cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The adenovirus E1A 243R protein purified from Escherichia coli under nondenaturing conditions is found in association with dnaK.

Abstract The adenovirus E1A 243R protein immortalizes primary cells in culture and induces part of the phenotypes required for transformation. It has also been shown to interact with a number of cellular polypeptides, including the product of the retinoblastoma gene. To understand more fully the molecular activities of the E1A 243R protein in association with these proteins as well as its role in the processes of cellular growth, we have developed a method for rapidly purifying this protein from genetically engineered Escherchia coli under non-denaturing conditions. The plasmid-encoded E1A protein, when expressed in a protease-deficient mutant, is found to have the same length and amino acid sequence as that which is produced in a mammalian cell. The procedure for purifying the E1A 2438, protein from bacteria relies primarily upon immunoaffinity chromatography and the use of a peptide comprising the epitope recognized by an E1A-specific antibody. Elution of the E1A protein under this condition allows for gentle isolation and a purity that ranges from 90 to 96%. However, without the addition of micromolar amounts of ATP prior to its elution from the antibody column, the E1A protein is found in association with an E. coli protein of 70 kDa. Immunoblot analysis with a specific antibody showed that this bacterial protein was the heat shock protein dnaK, which is known to have extensive homology with the hsp-hsc70 family of proteins in mammalian cells. Recognition of E1A by the dnaK protein may very well reflect a situation that also occurs between the mammalian heat shock proteins and the E1A 243R protein after adenovirus infection.
Self-organization of the earth's biosphere-geochemical or geophysiological?

We explore the implications of indicating the biosphere's self-organization by the trend over time of the net entropic flow from the Earth's surface, the actual physical boundary of virtually all biotic mass. This flow, derived from the radiative surface entropy budget, is approximately inversely related to the surface temperature when the solar incident flux remains constant. In the geophysiological ('gaian') interpretation, biospheric self-organization has increased with the progressive colonization of the continents and evolutionary developments in the land biota, as a result of surface cooling arising from biotic enhancement of weathering. The key site for this self-organization is at the interface between land and atmosphere, the soil, where carbon is sequestered by its reaction (as carbonic and organic acids) with calcium magnesium silicates. Along with disequilibrium (steady-state) levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the occurrence of differentiated soil is the critical material evidence for biospheric self-organization, whether it be geophysiological or geochemical (ie., purely result of inorganic reactions). The computed equilibrium levels of carbon dioxide and corresponding equilibrium temperatures in the past are dramatically different from the steady-state levels. With future solar luminosity increase, the biospheric capacity for climatic regulation will decrease, leading to the ending of self-organization some two billion years from now. The Earth's surface will then approach chemical equilibrium with respect to the carbonate-silicate cycle.
Integrated Diagnostics for Rapid Quantitation of Biomarkers in Human Fluids

A fast, accurate differential diagnosis is a tremendous challenge in clinical medicine. For example, in emergency settings differential diagnosis of infection from inflammation is needed, as a timely and actionable diagnosis is critical. Consequently, diagnostics capable of measuring multiple biomarkers would support clinical decision-making related to diagnosis, containment, and treatment. Microfluidic assays are exceptionally well-suited for near-patient clinical diagnostics (i.e., ambulance, emergency room, field hospital). We present spectrally multiplexed homogeneous electrophoretic immunoassays for specific protein disease biomarkers. Biomarkers are resolved quickly (< 60 s), in ultra-short separation lengths (< 1 mm), and at clinically relevant concentrations (nM). On-going work will be presented and centers on endogenous protein measurements in clinical samples in support of near-patient assessment.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The shift to specialism in medicine: the U.S. Army in World War II.

While many are aware that a rapid advance in medical specialism occurred as a result of the introduction in 1965 of Medicare, with its liberal funding for graduate medical education, not many realize that a perhaps more significant rise in the number of specialists began right after World War II. Specialists were in great demand as the army planned for the treatment of several hundred thousand battle casualties who were returned to the United States at the end of the war, and many recently discharged medical officers took advantage of the G.I. Bill to train in specialty and subspecialty medicine. The author describes his experiences as director of the Resources Analysis Division, which was charged with developing and implementing a plan for treating the battle casualties of World War II. In his role, the author was to ensure a military hospital system was in place to provide high-quality specialty care to returning soldiers. He discusses how he and others accomplished this goal and what happened in this specialty hospital system after the wounded returned and peace was declared.
Fiber deposition along airway walls: Effects of fiber cross-section on rotational interception

Abstract Jeffery's equations of motion for ellipsoidal bodies in shear flow are applied to triaxial ellipsoids using numerical integration and modeling. The rotational behaviors of prolate triaxial ellipsoids are compared with ellipsoids of revolution, and the resultant motions are demonstrated to differ significantly. The effects of initial orientations on inhaled fiber motion in human airways are examined, and deposition efficiencies along airway walls are computed.
Strategies for information requirements determination

