cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trust management framework for social networks

Inspired by the similarities between human trust and physical measurements, we propose a new system of trust metrics, composed by impression and confidence, which captures both human trust level and its uncertainty, while being intuitive and user friendly. Furthermore, based on measurement error propagation theory, we propose an evaluation framework to compute confidence according to impression transitivity and aggregation operations. Our framework can be used in all applications where human trust is involved, including various types of social networks. Experiments on a real social network validate our framework, as well as the enormous potential of our trust framework in various social network applications. For example, in an experiment on real data we increased 2250 times the “trust view,” while keeping the same level of confidence.
A cluster-based solution for high performance hmmpfam using EARTH execution model

Hmmpfam is a widely used computation-intensive bioinformatics software for sequence classification. The contribution of this paper is the first largely scalable and robust cluster-based solution of parallel hmmpfam based on EARTH (Efficient Architecture for Running Threads), which is an event-driven fine-grain multi-threaded programming execution model. Compared with the original PVM implementation, our implementation shows notable improvements on absolute speed-up and better scalability. Experiments on two advanced supercomputing clusters at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) achieve an absolute speedup of 222.8 on 128 dual-CPU nodes for a representative data set, which means that the total execution time is reduced from 15.9 hours (serial program) to only 4.3 minutes.
Seasonal dispersal of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by spiny rats in a neotropical forest

Many species of neotropical rodents consume and subsequently disperse viable spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Consequently, rodents may be important determinants of both AMF and tree community composition in neotropical forests. We examined the influence of both availability of other food resources and season on the consumption and subsequent dispersal of AMF spores by Proechimys semispinosus (the Central American spiny rat) from seven island populations located in Gatun Lake, Panama over a 13-month period. For each island population, we examined the relationship between monthly spore occurrence in fecal pellets and monthly density of trees and lianas producing ripe fruit. During the last 3 months of this study, five islands were provisioned with extra food, while two islands remained unmanipulated to test experimentally whether spiny rats consumed AMF only as an alternative resource when primary resources (fruit) were scarce. Consumption of AMF was highly seasonal, with spores being most common in fecal samples at the end of the rainy season and least common at the end of the dry season. Cross-correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis indicated that spore occurrence in feces varied synchronously among islands and was related positively to soil moisture and unrelated to natural fruit availability. After inoculation with AMF spores isolated from feces, AMF colonized roots of Paspalum notatum (bahia grass) grown in sterilized soil, and total dry weights of host plants increased, confirming the viability of AMF spores passed by spiny rats. The ubiquity of viable spores from several species of AMF occurring in feces of P. semispinosus implicates this rodent as an important AMF disperser. Furthermore, dispersal of AMF spores by spiny rats was not limited to ephemeral periods of primary resource scarcity, thus suggesting that P. semispinosus may influence tree seedling survival by making spores of their mutualistic fungi available throughout the rainy season, a period critical to the establishment of newly germinated seedlings.
Comments on "Evaluating distance spectra and performance bounds of trellis codes on channels with intersymbol interference

It is shown that the method presented by C. Schlegel (see ibid., vol.37, no.3, p.627-34, May 1991) for evaluating the distance spectra of trellis codes on channels with intersymbol interference is incorrect. A counterexample is presented along with comments on the feasibility of correcting the method. >
Thick grating analysis of interferometrically produced waveguides

Abstract The thin grating decomposition method of thick grating analysis is used to analyze guiding effects in thick phase gratings having sinusoidal refractive index modulation.
Factors influencing production of bacteriocins by lactic acid bacteria

Abstract Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria have potential for use as food biopreservatives to control spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. For economical use in food, the bacteriocins have to be produced in large amounts and preferably by growing the strains in media containing food grade ingredients. The influence of several factors on production of nisin by Lactococcus lactis, pediocin AcH by Pediococcus acidilactici, leuconocin Lcm1 by Leuconostoc carnosum Lm1 and sakacin A by Lactobacillus sake Lb 706 were studied. Among the several strains studied in each species, only some strains produced higher amounts of the bacteriocins. Production of a bacteriocin in a simple medium can be increased by growing the cells at optimum pH and supplementing with nutrients specific for a species/strain. Conditions that provide high cell density favor high bacteriocin production. Growing cells under an optimum environment for 16 h facilitates high bacteriocin production. For high yield of a bacteriocin, these aspects need to be considered.
Algorithms for prognostication of prior damage and residual life in lead-free electronics subjected to thermo-mechanical loads

