cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Human Papillomavirus on Oropharyngeal Cancer Biology and Response to Therapy: Implications for Treatment

In the past decade, otolaryngologists and related specialists have seen the emergence and characterization of a new entity, HPV–positive oropharyngeal cancer, which has changed the way we understand and manage cancer of the head and neck. HPV-positive OPSCC has a distinct pathogenesis and develops in a localized environment of genomic instability and malignant transformation driven by the expression of the E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins. In contrast to HPV-negative OPSCC, it is a disease of younger patients with a distinct subset of risk factors related to sexual practices that have evolved over the past several decades. Fortunately, these patients show better oncologic outcomes than their historical cohort, as demonstrated by their favorable response to treatment and improved PFS and OS, although the exact mechanism underlying this benefit remains unknown. There are several important treatment implications. Could we identify OPSCC patients who will show complete response to treatment a priori and decrease the morbidity of treatment safely and with the same oncologic outcomes to achieve better quality of life? Can we also predict which patients will fail treatment, allowing us to test more intensified regimens in the population at risk to increase the probability of initial cure? What should these intensified and de-intensified regimens be? Which biomarkers will allow us to make these predictions to be able to offer personalized therapy? Does organ-preservation therapy work in the absence of HPV infection? Different organ preservation regimens, surgical approaches, and novel targeted therapy strategies that address cancer-related pathways and HPV–specific targets are being studied to begin offering some insight into these challenging questions. Some changes to clinical practice have already been recommended, such as determining HPV status for all patients with oropharyngeal cancer or unknown primary. OPSCC patients should also be strongly encouraged to participate in clinical trials. The success of trials evaluating different treatment modalities as well as de-escalation of therapy will depend on adequate recruitment; thus we encourage active enrollment of patients to be able to determine new standards of care. There is great potential for the prevention of this disease through modification of risk factors and potentially with vaccination such that we may be able to stabilize or decrease the impact of this cancer epidemic.
Brain Illness and Creativity: Mechanisms and Treatment Risks

Brain diseases and their treatment may help or hurt creativity in ways that shape quality of life. Increased creative drive is associated with bipolar disorder, depression, psychosis, temporal lobe epilepsy, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson disease treatments, and autism. Creativity depends on goal-driven approach motivation from midbrain dopaminergic systems. Fear-driven avoidance motivation is of less aid to creativity. When serotonin and norepinephrine lower motivation and flexible behaviour, they can inhibit creativity. Hemispheric lateralization and frontotemporal connections must interact to create new ideas and conceptual schemes. The right brain and temporal lobe contribute skill in novelty detection, while the left brain and frontal lobe foster approach motivation and more easily generate new patterns of action from the novel perceptions. Genes and phenotypes that increase plasticity and creativity in tolerant environments with relaxed selection pressure may confer risk in rigorous environments. Few papers substantively address this important but fraught topic. Antidepressants (ADs) that inhibit fear-driven motivation, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, sometimes inhibit goal-oriented motivation as well. ADs that boost goal-directed motivation, such as bupropion, may remediate this effect. Benzodiazepines and alcohol may be counterproductive. Although dopaminergic agonists sometimes stimulate creativity, their doing so may inappropriately disinhibit behaviour. Dopamine antagonists may suppress creative motivation; lithium and anticonvulsant mood stabilizers may do so less. Physical exercise and REM sleep may help creativity. Art therapy and psychotherapy are not well studied. Preserving creative motivation can help creativity and other aspects of well-being in all patients, not just artists or researchers.
CMOS Image Sensors and the Quanta Image Sensor

This paper briefly reviews CMOS image sensor invention and development. The focus of the paper is on a possible successor - the Quanta Image Sensor – a photon-counting image sensor that operates at room temperature without avalanche multiplication. Experimental results with 1Mpixel array devices are described.
The Misgendering Machines: Trans/HCI Implications of Automatic Gender Recognition

Automatic Gender Recognition (AGR) is a subfield of facial recognition that aims to algorithmically identify the gender of individuals from photographs or videos. In wider society the technology has proposed applications in physical access control, data analytics and advertising. Within academia, it is already used in the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) to analyse social media usage. Given the long-running critiques of HCI for failing to consider and include transgender (trans) perspectives in research, and the potential implications of AGR for trans people if deployed, I sought to understand how AGR and HCI understand the term "gender", and how HCI describes and deploys gender recognition technology. Using a content analysis of papers from both fields, I show that AGR consistently operationalises gender in a trans-exclusive way, and consequently carries disproportionate risk for trans people subject to it. In addition, I use the dearth of discussion of this in HCI papers that apply AGR to discuss how HCI operationalises gender, and the implications that this has for the field's research. I conclude with recommendations for alternatives to AGR, and some ideas for how HCI can work towards a more effective and trans-inclusive treatment of gender.
Event Triggered Neuro-Adaptive Controller (ETNAC) Design for Uncertain Linear Systems

