cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacy's dedication in meeting hurricane evacuees' needs.

Vol. 45, No. 6 November/December 2005 www.japha.org Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 653 Arkansas Attorney General Mike Beebe responded, requesting such a suspension from Governor Mike Huckabee on behalf of the Arkansas State Board of Pharmacy. Governor Huckabee and his staff quickly issued a Proclamation on August 31 suspending this section and allowing pharmacists to dispense up to a 30-day supply of medication to the disaster victims displaced by Hurricane Katrina. The Board’s next step was to get an official policy statement from the federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regarding the permissibility of pharmacists refilling controlled substances in lieu of this Executive Order. After spending most of the following weekend and Labor Day in the Board office, Charlie Campbell, the Executive Director of the Board, was able to get such a statement from Jim Crawford of the DEA outlining how pharmacists could supply Schedule II through V controlled substances for evacuees in an emergency situation. This information was shared with the Arkansas Pharmacists Association, and it was immediately disseminated the information to Arkansas pharmacists via broadcast fax. During this time the Board also outlined procedures for displaced pharmacy personnel and student pharmacists to allowed to work in Arkansas while displaced from surrounding states due to Hurricane Katrina. This information was quickly posted on the Board’s Web site along with other pertinent information regarding this disaster. All of these steps put pharmacists in a position to use professional judgement to serve patients who were truly in need of help. Many of the Hurricane Katrina evacuees reached Arkansas by way of busses that had been driven for more than 30 hours on a winding route from the Louisiana Superdome. Only after this long journey did many of these patients receive their first medical care since Katrina made landfall a week earlier. Often these patients had been without antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, antiepileptic, antipsychotic, and antidiabetic medications for days. Some of the pharmacists involved with counseling these patients worked 20 to 30 continuous hours educating patients about differences between the medications they had reported taking and those available from the limited the remaining inventories. From everything that I have heard, pharmacy as a profession showed leadership, compassion, and a true commitment to service during the aftermath of the Gulf Coast hurricanes. We can all be proud of the professional effort made to ensure that patients received the medications and pharmaceutical care they needed in the midst of the chaos and confusion caused by these disasters.
Confidence interval for a coefficient of quartile variation

An approximate confidence interval is proposed for a robust measure of relative dispersion-the coefficient of quartile variation. The proposed method provides an alternative to interval estimates for other measures of relative dispersion.
Comparative ecology of three pteropid bats in Rio Muni, West Africa

Data on morphologic features, habits, stratification, flight, and thermal response are presented for Eidolon helvum, Epomops franqueti, and Micropteropus pusillus from Rio Muni, West Africa. Relative abundance and reproduction activities of these pteropids are concordant with seasonal rainfall and availability of foods in Rio Muni. There are major differences between these sympatric species with regard to roosting sites, foods and feeding behaviour, levels of flight, and aerodynamic properties. Thermal responses vary between the species and are correlated with differences in behavioural thermoregulation.
The Salmonella typhimurium flgM gene, which encodes a negative regulator of flagella synthesis and is involved in virulence, is present and functional in other Salmonella species

FlgM inhibits the flagella-specific sigma factor FliA and is involved in the mouse-virulence of Salmonella typhimurium. In recent experiments, we observed that: (i) a flgM gene that could function to negatively regulate flagella synthesis was present in a variety of salmonellae; and (ii) the flgM gene derived from Salmonella species that are not normally virulent in mice could complement the S. typhimurium flgM mutant for virulence. Our results suggest that a functional flgM, has been retained in most, and perhaps all, Salmonella species, regardless of the motility or virulence phenotype of the strain.
Increased ouabain binding after repeated noradrenergic stimulation

Abstract Acute noradrenergic stimulation has previously been shown to stimulate brain (Na + , K + )- adenosine triphosphatase activity. Effects of repeated stimulation with piperoxane were examined in the present study. Daily piperoxane increased ouabain binding, measured 24 h after the last dose, after 4 days or 3 weeks treatment; K + -p-nitrophenylphosphatase was increased after 3 weeks. Prazosin, which, like piperoxane, activates presynaptic noraadrenergic neurons but, unlike piperoxane, blocks postsynaptic receptors, did not increase K + -p-nitrophenylphosphatase , and decreased ouabain binding after 3 weeks.
The Past Need Not Be Prologue: Why Pessimism about Civic Education Is Premature

instill civic norms should "spur us on to one more try" (635). Leonard, however, contends the effort will be "'pure futility and waste.'"" For that reason, I concentrate on his analysis. We should study our discipline's history. Knowledge of the past improves understanding of the present. Albert Somit and Joseph Tanenhaus2 observed that American political scientists were ignorant of the discipline's history, and that they "have paid a heavy price in time, effort, and controversy for their failure to attend more closely to their past" (1967, 3).3 That said, two caveats should be noted. First, the past does not automatically reveal itself. Historical facts have to be selected, sorted, and explained, and careful selection of some facets of the past-along with even more careful passing over of others in silence-can create a dis-
The influence of immunizing dose size and schedule on immunity to subsequent challenge with antigenically distinct strains of Eimeria maxima

