cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exact and efficient Hamilton-Jacobi guaranteed safety analysis via system decomposition

Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) reachability is a method that provides rigorous analyses of the safety properties of dynamical systems. These guarantees can be provided by the computation of a backward reachable set (BRS), which represents the set of states from which the system may be driven into violating safety properties despite the system's best effort to remain safe. Unfortunately, the complexity of the BRS computation scales exponentially with the number of state dimensions. Although numerous approximation techniques are able to tractably provide conservative estimates of the BRS, they often require restrictive assumptions about system dynamics without providing an exact solution. In this paper we propose a general method for decomposing dynamical systems. Even when the resulting subsystems are coupled, relatively high-dimensional BRSs that were previously intractable or expensive to compute can now be quickly and exactly computed in lower-dimensional subspaces. As a result, the curse of dimensionality is alleviated to a large degree without sacrificing optimality. We demonstrate our theoretical results through a 3D Dubins Car model and a 6D Acrobatic Quadrotor model.
Registered nurse education in primary care: Barriers and resolutions.

Background American health care is facing unprecedented challenges due to population aging, chronic disease prevalence, and financial restructuring. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is transforming the primary care landscape from a reactive, episodic, fee-for-service system to a proactive, preventive, value-based system. A proactive, preventive, and value-based primary care model requires Registered Nurses (RNs) prepared to lead integrated, team-based, coordinated, and proactively managed care. The Health Resources and Service Administration (HRSA) forecasted an inadequate supply of RNs prepared to meet future primary care demands and highlighted the lack of education as a key problem. The primary care RN workforce shortage requires immediate attention by academic, political, and research stakeholders. HRSA has responded with academic funding to increase primary care RN education. Procedures This article describes key barriers and resolutions one HRSA-funded academic institution experienced while implementing a primary care RN education program, along with research implications for the future of primary care nursing. Results This article describes the project's stakeholder, faculty, and student engagement methods. This article also describes the clinic RN preceptor development program, and depicts the Primary Care RN Education Program Student Clinical Experience Preceptorship Model. Conclusions Nursing education must align with transforming healthcare models while anticipating potential barriers and resolutions to enhancing curriculum with primary care nursing education and clinical experiences. This article provides insight for other academic institutions interested in developing primary care curriculum and academic-clinic partnership models to foster community-based primary care clinical experiences.
The Long Term Effect of Bereavement and Grief with a Highly- Publicized Violent Death

Although grief is often deeply personal in nature with family and friends, the individual who has faced loss in a highly-publicized or violent death often faces additional issues including media an...
On the performance of single- and multi-carrie modulation schemes for indoor visible light communication systems

In this paper, we investigate and compare the performance of single- and multi-carrier modulation schemes for indoor visible light communication (VLC). Particularly, the performances of single carrier frequency domain equalization (SCFDE), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and on-off keying (OOK) with minimum mean square error equalization (MMSE) are analyzed in order to mitigate the effect of multipath distortion of the indoor optical channel where nonlinearity distortion of light emitting diode (LED) transfer function is taken into account. Our results indicate that SCFDE system, in contrast to OFDM system, does not suffer from high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) and can outperform OFDM and OOK systems. We further investigate the impact of LED bias point on the performance of OFDM systems and show that biasing LED with the optimum value can significantly enhance the performance of the system. Bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) is also considered for OFDM and SCFDE systems to further compensate signal degradation due to inter-symbol interference (ISI) and LED nonlinearity.
Quantum Computing and Cryptography

Many researchers believe quantum computing will be a practical reality within the next 5–10 years. There have been significant advances in the research for quantum computing in recent years that support that opinion. When quantum computing becomes a reality, current asymmetric algorithms will be rendered obsolete. This will impact e-commerce, SSL/TLS, authentication mechanisms, and many other aspects of network security. It is imperative that cyber security professionals be aware of the impact of quantum computing, and understand the state of research into quantum proof algorithms. This chapter provides a general overview of the state of quantum computing and post-quantum research as well as a discussion of the impact this research has on cyber security. Obviously, this chapter can only provide a brief, layperson’s view of quantum computing and cryptography. It would take an entire book to thoroughly cover the topic. The goal of this chapter is for the reader to have a general knowledge of the impact quantum computing will have an cryptography and cybersecurity.
Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Parenting and Children's Externalizing Behaviors: Transactional Processes Over Time.

