cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceived discrimination, family and spousal relationships, and psychological distress among Asian Americans: Testing mediation and moderation effects

This study tested the main, mediating, and moderating effects of family cohesion and conflict and of spousal/partner social support and strain on the relationship of perceived discrimination to psy...
Chromosomal Locations and Interactions of Four Loci Associated With Seed Coat Color in Watermelon.

Different species of edible seed watermelons (Citrullus spp.) are cultivated in Asia and Africa for their colorful nutritious seeds. Consumer preference varies for watermelon seed coat color. Therefore, it is an important consideration for watermelon breeders. In 1940s, a genetic model of four genes, R, T, W and D, was proposed to elucidate the inheritance of seed coat color in watermelon. In this study, we developed three segregating F2 populations: Sugar Baby (dotted black seed, RRTTWW) × plant introduction (PI) 482379 (green seed, rrTTWW), Charleston Gray (dotted black seed, RRTTWW) × PI 189225 (red seed, rrttWW), and Charleston Gray (dotted black seed, RRTTWWdd) × UGA147 (clump seed, RRTTwwDD) to re-examine the four-gene model and to map the four genes. In the dotted black × green population, the dotted black seed coat color (R_) is dominant to green seed coat color (rr). In the dotted black × red population, the dominant dotted black seed coat color and the recessive red seed coat color segregate for the R and T genes, where the R gene is dominantly epistatic to the T gene. However, the inheritance of the T locus did not fit the four-gene model, thus we named it T1 . In the dotted black × clump population, the clump seed coat color and the dotted black seed coat color segregate for W and D, where D is recessively epistatic to W. The R, T1 , W, and D loci were mapped on chromosomes 3, 5, 6, and 8, respectively, using QTL-seq and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP™) assays and SNP markers linked to the four loci were developed to facilitate maker-assisted selection (MAS) for watermelon seed coat color.
Progression of electrocardiographic changes in a patient with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Abstract A 58-year-old man asymptomatic from the cardiovascular point of view and with no known relevant family history was found by transthoracic echocardiography to have apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCM). His electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed prominent precordial R-waves, particularly in V3–V4 leads, and “giant” (>1.0 mV), inverted T-waves, previously associated with AHCM. ECGs recorded 17 and 13 years previously, did not disclose such abnormalities, as the ones of his current ECG. The presented case illustrates a potential role of serial ECGs (along with serial imaging testing) in detecting the development and progression of regional left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with AHCM, and probably in other hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotypes.
Differential Privacy in Practice: Expose your Epsilons!

Differential privacy is at a turning point. Implementations have been successfully leveraged in private industry, the public sector, and academia in a wide variety of applications, allowing scientists, engineers, and researchers the ability to learn about populations of interest without specifically learning about these individuals. Because differential privacy allows us to quantify cumulative privacy loss, these differentially private systems will, for the first time, allow us to measure and compare the total privacy loss due to these personal data-intensive activities. Appropriately leveraged, this could be a watershed moment for privacy. Like other technologies and techniques that allow for a range of instantiations, implementation details matter. When meaningfully implemented, differential privacy supports deep data-driven insights with minimal worst-case privacy loss. When not meaningfully implemented, differential privacy delivers privacy mostly in name. Using differential privacy to maximize learning while providing a meaningful degree of privacy requires judicious choices with respect to the privacy parameter epsilon, among other factors. However, there is little understanding of what is the optimal value of epsilon for a given system or classes of systems/purposes/data etc. or how to go about figuring it out. To understand current differential privacy implementations and how organizations make these key choices in practice, we conducted interviews with practitioners to learn from their experiences of implementing differential privacy. We found no clear consensus on how to choose epsilon, nor is there agreement on how to approach this and other key implementation decisions. Given the importance of these implementation details there is a need for shared learning amongst the differential privacy community. To serve these purposes, we propose the creation of the Epsilon Registry—a publicly available communal body of knowledge about differential privacy implementations that can be used by various stakeholders to drive the identification and adoption of judicious differentially private implementations.
Hindu–Muslim violence in unexpected places: theory and evidence from rural India

What factors explain the recent rise of Hindu–Muslim violence in rural India? Using the 2013 communal riots that broke out in Uttar Pradesh's Muzaffarnagar and Shamli districts as a theory-building...
Future projections of wind patterns in California with the variable-resolution CESM: a clustering analysis approach

Wind energy production is expected to be affected by shifts in wind patterns that will accompany climate change. However, many questions remain on the magnitude and character of this impact, especially on regional scales. In this study, clustering is used to group and analyze large-scale wind patterns in California using model simulations from the variable-resolution Community Earth System Model (VR-CESM). Specifically, simulations have been produced that cover historical (1980–2000), mid-century (2030–2050), and end-of-century (2080–2100) time periods. Once clustered, observed changes to wind patterns can be analyzed in terms of both the change in frequency of those clusters and changes to winds within-clusters. Statistically significant capacity factors changes have been found at all five wind plant sites. Decomposition of the capacity factor changes into frequency changes and within-cluster changes enables a better understanding of their drivers. A further examination of the synoptic-scale fields associated with each cluster then provides a better understanding of how changes to large-scale meteorological fields are important for driving changes in localized wind speeds.
Exosomes From Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Promote Autophagy for Myocardial Repair.

