cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Representations of Internal States

Although the standard theory of social action relies explicitly on certain mentalistic assumptions, these assumptions are so well grounded in our intuitions and daily practices, they are so close to truisms, that the tendency among sociologists of action has been to accept them uncritically. On the evidence of the preceding chapter, though, common sense and intuition are far from reliable indicators of internal states and processes. Our self-insight is severely limited, and, it follows, so is our empathetic insight into the mentality of others. We must reconsider our efforts to interpret human social behavior within a motivational-rationalistic framework. We must reduce our reliance on introspection and informant explanation as a source of our theoretical constructs. We must, I think, abstain from the use of mentalistic notions, such as intention, motivation, emotion, and even belief, as theoretical resources. We cannot, to be sure, and should not avoid the use of such notions—they are the stuff of interaction. But we must find a way to use them that does not involve us in making unfounded psychological assumptions. One way to do this is to refuse to make attributions of mental states and events, while recognizing and taking account of the fact that members do make such attributions. Motive and intention, under this approach, are sociological topics but are rejected as theoretical resources.
New approach to spectrum and emitter simulation

Radar and electronic warfare (EW) systems operate in an increasingly cluttered electro-magnetic (EM) environment. Evaluating system hardware with a variety of spectral and emitter scenarios helps characterize system performance in the presence of multiple emitters of interest and potential interferers that can be either non-intentional or intentional. DAC technology has evolved to the point where wide instantaneous bandwidths and high resolution is available with the current generation of arbitrary waveform generators (AWG). The true power of an AWG is in its ability to generate virtually any waveform downloaded into its memory making it easy to create radar and communications emitters scattered across a synthetic test range that simulates thousands of cubic miles of airspace. This paper will propose new approaches to spectrum and emitter simulation using high precision AWGs and investigate their use in applications which in the past have required a much more complicated, costly and multi-instrument solution. It will explore unique methods for baseband waveform creation, extending scenario length through the efficient use of memory, and upconversion of wideband composite signals to RF and microwave frequencies.
Psychoneurophysiologic Considerations of Emotions

Environmental stimuli that evoke emotional responses in an individual are determined largely by personal experience. Man learns which events, objects or signals have particular significance for him. The mechanisms of emotional expression, however, may represent organized, biologically determined patterns. Many clinical observations suggest that specific areas of the brain are concerned with emotion. Characteristic functions in various areas are important in generation and expression of emotions.
Peripheral blood eosinophilia correlates with hyperplastic nasal polyp growth

Background Eosinophils are thought to play a significant role in nasal polyposis, but the exact mechanism by which they contribute to polyposis remains unclear. Therefore, we proposed to test the hypothesis that peripheral blood eosinophilia (PBE) is a surrogate and biomarker for polyp load. To do this, we examined whether PBE levels correlate with nasal polyp load in a longitudinal manner. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the fluctuation of PBE and nasal polyp load in each patient (n = 61) assessed preoperatively, 1–2 months postoperatively, and 3–12 months postoperatively. Nasal polyp load was assessed using computed tomography (CT) scan preoperatively and nasal endoscopy postoperatively. Correlation coefficients were analyzed using parametric statistics. Results There was a positive correlation between initial preoperative baseline PBE and CT scan staging of polyp load (r = 0.35, p < 0.01). When patients were analyzed longitudinally, we found that the change in PBE correlated with the change in nasal endoscopy scores obtained at or near the same timepoint (r = 0.82, p < 2.0 × 10−10). When nasal polyp load increased with time, we observed a stepwise increase in eosinophil counts (r = 0.37, p < 0.02). Conclusions PBE correlates with nasal polyp load. PBE levels may be used along with nasal endoscopy to prospectively follow nasal polyp load postoperatively in chronic rhinosinusitis patients with hyperplastic nasal polyposis who have eosinophilia, asthma, and/or aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.
Mitochondrial DNA mutations increase in early stage Alzheimer disease and are inconsistent with oxidative damage

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage are commonly associated with early stage Alzheimer disease (AD). The accumulation of somatic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been hypothesized to be a driver of these phenotypes, but the detection of increased mutation loads has been difficult due to a lack of sensitive methods. We used an ultrasensitive next generation sequencing technique to measure the mutation load of the entire mitochondrial genome. Here, we report a significant increase in the mtDNA mutation frequency in the hippocampus of early stage AD, with the cause of these mutations being consistent with replication errors and not oxidative damage. Ann Neurol 2016;80:301-306.
SPF 30: From the Inside

In 2010, Sergey Aleynikov was charged with trade secret theft and related offenses (United States v. Aleynikov 2010). He had been employed by Goldman Sachs for over two years as a Vice President with responsibility for programming, specifically for “developing and maintaining some of the computer programs used to operate Goldman’s high-frequency trading system.” In June 2009, he left to take a similar, Executive VP position with Teza Technologies, charged with creating a competing trading platform. On exit, he allegedly downloaded files containing the source code for the “Platform” used by Goldman to “rapidly obtain information on the latest market movements, to process that information into a form that can be analyzed by the algorithms, and to execute the trading decisions…”
Quality of Meat from Cattle Fed Sewage Solids 1.

