cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research jobs for recent college graduates: A comparison between traditional lab technician positions and NIH's postbaccalaureate IRTA fellowship.

The features that distinguish the Postbaccalaureate IRTA experience from a normal lab tech job are the enhanced educational opportunities, greater independence, more organized social outlets and networking opportunities, life in the DC Metro area, and the NIH itself. Also, research experience looks great on a CV when applying for research jobs or graduate schools, and the NIH name and Postbaccalaureate IRTA fellowship are impressive to potential employers and admissions committees. On the other hand, lab tech jobs often require fewer commitments outside of a normal 9-to-5 work day and usually have better pay and benefits than the Postbaccalaureate IRTA fellowship. In addition, working at a specific university often carries the benefit of being closer to one’s family, friends, and/or significant others. Someone who does not like cities can choose to work at a university that has ready access to the beach, mountains, or regions of the country that are more personally appealing than the Washington, DC, area. Lab tech jobs also usually require at least a two year commitment, whereas the Postbac IRTA fellowship is generally a one year commitment (possibly two). Regardless of which option you choose, you should be active in searching for a job that lets you fulfill the goals you set for yourself in the years between graduating and starting graduate or medical school. Whether those goals are to publish, get experience, save money, or just enjoy yourself, with careful questioning and circumspection, you should be able to maximize the possibility that you will meet your goals.
Free space optical communications routing performance in highly dynamic airspace environments

Airborne networking environments utilizing high speed free space optical communications are being proposed as a method of providing immediate high speed network access and communications in a tactical environment where access is otherwise unavailable. Frequent link failures and recoveries due to wing obstruction and the dead zone produced by the wake vortex of the aircraft characterize the links. Many links additionally have large delay due both to coding/interleaving and propagation characteristics. Network availability from a user perspective is predicated on the fast response to link outages and recoveries by the routing protocol. The routing protocol must converge very quickly to ensure that the network is highly available and that traffic is not disrupted. In this work, we considered two different architectures/topologies that meet these requirements and analyzed the performance of OSPF and EIGRP on each using simulation. We fixed the scenarios such that an end-to-end path was always available through the network. We varied the input parameters for OSPF and EIGRP to maximize network availability. We determined that OSPF is limited by its minimum HELLO interval and results in gaps in path availability on the order of seconds and EIGRP may respond quickly to achieve subsecond gaps in path availability, but at a cost of increased network traffic. We have additionally introduced an analytical methodology for selection of HELLO interval lengths and router dead times which quantifies the cost and benefit of a particular selection. Scalability of the different approaches to a complete network needs further exploration.
A GIS-based vulnerability assessment of brine contamination to aquatic resources from oil and gas development in eastern Sheridan County, Montana

Abstract Water (brine) co-produced with oil in the Williston Basin is some of the most saline in the nation. The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR), characterized by glacial sediments and numerous wetlands, covers the northern and eastern portion of the Williston Basin. Sheridan County, Montana, lies within the PPR and has a documented history of brine contamination. Surface water and shallow groundwater in the PPR are saline and sulfate dominated while the deeper brines are much more saline and chloride dominated. A Contamination Index (CI), defined as the ratio of chloride concentration to specific conductance in a water sample, was developed by the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology to delineate the magnitude of brine contamination in Sheridan County. Values > 0.035 indicate contamination. Recently, the U.S. Geological Survey completed a county level geographic information system (GIS)-based vulnerability assessment of brine contamination to aquatic resources in the PPR of the Williston Basin based on the age and density of oil wells, number of wetlands, and stream length per county. To validate and better define this assessment, a similar approach was applied in eastern Sheridan County at a greater level of detail (the 2.59 km2 Public Land Survey System section grid) and included surficial geology. Vulnerability assessment scores were calculated for the 780 modeled sections and these scores were divided into ten equal interval bins representing similar probabilities of contamination. Two surface water and two groundwater samples were collected from the section with the greatest acreage of Federal land in each bin. Nineteen of the forty water samples, and at least one water sample from seven of the ten selected sections, had CI values indicating contamination. Additionally, CI values generally increased with increasing vulnerability assessment score, with a stronger correlation for groundwater samples (R2 = 0.78) than surface water samples (R2 = 0.53).
Variability of serum cholesterol values in baboons.

