cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PHOX Ears: A Parabolic, Head-mounted, Orientable, eXtrasensory Listening Device

The Electronic Fox Ears helmet is a listening device that changes its wearer's experience of hearing. A pair of head-mounted, independently articulated parabolic microphones and built-in bone conduction transducers allow the wearer to sharply direct their attention to faraway sound sources. Joysticks in each hand control the orientations of the microphones, which are mounted on servo gimbals for precise targeting. Paired with a mobile device, the helmet can function as a specialized, wearable field recording platform. Field recording and ambient sound have long been a part of electronic music; our device extends these practices by drawing on a tradition of wearable technologies and prosthetic art that blur the boundaries of human perception.
Back to the Future: Prospects for Education Faculty and Librarian Collaboration Thirty Years Later

Thirty years ago, education conference panelists shared concerns regarding collaboration between education faculty and librarians and they presented ideas for expanding these partnerships. A review of their ideas raises an important question: In what ways have their ideas for collaboration and partnership been realized? To answer this question, the authors conducted a review of the literature regarding education faculty-librarian collaboration. Findings indicate that when collaborating with education faculty, there are three roles librarians have embodied: librarian-as-reference, librarian-as-consultant, and librarian-as-instructor. These roles contribute to the realization of the panelists’ proposed ideas and offer suggestions for future collaboration and research possibilities.
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci for invasive wavyleaf basketgrass, Oplismenus undulatifolius (Poaceae)

Premise of the study Novel nuclear microsatellite markers were developed for the invasive plant Oplismenus undulatifolius (Poaceae) to facilitate studies of invasion dynamics for this recently introduced, high-risk invasive species in North American mid-Atlantic forests. Methods and results Sixteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from an Illumina paired-end shotgun library of O. undulatifolius after initial assessment of 48 loci. When screened in three populations, these markers identified two to six alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 1.000. All loci were successfully amplified in the North American native congener O. hirtellus. Conclusions We provide the first nuclear genetic resources available for population genetic studies within the genus Oplismenus. These markers will serve as a critical tool for exploring patterns of gene flow and mechanisms of invasion of O. undulatifolius across its introduced range. These microsatellites should also be suitable for studies in other Oplismenus species.
Neuroenhancement, Individuum und Gesellschaft

Das Bestreben, durch Einsatz medizinischer Verfahren, psychoaktiver Substanzen oder anderer Methoden bei gesunden Personen eine Verbesserung von Hirnfunktionen zu erreichen (Neuroenhancement), ist in den letzten Jahren verstarkt ins offentliche Bewusstsein geruckt. Wahrend beginnend mit den 1990er Jahren in erster Linie im Vordergrund stand, mittels Antidepressiva wie insbesondere Prozac® bei gesunden Personen eine Verbesserung der psychischen Befindlichkeit (Stimmungsenhancement) zu bewirken (Kramer 1993; DeGrazia 2000; Elliott 2000), befindet sich seit einigen Jahren der Gesichtspunkt der geistigen Leistungssteigerung (kognitives Enhancement) im Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Hierbei besteht das Ziel darin, eine verbessernde Einflussnahme auf kognitive Funktionen wie Aufmerksamkeit, Konzentrationsfahigkeit oder Gedachtnisleistung zu erreichen.
The Soft-Kill Fallacy

Dozens of non-lethal weapons have been proposed or developed, mostly in laboratory-scale models. They encompass a broad range of technologies, including chemical, biological, kinetic, electromagnetic, and accoustic weapons, as well as informational techniques such as computer viruses. `Non-lethal weapons disable or destroy without causing significant injury or damage,` asserted Undersecretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz in a March 1991 memorandum. The idea of `non-lethal` weapons is politically attractive and purposively misleading. Some of these `non-lethal` weapons may violate treaties. Four international treaties are particularly relevant and discussed in some detail. A list of weapons of this nature is also provided. But basic political, legal and strategic questions about the utility of the non-lethal thrust remains unanswered and sometimes unasked. 15 refs.
MONTE CARLO CALCULATIONS OF THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT AND THE DRIFT VELOCITY OF ELECTRONS IN AN AlGaAs-GaAs QUANTUM WELL DEVICE

The charge transport properties of a two-dimensional, GaAs square quantum well have been studied as a function of well width and electric field strength. The results are interpreted in terms of the field dependent mobility, diffusion coefficient, and valley occupancy.
Surgical Treatment of Vascular Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions.

