cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vitamin D Utilization in Subhuman Primates

In the Eocene period, 50–100 million yr ago, the great southern hemispheric landmass, Pangea, broke apart. These tectonic events resulted in the American land mass and Madagascar moving away from Africa. This continental separation occurred early in the process of primate evolution, trapping primordial primates in South America, Africa, and Madagascar, respectively. As a consequence, the three major primate infraorders, platyrrhines or New World primates, catarrhines or Old World primates and lemurs, evolved independently of one another (1) (Fig. 1A). Unlike Old World primates, including our own species, which have populated virtually every land mass on our planet, New World primates have remained confined to Central and South America for the last 50 million yr. Compared to Old World primates, especially some of the terrestrial species such as gorillas, New World primates are smaller in stature. This is a characteristic well suited to their lifestyle as plant-eating, arboreal sunbathers, residing in the canopy of the periequatorial rain forests of the Americas.
Becoming “Threshold Researchers” in the Community Toward a Queering Practice as a Hermeneutic of Love

This article provides a research methodology based in Queer Theory in order to support ethical interpretation within participatory, action, and community-based research. The work defines and explicates a potential relationship between a queering process as a threshold practice and a hermeneutics of love as a research stance. Additionally, this work offers qualitative, phenomenological narrative accounts of queer and threshold experiences that support the theoretical work herein.
The rotational spectrum and nuclear quadrupole hyperfine structure of CO2–N2O

The microwave spectrum of CO2–N2O has been obtained in the 7–19 GHz region using a Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The nuclear quadrupole hyperfine structure in 26 a- and b-type rotational transitions has been analyzed using the Watson S-reduced Hamiltonian with the inclusion of nuclear quadrupole interactions. The rotational constants and six centrifugal distortion constants (in MHz) are A=8843.4133(1), B=1738.777 37(6), C=1449.807 41(5), DJ=6.510(3)×10−3, DJK=−3.7405(8)×10−2, DK=2.3459(3)×10−1, d1=−1.3751(4)×10−3, d2=−8.3(1)×10−5, and HJ=−1.3(4)×10−7. The nuclear quadrupole coupling constants (in MHz) for the terminal nitrogen nucleus are χaa=−0.0966(4), χbb=−0.3111(4), and χcc=0.4077(4), and those for the central nitrogen nucleus are χaa=−0.0411(6), χbb=−0.0968(6), and χcc=0.1380(6). The spectroscopic constants are consistent with an approximately slipped parallel structure where the distance between the centers of mass of the subunits is 3.472 A, the acute angle between the CO2 molecular axi...
Prognostic performance of multiple biomarkers in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: analysis from the MERLIN-TIMI 36 trial (Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 36).

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic performance of C-terminal provasopressin (copeptin), midregional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), and midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP) in a large prospective cohort of patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). Background Copeptin, MR-proADM, and MR-proANP are emerging biomarkers of hemodynamic stress that have been associated with adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in heart failure (HF) and stable ischemic disease. Methods We measured copeptin, MR-proADM, and MR-proANP concentrations in 4,432 patients with NSTE-ACS who were randomized to treatment with ranolazine or placebo in the MERLIN–TIMI 36 (Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non−ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes–Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 36) trial and followed up for 1 year. Results A high concentration (quartile 4 vs. quartiles 1 to 3) of each biomarker identified an increased risk of CV death or HF (copeptin: 13.2% vs. 5.0%, p > 0.001; MR-proADM: 15.8% vs. 4.1%, p > 0.001; MR-proANP: 17.7% vs. 3.5%, p > 0.001) as well as CV death, HF, and myocardial infarction individually (all p ≤ 0.001). After adjustment for important covariates, each biomarker remained associated with CV death or HF at 1 year (adjusted hazard ratio: copeptin, 1.71; MR-proADM, 1.96; MR-proANP, 2.20; all p ≤ 0.001). These biomarkers improved prognostic discrimination and patient reclassification for CV death or HF at 1 year (all categorical net reclassification improvement: 0.001) and maintained an independent association with composite CV death or HF when concurrently assessed in a model with clinical indicators plus B-type natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponin I, ST2, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, and myeloperoxidase (each p ≤ 0.01). Conclusions Copeptin, MR-proADM, and MR-proANP are complementary prognostic markers for CV death and HF in patients with NSTE-ACS that perform as well as or better than established and other emerging biomarkers and warrant further investigation of application for therapeutic decision making. (Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes; NCT00099788 )
The God of Variance has feet partly of iron and partly of baked clay

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to advocate the use of processual rather than the common variance‐theoretic approaches to the study of groups and organizational processes. There is a proliferation of paradigms and a lack of cumulation in organization science. This paper argues that this is due to the adoption of an inappropriate philosophy. Early on, the field adopted the variance‐theoretic approach instead of a process‐theoretic approach. The dominant paradigm is not one of theory, but one of method.Design/methodology/approach – The paper systematically undermines the basis for variance‐theoretic approaches to the study of groups and organizational phenomena, followed by a discussion of how and why processual approaches provide remedies.Findings – As group and organizational phenomena are inherently processual in nature, it makes more sense to study them with processual methods.Research limitations/implications – The argument for the solution offered in this article is based on one concept of a gr...
BINET'S CONTEXTUAL STUDY OF MEMORY

