cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The hydrodynamics of Type II supernove

Observations of Type II supernovae indicate the presence of a moderately cool expanding photosphere. This situation can result from an explosion in a star with an extended envelope. The evolutionary phases of an explosion are described. Information on the propagation of the shock wave through the star can be obtained from ..gamma..=4/3 blast wave solutions. If the photon mean free path becomes large compared to the length scales of the flow, a thermal wave moves out from the shock wave and a dense shell is formed behind the shock. The arrival of the shock wave at the photosphere is accompanied by ultraviolet and X-ray burst. As the star expands, a rarefaction wave converts internal energy into kinetic energy. Detailed hydrodynamic models have been calculated, assuming an initial radius compatible with stellar evolution and an energy compatible with the observed velocities. The observed values of photospheric radius and temperature near maximum light are reproduced. Features of the models which are consistent with observation are: the ejection of a detached shell; the cooling of the photosphere from 10,000 K to 6000 K in tens of days after maximum visual light; the shape of the light curve around maximum; the decrease in themore » velocity of the gas at the photosphere in tens of days after maximum; and a photospheric radius of about 10/sup 14/ cm after several hundred days. (AIP)« less
Development of a physics-based degradation model for lithium ion polymer batteries considering side reactions

Experimental investigations conducted on a large format lithium ion polymer battery (LiPB) have revealed that side reactions taking place at anode are the major factor for degradation of the battery performance and lead to capacity and power fade. Side reactions consume ions and solvents from the electrolyte and produce deposits that increase the thickness of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and form a new layer between composite anode and separator. These phenomena are described using physical principles based on the Tafel and Nernst equations that are integrated into the developed electrochemical-thermal model. The key parameters for the side reactions used in the model are experimentally determined from self-discharging behavior of the battery. The integrated model is then validated against experimental data obtained from different operating conditions. Analysis has revealed that the capacity fade is predominantly caused by loss of ions and active materials. The results also show that the rate of side reactions and degradations are more severe at charging process under high SOC and high C-rate due to low overpotential of the side reactions.
Flow Past Oscillating Cylinders

The phenomenon of vortex shedding by oscillating cylinders is a complex one. Its understanding is however of utmost importance in marine-related engineering, particularly in connection with motions of deep submersibles and marine risers. In this paper, computation results are presented so that the behaviour of the shedding as a function of certain parameter space can be elucidated. A methodology based on the Random Vortex Method and a complex- variable boundary-integral formulation is used to study both forced and vortex-induced oscillations of a circular cylinder. Preliminary evaluation of this method indicates that it has been successful in predicting a number of experimentally observed behaviour, among which the phenomena of "lock-in" associated with oscillation of the cylinder is well captured.
Metabolism of 3β-hydroxy-5α- and 3β-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one by leaf homogenates

Abstract Leaf homogenates of Cheiranthus cheiri , Nerium oleander , Strophanthus kombe , Digitalis purpurea , and Corchorus capsularis were ex
Biochemical studies on poliovirus polypeptide 2C: evidence for ATPase activity.

Abstract Poliovirus 2C is a nonstructural polypeptide proposed to function in viral RNA replication. Poliovirus 2C is a member of a rapidly expanding family of proteins containing a consensus for nucleotide binding (NTP-B). Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved residues in the consensus A and S sites have suggested a functional role for the NTP-B motif in viral RNA replication and proliferation of poliovirus. We have expressed wildtype 2C and a 2C mutant, carrying a single amino acid exchange in the NTP-B motif A (Lys135Gln) using the baculovirus system. Both wildtype and mutant proteins are membrane associated. Following membrane solubilization, we have purified wildtype and mutant proteins to near homogeneity using conventional chromatography. We present biochemical evidence that wildtype 20 copurifies with an ATPase activity that is absent in the mutant preparation.
Biopolitics, biopower, and the return of sovereignty

In this paper we want to open up for discussion what counts as ‘biopolitics’—a term frequently used by critics and devotees alike to describe the organization of political power and authority in a world after Bretton Woods, the Cold War, and 9/11. We do so on two fronts. On the one hand, we contrast Foucault on war and the normalizing society, Agamben on thanatopolitics, and Hardt and Negri on biopotenza. Our goal here is to draw attention to multiple competing definitions of biopolitics, and in so doing problematize the term as a catchall category to describe either the ‘nonsovereign’ or the ‘postsovereign’ operation of power. On the other hand, while refusing some baseline definition of what counts as biopolitics, we develop our own specifically geographical criticisms of Agamben and Hardt and Negri on the topic of biopolitics. Following Sparke's recent interrogation of postfoundational thought on account of its oftentimes buried metaphysics of geopresence, we submit that Agamben as well as Hardt and Ne...
Dynamic Amplification of Pier Column Internal Forces Due to Barge-Bridge Collision

