cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixing In High -Speed Flows With Thick Boundary Layers

The penetration of fuel surrogates transversely injected into a supersonic air stream has been measured over varied conditions of relative boundary layer thickness, molecular weight and air Mach number, to complement existing data bases and models. Penetration is an important prerequisite for efficient mixing, which is closely coupled to heat release in combustion. Air Mach numbers of 1.6 and 2.5 were examined. Boundary layer thickness was measured and injection tests were performed for various injector diameters and dynamic pressure ratios. The test section has a square section of width, L = 25 mm, followed by an 18L long constant area duct. Round orifices, with diameters of 1 mm, 1.5 mm, and 3.2 mm were used. Helium and Argon were used to observe the effect of density on penetration and mixing. Schlieren imaging was used to visualize and measure penetration. This study compares penetration to existing models using dynamic pressure ratio, injectant density and boundary layer thickness as independent variables. Greater dependence of penetration on boundary layer thickness is found than has been previously identified.
Organic semiconductor structure and chemistry from near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy

The ability to measure the structural development of organic semiconductor films and correlate it to the electrical characteristics of organic devices such as thin film transistors (OTFTs) is needed to facilitate the commercialization of this technology. Synchrotron-based Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy is a powerful tool that meets this need because it can non-destructively reveal both the structure and chemistry of thin organic films. The density of bonds involving Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Fluorine can be quantified, a depth profile can be developed, and bond orientation can be determined. Here, we outline the principles of NEXAFS experimentation and data analysis with an emphasis on their application to organic semiconductor thin films. NEXAFS spectra of model organic semiconductors such as pentacene and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) are used to demonstrate how NEXAFS can enhance understanding of the complex processing-structure relationships of semiconductor film formation and identify processing methods that may optimize device performance.
Spectral Theorems in Euclidean and Hermitian Spaces

The goal of this chapter is to show that there are nice normal forms for symmetric matrices, skew-symmetric matrices, orthogonal matrices, and normal matrices. The spectral theorem for symmetric matrices states that symmetric matrices have real eigenvalues and that they can be diagonalized over an orthonormal basis. The spectral theorem for Hermitian matrices states that Hermitian matrices also have real eigenvalues and that they can be diagonalized over a complex orthonormal basis. Normal matrices can be block diagonalized over an orthonormal basis with blocks having size at most two, and there are refinements of this normal form for skewsymmetric and orthogonal matrices.
Teaching Web services using WSExplorer

It is important for Web services developers to know "under the hood" aspects of Web services technology for both creating and consuming them. To fulfill this need, we have developed WSExplorer, a tool for teaching Web services concepts and its building blocks. It facilitates hands-on experimentation with the inquiry aspect of UDDI registries, obtaining and analyzing WSDL documents, invoking Web service operations, and examining SOAP requests and responses. This paper begins with a brief introduction to Web services so that the paper is self-contained. Next, we describe how WSExplorer can be used in distributed computing and related courses to learn the underlying technical aspects of Web services. We discuss motivation, rationale, and approach for the exercises that we have designed for use in these courses. More specifically, the exercises explore: discovering Web services using UDDI registry; understanding the structure of a WSDL document; understanding how XML schemas are written by examining the WSDL schema; verifying that a retrieved WSDL document is valid against its schema; identifying operations and I/O message formats supported by a Web service; locating the operations identified by the WSDL analyzer in the corresponding WSDL document; examining SOAP requests/responses and validating them against the corresponding WSDL; and interacting with Web services developed by other students in the class.
Pseudopotential Band Structure of ZnO

The empirical pseudopotential method is used to compute the band structure, density of states, and reflectivity of hexagonal zinc oxide. The local approximation is assumed, on the basis of recent photoemission experiments which showed that the zinc core 3d band lies deep below the valence band. The calculation succeeds in identifying the reflectivity peaks, but gives stronger amplitudes than are observed, and these identifications are shown to fit well into the systematics of the other three zinc chalcogenides. Reasonable agreement is also obtained with the experimental locations of the maxima in the density of states and with the large value of the valence bandwidth.
A new quorum-sensing system (TprA/PhrA) for Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 that regulates a lantibiotic biosynthesis gene cluster.

The Phr peptides of the Bacillus species mediate quorum sensing, but their identification and function in other species of bacteria have not been determined. We have identified a Phr peptide quorum-sensing system (TprA/PhrA) that controls the expression of a lantibiotic gene cluster in the Gram-positive human pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae. Lantibiotics are highly modified peptides that are part of the bacteriocin family of antimicrobial peptides. We have characterized the basic mechanism for a Phr-peptide signaling system in S. pneumoniae and found that it induces the expression of the lantibiotic genes when pneumococcal cells are at high density in the presence of galactose, a main sugar of the human nasopharynx, a highly competitive microbial environment. Activity of the Phr peptide system is not seen when pneumococcal cells are grown with glucose, the preferred carbon source and the most prevalent sugar encountered by S. pneumoniae during invasive disease. Thus, the lantibiotic genes are expressed under the control of both cell density signals via the Phr peptide system and nutritional signals from the carbon source present, suggesting that quorum sensing and the lantibiotic machinery may help pneumococcal cells compete for space and resources during colonization of the nasopharynx.
Wireless video systems

