cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Type I Keratin 17 Protein Is Phosphorylated on Serine 44 by p90 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1 (RSK1) in a Growth- and Stress-dependent Fashion

Keratin 17 (K17) is a type I intermediate filament protein that is constitutively expressed in ectoderm-derived epithelial appendages and robustly induced in epidermis following injury, during inflammation, and in chronic diseases such as psoriasis and cancer. Mutations within K17 are responsible for two rare diseases related to ectodermal dysplasias. Studies in K17-null mice uncovered several roles for K17, including structural support, resistance to TNFα-induced apoptosis, regulation of protein synthesis, and modulation of cytokine expression. Yet, little is known about the regulation of K17 protein via post-translational modification. Here, we report that serine 44 in the N-terminal head domain of K17 (K17-Ser44) is phosphorylated in response to extracellular stimuli (serum, EGF, and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) that alter skin keratinocyte growth, and to cellular stresses (sorbitol-induced hyperosmotic shock, UV irradiation, and hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress). It also occurs in basaloid skin tumors in situ. Upon its stimulation in skin keratinocytes, K17-Ser44 phosphorylation is induced rapidly but stays on transiently. The majority of the phosphorylated K17-Ser44 pool is polymer-bound and is not obviously related to a change in filament organization. The amino acid sequence surrounding K17-Ser44 matches the consensus for the AGC family of basophilic kinases. We show that p90 RSK1, an AGC kinase involved in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation, phosphorylates K17-Ser44 in skin keratinocytes. These findings confirm and expand the tight link that has emerged between K17 up-regulation and growth and stress responses in the skin epithelium.
Fabrication Of Fiber Systems For Nonlinear Optics

Traveling zone, Bridgman and Czochralski methods of crystal growth have been successfully adapted to produce single crystal fibers of nonlinear materials. In addition, a new structure was developed for nonlinear fiber systems by embedding a glass fiber into a single nonlinear crystal. Conditions necessary for non-critical phase-matching for such a glass-core/crystal-clad hybrid were calculated.
Decreased oxygen inhibition in photopolymerized acrylate/epoxide hybrid polymer coatings as demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy

Photopolymerization systems based on hybrid monomer 3,4-epoxy-cyclohexylmethyl methacrylate (METHB) were studied to investigate the oxygen inhibition effects on the conversion and polymer properties in films and coatings. METHB contains epoxide and methacrylate functional groups, which undergo cationic and free-radical photopolymerization, respectively. The conversion of both groups was obtained by Raman confocal microscopy as a function of depth. Initiator system compositions were varied and shown to affect the depth profile. The methacrylate group conversion was low at the surface due to oxygen inhibition. When both reactions were present, a cross-linked network formed and reduced oxygen sensitivity. At depths greater than the oxygen-diffusion-affected region, both functional groups' conversions did not show depth dependence. In addition, epoxide groups continued reacting after light was shuttered and reached a higher and more homogeneous conversion. These systems exhibit lower sensitivity to oxygen and offer advantages such as increased cure speed and improved film-forming properties compared to free-radical systems.
Fractal Characterization of Irregularly Shaped Images by Frequency Analysis

An iterative spectral method is presented for fractal characterization of irregularly shaped (i.e., nonrectangular) images such as microscopic images of cells. The algorithm extends the application of fractal characterization by frequency analysis to images with irregular supports by utilizing information in both the spatial and frequency domains. Experiments with synthetic fractal images demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.
An analysis of well-being in retirement: The role of pensions, health, and ‘voluntariness’ of retirement

Abstract This paper examines a wide range of determinants of retiree well-being of retirees. Using data from the 2000 Health and Retirement Study, increases in economic factors such as income lead to higher well-being, although relative income has a larger effect than absolute income. The strongest predictors are the voluntariness of entering retirement, pension characteristics, and health. Retirees “forced” to retire or have defined contribution pensions or bad health have significantly lower well-being. The results suggest a more nuanced approach in addressing retiree well-being than just a focus on the economic well-being of retirees.
General statement regarding state rheumatic fever programs

T O REPORT to the pediatricians of this country concerning' the development of services for children with rheumatic fever, under the Social Security Act, is not only a pleasure, but also an obligation. For, more than any other group, you have been responsible for making these services possible as they now exist, and you will be responsible for improving and extending these services until they actually meet the needs of children in this country. Your responsibility has been threefold. First, as professional men and women, you have seen and pointed out the need for services for children with rheumatic fever. You have found these needs in your private practice and in your clinic practice, and as an organized group you recommended, in a regional meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics in Rochester, N. Y., November, 1938, that heart disease should be considered a crippling condition so that children with rheumatic fever and heart disease might be eligible for services under State programs for crippled children. Second, you have taught the public what rheumatic fever is and what constitutes good care for a child with rheumatic fever. By demonstrating to people the kind of excellent care that children should have you have played a most important part in mobilizing public demand for that kind Of care for all children. When, because of the demands of your own professional group and of 'the public, the development of State programs of service to children with rheumatic fever became possible, you have assumed your third type Qf responsibility, namely, the implementing of these programs by help and advice in their planning, by the provision of the pediatric services needed, by research and study that will lead to improvement of services. I should like to tell you something about these programs up to the present time. As you know, the Social Security Act,. as passed in 1935, authorized annual appropriation to the Children's Buread of $2,850,000 Federal funds to be paid as grants-in-aid to States for services for crippled children. In 1939, an additional ammal appropriation of $1,020,000 was authorized 'by Congress and since that time the Children's Bureau
Pharmacists' perceived barriers providing non-dispensing services to underserved populations