Eimeria maxima, the most immunogenic of the Eimeriidae that infect the chicken, is characterized by the presence of antigenic diversity within field isolates. In priming/challenge experiments immunity to homologous infection is essentially complete while immunity against challenge by a heterologous strain is often only partial. The phenotype “escape from immune protection” is known to be influenced by both host and parasite genotypes but the impact of varied immunization dose and schedule remains poorly documented. In this manuscript we report that an immunizing dose between ≤5 and ≤20 sporulated E. maxima oocysts is consistently capable of stimulating complete (>99.99%) protective immunity against challenge by 100 oocysts of a homologous strain. In contrast, complete immunity against a heterologous strain was never observed, although increasing the immunizing dose size did frequently reduce oocyst production arising from subsequent heterologous challenge. Differences in cross-protective immunizing capaci...
Mechanical Adhesion Analysis of Multi-Stepped Double Scarf Joints With Void and Disbond Effects

In this paper, some preliminary analysis techniques are presented to help incorporate the effects of the adherend surface topography as a discrete entity in the adhesive joint composite. We believe that topographies obtained on treated surfaces can be approximated by a collection of single and/or multiple scarf, lap, or butt sections, which can be in stepped and/or straight configurations. Consequently, examples of multi-stepped double scarf joints with void, and disbond effects are illustrated to shed more light into the behavior of joints, which are not fully wetted, and contain void and/or disbond sections as a result.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
A Pathobiont of the Microbiota Balances Host Colonization and Intestinal Inflammation

The gastrointestinal tract harbors a diverse microbiota that has coevolved with mammalian hosts. Though most associations are symbiotic or commensal, some resident bacteria (termed pathobionts) have the potential to cause disease. Bacterial type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are one mechanism for forging host-microbial interactions. Here we reveal a protective role for the T6SS of Helicobacter hepaticus, a Gram-negative bacterium of the intestinal microbiota. H. hepaticus mutants with a defective T6SS display increased numbers within intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and during intestinal colonization. Remarkably, the T6SS directs an anti-inflammatory gene expression profile in IECs, and CD4+ T cells from mice colonized with T6SS mutants produce increased interleukin-17 in response to IECs presenting H. hepaticus antigens. Thus, the H. hepaticus T6SS limits colonization and intestinal inflammation, promoting a balanced relationship with the host. We propose that disruption of such balances contributes to human disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer.
Zero-valent iron on Mars: An alternative energy source for methanogens

Abstract Zero-valent iron, montmorillonite-like smectites, and CO 2 gas are known to exist on Mars, and work was performed to investigate the ability of methanogens to subsist on these materials. After 71 days of incubation at 55 °C, mean methane concentration as percent of headspace volume was 19.80 ± 1.76% (mean ± SE) for replicates containing elemental iron and 0.50 ± 0.15% for those lacking elemental iron.
The value of intraoperative histology in predicting infection in patients undergoing revision elbow arthroplasty

Background The perioperative diagnosis of infection in the setting of revision elbow arthroplasty may be difficult to establish. Intraoperative pathology with histology for identification of acute inflammatory changes has been reported to be of value in revision surgery after failed hip or knee arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to study the role of intraoperative histology in the diagnosis of infection in patients undergoing revision elbow arthroplasty. Methods From 2000 to 2007, 296 consecutive revision elbow procedures were performed at our institution. Both intraoperative histology and operative samples for culture were obtained at the time of 227 of these procedures, which form the basis of this study. Results Histology was read as consistent with acute inflammation in patients undergoing thirty-three procedures (14.5%). Intraoperative cultures were positive in thirty-nine procedures (17.2%). Intraoperative histology was considered true positive (both histology and cultures positive) in twenty arthroplasties (8.8%), true negative (both histology and cultures were negative) in 175 arthroplasties (77.1%), false positive (the histology was positive but the culture was negative) in thirteen arthroplasties (5.7%), and false negative (the histology was negative but the culture was positive) in nineteen arthroplasties (8.4%). With regard to intraoperative histology, the sensitivity was 51.3%, the specificity was 93.1%, and the accuracy was 85.9%. The positive predictive value was 60.6% and the negative predictive value was 90.2%. Conclusions In our study, intraoperative histology had a high specificity and negative predictive value, but a low sensitivity and positive predictive value for predicting infection in the setting of revision elbow arthroplasty. Intraoperative histology should be used in conjunction with other studies to definitively establish the diagnosis of infection in the setting of revision elbow arthroplasty. Level of evidence Diagnostic level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Walther's law, climate change, and upper Paleozoic cyclostratigraphy in the ancestral Rocky Mountains

