cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Faster 8-Bit Carry Circuit

A modification of the Chen-Kuck 8-bit carry circuit is presented with one less gate delay and a proof is given that this is the best possible time. The corresponding results for longer length circuits are summarized.
Explaining Ethnic Peace: The Importance of Institutions

This paper examines the cause of ethnic peace, and subsequently, the cause of ethnic violence. Varying arguments have been used to explain ethnic violence: primordialism, instrumentalism, and constructivism. The question central to this study is how master narratives, scarce resources, and democratic institutions have influenced the occurrence of ethnic violence. Small n comparison is used to analyze two pairs of sub-Saharan African nations in order to control for other explanatory variables: (1) Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana, and (2) Kenya and Tanzania. In each pair, one nation is relatively peaceful and the other violent. Drawing from ethnographic research papers, and news sources this paper finds that while cultural and economic factors play heavily into ethnic violence, it is the carrying capacity of political institutions which enable ethnic peace. Better political institutions foster civic trust amongst citizens, and ensure peaceful means for the demonstration of political and economic frustrations. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol14/iss1/ 11
Bilateral cardiac sympathetic denervation: why, who and when?

Cardiac electrophysiology is regulated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) [1]. The ANS receives continuous input from the heart, integrates them, and effector signals are delivered to the heart ...
Comparing user performance with single-finger, whole-hand, and hybrid pointing devices

Researchers have explored pointing devices operated by a single finger, but their advantage was not clear compared to conventional mice controlled by the whole hand. To incorporate the benefits of both, we prototyped hybrid pointing devices that combined both finger and hand movement to control the cursor, and experimentally compared their performance with single-finger and whole-hand devices. Results showed that such hybrid devices have the potential to improve pointing performance in terms of time, error, and bandwidth, especially for precise pointing.
Strong ties, weak ties, and human capital: Latino immigrant employment outside the enclave.

This study focuses on the role of social ties and human capital in the integration of Latino immigrants into the local economy. This analysis extends earlier research by focusing on more rural contexts with limited labor-market opportunities and less access to social resources provided by coethnics. We reconsider conclusions of previous studies by focusing on areas with limited labor-market opportunities and less access to resources provided by coethnics. Using data from in-depth interviews, focus-group discussions, and surveys of former farmworkers in five rural communities in New York, we consider how individuals move from agricultural to other types of employment. Multinomial logit and ordinary least squares regression analyses confirm indications from our qualitative data that strong social ties, weak ties, and human capital all play distinctive parts in the economic integration of immigrants outside the ethnic enclave. These resources have the most positive impact on incomes when they contribute to the immigrants' self-reliance in finding employment. This finding is consistent with observations from the social-network literature that those who are less reliant on strong social ties are better able to take advantage of a broader range of labor-market opportunities.
Ultrasound-Guided In Utero Injections Allow Studies of the Development and Function of the Eye

Ultrasound-guided in utero injections into the brain of murine embryos has been shown to facilitate gene delivery. We investigated whether these methods would allow gene transfer into ocular structures. Gene transfer using retroviral vectors or electroporation was found to be quite effective. We determined the window of time, as well as compared several strains of mice, that yield a high degree of survival and successful gene transfer. Several retroviral constructs were tested for expression and coexpresssion of two genes in retinal cell types. In addition, a retroviral vector was engineered to give cone photoreceptorenriched expression, and a retroviral vector was demonstrated to provide RNAi-mediated loss-of-function. These methods enable access to early ocular structures and provide a more rapid method of assessment of gene and promoter function than possible using genetically engineered mice. Developmental Dynamics 237: 1034 –1042, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clinical Use of Anti-Xa Monitoring in Malignancy-Associated Thrombosis

Introduction. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is preferred for malignancy-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE). Many providers monitor LMWH with anti-Xa levels, despite little validation on correspondence with patient outcome. Methods. This is a retrospective, single institution study of anti-Xa measurement in malignancy-associated thrombosis. Cases were identified using the Electronic Data Warehouse, and inclusion was confirmed by two independent reviewers. Malignancy type, thrombotic history, measurement rationale and accuracy, clinical context, and management changes were evaluated. Results. 167 cases met inclusion criteria. There was no clear rationale for anti-Xa testing in 56%. Impaired renal function (10%), documented or suspected recurrent thrombosis despite anticoagulation (9%), and bleeding (6%) were the most common reasons for testing. Incorrect measurement occurred in 44%. Renal impairment was not a significant impetus for testing, as 70% had a GFR > 60. BMI > 30 was present in 40%, and 28% had a BMI < 25. Clinical impact was low, as only 11% of patients had management changes. Conclusions. Provider education in accuracy and rationale for anti-Xa testing is needed. Our study illustrates uncertainty of interpretation and clinical impact of routine anti-Xa testing, as management was affected in few patients. It is not yet clear in which clinical context providers should send anti-Xa levels.
Learning preference rules for a VLSI design problem-solver

