cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying Contextual Information in Document Classification using Term Weighting

Document classification particularly in biomedical research plays a vital role in extracting knowledge from medical literature, journal, article and report. To extract meaningful information such as signs, symptoms, diagnoses and treatments of any disease by classification, the context needs to be considered. The need to automatically extract key information from medical text has been widely accepted and it has been proven that search based approaches are limited in their ability. This paper presents a novel method of information identification for a particular disease using Gaussian Naive Bayes and feature weighting approach that is then classified by the context. It is useful to enhance the effectiveness of analytics by considering the importance of the term as well as the probability of every feature of the disease during classification. Experimental results show that our method upgrades performance of classification system and is an improvement from traditional classification system.
Role of Postoperative Antibiotics in Patients Undergoing Type I Thyroplasty with Gore-Tex Implant.

Summary Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the need for postoperative antibiotic administration in patients undergoing type I thyroplasty performed with Gore-Tex implant. Study Design Retrospective analysis. Methods Medical records of patients from a quaternary care laryngology practice who underwent type I thyroplasty for glottic insufficiency using Gore-Tex (W.L. Gore, Newark, Delaware) implant between the years 2013 and 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. Subjects were divided into two groups determined by those who did or did not receive routine postoperative antibiotics. All patients received two grams of cefazolin IV (for the standard 70-kilogram patient), and 10 mg of dexamethasone as a one-time dose given 10 minutes prior to incision. Patients allergic to cefazoline who received a single preoperative dose of 600 mg of clindamycin IV. All subjects were seen in the office at least three times after the procedure: one day, one week, and approximately six weeks following surgery. Statistical analysis was performed on the collected data using χ2 analysis for categorical data and a student t test for means. A P value of less than 0.01 was considered significant. Results There was no significant difference in infection rate or other complications between groups. Conclusion Routine use of antibiotics following type I thyroplasty with Gore-Tex (W.L. Gore, Newark, Delaware) appears unnecessary.
Manifolds Without Complex Tangents

Let X be a compact set in C n which lies on a smooth k-dimensional (real) submanifold ∑ of C n . Assume that X is polynomially convex. Under what conditions on ∑ can we conclude that P(X) = C(X)?
Detection of quantitative trait loci associated with drought tolerance in St. Augustinegrass.

St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) is a warm-season grass species commonly utilized as turf in the southeastern US. Improvement in the drought tolerance of St. Augustinegrass has significant value within the turfgrass industry. Detecting quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with drought tolerance will allow for advanced breeding strategies to identify St. Augustinegrass germplasm with improved performance for this trait. A multi-year and multi-environment study was performed to identify QTL in a ‘Raleigh’ x ‘Seville’ mapping population segregating for phenotypic traits associated with drought tolerance. Phenotypic data was collected from a field trial and a two-year greenhouse study, which included relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content (CHC), leaf firing (LF), leaf wilting (LW), green cover (GC) and normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI). Significant phenotypic variance was observed and a total of 70 QTL were detected for all traits. A genomic region on linkage group R6 simultaneously harbored QTL for RWC, LF and LW in different experiments. In addition, overlapping QTL for GC, LF, LW and NDVI were found on linkage groups R1, R5, R7 and S2. Sequence alignment analysis revealed several drought response genes within these regions. The QTL identified in this study have potential to be used in the future to identify genes associated with drought tolerance and for use in marker-assisted breeding.
Industrial Reform, Progressivism, and Socialism

The nineteenth century was an era of ideologues whose ideas and writings dramatically changed the human condition, political relationships, and economic theories. Intellectual figures, like Giuseppe Mazzini, laid out arguments for national identities and constitutional government, and others like Joseph Ernest Renan provided problematic foundations for race theory. Arguably, no other nineteenth-century figure altered the world more than Karl Marx with his theories on economic dislocation, class conflict, and socio-political revolution. Published in 1848, the Communist Manifesto, co-authored with Friedrich Engels, laid the foundation for a revolutionary revision on the political left and the modern industrial society.
State of palliative care services at US cancer centers: An updated national survey

BACKGROUND This study examined the changes in outpatient palliative care services at US cancer centers over the past decade. METHODS Between April and August 2018, all National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated cancer centers and a random sample of 1252 non-NCI-designated cancer centers were surveyed. Two surveys used previously in a 2009 national study were sent to each institution: a 22-question cancer center executive survey regarding palliative care infrastructure and attitudes toward palliative care and an 82-question palliative care program leader survey regarding detailed palliative care structures and processes. Survey findings from 2018 were compared with 2009 data from 101 cancer center executives and 96 palliative care program leaders. RESULTS The overall response rate was 69% (140 of 203) for the cancer center executive survey and 75% (123 of 164) for the palliative care program leader survey. Among NCI-designated cancer centers, a significant increase in outpatient palliative care clinics was observed between 2009 and 2018 (59% vs 95%; odds ratio, 12.3; 95% confidence interval, 3.2-48.2; P < .001) with no significant changes in inpatient consultation teams (92% vs 90%; P = .71), palliative care units (PCUs; 26% vs 40%; P = .17), or institution-operated hospices (31% vs 18%; P = .14). Among non-NCI-designated cancer centers, there was no significant increase in outpatient palliative care clinics (22% vs 40%; P = .07), inpatient consultation teams (56% vs 68%; P = .27), PCUs (20% vs 18%; P = .76), or institution-operated hospices (42% vs 23%; P = .05). The median interval from outpatient palliative care referral to death increased significantly, particularly for NCI-designated cancer centers (90 vs 180 days; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Despite significant growth in outpatient palliative care clinics, there remain opportunities for improvement in the structures and processes of palliative care programs.
COVID-19 and the Central Dogma: an Activity To Improve Student Learning and Engagement.

