cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unique Aspects of Quadrupedal Locomotion in Nonhuman Primates

Quadrupedal walking and running are certainly not the first things that come to mind when one considers unique aspects of primate locomotion. However, there is a growing body of information about how the form of quadrupedalism displayed by primates differs from that of nonprimate mammals (see Vilensky, 1987, 1989). One of the most distinctive characteristics of primate quadrupedalism is that they typically utilize a diagonal sequence/diagonal couplets walking gait pattern (i.e., foot falls in sequence: left hind, right fore, right hind, left fore, with diagonal limbs moving as a pair), in contrast to the almost universally employed lateral sequence walking gait (left hind, left fore, right hind, right fore) of nonprimate mammals (Howell, 1944; Prost, 1965, 1969; Hildebrand, 1967; Rollinson and Martin, 1981; Vilensky, 1989; Vilensky and Larson, 1989). This difference in gait pattern is not trivial, since a diagonal sequence/diagonal couplet walking gait creates a strong potential for interference between the ipsilateral hind and forelimbs (Figure 1). The potential for hind/forelimb interference is exacerbated in primates by their long limbs (due to their relatively longer limb bones, Alexander et al., 1979), and by their propensity to use relatively longer stride lengths than nonprimate quadrupeds (Vilensky, 1980; Alexander and Maloiy, 1984; Reynolds, 1987). As a result, many primate quadrupeds must regularly “overstride” during walking, that is, touch down with their hind foot ahead of their ipsilateral hand by passing it either “inside” or “outside” of the forelimb (Hildebrand, 1967; Reynolds, 1985b; Larson and Stern, 1987; see Figure 1). Another distinctive aspect of primate gait utilization is the infrequent use of a running trot (defined as diagonal limbs moving synchronously with relative stance duration of each limb less than 50%; see Hildebrand, 1967).
Immunologic Relatedness of Papillomaviruses From Different Species

An antiserum prepared by immunization of a rabbit with sodium dodecyl sulfate-disrupted virions from a pool of plantar warts was cross-reactive with virus-positive papillomas of other animal species by both indirect immunofluorescence tests on frozen sections of wart tissues and peroxidase-antiperoxidase tests of sections of Formalin-fixed tissues. The antiserum stained plantar warts, common warts, and skin lesions of epidermodysplasia verruciformis, all from humans; bovine fibropapilloma, experimentally produced with bovine types 1 and 2; and transmissible canine oral papillomas. The staining was localized to nuclei of the upper granular layers of the peithelium and was similar in distribution to the pattern produced by antiserum specifically prepared against that papillomavirus. The antiserum did not stain virus-negative warts, or cells infected with simlan virus 40, human polyomavirus BK, and murine polyomavirus. These data suggested that papillomaviruses share a common internal antigen unrelated to a similar antigen described previously for the polyomaviruses (which include simian virus 40 and polyomavirus subgroups).
“No cow makes this sort of profit”: Capital, success, and Maasai gemstone traders in Tanzania

Abstract Since the early 1990s, Maasai men living in the Simanjiro district of northern Tanzania have worked as middlemen, buying and selling gemstones at Mererani, the only place in the world where the gemstone tanzanite is mined. While some men have struggled to make it, others have been quite lucrative in this booming mineral trade by gaining access to various forms of capital. In addition, regardless of an individual's success, as a group, tanzanite traders are seen by others in their home villages to possess new forms of capital that carry societal value because they map onto current ideas about success and what it means to “be Maasai”. Through an ethnographic exploration of Maasai gemstone traders in northern Tanzania, this article sheds light on an overlooked sector of the mining commodity chain and examines the economic, social, and cultural forms of capital tanzanite traders possess, mobilize, and are perceived to embody. Moreover, it examines the implications for these new forms of capital in terms of social relations and power structures and argues that capital accumulation and livelihood change is expressed through a unique cultural style with important implications for power relations in Maasai households and communities.
THE MOZAMBIQUE NATIONAL RESISTANCE AND SOUTH AFRICAN FOREIGN POLICY

