cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
El Niño: A Predictable Climate Fluctuation

he causes torrential rains in Peru and Ecuador, droughts and fires in Indonesia, and abnormal weather globally- that the term is now part of everyone’s vocabulary; it designates a mischievous gremlin. Hence, if the stock-market in New York is erratic, or the traffic jams in London are exceptionally bad, it must be El Nino. This is consistent with our practice of using meteorological phenomenon as a metaphors in our daily speech: the president is under a cloud, the examination was a breeze. We know exactly what these statements mean because we have a life-long familiarity with clouds and breezes. Despite all the publicity it receives, El Nino, Spanish for Child Jesus, remains a puzzle. Why is the rascal named after Child Jesus? How can scientists claim that they are able to predict it months in advance when they are unable to predict the weather more than a few days ahead?
CsBr- InN/GaN photocathodes examined with photoelectron emission microscopy

A promising cathode type is the CsBr/GaN photocathode (PC). These cathodes are constructed by depositing a CsBr layer on sputter deposited GaN or InN. The use of InGaN or InN substrates rather than GaN means that the photoelectrons can be excited by visible photons.
War Stories: The Culture of Foreign Correspondents

War Stories: The Culture of Foreign Correspondents. Mark Pedelty. New York: Routledge, 1995. 254 pp.
Decomposition of stabilized polyoxymethylene

Polyoxymethylene, endgroup protected and copolymerized, was annealed at different temperatures under 5 kb pressure. Enhanced decomposition was found at elevated pressure. Annealing to an improved crystal structure was possible only at atmospheric pressure above 170°C. The thermodynamics and products of decomposition are discussed. Durch Blockierung der Endgruppen oder durch Copolymerisation stabilisiertes Polyoxymethylen wurde bei verschiedenen Temperaturen unter 5 kb Druck getempert. Es wurde beobachtet, das unter hohem Druck die Zersetzung beschleunigt ist. Tempern zu einer besseren Kristallstruktur war nur unter Atmospharendruck oberhalb 170°C moglich Die Thermodynamik und die Produkte des Abbaus werden diskutiert.
Axillary artery tumor embolism secondary to mitral valve myxosarcoma in a dog.

Objective To describe the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of a dog with an arterial tumor embolism. Case Summary An 11-year-old, neutered male Irish Setter presented with acute right forelimb lameness. The dog was unable to bear weight on the right forelimb, which was cool to the touch with no palpable pulses. Diagnosis of thromboembolism was confirmed using angiography, revealing a lack of blood flow to the right axillary artery. Balloon angioplasty, thrombosuction, and infusion of the thromboembolism with tissue plasminogen activator were used to achieve increased, but not complete, blood flow through the vasculature. Echocardiogram revealed vegetative mitral valve lesions consistent with endocarditis, thrombus, neoplasia, or a combination thereof. At the time of discharge, there was improvement in the temperature and motor function of the proximal limb but no conscious proprioception or deep pain sensation in the distal limb. Histopathologic analysis of the sample retrieved with thrombosuction was consistent with a diagnosis of myxosarcoma. A series of 3 rechecks showed continued improvement in neuromuscular function. Treatment for suspected mitral valve myxosarcoma was declined. The patient was lost to follow up until being presented for necropsy 16 months later. Necropsy confirmed myxosarcoma of the mitral valve with tumor emboli to the coronary arteries, lungs, and the right axillary artery. Unique Information Provided To the authors’ knowledge, there is no report of myxosarcoma originating on the mitral valve in dogs, although it has been reported in the human literature. To the authors’ knowledge, there are also no reports of tumor embolism of the axillary artery in a dog. This case demonstrates a unique presentation of a dog that had a myxosarcoma tumor embolism. It also describes the use of angiography for diagnosis and localization of the vascular obstruction and a variety of interventional techniques for the treatment of thromboembolism.
The Ketogenic Diet as Broad-Spectrum Treatment for Super-Refractory Pediatric Status Epilepticus Challenges in Implementation in the Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Units

Refractory status epilepticus carries significant morbidity and mortality. Recent reports have promoted the use of the ketogenic diet as an effective treatment for refractory status epilepticus. We...
Thiol−Ene Photopolymerization Mechanism and Rate Limiting Step Changes for Various Vinyl Functional Group Chemistries

The mechanism and kinetics of thiol−ene photopolymerizations utilizing a tetrafunctional thiol monomer copolymerized with acrylate, norbornene, vinyl ether, and vinyl silazane functionalized ene monomers are successfully modeled and experimentally characterized. Modeling predictions demonstrate that the reaction orders in thiol−ene systems are controlled by the ratio of thiyl radical propagation to chain transfer kinetic parameters (kp/kCT). Ratios of kinetic parameters (kp/kCT) were found to vary significantly with the ene functional group chemistry and to have a dramatic impact on polymerization kinetics. For high ratios of kp/kCT, polymerization rates are first order in thiol functional group concentration and nearly independent of ene functional group concentration. For kp/kCT values near unity, polymerization rates are approximately 1/2 order in both thiol and ene functional group concentrations. When kCT is much greater than kp, polymerization rates are first order in ene functional group concentrat...
Delayed diagnosis of esophageal perforation by aluminum foreign bodies

