cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Problems and Progress in Astrophysical Dynamos

Astrophysical objects with negligible resistivity are often threaded by large scale magnetic fields. The generation of these fields is somewhat mysterious, since a magnetic field in a perfectly conducting fluid cannot change the flux threading a fluid element, or the field topology. Classical dynamo theory evades this limit by assuming that magnetic reconnection is fast, even for vanishing resistivity, and that the largescale field can be generated by the action of kinetic helicity. Both these claims have been severely criticized, and the latter appears to conflict with strong theoretical arguments based on magnetic helicity conservation and a series of numerical simulations. Here we discuss recent efforts to explain fast magnetic reconnection through the topological effects of a weak stochastic magnetic field component. We also show how mean-field dynamo theory can be recast in a form which respects magnetic helicity conservation, and how this changes our understanding of astrophysical dynamos. Finally, we comment briefly on why an asymmetry between small-scale magnetic and velocity fields is necessary for dynamo action, and how it can arise naturally.
A Bayesian network classifier that combines a finite mixture model and a naïve bayes model

In this paper we present a new Bayesian network model for classification that combines the naive Bayes (NB) classifier and the finite mixture (FM) classifier. The resulting classifier aims at relaxing the strong assumptions on which the two component models are based, in an attempt to improve on their classification performance, both in terms of accuracy and in terms of calibration of the estimated probabilities. The proposed classifier is obtained by superimposing a finite mixture model on the set of feature variables of a naive Bayes model.. We present experimental results that compare the predictive performance on real datasets of the new classifier with the predictive performance of the NB classifier and the FM classifier.
Determination of Planetary Basalt Parentage: A Simple Technique Using the Electron Microprobe

Many basaltic meteorites are being discovered in old and new meteorite suites including those from cold- deserts (e.g., Antarctica) and hot-desert environments. It is important to establish the specific planetary body source. Proven techniques for establishing planetary parentage include stable-isotopic signatures (especially oxygen), certain elemental ratios in bulk samples, and certain elemental ratios in specific minerals. Some of these techniques are expensive, require considerable sample preparation, and are adversely affected by weathering processes on the parent body or on Earth. We have been seeking key major and minor elemental ratios (in pyroxene, olivine, and feldspar) that can be measured by the electron microprobe on standard thin sections. These ratios may be preserved in unweathered portions of mineral grains and thus “see through” weathering processes. In addition, if the sample is too small to provide a representative bulk composition, it may still have key information recorded in individual minerals. We have found that some of the most useful chemical parameters are Fe/Mn (atomic) in olivine or pyroxene and the percent anorthite (%An) in plagioclase solid solutions. A plot of Fe/Mn in pyroxene and/or olivine verses %An defines compositional fields that are significantly different for Earth, Mars, Moon, 4 Vesta, and the angrite parent body. This method may be especially powerful when combined with oxygen isotope data.
Unveiling the cosmological information beyond linear scales: Forecasts for sufficient statistics

Beyond the linear regime, Fourier modes of cosmological random fields become correlated, and the power spectrum of density fluctuations contains only a fraction of the available cosmological information. To unveil this formerly hidden information, the A* non-linear transform was introduced; it is optimized both for the nonlinearities induced by gravity and observational noise. Quantifying the resulting increase of our knowledge of cosmological parameters, we forecast the constraints from the angular power spectrum and that of A* from l ~ 200 to 3000 for upcoming galaxy surveys such as: the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST), the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), Euclid, the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) and the Dark Energy Survey (DES). We find that at low redshifts this new data analysis strategy can double the extracted information, effectively doubling the survey area. To test the accuracy of our forecasting and the power of our data analysis methods, we apply the A* transformation to the latest release of the Canada-France-Hawaii-Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS) Wide. While this data set is too sparse to allow for more than modest gains (~1.1-1.2), the realized gain from our method is in excellent agreement with our forecast, thus verifying the robustness of our analysis and prediction pipelines.
Adaptive Narrative: How Autonomous Agents, Hollywood, and Multiprocessing Operating Systems Can Live Happily Ever After

Creating dramatic narratives for real-time virtual reality environments is complicated by the lack of temporal distance between the occurrence of an event and its telling in the narrative. This paper describes the application of a multiprocessing operating system architecture to the creation of adaptive narratives, narratives that use autonomous actors or agents to create real-time dramatic experiences for human interactors. We also introduce the notion of dramatic acts and dramatic functions and indicate their use in constructing this real-time drama.
Trees and branches in Banach spaces

