cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synaptic Vesicle Proteins and Target-Dependent Morphogenesis of Calyx-like Contacts in Vitro

Chick Edinger-Westphal neurons form large, calyciform synaptic terminals, also known as calyces, on a subpopulation of ciliary ganglion neurons in vivo. This distinctive morphology is mimicked by contacts formed between Edinger-Westphal and ciliary ganglion neurons in culture. The work reported here finds that calyx-like contacts in culture are immunoreactive for the two vesicle proteins SV-2 and synaptotagmin, supporting the hypothesis that these contacts are synaptic terminals developing in vitro. When Edinger-Westphal neurons are cultured with ciliary ganglion neurons, calyx-like contacts are three times more frequent than when Edinger-Westphal neurons are cultured inappropriately with sympathetic neurons. Furthermore, calyx-like contacts are rare in cultures of ciliary ganglion neurons alone, even though ciliary ganglion neurons are known to functionally innervate themselves in culture. These results suggest that calyx morphogenesis is favored when Edinger-Westphal neurons interact specifically with ciliary ganglion neurons and discouraged when they interact with inappropriate neurons. That this specificity is expressed in culture, in the absence of normal tissue topography and patterned activity, adds to the evidence that direct surface interactions between target cells and growing neurites are involved in the morphogenesis of synaptic terminals in vivo.
Domains of transcription factor Sp1 required for synergistic activation with sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 of low density lipoprotein receptor promoter

Abstract Feedback regulation of transcription from the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene is fundamentally important in the maintenance of intracellular sterol balance. The region of the LDL receptor promoter responsible for normal sterol regulation contains adjacent binding sites for the ubiquitous transcription factor Sp1 and the cholesterol-sensitive sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). Interestingly, both are essential for normal sterolmediated regulation of the promoter. The cooperation by Sp1 and SREBP-1 occurs at two steps in the activation process. SREBP-1 stimulates the binding of Sp1 to its adjacent recognition site in the promoter followed by enhanced stimulation of transcription after both proteins are bound to DNA. In the present report, we have defined the protein domains of Sp1 that are required for both synergistic DNA binding and transcriptional activation. The major activation domains of Sp1 that have previously been shown to be essential to activation of promoters containing multiple Sp1 sites are required for activation of the LDL receptor promoter. Additionally, the C domain is also crucial. This slightly acidic approximately 120-amino acid region is not required for efficient synergistic activation by multiple Sp1 sites or in combination with other recently characterized transcriptional regulators. We also show that Sp1 domain C is essential for full, enhanced DNA binding by SREBP-1. Taken together with other recent studies on the role of Sp1 in promoter activation, the current experiments suggest a unique combinatorial mechanism for promoter activation by two distinct transcription factors that are both essential to intracellular cholesterol homeostasis.
Teaching operations research on microcomputers

Abstract Teaching operations research on microcomputers is just beginning. The first educational packages (diskettes plus guides) recently appeared (1983) on the market, and many faculty members and trainers in industry are wondering how to evaluate and use these or industry packages in an efficient and effective manner. This paper examines this issue from different aspects: experience in the classroom, software availability, criteria for selecting classroom software, and microcomputer hardware.
Synthesis, Radiosynthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Carbon-11 and Iodine-123 Labeled 2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-[4‘-((Z)-2-haloethenyl)phenyl]tropanes: Candidate Radioligands for in Vivo Imaging of the Serotonin Transporter

2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-[4‘-((Z)-2-iodoethenyl)phenyl]tropane (ZIET) and 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-[4‘-((Z)-2-bromoethenyl)phenyl]tropane (ZBrET) were synthesized as well as their nortropane congeners ZIENT and ZBrENT. Binding affinities of these compounds were determined in cells transfected to express human SERT, DAT, and NET using [3H]citalopram, [125I]RTI-55, and [3H]nisoxetine, respectively. Both ZIET and ZBrET displayed high affinity for the SERT (Ki = 0.11 and 0.08 nM, respectively).The affinities of ZIET and ZBrET for the DAT were 200 and 38-fold lower, respectively, than for the SERT. [11C]ZIET and [11C]ZBrET were prepared by alkylation of their corresponding nortropanes with [11C]methyl iodide in approximately 30% radiochemical yield (decay-corrected to end of bombardment, EOB). High specific activity [123I]ZIET was synthesized in 33% radiochemical yield (decay-corrected) by treating the 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-[4‘-((Z)-2-trimethylstannylethenyl)phenyl]tropane (3) with no carrier-added sodium [123I]iodide and hy...
Demonstration Flow Assessment and 2-D Modeling: Perspectives Based on Instream Flow Studies and Evaluation of Restoration Projects