This study used longitudinal data to examine the transactional associations between mothers’ spanking and mother–child relationship quality with children’s externalizing behaviors in the context of...
Instrument Development: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Confidence in Palliative Care Concepts Held by Trauma and Neuroscience Intensive Care Nurses.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Unique pressures impact trauma intensive care unit (TICU) nurses in their provision of care for severely injured patients. When it becomes clinically obvious that these patients may not survive, TICU nurses must continue life-saving measures while at the same time consider a palliative care consultation. In order to facilitate this referral, TICU nurses need to have the appropriate knowledge, attitude, and confidence in doing so. The purpose of this study is to refine an instrument that aims to support this process. METHODS A convenience sample of 42 respondents completed the Knowledge, Attitudinal, and Experiential Survey on Advance Directive (KAESAD). RESULTS Domains with the highest Cronbach's alpha value were "professional attitudes" (α = .995) and "clinical experiences" (α = .999). CONCLUSIONS Reliability assessments suggest that most domains of the instrument have strong internal consistency, and with a larger sample size, future studies may elucidate how nurse educators can use this instrument to target areas for continuing education.
Chylothorax after cardiac resynchronization therapy-pacemaker implantation: A case report.

The benefit of cardiac implantable devices such as cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker (CRT-P) has been widely demonstrated in a number of clinical trials, and it remains an important guideline-recommended therapy for the management of patients with symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and electromechanical heart muscle dyssynchrony.1 Despite improved training, advanced techniques, and better experience, device implantation is not without complications. Cannulation of the left subclavian vein, particularly in the context of a stenotic or occluded subclavian vein, can potentially cause injury to the thoracic duct. Disruption of the thoracic duct, at any location along its course, can lead to chylothorax. Thoracic surgery is a major cause of iatrogenic chylothorax, but its incidence rate is relatively low. Other reported etiologies include chest radiation, lung biopsies, subclavian vein occlusion, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis.2 Chylothorax after cardiac implantable electronic device implantation is extremely rare, with a paucity of reported cases. Here, we present a case of recurrent chylothorax secondary to thoracic duct injury during an upgrade from a dual-chamber pacemaker to CRT-P.s
Novel inhibitors of the renal inward rectifier potassium channel of the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti

The mosquito continues to be the most lethal animal to humans due to the devastating diseases that it carries and transmits. Controlling mosquito-borne diseases relies heavily on vector management ...
Chapter 4.4 - New millennium, new directions: 2000–2020

Abstract The new millennium brought momentous changes to the poison control movement. Poison Control Centers (PCCs) now provided services covering almost 100% of the US population. Federal funding helped to stabilize PCCs. The provision of a nationwide toll-free telephone number was key to forming a more cohesive network. Expanded public health roles for the PCC network included real-time poisoning surveillance and disaster preparedness. More effective educational outreach was possible via entry into the “virtual” community of social media websites. A number of advances changed PCC operations and education in clinical toxicology: enhanced Internet connectivity and bandwidth, the advent of artificial intelligence and simulation tools, advanced telecommunications, and the proliferation of smartphones. The public’s real-time access to toxicological information in an emergency now includes Internet-based automated options. The future holds many challenges: new hazardous products, new pharmaceuticals, new chemicals, and new environmental exposures, as clinical toxicologists and PCCs adapt to this new age.
Expansion of Audiologic Criteria for Pediatric Cochlear Implantation

In 2020, the lower age limit for pediatric cochlear implant candidacy was lowered from 12 to 9 months of age. However, audiometric-based criteria for pediatric cochlear implant candidacy have remained unchanged for more than 20 years, requiring bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss for children less than 2 years and bilateral severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss for children 2 years and older. Despite the static audiometric criteria, there is an increasing literature base demonstrating significant benefits for pediatric cochlear implant recipients who exceed current Food and Drug Administration-labeled indications for cochlear implantation.
Advances in Biosensors Technology for Detection and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles

Exosomes are extracellular vehicles (EVs) that encapsulate genomic and proteomic material from the cell of origin that can be used as biomarkers for non-invasive disease diagnostics in point of care settings. The efficient and accurate detection, quantification, and molecular profiling of exosomes are crucial for the accurate identification of disease biomarkers. Conventional isolation methods, while well-established, provide the co-purification of proteins and other types of EVs. Exosome purification, characterization, and OMICS analysis are performed separately, which increases the complexity, duration, and cost of the process. Due to these constraints, the point-of-care and personalized analysis of exosomes are limited in clinical settings. Lab-on-a-chip biosensing has enabled the integration of isolation and characterization processes in a single platform. The presented review discusses recent advancements in biosensing technology for the separation and detection of exosomes. Fluorescent, colorimetric, electrochemical, magnetic, and surface plasmon resonance technologies have been developed for the quantification of exosomes in biological fluids. Size-exclusion filtration, immunoaffinity, electroactive, and acoustic-fluid-based technologies were successfully applied for the on-chip isolation of exosomes. The advancement of biosensing technology for the detection of exosomes provides better sensitivity and a reduced signal-to-noise ratio. The key challenge for the integration of clinical settings remains the lack of capabilities for on-chip genomic and proteomic analysis.
Understanding low-temperature first-stage ignition delay: Propane

