cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Related to the Number of Fast Food Meals Obtained by College Meal Plan Students

Objectives: This study tested whether days on campus, financial access through a meal plan, and health consciousness were associated with number of meals that college students obtained from fast food restaurants. Participants and Methods: In April 2013, all students currently enrolled in a meal plan were invited to participate in an online survey ( N = 1,246). Students were asked to report the total number of meals eaten in the past week and where they obtained them. Results: Negative binomial regression was used, and it was found that the number of meals obtained from fast food restaurants was positively associated with financial access and negatively associated with health consciousness. An association between days on campus and the number of meals obtained from fast food restaurants was not found. Conclusions: Increasing levels of health consciousness and reducing access to fast food restaurants through flex plans may reduce college students’ consumption of fast food.
Three-site model for hydrogen adsorption on supported platinum particles: influence of support ionicity and particle size on the hydrogen coverage.

Pt L3 X-ray absorption edge data on small supported Pt particles (N < 6.5) reveals that at very low H2 pressure or high temperature the strongest bonded H is chemisorbed in an atop position. With decreasing temperature or at higher H2 pressure only n-fold (n = 2 or 3) sites are occupied. At high H2 pressure or low temperature, the weakest bonded H is positioned in an “ontop” site, with the chemisorbing Pt already having a stronger bond to a H atom in an n-fold site. DFT calculations show that the adsorption energy of hydrogen increases for Pt particles on ionic (basic) supports. The combination of the DFT calculations with hydrogen chemisorption data and the analysis of the Pt L3 X-ray absorption spectra implies that both the H coverage and/or the type of active Pt surface sites, which are present at high temperature catalytic reaction conditions, strongly depend on the ionicity of the support. The consequences for Pt catalyzed hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation reactions will be discussed.
Individual differences in self-efficacy development: The effects of goal orientation and affectivity

Abstract This study examined the moderating role of the individual differences of goal orientation and affectivity on self-efficacy development. Consistent with hypotheses, results indicate that both positive and negative affectivity moderate the impact of an enactive mastery training program on efficacy development, with those higher in positive affectivity having greater change in self-efficacy as a result of training than those lower in positive affectivity, and those lower in negative affectivity having greater change in self-efficacy as a result of training than those higher in negative affectivity. The moderating impact of mastery and performance goal orientation appears to be much more complex, with initial levels of self-efficacy playing an important role in the interaction between goal orientation and efficacy development. Overall, results suggest self-efficacy development resulting from training varies depending on disposition of trainees and initial levels of efficacy.
Further studies of the heat island associated with a small midwestern city

Recently, the University of Missouri (UM) moved its SuomiNet station from the roof of a building near downtown Columbia, Missouri, USA, to the University’s rural South Farm. Comparisons of Columbia Regional Airport (KCOU) data and SuomiNet data are presented both prior to and after the latter’s relocation. Analysis reveals an elevation of mean temperature by ∼1.5 ◦ C at the downtown location, but no difference between the more rural station and KCOU. These results show that the influence of the Columbia heat island does not extend to 7 km from the city center and that the present SuomiNet location is now more representative. Copyright  2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Maintain Focus and Aim High

Abstract Dr. Owyang is an academic leader well known for his work in pancreatic physiology and pathophysiology. He has made considerable contributions to our understanding of the neurohormonal control of digestive functions. His identification of the novel ‘CCK releasing peptide’ changed our understanding of hormone secretion during feeding and provides the mechanism responsible for feedback regulation of pancreatic secretion. Over the years, Dr. Owyang has trained numerous researchers, many of whom have gone on to become leaders in gastroenterology. Answering Martin Fernandez-Zapico's questions, he emphasizes the importance of good mentorship for the development of a new investigator and gives us a glimpse of his life and work.
Involvement of fibrinogen specific binding in erythrocyte aggregation

Increased fibrinogen concentration and erythrocyte aggregation are significant risk factors during various cardiovascular diseases and cerebrovascular disorders. Currently, fibrinogen-induced erythrocyte aggregation is thought to be caused by a non-specific binding mechanism. However, the published data on changes in erythrocyte aggregation during hypertension point to the possible existence of other mechanism(s). Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that specific binding of fibrinogen is involved in erythrocyte aggregation. It was found that Oregon Green 488-labeled human fibrinogen specifically binds rat erythrocyte membranes with a Kd of 1.3 μM. Further experiments showed that the peptide Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser blocked both fibrinogen-induced aggregation of intact erythrocytes and specific binding of fibrinogen to the erythrocyte membranes. These results suggest that in addition to non-specific binding, a specific binding mechanism is also involved in fibrinogen-induced erythrocyte aggregation.
Replication of type 5 adenovirus promotes middle ear infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae in the chinchilla model of otitis media.

