cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gelatin derivatives in blood: Interference with the determination of inorganic phosphate in serum

The method of Goldenberg and Fernandez (1966) Clin. Chem. 12, 871--882) for the determination of inorganic phosphate in serum is significantly influenced by turbidity after intravenous application of gelatin derivatives, even at low quantities. This turbidity can be eliminated by the addition of sodium dodecyl sulphate to the reaction solution.
Protein separation using preparative-scale dynamic field gradient focusing.

Dynamic field gradient focusing uses an electric field gradient to separate and concentrate proteins in native buffers. A prototype preparative-scale dynamic field gradient focusing apparatus reproducibly separated hemoglobin and bovine serum albumin with a mean resolution of 2.64 ± 0.503. Run-to-run variations in the hemoglobin’s focal point and peak width appeared to be related to fluctuations in the shape of the electric field, rather than the 5% accuracy of the pump that provided the counter-flow in the separation annulus. The variation in the electric field gradient was probably due to the formation and expansion of an ion-depleted region at the top of the separation annulus.
When is it morally acceptable to kill animals

Professor Hugh Lehman has recently argued that “the rights view,” according to which nonhuman animals have a prima facie right to life, is compatible with the killing of animals in many circumstances, including killing for food, research, or product-testing purposes. His principle argument is an appeal to “life-boat” cases, in which certain lives should be sacrificed rather than others because the latter would allegedly be made worse-off by death than the former. I argue that this reasoning would apply to so-called “inferior” humans just as much as to animals, and that this appeal is unsuccessful in any case. I distinguish two versions of the rights view: the “equal” and the “unequal” rights views. Although the “unequal” rights view, unlike the “equal” rights view, would sanction the killing of animals (and some humans) for food under severely restricted circumstances, neither rights view sanctions the raising of animals for their meat. Moreover, neither rights view would sanction the killing of animals for research or product-testing purposes. I conclude with a brief discussion of the merits of phasing out the meat production industry.
Importance of Oil Price in Freight Transport Costs

Le petrole fournit la quasi-totalite du carburant pour les transports. Or le prix du petrole brut (FOB-Free on board) ne constitue pour l’instant qu’une petite partie des couts du transport, moins du cinquieme. Les quatre cinquiemes des couts du transport proviennent des frais d’exploitation, des salaires et de la fiscalite. Neanmoins, si la rarefaction du petrole venait a faire exploser les couts du carburant, elle produirait des effets negatifs forts. Une multiplication par 8 du prix du petrole (par rapport a 2007) doublerait le cout des transports de marchandises. Toutefois la hausse de couts serait suffisamment uniforme pour que les exploitants puissent les repercuter sur les clients sans que la concurrence ne soit profondement modifiee. Les petits exploitants ne pouvant pas s’organiser pour optimiser les chargements et les itineraires seraient les plus menaces. La mobilite des personnes serait par contre tres touchee sur deux aspects : la voiture particuliere et l’aviation. Le cas de l’aviation est bien connu (surtaxes kerosene), par contre le probleme du transport individuel –qui consomme environ la meme quantite de carburant que l’aviation par passager et par kilometre- risque d’aboutir a une societe ou seuls les citoyens les plus aises restent reellement mobiles.
Aggregating Poor and Near-Poor Elderly under Different Resource Definitions

The large number of near-poor relative to poor elderly persons in the United States may be recharacterized as a high-prevalence, low-intensity type of poverty. The present study investigates how this characterization is affected by accounting for assets and non-cash transfers in addition to cash income in resources available for current-year consumption. The Foster, Greer, Thorbecke (FGT) poverty index is used to separately and jointly analyze prevalence and intensity of poverty. Estimation is from 1984 Survey of Income and Program Participation data. Adding the annuity value of assets removes many elderly persons from the ranks of the poor and near-poor, while adding non-cash transfers moves many elderly persons from poverty into near-poverty. Their combined effect reinforces a high-prevalence, low-intensity characterization of poverty. Large total poverty reduction effects are missed by income-only resource definition, and large poverty-intensity reduction effects are missed by prevalence-only aggregation.
Grain Rotation in Ion-Complexed Symmetric Diblock Copolymer Thin Films under an Electric Field

In symmetric polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) diblock copolymer thin films, lithium−PMMA complexes were formed with the addition of lithium chloride (LiCl), significantly increasing both χ and dielectric constant. These led to a transition in the kinetic pathway of the orientation of lamellar microdomains under an applied electric field from a disruption and re-formation of the microdomains to a grain rotation mediated by movement of defects. By controlling the number of lithium−PMMA complexes, the microdomain alignment is possibly regulated in PS-b-PMMA copolymer thin films.
Crystal and molecular structure of bis(.mu.-bromo)bis(N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediamine)dicopper(I) and the kinetics of its oxidation by dioxygen in nitrobenzene

Cristallisation dans le systeme triclinique, groupe P1 et affinement de la structure jusqu'a R=3,2%. Coordination tetraedrique deformee autour des atomes Cu. Des mesures spectrales, cryoscopiques et monometriques montrent que le produit d'oxydation est une espece dimere (TEED) 2 Cu 2 Br 2 O
Assessing concurrent patterns of environmental niche and morphological evolution among species of horned lizards (Phrynosoma).

