cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General mobility and carrier concentration relationship in transparent amorphous indium zinc oxide films

We report the dependence of the electronic properties on the metal composition and oxygen content of transparent conducting amorphous indium zinc oxide $(a\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{IZO})$ films deposited by dc magnetron sputtering. $a\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{IZO}$ shows a clear Burstein--Moss shift with an effective optical band gap of $3.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ independent of the metal composition. A metal-composition-independent dependence of the mobility $(\ensuremath{\mu})$ on carrier concentration $(N)$ is also found for $a\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{IZO}$ with ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{max}}=54\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}∕\mathrm{V}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$ at $N=1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The electron transport, thermally activated at $N\ensuremath{\leqslant}{10}^{19}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, becomes limited by lattice scattering at $N\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{20}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and then by ionized impurity scattering at $Ng5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
Evolution of excitons and polarons in polythiophene from femtoseconds to milliseconds.

We have studied the photoexcitation dynamics in electrochemically polymerized polythiophene thin films using transient photomodulation (PM) spectroscopy measured from 100 fs to 20 ms in the spectral range from 0.25 to 2.2 eV, and by the novel technique of absorption-detected magnetic resonance (ADMR). Our results show that photogenerated exciton polarons are formed within 300 fs; they subsequently decay in the nanosecond time domain by 1D diffusion toward recombination centers The dominant excitations after about 250 ns are charged polarons and bipolarons, which are identified by optical transitions correlated with a spin-1/2 ADMR signal at {ital g}=2.003.
The Effect of Medial Frontal Cortex Lesions on Respiration, “Freezing,” and Ultrasonic Vocalizations during Conditioned Emotional Responses in Rats

The effect of ventral medial frontal cortex (MFC) lesions on respiratory rate (RESP), immobility ("freezing"), and ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during conditioned emotional responses (CERs) was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: MFC-lesioned rats (N = 11) sustained bilateral lesions of the infralimbic region of the MFC via microinjection of the neurotoxin NMDA; controls received sterile saline. Following a 2 week recovery period, all animals were differentially conditioned to two tones; a 2 mA footshock served as the unconditioned stimulus (US). The CS+tone was consistently paired with the US, while the CSr tone was randomly paired with the US. On the following day, RESP, freezing, and USVs were recorded during CER testing (no US were presented). All animals responded during the CS+ with increased RESP compared to baseline; the increase in MFC rats was significantly larger than in controls. All animals also froze at the onset of the CS+. Following the CS+, controls displayed a prolonged period of freezing (265 +/- 37 sec) and decreased RESP compared to baseline, and 92% emitted USVs. In contrast, MFC rats displayed a significantly shorter period of freezing (86 +/- 25 sec) and little or no USV; RESP remained significantly elevated throughout the remainder of the trial. These behaviors indicate a significantly altered stress response following ventral MFC lesions, implying that the MFC may be necessary for complete expression of various behavioral responses to "stressful" stimuli. The role of the MFC in emotion is also discussed.
RET and anisotropy measurements establish the proximity of the conserved Trp17 to Ile98 and Phe99 of tear lipocalin.

Previous studies suggest that the conserved Trp17 on strand A of TL has a role in lipocalin stability and interacts, directly or indirectly, with Ile98 and Phe99 on strand G to influence ligand binding. Here, we determined the proximity of Trp17 to Ile98 and Phe99. Time-resolved fluorescence experiments showed resonance energy transfer between tryptophans at positions 17 and 98. In addition, an exciton effect was discovered in CD experiments resulting from interactions of the excited states of these tryptophans. Fluorescence anisotropy values of mutants containing two tryptophans (positions 99/17 and 98/17) were lower than expected in the absence of RET, confirming that these residues are proximate in tear lipocalin. The data support a model of tear lipocalin in which Trp17 and Phe99 are close together deep in the cavity and participate in an internal hydrophobic cluster. Ile98 is proximate to Trp17 but faces toward the outside of the cavity and in the model is part of an external hydrophobic patch. Compa...
Observation of improved minority carrier lifetimes in high-quality Ge-on-insulator using time-resolved photoluminescence

We report improved minority carrier lifetimes in n-type-doped and tensile-strained germanium by measuring direct bandgap photoluminescence from germanium-on-insulator substrates with various levels of defect density. We first describe a method to fabricate a high-quality germanium-on-insulator substrate by employing direct wafer bonding and chemical-mechanical polishing. Raman spectroscopy measurement was performed to assess the purity of the transferred layer on an insulator. Using time-resolved photoluminescence decay measurement, we observe that minority carrier lifetimes can be improved by over a factor of 3 as the defective top interface of our material stack is removed. Our high-quality germanium-on-insulator should be an ideal platform for high-performance, germanium-based photonic devices for on-chip optical interconnects.
Nutrient Management Use at the Rural-Urban Fringe: Does Demand for Environmental Quality Play a Role?