Beef heifers in a feedlot were fed an experimental (E) diet containing gamma-irradiated ("pasteurized") dried sewage solids as 20% of the diet. Similar heifers received a conventional diet and served as controls (C). Four heifers from each group were slaughtered at the 68th day of the feeding program. Carcasses from E were smaller than from C (202 versus 245 kg), had less fat thickness (.76 versus 1.0 cm) and less internal fat (2.5 versus 2.9%). Steaks, roasts and ground beef (composite of all trimmings) were displayed for 3 d in a refrigerated (2-4°C) meat case. Ground meat from E was superior to C in lean color and overall visual acceptance; but the reverse was true for steaks and roasts (P .05) due to diets (E vs. C). Livers and kidneys from cattle fed the E diet had higher levels (P<.05) of Fe and Pb than those from cattle receiving the C diet.
Verifying apple cider plant sanitation and hazard analysis critical control point programs: choice of indicator bacteria and testing methods.

The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the survival of coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci in refrigerated apple cider; (ii) to develop simple and inexpensive presumptive methods for detection of these bacteria; (iii) to perform a field survey to determine the prevalence of these bacteria on apples and in apple cider; and (iv) based on our results, to recommend the most useful of these three indicator groups for use in verifying apple cider processing plant sanitation and hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) programs. Eight of 10 coliform strains (5 E. coli, 1 Enterobacter aerogenes, and 2 Klebsiella spp.) inoculated into preservative-free apple cider (pH 3.4, 13.3° Brix) survived well at 4°C for 6 days (≤3.0 log 10 CFU/ml decrease). Of 21 enterococci strains (Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, and E. durans), only 2 E. durans and 3 E. faecium strains survived well. Simple broth-based colorimetric methods were developed that detected the presence of ∼10 cells of coliforms or enterococci. In three field studies, samples of unwashed apples (drops and picked), washed apples, and freshly pressed cider were presumptively analyzed for total coliforms, E. coli, and enterococci using qualitative and/or quantitative methods. Drop apples were more likely than picked apples to be contaminated with E. coli (26.7% vs. 0%) and enterococci (20% vs. 0%). Washing had little effect on coliform populations and in one field study was associated with increased numbers. Total coliform populations in cider ranged from 738 most probable number/ml, depending on the enumeration method used and the sample origin. E. coli was not recovered from washed apples or cider, but enterococci were present on 13% of washed apple samples. The qualitative coliform method successfully detected these bacteria on apples and in cider. Based on its exclusively fecal origin, good survival in apple cider, and association with drop apples, we conclude that E. coli is the most useful organism for verifying apple cider sanitation and HACCP programs.
Self-inflicted penetrating injury: A review:

Penetrating self-inflicted injury is a mechanism that occurs with significant frequency at many trauma centers in the United States and internationally. With high rates of unemployment and growing numbers of individuals with mental illness, we expect more and more patients to present with these injuries. Additionally, there are known to be misconceptions about the seriousness of injuries that can occur when penetrating trauma is self-inflicted, especially with stab wounds. There is also often uncertainty among surgeons regarding how to treat these patients effectively in a multidisciplinary fashion while working with psychiatry services. Our goal was to review the epidemiology, mechanisms, anatomic considerations, role of substance use, and psychiatric illness in these injuries and the approach to evaluation and treatment of these patients.
Swiping me off my feet: Explicating relationship initiation on Tinder

Tinder, a mobile dating application (app), facilitates the initiation of new, potentially romantic relationships and promotes itself as a social discovery platform dominating the U.S. with 1.4 bill...
Identifying Noninferior Decision Alternatives Based on Fuzzy Binary Relations

After the introduction of a fuzzy noninferiarity relation, fuzzy relations of preference, strict preference, indifference, and incomparability are specified and their properties are investigated. A definition is given for a fuzzy noninferior subset and basic characteristics are established for that subset. An algorithm is given to identify a fuzzy set of noninferior alternatives for decision-making where a certain number of noninferior alternatives must be selected for more detailed study.
Spatial, Temporal and Hierarchical Variability of the Factors Driving Urban Growth: A Case Study of the Treasure Valley of Idaho, USA