Summary.-The role context plays in memory formed a central theme of Alfred Binet's (1857-1911) psychological research. This paper describes some of the activities which represented this focus, attempts to explain Binet's concerns and orientations which underlay his interest in this area, and discusses the relevance of this work to contemporary approaches to understanding memory reconstruction.
On the symmetric square: Twisted trace formula

Abstract We compute a trace formula—for a test function on PGL (3, A )— twisted by the outer automorphism σ(g)=J t g −1 J, J= 0 1 1 1 0 The resulting formula is then compared with trace formulae for H = H 0 0 = SL (2) and H 1 = PGL (2), and matching functions f 0 and f 1 thereof. We obtain a trace formula identity which plays a key role in our study of the symmetric square lifting from H ( A ) to G ( A ). Our formulae are remarkably simple, due to the introduction of a new concept of a regular function. This eliminates the singular and weighted integrals in the trace formulae.
Hanuman syndrome: A reference to Hindu mythology in cardiothoracic surgery

The term “Hanuman syndrome” is a colloquial term formediastinitis and other complications of a persistent open sternotomy following cardiothoracic surgery. We describe two interpretations of this term in the extant literature. Various complications can arise from open heart surgery, such as floridmediastinitis [1]. Floridmediastinitis causes delayed closure of the sternotomy incision made during surgery, and its management involves drainage, irrigation, anddelayeddebridement [2]. Goals formanagement of a patient with an open sternotomy include prevention of contamination of the sterile field, management of infection if it is present, minimization of additional bacterial colonization, and prevention of additional complications, primarily hemorrhage from the heart [2]. Management of a coagulopathy and accommodation of temporary cardiac assist devices also cause delayed closure of the sternotomy [2]. The term “Hanuman syndrome” alludes to Hanuman, an anthropomorphic monkey who has a prominent role in the Hindu epic Ramayana. The Ramayana describes the life of Lord Rama, an incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. An iconic scene in the Ramayana involves Hanuman tearing open his chest to reveal the images of Rama and Rama's wife, Sita, displayed on his heart. Some renditions of this scene show Hanuman's heart displaying only the image of Rama, those of Rama and his brother Lakshmana, or the name “Rama,” but this act is interpreted as a demonstration of Hanuman's loyalty to Rama nevertheless [3]. The visual similarity between an open sternotomy following cardiothoracic surgery and the visceral consequence of Hanuman's act of devotion inspired the term “Hanuman syndrome”. This term was likely first employed among Indian healthcare professionals who were familiar with the aforementioned scene in the Ramayana. Wenote two interpretations of the term “Hanuman syndrome” in the extant literature. Robicsek [1] and Ivert and colleagues [4] contend that this term indicates open mediastinitis following cardiac surgery. However, Robicsek and Fokin [2] state that this term indicates an open sternotomy with an exposed heart, and do not specify mediastinitis as a necessary componentof the definition ofHanuman syndrome. The latter interpretation implies that the term entails other complications of an opensternotomy, suchas sternaldehiscenceandventricularwall rupture [5]. We conclude that a religious tradition can influence medical terminology in localities where that tradition is prominent. The term “Hanuman syndrome” signifies the persistence of Hindu polytheism in India. Surgeons who travel to India to work in the field of cardiothoracic surgery might encounter the term “Hanuman syndrome” at hospitals. We advise that surgeons do not view this term as referring exclusively to mediastinitis secondary to delayed closure of an open sternotomy following cardiothoracic surgery, as literature published in the 2000's presents a broader definition of Hanuman syndrome compared to literature published in the 1990's.
Grounds for Fun: The Place of Play in 19th-Century American Culture

I want to begin with an image of people having fun: Figure 1 Still image from G. W. Bitzer, “A Cake Walk on the Beach at Coney Island.” American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, August 1904.This is ...
Dietary phosphate supplementation and its effects on dental caries and salivary and serum concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphate in the rat

Abstract An attempt has been made to determine the mechanism whereby dietary phosphate supplements act to reduce the incidence of caries in rats. Experiments were also done to determine the influence of weight, sex and rate of flow on the concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphate and bicarbonate in pilocarpine-stimulated saliva from rats of the Harvard caries-susceptible strain. Bicarbonate was found to be the main buffer in rat saliva. The rate of salivary flow was higher in males than females. Saliva from female rats contained a higher concentration of inorganic phosphate than saliva from males and the concentration was independent of flow rate. Salivary calcium concentration was independent of sex but increased at higher flow rates. For the phosphate feeding experiment, eighty-one rats were divided into three groups of which Group 1 received a cariogenic diet alone while Groups 2 and 3 received supplements of 2% Na2HPO4 and 2·2% commercial Na phytate, respectively. Groups 2 and 3 had a reduced incidence of caries. By elimination, a direct effect of phosphate on the teeth is postulated as serum and salivary calcium and inorganic phosphate analyses did not differ significantly among the three groups.
Estimation of ACTH Reserve on Normal and Hypopituitary Subjects: Comparison of Oral and Intravenous Metyrapone with Insulin Hypoglycemia

