cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of pre-existing ice crystals on cirrus clouds and comparison between different ice nucleation parameterizations with the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5)

Abstract. In order to improve the treatment of ice nucleation in a more realistic manner in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 (CAM5.3), the effects of pre-existing ice crystals on ice nucleation in cirrus clouds are considered. In addition, by considering the in-cloud variability in ice saturation ratio, homogeneous nucleation takes place spatially only in a portion of the cirrus cloud rather than in the whole area of the cirrus cloud. Compared to observations, the ice number concentrations and the probability distributions of ice number concentration are both improved with the updated treatment. The pre-existing ice crystals significantly reduce ice number concentrations in cirrus clouds, especially at mid- to high latitudes in the upper troposphere (by a factor of ~10). Furthermore, the contribution of heterogeneous ice nucleation to cirrus ice crystal number increases considerably. Besides the default ice nucleation parameterization of Liu and Penner (2005, hereafter LP) in CAM5.3, two other ice nucleation parameterizations of Barahona and Nenes (2009, hereafter BN) and Karcher et al. (2006, hereafter KL) are implemented in CAM5.3 for the comparison. In-cloud ice crystal number concentration, percentage contribution from heterogeneous ice nucleation to total ice crystal number, and pre-existing ice effects simulated by the three ice nucleation parameterizations have similar patterns in the simulations with present-day aerosol emissions. However, the change (present-day minus pre-industrial times) in global annual mean column ice number concentration from the KL parameterization (3.24 × 106 m−2) is less than that from the LP (8.46 × 106 m−2) and BN (5.62 × 106 m−2) parameterizations. As a result, the experiment using the KL parameterization predicts a much smaller anthropogenic aerosol long-wave indirect forcing (0.24 W m−2) than that using the LP (0.46 W m−2) and BN (0.39 W m−2) parameterizations.
Changes in end-tidal carbon dioxide and volumetric carbon dioxide as predictors of volume responsiveness in hemodynamically unstable patients.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in PETCO2 and exhaled CO2 (VCO2) can predict fluid responsiveness after a preload challenge. Design A retrospective review of prospectively recorded data. Setting A medical intensive care unit of a university-affiliated tertiary care hospital. Participants Mechanically ventilated patients undergoing a preload challenge. Interventions In the authors' intensive care unit, fluid responsiveness is determined by a passive leg raising (PLR) maneuver and/or a 500-mL crystalloid challenge. An increase in the stroke volume index >10% as measured by a NICOM bioreactance cardiac output monitor (Cheetah Medical, Inc, Vancouver, WA) is used to determine fluid responsiveness. PETCO2 and volumetric capnography (VCO2) were monitored via a combined CO2 and flow sensor capnostat (Respironics NM3 Monitor; Philips Healthcare, Eindhoven, Netherlands). Patients were mechanically ventilated with tidal volumes controlled at 8 mL/kg, allowing for consistent minute ventilation. Measurements and Main Results During the study period, 44 challenges (10 PLR and 34 fluid boluses) were performed on 34 patients. There were 24 (54%) positive “fluid” responses. PETCO2 increased by 5.9% ± 7.6% in the responders compared with 1.4% ± 4.4% in the nonresponders (p = 0.02). Similarly, VCO2 increased by 11.0% ± 8.6% in the responders compared with 0.8% ± 5.6% in the nonresponders (p = 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.48-0.80) for PETCO2 and 0.79 (95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.89) for VCO2. PETCO2 and VCO2 were predictive of fluid responsiveness only in those patients without underlying lung disease. The stroke volume variation was 15.8 ± 3.7 in the responders compared with 13.6 ± 4.8 in the nonresponders (p = 0.15). Conclusions Dynamic changes in PETCO2 and VCO2 may be used as adjunctive indicators of fluid responsiveness in patients without underlying lung disease.
A Critical Assessment of Geographic Clusters of Breast and Lung Cancer Incidences among Residents Living near the Tittabawassee and Saginaw Rivers, Michigan, USA

Objectives. To assess previously determined geographic clusters of breast and lung cancer incidences among residents living near the Tittabawassee and Saginaw Rivers, Michigan, using a new set of environmental factors. Materials and Methods. Breast and lung cancer data were acquired from the Michigan Department of Community Health, along with point source pollution data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The datasets were used to determine whether there is a spatial association between disease risk and environmental contamination. GIS and spatial techniques were combined with statistical analysis to investigate local risk of breast and lung cancer. Results and Conclusion. The study suggests that neighborhoods in close proximity to the river were associated with a high risk of breast cancer, while increased risk of lung cancer was detected among neighborhoods in close proximity to point source pollution and major highways. Statistically significant clusters of cancer incidences were observed among residents living near the rivers. These findings are useful to researchers and governmental agencies for risk assessment, regulation, and control of environmental contamination in the floodplains.
Diagnostic outcome in children with multiple café au lait spots.

