cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of staff training methods for effective implementation of discrete trial teaching for learners with developmental disabilities

Discrete trial teaching is an effective procedure for teaching a variety of skills to children with autism. However, it must be implemented with high integrity to produce optimal learning. Behavioral Skills Training (BST) is a staff training procedure that has been demonstrated to be effective. However, BST is time and labor intensive, and with the high staff turnover in human service delivery settings, a more efficient staff training method is needed. A computer-based instruction (CBI) program could be an alternative if the program is as effective as BST but is more efficient and cost-effective. The current study compared computer-based instruction to BST to train novice undergraduate students to conduct discrete trial teaching. The two procedures were designed to include optimal instructional components but the delivery and specific response requirements varied across the two experimental conditions. Participants were matched on pre-test performance, randomly assigned to one of the conditions and reevaluated at the completion of training. This study compared the effectiveness, efficiency, and acceptability of the two training procedures to determine if CBI offered a viable alternative to BST. Results indicated that although both BST and CBI were effective at training participants to implement discrete trial teaching, BST was slightly but significantly more effective.
Effect of Amino Acids on the Nitrogenase System of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Yoch, D. C. (South Dakota State University, Brookings), and R. M. Pengra. Effect of amino acids on the nitrogenase system of Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol. 92:618–622. 1966.—The effect of exogenous amino acids and the free amino acid pool on the synthesis of the nitrogenase system of Klebsiella pneumoniae M5al (formerly Aerobacter aerogenes M5al) was investigated. When an actively N2-fixing culture was used to inoculate a medium containing a limiting concentration of NH4+, an induction lag period was observed. When either a single amino acid or a mixture of amino acids was substituted at the same nitrogen concentration, growth was uninterrupted by the induction period. It appears that a step or steps in the formation of the nitrogenase system are repressed by NH4+ and are not affected by amino acid N. The amino acids, far from repressing formation of nitrogenase as does NH4+, actually stimulate its formation. It appears that both free and amino nitrogen are used simultaneously. The amino acids that served concomitantly with N2 as a source of nitrogen were: aspartic acid, serine, threonine, leucine, and histidine. Of these amino acids, it was shown that aspartic acid is readily taken up by the cells. Of the amino acids not serving as an immediate nitrogen source, isoleucine is not taken up by the cells. The free amino acid pool of the cells was measured at the onset and termination of the induction period. Ninhydrin-positive material in the amino acid pool was depleted by 35% during the induction period.
Managing a parallel heap efficiently

We design a cost-optimal algorithm for managing a parallel heap on an exclusive-read and exclusive-write (EREW), parallel random access machine (PRAM) model. This is an improvement in space and time over the one recently proposed by Deo and Prasad [4]. Our approach efficiently employs p processors in the range 1 ≤ p ≤ n, where n is the maximum number of items in a parallel heap. It is assumed that a delete-think-insert cycle is repeatedly performed, and each processor requires an arbitrary but the same amount of time (called the think time) for processing an item which in turn generates at most α (a constant) new items. The time required for deleting p items of the highest priority from the parallel heap is O(1), while that for inserting at most αp new items is O(log n). With or without incorporating the think time, the speedup of our algorithm is proved to be linear, i.e. O(p). Using a global, working data structure for each level of the heap, it is shown that the additional memory space required for our parallel heap is much less than that for the existing one [4]. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm retains the strict priority ordering of a sequential heap.
What’s a Parent to Do? How Parents Respond to Notification of a Child’s Police Detention

The current qualitative study involved in-depth semistructured interviews with parents whose children had been taken into custody. Their initial emotional reactions, cognitive processing, and behavioral responses to their child’s detention were examined. Five themes emerged from the data: (1) Parents try to defer immediate interactions with the child rather than react out of emotion; (2) Parents feel anger toward their child, but disappointment and shock are more strongly expressed emotional responses; (3) Parents do not accept the behavior but do not reject their child; (4) Police behaviors communicate the seriousness of the act; and (5) The entire family suffers consequences from the child’s act. Findings highlight the experiences of the parents as they interacted with the juvenile justice system.
Phase stability of intermetallics in the AlTi system: A first-principles total-energy investigation