Variability of serum cholesterol in baboons was studied in order to obtain estimates of biological and technical variation for use in planning a long term dietary experiment. Variability due to animals, to laboratories, to the day on which blood was drawn, and to laboratory work day was estimated. Implications for the design of experiments involving serum cholesterol in baboons are discussed.
On the instability of evolutionary stable strategies in small populations

Evolutionary stable strategies (ESSs) are often used to explain the behaviors of individuals and species. The analysis of ESSs determines which, if any, combinations of behaviors cannot be invaded by alternative strategies. Two assumptions required to generate an ESS (i.e. an infinite population and payoffs described only on the average) do not hold under natural conditions. Previous experiments have indicated that under more realistic conditions of finite populations and stochastic payoffs, populations may evolve in trajectories that are unrelated to an ESS, even in very simple evolutionary games. The simulations are extended here to small populations with varying levels of selection pressure and mixing levels. The results suggest that ESSs may not provide a good explanation of the behavior of small populations even at relatively low levels of selection pressure and even under persistent mixing. The implications of these results are discussed briefly in light of previous literature which claimed that ESSs generated suitable explanations of real-world data.
Magnesium Influence on Stress and Immune Function in Exercise

Copyright: © 2012 Brilla LR. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Magnesium (Mg) may enhance physical activity through a number of associated mechanisms: all phosphotransfers, a cofactor to over 325 enzymatic reactions, protein synthesis, and electrolyte balance [1,2]. About 60% of adults in the United States do not consume the estimated average requirement of Mg, yet widespread pathological conditions attributed to Mg deficiency have not been reported [3]. That a significant Mg deficiency has not been recognized may be attributed to only 1% of Mg is in the serum, therefore, a lack of sensitivity of serum Mg. Low dietary intakes, coupled with exercise-induced urinary losses, may eventually lead to an Mg deficiency. A deficiency of the mineral therefore has many physiological and exercise performance implications.
Field Evaluation of the Stiffness of Unbound Aggregate Base Layers in Inverted Flexible Pavements

Unbound aggregate base layers in a quarry haul road in Georgia were characterized using embedded sensors and in situ seismic testing. Two sections of the road were constructed as inverted pavements, one using a South African Roads Board method and the other using a conventional Georgia Department of Transportation method. A third was constructed using a traditional method. Miniaturized versions of traditional cross-hole and downhole seismic tests were conducted to determine the stiffnesses of each base layer. Horizontally propagating compression and shear waves were measured under four different loading conditions to determine Young's moduli and Poisson's ratios of the base. An increase in stiffness with an increase in load was measured. Additionally, it was found that the Georgia and South Africa sections had similar stiffnesses. Surprisingly, the traditional section was found to be somewhat stiffer than the other sections. This higher stiffness is thought to be caused by a prolonged period of compaction before construction of the unbound aggregate base layer, which essentially transforms the traditional section into an inverted pavement. Using the vertical total normal stresses computed from ILLI-PAVE, a value of 0.3 for the earth pressure coefficient was found to be reasonable for this material in determining the radial total normal stresses. The radial effective normal stresses were calculated from the radial total normal stresses and experimentally determined pore water pressures. Additionally, the negative pore water pressures in the partially saturated granular base had a significant impact on the stiffness of the unbound aggregate base layer, especially under small load levels.
Crystal structure determination of Escherichia coli ClpP starting from an EM-derived mask.

Abstract Large ATP-dependent proteolytic complexes carry out the majority of intracellular proteolysis. To begin to understand the function of these proteases at a structural level, we have combined the information from a number of biophysical techniques such as electron microscopy (EM), small-angle scattering, and x-ray crystallography. In this study, we exploited the inherent symmetry of Escherichia coli ClpP, the proteolytic component of the ClpAP/XP ATP-dependent protease, to determine its x-ray crystal structure to 2.3-A resolution starting with a phase set derived from a low-resolution mask obtained from EM and small-angle x-ray scattering analysis. Sevenfold and 14-fold noncrystallographic symmetry averaging facilitated phase extension beyond 20 A and in combination with mask redetermination and matrix refinement was sufficient for completely determining the structure. The structure of ClpP is a homo-tetradecamer composed of two heptameric rings enclosing a cavity of ≈50 A in diameter that compartmentalizes the 14 serine proteolytic active sites. Comparison of the ClpP structure with those of the 20S proteasome and HslV reveals a striking example of evolutionary convergence, despite them being unrelated in sequence and fold. Moreover, similarity in their overall architecture suggests a common model for their action.
Isolated half-bridge gate driver with integrated high-side supply

Half-bridge gate drivers have been widely used in a variety of applications, such as motor drives, power supplies, and plasma display panels. However, they are difficult to use because of the need for isolation and the need to provide isolated power supply for high-side gate drive. Here I will describe an isolated half-bridge gate driver with an integrated DC/DC converter providing an isolated high-side supply at 15 V, all in a 16 L SOIC package. Coreless micro-transformers are not only used for transmitting gate drive signals from input to isolated outputs, but also used for delivering power to the isolated high-side supply. The gate drive signals are encoded before they are sent to the signal transformers, and then decoded to reproduce the gate drive output signals. The power transformers are switched resonantly at 160 MHz to achieve efficient energy transfer. Both the transformer switches and Schottky diodes used for high frequency rectification are implemented on chip. As much as 5 kV isolation is achieved through 20 mum thick polyimide layers sandwiched in between the primary coils and the secondary coils. Both gate drive outputs can provide 0.3 A sinking and 0.1 A sourcing up to 10 Mbps. The converter for the high side supply is measured to deliver 15 mA at 15 V with 25% efficiency. An example application of the half-bridge gate drivers in an isolated AC-DC power supply will be discussed.
Analysis of the generalized clock buffer replacement scheme for database transaction processing

