cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EXPLANATORY MODELS OF ADHD: DO THEY DIFFER BY ETHNICITY, CHILD GENDER, OR TREATMENT STATUS?

This study describes parents' understanding, or explanatory models, of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and examines how such explanatory models differ by ethnicity, child gender, treatment status, and sociodemographic status. Children with ADHD were identified through a two-stage study of a school district special education population; this study included a screening and a diagnostic phase. In addition, a survey concerning parent-reported knowledge and attitudes about ADHD, and ethnographic interviews—based on Kleinman's patient explanatory model—to elicit parental beliefs were conducted. White parents were more likely than African American parents to apply medical labels, expect a lifelong course, include school interventions in the desired treatment plan, and address academic and social outcomes. Compared to parents of boys, parents of affected girls were less likely to expect short duration of ADHD. Further research needs to be done to address the etiology of cultural and gender variati...
Stochastic model of heterogeneity in earthquake slip spatial distributions

SUMMARY Finite-fault source inversions reveal the spatial complexity of earthquake slip or pre-stress distribution over the fault surface. The basic assumption of this study is that a stochastic model can reproduce the variability in amplitude and the long-range correlation of the spatial slip distribution. In this paper, we compute the stochastic model for the source models of four earthquakes: the 1979 Imperial Valley, the 1989 Loma Prieta, the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe). For each earthquake (except Imperial Valley), we consider both the dip and strike slip distributions. In each case, we use a 1-D stochastic model. For the four earthquakes, we show that the average power spectra of the raw, that is, non-interpolated, data follow a power-law behaviour with scaling exponents that range from 0.78 to 1.71. For the four earthquakes, we have found that a non-Gaussian probability law, that is, the Levy law, is better suited to reproduce the main features of the spatial variability embedded in the slip amplitude distribution, including the presence and frequency of large fluctuations. Since asperities are usually defined as regions with large slip values on the fault, the stochastic model will allow predicting and modelling the spatial distribution of the asperities over the fault surface. The values of the Levy parameters differ from one earthquake to the other. Assuming an isotropic spatial distribution of heterogeneity for the dip and the strike slip of he Northridge earthquake, we also compute a 2-D stochastic model. The main conclusions reached in the 1-D analysis remain appropriate for the 2-D model. The results obtained for the four earthquakes suggest that some features of the slip spatial complexity are universal and can be modelled accordingly. If this is proven correct, this will imply that the spatial variability and the long-range correlation of the slip or pre-stress spatial distribution can be described with the help of five parameters: a scaling exponent controlling the spatial correlation and the four parameters of the Levy distribution constraining the spatial variability.
The effect of vacuum-evaporation parameters on the structural, electrical and optical properties of thin germanium films

Abstract The effects of film thickness, condensation rate, source temperature, substrate temperature and vacuum ambient (between 10 −6 and 10 −9 torr) on the resistivity, structure and optical properties of over 1200 germanium films have been investigated. The investigation has been carried out in a manner that allows an evaluation of each of these effects separately. Film resistivity is found to depend upon thickness, condensation rate and source temperature, for constant substrate temperature. The lowest resistivity observed is 6·8 × 10 −2 ω-cm, and the highest 7·4 × 10 −1 ω-cm. In addition, resistivity depends markedly upon substrate temperature, yielding three ranges of mobility, from 200 to 600 cm 2 /V-sec. All films are found to be p -type regardless of the evaporation parameters; the impurity concentration is always between 8 × 10 18 and 1 × 10 18 /cm 3 . The [110] texture is found to be independent of the evaporation parameters for thicknesses above 500A. An index of refraction of 4·23 has been found for these films and is also insensitive to the changes of the evaporation parameters up to a substrate temperature of ∼600°C; above 600°C the index of refraction drops to 1·5. The change in refractive index is associated with the formation of a thin layer of GeO 2 (hex.), which is confirmed by electron diffraction.
Emploi de l'acide monopersuccinique (PSA) dans l'eau comme agent d'oxydation dans la réaction de Baeyer-Villiger appliquée aux cétones cycliques

Resume L'acide monopersuccinique (PSA) presente l'interet d'etre soluble dans l'eau et a ete teste dans ce solvant comme agent d'oxydation de cetones cycliques en lactones.
A stabilization result with application to bipedal locomotion

