cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast Dynamic Scheduling of Disjunctive Temporal Constraint Networks through Incremental Compilation

Autonomous systems operating in real-world environments must plan, schedule, and execute missions while robustly adapting to uncertainty and disturbance. One way to mitigate the effect of uncertainty and disturbance is to dynamically schedule the plan online, through dispatchable execution. Dispatchable execution increases the efficiency of plan execution by introducing (1) a compiler that reduces a plan to a dispatchable form that enables real-time scheduling, and (2) a temporal plan dispatcher that schedules start times of activities (or controllable events) dynamically in response to disturbances. Previous work addresses efficient dispatchable execution of plans described as Simple Temporal Problems (STPs). While STPs have proven useful for many applications, Temporal Constraint Satisfaction Problems (TCSPs) provide a more rich language by introducing disjunctive constraints. However, previous approaches to dispatchable execution of disjunctive temporal plans are intractable for moderatelysized problems. The key contribution of this paper is an efficient algorithm for compiling and dynamically scheduling TCSPs. We present an incremental algorithm that compiles a TCSP to a compact representation, encoding the solution set in terms of the differences among solutions. We empirically demonstrate that this novel encoding reduces the space to encode the solution set by up to three orders of magnitude compared to prior art, and supports fast dynamic scheduling.
A genetically distinct thymidine kinase in mammalian mitochondria. Exclusive labeling of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid.

Abstract A thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21) associated with mitochondria has been demonstrated in tissue culture both in wild type mouse cells and in cells which lack the cytoplasmic thymidine kinase. The mitochondrial thymidine kinase represents approximately 1% of the total cell thymidine kinase activity in wild type cells grown in culture and all of the activity of the mutant cells. The mitochondrial enzyme can be distinguished from the cytoplasmic enzyme on the basis of its Km for thymidine and its localization on the mitochondrial membrane. Furthermore, the presence of the enzyme in the mitochondria of the mutant cells results in exclusive labeling of mitochondrial DNA when the cells are grown in the presence of [3H]thymidine. Labeling studies in the presence and absence of methotrexate (an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase) demonstrate that, in the presence of exogenously added thymidine, both the product of the mitochondrial thymidine kinase and thymidine nucleotides synthesized in the cell cytoplasm are incorporated into mitochondrial DNA.
Flows on ³ supporting all links as orbits

We construct counterexamples to some conjectures of J. Birman and R. F. Williams concerning the knotting and linking of closed orbits of flows on 3-manifolds. By establishing the existence of “universal templates,” we produce examples of flows on S3 containing closed orbits of all knot and link types simultaneously. In particular, the set of closed orbits of any flow transverse to a fibration of the complement of the figure-eight knot in S3 over S1 contains representatives of every (tame) knot and link isotopy class. Our methods involve semiflows on branched 2-manifolds, or templates. In this announcement, we answer some questions raised by Birman and Williams in their original examination of the link of closed orbits in the flow on S induced by the fibration of the complement of a fibred knot or link [4]. In their work, they proposed the following conjecture: Conjecture 0.1 (Birman and Williams, 1983).The figure-eight knot (K8) does not appear as a closed orbit of the flow induced by the fibration of the complement of the figure-eight knot. By “the” flow is meant the flow obtained by integrating the gradient of p, where p : S \K8 → S is the unique fibration over S whose monodromy is the pseudoAnosov representative of its isotopy class, with respect to the Nielsen-Thurston classification [16, 9]. We have resolved this conjecture in the negative and, in so doing, have discovered interesting examples of flows on 3-manifolds and semiflows on branched 2-manifolds. More specifically, in Theorem 3.1, we show that any fibration of the complement of the figure-eight knot in S over S induces a flow on S containing every tame knot and link as closed orbits. We include only those definitions and results which are relevant for this announcement, leaving details to a separate work [11]. 1. Template Theory Periodic orbits of a flow are embedded circles. When the flow is three-dimensional, periodic orbits are knots and the collection of periodic orbits forms a link which often is nontrivial. A valuable tool for examining knotted periodic orbits in three dimensional flows is the template construction of Birman and Williams [3, 4]. Received by the editors June 16, 1995. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 57M25, 58F22; Secondary 58F25, 34C35.
Mutations Affecting the Dissimilation of Mannitol by Escherichia coli K-12

Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 defective in the mannitol-specific enzyme II complex of the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS) or lacking mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase have been isolated. These mutants fail only to grow on mannitol. Growth of the dehydrogenase-negative mutant on casein hydrolysate can be abruptly inhibited by exposure to mannitol. A mutant with constitutive expression of both of these enzymes has also been isolated. All three mutations are clustered in a region represented at min 71 of the Taylor map. In a mutant with less than 5% of the activity of enzyme I of the PTS, both the enzyme II complex and the dehydrogenase remain inducible by mannitol. In the mutant defective in the enzyme II complex, mannitol is able to induce the dehydrogenase. Thus, mannitol, rather than its phosphorylated product, seems to be the inducer.
Does perioperative sleep disruption impact pain perception

