cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Storyboards of remembrance: Representations of the past in visitors’ photography at Auschwitz:

A majority of today’s visitors to the Auschwitz memorial site take photos to document their stay. By calling attention to visitors’ photography on site, this article investigates the role of visual perception and visual techniques of memory for visits to memorial sites and empirically discusses the significance of historical imagination in linking the past with the present. Visitors’ photography at Auschwitz can be considered a mnemonic practice because seemingly lookalike, amateur pictures express modes of experience which are negotiated within an ethical and social framework. The strongest emotional impulse expressed in amateur photography on site is the feeling of the sublime, which supports the need to promote moral ideas like freedom or justice in the face of the past. Through participant-orientated research, this article contends that visual perception regulates sensual impressions during a visit and identifies six dominant photographic genres through which visitors focus their historical understand...
Application of Content of SF_6 Decomposition Products in Fault Diagnosis of SF_6 Electrical Equipment

Based on the detecting data of SF6 decomposition products accumulated for years and the analyses of many fault cases of SF6 electrical equipment,this paper expounds the theory and feasibility of fault diagnosis for SF6 electrical equipment by detecting the content of SF6 decomposition products,and analyzes some real cases and their diagnosing processes in order to provide a reference for inspection,detection and fault diagnosis of SF6 electrical equipment.
Application of Lung Protective Ventilation Strategies of Low Tidal Volume in Children with Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure

Objective To explore the differences of safety between low tide volume ventilation and traditional ventilation therapy on acute hypoxemic respiratory failure(AHRF) in children and assess the curative effect of low tide volume ventilatory strategy.Methods One hundred and thirty-three patients with AHRF were divided into traditional tide volume ventilation group(n=32),small tide volume ventilation group(n=101).The positive end expiratory pressures(PEEP) was adjusted correctly according to patient's tidal volume,and some indexes were monitored,such as monitored dynamic compliance(Cdyn),work of breathing(WOB),air way resistance(Raw),airway occlusion pressure at 0.1 second(P0.1),alveolar-arteral pressure of oxygen difference[p(A-a)(O2)],oxygen index(OI),blood gas analysis,and so on.To observe the oxygenation,complication,removing ventilator and prognosis of the critical cases.Results Comparison between low tidal volume ventilation group and traditional tide volume ventilation group: 1.There were significant differences in the results of Cdyn and Raw on the 1st day and 3th day,WOB on the 3th day and 5th day,P0.1 on the 5th day and 7th day(Pa0.05).The parameter of oxygenation was significantly improved in low tidal volume ventilation group at 24 hours.There were significant differences in the results of pa(O2),p(A-a)(O2),OI(Pa0.05).2.Compare with the rate of ventilator associated lung injury in the 2 groups,there was significant difference(P0.05).3.There was no significant difference in fatality rate of patients between 2 groups.Conclusions The parameter of respirator can be adjusted more correctly in mechanical rentilation through monitoring the change of Cdyn,Raw,WOB,OI and P0.1 and it can predict weaning criteria from ventilator.The incidence of ventilated-induced lung injury of AHRF children,the low tide volume ventilation is better than the traditional ventilation.There is no significant difference between the patients with traditional tide volume and those with low tidal volume in the results of improving case fatality rate of AHRF children.
Shame versus trauma-related guilt as mediators of the relationship between PTSD symptoms and aggression among returning veterans.

OBJECTIVE: It is well established that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with various forms of aggression, though the mechanisms by which PTSD is related to aggression are not fully understood. Some research suggests that the tendency to experience shame, but not guilt, contributes to aggression in individuals with a history of interpersonal trauma. This study tested the hypothesis that trait shame but not trauma-related guilt would mediate the relationship between PTSD symptoms and verbal and physical aggression in veterans with combat/military-related trauma seeking PTSD treatment. METHOD: In a sample of 127 returning veterans (95% male, mean age = 32.93), negative binomial path analyses tested multiple mediational models in which shame versus trauma-related guilt (separate models entered the effects of global guilt, guilt cognitions, and guilt distress) were examined as mediators of PTSD symptoms on verbal and physical aggression separately. RESULTS: Results indicated that shame partially mediated the association of PTSD symptoms with verbal aggression but not physical aggression when accounting for trauma-related guilt. Although PTSD symptoms were associated with higher scores on all aspects of trauma-related guilt, guilt did not significantly mediate relations between PTSD symptoms and verbal or physical aggression when accounting for shame. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that it is worthwhile to examine whether addressing shame in PTSD treatment may also reduce verbal aggression in returning veterans. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Features and Future of Open Sound Control version 1.1 for NIME

