cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic surface tension of coal-water slurry fuels

Abstract Experiments were conducted to measure the dynamic surface tension of coal-water slurry (CWS) mixtures containing various types of surfactants and with different coal loadings. A maximum air bubble pressure technique measured the dynamic surface tension. The coal used for the CWS had 55 μm volume mean diameter (VMD) and was mined from the Upper Elkhorn seam, Virginia. Five surfactants were selected for the study: one non-ionic alkylphenol ethoxylate (NP-100), and four anionic surfactants; branched dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DDBS-hard), linear dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DDBS-soft), a sodium salt of a branched alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (1223H), and a sodium salt of sulfonated fatty acid (1840X). To determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the static surface tension was also measured using a du Nouy ring tensiometer. Measured values of dynamic surface tension are presented for 40 and 50% CWS mixtures, with surfactant concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 5.0% in weight.
Blood constituents during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to determine if maternal platelet count, white blood cell count or other blood constituents undergo sustained alterations in concentration following fertilization. Blood samples from 17 Holstein females were collected over an 18-d period starting at estrus. Blood was analyzed for levels of platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit. Results were analyzed for differences between nonpregnant and pregnant groups. Analysis of variance revealed a day-by-group interaction in the platelet count (P 0.05). While statistically significant differences were observed in platelet and white blood cell count, neither of these were sustained over a period longer than 2 d.
Sequence and Expression of a Candidate for the Human Secretor Blood Group α(1,2)Fucosyltransferase Gene (FUT2) HOMOZYGOSITY FOR AN ENZYME-INACTIVATING NONSENSE MUTATION COMMONLY CORRELATES WITH THE NON-SECRETOR PHENOTYPE

Synthesis of soluble A, B, H, and Lewis b blood group antigens in humans is determined by the Secretor (Se) (FUT2) blood group locus. Genetic, biochemical, and molecular analyses indicate that this locus corresponds to an alpha(1,2)fucosyltransferase gene distinct from the genetically-linked H blood group alpha(1,2)fucosyltransferase locus. The accompanying paper (Rouquier, S., Lowe, J. B., Kelly, R. J., Fertitta, A. L., Lennon, G. G., and Giorgi, D. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 4632-4639) describes the molecular cloning and mapping of two human DNA segments that are physically linked to, and cross-hybridize with, the H locus. We present here an analysis of these two new DNA segments. One of these, termed Sec1, is a pseudogene, because translational frameshifts and termination codons interrupt potential open reading frames that would otherwise share primary sequence similarity with the H alpha(1,2)fucosyltransferase. The other DNA segment, termed Sec2, predicts a 332-amino acid-long polypeptide, and a longer isoform, that share 68% sequence identity with the COOH-terminal 292 residues of the human H blood group alpha(1,2)fucosyltransferase. Sec2 encodes an alpha(1,2)fucosyltransferase with catalytic properties that mirror those ascribed to the Secretor locus-encoded alpha(1,2)fucosyltransferase. Approximately 20% of randomly-selected individuals were found to be apparently homozygous for an enzyme-inactivating nonsense allele (Trp143-->ter) at this locus, in correspondence to the frequency of the non-secretor phenotype in most human populations. Furthermore, each of six unrelated non-secretor individuals are also apparently homozygous for this null allele. These results indicate that Sec2 corresponds to the human Secretor blood group locus (FUT2) and indicate that homozygosity for a common nonsense allele is responsible for the nonsecretor phenotype in many non-secretor individuals.
HISTORY OF 2‐YEAR POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION IN MONTANA

This article briefly traces the history of 2‐year postsecondary education in Montana in the special context of Montana's size and sparse population, including Montana's five colleges of technology (part of the Montana University System), its three community colleges, and the seven tribal colleges located on the seven reservations in Montana. The article reports data suggesting that Montana is lacking sufficient opportunities for 2‐year postsecondary options and outlines steps being taken to correct that situation. Attention is given to the theme of workforce development, which has special importance to the 2‐year institutions. The article also summarizes the major issues currently facing 2‐year institutions.
Low-Thrust Perturbation Guidance