There are relatively few federal regulations that influence U.S. agricultural production. However, local concerns over environmental quality may influence the management practices on farms. A detailed analysis of corn farms yields insight into this relationship and its implications for the use of cropland best management practices. Our findings suggest that increased contact between working farms and suburban and exurban populations likely increase the use of nutrient management plans, a management-intensive conservation practice. However, nutrient management practices were not found to be associated with waters listed as impaired because of nutrient pollution.
Transient and Permanent Fault Injection in VHDL Description of Digital Circuits

The ability to evaluate the testability of digital circuits before they are actually implemented is critical for designing highly reliable systems. This feature enables designers to verify the fault detection capability of online as well as offline testable digital circuits for both permanent and transient faults, during the design stage of the circuits. This paper presents a technique for transient and permanent fault injection at the VHDL level description of both combinational and sequential digital circuits. Access to all VHDL blocks a system is straight forward using a specially designed single fault injection block. This capability of inserting transient and permanent faults should help in evaluating the testability of a digital system before it is actually implemented.
Alterations in synaptic connectivity in cerebral cortex in neuronal storage disorders

Neuronal storage diseases are inborn errors of metabolism characterized by widespread intraneuronal storage and progressive neurological dysfunction, including mental retardation, movement disorders, and seizures. Most of these disorders are associated with specific defects in particular lysosomal enzymes. Moreover, a wide array of genetic defects has been documented. The immense progress made during the past three decades in understanding the primary molecular and enzymatic defects in this family of diseases stands in sharp contrast to the modest advances made in delineating pathogenetic mechanisms and treatment strategies. Although these disorders result from highly selective defects in metabolic pathways, they ultimately are complex conditions characterized by a plethora of seemingly unrelated secondary molecular and cellular abnormalities. Studies of children and animals affected by these diseases have revealed that significant changes in neuronal connectivity occur in the cerebral cortex. These include not only degenerative changes in axons and synapses of inhibitory neurons, but also a regrowth of dendrites and new synapse formation involving pyramidal neurons. The latter finding indicates that neurons in the cerebral cortex undergo significant “rewiring” during the height of the disease process. This regrowth of primary dendrites and formation of new synapses as part of a neurological disease is unprecedented. Understanding the causes and consequences of these changes in cortical synaptic connectivity in neuronal storage diseases may provide insight not only into the precise mechanisms underlying mental retardation in these diseases and their reversibility, but also into processes governing dendritic elaboration and synapse formation in the normal developing nervous system. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Infectivity of resting spores of Massospora cicadina (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae), an entomopathogenic fungus of periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) (Homoptera: Cicadidae)

Abstract Massospora cicadina Peck is a fungal pathogen of 13- and 17-year periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.). In northwest Arkansas, during the spring 1998 emergence of the 13-year periodical cicada, Magicicada tredecassini (Brood XIX), 1.4×10 6 ( SE =1.8×10 5 ) mature resting spores were produced per infected male M. septendecim.
Injuries from Falling Meteorites

In the first section of this paper, historical evidence concerning injuries occasioned by falling meteorites, including the recent Aba, Japan, incident described by I. Yamamoto and S. Murayama in the preceding notes is presented. In the second section, the possibility of injury from meteoritic falls is critically examined from the viewpoint of the theory of probability. It is found that the probability of a hit on the Human Target-Area (HTA) of Europe (or of America) during any century between 1600 a.d. and 2200 a.d. is very small. There are, however, about 316 chances out of 1000 that at least one meteorite will strike in the world's HTA during the 20th century. Furthermore, there is very nearly a 50–50 chance for at least one meteorite to hit in the same HTA during the 3 centuries from 1700 to 2000 a.d. Finally, the odds are 99 to 1 that in at least one of the centuries between 2100 and 3300 a.d. at least one meteorite will hit in the world's HTA.
Lead exposure and neurobehavioral development in later infancy.

A prospective methodology was used to assess the neurobehavioral effects of fetal and postnatal lead exposure during the first 2 years of life. Lead was measured in whole blood prenatally in mother...
Wavelet Packet Tree Pruning Metrics for Hyperspectral Feature Extraction

In this study, the authors investigate the use of the Wavelet Packet Decomposition (WPD) as a preprocessing stage for a multiclassifiers and decision fusion system used for hyperspectral automated target recognition (ATR). The hyperspectral signature is transformed using WPD, and each set of wavelet detail and approximation coefficients (terminal nodes or leaves on the WPD tree) are considered as feature vectors Dimensionality reduction and feature optimization is performed via WPD tree pruning, using ATR-appropriate pruning metrics such as class separation. The wavelet coefficients in the terminal nodes of the pruned tree are then used for form feature vectors. Three methods are then investigated: (i) treating each terminal node as independent feature vector that is input to an independent classifier in a multiclassifier decision fusion (MCDF) system, (ii) applying intelligent feature grouping to the terminal nodes, where each resulting group is treated as an independent feature vector that is input to an independent classifier in a MCDF system, (iii) concatenating all terminal nodes and applying stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) along with a single classifier. The efficacy of the proposed methods are investigated using an experimental hyperspectral database for a remote sensing agricultural application, namely early detection of the disease known as soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in soybean crops.
The Power of Sample Return Missions - Stardust and Hayabusa