Pharmacists have shown to increase clinical and humanistic outcomes in medically underserved populations through non-dispensing services. Limited information is available regarding the pharmacy workforce’s involvement and ability to serve in this role. The objectives were to measure the proportion of pharmacists working with underserved populations and to assess barriers they encountered when trying to assist. 363 licensed Ohio pharmacists responded to an electronic survey between December 2011 and March 2012 (response rate 19.7 %). The survey assessed personal and environmental barriers that prevent pharmacist involvement with underserved populations using 5-point Likert scales. Multiple logistic regressions identified barriers that influenced pharmacists’ involvement in providing non-dispensing services to underserved populations. 43 % of respondents were assisting underserved populations mostly in their place of work (83 %). Environmental barriers were indicated to effect pharmacists most. Uninvolved pharmacists most agreed with environmental barriers of “Hesitant to volunteer before knowing commitment”, “Never approached to assist”, and “Not enough time during shifts”. Logistic regression 1 incorporated all pharmacists and indicated barriers of “Not interested in this area of work” (OR = 0.589) and “Unsure where to volunteer” (OR = 0.660) as significant. Logistic regression 2 was limited to pharmacists with access to patients at place of work and indicated “Not interested in this area of work” (OR = 0.443), “Employer never approached to assist” (OR = 0.557), “No time during work shifts” (OR = 0.537), and “Work location low underserved accessibility” (OR = 0.487) as significant predictors. More pharmacists might become engaged as volunteers. Increasing communication between community and pharmacists may reduce reported volunteering barriers.
Dynamics of particle deposition on a disordered substrate. I. Near-equilibrium behavior.

A growth model that describes the deposition of particles (or the growth of a rigid crystal) on a disordered substrate is investigated. The dynamic renormalization group is applied to the stochastic growth equation using the Martin, Siggia, and Rose formalism [Phys. Rev. A 8, 423 (1973)]. The periodic potential and the quenched disorder, upon averaging, are combined into a single term in the generating functional. Changing the temperature (or the inherent noise of the deposition process) two different regimes with a transition between them at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}\mathit{r}}$ are found: for Tg${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}\mathit{r}}$ this term is irrelevant and the surface has the scaling properties of a surface growing on a flat substrate in the rough phase. The height-height correlations behave as C(L,\ensuremath{\tau})\ensuremath{\sim}ln[Lf(\ensuremath{\tau}/${\mathit{L}}^{2}$)]. While the linear response mobility is finite in this phase it does vanish as (T-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}\mathit{r}}$${)}^{1.78}$ when T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}\mathit{r}}^{+}$. For T${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}\mathit{r}}$ there is a line of fixed points for the coupling constant. The surface is super-rough: the equilibrium correlation functions behave as (lnL${)}^{2}$ while their short time dependence is (ln\ensuremath{\tau}${)}^{2}$ with a temperature-dependent dynamic exponent z=2[1+1.78(1-T/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}\mathit{r}}$)]. While the linear response mobility vanishes on large length scales, its scale dependence leads to a nonlinear response. For a small applied force F the average velocity of the surface v behaves as v\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{F}}^{1+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\zeta}}}$. To first order \ensuremath{\zeta}=1.78(1-T/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}\mathit{r}}$). At the transition, v\ensuremath{\sim}F/(1+C\ensuremath{\Vert}ln(F)\ensuremath{\Vert}${)}^{1.78}$ and the crossover to the behavior to T${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}\mathit{r}}$ is analyzed. These results also apply to two-dimensional vortex glasses with a parallel magnetic field.
On observation of neutron quantum states in the Earth's gravitational field

