cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coordinated protein co-expression in plants by harnessing the synergy between an intein and a viral 2A peptide.

Summary A novel approach is developed for coordinated expression of multiple proteins from a single transgene in plants. An Ssp DnaE mini-intein variant engineered for hyper N-terminal autocleavage is covalently linked to the foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A (F2A) peptide with unique ribosome skipping property, via a peptide linker, to create an “IntF2A” self-excising fusion protein domain. This IntF2A domain acts, in cis, to direct highly effective release of its flanking proteins of interest (POI) from a “polyprotein” precursor in plants. This is successfully demonstrated in stably transformed cultured tobacco cells as well as in different organs of transgenic tobacco plants. Highly efficient polyprotein processing mediated by the IntF2A domain was also demonstrated in lettuce and Nicotiana benthamiana based on transient expression. Protein constituents released from the polyprotein precursor displayed proper function, and accumulated at similar levels inside the cells. Importantly, no C-terminal F2A extension remains on the released POIs. We demonstrated co-expression of as many as three proteins in plants without compromising expression levels when compared with those using single protein vectors. Accurate differential cellular targeting of released POIs is also achieved. In addition, we succeeded in expressing a fully assembled and functional chimeric anti-His Tag IgG antibody in N. benthamiana leaves. The IntF2A based polyprotein transgene system overcomes key impediments of existing strategies for multi-protein co-expression in plants, which is particularly important for gene/trait stacking. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Defensing against measurement attacks on sub-transmission level

This paper develops a correlation index for Anomaly Detection System (ADS) to detect and identify wide area measurement attacks at sub-transmission level. Inspired by forensic analysis, we study the pattern of measurement attacks at sub-transmission power systems by developing an index of correlated substation attacks. The attacking strategy is reconstructed as a one stage two-level optimization problem that models the interaction between falsified measurements and power system operation decisions. The proposed correlation index is computed as the “attacker's decision under limited resources” by solving the mixed integer problem transformed from the attacking model. We show that this correlation index may greatly improve ADS detection rate without increasing false alarms. With the proposed correlation index, the existing protection scheme is reinforced against correlated attacks at sub-transmission power systems. The effectiveness of the developed correlation index is demonstrated through numerical simulations of the IEEE 39-bus system.
Giving to Women and Girls: An Emerging Area of Philanthropy:

Philanthropy for women’s and girls’ causes is a growing area of interest among donors and fundraisers. However, beyond foundation giving, limited research has been conducted to understand who gives...
Key technology research on 5G mobile communications power system

This paper has put forward a breakthrough design method for 5G power lighting and thermal. In order to improve the outdoor lightning protection ability, this paper presents a simplified compact lightning protection circuit, whose lightning protection ability can reach 20KA. It also advises to add an ORing MOSFET at the output end of power system, to solve the problem of the limit-exceeding of the synchronous rectifier electric stress when the lightning current flows backward. To make the product work under a wider temperature range and with higher reliability, this paper proposes a new thermal design, in which the power shells are designed as radiation fins, thus the MOSFETs that generate heat are installed directly on the shell, then the 5G power system could be small sized and light weight, and be more convenient to install and maintain.
Shifting the Paradigm in Reporting SLOs

The recent climate of reporting course and service assessment data has an emerging trend of institutions seeking to establish data warehouses within the siloes of cyberspace in the name of effective planning strategies. The process of driving efficiency has now succumb to more administrative work on the technical end and has created a new mound of barriers withholding institutional capabilities in seamless driving evidence based decision making. However, within the saturation of data warehousing systems has emerged a more streamlined approach and strategy that focuses on the constructs of a universally integrated Student Learning Outcomes (SLO) cloud system.
Inhomogeneous Lévy Processes in Homogeneous Spaces

The martingale representation of inhomogeneous Levy processes in a Lie group G in terms of an extended Levy triple (b, A, η), obtained in Chapter 6, is extended to a homogeneous space X = G∕K in §8.1. The results are similar in form, but require a careful interpretation of certain operations on G∕K so that the formulae obtained on G, and their proofs, may be carried over to G∕K. We will also show that an inhomogeneous Levy process in G∕K may be obtained as a projection of an inhomogeneous process in G. In §8.2, two special cases are considered. The first case is when the extended drift bt on G∕K has a finite variation, then a more direct martingale representation may be obtained. The second case is an irreducible G∕K, such as a sphere, the representation takes an especially simple form in this case. The main results on G∕K may be proved in large part by essentially repeating the proofs on G, with a proper interpretation of group operations on G∕K. More details will be provided in §8.4. Some additional properties are considered in §8.3.
Mentoring practices of cooperating teachers to prepare student teachers for meeting selected Iowa Teaching Standards: the student teacher's perspective