The CLOCK algorithm is a popular buffer replacement algorithm because of its simplicity and its ability to approximate the performance of the Least Recently Used (LRU) replacement policy. The Generalized Clock (GCLOCK) buffer replacement policy uses a circular buffer and a weight associated with each page brought in buffer to decide on which page to replace. We develop an approximate analysis for the GCLOCK policy under the Independent Reference Model (IRM) that applies to many database transaction processing workloads. We validate the analysis for various workloads with data access skew. Comparison with simulations shows that in all cases examined the error is extremely small (less than 1%). To show the usefulness of the model we apply it to a Transaction Processing Council benchmark A (TPC-A) like workload. If knowledge of the different data partitions in this workload is assumed, the analysis shows that, with appropriate choice of weights, the performance of the GCLOCK algorithm can be better than the LRU policy. Performance very close to that for optimal (static) buffer allocation can be achieved by assigning sufficiently high weights, and can be implemented with a reasonably low overhead. Finally, we outline how the model can be extended to capture the effect of page invalidation in a multinode system.
Heloise, Abelard and the Ordination of Abbesses

Abelard discussed the status and history of the ordo sanctimonialium in several of his works. In them he identified abbesses as the successors to the ancient order of deaconesses and thus sacramentally ordained and equal to any male order. This understanding followed a venerable tradition that stood in stark contrast to the more recent claims of the Glossa ordinaria, Gratian and Peter the Lombard that the only true sacramental orders were the subdiaconate, the diaconate and the presbyterate. Abelard's work then can be understood in part as a response to these claims and a defence of the older tradition.
Preoperative predictors of increased hospital costs in elective anterior cervical fusions: a single-institution analysis of 1,082 patients

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The frequency of anterior cervical fusion (ACF) surgery and total hospital costs in spine surgery have substantially increased in the last several years. PURPOSE: To determine which patient comorbidities are associated with increased total hospital costs after elective one- or two-level ACFs. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective cohort analysis. PATIENT SAMPLE: Individuals who have undergone elective one- or two-level ACFs at our single institution. The total number of patients amounted to 1,082. OUTCOME MEASURES: Total hospital costs during single admission. METHODS: Multivariate linear regression models were used to analyze independent effects of preoperative patient characteristics on total hospital costs. Univariate analysis was used to examine association of these characteristics on operative time, length of hospital stay (LOS), and complications. RESULTS: Age, obesity, and diabetes were independently associated with increased average hospital costs of $1,404 (95% confidence interval [CI], $857‐$1,951; p!.001), $681 (95% CI, $285‐ $1,076; p5.001), and $1,877 (95% CI, $726‐$3,072; p5.001), respectively. Age was associated with increased LOS (p!.001) and complications (p!.001) but not operative time (p5.431). Diabetes was associated with increased LOS (p!.001) and complications (p5.042) but not operative time (p5.234). Obesity was not associated with increased LOS (p5.164), complications (p5.890), or operative time (p5.067). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the patient comorbidities associated with increased hospital costs after one- or two-level ACFs and the potential drivers of these costs. 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Requirements for Service Delivery and Service Assurance Platforms in an Open Systems Based Advanced Intelligent Network

This article cover's the views of an Advanced Intelligent Network Long Distance service provider and service integrator regarding requirements for service delivery and service assurance platforms in an open systems environment. It discusses the overall goals of service providers and their customers along with the attributes of an Advanced Intelligent Network open systems environment. It also presents service delivery and service assurance processes along with the environmental constraints of the existing platforms. The focus of this presentation is to detail the requirements for service delivery and service assurance platforms that can progressively improve flexibility, accelerate the service delivery process, and ensure availability of service assurance capabilities at the time of rolling services into the network.
Unity in diversity: a perspective on the methods, contributions, and future of comparative physiology.

