cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of an oligodendrocyte progenitor cell line by the interleukin-6 family of cytokines

We report pleiotropic actions of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines on a rat cerebral cortical oligodendrocyte cell line, Central Glia-4 (CG-4). This is a bipotential oligodendrocyte type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cell line that can be manipulated in vitro to become either a type-2 astrocyte or to follow a linear sequence of events into becoming a mature oligodendrocyte. Using Northern and Western analyses in conjunction with immunocytochemistry we have demonstrated that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) cause a transient increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in oligodendrocyte type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cells. At maximal cytokine concentrations, the largest increase in GFAP protein levels were observed for CNTF and LIF; albeit, IL-6 did increase GFAP but the order of magnitude was 6-7 times less. Moreover, in trophic factor deprived medium, CNTF and LIF protected immature (O4+/MBP-) and mature (MBP+) oligodendrocytes from the apoptotic mode of cell death, while IL-6 had no effect in enhancing oligodendrocyte cell survival. Analysis of the cytokine-induced early response genes (ERGs) revealed a strong degree of overlap for CNTF and LIF. The effect of IL-6 was different in the degree to which the ERGs were up-regulated and in their temporal patterns of expression. These findings suggest that ERGs may be important, at least in part, for determining the extent of functional overlap observed within this cytokine family. Our findings clearly demonstrate differential regulation of oligodendrocyte survival and differentiation by the IL-6 family of cytokines.
Using a Model of Reciprocal Mentorship to Develop, Implement, and Sustain a Group-Based Exercise Program for the Frail Elderly

It is widely recognized that exercise programs for frail elders are essential to combat the effects of chronic disease while also preserving function. Staffing shortages of both professionals and paraprofessionals in long-term care limit opportunities for program development and sustainability. The purpose of this article is to describe a model that used reciprocal mentorship in order to develop, implement, and sustain a group-based exercise program for frail elders using physical therapy (PT) students, a direct care provider (DCP), and a physical therapist/educator. Unique to this design was the opportunity for reciprocal mentorship between the students and the DCP designated to the program. Students taught the DCP the exercise protocols and the DCP modeled how to successfully interact and manage the frail elders. The physical therapist/educator concurrently provided leadership to both groups. Positive changes in the both the TUG and POMA were noted with the most significant change occurring in the POMA ...
Decision Making in School-Based Management Leadership Councils: The Impact of Council Membership Diversity.

School-based management (SBM) is a potentially valuable reform mechanism in urban school districts in which each school serves a unique mix of students drawn from a heterogeneous population. Because SBM usually relies on leadership councils that function as the decision-making bodies for individual schools, its effectiveness as a reform mechanism ultimately depends on the quality of these councils. This research explores how council decision-making quality is affected by five dimensions of council diversity. Results indicate that diversity in terms of council member roles and tenure in the district is related to council decision-making quality, while ethnic and gender diversity and diversity in council experience are unrelated to decision processes. Potential explanations for these findings are discussed.
Intracellular analysis of the development of responses of caudate neurons to stimulation of cortex, thalamus and substantia nigra in the kitten.

Abstract Intracellular recordings were made from caudate neurons in anesthetized kittens of 2–72 days of age. In adult cats, results of intracellular recordings indicate that caudate neurons respond most frequently to stimulation of their major afferents from cortex, thalamus and substantia nigra with a sequence of excitation followed by inhibition (EPSP-IPSP sequence). The results of the present study show that the prominent IPSP of this sequence is not well developed in young kittens and does not reach adult values in terms of frequency of occurrence until beyond 40 days of age. Amplitude and duration of the IPSP evoked by cortical stimulation also did not reach adult values until beyond 40 days of age. In contrast, EPSPs can be evoked in the youngest kittens by stimulation of afferents to the caudate. These findings suggest that the caudate nucleus may alter its role during development. In early postnatal periods it functions as a simple relay system transmitting incoming information to its outputs in a relatively unaltered fashion. Later in development it becomes a system capable of complex modulation and filtering of neural information.
Seizure clusters: characteristics and treatment.

Purpose of reviewMany patients with epilepsy experience ‘clusters’ or flurries of seizures, also termed acute repetitive seizures (ARS). Seizure clustering has a significant impact on health and quality of life. This review summarizes recent advances in the definition and neurophysiologic understand
Unusually High Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotubes

Recently discovered carbon nanotubes have exhibited many unique material properties including very high thermal conductivity. Strong sp 2 bonding configurations in carbon network and nearly perfect self-supporting atomic structure in nanotubes give unusually high phonon-dominated thermal conductivity along the tube axis, possibly even surpassing that of other carbon-based materials such as diamond and graphite (in plane). In this chapter, we explore theoretical and experimental investigations for the thermal-transport properties of these materials.
Models and methods for characterizing the structural parameters of groups