The history and future of Open Sound Control (OSC) is discussed and the next iteration of the OSC specification is introduced with discussion of new features to support NIME community activities. The roadmap to a major revision of OSC is developed.
Adenovirus Type 5 Region-E1A Transcriptional Control Sequences

Publisher Summary The adenovirus genome is a linear, double-stranded DNA molecule containing ∼36,000 bp. Region ElA is located at the far left end of the adenovirus genome, mapping between 1.4 and 4.5 map units. The chapter presents a diagrammatic form of the left end of the adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) genome including region E1A and its 5'-flanking sequences. The chapter describes a mutational analysis of the Ad5 region-El A transcriptional control region. The left end of the Ad5 genome was cloned into pBR322 and constructed in vitro two sets of deletion mutations that map in the E1 A 5'-flanking sequences. HeLa cells were infected with reconstructed viruses to analyze the effects of the various 5'-flanking mutations on the efficiency of E1A transcription in vivo. Cytoplasmic, polyadenylated RNA was isolated from HeLa cells at 5 hours after infection and subjected to Northern-type analysis. The results from a number of the viruses containing deletions originally generated by D-loop mutagenesis, that is, deletions spanning the first 170 bp of 5'-flanking sequence, are shown diagrammatically in the chapter.
A Performance Analysis of Cloud Computing Using the Balanced Scorecard Approach

Cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT)0 are currently the two dominant Internet technologies, but cloud computing embodies the maturity of the computing field with its clear path to software generation, transmission, distribution and control. The growth and popularity of cloud-virtualized resources (infrastructure, platform and software), have been accompanied with an increase in cloud performance evaluation that could be used for decision-making. As reported in the literature, most of the evaluations and simulations tend to be one dimensional that focus on easily measurable criteria such as load balancing and response time. This paper presents a more holistic approach using the technique of balanced scorecard that analyses cloud computing with respect to finance, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth perspectives. A critical analysis shows that cost reduction is not enough to cause a customer to embrace cloud computing. Other factors such as value proposition, internal and growth perspectives also play a role.
Comparison of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed against immunoglobulin light and heavy chains in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

A study comparing the usage of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies specific for immunoglobulin light and heavy chains was performed on frozen-tissue sections of 30 B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In 16 cases, monotypic staining for an immunoglobulin light chain was demonstrated with monoclonal antibodies using a three-step avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) method; 13 cases were positive for kappa. In 14 cases, no immunoglobulin light-chain production was demonstrated. Repeat staining of 11 of these 14 cases with polyclonal anti-sera by a direct immunoperoxidase method demonstrated monotypic staining for light chain in 10 cases, 9 of which were positive for lambda. In 22 of 30 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, an immunoglobulin heavy chain was identified using monoclonal anti-sera. In eight cases, however, no heavy chain was found. Repeated staining with polyclonal sera of additional sections in three of eight cases demonstrated heavy-chain production in each case. Decreased sensitivity, especially for the detection of the lambda light chain, rendered this particular lot of monoclonal antibodies unsuitable for immunophenotyping non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Variability of antigenic sites on the immunoglobulin molecule seems a likely explanation for these observations.
Gender Politics in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election: A Computer Vision Approach

Gender plays an important role in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, especially with Hillary Clinton becoming the first female presidential nominee and Donald Trump being frequently accused of sexism. In this paper, we introduce computer vision to the study of gender politics and present an image-driven method that can measure the effects of gender in an accurate and timely manner. We first collect all the profile images of the candidates’ Twitter followers. Then we train a convolutional neural network using images that contain gender labels. Lastly, we classify all the follower and unfollower images. Through a case study of the ‘woman card’ controversy, we demonstrate how gender is informing the 2016 presidential election. Our framework of analysis can be readily generalized to other case studies and elections.
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGHER RISK OF HEART FAILURE AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: THE JACKSON HEART STUDY

Background: African Americans (AA) develop chronic kidney disease (CKD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) at disproportionately high rates. It is unknown whether PH heightens the risk of heart failure (HF) admission or mortality among CKD patients, including non-end stage disease. Methods: We
Pregnancy Criminalization, Reproductive Asymmetry, and Race: An Experimental Study

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, pregnancy criminalization cases are based on assumptions of reproductive asymmetry—the belief that women are exclusively responsible for fetal health. I...
Buprenorphine for Medication-Assisted Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy: Relationship to Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome.