SINCE THE COLLAPSE of the Portuguese empire in southern Africa in the 1 970s South African national security policy has undergone a radical evolution. After the initial surprise at the rapidity with which this took place faded, the Pretoria government attempted to frame a modus vivendi with the newly independent states. The basic assumption of this policy was that the black states' commitment to the end of apartheid was primarily rhetorical and was intended more for domestic political consumption than as a framework for foreign policy. Thus, it was believed in Pretoria, these economically fragile states would be willing to temper their anti-apartheid rhetoric and actions in exchange for financial, managerial and technological assistance from South Africa. By the 1980s, however, it was clear that this was not true. As black frustration within South Africa grew, so had regional support for the African National Congress (ANC) and other black nationalist groups. Since one of the major strengths of the Pretoria government, its economic power, had not proved effective in tempering support for the anti-apartheid movement, a conscious decision was made by the South Africans to turn to their other forte, military power.1 Thus, over the past five years, South Africa has pursued an increasingly aggressive and militarized approach towards its neighbours. This has taken a variety of forms, including direct military incursions and commando raids by the South African armed forces.2
COASTAL SAND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Interruption of sand transport is the most persistent worldwide coastal problem. Wave action produces sand transport which is not a problem in some areas but in others results in coastal erosion, obstruction of harbor entrances, and permanent loss of sand. Conflict between saving sand and bypassing it is caused by a lack of methods to manage this valuable resource. Separate elements of control have been used with varying degrees of success; now it is proposed to incorporate subsystems into an integrated system for management of the littoral transport. A coastal sand management system is to be evaluated using three principal subsystems: (1) a mobile jet pump for use with a crater sink and fluidization accessories; (2) interlocking inertial modules which simulate structural materials because of high intergrain stresses; and, (3) the tactical deployment of phase dependent roughness elements to direct (or reverse) the net transport of sand. A coherent sand management system promises to make a start toward true control of littoral sand transport. In addition, there is the prospect of eventually establishing the first self maintaining harbors. It is attractive to consider systems which would be operative within reasonable cost, which may be entirely submerged, and which are capable of operating without regard to surface seakeeping problems. Some aspects of the system indicate possible use of the mobile jet pump as a means for estimating longshore transport in the field, use in archaeology, and as a dredging and maintenance tool for small nations whose investment capital could not support massive dredging operations.
Expanding the Nuclear Chart with the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams

About 3000 different isotopes of 118 elements are presently known. The discovery of these isotopes is closely linked to the development of new production and detection techniques and more powerful accelerators. A brief overview of the isotope discovery history and the present knowledge of the nuclear chart is given. The status of the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is described and its discovery potential, especially for neutron-rich nuclides, is estimated.
Alternative Methods of Measuring Role/Identity: A Research Note*

In a recent article, Burke and Tully present and illustrate a general procedure for measuring role/identities. The procedure is based on symbolic interaction theory and requires use of semantic differential rating scales. Respondents rate the role/identity of interest and appropriate counter-role/ identities on the same set of bipolar adjectives. Discriminant function analysis is used to generate the set(s) of item weights that best discriminate among the role/identities. In cases where more than one dimension is common to the role/identities, multiple discriminant functions will be generated. The discriminant functions are assumed to represent the dimension(s) that distinguish social stereotypes of various role/identities. The item weights based on the discriminant analysis of the abstract role/identities categories are then applied to respondents' self-ratings of the same adjectives and can be used to calculate individual role/identity dimension scores. As Burke and Tully note, this measurement procedure has several important properties in that the technique (1) is theoretically grounded and integrates the concepts of self and role, (2) generates quantitative scores suitable for multivariate data analysis, (3) permits assessment of the multidimensional structure of role/identities, and (4) reveals the substantive meaning of the characteristics or dimensions that generate quantitative role/identity scores. Although the Burke-Tully measuring procedure has a short history, variations in the measurement technique already have appeared. At least three available papers (Reitzes and Mutran; Reitzes and Burke; George et al.) are based on the standard Burke-Tully procedure just described. Two other papers (Mutran and Burke, a, b), however, use a variant of the Burke-Tully procedure in that respondents do not rate the role/identities of interest. Rather, the self-ratings of respondents in different roles are compared and mathematically discriminated. It is then assumed that the differences in self-ratings represent typical (as opposed to stereotypical) identity 'The research reported in this paper was supported by Grant #MH 14660 from the National
ErbB2-overexpressing human mammary carcinoma cells display an increased requirement for the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway in anchorage-independent growth

The proto-oncogene ErbB2 is known to be amplified and to play an important role in the development of about one-third of human breast cancers. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which is often activated in ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells, is known to regulate cell proliferation and cell survival. Selective inhibitors of the PI3K pathway were used to assess the relevance of PI3K signaling in the anchorage-independent growth of a series of human mammary carcinoma cell lines. Wortmannin, LY294002, and rapamycin at concentrations that did not affect MAPK phosphorylation but substantially inhibited PI3K, Akt, and p70S6K significantly suppressed the soft agar growth of tumor cell lines that overexpress ErbB2 but not the growth of tumor lines with low ErbB2 expression. A similar growth inhibition of ErbB2-overexpressing carcinoma lines was observed when a dominant negative p85PI3K mutant was introduced into these cells. Forced expression of ErbB2 in breast cancer lines originally expressing low ErbB2 levels augmented receptor expression and sensitized those lines to LY294002- and rapamycin-mediated inhibition of colony formation. Furthermore, treatment with LY294002 resulted in the selective increase of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21Cip1 or p27Kip1 and suppression of cyclin E-associated Cdk2 kinase activity in ErbB2-overexpressing lines, which may account for their hypersensitivity toward inhibitors of the PI3K pathway in anchorage-independent growth. Our results indicate that the PI3K/Akt/p70S6K pathway plays an enhanced role in the anchorage-independent growth of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells, therefore providing a molecular basis for the selective targeting of this signaling pathway in the treatment of ErbB2-related human breast malignancies.
Living Theory: Principles and Practices for Teaching Social Theory Ethnographically