Abstract Railsback and Kadvany (2008) make a compelling case for the use of demonstration flow assessments (DFA) for instream flow assessments as a more robust method than traditional one-dimensional habitat simulation techniques, such as the Physical Habitat Simulation System. But, based on experience with DFAs used for instream flow assessments and evaluation of stream restoration projects, the methods presented by Railsback and Kadvany (2008) may not give reproducible results, and DFAs have significant drawbacks relative to two-dimensional (2-D) hydraulic and habitat modeling. Application of the DFA methodology presented in Railsback and Kadvany (2008) to assess a stream restoration project on the Trinity River, California, did not give reproducible results, with substantial disparity between replicate surveys in the total quantity and spatial distribution of habitat. As an empirical two-dimensional habitat modeling method, DFAs have several drawbacks. Compared to 2-D models, DFAs require interpolation...
TRAINING AND GENERALIZATION OF LAUNDRY SKILLS: A MULTIPLE PROBE EVALUATION WITH HANDICAPPED PERSONS

An instructional procedure composed of a graded sequence of prompts and token reinforcement was used to train a complex chain of behaviors which included sorting, washing, and drying clothes. A multiple probe design with sequential instruction across seven major components of the laundering routine was used to demonstrate experimental control. Students were taught to launder clothing using machines located in their school and generalization was assessed later on machines located in the public laundromat. A comparison of students' laundry skills with those of normal peers indicated similar levels of proficiency. Follow-up probes demonstrated maintenance of laundry skills over a 10-month period.
Nutrition for pregnant and childbearing adolescents: demographics, developmental needs, behavior, and outcome.

There are approximately 1 million pregnancies each year among US adolescents and about half of these teens opt to continue their pregnancies. The birth rate for US adolescents 15-19 years of age probably plateaued during 1991-93 at 60/1000. There were increases however among younger adolescents (15-16 years old) and Hispanic teens. Moreover since contraceptive use is declining among adolescents this plateau is considered to largely reflect the temporary stabilization in the percentage of the sexually active population. Compared to older mothers. adolescents have markedly higher rates of late prenatal care preterm births and low birth weight. Anemia lung disease eclampsia and renal disease are also highest among mothers in the adolescent age group. Significant socioemotional adaptive and intelligence quotient deficits occur in children of adolescent mothers; 1 study classified 72% of these children as developmentally delayed by 3 years of age. This delay in large part reflects the failure of adolescent mothers to complete their own identity development and problems with attachment. In need of further research are the nutritional behaviors of pregnant adolescents and their interaction with the physiologic processes of pregnancy and puberty. A meta-analysis of 25 intervention studies concluded there was no significant program impact on initiation of sexual intercourse birth control use responsible sexual behavior and conception.
Autocatalytic processing of site-1 protease removes propeptide and permits cleavage of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins.

Site-1 protease (S1P) is a subtilisin-related protease that cleaves sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen, thereby initiating a process by which the transcriptionally active NH2-terminal fragments of SREBPs are released from membranes. In the current experiments, we transfected cDNAs encoding epitope-tagged hamster S1P into HEK-293 cells or mutant hamster cells that lack S1P. Protease protection assays showed that the bulk of S1P is in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen, anchored by a COOH-terminal membrane-spanning segment. Cleavage of the NH2-terminal signal sequence of S1P generates S1P-A (amino acids 23–1052), which is inactive. The protein is self-activated by an intramolecular cleavage at Site-B, generating S1P-B (amino acids 138–1052) and liberating a 115-amino acid propeptide that is secreted intact into the medium. The sequence at Site-B is RSLK, which differs from the RSVL sequence at the cleavage site in SREBP-2. S1P-B is further cleaved at an internal RRLL sequence to yield S1P-C (amino acids 187–1052). Mutational analysis suggests that S1P-B and S1P-C are both active in cleaving SREBP-2 in a fashion that requires SREBP cleavage-activating protein. The activity of S1P-C may be short-lived because it appears to be transported to the Golgi, a site at which SREBP-2 cleavage may not normally occur. These data provide the initial description of the processing of a subtilisin-related protease that controls the level of cholesterol in blood and cells. In an accompanying paper (Cheng, D., Espenshade, P. J., Slaughter, C. A., Jaen, J. C., Brown, M. S., and Goldstein, J. L. (1999), J. Biol. Chem., 274, 22805–22812), we develop an in vitro assay to characterize the activity of purified recombinant S1P.
Post-fire thin debris flows: sediment transport and numerical modelling

The creation of a hydrophobic layer in the soil during ﬁres in semi-arid environments inhibits the inﬁltration of rainfall. This leads to increased rates of runoff and associated sediment transport. When the hydrophobic layer is deposited beneath the soil surface, a perched water table develops which may cause thin (1–2 cm) hillslope failures that are distinguishable from features caused by rilling and sheetﬂow. Evidence for these failures was observed after a ﬁre near Santa Barbara, California. The amount of sediment eroded from some hillslopes was substantial, with 290 kg of sediment per metre width of hillslope delivered to the valley ﬂoor. The mechanics of these failures are examined with a numerical model that incorporates a stability analysis with subsurface ﬂow routing along a typical hillslope proﬁle. The model correctly predicts the location of the failures as well as the rainfall amount necessary to trigger them. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collaborative experiments of small autonomous systems at the SOURCE ATO capstone experiment

