cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computing the view orientations of random projections of asymmetric objects

A method for determining the relative view orientation of randomly acquired projections of asymmetric objects is described. It extends the projection slice theorem by determining the relative orientation of projections by the location of lines of intersection among the Fourier transforms of the projections in 3D Fourier space. The complete algorithm is described, and its efficacy is demonstrated using real data. >
High-Pressure Techniques

In this paper we describe a cell in which pressures ranging from 0–300 kb may be applied to Mossbauer sources. This cell was first used for Mossbauer work by Pipkorn et al. [1] to study metallic iron. The general method, which makes use of pistons with supported taper, was itself first developed by Drickamer and co-workers for optical [2,3], electrical resistance [3], and X-ray [4] studies. The general principles of this method are described in connection with such studies and will not be discussed here.†
An approach for generating executable distributed applications from reusable software architectures

A reuse oriented perspective is taken to designing and implementing configurable distributed applications. An application domain is defined as a family of systems that have some features in common and others that differentiate them. During domain modeling, reusable specifications, architectures and component types are developed, which capture the similarities and variations of the family of systems that compose the application domain. Target systems are generated by tailoring the reusable specifications and architectures given the requirements of the target system, and configuring a target system based on the tailored architecture. The paper describes an approach for generating and configuring distributed applications from the domain model and a library of predefined component types.
A method for extraction of sterols from enzymically active cell-free preparations.

Abstract A method has been presented for the extraction of sterolic components from cell-free extracts of yeast. This method has been shown to give two-fold greater yields than saponification, and the yields have also proved to be much more consistent than other methods. The technique involves the suspension of the TCA-precipitated fraction of the cell-free reaction in DMSO, followed by a short period of heating, adjusting to alkaline pH, and then extraction with petroleum ether.
Evidence for steroid metabolism during the in vitro induction of maturation in oocytes of Rana pipiens.

Abstract Oocytes of Rana pipiens exposed to exogenous progesterone in order to induce maturation have been observed to extensively metabolize this hormone. When progesterone was injected directly into the oocytes, they did not mature, but similar metabolism of progesterone occurred. The metabolites have been tentatively identified as the 5α-reduced derivatives, 5α-pregnanedione, 5α-pregnan-20α-ol-3-one, and 5α-pregnan-3β, 20α-diol, and the pathway of conversion has been examined. Samples of these steroids obtained from commercial sources and those extracted from progesterone-treated oocytes were effective in inducing maturation when added to the medium. Evidence is presented which suggests that steroid metabolism is not a prerequisite for maturation and that the metabolites like progesterone must interact with the oocyte surface to be effective.
Some Modular Features of Temporal Cortex in Humans as Revealed by Pathological Changes in Alzheimer's Disease

The concept of cortical modularity has surfaced as a generic term that alludes to any grouping or periodicity within the cerebral cortex relating to its neurons and their processes, and the enzymes, transmitters, and metabolic markers associated with them. Some of the best examples of anatomical modularity have been described in primary sensory areas such as the visual and somatosensory koniocortices. Functional examples of modularity abound in these same areas but may or may not have known morphological and chemical correlates. We depart from the traditional methods of cortical neuroanatomical analysis in this report and describe instead pathological alterations in the cortex in Alzheimer's disease. In particular, we focus on the cortex of the hippocampal formation and entorhinal, perirhinal, and anterior inferior temporal cortex and report findings that point toward a modular distribution of pathological changes unique to each of these cortical types. We argue that changes in modular organization as seen in Alzheimer's disease are in all likelihood germane to the abnormal function of each cortical area. These changes at the modular level may lie at the heart of the devastating behavioral breakdown in this illness, which can be severe even with limited pathology.
Why did Socrates Deny that he was a Teacher? Locating Socrates among the new educators and the traditional education in Plato’s Apology of Socrates

AbstractPlato’s Apology of Socrates contains a spirited account of Socrates’ relationship with the city of Athens and its citizens. As Socrates stands on trial for corrupting the youth, surprisingly, he does not defend the substance and the methods of his teaching. Instead, he simply denies that he is a teacher. Many scholars have contended that, in having Socrates deny he is a teacher, Plato is primarily interested in distinguishing him from the sophists. In this article, I argue that, given the historic educational transformation in Socrates’ and Plato’s lifetimes, Socrates’ denial is far more complex and far reaching than the Socrates-versus-the-sophists distinction indicates. Socrates suggests that Athenians have failed to recognize that there were various types among the new educators of fifth century Athens: orators, sophists, natural philosophers and, perhaps, a philosopher like Socrates. Further, the traditional education, which the Athenians believed was threatened by the new educators, was itsel...
Failure of discriminative vocal conditioning in Rhesus monkey.