This paper outlines and illustrates the application of loglinear models for characterizing the structural parameters of groups, as conceptualized by Blau (1974, 1977). Models for nominal parameters are those in which an ingroup outgroup distinction is embodied. Models for graduated parameters introduce distance effects. These models appear to be useful supplements to spatial techniques for identifying patterns of differential association, and they have implications for the calculation of proximity estimators in the use of those techniques.
Stabilization of Trypsin in Ointment Bases

Calcium has been used to stabilize trypsin in a polyethylene glycol ointment base. The samples were kept at room temperature and at 37° for a period of 6 months. Results of assays on these samples are reported. Eighty per cent of the trypsin activity was retained in the presence of calcium, including the samples stored at 37° for 6 months.
The role of information and the international business cycle

Abstract This paper explores an equilibrium imperfect information model of the business cycle under floating exchange rates with perfect international capital mobility. While international trade in goods takes place in decentralized markets, foreign exchange and international debt are traded in centralized markets. The paper investigates the degree of international business cycle synchronization, the covariation between the exchange rate and the terms of trade and the degree of insulation provided by floating exchange rates. In sharp contrast to sticky price Keynesian type models, unanticipated monetary shocks will induce synchronized cycles, given sufficient elasticity conditions. The amplitude of the business cycle will depend upon the covariance matrix of stochastic schocks.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorinated Tris(pyrazolyl)borate Complexes. Observation of an (η5-Pyrazole)−K+ Interaction in the Solid State

Cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligands have received considerable attention mainly because of their π six-electron donation capability. Tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands (Tp) are often compared with Cp because of their identical charge, number of donated electrons, and similar facial coordinating geometry. Their six-electron donation, however, is formally σ-type. The X-ray structure of the [TpCF3,CH3CuK(μ4-CO3)KTpCF3,CH3]2 aggregate, 1, reveals for the first time an unprecedented η5-TpCF3,CH3 potassium bonding interaction. 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 12.0411(2) A, b = 14.9791(2) A, c = 16.0567(3) A, α = 71.301(1)°, β = 69.785(1)°, γ = 66.539(1)°, and Z = 2. Both K−F and K−μ4-CO32- interactions stabilize the aggregate, as suggested by the lack of hexanuclear aggregation and K incorporation in the absence of fluorine groups or when OCO22- is replaced by CH3−CO2-. In the latter case we have isolated the complex [CuTpCF3,CH3(CH3CO2)], 2, which retains a Cu coordination sphere similar to that e...
Doctoral Advising or Mentoring? Effects on Student Outcomes.

This study investigated the extent to which doctoral advisors provided mentoring to their students and if mentor support influenced doctoral student outcomes. Survey results from 477 respondents, across disciplines at two universities, indicated that most students believed mentoring was important and over half of them received mentoring support from their advisor. Regression results showed advisor mentoring was related to student outcomes, but the pattern varied by type of mentoring (psychosocial or career), student outcome (satisfaction, number of presentations, and number of publications), and discipline. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Poststreptococcal reactive arthritis

The occurrence of an entity designated poststreptococcal reactive arthritis (PSReA) has been highlighted in recent reports. The syndrome was considered part of the spectrum of acute rheumatic fever by some, whereas others stressed the differences between the two diseases. As distinct from acute rheumatic fever, PSReA is characterized by a shorter latency period between the inciting streptococcal infection and the onset of arthritis, a higher frequency of involvement of the small joints and axial skeleton, poor response to aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, a protracted course of arthritis, a low incidence of carditis, and absence of other major manifestations of acute rheumatic fever. Recent studies have demonstrated an increased frequency of DRB1*01 in patients with PSReA, which contrasts with the increased frequency of DRB1*16 in rheumatic fever. Because 6% of patients with PSReA have been reported to have late onset carditis, it is judicious to recommend that patients with PSReA receive prophylactic antimicrobials for a minimum period of 5 years or until the age of 21 years, whichever is longer.
Altered expression of the synuclein family mRNA in Lewy body and Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract The main objective of this study was to determine if levels of α-, β- and/or γ-synuclein mRNAs are differentially affected in brains of Lewy body disease (LBD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, compared to controls. In control cases, highest levels of expression were observed in the neocortex and the lowest in basal ganglia and substantia nigra. β-Synuclein was the most abundant message (75–80%), followed by γ-synuclein (10–15%) and α-synuclein (8–10%). Analysis of the superior temporal cortex, a region selectively affected in LBD and AD, showed that compared to controls, levels of α-synuclein were increased in cases of diffuse LBD (DLBD), levels of β-synuclein were decreased in AD and DLBD, and levels of γ-synuclein were increased in AD cases. This study suggests that a critical balance among products of the synuclein gene is important to maintain normal brain function and that alterations in this balance might be associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
Quantitation of N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate in microdissected rat brain nuclei and peripheral tissues: findings with a novel liquid phase radioimmunoassay