Adenoviral infection is a major risk factor for otitis media. We hypothesized that adenovirus promotes bacterial ascension into the middle ear through the disruption of normal function in the Eustachian tubes due to inflammation-induced changes. An intranasal infection model of the chinchilla was used to test the ability of type 5 adenovirus to promote middle ear infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae . The hyperinflammatory adenovirus mutant dl 327 and the nonreplicating adenovirus mutant H5 wt 300ΔpTP were used to test the role of inflammation and viral replication, respectively, in promotion of pneumococcal middle ear infection. Precedent infection with adenovirus resulted in a significantly greater incidence of middle ear disease by S. pneumoniae as compared to nonadenovirus infected animals. Infection with the adenovirus mutant dl 327 induced a comparable degree of bacterial ascension into the middle ear as did infection with the wild-type virus. By contrast, infection with the nonreplicating adenovirus mutant H5 wt 300ΔpTP resulted in less extensive middle ear infection compared to the wild-type adenovirus. We conclude that viral replication is necessary for adenoviral-induced pneumococcal middle ear disease.
Acoustic Analysis of Diplophonia: A Case Study

This study reports the acoustic findings of a female speaker who could volitionally produce a diplophonic voice. The subject's normal and diplophonic speech patterns are compared in terms of intensity, frequency, and duration. Sample Sonagraphs of the subject's diplophonic voice pattern are presented.
ALTERNATING BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK FOLLOWING HEART SURGERY.

Summary 1. Alternating right and left bundle branch block is rare and usually occurs following degenerative or inflammatory heart disease. 2. The first case of alternating right and left bundle branch block following repair of a ventricular septal defect is reported. 3. Causal relationships in previously reported cases and the present case are compared.
ABA Levels and Sensitivity in Developing Wheat Embryos of Sprouting Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars

A sprouting-resistant and a sprouting-susceptible wheat cultivar were utilized to examine the role of ABA levels and sensitivity responses in wheat embryonic germination. Endogenous embryonic ABA levels were measured in both cultivars throughout grain maturation utilizing a new and sensitive ABA immunoassay. Embryonic ABA levels of each cultivar were similar with the sprouting-susceptible cultivar having about a 25% lower ABA level than that of the sprouting-resistant cultivar. Larger differences between the cultivars were noted in sensitivity to ABA, as measured by capability of ABA to block embryonic germination. ABA inhibited embryonic germination much more effectively in the sprouting-resistant cultivar.
Dual-trait selection for ethanol consumption and withdrawal: genetic and transcriptional network effects.

Background Data from C57BL/6J (B6) × DBA/2J (D2) F2 intercrosses (B6xD2 F2), standard and recombinant inbred strains, and heterogeneous stock mice indicate that a reciprocal (or inverse) genetic relationship exists between alcohol consumption and withdrawal severity. Furthermore, some genetic studies have detected reciprocal quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these traits. We used a novel mouse model developed by simultaneous selection for both high alcohol consumption/low withdrawal and low alcohol consumption/high withdrawal and analyzed the gene expression and genome-wide genotypic differences. Methods Randomly chosen third selected generation (S3) mice (N = 24/sex/line), bred from a B6xD2 F2, were genotyped using the Mouse Universal Genotyping Array, which provided 2,760 informative markers. QTL analysis used a marker-by-marker strategy with the threshold for a significant log of the odds (LOD) set at 10. Gene expression in the ventral striatum was measured using the Illumina Mouse 8.2 array. Differential gene expression and the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were implemented. Results Significant QTLs for consumption/withdrawal were detected on chromosomes (Chr) 2, 4, 9, and 12. A suggestive QTL mapped to Chr 6. Some of the QTLs overlapped with known QTLs mapped for 1 of the traits individually. One thousand seven hundred and forty-five transcripts were detected as being differentially expressed between the lines; there was some overlap with known withdrawal genes (e.g., Mpdz) located within QTL regions. WGCNA revealed several modules of co-expressed genes showing significant effects in both differential expression and intramodular connectivity; a module richly annotated with kinase-related annotations was most affected. Conclusions Marked effects of selection on expression and network structure were detected. QTLs overlapping with differentially expressed genes on Chr 2 (distal) and 4 suggest that these are cis-eQTLs (Chr 2: Kif3b, Kcnq2; Chr 4: Mpdz, Snapc3). Other QTLs identified were on Chr 2 (proximal), 9, and 12. Network results point to involvement of kinase-related mechanisms and outline the need for further efforts such as interrogation of noncoding RNAs.
THE IMPERISHABLE VIRGINITY OF SAINT MARIA GORETTI

Many Roman Catholic female saints have been virgin martyrs whose lives exemplify a feminine Christian ideal. This article examines the legend of the modern virgin martyr Maria Goretti, a spiritual template whose sainthood can be said to institutionalize violence by defining women as sexualized beings and potential rape victims. The social and psychological effects of the legend of Goretti are discussed as a form of spiritual and sexual terrorism.
Biogeochemistry: A lowdown on oxygen

We can hope that the term 'palaeophosphatometry' won't catch on. The approach it describes has nonetheless delivered a plausible — if partial — answer to one of the main questions about Earth's history.
Rare phosphoglucomutase phenotypes PGM1 3-1 and PGM1 3-2 in the polish population. A case report