In this paper a novel event triggered neural network (NN) based adaptive controller is presented for linear systems with multiple uncertainties. Controller design is primarily based on an observer, called the modified state observer (MSO). MSO is used to approximate uncertainties online, with two tunable gains, which allow fast approximation without inducing high frequency oscillations. On the other hand state information is transmitted to the feedback loop only when required in an aperiodic fashion. This aperiodic update is triggered by a dynamic condition based on errors. Consequently, this event triggered control (ETC) not only reduces the control computations, but also bring down the communication cost. Lyapunov analysis is used to show the stability of the system as well as to develop the event sample triggering condition. Efficacy of the proposed controllers is demonstrated using a numerical example.
Always on the defensive: The effects of transit sexual assault on travel behavior and experience in Colombia and Bolivia

Abstract This mixed-methods study uses surveys and interviews with transit users to document the prevalence and effects of transit sexual assault in two Latin American transit systems: Bogota, Colombia's TransMilenio BRT and informal transit in El Alto, Bolivia. Transit sexual assault is common in both systems, but more prevalent in the overcrowded TransMilenio system; 37% of female TransMilenio users reported experiencing unwanted sexual contact while using transit. Transit users in general are found to respond to the risk of transit crime by engaging in defensive behaviors such as avoiding travel at certain times of day, traveling in groups, taking more expensive modes, or avoiding travel altogether. Transit sexual assault victims are more likely to engage in these behaviors, and also engage in victim-specific defensive behaviors: selecting defensible positions within a carriage, standing near “safe” people (typically other women), or using objects to shield themselves. These habitual behaviors allow some victims to regain a sense of safety on transit, but others continue to struggle with hypervigilance, anxiety, and other responses to sexual trauma. It is imperative to prevent future transit sexual assaults, but many women have already been assaulted, are already traumatized, and need additional help to recover freedom of movement. Crowding reduction, improved reporting, bystander intervention, and women-only carriages are discussed as potential tools for ensuring that public transit is safe and welcoming for people of all genders.
The Origins of Informality in a Brazilian Planned City: Belo Horizonte, 1889-1900:

Sixty years before Brasilia, Belo Horizonte was constructed as Brazil’s first modern planned city (1894-1897). This article focuses on the role of land development in shaping inequality in Belo Hor...
Robot-Assisted Simple Prostatectomy: Illustration of a Simplified Extraperitoneal Transcapsular Technique.

Abstract Introduction and Objectives: Robot-assisted simple prostatectomy (RASP) performed with the extraperitoneal (EP) technique (RASP-EP) minimizes the risk of bowel injury, particularly when bo...
Agency in language policy and planning: critical inquiries: edited by Jeremie Bouchard and Gregory Paul Glasgow. New York, London, Routledge, 2019, vii + 309 pp., $124, ISBN-13: 978-1-138-31618-8 (hbk); ISBN-13: 978-0-429-45583-4 (ebk).

I once knew a Sociology graduate student who had ‘structure’ tattooed on one arm and ‘agency’ tattooed on the other. While I imagine the editors and authors of Agency in Language Policy and Plannin...
Organic Matter Preservation in Ancient Soils of Earth and Mars

The emerging field of astropedology is the study of ancient soils on Earth and other planetary bodies. Examination of the complex factors that control the preservation of organic matter and other biosignatures in ancient soils is a high priority for current and future missions to Mars. Though previously defined by biological activity, an updated definition of soil as planetary surfaces altered in place by biological, chemical or physical processes was adopted in 2017 by the Soil Science Society of America in response to mounting evidence of pedogenic-like features on Mars. Ancient (4.1–3.7 billion year old [Byr]) phyllosilicate-rich surface environments on Mars show evidence of sustained subaerial weathering of sediments with liquid water at circumneutral pH, which is a soil-forming process. The accumulation of buried, fossilized soils, or paleosols, has been widely observed on Earth, and recent investigations suggest paleosol-like features may be widespread across the surface of Mars. However, the complex array of preservation and degradation factors controlling the fate of biosignatures in paleosols remains unexplored. This paper identifies the dominant factors contributing to the preservation and degradation of organic carbon in paleosols through the geological record on Earth, and offers suggestions for prioritizing locations for in situ biosignature detection and Mars Sample Return across a diverse array of potential paleosols and paleoenvironments of early Mars. A compilation of previously published data and original research spanning a diverse suite of paleosols from the Pleistocene (1 Myr) to the Archean (3.7 Byr) show that redox state is the predominant control for the organic matter content of paleosols. Most notably, the chemically reduced surface horizons (layers) of Archean (2.3 Byr) paleosols have organic matter concentrations ranging from 0.014–0.25%. However, clay mineralogy, amorphous phase abundance, diagenetic alteration and sulfur content are all significant factors that influence the preservation of organic carbon. The surface layers of paleosols that formed under chemically reducing conditions with high amounts of iron/magnesium smectites and amorphous colloids should be considered high priority locations for biosignature investigation within subaerial paleoenvironments on Mars.
Novel imaging techniques using 18 F-florbetapir PET/MRI can guide fascicular nerve biopsy in amyloid multiple mononeuropathy.

