cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for infectious etiologies in connective tissue disorders

Abstract The evidence reviewed indicates that proven infectious processes are capable of inducing many of the characteristic findings in connective tissue diseases, and that several mechanisms of infection are now recognized which could account for their chronicity. At lease one disease (Australia antigen-positive polyarteritis nodosa) and probably some cases of polymyositis appear to be caused by infection with specific viral agents. At the same time, it is clear that one way in which infectious processes may produce many of the manifestations of connective tissue disease is through perpetuation of immunologic stimulation and immune reactions. Hence, it should not be concluded that all connective tissue diseases are infectious, nor that infection necessarily represents a primary defect, even if the existence of infection can be demonstrated. Interpreted broadly, the data indicate that infection is one means of initiating and maintaining disease mechanisms which account for many of the characteristic features of connective tissue disease; however, other possible initiating causes are not excluded. There is reason to suspect that abnormalities in host defense mechanisms or variability in host immunologic responsiveness may be requisite for the initiation of several unusual forms of chronic infection in both man and experimental animals. Although the nature of such abnormalities has not been defined and a clear understanding of them does not appear to be imminent, great potential for significant intervention in the disease processes may be opened through attacks on infection and secondary mechanisms. If the clinical grouping of connective tissue diseases simply reflects the operation of related secondary mechanisms, (common final pathways), it seems likely that this group of diseases will be found to represent a very large number of distince entities. Hence, the syndrome of SLE might reflect atypical infection and host response to EB virus in some patients, and an unusual response to the chronic administration of hydralazine in others. Polyarteritis nodosa may result from atypical infectious hepatitis in one group, and an exaggerated response to a variety of allergens in another. Polymyositis may reflect both an unusual response to tumor antigens and a chronic paramyxovirus infection of muscle. It is reasonable to predict that as the pathogenic mechanisms of connective tissue diseases continue to unfold, a complex spectrum of inter-relationships between host responsiveness, mechanisms of chronic antigenic stimulation, aberrant forms of viral infection and host defense defects will be revealed.
Analysis over Discrete spaces

Abstract Let be a σ-finite nonatomic measure space. We think of the customary analysis based upon as Continuum Analysis. In contrast, we regard Discrete Analysis as being based upon a countable subset of X rather than upon X itself. The particular version of Discrete Analysis introduced here—we shall call it Poisson Analysis—treats simultaneously all countable subsets of X and distinguishes between them probabalisticly via a counting process whose values are random variables with Poisson distributions. The present paper demonstrates the viability of this idea by applying it to the formal theory of a free Boson field. The customary version of this theory may be phrased in terms of and the related normal Wiener process N . The alternate version introduced here uses, in place of N , what we shall call a Gaussian jump process. We interpret the resulting theory as Discrete Analysis and compare it with the customary theory. In particular we show that the discrete theory already contains the usual one inside it (see Theorem 1), and that, in the discrete case, symmetries are much more readily implementable by unitary transformations.
Clinical importance of anti-human leukocyte antigen-specific antibody concentration in performing calculated panel reactive antibody and virtual crossmatches

Background Highly sensitized patients develop multi-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) specific antibodies. This study measures concentrations of anti-HLA antibodies in multispecific sera by converting fluorescence intensity into molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome (MESF) units. This was used to determine MESF units required for a positive T and B flow crossmatches (FLXM). Methods MESF values of negative controls and sera from patients devoid of HLA antibodies were measured by FLXM and flow panel reactive antibody (PRA) screening beads. Fluorescence intensity values of anti-HLA specific antibodies determined by FlowPRA single antigen beads of highly sensitized patients were converted into MESF units. In addition, endpoint titers, MESF units, and % PRA of 26 sera were established. Results MESF analysis accurately predicted the outcomes of 100% of T and B FLXM of sera with strong (MESF units>18,000) donor-specific antibody (DSA). The predictive values of T and B FLXM declined to 95% and 88% with weak DSA (6,000 MESF 2,000). The graft survival at 1 year was 100% and there was no evidence of DSA posttransplant. Conclusion MESF analysis is both a time and cost efficient way of measuring antibody strength. The strength of the antibody present in the sera of transplant candidates is critical for crossmatch prediction.
Ribonuclease C and pancreatic secretory proteins in the peripheral circulation before and after pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer.