Summary Rhesus monkeys were subjected to discriminative conditioning procedures using food reward. Patterns of motor response conditioned were: (1) bar-press, (2) head dorsiflexion, and (3) vocalization. Whereas success was achieved in establishing both bar-press and head dorsiflexion conditioning, failure followed effort at discriminative conditioning of vocalization. The failure of vocal discriminative conditioning is believed due to its close association with species-specific affective response complexes. Volitional control of vocalization, on the other hand, appears poorly developed in the rhesus monkey.
Magnetic fabric of peridotite with intersecting petrofabric surfaces, Tinaquillo, Venezuela

Abstract Two intersecting structural surfaces of different ages and origins are characteristic of the Tinaquillo (Venezuela) peridotite. An older penetrative mylonitic foliation is cut by younger serpentine veinlets. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) is influenced by both petrofabric components. The dominant fabric surface from the AMS perspective is defined by serpentine veinlets, probably because of the abundant secondary magnetite associated with them. The minimum AMS axis ( K 3 ) is typically orthogonal to the plane of the dominant veinlet set, and the maximum ( K 1 ) and intermediate ( K 3 ) axes lie in the veinlet plane. The mylonitic foliation surface also influences the magnetic fabric, so that the K 1 axis lies parallel to the line of intersection between the mylonitic foliation and the veinlet plane. A macroscopically prominent mineral lineation, defined by stretched enstatite laths in the foliation surface, shows no AMS correlation. Remanent magnetization directions are multicomponent and show much scatter, probably due to the deformation and complex magnetization history of the rock.
Behavior therapy: Redefining strengths and limitations

This article highlights some of the strengths and limitations that have been associated with the behavioral approach to intervention. For each of behavior therapy's theoretical and empirical contributions, we point out how these very strengths may also paradoxically serve to limit its clinical effectiveness. For the most part, the shortcomings in behavior therapy's strength have come to light as the result of attempts to apply these conceptual and empirical contributions in clinical practice. Included among the “limiting strengths” is the fact that behavior therapy has provided the field with a finegrained analysis of how individuals react to specific life situations; has been dedicated to the development and study of specific effective techniques; makes use of a skill-training orientation to therapy; focuses on the client's current life situation; has been influential in encouraging psychotherapy outcome research; and has provided various forms of intervention to reduce specific symptomatology. Some of the new avenues, often based on other theoretical orientations, that are being explored by behavior therapy in order to counteract some of its potential clinical limitations are also discussed.
Investigation of pre-extinction dwarfing in Cenozoic planktonic foraminifera

Abstract We propose a phenomenon termed “pre-extinction dwarfing” in Cenozoic planktonic foraminifera. High-resolution morphometric analysis shows a reduction in maximum or mean test size in the 2–20 kyr interval preceding the extinction of Pliocene Globorotalia exilis and Globorotalia miocenica from the Caribbean Sea and middle Eocene Morozovelloides crassatus from the western North Atlantic. Through a series of case studies and review of qualitative observations from the literature, we suggest that dwarfing occurs in a number of species of planktonic foraminifera foreshadowing their demise and that such size changes are not just a phenomenon associated with mass extinction events. We propose that this is a common stress-induced pattern that results in diminutive size in the pre-extinction interval.
Spin squeezing via atom-cavity field coupling

Spin squeezing via atom-field interactions is considered within the context of the Tavis-Cummings model. An ensemble of N two-level atoms interacts with a quantized cavity field. For all the atoms initially in their ground states, it is shown that spin squeezing of both the atoms and the field can be achieved provided the initial state of the cavity field has coherence between number states differing by 2. Most of the discussion is restricted to the case of a cavity field initially in a coherent state, but initial squeezed states for the field are also discussed. Optimal conditions for obtaining squeezing are obtained. An analytic solution is found that is valid in the limit that the number of atoms is much greater than unity and is also much larger than the average number of photons, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2},$ initially in the coherent state of the cavity field. In this limit, the degree of spin squeezing increases with increasing $\ensuremath{\alpha},$ even though the field more closely resembles a classical field for which no spin squeezing could be achieved.
Electronic Structure of Amorphous Semiconductors

The Fermi energy as a function of electronic density and temperature is calculated for a defect level in which the effective intrasite electronic correlation energy is negative. It is found that the Fermi level lies below the energy of the highest-filled quasiparticle state, even at $T=0$, a result which favors $p$-type conduction. Futhermore, the Fermi energy varies only very slowly with electronic density and temperature, and thus is effectively pinned.
The protective effect of lidocaine on arachidonate metabolism in septic shock.