Abstract Phosphoglucomutase phenotypes PGM 1 3-1 and PGM 1 3-2 have been found in two members of a Polish family.
Hybrid Work Zone Information System with Portable Changeable Message Signs and Dedicated Short-Range Communication

The future deployment of dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) technology requires that applications with their bases in DSRC be integrated with existing traffic management techniques so that vehicles not equipped with DSRC at the early stage of DSRC deployment can also reap the potential benefits of DSRC technology. A hybrid traffic information system was successfully developed; it combines DSRC technology and portable changeable message signs (PCMSs) for use in the work zone environment to improve traffic mobility and thereby driver safety. The developed system uses DSRC-based vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communication to acquire travel safety parameters, such as travel time (TT) and the starting location of congestion (SLoC), and to disseminate these parameters to DSRC-equipped vehicles and PCMSs, which are strategically placed along the roadside. Through the use of the DSRC-PCMS interface developed and demonstrated in this work, PCMSs can receive these travel safety parameters...
Nonisothermal Sorption Gaseous Exchange in a Synthetic Soil

Nonisothermal sorption on soil surfaces is involved in the exchange of gases between soils and the atmosphere. This process is considered in context of soil pore-size distribution. We found that the gas flux caused by nonisothermal sorption can be significant and can exceed the gas fluxes induced by other physical mechanisms of soil-atmosphere exchange. We investigated the influence of fluctuations of soil temperature on the amount of gas sorbed to soil. For a given soil mass and for a given primary atmospheric gas, the ratio between the moles of gas sorbed or desorbed on a soil surface due to one Kelvin change of soil temperature and the moles of gas initially adsorbed ranges from 0.016 to 0.054 K -1 (.)
MOS and MOSFET with transition metal oxides

Department ofMaterials Science and Engineeringand Laboratoryfor Research on the Structure of Matter,University ofPennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-62 72ABSTRACTMOS and MOSFET structures were constructed with a Ti02 single crystal as a substrate. It was demon-strated that the n-type carriers injected by the applied gate field have a much higher mobility than thechemically doped carriers, by nearly two orders of magnitude. This result suggests that the intrinsic car-rier mobility in Ti02 may be substantially higher than usually assumed. Other MOSFET effects includingthe non-linear optical effects are discussed.
Regulation of growth-hormone-receptor gene expression by growth hormone and pegvisomant in human mesangial cells

Regulation of growth-hormone-receptor gene expression by growth hormone and pegvisomant in human mesangial cells. Background Mice transgenic for growth hormone develop mesangial proliferation, glomerular hypertrophy, and progressive glomerular sclerosis suggesting that the growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) pathway plays an important role. Therefore, we studied the impact of variable concentrations of 22 kD, 20 kD growth hormone, as well as of the growth hormone receptor antagonist pegvisomant (B2036-PEG), on both the growth hormone receptor (GHR/GHBP) gene expression and growth hormone binding protein (GHBP) formation in a human glomerular mesangial cell line. Further, the impact on collagen, IGF-I and IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) formation was studied. Methods In order to assess transcription, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used. Results Physiologic doses of 22 kD or 20 kD growth hormone caused a dose-dependent and significant ( P GHR/GHBP gene transcription, whereas supraphysiologic doses (50 and 500ng/mL) resulted in down-regulation ( P Conclusion We present data showing that growth hormone has a direct impact on GHR/GHPB gene transcription and that pegvisomant is a potent growth hormone receptor antagonist in human mesangial cells. In addition, although the GHR/GHBP gene transcription is down-regulated by supraphysiologic growth hormone concentrations, this effect was not found when GHBP levels were measured. This finding may reflect a self-inhibitory effect of growth hormone on the level of GHR/GHBP gene transcription, which does not involve the regulation of the shedding of GHBP and may, therefore, be of physiologic interest.
Laboratory Evaluation of a Commercial Dielectric Soil Water Sensor

Development of management strategies for efficient water utilization of crop production requires measurements of changes in soil water content on a dynamic basis. Many of the methods currently used for measuring these changes are destructive, slow, or relatively expensive for large-scale investigations. A commercially available, low-cost, nondestructive soil moisture sensor for measuring changes in soil volumetric water content (VWC) on the basis of changes in the dielectric constant of the soil water was evaluated under laboratory conditions for two soil series (Amarillo fine sandy loam [fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Aridic Paleustalfs] and Pullman clay loam [fine, mixed, thermic Torretic Paleustolls]) and a potting material across a wide range of water contents. Probes were placed in containers filled with deionized water and soil. Containers with Amarillo fine sandy loam were placed in a programmable temperature chamber and subjected to a series of changes in both temperature and VWC. Containers with Pullman soil and potting material were only subjected to changes in VWC at a constant temperature. Probe output at a constant temperature between air dry and a VWC of 0.25 m 3 m −3 was linear for the Pullman soil and potting material and nonlinear for the Amarillo soil. When the Amarillo soil temperature varied between 15.9 and 39.1°C −1 at a constant VWC, probe output changed the equivalent of 0.10 m 3 m −3 . The temperature sensitivity was 0.5 mV °C −1 for air-dry and about 5 mV °C −1 for wet Amarillo soil. We conclude that probe output is soil specific and, given the nonlinear response to increasing water content on some soils and sensitivity to temperature, will require soil-specific calibration equations.
Signaling at the crossroads of gonad development