An infinite dimensional notion of asymptotic structure is considered. This notion is developed in terms of trees and branches on Banach spaces. Every countably infinite countably branching tree T of a certain type on a space X is presumed to have a branch with some property. It is shown that then X can be embedded into a space with an FDD (E i ) so that all normalized sequences in X which are almost a skipped blocking of (E i ) have that property. As an application of our work we prove that if X is a separable reflexive Banach space and for some 1 0, there exists a subspace of X having finite codimension which C 2 + e embeds into the l p sum of finite dimensional spaces.
Probing gas motions in the intra‐cluster medium: a mixture model approach

Upcoming high spectral resolution telescopes, particularly Astro-H, are expected to finally deliver firm quantitative constraints on turbulence in the intra-cluster medium (ICM). We develop a new spectral analysis technique which exploits not just the line width but the entire line shape, and show how the excellent spectral resolution of Astro-H can overcome its relatively poor spatial resolution in making detailed inferences about the velocity field. The spectrum is decomposed into distinct components, which can be quantitatively analysed using Gaussian mixture models. For instance, bulk flows and sloshing produce components with offset means, while partial volume-filling turbulence from the active galactic nucleus (AGN) or galaxy stirring leads to components with different widths. The offset between components allows us to measure gas bulk motions and separate them from small-scale turbulence, while component fractions and widths constrain the emission weighted volume and turbulent energy density in each component. We apply mixture modelling to a series of analytic toy models as well as numerical simulations of clusters with cold fronts and AGN feedback, respectively. From Markov chain Monte Carlo and Fisher's matrix estimates which include line blending and continuum contamination, we show that the mixture parameters can be accurately constrained with Astro-H spectra: at an ∼10 per cent level when components differ significantly in width, and an ∼1 per cent level when they differ significantly in the mean value. We also study error scalings and use information criteria to determine when a mixture model is preferred. Mixture modelling of spectra is a powerful technique which is potentially applicable to other astrophysical scenarios.
Credit Constraints, Agricultural Productivity, and Rural Nonfarm Participation : Evidence from Rwanda

Although the potentially negative impacts of credit constraints on economic development have long been discussed conceptually, empirical evidence for Africa remains limited. This study uses a direct elicitation approach for a national sample of Rwandan rural households to assess empirically the extent and nature of credit rationing in the semi-formal sector and its impact using an endogenous sample separation between credit-constrained and unconstrained households. Being credit constrained reduces the likelihood of participating in off-farm self-employment activities by about 6.3 percent while making participation in low-return farm wage labor more likely. Even within agriculture, elimination of all types of credit constraints in the semi-formal sector could increase output by some 17 percent. Two suggestions for policy emerge from the findings. First, the estimates suggest that access to information (education, listening to the radio, and membership in a farm cooperative) has a major impact on reducing the incidence of credit constraints in the semi-formal credit sector. Expanding access to information in rural areas thus seems to be one of the most promising strategies to improve credit access in the short term. Second, making it easy to identify land owners and transfer land could also significantly reduce transaction costs associated with credit access.
Poverty and income seasonality in Bangladesh

Seasonal poverty in Bangladesh, locally known as monga, refers to seasonal deprivation of food during the pre-harvest season of Aman rice. An analysis of household income and expenditure survey data shows that average household income and consumption are much lower during monga season than in other seasons, and that seasonal income greatly influences seasonal consumption. However, lack of income and consumption smoothing is more acute in greater Rangpur, the North West region, than in other regions, causing widespread seasonal deprivation. The analysis shows that agricultural income diversification accompanied by better access to micro-credit, irrigation, education, electrification, social safety net programs, and dynamic labor markets has helped reduce seasonality in income and poverty in regions other than Rangpur in the recent past. Hence, government policies should promote income diversification through infrastructure investments and provide income transfers to the targeted poor to contain income seasonality and poverty in this impoverished part of Bangladesh.
Optimizing tile concentrations to minimize errors and time for DNA tile self-assembly systems

DNA tile self-assembly has emerged as a rich and promising primitive for nano-technology. This paper studies the problems of minimizing assembly time and error rate by changing the tile concentrations because changing the tile concentrations is easy to implement in actual lab experiments. We prove that setting the concentration of tile Ti proportional to the square root of Ni where Ni is the number of times Ti appears outside the seed structure in the final assembled shape minimizes the rate of growth errors for rectilinear tile systems. We also show that the same concentrations minimize the expected assembly time for a feasible class of tile systems. Moreover, for general tile systems, given tile concentrations, we can approximate the expected assembly time with high accuracy and probability by running only a polynomial number of simulations in the size of the target shape.
Marco Ramoni: an appreciation of academic achievement

We review the scholarly career of our colleague, Marco Ramoni, who died unexpectedly in the summer of 2010. His work mainly explored the development and application of Bayesian techniques to model clinical, public health, and bioinformatics questions. His contributions have led to improvements in our ability to model behavior that evolves in time, to explore systematic relationships among large sets of covariates, and to tease out the meaning of data on the role of genetic variation in the genesis of important diseases.
Analyzing the impact of legislation on child labor in Pakistan