The prediction that variation in species morphology is related to environmental features has long been of interest to ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Many studies have demonstrated strong associations between morphological traits and local habitat characteristics, but few have considered the extent to which morphological traits may be associated with environmental features across broad geographic areas. Here, we use morphological, environmental and phylogenetic data compiled from Phrynosoma species to examine morphological and climatic variation across the geographic ranges of these species in an evolutionary context. We find significant phylogenetic signal in species’ environmental niches, but not in morphological traits. Furthermore, we demonstrate a significant correlation between species’ environmental niches and morphological traits when phylogenetic history is accounted for in the analysis. Our results suggest the importance of climatic variables in influencing morphological variation among species, and have implications for understanding how species distributions are constrained by environmental variation.
Studies directed toward synthesis of quassinoids VII. Conversion of chenodeoxycholic acid to a delta-lactone quassinoid analog and generation of A-ring diosphenol acetate derivatives of deoxycholic acid.

Abstract Chenodeoxycholic acid was converted to a new 5,14- epi -28,30-dinorquassinoid analog. Two isomeric A-ring diosphenol acetate derivatives of deoxycholic acid were synthesized. A 3-oxo-5β-steroid was transformed to a 4-acetoxy-3-oxo-Δ4-steroid by treatment with base and oxygen or to a 2-acetoxy-3-oxo-Δ2-steroid by reaction with cupric chloride in refluxing acetic acid followed by acetylation. Ketene extrusion is a characteristic mass spectral fragmentation of these diosphenol acetates.
Environmental stress as a developmental cue : Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a proximate mediator of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in amphibian metamorphosis

Environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity allows developing organisms to respond adaptively to changes in their habitat. Desert amphibians have evolved traits which allow successful development in unpredictable environments. Tadpoles of these species can accelerate metamorphosis as their pond dries, thus escaping mortality in the larval habitat. This developmental response can be replicated in the laboratory, which allows elucidation of the underlying physiological mechanisms. Here I demonstrate a link between a classical neurohormonal stress pathway (involving corticotropin-releasing hormone, CRH) and the developmental response to habitat desiccation. Injections of CRH-like peptides accelerated metamorphosis in western spadefoot toad tadpoles. Conversely, treatment with two CRH antagonists, the CRH receptor antagonist alpha-helical CRH(9-41) and anti-CRH serum, attenuated the developmental acceleration induced by habitat desiccation. Tadpoles subjected to habitat desiccation exhibited elevated hypothalamic CRH content at the time when they responded developmentally to the declining water level. CRH injections elevated whole-body thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and corticosterone content, the primary hormonal regulators of metamorphosis. In contrast, alpha-helical CRH(9-41) reduced thyroid activity. These results support a central role for CRH as a neurohormonal transducer of environmental stimuli into the endocrine response which modulates the rate of metamorphosis. Because in mammals, increased fetal/placental CRH production may initiate parturition, and CRH has been implicated in precipitating preterm birth arising from fetal stress, this neurohormonal pathway may represent a phylogenetically ancient developmental regulatory system that allows the organism to escape an unfavorable larval/fetal habitat.
Using a Transdisciplinary Model to Address Inequities in Field Placements for Teacher Candidates with Disabilities.

This paper examines the contradiction between articulated university policy on diversity/inclusion and actual practice with regard to field placements for teacher candidates with disabilities. Analysis of a unique case study involving a teacher candidate with traumatic brain injury illustrates the inequities of the traditional concern conference method to addressing problems in the field. Authors propose a transdisciplinary team model as a more inclusive approach to capitalising on the strengths of teacher candidates.
Glucose Relays Information Regarding Nutritional Status to the Neural Circuits That Control the Somatotropic, Corticotropic, and Gonadotropic Axes in Adult Male Rhesus Macaques

In male mammals, the neuroendocrine responses to fasting include increased GH and cortisol secretion and suppressed LH and T levels. Because blood glucose levels fall during fasting, we hypothesized that this modest, but consistent, change in blood glucose was a metabolic signal for the neuroendocrine adjustments of reproductive and metabolic hormones. Glucose (d-dextrose, 480 kcal/d) was infused into fasted (48 h) adult male rhesus macaques; and LH, cortisol, and GH were measured in plasma from samples collected at 15-min intervals for the last 15 h of the fast. We analyzed hormone secretion by deconvolution analysis, and the orderliness of release patterns by the approximate entropy statistic. Circulating blood glucose was 76 ± 7 mg/dl in the fed control group, significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the level of 56 ± 3 mg/dl in the fasted group. The increase in GH pulsatility and the 2-fold elevation in cortisol levels observed in the fasted male macaques were prevented by parenteral glucose delivery. The...
Free surfaces and multilayer interfaces in the GaAs/AlAs system

