cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Picosecond Raman studies of solvent-assisted proton transfer to the charge transfer excited state of pentaammine (4,4'-bipyridine) ruthenium(II)

Abstract Previous nanosecond experiments on the title compound have obtained evidence for intermolecular proton transfer occurring at rates significantly faster than are estimated for this reaction from equilibrium kinetics. The possibility that this fast reaction is driven by solvent relaxation around the highly charged MLCT states is investigated using picosecond Raman spectroscopy. No evidence is found for prealigned solvent states which facilitate proton transfer. It is more likely that the high concentrations of proton transfer species previously observed on the nanosecond time scale resulted from repeated cycling between the ground and excited states throughout the duration of the nanosecond pulse.
BLACKS JUST DON'T CARE: UNMASKING POPULAR STEREOTYPES ABOUT CONCERN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AMONG AFRICAN-AMERICANS

ABSTRACT The paper examines how blacks and other less powerful groups have been unfairly portrayed and represented within the public policy debate on environmental issues. The common assumption that blacks are rather shallow in their concern for the environment is one example of this bias. Its validity is assessed under the conditions of the economic contingency hypothesis, which specifies that this apparent lack of concern by blacks should be most evident during periods of economic decline. Previous studies and analyses conducted on NORC General Social Survey trend data do not lend support to this claim. Suggestions are provided to better identify, articulate, and incorporate the views of people of color in environmental policy and its administration.
A survey of speech defects.

During recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the problem of speech defects in school children. The newly organized speech clinic of New York City, the speech improvement work in the schools of Wisconsin and other states, the notable survey of 89,057 children in the St. Louis schools under the direction of Dr. J. E. Wallace Wallin, show how seriously this matter of speech defects is being considered. With the hope of adding some new light to this subject, a personal survey was undertaken by myself, assisted by Erminie Ballard and Margaret Gray Blanton, of all the children below the high school grade in the public and parochial schools of Madison, Wisconsin. Madison has a population of about 30,000, and may be considered a typical American city of the middle West, so the figures gathered will probably hold true of other cities. The aim of the survey was to make a careful first hand study o$ the speech defects found in the schools, and to compare the results with those gained by the questionnaire.
Manipulation of Fertilization Procedures to Improve Hatchery Walleye Egg Fertility and Survival

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of egg depth and the timing of semen presentation on the egg survival of walleye Stizostedion vitreum and to alter these procedures to improve egg fertility and subsequent survival and hatch. Tests were conducted evaluating egg depths of 4, 7, and 10 mm and one to three semen additions during the first minute of fertilization. The findings indicated that an egg depth of 4 mm resulted in significantly more fertile eggs (86%) than depths of 7 mm (77%) and 10 mm (65%) and that a 7-mm egg depth will yield significantly more fertile eggs than a 10-mm depth. Tests using the multiple addition of semen (extended 2:1) to 473 mL of eggs at a depth of 4 mm resulted in the highest fertility rate of 83% when 3.0 mL of semen was added initially and then 30 s and 60 s later, compared with a 79% fertility rate for a single, 9.0-mL addition (P < 0.05). Using an egg depth of 12 mm and 9.0 mL of extended semen resulted in a fertility rate of 70%.
Noncontact two-color luminescence thermometry based on intramolecular luminophore cyclization within an ionic liquid

A self-referencing optical thermometer based on a reversible, temperature-dependent monomer–excimer interconversion of 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane dissolved in an ionic liquid and operating in the 25 to 140 °C range is reported.
Plasma protein and apolipoprotein synthesis by human yolk sac carcinoma cells in vitro.

Three human yolk sac carcinoma cell lines were characterized for the expression of several markers. Each of the cell lines expressed alpha-fetoprotein, without detectable levels of chorionic gonadotropin, and the level of alpha-fetoprotein expression increased dramatically when the cultures were held without passage for extended periods. The secretion of a number of plasma proteins was documented by metabolic labeling, immunoprecipitation, and gel analysis. The major plasma proteins detected were alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-fetoprotein, transthyretin,β-2 microglobulin, and plasminogen, with lower levels of transferrin and complement C4 released. Apolipoproteins B, E, and A1 were secreted in high levels as well and were found in the form of lipoprotein particles. Time course experiments on the synthesis of apolipoproteins E and A1 indicated that, as with alpha-fetoprotein, the level of synthesis increased substantially when the cultures were held without passage. The results indicate that these yolk sac carcinoma cells display a protein expression profile similar to that observed for the human yolk sac, and the possibility that the cells may have the potential to differentiate is discussed.
Changing trends in the management of gallstone disease