Two pediatric patients presented with long-term respiratory or gastrointestinal complaints after swallowing aluminum poptops. The delay in diagnosis was due in part to poor appreciation of the relative radiolucency of aluminum.
The adsorption of Cd(II) from seawater by humic acids of various sources of origin

Abstract Adsorption constants for Cd(II) ion from a seawater matrix onto suspended humic acid were measured. The humic acids utilized in this study originated from estuarine and riverine sediments and from terrestrial soils and were characterized by CP/MAS 13 C NMR spectroscopy. Higher adsorption constants were associated with sedimentary humic acids which contained spectroscopically detectable amino acid nitrogen, suggesting that these additional adsorption sites provided by amino acid nitrogen are responsible for the greater adsorption constant values of sedimentary vs soil humic acids.
Kinetics of oxide film growth on metal crystals: Space-charge-modified thermal electron emission and ionic diffusion. Part 2. Numerical results

Presented are results obtained by a coupled-currents numerical evaluation of an oxidation model based on ionic diffusion and thermal electron emission in the presence of space charge of the diffusing ionic species. The pertinent equations for this model were given in Part 1. Part 2 focuses on the predictions of the model as deduced by numerical evaluation. The various figures illustrate well the range of physical quantities, such as diffusing defect concentration profiles, electric fields within the growing oxide layer, and built-in electrostatic potentials, which can be obtained by a coupled-currents calculation for any model once the ionic and electronic transport currents have been specified. Of special interest in the present work are the electron energy barriers obtained for oxides of various thicknesses and various growth rates. The space-charge-modified kinetics deduced for the present model, when compared with the significantly different kinetics exhibited in published homogeneous field calculations, illustrate the following: (a) In the early growth stage, the negative surface-charge field is an order of magnitude or so larger than its homogeneous field counterpart; this significantly aids the injection of rate-limiting electronic carriers into the conduction band of the oxide, and the oxide growth rate is thereby enhanced. (b) In the later stages of growth where the ionic species becomes rate-limiting, the space charge of the diffusing ions causes a marked retardation of the ionic current and the accompanying oxide film growth. (c) The transition from electron rate-limited growth to ionic rate-limited growth occurs shortly after the classical electron energy barrier maximum switches from inside the film (Schottky-type emission) to a space-charge-produced barrier maximum at the outer interface of the film.
Hemodynamic responses to administration of mephentermine in normotensive and hypotensive dogs

Abstract The hemodynamic responses to mephentermine were studied in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital and in those treated with gallamine. Observations were made in normotensive animals and in animals made hypotensive by intravenous hexamethonium. Mephentermine regularly caused an increase in cardiac output and arterial pressure regardless of the control state of the animal. Calculated peripheral resistance increased in 18 of the 22 experiments. In this study, mephentermine raised the level of arterial pressure by increasing both cardiac output and peripheral resistance.
Urothelial papilloma of the bladder. Clinical and biologic implications.

BACKGROUND An international consensus has been reached regarding diagnostic criteria for papilloma of the urinary bladder. However, the incidences of recurrence and progression in patients with urothelial papilloma are uncertain. METHODS The population for this study consisted of 52 patients who were diagnosed with urothelial papilloma of the bladder at the Mayo Clinic between 1914 and 1998. All histologic slides were reviewed and fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of urothelial papilloma from the 1998 World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology classification system. No patients had previous or coexistent urothelial carcinoma, and none were treated after biopsy. RESULTS The mean patient age at diagnosis was 57 years (range, 22–89 years). The male-to-female ratio was 1.9:1. The mean follow-up was 9.8 years (range, 0.1–58 years). Four patients developed recurrent papilloma (mean interval from diagnosis to recurrence, 3.3 years); 1 other patient developed papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential (Ta WHO Grade 1 papillary urothelial carcinoma) 6 years after the initial diagnosis of papilloma. None of these patients developed dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, or invasive urothelial carcinoma or died of bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS Patients with urothelial papilloma have a low incidence of recurrence and rarely, if ever, develop urothelial carcinoma. [See editorial on pages 1890−2 and related article on pages 2102–8, this issue.] Cancer 1999;86:2098–101. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Tree-ring reconstructed sunshine duration over central USA