This paper exploits a natural experiment approach to identify the impact of legislation (Employment of Children Act 1991) in Pakistan on participation of children in the labor markets. The law prohibits employment of children less than 14 years of age in sectors other than agriculture or household enterprises. With micro-data, making use of regression discontinuity data design, the study finds some evidence that the Employment of Children Act 1991 helped in reducing the employment of children immediately after its implementation.
A theory of 2+1D bosonic topological orders

In primary school, we were told that there are four phases of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. In college, we learned that there are much more than four phases of matter, such as hundreds of crystal phases, liquid crystal phases, ferromagnet, anti-ferromagnet, superfluid, etc. Those phases of matter are so rich, it is amazing that they can be understood systematically by the symmetry breaking theory of Landau. However, there are even more interesting phases of matter that are beyond Landau symmetry breaking theory. In this paper, we review new topological phenomena, such as topological degeneracy, that reveal the existence of those new zero-temperature phase-topologically ordered phases. Microscopically, topologically orders are originated from the patterns of long-range entanglement in the ground states. As a truly new type of order and a truly new kind of phenomena, topological order and long-range entanglement require a new language and a new mathematical framework, such as unitary fusion category and modular tensor category to describe them. In this paper, we will describe a simple mathematical framework based on measurable quantities of topological orders (S, T, c) proposed around 1989. The framework allows us to systematically describe all 2+1D bosonic topological orders (i.e. topological orders in local bosonic/spin/qubit systems).
Multivariate Analysis of Factors Predictive of Successful Live Births in In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Suggests Strategies to Improve IVF Outcome

Purpose: Our purpose was (1) to identify characteristics correlated with pregnancy outcome, (2) to use these characteristics to predict in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome, and (3) to develop strategies that might improve IVF success. Methods: Maternal age, cause for IVF, donor insemination, rank of attempt, serum estradiol and luteinizing hormone levels on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration, flexible vs rigid catheter, number of embryos transferred of each morphologic type, and cell number were analyzed by logistic regression. Results: Variables positively correlated with success are as follows: (1) for pregnancy, endometriosis and 2-, 3-, and 4-cell good and 4-cell excellent embryos: (2) for live births, 2-, 3-, and 4-cell good and 4-cell excellent embryos and donor insemination; and (3) for multiple births, 2- and 4-cell good and 4-cell excellent embryos. Maternal age was negatively correlated with live births. Conclusions: Embryos derived from IVF have different potentials for implantation, live births, and multiple births. Transferring one additional good-quality embryo for each 5 years of incremental increase in maternal age is predicated to improve live birth rates without increasing multiple births.
Reduction of maximum entropy models to hidden markov models

We show that maximum entropy (maxent) models can be modeled with certain kinds of HMMs, allowing us to construct maxent models with hidden variables, hidden state sequences, or other characteristics. The models can be trained using the forward-backward algorithm. While the results are primarily of theoretical interest, unifying apparently unrelated concepts, we also give experimental results for a maxent model with a hidden variable on a word disambiguation task; the model outperforms standard techniques.
Cameroon's infrastructure : a continental perspective

Better access to improved infrastructure services is an important engine for economic growth. The poor state of infrastructure is a key bottleneck to growth in African countries, and Cameroon is no exception. Between 2000 and 2005, improvements in information and communication technologies boosted Cameroon's growth performance by 1.26 percentage points per capita, while deficient power infrastructure held growth back by 0.28 percentage points. If Cameroon could improve its infrastructure to the level of the middle-income countries of Africa, the growth effect could be on the order of 3.3 percentage points. Cameroon has made significant progress in many aspects of infrastructure. Across a broad range of sectors, the country has made serious efforts to implement institutional reforms with a view to attracting private sector investment. Private sector concessions have been awarded for the Port of Douala, the CAMRAIL railway, the national power utility, and the national water utility (CDE). These arrangements have generally led to performance improvements and attracted significant volumes of finance. Power supply remains expensive and unreliable. Cameroon needs to accelerate the development of some of its prime hydropower sites, which would greatly improve the domestic power situation and potentially allow Cameroon to play its natural role as hydropower exporter to the Central African Power Pool. Cameroon's information and communication technology (ICT) reform remains frozen at an early stage. The telecom incumbent, CAMTEL, remains state-owned and receives substantial public subsidy. The mobile sector is relatively uncompetitive, operating as a duopoly. Moreover, while Cameroon enjoys access to a submarine cable, CAMTEL's monopoly control over the international gateway has prevented consumers from benefiting.
Chapter 2 – Uniaxial tension in metals