Geologists routinely apply Walther9s Law in interpreting paleoenvironments and paleogeographic scenarios from stratigraphic successions. The application of Walther9s Law, however, may be problematic in strata that have been influenced by significant and geologically rapid climate change. Such climatic fluctuation can force depositional environments to change fundamentally rather than migrate laterally, resulting in a stratigraphic succession wherein depositional facies vertically superposed rarely or never coexisted laterally. Upper Pennsylvanian carbonate-siliciclastic cycles deposited in basins of the southern Ancestral Rocky Mountains display stratigraphic relations that cannot be explained by autogenic and/or glacioeustatic mechanisms alone; rather, intracyclic (glacial-interglacial) climate change was a significant influence. Cycles of the northern Pedregosa basin, for example, comprise eolian-marine siltstone in sharp contact with subtidal-peritidal carbonate facies; absence of facies mixing suggests a climatic control on silt influx. Cycles of the western Orogrande basin comprise deltaic siliciclastic strata in sharp contact with subtidal-peritidal carbonate facies; absence of facies mixing, truncated siliciclastic progradation, and carbonate facies with emergence features similarly support a climatic influence on the siliciclastic component. In both systems, intracyclic (glacial-interglacial) climatic shift reconfigured depositional environments. In cases such as these, application of Walther9s Law could produce erroneous conclusions. Severe glacial-interglacial climate change helps explain the pervasive association of mixed carbonate-siliciclastic cyclicity that typifies upper Paleozoic strata in many parts of the world.
Motivation and mathematics achievement: Comparisons between Asian-American and non-Asian students.

Abstract Constructs related to mathematics achievement in 353 Asian-American and non-Asian fourth, fifth, and sixth graders are examined. Students were surveyed regarding beliefs and expectations about ability in relation to mathematical tasks (self-concept of ability, perception of parental beliefs, causal attributions of success and failure), perception of mathematics, and reasons for engaging in the task (task-involved or ego-involved motivation). Additionally, how well these constructs predict mathematics achievement was investigated, noting potentially different weightings between Asian-American and non-Asian students. Results show Asian-American students differ significantly from non-Asian students on several constructs, partly reflecting Asian-American students′ lower self-concepts of mathematics ability and their belief that their parents share that conception. Groups also differed in the relative importance of the motivational constructs in predicting mathematics achievement. Results are discussed in relation to the comparative mathematics achievement of both ethnic groups.
Infinite Dimensional Backstepping-Style Feedback Transformations for a Heat Equation with an Arbitrary Level of Instability

We consider feedback transformations of the back-stepping/feedback linearization type that have been prevalent in finite dimensional nonlinear stabilization, and, with the objective of ultimately addressing nonlinear PDEs, generate the first such transformations for a linear PDE that can have an arbitrary finite number of open-loop unstable eigenvalues. These transformations have the form of recursive relationships and the fundamental difficulty is that the recursion has an infinite number of iterations. Naive versions of backstepping lead to unbounded coefficients in those transformations. We show how to design them such that they are sufficiently regular (not continuous but L ∞ ) We then establish closed-loop stability, regularity of control, and regularity of solutions of the PDE.
Test framing generates a stability bias for predictions of learning by causing people to discount their learning beliefs

People estimate minimal changes in learning when making predictions of learning (POLs) for future study opportunities despite later showing increased performance and an awareness of that increase (Kornell & Bjork, 2009). This phenomenon is conceptualized as a stability bias in judgments about learning. We investigated the malleability of this effect, and whether it reflected people’s underlying beliefs about learning. We manipulated prediction framing to emphasize the role of testing vs. studying on memory and directly measured beliefs about multi-trial study effects on learning by having participants construct predicted learning curves before and after the experiment. Mean POLs were more sensitive to the number of study-test opportunities when performance was framed in terms of study benefits rather than testing benefits and POLs reflected pre-existing beliefs about learning. The stability bias is partially due to framing and reflects discounted beliefs about learning benefits rather than inherent belief in the stability of performance.
Experimental xenon 4d photoionization cross sections in the 75-140-eV photon energy range.

Bon accord des sections efficaces experimentales avec celles calculees par Altun et al. a l'aide de la theorie de perturbation a n corps, a part un deplacement de ∼5eV du maximum. Meilleur accord avec les calculs a l'approximation du cœur gele. Influence de l'ionisation multiple et de la relaxation
Essentials of cell biology: usability test of a multimedia cd-rom science curriculum for high-school students

The CD-ROM "Essentials of Cell Biology" (ECB), a self-guided curriculum and reference program, was developed by Health and Environmental Resources for Educators program in the Department of Environmental Health at the University of Washington for use by high-school students. This pilot study described here gathered information on the usability of ECB through formal usability observations of two 15-year-old participants as they used the program, and through post-test interviews. The pilot study also identified areas of concern that might be of interest to future researchers in testing adolescents. The developers of the CD-ROM used the findings from this study in their successful grant application to obtain additional funding to correct usability problems in the CD-ROM.
Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific antigen in antibody-negative cerebrospinal fluid in neurologic Lyme disease.

