cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and temporal dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate endophytic fungi in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem are minimally affected by nitrogen enrichment

Root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi in nitrogen amended and unamended mixed tallgrass prairie communities were analyzed monthly over two growing seasons. Roots were stained with Trypan blue and Sudan IV and fungal structures quantified using the modified magnified intersections method. Root length colonized (RLC) by DSE exceeded AM colonization during early part of the growing season. Fungal colonization varied among the years and was greater in 2003 than in 2002. Seasonal variation among the months within a growing season was observed in 2002 but not in 2003 for both AM and DSE. AM fungi were most abundant during the peak growing season of dominant C4 vegetation while DSE were most abundant during the early part of the growing season. Hyperparasitism of AM hyphal coils by melanized septate fungi was frequently observed and increased with AM coil frequency. Although nitrogen amendment had altered the plant community composition, it had no impact on the colonization by AM or DSE fungi.
Underidentification of Preschool Children at Risk for Behavioral Disorders.

Federal legislation (PL 94-142) has placed the responsibility for the identification, screening, assessment, and placement of young children exhibiting or at risk for learning, behavioral, and/or c...
An empirical study of rules for well-formed identifiers

Readers of programs have two main sources of domain information: identifier names and comments. In order to efficiently maintain source code, it is important that the identifier names (as well as comments) communicate clearly the concepts they represent. Deisenbock and Pizka recently introduced two rules for creating well-formed identifiers: one considers the consistency of identifiers and the other their conciseness. These rules require a mapping from identifiers to the concepts they represent, which may be costly to develop after the initial release of a system. An approach for verifying whether identifiers are well formed without any additional information (e.g., a concept mapping) is developed. Using a pool of 48 million lines of code, experiments with the resulting syntactic rules for well-formed identifiers illustrate that violations of the syntactic pattern exist. Two case studies show that three-quarters of these violations are ‘real’. That is, they could be identified using a concept mapping. Three related studies show that programmers tend to use a rather limited vocabulary, that, contrary to many other aspects of system evolution, maintenance does not introduce additional rule violations, and that open and proprietary sources differ in their percentage of violations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biosynthesis of Specific Histones during Meiotic Prophase of Mouse Spermatogenesis

A kinetics study has demonstrated histone synthesis occurring at two distinct phases during meiotic prophase of mouse spermatogenesis. These two periods have been delineated by quantifying the synthesis of DNA and basic nuclear proteins in spermatogenic cells at discrete intervals following the intratesticular injection of 13H1 thymidine and E’4C1arginine, respectively. One phase of histone synthesis occurs coincident with DNA synthesis in preleptotene spermatocytes. By contrast, a second phase of histone synthesis occurs during midprophase of meiosis, independent of semiconservative DNA synthesis. The L’4CI arginine incorporated into the basic nuclear proteins of pachytene spermatocytes is conserved during spermiogenesis and then subsequently discarded within the residual bodies, which are formed during late spermiogenesis. Fluorographic analyses of isotopically labeled basic nuclear proteins in pachytene spermatocytes has shown that only the somatic complement of histones are synthesized during the preleptotene period, whereas the second phase involves the synthesis of proteins Hit, H2S, and “A”. In addition, several nonhistone basic nuclear proteins are synthesized concomitant with the germ cell-specific histones. Thus, the data clearly demonstrate that pachytene spermatocytes actively synthesize a number of novel chromatin-associated �0 lypeptides.
Skylight: a window on shingled disk operation

We introduce Skylight, a novel methodology that combines software and hardware techniques to reverse engineer key properties of drive-managed Shingled Magnetic Recording (SMR) drives. The software part of Skylight measures the latency of controlled I/O operations to infer important properties of drive-managed SMR, including type, structure, and size of the persistent cache; type of cleaning algorithm; type of block mapping; and size of bands. The hardware part of Skylight tracks drive head movements during these tests, using a high-speed camera through an observation window drilled through the cover of the drive. These observations not only confirm inferences from measurements, but resolve ambiguities that arise from the use of latency measurements alone. We show the generality and efficacy of our techniques by running them on top of three emulated and two real SMR drives, discovering valuable performance-relevant details of the behavior of the real SMR drives.
Lung Transplantation Biopsy Specimens With Bronchiolitis Obliterans or Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia Due to Aspiration

Abstract Context.—Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is generally thought to be a marker of chronic airway rejection in patients who have undergone lung transplantation. Bronchoscopic biopsy specimens, ...
Wide excision and healing by secondary intent for the surgical treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa: A single-center experience.