For general hybrid systems, we develop new stabilization results that can be used to achieve asymptotically stable locomotion for bipedal robots with series compliant actuation. The stabilization contributions build upon previous results involving partially rapidly exponentially decaying control Lyapunov functions. Such functions are useful when the dynamics that remain when the function is constrained to zero exhibits an asymptotically stable set and the solutions starting in this set have time domains that satisfy a uniform average dwell-time constraint. In a new result of independent interest, we establish that such an average dwell-time condition is robust; in particular, it degrades gracefully under perturbations and as the initial conditions move away from the asymptotically stable set. From this robustness result and the existence of a partially rapidly exponentially decaying control Lyapunov function, we establish local asymptotic stabilization. The result is then applied to robot locomotion. We conclude by showing that, because of the high-gain nature of the feedback, it is possible in some situations for the basin of attraction to become arbitrarily small as the gain becomes arbitrarily large. Future simulation studies will investigate whether this phenomenon occurs for the robot application.
Analysis of Local Tissue-Specific Gene Expression in Cellular Micropatterns

While cellular micropatterning approaches are employed extensively in cell biology and tissue engineering, only a limited number of methods for analysis of local function in the context of a complex, microfabricated environment are currently available. The present study develops a novel strategy for analysis of local tissue-specific function in cellular micropatterns. Model hepatocytes (HepG2 cells) were seeded onto silane-modified glass slides containing robotically printed arrays of collagen type I. These model hepatocytes formed cell arrays with individual cell cluster dimensions (150 or 500 μm) corresponding in size to the printed collagen spots. Non-parenchymal cells (3T3 fibroblasts) were added to hepatocellular micropatterns to create heterotypic cocultures. Expression of hepatic phenotype in HepG2 cells was first verified by traditional techniques including intracellular staining and ELISA for albumin. In order to evaluate local liver function in the cellular microarray, individual array members c...
In vivo exposure of clearnose skates, Raja eglanteria, to ionising X-radiation: acute effects on the peripheral blood, spleen, and epigonal and Leydig organs.

Abstract The effects of ionising radiation on the peripheral blood, spleen, and epigonal and Leydig organs of cartilaginous fishes were investigated using juvenile clearnose skates, Raja eglanteria . Skates ( N = 80) were sacrificed 12 days after exposure to 0–75 Gy of X-radiation, and morphometrics (body mass, disc width, total length), mass of spleens and epigonal organs, and peripheral blood leucocyte (PBL) counts were compared to controls using ANOVA. Spleen and epigonal organ mass and PBL counts declined logarithmically as a function of radiation dose. To assess recovery from X-radiation, skates ( N = 40) were exposed to 0, 9 or 18 Gy and sacrificed when moribund or on days 10, 20, 30 and 40 post-irradiation. Partial recovery of Leydig organ and splenic red pulp was evident after 40 days in skates exposed to 9 Gy, but no indication of recovery was apparent at higher doses. Median lethal dose by 30 days (LD50/30) was calculated to be 9–18 Gy, similar to that determined for other fishes.
Toward the HMD as a cognitive prosthesis

Head- and helmet-mounted displays have been used in hands-free viewing applications and as part of visually coupled systems for aircraft simulation and flight applications. Successfully done, they can improve situation awareness by freeing the user from the need to stare "heads-down" at a display for information to create a working model of the world around them. This allows them to explore and navigate through the world while at the same time reducing workload, leaving precious cognitive resources for other, more demanding tasks. Building upon recent developments in neuroergonomics and augmented cognition, this paper will discuss situation awareness and the potential for reducing workload by cognitively "pre-digesting" information, by using real-time operator monitoring to invoke automation and by presenting in additional sensory modes.
An energy spread correction for depth profiling by elastic recoil detection analysis

Abstract A technique for hydrogen depth profiling by reflection elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) called the channel-depth conversion was introduced in [Verda et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 183 (2001) 401]. The conversion is determined from ion beam analysis of specially prepared standards and transforms the channel axis of ERDA spectra directly to units of depth. However, the channel-depth conversion does not address energy spread inherent in forward recoil spectra. Energy spread causes a broadening in the energy range of the spectrum, which can lead to errors in depth profiling. This work introduces a technique that addresses energy spread, called the energy spread correction. Together, the energy spread correction and the channel-depth conversion techniques, applied to ERDA spectra in that order, comprise a depth profiling method presented in this work. In the case where forward recoil spectra must be obtained using an absorber foil, we show that the depth profiling method is independent of foil thickness. The method was developed for hydrogen depth profiling by ERDA performed with a reflection geometry setup that requires an absorber foil. But, in principle, this method could be used to profile other elements, and that with transmission geometry setups and/or detection systems that do not require an absorber foil.
Increase in cholesterol intestinal absorption with aging in the rat.

Abstract Intestinal absorption rate of cholesterol was measured in groups of rats varying in age from 1 to 42 months. Cholesterol absorption increased in a linear fashion with aging of the animals. Absorption at the extreme end of the life expectancy of animals (42 months) was more than twice the amount absorbed at 1 month of age. The increase in absorption of cholesterol with aging may accelerate the development of atherosclerosis with aging.
Relationships between hydraulic variables and bedload transport in a subalpine channel, Colorado Rocky Mountains, U.S.A.