Background Induced pluripotent stem cells and their differentiated cardiomyocytes (iCMs) have tremendous potential as patient‐specific therapy for ischemic cardiomyopathy following myocardial infar...
Depression Symptoms and Cognitive Test Performance in Older American Indians: The Strong Heart Study

Background American Indians have excess risk of depression, which can contribute to cerebrovascular and cognitive disability, with effects on memory, processing speed, executive function, and visuospatial ability. However, studies examining depression and cognition in American Indians are limited; this study aims to report associations of depression with general cognition, verbal fluency and memory, and processing speed. Design Cohort study. Setting The Cerebrovascular Disease and its Consequences in American Indians study was an ancillary examination of Strong Heart Study participants from 3 U.S. regions. Participants All eligible were included in this analysis (N=818). Measurements Participants completed evaluations for depressive symptomology, cognition, and physical function-including Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD), Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition coding (WAIS), Controlled Oral Word Association (COWA), California Verbal and Learning Test, Halstead finger tapping, grip strength, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) tests. Linear mixed models were adjusted for site, age, sex, education, income, marital status, alcohol, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cholesterol, stroke, infarct, and hemorrhage. Results Symptoms of depression were common, with 20% (N=138) endorsing CES-D scores of 16+. More depressive symptoms were associated with older age, female sex, lower education, lower income, non-married status, not using alcohol, not smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke. In adjusted analyses, processing speed (WAIS: β -0.13, 95%CI -0.25, -0.03), general cognition (3MSE: β -0.10, 95%CI -0.17, -0.03), verbal fluency (COWA: β -0.10, 95%CI -0.19, -0.01), and motor function (SPPB: β -0.05, 95%CI -0.07, -0.03) were significantly associated with more symptoms of depression. Conclusion These findings maybe informative for health disparities populations, especially those with depressive risk. Clinicians may require particular training in cultural humility. Future studies should validate use of the CES-D scale in this population; longitudinal studies may focus on causal mechanisms and potential secondary prevention, such as social support. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1739-1747, 2020.
Comparative analysis of immune-associated genes in COVID-19, cardiomyopathy and venous thromboembolism

Abstract As of 28 August 2020, there have been 5.88 million Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) cases and 181,000 COVID-19 related deaths in the United States alone. Given the lack of an effective pharmaceutical treatment for COVID-19, the high contagiousness of the disease and its varied clinical outcomes, identifying patients at risk of progressing to severe disease is crucial for the allocation of valuable healthcare resources during this pandemic. Current research has shown that there is a higher prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities amongst patients with severe COVID-19 or COVID-19-related deaths, but the link between cardiovascular disease and poorer prognosis is poorly understood. We believe that pre-existing immune dysregulation that accompanies cardiovascular disease predisposes patients to a harmful inflammatory immune response, leading to their higher risk of severe disease. Thus, in this project, we aim to characterize immune dysregulation in patients with cardiomyopathy, venous thromboembolism and COVID-19 patients by looking at immune-associated gene dysregulation, immune infiltration and dysregulated immunological pathways and gene signatures.
Dynamic interplay between life events and course of psychotic disorders: 10-year longitudinal study following first admission.

BACKGROUND Life events (LEs) are a risk factor for first onset and relapse of psychotic disorders. However, the impact of LEs on specific symptoms - namely reality distortion, disorganization, negative symptoms, depression, and mania - remains unclear. Moreover, the differential effects of negative v. positive LEs are poorly understood. METHODS The present study utilizes an epidemiologic cohort of patients (N = 428) ascertained at first-admission for psychosis and followed for a decade thereafter. Symptoms were assessed at 6-, 24-, 48-, and 120-month follow-ups. RESULTS We examined symptom change within-person and found that negative events in the previous 6 months predicted an increase in reality distortion (β = 0.07), disorganized (β = 0.07), manic (β = 0.08), and depressive symptoms (β = 0.06), and a decrease in negative symptoms (β = -0.08). Conversely, positive LEs predicted fewer reality distortion (β = -0.04), disorganized (β = -0.04), and negative (β = -0.13) symptoms, and were unrelated to mood symptoms. A between-person approach to the same hypotheses confirmed that negative LEs predicted change in all symptoms, while positive LEs predicted change only in negative symptoms. In contrast, symptoms rarely predicted future LEs. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm that LEs have an effect on symptoms, and thus contribute to the burden of psychotic disorders. That LEs increase positive symptoms and decrease negative symptoms suggest at least two different mechanisms underlying the relationship between LEs and symptoms. Our findings underscore the need for increased symptom monitoring following negative LEs, as symptoms may worsen during that time.
Analytics Software Languages for Problem Solving

