cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Second Edition and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development with Premature Infants

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Second Edition (BSID-II) and Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) were administered concurrently to 49 high-risk, preterm infants. Results suggested that scores from the two tests were correlated very highly. As expected, mean scores on the BSID-II were lower than on the BSID. Classification of infants as “normal,” “borderline,” and “abnormal” on each test resulted in excellent agreement for mental development scores, but only fair agreement for psychomotor scores. Findings were interpreted as adding support to the clinical validity of the BSID-II, and implications of lower scores on the BSID II were discussed.
Paradoxical Effect of Diphenyleneiodonium in Inducing DNA Damage and Apoptosis

Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) is often used as a molecular tool in unravelling redox-sensitive cellular events involving NADPH oxidase. However, to better understand unexpected actions of DPI, it was ascertained if DPI affects cellular DNA. DPI induced single-strand breaks in DNA of HCT-116 cells, although this only slightly increased GADD153 expression. Nevertheless, after sustaining DNA damage, the DPI-treated cells subsequently had features characteristic of apoptosis, such as translocated membrane phospholipid and nuclei containing condensed chromatin. Paradoxically, DPI attenuated the DNA damage and overall ROS production caused by sodium deoxycholate (DOC), although DPI did not inhibit DOC-induced generation of mitochondrial . Furthermore, DPI prevented the occurrence of apoptosis caused by DOC. However, other known chemical inhibitors of NADPH oxidase did not produce the same results as DPI in negating the effects of DOC. Collectively, these disparate findings suggest that DPI can act not in accord wit...
Numerical simulations of heat transfer distribution of a two-pass square channel with V-rib turbulator and bleed holes

The blade tip region in gas turbine encounters high thermal loads due to temperature difference and hence efforts for high durability and safe operations are essential. Improved and robust methods of cooling are required to downgrade heat transfer rate to turbine blades. The blade tip regions, which are exposed to high gas flow, suffers high local thermal load which are due to external tip leakage. Jet impingement, pin cooling etc. are techniques used for cooling blades. A more usual way is to use serpentine passage with 180-degree turn. In this study, numerical simulation of heat transfer distribution of a two-pass square channel with rib turbulators and bleed holes were done. Periodical rib turbulators and bleed holes were used in the channel. The ribs arrangement were 60 degree V rib, 60 degree inverted V ribs, combination of 60 degree V rib at inlet and 60 inverted V rib at outlet section and combination of Inverted V at inlet and V rib at the outlet. The results were numerically computed using Fluent with Reynolds number of 12,500 and 28,500. Turbulence models used for computations were k-ω-SST and RSM. Temperature based and shear stress based techniques were used for heat transfer distribution prediction. The results for 60 degree V rib, 60 degree inverted V ribs were compared with the experimental results for validation of the results obtained. Detailed distribution shows distinctive peaks in heat transfer around bleed holes and rib turbulator. Comparisons of the overall performance of the models with different orientation of rib turbulator are presented. It is found that due to the combination of 60 degree inverted V rib in inlet and 60 V rib in outlet with bleed holes provides better heat treatment. It is suggested that the use of rib turbulator with bleed holes provides suitable for augmenting blade cooling to achieve an optimal balance between thermal and mechanical design requirements.
The Tek.Xam as a Framework for Preservice Foreign Language Teacher Technology Training

ABSTRACT: At the undergraduate level, preservice training for future foreign language teachers usually consists of a one-semester course taken before student teaching. Given the enormous quantity of material a student must cover in the preservice course, we must ask: What educational technology components should be incorporated into that limited time? What criteria should we use to organize the lessons on technology so that students can apply them immediately in real-world classroom situations? This article offers the Tek.Xam, a national standard in technical literacy developed by the Virginia Foundation for Independent Colleges, as the framework for six technology modules that are integrated into a representative undergraduate foreign language methodology class.
Area postrema and sympathetic nervous system effects of vasopressin and angiotensin II

1. Precise control over the cardiovascular system requires the integration of both neural and humoral signals related to blood volume and blood pressure. Humoral signals interact with neural systems, modulating their control over the efferent mechanisms that ultimately determine the level of pressure and volume. 2. Peptide hormones such as angiotensin (Ang)II and arginine vasopressin (AVP) act through circumventricular organs (CVO) to influence cardiovascular regulation. 3. The area postrema (AP), a CVO in the brainstem, mediates at least some of the central actions of these peptides. Vasopressin appears to act in the AP to cause sympathoinhibition and a shift in baroreflex control of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to lower pressures. These effects of AVP and the AP appear to be mediated by alpha2-adrenoceptor and glutamatergic mechanisms in the nucleus tractus solitarius. 4. In contrast to AVP AngII has effects in the AP to blunt baroreflex control of heart rate and cause sympathoexcitation. The effects of chronic AngII to increase activity of the SNS may be due to AP-dependent activation of neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla.
Reconstruction of two-dimensional structures in the magnetopause: Method improvements

