cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyzing powers and isotope ratios for the natAg(p

Analyzing powers and isotope ratios have been measured for ejectiles with Z\ensuremath{\le}7 emitted at forward angles in the 200-MeV p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${+}^{\mathrm{nat}}$Ag reaction. The observed analyzing powers are consistent with zero, and thus do not provide evidence for a significant contribution from cluster knockout, or similar direct formation mechanisms. Fragment kinetic-energy spectra above the Coulomb peak are compared with a coalescence calculation. The isotopic composition of the elemental kinetic-energy spectra is found to favor N/Z\ensuremath{\ge}1 nuclei for fragment energies near the exit-channel Coulomb energy, whereas species with N/Z\ensuremath{\le}1 are more abundant in the high-energy spectral tails. This behavior is consistent with the predictions of an accreting source calculation.
Anomaly detection in noisy hyperspectral imagery

Anomaly detection in hyperspectral imagery seeks to identify a small subset of pixels whose spectra differ most significantly from the background. The challenge is to characterize the background and noise well enough to recognize which observations are truly distinct and not simply noise outliers. The covariance-based RXD operator was developed to select low-probability pixel spectra and is therefore sensitive to noise. We compare the RXD operator to a Euclidean metric weighted by the inverse of the estimated spectral noise variance. We then combine the weighted Euclidean metric with RXD using a Lagrange multiplier and demonstrate that this formulation retains RXD's emphasis on small clusters while controlling the impact of noise. An optimum value of the Lagrange multiplier is determined based on the number of bands. We explore the utility of normalizing the pixel spectra as a step in anomaly detection. Results for the RXD, weighted-Euclidean, and Lagrange approach are presented using AVIRIS and HYDICE imagery. Based on these results, we conclude that the Euclidean, although robust to noise, does little more than emphasize the brightest pixels. The Lagrange detector selects the same regions as RXD while significantly reducing the impact of noise.
Quaternary logic techniques for simplified integrated digital signal processing circuitry

The size and complexity of some large-scale-integrated digital signal processing circuits have grown to the extent that conventional photomasking and silicon surface processing technology limitations are increasingly encountered. Intensive efforts in device minimization will eventually provide significant, increases in circuit complexity but the expense is great and development time long. An immediately viable alternative involves decoding the digital data on-chip and processing the information with quaternary or four-valued logic circuits. In this paper, a useful quaternary arithmetic circuit is described. The results of applying I his circuit in the implementation of digital parallel counters, a digital correlator and digital multipliers are then presented and compared to all binary designs. A significant saving in integrated devices is obtained in each case.
Diphenylhydantoin-induced difference spectra with rat-liver microsomes

Abstract Addition of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) to rat-liver microsomes caused a type l substrate-induced difference spectrum with a peak at 390 nm and a trough at 425 nm. The magnitude of this substrate-induced change, δAmax was relatively small (mean absorbance: 0.027 ± 0.003 S.E., N = 6 per 3 mg of microsomal protein per ml) as compared with that caused by benzphetamine or aniline. The apparent Ks for the DPH-inicrosome interaction was low: 27 ± 2 μM(mean ± S.E., N = 6). The δAmax of substrate-induced difference spectra caused by addition of DPH to microsomes was proportional to the microsomal protein concentration, but rapidly decayed during storage at 4° (80% reduction in 24 h). Treatment of animals with phenobarbital, DPH, chlordane, or DDT caused a reduction of δAmax of the DPH-microsome interaction as compared with that obtained with hepatic microsomes from the control animals. Treatment of animals with 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) either abolished the δAmax of DPH-microsome interaction or caused a reversal to a modified type II response. Addition in vitro of phenobarbital, DPH, chlordane, DDT, or 3MC as modifiers to the microsomes from control animals, reduced or abolished the δAmax of substrate-induced difference spectra with DPH as substrate. It may be concluded that DPH despite its low Ks is a rather weakly binding substrate which is easily replaced by more strongly binding ligands.
Private Wealth and Public Education

Review Article—Equal Opportunity and the Mythology of Schooling Review of John E. Coons, William H. Clune HI, and Stephen D. Sugarman, Private Wealth and Public Education.
Analysis and Lessons Learned Instituting an Instant Messaging Reference Service at an Academic Health Sciences Library: The First Year

In February 2006, Thomas Jefferson University went live with a new instant messaging (IM) service. This paper reviews the first 102 transcripts to examine question types and usage patterns. In addition, the paper highlights lessons learned in instituting the service. IM reference represents a small proportion of reference questions, but based on user feedback and technological improvements, the library has decided to continue the service.
The Performance of a Transverse Flux Magnetic Gear

This paper investigates a novel transverse flux magnetic gear using ferrite and NdFeB magnets. The transverse flux magnetic gear topology offers the advantage of a simpler mechanical construction. In order to increase the air-gap flux density the magnets are arranged in flux focusing configuration. The performance when using soft magnetic composite material is also compared.
Treatment of irregular geometries using a Cartesian coordinates finite-volume radiation heat transfer procedure