Urban landscape is a system of hierarchically nested spatial structures or land patches with their distinct dynamics and causal factors. The lower level structures evolve together to give out different forms, patterns and extents during the process of urbanization. An understanding of driving factors of these hierarchical structures has important implications for future land use planning and urban management. Adopting an innovative framework of urban patch hierarchy, this study investigates the drivers and spatiotemporal variability of their explanatory power at urban and intra-urban patch levels, with Treasure Valley of Idaho, USA as a case of study. We calibrated global and local logistic regression models against a set of 18 spatialized variables. Results show that growth drivers and their impact vary both across the study site and along the cycles of urbanization at different levels of urban landscape. Urban agglomeration factors including the proximity to urbanized area had the highest impact on new development, urban growth forms and land uses. Factors were less stable at the lower level because of their subtle interconnectedness with local structures. The study further revealed an existence of distinct patterns of association among the growth forms, land use types, and the included factors. Specific growth forms and land use classes demonstrated identical temporal patterns with certain driving factors.
The Politics of Immigration Control in the United States: Explaining Local Cooperation with Federal Immigration Authorities

This paper aims to improve our understanding of emerging patterns of interior immigration control in the United States by examining local law enforcement cooperation with federal immigration authorities under the 287(g) program. While several recent studies have drawn attention to the shifting terrain of immigration enforcement away from borders into the interior, few have attempted to systematically explain reasons for this shift. Using a county-level dataset of all counties in the United States, this study finds that local decisions to engage in immigration control efforts are not driven by crime, as proponents of the 287(g) program contend. Rather they are driven by political factors, particularly a county’s partisan composition, and demographic pressures. The evidence suggests that cooperation under the 287(g) program is an administrative response to managerial challenges and political pressures county officials face as the financial costs of detaining undocumented immigrants increases. These pressures are more pronounced in Republican majority counties and grow more acute as the Hispanic/Latino population in a county grows.
Family Investments in Low-Income Children's Achievement and Socioemotional Functioning.

Family processes and parenting practices help explain developmental differences between children in low- versus higher-income households. There are, however, few studies addressing the question of: what are the key family processes and parenting practices for promoting low-income children's growth? We address this question in the present study, following conceptual work framing family processes and parenting practices as investments in children. Using secondary analyses of longitudinal data on low-income children from birth to age 15 (n = 528), we estimate several potential family investments in achievement and socioemotional outcomes during early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. For achievement outcomes, family investments in learning stimulation were consistently the strongest predictors. For socioemotional outcomes, investments in an orderly household and close parental supervision were the most consistent and strongest predictors, even more so than sensitive parenting. (PsycINFO Database Record
Retinal Structure in Pre-Clinical Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: To determine, if there are identifiable retinal structural changes associated with genetic risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Materials and Methods: Seventy-three subjects (ra...
Abstract 14077: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Totally Occluded Venous Bypass Grafts: An Exercise in Futility?

Introduction: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of diseased saphenous vein grafts (SVG) continues to be a clinical challenge. Current PCI guidelines give a class III recommendation against p...
Customer evaluations of service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors: Agentic and communal differences

Abstract Research shows that service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) influences customer attitudes. In a series of two experiments, the interaction between customer gender and the type of service-oriented OCB (communal or agentic) performed by a female (Study 1) or male (Study 2) service employee was examined using a sample of hospitality recruiters. Study 1 showed that both male and female customers rated the female employee performing the agentic OCB equally, but female customers rated the female employee performing the communal OCB higher than male customers. The results from Study 1 did not emerge for the male employee in Study 2. These results suggest that the interaction effect between the service-oriented OCB type and customer gender only influences customer reactions for female employees, but not for male employees. The results show that the evaluation of service-oriented OCB is particularly susceptible to the influence of gender-role stereotypes.
Unstructured Socializing With Peers and Risk of Substance Use: Where Does the Risk Begin?:

Research finds that unstructured socializing with peers is positively associated with substance use, but important issues remain underexamined. Specifically, does the risk of substance use resultin...
Determining Event Durations: Models and Error Analysis

This paper presents models to predict event durations. We introduce aspectual features that capture deeper linguistic information than previous work, and experiment with neural networks. Our analysis shows that tense, aspect and temporal structure of the clause provide useful clues, and that an LSTM ensemble captures relevant context around the event.
The place of man in the development of Darwin's theory of transmutation.