Student teaching is the most widely studied aspect of inservice teacher preparation (Gibson, 2000), the premier event for which the preservice educator has been trained. It is critical that this experience goes well, as it sets the stage for his/her career. Appropriate guidance is key during this stage of development for teachers. Without mentoring or guidance, student teachers may not be ready to meet the challenges that await them in their own classrooms. This study used qualitative research to determine how student teachers perceive that they are being mentored by their cooperating teachers to assist them in meeting the Iowa Teaching Standards, specifically standards 7 and 8, related to professional behaviors. Mentoring skills that developed within the student teaching experience as a result of the relationship between the student teacher and the cooperating teacher were observed. This project used multiple methods to collect data. Data were obtained from interviews, student teaching seminars, student teacher focus groups, and the reflective journals of each student teacher and from a focus group session of cooperating teachers. Behaviors, skills, and mentoring practices were observed by the student teachers as demonstrated by the cooperating teachers. Data from the focus group questions were grouped into four themes: classroom management, teaching strategies, networking/professional development, and mentor relationships. The student teachers observed examples of professionalism and ethical behavior during their student teaching placements. These observations provide the real world application of topics discussed during their collegiate program of study. For these Iowa preservice educators, it is imperative to grasp the reality of these concepts. These concepts
Basement Rocks Bordering the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea

This paper reviews briefly what is presently known about the lithologies, distribution, and ages of basement rocks surrounding the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. The term basement is interpreted to mean pre-Mesozoic rocks, that is, rocks whose times of formation predate the initiation of the Gulf and Caribbean basins as recognized today. A major question is whether or not pre-Mesozoic rocks underlie the floors proper of these basins. No paleontologic evidence for any has yet been found, and geophysical evidence, by itself, does not determine rock ages. Therefore, it is of considerable interest that Pequegnat et al. (1971) report a K-Ar age of 319 ± 5 m.y. for the 2–0.2 μ fraction of an unusual violet-colored siltstone, dredged from one of the Sigsbee Knolls in the central Gulf of Mexico. This age suggests that Upper Paleozoic rocks occur beneath the Gulf, having been brought to an exposed position at the Knolls by diapiric movements. Its significance, though, depends critically on whether authigenic glauconite is the only potassium-bearing mineral in the analyzed material, as the authors claim, or whether detritai illite or similar mineral is also present, for in that case the measured age could be older than the deposition age of the siltstone. Consequently this one result does not fully resolve the problem, and a challenge remains for further work.
HST Images of Twenty Nearby Luminous Quasars

We present observations with the Hubble Space Telescope for a representative sample of 20 intrinsically luminous quasars with redshifts smaller than 0.30. These observations show that luminous quasars occur in diverse environments, including ultra-luminous ellipticals, normal ellipticals, spirals with H II regions, complex systems of gravitationally interacting components, and faint nebulosity. The quasar host galaxies are centered on the quasar to the accuracy of our measurements, 400 pc. Contrary to expectations, there are more radio quiet quasars in ellipticals than in spirals. Most of the radio loud quasars are, as expected, in ellipticals. These 20 luminous quasars occur preferentially in galaxies that are more luminous than the typical field galaxies. Eight companion galaxies lie within projected distances of 10 kpc from the quasar nuclei.
Treatment for long acting anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning - beyond INR monitoring?

Poisoning by long acting anti-coagulant rodenticides (LAARs) requires long-term treatment with oral vitamin K1 (VK1). However, discontinuing treatment based on normalization of INR, may leave some ...
Structure–property relationships describing the buried interface between silicon oxide overlayers and electrocatalytic platinum thin films

Encapsulation of an active electrocatalyst with a permeable overlayer is an attractive approach to simultaneously enhance its stability, activity, and selectivity. However, the structure–property relationships that govern the performance of encapsulated electrocatalysts are poorly understood, especially those describing the electrocatalytic behavior of the buried interface between the overlayer and active electrocatalyst. Using planar silicon oxide (SiOx)-encapsulated platinum (Pt)/titanium (Ti) bilayer thin films as model electrodes, the present study investigates the physical and electrochemical properties of the SiOx|Pt buried interface. Through a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electroanalytical measurements, it is revealed that a platinum oxide (PtOx) interlayer can exist between the SiOx overlayer and Pt thin film. The thickness and properties of the PtOx interlayer can be altered by modifying (i) the thickness of the SiOx overlayer or (ii) the thickness of the Pt layer, which may expose the buried interface to oxophilic Ti. Importantly, SiOx|Pt electrodes based on ultrathin Pt/Ti bilayers possess thinner PtOx interlayers while exhibiting reduced permeabilities for Cu2+ and H+ and enhanced stability during cycling in 0.5 M H2SO4. These findings highlight the tunability of buried interfaces while providing new insights that are needed to guide the design of complex electrocatalysts that contain them.
MM:3 The children with special health care needs podcast series

The Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Podcast Series utilizes a new medium (the podcast) to present current and state-of-the-art clinical reviews to pediatric residents and pediatricians who care for children with disabilities. The podcast represents an innovative method of presenting teaching materials. Audio content can be downloaded to portable media players on demand, and later listened to at the user's convenience. Podcasting is spreading quickly because of the rapid adoption of MP3 players, increasing familiarity with electronic transfer of information, and the desire of learners to have fresh content. The CSHCN Podcast Series is a set of interview-style lectures that are posted on ‘Podcasting from the U’ (http://www.utah.edu/podcast), a website recently developed by the University of Utah for public access of audio-based educational content. Each podcast addresses an issue relevant to the care of medically complex pediatric patients. The first podcast in the series is an interview with Sarah Winter, MD on the recent American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Policy Statement on developmental surveillance and screening. The second podcast in the series is an interview with John Carey, MD on a recent AAP Clinical Report on the genetic evaluation of the child with mental retardation or developmental delay. All podcasts in the series can be downloaded free of charge and serve to improve dissemination of new and important information to pediatricians and trainees. We are in the process of incorporating these podcasts into the pediatric residency curriculum and evaluating their effectiveness as teaching tools. Acknowledgements: This work is posted on the Podcasting from the U website, maintained by the University of Utah Department of Marketing and Communication. Jason Smith, coordinator of the Podcasting from the U website, assists in editing.
Swallow-Induced Eyelid Myokymia: A Novel Synkinesis Syndrome

Herein, we describe a novel manifestation of facial nerve synkinesis, swallow-induced eyelid myokymia, and hypothesise that this phenomenon is due to synkinetic facial nerve innervations of the stylohyoid-posterior digastric complex of suprahyoid muscles and orbicularis oculi muscle. In our patient's case, onabotulinum toxin A treatment provided good therapeutic response. Swallow-induced eyelid myokymia is a unique and previously unreported variety of facial nerve synkinesis.
Impact Of An Educational Intervention On Knowledge Of Health Care Professionals Regarding Hiv-Aids In Lahore, Pakistan.

Background: The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease associated with stigmatization and discrimination worldwide. Even the health care professionals show negative attitude towards these patients. Worldwide need of health education is felt to address the gap in knowledge and attitude of health care professionals while dealing with patients suffering from this disease. Methods: It was an educational interventional study, conducted in Fatima Memorial College of Medicine and Dentistry in 2015. The sample was collected through Non-Probability purposive technique, targeting both male and female health care professionals interested in attending health education sessions on HIV-AIDS. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of thirty participants for pre- and post- intervention. Results: The study participants included public health professionals (50%), dentists (16.7%) and clinical professionals (33.3%). A significant difference was observed in knowledge of health care professionals after intervention considering the important reasons as deteriorating moral value ( p =0.045) for HIV epidemic in Pakistan, prevalence status of HIV/AIDS ( p =0.046), awareness about the free voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) centres /services ( p =0.019), interaction with an HIV positive person ( p =0.01), discriminatory attitudes due to family member ( p =0.032) and availability of services for people living with HIV in Pakistan ( p =0.02). Conclusion: Health educational intervention is a powerful tool for increasing awareness of health care professionals. Keywords: Healthcare professionals, Education intervention, HIV/AIDS
Operational Cost of Primary Power Supply Equipment as Planning Driver

This paper presents an asset planning approach for managing a primary power supply equipment from economical point of view. The technical and economic analyses are illustrated through a case study comparing two options applicable for an aged power transformer, replacement versus complete overhauling. Initial investment, cost of overhauling, and operation and maintenance are the main inputs to the developed economic model.
Reordering student affairs: from minority absorption to a radical new

Student affairs, a field comprised of many co- and extra-curricular university functions outside of academic affairs, has a durable left-leaning reputation. Roderick Ferguson’s theorization of mino...
Improving the success of simulation projects using 3D visualization and virtual reality

Achieving success in computer simulation projects has been a long-standing challenge. A recent study identifies 193 success statements (SSs) distributed across 5 critical success factors (CSFs) and...
Textile-Based Large Area RF-Power Harvesting System for Wearable Applications

In this article, we demonstrate flexible and lightweight textile-integrated rectenna arrays for powering wearable electronic devices. We propose a method to exploit large clothing-areas to integrate arrays consisting of $2\times2$ and $2\times3$ rectenna elements. Each element comprises a patch antenna and a rectifier which are fabricated using embroidery of conductive thread on the textile substrates. The rectifier used single-diode circuit configuration and showed a radio frequency (RF)-to-dc conversion efficiency of 70% for an applied input RF-power of 8 dBm at its input port. We also present several tests to demonstrate the applicability of the rectenna array. Specifically, in boosted-Wi-Fi modality, a dc power of $600~\mu \text{W}$ was collected at 10 cm from the source and $80~\mu \text{W}$ was collected at 60 cm from the source. These demonstrations show the proposed system’s applicability for charging and powering low-power wearable electronic devices.
Communication Elements Constraining Animal Learning and Performance

