cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defects in Amorphous Silicon: A New Perspective

Defects in amorphous Si are universally viewed as due to undercoordinated atoms. The dominant EPR-active center is identified as threefold-coordinated Si (dangling bond), but evidence is inconclusive. I introduce a new viewpoint, motivated by results on defects in crystalline Si, and conclude that overcoordination defects are as likely. I propose that most EPR-active centers are fivefold-coordinated Si, with an electron in a state that I label "floating bond." This new analysis is favored by experiments and theory and leads to new predictions.
Childfare : A New Direction for Welfare Reform:

In August 1996, President Clinton signed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, fulfilling his campaign promise to "end welfare as we know it". The legislation replaces the six-decade-old Aid To Families With Dependent Children programme (AFDC) with so-called workfare under which recipient parents may no longer receive financial assistance indefinitely. Instead, they must obtain employment or other means of support within two years, after which benefits are reduced or cease entirely. There is broad consensus that workfare is a step in the right direction. This paper challenges that consensus. The programme will intensify the plight of welfare children and deepen the economic problems of America in future years. We propose instead a programme that also promotes the work ethic as a basic premise of reform, but that seeks to reduce welfare rolls by making the education and development of assisted children the central obligation of AFDC parents.
Vision-aided inertial navigation with rolling-shutter cameras

In this paper, we focus on the problem of pose estimation using measurements from an inertial measurement unit and a rolling-shutter (RS) camera. The challenges posed by RS image capture are typically addressed by using approximate, low-dimensional representations of the camera motion. However, when the motion contains significant accelerations (common in small-scale systems) these representations can lead to loss of accuracy. By contrast, we here describe a different approach, which exploits the inertial measurements to avoid any assumptions on the nature of the trajectory. Instead of parameterizing the trajectory, our approach parameterizes the errors in the trajectory estimates by a low-dimensional model. A key advantage of this approach is that, by using prior knowledge about the estimation errors, it is possible to obtain upper bounds on the modeling inaccuracies incurred by different choices of the parameterization's dimension. These bounds can provide guarantees for the performance of the method, and facilitate addressing the accuracy-efficiency tradeoff. This RS formulation is used in an extended-Kalman-filter estimator for localization in unknown environments. Our results demonstrate that the resulting algorithm outperforms prior work, in terms of accuracy and computational cost. Moreover, we demonstrate that the algorithm makes it possible to use low-cost consumer devices (i.e. smartphones) for high-precision navigation on multiple platforms.
A health services research perspective on the use of ancillary services to retain persons living with HIV/AIDS in primary care.

(2002). A health services research perspective on the use of ancillary services to retain persons living with HIV/AIDS in primary care. AIDS Care: Vol. 14, No. sup1, pp. 133-136.
Practice Paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Abstract: Nutrition and Women's Health

Abstract Women account for 51% of the US population. Currently, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women, followed by cancer and stroke. Breast cancer, while associated with lower mortality than most other cancers, is the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity in women. Osteoporosis also threatens women, particularly after menopause. Importantly, each of these diagnoses in aging women share a commonality in that lifestyle choices, including diet, play a primary role in prevention and treatment of these diseases. This practice paper provides a synopsis of current dietary recommendations for CVD, osteoporosis, and breast cancer in women. Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) and dietetic technicians, registered play important roles in risk reduction for these diagnoses, and RDNs are uniquely qualified to provide medical nutrition therapy. For CVD, osteoporosis, or breast cancer, current recommendations for nutritional care suggest women should achieve and maintain a healthy body weight with avoidance of visceral adiposity. Nutrient density, with an emphasis on consumption of a variety of foods to acquire important micronutrients and bioactive components, is also central to effective medical nutrition therapy. Furthermore, RDNs should have a working knowledge of the therapeutic role of dietary supplementation, particularly for osteoporosis prevention.
Surface restructuring behavior of various types of poly(dimethylsiloxane) in water detected by SFG.

Surface structures of several different poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) materials, tetraethoxysilane-cured hydroxy-terminated PDMS (TEOS−PDMS), platinum-cured vinyl-terminated PDMS (Pt−PDMS), platinum-cured vinyl-terminated poly(diphenylsiloxane)-co-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDPS-co-PDMS), and PDMS-co-polystyrene (PDMS-co-PS) copolymer in air and water have been investigated by sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. The SFG spectra collected from all PDMS surfaces in both air and water are dominated by methyl group stretches, indicating that all the surfaces are mainly covered by methyl groups. Other than surface-dominating methyl groups, some −Si−CH2−CH2− moieties on the Pt−PDMS surface have also been detected in air, which are present at cross-linking points. Information about the average orientation angle and angle distribution of the methyl groups on the PDMS surface has been evaluated. Surface restructuring of the methyl groups has been observed for all PDMS surfaces in water. Upon cont...
Synthesis of N-substituted hydroxyprolinol phosphoramidites for the preparation of combinatorial libraries

