cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Food, Feelings, and Family Study: comparison of the efficacy of traditional methods, social media, and broadcast email to recruit pregnant women to an observational, longitudinal nutrition study

It is well known that recruitment is a challenging aspect of any study involving human subjects. This challenge is exacerbated when the population sought is reticent to participate in research as is the case with pregnant women and individuals with depression. This paper compares recruitment methods used for the Food, Feelings, and Family Study, an observational, longitudinal pilot study concerning how diet and bisphenol A exposure affect maternal mood and cognitive function during and after pregnancy. Pregnant women were recruited to this study over a period of 15 months using traditional methods, social media including paid and unpaid posts, and emails broadcast to the university community. Contingency analysis using the Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to determine if recruitment method was associated with likelihood of participation. T-tests were used to analyze Facebook advertisement success. ANOVAs and Fisher exact tests were used to determine if recruitment method was related to continuous and categorical demographics, respectively. Social media resulted in the largest number of recruits, followed by traditional methods and broadcast email. Women recruited through social media were less likely to participate. In contrast, use of broadcast email resulted in a smaller pool of recruits but these recruits were more likely to be eligible for and complete the study. Most women recruited via social media were the result of unpaid posts to the study’s Facebook page. Paid posts lasting at least 4 days were the most successful. Recruitment method was not associated with participant demographics. Social media has the potential to recruit a large pool of potential subjects; however, when studies require a large time investment such as the case here, women recruited through social media are less likely to participate and complete the study than women recruited through other means. N/A. This study does not describe a health care intervention.
Designing Boundaries in Early China

Ancient Chinese walls, such as the Great Wall of China, were not sovereign border lines. Instead, sovereign space was zonally exerted with monarchical powers expressed gradually over an area, based on possibilities for administrative action. The dynamically shifting, ritualized articulation of early Chinese sovereignty affects the interpretation of the spatial application of state force, including its cartographic representations. In Designing Boundaries in Early China, Garret Pagenstecher Olberding draws on a wide array of source materials concerning the territorialization of space to make a compelling case for how sovereign spaces were defined and regulated in this part of the ancient world. By considering the ways sovereignty extended itself across vast expanses in early China, Olberding informs our understanding of the ancient world and the nature of modern nation-states.
Elucidating interactions of the epoxide ring on Pt(111) by comparing reaction pathways of propylene oxide and 1-epoxy-3-butene

Propylene oxide (PO) and 1-epoxy-3-butene (EpB) were used as probe molecules to study the interaction between the epoxide ring and the Pt(111) surface with temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The effect of the C=C bond on the adsorption and reaction of the epoxide was investigated by comparing PO and EpB. For both molecules, the pathways of deoxygenation and decomposition were observed in TPD with EpB being more reactive than PO on Pt(111) due to the presence of the C=C bond. This was supported by HREELS measurements, which indicated strong interactions between the C=C bond and the Pt(111) surface, with the decomposition of EpB happening more readily at relatively low temperatures. In addition, PO and EpB were found to be less reactive on oxygen-modified Pt(111) than on clean Pt(111). These results provide insight into the reactivity of PO and EpB on Pt(111), including how the presence of the C=C bond and the modification with surface oxygen affect the interaction of the epoxide ring with the Pt(111) surface.
The Relationship of Stiffness Changes in Composite Laminates to Fracture-Related Damage Mechanisms

The monotonic or cyclic loading of continuous fiber laminated composite materials produces various types of micro-damage prior to fracture. Each time one of these micro-events occurs, the local and global stiffness of the material is altered, causing several types of variations in the tensor modulus components of the laminae and laminate. This paper attempts to establish specific relationships between these variations in stiffness and the factors which control the laminate fracture event.
Abnormal Mammary Development in 129:STAT1-Null Mice is Stroma-Dependent.

Female 129:Stat1-null mice (129S6/SvEvTac-Stat1tm1Rds homozygous) uniquely develop estrogen-receptor (ER)-positive mammary tumors. Herein we report that the mammary glands (MG) of these mice have altered growth and development with abnormal terminal end buds alongside defective branching morphogenesis and ductal elongation. We also find that the 129:Stat1-null mammary fat pad (MFP) fails to sustain the growth of 129S6/SvEv wild-type and Stat1-null epithelium. These abnormalities are partially reversed by elevated serum progesterone and prolactin whereas transplantation of wild-type bone marrow into 129:Stat1-null mice does not reverse the MG developmental defects. Medium conditioned by 129:Stat1-null epithelium-cleared MFP does not stimulate epithelial proliferation, whereas it is stimulated by medium conditioned by epithelium-cleared MFP from either wild-type or 129:Stat1-null females having elevated progesterone and prolactin. Microarrays and multiplexed cytokine assays reveal that the MG of 129:Stat1-null mice has lower levels of growth factors that have been implicated in normal MG growth and development. Transplanted 129:Stat1-null tumors and their isolated cells also grow slower in 129:Stat1-null MG compared to wild-type recipient MG. These studies demonstrate that growth of normal and neoplastic 129:Stat1-null epithelium is dependent on the hormonal milieu and on factors from the mammary stroma such as cytokines. While the individual or combined effects of these factors remains to be resolved, our data supports the role of STAT1 in maintaining a tumor-suppressive MG microenvironment.
Results of a content analysis of electronic messages (email) sent between patients and their physicians