This argument has emphasized the professional character of Darwin's early activities, largely in order to balance the usual portrayal of the amateurishness of his early training and field of study. Arguing this way has revealed the interplay between Darwin's personal interests and his professional obligations, the latter being particularly important for the period from October 1836 to July 1837. In several instances, notably the treatment of his collections, the progress of his thought followed the professional lead directly. In the absence of such a lead Darwin did not pursue certain issues, if only for lack of time. Thus the subject of man did not figure in his initial formulation of a transmutationist position. Only after the commitment to the new point of view had been made did the issues emerge which will be treated in Part II of this article. However, we may close by noting Darwin's inherited disposition on the subject: in the summer of 1837 Darwin responded to Lyell's claim that the change from irrational animal to rational man represented “a phenomenon of a distinct kind from the passage from the more simple to the more perfect forms of animal organization and instinct” with a fanciful doodle in the margin.121 The thoughts behind the bemused scribbling were to occupy a good portion of Darwin's time for the next two years.
High Pressure Oxidation for Low Temperature Passivation of Si1-xGex Alloys

Thermal passivation of Si1-xGex using high pressure (70 MPa) oxidation was studied for potential use in MOS-device applications. Alloys of CVD-grown Si1-xGex (with x=10 and 15 at. %), 200 and 150-nm thick respectively, were oxidized using high purity dry oxygen at a pressure of 70 MPa and a temperature of 500°C. For comparative purposes, a second set of alloys were oxidized using conventional wet atmospheric pressure oxidation at 800°C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and MOS C-V measurements were used to characterize the as-grown oxides. Chemical analysis by XPS confirmed that under high pressure conditions, compositionally congruent oxides are grown from these alloys. High resolution TEM and Raman spectroscopy show that the as-grown oxide/semiconductor interface is planar and free of Ge enrichment on a scale of 1–2 monolayers. A midgap interface state density for both the 10 and 15 at. % samples of 1×1012 cm-2eV-1 was estimated based on 1 MHz C-V measurements.
Dose Escalation for Prostate Cancer Using Oligofractionated, Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy

Radiation therapy is a standard of care option for the definitive management of low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer, and is a critical component of both definitive and multimodality therapy for high-risk prostate cancer. For years, increasingly higher cumulative doses of conventionally-fractionated (1.8–2 Gy per fraction) radiation therapy have been associated with improved biochemical recurrence free survival, at the cost of increasing treatment duration and expense, and decreased convenience for patients. There is mounting evidence that a subset of hypofractionated regimens, called oligofractionated (oligo = few), stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SAbR; also referred as stereotactic body radiation therapy, SBRT), may be clinically equally or perhaps more effective in the management of prostate cancer as a protracted course. While SAbR-like fractionation has been reported for decades, the current form is more apt to avoid toxicity by using modern technological advances in imaging, dosimetry and radiation delivery. In addition to a high likelihood of durable biochemical control, this form of treatment is far more convenient for patients, and potentially reduces the overall cost of therapy. Recent clinical trials have shown excellent outcomes in properly selected patients. This chapter will discuss the use of oligofractionation in radiation therapy to improve oncologic outcomes in the management of localized prostate cancer.
Molecular Control of Capillary Tube Morphogenesis and Maturation Through Endothelial Cell-Pericyte Interactions: Regulation by Small GTPase-Mediated Signaling, Kinase Cascades, Extracellular Matrix Remodeling, and Defined Growth Factors

Studies over many years reveal a critical role for extracellular matrices, matrix metalloproteinases, key small GTPases, and defined growth factors in the molecular control of vascular tube morphogenesis and stabilization in three-dimensional (3D) tissue environments. Key interactions involve endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes which co-assemble to affect vessel formation, remodeling and stabilization events during development and postnatal life. The EC tube formation process results in the creation of networks of proteolytically generated vascular guidance tunnels. These tunnels are physical matrix spaces that regulate vascular tube remodeling and represent matrix conduits into which pericytes are recruited, to allow dynamic and polarized cell-cell interactions with ECs. EC-pericyte interactions regulate vascular basement membrane matrix assembly, a necessary step for endothelial tube maturation and stabilization. ECs form tube networks and tunnels in 3D extracellular matrices in a manner dependent on integrins; membrane-type metalloproteinases; small GTPases including Cdc42, Rac isoforms, k-Ras, and Rap1b; and key downstream effectors of these GTPases. In addition, human EC tubulogenesis requires a defined five-growth factor combination including stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), stromal-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and insulin (Factors). These Factors are necessary to integrate signal transduction cascades to form human EC tube networks and attract pericytes [through EC-derived platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF)] to control vessel maturation events.
Rethinking the Notion of “Hostility” in African American Parenting Styles

African American parenting strategies are important in the development of prosocial behavior and are linked to empathy, self-efficacy, and racial identity. This study examined how adolescent-percei...
Summary of $\pi$--$\pi$ Scattering Experiments

Present status of the study of the low energy $\pi\pi$ interaction is reviewed, including the recent results on reactions $\pi N \to\pi\pi N$ near threshold. Current experimental values of s-wave $\pi\pi$ scattering lengths are compared with predictions of various theoretical models. Required experimental and theoretical improvements are discussed, in particular the need for a new $K_{e4}$ decay measurement, and a more reliable theoretical interpretation of the near-threshold $\pi N \to\pi\pi N$ data.
Oestrogen and androgen receptor activation contribute to the masculinisation of oxytocin receptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of rats.

