cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ductal Lavage Findings in Women With Mammographic Microcalcifications Undergoing Biopsy

We designed a prospective study to assess the likelihood that early lesions presenting as mammographic calcifications could be accessed for cytological diagnosis by ductal lavage (DL). Consenting women with calcifications (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System 4 or 5) underwent DL of fluid-yielding ducts (FYDs) before stereotactic core or excisional biopsy. The DL catheter was used to inject .2 to 1 mL of Isovue 300 into the duct to determine whether the FYD corresponded to the duct containing calcifications (designated overlap). Additional FYDs were injected, if possible, until overlap was identified. DL cytology was compared with histology. Twenty women were enrolled (mean age, 54.2 years); the mean size of the calcification-bearing area was 190 mm2. The histological findings were as follows: 1 invasive cancer, 9 ductal carcinomas-in-situ (DCIS), 5 atypical hyperplasias, and 5 usual hyperplasias or fibrocystic changes. Four women had no FYD. In 15 women who underwent DL and ductography, overlap of dye and calcifications was seen in 4 (27%): 1 fibrocystic change, 1 hyperplasia, 1 atypical hyperplasia (cytological diagnosis mildly atypical), and 1 DCIS (cytological diagnosis benign). Of the remaining 8 DCIS lesions, 4 had no nipple aspiration fluid, 1 showed extravasation, and 3 were lavaged but the duct did not overlap. These results are consistent with data from women undergoing mastectomy for larger invasive cancer and DCIS and show that cancer-containing ducts do not yield nipple fluid in most cases.
Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests

Global efforts to control malaria are more complex than those for other infectious diseases, in part because of vector transmission, the complex clinical presentation of Plasmodium infections, >1 Plasmodium species causing infection, geographic distribution of vectors and infection, and drug resistance. The World Health Organization approach to global malaria control focuses on 2 components: vector control and diagnosis and treatment of clinical malaria. Although microscopy performed on peripheral blood smears remains the most widely used diagnostic test and the standard against which other tests are measured, rapid expansion of diagnostic testing worldwide will require use of other diagnostic approaches. This review will focus on the malaria rapid diagnostic test (MRDT) for detecting malaria parasitemia, both in terms of performance characteristics of MRDTs and how they are used under field conditions. The emphasis will be on the performance and use of MRDTs in regions of endemicity, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, where most malaria-related deaths occur.
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease in a family of Portuguese origin caused by a point mutation in exon 5 of the proteolipid protein gene.

Single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis of an affected male with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) showed a slight change in mobility of amplified exon 5 of the proteolipid protein (PLP) gene. The exon was sequenced and a G A transition at codon 216 was found. This mutation eliminates a BstNI restriction site and creates a MaeI restriction site. In 1989, Gencic et al. reported a mutation that destroyed the same BstNI site, but resulted in a substitution at codon 215 [Am J Hum Genet 45:435–442]. The mutation we report here is also present in the patient's mother and her male fetus as determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis of amniocytes. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Improving development of the molecular signature for diagnosis of acute respiratory viral infections.

Acute respiratory viral infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. Unfortunately, clinicians do not currently have practical means to make a timely and accurate diagnosis of acute viral respiratory infections and they often resort to unnecessary antibiotic treatment that increases healthcare costs and facilitates development of antibiotic resistance. In a recent breakthrough paper in Cell Host & Microbe, Zaas et al. provided a novel approach for diagnosis of acute respiratory infections based on microarray gene expression profiles of the blood (Zaas et al., 2009). They developed an “acute respiratory viral response” 30-gene panviral signature that can accurately diagnose symptomatic subjects (with influenza A, HRV, and RSV) from uninfected individuals and validated this signature in data from an independent study that contained influenza A patients and healthy controls (Ramilo et al., 2007). Overall, the study of Zaas et al. made a significant contribution toward improved diagnosis of infectious diseases from peripheral blood. In the present brief communication, we first propose several ways to improve the analysis that led to development of the 30-gene panviral signature and then provide an example of how the new analysis protocol can lead to an improved molecular signature.
MR evaluation of acoustic schwannoma with fractional contrast doses.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the utility of lower contrast medium doses for the detection and conspicuity of acoustic schwannomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS The L/B (L, lesion; B, background) ratios or lesion contrast of 17 pathologically proven acoustic schwannomas studied with a standard dose (0.1 mmol/kg) of gadopentetate dimeglumine was measured. In addition, 22 patients with acoustic schwannomas were studied prospectively with fractional doses using the incremental dose technique. Each patient received an initial bolus injection of one-eight the standard dose (0.0125 mmol/kg) followed by an injection of one-eighth, one-fourth, and one-half the standard dose at 5 min intervals to achieve a cumulative dose of one-fourth, one-half and full dose, respectively. Imaging was performed immediately after each injection. RESULTS Standard dose--The L/B ratios of pathologically proven acoustic schwannomas to mastoid air cells ranged from 14.8 to 41.2 (mean +/- SEM, 28.0 +/- 1.95), which were approximately 17 times more than those of intraparenchymal lesions. Fractional cumulative dose--Qualitative visual analysis demonstrated that all acoustic schwannomas showed apparent enhancement at one-fourth dose. Intense enhancement was noted at one-half and full dose. Quantitative analysis demonstrated the mean L/B ratios between the acoustic schwannomas and mastoid air cells of the precontrast and one-eighth, one-fourth, one-half, and full dose studies were 8.33 +/- 0.52, 11.21 +/- 0.75, 13.02 +/- 0.83, 15.38 +/- 0.98, and 18.03 +/- 1.36, respectively. CONCLUSION The L/B ratios or lesion contrast of acoustic schwannomas at various fractional contrast medium doses was significantly higher compared with that of intraparenchymal lesions. Thus, the standard contrast medium dose may not be necessary for detection of acoustic schwannomas, and a fractional dose may be sufficient. Although the optimal fractional dose remains to be determined, one-half of the standard dose (0.05 mmol/kg) appears to be sufficient because of intense enhancement at this dose.
DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF MULTIPLE OVERLAPPING PROMOTERS IN FLAGELLAR CLASS II OPERONS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