In mammals, the gonads arise as bipotential primordia that are capable of developing as either testes or ovaries. Expression of the Y-linked gene Sry in the XY gonad initiates testis differentiation; in the absence of Sry, ovarian pathways prevail. Although the molecular targets of SRY are not known, many of the early cellular and morphological events that occur downstream of Sry have been characterized. These include increased cell proliferation, Sertoli cell differentiation, testis cord formation, development of a testis-specific vasculature and differentiation of interstitial lineages. Recently, several of the molecular signals that direct these processes have been identified. In addition, the pathways that suppress features of testis development in the XX gonad are being elucidated.
New Techniques in Confocal Microscopy

Two new optical techniques are presented that lead to out-of-focus background rejection. The first is autoconfocal microscopy, which reveals phase-gradients. The second is dynamic speckle illumination microscopy, which reveals fluorescence.
Basic research on transportation facilities

F Moavenzadeh discussed guideway facility research needs relating to material and construction. The objective of the author is to complement Moavenzadeh's work by treating facility research needs at systems scales. The discussion deals with the infrastructure problem resulting from failures to develop practical insights from basic understanding of transportation systems. The problem of guideway location is also examined. For article by Moavenzedeh, F, see IRRD 287440. (TRRL)
The Practicing Professional and the Journal Publication—the Odd Couple or Soulmates?

At the most recent annual meeting of this Journal’s editors, we considered the perennial question, ‘‘Why do we see so few papers submitted for publication to the Journal of Environmental Engineering by practicing professionals’’? While we debated the question for a bit, at the end of our discourse we were no closer to a clear answer than the last time the question was debated, or the time before that, or the time before that, ... . Since you are reading this editorial, I assume that the title of the editorial has peeked some interest on your part or that you have some thoughts on the matter. You may even believe that you have the answer. But bear with me for a bit, and after you complete your reading of this piece, let me have your thoughts.
Chiroinositol deficiency and insulin resistance. I. Urinary excretion rate of chiroinositol is directly associated with insulin resistance in spontaneously diabetic rhesus monkeys.

Previously, we demonstrated that nondiabetic insulin-resistant monkeys had reduced covalent insulin activation of muscle glycogen synthase (GS) compared to normal monkeys and that covalent insulin activation of adipose tissue GS was absent in these monkeys. Covalent insulin activation of muscle and adipose tissue GS in monkeys with impaired glucose tolerance and noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) was also absent. As in humans, monkeys with NIDDM have a lower urinary excretion rate of chiroinositol (CI), a component of a putative mediator of insulin action, compared to normal monkeys. To determine whether the urinary excretion rate of CI was related to insulin resistance, which develops naturally in many obese rhesus monkeys, we examined the relationships between 24-h urinary CI excretion rate and 1) whole body insulin-mediated glucose disposal rates (M) and insulin-mediated changes in 2) the skeletal muscle GS activity ratio (sm delta GSAR), 3) the skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase activity ratio,...
The role of alcohol use during sexual situations in the relationship between sexual revictimization and women's intentions to engage in unprotected sex

Research has demonstrated relationships among childhood sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and sexual risk taking. This study proposes that one mechanism through which the victimization-sexual risk-taking relationship works is through an increased likelihood of drinking during sexual situations. Using path analysis, this study explores this hypothesis in a sample of 230 women. The model illustrates that women with a history of child and adult sexual victimization reported greater intentions to engage in unprotected sex and that this relationship is in part accounted for by an increased likelihood of drinking in sexual situations. The results suggest that sexual risk reduction programs and sexual assault treatment programs should educate women about the alcohol-involved sexual risk taking that often follows sexual assault victimization. Language: en
Digging for gold with a simple tool: Validating text mining in studying electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) communication

Text-based electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) communication has increasingly become an important channel for consumers to exchange information about products and services. How to effectively utilize the enormous amount of text information poses a great challenge to marketing researchers and practitioners. This study takes an initial step to investigate the validities and usefulness of text mining, a promising approach in generating valuable information from eWOM communication. Bilateral data were collected from both eWOM senders and readers via two web-based surveys. Results provide initial evidence for the validity and utility of text mining and demonstrate that the linguistic indicators generated by text analysis are predictive of eWOM communicators’ attitudes toward a product or service. Text analysis indicators (e.g., Negations and Money) can explain additional variance in eWOM communicators’ attitudes above and beyond the star ratings and may become a promising supplement to the widely used star ratings as indicators of eWOM valence.
“The Intention Was Good”: Legitimacy, Consensus-Based Decision Making, and the Case of Forest Planning in British Columbia, Canada