In the United States, bridge design provisions for waterway vessel collision typically involve static application of code-prescribed impact loads. However, results from full-scale experimental impact tests have revealed that significant mass-related inertial forces can develop in affected piers because of the overlying superstructure. In part on the basis of these findings, a dynamic (time history) analysis technique was previously developed; it predicts both impact load and structural response. In the current research, the dynamic analysis technique is combined with recently developed barge force-deformation relationships and a simplified bridge modeling technique to conduct a detailed investigation of collision-induced dynamic amplification phenomena. Design forces are quantified for a wide range of bridge types by using dynamic and static analyses. For each bridge considered, dynamic amplifications are numerically quantified by comparing dynamic to static predictions of pier column demand. Significant ...
Readiness for Formal Learning in the Middle Grades: A Study of Predictors for Success in Eighth Grade Algebra:

This study was an investigation of whether a paper and pencil measure of cognitive development level is a better predictor of success in an eighth grade algebra course than more traditional measures such as algebra prognosis and general achievement test scores, teacher recommendations, and previous mathematics grades. Multiple regression analyses using a sample of 131 students indicated that two standardized measures, one of general achievement and one of cognitive development, were the best overall predictors of success as measured by a standardized algebra achievement test. Using the final algebra grade as the criterion measure resulted in teacher recommendations and previous mathematics grades as the best predictors. The addition of gender to both equations showed a slight edge for males on achievement scores, but did not differentiate between the sexes with respect to grades received.
Anaesthesia for aortic arch aneurysm repair: experience with 17 patients.

Mortality and morbidity during aortic arch aneurysm repair is high despite improvements in surgical technique which attempt to assure brain protection during surgery. We successfully managed 17 patients using deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Anaesthesia consisted of pancuronium, fentanyl, plus isoflurane or halothane if needed. Pulmonary artery and arterial catheters were inserted. Surface cooling was performed followed by core cooling on cardiopulmonary bypass, using a heat exchanger. Total circulatory arrest was performed when esophageal temperature reached 12-14 ° C after previous administration of thiopenlone 30 mg*kg-1, methylprednisolone 2 gm, furosemide 40 mg and mannitol 25 gm. At that time the head was packed in ice and surgical correction performed. Mean arrest time was 36.5 ± 13 minutes al a mean oesophageal temperature of 12.5 ± 0.75° C. No serious, permanent neurological deficit was found. Tracheostomy was required in five patients of whom two had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Two of these patients died of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and renal failure. The reported technique is safe and can be easily used in patients undergoing aortic arch aneurysm repair.
Age at puberty, ovulation rate, uterine length, prenatal survival and litter size in Chinese Meishan and Yorkshire females.

Studies on the ovulation rate, prenatal survival and litter size of Chinese Meishan pigs have given widely divergent results depending on the extent of inbreeding of the animals, their original genetic diversity, the age and parity, and the conditions of management. To obtain meaningful results, it is necessary to characterize the population under study. The following report characterizes populations of Meishan and Yorkshire of a widely diverse background. First farrowing data were collected on 21 Meishan and 20 Yorkshire gilts. Meishan gilts had 12.4 fully formed piglets and Yorkshire gilts had 7.4 fully formed piglets (P 0.40) in the two breeds. Daily estrous detection of 50 Meishan and 34 Yorkshire gilts began at 60 and 120 days of age, respectively. Meishan gilts reached sexual maturity at 95 days of age, which was 105 days earlier than Yorkshire gilts (P 0.60). Nineteen Meishan gilts were slaughtered at 51 days of gestation and their reproductive tracts were recovered. The mean number of dissected CL (17.0), number of fetuses (13.1), total uterine length (396 cm), spacing per fetus (29.9 cm), allantoic (124.9 ml) and amniotic (32.2 ml) volumes, crown-rump length (82.8 mm), weight (35.4 g), sex, and direction of each fetus were determined. Chinese Meishan gilts reached puberty much earlier and were in estrus longer than Yorkshire gilts and Meishan sows had more CL than Yorkshire sows.
MAGNETIC FIELDS FROM SOHO MDI CONVERTED TO THE MOUNT WILSON 150 FOOT SOLAR TOWER SCALE

In order to permit the construction of long-duration time series dependent on the Sun's magnetic field, this paper presents a detailed cross-correlation between sets of simultaneous magnetograms from the Mount Wilson Observatory (MWO) and the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) aboard the SOHO spacecraft. The MWO 150 foot (45.72 m) solar tower telescope magnetogram data are for the Fe I 525.0 nm and Ni I 676.8 nm lines, and the MDI data are level 1.8 magnetograms also for the Ni I 676.8 nm spectral line. In these comparisons, we apply a saturation correction factor to the MWO 525.0 nm fields prior to the derivation of the MDI scale factor. Data from 1997 March to 2002 August are used for this work. We have found that the ratio of MWO Fe I 525.0 nm magnetograms over MDI magnetograms is about 1.7, and it is a function of the center-to-limb angle. Moreover, there are differences between the west-side and the east-side ratios, and these differences may come from the angle dependence of the Michelson filters in the MDI instrument. The MDI tuning changes, on the other hand, are not associated with significant jumps in the derived scale factor ratio. The average scale factors should be adequate for the construction of MDI images closely comparable to those of the saturation-corrected long-duration MWO 525.0 nm sequence.
IN SEARCH OF A USABLE PAST: CONSERVATIVE THOUGHT IN AMERICA