Observation of neutron gravitational quantum states ${E}_{n}=mg{z}_{n}$ in the peV energy range (${z}_{1}$ is about $10\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ in the vertical direction) in the experiment conducted at Laue-Langevin Institute, Grenoble, with ultracold neutrons was recently reported in a series of publications. The purpose of the present work is to analyze the experiment. The experimental apparatus is designed to measure a transmission function $T({z}_{a})$, namely, a horizontal flux of relatively fast neutrons ($k\ensuremath{\gg}{k}_{z}$ in wavelength terms) passing through a slit of variable height ${z}_{a}$ of upper absorbing wall. The quantum states in question are defined by the so-called Airy functions, which are solutions to the stationary 1D equation for a neutron ``bouncing'' above the perfect mirror in a linear potential field. The Airy functions describe the quantum bouncer (QB), the concept of which is subject to theoretical study of toy 1D models of gravitationally bound particles in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (QM). This is essentially different from the 3D nonstationary QM object, ``the running QB,'' investigated in the experiment. The authors assume that there is a connection between $T({z}_{a})$ and the probability density distribution $P(z,{z}_{a})$ for QB states. They devised the ``phenomenological model,'' in which the quantum pattern should be visible in the transmission curve. We argue, however, that the measured curve $T({z}_{a})$ is not sensitive to QB states. Instead, it is sensitive to dynamics of neutron horizontal transport inside the absorbing slit for neutrons of energy values about ${10}^{5}$ times greater than eigenvalues ${E}_{n}$. The latter are related to the neutron transverse mode ${k}_{z}$ and cannot be termed ``energies of neutron gravitational quantum states.'' We conclude that the experiment setup and real conditions are not adequate to the claimed objective, and the methodology of measured data treatment is flawed. The authors' claim that ``neutron gravitational quantum states are observed'' is neither theoretically nor experimentally substantiated. Final, statistically significant results of the experiment are consistent with our physical reasoning that the experiment is not sensitive to ``neutron gravitational quantum states'' (in terms of Airy mode) and does not prove even their existence in rigorous quantum-mechanical terms.
Thermal Gelation of Pork, Beef, Fish, Chicken and Turkey Muscles as Affected by Heating Rate and pH

Effects of heating rate (3°C or 0.7°C/min) and pH (5.5, 6.0, 6.5, or 7.0) on thermal gelation properties of different muscle systems were evaluated (10% protein, 2% NaCl) using pork, beef, fish, and chicken and turkey (breast and thigh) muscles. Results indicated that, at pH 6.5 and 7.0, force required to rupture the gel (Pf), force required to move plunger through the gel (Fp), and viscosity index (Ni), using a slow heating rate, were higher than with rapid heating. All muscles (except breast muscles with the slow heating rate) yielded higher (P<0.05) gel strength (Fp, Pf) at pH 6.0 than at the other pHs.
Chicano Urban Politics and the Politics of Reform in the Seventies

AST LOS ANGELES is an unincorporated area situated in the Los Angeles Basin. It is located approximately five miles east of the Los Angeles Civic Center. Covering 8.6 square miles, East Los Angeles had a total population of approximately 104,688 in 1970 (Barrio Planners 1973: 33). At the beginning of the 1970s, nearly 90 percent of its residents were of Mexican origin. As a result of this high concentration of persons of Mexican descent within its boundaries, East Los Angeles was the nation's largest barrio. In 1976 a new organization emerged in East Los Angeles an Alinsky-style social action group, the United Neighborhoods Organization (UNO). UNO came into existence through the initiative and sponsorship of officials of the Catholic Church an institution that prior to the seventies had eschewed the sponsorship of the development of political organization and influence among the residents of the barrios. The creation of this organization was one of a series of actions taken by the administration of the Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles in the face of the prospect that the Catholic Church would not enjoy legitimacy among some residents of the barrios during the seventies if the Archdiocese adhered to a posture that had been repeatedly challenged since its development. The creation of the organization has proven productive for the Archdiocese. Additionally, it has had important consequences for the residents of the barrios. At the same time, it has not had consequences desired by Chicano activists in the late sixties and vital to the transformation of the power relationship between the Archdiocese and the residents. Nevertheless, its emergence and functioning is significant.
Parental substance use history of overweight men and women with binge eating disorder is associated with distinct developmental trajectories and comorbid mood disorder.

Abstract Objective To examine the significance of parental histories of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the expression of binge eating disorder (BED) and associated functioning. Method Participants were 127 overweight patients with BED assessed using diagnostic interviews. Participants were administered a structured psychiatric history interview about their parents (N = 250) and completed a battery of questionnaires assessing current and historical eating and weight variables and associated psychological functioning (depression and self-esteem). Results Patients with BED with a parental history of SUD were significantly more likely to start binge eating before dieting, had a significantly earlier age at BED onset, and reported less time between binge eating onset and meeting diagnostic criteria for BED than did patients without a parental history of SUD. For psychiatric comorbidity, patients with BED with a parental history of SUD were significantly more likely to meet the criteria for a mood disorder. A parental history of SUD was not significantly associated with variability in current levels of binge eating, eating disorder psychopathology, or psychological functioning. Discussion Our findings suggest that a parental history of SUD is associated with certain distinct trajectories in the development of binge eating (earlier binge onset predating dieting onset) and with elevated rates of comorbidity with mood disorders in patients with BED.
Reasoning about family honour among two generations of Hindu Indian-Americans

To investigate reasoning about family honour, 128 first generation (mean age = 27.2 years) and second generation Hindu Indian-American adults (mean age = 24.7 years) were presented hypothetical scenarios in which male or female protagonists defied common Hindu customs (e.g., arranged marriage, intra-religion marriage and premarital sexual abstinence). Questions assessed beliefs about customs, connections to family honour and socio-moral orientations towards honour violations. Both generations perceived intra-religion marriage and premarital sexual abstinence to function for group identity-related reasons, such as preserving Hindu culture and maintaining Hindu identity. First generation participants judged defiance of marital and abstinence traditions in moral terms more often than second generation participants (mainly for female protagonists). Justifications for moral judgements referenced damage to group identity, including family image, Hindu identity and cultural preservation. Implications for theorie...
Using learning preferences to improve coaching and athletic performance.