This article details the principles and practices animating an "ethnographic" method of teaching social theory. As opposed to the traditional "survey" approach that aims to introduce students to the historical breadth of social thought, the primary objective of teaching ethnographically is to cultivate students as participant observers who interpret, adjudicate between, and practice social theories in their everyday lives. Three pedagogical principles are central to this approach, the first laying the groundwork for the two that follow: (1) intensive engagement with manageable portions of text, (2) conversations among theorists, and (3) dialogues between theory and lived experience. Drawing on examples from our experiences as graduate student instructors for a two-semester theory sequence, we offer practical guideposts to sociology instructors interested in integrating "living theory" into their own curricula by clarifying how each principle is put into action in course assignments, classroom discussions and activities, and evaluations of student learning. We conclude by encouraging sociology departments and instructors to consider the potential benefits and drawbacks of offering social theory courses built around in-depth readings of and conversations between social theorists and the social world.
The Controversy over False Memory and Contemporary Trauma Theory:False Memory Research for Episodic Event

Substantive progress has been made in understanding of false memory,especially,many theoretical models,which have established the foundation for the false memory research towards episodic memory,were proposed by cognitive research. Some studies based on the autobiographical event revealed that the misleading message that follows the initial event played an important role in changing people's memory. The results have made significant contribution to the development of many fields,including false memory,trauma therapy,and even legal studies. From the perspective of the debates between trauma studies and false memory,it is far more significant to review these latest progresses as the extension of the previous basic research.
Structure and Properties of Silica Glass Densified in Cold Compression and Hot Compression

Silica glass has been shown in numerous studies to possess significant capacity for permanent densification under pressure at different temperatures to form high density amorphous (HDA) silica. However, it is unknown to what extent the processes leading to irreversible densification of silica glass in cold-compression at room temperature and in hot-compression (e.g., near glass transition temperature) are common in nature. In this work, a hot-compression technique was used to quench silica glass from high temperature (1100 °C) and high pressure (up to 8 GPa) conditions, which leads to density increase of ~25% and Young's modulus increase of ~71% relative to that of pristine silica glass at ambient conditions. Our experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide solid evidences that the intermediate-range order of the hot-compressed HDA silica is distinct from that of the counterpart cold-compressed at room temperature. This explains the much higher thermal and mechanical stability of the former than the latter upon heating and compression as revealed in our in-situ Brillouin light scattering (BLS) experiments. Our studies demonstrate the limitation of the resulting density as a structural indicator of polyamorphism, and point out the importance of temperature during compression in order to fundamentally understand HDA silica.
Ion Conduction in Polymerized Ionic Liquids with Different Pendant Groups

Polymerized ionic liquids (PolyILs) are promising candidates for energy storage and electrochemical devices applications. Understanding their ionic transport mechanism is the key for designing highly conductive PolyILs. By using broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), rheology, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a systematic study has been carried out to provide a better understanding of the ionic transport mechanism in PolyILs with different pendant groups. The variation of pendant groups results in different dielectric, mechanical, and thermal properties of these PolyILs. The Walden plot analysis shows that the data points for all these PolyILs fall above the ideal Walden line, and the deviation from the ideal line increases upon approaching the glass transition temperature (Tg). The conductivity for these PolyILs at their Tgs are much higher than the usually reported value ∼10–15 S/cm for polymer electrolytes, in which the ionic transport is closely coupled to the segmental dynamics. These r...
The decoy catheter.

AbstractA decoy catheter can prevent traumatic indwelling catheter removal in patients with altered mental status who require temporary bladder drainage. We illustrate the technique in a demented patient who underwent transurethral prostatectomy.
Quality of Life and Burnout Rates Across Surgical Specialties: A Systematic Review.