In this paper, a mathematical approach for interrogation of system state under cyclic thermo-mechanical stresses has been developed for 6-different leadfree solder alloy systems. Data has been collected for leading indicators of failure for alloy systems including, SnlAg0.5Cu, Sn3Ag0.5Cu, Sn4Ag0.5Cu second-level interconnects under the application of cyclic thermo-mechanical loads. Methodology presented resides in the pre-failure space of the system in which no macro- indicators such as cracks or delamination exist. Systems subjected to thermo-mechanical damage have been interrogated for system state and the computed damage state correlated with known imposed damage. The approach involves the use of condition monitoring devices which can be interrogated for damage proxies at finite time-intervals. Interrogation techniques are based on non-linear least-squares methods. Various techniques including the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm have been investigated. The system's residual life is computed based on residual-life computation algorithms. Detection of system-state significantly prior to catastrophic failure can significantly impact the reliability and availability of electronic systems. Requirements for system availability for ultra-high reliability electronic systems are driving the need for advanced heath monitoring techniques for early detection of onset of damage. Traditional health monitoring methodologies have relied on reactive methods of failure detection often providing little on no insight into the remaining useful life of the system.
Informational needs and approaches for early cancer detection in the elderly.

GE is one of the greatest risk factors for developing cancer. ’ For men between the ages of 20 and 40, the risk is l%, increasing to 23% between the ages of 65 and 85. For women between the ages of 20 and 40, the risk of developing cancer is 1.5%, increasing to 17% between the ages of 65 and 85.2 Fifty percent of all cancers occur after 65 years of age. Sixty percent of all cancer deaths occur after 65 years of age.3 The common cancer sites in the elderly include the bladder, breast, colon, corpus uteri, lung, and prostate. In addition, 75% of all multiple myelomas, 61% of all leukemias, 60% of all nonHodgkin’s lymphomas, and 58% of all buccal cavity and pharyngeal cancers occur in persons aged 60 years or more, according to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data.4 Figures 1 and 2 show the average annual age- and sex-specific incidence rates for common sites based on this data. The numbers of people in this high-risk population are increasing at significant rates in the United States. By the year 2030, there will be approximately 55 million people 65 years or older in the United States5 These numbers have profound implications for health care planners and providers who are concerned with the prevention, early detection, and treatment of cancer. It is clear that the elderly need to be targeted for early detection interventions by oncology nurses.
Thyroid Hormone Deiodination

A case is presented of Graves' disease occurring in a patient with hemiagenesis of the thyroid gland. The diagnosis was suspected clinically and was confirmed by laboratory tests and imaging studies, as well as by the presence of thyroid-stimulating antibody.
Structural modification of DNA—a therapeutic option in SLE?

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs, with glomerulonephritis representing a frequent and serious manifestation. SLE is characterized by the presence of various autoantibodies, including anti-DNA antibodies that occur in approximately 70% of patients with SLE and which contribute to disease pathogenesis. Consequently, immunosuppressive therapies are applied in the treatment of SLE to reduce autoantibody levels. However, increasing evidence suggests that DNA--especially double--stranded DNA-constitutes an important pathogenic factor that is able to activate inflammatory responses by itself in autoimmune diseases. Therefore, modifying the structure of DNA to reduce its pathogenicity might be a more targeted approach for the treatment of SLE than immunosuppression. This article presents information in support of this strategy, and discusses the potential methods of DNA structure manipulation--in light of data obtained from mouse models of SLE--including topoisomerase I inhibition, administration of DNase I, or modification of histones using heparin or histone deacetylase inhibitors.
LiTFSI Structure and Transport in Ethylene Carbonate from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using a many-body polarizable force field were performed on ethylene carbonate (EC) doped with lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonamide (LiTFSI) salt as a function of temperature and salt concentration. At 313 K Li+ was coordinated by 2.7-3.2 EC carbonyl oxygen atoms and 0.67-1.05 TFSI- oxygen atoms at EC:Li = 10 and 20 salt concentrations. In completely dissociated electrolytes, however, Li+ was solvated by approximately 3.8 carbonyl oxygen atoms from EC on average. The probability of ions to participate ion aggregates decreased exponentially with an increase in the size of the aggregate. Ion and solvent self-diffusion coefficients and conductivity predicted by MD simulations were in good agreement with experiments. Approximately half of the charge was transported by charged ion aggregates with the other half carried by free (uncomplexed by counterion) ions. Investigation of the Li+ transport mechanism revealed that contribution from the Li+ diffusion together with its coordination shell to the total Li+ transport is similar to the contribution arising from Li+ exchanging solvent molecules in its first coordination shell with solvents from the outer shells.
Biochemical and Molecular Basis of Alcohol-Induced Injury to Liver and Other Tissues

CIRRHOSIS of the liver, usually as a complication of alcoholism, is the third most frequent cause of death among those 25 to 64 years of age in urban areas such as New York City.1 This alcohol-indu...
Capital punishment: it's all politics

Culture has nothing to do with the fact that the vast majority of the world's executions take place in Asia, say David Johnson and Franklin Zimring
Molecular Diagnostics for Head and Neck Pathology

