cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating Visualization and Interaction Research to Improve Scientific Workflows

Scientific-visualization research is, nearly by necessity, interdisciplinary. In addition to their collaborators in application domains (for example, cell biology), researchers regularly build on close ties with disciplines related to visualization, such as graphics, human-computer interaction, and cognitive science. One of these ties is the connection between visualization and interaction research. This isn't a new direction for scientific visualization (see the "Early Connections" sidebar). However, momentum recently seems to be increasing toward integrating visualization research (for example, effective visual presentation of data) with interaction research (for example, innovative interactive techniques that facilitate manipulating and exploring data). We see evidence of this trend in several places, including the visualization literature and conferences.
Digital Curation in the Academic Library Job Market

Paper for the 2012 American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T) Annual Meeting. This paper discusses digital curation in the academic library job market.
Input clustering in the normal and learned circuits of adult barn owls.

Abstract Experience-dependent formation of synaptic input clusters can occur in juvenile brains. Whether this also occurs in adults is largely unknown. We previously reconstructed the normal and learned circuits of prism-adapted barn owls and found that changes in clustering of axo-dendritic contacts (putative synapses) predicted functional circuit strength. Here we asked whether comparable changes occurred in normal and prism-removed adults. Across all anatomical zones, no systematic differences in the primary metrics for within-branch or between-branch clustering were observed: 95–99% of contacts resided within clusters (
Consumption and mortality of the white-footed mouse (Rodentia: Muridae) and Ord's kangaroo rat (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) when fed carbaryl-bran grasshopper (Orthoptera) bait.

Two species of wild rodents (Ord’s kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ordii. Woodhouse, and the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus Ra£inesque) were fed 0, 2, and 20% (AI) by weight concentrations of carbaryl-bran grasshopper bait in the laboratory to determine whether the bait would be consumed, the total quantity of bait consumed within a specified period, whether mortality would occur, and whether bait would be consumed if other foods were readily available. Consumption tests showed that bait ingestion was inversely proportional to concentration. No mortalities occurred at the 0% level, whereas the 2 and 20% concentration treatments resulted in 18.8 and 97.0% mortality, respectively. The apparent repellency of 20% bait indicated that starvation may have caused the deaths. Food preference tests disclosed that D. ordii and P. leucopus preferred natural forage rather than treated and untreated wheat bran in the laboratory.
Antibiotic proteins of polymorphonuclear leukocytes

The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) plays an essential role in the innate defense of the mammalian host against bacterial invaders. Responding chemotactically, the PMN delivers a complex antibiotic arsenal to sites of infection. Among these cytotoxic systems is an array of antimicrobial proteins and peptides that the PMN directs at microorganisms both before (i.e. extracellularly) and after sequestration into a phagocytic vacuole. In addition to their microbicidal capacity, several of these proteins bind to and neutralize the endotoxic activity of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). In this review the principle features of these antibiotic proteins are briefly summarized with emphasis on their possible actions in biological settings. In many instances, additional functions independent of cytotoxicity have been described raising the possibility that some of these proteins subserve multiple roles in inflammation.
Modeling B-tree insertion activity

Abstract In this paper we model the root node insertion activity of block split tree structured files such as the B-tree and its variants. Specially, we derive formulas for the events of inserting each entry into a B+ tree root node. The formulas also apply to B-trees and may be modified for other block split tree structured files. Our model of the root node insertion activity enables us to better characterize three aspects of efficient index management—storage space, search time, and reorganization.
The viscosity of polar gases at normal pressures

Experimental viscosity data available in the literature for fifty-two nonpolar gases have been utilized in conjunction with a dimensional analysis approach to relate the viscosity at atmospheric pressure to temperature. The substances investigated are both simple and complex and include the inert and diatomic gases, carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and the hydrocarbons up to n-nonane, including normal and isoparaffins, olefins, acetylenes, naphthenes, and aromatics. The dependence of the product μ*ξ on reduced temperature was found to be the same for all of these substances, except helium and hydrogen. Both theoretical considerations and dimensional analysis indicate that the viscosity product of a gas might depend on the compressibility factor at the critical point. However the results of this study show that for these nonpolar substances this viscosity product at normal pressure is independent of zc and depends only on temperature. The only information required for the calculation of viscosity with the relationships developed in this study is the molecular weight, critical temperature, and critical pressure of the substance. Values calculated with these relationships have been compared with 785 experimental points from all reliable sources of experimental data and produced an average deviation of 1.77%. Comparisons have also been made with the values calculated with the Licht-Stechert and Bromley-Wilke equations.
Effects of particle size, polishing pad and contact pressure in free abrasive polishing