BACKGROUND The typical inpatient hospital experience results in multiple intrusions by hospital personnel, noise, and inadequate treatment of pain that prevents the necessary amount of sleep for hospitalized patients. Sleep disruption results in increased pain perception and lowered pain thresholds. In 1999, the Veterans Health Administration recognized the need to adequately treat pain and began using pain as the fifth vital sign to be recorded at every clinical encounter.
Evidence for insulin involvement in arginine- and glucose-induced hypercalciuria in the rat

Urinary calcium excretion is increased after the consumption of protein and carbohydrate by both the human and the rat due to a decreased efficiency in the renal reabsorption of calcium. We have previously shown that the magnitude of the postprandial change in urine calcium in human subjects fed a high protein meal was correlated with the protein-induced changes in serum insulin levels. The present study investigates further the relationship between plasma insulin and urinary calcium excretion. Renal calcium clearance studies were performed in rats infused with the insulin secretagogues glucose or arginine, in the presence and absence of mannoheptulose, a drug which suppresses insulin secretion. The hypercalciuretic effect of arginine was also examined in streptozotocin (SZ) diabetic rats. Arginine and glucose infusion increased urinary calcium excretion by 575 and 225%, respectively, by a mechanism which could be inhibited by mannoheptulose. A linear relationship (r = 0.86) was observed between plasma insulin and urinary calcium excretion. Arginine infusion had no effect on urinary calcium excretion in the SZ diabetic rat, in marked contrast to its effect on normal animals. We conclude that insulin is an important mediator of arginine- and glucose-induced hypercalciuria in the rat.
Comparing Behavior Towards Humans and Virtual Humans in a Social Dilemma

The difference of shown social behavior towards virtual humans and real humans has been subject to much research. Many of these studies compare virtual humans (VH) that are presented as either virtual agents controlled by a computer or as avatars controlled by real humans. In this study we directly compare VHs with real humans. Participants played an economic game against a computer-controlled VH or a visible human opponent. Decisions made throughout the game were logged, additionally participants’ faces were filmed during the study and analyzed with expression recognition software. The analysis of choices showed participants are far more willing to violate social norms with VHs: they are more willing to steal and less willing to forgive. Facial expressions show trends that suggest they are treating VHs less socially. The results highlight, that even in impoverished social interactions, VHs have a long way to go before they can evoke truly human-like responses.
The analytic and functional accuracy of a video densitometry system

Applications using radiotracers and quantitative film autoradiography are increasing dramatically in the neurosciences. Microcomputer-based image analyzing systems with video input have been developed to provide rapid quantification of autoradiographic images on relatively inexpensive systems. However, there has been some question as to whether such systems can reliably produce high levels of densitometric accuracy, especially when compared to mechanical scanners which are standard in research requiring extreme fidelity of measurement. We report methods and results from tests done to determine the analytical and functional accuracy of the Drexel Unix-based Microcomputer image Analysis System (DUMAS), which is a video densitometric system designed to provide quantitative data from autoradiograms. Analytic accuracy was determined by measuring photometric uniformity, the optical density transfer function, temporal stability, geometric uniformity, and flare. In addition, data are provided on the resolution of the system at several magnifications. Functional accuracy, the accuracy of the estimates of mean isotope concentrations in diverse neural structures, was determined by comparing the results obtained on the DUMAS system with the results from analyzing the same [14C]2-deoxyglucose images with two different Optronics P1000 systems. Our results show that, provided care is taken in the choice of a camera and a light source, the analytic accuracy of videodensitometry is high. Its functional accuracy is also high in that measurements of radioisotope concentrations in diverse neural structures made on the DUMAS system agree closely with the measurements from a properly adjusted Optronics P1000 system. The rapidity and economy of videodensitometry is not, therefore, obtained at the sacrifice of densitometric accuracy. Given adequately tested hardware and provided that suitable checks on instrument calibration and adjustment are made, the errors in autoradiographic quantification due to the image analyzing system itself are minor in comparison to other sources of error, including, as we show, variations in the user's delineation of the boundaries of neural structures.
A review of carbon emission management from the perspective of logistics industry

Global warming is probably the most pressing ecological, economic and societal challenge facing our generation. Many industries and enterprises have begun steps for carbon emission reduction and management. Logistics activities contribute billions of tons of carbon emission annually with above 50 percent of emission reduction opportunities. This paper surveyed current international status and the publications status of carbon emission management. Logistics carbon emission management is addressed and its importance is analyzed. A logistics carbon footprint evaluation framework is provided. Different low-carbon technologies for logistics enterprises are introduced. The logistics carbon emission optimization and its case are analyzed and studied.
A coding scheme for analysing problem-solving processes of first-year engineering students