This brief essay on the methods, objectives, achievements, and future promise of the discipline known as comparative physiology focuses on three principle issues. First, how is this discipline defined in terms of its approaches and goals? What does the adjective comparative denote, and what makes the comparative approach unique? Second, what are illustrative examples of the successes of the comparative method in the study of physiology? Why has the comparative approach so often been critical in the development of basic understanding of physiological systems? Third, how is comparative physiology likely to contribute in the near future to the biological sciences, here broadly defined to include research ranging from study of the consequences of global change to the development of biomedical technology? And, conversely, how are advances in other disciplines in biology likely to enhance comparative physiology? I hope to demonstrate that comparative physiology is an essential complement to other disciplines within physiology that commonly exploit a relatively small number of so-called model organisms in attempts to elucidate basic mechanisms of physiological function. I argue that there exists a creative interplay between physiologists doing comparative work and others who carry out primarily reductionist studies with model species. Whereas the latter types of studies offer the comparative physiologist many useful new techniques and insights into basic mechanisms, it is the comparative physiologist who often uncovers important new phenomena for investigation and who, through the logic of comparative analysis, elucidates key principles that might not emerge from the study of conventional model organisms.
Peripheral embolic events during endovascular treatment of infra-inguinal chronic total occlusion

Reliance on angiographic detection of peripheral embolic events during endovascular treatment of peripheral arterial disease not only underestimates its true incidence but is the leading cause for underdeveloped embolic protection strategies during peripheral arterial interventions. Detection of distal embolic signals especially during percutaneous treatment of infra-inguinal chronic total occlusions (CTO) remains unknown. We report Doppler ultrasound detection of distal embolic signals, during phases of percutaneous intervention involving recanalization of a superficial femoral artery CTO.
Contingency Perspectives of Organizational Strategy: A Critical Review of the Empirical Research

A two-level scheme for reviewing contingency theory research on organizational strategy is proposed. This scheme employs a systems model for delineating the domain of contingency perspectives on strategy research at the first level and incorporates relevant analytical dimensions at the second level. Patterns observed reinforce criticisms of contingency theory research in other macro-organizational areas. Recommendations pertaining to both theoretical and methodological issues are offered to strategy researchers conducting contingency theory-based empirical investigations.
Functions to Predict Effects of Crop Water Deficits

A well-advanced research program is aimed at quantitative prediction of relations between principal crops and water. Goals are to: (1) estimate functional relations between crop yield Y and water at all water supply levels; water being defined as seasonal depths of both evapotranspiration ET and irrigation IRR ; and (2) optimize water management by maximizing profit or water use efficiency or other objective. Davis, Calif. field and lysimeter studies with corn show: (1) the Y versus ET function is linear, provided unavoidable ET deficits from limited irrigation water coincide with those crop growth stages that influence yield the least; and (2) the Y versus IRR function is convex, reflecting decreasing irrigation efficiency (percentage of IRR utilized ET ) as actual crop ET approaches fulfillment of maximum requirements. When IRR equals zero the two functions become one, and ET derives entirely from stored soil water and rainfall.
Lawsuits in the Wake of Race Car Crashes Encounter Legal Tests

Following the death of race car driver, Dan Wheldon, there were questions as to whether the family was going to bring a lawsuit or not. This article discusses the possible lawsuits Wheldon's family could be and the likelihood that they would succeed in these lawsuits.
The influence of auxin transport inhibitor placement on stress-induced flower abscission in Capsicum

The abscission of reproductive structures of peppers under conditions of environmental stress such as high temperature or drought sharply limits production in some areas (Wien et al. 1989a). Stress causes the plant to produce ethylene, which induces flower abscission (Wien et al. 1989b). Additional evidence for the importance of ethylene in pepper flower abscission comes from the fact that application of the ethylene precursor ACC, (1aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), or the ethylene-releasing chemical ethephon [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid], also results in abscission of flowers and flower buds (Beaudry and Kays, 1988 >; Tripp and Wien, 1989; Wien et al. 1989b). An abscission model for leaves postulates that auxin prevents abscission by inhibiting cell separation in the abscission zone (Beyer and Morgan, 1971; Osborne and Sargent, 1976). During induction of abscission, ethylene reduces auxin production in the plant organ and decreases its transport to the abscission zone. If the abscission mechanism for pepper flowers is similar to that of leaves, treatment of plants with auxin transport inhibitors should increase their sensitivity to ethylene-caused abscission. This has indeed been found with leaf abscission in cotton seedlings (Morgan and Durham, 1972); no such experimental evidence exists as yet for flower abscission.
New Opportunity for Older Taxpayers to Convert to Roth Iras

Starting in 2005, the definition of adjusted gross income for Roth IRA conversion purposes changes for those receiving required minimum distributions from traditional IRAs. The taxable income from the required minimum traditional IRA distributions will no longer be included in the $100,000 adjusted gross income test for conversion to a Roth IRA. That change will enable more taxpayers aged 70-1/2 or older to make the conversion to a Roth IRA. The article examines whether or not those who become eligible should follow through and make the conversion. The article further quantifies the extent to which the conversion to a Roth IRA is advantageous (or disadvantageous) for various periods of longevity between death at age 71 and death at age 95. The quantification is in terms of accumulated after-tax wealth associated with the conversion at the date of the taxpayer's death after the conversion. The analysis is performed for married taxpayers filing jointly and also for single taxpayers for various marginal federal income tax brackets when the investment vehicle is an interest bearing bond or account. The article also discusses the implications for conversion when the investment vehicle is a tax managed account rather than an interest bearing bond or account. The article presents compelling evidence that it is advantageous for an eligible taxpayer to convert traditional IRAs to Roth IRAs if the taxpayer is likely to live five or more years after the conversion.
Controlled boiling on Enceladus. 1. Model of the vapor-driven jets