Background Multiple mononeuropathy is a rare presentation of primary (AL) amyloidosis and nerve biopsy is usually needed for diagnosis. Conventional imaging is useful to identify proximal nerve involvement but may be inadequate. We report a patient with multiple mononeuropathy whose presentation was suggestive of AL amyloid neuropathy and in whom repeated tissue biopsies were negative for amyloid (including two sensory nerves and one muscle). Methods The patient underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and whole body 18 F-florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET)/MRI. Results Whole body 18 F-florbetapir PET/MRI revealed abnormal low-level florbetapir uptake in the right proximal tibial and peroneal nerves, which provided a target for a sciatic bifurcation fascicular nerve biopsy that was diagnostic of AL amyloidosis. Conclusions 18 F-florbetapir PET/MRI imaging is a promising diagnostic tool for patients with suspected peripheral nerve amyloidosis (including multiple mononeuropathy) in whom conventional imaging and nerve and muscle biopsies miss the pathology.
Retailing ruses: sensory obfuscation, the marketplace, and the state

Let us start with The Book of Vices and Virtues and its background. This very medieval series of texts involves a Middle English translation from around 1375 of the Dominican Friar Laurent’s Somme ...
Sequence Analysis of 20,453 SARS-CoV-2 Genomes from the Houston Metropolitan Area Identifies the Emergence and Widespread Distribution of Multiple Isolates of All Major Variants of Concern

[Abstract]Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there has been international concern about the emergence of virus variants with mutations that increase transmissibility, enhance escape from the human immune response, or otherwise alter biologically important phenotypes. In late 2020, several "variants of concern" emerged globally, including the UK variant (B.1.1.7), South Africa variant (B.1.351), Brazil variants (P.1 and P.2), and two related California "variants of interest" (B.1.429 and B.1.427). These variants are believed to have enhanced transmissibility capacity. For the South Africa and Brazil variants, there is evidence that mutations in spike protein permit it to escape from some vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Based on our extensive genome sequencing program involving 20,453 virus specimens from COVID-19 patients dating from March 2020, we report identification of all important SARS-CoV-2 variants among Houston Methodist Hospital patients residing in the greater metropolitan area. Although these variants are currently at relatively low frequency in the population, they are geographically widespread. Houston is the first city in the United States to have all variants documented by genome sequencing. As vaccine deployment accelerates worldwide, increased genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is essential to understanding the presence and frequency of consequential variants and their patterns and trajectory of dissemination. This information is critical for medical and public health efforts to effectively address and mitigate this global crisis.
My Grandmother’s Bones

This article examines the materiality of death in the funerary rites of a Vaidiki brahmin family in Telugu-speaking South India. In this self-reflexive piece, I explore the concepts of madi (ritual purity) and maila (ritual impurity) in relation to my grandmother’s life and death, respectively. I also consider the materiality of my grandmother’s bones in the funerary rites, including the final cremation and post-cremation rituals conducted by my father and uncles in Hyderabad, Telangana in August 2013. The article concludes by reflecting on the resilience of my grandmother, a brahmin widow for more than thirty years of her life.
Protect and Project: Names, Privacy, and the Boundary Negotiations of Online Video Game Players

Video game players face a fundamental challenge in managing their competing desires for both privacy and publicity, for being both apart from, and a part of, the communities in which they play. In this paper, we argue that "gamertags" are important tools for protecting gamers' privacy as well as creative outlets for expressing meaningful aspects of identity. Based on 30 semi-structured interviews focused on players' usernames, we find through the pseudonyms under which they play, gamers both hide identifying information such as their offline names and addresses while bringing attention to information that is deeply meaningful to them, such as their family nickname or favorite music. By deemphasizing some parts of their identity and by emphasizing others, players not only shape how they are perceived by other gamers, but they also attempt to preclude accidental disclosure of more identifying information. We argue that gamertag practices thus constitute an important form of boundary work through which gamers actively seek to draw lines between their offline and multiple online worlds in the ways that they wish. We argue that gamers use these names to both protect and project aspects of their identities--at times even seeking protection through projection--as a way of addressing their competing desires to both conceal and reveal different aspects of their identities. As boundary work, players' efforts to carefully protect personally-identifying information and intentionally project personally meaningful information to their communities help them better manage their online identities, relationships with others, and overall data privacy.
Beyond the business case for diversity and inclusion: Approaches to promoting organizational diversity