Abstract A series of N-substituted DMT-hydroxymethylpyrrolidinol phosphoramidites has been prepared from trans-4-hydroxyproline. These can be coupled in high yield and purity using automated synthesis techniques, allowing a wide range of functionalities to be introduced into phosphodiester oligomers.
Ruth Crawford Seeger: a composer's search for American music

Ruth Crawford Seeger (1901-1953) is frequently considered the most significant American female composer in this century. Joining Aaron Copland and Henry Cowell as a key member of the 1920s musical avant-garde, she went on to study with modernist theorist and future husband Charles Seeger, writing her masterpiece, String Quartet 1931, not long after. But her legacy extends far beyond the cutting edge of modern music. Collaborating with poet Carl Sandburg on folk song arrangements in the twenties, and with the famous folk-song collectors John and Alan Lomax in the 1930s, she emerged as a central figure in the American folk music revival, issuing several important books of adaptations (transcriptions and arrangements) and pioneering the use of American folk songs in children's music education. Radicalized by the Depression, she spent much of the ensuing two decades working aggressively for social change with her husband and stepson, the folksinger Pete Seeger. This engrossing new biography emphasizes the choices Crawford Seeger made in her roles as composer, activist, teacher, wife and mother. The first woman to win a Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship in music composition, Crawford Seeger nearly gave up writing music as the demands of family, politics, and the folk song movement intervened. It was only at the very end of her life, with cancer sapping her strength, that she returned to composing. Written with unique insight and compassion, this book offers the definitive treatment of a fascinating twentieth-century figure.
The effects of epoxidized xenobiotics on mitogen responsiveness and antibody-producing ability of murine spleen cells in vitro.

Abstract The effects of benzo( a )pyrene [B( a )P], B( a )P-4,5- and 7,8-dihydroepoxide, (+)-B( a )P-7,8-diol,(−)-B(a)P-7,8-diol, cholestan-5α,6α-epoxy-3β-ol, cholestan-5β,6β-epoxy-3β-ol, cholestantriol and styrene oxide, on the in vitro mitogen responses and antibody-producing ability of mouse spleen cells were evaluated. B( a )P suppressed the plague-forming cell (PFC) response to T-cell dependent antigen sheep red blood cells (SRBC), but had no effect on the proliferative response to mitogens (phytohemagglutinin, concanvalin A and lipopolysaccharides) except a slight but significant increase to concanavalin A at lower doses. B( a )P-4,5- and 7,8-dihydroepoxides completely inhibited the proliferative response at concentrations exceeding 10 −6 M, but lower concentrations were without any effect. These two epoxides also suppressed the PFC response at concentration ⩾10 −5 M. This was accompanied by reduced cell viability. (+)-B( a )P-7,8-diol produced a dose-dependent suppression of PFC response to SRBC without altering the cell viability. The proliferative response was inhibited only at concentration ⩾10 −4 M. In contrast, (−)-B(a)P-7,8-diol has no effect on the PFC response and suppressed the proliferative response only at concentration of ⩾10 −5 M. Cholestan compounds had no effect on the plaque-forming cell response at concentrations ⩽10 −5 M. The effects on the proliferative response to mitogens were inhibitory and stimulatory depending upon the dose used. Styrene oxide neither inhibited the PFC nor the proliferative responses. The results of this study indicate that compounds with an electrophilically reactive epoxide moiety are cytotoxic at higher concentration, but have no uniform immunomodulatory effect on the in vitro parameters of immunological responsiveness.
The Mechanism of Self-Diffusion in Alkali Metals

On the basis of calculations of the activation energies of various ring, vacancy, and interstitial mechanisms in alkali metals, the most probable mechanism of self-diffusion is found to be the rapid transmission of short linear regions of compression (referred to as "crowdions") along body-diagonals in the body-centered cubic lattice. The creation of crowdions, which can be regarded as interstitial atoms diluted over a region of about eight interatomic distances in a vernier-like fashion, occurs at the surface rather than in the interior of a perfect lattice. The calculation of the corresponding energy of formation depends on the empirical values for the work function, heat of sublimation, and ionization energy; for sodium, the total heat of activation for diffusion by crowdions is probably less than one-tenth of one electron volt.
Synthesis and properties of 3,6-dideoxyhexulosonic acids and related compounds

Abstract Synthesis and characterizatio of the epimeric 3,6-dideoxy- d (and l )-hexulosonic acids are described. The configuration of each epimer has been established by measurements of rate of periodate oxidation, and each assignment agrees with that determined by enzyme-specificity studies. The n.m.r. spectra of the epimeric 3,6-dideoxy-hexulosonic acids and that of 3-deoxy- dl -glycero-pentulosonic acid show that each compound exists in solution mainly as the 2,5-hemiacetal. A convenient preparation of the bacterial metabolite 3-deoxy- d -erythro-hexulosonic acid (“3-deoxy-2-keto- d -gluconic” acid) is reported. The stereospecificity of the aldol reactions employed in these syntheses is discussed.
ON MATROID INTERSECTIONS