This paper discusses how R Python SPSS and SAS can be used in research and the benefit that it would have to company’s futures. By using stable forecasting, investors can predict the future bank failures. By using these software packages, organizations can govern the life cycles of their inquiries and be strategic in their in their future financial stability of an organization. This paper also discusses how each software can be used in different manners to determine the future financial stability of an organization.
Bifactor model of cognition in schizophrenia: Evidence for general and specific abilities.

Abstract Background Despite extensive study of cognition in schizophrenia, it remains unclear as to whether cognitive deficits and their latent structure are best characterized as reflecting a generalized deficit, specific deficits, or some combination of general and specific constructs. Method To clarify latent structure of cognitive abilities, confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the latent structure of cognitive data collected for the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) for Schizophrenia study. Baseline assessment data (n = 813) were randomly divided into calibration (n = 413) and cross-validation samples (n = 400). To examine whether generalized or specific deficit models provided better explanation of the data, we estimated first-order, hierarchical, and bifactor models. Results A bifactor model with seven specific factors and one general factor provided the best fit to the data for both the calibration and cross-validation samples. Conclusions These findings lend support for a replicable bifactor model of cognition in schizophrenia, characterized by both a general cognitive factor and specific domains. This suggests that cognitive deficits in schizophrenia might be best understood by separate general and specific contributions.
In Pursuit of Knowledge: Preschoolers Expect Agents to Weigh Information Gain and Information Cost When Deciding Whether to Explore.

When deciding whether to explore, agents must consider both their need for information and its cost. Do children recognize that exploration reflects a trade-off between action costs and expected information gain, inferring epistemic states accordingly? In two experiments, 4- and 5-year-olds (N = 144; of diverse race and ethnicity) judge that an agent who refuses to obtain low-cost information must have already known it, and an agent who incurs a greater cost to gain information must have a greater epistemic desire. Two control studies suggest that these findings cannot be explained by low-level associations between competence and knowledge. Our results suggest that preschoolers' theory of mind includes expectations about how costs interact with epistemic desires and states to produce exploratory action.
Measuring Transactional Engagement Among Young Children with Elevated Likelihood for Later Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis.

This analytical study documented the presence of transactions in parent–child engagement within a sample of young children at an elevated likelihood for an eventual diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Specifically, the study examined the establishment of transactional engagement through reciprocal behaviors between parents and their young children at-risk for ASD. In the study sample, established transactional engagement occurred at a higher rate than other levels of engagement. Additionally, transactional engagement had a higher likelihood of being established when parents initiated. Post-hoc analyses revealed possible early markers of ASD within a certain behavior displayed in transactions. This study signifies the initial efforts in identifying transactions within parent–child engagement, and foremost, how transactional engagement is established.
Connectedness and Perseverance: Examining Grit’s Relation to Age, Academic Performance and Interest, and Adult Attachment

The individual with grit is one who engages in deliberate practice in effortful perseverance toward long-term goals, despite experiencing difficulty or struggle. We investigated how age, grade point average (GPA), college discipline, and adult attachment dimensions (close, depend, and anxiety) relate to grit. Grit, a trait-level characteristic defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals, has been found to predict successful outcomes, including achievement and high performance, above and beyond talent. We recruited 797 participants through a university listserv to complete an anonymous online survey. Although studies have found gender and age variably relate to grit, we found gender had no significant relationship and age had a small but significant positive relationship with grit. Age, GPA, college discipline, and adult attachment were significant predictors of grit, with close and anxiety attachment dimensions having the largest effect. Although grit may not be inherent to a college discipline, this study joins others in finding that some college disciplines have individuals with higher levels of grit than other disciplines.
The engineer and the changing business world

The expanding role of engineers in the modern business enterprise has implications for the engineers themselves, for engineering schools, and for corporations. The author presents his view that education in engineering must be broadened to give engineers a more comprehensive view of international forces and trends, and a clear understanding of the engineer's role in that world. In corporations there is a need for policies that will foster the multiple roles of engineers, and for education and training in non–engineering fields that are also of vital importance to the corporation. The broadening role of engineers also implies a commitment by corporations to career–long education for their engineering workforces. Individual engineers will need to recognize their new roles in the corporate structure and prepare themselves to meet the new challenges.
A comparison of the effect of Cr and Al additions on the oxidation behaviour of alloys from the Nb–Cr–Si system