There is no conservative thought in America, only “irritable mental gestures which seek to resemble ideas,” wrote Lionel Trilling in 1950, thus providing a generation of historians with a convenient set piece to demonstrate the inadequacies of mid-century liberalism and its blindness to the nascent conservative intellectual movement gathering strength and purpose just as Trilling wrote. Two excellent new books about American intellectual history cast this quote in yet another light. Patrick Allitt's The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities throughout American History carefully documents a centuries-long tradition of conservative thought in America, from the founding era through the end of the twentieth century. In The Conservative Turn: Lionel Trilling, Whittaker Chambers, and the Lessons of Anti-Communism , Michael Kimmage asserts that Trilling himself be considered a source of conservative ideas in postwar America. Taken together, the books by Allitt and Kimmage indicate that a new cycle of writing about conservative thought has reached full flower. For far too long, the field of conservative intellectual history has been dominated by the figure of George Nash, author of the classic 1976 The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America since 1945 . These books provide an updated and more critically sophisticated way to examine the terrain Nash strode alone for so long. More significantly, they indicate that intellectual historians are ready to consider conservatism in dialogue with liberalism, bringing new balance to the study of American ideas. Furthermore, both books, Kimmage's in particular, suggest that some of what we are calling conservative and liberal might be flying under the wrong flag. The key to sorting out the confusion will be drawing a more careful distinction between conservatism as a “movement” and as a body of ideas, and looking at both conservatisms as part of a typically American response to historical change, rather than as an exotic and abberant specimen.
Detection of ApoE E2, E3 and E4 alleles using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and the homogeneous mass-extend technology

Apolipoprotein (Apo) E is one of the five main types of blood lipoproteins (A-E). It is synthesized primarily in the liver and brain and helps in transporting lipids from one place to another as well as facilitates the clearing of dietary fats, such as triglycerides, from the blood. The ApoE gene exists in three different forms: E2, E3 and E4. E3 is considered to be the normal form. Variants of the ApoE gene have been associated with various diseases. Developing an assay for the genotyping of ApoE variants for use both in clinical and large cohort based association settings would be extremely valuable and would require the use of a platform that has high-throughput capabilities and is highly accurate. Here we describe an assay for the simultaneous genotyping of the ApoE variants in a single bi-plex reaction and a single well using the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and the homogeneous mass-extend (hME) technology. The assay is robust, highly accurate and suitable for both clinical applications and for the genotyping of large disease cohorts. Moreover, the prevalence of ApoE variants in a cohort of Caucasians from the central Wisconsin area is outlined.
Technology and Adult Students In Higher Education: A Review of the Literature

Adult learners are becoming more common in institutions of higher education. These learners often bring with them experiences and expectations that can significantly affect their educational needs, progress and activity in the classroom. A review of the literature suggests instructors in higher educational settings need to review their current teaching methodologies in light of the increase in enrollment of these types of students. Specifically, pedagogical, or instructor-centered, approaches tend to be less effective in meeting the needs of adult learners. Additionally, faculty must change their perceptions about the presence and utilization of instructional technologies in meeting student needs, especially those of adults. Instructors must consider how technology can influence the development and application of andragogy in the classroom to assist adult learners.
Response of geiger mode APDs for different numbers of input photons

A method that can yield avalanche probabilities for Geiger-mode APDs under different numbers of photon excitation is reported in this paper. A relation between avalanche probability distribution and photon number is derived. The dark count probability as a function of discrimination level at room temperature was measured
Experimental challenges of sense codon reassignment: An innovative approach to genetic code expansion

The addition of new and versatile chemical and biological properties to proteins pursued through incorporation of non-canonical amino acids is at present primarily achieved by stop codon suppression. However, it is critical to find new “blank” codons to increase the variety and efficiency of such insertions, thereby taking ‘sense codon recoding’ to center stage in the field of genetic code expansion. Current thought optimistically suggests the use of the pyrrolysine system coupled with re-synthesis of genomic information towards achieving sense codon reassignment. Upon review of the serious experimental challenges reported in recent studies, we propose that success in this area will depend on the re-synthesis of genomes, but also on ‘rewiring’ the mechanism of protein synthesis and of its quality control.
Marker-passing on a parallel knowledge processing testbed