Abstract The low-temperature auto-ignition of fuels is a complex process, occurring in multiple stages with distinct chemical processes governing each stage. The conversion from alkyl radical to chain branching products, which occurs through successive O2 additions followed by thermal decomposition of the products, is at the core of the auto-ignition process. Our detailed understanding of this central process continues to evolve, with recent theoretical kinetics studies providing a particularly comprehensive description of the radical oxidation process for propane. In this study, we employ this improved description in a detailed numerical and analytical exploration of the first-stage ignition delay for low-temperature auto-ignition of propane, which may be considered as a prototype for larger alkane fuels. The traditional first-stage of ignition can be divided into two stages (stage-1A and stage-1B). During stage-1A, the concentration of radicals grows exponentially, and both OH and HO2 are important in the consumption of the fuel and generation of alkyl radicals. Stage-1A ends when the concentration of HO2 is sufficiently high that the chain-terminating bimolecular reaction HO2 + HO2 becomes competitive with other HO2 reactions including HO2 + fuel, thus slowing the HO2 concentration rise such that it is no longer a key contributor to fuel consumption. During stage-1B, increasing temperature and growing side reactions with secondary chemistry reduce the positive feedback and the concentrations of ketohydroperoxide species stop growing exponentially. The end of this stage is associated with the maximum in ketohydroperoxide, after which it is depleted. We present simple analytical approximations for the time it takes to complete these two sub-stages. These expressions clarify which rate constants control first-stage ignition, and they quantify how the ignition is influenced by mixture composition, temperature and pressure. The analysis is also extended to longer alkane fuels and is shown to provide fairly reliable predictions of the first-stage ignition delay.
Macklin's Epigraphic Loss

"What health problems do you associate with your obesity?" "I tire easily. I'm short of breath all the time. I get a lot of headaches." The slightest exertion overheats me. I dread spring and summer, early autumn. April's breezes coat me in fine sweat that evaporates only with the first polar front. Any heat wave's a flannel suit I have to wear; I fear I'll melt. My ears ring constantly; high blood pressure. My overworked circu lation beats out migraines at my temples. My body fluids simmer in May, worry to a full boil through June, July, August, subside to troubled bubbling after Labor Day, cool mercifully in the icy blasts of November. In my dreams my weight continues to escalate. I see myself in my king size reinforced bed, inflating like a bladder. My balloon body rises from the bed, floats to the ceiling, bobs, trapped. Mama and Sister scream out in horror. I wake to my shrill alarm. Sometimes my density increases with my bulk, gradually collapsing the mattress, which folds over me like a chasm closing after an earthquake. I burst through the floor and foundation. My alarm, Mama and Sister shrieking, calls to me from out of an endless dark. I measure my death, ounce by ounce, accumulating on my aching bones. "In what ways is your day by day behavior limited by your obesity? Be frank, please." "Well. I can't do normal things." I can eat, drink, sleep, talk, read and write. An average city block or one flight of stairs exhausts me. My heart thunders under my ribs. My vision blurs, ears sing, lungs heave like bellows. I love my family. I don't dare run. Ordinary chairs are impossible. I can't fit behind the wheel of an automobile. Other than sharing TV with Mama, listening to Sister's records, I have no hobby, no recreation. I have no social life. No sex life. I must be seated to urinate. I haven't seen my genitals in several years. I like to eat, drink, sleep, read, think. I'm an excellent student, expect to complete my dissertation in quantitative analysis before the end of this calendar year. I love my family. If I could, I'd be outgoing with strangers. I'm hidden behind this wall. The wall gets thicker each day. I'm an object of humor, of pity, of scorn and contempt, of thinly veiled disgust. I have normal desires. I think I'll die soon. I'm killing myself, digging my grave with my teeth. My Angst is so blatant as to be inadmissable to others. I'm in terror of receiving an at 43
Analyses of a long-term, high-resolution radar rainfall data set for the Baltimore metropolitan region

[1] We introduce a long-term, high-resolution radar rainfall data set for the Baltimore metropolitan area covering the 10-yr period from 2000–2009. Rainfall fields are developed at 15 min time interval and 1 km horizontal resolution for a 17,000-km2 region centered on the Baltimore metropolitan area. The Hydro-NEXRAD system is used as a platform for generating radar rainfall fields. We utilize the high-resolution, 10-yr data set to characterize striking spatial heterogeneities in rainfall for the Baltimore metropolitan region, both in terms of mean rainfall and rainfall extremes. The role of complex terrain (associated with urbanization, the Chesapeake Bay, and mountainous terrain) in controlling spatial heterogeneities of rainfall climatology for the Baltimore study region is discussed. We also characterize the seasonal and diurnal variation of rainfall over the study region using the 10-yr rainfall data set, with particular focus on the diurnal variation of rainfall during the warm season. High-resolution rainfall fields are especially useful for examining the distribution of rainfall from a drainage basin perspective, as illustrated through analyses of basin-averaged rainfall rate for basins of contrasting drainage area and analyses of the duration of dry periods for small urban watersheds. Analyses and methodologies used to develop the long-term Baltimore rainfall data set are broadly applicable to other regions of the United States and in settings around the world with long-term, high-quality radar data sets.
H ∞ -control with regional pole constraints