Low-thrust perturbation guidance, as applied to the minimum time problem of an Earth to Mars rendezvous, has been reexamined and shown to perform orders of magnitude better, as measured by the terminal state error, than previous studies indicated. The orbits of Earth and Mars were assumed to be inclined and elliptical. The only forces considered were the Sun's gravity and that of the constant thrust rocket engine. First order necessary conditions of the calculus of variations were developed for the nominal trajectory. The resulting nonlinear two-point boundary value problem was solved with the Backward Sweep Method. Feedback gain related and trajectory information is stored on a file during the optimization of the nominal trajectory to be retrieved later in the guidance programs by a high order interpolator. Two guidance schemes, Time-To-Go Guidance and Minimum Distance Guidance, were investigated for several initial perturbations in velocity and position. The performance of the two schemes was found to be clearly acceptable although not quite as good as reoptimization. The two schemes are equivalent in performance. Moreover, a simplified version of the schemes, Current Time Guidance, was found to be comparable in performance to the more elaborate guidance schemes. A comparison of the current results with those of previous studies was made showing that terminal state errors can be reduced 100 to 10,000 times more than found earlier. This apparent improvement may possibly be explained by the use of a high fidelity integrator and other enhancements implemented in the software, although algorithm and programming mistakes in the earlier studies are suspected. A similar minimum time problem, that of a two-dimensional Earth to Mars orbit transfer using a solar sail, was also reexamined. The optimized trajectory was found to be very similar to those obtained by most earlier studies. A recent report which prompted the study was found to have an error in a transversality condition causing anomalous results.
Elimination of mandibular labial undercut with autogenous bone graft from a maxillary tuberosity

A brief review of various grafts and implants that may be used to eliminate labial undercuts was described. A technique for elimination of the mandibular labial undercut with autogenous bone from the maxillary tuberosity was presented.
Determination of niacin and niacinamide in pharmaceutical products by automatic discrete-sample analysis

Abstract Automatic analytical procedures for the determination of niacin and niacinamide in pharmaceutical dosages by means of an automatic discrete-sample analyzer are described. Two procedures are given for niacin based on cyanogen bromide without and with the use of sulfanilic acid. Niacinamide is determined by the cyanogen bromide—barbituric acid method. Data on repeatability, linearity, potency determination (for content uniformity) and assay are included.
Leukocyte regulation in depression and schizophrenia

The distribution of leukocytes in the blood stream is affected by levels of circulatory glucocorticoids. Elevated concentrations of cortisol are usually associated with an increase in the number of neutrophils and a decrease in the number of lymphocytes. Since primary depressive illness is often associated with hypercortisolemia, we hypothesized that similar changes in the blood stream of depressive patients may occur. To test this hypothesis, we retrospectively compared leukocyte counts in 177 untreated depressive patients and 178 untreated schizophrenic controls. We found a significant increase in the absolute and relative numbers of neutrophils and a significant decrease in the absolute and relative numbers of lymphocytes in the depressive group. Furthermore, when compared to normative values from the general population, depressed patients showed higher frequencies of both neutrophilia and lymphopenia than the schizophrenic group. These results indicate differences in the regulation of leukocytes in depression and schizophrenia consistent with the effects of higher levels of plasma cortisol in the depressive group.
Causal bounds for time delay

Abstract We present new and stronger causal bounds for time delay in two-body scattering. For cut-off potentials, with a finite range of support, we find a Wigner-like bound that is valid for all partial waves. We are able to present the form of this bound in terms of a universal function, which depends only on the angular momentum, the incident momentum and the range of the forces. Bounds associated with this function are progressively more restrictive as the angular momentum, l , increases. Further by employing the variable-phase approach to scattering we develop new methods for obtaining causal bounds for infinite-ranged forces. These bounds are valid for all l .
Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and the Emergence of Safe Harbor Legislation: Implications for Policy and Practice

Commercial sexual exploitation of children is an enduring social problem that has recently become the focus of numerous legislative initiatives. In particular, recent federal- and state-level legislation have sought to reclassify youth involved in commercial sexual exploitation as victims rather than as offenders. So-called Safe Harbor laws have been developed and centered on decriminalization of “juvenile prostitution.” In addition to or instead of decriminalization, Safe Harbor policies also include diversion, law enforcement training, and increased penalties for adults seeking sexual contact with minors. The purpose of this paper is to review the underlying rationale of Safe Harbor laws, examine specific policy responses currently enacted by the states, and consider the effects of policy variations. Directions for future research and policy are addressed.
The effects of episodic predation by migratory shorebirds in Grays Harbor, Washington

Abstract Exclusion experiments were performed in Grays Harbor, Washington, in the springs of 1989 and 1990 to test the effect of predation by migratory Western Sandpipers [ Calidris mauri (Cabanis)] on invertebrate abundance. Although over a million shorebirds pass through Grays Harbor each spring, experimental data showed no significant depression of prey abundance for any of the sandflat invertebrates. Unlike better studied stop-over areas, Grays Harbor is not characterized by rich prey densities. The surprising lack of effects on prey abundance likely arises because these sandpipers do not need to deposit large fat stores to fuel their migration to their next stop-over area, the Fraser River delta in British Columbia, or the Copper River Delta in south-central Alaska. The effects of episodic predation by shorebirds appears to differ at different stop-over areas.
Rivalry and the dynamic instability of venture capital investment shares

