cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long delays in seeking treatment for schizophrenia.

Sir—Beng-Choon Ho and Nancy Andreasen, in their March 24 commentary, offer a timely and balanced commentary on the lengthy and damaging duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode schizophrenia. We agree that the importance of shortening this time is self-evident. We also agree that the secondary preventive potential of this action is by no means self-evident but remains to be shown, especially for early intervention in the prodromal or preonset phase of schizophrenia. We do not differ with Ho and Andreasen on these points but take issue with one interpretation and one polarisation. The interpretation involves their classification of Linszen and colleagues’ 1998 study among studies in which no association between long duration of untreated psychois and poor outcome was noted. Linszen and colleagues showed the lack of association was probably secondary to an overall absence of variation in duration of untreated psychosis in their sample— ie, the probability of a false-negative association was high. The polarisation in Ho and Andreasen’s commentary involves separating workers in the field of early detection and intervention into optimists and the understandably cautious. As such workers, we regard ourselves as embodying both attributes—optimism because we are there and caution because we are there as researchers. Overall, we wish Ho and Andreasen had made a clear distinction in their commentary between practice and research, because appropriate caution about early intervention as a practice is too frequently applied inappropriately and destructively at research efforts trying to show whether or not early intervention has risks or benefits. Ho and Andreasen end by calling for scepticism about the feasibility of early intervention. Research as hypothesis testing is formalised doubting, or scepticism par excellence. They, in essence, call for research, but their failure to distinguish between practice and research undermines the message.
A dilute agar colony inhibition (CI) test for studying cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells.

A modification of the Hellstrom method for measuring cell-mediated immunity to tumor-associated antigens is described using mouse mammary tumors as a model. Target tumor cells are incubated with lymphocytes for 1 h and then cloned by the dilute agar method. The number of surviving cell colonies following incubation with immune lymphocytes is compared to the number of surviving tumor cell colonies incubated with control lymphocytes. Significant inhibition is obtained with as few as 10 immune lymphocytes for every target cell. Serum from immune animals can be shown capable of blocking lymphocyte-mediated inhibition of tumor colony formation. The data obtained with this method are very similar to those obtained with the Hellstrom test. The advantages and disadvantages of the modification, as compared to the Hellstrom test, are discussed. Un Test D'inhibition des Colonies (IC) Dans la Gelose Diluee en vue de L'etude des Reponses Immunitaires A Mediation Cellulaire Envers les Cellules Tumorales Les auteurs presentent une variante de la methode d'Hellstrom qui a pour but de mesurer l'immunite a mediation cellulaire envers les antigenes associes aux tumeurs; ils ont utilise comme modele des tumeurs mammaires de souris. Les cellules-cibles tumorales sont incubees pendant une heure avec des lymphocytes, puis clonees dans la gelose diluee. Le nombre de colonies de cellules survivantes apres incubation avec les lymphocytes immuns est compare au nombre de colonies de cellules tumorales survivantes apres incubation avec des lymphocytes temoins. On obtient une inhibition significative avec seulement dix lymphocytes pour chaque cellule-cible. On constate que le serum d'animaux immunises est capable de bloquer l'inhibition a mediation lymphocytaire de la formation de colonies tumorales. Les resultats obtenus par cette methode sont tres proches de ceux que donne le test d'Hellstrom. Les auteurs examinent les avantages et les inconvenients de leur methode par rapport a celle d'Hellstrom.
Quantitative determination of biologically important thiols and disulfides by gas-liquid chromatography.

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of biochemically and radiobiologically important thiols and disulfides via gas-liquid chromatography
Surfactants for ground water remediation

Ground water contamination is a most intractable form of pollution. Spilled solvent or fuel liquids are trapped below the water table by colloidal forces. Surfactants may be used to dramatically improve contaminated aquifer remediation rates. Principal remediation mechanisms include micellar solubilization and mobilization of the trapped liquids by lowering of the oil/water interfacial tension. Surfactant selection is a key to the successful design of a remediation effort, and involves consideration of factors including Krafft Point, surfactant adsorption onto the aquifer solids, and the phase behavior of the oil/water/surfactant system. Successful field demonstrations have occurred in recent months and the technology is moving rapidly toward commercialization. Critical research issues remain including acceptable clean-up levels, surfactant/contaminant in situ biodegradation rates, and surfactant decontamination and reuse.
Kinetics and Behavior of Copolymerization in Emulsion and Microemulsion Systems

Copolymerization of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and acrylonitrile in emulsions and microemulsions containing sodium dodecyl sulfate as an emulsifier was investigated, as a function of initiator concentration, temperature, monomer-feed composition, and surfactant concentration. The emulsions were observed to turn into transparent/translucent and stable latexes, mimicking the properties of true microemulsion latexes, on polymerization. The rate of emulsion polymerization was found to be faster than that of the microemulsion polymerization. The rate of polymerization, percentage conversion, and final number of latex particles were found to be a function of initiator concentration, reaction temperature, and acrylonitrile concentration in feed. The rate of polymerization showed a dependency of −0.05 power of the surfactant concentration in the area covering emulsion and microemulsion regions. Intrinsic viscosity values showed that the products from true microemulsion polymerization were of higher molecular weight th...
The functions of program theory