Nb–30Cr–10Si and Nb–20Cr–10Si (at%) alloys with 5at% Al additions were subjected to isothermal conditions to compare the effects of Cr and Al on oxidation resistance. Oxidation in air was conducted for 24 h at temperatures ranging between 700 and 1400°C. The weight gain per unit area as a function of temperature was determined and samples were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and x-ray mapping. The higher Cr content stabilizes the Nb9Si2Cr3 phase and suppresses the Nb5Si3 phase after oxidation. The addition of Al suppresses the amount of Nbss in the microstructure and enhances the adherence of the oxide scale to the metal. Internal oxidation was observed in alloys with Al addition and was most evident at 1100°C. The Nb–30Cr–10Si alloy showed the best oxidation response in the low temperature range while the Nb–30Cr–10Si–5Al alloy showed best oxidation resistance at higher temperatures.
Frothy Chaos: Modern Data Warehousing and Old-Fashioned Defamation

A transactional identity, a biography comprising all of our financial transactions, controls many consumers’ ability to borrow money, rent homes, and maintain employment. Mistaken identity, whether caused by identity theft or by accident, can cripple a consumer’s ability to participate in these basics of modern consumer culture, because negative information distorts the consumer’s image, which in turn leads to an unearned reputation that discourages merchants from doing business with that consumer, or encourages them to increase the costs of the privilege. Furthermore, the distortion can damage the individual’s personhood and dignity. To clean up that reputation and undo the damage may not only be arduous, but nearly impossible, given the power, accessibility, and duplicatability of digitized data. The Fair Credit Reporting Act allows data providers and aggregators a “free bite” at defamation by failing to impose meaningful accuracy standards until after a deed has been misattributed to the wrong person, and even then they have benefited from judicial interpretations appropriate to an analog, not a digital, world. In contrast, the common law tort of defamation, if updated to recognize the power that those who traffic in data have over it and the damage that bad data can inflict on individuals, could not only offer consumers redress for initial instances of defamation, but more importantly, it could motivate those who put transactional information into the data sea to take care to attribute events to the right actor.
The Galilee and Jesus in Recent Research

In the continuing study of the life and historical context of Jesus, many contemporary scholars have begun to focus attention on the region known as the Galilee. Since the Galilee was the location of much of Jesus' life and ministry, accurate information about this region is essential for an informed understanding of Jesus. The use of recent archaeological evidence along with the application of various sociological and economic models has pro duced differing reconstructions of the Galilee and, as a result, a variety of viewpoints regarding the teaching and intentions of Jesus. This essay, which is confined to the past two decades of research, presents an overview of the work of some of the leading scholars in this contemporary effort.
Word order: the place of the verb

The principal element in a Dutch sentence is the verb; in one sense, the entire sentence is built up around it. The reason why we can say this is that the position of the verb is rigidly determined far more so than is true of any other parts of speech. The verb regularly occupies first, second or last place in its clause, the rules for its placement depending upon the type of clause (coordinate or subordinate) and upon the form of the verb (a conjugated or ‘finite’ form, infinitive, or participle).
Slow subduction of a thick ultrahigh-pressure terrane

[1] High-precision Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd ages reported here cover a large portion of the Western Gneiss Region (WGR) ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terrane, Norway, and range from 413.9 ± 3.7 to 397.1 ± 4.8 Ma. Collectively, new and existing geochronologic data for eclogites demonstrate that eclogite facies metamorphism occurred over a large area (60,000 km2) for an unexpectedly long period of >20 Ma. A thermal model using slow subduction (2–4 mm a−1) of a relatively warm and thick slab can reproduce the observed P-T-t history of the WGR UHP terrane, indicating that large UHP terranes with protracted peak or near-peak histories probably reflect slow subduction of relatively thick crustal sections.
SU‐D‐103‐07: Dose Measurement and Estimation Methods in An Elliptical Body Phantom for a Conebeam CT System