Molecular diagnostic techniques are quickly finding a role in the detection and diagnosis of tumors, and in predicting their behavior. They may also prove useful in developing new therapeutic approaches to head and neck cancer. The surgeon working in the craniomaxillofacial region should have an understanding of these technologies, their availability in various settings, and how they affect various aspects of treatment, particularly in the detection and treatment of malignancies. This article offers an overview of recent advances in molecular diagnostic techniques, with their implications for diagnosis and management of head and neck tumors.
Experience Matters: Enrichment Remodels Synaptic Inputs to Adult-Born Neurons

New neurons are continuously integrated into adult hippocampal circuitry and play important roles in cognitive and affective functions. In this issue of Neuron, Bergami et al. (2015) report an experience-dependent remodeling of the afferent connectivity of adult-born dentate granule neurons.
Chemotherapy-related myelosuppression as a marker of survival in epithelial ovarian cancer patients.

Abstract Objective Authors have suggested that chemotherapy-induced neutropenia could represent a surrogate parameter of cancer stem cell response to treatment. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of relative chemotherapy-induced neutropenia with survival in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Methods A computerized database identified patients for primary advanced EOC with 6 cycles of platinum–taxane-based chemotherapy. Data collected included demographics, chemotherapy administration, laboratory evaluation, and survival outcomes. Relative neutropenia, defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 3 at chemotherapy cycle nadir, was evaluated and correlated to PFS, OS, and platinum sensitivity (recurrence >6 months from completion of chemotherapy). Results 255 patients were identified. Patients with neutropenia ( n =203) during treatment were similar to patients who never had neutropenia ( n =52) in regards to age, race, body mass index (BMI), stage, histology, grade, and debulking status. Neutropenic patients demonstrated improvements in PFS (14 vs. 6 months; p =0.01), OS (45 vs. 29 months; p =0.03) and platinum sensitivity rates (69% vs. 44%; p =0.001). As the number of neutropenic episodes increased, improvements in PFS (range 6 to 17 months; p =0.07) and platinum sensitivity (range 44% to 90%; p =0.002) was demonstrated. When stratified by debulking status, neutropenia conferred a survival advantage in suboptimally debulked patients, but only demonstrated marginal improvements in optimally debulked patients. Conclusions Our data demonstrates that patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia is associated with a survival advantage in ovarian cancer, especially in suboptimally debulked patients.
Tectonic controls of the right-lateral Burro Negro tear fault on Paleogene structure and stratigraphy, northeastern Maracaibo Basin

The northeastern Maracaibo Basin in western Venezuela was deformed by Paleogene thrusting and an associated tear fault (Burro Negro right-lateral strike-slip fault zone), related to Paleogene oblique collision between the Caribbean and South American plates. Two different tectonic models have been previously proposed for the thick Paleogene depocenter located along the northeastern margin of the Maracaibo Basin. The first model proposes that the depocenter is a foreland basin controlled by southwestward-directed overthrusting during a late Paleocene–middle Eocene oblique collision between the Caribbean and South American plates. The second model, supported by data presented in this study, proposes that the asymmetric Paleogene Maracaibo sedimentary wedge was controlled by strike-slip displacement along a right-lateral tear fault, separating southeast-directed thrust sheets to the east (Lara nappes) from a more stable platform area to the west (Maracaibo Basin).Regional seismic lines recorded to 5 s two-way traveltime reveal the structure of the asymmetric Paleogene depocenter in the northeastern part of the Maracaibo Basin. The approximately 100-km (62-mi)-long Burro Negro fault is a right-lateral strike-slip fault separating less deformed, inner- to outer-shelf rocks of the western Maracaibo Basin from highly deformed, deep-marine rocks of the eastern Maracaibo Basin. Seismic lines northeast of the Burro Negro fault zone show elongate, subsurface basins bounded by partially inverted reverse and strike-slip faults filled with about 3 km (1.8 mi) of Oligocene and Miocene clastic marine sedimentary rocks. Structural highs of Eocene rocks are characterized at depth on seismic reflection lines by chaotic seismic reflections that underlie the more coherently stratified Oligocene and Miocene subbasins. We interpret these structural highs as steeply dipping fault zones and shale diapirs activated during Eocene–Oligocene oblique plate convergence.The geology and overall structural configuration of the northeastern Maracaibo Basin and the Burro Negro fault zone support its origin as a right-lateral tear fault. In our model, the Burro Negro fault zone accommodated southeastward migration of the thrust front in the deep-water area east of the fault in the present-day Falcn region. The Paleogene clastic wedge of the Maracaibo Basin exhibits many common features of a classic foreland basin, including onlap onto an arch or forebulge located near the center of the present-day Lake Maracaibo. This paleogeographic coincidence of the Burro Negro fault zone and the Maracaibo shelf edge suggests that the paleotrend of the South American passive margin prior to collision was serrated in map view. West-to-east migration of the Caribbean–South America oblique collision formed progressively younger, parallel tear faults to the east of the Maracaibo Basin that may have formed by the same tectonic process as the Burro Negro fault zone.
The design and development of a rectangular, shingle-type photovoltaic module