Background Vascular lesions represent a rare subset of intramedullary spinal cord pathology and consist of cavernous malformations (CM), hemangioblastomas, and arteriovenous malformations (AVM). These lesions are each unique and the literature pertaining to their surgical management is largely limited to retrospective case series and case reports. Objectives To evaluate the surgical management of each of these lesions with special attention to postoperative functional status. Methods A single-institution case series of intramedullary vascular lesions treated with surgery was retrospectively evaluated. The primary variables of interest included preoperative and postoperative McCormick grades. Other variables of interest included frequency and indication for conventional spinal angiography, rates of preoperative embolization, postprocedural complications, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and length of hospital stay. Results Thirty-six patients were identified over the 17-year study period, including 20 with hemangioblastomas, 13 with CMs, and three with AVMs. The median preoperative McCormick grades were 2, 2, and 3 for hemangioblastomas, CMs, and AVMs, respectively. The median postoperative McCormick grades were 2, 2, and 2 for hemangioblastomas, CMs, and AVMs, respectively at the most recent follow-up. Preoperative angiography was performed in all AVM cases and 29% of hemangioblastomas. Preoperative embolization was performed in 40% of hemangioblastoma cases undergoing preoperative angiography. Operative times were similar between the three lesion groups. In three cases of hemangioblastoma resection and one case of CM resection, McCormick grade improved by one point following surgery. At a mean follow-up of 30.9 months for hemangioblastomas, 7.95 months for CMs, and 24 months for AVMs, all patients were at least at their discharge baseline, with no new neurologic complaints. Conclusion Intramedullary vascular lesions are rare and represent a complex surgical patient population. Surgical resection with or without preoperative angiography and embolization appears to be safe and to halt neurologic decline.
Modified Limiting Efficiency for Multiple Exciton Generation Solar Cells

The thermodynamic limit of multiple exciton generation (MEG) solar cells have been have reviewed due to considering the mathematical expression of recombination process. The chemical potential (CP) of MEG should be lower than its bandgap energy so that we have analyzed that mathematical discrepancy of CP while with and without including Auger recombination (AR). Thus, we conclude the meaning of quantum yield in the recombination current in the detailed balance of MEG. Furthermore, after analyzing open circuit voltage (VOC) limit for MEG, theoretical results between with and without AR are nearly identical due to similar CP which only one radiative recombination process can be considerable under restrictions of VOC.
Humanomics: Moral Sentiments and the Wealth of Nations for the Twenty-First Century

While neo-classical analysis works well for studying impersonal exchange in markets, it fails to explain why people conduct themselves the way they do in their personal relationships with family, neighbors, and friends. In Humanomics, Nobel Prize-winning economist Vernon L. Smith and his long-time co-author Bart J. Wilson bring their study of economics full circle by returning to the founder of modern economics, Adam Smith. Sometime in the last 250 years, economists lost sight of the full range of human feeling, thinking, and knowing in everyday life. Smith and Wilson show how Adam Smith's model of sociality can re-humanize twenty-first century economics by undergirding it with sentiments, fellow feeling, and a sense of propriety - the stuff of which human relationships are built. Integrating insights from The Theory of Moral Sentiments and the Wealth of Nations into contemporary empirical analysis, this book shapes economic betterment as a science of human beings.
Ontogeny of Lagerhans cells and graft versus host disease.

Langerhans cells (LCs) through their stimulation of donor T cells likely play a key role in skin graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD), a serious complication that limits the use of allogeneic BM transplantation (1–5). LCs belong to a family of highly specialized antigen presenting cells called dendritic cells (DCs) (6, 7) and represent the only DCs of the epidermis (8). In common with all DCs, LCs are well equipped to capture environmental antigens, migrate to lymph nodes (LNs), and initiate specific T cell immune responses playing a critical role in skin immunity (6). Despite their importance, little is known about the life cycle of LCs, their precursor cell in the blood, the mechanism of LC replenishment after skin injury, and their homeostasis after allogeneic bone marrow (BM) transplantation. In this paper, we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of LC homeostasis during steady state and inflammatory conditions and the potential role of LCs in transplant immune reactions.
Position-Sensitive Magnetic Calorimeters for Lynx

We describe the performance of position-sensitive metallic magnetic calorimeter X-ray detectors for potential future astrophysics missions, such as Lynx. The motivation behind this is to achieve a large focal plane area by increasing the number of pixels compared to the number of readout channels (called hydra). The detector consists of a $$5 \times 5$$ array of gold absorbers thermally coupled to a paramagnetic sensor. Since each absorber has a different thermal link to the sensor, it generates a different pulse shape and enables discrimination of pixel position. Recently, we have been successfully able to discriminate 25 averaged pulse shapes by means of rise-time and pulse height. The measured pulse shapes and distribution agree well with the modeling results. The estimated energy resolutions based on the pulse height and noise data we measured are 2.8–3.7 eV for $$\hbox {MnK}\alpha $$ X-ray photons at 50 mK.
Short-Term Effectiveness of Job Search Skills Training: Comparisons by Summer Work Experience Participation:

We utilized a quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test design to assess the effects of job search skills training on job search knowledge, job search behavior, job search behavior self-efficacy, and j...
Rapid exome sequencing in PICU patients with new-onset metabolic or neurological disorders.