[1] A recently developed method for recovering two-dimensional (∂/∂z ≈ 0), time-stationary magnetic field structures in the magnetopause is improved and further applied to two complete magnetopause crossings by the spacecraft AMPTE/IRM. The technique consists of solving the Grad-Shafranov (GS) equation for magnetohydrostatic structures as a Cauchy problem, using measured data along a spacecraft trajectory through the structure as spatial initial values. We have implemented the following improvements: (1) allowing for different functional behavior of the transverse pressure, Pt = p + Bz2/2μ0, versus A, the calculated magnetic potential, on the magnetosphere and the magnetosheath side of the magnetopause; (2) allowing for change in the velocity of the magnetopause structures as they move past the spacecraft by using a time-varying deHoffmann-Teller (HT) frame velocity; (3) suppressing numerical instabilities and thus extending the integration domain by constraining the behavior of the total pressure. Results from two AMPTE/IRM events show layered and asymmetric structures on the two sides of the magnetopause owing to double-branched behavior in p(A) as well as Bz(A). A time-varying HT frame results in a curved spacecraft trajectory through the magnetopause. The reconstructed field structures show important changes in size but only slight changes in configuration. The use of a time-varying HT frame for determination of time-varying magnetopause motion is discussed.
Growth kinetics and microstructure of carbon deposited on quartz plates and optical fibers by open-air laser-induced chemical vapor deposition

Pyrolytic carbon has been successfully deposited on fused silica optical fibers and fused quartz plates by open-air laser-induced chemical vapor deposition. Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, ion-beam sputtering and scanning white-light interferometry were used to investigate the microstructure, composition and uniformity of the carbon film. The pyrolytic carbon was derived from methane, acetylene, propane and butane precursors. Both the axial and the lateral growth rate and threshold deposition (pyrolysis) temperature of the carbon film deposited on a quartz plate were measured. Knowledge gained from deposition on fused quartz plates was used to determine the deposition conditions on optical fibers. The experimental results indicate that among the different precursors used in this study, only acetylene and propane can be used to deposit pyrolytic carbon on moving optical fibers because their threshold deposition temperature is sufficiently low to prevent fiber softening. The effect of laser power, moving fiber speed and precursor gas on the thickness, deposition rate and microstructure of the carbon layer were studied.
Functionality and usability

Instead of limiting functionality, usability complements functionality. It affects how and with what effectiveness a system is used, and even whether or not it is used at all.
Advancing the Educational Training of Perinatal Patient Care Assistants

skin care products used in the hospital were evaluated. Parents and staff were surveyed and results indicated a desire for chemical-free products for self and infants. New product evaluation criteria were established. A new chemical-free personal care product was selected, presented, and approved. Education of staff, physicians, and patients regarding need for replacement product, healthy product choices, cost and practice effect, and resource information was completed. The new product will be used in care of infants and samples will be sent home with the families. The evaluation of the acceptance of the new product will be conducted through the postpartum survey.
A study of an expanding hydrogen plasma with a rapid scan spectrometer

Abstract The impulse tube, an electrical shock tube, is used to generate a volume of plasma with a current pulse whose duration is less than the time required for the plasma to move from the electrode region. The plasma is accelerated outward by rarefaction waves which originate near the electrode edges and at the same time shocks are generated in the surrounding gas whose progress can be discussed in terms of the Rankine-Hugoniot relations. The expansion of a nearly fully ionized hydrogen plasma in this device has been studied by photographic techniques and by rapid-scan spectroscopy. A complete history of the electron density has been inferred from the half-intensity width of Stark-broadened H β line profiles and the plasma temperature has been determined from the H β -to-continuum ratio. Numerical integrations which invoked the conservation of electrons were used to obtain the motion of individual portions of the expanding plasma; this observed expansion was found to be in substantial agreement with that predicted by conventional shock tube theory. The measured values of the electron density and temperature also verified the adiabatic character of the plasma expansion.
Contemporary epidemiology and characterization of newborn males with prune belly syndrome.