(2009). Using Learning Preferences to Improve Coaching and Athletic Performance. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 30-37.
Dimension of Psychological Trauma in Abused Children

This paper describes the various traumatic components of the child abuse syndrome and explores their impact on the psychopathology, cognitive impairment, and developmental sequelae observed in abused children. The child abuse syndrome consists of two broad categories of trauma: the acute physical and psychological assault confronting the child with the threat of annihilation is superimposed upon the long-term traumatic components resulting from chronic abnormal parenting such as harsh, punitive child rearing, scapegoating, and maternal deprivation. Central nervous system impairment, which is frequently associated with child abuse, may be regarded as an additional source of trauma which potentiates the pathological impact of the acute and long-term components of the abusive environment. Most abused children exhibit the characteristic symptoms of the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder described in DSM-III.
The Fermilab Proton-Antiproton Collider

A 2004MeV proton storage ring has been constructed at Fermilab for studying techniques for increasing the phase-space density of the protons by using electron cooling or stochastic cooling. The experiments performed on these complementary types of cooling systems over the past year have reinforced the design of an antiproton collection system using both methods of cooling. Antiprotons from a target bombarded by 80-GeV protons are collected in a storage ring at 4.5 GeV and stochastically cooled in a stepwise deceleration scheme to achieve a momentum-spread reduction of a factor of about 250 in about 9 seconds. The antiprotons are then transferred to a lower-energy electron cooling ring for further cooling and accumulation. This system, using the virtues of both stochastic and electron cooling, will allow the accumulation of enough antiprotons in a few hours to give luminosities of 1030 cm-2 sec-l for collisions between protons and antiprotons at about 2-TeV center-of-mass energy in the Fermilab Tevatron.
Resonating metasurface photon and its spin manipulation

The ubiquitous spin-orbit interaction destroys the particles’ spin rotational symmetry and introduces a universal transverse spin current. Here we show that an anomalous refracting metasurface induces a controllable spin-orbit interaction and a path-dependent polarization rotation.
Therapy of Hepatitis C — Back to the Future

A book on hepatitis C would read like a marriage of an Orson Welles mystery and a Shakespearean play — awash in enigma, tragedy, despair, resilience, redemption, and triumph. It is only fitting that treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection stands at center stage of such a book. After the initial introduction of interferon alfa as the mainstay of therapy, the field stalled for more than 10 years. Although the introduction of ribavirin combination therapy and pegylated interferons had increased response rates, the real breakthrough came with the development of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs).1 The first generation of DAAs . . .
Modulation of cloned human neuronal voltage-gated potassium channels (hKv1.1 and hKv2.1) by neurosteroids.

Two voltage-gated potassium channels, hKv1.1 and hKv2.1, were stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The effects of neurosteroids, pregnenolone sulfate (PS), 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one sulfate (5α3αP), and 5β-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one sulfate (5β3αP), on hKv1.1 and hKv2.1 were studied using the patch-clamp method. PS, 5α3αP, and 5β3αP shifted current/voltage (I/V) relationship of both channels to the left by about 10 mV. The neurosteroids also increased the current amplitude voltage dependently. The activation time constants (τa) for hKv1.1 and hKv2.1 were voltage dependent and decreased with membrane depolarization. At –20 mV, PS reduced τa for hKv1.1 by 8 ms and 15 ms at 10 and 100 µM respectively. PS also significantly decreased the τa of hKv2.1 by 30 ms (10 µM) and 38 ms (100 µM) at +10 mV. However, only at 100 µM did 5α3αP or 5β3αP significantly alter the τa of hKv1.1. Neither 5α3αP nor 5β3αP affected the τa of hKv2.1. Deactivation time constants (τd) were also voltage dependent and, in contrast to τa, τd was prolonged with membrane depolarization. At 100 µM, PS, 5α3αP, and 5β3αP significantly increased the τd for hKv1.1 but did not affect the τd for hKv2.1.
Radiology of the gastrointestinal abnormalities seen in patients with adult hepatorenal polycystic disease

A review of 97 patients with adult hepatorenal polycystic disease (AHRPD) revealed a significant number of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms as the initial or primary manifestation of their disease. The typical appearance of the gastrointestinal barium examinations is presented.
Inferior petrosal sinus arginine vasopressin concentrations in normal volunteers and patients with Cushing's disease

