cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Prelimbic Inhibitory Gating of Auditory Evoked Potentials After Fear Conditioning

Inhibitory gating (IG) is a basic central nervous system process for filtering repetitive sensory information. Although IG deficits coincide with cognitive and emotional dysfunction in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, limited research has been completed on the basic, functional nature of IG. Persistent IG occurs in rat prelimbic medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a crucial site for modulating emotional learning. To investigate the interaction of affect and IG, we recorded local field potentials (LFP) directly from prelimbic mPFC and examined the influence of tone-shock fear conditioning (FC) on IG. Behavioral reactions during IG were observed before and after FC, and increase of orienting response after FC indicated induction of tone-shock association. After FC, some components of LFP response exhibited short-term weakening of IG. On a subsequent day of recording, IG strengthened for all LFP components, but individual components differed in their particular changes. Affective regulation of IG represents an important factor influencing within-subject IG variability, and these results have implications for understanding the role of rapid, implicit neural coding involved in emotional learning and affective disruption in psychiatric disease.
In vitro induction of reactive oxygen species by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and other halogenated cyclic hydrocarbons in rat peritoneal macrophages, and hepatic mitochondria and microsomes

Abstract Polyhalogenated cyclichydrocarbons [PCH] including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [TCDD], endrin and lindane [hexachlorocyclohexane] are potent toxins and tumor promoters. Recent studies have shown that these xenobiotics produce an oxidative stress in rodents, and tissue damage produced by these toxins as well as tumor promotion may be related to the formation of reactive oxygen species. In the present study hepatic mitochondria and microsomes as well as peritoneal macrophages from female Sprague-Dawley rats were incubated for up to 45 min at 37° C in the presence of 0–200 ng/ml TCDD, endrin and lindane. Production of reactive oxygen species was determined by chemiluminescence and cytochrome c reduction, while potential tissue damage was assessed by alterations in membrane fluidity and enhanced lipid peroxidation. Under these conditions, the three PCH resulted in enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, enhanced lipid peroxidation of mitochondrial and microsomal membranes was observed with increases in the membrane microviscosity. Thus reactive oxygen species and membrane alterations may contribute to the toxicity of PCH.
All Things to All People: Challenges and Innovations in a Rural Community College.

Abstract This article discusses the context in which rural community colleges seek to serve diverse constituencies of adult learners. A variety of innovative approaches to serving diverse adult learners are being undertaken by New Mexico State University at Grants, a two-year college in the New Mexico State University system serving a culturally diverse but economically distressed county. Particular emphasis is given to career ladder strategies and on-site distributed learning opportunities that provide access to professional baccalaureate degrees.
Evaluation of planes of reference for orienting maxillary casts on articulators

To provide information to help the clinician obtain a more accurate orientation of the maxillary cast on the articulator, cephalograms were made on 21 patients with complete dentures. The axis-orbital plane was the least variable, and the maxillary plane was the most variable.
The Thymus Dependency of Acquired Resistance to Trichophyton mentagrophytes Dermatophytosis in Rats

Congenitally athymic "nude" (RNU/RNU) rats and euthymic (+/RNU) rats were cutaneously inoculated with Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Dermatophytosis, as evidenced by erythema and scaling, was observed in both athymic and euthymic rats by day 7 postinfection. Macroscopic lesions in +/RNU rats became intensely erythematous (climax days 10–14), were limited in spread and alopecia (days 16–20), and healed with hair regrowth by day 35. In nude rats, however, erythema peaked early (days 8–10) and a persistent, mild erythema and scaling spread over the animals' backs. Viable T. mentagrophytes was cultured from the skin of all infected nude rats for the duration of each experiment (90 days), while +/RNU rats became culture-negative by day 35. Following clearance of primary lesions, + /RNU rats manifest a delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test response to soluble trichophytin and an accelerated cutaneous inflammation and enhanced resistance to reinfection. Although T. mentagrophytes primarily invaded the keratinized layers of the epidermis in both nude and +/RNU rats, hyphae and arthrospores were also observed within the nucleated layers of the internal root sheath of hair follicles. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that thymus-dependent cell-mediated immunity is required to limit cutaneous spread and terminate cutaneous T. mentagrophytes in +/RNU rates was characterized histologically by:(1) an intense inflammatory migration of lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages into the epidermis, dermis, and follicular epithelium; (2) hyperplasia of the epidermis and follicular epithelium; and (3) elimination of arthrospores and hyphae from T. mentagrophytes-infected skin.
Distribution of hornblende on the Atlantic continental shelf off Georgia, United States