Correct and complete information requirements are key ingredients in planning organizational information systems and in implementing information systems applications. Yet, there has been relatively little research on information requirements determination, and there are relatively few practical, well-formulated procedures for obtaining complete, correct information requirements. Methods for obtaining and documenting information requirements are proposed, but they tend to be presented as general solutions rather than alternative methods for implementing a chosen strategy of requirements determination. This paper identifies two major levels of requirements: the organizational information requirements reflected in a planned portfolio of applications and the detailed information requirements to be implemented in a specific application. The constraints on humans as information processors are described in order to explain why "asking" users for information requirements may not yield a complete, correct set. Various strategies for obtaining information requirements are explained. Examples are given of methods that fit each strategy. A contingency approach is then presented for selecting an information requirements determination strategy. The contingency approach is explained both for defining organizational information requirements and for defining specific, detailed requirements in the development of an application.
Hybrid Clustering of Large Text Data

Clustering algorithms often require that the entire dataset be kept in the computer memory. When the dataset is large and does not fit into available memory one has to compress the dataset to make the application of clustering algorithms possible. The Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering algorithm (BIRCH) is a clustering algorithm designed to operate under the assumption "the amount of memory available is limited, whereas the dataset can be arbitrary large". The algorithm generates "a compact dataset summary" minimizing the I/O cost involved. The "summaries" contain enough information to apply the well known k-means clustering algorithm to the set of summaries and to generate partitions of the original dataset. An application of k-means requires an initial partition to be supplied as an input. To generate a "good" initial partition of the "summaries" this paper suggests a clustering algorithm, PDsDP, motivated by PDDP. We report preliminary numerical experiments involving sequential applications of BIRCH, PDsDP, and k-means/Deterministic Annealing to the Enron email dataset.
Some "marketing correct" recommendations for family planning campaigns.

SUMMARY This paper takes issue with some recommendations that have been made for communication and motivation in family planning programs and suggests some ways in which family planning marketing may be improved. The author agrees that family planning programs should initially emphasize information, facts, and logistics, and that the subsequent campaign should aim at the best prospects, emphasize self-interest, belay the audience's distrust of the communicator, make post-delivery visits to the mother, work with impersonal messages, and legitimate the behavior that it wants to stimulate. But he suggests that private, personal communication has not been shown to be most efficient; that amounts of information should be large, not small; and that messages should be distributed as widely as possible and be as various as possible. In the end, an appropriate message-accounting system and an explicit consideration of the dollarvalue of each "customer," when imposed upon these principles of hard-nosed advertising experience, will be invaluable to the growth and success of the family planning campaign. Professor Donald J. Bogue entitled a provocative and interesting article "Some Tentative Recommendations for a 'Sociologically Correct' Family Planning Communication and Motivation Program in India."' But famnily-planning campaigns are an exercise in marketing and advertising (as Bogue himself is the first to admit elsewhere). Therefore, it seems sensible to inquire into advertising-correct and marketing-correct principles of famnily planning communication. I shall do so here, mostly in the context of a comparison with the principles that Bogue derived from his examination of relevant sociological principles. There are eight important areas of agreement, points on which advertising and marketing knowledge coincides with Bogue's deductions from sociological theory:
Exploiting Stroke Orientation for CRF Based Binarization of Historical Documents

We present a novel binarization method that is especially effective on historical documents with the following characteristics: (a) the documents contain free-form cursive handwritten text with significant but consistent slant, (b) scanning artifacts resulting in the text and background pixels not having uniform intensity even within the same page, and (c) pages containing significant amount of bleeds from the other side of the page. In order to tackle the problem of non-uniform text and background intensity, we use a thresholding algorithm that works equally well for regions of the page containing text and regions of the page containing no text. We then combine this algorithm with a CRF-based framework which handles bleeds using a novel approach to further improve the quality of binarization. We compare the proposed binarization algorithm against other popular binarization algorithms both qualitatively using examples and quantitatively using the word error rate (WER) metric from performing optical character recognition (OCR) on binarized text using the BBN Byblos Offline Handwritten text recognition (OHR) system.
Development of a new liquid chromatography method for the separation and speciation of organic and inorganic selenium compounds via particle beam-hollow cathode glow discharge-optical emission spectroscopy

