cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow near a building model in a family of surface layers

Abstract A family of thick turbulent boundary layers with different characteristics was generated by the counter-jet technique and used to simulate neutral atmospheric surface layers. These selected “test boundary layers” were utilized to examine the response of the flowfield near a building model to variations in the characteristics of these turbulent layers. The counter-jets, applied at the wall near the entrance of a moderate length test section, permit rapid alteration of reproducible boundary layers from outside the tunnel while experiments are in progress. The mean and unsteady characteristics of the test boundary layers were documented through profiles of mean velocity, turbulence intensity, integral scales, and Reynolds stress, and through velocity spectra. The substantial deviations of the atmospheric surface layer, in time and space, from over-idealized standard layers led us to the “sensitivity testing” approach. For example, using simulated surface layers which bracket the variations in the atmospheric conditions, this approach provides valuable information through the bracketing of wind loads or pressure distributions by extreme values. This sensitivity study employs four substantially different test boundary layers, and involves a building model at two orientations to the wind. Changes in salient features of the flow over and around the bluff body and in its wake were revealed through profiles of mean velocity and turbulence intensity. In particular, the development of the shear layers above and downstream of the building displayed a strong dependence on the test boundary layer used.
System dynamics modeling with sensitivity analysis for floating treatment wetlands in a stormwater wet pond

Abstract Rapid urbanization and climate variability impacts increase with more extreme precipitation and drought events, challenging stormwater management in terms of both flood control and water quality. Traditional stormwater wet detention ponds have limited capacity to remove nutrient pollutants, specifically nitrogen, and the changing environment may exacerbate the problem. The use of floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) may become a viable best management practice to increase the efficiency for on-site removal of nitrogen pollution from traditional stormwater wet detention ponds before release into neighboring aquatic systems or to the groundwater. This study, which is deemed a companion study of the early ecological engineering practice of FTWs, presents a system dynamics model to improve understanding of the nitrogen cycle in relation to FTWs-based subtropical stormwater wet detention ponds. The model was calibrated and validated based on surface water samples collected in a thorough field campaign with R-squared values of 0.83 and 0.97, respectively. Final simulation runs with sensitivity analysis were conducted to investigate scientific questions about the experimental design and effects of urbanization impacts on the biological nitrogen cycling in stormwater ponds.
Heart rate and blood pressure responses to electrical stimulation of the central nervous system in the pigeon (Columba livia).

An extensive stereotaxic stimulation study of the pigeon brain was conducted with monitoring of heart rate, arterial blood pressure and respiration. Rostrally, short latency tachycardia, hypertension and hyperpnea were elicited from the archistriatum, occipitomesencephalic tract and hypothalamus. In addition, blood pressure decreases followed by long latency tachycardia were elicited from the septal complex, although occasionally slight bradycardia occurred. Tachycardia, hypertension and hyperpnea were elicited from many midbrain sites including the lateral reticular formation, ventrolateral tegmentum, ventral area of Tsai, the midline region between nucleus interpeduncularis and the oculomotor complex, and nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis. In addition, moderate tachycardia and hypotension were elicited from the central gray and nucleus intercollicularis while tachycardia, hypertension and hyperpnea were elicited from the tegmental area in the region of the occipitomesencephalic tract. At pontine levels, hypertension and cardioacceleration were elicited from a sparsely celled region lateral to the nucleus abducens and from a ventrolateral tegmental region. With respect to respiratory responses, hyperpnea was elicited from the ventrolateral brainstem at all pontine levels and from the dorsomedial region at rostral pontine levels. In caudal pons apnea was the consistent respiratory response to stimulation of the dorsomedial brainstem. In addition, cardio-acceleration, hypertension and apnea were elicited from the region of the deep cerebellar nucleus cerebellus internus and from its major outflow, the uncinate fasciculus. Finally, stimulation in the medulla elicited bradycardia and hypotension from the vagal rootlets, solitary complex, descending vestibular nucleus and lateral aspect of the dorsal motor nucleus just rostral to the obex. Tachycardia and hypertension were elicited from the medial aspect of the dorsal motor nucleus, medullary reticular formation ventral to the vagal rootlets and ventrolateral medulla.
Implementation and adoption of mechanical patient lift equipment in the hospital setting: The importance of organizational and cultural factors†

Background Work focused on understanding implementation and adoption of interventions designed to prevent patient-handling injuries in the hospital setting is lacking in the injury literature and may be more insightful than more traditional evaluation measures. Methods Data from focus groups with health care workers were used to describe barriers and promoters of the adoption of patient lift equipment and a shift to a “minimal-manual lift environment” at two affiliated hospitals. Results Several factors influencing the adoption of the lift equipment and patient-handling policy were noted: time, knowledge/ability, staffing, patient characteristics, and organizational and cultural aspects of work. The adoption process was complex, and considerable variability by hospital and across units was observed. Conclusions The use of qualitative data can enhance the understanding of factors that influence implementation and adoption of interventions designed to prevent patient-handling injuries among health care workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:946–954, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lectin receptor proximity on Hl-60 leukemia cells determined by fluorescence energy transfer using flow cytometry