Importance Establishing strategies to minimize the burden of burnout and poor quality of life (QOL) on surgeons relies on a thorough understanding of QOL and burnout among the various surgical specialties. Objectives To systematically review the literature across multiple surgical specialties and provide a comprehensive understanding of QOL and burnout among all surgeons, to delineate variation in rates of burnout and poor QOL, and to elucidate factors that are commonly implicated in these outcomes. Evidence Review An OVID electronic search encompassing MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and EMBASE was completed using the following MeSH search terms: quality of life , burnout , surgeon , surgical specialty , and United States . Full articles published in English from January 1, 1980, to June 10, 2015, that evaluated US surgical specialists and included more than 1 question related to QOL were included. Review articles and evaluations that included medical students or nonsurgical health care professionals were excluded. Of 1420 titles, 41 articles met these criteria. The standardized methodologic principles of PRISMA for reporting systematic reviews guided analysis. Primary end points were QOL scores and burnout rates that compared sex, age, level of training (resident vs attending), surgical specialty, and the type of assessment tool. Secondary outcomes included proposed work hours and income as factors contributing to burnout. Owing to the heterogeneity of data reporting among articles, qualitative analysis was also reported. Findings Of the 16 specialties included, pediatric (86% to 96%) and endocrine (96%) surgeons demonstrated the highest career satisfaction, whereas a portion of plastic surgeons (33%) and vascular surgeons (64%) were least satisfied. The effect of sex was variable. Residents demonstrated a significantly higher risk for burnout than attending surgeons across multiple specialties, including obstetrics and gynecology, otolaryngology, and orthopedic surgery. One-third of the studies found hours worked per week to be a statistically significant predictor of burnout, decreased career satisfaction, and poorer QOL. Conclusions and Relevance Burnout and QOL vary across all surgical specialties. Whether sex affects burnout rates remains unclear. Residents are at an increased risk for burnout and more likely to report a poor QOL than attending surgeons.
Contextuality in the Integrated Information Theory

Integrated Information Theory (IIT) is one of the most influential theories of consciousness, mainly due to its claim of mathematically formalizing consciousness in a measurable way. However, the theory, as it is formulated, does not account for contextual observations that are crucial for understanding consciousness. Here we put forth three possible difficulties for its current version, which could be interpreted as a trilemma. Either consciousness is contextual or not. If contextual, either IIT needs revisions to its axioms to include contextuality, or it is inconsistent. If consciousness is not contextual, then IIT faces an empirical challenge. Therefore, we argue that IIT in its current version is inadequate.
Pediatric Oncology Providers' Perceptions of Fertility Preservation in Adolescent and Young Women with Cancer

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present study was to assess providers' perceptions of fertility preservation (FP) options for female cancer patients and factors that influence decision making. Pediatric Physician and Nurse Oncologists (N = 167) were recruited from the Children's Oncology Group Hospitals to complete an online survey. Results showed that providers were comfortable discussing FP options and were able to identify experimental FP options and infertility risk of five cancers. Disease progression was the most influential factor in considering FP; survival and cost were least influential. Despite providers' self-reported comfort, barriers exist to FP for female patients. Improvements in multidisciplinary communication and access to reproductive specialists are needed to improve uptake.
Multiple joint-variable domains recognition of human motion

Radar has been successfully employed for classifying human motions in defense, security and civilian applications, and has emerged to potentially become a technology of choice in the healthcare industry, specifically in what pertains to assisted living. Due to the relationship between Doppler frequency and motion kinematics, the time-frequency domain has been traditionally used to analyze radar signals of human gross-motor activities. Towards improving motion classification, this paper incorporates three domains, namely, time-frequency, time-range, and range-Doppler domains. Features from each domain are extracted using deep neural network that is based on stacked auto-encoders. Final decision is made by combining the classification outcomes. Experimental results demonstrate that certain domains are more favorable than others in recognizing specific motion articulations, thus reinforcing the merits of multi-domain motion classifications.
Synthetic Array Radar

The main aim of this chapter is to reveal the function of the synthetic array radar (SAR). Normally, this radar is used to map ground features and terrain. It is also known in the literature as synthetic aperture radar. SAR can be an acronym for both. SAR systems can be designed with capabilities to differentiate using dimensions from few centimeters to hundreds of meters, depending on if the purpose is to map out a military installation—an urban area—or the contours of a mountain range. SAR radar is able to effectively create a very long antenna, hundreds of meters, using the motion of the aircraft. The radar is pulsed along this flight path, and the returns are digitally combined, to be able to view ground features with the resolution of a very long antenna. Hence the name “synthetic aperture” as the long antenna aperture is created through digital signal processing.
Differential Expression of Hypertensive Phenotypes in BXD Mouse Strains in Response to Angiotensin II.