The Escherichia coli flagellar operons are divided into three categories: classes I, II and III. Expression of class II depends on expression of class I. One of the class II gene products, the FIIA protein, is an alternative sigma factor (sigma 28) required for transcription of the class III operons. In this study, we have characterized, in vitro, a role of sigma 28 in the regulation of the class II operons. Among the three class II operons examined, the fliA and fliL operons, but not the flhB operon, could be transcribed by both sigma 70 RNA polymerase holoenzyme with FihD/C (E sigma 70-FlhD/C) and sigma 28 RNA polymerase holoenzyme (E sigma 28). The flhB operon could only be transcribed by E sigma 70-FlhD/C under the conditions used. Both the fliA and fliL operons contained two overlapping promoters oriented in tandem. The transcription of fliA directed by E sigma 28 could outcompete that by E sigma 70-FlhD/C, indicating a positive autoregulation. However, E sigma 28 could not displace E sigma 70-FlhD/C bound to the fliL promoter. The sigma 28-mediated positive regulation of the class II operons involved a mechanism in which sigma 28 competed with sigma 70 for core RNA polymerase. In addition, recruitment of core RNA polymerase from the sigma 70 -10 site to the sigma 28 -10 was facilitated by formation of E sigma 70-FlhD/C pre-initiation complex. Taken together, the three class II promoters investigated are different in terms of their regulation by sigma 28. We propose that class II operons may be further divided into different subcategories.
Meandering of spiral waves in anisotropic cardiac tissue

The influence of anisotropy on spiral wave meandering in a sheet of cardiac tissue is studied numerically. The FitzHugh–Nagumo model represents the membrane excitability, and the bidomain model characterizes the passive electrical properties. The anisotropy ratios in the intracellular and extracellular spaces are unequal. Anisotropy influences the meander pattern. The spiral wave rotation frequency, f1, and the meander frequency, f2, are entrained at frequency ratios, f1:f2, of 3:1 and 7:1. The meander path changes strikingly for frequency ratios of 11:5, 13:3 and 19:5. For frequency ratios of 2:1 and 4:1, the meander pattern drifts.
SPIN DYNAMICS OF ORGANIC LINEAR CHAIN COMPOUNDS

Abstract We report about electron-spin-resonance measurements on single crystals of the organic spin-chain compounds (TMTTF)2PF6 and (TMTTF)2ClO4, where TMTTF stands for tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene, in the temperature range 2 K⩽T⩽400 K. At high temperatures the spin susceptibility of both compounds can be described by a spin 1 2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain with an exchange constant J≈420 K. In (TMTTF)2ClO4 the first-order structural phase transition at TAO=72.5 K is accompanied by a dimerization of the spin chain with a singlet–triplet gap Δ≈82 K. Below TAFM=12 K we find an additional transition to an antiferromagnetically ordered state. (TMTTF)2PF6 undergoes a spin–Peierls transition at TSP=19 K which can be well described using mean field theory with Δ(0)=34.5 K.
Autosomal dominant transmission of isolated growth hormone deficiency in iris-dental dysplasia (Rieger's syndrome).

A boy with Rieger's syndrome was short and lacked GH. His father and sister, each of whom had Rieger's syndrome, also had an isolated deficiency of GH. The paternal grandmother and a paternal uncle, in all likelihood, were similarly affected. Therapy with GH led to enhanced growth in the propositus. The GH-deficient subjects were sensitive to insulin and had a normal increase of insulin in response to arginine and to orally administered glucose. It is suggested that GH deficiency, in this family, is an inconstant component of Rieger's syndrome and follows an autosomal dominant mode of transmission. A common embryologic developmental defect of the neural crest is postulated.
Intestinal mucosal immunosenescence in rats.

