cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum Fluctuations in the Fröhlich Condensate of Molecular Vibrations Driven Far From Equilibrium

Fr\"ohlich discovered the remarkable condensation of polar vibrations into the lowest frequency mode when the system is pumped externally. For a full understanding of the Fr\"ohlich condensate one needs to go beyond the mean field level to describe critical behavior as well as quantum fluctuations. The energy redistribution among vibrational modes with nonlinearity included is shown to be essential for realizing the condensate and the phonon-number distribution, revealing the transition from quasithermal to super-Poissonian statistics with the pump. We further study the spectroscopic properties of the Fr\"ohlich condensate, which are especially revealed by the narrow linewidth. This gives the long-lived coherence and the collective motion of the condensate. Finally, we show that the proteins such as bovine serum albumin and lysozyme are most likely the candidates for observing such collective modes in THz regime by means of Raman or infrared spectroscopy.
An Automatic Flood Monitoring Service from Sentinel-1 SAR: Products, Delivery Pipelines, and Performance Assessment

This paper describes a collaborative effort between the University of Alaska Fairbanks and the NASA Short-term Prediction Research and Transition Center (SPoRT) to expand the use of SAR in the operational response to weather-related hazards in the U.S. Work conducted within this effort includes (1) the development of SAR-derived value-added products that can be run in fully-automatic production pipelines and generate easy-to-understand hazard information layers; (2) the design of a cloud-based production and delivery pipeline that can be initiated by an end-user and automatically delivers value-added products to data analysts; and (3) the application of the developed hazard monitoring service in operational response scenarios as well as the evaluation of its performance. In this paper, the various components of the developed service will be outlined. The application of SAR-based hazard data to a range of weather-related disaster events will be described and first findings regarding the performance of the developed services will be shared.
Tunable catalytic activity of cobalt-intercalated layered MnO2 for water oxidation through confinement and local ordering

Abstract The lowering of reaction overpotentials is a persistent and universal goal in the development of catalysts for (photo)electrochemistry, which can usually be facilitated by selectively stabilizing one reaction intermediate over another. In this mechanistic study of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyzed by cobalt-intercalated layered MnO2, we show that confinement effects and local cobalt atomic ordering in the interlayer space can be synergistically used to tune the adsorption energies of O, OH, and OOH reaction intermediates and the scaling relationship between them. In general, the interlayer confinement destabilizes the adsorption of intermediates for the OER, but clustering Co atoms can selectively stabilize the adsorption of OOH in particular. After considering both effects, our model predicts an overpotential of 0.30 V for the Co-intercalated MnO2 catalyzed OER, in excellent agreement with the experimental result of 0.36 V. These new insights explain the enhanced catalytic performance of MnO2 by intercalating atoms and illuminate a route for engineering non-toxic precious-metal-free catalysts through designed layered materials.
Reinvigorating Research on Gender in the Workplace Using a Positive Work and Organizations Perspective

Gender inequality is a widespread organizational challenge, however, research on gender in the workplace suffers from stagnation in mainstream management research. A positive work and organizations perspective has the capacity to augment problem‐focused gender research with new approaches to boosting gender equity. Yet, contributions that utilize such a perspective are sparsely spread across nearly two decades’ time and dozens of journals with differing disciplinary foci. This paper aims to reinvigorate gender research in management research by consolidating insights that have emerged through the application of a positive perspective. Therefore, we systematically review articles published in 21 management and psychological journals between 2001 and 2016. Four main themes emerged as drivers of gender research from a positive perspective: performance, social integration, well‐being, and justice/moral matters. The contributions within these themes highlight pathways to organizational flourishing through positive diversity and inclusion behaviors and practices. Thus, this paper provides a conceptual map for navigating and planning further research.
A phase II study of cabozantinib alone or in combination with trastuzumab in breast cancer patients with brain metastases.