A description is given of a VLSI design problem-solving system, and a method of learning preference rules that enable the problem-solver to select the refinement rule that best meets its current design goals. This explanation-based learning technique uses a domain-independent theorem prover and domain-dependent models to explain why a particular design refinement is preferred over alternative refinements. Generalization of this explanation is accomplished by turning constants to variables, dropping common subexpressions from the explanation, and promoting lone subexpressions. The resulting preference rules are general enough to be correctly applied in several different situations. It is asserted that automating the learning of preference rules will make knowledge acquisition easier, reduce the cognitive load on the VLSI designer, and improve the performance of the design problem-solving system. >
Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Behavior of Nanoreinforced Carbon/Epoxy Composites

In this study, the objective was to develop, manufacture, and test hybrid nano/microcomposites with a nanoparticle reinforced matrix and demonstrate enhancements to damage tolerance properties in the form of fracture toughness and fatigue life. The material employed was a woven carbon fiber/epoxy composite, with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNT) as a nano-scale reinforcement to the epoxy matrix. A direct-mixing process, aided by a block copolymer dispersant and sonication, was employed to produce the nanoparticle-filled epoxy matrix. Initial tests were performed on cast epoxy sheets (neat and with nanotubes) to determine effects of nanotubes on the matrix alone. Specimens were tested in Mode I three point bend, showing a 20 % increase in critical stress intensity factor K for nanotube-filled epoxy over neat resin. Woven carbon fiber performs were then infused with epoxy (neat and with nanotubes) by a wet layup process to produce flat composite plates. Composite specimens cut from these plates were subjected to Mode I double cantilever beam (DCB) tests (straight and tapered) showing nearly a 200 % increase in Mode-I fracture toughness G for nano-reinforced composite over reference composite. Fatigue tests were then performed on the woven carbon fiber composite in the form of cyclic short-beam three point bend to produce interlaminar shear fatigue. Stress-life curves obtained from cyclic short-bearm three point bend showed an increase of more than an order of magnitude in cyclic life at a given cyclic load between reference and nano-reinforced composite. Fatigue-fracture tests were performed on interlaminar Mode-I tapered double cantilever beams to produce Mode-I interlaminar fatigue-crack growth. The results of cyclic interlaminar Mode-I testing showed a much lower crack growth rate for nano-reinforced composite than for reference material. SEM micrographs of failed specimens also showed significant differences in fracture surface morphology between nano-reinforced and reference composite.
Simple unification-based type inference for GADTs

Generalized algebraic data types (GADTs), sometimes known as "guarded recursive data types" or "first-class phantom types", are a simple but powerful generalization of the data types of Haskell and ML. Recent works have given compelling examples of the utility of GADTs, although type inference is known to be difficult. Our contribution is to show how to exploit programmer-supplied type annotations to make the type inference task almost embarrassingly easy. Our main technical innovation is wobbly types, which express in a declarative way the uncertainty caused by the incremental nature of typical type-inference algorithms.
A catalog of techniques for resolving packaging mismatch

1 abstract A problem that often hampers the smooth integration of reused components into a new system is the packaging mis- match problem: when one or more of a component's com- mitments about interaction with other components are not supported in the context of integration. Although system integrators have faced and surmounted this problem for decades, their experience largely exists as unrecorded folk- lore and as specific papers in separate research communities — a situation which makes it difficult to systematically understand and solve an instance of this problem. In order to allow system integrators to attack packaging mismatches systematically, what is known about the problem and its solutions must assembled and organized. To take a step in this direction, this paper first discriminates the chief charac- teristics of component packaging, which are the sources of mismatch. It provides a catalog of techniques to resolve packaging mismatch, organized according to the architec- tural commitments involved: on-line and off-line bridges, wrappers, intermediate representations, mediators, unilat- eral and bilateral negotiation, and component extension. Finally, it describes the issues involved in resolving packag- ing mismatch, aspect by aspect.
Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for prosthesis biofilm disruption

As with all surgical procedures, implantation comes with the added risk of infection. The inability of antibacterial therapy to treat persistent infection demonstrates the need for a more advanced therapeutic approach. The goal of this study was to explore the use of iron-oxide magnetic nanoparticles (IOMN) to inhibit bacteria biofilm formation and promote bone growth at the site of prosthetic infection.
Tectonic geomorphology and hydrocarbon induced topography of the Mid-Channel Anticline, Santa Barbara Basin, California