Plumes of water vapor and ice particles have been observed from the so-called tiger stripes at the south polar terrain (SPT) of Saturn’s satellite, Enceladus. The observed high salinity (∼0.5–2%) of the ice particles in the plumes may indicate that the plumes originate from a subsurface liquid ocean. Additionally, the SPT is the source of strong infrared radiation (∼4.2 GW), which is especially intense near (within tens of meters) the tiger stripes. This could indicate that the radiation is associated with plume activity, but the connection remains unclear. Here we investigate the constraints that plume observations place on the widths of the cracks, the depth to the liquid-vapor interface, and the mechanisms controlling plume variability. We solve the fluid dynamics of the flow in the crack and the interaction between the flow and ice walls assuming that the flows of water vapor and ice particles originate from a few kilometers deep liquid ocean. For a crack with a uniform width, we find that our model could explain the observed vapor mass flow rate of the plumes when the crack width is 0.05–0.075 m. A wider crack is not favorable because it would produce a higher vapor mass flow rate than the observed value, but it may be allowed if there are some flows that do not reach the surface of Enceladus either due to condensation on the icy walls or the tortuosity of the crack. The observed heat flow can be explained if the total crack length is approximately 1.7 × 500 km. A tapering crack (a crack which is ∼1 m wide at the bottom of the flow and sharply becomes 0.05–0.075 m at shallower depths) can also explain the observed vapor mass flow rate and heat flow. Widths of 1 m or more are necessary to avoid freezing at the liquid-vapor interface, as shown in our paired paper (Ingersoll and Nakajima [2016] Icarus). The observed intense heat flow along the tiger stripes can be explained by the latent heat release due to vapor condensation onto the ice walls near the surface. The resulting buildup of ice causes the vents to seal themselves on time scales less than a year. We also find that the ice to vapor ratio of the plumes is sensitive to the ice mass fraction at the bottom of the flow (liquid–vapor interface). We find that the total mass flow rate of the plumes becomes larger when the crack width is larger, which is consistent with the observation that the flow rate increases near the orbital apocenter, where the crack is expected to be widest.
Indentification of Apparent Dual ANCA Specificities in a Subset of Patients with Systemic Vasculitis and Crescentic Glomerulonephritis

23% of a random selection of ANCA (+) patients had dual, non-cross reactive autoantibody specificities. We found no clinical difference in such patients as compared to those having a single antibody. A second group of ANCA (+) patients had neither anti-MPO nor anti-PR3 autoantibody specificity. These findings suggest that multiple, coincident ANCA specificities occur more commonly than previously reported, and that additional, unidentified ANCA specificities are present in some patients.
Evaluation of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) responses to an amino acid containing co-product

vi CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Background 1 Thesis Organization 3 References 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 CHAPTER 3 EVALUATION OF CREEPING BENTGRASS (AGROSTIS STOLONIFERA L.) RESPONSES TO AN AMINO ACID CONTAINING CO-PRODUCT 16 Abstract 16 Introduction 17 Materials and Methods 20 Results and Discussion 25 Conclusion 31 Tables..... 34 Figures 36 References 40 CHAPTER 4 ADDITIONAL RESULTS 43 Preliminary Study 43 Tables.... 48 Figures 49 References 52 CHAPTER 5 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 53 General Discussion 53 Recommendations for Future Research 55 References 56 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 57
TM-03THE HSP90 INHIBITOR GANETESPIB IS AN EFFECTIVE THERAPY FOR GLIOBLASTOMA THAT BLOCKS EGFR-DRIVEN TUMOR GROWTH