Purpose: To propose new metrics to estimate a mean dose of an automatic exposure control‐enabled angiographic C‐arm system over a noncircular large body‐shaped phantom based on multi‐point dose measurements. Methods: Dose was measured at 9 points in 2 central subregions (C1, C2) and 14 points in 2 peripheral subregions (P1, P2) of the body phantom using a small 0.6cc ion chamber (IC) while operating the system at 16 different combinations of tube voltage, detector dose request, and vertical collimation. In order to acquire complete 2D dose profiles in an axial direction, we carried out Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. After validating the MC model by comparing it to chamber values, the mean dose from MC simulations was used as a ground truth for our mean dose metrics. Mean dose was estimated in 3 ways: 1) Area ratio for each point weights the contribution of the point. 2) Point dose surface fitting method using biharmonic interpolation model. 3) The acquired MC dose profile‐based MC template method. We investigated how each method's performance varies as a function of the number of measured data points (7∼23 points). Results: The error of MC compared to chamber readings was 0.9mGy (+/− 0.03 mGy) per point. The relative errors of 1), 2), and 3) methods with 23 IC points in comparison with the MC mean dose were 0.6, 3.37, and 1.9%, respectively. Method 1 performed best for 6 different cases of number of points measured. However, its performance fluctuated compared to methods 2 and 3. Method 3 remained within 3% error with 23∼8 points and showed the most stable performance. Method 2 performed worst with 23∼11 points, with constant error of ∼ 5%. Conclusion: The 3 metrics estimated a mean dose accumulated in a body phantom with about 5% relative error using only 11 points. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH SIG S10 RR026714‐01), by Siemens Medical Solutions, AX, and by the Lucas Foundation. There is no conflict of interest to disclose.
The economics of cooperation over collective bads

Abstract Pollution reciprocated among nations is analyzed graphically as a traded collective bad. The model is contrasted to analogous methods of studying trade in public goods. The model then is interpreted in terms of pollution taxes. Equilibrium and optimal outcomes are characterized by the tax policies needed to support them. Finally, obstacles to tax-trade solutions are noted and institutional solutions are suggested.
Controlled silicon surface functionalization by alkene hydrosilylation.

Immobilization of indene ligands onto two types of hydrogen-terminated surfaces, oxide-free Si [H/Si(111)] and oxidized Si [H/SiO2/Si], has been investigated by infrared absorption spectroscopy. The activity of a common catalyst (H2PtCl6) is shown to depend critically on the nature of the solvent. For instance, 2-propanol preferentially reacts with the surface, preventing any ligand attachment. Chlorobenzene is more stable, allowing some ligand attachment, but the H2PtCl6 catalyst also fosters silicon oxidation. In contrast, UV irradiation on oxide-free surfaces promotes a cleaner and more efficient reaction, leading to ligand attachment without substrate oxidation. The complete inactivity of H-terminated surfaces with a thin oxide layer [H/SiO2/Si] suggests that the UV-induced immobilization is mediated solely by the excitation of electron−hole pairs (excitons) in the substrate and is not the result of direct Si−H bond breaking.
Zooplankton migration in three lakes of Western New York

We examined the diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton in three lakes of western New York; Lakes Conesus, Lime, and McCargo. In all three lakes, the dipteran predator Chaoborus was a more dramatic migrator than any of the cladocerans or copepods. In contrast, another invertebrate predator, Leptodora, seemed to have the least vertical dispersal. In Conesus Lake, following the evening ascent and upper-water night-positioning of Chaoborus flavicans, Daphnia pulicaria expanded its own vertical range of dispersal thereby decreasing its degree of overlap with Chaoborus. The vertical distribution of Diaptomus sicilis was mostly below that of Daphnia pulicaria, thus reducing possible competition for food resources. Poor oxygen conditions in the lower waters of Lakes Lime and McCargo restricted all zooplankton (except Chaoborus) to an epilimnetic zone where the regions of niche overlap and predation were narrowed. Such annually-induced restrictions on vertical dispersal are probably common features of numerous stratified lakes with hypolimnetic reducing conditions. No fixed pattern of vertical dispersal or migration is likely in lakes where stratification and non-stratification follow each other seasonally. Vertical migration does provide some flexibility in niche separation, but the potential for chaotic behavior in interacting predators and prey may confound simple explanations of DVM.
Surprisingly extensive mixed phylogenetic and ecological signals among bacterial Operational Taxonomic Units

The lack of a consensus bacterial species concept greatly hampers our ability to understand and organize bacterial diversity. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which are clustered on the basis of DNA sequence identity alone, are the most commonly used microbial diversity unit. Although it is understood that OTUs can be phylogenetically incoherent, the degree and the extent of the phylogenetic inconsistency have not been explicitly studied. Here, we tested the phylogenetic signal of OTUs in a broad range of bacterial genera from various phyla. Strikingly, we found that very few OTUs were monophyletic, and many showed evidence of multiple independent origins. Using previously established bacterial habitats as benchmarks, we showed that OTUs frequently spanned multiple ecological habitats. We demonstrated that ecological heterogeneity within OTUs is caused by their phylogenetic inconsistency, and not merely due to 'lumping' of taxa resulting from using relaxed identity cut-offs. We argue that ecotypes, as described by the Stable Ecotype Model, are phylogenetically and ecologically more consistent than OTUs and therefore could serve as an alternative unit for bacterial diversity studies. In addition, we introduce QuickES, a new wrapper program for the Ecotype Simulation algorithm, which is capable of demarcating ecotypes in data sets with tens of thousands of sequences.
An Adaptive Methodology for Machine Tool Error Correction