Fluorescence energy transfer using flow cytometric measurements was utilized to determine the proximity of concanavalin A receptors on the surface of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells before and after induction of differentiation. The HL-60 cells were induced to differentiate into granulocytes using dimethylsulfoxide and into macrophages using 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Concanavalin A was labeled with either fluorescein (donor chromophore) or tetramethylrhodamine (acceptor chromophore), and these species were used to determine lectin proximity. With granulocytic differentiation, the amount of concanavalin A bound remained constant, but a decrease in receptor density was observed. During macrophage differentiation, however, both receptor density and receptor number increased. The increase in concanavalin A binding during differentiation appears to be a result of maturation rather than an initiating event.
The use of diphenoxylate hydrochloride (Lomotil) in the management of the minor withdrawal syndrome during methadone detoxification: a clinical report.

Summary Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride (Lomotil) was effective in alleviating the minor withdrawal symptoms that accompanies complete methadone detoxification. None of the subjects developed a tolerance to Lomotil nor did they experience withdrawal symptoms or craving when Lomotil was discontinued. This report indicates that the elimination of this minor withdrawal syndrome facilitates complete methadone detoxification.
Effects of field imperfections on radial stability in a three-sector cyclotron

In a medium-energy, three-sector cyclotron the radial oscillation frequency is close to unity; as a result, the stability of the radial motion is sensitive to relatively small field imperfections of particular types. In the absence of field imperfections, the radial stability limits are defined by the location of the three unstable fixed-point orbits associated with the 3/3 resonance. A theoretical analysis is given which specifies the movement of these fixed-point orbits and the consequent evolution of the radial phase space diagram as a function of the imperfection field strength. Formulae are given for the critical strengths of these perturbations at which complete loss of stability sets in. These results can be used to set tolerances on certain undesirable field harmonics for any given three-sector magnet geometry. Radial phase plots and fixed point orbits obtained from extensive computer calculations using various kinds of field imperfections are presented and analysed. In most cases the agreement between the theory and the computer data is relatively good. The results also demonstrate that the sensitivity of the radial stability to field imperfections increases rapidly with the amount of spiral in the main three-sector field.
Corticosterone elevation mediated centrally by delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats.

Abstract Assays of peripheral plasma corticosterone, 45 min after intraperitoneal injection of 2 to 16 mg/kg of Δ 1 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 1 -THC), showed strong pituitary-adrenal activation which persisted undiminished after a week of daily doses. Blockage of the steroid activation, by hypophysectomy or by pretreatment with pentobarbital and morphine, indicated a hypothalamic or other central locus of this action of Δ 1 -THC.
Estimating effects of limiting factors with regression quantiles

In a recent Concepts paper in Ecology, Thomson et al. emphasized that assumptions of conventional correlation and regression analyses fundamentally conflict with the ecological concept of limiting factors, and they called for new statistical procedures to address this problem. The analytical issue is that unmeasured factors may be the active limiting constraint and may induce a pattern of unequal variation in the biological response variable through an interaction with the measured factors. Consequently, changes near the maxima, rather than at the center of response distributions, are better estimates of the effects expected when the observed factor is the active limiting constraint. Regression quantiles provide estimates for linear models fit to any part of a response distribution, including near the upper bounds, and require minimal assumptions about the form of the error distribution. Regression quantiles extend the concept of one-sample quantiles to the linear model by solving an optimization problem ...
The Electronic Librarian: Inching Towards the Revolution.

Abstract Electronic resources are transforming the way librarians work. New technological skills have been added to the librarian's tool kit. Some libraries have undertaken large-scale organizational reconfigurations to meet the challenges of the digital environment. Yet libraries still rely on traditional functions such as acquisitions, cataloging, and reference. This paper examines job advertisements published online between 2001 and March 2003 to determine the degree of overlap between traditional and electronic duties in the modern library organization, and draws some conclusions about the state of the digital library.
Wavefront curvature sensing on highly segmented telescopes

Curvature sensing, unlike some other wavefront sensing techniques, treats the boundary and interior of the aperture of interest in fundamentally different ways. This leads to complications for highly segmented telescopes (100 or more segments), as a significant fraction of points on the wavefront are simultaneously in the interior of the overall aperture and near a segment boundary. Although this effect may make it difficult to implement curvature sensing for adaptive optics on such telescopes, it may conversely be exploited for primary mirror segment alignment. We present numerical simulations which show that curvature methods should be an effective method for segment tip/tilt alignment on highly segmented mirrors.
Characteristics of an ultrafast x-ray streak camera