The phase stability of ordered Ti3Al, TiAl, and TiAl3 alloys is studied in various structures with first-principles total-energy calculations. The observed structures of these alloys are found to have lower energies than other competing structures. The calculated heats of formation are in good agreement with experiment. The most significant finding of these calculations is that for Ti3Al the cubic L12 structure is only slightly higher in energy than the observed hexagonal DO19 structure, i.e. 0.01 eV/atom. Based on the total-energy calculations, it is suggested that additions of ternary elements may be able to stabilize Ti3Al into the cubic L12 structure, which will presumably improve the ductility.
A Lag Adjusted Model for Postmarketing Surveillance of Adverse Drug Event Reports

This paper focuses on the development of a lag adjusted statistical model used in the testing procedure for detecting changes in the frequency of adverse drug event rates. The impact of a significant lag time between adverse drug event occurrence and report dates is studied. The approach in this paper to analyzing adverse drug event data of this nature is to propose a statistical model that uses a lag density function. Actual adverse drug event data for the prescription medication Seldane, along with simulated data, are used to test and compare the lag adjusted procedure to an existing procedure. Methods to adjust for a lag effect are reviewed and analyzed. Questions concerning the analysis and interpretation of adverse drug event data in light of the presence of a lag effect are posed.
Reassessing Residential Preferences for Redevelopment

While scholars argue that redevelopment and gentrification result in large part from the unique preferences of middle–class residents moving to neighborhoods after decades of flight, almost all of ...
On saturation-strip model of a permeable crack in a piezoelectric ceramic

The saturation-strip model for piezoelectric crack is re-examined in a permeable environment to analyze fracture toughness of a piezoelectric ceramic. In this study, a permeable crack is modeled as a vanishing thin but finite rectangular slit with surface charge deposited along crack surfaces. This permeable saturation crack model reveals that there exists a possible leaky mode for electrical field, which allows applied electric field passing through the dielectric medium inside a crack. By taking into account the leaky mode effect, a first-order approximated solution is obtained with respect to slit height, h0, in the analysis of electrical and mechanical fields in the vicinity of a permeable crack tip. The permeable saturation crack model presented here also considers the effect of charge distribution on crack surfaces, which may be caused by any possible charge-discharge process in the dielectric medium inside the crack. A closed form solution is obtained for the permeable crack perpendicular to the poling direction under both mechanical as well electrical loads. Both local and global energy release rates are calculated. Remarkably, the global energy release rate for a permeable crack has an expression, where M is elastic modulus, a is the half crack length, e is permittivity constant, and e is piezoelectric constant. This result is in a broad agreement with some experimental observations and may be served as the fracture criterion for piezoelectric materials. This contribution elucidates how an applied electric field affects crack growth in piezoelectric ceramic through its interaction with permeable environment surrounding a crack.
NONCONTINGENT PRESENTATION OF ATTENTION AND ALTERNATIVE STIMULI IN THE TREATMENT OF ATTENTION-MAINTAINED DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR

Previous research has demonstrated that destructive behavior may be reduced through noncontingent presentation of attention when attention is identified as the stimulus responsible for behavioral maintenance. Because it may not always be possible to deliver attention in all situations, we examined the extent to which alternative stimuli that have been identified through a choice assessment would substitute for attention (the functional analysis-based reinforcer) in a noncontingent reinforcement procedure. Prior to treatment, functional analyses demonstrated that the destructive behavior of 2 clients with mental retardation was maintained by adult attention. Next, a stimulus choice assessment identified highly preferred tangible items for the 2 clients. Finally, we compared the effectiveness of two noncontingent reinforcement procedures: continuous noncontingent access to attention and continuous noncontingent access to the tangible item identified in the choice assessment. For both clients, these noncontingent reinforcement procedures reduced destructive behavior. The results are discussed in terms of the clinical implications for the treatment of destructive behavior using functional and alternative stimuli.
The preparation of child care workers: the ethnographic study of the hidden problems of professionalization