Malignant gliomas are highly aggressive primary brain tumors with few treatment options and invariably fatal outcomes. The receptor tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is hyperactivated through gene amplification or mutation in many cancers. EGFR activity is associated with increased cell proliferation, disease progression and therapeutic resistance. Intratumoral heterogeneity of EGFR arises as a signature pathogenetic events in the highly aggressive and invariably fatal brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Functional blockade of the EGFR kinase activity alone does not achieve maximal therapeutic benefit to support the role for EGFR kinase-independent functions. We performed a high-throughput, pharmacologic screening to identify EGFR-targeted therapeutics in glioma cells engineered to overexpress either a high or low copy number of EGFR wildtype (WT), a constitutively active mutant EGFR-vIII or an EGFR kinase-dead (KD) mutant. We discovered that the heat shock protein (HSP)90 inhibitor ganetespib selectively and potently killed glioma cells that overexpressed either the WT, vIII or KD forms of EGFR (IC50 ∼20-40nM). Real-time measurements demonstrated that ganetespib reduced proliferation, induced caspase-dependent apoptosis and inhibited glioma migration. Overexpression of the EGFR-WT, vIII or KD forms significantly increased intracellular ATP levels and WT, vIII and KI EGFR all translocalized to the mitochondria. Ganetespib addition rapidly reduced ATP in cells that overexpressed either kinase-active or kinase-inactive forms. Ganetespib reduced the proliferation of human patient GBM patient-derived tumor stem cells and effectively impaired the growth of subcutaneously placed glioma implants in nude mouse models. Ganetespib impairs the EGFR kinase-(in)dependent activities with the potential benefit to overcome intratumoral heterogeneity benefit and improve GBM patient outcome.
Characterization of Interfacial Roughness in Semiconductor Heterostructures by X-Ray Reflectivity

The reflection of monochromatic x-rays by a layered heterostructure can be utilized as a nondestructive probe to obtain information on the interfacial roughness in the material. Interference between x-rays reflected from the top surface and the interfaces can give rise to pronounced oscillations in the reflectivity as a function of the grazing incidence angle. We have made use of this technique to investigate the interfacial roughness in semiconductor heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy.
Design and implement of the Daqing oil-field power network monitoring system based on GIS

To provide data for safe and stable operation of the Daqing oilfield power network and reduce the probability of large scale blackouts,based on the component-based GIS technology and using the main language C # of the.NET framework as a platform,the system is developed.Combined with the actual operation of Daqing oilfield power network,the whole network is divided into ten blocks.The analysis of power network topology,the power flow calculation and cascading failure analysis have been carried out in the system.Lastly,giving the 9th area as an example,the fault instability occurrence probability due to cascading failure is 0.000707 times/year,which provides some reference for the on-line detection workers.
Image Recognition Review and Application Research in Electric Power Information Security

Image recognition is a hot topic in image research.It has a wide range of application for face recognition,computer vision,robotics areas etc.The trend of the world power development is Smart Grid,which will provide with stable reliable,high-security,strong-flexibility and high-quality electricity.In order to ensure security and reliable for Smart Grid,electric power information security technology is a necessary condition.It gives the image recognition process and its steps,review the image feature extraction and image recognition algorithms,and summarize the direction of research on image recognition.Finally,by analyzing the Smart Grid's dependence on information security technology,summarize the image recognition's application prospects for the Smart Grid,especially in electric power information security.
Introduction to the Digital Public Library of America API

The Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) provides access to over 11 million objects from libraries, museums, and archives. In addition to serving as an open portal for cultural heritage, literature, art, and scientific materials, the DPLA provides access to extensive metadata related to these materials via an openly available, RESTful application programming interface (API). The open API enables third party developers to create targeted applications that enable new and transformative uses of the items indexed by the DPLA. This half day tutorial will introduce participants to the DPLA's data model, describe the API, explain how to retrieve data using the API, and how to work with the retrieved data using freely available software using both interactive and programmatic techniques.
Priapism Cured by Creation of Fistulas Between Glans Penis and Corpora Cavernosa

AbstractA simplified method to drain the corpora cavernosa into the spongiosum in cases of priapism is discussed and the advantages are listed.
Knowledge creation and dissemination in operations and supply chain management

During the last 25 years, the ecosystem of knowledge creation and dissemination in operations and supply chain management has improved remarkably. We now see OM as a vibrant community and an ecosystem in steady state. Yet, there are many opportunities ahead to revitalize our field and to expand our influence. In the spirit of continuous improvement, we propose that we focus our major efforts on accelerating the following four developments: First, having greatly expanded the domain of operations management, we should continue to expand its boundaries. Second, after a visible increase in exploratory studies, our community should accelerate our pursuit of such research. Third, we encourage OM faculty to develop programs that enable Ph.D. students to carry out part of their work in actual organizational settings. Fourth, we should further strengthen our interactions with the business community and create mechanisms to systematically disseminate our research to its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN CONCEPT LEARNING

Publisher Summary In so far as concept learning is viewed as being essentially continuous with other simpler forms of learning, it shares in the same common body of theoretical development that has grown up around these other forms of learning. A great deal of what is to be known to understand individual differences (IDs) in conceptual learning and to carry on worthwhile research on this topic will be most easily acquired through intensive investigation of IDs in simpler learning functions. In general, the difficulties in studying IDs in learning increase disproportionately with the increase in the number of independent, intervening, and dependent variables involved in the learning task. Conceptual learning is certainly at the high end of this continuum. This chapter discusses some of the possible reasons for wanting to study IDs in learning. There are a number of justifiable aims in this area, and these will, in some degree, determine the approach. Knowledge of IDs in learning provides both a source of hypotheses about the nature of learning processes and a means of testing certain deductions from theoretical formulations. The chapter describes the categories of IDs. A useful distinction is that between intrinsic and extrinsic sources of IDs in learning.
Imaging polyatomic molecules with ultrafast laser-induced electron diffraction(Conference Presentation)