Background: Day case cholecystectomy is increasingly becoming a management option for elective cases while “same admission” cholecystectomy is now considered a favorable option in the treatment of acute cholecystitis. To assess the advent of these changes in our surgical practice, a retrospective analysis of our experience is presented. Methods: All patients undergoing cholecystectomy between January 2000 and January 2001 were analyzed according to admission status, operation type, conversion rate, complications, and nonsurgical intervention. Results: 156 patients underwent cholecystectomy and 152 charts were retrieved. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed on 95% of patients with a conversion rate of 9%. Morbidity for the series was 12.5%, including one common bile duct injury (0.6%). Day case and acute cholecystectomy comprised 67% of our cholecystectomy practice. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that there is an increasing trend toward shortening the hospital stay of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This does not appear to have had a deleterious effect on outcome.
Positive and negative schizotypy are associated with prodromal symptoms, schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms and personalities, and self and other schemas

The present study examined the validity of psychometrically assessed positive and negative schizotypy in 214 young adults. Schizotypy provides a useful construct for understanding the etiology and development of schizophrenia and related disorders. The present study expands on previous findings by examining the validity of the schizotypy dimensions in a Spanish sample and employing a widely-used interview measure of the schizophrenia prodrome. As hypothesized, positive schizotypy predicted CAARMS ultra high-risk or psychosis threshold status, and both dimensions predicted the presence of schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders. Furthermore, positive schizotypy was associated with psychotic-like, paranoid, schizotypal, and mood symptoms, whereas negative schizotypy was associated with interview ratings of negative and schizoid symptoms. Positive schizotypy was associated with increased negative self and other schemas, whereas negative schizotypy was associated with decreased positive self and other schemas. The findings provide further construct validation of positive and negative schizotypy and support these dimensions as universal constructs.
RNA silencing of S-phase kinase-interacting protein 2 inhibits proliferation and centrosome amplification in lung cancer cells

The S-phase kinase-associated protein-2 (SKP2) plays a key role in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, which results in the progression of cells from a quiescence to proliferative state. SKP2 is overexpressed in a variety of tumors. In this study, we used small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to inhibit the SKP2 expression in lung cancer cells and thereby investigate the role of SKP2 in lung tumorigenesis. Three lung cancer cell lines were transfected with siRNAs targeted against SKP2. SKP2-siRNAs specifically and efficiently reduced the levels of the SKP2 protein by 90% 48 h after transfection in all cell lines. In the A549 and H1792 cells, p27 expression was increased and the increase was inversely proportional to the level of SKP2; cell proliferation was reduced to 12 and 28%, respectively; apoptosis was increased to 36 and 30%, respectively; 36 and 28% of cells accumulated in the sub-G1 phase, respectively; and the population of cells in the G1 phase was decreased to 37 and 41%, respectively. In addition, the SKP2-depleted A549 and H1792 cells showed decreased levels of cyclin E/CDK2. Correspondingly, only 4 and 6% of the treated A549 and H1792 cells had multiple centrosomes, respectively, compared with 43 and 46% of the control cells, respectively. These results imply that SKP2 plays an oncogenic role in lung cancer and that SKP2 silencing may be useful in the treatment of lung cancer.
Plant-in-chip: Microfluidic system for studying root growth and pathogenic interactions in Arabidopsis

We report a microfluidic platform for the hydroponic growth of Arabidopsis plants with high-resolution visualization of root development and root-pathogen interactions. The platform comprises a set of parallel microchannels with individual input/output ports where 1-day old germinated seedlings are initially placed. Under optimum conditions, a root system grows in each microchannel and its images are recorded over a 198-h period. Different concentrations of plant growth media show different root growth characteristics. Later, the developed roots are inoculated with two plant pathogens (nematodes and zoospores) and their physicochemical interactions with the live root systems are observed.
Case study: Visualizing ocean flow vertical motions using Lagrangian-Eulerian time surfaces

Ocean model simulations commonly assume the ocean is hydrostatic, resulting in near zero vertical motion. The vertical motion found is typically associated with the variations of the thermocline depth over time, which are mainly a result of the development and movement of ocean fronts, eddies, and internal waves. A new technique, extended from Lagrangian-Eulerian Advection, is presented to help understand the variation of vertical motion associated with the change in thermocline depth over time. A time surface is correctly deformed in a single direction according to the flow. The evolution of the time surface is computed via a mixture of Eulerian and Lagrangian techniques. The dominant horizontal motion is textured onto the surface using texture advection, while both the horizontal and vertical motions are used to displace the surface. The resulting surface is shaded for enhanced contrast. Timings indicate that the overhead over standard 2D texture advection is no more than 12%.
Chronic Pericarditis with Effusion

Pericarditis with effusion is sometimes a chronic disease, an exception to the general rule that it is acute rather than chronic. Illustrative cases are described. Features of interest are the prominent third heart sound, the large P waves, the thrombi in the right atrium, the progression to constrictive pericarditis, and the resemblance in several respects to mitral stenosis.
Drug Abuse and Identity in Mexican Americans: Theoretical and Empirical Considerations