The introduction of public participation into land and resource management planning in the Canadian province of British Columbia represents a unique application of alternative dispute resolution theory. Portentous in its scope and inclusivity, this case provides an opportunity to evaluate large-scale consensus decision-making processes within natural resources planning and management. Qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews, conducted from September 1997 to July 1998, revealed one overarching theme reflecting important issues and concerns to respondents: legitimacy. From respondents' perspectives, a successful public planning process must have fair representation, appropriate government resources, and be consensus driven—the three components of legitimacy. According to respondents, a legitimate planning process is a successful one. This observation has important implications for public policymakers involved in resource planning and for theorists and researchers working in this area as well.
Oxygen adsorption on Ta(110)-supported Pd films studied with photoemission

Abstract Oxygen chemisorption on Ta(110)-supported palladium films, five monolayers or less in thickness, is studied using photoemission and work function measurements. Palladium monolayers have valence band photoemission spectra which differ significantly when compared to subsequent layers or published results for Pd(111) (i.e. photoemission intensity 0–2 eV below E F is smaller). The photoemission work function change (−0.7 eV) for the Ta(110)-supported Pd monolayer when compared to Pd(111) suggests there is charge transfer from Pd to the Ta substrate. Oxygen absorption increases the work function and the work function increase is largest for the Pd monolayer but becomes smaller with increasing Pd coverage. Oxygen adsorption on Ta (110) produces a strong valence band photoemission feature which peaks near 5.8 eV binding energy. Oxygen interaction with the Pd monolayer produces two valence band features near 4 and 7.8 eV binding energy. A feature at 5.8 eV is seen after the adsorption of 2 or more langmuirs of oxygen. The modification of the Ta4f corelevel and valence band spectra during oxidation of the Pd-Ta bilayer suggests that oxygen enters the Ta substrate and suggests that the absorption of 2 or more langmuirs of oxygen causes the Pd monolayer to cluster permitting direct oxidation of the substrate.
Fictionalism about Fictional Characters

Despite protestations to the contrary, philosophers have always been renowned for espousing theories that do violence to common-sense opinion. In the last twenty years or so there has been a growing number of philosophers keen to follow in this tradition. According to these philosophers, if a story of pure fiction tells us that an individual exists, then there really is such an individual. According to these realists about fictional characters, 'Scarlett O'Hara,' 'Charlie Brown,' 'Batman,' 'Superman,' 'Tweedledum' and 'Tweedledee' are not denotationless terms, but names that really refer. What is truly surprising about this situation is that almost no one has inveighed against this unfortunate realist tendency. My aim here will be to challenge this new orthodoxy, and to defend an anti-realist position against the arguments proffered by the realist.
Measurement of particle clearance from the alveolar region of the rabbit respiratory tract.

Abstract This paper describes a method for the measurement of the clearance of inert, insoluble radioactively tagged tracer particles from the alveolar region of the rabbit respiratory tract. The technique uses a fixed detector for noninvasive, external monitoring. Validation of the method is presented, as is the clearance pattern of 3.5-μm latex particles as measured for 56 days postexposure. The clearance of latex deposited within the alveolar region can be described by two phases within this time frame, having half-times of 4.9 and 30.1 days, respectively. Clearance of latex initially deposited on the tracheobronchial tree was essentially complete by 2 days after exposure.
Regeneration of Endothelium in Diseased and Injured Corneas

Following moderate to severe endothelial injury, many reports" indicate that in most young animals, the corneal endothelium is regenerated. Although there is a close corre­ lation between the biochemical and physio­ logic properties of animal and human cor­ neal endothelium, their regenerative capaci­ ties differ. This study compares the morphol­ ogy of regenerating rabbit and monkey en­ dothelium to that of man.
Effects of ouabain on the tissue distribution and metabolism of 3H-1,2-d-aldosterone.

The effect of ouabain on the uptake of 3H-1,2-d-aldosterone was studied in rats on a controlled Na diet at various time intervals. The homogenized tissues (heart, liver, lung, muscle, spleen and small intestine) were extracted for total dichloromethanesoluble radioactivity and the extracts chromatographed to isolate authentic 3H-aldosterone. 3H-aldosterone levels in blood and fat were increased by ouabain at time intervals of 15, 30 and 60 min, but in general decreased in the other tissues. Ouabain also significantly decreased both urinary and biliary excretion of 3H-aldosterone. Spirolactone 3(3-oxo-17-β-hydroxy-19-nor-4androsten-17-α-yl)propionic acid γ lactone (SC-8109) did not significantly alter the dichloromethane-soluble radioactivity in the tissues of rats receiving 500 μg of SC-8109 simultaneously with 3H-aldosterone.
TERRA RNA Binding to TRF2 Facilitates Heterochromatin Formation and ORC Recruitment at Telomeres