Forty-one children, ranging in age from 1 month to 14 years, had six or more cafe au lait spots at their initial visit and were examined annually. Signs of neurofibromatosis type 1 eventually developed in 24. The most common feature to appear to confirm the diagnosis was skin-fold freckling, which occurred in 18 subjects. Diagnosis was based on the appearance of Lisch nodules in 5, and on neurofibromas in 3. In most instances, diagnosis was established within 3 years of initial evaluation, usually before 5 years of age. Six children had a segmental distribution of cafe au lait spots, suggesting segmental neurofibromatosis. In 3, diagnoses other than neurofibromatosis type 1 were established (Bannayan-Riley-Rulvalcaba syndrome, multiple lentigines syndrome, and fibrous dysplasia). In 8 subjects only multiple cafe au lait spots are present, and no definite diagnosis has been established. It is concluded that with regular follow-up, including physical and ophthalmological examinations, a definite diagnosis, most commonly neurofibromatosis type 1, can be established for most children having multiple cafe au lait spots.
Hypoxic Preconditioning-Induced Cerebral Ischemic Tolerance: Role of Microvascular Sphingosine Kinase 2

Background and Purpose— The importance of bioactive lipid signaling under physiological and pathophysiological conditions is progressively becoming recognized. The disparate distribution of sphingosine kinase (SphK) isoform activity in normal and ischemic brain, particularly the large excess of SphK2 in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, suggests potentially unique cell- and region-specific signaling by its product sphingosine-1-phosphate. The present study sought to test the isoform-specific role of SphK as a trigger of hypoxic preconditioning (HPC)-induced ischemic tolerance. Methods— Temporal changes in microvascular SphK activity and expression were measured after HPC. The SphK inhibitor dimethylsphingosine or sphingosine analog FTY720 was administered to adult male Swiss-Webster ND4 mice before HPC. Two days later, mice underwent a 60-minute transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and at 24 hours of reperfusion, infarct volume, neurological deficit, and hemispheric edema were measured. Results— HPC rapidly increased microvascular SphK2 protein expression (1.7±0.2-fold) and activity (2.5±0.6-fold), peaking at 2 hours, whereas SphK1 was unchanged. SphK inhibition during HPC abrogated reductions in infarct volume, neurological deficit, and ipsilateral edema in HPC-treated mice. FTY720 given 48 hours before stroke also promoted ischemic tolerance; when combined with HPC, even greater (and dimethylsphingosine-reversible) protection was noted. Conclusions— These findings indicate hypoxia-sensitive increases in SphK2 activity may serve as a proximal trigger that ultimately leads to sphingosine-1-phosphate-mediated alterations in gene expression that promote the ischemia-tolerant phenotype. Thus, components of this bioactive lipid signaling pathway may be suitable therapeutic targets for protecting the neurovascular unit in stroke.
What Is the Role of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Schizophrenia?

Experts and clinical guidelines recommend using long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics to prevent relapse among people diagnosed with schizophrenia who do not adhere to oral antipsychotic regimens. These recommendations belie a continued lack of strong evidence that LAIs have advantages over oral medications for this purpose. Ostensibly, the failure of LAIs to demonstrate the hypothesized advantages in improving adherence and related outcomes is due to methodological problems.
Calcium Homeostasis in the Thyroparathyroidectomized Dog

Normal and thyroparathyroidectomized dogs were subjected to acute hypocalcemic stress by iv infusion of EDTA. Changes in serum calcium levels during and immediately following the infusion were determined by serial analyses, and the response obtained was used as a measure of the animal's ability to maintain calcium homeostasis. The greater skeletal reactivity and consequent better homeostatic regulation of calcium in the normal immature animal over that of the mature was confirmed in experiments on the dog and rat. Loss of regulation of calcium levels and a reduced calcium buffer capacity in the thyroparathyroidectomized dog was also confirmed. Immature thyroparathyroidectomized dogs demonstrated a somewhat greater loss of regulation than mature thyroparathyroidectomized animals. No improvement in homeostatic control of calcium was observed when serum calcium levels in the mature thyroparathyroidectomized dog were restored to normal or above by increasing the amount of calcium in the diet. Thyroparathyroid...
Comparison of Once-Daily Captopril or Enalapril in Mild Essential Hypertension

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a daily low dose of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, captopril or enalapril, in mild essential hypertension. Nine men with seated diastolic blood pressure between 95 and 104 mm Hg on placebo participated in the study. After one month of placebo, captopril 25 mg was administered; blood pressure, heart rate, ACE activity and plasma renin activity were measured hourly for 4 hours. Each patient then received captopril 50 mg once daily for 8 weeks and similar measurements were made 24 hours post-dose every 2 weeks. After another month of placebo, the identical protocol was repeated after enalapril 5 mg. Although blood pressure and ACE activity decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) within 2-4 hours of the acute doses of each inhibitor, neither captopril or enalapril produced significant reductions 24 hours after the small daily dose. Thus, neither ACE inhibitor alone was adequate to control blood pressure in mild hypertension when given once daily during 8 weeks of treatment.
Temperament characteristics of toddlers born prematurely.