Our present ability to work with video has been confined to a wired environment, requiring both the video encoder and decoder to be physically connected to a power supply and a wired communication link. This paper presents two design examples for delivering high-quality image and video data in a wireless environment. The first example is a wireless video-on-demand system and the second example is a single-chip digital camera. The discussion will focus on the architectural and circuit design techniques developed specifically for silicon integration of high-performance, low-power wireless video systems.
The effect of heavy doping on the diffusion of impurities in silicon

Abstract The diffusivities of P32, Sb124, Sn113, and In114 in intrinsic, heavily doped n-type ( 5 × 10 19 cm 3 ) and heavily doped p-type ( 2 × 10 20 cm 3 ) silicon have been measured to obtain information on the diffusion mechanism in silicon. The measured diffusion coefficients of P32 and Sb124 in heavily doped n-type are twice their value in intrinsic silicon ; their diffusivities in heavily doped p-type are one-half their intrinsic values. The diffusivity of Sn113 in n-type is about 50% larger than in intrinsic, whereas in p-type it is about equal to that in intrinsic silicon. The diffusion coefficient of In114 is about six times larger in p-type and about 50% lower in n-type silicon. Possible diffusion mechanisms for substitutional impurities in silicon are discussed in the light of these and other data.
DPSK modulation using a microring modulator

We present the first experimental demonstration of DPSK modulation using a microring modulator. A 250-Mb/s electro-optic silicon microring modulator is shown with a measured 2-dB power penalty in comparison to a commercial LiNbO 3 phase modulator.
Orthotopic ureterocele masquerading as a bladder tumor in a woman with pelvic pain

Single system orthotopic ureteroceles often present in adulthood are associated with characteristic radiographic findings. We present the case of a 54 year old woman with 8 months of urgency/frequency and pelvic pain that has the cystoscopic appearance of a bladder tumor. Cystoscopic images, radiographs and intraoperative photos demonstrate the work-up, evaluation, and treatment of this unique single system orthotopic ureterocele containing a calculus. This patient demonstrates the need for cystoscopy accompanied by upper tract imaging in patients with new onset pelvic pain, urgency/frequency, and frequent urinary tract infections.
Characteristics of the dementia in late‐onset metachromatic leukodystrophy

Patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) of juvenile or adult onset present with behavioral abnormalities. In nine patients, diagnosed between ages 11 and 33 years, behavior and neuropsychological test results disclosed a pattern of dementia combining features associated with both frontal and white matter abnormalities. All the patients had been considered to have a psychiatric disorder prior to the diagnosis of MLD, even though none had any of the cardinal features of schizophrenia or other major psychosis. Early diagnosis of late-onset MLD is important to provide access to appropriate effective therapy.
Genome Sequence of Streptomyces viridosporus Strain T7A ATCC 39115, a Lignin-Degrading Actinomycete.

We announce the availability of the genome sequence of Streptomyces viridosporus strain T7A ATCC 39115, a plant biomass- degrading actinomycete. This bacterium is of special interest because of its capacity to degrade lignin, an underutilized compo- nent of plants in the context of bioenergy. It has a full complement of genes for plant biomass catabolism.
Brain imaging of the neural systems affected in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Evaluation of: Schneider MF, Krick CM, Retz W et al. Impairment of fronto-striatal and parietal cerebral networks correlates with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) psychopathology in adults – a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Psychiatry Res. 183, 75–84 (2010).A plethora of studies utilizing either anatomical or functional brain imaging have revealed differences between children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and neurological normal individuals. However, relatively little research has examined patterns of brain activity in adults with ADHD. Such research is of interest because it can elucidate which aspects of the disorder are consistently observed across the lifespan. This article assesses the findings of a recently published study, which not only reported altered brain function in adults with ADHD during performance of an attentionally demanding response-inhibition task, but which also linked such alterations to the severity of ADHD ...
Surface morphology and description of Otobothrium kurisi new species (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) from a hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini

Abstract Shields J. D. 1985. Surface morphology and description of Otobothrium kurisi new species (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) from a hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini. International Journal for Parasitology 15: 635–643. Otobothrium kurisi new species is described from the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini. Otobothrium kurisi is the third species of Otobothrium to be described with a villous peduncle. It can be distinguished from other closely related species by its elongate tentacular bulbs, with a bulb ratio of 1.8: 1, a moderately large scolex (1900–2720 μm), and a pars bothridialis to pars vaginalis to pars bulbosa ratio of 1: 2.8: 0.9. Scanning electron microscopy of the tegument of the scolex revealed minute, tripartite spines on the entire bothridial surface. The bothridial surface spines may aid attachment and indirectly aid in the absorption of nutrients. The peduncle of the scolex was villous; each villus in turn, possessed microtriches. The density of microtriches was compared to that of other species of tapeworms
Depth from dynamic stereo images

