cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal patterns of expression of NGF and the low-affinity NGF receptor in rat embryos suggest functional roles in tissue morphogenesis and myogenesis

We show here that NGF and its low-affinity receptor (p75NGFR) are expressed during rat embryogenesis at sites that are known to have important roles in tissue morphogenesis and myogenesis. The developing skin of the maxilla, the mandible, and the limb showed very similar patterns of NGF and p75NGFR expression. However, NGF and p75NGFR expression in the developing limb initiated at the limb bud stage and was concentrated at proximal and distal developmental sites that have been reported to be involved in limb morphogenesis. Expression at the proximal/distal ends of the limb persisted throughout limb development, with some of the highest levels of expression occurring at the limb axillary sites, which were not highly innervated. We have also found p75NGFR expression at sites of mesenchymal/epithelial interactions in several developing organs that do not appear to have an adjacent source of NGF and may therefore be sites that bind and respond to the other members of the NGF family (brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3). These organs include the lung, testes, and kidney, where expression of p75NGFR occurred during the morphogenesis of specific epithelial structures and was coexpressed with the cell adhesion molecule NCAM. In addition, we found that NGF and p75NGFR were expressed during myogenesis. p75NGFR was observed in myoblast cells expressing MyoD1, a myoblast differentiation marker, and NGF transcripts in cells just adjacent to the developing myoblasts. When the myoblasts differentiate into myotubes, p75NGFR and MyoD1 cease to be expressed and the adjacent cells concomitantly cease to be make NGF. However, NGF and p75NGFR were not present in the early muscle precursor cells of the myotome of the somites but were observed in the dermatome and sclerotome, respectively. These results suggest that NGF and p75NGFR have functional roles in developmental processes that affect morphogenesis and cell differentiation.
The changing incidence of cervical carcinoma

Abstract The incidence of cervical carcinoma in Shelby County was reduced 51 per cent between 1949 through 1961 through cytological screening of three fourths of the 132,482 white women aged 20 and over. Of the 25 cases diagnosed as invasive carcinoma in 1961, 20 had never had cervicovaginal smears. The minimally screened population of the remaining Mid-South, by contrast, had only 13.6 per cent fewer diagnoses of cervical carcinoma over the same time period. Death rate from cervical carcinoma in white women of Shelby County has decreased 59 per cent from 1953 (peak of the past decade) to 1961, reflecting diagnosis in earlier and more curable stages of invasion as well as cures of preinvasive lesions.
Accounting for ultrasonic signal attenuation through model parameter interpolation

In ultrasonic NDE of materials, deconvolution techniques are widely used to improve time/space resolution, minimize spectral coloring, and compensate for different experimental settings, e.g., transducer variations, pulser-receiver energy/damping settings, etc. The reference signal that is used for deconvolution is typically obtained as the front (or back) surface echo from a suitable sample under conditions identical to those used in acquiring the signal to be processed (deconvolved). When the signal to be processed is acquired from an attenuating medium, the effect of signal attenuation should be appropriately accounted for in the deconvolution technique. If the signal arises from a localized inhomogeneity as in the case of flaw scattered signals, this is easily accomplished by suitably modifying the reference signal; for instance, in the Wiener filter based deconvolution technique [1], the frequency dependent attenuation corresponding to the flaw location is determined and incorporated into the reference signal spectrum. When the inhomogeneities are distributed throughout the material as in the case of grain backscattered signals, the correction for attenuation should vary along the depth of the material. A suitable deconvolution technique for incorporating such correction is based on the Kalman filter [2, 3]. In this technique, the reference signal and the signal to be processed are modeled respectively as the impulse response of a system and the system output. The input to the system is the deconvolved signal that has to be estimated. The Kalman filter algorithm processes the data sequentially and its formulation allows the system parameters to change at each step. This property can be taken advantage of in providing varying amounts of correction for attenuation along the depth of the material.
Central Venous Oxygen Saturation, Abnormal Gas Exchange, and Rate of Fall of Arterial Oxyhemoglobin Saturation During Obstructive Apnea

The minimum (nadir) arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2) during obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a function of apnea duration and rate of fall of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (dSaO2/dt) (Fig. 1). The longer the apnea, or the steeper the dSaO2/dt for a given duration of apnea, the lower the nadir SaO2 will be. Several factors have been shown to affect apnea duration: hypercarbia [1], level of oxygenation [1–4], and stage of sleep [5]. Other studies have demonstrated that dSaO2/dt is affected by thoracic gas volume [6, 7] as well as SaO2 [8, 9] at apnea onset.
Multiple Regulatory Mechanisms Maintain Zinc Homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Zinc is an essential nutrient, yet it is toxic if it accumulates in excess amounts within cells; therefore the intracellular labile zinc content of cells is tightly controlled. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, zinc homeostasis is regulated by the controlled activity of zinc uptake transporters in the plasma membrane and transporters responsible for intracellular zinc compartmentalization. The activity of these transporters is regulated at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels in response to zinc. These different mechanisms work together to precisely balance zinc uptake and its storage and utilization.
Extractive Regimes: Toward a Better Understanding of Indonesian Development.