An adaptive methodology for machine tool error correction is presented in this paper. The estimated errors resulting from the proposed methodology could be used to adjust the depth of cut on the finish pass or correct the probing data for on-machine inspection to improve the accuracy of workpiece. A generalized error model is derived, using rigid body kinematics, to describe the error motion between the cutting tool and workpiece. Process-intermittent gauging and state observation techniques are integrated to monitor the thermally induced errors and then to modify the error model's coefficients as the cutting process proceeds. Analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) is used to identify the significant variables for thermal effect modeling. A multiple linear regression model is derived to identify the dynamics of the time-varying thermally induced errors. Multivariable state observers are constructed to track the thermal effect in real time and to fine tune the error model's coefficients. Experimental results show that the time-varying machine tool errors can be estimated with desirable accuracy.
The diversity of diversity: work values effects on formative team processes

Abstract The benefits and drawbacks of homogeneity and heterogeneity for staffing work teams have been debated at length. The relevance of work values and work values similarity for effective team processes has been largely ignored, however. This article discusses the conditions under which work values and different work values types will impact early team processes and the implications of these relationships for staffing. Ways that work values similarity can mitigate against the negative effects of demographic diversity are discussed.
Regoo plots as a regression diagnostic tool

Given the widespread use of regression methods in the social sciences, the recent concern with regression diagnostics is timely and important. Every diagnosis must be followed by an appropriate data analytic procedure: diagnosis and treatment are complementary and interdependent tasks. We propose a graphical diagnostic procedure for use in ordinary least squares contexts, several data analytic treatments, and illustrate them in an extant data set.
The Effect of Insomnia on Tinnitus

Objective:The objective is to see how chronic tinnitus sufferers who are unmanageable to maximized medical therapy can benefit by decreasing their subjective complaints from a sleep evaluation and treatment. However, the proper identification of these particular patients has not been described well in the literature when attempting to correlate these 2 diagnoses. Thus, tinnitus patients with and without insomnia, based on ICD-9 diagnosis, were evaluated using the Tinnitus Reaction Questionnaire and Insomnia Severity Index to determine correlations between insomnia and tinnitus.Methods:Patients with a diagnosis of tinnitus and tinnitus along with insomnia who were treated at our institution from 2009 to 2011 were identified. Tinnitus Reaction Questionnaire and Insomnia Severity Index responses were obtained through written and telephone interviews. A Pearson product moment correlation was used to determine the effect of insomnia on tinnitus. Additional analyses identified whether Tinnitus Reaction Question...
Isolation of plasma membrane from eukaryotic cells on polylysine-coated polyacrylamide beads

Abstract The conditions for covalently binding polylysine to polyacrylamide beads used for membrane isolation have been analyzed. Larger amounts of bead bound polylysine were required for maximizing plasma membrane purification from HeLa cells than from Dictyostelium discoideum. The least was needed for erythrocytes. The amount of polylysine bound to the bead was dependent on the carboxyl content of the bead and on the concentration of the polylysine used during the bead-polylysine coupling reaction.
Semiconductor Devices as Track Detectors in High Energy Colliding Beam Experiments

In considering the design of experiments for high energy colliding beam facilities one quickly sees the need for better detectors. The full exploitation of machies like ISABELLE will call for detector capabilities beyond what can be expected from refinements of the conventional approaches to particle detection in high energy physics experiments. Over the past year or so there has been a general realization that semiconductor device technology offers the possibility of position sensing detectors having resolution elements with dimensions of the order of 10 microns or smaller. Such a detector could offer enormous advantages in the design of experiments, and the purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the possibilities and some of the problems. To give a specific context to the discussion, focus is given to applications for ISABELLE experiments, where the requirements are particularly severe and there is a clear need for a qualitative improvement in detector capability.
Syntactic complexity during conversation of boys with fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome.