A novel depth computation algorithm is described. Based on linear equations derived from the consideration of relative normal velocity, this algorithm determines depth values locally and uniquely from normal velocities. Multiple independently moving objects present no problem for the algorithm. A velocity constraint is implemented to estimate normal velocities from intensity images. Experiments to determine depth values from both synthetic images and real images are presented. The experiments show that the depth-recovery algorithm can recover correct values from intensity images. The accuracy of the depth values depends heavily on the accuracy of the normal velocities. >
Development of an adaptive chemistry model considering micromixing effects

Abstract In numerical simulation of combustion models, solution of the chemical kinetics is often the most expensive part of the calculation, since accurate description of kinetic mechanism involves large number of species and reactions, leading to a large set of coupled ODEs, often too complex to be considered in their entirety along with a detailed flow simulation. Hence the need for representing the complex chemical reactions by simple reduced models, which can retain considerable accuracy while rendering computational feasibility. Realistically, under different conditions and at different points in time, different reactions become important, which has been exploited to develop an adaptive reduction scheme such that the reduced reaction model adapts itself to the changing reactor conditions.A methodology is developed in this paper to construct reduced mechanisms by solving an optimization problem, where the objective is to determine the range of conditions along the reaction trajectory over which a prespecified number of reactions can predict the actual profile within an allowable tolerance. Such an adaptive reduced mechanism is then coupled with the reactive flow algorithm, which selects an appropriate mechanism depending on reactor condition and integrate the corresponding ODEs for the specified valid range. These ideas are demonstrated using the mechanism of CO/H2 combustion in air.
Hyaluronan Fragments Act as an Endogenous Danger Signal by Engaging TLR2

Upon tissue injury, high m.w. hyaluronan (HA), a ubiquitously distributed extracellular matrix component, is broken down into lower m.w. (LMW) fragments, which in turn activate an innate immune response. In doing so, LMW HA acts as an endogenous danger signal alerting the immune system of a breach in tissue integrity. In this report, we demonstrate that LMW HA activates the innate immune response via TLR-2 in a MyD88-, IL-1R-associated kinase-, TNFR-associated factor-6-, protein kinase Cζ-, and NF-κB-dependent pathway. Furthermore, we show that intact high m.w. HA can inhibit TLR-2 signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that LMW HA can act as an adjuvant promoting Ag-specific T cell responses in vivo in wild-type but not TLR-2 null mice.
Development and validation of standard area diagrams to aid assessment of pecan scab symptoms on fruit

Pecan scab (Fusicladium effusum) causes losses of pecan nutmeat yield and quality in the southeastern United States. Disease assessment relies on visual rating, which can be inaccurate and imprecise, with poor inter-rater reliability. A standard area diagram (SAD) set for pecan scab on fruit valves was developed. A set of 40 images of diseased fruit valves with known severity was assessed twice by 23 raters. The first assessment was conducted without SADs, and the second assessment was made using the SADs as an aid. SADs improved rater accuracy (correction factor, Cb = 0·86 and 0·97, without and with SADs, respectively) and agreement (Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient, ρc = 0·79 and 0·89 without and with SADs, respectively) with true values. SADs improved inter-rater reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient, ρ = 0·77 and 0·96 without and with SADs, respectively). The least accurate and precise raters without SADs improved more using SADs compared to the most accurate and precise raters. Experienced raters had significantly higher accuracy and precision compared to inexperienced raters, but only when unaided by the SAD set. There was no significant difference in time to assess images without SADs, but experienced raters using SADs were faster compared to inexperienced raters. There was a slight tendency for faster raters to assess more slowly, and slower raters to assess faster when using SADs. SADs improve rater estimates of pecan scab severity on fruit, and this SAD set should be useful for assessment where greater precision, accuracy and inter-rater reliability are required.
Issue Engagement on Congressional Candidate Web Sites, 2002-2006

When candidates engage in robust policy debate, it gives citizens clear choices on issues that matter. Previous studies of issue engagement have primarily used indicators of campaign strategy that are mediated by reporters (e.g., newspaper articles) or indicators that may exclude candidates in less competitive races (e.g., television advertisements). We study issue engagement with data from a unique source, congressional candidate Web sites, that are unmediated and representative of both House and Senate campaigns. We find that the saliency of issues in public opinion is a primary determinant of candidate engagement. And, despite the unique capacity of the Internet to allow candidates to explain their positions on a large number of issues, candidates continue to behave strategically, selecting a few issues on which to engage their adversaries.
Nabumetone Kinetics in the Young and Elderly