Oxytocin (OT) often regulates social behaviours in sex-specific ways, and this may be a result of sex differences in the brain OT system. Adult male rats show higher OT receptor (OTR) binding in the posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (pBNST) than adult female rats. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms that lead to this sex difference. First, we found that male rats have higher OTR mRNA expression in the pBNST than females at postnatal day (P) 35 and P60, which demonstrates the presence of the sex difference in OTR binding density at message level. Second, the sex difference in OTR binding density in the pBNST was absent at P0 and P3, but was present by P5. Third, systemic administration of the oestrogen receptor (ER) antagonist fulvestrant at P0 and P1 dose-dependently reduced OTR binding density in the pBNST of 5-week-old male rats, but did not eliminate the sex difference in OTR binding density. Fourth, pBNST-OTR binding density was lower in androgen receptor (AR) deficient genetic male rats compared to wild-type males, but higher compared to wild-type females. Finally, systemic administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid at P0 and P1 did not alter pBNST-OTR binding density in 5-week-old male and female rats. Interestingly, neonatal ER antagonism, AR deficiency, and neonatal valproic acid treatment each eliminated the sex difference in pBNST size. Overall, we demonstrate a role for neonatal ER and AR activation in setting up the sex difference in OTR binding density in the pBNST, which may underlie sexual differentiation of the pBNST and social behaviour.
Holomorphic Vector Bundles, Stability, and Gauge Theory

In this chapter we link the theory of ASD connections on a smooth 4-manifold M with the theory of holomorphic vector bundles on an algebraic surface in case M is the 4-manifold underlying a smooth projective surface. This link enables us to apply the rich tools of algebraic geometry to the study of the moduli space. We will give a detailed example of this study in Chapter VII, when we discuss the structure of the moduli space of stable bundles for elliptic surfaces. In the next chapter, as a very general application, we shall give a proof of Donaldson’s theorem that the polynomial invariants do not vanish for an algebraic surface.
Immune checkpoint inhibitor related neurologic adverse events: clinical spectrum, management and outcomes (S21.003)

Objective: To describe the clinical spectrum, management and clinical outcomes of neurologic immune-related adverse events (IrAEs) in a large cohort of patients who received immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Background: Expanding use of ICIs underscores the importance of accurate diagnosis and prompt management of neurologic IrAEs. Because neurologic irAEs may present atypically with overlap, and optimal management is unknown, comprehensive phenotypic characterization and long-term outcome data are needed. Design/Methods: Patients who received an ICI at Massachusetts General Hospital between 06/01/2011 and 12/31/2017 were identified. The instituitional-database-registry was utilized to search for relevant diagnostic-codes and/or diagnostic evaluations. We reviewed medical records of the screened cases for clinical data. Change in modified Rankin score ≥1 was considered as a favorable outcome. Results: From 2011 to 2017, 1851 patients received ICIs at our institution. Twenty-eight (1.5%) patients had grade 3 (limit self-care activities of daily living) or 4 (life threatening and need urgent intervention) neurological IrAEs. Underlying malignancies included melanoma (n=21), adenocarcinoma (n=5), renal cell carcinoma (n=1) and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (n=1). The rate of neurological IrAEs was significantly higher with use of cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-antigen-4 inhibitors (anti-CTLA4) alone (2.8%) or in combination with programmed-death-1 inhibitors (anti-PD1) (2.7%) compared to anti-PD1 monotherapy (0.8%, p Conclusions: Neurological irAEs are rare but potentially severe complications of ICIs. Recognition of their wide and overlapping phenotypic spectrum, distinct clinical characteristics and prompt management with corticosteroids may lead to favorable outcomes. Disclosure: Dr. Dubey has nothing to disclose. Dr. David has received royalty from Oakstone Publishing. Dr. Reynolds has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chute has nothing to disclose. Dr. Clement has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cohen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lawrence has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mooradian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sullivan has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Merck, Genentech, and Novartis. Dr. Guidon has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Momenta Pharmaceutics, Alexion and Oakstone Publishing. Dr. Guidon has received research support from RaPharma.
Classification of Fibrillation Subtypes with Single-Channel Surface Electrocardiogram