This article examines the time-series properties of the US venture capital investments (VCI) to determine whether or not various sectors compete in the same market for venture capital funds. Using a battery of unit root tests, we find substantial evidence that VCI shares are nonstationary. Our findings are consistent with a high degree of rivalry for VCI among the different sectors.
Determining soil hydrologic characteristics on a remote forest watershed by continuous monitoring of soil-water pressures, rainfall and runoff

Abstract Continuous monitoring of soil-water pressures, rainfall and runoff under natural conditions was tested as a technique for determining soil hydrologic characteristics of a remote forest watershed plot. A completely battery-powered (and thus portable) pressure transducer-scanner-recorder system was assembled for monitoring of soil-water pressures in the tensiometric range. Measurements during several heavy rainstorms incorporating a period of steady infiltration rate were utilized to determine the saturated (or near-saturated, because of entrapped air) hydraulic conductivities of different soil horizons. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities were obtained as usual from drainage data. Use of the monitored soil-water pressure data under natural conditions in conjunction with the measured unsaturated soil properties to calculate deep percolation, infiltration-minus-evapotranspiration and evapotranspiration is illustrated.
Recanalization of the intentionally interrupted inferior vena cava.

Intentional interruption of the inferior vena cava with caval ligation and a Mobin-Uddin filter was once commonly used to prevent recurrent pulmonary emboli and was associated with significant mortality and morbidity, including a high incidence of post-thrombotic syndrome. Recanalization of an intentionally interrupted inferior vena cava has been rarely described in literature and is commonly considered futile. We describe two patients with post-thrombotic syndrome as a late complication of caval ligation and a thrombosed Mobin-Uddin filter, with significant and sustained improvement after endovascular recanalization.
The E280A presenilin mutation reduces voltage-gated sodium channel levels in neuronal cells.

Background: Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) mutations in presenilin (PS) modulate PS/γ-secretase activity and therefore contribute to AD pathogenesis. Previously, we found that PS/γ-secretase cleaves voltage-gated sodium channel β2-subunits (Navβ2), releases the intracellular domain of Navβ2 (β2-ICD), and thereby, increases intracellular sodium channel α-subunit Nav1.1 levels. Here, we tested whether FAD-linked PS1 mutations modulate Navβ2 cleavages and Nav1.1 levels. Objective: It was the aim of this study to analyze the effects of PS1-linked FAD mutations on Navβ2 processing and Nav1.1 levels in neuronal cells. Methods: We first generated B104 rat neuroblastoma cells stably expressing Navβ2 and wild-type PS1 (wtPS1), PS1 with one of three FAD mutations (E280A, M146L or ΔE9), or PS1 with a non-FAD mutation (D333G). Navβ2 processing and Nav1.1 protein and mRNA levels were then analyzed by Western blot and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Results: The FAD-linked E280A mutation significantly decreased PS/γ-secretase-mediated processing of Navβ2 as compared to wtPS1 controls, both in cells and in a cell-free system. Nav1.1 mRNA and protein levels, as well as the surface levels of Nav channel α-subunits, were also significantly reduced in PS1(E280A) cells. Conclusion: Our data indicate that the FAD-linked PS1(E280A) mutation decreases Nav channel levels by partially inhibiting the PS/γ-secretase-mediated cleavage of Navβ2 in neuronal cells.
Effect of Prolonged Fasting and Ketogenic Diet on Levels of Blood Lipids and Ketones in Obese Children

Summary Blood levels of glucose, ketones and various lipids have been studied in 31 obese and 10 normal children during prolonged fasting (23 hrs) and a week on a subcaloric high fat diet. The obese group has higher fasting values of all components analysed, except blood sugar. A statistically significant difference is obtained for the glycerol and ketone levels. The obese show blood-changes later than the normal subjects, have a less pronounced rise in FFA, but a similar rise in blood ketones. The obese subjects had an impaired glucoseto-lerance, that became more pronounced under the influence of the ketogenic diet. The pattern of response in various blood components among the obese children was best correlated with the time of onset of overweight, i.e. a greater deviation from the controls after a long duration of obesity. The metabolic abnormalities among overweight children as measured in this study are interpreted as being suggestive of an adaptation to obesity as such, duration of overweight playing a central role.
Preventing and treating secondary bacterial infections with antiviral agents

Bacterial super-infections contribute to the significant morbidity and mortality associated with influenza and other respiratory virus infections. There are robust animal model data, but only limited clinical information on the effectiveness of licensed antiviral agents for the treatment of bacterial complications of influenza. The association of secondary bacterial pathogens with fatal pneumonia during the recent H1N1 influenza pandemic highlights the need for new development in this area. Basic and clinical research into viral-bacterial interactions over the past decade has revealed several mechanisms that underlie this synergism. By applying these insights to antiviral drug development, the potential exists to improve outcomes by means other than direct inhibition of the virus.
Human parechovirus infection in central nervous system related diseases and sepsis in children in Shanghai, China

Human parechovirus (HPeVs) are prevalent in young children and have been associated with mild gastroenteritis, respiratory diseases, meningitis/encephalitis, myocarditis and sepsis. In this study we determined the relative importance of HPeV involoved in the development of central nervous system-associated disease and sepsis.
Iliopsoas myositis mimicking appendicitis : MRI diagnosis

Myositis of the truncal muscles can closely mimic acute appendicitis. Myositis is the early stage of muscular infection. It is characterized by diffuse muscular pain and swelling without a distinct mass. Early diagnosis of myositis improves the outcome and surgical debridement is usually avoided. Pyomyositis, the advanced stage of the disease, can be diagnosed by MRI examination. We present a case of early bacterial myositis that was diagnosed by MRI.
The verbal overshadowing effect: why descriptions impair face recognition.