This paper is based on ethnographic research conducted at an urban school that maintains a day care program. It focuses particularly upon the gulf between the students and the professionals (i.e., day care center staff), analyzing its implications and suggesting ways to solve the problem. To do this it utilizes four anthropological perspectives on the moral ordering of society. The paper examines the wider cultural sources of the training problem and then provides suggestions for its amelioration within programs for the training of child care workers.
Periodic orbits of continuous mappings of the circle without fixed points

Let f be a continuous map of the circle to itself. Let P(f) denote the set of periods of the periodic points. In this paper the set P(f) is studied for functions without fixed points, so 1∉ P(f) . In particular, it is shown that if s, t are the two smallest integers in P(f) and s and t are relatively prime then α s +β t ∈ P(f) for any positive integers α and β.
Subcellular Imaging of Protein-Protein Interactions in Live Epithelial Cells using Single Particle Tracking-FLIM-FRET

Fluorescence & Other Luminescence II 3496-Pos Board B651 Subcellular Imaging of Protein-Protein Interactions in Live Epithelial Cells using Single Particle Tracking-FLIM-FRET Luca Lanzano 1 , Hector Giral 2 , Moshe Levi 2 , Enrico Gratton 1 . University California, Irvine, CA, USA, 2 University Colorado, Denver, CO, USA. Phosphate (Pi) homeostasis is crucial for many cellular processes. Pi absorption in the kidney proximal tubule and in the intestine is mainly mediated by the type II family of the sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporters (NaPi) which are located in the apical membrane microvilli. Interaction with scaffolding PDZ domain containing proteins is thought to play a central role in the regulation of the abundance and activity of the NaPi transporters, in response to dietary and hormonal stimuli. We investigated protein-protein interactions between NaPi and PDZ proteins in cellular models of the proximal tubule and the intestine using the FLIM detection of FRET [1]. Also, we have recently introduced the nSPIRO method which generalizes the principles of Single Particle Tracking to the imaging of extended subcellular structures like the apical membrane microvilli [2]. using this method we can image the microvilli with high resolution even if they are moving. Here we combine the tracking of single microvilli with the phasor analysis of FLIM to quantify FRET interaction at the level of the single microvilli. We explore how the measurement of FRET on single microvilli compares to the measurement performed on the entire apical membrane, and discuss the advan- tages and limitations of this technique. Work supported in part by NIH RO1 DK066029-01A2 (ML, EG), 8P41GM103540 (EG and LL) and P50GM076516 (EG and LL). [1] Giral, Lanzano et al, J Biol Chem (2011) 286, 15032-15042; Giral, Cranston, Lanzano et al, J Biol Chem (2012) epub ahead of print [2] Lanzano L et al, J Biophotonics (2011) 4, 415-42; Lanzano L and Gratton E, Microsc Res Tech (2012) 75, 1253-1264
Synthesis and characterization of [(bpy)2 RuII(1,3-Me2 Lumazine)](PF6)2

Abstract The complex [(bpy) 2 Ru II (1,3-Me 2 Lum)](PF 6 ) 2 (where bpy=2,2′-bipyridine and 1,3-Me 2 Lum=1,3- dimethyllumazine) has been prepared. Infrared and elemental analyses show that Ru(II) binds 1,3- Me 2 Lum through the N-5 and O-4 positions on the ligand. Cyclic voltammetry in CH 3 CN reveals a nearly reversible wave (Δ E p =70 mV) for the complex centered at E 1/2 =+1.33 V ( versus SSCE). The reduction potential (in CH 3 CN) for the coordinated 1,3-Me 2 Lum is shifted by +0.800 V relative to that of the free ligand. In water, the complex showed pH-independent (pH=4.26-9.12) irreversible oxidative waves at ∼+1.2 V. Reductive scans in water gave results that were qualitatively similar to those obtained in CH 3 CN. UV-Vis analysis in CH 3 CN showed bpy (π→π * ) bands at 242 and 285 nm, 1,3-Me 2 Lum absorptions around 350–365 nm, and fairly intense MLCT bands centered at 431 and 509 nm.
Are theories of imagery theories of imagination?: An active perception approach to conscious mental content