Abstract 1. 1. The archidonic acid prostaglandin system participates in shock-like states. 2. 2. Indomethacin improves the survival by inhibition of the prostaglandin system and by attenuating the circulatory dysfunction. 3. 3. Lidocaine improves the survival in endotoxin shock, but the exact mechanism is unclear. 4. 4. Lidocaine increases prostacyclin levels in subhuman primates during endotoxin shock and in normal rats. 5. 5. Lidocaine may exert its beneficial effects in shock-like states by altering arachidonate metabolism.
A Prospective Study of Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Clinical Manifestations and Factors Associated with Survival

We prospectively studied the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the presentation and outcome of tuberculosis. A total of 216 patients with tuberculosis were identified; 162 (75%) of these patients were tested for antibodies to HIV; 92 (57%) were seropositive. The patients who were seropositive for HIV were more likely to be male and Hispanic and to have been homeless or incarcerated. Eighty-one percent of these patients had CD4 lymphocyte counts of < or =200/mm3. The seropositive patients had extrapulmonary tuberculosis more often than did the seronegative patients (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-4.8). Smears for acid-fast bacilli were positive more often for non-HIV-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (74.5%) than for HIV-infected patients (54.3%) [OR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.01-6.02]-even those with focal or cavitary disease. A delay in initiating therapy was associated with in-hospital mortality: the median time from admission to the start of treatment was 4 days for patients who survived and 15 days for those who died (P = .02). The median survival was 22.7 months for HIV-infected patients who did not die during the initial hospitalization. Factors independently associated with reduced rates of survival included the severity of immunodeficiency, nonuse of directly observed therapy, infection due to drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and a history of injection drug use.
Reading Disability A New Look at an Old Issue

One cause of severe reading disability appears related to dysfunction or “difference” in functioning of the language area in the left hemisphere. Research also suggests lateralization differences, temporal sequencing difficulties, and undifferentiated left hemisphere processing as characteristic of children with reading problems. Some of this research does not differentiate those children with severe reading disability from those with easily corrected problems.Attempts to teach children with reading difficulty have typically centered on teaching methodology or notions of perceptual modality preference related to either visual or auditory processing. These notions have been short-sighted in view of the fact that reading is a highly integrative task based on cognitive development. The field of neurology currently is expanding our data base regarding the role of the hemispheres in word processing.The educator needs to examine the reading task in relation to teaching methodologies and the type of response ind...
Statins as antiarrhythmics: a systematic review part I: effects on risk of atrial fibrillation.

Background Recent studies have demonstrated that statins may possess antiarrhythmic properties in addition to their lipid-lowering effects. Methods Studies which reported the association of statins with the incidence of atrial arrhythmias were identified through a systematic review of published literature. Results One randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 200 patients undergoing cardiac surgery showed that atorvastatin decreased the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation by 61%. Observational studies in patients with stable coronary disease, left ventricular dysfunction, or those undergoing cardiac or noncardiac surgery show that statin therapy is associated with an approximately 50% lower rate of atrial fibrillation. Two small randomized trials reported conflicting results: one showing that atorvastatin reduced the recurrence of AF after electrical cardioversion and the other finding that pravastatin did not. Conclusions Published data suggests that statins may possess antiarrhythmic properties that reduce the propensity for atrial fibrillation. Most of this data is observational; more randomized, placebo-controlled trials are needed. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Earth radiation budget measurements - Pre-ERBE, ERBE, and CERES

The paper reviews experiments dealing with the earth's radiation budget for the last two decades. Attention is focused on the major areas of concern in the satellite measurements: instrument calibration, angular dependence of the radiation leaving the atmosphere, and space and time dependence of the flux fields. It is pointed out that the current radiation-budget measurements come from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) with improved calibration, estimates of the instantaneous flux, and algorithms for time interpolation. A new set of measurements will be produced from an investigation of the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), a part of the Earth Observing System (EOS). CERES is expected to produce the radiation field from the top of the atmosphere to the earth's surface.
a-Si 160 x 120 micro IR camera: operational performance

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) microbolometer technology is a silicon fab-compatible uncooled detector technology which offers a low cost, high volume approach for infrared sensor and imager applications. Raytheon has used this detector technology to develop a 160x120 a-Si based infrared camera. The systems goal was to develop an affordable infrared imaging product that provides acceptable performance for many commercial and military applications. To meet low power goals, a non-temperature controlled detector approach was required. This led to the challenge of developing a technique for operating over ambient temperature that includes correction techniques that account for offset and responsivity non-uniformities over ambient operating temperature. This paper describes the operating performance parameters of a typical a-Si 160 X 120 IR camera. This camera is currently entering production, and will be produced by the Raytheon Commercial Infrared business.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Studies of oxidative degradation in polyamide RO membrane barrier layers using pendant drop mechanical analysis