To analyze the efficacy and tolerability of cabozantinib—a small molecule inhibitor of MET and VEGFR2—alone or with trastuzumab in patients with breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM). This single-arm phase II study enrolled patients with new or progressive measurable BCBM into 3 cohorts: Cohort 1 (HER2-positive), Cohort 2 (hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative), and Cohort 3 (triple-negative). Patients received cabozantinib 60-mg daily on a 21-day cycle. Cohort 1 added trastuzumab every 3 weeks and had a primary objective of central nervous system (CNS) objective response rate (ORR) by RECIST 1.1. Secondary objectives for all cohorts were progression-free survival, overall survival, toxicity, and changes in vascular parameters and circulating biomarkers. Cohorts 2 and 3 also had CNS ORR as a secondary objective. Thirty-six BCBM patients enrolled (cohort 1, n = 21; cohort 2, n = 7; cohort 3, n = 8), with a median age of 50. Patients had a median of 3 prior lines for metastatic disease (range 1–9). Treatments prior to enrollment included craniotomy (n = 4), whole brain radiation (n = 24) and stereotactic radiosurgery (n = 11). CNS ORR was 5% in cohort 1, 14% in cohort 2, and 0% in cohort 3. Most common grade 3/4 adverse events included elevations in lipase (11%), AST (8%), ALT (6%), hyponatremia (8%), and hypertension (6%). Cabozantinib increased plasma concentrations of CA-IX, soluble (s)MET, PlGF, sTIE-2, VEGF, and VEGF-D, and decreased sVEGFR2 and TNF-α and total tumor blood volume. Cabozantinib had insufficient activity in heavily pretreated BCBM patients. Biomarker analysis showed that cabozantinib had antiangiogenic activity and increased tissue hypoxia. Clinicaltrial.gov registration: NCT02260531.
Using Human Whole Saliva to Better Understand the Influences of Yogurt Rheological and Tribological Behaviors on Their Sensory Texture

Saliva plays a critical role in texture perception of semisolid foods. Therefore, human whole saliva (HWS) application during rheometry and tribometry may help determine how texture attributes are perceived during oral processing. The formulation of these products can significantly impact their textural properties as well as their extent of breakdown after incorporation with HWS. Hydrocolloids are used in reduced or non-fat semisolid foods, e.g. yogurts, as texture enhancers. Understanding the effect of HWS and hydrocolloids on texture perception of yogurts can help manufacturers design reduced- or non-fat products with similar texture to their full-fat counterparts. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of HWS on yogurt microstructure, rheological, tribological, and texture relationships. Twelve formulations of yogurts were prepared using hydrocolloids (carboxymethyl cellulose, locust bean gum, potato starch, corn starch, whey protein isolate, and skim milk powder), skim milk, and cream. Viscosity, viscoelastic behaviors, and confocal microscopy evaluations were performed with and without HWS. Descriptive sensory analysis was also performed to evaluate yogurt textural attributes. Overall, microstructural images showed that hydrocolloids and HWS addition resulted in a denser protein network with thicker chains and fat coalescence for the formulations with milkfat compared to the control. Viscosity flow curves were fit to four shear-thinning models: Cross-Williams (R2 > 0.998), Cross (R2 > 0.961), Herschel-Bulkley (R2 > 0.74), and power law (R2 > 0.985). In general, yogurt viscosity, viscoelastic behaviors, and Stribeck curve profiles were significantly affected by formulation and addition of HWS. Additionally, yogurt formulation significantly impacted sensory texture attributes. Texture attributes were significantly correlated to both rheological and tribological behaviors, and these correlations were affected by HWS application during instrumental testing. The results of this study not only showed that rheology and tribology can be useful for indicating sensory texture but also that addition of HWS during instrumental testing provided a better approximation of how semisolid food texture is perceived during oral processing. This information can be used in optimizing fat-free or reduced-fat semisolid products when hydrocolloids are used as fat replacers or texture enhancers.
High Performance Computing for Geospatial Applications: A Prospective View

Many types of geospatial analyses are computationally complex, involving, for example, solution processes that require numerous iterations or combinatorial comparisons. This complexity has motivated the application of high performance computing (HPC) to a variety of geospatial problems. In many instances, HPC assumes even greater importance because complexity interacts with rapidly growing volumes of geospatial information to further impede analysis and display. This chapter briefly reviews the underlying need for HPC in geospatial applications and describes different approaches to past implementations. Many of these applications were developed using hardware systems that had a relatively short life-span and were implemented in software that was not easily portable. More promising recent approaches have turned to the use of distributed resources that includes cyberinfrastructure as well as cloud and fog computing.
Cytogenetics of Fraxinus mandshurica and F. quadrangulata: ploidy determination and rDNA analysis

Ashes (Fraxinus spp.) are important hardwood tree species in rural, suburban, and urban forests of the eastern USA. Unfortunately, emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis) an invasive insect pest that was accidentally imported from Asia in the late 1980s–early 1990s is destroying them at an alarming rate. All North American ashes are highly susceptible to EAB, although blue ash (F. quadrangulata) may have some inherent attributes that provide it some protection. In contrast Manchurian ash (F. mandshurica) is relatively resistant to EAB having coevolved with the insect pest in its native range in Asia. Given its level of resistance, Manchurian ash has been considered for use in interspecies breeding programs designed to transfer resistance to susceptible North American ash species. One prerequisite for successful interspecies breeding is consistency in chromosome ploidy level and number between the candidate species. In the current study, we cytologically determined that both Manchurian ash and blue ash are diploids (2n) and have the same number of chromosomes (2n = 2x = 46). We also characterized these species’ ribosomal gene families (45S and 5S rDNA) using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Both Manchurian and blue ash showed two 45S rDNA and one 5S rDNA sites, but blue ash appears to have an additional site of 45S rDNA. The 5S rDNA in both species is colocalized interstitially with one of the 45S rDNA sites. The copy number of these two ribosomal gene families in Manchurian ash were observed to be quite varied, which indicates the species are still undergoing evolutionary homogenization.
THE EFFECT OF BODY MASS INDEX ON HOSPITALIZATION IN HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION AND DIABETES MELLITUS