ABSTRACT Pituitary-adrenal reserve was evaluated in control and idiopathic-hypopituitary (IH) subjects using the plasma 11-deoxycortisol response to a 4-hr infusion of metyrapone, the urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) response to oral metyrapone and the plasma corticoid response during a combined arginine-insulin tolerance test (AITT). In the iv metyrapone test, mean (±sd) 11-deoxycortisol values in μg/lOO ml for control subjects (N = 16) are: 0 hr = 0.8 ± 0.5; 4 hr = 5.4 ± 1.8; 5 hr = 5.9 ± 1.5. For IH patients untreated with corticosteroids (N = 9) the corresponding values were: 1.5 ± 1.3; 7.9 ± 4.1; and 8.5 ± 4.3, respectively. All of the control and 8 of 9 IH subjects showed significant positive responses. Six of the IH subjects had abnormal oral metyrapone tests on at least 1 occasion. During the AITT, mean values (±sd) in ng/100 ml for control subjects (N = 10) were: baseline = 9.3 ± 4.8; 45 min after insulin = 20.3 ±x 4.5; 60 min after insulin = 23.9 ± 4.7. Corresponding values in untreate...
Microviscosity in multiple regions of complex aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide)

Aqueous poly(ethylene oxide)−poly(propylene oxide)−poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO109−PPO41−PEO109) copolymers are nonionic surfactants that self-organize to form aggregate structures with increasing temperature or concentration. We have studied two concentrations over a range of temperatures so that the copolymers are in one of three microphases: unimers, micelles, or hydrogels formed from body centered cubic aggregates of micelles. Three different coumarin dyes were chosen based on their hydrophobicity so that different aggregate regions could be probed independentlywater insoluble coumarin 153 (C153), hydrophobic coumarin 102 (C102), and the hydrophilic sodium carboxylate form of coumarin 343 (C343-). Fluorescence anisotropy experiments provide detailed information on the local microviscosity. C153 experiences a fourfold increase in reorientation time and hence microviscosity with increasing temperature through the microphase transition from unimers to micelles. C102 also shows an increase in microviscosity...
Expression of RANKL and OPG Correlates With Age‐Related Bone Loss in Male C57BL/6 Mice

Osteoblasts regulate the recruitment and activity of osteoclasts through expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG). To determine whether expression of RANKL and OPG change with age and how these changes relate to the bone loss of aging, we measured bone mass and cancellous volume, and expression of RANKL, OPG, alkaline phosphatase (AP), osteocalcin (OC), and alpha I collagen (COLL) in whole bone and osteoblast-like cells in culture using 6-week- (young), 6-month- (adult), and 24-month-old (old) mice. Cancellous volume decreased by 20% from young to adult and by 52% from adult to old. RANKL mRNA levels in whole bone were 2.1-fold and 4.4-fold higher in adult and old mice, respectively, compared with young mice, whereas OPG mRNA levels decreased with age slightly. RANKL expression was negatively (r = -0.99) and OPG was positively (r = 0.92) correlated with cancellous bone volume. Expression of RANKL was higher and OPG lower in cells from older animals early in culture (day 7). With cell maturation, RANKL mRNA levels in cells from young and adult mice increased, whereas levels in cells from old animals decreased. By 21 and 28 days of culture, no differences were found in RANKL mRNA in osteoblast-like cells among different age groups. We conclude that expression of RANKL and OPG change with age in whole bone and in cultured osteoblast-like cells. These changes favor increased osteoclast over osteoblast activity, and may explain, in part, the imbalance in bone formation and resorption associated with aging.
Wavenumber selection and persistent dynamics in models of convection

Abstract The wavenumber selected in nonlinear spatially periodic states of driven systems is systematically investigated using analytic and numerical techniques on equations modeling convection. Different selection mechanisms yield different results, arguing against the existence of a general minimizing principle. Two incompatible selection mechanisms operating together lead to a persistently dynamic state.
Dominance aggression of dogs towards people: Behavior profile and response to treatment

Abstract Aggression towards owners in a dominance context is a common behavioral problem in dogs. A review of 24 cases (21 males and 3 females) presented to the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania for dominance aggression revealed that it is a predominantly male trait, and pure-bred dogs ( n =21) are presented more frequently than are mixed breeds ( n =3). Each dog diagnosed as dominant aggressive manifested aggression in three or more of 17 circumstances involving physical manipulation, discipline, or guarding of food, objects or resting places. A combination of techniques including castration, use of synthetic progestins, and behavioral techniques were used to treat the dogs. Three to 15 months after the behavioral consultation, 19 owners were contacted by telephone and interviewed by a person identified as a neutral party unassociated with the service. The owners were asked a standardized set of questions. Twenty-one percent of the owners reported that their dogs were 90% or greater improved, 53% reported a 70% or greater improvement, and 79% reported a 50% or greater improvement. Although the frequency and intensity of aggressive behavior was reduced and the majority of persons were highly satisfied, the dominant aggressive tendencies of the majority of the dogs were not completely suppressed.
Benzoquinones of the beetles, Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum.