Semiempirical potential energy functions have been utilized for a variety of calculations in the Ga-Al-As system. Surface energies have been calculated for several orientations of GaAs. Ledge energies for the GaAs (0 0 -1) (As-terminated) surface show long-range interaction effects with the ledge energy increasing with spacing. GaAs (001)/AlAs (001) superlattices have been simulated for a range of interlayer spacings with the excess interfacial energy per interlayer increasing from 5 erg/sq cm at an interlayer spacing of 1 molecular layer (5.8 A) to 50 erg/sq cm at an interlayer spacing of 18 molecular layers (103.8 A).
Adipogenesis in fetal pig subcutaneous adipose tissue: remarkable developmental features before the onset of adipogenesis

The collection of investigations indicating the importance of adipose tissue architecture to vasculogenesis and angiogenesis during adipogenesis is reviewed. Early in development of the architecture vascular structure develops before overt adipocyte differentiation. Adipocyte development and the expanding and elaborating vascularity are closely linked during adipocyte cluster growth. Furthermore, fetal adipose tissue studies show that location-dependent angiogenic potential ranges from more to less in regards to the extent of endothelial cells and developing arterioles present before overt adipogenesis. Fetal adipose tissue cells express and secrete numerous factors that may initiate the development of adipose tissue architecture and associated developmental gradients. Possibly, the neural connection between hypothalamic neurons and adipose tissue represents part of a regulatory pathway between the hypothalamus and adipose tissue development via neural driven patterns of blood vessel development. Finally, small blood vessels in fetal adipose tissue may phagocytose and metabolize circulating lipids in the absence of differentiated adipocytes. Therefore, several aspects of the stromal and vascular components of adipose tissue may play critical roles in the timing and distribution of developing adipose tissue. Adipobiology 2012; 4: 23-32.
Cardiac Surgery in Infants Less than Six Weeks of Age

Sixty-one critically ill infants with congenital heart disease had operative treatment within 6 weeks of birth. Anatomic and physiologic diagnoses were established preoperatively by cardiac catheterization and angiography in all. A variety of palliative or corrective operations was performed to relieve specific hemodynamic burdens. Thirty-seven (61%) survived hospitalization, but 18 had one or more postoperative complications. At the present time, 29 (48%) are alive 9-45 months after operation. Although operative mortality and morbidity rates are high, none of these patients was expected to survive early infancy without operation.
An Assessment of Distribution Patterns of Terrestrial Salamanders in the Central Appalachians Using Two Landscape Models

Abstract Conservation of terrestrial salamanders requires consideration for landscape-level features and processes; and, therefore, tools are needed to support planning at large spatial scales. We assessed terrestrial salamander distribution patterns using an existing salamander data set and two previously developed landscape-level spatial tools, a landscape classification (LC) model and flow accumulation (FLOW) model, both based on 100-m2 pixels. The LC model assigned each pixel to one of eight categories defined by slope, aspect and landform. The FLOW model assigned each pixel to one of five categories based on the number of 100-m2 cells that drained into a given cell. Salamander data had been collected in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia during 2001–2003 on 543 100-m2 plots located along random transects. Using area-constrained searches we collected 1879 individuals of eleven species. Plethodon cinereus, Desmognathus ochrophaeus, D. monticola and D. fuscus represented 92.8% of all captures. All...
Fashion in the Classroom: Effects of Attire on Student Perceptions of Instructors in College Classes.

This study was conducted to investigate contemporary effects of instructor attire (specifically, graduate teaching assistant attire) on students' perceptions of college teachers in a live lecture context. Effects of three dress conditions, formal professional, casual professional, and casual, were tested under tightly controlled experimental conditions. Results indicated that more formal dress (business suits, dress shoes) was associated with increased ratings of instructor competence, particularly for female students rating female instructors. However, contrary to common assumptions, the most positive influences of instructor dress were found in the highly casual condition (faded jeans, T‐shirt, flannel shirt). Perceptions of homophily accounted for a small amount of variance in instructor ratings, but there was no significant effect of dress condition on ratings of homophily. Overall findings suggest that caution be used in drawing conclusions regarding potential payoffs of professional classroom dress ...
The African-American Community and HIV: Personal Reflections

Abstract This article examines the African-American community's response to the HIV/AIDS crisis in the United States. Denial within the African-American community is significant, and has hampered efforts to control the spread of infection in this community. This article examines selected historical and cultural factors that may have undermined efforts at intervention and education. It advocates the design and provision of a culture-specific HIV risk-reduction program and offers specific culture-relevant guidelines for AIDS risk-reduction efforts.
The Diabetes Paradox: Diabetes is Not Independently Associated with Mortality in Critically Ill Patients