This article presents a blocked-off-region procedure to model radiative transfer in irregular geometries using a Cartesian coordinates finite-volume method (FVM). Straight-edged, inclined and curved boundaries can be treated. It is capable of handling participating or transparent media enclosed by black or reflecting walls. With this procedure, irregular geometries can be specified through the problem specification portion of the program. Four test problems are used to show that the procedure is capable of reproducing available results for inclined and curved walls, transparent, nonscattering, and anisotropically scattering media.
Quality of outpatient clinical notes: a stakeholder definition derived through qualitative research

There are no empirically-grounded criteria or tools to define or benchmark the quality of outpatient clinical documentation. Outpatient clinical notes document care, communicate treatment plans and support patient safety, medical education, medico-legal investigations and reimbursement. Accurately describing and assessing quality of clinical documentation is a necessary improvement in an increasingly team-based healthcare delivery system. In this paper we describe the quality of outpatient clinical notes from the perspective of multiple stakeholders. Using purposeful sampling for maximum diversity, we conducted focus groups and individual interviews with clinicians, nursing and ancillary staff, patients, and healthcare administrators at six federal health care facilities between 2009 and 2011. All sessions were audio-recorded, transcribed and qualitatively analyzed using open, axial and selective coding. The 163 participants included 61 clinicians, 52 nurse/ancillary staff, 31 patients and 19 administrative staff. Three organizing themes emerged: 1) characteristics of quality in clinical notes, 2) desired elements within the clinical notes and 3) system supports to improve the quality of clinical notes. We identified 11 codes to describe characteristics of clinical notes, 20 codes to describe desired elements in quality clinical notes and 11 codes to describe clinical system elements that support quality when writing clinical notes. While there was substantial overlap between the aspects of quality described by the four stakeholder groups, only clinicians and administrators identified ease of translation into billing codes as an important characteristic of a quality note. Only patients rated prioritization of their medical problems as an aspect of quality. Nurses included care and education delivered to the patient, information added by the patient, interdisciplinary information, and infection alerts as important content. Perspectives of these four stakeholder groups provide a comprehensive description of quality in outpatient clinical documentation. The resulting description of characteristics and content necessary for quality notes provides a research-based foundation for assessing the quality of clinical documentation in outpatient health care settings.
Ultraviolet Difference Spectral Studies in the γ-radiolysis of DNA and Model Compounds. II. Oxygen and Temperature Dependence in Adenine Radiation Chemistry

SummaryUltraviolet difference spectra between γ-irradiated and unirradiated aqueous solutions of oxygenated adenine reveal spectral maxima at 224, 286 and 360 nm, and suggest the existence of multiple radiation products. The presence of long-wavelength absorbing products implies the extension of the conjugation of the adenine ring. The product absorbing at 360 nm appears only in the presence of oxygen, with its yield dependent on both oxygen concentration and temperature. The absorbance peak at 360 nm in the UV difference spectra appears to demonstrate simple first-order decay kinetics, with a half-life of 50 min at 3°C. At temperatures below 23°C relative yields of the radiation products are approximately constant, suggesting a common mechanism. Higher temperatures apparently induce a mechanistic alteration. Since the temperature during and subsequent to irradiation, as well as the oxygen concentration of the solution, affects the absolute yields and distribution of the radiation products, great care mus...
The (Un)Re(a)d and the Black: Literary Ignorance in Le Rouge et le noir

(1992). The (Un)Re(a)d and the Black: Literary Ignorance in Le Rouge et le noir. Romance Quarterly: Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 447-450.
Fatal Leukoencephalopathy in a Patient With Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treated With CHOP Chemotherapy and High-Dose Steroids

Leukoencephalopathy syndromes encompass a variety of neurologic abnormalities that affect cerebral white matter. Known etiologies include malignant hypertension, eclampsia, renal failure, CNS infection, and drug therapy with cyclosporine, tacrolimus (FK506) and interferon-alpha. Symptoms vary according to sites of involvement; they include altered mentation, visual disturbances, focal neurologic signs, and seizures. Characteristic radiologic findings are hypodense areas without contrast enhancement on CT and an increased T2 signal on MRI. The hypodense areas are often symmetric. The clinical symptoms and neuroimaging abnormalities are often reversible with treatment of the underlying condition or removal of the offending drug. We describe a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with conventional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy and high-dose steroids who developed a rapidly progressive fatal leukoencephalopathy. Her neurologic symptoms and findings on CT are consistent with reported cases of leukoencephalopathy; however, in this instance, the syndrome was not reversible and was ultimately fatal. None of the previously described etiologies could be demonstrated in association with the patient's illness. There are no prior reports of fatal leukoencephalopathy in adult patients treated with standard-dose CHOP. We believe the concurrent immunosuppression from chemotherapy and high-dose steroids resulted in this patient's fatal complication.
Pion amplitudes in a nonchiral world