Abstract Nabumetone, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the naphthylalkanone class, was studied in an open-label fashion to compare the relative single-dose and steady-state kinetics in young healthy male volunteers and in elderly patients with degenerative joint disease. Seventeen healthy male volunteers 21 to 30 years of age and 17 patients 60 to 75 years of age were studied. After a single oral dose of 1,000 mg nabumetone, blood and urine samples were collected over a five-day period. Plasma was assayed for nabumetone and the active metabolite, 6-methoxynaphthylacetic acid, and the urine was assayed for five metabolites. Following this phase, they received daily oral doses of 1,000 mg nabumetone for 14 days. After the final dose, blood and urine samples were again collected for five days for the same assays. These data were fitted to a single compartment model and the derived data are as follows: mean maximal plasma concentration, maximal time concentration, area under the plasma-time curve, elimination rate constant, and elimination half-life in the young group after single dose were 22.9, 8.4, 838, 0.032, and 21.2, respectively, whereas on steady-state, values were 33.6, 4.1, 666, 0.031, and 22.1, respectively. In the elderly group after single dose, these values were 30.2, 10.8, 1,538, 0.024, and 29.2, whereas on steady-state, they were 50.0, 7.2, 1,092, 0.027, and 25.6. The accumulation ratio was 1.6 in the young and 1.8 in the elderly. Side effects in the young were mild and consisted of headaches, epigastric discomfort, nausea, and vomiting, whereas in the elderly they consisted mainly of headaches. No significant changes in complete blood cell count, blood chemistries, or urinalysis were noted. We concluded from these data that the drug does not accumulate if given every 24 hours; therefore, a single daily dose should provide sufficient therapy and that due to a difference in elimination, elderly patients may require a lower dose.
Ecohydrology of dry regions of the United States: water balance consequences of small precipitation events

Small precipitation events (≤5 mm) are a key component of the precipitation regimes of dry regions in the United States. Understanding their importance is useful, but exploring their significance for water balance processes is of utmost consequence for our knowledge about the functioning of ecosystems and their responses to climate change. Our objective was to evaluate the implications of precipitation event size distributions for the partitioning of water loss between evaporation and transpiration and for the number of days with wet soil. We used sites from the Great Plains of the United States to provide long-term weather data for our simulation analyses. Our simulations varied distributions of precipitation event size and potential evapotranspiration (PET) for two contrasting soils: a sandy loam with low water holding capacity and a silt loam with high water holding capacity. Event size and specifically the numerical importance of the smallest size (0–5 mm) was the most important control on our results. Soil water holding capacity and PET were important modifiers of the responses. The ratio of evaporation to actual evapotranspiration (E/AET) increased as the percentage of small events increased and as PET increased. E/AET was greater for all combinations of event size and PET for the silt loam than for the sandy loam soils. The number of days with wet soil decreased as small events and PET increased. Our results suggest that the number of small events is one of the most important controls on water balance processes in arid and semiarid regions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metamorphic Competence, a Major Adaptive Convergence in Marine Invertebrate Larvae

Abstract Larvae from diverse marine-invertebrate phyla are able to respond rapidly to environmental cues to settlement and to undergo very rapid metamorphic morphogenesis because they share the developmental trait of metamorphic competence. The competent state, characteristic of larvae as diverse as those of cnidarian planulae, molluscan veligers, and barnacle cyprids, is one in which nearly all requisite juvenile characters are present in the larva prior to settlement. Thus metamorphosis, in response to more or less specific environmental cues (inducers), is mainly restricted to loss of larva-specific structures and physiological processes. Competent larvae of two “model marine invertebrates” studied in the authors' laboratory, the serpulid polychaete Hydroides elegans and the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae, complete metamorphosis in about 12 and 20 hr, respectively. Furthermore, little or no de novo gene action appears to be required during the metamorphic induction process in these species. Contrasting g...
Taking Accommodation Seriously: Religious Freedom and the O Centro Case

The big stories from the Supreme Court's 2005-06 Term were about military commissions and enemy combatants, political redistricting and campaign contributions, and the nomination and confirmation - the first in more than a decade - of two new Justices. Largely overlooked in the crush of Court-related coverage was the Term's lone church-state decision, Gonzalez v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal, involving the ritualized, but illegal, use by a small religious community from Brazil of a hallucinogenic tea called hoasca. Strictly speaking, O Centro was not a Religion Clauses case at all. It involved the interpretation and application of a particular statute, the federal Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA). And, the Justices agreed with the courts below that the Act requires the government to demonstrate, in a particularized, more-than-conclusory way, that its refusal to exempt from the scope of the drug laws the otherwise-illegal religious use of hoasca is justified by a compelling state interest. It would be a mistake, though, move past the decision too quickly, and for at least two reasons. First, it is no small thing that the new Roberts Court - unanimously - has made it clear that the tighter constraints imposed by Congress on the national government really do bind. The Smith case teaches clearly that the political process is the main arena, and politically accountable actors are the primary players, when it comes to accommodating the special needs of religious believers. O Centro is entirely consistent with this teaching. However, it also underscores the point that when that process, and those actors, produce such an accommodation, courts and officials are to take it seriously. Second, it appears that the Justices have, with one voice, rejected the notion that such accommodations amount to an unconstitutional privileging, endorsement, or establishment of religion. Again, the Constitution for the most part permits - for better or worse - governments to regulate in ways that, in effect, burden religious exercise. At the same time, and no less certainly, it allows - and even invites - governments to lift or ease the burdens on religion that even neutral official actions often impose. O Centro affirms that, notwithstanding our constitutional commitment to religious freedom through limited government and the separation of the institutions of religion and government, it is and remains in the best of our traditions to single out lived religious faith as deserving accommodation.
Preanalytic Variables in Laboratory Testing