This paper exploits and extends results of Edmonds, Cunningham, Cruse and McDiarmid on matroid intersections. Letr 1 andr 2 be rank functions of two matroids defined on the same setE. For everyS ⊂E, letr 12(S) be the largest cardinality of a subset ofS independent in both matroids, 0≦k≦r 12(E)−1. It is shown that, ifc is nonnegative and integral, there is ay: 2 E →Z + which maximizes\(\sum\limits_S {(k - r_{12} (E - S))y(S)} \) and\(\sum\limits_S {(k + 1 - r_{12} (E - S))y(S)} \), subject toy≧0, ∀j∈E,\(\sum\limits_{S \mathrel\backepsilon j} {y(S) \leqq c_j } \).
The effect of solvent type on the infrared spectrum of carbon monoxide adsorbed at platinum electrodes

Abstract The infrared spectrum of CO adsorbed on a platinum electrode from several solvents was investigated. In N-methylformamide, acetonitrile, and 1,2-dichloroethane, the infrared band attributed to linearly bonded CO had experimental Stark tuning rates of 20 cm−1/V, 22 cm−1/V, and 19 cm−1/V, respectively. For each of these solvents, the potential dependence of the band position was found to be linear for the entire potential range investigated. When methanol was the solvent, the plot of the band position versus potential had three distinctly linear portions, each with a different value for the slope. The behavior is explained in terms of the ability of the solvent molecules to approach the electrode surface closely, the polarity of the solvent, and the orientation of solvent molecules with respect to the polarization of the electrode.
Review and kinetic analysis of the photodegradation of UV absorbers

Ultraviolet absorbers (UVA's) undergo photodegradation with quantum yields on the order of 10−6 even in glassy, unreactive matrices such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The kinetics of UVA loss in a film or coating can be described by the equation: A = log10[(1-To)10 + 1] where A is the absorbance at time t, To is the initial transmission, Ao is the initial absorbance, and k is an “infinite absorption” zero order rate constant. The derivation and implications of this equation and a general review of UVA degradation chemistry are discussed.
Design of Crude Distillation Plants with Vacuum Units. II. Heat Exchanger Network Design

This is the second part of a two-part paper. In this part, a multiperiod heat exchanger network design model is proposed to handle two different crudes, a light crude and a heavy crude, and the results are presented. This model considers the existence of a preflash drum, which is used only in the light crude period. The model contains a topological constraint so that all periods share the same heat exchange network but not necessarily at the same temperature levels.
Nanoscale Laser Processing using Near-Field Optics

Confinement of optical energy to small dimensions can be achieved by coupling laser irradiation to near-field scanning optical microscopes. The surface topography, texture, crystalline structure and chemical composition could be modified with lateral feature definition in the nanometer range by coupling nanosecond and femtosecond laser beams to NSOM probes in both apertured and apertureless configurations.
Gradient estimates for ut=ΔF(u) on manifolds and some Liouville-type theorems

Abstract In this paper, we first prove a localized Hamilton-type gradient estimate for the positive solutions of Porous Media type equations: u t = Δ F ( u ) , with F ′ ( u ) > 0 , on a complete Riemannian manifold with Ricci curvature bounded from below. In the second part, we study Fast Diffusion Equation (FDE) and Porous Media Equation (PME): u t = Δ ( u p ) , p > 0 , and obtain localized Hamilton-type gradient estimates for FDE and PME in a larger range of p than that for Aronson–Benilan estimate, Harnack inequalities and Cauchy problems in the literature. Applying the localized gradient estimates for FDE and PME, we prove some Liouville-type theorems for positive global solutions of FDE and PME on noncompact complete manifolds with nonnegative Ricci curvature, generalizing Yauʼs celebrated Liouville theorem for positive harmonic functions.
Facilitation of mounting behavior in male rats by intracranial injections of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.

Abstract Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) administration has been reported to facilitate male sex behavior. This laboratory has previously reported development of the ‘mounting test’, a paradigm which reflects sexual arousal mechanisms. We have used this test to study the interaction of LH-RH with the central components of male copulatory behavior in the rat. Sixty 90-day-old Long-Evans male rats were screened for sex behavior and divided into 5 treatment groups. For all mounting tests, a local anesthetic was applied to the penis and mounts were scored during a 15-min exposure to a stimulus female. The animals were given 3 successive weekly tests. By the final test, a significant decrement in mounting behavior was noted, and those males given 50 ng LH-RH i.c.v. displayed more mounting in this test than animals given either no treatment or saline ( P ). A slight but significant ( P ) enhancement of performance was also noted in peptide-treated rats in test I. There was no significant difference in any of the tests between animals given lateral cerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of 2 μl acidified saline and those given no treatment. When blood samples were taken from similarly treated animals and assayed by radioimmunoassay for luteinizing hormone and testosterone, plasma levels of these hormones were not different at either 30 min or 2 h after injection of saline or LH-RH. Thus, in animals with diminished genital sensory input, LH-RH administration increases mounting behavior without inducing measurable reproductive endocrine changes. It is proposed that this effect results from an interaction of this peptide with the neural substrates of the arousal mechanism.
Ionic space charge and dissolution of AgCl