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) are complex heart rhythm disorders with increasing prevalence. Mechanisms sustaining these arrhythmias are different, and subsequently, the required treatments options differ. Although many algorithms have been developed for differentiating fibrillation from normal sinus rhythm, very few methods exist to differentiate between different forms of AF and VF from surface electrocardiogram (ECG). To address the issue, we propose a novel ECG classification method to differentiate fibrillation that is completely chaotic from forms where it is organized with key driving sites. Differentiating fibrillation organisation from ECGs may aid patient selection, and identify those who may benefit from targeted ablation treatment. Evaluation using real-world data sets based on rat VF model shows that the proposed method could recognise the correct Fibrillation subtype from the single-channel electrocardiogram with an accuracy of 88.89\(\%\).
Comparing the Ethnicity Proxy and Residual Method: Applications to the State-level DREAM Acts and DACA

Previous studies often use Hispanic non-citizens as a proxy to identify undocumented immigrants in survey data. This paper compares the ethnicity proxy with the residual method in identifying undocumented immigrants regarding two aspects: how closely they match official statistics and how they differ when evaluating the effects of the state-level DREAM Acts and DACA on college enrollment and labor market outcomes. This study finds that the residual method outperforms the Hispanic non-citizen proxy in matching the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services statistics of undocumented immigrants for a majority of variables. Consistent with the previous literature, results from both methods find that the state-level DREAM Acts increase college enrollment, while DACA decreases college enrollment and increases the probability of working. The residual method produces policy effect estimates in the same direction as does the Hispanic non-citizen proxy approach, but larger in magnitude for DACA.
Reluctant to Criticize: Media, Academia, and the Press Council Without a Home:

The earliest recommendation for an American press council appears in A Free and Responsible Press (1947), the report of the Commission on Freedom of the Press. Few people know that Commission chair...
Beyond the state/market dichotomy: Institutional innovations in China's electricity industry reform.

Abstract China's electricity industry has gone through three decades of market-oriented reform, and this process is often interpreted as a tug of war between marketization and state control. However, this paper argues that a dichotomous conception of the state-market relationship cannot explain the evolution and complexity of China's electricity governance. By systematically analyzing the institutions of China's electricity reform, this paper identifies a sequence of innovations that align well with both the history of China's economic transition and the institutional underpinnings of China's economic governance. Also, by interpreting the respective roles of state and market in China's reformed electricity industry, this paper shows that state control and marketization are complementary rather than contradictory, and that their complementarity is best exercised in addressing issues like market fragmentation and renewable energy curtailment. Moreover, this paper presents two case studies – both on China's most recent electricity market experimentation – to elaborate how state and market jointly serve sectoral functions as well as broader economic and political goals.
What’s Hot in Clinical Infectious Diseases? 2019 IDWeek Summary

The year 2019 brought about a multitude of innovations in clinical infectious diseases. With the continued rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), advances in diagnostics and newly available antibiotics offer additional strategies for combating this threat, but the broken antibiotic market serves as an impediment to further developments. The IDSA and other stakeholders are working to create novel pull incentives to stabilize the pipeline. Ongoing needs include developing optimal stewardship practices, including by using narrow-spectrum antibiotics and shorter durations of therapy. In the area of solid organ transplantation, early data from transplanting Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected organs are encouraging and the American Society of Transplantation (AST) released new guidelines addressing several key issues. Lastly, 2019 saw a resurgence in Measles emphasizing the importance of vaccination.
Future directions for psychiatric intervention: Novel models of service delivery

Abstract This chapter outlines factors that contribute to the challenges in accessing mental health care for CKD patients including patient, clinician, and facility level considerations. We will review the varying needed components to provide comprehensive assessment and treatment of comorbid mental health conditions. Finally, different conceptual models of how to address unmet mental health needs in medical populations are reviewed, and specific recommendations for the dialysis unit are provided.
A Code-Agnostic Driver Application for Coupled Neutronics and Thermal-Hydraulic Simulations

While the literature has numerous examples of Monte Carlo (MC) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupling, most are hardwired codes intended primarily for research rather than as stand-alone, ...
Disparities by Gender and Race/Ethnicity in Child Maltreatment and Memory Performance.

Adverse childhood experiences, which include child maltreatment, are a major public health issue nationally. Child maltreatment has been linked to poorer cognitive functioning, which can start in c...
The Polished Mirror: Storytelling and the Pursuit of Virtue in Islamic Philosophy and Sufism: by Cyrus Ali Zargar, London, Oneworld, 2017, 341 pp., £20.00/$30.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-78607-201-6

At its core, Cyrus Zargar's book makes three important contributions to scholarship in Islamic ethics. First, it illustrates that Muslim mystics and philosophers expressed some of their most subtle...
Rotating bubble membrane radiator for space applications

An advanced radiator concept for heat rejection in space is described which uses a two-phase working fluid to radiate waste heat. The development of advanced materials and the large surface area per mass makes the Bubble Membrane Radiator an attractive alternative to both conventional heat pipes and liquid droplet radiators for mid to high temperature applications. A system description, a discussion of design requirements, and a mass comparison with heat pipes and liquid droplet radiators are provided.
SWAT model application for evaluating agricultural conservation practice effectiveness in reducing phosphorous loss from the Western Lake Erie Basin