The objective of this research is to better understand the mechanisms of material removal in the free abrasive polishing process. Experiments were carried out to understand the effects of particle size, polishing pad and nominal contact pressure on the wear rate and surface roughness of the polished surface. A theoretical model was developed to predict the relationship between the polishing parameters and the wear rate for the case of hard abrasive particles sandwiched between a soft pad and a workpiece (softer than the abrasive particles). Experimental results and theoretical predictions indicate that the wear rate increases with an increase in particle size, hardness of polishing pad and nominal contact pressure, and with a decrease in elastic modulus of the polishing pad. Surface roughness increases with an increase in particle size and hardness of polishing pad, and nominal contact pressure has little effect on the roughness. A dimensionless parameter, wear index which combines all of the preceding parameters, was introduced to give a semi-quantitative prediction for the wear rate in free abrasive polishing. It is also suggested that when polishing hard material, in order to achieve a high materials removal rate and a smooth surface, it is preferable to use diamond as the polishing particles because of their high deformation resistance.
Comparison of designs in presence of a possible correlation in observations

We often assume the standard linear model with uncorrelated observations for comparison of designs without realizing a possible presence of correlation in observations. In this paper we present several change of variance functions including the one given in Zhou (2001) for comparing designs in presence of possible correlation in observations. We find a design by minimizing one of our proposed change of variance functions in a simple response surface setup. We then compare its performance with all variance design, all bias design, and the design making the average variance equal to the average squared bias. We also compare a second order rotatable design with a non-rotatable design. The rotatable design is better than the non-rotatable design with respect to A-, D-, and E- optimality criterion functions under the standard linear model with uncorrelated observations. We observe that the rotatable design may not perform better than the non-rotatable design with respect to the change of variance functions. We present some important properties of the change of variance functions. We find that the A-optimum designs may perform poorly with respect to a change of variance function.
Protonation of Excited State Pyrene-1-Carboxylate by Phosphate and Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution Studied by Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Pyrene-1-carboxylic acid has a pK of 4.0 in the ground state and 8.1 in the singlet electronic excited state. In the pH range of physiological interest (pH ∼5–8), the ground state compound is largely ionized as pyrene-1-carboxylate, but protonation of the excited state molecule occurs when a proton donor reacts with the carboxylate during the excited state lifetime of the fluorophore. Both forms of the pyrene derivatives are fluorescent, and in this work the protonation reaction was measured by monitoring steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence. The rate of protonation of pyrene-COO− by acetic, chloroacetic, lactic, and cacodylic acids is a function of ΔpK, as predicted by Marcus theory. The rate of proton transfer from these acids saturates at high concentration, as expected for the existence of an encounter complex. Trihydrogen-phosphate is a much better proton donor than dihydrogen- and monohydrogen-phosphate, as can be seen by the pH dependence. The proton-donating ability of phosphate does not saturate at high concentrations, but increases with increasing phosphate concentration. We suggest that enhanced rate of proton transfer at high phosphate concentrations may be due to the dual proton donating and accepting nature of phosphate, in analogy to the Grotthuss mechanism for proton transfer in water. It is suggested that in molecular structures containing multiple phosphates, such as membrane surfaces and DNA, proton transfer rates will be enhanced by this mechanism.
Mechanism of alkyne insertion of a cationic zirconocene aryl complex.

The reaction of Cp2Zr(4-F-o-tolyl)(CD2Cl2)+ (A) with 2-butyne at −85 °C in CD2Cl2 proceeds by reversible formation of the alkyne complex Cp2Zr(4-F-o-tolyl)(2-butyne)+ (C), followed by rate limiting insertion to produce Cp2Zr{CMeCMe(4-F-o-tolyl)}+ (D). Analysis of this system by pre-equilibrium kinetics (−85 °C) gives Keq = 1.4(1) M-1 for 2-butyne coordination to A and kinsert = 6.3(8) × 10-4 s-1 and Δ = 13.5(4) kcal/mol for the insertion step. Stabilization of C by an agostic interaction and steric crowding in the transition state contribute to the high insertion barrier.
Role of Ge in bridging ferromagnetism in the giant magnetocaloric Gd5(Ge1-xSix)4 alloys.

X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measurements and density functional theory (DFT) are used to study the electronic conduction states in ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}({\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{x}{)}_{4}$ materials through the first-order bond-breaking magnetostructural transition responsible for their giant magnetocaloric effect. Spin-dependent hybridization between Ge $4p$ and Gd $5d$ conduction states, which XMCD senses through the induced magnetic polarization in Ge ions, enables long-range Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida ferromagnetic interactions between Gd $4f$ moments in adjacent Gd slabs connected by Ge(Si) bonds. These interactions are strong below but weaken above the Ge(Si) bond-breaking transition that destroys 3D ferromagnetic order.
Surgical follow-up and clinical presentation of 142 breast papillary lesions diagnosed by ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy.