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a heterogeneous disorder with multi-organ involvement. The role of obesity in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and HFpEF is well established. However, the effect of body mass index (BMI) in patients with HFpEF and
Racial Profiling and CT Motor Vehicle Stops: An Observational Study in Three Towns

An observational study of nine roadway segments in three towns in Connecticut was conducted to compare the race of motorists observed on the road to the race of motorists stopped by the police in t...
Broadening the differential: A case of penile pyoderma gangrenosum.

Abstract Pyoderma gangrenosum can be a challenging diagnosis for even the most experienced clinician. Misdiagnosis can lead to delays in appropriate treatment and unwarranted debridement that can increase the severity of the disease. Penile pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare presentation of this pathologic process. We describe the diagnostic workup and successful treatment of advanced penile PG in a 42-year-old male with a history of penile fracture who presented with delayed wound healing and multiple unsuccessful urologic surgeries. This case demonstrates the importance of keeping a broad differential, including PG, in order to avoid delays to appropriate care.
Quadratic relations of BMI with depression and brain volume in children: Analysis of data from the ABCD study.

Abstract Background Weight-related health conditions and depression peak during adolescence and show relations with brain structure. Understanding how these conditions relate to each other prior to adolescence may guide research on the co-development of unhealthy weight conditions (both underweight and overweight) and depression, with a potential brain-based link. This study examines the cross-sectional relations between body mass index (BMI), depressive symptoms, and brain volume (total and regional) to determine whether BMI has a linear or quadratic relation with depressive symptoms and brain volume and how depressive symptoms and brain volume are related. Methods Cross-sectional study using structural magnetic resonance imaging, height and weight to calculate BMI z-scores, and Child Behavior Checklist withdrawn depression scores. Data were from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, collected at 21 sites across the United States from 11,875 9- and 10-year-old children recruited as a national sample. Mixed models were used to examine the linear and quadratic effects of BMI z-score on both brain volume (total and regional) and withdrawn depression scores, as well as the relations between brain volume and depression scores. Intracranial volume, age, sex, race, site, and family were included in the models as covariates. Results Overall, BMI z-scores showed a quadratic relation with brain volumes and depressive symptoms. When including intracranial volume as a covariate, regional volumes investigated did not follow the same global pattern of effects except for right hippocampus and left lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Total brain volume was negatively related to depressive symptoms. Conclusions Links between depressive symptoms and low or high weight could improve our understanding of brain structural differences in depression. These findings also emphasize the importance of including the full spectrum of BMI from underweight to overweight and testing for nonlinear effects in models.
An Investigation of the Rate and Predictors of Initiating and Attending Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia After Referral

Abstract Although group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is an efficacious and well-studied treatment, relatively less is known about its clinical effectiveness in community outpatient settings. Prior research has suggested that dropout from CBT-I may be high in treatment settings vs. clinical trials. The current study therefore investigated the rates and predictors of initiating and attending CBT-I group within an outpatient psychiatry clinic. Participants were 75 consecutive outpatients presenting for treatment at a specialty sleep and anxiety clinic who completed an evaluation and were referred to CBT-I group. Participants completed self-report measures at initial evaluation, and their attendance throughout treatment was tracked. The majority of patients attended ≥1 session, with a mean of 3/5 sessions completed for initiators. Those with poorer global sleep quality and longer sleep onset latency were less likely to attend group and attended fewer sessions. Those with more severe anxiety and depression were less likely to initiate attendance and attended fewer sessions. The majority of patients referred to CBT-I initiated group and attended at least half of the sessions. Further, demographics do not seem to impact these rates. Unfortunately, those with the most severe symptoms, and thus in most need for treatment, are least likely to initiate and attend. This may be due to comorbid anxiety or depression symptoms. Future research should replicate these findings, as well as explore how to encourage those most in need of treatment to initiate and attend CBT-I.
The Risk of Postkidney Transplant Outcomes by Induction Choice Differs by Recipient Age.