The role of theory in program evaluation is an important but neglected area in evaluation practice and theory. Program theory has several important functions that can improve our ability to generalize from particular evaluations, contribute to social science theory, and achieve consensus in evaluation planning.
Photomask defect tracing, analysis, and reduction with chemically amplified resist process

The features of optical proximity correction are becoming very aggressive as production technology migrates into 90nm/130 nm regime. The complicated optical proximity correction (OPC) patterns often result in un-repairable defects, a major yield loss mechanisms in a mask production line. Defect control is increasingly important. A methodology for identifying defect sources and reduction is demonstrated in this paper. The mechanisms and causes of defect formation could be determined with corresponding process step on the strength of sequence inspections. The cause of half-etched opaque defect on negative CAR process was found from PR fragment contamination of e-beam exposure step. After clean-up of e-beam chamber, yield was increased over 20%. Big pinhole defect and contact of AttPSM positive process was found on ADI step. The possible cause was poor CAR adhesion. These two type defects were decreased by modification of developing recipe, special on rinse step. Design experiment with Taguchi method was used to optimize the interactive recipe of plasma descum and rinse step on developing step of implanted layer. Average defect density was decreased from 0.99 to 0.27, and percentage of zero defect rate has been increased from 29.5 to 63.3%.
(1-13C)alditols : elimination of magnetic equivalence in 1H-and 13C-n.m.r. spectra of symmetric compounds through (13C)-substitution

Abstract (1- 13 C)Glycerol, d -(1- 13 C)arabinitol, d -(1- 13 C)ribitol, d -(1- 13 C)xylitol, d -(1- 13 C)glucitol, d -(1- 13 C) mannitol, and d -(1- 13 C)talitol have been prepared by NaBH 4 reduction of the corresponding (1- 13 C)aldoses. A comparison of the 1 H- (300 and 620 MHz) and 13 C (75 MHz) n.m.r. spectra of natural and (1- 13 C)-substituted dissymmetric alditols has permitted the unequivocal assignments of their hydroxymethyl proton and carbon signals and the measurement of several 13 C 1 H and 13 C 13 C spin-coupling constants. Similar spectra of (1- 13 C)-substituted symmetric alditols, however, are more difficult to interpret since they are composed of overlapping 13 C-coupled and 13 C-noncoupled subspectra. In some cases, 1 H difference spectra and 1 H-coupled 13 C spectra may be used to extract the 13 C 1 H and 13 C 13 C spin couplings from the 13 C-coupled component. These couplings have been examined in light of conformational models previously proposed, permitting a preliminary evaluation of standard 3 J CH and 3 J CC values for specific coupling pathways in these compounds.
Isomorphism, Institutional Parochialism, and the Sociology of Religion

This article investigates whether the field of sociology of religion is occupied by parochial concerns. We characterize institutional parochialism as the degree to which people in an academic field tend to study their own societies. This study employs a content analysis of articles published in The Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion and Sociology of Religion from 2001 to 2008, with particular attention paid to the incidences in which Muslim and non-Western groups were studied before and after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. There was no change in the rate that “Muslim” communities were studied following the 9/11 attacks, but it appears journal content did change to reflect ongoing debates in the West and in response to mimetic pressures being placed on the field. Overall, if the sociology of religion can be characterized as parochial, we contend that the broader field of American sociology is likely far more so.
A knowledge-based energy function for protein-ligand, protein-protein, and protein-DNA complexes.

We developed a knowledge-based statistical energy function for protein−ligand, protein−protein, and protein−DNA complexes by using 19 atom types and a distance-scale finite ideal-gas reference (DFIRE) state. The correlation coefficients between experimentally measured protein−ligand binding affinities and those predicted by the DFIRE energy function are around 0.63 for one training set and two testing sets. The energy function also makes highly accurate predictions of binding affinities of protein−protein and protein−DNA complexes. Correlation coefficients between theoretical and experimental results are 0.73 for 82 protein−protein (peptide) complexes and 0.83 for 45 protein−DNA complexes, despite the fact that the structures of protein−protein (peptide) and protein−DNA complexes were not used in training the energy function. The results of the DFIRE energy function on protein−ligand complexes are compared to the published results of 12 other scoring functions generated from either physical-based, knowled...
ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEMS: AN ASSESSMENT OF TRAINING ON DRIVER EFFECTIVENESS