The Central Dogma of molecular biology describes the transfer of genetic information within organisms and is a core concept in the biological sciences. However foundational, the Central Dogma is often misrepresented when taught in introductory college biology courses. In particular, the Central Dogma is often taught with a requisite DNA step, an incorrect conception that omits the possibility of RNA-based molecular systems, such as SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. In this new contribution, we offer a practical way to clarify correct conceptions and make them immediately relevant through COVID-19. In this new digital ‘sorting cards’ activity, students collaboratively synthesize and map their knowledge of core molecular biology. Building off of the typically-presented concepts of the Central Dogma, we also introduce two sorting card “expansion packs” for double-stranded DNA viruses and single-stranded RNA viruses. We provide activity templates for all sets of cards using a free web-based collaborative platform suitable for sudden shifts to online learning (as in our implementation), pre-planned online learning, and in-person classes. While truly hands-on activities can be difficult to replicate in the context of online learning, the use of collaborative websites and creative freedom in this activity encourages student engagement in and ownership of their learning.
Clinical and Paraclinical Measures Associated with Outcome in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy with Related Inflammation.

Background Cerebral amyloid angiopathy with related inflammation (CAA-ri) is a rare age-associated disorder characterized by an inflammatory response to amyloid in cerebral blood vessels. CAA-ri is often treated with corticosteroids, but response to treatment is variable. Objective To assess the relationship between clinical and paraclinical measures and outcomes in patients with CAA-ri treated with high doses of methylprednisolone. Methods Longitudinal clinical course, and results from serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing, electroencephalography, and neuroimaging were reviewed from 11 prospectively-accrued CAA-ri patients diagnosed, treated, and followed at Barnes Jewish Hospital (St. Louis, MO, USA). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes were quantified using a scoring system validated in cases of amyloid related imaging abnormality (ARIA-E). Clinical outcomes were assessed as change in modified Rankin Scale (ΔmRS) from baseline to final assessment (median 175 days from treatment with high doses of methylprednisolone; range, 31-513). Results Worse outcomes following methylprednisolone treatment were associated with requirement for intensive care unit admission (median ΔmRS, 5 versus 1.5; p = 0.048), CSF pleocytosis (median ΔmRS 4.5 versus 1; p = 0.04), or lower CSF Aβ 40 at presentation (rho = -0.83; p = 0.02), and diffusion restriction (median ΔmRS 4 versus 1.5; p = 0.03) or higher late ARIA-E scores (rho = 0.70; p = 0.02) on MRI, but not preexisting cognitive decline (median ΔmRS 2 versus 2; p = 0.66). Conclusion Clinical and paraclinical measures associated with outcomes may inform clinical counseling and treatment decisions in patients with CAA-ri. Baseline cognitive status was not associated with treatment responsiveness.
Vision signals and the language of vision descriptions in the prophets

In the prophetic literature, vision descriptions (which are not to be equated with ‘vision reports’) have certain temporal and deictic orientations. Temporally, they are either past, as the vision ...
Abstract P151: Acculturation Predicts Activity-specific Parenting Practices In Hispanic/Latino Youth

Background: Hispanic youth are less physically active and more sedentary than non-Hispanic youth, contributing to relatively high rates of obesity among the nation’s largest ethnic minority group. ...
In principle obstacles for empathic AI: why we can’t replace human empathy in healthcare