In this paper, the problem of static state feedback H∞ control with various regionl stability constraints for the closed-loop system is considered. A general framework for solving this problem is established using the Lagrange multiplier method in conjunction with the generalized Lyapunov theory and the Riccati equation based H∞ optimization characterization. Necessary conditions are given for the existence of the desired optimal feedback gains. Furthermore, as a simplest regional stability case, the stability degree problem is studied with two different approaches, one an indirect overbounding method which extends the standard H∞ problem formulation with an α-shift (degree of stability) and the other using the direct optimization of the H∞ performance measure with stability degree as a constraint under the general framework. The conservatism of the former approach and the generality of the latter approach are clearly demonstrated. It is also shown that similar problem formulation can be used to address the LQR problem with α-stability without alteration of the original performance measure. Finally the theory is illustrated with examples and the computational issues are discussed.
Transonic flow solutions on general 3D regions using composite-block grids

The construction of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes for complicated regions is greatly simplified by a composite-block grid structure since, with the use of a surrounding layer of points on each block, a flow code is then only required basically to operate on rectangular computational regions. The necessary correspondence of points on the surrounding layers (image points) with interior points (object points) is set up by the grid code and made available to the CFD solution code.
Ascent to Altitude: A Benign Cause of Splinter Hemorrhages

Splinter hemorrhages appear in a variety of conditions. One identified cause is ascent to altitude, but trauma and extreme conditions have been thought to be responsible. We document the appearance of splinter hemorrhages in a group of adults during several days of easy touring at an altitude of 11,000 feet (3,350 m).
Economic Costs of Desalination in South Texas: A Case Study

In the 1990s, water emerged as a critical issue for the Texas Lower Rio Grande Valley because of rapid population growth, a prolonged drought, and shortfalls in water deliveries from Mexico over many years (Sturdivant et al. 2007). Since that time, opportunities for, and investigations into easing the stress from limited water supplies for municipal, industrial, and agricultural users have taken many paths, with key identifi ed alternatives including:
Histone III IV. AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF HISTONE III OF THE TESTES OF THE CARP, LETIOBUS BUBALUS

Abstract Histone III of the testes of the carp, Letiobus bubalus, contains a serine residue in place of the cysteine found in calf thymus histone III. Examination of the cyanogen bromide peptides, as well as peptides derived by tryptic, chymotryptic, or thermolysin hydrolysis, revealed no other differences in amino acid composition. Thus histone III shows a highly conserved sequence from fish to calf, there being a difference of only 1 residue in the 135 of the protein. As in the case of calf thymus histone III, there are two specific sites of methylation of e-amino groups of lysine residues. Each site contains one, two or three methyl groups.
Constructivism applied to psychiatric-mental health nursing: An alternative to supplement traditional clinical education

With the popularity of accelerated pre-licensure nursing programmes and the growth in nursing student enrolments, traditional clinical education continues to be a challenge to deliver. Nursing faculty members are required to develop and implement educational innovations that achieve effective learning outcomes, while using fewer resources. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the effectiveness of a constructivism-based learning project to achieve specific learning outcomes and to supplement approximately 30 clinical hours in a psychiatric-mental health nursing course. Students participated in a 10-week, multistage project that examined life histories, treatment resources, and evidence-based practice, as applied to a single individual with a mental illness. Students reported increased understanding of mental health and illness, developed personal relevance associated with the knowledge gained, and learned to problem solve with regard to nursing care of individuals diagnosed with mental illness. For many students, there also appeared to be a reduction in stigmatized attitudes towards mental illness. Constructivism-based learning is a promising alternative to supplement clinical hours, while effectively achieving learning outcomes. Future research is needed to further validate the use of this method for the learning of course content, as well as the reduction of stigma.
Menstrual Disorders and Vaginal Discharge

Disorders of menstruation in adolescents are the second most common symptom group after vulvovaginitis and pelvic discharge referred to the paediatric and adolescent gynaecology service. In general, menstrual disorders and problems related to pelvic discharge are benign and self-limiting and diagnostic imaging is not routinely required. However, a number of important conditions merit further clinical evaluation. This chapter considers the role of diagnostic imaging in these disorders.
Composition and topographic organization of signals sent from the frontal eye field to the superior colliculus.