Molecular structure determination of chemical reactions or processes has been one of the grand challenges in physics, chemistry, and biology. To image these processes, it typically requires sub-Angstrom spatial and femtosecond temporal resolutions. One of the standard imaging techniques, X-ray diffraction, however, currently suffers from temporal jitters and is available only at large facilities. Furthermore, it also suffers from very low elastic scattering cross sections, which make it difficult to apply to gas phase molecules. Another technique, ultrafast electron diffraction (UED), overcomes this low cross section problem, but the temporal resolution is still limited to hundreds of femtoseconds, mainly due to Coulomb repulsion in electron beam and velocity mismatch between laser-pump pulse and electron probe pulse in a typical pump-probe scheme. The recently proposed laser-induced electron diffraction (LIED) is based on two basic ideas. First, an electron wave packet can be generated from a target itself by an intense laser pulse and driven back within the subsequent half-cycle of the laser to rescatter from the parent ion, thus realizing a self-imaging process. Laser-free elastic differential cross sections (DCS) can then be extracted from high-energy electron spectra, as demonstrated by the Quantitative Rescattering theory (QRS). Second, the target structure information can be retrieved from the DCS. This retrieval is further simplified by using back-scattered electrons with collision energy of about 100 eV, for which the independent-atom model (IAM) can be employed to quite accurately simulate the DCS. Demonstration of ultrafast imaging with the LIED has been reported so far on simple diatomic molecules. Here we discuss recent progress in LIED with polyatomic molecules in two examples. The first one is aligned acetylene (C2H2) and the second one is benzene (C6H6). In both cases, two bond lengths, C-C and C-H have been successfully retrieved. For even more complex polyatomic molecules with many bond lengths and bond angles, the method using simple fitting to DCS would not work, while the 1D Fourier transform method cannot resolve bonds of similar lengths. We show that these difficulties can be overcome by using the 2D Fourier transform method which allows retrieving 2D information from laser aligned polyatomic molecules.
Ultrastructures of Bacteriophages Active Against Streptococcus thermophilus , Lactobacillus bulgaricus , Lactobacillus lactis and Lactobacillus helveticus 1.

Several strains of phages active against Streptococcus thermophilus and species of Lactobacillus were examined with an electron microscope after negative staining with phospho-tungstic acid or uranyl acetate. S. thermophilus bacteriophage exhibited exceptionally long tails (polytails). The width and structure of the polytail was the same as a normal phage tail, 10 nm, but was 2 to 4 times longer, 480-960 nm. Preparations revealed extensive adsorption of S. thermophilus bacteriophage to broken bacterial cell walls. One strain of S. thermophilus phage had a spherical structure at the posterior end of its tail. The bacteriophages of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus helveticus had a distinct contractile tail sheath, whereas Lactobacillus lactis phage did not.
Orthopedic Interface Repair Strategies Based on Native Structural and Mechanical Features of the Multiscale Enthesis

The enthesis is an organ that connects a soft, aligned tissue (tendon/ligament) to a hard, amorphous tissue (bone) via a fibrocartilage interface. Mechanically, the enthesis sustains a dynamic loading environment that includes tensile, compressive, and shear forces. The structural components of the enthesis act to minimize stress concentrations and control stretch at the interface. Current surgical repair of the enthesis, such as in rotator cuff repair and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, aim to bridge the gap between the injured ends via reattachment of soft-to-hard tissues or graft replacement. In this review, we discuss the multiscale, morphological, and mechanical characteristics of the fibrocartilage attachment. Additionally, we review historical and recent clinical approaches to treating enthesis injury. Lastly, we explore new technological advancements in tissue-engineered biomaterials that have shown promise in preclinical studies.
Investigating the Grammatical and Pragmatic Origins of Wh-Questions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Compared to typically developing children, children with autism (ASD) show delayed production of wh-questions. It is currently controversial the degree to which such deficits derive from social-pragmatic requirements and/or because these are complex grammatical structures. The current study employed the intermodal preferential looking (IPL) paradigm, which reduces social-pragmatic demands. The IPL paradigm can help distinguish these proposals, as successful comprehension promotes the "pragmatics-origins" argument whereas comprehension difficulties would implicate a "grammatical-origins" argument. Additionally, we tested both the linguistic and social explanations by assessing the contributions of children's early grammatical knowledge (i.e., SVO word order) and their social-pragmatic scores on the Vineland to their later wh-question comprehension. Fourteen children with ASD and 17 TD children, matched on language level, were visited in their homes at 4-month intervals. Comprehension of wh-questions and SVO word order were tested via IPL: the wh-question video showed a costumed horse and bird serving as agents or patients of familiar transitive actions. During the test trials, they were displayed side by side with directing audios (e.g., "What did the horse tickle?", "What hugged the bird?", "Where is the horse/bird?"). Children's eye movements were coded offline; the DV was their percent looking to the named item during test. To show comprehension, children should look longer at the named item during a where-question than during a subject-wh or object-wh question. Results indicated that TD children comprehended both subject and object wh-questions at 32 months of age. Comprehension of object-wh questions emerged chronologically later in children with ASD compared to their TD peers, but at similar levels of language. Moreover, performance on word order and social-pragmatic scores independently predicted both groups' later performance on wh-question comprehension. Our findings indicate that both grammar and social-pragmatics are implicated in the comprehension of wh-questions. The "grammatical-origins" argument is supported because the ASD group did not reveal earlier and stable comprehension of wh-questions; furthermore, their performance on SVO word order predicted their later success in linguistic processing of wh-questions. The "pragmatic-origins" argument is also supported because children's earlier socialization and communication scores strongly predicted their successful performance on wh-question comprehension.
Dangerous Liaisons in Cairo: Reginald Q. Henriques and the Taylor-Schechter Genizah Manuscript Collection