Summary An examination was made of the hypothesis that prematurity is associated with difficult temperament outcome in childhood. Temperament ratings for 40 preterm, very low birthweight 3-year-olds were compared with those of a matched, term control group. Results suggested that while toddlers born prematurely were rated as less rhythmic than their term counterparts, no differences existed between the groups with respect to the diagnostic clusters ‘easy’, ‘difficult’, and ‘slow to warm up’. It was concluded that from a global temperament standpoint, our high-risk preterm 3-year-oIds were not perceived as more temperamentally difficult than term controls. The suggestion was offered that researchers seeking to broaden the scope of outcome assessment of high-risk children turn to more direct measures of behaviour associated with temperament.
A methodology for expedient analysis of the impact of disorder in periodic waveguides

An expedient methodology is presented for the predictive analysis of the impact of statistical disorder on the electromagnetic attributes of periodic waveguides. The proposed methodology makes use of ideas from the Anderson localization theory to derive closed-form expressions for the calculation of an effective exponential decay ratio that quantifies the impact of periodicity disorder on the transmission properties of the waveguide. The computational efficiency of the proposed method over Monte Carlo based alternatives is demonstrated through a specific example involving a periodically-loaded parallel plate waveguide.
Examining the Level of Sophistication and Success of Destination Marketing Systems: Impacts of Organizational Factors

Abstract Great variations have been observed in the sophistication, interactivity and quality of the destination marketing systems operated by destination marketing organizations (DMOs). This paper argues that DMOs' Website characteristics (i.e., sophistication and interactivity) have a great impact on the success of their online marketing activities. It also argues that DMOs' organizational factors not only determines the level of sophistication of their marketing system, but also defines the level of success with their Web-based marketing efforts. The study provides empirical evidence to support the notion that the sophistication level of destination marketing systems does positively impact the performance of DMOs' Web-based marketing efforts. The results of the study show that three organizational factors have the most impact on Web marketing success: technology competence, organizational innovativeness, and absorptive capacity. It also shows that two organizational factors have significant impact on W...
Multimodal Play and Adolescents: Notes on Noticing Laughter.

In this article, I explore laughter as a form of multimodal play in which adolescents' engage across contexts and in various configurations. With a few recent exceptions, a focus on unscripted play is largely missing from ongoing research and discussion about the education of adolescents. Whereas the space to play has been vitally important to the ways that young people communicate and build relationships in the different settings where I have conducted fieldwork, the play of adolescents is also frequently misinterpreted within school-based and community settings and often remediated or punished. Adolescents' practices of manipulation and experimentation with various media and technologies are the focus of two scenes I include of adolescents' playful engagements with video and their immediate contexts in which laughter serves as a medium of play. This article was written with educators and researchers of/with adolescents in mind, with the hope of encouraging greater reflection about how and what we notice about young people's play: there may be glimpses of being and becoming in the space of a giggle.
Twenty-four hour emergency pharmaceutical services

Operation of an emergency department satellite pharmacy in which the pharmacist provided clinical, educational, and drug distribution services during patient visits is described. In a Detroit trauma and ambulatory-care center, drugs were dispensed to outpatients 24 hours a day from a satellite pharmacy located in the 75-bed emergency department. Emergency department pharmaceutical services were expanded to include distributive, clinical, and educational activities by the pharmacist on a 24-hour basis. The pharmacist contributed to improved inventory control and billing for drug products. When reductions in the work force were necessary, the institution chose to retain 24-hour pharmacist coverage during emergency department patient visits and to eliminate 24-hour dispensing to outpatients. In this urban trauma center, the emergency department pharmacist's clinical, distributive, and educational services contributed substantially to delivery of patient care.
THE GENOME CONSTITUTIONS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN PHLOX AMPHIPLOIDS.

Polyploidy among the eastern North American species of Phlox is of limited occurrence. Of the 41 taxa only 5 are consistently polyploid and each is tetraploid, 2n = 28 (Flory, 1934; Meyer, 1944; Erbe and Turner, 1962; Levin, 1963, 1966a, 1967a; Levin and Smith, 1965; Smith and Levin, 1967). Four of the phloxes are closely related members of the P. pilosa complex as follows: P. aspera E. Nels., P. pulcherrima Lundell, P. villosissima (Gray) Whitehouse, and P. floridana Benth. The following discussion will deal with the genomic constitution and mode of evolution of these taxa. Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that (1) the genome of P. pilosa subsp. pilosa (= P genome) is shared by all of the polyploids, that (2) P. floridana and P. pulcherrima contain the genome of P. carolina subsp. angusta (= C genome) in addition to the P genome, and that (3) P. villosissima and P. aspera contain the genome of P. drummondii subsp. mcallisteri (D genome) in addition to the P genome. The supporting evidence will be drawn from the geographical distribution and ecology, morphology, cytology and chemoprofile of the taxa.
Ionic regulation in Crangon vulgaris (Fabr.) (Crustacea, Natantia) from brackish water