What are the limits of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the relational aspects of medical and nursing care? There has been a lot of recent work and applications showing the promise and efficiency of AI in clinical medicine, both at the research and treatment levels. Many of the obstacles discussed in the literature are technical in character, regarding how to improve and optimize current practices in clinical medicine and also how to develop better data bases for optimal parameter adjustments and predictive algorithms. This paper argues that there are also in principle obstacles to the application of AI in clinical medicine and care where empathy is important, and that these problems cannot be solved with any of the technical and theoretical approaches that shape the current application of AI in specific areas of clinical medicine in which care for patients is fundamental. This is important, because it generates specific risks that may be overlooked otherwise, and it justifies the necessity of human monitoring and emotional intervention in clinical medicine. Consequently, difficult issues concerning moral and legal responsibility may ensue if these in principle problems are ignored.
Predicting Oral Beta-lactam susceptibilities against Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Oral beta-lactam antimicrobials are not routinely tested against Streptococcus pneumoniae due to presumed susceptibility based upon penicillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing. Currently, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute provides comments to use penicillin MIC ≤0.06 to predict oral cephalosporin susceptibility. However, no guidance is provided when cefotaxime MIC is known, leading to uncertainty with interpretation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate cefotaxime and penicillin MICs and their respective correlation to oral beta-lactam categorical susceptibility patterns. 249 S. pneumoniae isolates were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF) and then tested by broth microdilution method to penicillin, cefotaxime, amoxicillin, cefdinir, cefpodoxime, and cefuroxime. Using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) non-meningitis breakpoints for cefotaxime, 240/249 isolates were classified as susceptible. Of the cefotaxime susceptible isolates, 23% of the isolates are misrepresented as cefdinir susceptible. Amoxicillin correlated well with penicillin MIC breakpoints with only 1 discordant isolate out of 249. The correlation between amoxicillin and penicillin creates a very reliable predictor to determine categorical susceptibility. However oral cephalosporins were not well predicted by either penicillin or cefotaxime leading to the possible risk of treatment failures. Caution should be used when transitioning to oral cephalosporins in cefotaxime susceptible isolates, especially with higher cefotaxime MICs.
IL-33- and IL-25-responsive innate lymphoid cells are present in human peripheral blood. (P6237)

Recent advances in the initiation and maintenance of type 2 immune responses have highlighted a new cell type, the type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2). Studies using mouse models show that ILC2s mediate helminth clearance in the gut and development of airway hyperresponsiveness in the lung. Further, the epithelium-derived cytokines IL-25 and IL-33 are integral to this process. However, how ILC2s contribute to chronic human airway diseases such as asthma and how IL-25 and IL-33 mediate that effect are not well characterized. Here we show that human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) respond to IL-33 or IL-25 stimulation by making IL-5 and IL-13. CD3+ and CD16+ PBMCs are not required. Furthermore, an ILC2-like cell that is lineage-negative and CD44+CD127+ST2+ is present in the peripheral blood of a subject with asthma. IL-5 production was induced by IL-33 or IL-25 in PBMCs from normal individuals as well as from patients with allergic rhinitis or allergic asthma, however, PBMCs from the group with asthma released significantly higher amounts. Our data suggests that the number and function of ILC2s is greater in patients with allergic asthma than in healthy subjects or patients with allergic rhinitis. Thus, ILC2s may be involved in the development of type 2 airway diseases.
An NTIS case study: A skirmish in the privatization wars

Abstract This article examines recent efforts to privatize the National Technical Information Service; there is also a brief review of previous attempts at privatization with a discussion of the complex drama that has unfolded over two decades, frequently leading to conflict. The emphasis is on the policy-making process itself — who brought the issue to the policy agenda, who the participants are in the development of the policy issues, the alternatives that have developed, and where the issue now stands in the policy process.
Liquid-liquid partition chromatography

Abstract Two similar partition chromatographic systems are described. Acetonitrile or 2-chloroethanol is used as the stationary phase on a celite column and hexane saturated with acetonitrile or 2-chloroethanol is the mobile phase. Both are suitable for the separation of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of saturated aldehydes, saturated methyl ketones, 2-enals, and 2,4-dienals. Details of column preparation and operation are given. Graphs indicating the separations to be expected from each of the four homologous series are included.
Suicide in America—Moving Up the Public Health Agenda

Despite improvements in the health of Americans over the last 30 years, the problem of suicide, and its disturbing rise in the last three decades, remains a major American health riddle. Recognizing suicide as a public health concern is essential to discovering strategies to prevent suicide. Such strategies and prevention efforts must be multifaceted, incorporating a number of public health principles and approaches. These approaches include the refinement of epidemiological methods in the study of suicide; development of health education, information, and intervention programs dealing with suicide; and increased community awareness of and participation in all suicide prevention efforts.
The Performance of Adaptive Routers on Worst Case Permutations

Chaotic routing [4, 13, 14] is a randomized, nonminimal adaptive routing algorithm for multicomputers. An adaptive routing algorithm is one in which the path a packet takes from its source to its destination may depend on other packets it encounters. Such algorithms potentially avoid network bottlenecks by routing packets around “hot spots.” Minimal adaptive routing algorithms have the additional advantage that the path each packet takes is a shortest one.
Effect of a Home-Based Virtual Reality Intervention for Children with Cerebral Palsy Using Super Pop VR Evaluation Metrics: A Feasibility Study