Three experiments explored the verbal overshadowing effect, that is, the phenomenon that describing a previously seen face impairs recognition of this face. There were three main results: First, a verbal overshadowing effect was obtained both when subjects were provided with and when they generated a description of an earlier seen face. Second, instructing subjects at the time of test to be aware of potentially competing memories did not improve, and may even have worsened, recognition performance when the subjects hadgenerated a description of the target face. However, these instructions improved performance and eliminated the verbal overshadowing effect when subjects wereprovided with someone else’s description of the target face. Third, recognition of the target face was disrupted when subjects described a completely different face, such as their parent’s face or a face of the opposite sex. The results are discussed in relation to two potential mechanisms: source confusion between previously encoded visual and verbal representations of the face and a shift in processing of the test faces at recognition.
Improving Undergraduate Student Performance in Computer Science at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) through Industry Partnerships

While computer science (CS) continues to permeate every aspect of society, the number of high-school students that are adequately prepared to enroll in university computer science programs is declining. To address the nation's needs it is clear that the retention rates of underrepresented minorities in CS programs across the country must increase, including the instruction and retention of students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). At the university, a multi-phased program was developed that first partnered the department with Google to develop a unique program that incorporated Google software developers and undergraduate students, as well as course restructuring to better prepare underclassmen in their first three courses of study. First-year results indicated the program was successful in increasing student retention and interest in CS.
Measuring the Strength of the Semantic Relationship Between Words

We propose a novel way for extracting the strength of the semantic relationship between words from semi-structured sources, such as WordNet. Unlike existing approaches that only explore the structured information (e.g., the hypernym relationship in WordNet), we present a framework that allows us to utilize all available information, including natural text descriptions. Our approach constructs a similarity graph that stores the strength of the semantic relationship between words. Specifically, an edge between two words describes the probability that someone who is interested in resources about the first word will be also interested in resources about the second word. Note that the graph is asymmetric because the probability that someone is interested in the second word given that they are interested in the first word is not the same as the probability that they are interested in the first word given that they are interested in the second word. The similarity between any two words in the graph can be computed as a function of the directed paths between the two nodes in the graph that represent the words. We evaluate the quality of the data in the similarity graph by comparing the similarity of pairs of words using our software that uses the graph with results of studies that are performed with human subjects. To the best of our knowledge, our software produces better correlation with the results of both the Miller and Charles study and the WordSimilarity-353 study than any other published research. We also present an extended evaluation section that describes how the different heuristics that we use affect the correlation score.
Intracranial hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting in the United States in 2005.

Background Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) is a rare but potentially devastating complication. The effect of more intense dual antiplatelet therapy required for CAS on the frequency of ICH has not been established. This study was undertaken to evaluate the nationwide occurrence of ICH associated with CAS vs CEA. Methods The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used to identify patients discharged after CAS and CEA during 2005. The type of revascularization and major adverse events, ie, in-hospital ICH, postprocedural stroke, and death rates, were determined by cross-tabulating specific procedural codes for CAS and CEA and diagnostic codes for carotid stenosis. Risk stratification was performed using the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between type of revascularization, comorbidities, ICH, and risk-adjusted mortality. Results In 2005, the estimated number of carotid revascularizations was 135,903. The vast majority of patients underwent CEA (90.4%), whereas CAS was performed in 13,093 (9.6%) patients. Most patients (92.2%) underwent treatment for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. CAS patients had higher postoperative stroke rates (2.1% vs 1.1%; P P P P P P P Conclusion In the United States, patients undergoing CAS have not only significantly increased postoperative stroke and death rates compared with those undergoing CEA, but also a sixfold increased risk of ICH. Although ICH after CAS is extremely rare, its devastating nature and high mortality warrant further investigation to define specific risk factors, prevention, and treatment strategies.
Pharmacological Response Data for Comparative Bioavailability Studies of Chlorpromazine Oral Dosage Forms in Humans: I. Pupilometry