Abstract Antibodies were raised in rabbits against the neuropeptide N- acetyl- l -aspartyl- l -glutamate (NAAG) coupled to bovine serum albumin via a carbodiimide linkage. One of these rabbit antisera, which preferentially recognizes coupled NAAG-like immunoreactivity (LIR), has been previously used to immunocytochemically localize NAAG-LIR. We have now employed a second of these antisera, which preferentially recognizes free NAAG, to develop a competitive liquid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA). Using this assay, we were able to detect picomole amounts of NAAG in rat tissue extracts. The specificity of the assay revealed a 60-fold greater affinity of the antibody for NAAG over N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and greater than one million-fold specificity for NAAG over both aspartate and glutamate. High-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation of tissue extracts yielded only two detectable peaks of NAAG-LIR in collected fractions and these co-chromatographed with NAAG and NAA. NAAG levels determined by this liquid phase RIA and by HPLC were essentially identical after correction for the presence of NAA crossreactivity. The antibody that preferentially recognizes coupled NAAG was used to immunocytochemically localize NAAG-LIR to the red nucleus, the facial nucleus, the dorsal raphe, and the locus coeruleus. To further confirm this localization of NAAG, these and other nuclei were microdissected and levels of NAAG were determined by liquid phase RIA. Nuclei which stained intensely were found to contain high levels of NAAG by RIA and between 60 and 100% of this NAAG-LIR co-chromatographed with NAAG. These results support our previous conclusion that NAAG is co-localized in noradrenergic, serotonergic and cholinergic neurons. We have also used this RIA to identify NAAG-LIR in striated muscle and other peripheral tissues.
Olfactory bulb removal but not anosmia increases emotionality and mouse killing.

THE extent to which olfactory stimuli control animal behaviour is a current topic of empirical investigation and theoretical speculation. In many studies a critical experimental strategy has been the complete elimination of olfactory sensation, achieved by surgical removal or destruction of the olfactory bulbs. Considerable disruptions of sexual1–4, maternal5, territorial6,7 and aggressive8,9 activities occur after centrally induced anosmia in various species. According to some reports, bulbectomy also induces irritability and hyperemotionality resembling the classic septal “rage” syndrome10–13.
Meningeal Hemangiopericytoma: Histopathological Features, Treatment, and Long-Term Follow-up of 44 Cases

Forty-four cases of meningeal hemangiopericytoma that were treated between 1938 and 1987 are reviewed. Fifty-five percent of these tumors occurred in men. The average age of the patients at diagnosis was 42 years. The average duration of preoperative symptoms was 11 months. Symptoms were related to tumor location, which was similar to that of meningioma. The operative mortality was 9% overall, and has been zero since 1974 (18 patients). The average time before the first recurrence was 47 months, with the recurrence rates at 1, 5, and 10 years after surgery being 15, 65, and 76%, respectively. Ten patients have developed extraneural metastasis, mostly to lung and bone, at an average of 99 months after the first operation. The 10- and 15-year rates of metastasis were 33 and 64%, respectively. The average survival period has been 84 months, with survival rates at 5, 10, and 15 years after surgery of 67, 40, and 23%, respectively. The histological diagnosis of the tumor was not related to survival or recurrence and did not change with recurrence. Tentorial and posterior fossa tumors tended to be more lethal. Total tumor resection favorably affected recurrence and survival, as opposed to subtotal resection. Metastasis adversely affected survival, and was followed by death at an average of 24 months after its diagnosis. Radiation therapy after the first operation extended the average time before first recurrence from 34 to 75 months, and extended survival from 62 to 92 months.
Fate of cyanide and related compounds in aerobic microbial systems-II. Microbial degradation

Abstract Cyanide metabolism was studied using starved, acclimated heterogeneous cultures in an aerated microfermenter containing glucose as substrate. Tests using K 14 CN indicated that up to 50% of the cyanide was metabolized as evidenced by 14 CO 2 production. Experiments employed initial solids concentrations between 483–1963 mg l and initial glucose concentrations between 100–600 mg l. Initial cyanide concentration was 10 mg l.
Amelioration of age-related neurochemical and behavioral deficits by 3,4-diaminopyridine

Alterations of the cholinergic system may be responsible for age-related changes in behavior. The in vitro calcium dependent release of acetylcholine and tight rope test performance decline in parallel during senescence. 3,4-Diaminopyridine, which enhances calcium influx by nerve terminals, diminishes these age-related alterations. In aged mice (30 month old), 3,4-diaminopyridine increases the calcium dependent release of acetylcholine (260%) and improves tight rope test performance (428%). These results support the hypothesis that alterations in calcium homeostasis underlie some of the cholinergic and behavioral deficits that accompany senescence.
A double-blind randomized trial of two dose regimens of misoprostol for cervical ripening and labor induction.