Objective To examine the relationship between antepartum buprenorphine dose for medication-assisted treatment (MAT) of opioid use disorder (OUD) and incident neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). Study Design We performed a prospective cohort study of pregnant women with a singleton gestation diagnosed with OUD and receiving buprenorphine for MAT at a tertiary care academic institution from July 2015 to January 2017. We divided the study cohort into two groups—pregnancies with versus without NOWS. Substance abuse patterns in pregnancy, maternal, and neonatal clinical outcomes were compared. Results The incidence of NOWS was 31.11% (n = 28/90) in our study cohort. Pregnancies with NOWS had a significantly higher rate of benzodiazepine positive urine tests and number of positive urine drug screen (UDS) results for illicit opioids. The group without NOWS had significantly higher number of patients with an appropriate UDS result at delivery through postpartum. Rates of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, length of NICU stay, and maximum Finnegan score were significantly higher in the group with NOWS. Neither the initial (10.6 ± 5.2 versus 10.3 ± 4.8 mg, p = 0.80) nor the final buprenorphine doses (13.3 ± 5.1 versus 13.0 ± 4.6 mg, p = 0.81) were significantly different between study groups. Conclusion The occurrence of NOWS was not related to buprenorphine dose used for MAT.
Kräftemessen mit Mutter Natur – der erste GMO sapiens

Am 9. November 1977 durchbrachen zwei britische Wissenschaftler eine biologische Schallmauer und veranderten die Menschheit damit fur immer. Robert Edwards und Patrick Steptoe, mit denen wir weiter vorne im Buch schon Bekanntschaft geschlossen haben, war es gelungen, in einer Petrischale im Labor einen gesunden menschlichen Embryo zu erzeugen. Dieser Embryo wurde der Mutter erfolgreich eingepflanzt und entwickelte sich zu einem Kind.
Effect of ancillary (aminomethyl)phenolate ligand on efficacy of aluminum-catalyzed glucose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

Abstract Air-stable dimethylaluminum complexes LRAlMe2 that contain (aminomethyl)phenolate (LR) ligands were prepared in high yield. NMR data and X-ray crystallographic characterization of the molecular structures of several of the complexes confirmed bidentate coordination of the (aminomethyl)phenolate ligand to aluminum. Efficient aluminum catalysts for glucose dehydration to HMF were generated via modification of the (aminomethyl)phenolate ligand. LRAlMe2 complexes containing bidentate (aminomethyl)phenolate ligands with an aryl substituent on the amino moiety are efficient catalysts for glucose dehydration to HMF in ionic liquid solvents. In [EMIM]Br and [BMIM]Br, the reaction proceeds at 120 °C to very high conversion in 2 h to produce HMF with 60–63% selectivity and in 58–60% yield. Evidently, LRAlMe2 complexes catalyze glucose isomerization to fructose at ≥120 °C while the HMF yield depends on the degree of competing HMF loss to humins formation. These results indicate that additional studies of ancillary ligand effects on aluminum-catalyzed glucose dehydration are needed to improve knowledge of structure–function relationships that are key to increasing the efficiency of aluminum catalysts for dehydration of glucose (and ultimately cellulose) to HMF.
The Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry: Rationale, Design, and Role in Quality Improvement

The Pulmonary Hypertension Association (PHA) Scientific Leadership Council (SLC) prioritized the development of the PH Care Centers (PHCC) initiative in part to identify centers that adhere to expe...
Dynamic Correlation Under Isochronal Conditions

Results of various methods of evaluating the dynamic correlation volume in glassforming liquids and polymers are summarized. Most studies indicate that this correlation volume depends only on the α-relaxation time; that is, at state points associated with the same value of τ α , the extent of the correlation among local motions is equivalent. Nonlinear dielectric spectroscopy was used to measure the third-order susceptibility. Its amplitude, a measure of the dynamic correlation volume, is constant for isochronal state points, which supports the interpretation of the magnitude of the nonlinear susceptibility in terms of dynamic correlation. More broadly, it serves to establish that for non-associated materials, the cooperativity of molecular motions is connected to their timescale.
STAT-signalling through the cytoplasmic compartment: consideration of a new paradigm.

Abstract The binding of a large number of cytokines and growth factors to their cognate receptors on the surface of mammalian-cell plasma membrane activates a signalling cascade involving the cytoplasmic STAT-family proteins, which is characterized by the nuclear translocation of a cytokine- or growth factor-specific subset of the cytoplasmic pool of the respective tyrosine- and serine-phosphorylated STAT proteins and the consequent transcriptional activation of specific target genes. In the standard model of cytokine-induced STAT signalling such as that elicited by various interferons and interleukins, it is thought that STAT proteins are recruited to the cytoplasmic side of the cell-surface receptor complex from within a monomeric cytosolic pool, and upon tyrosine-phosphorylation by respective Janus kinase family members, dimerize and translocate to the nucleus. The mechanisms which determine and regulate the recruitment of cytosolic STAT proteins to the plasma membrane-receptor complex, the transit of “activated” STATs through the expanse of the cytoplasmic compartment from the plasma membrane to the nuclear pore region, and the transit of STATs through the nuclear pore complex into the nuclear compartment, remain largely unknown. New data from different laboratories suggests consideration of a model for STAT signalling in which STAT proteins function in the cytoplasm not only as free monomers and dimers but as part of heteromeric complexes (“statosomes”), with accessory proteins which may serve to present specific STATs to the plasma membrane-receptor complex, and to chaperone “activated” STATs through the cytoplasmic compartment toward the nucleus and then into the nuclear compartment.
The Norm of Seeking International Authorization: Challenging and Consolidating Practice, 1998-2011