Objective To determine the potential of detection in CSF of specific Borrelia burgdorferi antigen, OspA, as a marker of infection in neurologic Lyme disease and compare this with the detection of antibody. Design CSF from 83 neurologic patients in an area highly endemic for Lyme disease was examined prospectively for (1) OspA by antigen capture ELISA and Western blot employing monoclonal antibodies, and for (2) B burgdorferi antibodies by ELISA. Results Of the 35 of 83 (42%) patients who were positive for OspA antigen in their CSF, 15 (43%) were antigen positive despite being antibody-negative in CSF. Seven of these 15 (47%) had otherwise normal routine CSF analyses. Six of these 15 (40%) patients met strict CDC surveillance criteria for Lyme disease; four (27%) patients had serocon-version coincident with new neurologic problems; and three (20%) with characteristic syndromes for Lyme disease were seronegative, but had complexed antibody to B burgdorferi . The final two patients (13%) were seropositive and had unexplained neurologic problems not characteristic of Lyme disease. Conclusions B burgdorferi antigen can be detected in CSF that is otherwise normal by conventional methodology, and can be present without positive CSF antibody. Since CSF antigen implies intrathecal seeding of the infection, the diagnosis of neurologic infection by B burgdorferi should not be excluded solely on the basis of normal routine CSF or negative CSF antibody analyses.
PO-0074 Pseudo-bartter’s Syndrom As A First Manifestation Of Cystic Fibrosis In Infancy

Background and aims Metabolic alkalosis in association with low serum electrolyte concentration (hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hypokalemia) is known complication of cystic fibrosis (CF) in infancy. The condition is a metabolic mimickery of Bartter’s syndrome, therefore is sometimes referred to as pseudo-Bartter’s syndrome in CF. The aims of study were to estimate the prevalence of this metabolic disorder as a first manifestation of CF and the influence of some clinical and genetic factors on its developing. Methods The records of all 85 newly diagnosed infants with CF in the period from 1998 to 2013 were reviewed. In addition to data of acid-base and electrolyte status at first admission, clinical and CFTR genotype data of patients with pseudo-Bartter’s syndrome were analysed. Results 16 infants had manifestations of hyponatremic/hypochloremic dehydration with metabolic alkalosis, therefore the prevalence of pseudo-Bartter’s syndrome among newly diagnosed infants with CF in our region was 18.8%. Mean age of patients was 3.5 (range 1–8) months. Most of them were breastfed. Mean values of blood pH, serum bicarbonate, sodium, chloride and potassium (mmol/L) were: 7.57 ± 0.06, 44.89 ± 7.23, 117.87 ± 5.38, 67.06 ± 8.48, 2.69 ± 0.47, respectively. Concerning CFTR genotypes of these patients, a great variability was found: F508del/ F508del (7), F508del/G542X (3), F508del/621+G >T (1), F508del/457TAT >G (1), F508del/711+3A >G (1), G126D/V456F(1) and F508del/Unknown (2). Three of them were pancreatic sufficient. Conclusions The possibility of CF should be seriously considered in any infant with metabolic alkalosis and hypoelectrolytemia, whether or not there are associated pulmonary and/or gastrointestinal symptoms. The initial diagnosis of Bartter’s syndrome can be excluded by hypochloruria.
E.s.r. evidence for chromium (V) porphyrinates

The oxidation of chloro-5, 10, 15, 20-tetraphenyl-porphyrinatochromium(III) with iodosylbenzene proceeds with oxygen transter to chromium and two-electron oxidation of the metal to give a chromium (V) porphyrinate complex; the e.s.r. spectra of this complex, its 17O-derivative, and its t-butylamine adduct show strong electron hyperfine interactions with the metal nucleus and the metal ligands and indicate a metal-centred radical as expected for chromium(V).
Temporal fine-structure cues to speech and pure tone modulation in observers with sensorineural hearing loss

Objective:The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sensorineural hearing loss on the ability to make use of fine temporal information and to evaluate the relation between this ability and the ability to recognize speech.Design:Fourteen observers with normal hearing and 12 observers wit
Decreased clearance of von Willebrand factor in a patient with type 2B von Willebrand disease following development of immune thrombocytopenia.

