cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A solution for the vertical variation of stress, rather than velocity, in a three-dimensional circulation model

A simple technique is presented that allows a numerical solution to be sought for the vertical variation of shear stress as a substitute for the vertical variation of velocity in a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. In its most general form the direct stress solution (DSS) method depends only upon the validity of an eddy viscosity relation between the shear stress and the vertical gradient of velocity. The rationale for preferring a numerical solution for shear stress to one for velocity is that shear stress tends to vary more slowly over the vertical than velocity, particularly near boundaries. Consequently, a numerical solution can be obtained much more efficiently for shear stress than for velocity. When needed, the velocity profile can be recovered from the stress profile by solving a one-dimensional integral equation over the vertical. For most practical problems this equation can be solved in closed form. Comparisons are presented between the DSS technique, the standard velocity solution technique and analytical solutions for wind-driven circulation in an unstratified, closed, rectangular channel governed by the linear equations of motion. In no case was the computational effort required by the velocity solution competitive with the DSS when a physically realistic boundary layer was included. The DSS technique should be particularly beneficial in numerical models of relatively shallow water bodies in which the bottom and surface boundary layers occupy a significant portion of the water column.
Comparative Study of Antigen Retrieval Heating Methods: Microwave, Microwave and Pressure Cooker, Autoclave, and Steamer

We present a study comparing the most popular heating methods currently used for antigen retrieval (AR) immunostaining: the microwave oven, microwave with pressure cooker, autoclave, and steamer heating. A panel of 21 antibodies was tested on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded sections using these heating methods and Tris-HC1 buffer, pH 9.5, plus 5% urea as the AR solution. Three observers independently evaluated the intensity of AR immunostaining. All heating methods yielded good results for AR immunostaining. There were only minor differences among the heating methods for AR when the optimal concentration of primary antibody for normal immunostaining was used; however, background staining may occasionally be troublesome if antibodies are not retitrated and diluted further for use on tissues after AR. Significant differences were observed only after further dilution of the primary antibodies: the microwave pressure cooker, extended microwave heating (5 min x 4) and autoclave heating then showed a similar intensity of staining that was stronger than results obtained with the steamer (20 min) or regular microwave heating (5 min x 2). Extension of the steamer heating time, however, yielded equivalent results. This study indicates that different heating methods can yield similar intensities of AR immunostaining if the heating times are adjusted appropriately. It is noteworthy that, in general, the adjusted conditions for maximal retrieval differ from those most widely cited in the literature, or recommended by manufacturers. That several heating devices may provide similar results permits the use of different AR heating methods according to the equipment available. This study also is an early step in standardizing the AR immunostaining protocol by providing uniform conditions for "maximal retrieval" as a common end point for all laboratories.
Wetting and reactive thin film growth

Abstract The wetting process of the GaN(0 0 0 1) surface by Ga is studied in situ in real time by low energy electron microscopy and diffraction. The reversibility of the phase transitions in the wetting layer is examined in detail and the consequences for the growth of GaN layers by reaction with ammonia and activated nitrogen are discussed. It is concluded that the growth of smooth (0 0 0 1)-terminated GaN layers may be considered as quasi-liquid phase epitaxy.
Geographical Mobility and Machiavellianism

Summary.-To test rhe hypothesis that frequenq of geographical mobility would be related positively to Machiavellianism the Nachamie Kiddie Mach Scale was administered to a group of 101 high-school students. Total moves made by the respondents' families correlated -.I1 with scores on the Mach scale, which did not support the hypothesis. A subsequent analysis of mobility during the first grade did show that respondents who moved were about seven points higher on the Mach scale than respondents who did not move. Concerning the developmental aspects of Machiavellianism, Christie and Geis (1970) have stated that perhaps exposure to non-traditional cultures or "cosmopolitanism" may be related to this personality dimension. Specifically, Milburn (1966, in Christie & Geis, 1970, p. 318) found a correlation of .29 between scores on the Mach V scale and the size of the hometown for 66 women students in China Lake, California. De Miguel (1966) reported a rank order correlation of .89 between Mach scores derived from a Spanish translation of the Mach V scale and the level of industrialization of the individual provinces in Spain where the students lived. Also Guterman (1970) found a positive correlation between a version of the Mach scale and the population count of the cities in which his respondents spent their adolescent years. However, in a study in which Chicano and white college students were compared, Martinez2 found insignificant correlations of below .10 berween the Mach V scores and the population size of the cities in which respondents were raised. Even when the analysis was broken down by sex, none of the correlations were above .23. Lois Oksenberg3 showed that "traditional" students in Hong Kong scored lower on the Mach IV scale than "Westernized" Chinese students. Such an array of studies suggests that geographical parameters such as population or "cosmopolitanism" are related to the Machiavellian dispositions of people. Within this line of reasoning it is reasonable to ask if geographical mobility is also related to the manipulative propensities some people possess. Given that population count and indusuialization levels may be positively related to Mach scores, it was then hyThe first author is a member of both the Psychology Department and the Goodrich scholars hi^ Prorrram at the Universitv of Nebraska. All correswndence should be directed to bad C. Martinez, The ~oodrich Program, ~nnex-20, Universiry of Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68182. m?). C. Martinez, Machiavellian tendencies in Chicano culture. (Unpublished manuscript, Columbia Univer., 1975) T. Oksenberg, Machiavellianism in traditional and westernized Chinese students. (Uopublished manuscript, Columbia Univer., 1967; also abstracted by Christie and Geis ( 1970, p. 320)
A Cross-Coherence Method for Detecting Oscillations