Over 20 years ago, comparative psychology was sharply criticized by Beach (1950) for excessive use of the albino rat and by Lorenz (1950) for not being properly comparative. More recently, comparative psychology has again been criticized, this time for not being sufficiently behavioral, biological, or evolutionary as well as for holding an inadequate phylogeny (Hodos and Campbell, 1969; Lockard, 1971; Wilcock, 1972). Such criticism identifies limits of the American behavioristic tradition, particularly of typical psychological investigations of animal learning and motivation.
Local HY5 Activity Mediates Hypocotyl Growth and Shoot-to-Root Communication

Plants optimize their growth in fluctuating environments using information acquired by different organs. This information is then transmitted through the rest of the plant using both short- and long-distance signals, including hormones and mobile proteins. Although a few of these signals have been characterized, long-distance signaling is not well understood in plants. Recently, the light-regulated transcription factor HY5 was reported to move from the shoot to the root to regulate root growth. We generated a cell-type specifically expressed HY5 fusion protein that could not be detected outside the tissue in which it was targeted. By expressing this DOF-HY5 protein in specific cell types of the hypocotyl, we showed that its local activity was sufficient to regulate hypocotyl growth. We also found that, although DOF-HY5 was expressed specifically in the shoot and not detected in the roots, it could rescue hy5 growth defects in primary roots but not in lateral roots. We therefore conclude that HY5 protein mobility is not required in the hypocotyl or for shoot-to-root communication. Our results indicate that a signal downstream of, or in parallel with, HY5 in the shoot is mobile and links shoot and root growth.
Distilling BERT into Simple Neural Networks with Unlabeled Transfer Data

Recent advances in pre-training huge models on large amounts of text through self supervision have obtained state-of-the-art results in various natural language processing tasks. However, these huge and expensive models are difficult to use in practise for downstream tasks. Some recent efforts use knowledge distillation to compress these models. However, we see a gap between the performance of the smaller student models as compared to that of the large teacher. In this work, we leverage large amounts of in-domain unlabeled transfer data in addition to a limited amount of labeled training instances to bridge this gap for distilling BERT. We show that simple RNN based student models even with hard distillation can perform at par with the huge teachers given the transfer set. The student performance can be further improved with soft distillation and leveraging teacher intermediate representations. We show that our student models can compress the huge teacher by up to 26x while still matching or even marginally exceeding the teacher performance in low-resource settings with small amount of labeled data. Additionally, for the multilingual extension of this work with XtremeDistil (Mukherjee and Hassan Awadallah, 2020), we demonstrate massive distillation of multilingual BERT-like teacher models by upto 35x in terms of parameter compression and 51x in terms of latency speedup for batch inference while retaining 95% of its F1-score for NER over 41 languages.
Evaluation of UV-A LED technology on the reduction of spiked aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 in whole milk: toxicity analysis using liver hepatocellular cells

The effectiveness of a UV-A light emitting diode system (LED) to reduce the concentrations of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1 (AFB1, AFM1) in whole milk (WM) was investigated. Irradiation experiments were conducted using an LED system operating at 365 nm. Known concentrations of aflatoxins were spiked in WM and irradiated at quantified UV doses which was calculated based on the average volumetric intensity. LC-MS/MS product ion scans were used to identify and semi-quantify photodegraded products of AFB1 and AFM1. It was observed that UV irradiation significantly reduced aflatoxins in WM, p<0.05. In comparison to control, the maximum UV-A exposure reduced AFB1 and AFM1 concentrations to 78.2 % (at 836 mJ/cm2) and 65.7 % (at 857 mJ/cm2), respectively. In cell culture studies, our results demonstrated that the increase of UV-A dosage decreased the aflatoxins-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells, and no significant aflatoxin-induced cytotoxicity was observed at highest given UV-A irradiation of 777 (AFB1), 838 (AFM1), and 746 (total AFs) mJ/cm2. Sensory quality of product, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity of UV exposed aflatoxins in WM using animal models is warranted in the future.
The “Gentleman-like” Anne Lister on Gentleman Jack: Queerness, Class, and Prestige in “Quality” Period Dramas

This article examines the significance of queerness to class and prestige illustrated by the series Gentleman Jack (BBC/HBO, 2019–present). Although previous scholarship has discussed LGBTQ content and network brands, the development of “quality” television, and the status of period (heritage) drama, there has not been significant consideration about the relationships among all these elements. Based on the life of the 19th-century Englishwoman Anne Lister, Gentleman Jack depicts Lister’s gender and sexual nonconformity—particularly her romantic interactions with women and her mobility through the world—as a charming, cosmopolitan queerness, without addressing how this depended on her elite status. The cachet of GJ ’s queer content interacts with both the prestige of the period genre and the BBC’s and HBO’s quality TV brands, with the show illustrating how narratives in “post-heritage” drama can gesture toward critique of class, race, and nationality privileges while continuing to be structured by these hierarchies. This article points to new avenues for theorizing how prestige in television is constructed through the interaction of content, genre, and production contexts.
Prognostic Value of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease.