Tree-ring chronologies of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) and post oak (Quercus stellata) from the central United States of America are directly correlated with precipitation, and inversely with percentage possible sunshine during the growing season (March-June). Partial correlation analysis indicates that precipitation is the most important climate signal in the growth of these trees, but sunshine duration accounts for an additional 22 per cent of the radial growth variance independently of the growth influences of precipitation or temperature. Because the internal moisture balance of trees and ultimately the width of annual tree-rings assimilate the direct and interactive effects of sunshine duration, temperature, and especially precipitation, the tree-ring chronology can explain 60 per cent of the variance in regional sunshine duration. Consequently, the derived reconstruction retains more sunshine duration information than is reflected by the simple covariance between rainfall, cloud cover, and sunshine. A tree-ring reconstruction of sunshine duration from AD 1700 to AD 1980 suggests that short-period changes in the mean, variance, and persistence of cloud cover have occurred over the past 281 years. Analysis of the reconstruction indicates that strong El Nino events are often associated with cloudy growing season conditions over the central USA. The full 281-year reconstruction and the 85-year instrumental sunshine data also contain prominent 5- to 10-year sunshine oscillations, which frequently help to induce trends lasting up to 20 years. The sunshine reconstruction does not, however, reveal any statistically significant 30-year-long linear trends in sunshine duration since 1700.
Toxicity of Hydrogen Peroxide to Pre‐exposed Young‐of‐the‐Year Walleye: Effects of Water Hardness and Age of Fish

.— Young-of-the-year (Age 0+) walleyes Stizostedion vitreum were exposed to hydrogen peroxide at 10 mg/L for 1 h in an effort to increase their tolerance to subsequent exposures to hydrogen peroxide at therapeutic concentrations that are considered to be toxic. The effects of age of fish and water hardness on the effectiveness of this pre-treatment protocol were examined. Trials were performed in fish at four ages (50-d, 60-d, 86-d, and 95-d post-hatch) and under three different water quality conditions (soft water: hardness = 64.4 mg/L, alkalinity = 56.5 mg/L; medium hard water: hardness = 103.3 mg/L, alkalinity = 51.5 mg/ L; hard water: hardness = 130.3 mg/L, alkalinity = 92 mg/L). A benefit of pre-treatment was only observed when it was performed under hard water conditions and only with walleyes at 60- and 86-d post hatch. The pre-treatment protocol appeared to be detrimental to fish in the youngest age group (50-d post-hatch) under all three water quality conditions.
A LIFE IN FRAGMENTS: THOMAS COOPER'S CHARTIST BILDUNGSROMAN

The improbable course of Thomas Cooper's life (1805–1892) – from shoemaker and autodidact, to school teacher, to Methodist circuit rider, to Chartist activist, to prison poet, and finally to working-class lecturer and editor – encapsulates the tensions and contradictions of Victorian self-help. Fiercely devoted to projects of self-education and improvement, as an apprentice craftsman in Lincolnshire, Cooper memorized Hamlet and significant portions of Paradise Lost , and taught himself Latin, French, and some Hebrew. The publication of The Purgatory of the Suicides , the epic poem for which he is best known, made Cooper a minor celebrity in the world of middle-class literary reformers, who praised his artistic and educational accomplishments. The novelist and Christian socialist Charles Kingsley discerned in his heroic commitment to “the pursuit of knowledge under difficulties” an alternative to political militancy and loosely based Alton Locke , the story of a disillusioned Chartist hero's spiritual redemption, on Cooper's own life (Collins 3–4). Samuel Smiles, the Scottish reformer and author of Self-Help , celebrated Cooper's writing as part of a national culture which could help heal the country's social and economic divisions, arguing that his literary achievements placed him in “the same class as Burns, Ebenezer Elliot, Fox, the Norwich weaver-boy, to say nothing of the Arkwrights, Smeatons, Brindleys, Chantrys, and the like, all rising out of the labour-class into the class of the thinkers and builders-up of English greatness” (Smiles 244).
Violent Behavior Preceding Hospitalization Among Persons with Severe Mental Illness

The need to better understand and manage risk of violent behavior among persons with severe mental illness (SMI) in community care is increasingly being recognized. Of particular concern is a subset of the SMI population characterized by a "revolving door" pattern of institutional recidivism and poor adherence to outpatient treatment. Little empirical research exists which examines the specific dimensions of violent incidents and their surrounding context in this population. The present paper describes characteristics of violent behavioral events in a sample of 331 people with psychotic or major mood disorders who were placed on involuntary outpatient commitment in North Carolina. By pooling baseline data from respondents' self-report, collateral informant interviews, and hospital records, the study found violent behavior to be a problem affecting over half the sample in a 4-month period preceding hospitalization. The study also found considerable variability in the frequency of violent events, severity, weapon use, subjective state when incidents occurred, initiation of fights, settings, relationship to others involved, and associated threat of victimization. Multivariable analyses showed that cooccurring substance abuse problems, history of criminal victimization, and age (being younger) were significantly associated with violent behavior when all sources of data were taken into account. Clinical diagnosis and symptom variables were not related to violence in this sample. Implications of these findings for service delivery priorities and future research are discussed.
The phase diagram of 2:1 cationic organic charge transfer salts

We propose a new theoretical approach, stressing the role of Coulomb interactions and band-filling effects, to describe the phase diagram of the 2:1 cationic organic charge transfer salts, including those exhibiting field induced spin density wave (FISDW) behavior. We predict three distinct nonsuperconducting phases. 14 refs., 1 fig.
Effect of particulate materials on population growth of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae.