Oscillations threaten the stability of a power system. Timely detecting oscillations can improve operators' situational awareness of system stability and enable remedial reactions. To detect oscillations during their early stages, this paper proposes a cross-coherence method using multiple-channel phasor measurement unit (PMU) data. Oscillations are related to the peaks in coherence spectra and can be detected by visual inspection and setting up a threshold. Using simulation data, it is shown that the proposed coherence method can detect oscillations even under low signal-to-noise ratios. Three algorithms for estimating coherence spectra are implemented and evaluated. Their performances are compared using Monte Carlo methods. Based on the comparison, this paper makes some recommendations for proper use of the algorithms.
Analysis of binary choice frequencies with limit cases: Comparison of alternative estimation methods and application to weekly household mode choice

Abstract An extensive evaluation of alternative estimation methods for logistic binary choice probabilities when applied to binary frequency data with limit cases is presented in this paper. The methods examined are binomial-logistic (BL) model, Berkson's (BK) method, and Haldane's (HL) method. These models are applied to weekly mode choice data that contained a substantial number of limit cases in which one of the alternatives was never chosen. The results indicate that the BL model is a practical tool that outperforms all the other methods examined in this study. The BL models accommodate limit cases without requiring any additional assumptions or approximations. The BK and HL methods have been shown to offer coefficient estimates similar to, and fits that are somewhat worse than, those obtained by the BL models. These methods remain to be useful tools for the analysis of binary frequency data, especially in initial phases of analysis. In this paper it is also shown that coefficient estimates of HL methods are sensitive to the value of the adjustment constant, Δ, used to incorporate limit cases, and its optimal value may depend on the data at hand.
The Challenge of Disability and Access: Reconceptualizing the Role of the Medical Model

The fields of social work and disability seek to optimize well-being and life experience for clients with disabilities. The field of disability has defined and explored several frameworks for understanding disability, which are currently polarized between the problem-centered “medical” models and the social “disability as construction” models. The differences and the interplay between them affects both individuals and society. Four foundational social work theoretical models are considered in terms of their ability to integrate with disability frameworks and to address the differences between them. The bio-psycho-socio-cultural-spiritual model is suggested as the optimal model to both resolve the disability frameworks' duality and to optimally integrate social work and disability service provision.
Niobium and tantalum complexes containing 1,1-dialkylhydrazine-derived ligands

Abstract A series of niobium and tantalum complexes containing 1,1-dialkylhydrazine-derived ligands was synthesized. Treatment of niobium or tantalum pentachloride with 2 equivalents of 1,1-dialkyl-2-trimethylsilylhydrazine in the presence of tetramethylethylenediamine afforded [Nb(NNMe2)Cl2(NH2NMe2)(TMEDA)]Cl · CH2Cl2 (30%), [Ta(NNMe2)Cl2(NH2NMe2)(TMEDA)]Cl · CH2Cl2 (27%), [Nb(NN(CH2)5)Cl2(NH2N(CH2)5)(TMEDA)]Cl · CH2Cl2 (13%), and [Ta(NN(CH2)5)Cl2(NH2N(CH2)5)(TMEDA)]Cl · CH2Cl2 (23%) as yellow crystalline solids. Analogous treatment of niobium or tantalum pentachloride with 2 equivalents of 1-trimethylsilyl-1-aminopiperidine and one equivalent of 1-aminopiperidine afforded [Nb(NN(CH2)5)Cl2(NH2N(CH2)5)2]Cl · [(CH2Cl2)(C6H14)0.5] (61%) and [Ta(NN(CH2)5)Cl2(NH2N(CH2)5)2]Cl · [(CH2Cl2)(C6H14)0.5] (26%) as yellow crystalline solids. The new complexes were characterized by spectroscopic and analytical techniques, and also by X-ray crystal structure determinations.
Identification by NMR of the Binding Surface for the Histidine-Containing Phosphocarrier Protein HPr on the N-Terminal Domain of Enzyme I of the Escherichia coli Phosphotransferase System †

The interaction between the ∼30 kDa N-terminal domain of enzyme I (EIN) and the ∼9.5 kDa histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein HPr of the Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system has been investigated by heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The complex is in fast exchange, permitting us to follow the chemical shift changes of the backbone NH and 15N resonances of EIN upon complex formation by recording a series of 1H−15N correlation spectra of uniformly 15N-labeled EIN in the presence of increasing amounts of HPr at natural isotopic abundance. The equilibrium association constant derived from analysis of the titration data is ∼1.5 × 105 M-1, and the lower limit for the dissociation rate constant is 1100 s-1. By mapping the backbone chemical shift perturbations on the three-dimensional solution structure of EIN [Garrett, D. S., Seok, Y.-J., Liao, D.-I., Peterkofsky, A., Gronenborn, A. M., & Clore, G. M. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 2517−2530], we have identified the b...
Quantitation of hexanal by automated SPME for studying dietary influences on the oxidation of pork