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses uniaxial tension in metals. Proper understanding and the mechanical description of the damage process of materials brought about by the internal defects are of vital importance in discussing the mechanical effects of the material deterioration on the macroscopic behavior of materials, as well as in elucidating the process leading from these defects to the final fracture. A systematic approach to these problems of distributed defects can be provided by continuum damage mechanics. Damage in metals is mainly the process of the initiation and growth of microcracks and cavities. At that scale, the phenomenon is discontinuous. A crack is considered to be a zone (process zone) of high gradients of rigidity and strength that has reached critical damage conditions. Thus, a major advantage of continuum damage mechanics is that it utilizes a local approach and introduces a continuous damage variable in the process zone. All the theory and derivations in this chapter are based on the uniaxial tension test. Therefore, isotropic damage is assumed and all the equations employ scalar variables.
Microplanning with Communicative Intentions: The SPUD System

The process of microplanning in natural language generation (NLG) encompasses a range of problems in which a generator must bridge underlying domain-specific representations and general linguistic representations. These problems include constructing linguistic referring expressions to identify domain objects, selecting lexical items to express domain concepts, and using complex linguistic constructions to concisely convey related domain facts. In this paper, we argue that such problems are best solved through a uniform, comprehensive, declarative process. In our approach, the generator directly explores a search space for utterances described by a linguistic grammar. At each stage of search, the generator uses a model of interpretation, which characterizes the potential links between the utterance and the domain and context, to assess its progress in conveying domain-specific representations. We further address the challenges for implementation and knowledge representation in this approach. We show how to implement this approach effectively by using the lexicalized tree-adjoining grammar (LTAG) formalism to connect structure to meaning and using modal logic programming to connect meaning to context. We articulate a detailed methodology for designing grammatical and conceptual resources which the generator can use to achieve desired microplanning behavior in a specified domain. In describing our approach to microplanning, we emphasize that we are in fact realizing a deliberative process of goal-directed activity. As we formulate it, interpretation offers a declarative representation of a generator's communicative intent. It associates the concrete linguistic structure planned by the generator with inferences that show how the meaning of that structure communicates needed information about some application domain in the current discourse context. Thus, interpretations are plans that the microplanner constructs and outputs. At the same time, communicative intent representations provide a rich and uniform resource for the process of NLG. Using representations of communicative intent, a generator can augment the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of an incomplete sentence simultaneously, and can work incrementally toward solutions for the various problems of microplanning.
The Doppler spectrum for accelerating objects

The formalism for computing the Doppler spectrum for perfectly reflecting mirrors undergoing various types of accelerations is reviewed. This method is an amplification of work done by D. Censor and J. Cooper for one-dimensional waves. For sinusoidal waves, the formalism provides a computationally easy algorithm that enables determination of the Doppler spectrum. This method is exact and does not ignore the effects of motion on the amplitude, as is normally done. The mirror is an alternative means of determining the Doppler spectrum of point particles. From the exact result, an approximation method is derived that is of use to radar engineers. Extending these results to other commonly used radar waveforms is considered. >
Transit, Employment and Women on Welfare

Inadequate transportation has emerged as a major barrier to employment for welfare recipients required to transition from public assistance to employment under welfare reform. Transportation is a particularly daunting barrier for single women without access to a household car. This study uses multivariate techniques to examine whether nearby transit access impacts the employment outcomes of this population in Los Angeles County. Results show that the level of transit service near a recipient's home makes a moderate, yet statistically significant, contribution to increasing the probability of employment and transit use for work-related trips. However, recipients who use public transit face multiple problems, including overcrowding and infrequent service.
Optimal signal ensembles

Classical messages can be sent via a noisy quantum channel in various ways, corresponding to various choices of signal states of the channel. Previous work by Holevo and by Schumacher and Westmoreland relates the capacity of the channel to the properties of the signal ensemble. Here we describe some properties characterizing the ensemble that maximizes the capacity, using the relative entropy "distance" between density operators to give the results a geometric flavor.
THE ENTRIES IN THE LR-TABLEAU

Let Γ be the Littlewood–Richardson tableau corresponding to an embedding M of a subgroup in a finite abelian p-group. Each individual entry in Γ yields information about the homomorphisms from M into a particular subgroup embedding, and hence determines the position of M within the category of subgroup embeddings. Conversely, this category provides a categorification for LR-tableaux in the sense that all subgroup embeddings corresponding to a given LR-tableau share certain homological properties.
Semiautomatic Multiple Resolution Design for History Matching