Genomic assessment previously took months to result and was unable to impact clinical care in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The advent of rapid exome sequencing potentially changes this. We investigated the impact of rapid exome sequencing in a pilot study on pediatric patients admitted to a single PICU with new-onset metabolic/neurologic disease. Rapid exome sequencing (7 days to verbal result) was performed on (n = 10) PICU patients age < 6 years admitted with new-onset metabolic/neurologic disease. The primary outcome of interest was inpatient LOS, which served as a proxy for inpatient cost. A significant reduction in median LOS was identified when comparing PICU patients who underwent rapid exome sequencing to historical controls. From those patients who underwent rapid sequencing, five had likely pathogenic variants. In three cases with diagnostic genetic results, there was a modification to clinical care attributable to information provided by exome sequencing. This pilot study demonstrates that rapid exome sequencing is feasible to do in the PICU, that genetic results can be returned quickly enough to impact critical care decision-making and management. In a select population of PICU patients, this technology may contribute to a decrease in hospital length of stay.
A Stochastic Analysis of Queues with Customer Choice and Delayed Information

Many service systems provide queue length information to customers, thereby allowing customers to choose among many options of service. However, queue length information is often delayed, and it is...
Supervised Learning in All FeFET-Based Spiking Neural Network: Opportunities and Challenges

The two possible pathways toward artificial intelligence (AI)-(i) neuroscience-oriented neuromorphic computing [like spiking neural network (SNN)] and (ii) computer science driven machine learning (like deep learning) differ widely in their fundamental formalism and coding schemes (Pei et al., 2019). Deviating from traditional deep learning approach of relying on neuronal models with static nonlinearities, SNNs attempt to capture brain-like features like computation using spikes. This holds the promise of improving the energy efficiency of the computing platforms. In order to achieve a much higher areal and energy efficiency compared to today's hardware implementation of SNN, we need to go beyond the traditional route of relying on CMOS-based digital or mixed-signal neuronal circuits and segregation of computation and memory under the von Neumann architecture. Recently, ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) are being explored as a promising alternative for building neuromorphic hardware by utilizing their non-volatile nature and rich polarization switching dynamics. In this work, we propose an all FeFET-based SNN hardware that allows low-power spike-based information processing and co-localized memory and computing (a.k.a. in-memory computing). We experimentally demonstrate the essential neuronal and synaptic dynamics in a 28 nm high-K metal gate FeFET technology. Furthermore, drawing inspiration from the traditional machine learning approach of optimizing a cost function to adjust the synaptic weights, we implement a surrogate gradient (SG) learning algorithm on our SNN platform that allows us to perform supervised learning on MNIST dataset. As such, we provide a pathway toward building energy-efficient neuromorphic hardware that can support traditional machine learning algorithms. Finally, we undertake synergistic device-algorithm co-design by accounting for the impacts of device-level variation (stochasticity) and limited bit precision of on-chip synaptic weights (available analog states) on the classification accuracy.
Trends in Medical Expenditures by Race/Ethnicity in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes 2002-2011.

Abstract Objective The objective of the study was to examine racial/ethnic differences in medical expenditures (prescription, office-based, in-patient, out-patient, emergency room, total) over time, overall and by type of expenditure, in a nationally representative sample of adults with diabetes. Methods A weighted sample of 17,820,243 adults aged ≥18 with diabetes from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) dataset from 2002 to 2011 were analyzed for this study. Multiple comparison testing and general linear model (GLM) were used to test for differences in expenditures by race. Total unadjusted expenditures by racial/ethnic category stratified by different insurance categories (privately insured, publicly insured, uninsured and overall) were also estimated. Results Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW) had more than $4000 higher expenditures than Hispanics and Other races (p Conclusion Minority groups with type 2 diabetes were found to have significantly less total expenditures, with the exception of total expenditures for NHB compared to NHW. These findings indicate minorities with type 2 diabetes may be receiving less care than NHW, which has implications for the known disparities in health outcomes and complications in individuals with diabetes.
Impacts of peer tutoring on academic performance of first-year baccalaureate nursing students: A quasi-experimental study.

Abstract Background Peer tutoring has multiple benefits for students and the nursing program. However, little is known about the impacts of a peer tutoring on students' academic success. Objectives This study aimed to examine the impacts of a peer tutoring program on the course failure rates and exam scores among first-year baccalaureate nursing students. Design A quasi-experimental study was conducted at a public university in the USA. A formal peer tutoring program was offered to the Class of 2020 over their first three semesters (n = 317), and the Class of 2018 without peer tutoring served as a historical comparison group (n = 285). The peer tutoring program provided free, one-on-one assistance to any students who needed additional academic support. Results The overall course failure rate was 3.47% for the class with peer tutoring compared to 7.02% without peer tutoring (χ2 = 3.87; p = 0.049). For the class with peer tutoring, about one half attended the sessions. The attendees had lower first exam scores compared to the non-attendees, but the final exam scores of attendees improved by 4 points out of 100 possible (p Conclusions It appears that the peer tutoring was effective in reducing course failure rates as well as improving exam scores among first-year baccalaureate-nursing students. Peer tutoring may be a useful and cost-effective strategy to help at-risk nursing students as they adjust to the challenges of academic demands in nursing programs.
SEIZE User Desired Moments: Runtime Inspection for Parallel Dataflow Systems