Abstract Hornblende is the least stable, and most diagnostic, mineral of the sediment blanketing the continental shelf off Georgia, U.S.A. Recent work by others has shown that the probable sources of hornblende-rich sands on the shelf are the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers, both of which originate in the southern Appalachian piedmont. Rivers with drainage basins confined to the coastal plain carry stable, low-hornblende heavy-mineral assemblages and contribute sediment to the shelf only during episodes of regression or transgression. Distribution of hornblende on the continental shelf reveals the importance of the Altamaha and Savannah Rivers, especially the Savannah, as sources of sediment. It is postulated that original point concentrations of hornblende-rich sand associated with Late Pleistocene deltas or estuaries of the Savannah River have been modified by southwest currents, possibly during winter storms. The resulting configuration is a series of northeast-trending, linear high-hornblende anomalies. The origin of the hornblende-distribution anomalies probably is identical to the origin of linear shoals that also trend northeast across the continental shelf.
Sociology, human rights, and the World Social Forum

In recent years, academics have begun to grapple with the pervasiveness of “rights talk” on a global scale – a phenomenon documented by journalists, grassroots activists, NGO representatives, and UN officials. With the restructuring of the interstate system following the Cold War, the expansion of the European Union, a series of financial crises across the global economy, and a dramatic shift among Latin American governments, social scientists have produced a large volume of research on transnational norms, 1 cosmopolitan democracy, 2 and global governance. 3 Rooted in the fields of international relations, government, and law, these interventions share an interest in altering the world’s economic, political, and legal architecture. More precisely, they aspire to influence debates among elite policymakers, think tanks, and UN officials not only on the meaning of such terms as human rights and democracy, but also on the future of such inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the UN itself. In effect, the intertwined debates on transnational norms, cosmopolitanism, and global governance have supplanted the debate on development. In light of changing global conditions, these debates have caught the attention of sociologists.
Life extension and stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. modulated by the tkr-1 gene

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is widely used to study aging, development, behavior and other basic metazoan processes [1-3]. The only mutants directly identified on the basis of their extended longevity in any metazoan have been isolated in C. elegans [4,5]. All life-extension mutants (Age mutants) previously identified in C. elegans result from hypo-morphic or nullo-morphic mutations. We have identified a new class of gerontogene (a gene whose alteration causes life extension) that increases life span when overexpressed. The first gene in this class has been designated tyrosine kinase receptor-1 (tkr-1); it encodes a putative receptor tyrosine kinase. Overexpression of tkr-1 in transgenics increases longevity 40-100% (average 65%), confers increased resistance to heat and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in transgenic nematodes, and does not alter development or fertility. Unlike previously identified gerontogenes, tkr-1 positively modulates stress resistance and longevity. These results further support the positive relationship between increased stress resistance and increased longevity seen in all previously studied longevity mutants. This transgenic system is an effective means for identifying overexpression gerontogenes.
Redox titrations at millimolar concentration in n,n-dimethylformamide media

Abstract Potentiometric oxidation-reduction titrations in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) have been shown to be valid at millimolar concentrations of titrand. Forward and reverse titrations that involve the oxidants copper(II), chromium(VI), iron(III), and mercury(II) with the reductants titanium(III), cobalt(II), ascorbic acid, cysteine, and thiolactic acid have been examined. Some preliminary results of titanium(III) in DMF titrimetry in the determination of copper and iron in alloys are presented.
Understanding the Low Mathematics Achievement of Chilean Students: A Cross-National Analysis Using TIMSS Data.

Abstract The low performance of Chile in the TIMSS 1998/99 international study of mathematics and science achievement was a great disappointment for that country. To investigate the likely causes for low performance in mathematics, this study (1) compared Chile to three countries and one large school system that had similar economic conditions but superior mathematics performance, and (2) examined how important characteristics of the Chilean educational system could account for poor student achievement in mathematics. The study finds that, compared to South Korea, Malaysia, the Slovak Republic, and Miami-Dade County Public Schools: (a) Chilean 8th graders had parents with fewer years of schooling and with fewer educational resources at home; (b) the Chilean mathematics curriculum covered less content and fewer cognitive skills; and (c) the meager official curriculum translated into a weaker curricular implementation. Hierarchical linear models found that, in Chile, school assets were unequally distributed across social classes, with schools in socially advantaged areas more likely to have their own mathematics curriculum and better prepared teachers who emphasized more advanced mathematics content. Schools with their own mathematics curriculum and whose teachers covered more advanced content had significantly higher student achievement in mathematics.
Auditory and visual discrimination following lesions of the anterior supratemporal plane in monkeys.