A system for the separation and detection of inorganic and organic selenium compounds utilizing particle beam-hollow cathode glow discharge-optical emission spectroscopy (PB-HC-OES) as a selenium-specific detector has been investigated. The PB interface includes a thermoconcentric nebulizer to generate a finely dispersed aerosol, a heated metal spray chamber for desolvation, and a two-stage momentum separator, which removes solvent vapor. The resulting beam of dry analyte particles are introduced into a heated (∼250 °C) hollow cathode, where they are vaporized, atomized and excited within the plasma. Using LC-PB-HC-OES the following compounds were examined: selenocystine, selenomethionine, selenoethionine, sodium selenate, and sodium selenite. A reverse phase ion-pairing chromatography method was developed to separate these five compounds (both organic and inorganic), with UV absorbance monitored at 210 nm. The Se I 204.0 nm atomic emission intensity was then monitored by coupling the LC column with the PB-HC-OES system. Emission responses for the selenium of both the organic and inorganic compounds in flow injection mode using 200 µL injection volumes indicate detection limits of ∼200 ppb (100 ng) with less than 10% RSD variability for triplicate injections over a range of 200–1960 ng. The retention times of the five analyte peaks are similar to those detected by UV absorbance, demonstrating the ability of the PB interface to preserve the chromatographic integrity of the separation. Optical emission detection of liquid chromatographic separations of the selenium-containing compounds demonstrates the feasibility of the PB-HC-OES system as a simple selenium-specific detector for liquid chromatography.
Plasma‐deposited polymer films. II. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy

A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of plasma-formed polyethylene and polystyrene is reported. A two-phase structure of spheres embedded in a polymer binder is evident, supporting the predictions of earlier low-angle x-ray scattering data taken of these two plasma-deposited polymers.
A within-session effect after prolonged training in probability learning by rats

Five rats performed in a discrete-trials two-choice probability-learning experiment with a correction procedure. The constant probability of reinforcement for the less frequently reinforced choice (A1) was β =.3. Training continued for 12,500 trials—100 per day for 125 days. At asymptote, the relative frequency of A1 was.39 on Trial 1,.26 over Trials 1–4, but only.06 over Trials 90–100. This within-session effect suggests a new interpretation of the probability-matching vs maximizing controversy.
SU-FF-I-08: Ramping and Overscanning Contributions to Patient Dose in Helical CT

Purpose: In helical computed tomography(CT) scans, slices adjacent to the clinical volume of interest, known as z overscanning lengths, are acquired for reconstruction. Additionally, CT machines undergo a transient power state, known as tube ramping, to reach full power. This investigation will characterize the dependence of tube ramping time and z overscanning length on pitch, rotation time, beam collimation, and reconstruction slice width. These relationships will be utilized to determine the contributions to patient dose. Methods and Materials: A real‐time fiber optic coupled dosimetrysystem with 10 ms temporal resolution is interfaced with three organic scintillators with 0.157 mm3 volumes. A Siemens Somatom Sensation 16 multislice helical CT scanner is used for the study with pitches varying from 0.5 to 1.5; rotation speeds between 0.5 and 1.5 seconds per rotation; reconstructed slice widths of 2.0 to 10.0 mm; and beam collimation of either 12 or 24 mm. One dosimeter remains stationary while two dosimeters are translated through the beam to provide real‐time profiles of the x‐ray field. Results: The ramping time was found to be independent of pitch and represented 0.5% of the total scan time. The z overscanning length was found to be monotonically increasing with pitch and represents anywhere from 14.3% to 35.9% of the total scan length. Conclusions: While ramping time remained constant, it has been demonstrated that z overscanning length is heavily dependent upon pitch — a high pitch added 7.1 cm to a 20.3 cm clinical scan length. Both z overscanning and ramping time must be taken into consideration when planning and managing patient dose. The effect of rotation time, beam collimation, and reconstruction slice width on ramping time and z overscanning length will be investigated in future work.
Direct dynamic imaging of non-adiabatic spin torque effects

The torque contributions exerted by spin-polarized currents on magnetic structures are not fully understood due to the difficulty in discerning their relative weight. Pollard et al. propose a novel method to directly determine the value of the competing spin transfer torques by in-situ Lorentz microscopy.
Object tracking under low signal-to-noise-ratio with the instantaneous-possible-moving-position model

Combing image processing technique and the probabilistic data association (PDA) motion model, we develop a novel framework to solve the problem of object tracking for non-electromechanical system with overwhelming noise background. The new model has two advantages: (1) By integrating the statistical motion model, the movement of object in many non-electromechanical systems could be more precisely simulated than existing ones. (2) Because of the adoption of a global search for optimal model parameters, the proposed model is better to track objects in high noise environment, comparing with other methods that rely on consecutive frames differentiating. We derive the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm within the proposed model. Its usefulness is demonstrated with both synthesized data and image data set. Model Stability is introduced to quantify the usefulness of the model. Highlights? The model characterizes the motion of objects in short time interval based on visuals. ? Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is adopted to estimate the parameters. ? Proposing model stability to evaluate tracking feasibility. ? The promises for point-shaped object tracking are proved by synthetic and image data set.
Interference Cancellation and Detection for Multiple Access Channels with Four Users