The elderly are characterized by systemic immunosenescence and high rates of morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases of the intestinal tract. Despite the consensus that the mucosal immune compartment is largely unaffected by aging, there are marked deficits in the intestinal mucosal immune responses of old animals and elderly humans. However, little is known about the mechanism(s) whereby aging disrupts intestinal immunity. Events in the generation of an intestinal immune response may be susceptible to the insults of aging. The first step involves the uptake of antigens by specialized follicular epithelial cells (M cells). There have been no studies on the efficacy of antigen uptake by M cells as a function of age. Little is known about the next step, i.e. antigen presentation by dendritic cells and subsequent isotype switching. The third event is the differentiation of putative immunolobulin A (IgA) plasma cells and their homing from the Peyer's patches (inductive site) to the lamina propria of the small intestine (effector site). Quantitative immunohistochemical and flow cytometry analyses suggest that the homing of IgA immunoblasts may be compromised in old rats and monkeys. Local antibody production/secretion by mature IgA plasma cells in the intestinal wall constitutes the fourth step. In vitro anti-cholera toxin IgA antibody secretion by intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes is equivalent in cells isolated from young adult and senescent rats. The final event in the mucosal immune response is the transport of IgA antibodies across the mucosal epithelial cells and their secretion onto the mucosal surface, i.e. receptor-mediated vesicular translocation of IgA by the intestinal epithelial cells. Binding assays did not detect age-associated declines in either the number or binding affinity of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor expressed on rodent and monkey intestinal epithelial cells.
Adrenocortical hormones in experimental acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis.

Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis was produced in dogs by the injection of a vasotoxic staphylococcal toxin into the nonobstructed pancreatic duct. In one series of experiments, a 33 per cent survival rate in untreated animals increased to 73 per cent in dogs treated with hydrocortisone intramuscularly. In a second series, in which a more concentrated toxin was used, none of the untreated dogs survived, whereas there was a 33 per cent survival rate in dogs treated with intramuscular hydrocortisone.
Evaluating the effect of dissolved oxygen on ammonia-oxidizing bacterial communities in activated sludge.

The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) on the communities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in activated sludge was evaluated in lab-scale and full-scale reactors using the amoA gene as the basis for phylogenetic comparisons. Under controlled laboratoryconditions, two chemostats seeded with activated sludge from the same source were operated with high-DO (8.5 mg/L) and low-DO (0.24 and 0.12 mg/L) concentrations for a period of 300 days. At the end of the operation period, the chemostats had enriched AOB communities that belonged to the Nitrosomonas europaea lineage, but were differentiable based on phylogenetic and kinetic analyses. The low-DO chemostat harbored the growth of two different groups within this lineage, differentiable bythe amoA sequence comparison and byterminal fragment signatures. The difference in oxygen affinity between high-DO and low-DO enrichments was demonstrated by evaluating the growth kinetics as a function of oxygen concentration. The low-DO enrichment had a higher growth rate at DO concentrations below 4.7 mg/L, but the growth rate significantlydecreased at higher DO concentrations, for which the high-DO enrichment experienced higher growth rates. In addition, the dynamic changes in AOB populations in two parallel trains within one full-scale treatment plant were evaluated in response to a significant reduction of DO in one of the treatment trains. Onlythe train operated with DO concentrations below 1 mg/L favored the establishment of a population of AOB related to the N. europaea lineage. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The detection limit of a Gd3+-based T1 agent is substantially reduced when targeted to a protein microdomain

Simple low molecular weight (MW) chelates of Gd(3+) such as those currently used in clinical MRI are considered too insensitive for most molecular imaging applications. Here, we evaluated the detection limit (DL) of a molecularly targeted low MW Gd(3+)-based T(1) agent in a model where the receptor concentration was precisely known. The data demonstrate that receptors clustered together to form a microdomain of high local concentration can be imaged successfully even when the bulk concentration of the receptor is quite low. A GdDO3A-peptide identified by phage display to target the anti-FLAG antibody was synthesized, purified and characterized. T(1-)weighted MR images were compared with the agent bound to antibody in bulk solution and with the agent bound to the antibody localized on agarose beads. Fluorescence competition binding assays show that the agent has a high binding affinity (K(D)=150 nM) for the antibody, while the fully bound relaxivity of the GdDO3A-peptide/anti-FLAG antibody in solution was a relatively modest 17 mM(-1) s(-1). The agent/antibody complex was MR silent at concentrations below approximately 9 microM but was detectable down to 4 microM bulk concentrations when presented to antibody clustered together on the surface of agarose beads. These results provided an estimate of the DLs for other T(1)-based agents with higher fully bound relaxivities or multimeric structures bound to clustered receptor molecules. The results demonstrate that the sensitivity of molecularly targeted contrast agents depends on the local microdomain concentration of the target protein and the molecular relaxivity of the bound complex. A model is presented, which predicts that for a molecularly targeted agent consisting of a single Gd(3+) complex with bound relaxivity of 100 mM(-1) s(-1) or, more reasonably, four tethered Gd(3+) complexes each having a bound relaxivity of 25 mM(-1) s(-1), the DL of a protein microdomain is approximately 690 nM at 9.4 T. These experimental and extrapolated DLs are both well below current literature estimates and suggests that detection of low MW molecularly targeted T(1) agents is not an unrealistic goal.
In-vivo Simultaneous DCE-MRI/O-15-water-PET