Abstract The hyper-hypoosmotic (isosmotic at 23‰) shrimp Crangon vulgaris was found to maintain Ca2+ and K+ more concentrated than the medium in 5-25‰, Na+ and Cl− more concentrated in the range 5–30(23)‰ and less concentrated in higher salinities. Mg2+ was held at a very low level throughout the saUnity range. The importance of various mechanisms (low permeability, active ion transport and hypo-osmotic urine) in assisting this efficient ion regulation is discussed.
Analysis of urine iodine condition of children aged 8-10 from 2009 to 2010 in Chongqing municipal

Objective To examine the level of urinary iodine and provide evidence for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorder. Method Urine samples from the primary school students of 40 counties in Chongqing were collected and the level of urinary iodine was determined using arsenic Ce catalytic spectrophotometry method. Results Samples from 4 050 children aged between 8-10 years old were examined. The median concentration of urinary iodine was 246.00 μg/L and 88.07% of samples had concentration of urinary iodine≥100 μg/L. 33 out of 40 counties (82.5%) had a median concentration of urinary iodine between 100-300 μg/L; and the samples from 7 counties(17.5%) had the concentration of ≥300 μg/L. There was no significant difference among the various age groups(P0.05) and between male and female subjects(P0.05). The median concentration of urinary iodine of children living in the western, eastern and southern regions was 223.9,270.0 and 256.6 μg/L, respectively, and the different was significant (P0.05). There was a significant difference between the undeveloped and economically developed areas(P0.05). A significant different was also observed between the preserved vegetable and non-preserved vegetable production areas(P0.05). Conclusions There was no iodine deficiency in the students living in Chongqing. Excessive iodine intake may be a problem in some areas.
MNEMONIC ORGANIZATION AS A DETERMINANT OF ERROR- GRADIENTS IN VISUAL PATTERN PERCEPTION'

This paper presents evidence that the accuracy of tachistoscopic perception for elements arranged in a spatial pattern is determined primarily by the difficulty of organizing the pattern for storage in memory, rather than by the sensory capacity of the visual system for discriminating the individual elements. Four lines of evidence are followed. The first shows that the distribution of errors among the elements of a serial-learning task and the pattern-perception task are affected similarly by manipulation of the same given variable. The second reveals parallels between the element-position functions of errors in serial learning and in pattern perception for different independent sets of data. The third line of evidence shows that errors in tachistoscopic perception are independent of the retinal area stimulated by individual elements. The final area of evidence is the demonstration of a close similarity for the serial learning and the perceptual tasks of the functions relating errors per element and rank...
Associations between Markers of Glucose and Insulin Function and Cognitive Function in Healthy African American Elders.

Background: Glucose and insulin are important moderators of cognitive function. African Americans have poorer glycemic control across the glycemic spectrum and are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes and poor cognitive health. It is unclear which glucoregulatory markers predict cognitive function in this at-risk population. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between cognitive function and common markers of glucoregulation in nondiabetic African Americans elders. Methods: Thirty-four, community-dwelling African Americans, aged 50-75 years completed cognitive testing and blood collection as part of a health screening assessment. Cognitive outcomes were composite scores derived from neuropsychological tests of executive function and verbal memory. Linear regression was used to examine relationships between cognitive composite scores and fasting blood levels of glucose, insulin, and hemoglobin A1C, with adjustments for age, education, body mass index, and antihypertensive medication use. Results: Fasting plasma glucose was negatively associated with executive function (β=-0.41, p=0.03). There was a trend of an association between fasting plasma glucose and verbal memory (β=-0.34, p=0.06). Fasting insulin and hemoglobin A1c were not associated with cognitive function. Conclusion: High non-diabetic fasting glucose levels were associated with poorer executive function and verbal memory. These results provide preliminary support for proactive glucose control in older African Americans even before glycemic criteria for type 2 diabetes are met. Our findings suggests that high-normal FPG levels may represent an early red-flag to signify increased risk of cognitive impairment or decline.
Solubility Enhancement of Solid Hydrocarbons in Liquid Methane due to the Presence of Ethane

A major problem in the liquefaction processing of LNG is the precipitation of solids (hydrocarbons and CO2) from the liquid phase. These solids can coat the surfaces of heat exchangers and foul turbo-expansion devices, requiring liquefaction units to be shut down for cleaning and/or repair.
Disaster preparedness as social control

This paper discusses research on disaster management institutions, as well as members of the vulnerable public in an area of significant seismic risk. Our main theoretical conclusion is that disast...
Catheter-Based Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease Past, Present, and Future

