cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mathematical modeling of retinal birefringence scanning.

Retinal birefringence scanning (RBS) is a new technique that is used to detect the fixation of the eye remotely and noninvasively. The method is based on analysis of polarization changes induced by the retina. In this study, the principles of RBS were mathematically modeled to facilitate a better understanding of the origins of the signals obtained. Stokes vector analysis and Mueller matrix multiplication were augmented with Poincare sphere representation. The cornea was modeled as a linear retarder. The foveal area was modeled as a radially symmetric birefringent medium. The model accurately predicted the frequency and phase of RBS signals obtained during central and paracentral fixation. The signal that indicates central fixation during RBS likely results from a combination of the radial birefringence of the Henle fibers and the overlying corneal birefringence.
Functional stridor in adolescents

Abstract Airway obstruction demands immediate evaluation and prompt intervention. Included in the extensive differential diagnosis (1–3) is functional stridor, characterized by paradoxical vocal cord motion (Table 1). Since 1974 there have been 36 published case reports describing 72 patients with functional stridor (4–39). These patients often interact with many physicians before a correct diagnosis is made. Many unreported and misdiagnosed cases of functional stridor (4,23, 24,29), particularly among adolescents, suggest that this is a common disorder that needs better definition to aid in diagnosis and to prevent expensive, invasive, and inappropriate treatment. We have recently seen two patients who typify the presentation of this disorder. A review of the literature follows the description of these cases.
Conservation of vector-valued forms and the question of the existence of gravitational energy-momentum in general relativity

Recently, Dalton has shown that conserved vector-valued currents have nullcovariant (rather than partial) derivatives and has discussed the corollary that there is no gravitational energy-momentum in general relativity (GR). An equivalent statement on conservation of vector-valued currents was given by E. Cartan in 1922. Given the potential implications of the Dalton corollary, Cartan's contribution to this problem is reproduced here in more modern but very powerful and relatively simple language. For completeness, his accompanying work on the current of GR is also included. The question then arises of whether or not the absence of a gravitational source in GR is a problem. For the purpose of comparison, we consider the gravitational sector of teleparallelism-withtorsion theories. These exhibit field equations of the formGμν =Tμν, whereGμνis the Einstein tensor for the Levi-Civita (part of the total) connection, which is conserved. The source now has two distinct parts, one depending on both the metric and the torsion and the other metric independent. They can be viewed as being respectively gravitational and non-gravitational. In addition, the conservation law of these theories is global. It thus follows that several unesthetic (and certainly controversial) features of GR should be viewed as real problems, and not as necessary concomitants of the geometrization of the physics.
Thresholds for Laser-Induced Ion Formation from Aerosols in a Vacuum Using Ultraviolet and Vacuum-Ultraviolet Laser Wavelengths

ABSTRACT The minimum laser fluence required for the formation of ions from aerosol particles in a vacuum as a function of a number of parameters has been investigated. Although the influences of various particle properties are complex, the threshold energy density does depend on light absorption and lattice energy. Ionization thresholds were lower at 193 and 157 nm than at 248 nm. The range in ion formation thresholds for different types of particles also decreased as the laser wavelength decreased, consistent with the fact that all the substances used are likely to absorb vacuum-ultraviolet radiation fairly strongly. The threshold for negative ion formation was generally greater than that for positive ion formation. Pure sulfuric acid aerosols were ionized well only at 157 nm.
An investigation of the structure of silk fibroin

Abstract An investigation based on new X-ray diffraction data, including quantitative spectrometric measurements of X-ray intensities, has led to the derivation of the fundamental structural features of silk fibroin. The structure consists of extended polypeptide chains bonded together by lateral N—H…O hydrogen bonds to form antiparallel-chain pleated sheets. The sequence-G-X-G-X-G-X-in which G represents glycyl and X alanyl or seryl residues predominates throughout the structure, so that adjacent sheets pack together at distances of about 3.5 and 5.7 A. Longer inter-sheet distances are explained by the presence in the structure of the larger amino-acid residues, such as tyrosine.
Effect of a labratory manual design incorporating visual information-processing aids on student learning and attitudes

The elements of visual information-processing theory were applied to the design of a chemistry laboratory manual. The effectiveness of this approach on content learning, practical skill mastery, and attitudes of university students in a general chemistry course was assessed. Two versions of a laboratory manual were developed: an experimental version that promotes visual information processing by integrating pictures or diagrams with text, and a control version identical to the experimental version in both activities and structure, but without pictures or diagrams. Three assessment instruments were used: an achievement test to assess cognitive outcomes, an attitude survey to assess affective outcomes, and a manipulative skills observation checklist to assess psychomotor outcomes. Results showed that the manual incorporating visual information-processing characteristics helped students gain significantly higher scores on measures of achievement and psychomotor skills, and also stimulated students to develop more favorable attitudes toward the laboratory activities. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 34: 891–904, 1997.
High rate deposition of hafnium nitride by activated reactive evaporation (ARE)