Summary Background This study reviewed a single center's 14-year experience with surgical treatment of chronic, severe hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) through wide excision technique and healing by secondary intention. Methods All patients who underwent wide excision of HS between 2000 and 2014 and allowed to heal by secondary intention were included. Wound care consisted of topical antimicrobials and hydrotherapy. Physical therapy was initiated for joint contracture prevention. Patients were followed until complete wound closure. Results Seventeen patients underwent 23 separate surgical encounters, five with excision of multiple areas. Seventeen excisional procedures were conducted on the upper half of the body (axillary, breast) and 11 on the lower half (inguinal, perineum, perianus, and abdomen). Two patients developed HS recurrence adjacent to the surgical site (one requiring reexcision and the other treated with topical therapy), whereas two developed HS flares at distant nonsurgical sites managed medically. The mean follow-up was 1.02 years with a median of 6 months ranging from 1.2 months to 5.25 years. Complete wound healing ranged from 8 weeks to 16 months, with limited range of motion (ROM) in two patients. Conclusions Attempts at removing all tissue affected by HS through wide surgical excision are the mainstay intervention for achieving complete local cure, particularly in the most severe cases of the disease. Our experience with wide excision of disease and healing by secondary intent demonstrated clinically satisfactory functional and excellent aesthetic results in multiple anatomic areas and even for large defects. This healing modality requires strict adherence to the wound healing protocol, which is often tolerated only by patients who have endured symptoms of severe HS for an extended length of time.
Mapping changes in spatial patterns of racial diversity across the entire United States with application to a 1990–2000 period

Abstract Changes in racial configuration patterns are affected by uneven population growth of different racial/ethnic groups and by modification of social attitudes. A comprehensive assessment of these changes is important for effective policymaking. Conventional assessments, which rely on tabular census data, are restricted to a handful of major metropolitan areas and do not provide spatial information. Here we propose using high resolution categorical demographic grids to assess and map spatio-temporal changes in racial configuration patterns over the entire United States. Recently published demographic grids for the years 1990 and 2000 are classified into neighborhood types based on the local level of diversity and the dominant race. Codifying the 1990–2000 transitions of neighborhood types for all grid cells yields a transition grid, which provides raw information for all subsequent assessments. The change is evaluated from three different perspectives: overall statistics, mapping, and neighborhood topology. A change diagram visualizes diversity change from statistical perspective using transitions collected from the entire U.S. Change map reveals complex spatial transitions between different neighborhood types; examples of change maps for metropolitan areas of Chicago, San Francisco, and Houston are shown and described. Topologies of spatial change for various neighborhood types are also visualized showing the specific manner of transition from one type of neighborhood to another. Presented methodology opens the door to much more comprehensive and in-depth assessment of changes of racial and diversity patterns.
Leo Diaconus and the Ethnology of Kievan Rus

Today, no less than in the days of Lomonosov and Schlozer, the question of the ethnic identity of the early Kievan rulers is a controversial one. The late Adolf Stender-Petersen's criticism of the Normanist school, “that it replaced a real, well-founded historical view of the course of things by an a priori plan, in which things were arranged as well as possible,” also applies—mutatis mutandis, of course—to the historical-sociological method of the contemporary Soviet anti-Normanist school. What is needed in the field are good editions, with detailed, objective commentary, of all the sources known to us. Eventually these may lead to the “comprehensive edition of all the sources from which we can acquire knowledge as regards the Varangian problem” envisaged by Stender-Petersen. The edition of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio by Gyula Moravcsik and R. J. H. Jenkins and the commentary edited by the latter may be cited as an important step toward this goal.
Neurons and Glia Modify Receptor Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase ζ (RPTPζ)/Phosphacan with Cell-specific O-Mannosyl Glycans in the Developing Brain

Protein O-mannosylation is a glycan modification that is required for normal nervous system development and function. Mutations in genes involved in protein O-mannosyl glycosylation give rise to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders known as congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) with associated CNS abnormalities. Our previous work demonstrated that receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase ζ (RPTPζ)/phosphacan is hypoglycosylated in a mouse model of one of these CMDs, known as muscle-eye-brain disease, a disorder that is caused by loss of an enzyme (protein O-mannose β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1) that modifies O-mannosyl glycans. In addition, monoclonal antibodies Cat-315 and 3F8 were demonstrated to detect O-mannosyl glycan modifications on RPTPζ/phosphacan. Here, we show that O-mannosyl glycan epitopes recognized by these antibodies define biochemically distinct glycoforms of RPTPζ/phosphacan and that these glycoforms differentially decorate the surface of distinct populations of neural cells. To provide a further structural basis for immunochemically based glycoform differences, we characterized the O-linked glycan heterogeneity of RPTPζ/phosphacan in the early postnatal mouse brain by multidimensional mass spectrometry. Structural characterization of the O-linked glycans released from purified RPTPζ/phosphacan demonstrated that this protein is a significant substrate for protein O-mannosylation and led to the identification of several novel O-mannose-linked glycan structures, including sulfo-N-acetyllactosamine containing modifications. Taken together, our results suggest that specific glycan modifications may tailor the function of this protein to the unique needs of specific cells. Furthermore, their absence in CMDs suggests that hypoglycosylation of RPTPζ/phosphacan may have different functional consequences in neurons and glia.
Robotic versus conventional laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery in obese patients.