Telomere-repeat-encoding RNA (referred to as TERRA) has been identified as a potential component of yeast and mammalian telomeres. We show here that TERRA RNA interacts with several telomere-associated proteins, including telomere repeat factors 1 (TRF1) and 2 (TRF2), subunits of the origin recognition complex (ORC), heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), histone H3 trimethyl K9 (H3 K9me3), and members of the DNA-damage-sensing pathway. siRNA depletion of TERRA caused an increase in telomere dysfunction-induced foci, aberrations in metaphase telomeres, and a loss of histone H3 K9me3 and ORC at telomere repeat DNA. Previous studies found that TRF2 amino-terminal GAR domain recruited ORC to telomeres. We now show that TERRA RNA can interact directly with the TRF2 GAR and ORC1 to form a stable ternary complex. We conclude that TERRA facilitates TRF2 interaction with ORC and plays a central role in telomere structural maintenance and heterochromatin formation.
Determination of Transient Inrush Currents in Power Transformers Due to Out-of-Phase Switching Occurrences

This paper describes a basic method to determine the crest value of the transient inrush currents flowing in power transformer windings resulting either from imperfect synchronizing procedures or from erroneous switching operations. The currents which flow under these unusual conditions are similar in magnitude and envelope to through-short circuit faults and may, in some cases, exceed the currents which flow through transformer windings during three-phase faults on their terminals.
Selective feeding and its effect on polymorphism and sexuality in the rotifer Asplanchna sieboldi

SUMMARY. Campanulate females of A. sieboldi (clone 12C1) attack Asplanchna brightwelli and A. girodi much more readily than either the alga Volvox aureus or the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. Pre-feeding campanulates on B. calyciflorus prior to testing does not appreciably affect their response to this prey. Discrimination during feeding occurs immediately after the campanulate's corona contacts a potential food organism and is probably mediated by chemoreceptors. Once a food organism is attacked, the probabilities of it being captured and subsequently swallowed are high and similar for each of the four organisms tested. Since food organisms other than Asplanchna. such as V. aureus and B. calyciflorus, induce campanulates in this clone to produce cruciform, and thus frequently sexual, females in succeeding generations, a tendency of these campanulates to select congeneric prey would favour the maintenance of the campanulate morphotype and thus the continuation of parthenogenetic reproduction in the ensuing population.
The psychotherapy of psychotherapists

This article introduces a special issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session that provides 6 psychologists' narrative accounts of their own personal therapies and a practice-friendly research review on the characteristics of therapist-patients and their own treatment experiences. In response to a standard set of questions, highly experienced psychotherapists hailing from diverse theoretical commitments wrote the accounts. Their accounts illuminate subtle nuances of the therapeutic relationship and treatment outcome, perhaps more fully than other sources of data. Much of value can be learned from these essays and the research findings about the linkages between receiving and conducting psychotherapy and about the technical and emotional challenges that arise when treating a patient who shares the same profession.
Entry of OpaA+ gonococci into HEp‐2 cells requires concerted action of glycosaminoglycans, fibronectin and integrin receptors

Heparan sulphate proteoglycans are increasingly implicated as eukaryotic cell surface receptors for bacterial pathogens. Here, we report that Neisseria gonorrhoeae adheres to proteoglycan receptors on HEp-2 epithelial cells but that internalization of the bacterium by this cell type requires the serum glycoprotein fibronectin. Fibronectin was shown to bind specifically to gonococci producing the OpaA adhesin. Binding assays with fibronectin fragments located the bacterial binding site near the N-terminal end of the molecule. However, none of the tested fibronectin fragments supported gonococcal entry into the eukaryotic cells; a 120 kDa fragment carrying the cell adhesion domain with the amino acid sequence RGD even inhibited the fibronectin-mediated uptake of MS11-OpaA. This inhibition could be mimicked by an RGD-containing hexapeptide and by α5β1 integrin-specific antibodies, suggesting that interaction of the central region of fibronectin with integrin receptors facilitated bacterial uptake. Fibronectin was unable to promote gonococcal entry into HEp-2 cells that had been treated with the enzyme heparinase III, which degrades the glycosaminoglycan side-chains of proteoglycan receptors. On the basis of these results, we propose a novel cellular uptake pathway for bacteria, which involves the binding of the pathogen to glycosaminoglycans that, in turn, act as co-receptors facilitating fibronectin-mediated bacterial uptake through integrin receptors. In this scenario, fibronectin would act as a molecular bridge linking the Opa–proteoglycan complex with host cell integrin receptors.
CHLORAMPHENICOL INHIBITION OF POLYURIDYLIC ACID BINDING TO E. COLI RIBOSOMES.

