cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal prediction of the number of unseen species

Abstract Estimating the number of unseen species is an important problem in many scientific endeavors. Its most popular formulation, introduced by Fisher et al. [Fisher RA, Corbet AS, Williams CB (1943) J Animal Ecol 12(1):42−58], uses n samples to predict the number U of hitherto unseen species that would be observed if t ⋅ n t⋅n new samples were collected. Of considerable interest is the largest ratio t between the number of new and existing samples for which U can be accurately predicted. In seminal works, Good and Toulmin [Good I, Toulmin G (1956) Biometrika 43(102):45−63] constructed an intriguing estimator that predicts U for all t ≤ 1 t≤1. Subsequently, Efron and Thisted [Efron B, Thisted R (1976) Biometrika 63(3):435−447] proposed a modification that empirically predicts U even for some t > 1 t>1, but without provable guarantees. We derive a class of estimators that provably predict U all of the way up to t ∝ log ⁡ n t∝log⁡n. We also show that this range is the best possible and that the estimator’s mean-square error is near optimal for any t. Our approach yields a provable guarantee for the Efron−Thisted estimator and, in addition, a variant with stronger theoretical and experimental performance than existing methodologies on a variety of synthetic and real datasets. The estimators are simple, linear, computationally efficient, and scalable to massive datasets. Their performance guarantees hold uniformly for all distributions, and apply to all four standard sampling models commonly used across various scientific disciplines: multinomial, Poisson, hypergeometric, and Bernoulli product.
Fundamentals and Failures in Die Preparation for 3D Packaging

Through-Silicon-Via (TSV) wafer processes have been reviewed by several authors previously, including temporary adhesive wafer bonding, high aspect ratio silicon etch, and wafer singulation. This chapter starts with a brief overview of TSV wafer fabrication and singulation processes. Then, it focuses on several key process issues which have not been discussed in previous review articles. The first process issue discussed in details here is the device wafer buckling or wrinkling postwafer thinning. This challenge might cause yield loss at the downstream lithography process. The fundamental mechanism behind this issue is investigated and several solutions are proposed. The second process discussed in details here is wafer debonding. Based on viscosity definition and wafer geometry, a closed-form analytical solution is proposed for the thermal sliding wafer debonding process, which can be used for process control and throughput optimization. The next two processes discussed are laser scribe and saw dicing, which impact die edge chipping and low-k inter layer dielectric (ILD) delamination. A closed-form solution of chipping induced by saw dicing is also investigated. The last process discussed in this chapter is the challenges and solution options for die pick and place.
Free Speech and Signage After Reed v. Town of Gilbert: Signs of Change from the Bayou State

Local governments across the country find it necessary to regulate the use and application of signage within their boundaries. In 2015, the small town of Gilbert, Arizona, saw its sign ordinance face a constitutional challenge it did not survive. A small church, led by its pastor, Clyde Reed, challenged the town’s sign ordinance on First Amendment grounds. The town’s sign ordinance treated categories of signs differently based on the message being conveyed within the sign. At this point, the Court determined that the town’s ordinance was content-based and as such was subject to strict scrutiny review. This precedent has set a hard-line rule to disallow any discrimination based on the communicative content of a sign. In the wake of the Court setting a hard line between content-based and content-neutral regulations, the rest of the country is faced with the task of remodeling their sign ordinances. The three major metropolitan areas of Louisiana—Baton Rouge, Shreveport, and New Orleans—are not absent reconstruction. The author found that all three of these Louisiana sign ordinances would need revision based on the Court’s decision in Reed. However, these major areas of Louisiana are not alone in this regard. The majority of the municipalities across the country will similarly find their sign regulations to be content-based and thus subject to remodeling.
Replacement of Dislodged Gastrostomy Tubes After Stoma Dilation in the Pediatric Emergency Department.

Introduction: A dislodged gastrostomy tube (GT) is a common complaint that requires evaluationin the pediatric emergency department (ED) and, on occasion, will require stoma dilation tosuccessfully replace the GT. The objective of this study was to describe the frequency that stomadilation is required, the success rate of replacement, complications encountered, and the techniquesused to confirm placement of the GT after dilation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective medical record review of children 0-18 years whopresented to the pediatric ED from February 2013 through February 2015 with a dislodged GT thatrequired stoma dilation by pediatric emergency physicians with serially increasing Foley cathetersizes prior to successful placement of the GT. Results: We reviewed a total of 302 encounters in 215 patients, with 97 (32%) of the encountersrequiring stoma dilation prior to replacing a GT. The median amount of dilation was 2 Frenchbetween the initial Foley catheter size and the final GT size. There was a single complication ofa mal-positioned balloon that was identified at the index visit. No delayed complications wereencountered. We performed confirmation of placement in all patients. The two most commonforms of confirmation were aspiration of gastric contents (56/97 [58%]) followed by contrastradiograph in 39 (40%). Conclusion: The practice of serial dilation of a gastrostomy stoma site to allow successfulreplacement of a gastrostomy tube in pediatric patients who present to the ED with a dislodgedgastrostomy tube is generally successful and without increased complication. All patients received atleast one form of confirmation for appropriate GT placement with the most common being aspirationof gastric contents.
Being a Good Samaritan Requires You to Vote