Abstract This study used three cross-sections along a subalpine channel to examine associations between flow and sand and gravel bedload transport in a cobble-bed channel. At each section, velocity was measured at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 of flow depth for ten increments across the section. At each increment, velocity measurements were immediately followed by 10-min bedload samples with a 7.6 cm Helley-Smith sampler. Linear regressions between bedload and flow variables suggest that grain shear stress, stream power, near-bed velocity, average velocity, and the Froude number are the most relevant indicators of bedload transport, particularly when regressed against the D max or D 84 of the bedload grain-size distribution. No significant relationships, however, were constant at all three cross-sections. Inconsistency in relationships between bedload discharge and hydraulic variables is at least in part the result of the extreme temporal and spatial variability present in East St. Louis Creek. Photographs and observations made throughout the field season suggest the importance of random events, such as tree-fall and log-jam formation, in regulating bedload discharge. The data from East St. Louis Creek suggest equal mobility for sand and gravel transport.
The Secondary Structure and Aggregation of Lyophilized Tetanus Toxoid

Tetanus toxoid (TT), the vaccine for tetanus, is an important protein antigen and candidate for sustained release from polymeric matrices. During administration from the latter, the solid (e.g., lyophilized) protein will be exposed to elevated levels of temperature and moisture, conditions which trigger its aggregation. To examine the connection between this aggregation and the structure of the TT molecule in the solid state, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to determine the secondary structure of TT in the presence of various excipients. We found that excipient-free TT undergoes a significant alteration (mostly reversible) in the secondary structure during lyophilization. Specifically, more than half the total α-helix content was lost with a concomitant increase in β-sheet structure. The extent of structural alterations in the presence of 1:5 (g:g protein) NaCl, sorbitol, or poly-(ethylene glycol), did not correlate with stability conferred towards moisture-induced aggregation. These results suggest that the degree of retention of the native protein structure in the dry state is not a general predictor of stability for the “wetted” solid within polymer controlled-release vehicles.
Oral capture and grasping of an artificial nipple by rat fetuses

Although born blind and deaf, newborn rats exhibit a remarkable capacity to recognize and gain access to the nipples of the lactating mother. However, it is well-known that full-term rat neonates will not attach to an artificial nipple. In the present study, an artificial nipple fashioned from soft vinyl was presented to rat fetuses from E17-E21 of gestation. Fetuses showed side-to-side head movements that resulted in oral capture of the nipple on E18 and exhibited a direct nipple-grasping response from E19 through term. Frame-by-frame analysis of videotape records of E21 rat fetuses revealed that tactile contact with the artificial nipple elicited mouthing, licking directed at the nipple, forelimb treadling, and grasping of the nipple. Fetuses also exhibited components of aversive behavior, including facial wiping and head turning, that appeared to terminate oral contact with the nipple. Morphine pretreatment reduced the expression of aversive responses and promoted licking and grasping of the artificial nipple. In addition to documenting the prenatal ontogeny of this important neonatal behavior, these findings imply a role for endogenous opioids in the newborn rat's first suckling episode.
Energetic cost of locomotion in animals.

Abstract 1. 1. The minimum cost of transport (the minimum ratio of metabolic rate to the product of speed and body weight) for various walking, running and flying animals is functionally related to the type of transport and to body weight. The same functional relations hold for poikilotherms and homeotherms, and for five or more decades of body weight. 2. 2. The cost of transport for a flying animal is less than that for a walker or a runner of the same size. The two costs differ by a factor of 27 for animals weighing 0·01 kg. 3. 3. Large birds and mammals have costs of transport that are about the same as those for automobiles and small propeller airplanes.
A simulation of air pollution model parameter estimation using data from a ground-based LIDAR remote sensor

One way to obtain estimates of the unknown parameters in a pollution dispersion model is to compare the model predictions with remotely sensed air quality data. A ground-based LIDAR sensor provides relative pollution concentration measurements as a function of space and time. The measured sensor data are compared with the dispersion model output through a numerical estimation procedure to yield parameter estimates which best fit the data. This overall process is tested in a computer simulation to study the effects of various measurement strategies. Such a simulation is useful prior to a field measurement exercise to maximize the information content in the collected data. Parametric studies of simulated data matched to a Gaussian plume dispersion model indicate the trade offs available between estimation accuracy and data acquisition strategy.
Instructional Supervision as a Catalyst for Quality Improvement in Secondary Educational Settings