Type 2B VWD is caused by gain-of-function mutations in exon28 of the VWF gene encoding the binding site for platelet GPIb,leading to increased afﬁnity of VWF to platelet GPIb withsubsequent increased clearance of HMWM in plasma [1–3]. Themultimeric structure of VWF allows it to function as a molecularbridge between the subendothelial matrix and the platelet GPIbreceptor complex [3]. One of the characteristic ﬁndings in type 2BVWD is the relative loss of VWF HMWM in plasma, which isbelievedtobeduetoincreasedclearanceofVWF–plateletcomplex.Here we describe a patient with type 2B VWD with characteristicloss of VWF HMWM and a normal platelet count initially.Interestingly, his HMWM appeared when he developed ITP, anddisappeared again when his platelet count increased. Possiblecauses leading to the restoration of his HMWM are discussed.
In vivo testing of a prototype system providing simultaneous white light and near infrared autofluorescence image acquisition for detection of bladder cancer

A prototype instrument developed to provide simultaneously ordinary visual endoscopy together with near infrared (NIR) autofluorescence imaging via parallel image acquisition is demonstrated. The two images are recorded concurrently and the instrument interfaces with any ordinary endoscope. Preliminary results of a pilot study focused on imaging of bladder tumors in vivo using this instrumentation are presented. The experimental results demonstrate the capabilities of this instrumentation design, imaging methodology, and define the current limitation for further development of the system.
The Fall of Kinship: Towards an Epidemiological Explanation

Kinship used to be described as what anthropologists do. Today, many might well say that it is what anthropologists do not do. One possible explanation is that the notion of kinship fell off anthropology’ s radar due to the criticisms raised by Needham and Schneider among others, which supposedly demonstrated that kinship is not a sound theoretical concept. Drawing inspiration from epidemiological approaches to cultural phenomena, this article aims to enrich this explanation. Kinship became an unattractive theoretical concept in the subculture of anthropology not simply because of problems with kinship theory per se, but also on account of fundamental changes in the very conception of anthropological knowledge and the impact of these changes on the personal identity of anthropologists.
Quantum Critical Phenomena in the Ni S2−xSex System

Electrical conductivity experiments on NiS 2−x Se x (x = 0.45) subjected to moderate pressure in the 30 – 800 mK range permit the investigation of quantum critical phenomena in this system. Detailed data are presented in the context of standard theories of correlation effects in the vicinity of a critical point. The critical exponents pertaining to these effects have been evaluated; the significance of these findings require further study.
Analysis of a machine repair problem with an unreliable server and phase type repairs and services

In this paper we study a machine repair problem in which a single unreliable server maintains N identical machines. The breakdown times of the machines are assumed to follow an exponential distribution. The server is subject to failure and the failure times are exponentially distributed. The repair times of the machine and the service times of the repairman are assumed to be of phase type. Using matrix-analytic methods, we perform steady state analysis of this model. The time spent by a failed machine in service and the total time in the repair facility are shown to be of phase type. Several performance measures are evaluated. An optimization problem to determine the number of machines to be assigned to the server that will maximize the expected total profit per unit time is discussed. An illustrative numerical example is presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 50: 462–480, 2003
Measuring forces in liver cutting for reality-based haptic display

Reality-based modeling of deformable tissues is critical for providing accurate haptic feedback to the surgeon in common surgical tasks such as grasping and cutting organs/tissues. In reality-based modeling, we are interested in modeling tissues as accurately as possible by determining the mechanical properties experimentally and developing a predictive model that is self consistent with the experimentally-determined properties. In this paper, we present the newly developed hardware and software to characterize the mechanical response of pig liver during (ex-vivo) cutting. The macroscopic cutting force-displacement curve shows repeating self-similar units of localized linear loading followed by sudden unloading. The sudden unloading coincides with onset of localized crack growth. This experimental data was used to determine the self-consistent local effective Young's modulus of the specimens to be used in finite element models. Results from plane-stress and plane-strain finite element analyses reveal that the magnitude of the self-consistent local effective Young's modulus varies within close bounds.
Designing Asynchronous Online Discussion Environments: Recent Progress and Possible Future Directions.

Asynchronous online discussion environments are important platforms to support learning. Research suggests, however, threaded forums, one of the most popular asynchronous discussion environments, do not often foster productive online discussions naturally. This paper explores how certain properties of threaded forums have affected or constrained the quality of discussions, and argues that developing alternative discussion environments is highly needed to offer better support for asynchronous online communication. Using the Productive Online Discussion Model developed by Gao, Wang and Sun, we analyzed current work on four types of asynchronous discussion environments that have been developed and researched: constrained environments, visualized environments, anchored environments and combined environments. The paper has implications for developing future asynchronous online discussion environments. More specifically, future work should aim at (1) exploring new environments that support varied goals of learning, (2) integrating emerging technologies to address the constraints of current environments, (3) designing multifunctional environments to facilitate complex learning and (4) developing appropriate instructional activities and strategies for these environments. Practitioner Notes What is already known about this topic Asynchronous online discussion plays an important role in facilitating learning., It is hard to foster a focused, interactive and in-depth asynchronous discussion in traditional threaded forums., Researchers have investigated multiple ways of structuring or facilitating asynchronous online discussions., What this paper adds The paper analyzes how existing features of threaded forums constrain the quality of online discussion., The paper identifies the progress made in designing alternative asynchronous discussion environments and discusses four major types of asynchronous discussion environments that have been developed and researched., The paper provides suggestions for developing future asynchronous discussion environments., Implications for practice and/or policy Designing alternative asynchronous discussion environments is necessary to improve the quality of online discussion and communication., New asynchronous discussion environments need to be designed to meet varied learning goals and facilitate complex learning., Appropriate instructional strategies need to be developed for both existing and new online discussion environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Circuit-level electrothermal simulation of electrical overstress failures in advanced MOS I/O protection devices