THE conformational similarity between chloramphenicol and pyrimidine nucleotides has led us to the hypothesis that the antibiotic interferes with the attachment of an RNA molecule to the ribosome1,2. Similar suggestions have also been made by other workers3–5. We now wish to report experiments showing that the association between 14C-polyuridylic acid and purified ribosomes from E. coli is inhibited in vitro by chloramphenicol, whereas the association between 14C-phenylalanine-sRNA and ribosomes is not.
Detergent-resistant membrane subfractions containing proteins of plasma membrane, mitochondrial, and internal membrane origins

HEK293 cell detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) isolated by the standard homogenization protocol employing a Teflon pestle homogenizer yielded a prominent opaque band at approximately 16% sucrose upon density gradient ultracentrifugation. In contrast, cell disruption using a ground glass tissue homogenizer generated three distinct DRM populations migrating at approximately 10%, 14%, and 20% sucrose, named DRM subfractions A, B, and C, respectively. Separation of the DRM subfractions by mechanical disruption suggested that they are physically associated within the cellular environment, but can be dissociated by shear forces generated during vigorous homogenization. All three DRM subfractions possessed cholesterol and ganglioside GM1, but differed in protein composition. Subfraction A was enriched in flotillin-1 and contained little caveolin-1. In contrast, subfractions B and C were enriched in caveolin-1. Subfraction C contained several mitochondrial membrane proteins, including mitofilin and porins. Only subfraction B appeared to contain significant amounts of plasma membrane-associated proteins, as revealed by cell surface labeling studies. A similar distribution of DRM subfractions, as assessed by separation of flotillin-1 and caveolin-1 immunoreactivities, was observed in CHO cells, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and in HEK293 cells lysed in detergent-free carbonate. Teflon pestle homogenization of HEK293 cells in the presence of the actin-disrupting agent latrunculin B generated DRM subfractions A-C. The microtubule-disrupting agent vinblastine did not facilitate DRM subfraction separation, and DRMs prepared from fibroblasts of vimentin-null mice were present as a single major band on sucrose gradients, unless pre-treated with latrunculin B. These results suggest that the DRM subfractions are interconnected by the actin cytoskeleton, and not by microtubes or vimentin intermediate filaments. The subfractions described may prove useful in studying discrete protein populations associated with detergent-resistant membranes, and their potential interactions in cell signaling.
A Helical Membrane‐Binding Domain Targets the Toxoplasma ROP2 Family to the Parasitophorous Vacuole

During invasion, the obligate intracellular pathogen, Toxoplasma gondii, secretes into its host cell a variety of effector molecules, several of which have been implicated in strain-specific variation in disease. The largest family of these effectors, defined by the canonical member ROP2, quickly associates with the nascent parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) after secretion. Here we demonstrate that the NH(2)-terminal domain of the ROP2 family contains a series of amphipathic helices that are necessary and sufficient for membrane association. While each of the amphipathic helices is individually competent to bind cellular membranes, together they act to bind the PVM preferentially, possibly through sensing its strong negative curvature. This previously uncharacterized helical domain is an evolutionarily robust and energetically efficient design for membrane association.
Theory of Microwave Transitions in the Vibronic Ground State of Tetrahedral Molecules

Vibration-rotation interactions in the motion of tetrahedral molecules, which are conventionally nonpolar in their ground vibrational and electronic states, permit pure rotational transitions. These transitions, which are electric dipole in nature, occur at microwave frequencies for the following changes in rotational quantum numbers: $\ensuremath{\Delta}J=0$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}K=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$. General expressions for spectral line positions and absolute intensities are calculated for $J=0\ensuremath{-}20$. The effects of tetrahedral fine-structure splittings and nuclear-spin statistical weights have been included. Detailed results are established for methane, the prototype of molecules with tetrahedral symmetry. Possible competing transitions are discussed.
Methylergonovine maleate as a cluster headache prophylactic: a study and review.

Methylergonovine maleate (Methergine®), an ergot derivative with vasoconstrictive properties, has been cited as an effective treatment for vascular headaches. Few studies are available to support its use in headache management. An uncontrolled pilot study of 20 episodic cluster headache patients confirmed its effectiveness and tolerability as an adjunct cluster headache prophylactic. Decreased headache frequency was reported by 19 of 20 patients (95%), and 15 of 20 patients (75%) reported decreased intensity of headaches within 1 week of initiating therapy. A review of methylergonovine's pharmacokinetic, molecular, and tolerability profile clarifies its mechanisms and clinical role in headache management.
LIMITS ON NUCLEAR GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM ORION

The discovery of γ-ray line emission in the 3-7 MeV range from the Orion complex was recently reported. The observed Compton Telescope (COMPTEL) spectrum suggested that the emission results from the de-excitation of excited states of 12C and 16O. We report on a search for these lines using the Oriented Scintillation Spectroscopy Experiment (OSSE) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) during a 5 week observation in 1995 from April to June. The OSSE detectors were pointed midway between the Orion A and B radio sources in three different viewing configurations. We find no compelling evidence for line emission near 4.4 or 6.1 MeV. The sensitivity of the OSSE measurements is dependent on the widths of the reported C and O lines and on the source location and spatial extent. A point source at the flux level reported by COMPTEL and located on-axis would have been detected by OSSE at ~7 σ and ~5 σ levels of confidence for narrow and broad lines, respectively. A spatially distributed source of the same strength with a distribution following the intense CO emission localized around Orion A and Orion B would have been detected by OSSE at ~3.5 σ and ~2.5 σ, respectively. Thus, these OSSE observations require that any γ-ray line source must be even more extended to be consistent with the reported COMPTEL intensity.
Hidden privatization in education policy as ‘quick fixes’ by ‘hired guns’: contracting curriculum policy in Ontario