A lot of inputs have gone into the creation and establishment of supervisory unit through organization and planning in our educational system. These inputs have been channeled towards the purpose of realizing the stipulated goals and objectives in the National Policy on Education. Thus, a quality school must provide its students with sufficient, current and detailed content in every subject areas. To do this effectively, the teachers have to utilize the appropriate teaching methods and materials that will enhance improved instructional materials, hence the urgent need for instructional supervision in the school. Instructional supervision must, therefore, be efficiently created and properly mapped out to help interaction that will foster quality improvement in the process of teaching and learning. This paper examines instructional supervision, quality education and the do’s and don’ts of effective and quality supervision of instruction. The paper also examine instructional supervision as catalyst for quality improvement in secondary schools. Finally, the paper concludes that there should be modalities in place to ensure inspectors of the Ministry of Education monitor school heads to ascertain their appropriate use of the various techniques of instructional supervision in secondary schools. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n6p59
Social Calibration of the SSIT: Evaluating Social Validity

Social validation of qualitative ratings of clinical change is typically demonstrated with a subjective evaluation method. Social calibration, a method of comparing laboratory measures to community standards with respect to a particular target behavior, was proposed as a more cost-effective alternative. The community standard is operationalized by the ratings of the target behavior from representatives of the community at large. This procedure was used with the Simulated Social Interaction Test (SSIT), a role-play test of social skills. The ratings of the trained criterion judges typically used with this instrument were compared separately to those of 50 community representatives and to those of 20 naive assistants. Results indicated that the SSIT was socially calibrated for measurement of psychiatric patients' overall social skills (but not anxiety) and bogus patients' situation-specific as well as overall social skills and anxiety. The general utility of the social calibration procedure was discussed.
Lobular Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast

LCIS was first described in 1941 as a distinct pathologic entity by Foote and Stewart who called it a "rare form of mammary carcinoma." It is thought to represent a transitional intra-epithelial, or in situ, stage in the evolution of breast cancer from hyperplastic breast epithelium. With the wide application of mammography, its detection has increased in recent years, being found in approximately 1% of all breast biopsy specimens and 5% of all breast malignancies. Its true incidence is unknown, because the absence of any clinical or radiographic manifestations makes its detection completely arbitrary and random. LCIS has distinct pathologic features characterized by proliferation of bland, homogeneous malignant cells within the terminal duct-lobular apparatus. The lobular architecture and investing basement membrane remain intact with no evidence of invasion into the surrounding stoma. It is assumed to be widely disseminated throughout all breast tissue whenever it is found, having close to 100% incidence of multicentricity and bilaterality. The cells are typically of low histologic and nuclear grade, highly estrogen receptor positive, and have tumor marker characteristics of indolent growth and good prognosis. This is very different from its noninvasive ductal counterpart, DCIS, which is typified by more aggressive cytologic and biologic characteristics. Although LCIS imparts as much as a 12-fold increased risk of subsequent invasive breast carcinoma, its natural history suggests it is more of a marker of risk rather than a true premalignant lesion. Most subsequent malignancies occur more than 15 years after diagnosis, and are ductal rather than lobular. This risk is also equally applied to both breasts, regardless of which breast contains the diagnosed focus. Subsequent invasive breast cancers are typically early with very low mortality, most likely due to the strict mammographic surveillance provided to these women. Although originally treated by mastectomy, most now manage LCIS by careful non-operative observation, in the same way that other risk factors such as family history or atypical hyperplasia are managed. In fact, it has been questioned whether there should be any real distinction between lobular hyperplasia and LCIS. There is no role for excision of biopsy sites of LCIS to obtain clear margins, nor for cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, the NSABP P-1 Prevention Trial strongly suggests that subsequent risk can be significantly reduced by tamoxifen. The only rational surgical treatment, if ablation is judged necessary, would be bilateral mastectomy, which appears far too aggressive in view of its low overall risks. Further investigation should clarify the optimal management of LCIS.
The Sea in Cheever's GOODBYE, MY BROTHER

(2007). The Sea in Cheever's GOODBYE, MY BROTHER. The Explicator: Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 232-234.
The relation of the subthalamic and habenular nuclei to oscillating slow wave activity in the midbrain ventral tegmental area.

Abstract Cats anesthetized with barbiturates exhibit bilaterally synchronous slow wave activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) adjacent to the interpeduncular nucleus. This activity slows from 15/sec in lightly anesthetized animals to 8/sec as the depth of anesthesia is increased. Similar activity, phase related to that recorded from VTA, is seen in the lateral habenular, entopeduncular and subthalamic nuclei. Exploration of the brain stem with single pulse stimuli indicates a pathway through the subthalamus which ascends near the entopeduncular nucleus, through ventralis anterior and phases dorsocaudally to the lateral habenular region. It then descends to VTA in or about the habenulo-interpeduncular tract. Lesions along the pathway eliminate VTA evoked responses and slow wave oscillations. Following stimulation of peripheral nerves, a long latency response is recorded bilaterally in VTA, and is abolished by lesions along the pathway just described. Single pulse stimulation of the globus pallidus and entopeduncular nucleus suppresses the slow wave activity for 300 msec or more at all sites from which it has been recorded. Pallidal and entopeduncular stimulation also block responses evoked in VTA by subthalamic and peripheral nerve stimulation, but not those initiated by stimulation of nucleus ventralis anterior or habenula, indicating that the inhibition occurs in the pathway caudal to the level of thalamic nucleus ventralis anterior.
A mathematical analysis of the mortality kinetics of Drosophila melanogaster exposed to gamma radiation

