cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solubility Behavior, Phase Transition, and Structure-Based Nucleation Inhibition of Etanidazole in Aqueous Solutions

Purpose. The solubility behavior, phase transition and inhibition of the nucleation process of etanidazole were characterized. Methods. Solubility measurements as a function of time permitted characterization of the solubility behavior and phase transition. The precipitate from saturated solutions was isolated and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy, x-ray powder diffraction and coulometric analysis. The physical stability of metastable systems was examined in the presence of various structure-based nucleation inhibitors. Results. Etanidazole is soluble in water with an equilibrium solubility of 68.1 mg/mL, pH 6.5 with changes in pH having virtually no effect on the solubility. Etanidazole reaches concentrations in excess of 150 mg/mL within one hour. Etanidazole solutions prepared at 150 mg/ mL contained crystals after rotating for 24 hours. The crystals were isolated and characterized as etanidazole monohydrate. The solubility of etanidazole monohydrate in water increased with time reaching an equilibrium solubility of 68 mg/mL after 24 hours. Therefore, the solubility studies were actually determining the solubility of the more stable monohydrate form of etanidazole. Etanidazole solutions at concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg/mL were stabilized to varying degrees with structure-based nucleation inhibitors (imidazole, ethanolamine or diethanolamine). Conclusions. Anhydrous etanidazole undergoes a transition in aqueous solutions to the more stable monohydrate when the solubility of the monohydrate is exceeded. The physical stability of etanidazole solutions at 4°C is improved following autoclaving. The addition of structure-based nucleation inhibitors effectively stabilized the metastable systems.
Editorial: Crayons and People are not for Consumption: A Social Work Discourse on Crayola’s New Box

In May 2020, the Crayola Crayon Company released a new version of their crayon box that specifically focuses on skin tone. This was met with mass media attention in part due to marketing and business partnerships which touted the concept of skin tone crayons as new, although their last release of a skin tone box was in 1994. Not only was this crayon box made to promote creativity for children, it was specifically designed to foster inclusivity. The crayons designed to promote acceptance were made for a large audience of children at school and home, although anti-racism education is infrequently taught in the classroom. Crayola called the crayon box “Colors of the World”, and it was printed in 3 languages. The skin hues that were created displayed new names like almond and rose. From an anti-oppressive lens set in America, both the name on the box and on the crayons caused questions for concern. While the idea of having many skin tone colors to choose from was a wonderful concept, the messaging called for scrutiny. Before giving the entire “Colors of the World” box to children or sharing about its release on social media, it is important to look more extensively into the subtle and maybe not so understated indications of White Nationalism, Colorism, and Colonization.
RESUMMATION FOR HEAVY QUARK AND JET CROSS-SECTIONS

We review the resummation of threshold logarithms for heavy quark, dijet, direct photon, and W boson production cross-sections in hadronic collisions. Beyond leading logarithms the resummed cross-section is sensitive to the color exchange in the hard scattering. The resummation is formulated at next-to-leading logarithmic or higher accuracy in terms of anomalous dimension matrices which describe the factorization of soft gluons from the hard scattering. We give results for the soft anomalous dimension matrices at one loop for the full range of partonic subprocesses involved in heavy quark, dijet, direct photon, and W boson production. We discuss the general diagonalization procedure that can be implemented for the calculation of the resummed cross-sections, and we give numerical results for top quark production at the Fermilab Tevatron. We also present analytical results for the one- and two-loop expansions of the resummed cross-sections.
cgMLST@Taiwan: A web service platform for Vibrio cholerae cgMLST profiling and global strain tracking

Abstract Background Cholera, a rapidly dehydrating diarrheal disease caused by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in some regions of the world. Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) is a promising approach in generating genetic fingerprints from whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data for strain comparison among laboratories. Methods We constructed a V. cholerae core gene allele database using an in-house developed computational pipeline, a database with cgMLST profiles converted from genomic sequences from the National Center for Biotechnology Information, and built a REST-based web accessible via the Internet. Results We built a web service platform—cgMLST@Taiwan and installed a V. cholerae allele database, a cgMLST profile database, and computational tools for generating V. cholerae cgMLST profiles (based on 3,017 core genes), performing rapid global strain tracking, and clustering analysis of cgMLST profiles. This web-based platform provides services to researchers, public health microbiologists, and physicians who use WGS data for the investigation of cholera outbreaks and tracking of V. cholerae strain transmission across countries and geographic regions. The cgMLST@Taiwan is accessible at http://rdvd.cdc.gov.tw/cgMLST .
Innovation and adaptation to climate change: Evidence from the water sector in Africa