Previous work on electrothermal simulation using network analysis techniques has been of limited use due to the lack of avalanche breakdown modeling capability and the models to efficiently describe the temperature dynamics. Particularly, simulation of electrical overstress (EOS) and electrostatic discharge (ESD), which are important threats to IC reliability, require an accurate description of temperature-dependent device electrical behaviour including breakdown phenomenon. This paper presents electrothermal device models and their implementation in a new circuit-level electrothermal simulator iETSIM. Simulation results for an I/O protection device in an advanced MOS process are presented to demonstrate iETSIM's ability to accurately model device behaviour up to the onset of second breakdown. >
Endovascular Management of Paget-Schroetter Syndrome

Spontaneous thrombosis of the axillary and subclavian venous segments in young, healthy adults (effort thrombosis or Paget-Schroetter syndrome) is a rare but potentially disabling affliction. The diagnosis should be suspected in any young patient presenting with unilateral arm swelling. Typically, the dominant arm is affected, and frequent, repetitive arm use is a common component of the patients' history. Although the diagnosis can often be confirmed with a venous duplex evaluation, the central location of the venous abnormality occasionally mandates cross-sectional imaging or contrast venography to confirm the diagnosis. The underlying pathophysiology of this disorder is felt to be repetitive venous trauma owing to arm motion in the narrow anatomic space between the clavicle and first rib. The treatment of Paget-Schroetter syndrome is controversial and varies according to individual, institutional, and regional preferences. In general, the trend is toward more aggressive endovascular treatment. Prompt a...
Season mediates herbivore effects on litter and soil microbial abundance and activity in a semi-arid woodland

Herbivores can directly impact ecosystem function by altering litter quality of an ecosystem or indirectly by shifting the composition of microbial communities that mediate nutrient processes. We examined the effects of tree susceptibility and resis- tance to herbivory on litter microarthropod and soil microbial communities to test the general hypothesis that herbivore driven changes in litter inputs and soil microclimate will feedback to the microbial commu- nity. Our study population consisted of individual pinon pine trees that were either susceptible or resistant to the stem-boring moth (Dioryctria albovit- tella) and susceptible pinon pine trees from which the moth herbivores have been manually removed since 1982. Moth herbivory increased pinon litter nitrogen concentrations (16%) and decreased canopy precipi- tation interception (28%), both potentially significant factors influencing litter and soil microbial commu- nities. Our research resulted in three major findings: (1) In spite of an apparent increase in litter quality, herbivory did not change litter microarthropod abun- dance or species richness. (2) However, susceptibility to herbivores strongly influenced bulk soil microbial communities (i.e., 52% greater abundance beneath herbivore-resistant and herbivore-removal trees than susceptible trees) and alkaline phosphatase activity (i.e., 412% increase beneath susceptible trees relative to other groups). (3) Season had a strong influence on microbial communities (i.e., microbial biomass and alkaline phosphatase activity increased after the summer rains), and their response to herbivore inputs, in this semi-arid ecosystem. Thus, during the dry season plant resistance and susceptibility to a common insect herbivore had little or no observable effects on the belowground organisms and processes we studied, but after the rains, some pronounced effects emerged.
Structural and regulatory divergence among site-specific recombination genes of lambdoid phage.

Abstract The lambdoid bacteriophage φ80 and P22 have site-specific recombination systems similar to that of λ. Each of the three phage has a different insertion specificity, but structural analysis of their attachment sites suggests that the three recombination pathways share similar features. In this study, we have identified and sequenced the int and xis genes of φ80 and P22. φ80 int and xis were identified using a plasmid recombination assay in vivo, and the P22 genes were mapped using Tn1 insertion mutations. In all three phage, the sitespecific recombination genes are located directly adjacent to the phage attachment site. Interestingly, the transcriptional orientation of the φ80 int gene is opposite to that of λ and P22 int, resulting in convergent transcription of φ80 int and xis. Because of its transcriptional orientation, φ80 int cannot be expressed by the major leftward promoter, PL, and the regulatory strategy of φ80 integration and excision must differ significantly from that of λ. The deduced amino acid sequences of the recombination proteins of the three systems show surprisingly little homology. Sequences homologous to the λ PI promoter are more conserved than the protein-coding sequences. Nevertheless, the Int proteins are locally related in the C-terminal sequences, particularly for a stretch of some 25 amino acid residues that lie approximately 50 residues from the C terminus. The Xis proteins can be aligned at their N termini.
Orientation of amphiphilic molecules on polar substrates.