If an annealed crystal of AgCl, doped with a few parts per million of divalent cation (Cd2+ or Mn2+) and kept under yellow safelight, is dissolved in a very weak solvent (10 % aqueous NaCl), it is found that during the first minute some 150 to 250 A is removed. Subsequent etchings in fresh solutions, however, remove only much smaller (often by a factor of 4) amounts. Ageing the crystal overnight at room temperature, in either air or dry nitrogen, restores the original behaviour : once again, the first 200 A is rapidly dissolved, after which the rate drops considerably. It is proposed that the rapidly dissolving region is that of the ionic space charge, which compensates the negative surface charge. Consistent with this model are the facts that : (a) ageing at liquid nitrogen temperature does not restore the rapid initial dissolution ; (b) the effect is much smaller for undoped crystals (containing ~ 1 ppm divalent cation) ; (c) the diffusion range of the divalent solute during a period of the order of 20 hrs. at room temperature is of the same magnitude as the thickness of the space charge region. Also of interest is the observation that actinic light, which produces free photoelectrons, enhances the rate of dissolution in a weak solvent.
Development of a robust and fast calibration procedure for diffuse optical tomography

Near infrared (NIR) diffuse optical tomography has demonstrated great potential in the initial diagnosis of tumor and the assessment of tumor vasculature response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. A fast and robust data processing is critical to move this technique from lab research to bench-side application. Our lab developed frequency-domain diffuse optical tomography system for clinical applications. So far, we still collect data at hospital and do the data processing off-line. In this paper, a robust calibration procedure and fast processing program were developed to overcome this limitation. Because each detection channel had its own electronic delay, the calibration procedure measured amplitude linearity and phase linearity of each channel, and formed a look-up table. The experimental measurements were corrected by the table and the fitting accuracy improved by 45.8%. To further improve the processing speed, the data collection and processing program were converted to C++ from matlab program. The overall processing speed was improved by two times. We expect the new processing program can move diffuse optical tomography one step close to bench-side clinical applications.
Does CEO optimism affect strategic process

Purpose – Although management researchers have long recognized that cognitive and behavioral constructs can influence strategic process, there have been surprisingly few empirical studies exploring their actual influence. More specifically, there have been no reported findings examining how an executive's general tendency to expect positive outcomes (i.e. optimism) shapes their strategic process. The purpose of this paper is to examine if optimism serves as a cognitive bias that short‐circuits the strategic process, or more specifically results in a greater use of incrementalism versus a comprehensive rational process.Design/methodology/approach – This is an initial study to explore the relationships between optimism and strategic process. The authors opted for a large cross‐sectional sample of chief executive officers (CEOs) in the for‐profit sector of the US healthcare industry, distributed 810 surveys, and received a 21 percent response rate. The authors' methods incorporated the well‐established Life ...
Literature, Philosophy, and Medical Ethics: Let the Dialogue Go On

This is a reply to Dan Clouser's philosophical commentary on the essays in this issue. Important assumptions that condition his perspective on the essays are identified and analyzed. Attention is drawn to his unhistorical emphasis on the exclusive importance of philosophy in ethical thought, and his resulting insistence that any discipline wishing to contribute to biomedical discourse must adopt the assumptions and methodologies of philosophy. Clouser's "three tenets" are examined, and then the question of what literature, considered in terms of its own aims and methodologies, has to offer to medical ethics. Genuine dialogue about medical ethics between philosophers and literary scholars is both desirable and important, but becomes possible only if the methods and insights of each discipline are honored in the pursuit of the overall goals they hold in common.
Effects of 1,3-dichloropropene on the kidney of Fisher 344 rats after pretreatment with diethyl maleate, buthionine sulfoximine, and aminooxyacetic acid.

Acute nephrotoxicity of cis/trans‐1,3‐dichloropropene (DCP) was assessed in male Fisher 344 rats. Pretreatment of rats with corn oil, aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), or diethyl maleate (DEM) was given intraperitoneally 1 h or 4 h prior to injection of DCP. Doses of DCP were 0, 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg intraperitoneally (4–5 animals per dose/pretreatment group). Urine was collected for 24 h. Excretion of creatinine, phosphorus, protein, N‐acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), and the major metabolite of DCP, N‐acetyl‐S‐(cis‐3‐chloroprop‐2‐enyl)‐cysteine (3CNAC), was measured. Excretion of the metabolite, 3CNAC, increased in a dose‐related manner from 0 to 50 mg/kg of DCP, but further increases were not seen at the 75 mg/kg dose. The pretreatments produced no alterations in the amounts of metabolite excreted when compared to corn oil controls. Zero‐order metabolism or impaired metabolism is suggested to be occurring at high doses of DCP. The AOA pretreatment group showed no increase in the excre...
Effect of Restriking on Recovery Voltage

IT IS well known that when any portion of an electrical circuit is either opened or closed a transient condition will usually exist for some period, depending on the damping, before the circuit assumes its new steady state. In power circuits, such switching operations are the application and removal of faults or loads and the connecting or separating of various parts of a system. The transient conditions resulting from these switching operations give rise in some cases to overvoltages, which can be calculated by straightforward and more or less well-known methods, if the transient circuit parameters are known. However, in some instances voltages much higher than those predicted by such calculations have been obtained, and various explanations1–9 have been offered for these occurrences.
Diffusion tensor imaging of cocaine-treated rodents