The geomorphology of the western sector of the Mid-Channel Anticline (MCA), Santa Barbara, southern California suggests the actively growing fold is laterally propagating to the west. The presence of fold scarps and cross faults that segment the structure suggests that buried faults that are producing the folding are present at shallow depths. The summit area of the anticline at the Last Glacial Maximum (22 to 19 ka) was probably a small late Pleistocene island. Evidence for presence of the island includes what appears to be terrestrial erosion and is supported by assumption of sea level change and rates of uplift and subsidence. Pockmarks and domes ranging in diameter from ∼10 to 100 m, and several meters deep are present along the crest and flanks of the MCA. These features appear to be the result of hydrocarbon emission. Their formation has significantly modified the surface features, producing simple to complex erosional and/or constructional topography. A large pockmark near the anticline crest dated by two calibrated AMS radiocarbon dates of 25.3 and 36.9 ka continues to emit hydrocarbon gases. We term the topography produced by hydrocarbon emission as Hydrocarbon Induced Topography (HIT). © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Molecular Cloning, Expression, and Tissue Distribution of Crustacean Molt-Inhibiting Hormone1

Abstract In crustaceans, secretion of ecdysteroid molting hormones by Y-organs is regulated by molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH), a neuropeptide produced by the X-organ/sinus gland complex of the eyestalks. The current review considers recent research on MIH, with a primary focus on MIH of brachyurans (crabs). New data on the production of recombinant MIH (rMIH) are also included. Available data indicate the MIH gene of brachyurans encodes a 113 amino acid prohormone composed of a 35 residue signal peptide and a 78 residue mature MIH. The primary structure of MIH is highly conserved among brachyurans. The MIH transcript is detectable in eyestalk neural ganglia throughout the molt cycle of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Stage-specific changes in the abundance of MIH mRNA in C. sapidus eyestalks are generally consistent with the hypothesis that MIH negatively regulates ecdysteroid production during the molt cycle. MIH transcripts have also been detected in the brain of two species. Recombinant MIH was prod...
A pragmatic approach to structure based calculation of coupled proton and electron transfer in proteins

The coupled motion of electrons and protons occurs in many proteins. Using appropriate tools for calculation, the threedimensional protein structure can show how each protein modulates the observed electron and proton transfer reactions. Some of the assumptions and limitations involved in calculations that rely on continuum electrostatics to calculate the energy of charges in proteins are outlined. Approaches that mix molecular mechanics and continuum electrostatics are described. Three examples of the analysis of reactions in photosynthetic reaction centers are given: comparison of the electrochemistry of hemes in different sites; analysis of the role of the protein in stabilizing the early charge separated state in photosynthesis; and calculation of the proton uptake and protein motion coupled to the electron transfer from the primary (QA) to secondary (QB) quinone. Different mechanisms for stabilizing intra-protein charged cofactors are highlighted in each reaction. fl 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The Influence of High-Speed Cutting Technics Parameter No Materials Removal in Turning High Alloy Antifriction Cast Iron

Though the high-speed cutting experimentation of high alloy antifriction cast iron, the materials performance and request on tools in cutting were analyzed. Though single-factor experimentation, the factors of affecting on cutting efficiency were discussed, such as tools materals, cutting speed, feed speed and cutting depth. The results show that the durability of PCBN tools is higher, but the durability of ceramics and tungsten-cobalt carbide tipped tools is low. The influence curve of cutting speed to machining efficiency is a part of parabola. And the influence curve of cutting depth to machining efficiency can be divided two parts of materials removal and tools wear. In the ensuring of technical requirements of work-piece machining. The high cutting efficiency can be obtained, when cutting speed vc=75~100m/min, feed speed f≤8mm and cutting depth ap =0.1~0.3mm.
Mechanisms Involved in the Hypersecretion of Aldosterone During Sodium Depletion

The primary mechanism leading to hypersecretion of aldosterone during sodium depletion in the dog is increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system. Loss of salt and water leads to renin release and increased aldosterone and corticosterone secretion. Plasma renin was elevated within one hour after diuretic administration. The increase in corticosterone production was transient; return of corticosterone to the control level appears to be mediated by the negative corticosteroid feedback mechanism via the anterior pituitary. It is suggested that the role of ACTH in aldosterone production during sodium depletion is a supportive one. In severe sodium depletion decreased plasma sodium and increased plasma potassium concentrations further augment the hypersecretion of aldosterone.
Characterizing the fecal microbiota of infants with botulism.

