cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Functional Role of Acceptance in Lehrer's Theory of Knowledge

Etude de la theorie de la connaissance developpee par K. Lehrer dans le sens d'un systeme de l'acceptation justifiee, qui permet d'offrir une solution au probleme de Gettier. Repondant a l'objection de R. Manning, l'A. montre que la nature fonctionnelle de l'acceptation n'implique pas de justification personnelle chez Lehrer.
Do chemokines mediate inflammatory cell invasion of the central nervous system parenchyma

Inflammatory cell recruitment into the central nervous system (CNS) is a critical step in the response to diverse insults, including infection, trauma and infarction, as well as immune-mediated disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite considerable advances in understanding immune surveillance and antigen recognition in the CNS, the signals resulting in parenchymal inflammation are incompletely understood. Members of a novel family of chemo-attractant cytokines, the chemokines, are made in the CNS and are emerging as likely mediators of inflammatory cell migration into the CNS.
On the point transitivity of symbolic flows

It is shown that a symbolic flow with infinite phase groupT is point transitive ifT is abelian.
Probing the active sites of butyrylcholinesterase and cholesterol esterase with isomalathion: conserved stereoselective inactivation of serine hydrolases structurally related to acetylcholinesterase.

Previous work has shown that acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a member of the α/β-hydrolase superfamily, is stereoselectively inhibited by the four stereoisomers of isomalathion. Recent kinetic and mass spectral data demonstrated that a difference in mechanism of inactivation exists for AChE treated with (1R)- versus (1S,3S)-stereoisomers. This study sought to determine whether other α/β-hydrolases are stereoselectively inhibited by isomalathion and if the difference in mechanism of AChE inactivation between (1R)- and (1S,3S)-isomers is conserved for other α/β-hydrolases. Bimolecular rate constants of inhibition (ki) were measured for human and equine butyrylcholinesterase (HBChE and EBChE, respectively) and bovine cholesterol esterase (BCholE) with all four isomers. Isomalathion isomers inhibited these enzymes with the following order of potency: (1R,3R) > (1R,3S) > (1S,3R) ≥ (1S,3S). Ratios of ki values for the most potent to the least potent isomer were 10.5 (HBChE), 11.9 (EBChE), and 68.6 (BCholE). Rate ...
Effects of Bi3+ Doping Amounts on the Magnetic Properties of FeSmO3 Nanopowders

The samples of FeSmO3 nanopowders were synthesized from the main raw materials of FeCl3 and SmCl3 by coprecipitation process. The samples were prepared by different precipitating agents including Na2CO3,NaOH and triethylamine (C6H15N). When the precipitating agent was NaOH, almost all of the Sm3+ and Fe3+ were precipitated. In this series of experiments, the molar ratios of Sm3+ to Fe3+ were 0.95:1, 1:1, 1.05:1, 1.1:1, 1.15:1 and 1.2:1. And when the molar ratio was 1.2:1, there was the least impurities in the obtained samples. The samples were sintered in the oven at different temperatures including 600°C,700°C, 800°C and 900°C. And only at 900°C, were the FeSmO3 nanopowders made without impurities. The Sm3+ in FeSmO3 was substituted by the Bi3+ in different doping amounts, which urged the preparation of BixFeSm(1-x)O3 nanopowders. And these nanopowders were characterized by XRD, VSM, SEM and fluorescent property technologies. The results showed that the obtained nanopowders were in high purity when x was 5% and it had the highest remanent polarization when x was 15%.
Physical-Region Constraints on Low-Energy Partial-Wave Amplitudes

On the basis of analyticity, crossing, and positivity of the imaginary parts of the partial-wave amplitudes, we derive inequalities on integrals involving the low partial waves of elastic ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ scattering in the physical region. The integrals are sensitive only to the low-energy region, and can therefore be tested once a phase-shift analysis is given. The relations can be used to discriminate between various proposed ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ phase shifts.
Rupture of ectopic pregnancy after medical therapy with methotrexate: a case series.

Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy with methotrexate has become the standard of care in many areas of the U.S. Rupture of ectopic pregnancy after medical treatment presents a diagnostic challenge to the Emergency Physician. We review a series of 11 patients with ectopic pregnancy treated with methotrexate who then required surgical treatment for rupture.
Episode 49 of the Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea volcano-breakdown of a steady-state eruptive era

The Pu'u 'O'o-Kupaianaha eruption (1983-present) is the longest lived rift eruption of either Kilauea or neighboring Mauna Loa in recorded history. The initial fissure opening in January 1983 was followed by three years of episodic fire fountaining at the Pu'u 'O'o vent on Kilauea's east rift zone ∼19km from the summit (episodes 4–47). These spectacular events gave way in July 1986 to five and a half years of nearcontinuous, low-level effusion from the Kupaianaha vent, ∼ 3km to the cast (episode 48). A 49th episode began in November 1991 with the opening of a new fissure between Pu'u 'O'o and Kupaianaha. this three week long outburst heralded an era of more erratic eruptive behavior characterized by the shut down of Kupaianaha in February 1992 and subsequent intermittent eruption from vents on the west flank of Pu'u 'O'o (episodes 50 and 51). The events occurring over this period are due to progressive shrinkage of the rift-zone reservoir beneath the eruption site, and had limited impact on eruption temperatures and lava composition.
Full-state feedback controller design with “delay scheduling” for cart-and-pendulum dynamics