In Data-Intensive Scalable Computing (DISC) Systems, data transformations are concealed by exposed APIs, and intermediate execution moments are masked under dataflow transitions. Consequently, many crucial features and optimizations (e.g., debugging, data provenance, runtime skew detection) are not well-supported. Inspired by our experience in implementing features and optimizations over DISC systems, we present SEIZE, a unified framework that enables dataflow inspection— wiretapping the data-path with listening logic —in MapReduce-style programming model. We generalize our lessons learned by providing a set of primitives defining dataflow inspection, orchestration options for different inspection granularities, and operator decomposition and dataflow puncutation strategy for dataflow intervention. We demonstrate the generality and flexibility of the approach by deploying SEIZE in both Apache Spark and Apache Flink. Our experiments show that, the overhead introduced by the inspection logic is most of the time negligible (less than 5% in Spark and 10% in Flink).
Inwardly Rectifying K+ Channel 4.1 Regulates Renal K+ Excretion in the Aldosterone-Sensitive Distal Nephron

The inwardly rectifying potassium channel 4.1 (Kir4.1, KCNJ10) in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ASDN) plays a key role in the regulation of Na+ and K+ transport by sensing the dietary K+ and Na+ intake. The K+ channel is also the target for angiotensin II, bradykinin, and norepinephrine which are known to regulate the renal Na+ and K+ transport in the ASDN. Since Kir4.1 plays a critical role in the regulation of renal K+ excretion and in maintaining K+ homeostasis, the main focus of this chapter is to review the role of Kir4.1 in the regulation of renal K+ excretion. Finally, because Kir4.1/Kir5.1 (encoded by KCNJ16) heterotetramer is a more physiologically relevant form of the K+ channel in the ASDN than Kir4.1 homotetramer, the role of the Kir4.1/Kir5.1 heterotetramer in the regulation of membrane transport is discussed in the chapter together with Kir4.1 homotetramer.
Transient Vibratory Response of Turbofan Engine Rotor Impacted by Bird Strike

AbstractThis paper presents a semiclosed-form physics-based rotordynamic analysis which determines the transient bird-strike load at the blade root and at the support bearings of a rotating fan sha...
“That’s Not What I Heard!”: Adolescent Internalizing, Negative Perceptions of Maternal Communication, and Felt Shame and Guilt

Adolescents with internalizing problems are more prone to feelings of guilt and shame, experience more guilt-induction, and report more negative parenting, but little is known about the way these processes are associated nor the extent to which they occur within real-time parent-adolescent interactions. The current study sought to clarify these links by investigating whether negatively biased perceptions of maternal communication mediate links between adolescent internalizing symptoms and their feelings of guilt, shame, and guilt-induction during real-time mother-adolescent discussions. One hundred twenty-three mother-adolescent dyads participated in the study. These dyads were moderately diverse in both race/ethnicity (53% White, 29% Black, 12% Hispanic) and family income (26% earned less than $30,000/year, 22% earned more than $100,000/year) and included adolescents who ranged in age from 12 to 17 (Mage = 13.99) and were approximately half female (54%). Mothers and adolescents engaged in lab discussions about issues of conflict and guilt and rated mothers’ positive and negative communication during the tasks; observers rated these same behaviors. Adolescents also reported on their general internalizing symptoms prior to the discussions and feelings of guilt, shame, and experienced guilt induction following each discussion task. Structural equation models, parceling out shared and unique perceptions of maternal communication behaviors, showed that adolescents with more internalizing symptoms reported greater feelings of shame and perceived maternal guilt-induction following the discussion, and that these associations were mediated by adolescents’ unique perceptions of more maternal negativity. These findings highlight the potential role of cognitive biases in perpetuating established associations among adolescent internalizing symptoms, shame, and parental guilt-induction.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Guided Spine Interventions

MR imaging-guided interventions for treatment of low back pain and for diagnosis and treatment of soft tissue and bony spinal lesions have been shown to be feasible, effective, and safe. Advantages of this technique include the absence of ionizing radiation, the high tissue contrast, and multiplanar imaging options. Recent advancements in MR imaging systems allow improved image qualities and real-time guidance. One exciting application is MR imaging-guided cryotherapy of spinal lesions, including treating such lesions as benign osteoid osteomas and malignant metastatic disease in patients who are not good surgical candidates. This particular technique shows promise for local tumor control and pain relief in appropriate patients.
Technical Writing Jumping the Wall: How Technical Documentation/Writing Can Affect the Court's Evaluation of Intent to Infringe in P2P Contexts