Do citizens have a moral duty to vote, or is the franchise just a right they are free to exercise or to abstain from, at will? The prevalent position in voting ethics is that citizens should be fre...
An Undergraduate Field Course in Meteorology and Atmospheric Chemistry

A field course for undergraduate science students at The City College of New York (CCNY) is described. The students, who have completed an introductory meteorology course, conduct experiments at Storm Peak Laboratory (SPL) in the northern Colorado Rockies during winter breaks. The students apply their classroom learning to understand actual meteorological conditions. Prior to the field work, the students learn the necessary measurement and observation skills in a series of laboratories at CCNY and SPL. Experiments are conducted in both cloudy and clear conditions. From the clouds that envelop SPL, the students collect cloud droplets and snow crystals for physical and chemical analyses and for more detailed analyses at CCNY. For example, the students measure the pH of droplets as a function of droplet size and, in clear conditions, measure the diurnal behavior of valley temperature inversions. Following the winter field experiments, the students reduce and analyze their data during the spring semester. At ...
6.607 – Fretting Corrosion of Orthopedic Implants

Fretting corrosion is mechanically assisted corrosion at interfaces. Fretting corrosion, or mechanically assisted corrosion (MAC), is produced by cyclic loading that causes relatively small-scale (1–100 µm) motion between implant components. All types of alloys regardless of material couple can undergo this process. Mechanical-load induced motion results in increased rates of corrosion by deforming the protective oxide layer, which forms a barrier on the surface of metal implants. Properties of protective oxide films intimately relate to the degree of fretting corrosion resistance. These properties include adhesion strength of the oxide to the substrate metal, hardness, thickness, etc. Screw-plate fretting is a common source of corrosion debris. This not only weakens the implant but corrosion products are bioreactive and cause local inflammation. The majority of total joint replacements that are performed every year are modular, ie, with components that fit together using press-fit interlocking connections. Despite the interlocking mechanisms of these junctions, micromotion does occur to some degree resulting in fretting corrosion. In vitro studies of modular junction fretting are used to assess the degree of corrosion through both electrochemical measurement (voltage and current) and weight loss or ion release of the implant under cyclic loading laboratory conditions. Short-term fretting corrosion tests are used to measure the initiation of fretting (initial propensity or resistance), while long term testing is used to evaluate how material, design characteristics and loading characteristics (such as load magnitudes, frequency, load pattern, etc.) affect fretting corrosion over the long term. There is an incomplete understanding of in vivo fretting of current modular junctions used in joint replacement components and internal fixation devices where recent failures in dual modular necks of hip implants produced large amounts of fretting corrosion debris causing higher than normal failure rates in these designs, despite laboratory testing. Thus, fretting corrosion is likely remain as a problem associated with multi-component orthopedic implant designs. Continued basic and clinical research to enhance our understanding of these phenomena is needed to engineer solutions to eliminate implant micromotion or prevent fretting corrosion.
Audit Planning, Testing, and Materiality

The auditor should establish an overall audit strategy that sets the scope, timing, and direction of the audit and that guides the development of the audit plan. The nature and extent of planning activities will vary according to the size and complexity of the entity, the key engagement team members’ previous experience with the entity, and changes in circumstances that occur during the audit engagement. To obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, the auditor should plan and perform audit procedures to detect misstatements that, individually or in combination with other misstatements, would result in material misstatement of the financial statements.
Electrodeposition of nanometer-thick epitaxial films of silver onto single-crystal silicon wafers

Silver films were deposited epitaxially for the first time onto low-index, single-crystal silicon wafers through an electrochemical method in an aqueous silver acetate bath. A negative potential of −2.34 V vs. Hg/Hg2SO4 was used for both pre-polarization and during the deposition to avoid Si oxidation. The epitaxy of Ag films on Si(111), (110) and (100) was characterized by X-ray diffraction symmetric scans and pole figures. The Ag films showed [111], [110] and [100] out-of-plane orientations, respectively, with in-plane order determined by the Si substrates. Interface models consistent with the observed orientations invoke coincident site lattices (CSLs), in which four unit meshes of Ag coincide with three unit meshes of Si. These CSLs reduce the lattice mismatch from −24.9% to +0.13%. A thickness of about 10 nm was obtained for Ag deposited for ten minutes. A comparison of silver acetate electrolyte and cyanide electrolyte was also performed, showing advantages of the acetate bath over the cyanide bath for growth of epitaxial films of Ag on Si surfaces.
Continuous Dual-Track Fabrication of Polymer Micro-/Nanofibers Based on Direct Drawing