Background Among adult kidney transplant (KT) recipients, the risk of post-KT adverse outcomes differs by type of induction immunosuppression. Immune response to induction differs as recipients age; yet, choice of induction is barely tailored by age likely due to a lack of evidence of the risks and benefits. Methods Using Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data, we identified 39336 first-time KT recipients (2010-2016). We estimated the length of stay (LOS), acute rejection (AR), graft failure, and death by induction type using logistic and Cox regression weighted by propensity score to adjust for confounders. We tested whether these estimates differed by age (65+ versus 18-64 y) using a Wald test. Results Overall, rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) was associated with a decreased risk of AR (odds ratio = 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.85) compared with basiliximab. The effect of induction on LOS and death (interaction P = 0.03 and 0.003) differed by recipient age. Discharge was on average 11% shorter in rATG among younger recipients (relative time = 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81-0.99) but not among older recipients (relative time = 1.01; 95% CI, 0.95-1.08). rATG was not associated with mortality among older (hazard ratio = 1.05; 95% CI, 0.96-1.15), but among younger recipients (hazard ratio = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80-0.95), it was associated with reduced mortality risk. Conclusions rATG should be considered to prevent AR, especially among recipients with high-immunologic risk regardless of age; however, choice of induction should be tailored to reduce LOS and risk of mortality, particularly among younger recipients.
Flow boiling transient critical heat flux tests with stainless steel and FeCrAl: Transient correlation implementation, model calibration, and sensitivity analysis

Abstract Steady-state and transient internal-flow critical heat flux (CHF) experiments were carried out under two flow conditions, at atmospheric pressure, on 316 stainless steel (316-SS) and iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) tubes. Slow power transients at a low mass flow ( 300 k g / m 2 − s ) with very low subcooling ( X e = − 0.0054 ) generated premature CHFs, which were prevented by faster power transients and high mass flow ( 1 , 000 k g / m 2 − s ). The measured transient CHFs increased linearly with increasing power transients, compared with the steady-state CHF. Yet, the wall superheat at the CHFs decreased with faster power transients. Transient CHF correlations highlighting heterogeneous spontaneous nucleation were calibrated to the measured CHFs and compared with other existing correlations. Transient CHF multipliers were acquired from pool and flow boiling empirical CHF correlations that were generated. The multipliers were applied to the RELAP5-3D nuclear system code to analyze the discrepancies between the measured data and the predicted CHF and post-CHF behavior, which improved peak cladding temperature predictions by 24.6%. A variance-based global sensitivity study perturbing the experimental uncertainties and cladding material thermal properties showed the diminishing influence of flow boiling heat transfer with increasing power transients, highlighting the significance of the volumetric heat capacity for the cladding integrity during transients. Transient CHF correlations were applied to the most limiting design basis accident: a hot-zero-power reactivity-initiated accident on a generic pressurized water reactor RELAP5-3D model.
Intelligent Agents and Their Potential for Future Design and Synthesis Environment

This document contains the proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Agents and Their Potential for Future Design and Synthesis Environment, held at NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, September 16-17, 1998. The workshop was jointly sponsored by the University of Virginia's Center for Advanced Computational Technology and NASA. Workshop attendees came from NASA, industry and universities. The objectives of the workshop were to assess the status of intelligent agents technology and to identify the potential of software agents for use in future design and synthesis environment. The presentations covered the current status of agent technology and several applications of intelligent software agents. Certain materials and products are identified in this publication in order to specify adequately the materials and products that were investigated in the research effort. In no case does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement of products by NASA, nor does it imply that the materials and products are the only ones or the best ones available for this purpose. In many cases equivalent materials and products are available and would probably produce equivalent results.
Egos Inflating over Time: Rising Narcissism and its Implications for Self-Construal, Cognitive Style, and Behavior.

In four articles I examine changes in narcissism over time and the implications of those changes. First in the introduction I review research on the history of narcissism as a personality disorder and as a personality trait. In Article 1 my colleagues and I conduct a cross-temporal meta-analysis and find that scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin & Terry, 1988) have been rising since the 1980s in American college students. In the second article we present our theory that high self-focus in combination with low other-focus (i.e. social atomization) is related to a highly analytic cognitive style as measured by tests such as the Embedded Figures Test (Witkin et al, 1971). We review research in three separate areas of psychology in order to provide evidence for our theory: individualism/self-construal, narcissism, and autism. In two studies the third article shows that narcissism is related to an analytic cognitive style and lower self-reported holism. We also find that narcissism is related to higher independent and lower interdependent self-construal. In the final article we find that inducing a feeling of similarity between narcissists and potential targets of aggression leads to reduced aggression after an ego-threat.
Multiple Active Forms of Thrombin III. POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN LOCATION OF ACTIVE SITE SERINE AND CARBOHYDRATE