Sample return missions offer opportunities to learn things about other objects in our Solar System (and beyond) that cannot be determined by observations using in situ spacecraft. This is largely because the returned samples can be studied in terrestrial laboratories where the analyses are not limited by the constraints - power, mass, time, precision, etc. - imposed by normal spacecraft operations. In addition, the returned samples serve as a scientific resource that is available far into the future; the study of the samples can continue long after the original spacecraft mission is finished. This means the samples can be continually revisited as both our scientific understanding and analytical techniques improve with time. These advantages come with some additional difficulties, however. In particular, sample return missions must deal with the additional difficulties of proximity operations near the objects they are to sample, and they must be capable of successfully making a round trip between the Earth and the sampled object. Such missions therefore need to take special precautions against unique hazards and be designed to successfully complete relatively extended mission durations. Despite these difficulties, several recent missions have managed to successfully complete sam- ple returns from a number of Solar System objects. These include the Stardust mission (samples from Comet 81P/Wild 2), the Hayabusa mission (samples from asteroid 25143 Itokawa), and the Genesis mission (samples of solar wind). This paper will review the advantages and difficulties of sample return missions in general and will summarize some key findings of the recent Stardust and Hayabusa missions.
A microalgal growth model

Recent experimental evidence has made it clear that effects of irradiance and nutrient limitation on light absorption and photosynthetic quantum yields of microalgae and the relationship between cellular N : C ratios and nutrient-limited growth rates are inconsistent with the assumptions and predictions of current models of algal growth. A new algal growth model was therefore developed to overcome these inconsistencies. The new model predicts a hyperbolic relationship between nutrient-saturated growth rates and irradiance and a linear relationship between growth rate and both respiration rate and Chl a : C ratios. The correlation between growth rate and Chl a : C is positive under nutrient-limited conditions and negative under nutrient-saturated (light-limited) conditions. The requirement that N : C ratios be linearly related to relative growth rates leads to the conclusion that the product of the Chl a-specific absorption coefficient and the quantum yield coefficient be hyperbolically related to nutrient-limited growth rates, a result consistent with experimental observations. The equations relating respiration rate and compositional ratios to absolute and relative growth rates appear to be insensitive to photoperiod.
Hyperfine structure of excited, odd-parity levels in 139 La by laser–atomic-beam fluorescence

Dipole and quadrupole hyperfine structure constants are reported for a number of excited, odd-parity levels of 139La. The results were obtained by analysis of the fluorescence induced from a lanthanum atomic beam by a single-frequency dye laser beam.
A tactile air stimulator for humans.

A tactile air stimulator device is described. It basically consists of three valves, a mercury manometer, flexible gooseneck tube, and plastic tubing. The intensity and area of stimulation can be easily controlled and changed.
Markov modeling of vasectomy reversal and ART for infertility: how do obstructive interval and female partner age influence cost effectiveness?

Objective To apply Markov models to assess the cost effectiveness of the relative impact of obstructive interval and female partner age on fertility using either assisted reproductive technology (ART) or vasectomy reversal, and elucidate the impact of these variables on fertility. Design Markov models based on review of published literature and available ART outcome data. Setting University-based clinical practice. Patient(s) Simulation runs of 50,000 patients for each analysis. Intervention(s) Varying vasectomy obstructive interval and maternal age. Main Outcome Measure(s) Cost effectiveness, willingness to pay (WTP), and net health benefit. Result(s) Base case analysis showed ART yields a higher pregnancy rate and higher cost than vasectomy reversal. Sensitivity analysis showed female age has a greater effect on cost effectiveness than obstructive interval. At a WTP Conclusion(s) Markov modeling of fertility after vasectomy suggests female age has more impact than vasectomy obstructive interval on cost effectiveness.
TNFR2-mediated apoptosis and necrosis in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure.