Abstract Africa is predicted to be the region most affected by climate change and water is one of the sectors with anticipated severe impacts. Innovations in this sector are being promoted as part of the adaptation solutions to this problem. In this paper, we use available data on water-related climate change adaptation technological developments to examine the degree to which the vulnerability to climate change in the water sector is motivating these innovations. Using pooled data for African countries between 1990 and 2016, we estimate the relationship between climate-induced vulnerability in the water sector and water-related innovations, controlling for country size and proxies for technology transfer environment, institutional and regulatory quality, knowledge base, and research and development activity. Data on innovative activity shows evidence of over-dispersion; thus we use the negative binomial distribution with robust standard errors for estimation of our model. We find evidence that countries most exposed to water stress are innovating at lower rates. Though counterintuitive, this result is explained by the fact that such vulnerable countries also tend to have little research and development infrastructure needed to develop the kind of high quality innovations that usually necessitate patenting. Our result suggests that African countries experiencing water stress may need to reconsider priorities in the design of water-related adaptation to climate change. We also find that a country’s knowledge base and openness to trade are important determinants of adaptation technologies in the water sector.
Meningiomas

Meningiomas are extra-axial dural-based tumors. They are the most common intracranial tumors, occur in mid to late life, and have a female predilection. Symptoms are a function of location. Meningiomas are usually benign, but atypical and malignant forms exist. Treatment is indicated for symptomatic lesions or when neurologic symptoms may shortly occur. Surgical resection can be curative; however, because of their location, some lesions are amenable only to partial resection. Radiation therapy is used for incompletely removed symptomatic lesions, lesions that are not surgically accessible, and small symptomatic lesions. For higher grade meningiomas, radiation is used after surgery. For lesions that recur or grow despite surgery and radiation, systemic chemotherapy can be tried. There is no optimal agent, but hydroxyurea is used most often with very modest success; hormonal approaches have not been successful. Targeting somatostatin receptors or receptor tyrosine kinases using novel agents appears to have some activity and is an area of clinical research.
Demographics and Distrust: The Eleventh Circuit on Graduation Prayer in Adler v. Duval County

This Article, a contribution to a symposium on the constitutional jurisprudence of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, focuses on the Eleventh Circuit's opinion in Adler v. Duval County. Adler involved a policy that permitted students to vote on whether to deliver opening and/or closing "messages" at high school graduation ceremonies. The Eleventh Circuit, sitting en banc, upheld the policy against an Establishment Clause challenge. After the Supreme Court remanded the case for reconsideration in light of its decision in Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, which outlawed a similar policy in the context of high school football games, the court, insisting that Santa Fe was distinguishable, again upheld Duval County's policy. I argue that the Eleventh Circuit's analysis in Adler was wrong, and indeed can be seen as little more than an act of willful resistance to the Supreme Court's opinion in Santa Fe.Beyond this simple doctrinal criticism, however, this Article suggests that both Santa Fe and Adler are fruitful subjects of study for what they say about two issues that have drawn relatively little sustained and serious attention: the role of majoritarian elections within the Establishment Clause, and the relationship between the Establishment Clause and the demographics of religion in local communities. I argue that John Hart Ely's representation-reinforcement theory of judicial review, presented in his influential work Democracy and Distrust, can contribute significantly to our understanding of both of these issues.In the first case, Ely's theory shows why majoritarian election processes that enable or encourage school prayer cannot generally insulate schools from Establishment Clause challenges. In the second, I argue that Ely's theory can help dislodge the usual baseline assumptions about the religious pluralism of the United States, which are accurate at the national level but collapse at the level of the overwhelmingly religiously homogeneous local communities in which many Establishment Clause cases arise. On this understanding, I argue that, contrary to some recent arguments, the Establishment Clause might best be understood as being more properly concerned with state and local establishments of religion than with federal establishments of religion.
Thermalization of charm quarks in infinite and finite quark-gluon plasma matter

We study the thermalization process of charm quarks in hot and dense matter. The diffusion of heavy quarks is calculated via a Langevin equation, both for a static medium as well as for a quark-gluon plasma (QGP) medium generated by a (3 $+$ 1)-dimensional hydrodynamic model. We define two criteria for the thermalization of the heavy quarks and observe thermalization times that are longer than the lifetime of the QGP phase for reasonable values of the diffusion constant.
The impact of a defensive response set on the relationship between MMPI and cognitive tests among heart transplant candidates

Examination of the relationship between self-reported psychological symptoms (e.g., depression and anxiety) and cognitive tests assumes individuals are highly motivated to both openly disclose psychological symptoms and to extend best-effort on cognitive tests. Situations that change this ideal motivational state on either self-report questionnaires or cognitive tests attenuate the validity of this assumption. To illustrate this problem, this study examined the emotional-cognitive correlation in a clinical series of 136 cardiac patients undergoing psychosocial and cognitive evaluation as part of a standard protocol for entry into a cardiac transplant program. The evaluative nature of the psychosocial assessment motivates some candidates to respond in a defensive manner, thereby decreasing the validity of self-report psychological measures. This same situation likely promotes high performance motivation on cognitive tests. It was hypothesized that a defensive response set on the Minnesota Multiphasic Perso...
TEMPERED OPERATORS AND THE HEAT KERNEL AND COMPLEX POWERS OF ELLIPTIC PSEUDODIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS

The resolvent (A – λ)−1 of an elliptic b-pseudodifferential operator on a compact manifold with corners (of arbitrary codimension) is shown to lie in a calculus of operators, tempered in the parameter λ in a special way. We show that the Laplace and Mellin transforms, with respect to λ, of these tempered operators can be defined and that they have Schwartz kernels which can be described geometrically. As a corollary, we obtain the structures of the kernels of the heat operator and complex powers of b-pseudodifferential operators, as the heat operator and complex powers are the Laplace and Mellin transforms, respectively, of the resolvent. The heat operator and complex powers are then used to generalize the index formula of Atiyah, Patodi, and Singer for Dirac operators on manifolds with boundary to Fredholm b-pseudodifferential operators on arbitrary compact manifolds with corners.
Glucose Control in the Intensive Care Unit: A Roller Coaster Ride or a Swinging Pendulum?

Many studies of tight control of blood glucose in critically ill patients are associated with poor outcomes. However, randomized studies of tight glucose control in patients admitted to coronary care or surgical intensive care units showed a reduction in mortality rates; supported by recommendations from professional organizations, many intensive care units implemented protocols for tight glucose control. More recent studies in medical intensive care units did not confirm the benefits of tight control, however, and the most recent study suggests that tight control increases mortality rates. Furthermore, tight control significantly increases episodes of hypoglycemia. The sum of the recent literature suggests that a degree of glucose control lies between the extremes of the adverse outcomes related to poor glucose control and those related to overly aggressive glucose control.
Cyclic ovarian hormone modulation of supraspinal Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced antinociception and cannabinoid receptor binding in the female rat

Estrous cycle-related fluctuations in delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced antinociception have been observed in the rat. The aim of this study was to determine which major ovarian hormone modulates the antinociceptive effects of i.c.v. THC, and whether hormone modulation of THC's behavioral effects could be due to changes in brain cannabinoid receptors (CBr). Vehicle (oil) or hormones (estradiol or progesterone, or both) were administered to female rats on days 3 and 7 post-ovariectomy. On the morning or afternoon of day 8 or day 9, vehicle or THC (100 μg) was administered i.c.v. Paw pressure, tail withdrawal, locomotor activity and catalepsy tests were conducted over a 3-h period. Estradiol (with and without progesterone) enhanced THC-induced paw pressure antinociception only. Ovarian hormones time-dependently modulated CBr in brain structures that mediate antinociception and locomotor activity, but the changes observed in CBr did not parallel changes in behavior. However, the time course of CBr changes must be further elucidated to determine the functional relationship between receptor changes and antinociceptive sensitivity to THC.
Efficiency of social connection-based routing in P2P VoIP networks

We have proposed using Social Hashing as a means to provide trust relations and routing in Peer-to-Peer VoIP networks. Social hashing helps in using the social trust relationships to thwart spam and DoS attacks against peers. Social hashing also helps in routing in P2P systems by facilitating a node to find its peer node(s) that contains a required data item, referred to as the lookup problem. Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) solve this problem by storing (key, value) pairs for data so that data items can be found by searing for a unique key for that data. These tables are stored in several nodes in a P2P network and the (key, value) pairs are updated periodically. In this paper we evaluate the efficiency of Distributed Hash Table (DHT) based social hashing over non social hashing in a series of experiments.
Hypnotizability and response to EMG relaxation training

This study examines the relationship between Spiegel's Hypnotic Induction profile (HIP) and ability to perform EMG relaxation under conditions of self-induced and audio-assisted biofeedback training. One hundred women volunteered for screening with Spiegel's test for hypnotizability. Thirty students were then selected from the top, middle, and bottom of the HIP scoring distribution for EMG biofeedback training in relaxation. Three treatment trials included baseline, EMG biofeedback with self-induced relaxation, and EMG biofeedback with audio relaxation instructions. Contrary to predictions, high HIPs were not significantly different from low HIPs on any of the treatment measures, although all students showed a training effect. The middle HIPs demonstrated significantly higher levels of EMG activity than the extreme groups.
Deregulation of Growth Factor, Circadian Clock, and Cell Cycle Signaling in Regenerating Hepatocyte RXRα-Deficient Mouse Livers