Abstract Cemented carbide inserts are being successfully coated with HfN using the chemical vapor deposition process. Their machining performance is much better than that of uncoated tools. To coat high speed steels with HfN at low deposition temperatures and high rates, we have to resort to physical vapor deposition processes. This paper is concerned with the synthesis of HfN by the activated reactive evaporation (ARE) process and characterization of the deposits. Hafnium was evaporated from an electron beam source in the presence of the reactive gas, nitrogen, the vapor species being activated in the ARE process. The evaporation rate of the metal, reactive gas pressure, deposition temperature and the substrate material were the experimental variables. On stainless steel and high speed steel substrates HfN could be deposited, whereas on tantalum substrates, only mixtures of hafnium, Hf 3 N 2 , Hf 4 N 3 and HfN could be deposited. The microhardness of the deposits varied from 1850 to 2420 KHN.
1D and 2D Homochiral Metal-Organic Frameworks Built from a New Chiral Elongated Binaphthalene-Derived Bipyridine

Six homochiral coordination polymers 1-6 based on a new enantiopure elongated (S)-2,2'-diethoxy-1,1'-binaphthyl-6,6'-bis(4-vinylpyridine) ligand (L) and divalent metal (Zn, Cd, and Ni) connecting points were synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. These new homochiral coordination polymers adopt two distinct framework structures: a one-dimensional infinite chain structure with bridging L ligands occupying the axial positions of the metal centers and a two-dimensional rhombic grid structure formed by linking octahedrally coordinated metal centers with four pyridyl groups of bridging L ligands in the equatorial positions. The structures of these coordination polymers are sensitive to the nature of the anions as well as the solvents from which the coordination polymer crystals were grown. Powder X-ray diffraction studies showed that the two-dimensional chiral rhombic grids exhibited porosity, which could potentially find applications in enantioselective separations and catalysis.
Clumping characteristics and hydrophobic behaviour of an isolated bacterial strain from sewage sludge

A clump-forming bacterial strain was isolated from a sludge community derived from a waste water treatment plant. The Gram-negative bacterium is hydrophobic and forms an extensive capsule while clumping in dilute medium (0.1% bacto peptone). Emulsan, a capsule inhibitor, does not affect the clumping ability of this bacterium. Clumps are not dispersed with high and low pH, detergents or chelators. Bacterial clumping selected by the waste water treatment processes appears to be a complex set of interactions within and between the strains of bacteria. This study reveals some of the complexities.
Late life affective disorders

Summary Late life mood disorders are subject to many misconceptions. In this paper, misconceptions about the symptomatology, frequency and treatment of late life depression are reviewed. If late life depression is not complicated by comorbid physical illness or dementing illness, their symptoms are similar to depression in mid-life. When control factors are accounted for, late life depression is not more frequent than depression in mid-life. Ltae life depression which is uncomplicated responds well to modern pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.
Assimilatory sulfur metabolism in marine microorganisms: Sulfur metabolism, growth, and protein synthesis of Pseudomonas halodurans and Alteromonas luteo-violaceus during sulfate limitation

Sulfate concentration in the growth medium exerted a strong influence on the sulfur content of protein in two marine bacteria, Pseudomonas halodurans and Alteromonasluteo-violaceus, but the distribution of sulfur in major biochemical fractions was not affected. 90% of the total cellular sulfur was contained in low molecular weight organic compounds and protein; inorganic sulfate was not an important component. The sulfur content of isolated protein and total cellular sulfur increased in proportion to the external sulfate concentration for both bacteria, reaching a maximum at about 100–250 μM. The growth rate of P. halodurans only was dependent on the sulfate concentration.
Age-associated oxidative damage to the p62 promoter: implications for Alzheimer disease.

Abstract The absence of the p62 gene in mouse brain leads to biochemical and cognitive deficits that resemble Alzheimer disease (AD). In this context, the objective of this study was to examine the relationship between age-induced oxidative damage to the p62 promoter and AD. Increased 8-OHdG staining, a marker of oxidative stress, was observed in brain sections from mice deficient in the p62 gene compared to control. Treatment of MEF cells deficient in p62 with H2O2 resulted in decreased cell survival and an absence of Nrf2 nuclear translocation. The mouse p62 promoter exhibited elevated oxidative damage with increasing age, and the degree of p62 promoter damage was also age-correlated in human brain samples. In human subjects, the expression of p62 was decreased in AD brain relative to age-matched controls, and likewise decreased p62 expression correlated with oxidative damage to the promoter. Treatment of HEK cells with H2O2 resulted in decreased p62 expression concomitant with increased promoter damage. Consistent with these findings, a transgenic AD mouse model also exhibited increased p62 promoter damage and reduced p62 levels in brain. Altogether, our results reveal that oxidative damage to the p62 promoter correlates with decreased expression of p62 and may contribute to age-associated neurodegenerative disease such as AD and others.
In vivo and in vitro effects of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) on the rate of hen brain tubulin polymerization.

Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) produces organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) in sensitive species. We have investigated the in vivo and in vitro effects of DFP on hen brain tubulin polymerization. Hens were treated with a single dose of DFP (1.7 mg/kg, sc.), and were sacrificed after 18–21 days. Tubulin from DFP-treated hen brains showed small but significant decrease (14.42%) in the rate of polymerization and 11.05% decrease in rise in O.D. at 340 nm in 30 min. DFP in vivo treatment also resulted in decreased concentration of tau and an enhanced concentration of two peptides (45 kDa, 35 kDa) in the brain supernatant. These peptides seemed to be the degradation products of MAP-2. The decrease in the rate of brain tubulin polymerization in treated hens is consistent with neurochemical alterations and the focal degeneration and aggregation of these filamentous structures in OPIDN.
Errors in the total Bouguer reduction

This short note discusses various errors in the Bouguer reduction that have been discussed recently in the literature. It also discusses two other errors arising out of the “indirect effect” and the uncertainty in the value of the universal constant of gravitation, G, that previously have not been discussed extensively in the literature.
Comparison of the Jahn-Teller effect in four triply degenerate states of Mn + + in RbMn F 3

The Jahn-Teller energies and distortions for four excited states of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$ in RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ have been obtained. The states are $^{4}T_{1}(\mathrm{I})$, $^{4}T_{1}(\mathrm{II})$, $^{4}T_{2}(\mathrm{I})$, and $^{4}T_{2}(\mathrm{II})$. An effective force constant and cluster frequency were derived from the data for $^{4}T_{1}(\mathrm{I})$ and used to find the Jahn-Teller energies for all the states. A semiquantitative treatment of the lattice dynamics of RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ has enabled us to analyze the phonon sidebands and to describe the coupling of the cluster modes to the lattice. The experimental methods primarily involve the use of uniaxial stress, and the theoretical interpretation involves the calculation of the multiplet splitting, including the reorientation of the exchange field. Both $E$ and ${T}_{2}$ distortions were observed and the Jahn-Teller energies found vary from 58 to 458 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Even when small, the Jahn-Teller effect has significant spectral consequences. Although we did not use the crystal-field model to analyze the data, we found that it gave a good rationalization of the results.
Human movement variability, nonlinear dynamics, and pathology: Is there a connection?

Fields studying movement generation, including robotics, psychology, cognitive science, and neuroscience utilize concepts and tools related to the pervasiveness of variability in biological systems. The concept of variability and the measures for nonlinear dynamics used to evaluate this concept open new vistas for research in movement dysfunction of many types. This review describes innovations in the exploration of variability and their potential importance in understanding human movement. Far from being a source of error, evidence supports the presence of an optimal state of variability for healthy and functional movement. This variability has a particular organization and is characterized by a chaotic structure. Deviations from this state can lead to biological systems that are either overly rigid and robotic or noisy and unstable. Both situations result in systems that are less adaptable to perturbations, such as those associated with unhealthy pathological states or absence of skillfulness.
Adenovirus Endocarditis in Mice

Viral endocarditis developed in 24 percent of 50 newborn mice 6 to 8 days after intraperitoneal inoculation with murine adenovirus. Typical adenovirus intranuclear inclusions were seen in heart-valve lesions, and high titers of virus were recovered from heart tissue. Furthermore, adenovirions were directly visualized by electron microscopy within endothelial cells and fibroblasts of the heart valves.
Morphological Stability of a Particle Growing by Diffusion or Heat Flow

THE purpose of this paper is to study the stability of the shape of a phase boundary enclosing a particle whose growth during a phase transformation is regulated by the diffusion of material or the flow of heat. The principal approximations used are (1) the neglect of crystallographic factors such as elastic strain energy or anisotropy of interface properties, (2) the description of the thermal or diffusion fields by Laplace’s equation (the frequently satisfied conditions for the latter approximation to be valid are discussed explicitly), and (3) the assumption of local equilibrium at each element of interface. The question of stability is studied by introducing a perturbation in the original interface shape and determining whether this perturbation will grow or decay. The method is fundamental in the sense that the velocity of each element of interface is calculated from the basic heat flow or diffusion boundary conditions; no ad hoc principles are employed
Higher 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations associated with lower fall rates in older community-dwelling women