Cisplatin produces acute renal failure in humans and mice. Previous studies have shown that cisplatin upregulates the expression of TNF-α in mouse kidney and that inhibition of either the release o...
Power amplifier linearization with digital pre-distortion and crest factor reduction

This paper investigates the use of crest factor reduction (CFR) as a cost-effective method of increasing output power and efficiency for power amplifiers (PAs) operating in conjunction with pre-distortion linearization system. Previous result indicated adjacent and alternate channel leakage ratio (ACLR) improvements of 10-12 dB were obtained from memoryless pre-distortion of a high power amplifier using a standard IS-95 signal with a peak-to-average ratio of approximately 9.6 dB. This paper investigates the effect of using CFR data in conjunction with the same digital pre-distortion platform. It was found that using CFR with pre-distortion allows for an increase of 2.7 dB in output power while maintaining the same ACLR of -45 dBc at 885 KHz offset on a 30W LDMOS PA. Furthermore, due to the decreased output back-off an effective efficiency improvement of 5.6% was also realized.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MAGNITUDE AND TIME DELAY OF CYCLIC VARIATION OF MYOCARDIAL BACKSCATTER FROM ASYMPTOMATIC TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS SUBJECTS

Early detection of diabetic patients at high risk for developing diabetic cardiomyopathy may permit effective intervention. The goal of this work is to determine whether measurements of the magnitude and time delay of cyclic variation of myocardial backscatter, individually and in combination, can be used to discriminate between subgroups of individuals including normal controls and asymptomatic type 2 diabetes subjects. Two-dimensional parasternal long-axis echocardiographic images of 104 type 2 diabetic patients and 44 normal volunteers were acquired. Cyclic variation data were produced by measuring the mean myocardial backscatter level within a region-of-interest in the posterior wall, and characterized in terms of the magnitude and normalized time delay. The cyclic variation parameters were analyzed using Bayes classification and a nonparametric estimate of the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to illustrate the relative effectiveness of using one or two features to segregate subgroups of individuals. The subjects were grouped based on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the ratio of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C). Analyses comparing the cyclic variation measurements of subjects in the highest and lowest quartiles of HbA1c, HOMA-IR and TG/HDL-C showed substantial differences in the mean magnitude and normalized time delay of cyclic variation. Results show that analyses of the cyclic variation of backscatter in young asymptomatic type 2 diabetics may be an early indicator for the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Sex Acts Beyond Boundaries and Binaries: A Feminist Challenge for Self Care in Performance Studies

This essay calls for heterosexual feminists in performance studies to engage in theorizing and problematizing sex, its expressions and effects, evidenced in sanctioned and mundane moments in our lives. Sex acts, at their most normative, can be engaged contextually and critically for the ways disciplinary practices and discourses operate more powerfully on women's bodies than on those of men. This essay utilizes Foucault's characteristics of scientia sexualis to critique the constructions of heterosexual women's sex lives in disciplines that study sex. It then turns to three binary constructions—sex and gender, pleasure and danger, and public and private—that must be attended to and negotiated. Three examples of such brave attention in performance studies are featured as libratory technologies of self-crafting and world fashioning.
Spatial heterogeneity and soil nitrogen dynamics in a burned black spruce forest stand: distinct controls at different scales

We evaluated spatial patterns of soil N and C mineralization, microbial community composition (phospholipid fatty acids), and local site characteristics (plant/forest floor cover, soil pH, soil %C and %N) in a 0.25-ha burned black spruce forest stand in interior Alaska. Results indicated that factors governing soil N and C mineralization varied at two different scales. In situ net N mineralization was autocorrelated with microbial community composition at relatively broad scales (∼ ∼8 m) and with local site characteristics (`site' axis 1 of non-metric scaling ordination) at relatively fine scales (2–4 m). At the scale of the individual core, soil moisture was the best predictor of in situ net N mineralization and laboratory C mineralization, explaining between 47 and 67% of the variation (p < 0.001). Ordination of microbial lipid data showed that bacteria were more common in severely burned microsites, whereas fungi were more common in low fire severity microsites. We conclude that C and N mineralization rates in this burned black spruce stand were related to different variables depending on the scale of analysis, suggesting the importance of considering multiple scales of variability among key drivers of C and N transformations.
Optimal location of piezoelectric actuators for vibration suppression of flexible structures

In this work, the problem of optimal placement of piezoelectric actuators along a flexible structure is considered. The design goal is to optimize the actuators' performance in vibration suppression of a beam cantilevered on one end to a rotating hub. First the control problem is presented as an infinite-dimensional linear quadratic regulator problem. Then an approximation framework based on a Legendre polynomials based Galerkin method for approximating the control system is developed. Two different approximate performance measures that are based on the LQR cost function are considered and numerical examples are presented to illustrate efficacy of each measure.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Low complexity full diversity full rate code for closed loop MIMO