Objectives Prune belly syndrome (PBS) is a rare condition characterized by the congenital absence or deficiency of the abdominal wall musculature, with associated abnormalities of the genitourinary tract, including hydronephrosis and cryptorchidism. Few population-based epidemiology or mortality data are available. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the Kids' Inpatient Database to evaluate PBS among newborn infants during their initial hospitalization in 2000, 2003, and 2006. The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes were used to identify patients and to determine the comorbidity status. The PBS incidence, demographics, comorbid conditions, and disposition were assessed. Results A total of 133 newborn male infants diagnosed with PBS were identified of 1 420 991 live male births, for a weighted incidence estimate of 3.8 cases/100 000 live births. Of the newborns with PBS, 50% were white, 31% black, and 10% were Hispanic. In-hospital mortality was high (39 of 133, 29%). Of the 133 patients with PBS, 55 (41%) were discharged home and 39 (29%) required inpatient transfer or home nursing care. Fifty-seven patients (43%) were born premature; 56% of the PBS deaths occurred in premature infants. Mechanical ventilation was required in 64 newborns (48%), and 33 (24%) had coexisting congenital cardiovascular anomalies. Renal failure was uncommon, occurring in only 5 newborns (4%); none required dialysis. Only 13 patients (10%) underwent urinary diversion (vesicostomy or ureterostomy). Conclusions The incidence of PBS was 3.8 cases/100 000 live births. Despite advances in care for children with PBS, this condition continues to be associated with high perinatal mortality, likely related to the associated prematurity and pulmonary complications. Renal failure was rare, as was immediate urinary diversion.
Partition-controlled progesterone release from waterborne, in situ-gelling materials

Abstract The primary goal of this work was to evaluate the long-term constant zero-order release of progesterone from a waterborne, in situ-gelling, injectable material. The motivation for this is to develop an intrafallopian tube embolization system for contraception. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, 575 g/mol) or poly(propylene glycol) diacrylate (PPODA, 540 g/mol) as a Michael-type addition acceptor was combined with pentaerythritol-tetrakis (3-mercaptopropionate; a Michael-type addition donor) to create a 75 wt.% emulsion solution in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4 for PEGDA and pH 12 for PPODA) that gels in minutes by the Michael-type reaction to form a hydrophobic solid. Samples, with ∼5.5 or 25 wt.% progesterone, were formed in Tygon tubing. Samples (1.6 mm × 1.0 cm cylinders) showed constant, partition-controlled release of progesterone for a prolonged period (time dependent on the mass of progesterone). Cylinders with ∼25 wt.% load of progesterone exhibited constant release (∼40 μg per day) for more than 50 days in both the PEGDA and PPODA systems. This type of release is normally associated with preformed hydrophobic matrix systems. In contrast, these in situ-gelling materials reported here can be used to provide zero-order, partition-controlled release of progesterone and enhance the efficiency of an intrafallopian tube embolization system through progesterone release in an injectable, in situ-forming system.
USEFULNESS OF THE SLOSSON INTELLIGENCE TEST WITH SEVERELY AND PROFOUNDLY RETARDED CHILDREN

The passage of Public Law 94-142 has increased the use of brief psychometric devices by special educators of the severely and profoundly mentally retarded for routine retesting purposes. Unfortunately, there is a need for studies of reliability and validity of these norm-referenced psychometric devices. One such brief intellectual screening test is the Slosson Intelligence Tesc. Correlations of scores on the Slosson Intelligence Test and Stanford-Biner IQs of mentally retarded individuals have yielded values ranging from .GO to .94 (1, 3). A review (2) reported that, when the intelligence range is not restricted, the correlations between scores on the Slosson and the Stanford-Biner rend to be high, whereas when the range is restricted, correlations are lower. This study assessed the concurrent validity of the Slosson Intelligence Test when administered to 40 severely and profoundly mentally retarded school children by special educators. All subjects had been tested by certified psychologists with the Stanford-Binet prior to the study. The children, who ranged in age from 11.3 to 19.9 yr. (M 15.5, SD 2.1), .were administered the Slosson Intelligence Test by five special education teachers enrolled in a graduate course on diagnostic assessment The teachers were taught to administer and score the test by the first author. Each observed the author during two demonstrations. The mean IQs and standard deviations were for the Slosson 26.78 and 15.75; for the Binet 24.85 and 16.74. IQs on the Slosson ranged from 4 to 55, whereas IQs on the Stanford-Binet ranged from 8 to 45. Slosson IQs were larger than Stanford-Binet IQs for 30 of the 40 childrem; four students had Slosson IQs 7 or more points higher than their Stanford-Binet IQs. The distribution of IQs was bimodal and skewed towards 5 and 35. A Pearson product-moment correlation of .90 was obtained for raw scores. The correlation suggests high agreement in the ranking of the srudents tested. However, the skewness of the present distribution and the similar nature of the tests inflate the obtained validity. These observations demand cautious use of IQs from the Slosson Intelligence Test.
A recurrent homozygous nonsense mutation within the LAMA3 gene as a cause of Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa in patients of Pakistani ancestry: evidence for a founder effect.