Aim Obesity adds to the technical difficulty of laparoscopic colorectal surgery. The robotic approach has the potential to overcome this limitation because of its proposed technical advantages over laparoscopy. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the short-term outcomes of robotic surgery (RS) versus conventional laparoscopy surgery (LS) in this patient population. Method Patients with a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 undergoing RS or LS for rectal cancer between 01/2011 and 6/2014 were identified from an institutional database. Perioperative parameters, oncologic findings and postoperative 30-day short-term outcomes were compared between the RS and LS groups. Results The RS and LS groups included 29 and 27 patients, respectively. Groups were comparable in terms of patient demographics, body mass index (34.9±7.2 vs. 35.2±5.0 kg/m2, p = 0.71), co-morbidities, surgical and tumour characteristics. Comparison of the intraoperative findings revealed no significant differences between the groups including operative time (329.0±102.2 vs. 294.6±81.1 min, p = 0.13), blood loss (434.0±612.4 vs. 339.4±271.9 ml, p = 0.68), resection margin involvement (6.9% vs. 7.4%, p = 0.99), conversions (3.4% vs. 18.5%, p = 0.09) and complications (6.9% vs. 0%, p = 0.49). Regarding postoperative outcomes, there were no significant differences in morbidity except that robotic surgery was associated with a quicker return of bowel function (median, 3 vs. 4 days, p = 0.01) and shorter hospital stay (median, 6 vs. 7 days, p = 0.02). Conclusion Robotic surgery for rectal cancer in obese patients has short-term outcomes similar to laparoscopy, but accelerated postoperative recovery. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
LC-MS/MS Determination of Oxidation Product Aniline in the Fenton Degradation of Azo Dye Orange G

LC-MS/MS was applied to the determination of oxidation product aniline in Fenton degradation of azo dye orange G.The Fe2+in Fenton′s reaction solution was removed by OnGuard II H solid phase extraction column.After the extraction,the separation was performed on a XR-ODS II chromatographic column.Detection was carried out using apositive electrospray ionization interface in multi-reaction monitoring mode.Linearity range of aniline found was 2.0-100.0μg·L-1 with detection limit(3S/N)of 0.6μg·L-1.Values of recovery found by standard addition method were in the range of 94.0%-98.4%,with values of intra-day RSD′s and inter-day RSD′s in the ranges of 2.8%-6.4%and 5.2%-8.6%respectively.
A process route simulation method of parts cutting

Rapid process route simulation is a matter of significance for manufacturing. A simulating algorithm of process route is proposed. The mapping of process route and manufacture feature is established with the bridge of form feature description,then the process evolvement of 3D part model is realized by putting manufacture feature on the part. The instance shows that this method is a simple,efficient process route simulation method.
Transmitting culture transnationally: the characterisation of parents in the police procedural

AbstractAdvances in modern forensic science have rendered the procedures on police procedurals repetitive across the globe, yet television writers continue to transmit their cultures transnationally via the way these popular television detectives interact with their on screen parents. Case studies will include Inspector Morse (UK, 1987–2000), Il Commissario Montalbano/Inspector Montalbano (Italy, 1999–2015), and Murdoch Mysteries (Canada, 2008–present) with some attention paid to female police officers in US dramas Cagney & Lacey (1981–1988) and Southland (2009–2013). A close reading of the relationship between parents and adult children in these programmes shows parent characters serve many purposes. They expand our knowledge of the main character by helping us understand their moulding, their mentality and their motivations; they provide universal themes; they also offer a chance for stunt casting – a combination that helps transmit the culture of the country of origin to international viewers.
Evaluation of Psychogenic Urinary Retention

Urinary retention may develop in the absence of significant organic disease. Patients with psychogenic retention range from those with episodic acute retention to those who have learned to inhibit urination and have retention with a large residual urine volume owing to myotonic detrusor degeneration. A combination of thorough medical, neurologic, psychiatric and urologic evaluation is indicated for all such patients. Management consists of the implementation of bladder training with or without intermittent catheterization, which generally may be accomplished on an outpatient basis.
Development of New Therapies for Severe Asthma