This manuscript proposes a continuous and straightforward method for fabricating suspended micro- and nanodiameter polymer fibers using an automated single-step drawing system. Termed track spinnin...
Glycemic Control and Insulin Treatment Alter Fracture Risk in Older Men With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus among older men has been associated with increased bone mineral density but paradoxically increased fracture risk. Given the interactions among medication treatment, glycemic control, and diabetes-associated comorbidities, the relative effects of each factor remains unclear. This retrospective study includes 652,901 male veterans aged ≥65 years with diabetes and baseline hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) value. All subjects received primary care in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) from 2000 to 2010. Administrative data included ICD9 diagnoses and pharmacy records and was linked to Medicare fee-for-service data. Hazard ratios (HR) for any clinical fracture and hip fracture were calculated using competing risk hazards models, adjusted for fracture risk factors including age, race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), alcohol and tobacco use, rheumatoid arthritis, corticosteroid use, as well as diabetes-related comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and peripheral neuropathy. HbA1c <6.5% was associated with a higher risk of any clinical fracture (HR = 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.11) compared with the reference HbA1c of 7.5% to 8.5%. Fracture risk was not increased among those with A1c ≥8.5%, nor among those with A1c 6.5% to 7.5%. Use of insulin was independently associated with greater risk of fracture (HR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.07-1.12). There was a significant interaction between insulin use and HbA1c level, (p < 0.001), such that those using insulin with HbA1c <6.5% had HR = 1.23 and those with HbA1c 6.5% to 7.5% had HR = 1.15. Metformin use was associated with decreased fracture risk (HR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.87-0.90). We conclude that among older men with diabetes, those with HbA1c lower than 6.5% are at increased risk for any clinical and hip fracture. Insulin use is associated with higher fracture risk, especially among those with tight glycemic control. Our findings demonstrate the importance of the treatment regimen and avoiding hypoglycemia for fracture prevention in older men with diabetes. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Electroencephalogram patterns during sleep reflux in infants

Abstract Twenty-four infants, 3–35 months of age, with histories of apnea or chronic lung disease underwent nighttime polysomnography and esophageal pH monitoring. Fifteen infants had pathological levels of gastroesophageal reflux on esophageal pH monitoring, and 9 had normal study results (symptomatic controls). Partition of sleep stages, sleep efficiency, and frequency of arousals to electroencephalographic stage 0 were the same in both groups. During sleeping reflux episodes, defined as reflux starting during sleep stages 1–5 or reflux episodes consisting of >50% of sleep stages 1–5, there was a 50% decrease in the amount of stage 0 electroencephalogram pattern compared with nonreflux sleep, and a compensatory increase in the non-rapid eye movement sleep stages. Reflux onsets in patients with pathological reflux were evenly divided between stages 0, 12, and 5. Onset of reflux occurred rarely during sleep stages 3 and 4. Slight body movement accompanied the onset of 62.5% of sleep reflux episodes in symptomatic controls and 64.7% in patients with pathological gastroesophageal reflux. Arousals to stage 0 electroencephalogram occurred with equal frequency in sleep reflux episodes of symptomatic controls and patients, and frequency did not increase over the observed value for nonreflux time. There were no differences between the sleep patterns of infants with and without pathological gastroesophageal reflux; nor were there decreases in arousals from sleep in infants with pathological reflux. However, reflux occurring during sleep in all infants studied was characterized by a significant decrease in stage 0 (waking) electroencephalogram.
Persistence of three bisphenols and other trace organics of concern in anaerobic sludge under methanogenic conditions

The degradation and distribution of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol AF (BPAF) were evaluated in dilute anaerobic sludge slurries amended with a single bisphenol or a mixture of all three and maintained under methanogenic conditions over a 28-d period. No significant degradation of the bisphenols was observed in methane-generating microcosms. Rapid sorption to sludge particles was the primary removal process with sorption observed: BPAF > BPA > BPS. Several other trace organic chemicals of concern in the sludge were detected using quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. Of those detected, triclosan and triclocarban had sufficiently high intensities to quantify changes over the 28-d period in the bisphenol-amended microcosms. Similar to the bisphenols, triclosan and triclocarban concentrations also did not significantly change over the 28-d period with concentrations quantified at 2021 ± 627 and 1864 ± 769 μg/kg dry weight, respectively. Findings exemplify that methane-generating microcosms do not appear conducive to significant degradation of trace organics of concern in anaerobic sludge digesters.
Ruptured Distal Superior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysm After Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Background Intracranial aneurysm formation after Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is a rare complication that has only recently been reported in the literature. We report the case of a fatal distal superior cerebellar artery (SCA) aneurysm rupture in a woman treated twice with GKRS for trigeminal neuralgia along with a review of the literature regarding radiation-induced aneurysms. Case Description A 77-year-old white woman with a history of refractory right-sided trigeminal neuralgia treated with GKRS in 2001, and again in 2006 after a relapse, presented to our emergency department with complaints of a sudden-onset severe headache associated with vomiting, right eye vision loss, left-sided facial droop, and left-sided weakness with no history of hypertension or smoking prior to presentation. Initial head computed tomography scan without contrast demonstrated an intraparenchymal hemorrhage centered in the right middle cerebellar peduncle with subarachnoid hemorrhage in the basal cisterns and extension into the fourth ventricle causing early hydrocephalus. Head computed tomography angiography (CTA) demonstrated a distal right SCA aneurysm adjacent to the hemorrhage. The patient's mental status deteriorated into coma after suspected rerupture during the CTA requiring immediate intubation, external ventricular drain placement, and emergent cerebral angiogram with coil embolization. Ultimately, the patient never recovered despite medical and surgical management; therefore, care was withdrawn in accordance with her known wishes. Conclusions The pathophysiologic association of aneurysm formation after GKRS remains to be elucidated, but given the potentially fatal consequences of aneurysm rupture, we advocate for further research and propose serial vascular imaging during the postradiosurgery follow-up period for iatrogenic aneurysm formation surveillance.
Response of tomato transplants to varying soil residual levels of preplant herbicides