Abstract Four monkeys were studied for retrograde degeneration of the medial geniculate nucleus following ablation of the cortex of the anterior supratemporal plane. Four additional monkeys were trained to perform auditory discriminations prior to bilateral ablation of the cortex of the anterior supratemporal plane. Three more monkeys were trained to perform both visual and auditory discriminations prior to the same lesions. The results confirm that the anterior supratemporal plane cortex receives its neural input from the caudal 25% of the medial geniculate nucleus. Bilateral ablation of the anterior supratemporal plane cortex results in deficits in the performance of both visual and auditory discriminations. All monkeys reacquired the ability to make the visual and auditory pattern discriminations.
Chromosome studies in preleukemic states. IV. Myeloproliferative versus cytopenic disorders

The prognostic value of marrow chromosome studies was examined in 112 “preleukemic” patients followed for at least one year or until death. Based on recent definitions, 49 patients were classified as myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) (polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis, undifferentiated myeloproliferative disorder, essential thrombocythemia), and 58 as cytopenic states (refractory anemia, pancytopenia). In each group, approximately one-third had a chromosomally-abnormal clone. For MPD, this had little predictive value, but in the cytopenias, 77% with a cytogenetic abnormality developed leukemia versus 39% without. Twelve cytopenic patients had multiple alterations involving more than 2 chromosomes and 11 died within 6 months, 9 with leukemia. Such patients may warrant consideration for aggressive chemotherapy before the appearance of clinical leukemia. Banding studies did not reveal any specific chromosome abnormalities consistently associated with these various preleukemic disorders, or with progression to leukemia, but nonrandom alterations were noted involving chromosomes 1, 5, 7-9, and 20 in the MPD group, and chromosomes 6 and 16 in the cytopenic patients. Correlation of these data with other reports indicates that certain cytogenetic abnormalities involving specific segments of the human genome confer a selective growth advantage on hemic clones which may present clinically as either preleukemia or leukemia. Cancer 42:2254–2261, 1978.
What are the most reliable detection methods for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism to be used as endpoints in trials of venous thromboprophylaxis

Numerous considerations and controversies attend the question of which endpoints to use in venous thromboembolism prophylaxis trials. In this paper, a rationale is presented for a new approach that simplifies certain aspects of endpoint detection in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism trials, and complicates others. The goal of this approach is to use reliably ascertainable endpoints that are clinically relevant and most probably predictive of clinical efficacy, in order to optimally inform the drug development process.
Effects of age, season and active immunization against estrogen on serum prolactin concentrations in stallions.

Prolactin concentrations in stallion serum were measured by radioimmunoassay based on antiserum generated against equine prolactin and radioiodinated canine prolactin. Prolactin concentrations in serum collected from 152 stallions at a slaughterhouse were higher (P less than .01) in summer than in winter (5.7 +/- .15 vs 2.0 +/- .17 ng/ml). Moreover, there was an effect of age (P less than .02) in the analysis of variance; there was no interaction between age and season. In general, prolactin concentrations increased with age up to 3 to 5 years. Samples of serum collected from five control and five estrogen-immunized stallions from 6 to 26 months of age also were assessed for prolactin concentration. Active immunization against estrogen had no effect (P greater than .10) on prolactin concentrations. In contrast, whether analyzed by age or by month of the year, prolactin concentrations varied with time (P less than .01) in these stallions. Averaged over both groups, concentrations were high during summer and low during winter and were also gradually increasing with time as indicated by a linear trend (P less than .01) in the data. It is concluded that serum prolactin concentrations in stallions 1) are seasonal, as in many other seasonally breeding species, 2) in general are highest in older stallions and lowest in young stallions and 3) are not affected by active immunization against estrogens.
Ocean surface profiling lidar

Abstract This paper describes a waveform-sampling lidar system and field experiment. The lidar used a diode laser and a Nd: YAG laser transmitters that had different wavelengths and temporal pulse-width characteristics. The diode laser wavelength was 904 nm and the Nd:YAG laser wavelength was 1064nm. The pulse widths of the diode laser and the Nd: YAG laser were 10ns and 26ns respectively. Both transmitters shared the same lidar-receiver and data acquisition system. The data acquisition system included a high-speed waveform-sampler and a mass-storage tape drive to collect and store high-resolution lidar waveform data. This paper describes the lidar and the data acquisition systems. The lidar range, laser waveform and reflectivity data collected in airborne experiments performed over the ocean water were analysed and discussed. Simulation of lidar bathymetry data analyses using the airborne experimental results were also discussed.
The road to the code. . .and the cast who brought genetics to centre stage

In 1901, William Bateson, the biologist who coined the word genetics, presented his first “Report to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society”. It included a footnote on “extraordinarily interesting” observations by Archibald Garrod, a physician at the Hospital for Sick Children in London: “Recently Garrod has noticed that no fewer than five families containing alkaptonuric members . . . are the offspring of first cousins . . . exactly the conditions most likely to enable a rare and usually recessive character to show itself.”
Integrating design and production : a case study of the naval submarine program

Abstract The Japanese have shown the benefits of integrating the design and manufacturing functions. The U.S. Naval shipbuilding program presents formidable challenges to implementing such ideas of integration both between the design and production organizations in a given shipyard as well as between Navy designers and personnel in the several competing shipyards. Nevertheless, this paper describes how these challenges were overcome in the introduction of advanced manufacturing concepts in the Navy submarine program.
The role of yeast artificial chromosome clones in generating genome maps.