In multiple access channels, when users know each other channels, precoders can be designed utilizing channel information to cancel the interference at the receiver without sacrificing the diversity or the complexity of the system. In a recent work, it was shown that when there are only two users, a receiver can completely cancel the interference and provide full diversity for each user. Unfortunately, the scheme only works for two users. In this paper, we extend the scheme to 4 users. In other words, we propose a system to achieve interference cancellation and full diversity with low complexity for 4 users. We also provide simulation results that confirm our analysis.
Private Trade Between England and China in the Eighteenth Century

and Commerce .ournal than in the case of imports. The private trade of Captain Elliston of the Lynn (480 tons) in 1729-30 consisted of 886 ounces of gold (? 2,500), 58 piculs of tea (? 450), chinaware (? 318), arrack (? 20), 300 bundles of rattans (C 15), 90 cwt. of mother-ofpearl (? 130), So handkerchiefs (? 40) and fans, pictures, lacquered ware, etc (? 171), a total of ? 3,744 = tls. I I,232. In 1733-34 Chief Mate Shutter of the Wyndham (470 tons) exported 800 pieces of woven silks (Tls. 2,65o), and lacquered ware, chinaware and 465 lbs. of tea (Tls. 257) with a total value of Tls. 2,907, while Second Mate Woodford had woven silks, tea, and chinaware valued at Tls. i,826 (see Appendix VIII).2) Captain Fenner of the Walpole (499 tons) in 1759-60 exported I10 chests (66J lbs. each) of tea, 3 boxes of gamboge, 15 boxes of rhubarb, 1o boxes and 50 bags of turmeric, 70 bags of sago, 700 bundles of rattans, and 5 chests, 30 half-chests and 2 boxes of chinaware.3) In 1764-65 Captain Pigou of the British King (499 tons) exported i i i chests of hyson tea (Tls. 3,330), wrought silks (Tls. 25 0), chinaware and lacquered ware (Tls. 3,1oo), Nankeens (Tls. iio), rhubarb (Tls. 120),
Generalization of fixed-interval response patterning in pigeons"

Three pigeons were trained on a multiple schedule in which keypecking was reinforced on a fixed-interval (FI) schedule in the presence of a vertical line and on a variable-interval (VI) schedule in the presence of a horizontal line. Response rates in the former component were positively accelerated (the “FI scallop”), whereas response rates in the second component were relatively constant. In a subsequent generalization test on the line-tilt continuum, the index of curvature decreased systematically as the line was rotated from vertical to horizontal in 30-deg steps. Frequency distributions of indices of curvature suggested that intermediate average index values for intermediate generalization test stimuli were mainly the result of intermediate response patterns in the individual test stimulus presentation, rather than the averaging of VI-like patterns during some stimulus presentations with FI-like patterns during other stimulus presentations.
Adenylation Enzyme Characterization Using γ -18O4-ATP Pyrophosphate Exchange

We present here a rapid, highly sensitive nonradioactive assay for adenylation enzyme selectivity determination and characterization. This method measures the isotopic back exchange of unlabeled pyrophosphate into gamma-(18)O(4)-labeled ATP via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS), electrospray ionization liquid chromatography MS, or electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-tandem MS and is demonstrated for both nonribosomal (TycA, ValA) and ribosomal synthetases (TrpRS, LysRS) of known specificity. This low-volume (6 microl) method detects as little as 0.01% (600 fmol) exchange, comparable in sensitivity to previously reported radioactive assays and readily adaptable to kinetics measurements and high throughput analysis of a wide spectrum of synthetases. Finally, a previously uncharacterized A-T didomain from anthramycin biosynthesis in the thermophile S. refuinius was demonstrated to selectively activate 4-methyl-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid at 47 degrees C, providing biochemical evidence for a new aromatic beta-amino acid activating adenylation domain and the first functional analysis of the anthramycin biosynthetic gene cluster.
VIEWS ON POLICY

Views on Policy, sponsored by the AAA Committee on Public Policy (COPP), provides perspectives on policy issues based on anthropological research and keeps members informed about COPP initiatives. COPP currently is focusing on the following policy arenas: environment, health, education, information technology, globalization and poverty/welfare. We encourage AAA members to submit short (800-word) contributions addressing ways in which anthropology informs policy or reports on experiences within the policy process. Please send contributions to Melissa Checker, Dept of Anthropology, 316 Manning Hall, U of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38157; mchecker@memphis.edu.
There Is a World Outside of Experimental Designs: Using Twins to Investigate Causation.

