cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of the olfactory system of the white sucker, Catostomus commersoni, in relation to imprinting and homing: a comparison to the salmonid model

White suckers,Catastomus commersoni, use olfactory cues to return to the same spawning stream year after year. If we assume that they follow a model similar to the well-known salmon model, olfactory imprinting must occur very early in their development. We describe the time of migration from the nursery stream in relation to the development of the white sucker olfactory system to determine if the requisite anatomical structures are present which would permit imprinting. At hatching the olfactory placode is present and beginning to differentiate, the lumen of the olfactory capsule is starting to form, and the olfactory tract projects into the telencephalon. Larvae migrate approximately 2 weeks later or at a size of 14 mm TL. At this time olfactory cilia are present, the olfactory tract is robust and the telencephalon is beginning to differentiate. Therefore, it appears that the fundamental neural structures necessary for imprinting are present. A comparison with salmon, however, clearly demonstrates that the white sucker olfactory apparatus is not as well developed as that of salmon at time of migration. This raises the question of the ability of white suckers to imprint in the same manner as salmon and whether the salmonid model is applicable to white suckers. Alternative imprinting hypotheses are discussed.
HCO 3 (-) and OH (-)transport across the plasmalemma ofChara : Spatial resolution obtained using extracellular vibrating probe.

Internodal and whorl (branch) cells of the green alga,Chara corallina Klein ex Willd., em. R.D.W., were studied with the extracellular vibrating probe for measuring transmembrane ion currents, and with an extracellular pH microprobe for measuring the surface pH profile. Bands of positive inward current (OH- efflux) 1–3 mm wide were separated by wider bands of outward current (HCO 3 - influx) along the length of the cell. The measured peaks of inward current ranged from 20 to 60 μA cm-2 (98 μm from the cell surface) which would correspond to a surface ionic flux of 270–800 pmol cm-2 s-1. The peaks of outward current (HCO 3 - influx) ranged from 10 to 30 μA cm-2 which would correspond to a surface ionic flux of 140–400 pmol cm-2 s-1. The inward current bands matched the regions of surface alkalinity very well. The outward current (HCO 3 - influx) was reduced at least 10-fold in low-HCO 3 - medium, with a commensurate readjustment in the strength and pattern of inward current (OH- efflux). (Although these experiments involved a manipulation of the external pH, it is felt that the main adjustment in current patterns was in response to the reduction in exogenous HCO 3 - ). The presence of the vibrating probe perturbed the inward current region when vibrating with a 26-μm amplitude, but this perturbation was eliminated when a 7-μm amplitude was used. The perturbation was usually observed as a reduction in the number of inward current peaks with an increase (approximate doubling) in the amplitudes of the one or two remaining peaks. Both the inward and outward currents were light-dependent, falling off within seconds of light removal.
A lophotrochozoan-specific nuclear hormone receptor is required for reproductive system development in the planarian

Germ cells of sexually reproducing organisms receive an array of cues from somatic tissues that instruct developmental processes. Although the nature of these signals differs amongst organisms, the importance of germline-soma interactions is a common theme. Recently, peptide hormones from the nervous system have been shown to regulate germ cell development in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea; thus, we sought to investigate a second class of hormones with a conserved role in reproduction, the lipophilic hormones. In order to study these signals, we identified a set of putative lipophilic hormone receptors, known as nuclear hormone receptors, and analyzed their functions in reproductive development. We found one gene, nhr-1, belonging to a small class of functionally uncharacterized lophotrochozoan-specific receptors, to be essential for the development of differentiated germ cells. Upon nhr-1 knockdown, germ cells in the testes and ovaries fail to mature, and remain as undifferentiated germline stem cells. Further analysis revealed that nhr-1 mRNA is expressed in the accessory reproductive organs and is required for their development, suggesting that this transcription factor functions cell non-autonomously in regulating germ cell development. Our studies identify a role for nuclear hormone receptors in planarian reproductive maturation and reinforce the significance of germline-soma interactions in sexual reproduction across metazoans.
A continuum model for simulating crowd turbulence

With increasing world population, we are observing denser and denser crowds in public places. This has led to an increasing incidence of crowd disasters at high densities, known collectively as crowd turbulence [Helbing et al. 2007]. There is an urgent need to understand and simulate such crowds in order to facilitate emergency response, as well as prediction and planning to prevent such emergencies. Simulated crowd turbulence can also be used to augment the fidelity of virtual environments in computer games and movies. In addition, for real-time prediction and response, interactive simulation is an essential requirement.
Sex-Role Orientation and Athletic Administration.