644 Objectives Kinetic transport constant, Ktrans, measured by dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), is a function of both blood flow (F) and product of vascular permeability and surface area (PS). O-15-water PET is the gold standard for measuring F in vivo. Therefore, we propose simultaneous DCE-MRI/O-15-water-PET to measure PS of Gd-DTPA contrast agent, which can be used to assess tumor angiogenesis directly. Methods A rabbit with 5 weeks old VX2 flank tumor was scanned on a Siemens Biograph PET-MR (mMR). Baseline T1W with 30-degree flip angle 3D gradient echo sequence and T1 mapping with variable flip angles were first obtained. Immediately after the administration of Gd-DTPA (0.2mmol/kg) and O-15-water (three 5-mCi injections separated by 15 minutes), dynamic T1-weighted MR and dynamic list-mode O-15-PET were acquired simultaneously. The concentration of Gd-DTPA as function of time was determined by using both the baseline and post-contrast T1 values. A blood pool region within the left ventricular cavity was used to produce image-derived input functions for both MR and PET. Ktrans and F were obtained using one-compartment kinetic modeling of DCE-MRI and O-15-water PET, respectively. Gd-DTPA extraction factor (E) and its PS maps were then computed from Ktrans and F using E= Ktrans /F and Ktrans = F * (1-exp(-PS/F)), respectively. Results Both Ktrans and F maps show non-homogeneous distributions across the tumor. PS distribution within the tumor is significantly different from either the Ktrans or F maps. Conclusions The results demonstrate the feasibility of deriving PS map of Gd-DTPA using simultaneous DCE-MRI/O-15-water-PET. Our method has the potential to become a new in-vivo technique for quantitatively assessment of tumor vasculature and drug pharmacokinetics. Research Support This work was supported in part by NIH (Grants No: R01-CA165221 and R01-HL118261).
Nanostructured Absorbers for Multiple Transition Solar Cells

This paper identifies absorbers for multiple transition solar cells that are implemented with nanostructured heterojunctions [e.g., quantum well solar cells with quasi-Fermi-level variations and quantum dot (QD) intermediate-band solar cells]. In the radiative limit, the solar cells implemented with these absorbers are capable of achieving a conversion efficiency ges50% with a geometric solar concentration of at least 1000times. The technical approach enumerates a set of quantitative design rules and applies the rules to the technologically important III-V semiconductors and their ternary alloys. A novel design rule mandates a negligible valence band discontinuity between the barrier material and confined materials. Another key design rule stipulates that the substrate have a lattice constant in between that of the barrier material and that of the quantum-confined material, which permits strain compensation. Strain compensation, in turn, allows a large number of QD layers to be incorporated into the solar cell because each layer is free of defects. Four candidate materials systems (confined/barrier/substrate) are identified: InP0.85Sb0.15/GaAs/InP, InAs0.40P0.60/GaAs/InP, InAs/GaAs0.88Sb0.12/InP, and InP/GaAs0.70P0.30/GaAs. Resulting from the design features, the candidate systems may also find use in other optoelectronic applications.
Translation Model Pruning via Usage Statistics for Statistical Machine Translation

We describe a new pruning approach to remove phrase pairs from translation models of statistical machine translation systems. The approach applies the original translation system to a large amount of text and calculates usage statistics for the phrase pairs. Using these statistics the relevance of each phrase pair can be estimated. The approach is tested against a strong baseline based on previous work and shows significant improvements.
Causal Supports for Early Word Learning

What factors determine whether a young child will learn a new word? Although there are surely numerous contributors, the current investigation highlights the role of causal information. Three-year-old children (N = 36) were taught 6 new words for unfamiliar objects or animals. Items were described in terms of their causal or noncausal properties. When tested only minutes after training, no significant differences between the conditions were evident. However, when tested several days after training, children performed better on words trained in the causal condition. These results demonstrate that the well-documented effect of causal information on learning and categorization extends to word learning in young children.
T-wave alternans phase following ventricular extrasystoles predicts arrhythmia-free survival.