The frontal eye field (FEF) and superior colliculus (SC) contribute to saccadic eye movement generation, and much of the FEF's oculomotor influence may be mediated through the SC. The present study examined the composition and topographic organization of signals flowing from FEF to SC by recording from FEF neurons that were antidromically activated from rostral or caudal SC. The first and most general result was that, in a sample of 88 corticotectal neurons, the types of signals relayed from FEF to SC were highly diverse, reflecting the general population of signals within FEF rather than any specific subset of signals. Second, many neurons projecting from FEF to SC carried signals thought to reflect cognitive operations, namely tonic discharges during the delay period of a delayed-saccade task (delay signals), elevated discharges during the gap period of a gap task (gap increase signals), or both. Third, FEF neurons discharging during fixation were found to project to the SC, although they did not project preferentially to rostral SC, where similar fixation neurons are found. Neurons that did project preferentially to the rostral SC were those with foveal visual responses and those pausing during the gap period of the gap task. Many of the latter neurons also had foveal visual responses, presaccadic pauses in activity, and postsaccadic increases in activity. These two types of rostral-projecting neurons therefore may contribute to the activity of rostral SC fixation neurons. Fourth, conduction velocity was used as an indicator of cell size to correct for sampling bias. The outcome of this correction procedure suggested that among the most prevalent neurons in the FEF corticotectal population are those carrying putative cognitive-related signals, i.e., delay and gap increase signals, and among the least prevalent are those carrying presaccadic burst discharges but lacking peripheral visual responses. Fifth, corticotectal neurons carrying various signals were biased topographically across the FEF. Neurons with peripheral visual responses but lacking presaccadic burst discharges were biased laterally, neurons with presaccadic burst discharges but lacking peripheral visual responses were biased medially, and neurons carrying delay or gap increase signals were biased dorsally. Finally, corticotectal neurons were distributed within the FEF as a function of their visual or movement field eccentricity and projected to the SC such that eccentricity maps in both structures were closely aligned. We conclude that the FEF most likely influences the activity of SC neurons continuously from the start of fixation, through visual analysis and cognitive manipulations, until a saccade is generated and fixation begins anew. Furthermore, the projection from FEF to SC is highly topographically organized in terms of function at both its source and its termination.
Comparative effects of quinacrine and erythromycin in adult female rats: a nonsurgical sterilization study

Abstract Objective: To compare the efficacies of erythromycin and quinacrine for nonsurgical sterilization in rats. Quinacrine used for nonsurgical sterilization in women is mutagenic, and most clinical regimens have had a higher failure rate than surgical sterilization. Design: This acute mammal study included five groups of rats assigned randomly and evaluated at two times after treatment. Animal(s): Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Intervention(s): Five groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats (20 per group) were given 70 or 280 mg/kg of erythromycin lactobionate, 350 mg/kg of quinacrine hydrochloride, or vehicle control administered transcervically. Rats were mated 21 days later. Additional groups (n = 4 per group) were treated and killed 21 days later without mating. Main Outcome Measure(s): Fourteen days after mating, numbers of ovarian corpora lutea, total uterine implants, and embryos were evaluated. For unmated animals, uterine sections were examined for fibrosis and lumen closure. Result(s): Neither drug altered numbers of corpora lutea. Erythromycin decreased pregnancy rate and number of implantations (increased preimplantation loss) in a dose-related fashion. Quinacrine increased resorptions. Uterine pathology was more extensive and frequent in erythromycin-treated animals, with extent and severity increasing from 21 to 35+ days. Conclusion(s): Erythromycin was more effective than quinacrine in preventing pregnancy.
INTRAVENOUSLY ADMINISTERED PAMIDRONATE FOR TREATING REFRACTORY PAGET'S DISEASE OF BONE

Objective: To report our experience with the use of intravenously administered pamidronate in 16 patients with refractory Paget's disease of bone. Methods: We describe our treatment regimen and out...
Analytic models of water loss in sprinkler irrigation

In this paper it is shown that a feasible explanation for the extremely high observed water losses in sprinkler irrigation systems in the United States Southwest is loss due to wind blown droplets. This phenomena has been adequately demonstrated experimentally and in practice on the Texas high plains, but would be just as much a problem in any area of the world that irrigates via overhead sprinkler systems.
Birger Hjørland's Manichean misconstruction of Marcia Bates' work

It is argued and demonstrated that Birger Hjorland's critiques of Marcia Bates' articles on the nature of information and the nature of browsing misrepresent the content of these articles, and further, frame the argument as a Manichean conflict between Hjorland's enlightened “discursive” and social approach versus Bates' benighted behavioral approach. It is argued that Bates' work not only contains much of value that has been ignored by Hjorland but also contains ideas that mostly complement, rather than conflict with, those of Hjorland. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transconjunctival versus transcutaneous lower eyelid blepharoplasty: a prospective study