Owing to the insensitivity of even the presently best chemical or radiological assay procedures, it is not feasible to perform comparative bioavailability studies of chlorpromazine oral drug products using blood or urine sampling; this is particularly the case for oral doses below 100-150 mg/70 kg. In contrast, the use of temporal miotic response data, which correlates with blood levels of unchanged drug, permits dose-response vs time profiles to be recorded with oral dose levels as low as 5-10 mg/70 kg. The monitoring of pupilometric data in up to 16 human volunteers demonstrated a sensitivity to both extents and rates of chlorpromazine bioavailability and revealed differences to exist between liquid and solid oral dosage forms of chlorpromazine.
Experimental and theoretical investigation into the structural and thermodynamic properties of the mixed methyl halide association radical cations

An experimental and theoretical study of the ion/molecule association reactions of methyl halide radical cations with mixed methyl halides (X, Y = I, Br, Cl, F) has been carried out. MS/MS unimolecular and collision-induced dissociation experiments were performed on the association products and provide strong evidence for formation of a two-center three-electron (2c-3e) bonded structure, [CH3X∴YCH3]·+, for all association products excluding [C2H6FCl]·+. The [C2H6FCl]·+ results suggest the following atomic connectivity for this association product: [CH2Cl–H–FCH3]·+. Two metastable fragmentation pathways were observed for [CH3I∴BrCH3]·+ and [CH3Br∴ClCH3]·+: direct cleavage of the 2c-3e bond and elimination of a methyl group. Only direct cleavage was observed in [CH3I∴ClCH3]·+, [CH3I∴FCH3]·+, and [CH3Br∴FCH3]·+. Kinetic energy release distributions were measured and unimolecular kinetic modeling studies were performed on the metastable reaction pathways. Unimolecular kinetic modeling was carried out using phase space calculations and molecular parameters from density functional theory (DFT) calculations. DFT was also used to investigate the potential energy surfaces for each system.
Structural studies of capsular polysaccharide of type XII diplococcus pneumoniae

The capsular polysaccharide of Diplococctw pneumoniae Type XII contains residues of D-glucose and D-galactose in a molar ratio of 2:l. The methylated polysaccharide yielded upon hydrolysis 2,3,4,6-tetra- and 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose and 2,3,4,6-tetra-0-methyl-D-galactose as the only neutral methyl sugars. Periodate oxidation of the polysaccharide resulted in destruction of all neutral sugars and immunochemical activity against rabbit antisera. Periodate oxidation of the methyl 0-methylglycosides obtained after hydrolysis of the methyiated polysaccharide indicated that at least 30% of the L-fucosamine residues are substituted at C-4 in the polysaccharide. It is concluded that the polysaccharide consists of a hexosamine backbone that is substituted by D-galactosyl and kojibiosyl side-chains. The proposed terminal D-galactosyl residues apparently are sterically hindered from interacting with several D-galactose-binding proteins. INl-RODtiCl-ION The capsular polysaccharide of Type XII Diplococcus pneumoniae (S XII) has been purified and shown to contain D-glucose, D-galactose, N-acetyl+fucosamine, and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine’. Smith degradation of the polysaccharide resulted in exclusive destruction of the neutral sugars and formation of glycerol. The results of the Smith degradation suggested a backbone of hexosamine residues with the neutral sugars occurring in side-chains’. Recently, kojibiose (2-O-c+D-glucopyranosylD-glucose) was isolated from partial acid hydrolysis of S XII and crystalline kojibiose octaacetate was obtained by acetolysis of the polysaccharide’. Immunochemical evidence had suggested 3*4 that kojibiose is an important structural feature of S XII. This report presents further structural studies on S XII based on methylation and quantitative periodate oxidation. The results ascertain that S XII contains a
Race, Place, and Obesity: The Complex Relationships Among Community Racial/Ethnic Composition, Individual Race/Ethnicity, and Obesity in the United States

Objectives. We explored the association between community racial/ethnic composition and obesity risk.Methods. In this cross-sectional study, we used nationally representative data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey linked to geographic data from the US Decennial Census and Census Business Pattern data.Results. Living in communities with a high Hispanic concentration (≥ 25%) was associated with a 0.55 and 0.42 increase in body mass index (BMI; defined as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) and 21% and 23% higher odds for obesity for Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites, respectively. Living in a community with a high non-Hispanic Asian concentration (≥ 25%) was associated with a 0.68 decrease in BMI and 28% lower odds for obesity for non-Hispanic Whites. We controlled for individual- and community-level social, economic, and demographic variables.Conclusions. Community racial/ethnic composition is an important correlate of obesity risk, but the relationship differs greatly by...
Beyond Proof of Concept