Background The clinical management of breast intraductal papilloma (IDP) remains controversial. The objective of this study was to survey a large cohort of benign IDP diagnosed on core needle biopsy (CNB) and to evaluate their clinical presentation and potential risk of associated atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive carcinoma as identified by follow-up surgical excision.
Ultrahigh mobility and giant magnetoresistance in the Dirac semimetal Cd3As2

Dirac and Weyl semimetals are 3D analogues of graphene in which crystalline symmetry protects the nodes against gap formation. Na3Bi and Cd3As2 were predicted to be Dirac semimetals, and recently confirmed to be so by photoemission experiments. Several novel transport properties in a magnetic field have been proposed for Dirac semimetals. Here, we report a property of Cd3As2 that was unpredicted, namely a remarkable protection mechanism that strongly suppresses backscattering in zero magnetic field. In single crystals, the protection results in ultrahigh mobility, 9 × 10(6) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) at 5 K. Suppression of backscattering results in a transport lifetime 10(4) times longer than the quantum lifetime. The lifting of this protection by the applied magnetic field leads to a very large magnetoresistance. We discuss how this may relate to changes to the Fermi surface induced by the applied magnetic field.
The effect of age on methacholine response

Bronchial reactivity to inhaled methacholine exists in subjects with asthma but may occur in subjects with allergic rhinitis, chronic lung diseases, and during respiratory infections. In the absence of these factors, we found that age also has a significant effect on the methacholine response. One hundred forty-eight subjects, 5 to 76 years of age, were studied as normal control subjects in a natural history of asthma study. The methacholine response was measured by standard techniques. The analysis demonstrated that age had a significant effect on the methacholine response. In addition to known factors influencing the results of methacholine inhalation, young and older subjects may exhibit bronchial responses that may falsely suggest hyperreactive airway disease.
Socialist Labor Process Revisited

This paper is an attempt to analyze and contrast the model of the socialist labor process in Marx and Lenin. It demonstrates that Marx's theory of socialism is closely intertwined with his theory of liberation. For Marx, freedom is an act of self-emancipation, and socialism is the voluntary association of self-empowered producers. The liberation of the working class must rest on its own initiatives and creativity, and the socialist labor process is the negation of the capitalist labor process and workers' self-estrangement. I argue that, contrary to Marx's theory and practice, Lenin's theory of liberation and his model of the socialist labor process resulted in the continuation of workers' self-estrangement and not its negation after the October Revolution. The paper demonstrates that, it is in the philosophy of liberation that the roots of the differences between Marx and Lenin are to be sought. The Paris Commune, the Factory Committee Movement in the October Revolution, and the Workers' Council Movement...
Impact of fluorochrome stains used to study bacterial transport in shallow aquifers on motility and chemotaxis of Pseudomonas species.

One of the most common methods of tracking movement of bacteria in groundwater environments involves a priori fluorescent staining. A major concern in using these stains to label bacteria in subsurface injection-and-recovery studies is the effect they may have on the bacterium's transport properties. Previous studies investigated the impact of fluorophores on bacterial surface properties (e.g. zeta potential). However, no previous study has looked at the impact of fluorescent staining on swimming speed and chemotaxis. It was found that DAPI lowered the mean population swimming speed of Pseudomonas putida F1 by 46% and Pseudomonas stutzeri by 55%. DAPI also inhibited the chemotaxis in both strains. The swimming speeds of P. putida F1 and P. stutzeri were diminished slightly by CFDA/SE, but not to a statistically significant extent. CFDA/SE had no effect on chemotaxis of either strain to acetate. SYBR® Gold had no effect on swimming speed or the chemotactic response to acetate for either strain. This research indicates that although DAPI may not affect sorption to grain surfaces, it adversely affects other potentially important transport properties such as swimming and chemotaxis. Consequently, bacterial transport studies conducted using DAPI are biased to nonchemotactic conditions and do not appear to be suitable for monitoring the effect of chemotaxis on bacterial transport in shallow aquifers.
Biliary dysplasia in primary sclerosing cholangitis harbors cytogenetic abnormalities similar to cholangiocarcinoma

Grading criteria for biliary dysplasia associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) have been recently described. Although a dysplasia to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) sequence is implied, supportive data are lacking. Seventeen liver explants with biliary dysplasia from patients with PSC were selected. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from each patient were evaluated to identify areas of normal/reactive biliary epithelium, intestinal metaplasia, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and CCA. Areas of interest were assessed for chromosomal alteration with fluorescence in situ hybridization using probes directed to locus 9p21 and centromeres 3, 7, and 17. The cutoffs for calling probe copy number abnormalities for polysomy, single locus gain, and homozygous 9p21 loss were established by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Of 4 areas of intestinal metaplasia, 19 low-grade dysplasias, 19 high-grade dysplasias, and 5 CCAs, 0%, 11%, 58%, and 40% displayed polysomy and 0%, 0%, 16%, and 40% exhibited homozygous 9p21 loss as the most severe abnormality, respectively. Patients with prior or current CCA were more likely to display polysomy in dysplasia than patients without CCA (70% versus 14%; P = .05); however, high-grade dysplasia was proportionally more common in the CCA-associated dysplasia group. Polysomy and homozygous 9p21 loss are detected in biliary dysplasia and CCA. These findings support a dysplasia-carcinoma sequence in PSC patients and suggest that fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis could help refine the grading of biliary dysplasia in these patients.
Annular capillary surfaces