This article proposes the concept of an extractive regime to understand Indonesia's developmental trajectory from 1966 to 1998. The concept contributes to world-systems, globalization, and commodity-based approaches to understanding peripheral development. An extractive regime is defined by its reliance on extraction of multiple natural resources in the formation of an economic and political order that is also supported by global and regional forces. After elaborating the concept of an extractive regime, the article illustrates it through examination of Indonesia's developmental trajectory from its formation in the post-World War II era to its firm establishment during Suharto's New Order. Although a comprehensive study would necessitate attention to the full panoply of commodities, the study illustrates some of the workings of the extractive regime in the timber and fisheries sectors, which share spatial extensivity and other characteristics. The article concludes by considering the future of the extractive regime in Indonesia amid democratization and continued class domination and by offering suggestions for further application, specification, and extension of the extractive regime concept.
Longitudinal spin correlation function in the Callen decoupling approximation for Heisenberg ferromagnets

Abstract The Green function method in the Callen decoupling approximation is used to study the longitudinal spin correlation in Heisenberg ferromagnets. Results are shown to be consistent with a sum rule for spin operators and the isotropy condition above Tc.
HIV-Risk Reduction with Juvenile Offenders on Probation

Youth involved in the juvenile justice system are at elevated risk for HIV as a result of high rates of sexual risk taking, substance use, mental health problems and sexually transmitted infections. Yet few HIV prevention programs exist for young offenders. This pilot study examined change in juvenile offenders’ sexual activity, drug/alcohol use, HIV testing and counseling, and theoretical mediators of risk taking following participation in preventing HIV/AIDS among teens (PHAT Life), an HIV-prevention program for teens on probation. Participants (N = 54) were 13–17 year-old arrested males and females remanded to a detention alternative setting. Youth participated in a uniquely tailored HIV prevention intervention and completed a baseline and 3-month follow up assessment of their HIV and substance use knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. At 3-month follow up, teens reported less alcohol use, more positive attitudes toward peers with HIV, greater ability to resist temptation to use substances, and for males, improved HIV prevention self-efficacy and peer norms supporting prevention. Teens were also more likely to seek HIV counseling and males were more likely to get tested for HIV. Effect sizes revealed moderate change in sexual behavior. Findings support PHAT Life as a promising intervention to reduce HIV-risk among youth in juvenile justice.
ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF GILVOCARCIN V PLUS UVA RADIATION

Gilvocarcin V (GV), a coumarin, is a nucleic acid photosensitizer that is phototoxic to bacteria and mammalian cells at picomolar levels in the presence of near-UV radiation (UVA). We evaluated the effectiveness of GV plus UVA for inactivation of several viruses, including herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV) and the bacterial viruses phi X174, T7, PRD1 and phi 6. Some inactivation of the bacterial viruses was observed with UVA radiation alone (4-50% survival at 26 kJ/m2). Additional photosensitized inactivation was observed only with T7 and phi 6 at 2.0 microM GV. On the other hand, HSV was photoinactivated with concentrations of GV three orders of magnitude lower (1.0 nM). Similar to the case with UV (254 nm) inactivation, the GV-UVA survival curve for HSV indicated multicomponent inactivation kinetics, which could not be explained by photobleaching of GV. The wide range of photosensitivities of these viruses to GV cannot be adequately explained by models based only on viral nucleic acid content or presence of lipid envelopes.
Seasonal Variation in Cost-of-Funds at Thrift Institutions

The purpose of this note is threefold. First, in addition to the well-known seasonal pattern to the eleventh-district cost-of-funds (COF), we document a twelve-month seasonal in the national median COF. Second, we demonstrate that the cause of seasonality in each of these COF series is due to the maladjustment of length-of-month effects. In particular, the eleventh-district COF is biased upwards in relatively short months while the national median is biased downward. Third, we show that the popular partial adjustment model for modeling the COF is misspecified.
Design issues for floor control protocols

Floor control allows users of networked multimedia applications to remotely share resources like cursors, data views, video and audio channels, or entire applications without access conflicts. Floors are mutually exclusive permissions, granted dynamically to collaborating users, mitigating race conditions and guaranteeing fair and deadlock- free resource access. Although floor control is an early concept within computer-supported cooperative work, no framework exists and current floor control mechanisms are often limited to simple objects. While small-scale collaboration can be facilitated by social conventions, the importance of floors becomes evident for large-scale application sharing and teleconferencing orchestration. In this paper, the concept of a scalable session protocol is enhanced with floor control. Characteristics of collaborative environments are discussed, and session and floor control are discerned. The system's and user's requirements perspectives are discussed, including distributed storage policies, packet structure and user-interface design for floor presentation, manipulation, and triggering conditions for floor migration. Interaction stages between users, and scenarios of participant withdrawal, late joins, and establishment of subgroups are elicited with respect to floor generation, bookkeeping, and passing. An API is proposed to standardize and integrate floor control among shared applications. Finally, a concise classification for existing systems with a notion of floor control is introduced.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tbx20 acts upstream of Wnt signaling to regulate endocardial cushion formation and valve remodeling during mouse cardiogenesis