Abstract Tribolium castaneum T. confusum were washed in HPLC-grade methanol, and the methanolic washes were analyzed by UV spectroscopy, reversed phase HPLC, and GC/MS. The methanolic washes from both species contained methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (MBQ) and ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (EBQ). The amounts of MBQ recovered from the two species were not significantly different, but the amounts of EBQ and total benzoquinones (MBQ + EBQ) recovered from T. castaneum were significantly greater than for those recovered from T. confusum. The methods described are superior to previous methods for isolating, identifying, and quantifying the benzoquinones in these beetles, since they are relatively simple, fast, do not require handling of the beetles, and are sensitive enough to quantify the benzoquinones of a single beetle.
Analyzing Key Decision-Points: Problem Partitioning in the Analysis of Tightly-Coupled, Distributed Work-Systems

This study explores innovative approach to early requirements analysis for boundary-spanning organizational information systems. It is argued that software engineering methods, focus on reductionist problem-definitions, while participatory design methods hinge on the unrealistic expectation that users have the time and interest to engage in design. Neither approach analyzes the relationship between formal decision-support and the informal knowledge and interaction processes that coordinate tightly-coupled, distributed systems of work. The author focuses their analysis on key decision-points as these embody the coordination-points of distributed work-systems, combining informational and processual knowledge. The method is developed and validated by means of an action research study of the Trauma care processes of a hospital emergency department-an environment characterized by highly-regulated, formal reporting requirements, with rapid-response decision-making that relies on the coordination of distributed knowledge across a variety of actors and work-roles.
Gas chromatography data for polychlorinated biphenyl components in six aroclors

Abstract Illustrations of gas chromtographic curves, relative retention times, and response data form 10% DC-200 and 1:1 15% QF-1/10% DC-200 on 80–100 mesh Chromosorb W HP columns with electron capture detection are compiled for six Aroclors®. Aroclors® are commercial mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls commonly used as analytical references for polychlorinated biphenyl residue determination.
Experimental Data and Theoretical Predictions for the Rate of Electrophoretic Clarification of Colloidal Suspensions

An experimental and theoretical investigation of the electrophoretic clarification rate of colloidal suspensions was conducted. The suspensions included a coal-washing effluent and a model system of TiO{sub 2} particles. A parametric study of TiO{sub 2} suspensions was performed to validate and analysis of the electrophoretic motion of the clarification front formed between a clear zone and the suspension. To measure the electric field strength needed in the prediction of the location of the front, a moveable probe and salt bridge were connected to a reference electrode. Using the measured electric field strengths, it was found that the numerical solution to the unit cell electrophoresis model agrees with the measured clarification rates. For suspensions with moderately thick electric double layers and high particle volume fractions the deviations from classical Smoluchowski theory are substantial, and the numerical analysis is in somewhat better agreement with the data than a prior solution of the problem. The numerical model reduces to the predictions of previous theories as the thickness of the electric double layer decreases, and it is in good agreement with the clarification rate measured for a coal-washing effluent suspension with thin electric double layers.
Reduction in brain dopamine following experimental cerebral ischaemia.

ALTHOUGH considerable information is available concerning the effects of discrete electrolytic lesions on the concentrations of the monoamine neurotransmitters in mammalian brain, little is known about the neurochemical effects of experimental vascular lesions. Such information would be useful in understanding the natural history of cerebral infarction and other neurovascular diseases; furthermore, it might suggest new therapies for treating the acute and chronic sequelae of such diseases. The observations reported here show that ligature of the middle cerebral artery in monkeys, or of the common carotid artery in gerbils, causes profound decreases in brain dopamine but not noradrenaline.
Plato's Lysis