The meniscus in a symmetric annular capillary tube is investigated. The contact angles on the inner and outer tube surface need not be the same. Existence and qualitative properties of solutions are obtained using an iteration similar to that used by Johnson and Perko in the case of a circular capillary tube. If the contact angles have the same sign ideas of Siegel are used to give asymptotic estimates using circular arcs as comparison curves.
Direct calculation of interfacial tension for lattice models by the Monte Carlo method

We present a novel application of Monte Carlo sampling techniques for the direct evaluation of the interfacial tension that is applicable over a wide range of system sizes and temperatures. The results for the two-dimensional Ising model with system size up to 32 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 32 for temperature at and below ${T}_{c}$ have been analyzed within scaling theory. An accurate estimate for the surface-tension amplitude in excellent agreement with Onsager's exact result is obtained.
Estradiol Metabolism in Isolated Human Endometrial Epithelial Glands and Stromal Cells

Intact epithelial glands and stromal cells were isolated from normal proliferative and secretory endometrial specimens by digesting the tissue fragments with 0.1% collagenase solution. These components were identified by the structure of the glands and the distinct morphology of the cell cultures. The same morphological characteristics and estradiol dehydrogenase (E2DH) activity were maintained from generation to generation in the primary cell cultures derived from either glands or stroma. The generation time of cultured stromal cells was shorter than that of glandular epithelial cells. The growth rate of both cell cultures was accelerated by addition of estradiol (E2) and medroxyprogesterone acetate in culture medium. Metabolism of E2 was studied in the freshly isolated glands and stromal cells by incubating these components, with radioactive E2 or estrone (E1) at various concentrations and time intervals. Qualitative and quantitative variations in the metabolic pattern of E2 were distinguished in epithe...
Problemitizing consumption, community, and leisure: Some thoughts on moving beyond essentialist thinking

Abstract Leisure, community and consumption share a common intellectual standing in leisure studies. There has been a tendency of many scholars to imbue these categories of social life with fundamental, pre‐existing characteristics and thus to see them as having something of an a priori essence. The essentialist posture in this regard finds its most common expression as absolute, normative valuations about the goodness and badness and the rightness or wrongness of leisure, community and consumption. This paper unpacks these notions, strips them of their essentialist garb, and makes them useful for research and analysis.
A Quantitative Correlation of the Effect of Density Distributions in Roller-Compacted Ribbons on the Mechanical Properties of Tablets Using Ultrasonics and X-ray Tomography

Enabling the paradigm of quality by design requires the ability to quantitatively correlate material properties and process variables to measureable product performance attributes. In this study, we show how heterogeneities in compacted ribbon densities quantitatively correlate to tablet mechanical properties. These density variations, which have been purposely modulated by internal and external lubrications, are characterized longitudinally and transversally by nondestructive ultrasonic and X-ray micro-computed tomography measurements. Subsequently, different transversal regions of the compacted ribbon are milled under the same conditions, and granules with nominally the same particle size distribution are utilized to manufacture cylindrical tablets, whose mechanical properties are further analyzed by ultrasonic measurements. We consider three different ribbon conditions: no lubrication (case 1); lubricated powder (case 2); and lubricated tooling (hopper, side sealing plates, feed screws, and rolls) (case 3). This study quantitatively reveals that variation in local densities in ribbons (for case 1) and process conditions (i.e., internal case 2 and external lubrication case 3) during roller compaction significantly affect the mechanical properties of tablets even for granules with the same particle size distribution. For case 1, the mechanical properties of tablets depend on the spatial location where granules are produced. For cases 2 and 3, the ribbon density homogeneity was improved by the use of a lubricant. It is demonstrated that the mechanical performances of tablets are decreased due to applied lubricant and work-hardening phenomenon. Moreover, we extended our study to correlate the speed of sound to the tensile strength of the tablet. It is found that the speed of sound increases with the tensile strength for the tested tablets.
Structural Characterization of Heavy Metal Toxicity in a Human DNA Repair Glycosylase