Increases in the activities of human circulatory ribonucleases have been associated with malignancies and other pathological conditions. To elucidate the relationship between circulatory ribonuclease and pancreatic malignancy, we have determined the activities in serum of ribonucleases selective for polycytidylic acid (ribonuclease C) and of α-amylase before and after surgery for pancreatic cancer and for several malignant and nonmalignant disorders unrelated to the pancreas. Prior to pancreatectomy, the activity of ribonuclease C in the serum of three pancreatic cancer patients was within the range of values obtained for healthy subjects. Unexpectedly, ribonuclease C began to increase within 2 hr after surgery, and amounts of ribonuclease C more than threefold higher than preoperative levels were found for at least 3 weeks after pancreatectomy. Variations in the serum concentrations of urea nitrogen and creatinine followed time courses which differed from those of ribonuclease C; thus the increases in the activity of ribonuclease C could not be attributed to renal impairment. The concentrations of α-amylase and trypsinogen in the blood of two of the pancreatic cancer patients were considerably higher than those of healthy subjects and declined rapidly to subnormal levels after pancreatectomy. Only a small amount of α-amylase and no trypsinogen were found in the blood of the third patient both before and after surgery, and samples of pure pancreatic juice obtained preoperatively after sequential intravenous administration of secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin were negative for α-amylase and three proteolytic zymogens; nevertheless, the presurgical level of ribonuclease C in his serum was within the normal range. For all of the patients treated for nonpancreatic disorders, the concentrations of ribonuclease C and α-amylase in serum were not significantly altered by surgery. The rate and ultimate extent of the decrease in circulatory α-amylase following pancreatectomy indicate that ≈-80% of the α-amylase in blood is pancreatic in origin and that the half-life of pancreatic α-amylase in the peripheral circulation ≈-15 hr. From the highly significant increases in circulatory ribonuclease C which followed pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer, we conclude that the exocrine pancreas is neither the sole nor the principal source of ribonuclease C in the peripheral circulation.
The diffusion of diaspora engagement policies: A Latin American agenda

Abstract This paper provides evidence about the diffusion of diaspora engagement practices and institutions as a result of formal and informal collaboration between Latin American governments. In particular, it examines how Latin American governments have developed similar practices and institutions regarding consular protection and service provision for their populations in the United States and the models they have followed. Notwithstanding the differences in capacities and motivations, the results of this research indicate that there is a convergence of practices and policies of diaspora engagement among Latin American countries driven by ideas of regional solidarity and unity and a clear reference to the Mexican model in the development of budding initiatives and partnerships in this area. The diffusion of policies in this regard has implications in terms of providing a more comprehensive understanding of the motivations behind diaspora engagement programs and the ways in which existing practices are adapted and transformed in response to the practices of other countries in a similar host country context. So far, most of this regional collaboration is based on information-sharing and participation in joint initiatives oriented towards service provision and protection of migrants' rights, with economic development back home as a relevant but secondary objective. One of the implications of this diffusion of policies with a regional focus is its effect in the socioeconomic mobility, in the group identity and in the political participation of Latinos, the largest minority group in the United States.
Intermediate-term memory is modulated by the circadian clock.

Sensitization of the tail-siphon withdrawal reflex in Aplysia, a nonassociative form of learning, affords a superb opportunity to investigate the regulation of learning and memory by the circadian ...
Conflictual Independence, Adult Attachment Orientation, and Career Indecision Among Asian American Students:

Due to prior research suggesting that relational variables are related to the career development process, we sought to understand how maternal conflictual independence, paternal conflictual indepen...
Interstate migration, income and public school expenditures: An update of an experiment

This article re-examines the relative importance of per capita income and net out-migration (Weisbrod's welfare-maximization hypothesis) as determinants of expenditures for public primary and secondary education. A repetition of Weisbrod's experiment shows that the existence of a high correlation between per capita income and migration in the 1950s would have made it difficult to distinguish between their relative importance. An update of the experiment yields results contrary to the hypothesis that communities (states) are welfare maximizers. They support the contention that per capita income is a primary determinate of educational expenditures.
Genomic Medicine, Health Information Technology, and Patient Care

Celebrating the tenth anniversary of completing the draft human genome sequence in 2011, authors from the National Human Genome Research Institute of the US National Institutes of Health outlined the influence of genomic understanding across 5 domains: structure, the biology of the genome, the biology of disease, medicine, and improvements in health care.
Teaching intermittent self-catheterization skills to mentally retarded children.

Abstract In an A-B design with replication, the efficacy of a behavioral training program for teaching two mildly retarded children intermittent self-catheterization skills was assessed. Component skills were task-analyzed and trained via a graduated prompting procedure. Results indicated that both children rapidly acquired the component skills necessary to perform self-catheterization in an accurate and nearly independent manner. Benefits of children engaging in their own healthcare maintenance are discussed.
Planning with Crowdsourced Data: Rhetoric and Representation in Transportation Planning