Abstract The popular strong PCAC (i.e., pion pole dominance of all Green's functions involving the divergence D of the axial vector current) and good chiral SU (2) × SU (2) symmetry framework has led to many successful predictions. It also, however, leads to some difficulties since, for example, it predicts the approximate vanishing of the K l 3 form factor ratio ξ = f − f + , of the π 0 → γγ decay amplitude F π (except in models with anamolous PCAC), and of the η → 3π decay amplitude A η . We therefore propose an alternate framework based on weak PCAC (i.e., pion pole dominance of physical matrix elements of D ) and good SU (3). We show that a precise formulation of these older ideas can reproduce all of the good results of the chiral scheme and none of the bad ones. We assume the usual Gell-Mann current algebra and the (3, 3 ) + ( 3 , 3) symmetry breaking Hamiltonian H ′ = α 0 S 0 + α 8 S 8 . We make, and motivate with reference to a composite picture of the hadrons, the following four assumptions: (1) approximate SU (3), (2) weak PCAC, (3) minimal subtractions, (4) Regge theory. In this framework, the dominance of a given Green's function T by the pion pole depends on the nature of the despersion relations it satisfies in variables for which the absorptive part is expressible in terms of physical matrix elements of D . An unsubtracted dispersion relation leads to pole dominance but a subtracted one introduces a constant (or worse) difference between T and the corresponding on-shell pion amplitude. From assumptions (2)–(4), we derive the following successful results of the chiral framework: the Adler consistency condition, the Adler-Weisberger relation, the Weinberg-Tomozawa pion-target scattering lengths, the Weinberg π-π scattering lengths, the Fubini one-pion production relations, the Weinberg-Callan-Treiman K l 4 form factors, and the K 3 π – K 2 π relations. The extra parameters (subtraction constants) encountered in applying weak PCAC, as determined by Regge theory, turn out not to contribute to these relations. Adding assumption (1), we obtain the further results: (α 0 / 2 α ∞ )≃−0.17 , ξ ≅ −1, and an excellent simultaneous fit to the S -wave and P -wave hyperon decays. Here our extra parameters turn out to be present precisely in the places where they are required to insure the consistency of our approach. (For example, the σ terms in our scheme need not be small). None of these results are common to the chiral framework. We show further that F π and A η need not approximately vanish in our framework. We therefore conclude that our theory seems to provide a better description of the present empirical situation than does the chiral theory.
Ultrasonic Band Gaps in Aggregates of Sintered Aluminum Beads

An experimental examination of the transmission power spectrum of a block of sintered aluminum beads is discussed. Periodic structures such as these have complicated dispersion curves that contain stop bands and pass bands. Thus the power transmission spectrum for the agglomeration of sintered beads is strikingly different than that for a solid aluminum block. The positions of the observed band gaps are shown to agree with theoretical predictions. The width of the bands is directly related to the sintering level and the corresponding coupling between beads. Unlike previous one‐dimensional work, the medium considered here is three dimensional. Also, the rare modes that may lie in the band gaps or those near the edges of the bands are expected to localize. Therefore, this sintered bead structure is a promising candidate for the discovery of localizing ultrasound. [Work supported by NSF.]
The Effect of Chemosterilization on Sex Steroid Production in Male Sea Lampreys

Abstract The sterile male release technique (SMRT) is currently used as part of an integrated effort to control Great Lakes populations of sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus, yet the effects of chemosterilization on the reproductive endocrinology of the sea lamprey are unknown. Male sea lampreys were chemosterilized with bisazir (P, P-bis(1-aziridinyl)-N-methylphosphinothioic amide) and given timed-release implants containing lamprey d-Arg(6)-GnRH I (where GnRH is an acronym for gonadotropin-releasing hormone) and lamprey d-Arg(6)-GnRH III. The effects of chemosterilization on the reproductive endocrine system were evaluated by measuring plasma concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) and 15α-hydroxytestosterone (15α-T) with radioimmunoassays. The effectiveness of the implants was evaluated by measuring plasma concentrations of steroids and determining the duration of steroidal responses. The E2 and 15α-T response profiles showed no difference between sterilized and untreated male sea lampreys (P = 0.53). Peak c...
Sexuality, disability, and reproductive issues through the lifespan

The decade of the 1990s presents an opportunity for America to reflect on the progress that has been made in services, attitudes, and opportunities for people with disabilities. In her book, Sex, Society and the Disabled, Robinault (1978) reminds us that Margaret Mead said, "The character of a culture is judged by the way it treats its disabled." In the United States we are now implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and Margaret Mead would be pleased to judge our culture by our commitment to the ADA. Biology is the determinant of anatomic sex. It is not the determinant of behavioral sex, and the primate learns sexual behavior. More is needed than biology alone--education influences the final product of sexual health. However, in animals, sexual behavior is determined neurochemically. It is related to reproduction, which is its final intent. In humans, reproduction and sexual behavior are not synonymous. Men and women must learn not only about sexuality, but they must also learn about sexual relationships. Add to this the need to learn about love, and it becomes apparent that both the tasks and the rewards become complex. Beyond sexual love is the more generic love for humankind, a noncoital love involving personal interaction and charm. Historically, disability in the Western world has a grisly past. In early
Processing complexity in networks: a study of informal collaboration and its effect on organizational success.