This study introduces a co-twin control method commonly used in the medical literature but not often within educational research. This method allows for a comparison of twins discordant for an “exposure,” approximating alternative outcomes in the counterfactual model. Example analyses use data drawn from the Florida Twin Project on Reading to determine whether exposure to “teacher quality,” measured by growth in oral reading fluency (ORF) scores of classmates, causally affects ORF performance of twins in the subsequent years. The analysis highlights PROC MIXED in SAS, including a novel expansion to allow for the nested data. Results from 2,788 twins suggested that being in classrooms with lower teacher quality in first grade leads to lower ORF scores in second and third grade with little indication of possible genetic or environmental confounding.
Effects of Frequency Averaging on Estimates of Plasma Wave Coherence Spectra

The effects of frequency averaging (i. e., data smoothing) on digitally computed plasma-wave coherence-spectra are investigated. Such averaging, or smoothing, of the data is necessary to reduce the variance of the spectral estimators to acceptable levels. However, too much averaging results in a loss of frequency resolution and in an "artificial" reduction of the degree of coherence characterizing each wave in the fluctuation spectrum. This latter problem is the subject of this paper and is concluded that in order to avoid such difficulties, it is necessary: (1) that the averaging bandwidth be small compared to the spectral bandwidth of the wave packet, and (2) that the distance between the two spatial monitoring points be small compared to the coherence length of the wave packet.
Ranking Sealed High-Bid and Open Asymmetric Auctions

For an important family of asymmetric auctions, we show that the seller's expected revenue is higher in the sealed high-bid auction than in the open auction. This is true for any arbitrary numbers of weak and strong buyers. The family has linear equilibrium bidding strategies, and provides a fertile ground for research in asymmetric auctions. We establish many interesting properties of the linear asymmetric auction model. Revenue comparisons for the two auction formats are performed using data observed in U.S. forest timber auctions. By taking realistic parameters fitting the data, and compare the theoretical predictions of the revenues from the two auction formats, we show that the revenue difference is minimal with a fixed number of participants. When the difference in participation is taken into account, the revenue difference predicted by the linear model is quite similar to the empirical results of Athey, Levin and Seira (2004).
Public Perception of Cancer Survival Rankings

Past research has observed that certain subgroups (e.g., individuals who are overweight/obese) have inaccurate estimates of survival rates for particular cancers (e.g., colon cancer). However, no study has examined whether the lay public can accurately rank cancer survival rates in comparison with one another (i.e., rank cancers from most deadly to least deadly). A sample of 400 Indiana adults aged 18 to 89 years (M = 33.88 years) completed a survey with questions regarding perceived cancer survival rates. Most cancers were ranked accurately; however, breast and stomach cancer survival rankings were highly distorted such that breast cancer was perceived to be significantly more deadly and stomach cancer significantly less deadly than reality. Younger participants also overestimated the survival rate for pancreatic cancer. These distortions mirror past content analytic work demonstrating that breast, stomach, and pancreatic cancers are misrepresented in the news.
Integrated management of land and water resources based on a collective approach to fragmented international conventions

Interlinked crises of land degradation, food security, ecosystem decline, water quality and water flow depletion stand in the way of poverty reduction and sustainable development. These crises are made worse by increased fluctuations in climatic regimes. Single–purpose international conventions address these crises in a piecemeal, sectoral fashion and may not meet their objectives without greater attention to policy, legal, and institutional reforms related to: (i) balancing competing uses of land and water resources within hydrologic units; (ii) adopting integrated approaches to management; and (iii) establishing effective governance institutions for adaptive management within transboundary basins. This paper describes this global challenge and argues that peace, stability and security are all at stake when integrated approaches are not used. The paper presents encouraging results from a decade of transboundary water projects supported by the Global Environment Facility in developing countries that test practical applications of processes for facilitating reforms related to land and water that are underpinned by science–based approaches. Case studies of using these participative processes are described that collectively assist in the transition to integrated management. A new imperative for incorporatiing interlinkages among food, water, and environment security at the basin level is identified.
A neuromorphic approach to adaptive digital circuitry

A design for an adaptive digital circuit based on neuromorphic (brain-inspired) architecture is proposed. The neuromorphic model used is a two-layered perceptron that utilizes a form of least-mean-square error correction in order to learn appropriate internal representations necessary to accomplish the mapping of binary input vectors into desired binary output vectors. The proposed network design differs from the theoretical model in that limited density between layers and quantized parameter values are used to facilitate VLSI fabrication. Simulation results indicate that the simplified version of the network behaves in ways similar to the fully connected, floating-point network with approximately the same number of elements in the middle layer. Circuits which are designed with neural-inspired, cellular topology would have the advantage of high fault tolerance, since information is stored in neural networks in a distributed, rather than a local, fashion. >
High-risk carotid endarterectomy.