This teaching activity explores whether the meaningful communication case for diversity in groups, organizations, and communities rests in ideas of justice, equity, and basic employee responsibilit...
Proximal fixation of endovascular aortic device may not be associated with renal function decline after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Abstract Objective Significant debate exists among providers who perform endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) regarding the renal function change between suprarenal (SuF) and infrarenal (InF) fixation devices. The purpose of this study is to review our institution's experience using these devices in terms of renal function. Methods This is a retrospective review of all elective EVARs performed within a three-site health system (Florida, Minnesota, and Arizona) during the period of 2000 to 2018. The primary outcome was renal function decline on long-term follow-up depending on the anatomical fixation of the device (SuF vs InF). Secondary outcomes were length of hospitalization (LOH) and progression to hemodialysis. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to test for associations affecting LOH. Results There were 1130 elective EVARs included in our review. Of those, 670 (59.3%) had SuF and 460 (40.7%) InF. Long-term follow-up was 4.8 ± 3.7 years, and the rate of change in creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were not statistically significant among groups (SuF vs InF). LOH was higher in those individuals with a SuF device (3.4 ± 2.2 vs 2.3 ± 1.0 days; P Conclusion Our three-site, single-institution data indicate that, although the starting eGFR was statistically lower in those individuals undergoing elective EVAR with InF, device fixation type did not affect the creatinine and eGFR on long-term follow-up. However, caution should be exercised at the time of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in those individuals who already presented with renal dysfunction.
Crinecerfont Lowers Elevated Hormone Markers in Adults with 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.

Context Classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) is characterized by impaired cortisol synthesis and excess androgen production. Corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 receptor (CRF1R) antagonism may decrease adrenal androgen production. Objective To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of crinecerfont (NBI-74788), a selective CRF1R antagonist, in 21OHD. Design Open-label, phase 2 study, with sequential cohort design (NCT03525886). Setting United States (6 centers). Participants Men and women, 18-50 years, with 21OHD. Interventions Four crinecerfont regimens, each administered orally for 14 consecutive days: 50 or 100 mg oncedaily at bedtime (Cohorts 1 and 2, respectively); 100 mg once-daily in the evening (Cohort 3); 100 mg twice-daily (BID, Cohort 4). Participants could enroll in >1 cohort. Main outcomes Changes from baseline to Day 14 in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 17hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), androstenedione, and testosterone. Results Eighteen participants (11 women, 7 men) were enrolled: Cohort 1 (n=8), Cohort 2 (n=7), Cohort 3 (n=8), Cohort 4 (n=8). Mean age was 31 years; 94% were white. Median percent reductions were >60% for ACTH (-66%), 17OHP (64%), and androstenedione (64%) with crinecerfont 100 mg BID. In female participants, 73% (8/11) had ≥50% reduction in testosterone levels; male participants had median 26-65% decreases in androstenedione/testosterone ratios. Conclusions Crinecerfont treatment for 14 days lowered ACTH and afforded clinically meaningful reductions of elevated 17OHP, androstenedione, testosterone (women), or androstenedione/testosterone ratio (men) in adults with 21OHD. Longer-term studies are required to evaluate the effects of crinecerfont on clinical endpoints of disordered steroidogenesis and glucocorticoid exposure in patients with 21OHD.
How can state governments support healthier housing markets

Housing affordability has become an increasingly salient political issue across the U.S. in the past several years, reflecting rapid price appreciation in many metropolitan areas. State governments are beginning to push back against the prerogative of “local control” over land use regulation and housing production. In this paper, I examine the potential benefits of more targeted state engagement with housing markets; review the kinds of policy tools through which state governments can influence housing market outcomes; outline broad goals to guide statewide housing policy; and document the contrasting approaches currently taken by five states. Current state approaches vary widely in the intensity of state engagement, policy goals and tools. Housing market outcomes also differ across and within states; statewide policy approaches should be tailored to specific goals and market conditions.
Laser steering using virtual trifocal visual servoing

This paper focuses on the development of a weakly calibrated three-view-based visual servoing control law applied to the laser steering process. It proposes to revisit the conventional trifocal constraints governing a three-view geometry for a more suitable use in the design of an efficient trifocal vision-based control. Thereby, an explicit control law is derived, without any matrix inversion, which allows to simply prove the global exponential stability of the control. Moreover, only ' twenty - five lines of code ' are necessary to design a fast trifocal control system. Thanks to the simplicity of the implementation, our control law is fast, accurate, robust to errors on the weak calibration and it exhibits good behavior in terms of convergence and decoupling. This was demonstrated by different experimental validations performed on a test-bench for the steering of laser spot on a 2D and 3D surface using a two degrees-of-freedom commercial piezoelectric mirror, as well as in preliminary cadaver trials using an endoluminal micromirror prototype.
On the Cost of Private Standards in Public Law