Can theories of mental imagery, conscious mental contents, developed within cognitive science throw light on the obscure (but culturally very significant) concept of imagination? Three extant views of mental imagery are considered: quasi-pictorial, description, and perceptual activity theories. The first two face serious theoretical and empirical difficulties. The third is (for historically contingent reasons) little known, theoretically underdeveloped, and empirically untried, but has real explanatory potential. It rejects the “traditional” symbolic computational view of mental contents, but is compatible with recent situated cognition and active vision approaches in robotics. This theory is developed and elucidated. Three related key aspects of imagination (non-discursiveness, creativity, and seeing as) raise difficulties for the other theories. Perceptual activity theory presents imagery as non-discursive and relates it closely to seeing as. It is thus well placed to be the basis for a general theory of imagination and its role in creative thought.
Influence of adrenalectomy and/or cortisol treatment on resistance to moccasin (Agkistrodon p. piscivorous) venom

Studies have shown that resistance to the lethal effects of intravenous challenge of mice with moccasin (Agkistrodon p. piscivorous) venom is impaired by either adrenalectomy or vaccination and that this deficiency is exaggerated in adrenalectomized-vaccinated animals. Pretreatment with a single dose of cortisol enhanced resistance of each of these experimental groups including the intact control animals. The detrimental effects of adrenalectomy and/or vaccination as well as the beneficial influence of pretreatment with cortisol were also demonstrated in mice challenged with venom neutralized in vitro by incubation with an appropriate amount of antivenin. The results suggest that adrenocorticol function plays an important role in resistance to the lethal aspects of this envenomation and is essential for demonstration of the protective effects of antivenin.
Sex pheromone in the ant Xenomyrmex floridanus

Abstract During nuptial flights males of the ant Xenomyrmex floridanus are chemically attracted to females. The female sex pheromone is produced in the poison gland and in addition to being an attractant releases copulatory behaviour in males. This is the first proof of an occurrence and source of a female sex pheromone in an ant.
Ethnic Differences in the Home Food Environment and Parental Food Practices Among Families of Low-Income Hispanic and African-American Preschoolers

The family and home environment are important in shaping the dietary patterns of children, yet research among low-income, minority groups is limited. We examined ethnic differences in the home food environment and parental practices among 706 low-income, African-American and Hispanic families of preschoolers. Questionnaires measured the access and availability of various foods in the home, parental practices, and meal consumption behaviors. Mixed model logistic regression and ANCOVA were used to assess ethnic differences. Unhealthy foods were available for both groups. Hispanic families were more likely to have fresh vegetables (AOR = 2.9, P ≤ 0.001), fruit (AOR = 2.0, P = 0.004), and soda available (AOR = 1.40, P = 0.001) compared to African-Americans. African-Americans families were more likely to restrict (AOR = 0.63, P ≤ 0.001) and reward with dessert (AOR = 0.69, P ≤ 0.001). Hispanic families consumed more family meals together (P = 0.003) and less meals in front of the television (P ≤ 0.006). Health promotion interventions should consider the behavioral differences between ethnicities.
Delineation of the centromeric and telomeric chromosome segment 11p15.5 lung cancer suppressor regions LOH11A and LOH11B