Studies in cocaine-dependent human subjects have shown differences in white matter on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) compared with non-drug-using controls. It is not known whether the differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) seen on DTI in white matter regions of cocaine-dependent humans result from a pre-existing predilection for drug use or purely from cocaine abuse. To study the effect of cocaine on brain white matter, DTI was performed on 24 rats after continuous infusion of cocaine or saline for 4 weeks, followed by brain histology. Voxel-based morphometry analysis showed an 18% FA decrease in the splenium of the corpus callosum (CC) in cocaine-treated animals relative to saline controls. On histology, significant increase in neurofilament expression (125%) and decrease in myelin basic protein (40%) were observed in the same region in cocaine-treated animals. This study supports the hypothesis that chronic cocaine use alters white matter integrity in human CC. Unlike humans, where the FA in the genu differed between cocaine users and non-users, the splenium was affected in rats. These differences between rodent and human findings could be due to several factors that include differences in the brain structure and function between species and/or the dose, timing, and duration of cocaine administration.
ERROR IN BLOOD-PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DUE TO INCORRECT CUFF SIZE IN OBESE PATIENTS

Trained nurse-specialists obtained 84 000 blood-pressure measurements in 1240 obese subjects using cuffs of the three standard adult sizes in a randomised order. The differences in readings between the three cuffs were smallest in non-obese subjects and became progressively greater with increasing arm circumference (AC) in the obese population. The regular cuff (12 X 23 cm) showed the greatest bias in relation to AC. Formulae and a table have been derived to correct the measurement error caused by cuffs of inappropriate size at various ACs. The reported high prevalence of hypertension in obese subjects may be greatly overestimated.
Traumatic brain injury causes an FK506-sensitive loss and an overgrowth of dendritic spines in rat forebrain.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes both an acute loss of tissue and a progressive injury through reactive processes such as excitotoxicity and inflammation. These processes may worsen neural dysfunction by altering neuronal circuitry beyond the focally-damaged tissue. One means of circuit alteration may involve dendritic spines, micron-sized protuberances of dendritic membrane that support most of the excitatory synapses in the brain. This study used a modified Golgi-Cox technique to track changes in spine density on the proximal dendrites of principal cells in rat forebrain regions. Spine density was assessed at 1 h, 24 h, and 1 week after a lateral fluid percussion TBI of moderate severity. At 1 h after TBI, no changes in spine density were observed in any of the brain regions examined. By 24 h after TBI, however, spine density had decreased in ipsilateral neocortex in layer II and III and dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG). This apparent loss of spines was prevented by a single, post-injury administr...
Dependence of the saturation intensity of p-type germanium on impurity concentration and residual absorption at 10.59 μm

Abstract We present a calculation of the saturation intensity Is of p-Ge at 10.59 μm as a function of the impurity concentration. The effect of residual absorption is calculated and found to be important in the interpretation of experiments for intensities much greater than Is.
OmpC Is the Receptor for Gifsy-1 and Gifsy-2 Bacteriophages of Salmonella

Mutations in the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ompC gene conferred resistance to Gifsy-1 and Gifsy-2 bacteriophages. Selection for complementing plasmids yielded clones of ompC. Introduction of an ompC clone into Escherichia coli conferred the ability to adsorb Gifsy phage. These data show that OmpC is the receptor for Gifsy-1 and Gifsy-2 phages.
Accelerated Electrical Testing for Improved Device Reliability

With increasing device complexity and with the introduction of some new processing techniques, the performance of visual inspection is becoming more difficult. Thus, as an alternative to portions of visual inspection, accelerated electrical screens have been developed. Controlled experiments show that the accelerated electrical screens significantly increase yields and device reliability.
Synthesis of a radiotracer for studying σ receptors in vivo using PET: (+)‐N‐[11C]‐benzyl‐N‐normetazocine (1S, 5S,9S‐(+)‐cis‐2‐[11C]‐2′‐hydroxy‐5,9‐dimethyl‐6,7‐benzomorphan)

(+)-N-[11C]-Benzyl-N-normetazocine (1S,5S,9S-(+)-cis-2-[11C]-benzyl-2′-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-6,7-benzomorphan), a potent and selective ligand for the σ receptor, was prepared by N-benzylation of (+)-cis-N-normetazocine with [α-11C]-benzyl iodide in ethanol using sodium hydrogen carbonate as the proton acceptor. The radiotracer was purified by semi-preparative reverse-phase HPLC. The average specific activity was 746 mCi/μmol calculated at end-of-synthesis (EOS). The average time of synthesis including formulation was 35 minutes.
Forgiveness in the Treatment of Persons with Alcohol Problems

SUMMARY We describe one theoretical perspective on injustice, unforgiveness, justice, and forgiveness (i.e., an emotional-replacement model) and describe an intervention to promote forgiveness, which is applied to alcohol dependence and abuse. We identify major transgressions within families who deal with alcohol-related problems. We note risk factors related to the development of unforgiving emotions and describe ways that people typically cope with the stress of unforgiveness. Finally, an evidence-based psychoeducational group to promote forgiveness, derived from the emotion-replacement model of forgiveness is described and adapted to the treatment of alcohol dependence and abuse within a family context. Whereas unforgiveness seems frequent within families dealing with alcohol dependence, empirical research on unforgiveness and forgiveness within those families is sparse.
Leishmania donovani-macrophage binding mediated by surface glycoproteins/antigens: characterization in vitro by a radioisotopic assay.