Automated headspace solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography (auto-HS-SPME-GC) was employed to determine the hexanal content of ground pork shoulders from pigs raised on a normal corn diet and a corn diet high in oil and monounsaturated fatty acids. This external standard method showed good linearity (R2=0.999) and acceptable reproducibility (rsd=6.7%). Samples were stored refrigerated under light and analyzed on days 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9. Although no significant differences were observed between treatments in hexanal concentration, color, odor, or thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) value, TBARS and hexanal values increased over time, which became significant on days 7 and 9 for TBARS and on day 9 for hexanal. TBARS and hexanal concentration were correlated with R2 values of 0.992 and 0.804 for the treatment and control group, respectively. Auto-HS-SPME-GC provided a rapid and convenient method for monitoring the hexanal content of raw ground pork. HS-SPME using Carboxen/PDMS stable flex fiber provided the required sensitivity, linearity and reproducibility for measurement of hexanal in the headspace of raw ground pork.
On the exact computation of the swept surface of a cylindrical surface undergoing two-parameter rational Bézier motions

In this paper, we present exact analysis and representation of the swept surfaces of a cylindrical object undergoing two-parameter rational Bezier motions. Instead of using the well-known approach for analysing the point trajectory of an object motion for swept volume analysis, this paper seeks to develop a new method for swept volume analysis by studying the plane trajectory of a two-parameter rational motion. It brings together recent work in swept volume analysis, plane representation of developable surfaces, and computer aided synthesis of two-parameter freeform rational motions. The results have applications in design and approximation of freeform surfaces as well as in tool path planning for five-axis machining of freeform surfaces.
Is Confirmation Differential

Consider the following puzzle about confirmation. A surprising empirical phenomenon, P, is the object of considerable scientific investigation. Five rival theories have been proposed to account for P; although we have excellent reasons for thinking that they exhaust the plausible options, we have no reason to prefer any one of the five to any of its competitors. All of the five provide equally good explanations of our experimental evidence and are equally plausible given our background evidence. We have good reason, then, for believing the disjunction:
Vasopressin-stimulated movement of drugs and uric acid across the toad urinary bladder.

Vasopressin-stimulated movement of drugs and uric acid across the toad bladder. Vasopressin is known to increase the permeability of the toad bladder, an analogue of the mammalian collecting duct, to water and hydrophilic solutes such as urea. In the present study, the effect of vasopressin on the permeability of a series of lipophilic compounds, including many commonly used drugs, has been determined. In all cases, permeability increased from 50 to 100%. The response to vasopressin was mediated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and was generally not altered by phloretin, an agent that inhibits amide movement through the amide transport pathway. Evidence that these compounds move directly through the lipid phase of the membrane was provided in studies of phenobarbital permeability at low and high luminal pH. We would conclude from these studies that the effect of vasopressin on the luminal cell membrane is a widespread one, modifying both lipid components and components involved in amide, sodium and water transport. This may be of importance in the renal tubular reabsorption of many drugs, including barbiturates, glutethimide and antibiotics. Mouvements d'acide urique et de drogues, a travers la vessie du crapaud, stimules par la vasopressine. Il est connu que la vasopressine augmente la permeabilite de la vessie de crapaud, qui est analogue au canal collecteur des mammiferes, a l'eau et aux substances dissoutes hydrophiles comme l'uree. Dans ce travail a ete etudie l'effet de la vasopressine sur la permeabilite de cette structure a une serie de composes lipophiles incluant plusieurs drogues communement utilisees. La reponse a la vasopressine a l'AMP cyclique comme mediateur et n'est pas modifee, le plus souvent, par le phloretin, un corps qui inhibe les mouvements d'amide en agissant sur la voie de transport des amides. La preuve de ce que les composes etudies se meuvent dans la phase lipidique de la membrane a ete apportee par l'etude des permeabilites au phenobarbital a des pH luminaux bas et haut. Nous concluons de ces etudes que l'effet de la vasopressine sur la membrane cellulaire luminale est un effet diffus, qui affecte a la fois les composants lipidiques et ceux impliques dans les transports d'amide, de sodium et d'eau. Cela peut etre important dans la reabsorption tubulaire renale de plusieurs drogues, y compris les barbiturates, la glutethimide et les antibiotiques.
A Dynamic Boundary Condition for the Pulmonary Vasculature

Computational models can be used to predict the blood pressure and blood flow in a region of interest within the vascular system. To provide an accurate model, it is important to consider the organ-specific properties of the region of interest and apply those properties to the model. The pulmonary vasculature has several organ-specific properties, including the vessel compliance, specific geometry and respiratory process [1,2].Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Scanning probe microscopy of organic and polymeric films: from self-assembled monolayers to composite multilayers