Abstract A new approach is proposed to design fixed full-state feedback controllers for linear-time-invariant (LTI) systems with multiple time-delays. This approach takes advantage of the recently introduced “delay scheduling” concept, which opens a new direction in synthesizing the control. “Delay scheduling” strategy suggests further prolonging the existing (and unavoidable) delays in the feedback in order to recover stability or to improve the control performance features. To be able to do this, however, system should have large (and maybe multiple) stable operating zones in the domain of the delays. The main contribution of this paper is to develop a methodology for designing a control law to create this feature. The operation starts with a selection of the feedback gains for a stable non-delayed system. We then utilize a recent paradigm, Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots (CTCR), to examine the stability outlook when the delays are present in the dynamics. A scheme is also introduced to modify this gain structure so that the system exhibits a desirably large stable pocket(s) to enable the “delay scheduling”. The paper describes the methodology, without loss of generality, on a fully-actuated cart–pendulum system. Relevant experiments are carried out to show the viability of the proposed idea.
Sodium MRI and the Assessment of Irreversible Tissue Damage During Hyper-Acute Stroke

Sodium MRI (sMRI) has undergone a tremendous amount of technical development during the last two decades that makes it a suitable tool for the study of human pathology in the acute setting within the constraints of a clinical environment. The salient role of the sodium ion during impaired ATP production during the course of brain ischemia makes sMRI an ideal tool for the study of ischemic tissue viability during stroke. In this paper, the current limitations of conventional MRI for the determination of tissue viability during evolving brain ischemia are discussed. This discussion is followed by a summary of the known findings about the dynamics of tissue sodium changes during brain ischemia. A mechanistic model for the explanation of these findings is presented together with the technical requirements for its investigation using clinical MRI scanners. An illustration of the salient features of the technique is also presented using a nonhuman primate model of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion.
Isolation and sequencing of cDNA clones encoding ethylene-induced putative peroxidases from cucumber cotyledons.

A cDNA library from ethephon-treated cucumber cotyledons (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Poinsett 76) was constructed. Two cDNA clones encoding putative peroxidases were isolated by means of a synthetic probe based on a partial amino acid sequence of a 33 kDa cationic peroxidase that had been previously shown to be induced by ethylene. DNA sequencing indicates that the two clones were derived from two closely related RNA species that are related to published plant peroxidase sequences. Southern analysis indicates that there are 1–5 copies in a haploid genome of a gene homologous to the cDNA clones. The deduced amino acid sequences are homologous with a tobacco (55% sequence identity), a horseradish (53%), a turnip (45%), and a potato (41%) peroxidase. The cloned sequences do not encode the 33 kDa peroxidase from which the original synthetic probe was been derived, but rather other putative peroxidases. An increase in the level of mRNA is evident by 3 hours after ethephon or ethylene treatment and plateaus by 15 hours.
Relative choronology: three methods of reconstruction

In reconstructing protoforms and linguistic histories, many methods can and have been employed with varying degrees of effectiveness (cf. Bonfante, 1945, for a general discussion). For the specific purpose of establishing the time sequence of phonological changes according to which sound systems have evolved, traditionally two procedures have been most frequently followed: one is to sift the historical records for clues to the dates of linguistic innovations, and the other is to infer from the systematic correspondences between protoforms and their modern reflexes the internally motivated order of diachronic rules.
A comment on the use of redundant vibrational coordinates

Abstract The treatment of molecular vibrations in terms of redundant coordinates is discussed. It is proposed that a force-constant matrix F C for the constraints should be introduced, to give a mechanical reason why the constraint coordinates C are held at C =0. Then F C is found to be infinite, in order to give the vanishing of the compliance matrix N C in the constraints. The corresponding compliance matrix N R in the redundant coordinates R has a zero eigenvalue for each constraint. The Moore–Penrose inverse of N R in N R − = F R ∗ , the canonical force constant matrix is the treatment of [Martinez Torres et al. J Chem Phys 110 (1999) 3302]. This situation is contrasted with that in Cartesian coordinates, where the force-constant matrix has a zero eigenvalue corresponding to each translation or rotation, and the compliance matrix is infinite.
Cholinergic control of rabbit pancreatic secretion.