Background: Email is the most important mechanism introduced since the telephone for developing interpersonal relationships. This study was designed to provide insight into how patients are using email to request information or services from their healthcare providers. Methods: Following IRB approval, we reviewed all electronic mail (e-mail) messages sent between five study clinicians and their patients over a one-month period. We used a previously described taxonomy of patient requests to categorize all patient requests contained in the messages. We measured message volume, frequency, length and response time for all messages sent to and received by these clinicians. Results: On average the 5 physicians involved in this study received 40 messages per month, each containing approximately 139 words. Replies sent by the physicians contained 39 words on average and 59.4% of them were sent within 24 hours. Patients averaged 1 request per message. Requests for information on medications or treatments, specific symptoms or diseases, and requests for actions regarding medications or treatments accounted for 75% of all requests. Physicians fulfilled 80.2% of all these requests. Upon comparison of these data to that obtained from traditional office visits, it appears that the potential exists for email encounters to substitute for some percentage of office visits. Conclusion: Electronic messaging is an important method for physicians and patients to communicate and further develop their relationship. While many physicians worry that either the number or length of messages from their patients will overwhelm them, there is no evidence to support this. In fact, the evidence suggests that many patient requests, formerly made over the telephone or during office visits, can be addressed via email thus potentially saving both patients and physicians time.
Surround modulation in human vision unmasked by masking experiments

The responses of neurons in cat and monkey primary visual cortex are modulated by stimuli outside the classical receptive field. Here we report psychophysical evidence from masking experiments for two distinct types of surround modulation, one narrowly tuned to iso-orientation (stimuli with center and surround at the same orientation) and the other broadly tuned to cross-orientation (center and surround at perpendicular orientations). Surround modulation at iso- and cross-orientations showed distinct contrast dependencies, and high-contrast cross-oriented surrounds were able to completely eliminate masking. Surround modulation was modeled by subtracting divisive inhibition that raised the gain of spatial filters.
Double Partition: (6 + ε)-Approximation for Minimum Weight Dominating Set in Unit Disk Graphs

We introduce a new technique on partition, called double partition. With this new type of partition, we obtain a polynomial time (6 + ?)-approximation (?> 0) for the minimum weight dominating set problem in unit disk graphs, which improves a recent result of a 72-approximation given by Ambuhl et al. for solving a long-standing open problem. As a corollary, we obtain a (9.875 + ?)-approximation for the minimum weight connected dominating set problem in unit disk graphs.
NSF Centre for integrated pest management

R.E. Stinner outlines the history, organization and focus of this National Science Foundation Industry/University Cooperative Research Centre located on the Centennial Campus of North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
Reexamining Interstage Home Monitoring After the Norwood Operation

Survival for children born with congenital heart disease has improved dramatically over the past 3 decades. Of the >35 000 children undergoing congenital heart surgery across the United States each year, >95% now survive to hospital discharge.1 Even for complex lesions such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome that were once uniformly fatal as recently as the early 1980s, early survival is now ≈90% at experienced centers. However, as we have begun to learn more about the longer-term outcomes of these patients in recent years, it has become apparent that, despite these gains in early survival, continued mortality over the mid- and long-term remains a challenge. For example, in the recent Pediatric Heart Network Single Ventricle Reconstruction Trial, which enrolled 549 patients undergoing the Norwood operation (randomly assigned to a right-ventricle-to-pulmonary-artery shunt versus modified Blalock-Taussig shunt), transplant-free survival in the overall cohort was 64% at a mean follow-up of 4.8 years.2 One of the most high-risk periods is known to be the interstage period between discharge from the Norwood operation (stage 1) and stage 2 palliation (bidirectional Glenn or hemi-Fontan operation) typically performed at 4 to 6 months of age. In the Single Ventricle Reconstruction Trial, the interstage mortality rate was 12%.3 Article see p 502 In 2006, the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative (NPC-QIC) was formed, and now includes >50 congenital heart programs engaged with patients and families in promoting collaboration across sites and quality improvement activities.4 The first project initiated by the collaborative focused on the interstage period, with a primary goal of reducing interstage mortality and improving quality of life. The key drivers that were deemed necessary to achieve these goals included engaging parents, improving care transitions at Norwood discharge, optimizing growth, and improving coordination among the care team and families.4 Multiple …
Intergrowths of Feldspars with Other Minerals