A mathematical model with nonlinear time-varying characteristics has been developed which describes the relationship between the kinetics of natural aging and radiation-induced delayed mortality. Based on this model, it appears that there is an immediate effect of radiation which is continuously, but nonlinearly, increasing in severity. Two phases appear in this variation, corresponding to the two phases (plateau and dying phase) of the mortality curves for control populations. Accordingly, S/E (survival time post-irradiation/further expectation of life) can best be interpreted as an increasing function during the plateau phase of normal mortality curves, which levels off during the ensuing dying phase.
Interfacial bridge-mediated electron transfer: mechanistic analysis based on electrochemical kinetics and theoretical modelling

Understanding the physical and chemical factors that control the kinetics of interfacial electron-transfer (ET) reactions is important for a large number of technological applications. The present article describes electrochemical kinetic studies of these factors, in which standard interfacial ET rate constants (k0(l)) have been measured for ET between substrate Au electrodes and various redox couples attached to the electrode surfaces by variable lengths (l) of oligomethylene (OM), oligophenylenevinylene (OPV) and oligophenyleneethynylene (OPE) bridges, which were constituents of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The k0(l) measurements employed the indirect laser-induced temperature jump (ILIT) technique, which permits the measurement of interfacial ET rates that are orders of magnitude faster than those measurable by conventional techniques using the macroelectrodes that are the most convenient substrates for the mixed SAMs. The robustness of the measured rate constants (k0(l)), together with the Arrhenius activation energies (Ea(l)) and preexponential factors (A(l)), is demonstrated by their invariance with respect to several experimental system parameters (including the chemical nature and length of the diluent component of the mixed SAM). Analysis of the kinetic results demonstrates that all of the observed interfacial ET processes proceed through a common type of transition state (predominantly associated with solvent reorganization around the redox moiety) and that the actual ET step involves direct electronic tunnelling between the Au electrode and the redox moiety. However, for the full range of l investigated, a global exponential decay of A(l) is not found for any of the three types of bridges. Possible reasons for this behavior, including the role of rate determining steps associated with adiabatic mechanisms within or beyond the transition state theory framework, are discussed, and comparisons with related conductance measurements are presented.
Music Activity Preferences of Elementary Students.

A questionnaire regarding music classroom activity preferences was administered to 2,251 kindergarten through fifth-grade students. Students stated whether they liked to participate in 13 traditional music-classroom activities and eight music-program-related activities, and they identified their favorite activity among six. Students preferred playing instruments above all other activities within and across grade levels, and 50% reported instrument playing as their favorite activity. Singing and listening were about equally liked within and across grades. Students preferred creative movement over dance within and across grades; first graders responded less positively to dance than to any other activity. Positive attitude toward composing declined with advancing grade level. Eighty-one percent liked to perform in music programs, and more than half liked to perform in small ensembles. Students responded very positively to attending concerts and having performers come to the classroom, but were less positive ...
Trends in Outcome of Chronic Lung Disease in a Geographically Based Cohort of Very Low Birth Weight Infants Born 1984 to 1996

Trends in Outcome of Chronic Lung Disease in a Geographically Based Cohort of Very Low Birth Weight Infants Born 1984 to 1996
Statistics of Solar Cycle–La Niña Connection: Correlation of Two Autocorrelated Time Series

Both the 11-yr solar cycle and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena are quasi periodic, with periods of 9-11 and 3-4 yr, respectively. There have been claims that the two are correlated, with the sun at its peak in sunspot number presumably forcing a cold event in the equatorial Pacific. However, both phenomena are also highly autocorrelated. Caution should be exercised when testing for the statistical sig- nificance of the correlation of two autocorrelated time series. The solar peak years can coincide with cold ENSO by chance, even if the two time series are independent, and the coincidence then persists for many cycles due to their autocorrelation, before drifting apart. This study demonstrates that this is indeed the case using the Quinn El Nino index (1525-1987), which is a chronicle of observations of El Nino-related events, and the sunspot number (SSN) series going back to 1750. Appropriate statistical tests are suggested that can test for correlation, taking into account autocorrelation applicable to the shorter instrumental records. There is so far no solar peak-La Nina connection found that is statistically significant.
Simplifying a special class of mathematical programs arising in design problems