Abstract A radioisotopic assay was developed to quantitate the binding of Leishmania donovani promastigotes to hamster peritoneal macrophages in vitro. The binding was temperature dependent and required no serum factors. Binding was reduced by preloading macrophages with zymosan granules or unlabeled promastigotes, but not with latex beads or opsonized erythrocytes. Binding was reduced by 10 mM EGTA that was reversible by the addition at an equimolar concentration of calcium, but not magnesium ions. Sialic acid, D-glucose, D-mannose and their derivatives reduced the binding, whereas L-fucose, D-galactose and their related sugars did not. Pretreatment of promastigotes with neuraminidase, α-mannosidase, α-N-acetylglucosaminidase or β-glucosidase reduced their binding to macrophages. Prior trypsinization of either macrophages or promastigotes also substantially reduced the binding. At 4°C, prior opsonization of promastigotes with subagglutination titers of antiserum doubled the level of binding but in combination with Protein A reduced it to 50% of its normal binding level. Prior opsonization of macrophages decreased their binding to promastigotes significantly at 4 or 37°C. The results indicate that binding of Leishmania donovani promastigotes to hamster peritoneal macrophages is a ligand-receptor interaction involving their antigenic surface membrane proteins. The binding ligands of the parasites appear to have at least sialol, glucosyl, mannosyl and N-acetylglucosaminyl terminal residues as binding determinants. Thus, receptor-mediated endocytosis, defined in a broader sense, appears to be the mechanism by which leishmanias gain entry into macrophages.
Satellite Oceanic Observations for the 80's

Satellite measurements of ocean surface features matured in the late 1970's through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration research satellite program. Two programs in particular, Seasat and Nimbus-7, will be reviewed in this plan with emphasis on the measurement and application of satellite derived ocean-surface windfields, waves, temperature, topography, circulation, and color. The sensors required to make the measurements include: microwave altimeters, scatterometers, and synthetic aperture radars; and radiometers which operate in the microwave, infrared and visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. With the successes of satellite oceanic observations of the recent past, application of this technology during the 1980's will be reviewed with specific emphasis on the potential National Oceanic Satellite System, a system to be jointly implemented in a tri-agency program supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Defense, and the Department of Commerce.
Nuclear Power and Environmentalism in Italy

Pressure to restart nuclear power has mounted as Italy has become the world's largest electricity importer. The Italian environmental movement campaigned against nuclear power during the 1980s, culminating in a 1987 moratorium on nuclear power production. The green movement was partly institutionalised by the Italian state during the 1990s, which contributed to the upholding of the moratorium. Internationally, some environmentalists have recently embraced nuclear power as an environmentally-friendly response to climate change. New nuclear power plants are planned in the USA, UK and 'considered' elsewhere. In Italy, however, the 1980s movement has a durable legacy which maintains opposition to nuclear power without evidence of it being reconsidered due to climate change. But in the general election of April 2008, environmentalists' political influence was reduced and a government promising to reopen nuclear plants was elected. Also, imported nuclear power from foreign joint ventures is now increasing and m...
In vivo Proton NMR spectroscopy of genetic mouse models BALB/cJ and C57BL/6By: variation in hippocampal glutamate level and the metabotropic glutamate receptor, subtype 7 (Grm7) gene.

Glutamatergic neurotransmission in the brain is modulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR). In recent studies, we identified a cis-regulated variant of a gene (Grm7) which codes for mGluR subtype 7 (mGluR7), a presynaptic inhibitory receptor. The genetic variant derived from the BALB/cJ mouse strain (Grm7 (BALB/cJ)) codes for higher abundance of mGluR7 mRNA in the hippocampus than the C57BL/6By strain-derived variant (Grm7 (C57BL/6By)). Here, we used localized in vivo (1)H NMR spectroscopy to test the hypothesis that Grm7 (BALB/cJ) is also associated with lower glutamate concentration in the same brain region. All data were obtained on a 7.0 T Agilent (Santa Clara, CA, USA) 40-cm bore system using experimentally naive adult male inbred C57BL/6By, BALB/cJ, and congenic mice (B6By.C.6.132.54) constructed in our laboratory carrying Grm7 (BALB/cJ) on C57BL/6By genetic background. The voxel of interest size was 6 μL (1 × 2 × 3 mm(3)) placed in the hippocampal CA1 region. The results showed that the hippocampal level of glutamate in the congenic mouse strain was significantly lower than that in the background C57BL/6By strain which carried the Grm7 (C57BL/6By) allele. Because the two inbred strains are genetically highly similar except at the region of the Grm7 gene, the results raise the possibility that allelic variation at the Grm7 locus contributes to the strain differences in both hippocampal mRNA abundance and glutamate level which may modulate complex behavioral traits, such as learning and memory, addiction, epilepsy, and mood disorders.
A Logit Model with Interactions for Predicting Major Gift Donors