Autonomous systems operating in militarily-relevant environments are valuable assets due to the increased situational awareness they provide to the Warfighter. To further advance the current state of these systems, a collaborative experiment was conducted as part of the Safe Operations of Unmanned Systems for Reconnaissance in Complex Environments (SOURCE) Army Technology Objective (ATO). We present the findings from this large-scale experiment which spanned several research areas, including 3D mapping and exploration, communications maintenance, and visual intelligence. For 3D mapping and exploration, we evaluated loop closure using Iterative Closest Point (ICP). To improve current communications systems, the limitations of an existing mesh network were analyzed. Also, camera data from a Microsoft Kinect was used to test autonomous stairway detection and modeling algorithms. This paper will detail the experiment procedure and the preliminary results for each of these tests.
Tests of scanning model observers for myocardial SPECT imaging

Many researchers have tested and applied human-model observers as part of their evaluations of reconstruction methods for SPECT perfusion imaging. However, these model observers have generally been limited to signal-known- exactly (SKE) detection tasks. Our objective is to formulate and test scanning model observers that emulate humans in detection-localization tasks involving perfusion defects. Herein, we compare several models based on the channelized nonprewhitening (CNPW) observer. Simulated Tc-99m images of the heart with and without defects were created using a mathematical anthropomorphic phantom. Reconstructions were performed with an iterative algorithm and postsmoothed with a 3D Gaussian filter. Human and model-observer studies were conducted to assess the optimal number of iterations and the smoothing level of the filter. The human-observer study was a multiple-alternative forced-choice (MAFC) study with five defects. The CNPW observer performed the MAFC study, but also performed an SKE-but-variable (SKEV) study and a localization ROC (LROC) study. A separate LROC study applied an observer based on models of human search in mammograms. The amount of prior knowledge about the possible defects differed for these four model-observer studies. The trend was towards improved agreement with the human observers as prior knowledge decreased.
Electrical dysrhythmias in the Roux jejunal limb: cause and treatment

Electrical dysrhythmias in the Roux limb after Roux gastrojejunostomy are associated with upper gut stasis of food. The aim of this study was to determine the cause of the dysrhythmias and whether they could be eliminated with pacing. A set of four dogs (Group A) underwent three sequential operations: placement of jejunal electrodes at sites corresponding to the Roux limb; construction of a Roux limb without vagotomy, gastrectomy, or gastrojejunostomy; and transthoracic truncal vagotomy. A second set of five dogs (Group B) underwent truncal vagotomy, distal gastrectomy, and Roux gastrojejunostomy with recording electrodes placed on the Roux limb and a pacing electrode situated at the proximal end of the limb. Electrical recordings were obtained on four separate occasions after each operation. In Group A dogs, orad and disordered propagation of jejunal pacesetter potentials occurred in the Roux limb 56±5% of the time after limb construction but never before construction. The pattern was not changed with vagotomy. In Group B dogs, electrical dysrhythmias in the Roux limb also occurred and were corrected with electrical pacing. We concluded that electrical dysrhythmias in the canine Roux limb are secondary to the jejunal transection done during Roux limb construction, and are not due to gastrectomy, gastroenterostomy, or vagotomy. The dysrhythmias can be corrected with pacing.
Guns in the Ballot Box Information, Groups, and Opinion in Ballot Initiative Campaigns

This article examines the extent to which a change in the information environment affected opinion of a recent gun safety ballot initiative in Washington. Through content analysis of newspaper stories and documentation of expenditures of competing interests, the authors are able to detect a discernable shift in the information environment during the final weeks of the campaign. Support for the initiative dropped appreciably concurrent with this shift. The authors are able to show that the altered information context (a) generated the greatest change among the most politically aware respondents and (b) sustained this effect within specific partisan classifications. Although previous research investigates analogous behavioral dynamics in a variety of political settings, this analysis differs in application to ballot initiative campaigns. The authors discuss the implications of their findings in terms of direct democracy campaigns and conclude that influence of competing interests are central to the nature a...
A Patient’s Guide to Recovery After Deep Vein Thrombosis or Pulmonary Embolism

When a blood clot forms in the deep veins of the body, it is called deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT occurs most commonly in the leg; however, it can occur anywhere in the body, such as the veins in the arm, abdomen, pelvis, and around the brain. A complication of DVT in legs and arms is pulmonary embolism (PE). A PE occurs when a blood clot breaks off from a DVT and travels through the blood stream, traversing the right atrium and right ventricle, and lodging in the lung. The primary treatment for DVT and PE is anticoagulation with blood thinners. These medications increase the time it takes for blood to clot. They prevent new clots from forming and existing clots from growing larger. Anticoagulants do not dissolve a clot. The body naturally dissolves a clot over time, sometimes completely, sometimes only partially. The duration of time you will need to take an anticoagulant depends on a number of factors your doctor will review with you, such as the following:
Hot Stage for X‐Ray Diffraction of Ceramic Systems