THE views of Platonic scholars in Germany during the nineteenth century strike contemporary critics at times as amusing; and their remarks regarding Plato's Lysis frequently are no exception. In the judgment of Ast and Socher, for example, the Lysis (as well as the Charmides) is spurious; for, they declare, Plato could not have composed a treatise containing so much sophistry and eristic.1 Fortunately other scholars of the same era dissent, holding to the genuineness of the Lysis; because the dialogue, however, contains in their opinion adolescentiae vestigia, they assert that the date of composition is very early around the rule of the Thirty Tyrants, or several years before the death of Socrates.2 In part some Platonic students no doubt were influenced by Diogenes Laertius, who relates Socrates' supposed criticism of the lysis ;3 but in general the scholars of the nineteenth century relied heavily on subjective judgment, observing traces of youthfulness also in the Protagoras, Phaedrus and Parmenides.4 Critics of the twentieth century fortunately have not followved their predecessors in regard to the Lysis. No contemporary Platonist to mny knowledge rejects the authenticity of the dialogue; A. E. Taylor in fact states: "The extensive use of the Lysis in these books [eight and nine of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics] of itself disposes of the misguided attack made on its authenticity by some nineteenth-century scholars."5 Nor do all recent critics regard the Lysis as necessarily one of the earliest dialogues. Raeder and Ritter, for examiple, place the Lysis imnmediately before the Symposium, Phacdo, Republic and Phacdrus; 6 Grube renmarks: "The Lysis is probably later than most of the early dialogues." 7 The position of the Lysis accor(ling to these scholars is all the inore
Redox-active ligands facilitate bimetallic O2 homolysis at five-coordinate oxorhenium(V) centers.

Five-coordinate oxorhenium(V) anions with redox-active catecholate and amidophenolate ligands are shown to effect clean bimetallic cleavage of O2 to give dioxorhenium(VII) products. A structural homologue with redox-inert oxalate ligands does not react with O2. Redox-active ligands lower the kinetic barrier to bimetallic O2 homolysis at five-coordinate oxorhenium(V) by facilitating formation and stabilization of intermediate O2 adducts. O2 activation occurs by two sequential Re−O bond forming reactions, which generate mononuclear η1-superoxo species, and then binuclear trans-μ-1,2-peroxo-bridged complexes. Formation of both Re−O bonds requires trapping of a triplet radical dioxygen species by a cis-[ReV(O)(cat)2]− anion. In each reaction the dioxygen fragment is reduced by 1e−, so generation of each new Re−O bond requires that an oxometal fragment is oxidized by 1e−. Complexes containing a redox-active ligand access a lower energy reaction pathway for the 1e− Re−O bond forming reaction because the metal f...
Eight-fold photonic quasi-crystal fabricated by prism assisted holographic lithography

We demonstrate that a 2D eight-fold photonic quasi-crystal (PQC) can be produced by a specially designed prism via single-exposure holographic lithography. Compared with traditional eight beams in half space for eight-fold quasi-crystal, we only use 5 beams in ¼ space. From group theory and computer simulation, we have verified the feasibility of the particular configuration and observed the simulated patterns. Experimental results observed under SEM agree well with the expectation, confirming that the specially designed prism can be used to fabricate eight-fold photonic quasi-crystal. This prism-assisted holographic lithography using less exposure beams may benefit mass production of complex quasi-structures.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

Patients diagnosed with molar pregnancy are treated by either suction curettage or hysterectomy, depending on their desire to preserve fertility. We use single-agent chemotherapy, preferably methotrexate, to treat low- or moderate-risk persistent trophoblastic tumors. High-risk patients who have metastatic disease are treated primarily with combination chemotherapy and, as indicated, adjuvant radiotherapy or surgery. We perform a hysterectomy in all cases of placental-site trophoblastic tumors; combination chemotherapy is used if there is evidence of metastatic disease.
Simultaneous pulse compression and Doppler processing with step frequency waveform

The author models the step frequency waveform in which the frequency of successive pulses is increased linearly in discrete steps. It is shown how to simultaneously realise the pulse compression and pulse Doppler processing with this waveform to improve the signal to noise ratio and to discriminate against clutter for detection of moving targets.
Mortality associated with odontogenic infection

Odontogenic causes are the most common source for spreading maxillo-facial infections. These infections can develop into life threatening events. However a fatal outcome is fortunately rare and is generally associated with an immunocompromised status. This case report highlights a spreading maxillo-facial infection, which resulted in massive haemorrhage from the subclavian vein into the pleural cavity and subsequent death of a young fit male patient.
Long-term results of pion therapy at Los Alamos.

Abstract Two hundred twenty-eight patients were treated at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) with negative pi-mesons (pions) between 1974 and 1981. Of these, 19 patients with metastatic disease were treated in pilot studies. Following the clinical determination of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of pions, 209 patients were treated in site and. dose searching studies beginning in 1977. Advanced but regionally localized cancers that were considered poorly responsive to conventional therapy were selected for treatment. A wide range of treatment fractions (22 to 45) and of total dose (1800 to 4200 cGy at the 80% isodose level) to the prescribed target volumes was explored. A follow-up observation period of between 4.5 and 9 years has been completed. The analysis focusses on 129 patients receiving pion therapy alone. Thirty-six (28%) had persisting local tumor control of which 12 (9%) suffered complications of treatment. The results varied among treatment sites, for example: prostate cancer, 18 21 (86%) locally controlled, 6 21 (29%) complications; head and neck, 8 31 (26%) locally controlled, 1 31 (3%) complications; and pancreas, none controlled and no complications. Analysis of dose-fraction response suggests a steep rising curve of complications beyond the dose level of 3750 cGy minimum, 4700 cGy maximum, in 38 fractions. The tumor control response has a broader and ill-defined curve possibly due to the heterogeneity of tumor types. The RBE for late effects in normal tissues appeared to be higher than that for acute effects although the mixture of tumor types, sites, dose, and fractionation made this estimate highly uncertain. No late secondary neoplastic changes in pion irradiated tissues were seen. It is concluded that pions can locally ablate some advanced cancers, often without significant sequelae, but that the optimum therapeutic range is critical. The Los Alamos data may be of use to ongoing pion studies in Canada and Switzerland.
Differential Cholecystokinin Gene Expression in Brain and Gut of the Fasted Rat