The total testing process consists of three separate phases—the preanalytic, the analytic, and the postanalytic. The accuracy and reliability of a laboratory result depend on the quality of each phase. In this article, the common variables in the preanalytic phase and their effect on test result quality are reviewed. This article explains the rationale for the specimen collection, processing, and transportation requirements for commonly ordered laboratory tests.
Thermal Stresses in Passivated Copper Interconnects Determined by X-Ray Analysis and Finite Element Modeling

Stresses in passivated copper lines were determined from strains measured using x-ray methods and compared to stresses calculated using finite element methods. Copper lines, 2 μm wide by 0.8 p,m thick, were fabricated by DC magnetron sputtering and lift off patterning. The cross section of these lines was trapezoidal, with approximately 50° sidewalls. One set of samples was left bare, the others passivated with Si3N4 in several different thicknesses. Strain was determined using x-rays. Stress was calculated using elastic moduli adjusted for predominantly (111) fiber texture. Elastic-plastic finite element models provided comparisons of the effects of passivation thickness, rectangular and trapezoidal cross section, and mechanical anisotropy due to preferred texture on the hydrostatic stress in a line. A similar model for aluminum also provided a comparison case of stress as a function of passivation thickness.
Abstract B03: Cisplatin-resistant cells possess collateral sensitivity to folate antimetabolites

Cisplatin is widely used as a first-line chemotherapeutic agent for lung cancers. Although effective initially, lung cancer cells eventually acquire resistance to cisplatin, causing tumor recurrence. Understanding mechanisms that govern cisplatin resistance is expected to improve therapeutic efficacy in lung cancer patients. Although various studies using cisplatin-resistant cell lines have revealed possible mechanisms of resistance, the applicability of these mechanisms in a clinical setting are debatable. One possible reason for this discrepancy may be the use of cell line models which are exposed to unnaturally high doses of cisplatin to yield cells with a resistant phenotype. These cell lines may not be representative of naturally arising cisplatin-resistant cells in tumors that are treated according to a clinically established dose and schedule. Therefore, to improve the experimental model, we have established two new cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cell lines through intermittent low dose challenges that mimic a clinical treatment schedule (one pulse/month for up to six cycles). The resistant cell lines resulting from this procedure demonstrate improved clonogenic potential and sphere-forming properties, suggesting an increase in the population of tumor-initiating cells. Interestingly, via testing with several different anti-cancer drugs, we found that these resistant cells are more sensitive to the antifolate Pemetrexed, in comparison to their parental cells. To conclude, our study suggests that sequential administration of antifolates might be useful in the treatment of lung cancers that have acquired cisplatin resistance. Citation Format: Shih-Shin Chang, Hirohito Yamaguchi, Mien-Chie Hung. Cisplatin-resistant cells possess collateral sensitivity to folate antimetabolites. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Drug Sensitivity and Resistance: Improving Cancer Therapy; Jun 18-21, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(4 Suppl): Abstract nr B03.
A Field Test of the Effect of Artificial Light on the Behavior of the Codling Moth Carpocapsa Pomonella Linn.

Six 500-watt lights were suspended directly over a block of fifteen trees consisting of several varieties of apples. The plot was flooded with light each evening for two and a half to three hours from April 26 to June 30,i.e., to the end of the first brood of codling moth. Temperature for the period was recorded and foot candle meter readings were made to ascertain light intensities. Comparing fruit of the same variety at the end of the test it was found that 21 per cent of the apples on check trees outside the test plot were moth attacked while only 14.5 per cent of the apples inside the test plot were so affected. Light of the intensity and quality used indicates a tendency to deter the codling moth in its egg laying habits.
Abstract 4991: Immunologic analyses of uveal melanoma patients treated with radiation therapy