Federal agencies often give legal effect to privately authored technical standards that the public can access only by paying a fee. It is widely agreed that this practice impedes public participation in the rulemaking process and makes federal regulatory requirements less transparent. Ideally, private standards that are or may be incorporated into federal regulations would be freely available to the public online. But the problem is multidimensional. Tension between the public right to access the law and the private intellectual property rights of standards developers must be resolved within the overarching context of a longstanding and highly valuable public-private partnership in standards. Any approach to expanding the free online availability of private standards must also preserve the ability of federal agencies to fulfill substantive statutory missions to protect public health and safety.This article offers a case study of a recent law that prohibited one federal agency, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), from incorporating into regulations or guidance any private standard not freely available to the public online. The confined regulatory context makes possible a much needed analysis of the actual cost of private incorporated standards. The data reveal that standards developers voluntarily provided free online access to a surprisingly large share of PHMSA’s standards. The free access mandate produced little marginal improvement over that baseline. Furthermore, it imperiled PHMSA’s ability to protect public safety by preventing the continued use of just a few extremely important standards. In the end, Congress was forced to amend the law.PHMSA’s experience strongly suggests that simply mandating free online access to private incorporated standards is unworkable. This multidimensional problem requires a more nuanced solution. Collaboration between individual federal agencies and private standards developers holds greater promise for expanding public access without unduly restricting federal agencies’ ability to protect public safety by integrating private standards and public law.
Social nudges: utility conferred from others.

Observing the choices of others adds utility to the chosen option. The additional utility conferred by others' choices is encoded by the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and explains the idiosyncratic effects of social influence.
Relations, knowledge and empirical learning

Abstract Recent studies in empirical learning have sought to use domain knowledge in addition to training examples. We generalize these strategies for finding the deductive biases arising from domain knowledge. We introduce a relational framework, in which domain knowledge, concepts and newly constructed features are all related directly by viewing them as relations. Knowledge is used to identify high-level similarities (relations) in the training examples, to construct new features that are more suitable for learning the concept. Results on the utility of knowledge and feature construction with the DRL algorithm are discussed.
Response of Business and Consumer Confidence to Monetary Policy Shock

This paper empirically investigates how business and consumer confidence responds to monetary policy shock. Based on the vector autoregressive (VAR) analysis of the monthly changes in business and consumer confidence and the monthly Federal fund interest rates, the results show that both the changes in consumer confidence and business confidence negatively respond to monetary policy shock. The Granger causality tests show that monetary policy shock Granger-causes business confidence, but it does not Granger-cause consumer confidence. The findings of this study provide useful information for consumers, investors, businesses and policy makers in making sound consumption, investment and policy decisions.
Environmental mold and mycotoxin exposures elicit specific cytokine and chemokine responses

Background Molds can cause respiratory symptoms and asthma. We sought to use isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to understand changes in cytokine and chemokine levels in response to mold and mycotoxin exposures and to link these levels with respiratory symptoms in humans. We did this by utilizing an ex vivo assay approach to differentiate mold-exposed patients and unexposed controls. While circulating plasma chemokine and cytokine levels from these two groups might be similar, we hypothesized that by challenging their isolated white blood cells with mold or mold extracts, we would see a differential chemokine and cytokine release.
Continuous time in a SAT-based planner

The TM-LPSAT planner can construct plans in domains containing atomic actions and durative actions; events and processes; discrete, real-valued, and interval-valued fluents; and continuous linear change to quantities. It works in three stages. In the first stage, a representation of the domain and problem in an extended version of PDDL+ is compiled into a system of propositional combinations of propositional variables and linear constraints over numeric variables. In the second stage, the LPSAT constraint engine (Wolfman & Weld 2000) is used to find a solution to the system of constraints. In the third stage, a correct parallel plan is extracted from this solution. We discuss the structure of the planner and show how a real-time temporal model is compiled into LPSAT constraints.
Addressing Principles of Recovery to Engage Consumers in Outpatient Treatment

Mental illness often requires hospitalization, with high readmission rates. One way to improve outcomes and reduce readmission rates is for consumers to attend outpatient appointments. However, a major challenge in delivery of mental health outpatient treatment is missed appointments. When consumers miss appointments for outpatient follow-up, they also miss an opportunity for recovery. Non-attendance rates in psychiatric outpatient clinics have been a topic of considerable interest and attendance at appointments has been used as an indicator of quality of service provision. Strategies used to address missed appointments have been met with minimal success in improving engagement in treatment and do not offer evidence-based guidance regarding solutions to this challenge. Simple measures to gain consumer feedback on levels of therapeutic alliance and engagement in shared decision-making are available and can be used in clinical sessions to support recovery-based care. Psychiatric mental health nurses can engage consumers in recovery-based services that have salience to motivate them to engage in treatment.
Culture, Racial Socialization, and Positive African American Youth Development

Positive youth development is critical for African American youth as they negotiate a social, political, and historical landscape grounded in systemic inequities and racism. One possible, yet understudied, approach to promote positive youth development is to increase African American youth consciousness and connection to their Africentric values and culture. The primary purpose of this article was to investigate the degree to which cultural and group consciousness factors (i.e., cultural orientation, Africentric values, and racial socialization) predicted positive youth development (i.e., future orientation, prosocial behavior, political/community, and social justice/equality civic mindedness) and how these might differ by gender. This article utilized survey data from 1,930 African American youth participants of the Pen or Pencil™ mentoring program. Results generally indicated that cultural orientation, Africentric values and, to a lesser degree, racial socialization, predicted positive youth development...
Cerebral lateralization of deaf and hearing individuals for linguistic comparison judgments.