Abstract A major concern with the use of polyamide thin film composite (TFC) membranes is their loss of performance when exposed to oxidizing agents such as aqueous chlorine that is used in membrane cleaning and water disinfection. A better understanding of this oxidative degradation process would facilitate the development of improved TFC membranes. This study utilizes pendant drop mechanical analysis (PDMA) to measure chlorine-exposure-induced changes in the behavior of polyamide barrier-layers formed by the interfacial polymerization (IP) of m-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). PDMA enables the measurement of mechanical and transport properties of unsupported MPD–TMC thin films. Based upon the PDMA results as well as those obtained from experiments conducted on commercial TFC RO membranes, a hypothesis is presented describing a two-pathway mechanism for the chlorine degradation of polyamide TFC membranes. At a constant pH, a morphology change, not polymer chain scission, occurs leading to separation of the barrier layer from the support. A second degradation pathway is observed when chlorine exposure under acidic conditions is followed by exposure of the polyamide thin-film to caustic (pH >11) conditions. The results of this investigation provide a strong rationale for further refinement of the PDMA methodology for use in basic studies as well as for screening applications that could aid in the development of chlorine-resistant IP thin films.
The Humanity of Movement or “It's Not Just a Gym Class”

This essay argues that the transition from physical education to Kinesiology involved the development of the kinesiological sciences such that over the last 35 years, the discipline has come to be dominated by a scientific outlook. The incorporation of science is in itself a benefit for the discipline. However, the cost is that the scientizing of the discipline has led to the marginalization of the humanistic features of movement. Thus, the history, philosophy, and literature of sport and movement stand in need of development in the American academy. More importantly, there needs to be a reawakening to the humanistic import of movement itself. So-called “gym classes” are being slowly weeded out of many university programs. The claim is that these need to be retained and strengthened with a focus on the importance of movement in developing our humanity.
Neuropathologic correlates of persistent neurologic deficit in lithium intoxication

While acute neurological symptoms complicating lithium therapy are well recognized, persistent neurologic dysfunction is uncommon. Regardless of the duration of symptoms, neuropathological correlates of lithium toxicity are few. We report the case of a 67-year-old man who developed lithium toxicity manifested by encephalopathy and coma followed by persistent dysarthria and ataxia. Autopsy revealed neuronal loss and gliosis in the cerebellar cortex and dentate nuclei; the cerebellar white matter exhibited prominent spongy change. Persistent cerebellar syndrome may occur with lithium intoxication and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic cerebellar dysfunction.
Noncatalytic Gasification of Lignin in Supercritical Water

This article reports the first results for gasification of lignin in supercritical water in the complete absence of metal catalysis, by using quartz reactors. It also reports the first systematic study of the effects of temperature, lignin loading, water density, and reaction time on the production of H2, CH4, CO, and CO2 from lignin in supercritical water. CH4 and CO2 are always the major products. CO is formed, and its yield decreases with time. The yield of H2 generally increases with time. With other variables fixed, the yields of H2, CH4, and CO2 increase with temperature but exhibit minima as lignin loading and water density increase. The CO yield decreases with increasing lignin loading, water density, and temperature. Manipulating lignin loading provides an efficient means to control the CH4/H2 molar ratio. The highest H2 yield was 7.1 mmol/g, obtained at 725 °C and 60 min. Supercritical water gasification at 5.0 wt % lignin loading and 600 °C provided the highest total gas yield (90 wt %).
A Coulomb collision algorithm for weighted particle simulations

A binary Coulomb collision algorithm is developed for weighted particle simulations employing Monte Carlo techniques. Charged particles within a given spatial grid cell are pair-wise scattered, explicitly conserving momentum and implicitly conserving energy. A similar algorithm developed by Takizuka and Abe (1977) conserves momentum and energy provided the particles are unweighted (each particle representing equal fractions of the total particle density). If applied as is to simulations incorporating weighted particles, the plasma temperatures equilibrate to an incorrect temperature, as compared to theory. Using the appropriate pairing statistics, a Coulomb collision algorithm is developed for weighted particles. The algorithm conserves energy and momentum and produces the appropriate relaxation time scales as compared to theoretical predictions. Such an algorithm is necessary for future work studying self-consistent multi-species kinetic transport.
Dating recent Hawaiian lava flows using paleomagnetic secular variation

Hawaiian paleomagnetic secular variation (SV) is defined from samples at 67 sites on lava flows of known age. Paleomagnetic directions range through 40° of inclination and 30° of declination; angular dispersion within sites is commonly Dating precision is limited by dispersion of 4.5° among sites of apparently similar age. The main dispersion sources are in 14 C dates (3.0°), intra-flow deformations (2.0°), and local magnetic anomalies (1.5°). Results from 68 sites on undated flows show that 95% of Kilauea9s surface is younger than 1,000 yr. A hiatus in volcano growth 1,000–1,500 yr ago coincides with the filling of a large caldera. Averaging of available data yields an SV reference curve which is fairly reliable to ∼1,500 yr ago, contains gaps and ambiguities 1,500–3,000 yr ago, and remains highly uncertain 3,000–6,000 yr ago. The SV dating method can be precise but is limited by the need for a calibrated SV history. It can be a powerful correlation tool even if a history is unavailable.
Associations between daily chronic pain intensity, daily anger expression, and trait anger expressiveness: an ecological momentary assessment study.