Why have states requested international authorization for projecting of military force more often after 1989? One perspective suggests powerful states should not make such requests. Instead they should only look to their own power to determine the legitimacy of their foreign policy rather than international organizations (IOs). A different perspective suggests states use IOs as credible sources of information about other states’ intentions and foreign policies. A third perspective suggests that states view the authorization of the projection of military force by formal international organizations as the appropriate way for states to act. In this dissertation project I first establish states have changed their behavior and document that states request international authorization more often after 1989. Then I examine several potential and competing explanations based on the three perspectives of the apparent change in the behavior of states towards IOs. These explanations include burden-sharing, informational signaling, strategic restraint, and international norms. The United States provides a good example of a powerful state which requests international authorization more frequently after 1989. I find the expectation that states would request international authorization emerged after the U.S. set a precedent the Persian Gulf War. In looking at these explanations this dissertation project engages the issues surrounding international organizations and changes in their authority over states. This research identifies a specific change in the constraints faced by states from the Cold War compared to the post-ColdWar international environment. Prior research on why states request international authorization assumes states face the same constraints and opportunities between these two periods.
Mechanism of aerobic transformation of carbon tetrachloride by poplar cells.

The biochemical mechanism of carbon tetrachloride transformation by poplarcells was investigated using an axenic poplar cell culture.After one-day incubations of poplar cells under aerobic conditions, about 1.5% of dosedcarbon tetrachloride was transformed to carbon dioxide, about 0.001% to chloroform andabout 3% of the carbon was bound to insoluble poplar cellular materials. The productionof carbon dioxide increased under aerobic conditions while the formation of chloroformand cell binding of carbon tetrachloride-carbon was enhanced under anaerobic conditions.Both carbon dioxide production and cell binding were significantly inhibitedby a general inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 activity (carbon monoxide) and by specific P-450 2E1 inhibitors(chlorzoxazone, isoniazid, 4-methylpyrazole and 1-phenylimidazole). However, no inhibitory effects were observed when the cells were incubated in thepresence of lignin peroxidase inhibitors (NaVO3 and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole). These resultssuggest that an enzyme similar to mammalian cytochrome P450-2E1 is involved inthe metabolism of carbon tetrachloride by poplar cells. This study demonstratesan environmental biodegradative process for carbon tetrachloridethat operates under aerobic conditions.
Making Talk Cheap (and Problems Easy): How Political and Legal Institutions Can Facilitate Consensus

In many legal, political, and social settings, people must reach a consensus before particular outcomes can be achieved and failing to reach a consensus may be costly. In this paper, we present a theory and conduct experiments that take into account the costs associated with communicating, as well as the difficulty of the decisions that groups make. We find that when there is even a small cost (relative to the potential benefit) associated with sending information to others and/or listening, groups are much less likely to reach a consensus, primarily because they are less willing to communicate with one another. We also find that difficult problems significantly reduce group members’ willingness to communicate with one another and, therefore, hinder their ability to reach a consensus.
Toward evaluating the impact of self-adaptation on security control certification

Certifying security controls is required for information systems that are either federally maintained or maintained by a US government contractor. As described in the NIST SP800-53, certified and accredited information systems are deployed with an acceptable security threat risk. Self-adaptive information systems that allow functional and decision-making changes to be dynamically configured at runtime may violate security controls increasing the risk of security threat to the system. Methods are needed to formalize the process of certification for security controls by expressing and verifying the functional and non-functional requirements to determine what risks are introduced through self-adaptation. We formally express the existence and behavior requirements of the mechanisms needed to guarantee the security controls' effectiveness using audit controls on program example. To reason over the risk of security control compliance given runtime self-adaptations, we use the KIV theorem prover on the functional requirements, extracting the verification concerns and workflow associated with the proof process. We augment the MAPE-K control loop planner with knowledge of the mechanisms that satisfy the existence criteria expressed by the security controls. We compare self-adaptive plans to assess their risk of security control violation prior to plan deployment.
Effects of spectral shift on ultrashort pulse propagation in AZO/ZnO multilayered metamaterials at epsilon-near-zero

Numerical FDTD study of ultrashort (100 fs) pulse propagation shows strong pulse shaping for central frequencies smaller than the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) point, and soliton-like propagation (up to 500 nm) for central frequencies larger than ENZ.
Effects of Focus of Attention on Performance by Second-Year Band Students:

This study tested the effect of the motor learning paradigm of internal and external focus of attention (FOA) with middle school band students. A total of 56 second-year band students (woodwinds n ...
Labeling Theory, History of

Labeling theory emerged as the dominant perspective in the study of deviance in the 1960s, though its origins can be traced to Durkheim. Labeling theory, influenced by symbolic interactionism, dramatically transformed the field by redefining what constituted deviance and what was significant to understand about deviance. It dominated the study of deviance for a quarter of a century. While its zenith has passed, it remains, as an aspect of societal reaction theory, an enduring perspective that continues to generate research refining the perspective and extending it to new areas under related concepts such as stigma.
Rheumatic Heart Disease Management: Patients’ Experiences, Health Practices, and Role Performance

Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) continues to be a major health hazard in most developing countries as well as sporadically in developed economies. This study aimed to determine the drug regimen therapy of the rheumatic heart disease patients and the effects of the illness physically, emotionally, and socially. This qualitative and quantitative study documented the drug regimen therapy management of twenty seven (27) patients among the eighty-two (82) patients currently receiving the drug regimen for Rheumatic Heart Disease at the Out-Patient Department (OPD) of Cotabato Regional and Medical Center (CRMC) through interview, observation, self-made questionnaire and focus group discussion. The study found out that RHD patients, who were mostly housewives, feel strong and healthy when complying the date of Benzathine penicillin and experienced heart palpitation if unable to come on their visit on the 21st or 28th of the month. The effect of RHD physically is feeling of fatigue on the emotional aspect, anxious in the social aspect and avoid activities. The current role performance mostly are housewives. On health services received at OPD CRMC mostly, they received an injection of Benzathine Penicillin. The majority have a monthly check-up as their priority in their health practice.
Mental Disorder, Service Utilization, and GPA: Studying Mental Health of Former Child Welfare and Youth Experiencing Homelessness in a Campus Support Program

Research has identified higher rates of mental disorders among former child welfare youth and youth experiencing homelessness when compared with their peers in the general population. Given the gro...
Intrinsically stretchable conjugated polymer semiconductors in field effect transistors

Abstract Stretchable electronics have increasingly gained interest both in the academic and industrial communities owing to its potential to enable a wide variety of applications, especially wearable and implantable devices for biomedical applications. As the key component for electronic devices, the design of a suitable semiconductor is essential, while the solution processability and structural tunability of polymer semiconductor make it a promising candidate. Along this line, it is important to consider the mechanical properties of polymer semiconductors in the design of flexible and stretchable devices placed on soft and curved surfaces to accommodate the constant movement of the human body. However, achieving high mechanical deformability and high charge transport properties simultaneously in polymer semiconductors remains a major challenge. In this trend article, we survey various approaches in designing intrinsically stretchable conjugated polymers, focusing on structure-property relationships from a molecular perspective, such as molecular weight, regioregularity, backbone and side chain modifications. Understanding the influence of these molecular structure parameters on thin film morphology may provide general guidelines for achieving desired microstructures that allow mechanical deformation without interrupting charge transport. Beyond highlighting recent key work in this field, we will discuss future prospects of stretchable conjugated polymers.
Understanding biological and socioeconomic tradeoffs of marine reserve planning via a flexible integer linear programming approach

Abstract Analyzing tradeoffs among ecological, economic, and management goals with respect to marine reserve network design is an important facet of systematic conservation planning. We designed an integer linear programming model to quantify tradeoffs among five marine reserve network aspects: ecological conservation value, economic opportunity cost, geographic domain size, total reserve area, and reserve spatial compactness. Using ecological and economic data from the Hawaiian deepwater bottomfish fishery as a case study, an integer linear programming model was designed to choose areas that 1) maximize conservation value and 2) minimize opportunity cost, defined as foregone fisheries revenue. Compromise solutions that equally weighted conservation value and opportunity cost resulted in solutions with dramatically lower foregone fisheries revenue and a relatively small loss in conservation value compared to solutions with the maximum conservation value. When opportunity cost was assumed uniform across the spatial domain, solutions had considerably higher foregone revenue for a given level of conservation value, highlighting the drawback of not including a spatially explicit metric of opportunity cost in reserve selection models. Inclusion of only indicator species, rather than the entire species complex, in the optimization led to considerable representation gaps in conservation value for non-included species. We found that optimizations performed at the archipelago scale provided geographically disproportionate reserve allocations and thus disproportionate conservation benefits and socioeconomic impacts across geopolitically distinct island regions. We showed how reserve selection models can be used to support systematic conservation planning exercises characterized by many diverse and conflicting objectives and parties.
3D-Printed Inhomogeneous Dielectric Lens Antenna Diagnostics: A Tool for Assessing Lenses Misprinted Due to Fabrication Tolerances