We provide a new statistical model developed from the alumni database at North-western University for identifying potential major gift donors. Our logit model with interactions predicts which individuals will give $10,000 or more over three years using CHAID (Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection) combined with logit analysis. Our work goes beyond our earlier research (Lindahl and Winship, 1992) by providing a more effective means of selecting fund-raising prospects. The critical new component in our model is the inclusion of interactions between past giving and other variables. Specifically, we find that for individuals with different past giving records different variables are important. Our results show that prospects with a low past giving level will rarely give gifts over $10,000.
Knockout mouse models of insulin signaling: Relevance past and future

Insulin resistance is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. In an effort to understand and treat this condition, researchers have used genetic manipulation of mice to uncover insulin signaling pathways and determine the effects of their perturbation. After decades of research, much has been learned, but the pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human diabetes remains controversial, and treating insulin resistance remains a challenge. This review will discuss limitations of mouse models lacking select insulin signaling molecule genes. In the most influential mouse models, glucose metabolism differs from that of humans at the cellular, organ, and whole-organism levels, and these differences limit the relevance and benefit of the mouse models both in terms of mechanistic investigations and therapeutic development. These differences are due partly to immutable differences in mouse and human biology, and partly to the failure of genetic modifications to produce an accurate model of human diabetes. Several factors often limit the mechanistic insights gained from experimental mice to the particular species and strain, including: developmental effects, unexpected metabolic adjustments, genetic background effects, and technical issues. We conclude that the limitations and weaknesses of genetically modified mouse models of insulin resistance underscore the need for redirection of research efforts toward methods that are more directly relevant to human physiology.
Processing of high-performance fiber-reinforced cement-based composites

Abstract High-performance fiber-reinforced cement-based composites (HPFRCC) are characterized by their high elastic limit and strain hardening and a progressive multiple cracking type of response to mechanical loading. The parameters that influence the performance of such composites include: fiber type(s), matrix properties and processing. Processing can substantially influence fiber dispersion, quality of performance and cost of production. In spite of its importance, relatively little is known about the relationship between processing and composite performance. This paper summarizes the results of two studies in which the influence of processing on the performance of Hatschek- and extrusion-produced HPFRCC was investigated. The effect of applying external pressure to freshly-formed, Hatschek-produced fiber-reinforced cement board was systematically evaluated. The results indicate that pressure can be used to enhance freeze–thaw durability. In addition, a rheological study was successfully carried out on extruded composites to reduce cost by altering the matrix composition.
Probabilistic near-duplicate detection using simhash

This paper offers a novel look at using a dimensionality-reduction technique called simhash to detect similar document pairs in large-scale collections. We show that this algorithm produces interesting intermediate data, which is normally discarded, that can be used to predict which of the bits in the final hash are more susceptible to being flipped in similar documents. This paves the way for a probabilistic search technique in the Hamming space of simhashes that can be significantly faster and more space-efficient than the existing simhash approaches. We show that with 95% recall compared to deterministic search of prior work, our method exhibits 4-14 times faster lookup and requires 2-10 times less RAM on our collection of 70M web pages.
Nearest Neighbor Probabilistic Model for Aluminum Polycrystals

A real-valued random field { Zi,j } with piecewise constant samples and defined on a lattice L in R2 is developed to characterize two-dimensional metallic polycrystals. The subsets defined by constant values of { Zi,j } are virtual grains and the values of { Zi,j } give Euler angles at the nodes of L . The field { Zi,j } is completely defined by its marginal distribution and conditional probabilities associated with the nearest neighbor model. The defining probabilities of { Zi,j } need to be estimated from measurements of atomic lattice orientation. Random fields { Zi,j } calibrated to the measurements of crystallographic texture in two AA7075 aluminum plates have been used to generate virtual polycrystals. Virtual and actual polycrystals are similar.
Atherosclerotic occlusive extracranial vertebral artery disease: indications for intervention, endovascular techniques, short-term and long-term results.