Activation of the nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α results in hepatomegaly, and these nuclear receptors are implicated in the regulation of liver regeneration. Retinoid X receptor (RXR)α is an essential partner of these nuclear receptors. Therefore, we studied the role of hepatocyte RXRα in liver regeneration using partial hepatectomy model. The results showed that hepatocyte RXRα deficiency caused an approximately 20-hour delay in hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy. Several pathways, including growth factors and the circadian cell cycle, were impaired due to hepatocyte RXRα deficiency. In addition, the expression patterns of hepatocyte growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 2, platelet-derived growth factor, and transforming growth factor α were altered due to lack of RXRα. Furthermore, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/brain and muscle Arnt-like protein 1/Rev-erbα/P21 pathway was compromised, and Cry1/Cry2 and Wee1/Per1 expression was deregulated in regenerating RXRα-null livers. Accordingly, the expression and regulation of cyclin D1/Cyclin- dependent Kinase (Cdk)4, cyclin E1/Cdk2, cyclin A2/Cdk2, and cyclin B1/Cdk1 after partial hepatectomy were altered in regenerating RXRα-null livers. Hepatocyte RXRα deficiency also affected the basal, as well as regeneration-induced cyclin E1 expression levels. Activation of RXRα by retinoic acids increased the cyclin E1 promoter activity indicating retinoic acid-mediated signaling positively controls cyclin E1 gene expression. As many of these observed changes were not documented in the regenerating livers of other nuclear receptor knockout mice, these observed effects may be hepatocyte RXRα specific.
Regulation of γ-aminobutyric acidB (GABAB) receptors in cerebral cortex during the estrous cycle

We examined binding of the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen to brain synaptic membranes as a function of the natural variations in gonadal steroids that occur during the estrous cycle of the adult rat. We found that the binding of baclofen to neocortical membranes varied systematically as a function of the estrous cycle, with the lowest binding occuring during the estrus stage. Binding to archicortical (hippocampal) and hypothalamic preparations also varied with the estrous cycle, except that the lowest level of binding in these latter cases occurred during the diestrus stage. The variation of [3H]baclofen binding during the estrous cycle was different with respect to the binding of [3H]muscimol, an agonist for GABAA receptors, and [3H]8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), an agonist for serotonin 5-HT1A receptors that shares similar G proteins and effectors with GABAB receptors. Saturation binding studies of cortical GABAB receptors showed that apparent receptor density (Bmax) rather than affinity (Kd)best accountd for the change in binding during the estrous cycle in that Bmax), like total specific binding, was at a minimum during the estrus stage. The robust regulation of GABAB receptors in neocortex was unexpected and its functional significance is at present unknown. However, the correlation of the menstrual cycle with mood and other behavioral changes, and the correlations of the estrous and menstrual cycles with seizure susceptibility, may somehow depend upon hormonal regulation of transmitter systems such as the one we have observed here.
Female copying increases the variance in male mating success

Theoretical models of sexual selection assume that females choose males independently of the actions and choice of other individual females. Variance in male mating success in promiscuous species is thus interpreted as a result of phenotypic differences among males which females perceive and to which they respond. Here we show that, if some females copy the behavior of other females in choosing mates, the variance in male mating success and therefore the opportunity for sexual selection is greatly increased. Copying behavior is most likely in non-resource-based harem and lek mating systems but may occur in polygynous, territorial systems as well. It can be shown that copying behavior by females is an adaptive alternative to random choice whenever there is a cost to mate choice. We develop a statistical means of estimating the degree of female copying in natural populations where it occurs.
Determination of Cyproheptadine in Plasma and Urine by GLC with a Nitrogen-Sensitive Detector

□ A method for the determination of cyproheptadine in plasma and urine was developed using the N-ethyl homologue as an internal standard. After extraction of the drug from an alkalinized sample into petroleum ether–isoamyl alcohol, back-extraction into 0.1 N HC1, washing the aqueous phase with fresh solvent, re-extraction into petroleum ether after alkalinization, the solvent was evaporated. The reconstituted residue was analyzed by GLC using a SP-2250 column and nitrogen-sensitive detector. Concentrations as low as 3 ng/ml could be determined. Plots of peak area of cyproheptadine–peak area of internal standard versus cyproheptadine concentration were linear over the range studied with correlation coefficients of 0.9945 and 0.9924 for plasma and urine, respectively. The method was used to determine the peak time (0.5 hr), peak concentration (33 ng/ml average), and apparent half-life (3 hr) in two dogs after oral administration of 1 mg of cyproheptadine/kg.
From Marxism to Judaism: The Collected Essays of Will Herberg

A collection of essays by Will Herberg. They trace his intellectual odyssey, and include his thoughts on such wide-ranging topics as the crises of socialism, anti-Semitism, American civil religion, and church-state separation.
The N-terminal “β-Barrel” Domain of 5-Lipoxygenase Is Essential for Nuclear Membrane Translocation *