AbstractIntensive monitoring of blood glucose levels and treatment of hyperglycemia in critically ill patients has become a standard of care over the past decade. Although diabetes is associated with a large burden of illness in outpatients, the “diabetes paradox” suggests that in patients admitted to intensive care units, the presence of diabetes as a comorbidity is not independently associated with increased risk of mortality. This review article 1) describes prospective trial and observational cohort literature addressing this issue, 2) addresses the potential mechanisms underlying the diabetes paradox, and 3) discusses implications for patient care and future research.
Stepwise self-assembly of ordered supramolecular assemblies based on coordination chemistry.

Ultrathin multilayers based on transition metal complexes have been prepared by successive deposition and self-assembly. Dendrimer layers were deposited onto SiO2 wafers by alternately immersing the substrate into a solution of terpyridyl (tpy)-pendant poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers (dend-n-tpy; n = 8, 16) dissolved in CH2Cl2, followed by the interfacial coordination reaction with cobalt (Co2+) from aqueous solution. The films derived from this simple assembly method have been characterized by electrochemical methods, synchrotron-based X-ray reflectivity (XRR), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) recorded under grazing incidence. XRR analysis revealed a linear thickness dependence with an increase of 9.9 ± 0.5 A and 10.8 ± 0.4 A per growth cycle for both dend-8-tpy and dend-16-tpy, respectively, indicative of a layer-by-layer (LbL) growth of single dendrimer/Co2+ layers. XRF and electrochemical results showed that the amount of Co2+ increases linearly as more layers are deposited, and that the Co2+ concent...
Disciplined Judgment: Toward a Reasonably Constrained Constructivism

Teachers wishing to apply constructivist theories to P-12 pedagogy must skillfully move between student knowledge constructions and powerful disciplinary knowledge and discourses. Although the gulf between these two ways of knowing varies markedly by discipline, constructivist methods are often taught as if they can be applied uniformly across all subjects. This paper provides a critique of overly-simplified applications of constructivism in P-12 pre-service programs by illustrating the way constructivist methods are constrained to differing degrees in the classrooms of three disciplines: literacy, history and mathematics. Building on recent arguments for the need to foreground disciplinary differences in P-12 instruction, the authors draw on published accounts of teaching from the scholarly literature to discuss ways in which pedagogy and discipline interact in praxis. By citing published classroom accounts across three subject areas, the authors illustrate differences in the ways judgment may play out a...
Association Between HBsAg Positivity and Pancreatic Cancer: a Meta-Analysis

Several studies have proposed an association between hepatitis B and pancreatic cancer. Although the spectrum of serological tests varied between studies, hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) test results were consistently reported. This meta-analysis evaluates the association between HBsAg positivity and pancreatic cancer. A systematic literature search was performed from inception through September 2013 for English language studies using the following terms: “hepatitis B,” “HBsAg,” “pancreatic cancer,” and “pancreatic adenocarcinoma.” Studies that have not reported cumulative odds ratio for the association of interest were excluded. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model. Statistical heterogeneity and publication bias were addressed using the I 2 statistic and Egger’s weighted regression statistics, respectively. We included two case–control studies and one cohort study, involving 1,636 patients with pancreatic cancer. The OR of developing pancreatic cancer was 1.50 (95 % CI 1.21 to 1.87) for individuals who were HBsAg-positive. The type of study, case–control versus cohort, did not appear to influence the results. Only two of the three studies reported the association between anti-HBc positivity and pancreatic cancer. Our analysis revealed a nonsignificant increased risk of cancer in patients with positive anti-HBc status (OR 1.23, 95 % CI 0.95–1.59). No statistically significant heterogeneity or publication bias was noted. HBsAg positivity is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Additional studies are needed to clearly define the association between chronic hepatitis B infection and pancreatic cancer. This could have important implications for both primary prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer.
The Alker Effect

Prominence in the field of international relations is measured in many ways: citations in journals, the big book, the esteemed chair at a top university, or gaining the ear of the Prince. More ineffable and difficult to measure is the power of thought of the individual, unmediated by professional or political criteria, ranging across all modes of written and spoken discourse. This is made all the more difficult in a field of thought so balkanized as international relations, in which excellence in one school can be considered the kiss of death in another. How, then, do we account for the influence, cutting across all the usual disciplinary firewalls and methodological berms, of Hayward Alker? Put simply, what drew such a large number of us, coming from inside, outside, and from across the different schools of international relations to the words—written, spoken and gesticulated—of Alker? Obviously, his intellectual brilliance, pedagogical dedication, high energy, and innate generosity, all emanating from a pluralist worldview, framed within an horizon of peace, were powerful attractants. But something more, dare I say metaphysical, was at play. We might call it the “Alker effect,” which produced what Kurt Vonnegut calls in Cat's Cradle, his great 1963 sci-fi novel on the dangers of science, technology, and an arms race run amuck (sound familiar?), a karass : a group of people brought together, often unknowingly at the time, in pursuit of a common goal that transcends particular identities and petty interests.1 The Alker karass is large, its size testimony to an expansive humanism that exceeds the narrow confines of international relations. How each of us came into the Alker karass is each a story in itself. My own defies design or reason, in a curious way mimicking the accidental, synchronistic and Vulcan-like melding of minds for which Alker …
Superconductivity of Titanium