SummarySeveral particulate compounds such as Celite, glass powder, tin oxide, diamond powder, and three different cellulose products, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Solka Flok, and Cellophane Spangles...
Photodynamics Of Ultrafast Relaxation In Triphenylmethyl Cation Dyes

Picosecond photodynamics of triphenylmethyl cation dyes are examined in the visible spectral region with time and wavelength resolved spectroscopy. Computer modeling of the data is employed to determine recovery times for ground state absorption. Previous work is reviewed and compared to the current results. It is proposed that dielectric relaxation is the controlling step in the return of ground state absorption, rather than viscosity as proposed by previous authors. Data is presented from studies in the field of dielectric relaxation to support this contention.
Simulation assisted risk assessment applied to launch vehicle conceptual design

A simulation-based risk assessment approach is presented and is applied to the analysis of abort during the ascent phase of a space exploration mission. The approach utilizes groupings of launch vehicle failures, referred to as failure bins, which are mapped to corresponding failure environments. Physical models are used to characterize the failure environments in terms of the risk due to blast overpressure, resulting debris field, and the thermal radiation due to a fireball. The resulting risk to the crew is dynamically modeled by combining the likelihood of each failure, the severity of the failure environments as a function of initiator and time of the failure, the robustness of the crew module, and the warning time available due to early detection. The approach is shown to support the launch vehicle design process by characterizing the risk drivers and identifying regions where failure detection would significantly reduce the risk to the crew.
CYBERNETICS OF BRIEF FAMILY THERAPY

A cybernetic view of brief family therapy is presented. The article includes an historical discussion of the key ideas underlying brief family therapy, a cybernetic model of therapeutic change and a clinical case for exemplification.
The squirrel monkey vestibulo-ocular reflex and adaptive plasticity in yaw, pitch, and roll

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was studied in adult squirrel monkeys before and after adaptation to magnifying and minifying viewing conditions. Monkeys were subjected to broadband (0.05–0.71 Hz) conditioning rotation for six hours in head yaw, pitch, and roll on separate occasions, and the VORs in these three planes were studied in darkness to assess adaptive plasticity in the reflexes. The gain of the horizontal VOR (H-VOR) averaged 0.8 across the frequency bandwidth studied (0.025–4 Hz). Phase was near 0° from 4 to around 0.1 Hz, but developed a progressive lead as frequency declined further. Normal vertical VOR (V-VOR) gain climbed from 0.6 at 0.025 Hz to near 1 as frequency increased to 4 Hz. Phase lead was more pronounced at low frequencies than in the H-VOR. The normal torsional VOR (T-VOR) qualitatively resembled the V-VOR, showing similar phase but lower gains (0.3–0.7) across the frequency bandwidth. These findings suggest that the dynamics of the V-VOR and T-VOR resemble canal characteristics more closely than does the H-VOR. After adaptation to visual minification and conditioning rotation (0.5X for yaw and pitch, 0X for roll), gain decreased in each of the planes of conditioning. Similarly, gain increased in the plane of conditioning after adaptation to visual magnification (2X). The adaptive changes were greater at low (0.025–1 Hz) than at high (2.5–4 Hz) frequencies, and were more robust when gain was driven downward than upward. However, control (sham) adaptation experiments showed that VOR gain tended to drop slightly over 6 h in the absence of adaptive drive to do so, suggesting that the gain modifications may be more symmetric when referenced to the control. Adaptive VOR gain enhancement or decrement in the plane of conditioning did not result in systematic and parallel changes in orthogonal VOR planes.
Adenoviral infections and a prospective trial of cidofovir in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Abstract Adenoviral (ADV) infections are increasingly recognized as a cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We reviewed our experience with ADV infections in HSCT patients hospitalized for transplantation at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles January 1998 through December 1998. ADV was detected in 47% of patients, with recipients of HSCT from alternative donors (matched unrelated, unrelated cord, and mismatched related donors) being more frequently culture positive than recipients of HSCT from matched siblings (62% versus 27%, P=.04). Detection of ADV from 2 or more sites was associated with organ injury, eg, hemorrhagic cystitis, enteritis, and hepatitis. Because of the high incidence of ADV culture-positive patients and the lack of effective anti-ADV therapy, we initiated a prospective trial to evaluate cidofovir (CDV) in the treatment of ADV infections in HSCT recipients. Eight patients were enrolled on a dosage schedule of 1 mg/kg 3 times weekly. AD of these patients eventually achieved long-term viral suppression and clinical improvement, although 6 patients needed prolonged CDV therapy for up to 8 months before CDV could be stopped without ADV recurrence. We did not observe dose-limiting nephrotoxicity, and the discontinuation of the drug was not required in any patients. Prospective controlled trials to further define the role of CDV in the treatment of ADV infections in HSCT patients are warranted. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2001;7(7):388-94.
Domoic acid in phytoplankton and fish in San Diego, CA, USA

Abstract We provide the first confirmation of the presence of domoic acid (DA) in phytoplankton and fish in San Diego, California, based on samples collected between 1 October 2003 and 29 September 2004. In February 2004, we detected DA in seawater samples collected off the Scripps Pier and also in coastal samples as far as 120 km to the north. At the same time we observed populations of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia australis and Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries as high as 7.7 × 104 cells l−1. Elevated concentrations of DA and abundances of the toxic species were also found further north in coastal waters of Orange County and, to a lesser extent, in southern Los Angeles County. DA concentrations in the viscera from four species of fish obtained at or near the Scripps Pier ranged from low to above the critical level for public safety. Samples of mussel tissues from the Scripps Pier analyzed by the State Department of Health Services contained low but detectable amounts of DA. Concomitant sea lion strandings from San Diego to Malibu Beach may be related to the presence of DA. DA in tissue from mussels and fish provides evidence for the local transfer of DA from an algal source to higher trophic levels in San Diego coastal waters.
Factors affecting survival in adrenalectomized rats.