Here, two academic bioengineers who have taken this commercialization step will share their experiences and thoughts. First, we discuss this topic with Steve Quake at Stanford University. Prof. Quake has pioneered the development of multilayer microvalves as a way to control complex fluid handling at a microscale. He has spun off the technology into Fluidigm, a company cofounded by him. Fluidigm has sold many of these microfluidic chips for the research biology market. Next, we talk with Shu Takayama from the University of Michigan. Prof. Takayama has developed microfluidic methods for reproductive medicine (Figure 2), which are being commercialized by Incept BioSystems, a company he cofounded. A key requirement of a medical device for use in U.S. clinics is to conduct trials for regulatory approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The company completed its first human trials in 2010.
Situational and Personal Causes of Student Cheating

The causes of students’ academic dishonesty behavior were explored using survey and experimental vignette methods. Participants were surveyed about their own cheating behavior, neutralizing attitudes, performance/mastery orientation and perceptions of peer attitudes and behavior. As predicted, neutralizing attitudes influenced cheating behavior directly, but also indirectly, increasing the effect of individual attitudes. Observing others cheating was strongly correlated with one’s own cheating behavior. These variables are also shown to have different effects on exam cheating and plagiarism and cases of giving and receiving unauthorized information. Correlations were tested using experimental vignette methods, which supported the claims made from survey data.
COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF MARINE DIATOMS AND DINOFLAGELLATES IN RELATION TO IRRADIANCE AND CELL SIZE. I. GROWTH UNDER CONTINUOUS LIGHT1,2

Cell division rates and chlorophyll a and protein contents for ten diatom and dinoflagellate species were measured. Species were chosen to include a wide range of cell size in terms of both cell volume and cell protein: from 0.004 ng protein/cell for a small Chaetoceros sp. to 2.2 ng protein/cell for Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg. Experiments were conducted in batch or semi-continuous cultures at 21 C under continuous illumination from 8–256 μEin .m-2'.s-1. Light saturation of cell division occurred at 32–80 μEin m-1 s-1 for all species, with no observable difference between the two phylogenetic groups. When the light-saturated cell division rates were plotted against cell size as protein/cell, the diatoms and dinoflagellates fell on two separate lines with the diatoms having higher rates. Chl a /protein ratios (μg/μg) decreased with increasing irradiance. The diatoms had higher chl a per unit protein. The relationship between cell division rate and the chl a/protein ratio is discussed.
Piezoresistive effect of CVD polycrystalline diamond films

Piezoresistive effect of diamond is an attractive property as a strain sensor. Properties of piezoresistive effect for homoepitaxial and polycrystalline diamond films have already been investigated, but the low gauge factor of polycrystalline diamond film compared with homoepitaxial diamond film should be improved for using as sensors. In this report, two ideas were examined to improve the gauge factor of polycrystalline diamond films. One idea is decreasing the ratio of carbon to hydrogen in synthesizing a boron-doped diamond. Decreasing the ratio from 5.5 to 2.2%, gauge factor increased from 3 to 30. The other one is using thin boron doped layer as a piezoresistive area. This means that piezoresistive effect depends on boron concentration near the surface. For varying the thickness of boron-doped diamond film, deposition time with boron-including gas was changed from 3 to 10 min after undoped diamond deposition by using methane and hydrogen gas. The samples under 3 min showed no piezoresistive effect, but those of 5 to 10 min did. In the sample of 10 min, the gauge factor reached 50.
Virtual trajectories of single-joint movements performed under two basic strategies

Abstract The framework of the equilibrium point hypothesis has been used to analyse motor control processes for single-joint movements. Virtual trajectories and joint stiffness were reconstructed for different movement speeds and distances when subjects were instructed either to move “as fast as possible” or to intentionally vary movement speed. These instructions are assumed to be associated with similar or different rates of change of hypothetical central control variables (corresponding to the speed-sensitive and speed-insensitive strategies). The subjects were trained to perform relatively slow, moderately fast and very fast (nominal movement times 800, 400 and 250 ms) single-joint elbow flexion movements against a constant extending torque bias. They were instructed to reproduce the motor command for a series of movements white ignoring possible changes in the external torque which could slowly and unpredictably increase, decrease, or remain constant. The total muscle torque was calculated as a sum of external and inertial components. Fast movements over different distances were made with the speed-insensitive strategy. They were characterized by an increase in joint stiffness near the midpoint of the movements which was relatively independent of movement amplitude. Their virtual trajectories had a non-monotonic N-shape. All three arms of the N-shape scaled with movement amplitude. Movements over one distance at different speeds were made with a speed-sensitive strategy. They demonstrated different patterns of virtual trajectories and joint stiffness that depended on movement speed. The N-shape became less apparent for moderately fast movements and virtually disappeared for the slow movements. Slow movements showed no visible increase in joint stiffness. The joint stiffness patterns have been shown to depend upon central control processes rather than on actual values of joint velocity. We conclude that the two basic central strategies have characteristic patterns by which the equilibrium trajectory and joint stiffness are modulated.
Minimum perimeter convex hull of imprecise points in convex regions