Cardiac valves are essential to direct forward blood flow through the cardiac chambers efficiently. Congenital valvular defects are prevalent among newborns and can cause an immediate threat to survival as well as long-term morbidity. Valve leaflet formation is a rigorously programmed process consisting of endocardial epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), mesenchymal cell proliferation, valve elongation and remodeling. Currently, little is known about the coordination of the diverse signals that regulate endocardial cushion development and valve elongation. Here, we report that the T-box transcription factor Tbx20 is expressed in the developing endocardial cushions and valves throughout heart development. Ablation of Tbx20 in endocardial cells causes severe valve elongation defects and impaired cardiac function in mice. Our study reveals that endocardial Tbx20 is crucial for valve endocardial cell proliferation and extracellular matrix development, but is not required for initiation of EMT. Elimination of Tbx20 also causes aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the endocardial cushions. In addition, Tbx20 regulates Lef1, a key transcriptional mediator for Wnt/β-catenin signaling, in this developmental process. Our study suggests a model in which Tbx20 regulates the Wnt pathway to direct endocardial cushion maturation and valve elongation, and provides new insights into the etiology of valve defects in humans.
Electrochemistry of vanadium(II) and the electrodeposition of aluminum-vanadium alloys in the aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride molten salt

The electrochemical behavior of vanadium(II) was examined in the 66.7-33.3 mole percent aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride molten salt containing dissolved VCl2 at 353 K. Voltammetry experiments revealed that V(II) could be electrochemically oxidized to V(III) and V(IV). However at slow scan rates the V(II)/V(III) electrode reaction is complicated by the rapid precipitation of V(III) as VCl3. The reduction of V(II) occurs at potentials considerably negative of the Al(III)/Al electrode reaction, and Al-V alloys cannot be electrodeposited from this melt. However electrodeposition experiments conducted in VCl2-saturated melt containing the additive, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, resulted in Al-V alloys. The vanadium content of these alloys increased with increasing cathodic current density or more negative applied potentials. X-ray analysis of Al-V alloys that were electrodeposited on a rotating copper wire substrate indicated that these alloys did not form or contain an intermetallic compound, but were non-equilibrium or metastable solid solutions. The chloride-pitting corrosion properties of these alloys were examined in aqueous NaCl by using potentiodynamic polarization techniques. Alloys containing ~10 a/o vanadium exhibited a pitting potential that was 0.3 V positive of that for pure aluminum.
Elite Power, Race, and the Persistence of Low Unionization in the South

Sociohistorical accounts point out two fundamental features of the southern political economy that have dampened attempts at unionization: the exercise of elite power and the prevalence of racial division and animosity. Using unique county-level indicators of elite power and unionization across one southern state, we explore the extent to which the dynamics of race and class continue to shape worker mobilization. Findings suggest that historically influential considerations be accorded more weight in contemporary analyses of race and class-based insurgency. Equally important is the need to examine whether inequality and mobilization processes vary at the local level.
40- and 70-kHz vocalizations of mice (Mus musculus) during copulation.

White, N. R., M. Prasad, R. J. Barfield and J. G. Nyby. 40- and 70-kHz vocalizations of mice (Mus musculus) during copulation. Physiol Behav 63(4) 467–473, 1998. Ultrasonic vocalizations were tape recorded from five pairs of copulating mice and subjected to spectrographic analysis. As expected, the mice emitted numerous 70-kHz vocalizations. At the beginning of the test, before copulation began, 70-kHz calls were emitted almost continuously, while calls with lower spectrographic frequencies were not observed. Subsequently, bursts of 70-kHz calling generally began shortly before mounts and intromissions and persisted until dismount. Intermixed with these 70-kHz calls were additional vocalizations of about 40 kHz. Calling rates were highest just prior to intromission. Once intromissions began, 70-kHz calls continued at a lower rate until dismount; however, 40-kHz calls occurred infrequently. In a second experiment, the male was found to emit the majority of the 70-kHz calls and all of the 40-kHz calls. When the male was devocalized, few calls were detected, regardless of whether the female was able to call. If the male was not devocalized, high rates of calling were detected, even if the female was devocalized.
Prevalence and treatment of pain in EDs in the United States, 2000 to 2010.