Processing-tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cultivation in California has transitioned to the use of transplants, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), and shallow tillage from direct-seeded, flood-...
Asymmetric Effects of the Ebbinghaus Illusion on Depth Judgments

The Ebbinghaus illusion, also known as Titchner Circles, is a well- known perceptual illusion affecting the perceived size of a disc enclosed by an annulus of either larger or smaller discs. Though many have found highly consistent results with regard to the effect of the illusion on size perception, there have been mixed results when studying its effect on action-based tasks. In this paper, we present a study utilizing a head-worn virtual environment to examine the effect of the Ebbinghaus illusion on depth judgments as measured using a blind-reaching task. We found that participants’ size judgments were symmetrically affected by the classic "large annulus" and "small annulus" configurations, but their distance judgments were asymmetrically affected. Large annulus configurations had no significant effect on distance judgments while small annulus configurations resulted in significant underestimation of target distances. Despite this asymmetry, both configurations resulted in response times of similar magnitude that were significantly longer than those of the non-illusory control condition.
Quantitative assessment of sad emotion

Based on the disparity theory of emotion, the role of sad emotion is an internal assessment of the error-correction process to reduce the disparity between the expected and actual outcomes (loss reduction) in the reality check process. This computational theory of emotion is consistent with the psychological characteristics that sadness is an emotional response to the sense of loss (such as loss of loved ones, valuables, possessions, or achieved goals). This emotional theory of sadness also includes the emotional resolution process by accepting that nothing can be done to change the actual outcomes, and resolving the emotion by reducing the perceived loss. This self-corrective mechanism is used as an internal feedback to assess the incongruence between the expectation and the actuality, such that the perceived loss can be reduced, resolving the sad emotion in the process. Thus, sadness can serve as a motivating feedback to an individual to make a decision to reduce the loss in the emotional resolution process. The classical ultimatum game (UG) paradigm is used to elicit self-generated emotion in human subjects experimentally in response to the disparity between the proportions of money being offered to share with. Results showed that the sadness level is quantified by the sadness stimulus-response function. The level of sadness intensity is proportional to perceived loss (or inversely proportional to the perceived gain). The results also showed that there was a shifting of the baseline sadness level from a less sad level for the acceptance decision to a more sad level for the rejection decision. This shows that the sad emotion can be resolved by accepting the monetary offer in the UG paradigm, which reduces the loss compared to the decision to reject the money. These results confirmed the emotional disparity hypothesis that the level of sadness is proportional to the perceived loss, and sadness can be resolved by reducing the loss in the self-regulated internal processing of emotion. Implications on emotional intelligence are also addressed so that one of the effective skills to resolve sadness is the reduction of the perceived losses.
De Novo Renal Failure and Clinical Outcomes of Patients With Critical Coronavirus Disease 2019.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics and outcomes associated with concomitant renal and respiratory failure in patients with critical coronavirus disease 2019. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: This is a case series of patients from a U.S. healthcare system in New York City. All adult patients (≥ 18 yr) admitted to the hospital with positive coronavirus disease 2019 testing between March 10, 2020, and March 31, 2020, who required mechanical ventilatory support were included. Patients who remained hospitalized were followed through May 1, 2020. INTERVENTIONS: Renal replacement therapy included at least one session of dialysis, continued venovenous hemofiltration, or peritoneal dialysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Baseline characteristics, laboratory markers, 30-day in-hospital outcomes, ventilator days, and survival to discharge were included. Multivariate predictors for mortality and need for renal replacement therapy were identified. A total of 330 patients were included in this analysis and were most commonly greater than or equal to 70 years (40%), male (61%), Black or African American (41%), and Hispanic or Latino (38%). Renal replacement therapy was required in 101 patients (29%), most commonly among Blacks or African Americans (50%). Elevated D-dimer, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin were associated with renal replacement therapy, compared with the nondialysis cohort. Overall, 243 patients (74%) died and 56 (17%) were discharged from the hospital, of which 9 (3%) required renal replacement therapy. Male sex (odds ratio, 2.0; 1.1-3.5; p = 0.020), Black race (odds ratio, 1.8; 1.0-3.1; p = 0.453), and history of hypertension (odds ratio, 2.7; 1.3-5.4; p = 0.005) were predictors for requiring renal replacement therapy. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality included age greater than or equal to 60 years (odds ratio, 6.2; 3.0-13.0; p < 0.0001), male sex (odds ratio, 3.0; 1.4-6.4; p = 0.004), and body mass index greater than or equal to 30 kg/m (odds ratio, 2.1; 1.0-4.4; p = 0.039). Concomitant renal failure in critical coronavirus disease 2019 was not a significant predictor of death (odds ratio, 2.3; 0.98-5.5; p = 0.057). CONCLUSIONS: This case series concludes that respiratory failure conveys significant mortality risk in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and that survival with concomitant renal failure is rare.
Benefits of Stochastic Optimization for Scheduling Energy Storage in Wholesale Electricity Markets