Early stage uveal melanoma is frequently treated by radiation therapy (RT) alone. Preclinical studies suggest the efficacy of RT in melanoma is dependent on the immune system. We studied the immune system of patients with uveal melanoma before and after RT, hypothesizing there would be associations between these parameters and clinical outcomes. With institutional review board permission, patient, tumor, peripheral blood count characteristics were extracted from medical records of 299 patients with clinically localized uveal melanoma undergoing RT. Similar data was collected for 16 patients who presented with metastatic uveal melanoma at initial diagnosis. A subset of 8 patients treated with RT for uveal melanoma underwent peripheral blood sampling before, one and three months after RT on a prospective biospecimen collection protocol. Flow cytometry was performed to characterize leukocyte populations before and after RT. Serum was analyzed for cytokines and antibody titers before and after RT. Associations between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), leukocyte subpopulations, cytokines and antibody titers with tumor response to RT and survival were investigated. NLR was significantly lower in patients presenting with clinically localized uveal melanoma (mean 2.7), compared to those presenting with metastatic uveal melanoma at initial diagnosis (mean 3.4, p 60%). In conclusion, several immune system parameters of patients with uveal melanoma treated with RT appeared to change after treatment, and may be associated with tumor response and treatment outcome, including survival. Further study on the development of distant metastasis in an expanded cohort of patients is planned. Additional investigations into the capacity of RT to modulate the immune system of cancer patients are warranted. Citation Format: Christopher A. Barker, Jasmine H. Francis, Robin K. Kuriakose, Ming Lian, Brian P. Marr, David H. Abramson. Immunologic analyses of uveal melanoma patients treated with radiation therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4991.
When is social media use social interaction? Defining mediated social interaction

This investigation explores the question, when is social media use social interaction? The results of three studies indicated that social media use was rarely considered social interaction. After using social media for 5 or 10 minutes, Study 1 (N = 116) demonstrated that infrequent, directed social media behavior (e.g. chatting, commenting) predicted having a social interaction and feeling related. Study 2 (N = 197) used event sampling to examine participants’ social interactions with friends (n = 2388) and found 96.5% of social interactions did not take place on social media. Study 3 (N = 54) used experience sampling to record participants’ experiences over 5 days (n = 1332). Social media use and social interaction occasionally co-occurred, but only 2% of social interactions took place through social media. Social interactions through social media were usually talk-focused, one-on-one exchanges with closer relational partners, and rarely undifferentiated, broadcasted, or passively consumed information sh...
Manfred Durzak, Hermann Broch: Der Dichter und, seine Zeit: Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1968

(1969). Manfred Durzak, Hermann Broch: Der Dichter und, seine Zeit. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 235-236.
A Low Power High Performance Register-Controlled Digital DLL for 2Gbps x32 GDDR SDRAM

A new low power high performance register-controlled digital delay locked loop (LPRCDLL) is presented. The circuit has fine delay compensation ability, fast delay compensation according to external voltage variation, and inherent duty correction. The digital DLL used for 2Gbps 8M times 32 GDDR3 SDRAM is fabricated using a 0.10mum technology. Experimental results show less than plusmn1% duty correction from external duty error of plusmn5%, less than 400 cycle locking time, 1GHz operation frequency at 1.5V, 38mW at 1.5V/1GHz, and a wide locking range from 250MHz to 1GHz
Parallel CCD++ on GPU for Matrix Factorization

Matrix factorization of an incomplete matrix is useful in applications such as recommender systems. Several iterative algorithms have been proposed for matrix factorization for recommender systems, including Cyclic Coordinate Descent (CCD). Recently a variant of CCD called CCD++ was developed as an attractive algorithm for parallel implementation on multicore processors. In this paper, we address the parallelization of CCD++ for a GPU. Key considerations are the reduction of data volume transferred from/to GPU global memory and minimization of intra-warp load imbalance. Starting with a base implementation, we successively improve the GPU implementation of CCD++ using loop fusion and tiling, using performance insights from hardware counter data. The resulting algorithm is shown to be faster than the best reported multicore implementation of CCD++ as well as the best reported GPU implementation of matrix factorization (using ALS, Alternating Least Squares).
Abstract P242: Role of Human Renal Proximal Tubule Sodium Bicarbonate Cotransporter NBCe2 (SLC4A5) in Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure

The sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe2 (encoded by SLC4A5) partially regulates renal tubular sodium bicarbonate transport. Hypothesis: since SLC4A5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, rs10177833 and rs7571842) are associated with salt sensitivity of blood pressure, the gene product, NBCe2, would be involved with the etiology of human salt sensitivity. NBCe2 was localized in freshly fixed renal tissue and in primary and immortalized RPT cell (RPTC) cultures from tissue or isolated from urine. Basal expression of NBCe2 mRNA and protein was not different between RPTCs carrying WT or HV SLC4A5 before or after dopaminergic or angiotensin (II and III) stimulation. However, total transcellular sodium transport, NHE3 protein expression, and Cl-/HCO3- exchanger activity were higher in SLC4A5 HV than WT RPTCs (WT: 8.6±1.2 mM NaCl n=6, 5207.1±386.4 RFU n=36, 0.265±0.006 pH unit/min, n=33 respectively; VS HV: 14.75±0.7 mM NaCl n=4, 6946.2±500.4 RFU n=48, 0.314±0.018 pH unit/min n=35 respectively, p<0.01). Aberrant sodium transport was even more evident after increasing intracellular sodium, which resulted in increased NBCe2 mRNA, NBCe2 protein and bicarbonate transport in HV RPTCs compared to WT (WT 146% ± 24% , 109% ± 4.7%, 89% ± 4.5%, respectively, VS HV 214% ± 23%, 128% ± 5.7%, 141% ± 4.8%, respectively N=8-12, p<0.05). RPTCs carrying HV variants showed increased binding of HNF4A to SLC4A5 DNA, which was blocked by two HNF4A antagonists. Assays in RPTCs isolated from urine showed increased bicarbonate-dependent pH recovery in RPTCs from salt-sensitive subjects who are HV for SLC4A5. NBCe2 under high sodium is hyper-responsive in RPTCs carrying SLC4A5 HV through an aberrant HNF4A-mediated mechanism.
Ability of Critical Care Medics to Confirm Endotracheal Tube Placement by Ultrasound.