When activated correctly, Anti-Lock Brake Systems (ABS) can provide drivers with the ability to stop a vehicle in shorter distances and allow for more vehicle control under heavy braking than conventional brake systems. This is especially true under wet or icy road conditions. However, it is believed that many drivers are either unaware of the correct method of activation or they revert back to the old method of pumping the brakes when they are faced with a hard braking situation. This paper examines the effectiveness of implementing low-cost training methods for alerting drivers to the correct brake activation technique. A 4-page, color training pamphlet was developed and subjects were given a short period of time to read it over before being asked to drive on an icy test track. Results indicated that those subjects who received the training were able to stop in shorter distances in a straight line braking event and more often used the correct brake activation technique than those subjects who did not receive the training. However, the stopping distance benefits were not realized in the curved and surprise braking events. These results suggest that the transfer of verbal knowledge may have value as a means for solving the apparent problem of improper ABS usage. However, some additional research should be done to validate these results. Since this experiment was conducted directly after the material was read, the possibility exists that without reinforcement, the trained braking techniques might become extinct in a short period of time.
Research on influencing factors of corrosive sulfur attacking copper in insulating oil and prevention

The influencing factors (temperature, electric field, and oxygen) of sulfur attack in transformer oil are studied through comparative tests on new oil, oil in service, and these two oils with the deactivator additive BTA (benzotriazole, C6H4N3H). The influence of these factors on the chemical reaction between copper and corrosive sulfur is analyzed in further. The results show that temperature, electric field, and oxygen can promote the reaction between copper and corrosive sulfur. Moreover, oxygen also accelerates the aging of the insulating oil. On the contrary, recharging nitrogen can remove oxygen and reduce sulfur's corrosive activity. Adding the BTA deactivator can also prevent corrosion, even during the accelerated aging of oil with oxygen. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Piezoelectric Fuel Injection: Pulse-to-Pulse Coupling and Flow Rate Estimation

Improving tradeoffs between noise, fuel consumption, and emissions in future internal combustion engines will require the development of increasingly flexible fuel injection systems, which can deliver more complex injection profiles. Piezoelectric injectors have the ability to deliver multiple, tightly spaced injections in each cycle, but are highly dynamic systems requiring careful voltage input modulation to achieve sophisticated flow profiles. Closed-loop control could prove to be a key enabler for this technology, but will require online estimation of the injected fuel flow rate to be realized. This paper summarizes the development of a physics-based fuel flow estimator. Available measurements of piezo stack voltage and rail-to-injector line pressure are used for dynamic state estimation. Estimator results are compared against both open-loop simulation and experimental data for a variety of profiles at different rail pressures, and show improvement, particularly, for more complex multipulse profiles. Internal states of the estimator are used to evaluate pulse-to-pulse interaction phenomena that make control of multipulse profiles difficult to achieve. A hypothesis for pulse-to-pulse interaction is illustrated by dividing the needle lift versus fuel flow resistance relationship into regimes, and correlating the pulse-to-pulse behavior to the regime switching that occurs for tightly spaced pulses.
Eosinophilic fasciitis in a female child

Eosinophilic fasciitis is an uncommon entity characterized by peripheral eosinophilia and fasciitis. To our knowledge, approximately 30 pediatric patients have been reported. We describe a 12-year-old girl with eosinophilic fasciitis. The patient received interdisciplinary treatment including methotrexate, systemic steroids, and physical therapy with progressive improvement. Her presentation provides more evidence of a potential phenotype of this disease specific to childhood eosinophilic fasciitis.
Postfire Soil N Cycling in Northern Conifer Forests Affected by Severe, Stand-Replacing Wildfires

Severe, stand-replacing fires affect large areas of northern temperate and boreal forests, potentially modifying ecosystem function for decades after their occurrence. Because these fires occur over large extents, and in areas where plant production is limited by nitrogen (N) availability, the effect of fire on N cycling may be important for long-term ecosystem productivity. In this article, we review what is known about postfire N cycling in northern temperate and boreal forests experiencing stand-replacing fires. We then build upon existing literature to identify the most important mechanisms that control postfire N availability in systems experiencing severe, stand-replacing fires compared with fires of lower severity. These mechanisms include changes in abiotic conditions caused by the opening of the canopy (for example, decreased LAI, increased solar radiation), changes in ground layer quantity and quality (for example, nutrient release, permafrost levels), and postfire plant and microbial adaptations affecting N fixation and N uptake (for example, serotiny, germination cues). Based on the available literature, these mechanisms appear to affect N inputs, internal N cycling, and N outputs in various ways, indicating that severe fire systems are variable across time and space as a result of complex interactions between postfire abiotic and biotic factors. Future experimental work should be focused on understanding these mechanisms and their variability across the landscape.
Two-body disintegration of the deuteron with 0.8-1.8 GeV photons.