BACKGROUND Besides environmental risk factors, genetic factors play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension. The current study is to unravel whether hypertensive phenotypes vary in mice with different genetic background. METHODS Hypertension was induced in C57BL/6J (B6), DBA/2J (D2), and 25 BXD strains by administrating angiotensin (Ang)II (2.5 mg/kg/day infused by osmotic minipump) for 4 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was monitored before (baseline) and after 4 weeks of AngII treatment by tail cuff. Cardiac and renal fibrosis was evaluated by picrosirius red staining and collagen volume fraction (CVF) was quantitated using imaging analyzing system; cardiac transforming growth factor (TGF)-β gene expression was monitored by RT-PCR, and inflammatory response was detected by immunohistochemical ED-1 staining. RESULTS AngII infusion caused hypertension in all strains. However, blood pressure elevation was more evident in the D2 strain than the B6 group, while it was widely variable among BXD strains. Furthermore, chronic AngII treatment lead to development of hypertensive cardiac and renal diseases. Cardiac and renal CVF levels in the D2 strain was significantly higher than the B6 cohort, whereas these varied vastly across BXD strains. Moreover, cardiac TGF-β mRNA levels were markedly diverse among various mouse strains. CONCLUSION Our study unequivocally demonstrates that in response to AngII, BXDs with different genetic background expressed hypertension phenotypes with varied degree in severity. It implicates that genomics contribute to pathogenesis of primary hypertension. Building upon the genotype and hypertensive phenotypes, the BXD cohort can be further exploited experimentally to identify genes that influence blood pressure.
What is the Best Way to Allocate Teacher’s Efforts: How Accurately Should We Write on the Board? When Marking Comments on Student Papers?

Writing on the board is an important part of a lecture. Lecturers’ handwriting is not always perfect. Usually, a lecturer can write slower and more legibly, this will increase understandability but slow down the lecture. In this chapter, we analyze an optimal trade-off between speed and legibility.
Never Say Never: Imaging in Concussion (P6.307)

Objective: To present two rare, but appropriate, occasions for brain imaging after pediatric concussion. Background: The decision to image a child’s brain should not be taken lightly. There is an evidence-based movement to reduce unnecessary imaging in concussion, thus preventing excessive exposure to ionizing radiation, reducing healthcare costs, and avoiding discovery of non-clinically relevant findings. Imaging guidelines such as PECARN (Schonfeld D, 2014) are designed to identify the rare occasion in which imaging is suggested after pediatric head injury, as only 0.9% of the 42,4142 children with concussion had clinically important imaging findings. Therefore, indications should be limited to: abnormal mental status, focal neurologic deficit, prolonged emesis, severe headache, serious mechanism of injury, or signs of skull fracture. Design/Methods: We encountered two examples of appropriate imaging in which critically important lesions were found. Patient 1: 15-year-old football player was struck in the right temporal region by an opposing player. Three days post injury, he developed slurred speech and numbness to the left nasolabial fold. Given focal deficits, MRI was ordered and demonstrated a small pontine infarct and large aneurysms of the left internal carotid (ICA) and basilar arteries. Despite ligation of the ICA, he suffered a basilar artery rupture and was declared brain dead on post-operative day 8. Patient 2: 16-year-old football player suffered a knee-to-helmet collision. Initial symptoms were limited to headache. The following day, he had worsening headache and persistent vomiting. Imaging was ordered due to persistent emesis. MRI demonstrated a giant aneurysm of the right ICA. Patient underwent carotid bypass surgery and has done well post-operatively. Results: NA Conclusions: Brain imaging is typically not indicated in concussion. However, it may be necessary to rule out alternative diagnoses such as hemorrhage or space occupying lesions. These two cases illustrate instances that necessitate acute imaging: persistent vomiting and focal neurologic deficits. Disclosure: Dr. Kamins has nothing to disclose. Dr. Choe has nothing to disclose. Dr. Giza has nothing to disclose.
The Manufacture and Use of Albumen Paper

Albumen paper was the most widely used photographic printing material in the nineteenth century. It was a pure silver chloride printing-out paper, manually coated sheet by sheet in factories and usually sensitized by the user at the time of use by floating on a silver nitrate solution. Processing involved gold toning and fixing with sodium thiosulphate. The centre of world manufacture was in Dresden, Germany, where two large companies dominated the industry. Raw stock was supplied from only two paper mills which held a virtual world monopoly. Presensitized and roll-coated gelatin and collodion printing-out papers finally captured the market from albumen paper in the early 1890's. Albumen paper enjoyed a revival around World War I when 'matte-albumen' papers, made with a mixture of starch and albumen, were briefly popular. The last commercial production of albumen paper is believed to have been in 1929.
THE PRE-PHANEROZOIC BIOSPHERE - THREE BILLION YEARS OF CRISES AND OPPORTUNITIES

The pre-Phanerozoic record of biotic crises and opportunities is difficult to evaluate. Life probably appeared before 3800 Ma. Terrestrial megacratering around 4200 to 3800 Ma could have (1) promoted chemical evolution and/or (2) produced ecologically harsh conditions for early life once it evolved. With the appearance of the first heterotrophs, the supply of prebiotic organic material would have become limiting. The evolution of autotrophy was a major novelty and probably resulted in the first major microbial radiation. By 3500 Ma ago microbial life was sufficiently advanced to construct stromatolites.
PYSAT: Python Satellite Data Analysis Toolkit