The authors have been experimenting with knowledge representation and reasoning mechanisms suitable for parallel computation. Their primary domain is natural language understanding (NLU) using a semantic network representation and parallel marker-passing techniques. They have implemented a multiprocessor called the Semantic Network Array Processor (SNAP-1) for real-time processing of moderately-sized knowledge bases. >
Fit to Miss, but Matched to Hatch: Success Factors among the Second Generation's Disadvantaged in South Florida

This article examines the elements of successful outcomes among disadvantaged members of the South Florida immigrant communities and assesses the utility of rational choice theory and the Wisconsin model. The findings are derived from ethnographic interviews and analysis of two of the most underprivileged South Florida districts, Little Haiti and Hialeah. The article builds upon the elements of success as identified in the lead article of this volume, which include items relevant to the family, the individual, and the broader community context. The authors add the following to those success factors: (1) ignorance (or disregard) of the barriers to success and the odds against overcoming them; (2) emotionally motivated responses to the surrounding social conditions or to specific (cathartic) events; and (3) exiting underprivileged neighborhoods of origin to facilitate access to resources, mainly educational.
A novel sensitive method for the detection of user-defined compositional bias in biological sequences

Motivation: Most biological sequences contain compositionally biased segments in which one or more residue types are significantly overrepresented. The function and evolution of these segments are poorly understood. Usually, all types of compositionally biased segments are masked and ignored during sequence analysis. However, it has been shown for a number of proteins that biased segments that contain amino acids with similar chemical properties are involved in a variety of molecular functions and human diseases. A detailed large-scale analysis of the functional implications and evolutionary conservation of different compositionally biased segments requires a sensitive method capable of detecting user-specified types of compositional bias. Results: We present BIAS, a novel sensitive method for the detection of compositionally biased segments composed of a user-specified set of residue types. BIAS uses the discrete scan statistics that provides a highly accurate correction for multiple tests to compute analytical estimates of the significance of each compositionally biased segment. The method can take into account global compositional bias when computing analytical estimates of the significance of local clusters. BIAS is benchmarked against SEG, SAPS and CAST programs. We also use BIAS to show that groups of proteins with the same biological function are significantly associated with particular types of compositionally biased segments. Availability: The software is available at http://lcg.rit.albany.edu/bias/ Contact: ikuznetsov@albany.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
OTF compensation in structured illumination superresolution images

The lateral resolution of an imaging system is limited by its numerical aperture and the wavelength. Structured illumination incident on the object heterodynes the higher spatial frequencies of the object with the spatial frequency of the sinusoidal illumination into the passband of the imaging system providing lateral superresolution. This idea has been implemented in microscopy. Multiple images of an object are taken, with distinct phase shifts in the sinusoidally patterned illumination. They are processed to separate the conventional, un-aliased object spatial frequencies from the aliased ones, which contain superresolution information. The separated aliased terms are de-aliased (i.e. the spatial frequencies in them are moved to their correct locations in Fourier space) giving superresolution along the direction perpendicular to the orientation of the sinusoidal fringe pattern. This process is repeated with, say, 60° and 120° rotation of the sinusoidal fringe illumination to obtain superresolution in all directions. The final reconstructed image can be obtained by appropriate combination of the de-aliased superresolution components with the conventional, un-aliased components. We discuss the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and optical transfer function (OTF) compensation in the combination of all these components to obtain an image with lateral superresolution.
On theories and models

Starting from the assumption that the ability to see patterns and thus abstract from actual events and properties of specific objects is universal, the article reviews different conceptualizations of and attitudes toward the terms ‘theory’ and ‘model’, identifying two co-existing and opposing tendencies: the love for details (originally praised by Franz Boas) and the attraction to generalizations that can cover a wide range of phenomena. Using as a backdrop seven theses here reproduced in the Appendix, the article also examines the implications of taking the notion of interaction as primary in the analysis of language and culture. Such implications involve the need to identify useful units of analysis and evaluative measures for competing theories and models.
Is a Woman's Place in the House? An Analysis of Shared Gender and Political Representation in the U.S. House of Representatives