We are in the midst of a new era of experimentation that blends social and mobile computing in support of digital democracy. These experiments will have potentially long lasting consequences on how the public is invited to partic-ipate in governance by elected as well as professional offi-cials. In this paper, we look at how data from a purpose-built smartphone app we deployed were incorporated into a three-day urban planning event. The data collected were meant to help inform design decisions for new cycling in-frastructure and to provide an alternate means for partici-pating in the planning process. Through our analysis, we point to three distinct roles the data played at the event-as authority, as evidence, and as ambivalent. Each role demonstrates the challenge and potential for turning to crowdsourced data as a form of participation and as a re-source for urban planning.
Reflections on Building and Teaching an Undergraduate Strategic Management Course in a Blended Format

This article is a personal reflection on the challenges, frustrations, and rewards of transforming a traditional face-to-face strategic management course into a blended format. The article describe...
Stem Cells and Ethics: Current Issues

Much attention has recently turned to the promise and potential of human stem cells in therapeutic applications for the repair of cardiac tissue. The advances being made in the laboratory are exciting, and the pace at which research using human stem cells is moving from bench to bedside is extraordinary. The social, ethical, and policy considerations embedded within this area of research also require a large amount of attention and deliberation so that the scientific progress is able to successfully continue without social backlash.
Long-term effects of managed grass competition and two pruning methods on growth and yield of peach trees

Abstract Ground cover competition and tree training strongly affect development of newly planted peach trees and eventual productivity of peach orchards. This experiment characterized the long-term interactive effects of three levels of competition and two pruning criteria on yield, fruit size, and marketable yield efficiency. Trees of two cultivars (’Jersey Dawn’, JD, and ‘Redskin’, RS, on Lovell) of peach ( Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) were planted in an orchard in 1993 and grown for 14 years in a vegetation free area (VFA) width of 0.6 or 2.4 m. A separate group of trees that were in the 2.4 m VFA had grass seeded beneath them in 1998 to obtain 0 m VFA. All trees were pruned to maintain canopy size with wide-angled scaffold limbs and intense pruning (IP) or upright branch form with reduced pruning (RP). In general, RS had greater yield than JD and yield was greatest in the 2.4 m VFA with RP and least in the 0.6 m VFA with IP. Cumulative marketable (≥6.35 cm) and average annual total yield of both cultivars was similar for RP trees in 0 m VFA and IP trees in 2.4 m VFA's although more of the fruit were in the largest size class (>6.98 cm) in the IP trees. Reduced pruning increased crop load. Fruit weight decreased with increased crop load more in RS than JD and this response was similar for all VFA's within each cultivar. Grass competition tended to reduce both the number and weight of fruit per tree but the average weight of individual marketable fruit was reduced only in the 0.6 m VFA of RS. Tree size was reduced by grass competition and pruning times measured from 1995 to 2000 were less in RP than IP. Consequently, marketable yield efficiency of marketable fruit (grams fruit ≥6.35 cm/cm 2 trunk cross-sectional area, TCSA) measured from 2004 to 2007 was generally greater in trees with RP than IP and in the 0.6 than the 0 and 2.4 m VFA. The results indicate that persistent competition will reduce total annual yield per tree but with reduced pruning the concomitant increased crop load can help maintain marketable yield.
959 EFFICACY OF BOVINE LEUKOCYTE DIALYSATES CONTAINING TRANSFER FACTOR (TF) IN THE THERAPY OF THE ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)

Three patients with AIDS and chronic diarrhea due to cryptosporidia were treated with weekly oral doses of bovine TF (107 leukocyte equivalents/kg) prepared from lymph nodes of calves immunized with cryptosporidia oocysts. All the patients demonstrated a resolution of their diarrhea and a cessation of oocyst excretion within 6 weeks of therapy. One patient relapsed upon cessation of TF therapy, while the other two remained cryptosporidia free for the duration of their observation. One of these individuals was subsequently started on weekly bovine TF therapy derived from calves immunized with pooled AIDS lymphoid cells and marker proteins diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DT & TT) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Although there have been no qualitative changes in his T-cell phenotypes after 4 months of therapy, the patient has acquired in vitro proliferative responses to DT, TT and tuberculin. In addition, he has acquired delayed type skin responses to DT, TT and streptokinase - streptodornase. Concommitant with his immunologic reactivity, the patient has remained infection free during TF therapy. Our experience with bovine TF immunotherapy suggests that (1) some degree of immunologic reconstitution is possible in patients with AIDS, and (2) cryptosporidiosis may respond to bovine TF administration.
ROLE TAKING AND SELF-IMAGE DISPARITY: A FURTHER TEST OF COGNITIVE-DEVELOPMENTAL THOUGHT

Summary.-34 seventh gradee were assigned to two groups according to developmental level as defined by role-taking ability. High role-takers exhibited greater selfimage disparity than low role-taken. The data support the developmental formulation that self-image disparity is positively related to developmental status. These Eindings indicate a positive rather than an ominous relation between self-image disparity and psychological adjusrrnent.
Comment on the Equivalence of the Eikonal Expansion and Integral-Equation Methods for Determining Corrections to the Glauber Approximation