Abstract Objectives To describe changes in the prevalence and severity of pain and prescribing of non-opioid analgesics in US emergency departments (EDs) from 2000 to 2010. Methods Analysis of serial cross-sectional data regarding ED visits from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Visits were limited to patients ≥ 18 years old without malignancy. Outcome measures included annual volume of visits among adults with a primary symptom or diagnosis of pain, annual rates of patient-reported pain severity, and predictors of non-opioid receipt for non-malignant pain. Results Rates of pain remained stable, representing approximately 45% of visits from 2000 through 2010. Patients reported pain as their primary symptom twice as often as providers reported a primary pain diagnosis (40% vs 20%). The percentage of patients reporting severe pain increased from 25% (95% confidence intervals [CI] 22%-27%) in 2003 to 40% (CI 37%-42%) in 2008. From 2000 to 2010, the proportion of pain visits treated with pharmacotherapies increased from 56% (CI 53%-58%) to 71% (CI 69%-72%), although visits treated exclusively with non-opioids decreased 21% from 28% (CI 27%-30%) to 22% (CI 20%-23%). The adjusted odds of non-opioid rather than opioid receipt were greater among visits for patients 18 to 24 years old (odds ratio [OR] 1.35, CI 1.24-1.46), receiving fewer medicines (OR 2.91, CI 2.70-3.15) and those with a diagnosis of mental illness (OR 2.24, CI 1.99-2.52). Conclusions Large increases in opioid utilization in EDs have coincided with reductions in the use of non-opioid analgesics and an unchanging prevalence of pain among patients.
Recent advances in the genetics of rheumatoid arthritis

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review the recently discovered genetic risk loci in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the pathways they implicate, and the genetic architecture of RA. RECENT FINDINGS: Since 2008 investigators have identified many common genetic variants that confer disease risk through single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping studies; the list of variants will no doubt continue to expand at a rapid rate as genotyping technologies evolve and case-control sample collections continue to grow. In aggregate, these variants implicate pathways leading to NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) activation, the interluekin-2 signaling pathway, and T-cell activation. SUMMARY: Although the effect of any individual variant is modest and even in aggregate considerably less than that of the major histocompatability complex, discovery of recent risk variants suggests immunological processes that are involved in disease pathogenesis.
Signal Approximation via the Gopher Fast Fourier Transform

We consider the problem of quickly estimating the best κ‐term Fourier representation for a given frequency‐sparse band‐limited signal (i.e., function) f: [0,2π]→¢. In essence, this requires the identification of κ of the largest magnitude frequencies of f∈¢N, and the estimation their Fourier coefficients. Randomized sublinear‐time Monte Carlo algorithms, which have a small probability of failing to output accurate answers for each input signal, have been developed for solving this problem [1, 2]. These methods were implemented as the Ann Arbor Fast Fourier Transform (AAFFT) and empirically evaluated in [3]. In this paper we present and evaluate the first implementation, called the Gopher Fast Fourier Transform (GFFT), of the more recently developed sparse Fourier transform techniques from [4]. Our experiments indicate that different variants of GFFT generally outperform AAFFT with respect to runtime and sample usage.
Selection Practiced Among Dairy Cows. II. Total Production Over a Sequence of Lactations

Abstract Phenotypic selection among dairy cows was investigated with respect to milk yield in one or more lactation records simultaneously. An average index was constructed such that the efficiency of selection practiced on more than one record was maximized in retrospect. Lactation records made by Holstein cows in 464 New York herds tested continuously under the DHIA system at least during the period 1957 to 1962 were studied. The phenotypic selection differentials expressed in standard deviation units for the M.E. milk yield deviation (deviation from the intra-herd-year-season-lactation subclass mean) and the conventional deviation from herdmates for the first to the fourth lactations were .13, .12, .11, .11, and .12, .11, .11, .10 for all cows, respectively. Generally, differentials were progressively lower for the earlier lactations when cows had at least two, three, and four lactation records. The standardized selection differentials of the herd-mate deviations for cows with at least four records were .02, .08, .08, and .11 for the first to the fourth lactations. Relative weights in the indices were largest for the most recent lactation record. A negative weight was obtained for the first-lactation deviations of the two yield deviations when cows had at least four records. The inclusion of earlier yield deviations in an index increased the efficiency of the description of the selection process by .01, .01, and .03 with the addition of one, two, and three records, respectively. Efficiencies of phenotypic selection for the M.E. deviations were .40, .37, .31, and .26 when all records were considered in an index and selection was practiced after the first to the fourth lactations, respectively.
Synthesis and structure of (H2O)(12-crown-4)-Co(II)(Co(II)Cl3)(μ-Cl) isolated from a liquid clathrate medium

The crystal structure of (H2O)(12-crown-4)Co(II)(Co(II)Cl3)(μ-Cl)1 is reported. Crystal data for1: monoclinic, space groupP21/m, a=7.958(8) A,b=12.006(1) A,c=69.017(9) A, β=107.896(2)0, Dc=1.84 g cm−3,Z=2,R1=0.025,wR2=0.059. The crown ether acts as a tetradentate ligand and partially completes the binding sphere of the Co(II) ion which also includes one water oxygen atom and a bridging chloride ligand, the latter of which may be regarded to originate from a [CoCl4]2− ion.
Positive Illusory Bias and Response to Behavioral Treatment among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