Infant botulism is the most prevalent form of botulism in the USA, representing 68.5 % of cases reported from 2001–2012. Infant botulism results when botulinum toxin-producing clostridia (BTPC) colonize the infant gut with concomitant in vivo production of the highly potent botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). The gut microbiota of infants with botulism is largely uncharacterized; therefore, it remains unclear whether the microbiota profile of these patients are distinct in composition, abundance, or diversity. To address this uncertainty, we employed 16S rRNA gene profiling to characterize the fecal microbiota in 14 stool samples among laboratory-confirmed and non-confirmed infant botulism cases. Seven bacterial phyla were identified among all 14 infant stool samples examined. Compared to samples from non-confirmed cases, the fecal microbiota of infant botulism patients displayed significantly higher Proteobacteria abundance. Of the 20 bacterial families identified, Enterobacteriaceae was significantly more abundant in samples from infants with botulism. Firmicutes abundance and the abundance ratio of Firmicutes/Proteobacteria was significantly lower in samples from infants with botulism. Lactobacillus spp. abundance was notably reduced in 12 of the 14 samples. Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium baratii were identified in low relative abundances in confirmed and non-confirmed samples based on their 16S rRNA gene profiles, although their toxigenicity remained undetermined. No significant differences were observed in the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) observed or in fecal microbiota diversity between laboratory-confirmed and non-confirmed samples. Correlations between individual phylum abundances and infant age were variable, and no significant differences were shown in number of OTUs observed or in fecal microbiota diversity between samples delineated by overall mean age. Significant differences in Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Enterobacteriaceae abundances were identified in the fecal microbiota of infants with botulism when compared to samples from non-confirmed cases. Fecal microbiota diversity was not significantly altered in infants with botulism, and a limited presence of BTPC was shown. It could not be determined whether the fecal microbiota profiles shown here were comparable prior to patient illness, or whether they were the direct result of infant botulism. The results of this study do, however, provide a detailed and descriptive observation into the infant gut microbiota after intestinal colonization by BTPC.
College mathematics classroom for pre-service teachers: developing students’ ability of communication that promotes deeper learning

This paper reportedthe result of an innovative teaching project in pre-service teacher mathematicsclassrooms. The purpose is to share my experience of building a classroomenvironment of effective communication that not only promotes deeper learningbut also helps students become independent thinker and learner. Some teachingstrategies are discussed.
A Review of Failure Analysis Methods for Advanced 3D Microelectronic Packages

Advanced three dimensional (3D) packaging is a key enabler in driving form factor reduction, performance benefits, and package cost reduction, especially in the fast paced mobility and ultraportable consumer electronics segments. The high level of functional integration and the complex package architecture pose a significant challenge for conventional fault isolation (FI) and failure analysis (FA) methods. Innovative FI/FA tools and techniques are required to tackle the technical and throughput challenges. In this paper, the applications of FI and FA techniques such as Electro Optic Terahertz Pulse Reflectometry, 3D x-ray computed tomography, lock-in thermography, and novel physical sample preparation methods to 3D packages with package on package and stacked die with through silicon via configurations are reviewed, along with the key FI and FA challenges.
A REAL-TIME SIGNAL PROCESSING FRAMEWORK OF MUSICAL EXPRESSIVE FEATURE EXTRACTION USING MATLAB

In this paper we propose a real-time signal processing framework for musical audio that 1) aligns the audio with an existing music score or creates a musical score by automated music transcription algorithms; and 2) obtains the expressive feature descriptors of music performance by comparing the score with the audio. Real-time audio segmentation algorithms are implemented to identify the onset points of music notes in the incoming audio stream. The score related features and musical expressive features are extracted based on these segmentation results. In a realtime setting, these audio segmentation and feature extraction operations have to be accomplished at (or shortly after) the note onset points, when an incomplete length of audio signal is captured. To satisfy real-time processing requirements while maintaining feature accuracy, our proposed framework combines the processing stages of prediction, estimation, and updating in both audio segmentation and feature extraction algorithms in an integrated refinement process. The proposed framework is implemented in a MATLAB real-time signal processing framework.
Stimulation of adenine uptake into mouse lung and liver in vitro by tumor extracts.

SummaryC57 bl mouse lung-liver mince and BAF1 mouse liver mince incubated with adenine-8-C14 showed greater DNA activity than a similar system which had been deactivated by heat. This increased activity was not found with lung mince. A factor(s) present in tumor homogenate and possibly also in lyophilized tumor homogenate increased the DNA radioactivity to values significantly higher than those from tissues incubated without tumor homogenates.
Two-stage models for the analysis of cancer screening data

Methods are proposed for the analysis of the natural history of disease from screening data when it cannot be assumed that untreated preclinical disease always progresses to clinical disease. The methodology is based on a two-stage model for preclinical disease in which stage 1 lesions may or may not progress to stage 2, but all stage 2 lesions progress to clinical disease. The focus is on joint estimation of the total preclinical duration and the sensitivity of the screening test. A partial likelihood is proposed for the analysis of prospectively collected screening data, and an analogous conditional likelihood is proposed for retrospective data. Some special cases for the joint sojourn distribution of the two stages are considered, including the independent model and limiting models where the duration of stage 2 is short relative to stage 1. The methods are applied to a case-control study of cervical cancer screening in Northeast Scotland.
A parotid salivary protein present during late pregnancy and postpartum.