The cloning of large DNAs as yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) holds the promise of greatly expanding the scope of physical genomic mapping. Recent improvements in YAC clone libraries and their screening, as well as in the analysis of YAC-cloned DNA, are beginning to fulfil the potential of this system.
Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Helicobacter pylori Infection

Helicobacter pylori infection, thought to be causally related to chronic gastritis, may also be associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. To determine whether an association with gastric cancer does exist, we retrospectively evaluated serum samples from 69 patients with histologically confirmed gastric adenocarcinoma (32 with cancer at the cardia and 37 with cancer at other sites) and from 218 patients with one of three categories of nongastric cancers, with other gastric cancers, or with benign gastric neoplasms. These samples were compared with samples from 252 cancer-free control subjects, a group comprising 76 asymptomatic volunteers and 176 persons with nonmalignant disorders. Serum samples collected from cancer patients prior to surgery and from cancer-free controls were tested for antibodies to H. pylori by using a highly sensitive and specific IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The risk of H. pylori infection in the case patients relative to the control subjects was estimated with the use of multivariate logistic regression analysis to adjust for potential confounding variables. Antibodies to H. pylori were detected in 65% of the patients with noncardia gastric cancer but in only 38% of the patients with gastric cancer located at the cardia. A significant association was found between H. pylori infection and noncardia gastric cancer (odds ratio = 2.67; 99% confidence interval = 1.01-7.06). Within the subset of patients with noncardia gastric cancer, a statistically nonsignificant tendency existed for those with the intestinal versus the diffuse histologic type of noncardia gastric cancer to have a higher risk of H. pylori infection. Our results support the hypothesis of a relationship between H. pylori infection and the development of noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma.
Attracting Baby Boomers Back to the Church

Abstract In spite of the vast majority of baby boomers being raised in a religious tradition, a large proportion of the generation has left the church. The “unchurched” of this generation represents a huge potential market for churches trying to attract new members. The purpose of this paper is three-fold. First, to examine the unique characteristics of baby boomers which differentiate them from other Americans. Second, to discuss the various reasons why so many of this generation left the church. Third, to propose several strategies designed to help a church attract baby boomers by satisfying their spiritual needs and wants.
SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF POTASSIUM LACTATE AND SODIUM CHLORIDE IN A MODEL SYSTEM

The objective of this study was to assess the sensory characteristics of potassium lactate (PL) in combination with salt (NaCl) in a model system at common usage levels for meat systems. Using a gelatin-based (3%) model system containing various concentrations of potassium lactate (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% and sodium chloride (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%), a sensory panel (10) selected for salt sensitivity (0.08% threshold or less) scored the intensity of saltiness and bitterness of each treatment combination using a scale of 0 = none and 15 = intense. As salt concentration increased, saltiness increased and bitterness decreased; as PL increased, saltiness and bitterness increased. At 2% salt, the bitterness of PL was masked; however, salt concentrations below and above 2% were less effective in bitterness reduction
Attenuating effect of melatonin on pyridoxal-stimulated release of adrenomedullary catecholamines in the rat.

Abstract Aims To investigate the ability of melatonin (MEL) to suppress adrenomedullary catecholamine (CAT) release in the rat, with pyridoxal (PL) being used as an adrenomedullary stimulus and liver and gastrocnemius muscle glycogenolysis acting as indices of CAT release. Main methods MEL (1–4 mg/kg, i.p.) and PL (300 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered separately or together to male Sprague–Dawley rats (275–300 g), and blood samples for the assay of plasma glucose and CATs were periodically collected for up to 3 h after PL. Immediately thereafter, the liver and gastrocnemius muscle were surgically removed and used for the assay of glycogen. The role of adrenoceptors in PL-induced glycogenolysis was examined by parallel experiments in which idazoxan (IDX, 1 mg/kg), propranolol (PRO, 2 mg/kg) or metoprolol (MET, 2 mg/kg) were administered alongside MEL. In addition, MEL (4 mg/kg) was co-administered with taurine (TAU, 2.4 mmol/kg), a known adrenomedullary membrane stabilizer. Key findings MEL attenuated the release of adrenomedullary CATs and accompanying liver and gastrocnemius muscle glycogenolysis due to PL in a dose-dependent manner. A co-treatment with MEL and an adrenoceptor blocker had a greater attenuating effect on PL-induced glycogenolysis and hyperglycemia than MEL but without impinging on the CAT levels seen with MEL alone. Evidence of maximal inhibitory action by MEL on PL-induced plasma CAT elevation was suggested by the about equal levels of plasma CATs after treatments with MEL and with MEL plus TAU. Significance The present study demonstrates the modulatory effect of MEL of exogenous origin on adrenomedullary CAT secretion when present in supraphysiological concentrations.
A Comparison of 9-Fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC-Cl) Amino Acid Analysis with Ninhydrin and Phenylthiocarbamyl (PTC) Chemistries