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of two dosing regimens of misoprostol for cervical ripening and labor induction. METHODS Patients who fulfilled the study criteria were randomized to received misoprostol 25 microg or 50 microg intravaginally every 3 h for a total of eight doses for cervical ripening or until labor was established. Endpoints for successful cervical ripening was achievement of Bishop score of nine or greater, and for labor induction reaching the active phase of labor in the first 24 h. The rates of success, duration of first and second stages of labor, type of delivery, significant side effects, and neonatal outcome were measured and compared between the two study groups. Two hundred and fifty-one patients were randomized in two groups--126 received 50 microg and 125 received 25 microg misoprostol. Demographics of the two study groups were similar. RESULTS Patients in the 50 microg group had a shorter first stage (848 min vs. 1,122 min, P < 0.007), shorter induction-to-vaginal delivery interval (933 min vs. 1,194 min, P < 0.013), decreased incidence of oxytocin augmentation (53.9% vs. 68%, P < 0.015), and decreased total units of oxytocin (2,763 mU vs. 5,236 mU, P < 0.023), but there was a higher hyperstimulation rate (19% vs. 7.2%, P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Successful induction rate, delivery types, and fetal outcome were similar in both groups. Although the rate of vaginal delivery and neonatal outcome were similar in both groups, the 50 microg regimen had shorter first and second stages of labor, and a higher hyperstimulation rate that was easily manageable, allowing for flexibility in using the higher dose in low-risk pregnancies.
Transforming a linear algebra core to an FFT accelerator

This paper considers the modifications required to transform a highly-efficient, specialized linear algebra core into an efficient engine for computing Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs). We review the minimal changes required to support Radix-4 FFT computations and propose extensions to the micro-architecture of the baseline linear algebra core. Along the way, we study the critical differences between the two classes of algorithms. Special attention is paid to the configuration of the on-chip memory system to support high utilization. We examine design trade-offs between efficiency, specialization and flexibility, and their effects both on the core and memory hierarchy for a unified design as compared to dedicated accelerators for each application. The final design is a flexible architecture that can perform both classes of applications. Results show that the proposed hybrid FFT/Linear Algebra core can achieve 26.6 GFLOPS/S with a power efficiency of 40 GFLOPS/W, which is up to 100× and 40× more energy efficient than cutting-edge CPUs and GPUs, respectively.
The Use of Consultation to Improve Academic and Psychosocial Outcomes for Gifted Students

School psychologists can make use of consultation within a prevention and wellness framework to heighten gifted students’ academic, social, mental health, and life competencies. The triadic and indirect nature of consultation allows school-based consultants the opportunity to support a larger population of students than they could with traditional direct intervention. Consultation holds potential to enhance the capacity of parents, teachers, and administrators to problem-solve by pinpointing critical information and then jointly considering multiple views about well-being, development, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and organizational effectiveness appropriate to the consultee's work setting. The purpose of this article is to present conceptualizations of giftedness and describe the congruence between the philosophy and aims of consultation and the challenges and attributes associated with gifted students. In addition, illustrations of the use of consultation at the classroom and systems level are presented.
Evidence for radiation damage control on apatite He ages from the grand canyon region, colorado plateau

Individual detrital apatites from three sedimentary units in the Grand Canyon region of the Colorado Plateau yield a span of (U-Th)/He dates that are positively correlated with radiogenic ^4He and effective U (eU) concentrations. All dates are younger than the depositional ages of the sandstone units, indicating partial to complete ^4He loss in the analyzed apatites following deposition. Recent refinements in our understanding of He diffusion based on laboratory experiments suggest that radiation damage impedes He mobility in apatite [1]. Forward models that incorporate the effect of evolving He diffusivities indicate that this behavior will be most strongly manifested by suites of apatites containing a range of eU concentrations that cooled and were partially reset. Detrital apatite grains from sedimentary units in the Grand Canyon region fit these criteria when 1) compositionally variable apatites were deposited, and 2) underwent burial heating, partial ^4He loss, and subsequent exhumation. Using geologically reasonable thermal histories, our simulations can reproduce our distributions of detrital apatite dates. The youngest dates are obtained for the lowest eU apatites that underwent the greatest ^4He loss during burial, and impose the strongest constraint on the exhumation timing. The results also predict that the correlations between age and ^4He and eU concentrations are sensitive to the thermal history, such that it may be possible to extract additional details regarding temperature-time paths from these relationships.
Preparation and characterization of tapioca starch–poly(lactic acid) nanocomposite foams by melt intercalation based on clay type