Electrical stimulation of the vagus in anesthetized cats and rabbits increased the flow of pancreatic juice and the concentration of amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Similar stimulation to the rabbit pancreas in vitro was without effect. Adding physostigmine to the bath elicited a two to three-fold increase in the output of trypsin and chymotrypsin, with or without concomitant vagal stimulation. The effect was temperature-sensitive. Assay for acetylcholine activity in the bath fluid was negative, suggesting that physostigmine was prolonging the action of acetylcholine released within the pancreas.
Elastic shadow flow and its theoretical implications for inelastic solids

Microstructural considerations have led to a constitutive format for the modeling of inelastic solids which does not make use of a fixed material reference in the usual sense. A principal motivation for this Eulerian-type' theoretical structure stems from a belief that large deformation inelastic flow phenomena (such as that encountered in certain metal forming processes) will one day prove amenable to numerical techniques of the sort common to the field of fluid mechanics. Unfortunately, virtually all established theoretical results of a general nature have been developed in a Lagrangian or referential context, and are not readily adapted to this new format. Here, this difficulty is partially overcome through the introduction of an instantaneous local reference corresponding to a material element's so called 'shadow' (elastically unstretched) configuration. A related state variable transformation and the definition of a shadow frame time derivative (analogous to the corotational time derivative) are then shown to facilitate a far more tractable theoretical reformulation. Throughout, three equivalent variants of this general theory are presented, one expressed in terms of a gradient type 'cell placement tensor', a second involving symmetric elastic stretch and orthogonal cell orientation tensors, and a third in which the aforementioned elastic stretch is replaced by the elastic (natural) log-strain tensor. In each case, the theoretical simplifications appropriate for various types of materials are enumerated. It is noteworthy that the latter two forms are instantly specialized for the most common class of structurally isotropic materials by merely dropping dependence on the cell orientation tensor. In all forms, basic thermodynamic considerations (second law) result in general expressions for true stress response in terms of energy derivatives, the rate of mechanical dissipation, and to necessary conditions (in the form of constitutive inequalities) for Il'iushin stability. Finally, the specific circumstances under which these inequalities reduce to the familiar Drucker-like' forms are identified.
An autosomal genome scan for loci influencing longitudinal burden of body mass index from childhood to young adulthood in white sibships: The Bogalusa Heart Study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine genetic loci linked to a long-term burden and trend of obesity traits, such as body mass index (BMI), from childhood to adulthood. DESIGN: Longitudinal study using serial measurements of BMI from childhood. SUBJECTS: A total of 782 unselected white siblings (representing 521 full and 39 half sib-pairs) from 342 families enrolled in the Bogalusa Heart Study. MEASUREMENTS: A total of 357 microsatellite markers with an average spacing of 9.0 cM spanning the 22 autosomal chromosomes were typed. A quadratic growth curve was developed using a random effects model based on serial measurements of BMI from childhood to adulthood. The serial changes in BMI were measured in terms of long-term burden (area under the curve (AUC) divided by follow-up years) and the long-term trend (incremental AUC, calculated as total AUC−baseline AUC). RESULTS: Heritability estimates of long-term measures were 0.78 for total AUC and 0.43 for incremental AUC. In a variance-component-based multipoint linkage analysis with SOLAR, linkage to the long-term measures of BMI was observed on chromosomes 1, 5, 7, 12, 13 and 18. For total AUC, LOD scores were 3.0 at 110 cM on chromosome 12, 2.9 at 26 cM and 2.4 at 52 cM on chromosome 7, and 2.2 at 126 cM on chromosome 5. For incremental AUC, LOD scores were 2.9 at 26 cM, 2.1 at 97 cM and 2.3 at 110 cM on chromosome 12, 2.2 at 69 cM on chromosome 7, 2.2 at 91 cM and 2.5 at 150 cM on chromosome 1, 2.0 at 119 cM on chromosome 5, 2.0 at 54 cM on chromosome 13 and 2.0 at 7 cM on chromosome 18. Several important obesity-related candidate genes are located in the regions or near the markers showing positive linkage. CONCLUSION: Linkage evidence found in this study indicates that regions on these chromosomes might harbor genetic loci that affect the propensity to develop obesity from childhood.
Analysis of the volatile components of ylang-ylang oil by gas chromatography.

Five samples of commercially available ylang-ylang oil were analyzed by gas chromatography. Of the various stationary liquid phases used, a 20% Ucon on Chromosorb P(w/w) gave consistently the best separation. The composition of extra, first, second, and third quality fractions and pure oil No. 123 was determined on the basisof relative retention times.
Pattern recognition in the prediction of protein structure. III. An importance-sampling minimization procedure