The Bem Sex Role Inventory was administered to 157 women and 163 men in athletic administration. The majority of male (89.5% to 94.1%) and female (85.7% to 91.0%) athletic directors (ADs) was either androgynous or masculine. The findings show that ADs display a higher level of androgyny than do business executives, and suggest that ADs may possess a greater degree of behavioral flexibility. The data indicate that differences in sex-role behaviors of female and male ADs do not justify the discrepant number of men in AD positions. The results also indicate that both female and male ADs have a stronger masculine than feminine perception of themselves, regardless of the competitive level (division) of their program.
Towards Terahertz MMIC Amplifiers: Present Status and Trends

In this paper, we present an overview of high frequency Monolithic Millimeter-wave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) amplifiers and discuss the state of the art for low noise amplifiers and power amplifiers. We report on the challenges and innovations required to achieve small-signal and power gain above 300 GHz, and present a review of present technology status. The highest frequency MMIC amplifiers ever developed to date will be presented, starting at W-Band (75-110 GHz) and above. Highlights include a MMIC low noise amplifier with gain up to 260 GHz, and a MMIC power amplifier operating up to 190 GHz.
Genetic variation of pre‐mRNA alternative splicing in human populations

The precise splicing outcome of a transcribed gene is controlled by complex interactions between cis regulatory splicing signals and trans-acting regulators. In higher eukaryotes, alternative splicing is a prevalent mechanism for generating transcriptome and proteome diversity. Alternative splicing can modulate gene function, affect organismal phenotype and cause disease. Common genetic variation that affects splicing regulation can lead to differences in alternative splicing between human individuals and consequently impact expression level or protein function. In several well-documented examples, such natural variation of alternative splicing has indeed been shown to influence disease susceptibility and drug response. With new microarray and sequencing-based genomic technologies that can analyze eukaryotic transcriptomes at the exon or nucleotide level, it has become possible to globally compare the alternative splicing profiles across human individuals in any tissue or cell type of interest. Recent large-scale transcriptome studies using high-density splicing-sensitive microarray and deep RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) have revealed widespread genetic variation of alternative splicing in humans. In the future, an extensive catalog of alternative splicing variation in human populations will help elucidate the molecular underpinnings of complex traits and human diseases, and shed light on the mechanisms of splicing regulation in human cells.
Factors Influencing Shell Quality of Aging Hens

Abstract Two experiments were conducted in which eggs were collected from hens of different ages or from individually caged hens during their first 10 months of lay. Shell weight, egg weight, specific gravity, egg production, and shell thickness were the criteria evaluated. Results indicated that the total amount of shell deposited on the egg at 3-months of lay did not decrease but remained fairly constant or increased slightly throughout the remainder of the laying period. However, the increase in egg weight with no proportionate increase in shell deposition resulted in a decline in shell quality (shell thickness and specific gravity). Eggs which had the greater increase in size throughout lay had the greater decline in shell quality. Neither the number of eggs laid by the hen nor absolute egg size had any influence on shell quality. However, shell quality at the end of lay was directly related to shell quality at the beginning of lay.
Tradeoff of Structural Weight and Inspection Cost in Reliability Based Optimization using Multiple Inspection Types

This paper develops a methodology for cost optimal reliability based structural design and inspection planning of aircraft structures subjected to fatigue damage growth. The methodology is based on the application of methods of structural reliability analysis. An optimization problem is formulated to minimize expected lifetime cost while maintaining the minimum acceptable reliability level. The effect of structural design and inspection schedule on operational cost and reliability is explored. Also, the paper explores the possibility of trading cost due to additional structural weight with inspection cost to obtain minimum operational cost. The optimization parameters are the inspection times and types and the structural thickness. The important outcome of this methodology is consistent evaluation of consequence of different inspection and handling of uncertainty.
Characterization of the mouse cyclin D3 gene: exon/intron organization and promoter activity.

Abstract The three D-type cyclins have been shown to be differentially expressed in a number of cell types, suggesting that they play distinct roles in cell cycle regulation in particular cell lineages. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence (−1681 to + 6582) of the mouse cyclin D3 gene, which encodes a G1 phase cyclin. The gene consists of five exons and four introns, varying in length from 422 to 2472 bp. Primer extension analysis revealed one major transcription initiation site at the position 107 bp 5′ upstream of the translation start. The promoter region lacks both canonical “TATA” and “CAAT” boxes. It contains, however, multiple transcription factor recognition sites, including multiple “GC-rich” sequences to which Sp1 factor binds and sequences recognized by GATA, NF-κB, ATF, E2F, and TRE/AP1 transcription factors, E box binding myogenic factors, and the IL-6 induced-transcription factor, APRF. Promoter activity of the 1681-bp fragment upstream of the transcription initiation site was confirmed by linking it to a reporter gene and subjecting it to transient expression experiments in various cell types. Promoter activity was high in cell lines that expressed high levels of endogenous D3 mRNA, as indicated by Northern blot analyses, and was significantly reduced when the promoter was truncated to −122 bp. The characterization of the mouse cyclin D3 gene and insight into its promoter region will allow further studies defining the molecular events regulating the expression of this cyclin in proliferating and quiescent cells.
Robert Hollingworth receives international award