A shingle-type photovoltaic module has been designed and developed to meet the requirements of specifications for residential applications. The module is ideally suited for installation directly to the sheathing of a sloping, south-facing roof of a residential, industrial, or commercial building. The design requirements are examined, taking into account also module safety requirements. Aspects of module design and analysis are discussed, giving attention to installation details, solar cells and electrical circuit design, the encapsulation system, substrate lamination, and the module-to-module interconnecting cable. Details of module assembly experience and test and outdoor exposure experience are also considered.
A reduced state vapor‐pressure relationship and its application to hydrocarbons

The Frost-Kalkwarf vapor-pressure equation has been modified to include as variables the reduced temperature and pressure of the substance. The resulting relationship was found to contain a universal constant δ = 0.1832 and three other constants α, β, and γ, which are characteristic of the substance. Relationships between α, β, and γ were found to exist, and thus a vapor-pressure equation was produced which contains only one characteristic contant β and which is capable of predicting vapor pressures of pure substances up to the critical point. This vapor-pressure relationship has been applied to hydrocarbons of all types, including normal paraffins, isoparaffins, olefins, diolefins, acetylenes, naphthenes, and aromatics. In these calculations values of β were estimated from the molecular structure of the hydrocarbons. For hydrocarbons the approach developed in this study was found to reproduce experimental vapor pressures with an average deviation of 2.7% for 456 experimental points representing fifty four hydrocarbons. This study indicates that if reliable vapor-pressure data, however meager, are available for a hydrocarbon, these data can be used to obtain constants which enable the prediction of the critical temperature and the critical pressure of the substance.
Towards Intelligent Mission Profiles of Micro Air Vehicles: Multiscale Viterbi Classification

In this paper, we present a vision system for object recognition in aerial images, which enables broader mission profiles for Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs). The most important factors that inform our design choices are: real-time constraints, robustness to video noise, and complexity of object appearances. As such, we first propose the HSI color space and the Complex Wavelet Transform (CWT) as a set of sufficiently discriminating features. For each feature, we then build tree-structured belief networks (TSBNs) as our underlying statistical models of object appearances. To perform object recognition, we develop the novel multiscale Viterbi classification (MSVC) algorithm, as an improvement to multiscale Bayesian classification (MSBC). Next, we show how to globally optimize MSVC with respect to the feature set, using an adaptive feature selection algorithm. Finally, we discuss context-based object recognition, where visual contexts help to disambiguate the identity of an object despite the relative poverty of scene detail in flight images, and obviate the need for an exhaustive search of objects over various scales and locations in the image. Experimental results show that the proposed system achieves smaller classification error and fewer false positives than systems using the MSBC paradigm on challenging real-world test images.
Local Analysis for 3D Reconstruction of Specular Surfaces - Part II

We analyze the problem of recovering the shape of a mirror surface. We generalize the results of [1], where the special case of planar and spherical mirror surfaces was considered, extending that analysis to any smooth surface. A calibrated scene composed of lines passing through a point is assumed. The lines are reflected by the mirror surface onto the image plane of a calibrated camera, where the intersection and orientation of such reflections are measured. The relationship between the local geometry of the surface around the point of reflection and the measurements is analyzed. We give necessary and sufficient conditions, as well as a practical algorithm, for recovering first order local information (positions and normals) when three intersecting lines are visible. A small number of 'ghost solutions' may arise. Second order surface geometry may also be obtained up to one unknown parameter. Experimental results with real mirror surfaces are presented.
Learning as lack: Individual learning in organizations as an empowering encounter with failed imaginary constructions of the self

The purpose of this article is to draw on psychoanalytic, particularly Lacanian, theorizing, to examine individual learning as an empowering encounter with fundamental lack. Specifically, I explore learning as an imaginary construction of the learner’s self that invariably fails thereby providing opportunities for the experience of empowerment and liberation. I discuss the implications this has for how we conceptualize and experience learning as an emancipatory discourse in organizations.
STRING EQUATIONS OF MOTION FROM VANISHING CURVATURE

The equations of motion for the massless modes of the closed bosonic string are obtained in the adiabatic approximation from the requirement of the vanishing of the curvature of appropriate vector bundles over the space of complex structures Diff S1/S1. This vanishing is required for physical states to be independent of string parametrization.
Deterministic Anytime Inference for Stochastic Continuous-Time Markov Processes