A procedure that generates random conformations of a protein chain, and then applies energy minimization to find the structure of lowest energy, is described. Single-residue conformations are represented in terms of four conformational states, α, ϵ, α*, and ϵ*. Each state corresponds to a rectangular region in the ϕ, ψ map. The conformation of an entire chain is then represented by a sequence of single-residue conformational states. The distinct “chain-states” in this representation correspond to multidimensional rectangular regions in the conformational space of the whole protein. A set of highly-probable chain-states can be predicted from the amino acid sequence using the pattern recognition procedure developed in the first two articles of this series. The importance-sampling minimization procedure of the present article is then used to explore the regions of conformational space corresponding to each of these chain-states. The importance-sampling procedure generates a number of random conformations within a particular multidimensional rectangular region, sampling most densely from the most probable, or “important,” sections of the ϕ, ψ map. All values of ϕ and ψ are allowed, but the less-probable values are sampled less often. To achieve this, the random values of ϕ and Φ are generated from bivariate gaussian distributions that are determined from known X-ray structures. Separate gaussian distributions are used for proline residues in the α and ϵ states, for glycine residues in the α, ϵ, α*, and ϵ* states, and for ordinary residues involved in 29 different tripeptide conformations. Energy minimization is then applied to the randomly-generated structures to optimize interactions and to improve packing. The final energy values are used to select the best structures. The importance-sampling minimization procedure is tested on the avian pancreatic polypeptide, using chain-states predicted from the amino acid sequence. The conformation having the lowest energy is very similar to the X-ray conformation.
Field science in the Railroad Era: the tools of knowledge empire in the American West, 1869-1916

Focusing on the field sciences during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this paper analyzes how railroads served as tools of knowledge empire in the American West. The political economy of this region, shaped by the rise of Populism and capitalist development with federal and state government support, provided the context for cooperation between field scientists and railroad companies. Early on, the displacement of American Indians and their concentration on reservations was intertwined with the research of the Bureau of Ethnology under John Wesley Powell. Later, railroad companies became important patrons of field research, primarily through their provision of free or reduced-fare passes for travel. This research ranged from state universities undertaking research in horticulture and irrigation engineering to metropolitan natural history museums whose field work in paleontology had cultural or symbolic value.
Institutional Repositories: Keys to Success

ABSTRACT Institutional repositories are a relatively new activity for higher education. They are defined most often as a set of services that are offered by an institution for the management and dissemination of digital materials created by the members of the institution or scholarly community. This article will describe the challenges institutions are facing in creating repositories, will explore the economics of managing repositories, and will offer a model for creating a successful set of service.
Serum determinations in toxic isopropanol ingestion.

A toxic dose of isopropyl alcohol was ingested by six male mongrel dogs to evaluate the relationship between acetone production and isopropyl degradation. Maximal serum isopropyl levels were achieved approximately 2 to 3 hours after ingestion of 60 mL of 70% isopropyl alcohol. Acetonemia occurred rapidly in the serum (within 15 minutes of ingestion) and continued to rise after isopropanol levels plateaued. The levels of acetone and isopropanol correlated positively throughout the study model with an r of .54 (P less than .001). It is concluded that there is a positive relationship between acetone production and isopropyl metabolism in the setting of a toxic ingestion of isopropanol. Acetone's persistence as a serum marker may be beneficial in identifying isopropyl hours after a suspected ingestion.
Performance of visually guided tasks using simulated prosthetic vision and saliency-based cues.

Objective. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the benefits provided by a saliency-based cueing algorithm to normally sighted volunteers performing mobility and search tasks using simulated prosthetic vision. Approach. Human subjects performed mobility and search tasks using simulated prosthetic vision. A saliency algorithm based on primate vision was used to detect regions of interest (ROI) in an image. Subjects were cued to look toward the directions of these ROI using visual cues superimposed on the simulated prosthetic vision. Mobility tasks required the subjects to navigate through a corridor, avoid obstacles and locate a target at the end of the course. Two search task experiments involved finding objects on a tabletop under different conditions. Subjects were required to perform tasks with and without any help from cues. Results. Head movements, time to task completion and number of errors were all significantly reduced in search tasks when subjects used the cueing algorithm. For the mobility task, head movements and number of contacts with objects were significantly reduced when subjects used cues, whereas time was significantly reduced when no cues were used. The most significant benefit from cues appears to be in search tasks and when navigating unfamiliar environments. Significance. The results from the study show that visually impaired people and retinal prosthesis implantees may benefit from computer vision algorithms that detect important objects in their environment, particularly when they are in a new environment.
Prevalence of Retinal Hemorrhages in Infants After Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Purpose To determine the prevalence of vision-threatening retinal hemorrhages in infants after venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and possible correlation between retinal hemorrhages and brain hemorrhages, thrombocytopenia, carotid reanastomosis, or death after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Methods We reviewed the findings of dilated ophthalmoscopic examinations performed on 37 children an average of 16 days after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (35 neonates and two 1-year-old children). Results Five (13%) of the 37 children examined had small (≤ 1 disk diameter) intraretinal hemorrhages. Presence or absence of retinal hemorrhages did not correlate with presence of cerebral hemorrhage, mean platelet count during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, a history of reanastomosis of the carotid artery, or subsequent death. Conclusion Retinal hemorrhages observed after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are not necessarily caused by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; some hemorrhages may be benign and related to parturition. Children who undergo venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are at low risk for vision-threatening retinal hemorrhage.
Infrared spectra of coordinated acrylonitrile

Abstract The infrared spectra of a variety of acrylonitrile—metal complexes have been investigated in the NACl region. The frequency shifts of certain bands indicate that both resonance and inductive effects increase in the acrylonitrile molecule upon coordination. The strongest evidence is obtained from examination of the vinyl out-of-plane hydrogen deformations, in which a crossover of the vinyl twist and wag frequencies is observed.
Anomalous Vortices and Electromagnetism

Abstract We examine the electromagnetic interactions of the fermion-vortex system and elucidate how photons can charge the vortex and surrounding vacuum via the anomaly. We find that the charge of the fermions trapped on the vortex is anti-screened by vacuum polarization so that external electromagnetic fields fall off more slowly than 1/r.
Red blood cells accelerate the onset of clot formation in polytrauma and hemorrhagic shock.