Abstract A group of congenitally deaf adults and a group of hearing adults, both fluent in sign language, were tested to determine cerebral lateralization. In the most revealing task, subjects were given a series of trials in which they were fist presented with a videotaped sign and then with a word exposed tachistoscopically to the right visual field or left visual field, and were required to judge whether the word corresponded to the sign or not. The results suggested that the comparison processes involved in the decision were performed more efficiently by the left hemisphere for hearing subjects and by the right hemisphere for deaf subjects. However, the deaf subjects performed as well as the hearing subjects in the left hemisphere, suggesting that the deaf are not impeded by their auditory-speech handicap from developing the left hemisphere for at least some types of linguistic processing.
Poiseuille flow through n-dimensional hypercircular and hyperelliptic cylinders

Results are given for unidirectional Poiseuille flows through hypercircular and hyperellipticn-dimensional cylinders. These agree with the known solutions forn=2 and 3, corresponding, respectively, to flow between two flat parallel plates and through a circular or elliptic cylinder.
QUANTUM VARIABLES AND THE ACTION PRINCIPLE.

The validity of the action principle is examined for the simplest qunntum degree of freedom, V = 2. It is concluded that the action principle is still severely restricted in a practical sense. Compntations are included. (C.H.)
A transient analysis of latchup in bulk CMOS

This paper presents an analytical model of transient latchup in bulk CMOS that predicts the time-dependent current and voltage characteristics of the parasitic p-n-p-n structure. Not only does the model describe the conditions for transient latchup, but it also predicts a previously unreported phenomenon of dynamic recovery, which we have verified experimentally. Compact Stability criteria are presented for the p-n-p-n structure that delineate the roles of ramp rate and circuit parameters.
Consequences of losing ribonuclease III on the Escherichia coli cell.

An isogenic pair ofEscherichia coli strains, one carrying anrnc+ and the other anrnc− allele (a mutation which reduces the level of ribonuclease III), was compared. Thernc− strain fails to grow at very elevated temperatures (forE. coli) while thernc+ strain does grow exponentially.
A Greatly Exaggerated Demise: The Remaking of the Children of Paul's as the Duke of York's Men (1608)

It is a given that, for whatever reason, the Children of Paul's broke in 1608. This article, to the contrary, foregrounds the argument that, far from breaking, the highly successful Children of Paul's remade themselves into the highly successful adult acting company the Duke of York's Men for the simple reason that their players had grown too old to be any longer acceptable to audiences as 'children'. The Children of Paul's is last seen in February 1608; the Duke of York's Men first appear in October 1608 under the royal patronage of Prince Charles, Duke of York. The new adult company featured the extraordinary Joseph Taylor – later to succeed Richard Burbage as the greatest player in England – and the multi-talented William Rowley, who acted as manager, playwright and comedian for the ensemble. Evidence is presented that Taylor, Rowley and others of the Duke of York's Men were previously members of the Children of Paul's.
Underreading of the Tuberculin Skin Test Reaction

Study objectives The tuberculin skin test is the best diagnostic method to detect tuberculous infection. How accurate is interpretation of the test? Design Observational study. Setting Both general hospital and university hospital. Participants One hundred seven health-care professionals, including 52 practicing pediatricians, 33 pediatric house officers, 10 pediatric academicians, 11 registered nurses, and 1 pediatric nurse practitioner. Study A tuberculin skin test (Mantoux) was applied to the arm of a known tuberculin converter. As participants entered/left the room, they were guided to the tuberculin converter. At no time did a participant observe readings other than his/her own. Results Mantoux tuberculin reaction measuring 15 mm induration was read individually by a group of 52 practicing pediatricians, 33 pediatric house officers, 10 pediatric academicians, 11 registered nurses, and one pediatric nurse practitioner. The median induration recorded by this group of 107 health-care professionals was 10 mm, and 17 (33%) practicing pediatricians read the reaction as Conclusion This study confirms a general inaccuracy in interpretation of the tuberculin skin test reaction. It raises two questions. (1) Is there a general tendency toward underreading? (2) Does this general tendency to underread tuberculin skin test reactions raise some question as to the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Thoracic Society, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention move in raising the amount of induration considered tuberculin positive to 15 mm in low-risk individuals?
Effects of Acylation and Crosslinking on the Material Properties and Cadmium Ion Adsorption Capacity of Porous Chitosan Beads