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the value of T-wave alternans (TWA) following ventricular extrasystoles in predicting arrhythmia-free survival. Background Stratifying risk for sudden death in patients with coronary disease and moderate left ventricular (LV) dysfunction remains a challenge. We hypothesized that, in such patients, a discontinuity in beat-to-beat T-wave alternation (TWA phase reversal) following single ventricular extrasystoles reflects transiently exaggerated repolarization dispersion, and predicts spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias. Methods We studied 59 patients with ischemic LV dysfunction (mean LV ejection fraction 38.7 ± 5.3%) and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia undergoing programmed stimulation. TWA was computed spectrally from the ECG during ventricular pacing, and TWA phase reversal was reflected by a discontinuity in T-wave oscillation after single ventricular extrasystoles. Results Patients induced into ventricular arrhythmias (n = 36) had greater TWA magnitude (V alt : 6.60 ± 6.46 μV vs 2.61 ± 1.97 μV; P = .001) and more frequent TWA phase reversal (62.1% vs 44.4%; P = .02) than those who were not (n = 23). During a mean follow-up of 36 ± 12 months, positive TWA (V alt ≥1.9 μV) and TWA phase reversal both ( P P P P = .008), and LV mass index ( P = .043). On multivariate analysis, only TWA phase reversal and age predicted events; if TWA phase was excluded, only positive TWA and age predicted events. Conclusion Phase reversal in TWA following ventricular extrasystoles predicts spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias and all-cause mortality in patients with moderate ischemic LV dysfunction and was a better predictor than positive TWA or programmed ventricular stimulation.
Bioactivation of nitroglycerin by the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase

The mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2, mtALDH) was recently found to catalyze the reduction of nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate [GTN]) to generate nitrite and 1,2-glyceryl dinitrate. The nitrite generated within the mitochondria is metabolized further to generate nitric oxide (NO)-based bioactivity, by reduction to NO and/or by conversion to S-nitrosothiol, as revealed by a series of biochemical, pharmacologic, and genetic studies. These studies also demonstrated that mechanism-based inactivation of mtALDH is involved in the development of GTN tolerance. In mice in which the mtALDH gene was selectively deleted (mtALDH(-/-)), vascular responsiveness to low but not to high GTN concentrations was eliminated, indicating the existence of an additional mechanism of GTN biotransformation ("high K(m)" pathway). In addition, bioactivation of isosorbide dinitrate/mononitrate vasodilators is independent of mtALDH. Induction of GTN tolerance in vitro in aortae from normal mice selectively affected responsiveness to low doses of GTN, and the remaining responsiveness to high doses of GTN in mtALDH(-/-) vasculature did not exhibit tolerance. These findings suggest strongly that the high K(m) pathway is not involved in the development of GTN tolerance that is mechanism-based. Notably, recent studies indicate that individuals of East Asian origin with the common E487K mutation of mtALDH, which results in decreased mtALDH activity, are significantly less responsive to GTN. These observations in toto provide strong support for the conclusion that mtALDH provides the necessary and sufficient enzymatic mechanism for biotransformation of clinically relevant concentrations of GTN to NO-based vasoactivity and indicate in addition that inactivation of mtALDH plays a significant role in the development of mechanism-based GTN tolerance.
Age-stratified heritability estimation in the Framingham Heart Study families

The Framingham Heart Study provides a unique source of longitudinal family data related to CVD risk factors. Age-stratified heritability estimates were obtained over three age groups (31–49 years, 50–60 years, and 61–79 years), reflecting the longitudinal nature of the data, for four quantitative traits. Age-adjusted heritability estimates were obtained at a single common time point for the same four quantitative traits. The importance of these groups is that they consist of the same individuals. The highest age-stratified heritability estimate (h2 = 0.88 (± 0.06)) was for height in the model adjusting for gender over all three age groups. SBP gave the lowest heritability estimate (h2 = 0.15 (± 0.11)) for the 70 age group in the model adjusting for gender, height, BMI, smoker, and drinker. BMI had slightly higher estimates (h2 = 0.64 (± 0.11)) in the 40 age group than previously published. The highest age-adjusted heritability estimate (h2 = 0.90 (± 0.06)) was for height in the model adjusting for gender. SBP gave the lowest heritability estimate (h2 = 0.38 (± 0.09)) for unadjusted model. These results indicate that some common, complex traits may vary little in their genetic architecture over time and suggest that a common set of genes may be contributing to observed variation for these longitudinally collected phenotypes.
Management of Rodent Viral Disease Outbreaks: One Institution's (R)Evolution

At first blush, an outbreak of mouse hepatitis virus or epizootic diarrhea of infant mice virus in a research colony of laboratory mice may not seem like a disaster. However, irrespective of magnitude, such an outbreak at an academic institution is disruptive for researchers at all levels. It can be a disaster for the graduate student who may have just a few experiments to finish before writing the thesis or for the postdoctoral fellow who is in the lab for only 1 or 2 years. Infectious disease outbreaks also limit the ability of principal investigators to share their animals with collaborators at their home institution as well as with those at extramural sites, thereby thwarting the expectation that research materials supported by federal funds will be made readily available to colleagues. This article traces the evolution of a change in culture at a large, well-funded academic institution with over 1,800 active IACUC protocols, more than 1,000 of which include mice. During a period of less than 5 years, the institution evolved from virtual paralysis in the face of such outbreaks to the implementation of policies and practices that enable effective outbreak management and the timely resumption of research functionality. This evolution required not only support from the highest levels of leadership in the university and its school of medicine but also a huge outlay of financial resources.
Statistical Correlations between Solar Microwave Bursts and Coronal Mass Ejections