Abstract : Background: Hemorrhage and coagulopathy are major contributors to death after trauma. The contribution of red blood cells (RBCs) in correcting coagulopathy is poorly understood. Current methods of measuring coagulopathy may fail to accurately characterize in vivo clotting. We aimed to determine the effect of RBCs on clotting parameters by comparing resuscitation regimens containing RBCs and plasma with those containing plasma alone. Methods: Thirty-two Yorkshire swine were anesthetized, subjected to a complex model of polytrauma and hemorrhagic shock, and resuscitated with either fresh frozen plasma, lyophilized plasma (LP), or 1:1 ratios of fresh frozen plasma:packed RBC (PRBC) or LP:PRBC. Activated clotting time, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and thrombelastography (TEG) were performed at 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 4 hours after resuscitation. Results: Animals treated with 1:1 LP:PRBC had less blood loss than the other groups ( p less than 0.05). The activated clotting time was shorter in the 1:1 groups when compared with the pure plasma groups at all time points ( p less than 0.05). The 1:1 groups had shorter TEG R times (time to onset of clotting) at 1 hour, 3 hours, and 4 hours compared with pure plasma groups ( p less than 0.05). Other TEG parameters did not differ between groups. Partial thromboplastin time was shorter in the pure plasma groups than the 1:1 groups at all time points ( p less than 0.05). Conclusions: Whole blood assays reveal that RBCs accelerate the onset of clot formation. Coagulation assays u
Genetics and health communication: a primer.

The progress of genetic knowledge has been swift and steadfast. As we move forward in the genomic era, post Human Genome Project, and continue to explore how one’s genes interact with one’s environment, it becomes increasingly important for all audiences to have a firm grasp of the vocabulary used in this health context. This primer is intended to be used as a reference and to introduce and/or make more clear concepts related to genetics to increase understanding.
An analog data processor for the dual-slit method of measuring blood flow velocity.

Abstract Analog circuitry is described which permits on-line determination of blood flow velocity by the Wayland-Johnson dual-slit method by a direct measurement of time delay between recognizable peaks or troughs between the upstream and downstream photosensors.
A Box-Jenkins Model for forecasting U.S. Merchandise Exports

This paper presents time-series forecasts for end-use categories for U.S. merchandise exports. Both the basic principles of end-use accounting and the fundamental methods of Box-Jenkins time-series techniques are explained. The result is a set of predicted values of U.S. merchandise exports which may be used to analyze and evaluate other export forecasting models.
Subsensitivity to dopaminergic drugs in periadolescent rats: a behavioral and neurochemical analysis

Abstract It has been reported that post-natal day (PD) 30–40 rats respond differently to the behavioral effects of dopaminergic drugs when compared to younger or older rats. In this study, the behavioral effects of amphetamine (AMPH) on motor behavior and the effects of dopaminergic drugs on striatal acetylcholine (ACh) release were evaluated in periadolescent (PD35) and adult rats. AMPH increased dopamine (DA)-mediated motor behaviors (locomotor activity and stereotypy) in periadolescent and adult rats; however, these responses were of a lesser magnitude in periadolescent rats. In adult rats, cocaine and nomifensine inhibited ACh overflow in a dose-dependent manner. In periadolescent rats, ACh overflow was maximally inhibited at a lower drug concentration (5 μM) than in adult rats (10 μM) signifying increased sensitivity in these rats. Apomorphine inhibited ACh overflow in a dose-dependent fashion in slices from adult rats. In contrast, apomorphine did not consistently inhibit ACh overflow in striatal slices prepared from periadolescent rats. Collectively, the results of this study demonstrate behavioral subsensitivity to AMPH in periadolescent rats. Examination of the effects of DA reuptake blockers on DA modulation of striatal cholinergic neurons failed to reveal a corresponding subsensitivity. In fact, ACh release was more sensitive to DA reuptake blockers in periadolescent rats. This latter finding suggests that undisclosed factors override dopaminergic modulation of striatal neurons in the mediation of behavior in periadolescent rats. We propose that during periadolescence, DA transmission is transiently elevated. This results in post-synaptic supersensitivity of cholinergic receptors and consequently induces behavioral subsensitivity when challenged with dopaminergic drugs. Increased cholinergic tone may mediate behavioral subsensitivity despite drug-induced elevations in DA.
Meskhetian Turks in search of self‐identity∗

(1992). Meskhetian Turks in search of self‐identity. Central Asian Survey: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 1-16.
Characterization of Electron Beam Physical Vapor-Deposited Thermal Barrier Coatings Using Diffuse Optical Reflectance

The use of diffuse optical spectral reflectance as a nondestructive tool to characterize the microstructure of electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) has been investigated and the contributions of intercolumnar gaps and intracolumnar pores distinguished. It is shown that the reflectance is controlled by the refractive index mismatch and that the optical scattering coefficient depends on the thickness of the TBC due to the porosity distribution through the thickness of the coating. The sensitivity of the reflectance to the porosity suggests that optical reflectance can be used to characterize the microstructure of EB-PVD TBC for both quality control and nondestructive evaluation purposes.
Interfacial preference of anesthetic action upon the phase transition of phospholipid bilayers and partition equilibrium of inhalation anesthetics between membrane and deuterium oxide.