It is difficult to manufacture 3D-printed voxelized inhomogeneous lens antennas exactly to specifications due to fabrication tolerances. Here, we define fabrication tolerances as the sum total of voxelization errors plus printing errors. In this article, we show that the aperture phase is a sensitive function of these fabrication tolerances. A conservative estimate of p0.127-mm error in the amount of material specified to be printed leads to a 1.63d phase error per cell. This error accumulates, as a voxelized lens is generally made of many cells. We present a novel method for diagnosing misprinted lenses and reverse engineering the true permittivity inhomogeneity profile of a lens fabricated within specified tolerances. The technique is based on an inverse-scattering tool that uses geometrical optics (GO) and particleswarm optimization (PSO). Once the actual permittivity profile is found with our method, a new optimal focal point can be calculated by using the same GO-PSO optimization tool to determine where to best feed the misprinted lens. Both numerical and measured examples are given to validate the process. The measured results show that at the new optimal focal point, the measured directivity has been restored to that of the original design specifications.
The mouse Balbiani body maintains primordial follicle quiescence via RNA storage

In mammalian females, the transition between quiescent primordial follicles and follicular development is critical for maintaining ovarian function and reproductive longevity. In primary oocytes of mouse quiescent primordial follicles, Golgi complexes are organized into a spherical structure, the Balbiani body. Here, we show that the structure of the B-body is maintained by microtubules and actin. The B-body stores mRNA-capping enzyme and 597 mRNAs associated with mRNA-decapping enzyme 1A. Proteins encoded by these mRNAs function in enzyme binding, cellular component organization and packing of telomere ends. Pharmacological disassembly of the B-body triggers translation of stored mRNAs and activates primordial follicles in culture and in vivo mouse model. Thus, primordial follicle quiescence is maintained by the B-body, and translationally inactive B-body-stored mRNAs may be regulated by 5-prime capping.
The role of somatic mosaicism in brain disease

In this review we discuss the importance of genetic somatic mosaicism and its impact on brain diseases. We start from introducing the different types of somatic mutations, their frequencies and abundances across development and lifespan. We then describe how weakness in DNA repair mechanisms influences their prevalence. Finally, we address their functional consequences in the brain and review recent research showing their unsuspected importance in several neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Daytime sleepiness among Midwestern firefighters.

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is the most common symptom of sleep-disorders. Although high levels of EDS have been reported among firefighters, there is a limited understanding on EDS in firef...
Banks’ Foreign Credit Exposures and Borrowers’ Rollover Risks Measurement, Evolution and Determinants1

The recent crises highlighted the role of cross-border banking linkages. This paper proposes two new measures for better capturing creditor banking systems’ foreign credit exposures and borrower countries’ reliance on foreign bank credit, by combining BIS data with banklevel data. The results indicate that the proposed refinements matter, especially when foreign bank affiliates’ funding relies heavily on local deposits. In addition, after developing novel and necessary break-in-series and exchange rate variation adjustments, estimations looking at the driving factors of both measures during 2006-2012 highlight: (i) the role of systemic banking crises and global financial conditions in the evolution of banks’ foreign credit exposures; (ii) the role of a larger set of factors in the case of the evolution of borrower countries’ reliance on foreign bank credit—how countries borrowed, from whom they borrowed, and global financial and domestic demand conditions. 1 I would like to acknowledge helpful comments and suggestions from Stephan Binder, Stijn Claessens, Giovanni Dell’Ariccia, Patrick McGuire, Natalia Tamirisa, and the participants of the RES/MFU Seminars and the Financial Surveillance Group meeting. Sumit Aneja, Mohsan Bilal, Jeanne Verrier and Ali Sharifkhani provided excellent research assistance. JEL Classification Numbers: F21, F34, G15, G18,Y1
Influence of Tip Wear on Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy Experiments Malgorzata Kopycinska-Müller

Tip wear and its corresponding change in geometry is a major impediment for quantifying atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM). To better understand the process of tip wear and its influence on AFAM measurements of material elastic properties, we have performed a series of experiments and compared tip geometries calculated from experimental data with direct tip visualization in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Using a sample with known elastic properties, the tip-sample contact stiffnesses for several different cantilevers were determined. Hertz and Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT) contact-mechanics models were applied to calculate values of the tip radius R from the experimental data. At the same time, values for R before and after each sequence of AFAM measurements were obtained from SEM images. Both methods showed that the tip radius increased with use. However, values of R calculated with the theoretical models varied indeterminately from those obtained from the SEM images. In addition, in some cases analysis of the AFAM measurements suggested a hemispherical tip, while the corresponding SEM images showed that the end of the tip was flat. We also observed other changes in tip shape, such as an increase in the tip width. By combining theoretical models for contact mechanics with visual information on the tip geometry we hope to better understand contact characteristic in AFM-based systems. Contribution of NIST, an agency of the US government; not subject to copyright.
Information security governance metrics: a survey and taxonomy