Abstract We discuss the results of scanning probe microscopy studies of the surface morphology of ordered molecular films from organic low-molecular-mass and polymeric compounds. Films considered include: self-assembled monolayers, Langmuir-Blodgett films and composite molecular films fabricated from different organic compounds. Several aspects of these systems are revealed: their nanoscale surface morphology, typical naturally occurring defects of the surfaces and molecular-scale ordering. Surface modification of soft organic materials during scanning with the atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip is considered as well. For various classes of ordered molecular films, application of the AFM technique and other scanning probe techniques such as lateral force microscopy produce a new level of in situ quantitative characterization of molecular films on micrometre, submicrometre and molecular scales.
Quasi-decentralized model-based networked control of process systems

Abstract This paper develops a quasi-decentralized control framework for plants with distributed, interconnected units that exchange information over a shared communication network. In this architecture, each unit in the plant has a local control system that communicates with the plant supervisor – and with other local control systems – through a shared communication medium. The objective is to design an integrated control and communication strategy that ensures the desired closed-loop stability and performance for the plant while minimizing network utilization and communication costs. The idea is to reduce the exchange of information between the local control systems as much as possible without sacrificing stability of the individual units and the overall plant. To this end, dynamic models of the interconnected units are embedded in the local control system of each unit to provide it with an estimate of the evolution of its neighbors when measurements are not transmitted through the network. The use of a model to recreate the interactions of a given unit with one of its neighbors allows the sensor suite of the neighboring unit to send its data in a discrete fashion since the model can provide an approximation of the unit’s dynamics. The state of each model is then updated using the actual state of the corresponding unit provided by its sensors at discrete time instances to compensate for model uncertainty. By formulating the networked closed-loop plant as a hybrid system, an explicit characterization of the maximum allowable update period (i.e., minimum cross communication frequency) between each control system and the sensors of its neighboring units is obtained in terms of the degree of mismatch between the dynamics of the units and the models used to describe them. The developed control strategy is illustrated using a network of interconnected chemical reactors with recycle.
Tocolytic Magnesium Sulfate Toxicity and Unexpected Neonatal Death

A 31-year-old primigravida with twins had spontaneous rupture of the membranes at 32 weeks' gestation. On admission, because of contractions, the mother was started on tocolytic magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4) along with betamethasone and prophylactic antibiotics. About a day later, she was found to have magnesium toxicity. Her serum total magnesium level was 9.0 mg/dl. Tocolysis was immediately discontinued. At cesarean delivery the following day, twin A, a female, died at 30 minutes of age despite a vigorous resuscitation. Although the preceding fetal heart rate patterns had been reassuring and the umbilical blood gases were normal, quite unexpectedly, the Apgar scores were 1/1/0. An autopsy revealed no anatomic abnormalities. Twin B, a female who survived, was also intubated at delivery. During her stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, she was found to have modestly elevated levels of serum cardiotroponin T. In our opinion, it is probable that the death of twin A can be directly attributed to magnesium sulfate toxicity. Neonatologists who attend deliveries should be aware that unexpected death may occur in babies who were exposed to high doses of tocolytic MgSO 4.
User preference mining techniques for personalized applications

Advanced personalized e-applications require comprehensive knowledge about their users’ likes and dislikes in order to provide individual product recommendations, personal customer advice, and custom-tailored product offers. In our approach we model such preferences as strict partial orders with “A is better than B” semantics, which has been proven to be very suitable in various e-applications. In this paper we present preference mining techniques for detecting strict partial order preferences in user log data. Real-life e-applications like online shops or financial services usually have large log data sets containing the transactions of their customers. Since the preference miner uses sophisticated SQL operations to execute all data intensive operations on database layer, our algorithms scale well even for such large log data sets. With preference mining personalized e-applications can gain valuable knowledge about their customers’ preferences, which can be applied for personalized product recommendations, individual customer service, or one-to-one marketing.
Liberalization of donor criteria may expand the donor pool without adverse consequence in lung transplantation

Abstract Background: Currently the most important limitation in lung transplantation is donor availability. Although liberalization of donor criteria may aid in expanding the donor pool, the long-term effects of the use of “marginal” or “extended” donors remains unexplored. Methods: In this study, we included all patients who underwent lung transplantation from January 1996 to December 1999 at Loyola University Medical Center. We categorized patients as either receiving lungs from an “ideal” donor or an “extended” donor. Extended donors were defined as having any 1 of the following criteria: donor age > 55 years, tobacco history > 20 pack years, presence of infiltrate on chest x-ray, donor ventilator time > 5 days, or donor use of inhaled drugs (cocaine or marijuana). We then compared the 2 groups with regard to short-term (operating room [OR] complications, intensive care unit [ICU] complications) and long-term outcomes (1-year pulmonary function and survival). Results: Sixty-one (54%) patients received lungs from ideal donors and 52 (46%) patients received lungs from extended donors as defined above. We observed no significant differences between the 2 groups in OR complications (cardiopulmonary bypass, bleeding complications, life-threatening arrhythmias) or ICU complications (pneumonia, airway dehiscence, reoperation within 30 days related to transplantation). In addition, the 2 groups had similar median intubation times (21 hours in the ideal donor group and 20 hours in the extended donor group; p = n.s.), hospital length of stay (14 ± 12 days in the ideal donor group and 12 ± 8 days in the extended donor group; p = n.s.), and hospital survival (80% and 88% in the ideal and extended donor groups, respectively). One-year follow-up revealed similar pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 sec [FEV 1 ] = 2.4 liters and 2.4 liters in the recipients of bilateral ideal and extended donors, respectively, and FEV 1 = 1.9 liters and 1.5 liters in the recipients of single ideal and extended donors) and survival (72% and 79% in the ideal and extended donor groups, respectively; p = n.s.) between the 2 groups. Conclusions: Liberalization of donor criteria does not affect outcome in the first year after lung transplantation. By liberalizing donor criteria, we can expand the donor pool while assessing other possible mechanisms to increase donor availability.
PARAMETRIC STUDY OF EAA POLYMER THIN FILM DEPOSITION ON CARBON SUBSTRATES IN A FLUIDIZED ELECTRODE BED REACTOR