The DNA base excision repair pathway consists of several enzymes, some of which require metal cations for catalysis. Human Uracil DNA Glycosylase (hUNG), a DNA glycosylase responsible for the initial detection and removal of carcinogenic lesions from DNA, is a non-metal requiring enzyme. Using biochemical assays we showed that cadmium II (Cd), a known human carcinogen, inhibits hUNG activity in the micromolar range. To provide mechanistic insights for metal enzyme interactions, we employed computational approaches based on MD and QM calculations. Initially, our 1 μs explicit solvent Molecular Dynamics simulations using the AMBER force field showed Cd entering the hUNG pocket, interacting with the catalytic D64 residue. Subsequent simulation at the PM3 level showed that Cd additionally interacts with H67 and the peptide oxygen of P65 in the presence of a chloride ion. This position effectively replaces the catalytic water essential for hUNG activity. Further quantum mechanical refinement using M06L/QZVP ONIOM of Gaussian 09 on structures obtained from the PM3 simulations produced two distinct geometries of Cd in coordination 5. Both hUNG-Cd complexes are in agreement with metal sites found in a recent database of protein-metal complexes (MetalPDB). This work for the first time demonstrates a possible binding interaction between hUNG and toxic metal. In concert with our biochemical data we propose that metal inhibition of hUNG is due to replacement of the catalytic water, where a stable metal complex forms and prevents catalysis. The inhibition of hUNG by Cd will enhance the mutagenic and carcinogenic potentials of a variety of parental genotoxic compounds.
Integrating Mental-Skills Training into Everyday Coaching

Abstract Physical skill alone won't turn a loser into a winner. The good news is you don't need a psychology degree to strengthen your players' mental skills!
How hallucinations may arise from brain mechanisms of learning, attention, and volition.

This article suggests how brain mechanisms of learning, attention, and volition may give rise to hallucinations during schizophrenia and other mental disorders. The article suggests that normal learning and memory are stabilized through the use of learned top-down expectations. These expectations learn prototypes that are capable of focusing attention upon the combinations of features that comprise conscious perceptual experiences. When top-down expectations are active in a priming situation, they can modulate or sensitize their target cells to respond more effectively to matched bottom-up information. They cannot, however, fully activate these target cells. These matching properties are shown to be essential towards stabilizing the memory of learned representations. The modulatory property of top-down expectations is achieved through a balance between top-down excitation and inhibition. The learned prototype is the excitatory on-center in this top-down network. Phasic volitional signals can shift the balance between excitation and inhibition to favor net excitatory activation. Such a volitionally mediated shift enables top-down expectations, in the absence of supportive bottom-up inputs, to cause conscious experiences of imagery and inner speech and thereby to enable fantasy and planning activities to occur. If these volitional signals become tonically hyperactive during a mental disorder, the top-down expectations can give rise to conscious experiences in the absence of bottom-up inputs and volition. These events are compared with data about hallucinations. The article predicts where these top-down expectations and volitional signals may act in the laminar circuits of visual cortex and, by extension, in other sensory and cognitive neocortical areas, and how the level of abstractness of learned prototypes may covary with the abstractness of hallucinatory content. A similar breakdown of volition may lead to delusions of control in the motor system. (JINS, 2000, 6, 583–592.)
The uptake of progesterone by the uterus of the pregnant rat in vivo and its relationship to cytoplasmic progesterone-binding protein.

The uptake of progesterone-l,2-3H by the uterus of the pregnant rat following sc injection of the radiolabeled hormone was studied. In 11-day rats the 3H-progesterone concentration in the uterus exceeded that in plasma while the concentration in thigh muscle was lower than plasma. In animals killed 4 hour post-injection the uterine/plasma ratio was 2.1 ± 0.1 SE. In 21-day pregnant rats the same dose of 3H-progesterone failed to produce consistently detectable uterine concentrations at 4 hours. Injection of twice the amount of 3H-progesterone provided measurable uterine concentrations but they were consistently lower than those of plasma. The uterine/plasma ratio was 0.57 ±.05 SE. Utilizing sucrose-gradient analysis the progesterone binding activity of the uterine 105,000 g supernatant was examined in vitro. In the cytosol from 11-day pregnant rats a -4S protein component with highaffinity low-capacity progesterone-binding activity was identified. The activity of this component was markedly diminished or a...
Chiral symmetry and the nucleon-nucleon interaction: Tensor decomposition of Feynman diagrams.