This review proposes the construct of drug use identity and presents a 4-stage model that features this construct. This 4-stage modelproposes that drug use identity, a latentfactor, undergoes a pro...
External validation of a prediction model for pathologic N2 among patients with a negative mediastinum by positron emission tomography

Background: A prediction model for pathologic N2 (pN2) among lung cancer patients with a negative mediastinum by positron emission tomography (PET) was recently internally validated. Our study sought to determine the external validity of that model. Methods: A cohort study [2005-2013] was performed of lung cancer patients with a negative mediastinum by PET. Previously published model coefficients were used to estimate the probability of pN2 based on tumor location and size, nodal enlargement by computed tomography (CT), maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max ) of the primary tumor, N1 disease by PET, and pretreatment histology. Results: Among 239 patients, 18 had pN2 [7.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.5-12%]. Model discrimination was excellent (c-statistic 0.80, 95% CI: 0.75-0.85) and the model fit the data well (P=0.191). The accuracy of the model was as follows: sensitivity 100%, 95% CI: 81-100%; specificity 49%, 95% CI: 42-56%; positive predictive value (PPV) 14%, 95% CI: 8-21%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 100%, 95% CI: 97-100%. CI inspection revealed a significantly higher c-statistic in this external validation cohort compared to the internal validation cohort. The model’s apparently poor specificity for patient selection is in fact significantly better than usual care (i.e., aggressive but allowable guideline concordant staging) and minimum guideline mandated selection criteria for invasive staging. Conclusions: A prediction model for pN2 is externally valid. The high NPV of this model may allow pulmonologists and thoracic surgeons to more comfortably minimize the number of invasive procedures performed among patients with a negative mediastinum by PET.
Workshop on interactive audiovisual learning

Interactive AudioVisual Learning (IAVL), by combining the power of an audiovisual device to add the dimensions of sight and sound with the capability of a computer to interact with a learner, can effectively teach areas that might be difficult without the direct intervention of a human instructor. This workshop is designed to bring together teachers with experience using IAVL so that others can explore this area without having to rediscover solutions to common problems. The major topics that will be covered include the educational opportunities afforded by IAVL that go beyond simple computer-assisted instruction, the added complexities that must be considered in the instructional design of IAVL lessons, and the potential to use natural language to interact with the computer. Without financial support for the research and development of lessons in IAVL format, progress will be slow, so the workshop will address the issue of funding through the government and the private sector.
Maxillofacial Gunshot Injuries at an Urban Level I Trauma Center – 10-year Analysis

Purpose To analyze the current trends in the presentation and surgical treatment of patients admitted with facial gunshot wounds (GSWs) at an urban level 1 trauma center. Materials and Methods Retrospective analysis of facial GSWs treated by the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Boston Medical Center from 2001 to 2011. The data were obtained from the institutional trauma registry and hospital records and analyzed with respect to the length of hospitalization, patient demographic data, treatment cost, and payments. Results During the study period, a total of 1,957 patients were admitted to the hospital with GSWs. Of these patients, 136 (6.9%) had injuries involving the facial region, 87% were men, and the most common injury was to neck zone III. Mandible fractures were encountered in 47% of the patients. The fractures were treated within 72 hours from admission for most patients; 22% of the patients required secondary surgical procedures, 20% of the patients had associated neurologic injuries, and 9% had cervical spine fractures. Angiography was performed in 60% of the patients, with 13% requiring embolization. Finally, 70% of the patients required airway management, and the overall patient mortality was 9%. Conclusion Airway compromise was the most common life-threatening early problem. Patients admitted with higher stages of shock and lower mental status because of brain, vascular, and/or spinal cord injuries experienced prolonged hospitalization, increased treatment costs, and extended rehabilitation. Most of the facial GSWs presented as non–life-threatening injuries, but typically resulted in significant morbidity. The vast majority of injured patients relied on public aid or had no insurance.
Standardized Patient Instructor (SPI) interactions are a viable way to teach medical students about health behavior counseling

Abstract Objectives We explored comfort levels of third-year medical (M3) students through two health behavior counseling (HBC) interactions with Standardized Patient Instructors (SPIs) in tobacco cessation (TCC) and nutrition and physical activity (NPA). Methods Nearly 200 M3s participated in two SPI HBC interactions; including a role-play interview and subsequent feedback session on performance. Students completed a 5-point Likert scale evaluation measuring pre- and post-comfort level on two HBC sessions. Results Both interactions resulted in statistically significant increases in student's pre- and post-interaction comfort levels. A paired-sample t -test revealed a mean increase of 0.91 for TCC ( t = 14.01, df = 197, p t = 12.65, df = 198, p Conclusion The use of SPIs is a viable approach to exposing medical students and future doctors to health behavior counseling, and increasing comfort level with such skills. The SPI experience ensures that HBC opportunities are available and contain meaningful feedback on performance. Practice implications Encouraging patient behavior modification is a skill that can be developed during undergraduate medical training. Combining HBC with SPI sessions and traditional learning approaches could prove effective in a curriculum intended to teach students strategies that improve patient health behavior.
Submicron Grating Fabrication On Gaas By Holographic Exposure