The detection and temporal dispersion of the x rays using x ray streak cameras has been limited to a resolution of 2 ps, primarily due to the transit time dispersion of the electrons between the photocathode and the acceleration grid. The transit time spread of the electrons traveling from the photocathode to the acceleration grid is inversely proportional to the accelerating field. By increasing the field by a factor of 7, we have minimized the effects of transit time dispersion in the photocathode/accelerating grid region and produce an x-ray streak camera with sub-picosecond temporal resolution (approximately equals 900 fs). The streak camera has been calibrated using a Michelson interferometer and 100 fs, 400 nm laser light. Time resolved x-ray data is shown from an aluminum target heated at 10 18 W/cm 2 with a 100 fs, 400 nm laser.
Electrochemical studies of an unsupported PtIr electrocatalyst as a bifunctional oxygen electrode in a unitized regenerative fuel cell

The electrochemical performance of an unsupported PtIr electrocatalyst was evaluated as a bifunctional oxygen electrode in a unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC). The catalyst was a mixture of unsupported Pt black and Ir black catalysts in varying proportions. The performance of the unsupported PtIr catalyst was studied by using a rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). In addition, a unit cell test was performed simultaneously in the electrolyzer and in the fuel cell mode to evaluate the performance and durability of PtIr catalysts. The catalyst composition consisting of 85 wt.% Pt and 15 wt.% Ir showed high oxygen evolution reactivity and comparable electrochemical activity compared to the unsupported Pt black catalyst. The URFC using Pt85Ir15 catalyst showed the highest round-trip efficiency when estimated at different current densities. The cycle performance of URFC with Pt85Ir15 catalyst was stable for 120 h at an applied current density of 0.5 A cm−2.
Interaction between picrotoxin and 5‐hydroxytryptamine in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat

Summary 1 . Electrophysiological techniques were utilized to study the actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and picrotoxin on the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. 2 . The intra-arterial administration of 5-HT to the ganglion elicited both depressant and excitatory actions. In low doses (0·01–0·5 μg) the amine produced a depression of ganglionic transmission. In larger doses (2–50 μg) it produced an excitation of ganglion cells (early discharge) and an initial enhancement of transmission, which was followed by depression. Picrotoxin (25–500 μg, i.a.) blocked the initial excitatory effects of 5-HT but did not block the depression. Picrotoxin did not antagonize the excitatory actions of injected cholinomimetic agents or potassium chloride. 3 . In ganglia conditioned by repetitive stimulation of the preganglionic nerve (30 Hz for 30 s) 5-HT also elicited a late-occurring and very prolonged discharge on certain postganglionic nerves (‘spinal’) but not on others (external carotid). The late discharge was only partially depressed by picrotoxin. 4 . Recordings from the surface of the superior cervical ganglion revealed that 5-HT produced three types of ganglionic potentials: (1) an initial transient depolarization which coincided with the early discharge, (2) a late-occurring, prolonged depolarization which coincided with the late discharge, and (3) a hyperpolarization which in some experiments accompanied the depression of transmission. The late depolarization and hyperpolarization were not observed in every experiment. Picrotoxin (25–500 μg) blocked the initial depolarization, but did not block the late depolarization or the hyperpolarization. 5 . It is concluded the 5-HT can produce three distinct responses in the superior cervical ganglion: a depressant effect and two types of excitation. It seems likely that depression and excitation occur via the activation of different receptors, since picrotoxin selectively blocks the latter. The finding that picrotoxin is a 5-HT antagonist in peripheral ganglia raises the possibility that picrotoxin might also influence tryptaminergic mechanisms in the central nervous system.
Role of Self-Concept of Academic Attainment in Achievement-Related Behaviors

Researchers have reported that self-concept serves both as an antecedent and consequence of behavior. Given self-concept's role in achievement-related behavior, we sought clarification of factors i...
Improvement of electro-optic effect and novel waveguide structure in hybrid polymer/sol-gel modulators

ABSTRACT A thermally stable crosslinkable electro- optic (EO) polymer is successfully contact-poled in a hybrid EO polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulator. The highest EO coefficient is demonstrated when the EO polymer is poled with a low resistivity sol-gel cladding layer. We ac hieve the highest in-device EO polymer r 33 coefficient of 170pm/V at 1.55 P m, which has not been possible with previously reported polymer claddings. A sol-gel waveguide/cladding plays the main role in our hybrid approach not only for poling efficiency, but also for low coupling loss, and stable coupling and waveguiding. The coupled light from the optical fiber propagates through the sol-gel input waveguide and adiabatically vertically transits between the sol-gel core and the EO polymer core. A phase modulator and a Mach-Zehnder modulator with a 2.4cm-long electrode and an inter-electrode distance of 15 P m demonstrated a half wave voltages ( V S ) of 2.5V and 1.0V at 1.55 P m, respectively. We also examine a push-pull poled Mach-Zehnder waveguide modulator. Keywords: Electro-optic polymer, sol-gel waveguide, electro-optic modulator
Determination of Trifluoroacetic Acid in 1996−1997 Precipitation and Surface Waters in California and Nevada

The atmospheric degradation of three chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) replacement compounds, namely HFC-134a, HCFC-123, and HCFC-124, results in the formation of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Concentrations ...
On the speed-accuracy tradeoff in collective decision making