In patients with Cushing's disease (CD), basal inferior petrosal sinus arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations are greater than peripheral levels and are further increased by the administration of CRH. AVP has an interpetrosal sinus gradient similar to that for ACTH, leading to the hypotheses that petrosal sinus AVP might either be derived from the corticotroph adenoma or be important for adenoma formation. To determine whether petrosal sinus AVP is truly increased in patients with CD, we compared inferior petrosal sinus and peripheral venous AVP and ACTH levels in 23 patients with CD and 9 healthy volunteers before and after iv ovine CRH. In both groups, AVP and ACTH showed interpetrosal lateralization, such that greater levels of both hormones were found at each time point in a single dominant petrosal sinus. When both hormones exhibited lateralization (an intersinus gradient > 1.5), ACTH and AVP always lateralized together. In patients with CD, the ACTH interpetrosal sinus lateralization correctly identified the side of the pituitary containing the tumor in 75% of evaluable patients, whereas the AVP interpetrosal sinus lateralization identified 63% (P = NS). Ovine CRH stimulated AVP in both the dominant and nondominant petrosal sinuses in patients with CD. Although basal AVP in the dominant petrosal sinus was not significantly different in patients with CD and normal volunteers (144 +/- 85 vs. 13.0 +/- 4.3 pmol/L; P = 0.058), dominant petrosal sinus AVP was significantly elevated in patients with CD compared to normal volunteers at 3 min (269 +/- 122 vs. 45.1 +/- 30.0 pmol/L; P < 0.05) and 5 min (315 +/- 120 vs 40.2 +/- 23.6 pmol/L; P < 0.05) after ovine CRH administration. Peripheral venous AVP levels were similar in all groups. We conclude that lateralization of AVP secretion occurs in both patients with CD and normal volunteers, but there is greater CRH-stimulated AVP secretion in the inferior petrosal sinuses of patients with CD.
Intraseasonal Variability in Tropical Mean Temperature and Precipitation and Their Relation to the Tropical 40–50 Day Oscillation

Abstract Intraseasonal variability of tropical mean tropospheric temperature and precipitation are investigated using newly available gridded datasets from the satellite-based microwave sounding unit (MSU). Lag regression and cross-spectrum analysis reveal a strong, dynamically consistent, zonally symmetric component of the tropical 40–50 day oscillation. A fast eastward propagating signal is found in upper-tropospheric temperature and zonal wind, emanating, from the region of enhanced precipitation associated with the 40–50 day oscillation. The temperature signal is consistent with an interpretation in terms of the transient tropospheric response to the switch-on of an equatorial heat source, in the form of a Kelvin wave front, and a recently detected very fast (˜40 m s−1) tropical tropospheric signal, with a vertical structure suggestive of the first baroclinic mode. Such fast moving wave fronts are hypothesized to be instrumental in maintaining the observed high degree of homogeneity in tropical temper...
Internalization and recycling of the human prostacyclin receptor is modulated through its isoprenylation-dependent interaction with the δ subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase 6

Prostacyclin, the major cyclooxygenase-derived product of arachidonic acid formed in the vasculature, mediates its potent anti-thrombotic and anti-proliferative effects through its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) termed the IP. Unlike many GPCRs, agonist-induced internalization of the IP occurs in an arrestin/GPCR kinase-independent manner. However, deletion of the IP COOH-terminal region prevented internalization suggesting that protein interactions at this region are involved in IP regulation. Using the COOH-terminal region of IP as bait we identified the δ subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6δ) as a novel hIP-interacting protein in two independent yeast two-hybrid screens. Interaction of IP and PDE6δ was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation in HEK293 cells, and in HEPG2 cells, which endogenously express neither IP nor PDE6δ. IP isoprenylation was critical for this interaction, as PDE6δ was unable to associate with an isoprenylation-deficient mutant IP (IPSSLC). PDE6δ overexpression altered the temporal pattern of agonist-induced internalization of IP, but not IPSSLC, in HEPG2 cells, increasing initial internalization but facilitating the return of IP to the cell surface despite the continued presence of agonist. Depletion of PDE6δ using short interfering RNA abolished cicaprost-induced IP internalization in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Recycling of IP, but not IPSSLC, upon agonist removal was facilitated by overexpression of PDE6δ. Thus PDE6δ interacts specifically with IP to modulate receptor trafficking.
Adsorption and bonding of C 1 H x and C 2 H y on unreconstructed diamond(111). Dependence on coverage and coadsorbed hydrogen

The adsorption and bonding of CH 3 , CH 2 , CH, C 2 H, and C 2 H 2 fragments to clean and hydrogenated diamond(111) surfaces are investigated in the framework of the atom superposition and electron delocalization molecular orbital method. Low coverage calculations are performed using large cluster models for the surfaces, and high coverages are examined with band calculations on thick two-dimensional slabs with every surface carbon covered by a hydrocarbon fragment (i.e., 1:1 surface coverage). For low coverage adsorption on clean and H-covered surfaces the adsorption energies are in the order C 2 H>CH ≃ CH 2 >CH 3 . In each case, the predominant component of bonding is covalent in character and is a result of overlaps between the sp -hybridized singly occupied dangling surface state orbital on the surface carbon and the sp -hybridized orbital on the fragment carbon atom. While the charge transfer contribution to bonding is nearly the same for CH 3 , CH 2 , and CH fragments, it is significantly larger for C 2 H due to a comparatively stable radical orbital on C 2 H. C 2 H 2 binds to the surface on the di-σ site where both its ends form bonds to the surface atoms. Onefold adsorption to a H-covered surface is predicted to be unstable. The 1:1 CH 3 coverage on diamond(111) is highly unstable because of steric repulsions between adsorbate fragments due to their spacial proximity. This finding is supported by a calculation of the cis-trans isomerization energy of di-t-butyl ethylene, including full structure relaxations. At low coverage CH 3 can bind on adjacent surface sites by tilting away from one another. The 1:1 coverage for CH 2 , CH, and C 2 H fragments is predicted to be stable on this surface.
Mathematical Optimization Techniques in Drug Product Design and Process Analysis