Nancy Ragsdale of USDA-Ars gives a profile of the winner of an important award from the American Chemical Society.
Apolipoprotein E receptors in the nervous system

Purpose of review—Over the last few years ApoE receptors, also known as LDL receptor related proteins, have distinguished themselves as functionally diverse signaling receptors with pivotal roles not only in the vascular system, but also in the nervous system and during development. Recent findings—The expanding roles of ApoE receptors for cellular signal transduction at the same time transcend and integrate their lipid transport roles into a larger biological and clinical context. ApoE receptors are essential for the development of the nervous system, the regulation of synaptic plasticity, neuroprotection, and the innervation of the muscle. They also regulate the metabolism of the amyloid precursor protein on multiple levels, implicating them in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Summary—ApoE, a common ligand for all members of the evolutionarily ancient LDL receptor gene family, is the major genetic modifier of the age of onset of Alzheimer's disease. The underlying molecular mechansims remain shrouded in mystery, but the numerous critical functions of ApoE receptors within and outside the nervous system that have recently emerged make it likely that these multifunctional signal modulators participate in AD pathogenesis. This review attempts to summarize the most recent and relevant findings in this area.
Differentiation and quantitation of isomeric dipeptides by low-energy dissociation of copper(II)-bound complexes.

Application of the kinetic method based on the dissociation of transition metal centered cluster ions is extended from chiral analysis (Tao, W. A.; Zhang, D.; Nikolaev, E. N.; Cooks, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2000, 122, 10598) to quantitative analysis of isomeric mixtures, including those with Leu/Ile substitutions. Copper(II)-bound complexes of pairs of peptide isomers are generated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and the trimeric complex [CuII(ref)2(A) − H]+ (analyte A, a mixture of isomeric peptides; reference compound ref, usually a peptide) is caused to undergo collisional dissociation. Competitive loss of the neutral reference compound or the neutral analyte yields two ionic products and the ratio of rates of the two competitive dissociations, viz. the product ion branching ratio R is shown to depend strongly on the regiochemistry of the analyte in the precursor [CuII(A)(ref)2 − H]+ complex ion. Calibration curves are constructed by relating the branching ratio measured by the kinetic method, to the isomeric composition of the mixture to allow rapid quantitative isomer analysis.
An integrated approach to control system design

Abstract Existing approaches to the problem of designing management control systems may be described as primarily structural or behavioral . The first approach is characteristic of the accounting literature. It takes a rational and mechanistic view of control and treats the control system design problem as one of designing an effective information structure. The behavioral approach, exemplified by the socio-psychological literature on performance, views control as a problem of designing social relationships which lead to high performance.
Optimal lot sizing under continuous price decrease

An important characteristic of high-tech industries is decreasing component prices over time. In the personal computer industry, some component prices decline at a rate of 1% per week. This paper develops an inventory model for products experiencing continuous decrease in unit price. We develop an accurate closed-form approximate solution to the model. Our results indicate that declining prices lead to substantial decrease in the optimal cycle time and much frequent ordering. This explains the heavy emphasis on just-in-time inventory management practiced by successful companies in high-tech industries. While previous models attributed the success of just-in-time policies to reduced holding cost and improved quality, under declining prices a substantial source of savings becomes lower costs of raw materials which is significant part of cost in these industries. We illustrate the results of the model with a numerical example and perform sensitivity analysis.
An experimental examination of subjective forecast combination

Abstract Little is known about how individuals subjectively combine forecasts. This study uses two experiments to investigate how subjective forecast combination is influenced by both features of the decision context and characteristics of expert forecasters (financial analysts) who provide the individual forecasts. Experimental results indicate that individuals often are conservative in their combined forecasts; this conservatism is related to both the intended purpose of the forecast and individuals' beliefs that analysts' forecasts typically are optimistic. Other results show that individuals' combined forecasts on average reflect the relative historical accuracy of forecasters but not the relative historical dependence between forecasters. Although some subjects used dependence correctly in their combined forecasts, others either used it incorrectly or indicated that they did not know how it should be used. These results suggest that subjectively combined forecasts are likely to differ from those based on theoretical forecast combination models.
The role of cyclic nucleotides in the regulation of mitotic activity in SSPE virus-infected human brain tissue.