IN THE COURSE of studies on the alteration of melanin metabolism in adrenalectomized black rats maintained on diets deficient in the filtrate factors of Vitamin B (Ralli and Graef 1943, 1945), it was observed that survival after adrenalectomy was greatly prolonged when the diets were supplemented with a rice bran extract. The present report is concerned with the comparative effects of adrenal cortical extract, desoxy-corticosterone acetate, and calcium pantothenate, with or without 1 per cent sodium chloride solution, on the survival of adrenalectomized black rats. Thirty-five day old black rats bred in the laboratories were placed on the filtrate factor deficient diet as previously reported (Ralli and Graef, 1943) and maintained on this diet for 30 to 35 days at which time the adrenal glands were extirpated.
Template synthesis and single-molecule magnetism properties of a complex with spin S = 16 and a [Mn8O8]8+ saddle-like core.

The compound [CeIVMnIII8O8(O2CMe)12(H2O)4].4H2O (1.4H2O) has been obtained from a template synthesis involving the reaction of the chain polymer {[MnIII(OH)(O2CMe)2] .(MeCO2H).(H2O)}n (3) with Ce(IV). Compound 1 contains a MnIII8 loop inside which is held the Ce(IV) ion by the bridging oxide ions. Magnetization and magnetic susceptibility studies establish that 1 has an S = 16 spin ground state, the largest yet for a Mn cluster, and displays the slow magnetization relaxation and hysteresis behavior of a single-molecule magnet (SMM). It is thus the highest spin Mn SMM discovered to date.
THE RHEOLOGY OF THE BLOOD. V

A study has been made of those proteins which might offer exceptions to the law that the fluidity of a protein solution is a linear function of the volume concentration; viz., egg albumin, serum albumin, pseudoglobulin, euglobulin, gelatin, and sodium caseinogenate. Solutions of egg albumin below 20 per cent by weight obey the above law but somewhat below 30 per cent the fluidities begin to be too high, presumably due to the contribution to the fluidity made by the deformation of the particles as they come into contact, as the fluidity approaches zero. The fluidity of serum albumin solutions shows a similar behavior, being exceptional above 15 per cent in weight. Pseudoglobulin and euglobulin give fluidity-concentration curves (Fig. 4) which are linear up to about 2.5 per cent each in a total range of 20 and 14 per cent respectively. From this singular point both compounds show a second range which is linear. Pseudoglobulin is the only substance whose solutions seem to show a third linear range. We have also used the data of Chick and Martin for sodium caseinogenate and found evidence for two linear regimes. It is desirable at this time to call attention to the measurements of the flow of glycogen solutions by Botazzi and d'Errico (14) which in Fluidity and See PDF for Structure plasticity, page 207, are expressed in rhes. The data show two linear fluidity curves of different slopes. In this case it was definitely known that the data for each curve were measured with different viscometers which suggested the possibility of an error in viscometry entering in to confuse the issue. We have no suspicions as to the reliability of the data studied in this paper; we only wish to caution the readers that our hypotheses based on these data must be regarded with due reserve until confirmed. We have found a formula (11) based on the supposed linear relation between logarithmic fluidities and concentration which is convenient to use within the range, but close examination reveals that it does not reproduce the data for the higher concentrations at 25 degrees nor does it permit extrapolation to pure water It is not realistic enough because it does not contemplate any change of regime in going from viscous to non-Newtonian or plastic flow. The formula does not apply to any other of the proteins studied in this paper nor to the great majority of proteins already reported as following the linear law. These are serious objections. We have therefore offered as an alternative a simple formula (24) according to which the fluidities are additive in the viscous regime. When the emulsoid particles approach close packing, they are deformed and this deformation contributes to the flow and the fluidity volume concentration curve is again linear. In fact, there may be one or more additional changes of regime.
A Pareto-efficient market-clearing mechanism for shared-mobility systems

Shared-mobility services facilitate distinctive forms of personal mobility, and their pay-as-you-go business model has been shown to offer substantial benefits relative to use of privately-owned cars. Such systems in general operate one of two business models, in one case where customers make advance reservations and the other in which use is spontaneous and cannot be reserved with any certainty. This paper proposes a market-clearing mechanism that draws on the strengths and mitigates the weaknesses of each of these two prevailing operating models, by allowing reservations (the right to use the service at a particular time and place in the future) to be traded in a futures market. We show that there is a revenue-positive role for the market-maker of the secondary-exchange market as well as for investors in shared-mobility futures. Introducing a secondary exchange market is Pareto efficient in that shared-mobility services are allocated to customers on the basis of maximum willingness-to-pay rather than first-come-first-served. Finally, from the point of view of each individual customer there would be a step-change in the reliability of accessing shared-mobility vehicles when and where needed, which can be expected to increase overall demand for the service.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Neural Correlates of Temporal Acuity in the Inferior Colliculus of the C57bl/6 Mouse