History matching is an inverse problem in which an engineer calibrates key geological/fluid-flow parameters by fitting a simulator's output to the real reservoir production history. It has no unique solution because of insufficient constraints. History-match solutions are obtained by searching for minima of an objective function below a preselected threshold value. Experimental design and response surface methodologies provide an efficient approach to build proxies of objective functions (OF) for history matching. The search for minima can then be easily performed on the proxies of OF as long as its accuracy is acceptable. In this paper, we first introduce a novel experimental design methodology for semi -automatically selecting the sampling points, which are used to improve the accuracy of constructed proxies of the nonlinear OF. This method is based on derivatives of constructed proxies. We propose an iterative procedure for history matching, applying this new design methodology. To obtain the global optima, the proxies of an OF are initially constructed on the global parameter space. They are iteratively improved until adequate accuracy is achieved. We locate subspaces in the vicinity of the optima regions using a clustering technique to improve the accuracy of the reconstructed OF in these subspaces. We test this novel methodology and history-matching procedure with two waterflooded reservoir models. One model is the Imperial College fault model (Tavassoli et al. 2004). It contains a large bank of simulation runs. The other is a modified version of the SPE9 (Killough 1995) benchmark problem. We demonstrate the efficiency of this newly developed history-matching technique.
Transparency and Economic Policy

We provide a two period model of political competition in which voters imperfectly observe the electoral promises made to other voters. Imperfect observability generates an incentive for candidates to offer excessive transfers even if voters are homogeneous and taxation is distortionary. Government spending is larger than in a world of perfect observability. Transfers are partly financed through government debt, and the size of the debt is higher in less transparent political systems. The model provides an explanation of fiscal churning; it also predicts that groups whose transfers are less visible to others receive higher transfers, and that imperfect transparency of transfers may lead to underprovision of public goods. From the policy perspective, the main novelty of our analysis is a separate evaluation of the transparency of spending and the transparency of revenues. We show that the transparency of the political system does not unambiguously improve efficiency: transparency of spending is beneficial, but transparency of revenues can be counterproductive because it endogenously leads to increased wasteful spending.
Land tenure and investment incentives: Evidence from West Africa

Abstract The existing literature on the relationship between property rights in land and agricultural investment in Africa has given results that are often confusing and contradictory. I make two clarifying contributions to this literature. First, I pull together existing studies and investigate whether the results they find have been affected by research methods or local contexts. Studies with small sample sizes, those that use binary investment measures, and those that control for household fixed effects are less likely to find a statistically significant link between land tenure and investment. Self-reported tenure security has been a poor predictor of investment outcomes. Second, I test for a relationship between land tenure and agricultural investment in nine data sets from West Africa. While the link between tenure and investment is significant for fallow and tree planting, it is less robust for labor use and other inputs, such as manure or chemical fertilizer.
Heat and spin transport in a cold atomic Fermi gas

Motivated by recent experiments measuring the spin transport in ultracold unitary atomic Fermi gases [Sommer et al., Nature (London) 472, 201 (2011); Sommer et al., New J. Phys. 13, 055009 (2011)], we explore the theory of spin and heat transport in a three-dimensional spin-polarized atomic Fermi gas. We develop estimates of spin and thermal diffusivities and discuss magnetocaloric effects, namely the the spin Seebeck and spin Peltier effects. We estimate these transport coefficients using a Boltzmann kinetic equation in the classical regime and present experimentally accessible signatures of the spin Seebeck effect. We study an exactly solvable model that illustrates the role of momentum-dependent scattering in the magnetocaloric effects.
ICTERUS : A RAPID CHANGE OF HEMOGLOBIN TO BILE PIGMENT IN THE PLEURAL AND PERITONEAL CAVITIES.

It is known that hemoglobin can be rapidly changed to bile pigment in a circulation confined to the head, neck, and thorax. This excludes direct liver participation (1). These experiments show that hemoglobin can be changed to bile pigment within the pleural or peritoneal cavities. This transformation can usually be detected after eight hours, and the amount can often be estimated quantitatively after an interval of twenty-four hours. Such experiments demonstrate the importance which may attach to extrahepatic bile pigment formation. That bile pigments can be formed without direct liver activity is established beyond doubt.
QSPR analysis of flash points.

A quantitative structure property relationship study of the flash point of a diverse set of 271 compounds provided a general three-parameter QSPR model (R2 = 0.9020, R2cv = 0.8985, s = 16.1). Use of the experimental boiling point as a descriptor gives a three-descriptor equation with R2 = 0.9529. Use of the boiling point predicted by a four-parameter reported relationship gives a three-parameter flash point equation with a R2 value of 0.9247.
Quantum Galois Theory for Compact Lie Groups

Abstract We establish a quantum Galois correspondence for compact Lie groups of automorphisms acting on a simple vertex operator algebra.
SOFT X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY OF THE CYGNUS LOOP SUPERNOVA REMNANT