Cholecystokinin (CCK) gene expression has been compared in the brain and duodenum of control and 5 days fasted rats. To study transcription, CCK mRNA was quantified using a solution hybridization assay. Large and small molecular weight CCK peptides were separated using a sequential extraction process and subsequently quantified by radioimmunoassay. In the duodenum, a fall in weight was paralleled by a decrease in CCK mRNA and in the large forms of CCK peptides. Small molecular species of CCK peptides did not change. There was no change in weight, CCK transcriptional or translational products in the brain as a whole. These data indicate location-specific differential regulation of the products of CCK gene expression in the fasted rat.
Assessment of ionization-assisted damage processes in CTR first-wall materials

Abstract Assessments have been made of the potential significance for CTR first-wall radiation damage of ionization-assisted processes. Mechanisms are examined in which the energy available for atomic displacements is supplied by transient Coulomb interactions attending ionization and charge transfers induced in relevant materials by primary plasma radiation or by recoils. An energy-deposition cross section appropriate to such mechanisms is defined, compared numerically to the usual Lindhard nuclear stopping cross section and used to estimate maximal possible effects. We find that, for materials suggested for first-wall applications and under anticipated fluxes of plasma components, the calculated energy-deposition cross sections for the mechanisms considered are insignificant in comparison to the nuclear stopping cross sections except in some cases of He++ projectiles in non-metals.
Detecting flash artifacts in fundus imagery

In a telemedicine environment for retinopathy screening, a quality check is needed on initial input images to ensure sufficient clarity for proper diagnosis. This is true whether the system uses human screeners or automated software for diagnosis. We present a method for the detection of flash artifacts found in retina images. We have collected a set of retina fundus imagery from February 2009 to August 2011 from several clinics in the mid-South region of the USA as part of a telemedical project. These images have been screened with a quality check that sometimes omits specific flash artifacts, which can be detrimental for automated detection of retina anomalies. A multi-step method for detecting flash artifacts in the center area of the retina was created by combining characteristic colorimetric information and morphological pattern matching. The flash detection was tested on a dataset of 5218 images representative of the population. The system achieved a sensitivity of 96.54% and specificity of 70.16% for the detection of the flash artifacts. The flash artifact detection can serve as a useful tool in quality screening of retina images in a telemedicine network. The detection can be expected to improve automated detection by either providing special handling for these images in combination with a flash mitigation or removal method.
Reflections on Recent Cognitive Behavioural Research with an Emphasis on Research in the United States of America

In this paper, I reflect on some of the more recent trends in cognitive behavioural research that includes work by geographers. In particular, I examine recent work on spatial decision-making in the context of Intelligent Transportation Systems and Smart Environments, spatial cognition and human wayfinding behaviour, contributions to Geographic Information Science, and embellishing activity approaches that focus on episodic human behaviours. The paper emphasises that much of this research is multidisciplinary and that much of it is published in non-geography journals. The paper concludes with some thoughts about future research directions, together with comments on how this research may influence the teaching and use of geographic concepts. ACRONYMS ATISAdvanced Traveller Information Systems CPMComputational Process Models CRTCathode Ray Tube DLDigital Library GISGeographic Information System GIScGeographic Information Science GPSGlobal Positioning Systems ITSIntelligent Transportation Systems UCSBUniversity of California Santa Barbara VEVirtual Environments
A Novel Approach to the Identification of Psychiatric Drugs: Serotonin-Glutamate Interactions in the Prefrontal Cortex

Activation of neocortical 5-hydroxytryptamine2A (5-HT2A) receptors is thought to mediate the profound psychomimetic effects of hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD and mescaline. These effects include alteration in mood, perception, and cognition. Conversely, blockade of neocortical 5-HT2 receptor may be related to the thymoleptic effects of newly released antidepressant (e.g., mirtazepine, nefazodone) and atypical antipsychotic drugs (e.g., risperidone, olanzapine). Therefore, one strategy to develop novel antidepressant drugs might be to identify drugs which suppress the effects of 5-HT2A receptor activation in key neurocircuits. Electrophysiological experiments using in vitro rat slices of the medial prefrontal cortex have found that activation of 5-HT2A receptors results in glutamate release from thalamocortical terminals by a novel focal effect. A number of monoamine (5-HT1/7, β2), metabotropic glutamate (mGlu2), and neuropeptide (μ-opioid) receptors suppress the glutamate release induced by 5-HT2A receptor activation. Clinical studies examining the effects of serotonin or catecholamine depletion suggest the activation of 5-HT or catecholamine receptors mediate the therapeutic effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), respectively. In addition, opiate agonists may have antidepressant properties. Therefore, it is suggested that elucidation of the specific receptors that suppress glutamate release induced by 5-HT2A receptor activation in the medial prefrontal cortex may have several effects. First, this might lead to a more complete understanding of the 5-HT receptor(s) that mediate the therapeutic effects of presently used drugs such as SSRIs. This site might be a therapeutic target free of side effects such as sexual dysfunction. Second, this strategy might lead to novel therapeutic targets for depression, such as metabotropic glutamate agonists which may not be efficacious in screening strategies primarily dependent on synaptic availability of monoaminergic neurotransmitters.
Personality expectations and perceptions of Roman Catholic clergy members