Introduction Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by progressive cyst growth and a loss of functioning renal mass, but a decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and onset of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) occur late in the disease course. There is therefore a great need for early prognostic biomarkers in this disorder. Methods We measured baseline serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels in 192 patients with ADPKD from the Consortium for Radiologic Imaging Studies of PKD (CRISP) cohort that were followed for a median of 13 years and tested the association between FGF23 levels and change over time in height-adjusted total kidney volume (htTKV), GFR, and time to the composite endpoints of ESRD, death, and doubling of serum creatinine. Results Patients in the highest quartile for baseline FGF23 level had a higher rate of increase in htTKV (0.95% per year, P = 0.0016), and faster rate of decline in GFR (difference of −1.03 ml/min/1.73 m2 per year, P = 0.005) compared with the lowest quartile, after adjusting for other covariates, including htTKV and genotype. The highest quartile of FGF23 was also associated with a substantial increase in risk for the composite endpoint of ESRD, death, or doubling of serum creatinine (hazard ratio [HR] of 2.45 in the fully adjusted model, P = 0.03). Conclusion FGF23 is a prognostic biomarker for disease progression and clinically important outcomes in ADPKD, and has additive value to established imaging and genetic biomarkers.
Measuring Self-efficacy in Secure Programming.

Computing students are not receiving enough education and practice in secure programming. A key part of being able to successfully implement secure programming practices is the development of secure programming self-efficacy. This paper examines the development of a scale to measure secure programming self-efficacy among students participating in a secure programming clinic (SPC). The results show that the secure programming self-efficacy scale is a reliable and useful measure that correlates satisfactorily with related measures of programming expertise. This measure can be used in secure programming courses and other learning environments to assess students’ secure programming efficacy.
Are you a team player or a personal pinner? situating pinterest as part of teachers’ online and offline professional learning networks

Pinterest, a popular social networking site, is used as a resource by educators across all grade levels. We take the perspective that Pinterest acts as a professional learning network (PLN) and interrogate the ways that teachers share resources within online/offline PLNs. Eighty-eight teachers responded to a survey that asked about their social media use as well as their sharing of Pinterest resources with their professional colleagues. Building from the media use typology, we developed the Peer-to-Peer Pinterest Sharing Typology to describe types of sharing, finding that most respondents indicated that they did not share resources, others shared if forced to, and some shared as a way to enhance collegial collaboration. This research expands limited empirical work on both Pinterest as a PLN and on how learning and resources from online PLNs cross into school-based ones. This work will be of interest to those who seek to understand how social media sites play a role in teacher professional learning.
Aortic Valve Stenosis and Aortic Regurgitation: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Patients with aortic stenosis (AS) have an increased prevalence of coronary risk factors, coronary artery disease (CAD), and other atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Angina pectoris, syncope or near syncope, and congestive heart failure are the three classic manifestations of severe AS. Prolonged duration and late peaking of an aortic systolic ejection murmur best differentiate severe AS from mild AS on physical examination. The severity of aortic regurgitation (AR) correlates with the duration of the diastolic murmur. Doppler echocardiography is used to diagnose the severity of AS and AR. Indications for aortic valve replacement (AVR), use of warfarin after AVR in patients with mechanical prostheses, and use of aspirin or warfarin after AVR in patients with bioprostheses are discussed. Transcatheter aortic valvular implantation (TAVI) should be performed in inoperable patients with symptomatic severe AS; TAVI has been shown to improve survival and quality of life compared with medical therapy.
Analysis of Two-Dimensional Differential Scanning Calorimetry Data: Elucidation of Complex Biomolecular Energetics.