Abstract Chitosan is a novel glucosamine biopolymer derived from the shells of marine organisms. This biopolymer is very attractive for heavy metal ion separations from wastewater because it is selective for toxic transition metal ions over less toxic alkali or alkane earth metal ions. Highly porous, 3-mm chitosan beads were prepared by an aqueous phase-inversion technique for casting gel beads followed by freeze drying. In the attempt to simultaneously improve material properties and adsorption capacity, chitosan was chemically modified by 1) homogeneous acylation of amine groups with nonanoyl chloride before bead casting, and 2) heterogeneous crosslinking of linear chitosan chains with the bifunctional reagent glutaric dialdehyde (GA) after bead casting but before freeze drying. The random addition of C8 hydrocarbon side chains to about 7% of the amine groups on uncrosslinked chitosan beads via N-acylation improved the saturation adsorption capacity from 169 to 216 mg Cd2+/g-bead at saturation (pH 6.5, ...
Intra-articular metastatic pancreatic carcinoma of the right knee mimicking septic arthritis.

Recent multiagent chemotherapy regimens have increased overall survival in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Common toxicities of these regimens include nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, skin rashes, peripheral neuropathy, and myelosuppression with increased incidence of infections. Pancreatic cancer tends to spread to adjacent anatomic tissues, regional lymph nodes, liver, lung, and, less commonly, bone cortex and brain. Metastases to other sites, in particular to joint synovium, are extremely rare. Only a small number of cases of cancer metastasizing to joint have been reported. We present a case of an otherwise healthy middleaged man with advanced pancreatic cancer who, after several multiagent cancer treatments, developed sudden right knee swelling and pain. Although the initial clinical impression was septic arthritis, cytologic analysis confirmed metastatic pancreatic cancer. He experienced symptomatic relief with joint aspiration and radiation, but succumbed shortly thereafter to progressive disease. As patients survive longer with more effective treatment of pancreatic cancer, there is an increased chance of unusual sites of metastases, as is illustrated by this case.
Biological activities of catfish glucagon and glucagon-like peptide

Abstract The ability of catfish glucagon and glucagon-like peptide to bind and activate mammalian glucagon receptors was investigated. Neither catfish peptide binds to glucagon receptors of rat liver, hypothalamus or pituitary. Neither stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in liver membranes. Catfish glucagon fails to activate adenylate cyclase in hypothalamic or pituitary membranes in contrast to mammalian glucagon. However, catfish glucagon-like peptide does stimulate hypothalamic and pituitary adenylate cyclase (EC50 ∼ 1 pM) possibly through mammalian glucagon-like peptide receptors.
Effect of testosterone on metabolic rate and body composition in normal men and men with muscular dystrophy.

We have examined the effect of testosterone enanthate injections (3 mg/kg.week, im) on the basal metabolic rate (BMR) estimated by indirect calorimetry and on lean body mass (LBM) estimated by 40K counting in four normal men and nine men with muscular dystrophy. Testosterone treatment increased plasma testosterone levels in all subjects (3-fold mean elevation). BMR increased significantly after 3 months of testosterone treatment (mean, 10%; P less than 0.01; 13% mean increase in the men with muscular dystrophy and 7% mean increase in the normal subjects). BMR remained elevated (mean increase, 9%) after 12 months of testosterone treatment in four men with muscular dystrophy. LBM also was significantly higher after 3 months of treatment (mean, 10%; P less than 0.01) and remained elevated at 12 months. The percent increase in LBM was similar in men with muscular dystrophy (+10%) and normal men (+11%). When BMR was adjusted for the increase in LBM by linear regression, the men with muscular dystrophy had an increase in adjusted BMR after 3 months of testosterone treatment (mean increase, 7%), but not after 12 months. The normal men did not have an increase in adjusted BMR. Testosterone treatment for 12 months slightly reduced body fat, whereas there was an increase in body fat in subjects with muscular dystrophy who were treated with placebo for 12 months. We conclude that there is a significant increase in BMR associated with pharmacological testosterone treatment, which for the most part is explained by the increase in LBM. However, in men with muscular dystrophy, there is a small hypermetabolic effect of testosterone beyond that explained by increased LBM.
Proliferation of rat intraspinal Schwann cells following tellurium intoxication

A stable population of intraspinal Schwann cells, which developed follwing early postnatal irradiation of the spinal cord, was challenged by the addition of tellurium (Te) to the diet beginning at 30 days of age. Schwann cells incorporating [3H]thymidine were identified by 1 μm autoradiographs and by conventional electron microscopy of adjacent thin sections. Autoradiographs of areas with Schwann cell myclination showed extensive labelling of cells in the Te-fed animals. In contrast, control animals which were not fed Te showed little evidence of labelled Schwann cells. These data indicate that Schwann cells in the intraspinal environment show a proliferative response to the presence of Te in the rat's diet, as do Schwann cells in their normal extraspinal milieu.
Structural and Mechanistic Insights into the Interaction between Pyk2 and Paxillin LD Motifs