An eikonal correction derived by Baker from an integral equation valid to order ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ is shown to be equivalent, to the same order, to an eikonal expansion of the scattering $T$ matrix based on expansion of the momentum about the initial momentum ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}}_{i}$. For nonforward scattering, the inherent differences between an eikonal expansion about ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}}_{i}$ and an eikonal expansion about the average-momentum $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}=(\frac{1}{2})({\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}}_{i}+{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}}_{f})$ direction explain the inequivalence noted by Baker between his result "rotated" to the average-momentum direction and the result of an eikonal expansion starting from the average-momentum direction.
Aquaculture and international trade

Abstract In contrast to the stabilization or decline of wild fishery harvests, aquaculture's contribution to the world fish supply is steadily increasing. Aquaculture has begun to have a major influence on the trade of export‐orientated species such as salmon and shrimp. This paper reviews the role of aquaculture in international trade and the research which has been conducted to examine its influence. Despite the growing significance of aquaculture on international trade, especially for shrimp and salmon, formal analysis of the shrimp trade is sparse, only moderate for salmon, and essentially nonexistent for other species. This paper also presents specific examples of how aquaculture has played an important role in international trade. These include an examination of: (1) the influence of shrimp aquaculture and trade on the development of a shrimp futures contract; and (2) the countervailing duty and antidumping case against the Norwegian farmed salmon industry.
A questionnaire for functional bowel disorders.

Excerpt The functional bowel disorders are a heterogeneous collection of clinical syndromes (for example, the irritable bowel syndrome, non-ulcer dyspepsia, "irritable" esophagus, chronic abdominal...
Evolution of Impedance Spectra during Debonding and Pullout of Single Steel Fibers from Cement

Impedance measurements were made during the debonding and pullout of a fully embedded, crack-bridging single steel fiber from a cement matrix. Nyquist plots gave evidence of two bulk arcs, and the “cusp” between them proved to be sensitive to both debonding and pullout of the embedded fiber. Physical simulations that used a steel wire in tap water were applied to interpret the debonding and pull-out results. The cusp resistance from impedance spectroscopy provided quantitative information about the extent of pullout and, at least qualitatively, correlated with the debond length before pullout. Impedance measurements on both sides of the matrix crack showed that crack deflection and debonding occurred on both sides symmetrically.
Malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses

Abstract The detection of malignant disease of the paranasal sinuses in its early stages is largely in the province of roentgen examination, since physical signs and symptoms seldom reveal the presence of an underlying malignancy until it is advanced. Identifying the site of origin and the anatomic extent of the tumor also depends upon careful analysis of detailed roentgenograms. This analysis serves as the basis for treatment planning. From a review of 121 cases of primary malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity, the frequency of various roentgen findings has been tabulated, their significance discussed, and their appearance illustrated. A knowledge of head and neck anatomy and of the natural history and routes of spread of sinus cancer are essential in interpreting the roentgenograms. Many of the changes are subtle and require judicious interpretation. Others are quite straightforward and easily recognized if they have been seen before. Constant attention to detail and a willingness to obtain additional views to resolve a point in question are necessary if the maximum contribution to diagnosis, evaluation and management of these lesions is to be achieved.
Towards mentoring the Indian organizational woman: Propositions, considerations, and first steps

Abstract The globalized Indian economy creates employment opportunity for educated Indian women and increases gender diversity in Indian Enterprises (IEs). Increased gender diversity presents myriad challenges for integrating women into the managerial ranks of IEs. We highlight these challenges, offer propositions on the Indian culture, the status of women within IEs, and formal mentoring as a human resource development initiative. Further, we use social identity theory as a lens for understanding these challenges, and integrate knowledge from the Western literature on mentoring women. We conclude by suggesting first steps for developing formal mentoring programs aimed at the Indian organizational woman.
Desnitro-imidacloprid Activates the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Cascade via the Nicotinic Receptor and Intracellular Calcium Mobilization in N1E-115 Cells