Purpose This study compared the syntax of boys who have fragile X syndrome (FXS) with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with that of (a) boys who have Down syndrome (DS) and (b) typically ...
Anatomic mapping of neuronal odor responses in the developing rat olfactory bulb

Behavioral evidence indicates that altricial mammals possess olfactory function at early developmental ages, before the olfactory bulb has matured anatomically. We monitored the early anatomic and functional development of the olfactory bulb in rat pups stimulated with odors using in situ localization of c-fos mRNA to identify responsive postsynaptic neurons. Odor-specific spatial patterns of neuronal activation in the glomerular layer were evident from birth, were sharply defined rather than diffuse, and remained relatively unchanged in terms of their bulbar distribution during the first 3 postnatal weeks. In neonates, focal postsynaptic responses in the glomerular layer occurred in the form of clusters of activated tufted neurons. Broad zones of activated mitral cells were located beneath these cell clusters, with scattered neurons in the underlying granule cell layer also expressing c-fos. The cellular composition of these functional neuronal groups shifted from predominantly output neurons at the earliest ages, to increasing incorporation of interneurons as they developed postnatally. The characteristic distribution of activated neurons in the mature glomerular layer, in which the boundaries of individual glomeruli are precisely defined by cells expressing c-fos, emerged near the end of the first week. Broad zones of cRNA hybridization in the mitral cell layer became increasingly restricted as the size of the activated granule cell population increased postnatally, correlating with the functional maturation of inhibitory circuitry. These results provide evidence that the types and distributions of neurons collectively activated by sensory input to glomeruli change as the rat olfactory bulb matures and that distinct, functional odor maps in the glomerular layer are established from birth.
PHYSICO‐CHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF COWPEA POWDERS PROCESSED TO REDUCE BEANY FLAVOR

Cowpea powder with decreased beany flavor was produced by soaking cowpeas in acidified water, dehulling, blanching in 100°C steam, grinding and. drum drying. Soaking water pH of 2 and 6 followed by blanching was more effective than pH 4 followed by blanching, or than acidification without blanching, in decreasing beany flavor. Total solids recovery of powders was of the order of 70–73%, with about 22% of the solids, 20% of the protein and 27% of the thiamine content of raw cowpea being recoverable in the hull fraction. Nitrogen solubility of Lowpea protein was markedly reduced by drum drying. Other properties of cowpea powders described include ease of dispersion in cool water, water and oil binding, oil emulsification, foaming, swelling and viscosity changes.
Private Government Formation in the DC Metropolitan Area

This paper examines a variety of quasi-governmental organizations, mandatory homeowners' associations, special service districts, and transportation management associations, recently established in the urban region. Using the Washington, DC metropolitan area as a case study, this paper explores reasons for their development and implications of them for urban governance. It is argued that these organizations marry the concepts of public special districts and public-private partnerships in a process of private government formation. Private governments, it is suggested, are not wholly a private response to the shedding of services by the public sector, the dominant notion of privatization and local state restructuring, but the result of demands emerging in the private sector stimulated by social and spatial change. This signals the need to add to the concept of public-driven privatization the process of private initiated change where the resulting goods and services are more fully shaped by the needs of private interests. The evidence suggests these institutions do not represent a scaling back of the local state as privatization implies, but an extension of state structures in a fundamentally new direction, an extension which could be labeled the parallel state.
Extracellular Simian Virus 40 Transmits a Signal That Promotes Virus Enclosure within Caveolae

It was reported earlier that entry of simian virus 40 (SV40) into cells is promoted by a signal transmitted by the virus from the cell surface and that SV40 enters cells through caveolae. It is shown here that bound SV40 begins to partition into a caveolae-enriched Triton X-100-insoluble membrane fraction at 30 min postadsorption. Maximal levels of SV40 were seen in that fraction at 1 h. The sterol-binding agent nystatin, which selectively disrupts the cholesterol-enriched caveolae-containing membrane microdomain, selectively blocked the SV40-induced signal. This implies that the SV40 signal is transmitted from that membrane microdomain. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, which was earlier shown to block the SV40-induced signal and infectious entry, did not block the partitioning of SV40 into the detergent-insoluble membrane fraction. This shows that the signal is not required for the translocation of SV40 to the detergent-insoluble membrane and is consistent with the finding that the signal is likely transmitted from that membrane microdomain. However, electron microscopy of the Triton X-100-insoluble membrane fraction showed that genistein caused SV40 particles to accumulate at the annuli or mouths of the caveolae. In contrast, most SV40 particles were found enclosed within caveolae in parallel samples from untreated control cells. Together, these results imply that SV40 initially binds to flat detergent-soluble membrane. The virus then translocates to a caveolae-containing detergent-insoluble membrane microdomain. From the flat portion of that membrane microdomain the virus induces a signal which promotes its entry into caveolae.
Some dietary carotenoids and blood-carotenoid levels in flamingos