We study collective decision making in human groups performing a two alternative choice task. We model the evidence aggregation process across the network using a coupled drift diffusion model (DDM) and consider the free response paradigm in which humans take their time to make the decision. We analyze the coupled DDM under a mean-field type approximation and characterize approximate error rates and expected decision times for each individual in the group as a function of their location in the network. We also provide approximations to the first passage time distributions for each individual. We elucidate criteria to select thresholds for decision making in human groups as well as in engineering applications.
Determinants of Potency on α-Conotoxin MII, a Peptide Antagonist of Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors

α-Conotoxin MII, a peptide toxin isolated from Conus magus, antagonizes a subset of neuronal nicotinic receptors. Rat α3β2 receptors, expressed in Xenopus oocytes, are blocked with an IC50 of 3.7 ± 0.3 nM. To identify structural features that determine toxin potency, a series of alanine-substituted toxins were synthesized and tested for the ability to block the function of α3β2 receptors. Circular dichroism and protein modeling were used to assess the structural integrity of the mutant toxins. Three residues were identified as major determinants of toxin potency. Replacement of asparagine 5, proline 6, or histidine 12 with alanine resulted in >2700-fold, 700-fold, and ∼2700-fold losses in toxin potency, respectively. A decrease in pH improved toxin potency, while an increase in pH eliminated toxin blockade, suggesting that, in the active form of the toxin, histidine 12 is charged. The imidazole ring of histidine 12 protrudes from one side, while asparagine 5 and proline 6 are located at the opposite end o...
Phylogenomics of Annelida revisited: a cladistic approach using genome-wide expressed sequence tag data mining and examining the effects of missing data

We present phylogenomic analyses of the most comprehensive molecular character set compiled for Annelida and its constituent taxa, including over 347 000 aligned nucleotide sites for 39 taxa. The nucleotide data set was recovered using a pre-existing amino acid data set of almost 48 000 aligned sites as a backbone for tBLASTn searches against NCBI. In addition, orthology determinations of the loci in the original amino acid data set were scrutinized using an All vs All Reciprocal Best Hit approach, employing BLASTp, and examining for statistical interdependency among the loci. This approach revealed considerable sequence redundancy among the loci in the original data set and a new data set was compiled, with the redundancy removed. The newly compiled nucleotide data set, the original amino acid data set, and the new reduced amino acid data set were subjected to parsimony analyses and two forms of bootstrap resampling. The last-named data set also was analysed using a maximum-likelihood approach. There were two main objectives to these analyses: (i) to examine the general topology, including support, resulting from the analyses of the new data sets and (ii) to assess the consistency of the branching patterns across optimality criteria by comparison with previous probabilistic approaches. The phylogenetic hypotheses resulting from analyses of the three data sets are largely unsupported, reflecting the continued difficulty of finding numerous, reliable, and suitable loci for a group as ancient as Annelida. Resulting parsimonious hypotheses disagree, in some respects, with the previous probabilistic approaches; Sedentaria and, in most cases, Errantia are not supported as monophyletic groups but Pleistoannelida is recovered as a (unsupported) monophyletic group in one of the three parsimony analyses as well as the likelihood analysis. In addition, we performed missing data titration studies to estimate the impact of missing data on overall support and support for specific clades.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor and Wound Contraction in the Rat

Abstract This experiment was undertaken for three purposes: (1) to determine a dose-response curve of acute steroid inhibition of wound contraction in the rat; (2) to confirm the results of our preliminary study that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) enhanced wound contraction in acutely steroid impaired rats; and (3) to examine the histology of the PDGF-treated wounds. To determine the dose-response of acute steroid inhibition of wound contraction, the rats were suppressed with daily doses of metthylprednisolone and wound contraction was measured. Results demonstrated that significant glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of wound contraction begins with daily methylprednisolone doses of 2.0 mg/wound/day or 6.7 mg/kg/day. In an effort to confirm the results of our previous study of the effect of PDGF on wound contraction in acutely steroid-impaired rats and to study the histology of the PDGF-treated wounds, rats were suppressed with methylprednisolone or hydrocortisone and administered daily topical doses of rPDGF-BB. Wound contraction measurements revealed no improvement in the amount or rate of wound contraction. Histologically, the wounds were all very similar in the patterns of cellularity, granulation tissue maturity, collagen content, and epithelial migration. We have clarified the dose response of acute steroid inhibition of wound contraction in rats, data previously unavailable, and have concluded that PDGF in reasonable doses does not improve wound contraction in steroid-impaired rats nor does it alter the histology of the wounds.
Deep domain models for discourse analysis

The authors address the problem of discourse analysis, and in particular finding causal relations between facts mentioned in messages, using a detailed domain model. This work is part of the PROTEUS (Prototype Text Understanding System) project, whose objective is to understand short narrative message about equipment installed in Navy ships. Casualty reports (CASREPs) describe failures of this equipment, together with maintenance actions performed by the crew onboard. To capture the domain knowledge, the authors built a model of the equipment installed on the ship (initially, the starting air system) and demonstrated is use in several aspects of language understanding. The PROTEUS system has been substantially implemented and debugged and has been publically demonstrated operating on a small set of actual CASREPs. >
Identification of the erythrocyte binding domains of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi proteins involved in erythrocyte invasion