Electrodeposition of ethylene-co-acrylic acid (EAA) polymer, as thin films on carbon particle substrates, was carried out in a fluidized electrode bed reactor. Feeder current, time of deposition, and flow rate of anolyte (i.e., bed expansion or bed porosity) were the key parameters investigated. The film characteristics were evaluated through SEM and FTIR analyses and the amounts determined by weighing. The effect of these parameters on the electrodeposition process is discussed, and optimum conditions for deposition are proposed. Also, a possible mechanism for electrodeposition, particularly for the EAA–carbon system, is discussed.
Nucleation and growth of square islands during deposition: Sizes, coalescence, separations and correlations

Abstract We analyze via simulation the irreversible nucleation, growth and coalescence of square islands during deposition and subsequent diffusion of adatoms. Our model mimics metal-on-fcc (100) metal epitaxy (at lower temperatures). We characterize the low-coverage scaling, and the effects of coalescence and percolation on the island density and full size distribution. Adatom-island, island-island separations, and also the pair correlations are analyzed. Depletion of the density of nearby islands manifested in these quantities is shown to produce a four-fold symmetric “Henzler ring” in the diffraction profile.
Statins, Exercise, and Exercise Training∗

Statins are life-saving medications and so effective that some have suggested they be added to the drinking water to “fluorinate” the vascular bed against atherosclerotic disease. But statins, both in research models and clinically, can have deleterious effects on skeletal muscle. The most
Assessing the benefits of synchronization-adorned sequence diagrams: two controlled experiments

Learning about concurrency and synchronization is difficult for novices. In prior work, we developed saUML, a refinement of UML sequence diagrams, to address these difficulties and found them to be beneficial when compared to text-only presentations. This paper compares saUML to standard UML sequence diagrams to judge their relative effectiveness in enhancing a novice programmer's understanding of programs with different levels of synchronization complexity. One experiment compared the two notations when used to understand programs of low synchronization complexity, as judged by their use of only simple synchronization primitives, such as mutex locks. Here, a beneficial trend was observed, but it did not rise to the level of statistical significance. A second experiment compared the two notations on similar tasks but on programs with more complex synchronization constructs, in this case condition synchronization using primitives, such as wait and signal. Here, a significant benefit (p
Eine chemische Analyse der Augenfarbmutanten von Apis mellifica

Abstract The striking phenotype of fourteen eye-colour mutants of the honey bee (Apis mellifica) has been analysed chemically. The substances producing the eye colour of the mutants have been identified and characteristic changes of their pigment metabolism have been revealed. The ommochromes xanthommatin and several ommins cause the black eye colour of the wild type bee eye. Quite different from this are four white-eyed mutants that possess no ommochromes, but which can be distinguished by their pattern of colourless, in u.v.-light fluorescing substances. Owing to the deficiency of the enzyme tryptophanpyrrolase, the mutant s is unable to produce formylkynurenine, which normally follows tryptophan in pigment biosynthesis. This results in an excessive accumulation of tryptophan. Similar relations can be considered for i (accumulation of kynurenine) and cr [p] (accumulation of 3-hydroxykynurenine [3-HOK]), in which the formation of ommochrome is completely blocked at higher points of the biosynthesis chain. During the first days as adults, all white-eyed mutants lose most of their characteristic precursor substances by defaecation. After having injected kynurenine into s males and 3-HOK into i males, the eyes turn brown owing to a strong formation of ommochromes. In the mutants st, iu, and bk the biosynthesis of ommochromes is partly blocked only (leaky mutants). All mutants of the ch locus are characterized by a very high content of 3-HOK, which is not accumulated in the haemolymph (cr, p), but in the eye pigment cells, thus causing in ch1, ch2, and chb a green eye colour and an obvious green fluorescence. The intensity of the pigment block and the corresponding accumulation of 3-HOK vary greatly in ch mutants, causing different eye colours. The colour change of g eyes from red to black is based on the redoxbehaviour of the ommochromes. Pteridines have no influence on visible eye colour. Except for cr, all mutant, as well as wild type, eyes contain isoxanthopterin and 7-hydroxylumazin ( = violapterin). In addition, small amounts of biopterin, pterin, and pterin-6-carbonic acid (degradation product) were isolated from all mutant and wild type eyes. In cr, the pattern of pteridines is different from that of other mutants. The investigations show that for every mutant there is a specific pattern of pigments and their precursors.
Proposal to rename Carnobacterium inhibens as Carnobacterium inhibens subsp. inhibens subsp. nov. and description of Carnobacterium inhibens subsp. gilichinskyi subsp. nov., a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from Siberian permafrost.