A resistance type heating device is described which adapts a standard high temperature x‐ray camera for use in diffraction studies where uniformity of temperature is required. With this device, a volume 6×6×3 mm can be maintained within ±6°C at a temperature of 550°C.
Self-awareness and traumatic brain injury outcome

AbstractPrimary objective: Impaired self-awareness following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) can reduce the effectiveness of rehabilitation, resulting in poorer outcomes. However, little is understood about how the multi-dimensional aspects of self-awareness may differentially change with recovery and impact outcome. Thus, this study examined four self-awareness variables represented in the Dynamic Comprehensive Model of Awareness: metacognitive awareness, anticipatory awareness, error-monitoring and self-regulation.Research design: This study evaluated change of the self-awareness measures with recovery from TBI and whether the self-awareness measures predicted community re-integration at follow-up.Methods and procedures: Participants were 90 individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI who were tested acutely following injury and 90 age-matched controls. Forty-nine of the TBI participants and 49 controls were re-tested after 6 months.Main outcome and results: Results revealed that the TBI group’s error-monito...
Isomeric Schiff bases related by dual imino-group reversals.

Two isomeric pairs of Schiff bases, N,N′-bis­(2-methoxy­benzyl­idene)-p-phenyl­enediamine, C22H20N2O2, (I), and 2,2′-dimeth­oxy-N,N-(p-phenyl­enedimethyl­ene)dianiline, C22H20N2O2, (II), and (E,E)-1,4-bis­(3-iodo­phen­yl)-2,3-diaza­buta-1,3-diene (alternative name: 3-iodo­benzaldehyde azine), C14H10I2N2, (III), and N,N′-bis­(3-iodo­phen­yl)ethylenedi­imine, C14H10I2N2 [JAYFEV; Cho, Moore & Wilson (2005). Acta Cryst. E61, o3773–o3774], differ pairwise only in the orientation of their imino linkages and in all four individual cases occupy inversion centers in the crystal, yet all four compounds are found to assume unique packing arrangements. Compounds (I) and (II) differ substantially in mol­ecular conformation, possessing angles between their ring planes of 12.10 (15) and 46.29 (9)°, respectively. Compound (III) and JAYFEV are similar to each other in conformation, with angles between their imino linkages and benzene rings of 11.57 (15) and 7.4 (3)°, respectively. The crystal structures are distinguished from each other by different packing motifs involving the functional groups. Inter­molecular contacts between meth­oxy groups define an R22(6) motif in (I) but a C(3) motif in (II). Inter­molecular contacts are of the I⋯I type in (III), but they are of the N⋯I type in JAYFEV.
Thermodynamics of a solar mixture of molecular hydrogen and helium at high pressure

The thermodynamic properties of a model molecular hydrogen and helium mixture are calculated in the strongly interacting region of 0.005 to 0.3 per cu cm for a range of temperatures that are of interest for the envelopes of the Jovian planets. Computed adiabats fit the gravity data and boundary conditions from model atmospheres of Jupiter.
13CO2 washout kinetics in acute hypercapnia

The redistribution of CO2 and bicarbonate throughout the body following perturbations of normal respiration is not well described. We used tracer techniques to examine CO2-bicarbonate dynamics in an animal model in which acute hypercapnia was induced by hypoventilation. Eleven rabbits were anesthetized, tracheostomized, paralyzed and ventilated. In five animals PaCO2 was kept between 30 and 35 mmHg (control, C) while in six PaCO2 was held between 65 and 70 mmHg (acute hypercapnia, AH). A bolus of [13C]bicarbonate was given intravenously. Breath samples were obtained for 13CO2 by isotope ratio mass spectrometry and CO2 output (VCO2) was measured breath-by-breath for 240 min. There was no difference in the VCO2 between C [5.6 +/- 1.8 (SD) ml/min per kg] and AH (5.3 +/- 0.8). The 13CO2 washout for both C and AH was well fit by the sum of three exponentials. Only the time constant of the third (slowest) exponential was significantly longer in AH (103 +/- 11 min) compared with C (75 +/- 15, P less than 0.01). The mean residence time in AH (82 +/- 9 min) was significantly lower than in C (57 +/- 10, P less than 0.001). The estimated mass of exchangeable CO2 and bicarbonate was significantly greater in AH (443 +/- 37 ml per kg) compared with C (312 +/- 63, P less than 0.005). Compartmental analysis indicated that the increase in CO2-bicarbonate occurred primarily in the slowly exchanging pool. The data suggest that acute hypercapnia may be accompanied by a redistribution of exchangeable CO2 and bicarbonate in the body.
Disease Resistance and Immune Response Genes in Cattle: Strategies for Their Detection and Evidence of Their Existence