Debate continues over the relative merits of transconjunctival and the more customary subciliary transcutaneous approaches for lower lid blepharoplasty. Ten consecutive patients presented for blepharoplasty, and in all patients the transcutaneous subciliary musculocutaneous flap approach was used on the left lower eyelid and the transconjunctival preseptal approach was used on the right. Patients served as their own controls. Follow-up was evaluated clinically by patient questionnaire and by standardized photographs preoperatively and at 5 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively. Photographs were graded independently by four blinded examiners. No statistical difference was identified in measured fornix depth between preoperative patients and postoperatively on each side. Average fat removed from each side was the same, and no patient had an identified "missed fat compartment." Three patients had mild bilateral scleral show postoperatively, and a fourth developed it on the left (transcutaneous) side. However, overall grading on both sides was universally very good with no significant difference on the two sides--0.68 on the right and 0.60 on the left (maximum worst grade could be 5.0 and best grade 0). The potential for external scarring was never a perceived problem in the transcutaneous technique.
“THE WORST CASE OF RACIAL EQUALITY HE EVER SAW:” THE SUPREME COURT, MOTION PICTURE CENSORSHIP, AND THE COLOR LINE

(1979). “THE WORST CASE OF RACIAL EQUALITY HE EVER SAW:” THE SUPREME COURT, MOTION PICTURE CENSORSHIP, AND THE COLOR LINE. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1-15.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TRIS(3,3-DIMETHYLBUTNYL) PHOSPHINE COMPLEXES OF GROUP VI METAL CARBONYLS

Abstract The preparation arid characterization of a series of compounds of the type M(CO)6-nLn; where M =Cr, n =1 and M =Mo or W, n =1,2, or 3 for L =P[C=CC(CH3)3]3 is reported. Infrared and phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance data for these complexes are discussed.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF WEANLING MICE WITH REOVIRUSES.

SummaryA mild to severe respiratory infection was established in mice with reoviruses. In certain animals, the virus was detectable in the respiratory tissues although no evidence of illness was observed. In other animals, respiratory illness was evident early, became overt terminating with the death of the animals. Fluorescent antibody techniques both direct and indirect, correlated with other methods of virus detection. The FA-red cell technique proved to be a rapid, sensitive and highly specific method of reovirus detection and would seem to be applicable for detection of other hemagglutinating viruses.
Knockdown of RNA Binding Protein Musashi-1 Leads to Tumor Regression In Vivo

Background & Aims: In the gut, tumorigenesis is thought to arise from the stem cell population located near the base of intestinal and colonic crypts. The RNA binding protein musashi-1 (Msi-1) is a putative intestinal and progenitor/stem cell marker. Msi-1 expression is increased during rat brain development and in APC min/+ mice tumors. This study examined a potential role of Msi-1 in tumorigenesis. Methods: Msi-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) was administered as a liposomal preparation to HCT116 colon adenocarcinoma xenografts in athymic nude mice and tumor volume was measured. Cell proliferation was assessed by hexosaminidase and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide MTT assays. siRNA-transfected cells were subjected to 12 Gy γ-irradiation. Apoptosis was assessed by immunoreactive activated caspase-3 and mitosis was assessed by phosphorylated histone H3 staining. The tumor xenografts were stained similarly for phosphorylated histone H3, activated caspase-3, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling, Notch-1, and p21 WAF1 . Furthermore, siRNA-transfected cells were subjected to cell-cycle analysis and Western blot analyses for Notch-1 and p21 WAF1 . Results: Knockdown of Msi-1 resulted in tumor growth arrest in xenografts, reduced cancer cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis alone and in combination with radiation injury. siRNA-mediated reduction of Msi-1 lead to mitotic catastrophe in tumor cells. Moreover, there was inhibition of Notch-1 and up-regulation of p21 WAF1 after knockdown of Msi-1. Conclusions: Our results show the involvement of Msi-1 in cancer cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and mitotic catastrophe, suggesting an important potential mechanism for its role in tumorigenesis.
A self-consistent magnetostatic particle code for numerical simulation of plasmas

Abstract A particle simulation code has been developed which is particularly well suited for the investigation of low-frequency plasma phenomena. The code is based on Darwin's formulation of Maxwell's equations in which the transverse displacement current is neglected. There is thus no radiation, but the self-consistent magnetic fields are retained. Use is made of the particle equation of motion to transform the Darwin field equations into a set that is stable under integration in time. An iteration procedure is developed for solving these equations at each time step. This scheme has been coded using finite-size particles and fast Fourier transform methods in both 12 and 21 dimensions. The codes have been checked by comparing the simulation results with the dispersion relations for Alfven, whistler, and magnetosonic waves. Good agreement was obtained.
Effect of heparin modification on its activity in enhancing the inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin III.