Do organizations with more collaborative partners perform better than organizations with fewer partners? And is this relationship conditional on the ability of those partners to provide nonredundant resources from their network of contact with other actors? This article answers these questions with data describing the participation of governmental and nongovernmental organizations in the Cooperative Funding Initiative (CFI), a program sponsored by the one of the five water management districts in Florida. Results show a positive relationship between the inclusion of more partners in a project and the chances of getting funded, but also that once the project becomes too inclusive; those chances decrease if the partners fill more structural holes (e.g., provide more nonredundant resources). In other words, organizations perform better by adding more partners as long as this addition does not result in excessive complexity. These results are valuable for the growing community of policy scholars seeking to understand the specific conditions under which collaborative behavior positively affects organizational performance.
Effect of the degree of acetylation on the enzymatic digestion of acetylated xylans

Abstract The effect of the degree of acetylation on the enzymatic digestibility of acetylated xylans has been investigated. Oatspelts xylans were reacetylated to degrees of 0.26 to 1.67 moles acetyl groups per mole of anhydroxylose units. These acetylated samples were then used to study the effect of acetylation on the xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) and acetyl esterase (EC 3.1.1.6) activities of a commercial Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparation. The enzymatic digestibility was dramatically affected by the degree of acetylation. The onset of resistance is similar for both the xylanase and acetyl esterase enzymes, and both enzymes were completely inhibited by a degree of acetylation of 1.5 moles acetyl groups per mole anhydroxylose units at all enzyme loadings.
Nucleoside analog inhibitors of hepatitis C viral replication: recent advances, challenges and trends.

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health problem, with over 170 million people infected worldwide. The current therapy, pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV), provides only approximately a 40% sustained virological response (undetectable HCV RNA for greater than 24 weeks after cessation of therapy), in genotype 1-infected individuals. In addition to the limited sustained virological response, PEG-IFN/RBV treatment is associated with serious adverse effects. Nucleosides have long been the cornerstone of antiviral therapy because of their proven efficacy and high barrier to resistance. Through the use of surrogate viruses or the HCV subgenomic replicon, several classes of nucleoside analogs or their monophosphate prodrugs have been identified that inhibit HCV RNA replication. Nucleoside analogs that possess the 2´-C-methyl modification vary in their ability to be phosphorylated and to act as alternative substrate inhibitors of the HCV RNA polymerase. Herein, we discuss vari...
Grazing management practices and their relationship to the behaviour and grazing habits of cattle

1. The grazing habits of Aberdeen-Angus and Hereford beef cows, on pasture without supplementary feed, were studied over continuous periods of 24 hr. during the months of July, August and September. The pastures were from 3 to 7 acres in extent and contained a good growth of Kentucky bluegrass and wild white clover, with an average moisture content of 72 %. 2. During each 24 hr. period the cows spent from 7 to 8 hr. only in grazing, whatever the length of the herbage. Of this time, only some 5 hr. could be counted as actually employed in gathering herbage, as the remainder was spent in walking short distances and in selecting the area to be grazed. On the average 60 % of the grazing was performed by day, when the average distance travelled was 2 miles, and 40 % by night, when the cows travelled only about half a mile. With a dense sward of from 4 to 5 in. in height, representing about 4500 lb. green herbage to the acre, each cow was able to consume about 150 lb. of green herbage, or 32 lb. of dry matter, daily. As the amount of green herbage decreased through grazing to 2200 and 1100 lb. respectively, the daily intake was correspondingly reduced to 90 lb. (20 lb. dry matter) and 45 lb. (10 lb. dry matter). On a pasture containing about 5000 lb. green herbage of about 10 in. in height, the average daily intake was only 70 lb. (20 lb. dry matter). 3. Records were made also (the average figure for the 24 hr. period being given in parentheses) of time spent in lying down (12 hr.); time spent in cudding (7 hr.); frequency of defaecation (12); amount of manure (46 lb., covering an area of 8 sq. ft.); frequency of urination (9); frequency of drinking (once only, usually in late afternoon); and frequency of suckling calf (3, each for about 15 min. at 8 hr. intervals). 4. The application of the results to pasture management is discussed.
The 1964 Civil Rights Act: Narrating the Past, Authorizing the Future