The differential cross section for the reaction 2H(γ,p)n has been measured at several center-of-mass angles ranging from 50° to 143° for photon energies between 0.8 and 1.8 GeV. The experiment was performed at the SLAC-NPAS facility with the use of the 1.6 GeV/c spectrometer to detect the high energy protons produced by a bremsstrahlung beam directed at a liquid deuterium target. Contributions from concurrent disintegration by the residual electron beam were determined by measuring the proton yield without the Cu photon radiator. At angles not very far from 90°, the energy dependence of the cross sections is consistent with predictions of scaling using counting rules for constituent quarks. At least one theoretical calculation based on a meson-baryon picture of the reaction is able to reproduce the magnitude and energy dependence of the 90° cross section. The angular distribution exhibits a large enhancement at backward angles at the higher energies.
Inflation and the Transition to a Market Economy: An Overview

European socialist economies were commonly characterized by low or negligible open inflation, full employment, and stable relative prices and real incomes. Associated features were significant repressed or hidden inflation and disequilibria in goods markets. More recently, as economic and political reform has advanced, attention has shifted to translating repressed into open inflation. Where such reforms have proceeded against a background of a monetary overhang, the implications of that overhang for demand-side policies have figured prominently. In all instances, however, the key underlying issue has been the transmission mechanism for inflation once the initial impulse associated with price liberalization has been imparted. Although it is widely recognized that major price liberalization has to be central to any stabilization, there is considerable debate concernig the optimal pace and the dynamic effects of price reforms. The arguments for liberalization turn on the importance of achieving a rational, relative price structure that can eliminate imbalances in the goods market while enabling allocative efficiency gains. Yet, as recent experience in Eastern Europe testifies, a variety of price liberalization schemes have involved significant jumps in the price level that translate into acceleration in the rate of increase of prices. In addition, developments on the real side have been seriously adverse, with large declines in recorded output. There is further evidence of an initially slow, but accelerating, increase in the rate of open unemployment. The articles in this symposium concentrate on the problem of inflation in socialist economies in transition. Given recent experience in several reforming socialist economies with high inflation, Dornbusch draws out the main comparative lessons from other high-inflationary experiences, particularly in Latin America. Stabilizing inflation requires fiscal correction and reforms to the tax system. There is commonly a role for incomes policy in achieving a more rapid and coordinated disinflation, but only as a complement to, rather than a substitute for, budget balancing.
Advances in wire routing

Summary form only given. The control of signalized intersection plays an important role in the safety and efficiency of urban traffic. The last decades a lot of resources were spent on ITS for the detection of vehicles at traffic lights. Today not only the efficiency of traffic is of interest but also the safety of pedestrians is becoming a priority. To respond to this need two new traffic video sensors are proposed specifically designed for the detection of pedestrians in an urban setting.
Fundamentals of plasticating extrusion. III. Development of a mathematical model

This article describes a general mathematical model summarized in the form of a computer program for the plasticating extruder. The model combines features of the metering-zone model previously published, the melting-zone model described in paper No. I of this series, and a feed-zone model based on an extension of known theories. It is based on theoretical models for each zone unified and improved by non-linear estimation to accurately describe the extrusion experiments. The mathematical model predicts temperature, pressure, and melt channel width profiles of the plastic being processed in the plasticating extruder as a function of design and operating variables of the machine. It enables for the first time the design of the whole machine based on temperature and pressure profiles, including new combinations of cylindrical and tapered roots.
Cashing In on Managerial Malfeasance: A Trading Strategy around Forecasted Executive Stock Option Grants

This study examined the profitability of a trading strategy that exploits the manipulation of stock prices around the grant date of executive stock options. The strategy generates annualized abnormal returns of 1.4–5.2 percent net of transaction costs and is relatively unaffected by the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002.
Cohesive Zone Model Characterization of the Adhesive Hysol EA-9394

The cohesive zone model approach is attractive for the analysis of failure of adhesively bonded structures. While the numerical implementation of cohesive elements has been well established, there ...
Inefficient Reinitiation Is Responsible for Upstream Open Reading Frame–Mediated Translational Repression of the Maize R Gene

Maize R genes encode a small family of transcriptional activators of several structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. The 5' leader region of most R genes contains a 38-codon upstream open reading frame (uORF) that previously was shown to be responsible for the repression of downstream gene expression in a transient transformation assay. In this study, we report that the 5' leader also can repress translation of the downstream luciferase gene both in the rabbit reticulocyte translation system and in transgenic rice plants. The ability to visualize the uORF peptide after in vitro translation permits quantification of both products of dicistronic mRNAs. Similarly, the construction of transgenic rice plants expressing wild-type and mutant constructs permits the quantification and correlation of steady state mRNA levels and reporter gene activities. Using these assays, we demonstrate directly that translation of the uORF is required for repression, that increasing translation of the uORF peptide decreases downstream gene expression, and that repression is unaffected by either subtle or gross changes in the uORF peptide. Rather, we find that ribosomes that translate the uORF reinitiate inefficiently and that the intercistronic sequence downstream of the uORF mediates this effect.
An integrative overview of the role of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone in behavior: Applying Tinbergen’s four questions