The current study investigates the accuracy of self-perceptions of competence among 43 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ages 6.9-11.9; 37 boys) attending an 8-week empirically supported behavioral summer treatment program. Having inflated self-perceptions about one's competence at the beginning of the summer predicted poorer response to the intervention administered in the program as assessed by changes in observed conduct problems, peer-nominated social preference, and friendship. However, inflated self-perceptions at the start of the summer predicted reductions in self-reported depressive symptoms during the treatment period. Despite participating in an intensive intervention, there was high stability of children's biased self-perceptions regarding their performance.
Spatial and Temporal Organization of Ensemble Representations for Different Odor Classes in the Moth Antennal Lobe

In the insect antennal lobe, odor discrimination depends on the ability of the brain to read neural activity patterns across arrays of uniquely identifiable olfactory glomeruli. Less is understood about the complex temporal dynamics and interglomerular interactions that underlie these spatial patterns. Using neural-ensemble recording, we show that the evoked firing patterns within and between groups of glomeruli are odor dependent and organized in both space and time. Simultaneous recordings from up to 15 units per ensemble were obtained from four zones of glomerular neuropil in response to four classes of odorants: pheromones, monoterpenoids, aromatics, and aliphatics. Each odor class evoked a different pattern of excitation and inhibition across recording zones. The excitatory response field for each class was spatially defined, but inhibitory activity was spread across the antennal lobe, reflecting a center-surround organization. Some chemically related odorants were not easily distinguished by their spatial patterns, but each odorant evoked transient synchronous firing across a uniquely different subset of ensemble units. Examination of 535 cell pairs revealed a strong relationship between their recording positions, temporal correlations, and similarity of odor response profiles. These findings provide the first definitive support for a nested architecture in the insect olfactory system that uses both spatial and temporal coordination of firing to encode chemosensory signals. The spatial extent of the representation is defined by a stereotyped focus of glomerular activity for each odorant class, whereas the transient temporal correlations embedded within the ensemble provide a second coding dimension that can facilitate discrimination between chemically similar volatiles.
Non-linear acoustic concealed weapons detection (CWD)

In this paper we describe an acoustic weapons detection concept that is based on ultrasonics and nonlinear acoustics. An ultrasonic projector is used to create an acoustic field at the site of inspection. The field is composed of multiple ultrasonic waves interacting at the interrogation site. The ultrasonic field creates acoustic interactions at that site which are used as the primary probe. The acoustic field is tailored to excite the target in an optimum fashion for weapons detection. In this presentation, we present aspects of this approach highlighting its ability to confine the interrogation field, create a narrow-band probing field, and the ability to scan that acoustic field to image objects. Ultrasonic propagation parameters that influence the field will be presented as will data of field characteristics. An image obtained with this system will be shown, demonstrating its capability to achieve high resolution. Effects of cloth over a weapon are shown to alter the image, yet not hide the weapon. Luna will report on its most recent findings as to the nature of this detection technology and its ability to generate information important to CWD.
Transmembrane Pores Formed by Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37

Human LL-37 is a multifunctional cathelicidin peptide that has shown a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity by permeabilizing microbial membranes similar to other antimicrobial peptides; however, its molecular mechanism has not been clarified. Two independent experiments revealed LL-37 bound to membranes in the α-helical form with the axis lying in the plane of membrane. This led to the conclusion that membrane permeabilization by LL-37 is a nonpore carpet-like mechanism of action. Here we report the detection of transmembrane pores induced by LL-37. The pore formation coincided with LL-37 helices aligning approximately normal to the plane of the membrane. We observed an unusual phenomenon of LL-37 embedded in stacked membranes, which are commonly used in peptide orientation studies. The membrane-bound LL-37 was found in the normal orientation only when the membrane spacing in the multilayers exceeded its fully hydrated value. This was achieved by swelling the stacked membranes with excessive water to a swollen state. The transmembrane pores were detected and investigated in swollen states by means of oriented circular dichroism, neutron in-plane scattering, and x-ray lamellar diffraction. The results are consistent with the effect of LL-37 on giant unilamellar vesicles. The detected pores had a water channel of radius 23–33 A. The molecular mechanism of pore formation by LL-37 is consistent with the two-state model exhibited by magainin and other small pore-forming peptides. The discovery that peptide-membrane interactions in swollen states are different from those in less hydrated states may have implications for other large membrane-active peptides and proteins studied in stacked membranes.
Court-Ordered Desegregation and Extracurricular Activities Impact on Racial Participation and Segregation in High School Clubs and Organizations

Desegregation, court-ordered and sudden, has effects upon students' participation in extracurricular activities. The experience of wider society is in a way replicated.
Nutritional concepts in the treatment of head and neck malignancies.