Plasmodium vivax and the related monkey malaria, P. knowlesi, require interaction with the Duffy blood group antigen, a receptor for a family of chemokines that includes interleukin 8, to invade human erythrocytes. One P. vivax and three P. knowlesi proteins that serve as erythrocyte binding ligands in such interactions share sequence homology. Expression of different regions of the P. vivax protein in COS7 cells identified a cysteine-rich domain that bound Duffy blood group-positive but not Duffy blood group-negative human erythrocytes. The homologous domain of the P. knowlesi proteins also bound erythrocytes, but had different specificities. The P. vivax and P. knowlesi binding domains lie in one of two regions of homology with the P. falciparum sialic acid binding protein, another erythrocyte binding ligand, indicating conservation of the domain for erythrocyte binding in evolutionarily distant malaria species. The binding domains of these malaria ligands represent potential vaccine candidates and targets for receptor-blockade therapy.
Logarithmic regret algorithms for online convex optimization

In an online convex optimization problem a decision-maker makes a sequence of decisions, i.e., chooses a sequence of points in Euclidean space, from a fixed feasible set. After each point is chosen, it encounters a sequence of (possibly unrelated) convex cost functions. Zinkevich (ICML 2003) introduced this framework, which models many natural repeated decision-making problems and generalizes many existing problems such as Prediction from Expert Advice and Cover's Universal Portfolios. Zinkevich showed that a simple online gradient descent algorithm achieves additive regret $O(\sqrt{T})$ , for an arbitrary sequence of T convex cost functions (of bounded gradients), with respect to the best single decision in hindsight. In this paper, we give algorithms that achieve regret O(log?(T)) for an arbitrary sequence of strictly convex functions (with bounded first and second derivatives). This mirrors what has been done for the special cases of prediction from expert advice by Kivinen and Warmuth (EuroCOLT 1999), and Universal Portfolios by Cover (Math. Finance 1:1---19, 1991). We propose several algorithms achieving logarithmic regret, which besides being more general are also much more efficient to implement. The main new ideas give rise to an efficient algorithm based on the Newton method for optimization, a new tool in the field. Our analysis shows a surprising connection between the natural follow-the-leader approach and the Newton method. We also analyze other algorithms, which tie together several different previous approaches including follow-the-leader, exponential weighting, Cover's algorithm and gradient descent.
Gravitational Influences and Shifting Propensity for Sleep Apnea: Another Source of Heterogeneity or a New Intervention Target?

Sleep-disordered breathing occurs in as many as 17% of adults and is associated with increased mortality.1 Characterized by the occurrence of repetitive episodes of apneas and hypopneas resulting in intermittent oxyhemoglobin desaturation and sleep disruption, it is a common comorbid condition in patients with heart disease, who may have both obstructive and central variants. Apneas and hypopneas are classified as obstructive when reductions in ventilation result from episodic pharyngeal occlusion accompanied by concomitant respiratory effort. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is diagnosed when an overnight sleep study shows that the total number of apneas plus hypopneas exceeds some threshold, with a predominance of events consisting of obstructive breathing events. Patients diagnosed with OSA are frequently overweight, tend to be male, and have a high prevalence of comorbidities, including hypertension and diabetes mellitus.2 The pathogenesis of OSA is complex and is likely influenced by both anatomic and physiological risk factors that reduce oropharyngeal area, including obesity with increased peripharyngeal fat deposition, certain craniofacial morphologies, and ventilatory deficits that predispose to pharyngeal collapsibility during sleep, a time when neuromuscular output is reduced. In contrast, apneas that occur without evidence of increased upper-airway resistance and with absence of respiratory effort are considered to be central apneas. A predominance of this event subtype constitutes central sleep apnea (CSA), a disorder that may occur in individuals with a variety of genetic and neuromuscular disorders. However, central apneas also may manifest as components of Cheyne-Stokes respiration, a form of periodic breathing characterized by long cycles of alternating hyperventilation and hypoventilation associated with hypocapnia, prolonged circulation time, and/or reduction in ventilatory reserve. 3 The combination of CSA and Cheyne-Stokes respiration occurs in as many as 40% of patients with heart failure, which reflects the predilection of this patient group to respiratory control system instability due to the effects of pulmonary congestion on stimulating pulmonary irritant receptors, increased chemoreceptor sensitivity, and reduced cardiac output and cerebrovascular blood flow, and possibly because of abnormalities in autonomic function. An increased risk of both Cheyne-Stokes respiration and CSA occurring in heart failure is associated with male gender, atrial fibrillation, older age, and hypocapnia (pCO2 38 mm Hg during wakefulness).4 Patients with heart failure and both Cheyne-Stokes respiration and CSA generally have poorer cardiac function than do other patients with heart failure, have augmented levels of sympathetic nervous system activity, and may be at risk for pulmonary hypertension and increased mortality. 3 However, the specific role of treatment of this breathing disorder in attenuating risk is unclear.5 Article see p 1598
Semianalytical expressions for (L̄/p)airmed and Prepl for electron beams