Full diversity full rate (FDFR) space-time coding for open loop multiple antenna systems is attractive because of high data rate and good performance, but its decoding is computationally intensive. In this paper, we propose a low complexity adaptive FDFR code for closed loop multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. We show that with only channel singular vector knowledge at the transmitter, the open loop FDFR code can be adapted to the channel while maintaining the special layer structure of the code at the receiver. That special layer structure enables us to decouple the joint detection into optimal, but separate, decoding of each of the different layers which reduces the complexity exponent. The proposed low complexity adaptive scheme maintains the full diversity order. To fully exploit channel knowledge and improve the performance, adaptive power loading is also incorporated with the information of the singular values of the channel. The optimal loading scheme is derived from the upper bound of the symbol vector error rate, and the loading coefficients can be seen as match filtering to the singular values of the channel. The proposed scheme can also be implemented by spatial multiplexing with adaptive linear precoding.
Scattering and Absorption Efficiencies for Nonspherical Dielectric Objects-Biological Models

The Extended Boundary Condition Method (EBCM) is used to calculate electromagnetic scattering and absorption efficiencies (cross sections normalized to the geometric shadow area) for nonspherical objects composed of dissipative dielectric material. The technique is applicable to homogeneous and isotropic objects with electrical size weli into the resonance region. The Forward Amplitude Theorem is used to determine the absorption efficiency from the scattered field. The capabilities of the method are demonstrated by making numerical calculations for a lossy prolate spheroid representing a 0.32 kg rat, a commonly used laboratory animal in microwave biological effects research. Numerical results show the dependence of the efficiencies on the electrical size of the model and the angle of incidence of the arriving wave. Polar plots of the differential cross section give the spatial distribution of the scattered radiation. The specific results generated here should be useful in the design of microwave biological effects experiments and in the interpretation of laboratory results.
Nonlinear Model Order Reduction and Control of Particle Size Distribution in a Semibatch Vinyl Acetate/Butyl Acrylate Emulsion Copolymerization Reactor

This paper addresses the control of the full particle size distribution (PSD) in a semibatch emulsion copolymerization reactor. The numerical approximation of a fundamental population balance model results in a high order system to accurately describe the distribution of particle size; therefore, model order reduction is required. Pseudo random input signals are input to the mechanistic model to generate a data set which covers the reachable region of the system, on the basis of which the transformation matrices are calculated by principal component analysis (PCA). A linear time varying model with reduced order obtained from the transformation matrices is augmented in the prediction equation of linear model predictive control. The performance of the controller is evaluated to drive the particle size distribution at the final time of the batch to the desired distribution in the presence of disturbances.
STUDIES ON THE AGENT OF INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS II. THE DISEASE PRODUCED IN HUMAN VOLUNTEERS BY THE AGENT CULTIVATED IN TISSUE CULTURE OR EMBRYONATED HEN'S EGGS

The successful cultivation of the virus of infectious hepatitis in chick embryo tissue culture and in the amniotic cavity of the embryonated hen's egg is supported by a comparison of the disease induced in volunteers by the cultivated virus with hepatitis without jaundice resulting from experimental infection with natural infectious hepatitis virus. Both types of viral preparations produced illnesses in comparable percentages of volunteers (83 and 75 per cent, respectively) after similar average periods of incubation (24.4 and 23.4 days, respectively) and of similar average duration (28.3 and 27.6 days, respectively). The disease could be divided in both groups of patients into a primary stage, followed after a short interval of relative well being by the secondary stage. The illnesses in both instances were characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, enlarged, tender livers and abnormal liver function tests, and frequently temperature elevations. They differed in that jaundice was observed in 31 per cent of the cases resulting from infection with natural virus but not in any patients infected with the cultivated virus.
Cavity Enhancement by Madtoms (Genus Noturus)

ABSTRACT Three species of madtoms (Noturus flavus, N. funebris, and N. gyrinus) were observed enlarging cavities beneath rocks by moving gravel in their mouths. This behavioral trait is probably widespread within the genus Noturus and occurs in other ictalurids. An experiment with N. gyrinus failed to demonstrate creation of new cavities beneath tiles laid flat on the bottom.
Chlamydia trachomatis Strains and Virulence: Rethinking Links to Infection Prevalence and Disease Severity

An unanswered question concerning prevalence and disease severity of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection is whether more prevalent strains or strains more likely to cause serious disease complications are causally associated with specific virulence attributes. The major method for distinguishing chlamydial strains is based on differences in the major outer membrane protein (MOMP). A subset of MOMP serovars (D and E serovars) are easily the most prevalent strains identified worldwide, but MOMP serovar and genovar analyses have not yielded consistent strain-dependent virulence distinctions. Expansion of the definitions of chlamydial strains beyond the MOMP paradigm are needed to better understand virulence properties for this pathogen and how these properties reflect disease severity. Substantive genetic and phenotypic differences have emerged for the 2 major C. trachomatis pathobiotypes associated with either trachoma or sexually transmitted diseases, but differences within the sexually transmitted disease group have not yielded reliable disease severity attributes. A number of candidate virulence factors have been identified, including the polymorphic outer membrane autotransporter family of proteins, the putative large cytotoxin, type III secretion effectors, stress response proteins, and proteins or other regulatory factors produced by the cryptic plasmid. Continued work on development of a chlamydial gene transfer system and application of genomic approaches to large collections of clinical isolates will be required to associate key chlamydial virulence factors with prevalence and disease severity in a definitive way.
Characteristics of an Electrodynamic Wheel Using a 2-D Steady-State Model

