured. Global risk was calculated using the Framingham function. Increased WC and BMI were equally strong predictors of cardiometabolic and global risk. The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors and their correlation with WC and BMI varied by race/ethnicity. Our data support inclusion of WC and BMI in screening guidelines for diverse populations to identify individuals at increased cardiometabolic risk.
Lay Attitudes toward Genetic Testing for Susceptibility to Inherited Diseases.

One of the most important issues facing legal and medical policy makers in the coming years will be whether to employ populationbased testing for genetic markers of inherited diseases. Two hundred and twenty-six randomly selected individuals from Easton, Pennsylvania completed a mail questionnaire that was designed to assess the general public's attitudes toward many of the personal and societal issues surrounding genetic testing for disease susceptibility. Respondents were generally optimistic about the potential benefits of genetic testing, and their attitudes about genetic testing were associated with their personal interest in getting a genetic test. Respondents were more likely to be interested in undergoing genetic testing for disease susceptibility if they might have some control over the targeted disease (i.e. there was a cure) and if the test was highly predictive of their chances of developing the disease. Respondents were wary of granting access to genetic testing results to anyone other than doctors and family members, and they did not want the government, religious leaders, or the courts involved in regulating genetic testing. These results have important implications for psychologists, genetic scientists, bioethicists, and legal scholars who are grappling with the many issues related to population-based genetic testing for inherited diseases.
The properties of the low altitude magnetic belt in the Venus ionosphere

Abstract When the solar wind dynamic pressure is high, the Venus ionosphere usually contains a belt of steady magnetic field at the very lowest altitudes to which Pioneer Venus probes. The current layer that flows on the high altitude side of this low altitude belt is centered at an altitude which ranges from 170 to 190 km with a most probable altitude of 182 km. This altitude is independent of solar zenith angle and hence the current system is flowing horizontally rather than vertically as proposed by Cloutier and co-workers. The lower edge of the magnetic belt was probed only on the lowest altitude passes of Pioneer Venus. This boundary is even more stable in location. The belt has decayed to 90% of its maximum strength usually by 162 km and to 50% of its maximum strength by 155 km. We interpret these data to indicate that the observed magnetic structure of the Venus ionosphere is a product of temporal evolution rather than of spacecraft motion through a spatially varying static structure.
Evolution and the Cumulative Nature of Science

One of the characteristics of science is its cumulative nature. As more discoveries are made and more is learned, we progressively come to a more and more complete understanding of the physical universe. Evolutionary biology serves as an excellent example of this progressive trend in knowledge, since we now understand significantly more about the mechanisms and details of the evolutionary process than we did in decades past. It is important to comprehend these progressive changes and communicate them effectively to students of evolutionary biology.
Activation of ER stress and inhibition of EGFR N-glycosylation by tunicamycin enhances susceptibility of human non-small cell lung cancer cells to erlotinib.

Purpose The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), an N-glycosylated transmembrane protein, is the target of erlotinib, an orally bioavailable agent approved for treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we examined whether inhibition of EGFR N-glycosylation and stimulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by tunicamycin enhances erlotinib-induced growth inhibition in NSCLC cell lines.
Observed body movement in the college test-taking situation and scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test.

Greater observed body movement in the test-taking situation was significantly related to lower verbal SAT scores. Observed movement did not, however, relate significantly to either math SAT scores or test anxiety as measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Furthermore, the negative observed movement-verbal SAT relationship was not mediated by test anxiety.
Acute ischemic syndromes: Early response

The optimal treatment of patients with AIS depends on a well-run, integrated system of care involving patients and teams of health care professionals. It begins with patient education and extends to a method for accessing an efficient and effective EMS system. Medics must be well equipped and well trained to evaluate and begin initial treatment during prompt transport to an appropriate hospital. The role of out-of-hospital 12-lead ECGs and thrombolysis is reviewed and may be appropriate for some EMS systems. The initial evaluation and treatment in the ED goes on simultaneously and is a dynamic process. Prompt treatment with oxygen, nitroglycerin, morphine, and aspirin is indicated. Initial risk stratification is based on the first ECG, cardiac biomarkers, and the clinical history and physical exam. Disposition and further evaluation is individualized according to the initial work-up and risk assessment.
SU‐E‐J‐246: A Deformation‐Field Map Based Liver 4D CBCT Reconstruction Method Using Gold Nanoparticles as Constraints