Abstract The half-height linewidth v 1 2 of the 1H-NMR spectra of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles changes abruptly at the phase transition temperature. In the absence of inhalation anesthetics, proton signals from the choline head group (hydrophilic interface) and acyl-chain tails (lipid core) change at the same temperature of 39.6°C. The present study compared the effect of four inhalation anesthetics, i.e., methoxyflurane, chloroform, halothane and enflurane, upon the ligand-induced phase transition of phosphatidylcholine vesicle membranes at 37°C. The anesthetics showed differential action upon the phase transition of the phospholipid vesicle membranes between the lipid core and the hydrophilic interface. The concentrations of anesthetics which induced the phase transition of the lipid core were about 2-fold greater than those required for the phase transition of the interfacial choline head groups. From the area under the proton signals of inhalation anesthetics in the NMR spectra, the maximum solubilities of methoxyflurane, chloroform and halothane in 2H2O at 37°C were determined to be 0.671 · 10 -4 , 2.637 · 10 -4 and 1.398 · 10 -4 (expressed as mole fractions), or 3.35, 13.17 and 6.98 mmol/1 000 g 2H2O, respectively. The solubilities of the anesthetic vapor in 2H2O expressed as mole fractions according to Henry's law were 9.586 · 10 -4 , 6.432 · 10 -4 and 2.311 · 10 -4 / atm ( 1.013 · 10 5 Pa ) partial pressure, respectively. The presence of phospholipid vesicles in 2H2O increased the solubility of the inhalation anesthetics. From difference between solubility in 2H2O and a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicle suspension, the partition coefficients of methoxyflurane, chloroform and halothane between the phospholipid vesicle membranes and 2H2O were estimated. These values, calculated from the mole fractions, were 3364, 1660 and 3850, respectively at 37°C.
Lipid transfer particle mediates the delivery of diacylglycerol from lipophorin to fat body in larval Manduca sexta.

This work analyzed the process of lipid storage in fat body of larval Manduca sexta, focusing on the role of lipid transfer particle (LTP). Incubation of fat bodies with [3H]diacylglycerol-labeled lipophorin resulted in a significant accumulation of diacylglycerol (DAG) and triacylglycerol (TAG) in the tissue. Transfer of DAG to fat body and its storage as TAG was significantly inhibited (60%) by preincubating the tissue with anti-LTP antibody. Lipid transfer was restored to control values by adding LTP to fat body. Incubation of fat body with dual-labeled DAG lipophorin or its treatment with ammonium chloride showed that neither a membrane-bound lipoprotein lipase nor lipophorin endocytosis is a relevant pathway to transfer or to storage lipids into fat body, respectively. Treatment of fat body with suramin caused a 50% inhibition in [3H]DAG transfer from lipophorin. Treatment of [3H]DAG-labeled fat body with lipase significantly reduced the amount of [3H]DAG associated with the tissue, suggesting that the lipid is still on the external surface of the membrane. Whether this lipid represents irreversibly adsorbed lipophorin or a DAG lipase-sensitive pool is unknown. Nevertheless, these results indicate that the main pathway for DAG transfer from lipophorin to fat body is via LTP and receptor-mediated processes.
The spectroscopy of massive quark-antiquark systems

Abstract These lectures summarize the current theoretical understanding of Q Q systems, where Q is a massive quark. As the most successful potential, due to Richardson, is motivated by asymptotic freedom, this property of quantum chromodynamics is discussed. The naive non-relativistic potential models are compared with experiments. Two phenomena that involve more degrees of freedom are also summarized: Q Q spectroscopy above the flavor threshold, and hadronic cascades between Q Q bound states.
Sea level variations: Monitoring the breath of the Pacific

The growing Interest in the changes of our environment and in short-term climatic fluctuations, together with the realization that the interaction between ocean and atmosphere plays a significant role in the sefluctuations, has emphasized the need to monitor changes in the ocean environment. The two parameters central to the role of the ocean in its interaction with the atmosphere are ocean heat storage and advection of heat by ocean circulation. The ocean's heat content can be easily observed by vertical temperature soundings with relatively in expensive instrumentation, but the determination of heat advection constitutes a much more for midable problem. Continuous direct observations of the flow field are extremely expensive; thus indirect methods like the computation of geostrophic flow and measurements of sea surface topography will have to be used. After all, every long-term monitoring system will have to pass the test of cost efficiency. In this article I describe the concept of an ocean monitoring system using simple sea level gauges then demons trate its potential and present initial results derived from it.
Mode conversion losses in ITER transmission lines