Abstract 5-Lipoxygenase is the key enzyme in the formation of leukotrienes, which are potent lipid mediators of asthma pathophysiology. This enzyme translocates to the nuclear envelope in a calcium-dependent manner for leukotriene biosynthesis. Eight green fluorescent protein (GFP)-lipoxygenase constructs, representing the major human and mouse enzymes within this family, were constructed and their cDNAs transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Of these eight lipoxygenases, only the 5-lipoxygenase was clearly nuclear localized and translocated to the nuclear envelope upon stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187. The N-terminal “β -barrel” domain of 5-lipoxygenase, but not the catalytic domain, was necessary and sufficient for nuclear envelope translocation. The GFP-N-terminal 5-lipoxygenase domain translocated faster than GFP-5-lipoxygenase. β-Barrel/catalytic domain chimeras with 12- and 15-lipoxygenase indicated that only the N-terminal domain of 5-lipoxygenase could carry out this translocation function. Mutations of iron atom binding ligands (His550 or deletion of C-terminal isoleucine) that disrupt nuclear localization do not alter translocation capacity indicating distinct determinants of nuclear localization and translocation. Moreover, data show that GFP-5-lipoxygenase β-barrel containing constructs can translocate to the nuclear membrane whether cytoplasmic or nuclear localized. Thus, the predicted β-barrel domain of 5-lipoxygenase may function like the C2 domain within protein kinase C and cytosolic phospholipase A2 with unique determinants that direct its localization to the nuclear envelope.
The relative stabilities of 67Ga complexes lactoferrin and transferrin at various pH's

Abstract The ability of lactoferrin (Lf) to remove 67Ga originally bound to transferrin (Tf) and Tf to dissociate 67Ga originally bound to Lf was examined using-the equilibrium dialysis technique. When Tf-67Ga was challenged by Lf for 20 h, at pH 7.4, Lf dissociated a majority (∼ 75%) of the 67Ga bound to Tf. Increasing the incubation citrate ion concentration to 150 μM did not significantly accelerate the dissociation of Tf-67Ga complex by Lf. This dissolution of the Tf-67Ga complex was a specific effect due competitive uptake of 67Ga by the Lf iron binding sites since neither human serum albumin nor iron-replete Lf caused any significant dissociation of 67Ga bound to Tf. In contrast, under similar conditions, Tf did not remove activity from preformed Lf-67Ga complex. Lowering the pH from 7.4 to 6.2 (to mimic conditions found in an abscess or tumor), had little influence on these results. The incubation pH did influence the absolute amount of the radioactivity bound to Tf and Lf. As the pH was lowered from 7.4 to 6.2, Lf-bound activity decreased slightly from 96 to 87% while the fraction of Tf-bound radionuclide decreased from 77 to 63%. Thus, Lf present in a tumor or abscess site would be able to remove and retain the 67Ga activity brought to the site by Tf whether or not acidic conditions prevailed.
Interactions between fatty acids and arginine metabolism: implications for the design of immune-enhancing diets.

Background: Trauma increases the enzyme arginase, thus depleting arginine necessary for producing nitric oxide. Arginine and ω-3 fatty acids are components in immune-enhancing diets. These diets decrease infections in surgical patients, perhaps by preventing arginine deficiency. This study examines whether ω-3 fatty acids alter the metabolic fate of arginine. Thus, we hypothesized there could be differential effects of varying prostaglandins on regulation of arginase. Methods: Prostaglandins PGE1, PGE2, and PGE3 were tested using RAW 264.7 cells cultured in the presence of these prostaglandins for 24 hours. IL-13 (10 ng/mL) was added 24 hours later to induce arginase I. NO production was induced by adding LPS (2 μg/mL) to the cultures after another 24 hours. Results: Arginase activity (nmol/min/mg) was induced by all prostaglandins but significantly more by PGE1 (466.05 ± 30.25) and PGE2 (248.45 ± 15.05) than PGE3 (139.87 ± 19.88; p <.002) when co-cultured with IL-13. Western blots correlated the increase in arginase I expression. Nitrate levels (μM) were inversely proportional to activity with PGE3 having the highest production (3.89 ± 0.19) and PGE2 and PGE1 with the lowest (2.75 ± 0.49 and 1.54 ± 0.19, respectively). Inhibition of arginase I using nor-hydroxyarginine increased and equalized nitrate levels. Conclusions: Different prostaglandins significantly alter the metabolism of arginine. Prostaglandins from w-6 fatty acids increases arginase I expression. By decreasing arginase I expression, prostaglandins from w-3 fatty acids may increase available arginine. The specific combinations of dietary fatty acids and arginine should be considered when tailoring dietary regimens.
Tolerance allocation of assemblies using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and decision support process

Tolerances play an important role in product fabrication and have a significant impact on manufacturing costs. The factors affecting manufacturing cost (geometry, material, etc.) of a part are fuzzy or subjective in nature since they have no appropriate numerical measure. This paper proposes a framework that overcomes the drawbacks of traditional tolerance control methods and reduces subjectivity via fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and conjoint analysis. In the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation process, the relationship between the machining costs and part tolerance is expressed through a mathematical formula, with the objective of minimizing the total machining cost. The conjoint analysis method is introduced to provide a systematic method of deciding weights for each of the factors in the tolerance allocation procedure. The application of the framework is demonstrated with practical engineering problems of allocating tolerances of an accumulator’s O-ring seal and a clutch assembly.
High prevalence of personality disorders among healthy volunteers for research: implications for control group bias