Civil rights legislation of the sixties and seventies sought to end racial discrimination in the United States; doing so required that the federal government establish an official ethnoracial taxonomy in order to specify who was and was not covered by the various statutes. Specifically, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Fair Housing Act of 1968, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974, and the Home Mortgage Act of 1975 required federal agencies to identify particular groups to be monitored for evidence of discrimination. Since these statutes were enacted, scholars and activists have argued over their political effects. In fact, the questions raised are legion: Who has benefitted from civil rights protections? Has discrimination diminished or simply morphed into new forms? Who counts as a minority and on what grounds? How has the massive immigration of the last four decades intersected civil rights reform? Should foreign nationals qualify for civil rights protections? If yes, how do more recent claims to diversify fit with older notions that civil rights legislation as a means of redressing past wrongs?
Ontogeny influences sensitivity to climate change stressors in an endangered fish

Coastal ecosystems are among the most human-impacted habitats globally, and their management is often critically linked to recovery of declining native species. In the San Francisco Estuary, the Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) is an endemic, endangered fish strongly tied to Californian conservation planning. The complex life history of Delta Smelt combined with dynamic seasonal and spatial abiotic conditions result in dissimilar environments experienced among ontogenetic stages, which may yield stage-specific susceptibility to abiotic stressors. Climate change is forecasted to increase San Francisco Estuary water temperature and salinity; therefore, understanding the influences of ontogeny and phenotypic plasticity on tolerance to these critical environmental parameters is particularly important for Delta Smelt and other San Francisco Estuary fishes. We assessed thermal and salinity limits in several ontogenetic stages and acclimation states of Delta Smelt, and paired these data with environmental data to evaluate sensitivity to climate-change stressors. Thermal tolerance decreased among successive stages, with larval fish exhibiting the highest tolerance and post-spawning adults having the lowest. Delta Smelt had limited capacity to increase tolerance through thermal acclimation, and comparisons with field temperature data revealed that juvenile tolerance limits are the closest to current environmental conditions, which may make this stage especially susceptible to future climate warming. Maximal water temperatures observed in situ exceeded tolerance limits of juveniles and adults. Although these temperature events are currently rare, if they increase in frequency as predicted, it could result in habitat loss at these locations despite other favourable conditions for Delta Smelt. In contrast, Delta Smelt tolerated salinities spanning the range of expected environmental conditions for each ontogenetic stage, but salinity did impact survival in juvenile and adult stages in exposures over acute time scales. Our results underscore the importance of considering ontogeny and phenotypic plasticity in assessing the impacts of climate change, particularly for species adapted to spatially and temporally heterogeneous environments.
Orienting a flock via ad hoc teamwork

Ad hoc teamwork refers to the challenge of designing agents that can influence the behavior of a team, without prior coordination with its teammates. This abstract summarizes a portion of our work on influencing a flock of agents to adopt a desired behavior within the context of ad hoc teamwork. We shortly summarize our work on examining how the ad hoc agents should behave in order to orient a flock towards a target heading as quickly as possible when given knowledge of, but no direct control over, the behavior of the flock. We overview three algorithms which the ad hoc agents can use to influence the flock, and summarize some of our initial results concerning the relative importance of coordinating the ad hoc agents versus planning farther ahead.
Comparison of outcomes after typical and atypical eclampsia: a retrospective study.

Objective: To evaluate the characteristics, clinical features and maternal–perinatal outcomes after atypical eclampsia. Methods: In a retrospective study, we compared demographics, clinical charact...
A GRAPHICALLY INTERACTIVE DESIGN ENVIRONMENT FOR MULTI-COMPONENT AIRFOILS

A software package was developed to aid the design of multi-sectioned airfoil shapes. The program is fully graphical and interactive, and runs in IBM PC Windows format in real time. Aerodynamic analysis is performed using a fast, two-dimensional boundary element code with assumptions of steady, inviscid, irrotational flow. An elastic membrane concept for inverse shape design is implemented, allowing a guessed multi-component configuration to evolve iteratively into a new configuration with a specified target distribution of surface pressure coefficient. The program allows for on-screen drag-and-drop mouse controlled alterations of geometry and target surface pressure distributions. The code is written in C++ programming language using Borland's Object Windows for graphics and menu implementation, and an object-orient ed programming style for hierarchical structure and full modularity.
Optimal rate allocation for shape-gain Gaussian quantizers

We derive the optimal rate allocation of the shape and gain components of a certain shape-gain quantizer for a Gaussian source. The rate allocation results are of particular interest because the shape-gain quantizer addressed in this paper is the best vector quantizer known for the memoryless Gaussian source at rates of three or higher.
Flavored Cigar Smoking Among U.S. Adults: Findings From the 2009–2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey

Introduction: Under its authority to regulate tobacco products, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration prohibited certain characterizing flavors in cigarettes in September 2009; however, flavored cigars are still permitted to be manufactured, distributed, and sold. This study assessed the prevalence and correlates of flavored cigar smoking among U.S. adults. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2009–2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey, a national landline and cell phone survey of adults aged ≥18 years old residing in the 50 U .S. states and the District of Columbia. National and state estimates of flavored cigar use were calculated overall and among current cigar smokers; national estimates were calculated by sex, age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, annual household income, U.S. Census Region, and sexual orientation. Results: The national prevalence of flavored cigar smoking was 2.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.6%–3.1%; state range: 0.6%–5.7%) and was greater among those who were male, younger in age, non-Hispanic Other race, less educated, less wealthy, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgendered (LGBT). Nationally, the prevalence of flavored cigar use among cigar smokers was 42.9% (95% CI = 40.1%–45.7%; state range: 11.1%–71.6%) and was greater among those who were female, younger in age, Hispanic, non-Hispanic Other race, less educated, less wealthy, and LGBT. Conclusions: More than two fifths of current cigar smokers report using flavored cigars. Disparities in flavored cigar use also exist across states and subpopulations. Efforts to curb flavored cigar smoking have the potential to reduce the prevalence of overall cigar smoking among U.S. adults, particularly among subpopulations with the greatest burden.
Important Early Developments and Current Understanding of the IR Mechanism of Localized Corrosion

Some principles of current distribution within recesses that were developed last century by Carl Wagner are a basis for understanding crevice corrosion that occurs by the recently proposed (1985) so-called IR mechanism, where I is the ionic current flowing out of the crevice or pit, and R is the resistance of the crevice/pit electrolyte. Subsequent experimentation and modeling have shown its applicability for describing the two broad classifications of crevice corrosion: crevice corrosion that occurs immediately, and the delayed form that occurs after an induction period. The mechanism's IR > ΔΦ* criterion, where ΔΦ* is the difference between the applied potential, E SURF , and the electrodepotential of the active/passive transition, E A/P , has also been applied in grain boundary corrosion and crack initiation, subsurface corrosion inside pores of sintered metals and alloys, rebar corrosion in concrete, pitting corrosion, lace-like pitting, hydrogen absorption and crack initiation during anodic protection. scaling to other size crevices, and describing the critical crevice corrosion temperature.
Design of periodic signals using FM sweeps and amplitude modulation for ocean acoustic travel-time measurements

A design procedure for an amplitude-modulated and nonlinear frequency-modulated (AM-NLFM) signal is introduced. The designed signal can drive a given transducer to its peak power to produce a sound pressure waveform into the water with a desired power spectrum and maximum possible energy. The signal can be formed either in the time domain or in the frequency domain. The frequency domain approach gives an output power spectrum precisely identical to a preferred shape. Therefore, the sidelobe levels after matched filtering are not raised by unwanted spectral magnitude ripples which exist when a time domain method is adopted. The absence of spectral ripples is desirable for applications requiring long range transmission and good multipath discrimination capability. An acceptable tradeoff between time resolution and sidelobe levels is achieved by properly choosing the desired power spectral shape. As the time resolution is usually the most critical specification for precision travel-time measurements, it is shown that by sacrificing some of the transducer's output power capability, a waveform with a considerably wider bandwidth can be transmitted, resulting in a significantly enhanced time resolution. A quasi-steady-state (QSS) approximation is used in the signal design, leading to a manageable and intuitive design procedure. >
Computational Algorithm for Dynamic Optimization of Chemical Vapor Deposition Processes in Stagnation Flow Reactors

There are potentially great benefits to developing materials processes that deliberately vary process conditions such as temper ature, or flow rates, during the course of the process. Transient processing holds the promise of reducing manufacturing cost and the possibility of producing material systems that would be infeasible to manufacture with steady processes. Once the notion of tra nsient processing is embraced, there is a need and opportunity to develop optimal trajectories through which the process will pro ceed. In this paper, a stagnation flow dynamic optimization algorithm for two chemical vapor deposition processes is demonstrated. The first example seeks to control film composition during the deposition of yttrium-barium-copper oxide films, in which a wafer temperature transient is imposed. Transient trajectories of precursor flow rates are determined by optimization, so that t he correct flux ratios of yttrium, barium, and copper atoms to the surface are maintained. The second example determines trajectorie s that minimize the cost associated with multiple competing objectives during the deposition of a copper film. Time varying traje ctories of copper precursor concentration and the inlet flow velocity are computed so as to minimize a composite cost function t hat considers precursor utilization and process throughput.
Zn(II) ions substantially perturb Cu(II) ion coordination in amyloid-β at physiological pH.