Perception of complex sounds depends on the encoding of the dynamic and static structures within the ongoing stimulus by the auditory system. Aging has been associated with deficits in both areas, thus, the difficulty that the elderly have in speech comprehension could due to hearing loss, or to a loss of temporal sensitivity, or some combination of both. We investigated the effects of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) on neural correlates of temporal resolution by recording the responses of inferior colliculus neurons to a gap detection paradigm. We used C57BL/6 (C57) strain of laboratory mouse, which carries the Ahl deafness gene that initiates a progressive high frequency SNHL beginning at about 2 months of age and rapidly progresses to total deafness by 18 months. We compared gap encoding from inferior collicular neurons from young, normal-hearing C57 mice and middle-aged, hearing-impaired, C57 mice, quantifying minimal gap threshold, and recovery functions. The proportion of unit types, spontaneous rates and degree of monotonicity were comparable between young and middle-aged C57 mice. As expected, single unit thresholds were elevated by 30–40 dB in middle-aged C57 mice. However, no significant differences in mean minimal gap thresholds or in the slopes of the gap recovery functions were found between the two age groups. Thus, the results suggest that moderate high frequency SNHL does not affect temporal processing as measured by the gap detection paradigm.
Role of large coherent structures in turbulent compressible mixing

Abstract Turbulent compressible shear layers of round supersonic jets were excited by placing an open cavity near the nozzle exit, which produced pressure oscillations due to flow-induced cavity resonance. As a result of the excitation, large coherent structures were created in the highly compressible shear layers, making it possible to study the effect of such structures on turbulent compressible mixing. For this study, pressure-matched Mach 2 jets were used under both nonreacting and afterburning conditions. By varying the cavity dimensions, we could apply excitation over a wide range of frequencies and manipulate the coherent structure dynamics in the near field of the jets. Mie-scattering flow visualization images revealed that large coherent structures were generated when high-amplitude excitation occurred at frequencies close to the jet preferred mode, which was near the Strouhal number of about one-half. Growth rate of nonreacting shear layers was quantified as a function of excitation frequency; and, for afterburning jets, the change in global flame luminosity due to excitation was measured. It was observed that the growth rate was drastically increased in the near field when the coherent structures were organized. The afterburning characteristics were also modified by coherent structures and their dynamics. Under these conditions, afterburning intensity increased when the excitation frequency was higher than the preferred mode frequency and decreased at lower frequencies. The results suggest that the initial size of the coherent structures not only determined the rate of large-scale entrainment, but also modified molecular-level mixing by affecting the timing of large-structure breakdown.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analyses of corrosion products formed on rock bolt carbon steel in chloride media with bicarbonate and silicate ions

The passivation behavior of Yucca Mountain Repository rock bolt carbon steel in deaerated 3.5% NaCl solution containing SiO{sub 3}{sup 2} and HCO{sub 3} ions was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic methods. Polarization results indicate that combinations of silicate and bicarbonate anions decrease the passive current density and raise the pitting potential. XPS results indicate the enrichment of silica at passive potentials and the formation of mixed FeCO{sub 3} and silica film at lower potentials. This change in film composition was responsible for the changes in corrosion rate at lower and higher potentials. XPS results also support the thermodynamic data with regard to the occurrence of second oxidation peak observed in the polarization curves to be due to the oxidation of FeCO{sub 3} to Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}.
Spirituality and the caregiver. Developing an underutilized facet of care.

Spiritual aspects of care with the terminally ill has been rarely discussed in professional literature. To many caregivers, the notion of anything spiritual signals a referral to a chaplain rather than an exploration between caregiver and patient.In order to examine the role that spirituality plays for caregivers, eight professionals working with the terminally ill were interviewed. The common thread found in all the interviews was the heightened spirituality experienced by the caregivers as a result of their work with the terminally ill, and the impact that it has upon the patient. All caregivers felt they received more from their patients than they were able to give.
729. Phase I Trial of Intraperitoneal (IP) Administration of a Measles Virus (MV) Strain Expressing the Human Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) in Ovarian Cancer Patients