The ability to obtain sequence information from smaller and smaller amounts of proteins and peptides has placed considerable pressure on amino acid analysis technology to keep pace. Ninhydrin, although the most versatile detection method, loses its effectiveness when quantitation below 100 picomoles of amino acid is required. Orthophthalaldehyde, although offering excellent sensitivity, suffers from poor quantitation of imino acids. The PTC chemistry offers a viable alternative but matrix effects associated with the sample can cause variable recoveries of glutamic and aspartic acids.
Evolution of Fluvial Style--Lower Devonian Battery Point Formation, Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, Canada: ABSTRACT

The Battery Point Formation (Emsian) forms part of a broadly upward-coarsening alluvial suite. The formation is 2,300 m (7,550 ft) thick, rests unconformably on shallow marine sandstones of the York River Formation, and is transitional upwards into a proximal braid-plain sequence of the Malbaie Formation. A lower, 110 m (360 ft) thick, sequence from the Battery Point was previously interpreted as braided-fluvial based mainly on the recognition of laterally migrating, shallow transverse bar deposits and on a paucity of vertically accreted fine-grained sediment. Between Cap-aux-Os and Penouille, Gaspe Peninsula, these braided-fluvial facies are succeeded by quite different fluvial deposits mainly comprising 30-40 m (100-130 ft) multistory channel sandstone complexes, often thinning laterally to 15-18 m (50-60 ft), and separated by 6-10 m (20-33 ft) of laterally persistent mudrock sequences. The latter can be traced laterally up to 6.5 km (4 mi), allowing the geometry of the sandstones to be evaluated in great detail. Within the sandstones, medium-scale trough cross-bedding is dominant, with subordinate, isolated (0.8-3 m or 32 in.-10 ft thick) planar-tabular sets and parallel laminated units. Mudclast-lined erosion surfaces commonly define individual channel-fill events. The scarcity of cut-bank phenomena, and lack of lateral accretion surfaces suggest laterally unstable channels of fairly low sinuosity within large (possibly up to 15 km or 9 mi wide) stable channel belts. These were rapidly abandoned, accumulating the mud-rock sequences, which are exceptionally up to 50 m (165 ft) thick. The paucity of desiccation features and lack of mature calcretes, together with abundant plant activity and much wave rippling, suggest that large areas of standing water existed on the flood plain. Extrinsic controls, such as climatic change, are proposed for this evolution in fluvial style. End_of_Article - Last_Page 499------------
MUNICIPAL DEBT: WHAT DOES IT BUY AND WHO BENEFITS?

This paper examines the incidence of the federal income tax exemption of interest on state and local bonds, applying a fixed-savings, simplified general equilibrium approach to estimate incidence effects on both the sources and uses of income. In contrast to traditional empirical work that allocates the benefit of tax exemption only to current holders of tax-exempt bonds based on current interest rates, we incorporate the fact that the existence of tax exemption causes the taxable interest rate to rise and the tax-exempt rate to fall. As a consequence, on the sources side, tax exemption can increase after-tax income for holders of both taxable and taxexempt bonds. On the uses side, consumers of both private and public goods are affected by the higher cost of funds to private and federal government borrowers, the lower cost of funds to state and local borrowers, and the lower cost of funds to private-sector entities with access to the proceeds of tax-exempt borrowing. Overall, higher income individuals remain the primary beneficiaries of tax exemption on the sources side with this new approach, but less so than under the traditional approach. On the uses side, households who consume a relatively large share of state and local public services, such as those with several school-age children, receive significant net benefits.
Application of Elastic-Plastic Static Friction Models to Rough Surfaces With Asymmetric Asperity Distribution

The asymmetric height distribution in surface roughness is usually indispensable in engineering surfaces prepared by specific manufacturing process. Moreover, the running-in process develops severe asymmetric roughness distribution in the surface interfaces. In this paper, the effect of asymmetric asperity distribution on static friction coefficient is investigated theoretically and by comparing it with experimental results. In order to generate a probability density function of non-Gaussian surface roughness, the Pearson system of frequency curves was used. Subsequently, the Kogut and Etsion (KE) model of elastic-plastic static friction was modified to calculate the contacting interfacial forces. For the experiments, actual roller and housing surfaces from a CV (Constant Velocity) joint were prepared to measure the static friction coefficient as it clearly shows the asymmetry of roughness distribution due to the manufacturing and also running-in process. The experimental measurements were subsequently compared with the modified KE static friction model with Gaussian as well as Pearson distributions of asperity heights. It was found that the model with Pearson distribution captures the experimental measurements well in terms of the surface conditions.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Electron Microscopy of the Carboxysomes (Polyhedral Bodies) of Thiobacillus neapolitanus

Abstract The carboxysomes of Thiobacillus neapolitanus are shown, by electron microscopy, to consist of a paracrystalline array of 10-nm particles surrounded by a “membrane.” The 10-nm particles have a center hole or depression and have been previously identified as ribulose diphosphate carboxylase. The membrane is a monolayer approximately 3.5-nm thick.
Synaptic Reorganization in the Substantia Gelatinosa After Peripheral Nerve Neuroma Formation: Aberrant Innervation of Lamina II Neurons by Aβ Afferents