Cancer cachexia should no longer be a contraindication to adequate antineoplastic treatment. Current methods of nutritional assessment allow one to identify malnutrition and to follow the nutritional status of the patient throughout the cancer-management program. Enteral nutritional repletion and maintenance remain the ideal course of action, but the gastrointestinal tract is not always readily available or advisable for use; in such circumstances, intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) may be indicated. The properly nourished patient better tolerates cancer therapy, experiences fewer complications of malnutrition (e.g., sepsis and poor wound healing), and has a better-functioning immune system than does his malnourished counterpart. This article reviews methods of nutritional assessment, delineates indications and techniques for nutritional repletion, and summarizes the results obtained.
Carbon materials obtained from organometallic modification of pitch and its oxidation resistance properties

Although carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix (C/C) composites are used in the aerospace and utility industries, carbon materials oxidize readily at temperatures above 425 °C. A variety of coatings have been used to protect C/C composites from oxidation. The thermal expansion mismatch creates microcracks that could result in catastrophic failure. To alleviate these difficulties, we have used the approach of modifying the carbon precursor molecule with organometallic functions, which results in uniform and nanosize mixing of antioxidants in the carbon matrix. Mesophase pitch, which is a carbon precursor, was grafted with silicon and aluminum preceramic functions by using organometallic chemistry to produce Compounds 1, 2, 3 and 4. These organometallic pitches produce Chars A, B, C and D upon carbonization. Char C exhibits oxidation resistance superior to that of commercial carbon fiber.
A prosopographical analysis of the early American mathematics publication community

Abstract Mathematics in the United States developed slowly over its first one hundred years. Before the appearance of successful mathematics journals, American mathematicians depended on science journals to publish their work. Three journals, the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Journal of Science and Arts, played pivotal roles in the development of a mathematics publication community.
Knee extensor strength is associated with pressure pain thresholds in adults with fibromyalgia.

Objective Individuals with fibromyalgia (FM) have lower muscle strength and lower pressure pain thresholds (PPT). The primary aim of this study was to determine the associations between muscle strength and PPT in adults with FM to test the hypothesis that greater measures of muscle strength would be associated with greater values of PPT. Secondary aims included determining the effects of pain severity and the peak uptake of oxygen (Vo2) on the associations between muscle strength and PPT. Methods Knee extensor and flexor strength (N = 69) was measured in the dominant leg using a dynamometer, and PPT was assessed using an electronic algometer. Pain severity was determined using the Multidimensional Pain Inventory, and peak Vo2 uptake was quantified using an electronically braked cycle ergometer. Results Univariable linear regression analysis demonstrated a significant association between PPT (dependent variable) and isometric knee extensor (P<.001), isokinetic (60°/s) knee extensor (P = .002), and isokinetic (60°/s) knee flexor strength (P = .043). In a multiple variable linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, pain severity, body mass index and peak Vo2 uptake, a significant association was found between PPT and isometric knee extensor strength (P = .008). In a similar multiple variable analysis, a significant association was found between PPT and isokinetic knee extensor strength (P = .044). Conclusion Greater measures of isometric and isokinetic knee extensor strength were significantly associated with greater values of PPT in both univariable and multiple variable linear regression models. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01253395
From Where Will the Leaders Come

Abstract This article describes a rationale for the development of individual leadership abilities and skills in manners contrary to traditional approaches to instruction in leadership theory. Traditional leadership perspectives reflect mechanistic and bureaucratic concepts that portray the organization as an authority hierarchy with influence flowing down from the top. Leadership is thus an executive function and prerogative. Although individual leadership theories often say, in passing, that anyone can be a leader, preoccupation is with authority-figure performance. We suggest that educators need to become concerned with teaching students and members of organizations how to recognize and act on opportunities and responsibilities to exert influence.
A. N. Whitehead on his mathematical goals: a letter of 1912

Summary In March 1912 A. N. Whitehead wrote a letter which sheds new and important light on his own view of his mathematical goals. In this article I publish the letter for the first time and relate its contents not only to his mathematical career but also to his scientific, philosophical and educational interests.
Seeding Rate Effects on Rough Rice Yield, Head Rice, and Total Milled Rice