The tables of the mean restricted collision mass stopping power ratios for water, polystyrene and acrylic relative to air given in the AAPM TG‐21 protocol have been fitted to an expression with 20 coefficients using the depth in the phantom and the mean incident electron energy as two independent variables. Using these expressions, the calculated values agree with the tabulated values within +0.5% in 85% of the cases and within ±1.0% in 95% of the cases. For each of the four cylindrical chamber inner diameters, given in the protocol, the electron fluence correction P repl has been fitted to an expression with four coefficients using the mean electron energy at depth z as an independent variable.
The Geography of Intimate Partner Abuse Experiences and Clinical Responses

Existing intimate partner abuse (IPA) research has focused on individual differences that affect women’s risk of exposure and posttraumatic symptoms with little consideration of the influence of pr...
Learning to do Better The Transactional Model of Diabetes Self-Management Integration

In this article I examine the process by which low-income (mostly minority) women develop the skills to integrate diabetes self-management into daily life and the conditions that affect the process. I present and describe a multimethod approach, including semistructured interviews, photo elicitation, time geographic diaries, and a standardized assessment which were used to collect data from 10 low-income women with type 2 diabetes, ages 40 to 64 years, between July and December 2012. I describe the grounded theory approach to data analysis which facilitated the development of the Transactional Model of Diabetes Self-Management (DSM) Integration. The model depicts the theorized process whereby low-income women accept aspects of diabetes education and training as congruent with their circumstances, act on them, and practice with them until they become integrated into daily life. Inquiry and practice play key roles in assimilating DSM. I discuss the study’s implications for facilitating better health-managem...
Pulsed Flow Wave Attenuation on a Regulated Montane River

This study investigated the effects of hydrograph shape on attenuation of regulated pulsed flow events below a hydropower dam by categorizing and modelling the downstream movement of representative pulses on the upper Tuolumne River in the Sierra Nevadas of California, USA. We extracted underlying hydrograph shape patterns using principal component analysis on individual pulsed flow events released from 1988 to 2012 (n = 4439). From principal component loadings, six shape categories were determined: rectangular, front-step, back-step, goalpost, centred tower, and other. Attenuation of representative pulses from each shape type was then modelled using a one-dimensional hydraulic model of 42 river km. Model results demonstrated a durational threshold for representative pulses (~3–5 h) over which the degree of attenuation of ramping rates and peak discharge approached a limit. Simulations of front and back-step representative pulses showed trade-offs between attenuation of peak magnitudes and steepness of rising ramping rates. Reshaping pulses to reduce the adverse ecological effects of rapid changes in stage and velocity downstream was infeasible if the system was required to maintain current electricity production and recreational service levels. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observation of coupled quasi-two-dimensional electronic excitations in tilted magnetic fields

Abstract We report on a magneto-Raman scattering investigation of free and donor-bound electrons in GaAs/Al x Ga 1−x As quantum wells. For fields perpendicular to the layers, the spectra show intersubband transitions of photoexcited electrons and ls→ls′ donor excitations. Tilted fields lead to subband-Landau level and ls′−2p + coupling. Experimental results for the latter case agree very well with variational calculations. Data on combined intersubband-cyclotron resonances at arbitrary tilt angles are accurately described by expressions valid for parabolic wells. The parabolic approach is shown to provide a good approximation in situations where coupling to higher subbands can be neglected.
Relationship between size of the ovulatory follicle and pregnancy success in beef heifers.

Previous research indicated that the size of the ovulatory follicle at the time of insemination significantly influenced pregnancy rates and embryonic/fetal mortality after fixed-timed AI in postpartum cows, but no effect on pregnancy rates was detected when cows ovulated spontaneously. Our objective was to evaluate relationships of fertility and embryonic/fetal mortality with preovulatory follicle size and circulating concentrations of estradiol after induced or spontaneous ovulation in beef heifers. Heifers were inseminated in 1 of 2 breeding groups: (1) timed insemination after an estrous synchronization and induced ovulation protocol (TAI n = 98); or (2) AI approximately 12 h after detection in standing estrus by electronic mount detectors during a 23-d breeding season (spontaneous ovulation; n = 110). Ovulatory follicle size at time of AI and pregnancy status 27, 41, 55, and 68 d after timed AI (d 0) were determined by transrectal ultrasonography. Only 6 heifers experienced late embryonic or early fetal mortality. Interactions between breeding groups and follicle size did not affect pregnancy rate (P = 0.13). Pooled across breeding groups, logistic regression of pregnancy rate on follicle size was curvilinear (P 15.7 mm was less likely (P 15.7 mm (4%). Heifers exhibiting standing estrus within 24 h of timed AI had greater (P < 0.01) follicle diameter (12.2 +/- 0.2 mm vs. 11.1 +/- 0.3 mm) and concentrations of estradiol (9.9 +/- 0.6 vs. 6.6 +/- 0.7) and pregnancy rates (63% vs. 20%) than contemporaries that did not exhibit behavioral estrus. However, when differences in ovulatory follicle size were accounted for, pregnancy rates were independent of expression of behavioral estrus or circulating concentration of estradiol. Therefore, the effects of serum concentrations of estradiol and behavioral estrus on pregnancy rate appear to be mediated through ovulatory follicle size, and management practices that optimize ovulatory follicle size may improve fertility.
Sequence and Functional Analysis of EBNA-LP and EBNA2 Proteins from Nonhuman Primate Lymphocryptoviruses