Abstract Tapioca starch (TS), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and four different organoclays (Cloisite 10A, Cloisite 25A, Cloisite 93A and Cloisite 15A) were used to produce nanocomposite foams by melt-intercalation. Structural, thermal, physical and mechanical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and an Instron universal testing machine, respectively. The first XRD peaks for all four nanocomposite foams, were observed to shift to lower angles, indicating that intercalation occurred. The extent of intercalation depended on the type of organoclay and was exhibited in the sequence of Cloisite 10A > 25A > 93A > 15A. Glass transition temperatures ( T g ), melting temperatures ( T m ) and transition enthalpies (Δ H ) of the foams were investigated by DSC. Radial expansion ratio (RER), unit density, bulk spring index (BSI), bulk compressibility, Young's modulus ( E ), water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) were influenced ( p
Activated Armadillo/β-Catenin Does Not Play a General Role in Cell Migration and Process Extension in Drosophila

Human beta-catenin and its fly homolog Armadillo are best known for their roles in cadherin-based cell-cell adhesion and in transduction of Wingless/Wnt signals. It has been hypothesized that beta-catenin may also regulate cell migration and cell shape changes, possibly by regulating the microtubule cytoskeleton via interactions with APC. This hypothesis was based on experiments in which a hyperstable mutant form of beta-catenin was expressed in MDCK cells, where it altered their migratory properties and their ability to send out long cellular processes. We tested the generality of this hypothesis in vivo in Drosophila. We utilized three model systems in which cell migration and/or process extension are known to play key roles during development: the migration of the border cells during oogenesis, the extension of axons in the nervous system, and the migration and cell process extension of tracheal cells. In all cases, cells expressing activated Armadillo were able to migrate and extend cell processes essentially normally. The one alteration from normal involved an apparent cell fate change in certain tracheal cells. These results suggest that only certain cells are affected by activation of Armadillo/beta-catenin, and that Armadillo/beta-catenin does not play a general role in inhibiting cell migration or process extension.
Four-plane space-variant Fresnel-transform optical processor with a random phase encoder

We introduce a four-plane Fresnel-transform space-variant optical processor consisting of an input plane and two filter planes. One filter mask is programmable with a spatial light modulator. The second filter mask is a fixed random binary phase array with a known pseudorandom distribution of pixels. The order of the masks can be interchanged, giving different output characteristics. In one case the Horner efficiency of the correlator increases dramatically. In the other case the edge enhancement of the output image is removed. We discuss the theory for this general processor and its implementation with phase-only masks. We present experimental results when a binary magneto-optic spatial light modulator was used.
On the occurrence and stability of divalent chromium in olivines included in diamonds

Olivine inclusions in diamonds from kimberlites originating from the deep Upper Mantle contain significant amounts of chromium. It has been suggested that divalent chromium occurs in these olivines. This hypothesis is supported by recent Mossbauer and electronic spectral measurements at high pressures, which demonstrate that pressure-induced reduction takes place in compounds and minerals initially containing Fe3+, Mn3+, and Cu2+ ions. The process is facilitated at high temperatures. Low oxidation states of other metals such as Cr(II) are expected to be stabilized under the very high pressures and elevated temperature conditions in the Mantle. Since Cr2+ ions are susceptible to the Jahn-Teller effect, they are predicted by crystal field theory to be stabilized in certain distorted coordination sites, such as the olivine Ml site, all three sites of the β-spinel phase, and the 7-coordinated site of the strontium plumbate structure-type. The Cr2+ ions in olivines are stabilized in kimberlites intruded into the Crust by the high confining pressures in the diamond inclusions.
Analysis of SWADE Discus N Wind Speed and Wave Height Time Series. Part I: Discrete Wavelet Packet Representations

Abstract Discus N denotes a single buoy employed during the SWADE experiment, equipped to record wave amplitude and wind speed time series at a rate of 1 Hz. Over the course of approximately 4.5 days, two clear-cut examples of sea response to wind activity took place. It is easy to verify that the spectral content of the time series is changing. Wavelet analysis (WA) is a powerful tool for analyzing such nonstationary series. The paper illustrates the use of this technique to characterize the observed wave response in a quantitative manner and to compare this response to simultaneously measured wind state data. For reasons that will be reviewed, unlike Fourier analysis, a WA requires “fine-tuning” of the basis functions to fit the problem under consideration. Within geophysical applications it has become common to utilize the “Morlet” wavelet because of its strong resemblance to well-known spectrogram analysis techniques. However, it will be seen that a relatively new technique known as the discrete wavel...
Territorial Peace and Democratic Clustering

A consistent and robust finding in the democratic peace literature is that democracies tend to cluster together. The explanations for clustering rely on several factors, including democratic demonstration effects and aid from democracies to nascent opposition groups in nondemocratic countries. This article questions the logic of the clustering approach, both theoretically and empirically. Further, we develop an argument predicting democratic transitions based on the level of territorial threat targeting the state: high levels of threat cause political centralization and inhibit democratization; low levels of threat allow for decentralization and democratization. This approach explains how democratic transitions are linked to international borders and imply geographic clustering. Analyses of the post-World War II period are supportive of our arguments even when controlling for clustering-based predictors.
In vitro metabolic response of articular cartilage segments to low levels of hydrostatic pressure.