This study examines the impact of gender on the political representation of women in the United States. Focusing on members of the House of Representatives, I analyze through congruence and legislative decision models whether female representatives are more likely than male representatives to reflect the policy preferences of their female constituents. Using data from Harvard University’s Cooperative Congressional Election Survey, this paper takes a unique approach in analyzing the relationship of politics and gender by tying the stated policy preferences of constituents to the actions of their representatives in determining the substantive representation of women. The results show that male representatives consistently reflect the preferences of their male constituents over those of their female constituents, particularly on issues over which men and women disagree. The effect of shared gender on political representation is less clear for female legislators. In simple legislative decision models, female representatives weigh the preferences of their female constituents more than those of their male constituents. However, upon controlling for three kinds of fixed effects, this pattern disappears and eventually reverses, with congresswomen exhibiting the same partiality toward the attitudes of their male constituents. When the analysis is restricted to contentious bills, those over which men and women disagree the most, congresswomen appear to consistently reflect the political views of their female constituents to a greater extent than those of their male constituents. Supporting literature in this area, shared political party has the strongest relationship with a legislator’s voting behavior. I discuss feminist, financial, cultural and political explanations of these dynamic results. Acknowledgements I would like to thank all of the individuals who helped and supported me throughout my thesis. I am indebted to my thesis advisor, Professor Sean Nicholson, whose guidance, patience, and assistance from the very first day I decided on this topic has been crucial in composing my final research paper. Secondly, I wish to thank Professor Peter Enns, who has been an incredible source of knowledge and advice throughout the composition of my paper. Thirdly, I owe deep gratitude to Professor Avery, who has invested so much of her time in designing and implementing the rigorous PAM honors program, from which I have benefited so very greatly in my final year at Cornell University. Lastly, I am so very grateful for the help of the CISER consultant team, namely Sandeep Satyavolu, Florio Arguillas, and June Pan, for their invaluable assistance in coding my data sets in STATA. This thesis would not have been possible without the terrific data from Harvard University’s Cooperative Congressional Election Study.
Volatile correlation computation: a checkpoint view

Recent years have witnessed increased interest in computing strongly correlated pairs in very large databases. Most previous studies have been focused on static data sets. However, in real-world applications, input data are often dynamic and must continually be updated. With such large and growing data sets, new research efforts are expected to develop an incremental solution for correlation computing. Along this line, in this paper, we propose a CHECK-POINT algorithm that can efficiently incorporate new transactions for correlation computing as they become available. Specifically, we set a checkpoint to establish a computation buffer, which can help us determine an upper bound for the correlation. This checkpoint bound can be exploited to identify a list of candidate pairs, which will be maintained and computed for correlations as new transactions are added into the database. However, if the total number of new transactions is beyond the buffer size, a new upper bound is computed by the new checkpoint and a new list of candidate pairs is identified. Experimental results on real-world data sets show that CHECK-POINT can significantly reduce the correlation computing cost in dynamic data sets and has the advantage of compacting the use of memory space.
Mechanism of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C: origin of unusually high nonbridging thio effects.

Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) has been proposed previously to employ a catalytic mechanism highly reminiscent of that of ribonuclease A (RNase A). Both catalytic sites are comprised of two histidine side chains acting as a general base−general acid pair and a phosphate-activating residue: an arginine in the case of PI-PLC and a lysine in RNase A. Despite these structural similarities, the PI-PLC reaction is slowed 105-fold upon substitution of one of the phosphate nonbridging oxygen atoms with sulfur, whereas a much smaller effect is observed in the analogous RNase A reaction. Here, we report a systematic study of this property in PI-PLC, conducted by means of site-directed chemical modification of a cysteine residue replacing the arginine at position 69. The results show that mutant enzymes featuring bidentate side chains at this position display significantly higher activity, higher thio effects, and greater stereoselectivity than do those with monodentate side chains. The resu...
Performance and complexity

Shannon showed that it was possible to achieve arbitrarily low error rates at any data rate less than channel capacity. By the early Sixties, it had been realized that the real problem was how to achieve reasonable error rates with acceptable decoding complexity at data rates anywhere near capacity. The author's research has been primarily motivated by this problem. The author offers an account of some of his adventures in this pursuit, and some preliminary conclusions.
A vertical SiC JFET with a monolithically integrated JBS diode

It is desirable for many power applications to integrate a power switch and its reverse-parallel diode onto the same chip/package to reduce component count and improve circuit reliability and integrity. In this paper, a SiC vertical JFET with a monolithically integrated JBS diode is proposed, fabricated and characterized. The integrated switch uses a process similar to that of a traditional SiC vertical JFET. The experimental results show that, in the reverse direction, the integrated switch, can conduct current by utilizing both the integrated diode and the JFET channel. This can be utilized to significantly reduce the device conduction loss in power electronic applications.
Exercise Programs for Patients with Post-Polio Syndrome: A Case Report

Several authors have reported on post-polio syndrome, indicating a decline in muscle strength in individuals years after the onset of poliomyelitis. These reports include suggestions that strenuous exercise programs are contraindicated and may have deleterious effects for patients with post-polio syndrome. The purpose of this case study was to examine the effects of an aggressive, six-week isokinetic exercise program on a 59-year-old patient with post-polio syndrome. Peak torque values were assessed before and during the exercise program, and 6 and 22 weeks following cessation of the exercise program. The results indicate no deleterious effects secondary to the exercise program. The authors suggest future research strategies to investigate the efficacy of exercise programs for patients with post-polio syndrome.
Phylogeny of Milkweed Tussocks (Arctiidae: Arctiinae: Phaegopterini) and Its Implications for Evolution of Ultrasound Communication