What kind of textual evidence do courts now look at in light of the recent Grokster decision? What place does technical communication have in recent P2P court decisions? After examining the evidence courts have used from the Sony case to the Grokster case, the author argues that since texts generated and researched by technical communication have surfaced in P2P contexts as important evidentiary objects in court rulings (Napster, Aimster, Grokster), the field and its allies would do well to take notice. Using a lens of activity theory, the author argues that technical communication as a field can control its own future and ability to innovate by reseeing the texts that it creates, texts that are collected by courts as objects influencing determinations of the presence of intent to infringe (the current standard of liability in P2P contexts). With respect to legal liability, the best technical writing might be writing that stays invisible.
Solidarity and silence: motherhood in the Spanish Civil War

Abstract The subject of this article, the role of mothers in several Nationalist Castilian pueblos during the Spanish Civil War, provides insight into the impact of war on families. Regrettably, there has been little historical attention paid to gender in the pueblos during the Spanish Civil War. Due to the paucity of written records of the experience of motherhood during the war, this project makes use of oral sources. The pueblos under consideration here lie outside of the city of Salamanca, in the region of Castilla and Leon. The men and women of these pueblos recall vivid images of their mothers during the war, memories of overwhelming fear and onerous labor; in so doing, they reveal the inherent value of their daily life during the war. The perception of mothers, as portrayed in the prescriptive literature of the 1930s in Spain, conflicts with the experience of motherhood during the Spanish Civil War. An examination of the impact of this war on mothers in this region of Spain reveals that they, wheth...
Extraction of inhomogeneous broadening and nonradiative losses in InAs quantum-dot lasers

We present a method to quantify inhomogeneous broadening and nonradiative losses in quantum dot lasers by comparing the gain and spontaneous emission results of a microscopic laser theory with measurements made on 1.3 μm InAs quantum-dot lasers. Calculated spontaneous-emission spectra are first matched to those measured experimentally to determine the inhomogeneous broadening in the experimental samples. This is possible because treatment of carrier scattering at the level of quantum kinetic equations provides the homogeneously broadened spectra without use of free parameters, such as the dephasing rate. We then extract the nonradiative recombination current associated with the quantum-dot active region from a comparison of measured and calculated gain versus current relations.
Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins regulate antioxidant gene expression

Background : Oxidative stress, a key pathogenic factor in COPD, arises due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and defective antioxidant defences in the lungs. The latter is partly due to acetylation of the antioxidant gene activator nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins regulate gene transcription by binding to acetylated proteins and recruiting transcriptional regulators to gene promoters. Their role in antioxidant gene regulation is unknown. Aims & Objectives: Determine the role of BET proteins in antioxidant gene expression in human primary airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) and THP1 monocytic cells. Methods: BET proteins were inhibited using the selective inhibitor (+) - JQ1 [JQ1]. mRNA and protein expression was determined by real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Results: In ASMCs, JQ1 (50-1000nM) increased the mRNA of Nrf2-mediated antioxidants haem oxygenase (HO)-1 (∼5-fold; p Conclusions: BET proteins may augment antioxidant defences and prevent oxidative stress in addition to their known anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative actions. They have potential as novel therapeutic targets in COPD.
Posterior Shoulder Instability in Athletes.

Posterior instability represents up to 10% of all cases of shoulder instability1. In athletes, posterior instability can result from a single traumatic injury, repetitive microtrauma, or, rarely, atraumatic instability. The demands on the athlete’s shoulder, especially in contact or overhead throwing sports, can be dramatic, and, as a result, the managing orthopaedic surgeon must understand the complexities of such an injury complex. Participation in contact sports may result in an increased risk for the development of traumatic posterior instability. In overhead athletes, posterior instability can result from repetitive microtrauma sustained from an early age, which can be further exacerbated with the increase in year-round play. ### Static Stabilizers The static stabilizers of the glenohumeral joint include the glenoid and the humeral head, the capsulolabral complex, the articular surface, and the glenohumeral ligaments. Anatomic alterations of the retroversion of the osseous and chondrolabral portions of the glenoid have been shown to be associated with posterior shoulder instability2. Cadaveric studies of …
Inhibition of protein kinase C by the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate antagonist glycyrrhetic acid.