Mode conversion in miter bends and polarizers is the main contributor of loss in the transmission lines (TLs) for the ITER 170 GHz ECH system, which should transport one megawatt of power with the smallest possible loss. Previous loss estimates assumed that the power in the TL was carried by a pure HE11 mode; however, in practice, there is significant power in higher order modes (HOMs). It is shown that the mode conversion loss of the power in an HE11 mode at a miter bend is greatly altered by the presence of even a small proportion of HOMs in the TL, and is a strong function of both the magnitude of the HOM and its phase relative to that of the HE11 mode. The resulting total loss in the ITER transmission lines is expected to be very different from the loss previously predicted using single mode theory.
Dialectics, Infinity and the Absolute: Response to Skempton

Simon Skempton’s article considers an apparent disagreement between two contemporary philosophers, Graham Priest and Alain Badiou, on the nature and status of the Hegelian infinite, and in particul...
T 1 and T 2 spin relaxation time limitations of phosphorous donor electrons near crystalline silicon to silicon dioxide interface defects

31 P =1 0 15 cm �3 and 31 P =1 0 16 cm �3 at about liquid- 4 He temperatures T =5–1 5 K. Using pulsed electrically detected magnetic resonance pEDMR, spin-dependent transitions between the 31 P donor state and two distinguishable interface states are observed, namely, i Pb centers, which can be identified by their characteristic anisotropy, and ii a more isotropic center which is attributed to E defects of the SiO2 bulk close to the interface. Correlation measurements of the dynamics of spin-dependent recombination confirm that previously proposed transitions between 31 P and the interface defects take place. The influence of these electronic near-interface transitions on the 31 P donor spin-coherence time T2 as well as the donor spin-lattice relaxation time T1 is then investigated by comparison of spin Hahn-echo decay measurements obtained from conventional bulk sensitive pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance and surface sensitive pEDMR, as well as surface sensitive electrically detected inversion recovery experiments. The measurements reveal that the T2 times of both interface states and 31 P donor electron spins in proximity to them are consistently shorter than the T1 times, and both T2 and T1 times of the near-interface donors are reduced by several orders of magnitude from those in the bulk, at T 13 K. The T2 times of the 31 P donor electrons are in agreement with the prediction by de Sousa that they are limited by interface-defect induced field noise.
Commissurotomy for mitral stenosis.

The term "mitral commissurotomy" has been suggested to designate a procedure in which the individual anatomic leaflets of the stenotic mitral valve are surgically separated. By incising the angles or commissures of the mitral slit ("fish-mouth") a considerable degree of valve function can be re-established without the production of additional significant regurgitation. Commissurotomy, as described below, was performed in 8 cases of advanced mitral stenosis. Results in 5 were most satisfactory. There were three deaths early in our experience during the period when our technic was being perfected. (Noted in addendum are 22 cases undergoing the operation since this article was submitted for publication, and bringing the total series to 30.)
Managing Risk Propagation in Extended Enterprise Networks

The weakest link in an information supply chain can lead to increased vulnerability for all partners in the network. Examining and controlling risk propagation from the network and supply-chain perspectives has become vital to overall network security.
Entry into S phase is inhibited in two immortal cell lines fused to senescent human diploid cells

Abstract Senescent human diploid cells (HDC) were fused to T98G human glioblastoma cells and to RK13 rabbit kidney cells, and DNA synthesis was analyzed in the heterodikaryons. T98G and RK13 cells are “partially transformed” cell lines that have some characteristics of normal cells, yet are transformed to immortality, i.e., they do not senesce. Previous experiments have shown that “fully transformed” HeLa and SV80 cells induce DNA synthesis in senescent HDC nuclei, whereas normal young HDC do not. Our experiments show that T98G and RK13 cells do not induce DNA synthesis in senescent HDC nuclei. These results demonstrate that the ability to induce DNA synthesis in senescent HDC is not correlated with immortality per se. Our results show further that a T98G cell in S phase at the time of fusion to a senescent HDC will continue to make DNA. However, a T98G cell in G1 phase at the time of fusion is prevented from initiating DNA synthesis. RK13 cells behave similarly to T98G. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the molecular basis for the senescent phenotype involves a block that prevents cells in G1 phase from entering S phase. Thus, we conclude that the senescent phenotype can be dominant in heterokaryons composed of senescent HDC fused with certain immortal cell lines. To explain the different results obtained with various immortal cell lines, we present a model that suggests that T98G and RK13 cells are immortal because they have lost a normal regulatory factor, whereas HeLa and SV80 are immortal because they have gained a dominant transformation factor.
Predictors of repeat pregnancy in a program for pregnant teens.