September 2007 marked the 30-year anniversary of the first human percutaneous coronary intervention, an index event that changed the course of modern-day cardiovascular care. Before that first procedure, adult invasive cardiology focused on diagnostic angiography as well as hemodynamic assessment of structural heart disease. Since that initial procedure, percutaneous coronary intervention has become the most frequently performed coronary revascularization procedure worldwide. Several factors have been responsible for this dramatic paradigm shift, the most prominent being identification of opportunities for technical improvement and the application of innovation and investigation in concert with colleagues, professional societies, and industry. These approaches will continue to be of paramount importance as new technologies are brought to bear on an increasingly broader group of patients with cardiovascular disease.
Capital Flows and Capital Controls in India: Confronting the Challenges

This chapter examines India’s experience with capital account liberalization, and management of capital flows. Aware of the risks posed by capital flows, Indian policy makers have taken a cautious approach to capital account liberalization—with inflows liberalized before outflows, and within inflows, equity flows, especially direct investment, preferred over debt flows. This approach has protected the domestic economy from financial contagion and crisis, while the liberalization of FDI flows has been beneficial for economic growth. Yet, as India has gone down the path of liberalization, the volatility of capital flows has increased. India has responded to this volatility by deploying multiple policy tools—including foreign exchange intervention, prudential measures, and adjustment of capital controls. Going forward, Indian policy makers need to carefully calibrate the pace of further liberalization, especially of short-term debt flows.
Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas sequencing data reveals novel properties of the human papillomavirus 16 genome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

// Tara J. Nulton 1 , Amy L. Olex 2 , Mikhail Dozmorov 2,3 , Iain M. Morgan 1,4 and Brad Windle 1,4,5 1 Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, USA 2 C. Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA 3 Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA 4 Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA 5 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA Correspondence to: Iain M. Morgan, email: // Brad Windle, email: // Keywords : HPV16, head and neck cancer, TCGA, integration, genomic structure Received : January 21, 2017 Accepted : January 25, 2017 Published : February 07, 2017 Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is detected in up to 80% of oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPC) and this HPV positive disease has reached epidemic proportions. To increase our understanding of the disease, we investigated the status of the HPV16 genome in HPV-positive head and neck cancers (HNC). Raw RNA-Seq and Whole Genome Sequence data from The Cancer Genome Atlas HNC samples were analyzed to gain a full understanding of the HPV genome status for these tumors. Several remarkable and novel observations were made following this analysis. Firstly, there are three main HPV genome states in these tumors that are split relatively evenly: An episomal only state, an integrated state, and a state in which the viral genome exists as a hybrid episome with human DNA. Secondly, none of the tumors expressed high levels of E6; E6*I is the dominant variant expressed in all tumors. The most striking conclusion from this study is that around three quarters of HPV16 positive HNC contain episomal versions of the viral genome that are likely replicating in an E1-E2 dependent manner. The clinical and therapeutic implications of these observations are discussed.
A Construção da Identidade Docente numa Prática Educacional Complexa

O presente artigo tem como tema A Construcao da Identidade Docente numa Pratica Educacional Complexa, tem como objetivo discutir obstaculos e complexidades que dificultam a construcao da identidade profissional docente, com abordagens relacionadas ao processo de formacao do professor e as interferencias que complicam a composicao da autonomia e autenticidade da imagem do professor. Como metodologia se optou por estudos pautados no campo da Formacao e Identidade Docente, com embasamentos em leituras, pesquisas e discussoes teoricas de obras, artigos, periodicos e legislacoes relacionadas ao tema. Para uma analise das discussoes foi organizado um estudo bibliografico nos autores: Mose (2015), Campos (2011), Freire (2015), Perrenoud (2000), Lessard e Tardif (2008), dentre outros.
Comparison of the formation of biogenic amines in irradiated and smoked fish

Levels of eight biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, spermine, histamine, tyramine, tryptamine and phenylethylamine) were determined in vacuum-packed fillets of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Fish flesh was treated by high-energy electron beam irradiation at low doses of 0.25 and 0.50 kGy or by smoking. The control and treated packs were stored at 3.5 °C for up to 70 days (irradiated) and for 181 days (smoked). Tyramine content was the most sensitive indicator of the improper status of samples, levels exceeding 10 mg/kg indicated the loss of meat freshness, in spite of persisting good sensory indices. Irradiation prolonged the shelf-life of samples 4–5 times, smoking was more effective. The formation of tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine fitted well the Gompertz model.
Variation in asthma care at hospital discharge by race/ethnicity groups