Imidacloprid (IMI) is the principal neonicotinoid (the only major new class of synthetic insecticides of the past three decades). The excellent safety profile of IMI is not shared with a metabolite, desnitro-IMI (DNIMI), which displays high toxicity to mammals associated with agonist action at the alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in brain. This study examines the hypothesis that IMI, DNIMI, and (-)-nicotine activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade via primary interaction with the alpha4beta2 nAChR in mouse neuroblastoma N1E-115 cells. These three nicotinic agonists induce phosphorylation of ERK (p44/p42) in a concentration-dependent manner with an optimal incubation period of 30 min. DNIMI (1 microM)-induced ERK activation is blocked by nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine but not by alpha-bungarotoxin and muscarinic antagonist atropine. This activation is prevented by intracellular Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA-AM but not by removal of external Ca(2+) using EGTA and Ca(2+)-free medium. 2-Aminoethoxy-diphenylborate, a blocker for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3))-mediated Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores, inhibits DNIMI-induced ERK activation but a high level of ryanodine (to block ryanodine receptor-mediated Ca(2+) release) does not. The inhibitor U-73122 for phospholipase C (to suppress IP(3) production) prevents ERK activation evoked by DNIMI. Inhibitors for protein kinase C (PKC) (GF109203X) and ERK kinase (PD98059) block this activation whereas an inhibitor (H-89) for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase does not. Thus, neonicotinoids activate the ERK cascade triggered by primary action at the alpha4beta2 nAChR with an involvement of intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization possibly mediated by IP(3). It is further suggested that intracellular Ca(2+) activates a sequential pathway from PKC to ERK.
The role of hormones in the acclimation of fish to low temperatures

The known cases elucidating the role of hormones in the regulation of physiological and biochemical changes which occur when fish are acclimated to low temperatures are sparse, but evidence is accumulating to implicate prolactin, glucagon, insulin and perhaps thyroxine and cortisol in at least some of the physiological adjustments observed in some species. The need for further research on hormonal control mechanisms at work during low-temperature acclimation is discussed, with special emphasis placed on neuroendocrine relationships.
A stateless approach to connection-oriented protocols

Traditional operating system interfaces and network protocol implementations force some system state to be kept on both sides of a connection. This state ties the connection to its endpoints, impedes transparent failover, permits denial-of-service attacks, and limits scalability. This article introduces a novel TCP-like transport protocol and a new interface to replace sockets that together enable all state to be kept on one endpoint, allowing the other endpoint, typically the server, to operate without any per-connection state. Called Trickles, this approach enables servers to scale well with increasing numbers of clients, consume fewer resources, and better resist denial-of-service attacks. Measurements on a full implementation in Linux indicate that Trickles achieves performance comparable to TCP/IP, interacts well with other flows, and scales well. Trickles also enables qualitatively different kinds of networked services. Services can be geographically replicated and contacted through an anycast primitive for improved availability and performance. Widely-deployed practices that currently have client-observable side effects, such as periodic server reboots, connection redirection, and failover, can be made transparent, and perform well, under Trickles. The protocol is secure against tampering and replay attacks, and the client interface is backward-compatible, requiring no changes to sockets-based client applications.
Human nature as God's purpose

This article responds to one of Thaddeus Metz's criticisms of the theory that the meaning of life is to fulfil a purpose assigned by God. In particular, it addresses the argument that only an atemporal God could ground meaning but that an atemporal God could not assign a purpose. In order to do this, the article first argues that Metz's criticisms misread the relevant sense of purpose. It then argues that on a more plausible reading of ‘purpose’, we can see that it is in fact the kind of thing that an atemporal God could assign.
School Characteristics and Parent Involvement: Influences on Participation in Children's Schools.

Several school-level variables thought to influence the degree to which parents are involved in their children's education were explored. The author sought to clarify, both theoretically and empirically, the meaning of parent involvement. Also, several statistical regression models were developed on the basis of school characteristics. The models help to explain the variance in 9 categories of parent involvement. The results of this study indicate that many forms of parent involvement, such as the structure that parents create for students in the home environment, are not easily influenced by school-level variables. However, several forms of parent involvement, including parent volunteerism and participation in parent-teacher organizations, can be increased when teachers attempt to contact parents.
Enlarged extracellular space of aquaporin-4–deficient mice does not enhance diffusion of Alexa Fluor 488 or dextran polymers

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels expressed on glia have been implicated in maintaining the volume of extracellular space (ECS). A previous diffusion study employing small cation tetramethylammonium and a real-time iontophoretic (RTI) method demonstrated an increase of about 25% in the ECS volume fraction (alpha) in the neocortex of AQP4(-/-) mice compared to AQP4(+/+) mice but no change in the hindrance imposed to diffusing molecules (tortuosity lambda). In contrast, other diffusion studies employing large molecules (dextran polymers) and a fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) method measured a decrease of about 10%-20% in lambda in the neocortex of AQP4(-/-) mice. These conflicting findings on lambda would imply that large molecules diffuse more readily in the enlarged ECS of AQP4(-/-) mice than in wild type but small molecules do not. To test this hypothesis, we used integrative optical imaging (IOI) to measure tortuosity with a small Alexa Fluor 488 (molecular weight [MW] 547, lambda(AF)) and two large dextran polymers (MW 3000, lambda(dex3) and MW 75,000, lambda(dex75)) in the in vitro neocortex of AQP4(+/+) and AQP4(-/-) mice. We found that lambda(AF)=1.59, lambda(dex3)=1.76 and lambda(dex75)=2.30 obtained in AQP4(-/-) mice were not significantly different from lambda(AF)=1.61, lambda(dex3)=1.76, and lambda(dex75)=2.33 in AQP4(+/+) mice. These IOI results demonstrate that lambda measured with small and large molecules each remain unchanged in the enlarged ECS of AQP4(-/-) mice compared to values in AQP4(+/+) mice. Further analysis suggests that the FRAP method yields diffusion parameters not directly comparable with those obtained by IOI or RTI methods. Our findings have implications for the role of glial AQP4 in maintaining the ECS structure.
Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory

The misinformation effect refers to the impairment in memory for the past that arises after exposure to misleading information. The phenomenon has been investigated for at least 30 years, as investigators have addressed a number of issues. These include the conditions under which people are especially susceptible to the negative impact of misinformation, and conversely when are they resistant. Warnings about the potential for misinformation sometimes work to inhibit its damaging effects, but only under limited circumstances. The misinformation effect has been observed in a variety of human and nonhuman species. And some groups of individuals are more susceptible than others. At a more theoretical level, investigators have explored the fate of the original memory traces after exposure to misinformation appears to have made them inaccessible. This review of the field ends with a brief discussion of the newer work involving misinformation that has explored the processes by which people come to believe falsely that they experienced rich complex events that never, in fact, occurred.
Energy Restriction as a Means of Reducing Fat Pads in Broilers

Abstract Two studies, 10 days each, were conducted to investigate the effect of energy restriction during the finishing period on abdominal fat in broilers. A total of 300 broilers, 52 days of age, were used in the first study, and 512 broilers, 46 days of age, were used in the second study. The experimental treatments restricted energy intake but maintained full minimum daily requirements of all other nutrients. When this restriction was done, the nutrient density of the diets was increased to partially compensate for the decreased feed allowance. A graduated reduction of 21 to 32% and 16 to 24% in daily energy intake was obtained in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Fat pad weights of the broilers were decreased as the daily energy intake was decreased. Weight gain decreased, which resulted in reducing the final carcass weight. Energy restriction did not influence dressing percent and resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of feed required to produce a gram of cooked carcass.
Simple mechanical-chemical systemic pressure-control device.

An implantable mechanical-chemical device was constructed to act as a feedback mechanism in controlling the blood pressure. It consisted of a balloon connected to a rubber catheter ending in a slit valve. Flow-pressure curves were derived fromin vitro testings for three valve thresholds (120, 140 and 170 mmHg). Five fast-acting hypotensive drugs subsequently filled the device during 40 noradrenaline infusions in 25 dogs, with the balloon in the abdominal aorta and the catheter in the inferior vena cava. The results were as follows: (i) Following a short initial increase in systolic aortic pressure, significantly lower (p<0·001) than in control experiments, the device prevented any pressure rise above its threshold. (ii) The time needed for pressure lowering at the device's threshold depended on the drug used being 3·34±0·84 (mean ± s.e. in minutes) for sodium nitroprusside, 5·99±0·96 for phentolamin, 11·63±2·97 for hydralazine, 14·54±2·43 for a-methyl-dopa and 23·32±2·07 for diazoxide.
Management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors

A gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a rare mesenchymal malignancy of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Malignant GISTs were first defined as a separate entity from a collection of nonepithelial malignancies of the GI tract in the 1980s and 1990s based on pathologic and clinical behavior. The discovery of activating KIT mutations as a near-uniform occurrence in these tumors greatly influenced the classification [1] and revolutionized therapeutic management of these tumors. To meet the next challenges, newer tyrosine kinase inhibitors and targeted agents are being developed with the goal of providing improved response rates or alternative therapies for patients progressing on established agents. In this article, the authors describe the management of GISTs, concentrating on surgical management and targeted therapies.
Increasing Latina/o College Completion: Mistakes and Opportunities

In this essay, the authors accomplish three tasks: (a) identify common limitations of programs designed to increase the success rates of Latina/o college students; (b) describe the common characteristics of programs that exhibit effective practice; and (c) provide a framework to guide colleges and universities in designing effective program components that address the common factors impeding Latina/o student success in college.
Error Equivalence Methodology for Dimensional Variation Control in Manufacturing

The product dimensional quality could be affected by multiple error sources in manufacturing processes. One widely observed engineering phenomenon is that different error sources can result in identical error patterns on product features. For example, deviations in fixture locators and workpiece datum surfaces can produce the same type of dimensional variations in engine head machining. Such an "error equivalence" phenomenon often significantly increases the complexity of dimensional variation control such as root cause identification. By generalizing and extending the authors' previous work, the paper aims to establish error equivalence methodology which addresses issues of mathematical modeling of the error equivalence phenomenon in manufacturing, error equivalence analysis for root cause identification and automatic adjustment.
Dynamics of Phase Transitions in a Piecewise Linear Diatomic Chain