Information Security Governance (ISG) is now considered a vital component of any organization’s Information Technology (IT) Governance. ISG consists of the processes, organizational structures, and...
Characterizing Long COVID: Deep Phenotype of a Complex Condition [preprint]

ABSTRACT Importance Since late 2019, the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has given rise to a global pandemic and introduced many health challenges with economic, social, and political consequences. In addition to a complex acute presentation that can affect multiple organ systems, there is mounting evidence of various persistent long-term sequelae. The worldwide scientific community is characterizing a diverse range of seemingly common long-term outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the underlying assumptions in these studies vary widely making comparisons difficult. Numerous publications describe the clinical manifestations of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC or “long COVID”), but they are difficult to integrate because of heterogeneous methods and the lack of a standard for denoting the many phenotypic manifestations of long COVID. Observations We identified 303 articles published before April 29, 2021, curated 59 relevant manuscripts that described clinical manifestations in 81 cohorts of individuals three weeks or more following acute COVID-19, and mapped 287 unique clinical findings to Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) terms. Conclusions and Relevance Patients and clinicians often use different terms to describe the same symptom or condition. Addressing the heterogeneous and inconsistent language used to describe the clinical manifestations of long COVID combined with the lack of standardized terminologies for long COVID will provide a necessary foundation for comparison and meta-analysis of different studies. Translating long COVID manifestations into computable HPO terms will improve the analysis, data capture, and classification of long COVID patients. If researchers, clinicians, and patients share a common language, then studies can be compared or pooled more effectively. Furthermore, mapping lay terminology to HPO for long COVID manifestations will help patients assist clinicians and researchers in creating phenotypic characterizations that are computationally accessible, which may improve the stratification and thereby diagnosis and treatment of long COVID.
American Society of Biomechanics Early Career Achievement Award 2020: Toward Portable and Modular Biomechanics Labs: How Video and IMU Fusion Will Change Gait Analysis

Abstract The field of biomechanics is at a turning point, with marker-based motion capture set to be replaced by portable and inexpensive hardware, rapidly improving markerless tracking algorithms, and open datasets that will turn these new technologies into field-wide team projects. Despite progress, several challenges inhibit both inertial and vision-based motion tracking from reaching the high accuracies that many biomechanics applications require. Their complementary strengths, however, could be harnessed toward better solutions than those offered by either modality alone. The drift from inertial measurement units (IMUs) could be corrected by video data, while occlusions in videos could be corrected by inertial data. To expedite progress in this direction, we have collected the CMU Panoptic Dataset 2.0, which contains 86 subjects captured with 140 VGA cameras, 31 HD cameras, and 15 IMUs, performing on average 6.5 minutes of activities, including range of motion activities and tasks of daily living. To estimate ground-truth kinematics, we imposed simultaneous consistency with the video and IMU data. Three-dimensional joint centers were first computed by geometrically triangulating proposals from a convolutional neural network applied to each video independently. A statistical meshed model parametrized in terms of body shape and pose was then fit through a top-down optimization approach that enforced consistency with both the video-based joint centers and IMU data. This sensor-dense dataset can be used to benchmark new methods that integrate a much sparser set of videos and IMUs to estimate both kinematics and kinetics in a markerless fashion.
Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Cardiometabolic Health: A Test of the John Henryism Hypothesis in African American Older Adults

BACKGROUND John Henryism (JH) is a form of active high-effort coping. Low socioeconomic status (SES) African Americans adopting JH to deal with structural racism and other chronic stressors might be more likely to display cardiovascular disease risk factors. Previous tests of this hypothesis have mostly focused on the moderating role of current SES and hypertension as the outcome variable. Further, most of the previous work has been conducted among young and middle-aged adults. The present study aimed at extending work on the JH hypothesis by testing the combined effect of JH and childhood SES on metabolic syndrome and systemic inflammation among African American elders. METHODS One-hundred and seventy urban African American older adults (Mage = 67.64 years, 75.9% female) were recruited. Participants completed questionnaires assessing JH, childhood SES, and other variables used as covariates (i.e., demographic information, chronic conditions, medication use, and health behaviors). Blood pressure, waist circumference, and blood were also collected. Triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, hemoglobin A1C, and C-Reactive Protein levels were measured from the blood samples. RESULTS JH was positively associated with MetS symptoms among participants reporting low childhood SES levels, but not among those reporting high childhood SES levels. The same pattern did not emerge when we considered current SES. Similar patterns of results did not emerge as far as systemic inflammation was concerned. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of considering the joint impact of objective conditions early in life and individual psychological proclivities in explaining increased risk for cardiovascular disease risk in this population.
Statically Indeterminate Members