Without an adequate and uniform rice (Oryza sativa L.) stand, optimum rough rice yields are difficult to attain. Most seeding rate research has emphasized optimizing rough rice yields, with little consideration given to the effect of seeding rate on head rice (percentage of whole milled kernels) and total milled rice (percentage of whole milled kernels plus milled broken kernels). Thus, our objective was to assess the effect of seeding rate on head rice and total milled rice of two very early-season rice cultivars (Millie and Adair) and two midseason rice cultivars (Katy and Kaybonnet). The experiment was conducted at the Pine Tree Experiment Station near Colt, AR, during 1992 and 1993. The cultivar (maturity group) X seeding rate interaction was significant for head rice and total milled rice, suggesting that, for head rice and total milled rice, the four cultivars responded differently to seeding rate. There was a linear decrease in head rice as seeding rate decreased for Millie, a quadratic decrease in head rice as seeding rate decreased for Adair, and a linear increase in head rice as seeding rate decreased for both Katy and Kaybonnet. We surmise that increased tillering and decreased kernel weights at the lower seeding rates decreased the head rice for Adair and Millie. Total milled rice decreased linearly with decreasing seeding rate only for Adair. When evaluating thin rice stands for potential performance or replanting, both cultivar and head rice and total milled rice losses should be considered.
Microcomputer display timing: Problems and solutions

The 525-line composite video display standard is described and discussed from the viewpoint of its usefulness in psychology experiments. While a frame is displayed every 33.3 msec, it consists of two interlaced 262.5-line subframes displayed in 16.7 msec each. Thus, a display consisting of 16 or fewer video lines may be presented in 1 msec or less. The hardware of some microcomputers may be modified to make the video vertical synchronization timing signal available to latency timing software. This modification permits response signal and latency timing with 1-msec or better precision. A modification that permits display blanking under software control is also noted, and a detailed description of both modifications is given for the popular APPLE II microcomputer. Other problems discussed include moving display materials into display buffer areas in time for single-scan precision timing, software speed problems, and the tradeoffs between video and light-emitting diode displays.
Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus in Rapidly Growing Fibroadenomas of the Breast in Immunosuppressed Hosts

Fibroadenomas are the most common benign tumors of the female breast and are associated with a slight increase in the risk of subsequent breast cancer. Multiple fibroadenomas have been described in patients after renal transplantation and are thought to be secondary to drug-related growth stimulation. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been detected in many neoplasms, including breast cancer. We set out to investigate whether EBV plays a role in the development of rapidly growing fibroadenomas in immunocompromised patients. We studied 19 fibroadenomas and one invasive ductal carcinoma that developed after organ transplantation or treatment for lupus erythematosus. As a control group we included 11 fibroadenomas from non-immunocompromised patients. DNA was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER-2) DNA sequence. EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) transcripts were amplified using reverse transcription (RT) PCR. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for LMP-1 protein was performed. A total of 9 out of 20 tumors (45%) were concordantly positive by PCR and IHC. IHC stained exclusively the epithelial cells. All the fibroadenomas in non-immunocompromised patients were negative for LMP-1 (Fisher's exact test P = .0006). These data suggest that EBV is associated with fibroadenomas in this immunosuppressed population and that the infection is specifically localized to epithelial cells. This is the first study suggesting a role for EBV in the pathogenesis of fibroadenomas.
The chemistry of sublimates collected directly from lava fountains at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii☆

Abstract During 1970, it was occasionally feasible to collect sublimate from directly above the lava fountain in the crater of Mauna Ulu on the east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, when the level of the lava pool had dropped within the crater. Collecting equipment was suspended down the steep wall to a position above the fountain. Collections were made on quartz wool held within open-ended quartz tubes and, for silica detection, on stainless steel wool in a stainless steel tube. The main components in the sublimate were, in order of decreasing concentration for the best sample, Na, Ca, Al, Fe, Mg, K, B, Si, Ti, Zn, H + , NH 4 + , Cu, Ni in the form of sulfates, chlorides and fluorides. In order to investigate the forms in which the sublimate ions occur under different conditions of temperature and oxidation, the equilibrium compositions of the compounds most likely to be present were calculated. This was done for those important components for which thermodynamic data are available, using a computer program to calculate the minimum free energy for the mixture. The results indicate that, for primary conditions of high temperature and low oxygen partial pressure, the halides were the most likely form of the metallic compounds. Particulate sulfates appear under increasing oxidizing conditions caused by the access of air. These conclusions were reinforced by collections made from holes drilled through the thin crust of a lava lake formed during the same eruption.
An innovative course for licensed practical nurse–associate degree nursing articulation

Abstract This article describes the adaptation of a licensed practical nurse—associate degree in nursing articulation course to a distance format, specifically hybrid. Methods for evaluation of the course are described. For the most part, students were successful in the course and program progression, exhibited improvements in self-efficacy, and expressed satisfaction with the teaching methods. Expanding opportunities for licensed practical nurses to return to school and experience career advancement may help reduce the nurse shortage.
Estimating gradients for statistical tolerance synthesis

Current statistical tolerance analyses calculate the distributions of critical dimensions or design functions for a given set of tolerances. However, the analyses cannot determine the effect of small changes in tolerance values without a complete reanalysis. This inability to furnish gradient information restricts the use of optimization algorithms in tolerance synthesis to those which do not require gradients. This paper describes a technique for statistical tolerance analysis. In the technique, the continuous distribution of manufacturing variations is replaced by an equivalent discrete distribution. During the process of computing the discrete probabilities, gradient information is also computed, so that more efficient optimization algorithms can be used.
Tat transactivation: a model for the regulation of eukaryotic transcriptional elongation.