Abstract Glycyrrhetic acid is an anti-inflammatory agent isolated from licorice root that inhibits 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-mediated tumor promotion in mouse skin. Although it has been established that glycyrrhetic acid inhibits a number of events induced by the phorbol ester tumor promoter TPA in cultured cells, its mechanism of action has remained obscure. In this report, we demonstrate that glycyrrhetic acid inhibits the Ca 2+ - and phospholipid-dependent phosphotransferase activity of protein kinase C (PKC), the phorbol ester tumor promoter receptor. There-fore, inhibition of PKC may play a role in the anti-promoting activity of glycyrrhetic acid.
How Well Do the Us Standards Work Together? An Analysis of the Economic Content of Four National Standards for Social Studies:

The standards movement in the United States — a movement, which is roughly analogous to the National Curriculum movement in the United Kingdom, has now produced national standards for several subject areas. Social studies educators in the United States now possess a set of five national standards. But will these standards make reforming the curriculum more or less difficult? We used the economics content standards published by the National Council on Economic Education as the basis examining the economic content in the social studies, history, civics, and geography standards. Our analysis suggests that important economics content is absent in places where it should be prominent; it is presupposed in places where it should be explicitly identified, and it is sometimes represented inaccurately. If our analysis is correct, then efforts to use the national standards as the basis of curriculum improvement — especially as efforts relate to improving economic understanding — face an uphill task.
The acid attack on Victor Riesel and fears of labor racketeering in Cold War America

When a hired thug hurled acid in the face of the prominent newspaper columnist, Victor Riesel, in 1956, the attack left him permanently blind. The incident appeared to dramatically vindicate Riesel's repeated warnings about the dangerous power of labor racketeers and it helped spur the creation of the largest ever congressional investigation into union corruption, the McClellan Committee hearings (1957–1959). This article raises important questions about the accepted version of why this attack occurred and what it meant. It uses recently released documents from the FBI as well as records from the McClellan Committee's staff. The article also suggests that several governmental bodies, including the FBI and the US Attorney's Office, played a role in furthering the public's misunderstanding of this episode. In so doing it offers a new understanding about how the issue of union corruption came to assume an important place on the nation's political agenda in this era.
Photoregulated ion binding

A photoregulated chelating agent has been synthesized. It is a photochromic azobenzene compound containing two iminodiacetic acid groups and can exists as cis and trans stereoisomers. The planar trans isomer does not bind zinc ions. On exposure to light of 320 nanometers, the trans isomer is converted to a nonplanar cis isomer, which, because of cooperativity between the two iminodiacetic acid groups, binds zinc ions with the value of the binding constant estimated to be 1.1 x 10(5) +/- 9.2 x 10(5) liters per mole at a ratio of one molecule of chelating agent to one zinc ion. The interconversion of the cis and trans isomers is reversible, suggesting possible application of this class of compounds as photoresponsive ion pumps.
The knowledge-interest context of local public finance: Judgments of city finance officers

A potential constraint on local public finance decision making is the distribution of knowledge of, and interest in, public finance issues within a community. Since city finance officers occupy strategic positions in local government and politics an understanding of their assessments of the local knowledge-interest context is preliminary to financial management capacity building initiatives. This article considers the judgments of seventy Ohio city finance officers on the level of local government finance knowledge and interest in their communities. Alternative explanations for variation in judgments on the knowledge-interest context are tested. While little variation is explained by aggregate city characteristics, local financial management professionalism, or city government structural arrangements, variables related to city specific political factors do tend to have considerable explanatory power.
Metabolism of alpha-aminoadipic and alpha-ketoadipic acids: studies using rat and beef liver, and human leukocytes.

Abstract The reported studies have shown that α-DL-amino [1-14C]adipic acid is metabolized to radioactive α-ketoadipic acid and then to 14CO2 in rat and beef liver homogenates. It was also demonstrated that α-keto [1-14C]adipic acid is decarboxylated to 14CO2. The effects of several co-factors and other variables, i.e. α-ketoglutarate, pyridoxal phosphate, NAD, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), FAD, LA, and pH have also been delimited. These reactions and the effects of the co-factors were also established in freshly drawn leukocytes. Using the methods outlined, a technique for studying the metabolism of α-aminoadipate and α-ketoadipate in the leukocytes from 10 ml of blood was developed.
Ultrahigh frequency quantum well infrared photodetectors

The development of quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) technologies for thermal imaging is well known. The high frequency and high speed capability is less known. Here we report on our recent advances of reaching over 100 GHz in heterodyne detection both at cryogenic and room temperatures. These advances may lead to new applications. One of such examples is free space optical communication.
A method based on local approximate solutions (LAS) for inverting transient flow in heterogeneous aquifers

Summary An inverse method based on local approximate solutions (LAS inverse method) is proposed to invert transient flows in heterogeneous aquifers. Unlike the objective-function-based inversion techniques, the method does not require forward simulations to assess measurement-to-model misfits; thus the knowledge of aquifer initial conditions (IC) and boundary conditions (BC) is not required. Instead, the method employs a set of local approximate solutions of flow to impose continuity of hydraulic head and Darcy fluxes throughout space and time. Given sufficient (but limited) measurements, it yields well-posed systems of nonlinear equations that can be solved efficiently with optimization. Solution of the inversion includes parameters (hydraulic conductivities, specific storage coefficients) and flow field including the unknown IC and BC. Given error-free measurements, the estimated conductivities and specific storages are accurate within 10% of the true values. When increasing measurement errors are imposed, the estimated parameters become less accurate, but the inverse solution is still stable, i.e., parameter, IC, and BC estimation remains bounded. For a problem where parameter variation is unknown, highly parameterized inversion can reveal the underlying parameter structure, whereas equivalent conductivity and average storage coefficient can also be estimated. Because of the physically-based constraints placed in inversion, the number of measurements does not need to exceed the number of parameters for the inverse method to succeed.
Protein Damage by Reactive Electrophiles: Targets and Consequences