The problems encountered in all the preceding chapters dealt with members subjected to force systems known as statically determinate force systems. The reason for this name is the fact that in all of these problems, the force system (including applied as well as known and unknown reactive forces, torques, and moments) could be fully ascertained by satisfying the applicable equations of equilibrium. In most practical situations, however, members are subjected to force systems that cannot be completely defined by satisfying only the conditions of equilibrium. For these members the equations of equilibrium lead to systems of equations in which the number of unknown quantities exceeds the number of equations. Thus the system of equations is not solvable unless supplemented, according to the principle of consistent deformations, by additional equations that are based upon member deformations. Such members are said to be subjected to statically indeterminate force systems.
Chemical Unity and Diversity in Bacterial Catabolism

The theme of this chapter is bacterial metabolic diversity. The wide range of catabolic activities displayed by bacteria is emphasized and interpreted according to the principles established for abiotic chemical systems. Before this remarkable catabolic versatility is discussed, however, it is useful to note some biochemical features that bacteria share with other living forms. The role of catabolic sequences in the life of the bacterial cell is also mentioned and is compared with the function performed by microbial enzymes in maintaining the degradative segment of the terrestrial carbon cycle.
FETC Programs for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Mark Twain once quipped that everyone talks about the weather but no one does anything about it. With interest in global climate change on the rise, researchers in the fossil-energy sector are feeling the heat to provide new technology to permit continued use of fossil fuels but with reduced emissions of so-called `greenhouse gases.` Three important greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, are released to the atmosphere in the course of recovering and combusting fossil fuels. Their importance for trapping radiation, called forcing, is in the order given. In this report, we briefly review how greenhouse gases cause forcing and why this has a warming effect on the Earth`s atmosphere. Then we discuss programs underway at FETC that are aimed at reducing emissions of methane and carbon dioxide.
High-Alpha Flight Dynamics Research on the X-29 Configuration Using Dynamic Model Test Techniques

High-angle-of-attack flight dynamics of the X-29 configuration were studied using dynamic model test techniques. These tests identified phenomena including wing rock, spins, and tumbling which dominate the high-alpha behavior of the configuration and define its usable flight envelope. Results of these tests have been used to design flight control concepts to minimize adverse behavior. Planned high-angle-of-attack flight tests of the X-29 airplane will provide an opportunity to validate the model predictions.
The Demographics of Dialysis in Children

The use of chronic dialysis to sustain the lives of children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has been available in developed countries for more than 30 years [ 1, 2 ].
Mass Segregation, HI Deficiency and Dwarf Irregular Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster

Numerical simulations show that moderate mass segregation could already be produced for the Virgo cluster during its “violent collapse” period, but only if most of the mass of the cluster is in individual galaxies. Dwarf irregular galaxies should be much less massive than spirals, but the observational data do not show any systematic evidence for dwarf-spiral segregation. Some minor “anti-segregation” artifacts are probably due to high-velocity dwarfs losing their gas completely through ram pressure stripping.
Measuring nicotinic receptors with characteristics of alpha4beta2, alpha3beta2 and alpha3beta4 subtypes in rat tissues by autoradiography.

Comparison of [125I]epibatidine and 5-[125I]iodo-3-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine ([125I]A-85380) autoradiography showed evidence for nicotinic receptor heterogeneity. To identify the receptor subtypes, we performed [125I]epibatidine autoradiography in the presence of cytisine or A-85380. By comparing these results with binding data from human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably transfected with different combinations of rat nicotinic receptor subunits, we were able to quantify three distinct populations of [125I]epibatidine binding sites with characteristics of α4β2, α3β2 and α3β4 receptors. Although the predominant subtype in rat brain was α4β2, non-α4β2 binding sites were prominent in many regions. In the habenulo-peduncular system, cerebellum, substantia gelatinosa, and many medullary nuclei, α3β4-like binding accounted for more than 40% of [125I]epibatidine binding, and nearly all binding in superior cervical ganglion and pineal gland. Other regions enriched in α3β4-like binding included locus ceruleus, dorsal tegmentum, subiculum and anteroventral thalamic nucleus. Regions enriched in α3β2-like binding included the habenulo-peduncular system, many visual system structures, certain geniculate nuclei, and dopaminergic regions. The combination of autoradiography using a broad spectrum radioligand in the presence of selectivecompetitors, and data from binding to defined receptor subtypes in expression systems, allowed us to quantify the relative populations of these three subtypes.