The laboratory techniques used for the fabrication of sub-micron gratings in GaAs are presented. A thin (~ 1250 A) film of Shipley AZ1450B photoresist on GaAs is exposed holographically with the use of the 4579 A line of an argon ion laser to produce gratings with a period of approximately 0.35 um. Data are presented that demonstrate the effects of variation of the following parameters: developer type, developer time, laser intensity, exposure time, photoresist thickness, and ion beam etching parameters. Grating efficiency measurements as a function of parameter variations indicate an optimum set of parameters for grating fabrication.
Finding an equilibrium in a linear exchange market model using modified barrier function

In this paper we describe an auctioning system that allows auction of goods and services in real time. For any given vector of goods and services and a set of consumers with vectors of preferences and budgets the system finds an equilibrium, i.e. such prices for each good and service that the total demand is equal to the given supply. The problem of finding the equilibrium is formulated as a special convex optimization problem. Application of the modified barrier function (MBF) method for solving such a problem leads to a pricing mechanism that allows finding the equilibrium in a timely manner. The system can be used for auctioning several goods and services for a number of consumers.
Subglottic Presentation of a Rare Tumor: Primary or Metastatic?

A 66-year-old white female ex-smoker presented for evaluation of worsening shortness of breath and dysphagia over the course of 1 week. Her medical history was notable for osteoarthritis, hyperlipidemia, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. She had a 30–pack-year history of smoking cigarettes but had quit smoking 20 years prior. Her social history was notable for occasionally drinking wine. On office endoscopic examination, there was a large, leftsided exophytic subglottic mass at the level of the cricoid with approximately 50% to 70% obstruction of the subglottic airway (Figure, A). Therewere no othermasses in the oral cavity, oropharynx, or nasal cavity, or distal trachea. There was no cervical neck lymphadenopathy.Shewasadmittedforairwaymonitoringandthen taken to theoperating roomfordirect laryngoscopy,biopsy, andcarbon dioxide laser debulking of the mass. Examination at direct laryngoscopy revealeda large, left-sidedsubglotticmassat the level of the cricoid with approximately 70% obstruction of the subglottic trachea. Themass extended from the left anterior cricoid to the posterior cricoid just inferior to the left arytenoid cartilage. The hematoxylin-eosin photomicrographs from the biopsy specimen (Figure, B andC) revealeddiffuse sheets andnests of epitheloid cells involving theoverlyingmarkedly attenuated, nonkeratinizing squamous mucosa and extending into the lamina propria. The nuclei were significantly pleomorphic with prominent macronucleoli and mitotic figures present. Nests of tumor cells were present within the squamous mucosa (Figure, C). Focal areas contained finely granular, brown granules (Figure, D). Immunohistochemical staining was positive for the protein S-100 and markers HMB-45 andMART-1. What is your diagnosis? A B
Effect of SCN lesions on sleep in squirrel monkeys: evidence for opponent processes in sleep-wake regulation

Sleep and wakefulness are governed by both the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN), and a sleep homeostatic process; however, the interaction of these control systems is not well understood. From rodent studies it has been assumed that the SCN promote neither wake nor sleep but gate the homeostatic sleep-promoting process. Yet in humans sleep tendency is lowest during the later waking hours of the day, and sleep duration can be predicted because of the precise circadian timing of waking. Thus in primates, the SCN could assure sleep-wake cycle consolidation by actively promoting or facilitating wakefulness. To evaluate this hypothesis, we examined the sleep-wake and sleep-stage patterns of intact and SCN-lesioned (SCNx) squirrel monkeys maintained in constant light. This diurnal primate has consolidated sleep and wake patterns more similar to man than rodents. Sleep-wake, sleep stages, brain temperature, and drinking circadian rhythms were eliminated, and total sleep time was significantly increased (4.0 hr, P < 0.01) in SCNx monkeys. However, total times in deeper stages of non-rapid eye movement (non-REM; e.g., delta sleep) and REM sleep were not significantly affected by SCN lesions. Increased total sleep time was associated with a reduction in subjective day wake consolidation, as evidenced by substantially shorter wake bout lengths in SCNx monkeys (15 +/- 6 min) as compared to intact monkeys (223 +/- 10 min; P < 0.0001, ANOVA). These findings show that the SCN influence the regulation of daily total wake and sleep times, and implicate an alternative sleep-wake regulatory model in which an SCN-dependent process actively facilitates the initiation and maintenance of wakefulness and opposes homeostatic sleep tendency during the subjective day in diurnal primates.
Novel Proangiogenic Effect of Factor XIII Associated With Suppression of Thrombospondin 1 Expression