The interaction of Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions with amyloid-β (Aβ) plays an important role in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease. We describe the use of electron spin resonance (ESR) to measure metal-binding competition between Cu(II) and Zn(II) in amyloid-β at physiological pH. Continuous wave ESR measurements show that the affinity of Cu(II) toward Aβ(1–16) is significantly higher than that of Zn(II) at physiological pH. Importantly, of the two known Cu(II) coordination modes in Aβ, component I and component II, Zn(II) displaces Cu(II) only from component I. Our results indicate that at excess amounts of Zn(II) component II becomes the most dominant coordination mode. This observation is important as Aβ aggregates in the brain contain a high Zn(II) ion concentration. In order to determine details of the metal ion competition, electron spin echo envelope modulation experiments were carried out on Aβ variants that were systematically 15N labeled. In the presence of Zn(II), most peptides use His 14 as an equat...
Auger-Initiated Desorption from Surfaces: Review + Prospects

A brief introduction is given to recent work showing that Auger decay of low-lying core-holes is a fundamental mechanism leading to desorption of ions from surfaces. I introduce the important concepts, show how they are verified experimentally and how they lead to laws governing the resistance of ionic surfaces to damage by ionizing radiation. Problem areas for future research are noted, particularly the importance of establishing the connection between valence hole localization and ion emission.
Fast convolution with finite field fast transforms

The fast convolution procedure for processing discrete data requires that a transform of the data and the filter pulse response be formed, followed by the inverse transform of their (complex) product. The finite field fast transform eliminates any roundoff error due to internal multiplication, eliminates truncation of irrational coefficients, and requires only real arithmetic (addition and multiplication). This note develops a realization scheme for such a transform using the Chinese remainder theorem.
Use of Back Belts in Occupational Settings

Studies of the biomechanical and physiological mechanisms of action concerning the prophylactic use of back belts to prevent occupational low back injuries are limited in number and present conflicting findings. The epidemiological data concerning the efficacy of back belts in the prevention of occupational low back injuries are not sufficient to warrant general use of back belts in the occupational setting for uninjured workers. There is actually a potential for increasing the degree of low back injury with general application of back belts in occupational settings. In sum, there are insufficient data in the scientific literature to indicate that general use of back belts in occupational settings is appropriate for uninjured workers. Because the increase in use of soft canvas back belts has been fairly recent, physical and epidemiological studies pertaining specifically to soft canvas back belts are extremely limited. The sample size of many physical investigations also is extremely limited. In many instances, studies concerning the role of back belts in preventing occupational low back injuries have examined conditions that do not apply directly to the use of soft canvas back belts. For these reasons, further studies in both the physical and epidemiological realms are necessary before it is appropriate to use commonly constructed back belts as personal protective equipment in occupational settings.
Acculturation in the Middle Missouri Valley As Reflected In Modified Bone Assemblages

During the process of contact, the Plains Village peoples of the Middle Missouri Valley were exposed to repeated smallpox epidemics and the introduction of Euro-American technology. This article traces the resulting process of acculturation through analysis of changes in bone tool assemblages from three Hidatsa earthlodge villages at the mouth of the Knife River in central North Dakota. Test excavations were carried out at Lower Hidatsa (32ME10), Sakakawea (32ME11), and Big Hidatsa (32ME12) villages, all ofwhich were occupied by subgroups ofthe Hidatsa prior to and during the period of Euro American contact. A total of 737 bone tools recovered from the three sites were analyzed using provenience, component, and other tool-specific variables. The modified bone from all three sites was then combined into one continuous sequence from A.D. 1400-1845 and correlated with the Indirect, Middlemen, and Direct periods ofthefitr trade. On the basis of this analysis, substantial social disruptions among the Hidatsa are postulated prior to actual contact, with an increasing level of dependence upon Euro-American traders after contact.
Design of an interacting multiple model algorithm for air traffic control tracking

The design of a tracking algorithm based on the interacting multiple model (IMM) configuration for a generic air traffic control tracking problem is presented. Significant noise reduction is achieved during the uniform motion while maintaining the accuracy of the state estimates better than the unfiltered raw radar measurements (the 'plots') during the maneuver. A rapid detection of the maneuver is also obtained. >
Age-related and testicular regression-induced changes in adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate responses in cultured hamster Sertoli cells.