The anchoring filament protein laminin 5 is abnormally expressed in the skin of patients with Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa (H-JEB). In this study, we performed mutational analysis on genomic DNA from a H-JEB child of first-cousin Pakistani parents, and identified a homozygous C-to-T transidon in the LAMA3 gene of laminin 5 resulting in a premature termination codon (CGA-TGA) on both alleles. This mutation, R650X, has been previously reported in two other seemingly unrelated H-JEB individuals of Pakistani ancestry. Although this mutation may represent a mutational hotspot within the LAMA3 gene, haplotype analysis based on a silent intragenic polymorphism (GCC/GCG, alanine 429; GenBank no. L34155), and on three flanking micro-satellite polymorphisms (D1SS45, D18S478, and D18S480), suggests that a common ancestral allele may be present in all three cases.
One model for magnetic solar neutrino interactions, cosmological neutrino decays, and new particle resonant production by interactions of neutrinos from Cygnus X-3

Abstract Standard model extensions which include a charged, weak-singlet scalar particle can induce an electron-neutrino magnetic moment large enough to implement the Voloshin-Vysotski-Okun solution to the solar neutrino problem and observed anticorrelation of sunspots and neutrino flux. The resonant production and decay of such a charged scalar particle by neutrinos from ultra-high energy point sources of cosmic rays such as Cygnus X-3 has been discussed in the literature as a possible source of an anomalous muon signal in deep underground detectors. We argue here that there are versions of the charged scalar model which simultaneously can accommodate the above phenomena and in addition predict a radiative neutrino decay whose lifetime is about 10 24 s. This value is consistent with that needed for a dark-matter neutrino of about 30 eV mass to yield a flux of UV photons which could explain several puzzling observations of H α emission from the galactic disk and from the intergalactic HI cloud in Leo.
Deep-reasoning fault diagnosis: an aid and a model

The design and evaluation are presented for the knowledge-based assistance of a human operator who must diagnose a novel fault in a dynamic, physical system. A computer aid based on a qualitative model of the system was built to help the operators overcome some of their cognitive limitations. This aid differs from most expert systems in that it operates at several levels of interaction that are believed to be more suitable for deep reasoning. Four aiding approaches, each of which provided unique information to the operator, were evaluated. The aiding features were designed to help the human's casual reasoning about the system in predicting normal system behavior (N aiding), integrating observations into actual system behavior (O aiding), finding discrepancies between the two (O-N aiding), or finding discrepancies between observed behavior and hypothetical behavior (O-HN aiding). Human diagnostic performance was found to improve by almost a factor of two with O aiding and O-N aiding. >
TCRα-CD3δϵ association is the initial step in αβ dimer formation in murine T cells and is limiting in immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes

Abstract The present study has examined the molecular events leading to formation of αβ dimers in normal murine thymocytes and mature T cells. We demonstrate that TCR assembly proceeds by initial association of TCRα with CD3δϵ proteins and by association of TCRβ with CD3γϵ proteins to form αδϵ and βγϵ trimers; these trimers then associate to form αδϵ-βγϵ complexes, within which α-β disulfide bond formation occurs. We also show that TCR-associated protein (TRAP) associates uniquely with CD3γϵ pairs and that formation of βγϵ trimers occurs subsequent to TRAP dissociation. Importantly, we document that the assembly step that is quantitatively limiting in CD4 + CD8 + thymocytes is the initial association of TCRα with CD3δϵ chains, which appears necessary to protect nascent TCRα proteins from accelerated degradation within the ER of immature thymocytes.
We need a research data census

The increasing volume of research data highlights the need for reliable, cost-effective data storage and preservation at the national scale.
Learning the Structure of Mixed Graphical Models

We consider the problem of learning the structure of a pairwise graphical model over continuous and discrete variables. We present a new pairwise model for graphical models with both continuous and discrete variables that is amenable to structure learning. In previous work, authors have considered structure learning of Gaussian graphical models and structure learning of discrete models. Our approach is a natural generalization of these two lines of work to the mixed case. The penalization scheme involves a novel symmetric use of the group-lasso norm and follows naturally from a particular parameterization of the model. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Attributes of loudness, pitch and rate among male children

Ratings, by trained judges, of vocal loudness level, pitch level and rate of speaking for a nonpathological sample population of male children were studied relative to subjective ratings of vocal merit. Averaged physical measurements for loudness level, pitch level and rate of speaking determined points of reference and the ranges within which parameters were rated. Vocal samples of male children, judged to have more acceptable voices, were rated significantly higher in pitch level, greater in loudness and faster in rate of speaking than children judged to have less acceptable voices.
Enzymatic processes involved in the incorporation of hydroxycinnamates into grass cell walls

Many plant species have one or more types of acylation of cell wall polymers. Grasses (Poaceae family) are unique with abundant acylation of specific cell wall polymers by hydroxycinnamates. The most common hydroxycinnamates found in a wide range of grasses are ferulates (trans-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate) and p-coumarates (trans-4-hydroxycinnamate). These two hydroxycinnamates are synthesized by the phenylpropanoid pathway. Though structurally related, they seem to have different functional roles within the cell wall. Ferulates have been shown to have a critical role in cross-linking cell wall components; forming links between structural polysaccharides and links between structural polysaccharides and lignin. They are incorporated into the cell wall by distinctly different mechanisms. Ferulic acid is incorporated into cell walls as ester linked substituents on arabinoxylans. The exact role p-coumarates play in plant cell walls is unknown, but it has been shown that p-coumaric acid is ester-linked to monolignols and shuttled out to the wall to become incorporated into newly forming lignin polymers. Both processes require the activity of specific hydroxycinnamoyl transferases utilizing CoA derivatives to drive the transferase reactions.
Effect of 5-azacytidine on deoxyribonucleic acid methylation in Escherichia coli K12