A class of Lagrangians that describe the interaction of nucleons and pions and that provide a nonlinear representation of chiral symmetry is considered. We simplify the form of these Lagrangians by making an expansion in inverse powers of ${\mathit{f}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$ and calculate the irreducible fermion-fermion scattering amplitude to order ${\mathit{f}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$. Some of the integrals encountered in these calculations are divergent and are regulated with a (Euclidean) momentum-space cutoff, \ensuremath{\Lambda}, where \ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\simeq}1 GeV. While elements of the S matrix are independent of the form of the Lagrangian used, somewhat different results are obtained for the irreducible amplitudes calculated with Lagrangians that have either pseudoscalar or pseudovector coupling of the pion field to the nucleon. We compare our results for the isoscalar irreducible amplitudes to the potentials used in the one-boson-exchange model of the nucleon-nucleon force. In the case of pseudovector coupling, there is only a single relevant diagram of order ${\mathit{g}}^{4}$, a ``crossed-box'' diagram. We find that this crossed-box diagram is well represented by the exchange of a ``pseudo-eta'' particle, that is, an isoscalar-pseudoscalar meson with an imaginary coupling constant. There is also a relatively small scalar attraction seen, while tensor, vector, and axial vector terms are quite small. We also consider a Lagrangian with pseudoscalar coupling. In this case, there are four diagrams of order ${\mathit{g}}^{4}$ in the irreducible amplitude. Again, we find a significant attractive pseudoscalar exchange term (``pseudo-eta''). Relatively small repulsive interactions of vector and scalar type are also found in this case. Further analysis of the isoscalar amplitude requires that we extend our model to reproduce the dynamics of correlated two-pion exchange.
COMMUNICATION CONTEXT, SOCIAL COHESION AND SOCIAL CAPITAL BUILDING AMONG HISPANIC IMMIGRANT FAMILIES

Attention has been turned recently to the role that social capital may play in the promotion of immigration integration and social cohesion. The paper addresses an aspect of social capital that has been neglected: the application of social capital and its related concepts to minority ethnic families in impoverished neighbourhoods. This paper discusses the ways in which contextual elements in a neighbourhood may facilitate or impair the building of social capital for minority ethnic immigrant families. Research from focus group interviews conducted among Hispanic families in predominantly Hispanic neighbourhoods in Los Angeles show how residents face multiple challenges in social capital building due to physical, psychological, socio-cultural and economic constraints on their everyday family and community life. Contrary to popular conceptions that promote social capital building as the solution to social fractures caused by immigration and ethnic diversity, findings illustrate how communicative conditions ...
Heck Heterocoupling within a Dendritic Nanoreactor

Palladium nanoparticles (2−3 nm in diameter) have been prepared within covalently functionalized poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimers, and the resulting composite materials are shown to be effective for Heck coupling reactions. Two novel concepts are demonstrated in this report. The first concept involves the incorporation of Pd0 nanoparticles into PPI dendrimers covalently functionalized with perfluorinated polyether chains on their periphery. The second concept involves the first example of a carbon−carbon coupling reaction catalyzed by a dendrimer-templated nanomaterial, specifically, the catalytic heterocoupling between nonactivated aryl halides and n-butylacrylate mediated by the dendrimer-encapsulated catalysts. These reactions were carried out in a homogeneous fluorous/organic reaction phase at elevated temperature, and the catalyst was recovered by cooling to room temperature and concomitant phase separation. The catalyst was found to be catalytically active at a reaction temperature of only 90 ...
Effect of Phosphorus and pH on Type and Extent of Crystal Formation in Process Cheese

Abstract The type and extent of crystal formation on process American cheese of varying phosphorus concentrations and pH values has been investigated. Phosphorus concentrations in cheeses ranged from 1.58 to 3.06% P 2 O 5 and pH from 4.82 to 9.85. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the predominating crystalline species was the alpha form of disodium phosphate dodecahydrate. An inverse relationship between the pH of the process cheese and phosphorus required for prevention of crystal formation was shown.
First Stokes pulse energy statistics for cascade Raman generation in optical fiber

Abstract We present an experimental investigation of the pulse energy statistics of the first Stokes scattered light that is generated by spontaneous Raman scattering, and then amplified by stimulated scattering, for a wide range of input pump powers. We observe full-scale energy fluctuations for weak first Stokes scattering. The first Stokes pulse energy fluctuations diminish for strong scattering, and local noise minima mark the onset of higher-order Stokes scattering. We also present measurements of the correlation between the input pump and first Stokes pulse energies for a wide range of input pump powers. This correlation coefficient starts out small for weak first Stokes scattering, then increases as the first Stokes pulse grows in energy, and the sharply decreases as the pump is depleted by the generation of multiple Stokes orders.
Modelling non-linear evolution using Lagrangian perturbation theory re-expansions