Sertoli cells prepared from adult hamsters with maximally regressed testes responded to FSH with an increased accumulation of intracellular cAMP similar to that of Sertoli cells from an immature animal. That is, the age-dependent decline in responsiveness of Sertoli cells to FSH was reversed during testicular regression. To determine whether this testicular regression-induced restoration of FSH responsiveness was mechanistically a reversal of the age-dependent decline in response, the ability of cholera toxin, forskolin, catecholamines, and pertussis toxin to stimulate cAMP accumulation in Sertoli cells cultured from hamsters undergoing testicular regression was assessed and compared to the responses of Sertoli cells from 18- and 36-day-old hamsters. The age-related decline in responsiveness was evident not only with FSH but also when cells were stimulated with isoproterenol, cholera toxin, forskolin, or pertussis toxin singly or in combination. While the FSH response of Sertoli cells from regressed teste...
SELECTIVE ATTENTION TO PERCEPTUAL GROUPS: THE PHASE TRACKING MECHANISM

We introduce a new mechanism of selective attention among perceptual groups as part of a computational model of early vision. In this model, selection of objects is a two-stage process: perceptual grouping is first performed in connectionist networks which dynamically bind together the neural activities triggered in response to related features in the image; secondly, by locking its output on the quasi-periodic bursts of activity associated with a single perceptual group, a system called the phase-tracker produces a temporal filter which retains the selected group for further processing while rejecting the unattended ones. The properties of our model are investigated in a number of simulations and interpreted in the context of current theories of visual attention developed in psychology.
LATE SOMATIC EFFECTS IN FEMALE RF/Un MICE IRRADIATED WITH SINGLE DOSES OF 14-MeV FAST NEUTRONS.

SummaryRF/Un female mice (∼ 1700 animals), 10–11 weeks old, were given a single whole-body irradiation with 14 meV neutrons (either 0, 50, 100, 200 or 400 rads) at a dose-rate of 1–2 rads/min. The mean age at death for 30-day survivors decreased with increasing dose. The incidence of thymic lymphoma and of myeloid leukaemia increased with dose. The incidence of ovarian tumours increased with dose to a maximum at 100 rads. Radiation enhanced the decline in haematocrit with age. Lens opacities developed in all irradiated groups by 3 months after exposure, progressed at a dose-dependent rate, and ultimately attained a level of severity which greatly exceeded any senile changes in the controls. Other common non-neoplastic diseases were not increased in incidence by irradiation, but all occurred earlier in irradiated animals. The results suggest that 14 meV neutrons are more effective than gamma-rays for shortening life and for producing lens opacities but not necessarily for inducing neoplasms, depending on t...
Governmentality and the population crisis: bio-political interpretations of American international population control

The history of the United States Government’s international population policy is examined according to a theoretical framework invented by the philosopher-historian Michel Foucault. “The population crisis” of the 1960s and1970s is analyzed as a discourse involving the production of knowledge and the transmission of power in terms of Foucault’s original conceptions of powerknowledge and governmentality. Two major pieces of evidence are considered: United States Senate hearings from 1965 titled “Population Crisis,” and a 1974 National Security Council study memorandum titled “Implications of Worldwide Population Growth for U.S. Security and Overseas Interests.” Conclusions about the meaning and nature of the population crisis as a discourse are drawn from an analysis of the metaphors and narratives that these sources reflect, and the operation of this discourse upon individuals and populations in the developing world is interpreted in relation to Foucault’s bio-politics.
Does Raising Voter Expectations Improve Accountability? A Field Experiment in Mali

This paper asks whether a particular type of information asymmetry, voter uncertainty over potential government performance, undermines democratic accountability. I argue that if citizens systematically underestimate what their government is capable of, then voting on the basis of performance is of little consequence, and politicians in turn have little incentive to perform. I report evidence from a randomized field experiment among 95 communes in Mali that tests whether and how improving voter information about potential government performance affects voter behavior. A civic education course was provided to 370 villages dispensing information on the responsibilities of local government and the size of the government budget to all treated villages, with an additional component on relative government performance to half of treated villages. Survey-based voting simulations show that people in treated villages are more likely to vote based on performance: a poor-performing candidate had to pay more to buy votes of citizens in treated communities, and the votes of citizens in control communities were more easily swayed by dimensions such as kinship or gift-giving. There is support for the idea that voters face a coordination problem: treatment enabled voters to better coordinate along the performance dimension and appears to work better when provided to a majority of villages in the commune. A behavioral outcome measure -- the likelihood that villagers challenge local leaders at a town hall meeting -- adds external validity to outcomes of the survey measures. A leader survey provides a cautionary tale: increasing voter information appears to have decreased politician transparency.
Inherited Land: The Evolution of Land Markets and Rights Before Independence

Land is the most important resource in India and, as a result, always in contention. This chapter takes a long-term view of land markets and land rights—as they evolved through pre-colonial and colonial regimes (with an emphasis on the latter)—to contextualize some of the fundamental struggles over land in independent India. The maximization of land revenue was the primary objective of all pre-independence states, from the Mughals and Marathas to the East India Company and British Crown regimes. There were significant regional variations in the operationalization of these policies—from the more sustainable raiyatwari system used in south and west India to the harsher and more extractive zamindari system used in the east and north—variations that influence agriculture, urbanization, and the political economies of these regions until today. Independent India thus inherited a complex and geographically diverse system of land markets, rights, and fragmentations, created through several centuries of peasant domination and misery, and is still engaged in the task of mitigating and coming to terms with that inheritance.