Links between elevated trait anger expressiveness (anger-out) and greater chronic pain intensity are well documented, but pain-related effects of expressive behaviors actually used to regulate anger when it is experienced have been little explored. This study used ecological momentary assessment methods to explore prospective associations between daily behavioral anger expression and daily chronic pain intensity. Forty-eight chronic low back pain (LBP) patients and 36 healthy controls completed electronic diary ratings of momentary pain and behavioral anger expression in response to random prompts 4 times daily for 7 days. Across groups, greater trait anger-out was associated with greater daily behavioral anger expression (P < 0.001). LBP participants showed higher levels of daily anger expression than controls (P < 0.001). Generalized estimating equation analyses in the LBP group revealed a lagged main effect of greater behavioral anger expression on increased chronic pain intensity in the subsequent assessment period (P < 0.05). Examination of a trait × situation model for anger-out revealed prospective associations between elevated chronic pain intensity and later increases in behavioral anger expression that were restricted largely to individuals low in trait anger-out (P < 0.001). Trait × situation interactions for trait anger suppression (anger-in) indicated similar influences of pain intensity on subsequent behavioral anger expression occurring among low anger-in persons (P < 0.001). Overlap with trait and state negative affect did not account for study findings. This study for the first time documents lagged within-day influences of behavioral anger expression on subsequent chronic pain intensity. Trait anger regulation style may moderate associations between behavioral anger expression and chronic pain intensity.
Judith A. Allen. The Feminism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Sexualities, Histories, Progressivism

Judith A. Allen. The Feminism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Sexualities, Histories, Progressivism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-2260-1463-0. Charlotte Perkins Gilman remain...
Foundress survival and brood production in the desert seed-harvester ants Pogonomyrmex rugosus and P. barbatus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

A three-factor laboratory experiment (2 species × 2 soil types × 4 moisture levels) demonstrated that water is the most important factor effecting colony establishment and growth in the two ecologically equivalent sister species of desert seed-harvester ants Pogonomyrmex rugosus and P. barbatus. All experimental indices, percent gyne survival, gyne live wet mass, percent of gynes producing workers, and mean number of individuals (workers, larvae, and pupae), increased from low to moderate moistures and then levelled off. Soil texture also displayed a significant effect as gyne wet mass was 5 - 10% higher across treatments in soils that had a higher clay content. The only species effect was that P. barbatus gynes were smaller but produced more workers and brood than those of P. rugosus. That P. rugosus survives longer under arid conditions was demonstrated by a significantly higher number of nests with live workers in the driest treatment; number of live gynes displayed a similar pattern but differences were not significant. Additionally, P. barbatus produced fewer workers than P. rugosus in the driest treatment, while this number was higher than P. rugosus at all other moisture levels. Metabolic rate was higher and workers eclosed sooner in P. barbatus compared to the larger P. rugosus.
Transparent conducting indium tin oxide thin film grown on flexible substrate by pulsed-laser deposition for organic light-emitting devices

Transparent conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on glass and on flexible polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) substrates. The structural, electrical and optical properties of these films were investigated as a function of substrate deposition temperature and background gas pressure. Films were deposited using a KrF excimer laser (248 nm, 30 ns FWHM) at a fluence of 1.2 J/cm2. Films were deposited at substrate temperatures ranging from 25 degree(s)C to 150 degree(s)C in oxygen pressures ranging from 10 to 60 mTorr. ITO films (280 nm thick), deposited by PLD on PET at 25 degree(s)C and 45 mTorr of oxygen, exhibit a low electrical sheet resistance (20 - 25 (Omega) /sq.) and high transparency (approximately 85%) in the visible range (400-700 nm). We have also used the ITO thin films deposited on both glass and PET substrates by PLD as the anode contact in organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) and measured the device performance. The external quantum efficiency measured at a current density of 250 A/m2 for the device on PET was approximately 0.9%, which is higher than that (approximately 0.5%) for the device on glass. The reduction in the driving voltage and high external quantum efficiency made an ITO coated PET substrate very promising for future large scale OLED application.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Exact Thermoelastic Solutions for Clearance Variation in a Short Cylindrical Bearing Configuration With Unsymmetrical Frictional Heating