We propose a two-stage stochastic model for optimizing the operation of energy storage. The model captures two important features: uncertain real-time prices when day-ahead operational commitments are made; and the price impact of charging and discharging energy storage. We demonstrate that if energy storage has full flexibility to make real-time adjustments to its day-ahead commitment and market prices do not respond to charging and discharging decisions, there is no value in using a stochastic modeling framework, i.e., the value of stochastic solution is always zero. This is because in such a case the energy storage behaves purely as a financial arbitrageur day ahead, which can be captured using a deterministic model. We show also that prices responding to its operation can make it profitable for energy storage to “waste” energy, for instance by charging and discharging simultaneously, which is normally sub-optimal. We demonstrate our model and how to calibrate the price-response functions from historical data with a practical case study.
Oncologic Safety of Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy for Patients with Breast Cancer

In patients undergoing mastectomy, benefits of nipple preservation include improved esthetics and quality of life. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the oncologic safety of nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) in women with breast cancer, focusing on complications, recurrence, and patient reported outcomes. Clinical presentation, risk factors for nipple involvement, and preoperative imaging may be helpful in choosing appropriate candidates. Recent series suggest that complications after NSM are slightly increased when compared to traditional mastectomy but likely related to increased risk of nipple necrosis. Pathologic assessment of the nipple is necessary. Local recurrence after NSM appears similar to patients after traditional mastectomy; however, studies evaluating local recurrence are of lower quality and have short follow-up. NSM is associated with improved psychosocial and sexual well-being after surgery. Studies evaluating oncologic safety of therapeutic NSM suggest that it is a viable option for appropriate patients, as risk of local recurrence and survival appears to be similar to patients undergoing traditional mastectomy. However, careful patient selection is critical.
Validation of 4–40 GHz free-space permittivity measurements using dielectric resonators

Previously, a simple transmission-only method was applied to extract the complex permittivity of common building materials in the 4–40 GHz range using a low-cost anechoic chamber and a vector network analyzer. This technique is validated using small dielectric resonators fabricated from the same materials as used in the free-space measurements. Agreement of the two methods indicates acceptable accuracy of the developed techniques. Measurement of Teflon, a well characterized material at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies, is also reported, further validating these methods.
Development and Pilot Testing of Smartphone-Based Hearing Test Application.

Background: Identifying and treating hearing loss can help improve communication skills, which often leads to improved quality of life. Many people do not seek medical treatment and, therefore, go undiagnosed for an extended period before realizing they have hearing loss. This study presents a self-administered, low-cost, smartphone-based hearing test application (HearTest) to quantify the pure-tone hearing thresholds of a user. The HearTest application can be used with commercially available smartphone devices and an earphone with the mentioned specification. Methods: Air-conduction-based pure-tone audiometry for the smartphone application was designed and implemented to detect hearing thresholds using a traditional “10 dB down and 5 dB up” approach. Employed smartphone-earphone combination was calibrated with respect to a GSI-61 audiometer and insert earphone ER-3A to maintain clinical standards with the help of subjective testing on 20 normal-hearing (NH) participants. Results: Further subjective testing on 14 participants with NH and retesting on five participants showed that HearTest achieves high-accuracy audiogram within clinically acceptable limits (≤10 dB HL mean difference) when compared with the reference clinical audiometer. Hardware challenges and limitations in air-conduction-based hearing tests through smartphones and ways to improve their accuracy and reliability are discussed. Conclusion: The proposed smartphone application provides a simple, affordable, and reliable means for people to learn more about their hearing health without needing access to a formal clinical facility.
Water Brings No Harm: Management Knowledge and the Struggle for the Waters of Kilimanjaro: By Matthew V. Bender

Bender, Matthew V. Water Brings No Harm: Management Knowledge and the Struggle for the Waters of Kilimanjaro. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2019.
The Civil Redress and Historical Memory Act of 2029: A Legislative Proposal