A brief summary of the detailed historical treatment in 2, 553–647 is augmented here by a review of the post-1973 literature. Feldspar is intergrown with quartz in (1) myrmekite, a symplectite (Greek, plait together) of quartz and sodic plagioclase occurring mainly at grain boundaries (Sec. 20.1.1); (2) granophyric intergrowth of quartz and alkali feldspar typically occurring as a mesostasis (Sec. 20.1.2.); (3)graphic granite, a coarse intergrowth of quartz and K-feldspar perthite or sodic plagioclase in a restricted zone of granite pegmatites (Sec. 20.1.3); and (4) spherulitic intergrowths in devitrified rhyolites (Sec. 20.2). A symplectite of quartz and calcic plagioclase occurs in some basic rocks (Sec. 20.1.4). Feldspar is intergrown with nepheline (Sec. 20.3) in various alkaline rocks.
Percutaneous Retrieval of an Inferior Vena Cava Filter Causing Right Ureter Obstruction

Retrievable inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) are known to provide safe and effective pulmonary embolism protection when used appropriately. Long-term complications have been reported over the past 10 years, including vena cava perforation, filter migration, strut fracture, and injury to adjacent structures. This article describes the case of a 44-year-old woman who presented with right ureteral obstruction from strut impingement by a Bard Recovery IVCF (Tempe, AZ, USA). The filter had been in place for 6 years, and the authors were successful in retrieving it using a percutaneous endovascular approach, despite an unexpected chronic right innominate vein occlusion. In addition to highlighting the technical feasibility of long-term retrieval, this case underscores the importance of an IVCF registry to improve retrieval rates. This close monitoring and timely retrieval of filters may help prevent serious long-term complications.
Examination of Chili Pepper and Nutmeg Oleoresins Using the Salmonella/Mammalian Microsome Mutagenicity Assay

Past investigations have suggested that various arylalkene spice compounds warrant further study as possible naturally occurring mutagens and/or carcinogens. The present study carried out a detailed examination of nutmeg oleoresin, myristicin, chili pepper oleoresin, capsaicin, and vanillylamine for in vitro mutagenicity using the &ZmoneZZu/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay. None of the materials tested displayed significant mutagenicity over a wide range of concentrations.
Deformity Correction and Arthrodesis of the Midfoot with a Medial Plate

Nine feet in eight patients undergoing tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) or other midfoot arthrodeses for posttraumatic or degenerative arthritis were reviewed retrospectively. All patients were treated using a medial one-third tubular plate spanning the midfoot joints to be fused. Three feet underwent fusion in situ while six feet underwent correction of residual planus, planovalgus, or cavovarus deformity at the time of fusion. All patients achieved fusion within 12 weeks. A good or excellent result was achieved in seven of nine feet. There was no radiographic or clinical evidence of pseudarthrosis or medial hardware failure in any patient. No patient to date has required hardware removal for a painful or prominent implant. The talus first metatarsal angle was improved an average of 15.5 degrees in the lateral plane and 10 degrees in the AP plane in patients undergoing deformity correction. The technique of using a medial plate for midfoot arthrodesis allows for reliable fusion in patients who require salvage for midfoot arthritis. This technique also allows for correction of deformity in patients with residual midfoot deformity.
Association of p53 arginine polymorphism with skin cancer.

Background The presence of arginine at codon 72 in p53 protein is proposed to be a genetic risk factor in human papillomavirus (HPV)-related carcinogenesis. Objective To study the prevalence of p53 polymorphism at codon 72 in skin biopsies of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) patients compared to DNA samples from healthy individuals. Patients and methods DNA samples extracted from normal skin and tumor biopsies of 22 Brazilian patients with EV and blood samples from 27 healthy Brazilian individuals were studied for p53 codon 72 polymorphisms using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Results All EV patients with the malignant form of EV were homozygous for arginine (Arg/Arg) at codon 72 of the p53 gene, in contrast to none with the benign form (P < 0.0001). Conclusions p53 arginine polymorphism is likely to be associated with the development of skin malignancies in EV patients from Brazil.
Reliability and Scalability Issues in Software Defined Network Frameworks

Software Defined Network (SDN) structure has been proposed for its flexibility in deployment and management. As an implementation of SDN structure, OpenFlow protocol decouples data plane and control plane so that flexible and programmable installation and management of forwarding rules are allowed. However, on the other hand, the decoupled structure raises additional computational and network resources consumption that even may lead to fatal disasters. In this study, we examine the issues of reliability and scalability of SDN under disaster scenarios on a GENI test-bed. Observations from our experiments show that more attention should be paid to improve the reliability and scalability of SDN and its frameworks.
Disambiguation of residential wired and wireless access in a forensic setting

Thousands of cases each year of child exploitation on P2P file sharing networks lead from an IP address to a home. A first step upon execution of a search warrant is to determine if the home's open Wi-Fi or the closed wired Ethernet was used for trafficking; in the latter case, a resident user is more likely to be the responsible party. We propose methods that use remotely measured traffic to disambiguate wired and wireless residential medium access. Our practical techniques work across the Internet by estimating the perflow distribution of inter-arrival times for different home access network types. We observe that the change of inter-arrival time distribution is subject to several residentialfactors, including differences between OS network stacks, and cable network mechanisms. We propose a model to explain the observed patterns of inter-arrival times, and we study the ability of supervised learning classifiers to differentiate between wired and wireless access based on these remote traffic measurements.
Role of abortive retroviral infection of neurons in spongiform CNS degeneration.