Critical magnetic fields of two specimens of titanium have been measured down to 0.23\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The first specimen was a cold worked Ti wire having a purity of 99.98 percent. It was found to be superconducting at 0.37\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in zero magnetic field and the initial slope of the critical field curve was 465 gauss per degree. The second specimen was a Ti crystal bar with a purity greater than 99.99 percent. Its transition temperature was 0.49\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and the initial slope of the critical field curve was 400 gauss per degree.
Experiments with Industry's ''Pair-Programming'' Model in the Computer Science Classroom

Anecdotal evidence from several sources, primarily in industry, indicates that two programmers working collaboratively on the same design, algorithm, code, or test perform substantially better than the two working alone. Two courses taught at the University of Utah studied the use of this technique, often called pair-programming or collaborative programming, in the undergraduate computer science classroom. The students applied a positive form of “pair-pressure” on each other, which proved beneficial to the quality of their work products. The students also benefit from “pair-learning,” which allowed them to learn new languages faster and better than with solitary learning. The workload of the teaching staff is reduced because the students more often look to each other for technical support and advice.
Software integration of in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry

In situ sensors are key tools for flexible manufacturing environments where wafers with diverse specifications are processed interspersed through common chambers. This is in contrast to conventional batch processing where pilot wafers, ex situ measurement, and statistical method are employed for process control. In the present work, we discuss integration of in situ spectral ellipsometry (SE) into several processes of a flexible manufacturing environment. In situ SE enables real-time wafer-to-wafer compensation for equipment and process drifts and also equipment prognosis. The capability of the TI SE is discussed together with the implementation issues of solving the inverse problem in real time. A robust endpoint detection algorithm using TI SE is presented. Also addressed are the issues in the integration of the SE with the machine control as well as with the computer integrated manufacturing factory for feedforward and feedback control.
Experimental evaluation of new methods for in-situ calibration of attitude and doppler sensors for underwater vehicle navigation

This paper reports the development and in-water experimental evaluation of two new methods for the problem of in-situ calibration of the alignment rotation matrix between Doppler sonar velocity sensors and gyrocompass attitude sensors arising in the navigation of underwater vehicles. Most previously reported solutions to this alignment calibration problem require the use of absolute navigation fixes of the underwater vehicle, thus requiring additional navigation sensors and/or beacons to be located externally and apart from the underwater vehicle. We report two alignment calibration methods employing only internal vehicle navigation sensors for velocity, acceleration, attitude, and depth. Results from laboratory experiments comparing these methods to previously reported techniques indicate satisfactory performance of the proposed methods.
Tests of a mathematical model of the blood-glucose regulatory system.

Abstract A simplified model of the blood-glucose regulatory system has been conformed to data from glucose-tolerance tests in nondiabetics measured by continuous sampling after oral ingestion and by intermittent determinations after different routes of administration. Despite the numerous approximations inherent in the model, all the data were conformed within the limits of experimental error. This extended the applicability of the simplified model used and indicated that the assumption of a single regulatory hormone such as insulin was adequate to fit most normal responses. Small deviations between some of the simulated curves and the actual data suggested modifications that would improve the model. Such changes would sacrifice simplicity for greater accuracy in predicting the detailed response.
High performance at affordable power

Regardless of what chip a team is designing, energy efficiency is probably one of the most important criteria. Achieving high performance at affordable power (and therefore, cost) is the overall system goal across a whole range of products that serve the home, entertainment, scientific, and commercial-enterprise segments of the information technology industry. The selection of articles in this issue of IEEE Micro will bring some of the latest innovations and ideas in energy efficiency to our readers' attention, and thereby foster further thinking and research to improve upon current design practices.
Vendor-managed inventory in a global environment with exchange rate uncertainty

Abstract Vendor-managed inventory (VMI) is a well-known industry practice for supply chain collaboration. In this paper we consider a periodic-review stochastic inventory model to examine the benefits of VMI in a global environment, in which the supplier and the retailer face exchange rate uncertainty and incur different fixed ordering costs. Our study suggests that, despite of all the inventory costs transferred from the retailer, the supplier can benefit from VMI by achieving economies of scale in production/delivery. It also suggests that the supply chain total cost always decreases under VMI and the reduction of the supply chain total cost is larger when there is exchange rate uncertainty, compared with the case of no exchange rate uncertainty. We also provide some analytical results, including the optimality of a state-dependent (s, S) policy for the supplier.
3D Bayesian Tracking with a Single Imager for Real-Time Image Guidance in Prostate Radiation Therapy