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of vitamin D supplementation and serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites and parathyroid hormone (PTH) with neuromuscular function and falls in older community-dwelling women. We examined these relationships using a 4-year prospective multi-center study among 9,526 community-dwelling women enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (median age: 70 years; interquartile range: 67–75) and a subset of 389 women (97%) out of 400 who were randomly selected from the entire cohort for serum measures. Measurements included: vitamin D supplementation, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH) 2D3], and serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH); grip and quadriceps strength, chair-stand time, walking speed, reaction time, and balance-walk time (including changes in grip strength, chair-stand time, walking speed and balance-walk time over approximately 3.7 years); and incident fall rates (number of falls/woman-years). In 9,526 women, vitamin D supplementation was not associated with any measures of neuromuscular function, change in neuromuscular function, or fall rates (p>0.01 for all). In a subgroup of 389 women, there was a trend of higher 25(OH)D3 concentration with slightly weaker grip strength (p=0.007), and women in the fourth quartile of 1,25(OH)2D3 had a faster chair-stand time (p=0.017) than women in the first quartile; still, in general, concentrations of 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, and iPTH were not associated with either neuromuscular function or changes in neuromuscular function (p>0.05 for all). However, higher 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration was associated with lower fall rates (p=0.039). Higher 1,25(OH)2D3 concentration is associated with a lower fall risk in older community-dwelling women, but vitamin D supplementation, and 25(OH)D3 and iPTH concentrations are not associated with either neuromuscular function or falls.
Observations on the thermoregulatory effects of preoptic warming in rats.

Abstract Experimental warming of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area was used to evaluate behavioral and autonomic thermoregulatory heat-loss responses. Hypothalamic warming was associated with reduced behavioral heat intake and decreased core and peripheral temperatures in rats working for radiant heat reward in a cold environment. Baseline rates of responding for external heat were determined by ambient temperature, but the magnitude of changes in core or peripheral temperatures during preoptic warming were not. Behavioral responses compensated for variations in ambient temperature so that the threshold hypothalamic temperature above which heat loss was activated by preoptic warming was not altered by changing ambient temperatures. Heat loss during hypothalamic warming was a function of both autonomic and behavioral thermoregulatory responses because the decrease in body heat content during preoptic warming could not be accounted for by the decreased behavioral heat intake alone. The threshold hypothalamic temperature for elicitation of tail vasodilation decreased systematically as ambient temperature increased when no behavioral option was available. In the rat, both behavioral and autonomic thermoregulatory responses cooperate to determine the magnitude of heat loss which is proportional to the magnitude of preoptic warming.
The synthesis and crystal structure of perfluorotelluranthrene, C12F8Te2

Abstract The reaction of tetrafluoro-1,2-diiodobenzene with tellurium yields an oil which, on treatment with bromine yields perfluorotelluranthrene- 9,9,10,10-tetrabromide. The latter is reduced by sodium sulfide to perfluorotelluranthrene. The crystal structure of perfluorotelluranthrene is reported.
Progestins in Bovine Corpora Lutea, Ovaries, and Adrenals during Pregnancy

Abstract Progesterone and Δ 4 -pregnene-20 β-ol-3-one (20 β-ol) were assayed in 89 corpora lutea and 54 pairs of ovaries (corpora lutea removed) and adrenals collected from cows pregnant 16 to 275 days. Levels of the two progestins were significantly higher in corpora lutea from 16 to 89 days (33.6μg/g) than at 90 to 179 (20.4μg/g) or after 180 days (27.5μg/g) of pregnancy. Progesterone per gram of luteal tissue was significantly less at 90 to 179 days (12μg/g) than after 180 days (18.7μg/g) or for 16 to 89 days (20.4μg/g). Progesterone and 20 β-ol per gram of luteal tissue were not highly correlated at any stage of pregnancy and the correlation for the study was only 0.21. There was a significant correlation (51 comparisons) between weight of the corpus luteum and ovary weight (r = 0.45) and adrenal (r = 0.30). Corpora lutea were not significantly heavier (P
Contrasts and Correlations in Effect-Size Estimation:

This article describes procedures for presenting standardized measures of effect size when contrasts are used to ask focused questions of data. The simplest contrasts consist of comparisons of two samples (e.g., based on the independent t statistic). Useful effect-size indices in this situation are members of the g family (e.g., Hedges's g and Cohen's d) and the Pearson r. We review expressions for calculating these measures and for transforming them back and forth, and describe how to adjust formulas for obtaining g or d from t, or r from g, when the sample sizes are unequal. The real-life implications of d or g calculated from t become problematic when there are more than two groups, but the correlational approach is adaptable and interpretable, although more complex than in the case of two groups. We describe a family of four conceptually related correlation indices: the alerting correlation, the contrast correlation, the effect-size correlation, and the BESD (binomial effect-size display) correlation. These last three correlations are identical in the simple setting of only two groups, but differ when there are more than two groups.
Uptake of free amino acids by the ophiuroid Microphiopholis gracillima (Stimpson) (Echinodermata) during disc regeneration