This study describes the development and structure of a coding scheme for analysing solutions to well-structured problems in terms of cognitive processes and problem-solving deficiencies for first-year engineering students. A task analysis approach was used to assess students’ problem solutions using the hierarchical structure from a theoretical framework from mathematics research. The coding scheme comprises 54 codes within the categories of knowledge access, knowledge generation, self-management, conceptual errors, mechanical errors, management errors, approach strategies and solution accuracy, and was demonstrated to be both dependable and credible for analysing problems typical of topics in first-year engineering courses. The problem-solving processes were evaluated in terms of time, process elements, errors committed and self-corrected errors. Therefore, problem-solving performance can be analysed in terms of both accuracy and efficiency of processing, pinpointing areas meriting further study from a ...
Trajectories in Veneziano's Model

We study the trajectories in Veneziano's amplitude which give rise to true Regge behavior (without the oscillations inherent in amplitudes with very narrow resonances). It is found that the asymptotic form of the imaginary part of the trajectory is strongly constrained, but an example of a trajectory having the requisite properties is given.
Audience, integrity, and the living document: eFolio Minnesota and lifelong and lifewide learning with ePortfolios

Policies and programs focused on using ePortfolios to support lifelong and lifewide learning should be informed by research. This article presents the results from research on eFolio Minnesota, a project that makes ePortfolio software available to all residents of the State of Minnesota in the United States. The most active portfolio authors of all ages are using eFolio for a wide range of interconnected purposes, with educational planning at the center, over time in multiple roles as students, educators, and workers. In the process of composing a portfolio, the authors who say eFolio has had a highly significant impact on their learning move from an experimental stage into a living document stage. In this second stage, authors are likely to have a strong sense of and connection to audience, real and imagined, and to see their portfolios as having integrity, as being faithful representations of their lives across roles and over time. Portfolio projects committed to supporting learning throughout life should enable access, foreground planning, promote findability, cultivate audiences, capture activity, enable layering, foreground the personal, cultivate collaborative contexts, and promote integral introductions.
In celebration of Sydney M. Finegold, M.D.: Bacteroides fragilis in the colon: The good & the bad

Dr. Sydney Finegold is one of the most heralded leaders in the discovery, classification and scientific knowledge of anaerobic bacteria. On this occasion of his 90th birthday, this paper celebrates his lifetime of accomplishments and provides a perspective on the changes and growth in our understanding of one anaerobic species, Bacteroides fragilis. Over the last nearly 40 years, clinical and research data have fostered our current view that B. fragilis are essential symbiotes as well as, in some circumstances, pathogens with the capacity to induce both acute systemic and abdominal illnesses and possibly chronic colonic diseases.
Spectrum Sharing on a Wideband Fading Channel with Limited Feedback

We consider a multiple access, doubly-selective block Rayleigh fading channel in which the users coordinate spectrum sharing through a limited feedback scheme. Each user probes a random set of sub-channels, known to the receiver, by sending a pilot sequence at the beginning of each coherence block. Multiple users may probe the same sub-channel, causing interference. The receiver assigns each sub-channel to the user with the highest estimated sub-channel gain (via limited feedback), provided that this gain exceeds a predetermined threshold. Our problem is to optimize the number of channels to probe, or "probing bandwidth", for each user. We maximize a lower bound on the ergodic capacity, and consider a large system limit in which the system bandwidth and number of users scale linearly with the coherence time. We show that the optimal probing bandwidth grows as O N/(log N)2, assuming a linear Minimum Mean Square Error channel estimator, and the achievable rate increases as O (log log N) per user, where N is the number of available subchannels. In contrast, if the users are pre-assigned nonoverlapping subchannels on which they probe and transmit, then the capacity per user converges to a constant as N becomes large. Additionally, the optimal training length and training power are computed and the effect of system load (number of users per unit coherence time) on the achievable rate is studied.
Radiation meets immunotherapy – a perfect match in the era of combination therapy?

AbstractPurpose: This review focuses on recent advances in the field of combining radiation with immunotherapy for the treatment of malignant diseases, since various combinatorial cancer therapy approaches have lately proven highly successful.Results: With initial case reports and anecdotes progressively converting into solid clinical data, interest in cancer immunotherapy (CIT) has risen steeply. Especially immune checkpoint blockade therapies have recently celebrated tremendous successes in the treatment of severe malignancies resistant to conventional treatment strategies. Nevertheless, the high variability of patient responses to CIT remains a major hurdle, clearly indicating an urgent need for improvement. It has been suggested that successful cancer therapy most probably involves combinatorial treatment approaches. Radiotherapy (RT) has been proposed as a powerful partner for CIT due to its broad spectrum of immune modulatory characteristics. Several preclinical studies, supported by an increasing n...
Are reductions in ca an experimental artifact? A Solomon four‐group answer