Abstract The polypeptide chain location of active site serine and carbohydrate in the multiple forms of thrombin present in Parke-Davis thrombin have been investigated by means of [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate incorporation and carbohydrate staining techniques. Both the sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoretic technique and gel filtration in 6 m guanidinium chloride have been applied to the resolution of individual thrombin forms and their component chains. The results of these studies indicate that the active site serine is contained in the 33,000-dalton chain of the large (39,000 dalton) thrombin, and in the 18,000- and 14,000-dalton chains of the smaller (28,000 dalton) thrombins. Carbohydrate analysis of the resolved thrombin components indicate that, although the large thrombin contains covalently attached carbohydrate, the smaller enzymes do not.
Molecular Heterogeneity of the Bdellovibrios: Evidence of Two New Species

A systematic examination of a variety of isolates of the bacterial endoparasite Bdellovibrio has revealed extensive molecular diversity. The quantity of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polynucleotide homology ranges from more than 90% among the isolates with DNA containing 50 to 51% guanine plus cytosine (GC) to undetectable levels between the 43% GC and 51% GC isolates. The two isolates with low GC-containing DNA (H-I Bdellovibrio A3.12 and UKi2) have only 16% DNA homology. H-I Bdellovibrio A3.12 and 109 have barely detectable ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) homology, whereas the homology approaches 100% among all the high GC isolates tested. Cases of high DNA/DNA and DNA/rRNA homologies are reflected in low dissimilarities of enzyme migration patterns in starch gel electrophoresis. The dissimilarities exhibited among the high GC Bdellovibrio isolates are as low as those previously reported for different Escherichia coli strains. The zymograms of H-I Bdellovibrio A3.12 and UKi2 are completely different from each other as well as from all other bdellovibrios (100% dissimilarity). Genome sizes determined for the representative isolates demonstrate three size ranges which coincide with group differences based on the above measurements. Enzyme assays reveal that all isolates possess a tricarboxylic acid cycle and most contain an alanine and glutamic dehydrogenase. We conclude that the use of bacterial endoparasitism as a defining trait has resulted in a molecularly diverse collection of isolates. It is recommended that the specific epitaph bacteriovorus be used only for the type specimen (Bdellovibrio 100 of Stolp and Starr, 1963) and for other related 50 to 51% GC isolates. The heterogeneity of the group warrants two new species. We designate Bdellovibrio A3.12 as the nomenclatural type of B. starrii sp. n. and Bdellovibrio UKi2 as the nomenclatural type of B. stolpii sp. n.
A new variational method for the nonsymmetric unified field theory

A new variational procedure, which, is a natural extension of the Palatini method, is presented and then used to derive systems of transposition-invariant field equations. Included as special cases are Einstein’s relativistic theory of the nonsymmetric field (in its normalized forms), Schrodinger’s affine-field laws and Kursunoglu’s theory.
The CoralReef Software Suite as a Tool for System and Network Administrators

Until now, system administrators have lacked a flexible real-time network traffic flow monitoring package. Such a package must provide a wide range of services but remain flexible enough for rapid in-house customization. Existing passive data collection tools are typically narrow in scope, designed for specific tasks from packet capture (tcpdump [9]) to accounting (NeTraMet [4]). In response, CAIDA has created the CoralReef suite designed to provide network administrators and researchers with a consistent interface for a wide range of network analysis applications, from raw capture to flows analysis to real-time report generation. CoralReef provides a convenient set of passive data tools for a diverse audience. CoralReef is a package of device drivers, libraries, classes, and applications. We briefly outline the architecture and provide relevant case studies and examples of CoralReef 's use as applied to real-world networking situations. We will show how CoralReef is a powerful, extensible, and convenient package for network monitoring and reporting.
Identification of Functional Regions of the Nun Transcription Termination Protein of Phage HK022 and the N Antitermination Protein of Phage λ using Hybridnun-NGenes

Abstract Phages λ and HK022 express proteins N and Nun, respectively, each of which acts with a number ofEscherichia colihost Nus factors at λNUTRNA sites, to influence transcription elongation. The λnutsites, nearly identical sequences located downstream of the early promoters, pL and pR, were first identified ascis-acting signals required for the action of N in forming termination-resistant transcription complexes. Surprisingly, the Nun protein, resembling N and expressed by another lambdoid phage, HK022, also acts with Nus proteins to terminate specifically transcription initiating at pL and pR near the λnutsites. Based on structural considerations of the amino acid sequences, we have constructed nine hybridN-nungenes and used these hybrids to identify functional regions of the N and Nun proteins. Three classes of hybrid gene products were identified: (1) those that, like N, support antitermination, (2) those that, like Nun, terminate transcription, and (3) those that block N action but do not terminate transcription. We find that, similar to N, the amino-terminal portion of Nun is involved in RNA recognition. The more carboxy portions influence transcription elongation, antitermination (N) and termination (Nun). Depending on the derivations of the more carboxy regions, hybrids with either the N or Nun amino portions support either termination or antitermination. The activity of a hybrid protein may be influenced by the host strain depending on the nature of therpoClocus, a locus encoding the β′ subunit of RNA polymerase. One of the hybrid proteins blocks antitermination when therpoClocus is wild-type. The same hybrid in the presence of therpoC100mutation, which alters the β′ subunit, has antitermination activity. This result supports the argument that the β′ subunit plays an essential role in determining the progress of transcription elongation.
Freeman—Tukey chi-squared goodness-of-fit statistics