"High-risk" carotid endarterectomy (CEA): fact or fiction? To answer this question we reviewed the available evidence starting from controlled randomized trials, through retrospective population- and large institution-based studies to case-series. CEA can be performed in most "high-risk" patients with low mortality and morbidity. A broad concept of high-risk CEA, based merely on exclusion from previous controlled randomized CEA trials, cannot be justified. The vast majority of evidence suggests that age (≥80 years) per se should not be considered a high-risk criterion for CEA. However, it appears that there are certain individual risk factors, which may influence outcome adversely. It appears that CEA in the setting of contralateral carotid occlusion may be associated with very slightly increased risk of adverse perioperative events. Local risk factors, namely carotid reoperation and CEA following prior cervical radiation therapy, are associated with slightly increased stroke, death and probably cranial nerve injury rates. If these risk factors are frequent in a particular series the overall outcome of CEA will be worse. In the absence of level-one evidence on the long-term efficacy of carotid artery stenting (CAS) in stroke prophylaxis, selection for CAS should be restricted to well-defined high-risk categories, such as severe medical comorbidities or local-anatomic risk factors.
On the complexity of computing the homology type of a triangulation

An algorithm for computing the homology type of a triangulation is analyzed. By triangulation is meant a finite simplicial complex; its homology type is given by its homology groups (with integer coefficients). The algorithm could be used in computer-aided design to tell whether two finite-element meshes or Bezier-spline surfaces are of the same topological type, and whether they can be embedded in R/sup 3/. Homology computation is a pure combinatorial problem of considerable intrinsic interest. While the worst-case bounds obtained for this algorithm are poor, it is argued that many triangulations (in general) and virtually all triangulations in design are very sparse in a particular sense. This sparseness measure is formalized, and a probabilistic analysis of the sparse case is performed to show that the expected running time, of the algorithm is roughly quadratic in the geometric complexity (number of simplices) and linear in the dimension. >
Large-area vapor-phase growth and characterization of MoS(2) atomic layers on a SiO(2) substrate.

Atomic-layered MoS(2) is synthesized directly on SiO(2) substrates by a scalable chemical vapor deposition method. The large-scale synthesis of an atomic-layered semiconductor directly on a dielectric layer paves the way for many facile device fabrication possibilities, expanding the important family of useful mono- or few-layer materials that possess exceptional properties, such as graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).
Development of t(8;21) and RUNX1–RUNX1T1 in the Philadelphia-positive clone of a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia: additional evidence for multiple steps involved in disease progression

A 65-year-old patient with a high hemoglobin and hematocrit was treated for 14 months with therapeutic phlebotomy when cytogenetics of bone marrow revealed 100% cells with the Ph chromosome and 45% of the Ph+ cells contained trisomy 8. Treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors did not reduce the BCR-ABL1 fusion positive clone. Instead, the Ph positive cells acquired further the t(8;21)/ RUNX1-RUNX1T1 , del(4q) and trisomy 15 chromosomal abnormalities which were resistant to further treatment. Literature review revealed eight other patients who either had t(9;22) and t(8;21) simultaneously or developed t(8;21) in the Ph positive clone. We conclude that there are rare patients with CML who either present in blast crisis with coexistence of t(9;22) and t(8;21) with or without +8, or progress to blast crisis with acquiring RUNX1-RUNX1T1 in the BCR-ABL1 clone which may or may not be therapy related and represent a later event in a multistep pathogenesis.
Investigation of Non-Swirling and Swirling Turbulent Jet Flows using Unified LES-RANS Models

Large-eddy simulation (LES) has proven to be an accurate and computationally feasible approach for swirling turbulent jet flow simulations. However, the inflow conditions of swirling turbulent jet flows are often determined by a nozzle flow, which has a significant influence on the jet flow development. LES simulations of the nozzle flow is often infeasible: the simulation of near-wall fluid motions requires computational costs that are comparable with those of direct numerical simulation. Hence, nozzle flow simulations have to be performed using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) methods. The numerical predictions of RANS models are unreliable when no experimental or benchmark data is available for comparison. Hence, there is a need for the development of models which can simulate both the nozzle flow and the jet flow region accurately. This study investigates the combined numerical simulation of a nozzle flow and swirling turbulent jet flow by a unified turbulence model. The unified turbulence model combines RANS methods in the near-wall region with LES methods away from the wall. The numerical simulations performed using the unified model have a much lesser computational cost than the combined nozzle and jet flow simulations using LES. The accuracy of the numerical predictions are validated against experimental data for non-swirling and swirling turbulent jet flows. The application of the validated model to studies of the mechanism of swirl effects shows the following. Swirl breaks apart the typical ring structures of non-swirling turbulent jets into two modes: a helical mode and streamwise braid structures. The interaction of these two modes generates unorganized turbulence that enhances the turbulent mixing.
Trends in National Science Foundation funded research and their impact on software engineering education