A microscopic model based on the intermolecular interactions between adsorbates and substrates is developed to calculate the orientations of amphiphilic molecules on various polar substrates. The calculated orientations of a homologous series of alkyl-cyanobiphenyl molecules on solid polar substrates and at the air-water interface and their dependence on the alkyl chain length are in good agreement with the experimental values measured by optical second harmonic generation.
Oxygen transfer to mixed cultures in tower systems

A modified dynamic method is introduced to determine the oxygen transfer coefficient, KL a, in aerobic fermentation systems which are not mechanically agitated. The dissolved oxygen concentration is measured continuously following a step down or a step up in aeration rate. The response curve is analyzed to obtain the value of KLa Experiments were carried out at several different air flow rates using mixed culture in concurrent tower fermentors with motionless mixers. The effect of sieve trays and Koch motionless mixers on oxygen transfer was investigated using a 3 in. diameter column. The values of KL aobtained at the bottom of each column were found to be higher than those obtained at the top. Comparison of the results showed that the values ofKL a were higher when the Koch mixers were used than when the sieve trays were employed. The oxygen uptake rate by the organisms rX, is also calculated by using the KL a values obtained. They compare favorably withthe experimentally measured values.
An improved double sampling scheme for switched-capacitor delta-sigma modulators

A switching scheme for a delta-sigma modulator (DSM) is described that allows double-sampled integrators to be used without degrading the performance of the DSM. To implement double sampling, two capacitors are required and it is impossible to assure perfect matching of these capacitors. With previously described switching methods, this capacitor mismatch causes a degradation in baseband signal-to-noise ratio. The novel switching scheme converts the capacitive mismatch into an additive out-of-band tone that has no impact on the performance of the DSM. Simulations have verified that, for arbitrary capacitor mismatches with an ideal op-amp, the improved double sampling scheme provides nearly perfect performance. >
Using NETPLAN to analyze environmental impacts on generation expansion planning

This paper presents a new model named NETPLAN for a long term, national level, multi-objective planning which optimizes energy system and transportation system infrastructure upgrade. The multi-objective of NETPLAN includes cost minimization, sustainability and resilience enhancement. NETPLAN applies network flow LP model to represent the energy and transportation network by using arcs and nodes structure. In NETPLAN, energy flows along the arcs within the network are decision variables. Emissions associated with energy flows depend on the fuel type, emission control equipment, and the amount of generation. Compliance strategies include new power plants with low emission rate, retrofitting with emission control equipment, changing dispatch way, fuel switch and earlier retirement. Study scenarios are developed to examine the impact of existing and proposed environmental regulations. The case study results show the needs of renewable energy resources increasing to meet the environmental regulations.
Cellular and molecular basis of therapies to ameliorate effects of heat stress on embryonic development in cattle

Much of the effect of heat stress on establishment and maintenance of pregnancy involves changes in ovarian function and embryonic development that reduce the competence of the oocyte to be fertilized and the resultant embryo to develop. There are three possible therapeutic approaches to manipulate the connection between hyperthermia and cellular responses to elevated temperature to improve fertility during heat stress. Embryo transfer is based on the idea that 1) most effects of heat stress on fertility involve actions during folliculogenesis or on cleavage-stage embryos and 2) the embryo has acquired resistance to elevated temperature by the time it is transferred at the morula or blastocyst stage. The mechanisms for acquisition of thermotolerance involve changes in production of reactive oxygen species in response to heat shock as well as accumulation of antioxidants in the embryo. Synthesis of heat shock proteins may not be the controlling factor for acquisition of thermotolerance because transcript abundance for HSPA1A and HSP90AA1 is higher for the two-cell embryo than morula. Involvement of reactive oxygen species in actions of elevated temperature on embryo survival is indicative that provision of antioxidants to heat-stressed cows could improve fertility. More work is needed but there are indications that pregnancy rates can be improved by feeding supplemental β-carotene or administration of melatonin implants. It is also evident that there are genes that control thermotolerance at the cellular level. Brahman, Nelore and Romosinuano embryos have increased resistance to heat shock as compared to Holstein or Angus embryos. Mutations in the gene for heat shock protein 70 that control resistance of cells to heat shock have been identified in Holsteins. Selection for the desirable alleles of genes conferring cellular thermotolerance could lead to development of strains of cattle whose fertility is resistant to disruption by heat stress. Pursuing these and other therapeutic approaches for reducing consequences of heat stress for livestock species should be a priority because of the prospects for continuing global climate change.
Comparative kinetics and autoradiography of 45Ca and 133Ba in ten-year-old beagle dogs. The diffuse component distribution throughout the skeleton.