A common problem in space science data analysis is combining complementary data sources that are provided and analyzed in different formats and programming languages. The Python Satellite Data Analysis Toolkit (pysat) addresses this issue by providing an open source toolkit that implements the general process of space science data analysis, from beginning to end, in an instrumentindependent manner. This toolkit uses an Instrument object that enables systematic analysis of science data from a variety of platforms within a single interface. Basic functions such as downloading, loading, and cleaning are included for all supported instruments. Common analysis routines are also included, which are instrument and data source independent. A nanokernel is used to provide instrument independence, it is attached to the Instrument object and mediates the systematic and arbitrary modification of loaded data. Pysat uses the nanokernel to improve the rigor of time series analysis, support onthefly orbit determination, and cleanly span file breaks. Pysat's functions and higherlevel scientific analysis features are validated through the use of unit testing. Further adoption by the community provides a set of scientific results produced by a common core, constituting a distributed heritage that supports the validity of the underlying processing and scientific output. These features are used to demonstrate consistency between derived electron density profiles and measured ion drifts, particularly downward ion drifts in the afternoon hours during extreme solar minimum. Pysat builds upon open source Python software that is freely available and encourages communitydriven development.
Acute Manipulations of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis at Presynaptic Nerve Terminals

Acute perturbations of clathrin and associated proteins at synapses have provided a wealth of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). The basic approach entails presynaptic microinjection of an inhibitory reagent targeted to the CME pathway, followed by a detailed ultrastructural analysis to identify how the perturbation affects the number and distribution of synaptic vesicles, plasma membrane, clathrin-coated pits, and clathrin-coated vesicles. This chapter describes the methodology for acutely perturbing CME at the lamprey giant reticulospinal synapse, a model vertebrate synapse that has been instrumental for identifying key protein-protein interactions that regulate CME in presynaptic nerve terminals with broader extension to nonneuronal cell types.
Efficacy and tolerability of high dose interleukin-2 (HD IL-2) after disease progression on targeted therapy (TT) for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).

e16064Background: Approved first-line treatment for mRCC includes HD-IL2 and TT. TT is more commonly used given higher response rates, more favorable side effect profile, and oral administration. H...
Changes in Abundance of the Ixodes scapularis Say (Blacklegged Tick) in Adair County, Missouri, from 2006 to 2015

Ixodes scapularis (Blacklegged Tick), vector of Lyme disease, has a broad distribution in eastern North America, but is relatively rare in Missouri. In this study, we report the change in abundance of this species in Adair County, MO, from 2006 to 2015. We collected data from 85 small-mammal trapping sessions beginning in 2006, and from 175 off-host sampling sessions using both drag and bait sampling beginning in 2007. The total number of Blacklegged Ticks collected in this study was 182; we collected <10 Blacklegged Ticks in most years. However, we collected 61.5% of specimens in 2014 and 86% in the last 3 years. Systematic, long-term monitoring has provided information about the dynamics of a tick species with low abundance.
Celebrating Stonewall at 50: A Culturally Geographic Approach to Introducing LGBT Themes

July 28, 2019, marks the 50th anniversary of a police raid on the Stonewall Inn. During this raid, police verbally, and in some cases, physically accosted patrons of the Stonewall Inn. Events from ...
Abstract 674: Vesselin Controls Vascular Morphogenesis by Activating Small Gtpases in Endothelial Cells

Vascularization is a fundamental process in development, wound healing, and the progression of cardiovascular diseases. Formation of new blood vessels with functional and structural integrity is cr...
Sparsity-based collaborative sensing in a scalable wireless network

In this paper, we propose a collaborative sensing scheme for source localization and imaging in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) network. A two-stage image formation approach, which combines the robust adaptive beamforming technique and sparsity-based reconstruction strategy, is proposed to achieve accurate multi-source localization. In order to minimize the communication traffic in the UAV network, each UAV node only transmits the coarse-resolution image, in lieu of the large volume of raw sampled data. The proposed method maintains the robustness in the presence of model mismatch while providing a high-resolution image.
Implications of a Systems Perspective for the Study of Creativity

Psychologists tend to see creativity exclusively as a mental process. In this chapter, I will propose that such an approach cannot do justice to the phenomenon of creativity, which is as much a cultural and social as it is a psychological event. To develop this perspective, I will use a “systems” model of the creative process that takes into account its essential features. Creativity research in recent years has been increasingly informed by a systems perspective. Starting with the observations of Morris Stein (1953, 1963) and the extensive data presented by Dean Simonton (1988, 1990) showing the influence of economic, political, and social events on the rates of creative production, it has become increasingly clear that variables external to the individual must be taken into account if one wishes to explain why, when, and where new ideas or products arise from and become established in a culture (Gruber, 1988; Harrington, 1990). Magyari-Beck (1988) has gone so far as to suggest that because of its complexity, creativity needs a new discipline of “creatology” in order to be thoroughly understood. The systems approach developed here has been described before and applied to historical and anecdotal examples, as well as to data collected to answer a variety of different questions (Csikszentmihalyi, 1988b, 1990, 1996; Csikszentmihalyi, Rathunde, & Whalen, 1993; Csikszentmihalyi & Sawyer, 1995; Feldman, Csikszentmihalyi, & Gardner, 1994).
Unleashing novel STRS via characterization of genome in a bottle reference samples