a o t v r C 1 p The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) enodes a transcriptional transactivator called Tat (hTat) Cullen, 1998; Emerman and Malim, 1998; Frankel and oung, 1998; Gait and Karn, 1995; Gaynor, 1995; Jeang, 998; Jones, 1997; Jones and Peterlin, 1994). hTat is xpressed early in the life cycle of HIV-1 and is essential or viral gene expression, replication, and pathogenesis Dayton et al., 1986; Fisher et al., 1986). Unlike other nown eukaryotic transcriptional activators that bind to NA, hTat interacts with the transactivation response TAR; hTAR) RNA structure, which is located at the 59 end f all viral transcripts. Moreover, hTat regulates the proess of elongation rather than initiation of transcription Jones and Peterlin, 1994; Kao et al., 1987). In its absence, ranscription complexes assemble on the viral promoter LTR), but RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) synthesizes only hort transcripts (Kao et al., 1987). The binding of hTat to TAR renders the RNAPII competent for elongation (Kao t al., 1987; Laspia et al., 1989; Feinberg et al., 1991). This igh affinity interaction between hTat and hTAR is medited by the cyclin subunit of the positive elongation actor b (P-TEFb). By interacting with the human cyclin T1 hT1), hTat recruits the cyclin-dependent kinase 9 CDK9), which phosphorylates the C-terminal domain CTD) of RNAPII. The conversion of RNAPII from its nphosphorylated (RNAPIIa) to phosphorylated (RNAIIo) forms marks the transition from initiation to elongaion of transcription (Jones, 1997). This review begins with structures of hTat and hTAR. ext, we present genetic and biochemical evidence that ed to the current model of hTat transactivation. After a iscussion of other lentiviral Tat proteins, which recruit -TEFb by slightly different mechanisms, Tat transactivaion is placed into the context of eukaryotic transcription.
Thromboxane synthetase inhibition reduces ventricular irritability after coronary occlusion and reperfusion

Abstract Reperfusion of ischemic tissue is responsible for production of metabolites with deleterious local vascular effects. Thromboxane A 2 , a potent vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregator, has been implicated as a mediator of the “reperfusion injury.” We studied the effect of an experimental thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, OKY-046, on coronary sinus thromboxane levels, ventricular irritability, myocardial contractility, infarct salvage, and histologic features of reperfusion. Sixteen sheep were randomized to OKY-046, 3 mg/kg, or saline vehicle before 3-hour occlusion and subsequent reperfusion of the left anterior descending artery. The OKY group demonstrated less ventricular irritability as measured by incidence of ventricular fibrillation and necessity for countershock to reverse tachyarrhythmias. Coronary sinus thromboxane levels were significantly lower in the OKY group compared with the control group. There is additional evidence to suggest that OKY increases infarct salvage and attenuates histologic features of microcirculatory damage.
Distance relationships in theoretical models of carcinogenesis.

Abstract A number of quantitative models of environmental and genetic carcinogenesis have been proposed. It may be possible to ameliorate difficult problems of empirical verification by deriving the distance relationships inferred by a particular model of carcinogenesis. In addition, theoretical statements of the cancer-inducing process may inform empirical studies of the spatial variation in cancer occurrence and aid in model selection and interpretation. This paper introduces carcinogenetic theory and provides examples of the geographical application of theoretical models of carcinogenesis.
Assessing Power in Spatial Bargaining: When Is There Advantage to Being Status-Quo Advantaged?

Bargaining at various levels has taken on a greater role in our understanding of international relations. Milner's (1997) work presented a model in which bargaining at the international level would result in the status quo advantaged actor getting his ideal agreement. We conducted a face-to-face experiment between sixty-eight pairings of men to test this prediction in a controlled setting. All of the participants were presented with the same bargaining problem in different contexts. For each pairing, we collected data on a trial bargaining period under a "classic" Nash bargaining problem (under private information, but without monetary incentive) and two bargaining periods with an underlying unidimensional issue space (i.e., Milner's model, once under private information, the other under full information, each with monetary incentive). While the Nash bargaining solution was consistently chosen under the "classic" Nash bargaining problem, it was rarely chosen when the bargaining problem represented an underlying unidimensional issue space. For the unidimensional bargaining problem, private information did not facilitate producing any consistent outcome; under full information, the "equity point"--in which each participant earned the same dollar amount--was chosen significantly more often than any other outcome, even under a context in which the equity point was incentive incompatible for one actor to agree to that agreement. The overall results suggest that the Nash bargaining solution is predictive when it is also a focal point in the bargaining space, but is only prescriptive in a bargaining space with many mutually improving points. Finally, private information allowed the status quo advantaged actor to get a better deal compared to the full-information condition.