Beatty, McCroskey, and Heisel (1998) argue that a limitation of current intervention research on communication apprehension is that the experimental designs employed in this research have failed to take into account the effects of testing on participants, among other things. To address this issue, this study employed a Solomon Four‐Group Design, which controls for testing effects, to examine whether systematic desensitization, a widely used procedure for reducing communication apprehension, would reduce communication apprehension beyond the level attributable to repeated testing. These data indicate that systematic desensitization produced a significant reduction in communication apprehension that cannot be explained by “testing effects.” The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings.
Ethnic differences in the effects of the DASH diet on nocturnal blood pressure dipping in individuals with high blood pressure.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States1 particularly among African Americans (AAs) as compared to whites.1–3 AAs show higher nocturnal blood pressure (BP) and a blunted decline in BP from day to night.4–8 This attenuated decline in night-time BP relative to daytime BP, often referred to as “nondipping,” is associated with elevated risk for cardiovascular disease in normotensive and hypertensive populations,9–11 and has been linked to development of subclinical atherosclerosis,12 left ventricular hypertrophy,13 congestive heart failure,14 and all-cause mortality.15,16 The etiology of ethnic differences in BP is unclear; however, differences in dietary habits have been suggested to be one possible contributor.17,18 Lifestyle modification, including diet and exercise, is the recommended initial intervention strategy for lowering BP.19 In particular, the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, which is rich in fruits and vegetables, low-fat dairy foods, fiber, and protein, and low in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol, has been found efficacious in reducing BP in hypertensive populations in a series of feeding studies as well as in free-living situations.20–22 For example, the recently completed ENCORE (Exercise and Nutrition interventions for CardiOvasculaR hEalth) study demonstrated a significant decline in clinic and 24-h ambulatory BP among overweight, unmedicated outpatients with high BP randomly assigned to 4 months of the DASH diet with or without exercise and weight loss compared to usual diet controls (UCs).22 However, it remains uncertain as to whether the DASH diet influences nocturnal BP dipping. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the DASH diet attenuates ethnic differences in nocturnal BP dipping in a sample of overweight, unmedicated AA and white participants with high BP, compared to participants randomized to a UC condition.
Time-resolved single vibronic level fluorescence spectroscopy: Glyoxal

Fluorescence originating from a single vibronic level of glyoxal (51) has been simultaneously resolved with respect to wavelength and time. The resultant time-resolved single vibronic level (TRSVL) spectra provide data concerning excited-state decay processes such as vibrational relaxation and intersystem crossing from individual vibronic levels. A vibronic analysis of the 51 fluorescence spectrum and comparisons with spectra obtained without time-resolution are presented.
Data envelopment analysis for decision support

Purpose – To provide decision makers (DMs) an option for addressing problems involving finite alternative sets and multiple criteria, where criterion weighting is difficult or impossible.Design/methodology/approach – The multicriteria decision problem is described, and a typically descriptive (rather than prescriptive) tool, data envelopment analysis (DEA), is summarized, along with a hypothetical but typical example of a multicriteria decision (vendor selection). The DEA approach is modified to incorporate weight constraints and is used to rank the available vendors. Results are compared with those from the use of a popular multicriteria decision tool (SMART) and a naive averaging approach.Findings – The modified DEA approach yields results very similar to those produced using SMART; these results are quite satisfactory in spite of the fact that DEA requires less involvement on the part of the DM. In addition, non‐dominant optima (a possible anomaly with DEA) are avoided, and often a single alternative, ...
A Study of the Response of Deep Tropical Clouds to Mesoscale Processes: Three-Dimensional Numerical Experiments

A three-dimensional numerical cloud model is utilized to study the collective feedback effects of cloud systems on the large-scale environment. The characteristic features of the cloud ensemble model are described. The model is applied to a case of a well-defined ITCZ rainband over the eastern tropical Atlantic ocean. The location, number, and configuration of the clouds that formed in the model during the simulations are examined. The cloud heating and moistening, environmental wind shear, and vertical transports of momentum are analyzed. The collective feedbacks of cloud systems on the large-scale temperature, moisture, and horizontal momentum fields are computed after each simulation. The effect of the pressure gradient force on the v-momentum flux is investigated. It is observed that there is good correlation between the model simulations and the observed data.
A grammar-based methodology for protocol specification and implementation

A new methodology for specifying and implementing communication protocols is presented. This methodology is based on a formalism called “Real-Time Asynchronous Grammars” (RTAG), which uses a syntax similar to that of attribute grammars to specify allowable message sequences. In addition RTAG provides mechanisms for specifying data-dependent protocol activities, real-time constraints, and concurrent activities within a protocol entity. RTAG encourages a top-down approach to protocol design that can be of significant benefit in expressing and reasoning about highly complex protocols. As an example, an RTAG specification is given for part of the Class 4 ISO Transport Protocol (TP-4).Because RTAG allows protocols to be specified at a highly detailed level, major parts of an implementation can be automatically generated from a specification. An RTAG parser can be written which, when combined with an RTAG specification of a protocol and a set of interface and utility routines, constitutes an implementation of the protocol. To demonstrate the viability of RTAG for implementation generation, an RTAG parser has been integrated into the kernel of the 4.2 BSD UNIX operating system, and has been used in conjunction with the RTAG TP-4 specification to obtain an RTAG-based TP-4 implementation in the DoD Internet domain.
Structural Analysis of Protein Folding by the Long-Chain Archaeal Chaperone FKBP26