Bovine and human articular cartilage segments exhibit variable alterations in metabolism following in vitro exposure to hydrostatic pressure. A decrease in incorporation of the labeled substrates 35SO4, 3H-glycine and 3H-uridine to values less than 50% of non-pressurized tissue results from exposure to pressures between 75 and 300 psi. A pressure of 375 psi consistently results in a 10-15% increase in cartilage synthetic activity in the presence or absence of 10% fetal calf serum. Dialyzed fetal calf serum increases the metabolic response at 375 psi from 10% to 55%. The recovery phase following exposure to pressure includes a release (rebound) phenomenon whereby a burst of metabolic activity elevates the metabolic rate to normal levels when the tissues are inhibited (75-300 psi) and accelerates the metabolic rate by 60% in tissues whose metabolism was elevated (375 psi). These data suggest that articular cartilage chondrocytes have the capacity to rapidly and differentially transform mechanical signals de...
Adiabatic temperature changes of magma-gas mixtures during ascent and eruption

Most quantitative studies of flow dynamics in eruptive conduits during volcanic eruptions use a simplified energy equation that ignores either temperature changes, or the thermal effects of gas exsolution. In this paper we assess the effects of those simplifications by analyzing the influence of equilibrium gas exsolution and expansion on final temperatures, velocities, and liquid viscosities of magma–gas mixtures during adiabatic decompression. For a given initial pressure (p 1 ), temperature (T 1 ) and melt composition, the final temperature (T f ) and velocity (u max ) will vary depending on the degree to which friction and other irreversible processes reduce mechanical energy within the conduit. The final conditions range between two thermodynamic end members: (1) constant enthalpy (dh=0), in which T f is maximal and no energy goes into lifting or acceleration; and (2) constant entropy (ds=0), in which T f is minimal and maximum energy goes into lifting and acceleration. For ds=0, T 1 =900 °C and p 1 =200 MPa, a water-saturated albitic melt cools by ~200 °C during decompression, but only about 250 °C of this temperature decrease can be attributed to the energy of gas exsolution per se: the remainder results from expansion of gas that has already exsolved. For the same T 1 and p 1 , and dh=0, T f is 10–15 °C hotter than T 1 but is about 10–25 °C cooler than T f in similar calculations that ignore the energy of gas exsolution. For ds=0, p 1 =200 MPa and T 1 =9,000 °C, assuming that all the enthalpy change of decompression goes into kinetic energy, a water-saturated albitic mixture can theoretically accelerate to ~800 m/s. Similar calculations that ignore gas exsolution (but take into account gas expansion) give velocities about 10–15% higher. For the same T 1 , p I =200 MPa, and ds=0, the cooling associated with gas expansion and exsolution increases final melt viscosity more than 2.5 orders of magnitude. For dh=0, isenthalpic heating decreases final melt viscosity by about 0.7 orders of magnitude. Thermal effects of gas exsolution are responsible for less than 10% of these viscosity changes. Isenthalpic heating could significantly reduce flow resistance in eruptive conduits if heat generation were concentrated along conduit walls, where shearing is greatest. Isentropic cooling could enhance clast fragmentation in near-surface vents in cases where extremely rapid pressure drops reduce gas temperatures and chill the margins of expanding pyroclasts.
Convective flow increases lipoplex delivery rate to in vitro cellular monolayers.

The mass transport characteristics of cationic, nonviral liposome–DNA plasmid complexes (lipoplexes) were evaluated over a range of fluid shear stresses. The typical case of stagnant flow transfection was expanded to include controlled fluid convection provided by constant flow through a parallel plate flow chamber. Equations describing the transport of lipoplex by sedimentation and convection were derived from theory and solved numerically. Instantaneous lipoplex delivery rate and total lipoplex surface delivery during a 72-h transfection were estimated for two shear stress levels and for static conditions. Theory predicted that lipoplex is delivered to the cell surface more than 12- to 19-fold faster through the addition of convection, at least for physiologic shear stresses of 2.3–9.7 dyn/cm2, respectively. These calculations were tested experimentally using a cell line (ECV-304) transfected with fluorescently labeled plasmid DNA formulated into a lipoplex. Transfections were conducted during cellular exposure to the same known, uniform levels of fluid shear stress presumed in theoretical calculations. Lipoplex delivery was increased by more than nine-fold at 2.3 dyn/cm2 compared to the static case as assessed by flow cytometric measurement. Lipoplex delivery was modestly reduced at the highest fluid shear stress, to six-fold of the static case, consistent with the disruption of lipoplex–cell binding mediated by hydrodynamic forces. The complicated relationship between fluid convection and lipoplex delivery has important implications for nonviral gene therapy.
Abstract P5-11-01: Impact of CDK mediated Smad3 phosphorylation and Pin1 in triple negative breast cancer cell migration