ABSTRACTObjective: While asthma disproportionately affects minorities, little is known about racial/ethnic differences in asthma care at hospital discharge. Methods: Secondary data analysis of multicenter retrospective study using standardized medical record review. A random sample of patients aged 2–54 years, who were hospitalized for asthma at 25 hospitals from 2012 to 2013 was analyzed. We categorized patients into three race/ethnicity groups: non-Hispanic white (NHW), non-Hispanic black (NHB), and Hispanic. Multivariable logistic regression using generalized estimating equations was used to examine the relationship between race/ethnicity and the provision of guideline-concordant asthma care at hospital discharge including: the provision of asthma action plans, provision of new prescription of an inhaled corticosteroid, and referral to an asthma specialist. Results: Nine hundred thirteen patients (39% children, 71% minorities) hospitalized for asthma were included. In adjusted models, NHB children were...
Pedigree Analysis and Risk Assessment

The personal and family medical pedigree has evolved from its earliest ancestors in the 15th century to its current form and has become an essential tool in many aspects of the clinical genetics evaluation. Originally used primarily to display relationship information, the pedigree was used for the first time to demonstrate inheritance of traits in the mid-19th century when Pliney Earl published on inheritance of color blindness and Francis Galton described inheritance of artistic ability and genius.1
Exclusion through acculturation? Comparing first- and second-generation European Muslims’ perceptions of discrimination across four national contexts

Negative attitudes towards Muslims have increased substantially in Europe, but European Muslims’ perceptions of discrimination vary across national contexts. Three separate approaches explain perce...
Quantifying walkability of roads using digital elevation models: student research abstract

The walkability of roads has an impact on the environment, public health, and urban planning. Many studies have found several variables such as accessibility and geography which have been associated with participation in physical activities. Despite that geography has been shown to contribute to whether people travel by walking, there has been no method for quantifying the walkability of roads that considers the geography of the region. Existing methods do not consider the underlying topography when using the road networks. Although there exists publicly available data of road networks for the entire globe through collaborative projects such as OpenStreetMap (OSM), there is no dataset that also incorporates the vertical terrain of the regions which these roads are built on. In this research, we propose a computational methodology which combines publicly available road network data from OSM and elevation data from the United State Geological Survey (USGS) to create a road network dataset that accounts for the vertical terrain to estimate the walkability of all roads in a region. For this study, digital elevation models are used to provide a stable and consistent dataset for approximating elevation. In addition, high resolution LiDAR data was used to generate finer resolution datasets to compare how the resolution of a raster affects the quality of the elevation estimate.
Adjustment in the Mechanism of Oxygenation at Birth

The newborn’s condition at birth reflects how successful the changeover of the oxygenation process was. The first 5 min of life represent a crucial period of transition of oxygenation from the placenta to the infant’s lungs. The child’s future depends on successful adjustment in this crucial period.
Molecular Detection and Characterization of Human Enteroviruses

Enteroviruses (family Picornaviridae) are among the most common of human viruses, infecting an estimated 50 million people annually in the United States and possibly a billion or more annually worldwide.1 2 Most infections are inapparent, but enteroviruses may cause a wide spectrum of acute disease, including mild upper respiratory illness (common cold), febrile rash (hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina), aseptic meningitis, pleurodynia, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis (paralytic poliomyelitis), and neonatal sepsis-like disease. Enterovirus infections result in 30,000 to 50,000 hospitalizations per year in the United States, with aseptic meningitis cases accounting for the vast majority of the hospitalizations. In addition to these acute illnesses, enteroviruses have also been associated with severe chronic diseases such as myocarditis,3 4 type 1 diabetes mellitus,5 and neuromuscular diseases.6
FDG-PET/CT in assessing ovarian cancer recurrence and patient outcome: Comparison to CA-125

174 Objectives Surveillance with serum tumor markers for ovarian cancer is a specific method for detecting recurrence. However, threshold studies show variability in sensitivity of CA-125 monitoring. FDG-PET may provide a more accurate assessment of recurrence and outcome in high risk ovarian cancer pts. Methods 30 females with stage III/IV ovarian cancer were assessed for disease status with PET/CT (n=157) and serial CA-125 levels. 51% of the scans were restaging and 49% to assess therapy response. Disease state was derived from all available clinical data. CA-125 was analyzed by the Bristow criteria, described as positive for recurrence with an increase of 5 or more U/mL or a doubling from nadir. GCIG criteria were also assessed, with recurrence predicted in cases of marker doubling the upper limit of normal. Results PET/CT sensitivity in detecting recurrence was 90%, superior to CA-125 analysis using the Bristow (58%) or the GCIG (26%) criteria. PET specificity was 91%, Bristow 89%, and GCIG 100%. PPV of PET, Bristow and GCIG methods were 91%, 85% and 100% respectively. NPV with PET, Bristow, and GCIG was 90%, 67% and 57% respectively. 21 pts were PET neg for tumor after primary therapy and had progression free survival for an average of 570±284 days. 12 pts with PET pos recurrence who were successfully treated to neg PET had P.F.S. of 532±270 days. Conclusions FDG-PET/CT demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity for detection of recurrence in patients with high risk ovarian cancer whereas CA-125 analysis provided poor sensitivity for the detection of disease. A negative PET after primary treatment or successful treatment of recurrence is associated with a mean disease free period of approximately 1.5 years.
59 – The Difference Between Male and Female Breast Cancer