RETROVIRUSES are involved in several human neurological diseases with varying pathological features1–3. Whether these diseases are due to a direct effect of the virus on nervous system cells is unknown. To gain insight into the pathogenesis of one retroviral neurological disease, we are studying the murine neurotropic retro-virus, Cas-Br-E, which causes lower motor neuron disease associated with spongiform degenerative changes in brain and spinal cord4. Central nervous system (CNS) injury seems to be due to direct viral action5, but the precise target cells of the virus are uncertain. After blood-borne virus enters the CNS it is found in capillary endothelial cells5–7. No microscopic evidence for virus within glia or neurons has been found in some studies6, whereas virus or incomplete particles have been observed in CNS cells in other studies5,8. Here we identify the neuron as a major target for Cas-Br-E in the CNS, suggesting that this disease may be a direct result of viral infection of neurons. We also show that envelope protein (Env, encoded by the env gene), a major determinant of neurovirulence9,10, cannot be detected in neurons but is present in non-neuronal cells, although spliced env messenger RNA is synthesized in CNS tissue. This suggests that a post-transcriptional step in Cas-Br-E Env protein synthesis is impaired and that the neurological disease may be a consequence of abortive replication of virus in neurons. This may explain the failure to find neuronal infection in other neurological diseases by conventional methods of virus detection.
Development of High-strength, Acrylic Resin-compatible Adhesive Cements

The reaction of vanillate esters dissolved in chelating agents with zinc oxide yields hard cementitious materials. Hexyl vanillate-EBA(o-ethoxybenzoic acid) mixed with ZnO-Al 2O3-hydrogenated rosin gives a high-strength, low water-soluble cement that does not inhibit polymerization and adheres to non-precious metals and composites.
Teacher Flexibility and Judgment: A Multidynamic Literacy Theory.

In an age of restrictive standards and accountability measures, teachers often find themselves in a position where they have to struggle to keep play with language and literature as a focus of their early literacy instruction, as `scientifically based' reading programs, phonics, or scripted instruction take center stage. In order to counter this trend, this article offers a `multidynamic' theory for early literacy instruction that combines researched foundations of early reading success with sociocultural theories of language and literacy. Combining these two fields of thought creates a theoretical stance where reading skills and methods cannot stand on their own, but instead must be dynamically reinvented to fit specific sociocultural contexts. The study analyzes the texts of `scientifically based' reading programs as compared to examples of children's literature as a way to explore three basic tenets of a multidynamic literacy theory: (1) that literacy is multifaceted; (2) that literacy is socially cons...
The Physician's Hand: Work Culture and Conflict in American Nursing

This book recasts nursing history and places it in the context of women's history, labor history, medical history, and sociology. Removed from the limited framework of professionalization, nursing history can provide a fresh perspective on broader issues in social history. First, it offers an illuminating example of the ways in which gender informs work and, conversely. How work reproduces and transforms relationships of power and inequality. Second, the experience of nurses adds a new dimension to our understanding of work. More than a study of professionalization, nursing history is the story of women workers' experience in a rationalizing service industry. Like other workers, nurses faced a fundamental reorganization of work that changed the content and experience of nursing. But unlike many others, they did not suffer a dilution of skill.The book also explores the shifting configurations of social relations on the job and their implications for nurses' work. Third, nurses' history provides a useful standpoint for analyzing the possibilities and limitations of women's work. Finally, nursing history alerts us to the complexities of working women's consciousness, countering the common notion of women's passivity in the workplace."The Physician's Hand" traces nursing history from the twenties to the seventies. It begins just after World War I when the 'trained nurse' had gained a secure place in medical care but not yet found a niche in the hospital. Most worked in private duty. Chapter 1 outlines the theoretical framework of professionalization. Chapter 2 examines the history and culture of hospital schools, and the following chapters focus on the changing structure and experience of nursing in its three major settings: private duty nursing, public health care, and hospital work. The conclusion weighs the competing traditions of professionalization and occupational culture in nurses' history and their meaning for the current crisis in nursing. Author note: Barbara Melosh is Assistant Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. She has also worked as a nurse.
The importance of full target environment simulation tests for architecture validation