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) EBNA-LP and EBNA2 proteins are the first to be synthesized during establishment of latent infection in B lymphocytes. EBNA2 is a key transcriptional regulator of both viral and cellular gene expression and is essential for EBV-induced immortalization of B lymphocytes. EBNA-LP is also important for EBV-induced immortalization of B lymphocytes, but far less is known about the functional domains and cellular cofactors that mediate EBNA-LP function. While recent studies suggest that serine phosphorylation of EBNA-LP and coactivation of EBNA2-mediated transactivation are important, more detailed mutational and genetic studies are complicated by the repeat regions that comprise the majority of the EBNA-LP sequence. Therefore, we have used a comparative approach by studying the EBNA-LP homologues from baboon and rhesus macaque lymphocryptoviruses (LCVs) (baboon LCV and rhesus LCV). The predicted baboon and rhesus LCV EBNA-LP amino acid sequences are 61 and 64% identical to the EBV EBNA-LP W1 and W2 exons and 51% identical to the EBV EBNA-LP Y1 and Y2 exons. Five evolutionarily conserved regions can be defined, and four of eight potential serine residues are conserved among all three EBNA-LPs. The major internal repeat sequence also revealed a highly conserved Wp EBNA promoter with strong conservation of upstream activating sequences important for Wp transcriptional regulation. To test whether transcriptional coactivating properties were common to the rhesus LCV EBNA-LP, a rhesus LCV EBNA2 homologue was cloned and expressed. The rhesus LCV EBNA2 transcriptionally transactivates EBNA2-responsive promoters through a CBF1-dependent mechanism. The rhesus LCV EBNA-LP was able to further enhance rhesus LCV or EBV EBNA2 transactivation 5- to 12-fold. Thus, there is strong structural and functional conservation among the simian EBNA-LP homologues. Identification of evolutionarily conserved serine residues and regions in EBNA-LP homologues provides important clues for identifying the cellular cofactors and molecular mechanisms mediating these conserved viral functions.
Interactions of dispersive shock waves

Collisions and interactions of dispersive shock waves in defocusing (repulsive) nonlinear Schrodinger type systems are investigated analytically and numerically. Two canonical cases are considered. In one case, two counterpropagating dispersive shock waves experience a head-on collision, interact and eventually exit the interaction region with larger amplitudes and altered speeds. In the other case, a fast dispersive shock overtakes a slower one, giving rise to an interaction. Eventually the two merge into a single dispersive shock wave. In both cases, the interaction region is described by a modulated, quasi-periodic two-phase solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The boundaries between the background density, dispersive shock waves and their interaction region are calculated by solving the Whitham modulation equations. These asymptotic results are in excellent agreement with full numerical simulations. It is further shown that the interactions of two dispersive shock waves have some qualitative similarities to the interactions of two classical shock waves.
Subpicosecond-pulse development in a colliding-pulse mode-locking dye laser pumped by a pulsed xenon laser

We obtain 0.34-psec optical pulses by using a long-pulse xenon-ion laser as a pump source in a colliding-pulse mode-locking (CPM) configuration. The pump shape is an important parameter affecting the development of short pulses. Some characteristics of xenon- and argon-laser-pumped CPM systems are compared.
Central Nervous System Effects of Whole-Body Proton Irradiation

Space missions beyond the protection of Earth's magnetosphere expose astronauts to an environment that contains ionizing proton radiation. The hazards that proton radiation pose to normal tissues, such as the central nervous system (CNS), are not fully understood, although it has been shown that proton radiation affects the neurogenic environment, killing neural precursors and altering behavior. To determine the time and dose-response characteristics of the CNS to whole-body proton irradiation, C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 1 GeV/n proton radiation at doses of 0–200 cGy and behavioral, physiological and immunohistochemical end points were analyzed over a range of time points (48 h–12 months) postirradiation. These experiments revealed that proton radiation exposure leads to: 1. an acute decrease in cell division within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, with significant differences detected at doses as low as 10 cGy; 2. a persistent effect on proliferation in the subgranular zone, at 1 month postirradi...
The treatment of children exposed to pathogens linked to bioterrorism