We describe a deterministic anytime method for calculating filtered and smoothed distributions in large variable-based continuous time Markov processes. Prior non-random algorithms do not converge to the true distribution in the limit of infinite computation time. Sampling algorithms give different results each time run, which can lead to instability when used inside expectation-maximization or other algorithms. Our method combines the anytime convergent properties of sampling with the non-random nature of variational approaches. It is built upon a sum of time-ordered products, an expansion of the matrix exponential. We demonstrate that our method performs as well as or better than the current best sampling approaches on benchmark problems.
Fate of 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine in soil: Persistence and binding

The fate of the carcinogen 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine (DCB) in soil was evaluated with regard to persistence and binding. A Brookston clay loam soil was amended with 4 or 40 ppm 14C-DCB and incubated under aerobic conditions for 32 weeks or under anaerobic conditions for 1 year. Mineralization occurred very slowly in aerobic soil and did not occur in anaerobic soil. Total 14C radioactivity in soil remained essentially constant during the incubations, demonstrating that volatile losses of DCB or DCB decomposition products did not occur in our incubation system. DCB was shown to bind strongly to soil. After 32 weeks of incubation, approximately 90% of the applied radioactivity remained in soil after extraction with ethyl acetate and methanol. The loss of solvent-extractable DCB occurred mostly in the first several weeks of incubation and was accompanied by an increase in alkali-extractable DCB. These data strongly suggest the formation of covalent linkages between DCB and soil humic components as the primary fate of DCB in the Brookston soil. The significance of humus-bound DCB residues as potential sources of future contamination is essentially unknown.
GPS and Decision Making: An Overview

GPS (the General Problem Solver) is a computer program conceived in 1957 by A. Newell, J.C. Shaw and H.A. Simon. Since then, the program has existed in seven different “running” versions each of which was designed to face a slightly different set of difficulties arising in the construction of a general problem solver--an ambitious objective to say the least. The most recent version of GPS is described in detail in Ernst and Newell (1969). However, more recently Quinlan and Hunt (1968) have constructed a problem solving program whose structure is quite similar to GPS. In addition, in the last few years several people (Banerji (1969), Ernst (1969), Sandewall (1969)) have looked at some of the mathematical properties of a GPS-like structure. Thus, the basic ideas contained in GPS have been under continuing investigation since 1957.
Unlike adults, children and adolescents show predominantly increased neural activation to social exclusion by members of the opposite gender

The effects of group membership on brain responses to social exclusion have been investigated in adults, revealing greater anterior cingulate responses to exclusion by members of one's in-group (e.g., same-gender). However, social exclusion is a critical aspect of peer relations in youth and reaches heightened salience during adolescence, a time when social anxiety disorders are also emergent. While the behavioral and neural correlates of social exclusion in adolescence have been extensively explored, the effects of group membership on peer rejection are less clear. The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the differential neural correlates of being excluded by peers of one's same- versus opposite-gender during an online ball-toss game. Participants were a group of typically developing children and adolescents (7-17 years). As predicted, anterior cingulate cortex showed a main effect of social exclusion versus fair play. However, unlike a previous adult study, this region did not show increased activation to same-gender exclusion. Instead, several regions differentiating same- versus opposite-gender exclusion were exclusively more sensitive to exclusion by one's opposite gender. These results are discussed in the context of adolescent socio-emotional development.
A New Pressure Sensor for Investigating Apparent Similarities in Ice Crushing Behavior Observed at Different Scales

Similarities in ice crushing behavior observed in experiments conducted over size scales covering three orders of magnitude are reviewed. Results from the experiments, including in situ visual observations, indicate the importance of pressure distribution data as aids to understanding the ice behavior. A new pressure sensing instrument, capable of measuring pressure at high spatial resolution over large areas is described. Preliminary data from ice impact and crushing experiments using the device in the laboratory are presented. Plans for attachment of a large device to the bow of a ship for bergy bit impact tests in the field are described.
Health Care's Adventures in Wonderland: Provider Agreements for Electronic Health Records

Today's health care provides its own spin on the word "complex". Somewhere in between the 2015 Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS), the Physician Value-Based Payment Modifying Policies (VBP) and tenth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (also known as ICD-10), physicians find themselves still struggling to adopt electronic health records (EHR) in practice. As technology continues to evolve, there remains a general landscape with which those in the health care field must familiarize themselves. Even from this challenging vantage point, providers still have opportunities to bolster their position and practice their craft as they continue down the digital path and adopt an EHR system for which the federal government established incentive payments.The track on which EHR exists appears to be incapable of derailment, but providers would be remiss to think that the contractual agreements that create a vehicle with which they can join the convoy, contain the entire gamut of necessary rails. Rather, each provider should examine the path ahead, paying careful attention to key terms that may prove the difference between digital success and demise.
Cross-Sectional Imaging of Renal Masses: Imaging Technique–Related Potential Pitfalls and Solutions