Objective— Factor XIII (FXIII), a plasma transglutaminase that stabilizes fibrin clots at the final stages of blood coagulation by crosslinking fibrin monomers, is essential for embryo implantation and participates in tissue remodeling and wound healing, processes that involve angiogenesis. The aim of our study was to analyze the effect of FXIII on angiogenesis using in vitro and in vivo models and to examine the role of FXIII in the basic steps of angiogenesis, ie, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis/cell survival. Methods and Results— In the Matrigel tube formation model, only FXIIIa caused a dose-dependent enhancement of array formation. This proangiogenic effect was not associated with alterations in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein levels nor VEGF or VEGFR2 mRNA levels. FXIIIa, but not nonactivated or transglutaminase-inactivated FXIII, significantly enhanced endothelial cell migration and proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. After treatment of HUVECs with FXIIIa, almost complete disappearance of mRNA of thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) and a marked reduction in the secretion of TSP-1 protein were observed. A reduction in TSP-1 protein synthesis, although to a lesser extent, was observed on treatment of microvascular endothelial cells with FXIIIa. In a rabbit cornea model, injection of FXIIIa caused neovascularization associated with almost complete disappearance of TSP-1 in the cornea. Conclusions— These results show that FXIIIa exhibits a novel proangiogenic activity that is associated with downregulation of TSP-1 and also involves stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation and migration and inhibition of apoptosis. These findings might shed light on the mechanism by which FXIII mediates tissue repair and remodeling.
Preliminary study of carbamazepine in post-traumatic stress disorder

Ten patients meeting DSM-III criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) participated in a five-week open trial of carbamazepine. Seven patients manifested moderate to very much improvement, as shown on the Clinical Global Impression scale. Among the multiple symptoms associated with PTSD, nightmares, flashbacks, and intrusive recollections were selectively reduced in intensity and frequency. The results suggest that a kindling model or a model of a paroxysmal disorder may be applicable to PTSD.
Representation and control of knowledge bases for support of multiple tasks

The goal was to develop a use-independent knowledge structure at the domain and strategy level and to enable a knowledge-based system to exhibit diverse dimensions of expertise, such as problem-solving, explanation, and learning, using the knowledge base. The authors show the functional capabilities of such advanced generic expert systems with respect to representation and control of problem solving strategy knowledge. In this approach, domain and meta level knowledge is represented in a declarative, explicit, and modular way. This improved representation at the strategy and domain level enables the performance system, MINERVA, and the learning program, ODYSSEUS, to use the same knowledge base. Explicit representation of schedular knowledge enables MINERVA to solve a problem opportunistically and to generate multi-level explanations of its own problem-solving. >
Processing and morphology of permeable polycrystalline silicon thin films

It is known that thin films of polycrystalline silicon, deposited under the right conditions, can be permeable to HF-based etching solutions. While these films offer unique capabilities for microfabrication, both the poor reproducibility of the permeable film properties and the lack of a detailed physical understanding of the material have limited their application. This work provides a methodical study of the relationship between process, microstructure, and properties of permeable polycrystalline silicon thin films. It is shown that the permeability is a result of small pores, on the order of 10 nm, between the 100–200-nm hemispherical grains characteristic of the permeable film morphology. This morphology occurs only in nearly stress-free films grown in a narrow temperature range corresponding to the transition between tensile and compressive film growth regimes. This result strongly suggests that the monitoring of residual film stress can provide the process control needed to reliably produce permeable films. A simple kinetic model is proposed to explain the evolution of the morphology of the permeable films.
Optimal taxation and spending in general competitive growth models

Abstract We find that the optimal long-run tax on capital income is zero even if the capital stock does not converge to a steady state nor to a steady state growth rate. The optimal tax on human capital is also zero if human capital is not a final good, but the long-run wage tax is not generally zero. We argue that “consumption” tax proposals, such as the Flat Tax, are not consumption taxes, and are biased against human capital.
Hydrogen Deuterium Isotope Effect on Exchange Rates in η2 Bond Transition Metal Dihydrogen Complexes Revealed by 2H Solid State NMR Spectroscopy

A selectively η2-D2 labeled isotopomer of the complex W(PCy3)2 (CO)3) (η2-D2) has been synthesized and the 2H NMR spectra and spin lattice relaxation rates of this complex have been measured in the temperature regime of 50 K to 300 K. The spectra have been analyzed employing a model of a combination of homonuclear dipolar D−D interaction and deuterium quadrupolar interaction and a D−D distance of 0.89 ± 0.1 A. The line width of the spectra exhibits a weak temperature dependence at temperatures above 150 K. This temperature dependence is interpreted as a slight decrease of the quadrupolar coupling with increasing temperature, which is an indication of a change of the M−D2 distance with changing temperatures. The spin lattice relaxation data of the complex exhibit pronounced deviations from a simple Arrhenius behavior at lower temperatures, indicating the presence of a quantum mechanical tunneling process. This process is analyzed in terms of a simple one-dimensional Bell tunnel model. A comparison with INS...
The prediction of the 19F NMR spectra of fluoroarenes using mathematical modeling techniques