Abstract We consider a special class of mathematical programs that are encountered in certain design problems. The general form of these problems is Min ƒ(x) + c T y s.t. g i (x) ⩽ 0, Dy ⩽ x ⩽ Ey, y ⩾ 0 , where D and E are diagonal matrices. We suggest an alternative formulation in which the constraints Dy ⩽ x ⩽ Ey are eliminated without increasing the number of variables. Numerical results indicate significant savings in the number of iterations and computer time needed to solve the problem.
Modeling Recruitment Maneuvers with a Variable Compliance Model for Pressure Controlled Ventilation

A nonlinear mathematical model for pressure controlled, variable compliance ventilation is proposed, solved, and analyzed. The effect of the variable compliance on the key outcome variables, tidal volume, average lung volume, total PEEP, and mean alveolar pressure, is presented. Using human data, the variable compliance model is used to investigate effects of recruitment maneuvers on the key outcome variables.
Comparative effectivity of three Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh, vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a high‐phosphorus nursery soil

SUMMARY Inoculation of seedlings of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) with vesicular-arbuscular (YA) mycorrhizal fungi, significantly increased seedling heights, root collar diameters, dry matter accumulations and phosphorus (P) nutrition relative to control seedlings. The ability of these YA mycorrhizal fungi, which were isolated from low-P forest soils (5–7 mg kg−1), to enhance seedling growth in a high-P (148 mg kg−1) nursery soil provides evidence for the occurrence of YA mycorrhizal fungi which may be effective under both high and low soil P conditions. There was a significant positive correlation between foliar P concentration and percentage infection. Despite significant differences in tissue P concentrations among seedlings receiving different inoculum treatments, the degree of growth enhancement was the same. Growth increases due to enhanced P nutrition in seedlings with higher concentrations of foliar P may have been offset by an increased drain on host photosynthate via production and maintenance of greater amounts of fungal bomass, or may have been limited by the low K fertility of the nursery soil. Colonization percentages in roots of seedlings of green ash were high despite high soil P concentrations. The pattern of infection development was unique for each YA mycorrhizal fungal species. A modification of the grid-line intercept technique was used to assess intensity of infection. Infection for all endophytes during the period of most rapid vegetative host growth was predominantly arbuscular. However, arbuscular intensity fluctuated during this period. Vesicles increased in number with time but always made up a small percentage of total infection.
Electrophoretic analysis of specific proteins in the regenerating goldfish retinotectal pathway

Proteins in the goldfish retinotectal pathway were analyzed by 2-D gel electrophoresis, under conditions of optic nerve crush or eye removal. A specific cluster of proteins was detected, consisting of 4 components, all of which are highly concentrated in the intact optic nerve. Two components were not detectable in non-visual areas of the goldfish brain. The total cluster was diminished by about 80% in the denervated optic tectum, and its level was restored during optic nerve regeneration. These data were interpreted as evidence for visual system-specific proteins in the goldfish retinotectal pathway.
Group Intervention Involving a Client With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A Clinical Case Study

The following case study outlines results from the assessment and treatment of a 32-year-old African American woman with chronic fatigue syndrome. The case history describes a client who is demoralized as a result of having endured worsening symptomatology for the past 3 years with little help from the health care professionals she has consulted. Following evaluation, the client completed a series of eight empowerment- oriented, peer counseling groups. Central issues addressed in treatment included issues surrounding expectations fromhealth care providers, issues of denial versus acceptance, identity integration, and irregular patterns of activity. The case study demonstrates the necessity for an individualized and integrative approach to treatment that addresses both medical and psychological aspects of the illness. Findings indicated that a peer-facilitated group therapy intervention was effective in enabling the client to educate herself and gain some acceptance of her condition, modify negative fatigue-related cognitions, improve self-care, and regulate her activity levels.
PU.1 and GATA: components of a mast cell-specific interleukin 4 intronic enhancer.