Top of pageAbstract Background: Edmonston vaccine strains of MV have significant antitumor activity against ovarian cancer xenografts (Peng et al, Cancer Res, 2002). Oncolytic selectivity is due to overexpression of the MV CD46 receptor in ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, engineering the virus to express the marker peptide CEA (MV-CEA) allows real time monitoring of viral gene expression/ propagation in vivo. Methods: We are conducting a Phase I trial of MV-CEA in patients (pts) with recurrent, taxol and platinum refractory ovarian or primary peritoneal carcinoma. Eligible pts should have protective anti-MV antibody (ab) titers and normal CEA levels. A standard phase I cohorts of three statistical design is employed. MV-CEA is administered IP via a port-a-cath, q 4 wks for up to 6 cycles. Results: To date, 12 pts have received viral doses from 103 to 106 TCID50. No dose-limiting toxicity has been observed. Most common toxicities included grade 1|[ndash]|2 nausea (4 pts); grade 1|[ndash]|2 fatigue (4 pts); grade 1 fever (3 pts); grade 1 abdominal pain (2 pts). One pt had grade 1|[ndash]|3 arthralgias in cycles 4|[ndash]|6. There was no treatment induced immunosuppression as assessed by DTH, CD4, CD8, immunoglobulin and complement levels, no significant increase in the titers of anti-MV abs in serum or ascites in response to treatment, and no development of anti-CEA abs. Viral genomes were detected in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 2 asymptomatic pts by QRT-PCR. No CEA elevation in the serum was observed in the dose range tested, and there was no viral shedding in urine or mouth gargle specimens. Testing of pt tumor samples for CD46 by IHC demonstrated overexpression of the target receptor in 7/8 pts. Best objective response was stable disease (2|[ndash]|8 mo duration) in 5 pts, while 3 pts had significant decrease in CA125 levels, of 44%, 72%, and 78%, respectively. Conclusions: In this first human application of an engineered oncolytic MV strain, we have observed excellent tolerance after repeat IP administration of the virus. Despite the low doses employed so far, there is early evidence of biologic activity. Dose escalation continues to the target dose of 109 TCID50.
‘The Muncy–Vitell Consumer Ethics Scale: A Modification and Application’

This study compares college students with other adults in terms of the Muncy–Vitell (1992) consumer ethics scale. Further, the study updates the Muncy–Vitell consumer ethics scale with modifications that include rewording and the addition of new items. These new items can be grouped into three distinct categories – (1) downloading/buying counterfeit goods, (2) recycling/environmental awareness and (3) doing the right thing/doing good. The study also compares these two groups in terms of their attitude toward business. Results show that there is indeed a significant difference between these two groups in terms of ethical perceptions, but not in terms of the “recycling” items and the “doing good” items. There was also little difference between the groups in terms of their attitude toward business indicating that attitude toward business does not explain their different ethical perspectives.
Design of a secondary debris containment shield for large space structures

All long-duration spacecraft are susceptible to impacts by meteoroids and pieces of orbiting space debris. Such impacts are expected to occur at extremely high speeds and can damage internal and external flight-critical systems of spacecraft. An effective mechanism is developed to protect external spacecraft subsystems against damage by ricochet particles formed during such impacts. Equations and design procedures for protective shield panels are developed based on observed ricochet phenomena and calculated ricochet particle sizes and speeds. Panel dimensions are shown to be strongly dependent on their inclination and on their distribution around a spacecraft module. It is concluded that obliquity effects of high-speed impacts must be considered in the design of any structure exposed to the meteoroid and space debris environment.
The Influence of Interfaces on Properties of Thin-Film Inorganic Structural Isomers Containing SnSe-NbSe2 Subunits.

Inorganic isomers ([SnSe]1+δ)m(NbSe2)n([SnSe]1+δ)p(NbSe2)q([SnSe]1+δ)r(NbSe2)s where m, n, p, q, r, and s are integers and m + p + r = n + q + s = 4 were prepared using the modulated elemental reactant technique. This series of all six possible isomers provides an opportunity to study the influence of interface density on properties while maintaining the same unit cell size and composition. As expected, all six compounds were observed to have the same atomic compositions and an almost constant c-axis lattice parameter of ≈4.90(5) nm, with a slight trend in the c-axis lattice parameter correlated with the different number of interfaces in the isomers: two, four and six. The structures of the constituents in the ab-plane were independent of one another, confirming the nonepitaxial relationship between them. The temperature dependent electrical resistivities revealed metallic behavior for all the six compounds. Surprisingly, the electrical resistivity at room temperature decreases with increasing number of i...
Diffusion-Path Networks in the Wurtzite Lattice

A description is given of the network of cation jump possibilities between interstices in structures where the anions are in hexagonal close packing. The discussion focuses primarily on the wurtzite lattice (BeO and ZnO), where the activation energies for diffusion (D) in the a- and c-directions have been experimentally found to be the same. Two types of vacancy mechanisms give Dc/Da = 1.3 and 1.5, and an interstitialcy mechanism gives 1.0; interstitial diffusion can be ruled out since it would be strongly anisotropic.
Normal levels of DM RNA and myotonin protein kinase in skeletal muscle from adult myotonic dystrophy (DM) patients

A major question about the pathogenesis of myotonic dystrophy (DM) is how the (CTG)n repeat mutation alters expression of the DM gene and how that is related to disease causation. Most previous studies have found a decrease in DM RNA and protein in patient tissue. In contrast to these reports we find, unexpectedly, that independent of the size of the CTG repeat: (1) there are equal levels of RNA products of mutant and normal alleles, and (2) levels of Mt-PK in skeletal muscle from DM patients is unaltered from normal. These findings are consistent with the recent hypothesis that mutant DM DNA or RNA may cause disease by disrupting the function of other, yet unidentified, genes.
Microcapsule Enabled Multicatalyst System