1. The kinetics and the autoradiographic distribution of 45Ca and 133Ba have been compared in ten-year-old beagle dogs killed seven days after injection. 2. The rate of long-term transfer from blood to the skeleton was measured at five days (A5) and found to be two to three times larger for barium than for calcium. 3. It was found that this preference for barium could not be explained by differences in diffuse uptake. 4. Instead, the major difference between the nuclides appeared to be an increased uptake of barium on inactive bone surfaces. 5. Furthermore, the shape of the curve of 133Ba specific activity in the plasma at very short times after injection was consistent with a passive diffusion from blood to the plane surfaces of bone and tissue. On the other hand, the shape of the 45Ca plasma curve suggested that some kind of active transport may be counteracting the diffusion of calcium from blood to bone. Such active transport might be associated with the endosteal cells lining bone surfaces. 6. The ratio of the diffuse specific activity in the mid-shafts of the long bones to the average specific activity of the skeleton was only 1/6. However, a larger fraction of skeletal activity was probably associated with augmentational hotspots, increased uptake of 45Ca in the relatively young bone which resulted from recent Haversian remodeling. 7. Measurements of the diffuse specific activity of 45Ca throughout the skeleton showed variations of as much as a factor of 2.5 from one site to another. This variation correlated well with the total uptake of 45Ca at that site and hence was closely related to metabolic activity. The implications of this finding to the role of the osteocyte and to theories of calcium homeostasis are discussed.
Model Uncertainty and Robustness: A Computational Framework for Multimodel Analysis

Model uncertainty is pervasive in social science. A key question is how robust empirical results are to sensible changes in model specification. We present a new approach and applied statistical so...
Divergent Effects of Metaphoric Company Logos: Do They Convey What the Company Does or What I Need?

Many corporate logos use pictorial metaphors to influence consumer attitudes. Priming concrete concepts—by means of logo exposure or other procedures—changes attitudes toward dissimilar abstract targets in metaphor-consistent ways. It is assumed, however, that observers apply a logo’s metaphor externally to interpret the company and its service. This research examined the possibility that observers may instead apply that metaphor internally to interpret their current condition and hence their need for the company’s service. We hypothesized that the same logo can have divergent effects on company liking depending on the direction of metaphor application. To test this possibility, we built on evidence that people apply available metaphors especially when they feel unsure about the target. We predicted that observers would apply a logo’s metaphor externally when unsure about the company, but internally when unsure about themselves. Three experiments provide convergent support for hypotheses. We discuss impli...
Experimental Study of Asymmetric Parallel Jets

The flow behavior of asymmetric parallel jets was investigated experimentally. Two-component hot wire surveys of the velocity field were performed over a jet region extending from the nozzle plate to a distance 10 times the larger nozzle width. The objectives of this study were to determine the downstream location in the flow where the jets combine to form a single jet (combined point) and to study the degree to which momentum flux is affected by the mixing of the two jets. It was found that the streamwise location of the combined point decreased with respect to increasing aspect ratio in a non-linear manner. It was also found that the mean velocity profiles are independent of Reynolds number over the range Rew1=7,000-14,000 based on the larger nozzle width. The momentum flux was found to be significantly less than that for a single jet. The decrease in momentum flux is attributed to a pressure force produced on the base plate between the jets.
Dynamic Response of the Electro-Optic Effect in Epitaxial Ferroelectric Thin Films

The dynamic response of the electro-optic coefficients and the electronic polarizability for epitaxial thin films of KnbO3 and BaTiO3 are measured. For these two systems a logarithmic dependence of the electro-optic response and the polarization on time was observed after removal of an applied electric field. The dynamic response of the electro-optic effect and the polarization of the films are attributed to the same physical mechanism, which we associate with the dynamic response of ferroelectric nanodomains.
A new subgenus of Ophthalmopsylla from Gilgit, West Pakistan, and a new Hopkinsipsylla from Libya (Siphonaptera: Leptopsyllidae).

Ophthalmopsylla (Eremedosa) celata, a new subgenus and species of flea primarily from Cricetulus (hamsters) and Apodemus (field-mice) in Kohighizar, Gilgit Agency in W Pakistan, is described and figured, along with Hopkinsipsylla occulta praeceps n.ssp., from Libya. The new subgenus is characterized by the reduction of the eye and presence of 2 rows of bristles on the occiput and the absence of spiniforms on the movable finger. Hopkinsipsylla occulta praeceps is immediately separable from the nominate form (from Egypt) by the relatively straight frontal margin of the head.