Introduction: The Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines were recently updated to include ultrasound confirmation of endotracheal tube (ETT) location as an adjunctive tool to verify placement. While this method is employed in the emergency department under the guidance of the most recent American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP; Irving, Texas USA) guidelines, it has yet to gain wide acceptance in the prehospital setting where it has the potential for greater impact. The objective of this study to is determine if training critical care medics using simulation was a feasible and reliable method to learn this skill. Methods: Twenty critical care paramedics with no previous experience with point-of-care ultrasound volunteered for advanced training in prehospital ultrasound. Four ultrasound fellowship trained emergency physicians proctored two three-hour training sessions. Each session included a brief introduction to ultrasound “knobology,” normal sonographic neck and lung anatomy, and how to identify ETT placement within the trachea or esophagus. Immediately following this, the paramedics were tested with five simulated case scenarios using pre-obtained images that demonstrated a correctly placed ETT, an esophageal intubation, a bronchial intubation, and an improperly functioning ETT. Their accuracy, length of time to respond, and comfort with using ultrasound were all assessed. Results: All 20 critical care medics completed the training and testing session. During the five scenarios, 37/40 (92.5%) identified the correct endotracheal placements, 18/20 (90.0%) identified the esophageal intubations, 18/20 (90.0%) identified the bronchial intubation, and 20/20 (100.0%) identified the ETT malfunctions correctly. The average time to diagnosis was 10.6 seconds for proper placement, 15.5 seconds for esophageal, 15.6 seconds for bronchial intubation, and 11.8 seconds for ETT malfunction. Conclusions: The use of ultrasound to confirm ETT placement can be effectively taught to critical care medics using a short, simulation-based training session. Further studies on implementation into patient care scenarios are needed.
The Multidimensional Filter Diagonalization Method: II. Application to 2D Projections of 2D, 3D, and 4D NMR Experiments

Abstract The theory of the multidimensional filter diagonalization method (FDM) described in the previous paper (V. A. Mandelshtam, 2000, J. Magn. Reson. 144, 343–356 (2000)) is applied to NMR time signals with up to four independent time variables. Direct projections of the multidimensional time signals produce new kinds of 2D spectra. The resolution obtained by FDM can be far superior to that obtained by conventional phase-sensitive FT processing, and correlation peaks in heteronuclear and homonuclear experiments can be condensed to sharp singlets, removing all spin–spin couplings. Examples of singlet -HSQC and singlet -TOCSY spectra show big gains in resolution. It is not necessary to have a finely digitized spectrum, in which the individual multiplet components are resolved, for the methods to work. Examples of FDM spectra, ranging from simple organic molecules and steroids to metalloproteins, are shown.
The evolution of violence within far-right mobilization: evidence from Russia

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes the temporal variation in far-right violence by examining it as a series of interrelated attacks that are embedded within and arising out of a broader cycle of far-right mobilization. It argues that the changing nature of far-right violence occurs as a trial-and-error process – what Sidney Tarrow terms “tactical innovation” – within a mobilizational cycle. As we demonstrate below, far-right mobilization is characterized by innovation, experimentation, and selection of specific types of attacks and particular targets that are deemed likely to garner public support and increase pressure on state officials. Consequently, over the course of the mobilizational cycle, far-right violence employed more organized forms of violence and increasingly targeted ethnic minorities and migrants. We find empirical support for this argument in the case of Russia, using event analysis of a ten-year span of mass violent attacks and an in-depth examination of selected riots.
Feasibility of CO 2 Sequestration in Shallow Transition Zones

Geological CO2 sequestration requires suitable storage sites to store CO2 at a large scale. Shallow aquifers could be a viable regional solution for stationary CO2 emitters because of their broad distribution, considerable capacity, and the potential low drilling cost associated with the shallow depths. This study introduces a shallow transition zone in which CO2 can transit from a gaseous phase into supercritical CO2 within the pressure range for CO2 injection; thus, considerable storage capacity is expected. The characteristics and major influencing factors of shallow transition zone storage were compared with those of deep storage to determine the feasibility of CO2 sequestration in shallow transition zones. The transition zone was found to provide a comparable storage capacity, greater storage efficiency, and a higher proportion of stable CO2 than a deep aquifer. The depth of this transition zone can be as shallow as 537 m for a warm basin and 656 m for a cold basin. At a depth of 600–1000 m, the primary factors affecting CO2 storage capacity are formation thickness and porosity, with reservoir heterogeneity and depth having lesser effects. Therefore, depth is of less concern when estimating CO2 storage potential. This work explored the transition zone as an effective new option when seeking means of sequestering CO2. These results not only establish parameters for CO2 sequestration in shallow aquifers, but also strengthen the current understanding of CO2 sequestration in deep aquifers. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tumor suppressor Caveolin-1 is a putative substrate for Elongation Factor-2 Kinase: a possible mechanism in cell transformation and tumor invasion.