The integration of various fields of investigation is of key importance to fully comprehending endocrine function. Here, I enact the theoretical framework of Nikolaas Tinbergen’s four questions for understanding behavior to help bridge the wide gap that exists between our relatively reductionist molecular knowledge of a particular neurohormone, gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), and its place in animal behavior. Hypothalamic GnIH, upon its discovery in 2000, was so named because of its inhibitory effect on the release of the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), from the pituitary. Because gonadotropins are necessary for reproduction, this finding stimulated questions about the functional significance of GnIH in reproduction and sexual behavior. After over a decade of research, invaluable knowledge has been gained regarding the mechanistic attributes of GnIH (mammalian homolog, RFamide-related peptide (RFRP)) in a variety of vertebrate species. However, many questions remain regarding the effect of the environment on GnIH and the subsequent effects of GnIH on behavior. I review the role of GnIH in shaping behavior using the framework of Tinbergen’s four questions of mechanism, ontogeny, function and phylogeny. The studies I review were conducted in various species of mammals, birds, and in one species of fish. Because GnIH can play a role in mediating behaviors such as those important for reproduction, sociality, feeding, and the stress response in a variety of species, an integrative approach to the study of GnIH will help provide a multipronged schema for answering questions of GnIH function. By using the framework highlighted by Tinbergen’s four questions, we will deepen and enhance our knowledge of the role of hormones in behavior from the point of view of the mechanisms involved.
Flow boiling heat transfer of HFE-7000 in nanowire-coated microchannels

Abstract Flow boiling of dielectric fluids in microchannels is among the most promising embedded cooling solutions for high power electronics. However, it is normally limited by their poor thermal conductivity and small latent heat. To promote thin film evaporation and nucleate boiling, the side and bottom walls of five parallel microchannels were structured with nanowires in a silicon chip. A 10-mm-long thin-film heater was built-in to simulate heat source. Wall temperatures were measured from adiabatic condition to critical heat flux (CHF) conditions. Compared to the plain-wall microchannels with identical channel dimensions, heat transfer coefficient of HFE 7000 can be substantially enhanced up to 344% at the mass flux ranging from 1018 kg/m2⋅s to 2206 kg/m2⋅s as promoted evaporation and nucleate boiling. Moreover, pumping power was reduced up to 40% owing to the capillarity-enhanced phase separation. CHF was achieved from 92 to 120 W/cm2 and enhanced up to 14.9% at moderate mass flux of 1018 kg/m2⋅s as a result of annular liquid supply. However, interestingly, this trend is non-monotonic and CHF is reduced at higher mass fluxes. This experimental study is trying to explore an optimal range of working conditions using nanostructures in flow boiling on highly-wetting dielectric fluids.
Guilt and Lack of Orgasm During Sexual Intercourse: Myth Versus Reality Among College Women

With increasing emphasis on sexual fulfillment, many women perceive a societal expectation that they should always experience orgasm during sexual intercourse although scientific evidence indicates such a goal to be unrealistic. Failure to attain this expectation evokes guilt feelings in some women. This investigation of 556 never-married college women examined the influence of such guilt feelings on risk-related sexual behaviors and physiological/psychological sexual satisfaction. Significant differences identified included cognitive factors in sexual decision-making, number of lifetime sex partners, and levels of physiological/psychological sexual satisfaction. Given the negative role that guilt and unrealistic orgasmic expectations play in the sexual lives of many women, these findings have substantial implications for sex therapists, sex educators, physicians, and researchers.
The Impact of Bullying Victimization on School Avoidance

An increasing body of research is examining the effects of bullying among adolescents in elementary, middle, and high school settings. Using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey: School Crime Supplement 2007, this study explores the impact of bullying victimization on school avoidance for 11,161 students between the ages of 12 and 18. More specifically, the authors investigate the likelihood of students avoiding locations in or around schools due to perceived or actual incidents of victimization. Results highlight the pervasiveness of peer aggression in schools and provide further encouragement for the development of prevention and intervention tactics to effectively mediate bully/victim issues.
Carbohydrate-Fibrinolytic Linkage in Streptococcus hemolyticus.∗:

The discovery by Lancefield1 of a human-diagnostic “carbohydrate” fraction in certain pathogenic strains of Streptococcus hemolyticus, and Tillett and Garner's2 demonstration of a specific fibrinolytic function in similar streptococci, suggests a possible genetic linkage between these 2 hereditary (or acquired) specific bacterial characters. To test this possibility, 189 strains of hemolytic streptococci previously titrated for their fibrinolytic function3 have been retitrated for their specific carbohydrate fraction by the Lancefield technic. Control tests were run with 2 human (C 203 and K 96) and 2 veterinary (P 454 and K 158 E) strains kindly furnished by Dr. Lancefield. The results of these titrations are summarized in Table I.Within the limits of the experimental error, there is an exact correlation between the Tillett-Garner specific fibrinolytic titer of S. hemolyticus and their Lancefield human-diagnostic carbohydrate titer by the ring test.
Wide Field Super-Resolution Surface Imaging through Plasmonic Structured Illumination Microscopy

We experimentally demonstrate a wide field surface plasmon (SP) assisted super-resolution imaging technique, plasmonic structured illumination microscopy (PSIM), by combining tunable SP interference (SPI) with structured illumination microscopy (SIM). By replacing the laser interference fringes in conventional SIM with SPI patterns, PSIM exhibits greatly enhanced resolving power thanks to the unique properties of SP waves. This PSIM technique is a wide field, surface super-resolution imaging technique with potential applications in the field of high-speed biomedical imaging.
AMPA Receptor Plasticity in Accumbens Core Contributes to Incubation of Methamphetamine Craving.