We compare listings of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed by LASCO on SOHO and solar microwave bursts (SMBs) recorded by the Radio Solar Telescope Network (RSTN) operated by the United States Air Force. These data sets are the product of stable and continuous observations of the whole Sun and provide suitable bases for robust statistical studies. In total, 3557 coronal ejections and nearly 1051 bursts above 50 sfu were observed from 1996 January through 2001 May. Correlated events are easily distinguished by time proximity. Correlations improve as CME launch heights are projected to the solar limb, when the rms scatter in CME-SMB delay was as little as 16 minutes, but because coronal disturbances are only visible when they emerge from behind occulting disks, timing associations depend on the assumed source and acceleration. The probability of correlation rises with burst flux, duration or temporal complexity, and ejection speed or width. For the 164 SMBs with intensities over 500 sfu, 70% ± 8% were associated with CMEs. For the 160 CMEs that were halo-like or have speeds over 1000 km s-1 (characteristics that have been associated with geoeffective events), 60% ± 8% and 84% ± 10% were associated with SMBs, respectively.
Young Adult Educational and Vocational Outcomes of Children Diagnosed with ADHD.

Decreased success at work and educational attainment by adulthood are of concern for children with ADHD given their widely documented academic difficulties; however there are few studies that have examined this empirically and even fewer that have studied predictors and individual variability of these outcomes. The current study compares young adults with and without a childhood diagnosis of ADHD on educational and occupational outcomes and the predictors of these outcomes. Participants were from the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study (PALS), a prospective study with yearly data collection. Significant group differences were found for nearly all variables such that educational and occupational attainment was lower for adults with compared to adults without histories of childhood ADHD. Despite the mean difference, educational functioning was wide-ranging. High school academic achievement significantly predicted enrollment in post-high school education and academic and disciplinary problems mediated the relationship between childhood ADHD and post-high school education. Interestingly, ADHD diagnosis and disciplinary problems negatively predicted occupational status while enrollment in post-high school education was a positive predictor. Job loss was positively predicted by a higher rate of academic problems and diagnosis of ADHD. This study supports the need for interventions that target the child and adolescent predictors of later educational and occupational outcomes in addition to continuing treatment of ADHD in young adulthood targeting developmentally appropriate milestones, such as completing post-high school education and gaining and maintaining stable employment.
Anesthesia for the micropremie

Providing anesthesia for the micropremie involves many considerations beyond what is needed for the full-term neonate. Immaturity of the airway, lungs, cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys, and central nervous system makes the micropremie susceptible to anesthestic complications. Immature respiratory mechanisms and respiratory control increase the risk of apnea, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia intraoperatively as well as postoperatively. Anesthetic drugs depress myocardial contractility and impair baroreflexes in the micropremie to increase the risk of hypotension during anesthesia. Drug metabolism in the micropremie is slow because of the immature liver and kidneys. The micropremie brain requires less drug to achieve the anesthetized state. As a result, administration of the dose and timing of anesthetic drugs differs in the micropremie compared with the full-term neonate. This article describes anesthetic considerations for a few surgical prodedures common in the micropremie.
A survey of customer responses for developing value-added services

Due to the deregulation of power industry, power system has been changed in its composition with the introduction of markets and customer into the traditional industry. This gives many energy service providers (ESPs) opportunities for doing electric businesses with customer. But, they need looking for best practices in their business due to the competition among ESPs. Also the factor of customer satisfaction is very important for developing value-added services. Until now, there are little surveys on the customer opinion on electric related services. In this study, the customer responses are analyzed from the survey results. First, the 350 customer who have demand above 100kW are selected by sampling from about 120,000. The process of the survey in this study is composed of 3 stages for narrowing the best one from the possible services. And the results of quantitative research are described for service choices, preference of specific services and resources management/tariff. The final result shows that the services of outage information and power quality are the first choice for high demand customer.
Online MTO lead-time scheduling: a probabilistic approach

This paper considers a lead time (or due date) scheduling problem faced by a manufacturer that produces customised products according to specific customer orders. It uses a single sever model to design an effective, yet simple heuristic procedures for both sequencing and lead time determination decisions. Typically, a series of jobs with individual arrival times and weights must be sequenced on a single machine. With each arrival, a lead time must be determined, and the job completed before the promised due date. An on-line heuristic may be developed in certain situations, based on limited information about the future, with the objective of minimising the average (or total) weighted due date for large size instances. Computational testing shows that this heuristic is more effective than the conventional scheduling rules not only for the average weighted due date, but also for the average weighted lead time, for both stable systems and heavily loaded ones.
Riesz wavelets and generalized multiresolution analyses

We investigate Riesz wavelets in the context of generalized multiresolution analysis (GMRA). In particular, we show that Zalik’s class of Riesz wavelets obtained by an MRA is the same as the class of biorthogonal wavelets associated with an MRA.  2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
DIETARY HISTIDINE INCREASES MOUSE SKIN UROCANIC ACID LEVELS AND ENHANCES UVB‐INDUCED IMMUNE SUPPRESSION OF CONTACT HYPERSNSITIVITY