SummaryStimulated parotid saliva was collected from: (i) eight pregnant subjects at intervals from about 2-3 months gestation to 2 weeks prepartum and at 4-6 weeks postpartum; (ii) three of the above eight donors 4 months postpartum; (iii) one individual each of the 9 days prior to delivery and at 1,2, and 3 days postpartum; (iv) 55 individuals 1-4 days postpartum; (v) 12 male and 12 female control subjects. A marked increase in or appearance of an additional protein or proteins was detected in a particular electrophoretic zone from the saliva collected during late pregnancy, shortly after term, and 4-6 weeks postpartum. The amount of this yet unidentified protein or proteins is greater in parotid saliva collected 4-6 weeks postpartum than obtained either immediately pre- or postpartum.
SYNCOPE CAUSED BY LEFT ATRIAL MASS

Syncope is a common presentation in the pediatric population. Most events are vasovagal but result in significant resource utilization. The approach to syncope begins with a meticulous history and physical (H&P) to determine which events warrant further evaluation. A 17-year-old previously healthy
Development and experience of health and epidemic prevention about 'September 7' earthquake in Yiliang County

Heavy property loss and casualties caused by 5.7 and 5.6 magnitude earthquakes which had happenedone after another in Yiliang County of Yunnan province on September 7, 2012. Health epidemic prevention situation of disaster region was grim because of the rainstorm on September 11. Facing complicated and diversified situation, a health epidemic prevention headquarters was jointly set up by disease prevention control center of national, provincial,city and county. Disease control and prevention work plans of earthquake disaster region were made by experts. Related resources and power were integrated to carry out a comprehensive epidemic prevention work. After two months of hard work, achievements of post-disaster epidemic prevention were obtained. Goals about no big plague target after calamity were realized. Epidemic prevention work experiences were accumulated.
Co-Ordinating Systems and Behaviour in Hydra II. The Rhythmic Potential System

1. Two further co-ordinating systems, the rhythmic potential (or RP) and the pre-locomotor burst (PLB) systems, are described from several species of Hydra . 2. RP impulses may be recorded from anywhere in the column. They are small, distinctive in shape, through-conducted at 4 cm. per sec. and without direct behavioural correlates. 3. RP pacemakers occur throughout the column, but those near the base are the most active. Impulses are initiated endogenously in a more or less regular, rhythmic manner, with a frequency of 1-10 per min. 4. Mechanical or electrical stimulation of the column enhance pacemaker activity and often shift the active loci towards the points stimulated. Starvation depresses activity after several days. 5. Moderate illumination has a dual effect on RP pacemakers: it causes almost immediate inhibition of the currently active locus, and then an extended period of rhythmic enhancement triggered by basal disk pacemakers. Both effects show the same spectral sensitivity with the greatest sensitivity to blue light and total insensitivity to the red. RP conduction is unaffected by light. 6. Chloretone affects first the contraction-burst system and the epidermal muscles, then endogenous RP pacemaker activity, while RP responsiveness and conduction are still unaffected. These effects are reversible. 7. RP impulses can first be detected in still-attached buds, but their rhythms are slower, less regular and not light-sensitive. 8. The PLB system resembles the RP system in the character of its impulses, and the contraction-burst system in its occasional bursts of activity. PLB pacemakers are in the subhypostomal region. These impulses precede (and presumably cause) the distinctive locomotor contraction bursts. 9. It is concluded that the RP system consists of two distinct components, the pacemakers and the conducting network; it is suggested that the pacemakers are protoneurons and that both RP and PLB conduction is myoid.
Strategic Payment Routing in Financial Credit Networks

Credit networks provide a flexible model of distributed trust, which supports transactions between untrusted counterparties through paths of intermediaries. We extend this model by introducing interest rates (prices on lines of credit), both as a means to incentivize credit issuance and to provide a framework for modeling networks of financial relationships. Including interest rates poses a new constraint on transactions, as intermediaries will route payments only if the interest received covers any interest paid. We account for these constraints in an efficient algorithm for finding the maximum transaction flow between two agents in a financial network. There are generally many feasible payment paths serving a given transaction, and we show that the policy for selecting among such paths can have a substantial effect on liquidity, as measured by steady-state probability of transaction success. Finally, we consider the situation where the transaction source can choose among heuristic path selection mechanisms, in order to maximize their payoff. Through empirical game-theoretic analysis, we find that routing is inefficient due to the positive externality of choices promoting network liquidity. However, agent choices do reflect some consideration of overall network liquidity, in addition to their own interest payments.
Racial/ethnic differences in unmet needs for mental health and substance use treatment in a community‐based sample of sexual minority women