Trends in software engineering education are discussed from the point of view of the changing environment for both education and research in computer science and engineering. Programs of the National Science Foundation and other federal agencies along with substantial contributions from private industries and foundations have dramatically changed the research infrastructure. These changes have generated important consequences for both graduate and undergraduate education.
Lateral Deflections and Stresses in Building Frames

Method of analyzing multistory rigid frames for deflections and stresses caused by lateral loads; analysis is based on structural properties of frame members and gives answers in same range of accuracy as those obtained by use of "Approximate" Slope Deflection Method; sources and probable magnitude of error in calculated stress and deflection.
Anxiety Disorders in Children

The concept of anxiety is critical to all theories of psychopathology, whether pertaining to children or adults. The theories differ in their postulates as to the origins of anxiety, the nature of the coping mechanisms against anxiety, and the concrete and manifest consequences of anxiety, but there is no psychological model of mental function that does not integrate it into its structure. In spite of the long history of the concept, anxiety disorders are not well understood. There has been remarkably little attempt made to refine them, but it is readily apparent, even to the untutored, that anxiety takes various forms (Klein, 1976).
Symposium Incomplete Contracts: Judicial Responses, Transactional Planning and Litigation - Introduction

This introduction introduces three articles in a Symposium by Richard Craswell, Avery Katz, Robert Scott and George Triantis on the topic of incomplete contracts. The Symposium appears in 56 CASE WES. L. REV. 135 (2005). The recognition that parties will often fail to achieve completely contingent contracts that provide for an optimal outcome in any future state of the world raises the important question of what role courts could or should play in such contracts. Scholars working in the law-and-economics tradition have suggested that courts should use a hypothetical bargain approach to incompleteness, filling in terms that are optimal (efficient) and that the parties themselves would have achieved were it not for the transaction costs. While the authors in this Symposium draw on this traditional economic analysis of contracts, they explore new insights from economics that complicate the analysis of incompleteness in contracts. Relying on economists' theories of incomplete contracts, the Symposium authors identify uncertainty and the cost of and limited access to information as key problems affecting parties both ex ante when contracts are being drafted and ex post when they are being enforced. Uncertainty is a factor that makes it difficult to negotiate contracts that can simultaneously protect specific investments and also promote efficiency ex post. The Symposium authors sort out what economists and lawyers mean when they reference an "incomplete contract" and identify two key assumptions of the new economic literature. These two assumptions are (1) courts are imperfect and may be unable to verify certain facts, and (2) parties can renegotiate the terms of their contracts. Using these insights, the three authors address the implications of the verifiability problem and possibility of renegotiating contractual terms for (1) parties designing complete and contingent efficient contracts, (2) scholars designing theoretical solutions to the verifiability problem, (3) courts searching for rules that will best promote optimal investment beforehand and ex post efficiency once the future has resolved the prior uncertainty, and (4) contracts scholars attempting to decide what issues should be further explored.
I. Cellular and molecular biology of sodium channel β-subunits: therapeutic implications for pain?*

Voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunits have been shown to be key mediators of the pathophysiology of pain. The present review considers the role of sodium channel auxiliary β-subunits in channel modulation, channel protein expression levels, and interactions with extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal signaling molecules. Although β-subunits have not yet been directly implicated in pain mechanisms, their intimate association with and ability to regulate α-subunits predicts that they may be a viable target for therapeutic intervention in the future. It is proposed that multifunctional sodium channel β-subunits provide a critical link between extracellular and intracellular signaling molecules and thus have the ability to fine tune channel activity and electrical excitability.
A Note on Gambling in Industrialized Nations

Per capita gambling expenditures differ considerably among industrialized nations. Although such variation cannot be understood by reference to standard economic factors, a large part of these differences can be explained by two cultural variables. These are respectively related to the willingness of the population to accept income risks and to the basic values held by the population concerning the acceptability of behavior not reflected by the standard norms of "good behavior." This note shows how such cultural variables can be introduced into an economic analysis in a systematic fashion.
Protective Proteins in Mammalian Milks: Lactoferrin Steps Forward