Abstract Background The incubation of cue-induced drug craving in rodents provides a model of persistent vulnerability to craving and relapse in human addicts. After prolonged withdrawal, incubated cocaine craving depends on strengthening of nucleus accumbens (NAc) core synapses through incorporation of Ca 2+ -permeable alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (CP-AMPARs). Through metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1)–mediated synaptic depression, mGluR1 positive allosteric modulators remove CP-AMPARs from these synapses and thereby reduce cocaine craving. This study aimed to determine if similar plasticity accompanies incubation of methamphetamine craving. Methods Rats self-administered saline or methamphetamine under extended-access conditions. Cue-induced seeking tests demonstrated incubation of methamphetamine craving. After withdrawal periods ranging from 1 to >40 days, rats underwent one of the following procedures: 1) whole-cell patch clamp recordings to characterize AMPAR transmission, 2) intra–NAc core injection of the CP-AMPAR antagonist 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine followed by a seeking test, or 3) systemic administration of a mGluR1 positive allosteric modulator followed by a seeking test. Results Incubation of methamphetamine craving was associated with CP-AMPAR accumulation in NAc core, and both effects were maximal after ~1 week of withdrawal. Expression of incubated craving was decreased by intra–NAc core 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine injection or systemic mGluR1 positive allosteric modulator administration. Conclusions These results are the first to demonstrate a role for the NAc in the incubation of methamphetamine craving and describe adaptations in synaptic transmission associated with this model. They establish that incubation of craving and associated CP-AMPAR plasticity occur much more rapidly during withdrawal from methamphetamine compared with cocaine. However, a common mGluR1-based therapeutic strategy may be helpful for recovering cocaine and methamphetamine addicts.
China's Thermal Power Demand Forecast in “Twelfth Five-Year” Period——Based on ARIMA Model

Since 1990,the power consumption of China has had a very significant growth trend.Thermal power generation which takes coal as its fuel has always occupied absolute dominant position.This paper uses the ARIMA model advanced by Box-Jenkins to analyze quarterly data of China thermal power from 1990 and forecasts thermal power demand during the twelfth five-year plan.Prediction results show that Chinese thermal power demand and thermal power industry will still in rapid growth and development stage.This will further aggravate the conflict between "market coal" and "plan electricity".
Enhanced migration of human dendritic cells expressing inducible CD40.

Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells for priming and activating naive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. This property has led to their use as a cellular vaccine in a number of clinical trials with promising results. However, the clinical efficacy of DC vaccines in patients has been unsatisfactory, probably because of a number of key deficiencies, including limited migration of ex vivo generated DCs to the secondary lymphoid tissues. To enhance human DC-based vaccines, we used the combination of an inducible CD40 receptor (iCD40) along with TLR-4 ligation. The iCD40 receptor permits targeted, reversible activation of CD40. Using iCD40 in combination with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), we enhanced DCs migration in vitro upon escalation of the AP1903 dimerizer drug doses. This result suggests that the use of iCD40-modified and LPS-stimulated DCs is a potent strategy in DC-based cancer immunotherapies.
Principles of Care and Ethics

This chapter outlines the processes related to thinking about actions of individuals and groups that most enhance human flourishing. These processes are named “ethics” and they will be discussed with particular regard for the care of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD).
The Treatment of Labor Markets in Marshallian Economics

In evaluating Alfred Marshall as an economic theorist and his influence over economics it is crucial to recognize his methodological attitudes and vision for economics. Two strands of his perspective seem most relevant: his attitude toward controversy and his attitude toward truth (Collard, 1990). It is commonplace to regard Marshall as wary of public controversy, almost to the point of extreme timidity.1
Abstract 2285: Microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 regulates melanoma cell survival and associates with melanoma disease progression