Some have proposed that the evolution of ultrasound as a male courtship cue in milkweed tussocks has arisen stepwise through transitional stages of redundant courtship cues (both pheromone and ultrasound). Furthermore, it has been proposed that ultrasound courtship was evolutionarily linked to a switch to cardenolide-producing larval host plants. To test the hypothesis of a transitional stage and proposed correlation of the behavior with larval hosts, the phylogenetic relationships of the phaegopterines Euchaetes, Cycnia, Ectypia, Pygarctia, and Pareuchaetes were assessed with 88 characters (205 states) derived from adult morphology. The resulting strict consensus placed the Pareuchaetes among the outgroup genera and recovered the remaining four genera as a clade. Euchaetes was not monophyletic; however, removal of Pareuchaetes results in monophyly. Based on this phylogeny, the ancestor of the ingroup clade fed on cardenolide-containing host plants, possessed well developed tymbals and lacked coremata (pheromone distributing structures). Thus, the use of male ultrasound in courtship was correlated with larval feeding on cardenolide hosts. The hypothesis that ultrasound first arose as a redundant courtship cue, with a subsequent loss of the male pheromone, was not supported by our data. Rather, male pheromone courtship was reacquired after ultrasound courtship in two lineages, based on the presence of coremata and behavioral data.
The Distinct and Interrelated Roles of Value-Driven Design, Multidisciplinary Design Optimization, and Decision Analysis

The different intents and capabilities of Value-Dri ven Design and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization are explored, compared, and contrasted. A distinct and necessary role is found for each technique. The foundation of both research areas in Decision Analysis is explored, particularly in the context of Multidisci plinary Design Optimization and ValueDriven Design for Large-Scale Complex Engineered Systems.
Direct hepatotoxic effect of KC chemokine in the liver without infiltration of neutrophils.

KC is a mouse homolog of human chemokine gro-α (CXCL1), expression of which is increased in liver diseases. We show that activated, but not quiescent, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) express KC. Hepatic stellate cells constitutively express the KC receptor, CXCR2. Addition of recombinant KC to HSCs undergoing activation in culture Increases secretion and processing of Type I collagen. Overexpression of endogenous KC in the mouse liver could be achieved by an intraperitoneal injection CCl4 followed after 24 hrs by an injection of recombinant KC into circulation. This protocol resulted in about a 14-fold increase in concentration of KC protein in the liver. Overexpression of KC was associated with upregulation of the mRNA for CXCR2 and MIP-2 and with necrosis and increased synthesis of Type I collagen. This suggests that KC has a direct hepatotoxic effect, which led to a massive liver necrosis after 48 hrs. No accumulation of neutrophils was seen in the livers as judged by histology and reverse transcriptase-...
Stress and Health

Acute stress, aiding in the flight-or-fight response, is inherently beneficial to humans and aids in primitive survival techniques. However, persistent activation of the stress response—chronic stress—has many negative effects. Chronic stress, which can often go unidentified or underappreciated, can have a profound impact on the overall mental and physical health of patients. Health-care providers, regardless of their degree or level of training, can learn to effectively work with their patients to use the tools to identify stress, discuss the importance of stress management, and formulate appropriate and patient-specific stress management plans.
Cardiac remodelling in a baboon model of intrauterine growth restriction mimics accelerated ageing.

Key points Rodent models of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) successfully identify mechanisms that can lead to short-term and long-term detrimental cardiomyopathies but differences between rodent and human cardiac physiology and placental-fetal development indicate a need for models in precocial species for translation to human development. We developed a baboon model for IUGR studies using a moderate 30% global calorie restriction of pregnant mothers and used cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate offspring heart function in early adulthood. Impaired diastolic and systolic cardiac function was observed in IUGR offspring with differences between male and female subjects, compared to their respective controls. Aspects of cardiac impairment found in the IUGR offspring were similar to those found in normal controls in a geriatric cohort. Understanding early cardiac biomarkers of IUGR using non-invasive imaging in this susceptible population, especially taking into account sexual dimorphisms, will aid recognition of the clinical presentation, development of biomarkers suitable for use in humans and management of treatment strategies. Abstract Extensive rodent studies have shown that reduced perinatal nutrition programmes chronic cardiovascular disease. To enable translation to humans, we developed baboon offspring cohorts from mothers fed ad libitum (control) or 70% of the control ad libitum diet in pregnancy and lactation, which were growth restricted at birth. We hypothesized that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) offspring hearts would show impaired function and a premature ageing phenotype. We studied IUGR baboons (8 male, 8 female, 5.7 years), control offspring (8 male, 8 female, 5.6 years – human equivalent approximately 25 years), and normal elderly (OLD) baboons (6 male, 6 female, mean 15.9 years). Left ventricular (LV) morphology and systolic and diastolic function were evaluated with cardiac MRI and normalized to body surface area. Two-way ANOVA by group and sex (with P < 0.05) indicated ejection fraction, 3D sphericity indices, cardiac index, normalized systolic volume, normalized LV wall thickness, and average filling rate differed by group. Group and sex differences were found for normalized LV wall thickening and normalized myocardial mass, without interactions. Normalized peak LV filling rate and diastolic sphericity index were not correlated in control but strongly correlated in OLD and IUGR baboons. IUGR programming in baboons produces myocardial remodelling, reduces systolic and diastolic function, and results in the emergence of a premature ageing phenotype in the heart. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the specific characteristics of cardiac programming and early life functional decline with ageing in an IUGR non-human primate model. Further studies across the life span will determine progression of cardiac dysfunction.
Deriving type II alveolar cells from pluripotent stem cells to produce a novel model of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency pathogenesis