Introduction There has been an exponential increase in the incidental detection of renal masses that is commensurate with the increasing use of cross-sectional studies for evaluation of awide spectrum of patient symptoms. This increased detection of renal lesions necessitates better characterization to allowproper management. Ultrasound or ultrasonography (US), multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the modalities currently available for renal lesion detection, localization, and characterization. Standardized, multiphase CT and MRI protocols have been developed to allow reliable and reproducible lesion characterization. However, suboptimal image quality or nonstandard imaging techniquesmay create challenges in both the detection of masses as well as their accurate diagnosis. In this article, we present potential image acquisition–related pitfalls and possible solutions in the detection and assessment of renal masses in adult patients. Improved knowledge regarding such potential pitfalls may help radiologists to choose a different imaging modality or repeat the same study with technique modifications.
Compensatory Mortality in Defoliator Population Dynamics

In one set of trials, predaceous birds and ants were excluded from trees containing cohorts of the western spruce budworm. Birds and ants contributed about 29% of the killing power (K) during the budworm generation, and about 76% between instar IV and adults. Except at high budworm densities, birds compensated for ants on trees protected from ants, and vice versa. In other trials, predaceous birds and small mammals were excluded from gypsy moth cohorts. Birds and small mammals contributed about 27% of the killing power during the gypsy moth generation, and about 47% between instar V and adults. In this life system, small mammals compensated for birds, but not the converse. In both life systems, other factors did not compensate effectively in places protected from both predator groups. These results emphasize the need to consider possible compensatory interactions among mortality-causing processes in evaluating any given life system.
Subsequent Shoulder Surgery After Isolated Arthroscopic SLAP Repair.

Purpose To quantify the incidence of and identify the risk factors for subsequent shoulder procedures after isolated SLAP repair. Methods New York's Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database was searched between 2003 and 2014 to identify individuals with the sole diagnosis of a SLAP lesion who underwent isolated arthroscopic SLAP repair. Patients were longitudinally followed up for a minimum of 3 years to analyze for subsequent ipsilateral shoulder procedures. Results Between 2003 and 2014, 2,524 patients met our inclusion criteria. After 3 to 11 years of follow-up, 10.1% of patients (254 of 2,524) underwent repeat surgical intervention on the same shoulder as the initial SLAP repair. The mean time to repeat shoulder surgery was 2.3 ± 2.1 years. Subsequent procedures included subacromial decompression (35%), debridement (26.7%). repeat SLAP repair (19.7%), and biceps tenodesis or tenotomy (13.0%). After isolated SLAP repair, patients aged 20 years or younger were more likely to undergo arthroscopic Bankart repair (odds ratio [OR], 2.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-6.21; P = .005), whereas age older than 30 years was an independent risk factor for subsequent acromioplasty (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4-3.7; P P = .030). The need for a subsequent procedure was significantly associated with Workers' Compensation cases (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.7-3.2; P Conclusions We identified a 10.1% incidence of subsequent surgery after isolated SLAP repair, often related to an additional diagnosis, suggesting that clinicians should consider other potential causes of shoulder pain when considering surgery for patients with SLAP lesions. In addition, the number of isolated SLAP repairs performed has decreased over time, and management of failed SLAP repair has shifted toward biceps tenodesis or tenotomy over revision SLAP repair in more recent years. Level of Evidence Level III, case-control study.
Comprehending text versus reading words in young readers with varying reading ability: distinct patterns of functional connectivity from common processing hubs

Skilled reading depends on recognizing words efficiently in isolation (word-level processing; WL) and extracting meaning from text (discourse-level processing; DL); deficiencies in either result in poor reading. FMRI has revealed consistent overlapping networks in word and passage reading, as well as unique regions for DL processing; however, less is known about how WL and DL processes interact. Here we examined functional connectivity from seed regions derived from where BOLD signal overlapped during word and passage reading in 38 adolescents ranging in reading ability, hypothesizing that even though certain regions support word- and higher-level language, connectivity patterns from overlapping regions would be task modulated. Results indeed revealed that the left-lateralized semantic and working memory (WM) seed regions showed task-dependent functional connectivity patterns: during DL processes, semantic and WM nodes all correlated with the left angular gyrus, a region implicated in semantic memory/coherence building. In contrast, during WL, these nodes coordinated with a traditional WL area (left occipitotemporal region). In addition, these WL and DL findings were modulated by decoding and comprehension abilities, respectively, with poorer abilities correlating with decreased connectivity. Findings indicate that key regions may uniquely contribute to multiple levels of reading; we speculate that these connectivity patterns may be especially salient for reading outcomes and intervention response.
Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase gene expression during growth in adipose tissue from obese and crossbred pigs.