Abstract Lake Erie is threatened by eutrophication and harmful algal blooms due to excess nutrient loading from agricultural sources. Agricultural conservation practices (ACPs) have been developed and implemented to reduce nutrient losses but estimating ACP effectiveness is challenging. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been used to investigate ACP effectiveness for water quality improvement. Many SWAT applications have been developed by different investigators to evaluate ACP effectiveness for reducing nutrient, particularly phosphorus (P), loading in the agriculturally-dominated Western Lake Erie Basin (WLEB). Our objective is to establish what has been achieved by past modeling research and make suggestions for future applications and improvements. We synthesized the findings of 28 SWAT modeling studies within the WLEB. Models generally performed satisfactorily against accepted criteria for streamflow and sediment, but performance for P loads, like soluble reactive P, was mostly “unsatisfactory”. The “unsatisfactory” performance maybe due to imperfections and idealizations in model formulations and/or parameterization. Thus, simulations of P transport and transformation processes need improvement. In addition, model parameter selection is the key part of model set-up. Most SWAT modeling studies used default values during initial set-up, then performed calibration and validation. It was found that the calibrated P related parameter values varied widely across different studies, even within the same watershed with some values unrealistic for the study areas. The phenomena of different combinations of model parameters producing similar outputs indicates equifinality. Equifinality in the baseline model may impact results when ACPs are incorporated. Furthermore, the unrealistic values used in ACP assessment undermine the credibility of ACP effectiveness. Future model applications should try to re-examine the calibrated P parameters and make sure they are realistic for the study area as well as reduce equifinality by constraining the model with characterization of watershed conditions, better understanding of hydrologic processes, and parameter values based on real-world observations. In summary, future model applications should focus on improving P transport and transformation processes, using measured watershed characteristics for parameterization, and improving reflections of climate change, which could result in more accurate assessments of ACP effectiveness to meet targeted goals.
Does Ownership Structure Affect Labor Decisions

ABSTRACT: This study examines how the incentives related to ownership structure influence labor cost management decisions in publicly traded and privately held organizations. I document that public banks have more elastic labor cost structures than private banks, which suggests that public bank managers prefer greater flexibility to remove labor resources when desired. Consistent with public banks facing greater financial reporting pressures, I find that they reduce labor costs to avoid earnings declines. However, I also find that the use of labor cost reductions to manage required regulatory capital is more pronounced in private banks. Consistent with the explanation that access to the equity markets allows public firms to sell equity in lieu of cutting costs, I find that the use of labor cost reductions to manage capital requirements is concentrated in the subsample of banks with lower equity issuances. These findings suggest that while public ownership induces financial reporting pressure, it may also ...
Duality in Nonconvex Finite Deformation Theory: A Survey and Unified Approach

This paper presents a brief survey and a unified approach to the complementary-dual variational extremum principles in nonconvex finite deformation theory. By using an abstract deformation operator and its tangent decomposition, the well-known classical complementary energy principles can be written in a general form, and their extremum properties are clarified. Based on a new pure complementary energy principle (involving the stress only), it is shown that the nonlinear equilibrium equation in finite deformation problems can be transformed into a tensor equation. Hence a general analytic solution for 3-dimensional large deformation problems can be constructed. The properties of this general solution are characterized by a triality extremum principle.
Sound Bites, Spin and Social Change

Abstract The news media is an essential player in the policy making process. Social work students learning how to scrutinize, and influence, the complex world of social policy can benefit from an educational model that incorporates the media. This article first examines the theoretical framework for understanding the media's role in public policy formation. This framework is then used to construct a classroom exercise for analyzing the public discourse using basic content analysis of media texts. A case example drawn from a study of welfare reform and the media is described. By exploring how social problems are translated into public conversations, students can enrich their knowledge of social problem formation, and learn more effective rhetorical techniques and strategies for influencing the public debate.
The Purification and Characterization of l-Histidine Ammonia-lyase (Pseudomonas)

Abstract Histidine ammonia-lyase was purified from a pseudomonad grown on l-histidine. Enzyme preparations appeared homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge and by analytical disc electrophoresis. Native enzyme had an s025,w of 11.1 S and a D25,w of 0.50 x 10-6 cm2 sec-1. A molecular weight of 214,000 was obtained from sedimentation velocity and diffusion and 211,000 from sedimentation equilibrium. The enzyme was dissociated by 6 m guanidine hydrochloride-0.1 m mercaptoethanol into subunits of molecular weight 35,000. Mercaptoethanol both activates and inhibits the native enzyme.
Automated Production of an On-line Laboratory Reference Manual from a Laboratory Information System