Abstract Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a member of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) subfamily of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. The C-terminal Pyk2-focal adhesion targeting (FAT) domain binds to paxillin, an adhesion molecule. Paxillin has five leucine-aspartate (LD) motifs (LD1–LD5). Here, we show that the second LD motif of paxillin, LD2, interacts with Pyk2-FAT, similar to the known Pyk2-FAT/LD4 interaction. Both LD motifs can target two ligand binding sites on Pyk2-FAT. Interestingly, they also share similar binding affinity for Pyk2-FAT with preferential association to one site relative to the other. Nevertheless, the LD2-LD4 region of paxillin (paxillin133 -290) binds to Pyk2-FAT as a 1:1 complex. However, our data suggest that the Pyk2-FAT and paxillin complex is dynamic and it appears to be a mixture of two distinct conformations of paxillin that almost equally compete for Pyk2-FAT binding. These studies provide insight into the underlying selectivity of paxillin for Pyk2 and FAK that may influence the differing behavior of these two closely related kinases in focal adhesion sites.
Noninvasive quantification of metabolic rate of oxygen (MRO2) by photoacoustic microscopy

Many diseases, normal decay and physiological functions are closely related to alterations in the metabolic rate of oxygen (MRO2). In this study, we demonstrate that all the parameters for MRO2 quantification can be simultaneously obtained by optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM). MRO2 of the mouse ear under normothermia (31 °C skin temperature) and controlled systematic hyperthermia (42 °C skin temperature) was studied. As a result of hyperthermia, the MRO2 increased by 34.1%. The tumor hypermetabolism was also demonstrated by longitudinally monitoring a melanoma growing on a mouse ear. The results show that OR-PAM, as a single noninvasive imaging modality, is well suited for quantitative MRO2 measurement in microenvironments.
The Formation of a Socioeconomic Health Disparity: The Case of Cocaine Use during the 1980s and 1990s.

Despite the substantial and prolonged sociological interest in health disparities, much remains unknown about the processes that initiate them. To investigate this topic, we focus on the case study of cocaine use, for which a socioeconomic disparity emerged across all age groups in a short period of time around 1990. We examine whether the newly-formed disparity represents a selective remnant of previous users or, instead, a selective recruitment of new users. To evaluate these two potential processes we use latent class regression on a nationally representative cohort with repeated measures of past-year cocaine use before and after 1990. Results support the "remnant" hypothesis and show that the newly-formed disparity resulted primarily because people in the lower social strata were less likely to have a trajectory of cocaine use with a sharp drop in use after 1990. These results point to the "remnant" concept as a way to bring together disparity analysis of very different and diverse health outcomes.
The attack rate, age incidence, racial distribution, and case fatality rate of Hemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

The attack rate, age incidence, racial distribution, and case fatality rate of H. influenzae type b diseases in a defined community were determined by a search of hospital records in Mecklenburg County, N. C., from 1966 through 1970. During this period, 86 cases of H. influenzae type b meningitis occurred in Mecklenburg County residents; the case fatality rate was 4.7 per cent. Three children and one adult died; all were black. The highest incidence was at three months through three years of age. The average attack rate was 4.85 per 100,000 county residents per year. The attack rate for black infants and children was approximately four times that of white children.
In vitro development of the mosquito phase of Plasmodium relictum

Abstract The mosquito phase of Plasmodium relictum has been cultivated in vitro as a series of steps from the stage of the gametocytes in the lumen of the stomach of the vector, Culex tarsalis until the appearance of sporozoites in the mature oocysts. Individual cultures do not ordinarily continue development beyond a period of 5 days. Precise determination of the nature of biochemical dependence of this parasite on its invertebrate host must await further perfection of conditions leading to completion of the cycle in vitro starting with a single parasite whose division products remain continuously in culture.
Working mothers, sex differences, and self-esteem in college students' self-descriptions

This study examined whether a relationship exists between maternal employment and self-esteem of offspring. A questionnaire incorporating the Adjective Generation Technique (AGT) was administered to undergraduate psychology students from intact two-parent families. Subjects were divided into four categories: males whose mothers worked during their childhood (n=33), males whose mothers remained home (n=49), females whose mothers worked (n=54), and females whose mothers remained home (n=49). Data were analyzed using a 2 × 2 analysis of variance. Results indicated no differences in self-esteem for subjects of either sex in conjunction with the employment of their mothers. Instead, the subject's sex was the critical component affecting self-esteem. Males reported themselves significantly more favorably than did females.