This investigation addressed the hypothesis that, as a marker of adipocyte differentiation, stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) gene expression would be greater during growth in obese pigs than in crossbred, contemporary pigs. Suckled pigs from a single litter were removed from the sow for sampling at 0, 3, 10, and 17 d. The number of litters at 0, 3, 10, and 17 d of age was zero, two, three, and three (obese sows) and four, two, three, and three (crossbred sows), respectively. Postweaning pigs were removed from the sow at 14 d of age. One set of postweaning pigs was fed a high-fat, milk-based diet from d 28 to 49; pigs were killed on d 28 and 49 for sampling. The grain-fed pigs were switched to a pelleted, grain-based grower diet at d 28, and samples were obtained at 31, 35, or 49 d of age. Adipose tissue from all pigs in a litter for preweaning and postweaning pigs was pooled for the measurement of cellularity and SCD mRNA. There were significant genetic and age effects for adipocyte diameter and volume; overall, adipocytes from obese pigs were larger than those from crossbred pigs. Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase mRNA was barely detectable at 0 d of age and increased (P < .01) by 20-fold by 49 d of age. There was a significant genetic x age interaction (P = .026); there was more SCD mRNA in adipose tissue from obese pigs than in that from crossbred pigs during the suckling period, whereas crossbred pigs exhibited greater SCD gene expression than obese pigs during the postweaning period. The lesser SCD gene expression in postweaning obese pigs was caused by a strong depression in SCD gene expression in the grain-fed obese pigs. The data indicate that SCD gene expression provides a marker for terminal differentiation, especially in preweaning pigs. Furthermore, these results provide additional evidence that SCD gene expression is up-regulated by diets high in saturated fatty acids.
Issues of Econometric Implementation

The production theory and data construction discussions in the previous two chapters laid the foundation for combining the two to provide an empirical representation of production processes. Accomplishing this is important to explore more fully the structure of production for a firm or industry than is possible using data analysis only. Many issues, however, arise when attempting to carry out such econometric measurement.
Turn-of-the-century women writing about art, 1880-1920

Women were important supporters of fine art during the late Victorian and early twentieth-century period. The popular press invariably recorded their sartorial presence at exhibition openings. Women also contributed to this arena as art critics and journalists. For art criticism, the turn of the century marks a particularly crucial period in Britain, with the inception of new periodicals, such as the Studio, Connoisseur, and Burlington Magazine, but also the demise of the great Victorian journals the Art Journal and the Magazine of Art. This was linked to dramatic changes in exhibition culture; the rise of new galleries created a plethora of spaces for viewing art in the metropole beyond the Royal Academy. Increasingly correspondents also made readers aware of exhibitions in Europe and beyond, signalling a more cosmopolitan outlook in London. Not surprisingly, scholarship has historically overlooked reviews and articles written by women within the art press, in part because their contributions were often pseudonymous or indeed anonymous. More recently work has shown that the art press at the turn of the century included numerous women art writers (see Fig. 20.1). These women complicate and challenge traditional accounts of art history and modernity centred on male critics.
Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with L-NAME does not increase lactate production at rest or during short-term high-intensity exercise in Thoroughbred horses.

The present study was carried out to determine whether inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase promotes anaerobic metabolism in exercising horses, resulting in a significantly increased blood lactate concentration. Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is a potent inhibitor of NO synthase that has been tested in horses and other species. Two sets of experiments, namely placebo (saline control) and L-NAME (20 mg/kg, IV) studies, were carried out on seven healthy, sound, exercise-trained, Thoroughbred horses in random order, 6 to 7 days apart. In both experiments, an incremental exercise protocol was used and data were obtained at rest, during submaximal exercise performed at 8 m/s on a 4.5% uphill grade, and during galloping at 14 m/s on a 4.5% uphill grade – a workload that not only elicited maximal heart rate and induced exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage, but also could not be sustained for more than 90 s. Measurements were also made in the recovery period. Mixed-venous blood samples, obtained at matched intervals in the two sets of experiments, were analysed in triplicate for determining the lactate concentration. Following administration of L-NAME, significant bradycardia occurred at rest (27±1 vs 37±2 beats/min in the placebo trials; p<0.0001) as well as during submaximal exercise (183±4 vs 200±4 beats/min in the placebo trials; p<0.001), but the heart rate increased during galloping at 14 m/s on a 4.5% uphill grade to reach values observed in the placebo trials (215±2 beats/min) and significant differences were not found. At rest, the mixed-venous blood lactate concentration was similar in the two experiments. With exercise, the mixed-venous blood lactate concentration increased progressively as work intensity increased in both trials, but significant differences were not found between the placebo and the L-NAME experiments during submaximal exercise, near-maximal exercise or recovery. These experiments demonstrated that inhibition of NO synthase in Thoroughbred horses does not promote enhanced anaerobic metabolism at rest or during short-term incremental exercise leading to galloping at maximal heart rate.
Treatment intensity and symptom burden in hospitalized adolescent and young adult hematopoietic cell transplant recipients at the end of life.