In the cell, protein folding is mediated by folding catalysts and chaperones. The two functions are often linked, especially when the catalytic module forms part of a multidomain protein, as in Methanococcus jannaschii peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase FKBP26. Here, we show that FKBP26 chaperone activity requires both a 50-residue insertion in the catalytic FKBP domain, also called 'Insert-in-Flap' or IF domain, and an 80-residue C-terminal domain. We determined FKBP26 structures from four crystal forms and analyzed chaperone domains in light of their ability to mediate protein-protein interactions. FKBP26 is a crescent-shaped homodimer. We reason that folding proteins are bound inside the large crescent cleft, thus enabling their access to inward-facing peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase catalytic sites and ipsilateral chaperone domain surfaces. As these chaperone surfaces participate extensively in crystal lattice contacts, we speculate that the observed lattice contacts reflect a proclivity for protein associations and represent substrate interactions by FKBP26 chaperone domains. Finally, we find that FKBP26 is an exceptionally flexible molecule, suggesting a mechanism for nonspecific substrate recognition.
Knowledge-Based Approaches to Information Management in Coalition Environments

The community of interest information-sharing model lets coalition partners publish and disseminate data in a controlled fashion. In this vein, the authors have extended the Phoenix information management system to improve document selection and filtering.
Laser activation modification of semiconductor surfaces (LAMSS)

In this letter, we report a new and extremely rapid technique for surface modification, which we term laser activation modification of semiconductor surfaces or LAMSS. This method consists of wetting a semiconductor surface (e.g., silicon or germanium) with a reactive compound and then firing a highly focused nanosecond pulse of laser light through the transparent liquid onto the surface. The high peak power of the pulse at the surface activates the surface so that it reacts with the liquid with which it is in contact. Evidence for functionalization of the spots is given by ToF-SIMS imaging and small-spot XPS.
Airway obstruction in asbestos-exposed shipyard workers: with and without irregular opacities.

Airway obstruction was measured by spirometry in 296 boilermakers with 15 or more years shipyard exposure to asbestos. Percent of predicted was used to adjust each worker's pulmonary function values for height (mean 174 cm), age (mean 52·5 years) and cigarette smoking (mean 23·3 years). Mean values were significantly ( P 1 3·061 89·3%, FEB 25–75 2·51 1 sec −1 82·3% and FEF 75–85 0·5741 sec −1 77·8%. Corresponding values for the 106 men with pulmonary asbestosis (ILO profusion of opacities 1/0 or greater), were below these levels. Those without radiographic signas of asbestosis had intermediate values significantly below predicted. Correlation coefficients for pulmonary functions with ILO categories of asbestosis (profusion of irregular opacities) were: FVC −0·2381, FEV 1 −0·2494, FEF 25–75 −0·2403 and FEF 75–85 −0·1629. All were significant P
Low-energy BF 2 , BCl 2 , and BBr 2 implants for ultrashallow P + -N junctions

We have examined low energy BCl 2 and BBr 2 implants as a means of fabricating ultra-shallow P + -N junctions. Five keV and 9 keV BCl 2 implants and 18 keV BBr 2 implants have been compared to 5 keV BF 2 implants to study the benefits of using these species. BCl 2 and BBr 2 , being heavier species, have a lower projected range and produce more damage. The greater damage restricts channeling, resulting in shallower as-implanted profiles. The increased damage amorphizes the substrate at low implant doses which results in reduced transient enhanced diffusion (TED) during the post-implant anneal. Post-anneal SIMS profiles indicate a junction depth reduction of over 10 nm (at 5 X 10 17 cm -3 background doping) for 5 keV BCl 2 implants as compared to 5 keV BF 2 implants. Annealed junctions as shallow as 10 nm have been obtained from the 18 keV BBr 2 implants. The increased damage degrades the electrical properties of these junctions by enhancing the leakage current densities. BCl 2 implanted junctions have leakage current densities of approximately 1 (mu) A/cm 2 as compared to 10 nA/cm 2 for the BF 2 implants. BBr 2 implants have a lower leakage density of approximately 50 nA/cm 2 . Low energy BBr 2 implants offer an exciting alternative for fabricating low leakage, ultra-shallow P + -N junctions.
Firm size and the incentive to differentiate

Abstract The conjectural variation is treated as a choice variable capturing the behavioral impact of product differentiation. By this means it is shown that firms have a profit incentive to differentiate, large firms more than small ones, and a differentiating firm more than its rivals.
Waltonella flexicauda: Development controlled by a genetic factor in Aedes aegypti☆