Abstract The intracellular level of cGMP was independent of the rate of cell division in cells derived from virally infected brain tissue. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor R07-2956 (4-dimethoxybenzyl-2-imidazolidinone) increased the intracellular level of cGMP in virally infected brain cells, but it did not effect the level of cAMP. There was no correction between the increase in cGMP levels following addition of R07-2956 and changes in mitotic activity in the brain cell cultures. Experimental manipulations which increased the cAMP level were accompanied by a decreased mitotic rate indicating there was a correlation between mitotic activity and the level of cAMP in the same cells. Raising the intracellular level of cAMP by exogenous db-cAMP or cAMP or the use of other phosphodiesterase inhibitors routinely increased the level of cGMP as well. Conversely increasing the intracellular cGMP level by adding the exogenous cGMP increased the level of both cGMP and cAMP. A tissue culture system was used with the cell line derived from viral infected human brain tissue originally obtained from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). The intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP were monitored by radioimmunoassay following manipulation of the system by addition of exogenous cGMP (0.05 mM), addition of exogenous db-cAMP (0.5 mM), or cAMP (0.5 mM) and the use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors: theophylline (1.0 mM), papaverine (50 μg/ml), 4-3-butoxy-4-methoxy benzyl-2-imidozalidinone (R020-1724) and R07-2956. Cell division was monitored in treated and non-treated cultures at 24 h intervals by analyzing the cell number and mitotic index. High levels of cGMP were found in cells which were not actively dividing but high levels were just as apt to be present in dividing cells. There was an inverse relationship between cell division and the level of cAMP.
Hemodynamics of acute hemorrhage in man

Abstract The adjustments of the circulation to acute hemorrhage have been extensively studied in experimental animals. A complete hemodynamic study of the effects of acute hemorrhage in man has been difficult because of the lack of a method for measuring the cardiac output and the right atrial pressure in acutely ill patients. The development of the technique of right atrial catheterization, as described by Cournand and Ranges, 1 made clinical studies of acute hemorrhage possible. The purpose of this paper is to describe the hemodynamics in thirteen patients with acute blood loss.
Cerebral phosphoinositide, triacylglycerol and energy metabolism during severe hypoxia and recovery

The cerebral concentrations of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2), phosphatidic acid (PA), triacylglycerol (TAG) and free fatty acids (FFA), as well as cerebral energy metabolites, were measured in rats subjected to 10 min of hypoxia and subsequent recovery of 7 or 30 min duration. The experiments were carried out with control of physiological variables. Hypoxia (paO2 values of about 15 mm Hg) caused a decrease in PI, whereas PIP and PIP2 not change significantly. A two-fold increase of total FFA was noted, mainly comprising stearic and arachidonic acids TAG-arachidonate tended to increase, but the other species in TAG decreased. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and energy charge (EC) decreased slightly and there was a marked lactate accumulation. PA did not change throughout the experiment. With recover of 7 min duration, PI decreased further and total FFA continued to increase. TAG-arachidonate increased significantly. ATP remained depressed but EC recovered to the control range. Both tissue and plasma glucose increased. Tissue lactate remained elevated and systemic acidosis occurred. After a recovery period of 30 min, all lipids normalized and the energy state returned toward control. The data suggest that the phosphoinositide alterations during hypoxia are metabolically linked to changes in FFA and the lipid changes are accompanied by alterations in cerebral energy and carbohydrate metabolism. The selective increase in TAG-arachidonate may represent an incorporation of arachidonic acid into TAG, which may serve to reduce the free arachidonate acid level in the brain.
Macro power from micro machinery

S. D. Senturia Typical turbine engines generate about 100 MW of power. Scaled down to millimeter size, a turbine could generate tens of watts, enough for powering micromachinery. In their Perspective, Epstein and Senturia review past progress and recent developments in micromotor engineering.
Electron-diffraction spectroscopy and the holographic inverse problem.

Holography-based methods have recently been proposed by the author for the solution of crystal structures in x-ray crystallography. Similar methods are proposed here for the solution of surface structures from low-energy-electron-diffraction (LEED), diffuse LEED, and electron-emission holograms. Our derivation highlights the close connection between the recovery of surface structures and the inverse problem of holography. Our methods may extend and simplify the use of existing algorithms for the solution of surface structures. They may eliminate many of the artifacts found in existing methods, including twin images.
A Model for the Genetics of Handedness

Experimental data and theoretical work on the inheritance of handedness and cerebral dominance are reviewed. A two-gene, four-allele model, one locus pertaining to left or right hemispheric dominance and the other to contralateral or ipsilateral hand control relative to the dominant hemisphere, is constructed. It is in excellent agreement with all quantitative information regarding this problem. Refinements designed to explain relevant qualitative facts are proposed and discussed.
Is a principal still a teacher?: US women administrators’ accounts of role conflict and role discontinuity