Introduction Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (AATD) is the most frequent form of genetically determined emphysema. Type II alveolar cells (AEC2) are capable of producing AAT but little is known about their role in AATD pathogenesis. Aims and objectives We hypothesise that AEC2s play an intrinsic role in AATD pathogenesis and therefore we sought to engineer a novel in vitro model to enable the derivation of lung epithelial cells to define the developmental timing of AAT expression in emerging AEC2s. Methods We targeted 2 fluorescent reporters into the endogenous NKX2.1 and surfactant protein C loci of a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line from an individual without AATD. Using a directed differentiation approach that recapitulates embryonic development we generated lung progenitors followed by putative AEC2s. A microarray RNA expression profile was produced and RT-qPCR was used to further quantify mRNA expression. Results Sorted lung progenitors demonstrate significant expression of AAT at day 15 of differentiation and subsequently increase up to day 34. Sorting more mature cells that co-express both reporters demonstrates expression of several AEC2-specific genes and increased expression of AAT mRNA. Flow cytometry for intracellular AAT reveals increased protein expression in AEC2s. Conclusions We demonstrate that differentiation of a novel dual reporter iPSC line can generate early lung progenitors and later AEC2s and that these cells express AAT in significant quantities at both the mRNA and protein levels. We intend to target fluorescent reporters into iPSC from individuals with AATD therefore generating a novel model of disease in AEC2s.
Training for ultraendurance triathlons.

There are wide individual variations in training distances and paces for each of the three activities involved in a triathlon. Peak weekly swim distances ranged from 1 to 20 miles, with an average weekly distance of 7.2 miles. Usual swim training pace varied from 17 to 50 min.mile-1, with an average swim training pace of 29.6 min.mile-1. Peak weekly cycling distances ranged from 15 to 435 miles; average was 227 miles. Cycling pace averaged 18.6 mph and ranged from 13 to 26 mph. Run distances ranged from 4 to 100 miles.wk-1 at paces between 5 1/2 and 14 min.mile-1. Average run training was 45 miles.wk-1 at a 7 min 42 s pace. There was little or no systematic difference in training between males and females. Younger triathletes, however, tended to train greater distances at faster paces. Faster finishers (less than 10.5 h in the Hawaii Ironman Triathlon) tended to average greater training distances at faster paces than slower finishers. There was, however, a great deal of overlap in training practices according to finish time. Faster finishers in the Hawaii Ironman Triathlon were able to maintain their training paces throughout all three activities of the triathlon. Large differences were seen between faster finishers and slower finishers, particularly in the ability to hold run training pace during the race. The reason for this remains unclear. Training distances appear to be more important than training paces in preparation for an ultraendurance triathlon.
Evaluation of myocardial blood supply using adenosine stress myocardial perfusion imaging

Objective To retrospectively evalute the value and accuracy of adenosine stress and rest SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. Methods A total of 1858 patients who were suspected or known for coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent 99Tcm-methoxyisobutylisonitrile ( MIBI ) myocardial perfusionSPECT with adenosine infusion using the standard 2-day protocol. Images were interpreted by two or more experienced nuclear medicine physicians . Coronary angiography was carried out in all patients within one month. Kappa test was used to analyze the correlation between the two imaging studies. Results By coronary angiography, there were 957 patients diagnosed of CAD (one-, two-, three-vessel disease: 506,256,195, respectively) and 901 normal. Stenosis was found in 1603 vessels, including left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD): 765, left circumflex coronary artery (LCX): 399 and right coronary artery (RCA): 439. By adenosine induced stress myocardial perfusion imaging, 876 patients were diagnosed of myocardial ischemia ( sensitivity: 876/957, 91.54% ) and 651 patients had negative findings ( specificity:651/901,72.25 % ). The positive and negative predictive values were 77.80% ( 876/1126 ) and 88.93% (651/732), respectively. The correlation coefficient between the two imaging studies was 0.641. The vessel-based sensitivity was 81.31% (622/765) for LAD, 56.64% (226/399) for LCX and 70.62% (310/439) for RCA, respectively. The sensitivity for detection of one-, two-, three-vessel stenosis was 87.55% (443/506), 94.92% (243/256) and 97.44% (190/195), respectively. The side-effects was mild and transient with an incidence rate of 84.12% ( 1563/1858), without major cardiac events. Conclusion Stress myocardial perfusion imaging induced by adenosine is reliable for the evaluation of myocardial blood supply in CAD patients. Key words: Coronary disease; Tomography, emission-computed, single-photon; Adenosine; MIBI
Aripiprazole reversed gastroparesis in a child with 1q21.1–q21.2 microdeletion