Despite critiques of privatization in education, little investigation has been conducted surrounding how it occurs in education policy production. This article describes and analyzes the privatization of curriculum policy production in Ontario during the 1990s based on archival documents and interviews with 16 policy actors. When analyzed in light of democratic ideals, this privatization resulted in elitism, and a politicized and fragmented process that reified a culture of control. Though privatization allowed the government to complete a vast amount of policy work in a relatively short period of time, findings reveal a shortfall of democracy.
Relationship of CDX2 loss with molecular features and prognosis in colorectal cancer

Purpose: The homeodomain transcription factor CDX2 is a relatively specific immunohistochemical marker for gastrointestinal carcinoma. However, no study has comprehensively examined the relationship between CDX2 expression in colon cancer and clinical, pathologic, prognostic, and molecular features, including microsatellite instability and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). Experimental Design : Utilizing 621 colorectal cancers with clinical outcome and molecular data, CDX2 loss was detected in 183 (29%) tumors by immunohistochemistry. Results : In multivariate logistic regression analysis, CDX2 loss was associated with female gender [odds ratio (OR), 3.32; P P = 0.0003), high tumor grade (OR, 2.69; P = 0.0085), stage IV disease (OR, 2.03; P = 0.019), and inversely with LINE-1 hypomethylation (for a 30% decline; OR, 0.33; P = 0.0031), p53 expression (OR, 0.55; P = 0.011), and β-catenin activation (OR, 0.60; P = 0.037), but not with body mass index, tumor location, microsatellite instability, BRAF, KRAS, PIK3CA, p21, or cyclooxygenase-2. CDX2 loss was not independently associated with patient survival. However, the prognostic effect of CDX2 loss seemed to differ according to family history of colorectal cancer ( P interaction = 0.0094). CDX2 loss was associated with high overall mortality (multivariate hazard ratio, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.28-4.51) among patients with a family history of colorectal cancer; no such association was present (multivariate hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.66-1.41) among patients without a family history of colorectal cancer. Conclusions : CDX2 loss in colorectal cancer is independently associated with female gender, CIMP-high, high-level LINE-1 methylation, high tumor grade, and advanced stage. CDX2 loss may be associated with poor prognosis among patients with a family history of colorectal cancer.
Infectious bronchitis virus: dominance of ArkDPI-type strains in the United States broiler industry during the last decade

In the United States, more than 90% of chicken meat is produced in the southeastern states, and most egg production resides in the eastern half of the country and Texas. Several molecular epidemiological studies have indicated that most infectious bronchitis (IB) virus (IBV) isolates obtained from outbreaks of respiratory disease in these regions correspond to Ark-type IBV in spite of extensive vaccination programs which include IBV ArkDPI-derived vaccines. Accumulating evidence suggests that Ark-type strains may have a distinct capacity to circumvent preventive measures. Two strategies by which Ark-type IBV strains may maintain a high prevalence in commercial chickens are: (1) Unusually high genetic and phenotypic variability, and (2) synergism with concurrent viral immunodeficiency. Support for the first strategy includes epidemiological findings showing continued isolations of Ark-like viruses from respiratory disease affecting flocks vaccinated with serotypespecific homologous (ArkDPI-derived) vaccines, experimental data demonstrating selection of new predominant phenotypes occurring rapidly after a single passage in the host, and recent findings indicating changes of the predominant IBV population occurring within the host during the invasion process. The second strategy is supported by epidemiological data indicating increased isolations of Ark-type IBV showing minor geno-/phenotypic variation occurring in chickens simultaneously affected by immunosuppressive viruses. In addition, experimental results have shown that viral immunodeficiency leads to more severe and prolonged IB signs and lesions, delayed and reduced specific antibody responses, and increased and persistent IBV shedding. Finally, accumulating evidence confirms high genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in commercial ArkDPI-derived vaccines. The rapid selection of new predominant phenotypes occurring in these vaccines may be facilitating the emergence of Ark-like strains. Thus, improvement of Ark-type vaccines and prevention of viral immunodeficiency's seem to be essential for an effective control of the disease.
Concerning Evidence for Fingerprints of Glacial Melting

Abstract Recent investigations of tide gauge and hydrographic data point to the conclusion that twentieth-century global sealevel rise was about 1.8 mm/y, with significant decadal and longer variability. Ocean thermal expansion can account for about 0.5 mm/y of the trend, leaving an additional ∼1.3 mm/y water equivalent that must have come from other sources. Greenland, Antarctica, and small glaciers are obvious candidates, and “fingerprints” of their contributions must occur because additions of glacial ice or meltwater to the oceans will not cause a globally uniform rate of sealevel rise. As ice melts or is discharged, Earth will respond elastically, and the geoid will also adjust. The result is that large changes in relative sea level will occur near the area of melting or discharge, and significant (∼20%) deviations from a uniform global rise will occur antipodal to the source. Thus, several authors have used trends of relative sea-level rise obtained from tide gauge data to investigate possible contr...