Objective. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether Super Pop VR, a low-cost virtual reality (VR) system, was a feasible system for documenting improvement in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and whether a home-based VR intervention was effective. Methods. Three children with CP participated in this study and received an 8-week VR intervention (30 minutes × 5 sessions/week) using the commercial EyeToy Play VR system. Reaching kinematics measured by Super Pop VR and two fine motor tools (Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency second edition, BOT-2, and Pediatric Motor Activity Log, PMAL) were tested before, mid, and after intervention. Results. All children successfully completed the evaluations using the Super Pop VR system at home where 85% of the reaches collected were used to compute reaching kinematics, which is compatible with literature using expensive motion analysis systems. Only the child with hemiplegic CP and more impaired arm function improved the reaching kinematics and functional use of the affected hand after intervention. Conclusion. Super Pop VR proved to be a feasible evaluation tool in children with CP.
Differences in clinical and convalescent phase antibodies of rhesus monkeys infected with monkey pox, Tanapox, and Yaba poxviruses

Complement-fixing and complement-fixing inhibiting (CFI) antibodies were demonstrated in the clinical and convalescent stages, respectively, of rhesus monkeys infected with either monkey poxvirus, Tanapoxvirus, or Yaba poxvirus. Specificity of the CFI antibody was confirmed by its failure to cross-react with heterologous poxvirus antigens and by experiments demonstrating the CFI test as being antigen dependent. Serum containing CFI antibody neutralized homologous poxvirus but failed to agglutinate antigen-coated, tanned red blood cells. The application of CFI test as a seroepidemiologic tool for studies of poxvirus infection of man and simian monkeys and the biologic role of CFI antibody in pathogenesis were discussed.
Use of selected complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments in veterans with cancer or chronic pain: a cross-sectional survey

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is emerging as an important form of care in the United States. We sought to measure the prevalence of selected CAM use among veterans attending oncology and chronic pain clinics and to describe the characteristics of CAM use in this population. The self-administered, mail-in survey included questions on demographics, health beliefs, medical problems and 6 common CAM treatments (herbs, dietary supplements, chiropractic care, massage therapy, acupuncture and homeopathy) use. We used the chi-square test to examine bivariate associations between our predictor variables and CAM use. Seventy-two patients (27.3%) reported CAM use within the past 12 months. CAM use was associated with more education (p = 0.02), higher income (p = 0.006), non-VA insurance (p = 0.003), additional care outside the VA (p = 0.01) and the belief that lifestyle contributes to illness (p = 0.015). The diagnosis of chronic pain versus cancer was not associated with differential CAM use (p = 0.15). Seventy-six percent of CAM non-users reported that they would use it if offered at the VA. Use of 6 common CAM treatments among these veterans is lower than among the general population, but still substantial. A large majority of veterans reported interest in using CAM modalities if they were offered at the VA. A national assessment of veteran interest in CAM may assist VA leaders to respond to patients' needs.
SOMATIC MUTATION FAVORS THE EVOLUTION OF DIPLOIDY

Explanation of diploidy have focused on advantages gained from masking deleterious mutations that are inherited. Recent theory has shown that these explanations are flawed. Indeed, we still lack any satisfactory explanation of diploidy in species that are asexual or that recombine only rarely. Here I consider a possibility first suggested by Efroimson in 1932, by Muller in 1964 and by Crow and Kimura in 1965: diploidy may provide protection against somatic, not inherited, mutations. I both compare the mean fitness of haploid and diploid populations that are asexual and investigate the invasion of "diploidy" alleles in sexual populations. When deleterious mutations are partially recessive and somatic mutation is sufficiently common, somatic mutation provides a clear advantage to diploidy in both asexual and sexual species.
Maintaining Quality Metadata: Toward Effective Digital Resource Lifecycle Management

Book chapter on maintaining quality metadata and effective digital resource lifecycle management.
The Viking Orbiter cameras' potential for photometric measurement

Although photometry of Mars is not listed as a major mission objective, the Viking Project has provided the Orbiter Imaging Team with cameras exhibiting significant improvement in photometric measurement as compared with past Mariners. Sample calibration data are described, together with predicted performance capabilities.
Surface Science of Heterogeneous Reactions

Some of the present and future directions for surface science as a growing and naturally interdisciplinary subject are reviewed. Particular attention is given to surface reaction chemistry as it is related to heterogenous catalysis, a subject area where there are abundant opportunities for detailed measurements of structure and dynamics at the molecular level.
ONE-DIMENSIONAL DETONATION INITIATION

The x-t observation of one-dimensional initiation behind a reflected shock wave in hydrogenoxygen-argon mixtures is extended to include simultaneous density measurement using an optical interferometer. The wave pattern observed experimentally is reproduced theoretically using a nonsteady method-of-characteristics analysis with reasonable postulates for the reaction kinetics and shock heating. The close agreement between the theoretical and experimental results shows that in this case the initiation occurs as the result of an adiabatic explosion wave generated by reflected shock heating. The usefulness of this concept of initiation in understanding the mechanism of other initiation phenomena is discussed briefly.
Preparation of ester terminated poly(alkyl vinyl ether) oligomers and block copolymers using a combination of living cationic and group transfer polymerization