Adolescent and young adult (AYA) oncology patients experience many physical and psychological symptoms at the end of life (EOL); however, data on these experiences for AYA patients who have undergone hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) remains sparse. We sought to investigate the characteristics of AYA patients aged 15−25 years who received allogeneic HCT and subsequently died while inpatient at our institution between the years 2008 and 2014. A standardized data extraction tool was used to collect information about patient demographics, treatment and symptoms. We found that during this time frame, 34 AYA patients had received HCT and died while inpatient at our institution, 23 (68%) of whom died because of treatment-related complications. Compared with non-HCT AYA oncology patients (n=35), patients who received HCT (n=34) were more likely to have died in the intensive care unit (71% vs 23%, P<0 .0001) and to have received mechanical ventilation (68% vs 17%, P<0.0001) or hemodialysis (53% vs 0%, P<0.0001) in the last 30 days of life. These findings demonstrate that AYA patients who receive allogeneic HCT receive intensive EOL treatment, suggesting that these patients may benefit from early integration of expert interdisciplinary services to prospectively assess and manage distressing symptoms.
Abstract TP446: Predictors of Hemorrhagic Severity in Arteriovenous Malformation Patients

Introduction: One of the most frequent causes of non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in young adults is from a brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) rupture. Understanding the potential s...
Evaluation of Prophylactic Antibiotic Use for Delayed Sternal Closure After Cardiothoracic Operation.

Background Clinical practice guidelines provide recommendations for surgical prophylaxis in patients undergoing cardiothoracic procedures. However, currently no recommendations guide the management of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients who require delayed sternal closure after cardiothoracic operation. Methods This is a single-center, retrospective analysis. Data were extracted from The Society of Thoracic Surgery database and electronic medical record from July 2011 through January 2016. Patients included are adults (≥18 years old) after cardiothoracic operation with delayed sternal closure. Results A total of 167 patients were included for analysis. The majority of patients (131, 78.4%) were continued on routine antibiotics and 36 patients (21.6%) were switched to broad-spectrum antibiotics for prophylaxis. Of patients on routine antibiotic prophylaxis, 6 (4.6%) experienced a sternal surgical site infection, whereas 3 patients (8.3%) switched to broad-spectrum agents before chest closure experienced a sternal surgical site infection ( p = 0.407). Eleven patients (6.6%) received an abbreviated duration of antibiotics, 52 patients (31.1%) were continued on antibiotics until the time of sternal closure, and 104 patients (62.3%) were continued on antibiotics past the time of sternal closure. The incidence of infection based on duration of prophylactic antibiotic was 0, 1 (1.9%), and 8 (7.7%), respectively ( p = 0.352). Conclusions Substantial variation was found in the duration and selection of antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with delayed sternal closure after cardiothoracic operation. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents and extended durations of antibiotic prophylaxis were not associated with benefits in the incidence of sternal wound infection and may increase the risk of adverse effects.
INTUSSUSCEPTION OF THE LARGE BOWEL IN THE ADULT: REPORT OF THREE CASES WITH RARE CAUSES.

Three rare examples of intussusception of the large bowel in the adult are reported. In one, the intussusception was caused by a primary lymphosarcoma of the cecum, in another by a lipoma of the ascending colon, and in the third by an adenocarcinoma arising in the pelvic colon of a patient with active chronic ulcerative colitis.
First-principles study of stability of helium-vacancy complexes below tungsten surfaces

Density function theory calculations have been performed to study the stability of small helium-vacancy (He-V) complexes near tungsten (W) surfaces of different orientations. The results show that the stability of vacancies and He-V complexes near W surfaces depends on surface orientation. However, as the depth below the surface increased beyond about 0.65–0.8 nm, the stability of He-V complexes is similar to the bulk. The formation energies of single vacancies and di-vacancies at depths less than 0.2 nm below the W(110) surface are higher than for W(100) or W(111) surfaces, but have lower energies at depths between 0.2 and 0.65 nm. The formation energies of He-V complexes below W surfaces are sensitive to the geometric orientation of the He and vacancy, especially below the W(111) surface. Within about 0.2 nm of the top layer of the three W surfaces, neither a vacancy nor a di-vacancy can trap He. Because of the lower formation energy of He-V complexes and higher He binding energy to vacancies below the W(110) surface, the He desorption from the W(110) surface is less likely to occur than from the W(100) and W(111) surfaces. Our results provide fundamental insight into the differences in surface morphology changes observed in single W crystals with different surface orientations under He plasma exposure.