Abstract A class of goodness-of-fit statistics including that of Freeman and Tukey for testing discrete models is introduced; optimum statistics are identified through comparison of asymptotic moments with those of power divergence statistics and via simulations. Further new classes of test statistics are indicated.
Science and management of the introduced seagrass Zostera japonica in North America.

Healthy seagrass is considered a prime indicator of estuarine ecosystem function. On the Pacific coast of North America, at least two congeners of Zostera occur: native Zostera marina, and introduced, Zostera japonica. Z. japonica is considered “invasive” and therefore, ecologically and economically harmful by some, while others consider it benign or perhaps beneficial. Z. japonica does not appear on the Federal or the Oregon invasive species or noxious weed lists. However, the State of California lists it as both an invasive and noxious weed; Washington State recently listed it as a noxious weed. We describe the management dynamics in North America with respect to these congener species and highlight the science and policies behind these decisions. In recent years, management strategies at the state level have ranged from historical protection of Z. japonica as a priority habitat in Washington to eradication in California. Oregon and British Columbia, Canada appear to have no specific policies with regard to Z. japonica. This fractured management approach contradicts efforts to conserve and protect seagrass in other regions of the US and around the world. Science must play a critical role in the assessment of Z. japonica ecology and the immediate and long-term effects of management actions. The information and recommendations provided here can serve as a basis for providing scientific data in order to develop better informed management decisions and aid in defining a uniform management strategy for Z. japonica.
BOWEL DISTURBANCES ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT RISK FACTORS FOR LATE ONSET FECAL INCONTINENCE: A POPULATION-BASED CASE-CONTROL STUDY IN WOMEN

Background & Aims Age, diarrhea, and certain chronic illnesses are risk factors for fecal incontinence (FI). However, the contribution of obstetric injury to the development of FI later in life is unclear. We sought to better understand the risk factors for FI. Methods Through the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a nested case-control study of 176 randomly selected women with FI (cases; mean age, 58 years) and 176 age-matched community controls was conducted in a population-based cohort from Olmsted County, Minnesota. Risk factors for FI were evaluated by reviewing inpatient and outpatient medical (including original obstetric) records. Analyses focused on conditions that preceded the index date (incidence date of FI for case in each matched pair). Results In 88% of cases, FI began at age ≥40 years; severity was mild (37%), moderate (58%), or severe (5%). By multivariable analysis, current smoking (odds ratio [OR], 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–15), body mass index (OR per unit, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.004-1.1), diarrhea (OR, 53; 95% CI, 6.1-471), irritable bowel syndrome (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.6-14), cholecystectomy (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.2-15), rectocele (OR, 4.9; 95% CI, 1.3-19), and stress urinary incontinence (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.4-6.5), but not obstetric events, were independent risk factors for FI. Conclusions Bowel disturbances rather than prior obstetric injury are the main risk factors for FI. Measures to ameliorate bowel disturbances and other potentially reversible risk factors should be implemented before anal imaging is performed on women with FI.
Gunshot wounds of the forearm

The management of gunshot wounds of the forearm has been well documented in the literature. Penetrating projectile injuries of the forearm present treatment problems which are not commonly encountered with blunt injuries, such as neurovascular injury and compartment syndrome. While the management of these injuries is similar to other gunshot wounds of the limbs, the proximity and arrangement of the anatomical structures of the forearm lead to injuries and, therefore, treatment considerations which are unique. The following is a review of the treatment of gunshot wounds of the forearm.
Structural Transitions and Oligomerization along Polyalanine Fibril Formation Pathways from Computer Simulations

The results of a computer simulation study of the aggregation kinetics of a large system of model peptides with particular focus on the formation of intermediates are presented. Discontinuous molecular dynamic simulations were used in combination with our intermediate-resolution protein model, PRIME, to simulate the aggregation of a system of 192 polyalanine (KA(14) K) peptides at a concentration of 5 mM and a reduced temperature of T* = 0.13 starting from a random configuration and ending in the assembly of a fibrillar structure. The population of various structures, including free monomers, beta sheets, amorphous aggregates, hybrid aggregates, and fibrils, and the transitions between the structures were tracked over the course of 30 independent simulations and averaged together. The aggregation pathway for this system starts with the association of free monomers into small amorphous aggregates that then grow to moderate size by incorporating other free monomers or merging with other small amorphous aggregates. These then rearrange into either small beta sheets or hybrid aggregates formed by association between unstructured chains and beta sheets, both of which grow in size by adding free monomer chains or other small aggregates, one at a time. Fibrillar structures are formed initially either by the stacking of beta sheets, rearrangement of hybrid aggregates or association between beta sheets and hybrid aggregates. They grow by the addition of beta sheets, hybrid aggregates, and other small fibrillar structures. The rearrangement of amorphous aggregates into beta sheets is a critical and necessary step in the fibril formation pathway.
Periorbital edema as the presenting sign of dermatomyositis