Persistent asthma has long been treated with inhaled corticosteroids (CSs), as the mainstay of therapy. However, their efficacy in patients with more severe disease is limited, which led to the incorporation of poor response to ICSs (and thereby use of high doses of ICS) into recent definitions of severe asthma. Several studies have suggested that severe asthma might consist of several different phenotypes, each with ongoing symptoms and health care utilization, despite the use of high doses of ICS, usually in combination with a second or third controller. Several new therapies have been approved for severe asthma. Long-acting muscarinic agents have recently been approved as an additional controller agent and appear to improve lung function, although their effect on symptoms and exacerbations is less. Although bronchial thermoplasty (BT) has emerged as a therapy for severe asthma, little is understood regarding the appropriate selection of these patients. Considerable data have emerged to support the presence of a group of patients with severe asthma who have ongoing Type 2 inflammation. These patients appear to respond to targeted biologic approaches which are at the current time mostly investigational. In contrast, few effective therapies for patients with less or no evidence for Type 2 inflammation have emerged. Many new and exciting therapies are at the forefront for severe asthma therapy and, in conjunction with precision medicine approaches to identify the group of patients likely to respond to these approaches, will change the way we think about treating severe asthma.
The utility of EMR address histories for assessing neighborhood exposures

Abstract Purpose Electronic medical records (EMRs) include residential address histories, which may alleviate exposure misclassification caused by exclusion of patient spatiotemporal location. EMR data are increasingly available but rarely leveraged as a measure of cumulative environmental exposure, in part due to limited understanding of the validity of EMR-derived address histories. Methods We compared EMR address histories to self-reported histories among 100 patients of a safety-net health care system completing a telephone survey. We assessed agreement and compared seven neighborhood-level environmental exposures as assessed using both data sources. Results While 17.1% of respondents did not live at the most recent EMR-derived address during the survey, nearly all (98%) lived there at some point. For respondents with more than one EMR-derived address (N = 64), 87.5% had once lived at the previous EMR address. Of these, 30.4% lived at 1 or more additional residences between the two most recent EMR address. For all measures, neighborhood-level environmental exposures did not differ when using EMR-derived versus self-report addresses. Conclusions More recent EMR-derived addresses are more accurate, and differences compared to self-reported addresses in neighborhood-level exposures are negligible. EMR-derived address histories are incomplete and likely suffer from collection bias; future research should further assess their validity and reliability.
Clinical outcomes of septoplasty and inferior turbinate reduction in the geriatric veterans' population.

BACKGROUND Patients older than 65 years constitute an increasingly large percentage of the patient population that presents to an adult otolaryngology practice due to the increase in life expectancy. The objective of this study is to assess the clinical outcomes of septoplasty with or without inferior turbinate reduction in patients who are 65 years or older. METHODS This is a prospective nonrandomized longitudinal study of 40 patients aged 65 years or more and who underwent septoplasty with or without inferior turbinate reduction. Patients received Nasal Health Survey (NHS) and General Health Status Short Form (SF-12) questionnaires before and 6 months after surgery. Statistical analysis was performed using the paired t-test. RESULTS The preoperative NHS score was 52.3, while the postoperative score was 76.6 (p < 0.001). The reported benefit reflected improvement in symptoms (p < 0.001) and reduction in medication usage (p < 0.001). In addition, the SF-12 score improved after the surgery but the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.055). CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE Septoplasty and inferior turbinate reduction is beneficial in the veterans' population for patients 65 years or older who present with nasal obstruction and are noted on physical examination to have septal deviation and inferior turbinate hypertrophy.
Characterization of peanuts after dry roasting, oil roasting, and blister frying

Abstract Peanuts were systematically deep fried, blister fried, or dry roasted at 177 °C to Hunter L-values of 53.0 ± 1.0, 48.5 ± 1.0, and 43.0 ± 1.0, corresponding to light, medium, and dark roasting, respectively. Thermal modifications of the epidermal and parenchyma cells were observed in the scanning electron microscopic images for processed peanuts, compared to raw peanuts. Peanut microstructure was most extensively damaged by blister frying, followed by deep frying, and then dry roasting. The moisture content decreased with increased surface color, due to more moisture loss with longer heat processing time. For light roasting, blister fried peanuts had significantly higher moisture contents than the deep fried and dry roasted peanuts, while for medium and dark roasting, blister fried had lower moistures than the other two. Descriptive sensory analysis was able to distinguish the flavor and texture profiles of peanuts prepared by different roasting methods. In storage testing throughout 16 weeks, peroxide value measurements indicated the blister fried peanuts had the longest shelf life, followed by the dry roasted, and then the deep fried. Descriptive sensory analysis proved that the rate of the loss of roast peanut flavor during storage was faster in dry roasted peanuts followed by blister fried and deep fried.
Green Herons (Butorides virescens) in an Urbanized Landscape: Does Recreational Disturbance Affect Foraging Behavior?

Abstract As the trend towards urbanization continues, natural areas near dense human populations can be impacted by development, and increased recreational use of these natural areas may increase disturbance of wildlife. Many waterbirds use areas that are generally subject to elevated levels of human disturbance and some species consequently are often considered highly susceptible to disturbance. In 2013 and 2014 we assessed the effects of human recreational disturbance on Green Herons (Butorides virescens) through the use of focal observations at sites of varying disturbance. We collected behavioral data (n = 154 observations) along the headwaters of the San Marcos River located in Central Texas. We built 15 linear regression models to assess the potential influence of human disturbance as well as potential influence of habitat differences between study sites on each of five response variables (four foraging behaviors plus foraging efficiency). Using Akaike's Information Criterion model selection, we fou...
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Convert Human Macrophages to a Novel Type of Alternatively Activated Macrophages.