Intra-fraction internal anatomy motion is one of the major causes of the uncertainty in prostate radiation therapy. Real-time tracking of the intra-fraction prostate motion during radiation therapy is necessary to truly benefit from the highly conformal dose distribution. With the widespread use of kV on-board imaging devices, it is desirable to estimate the 3D tumor position from a single x-ray imager during treatment delivery. In this work, we will present an improved real-time 3D Bayesian tracking algorithm with an online update scheme. By incorporating all previously acquired images during dose delivery and updating the motion probability density function in an online fashion, the algorithm is able to track large and abrupt changes that are typical of prostate motion. The flexible Bayesian formulation allows one to easily incorporate this information and obtain the 3D motion with minimal computational cost. The new tracking algorithm has been tested on actual prostate trajectories recorded with implanted electromagnetic transponders for a total of 10 patients. The new algorithm outperformed a previous one with a fixed prior built from the original setup images (Li et al. 2011). It was found that with the new algorithm, the mean 3D tracking error is about 0.15 mm and the 95th percentile error is about 0.45 mm on average for all the patients. The proposed 3D tracking algorithm is useful for real-time image guidance in prostate radiation therapy.
Distributed class dependent feature analysis — A big data approach

Big data has been becoming ubiquitous and applied in numerous fields recently. The challenges to solve a large-scale machine learning problem in big data scenario generally lie in three aspects. Firstly, a proposed machine learning algorithm has to be appropriated for the distributed optimization problem. Secondly, it needs a platform for the distributed implementation. Finally, the communication delays different machines may cause problems in convergence even though the non-distributed algorithm shows a good convergence rate. In order to solve these challenges, we propose a new machine learning approach named Distributed Class-dependent Feature Analysis (DCFA), to combine the advantages of sparse representation in an over-complete dictionary. The classifier is based on the estimation of class-specific optimal filters, by solving an £i-norm optimization problem. We demonstrate how this problem is solved using the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers and also explore relevant convergency details. More importantly, our proposed framework can be efficiently implemented on a robust distributed framework. Thus, it improves both accuracy and computational time in large-scale databases. Our method achieves very high classification accuracies in face recognition in the presence of occlusions on AR database. It also outperforms the state of the art methods in object recognition on two challenging large-scale object databases, i.e. Caltech101 and Caltech256. It hence shows its applicability to general computer vision and pattern recognition problems. In addition, computational time experiments show our distributed method achieves high speedup of 7.85x on Caltech256 databases with just 10 machine nodes compared to the non-distributed version and can gain even more with more computing resources.
Case Reports: Treatment of Subtrochanteric and Ipsilateral Femoral Neck Fractures in an Adult with Osteopetrosis

We describe a patient with autosomal-dominant osteopetrosis, a subtrochanteric fracture, and an ipsilateral femoral neck fracture treated with a hip spica cast Although the fracture united with coxa vara and external rotation deformities, the patient successfully returned to his normal activities of daily living. Operative fracture treatment in patients with osteopetrosis is difficult, and our patient provides evidence that with nonoperative treatment these patients can return to a functional level when operative treatment is not an option.
MO‐D‐224A‐09: Validation of Synchronized Dynamic Dose Reconstruction Using Film Dosimetry

Purpose: To validate a method of retrospective dose reconstruction that uses real‐time intra‐treatment patient motion data that is synchronized with MLC leaf positions during IMRT treatments. Method and Materials:IMRT fields from an IRB‐approved prostate protocol were delivered to a water‐equivalent phantom on a programmable translation stage. Kodak XV film was placed at 5 cm depth with an SSD of 95cm and marked to register it with the Monte Carlo (MC) calculation grid. Motion was synchronized with beam delivery by using the target signal to trigger motion. Film measurements were repeated for each beam while the phantom was stationary, and while moving with both idealized and clinically measured motion profiles. MLC leaf positions and fluence state for each beam were obtained from the Varian DynaLog files. MC dose accumulation was performed which incorporated the real‐time phantom motion, DynaLog files and beam state. Films were digitized and compared to the results of the MC calculations. Results: Film measurements in stationary phantoms were measured three times on two machines. The measured dose distributions were compared and showed an average difference of 0.38 +/− 1.53 cGy. The average difference between MC and film measurements of the moving phantom was 0.44 +/− 3.4 cGy and was independent of the motion profile. Measured dose patterns, for both stationary and moving phantoms, were generally well reproduced by MC dose accumulation, including tongue‐and‐groove and motion related features. Doses in moving and static phantoms were compared, for both films and simulations. The measured dose deviations due to motion were well‐characterized by the MC dose accumulation method and not significantly different when a static phantom was compared to MC calculation. Conclusion: Real‐time motion and machine data may be used to reconstruct the dose delivered to the target volume, and may serve as a basis for dynamic refinement of treatments.
Derivation of Universal Error Parameters for Comprehensive Optical Analysis of Parabolic Troughs