Abstract The prediction of the 19 F NMR spectra for fluoroarenes has been investigated using mathematical modeling techniques. A large data set ( n = 839) was investigated and a number of models developed. Simple linear models were developed for fluoroarenes containing a single meta or para substituent while more sophisticated quadratic or cubic models were used for ortho or polysubstituted compounds. Eleven models are described here, the most precise of which used 34 variables and had a correlation coefficient of observed versus predicted line positions of 0.992 and an average error of prediction of 1.9 ppm.
Temporal Dynamics of Cerebral Blood Flow, Cortical Damage, Apoptosis, Astrocyte–Vasculature Interaction and Astrogliosis in the Pericontusional Region after Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a loss of brain tissue at the moment of impact in the cerebral cortex. Subsequent secondary injury involves the release of molecular signals with dramatic consequences for the integrity of damaged tissue, leading to the evolution of a pericontusional-damaged area minutes to days after in the initial injury. The mechanisms behind the progression of tissue loss remain under investigation. In this study, we analyzed the spatial-temporal profile of blood flow, apoptotic and astrocytic-vascular events in the cortical regions around the impact site at time points ranging from 5 hours to 2 months after TBI. We performed a mild-moderate controlled cortical impact injury in young adult mice and analyzed the glial and vascular response to injury. We observed a dramatic decrease in perilesional cerebral blood flow (CBF) immediately following the cortical impact that lasted until days later. CBF finally returned to baseline levels by 30 days post-injury (dpi). The initial impact also resulted in an immediate loss of tissue and cavity formation that gradually increased in size until 3 dpi. An increase in dying cells localized in the pericontusional region and a robust astrogliosis were also observed at 3 dpi. A strong vasculature interaction with astrocytes was established at 7 dpi. Glial scar formation began at 7 dpi and seemed to be compact by 60 dpi. Altogether, these results suggest that TBI results in a progression from acute neurodegeneration that precedes astrocytic activation, reformation of the neurovascular unit to glial scar formation. Understanding the multiple processes occurring after TBI is critical to the ability to develop neuroprotective therapeutics to ameliorate the short and long-term consequences of brain injury.
Assessment of resident surgical skills: is testing feasible?

Objective We have previously shown that in a single residency program objective structured assessment of technical skills (OSATS) is a reliable and valid method of assessing surgical competency. Our goal was to establish feasibility of this evaluation instrument when administered at multiple residency programs throughout the US, and assess the impact of a laboratory-based surgical curriculum on results. Study design An OSATS exam was administered to 116 residents from 5 residency programs. One of the residency programs had participated in a comprehensive surgical curriculum over a 4-year period of time. The exam consisted of 3 open and 3 laparoscopic tasks. Residents were graded by both a blinded and unblinded examiner with task-specific checklist, global rating scale, pass/fail assessment, and tasks were timed. All tasks were performed on life-like models. Results Examinations were successfully completed at all sites. Each exam required 90 minutes of resident time. Reliability indices calculated with Cronbach's α were .97 for overall global rating and .95 for checklists. Interrater reliability between blinded and unblinded examiners ranged from .71 to .97 for individual tasks and was .95 overall. Assessment of construct validity (the ability to distinguish among residency levels) found significant differences among the residents for both blinded and unblinded examiners for all evaluation outcomes except time. For the test overall, the global rating scale showed significant differences among all 4 residency levels. The checklist showed significant differences at three levels (PGY3-4 >PGY2 >PGY1). Approximate cost for replaceable items was $40 to 150 per resident depending on which tasks were chosen. Comparison of scores between residents who received a laboratory-based curriculum and those who did not revealed significantly higher scores and shorter time to complete tasks for the group who received additional training. Conclusion Large-scale testing has confirmed that OSATS is an objective, reliable, and valid method to assess surgical skills, and can easily be administered in most residency programs. A laboratory-based surgical curriculum improved test results and reduced time to complete tasks.
Creation and Validation of Patient Specific Anatomical Models for Prostate Surgery Planning Using Virtual Reality

Prostate surgery to remove cancer can be associated with morbidity due to complex and variable individual anatomy. We have developed and demonstrated the ability to accurately extract patient-specific anatomic regions from MRI pelvic scan data of pre-prostatectomy patients and to effectively convert these volume images to faithful polygonal surface representations of anatomic models for use in interactive virtual surgical planning. Models of the prostate gland and surrounding structures from several patients were created then evaluated by a radiologist and a surgeon who found them to be faithful and consistent with real anatomy. The surgeon provided confirming post-operative validation of the patient-specific models in planning radical prostatectomies.
On ubiquitous network security and anomaly detection