Publisher Summary Breast cancer is a disease that develops in both men and women. While there are similarities in this disease between the two genders, there are also differences. It is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in women, second only to skin cancer, with associated immense socioeconomic ramifications. However, in men, breast cancer is rare. Is this disease biologically different in men and women? Or is it similar between the sexes with the same etiologic, prognostic, and clinical features? The data to date suggest that breast cancer in men is fundamentally identical to breast cancer in women with few exceptions. This chapter explores the classic features of breast cancer in both sexes, highlighting the differences and the similarities between them and what is as yet unknown. Despite the clear disparity in the incidence of breast cancer between the sexes, once it occurs in either a man or a woman its clinical presentation, pathologic appearance, response to treatment, and overall prognosis are not that different. Given that breast cancer in women is a prevalent disease and the second leading cause of cancer-related death, there is a great socioeconomic burden. This has led to extensive research into this disease. The risk factors, prognostic factors, and treatment algorithm have all been thoroughly explored, and clinicians have resources to draw on when treating their female patients. This is the major difference between the sexes. Breast cancer is a rarity in males; therefore, it is much less studied. Although there have been some emerging data in male breast cancer, most knowledge and treatment approaches for this disease in males come from the extrapolation of information about female patients with breast cancer.
Review Article on the Influence of Dissolved Oxygen on Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Related Corrosion

Corrosion by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) has been intensively studied during the last 40 years, but until now the importance of oxygen in SRB-related corrosion has rarely been emphasized (Hardy and Bown, 1984; Starkey, 1985; Hamilton, 1990; Hamilton, 1991). The impact of oxygen on SRB-related corrosion is attributed to a direct effect on the sulfur-related corrosion products rather than to any stimulation of SRB activity (Hamilton, 1990; Hamilton, 1991). Pitting corrosion is the characteristic mode of attack and deep pit is usually found underneath a porous corrosion products. However, the role that oxygen plays in the aerobic/anaerobic environments in relation to corrosion has not been clearly defined. The system is complex and dynamic. The role of SRB must be viewed in the context of biological consortia (biofilms) and/or mixed ecosystems. In addition to the biological factors, the chemical environments which influence corrosion are also complicated by the introduction of oxygen. The following statement is quoted from Starkey. “ Factors that have been suggested or may be concerned with anaerobic corrosion relate particularly to the effect of ferrous sulfide, sulfur, ferrous hydrate and all other products of the corrosion process, differential aeration cells, and various combinations of all of those factors”. In this review, we intended to focus on aspects of experimental systems that more accurately reflect those environmental conditions generally associated with corrosion in the field. Describing the role of dissolved oxygen on SRB-related corrosion, we will summarize the current published papers which describe the corrosion of mild steel underneath aerobic biofilms containing SRB (Lee and Characklis, 1990; Lee et al. 1992). Finally, we will discuss various experimental approaches in an attemp to elucidate the true mechanism of SRB-related corrosion in aerobic environments.
The Second Commerce Clause

The Commerce Clause has long figured as the only commerce clause in the United State Constitution. It is, indeed, THE Commerce Clause. Nonetheless, it has a doppelganger — another commerce clause that inconspicuously shadows the first and reveals its outlines with unexpected clarity. And this second Commerce Clause is particularly interesting because it calls into doubt the doctrine on the so-called "dormant Commerce Clause."
Preperitoneal bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy

Background: Simultaneous repair of bilateral inguinal hernia remains controversial. Methods: Seventy-two consecutive patients underwent a preperitoneal prosthetic repair of bilateral groin hernia; 25 via laparoscopy. ASA classification, Nyhus type, hospitalization, convalescence time, and cost were examined. Mean follow-up was 36 and 12 months for the conventional and laparoscopic group respectively. Results: Sixty-nine patients were available for long-term follow-up. Average hospital stay, recurrence rate, perioperative urinary retention, transient thigh neuralgia, and return to normal activities were 48 hours, 5%, 9%, 6%, and 22 days as compared to 4 hours, 6%, 20%, 12%, and 9 days for the conventional and laparoscopic group respectively. The cost for laparoscopic repair was $500 greater. Conclusions: The preperitoneal approach to repair of bilateral hernias demonstrates an acceptable recurrence rate with low long-term morbidity. Experience with conventional preperitoneal technique greatly facilitates transition to laparoscopic repair.
Building Equitable Futures for Immigrant-Origin Multilingual Youth: Conclusions and Implications of Longitudinal Interactional Histories

This final chapter presents a brief overview of ways that policies and institutions changed during the study and in the years since its conclusion before turning to updates on youth themselves. A synthesis of youth’s cases is then presented to provide insights into the nature of language and literacy development over time for Mexican and other linguistically minoritized immigrant-origin youth. Relationships among macro-, meso-, and micro-level factors influencing these processes are analyzed, as are the roles played by bilingual and biliterate practices both inside and outside of formal educational settings. The chapter closes with a description of the limitations of this study and an exploration of its implications for supporting the creation of more equitable instructional practices, policies, and research for immigrant-origin multilingual youth.
The Mestizo World View and Mental Health in the Americas