The Cygnus X-Ray Emission Spectroscopic Survey (CyXESS) sounding rocket payload was launched from White Sands Missile Range on 2006 November 20 and obtained a high-resolution spectrum of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant in the soft X-ray. The novel X-ray spectrograph incorporated a wire-grid collimator feeding an array of gratings in the extreme off-plane mount that ultimately dispersed the spectrum onto gaseous electron multiplier (GEM) detectors. This instrument recorded 65 s of usable data between 43 and 49.5 A in two prominent features. The first feature near 45 A is dominated by the He-like triplet of O VII in second order with contributions from Mg X and Si IX-Si XII in first order, while the second feature near 47.5 A is first-order S IX and S X. Fits to the spectra give an equilibrium plasma at log (T) = 6.2 (kTe = 0.14 keV) and near cosmic abundances. This is consistent with previous observations, which demonstrated that the soft X-ray emission from the Cygnus Loop is dominated by interactions between the initial blast wave and the walls of a precursor-formed cavity surrounding the Cygnus Loop and that this interaction can be described using equilibrium conditions.
Overnight monetary policy in the United States: Active or interest-rate smoothing?

Abstract This paper deals with active monetary policy and interest-rate smoothing regimes. In active monetary policy, changes in short-term interest rates are due to the exogenous actions of the central bank. Such a policy is successful only when economic agents in the money market are policy invariant in the sense that their behaviors are constant under interventions. Otherwise, an interest-rate-smoothing regime in which the central bank follows a “rule-based” policy is optimal. It was found that the coefficient of Fed funds rate in Treasury bill–Fed funds rates relationship is not policy invariant while the coefficient of the Treasury bill rate in Fed funds–Treasury bills rates relationship is policy invariant. Consequently, the optimal overnight monetary policy would be an interest-rate-smoothing process. It was found that such a policy has been followed in the United States.
Rh2(S-biTISP)2-catalyzed asymmetric functionalization of indoles and pyrroles with vinylcarbenoids.

Asymmetric functionalization of N-heterocycles by vinylcarbenoids in the presence of catalytic amounts of Rh2(S-biTISP)2 has been successfully developed. This bridged dirhodium catalyst not only selectively enforces the reaction to occur at the vinylogous position of the carbenoid but also affords high levels of asymmetric induction.
Reel to Real: Prospects for Flexible Displays

Although it is tempting to begin with a standard opening statement like “Flexible displays have been generating much recent interest,” the fact is that flexible displays have fascinated people for about 50 years and have been discussed seriously for at least 20 years. The difference now is that display and backplane technology have evolved to the point where reasonably attractive-looking demonstrations of flexible screens are possible.
Application of a conservative, generalized multiscale finite element method to flow models

In this paper, we propose a method for the construction of locally conservative flux fields from Generalized Multiscale Finite Element Method (GMsFEM) pressure solutions. The flux values are obtained from an element-based postprocessing procedure in which an independent set of 4x4 linear systems need to be solved. To test the performance of the method we consider two heterogeneous permeability coefficients and couple the resulting fluxes to a two-phase flow model. The increase in accuracy associated with the computation of the GMsFEM pressure solutions is inherited by the postprocessed flux fields and saturation solutions, and is closely correlated to the size of the reduced-order systems. In particular, the addition of more basis functions to the enriched coarse space yields solutions that more accurately capture the behavior of the fine scale model. A number of numerical examples are offered to validate the performance of the method.
Two-Photon Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Imaging of 4-Dimethylaminonaphthalimide-Peptide and Protein Conjugates

We report detailed photophysical studies on the two-photon fluorescence processes of the solvatochromic fluorophore 4-DMN as a conjugate of the calmodulin (CaM) and the associated CaM-binding peptide M13. Strong two-photon fluorescence enhancement has been observed which is associated with calcium binding. It is found that the two-photon absorption cross-section is strongly dependent on the local environment surrounding the 4-DMN fluorophore in the CaM conjugates, providing sensitivity between sites of fluorophore attachment. Utilizing time-resolved measurements, the emission dynamics of 4-DMN under various environmental (solvent) conditions are analyzed. In addition, anisotropy measurements reveal that the 4-DMN-S38C-CaM system has restricted rotation in the calcium-bound calmodulin. To establish the utility for cellular imaging, two-photon fluorescence microscopy studies were also carried out with the 4-DMN-modified M13 peptide in cells. Together, these studies provide strong evidence that 4-DMN is a useful probe in two-photon imaging, with advantageous properties for cellular experiments.
Branching random walks and contact processes on Galton-Watson trees

We consider branching random walks and contact processes on infinite, connected, locally finite graphs whose reproduction and infectivity rates across edges are inversely proportional to vertex degree. We show that when the ambient graph is a Galton-Watson tree then, in certain circumstances, the branching random walks and contact processes will have weak survival phases. We also provide bounds on critical values.
Wild or Tamed?: India's Potential Growth