Abstract Strains of Aedes aegypti, one selected for susceptibility and the other for refractoriness to the frog filariid, Waltonella flexicauda, were crossed. The progeny of these crosses indicated that refractoriness was dominant. An allelism test was constructed between the susceptible strain and the REFM strain, homozygous for red-eye and filarial susceptibility, Brugia malayi ( Macdonald and Sheppard, 1965 , Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology59, 74–87). The F1 progenies and both parental-types were susceptible to W. flexicauda infection, thus suggesting allelism. Through further selection, susceptibility in the refractory strain was reduced to nearly 0%. The F1 progeny of reciprocal crosses between the new refractory strain and a selected white-eye (w), susceptible strain were 14 and 18% susceptible, suggesting incomplete dominance. The linkage data from the backcross progenies indicated that susceptibility to W. flexicauda was located on linkage group I, 5 units from the sex locus and 10 units from the w locus. This factor for susceptibility did not control development of Brugia pahangi or Dirofilaria immitis. The new filarial susceptibility factor was designated fm2.
Intention to leave, anticipated reasons for leaving, and 12-month turnover of child care center staff

Abstract Job turnover among a sample of 169 child care workers from rural and semi-rural parts of Pennsylvania was examined in relation to demographic, work related and nonwork related factors. Findings indicate that the perceived choice of other jobs and job tenure both have an impact on intention to leave, as well as on actual 12 month turnover. Turnover in this study was unrelated to a survey measure of job satisfaction as well as to wages; however, job satisfaction was frequently cited in open ended responses as a reason for staying on the job. Participants' open ended responses suggest that the dynamics of staff turnover in child care are complex and that motivations for staying on the job may be both similar to and different than motivations for leaving. Possible reasons for failure to replicate previous research on child care staff turnover are explored as are implications for policy and practice.
Design, synthesis and characterization of "clickable" 4-anilinoquinazoline kinase inhibitors.

Immobilized kinase inhibitors have emerged as powerful reagents for the determination of kinase inhibitor selectivity and for the enrichment of protein targets from cellular lysates. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a set of “clickable” 4-anilinoquinazolinekinase inhibitors. We demonstrate that the attachment of a flexible tether that contains a bio-orthogonal azide functionality does not adversely affect the potency or selectivity of these inhibitors. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of these inhibitors through the generation of an affinity matrix for the enrichment of interacting proteins from cellular lysates.
Agency Design and Postlegislative Influence over the Bureaucracy

Extending transaction cost theories of agency design, the author develops a theory about why congressional coalitions vary the difficulty of influencing the policy decisions of bureaucratic agencie...
A Decision-Theoretic Approach to Interval Estimation

Abstract Under an appropriate loss function, interval estimation may be regarded as a Bayesian decision-making procedure in which the objective is to find an interval that minimizes expected loss. For various loss functions, the behavior of the optimal interval is investigated, a comparison is made with the usual non-decision-theoretic interval estimates, and applications and examples are discussed.
Integrated aerial image sensor: modeling and assembly

Earlier work describes the concept and the design of the Integrated Aerial Image Sensor (IAIS) [1]. This paper focuses on the first principle modeling and the physical construction of the IAIS. Our modeling is based on Abbe's formulation. Assuming a partially coherent illumination source, the partial, total and final detector images are obtained through optical system simulations, combined with a wafer-plane aperture mask simulation, using software provided by Panoramic. The performance of the IAIS under different lithography settings can be predicted accordingly. Our intent is to create a library that captures the aerial image to detector image correspondence in order to facilitate rapid analysis. We also examine several approaches towards the integration of CCD chips onto the test wafer substrate. Although there are several issues that still need to be resolved, a low temperature bonding scheme involving capillary force assisted alignment appears quite promising and is being discussed in some detail.
Maximum likelihood estimation of the Rotterdam model under two different conditions

Abstract This letter describes maximum likelihood (ML) procedures for the Rotterdam model (1) when the model is formulated in relative prices and (2) under the constraints of the theory of rational random behavior.
Interaction of voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.6 (SCN8A) with microtubule-associated protein Map1b

The mechanism by which voltage-gated sodium channels are trafficked to the surface of neurons is not well understood. Our previous work implicated the cytoplasmic N terminus of the sodium channel Nav1.6 in this process. We report that the N terminus plus the first transmembrane segment (residues 1–153) is sufficient to direct a reporter to the cell surface. To identify proteins that interact with the 117-residue N-terminal domain, we carried out a yeast two-hybrid screen of a mouse brain cDNA library. Three clones containing overlapping portions of the light chain of microtubule-associated protein Map1b (Mtap1b) were recovered from the screen. Interaction between endogenous Nav1.6 channels and Map1b in mouse brain was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Map1b did not interact with the N terminus of the related channel Nav1.1. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the Nav1.6 N terminus demonstrated that residues 77–80 (VAVP) contribute to interaction with Map1b. Co-expression of Nav1.6 with Map1b in neuronal cell line ND7/23 resulted in a 50% increase in current density, demonstrating a functional role for this interaction. Mutation of the Map1b binding site of Nav1.6 prevented generation of sodium current in transfected cells. The data indicate that Map1b facilitates trafficking of Nav1.6 to the neuronal cell surface.
Influence of Certain Purines, Pyrimidines, and Pterins on Synthesis of “Folic Acid” by Aerobacter aerogenes.