Urocanic Acid (UCA) exists in mammalian skin primarily as the trans isomer and is photoisomerized to cis UCA upon UVB absorption. Our previous studies indicated that the photoisomerization of UCA is the initiating event in UBV-induced suppression of cell-mediated immunity (tUCA----cUCA----immune suppression). The purpose of this study was to verify the role of UCA in UV-induced immune suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in BALB/c mice. Since UCA is a metabolite of the amino acid L-histidine, we reasoned that increased dietary levels of histidine should raise skin tUCA levels. If skin tUCA is the UVB photoreceptor for immune suppression, this increase should enhance UV-induced suppression of CHS. HPLC analysis of skin from BALB/c mice given a histidine-rich diet (10%) showed that the total amount of UCA is significantly higher in these animals than in mice fed a normal diet. Further, levels of suppression of CHS of 3% and 49% in control fed mice, induced by 4.8 and 7.2 kJ/m2 UVB were significantly increased to 21% and 71% respectively in histidine-fed animals at these same UVB doses. These findings provide additional support for the UCA model for immune suppression, and provide the first evidence that UV-induced immune suppression can be enhanced by a dietary component, L-histidine.
Thirty years on the odor trail: From the first to the tenth international symposium on chemical signals in vertebrates

The first symposium in 1976 brought together vertebrate "smell researchers" for the first time. It convened to spur contacts and collaboration between researchers working separately at disparate growing points, but having in common an interest in vertebrates. At the time, pheromone research and chemical ecology of insects was well established, with many outstanding books and meetings advancing the cause. Identification of the first insect pheromones had stimulated interest in identifying chemosignals in other animals as well, greatly aided by ever more sensitive analytical techniques, among them advent of Gas Liquid Chromatography in the 1950s. Many separate strands of pioneer work during the preceding decades were ripe to coalesce into a field with common and complementary interests:
Water Surface Velocities Induced by Wind Shear

A theoretical model is developed for calculating the water surface drift velocity which arises when, in the absence of water surface waves, a turbulent shear stress is exerted by wind on the surface of an originally standing body of water. Solutions are given for steady flow in both air and water, for the asymptotic cases of very long fetches (flow along a channel of water) and very short fetches (offshore wind onto deep water). As long as the flow in the water remains laminar, the drift velocity is correctly predicted by the theory and is found to agree with experimental results of Keulegan (4) and Plate, et.al. (10). For turbulent flows, the fetch dependency of the surface velocity is correctly predicted, but the model fails to properly account for the dependency of the drift velocity on the average parameters of the air flow.
A phylogenomic data-driven exploration of viral origins and evolution

The origin of viruses remains mysterious because of their diverse and patchy molecular and functional makeup. Although numerous hypotheses have attempted to explain viral origins, none is backed by substantive data. We take full advantage of the wealth of available protein structural and functional data to explore the evolution of the proteomic makeup of thousands of cells and viruses. Despite the extremely reduced nature of viral proteomes, we established an ancient origin of the “viral supergroup” and the existence of widespread episodes of horizontal transfer of genetic information. Viruses harboring different replicon types and infecting distantly related hosts shared many metabolic and informational protein structural domains of ancient origin that were also widespread in cellular proteomes. Phylogenomic analysis uncovered a universal tree of life and revealed that modern viruses reduced from multiple ancient cells that harbored segmented RNA genomes and coexisted with the ancestors of modern cells. The model for the origin and evolution of viruses and cells is backed by strong genomic and structural evidence and can be reconciled with existing models of viral evolution if one considers viruses to have originated from ancient cells and not from modern counterparts.
Scalable minimum fatigue control of dispatchable wind farms

As wind energy penetration increases, wind power plants may be required to regulate their power production according to the load-balancing needs of the power system. This presents an opportunity: when a wind farm tracks a power set-point, its wind turbines are free to continuously vary their power production as long as the sum of their productions meets the power demand. Here, we present an intuitive wind turbine coordination policy that uses this flexibility to minimize the aggregate fatigue load on the turbines. An important property is that the policy is scalable enough to be applied to any wind farm size. Specifically, the computational effort required to compute and reconfigure the optimal coordination policy is the same as that of a single stand-alone turbine, and the only centralized information processing needed to implement it is a single averaging operation. The efficiency of the coordination policy is illustrated in a simulation study based on real wind farm data.
Localisation of lower gastrointestinal bleeding with 99mTc red blood cell scan and single photon emission CT (SPECT).