Etude theorique des facteurs limitant le coefficient de concentration des concentrateurs paraboliques: combinaison d'erreurs aleatoires et d'erreurs non aleatoires (systematiques) avec les parametres geometriques du collecteur. Derivation mathematique des parametres d'erreur «universels»
Energetics in Structure Transformation of Ir Clusters on the Ir Surfaces

We report a quantitative study of the energetics in one- to two-dimensional structure transformation of 3-atom Ir atomic clusters on Ir surfaces. On the (111) plane, the temperature dependence of the ratio of the probabilities of observing a 1-D and a 2-D structure exhibits a simple linear Arrhenius behavior. The 2-D structure is more stable and the difference in the cluster binding energies is 0.098±0.004 eV. In contrast, on the (001) plane, the 1-D structure is more stable, and the energy difference is 0.335±0.015 eV. In addition, a significant deviation from the simple linear Arrhenius behavior is found at low temperatures.
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and AKT1 mutations occur early in breast carcinoma

Mutationally activated protein kinases are appealing therapeutic targets in breast carcinoma. Mutations in phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3KCA) have been described in 8–40% of invasive breast carcinomas, and AKT1 mutations have been characterized in 1–8% of breast carcinomas. However, there is little data on these mutations in breast precursor lesions. To further delineate the molecular evolution of breast tumorigenesis, samples of invasive breast carcinoma with an accompanying in situ component were macro dissected from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue and screened for mutations in PIK3CA exons 7, 9, 20, and AKT1 exon 2. Laser capture micro dissection (LCM) was performed on mutation-positive carcinomas to directly compare the genotypes of separated invasive and in situ tumor cells. Among 81 cases of invasive carcinoma, there were eight mutations in PIK3CA exon 20 (7 H1047R, 1 H1047L) and four mutations in exon 9 (2 E545K, 1 E542K, 1 E545G), totaling 12/81 (14.8%). In 11 cases examined, paired LCM in situ tumor showed the identical PIK3CA mutation in invasive and in situ carcinoma. Likewise, 3 of 78 (3.8%) invasive carcinomas showed an AKT1 E17K mutation, and this mutation was identified in matching in situ carcinoma in both informative cases. Mutational status did not correlate with clinical parameters including hormone receptor status, grade, and lymph node status. The complete concordance of PIK3CA and AKT1 mutations in matched samples of invasive and in situ tumor indicates that these mutations occur early in breast cancer development and has implications with regard to therapeutics targeted to the PI3 kinase pathway.
High SiH local mode overtones in SiHD3

Spectra for SiHD/sub 3/ obtained using a nonresonant photoacoustic cell mounted within the cavity of a CR490 tunable CW laser are reported herein. The symmetric top spectra exhibit partial rotational resolution. A relation for determining the Si-H bond distance is reported, and the Si-D bond distance is taken to be the same as the Si-H distance in the ground vibrational state. The bond angle is assumed to remain tetrahedral in both situations. The noted spectral vibrational band widths arise only from rotational structure with contributions from fast vibrational relaxation not being evident. 10 references, 2 figures, 1 table.
Interaction and Intervention Modeling: Predicting and Extrapolating the Impact of Multiple Interventions

Abstract PURPOSE: Methods called interaction and intervention modeling are presented. Interaction modeling examines the interactions between variables as the basis for predicting the impact of multiple variables on a target population and on populations with difference distributions of risk factors. Intervention modeling incorporates these interactions and aims to extrapolate the impact of multiple interventions to new populations. The aim is to develop methods that will be useful for modeling and comparing intervention strategies using existing data and standard statistical methods. METHODS: Traditional hypothesis testing methods used for randomized clinical trials and cohort studies and extrapolating the results to new populations are compared with interaction and intervention modeling methods. Interaction and intervention modeling utilizes the same data as the traditional approach but examines the impact of multiple simultaneous interactions and allows extrapolation of the results to populations with different prevalences and distributions of risk factors. An example using real data demonstrates the potential of interaction and intervention modeling to predict the impact of multiple interacting variables and to compare the impact of alternative interventions. RESULTS: The methods outlined take into account the impact of the magnitude of the relative risks, prevalence of risk factors, and interaction of risk variables when predicting the impact on a new population or extrapolating the results of one or more interventions on a new population. Traditional methods that do not take into account interactions are shown to produce different conclusions from the intervention modeling approach that incorporates interactions. The impact of the intervention modeling approach compared with the traditional approach will be quite variable depending on the prevalence of the risk factors and their extent of interaction. CONCLUSIONS: Studies designed to test a hypothesis treat most variables as potential confounding variables adjusting for their impact and their interactions as part of the analysis using traditional regression methods. Interaction and intervention modeling focuses on the interactions themselves and allows comparison of the effectiveness of alternative interventions.
The Missouri Children's Behavior Checklist behavioral classification system: A construct validity study with nonreferred children