As networking trends move toward ubiquitous structuring schemes, the problem of security has taken on an increasingly important role. As a result, we must look to new security paradigms that address the new problems associated with these networks. This paper is a summary of research in progress on the Wintermute Project at Oregon State University, which was created to investigate security for ubiquitous networking schemes.
Active microwave measurement from space of sea-surface winds

Radar backscatter measurements from the ocean were made at 13.9 GHz from Skylab. The radar signal increased rapidly with wind speed over the entire range of winds encountered, and for angles of incidence of 30\deg and larger. Signals observed were normalized to a nominal incidence angle (from values within \pm2\deg of the nominal) and to a nominal upwind observation direction, using a theoretical model that has been verified as approximately true with aircraft experiments. The wind speed was regressed against the resulting scattering coefficients \sigma^{0} and the values of \beta in wind \propto \sigma^{0\beta} were obtained for incident angles of 1\deg , 17\deg , 32\deg , 43\deg, and 50\deg , and for vertical, horizontal, and cross polarizations. For the three larger angles, \beta varies from 0.3 to 0.6. Observations during the summer and winter Skylab missions were treated separately because of possible differences caused by an accident to the antenna between the two sets of observations. The results are in general agreement with the theory [26] in all cases, with the winter and cross-polarized agreement somewhat better than that for summer like-polarized data. The "objective analysis" method used for determining "surface-truth" winds in the Skylab experiment was tested by comparing results obtained at weather ships (using all other ship reports to produce the analysis) with the observations made by the weather ships themselves. In most cases, the variance about the regression line between objective analysis and weather-ship data actually exceeded that about the regression line between objective analysis and backscattcr data!
Looking for the fast signal: Neuronal and hemodynamic evoked responses of the sensory-motor cortex

In this paper we investigate the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to monitor both the direct effects of neural activation (the so-called fast signal) and the consequent changes in local cerebral hemodynamics. To this end we mapped contra- and ipsi-lateral motor and sensorimotor cortex during hand tapping, hand tactile, and electrical median nerve stimulation.
iTech in library instruction: tips and best practices

Purpose – This paper aims to describe some best practices and tips for librarians who will be teaching in iPad classrooms. Design/methodology/approach – California State University Northridge librarians recently began teaching information literacy sessions to freshmen seminar students in a dedicated iPad classroom. Prior to this, they scoured the literature to find information on how to use the iPads to enhance their instruction. The kinds of papers they were looking for did not seem to exist so they began a process of trial and error during their instruction sessions to formulate their own best practices which are enumerated in this paper. Findings – A list of best practices for teaching information literacy sessions with iPads. Originality/value – This paper will be of value to instruction librarians who will be teaching in iPad or tablet classrooms. A search of the library literature shows there are no similar articles with practical tips and best practices for librarians.
Does Your Website Put You at Risk?—Liability Issues in Using Third Party Content: Global Perspectives

This presentation examines some of the new laws that affect the liability risks faced by online service providers that rely in part or in whole on information posted or otherwise provided by third parties, both with respect to issues associated with liability for defamatory information and to infringement issues. In this presentation we are going to consider first the most important areas of liability for distribution of third party content. These laws pre-date the Internet and continue in force. We will then consider liability for third party content under the most important of those laws. Finally, we will consider how two relatively new federal laws, section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (CDA) and section 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DCMA) change the law of liability for third party content, and will also examine a European counterpart. Along the way we will consider the risks intermediaries run and how practically both under the old law and the current law they may seek to reduce them. Few, if any, of the specific legal issues information service providers face in providing information on the Internet are new. Most are old issues that have assumed new or different importance because the Internet has changed the quantity, speed and geographic scope of information distribution. A few examples of how the Internet has changed things quickly come to mind. Public information that was available only when looked up in a courthouse is now much more public when it can be consulted online. Republication of articles, which was a common practice in early 19th century magazines, takes on a whole different scope when the number of articles republished goes from dozens to millions. International distribution which before the Internet was unusual is now the rule.
Homeothermic development of the young chick.