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of using nanoparticle markers to validate liver tumor motion together with a deformation field map-based four dimensional (4D) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) reconstruction method. Methods: A technique for lung 4D-CBCT reconstruction has been previously developed using a deformation field map (DFM)-based strategy. In this method, each phase of the 4D-CBCT is considered as a deformation of a prior CT volume. The DFM is solved by a motion modeling and free-form deformation (MM-FD) technique, using a data fidelity constraint and the deformation energy minimization. For liver imaging, there is low contrast of a liver tumor in on-board projections. A validation of liver tumor motion using implanted gold nanoparticles, along with the MM-FD deformation technique is implemented to reconstruct onboard 4D CBCT liver radiotherapy images. These nanoparticles were placed around the liver tumor to reflect the tumor positions in both CT simulation and on-board image acquisition. When reconstructing each phase of the 4D-CBCT, the migrations of the gold nanoparticles act as a constraint to regularize the deformation field, along with the data fidelity and the energy minimization constraints. In this study, multiple tumor diameters and positions were simulated within the liver for on-board 4D-CBCT imaging. The on-board 4D-CBCT reconstructed by the proposed method was compared with the “ground truth” image. Results: The preliminary data, which uses reconstruction for lung radiotherapy suggests that the advanced reconstruction algorithm including the gold nanoparticle constraint will Resultin volume percentage differences (VPD) between lesions in reconstructed images by MM-FD and “ground truth” on-board images of 11.5% (± 9.4%) and a center of mass shift of 1.3 mm (± 1.3 mm) for liver radiotherapy. Conclusion: The advanced MM-FD technique enforcing the additional constraints from gold nanoparticles, results in improved accuracy for reconstructing on-board 4D-CBCT of liver tumor. Varian medical systems research grant
Respiratory control in familial dysautonomia

The response to increased carbon dioxide (4 per cent) and reduced oxygen (12 per cent) inhalations in subjects with dysautonomia has been compared to that in normal individuals. In both instances, the patients with dysautonomia revealed a reduced ability to cope with these stresses, with potentially serious consequences. These observations are significant in the pathophysiology of familial dysautonomia and suggest approaches to therapy.
Excitable Artificial Cells of Proteinoid

The proteinoid cells are assembled of thermal polymers of amino acids. Typically, an appropriate mixture of amino acids containing aspartic or glutamic acid is heated at 190°C for 6 h, stirred with water for 2 h, dialyzed during 2 d, and lyophilized. Spheroidal cells are made from such polymer by dissolving it in the water by boiling, and then cooling. Many of them can be made by sonication at room temperature.
Neuromuscular Paraneoplastic Syndromes: The Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

Abstract Background: Disorders in which the effects of cancer occur at a site remote from the primary tumor are termed paraneoplastic disorders. The most well- known paraneoplastic disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction is the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). Discussion: We describe a case of the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome diagnosed in a patient with small cell lung cancer presenting with profound weakness. The discussion that follows the case describes the pathophysiology of the disorder, clinical characteristics and therapies that have been used. The role of the palliative care team in the case is described.
Formal Semantics-Preserving Translation from Fuzzy ER Model to Fuzzy OWL DL Ontology

How to quickly and cheaply construct Web ontologies has become a key technology to enable the Semantic Web. However, information imprecision and uncertainty exist in many real-world applications. Thus constructing fuzzy ontology by extracting domain knowledge from fuzzy database model such as fuzzy ER model can profitably support fuzzy ontology development. In this paper, firstly, we give the formal definition and semantics of fuzzy ER model. Then, we introduce a kind of fuzzy extension of OWL DL, named fuzzy OWL DL. Furthermore, based on the fuzzy OWL DL, the formal definition and Model-Theoretic semantics of fuzzy OWL DL ontology are given. Whatpsilas more, we realize the formal translation from fuzzy ER model to fuzzy OWL DL ontology by a semantics-preserving translation algorithm. Finally, since a fuzzy OWL DL ontology is being equivalent to a description logic f-SHOIN(D) knowledge base, the reasoning problem of satisfiability, subsumption, and redundancy of fuzzy ER model may reason automatically through reasoning mechanism of f-SHOIN(D) is also investigated, which can contribute to constructing fuzzy OWL DL ontologys exactly that meet applicationpsilas needs.