Publisher Summary Elucidation of the detailed energetics of protein folding-unfolding equilibria together with knowledge of specific structural information provides a powerful means for gaining a productive understanding of (1) the principles involved in regulating protein folding, (2) domain interactions within proteins, (3) multimolecular protein interactions and assembly into higher order macromolecular structures, (4) interactions of proteins with biological membranes, and (5) functional associations between proteins and small ligands. Direct access to protein energetics is possible by application of calorimetric techniques and, in particular, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC permits direct measurement of the enthalpy and heat capacity changes associated with thermally induced protein denaturation. Complex protein energetics can be elucidated by application of two-dimensional DSC methods in conjunction with the chemical protein structural destabilizing agent guanidinium hydrochloride (GuHCl). This chapter describes the thermodynamic linkage between denaturant binding to proteins and the effect on thermal stability with an emphasis on the developments and applications utilizing GuHCl as a chemical destabilizing agent of protein structure.
Chapter 17 Cyclical fluctuations in the labor market

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses facts and theories related to cyclic fluctuations in the labor market. Employment in the United States shows important cyclical fluctuations, both in the amount of work performed by workers on their jobs and in the fraction of the population holding jobs. Macro and labor economists have been interested in explaining these fluctuations for many years. The microeconomic criticism of the standard Keynesian view of employment determination has sharpened and improved that view. The Keynesian analysis posits that firms choose employment unilaterally subjected to a predetermined wage. Because the choice does not take account of the marginal value of workers' time, the employment level may be inefficient. It is precisely the monumental inefficiency of widespread unemployment during cyclical contraction that makes Keynesians call for corrective government action. The equilibrium models of employment fluctuations provide the most serious intellectual competition to the standard macro model today. Two versions are under active development. One invokes cyclical changes in product demand, which bring changes in real interest rates to clear the output market. A second version of the equilibrium model notes that the movement of workers from one sector to another takes time and resources.
Using a Nonrestrictive Web-Based Forum to Promote Reflective Discourse with Preservice Science Teachers

Teaching has been characterized as a culture of isolation (Schlagel, Trathen, & Blanton, 1996). A practicing teacher does not usually have access to ongoing development and support in a classroom setting which promotes idea sharing or support from peers. Electronic communities for teachers have the potential to break down these teacher isolation barriers and provide a support network for teachers in the classroom (Bull, Harris, Lloyd, & Short, 1989; Casey, 1997). Teachers now have the opportunity to join online discussion groups on the World Wide Web (WWW or Web), post questions to electronic bulletin boards, and communicate thoughts and ideas using an e-mail listserv. Many studies describe how teachers learn about telecommunications technology, the kind of support required for teachers to implement such tools effectively, and the obstacles that teachers must overcome to successfully incorporate them into their daily practice (Bos, Krajcik, & Patrick, 1995; Caggiano, Audet, & Abegg, 1995; Casey, 1994; Casey & Vogt, 1994; Russett, 1994; Russett, 1995; Sunal & Sunal, 1992; Weir, 1992).
The Graduate Record Examination and the Minority Student

As the role of standardized tests has increased in the admission process for higher education, more questions have been raised surrounding the effectiveness of these measures for minority and economically deprived students. Because of a lack of relevant data prior to 1974–1975, the Graduate Record Examination Board (GREB), in response to these expressed concerns, cited the findings of studies of other tests similar to the GRE that suggest that, given the traditional nature of a curriculum of academic study, standardized tests predict as well for minorities as for the traditional student (Cleary and Hilton, 1968; Cleary, 1968; Biag-gio, 1966). With data on the GRE population now available, the GREB is currently sponsoring research that will more directly test the above hypothesis.
Geometry of Former Subglacial Water Channels and Cavities

The spatial pattern of the formerly active processes of water flow, cavitation, abrasion, dissolution, and precipitation at the base of a small cirque glacier has been reco nstructed by detailed mapping of surficial features on recently deglaci ated limestone bedrock near the glacier terminus. Our interpre tation of these features, which reflect basal conditions averaged over a period of several or several tens of years, leads us to the following conclusions: I. A nearly continuous, non-arbore scent network of cavities and incised channels existed and probably acted as the primary drainage of melt waters. This network evolved through time as many channels were filled, perhaps intermittently, by basal ice. 2. At least 20% of the glacier sole was separated from the bed by water-fil led cavities. The rest of the glacier-rock interface character istically comprises a very thin water film. 3. Abrasion was locally intensified, relative to chemical alteration, in 5-10 m wide zones paralleli ng the ice-flow dire ction, perhaps as a result of locally enhanced sheet flow of subglacial water. RESUME. Geometrie d'anciens che nallx et cavites sOlls- glac iaires. Le develo ppement spatial de processus
Optical carry-free addition and borrow-free subtraction using signed-digit numbers

In this paper, a simple recoded trinary signed-digit (TSD) number representation for parallel optical computing is proposed. This technique performs multi-digit carry-free addition and borrow-free subtraction in constant time using only 50% of the minterms required in the most recently reported TSD arithmetic technique. >
Practice Theory in Language Learning