This study examined the expectations of Roman Catholic priests' personality characteristics. Personality measures (i.e., Symptom Check List-90-Revised, Weinberger Adjustment Inventory, Belief in Personal Control Scale, and several authordesigned measures) were administered to 102 undergraduate students. The subjects' perceptions of Roman Catholic priests' personality traits were examined by having the subjects complete the Personality Adjective Checklist (PACL) describing a typical Roman Catholic priest. These scores were compared to PACL scores from 12 successful applicants to the priesthood. Findings suggest that subjects tend to view Roman Catholic priests stereotypically as authority figures and that Catholic subjects view priests more positively than do non-Catholic subjects.
Real-time seismic damping and frequency control of steel structures using nitinol wire

Thirty years ago, automotive engineers perfected real-time damping for vehicle suspension systems prior to hitting bumps in the road. In the near future, architects and structural engineers may be able to use the same philosophy for tuning structures to withstand earthquakes as their waves impinge on the structure. Coupled with seismic monitors and a reliable communications systems such as California's TriNet real-time seismic monitoring system which can relay specific ground motions to buildings, we can expect that-we will be able to tune building frames to reduce both motion and damage in an economic manner. Most materials respond to heat by expanding in volume. Nitinol is a shape memory alloy (SMA) that has the peculiar quality ofcontracting when heated. By variably heating a system ofnitinol wires designed within a building structure, the frequency response ofthe structure, torsion and percent ofcritical damping could be altered as the structure experiences an earthquake. Nitinol is a nickel-titanium-based metal that has seen use in robotics for return control that resembles the bioenergetics ofmuscles and tendons. Small electrical currents can be placed into the nitinol where the resulting resistance causes rapid heating and consequent reduction in volume. By lacing steel buildings with a series ofnitinol wires in cross directions and coupling them with both an energy source and communications receiving systems from TriNet, the response ofthe building structure can be altered. This could improve damping ratios with respect to any particular earthquake in a similar fashion to forward looking automotive suspension systems. This paper shows examples by using building models.
Dressed optical filaments

In this Letter we show that by appropriately providing an auxiliary “dress” beam one can extend the longevity of an optical filament by almost one order of magnitude. These optical dressed filaments can propagate substantially further by judiciously harnessing energy from their secondary beam reservoir. This possibility is theoretically investigated in air when the filament is dressed with a conically convergent annular Gaussian beam.
Electronic excited‐state transport and trapping in solution

A theoretical study of transport and trapping of electronic excitations in a two‐component disordered system is carried out. The results are applicable to energy transport in solutions containing randomly distributed donor and trap solute species or lattices with randomly distributed donor and trap impurities. The diagrammatic expansion of the Green function, developed by Gochanour, Andersen, and Fayer to study excited‐state energy transport in a one‐component system is applied to the trapping problem. The following quantities are calculated from the Green function: the time‐dependent probabilities that an excitation is in the donor or in the trap ensembles, the generalized diffusion coefficient, and the mean‐squared displacement of an excitation. For Forster transfer, transport properties are shown to depend on the ratio of the Forster interaction lengths RDT0 and RDD0 as well as on the reduced concentrations of donors and traps [CD = 4/3π(RDD0)3ρD, CT = 4/3π (RDT0)3ρT]. The tranport of excitations is fo...
Group velocity of anisotropie waves—Part II: Conservative properties