The authors examined 16 US women school administrators’ experiences with role conflict and role discontinuity within their first one to five years of transitioning from teaching to administration. Findings from this theory-building, qualitative study indicate that this transition triggered role conflicts that emerged from the participants’ movement from the relatively private and intimate domain of the classroom where they focused on instruction and students, to the public domain of the school and community where they shifted their focus to managerial and political responsibilities. In an effort to resolve this tension, the participants employed a cognitive strategy whereby they attempted to retain their identity as teachers. Study findings suggest that principal leadership programs should help aspirants develop strategies to cope with role conflict and role discontinuity. Alternative frameworks for conceptualizing school leadership (e.g. distributed leadership) may also help principals to manage these pr...
Challenges in e-government development: Lessons from two information kiosk projects

This article discusses the challenges of implementing e-government services through an examination of the development of information kiosks. The article explains the significance of kiosk development in the context of e-government policies through two case studies. The findings demonstrate the importance of having a sound business plan, a reasonable expectation of revenue streams, incremental logics in technology decisions, and effective management of the expectations and power balance of multiple external partners and granters. Based on the lessons learned, we make specific recommendations for policymakers and public IT managers on future kiosk development and similar e-government projects.
A Pragmatist Approach to Integrity in Business Ethics

Integrity is a critical concept in business ethics. Scholars and practitioners affirm its relevance to the ethical fulfillment of a variety of goals in business. Integrity has been defined in a variety of ways, sometimes emphasizing moral consistency, personal wholeness, or honesty. Several scholars in business ethics have argued for the application of philosophical pragmatism in the construction of an ethical framework. A pragmatist interpretation of integrity would require that individuals consider the objective social consequences (contemporaneous and unfolding) of their actions. It would stress personal growth and learning from experience. It would not prescribe action based on a rigid and formal code of ethics. Nor would it sanction an ethics of expediency, driven by a narrow self-interest. Pragmatism affirms the interdependence of means and ends and would require an iterative, case-by-case inquiry as to one’s moral choices and their consequences.
The Application of the Partition Function in “Revenue-Oriented” Performance Analysis for Network Management

In a circuit-switched network, an accepted call blocks other connection requests. How could one quantify this interference? How do the routes used affect the performance of the network? How much should one “charge” each connection to maintain a predetermined revenue? What is the effect of a load change in some connection requests on the overall network and how should the charges be changed accordingly? How to compare network efficiency given a choice of alternate routes? To address some of these issues, we consider a stochastic model of a circuit-switched network and introduce “charges” for each class of users. The resulting “revenue-oriented” performance analysis could be used to show the effect of routing and load change on the network performance. The key to answering these questions is the efficient computation of the partition function, which captures the network behavior. We introduce the method of ensemble averaging to by-pass its computation exactly and to quickly approximate some network performance measures.
Effect of Bile Salts and Aspirin on the Gastric Mucosal Blood Flow

Abstract Gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) in canine vagally denervated fundic pouches was studied using the aminopyrine clearance technique before, during, and after perfusion of the pouches with bile salt or acetylsalicylic acid. Solutions containing 40 mm and 10 mm of sodium taurocholate in 80 mEq per liter of H + decreased the GMBF to 19.6% ± 5.0 and 49.5% ± 15.6 of control values respectively, and also caused increased back diffusion of H + . When the perfusions were repeated with low H + (15 + 9 mEq per liter) solutions containing 40 and 10 mm sodium taurocholate, the GMBF was reduced to similar low levels, but significant back diffusion of H + did not occur. Perfusion with a 20 mm solution of aspirin reduced the GMBF to 29% ± 9.6 of control values. When a 20 mm solution of aspirin was instilled into the pouch without constant perfusion the GMBF was reduced to 57% ± 12.0 of control values, but back diffusion of H + was significantly greater than with the constant perfusion technique. Disruption of the mucosal barrier with sodium taurocholate did not cause significant disappearance of aminopyrine instilled into the pouch. We conclude that bile salt and aspirin cause marked reduction in the GMBF. This change does not appear related to changes in ionic permeability of the mucosa. Instillation of aspirin solution with its consequent distention of the pouch alters the vascular response of the mucosa and its ionic integrity.
An alternative postoperative pathway reduces length of hospitalisation following oesophagectomy.