SummaryWhen xanthopterin was added to cultures of A. aerogenes only small amounts of “folic acid” were synthesized by the organ-ism. Xanthopterin was without effect on the resulting turbidity of the cultures or on the amount of biotin produced. Several other purines, pyrimidines, and pterins were without effect on the growth of the organism or on the production of “folic acid” or of biotin. It is suggested that xanthopterin either may partially replace “folic acid” in metabolism or its structural similarity to an hypothetical intermediate in the microbiological synthesis of “folic acid” enables it to inhibit the synthesis or utilization of the intermediate.
The Politics and Policy Trade-offs of Reforming the Public Pension System in Post-communist Moldova

THIS FIRST SECTION FOCUSES ON THE MAIN LEGACIES of the Soviet pension system and the ways they have shaped the institutional structure of the public pension system1 in post-reform Moldova. It aims to identify the political origins of the pension system and explain the logic of its structural integrity with the demands of the communist command economy. Pension reform, both its substance and design, depends to a large extent on what types of institutions existed before the transformation process. During the communist period social policy was an integral part of industrial policy for ideological, political and institutional reasons. Ideologically, state provision of welfare benefits signified the victory of socialism in former communist countries.2 Politically, the relative generosity of social entitlements served as a vehicle for sustaining the legitimacy of communist regimes.3 And institutionally, social policy was geared to the priorities of the communist command economy, forming an effective set of productivity incentives for growth and development.4 Old-age pensions constituted the largest social transfer programme of the Soviet welfare state. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 the pension system functioned on the basis of a 1956 all-union law 'On state pension provision'.5 The law specified the rules guiding the criteria for benefit distribution, level of benefit, groups entitled to privileged treatment, mechanism of finance, and supervisory bodies of the pension system. Initially it covered just workers and intelligentsia, and only in 1964 were its provisions extended to collective farmers (kolkhozniki). Because their property was considered as cooperative or communal rather than state-owned, collective farmers were previously left to make retirement provision from their own resources. This was a cruel joke on the part of the Soviet authorities, argues Walter Connor, given the historical poverty of the countryside.6 Eligibility for old-age benefits was contingent on participation in state-provided employment. The right to work was guaranteed by the Soviet Constitution-a right that in fact became an obligation whereby all able-bodied citizens were expected to work. As a result, the communist system succeeded in attaining nearly full employment, which, in turn, made it possible to secure almost universal coverage of the pension system. Also, contribution conditions generally required 25 years of service
Analysis of peptide biosynthesis in the neurointermediate lobe of Xenopus laevis using high-performance liquid chromatography: occurrence of small bioactive products

Abstract 1. 1. Ppeitde biosynthesis in neurointermediate lobes of black adapted Xenopus laevis was studied using pulse-chase incubation and reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. 2. 2. During the pulse period one major product was synthesized, which was subsequently converted to 12 chase peptides, suggesting a precursor-product mode of biosynthesis for this tissue. 3. 3. Chase peptides I, II and IV possessed high melanotropic activity. Alpha-MSH did not appear to be among the chase peptides. Peptide II had also high corticotropic activity. 4. 4. Peptides I and II are probably small, since they were TCA-soluble and ran faster on acid-urea gels than α-MSH. They may, however, well be structurally related to this latter hormone.
Nuclear structure of oxygen-16 at high excitation energy from 12C(α,α)12C

Abstract A phase shift analysis of 12C(α,α)12C angular distributions is made and levels in 16O are deduced. Additional “rotational” bands in 16O are apparent.
The stability of the sigma sleep spindle

Abstract The present study closely examined the distribution of sigma sleep spindle activity for six normal human males who slept undisturbed for approximately 8 h/night for 3 consecutive nights. Sigma spindle activity was monitored by an automatic spindle detector system which performed at 92.5% accuracy when judged against established visual criteria. Individuals differed markedly in total sigma spindle production across nights, but the failure to detect significant differences among nights and the large intra-class correlation suggests noteworthy inter-night stability of the sigma spindle. When sleep onset was used as the temporal origin, sigma sleep activity was essentially flat across the night until the last, REM-dominant, hour which showed a sharp reduction in the number of spindles produced. The sigma spindle density revealed consistent patterns within individual subjects. Moreover, intra-stage spindle densities exhibited only minor variations from hour to hour within each night and were stable across nights. As anticipated, the density functions were greatest for stage 2 regardless of night or hours within a night, negligible in stages 1 and REM, and intermeiate for stages 3 and 4.
Progress in ring array transducers for real-time 3D ultrasound guidance of cardiac interventional devices.