Abstract 1. 1. Intact and regenerating brittlestars (Microphiopholis gracillima) take up several amino acids from artificial seawater, and show significant increases in uptake with food deprivation. 2. 2. There were no differences in total amino acid uptake rates (determined by high performance liquid chromatography) between intact and regenerating animals. 3. 3. No increases in the gross rate of leucine uptake were apparent in either group over time; however, glycine uptake increased significantly. 4. 4. Catabolism of leucine and glycine, as evidenced by labeled CO2 release, was highest among intact animals that had been held for several days. 5. 5. Dissolved leucine appears to be rapidly catabolized, while glycine tends to remain in tissues.
Using decomposition methods to solve pricing problems in network revenue management

In this article, we develop two methods for making pricing decisions in network revenue management problems. We consider a setting where the probability of observing a request for an itinerary depends on the prices and the objective is to dynamically adjust the prices so as to maximize the total expected revenue. The idea behind both of our methods is to decompose the dynamic programming formulation of the pricing problem by the flight legs and to obtain value function approximations by focusing on one flight leg at a time. We show that our methods provide upper bounds on the optimal total expected revenue and these upper bounds are tighter than the one provided by a deterministic linear program commonly used in practice. Our computational experiments yield two important results. First, our methods provide substantial improvements over the deterministic linear program. The average gap between the total expected revenues obtained by our methods and the deterministic linear program is 7.11 per cent. On average, our methods tighten the upper bounds obtained by the deterministic linear program by 3.66 per cent. Second, the two methods that we develop have different strengths. In particular, while one method is able to obtain tighter upper bounds, the other one is able to obtain pricing policies that yield higher total expected revenues.
Lectin as a marker for staining and purification of embryonic pancreatic epithelium.

The embryonic pancreatic epithelium, and later the ductal epithelium, is known to give rise to the endocrine and exocrine cells of the developing pancreas, but no specific surface marker for these cells has been identified. Here, we utilized Dolichos Biflorus Agglutinin (DBA) as a specific marker of these epithelial cells in developing mouse pancreas. From the results of an immunofluorescence study using fluorescein-DBA and pancreatic specific cell markers, we found that DBA detects specifically epithelial, but neither differentiating endocrine cells nor acinar cells. We further applied this marker in an immunomagnetic separation system (Dynabead system) to purify these putative multi-potential cells from a mixed developing pancreatic cell population. This procedure could be applied to study differentiation and cell lineage selections in the developing pancreas, and also may be applicable to selecting pancreatic precursor cells for potential cellular engineering.
Sequential point estimation based on U-statistics

This paper discusses a sequential procedure to estimate an estimable parameter of the underlying unkown distribution function. The estimator is based on the corresponding U-statistic. Under appropr...
Is Species Integrity a Human Right? A Rights Issue Emerging from Individual Liberties with New Technologies

Currently, some philosophers and technicians propose to change the fundamental constitution of Homo sapiens, as by significantly altering the genome, implanting microchips in the brain, and pursuing related techniques. Among these proposals are aspirations to guide humanity’s evolution into new species. Some philosophers have countered that such species alteration is unethical and have proposed international policies to protect species integrity; yet, it remains unclear on what basis such right to species integrity would rest. An answer may come from an unexpected angle of rights issues: Some cultures have indicated that they want no part of our technological culture, preferring to retain their practices. Yet, rights documents do not explicitly establish that any individual has a right to species integrity. Careful interpretation of rights documents nonetheless reveals that such a right to species integrity is implicit. Interpreting these so as to reveal this needed right is also necessary to retain the foundations of rights documents and institutions. Further, acknowledging a right of species integrity could mean, because of practicalities, a limit to the freedom of proponents to implement proposals to manipulate the species.
Abstract 3375: The epithelial to endotheliod transition (EET): A cellular modulation that promotes the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumorigenic phenotype

The presence of the EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) and EndMT (endothelial-mesenchymal transition) demonstrates the extent of phenotypic plasticity in cancers. Previous findings in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells, i.e., VEGF9s autocrine-paracrine function and their responsiveness to endostatin, imply that HNSCC cells share some functional characteristics with endothelial cells and suggest the potential for an “epithelial-to-endotheliod transition (EET)”. Such a transition would facilitate HNSCC tumorigenesis by augmenting release of proangiogenic factors and facilitating tumor cell migration and invasion. Consequently, these studies elucidated whether or not an EET occurs in HNSCC cells and tumors, and evaluated cellular parameters to uniquely characterize this epithelial-endotheliod transition. Our results demonstrate that cultured HNSCC cells express a variety of endothelial-specific markers, and assumption of the endotheliod phenotype has functional consequences including uptake of acetylated low density lipoprotein and enhanced invasion and migration. Selective HNSCC cells were also highly responsive to transforming growth factor-β1 and express its auxiliary receptor, endoglin. Furthermore, the EET is not restricted to cultured HNSCC cells per se as tumor cells in resected human HNSCC tumors and proliferating epithelia at the margins of ulcers demonstrate a similar phenotype. These data suggest that, similar to EMT, the EET enhances epithelial cell migration. Also, the regulation of this transition-transient (wound healing) versus sustained (invasive cancers)-impacts clinical outcome. Finally, recognition of the EET as a distinct entity provides impetus for future clinical trials to concurrently assess the antitumorigenic as well as the angiostatic properties of therapeutic agents formally regarded as exclusively angiostatic in scope. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3375. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3375
Protein Kinase C Translocation by Modified Phorbol Esters with Functionalized Lipophilic Regions