Human milk is the ideal nutrient for neonates. Breastfeeding exposes neonates to maternal microflora, provides host protection, and has proteins that mediate immune system development. Lactoferrin (LF) is the major whey protein in mammalian milk, and its multifunctional characteristics have shown importance in preventing infections. Ferric iron binding and natural peptide antibiotic properties of LF likely promote a healthy intestinal microbiome that prevents bacterial translocation and mediates optimal epithelial growth and differentiation. An established asset of LF is stimulation of naive dendritic cells; this initiates the emergence of neonatal Th1 helper cells, thereby reversing the Th2 bias associated with pregnancy. Moreover, LF promotes development of Peyer patches, which leads to enhanced IgA secretion into the intestinal lumen. The anti-inflammatory properties of LF involve its binding of endotoxin and other proinflammatory molecules released by intestinal pathogens. LF also blocks receptors that microbes use for epithelial invasion, and thus LF mitigates a proinflammatory response by the host during infection. These properties of LF are known from basic science research and preclinical investigations, and they have resulted in the enteral use of bovine and recombinant human LF to prevent neonatal late onset sepsis. Bovine LF has been shown to reduce the incidence of late onset sepsis in extremely preterm infants, but Food and Drug Administration approval of LF for use in the NICU has not taken place. Because LF is currently available only for scientific investigations, the feeding of a mother9s milk is encouraged shortly after birth because the concentration of LF is highest in colostrum.
Water, Water Everywhere: A New Cause and a New Treatment for Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Diabetes insipidus is a rare condition in which patients produce very large quantities of dilute urine. In the most severe forms, patients can produce 1 L urine every 1 hour 24 h/d, 7 d/wk, and 365 d/yr and must drink a comparable amount of water to avoid severe dehydration. Diabetes insipidus can
Are endoscopic measurements of colonic polyps reliable

Many clinical studies of colorectal adenomatous polyps rely on endoscopic estimation of polyp size. To examine the reliability of such measurements, we conducted a study using artificial polyps in an endoscopy teaching model. Eight experienced endoscopists estimated the size of 13 polyps in two separate sessions 2 wk apart. Endoscopic estimates of polyp size tended to be significantly lower than the true polyp size for all polyps and all endoscopists at both sessions. We also found a statistically significant difference in the magnitude of the underestimation between the first and second session (p < 0.0001). At the first session, polyps tended to be estimated at 64% of their true size, and at the second session, the estimates tended to be at 77% of the actual polyp size. We estimate the magnitude of the variation in polyp measurements due to individual polyps, endoscopist, and examination session, and discuss the impact these sources of variation have in planning of clinical trials.
Evolution, Creationism, and the Battle to Control America's Classrooms: Teachers and What They Teach

One Hundred Years without Darwin Are Enough: When we say a thing is a fact, then, we only mean that its probability is an extremely high one: so high that we are not bothered by doubt about it and are ready to act accordingly. Now in this use of the term fact, the only proper one, evolution is a fact. For the evidence in favor of it is as voluminous, diverse, and convincing as in the case of any other well established fact of science concerning the existence of things that cannot be directly seen, such as atoms, neutrons, or solar gravitation… Hermann J. Muller (1959) The scientific case against evolution: The fact that macroevolution (as distinct from microevolution) has never been observed would seem to exclude it from the domain of true science. Henry M. Morris (2000) Our investigation into the politics of evolution and creationism has shown that, beginning with Epperson v. Arkansas (1968), U.S. federal courts have increasingly narrowed the range of acceptable public policies that state governments may enact concerning evolution. Today, states may choose to de-emphasize evolution in their curricula and select textbooks based on how extensively evolution is covered, so long as they do not also promote explicitly biblical creationism or “creation science.” In addition, although the district court decision in Kitzmiller v. Dover only serves as a legally binding precedent within the Middle District of Pennsylvania, it is likely to discourage efforts to introduce intelligent design into public school curricula elsewhere. Nevertheless, we showed in the previous chapter that this narrowed range still allows for enormous diversity in state curricular standards, with some of this diversity being a reflection of public opinion (less rigorous standards where opinion is most opposed to teaching evolution). Where standards are more rigorous than public opinion might suggest (e.g., Indiana and North Carolina), we see evidence of the success of scientific organizations to get state educational bureaucracies to enact model curricula. In states whose curricula are not as sophisticated as the public might demand (e.g., Maine), the explanation may be due to state bureaucratic capacity and limited resources.
Cenozoic Climate – Oxygen Isotope Evidence

Discoveries of fossil remains of 50 million year old alligators on Ellesmere Island and 30}40 million year-old forests on Antarctica contrast sharply with our present vision of polar climates. These are not isolated discoveries or quirks of nature. An evergrowing body of faunal, Soral, and geochemical evidence shows that the Rrst half of the Cenozoic Era was much warmer than the present time. What maintained such a warm climate and could it be an analog for future global warming? To address these and other questions, one needs more than a qualitative estimate of planetary temperatures. Quantitative temperature estimates (both magnitudes and rates of change) are required to depict how the Earth’s climate has changed through time. One of the most powerful tools used to reconstruct past climates during the Cenozoic (the last 65 million years of Earth’s history) is the analysis of oxygen isotopes in the fossil shells of marine organisms. The calcium carbonate shells of the protist foraminifera are the most often analyzed organisms because the different species are distributed throughout surface (planktonic) and deep (benthic) marine environments.
Detrimental Effects of Community-Based Stigma

This introductory essay provides an update of the state of stigma research. Following this, an overview of the six stigma studies included in this issue is presented.