Proposed architectural advancements focus on solutions for known deficiencies. Validation of the proposals sometimes is limited to simple scenarios where the deficiency exists. Due to simulation overhead, the validation testing may be limited to small test scripts, and may not include the entire target environment in which the proposed architectures would be eventually applied. A case study is presented regarding several proposals for Speculative Execution. In each proposal, simulation testing is limited to small test scripts executing as stand-alone binaries. No provision is made to execute these binaries within the context and control of a host operating system, including interaction with external hardware and software components. By avoiding the simulation of a complete target environment, key issues are not addressed that could repudiate the validity of these proposals. This paper hopes to impress upon the reader the importance of architecture validation through rigorous testing by simulation of the anticipated target environments. The lessons learned in this case study presented in this paper can be generalized and applied to other micro-architecture proposals.
Interpreting urine drug tests: prevalence of morphine metabolism to hydromorphone in chronic pain patients treated with morphine.

Objective. Pain medicine practitioners frequently use urine drug testing (UDT) to monitor adherence to opioid therapy. It can be difficult to interpret a result as normal or abnormal in relation to which opioid compounds are expected to be found in the urine. We investigated whether hydromorphone may be a metabolite of morphine normally appearing in UDT of patients prescribed morphine. Design. This is a retrospective case-control study of urine toxicology results in pain patients taking only morphine. Inclusion criteria included urine results positive for morphine only (controls) or morphine and hydromorphone (cases). Demographic and medical history variables, and any history of aberrant drug behavior were recorded and related to the presence or absence of hydromorphone in the urine. Results. Hydromorphone was present in 21 of 32 cases (66%), none of whom had a history of aberrant drug behavior. Positive cases occurred more frequently in women, in those taking higher daily doses of morphine, and in those with higher urine morphine concentrations (P < 0.05). Only morphine urine concentration was a significant predictor of the hydromorphone metabolite in a logistic regression model (P < 0.05). Conclusions. Hydromorphone is likely a minor metabolite of morphine, normally appearing in the UDT of patients taking morphine. This finding assists in determining whether a UDT result is normal or abnormal, and subsequently whether a patient is compliant with opioid therapy. This observation should be confirmed by a prospective study in a controlled environment. Variables such as gender, morphine dose, morphine urine concentration, and genetic determinants of morphine metabolism should be investigated further.
Meeting The Beatles: what Beatlemania can tell us about West Germany in the 1960s

This article explores the reception of The Beatles in the West German press, from Beatlemania’s first rumblings in 1963 through 1966 when the band returned for its first concerts since playing Hamburg nightclubs. When West Germany “met” The Beatles, that encounter both resembled Beatlemania elsewhere and was inflected by specifically German contexts such as the Cold War division into East and West, the Nazi past, and the Economic Miracle. The Beatles became a screen onto which competing notions of the Federal Republic could be projected, from the relationship between high culture and commerce, ideas about tolerance and liberalism, to changing relations of gender, generation, nation, and class.
A rare association of Sweet's syndrome with cervical cancer

Abstract Background. Approximately 10–20% of patients with Sweet's syndrome have an associated malignancy. To our knowledge, Sweet's syndrome has been reported in cervical cancer in only three other patients. Case. We report a case of a 44-year-old female diagnosed with cervical cancer (FIGO IIIB), treated with concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Approximately 5 months after completing treatment, she presented with nausea, vomiting, and bullous pustular lesions on the hand. She was found to have a small bowel obstruction due to recurrence of her cervical cancer, and a biopsy of the skin lesion showed a marked dermal neutrophilic infiltrate consistent with Sweet's syndrome. Conclusion. We report a case of Sweet's syndrome associated with cervical cancer, which is a rare finding.
Separation of the natural atria in experimental implantation of total artificial heart.

: Atrial connections in a single-unit total artificial heart (TAH) may be difficult to make because of the rigidity of the device and the fixed position of the atrial inlets. We developed a technique to separate the natural atrial borders in an experimental implantation of a unitary TAH. In this technique, the interatrial groove was dissected to separate the posterior wall of the right atrium from the roof of the left atrium before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was initiated. After initiation of CPB and cardiectomy, the atrial septum was separated completely, and the right atrial wall was reconstructed with glutaral-dehyde-treated autopericardium. We believe that this simple adjunctive technique provides increased mobility of the atrial cuffs and allows for an easier connection of the unitary TAH.
Tuned photoluminescence from Si+-implanted SiO2 films with rapid and conventional thermal annealing