Imprecise points are points in R2 whose exact location is unknown. For each point, we only know it is contained in a region of R2, which is called the uncertainty region of the point. The research we present in this video focuses on the problem of finding the minimum perimeter convex hull of a set of imprecise points, where each uncertainty region is closed, convex, and the regions may intersect. We first present and animate our theoretical findings: as each point moves inside its uncertainty region, the perimeter of the resulting convex hull is a convex function on the position of the points; as a consequence, any local minimum of the perimeter is a global minimum. We then show the possible positions of imprecise points inside their uncertainty region. Finally, we demonstrate an algorithm for finding the minimum perimeter convex hull of a set of imprecise points.
Dexmedetomidine improves attention and recall in agitated critically ill patients

It is of clinical interest to maintain patient comfort in the ICU and yet preserve their intellectual function, arousal and interaction. Recently, dexmedetomidine (DEX) was demonstrated in the ANIST Trial to preserve intellectual function as compared with propofol (PRO) when used as conscious sedation in both agitated neurologically intact and brain-injured critically ill patients [1]. The purpose of this study was to further understand whether selective areas of cognition were specifically affected by PRO and DEX through sub-analysis of the Trial's results on each of the five subscales of the Adapted Cognitive Exam (ACE).
An examination of some methodological problems in testing expectancy-valence models with survey techniques

Abstract Expectancy-valence models of work motivation are frequently tested with survey methodology. This paper deals with the reliability and construct validity of various questionnaire measures of expectancy-valence components. Measures of (a) valence, (b) instrumentality, and (c) expectancy were given to a sample of 171 Air Force trainees on two occasions. The results indicated that reliabilities of the three components of the model were fairly low and that different measures of the same component were not highly correlated. It was concluded that using questionnaire measures to test expectancy-valence models is inappropriate until better measures are developed.
Determining peptide sequence effects that control the size, structure, and function of nanoparticles.

The ability to tune the size, shape, and composition of nanomaterials at length scales <10 nm remains a challenging task. Such capabilities are required to fully realize the application of nanotechnology for catalysis, energy storage, and biomedical technologies. Conversely, nature employs biomacromolecules such as proteins and peptides as highly specific nanoparticle ligands that demonstrate exacting precision over the particle morphology through controlling the biotic/abiotic interface. Here we demonstrate the ability to finely tune the size, surface structure, and functionality of single-crystal Pd nanoparticles between 2 and 3 nm using materials directing peptides. This was achieved by selectively altering the peptide sequence to change the binding motif, which in turn modifies the surface structure of the particles. The materials were fully characterized before and after reduction using atomically resolved spectroscopic and microscopic analyses, which indicated that the coordination environment prior...
Neighborhood deprivation and change in BMI among adults with type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE).

OBJECTIVE To compare associations between neighborhood deprivation and measures of BMI change among adults with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using data from the Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE) survey, we estimated the association between neighborhood deprivation and two measures of BMI change over 3 years: 1 ) a continuous measure and 2 ) a categorical measure of clinically substantive BMI loss or gain (≥7% of baseline BMI) versus stable BMI. The sample included 13,609 adults. RESULTS On average, there was little change in BMI (−0.12, SD 3.07); 17.0 and 16.1% had clinically substantive BMI loss or gain, respectively, at follow-up. There was a positive association between neighborhood deprivation and BMI change for adults in the most versus least-deprived quartile of neighborhood deprivation (β = 0.22, P = 0.02) in adjusted models. In addition, relative to the least-deprived quartile (Q1), adults in more-deprived quartiles of neighborhood deprivation were more likely to experience either substantive BMI loss (Q2 relative risk ratio 1.19, 95% CI 1.00–1.41; Q3 1.20, 1.02–1.42; Q4 1.30, 1.08–1.55) or gain (Q2 1.25, 1.04–1.49; Q3 1.24, 1.04–1.49; Q4 1.45, 1.20–1.75). CONCLUSIONS Greater neighborhood deprivation was positively associated with BMI change among adults with diabetes as well as with clinically substantive BMI loss or gain. Findings stress the importance of allowing for simultaneous associations with both gain and loss in future longitudinal studies of neighborhood deprivation and weight change, which may be particularly true for studies of patients with diabetes for whom both weight loss and gain have health implications.
Joint algorithm-architecture optimization of CABAC to increase speed and reduce area cost

To address the increasing demand for higher resolution and frame rates, processing speed (i.e. performance) and area cost need to be considered in the development of next generation video coding. Accordingly, both algorithm and architecture should be taken into account during video codec design. This paper proposes joint optimization of both the algorithm and architecture to ensure that high coding efficiency can be achieved in conjunction with high processing speed and low area cost. Specifically, it presents two optimizations that can be performed on Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC), a form of entropy coding in H.264/AVC. First, subinterval reordering is proposed for the arithmetic decoder to increase the processing speed by 14 to 22% with no cost to coding efficiency. Second, modification of the motion vector difference (mvd) context selection is proposed to reduce memory requirements (i.e. area cost) by 50% with negligible coding efficiency impact (≤0.02%). These joint algorithm and architecture optimizations are non-standard compliant and thus are well suited to be used in High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), the successor to H.264/AVC.
The N-Terminal Region of Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus Coat Protein Is a Host- and Strain-Specific Long-Distance Transport Factor