Laboratories provide information beyond test results, including information related to patient preparation, specimen collection and handling, test methodology, test availability, and interpretation of results. Most laboratories publish reference manuals to distribute this information to clients, while relying on the laboratory information system to provide this information to laboratory staff. Maintaining duplicate sources of information is expensive and error-prone, and printed materials become rapidly outdated. We developed a process to automate the production of a web-based reference manual directly from the laboratory information system, using a combination of MUMPS programs and HTML templates. We now focus our resources to assure that the laboratory information system database is accurate and complete, and then with minimal additional effort or expense produce an up-to-date on-line reference manual. We are therefore able to provide better sources of information in a sustainable manner.
A minimax approach to sensor fusion for intrusion detection

The goal of sensor fusion is to combine the information obtained by various sensors to make better decisions. By better, it is meant that the sensor fusion algorithm provides, for example, better detectability or lower false alarm rates compared to decisions based upon a single sensor. This work is motivated by combining the data gathered by multiple passive infrared (PIR) sensors to detect intrusions into a room. Optimal decision theoretic approaches typically include statistical models for both the background (non-event) data, and intrusion (event) data. Concurrent work by the author has shown that by appropriately processing multiple PIR data streams, a statistic can be computed which has a known distribution on the background data. If the distribution of the statistic during an event is known, optimal decision procedures could be derived to perform sensor fusion. It is shown, however, that it is difficult to statistically model the event data. This paper thus focuses on using minimax theory to derive the worst-case event distribution for minimizing Bayes risk. Because of this, using the minimax distribution as a surrogate for the unknown true distribution of the event data provides a lower bound on risk performance. The minimax formulation is very general and will be used to consider loss functions, the probability of intrusions events and consider non-binary decisions.
M.I.T. Stirling-Cycle Heat Transfer Apparatus

The design and construction of a two-cylinder apparatus to measure heat transfer under conditions of oscillating pressure and oscillating flow such as found in Stirling-cycle machines are described. The apparatus consists of two large single-stage air compressors joined by a rigid drive shaft between the two crack shafts, and is powered by a 25-hp variable speed DC motor. The apparatus is capable of measuring heat transfer while velocity and pressure change over the range of dimensionless parameters normally found in Stirling cycle machines. It allows each parameter to be varied independently and easily. Instrumentation for the apparatus is adequate for measurement of pressure, time, gas and wall temperature, wall heat flux, and gas velocity. It yields preliminary data which show that the apparatus and data acquisition are operating satisfactorily and produce reasonable results.
Efficient UAV video event summarization

In the paper, we present an approach to efficiently summarizing UAV video data. Our approach is based on first detecting and tracking moving objects. Significant camera motion usually present in UAV video data is successfully handled by a robust feature-based frame registration technique. We then devise a saliency-based scoring method to score and rank detected object tracks. Object tracks are then grouped into video segments. The final step is to generate a concise summarization and visualization. Experimental results on the VIRAT UAV dataset show that we can accomplish a data reduction rate in excess of 1000 without significantly missing any activities of interest.
Choline, a Vital Amine

New evidence indicates that choline, a small vitamin, is essential for optimal brain development. In his Perspective, Blusztajn summarizes recent work that points to choline9s newly recognized importance, which has resulted in its reclassification as an essential nutrient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences.
Premenstrual Disorders and Rumination

Objectives Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) involve emotional, behavioral, and physical symptoms; however, there is little understanding of psychological factors that contribute to these disorders. It was hypothesized that rumination, a form of depressive self-focused attention, is related to premenstrual distress. Method Study 1 involved women (N = 735) meeting criteria for No/Mild PMS, Moderate/Severe PMS, and PMDD using retrospective self-report. Study 2 involved women (N = 85) meeting diagnostic criteria for PMS or PMDD (i.e., PMD group) and healthy controls (i.e., No PMD group) following 60-day symptom monitoring. Participants in both studies completed questionnaires of rumination, anxiety sensitivity, and coping styles. Results Rumination was strongly related to premenstrual disorders using both retrospective and prospective reports, as well as both categorical and continuous approaches to classification of premenstrual distress. Conclusions Rumination, a transdiagnostic factor in psychopathology, may contribute to the onset and maintenance of premenstrual distress.
Atrioventricular dissociation associated with Adams-Stokes syndrome presumably due to mumps myocarditis

A case of presumed mumps myocarditis characterized by Adams-Stokes attacks in a9-year-old Negro girl is presented. Response to drug therapy was inadequate, and an external pacemaker was not tolerated. Intracardiac stimulation, with an electrode catheter, was satisfactory. Following reversion to a sinus rhythm her course was uneventful, and she was without sequelae 4 months after the acute illness.