It has been 60 years since the Millers first described the covalent binding of carcinogens to tissue proteins. Protein covalent binding was gradually overshadowed by the emergence of DNA adduct formation as the dominant paradigm in chemical carcinogenesis but re-emerged in the early 1970s as a critical mechanism of drug and chemical toxicity. Technology limitations hampered the characterization of protein adducts until the emergence of mass spectrometry-based proteomics in the late 1990s. The time since then has seen rapid progress in the characterization of the protein targets of electrophiles and the consequences of protein damage. Recent integration of novel affinity chemistries for electrophile probes, shotgun proteomics methods, and systems modeling tools has led to the identification of hundreds of protein targets of electrophiles in mammalian systems. The technology now exists to map the targets of damage to critical components of signaling pathways and metabolic networks and to understand mechanisms of damage at a systems level. The implementation of sensitive, specific analyses for protein adducts from both xenobiotic-derived and endogenous electrophiles offers a means to link protein damage to clinically relevant health effects of both chemical exposures and disease processes.
Small Disagreements: Character Contests and Working Consensus in Informal Talk

This article is an analysis of a single conversational episode. A disagreement about the significance of a shared event between two participants in a conversation leads to what Goffman calls a character contest. It is resolved by three others present to achieve a new working consensus. The analysis is about character contests and examines face threat, accounts, and working consensus as constituents of the interaction order which operates to maintain face and self presentation. Gender and role are part of the institutional context of this dispute. They provide ideological resources which contribute first to the conflict and later to a new working consensus. The analysis explores how the interactional and institutional orders are intertwined in informal talk.
Cellular Repair of Complex Cortical Circuitry

The mammalian neocortex is a highly complex structure that consists of a large number of distinct cell types and connections unparalleled throughout the rest of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The neocortex is responsible for high-level functions including sensorimotor integration, associative behavior, and cognition. Although many studies demonstrate that embryonic tissue or precursor cells transplanted into the embryonic or neonatal cortex can integrate and connect with a wide variety of targets, such connectivity in most studies using adult recipients has been quite limited (1, 2). In contrast, relatively recent advances in transplantation paradigms from our laboratory and other laboratories have made apparent the possibility of successful reconstruction of complex cortical circuitry in the adult mammalian brain by transplantation or by manipulation of endogenous precursors in situ. These advances include the ability to isolate increasingly specific populations of immature neurons and precu...
Patterned Photostimulation with Digital Micromirror Devices to Investigate Dendritic Integration Across Branch Points

Light is a versatile and precise means to control neuronal excitability. The recent introduction of light sensitive effectors such as channel-rhodopsin and caged neurotransmitters have led to interests in developing better means to control patterns of light in space and time that are useful for experimental neuroscience. One conventional strategy, employed in confocal and 2-photon microscopy, is to focus light to a diffraction limited spot and then scan that single spot sequentially over the region of interest. This approach becomes problematic if large areas have to be stimulated within a brief time window, a problem more applicable to photostimulation than for imaging. An alternate strategy is to project the complete spatial pattern on the target with the aid of a digital micromirror device (DMD). The DMD approach is appealing because the hardware components are relatively inexpensive and is supported by commercial interests. Because such a system is not available for upright microscopes, we will discuss the critical issues in the construction and operations of such a DMD system. Even though we will be primarily describing the construction of the system for UV photolysis, the modifications for building the much simpler visible light system for optogenetic experiments will also be provided. The UV photolysis system was used to carryout experiments to study a fundamental question in neuroscience, how are spatially distributed inputs integrated across distal dendritic branch points. The results suggest that integration can be non-linear across branch points and the supralinearity is largely mediated by NMDA receptors.
The nucleotide sequence of the maize controlling element Activator

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the transposable maize controlling element Activator (Ac). The Ac element is 4563 bp long and has an imperfect terminal repetition of 11 bp. The element contains two open reading frames (ORF) encoding polypeptides of 839 and 210 amino acids. Evidence derived from structural analysis of a closely related, but transposition-defective Dissociation (Ds) element indicates that the large ORF is the structural gene for a trans-acting function required for transposition. The two ORFs diverge from a short intergenic region which contains characteristic eucaryotic transcription initiation sequences.
NADPH diaphorase histochemistry in the rabbit retina