Intracellular recording and extracellular field potential (FP) recordings were obtained from spinal cord dorsal horn neurons (laminae I–IV) in a rat transverse slice preparation with attached dorsal roots. To study changes in synaptic inputs after neuroma formation, the sciatic nerve was sectioned and ligated 3 weeks before in vitro electrophysiological analysis. Horseradish peroxidase labeling of dorsal root axons indicated that Aβ fibers sprouted into laminae I–II from deeper laminae after sciatic nerve section. FP recordings from dorsal horns of normal spinal cord slices revealed long-latency synaptic responses in lamina II and short-latency responses in lamina III. The latencies of synaptic FPs recorded in lamina II of the dorsal horn after sciatic nerve section were reduced. The majority of monosynaptic EPSPs recorded with intracellular microelectrodes from lamina II neurons in control slices were elicited by high-threshold nerve stimulation, whereas the majority of monosynaptic EPSPs recorded in lamina III were elicited by low-threshold nerve stimulation. After sciatic nerve section, 31 of 57 (54%) EPSPs recorded in lamina II were elicited by low-threshold stimulation. The majority of low-threshold EPSPs in lamina II neurons after axotomy displayed properties similar to low-threshold EPSPs in lamina III of control slices. These results indicate that reoccupation of lamina II synapses by sprouting Aβ fibers normally terminating in lamina III occurs after sciatic nerve neuroma formation. Furthermore, these observations indicate that the lamina II neurons receive inappropriate sensory information from low-threshold mechanoreceptor after sciatic nerve neuroma formation.
Magnetic Materials Suitable for Fission Power Conversion in Space Missions

Terrestrial fission reactors use combinations of shielding and distance to protect power conversion components from elevated temperature and radiation. Space mission systems are necessarily compact and must minimize shielding and distance to enhance system level efficiencies. Technology development efforts to support fission power generation scenarios for future space missions include studying the radiation tolerance of component materials. The fundamental principles of material magnetism are reviewed and used to interpret existing material radiation effects data for expected fission power conversion components for target space missions. Suitable materials for the Fission Power System (FPS) Project are available and guidelines are presented for bounding the elevated temperature/radiation tolerance envelope for candidate magnetic materials.
Return to intended oncologic treatment (RIOT): a novel metric for evaluating the quality of oncosurgical therapy for malignancy.

Background:Aftercancersurgery,complications,anddisabilitypreventsomepatientsfromreceivingsubsequenttreatments.Giventhataninability to complete all intended cancer therapies might negate the oncologic benefits of surgical therapy, strategies to improve return to intended oncologic treatment (RIOT), including minimally invasive surgery (MIS), are being investigated. Methods: This project was designed to evaluate liver tumor patients to determine the RIOT rate, risk factors for inability to RIOT, and its impact on survivals. Outcomes for a homogenous cohort of 223 patients who underwent open‐approach surgery for metachronous colorectal liver metastases and a group of 27 liver tumor patients treated with MIS hepatectomy were examined. Results: Of the 223 open‐approach patients, 167 were offered postoperative therapy, yielding a RIOT rate of 75%. The remaining 56 (25%) patients were unable to receive further treatment due to surgical complications (n ¼29 pts) or poor performance status (n ¼27 pts). Risk factors associated withinabilitytoRIOTwerehypertension(OR2.2,P ¼0.025),multiplepreoperativechemotherapyregimens(OR5.9,P ¼0.039),andpostoperative complications (OR 2.0, P ¼0.039). Inability to RIOT correlated with shorter disease‐free and overall survivals (P<0.001, HR ¼2.16; and P ¼0.005,HR ¼2.07,respectively).Incontrasttotheopensurgerygroup,100%ofMISpatientswhowereintendedtoinitiatepostoperativetherapy did so (P ¼0.038) within a shorter median time interval (MIS: 15 days vs. open: 42 days; P<0.001). Conclusions: The relationship between RIOT and long‐term oncologic outcomes suggests that RIOT rates for both open‐ and MIS‐approach cancer surgery should routinely be reported as a quality indicator. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014;110:107–114. 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gradient measures of compressed video teleconferencing quality

Two objective measures, computed from received digital images, that can be used to assess video quality are proposed. These measures, based on Laplacian and Sobel gradient operators, are developed and applied to video teleconferencing (VTC) sequences of live desktop scenes and conference table scenes with motion present. The measured results are then compared over a range of transmission bit rates. The sensitivity and reliability of the measures are enhanced by determining the optimum gray level thresholds for computing the measures. Both measures are shown to monotonically increase with transmission rate and corresponding illustrative subjective evaluation of the images. These measures have been proposed for possible inclusion into a draft National VTC Standard under development in the ANSI T1Q1.5 teleconferencing standards group. >
Impact of Carrier Heating on SOA Dynamics for Wavelength Conversion

Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOAs) have shown significant promise for all-optical wavelength conversion due to their highly nonlinear behavior. Conversion has been demonstrated using both cross-gain and cross-phase modulation, the latter in both integrated interferometer designs as well as filter arrangements following an SOA. It is imperative to understand in detail the SOA saturation and recovery dynamics both to optimize wavelength converter design and to examine practicality of wavelength conversion at speeds beyond 40 Gb/s
Eight years of annual no-till cropping in Washington's winter wheat-summer fallow region

The tillage-based winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer fallow (WW-SF) cropping system has dominated dryland farming in the Pacific Northwest USA for 125 years. We conducted a large-scale multidisciplinary 8-year study of annual (i.e., no summer fallow) no-till cropping systems as an alternative to WW-SF. Soft white and hard white classes of winter and spring wheat, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), yellow mustard (Brassica hirta Moench), and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were grown in various rotation combinations. Annual precipitation was less than the long-term average of 301 mm in 7 out of 8 years. Rhizoctonia bare patch disease caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 appeared in year 3 and continued through year 8 in all no-till plots. All crops were susceptible to rhizoctonia, but bare patch area in wheat was reduced, and grain yield increased, when wheat was grown in rotation with barley every other year. Remnant downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) weed seeds remained dormant for 6 years and longer to heavily infest recrop winter wheat. There were few quantifiable changes in soil quality due to crop rotation, but soil organic carbon (SOC) increased in the surface 0–5 cm depth with no-till during the 8 years to approach that found in undisturbed native soil. Annual no-till crop rotations experienced lower average profitability and greater income variability compared to WW-SF. Yellow mustard and safflower were not economically viable. Continuous annual cropping using no-till provides excellent protection against wind erosion and shows potential to increase soil quality, but the practice involves high economic risk compared to WW-SF. This paper provides the first comprehensive multidisciplinary report of long-term alternative annual notill cropping systems research in the low-precipitation region of the Pacific Northwest. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Comparison of Tribological Performances of Nano- and Micro-Textured Surfaces:

This paper presents a comparison study on the tribological performances, including adhesion and friction, of nano-and micro-textured surfaces (MTSs). The textured surfaces were produced by spin coa...
The mating-type substances of Paramecium bursaria

The detached cilia from sexually reactive cells of Paramecium bursaria will agglutinate with the cilia of intact sexually reactive animals of a complementary mating type. No such reaction will occur if incompetent cells are used or if the cells are of the same mating type. Particulates other than cilia do not adhere to tester cells; the cilia which carry the specific mating-type substances are restricted to the ventro-lateral surface of the animal.Studies of the heat inactivation of the ability of detached cilia to agglutinate confirm in detail the hypothesis of Metz which holds that cell unions leading to conjugation are brought about by the interaction of two pairs of complementary substances, A and a and B and b; the former pair of substances is more heat labile than the latter. The data suggest that animals of each of the four mating types carry a unique combination of two substances, namely, AB, aB, ab, and Ab.
Application of the MEI method to wave propagation predictions over irregular terrain

Electromagnetic wave propagation over hilly terrain is important in point-to-point communication over land, ground-to-air communication, PCS network design, etc. Janaswamy (1992) developed a numerical model for propagation predictions using the MFIE. Although the method could include all effects of wave propagation, a principal limitation of the method was the requirement of large computer resources. This was particularly true for electrically large terrain irregularities. The present authors use finite differences in conjunction with the the measured equation of invariance (MEI) [Mei et al., 1992] method to develop a computationally efficient model of wave propagation of two dimensional fields over an irregular, inhomogeneous terrain. Magnetic field, H/sub x/, generated by a TE/sub x/ line source is represented in an integral form in terms of the field, H/sub 0x/, over a flat, constant impedance plane, and the field scattered by the terrain irregularities and inhomogeneities. The MEI method is used to terminate the computational domain. Numerical results are presented for the ground wave as well as the sky wave, both for convex and concave geometries.
Rapid Adaptation of a Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus to a Targeted Cell Line

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is being developed for cancer therapy. We created a recombinant replicating VSV (rrVSV) that preferentially infected Her2/neu-expressing breast cancer cells. This rrVSV did not express the native VSV-G glycoprotein (gp). Instead, it expressed a chimeric Sindbis gp which included a single-chain antibody (SCA) directed to the human Her2/neu receptor. The virus infected mouse mammary carcinoma cells (D2F2/E2) expressing Her2/neu 23-fold better than the parent cells (D2F2). However, viral growth in cultured D2F2/E2 cells was curtailed after several cycles, and viral yield was very poor at 2 x 10(4) infectious doses (ID)/ml. We performed in vitro serial passage in D2F2/E2 cells to evolve a virus with improved growth that could be used for preclinical therapy trials in mice. Fifteen passes generated an adapted virus that progressed through multiple cycles in cultured D2F2/E2 cells until all cells were infected and had a viral yield of 1 x 10(8) ID/ml. Sequencing of the entire viral genomes found only 2 mutations in the adapted virus. Both mutations occurred in the gp gene segment coding for the SCA. An additional N-glycosylation site was created by one of the mutations. The adapted virus showed higher density of gp on the viral envelope, improved infectivity, much greater stability, higher burst size, and decreased induction of cellular interferon. The specificity for cells expressing the Her2/neu receptor was unchanged. These studies demonstrate that serial passage can be used to rapidly evolve a VSV genome encoding an improved chimeric glycoprotein.
Update and Utilization of Component Therapy in Blood Transfusions