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the effect of modifying specific functional groups of heparin on its antithrombin III-enhancing activity. The derivatives employed were heparin methyl ester, heparinylglycine and N -desulfated heparin. The carboxyl-modified derivatives increase the rate of inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin III, although not to the same extent as heparin. N -Desulfated heparin is devoid of any activity. Heparin methyl ester is more potent than heparinylglycine in activating antithrombin III, as exhibited by its immediate effect on the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction. However, heparinylglycine is the more effective of the two, in increasing the rate of thrombin deactivation by antithrombin III. The results indicate that although free carboxyl groups of heparin are not crucial for its binding to antithrombin III, they are important for the combination of the latter with thromobin. In contrast, N -sulfates are crucial for the interaction of heparin with antithrombin III.
The many faces of nitric oxide: cytotoxic, cytoprotective or both

Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a major modulator of cellular function in health and disease. In additiontoitswell-knownrole asamediatorofsmooth muscle relaxation, a rapidly developing body of res- earch suggests, paradoxically, that NO can have both cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Choi et al. pro- vide evidence that supports NO has a prosurvival effect on interstitial cells of Cajal in the mouse stomach. The objective of this short review is to place this interesting report in the context of the current literature.
Measurement of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and H+ in barley aleurone protoplasts

Calcium has been implicated as a regulator of a wide range of developmental responses in plants (1, 2). It is thought to be involved in phenomena as diverse as mitosis, root gravitropism, pollen tube growth, protein secretion, and photosynthesis. These observations have led to the view that Ca2+ plays a central role as a regulator of cell function in plant cells in a manner analogous to that which it plays in animal cells. It is also widely held that Ca2+ is a cytotoxic element and that its cytoplasmic concentration must be maintained at submicromolar levels. In animal cells cytoplasmic Ca2+ is generally in the range of 10–100 nM (3); by contrast, little is known about cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations in higher plants.
Microbial Community Analysis of Water, Foregut, and Hindgut during Growth of Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in Closed‐System Aquaculture

In closed recirculating systems, a particulate matter consisting of bacteria, algae, fungi, and detritus develops spontaneously. This microbial floc can serve as a high-protein food source for finfish and shellfish and has the potential to supplement the protein required in shrimp feed. To advance the use of microbial floc as a feed supplement, it is necessary to manipulate its microbial components, which requires thorough characterization of the bacterial components. Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, were raised in a closed recirculating system, and water was compared to the contents of shrimp foreguts and hindguts. Water consistently contained less microbial biomass than did shrimp guts, but 16S rDNA sequences indicated that water was more diverse than shrimp guts. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences retrieved from water and shrimp foregut grouped these sequences into various unrelated generic clusters. Fatty acid analysis demonstrated that shrimp feed was not a major contributor of microbial fatty acids to shrimp tanks, as the feed mostly contained polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are typically found only in eukaryotes. It is hoped that elucidating more details about the various components of microbial floc will help in understanding its development and will lead to its use as a high-protein feed supplement.
Roles of lactate and catecholamines in the energetics of brief locomotion in an ectothermic vertebrate.

We have investigated the magnitude and duration of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in a lizard following a single bout of vigorous exercise of 5–60 s, common activity durations for many ectothermic vertebrates. Desert iguanas (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) were run for 5 s, 15 s, 30 s, or 60 s. Oxygen consumption (\(\dot VO_2\) ) increased from 0.16 ml O2 g–1 h–1 at rest to 1.3–1.6 ml O2 g–1 h–1 during 5–60 s of running. EPOC duration increased with activity duration, ranging from 35–63 min. EPOC volume, the excess oxygen consumed post-exercise, doubled from 0.13 ml O2 g–1 following 5 s of activity to 0.25 ml O2 g–1 after 60 s. EPOC represented 91–98% of the total metabolic expense of the activity. EPOC durations were always shorter than the period required for lactate removal, illustrating that these two processes are not causally related. Alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade by phentolamine and propranolol had no effect on resting \(\dot VO_2\) but depressed excess post-exercise oxygen consumption volumes 25–40%. The extent of catechol stimulation post-exercise may be motivation or stimulus dependent. The data indicate that metabolic elevations post-exercise represent the majority of activity costs in lizards. The study suggests that EPOC of ectothermic vertebrates is sensitive to exercise duration and catecholamine release post-activity, even when activity periods are less than 60 s in duration.
Two models to investigate Medicare fraud within unsupervised databases

We propose two models to identify fraud, waste and abuse in Medicare. These models are used to flag health care providers. The motivation for these models is based on observed cases of fraud. The paper details the use of clustering algorithms, regression analysis, and various descriptive statistics that are components of these models. Some of the challenges in the struggle to reduce fraud in Medicare are discussed.
New developments in developmental dysplasia of the hip