Abstract Interleukin 4 (IL-4), a critical immunoregulatory cytokine, is produced by a subset of T lymphocytes and cells of the mast cell/basophil lineage. There are cell-specific differences in the regulatory elements that control IL-4 transcription in these two cell types. A 683-bp Bgl II fragment, located within the second intron of the murine IL-4 gene, was previously shown to exhibit mast cell-specific enhancer activity. To define critical cis-acting elements that regulate this enhancer, a series of deletions from the 5' and 3' ends of the Bgl II fragment were generated. Their effect on enhancer activity was assessed in IL-4-producing mast cell lines in transient transfection assays. Two functionally independent subregions, E1 and E2, were defined in this analysis. Both are required for full enhancer activity. Sequences identical to previously defined DNA-binding sites for SP1 and GATA are present within E1, and an ets binding site is located within E2. Although mutation of the SP1 sites had no effect on enhancer function, alteration of either the GATA or ets site reduced enhancer activity by 50-60%. Proteins that associate with the IL-4 intronic GATA and ets sites were detected in mast cell nuclear extracts by mobility-shift assays. Specific antibodies identified these factors as GATA-1 and GATA-2 and the ets family member PU.1. GATA-1, GATA-2, and PU.1 exhibit cell-specific expression, suggesting that these proteins play a critical role in the lineage-restricted activity of the IL-4 intronic enhancer in mast cells.
Relying on information acquired by a principal

Abstract This paper analyzes situations in which a principal is able to privately gather information about a task after contracting with an agent. To benefit from this information, the principal must mitigate her own incentives not only to misreport information to the agent but also to shirk on gathering information. If information gathering costs are large, the principal will design a contract in which output levels are different from the efficient levels in each of the possible states. While the optimal contract appears to provide high-powered incentives to the agent, it is actually designed to mitigate the principal's own incentives to shirk on gathering information and to misreport.
Engagement vs performance: using electronic portfolios to predict first semester engineering student retention

As providers of higher education begin to harness the power of big data analytics, one very fitting application for these new techniques is that of predicting student attrition. The ability to pinpoint students who might soon decide to drop out of a given academic program allows those in charge to not only understand the causes for this undesired outcome, but it also provides room for the development of early intervention systems. While making such inferences based on academic performance data alone is certainly possible, we claim that in many cases there is no substantial correlation between how well a student performs and his or her decision to withdraw. This is specially true when the overall set of students has a relatively similar academic performance. To address this issue, we derive measurements of engagement from students' electronic portfolios and show how these features can be effectively used to augment the quality of predictions.
Health-oriented physician education

The U.S. health care delivery system presents an extensive problem list. Chief among the problems is the fact that the system does not do what it could do in prevention. Historically, it has been shown that the key to the improving health levels which have occurred over the last 300 years has been prevention. In the modern era of chronic disease, the potential for achievement by prevention remains high. However, in the U.S., the so-called health care delivery system is dominated by a medical profession which is, in fact, disease- rather than health-oriented. A major factor producing disease orientation in the profession is the medical education system. If a true health care delivery system is to be developed, a health-oriented medical profession will have to be created. A major element in achieving that end would be the institution of HOPE: Health-Oriented Physician Education. The major elements of HOPE are: prevention orientation, problem basing, computer assistance, healthy living for participants, and professionalism in medical teaching. One approach to a model curriculum for implementing HOPE is described.
Effect of dislocation transmutation on modeling hardening mechanisms by twinning in magnesium

Abstract Textured hexagonal close packed double-lattice structures show stronger anisotropy than textured cubic structures. The reason lies behind the necessity to activate deformation twinning and hard slip dislocation modes. Although the mechanisms behind activation of dislocations with non-basal Burgers vectors are still not fundamentally understood, the effect of twinning on hardening presents the most substantial challenge to polycrystal plasticity modelers. The origin of the increasing strain hardening rate regime (Regime II) upon profuse twinning is still not fundamentally clear. Previous successful attempts to fit the stress–strain behaviors based on a Hall–Petch effect by twin segmentation had systemically led to discrepancies in predicting intermediate textures and/or twin volume fraction evolutions. A recent dislocation-based hardening rule incorporated into the Visco-Plastic Self-Consistent (VPSC) model allows slip and twinning to be physically coupled in the simulations. In this paper, we investigate hardening mechanisms in pure magnesium and apply a dislocation based formalism to model anisotropy. In contrast to magnesium alloys, we show that pure magnesium under large strains develops substantial multivariant twinning and multifold twinning. These twinning phenomena are accompanied by a marked grain refinement and blunting of former twin boundaries. This blunting suggests severe accommodation effects in the soft matrix that caused the twin boundary to lose coherency. Thus, multivariant and multifold twinning take place to accommodate further deformation, but the subsequent twin–twin interactions arise to contribute in material hardening. The strain path anisotropy related to the saturation stresses revealed major missing links for comprehending hardening by twinning and substantiated dislocation transmutation effect by twinning shear.
Comment on electromagnetic potential in Thomas-Fermi-Dirac atoms

It is shown that the transverse photon-electron interaction significantly modifies the conclusions of Gross and Rafelski and changes the mutual cancellation of the exchange and relativistic corrections to the inner-shell electrons of atoms with $Zg40$ instead of $Zg58$.
Renal cystic disease: from mechanisms to drug development