Ortega (2011) has argued that second language acquisition is stronger and better after the social turn. Of the post-cognitive approaches she reviews, several focus on the social context of language learning rather than on language as the central phenomenon. In this article, we present Practice Theory not as yet another approach to language learning, but as a philosophical and methodological frame within which the interplay between social context and language learning can be understood. We review the work of Bourdieu, de Certeau, Foucault, Giddens, and Goffman, who argue for the centrality of practice in human semiosis. Through analysis of introspective accounts by ten first-generation/working class students of their foreign language learning experiences, we show how Practice Theory reveals a dialectic between the immediate experiences of language learners and the durable and transposable dispositions emanating from and integrating their past experiences.
Ideology and the Study of Religion: Marx, Althusser, and Foucault

Karl Marx famously argued that ideology advances the interests of the ruling class. As a means of challenging the mystification of social relations, he initiated a project of ideology critique, a project that remains important to this day. This article explores three branches of ideology critique, focusing on the legacies of Marx, Althusser, and Foucault.
Vapor pressure of phenethyl alcohol in an aqueous hydrotrope solution

The vapor pressures of phenethyl alcohol in aqueous solutions of sodium xylene sulfonate were determined by headspace gas chromatography analysis. The results, surprisingly, showed the vapor pressure to be a function of only the fragrance-hydrotrope mole fraction and independent of hydrotrope concentration, when the latter exceeded a critical concentration.
Long-Term Survival in Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme

Few patients with glioblastoma multiforme survive more than 5 years. To identify the factors associated with long-term survival, patients with primary supratentorial glioblastoma multiforme diagnosed between 1969 and 1985 were identified from our computer data base. Twenty-two (5%) of the 449 patients identified survived at least 5 years after surgical diagnosis. There were 12 female and 10 male patients, with a mean age of 39.2 years (range, 15 to 63 yr). Twenty patients had a subtotal resection, and 2 had a gross total resection. The median duration of survival was 9.4 years. As of August 1, 1992, 10 patients were alive 5.2 to 13.6 years after diagnosis, and 1 patient was lost to follow-up after 9.4 years. Ten patients died from their tumors; 2 patients with stable tumors died, 1 from a ruptured intracranial aneurysm and 1 from erythromycin-induced hepatitis. Unusual sequelae were noted in irradiated areas in several cases. One patient had a scalp sarcoma and a basal cell carcinoma, and three patients had strokes; each of these events occurred more than 5 years after diagnosis. We conclude that among patients with glioblastoma multiforme, long-term survival is most likely for those who have a long disease-free interval after the initial diagnosis and receive multimodal therapy, including aggressive tumor removal. Other factors associated with long-term survival were younger age and high Karnofsky scores.
Morphology and Electronic Structure of the Oxide Shell on the Surface of Iron Nanoparticles

An iron (Fe) nanoparticle exposed to air at room temperature will be instantly covered by an oxide shell that is typically approximately 3 nm thick. The nature of this native oxide shell, in combination with the underlying Fe(0) core, determines the physical and chemical behavior of the core-shell nanoparticle. One of the challenges of characterizing core-shell nanoparticles is determining the structure of the oxide shell, that is, whether it is FeO, Fe(3)O(4), gamma-Fe(2)O(3), alpha-Fe(2)O(3), or something else. The results of prior characterization efforts, which have mostly used X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy, electron diffraction, and transmission electron microscopic imaging, have been framed in terms of one of the known Fe-oxide structures, although it is not necessarily true that the thin layer of Fe oxide is a known Fe oxide. In this Article, we probe the structure of the oxide shell on Fe nanoparticles using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) at the oxygen (O) K-edge with a spatial resolution of several nanometers (i.e., less than that of an individual particle). We studied two types of representative particles: small particles that are fully oxidized (no Fe(0) core) and larger core-shell particles that possess an Fe core. We found that O K-edge spectra collected for the oxide shell in nanoparticles show distinct differences from those of known Fe oxides. Typically, the prepeak of the spectra collected on both the core-shell and the fully oxidized particles is weaker than that collected on standard Fe(3)O(4). Given the fact that the origin of this prepeak corresponds to the transition of the O 1s electron to the unoccupied state of O 2p hybridized with Fe 3d, a weak pre-edge peak indicates a combination of the following four factors: a higher degree of occupancy of the Fe 3d orbital; a longer Fe-O bond length; a decreased covalency of the Fe-O bond; and a measure of cation vacancies. These results suggest that the coordination configuration in the oxide shell on Fe nanoparticles is defective as compared to that of their bulk counterparts. Implications of these defective structural characteristics on the properties of core-shell structured iron nanoparticles are discussed.
Pigment analysis and spectral assessment of spruce trees undergoing forest decline in the NE United States and Germany