Aims and objectives To examine the unmet needs for mental health and substance use treatment among a diverse sample of sexual minority women (lesbian, bisexual). Background Sexual minority women are more likely than heterosexual women to report depression and hazardous drinking. However, relatively little is known about sexual minority women's use of mental health or substance use treatment services, particularly about whether use varies by race/ethnicity. Design Cross-sectional analysis of existing data. Methods Analyses included data from 699 Latina, African American and white sexual minority women interviewed in wave 3 of the 17-year Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women study. Using logistic regression, we examined the associations among sexual identity, race/ethnicity, use of mental health and substance use treatment, as well as potential unmet need for treatment. Results Overall, women in the study reported high levels of depression and alcohol dependence, and these varied by sexual identity and race/ethnicity. Use of mental health and substance use treatment also varied by race/ethnicity, as did potential unmet need for both mental health and substance use treatment. Conclusions Our findings that suggest although use of treatment among sexual minority women is high overall, there is a potentially sizable unmet need for mental health and substance use treatment that varies by race/ethnicity, with Latina women showing the greatest unmet need for treatment. Relevance to clinical practice Nurses and other healthcare providers should be aware of the high rates of depression and hazardous drinking among sexual minority women, understand the factors that may increase the risk of these conditions among sexual minority women, the potentially high unmet need for mental health and substance use treatment – perhaps particularly among Latina women and be equipped to provide culturally sensitive care or refer to appropriate treatment services as needed.
Tame failures of the unique branch hypothesis and models of ADℝ + Θ is regular

In this paper, we show that the failure of the unique branch hypothesis (UBH) for tame iteration trees implies that in some homogenous generic extension of V there is a transitive model M containing Ord ∪ ℝ such that M ⊨ADℝ + Θ is regular. The results of this paper significantly extend earlier works from [Non-tame mice from tame failures of the unique branch bypothesis, Canadian J. Math. 66(4) (2014) 903–923; Core models with more Woodin cardinals, J. Symbolic Logic 67(3) (2002) 1197–1226] for tame trees.
Mapping organized ignorance in environmental health

How data collection and reporting standards have shaped what we know and do not know about water contamination in Hoosick Falls, NY.
iPSCs are safe

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promises in cell therapy. However, the potential safety issues have dampened the enthusiasm of their clinical development. One of the biggest concerns came from the observations that genomic alterations exist in iPSCs. Using next generation sequencing of clonal skin fibroblasts and the iPSC clones derived from the same skin fibroblasts, Dr. Liu and his colleagues in the National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA, in collaboration with Dr. Dunbar’s group in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, USA, have now elegantly demonstrated that most of the observed genomic alterations in iPSCs were inherited rare alterations from the parental cells. Their findings suggest that reprogramming process does not appear to be more mutagenic than simple subcloning of cultured cells and that iPSCs are safe for cell therapy.
3 – THE GENITAL TRACT: DEVELOPMENTAL, ANATOMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING STD ACQUISITION AND STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION

This chapter discusses the factors affecting the acquisition of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) by humans. There are two major differences in the anatomy and the examination between the male and female patients. In females, there is a genital tract and a separate urinary tract, while in males, there is a single genitourinary tract. The critical reproductive organs in females are located in the pelvis and are therefore less accessible and less easily examined. The thinness of the epithelium and the relatively high pH of the vaginal milieu are some of the factors that render females, before puberty and after menopause, more susceptible to vaginal infections. The normal anatomy, physiology, and microbial etiology of the vagina are age-dependent. There are also noticeable age-dependent differences in the source of vaginal infections that account for different etiologies of vaginitis in neonates, infants, prepubertal girls, and pre- and postmenopausal adults. The differences in the male and female anatomy and in the reproductive physiology account for more risk factors for STDs and their complications in women than in men. In heterosexual men, gonococcal and chlamydial infections are limited to the anterior regions of the urethra.
Diffusive transport in the presence of stochastically gated absorption.

We analyze a population of Brownian particles moving in a spatially uniform environment with stochastically gated absorption. The state of the environment at time $t$ is represented by a discrete stochastic variable $k(t)\ensuremath{\in}{0,1}$ such that the rate of absorption is $\ensuremath{\gamma}[1\ensuremath{-}k(t)]$, with $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ a positive constant. The variable $k(t)$ evolves according to a two-state Markov chain. We focus on how stochastic gating affects the attenuation of particle absorption with distance from a localized source in a one-dimensional domain. In the static case (no gating), the steady-state attenuation is given by an exponential with length constant $\sqrt{D/\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, where $D$ is the diffusivity. We show that gating leads to slower, nonexponential attenuation. We also explore statistical correlations between particles due to the fact that they all diffuse in the same switching environment. Such correlations can be determined in terms of moments of the solution to a corresponding stochastic Fokker-Planck equation.
Effects of photobiomodulation therapy in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain: protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial

Introduction Low back pain (LBP) is one of the largest and most frequent public health problems worldwide. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is a frequently used non-pharmacological therapy for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. However, there is little high-quality scientific evidence that demonstrates the effectiveness of PBMT in the treatment of patients with chronic LBP in the short, medium and long term. Therefore, the objective of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effects of PBMT in patients with chronic non-specific LBP in the short, medium and long term. Methods and analyses This is a prospectively registered, two-arm randomised placebo-controlled trial with blinded patients, assessors and treatment providers. One hundred and forty-eight patients with chronic non-specific LBP will be recruited. Treatment sessions will be provided three times a week for 4 weeks (totaling 12 sessions) with patients receiving either placebo or active PBMT. For ethical reasons, all patients, regardless of treatment allocation, will also receive an information booklet based on ‘The Back Book’. Clinical outcomes will be measured at baseline, at the end of treatment, as well as 3, 6 and 12 months after randomisation. The primary outcomes will be pain intensity and disability measured after 12 sessions of treatment. The secondary outcomes will be pain intensity and disability measured at 3, 6 and 12 months after randomisation, in addition to specific disability and global perceived effect in all time points. Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo. The results will be disseminated through scientific publications and presentations at national and international scientific meetings. Trial registration number NCT03089424.
Special Problems in Anesthesia

The practice of medicine requires the highest standards of professionalism for personal behavior during clinical care education and research. Since the practice of anesthesiology is the practice of a medical specialty, this fully applies to anesthesiology. The anesthesiologist has the responsibility to place the needs of the patient above his/her own, and to practice with altruism, beneficence, and to fully respect the patient’s autonomy and diversity. Respect for rules is an expectation, especially requirements for medical licensure and board certification. Deadlines are absolute and missing deadlines is a serious breach of professionalism that can have adverse consequences. The need to respect resources and economical use of supplies, disposables, equipment, and drugs is an increasing reality of anesthesia practice. Determining risk and recommending interventions to improve surgical outcome are consultant tasks that are an expected part of professional anesthesiology duties. Some elements of hospital functioning, such as acute pain management, transfusion practice, and operating room scheduling can be tasks best performed by an anesthesiologist, and hence are responsibilities accepted as part of a consultative anesthesiology practice.
Using Controlled Substance Receipt Patterns to Predict Prescription Overdose Death.

Background This study evaluates complete state data from controlled substance prescribing trends in the prescription monitoring program (PMP) database and their association with the risk of prescription drug overdose death. Summary Maine PMP records of individuals who died of prescription overdose deaths between 2006 and 2010 were selected (n = 690). For each subject, an age, gender, and residence matched cohort of PMP users in a 50: 1 ratio was identified (n = 34,500). Key Messages: Prescription opioids contributed to 480 of 690 prescription deaths, many co-ingestions were noted, and OR for overdose death increased with milligram of morphine equivalent (MME)/day >100. The majority who were prescribed MME >100 per day received a prescription within 90 days of overdose matching the toxicology cause of death. Conclusions Medication profiles available through state PMP can identify dosing of prescriptions associated with drug overdose death.
Uteroplacental insufficiency alters hepatic fatty acid-metabolizing enzymes in juvenile and adult rats.

Multiple adult morbidities are associated with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) including dyslipidemia. We hypothesized that uteroplacental insufficiency and subsequent IUGR in the rat would lead to altered hepatic fatty acid metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we quantified hepatic mRNA levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPTI), the β-oxidation-trifunctional protein (HADH), fasting serum triglycerides, and hepatic malonyl-CoA levels at different ages in control and IUGR rats. Fetal gene expression of all three enzymes was decreased. Juvenile gene expression of CPTI and HADH continued to be decreased, whereas gene expression of ACC was increased. Serum triglycerides were unchanged. A sex-specific response was noted in the adult rats. In males, serum triglycerides, hepatic malonyl-CoA levels, and ACC mRNA levels were significantly increased, and CPTI and HADH mRNA levels were significantly decreased. In contrast, the female rats demonstrated no significant changes in these variables. These results suggest that uteroplacental insufficiency leads to altered hepatic fatty acid metabolism that may contribute to the adult dyslipidemia associated with low birth weight.
Definition of Celiac Disease and Gluten Sensitivity

As an important component of wheat, rye, and barley, gluten can be found in a large variety of foods consumed throughout the world (breads, pasta, pizza, etc.). However, the introduction of gluten-containing grains in the human diet about 10,000 years ago created the conditions for human diseases related to gluten exposure. These reactions to gluten represent a heterogeneous set of conditions, including celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, and wheat allergy, which combined affect about 10 % of the general population. These three conditions represent distinct pathophysiological reactions to gluten ingestion, with differing clinical presentations, serological markers, and long-term treatments. Though current research strives to clarify the boundaries between these entities, their differences can be difficult to distinguish. This chapter provides an overview of the ever-evolving definitions of gluten-related disorders.
Mechanisms of Electromigration Damage in Metallic Thin Films