Several novel phorbol esters were prepared with polar functional groups terminating their C12 and/or C13 acyl chains. Designed to be inhibitory protein kinase C (PKC) ligands, these phorbol analogues contain various polar functional groups (amide, ester, carboxylic acid, or quaternary ammonium salt) to prevent membrane insertion of the PKC-phorbol ester complex. All phorbol derivatives were synthesized with use of diterpene starting materials obtained from croton oil, the seed oil of Croton tiglium. The ability of these derivatives to recruit PKC to the lipid bilayera usual requirement for enzyme activationwas determined by using a sucrose-loaded vesicle assay. Phorbol 12-octanoate-13-acetate derivatives translocate PKC-βII to increasing degrees as the functionality on the C12 ester becomes more hydrophobic. Likewise, PKC translocation by carboxylic acid-containing phorbol esters was dependent upon length and saturation of the hydrocarbon tether. The most promising PKC inhibitors had short carboxylic acid...
Intrinsic orbital coordinates on a Hamiltonian surface

A reversible dynamical system with two degrees-of-freedom is reduced to a second-order, Hamiltonian system under a change of independent variable. In certain circumstances, the reduced order system may be integrated following an orthogonal curvilinear transformation from Cartesian x,y to intrinsic orbital coordinates e, η. Solutions for the orbit position and true time variables are expressed by: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGGipm0dc9vqaqpepu0xbbG8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiEaiabg2 % da9iaadAgacaGGOaGaeqOVdGNaaiilaiabeE7aOjaacMcacaGGSaGa % aeiiaiaadMhacqGH9aqpcaWGNbGaaiikaiabe67a4jaacYcacqaH3o % aAcaGGPaGaaiilaiaabccacaWGKbGaamiDaiabg2da9iabgglaXoaa % dmaabaWaaSaaaeaacaWGibWaa0baaKqaahaacqaH+oaEaeaacaqGYa % aaaOGaam4raiabgUcaRiaadIeadaqhaaqcbaCaaiabeE7aObqaaiaa % ikdaaaGccaWGfbaabaGaaGOmaiaacIcacaWGibGaey4kaSIaamyvai % aacMcaaaaacaGLBbGaayzxaaWaaWbaaSqabKqaGhaacaaIXaGaai4l % aiaaikdaaaGccaWGKbGaeqiXdqhaaa!6498! \[ x = f(\xi ,\eta ),{\rm{ }}y = g(\xi ,\eta ),{\rm{ }}dt = \pm \left[ {\frac{{ℋ_\xi ^{\rm{2}} {\ie} + ℋ_\eta ^2 ℰ}}{{2(ℋ + U)}}} \righ \]1446 1040 where U is the potential function, and z is the new independent variable. The functions f, g may be expressed by quadratures when the metric coefficients {\er},{\ie} are specified. Two second-order, partial differential equations specify {\er}, {\ie} and Hamiltonian {\tH}. Auxiliary conditions are needed because the solutions are underdetermined. For example, both sets of curvilinear coordinate lines are orbits when certain dynamical compatibility conditions between U and {\ie} (or {\er}) are satisfied. Alternatively, when orbits cross the parametric curves, the auxiliary condition {\er} = {\ie} specifies a conformal transformation, and the partial differential equation for {\tH} may be reduced to an ordinary differential equation for the orbit curve. In either case, integrability is guaranteed for Lionville dynamical systems. Specific applications are presented to illustrate direct solution for the orbit (e.g., two fixed centers) and inverse solution for the potential.
Further Remarks on Araki's Theory of Inverted Alkali Doublets

In a reply to the writer's criticism on his theory of the inverted doublets in certain alkali spectra, Araki takes exception to the first of the criticisms that the effective charge for the f electron wave functions in Cu should be unity instead of 7.6. The present note presents arguments for this criticism and shows that the contention of Araki is untenable.
Human responses to Middle Holocene climate change on California's Channel Islands