Abstract Abstract 3632 Poster Board III-568 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of modulating the immune system through interaction with a wide range of immune cells. This study investigates the hypothesis that interaction of MSCs with macrophages could play a significant role in their anti-inflammatory/immune modulatory effects. All studies were approved by IRB of University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. MSCs were culture expanded from discarded bone marrow filters after bone marrow harvest from normal healthy sibling HLA-matched donors. We used passages -35 for our experiments. Ex vivo culture expanded MSCs were characterized by their cell surface phenotype (positive for MSC markers: CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105; and negative for hematopoietic markers: CD31, CD34, and CD45), and their differentiation potential into bone, fat and cartilage. Monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction of healthy donors using CD14+ Miltenyi magnetic bead cell separation method. We cultured human CD14+ monocytes for seven days without any added cytokines to generate macrophages, and then co-cultured them for three more days with culture-expanded MSCs. We used cell surface antigen expression and intracellular cytokine expression patterns to study the immunophenotype of macrophages at the end of this co-culture period, and phagocytic assays to investigate their functional activity in vitro. Macrophages co-cultured with MSCs consistently showed high level expression of CD206, a marker of alternatively activated macrophages, in addition to being positive fro CD14 marker. Using CD1a and CD209 staining we did not detect presence of any dendritic cells either at the end of seven days culture of monocyte-derived macrophages or at the end of co-culture period. Furthermore, macrophages that were co-cultured with MSCs expressed high levels of IL-10 and low levels of IL-12, as determined by intracellular staining, typical of alternatively activated macrophages. However, macrophages co-cultured with MSCs also expressed high levels of IL-6 and low levels of TNF-α, compared to controls. Functionally, macrophages co-cultured with MSCs showed a higher level of phagocytic activity using Alexa 488-conjugated E. coli phagocytic assay. In summary we describe a novel type of human macrophage generated in vitro after co-culture with MSCs that assume an immunophenotype defined as IL-10 high, IL-12 low, IL-6 high and TNF-α low secreting cells. These MSC-educated macrophages may be a unique and novel type of alternatively activated macrophages with potentially significant role in tissue repair. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Nonmedical use of prescription opioids and heroin use among adolescents involved in competitive sports

Abstract Purpose Examine the past-year prevalence of nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NUPOs), heroin use, and the concurrent NUPO and heroin in a sample of 12th graders involved in 16 different sports. Methods A secondary analysis of nationally representative data from nine cohorts (2006–2014) of the Monitoring the Future study (n = 21,557). Results No differences were found between 12th graders who participated in at least one competitive sport and nonparticipants with respect to past-year NUPO, heroin use, and concurrent NUPO and heroin use. Most of the 16 sports analyzed were not associated with the three drug use outcomes. However, 12th graders who participated in ice hockey had substantially greater odds of both past-year heroin use and concurrent NUPO and heroin, while those who participated in weightlifting (NUPO and heroin) and wrestling (NUPO) had slightly higher odds of using these drugs. Conclusions The study provides critical information to inform physicians, parents, and school officials of the risks associated with participating in certain high contact sports, particularly ice hockey.
Non-universal correlations in complex electromagnetic fields

Advanced sensing requires a careful examination of fluctuating fields caused by light-matter interaction. We review basic concepts related to non-universal properties of coherence and polarization and their relation to the microscopic structure of heterogeneous media.
Day 100 peripheral blood absolute monocyte/lymphocyte count prognostic score and survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma post-autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

7041 Background: Prognostic factors for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) at day 100 post-autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (APBHSCT) have not been evaluated. ...
Development and application of the RE-AIM QuEST mixed methods framework for program evaluation.

To increase the likelihood of successful implementation of interventions and promote dissemination across real-world settings, it is essential to evaluate outcomes related to dimensions other than Effectiveness alone. Glasgow and colleagues' RE-AIM framework specifies four additional types of outcomes that are important to decision-makers: Reach, Adoption, Implementation (including cost), and Maintenance. To further strengthen RE-AIM, we propose integrating qualitative assessments in an expanded framework: RE-AIM Qualitative Evaluation for Systematic Translation (RE-AIM QuEST), a mixed methods framework. RE-AIM QuEST guides formative evaluation to identify real-time implementation barriers and explain how implementation context may influence translation to additional settings. RE-AIM QuEST was used to evaluate a pharmacist-led hypertension management intervention at 3 VA facilities in 2008–2009. We systematically reviewed each of the five RE-AIM dimensions and created open-ended companion questions to quantitative measures and identified qualitative and quantitative data sources, measures, and analyses. To illustrate use of the RE-AIM QuEST framework, we provide examples of real-time, coordinated use of quantitative process measures and qualitative methods to identify site-specific issues, and retrospective use of these data sources and analyses to understand variation across sites and explain outcomes. For example, in the Reach dimension, we conducted real-time measurement of enrollment across sites and used qualitative data to better understand and address barriers at a low-enrollment site. The RE-AIM QuEST framework may be a useful tool for improving interventions in real-time, for understanding retrospectively why an intervention did or did not work, and for enhancing its sustainability and translation to other settings.
Italy, Islam and the Islamic World: Representations and Reflections, from 9/11 to the Arab Uprisings