We present a new method to calculate formation of cosmological structure in the Newtonian limit. The method is based on Lagrangian perturbation theory plus two key theoretical extensions. One advance involves identifying and fixing a previously ignored gauge-like degree of freedom relating quantities calculated in LPT to those measured by a preferred Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) observer. Handling this connection between calculational and observer frames is physically essential and ensures a momentum conserving description. The second extension is to systematically re-expand the equations of motion to increase LPT's radius of convergence to the maximum future time prior to orbit crossing. The paper implements a complete algorithm and performs extensive "proof of principle" tests of the new method, including direct comparison to known solutions, evaluation of conserved quantities and formal convergence studies. All are satisfactory. We show convergence is exponential in grid size and Lagrangian order and polynomial in step size. There are three {\it powerful advantages} afforded by the new technique: (1) it employs a smooth representation of all fields and the results are not limited by particle induced shot-noise errors, (2) it permits the numerical error to be controlled by changing Lagrangian order and/or number of steps allowing, in principle, arbitrarily small errors to be achieved prior to orbit crossing and (3) it handles generic cold initial data (any periodic density and velocity fields, including those with initial rotational components). Together, these properties make the new technique well-suited to handle quasi-linear scales where analytic methods and/or numerical simulations fail to provide suitably accurate answers.
Dissipative control in thermal ensembles using tunneling ionization

It has been observed that non-resonant tunneling ionization of diatomic molecules by strong laser fields can lead to readily observable coherent vibrations in the molecular ground state of both hydrogen and iodine. Moreover, we have shown that this process, called “Lochfrass” or “R-selective ionization,” produces larger amplitude coherent motion in hotter systems than cold. In contrast, reversible interactions, like bond-softening, become less effective as the temperature increases. In this paper, we present a density matrix analysis to demonstrate this unusual temperature dependence and suggest that dissipative interactions, like tunneling ionization, can provide strong-field control in hot systems.
Successful extensive enlargement of a non-committed ventricular septal defect in double outlet right ventricle

We performed an arterial switch operation in a patient with double outlet right ventricle with non-committed ventricular septal defect, and abnormal insertion of the tension apparatus of the tricuspid valve which produced moderate tricuspid regurgitation. This required extensive enlargement of the ventricular septal defect between the attachments of the cords of the tricuspid valve so as to create the interventricular rerouting that made possible the arterial switch operation. Postoperatively, we produced a straight, unobstructed, left ventricular outflow tract, improved the extent of tricuspid regurgitation, and achieved low right atrial pressures. Enlargement of the interventricular communication can set the scene for biventricular repair in this particular subset of patients with both arterial trunks arising from the morphologically right ventricle.
Continuity in the Hurst index of the local times of anisotropic Gaussian random fields

Abstract Let { { X H ( t ) , t ∈ R N } , H ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) N } be a family of ( N , d ) -anisotropic Gaussian random fields with generalized Hurst indices H = ( H 1 , … , H N ) ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) N . Under certain general conditions, we prove that the local time of { X H 0 ( t ) , t ∈ R N } is jointly continuous whenever ∑ l = 1 N 1 / H l 0 > d . Moreover we show that, when H approaches H 0 , the law of the local times of X H ( t ) converges weakly [in the space of continuous functions] to that of the local time of X H 0 . The latter theorem generalizes the result of [M. Jolis, N. Viles, Continuity in law with respect to the Hurst parameter of the local time of the fractional Brownian motion, J. Theoret. Probab. 20 (2007) 133–152] for one-parameter fractional Brownian motions with values in R to a wide class of ( N , d ) -Gaussian random fields. The main argument of this paper relies on the recently developed sectorial local nondeterminism for anisotropic Gaussian random fields.
Preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules with 18FDG-PET/CT

Background. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( 18 FDG-PET/CT) has become an important tool in the postoperative management of de-differentiated thyroid cancer. The utility of this imaging modality in the preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules is unclear. This study was designed to determine whether 18 FDG-PET/CT improves the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Methods. A total of 31 patients with 48 lesions underwent fine-needle aspiration and 18 FDG-PET/CT before surgical resection of thyroid nodules. PET/CT images were obtained 1hour after intravenous administration of 18 LDG. Standard uptake values were calculated for regions of increased 18 FDG uptake. CT scans were evaluated to identify thyroid pathology. Final pathologic diagnoses were compared with PET/CT findings. Results. Fifteen of 48 lesions were malignant and 33 were benign. Nine of 15 malignant lesions were 18 FDG-avid (sensitivity 60%). Thirty of 33 benign lesions were 18 FDG-cold (specificity 91 %). Positive and negative predictive values were 75 % and 83 %, respectively. Conclusions. 18 FDG-PET/CT provides a high negative predictive value for malignancy, making this a potentially useful tool in the evaluation of thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration. However further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to determine the true efficacy of this test.
On the screech tones of supersonic rectangular jets