It seems reasonable to think of man as existing in a “bio-psycho-social” field. This depicts an open transactional system that allows uninterrupted bidirectional flow of information and energy transactions extending from the deepest and most minute recesses of the body (intracellular metabolic processes) to the social field, encompassing cultural forces, even historical forces that contributed to shaping the culture.
Metric Dimension

In this manuscript, we provide a concise review of the concept of metric dimension for both deterministic as well as random graphs. Algorithms to approximate this quantity, as well as potential applications, are also reviewed. This work has been partially funded by the NSF IIS grant 1836914.
Abstract P489: Association of Fasting Triglyceride Levels With Long-Term Competing Risks for Cause-Specific Cardiovascular Disease Events Among Middle-aged White and Black Men and Women

Introduction: Hypertriglyceridemia is common and reflects poor metabolic health, but conflicting data exist regarding the independent association of triglycerides (TG) and cardiovascular disease (C...
Peripheral Inflammatory Cytokine Signature Mirrors Motor Deficits in Mucolipidosis IV

Abstract Mucolipidosis IV (MLIV) is an autosomal-recessive pediatric disease that leads to motor and cognitive deficits and loss of vision. It is caused by loss of function of the lysosomal channel transient receptor potential mucolipin-1 and is associated with an early pro-inflammatory brain phenotype, including increased cytokine expression. We thus hypothesized that peripheral blood cytokines would reflect inflammatory changes in the brain and would be linked to motor dysfunction. To test this, we collected plasma from MLIV patients and parental controls concomitantly with assessment of motor function using the Brief Assessment of Motor Function and Modified Ashworth scores. We found that MLIV patients had prominently increased cytokine levels compared to familial controls and identified profiles of cytokines correlated with motor dysfunction, including IFN-γ, IFN-α2, IL-17, IP-10. We found that IP-10 was a key differentiating factor separating MLIV cases from controls based on data from human plasma, mouse plasma, and mouse brain. Like MLIV patients, IL-17 and IP-10 were up-regulated in blood of symptomatic mice. Together, our data indicate that MLIV is characterized by increased blood cytokines, which are strongly related to underlying neurological and functional deficits in MLIV patients. Moreover, our data identify the interferon pro-inflammatory axis in both human and mouse signatures, suggesting an importance for interferon signaling in MLIV.
A case study of overfeeding 3 different diets.

Purpose of study Quality or quantity of food has been at the heart of the diet debate for decades and will seemingly continue for many to come unless tightly controlled studies are conducted. To our knowledge, there has never been an overfeeding study comparing the effects of multiple diets. Recent findings This study reports a case study of an individual who ate 5800 Calories per day of 3 different diets for 21 days at a time. The 3 different diets were low-carb, low-fat, and very-low-fat vegan. The weight gain over 21 days was 1.3 kg for low-carb, 7.1 kg for low-fat, and 3.7 kg for very-low-fat vegan. Summary In this n-of-1 study, consuming 5800 Calories/day of 3 different diets for 21 days did not lead to the same amount of weight gain. Further research should be conducted on how the human body gains weight with an emphasis on how different foods affect physiology. If these findings are replicated, there would be many ramifications for obesity treatment and healthcare guidelines.
Understanding the role of informal caregivers in postoperative care transitions for older patients

Background Older adults may have new care needs and functional limitations after surgery. Many rely on informal caregivers (unpaid family or friends) after discharge but the extent of informal support is unknown. We sought to examine the role of informal postoperative caregiving on transitions of care for older adults undergoing routine surgical procedures. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective cohort study using ACS NSQIP Geriatric Pilot Project data, 2014-2018. Patients were ≥65 years and underwent an inpatient surgical procedure. Patients who lived at home alone were compared with those who lived with support from informal caregivers (family and/or friends). Primary outcomes were discharge destination (home vs. post-acute care) and readmission within 30 days. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between support at home, discharge destination, and readmission. Results Of 18,494 patients, 25% lived alone before surgery. There was no difference in loss of independence (decline in functional status or new use of mobility aid) after surgery between patients who lived alone or with others (18.7% vs. 19.5%, p = 0.24). Nevertheless, twice as many patients who lived alone were discharged to a non-home location (10.2% vs. 5.1%; OR: 2.24, CI: 1.93-2.56). Patients who lived alone and were discharged home with new informal caregivers had increased odds of readmission (OR: 1.43, CI: 1.09-1.86). Conclusion Living alone independently predicts discharge to post-acute care, and patients who received new informal caregiver support at home have higher odds of readmission. These findings highlight opportunities to improve discharge planning and care.