Cystic kidney disease, one of the leading causes of end stage renal disease (ESRD), encompasses a group of genetic disorders defined by the presence and the expansion of cysts at various positions in the nephron. Recent studies in humans and model organisms have identified a direct relationship between cyst formation and dysfunctional ciliary proteins, and have suggested that ciliary dysfunction is a major driver of cystogenesis. However, the fact that the primary cilium is now understood to be a central coordinator for multiple cellular signaling pathways has complicated our mechanistic understanding of cystogenesis and has offered diverse and sometimes contradictory paths to therapeutic designs. Here, we will focus on the recent findings which underlie the molecular mechanisms of cyst formation in the kidney and we discuss how insights of these studies are beginning to offer routes toward the development of treatment paradigms and the promise of preclinical and clinical trials.
Progeny-Tests of Sire and Son

Abstract The general method of progeny-testing dairy sires by contemporary comparisons is summarized. The efficiency of the method is measured by the correlation between the sire's true genetic merit and his merit as estimated from the progeny test; it depends on the number of daughters available. The expression for the correlation can be manipulated to provide a useful procedure for calculating the number of daughters required in a progeny-test in order that the correlation between estimated and true merit of a sire shall be of predetermined magnitude. A son's merit can be estimated from his sire's progeny and from his own. Relationships between these estimates and the sire's progeny-test are discussed, from which it is concluded that for a heritability of 0.25 a sire's progeny-test based on an infinite number of daughters gives no more information about his son's true merit than does a progeny-test of the son himself based on five of his own daughters.
The Effects of Running Cadence Manipulation on Plantar Loading in Healthy Runners

Our purpose was to evaluate effects of cadence manipulation on plantar loading during running. Participants (n=38) ran on a treadmill at their preferred speed in 3 conditions: preferred, 5% increased, and 5% decreased while measured using in-shoe sensors. Data (contact time [CT], peak force [PF], force time integral [FTI], pressure time integral [PTI] and peak pressure [PP]) were recorded for 30 right footfalls. Multivariate analysis was performed to detect differences in loading between cadences in the total foot and 4 plantar regions. Differences in plantar loading occurred between cadence conditions. Total foot CT and PF were lower with a faster cadence, but no total foot PP differences were observed. Faster cadence reduced CT, pressure and force variables in both the heel and metatarsal regions. Increasing cadence did not elevate metatarsal loads; rather, total foot and all regions were reduced when healthy runners increased their cadence. If a 5% increase in cadence from preferred were maintained over each mile run the impulse at the heel would be reduced by an estimated 565 body weights*s (BW*s) and the metatarsals 140–170 BW*s per mile run despite the increased steps taken. Increasing cadence may benefit overuse injuries associated with elevated plantar loading.
Formation of hyaluronic acid–ellagic acid microfiber hybrid hydrogels and their applications

Microfiber assemblies prepared from ellagic acid (EA) were functionalized with histidine (His) and dispersed in hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel microstructures. Swelling studies indicated that the hybrids had a relatively lower water uptake compared to HA and was pH dependent. The percentage swelling ratio for EA–His–HA hybrids was 48 % when 0.04 mg/mL of HA was incorporated and increased to 70 % when 1.2 mg/mL HA was integrated. Release studies using the dye crystal violet (CV) as a model drug showed that the rates were concentration-dependent. Further the hybrids were found to be thermally stable compared to HA. Cellular toxicity assays performed with normal rat kidney (NRK) cells indicated biocompatibility and adherence of the hybrids to the cells. Thus, we have developed a new family of hybrid hydrogels which readily formed on the EA–His functionalized microfibers and may have potential applications in drug delivery or tissue regeneration applications.
Interactions of energetic particles and clusters with solids

Abstract Ion beams are being applied for surface modifications of materials in a variety of different ways: ion implantation, ion beam mixing, sputtering, and particle or cluster beam assisted deposition. Fundamental to all of these processes is the deposition of a large amount of energy, generally some keV, in a localized area. This can lead to the production of defects, atomic mixing, disordering and in some cases, amorphization. Recent results of molecular dynamics computer simulations of energetic displacement cascades in Cu and Ni with energies up to 5 keV suggest that thermal spikes play an important role in these processes. Specifically, it will be shown that many aspects of defect production, atomic mixing and cascade collapse can be understood as a consequence of local melting of the cascade core. Included in this discussion will be the possible role of electron-phonon coupling in thermal spike dynamics. The interaction of energetic clusters of atoms with solid surfaces has also been studied by molecular dynamics simulations. This process is of interest because a large amount of energy can be deposited in a small region and possibly without creating point defects in the substrate or implanting cluster atoms. The simulations reveal that the dynamics of the collision process are strongly dependent on cluster size and energy. Different regimes where defect production, local melting and plastic flow dominate will be discussed.