Abstract High-resolution archaeological and paleoenvironmental records from California's Channel Islands provide a unique opportunity to examine potential relationships between climatically induced environmental changes and prehistoric human behavioral responses. Available climate records in western North America (7–3.8 ka) indicate a severe dry interval between 6.3 and 4.8 ka embedded within a generally warm and dry Middle Holocene. Very dry conditions in western North America between 6.3 and 4.8 ka correlate with cold to moderate sea-surface temperatures (SST) along the southern California Coast evident in Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Core 893A/B (Santa Barbara Basin). An episode of inferred high marine productivity between 6.3 and 5.8 ka corresponds with the coldest estimated SSTs of the Middle Holocene, otherwise marked by warm/low productivity marine conditions (7.5–3.8 ka). The impact of this severe aridity on humans was different between the northern and southern Channel Islands, apparently related to degree of island isolation, size and productivity of islands relative to population, fresh water availability, and on-going social relationships between island and continental populations. Northern Channel Islanders seem to have been largely unaffected by this severe arid phase. In contrast, cultural changes on the southern Channel Islands were likely influenced by the climatically induced environmental changes. We suggest that productive marine conditions coupled with a dry terrestrial climate between 6.3 and 5.8 ka stimulated early village development and intensified fishing on the more remote southern islands. Contact with people on the adjacent southern California Coast increased during this time with increased participation in a down-the-line trade network extending into the western Great Basin and central Oregon. Genetic similarities between Middle Holocene burial populations on the southern Channel Islands and modern California Uto-Aztecan populations suggest Middle Holocene movement of people at this time from southern California desert environs westward to the southern islands, a migration perhaps stimulated by increased continental aridity.
Duplication and quality control for intraoral roentgenographic use in clinical periodontics.

Abstract A roentgenographic technique for film duplication and quality control has been described. This is useful in clinical periodontics and periodontal research. The factors that influence roentgenographic quality have been mentioned, and methods for their control have been suggested.
SUBTLE ERRORS IN DIGITAL EXPERIMENTAL DATA PROCESSING

Summary Seemingly minor instrumentation and data analysis errors are shown to invalidate damping measurement test results. Both a hardware error and a software error introduced time shifts between data channels that became quite significant. These time shifts in the applied force and resulting displacement data were relatively small, yet they masked the true phase shift due to material damping. These experiences illustrate the problems of moving from continuous conceptual models to experimental determination using digital data processing. In particular, a systematic bias error in the velocity calculation was found to be particularly detrimental in this case where a small quantity was calculated from a series of large numbers. This example illustrates the need to be vigilant in using data acquisition equipment since even well functioning hardware can contain the seeds of improper functioning under conditions unforeseen by its designer. As users, we must be alert to the functions that the equipment is performing.
Improving Continuous Powder Blending Performance Using Projection to Latent Structures Regression

There has been increasing interest in the last few years especially within the pharmaceutical industry towards continuous powder blending. In this paper, the effects of different design and operating parameters are investigated, which include blade speed, shaft angle, weir height, fill level, blade angle, and blade width. The projection to latent structures regression is introduced to elucidate the significance of these factors on the two key indices of continuous blending performance, the local blending rate and the mean axial velocity. Shaft angle and blade speed are the two most influential factors pointing to a blending improvement strategy. The proposed strategy is examined using an experimental setup for the production of pharmaceutical powder mixtures.
Searching for new allosteric sites in enzymes

The discovery of new allosteric sites generates opportunities for the identification of novel pharmaceuticals and increases our understanding of basic biological processes. Increasingly, allosteric sites are being discovered in various families of proteins by several methods, paving the way for the development of entirely new classes of drugs with a wide range of chemotypes. New allosteric sites in enzymes have been discovered both incidentally and by directed means, and the mechanisms by which allosteric activation and inhibition occur at these sites have been investigated. By exploring recent structurally well-characterized examples, trends begin to emerge for both the modes of binding and mechanisms of inhibition.
Die Life Prediction in Rapid Prototype Dies

To meet the growing demand for rapid, low-cost die fabrication technology in the sheet metal forming industry, easy-to-machine, polyurethane-based, composite board stock is used widely as a rapid tooling material. In practice, it is desirable to terminate die life by wear rather than by catastrophic fatigue. However, the failure mechanisms of the rapid prototyped tools are not clearly understood, thus making the prediction of tool life difficult. This paper presents a method to estimate the fatigue life of a sheet metal forming die fabricated from ATH (aluminum trihydrate)-filled polyurethane. A finite element model of 90° V-die bending process was developed, and the effects of process parameters on stress distribution in the punch and die were investigated through simulation. Mechanical testing was performed to characterize the fatigue properties of the tooling material. The computer-simulated results were verified through experiments using instrumented, laboratory-scale punch and die sets.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
MOBILITY AND THE RETURN TO EDUCATION: TESTING A ROY MODEL WITH MULTIPLE MARKETS