Background Periorbital edema can occur in dermatomyositis, which is characterized by symmetric macular erythema, Gottron's papules, Gottron's sign, periungual telangiectasia, heliotrope rash, and poikilodermatous macules on the shoulders, arms, or upper back (shawl sign). Case report We report the case of an 81-year-old man with dramatic periorbital edema. It was not until he was hospitalized with dysphagia 6 months after developing the edema that the diagnosis of dermatomyositis was considered. Results Laboratory tests, skin biopsy, and electromyography resulted in a diagnosis of dermatomyositis. Conclusions Periorbital edema may appear as the presenting cutaneous manifestation of dermatomyositis.
Why We Watch, Why We Play: The Relationship Between Fantasy Sport and Fanship Motivations

This study compares the tendencies and motivations of the traditional sport fan (who consumes sport to see if his or her favorite teams/players are victorious) and the relatively newer fantasy sport fan (who consumes with the added variable of wanting to see certain players do well in order to secure personal fantasy team victories). A total of 1,261 traditional and fantasy sport consumers were surveyed, with results indicating that fantasy sport users had elevated levels of enjoyment, entertainment, passing time, social interaction, and surveillance motivations when compared to traditional fans. No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of arousal, whereas traditional fans scored higher regarding escape motivations. In addition, all motivation behaviors increased significantly based on the amount of fantasy sport involvement, leading to the conclusion that fantasy sport participants have many of the same fanship motivations as traditional nonplaying fans, albeit at higher and of...
Is acarbose an effective drug for treating patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy

Is acarbose an effective drug for treating patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy?
Histology, immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure of the bovine palatine tonsil with special emphasis on reticular epithelium

Abstract The paired palatine tonsils, located at the junction of the nasopharynx and oropharynx, are ideally positioned to sample antigens entering through the nasal cavity or oral cavity. Entering antigens will first contact tonsilar epithelium. To better understand the cellular composition of this important epithelial layer, palatine tonsils were collected from six, 7-month-old calves and examined by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis showed that epithelium overlying lymphoid follicles (reticular epithelium) contained more B-cells, CD4+, CD8+, CD11c+, CD172a+ and γ/δ TCR+ cells than non-reticular epithelium, with B-cells, CD4+ cells and CD11c+ cells being most numerous. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of reticular epithelium identified an interrupted basement membrane and vascular elements within the epithelium, as well as cells with characteristics morphologically consistent with cells identified as M-cells in other species. Bovine palatine tonsilar reticular epithelium contains key immune cells, as well as potential M-cell-like cells; elements essential for antigen uptake, antigen processing and initiation of immune responses.
Modified Fast Multipole Method for Coarse-Grained Molecular Simulations

More than 90% of computational cost in molecular simulations is associated with pairwise potential evaluations. Fast Multipole Method (FMM) is the most advanced algorithm with O(n) computational complexity where n is the number of atoms in the system. This method has also been used in coarse-grained molecular simulations with the same computational complexity. This paper as a continuation of [1] presents a novel derivation and implementation of the FMM for coarse-grained simulations through which the cost reduces to O(NlogN) where N denotes the number of rigid clusters in the system, while N<<n. These formulations developed in the Cartesian coordinates take advantage of the rigidity of the rigid clusters to express the fast multipole formulations. In other words, the far field potential is expressed in terms of the physical and geometrical properties of the clusters such as the entire charge, the location of the center of charge, and the pseudo-inertia tensor of the cluster about its charge center. This tensor is constant for rigid clusters if expressed in terms of the body-fixed unit vectors. As such, it is calculated for each cluster before the simulation, and is just updated with the appropriate orientation matrix. A novel binary divide and conquer scheme as opposed to the available octree method is developed for the efficient implementation of the algorithm. As such, the potential of each cluster is recursively calculated in an assembly-disassembly pass using this developed binary tree. The presented method is highly compatible with coarse-grained models of chain biopolymers, and significantly improves the computations associated with pairwise interactions compared to the current FMM.[1] Long-range force and moment calculations in multiresolution simulations of molecular systems, Mohammad Poursina, Kurt S. Anderson, Journal of Computational Physics, Volume 231, Issue 21, p. 7237-7254, 2012.
Shifts in the Employment Conditions of Mexican Migrant Men and Women: The Effect of U.S. Immigration Policy