The mechanical rotation of a radially positioned permanent-magnet Halbach array above a conducting, nonmagnetic track induces eddy currents in the track that can inductively create suspension and propulsion forces simultaneously. The parameters that affect the performance of this electrodynamic wheel are studied using a 2-D steady-state finite-element method. Tradeoffs between the lift and thrust force performance are investigated and methods to improve the thrust efficiency are proposed.
Computer must be a partner

0ne of the most exciting attempts to improve the delivery of health care has been in the area of computer-aided decision making. Diagnosis involves data collection and decision making. Medical students are trained well to collect complete descriptions of a patient. The signs and symptoms of diseases are also carefully detailed. But, the difficult process of assimilating information about a disease and using it to make an ideal diagnosis is not taught well. Diagnosis, largely taught and practiced as an art, is usually uncertain. Scientists still do not completely understand how to generate appropriate hypotheses. Yet, the process is receiving increasingly more attention. Decision analysis, borrowed from operations research, is now applied to medicine to create computer-aided medical decision-making systems. However, slow progress is expected in this field. Collaborations between computer and health care professionals have been productive, yet plagued by misunderstandings. Successful programs focus on narrow problems in the complex field of medical diagnosis, but the key to future success lies in developing a formal theory of medicine. Precisely understood processes in health care seem the best possibilities for partial automation. In the meantime, gaps in the current theory of medicine limit the applications of computers to medical decision making. Many computer programs have been written to aid medical decision making. The programs, which can be classified by their methodological emphasis, fall into three roughly defined categories: formula-based, flowchart-based, and knowledge-based programs. Though there are many kinds of formula-based programs, only Bayesian and pattern- recognition systems will be discussed here.
Is Therapeutic Alliance Influenced by a Feminist Approach to Therapy

Although the feminist critique of marriage and family therapy has been a significant part of the literature for many years, its impact has been blunted by two criticisms. The first suggests that the feminist critique lacks empirical support. The second suggests that the feminist critique promotes an alliance with women clients at the expense of men. The first criticism has been addressed in recent years. The present study examined the relationship between feminist principles and therapeutic alliance. Results suggest that feminist principles actually enhance therapeutic relationship for men clients but has no effect on therapeutic relationship for women clients.
Classifying Subgroups of Solvable Groups

Let G and K be groups (finite or infinite). Two very general questions that might reasonably be asked are (1) does G contain an isomorphic copy of K? (2) can the isomorphic copies of K in G be classified or (in the finite case) counted? The present paper can be viewed as directed toward the second question although the first is touched on lightly. Actually it will be seen that most results concern subgroups that are isomorphic to K in a certain way. Also the answer is in terms of one dimensional cohomology. So it is perhaps accurate to say that the present paper studies relationships between the subgroup structure of a group and its low dimensional cohomology. One result which can be stated without too much terminology is the following (Corollary 3. 7). Let G = GQ^G1(J. -DG f = l be a solvable series with A,. = G,._1/Gi.. {2,. ., s] z>7 and B{ = 1, z'el, BS=A{, i&I. Suppose that if i^I and G/Gf._iZ) W and W covers B13. ., £,-_! then H(W, AJ=Q9 j=l, 2. Then (1) G has a subgroup K covering B19. ., Bs and any two such are conjugate. (2) all such<-»/7,.ej (A,./ A,. '~). This generalizes the classical theorem of P. Hall and the exact relationship to Hall's theorem is discussed in Section 3. A more typical result is Theorem 2. 4 whose conclusion reads
Palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of alkenyl (phenyl) iodonium salts with organotin compounds

Abstract Alkenyl (phenyl) iodonium salts undergo cross-coupling with both vinyl and allyl trialkyltin compounds stereoselectively and at room temperature. Mild conditions are attributed to the high reactivity of Pd (0) toward the electrophilic hypervalent iodine molecule.
Improving Case Evaluations through Computer Based Grading: An Experiment Applying a Developmental Model to Case Evaluation

Since the introduction of moveable type in the Fifteenth Century Europe, no other development in technology has had a greater impact on the education curriculum than the personal computer. Although the personal computer has been acclaimed as a learning tool, little attention has been given to the use of the personal computer in teaching learning skills or the evaluation of learning. This article presents the findings of an experimental study that demonstrates the effectiveness of a computer-based evaluation model that reduces variability in grading written materials.
All That's Solid: Difference, Race, and 'The Political'