The possibility of breeding or genetically engineering cattle for resistance to disease has tremendous potential for increasing the efficiency of milk and meat production. In cattle and other species, major genes that control humoral and cellular immune responses to a variety of antigens have been mapped to a chromosomal region known as the major histocompatibility complex. However, resistance or susceptibility to viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases in noninbred species is often a complex phenotype, with age, stress, and physiologic status all being important factors in the outcome of infection. This paper reviews the function of major histocompatibility complex gene products and the relationship between polymorphism of these genes and infectious diseases. A discussion of strategies for detecting immune response genes and disease associations is presented, with particular reference to the problems and advantages of working with cattle. The present knowledge of the bovine major histocompatibility complex and its relationship to immune responsiveness and disease resistance are also reviewed, with special consideration given to enzootic bovine leukosis because of the significant relationship between alleles of the bovine lymphocyte antigen system and resistance or susceptibility to subclinical progression of bovine leukemia virus infection. Finally, potential applications of this research to genetic improvement and animal health are considered.
Capture of microtubule plus-ends at the actin cortex promotes axophilic neuronal migration by enhancing microtubule tension in the leading process

Microtubules are a critical part of neuronal polarity and leading process extension, thus microtubule movement plays an important role in neuronal migration. However, the dynamics of microtubules during the forward movement of the nucleus into the leading process (nucleokinesis) is unclear and may be dependent on the cell type and mode of migration used. In particular, little is known about cytoskeletal changes during axophilic migration, commonly used in anteroposterior neuronal migration. We recently showed that leading process actin flow in migrating GnRH neurons is controlled by a signaling cascade involving IP3 receptors, CaMKK, AMPK, and RhoA. In the present study, microtubule dynamics were examined in GnRH neurons. Failure of the migration of these cells leads to the neuroendocrine disorder Kallmann Syndrome. Microtubules translocated forward along the leading process shaft during migration, but reversed direction and moved toward the nucleus when migration stalled. Blocking calcium release through IP3 receptors halted migration and induced the same reversal of microtubule translocation, while blocking cortical actin flow prevented microtubules from translocating toward the distal leading process. Super-resolution imaging revealed that microtubule plus-end tips are captured at the actin cortex through calcium-dependent mechanisms. This work shows that cortical actin flow draws the microtubule network forward through calcium-dependent capture in order to promote nucleokinesis, revealing a novel mechanism engaged by migrating neurons to facilitate movement.
Beyond the headlines: changing patterns in international student enrollment in the United States

In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, newspapers and magazines reported a dramatic decline in the enrollment of international students at US universities. Many of these articles blamed this decrease on the difficulties of getting a visa to the US and expressed concern about the potential impact on the US education system and economy. A look beyond the headlines, however, reveals that this decline cannot be attributed exclusively to the heightened security measures, as student numbers from some countries had already begun to decline before 2001 or continue to increase despite the changed regulations. Therefore, other factors also play a role in explaining the diverse migration patterns—most notably increasing competition from other host countries and changing economic and educational conditions in sending countries. Since international students often stay in their host countries after the completion of their degrees, the United States has a strong interest in continuing to attract international students as potential highly skilled immigrants. In order to achieve this, changes need to be implemented at the government level as well as at individual universities.
On local connectedness of locally compact Abelian groups

A well-known characterization of the local connectedness of a compact Abelian group in terms of a dual property is the following theorem of Pontryagin ([4], § 38, Theorem 48): The dual group G of a discrete Abelian group G is locally connected, if and only if every finite set in G is contained in a finitely generated subgroup H of G with torsion-free G/H. Combining this theorem with a result of Braconnier ([1], p. 19), Dixmier ([2], p. 38) derived that a locally compact Abelian group is locally connected if and only if it is a product of the form R" x E x/) , where R" is a vector group with n __> 0, E is a discrete Abelian group, and D is a discrete, torsion-free Abelian group in which every subgroup of finite rank is free. The purpose of the present note is to prove the following result which is another natural extension of Pontryagin's theorem to arbitrary locally compact Abelian groups.
Observational quantification of a total aerosol indirect effect in the Arctic

We use 6 yr of multisensor radiometric data (1998–2003) from the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program to provide an observational quantification of the short-wave aerosol first indirect effect in the Arctic. Combined with the previously determined long-wave indirect effect, the total (short-wave and long-wave) first indirect effect in the high Arctic is found to yield a transition from surface warming of +3 W m -2 during March to a cooling of –11 W m -2 during May, therefore altering the seasonal cycle of energy input to the Arctic Earth–atmosphere system. These data also reveal evidence of a first indirect effect that affects optically thinner clouds during summer, which may represent an additional negative climate feedback that responds to a warming Arctic Ocean with retreating sea ice. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00460.x
DISTRIBUTION ‐ The encyclicals and rights to distributions in contract‐ and status‐based economies

The encyclicals of Popes John Paul II, Pius XI and Leo XIII affirm people’s rights to distributions, and the responsibility of those who are able to care for the poor. These positions trace largely to arguments from Scripture, Aristotle, Aguinas and Locke, and focus on the protection of private property rights and status rights. Although built on authority that is both antiquated and most closely associated with theology and philosophy, the positions, by focusing on rights that are the foundation on which modern economics are organized, are expressed in a way that is consistent with the operation of those economies.
174 EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA AND REOXYGENATION (re-O 2 ) ON CREATINE KINASE (CK) RELEASE AND TISSUE Ca2+ UPTAKE IN THE NEWBORN MYOCARDIUM