Abstract The higher level of multiplexing possible with current sequencing technologies encourages adoption of additional STR loci to aid in mixture interpretation [1] . However, characterization of these loci and orientation on the human genome is vital for interlaboratory comparability and databasing. Currently, when a laboratory publishes population data from a locus not previously characterized for forensic use, there is no robust way to verify the locus designation, repeat region format, and fidelity of target. To address this, we have evaluated short- and long-read sequence data generated for reference materials included in the Genome in a Bottle Consortium (GIAB) [2] with the goal of reporting STR sequences for loci which may be of interest to the forensic community. Initially, we have analyzed GIAB data using Marshfield sets of primers (published in [3] ), targeting over 600 microsatellite loci with STRaitRazor 3.0 [4] . In the future, this approach can be expanded to include other loci of interest. High-confidence STR sequence data will be made publicly available via GenBank record creation within the STRSeq BioProject [5] . As the cell lines represented in GIAB reference materials are available for purchase, this STR dataset represents a robust method for researchers to confirm targeted loci.
HIV-1 Envelope Glycan Composition as a Key Determinant of Efficient Virus Transmission via DC-SIGN and Resistance to Inhibitory Lectins

The HIV-1 envelope (Env) surface is shrouded with an assortment of oligomannose-, hybrid-, and complex-type glycans that enable virus interaction with carbohydrate-recognizing lectins. This study examined the importance of glycan heterogeneity for HIV-1 transmission through the trans-infection pathway by the host mannose-binding lectin DC-SIGN. A diversity of glycan content was observed among HIV-1 strains and associated with varying degrees of trans-infection via DC-SIGN and sensitivity to trans-infection blockage by antiviral lectins. When Env glycans were modified to display only the oligomannose type, DC-SIGN-mediated virus capture was enhanced; however, virus trans-infection was diminished because of increased degradation, which was alleviated by incorporation with hybrid-type glycans. Amino acid changes in the Env signal peptide (SP) modulated the Env glycan content, leading to alterations in DC-SIGN-dependent trans-infection and virus sensitivity to antiviral lectins. Hence, SP variation and glycosylation that confer varied types of oligosaccharides to HIV-1 Env are critical determinants for virus fitness and phenotypic diversity.
Characteristics of Gun Advertisements on Social Media: Systematic Search and Content Analysis of Twitter and YouTube Posts

Background: Although gun violence has been identified as a major public health concern, the scope and significance of internet gun advertising is not known. Objective: This study aimed to quantify the characteristics of gun advertising on social media and to compare the reach of posts by manufacturers with those of influencers. Methods: Using a systematic search, we created a database of recent and popular Twitter and YouTube posts made public by major firearm manufacturers and influencers. From our sample of social media posts, we reviewed the content of the posts on the basis of 19 different characteristics, such as type of gun, presence of women, and military or police references. Our content analysis summarized statistical differences in the information conveyed in posts to compare advertising approaches across social media platforms. Results: Sample posts revealed that firearm manufacturers use social media to attract audiences to websites that sell firearms: 14.1% (131/928; ±2.9) of Twitter posts, 53.6% (228/425; ±6.2) of YouTube videos, and 89.5% (214/239; ±5.1) of YouTube influencer videos link to websites that facilitate sales. Advertisements included women in efforts to market handguns and pistols for the purpose of protection: videos with women included protection themes 2.5 times more often than videos without women. Top manufacturers of domestic firearms received 98 million channel views, compared with 6.1 billion channel views received by the top 12 YouTube influencers. Conclusions: Firearm companies use social media as an advertising platform to connect viewers to websites that sell guns. Gun manufacturers appropriate YouTube servers, video streaming services, and the work of YouTube influencers to reach large audiences to promote the widespread sale of consumer firearms. YouTube and Twitter subsidize gun advertising by offering server and streaming services at no cost to gun manufacturers, to the commercial benefit of Google and Twitter’s corporate ownership.
Evaluating the reoperation rate and hardware durability of three stabilizing implants for 105 malignant pathologic humerus fractures.