SummaryOne-to 5-day old chicks were exposed to a 10°C ambient temperature and cloacal temperatures Were recorded every 15 minutes for one hour. Young chicks show a rapid development of thermoregulation the first 5 days after hatching, with significant changes apparent even during the first day and one-half. This rapid homeothermic development is correlated with age and cannot be explained by increases in body weight, food intake, or insulation.
The origin of convulsions and paralysis following the intravenous injections of the hypertonic solution of sodium chloride

In our experiments on the comparative toxicity of chlorides in which, among others, we studied the effects of intravenous injections of a molecular solution of sodium chloride in dogs we observed that after a certain quantity of the solution runs in, twitchings of the muscles of the entire body begin which gradually develop into more or less strong convulsions. Later these gradually grow weaker and finally subside completely, at which time also the respiration stops. The heart continues to beat for several minutes longer. This chain of events is ascribed by pharmacologists to the osmotic action of the hypertonic solution and is generally termed salt action. Loeb however demonstrated that sodium chloride exerts on the living tissue a chemical action also. In the paper embodying the above mentioned experiments we made the following two suggestions: (1) that the twitchings and convulsions are perhaps comparable to the twitching of frog muscles which develop when they are immersed in solutions of sodium chlor...
Unconventional Usage of Personal Deixis and Its Pragmatic Analysis

In contrast with its canonical propositional uses,personal deixis refers to the incorresponding of participators in grammatical person and context,which is caused by violating the amount and quality principles of personal deixis,and by shift of deictic center.The non-referential usage of "I," "we" and "you," illustrates the characteristics of this personal shift in semantic-pragmatics,i.e.serving as rhetorical device of enhancing the participation of listener to vitalize the empathetic effect of intimacy,thereby conveying efficiently implication that speaker expects to express.
The Effects on Flowering and Morphological Indexes of Chrysanthemum morifolium by Short Day Control

There were 10 typical florist’s chrysanthemum cultivars selected to take short day control through the whole August,2010.It showed that the bloom of those cultivars with short-day treatment advanced by 35-40 days;there was not too much impact on their ornamental effect,in spite of the flower diameter’s decrease by 1.5-3.0cm;the growth rate increased sharply after taking treatment 10-20 days.According to the analysis of variance,the increment of plant height,leaves number and stems diameter between different cultivars,different treatment and different periods all existed significant differences as well as the interaction among those factors.
Weight control in a college situation.

As a group, college students display intelligence, candor, and a keen awareness of the importance of weight control. These and other attributes favor success in treatment of obesity, but special pressures and circumstances of college life tend to offset them. Even though success as measured in the usual terms is not outstanding, early failure often turns into success when situations change and students are able to put to good use what they learned through nutritional counseling.
The Cost of Marketing Texas Cattle in the Old Trail Days

The general nature of trail-driving from Texas to the north and northwest during the three decades following the close of the Civil War is fairly well known. In the absence of any other outlet to market, the cattle-men of Texas shortly after the close of the Civil War resorted to the practice of driving their herds overland to northern markets, to the government posts for the soldiers and the Indians, and to the vast virgin ranges of the great and newly opened northwest. The country was open; the grass was free; and the cattle literally ate their way to market. The first drives were made in 1867, to Baxter Springs, Kansas. The ventures were undertaken by individual cattlemen who were searching in despair for a market for the great surplus of cattle which had come into existence prior to and during the Civil War. The herds driven at first were relatively small, ordinarily only a few hundred head. The success which attended these first efforts however, constituted such a powerful stimulus toward expanded operations that the next few years saw a remarkable increase in the number of trail-drivers and in the size of the herds moved. Previous to 1870, the industry was chiefly in the hands of relatively small individual drovers who were also stockgrowers. The common practice was for a ranchman to take his own cattle and a few hundred, perhaps, for his neighbors. But shortly after 1870, large concerns appeared in the fieldpartnerships, syndicates, and even corporations. Numerous individual drovers, however, extended their operations to such an extent that they rivalled or surpassed those of the syndicates. Eastern capital became interested, and the drives were financed by the banks in a business-like manner. Operations ran into the millions of dollars. With steady increases in the size of the herds moved, it had become common by the middle of the decade 1870-1880, to collect and drive herds of 3,000 head and more. Three thou-
Left ventricular function in subacute and chronic mitral regurgitation. Effect on function early postoperatively.

Quantitative analysis of biplane ventriculograms, including calculation of the end-systolic pressure/volume ratio, was used to define left ventricular systolic performance in 10 normal subjects, 10 patients with symptomatic subacute (
Adaptive Memory: Fitness-Relevant “Tunings” Help Drive Learning and Remembering

If memory evolved, sculpted by the processes of natural selection, its operating characteristics likely bear the “footprints” of ancestral selection pressures. Given nature’s criterion—enhancing inclusive fitness—our memory systems are likely biased or “tuned” to retain information that is fitness-relevant. Data consistent with this claim include: (1) processing information for its survival relevance leads to superior long-term retention—better, in fact, than most known learning techniques, (2) animate (living) stimuli are remembered much better than inanimate (nonliving) stimuli, and (3) stimuli that have been potentially contaminated by disease are remembered especially well. Implications for educational practice, particularly the learning of foreign language vocabulary, are considered along with the general benefits of thinking functionally—both in research and in the classroom.