Sarcolemmal damage and tissue Ca2+ uptake were determined during hypoxia and re-O2 in isolated, arterially perfused newborn (NB) and adult (A) rabbit hearts. Tissue 47Ca2+ uptake was measured by δ -probe. CK release from the tissue was determined in the venous effluent and was used as an indicator of the sarcolemmal damage. During 40 min of hypoxia, tissue Ca2+ was unchanged. CK release (IU/g dry wt) was observed only in the A. During re-O2, tissue Ca2+ increased [Δ Ca2+ (mmol/kg dry wt)] and CK release was observed, and these two values in the A were significantly greater than in the NB. Recovery of mechanical function [+dT/dt (max), % of control] during re-O2 in the NB was significantly greater than in the A. These data suggest that tissue Ca2+ gain and/or sarcolemmal damage may be responsible for the impaired recovery of myocardial mechanical function after hypoxia.
Influence of aerobic versus anaerobic exercise on the relationship between reproductive hormones in men.

This study examined the effects of equal anaerobic and aerobic total work outputs on the relationship between reproductive hormones in men. Nine subjects performed three randomized trials on separate days: (1) 1 h period of rest (control), (2) 1 h continuous aerobic exercise (65% VO2 max), and (3) 1 h intermittent anaerobic exercise (which included 2 min exercise periods at 110% FO2 max). The total work output of the aerobic and anaerobic trials were equated. For the 8 h after each experimental trial, blood samples were collected hourly and analysed for testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin and cortisol. Diet, physical activity and circadian influences were all controlled. Compared with the control, the aerobic and anaerobic trials significantly (P 0.05) changes from c...
An efficient approach to computing fixpoints for complex program analysis

A chief source of inefficiency in program analysis using abstract interpretation comes from the fact that a large context (i.e., problem state) is propagated from node to node during the course of an analysis. This problem can be addressed and largely alleviated by a technique we call context projection, which projects an input context for a node to the portion that is actually relevant and determines whether the node should be reevaluated based on the projected context. This technique reduces the cost of an evaluation and eliminates unnecessary evaluations. Therefore, the efficiency of computing fixpoints over general lattices is greatly improved. A specific method, reachability, is presented as an example to accomplish context projection. Experimental results using reachability show very convincing speedups (more than eight for larger programs) that demonstrate the practical significance of context projection.
Justice or Care? Ethical Reasoning of Preservice Social Studies Teachers

The authors explored the ethical reasoning of 27 preservice teachers in the first course of a 4-course social studies education program. The students discussed 2 historically analogous cases that focused on 1 of 4 value problem areas: consent of the governed, general welfare, property, and morality. The authors were interested in exploring whether the students used an ethic of justice or care in their reasoning, particularly if gender was a factor in the ethic used. The results indicated that it was the nature of the case, rather than student gender, that influenced the ethic used and that students of both genders were able to use both ethics. However, the most prevalent ethic was the ethic of justice.
Early Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes after Treatment of Displaced Intra-articular Calcaneal Fractures Using Delta-Frame External Fixator Construct

Intra-articular calcaneal fractures are associated with high morbidity, persistent pain, and long-term disability. This retrospective study assesses early clinical and radiographic postoperative findings of intra-articular calcaneal fractures following treatment by ligamentotaxis using a delta frame construct with a large fragment external fixator. Minimally invasive percutaneous reduction of calcaneal fractures is an alternative treatment for Sanders type II, III, and IV fractures. Ten patients from the Detroit Medical Center were followed between January 2002 and December 2004 for follow-up over a mean of 353.5 ± 85.45 days postoperatively. The mean age of the patients was 45.8 ± 12.3 years. There were 2 patients with Sanders type IIA, 3 patients with type IIIAB, 1 patient with type IIIAC, and 4 patients with type IV fracture patterns. The results demonstrated that the mean calcaneal width decreased, the calcaneal height increased, and the calcaneal length increased when comparing preoperative to postoperative measurements. Bohler's angle increased from 20.8 ± 8.27° preoperatively to 25.7 ± 5.21° postoperatively, and Gissane's angle decreased from 127.4 ± 45.22° preoperatively to 111.2 ± 39.38° postoperatively. The posterior facet step-off on CT examination reduced from 2.6 ± 0.82 mm preoperatively to 0.4 ± 0.26 mm postoperatively. The mean postoperative total subtalar joint range of motion was 19.0 ± 4.5° on the affected side and 34.4 ± 4.58° on the contralateral foot. The mean Maryland Foot score was 85.8 ± 6.41 in the 10 patients. With the exception of the change from preoperative to postoperative Bohler's angle, and the comparison of the ipsilateral (side of the fracture) to contralateral resting calcaneal stance position, all of the comparisons revealed statistically significant (P ≤ .05) differences. The authors conclude that the delta frame construct is a viable alternative method to open reduction and internal fixation for treating intra-articular calcaneal fractures.
A VLSI design for the parallel finite state automaton and its performance evaluation as a hardware scanner