Although Italy and Islam have a history of interactions that stretches back centuries, the presence of Muslims in Italian society is a recent event that came as a result of migratory flows. Islam i...
Transdisciplinary Research Perspective: Epidemiological Criminology as an Emerging Theoretical Framework for Substance Abuse Research

Substance use poses an important transdisciplinary problem both conceptually and methodologically. This transdisciplinary nature of substance use requires an awareness of distinctions between public health and criminal justice systems organizationally, theoretically, and methodologically. Public health researchers have been employing a plethora of interventions and treatment, evaluating policies, and assessing the etiology of substance abuse for decades. At the same time, criminal justice researchers have created and evaluated drug courts, treatment programs in correctional settings, and policing tactics intended to reduce drug use. In this chapter, we suggest that researchers consider the possibility of integrating disciplines; particularly, epidemiology and criminology, to bring forth new and innovative interdisciplinary thinking. Given the complexity of substance use as a social problem, the development of epidemiological criminology as an emerging science can provide unique insight that may serve to help us learn, prevent, and reduce the costly burden of substance use and abuse in the United States.
Assessing Potential Confounding and Misclassification Bias When Studying the Safety of the Childhood Immunization Schedule

Abstract Objectives Some parents are concerned the childhood immunization schedule could increase risk for allergic disorders, including asthma. To inform future safety studies of this speculated association, a parent survey was conducted to examine the risk of misclassification of vaccination status in electronic health record data, and to assess the potential for confounding if asthma risk factors varied by vaccination status. Methods A survey was conducted among parents of children 19 to 35 months old at 6 medical organizations within the Vaccine Safety Datalink. Parents of children in 4 vaccination groups were surveyed: 1) no vaccines by 12 months of age and a diagnosis of parental vaccine refusal; 2) consistent vaccine limiting (≤2 vaccines per visit); 3) not consistently vaccine limiting but otherwise undervaccinated with a vaccine refusal diagnosis; and 4) fully vaccinated with no delays and no vaccine refusal. Parents were surveyed about their child's vaccination status and whether asthma risk factors existed. Results Among a survey sample of 2043 parents, 1209 responded (59.2%). For receiving no vaccines, the observed agreement between parent report and electronic health record data was 94.0% (κ = 0.79); for receiving all vaccines with no delays, the observed agreement was 87.3% (κ = 0.73). Although most asthma risk factors (allergic rhinitis, eczema, food allergies, family asthma history) reported by parents did not differ significantly between children in the vaccination groups studied, several factors (aeroallergen sensitivity, breastfeeding) differed significantly between groups. Conclusions Measurement and control of disease risk factors should be carefully considered in observational studies of the safety of the immunization schedule.
Patterns of Physiological Angiogenesis in Adult Mesentery

The structural process by which new microvessels form from pre-existing ones has been documented in classical studies of wound healing. (Folkman and Shing, 1992; Hudlicka and Tyler, 1986). However, the process by which new microvessels originate de novoand continue to expand under physiological conditions is less well understood. The physiological formation and subsequent growth of a new vascular bed is normally considered to be something that occurs predominantly during embryonic development. In mammalian systems this puts certain restrictions on the types of studies which can be done on a developing vascular bed to understand how the growth is regulated. Most tissues in the adult have little ongoing angiogenesis, with the exception of the female reproductive system. However, it has been found that the rat mesentery undergoes a spontaneous angiogenesis, leading to the formation of a two-dimensional microvascular bed which seems to be well suited for studies of angiogenesis under either physiological or pathological conditions (Hansen-Smith, Joswiak, and Baustert, 1994; Norrby, Jakobsson, and Sorbo, 1990; Rhodin and Fujita, 1989). Since this growth occurs in adults, many types of physiological studies, as well as structural and biochemical studies, are feasible to help understand not only how the initiation of angiogenesis and angiostasis are regulated, but also how microvascular patterns arise and are remodelled during the enlargement of microvascular networks.
A Fishery-Oilspill Interaction Model: Simulated Consequences of a Blowout