COX-2 and its product PGE2 enhance carcinogenesis and tumor progression, which has been previously reported in melanoma. As most COX inhibitors cause much toxicity, the downstream microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 (mPGES1) is a consideration for targeting. Human melanoma TMAs were employed for testing mPGES1 protein staining intensity and percentage levels and both increased with clinical stage; employing a different Stage III TMA, mPGES1 intensity (not percentage) associated with reduced patient survival. Our results further show that iNOS was also highly expressed in melanoma tissues with high mPGES1 levels, and iNOS-mediated NO promoted mPGES1 expression and PGE2 production. An mPGES1specific inhibitor (CAY10526) as well as siRNA attenuated cell survival and increased apoptosis. CAY10526 significantly suppressed tumor growth and increased apoptosis in melanoma xenografts. Our findings support the value of a prognostic and predictive role for mPGES1, and suggest targeting this molecule in the PGE2 pathway as another avenue toward improving melanoma therapy. Citation Format: Sun-Hee Kim, Yuuri Hashimoto, Sung-Nam Cho, Jason Roszik, Denai R. Milton, Fulya Dal, Sangwon F. Kim, David G. Menter, Peiying Yang, Suhendan Ekmekcioglu, Elizabeth A. Grimm. Microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 regulates melanoma cell survival and associates with melanoma disease progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2285.
Modeling of coupled differential equations for cellular chemical signaling pathways: Implications for assay protocols utilized in cellular engineering

Cellular engineering involves modification and control of cell properties, and requires an understanding of fundamentals and mechanisms of action for cellular derived product development. One of the keys to success in cellular engineering involves the quality and validity of results obtained from cell chemical signaling pathway assays. The accuracy of the assay data cannot be verified or assured if the effect of positive feedback, nonlinearities, and interrelationships between cell chemical signaling pathway elements are not understood, modeled, and simulated. Nonlinearities and positive feedback in the cell chemical signaling pathway can produce significant aberrations in assay data collection. Simulating the pathway can reveal potential instability problems that will affect assay results. A simulation, using an electrical analog for the coupled differential equations representing each segment of the pathway, provides an excellent tool for assay validation purposes. With this approach, voltages represent pathway enzyme concentrations and operational amplifier feedback resistance and input resistance values determine pathway gain and rate constants. The understanding provided by pathway modeling and simulation is strategically important in order to establish experimental controls for assay protocol structure, time frames specified between assays, and assay concentration variation limits; to ensure accuracy and reproducibility of results.
Glucose Metabolism and Associated Outcome After Pediatric Liver Transplantation

Abstract Background Despite hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia being frequently observed in the early postoperative phase, information on glucose metabolism after pediatric liver transplantation (pLT) is scarce. Methods The goal of this retrospective single-center study, which included 46 patients who consecutively underwent 55 liver transplantations, was to gather data on glucose uptake, the prognostic relevance of hyperglycemia, and the safety of insulin administration in patients after pLT. Results In this study population, glucose intake to keep blood sugar levels (BSLs) within the targeted range of 120 to 200 mg/dL (6.7–11.1 mmol/L) increased rapidly over the first few postoperative days and was significantly correlated with graft function. There was no association between a postoperative daily mean BSL >200 mg/dL and specific posttransplant complications (acute rejection, infection, need for retransplantation, and/or death). High postoperative mean 7-day BSLs were associated with poor glucose metabolism and an increase in morbidity and 6-month posttransplant mortality. Hypoglycemia was not observed under insulin administration. Conclusions With high BSLs being associated with poor glucose metabolism, it is likely that the critical illness itself, in addition to poor graft function, causes the increase in morbidity and mortality, with hyperglycemia serving as a marker.
WP1130 Inhibits Signaling through BCR-ABL Ubiquitination and Cytoplasmic to Aggresome Trafficking to Induce Apoptosis of CML Cells.

Abstract Abstract 3303 Poster Board III-191 BCR-ABL remains the primary target for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) therapy but longstanding control and complete suppression of the disease may require additional strategies beyond kinase inhibition. We previously described a small molecule, WP1130, that mediated down-regulation of BCR-ABL, induced apoptosis of CML cells with limited toxicity against normal myeloid progenitors and decreased CML tumor growth in mice (Blood. 2007;109(8):3470-8). In this report we further investigated the BCR-ABL targeting activity and mechanism of action of WP1130 in CML cells. WP1130 rapidly (within 30 to 60 min) reduced cytoplasmic levels of BCR-ABL protein and suppressed Stat5 tyrosine phosphorylation without affecting Jak2, c-Abl, BCR, Erk, Akt, Lyn, Hck or gp130. Down-regulation of BCR-ABL by WP1130 was not affected by point mutations that alter imatinib or dasatinib binding or BCR-ABL kinase inhibitory activity. Examination of the cellular distribution of BCR-ABL in treated cells revealed that BCR-ABL was sequestered into compact, cytoskeletal-enriched aggresomal structures that were recovered in the detergent-insoluble fraction of the cell. WP1130-mediated translocation of BCR-ABL was associated with increased cellular poly-ubiquitination without 20S proteosome inhibition, disruption of Hsp90/BCR-ABL complexes or increased reactive oxygen species. WP1130 induced BCR-ABL trafficking into aggresomes correlated with its poly-ubiquitination (primarily K63) and lysates from WP1130 treated cells demonstrated reduced capacity to hydrolyze ubiquitinated substrate. Together, these results suggest that WP1130 induces poly-ubiquitination and trafficking of BCR-ABL into signaling incompetent aggresomes in CML cells through a unique mechanism that may involve inhibition of deubiquitinase activity and define a unique pathway to suppress BCR-ABL signaling and induce CML cell destruction. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Understanding NSF funding opportunities: conference workshop