Abstract 5-Azacytidine inhibits Escherichia coli DNA (cytosine-5)methylase when added to growing cells. The time-course of recovery of methylase activity and the appearance of 5-methylcytosine in DNA following removal of the drug was studied. When E. coli K12 was treated with 5-azacytidine for 30 min, DNA(cytosine-5)methylase levels decreased to less than 10% of control levels and slowly recovered to control levels after seven generations of growth. 5-Methylcytosine synthesis in DNA remained at less than 10% of control levels for three generations after treatment and returned to control levels after six generations of growth. In contrast, β-galactosidase levels in induced cells, which declined to 66% of control one generation after treatment, returned to control by the third generation of growth. The rate of induction of β-galactosidase had returned to the control rate two generations after growth resumed. Since azacytidine-containing DNA inhibits DNA-cytosine methylases in vitro , the prolonged inhibition of cytosine methylation in E. coli K12 following treatment with the drug could be due to the persistence of the drug in DNA and thus inhibition of newly synthesized enzymes.
On the Additivity of the Minkowski Functionals

In this work, we investigate the additivity of the Minkowski functionals associated to a cone in a linear vector space. As an application we discuss the equivalence of the classical Caristi fixed point theorem in metric spaces and its vectorial version in cone metric spaces.
Learning from Landowners: Examining the Role of Peer Exchange in Private Landowner Outreach through Landowner Networks

More than one-third of forested land in the United States is owned by individuals or families, making these lands a significant source of the nation's forest resources and services. Yet investments in traditional expert-led outreach efforts, including financial incentive programs and technical assistance for management plan development, have failed to engage the vast majority of U.S. forest landowners. Through case studies of five diverse landowner networks, this study explored peer exchange among landowners as an alternative means of fostering engagement. Sixty-one in-depth interviews revealed common themes across cases that contributed to landowner participation and learning, including maintaining an atmosphere conducive to social learning, emphasis on local information and hands-on learning, and access to rich networks that include both practical peer-derived information and trusted technical expert-derived information. These findings enrich existing landowner engagement theory by offering insight into...
An automated system for data processing in the metabolic balance laboratory

Abstract An integrated system is described that has been developed for the processing of data from metabolic balance studies. The system detects and converts into digital form the output of AutoAnalyzers, reads unknowns, constructs standard curves, carries out quality control operations, performs the required calculations and prints out the final, full balance study. Only a small proportion of the daily work load is recorded manually and entered by hand through a keypunch. Since the introduction of the automated system the productivity of the laboratory has approximately doubled and important savings in personnel, time and cost have been realized. The system has the additional value that it can accept inputs from equipment other than AutoAnalyzers and can thus contribute to a variety of laboratory activities.
Acute infectious id panniculitis/ panniculitic bacterid : a distinctive form of neutrophilic lobular panniculitis

Background: Lobular panniculitis encompasses lupus profundus, atypical lymphocytic lobular panniculitis, erythema induratum and subcutaneous Sweet’s syndrome, while septal panniculitis includes erythema nodosum and fibrosing dermal processes of burn out necrobiosis lipoidica and morphea profundus. Panniculitis may represent a sign of systemic disease and/or a modified immune response to hematogenously disseminated antigen. Methods: We describe 10 cases of sterile neutrophilic dominant lobular panniculitis that represented an id reaction to non-tuberculous stimuli. Results: Four males and six females had sudden tender non-ulcerated lower extremity nodules with preceding non-tuberculous infectious triggers. Three also had upper extremity lesions. Biopsies showed dominant neutrophilic infiltrate with subcutaneous microabscesses (7), extravascular granulomatous infiltrates (5), thrombotic microangiopathy (5) and necrotizing vasculitis (5). Stains evaluating microbial pathogens were negative. Lesions resolved with antibiotic treatment and/or abscess drainage; no case recurred. Medical histories included atopic diathesis (4), primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (1), ulcerative colitis (1) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (1). Serologies showed polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, cold agglutinins and cryofibrinogens. Conclusions: We propose the term acute infectious id panniculitis for cases of neutrophilic lobular panniculitis triggered by non-tuberculous infectious stimuli. This course may be self-limited. Microvascular cofactors and/or procoagulant states may be pathogenetically important. Recognizing this entity may circumvent the need for an exhaustive evaluation for other causes of neutrophilic lobular panniculitis.
Phosphatase Activity, Trimerization, and the C-terminal Polybasic Region Are All Required for PRL1-mediated Cell Growth and Migration

The phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) phosphatases are implicated in a number of tumorigenesis and metastasis processes. The PRLs are unique among protein-tyrosine phosphatases in that they have extremely low phosphatase activity, a high propensity for trimer formation, and a polybasic region that precedes the C-terminal prenylation motif. To investigate the functional significance of these distinctive biochemical and structural features, we established a cell-based system in which ectopic PRL1 expression increased cell proliferation and migration, whereas knockdown of endogenous PRL1 abrogated these cellular activities. We showed that the intrinsic PRL1 phosphatase activity is obligatory for its biological function. We provided evidence that trimerization may be a general property for all PRL enzymes, and that PRL1 trimer formation is essential for the PRL1-mediated cell growth and migration. This finding indicates a novel mechanism for phosphatase regulation. We further demonstrated that the conserved C-terminal polybasic region is important for specific phosphoinositide recognition by PRL1. Both the polybasic residues and the adjacent prenylation motif are required for proper PRL1 subcellular localization and full biological activity.
A Real-Time Optical Correlator Using An AM-FM Acousto-Optic Device

A real-time incoherent optical image correlator which employs a laser diode, an AM-FM AOD, and a TDI mode CCD is described. A theoretical analysis is given to indicate that this system possesses high resolution capability by virtue of its special image feeding approach using an AOD in an AM-FM mode. Experimental results showing the system impulse response are presented to confirm the theoretical analysis. Correlation functions of some example images and the scale invariant performance of this incoherent optical correlator by adopting an adaptive AM-FM signal format are demonstrated.
Susceptibility of a Dwarf Strain of Chickens to Rickets

A sex-linked dwarf strain of chickens fed a practical chick starter had a high incidence of rickets while other strains, including the Cornell K strain reared under the same conditions, had no evidence of this disease. In studies of the calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D requirements of the dwarf and K strains, no strain differences in requirement for phosphorus or vitamin D for maximal bone mineralization were apparent. The vitamin D requirement for growth was less for dwarfs than for the K strain; the reverse was observed for phosphorus. A marginal level of calcium (0.6%) did not depress growth or bone ash in either strain. Dwarfs had significantly lower bone ash than chicks of the K strain when dietary levels of calcium, available phosphorus and vitamin D were adequate (1.0%, 0.73% and 400 I.U./kg., respectively). When the diet contained a low level of one nutrient (0.6% calcium, 0.33% of phosphorus or 100 I.U./kg. vitamin D), neither strain was affected. Low levels of two nutrients significantly decreased bone ash in dwarfs but not in the K strain. Low levels of all three nutrients depressed bone ash in both strains, but most markedly in the dwarfs. These studies indicate that chicks of the Cornell dwarf strain have a low bone mineral content and are unusually susceptible to rickets.
Learning and transfer in subject-matter learning: A problem-solving model

Abstract This paper points out that the growth of the cognitive movement, with its emphasis upon perception and memory, has been accompanied by a decrease in the study of learning, retention, and transfer as found in the traditional associationistic framework. Moreover, some critics have argued that the contribution of learning and memory research over the past century has been minimal. The present paper presents a general reconceptualization of learning and retention, making these concepts subordinate to the concept of transfer. This reconceptualization thus places emphasis upon prior knowledge, skills, attitudes, and other characteristics of the individual. In addition, it is argued that the general information-processing model of problem solving, especially as applied to ill-structured problems, provides a general conceptual framework for the study of learning, the model being especially useful when considering learning in academic subject-matter domains.
Moisture content, temperature, and relative humidity influence seed storage and subsequent survival and germination of Vallisneria americana seeds

Abstract Loss of aquatic plant species has occurred in coastal and freshwater habitats throughout the world. In particular, population and habit loss of the submerged aquatic species, Vallisneria americana Michx., have made it a potential restoration candidate. For successful restoration, reliable seed sources are vital for producing plants or for direct seeding. Seed survival and their ability to retain viability through storage are key components for successful reproduction. Seed storage and subsequent germination of V. americana were studied over a 6-month period to determine the conditions that retain seed vigor. Seeds were stored at three humidity levels 11%, 50%, 95% using saturated salts and ambient humidity for 1, 2, 4, and 6 months at either cold or ambient temperatures. After storage intervals, seed moisture content, embryo viability, and germination were determined. Timing of germination and seed survival were analyzed using semi-and non-parametric analyses. Storing seeds at lower RH levels for longer periods reduced seed survival and resulted in later germination. Germination and seed survival increased in seeds stored at higher relative humidity and led to earlier germination. Seeds of V. americana from the northern Gulf of Mexico were shown to be desiccation tolerant and have orthodox seed characteristics.
Use of an animal model of trichomoniasis as a basis for understanding this disease in women