This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of new, functionalized poly(alkyl vinyl ether) oligomers, and block copolymers containing poly(alkyl vinyl ether) and poly(methyl methacrylate). Using the HI/ZnI2 initiating system in nonpolar solvents (hexane, toluene) at -15 °C, both monofunctional and difunctional poly(alkyl vinyl ether) oligomers of predicted molecular weights precisely terminated with ester end groups have been prepared. Novel diblock copolymers comprised of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(alkyl vinyl ether) have also been synthesized using a combination of living cationic and living group transfer polymerization (GTP) techniques.
Leg swelling, comfort and fatigue when sitting, standing, and sit/standing

Abstract This study determined the differences in lower leg swelling, discomfort, and fatigue for three different conditions: sitting, standing, and using a sit–stand chair. On three different days, 18 subjects with no previous lower extremity problems sat in (1) an office chair, (2) a sit/stand chair, and (3) stood for 90 min. Leg volume changes the most when using the sit/stand chair (81.7 cm3) and least when sitting (38.2 cm3). The largest percent change in circumference occurred while sit/standing (2.9%) and the least when standing (1.7%). Subjective comfort ratings show that sitting is the most comfortable, using the sit/stand chair causes slight discomfort in the upper back, hips, and upper legs, and standing causes the most discomfort in the entire lower body, the feet in particular. Sitting causes the least fatigue and standing causes the most. Relevance to industry The forward-sloping chair is a new concept starting to be introduced to the industries where standing for long periods of time is required. This data can be used to aid in the decision to use sit/stand chairs in industry.
Traditional versus Integrated Preservice Teacher Education Curriculum: A Case Study

This empirical study is intended to assess whether a standards-based integrated teacher preparation curriculum is more beneficial in developing professional competencies than a traditional course-oriented curriculum at a college of education in a state university. Using multivariate analysis of variance, we found that students who went through the new integrated curriculum reported higher levels of professional preparation in all 13 standards and competency areas than those who went through the traditional course-oriented curriculum. This finding remained strong even when the teaching majors were included and controlled as another factor variable. Students in the integrated curriculum and those in the traditional curriculum had comparable characteristics, high school grade point averages (GPAs), and college GPAs. Additional related findings and suggestions for future studies also emerged.
Chromatographic characterization of dynorphin and [Leu5]enkephalin immunoreactivity in guinea pig and rat testis.

Abstract Tissues of the reproductive tract have been shown to contain mRNAs coding for pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), pro-enkephalin and pro-dynorphin. However, the amounts of immunoreactive opioid peptides in these tissues are low, and in the case of the enkephalins and dynorphin, the molecular species responsible for the immunoreactivities have not been characterized. The chromatographic properties of dynorphin and enkephalin immunoreactivities in extracts of guinea pig and rat testis have therefore been determined. Dynorphin A and dynorphin B immunoreactivity was heterogeneous, with a significant amount attributable to high-molecular-weight forms. About 20% of the dynorphin A immunoreactivity, and about 40% of the dynorphin B immunoreactivity, in guinea pig testis extracts behaved as authentic dynorphin A or B, respectively during fractionation by ion exchange, gel filtration and high-performance liquid chromatography. Both high- and low-molecular-weight forms of [Leu5]enkephalin immunoreactivity were also present, with roughly 50–70% of the immunoreactivity attributable to low-molecular-weight forms. In extracts of guinea pig testis only a small part of this immunoreactivity eluted as authentic [Leu5]enkephalin during high-performance liquid chromatrography. In rat testis most of the low-molecular-weight [Leu5]enkephalin immunoreactivity behaved as the authentic peptide. These results confirm that opioid peptides are produced in guinea pig and rat testis, and demonstrate that immunoreactive forms of the peptides similar to those found in brain and pituitary are present in the tissue.
The rise of bilaterians

Recently Shen et al. have argued that the Ediacaran faunas from Avalon-Charnwood [580–560 million years ago (MA)], the White Sea-Flinders Range (560–550 MA) and Namibia (550–543 MA) occupied the same morphospace even though these faunas differed in species composition, ecology, biogeography and age. The traits they used to characterise these faunas could not distinguish between important promorphological features such as radial vs. bilaterian and unitary vs. colonial animals. Their inappropriate assignment of symmetry properties led to the homogenisation of morphospace in these different faunas. Another way to examine shifts in morphospace involves sorting out radial vs. bilaterian and unitary vs. colonial genera in terms of their time of first appearance in the fossil record. While genera with both kinds of symmetry properties and unitary and colonial animals were present during the early Ediacaran, there was a large proportional increase in new bilaterian genera and a decrease in colonial genera beginni...
Equilibrium analysis of macroscopic traffic oscillations