Introduction: Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) negative breast cancers, also known as triple negative breast cancers can overexpress cyclins, such as cyclin D and E, which have been linked to cancer progression and metastasis. Cyclin/CDK complexes can phosphorylate and regulate Smads, downstream signaling proteins in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b) superfamily. CDKs phosphorylate Smad3, predominantly in the linker region, resulting in the decreased tumor suppressive role of this protein. The peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1 is also overexpressed in breast cancer. Pin1 can bind phosphorylated Smads contributing to TGF-β induced cell migration and invasion. Inhibition of CDK-mediated Smad3 phosphorylation has been shown to restore Smad3 activity and decrease tumor cell migration in vitro. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that inhibition of Pin1 or CDK-mediated Smad3 phosphorylation would result in decreased triple negative breast cancer cell migration. Methods: Hs578T, MDA-MB-436, and MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells (TN) were transfected with either an si control (siCN) or an siPin1 plasmid to knockdown Pin1 protein expression. Transwell migration assays were used to determine the effect of Pin1 knockdown on migration. TN cells were treated with CDK4 or CDK2 inhibitors alone or in combination. The study cells were also stably transduced with lentiviral empty vector, wild-type (WT) Smad3, or a Smad3 mutant (5M) resistant to CDK-mediated phosphorylation. The effect of pharmacologically or genetically inhibiting CDK-mediated Smad3 phosphorylation on Pin1 binding to phosphorylated Smad3 (p-Smad3) or total Smad3 was determined using a co-immunoprecipitation assay (Co-IP). Results: Transfecting the study cells with siPin1 resulted in decreased cell migration when compared to the siCN transfected cells. Treatment with the CDK4 or CDK2 inhibitors alone or in combination did not affect Pin1 protein levels, but resulted in decreased Pin1 binding to p-Smad3 with the greatest decrease found after treatment with combination therapy. Similarly, transduction of the study cells with the WT or the 5M Smad3 constructs had no effect on Pin1 levels but resulted in decreased Pin1 binding to Smad3. The greatest decrease was observed in the 5M transduced cells. Concusions: Inhibition of CDK-mediated Smad3 phosphorylation and knock down of Pin1 resulted in decreased migration of TN breast cancer cells. Inhibition of CDK-mediated Smad3 phosphorylation by mutation of the CDK phosphorylation sites or by treatment with CDK4 and CDK2 inhibitors negatively impacted Pin1 binding to Smad3. Together, these findings indicate that CDK-mediated Smad3 phosphorylation enhances Pin1 binding to Smad3 and promotes tumor cell migration in triple negative breast cancer cells. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-11-01.
Do atypical antipsychotics effectively treat co-occurring bipolar disorder and stimulant dependence? A randomized, double-blind trial.

OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of quetiapine and risperidone in the treatment of mood symptoms, drug cravings, and drug use in outpatients with concurrent DSM-IV-defined bipolar I or II disorder and cocaine or methamphetamine dependence. METHOD Men and women of all ethnic origins, 20 to 50 years of age, were eligible to participate. Persons were excluded if they were inpatients, met DSM-IV criteria for substance-induced mood disorder, had any other substance dependence, were euthymic or suicidal, had any life-threatening illnesses, or were currently receiving antipsychotic medications. Duration of the trial was 20 weeks. Study participants attended weekly visits and were evaluated for mood symptoms, drug cravings, drug use, and medication side effects. Treatment outcomes were analyzed using linear mixed models. Fixed-effects terms for medication group, study week, and group-by-study-week were included in the models. The study was conducted between October 2002 and November 2006. RESULTS Of 124 consenting outpatients, an evaluable sample of 80 patients who attended baseline and at least 1 follow-up study visit was formed. The mean +/- SD exit dose for quetiapine was 303.6 +/- 151.9 mg/day and 3.1 +/- 1.2 mg/day for risperidone. Both quetiapine (N = 42) and risperidone (N = 38) significantly improved manic and depressive symptoms and reduced drug cravings (p < .0005) compared to baseline. Decreased drug cravings were related to less frequent drug use (p = .03). The 2 medications did not significantly differ in their effects on mood symptoms, drug craving, or drug use. CONCLUSIONS Relative to baseline mood and drug-craving status, both quetiapine and risperidone were associated with manic, mixed, and depressive symptom improvement and reduced drug cravings. Both medications were well tolerated. The interpretation of these results is limited by the absence of a placebo control. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00227123.
Low Na+ diet inhibits Na+ and water transport response to vasopressin in rat cortical collecting duct