Abstract NADPH diaphorase activity has been shown by histochemical staining to co-localize with markers for selective neurotransmitter candidates in various regions of the rat brain. The rabbit retina was therefore examined to determine if the technique stains a selective population of retinal neurons as well. Whole retinas of adult, male, pigmented rabbits are incubated with a specific reaction mixture containing nitro blue tetrazolium as the electron acceptor. Dark blue reaction product is deposited in two populations of cell bodies near the inner border of the inner nuclear layer (INL). One cell type is larger and more darkly stained than the second. The larger cells have 2–4 tapering primary dendrites which branch sparsely in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and which can be traced for up to 500 μm. The second cell type has smaller and more lightly stained somata. In retinal cross sections, a dense layer of varicose fibers is seen in the middle (sublamina 3) of the IPL; these fibers arise at least in part from the larger, darkly stained cell bodies. A less dense plexus of fibers is stained at the outer margin (sublamina 1) of the IPL, and occasional varicosities are seen in the inner sublaminas (4 and 5) of the IPL. NADPH diaphorase histochemistry, therefore, selectively stains at least two subtypes of amacrine cells in rabbit retina. Although a definite identification of the transmitter content of these cells cannot be made, diaphorase histochemistry provides, in the retina, a remarkably convenient method for achieving Golgi-like images of morphologically distinct neuronal populations.
A [4 + 4] 2-Pyridone Approach to Taxol. 3. Stereocontrol during Elaboration of the Cyclooctane

Intramolecular photocycloaddition of 2-pyridones connected through a four-carbon tether (6-[4-(1,2-dihydro-1-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyridinyl)-4-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)dimethylsilyl]oxy]butyl]-4-methoxy-1,3-dimethyl-2(1H)-pyridinone) yields a single tetracyclic product with four new stereogenic centers. The diastereoselectivity of this [4 + 4] reaction is fully controlled by a stereogenic carbon of the tether. Treatment of the photoproduct with osmium tetraoxide transforms the alkene to a diol and the enol ether to an α-hydroxy ketone, with stereocontrol dictated by nearby lactams that block one face of each alkene. Allylmagnesium bromide addition to the ketone also yields a single diastereomer, but unexpectedly this product results from approach of the nucleophile to the most-hindered face of the ketone. Study of this reaction in a model system has found the allylic nucleophile to be unique, with nonallylic reagents approaching along the expected, least-hindered path. This contrasteric addition likely results from...
Formation of buckministerfullerene phenylene derivatives in the gas phase

The gas-phase chemistry of Fe(C 6 H 4 ) n + (n=1-6) with C 60 is studied by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The formation of some ionic phenylene derivatives and metallacyclic derivatives of C 60 is obsersed. Specifically, Fe + , generated by laser desorption, reacts with chlorobenzene to form iron-benzyne, FeC 6 H 4 + , which initiates further reactions with chlorobenzene to form Fe(C 6 H 4 ) + 2-6 and (C 6 H 4 ) + 2-5 . Fe(C 6 H 4 ) + 1-4 react with C 60 to form metalated fullerene derivatives, C 60 Fe(C 6 H 4 ) + 1-4 . C 60 Fe(C 6 H 4 ) + 1,2 undergo a demetalation reaction with chlorobenzene to yield the fullerene phenylene derivatives C 60 (C 6 H 4 ) + 1,2 , 8 and 9, through formation of C-C bonds with C 60 . CID experiments and kinetic analysis indicate that each of the C 60 Fe(C 6 H 4 ) + 1,2 species consists of a single isomer, presumably the metallacycles 12 and 14. Consistent with the typical reactions of metal-benzyne complexes with alkenes in the condensed phase, these metallacyclic structures are believed to be formed through coupling of one of the double bonds at the 6,6 ring junction in C 60 with an Fe-C bond of Fe(benzyne) + . These results are consistent with the notion that C 60 acts like an electron deficient alkene rather than an aromatic molecule, and suggest a possible synthetic route to prepare this type of metallo-C 60 derivatives in the condensed phase. Finally, ligand displacement reactions yield a bond dissociation energy of D o (Fe + -C 60 )=44±7 kcal/mol
Teaching database using a real DBMS: experience with INGRES

This paper discusses the advantages of using a large, relational database system in a database course and describes in detail a course that has been taught at UW Oshkosh using INGRES as a vehicle for instruction.
Auditing the Quality of Management in the Community College.

The Community College Management Audit is a system for assessing the abilities of administrative personnel to perform certain key functions and roles of a manager regardless of the areas of responsibility. The heart of the system is the Management Audit Questionnaire (MAQ), which is a nonthreatening, data‐collection instrument that is used to assess all or a part of the college's administrators. After information is collected using the MAQ, it is thoroughly analyzed, given to selected institutional members, and then used to design activities that will improve individual, unit, and college‐wide administrative effectiveness. This article describes why community colleges, in today's era of accountability, need this system; how it was developed; its five process steps for implementation; and its expected benefits.