Interaction between conducting electrons and thermally diffusing metal atoms causes a net drift of the atoms in the direction of electron flow. In thin films, where joule heating is minimized by substrate cooling and the temperature is relatively low, this “electromigration” has been shown to be confined mainly to grain boundaries, and, in some cases, surfaces. Because of certain irregularities in the boundary network, the flux of atoms is nonuniform, leading to divergencies and localized depletion. Depletion leads to the formation of grain boundary holes by either void nucleation and growth or by accelerated grain boundary grooving. Decrease in the damage rate is achieved by control of atomic mobility in grain boundaries and surfaces. A particularly effective method of controlling mobility is to introduce a solute species which migrates to appropriate defect sites and effectively inhibits motion of host atoms. The solute, however, being in preferred diffusion paths, is susceptible to electromigration and becomes locally depleted. Restriction of solute depletion is critical for reduction of gross damage by loss of solvent.
Jimmy Carter and women's rights: From the White House to Islamic feminism

Abstract Since 2009, former US President Jimmy Carter has been outspoken in his condemnation of abuses of women around the world. This appears to be a departure from his stance while in the White House (1977–1981), when many feminist groups criticized him for his lack of effort on women's issues. This paper analyzes the historical record and Carter's own writing to compare his work since 2009 with his position on women's issues during his presidency. I argue that although women's issues have become a higher priority for Carter, his approach still has much in common with attitudes that that angered feminists in the 1970s, including an emphasis on the morality of male leaders – rather than the actions of feminist women – as the means to improve women's lives. What has changed since the 1970s, however, are his views on religious leaders. While in the White House he courted the support of evangelicals, despite their opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment and other feminist policies; in the intervening years he has come to view conservative religious leaders as barriers to women's rights. The views of Zainah Anwar and other Islamic feminists are foundational in Carter's new approach to religion and women's rights.
A note on religious participation and community involvement.

ABSTRACTBuilding upon previous research and incorporating a newly constructed measure of religious participation assessing both attendance at religious meetings and involvement in religious groups,...
Chemical imaging for Biomedicine

I will present two chemical imaging strategies to address two existing fundamental challenges in optical bio-imaging. First, we devised a Bioorthogonal Chemical Imaging platform suited for probing the dynamics of small bio-molecules. Second, we developed a super-multiplex vibrational imaging method, coupling the narrow Raman linewidth with sensitivity boost from resonance enhancement. It is capable of resolving up to 24 colors simultaneously.
Full-Length P2X7 Structures Reveal How Palmitoylation Prevents Channel Desensitization

P2X receptors are trimeric, non-selective cation channels activated by extracellular ATP. The P2X7 receptor subtype is a pharmacological target because of involvement in apoptotic, inflammatory, and tumor progression pathways. It is the most structurally and functionally distinct P2X subtype, containing a unique cytoplasmic domain critical for the receptor to initiate apoptosis and not undergo desensitization. However, lack of structural information about the cytoplasmic domain has hindered understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. We report cryoelectron microscopy structures of full-length rat P2X7 receptor in apo and ATP-bound states. These structures reveal how one cytoplasmic element, the C-cys anchor, prevents desensitization by anchoring the pore-lining helix to the membrane with palmitoyl groups. They show a second cytoplasmic element with a unique fold, the cytoplasmic ballast, which unexpectedly contains a zinc ion complex and a guanosine nucleotide binding site. Our structures provide first insights into the architecture and function of a P2X receptor cytoplasmic domain.
Schistosomiasis control effect in Mianyang City in ten years after Wenchuan earthquake

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control in Mianyang City in ten years after Wenchuan earth-quake, so as to provide the experiences for schistosomiasis control post-disaster. METHODS The data of implementation of schistosomiasis control work in ten years after the Wenchuan earthquake were collected and analyzed for the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in Mianyang City. Meanwhile, the awareness situation on schistosomiasis control of villagers and students was investigated by questionnaires in 2008 and 2015. RESULTS All of the 6 counties (cities, districts) with schistosomiasis endemic in Mianyang City were hit by the earthquake disaster. After the disaster, the measurements including the conventional schistosomiasis control measures, the control of exogenous infection sources, the control of Oncomelania hupensis snails, and health education were carried out. The relevant departments of schistosomiasis control were cooperated to implement the prevention and control measures. The schistosomiasis prevalence of population and the snail condition rose in the year of the earthquake, but then declined year by year. In 2015, the awareness rates of schistosomiasis control of both villagers and the students were significantly improved compared with those in 2008. CONCLUSIONS The measures of schistosomiasis control after the earthquake disaster are effective in Mianyang City, and the goal to prevent major plague after the earthquake is achieved.