Objective: As part of our ongoing quality improvement effort, we evaluated our conventional approach to post-oesophagectomy management by comparing it to an alternative postoperative management pathway. Methods: Medical records from 386 consecutive patients undergoing oesophagectomy with gastric conduit for oesophageal cancer or Barrett’s oesophagus with high-grade dysplasia were analysed retrospectively (July 2004 to August 2008). The conventional pathway involved a routine radiographic contrast swallow study at 5—7 days after oesophagectomy with initiation of oral intake if no leak was detected. In the alternative pathway, a feeding jejunostomy was placed for enteral feeding and used exclusively until oral intake was gradually initiated at home at 4 weeks after oesophagectomy. No contrast swallow was obtained in the alternative pathway group unless indicated by clinical suspicion of an anastomotic leak. Each group was analysed on an intention-to-treat basis with respect to anastomotic leak rates, length of hospitalisation, re-admission and other complications. Results: A total of 276 (72%) patients underwentconventional postoperative management, 110(28%) followedthealternativepathway. Patientcharacteristics were similarinboththe groups. The anastomotic leak rate was lower in the alternative pathway with three clinically significant leaks (2.7%) versus 33 in the conventional pathway (12.0%; p= 0.01). Among patients undergoing a radiographic contrast swallow examination, a false-negative rate of 5.8% was observed. The swallow study of 14 patients (5.9%) was complicated by aspiration of oral contrast. Postoperatively, 7.3% of patients suffered from pneumonia. There were no significant differences overall in postoperative pulmonary or cardiac complications associated with either pathway. Median length of hospitalisation was 2 days shorter for the alternative pathway (7 days) than the conventional pathway (9 days; p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in unplanned re-admission rates. Conclusion: An alternative postoperative pathway following oesophagectomy involving delayed oral intake and avoidance of a routine contrast swallow study is associated with a shortened length of hospitalisation without a higher risk of complication after hospital discharge. # 2009 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Self-efficacy as a moderator of negative and positive self-fulfilling prophecy effects : Mothers' beliefs and children's alcohol use

This research examined two issues relevant to self-fulfilling prophecies. First, it examined whether children's risk for alcohol use, as indicated by their self-efficacy to refuse alcohol from peers, moderated their susceptibility to negative and positive self-fulfilling prophecy effects created by their mothers. Second, it explored behavioral mediators that could be involved in the self-fulfilling process between mothers and children. Longitudinal data from 540 mother–child dyads indicated that (1) low self-efficacy children were more susceptible to their mothers' positive than negative self-fulfilling effects, whereas high self-efficacy children's susceptibility did not vary, (2) mothers' global parenting and children's perception of their friends' alcohol use partially mediated mothers' self-fulfilling effects, and (3) these mediators contributed to low self-efficacy children's greater susceptibility to positive self-fulfilling prophecy effects. The power of self-fulfilling prophecies, their link to social problems, and the potential for mothers' favorable beliefs to have a protective influence on adolescent alcohol use are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical examination variables discriminate among treatment-based classification groups: a study of construct validity in patients with acute low back pain.

Background and Purpose. Treatment-based classification (TBC) provides matched interventions for patients with acute low back pain (LBP) through key history and clinical findings. This study investigated the discriminant validity of TBC by determining whether commonly used clinical examination variables discriminated among TBC groups. Subjects. The mean age of the 131 participants was 37.7 years (SD=10.1), 66 participants (50.4%) were female, mean duration of LBP was 16.5 days (SD=16.1), and 60 participants (45.8%) had a prior history of LBP. Fifty-one study participants (38.9%) were classified for specific exercise, 42 (32.1%) for mobilization, 28 (21.4%) for immobilization, and 10 (7.6%) for traction. Methods. One-way analyses of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to investigate differences in clinical variables by TBC group. Then, discriminant function analysis (DFA) predicted TBC group membership. Results. The TBC groups differed on present pain intensity, duration of LBP, and history of LBP. Present pain intensity, duration of LBP, total lumbar flexion, presence of leg pain, and history of LBP produced 2 statistically significant discriminant functions that predicted TBC group membership. These functions correctly classified (cross-validation value in parentheses) 65% (65%) for specific exercise, 45% (40%) for mobilization, and 32% (32%) for immobilization. Discussion and Conclusion. This study provided evidence supporting the discriminant validity of TBC. Additional diagnostic information related to TBC groups was generated.
Inflammatory bowel disease emergencies

Emergency complications of IBD are rare, but may be life-threatening, require surgery, and result in permanent end organ damage. The most common complications associated with UC are fulminant colitis, toxic megacolon, and bleeding. Each of these complications may resolve with aggressive medical therapy but often result in a total proctocolectomy. The most common complications associated with CD are abscesses and intestinal obstruction. Although initial treatment includes medical treatment, these Crohn's-related complications usually require a surgical intervention and intestinal resection. Finally, the most common extraintestinal manifestations that present as an emergency include thromboembolic events, ocular complications, and hepatobiliary disease. Some of these complications may parallel the course of the underlying disease and respond to IBD treatment, but thromboemboli, uveitis, and PSC do not. In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge and discovery into the pathogenesis of IBD. These findings have led to better and earlier treatment of IBD that it is hoped will alter the natural course of disease and prevent many of the complications outlined in this article.
Quantum versions of k-CSP algorithms: a first step towards quantum algorithms for interval-related constraint satisfaction problems