Exact solutions are given for the variation of clearance in short, cylindrical, dry journal bearings with unsymmetrical frictional heating. It is assumed that the heating takes place uniformly over an arc of contact, 2β, between the inner cylinder and the outer cylinder, which are of identical materials. The steady-state thermoelastic reduction of clearance is computed for contact arcs such that 0 deg < 2β ≤ 360 deg. The outer cylinder is cooled externally. Solutions are obtained in terms of seven parameters. They are offered in a form whereby they may be adapted to a variety of practical bearing problems.
Modeling dynamic crack propagation in fiber reinforced composites including frictional effects

Abstract Dynamic crack propagation in a unidirectional carbon/epoxy composite is studied through finite element analyses of asymmetric impact (shear loading) of a rod against a rectangular plate. A finite deformation anisotropic visco-plastic model is used to describe the constitutive response of the composite. Crack propagation is simulated by embedding zero thickness interface element along the crack path. An irreversible mixed-mode cohesive law is used to describe the evolution of interface tractions as a function of displacement jumps. Contact and friction behind the crack tip are accounted for in the simulations. The failure of the first interface element at the pre-notch tip models onset of crack extension. Crack propagation is modeled through consecutive failure of interface elements. The dynamic crack propagation phenomenon is studied in terms of crack initiation time, crack speed, mode I and mode II displacement jumps and tractions associated with the failure of interface elements, effective plastic strain at the crack tip and path independent integral J ′ . Analyses are carried out at impact velocities of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 m/s, assuming the crack wake is frictionless. Moreover, analyses at impact velocities of 30 and 40 m/s are also carried out with a friction coefficient of 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 along the crack surfaces. The analyses show that steady-state intersonic crack propagation in fiber reinforced composite materials occurs when the impact velocity exceeds a given threshold. A steady-state crack speed of 3.9 times the shear wave speed and 83% of the longitudinal wave speed is predicted in the cases in which the impact velocity is above 10 m/s. Detailed discussion is given on the features of sub-sonic and intersonic crack propagation. It is shown that friction effects, behind the crack tip, do not have a significant effect on maximum crack speed; however, they do on characteristics of the shock wave trailing the crack tip. The analyses also show that the contour integral J ′ , computed at contours near the crack tip, is indeed path independent and can serve as a parameter for characterizing intersonic crack propagation.
Development of Vision-Based Vehicle Detection and Recognition System for Intelligent Vehicles

The business plan for the Intelligent Vehicles Initiative (IVI) from the U.S. Department of Transportation contains several candidate services that address collision warning and collision avoidance. Recently, a proactive crash mitigation system that would enhance the crash avoidance and survivability components of IVI has been proposed. An accurate object detection and recognition system is a prerequisite for the proactive crash mitigation system. A vision-based approach to the detection and recognition of vehicles, calculation of their motion parameters, and tracking of multiple vehicles by using a sequence of gray-scale images taken from a moving vehicle is presented. The vision-based system consists of four models: the object detection model, the object recognition model, the object information model, and the object tracking model. Object detection, recognition, and tracking are accomplished by combining the analysis of a single image frame with the analysis of consecutive image frames. In the analysis...
Requirements of an economic approach to maintenance

The concept of applying basic economic principles to minimize the life-cycle cost of product or system development is outlined. The costs and benefits of alternative programs during the design phase are considered and the economic impact of reliability, maintainability, and availability is included. The activities necessary to maintain a finished system are then considered and an approach for maximizing the return on the maintenance investment is outlined. The paper concludes with general comments on system deployment and some organizational considerations.
CD45: a leukocyte-specific member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family

CD45 is a family of high M r glycoproteins that are expressed exclusively on nucleated hcmatopoietic cells. For m a n y years , CD45 was p r imar i l y of i n t e r e s t to immuno log i s t s because i t was a ma jo r po lymorph i c leukocyte-speci f ic an t igen usefu l as an i m m u n o l o g i c a l cell sur face m a r k e r for lymphocy te d i f fe ren t ia t ion . Re cently, however , CD45 ha s a t t r a c t e d t he a t t e n t i o n of a much broader scientific audience with the discovery that it is a member of the rapidly growing family of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases). The early structural and functional studies of CD45 have recently been reviewed by Thomas [1] and consequently, the m a j o r focus of th i s Min i r~v iew wi l l b e o n the r e c e n t pro , , ress over the las t 2 yea r s m a d e in e l u c i d a t i n g t he role of CD45 PTPase activity in lymphocyte function and identifying other members of the PTPase family. Perhaps the most import~u~t new concept to emerge from recent work is that PTPases may be as large and
Raman lidar characterization of the meteorological, electromagnetic, and electro-optical environment