5136 Elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF-2K; a.k.a. calmodulin-dependent kinase III) is a structurally unique enzyme (Ryazanov, 1997) that regulates protein translation and is overexpressed in many human cancer cell lines and tumor tissues (Bagaglio DM 1993, Parmer TG 1999, Hait WN 1996). To date, it’s only known substrate is eEF-2, where it phosphorylates serines and threonines within α-helical segments of the protein. Overexpression of eEF-2K promotes proliferation (Calberg U 1991 and survival whereas inhibition promotes cell death (Parmer TG 1997, Yang, J 2001, Arora S 2003). Therefore, we sought to uncover other potential substrates for this enzyme more directly involved in malignant transformation. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a scaffolding protein involved in the suppression of Src family tyrosine kinases, Neu, protein kinase C isoforms, H-Ras, EGFR, and G-proteins. The tumor suppressor activity of Cav-1 appears to be mediated through the interaction of the Cav-1-scaffolding domain (CSD; residue 81-101) with specific motifs within these co-regulated proteins. Disruption of this interaction through mutation or post-translational modification of the CSD activates signaling, increases cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Loss of Cav-1 function occurs as a consequence of phosphorylation and or deregulation of its CSD. However, the responsible kinase(s) has not been identified. We were struck by the possibility that eEF-2K could represent this putative enzyme since several serine/threonine phosphorylation sites exist within the α-helical portion of the CSD. Therefore, we explored the regulation of Cav-1 by eEF-2K in glioma cell lines [C6, T98G, U87] and eEF-2K+/+ and eEF-2K-/- murine embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). Purified eEF-2K increased phosphorylation of immunoprecipitated Cav-1. Increased eEF-2 kinase activity decreased Cav-1 protein and promoted anchorage-independent cell growth on poly-HEMA coated plates or colony formation in soft agar, produced resistance to anoikis as measured by Annexin V assay, and increased cell invasion through Matrigel. siRNA knockdown or NH125, a selective inhibitor of the kinase, decreased phosphorylation of Cav-1, increased Cav-1 expression, and increased Cav-1 tumor suppression as shown by decreased ability to invade Matrigel and decreased anoikis. Cells treated with geldanamycin, an Hsp90 antagonist that destabilizes eEF-2 kinase, gave identical results. Flow cytometry revealed that NH125 decreased S phase accumulation in eEF-2K+/+ MEFs but had no effect in eEF-2K-/- MEFS. These data mark Cav-1 as a putative substrate for eEF-2K and suggest additional roles for eEF-2K in malignant transformation.
The Observed Properties of Lyα Clouds as Signatures of Dark Matter Potential Wells

The radial distributions of dark matter (DM) density and temperature in Lyα clouds seen in QSO spectra are discussed in the framework of a ‘minihalo’ model. Available observational data on the distribution of Lyα clouds in column density, in combination with assumptions about the hydrostatic equilibrium of DM and gas, and information provided by the equation of state of the gas, provide a reasonable basis for constraining the shapes of the DM density and temperature distributions. The analysis shows that DM density should be strongly peaked at the cloud center, while DM temperature should have a minimum in this region. In the framework of a minihalo model this work leads to the conjecture that an important process in minihalo formation may be some sort of gravitational-thermal instability in the DM gas.
Urban Green Space and Its Impact on Human Health

Background: Over half of the world’s population now lives in urban areas, and this proportion is expected to increase. While there have been numerous reviews of empirical studies on the link between nature and human health, very few have focused on the urban context, and most have examined almost exclusively cross-sectional research. This review is a first step toward assessing the possibility of causal relationships between nature and health in urban settings. Methods: Through systematic review of published literature, we explored the association between urban green space and human health. Results: We found consistent negative association between urban green space exposure and mortality, heart rate, and violence, and positive association with attention, mood, and physical activity. Results were mixed, or no association was found, in studies of urban green space exposure and general health, weight status, depression, and stress (via cortisol concentration). The number of studies was too low to generalize about birth outcomes, blood pressure, heart rate variability, cancer, diabetes, or respiratory symptoms. Conclusions: More studies using rigorous study design are needed to make generalizations, and meta-analyses, of these and other health outcomes possible. These findings may assist urban managers, organizations, and communities in their efforts to increase new or preserve existing green space.