Abstract Using a simple network model with two parallel links connecting a diverge and a merge, this paper studies under what conditions traffic oscillations may be initiated and propagated in a traffic stream, specially at freeway bottlenecks. Drivers are assumed to minimize either the experienced or instantaneous travel times, and in doing so, they settle at a Wardrop (day-to-day) equilibrium or a Boston (within-day) traffic equilibrium, respectively. We prove that the path travel time function in our model is not monotone, and show that this property leads to multiple Wardrop equilibria, of which only one is both stable and efficient. The paper shows that periodic traffic oscillations do not arise from Wardrop equilibria. Trivial oscillations exist at Boston equilibria, which are caused by drivers’ overreaction to traffic conditions. However, periodic oscillations are likely to emerge when (1) transitions between stable and unstable equilibria take place, and more importantly, (2) drivers make decisions based on out-of-date information of traffic conditions. The latter finding is useful in guiding control practice at freeway bottlenecks and work zones to prevent traffic oscillations.
A model for the cutting force system in the gear broaching process

A mechanistic model for the cutting force system in a broaching process is developed. The broach geometry considered in the analysis is for a production operation used to produce an internal helical ring gear. The model for the force system is based on a description of the instantaneous chip load geometry and a relationship between the chip load and the three-dimensional cutting force system. The chip load geometry is based on the process kinematics and the involute-shaped cutting teeth of the broach. Shaping tests are performed to develop empirical equations for the cutting and thrust pressures. The model is validated through a comparison with actual forces generated during the production process.
Effects of a gerF (lgt) Mutation on the Germination of Spores of Bacillus subtilis

One of the proteins of the membrane-bound receptors that recognize individual nutrients that trigger germination of spores of Bacillus subtilis contains the recognition sequence for diacylglycerol addition to a cysteine residue near the protein's N terminus. B. subtilis spores lacking the gerF (lgt) gene that codes for prelipoprotein diacylglycerol transferase exhibited significantly slowed germination in response to nutrient germinants as found previously, but germination of gerF spores with a mixture of Ca2+ and dipicolinic acid or with dodecylamine was normal, as was the spontaneous germination of gerF spores lacking all nutrient germinant receptors. The deleterious effects of the gerF mutation on nutrient germination were highest on germination triggered by the GerA nutrient receptor and were less so (but still significant) on germination triggered by the GerB nutrient receptor. However, there was little, if any, effect on GerK nutrient receptor-mediated spore germination. As predicted from the latter results, replacement by alanine of the cysteine residue to which diacylglycerol is thought to be added to these nutrient receptors had a large effect on GerA receptor function, less effect on GerB receptor function, and little, if any, effect on GerK receptor function.
Labor saved, calories lost: the energetic impact of domestic labor-saving devices.

Objective: As the prevalence of obesity has increased, so has sedentariness. Progressive sedentariness has been attributed to greater use of labor saving devices, such as washing machines, and less nonexercise walking (e.g., walking to work). However, there is a paucity of data to support this conclusion. In this study, we address the hypothesis that domestic mechanization of daily tasks has resulted in less energy expenditure compared with performing the same tasks manually. Research Methods and Procedures: Energy expenditure was measured in four groups of subjects (122 healthy adult men and women total) from Rochester, Minnesota. Energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry while subjects performed structured tasks such as cleaning dishes and clothes, stair climbing, and work-associated transportation, and these values were compared with the respective mechanized activity. Results: Energy expenditure was significantly greater and numerically substantial when daily domestic tasks were performed without the aid of machines or equipment (clothes washing: 45 ± 14 vs. 27 ± 9 kcal/d; dish washing: 80 ± 28 vs. 54 ± 19 kcal/d; transportation to work: 83 ± 17 vs. 25 ± 3 kcal/d; stair climbing: 11 ± 7 vs. 3 ± 1 kcal/d; p < 0.05). The combined impact of domestic mechanization was substantial and equaled 111 kcal/d. Discussion: The magnitude of the energetic impact of the mechanized tasks we studied was sufficiently great to contribute to the positive energy balance associated with weight gain. Efforts focused on reversing sedentariness have the potential to impact obesity.
A narrow biasing window for high density diamond nucleation on Ir/YSZ/Si(100) using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We present a comprehensive study of the parameter space for biasing the Ir(100) surface to determine the optimal conditions for high density heteroepitaxial diamond nucleation. The nucleation density was determined in a bias voltage range from 0 to 225 V, and methane concentration range from 0 to 10% using scanning electron microscopy imaging. These data show that high density nucleation exceeding 10 11 cm − 2 occurs only in a narrow bias voltage range from 125 to 175 V and a narrow methane concentration range from 1.5 to 3%. At bias voltages and methane concentrations outside of these windows epitaxial diamond nucleation densities fall abruptly to near zero. Using the conditions for high density epitaxial diamond nucleation 80 nm thick featureless continuous diamond films grow already after 20 min. In several microns thick films the misfit dislocations are confined within a narrow band of 1 μm near the diamond–Ir interface showing low residual stress according to x-ray diffraction measurements.
Isolation and characterization of isoprothrombin in the rat.