Recent developments in VLSI technology have made it possible to design and implement smaller, cheaper, faster, and more reliable computer components. In addition, these advances have been a major drive for the design and development of the so-called “suitable algorithm” for VLSI implementation.
Buckling characteristic of multi-laminated composite elliptical cylindrical shells

Fiber-reinforced composite materials continue to experience increased adoption in aerospace, marine, automobile, and civil structures due to their high specific strength, high stiffness, and light weight. This increased use has been accompanied by applications involving non-traditional configurations such as compression members with elliptical cross-sections. To model such shapes, we develop and report an improved generalized shell element called 4EAS-FS through a combination of enhanced assumed strain and the substitute shear strain fields. A flat shell element has been developed by combining a membrane element with drilling degree-of-freedom and a plate bending element. We use the element developed to determine specifically buckling loads and mode shapes of composite laminates with elliptical cross-section including transverse shear deformations. The combined influence of shell geometry and elliptical cross-sectional parameters, fiber angle, and lay-up on the buckling loads of an elliptical cylinder is examined. It is hoped that the critical buckling loads and mode shapes presented here will serve as a benchmark for future investigations.
Does a Disconnect Occur Between Research and Practice for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) Diagnostic Procedures

Diagnostic assessment recommendations for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) include the use of daily symptom monitoring for two consecutive menstrual cycles; however, it is unclear whether medical providers use this established procedure in practice. This study explored typical diagnostic procedures for PMDD among a sample of physicians (N = 87) who were recruited by mail and completed questions about current practices. Results indicated that only 11.5% of physicians in this sample reported routinely using 60-day symptom monitoring, and only 18.4% of physicians reported regular use of any type of daily symptom monitoring. No differences were observed in these procedures based on frequency of contact with patients with PMDD or physician type (obstetrics and gynecology [OB/GYN] or family medicine). Overall, these results indicated that it is important to establish standard assessment methods for PMDD that have clinical utility for physicians, as well as increase awareness of research-based practice in diagnosing PMDD.
Impact of the presence of grain boundaries on the in-plane ionic conductivity of thin film Gd-doped CeO2

Abstract Though reports in the literature have been interpreted as indicating that the presence of boundaries between submicron grains has the potential to dramatically increase the ionic conductivity of Gd-doped CeO 2 (GDC) films [1-3], unambiguous interpretation is hampered by the lack of a study directly comparing the ionic conductivity of single-crystal GDC films to films that are identical except for the presence of submicron grain boundaries. Techniques are developed to grow GDC films by RF magnetron sputtering from a (10%)Gd 2 O 3 –(90%)CeO 2 target onto a single crystal r-plane sapphire substrate that, though otherwise are largely identical, differ in that one film is a single crystal while the other is polycrystalline with ∼ 80 nm diameter grains. The ionic conductivity of these films is measured in the temperature range of 400–700 °C in the Van der Pauw geometry. Analysis of the ln( σ T) vs. 1/T data reveals the single crystal and polycrystalline GDC thin films differ primarily in that the single crystal film exhibits a lower activation energy for ionic conduction of 0.85 ± 0.01 eV than the 0.99 ± 0.01 eV observed for ionic conduction in the polycrystalline film. The presence of 80 nm grains reduces the ionic conductivity of Gd-doped CeO 2 in the temperature range of 400–700 °C.
SPECULATIONS ON THE NATURE OF THE METABOLIC DEFECTS IN TAY-SACHS, NIEMANN-PICK, GAUCHER'S AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASES, AND METACHROMATIC LEUCODYSTROPHY.

It is concluded that the defect in Tay-Sachs disease is for an enzyme degrading a monosialoganglioside, in Niemann-Pick disease for an enzyme degrading sphingomyelin or possibly ceramide, in chronic Gaucher’s disease for an enzyme degrading a glucocerebroside, and in metachromatic leucodystrophy for an enzyme for degradation of sulfatide. Alzheimer’s disease does not appear to involve any specific changes in lipid composition. An hypothesis to explain the findings in Alzheimer’s disease is presented.
Carbon dioxide emissions from vegetation-kill zones around the resurgent dome of Long Valley caldera, eastern California, USA