Raman lidar has provided a remarkable tool for characterizing the various properties of the lower atmosphere. The research of the Penn State University Lidar Laboratory is focused on development of Raman lidar techniques and research using five Raman lidar instruments prepared since the mid-1970's. The LAPS instrument was demonstrated in 1996 as the first prototype for an operational shipboard lidar sensor. It is the most advanced lidar instrument developed to date for profiling properties of the lower atmosphere. The LAPS sensor measures profiles with eight data channels to determine several atmospheric properties simultaneously. The single most important property for understanding the meteorological state in the lower atmosphere is the water vapor profile. The specific humidity and temperature profiles are measured directly using the vibrational and rotational Raman scattered signals. The electromagnetic parameter of most interest is the gradient in the refractive index profile, because of the influence it has on RF-propagation of radar and radio communications signals. The electro-optical parameter of most interest is the optical extinction profile at various wavelengths, because optical propagation affects aircraft operations, visual aesthetics, and optical sensor performance. Profiles of water vapor, temperature and multiwavelength optical extinction are measured simultaneously to describe the meteorological, electromagnetic, electro-optical and air quality environmental conditions. Measurements are key in forecasting atmospheric conditions and are of major importance because of their influence on the performance of various systems. Current techniques and capabilities are described in this paper, and examples are used to indicate how well the Raman lidar performs in characterizing the atmosphere.
Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ directly regulates neuronal PAS domain protein 2 transcription in vivo

Retinoic acid-related orphan receptors (RORs) and the basic helix–loop–helix-PAS transcription factor Npas2 have been implicated in the control of circadian rhythm. In this study, we demonstrate that RORγ directly regulates Npas2 expression in vivo. Although the rhythmicity of Npas2 mRNA expression was maintained in RORγ−/− mice, the peak level of expression was significantly reduced in several tissues, while loss of RORα had little effect. Inversely, overexpression of RORγ in hepatoma Hepa1-6 cells greatly induced the expression of Npas2. RORγ-activated Npas2 transcription directly by binding two ROREs in its proximal promoter. ChIP analysis demonstrated that RORγ was recruited to this promoter in the liver of wild-type mice, but not RORγ-deficient mice. Activation of Npas2 correlated positively with chromatin accessibility and level of H3K9 acetylation. The activation of Npas2 by RORγ was repressed by co-expression with Rev-Erbα or addition of the ROR inverse agonist T0901317. Npas2 expression was also significantly enhanced during brown adipose differentiation and that this induction was greatly suppressed in adipose cells lacking RORγ. Our results indicate that RORγ and Rev-Erbα are part of a feed-back loop that regulates the circadian expression of Npas2 suggesting a regulatory role for these receptors in Npas2-dependent physiological processes.
Proinflammatory Mediators Upregulate IMP‐3 in HNSCC

Figure 7. Knocking down NFkB leads to diminished IMP-3 expression. HNSCCs are notably aggressive cancers which cause death primarily due to metastases2. Metastasis involves a complex change in epithelial cell behavior wherein the cell locally invades through the epithelial basement membrane, enters blood or lymph vessels, travels through the circulation, exits the vessel, and replicates at a distant organ. Growing evidence suggests such enhanced mobility requires the cell undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. EMT is a normal part of embryonic development. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that in adults the reactivation of genes involved in embryonic EMT underlies the mechanism of cancer metastasis3.
Isolation, identification and synthesis of the sex pheromone of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (risso)

Abstract The sex attractant pheromone of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso), has been Identified as (1 R - cis )-(+)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)cyclobutanemethanol acetate (VI).
Radioimmunoassay of plasma testosterone

Abstract Radioimmunoassay of testosterone in plasma extracts purified by thin layer chromatography has been applied to the development of a highly sensitive and specific method for measurement of plasma testosterone. Antibodies to testosterone coupled to bovine gamma globulin via the 3 position were raised in sheep, and an antiserum of high association constant ( K = 4.5 × 10 9 M −1 ) was employed for assay. Isolation of plasma testosterone prior to assay was performed by thin layer chromatography, and extraction losses were corrected for recovery of tritiated testosterone indicator. For assay, antiserum (1:2500) and tritiated testosterone (40 000 dpm) were incubated at 4° for 16 h, followed by separation of bound and free tracer with 500 μg dextrancharcoal. The sensitivity of the assay was 10 pg, between-assay precision was ± 12% and testosterone recovery was 95–100%. Plasma testosterone levels in individual samples were similar to those obtained by competitive binding assay, and the levels observed in males (709 ± 143; 450–1100 ng/100 ml) and females 54 ± 22; 25–80 ng /100 ml ) were in agreement with those reported by other methods. The combination of radioimmunoassay and thin layer chromatography provides a sensitive and reliable method for the specific determination of testosterone in small plasma samples.
Three-dimensional structure in a crystallized dusty plasma

Direct imaging of the three-dimensional structure of a system of particles suspended in a dusty plasma reveals coexisting bcc and simple-hexagonal crystal structures. The coexistence is attributed to a bistability which appears in a recent theory predicting an attractive region in the plasma downstream of a particle in an ion flow. Both structures are polycrystalline, and they have short-range translational but quasi-long-range orientational order within a grain. This ordering is characteristic of the two-dimensional hexatic phase, but the existence of grain boundaries is not. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Engineers in the Classroom: Their Influence on African-American Students’ Perceptions of Engineering