Optimization techniques represent analytical tools available to the researcher in his search for the best possible solution to a particular problem. Methodologies have been developed for structuring typical pharmaceutical development problems into a framework whereby sophisticated mathematical techniques can be employed to arrive at an optimal solution. Pharmaceutical product and process design problems were structured as constrained optimization problems and subsequently solved by the Lagrangian method of optimization. This optimization method was employed to generate optimal formulations in typical tablet design problems and to locate optimizing levels of processing variables in a typical encapsulation design problem.
Cystine and dibasic amino acid uptake by opossum kidney cells

The characteristics of the uptake of L-cystine by the continuous opossum kidney cell line, OK, were examined. Uptake of cystine is rapid and, in contrast to other continuous cultured cell lines, these cells retain the cystine/dibasic amino acid transport system which is found in vivo and in freshly isolated kidney tissue. Confluent monolayers of cells also fail to show the presence of the cystine/glutamate transport system present in LLC-PK1 cells, fibroblasts, and cultured hepatocytes. Uptake of cystine occurs via a high-affinity saturable process which is independent of medium sodium concentration. The predominant site of cystine transport is across the apical cell membrane. The intracellular concentration of GSH far exceeds that of cystine with a ratio greater than 100:1 for GSH:cysteine. Incubation of cells for 5 minutes with a physiological level of labelled cystine resulted in the labelling of 66% and 5% of the total intracellular cysteine and glutathione, respectively. The ability of these cells to reflect the shared cystine/dibasic amino acid transport system makes them a suitable model for investigation of the cystine carrier which is altered in human cystinuria.
IL-1 Generated Subsequent to Radiation-Induced Tissue Injury Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Radiodermatitis

Radiation injury in the skin causes radiodermatitis, a condition in which the skin becomes inflamed and the epidermis can break down. This condition causes significant morbidity and if severe it can be an independent factor that contributes to radiation mortality. Radiodermatitis is seen in some settings of radiotherapy for cancer and is also of concern as a complication post-radiation exposure from accidents or weapons, such as a “dirty bomb”. The pathogenesis of this condition is incompletely understood. Here we have developed a murine model of radiodermatitis wherein the skin is selectively injured by irradiation with high-energy electrons. Using this model we showed that the interleukin-1 (IL-1) pathway plays a significant role in the development of radiodermatitis. Mice that lack either IL-1 or the IL-1 receptor developed less inflammation and less severe pathological changes in their skin, especially at later time-points. These findings suggest that IL-1 pathway may be a potential therapeutic target...
Aging renewal process characterizations of exponential distributions

Abstract We consider some characterizations of exponentials among distributions driving certain aging renewal processes. The necessary and sufficient conditions so considered are in terms of the operating characteristics of perfect repair (renewal) and minimal repair strategies for equipments with NBU and NBUE aging life distributions.
CLINICAL REVIEW 51 Management of Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia is a very common electrolyte abnormality that is most often seen as a mild elevation in the setting of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. The hypercalcemia is usually less than 11.2 mg/dL and does not call for specific or vigorous approaches to management. However, more marked elevations in the serum calcium are also seen and call for a more specific approach to management. When the serum calcium is only moderately elevated, the therapeutic approach should be tempered by clinical assessments about the presence of symptoms and the underlying etiology. When the serum calcium is markedly elevated, a more targeted therapeutic approach is called for which now is independent of the presence of symptoms and usually of the underlying etiology. Considerations of hypercalcemia in these three different ranges will tailor the therapeutic approach to the clinical setting.
Impact of dissolved organic carbon on the removal of iron during water treatment

Abstract The fate of iron complexed by various organic compounds was investigated as a function of both oxidative and coagulation removal methods. Organic compounds evaluated included humic and fulvic acids, tannic acid and oxalic acid. Oxidants evaluated were potassium permanganate, chlorine dioxide and free chlorine. Both laboratory-scale and field monitoring studies were undertaken. Selected samples were analyzed for DOC molecular weight to evaluate how changes in this parameter affected the efficiency of soluble iron removal by either oxidation or alum coagulation. Higher molecular weight DOC sources (e.g. humic and tannic acids) resulted in a high degree of ferrous iron complexation. Such complexation rendered the iron stable against the addition of each of the oxidants considered. Potassium permanganate was found to be the most effective oxidant of the three investigated. Free chlorine and chlorine dioxide were ineffective for iron removal for all DOC sources except oxalate. Alum coagulation under pH 6.0–6.3 conditions was very effective for promoting iron removal when the iron was complexed by high molecular weight DOC compounds.
The Joule-Thomson Effect in Helium