Recent experience on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean has clearly demonstrated the degree to which coastal ecological resources may be damaged by large oil spills. In the case of the Amoco Cadiz accident, for example, it appears that a majority of the impacts can be assessed through direct observations. In a situation such as the Bravo blowout, however, the ensuing ecological consequences are much less clear. This paper describes the present state of an ongoing effort to construct a model system capable of estimating the impact of petroleum spills on commercial fisheries in offshore as well as coastal water. Ultimate system evolution is aimed at a broader holistic concept, including a species-specific ecosystem model to facilitate food web pollutant concentration studies, and a variety of impact sources and mechanisms operating alone or in concert. Possible future applications include, for example, power plant entrainment, and effects relating to municipal sewage outfalls, dredge waste disposal, heavy metals and other water-borne toxic substances. At present the system is composed of a unit fish stock population model with spatial as well as temporal dimensions, a model to simulate ocean transport processes, and an oil spill behaviour and fates model.
Metabolism of Vitamin D

Our understanding of the metabolism of vitamin D3 is far from complete. However, almost all of the discussion relates to discoveries made during the past decade, and it is indeed surprising that so much information has become known in that short period. Much remains to be learned, however, concerning the nature of the excretory products of the D vitamins, the sites of inactivation as well as possible further activation.
Masquerade detection on mobile devices

A masquerade is a type of attack where an intruder attempts to avoid detection by impersonating an authorized user of a system. In this research, we consider the problem of masquerade detection on mobile devices. Specifically, we experiment with a variety of machine learning techniques to determine how accurately we can distinguish mobile users, based on various features. Here, our primary goal is to determine which techniques are most likely to be effective in a more comprehensive masquerade detection system.
Providing Public Services Without Relying Heavily on Government Funding: How Do Nonprofits Respond to Government Budget Cuts?:

Existing studies of government–nonprofit relationships have largely treated government funding as a revenue stream of nonprofit organizations. However, there is limited empirical research on how no...
Political Affiliation and Rooftop Solar Adoption in New York and Texas

Renewable energy is often presented as a partisan issue. However, solar incentives have made rooftop PV attractive to many consumers, regardless of political affiliation. This paper quantifies the role of political affiliation in rooftop PV adoption for the Democratic-leaning state of New York and Republican-leaning state of Texas. High resolution rooftop PV installation data from Google Project Sunroof is combined with election data from the Harvard Election Data Archive. We applied a bootstrapped LOWESS model to fit local linear relationships between rooftop PV adoption and both voting behavior and household income. In doing so, we find that Republican-majority communities are installing rooftop PV at equal or greater rates than Democraticmajority communities. While Republican politicians may be less likely than Democrats to support renewable energy, this partisan division is not found at the voter level.
High total dissolved solids in shale gas wastewater inhibit biodegradation of alkyl and nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants.

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing fluids are injected into unconventional oil and gas systems to stimulate hydrocarbon production, returning to the surface in flowback and produced waters containing a complex mixture of xenobiotic additives and geogenic compounds. Nonionic polyethoxylates are commonly added surfactants that act as weatherizers, emulsifiers, wetting agents, and corrosion inhibitors in hydraulic fracturing fluid formulations. Understanding the biodegradability of these ubiquitous additives is critical for produced water pre-treatment prior to reuse and for improving treatment trains for external beneficial reuse. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of produced water total dissolved solids (TDS) from an unconventional natural gas well on the aerobic biodegradation of alkyl ethoxylate and nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants. Changes in surfactant concentrations, speciation and metabolites, as well as microbial community composition and activity were quantified over a 75-day aerobic incubation period. Alkyl ethoxylates (AEOs) were degraded faster than nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs), and both compound classes and bulk organic carbon biodegraded slower in TDS treatments (10 g L−1, 40 g L−1) as compared to controls. Short-chain ethoxylates were more rapidly biodegraded than longer-chain ethoxylates, and changes in the relative abundance of metabolites including acetone, alcohols, and carboxylate and aldehyde intermediates of alkyl units indicated metabolic pathways may shift in the presence of higher produced water TDS. Our key finding that polyethoxylated alcohol surfactant additives are less labile at high TDS has important implications for produced water management, as these fluids are increasingly recycled for beneficial reuse in hydraulic fracturing fluids and other purposes.
Centrosome amplification and prognosis in breast cancer.

11036 Background: Centrosome amplification (CA) has been reported in all human cancers and is thought to result in aneuploidy and chromosomal instability (CIN). CA is associated with deleterious cl...
Evolution of globular cluster systems in elliptical galaxies. II. Power-law initial mass function