Abstract Introduction Many patients sustaining a malignant pathologic humerus fracture (MPHF) elect for surgical stabilization. Complications prompting reoperation can occur, leading to additional quality of life and financial cost. One common event preceding reoperation is a broken implant (BI). The purpose of this study was to identify the rate of reoperation following surgical stabilization of MPHF with three techniques – photodynamic bone stabilization (PBS), intramedullary nail (IMN), and cemented plate fixation (CPF) – and estimate to what extent improved implant durability might prevent reoperation. Materials and methods Retrospective data collection was performed, identifying 105 procedures (100 patients) who underwent non-articular MPHF surgery from 2010–2016: 19 PBS, 65 IMN, 21 CPF. All patients were followed for at least two years or until death. Results Reoperation rates were similar at one year (10.5%,6.2%,4.8%, p = 737), two years (15.8%,6.2%,9.5%, p = 375), and final evaluation (15.8%,7.7%,14.3%, p = 248). The rate of BI for PBS, IMN, and CPF was 10.5%,0%, and 4.8% (p = 049 PBS/IMN) at one year, 15.8%,0%, and 9.5% (p = 010 PBS/IMN) at two years, and 15.8%,0%, and 14.3% (p = 010 IMN/PBS, p = 013 IMN/CPF) at final evaluation. Conclusions Reoperation rate was not significantly different at any time point. However, IMN surgery resulted in the lowest rate of broken implants (zero), statistically significant versus PBS at all time periods and versus CPF at final follow-up. PBS may eventually offer selected advantages for MPHF management, but current data suggests fragility must be thoughtfully considered.
Social support for de-carbonizing the energy system: The role of expressive partisanship

Abstract The partisan divide on climate policy in the United States is well-documented. Decarbonizing the energy system is key to addressing climate change, and social support for many energy policies is not as starkly partisan as the question of the existence of climate change. In this analysis, we blend insights from social psychology and political science that suggest that partisanship is a social identity with varying salience across individuals. We integrate the concept of expressive partisanship with research on social support for energy policy by arguing that there are potentially two types of expressive partisans—ideological and identitarian expressive. Using data from the Climate Change in the American Mind study, our results imply that partisan polarization on energy and climate policy is driven by identitarian expressiveness, rather than deep ideological differences between liberals and conservative, or Democrats and Republicans.
Machine Learning Models

In this chapter, we introduce some widely used statistics and machine learning models in order to motivate our later discussion about optimization theory and algorithms.
Ambivalent Classism: The Importance of Assessing Hostile and Benevolent Ideologies about Poor People

We present a model of ambivalent classism in which hostile (overtly negative and insulting) and benevolent (subjectively positive but condescending) attitudes about poor people co-exist and indepen...
Reflections on the history of genetic medicine at Johns Hopkins University

Two members of the faculty-who witnessed the birth of Genetic Medicine and remained to see it evolve-present their reflections about the history of genetic medicine at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. They tell how the genetic units in Pediatrics and Medicine that were initiated by Barton Childs and Victor McKusick, respectively, became the McKusick Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine in 2020.
Design of Non-volatile Capacitive Crossbar Array for In-Memory Computing

Capacitive crossbar array with non-volatile ferroelectric capacitors as synaptic devices is designed and analyzed. We developed Hf x Zr 1-x O 2 (HZO) based ferroelectric capacitors that exhibit tunable and non-volatile small-signal capacitance states. We claim that the capacitive crossbar architecture can perform read-disturbance-free and energy-efficient in-memory computing. In this paper, we first show the device characteristics and discuss the underlying physical mechanism. Moving to the array analysis, we identify the optimal ratio between reference capacitors (C ref ) and ferroelectric capacitors (CFE) to maximize the output voltage swing >50 mV. Then we explore the tradeoff between delay and output switching and aim for delay $128\times 128$ non-volatile capacitive crossbar array is compatible with 3-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for partial sum quantization even under thermal noise. The optimized capacitive crossbar design can achieve 3.8 pJ per vector-matrix multiplication, which is 14.3×∼57.3× lower energy consumption compared to the representative resistive crossbar array.
Navigating the diagnostic challenges of bipolar disorder in youth.

ABSTRACT Bipolar disorder in youth is difficult to diagnose and treat, but early detection is important to mitigate risks and improve patient outcomes. This article evaluates the unique challenges of diagnosing and treating bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Bipolar disorder is associated with a significant personal and societal health burden and frequently is misdiagnosed and incorrectly treated. More research is needed to understand the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and which treatment options are best throughout the lifespan.
Supercavity Modes in Dielectric Resonators Excited by Two Current Sources

Detailed mechanisms are studied for achieving high quality factors (Q-factor) of high index resonators that exhibit strong confinement of electromagnetic fields and low loss. Exciting supercavity modes is a promising technique to increase the Q-factor in these resonators. Conventional techniques achieve supercavity modes by optimizing material properties and dimensions of such resonators. On the other hand, this work demonstrates that exciting resonators with more complex nearfield current sources instead of a single loop or patch, leads to strong supercavity modes for smaller resonators. Simulation results indicate that Q-factors achieved with the proposed method can be at least 3 times higher than with a conventional single one.