Important changes in the apparatus previously used in the measurement of the porous plug coefficient, $\ensuremath{\mu}$, for air are described in some detail. The effect of air as an impurity in helium has been investigated by direct experiment and shown to be quite negligible even at 10 percent of air but increasing rapidly thereafter with increasing proportion of air. It appears that an experimental study of $\ensuremath{\mu}$ in mixtures of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ and He is desirable. The helium was purified by contact with activated charcoal at liquid air temperatures. $\ensuremath{\mu}$ for helium has been measured from -190 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and from 1 to 200 atm. In this range $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is negative, is independent of pressure except at the lowest temperatures, and is small both in magnitude and in variation. Significant trends of $\ensuremath{\mu}$ at the two temperature extremes have been observed. Applications to theory and to other physical properties will follow in later articles. Reasons are given for supposing that helium will not approximate with high accuracy to a perfect gas at any temperature.
Optical heterodyne detection of random electromagnetic beams

In this paper we present a general analysis for the optical heterodyne detection of random electromagnetic beams. To describe the ensemble of quasimonochromatic beams which are partially polarized and partially coherent, we use a recently developed matrix treatment. We derive an expression for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in terms of the beam coherence polarization matrices of the beams on the detector surface. Numerical examples are given for the SNR variation in the case of partially polarized Gaussian Schell model beams and the optimum detection is discussed in terms of beam parameters of the local oscillator.
Accelerated frequency interpolation of antenna impedances using characteristic modes

Characteristic mode theory can be a powerful tool in antenna analysis. Recent results have shown that each characteristic mode's frequency response can be approximated by a template function related to the spherical mode that couples most of the power. By choosing the appropriate template function, the broadband frequency behavior of the characteristic modes can be modeled. Here we briefly outline an approach that uses this property in order to accelerate the interpolation of antenna impedances over a wide bandwidth.
Thermal fatigue and hypothermal atomic oxygen exposure behavior of carbon nanotube wire

Abstract In low earth orbit (LEO), components of space systems are exposed to damaging hypothermal atomic oxygen and thermal fatigue. Carbon nanotube (CNT) wires are candidate materials for different applications in space systems. Thirty-yarn CNT wire’s behavior was evaluated when exposed to hypothermal atomic oxygen and thermal fatigue. CNT wire specimens were exposed to a nominal fluence of hypothermal atomic oxygen of 2 × 10 20 atoms/cm 2 . The erosion rate due to hypothermal collision between atomic oxygen and CNT wires was calculated to be 2.64 × 10 −25 cm 3 /atom, which is comparable to highly ordered pyrolytic graphite. The tensile strength of CNT wire was not affected by this exposure, and a minor reduction of electrical conductivity (2.5%) was found. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed erosion of surface layer with depleted carbon and increased oxygen. Thermal fatigue excursion of 5000 cycles from 70 to −50 °C at a rate of 55 °C/min showed no loss in tensile strength; however a large decrease in conductivity (18%) was seen. SEM analysis showed that the thermal fatigue created buckling of yarn and fracture of individual CNTs bundles. These reduced the effective area and electrical conductivity of CNT wire.
Frequency effects on cyclic plastic strain of polycrystalline copper under variable loading

Abstract Studies of material frequency effects in cumulative damage are rare. Since new work has shown that the frequency of cycling affects persistent slip band (PSB) formation, with large effects on cyclic plastic strain in load control tests, step-descending tests have been performed at various frequencies. The results show that in regimes of stress-strain where loop patches and PSBs are the prevailing structures, cyclic deformation following a load-descending step is significantly affected by frequency. For example, a frequency of 0.5 Hz at the low level can increase the current plastic strain in the specimen by as much as nearly two times over the same step test performed at 8 Hz. If the prevailing structure from which the step test is initiated consists of cell structure, the effect of frequency differences is found to be small. These results, interpreted in terms of structural changes and secondary dislocation behavior, show that frequency effects could be significant in the accumulation of fatigue damage, especially in variable loading.
Temporal variation in the importance of a dominant consumer to stream nutrient cycling

Animal excretion can be a significant nutrient flux within ecosystems, where it supports primary production and facilitates microbial decomposition of organic matter. The effects of excretory products on nutrient cycling have been documented for various species and ecosystems, but temporal variation in these processes is poorly understood. We examined variation in excretion rates of a dominant grazing snail, Elimia clavaeformis, and its contribution to nutrient cycling, over the course of 14 months in a well-studied, low-nutrient stream (Walker Branch, east Tennessee, USA). Biomass-specific excretion rates of ammonium varied over twofold during the study, coinciding with seasonal changes in food availability (measured as gross primary production) and water temperature (multiple linear regression, R 2 = 0.57, P = 0.053). The contribution of ammonium excretion to nutrient cycling varied with seasonal changes in both biological (that is, nutrient uptake rate) and physical (that is, stream flow) variables. On average, ammonium excretion accounted for 58% of stream water ammonium concentrations, 26% of whole-stream nitrogen demand, and 66% of autotrophic nitrogen uptake. Phosphorus excretion by Elimia was contrastingly low throughout the year, supplying only 1% of total dissolved phosphorus concentrations. The high average N:P ratio (89:1) of snail excretion likely exacerbated phosphorus limitation in Walker Branch. To fully characterize animal excretion rates and effects on ecosystem processes, multiple measurements through time are necessary, especially in ecosystems that experience strong seasonality.
Expression of JAGGED1 in T-lymphocytes results in thymic involution by inducing apoptosis of thymic stromal epithelial cells.