A Draw an Engineer Test was used to capture the perceptions of engineering held by two similar groups of 6th grade African-American students. Forty-four students who had graduate level engineers in their classrooms during a prior school year as part of a GK-12 project were matched to 44 students who had not. Matching criteria included race, gender, and academic standing. Using perceptions of common engineering artifacts, fields, tasks and processes as measures, student perceptions were quantified using a Draw an Engineer Test Scoring Guide. Additional descriptive analysis was also conducted. Control group students’ perceptions centered on engineering as physical work and portrayed engineers primarily in construction or building trades. Experimental group students were more likely to perceive engineering as involving mental tasks such as designing, presenting and experimenting. Experimental group students also displayed greater awareness and understanding of various engineering fields.
Time series analysis of retrieved soil moisture and vegetation water content using QuikSCAT data

Future water resources are a critical societal impact of climate change and hydrological cycles. Current climate models uncertainties result in disagreement on the amount of water. Soil moisture and vegetation water content are key environmental variables on evaporation and transpiration at the land-atmosphere boundary. Radar remote sensing helps to improve our estimate of water resources spatially and temporally. SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) and SWOT (Surface Water Ocean Topography) are the two future NASA missions to monitor water resources and their variations at L-band and Ka-band, respectively. In this study, we show the potential of using already available QuikSCAT Ku-band backscattered power data over the land to quantify vegetation water content and soil moisture. Li et al. developed a physically based six-channel algorithm, which uses dual-polarization Windsat passive microwave data to retrieve soil moisture and vegetation water content. We use the retrieved soil moisture and vegetation water content using Windsat descending pass (around 6AM), and also simultaneous collocated QuikSCAT dual-polarization backscattered power to estimate different parameters of land surface using a proposed backscattered power formulation.
Values and fertility analysis

Este trabajo trata acerca del role de los valores en el analisis de poblacion. En La introduccion (pp. 1–2) se ha indicado como los valores pueden afectar el analisis de la poblacion o se hacen aproximaciones al respecto. En la parte I (pp. 3–7) los valores sondejinidos y la naturaleza de su relacion (como lo sugiere la literatura sociologica) con la reproduccion, es analizada. En la parte II (pp. 7–9) se diferencian los valores de las metas, asi como tambien. de los objetivos especificos del esfuerzo humano. En la parte III (pp. 9–17) se analiza la economia reproductiva y su relacion con La estructura de las metas, como tambien las metas variables y los cambios de medios a metas o finee. En La parte IV (pp. 17–26) se analizan los aspectos puramente economicos de la economia reproductiva y tambien la naturaleza de la relacion de cambio delas variables economicas en la reproduccion. En la parte V (pp. 27–31) se indican las diferencias de fertilidad intertemporal, interregional e intergrupo a travez de algunos de sus determinantes. En la parte VI, el material indicado es sometido a una discucion mas profunda. La conclusion general que se obtiene de este trabajo se refiere a que la teoria y analisis de los valores, no pueden contribuir apreciablemente al examen del cambio de poblacion a corto plazo con los conocimientos actuales, si bien las diferencias de los valores pueden ser subrayadas y asi ser identificadas demograjicas apreciables. Es aconsejable examinar loscambios de poblacion a corto plazo pormediode modeloslimitados, los cuales envuelven respuenos a pequenos cambios en el medioambiente soeio-economico del hombre. De este trabajo puede inferirse quela demografia puede elaborar gran cantidad de explicaciones teoricas que son disponibles actualmente o al menos pueden utilizarse.
The glabella startle reflex: Inhibition by frequency and intensity modulations

When a relatively weak stimulus, such as a mild tone, precedes a reflex-eliciting stimulus by an appropriate interval, the amplitude of the elicited reaction is reduced. Three experiments examined the relative Impact of tonal frequency and intensity modulations, occurring prior to a glabella tap, on the amplitude of the elicited glabella reflex. Experiment 1 indicated that a frequency shift in an otherwise continuous pure tone yielded an amount of inhibition equivalent to that produced by a shift following an intensity decrement (i.e., gap) in the tone; further, this amount of inhibition was greater than that produced by a gap with no shift. Experiment 2 replicated this pattern of findings at two different tonal intensity levels, and showed that the lower tonal intensity led to less inhibition. Experiment 3 indicated that a 24-msec constant tonal frequency burst and a 24-msec shifting tonal frequency chirp presented prior to the glabella tap led to equivalent amounts of reflex inhibition; further, this amount of inhibition was not significantly different from that produced by a frequency shift, a gap, or a frequency shift coincidental with a gap.