The shock cell structure and screech tone frequencies of nonaxisymmetric supersonic jets are examined. A linear shock cell model that utilizes a vortex sheet as the mixing layer of the jet is developed in order to estimate the characteristics of the shock structures and tone frequencies. Eigenvalue problems for rectangular and elliptical jets are solved, and shock cell structure solutions for the jets are derived. The shock cell spacings calculated with the model are compared to the data of Powell (1953) and Hammitt (1961); good correlation is obtained over a wide range of Mach numbers. The shock cell spacing formula is applied to the computation of screech tone frequencies of rectangular jets. It is observed that the calculated frequencies agree with the measurements of Powell and Krothapalli et. al. (1986) for the Mach number range 1.15-1.80.
PAD4-Mediated Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation Is Not Required for Immunity against Influenza Infection

During an inflammatory response, neutrophils migrate to the site of infection where they can kill invading pathogens by phagocytosis, secretion of anti-microbicidal mediators or the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are specialized anti-microbial structures comprised of decondensed chromatin decorated with microbicidal agents. Increased amount of NETs have been found in patients suffering from the chronic lung inflammatory disease cystic fibrosis, correlating with increased severity of pulmonary obstruction. Furthermore, acute lung inflammation during influenza A infection is characterized by a massive influx of neutrophils into the lung. The role of NETs during virus-mediated lung inflammation is unknown. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4)-mediated deimination of histone H3 and H4 is required for NET formation. Therefore, we generated a PAD4-deficient mouse strain that has a striking inability to form NETs. These mice were infected with influenza A/WSN, and the disease was monitored at the level of leukocytic lung infiltration, lung pathology, viral replication, weight loss and mortality. PAD4 KO fared comparable to WT mice in all the parameters tested, but they displayed slight but statistically different weight loss kinetics during infection that was not reflected in enhanced survival. Overall, we conclude that PAD4-mediated NET formation is dispensable in a mouse model of influenza A infection.
Hole transfer from single quantum dots.

Photoinduced hole transfer dynamics from single CdSe/CdS3ML/CdZnS2ML/ZnS2ML core/multishell quantum dots (QDs) to phenothiazine (PTZ) molecules were studied by single QD fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate the static and dynamic heterogeneities of the hole transfer process as well as its effect on the blinking dynamics of QDs. Ensemble-averaged transient absorption and fluorescence decay measurements show that excitons in QDs dissociate by transferring the valence band hole to PTZ with a time constant of 50 ns for the 1:1 PTZ–QD complex, and the subsequent charge recombination process (i.e., electron transfer from the conduction band of the reduced QD to oxidized PTZ to regenerate the complex in the ground state) occurs mainly on the 100 to 1000 ns time scale. Single QD–PTZ complexes show pronounced correlated fluctuations of fluorescence intensity and lifetime with time. In addition to the dynamic fluctuation, there are considerable heterogeneities of average hole transfer rate among different QD–PT...
Compressive behavior of an extruded nanocrystalline Al–Fe–Cr–Ti alloy

Abstract The investigation of the compressive behavior of an extruded nanocrystalline Al–Fe–Cr–Ti alloy reveals that the ductility of the alloy is determined by the status of the oxide film at the prior powder particle boundaries. When properly extruded, the alloy exhibits more than −0.45 compressive strain at 25 °C coupled with superior specific strengths up to 400 °C. The enhanced strength is attributed to grain refinement, intermetallic precipitation, and solid solution.
Improved holographic rainbow-colored photopolymer reflection grating

We report an improved technique to fabricate a rainbow-colored polymeric reflection grating with laterally graded period. The reflection is over 80% throughout the entire visible domain, which is improved particularly in the blue region.
Interference by the Carcinogenic 4-Nitro-quinoline N -Oxide of Triptophan and Indole Uptake in Escherichia coli

THE potent water-soluble carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (NQO) is remarkably versatile and thus represents a good means of discerning pre-requisites for carcinogenesis. NQO condenses readily with sulphydryl groups; is mutagenic to bacteria, tobacco mosaic virus, and Aspergillus niger1; inhibits incorporation of phosphorus-32 into nucleic acids of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells2; induces nucleolar ‘caps’ in Chang liver cells3; and inhibits growth of the flagellates Ochromonas danica, Euglena gracilis, of Corynebacterium bovis, and of the photosynthetic purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. These growth inhibitions are competitively annulled by L-tryptophan; D-tryptophan is also effective. The competitive annulment ratio is 0.2 mg/ml. tryptophan: NQO 2 µ/ml.
Association of peptides with heat shock protein gp96 occurs in vivo and not after cell lysis.

Immunization of mice and rats with gp96 preparations isolated from syngeneic cancers has been shown to elicit protective immunity to a number of cancers. The specific immunogenicity of gp96 preparations derives from the antigenic peptides chaperoned by the gp96 molecule and not from gp96 molecules per se. Studies reported here demonstrate that the association of peptides with gp96 occurs in vivo and is not a procedural artifact which occurs in vitro after cell lysis. This demonstration has a bearing on the proposed functional role of HSP peptide association in antigen processing and presentation by MHC I molecules.