As a treatment for aortic stenosis, several companies have recently introduced prosthetic heart valves designed to be deployed through a catheter using an intravenous or transapical approach. This procedure can either take the place of open heart surgery with some of the devices or delay it with others. Real-time 3D ultrasound could enable continuous monitoring of these structures before, during and after deployment. We have developed a 2D ring array integrated with a 30 French catheter that is used for transapical prosthetic heart valve implantation. The transducer array was built using three 46 cm long flex circuits from MicroConnex (Snoqualmie, WA) which terminate in an interconnect that plugs directly into our system cable; thus, no cable soldering is required. This transducer consists of 210 elements at 0.157 mm interelement spacing and operates at 5 MHz. Average measured element bandwidth was 26% and average round-trip 50 ohm insertion loss was −58.1 dB after correcting for diffractive losses. The t...
Snooping fault-tolerant distributed shared memories

Abstract Distributed-memory systems that have no physically shared memory can be programmed by use of a shared-memory model by simulating a virtual shared address space. These distributed shared memory (DSM) systems can be easier to program than systems that use a message-passing model. However, as the number of processors implementing the DSM grows, the probability of failure grows. This article presents a set of fault-tolerant DSM (FTDSM) algorithms. The algorithms are derived from a system consisting of a set of processors connected by a broadcast network with one special processor, the snooper, that monitors network traffic. The snooper keeps a backup of the current state of the shared memory and can respond for failed processors. The addition of the snooper improves the reliability of the DSM at a lower cost than making each of the other processors fault tolerant. It is also shown how different degrees of application level fault tolerance can be incorporated into the FTDSM protocol to allow the recovery of application processes. The snooping FTDSM is extended to include multiple snoopers; then an integrated snooper FTDSM is developed that is not restricted to a broadcast network.
The Role of the Occupational Therapist–Work Evaluator

This paper presents the role of the occupational therapist as that of a work evaluator who provides services to injured workers. Therapists, by virtue of their professional knowledge, have a frame of reference for work evaluation and understand the factors that interrupt the work process. In work evaluation, the therapist assists the injured worker to develop work readiness and the physical capacities necessary for working productively. This development takes place in a therapeutic milieu where the "worker" role is regained. The role of the occupational therapist-work evaluator includes work-oriented treatment in the acute care setting, job analysis, work tolerance screening, work capacity evaluation, work hardening, and job market reentry management in the work evaluation and community settings.
Catheter-directed Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy for the Budd-Chiari Syndrome in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria in Three Patients

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, bone marrow failure, and hypercoagulability. Thrombosis is the leading cause of mortality and occurs in one-half of PNH patients, with the hepatic veins being the most common site. Patients with hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd-Chiari syndrome) can present with abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, jaundice, and ascites. Prognosis is poor for these patients; death may occur from liver failure, vessel rupture, intestinal ischemia, infarction, necrosis, or sepsis. The authors report three consecutive cases of successful treatment with catheter-directed thrombolysis and thrombectomy directly in the hepatic veins in patients with PNH who developed acute hepatic vein thrombosis. This treatment represents a potential bridge toward more curative therapies such as allogeneic bone marrow transplant.
Autobiographical memory as a dynamic process: Autobiographical memory mediates basic tendencies and characteristic adaptations

Abstract Two studies tested whether autobiographical memory content and phenomenology mediate two consistent findings in the personality literature: Neuroticism and subjective health and Conscientiousness and achievement striving. In Study 1, participants ( N = 162) retrieved and rated four memories and completed measures of Neuroticism and subjective health. In Study 2, participants ( N = 345) retrieved and rated two memories and completed measures of Conscientiousness and achievement goals and study strategies. In both studies, memory content and phenomenology mediated the relations between personality and health and achievement in expected ways. For example, participants high in Neuroticism reported more somatic complaints because their memories were saturated with negative affective content. Discussion focuses on the utility of integrating trait and social–cognitive approaches to personality.
A Comparison of Sex Role and Related Personality Traits in Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Women:

Self-descriptions on sex role characteristics and related personality traits including achievement and affiliation were compared in four age groups of women: eighteen to twenty-two, twenty-nine to thirty-nine, forty to fifty-five, and sixty to seventy-five year-olds. In general, the two younger groups emerged as least like the traditional feminine sex role stereotype. In comparison to the older women, they were more willing to ascribe masculine sex role characteristics to themselves and rated themselves as less responsible, self-controlled, and affiliative. Conversely, the women over sixty and homemakers in their forties and fifties adhered most strongly to the conventional feminine traits. These differences are explained in terms of the recent changes in societal attitudes toward sex roles. There is also some evidence that significant life roles are related to self-descriptions on these personality dimensions.