Proper development of the thymus and differentiation of T-lymphocytes requires cell–cell interactions between the developing T-lymphocytes and the thymic epithelia. The Delta/Serrate/Lag-2 (DSL)/Notch signal-transduction pathway is known to govern cell fate decisions required for proper development through direct cell–cell interactions. The functional consequences of specific DSL/Notch interactions during the development of a complex organ, such as the thymus, have not been thoroughly elucidated, however. In order to examine the role of DSL proteins during thymus development and T-lymphocyte differentiation, we targeted expression of JAGGED1 in T-lymphocyte progenitors via the control of the proximal lck promoter. Here, we report that expression of JAGGED1 in T cells causes premature involution of the thymus by directing thymic epithelial cells to undergo an apoptotic program. Adoptive transfer of JAGGED1 transgenic bone marrow into non-transgenic mice revealed that JAGGED1 expression on T cells does not alter T-cell differentiation, but is directly responsible for involution of the thymus. We propose that the phenotype of the lck-JAGGED1 transgenic mice is a direct result of specific DSL/Notch interactions and improper cell-to-cell signaling.
Estimating excess deaths in Iraq since the US—British‐led invasion

No-one knows how many Iraqis have died as a result of the invasion of their country. Surveys published in The Lancet in 2004 and 2006 estimated the number at 10 times figures previously given. Predictably, they raised a storm of protest. Politicians attacked the surveys; public media gave their own spin. Here Scott Zeger and Elizabeth Johnson, statistical analysts of the surveys, discuss these and other attempts to count the dead, and how statistical messages should be best communicated.
The linear dichroism of oriented helical and superhelical polymers.

Expressions are derived to relate the linear dichroism of oriented helical and super-helical polymers to the vector equation describing a transition moment in a reference frame based on the position of a single monomer unit in a simple helix and the super-helix tilt angle β. The reduced dichroism of a perfectly oriented superhelical polymer, (Δe/e)0, is related to the reduced dichroism of a perfectly oriented helical polymer, (Δe/e)1, by the expression (Δe/e)0 = ½ (Δe/e)1(3 cos2 β − 1). Hence the linear dichroism of a helical polymer can be significantly altered by supercoiling. The application of the general expressions is illustrated by the derivation of specific equations which relate the dichroism of helical and superhelical DNA to the tilt and twist of the DNA bases, the directions of the transition moments within the base planes, and the superhelix tilt angle. Calculations of the reduced dichroism of perfectly oriented, non-super-helical DNA in the A and B configurations suggest that it will be difficult to distinguish between these two forms on the basis of dichroism measurements.
Cranial dislocation of mandibular condyle

The ninth case of condylar dislocation into the middle cranial fossa is reported. The previously reported cases are reviewed and the clinical findings which they have in common are pointed out. Because difficulty in establishing the diagnosis seems to be the most serious aspect of this clinical entity, it is advised that films of the temporomandibular joint be taken more frequently. Finally, although treatment varied from physical therapy to intracranial condylectomy, our case of closed withdrawal of the condyle from the cranial fossa is the first case on record so treated.
Platelets, prostaglandins, and pateny in microvascular surgery

In light of recent research dealing with the proaggregatory and antiaggregatory effects of prostaglandins on the primary hemostatic event of platelet aggregation, we suggest that patency in microvascular surgery be viewed from a new perspective. The sequence of events in platelet aggregation and the effects of the products of arachidonic acid metabolism on these events are reviewed. Drugs affecting platelet aggregation are classified according to their sites of action. In particular, heparin, dextran, and aspirin are discussed in relation to new information regarding their effects on arachidonic acid metabolism. Original early experimental work and clinical reports from the literature are discussed with a view toward future directions for research in improving patency in microvascular surgery.
Moral judgment: Theory and research on differences between males and females

Abstract That men and women differ in their moral orientations is a commonly held stereotype. The view that men are morally superior can be found in the writings of philosophers and psychologists (most notably Freud). Recently, Carol Gilligan (Harvard Educational Review, 1977 , 47, 431–517) has entered this discussion bringing to it what she calls a “different [woman's] voice.” In this paper, the theory of an ethic of care is described and contrasted with Kohlberg's morality of justice. The empirical support for Gilligan's claim that men and women differ in their moral orientations is examined and a discussion of Gilligan's contribution to an integrated theory of morality is offered.
TDP-43 and FUS/TLS yield a target-rich haul in ALS.

Genome-wide approaches are used to discover the RNA-binding targets of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) disease protein FUS/TLS. These studies reveal some shared targets with another ALS-linked RNA-binding protein, TDP-43, suggesting common pathogenic mechanisms.