Abstract Isoprothrombin, a protein antigenically related to prothrombin, which accumulates in the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum of vitamin K-deficient or warfarin-treated rats, has been isolated by affinity chromatography employing rat prothrombin antibodies linked to Sepharose. Isoprothrombin has the same molecular weight as prothrombin but a different mobility on disc gel electrophoresis, is not barium adsorbable nor activatable to thrombin by factor Xa. Isoprothrombin is converted to thrombin by Echis carinatus venom through the same intermediates as prothrombin.
EUVL ML blank fiducial mark generation via local heating

One of the greatest challenges for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) technology is the development of a nearly defect-free mask blanks. For EUVL mask blanks with a few printable multi-layer (ML) defects, several defect mitigation methodologies have been proposed. It includes directly repairing small ML phase and amplitude defects,1-2 mask absorber pattern proximity repair,3 and using absorber pattern to cover the ML defects. In each case, the ML defects first need to be identified and located during the ML blank defect inspection. To precisely locate the ML defects on the blank, fiducial marks on the ML blank are needed for mask alignment and defect location identification. In this study, we have demonstrated that EUVL mask ML blank fiducial mark with 60nm trench depth, which is more than 10X the required minimum detectable height of the defect inspection tool, can be generated via local heating. No material removal occurs. Therefore, it is a very clean process. These fiducial marks work for many inspection tools such as optical inspection tool, e-beam inspection tool, and EUV Aerial Image Monitor (AIM) inspection tool. The fiducial marks generated in the experiment were realized via laser heating. The locally heated Mo/Si ML converts to molybdenum silicide that has a low volume than that of Mo/Si ML. As a result, a trench or a mark is generated. The process is expected to have large process margin as the depth of the mark is determined by completely silicide the ML. Additional heating will not be able to further deepen the trench. Therefore, the temperature and heating time control should be loose.
Emanuel Goldberg, electronic document retrieval, and Vannevar Bush's Memex

Vannevar Bush's famous article, “As We May Think” (1945), described an imaginary information retrieval machine, the Memex. The Memex is usually viewed, unhistorically, in relation to subsequent developments using digital computers. This study reconstructs the little-known background of information retrieval in and before 1939 when “As We May Think” was originally written. The Memex was based on Bush's work during 1938–1940 in developing an improved photoelectric microfilm selector, an electronic retrieval technology pioneered by Emanuel Goldberg of Zeiss Ikon, Dresden, in the 1920s. Visionary statements by Paul Otlet (1934) and Walter Schurmeyer (1935) and the development of electronic document retrieval technology before Bush are examined. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Focusing the Future of Macromarketing

The future of macromarketing could be a bright one if the macromarketing community seizes the current opportunity to distinctively define macromarketing as a transdiscipline focused on societal development of all countries. As trans-disciplinary scholars, macromarketers would be versed in the paradigmatic assumptions of two or more fields with the goal of making a more fundamental contribution to core disciplines and the boundaries that separate them. Doing transdisciplinary work calls scholars to see “the whole picture” and to holistically understand the ways many disciplines interconnect when one considers macro issues facing not only individual societies but the planet as well. Some examples of such macro issues that cut across disciplines would include globalization, environmental stewardship, and consumer sovereignty.
Reduced order model for a lithium ion cell with uniform reaction rate approximation

Abstract The detailed isothermal electrochemical model for a lithium ion cell comprises of 10 coupled partial differential equations (PDEs). It is computationally intensive to use this model for detailed parameter estimation, battery packs, battery management system algorithms, calendar or cycle life predictions etc. This work describes a reduced order model framework, which reduces the detailed model PDEs, to a manageable set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which can be used for the above applications. Volume averaging PDEs yield ODEs. Hence volume averaging is the basic method used for model reduction. The gradient or profile information lost on volume averaging is recovered through profile based approximations. For the lowest order reduced order model (ROM), a uniform reaction rate, quadratic electrolyte concentrations and quartic solid phase concentrations are assumed. In this ROM only 5 linear ODEs are solved, and the rest are nonlinear algebraic evaluations. When compared with the detailed electrochemical model of a lithium ion cell, this ROM gives negligible error at nominal currents and a maximum error of about 3% at high currents, for a typical commercial cell.
Hydration versus strength in a portland cement developed from domestic mineral wastes — a comparative study

Abstract Early age hydration studies on fresh pastes of a Type I cement produced from local mineral tailings have been conducted by using thermal techniques such as DTA and TGA and degrees of hydration at varying time intervals have been estimated in terms of nonevaporable water and free calcium hydroxide incorporated in the hydration products. The results are subjected to an earlier proposed expression which gives a direct correlation between strength and degree of hydration for a given hydrating cement paste except for the period of low reactivity, commonly referred to as the dormant period exhibiting very low heat evolution in a calorimetric plot, when cement remains plastic while still undergoing a certain degree of hydration. It is noticed that the critical degree of hydration at which strength starts developing is a function of hydration time and theoretically corresponds to the termination of the acceleration period when tricalcium silicates and dicalcium silicates in the cement have hydrated to produce enough hydration products to intermesh and initiate early strength. The experimental data are compared with those of a commercially available Type I cement and are interpreted in terms of strength development as a function of hydration.
Decreased Elastic Energy Storage, Not Increased Material Stiffness, Characterizes Central Artery Dysfunction in Fibulin-5 Deficiency Independent of Sex