Understanding the genetics underlying host range differences among plant virus strains can provide valuable insights into viral gene functions and virus-host interactions. In this study, we examined viral determinants and mechanisms of differential infection of Zea mays inbred line SDp2 by Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) isolates. WSMV isolates Sidney 81 (WSMV-S81) and Type (WSMV-T) share 98.7% polyprotein sequence identity but differentially infect SDp2: WSMV-S81 induces a systemic infection, but WSMV-T does not. Coinoculation and sequential inoculation of SDp2 with WSMV-T and/or WSMV-S81 did not affect systemic infection by WSMV-S81, suggesting that WSMV-T does not induce a restrictive defense response but that virus-encoded proteins may be involved in differential infection of SDp2. The viral determinant responsible for strain-specific host range was mapped to the N terminus of coat protein (CP) by systematic exchanges of WSMV-S81 sequences with those of WSMV-T and by reciprocal exchanges of CP or CP codons 1 to 74. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged WSMV-S81 with CP or CP residues 1 to 74 from WSMV-T produced similar numbers of infection foci and genomic RNAs and formed virions in inoculated leaves as those produced with WSMV-S81, indicating that failure to infect SDp2 systemically is not due to defects in replication, cell-to-cell movement, or virion assembly. However, these GFP-tagged hybrids showed profound defects in long-distance transport of virus through the phloem. Furthermore, we found that four of the five differing amino acids in the N terminus of CP between the WSMV-S81 and WSMV-T isolates were collectively involved in systemic infection of SDp2. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the N-terminal region of tritimoviral CP functions in host- and strain-specific long-distance movement.
On the effect of order of radial basis functions in the solution of partial differential equations

This paper investigates the effects of varying the order of RBF's. It has been found that as the order is increased, the accuracy also increases. The accuracy was even shown to increase to the extent that less than 10% of the basis functions were required to obtain the same level of accuracy. However, it is also found that increasing the order also generally increases the condition number of the system matrix. There is still significant research that needs to be done with RBF's and meshless algorithms. Some areas of future work include looking at preconditioning schemes, implementing boundary conditions, etc.
SLR-2 and JMJC-1 regulate an evolutionarily conserved stress-response network

Maintaining a homeostatic interaction with the environment is crucial for the growth, survival, and propagation of all living organisms. Reestablishment of equilibrium after stress is achieved by the activation of complex transcriptional-response networks, many of which remain poorly understood. Here, we report that the zinc-finger protein, SLR-2, is a master stress regulator and is required for the normal response to pleiotropic stress conditions in Caenorhabditis elegans. Using bioinformatical tools, we identified an evolutionarily conserved nucleotide motif present in slr-2 stress-responsive genes and show that this motif is sufficient for stress induction under a variety of conditions. We also demonstrate that JMJC-1, a conserved Jumonji C domain protein, acts downstream of SLR-2 to mediate stress response in C. elegans. Moreover, the role of JMJC-1 in stress response is conserved in Drosophila and mammals. Finally, we provide evidence that the SLR-2–JMJC-1 pathway functions independently of the well-studied DAF-16/FOXO1 network. These findings point to a previously unrecognized phylogenetically conserved master stress-response pathway in metazoa.
A 2.4GHz low-power low-phase-noise CMOS LC VCO

A completely integrated 2.4GHz low-power low-phase-noise voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) was implemented in a standard 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS single-poly, 6-metal mixed-signal CMOS process. The VCO-core draws 1.5mA of current from a 1.2V supply. Comparison shows that this design has better performance than previously published similar results.
The Effect of Restrictive Feeding Progams during the Growing Period on Turkey Breeders

Abstract Three hundred-sixty Marston Broad White females, hatched in late December, were equally divided among 18 pens and full fed a turkey starter from 0–10 weeks of age. Then ⅓ of the birds was assigned to each of the following feeding regimes: control grower (ad libitum), low protein (ad libitum), or skip-a-day (75 percent of control). All birds remained on these treatments to 24 weeks of age when the control group was placed on a commercial type breeder diet; however, at 14 weeks of age 40 birds from each treatment group were transferred to cages. All birds were fed a commercial type breeder diet, ad libitum, from 206 days. Feed consumption and body weights were the greatest in the control group, followed by the skip-a-day group, with the low protein group consuming the least feed and having the lightest body weights. Age at sexual maturity was earliest for the controls followed by the skip-a-day group, with the low protein birds being delayed the longest. These differences were significant at the 0.05 level of probability.