Abstract 1. 1. Flamingos denied carotenoid in the diet store in the blood decreasing concentrations of residual canthaxanthin as the predominant or commonly the only remaining cartenoid. 2. 2. Low blood levels of canthaxanthin were not elevated nor supplemented with other recognizable carotenoids when the feed received only added lutein, zeaxanthin or lycopene. 3. 3. When fed ample salmon flesh, containing rich supplies of astxanthin as the sole carotenoid, the birds stored in their blood, after some 6 weeks, chiefly residual canthaxanthin, minor amounts of lutein (incidental to the basic diet of dog-chow), and traces of astaxanthin; after 10 weeks, however, the presence of astaxanthin was hardly detectable, while the incidental lutein was observed in minor quantity and the level of residual canthaxanthin had decreased. 4. 4. Supplementation of the basic diet with canthaxanthin alone gradually effected an increment of that pigment in the blood. Unlike the earlier observed effect of dietary β-carotene upon the blood, however, the increase in canthaxanthin level resulting from feeding of this pigment seemed to be less rapid, and involved no production of echinenone.
A toast to the Western Surgical Association on its 100th birthday.

It is my great privilege to make the centennial toast as we gather here to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Western Surgical Association, which is almost half as old as the republic itself. This is obviously a very happy occasion, a unique surgical Thanksgiving with many of the family gathered. The life spans of great organizations and bodies of thought such as parliaments, churches, and philosophies, unlike those of people, are measured in centuries. By this yardstick, we are just leaving our lusty adolescence to enter great years of strength and vigor. It is with gratitude we pause to give thanks to our forebears who nurtured this association so well. Our forebears worked in a land where life was hard and their dreams were as large as the horizons. Their breadth of vision and generosity of spirit matched the great plains and magnificent mountains of their new land. They
On time differences in searching for letters in words and nonwords: Do they emerge during the initial encoding or the subsequent scan?

Krueger (1970a, 1970b, 1982) has demonstrated that subjects can search for target letters within words faster than they can complete an equivalent search through nonwords, and he further demonstrated that the effect did not arise during the comparison stage. The present study involved three experiments in which the usual word advantage disappeared either when subjects knew where within a display the target item would appear (i.e., it was always the first letter), or when all the component letters were encoded into memory before the task began (i.e., a memory-search task). These data, in conjunction with Krueger's, where interpreted as localizing at least one (and possibly the only) source of the word-nonword difference in this task to the events that occur during the item-to-item transitions subjects make when scanning the letter arrays. That is, these transitions are faster for words than nonwords, and it was suggested that the time difference may emerge because although all the letters from within a word appear to be available in memory before the scan begins, this seems not to be true for consonant arrays. Given that this is the case, part of the word-nonword difference may be attributable to subsequent encoding events that would be needed for the consonant arrays as the scan moves from letter to letter.
Use of differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior to decrease repetitive speech in an autistic adolescent.

Abstract A differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL) schedule was successful in reducing repetitive speech in an autistic adolescent. Over a period of 18 months, the rate of repetitions was gradually reduced from a mean of 4.7 to less than 0.3 repetitions per min. Tokens were awarded for maintaining rates of repetitive speech below each of nine successive criterion levels. A reversal phase in which the token economy was no longer in effect resulted in a return to baseline repetition rates. Subseuent reintroduction of the contingencies saw a return to previous low levels of responding which were maintained at a 6-month and 14-month follow-up.
Pets and Perceived Family Life Quality

This study examined peoples' perceptions of their families' quality of life and the factors thought to influence those perceptions. The Perceptual Indicators of Family Life Quality Scale was answer...
Managing risk in multi-node automation of endpoint management

Endpoint management, including patching, health checking, configuration etc., is a key function for data center and cloud management. Managing multiple nodes through automation tools or scripts significantly increases efficiency. However, the risks of adverse impact due to excessive privilege or human error may propagate to a large pool of endpoints and lead to massive service disruptions and SLA (Service Level Agreement) violations. In this paper, we present a system that proactively and systematically manages the risk throughout the lifecycle phases of automation. We present a prototype implementation consisting of an authorization mechanism that guarantees the right level of eligibility and privilege of accessing the automation content (during the deployment stage), and an execution validator that controls the risk of human error which may cause massive damage to the infrastructure (during execution of the automation content). Our current implementation has been deployed to more than a dozen customer environments and achieved an efficiency gain of 58% with high execution accuracy.
Factors affecting choice of cash sales versus forward marketing contracts

Although the use of various forms of marketing contracts is increasing within agricultural marketing channels, there has only been a limited number of research efforts that investigate the factors influencing the structure of agricultural marketing channels and individual firms selection decisions. This article examines issues relating to why alternative forms of sales transactions may predominate in different industries and how the marketing competencies of individual firms influence the type of contract selected by a business. The results of an empirical analysis of New Zealand farmers indicates that for an individual farmer sales transaction choice is influenced by marketing competencies and strategy, farm and farm manager characteristics, and the structural characteristics of the industry in which the transaction is taking place. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.