Background: Atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the vertebral artery (VA) affects a significant proportion of patients with cerebrovascular disease and can cause significant morbidity and mortality despite maximal medical therapy. Careful selection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients for intervention based on neurological symptoms, as well as anatomical and hemodynamic considerations, is essential. Methods: To achieve proper results with angioplasty and stenting, standard endovascular techniques are modified for the unique anatomical considerations of the VA. Several technical nuances are described here to aid in the endoluminal revascularization of the VA. Results: Technical success (<50% residual diameter stenosis) rates ranging from 94 to 98% and low rates of periprocedural complications have been achieved with VA angioplasty and stenting in select series with angiographic follow-up. The long-term success in those series is limited by the high (10–43%) rate of recurrent stenosis. Proper placement of the stent can reduce the risk of periprocedural complications and restenosis. In-stent stenosis appears most commonly during the first 6–12 months after stent placement, but does not appear to correlate with return of neurological symptoms. We believe the high rate of recurrent stenosis makes follow-up angiography essential, especially in the first 12 months after the procedure. Conclusion: Endovascular VA angioplasty with stent placement provides an innovative approach to treat a difficult clinical entity. Evolving therapies, including drug-eluting stents or bioresorbable stents, may prove to provide better long-term results.
Blind correction of gain and timing mismatches for a two-channel time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter: experimental verification

We report experimental verification of the previously proposed blind method of correcting gain and timing mismatches for a two-channel time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter (TIADC). The experimental setup allows for two different M=2 TIADC configurations with 14-bit resolution and 200-MHz overall sampling rates. Mismatch parameters are estimated by the blind algorithm with representative narrowband and wideband signals. The spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) performance is then evaluated by using sinusoids. We discuss performance gain, as well as the limitations of the proposed blind algorithm when applied to real world analog-to-digital (A/D) converters.
Defining the Developmental Parameters of Temper Loss in Early Childhood: Implications for Developmental Psychopathology

Background: Temper modulation problems are both a hallmark of early childhood and a common mental health concern. Thus, characterizing specific behavioral manifestations of temper loss along a dimension from normative misbehaviors to clinically significant problems is an important step toward identifying clinical thresholds. Methods: Parent-reported patterns of temper loss were delineated in a diverse community sample of preschoolers (n = 1,490). A developmentally sensitive questionnaire, the Multidimensional Assessment of Preschool Disruptive Behavior (MAP-DB), was used to assess temper loss in terms of tantrum features and anger regulation. Specific aims were: (a) document the normative distribution of temper loss in preschoolers from normative misbehaviors to clinically concerning temper loss behaviors, and test for sociodemographic differences; (b) use Item Response Theory (IRT) to model a Temper Loss dimension; and (c) examine associations of temper loss and concurrent emotional and behavioral problems. Results: Across sociodemographic subgroups, a unidimensional Temper Loss model fit the data well. Nearly all (83.7%) preschoolers had tantrums sometimes but only 8.6% had daily tantrums. Normative misbehaviors occurred more frequently than clinically concerning temper loss behaviors. Milder behaviors tended to reflect frustration in expectable contexts, whereas clinically concerning problem indicators were unpredictable, prolonged, and/or destructive. In multivariate models, Temper Loss was associated with emotional and behavioral problems. Conclusions: Parent reports on a developmentally informed questionnaire, administered to a large and diverse sample, distinguished normative and problematic manifestations of preschool temper loss. A developmental, dimensional approach shows promise for elucidating the boundaries between normative early childhood temper loss and emergent psychopathology. Keywords: Developmental psychopathology, temper tantrums, disruptive behavior, preschool psychopathology, dimensional.
Mechanisms of Bacterial Opsonization by Immune Globulin Intravenous: Correlation of Complement Consumption with Opsonic Activity and Protective Efficacy

To study the mechanism of bacterial opsonization by immune globulin intravenous (IGIV) complement consumption and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) membrane receptor (FcRlo, CR1, and CR3)-mediated phagocytosis of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and groups A and B streptococci were examined. IGIV alone did not consume complement and showed no opsonic activity by itself for these organisms. When these bacteria were preopsonized in IGIV, significant amounts of complement were consumed (44%-94%) and the uptake and killing of bacteria occurred. The in vitro opsonic activity of IGIV for these organisms was significantly correlated with the amount of complement consumed by the IGIV-opsonized bacteria (r = .85, P less than .05). The in vivo protective efficacy of IGIV also appeared to be directly associated with its ability to activate and consume complement (r = 1.0, P less than .001). Antibodies to FcRlo (Leu 11) markedly inhibited phagocytosis of bacteria opsonized in IGIV but not that of bacteria opsonized in specific IgM. Both CR1 and CR3 receptors on PMNLs were involved in uptake, but the contribution of each is different with different organisms.
Evaluation of AJCC Tumor Staging for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma and a Proposed Alternative Tumor Staging System

Importance This study proposes an alternative tumor staging system for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) that more precisely defines the small subset of tumors with a high risk of metastasis and death. Objective To identify risk factors for poor outcomes in CSCC and evaluate the 2010 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor (T) staging system's ability to stratify occurrence of these outcomes. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting A single academic hospital. Participants Study participants were identified via a pathology and dermatopathology database search for patients diagnosed as having high-risk CSCC. Results Two hundred fifty-six primary high-risk CSCCs were included. Outcomes for AJCC tumor stages T2 to T4 were statistically indistinguishable because only 4 cases ( Conclusions and Relevance The proposed alternative tumor staging system offers improved prognostic discrimination via stratification of stage T2 tumors. Validation in other cohorts is needed. Meanwhile, stage T2b tumors are responsible for most poor outcomes and may be a focus of high-risk CSCC study.