When Solomon Schechter published his opus magnum, the co-edited volume of The Wisdom of Ben Sira, in 1899, he took the trouble to express his gratitude towards one Reginald Q. Henriques for his help in the past and still ongoing. This article attempts to answer the question: who was this Mr. Henriques and what was the nature of his connection to Schechter? Using previously unpublished archival evidence, this question is explored in depth, as well as the question of why Schechter chose to acknowledge this individual precisely at that point. It also provides an in-depth account, together with transcriptions of original letters, of the activities of the various genizah manuscript collectors operating in Cairo during the late 1890s and the unspoken race to recover the original Hebrew version of the Book of Ben Sira. These activities are viewed against the backdrop of an all-pervasive scholarly culture that was critical of post-biblical Judaism, as well as prevailing Cairene attitudes and behaviors towards those engaged in the recovery and export of antiquities, and the varying (often arbitrary) authorizations and restrictions exercised by Cairo's European and Egyptian administrators. Finally, it takes a closer look at the contents of today's Taylor-Schechter Genizah Collection at Cambridge University Library in an attempt to discover greater details about its exact provenance.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Management of Sarcomas of Bone

The treatment of bone sarcomas has changed dramatically over the past 30 years. Appropriate diagnosis and adequate treatment depend on a multidisciplinary approach. MD Anderson Cancer Center has designed a unique clinic system devoted to the complex treatment of bone sarcomas. Multidisciplinary providers see patients side by side. Multidisciplinary team conferences, as well as surgery-specific conferences, enable agreement on and coordination of treatment. Pathologist and physician expertise specific to bone sarcomas is crucial.
Behavioral Phenotypes in Children with Down Syndrome, Prader-Willi Syndrome, or Angelman Syndrome

This study investigated the concept of behavioral phenotypes by comparing behavior ratings of 91 children with Down syndrome, 28 children with Prader-Willi syndrome, 68 children with Angelman syndrome, and 24 children with nonspecific mental retardation. Results supported distinctive behavioral profiles for the syndrome groups. The Down syndrome group showed good social skills and low ratings of problem behaviors including hyperactivity. Children with Prader-Willi syndrome exhibited a pattern of externalizing, obsessive–compulsive, anxious, and overly sensitive behaviors. A profile of a happy disposition, hand clapping, mouthing behaviors, and severe levels of hyperactivity and attention problems emerged for children with Angelman syndrome. Implications for clinical practice and future research were discussed.
Stacks of Microfabricated Structures as Scaffolds for Cell Culture and Tissue Engineering

The fabrication of microscopic 3-dimensional structures for directing and inducing cell proliferation, migration and differentiation is a prevailing goal in tissue engineering. We have developed microfluidic molding methods to generate proof-of-principle polyurethane microstructures containing holes as models of synthetic tissue scaffolds. Molding is achieved by injecting sub-milliliter quantities of polyurethane precursor into a network of capped polydimethylsiloxane microchannels. After curing of the polyurethane, the microchannels can be opened to release a solid polyurethane structure which replicates the structure of the microchannel network. The microchannels can be reused to generate many exact replicas which can be stacked. We were able to design stacks that mimic various bone architectures. 3-dimensional microtomographic images were used for the first time for visualization and quality control of the stacked microfabricated structures. The polyurethane structures are amenable to cell culture. This technology could potentially be applied to microfabricate implanTable 3-dimensional scaffolds of specified architecture and composition for tissue growth and regeneration.