A novel, psychrotolerant facultative anaerobe, strain WN1359T, was isolated from a permafrost borehole sample collected at the right bank of the Kolyma River in Siberia, Russia. Gram-positive-staining, non-motile, rod-shaped cells were observed with sizes of 1–2 µm long and 0.4–0.5 µm wide. Growth occurred in the range of pH 5.8–9.0 with optimal growth at pH 7.8–8.6 (pH optimum 8.2). The novel isolate grew at temperatures from 0–37 °C and optimal growth occurred at 25 °C. The novel isolate does not require NaCl; growth was observed between 0 and 8.8 % (1.5 M) NaCl with optimal growth at 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The isolate was a catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic chemo-organoheterotroph that used sugars but not several single amino acids or dipeptides as substrates. The major metabolic end-product was lactic acid in the ratio of 86 % l-lactate : 14 % d-lactate. Strain WN1359T was sensitive to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, fusidic acid, lincomycin, monocycline, rifampicin, rifamycin SV, spectinomycin, streptomycin, troleandomycin and vancomycin, and resistant to nalidixic acid and aztreonam. The fatty acid content was predominantly unsaturated (70.2 %), branched-chain unsaturated (11.7 %) and saturated (12.5 %). The DNA G+C content was 35.3 mol% by whole genome sequence analysis. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed 98.7 % sequence identity between strain WN1359T and Carnobacterium inhibens . Genome relatedness was computed using both Genome-to-Genome Distance Analysis (GGDA) and Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI), which both strongly supported strain WN1359T belonging to the species C. inhibens . On the basis of these results, the permafrost isolate WN1359T represents a novel subspecies of C. inhibens , for which the name Carnobacterium inhibens subsp. gilichinskyi subsp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WN1359T ( = ATCC BAA-2557T = DSM 27470T). The subspecies Carnobacterium inhibens subsp. inhibens subsp. nov. is created automatically. An emended description of C. inhibens is also provided.
Changes in strain localization behavior induced by fatigue in inert environments

Abstract In order to explore the behavior of strain localization during fatigue lives extended by cycling in benign environments, interferometry and hysteresis loop analysis have been used on copper single crystals cycled in air and argon. Early in life, the surface geometry of the slip bands, the strain localization, and the hardening behavior appear unaffected by the gaseous environment. In the later stages of extended lives, old persistent slip bands (PSB's) become hardened by secondary dislocations. However, they continue to deform, but at a reduced local strain amplitude, and the deformation becomes more homogenous and reversible, providing a mechanism for extending life still further. New PSB's are nucleated to accommodate the applied strain and subsequently undergo secondary hardening. This behavior can be detected in surface observations and by analysis of the hysteresis loop shapes.
The radius of the Pomeron and absorptive cuts

Abstract It is pointed out that absorption in quantum number exchange two-body reactions with a Pomeron whose radius in impact parameter is proportional to log s, and whose opacity is not totally black, yields singularities which, asymptotically, are dominated for all t by the original Regge pole. Thus for such Pomerons, in the limit of infinite energy, the simple phenomenology associated with pure Regge pole exchange should be valid.
Understanding mercury binding on activated carbon

Abstract Understanding the mechanism by which mercury adsorbs on activated carbon is crucial to the design and fabrication of effective capture technologies. In this study, the possible binding mechanism of mercury (Hg) and its species, i.e., HgCl and HgCl 2 on activated carbon is investigated using ab initio -based energetic calculations. The activated carbon surface is modeled by a single graphene layer in which the edge atoms on the upper side are unsaturated in order to simulate the active sites. In some cases, chlorine atoms are placed at the edge sites to examine the effect of chlorine on the binding of Hg, HgCl and HgCl 2 . It has been concluded that both HgCl and HgCl 2 can be adsorbed dissociatively or non-dissociatively. In the case of dissociative adsorption, it is energetically favorable for atomic Hg to desorb and energetically favorable for it to remain on the surface in the Hg 1+ state, HgCl. The Hg 2+ oxidized compound, HgCl 2 was not found to be stable on the surface. The most probable mercury species on the surface was found to be HgCl.
Effects of 4-methylpyrazole on ethanol neurobehavioral toxicity in CD-1 mice