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) represents a spectrum of conditions that are present from the perinatal period. The term DDH is now preferred over congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) because many cases have been reported in which the child’s hip examination appeared normal at birth but the hip was later found to be subluxated or dislocated.’ A normal infant’s hip is extremely difficult to dislocate. At birth the femoral head is deeply seated in the acetabulum. In hips with dysplasia, however, this tight fit between the femoral head and the acetabulum is lost, and the head can be displaced from the acetabulum. The term dysplasia in the newborn refers to any hip with a positive Ortolani sign (i.e., any hip that may be provoked to subluxate or dislocate or is subluxated-partial contact between the femoral head and the acetabulum-or dislocated-no contact between the femoral head and the acetabulum) and reducible. The term dislocation applies to complete unreducible dislocations that are extremely rare in newborns and are usually associated with other generalized conditions or anomalies, such as arthrogryposis or myelodysplasia. These rare antenatal teratologic dislocations account for only 2% of the cases in most series of newborns examined. Current management of DDH is based on knowledge of the pathology of DDH and acetabular growth and development, the natural history of untreated DDH, and the ongoing reevaluation of past treatment regimens. The goal of treatment of DDH should be a hip that will function normally for the patient’s lifetime. This implies that the hip has been anatomically reduced and that complications have been avoided, particularly aseptic necrosis. If the diagnosis of DDH is made within the first few weeks of life, there is a 95% success rate in management with devices such as the Pavlik harness because the pathologic changes in this age group are generally reversible. If DDH goes undetected, normal hip joint development is impaired. With increasing age at detection, particularly beyond 6 months of age, the obstacles to concentric reduction, both intraarticular and extraarticular, become increasingly difficult to overcome. Restoration of normal acetabular development is more uncertain and failure to maintain a concentric reduction is related to late subluxation and degenerative joint disease.
The effect of combination cyclosporine and CTLA4-Ig therapy on cardiac allograft survival.

Abstract Transplant rejection requires not only T cell receptor/CD3 complex activation by foreign MHC, but also additional costimulatory signals, as T cell receptor activation alone is insufficient for induction of the immune response. The CD28 receptor on helper T cells, interacting with its ligand B7 on activated B cells or macrophages, provides this costimulus to support T cell activity. CTLA4Ig (a soluble CD28 receptor analog), binds B7 and inhibits CD28 activation. As cyclosporine (CsA) has many side effects and CTLA4Ig alone has a significant benefit upon cardiac allograft survival, we theorized that allograft survival could be improved by using CTLA4Ig with lowered dose CsA. In vitro, high-dose CTLA4Ig inhibited the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction (MLR) between MHC-incompatible rat strains. Furthermore, there was synergistic suppression of MLR by low-dose CTLA4Ig combined with low-dose CsA. In vivo studies used a cervical heterotopic transplant model. Control recipients received no immunotherapy. Experimental recipients received low-dose CsA (1.5 mg/kg/day im) × 14 days after transplant or CTLA4Ig (10, 50, or 150 μg IP × 7 days). Combination animals received both CTLA4Ig and CsA. These studies showed that low doses of CsA and CTLA4Ig were additive in vivo, although no additional benefit was seen when CsA was combined with high-dose CTLA4Ig. These data suggest that the combination of low-dose CsA plus CTLA4Ig may prove useful in clinical transplantation to maximize immunosuppression and minimize side effects.
Facial and Scalp Lipomas: Case Reports and Study of Prevalence

Abstract Lipomas of the face and scalp are reportedly rare, comprising less than 2% of lipomas. Three such cases have recently been diagnosed in our clinic. Among 110 lipomas in our files, a total of 16 (14.5%) involved the face and scalp. The clinician rarely considered lipoma as the primary preoperative diagnosis. Often mistaken clinically for epidermal cysts, face and scalp lipomas appear more common than the literature would indicate.
Metal stress and decreased tree growth in response to biosolids application in greenhouse seedlings and in situ Douglas-fir stands.

Abstract To assess physiological impacts of biosolids on trees, metal contaminants and phytochelatins were measured in Douglas-fir stands amended with biosolids in 1982. A subsequent greenhouse study compared these same soils to soils amended with fresh wastewater treatment plant biosolids. Biosolids-amended field soils had significantly higher organic matter, lower pH, and elevated metals even after 25 years. In the field study, no beneficial growth effects were detected in biosolids-amended stands and in the greenhouse study both fresh and historic biosolids amendments resulted in lower seedling growth rates. Phytochelatins – bioindicators of intracellular metal stress – were elevated in foliage of biosolids-amended stands, and significantly higher in roots of seedlings grown with fresh biosolids. These results demonstrate that biosolids amendments have short- and long-term negative effects that may counteract the expected tree growth benefits.