Abstract In this study, by using a conventional thermal annealing (CTA), the obviously near-infrared shift and intensity amplification of room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectrum could be observed from the 3 × 10 16 cm −2 Si + -implanted 400-nm-thick SiO 2 films after rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 1150 °C in dry nitrogen. For isothermal RTA durations ≥20 s at the heating rate of 100 °C/s, the PL peaks from the only RTA-treated films were detected around 1.7 eV and, for 1050 °C CTA durations between 1 and 3 h, no significant PL could be found from the only CTA-treated films. However, when annealing the RTA-treated films with the CTA for only 1 h, then, we varied the terminal PL-peak from 1.7 to 1.5 eV and obviously increased their respective intensities from the films. These results are attributed to the variation of silicon nano-crystals embedded in SiO 2 film.
Correlation of ion exchange column and equilibration experiments under non-ideal conditions

To evaluate the correlation of ion exchange column operation with batchtype equillibration operation under non-ideal conditions, the system Pb(NO3)2-HNO3-Dowex 50 was studied. Distribution coefficients based on equilibration experiments were calculated and compared with distribution coefficients obtained by direct measurement from column operation. Sufficiently close agreement was obtained between the two types of experiments to suggest the feasibility of making preliminary investigation of ion exchange chromatographic separtions by simple shaking experiments, rather than by more involved column experiments.
Faceted snow crystals

Colored halos are produced by refraction of light by solid hexagonal snow crystals with well-defined facets whose size is sufficiently large (>20 μm) to avoid significant diffraction effects. Large crystals fall with their major axes horizontal and oscillate by eddy shedding to give dogs and arcs. The formation of such crystals is strongly dependent on changing growth conditions, particularly ice supersaturation, air pressure, temperature, and the thermal radiation environment. Optimum meteorological conditions for formation of such crystals are suggested.
Prostaglandins and cyclic nucleotides in moloney sarcoma tumors

Abstract A 53-fold increase in the amount of prostaglandin E as well as a 7-fold increase in the amount of prostaglandin F was found associated with virus-induced Moloney sarcoma tumors when compared with the amounts found in normal leg muscles from weanling BALB/c mice. There was a concomitant 2-fold increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP, however, no significant change in the concentration of cyclic GMP was observed. Prostaglandin E 1 stimulated cyclic AMP formation in tumor tissue incubated in vitro . The tumor tissue continued to synthesize relatively large amounts of prostaglandin E during a 3 hr. incubation. The prostaglandins were primarily recovered in the incubation medium and not retained in the tissue. Indomethacin, an established prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, prevented the synthesis. Arachidonic acid and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP failed to stimulate this synthesis. The prostaglandin of the E series associated with the tumor was identified as prostaglandin E 2 by thin layer chromatography.
The Effect of “Measurable and Rigorous” State Performance Goals for Addressing “Free and Appropriate Public Education Within the Least Restrictive Environment”

Abstract Sections 616 and 642 of the 2004 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) required states to develop a State Performance Plan (SPP) to (a) evaluate their efforts in implementing ...
FDA Drug Safety Communications: A Narrative Review and Clinical Considerations for Older Adults

Abstract Background The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has new regulatory authorities intended to enhance drug safety monitoring in the postmarketing period. This has resulted in an increase in communication from the FDA in recent years about the safety profile of certain drugs. It is important to stay abreast of the current literature on drug risks to effectively communicate these risks to patients, other health care providers, and the general public. Objective To summarize 4 new FDA drug safety communications by describing the evidence supporting the risks and the clinical implications for older adults. Methods The FDA Web site was reviewed for new drug safety communications from May 2011 to April 2012 that would be relevant to older adults. Approved labeling for each drug or class was obtained from the manufacturer, and PubMed was searched for primary literature that supported the drug safety concern. Results FDA drug safety communications for 4 drugs were chosen because of the potential clinical importance in older adults. A warning for citalopram was made because of potential problems with QT prolongation in patients taking less than 40 mg per day. The evidence suggests minor changes in QT interval. Given the flat dose–response curve in treating depression with citalopram, the new 20-mg/d maximum dose in older adults is sensible. Another warning was made for proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and an increased risk of Clostridium difficile infection. A dose–response relationship was found for this drug risk. With C. difficile infections on the rise in older adults, along with other safety risks of PPI therapy, PPIs should only be used in older adults indicated for therapy for the shortest duration possible. In addition, a warning about dabigatran was made. There is strong evidence from a large clinical trial, as well as case reports, of increased bleeding risk in older adults taking dabigatran, especially in older adults with decreased renal function. This medication should be used with caution in older adults. Finally, several warnings were made about statins. Routine periodic monitoring of liver enzymes does not appear to be effective in detecting or preventing serious liver injury from statin use; thus, liver enzymes are no longer recommended to be routinely monitored. Statin-induced cognitive changes are rare, and insufficient evidence is currently available to establish causality. Statins appear to moderately increase the risk of developing diabetes (versus placebo), and regular screening for diabetes should be considered, especially for patients taking high-dose statins and patients with multiple risk factors for diabetes. Conclusion FDA drug safety communications incorporate complex methodologies that investigate the risks (and relative benefits) of medication therapy. Clinicians caring for older adults need to be aware of the most current evidence behind these drug risks to effectively communicate with and care for their patients.
Recalibrating instruction at the community college through MOOCs

MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) can function as a tool to re-calibrate teaching at the Community-college level, as well as facilitate access, persistence, retention, and graduation for both traditional and nontraditional students.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Chiral 3D-Framework Material: d-Co(en)3[H3Ga2P4O16]

A chiral material, d-Co(en)3[H3Ga2P4O16] (en = 1,2-diaminoethane), with a three-dimensionally connected framework has been prepared hydrothermally, using optically pure d-Co(en)33+ as a structure directing agent, and the structure characterized by X-ray diffraction. Aluminum-containing analogues of this material have also been synthesized. The material can be thought of as a diamondlike network, consisting of tetrahedrally coordinated gallium sites linked by doubly bridging phosphates, with the metal complex sitting in the interstices. Co(C2N2H8)3[H3Ga2P4O16], Mr = 761.56, monoclinic, I2, a = 9.580(2)A, b = 12.6789(5)A, c = 9.9631(6)A, β = 97.85(2)°, Z = 2, ρcalc = 2.109 g cm-3, ρobs = 2.11 g cm-3, Cu Kα, RF = 0.032. Co(C2N2H8)3[H3Ga1.25Al0.75P4O16], Mr = 729.51, monoclinic, I2, a = 9.567(1)A, b = 12.6923(5)A, c = 9.9241(5)A, β = 97.601(8)o, Z = 2, ρcalc = 2.028 g cm-3, ρobs = 2.08 g cm-3, Cu Kα, RF = 0.026.
Molecular structure of an alkyl-side-chain polymer-water interface: origins of contact angle hysteresis.

A new and direct approach to verify surface heterogeneity as the microscopic origin of contact-angle hysteresis is demonstrated. IR−visible sum-frequency-generation spectroscopy (SFG) was used to selectively probe the molecules at the interface of an alkyl-side-chain polymer [poly(vinyl n-octadecyl carbamate-co-vinyl acetate)] with water. The spectra indicate that in contact with water, the polymer surface is heterogeneous (having areas of differing surface energies). This evidence of surface heterogeneity supports the hysteresis observed in the advancing and receding contact angles of the polymer surface with water. The same measurements made for the chemically and structurally similar surface of an octadecyltrichlorosilane self-assembled monolayer indicates a homogeneous surface at the water interface. In this case, contact-angle hysteresis measurements implicate surface roughness as the cause of hysteresis. Atomic force microscopy measurements of roughness for these surfaces further support our conclus...
The influence of progesterone alone and in combination with estradiol on ventricular action potential duration and triangulation in response to potassium channel inhibition.

Progesterone Effects on Ventricular Action Potential. Introduction: Females are at increased risk for torsades de pointes (TdP). Some evidence suggests that progesterone may protect against TdP, but few data exist regarding the effects of progesterone on cardiac repolarization. We determined the effects of progesterone alone and in combination with estradiol on ventricular action potential duration (APD) and triangulation in response to potassium channel inhibition. Methods and Results: Female New Zealand white rabbits (n = 30) underwent ovariectomy and were implanted with 21-day sustained release pellets (each n = 6): progesterone; estradiol; progesterone; & estradiol combined; dihydrotestosterone (DHT); and placebo. After 20 days, hearts were excised, mounted, perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer, and paced at 150 bpm. After baseline measurements, hearts were perfused with quinidine 3 μmol/L. The degree of quinidine-associated prolongation of ventricular APD at 90% repolarization (APD90) in the progesterone group was significantly less than that in the estradiol and the combined estradiol and progesterone groups, and not significantly different than in the DHT group. The degree of prolongation of action potential triangulation (APD90– APD30) in hearts from progesterone-treated rabbits was significantly less than that in the estradiol group, and not significantly different from that in hearts from DHT-treated rabbits. There were no significant differences in quinidine effects on ventricular APD90 or action potential triangulation between hearts exposed to estradiol alone or those exposed to both estradiol and progesterone. Conclusions: Progesterone protects against prolongation of APD90 and triangulation associated with potassium channel inhibition. However, progesterone does not attenuate the effects of estradiol on prolongation of ventricular APD90 associated with potassium channel inhibition. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 325-331, March 2011)
Instability of colored baryons in quark potential models

Evidence is presented, using reasonable potential models, that the three-quark system with color-octet symmetry has the same instability as the corresponding quark-antiquark system. The ''falling-apart'' nature of color-octet baryons occurs only when the basis set includes all allowed orbital symmetries.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: how presentation of recurrence risk influences decision-making.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of four methods of communicating survival benefits on chemotherapy decisions. We hypothesized that the four methods of communicating mathematically equivalent risk information would lead to different chemotherapy decisions. Methods: Each participant received two hypothetical scenarios regarding their mother (a postmenopausal woman with an invasive, lymph node-negative, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer) and was asked to decide whether they would encourage their mother to take chemotherapy in addition to surgery and tamoxifen. In the part 1, participants received one of four methods of describing the chemotherapy survival benefit: (1) relative risk reduction, (2) absolute risk reduction, (3) absolute survival benefit, or (4) number needed to treat. In part 2, each participant received all four methods. Following each decision, participants were asked to rate their confidence and confusion regarding their decision. Results: Participants incl...
An improved kit formulation of a dopamine transporter imaging agent: [Tc-99m]TRODAT-1.