Objectives: 4-Methylpyrazole (4-MP), an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) antagonist, is used for the treatment of ethylene glycol and methanol ingestions. However, ethanol is frequently coingested by those who ingest these more toxic alcohols. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown a decrease in the elimination rate of ethanol after the administration of 4-MP, but none has evaluated the effects of 4-MP administration on the neurobehavioral toxicity of ethanol. This was a study to determine whether ADH blockade with 4-MP prolongs ethanol neurobehavioral toxicity in a murine model. Methods:CD-1 mice were pretreated with 4-MP, with observation of its effect on ethanol dose–response curves. 4-MP (25 mg/kg) or an equal volume of saline was administered intraperitoneally. Ten minutes later, incremental ethanol doses of 1–5 g/kg were administered intraperitoneally. Pretreated and control groups were composed of ten mice each for each dose of ethanol tested. Outcomes for assessing ethanol neurobehavioral toxicity were successful performance on the rotarod test and presence of the righting reflex, two established and validated outcome measures for ethanol-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in mice. Results: The dose of ethanol at which 50% of the animals failed a particular outcome test (toxic dose 50 [TD50]) was decreased with 4-MP administration for both the rotarod test and the righting reflex. The TD50 intergroup differences (control vs. 4-MP) were statistically significant at 60, 120, and 180 minutes (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Pretreatment with 4-MP significantly prolonged ethanol neurobehavioral toxicity in CD-1 mice, presumably by inhibiting its metabolism by ADH. Further investigation is warranted to evaluate this interaction.
A non-looping afterloading technique for interstitial implants of the base of the tongue

Abstract A new afterloading technique for interstitial radiation therapy of tongue cancer is described which eliminates many of the problems associated with radium needle and “loop” implants. It is particularly advantageous for the more posteriorly situated tumors, where loops are technically difficult to execute and pose difficulty in afterloading. The technique employs polyethylene afterloading catheters with one end sealed. An adequate dose to the dorsum of the tongue (which in the loop technique is delivered by the apex of the loop) is ensured by means of an intta-oral afterloading catheter, which is anchored on the dorsum of the tongue by suturing it to the tips of vertical afterloading catheters traversing the substance of the tongue. Since these manipulations can be performed outside the patient's mouth the procedure is much easier than making loops in the depths of the oral cavity. Afterloading is quiFk and simple because all the catheters are without bends or kinks and the removal of the implant is also straightfoirward. Pre-insplant planning is performed with the help of a planar implant guide, and the technique offers considerable flexibility for adequately encompassing tumors of different sizes in all three dimensions.
Upper crustal seismic structure of the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 35°N: Constraints on volcanic emplacement processes

[1] The upper crustal seismic structure of the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge is studied using a genetic algorithm-based waveform inversion of multichannel streamer data. Four single-ship multichannel profiles from 35°N are analyzed: one in the rift valley and three in the rift mountains along 0.7, 1.6, and 1.9 Ma crust. A layer 2A horizon is continuously imaged along three profiles and is associated with a sharp velocity increase from extrusives to dikes. Its depth and regularity in the rift valley indicate that most of the extrusive section is built on the inner valley floor through a pattern of deposition and fault-bounded uplift into the rift mountains. Its variability along one line, however, shows that this process is disrupted during tectonically dominated periods. A thickening of layer 2A toward the Oceanographer fracture zone may be the result of along-axis magma transport. The interval of rapid velocity increase at the base of layer 2A thins with age, a possible response to enhanced hydrothermal mineralization within the zone of mixed dikes and extrusives. Transition zone (∼200 m) and off-axis layer 2A thicknesses (350–600 m) are similar to those at other spreading centers. This indicates that equivalent extrusive volumes are produced at all spreading rates along a relatively narrow zone of dike emplacement. However, differences in on-axis layer 2A thickness between this area and fast spreading ridges suggest that the exact pattern of thickening varies between spreading regimes. Relative to fast spreading ridges, the moderate velocity increase with age recorded in the upper crust (from 2.3 to >2.7 km s−1 within ∼2 Myr) may be due to a less active hydrothermal system and hence slower porosity reduction.
Combined embolization and operation in the treatment of cervical arteriovenous malformations

The effectiveness of a combined approach of embolization and operation for cervical vascular malformations is stressed. Lesions that seem to be inoperable may have their blood flow sufficiently reduced by preoperative embolization to allow surgical extirpation. Polyvinyl alcohol foam is an ideal embolic agent; not only may it be used preoperatively, but its permanency allows it to be used for primary therapy.
A lost war in living memory: Japan’s Second World War