Self-selected migration presents one potential explanation for why observed returns to a college education in local labor markets vary widely even though U.S. workers are highly mobile. To assess the impact of self-selection on estimated returns, this paper first develops a Roy model of mobility and earnings where workers choose in which of the 50 states (plus the District of Columbia) to live and work. Available estimation methods are either infeasible for a selection model with so many alternatives or place potentially severe restrictions on earnings and the selection process. This paper develops an alternative econometric methodology that combines Lee's (1983) parametric maximum order statistic approach to reduce the dimensionality of the error terms with more recent work on semiparametric estimation of selection models (e.g., Ahn and Powell (1993)). The resulting semiparametric correction is easy to implement and can be adapted to a variety of other polychotomous choice problems. The empirical work, which uses 1990 U.S. Census data, confirms the role of comparative advantage in mobility decisions. The results suggest that self-selection of higher educated individuals to states with higher returns to education generally leads to upward biases in OLS estimates of the returns to education in state-specific labor markets. While the estimated returns to a college education are significantly biased, correcting for the bias does not narrow the range of returns across states. Consistent with the finding that the corrected return to a college education differs across the U.S., the relative state-to-state migration flows of college- versus high school-educated individuals respond strongly to differences in the return to education and amenities across states.
Optimized acid rain abatement strategies using ecological goals

This article addresses the use of critical loads in optimized emission abatement strategies. Critical loads represent the maximum tolerable deposition possible without adverse impacts, a limit that is highly spatially variable. As deposition targets, critical loads cannot be satisfied at all receptors in Europe. Consequently, there is a need for alternative criteria that still relate to ecological indicators, yet that are feasible, consistent, and equitable. Two criteria are suggested: the relative critical load coverage and the relative deposition reduction. Deposition goals based on these criteria will guarantee that a specified fraction of ecosystems will attain target loads and thus will be protected from adverse environmental impacts. In areas that cannot achieve target loads with the best available control measures, deposition can be reduced to a specified fraction of the unabated level. Examples are presented that demonstrate their derivation and application of the two criteria. The criteria have been implemented in the European-scale Regional Acidification Information and Simulation (RAINS) model. Results obtained indicate that optimized emission strategies based on critical loads may be similar to emission strategies based on deposition reductions at certain levels of the two criteria. This suggests that it may not be necessary to utilize critical loads to formulate deposition targets. A second example shows the effect of excluding countries from European cost minimization. A country's participation can save costs with moderate deposition targets; however, significant costs can be imposed with low (stringent) deposition targets. These preliminary results have significant implications for multilateral negotiations.
Tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: use during pregnancy, in children/adolescents and in the elderly.

Emslie G, Judge R. Tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: use during pregnancy, in children/adolescents and in the elderly. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 101: 26–34. © Munksgaard 2000. Objective: Depressive disorders can occur at any point in the lifespan. One way of differentiating antidepressants is by examining their efficacy and safety in the special patient populations that exist along the lifespan. Thus, we examine clinical data that is available regarding the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) at three distinct points in the lifespan: childhood and adolescence, pregnancy and late adulthood. Method: Literature regarding the use of antidepressants in children and adolescents, pregnancy and the elderly was reviewed. Results: Clinical data suggest that SSRIs should be first line treatment in children and adolescents as TCAs have questionable efficacy and definite safety issues. Similarly, although TCAs and SSRIs show equivalent efficacy in elderly patients, the safety profile of the SSRIs makes them a more prudent choice in this population. Finally, although there is no definitive data that contraindicates the use of a particular antidepressant in pregnancy, the bulk of reassuring pregnancy outcome data exists for the SSRIs, specifically for fluoxetine. Conclusion: Although no single antidepressant can ever be recommended for every patient, SSRIs should be considered the first-line choice in the treatment of depression in special patient populations.
The mechanism for the inhibition of actin-activated ATPase of smooth muscle heavy meromyosin by calponin

Abstract Calponin, an actin-binding protein, inhibited the acto-heavy meromyosin (HMM) MgATPase and lowered the binding of HMM to actin. The amount of calponin bound to actin or tropomyosin-actin was the same when the ATPase was inhibited 80–90%. While the KATPase was diminished only less than 2-fold in the presence of calponin, the Vmax was decreased 6-fold and 2-fold with actin and tropomyosin-actin, respectively. A comparison of the kinetic constants for the ATP hydrolysis obtained in the presence of actin-calponin and tropomyosin-actin-calponin revealed that the tropomyosin augmented the Vmax 5-fold from the inhibited level, but there was no effect on the KATPase.
Welfare effects of congestion pricing in Singapore

This paper examines the Singapore Area License Scheme. Changes in scheduling and choices of transportation mode by commuters are discussed. Although the toll is shown to reduce travel times for many commuters, many commuters are shown to incur scheduling costs as a result of the toll. Using estimated parameters of an indirect utility function, welfare functions are computed to compare welfare levels prior to, and just after, the toll was put into place. The evidence suggests that the toll may have reduced welfare.