Studies of host-parasite relationships in bovine trichomoniasis are presented as a basis for understanding mechanisms of pathogenesis and protection in trichomoniasis in women. The bovine infection is caused by Trichomonas foetus, a trichomonad species closely related to the human pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis. An estrogenized murine model infected with T. vaginalis is useful for the study of virulence factors, but the bovine model has advantages for the study of immunity because T. foetus infection is common in this natural host. In vitro, several virulence factors similar to those of T. vaginalis have been studied, including cysteine proteinases, binding of host cell proteins, and factors involved in attachment to vaginal cells. The biggest advantage of the bovine model, however, is that an efficacious systemic vaccination has been demonstrated to both prevent and treat T. foetus infection. The specificity and isotype of antibodies involved in protection have also been defined. These findings provide encouragement for the development of vaccines against trichomoniasis in humans.
Simulation of a hospital picture archiving and control system (PACS)

The nation's hospitals have long used distributed data processing as a means of reducing operational costs and providing timely service. Radiology Departments are now also taking advantage of these facilities in order to decrease the cost of producing and archiving radiological images. Today a typical medium scale hospital consumes large quantities of silver oxide film which, along with attendant labor costs, is expensive compared with costs for digital image processing technology now available. Using this technology large image files can be stored and retrieved through local area networks that can also support the transaction traffic essential in a hospital environment. The evolving systems are called Picture Archiving and Control Systems (PACS).PACS will include radiology imaging equipment, distributed and central image archiving facilities, and significant numbers of user work-stations and graphics display nodes. The devices will be inter-connected by high speed local area networks capable of distributing information ranging from simple control messages to large image files of several megabytes in a fashion offering most users a response time of several seconds.This paper illustrates the PACS system concept, present a queuing model approach to analyzing PACS performance. and discuss results acquired for a variety of parametric samples. The IBM Research Queuing Package (RESD) has been used for the exercise and will-be-discussed sufficiently for the reader to appreciate its capability.RESQ simulation results indicate that system response times will be more dependent on the internal architecture and programs of the workstation than on the speed of the transmission media.
The precarious status of resurrection in Friedrich Schleiermacher's "Glaubenslehre"

: The Glaubenslehre provides the context for this exploration of Schleiermacher's understanding of Christ's resurrection in relation to redemption, the nature-system and eschatology. In spite of Schleiermacher's affirmation of the historicity of Christ's resurrection, he proceeds to empty the resurrection of redemptive significance, thereby maintaining consistency with a nature-system that implicitly disallows miracles, and resulting in an eschatology in which the resurrection of individual believers is posited in severe tension with the consummation of the church. Thus, the weight of Schleiermacher's consistent argumentation regarding redemption, the nature-system and eschatology suggests that there is no room for resurrection in the Glaubenslehre in relation to either Christ or individual believers.
Multi-Level Slug Tests to Measure 3-D Hydraulic Conductivity Distributions

The accurate determination of the transport and fate of pollutants through an aquifer begins with a complete understanding of the complexities of the hydraulic conductivity in that aquifer. Slug tests have been a popular method to define in situ hydraulic conductivity in an aquifer. However, traditional slug tests will provide information about the hydraulic conductivity across the entire screened interval of a well and not provide information about variations that may exist in the vertical direction. Equipment was developed that allowed multi-level slug tests to be conducted at discrete intervals within fully screened 5-cm (2 in) diameter wells. Ten such wells at the Geohydrologic and Experiment Monitoring Site were tested in order to provide a more complete spatial definition of the hydraulic conductivity and to determine the utility of the double-packer apparatus for such studies. Results from multi-level slug tests produced vertical profiles of hydraulic conductivity throughout each well’s screened interval. These vertical profiles provided information about spatial variations in hydraulic conductivity, when they were incorporated into cross-sections and a 3-D fence diagram. This research determined the greatest complexity in hydraulic conductivity in a northeast to southwest trend across the study site. Techniques presented here are valuable tools for greater definition of the hydraulic conductivity distribution in similar hydraulic settings.
Characterizing novice behavior associated with learning ultrasound-guided peripheral regional anesthesia.

Background and Objectives Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia is a rapidly growing field. There exists little information regarding the competencies involved with such a practice. The objective of this exploratory study was to characterize the behavior of novices as they undertook the challenges of learning a new technique. In addition to assessing for both committed errors and accuracy, we aimed to identify previously unrecognized quality-compromising behaviors that could help structure effective training interventions. Methods By using detailed video analyses, the performances of 6 anesthesia residents were evaluated while on a dedicated 1-month rotation in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. From these video reviews, we assessed accuracy, errors committed, performance times, and searched for previously unrecognized quality-compromising behaviors. Results A total of 520 nerve blocks were videotaped and reviewed. All residents performed at least 66 nerve blocks, with an overall success rate of 93.6% and 4 complications. Both speed and accuracy improved throughout the rotation. There were a total of 398 errors committed, with the 2 most common errors consisting of the failure to visualize the needle before advancement and unintentional probe movement. Five quality-compromising patterns of behavior were identified: (1) failure to recognize the maldistribution of local anesthesia, (2) failure to recognize an intramuscular location of the needle tip before injection, (3) fatigue, (4) failure to correctly correlate the sidedness of the patient with the sidedness of the ultrasound image, and (5) poor choice of needle-insertion site and angle with respect to the probe preventing accurate needle visualization. Conclusions Based on the analysis of the committed errors and the identification of quality-compromising behaviors, we are able to recommend important targets for learning in future training and simulation programs.
Phases intermediate between a two-dimensional electron liquid and Wigner crystal