Abstract Individuals who volunteer as control subjects for clinical studies are regularly screened for Axis I diagnoses, but seldom screened for Axis II disorders. This study examined the relative rates of Axis II diagnoses among 341 volunteers passing an initial telephone screen for entry into biological research studies. Axis I and II diagnoses by DSM-IV were assigned by best estimate after structured clinical interview, and subjects were categorized into one of three groups based on their diagnostic profiles: (1) volunteers without lifetime Axis I or II diagnoses (“healthy controls”), (2) personality-disordered volunteers without any history of Axis I pathology, and (3) personality-disordered volunteers with past (but not current) Axis I pathology. The results revealed a high prevalence of personality disorders (44.4%) among these volunteers. Several clinically relevant self-report inventories were used to demonstrate important characterological differences between the three comparison groups. Although inventory results demonstrated multiple differences between all three groups, most scales revealed differences between healthy controls and the two personality-disordered groups (with or without lifetime Axis I diagnoses), suggesting that most of the variance was accounted for by the presence or absence of an Axis II disorder, not a past Axis I disorder. These results suggest that personality-disordered volunteers may bias a control group due to the infrequent screening for Axis II disorders among volunteers for medical and psychiatric research. Implications are discussed for routine Axis II screening of volunteers for research with specific diagnostic instruments.
Structural interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectra of glasses in the alloy system Ge 1-x S x

We report a study of the infrared and Raman spectra of bulk glasses in the binary alloy system ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{S}}_{x}$ ($0.90\ensuremath{\ge}x\ensuremath{\le}0.55$). The spectra are interpreted in terms of models based on covalent bonding in which the $8\ensuremath{-}N$ rule is satisfied; i.e., models in which the Ge atoms are fourfold coordinated and the S atoms are twofold coordinated. For the compound composition Ge${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, $x=0.67$, the spectra are interpreted in terms of a chemically ordered network in which the element of local order is a tetrahedral arrangement of S atoms about a central Ge atom. For the S-rich alloys, $0.90\ensuremath{\ge}xg0.67$, the data support a generalized chain-crossing model (CCM) rather than a random-covalent-network model (RCNM). The generalized CCM allows for a second species of ${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ rings to be in solution with a Ge-S network. The ${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ ring fraction shows a sharp increase in concentration for $xg0.80$ indicating that on the average only one to two S atoms are incorporated between the Ge Sites of the network component. For Ge-rich alloys the more limited experimental data support a restricted network model of Philipp which allows Ge-Ge and Ge-S bonds, but not S-S bonds, rather that a RCNM.
I/O subsystem configurations for ESA: new roles for processor storage

I/O subsystem configurations are dictated by the storage and I/O requirements of the specific applications that use the disk hardware. Treating the latter requirement as a given, however, draws a boundary at the channel interface that is not well-suited to the capabilities of the Enterprise Systems Architecture (ESA). This architecture allows hardware expenditures in the I/O subsystem to be managed, while at the same time improving transaction response time and system throughput capability, by a strategy of processor buffering coupled with storage control cache. The key is to control the aggregate time per transaction spent waiting for physical disk motion. This paper investigates how to think about and accomplish such an objective. A case study, based on data collected at a large Multiple Virtual Storage installation, is used to investigate the potential types and amounts of memory use by individual files, both in storage control cache and in processor buffers. The mechanism of interaction between the two memory types is then examined and modeled so as to develop broad guidelines for how best to deploy an overall memory budget. These guidelines tend to contradict the usual metrics of storage control cache effectiveness, underscoring the need for an adjustment in pre-ESA paradigms.
Source-related winter and summer variations in SO2, SO42− and vanadium in New York City from 1972 to 1979

Abstract The trends and patterns of sulfur oxides in New York City have been examined for the period 1972–1979. Particular emphasis was made of the sulfur content in fuel (above 0.3 %) exceptions granted for space heating and utilities. The results indicate that in the wintertime most area wide increases in SO 2 concentrations were due to space heating sources. In the summertime, the concentrations of SO 2 were significantly lower. The SO 4 2− concentrations in the winter have been generally lower than 1972 with one site showing a continual decline. The summertime SO 4 2− concentrations were variable from year to year. Results from summer intensive studies show a low correlation to local SO 2 concentrations. Thus, the summertime SO 4 2− concentration pattern indicates that the variation is not controlled significantly by the local summertime SO 2 source emissions.
Segmentation defect in the midodontoid process and its possible relationship to the congenital type of os odontoideum.