Low Na + diet inhibits Na + and water transport response to vasopressin in rat cortical collecting duct. Background We previously demonstrated that vasopressin (AVP) produces a sustained increase in Na + reabsorption by the isolated perfused cortical collecting duct (CCD) from rats on a normal diet, and that this effect is synergistic with that of pharmacological doses of deoxycorticosterone (DOC) or physiological levels of aldosterone. The present experiments examined the effect of AVP under the more physiological circumstances when plasma aldosterone was elevated by prior volume depletion. Methods Rats were volume depleted by a single dose of furosemide followed by a low-salt diet (0.3% NaCl) for four to nine days. Some of these rats were also implanted with a pellet containing 2.5mg DOC. Rats in a third group were not injected with furosemide but were implanted with the DOC pellet and maintained on a standard (∼1% NaCl) diet. CCD were perfused and the lumen-to-bath Na + flux ( J Na ), transepithelial voltage ( V T ), and osmotic water permeability ( P f ) were measured in the presence and absence of 200 pm AVP. Results Although Na + depletion by a single injection of furosemide and the low salt diet elevated plasma aldosterone and V T , J Na remained low and there was a decreased response to AVP in comparison with DOC-treated rats on a standard diet. In CCD from rats on the low salt-diet with DOC, J Na was less than observed in CCD from DOC-treated rats on a standard diet. AVP-dependent P f in CCD from rats on the low-salt diet, with or without DOC treatment, was also markedly lower. Conclusions We interpret the results to demonstrate that maximal rates of Na + reabsorption in the CCD depend not only on the synergistic stimulatory effects of aldosterone and AVP, but also require normal to high rates of salt delivery in vivo for the effects of the hormones on Na + transport to be maximized in vitro .
An easily applied method for the reduction of h−| records to N−h profiles including the effects of the earth's magnetic field☆

Abstract A method is presented by means of which experimental h ′−| records may be readily reduced to electron-density-height profiles without the use of computing aids during the final reduction process. No special assumptions are made concerning profile shapes, account is taken of the earth's magnetic field, and collisions are neglected. This method depends on sampling h ′ at fixed sub-multiples of the frequencies | n at which true heights are required: true heights being then simply obtained by averaging these values. The sampling frequencies depend on the parameters of the earth's magnetic field, and must be computed for the magnetic coordinates of each station from which records are to be analysed. This computation, in its entirety, is quite complex; but once performed, the results are available for use on any number of records. The method is, therefore, especially suitable for the rapid routine reduction of large numbers of records. Complete computations are presented for one station, and the results are checked against an analysis of h ′−| curves for known profiles.
Femtosecond IR Studies of Alkane C-H Bond Activation by Organometallic Compounds: Direct Observation of Reactive Intermediates in Room Temperature Solutions

In this communication, we report the femtosecond time-resolved IR spectroscopic study of the C-H bond activation reaction of Tp{sup *}Rh(CO){sub 2} (Tp{sup *} = HB-Pz{sub 3}{sup *}, Pz{sup *} = 3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl) in room temperature alkane solution. The relatively high C-H activation quantum yield of 30% for this compound has enabled us to detect several very short-lived transient intermediates that are formed during the overall C-H bond activation process. These experiments were performed with our recently completed 30 Hz femtosecond IR spectrometer with 200 fs time resolution. Our experiment represents the first direct observation of the reactive solvated monocarbonyl intermediate species that form in the C-H oxidative addition reactions at room temperature in alkane solution. A summary of our results is shown. 23 refs., 3 figs.
Molecular simulation of tip wear in a single asperity sliding contact

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to investigate the wear formation of a truncated-cone-shaped tip sliding against a rigid flat substrate. Under a constant normal load, the worn volume of the tip increases sub-linearly with the sliding distance, which holds true for three distinct debris definitions (geometry-based, material-transfer-based and displacement-based). Under a constant normal stress, the tip height reduces linearly with the sliding distance, which can be conveniently used to calculate the wear rate. It was found that the tip height loss per sliding distance (ΔH/ΔL) is a function of the normal stress and the tapering angle of the tip, but independent of the sliding speed and the contact area. Above a critical stress, ΔH/ΔL increases linearly with the stress while the debris is generated from plastic flow. ΔH/ΔL is almost zero below the critical stress while the debris is generated from atom-by-atom attrition. Our results show that Archard's linear wear law is not applicable to single-asperity tip wear in the plastic wear regime. Finally, a new wear rate formula is given for tip wear as a function of the load, the contact area and the tapering angle of the tip.
Systematic Review of Service-Learning in Youth Physical Activity Settings

The extent to which service-learning exists in the field of kinesiology broadly, and more specifically related to the physical activity of youth, remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the service-learning literature in kinesiology, with a specific focus on youth physical activity settings. Following a thorough search, 42 peer-reviewed publications were organized around the key characteristics and consistent trends that emerged from inductive analysis. Overall, results separated into three publication types: research, program overview, and implementation strategy. Research publications indicated that mounting evidence exists for the impact of service-learning on undergraduate students, while program overview and implementation strategy publications described a variety of successful service-learning programs that kinesiology educators might emulate in the future. This review provides a comprehensive, evaluative, and current service-learning compendium that ...