An elderly man with chronic renal insufficiency presented with recurrent lower gastrointestinal bleeding. He had been admitted with similar symptoms 6 months earlier, and a colonoscopy had revealed a bleeding vascular ectasia, which was clipped successfully. On this admission, he was initially evaluated with a capsule endoscopy and a colonoscopy. The colonoscopy revealed old clotted blood, diverticulosis, internal haemorrhoids and a small sigmoid polyp (not biopsied). No active bleeding was seen. A 99mTc labelled red blood cell scan was subsequently performed, given its ability to better detect lower bleeding rates (0.1 mL/min) than angiography (0.5 mL/min) and, in addition, to avoid the nephrotoxicity of a dye load. The nuclear scan localised the bleeding to the …
Coherent interactions of a mode-locked pulse train with a two-photon lamda structure

Coherent four photon interaction between a mode locked pulse train and rubidium is investigated. The result of that interaction can be used as a calibration for the frequency comb of a stabilized mode-locked laser.
MOLECULAR PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF BONDING AND STEREOCHEMICAL PROBLEMS IN PHOSPHORUS CHEMISTRY

Abstract This article is concerned with the application of the relatively new technique of molecular photoelectron spectroscopy (pes)1,2 to some bonding and stereochemical problems in phosphorus chemistry. No attempt will be made to infer that pes is a deus ex machina capable of functioning as the final arbiter on all controversial bonding problems; rather the general tenor will be one of unbiased examination of a selection of currently unresolved questions with a recently developed tool. In essence the pes method involves the measurement of the various first ionization potentials (IPx) of a neutral molecule in the vapor phase. In the photoionization process the molecule M is ionized to its radical cation M+ by means of a photon of energy hv
Analysis on epidemic hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Haidian District in Beijing, 2008-2012

Objective To understand the incidence and prevalent features of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Haidian District and provide scientific basis for the control of the disease. Methods The descriptive epidemiology method was used to analyze the monitoring conditions of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Haidian District from 2008 to 2012. Results 12 cases of epidemic hemorrhagic fever were reported, no death case. Annual report rate was 0.04/lakh, 0.04/lakh, 0.15/lakh and 0.15/lakh, respectively.In the entire district about half of the streets had cases, which were referred as sporadic cases. But there were family clusters in the village of Shuguang Street, where cases reported mainly concentrated in urban-rural fringe zone. The disease occurred mainly in the spring. 9 cases(75%) were reported from March to May. There were more male patients. The proportion of male to female was 3: 1and no gender difference was found(P0.05). The young people composed the main patients, and 10 patients were 20-50 years old(83.3% of total patients). Most of the patients were peasants, rural laborers and unoccupied person whose education level was relatively low. Conclusion In 2008-2012, the incidences of epidemic hemorrhagic fever were scattered in Haidian District, but showing a rising trend in recent years. The deratization rat related work should be strengthened.
Using new vocabulary in writing: Exploring how word and learner characteristics relate to the likelihood that writers use newly taught vocabulary

Understanding academic vocabulary is essential to student success in school. Use of academic vocabulary words in writing is considered one of the strongest measures of how well a reader understands a given word. In theory, willingness to use academic vocabulary in writing indicates the complexity of acquiring representations of the word’s orthography, phonology, and semantics based on the word’s characteristics. In addition, a learner’s overall literacy skills should relate to whether they attempt to use words. In the present study, sixth graders (n = 66), seventh graders (n = 60), and eighth graders (n = 41) learned 25 academic vocabulary words in a supplementary academic vocabulary intervention and were then asked to use those words in short persuasive essay drafts. We measured whether these students attempted to use a word (a binary uses outcome) and the number of times a student used a word (a continuous attempts outcome) and used cross-classified random effects models to examine how (a) the orthographic, phonological, and semantic characteristics of words and (b) the students’ literacy-related characteristics related to their uses and attempts. For word characteristics, students were more likely to use and attempt high frequency than low frequency words. For student characteristics, students proficient on the state exam were more likely to use and attempt the words, and students learning English were less likely to attempt the words. Implications for vocabulary intervention and writing instruction are discussed.
E-059 validating the use of crisis management checklists in the neurointerventional suite

Introduction/purpose NIR Patients face many risks while undergoing highly complex procedures with multiple variables requiring coordinated efforts of the entire procedural team. There are similar experiences in other medical specialties and industries that have resulted in the creation of procedural checklists to improve preparation for and coordination of efforts during real crisis events. We present data that validates an educational process introducing the use procedural checklists in the Neuro Interventional Radiology Suite. Materials and methods We created uniform emergency preparation/reaction plans with standard checklists, standard medications and standard equipment. Possible emergency scenario training included: contrast reactions, systemic reactions, vascular perforations and vascular occlusions. We educated staff by defining team member roles and cross trained for back-up ability. We stocked standard medications and equipment. We initiated emergency preparation plans with laminated checklists posted in the NIR suite. We surveyed team members to estimate their level of confidence in handling NIR Emergencies before and after initiation of this process. We surveyed staff opinion as to whether patient care was improved. Results Team members reported improved comfort in crisis situations of between 31–52%. Average improvement in comfort was 44%. Nurses demonstrated most improvement in comfort of 34–67%. 92% of team members felt patient care had been improved. 100% felt these techniques would be helpful with other Issues in the NIR and general IR Suites. Conclusion Our Results validate that team preparation; checklists and uniform responses to emergency events improve staff comfort levels during Neuro Interventional Crises and likely improve patient care in the NIR Suite. Examples from educational materials and survey data Vascular Perforation - Disclosures R. Burke: None.