With India's GDP expanding at a rate above 8 percent in recent years, the debate about whether India is overheating revolves mainly about whether growth is above potential-that is, whether the economy is exceeding its "speed limit." This paper attempts to shed light on this debate by providing up-to-date projections of India's potential growth, including by clarifying differences in underlying assumptions used by various researchers that lead to a range of estimates. Estimates of potential growth on this basis range from 7.4 percent to 8.1 percent for 2006/07, and about 8 percent for the medium term. The medium-term potential estimates have risks on both sides: productivity gains and investment could be volatile, but determined reforms could sustain strong productivity growth.
Design of the muon collider lattice: Present status

The last component of a muon collider facility, as presently envisioned, is a colliding-beam storage ring. Design studies on various problems for this ring have been in progress over the past year. In this paper we discuss the current status of the design. The projected muon currents require very low beta values at the IP, {beta}* = 3 mm, in order to achieve the design luminosity of L = 10{sup 35} cm{sup -2} s{sup -1}. The beta values in the final-focus quadrupoles are roughly 400 km. To cancel the corresponding chromaticities, sextupole schemes for local correction have been included in the optics of the experimental insertion. The hour-glass effect constraints the bunch length to be comparable too. To obtain such short bunches with reasonable rf voltage requires a very small value of the momentum compaction a, which can be obtained by using flexible momentum compaction (FMC) modules in the arcs. A preliminary design of a complete collider ring has now been made; it uses an experimental insertion and arc modules as well as a utility insertion. The layout of this ring is shown schematically, and its parameters are summarized. Though some engineering features are unrealistic, and the beam performance needsmore » some improvement, we believe that this study can serve as the basis for a workable collider design. The remaining sections of the paper will describe the lattice, show beam behaviour, and discuss future design studies.« less
Circular-arc graphs with clique cover number two

Abstract This paper shows that the recognition problem on circular-arc graphs which can be partitioned into two cliques is reducible to the recognition problem on two-dimensional partial orders. This can be used to simplify the recognition algorithm for circular-arc graphs devised by Tucker.
Computing the Frobenius–Schur Indicator for Abelian Extensions of Hopf Algebras☆☆☆

In this paper we show that for an important class of non-trivial Hopf algebras, the Schur indicator is a computable invariant. The Hopf algebras we consider are all abelian extensions; as a special case, they include the Drinfeld double of a group algebra. In addition to finding a general formula for the indicator, we also study when it is always positive. In particular we prove that the indicator is always positive for the Drinfeld double of the symmetric group, generalizing the classical result for the symmetric group itself.
Performance characteristics of white light sources consisting of multiple light-emitting diodes

The performance characteristics of white light sources based on a multiple-LED approach, in particular dichromatic and trichromatic sources are analyzed in detail. Figures of merit such as the luminous efficacy, color temperature, and color rendering capabilities are provided for a wide range of primary emission wavelengths. Spectral power density functions of LEDs are assumed to be thermally and inhomogeneously broadened to a full width at half maximum of several kT, in agreement with experimental results. A gaussian line shape is assumed for each of the emission bands. It is shown that multi-LED white light sources have the potential for luminous efficacies greater than 400 lm/W (dichromatic source) and color rendering indices of greater than 90 (trichromatic source). Contour maps for the color rendering indices and luminous efficacies versus three wavelengths are given.
Stability of CdS Nanocrystals in Glass

We have measured and analyzed optical absorption and x-ray absorption spectra of CdS nanocrystals grown by solid-state reaction in a borosilicate glass, with average crystallite radii from 1.4 to 5 nm. The first (Cd-S) and second (Cd-Cd) neighbor distances are within 0.2% of the bulk values in all cases. We establish an upper bound for the interfacial tension of 0.15 N/m. Such low interface tension suggests that glass-embedded nanocrystals are inherently more stable than bare or capped nanocrystals of the same size.
BooNE has begun

Abstract E898, the MiniBooNE experiment at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, has begun data collection. The experiment will test the neutrino oscillation signal reported by the Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Data collection began in late August 2002.
Near-Infrared Light Curves of the Black Hole Binary A0620−00

We measured the near-infrared orbital light curve of the black hole binary A0620-00 in 1995 and 1996. The light curves show an asymmetric, double-humped modulation with extra emission in the peak at orbital phase 0.75. There were no significant changes in the shape of the light curve over the 1 yr observation period. There were no sharp dips in the light curves nor reversals of the asymmetry between the two peaks as seen in earlier observations. The light curves are well fitted by models incorporating ellipsoidal variations from the mass-losing K-type star plus a beamed bright spot on the accretion disk around the compact star. The long-term stability of the light curve shape rules out superhumps and star spots as sources of asymmetry when we observed A0620-00. The ellipsoidal variations yield a lower limit i ≥ 38° on the orbital inclination. The light curves show no eclipse features, which places an upper limit, i ≤ 75°. This range of inclinations constrains the mass of the compact object to 3.3 ≤ M1 ≤ 13.6 M⊙. The light curves do not further constrain the orbital inclination because the contribution of the accretion disk to the observed flux is unknown. We argue that a previous attempt to measure the near-infrared flux from the accretion disk using the dilution of the 12CO (2, 0) band head in the spectrum of the K star is not reliable because the band strength depends strongly on surface gravity.
Spatial-domain low-coherence quantitative phase microscopy for cancer diagnosis