Health care providers must understand the following regarding pathogens linked to bioterrorism: (1) the classification and qualities of possible biologic agents; (2) the natural history and management of biologic, chemical and radiologic injuries and exposures; (3) chemical agents that may be used and their properties; (4) different types of radiologic terrorism; (5) decontamination procedures; and (6) availability of antidotes and other therapeutics.
Seasonal Abundance of Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and its Parasitoids South Florida Citrus

Seasonal abundace and parasitism of the leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton were investigated from summer 1993 through spring 1995 on ‘Tahiti’ limes in Dade County, Florida. P. citrella population density increased from spring through fall and declined during winter 1994 and 1995. Eight species of parasitoids attacked P. citrella immatures in commercial and experimental lime orchards. The Eulophid Pnigalio minio (Walker), a primary ectoparasitoid, comprised ≍80% of the parasitoids that emerged from parasitized P. citrella . Species and abundance of adult parasitoids varied considerably between leafminer generations. Overall percentage of parasitism was higher on unsprayed than sprayed trees.
Abstract 59: Disparity in Protection from Thrombotic Risk Depends on Platelet Thrombin Receptor PAR4

Aberrant platelet activation contributes to the mortality associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). Our lab group has recently shown that platelets from black donors were hyper-responsive to activation of the thrombin receptor Protease-Activated Receptor-4 (PAR4) compared to platelets from white donors. The racial difference observed through PAR4 persists in platelets treated ex vivo with dual antiplatelet inhibitors (COX-1 inhibitor Aspirin and P2Y12 receptor inhibitor Clopidogrel), a standard of care for many CHD patients. The racial difference in PAR4 signaling is largely attributable to one PAR4 variant more frequently expressed in blacks than whites, PAR4 T120A. Independent of race, T120 is associated with greater PAR4-mediated platelet reactivity compared to the A120 variant. The role PAR4 variation plays in regulating thrombin-mediated platelet activation in CHD has not been elucidated to date. We hypothesize that patients homozygous for the T120 will have an increase in PAR4-mediated platelet reactivity compared to patients homozygous for A120. To investigate this hypothesis, we studied PAR4 signaling in platelets obtained from healthy donors and patients with CHD on dual antiplatelet therapy. Healthy donors taking either a COX-1 or P2Y12 inhibitor who are homozygous for threonine at amino acid 120, have an increase in platelet reactivity as measured by aggregation, αIIbβ3 activation and granule secretion compared to individuals who are homozygous for alanine at amino acid 120. Interestingly, subjects heterozygous at 120 exhibit platelet reactivity which is in between what is observed for people homozygous for alanine or threonine at this amino acid. This study reinforces the personalized medicine approach to therapeutic intervention and challenges the one size fits all approach which often leaves at risk populations without adequate protection from thrombotic events and stroke.
N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide induces apoptosis in T lymphoma and T Lymphoblastoid leukemia cells

We demonstrate that N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-all-trans-retinamide (4-HPR), a synthetic retinoic acid (RA) derivative, is a potent and selective inducer of apoptosis in malignant T lymphoid cells, but has little effect on normal lymphoid cells of the thymus or spleen. 4-HPR and its stereoisomer, 9-cis-4-HPR, are 50 to > 150 times more potent than 7 other retinoids in killing CEM-C7 human T lymphoblastoid leukemia cells and P1798-C7 murine T lymphoma cells. 4-HPR's apoptotic action requires the intact molecule bearing both the retinoid moiety and the hydroxyphenol ring; 4-HPR remains unmetabolized after uptake into CEM-C7 and P1798-C7 cells for up to 24 hours. We also show that glucocorticoid (GC)-resistant variants are equally susceptible to 4-HPR as are GC-sensitive cells. Thus, 4-HPR may be potentially important as a new chemotherapeutic drug for use as alternative to, or in combination with, conventional drugs for treating lymphoid malignancies.
The Jurisprudential Niche of Law and Economics

This is the first chapter of the revised edition of our book, Economics and the Law: From Posner to Postmodernism and Beyond (Princeton University Press, forthcoming August 2006). In this chapter we introduce the reader to the field of Law and Economics by defining the field broadly and documenting its continued growth. We briefly examine the path that has brought law and legal theory to its present situation. This is followed by a brief characterization of the relevant concepts of economic efficiency variously employed by legal-economic scholars.* We then present a description of the stages of choice and the underlying logic of Law and Economics, followed by a section that highlights some of the fundamental differences in methodology and modes of reasoning between economics and the law. The book's other chapters are as follows: Chapter 2 - Chicago Law and Economics, Chapter 3 - Public Choice Theory, Chapter 4 - Institutional Law and Economics, Chapter 5 - The New Institutional Economics, Chapter 6 - Branching Out: The New Haven School of Law and Economics, Modern Civic Republicanism, & Austrian Law and Economics, Chapter 7 - Social Norms and Law and Economics. * The two appendices to this chapter provide a detailed analysis of the primary concepts of economic efficiency. Due to the size of Appendix 2, we have only included Appendix 1 in this document.