We show that there can be no direct first-order transition between a Fermi liquid and an insulating electronic (Wigner) crystalline phase in a clean two-dimensional electron gas in a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET); rather, there must always exist intermediate ``microemulsion'' phases, and an accompanying sequence of continuous phase transitions. Among the intermediate phases which we find are a variety of electronic liquid crystalline phases, including stripe-related analogues of classical smectics and nematics. The existence of these phases can be established in the neighborhood of the phase boundaries on the basis of an asymptotically exact analysis, and reasonable estimates can be made concerning the ranges of electron densities and device geometries in which they exist. They likely occur in clean Si MOSFETs in the range of densities in which an ``apparent metal to insulator transition'' has been observed in existing experiments. We also point out that, in analogy with the Pomaranchuk effect in $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, the Wigner crystalline phase has higher spin entropy than the liquid phase, leading to an increasing tendency to crystallization with increasing temperature.
Identification of a phenylalkylamine binding region within the alpha 1 subunit of skeletal muscle Ca2+ channels.

Abstract The alpha 1 subunit of the skeletal muscle Ca2+ channel has been specifically photoaffinity labeled with the phenylalkylamine-receptor-selective verapamil derivative (-)-5-(3-azidophenethyl[N-methyl-3H]methylamino)-2-(3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl)-2-isopropylvaleronitrile ([N-methyl-3H]LU49888). Proteolytic fragments generated by various endoproteases were probed by immunoprecipitation with several sequence-specific antibodies to determine the site of labeling within the primary structure of alpha 1. These results restrict the site of photolabeling by [N-methyl-3H]LU49888 to the region between Glu-1349 and Trp-1391. This segment of alpha 1 contains transmembrane helix S6 of domain IV and the beginning of the long intracellular C-terminal tail. Because of the phenylalkylamine receptor site is only accessible from the intracellular side of the Ca2+ channel, we propose that the intracellular end of helix IVS6 and the adjacent intracellular amino acid residues play an essential role in formation of the phenylalkylamine receptor site. The action of the phenylalkylamines as open-channel blockers suggests that this region may also contribute to formation of the intracellular opening of the transmembrane pore of the Ca2+ channel.
Performance impact of post-regrowth channel etching on InGaAs MOSFETs having MOCVD source-drain regrowth

Given low interface trap densities and low access resistances, InGaAs MOSFETs can provide greater on-state current than silicon MOSFETs at the same effective oxide thickness (EOT), and are thus strong candidates for use in VLSI.1 Transconductance as high as 2.1 mS/μm (Vds=0.5 V) with 115 mV/decade (Vds=0.5 V) subthreshold swing has been reported2 in planar III-V MOSFETs using a gate recess etch through the N+ InGaAs contact layer. It remains to be established whether the necessary etch depth control can be obtained at VLSI integration scales and 10-20 nm gate lengths. Using self-aligned regrowth of the N+ source and drain, III-V MOSFETs can be fabricated without requiring this gate recess etch;3 1.9 mS/μm (Vd =1 V) with 116 mV/decade (Vds=0.05 V) subthreshold swing was reported in a 55 nm Lg InGaAs MOSFET with MOCVD source-drain regrowth.4 Note that no post-regrowth etching of the channel surface is reported in (4). We have recently found5 that InGaAs MOSFETs using MBE source-drain regrowth, subthreshold swing and transconductance are substantially improved by removing a 5 nm N+ InGaAs channel cap post-regrowth and immediately prior to gate dielectric deposition, suggesting damage to the channel surface during regrowth. Here, we report similar findings for MOCVD regrowth. We fabricated 65 nm Lg In0.53Ga0.47As surface-channel MOSFETs in a gate-last process with self-aligned raised InGaAs S/D access regions formed by MOCVD regrowth. Removal of ~ 2.4 nm of the channel surface by digital etching improved the transconductance from 1.1 to 1.58 mS/μm (65 nm Lg Vd=0.5 V), and reduced the subthreshold swing from 326 to 110 mV/dec (1 μm Lg, Vds=0.05 V). These results suggest that substantial surface damage arises, and must be addressed, in MOCVD regrowth III-V MOSFET processes.