A novel microscopy technique, spatial-domain low-coherence quantitative phase microscopy (SL-QPM), is proposed to obtain quantitative phase imaging of sub-cellular structures with sub-nanometer sensitivity. This technique utilizes a low spatial-coherence from a thermal light source and produces a speckle-free, nanoscale-sensitive quantitative phase map of scattering objects. With this technique, for the first time to our knowledge, we quantified the refractive index of the cell nuclei on the original unmodified histology specimens. The results show that the average refractive index of the cell nucleus is significantly increased in cells from cancer patients compared to that of the histologically normal cells from healthy patients. More importantly, we demonstrate the superior sensitivity of refractive index of cell nucleus in detecting cancer from histologically normal cells from cancer patients. Because this technique is simple, sensitive, does not require special tissue processing, and can be applied to archived specimens, it can be disseminated to all clinical settings.
Timed Diels-Alder reactions

In this paper a unique approach to the synthesis of polycyclic ring systems is disclosed. The approach features an intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction followed by an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction where the regiochemistry of addition is controlled by substituents on the bisdiene and bisdienophile. This methodology has been applied to the synthesis of the fluorenone ring system. An efficient convergent strategy is vital for the practical synthesis of polycyclic systems. This postulate has motivated the creation of ingenious routes to steroids,' vitamins,* and alkaloid^.^ We have recently discovered a novel method, the general features of which are depicted below. In this polycy-
DEVELOPING CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION IN ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE

In this talk I discuss a range of topics on developing creativity and innovation in engineering and science: the constraints on creativity and innovation such as the necessity of a fitting into the realities of the physical world; necessary personal qualities; getting a good idea in engineering and science; the art of obsession; the technology you use; and the technology of the future.
Convective heat transfer in MHD channels and its influence on channel performance

The limitations of the integral boundary-layer methods and the potential of the differential boundary-layer method in analyzing MHD channel flows are assessed. By showing the sensitivity of results from the integral method to the choice of parameters, the importance of prescribing accurate boundary-layer profiles and wall heat flux in the integral method is emphasized. A mixing-length-type turbulence model for flow on rough walls is developed and validated by comparison with experimental data. The turbulence model is used in a quasi-threedimensional boundary-layer model to evaluate the influence of wall roughness and pressure gradients on the flow characteristics and performance of MHD channels. The behaviors of skin friction and Stanton number calculated from the analytical model are found to differ considerably from the empirical correlations valid for non-MHD flows without pressure gradients. Nomenclature A, B = parameters in mixing length model B = magnetic field Cf = skin friction E = electric field H = total enthalpy IL = current load
Extended exposure to alkylator chemotherapy: delayed appearance of myelodysplasia.

Objective A case series of gliomas treated with alkylator-based chemotherapy who subsequently developed myelodysplastic syndrome (tMDS) or acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Background Alkylator-based chemotherapy is recognized to be leukemogenic; however, it is infrequently described as a delayed consequence of anti-glioma treatment. Methods: Seven patients (4 men; 3 women) ages 34–69 years (median 44), with gliomas (3 Grade 2; 4 Grade 3) were treated with surgery, all but one with involved-field radiotherapy and all with alkylator-based chemotherapy (temozolomide; 6 patients, nitrosoureas; 5 patients, both agents; 5 patients). Results Exposure to alkylator-based chemotherapy ranged from 8 to 30 months (median 24). The diagnosis of tMDS was determined by bone marrow biopsy in 7 patients. Seven patients showed chromosomal abnormalities consistent with chemotherapy induced MDS. Three patients were diagnosed with AML as well (in two determined by bone marrow and one at autopsy). Interval from last chemotherapy exposure to diagnosis of tMDS/AML ranged from 3 to 31 months (median 24 months). Two patients were treated with bone marrow transplantation and 5 received supportive care only. Five patients have died, 2 as a consequence of recurrent brain tumor, 1 as a complication of transplantation, and 2 due to AML. Conclusions Although rare, induction of tMDS/AML following extended use of alkylator-based chemotherapy may become more relevant with the evolving practice to treat gliomas for protracted periods. Future work to determine at risk patients would be important.