It has been argued in Part I that traditional expression of multidimensional group velocity used in meteorology is only applicable for isotropic waves. While for anisotropic waves, it cannot manifest propagation of waves group along the trajectory of a reference wave point, and varies with rotation of coordinates. The general mathematical expression of group velocity which may be used also for anisotropic waves has been derived in Part I. It will be proved that the mean wave energy, momentum and wave action density are all conserved as a wave group propagates at the general group velocity. Since general group velocity represents the movement of a reference point in either isotropic or anisotropic wave trains, it may be used to define wave rays. The variations of wave parameters along the rays in a slowly varying environment are represented by ray-tracing equations. Using the general group velocity, we may derive the anisotropic ray-tracing equations, which give the traditional ray-tracing equations for isotropic waves.
Low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in relation to genetic polymorphisms and menopausal status: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Genes coding for proteins involved in lipid metabolism and, in women, menopausal status are independently associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels. We examined whether the association between common functional genetic polymorphisms of apolipoprotein E (apoE Cys112Arg and Arg158Cys) gene and LDL-c levels, as well as the associations between the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP TaqIB), hepatic lipase (LIPC C-514T), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL Ser447Stop) genes and HDL-c levels are significantly modified by menopausal status. Plasma lipid concentrations, genotype, and menopausal status were assessed across four examinations in a sample of Caucasian and African-American women (n=4652-4876) who were aged 45-64 years at baseline from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. The association between LDL-c levels and the apoE gene, and HDL-c levels and the LIPC and LPL genes were not modified by menopausal status. The only statistically significant gene by menopause interaction was with the CETP gene on HDL-c concentrations (p=0.04). However, the significant CETP gene by menopause interaction was possibly due to chance because of multiple testing. Postmenopausal women who were carriers of the A allele of the CETP gene had approximately 0.7 mg/dL lower HDL-c levels than pre-/perimenopausal counterparts, whereas the opposite pattern of HDL-c (0.4 mg/dL higher HDL-c postmenopausally) was observed for the GG genotype. Overall, our data suggest that the decrease in endogenous estrogen as a result of menopause may independently affect lipoprotein concentration, but does not alter the effect on plasma lipids of some common genetic polymorphisms that regulate lipoprotein metabolism.
Differential effects of alpha-adrenergic antagonists on tonic immobility in domestic fowl.

Abstract Groups of young chickens were injected with various dosages of several alpha-adrenergic antagonists and tested for the effects of these drugs on tonic immobility. Yohimbine, a very potent alpha2 antagonist, produced a significant decrease in the duration of tonic immobility at doses of 1 mg/kg, while prazosin, a potent alpha1 antagonist, had no apparent effect on immobility duration. Phentolamine, a non-specific alpha antagonist, produced a significant decrease in the duration of immobility at doses of 0.1 mg/kg, but had no effect at higher or lower doses. These results support the involvement of the alpha-adrenergic system with the duration of the tonic immobility reflex, but at the same time they also suggest that alpha2 receptors are more closely involved with the immobility response than alpha1 receptors. However, none of these drugs had any apparent effect on the initial susceptibility of subjects to the immobility reflex, as measured by the number of inductions required to produce tonic immobility.
Experimental analysis of hematopoietic cell development in the liver of larval Rana pipiens.

Abstract Hematopoietic cell development in the liver of Rana pipiens throughout the larval period was examined. Differential counts of Wright/Giemsa-stained cell suspensions demonstrated that hepatic hematopoiesis includes lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid cell lineages. Hematopoietic activity appeared to be initiated near the end of embryonic development (Shumway stages 24–25) and reached a substantial level by 30 days of development (Taylor and Kollros stage IV). Although lymphopoiesis became highly variable during later larval stages, granulopoiesis remained stable and erythropoiesis increased throughout the larval period. Erythropoiesis is the predominant hematopoietic activity in the larval liver. Histological examination of plastic embedded tissue demonstrated that hematopoietic activity is localized in discrete foci within the endothelial-lined sinusoids. These hematopoietic foci are found in both the subcapsular region and deeper portions of the organ. Microdensitometric analysis of experimental embryos which received chromosomally labeled presumptive ventral blood island transplants at Shumway stage 15 indicated that the derivatives of this embryonic region are limited to the circulating erythrocyte population of the early larvae. The hematopoietic cell populations of the liver appear to be derived from an extrinsic stem cell source which may be located in the dorsal region of the early embryo.
Brief Tracking of multiple maneuvering targets in clutter using IMM/JPDA filtering and fixed-lag smoothing

We consider the problem of tracking multiple maneuvering targets in clutter using switching multiple target motion models. A suboptimal filtering algorithm is developed by applying the basic interacting multiple model (IMM) approach and the joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) technique to a Markovian switching system. A suboptimal fixed-lag smoothing algorithm is developed by applying the IMM and the JPDA approaches to a state-augmented system. The algorithms are illustrated via a simulation example involving tracking of two highly maneuvering targets.
Atomic hydrogen for the formation of abrupt Sb doping profiles in MBE-grown Si

Abstract Previously, atomic hydrogen has been shown to be effective in reducing the segregation of Ge on Si(100) during solid source molecular beam epitaxy growth. In this work we have investigated atomic hydrogen to determine if it is equally effective in reducing the segregation of Sb on Si(100). Using secondary ion mass spectrometry, we demonstrated that the co-deposition of atomic hydrogen during Sb doping of Si at 500°C reduced the surface segregation ratio by greater than two orders of magnitude. However, if atomic hydrogen was applied for more than 20 nm of growth, extended defects were formed. In addition, the as-grown Sb-doped layers had a low percentage of electrical activation as measured by capacitance–voltage profiling.