This paper describes ten children with a developmental defect in the midportion of the odontoid process that may be related to congenital os odontoideum. Six of the patients had a skeletal dysplasia, the seventh had an associated congenital C5–C6 fusion, and the last three patients had no other congenital anomalies.
Coil embolization for spontaneous rupture of the left internal mammary artery secondary to lupus vasculitis.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4] A 25-year-old female with lupus presented with 2 days of severe chest pain. Her history included an episode of lupus vasculitis and antiphospholipid syndrome treated with warfarin. Cardiopulmonary examination was normal; her
Band structures, geometry, and partial oxidation in iridium carbonyl chloride chains

Abstract The extended Huckel method was employed to calculate electronic band structures in iridium carbonyl chloride chains in an attempt to elucidate their equilibrium geometry and partial oxidation. The unit cell energies thus calculated indicate that alternate Ir(CO) 3 Cl units are staggered relative to one another, with 50% positional disorder in the crystalline phase. Bound states are not possible in the Ir(CO) 3 Cl chain without partial oxidation of Ir, indicating that the repeat unit must be nonstoichiometric. A small amount of partial oxidation of Ir gives a bound state of the chain when the IrIr separation is set equal to 2.844 A, in agreement with experimental observations.
Competencies and Responsibilities of Social Science Data Librarians: An Analysis of Job Descriptions

This study examines job announcements for social science data librarians and professionals to identify trends in the profession. A collection of 167 job postings in 2005–2012 from the International Association for Social Science Information Services &Technology website was analyzed on the frequencies of term occurrence and co-occurrence in job qualifications and responsibilities. The study verifies that employers valued non-technical skills as heavily as technical skills, and detects dissimilar emphases of data activities for data librarians and non-librarian professionals: the former on data discovery and collection, and the latter on data analysis and preservation. An increasing requirement of data management planning was also found for data librarians.
Biological material on inhaled coarse fraction particulate matter activates airway phagocytes in vivo in healthy volunteers.

Background In vitro , endotoxin on coarse fraction particulate matter (PM 2.5-10 ) accounts for the majority of the ability of PM 2.5-10 to induce cytokine responses from alveolar macrophages. Objective We examined in vivo whether inhaled PM 2.5-10 from local ambient air induce inflammatory and immune responses in the airways of healthy human beings and whether biologic material on PM 2.5-10 accounts for these effects. Methods On 3 separate visits, 9 healthy subjects inhaled nebulized saline (0.9%, control), PM 2.5-10 collected from local ambient air that was heated to inactivate biological material (PM 2.5-10 − ), or nonheated PM (PM 2.5-10 + ). PM 2.5-10 deposition (∼0.65 mg/subject) targeted the bronchial airways (confirmed by using radiolabeled aerosol), and induced sputum was obtained 2 to 3 hours postinhalation for analysis of cellular and biochemical markers of inflammation and innate immune function. Results Inhaled PM 2.5-10 + induced elevated inflammation (% PMNs, macrophage mRNA TNF-α), increased eotaxin, upregulated immune surface phenotypes on macrophages (mCD14, CD11b, HLA-DR), and increased phagocytosis (monocytes) versus saline ( P 2.5-10 (PM 2.5-10 − ) had no effect on neutrophilia but significantly ( P .05) attenuated mRNA TNF-α, eotaxin levels, cell surface marker responses, and phagocytosis. Conclusion Biological components of PM 2.5-10 are not necessary to induce neutrophil responses but are essential in mediating macrophage responses. The ability of PM 2.5-10 to activate monocytic cells and potentially skew the airways toward an allergic phenotype by enhancing eotaxin levels may enhance responses to allergens or bacteria in individuals with allergy. Clinical implications PM 2.5-10 might enhance the response of individuals with allergy to airborne bacteria.
Activity scanning and the three-phase approach

In an earlier paper ,3 the three generally recognized simulation strategies were described, and their implications for discrete simulation languages and models were discussed. O'Keefe's technical comment4 takes issue with the portrayal of the ac tivity scanning (AS) strategy in Reference 3 and presents the "three-phase approach." This technical comment responds to O'Keefe's objections and further considers the role of AS in cur rent discrete simulation languages.
Magnetotaxis for nanofabrication

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), discovered in early 1970s contain single-domain crystals of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) or greigite (Fe 3 S 4 ) called magnetosomes ranging from 35 to 120 nm in size. These crystals tend to form a chain like structure from the proximal to the distal pole along the long axis of the cell and align through an acidic protein mamJ to the bacterial cytoskeleton filament made out of actin-like protein mamK. The ability of these bacteria to sense the magnetic field, also called magnetotaxis, arises from the magnetic dipole moment of the entire chain of magnetosomes acting as a large magnet. Such organisms being facultatively anaerobic are able to sense the geomagnetic field and traverse the oxic-anoxic interface in aquatic habitats for optimal oxygen concentrations. Two aspects that are of particular interest are their phenomenal control of direction using magnetic field as well as the efficient displacement of selective nanoparticles. We aim to understand the efficacies of Magnetospirillum magneticum (AMB-1) in miniaturized semiconductor fabrication utilizing single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
Beyond routine abdominal CT in the ER: a patient with indeterminate recurrent abdominal pain benefits from CT enterography