An 11-year-old Caucasian boy, with a microdeletion in the 1q21.1–q21.2 region, had multiple medical conditions including gastroparesis documented initially at the age of 5. The patient had a history of poor feeding since infancy and had been treated for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), constipation and multiple food allergies. As a consequence of the GERD and his concurrent immunoglobulin (IgG) subclass deficiency, the patient had multiple otolaryngologic (ENT) infections and required two sinus surgeries. The patient had poor weight gain (below the third percentile for weight-for-age) and required a short course of parenteral nutrition and eventually a gastrostomy tube. He was started on metoclopramide as treatment for gastroparesis with an increase in his appetite, oral intake and weight gain. However, severe headaches and worsening in his behaviour caused the agent to be discontinued. He had little weight gain and after a course of parenteral nutrition he was converted to a transpyloric feeding tube. Because of ongoing behavioural problems that interfered with his school performance, a psychiatrist started him on aripiprazole. After aripiprazole was prescribed at age 11, his appetite and oral intake dramatically increased and a repeat gastric emptying study was normal. The increased oral intake and weight gain continued, allowing removal of the feeding tube. More than 2 years later, on aripiprazole, he continues to gain weight without any supplemental feedings.
Global Transport of Ozone

The three principal mechanisms for large scale atmospheric transport of tropospheric ozone [injection from the stratosphere, transport from regions of net production in the boundary layer and distribution of O3 precursors resulting from either stratospheric injection or surface emissions] are examined in the light of current observations. While the actual O3 climatology may be much more complex than it currently appears, the limited data suggests that ozone in the Southern Hemisphere and the northern tropics and subtropics is strongly influenced by transport from the stratosphere. At this time, the major questions are in the southern tropics and the northern mid-latitudes. The high levels of ozone observed over South America appear to be either the result of local chemical production or transport from higher latitudes. Both the latitude gradient and the seasonal cycle in the northern mid-latitudes suggest a significant, if not dominant, role for the transport of both O3 and its precursors from source regions in the boundary layer, though transport from the upper troposphere also pays a role.
Nonlinear Multi-Body Dynamics of Seat-Occupant Systems Using Experimentally Identified Viscoelastic Models of Polyurethne Foam

Most modern car seats are full-foam and thus the H-point location depends on quasi-static behavior of foam. In this work, planar multi-degree-of-freedom models of seat-occupant systems that incorporate nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of polyurethane foam are developed. The foam force is modeled as an additive sum of nonlinear elastic and linear viscoelastic effects and the model parameters are identified using a parameter identification technique. A possible model for seat-occupant interface is introduced. The resulting nonlinear integro-differential-algebraic model is used to determine the H-point for the system.
Photodegradation Rate Constants for Anthracene and Pyrene Are Similar in/on Ice and in Aqueous Solution.

Snowpacks contain a variety of chemicals, including organic pollutants such as toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). While PAHs undergo photodegradation in snow and ice, the rates of these reactions remain in debate. Some studies report that photochemical reactions in snow proceed at rates similar to those expected in a supercooled aqueous solution, but other studies report faster reaction rates, particularly at the air–ice interface (i.e., the quasi-liquid layer, or QLL). In addition, one study reported a surprising nonlinear dependence on photon flux. Here we examine the photodegradation of two common PAHs, anthracene and pyrene, in/on ice and in solution. For a given PAH, rate constants are similar in aqueous solution, in internal liquid-like regions of ice, and at the air–ice interface. In addition, we find the expected linear relationship between reaction rate constant and photon flux. Our results indicate that rate constants for the photochemical loss of PAHs in, and on, snow and ice are ve...
Facilitators and Barriers to Movement Integration in Elementary Classrooms: A Systematic Review.

ABSTRACTPurpose: A systematic review was conducted to identify facilitators and barriers to movement integration (MI) in elementary school classrooms. Method: Online databases (Educational Resources Information Center, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, and PubMed) served as data sources for the study. Following the PRISMA guidelines, relevant published research on MI was identified and screened for inclusion in a qualitative synthesis. Content analysis of the included articles (N = 28) was used to identify themes of MI facilitators and barriers. Facilitators and barriers were then categorized using a social-ecological framework. Results: A total of 12 themes of MI facilitators and barriers were identified and categorized into two social-ecological levels: institutional factors (e.g., administrative support, resources) and intrapersonal factors (e.g., teacher confidence, ease of implementation). Conclusion: This review can inform research and practice aimed at supporting the implementation of MI in elementary clas...