Transfusion medicine has undergone diverse and fascinating advancements since its initiation in the early 20th century. One of these was the discovery that blood can be divided into individual components and delivered separately. This is imperative in this field where there is high demand but little supply. In this review we strive to elucidate the most important elements of 4 commonly used components. The purpose of this article is to improve understanding of new and updated concepts in blood component therapy, while continuing to understand the theories and history of this diverse treatment.
Increased spontaneous activity of antibody-forming cells in the peripheral blood of patients with active SLE.

Thirty-seven patients with criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 18 normal controls were studied for their spontaneous background IgM antibody plaque-forming cell number to specific chemical haptens. Active SLE patients had significantly more plaque-forming cells in their peripheral blood to a total of five chemical determinants than did patients with inactive disease or controls. This increased number of plaque forming-cells correlated with depressed serum C3 levels by Spearman rank-order analysis. The finding of elevated numbers of spontaneous IgM plaque-forming cells to defined chemical haptens supports the concept that active SLE demonstrates a generalized increase in B-cell activity toward a variety of antigens.
Objectively measured sleep duration and hyperglycemia in pregnancy.

Abstract Objective Our primary purpose was to assess the impact of objectively measured nighttime sleep duration on gestational glucose tolerance. We additionally examined associations of objectively measured daytime sleep duration and nap frequency on maternal glycemic control. Methods Sixty-three urban, low-income, pregnant women wore wrist actigraphs for an average of 6 full days in mid-pregnancy prior to screening for hyperglycemia using the 1-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Correlations of nighttime and daytime sleep durations with 1-h OGTT values were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate independent associations between sleep parameters and hyperglycemia, defined as 1-h OGTT values ⩾130 mg/dL. Results Mean nighttime sleep duration was 6.9 ± 0.9 h which was inversely correlated with 1-h OGTT values (r = −0.28, P = .03). Shorter nighttime sleep was associated with hyperglycemia, even after controlling for age and body mass index (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.2 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.1–0.8]). There were no associations of daytime sleep duration and nap frequency with 1-h OGTT values or hyperglycemia. Conclusions Using objective measures of maternal sleep time, we found that women with shorter nighttime sleep durations had an increased risk for gestational hyperglycemia. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm our negative daytime sleep findings.
How do teachers understand research when they read it

Abstract Attention to teachers' beliefs has become an essential feature of studies designed to help teachers understand research. The beliefs on which researchers and teacher educators typically focus are teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning. Teachers' beliefs about educational research, however, may also strongly influence their understanding and use of research. This study provides a description and analysis of how teachers read research in light of their prior beliefs about what research is and how it should influence their teaching. The subjects of thestudy were two distinct groups of teachers with varying levels of prior involvement with educational research. One group included five former “teacher collaborators” who had worked with researchers on research projects for at least one year. The second group was comprised of eight teachers with considerably less experience with research. Teachers read and responded to three different types of research articles and two research findings. How teachers evaluated the research articles and findings is described and analyzed as well as the different types of evidence teachers cite as credible to them. In light of teachers' prior belief about research, the author shows that teachers differed substantively in terms of their willingness and/or ability to read and understand research. Consequently, the author suggests that teacher educators and researchers pay attention both to teachers' beliefs about research and how they read research if research, broadly conceived, is to play a role in educating teachers.
Alternative Route Programs for Certification in Special Education: Program Infrastructure, Instructional Delivery, and Participant Characteristics:

This study describes special education alternative route (AR) teacher preparation programs. The authors developed a national database of programs and collected information on program sponsorship, length and intensity, features, and participant demographics. Most of the 235 programs in the database were in states that had significant shortages of special education teachers, and the authors received 101 responses to the survey. Active collaboration and use of professional standards in program development were commonplace. Most programs required full-time teaching, although the length of preteaching preparation varied dramatically, as did overall program length. Although many participants were general education teachers or recent degree recipients, the largest subgroup consisted of midcareer changers. This article discusses these findings and provides recommendations for additional research.
Genome Sequence of the Soil Bacterium Janthinobacterium sp. KBS0711

We present a draft genome of Janthinobacterium sp. KBS0711 that was isolated from agricultural soil. The genome provides insight into the ecological strategies of this bacterium in free-living and host-associated environments.