Prior studies suggest that the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) in 1986 signaled deterioration in the labor market conditions faced by Mexican migrant men. In this article, the authors examine whether and how labor market conditions changed for migrant women after 1986, and the extent to which these shifts were comparable to those experienced by men. Using data about household heads and their spouses from the Mexican Migration Project, they examine sex differences in five employment conditions: hourly wages, hours worked, and the likelihoods of receiving wages in cash and paying federal and Social Security taxes. The authors find significant gender differences in the post-1986 period, especially after 1993 when most avenues to legal visas disappeared. These findings document negative policy impacts on the employment conditions of Mexican migrant men and women, and they suggest particularly precarious employment conditions for women since 1994.
Solar-Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment II (SOLSTICE II): Examination of the Solar-Stellar Comparison Technique

The Solar-Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) measures the solar spectral irradiance from 115 to 320 nm with a resolution of 0.1 nm. The Sun and stars are both observed with the same optics and detector, changing only the apertures and integration times. Pre-launch calibration at SURF allows us to measure both with an absolute accuracy of 5%. The in-flight sensitivity degradation is measured relative to a set of stable, early-type stars. The ensemble of stars form a calibration reference standard that is stable to better than 1% over timescales of centuries. The stellar irradiances are repeatedly observed on a grid of wavelengths and our goal is to measure changes in the absolute sensitivity of the instrument at the 0.5% per year level. This paper describes the details of the observing technique and discusses the level of success in achieving design goals.
A qualitative analysis of acute skin toxicity among breast cancer radiotherapy patients.

Objectives: One of the most common acute side effects of breast cancer radiotherapy is treatment-induced skin changes, referred to as skin toxicity. Yet no research to date has focused expressly on skin toxicity-related quality of life (QOL) in breast cancer radiotherapy patients. Therefore, our aim was to use qualitative approaches to better understand the impact of skin toxicity on QOL. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 women (Stage 0–III breast cancer), during their last week of external beam radiotherapy. Each interview was transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was performed. Results: Three themes were identified based on the interview responses: First, skin changes affect multiple dimensions of QOL. They cause physical discomfort, body image disturbance, emotional distress, and impair both day-to-day functioning and satisfaction with radiation treatment. Second, individual differences affect women's experiences. Generally African American women, younger women, women who are not currently in a relationship, women who are being treated during the summer, and women who are more invested in their appearance are more distressed by skin toxicity. Third, women use a variety of symptom management strategies including self-medication, complementary/alternative medicine approaches, and psychological strategies. Conclusions: Implications of results are as follows: (1) skin toxicity affects numerous dimensions of QOL, and assessment approaches and psychosocial interventions should address this; (2) individual differences may affect the experience of skin toxicity and should be considered in treatment and education approaches; and (3) participants' own creativity and problem-solving should be used to improve the treatment experience. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Associations between subtypes of major depressive episodes and substance use disorders.

Abstract The goal of this study was to examine whether certain subtypes of major depressive episodes (MDEs)—defined by their particular constellations of symptoms—were more strongly associated with substance use disorders (SUDs), compared to other subtypes of MDEs. Participants were adults in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication sample who met DSM criteria for at least one lifetime MDE ( n =1829). Diagnostic assessments were conducted using structured interviews. The following MDE subtypes were examined: atypical, psychomotor agitation, psychomotor retardation, melancholic, and suicidal. The results indicated that: (1) suicidal MDEs were associated with increased risk for all SUDs; (2) melancholic MDEs were associated with increased risk for alcohol use disorders; and (3) psychomotor agitation was associated with increased risk for alcohol dependence. These associations did not differ significantly by gender. Adjusting for age, the severity of the MDE, the age of onset of the first MDE, and psychiatric comorbidity did not substantially change the results. Supplemental analyses examining only diagnoses that occurred in the year prior to the assessment demonstrated a similar pattern (with MDEs characterized by psychomotor agitation being associated with drug use disorders as well). Exploratory order of onset analyses indicated that participants with lifetime MDEs and SUDs tended to report an MDE onset prior to the SUD onset, and those who experienced a suicidal MDE at some time in their lives were particularly likely to have had their first MDE prior to developing a SUD. Therefore, risk for lifetime SUDs differs according to the particular set of symptoms experienced during MDEs.
Substructuring techniques—status and projections

Substructuring techniques are examined in terms of their application to structural analysis. Attention is given to multilevel substructuring algorithms, hypermatrix and other sparse matrix schemes, automated design systems, and elasto-plastic problems. Applications include use with computing hardware such as CDC STAR-100 and minicomputer systems.