We present a new microencapsulated catalyst and report its use in a tandem multicatalyst reaction. Using an encapsulation technique, we developed an active, site-isolated amine catalyst that is capable of catalyzing the addition of nitromethane to an aldehyde. When a second Lewis acid catalyst is added, the nitroalkene intermediate is trapped and converted to the corresponding Michael adduct. We show that if the amine catalyst is not encapsulated, the two catalysts cannot function together. Moreover, if the two reactions are performed in sequence rather than in tandem, the first reaction results in an undesired dinitro product and the desired Michael adduct is not formed.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling in the Developing Telencephalon Controls Formation of the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus and Modifies Fear-Related Behavior

The cortical hem is an embryonic signaling center that generates bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and acts as an organizer for the hippocampus. The role of BMP signaling in hippocampal neurogenesis, however, has not been established. We therefore generated mice that were deficient in Bmpr1b constitutively, and deficient in Bmpr1a conditionally in the dorsal telencephalon. In double mutant male and female mice, the dentate gyrus (DG) was dramatically smaller than in control mice, reflecting decreased production of granule neurons at the peak period of DG neurogenesis. Additionally, the pool of cells that generates new DG neurons throughout life was reduced, commensurate with the smaller size of the DG. Effects of diminished BMP signaling on the cortical hem were at least partly responsible for these defects in DG development. Reduction of the DG and its major extrinsic output to CA3 raised the possibility that the DG was functionally compromised. We therefore looked for behavioral deficits in double mutants and found that the mice were less responsive to fear- or anxiety-provoking stimuli, whether the association of the stimulus with fear or anxiety was learned or innate. Given that no anatomical defects appeared in the double mutant telencephalon outside the DG, our observations support a growing literature that implicates the hippocampus in circuitry mediating fear and anxiety. Our results additionally indicate a requirement for BMP signaling in generating the dorsalmost neuronal lineage of the telencephalon, DG granule neurons, and in the development of the stem cell niche that makes neurons in the adult hippocampus.
Trace metal levels in commercially prepared tissue culture media

Four trace elements, lead, copper, tin and zinc, in addition to certain electrolytes, were measured in 11 commercially prepared tissue culture media. Glass media bottles and plastic tissue culture dishes and flasks were treated with a HCl acid solution to determine the amounts of trace metals leached from their surfaces. Zinc, lead and copper were detected in all media. Tin was detected only in RPMI Medium 1640, fetal bovine serum, minimum essential medium and penicillin-streptomycin. It is possible that a major cause of variability in tissue culture experimental results may be due to effects on growth caused by fluctuation in trace element contamination from batch to batch. Variability in establishing primary cultures of corneal endothelial cells was traced to high lead levels in commercially prepared tissue culture media. A strong case is made for continued diligent efforts to expand analytical horizons and our definition of substances in culture media.
Small bowel metastases from primary carcinoma of the lung

Although about half of all patients with carcinoma of the lung have metastases at initial presentation, only nine with metastases to the small bowel have been previously reported. This study was performed to determine the incidence of occult and clinically apparent metastases of lung cancer to the small intestine. Small bowel metastases were present in 46 of 431 patients with primary lung cancer who underwent autopsy during an 11-year period. These patients had an average of 4.8 metastatic sites. Small bowel metastases were present in 12 of 31 (39.0%) patients with large cell carcinoma, 13 of 108 (12.3%) with adenocarcinoma, six of 73 (8.0%) with small cell carcinoma, 15 of 199 (7.5%) with squamous cell carcinoma, and none of 20 with undifferentiated carcinoma. During the same interval, six of 78 patients undergoing small bowel resection for metastatic tumor had lung cancer primaries. Among the nine previously reported clinical cases of small bowel metastases and the six in this series, 14 were operated upon for small bowel perforation and one for obstruction. Nine patients died perioperatively, and no patient survived longer than 16 weeks. These data demonstrate that the incidence of lung cancer metastases to the small bowel is higher than is clinically apparent. Lung cancer metastases to the small bowel often present as intestinal perforation and indicate a poor prognosis; surgery is indicated for palliation.
A Case History of Abnormal Yolk Pigmentation

Abstract DECREASED yolk pigmentation resulting in so-called “platinum yolks” has been noted in eggs of chickens in several areas of the United States and Canada during the past few years, according to personal communications of the authors with poultry investigators. The “platinum yolks” have occurred in flocks which produced mostly well pigmented eggs, indicating that lack of pigment in the diet was not a factor in the abnormality. As far as the authors have been able to ascertain, the cause of “platinum yolks” has not been determined. Capillaria worm infestations have been implicated by virtue of association, since they apparently have been found in many flocks producing such eggs. We are unaware, however, of critical evidence showing that such an infestation in an otherwise healthy flock of birds causes such an abnormality. Deuel et al. (1943), Sunde (1962), and Donovan and Luneau (1962) have shown that increasing the dietary level of…