Abstract A survey of diffuse CO2 efflux, soil temperature and soil-gas chemistry over areas of localized vegetation-kill on and around the resurgent dome of Long Valley caldera California was performed to evaluate the premise that gaseous and thermal anomalies are related to renewed intrusion of magma. Some kill sites are long-lived features and others have developed in the past few years. Total anomalous CO2 emissions from the thirteen areas average around 8.7 t per day; but the majority of the emissions come from four sites west of the Casa Diablo geothermal power plant. Geochemical analyses of the soil-gases from locations west and east of the plant revealed the presence of isobutane related to plant operations. The δ13C values of diffuse CO2 range from − 5.7‰ to − 3.4‰, similar to values previously reported for CO2 from hot springs and thermal wells around Long Valley. At many of the vegetation-kill sites soil temperatures reach boiling at depths ≤ 20 cm. Soil temperature/depth profiles at two of the high-emissions areas indicate that the conductive thermal gradient in the center of the areas is around 320 °C m− 1. We estimate total heat loss from the two areas to be about 6.1 and 2.3 MW. Given current thinking on the rate of hydrothermal fluid flow across the caldera and using the CO2 concentration in the thermal fluids, the heat and CO2 loss from the kill areas is easily provided by the shallow hydrothermal system, which is sourced to the west of the resurgent dome. We find no evidence that the development of new areas of vegetation kill across the resurgent dome are related to new input of magma or magmatic fluids from beneath the resurgent dome. Our findings indicate that the areas have developed as a response to changes in the shallow hydrologic system. Some of the changes are likely related to fluid production at the power plant, but at distal sites the changes are more likely related to seismicity and uplift of the dome.
Amassing the Multitude: Revisiting Early Audience Studies

This article examines early problematizations of “the audience” in communication studies (in Michel Foucault's sense of problematization). Using Michael Hardt and Toni Negri's concept of the “multitude,” the author argues that the audience is a product of discursive constructions, but that these constructions themselves draw upon the ontological practices of what may be called “audience powers” or “mediated multitudes.” Problematizations of the audience in communication studies are examples of what Negri calls “constituted power,” as they seek to capture conceptually the immanent practices of audience constituent powers. Concentrating on 3 early audience discourses (propaganda, marketing, and moral panics), the author assesses how audience power provoked these problematizations and argues that an ontology of media subjects and audience powers offers new perspectives on audiences and audience studies.
Multiple bit-rate video compression via progressive motion field coding

In most motion compensated video coding schemes, the compression factor deteriorates very rapidly as the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the decoded data stream is increased. In this research, we propose an alternative approach to block based motion compensation in which both a dense motion vector field and the compensation residual are coded at different resolutions. The new approach offers several advantages over some of the well known compression techniques such as the MPEG. First, since the signal is coded at different resolutions, a low resolution signal can be extracted from the data stream without decoding the fine resolution signal. This scalable feature offers real time decoding by a wide range of different receivers with limited computational capabilities and fast forward preview at a full frame rate. Second, for moderately low SNR range, we obtain much better compression than is possible with the conventional techniques.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Two Episodes in the Unification of Logic and Topology

The aims of this essay are twofold. In the first place I would like to exhibit a twentieth-century instance of an important pattern of mathematical reasoning which I have discussed elsewhere in its seventeenth century manifestations (Grosholz [1980] and [1984]). My claim is that growth in mathematical knowledge often results when two or more distinct but related fields are unified by the hypothesis of a partial structural analogy, which allows for the combination of their resources in the solution and discovery of problems. Second, I want to argue that the particular conjunction of logic and topology reveals much of interest about the status of logic as a mathematical discipline. What is the relation of logic to the rest of mathematics? The answer to this question depends upon how one thinks of logic. Among philosophers who would say that it is the canon of the laws of thought, two positions can be distinguished. The deductivist claims that logic provides the inferential patterns we use, independent of what we are reasoning about. So, for example, the first order theory of a mathematical field will consist of axioms couched in logical and extra-logical vocabulary, and purely logical rules of inference to specify the connections between axioms and theorems. Viewed as a canon of inferential patterns, logic has no subject matter of its own. The reductionist adds to the deductivist position the further claim that extralogical vocabulary can be translated into purely logical vocabulary, and that all mathematical principles become theorems of logic as Quine does in his [1953]. If logic has no subject matter, then on this account neither does mathematics; this is the nominalist tack taken by, for example, Charles Chihara [1973]. However, what emerges here is a second role for logic, as a canon of representations for other mathematical objects and procedures which will exhibit their conceptual complexity. When the deductivist tries to prove meta-theorems about inferential patterns, and when the reductionist wonders why logic takes on this peculiar representative function, logic itself emerges as a special subject matter.
Structural origin of anisotropic transport in electrically conducting dichloroacetic acid-treated polymers

Abstract The post-deposition treatment of water-processable, polymer acid-templated conducting polymers with dichloroacetic acid has recently been shown to enhance in-plane conductivity by orders of magnitude. Here, we evaluate both the in-plane and out-of-plane conductivities of dichloroacetic acid-treated conducting polymer films, and track the accompanying evolution of film structure and composition. Films of poly(ethylene dioxythiophene)–poly(styrene sulfonic acid), PEDOT–PSS, exhibit improvements in both in-plane and out-of-plane conductivities following dichloroacetic acid treatment, associated with the removal of excess PSS from the surface. Conversely, polyaniline–poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid), PANI–PAAMPSA, films are characterized by high anisotropies in conductivity, with the in-plane conductivity being orders of magnitude higher following DCA treatment and the out-of-plane conductivity substantially lower after the same treatment. Our experiments indicate that this unusual electrical anisotropy results from a vertically inhomogeneous composition profile.