During the extant “War on Terror,” U.S. and foreign nationals who did not engage in hostilities were detained and mistreated abroad by the United States or by other countries with the acquiescence of the United States. These individuals were accused of being terrorists or were suspected of associating with terror groups, but they were, in fact, innocent. They were eventually released and were never charged by the United States with any crime. Despite their innocence, the United States has failed to provide them with any form of redress for their mistreatment. The Bush, Obama, and Trump administrations refused to apologize or provide any reparations to these individuals. The federal courts have consistently dismissed their efforts to seek redress through legal process. And, to date, Congress has remained silent. To remedy these acts of injustice, this Article offers a legislative proposal based on the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which Congress adopted to address the discrimination and detention of Japanese Americans during the Second World War. Based on this historical analog, this Article proposes the adoption of the Civil Redress and Historical Memory Act of 2029, which would establish a commission of inquiry to investigate these cases of arbitrary detention and mistreatment perpetrated by the United States during the War on Terror. The Act would offer an apology and provide restitution to individuals who were wrongfully detained and mistreated by the United States or by other countries with U.S. complicity during the War on Terror. The Act would also establish a public education program that would publicize the commission’s findings and promote awareness of human rights in the United States and abroad.
Linking diatom-diazotroph symbioses to nitrogen cycle perturbations and deep-water anoxia: Insights from Mediterranean sapropel events

Abstract Elevated organic matter (OM) export flux promotes marine anoxia, thus increasing carbon sequestration efficiency and decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. However, the mechanisms that trigger and sustain anoxic events—particularly those associated with nutrient-poor, oligotrophic surface waters—remain poorly constrained. Mediterranean Sea sapropels are well-preserved sediments deposited during episodic anoxic events throughout the Plio-Pleistocene; as such, they may provide unique insight into the biogeochemical and ecological drivers of—and responses to—marine anoxia. Using biomarker distributions, we demonstrate that anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria and diazotrophic endosymbionts of mat- and/or raft-forming diatoms were both abundant during sapropel events, particularly in the Ionian and Libyan seas. In these sapropels, the carbon isotope compositions of anammox biomarkers directly capture progressive 13C-depletion in deep-water dissolved inorganic carbon, indicating sustained carbon sequestration. To explain these observations, we propose a reinforcing feedback whereby initial nutrient and/or circulation perturbations promote fixed nitrogen loss via intensified anammox and heterotrophic denitrification, which in turn favors proliferation of rapidly sinking diatom-diazotroph symbiotic consortia, increases OM burial flux, and sustains anoxia. This mechanism resolves the long-standing conundrum that small and buoyant diazotrophs are apparently associated with high OM export during periods of marine anoxia and oligotrophy.
General Education Teachers' Perceptions of Autism, Inclusive Practices, and Relationship Building Strategies.

To identify target areas for professional development, this mixed-methods study examined general education teachers’ perceptions of autism and pedagogical practices in early elementary classrooms in the United States. In focus groups, teachers (N = 18) identified terms they associated with autism and strategies they used for inclusion and relationship building. Participants systematically free-listed and ranked their responses to three prompts. Using ranked responses, saliency scores were calculated to assess the perceived importance and frequency of responses. Teachers’ most salient perceptions of autism (e.g., social difficulties, focused/fixed interests) revealed an awareness of core symptoms. Salient inclusion practices included assigning special classroom responsibilities and showcasing student talents; salient relationship-building strategies included embracing students’ special interests and engaging in one-on-one time. Implications for teacher trainings are discussed.
Racial/Ethnic Inequities in Paid Parental Leave Access

Purpose: Severe racial inequities in maternal and infant health in the United States are caused by the many forms of systemic racism. One manifestation of systemic racism that has received little a...
Flying cars and bigots: projecting post-COVID-19 worlds through the atlas of the civic imagination as refuge for hope

In April 2020, the Civic Imagination Project at the University of Southern California, funded by the MacArthur Foundation, asked participants around the world to share some of their reflections on ...
Cilia Polymorphism among Schistosome Snail Hosts as Revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy

Finding a suitable and susceptible snail host is one of the most important functions of Schistosome miracidia (Chernin, 1974; Pan, 1980). A number of behavior type studies have been carried out on Schistosoma mansoni miracidia utilizing simple quantitative and biochemical assays in relation to host-finding (Chernin, 1962, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972).
Compact physical models for multilevel interconnect crosstalk in a gigascale SoC

For the first time, compact physical models are derived for multilevel interconnect crosstalk that is induced by inter and intra-level near and far aggressors. It is shown that there is a trade-off between crosstalk and latency, and crosstalk can be prohibitively large if interconnects operate in the deep RLC region. Repeater insertion is an effective way to simultaneously lower crosstalk and increase wiring density with no significant increase in latency.
Current opportunities and challenges: genome-wide association studies on pigmentation and skin cancer.