This study provides validity information about the Missouri Children's Behavior Checklist (MCBC) classifications system with nonreferred children. MCBC behavior patterns of 41 children were related to DSM-III symptomatology ascertained through a structured clinical interview, the Child Assessment Schedule, conducted with the mother. The findings indicated that considering the Undifferentiated Disturbance pattern as an indicator of poor adjustment may be unwarranted with nonreferred children.
ROLE OF HEAT-LABILE TOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI AND REOVIRUS-LIKE AGENT IN DIARRHŒA IN BOSTON CHILDREN

Abstract 61 Boston children aged five years or less with acute diarrhœa were studied for evidence of infection with Escherichia coli strains that produce heat-labile enterotoxin (L.T.) or with a reovirus-like agent associated with childhood gastroenteritis. This represented the first evaluation of the prevalence of disease produced by these two agents in the same population. E. coli, isolated from acute-phase stool specimens, were tested in adrenal-cell tissue-culture and adult-rabbit ileal-loop assays for L.T. Acute and convalescent phase sera, collected from 31 children, were tested by the adrenal-cell assay for anti-L.T. activity. None of the 61 children demonstrated evidence of infection with L.T.-positive E. coli. Paired sera from 31 of the children studied were also tested for evidence of recent infection with the reovirus-like agent by determining titres of immunofluorescent-staining antibody to the serologically related Nebraska calf diarrhœa virus. 11 of the children (35%) had evidence of recent infection. These results suggest that an important proportion of endemic acute diarrhaea of young children in Boston is caused by the reovirus-like agent, and that disease caused by L.T.-producing E. coli is uncommon.
EVidence for dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortical involvement in the expression of aggressive behavior

Numerous studies have implicated the role of the prefrontal cortex in the expression of aggressive behavior, However, the nature of this relationship remains poorly understood. As such, the purpose of this article is to review both the animal and human literature pertaining to prefrontal cortical functioning and aggression in an attempt to help clarify this relationship. Particular attention is paid to differentiating the functions of the dorsolateral and the orbital regions of the prefrontal cortex in the expression of aggression. Evidence was garnered from four different types of studies: 1) those examining aggressive behavior in animals following ablations to the prefrontal cortex; 2) those examining aggressive behavior in humans following surgical and accidental lesions to the prefrontal cortex; 3) those examining prefrontal cortical functioning in individuals with psychiatric disorders characterized by aggression; and 4) those relating prefrontal cortical functioning to human aggressive behavior in laboratory situations. The general conclusion of this article is that the dorsolateral region of the prefrontal cortex is more likely to be involved in the expression of physical aggression whereas the orbital region is more likely to be involved in the expression of what is termed herein 'disinhibited-nonaggressive' behavior.
Inertial deposition of aerosols in bifurcating models during steady expiratory flow

Abstract The deposition of respiratory aerosols during the expiratory phase of breathing may be significant. However, only a limited number of studies have considered the effects of exhalation on aerosol deposition in bifurcating respiratory geometries. In this study, double bifurcation models of respiratory generations G3–G5 and G7–G9 were used to determine the deposition of aerosols in the size range of 1 – 7 μ m during steady exhalation. The geometries considered were based on standard and 30% constricted pediatric airway models. A previously tested CFD code was implemented to predict aerosol deposition under laminar flow conditions. Results indicated that deposition in bifurcating airways during expiration was a function of the Stokes number, which represents particle inertia, and the Dean number, which captures the strength of secondary flow conditions. For a Dean number of approximately 10, deposition was observed to decrease with increasing values of the Stokes number. Increasing the Dean number above approximately 100 resulted in a significant increase in deposition for constant Stokes number values. Existing algebraic correlations did not capture the effects of the Dean number on deposition during exhalation. As a result, novel correlations were proposed that predicted branch-averaged deposition efficiency as a function of both Stokes and Dean numbers. Implementation of these correlations into whole-lung models is suggested to improve the prediction of deposition during exhalation under laminar expiratory conditions in bifurcating airways.
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for a Resolution of the Social Choice Paradox

We present a restriction on the domain of individual preferences that is both necessary and sufficient of the existence of it social choice rule that is continuous, anonymous, and respects unanimity. The restriction is that the space of preferences be contractible. Contractibility admits it straightforward intuitive explanation, and is a generalization of conditions such as single peakedness, value restrictedness and limited agreement, which were earlier shown to be sufficient for majority voting to be an acceptable rule. The only restriction on the number of individuals is that it be finite and at least 2.