We consider a diatomic chain with nearest neighbors connected by phase-transforming springs. Assuming a piecewise linear interaction force, we use the Fourier transform to construct exact traveling wave solutions representing a moving phase-transition front and examine their stability through numerical experiments. We find that the identified traveling wave solutions may be stable in some velocity intervals. We show that the kinetic relation between the driving force on the phase boundary and its velocity is significantly affected by the ratio of the two masses. When the ratio is small enough, the relation may become multivalued at some velocities, with the two solutions corresponding to the different orders in which the two springs in a dimer cell change phase. The model bears additional interesting waveforms such as the so-called twinkling phase, which is also briefly discussed and compared to its monatomic analog.
Synthesis of nonequilibrium reactive distillation processes by MINLP optimization

A mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is presented for synthesizing reactive distillation columns when chemical reaction equilibrium cannot be assured. The MINLP minimizes the total annual cost subject to a rigorous tray-by-tray model. The solution of this MINLP yields the optimal number of trays, the optimal feed rates, and the optimal feed tray locations. The liquid holdup per tray, the reflux ratio, and the temperature and composition profiles within the column are optimized as well. The MINLP is solved using generalized Benders decomposition, and the technique is illustrated with ethylene glycol synthesis.
Stochastic-trajectories and nonPoisson kinetics in single-molecule spectroscopy

Microscopic correlation-function expressions for the stochastic evolution observed in single molecule spectroscopy are derived using Liouville-space projection operators. The kinetics of a multilevel quantum system coupled to a single collective overdamped Brownian-oscillator coordinate is exactly mapped onto a continuous-time-random-walk (CTRW) involving the transition states(curve-crossing points). Closed expressions are derived for the stochastic trajectories and the nonPoissonian distribution of number of flips. When the oscillator relaxation is fast compared with the reaction rates, the waiting time distribution becomes exponential and the standard Poisson kinetics is recovered.
A cultural mismatch: Independent cultural norms produce greater increases in cortisol and more negative emotions among first-generation college students

Abstract American universities increasingly admit first-generation students—students whose parents do not have four-year degrees. Once admitted, these students experience greater challenges adjusting to universities compared to continuing-generation students—students who have at least one parent with a four-year degree. This additional adversity is typically explained in terms of first-generation students' relative lack of economic (e.g., money) or academic (e.g., preparation) resources. We propose that this adversity also stems from a cultural mismatch between the mostly middle-class, in dependent norms institutionalized in American universities and the relatively inter dependent norms that first-generation students are socialized with in working-class contexts before college. As predicted, an experiment revealed that framing the university culture in terms of in dependent norms (cultural mismatch) led first-generation students to show greater increases in cortisol and less positive/more negative emotions than continuing-generation students while giving a speech. However, reframing the university culture to include inter dependent norms (cultural match) eliminated this gap.
Pain management during labor

Recent studies investigating the management of analgesia in childbirth have demonstrated that pain relief can be started early in labor with no negative consequences. Also of particular importance are studies showing that automated delivery of large boluses of diluted local anesthetic with opioids might be more effective than continuous background infusion of these drugs in patient-controlled epidural analgesia.
A laparoscopic approach reduces short-term complications and length of stay following ileocolic resection in Crohn's disease: an analysis of outcomes from the NSQIP database.

Aim Studies to date examining the impact of laparoscopy in resection for Crohn's disease on short-term morbidity have been limited by small study populations. The aim of this study was to establish the impact of the operative approach (laparoscopic or open) on outcomes after ileocolic resection for Crohn’s disease. Method Ileocolic resections for Crohn’s disease were identified using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database (2005–2009). Complications were categorized as major (organ system damage and systemic sepsis) or minor (incisional and urinary infections). Multivariate 30-day outcomes and length of stay were determined using linear models adjusting for patient characteristics, comorbidities and operative approach. Results Of 1917 ileocolic resections, 644 (34%) were performed laparoscopically. At baseline, the open group was significantly older, had more comorbidities, higher American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classes, and more intra-operative transfusions (all variables, P < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, laparoscopic ileocolic resections were associated with a decrease in major (OR = 0.629, 95% CI: 0.430–0.905, P = 0.014) and minor (OR = 0.576, 95% CI: 0.405–0.804, P = 0.002) complications compared with open resections. Laparoscopy was associated with a significant reduction in adjusted length of stay compared with the open approach (−1.08 ± 0.29 days, P = 0.0002). Conclusion After adjusting for comorbidities and perioperative factors, such as preoperative sepsis, higher ASA class and higher transfusion rates in the open group, laparoscopic ileocolic resection for Crohn’s disease was found to be a safer choice than the open approach, resulting in fewer complications and length of stay. All other things being equal, such patients should be offered the laparoscopic approach as a first-choice option.
Patch exploitation in a producer-scrounger system: test of a hypothesis using flocks of spice finches (Lonchura punctulata)