Summary Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have become a widely used approach for genetic association studies of various human traits. A few GWAS have been conducted with the goal of identifying novel loci for pigmentation traits, melanoma, and non-melanoma skin cancer. Nevertheless, the phenotype variation explained by the genetic markers identified so far is limited. In this review, we discuss the GWAS study design and its application in pigmentation and skin cancer research. Furthermore, we summarize recent developments in post-GWAS activities such as meta-analysis, pathway analysis, and risk prediction.
Effects of landscape patterns on biotic communities

A comparative evaluation was performed using descriptors oflandscape and land cover patterns as to how they relate tovarying levels of anthropogenic disturbance and the structure ofbiotic communities. A spatial analysis program (a modifiedversion of SPAN) was used to compute measures of land coverdiversity, dominance, contagion, scaled dominance and contagion,fractal dimension of land cover patches, mean forest-wetlandpatch size, amount of forest edge, clustering of selected foresttypes, and the largest cover patches within two 100-km2watersheds of the Ridge and Valley province of centralPennsylvania. Landscape pattern analysis was conducted on asubwatershed basis, emphasizing different levels ofresidential-agricultural versus forest land cover, the majordifference between the two watersheds. Bird and vascular plantguilds were chosen to represent the overall biotic community. Thegeneral descriptors of diversity, contagion, mean forest-wetlandpatch size, proportion of forest cover, and the amount of forestedge were most effective in reflecting the disturbance levelswithin the watersheds and changes in guild composition for bothbirds and plants.
Human Fibrinogen Heterogeneities II. CROSS-LINKING CAPACITY OF HIGH SOLUBILITY CATABOLIC INTERMEDIATES

Abstract High solubility human fibrinogens isolated from plasma (Fractions I-8 and I-9) or from plasmin digests of fibrinogen in vitro (Fractions I-8D and I-9D) were found to have substantially reduced cross-linking capacity. Under conditions in which Fraction I-4 formed 6 moles of e-(γ-glutamyl)lysine cross-link per mole of fibrin, the high solubility fibrinogens formed approximately three. Since polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that cross-linking of the γ chains was complete, it was concluded that the Aα chains of high solubility fibrinogens lack an average of two to three cross-linking sites. This finding, plus the fact that the Aα chains of the high solubility fibrinogens have undergone COOH-terminal degradation, permitted the conclusion that the Aα chain of fibrinogen contains cross-linking sites in its COOH-terminal region. Studies involving identification of monomeric α chain remnants in the electrophoretic patterns of fibrin from high solubility fibrinogens suggested that the NH2-terminal half of the Aα chain may also contain a cross-linking site (or sites), utilization of which depends on sites in the COOH-terminal region of Aα chains of neighboring molecules.
Hacktivism, Anonymous & a New Breed of Protest in a Networked World

This paper explores the existing legal regimes in the US and the UK governing hacktivism. It argues for First Amendment protection for a narrow subset of certain forms of hacktivism.
The uteroplacental complex. Its role in alterations of renin activity in human pregnancy.

Abstract In order to assess the possibility that the gravid uterus is responsible for the increased renin activity found in pregnancy, arteriovenous differences of renin activity across the uterus were obtained. In normal pregnancy the net effect of the transit of blood across the uterus is a decrease in renin activity, while in hypertensive pregnancy this diminution appears to be lost.
What Was History?: The Art of History in Early Modern Europe

List of plates 1. Historical criticism in early modern Europe 2. The origins of the Ars historica: a question mal posee? 3. Method and madness in the Ars historica: three case studies 4. Death of a genre Bibliography Index.
Dicamba and 2,4-D residues following applicator cleanout: A potential point source to the environment and worker exposure.

This paper presents a survey of pesticide residues in tanks following application and throughout the cleanout procedure as conducted by 46 volunteer operators across Colorado. While many pesticides were detected, this paper focuses on dicamba and 2,4-D, which were detected by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). An exponential decrease in concentration was observed with sequential rinses, although this decrease may be more rapid for more water-soluble pesticides. More than 95% of the pesticide in the prerinse solution was removed by the end of the third rinse in all but three operator samples. Concentrations after three rinses were 0.41 ± 0.25 and 3.3 ± 1.1 mg/L for dicamba and 2,4-D, respectively. These concentrations suggest that the recommended practice of three rinses may not be adequate to eliminate off-target effects or point sources of pesticide waste, and that the recommended standard of personal protective equipment is essential to prevent worker exposure to the chemicals.Im...
Algorithm and bound for the greatest common divisor of n integers

A new version of the Euclidean algorithm for finding the greatest common divisor of n integers ai and multipliers xi such that gcd = x1a1 + ··· + xn an is presented. The number of arithmetic operations and the number of storage locations are linear in n. A theorem of Lame that gives a bound for the number of iterations of the Euclidean algorithm for two integers is extended to the case of n integers. An algorithm to construct a minimal set of multipliers is presented. A Fortran program for the algorithm appears as Comm. ACM Algorithm 386.
Thin-film multichip module packages for high-end IBM servers