We have studied the evolution of globular cluster systems (GCS) in elliptical galaxies with a power-law initial GCS mass function (GCMF) ($f(M) \propto M^{-\alpha}$) similar to that predicted by some theoretical studies of globular clusters formation and to that of young cluster systems observed in merging galaxies. We have carried out a survey over a large number of different host galaxies and we have considered different values for the index, $\alpha$, of the initial power-law GCMF ($\alpha=1.5,1.8,2.0$); we show the dependence of the main GCS final properties (mean mass and dispersion of the final GCMF, fraction of surviving clusters, radial gradient of the GCMF parameters) on the structure of the host galaxy and on the slope of the initial GCMF. For a subsample of host galaxies with values of effective masses and radii equal to those determined using observational data for a number of giant, normal and dwarf galaxies our results show that the relation between the final GCMF properties and those of the host galaxies as well as the dependence of the final GCMF parameters on the galactocentric distance within individual galaxies differ from those observed in old GCS: the values of the final GCS mean mass are in general smaller (4.2 < log M_final < 5.0) than those observed and the galaxy-to-galaxy dispersion of logM_final is larger than that reported by observational analyses. The results are compared with those of a companion paper in which we investigated the evolution of GCS with a log-normal initial GCMF and in which the final GCS properties were perfectly consistent with observations.
Role of DNA Methylation on the Expression of the Anthracycline Metabolizing Enzyme AKR7A2 in Human Heart

The intracardiac synthesis of anthracycline alcohol metabolites by aldo–keto reductases (AKRs) contributes to the pathogenesis of anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity. AKR7A2 is the most abundant anthracycline reductase in hearts from donors with and without Down syndrome (DS), and its expression varies between individuals (≈tenfold). We investigated whether DNA methylation impacts AKR7A2 expression in hearts from donors with (n = 11) and without DS (n = 30). Linear models were used to test for associations between methylation status and cardiac AKR7A2 expression. In hearts from donors without DS, DNA methylation status at CpG site −865 correlated with AKR7A2 mRNA (Pearson’s regression coefficient, r = −0.4051, P = 0.0264) and AKR7A2 protein expression (r = −0.5818, P = 0.0071). In heart tissue from donors with DS, DNA methylation status at CpG site −232 correlated with AKR7A2 protein expression (r = 0.8659, P = 0.0025). Multiple linear regression modeling revealed that methylation at several CpG sites is associated with the synthesis of cardiotoxic daunorubicinol. AKR7A2 methylation status in lymphoblastoid cell lines from donors with and without DS was examined to explore potential parallelisms between cardiac tissue and lymphoid cells. These results suggest that DNA methylation impacts AKR7A2 expression and the synthesis of cardiotoxic daunorubicinol.
Modes of Belonging: Debating School Demographics in Gentrifying New York:

This article examines the frameworks that stakeholders bring to debates about diversifying schools in gentrifying areas of New York City. Using critical ethnographic methods, I explore stakeholders...
Testosterone Level Does Not Affect the Risk of Admission or Length of Hospital Stay in Patients with Heart Failure — A National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-Based Study

Introduction There is some evidence concerning the role of testosterone in cardiovascular diseases including heart failure. Some evidence favors reduced risk of cardiovascular events with higher levels while others have found no association. Hypothesis We hypothesized that lower testosterone level is associated with a lower hospital stay and admission rates in those with heart failure. Methods We used the NHANES database to identify males with a reported diagnosis of heart failure. The outcomes were inpatient admission in the past year and the number of days spent in the hospital in the past year. Results We identified 284 males with a reported a diagnosis of heart failure in 2011-2016 NHANES, mean age was 66.5 years, and there was no statistically significant difference in age between the group with serum testosterone less than 250 ng/ml and the group with serum testosterone more than 250 ng/ml(p=0.21). In the monovariate analysis, the group with lower testosterone levels are less likely to be admitted when compared to the group with higher testosterone, but this association was not statistically significant (25.6% vs. 40.0%,P=0.05). After multivariate analysis using logistic regression adjusting for comorbid conditions, the odds of being admitted is less in those with normal testosterone, but this was not statistically significant (OR 0.54, 95CI 0.25-1.57,p=0.11). In the linear regression model, we didn't find any significant effect of serum testosterone in the overall number of days spent in the hospital. Conclusions There was no evidence of an association between testosterone and increased admission and also no evidence of an association between serum testosterone and the overall length of stay. Some studies have shown possible benefits of testosterone supplementation in heart failure, but our study revealed that there is likely no effect on the risk of admission or length of stay.
Parotid oncocytoma: CT and pathologic correlation of a rare benign parotid tumor

Oncocytoma, also known as oxyphilic adenoma or mitochondrioma of the parotid gland is a rare benign tumor constituting less than 1.5% of all parotid lesions. As there are no characteristic imaging findings, this lesion often poses a diagnostic and clinical challenge. We present a rare case of a parotid oncocytoma posing a diagnostic challenge in a 55-year-old woman presenting with a facial mass. We hope to bring awareness of this benign entity affecting the parotid gland.
Tertiary Care Multidisciplinary Teams Associated with Improved Survival in Rectal Cancer Patients: A Comparative Study.

For stage II/III rectal cancer patients, comprehensive multidisciplinary care (MDC) affects outcomes. Randomized trials have shown the effectiveness of adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy in treatment...