Abstract Recently, [Tc-99m]TRODAT-1, the first Tc-99m-labeled tracer for imaging CNS dopamine transporters in humans, was reported. This tracer displayed excellent specific binding to dopamine transporters in the basal ganglia region of the brain, thus it is potentially useful for the diagnosis of deficit of dopamine transporters in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. Preparation of [Tc-99m]TRODAT-1 was previously achieved by a multistep kit formulation. It is highly desirable to further improve the preparation by developing a simplified one-vial formulation with a reduced amount of TRODAT-1 ligand for routine clinical use. To achieve this goal, a series of studies to optimize labeling efficiency by varying a combination of factors (amount of free ligand, reaction reagents, and reaction pH) was carried out. [Tc-99m]TRODAT-1 prepared by this new kit formulation was evaluated by assessing the brain uptake and target (striatum) versus nontarget (cerebellum) ratios in rats. Appropriate amounts of various ingredients for a one-vial kit formulation providing ≥90% radiolabeling yields were identified. The most consistent and reliable formulation contained 10 μg of TRODAT-1 (a reduction of free ligand from 200 μg to 10 μg), 32 μg of SnCl 2 , 10 mg of sodium glucoheptonate, and 840 μg of disodium EDTA in one vial as a lyophilized kit. It is feasible to reconstitute the vial with [Tc-99m]pertechnetate (0.5–2 mL , ≤1110 MBq, 30 mCi), resulting in a final solution with a pH value of 4.5–5.0. [Tc-99m]TRODAT-1, prepared by this new kit, was stable at room temperature for 6 h. Biodistribution studies of this agent in rats with the new formulation showed similar regional brain distribution as compared with those obtained with the previous preparation (high striatum-to-cerebellum ratio). In conclusion, using this lyophilized one-vial kit formulation, [Tc-99m]TRODAT-1 can be prepared with greater than 90% radiochemical purity. This simplified kit will significantly improve the reliability of preparation of this agent for routine clinical use.
High level controls at RHIC

Abstract We report on the software tools and techniques in development to ensure that the commissioning and operations teams for RHIC have access to high level analysis, diagnosis, modelling and control functions early in the start up of the machine. The first tests will be for the sextant test in mid-1995.
Shape of the 5 mm oxygen band in the atmosphere

The problem of absorption of microwaves by molecular oxygen in the atmosphere is treated by means of a first-order approximation to the impact theory of overlapping spectral lines. By including only the coupling between adjacent rotational states in molecular collisions, we have devised a simple approximate method for computing the interference between lines from measurements on the resolved lines. The need for an empirically determined function describing the linewidth/ pressure ratio is eliminated. Comparisons with measurements at atmospheric pressures show that the first-order interference accounts for the low absorption at the band wings near 1 atm pressure. It also predicts the correct amount of asymmetry between high and low frequency wings. Improvement over previous models for the pressure broadening is obtained at frequencies \gsim 55 GHz. This approach is not specific to oxygen and could be adapted to other similar molecules.
The once and future SciDAC

The goal of the `Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing' (SciDAC) program was to build the scientific computing software and hardware infrastructure needed to realize the full potential of terascale computers for advancing scientific discovery and the state of the art in engineering. Although funding for the program was modest, it has clearly demonstrated the benefits of teaming computational scientists, computer scientists and applied mathematicians in tackling forefront scientific problems. DOE's science programs are now faced with a number of challenges, e.g., multi-scale, multi-physics problems, which require advanced modelling and simulation capabilities on petascale computers. At the same time, computing technologies are undergoing significant changes, some of which will require new approaches if the power of these new technologies are to be harnessed. A continuing commitment to SciDAC is needed.
Assessing Teacher, Classroom, and School Effects, Including Fiscal Effects

In this article, we argue that too much previous research has tended to assess the effects of student, classroom, and school variables in isolation from other variables and has often used statistical techniques that ignored the nested nature of the 3 classes of factors. We then argue that a more educationally oriented framework should be used to assess the effects of various student, classroom/teacher, and school variables on student learning, particularly student learning gains, and we identify several variables within each class of factors that research so far has identified. In the article, we suggest some standard hierarchical linear modeling models that could be used to conduct analyses that do account for the nested nature of all variables.