Group foraging allows individuals (scroungers) to obtain food discovered by others (producers). Producer-scrounger game models typically overlook the costs and benefits of patch exploitation, assuming instead that producers and scroungers abandon patches simultaneously once depletion occurs. Here we develop an extension of the marginal value theorem of patch exploitation that includes the producer-scrounger dynamics and examine the propensity of a producer to abandon its patch before depletion once scroungers arrive. We predict that early departures should occur more often when expected searching time decreases and when competition intensity in the patch increases. Competition intensity is expected to increase when more scroungers are present or when patches are smaller. We tested these predictions using a within-subject experimental design with six captive flocks of spice finches (Lonchura punctulata), each composed of one producer and three scroungers. As predicted, producers abandoned their food discoveries more frequently once scroungers arrived when searching time was short, when more scroungers were present, and when patches were small. The results show that the producers of a patch often leave as scroungers join their food discoveries because the payoffs from leaving exceed those from staying.
Socio-Demographic Determinants of Economic Growth: Age-Structure, Preindustrial Heritage and Sociolinguistic Integration.

This study establishes a socio-demographic theory of international development derived from selected classical and contemporary sociological theories. Four hypotheses are tested: (1. population growth's effect on development depends on age-structure; (2. historic population density (used here as an indicator of preindustrial social complexity) boosts contemporary economic performance; (3. ethnic polarization impairs economic growth; and (4. a nation's degree of sociolinguistic integration positively influences economic performance. Investigating annual changes in real gross domestic product per capita from 1970 to 2000, our pooled time-series analyses of 101 developed and developing countries generally support these hypotheses net of common alternative explanations, suggesting that the etiology of economic growth could benefit from the reintroduction of classic and contemporary sociological theories.
PERMEABILIZATION BY STREPTOLYSIN‐O REVEALS A ROLE FOR CALCIUM‐DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE C ISOFORMS ALPHA AND BETA IN THE RESPONSE OF CULTURED CARDIOMYOCYTES TO HYPOSMOTIC CHALLENGE

Immunocytochemical techniques indicate that the uninhibited activity of protein kinase C alpha and protein kinase C beta are necessary for a normal regulatory volume decrease (RVD) response of cultured chick embryo cardiomyocytes subjected to a hyposmotic environment. Antibodies against protein kinase C isoforms alpha, beta, gamma and epsilon were introduced into the cultured myocytes using a developed streptolysin-O (SLO) permeabilization technique that allows the targeted cells to accumulate large biomolecules without perturbing their normal physiological state. The loaded cells were then tested for their ability to RVD when submitted to hyposmotic stimulus. Results show that exposing the cultured cells to SLO in the presence of antibodies against protein kinase C alpha and beta, prior to volume challenge, significantly slows the RVD rate. Additional experiments that combined anti-alpha and anti-beta antibodies in the same exposure media did not result in a significantly different rate than the anti-alpha or anti-beta rates alone. The evidence gained in this study is in agreement with previous work in the cultured chick embryo cardiomyocyte that report the involvement of a calcium dependent protein kinase C in the signal transduction pathway of the RVD.
The response of microscopic bubbles to sudden changes in the ambient pressure

This paper focuses on the response of bubbles to sudden changes in the ambient pressure. Trains of bubbles with radii varying between 45 and 200 μm were exposed to various pressure steps, and their response was monitored by pulsed laser holography. The experiments were performed in a specially constructed chamber, allowing generation of pressure steps ranging from 0.1 to 20 times the initial value. Air, CO2, helium and hydrogen bubbles were selected, providing a range of mass, thermal diffusivities, solubilities in water and isentropic constants. The changes in the bubbles’ diameters were determined by reconstructing the holograms, magnifying the images and measuring the sizes of individual bubbles. Most of the experiments were performed with pressure changes at the rate of 20 KPa/ms, and most data were recorded in less than 20 ms. The results confirm that, within the present range of test conditions, the bubbles can respond instantaneously to changes in the ambient pressure. The experiments also demonstrate that the response of the bubbles at the present timescales can be assumed to be isothermal (polytropic constant of 1.0), irrespective of the bubble content or size. Repeated measurements with different pressure waveforms, but with the same final pressure resulted in identical results, demonstrating that bubbles can be used as pressure sensors. Variations in timescales up to a few hundred milliseconds still resulted in the same response, confirming the isothermal assumption. The dissolved gas content had a noticeable effect on the behaviour of the CO2 bubbles, the most soluble of the gases tested, and had no detectable effect on the behaviour of air bubbles. The paper also includes a detailed error evaluation of the present experiments and an estimate of the expected error when the bubbles are utilized as pressure sensors.