Abstract Study Objective: To describe repeat pregnancy among adolescents and to compare those who experienced a repeat pregnancy to those who did not. Design, Setting, Participants: Retrospective case control of all adolescents who entered and exited the Teen Mother & Child Program, a multidisciplinary clinic for pregnant and parenting teens and their children, between 1985 and 2000. Main Outcome Measure: Repeat pregnancy. Results: Over the 16-yr study period, 1838 teens entered and exited the program with the mean time in the program of 1.9 yrs. 194 (10.6%) teens went on to have a second pregnancy, and 4 of those had a third pregnancy. Ninety-two percent (n=175) of these pregnancies resulted in a live birth. The mean interval between delivery of the initial child and delivery of the second child was 21.8 months (range 5.4–53.2). Teens repeating (R) were compared to those who did not repeat (NR). R were younger at entry and older at exit from the program (both P P =0.009) or have a partner who was Hispanic ( P =0.02). R were more likely to have experienced a poor initial pregnancy outcome (miscarriage, stillbirth) ( P =0.03). R were more likely than NR to be in a stable relationships with the father of the baby (i.e., married or engaged) ( P =0.03). Self-report of physical and sexual abuse, depression, and substance abuse were common, but did not differ between R and NR. However, R were more likely than NR to self-report suicide gestures/attempts and to have a significant psychiatric history ( P =0.01, P =0.004). Only 24% of R and 26% of NR had completed high school by the time of exit from the program. Conclusions: Ten percent of adolescents served by comprehensive multidisciplinary teen pregnancy program experienced a repeat pregnancy while in the program. Compared to nonrepeaters, adolescents who experienced a repeat pregnancy were younger, were more frequently Hispanic, and were more likely to be in a stable relationship with the baby's father. Many of the program's clients have psychosocial factors reported in the literature to be associated with repeat pregnancy. A history of suicide gestures/attempts and a significant psychiatric history were more common in those who had a repeat pregnancy. Disappointingly, only about 25% of the adolescents completed high school by the time they exited the program whether they experienced a repeat pregnancy or not. Although directing interventions (e.g., mental health services, counseling those who miscarried) to teens who appear to be at highest risk for a repeat pregnancy may decrease their risk of repeating, all teens in our program would likely benefit from such services.
Financial strain, inflammatory factors, and haemoglobin A1c levels in African American women

Objective Type 2 diabetes disproportionately affects African American women, a population exposed to high levels of stress, including financial strain (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 2011, http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2011.pdf). We tested a mediational model in which chronic financial strain among African American women contributes to elevated serum inflammation markers, which, in turn, lead to increased haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels and risk for type 2 diabetes. Methods We assessed level of financial strain four times over a 10-year period and tested its effect on two serum inflammation markers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R) in year 11 of the study. We tested the inflammation markers as mediators in the association between chronic financial strain and HbA1c, an index of average blood glucose level over several months. Design Data were from 312 non-diabetic African American women from the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS; Cutrona et al., 2000, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 79, 1088). Results Chronic financial strain predicted circulating sIL-6R after controlling for age, BMI, health behaviours, and physical health measures. In turn, sIL-6R significantly predicted HbA1c levels. The path between chronic financial strain and HbA1c was significantly mediated by sIL-6R. Contrary to prediction, CRP was not predicted by chronic financial strain. Conclusions Results support the role of inflammatory factors in mediating the effects of psychosocial stressors on risk for type 2 diabetes. Findings have implications for interventions that boost economic security and foster effective coping as well as medical interventions that reduce serum inflammation to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Financial strain is a risk factor for many disorders, and it is associated with inflammation in the peripheral bloodstream. Inflammation processes are known to be associated with insulin resistance, a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. What does this study add? Financial strain, a psychological stressor, predicts higher levels of an inflammatory marker, sIL-6r, when controlling for a set of known predictors of inflammation. This inflammatory marker, in turn, predicts haemoglobin A1C level, a marker of risk for diabetes. The association between financial strain, a psychological stressor, and hemoglobin A1C is mediated by the inflammatory marker, sIL-6r, suggesting that one mechanism through which psychological stressors increase risk for diabetes is through inflammatory mechanisms.
WSARE: What's Strange About Recent Events?

This article presents an, algorithm for performing early detection of disease outbreaks by searching a database of emergency department cases for anomalous patterns. Traditional techniques for anomaly detection are unsatisfactory for this problem because they identify individual data points that are rare due to particular combinations of features. Thus, these traditional algorithms discover isolated outliers of particularly strange events, such as someone accidentally shooting their ear, that are not indicative of a new outbreak. Instead, we would like to detect groups with specific characteristics that have a recent pattern of illness that is anomalous relative to historical patterns. We propose using an anomaly detection algorithm that would characterize each anomalous pattern with a rule. The significance of each rule would be carefully evaluated using the Fisher exact test and a randomization test. In this study, we compared our algorithm with a standard detection algorithm by measuring the number of false positives and the timeliness of detection. Simulated data, produced by a simulator that creates the effects of an epidemic on a city, were used for evaluation. The results indicate that our algorithm has significantly better detection times for common significance thresholds while having a slightly higher false positive rate.