Central artery stiffness has emerged over the past 15 years as a clinically significant indicator of cardiovascular function and initiator of disease. Loss of elastic fiber integrity is one of the primary contributors to increased arterial stiffening in aging, hypertension, and related conditions. Elastic fibers consist of an elastin core and multiple glycoproteins; hence defects in any of these constituents can adversely affect arterial wall mechanics. In this paper, we focus on mechanical consequences of the loss of fibulin-5, an elastin-associated glycoprotein involved in elastogenesis. Specifically, we compared the biaxial mechanical properties of five central arteries-the ascending thoracic aorta, descending thoracic aorta, suprarenal abdominal aorta, infrarenal abdominal aorta, and common carotid artery-from male and female wild-type and fibulin-5 deficient mice. Results revealed that, independent of sex, all five regions in the fibulin-5 deficient mice manifested a marked increase in structural stiffness but also a marked decrease in elastic energy storage and typically an increase in energy dissipation, with all differences being most dramatic in the ascending and abdominal aortas. Given that the primary function of large arteries is to store elastic energy during systole and to use this energy during diastole to work on the blood, fibulin-5 deficiency results in a widespread diminishment of central artery function that can have significant effects on hemodynamics and cardiac function.
Simulating the Spread of a Virus in a Computer Network

In this paper we propose a simulation problem that can be used as an exercise in a simulation class using an excel add-on simulation package. Suppose that N objects computers, people, animals, plants are interacting in pairs. Every time unit for example, a second for a computer, a day or a week for people, each object randomly selects another object and contacts it. Suppose that one object is infected with a virus. How long will it take until all objects are infected? How many objects are infected after 5 time units? This process is a simplified model for the spread of AIDS among humans, computer viruses among computers, or any communicable disease among humans, animals, or plants.
Treatment of Acquired Nystagmus with Botulinum A Toxin

We injected botulinum A toxin into the retrobulbar space of one eye each in two patients who had acquired nystagmus with oscillopsia and decreased vision. After injection of 25 units of botulinum A toxin, visual acuity improved from 20/80 to 20/30 in one patient, and both patients were able to read and watch television. Improved vision lasted from five to 13 weeks. No adverse side effects were observed after a total of five injections in each patient.
Effects of humic and fulvic acids on aggregation of aqu/nC60 nanoparticles

Aggregation of fullerene nanoparticles (nC(60)) is a fundamental process influencing its environmental fate and transport, and toxicity. Using time-resolved dynamic light scattering we systematically investigated aggregation kinetics of nC(60) generated from extended mixing in water (termed as aqu/nC(60)) in a range of symmetrical monovalent (NaCl) or divalent (MgSO(4)) electrolyte concentrations with the presence/absence of model natural organic matter (NOM), i.e., Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) and fulvic acid (SRFA), at three pH levels (4, 7.8, 9.8). Electrophoretic mobility (EPM) data were interpreted according to the Ohshima's soft particle theory to obtain average characteristics of the adsorbed NOM layers, which was then used to explain the observed aggregation profiles. Results indicate that the presence of NOM stabilized aqu/nC(60), and SRHA was more effective than SRFA in suppressing aqu/nC(60) aggregation. The stabilization effect of NOM in the presence of NaCl was less pronounced than in the presence of MgSO(4), likely as a result of high aggregation potential of aqu/nC(60) in the presence of MgSO(4) due to effective charge screening and neutralization. The differential stabilization capacity between SRHA and SRFA could be explained by the structural and conformational characteristics of the adsorbed NOM layers by invoking steric repulsion, as determined by both the adsorbed layer thickness and the NOM affinity to aqu/nC(60). While this was true under most conditions, the discrepancy observed in the presence of MgSO(4) at pH 9.8 may be attributed to inter-particle aggregation through Mg(2+) binding with SRFA that is not included in steric repulsion theory.
Turbulent boundary layer over porous surfaces with different surface geometries

The turbulent boundary layer over three porous walls with different surface geometries was studied in order to investigate the individual influences of porosity and small roughness, as well as their combined effects, on turbulent boundary layer behavior. The tests were conducted in a 2 m x 2 m tunnel on a large axisymmetric model at speeds corresponding to Re(L) = 5,000,000-6,000,000. The development of the turbulent boundary layer was compared for that of sintered metal, bonded screening, and perforated sheet and then to that for the flow over a solid smooth wall and a solid, sand-roughened wall. The comparisons reveal that the effect of porosity is to shift the logarithmic region of the wall law down by a certain amount from the solid wall results and to increase the skin friction values by about 30-40%. The downward shift of the logarithmic region of the wall law and the increase of the skin friction value by the combined effects of small roughness and porosity are found to be roughly the sum of their individual effects.