A new generation of multilevel thin-film packages has been developed for IBM high-end S/390® and AS/400® systems. Thin-film structures in these packages are nonplanar and can be fabricated by either pattern electroplating or subtractive etching. Selection criteria for choice of fabrication methods are discussed in terms of electrical performance requirements, ground rules, manufacturability, and cost issues. Two problems encountered in the development phase of the nonplanar thin-film structures were 1) accelerated etching of plated Cu features during Cu seed etching, and 2) corrosion of the bottom-surface metallurgy during etching of Cr at the top surface. Effective solutions were developed on the basis of underlying electrochemical phenomena. Finally, reliability stress procedures used to qualify these packages and results of these procedures are presented.
Photodecomposition of Peroxides Containing a 1,4-Bis(phenylethynyl)benzene Chromophore

The photodecomposition dynamics of 1,4-bis(2-[4-tert-butylperoxycarbonylphenyl]ethynyl)benzene (1) have been compared with those of model compounds in the picosecond and nanosecond time domains by various photophysical techniques. Ultrafast visible transient absorption spectrometry revealed the singlet excited state of 1,4-bis(4-phenylethynyl)benzene (BPB) depopulates radiatively with a rate of 1.75 x 10(9) s(-1) and 95% efficiency. Phenyl ester moieties attached to the BPB core accelerate intersystem crossing (k = 2.8 x 10(8) s(-1)) and reduce the fluorescence quantum yield (phi(FL) = 0.82). The peroxide oxygen-oxygen bond of 1 cleaves (k = 3.6 x 10(11) s(-1)) directly from the singlet excited state (60% efficiency) causing a highly reduced fluorescence yield and leading to formation of aroyloxyl radicals. The next reaction step involves decarboxylation of the aroyloxyl radicals. Transient absorption signals in the MID IR region correspond to CO2 with the formation rate (2.5 x 10(6) s(-1)) as measured by nanosecond transient IR experiments. The transient IR spectra of the excited state of BPB, as well as of the aroyloxyl radical, evidenced a red shift in the acetylene triple bond absorption indicative of a decrease in the bond order. This clearly shows that delocalization of excitation energy over the BPB chromophore induces significant structural changes. The proposed mechanism is based on the rates of photophysical and photochemical channels and involves an additional population channel of the BPB triplet excited state from the upper singlet states.
Christoffel functions on curves and domains

Asymptotics for Christoffel functions are established for measures supported on unions of smooth Jordan curves and for area-like measures on unions of smooth Jordan domains. For example, in the former case n times the n-th Christoffel function tends to the Radon-Nikodym derivative of the measure with respect to the equilibrium distribution of the support of the measure.
Compression of Cartilage Results in Differential Effects on Biosynthetic Pathways for Aggrecan, Link Protein, and Hyaluronan

Abstract The differential effects of static compression and recovery from compression on biosynthesis and biosynthetic pathways of aggrecan, link protein, and hyaluronan were assessed. During compression, biosynthesis of aggrecan and link protein were inhibited to ∼25 and ∼40%, respectively, of free-swelling control levels. In marked contrast, hyaluronan synthesis was unaffected by static compression. After release from 12-h 50% static compression, aggrecan synthesis remained inhibited for up to 2.5 days; however, link protein synthesis completely recovered to free-swelling control levels within 8 h after release. Hyaluronan synthesis remained at control levels after release of compression. During compression, aggrecan core protein pool size was decreased, whereas the rate of processing into the proteoglycan form remained essentially the same as in free swelling control tissue. Four hours after release from compression, aggrecan core protein pool size remained small and the rate of intracellular processing of aggrecan had become slower than that of free swelling control tissue. Due to the altered core-protein processing kinetics, fewer but longer chondroitin sulfate chains were added to the core proteins. Sulfation was not markedly altered. The differential effects of static compression and release on the biosynthesis of aggrecan, link protein, and hyaluronan are similar to the changes in the biosynthetic pathways that are affected in response to IL-1 treatment, suggesting that the response to static compression is not a general inhibition of cellular activity, but appears to be a part of a specific transduction mechanism.
The rat’s preference for saline solutions as measured by licking reinforced on a variable interval schedule

Predrinking or preloading different volumes of water or 0.9% saline reduced the rate of licking reinforced with 0.11 ml of water or 0.9% saline on a 1-min. VI schedule. Saline pretreatment always had less effect on the licking response than comparable volumes of water. These results replicate previous findings and confirm the utility of lick rate on a VI schedule as a measure of motivation and incentive value.
Rare ΔS=-ΔQ decays in chiral perturbation theory

Abstract We calculate, to leading order in chiral perturbation theory, the amplitude for the second-order weak decay K 0 →π + e − v . We find the ratio of the amplitudes |A( K 0 →π + e − v )/A( K 0 →π + e − v )| $ 7.0×10 −7 . We compare this to a recent calculation of the same decay performed using quark operators and vacuum insertion approximation arguments, and find that our result is almost a factor of four larger.