In data processing, we input the results xi of measuring easy-to-measure quantities xi and use these results to find estimates y = f (x1, . . ., xn) for difficult-to-measure quantities y which are related to xi by a known relation y = f(x1, . . ., xn). Due to measurement inaccuracy, the measured values xi are, in general, different from the (unknown) actual values xi of the measured quantities, hence the result y of data processing is different from the actual value of the quantity y.In many practical situations, we only know the bounds Δi on the measurement errors Δxi [EQUATION] xi - xi. In such situations, we only know that the actual value xi belongs to the interval [xi - Δi, xi + Δi], and we want to know the range of possible values of y. The corresponding problems of interval computations are NP-hard, so solving these problems may take an unrealistically long time. One way to speed up computations is to use quantum computing, and quantum versions of interval computations algorithms have indeed been developed.In many practical situations, we also know some constraints on the possible values of the directly measured quantities x1, . . ., xn. In such situations, we must combine interval techniques with constraint satisfaction techniques. It is therefore desirable to extend quantum interval algorithms to such combinations. As a first step towards this combination, in this paper, we consider quantum algorithms for discrete constraint satisfaction problems.
OVULABILITY OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES IN THE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED HEN1

A single intravenous injection of mammalian LH administered to hypophysectomized laying hens at 3 to 15 hours after operation forced the ovulation of two ova. The percent of hens ovulating twice was greatest (87%) when LH was given six hours postoperatively. Only single ovulations were induced in birds receiving LH within 2 hours following pituitary removal. The number of hens ovulating when injected at intervals greater than 12 hours declined sharply due to the onset of visible follicular atresia. The minimum effective level of LH for a single or double ovulation was considerably less at 12 hours than at 6 hours after hypophysectomy. The implied role of an incipient atresia of the follicle wall in the normal ovulatory process is discussed.
Spectral-Directional Emittance of 99.99% Aluminum, Thermally Oxidized Below Its Melting Point

Spectral-directional emittance measurements for 99.99% aluminum, thermally oxidized in air, were performed using a radiometric technique. The apparatus is comprised of a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and a blackbody-radiating cavity. The sample holder is held on a slotted arc rack, which allows directional measurements from normal to grazing angles. The aluminum sample was heated for an extended period of time (150 h) at high temperature below its melting point prior to performing measurements. The data presented here cover the spectral range between 3 and 14 μm, directional range from surface normal to 72° polar angle, and temperatures from 673 to 873 K. The complex index of refraction is also reduced from emittance data. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Auger depth profiling were used as surface techniques to characterize the thickness and composition of aluminum oxide film that formed on the metallic surface.
Sensorless Detection of Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps

Analysis of electrical signatures has been in use for some time for estimating the condition of induction motors, by extracting spectral indicators from motor current waveforms. In many applications, motors are used to drive dynamic loads, such as pumps, fans, blowers, etc, by means of belts, couplers, gear trains etc. Failure of either the electric motors or the driv en loads is associated with operational disruption. The large costs associated with the resulting idle equipment and personnel can often be avoided if the degradation is detected in its early stages prior to reaching failure conditions. Hence the need arises for costeffective detection schemes not only for assessing the condition of the motor but also of the driven load. This prompts one to consider approaches that use no add-on sensors, in order to avoid any reduction in overall system reliability and increased c osts. This paper presents an experimentally demonstrated sensorless approach to detecting varying levels of cavitation in c entrifugal pumps. The proposed approach is “sensorless” in the sense that no mechanical sensors are required for the detection of cavitation in pumps. Rather, onset of pump cavitation is detected using only the line voltages and phase currents of the electric motor driving the pump. Moreover, most industrial motor switchgear are equipped with potential transformers and current transformers which can be used to measure the motor voltages and currents. The developed fault detection scheme is insensitive to electric power supply and mechanical load variations. Furthermore, it does not require knowledge of a motor or pump model or any detailed motor or pump design parameters. The developed algorithm has been tested on data collected from a centrifugal pump connected to a 3 − φ , 3 hp induction motor. Several cavitation levels are staged with increased severity. In addit ion to these staged pump faults, experiments are also conducted to test the false alarm performance of the algorithm. Results from these experiments allow us to offer the conclusion that for the cases under consideration, the proposed model-based detection scheme detects the onset of cavitation around the 72 nd hour of operation while the vibration signal analysis detects it around the 63 rd hour
An object-oriented implementation of a computer network architecture

This paper provides an overview of the work done toward the redesign of a computer network architecture using object-oriented principles. The non-traditional Spiral architecture was chosen because it features strengths not possessed by the traditional computer network architectures. By taking an object-oriented approach, a more flexible environment will be created, allowing for greater experimentation that can be adopted for use by all computer network techniques. >
The Impact of Sleep Loss on Hippocampal Function.