This paper compares and contrasts the thinking about 'race' (and concomitant politics) of W.E.B. Du Bois and Alain Locke, whose 1920s debate over artwork played out in the black publications of the day. As Joel Olson has rightly argued, 'Du Bois's thinking about what he called the 'race concept' evolved over the course of his long life...from treating race as a 'scientific and world historical category...to explaining race by invoking culture and geography, and finally to arguing instead that race was a political category, resulting from the social heritage of slavery.' In his 1916 lectures Locke took a novel approach to the 'race concept,' treating it not only as a concept but also as a practice, creed and 'center of meaning' which had real social effects. 'Race' was influential as thought, practice and belief because, to Locke, it was the political form of difference (which was otherwise an innocent characteristic of groups and individuals) - an articulation of difference that could not be subsumed into the body politic. Thus, as I argue, for Locke (unlike for Du Bois), 'solutions' to the problem of race must both restore difference to its status as a defining characteristic of the modern world and free political thinking and democratic practice from the dogmatisms associated with race thinking.
Communication: An accurate calculation of the S1 C2H2 cis-trans isomerization barrier height

A high level ab initio calculation of the cis-trans isomerization barrier height in the first excited singlet electronic state of acetylene is found to agree very well with a recent experimental determination.
Design and development of the truss assembly fixture for Space Station assembly operations

The Truss Assembly Fixture (TAF) is a critical piece of flight support equipment (FSE) that will be deployed from the Orbiter payload bay (PLB) and utilized by astronauts to assemble the first sections of the Space Station. The TAF provides a base for assembly operations and also augments extravehicular activities (EVA) to minimize assembly timelines. The TAF utilizes several different mechanical systems to deploy itself and to position astronauts, equipment assemblies, and the Space Station during assembly operations. This paper describes the TAF design evolution based on the state of on-orbit assembly technology and the Space Station design. The main design requirements (e.g., launch packaging, station control, and astronaut reach) and constraints (e.g., astronaut mobility and EVA time) are identified, and interfacing systems (i.e., Orbiter and Station systems) are discussed. The results of testing performed to date, including full-scale engineering mockup evaluations in both laboratory and underwater neutral buoyancy environments, are also discussed. The efforts of the work performed to date have produced a design that minimizes on-orbit EVA time required to assemble the Space Station and provides an easily positionable platform for astronauts during assembly operations. The TAF preliminary design has been completed and validated through test simulations, and a baseline has been established for the design, development, test, and evaluation phases.
Alpha-1-adrenergic receptors in heart failure: The adaptive arm of the cardiac response to chronic catecholamine stimulation

Alpha-1-adrenergic receptors (ARs) are G protein-coupled receptors activated by catecholamines. The alpha-1A and alpha-1B subtypes are expressed in mouse and human myocardium, whereas the alpha-1D protein is found only in coronary arteries. There are far fewer alpha-1-ARs than beta-ARs in the nonfailing heart, but their abundance is maintained or increased in the setting of heart failure, which is characterized by pronounced chronic elevation of catecholamines and beta-AR dysfunction. Decades of evidence from gain and loss-of-function studies in isolated cardiac myocytes and numerous animal models demonstrate important adaptive functions for cardiac alpha-1-ARs to include physiological hypertrophy, positive inotropy, ischemic preconditioning, and protection from cell death. Clinical trial data indicate that blocking alpha-1-ARs is associated with incident heart failure in patients with hypertension. Collectively, these findings suggest that alpha-1-AR activation might mitigate the well-recognized toxic effects of beta-ARs in the hyperadrenergic setting of chronic heart failure. Thus, exogenous cardioselective activation of alpha-1-ARs might represent a novel and viable approach to the treatment of heart failure.
Notes on Fungi Previously Unreported from Missouri

During 1941, many collections 1 of fungi were made by the author in certain parts of Missouri. Those which have been identified with certainty and which are new for the state are discussed here. Remarks are given about those of special interest or which varied somewhat from the descriptions; the others are listed at the end of the paper. Duplicates of most collections are in the Herbarium of the University of Missouri. CORDYCEPS MILITARIS Link. Well developed specimens were found on larvae of a moth of the family Notodontidae in grassy soil in the woods after about a week of intermittent rains. Columbia.
Research on the curing catalyzer of PET / IPDI binder system

Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection( FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy was used to study the curing catalytic properties of the catalyst of iron acetylacetonate( Fe( AA) 3),Triphenyl bismuth( TPB),Magnesium naphthenate( CH),Dibutyltin dilaurate( T12) and Triethylamine TEA on PET/IPDI binder system. The experimental results show that: CH and T12 accelerate the curing rate of PET/ IPDI binder system greatly because of the high catalyze activity,and the TEA is volatile,so they are all difficult to meet the technical requirements; Fe( AA) 3 and TPB are effective catalyzer for the PET/ IPDI binder system; PET/ IPDI /0. 1% TPB system would late accelerate after 5 h at 70 ℃ with the early activation energy is 55. 67 kJ / mol,and the late activation energy is 129. 46 kJ / mol; the activity of Fe( AA) 3 decreases with increasing of the content of HAA,and the curing catalytic properties are better when Fe( AA) 3 : HAA =0.01%:0. 09%; The activation energy of PET/ IPDI /0. 1% Fe( AA) 3-0. 09HAA system is 22. 78 kJ / mol.
Increasing global ocean oxygenation and the Ordovician Radiation: Insights from Th/U of carbonates from the Ordovician of western Utah

Abstract The Cambrian and Ordovician radiations were the most important biodiversification events in the history of animal life, yet they were separated by intervals of recurrent anoxic sedimentation and regional biomere extinction events in the Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician. Recent work linked biomere extinction events to positive carbon isotopic excursions interpreted to represent enhanced organic matter burial under anoxic conditions. This led to the hypothesis that an increase in oceanic oxygenation following the last of the biomere extinctions paved the way for the rapid diversification of the Ordovician Radiation. Here we test the hypothesis of increasing ocean oxygenation using Th/U preserved in carbonate rocks from the Lower–Middle Ordovician succession near Ibex, Utah, USA. The global seawater uranium inventory is expected to vary inversely with the amount of deep-water anoxic deposition due to uranium sequestration in black shales. Therefore in shallow water carbonates higher Th/U ratios may reflect increased global ocean anoxia. Our data show that the highest Th/U values are coincident with the heaviest carbon isotopic values reported from the base of this succession, which is latest Tremadocian in age. Th/U then decreases and remains low through the Floian up through the contact with the Kanosh Formation, a shale-dominated unit with interspersed limestone units. The geochemistry of the carbonates within the Kanosh Formation likely represents local rather than global conditions in the marine environment. We interpret the overall decrease in Th/U ratios throughout the Tremadocian to Floian interval to represent an increase in global seawater uranium concentration. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that an increase in ocean oxygenation occurred prior to the major pulses of diversification associated with the Ordovician Radiation.
Rational use of prophylactic antibiotics in gastrointestinal surgery.

This article reviews the literature of antibiotic prophylaxis and records the author’s recommendations regarding this procedure in patients having gastrointestinal tract operations.
Dynamic Actin Networks Utilized to Support Simultaneous Processive Motility of Two Different Myosin Motor Classes

In an eukaryotic cell multiple myosin motor families coexist and use the same actin cytoskeleton as tracks for processive motility and transport of cargoes. It is unclear how these motors interact while sharing the same F-actin and whether there are exclusion mechanisms that prioritize function of one myosin class over the other. To assess the influence that different myosin classes have on each other, we developed an assay that combines two dynamic systems: elongating actin filaments with distinguished barbed and pointed ends, and myosins moving along these filaments.In this study two different myosins motors were used: myosin-5 and myosin-6. These two motors have distinct functions in the cell and are known to travel in opposite directions along actin filaments. Myosin-5 walks towards the barbed end of F-actin towards dynamically rearranging actin in the cell periphery. Myosin-6, which is used in endocytic traffic, is a pointed-end motor that walks towards the cell center. We successfully reconstituted simultaneous bidirectional motility of myosin-5 and myosin-6 on single polymerizing filaments of actin. Speed, run lengths, and effective landing rates of the motors in this ‘two motor assay’ were compared to ‘single motor assays’ featuring motility of myosin-5 or myosin-6 exclusively. We also report the frequency and outcomes of collision events between motors walking in opposite directions along single actin filament.
Shell-Model Theory of Pb 206 . II

A detailed nuclear shell model calculation of the energy levels and gamma-ray transition rates in ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{206}$ is carried through. For pure singlet two-body forces with the same effective range and strength as for the low-energy two-body system, energy level agreement is good---for 13 known levels, the mean discrepancy between theory and experiment is 0.057 Mev. For singlet forces 75% as strong as for the low-energy two-body system, plus weak coupling to collective vibration, the energy level agreement is somewhat better---the mean discrepancy between theory and experiment is 0.035 Mev per level. In the latter theory, the strength of collective motion is determined from the known Coulomb excitation cross section in ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{206}$. In either theory, the calculated transition rates are in qualitative accord with experiment, but quantitative agreement is lacking.Electric quadrupole transition rates are shown to be describable in terms of a neutron effective charge. The effective charge is about $1.15e$ and the same in ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{206}$ as in ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{207}$. Other calculated quantities in good agreement with experiment are the relative cross sections to final $p$ states in the ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{206}(d, p){\mathrm{Pb}}^{207}$ reaction and the difference in binding energies of the last neutron in ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{206}$ and ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{207}$. The results are shown to be insensitive to substantial amounts of triplet-odd force, either attractive or repulsive.