We report the case of a 52-year-old female with multiple medical complaints and extensive prior clinical and imaging workup who presented to the emergency department with weakness and recurrent episodes of abdominal pain. She had had multiple inconclusive routine computed tomographic (CT) examinations. A 7-mm small bowel tumor was diagnosed on CT enterography and subsequently confirmed to be a carcinoid tumor of the ileum by enteroscopy and at surgery. The diagnosis was suggested prospectively utilizing CT enterography performed in the emergency radiology suite.
Cardiac histologic pathology characteristic of trisomies 13 and 21

Abstract To identify fetal histologic features characteristic of specific chromosomal anomalies, we reviewed histologic slides of 415 cases, including therapeutic and spontaneous abortuses, stillbirths, and perinatal deaths. These included 126 cases (30%) with karyotypically confirmed trisomy 21 and 23 cases (5.5%) with trisomy 13. Two histologic abnormalities of the fetal heart were identified that correlated with specific karyotypic abnormalities: (1) a discrete central papillary muscle calcification was present in 14 of 85 (16%) cases with trisomy 21, in seven of 18 (39%) cases with trisomy 13, and in six of 255 (2%) controls ( P P
CrowdHelp: A crowdsourcing application for improving disaster management

Emergency resources are often insufficient to satisfy fully the demands for professional help and supplies after a public disaster. Furthermore, in a mass casualty situation, the emphasis shifts from ensuring the best possible outcome for each individual patient to ensuring the best possible outcome for the greatest number of patients. Historically, various manual and electronic medical triage systems have been used both under civil and military conditions to determine the order and priority of emergency treatment, transport, and best possible destination for the patients [13][14][15][16]. Unfortunately, none of those solutions has proven flexible, accurate, scalable or unobtrusive enough to meet the public's expectations [6]. In this paper, we provide insights into the trends, innovations, and challenges of contemporary crowdsourced e-Health and medical informatics applications in the context of emergency preparedness and response. Additionally, we demonstrate a system, called CrowdHelp, for real-time patient assessment which uses mobile electronic triaging accomplished via crowdsourced information. With the use of our system, emergency management professionals receive most of the information they need for preparing themselves to provide timely and accurate treatments of their patients even before dispatching a response team to the event.
Coherence in multilevel systems. II. Description of a multilevel system as two levels in contact with a population reservoir

The effects of incoherent feeding and decay on a coherently driven two-level system are investigated using density-matrix techniques. A closed-form solution that includes the effects of relaxation and spontaneous emission between the two levels is obtained for cases in which the sample size is both small and large compared to the wavelength of the coherent field. The formalism developed herein is somewhat more general than the original approach of Bloch, Bloembergen, Purcell, Pound, and Redfield, insofar as it is applicable to cases where the trace of density matrix is not constant in time. As such, several new phenomena are predicted. Specifically, the steady-state solutions reveal that under appropriate conditions a significant off-resonance coherent component can be maintained indefinitely by the combination of driving field and incoherent feeding. We term this effect "kinetic coherence" and develop its formalism for both optical and radio-frequency fields.
Vertebral surface extraction from ultrasound images for technology-guided therapy

The use of intra-operative spinal ultrasound (US) for surgical navigation of the spine has been proposed as a novel extension of interactive image-guided surgery (IIGS) procedures. For the proposed spinal applications, a surface-based registration of US images to preoperative CT or MR scans will be applied. This type of registration requires the extraction of numerous vertebral surface points from each slice in a series of US images. A plastic spine phantom immersed in a water tank was scanned posteriorly with one of several US transducers -- at frequencies 3.5, 4.5, and 7.5 MHz. Images from the lumbar region of the spine were captured in the transverse plane and were processed for surface detection of the spinous process, transverse processes and laminae. Steps in image processing included application of a morphological open operator, a linear threshold, a ray-tracing algorithm, and a 3-D point identifier. Despite the generally noisy environment of US, the three regions of interest from the lumbar vertebrae were successfully extracted from all three sets of images. With a successful segmentation of corresponding CT or MR images, registration of these modalities to intra-operative US images will provide surgeons with a step towards a less invasive method of spinal therapy.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Operative management of ulnarneuropathy at the elbow in the throwing athlete

Abstract In the throwing athlete, both static and dynamic alterations occur that predispose them to ulnar neuropathy at theelbow. The management of patients must consider the complicating issues to allow for patient-specific management and optimum outcome. Nonsurgical management may lessen or alleviate the symptoms, but recurrence of symptoms with the resumption of throwing is common. Additional means of evaluation include magnetic resonance imaging of the medial ligamentous complex and medial conjoint tendon as well as determining any medial joint compartment findings. Electrodiagnostic studies are useful to quantify the status of the nerve preoperatively.