Hippocampal cellular and molecular processes critical for memory consolidation are affected by the amount and quality of sleep attained. Questions remain with regard to how sleep enhances memory, what parameters of sleep after learning are optimal for memory consolidation, and what underlying hippocampal molecular players are targeted by sleep deprivation to impair memory consolidation and plasticity. In this review, we address these topics with a focus on the detrimental effects of post-learning sleep deprivation on memory consolidation. Obtaining adequate sleep is challenging in a society that values "work around the clock." Therefore, the development of interventions to combat the negative cognitive effects of sleep deprivation is key. However, there are a limited number of therapeutics that are able to enhance cognition in the face of insufficient sleep. The identification of molecular pathways implicated in the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation on memory could potentially yield new targets for the development of more effective drugs.
An Adaptive Encryption Protocol in Mobile Computing

Use of encryption for secure communication plays an important role in building applications in mobile computing environments. With the emergence of more and more heterogeneous devices and diverse networks, it is difficult, if not impossible, to use a one-size-fits-all encryption algorithm that always has the best performance in such a dynamic environment. We envision that the only way to accelerate the deployment of encryption algorithms is providing a flexible adaptation of choosing an appropriate encryption algorithm from multiple diverse algorithms according to the characteristics of heterogeneous mobile computing environments.
The effect of cobra venom factor on alternative pathway hemolytic activity in mice.

The in vivo effect of cobra venom factor (CVF) on murine alternative complement pathway hemolytic activity was measured with a recently developed microassay. Four different dosage schedules of CVF were compared. Hemolytic titers were lowered to less than 5% of the baseline value by 6 hours after the first dose of CVF (62.5 – 200 U/kg), and remained low for 3–5 days, depending upon total dose, route and schedule of CVF administration. Titers at days 6–9 after initial CVF injection increased above baseline in animals given two doses of CVF separated by 48 hours.
El Dia De Los Muertos: The Death and Rebirth of the Environmental Movement

In 2004, in response to an article titled Death of Environmentalism, many in the environmental community engaged in a debate about whether the environmental movement was capable of adequately inspiring the public to effectively respond to climate change. This Article examines the strand of this debate that centered upon responses from environmental justice actors to the larger environmental community. Specifically, the ensuing conversations raised questions about who, precisely, is the environmental community, what is its historical legacy, how should the environment be conceptualized to promote more effective climate policy, the role of technocratic solutions, and the need for transformative coalition building. This Article argues that there is much to draw upon from the experience of the environmental justice community in the project of building a more inclusive and coherent response to climate change. The Article concludes with the need to focus upon methods for building stable coalitions of diverse constituencies, a focus that requires an examination of privilege, diversity, interdependency, and distributional concerns.
Public acceptance of offshore wind energy: Relationships among general and specific attitudes

As interest in implementing offshore wind energy has grown in the United States, so has the desire of social scientists to better understand public responses to the technology. One theme in the literature has been the roles of general attitudes towards renewable energy and perceptions of specific projects in shaping public acceptance of offshore wind farms. A survey of 196 residents of two Rhode Island communities that would be most affected by a proposed wind farm off the coast of Block Island reveals that support for the project is shaped by both general attitudes and project-specific beliefs. General attitudes also have substantial influence on project-specific beliefs. Planning processes should engage the public in discussions of both specific project characteristics and larger issues regarding renewable energy.
Tuning the Mesopore Size of Titania Thin Films Using a Polymeric Swelling Agent

A method is reported to generate mesoporous titania thin films with large pores and large surface areas by adding poly(propylene glycol), PPG, to the coating sol of films prepared by templating with Pluronic surfactant P123. Because P123 has an average structure (PEO)20(PPO)70(PEO)20 where PEO is a poly(ethylene oxide) unit and PPO is a poly(propylene oxide) unit, the hypothesis underlying this work is that PPG segregates to the PPO domains to induce swelling of the template micelles. With the introduction of PPG, the final calcined films are observed to have well-defined mesoporous structures, although the degree of long-range order diminishes with added PPG. The mesopore size of the films increases with increasing amounts of PPG, but PPG also introduces smaller mesopores into the films under our synthesis conditions to generate a bimodal pore size distribution. The size of these smaller pores remains nearly constant at ∼2.4 nm over a large range of PPG:P123 mass ratios, even as the larger mesopore size ...