Measurement of photosynthetic pigments as ground truth for remotely sensed spectra of boreal communities was tested. Chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations and ratios were obtained from needles of spruce trees which were healthy as well as those undergoing forest decline (Waldsterben) in Vermont (USA) and Baden-Wurttemberg (FR Germany). In needles of trees exhibiting forest decline symptoms, chlorophyll pigment concentrations were lower, chlorophyll b levels decreased relative to chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll (a + b) was less relative to total carotenoid, and percent of reflectance in the visible range was higher. Pigment and reflectance data differentiated between needles from healthy and declining sites. These results were compared to remotely sensed spectral data obtained by aircraft and satelitee. As a result of these initial comparisons, it appears that using photosynthetic pigments as ground truth for remotely sensed spectral data may be of value in developing techniques for differentiating undamaged and damaged tree canopies on a large spatial scale. Finally, similar pigment and reflectance properties characterized healthy and declining communities in both Vermont and Baden-Wurttemberg.
Automated work sampling with unbiased variance estimates

Abstract Work sampling is a work measurement tool that was over simplified during the slide rule era by assuming a binomial distribution for observation data totals. The binomial variance was then used to calculate the variance of the proportion estimate(s) and to determine the necessary number of observations needed to attain a certain accuracy. Now a variety of computer programs are being written to perform work sampling calculations incorporating the same quick, easy, but often biased variance estimates. When a sampling study extends over a relatively long period of time better variance estimates for the proportions are available which are essentially sample variances constructed from observation-round proportions, work shift proportions, or daily proportions. These alternate variance estimates will yield different accuracy claims and different determination of the number necessary additional study days, sometimes larger and sometimes smaller than the classic estimates. In the very practical case of unequal number of observations per round and/or per day these calculations are extremly time without a program but relatively simple in any computer language. A Fortran program is presented which calculates three different accuracies and numbers of additional study days (the classic estimates and two others), marking the one prefered based on the amount of data in the system at that point. Properly operated the program will periodically update a data file with additional study data until the operator is satisfied and terminates the work sampling study. Pace rating of work categories, when appropriate, can also be incorporated by the program to modify proportion estimates.
A Godunov-like point-centered essentially Lagrangian hydrodynamic approach

We present an essentially Lagrangian hydrodynamic scheme suitable for modeling complex compressible flows on tetrahedron meshes. The scheme reduces to a purely Lagrangian approach when the flow is linear or if the mesh size is equal to zero; as a result, we use the term essentially Lagrangian for the proposed approach. The motivation for developing a hydrodynamic method for tetrahedron meshes is because tetrahedron meshes have some advantages over other mesh topologies. Notable advantages include reduced complexity in generating conformal meshes, reduced complexity in mesh reconnection, and preserving tetrahedron cells with automatic mesh refinement. A challenge, however, is tetrahedron meshes do not correctly deform with a lower order (i.e. piecewise constant) staggered-grid hydrodynamic scheme (SGH) or with a cell-centered hydrodynamic (CCH) scheme. The SGH and CCH approaches calculate the strain via the tetrahedron, which can cause artificial stiffness on large deformation problems. To resolve the stiffness problem, we adopt the point-centered hydrodynamic approach (PCH) and calculate the evolution of the flow via an integration path around the node. The PCH approach stores the conserved variables (mass, momentum, and total energy) at the node. The evolution equations for momentum and total energy are discretized using an edge-based finite element (FE) approach with linear basis functions. A multidirectional Riemann-like problem is introduced at the center of the tetrahedron to account for discontinuities in the flow such as a shock. Conservation is enforced at each tetrahedron center. The multidimensional Riemann-like problem used here is based on Lagrangian CCH work 8,19,37,38,44 and recent Lagrangian SGH work 33-35,39,45. In addition, an approximate 1D Riemann problem is solved on each face of the nodal control volume to advect mass, momentum, and total energy. The 1D Riemann problem produces fluxes 18 that remove a volume error in the PCH discretization. A 2-stage Runge-Kutta method is used to evolve the solution in time. The details of the new hydrodynamic scheme are discussed; likewise, results from numerical test problems are presented.
Training For Intercultural Practice in Architecture and Planning

Training is the first issue facing potential practitioners of architecture and planning abroad. Unfortunately, while intercultural training programs are currently offered to people involved in the international marketing of products, little similar training is currently available in the realm of professional services. Such professional services account yearly for billions of dollars of work done abroad—that is, outside the U.S.A. In the case of building construction, for example, the value of services performed in foreign areas is more than ten times the value of product sales in the same markets.
Efficient unfolding procedure for DSP applications

An FSFG can be used to obtain a rate-optimal schedule. There are some criteria to measure the optimality. Normally, an iteration period bound (IPB) is used for the optimal implementation. If an iteration period (IP) is the same as the IPB, the schedule is called rate-optimal. Unfolding can reduce the IP and guarantee rate-optimal schedules with an optimum unfolding factor. A new unfolding procedure, called JK's unfolding, is introduced which has low complexity and can be described using graphical methods.