We examine the strata of memory in Japan’s recollections of the wartime experience and explore the shaping and releasing of memory in Japan, seeking to penetrate and recover individual Japanese experience. Individual memories that seemed tightly contained, when released were told with great emotional intensity and authenticity. That there has been little public discourse does not mean that individual Japanese have forgotten that war, but that the conflict – a war with no generally accepted name or firmly fixed start or end – seems disconnected from the private memories of the wartime generation. Japan was defeated thoroughly and completely, and in the history of memory we see no well-established narrative form for telling the tale of the defeated. In Japan's public memory of the war, War itself is often the enemy, and the Japanese its victims. Such a view is ahistorical and unsatisfactory to nations and peoples throughout Asia and the Pacific. The prevailing myths during Japan's war, developed and fostered over 15 years of conflict, and the overwhelming weight of more than three million war dead on the memories of the living forged a link between a desire to honour and cherish those lost and the ways the war is recalled in the public sphere. Enforced and encouraged by government policies and private associations, protecting the dead has become a means of avoiding a full discussion of the war. The memorials and monuments to the Dead that have been created throughout Japan, Asia, and the Pacific stand silent sentry to a Legend of the war. This must be challenged by the release into the public sphere of living memories of the War in all their ambiguity, complexity, and contradiction without which Japan’s Memory can have no historical veracity. Moreover, the memories of the Second World War of other peoples can never be complete without Japan’s story.
O and Pb isotopic analyses of uranium minerals by ion microprobe and U-Pb ages from the Cigar Lake deposit

Abstract We apply a rapid and accurate in situ technique to make U–Pb isotopic measurements of complexly intergrown uranium minerals and oxygen isotopic analyes of uraninite from the unconformity-type Cigar Lake uranium deposit. Secondary uranium minerals intergrown with uraninite, such as coffinite, USiO4·nH2O and calciouranoite, CaU2O7·5H2O, were identified by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). In situ U–Pb results from three stages of uraninite and coffinite define well-correlated arrays on concordia with upper intercepts of 1461±47, 1176±9, and 876±14 Ma (±1σ). These ages are interpreted as the minimum ages of mineralization correlate with the timing of clay mineral alteration (∼1477 Ma) associated with these unconformity-type uranium deposits, the ages of magnetization events at 1600–1450 and 900 Ma from the Athabasca Basin, and the Grenvillian Orogeny at ∼1100 Ma. In situ U–Pb isotopic analyses of uraninite and coffinite can document the Pb*/U heterogeneities that occur on the scale of 15–30 μm, thus providing relatively accurate information regarding the timing of fluid interactions associated with the evolution of these deposits. The high spatial resolution and precision of the ion microprobe allow us to measure δ18O values of 20–100 μm unaltered portions of uraninites from Cigar Lake. The range of δ18O values (−33.9 to −20.4‰) are among the lowest reported for unconformity-type deposits, confirming that conventional fluorination analyses of material sampled at the mm-scale are insufficient to avoid contamination from isotopically heavier coffinite and calciouranoite.
Nuclear scans: a clinical decision making tool that reduces the need for cardiac catheterization.

Abstract We have assessed the impact of cardiovascular nuclear medicine studies (CVNMS) on physicians' decisions to send patients with suspected ischemic heart disease (N = 439) on to cardiac catheterization at three Bronx hospitals. A change in management plans with respect to catheterization was observed in 31% of cases. Catheterization rates were reduced by 25% among patients referred for resting studies and by 49% for exercise studies (thallium perfusion or exercise wall motion studies). Results of CVNMS had little impact on catheterization decisions for resting study patients (N = 192). Among exercise study patients (N = 247), those with normal results had a relative reduction in catheterization post-CVNMS of 82% vs 27% for patients with abnormal results (p
University teaching and social cohesion in the age of AIDS: A South African case study

In the context of ongoing social divisions, lack of coherent leadership by government, and even divisiveness over medical advances and public health mandates, how might universities respond? What university actions can support social cohesion in a society splintered by class, race, gender, colonial legacies, the history of apartheid, and HIV/AIDS? More specifically, what approaches to university teaching of HIV/AIDS might foster social cohesion? During 2006, I interviewed 22 instructors at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) at three campuses. The interviewees were faculty members in education, sociology, history, psychology, theology, gender studies, and theater. I observed numerous classes that focused on HIV/AIDS and interviewed approximately 40 undergraduate, honours (4th year), and graduate students. I found that the curriculum and teaching went beyond the technical, individualistic, rational, self-interested assumptions and approaches (such as how to distribute information and condoms) typical of much safe-sex education. The courses explicitly critiqued assumptions, beliefs, and stereotypes that contribute to social divisions and stigma. The teaching efforts consciously included cultural understandings, specifically Zulu cultural understandings of health, community responses, and individuals within communal relationships. The approaches explicitly connected HIV/AIDS with social divisions and inequities of power. The teaching promoted an awareness that public health initiatives (and church or counseling responses) are fraught and controversial. Thus, the teaching tried to place its own ideas within history and society, offering a post-colonial/critical understanding of knowledge, theories, and social “solutions.” In foregrounding social divisions in relation to AIDS, these programmes promoted a critical-edged social cohesion.
Theoretical Calculations on the NCCP Potential Energy Surface

Ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to study the isomerization process in the C−cyanophosphaethyne (NCCP) system. Minima and transition states have been optimized at the B3LYP/6-311G(2d) level, and single-point energies have been determined at the CCSD(T)/6-311G(2d) level. The lowest energy isomer is found to be the N⋮CC⋮P isomer with C∞v symmetry. The optimized geometry, rotational constant, and dipole moment are in good agreement with experiment. The heat of formation (ΔH°f,298.15K) of N⋮CC⋮P has been computed to be 87.1 kcal/mol using an isodesmic reaction with G3 theory.