This session highlights programs in the National Science Foundation (NSF) of particular interest to computer science educators. Topics include a description of program goals, guidelines, review process as well as strategies for writing competitive proposals. The presenter is a NSF Program Officer in the Division of Undergraduate Education and has a wealth of experience working with NSF-funded principle investigators.
Elderly depression in senior care facilities: primary causes, effects, and mitigation

Depression affects more than 10% of the elderly population and represents the most common mental disorder for men and women ages 65 and over. Suicide in the USA is highest among those within this age range, and attributed to social isolation, loss of independence, despair, physical and mental impairment. Externally, an invisible barrier exists between senior living communities, keeping non-residents away. Enriching life with meaningful tasks and community involvement provide value and a healthier lifestyle to residents within that community. Depression could be mitigated with programs catered to physical and mental activities that stimulate the mind, leading to decreases in sedentary lifestyles. Alleviating depression in seniors will help them adapt to life and preserve their sense of belonging within the community. The impact of the research is to provide potential solutions in terms of activities which can create a sense of usefulness and social connectivity to the elderly.
A Novel Self-Paced Model for Teaching Programming

The Self-Paced Learning Increases Retention and Capacity (SPARC) project is responding to the well-documented surge in CS enrollment by creating a self-paced learning environment that blends online learning, automated assessment, collaborative practice, and peer-supported learning. SPARC delivers educational material online, encourages students to practice programming in groups, frees them to learn material at their own pace, and allows them to demonstrate proficiency at any time. This model contrasts with traditional course offerings, which impose a single schedule of due dates and exams for all students. SPARC allows students to complete courses faster or slower at a pace tailored to the individual, thereby allowing universities to teach more students with the same or fewer resources. This paper describes the goals and elements of the SPARC model as applied to CS1. We present results so far and discuss the future of the project.
Coalfields Coffee: Where to Go?

Gary and Renee Harris are a husband-and-wife team of entrepreneurs who are planning on opening a coffee shop in southwest Virginia. Gary has worked in food service and Renee has been a business manager for a small medical practice. They plan to rely on this experience and their passion for cooking to succeed. They intend to open a breakfast-and-lunch-focused casual restaurant—a coffee shop rather than a diner or full restaurant. In their home town of St. Paul, they do not believe there is sufficient traffic to support their endeavor. Instead, they are looking at three other possible locations. Each town has both advantages and disadvantages. They need to sign a lease soon, which means they need to decide where to locate. They have separately ranked the potential locations and, to their surprise, have done so in exactly the reverse order of each other. They now must reconcile their differences and explore what drove them to make such divergent evaluations. Excerpt UVA-ENT-0184 Rev. Dec. 19, 2019 Coalfields Coffee: Where to Go? Introduction Sitting at their kitchen table early one morning in 2011, Renee and Gary Harris agreed that they finally had almost everything in place: a solid business plan, a great network of suppliers, an appealing and well-priced menu, start-up capital from their own personal savings and friends-and-family investors, and what they thought was a good name: Coalfields Coffee. Now what they needed was a location. The Harrises lived in southwestern Virginia in the town of St. Paul. They had both grown up in the area, gone away to college, built their careers, and raised a family out of the area. Now that their children were grown, they had decided it was time to follow their lifelong plan to come back home to St. Paul and start their own business. Gary had worked in food service for a large national wholesale company that sold to local hotels and restaurants, and Renee had been the business manager for a medical practice. They thought that with this experience and their passion for cooking, they could run a small restaurant. . . .
Secure Processors Part II: Intel SGX Security Analysis and MIT Sanctum Architecture

This manuscript is the second in a two part survey and analysis of the state of the art in secure processor systems, with a specific focus on remote software attestation and software isolation. The first part established the taxonomy and prerequisite concepts relevant to an examination of the state of the art in trusted remote computation: attested software isolation containers (enclaves). This second part extends Part I’s description of Intel’s Software Guard Extensions (SGX), an available and documented enclave-capable system, with a rigorous security analysis of SGX as a system for trusted remote computation. This part documents the authors’ concerns over the shortcomings of SGX as a secure system and introduces the MIT Sanctum processor developed by the authors: a system designed to offer stronger security guarantees, lend itself better to analysis and formal verification, and offer a more straightforward and complete threat model than the Intel system, all with an equivalent programming model. This two part work advocates a principled, transparent, and wellscrutinized approach to system design, and argues that practical guarantees of privacy and integrity for remote computation are achievable at a reasonable design cost and performance overhead.