We have reported frequent allele loss for two separate regions identified by the markers D11S12 and HRAS on chromosome 11p15.5. D11S12 allele loss was associated with tumor stage and type and HRAS allele loss with cigarette consumption, sex, and survival. To positionally clone the putative tumor suppressor genes located in these regions, we here report a reduction in the size of these intervals to approximately 250 kb. The markers used, ordered from centromere to telomere, were D11S932 -D11S1331-D11S1760-D11S1323-D11S4891 (HBB)-D11S1758-D11S12-D11S988-D11S860-D11S131 8-TH-HRAS-D11S1363-D11S2071. We analyzed 44 tissue pairs from patients with primary lung cancer. The smallest common regions of allele loss were located between D11S1758 and D11S12 in the centromeric region of chromosome segment 11p15.5 (region of LOH on chromosome 11 in lung cancer, LOH11A) and between HRAS and D11S1363 in the telomeric region (region of LOH on chromosome 11 in lung cancer, LOH11B). Loss of heterozygosity was observed in 24/39 (62%) primary lung cancers informative for LOH11A and in 17/34 (50%) informative for LOH11B. The pattern of allele loss strongly suggests that two lung cancer suppressor genes are located on chromosome segment 11p15.5, one between D11S1758 and D11S12 and the other between HRAS and D11S1363. The estimated physical size of each of these regions is 250 kb.
Some problems of measurement of thermal conductivity by the method of coaxial cylinders

An instrument for determining the thermal conductivity of liquids by the method of coaxial cylinders is described. The main attention is devoted to methodological problems of measurements of the thermal conductivity of liquids by this method. Experimental results on the thermal conductivity water obtained using this equipment are presented.
How Fast Should the Preterm Infant Grow

It is clear that the gold standard for weight gain in the preterm infant is to achieve the rate gain of the fetus at the same postconceptional age. This goal is not always easy to achieve, though at the time of discharge most preterm infants are at least growing parallel to the appropriate intrauterine growth curve. Current guidelines for dietary intake do not allow for the necessary “catch-up” growth after the inadequate nutrition of the early weeks of life. Assessment of growth in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) should include accurate measurements of weight, length and head circumference. Growth velocity should also be calculated. Anthropometric measurements should be assessed using one of the presently available newer intrauterine growth curves. Postnatal curves showing how preterm infants actually grow are also available and allow for comparison of one preterm infant’s growth with other preterm infants. These are particularly useful in the early weeks of life before the infant regains the birth weight and achieves a steady upward growth velocity. The need for catch-up growth is a challenge given the concerns about metabolic programing and adverse outcomes of rapid growth, especially in the preterm infant who is small for gestational age. It is also clear that adequate head growth is very important for neurodevelomental outcome. This article ends with a suggested individualized practical growth strategy for preterm infants in the NICU.
The ecology of enteroviruses in natural waters

More than 100 different enteric viruses are known to be excreted in human feces. More than 1 million viruses may be excreted per gram of feces, and concentrations as high as 500,000 infectious virus particles per liter have been detected in raw sewage. Certain enteric viruses can persist for long periods of time in the environment. Reported survival times range from 2 to 168 days in tapwater, 2 to 130 days in seawater, 25 to 125 days in soil, and up to 90 days in oysters. There are many potential routes of transmission back to man. An evaluation of the problems associated with viruses in water was prepared recently by the World Health Organization Scientific Group on Human Viruses in Water, Wastewater, and Soil which met in Geneva in October, 1978. Among its conclusions, four are pertinent to this article: (1) Viruses have been detected in the drinking water supply systems of a number of cities (including Paris and Moscow), despite the fact that those waters have received conventional water treatment cons...
An improved automatic test system for VLSI parametric testing

Automated and thorough characterization of MOS transistors has been made possible by using a minicomputer-based instrumentation system. A low-current circuit capable of forcing current levels down to the range of 10 pA has been designed on the personality board, allowing fast measurements of subthreshold characteristics. A comprehensive test program has been developed to extract device parameters, such as threshold voltage, subthreshold slope, intrinsic mobility, mobility degradation, effective-channel doping, body effect, ΔL, ΔW, series resistance, and carrier-saturation velocity. Data management software also provides detailed statistical analysis. The technique is found to be a powerful and essential tool for VLSI process development.
Peirce on science and religion

In my opinion, the present infantile condition of philosophy,. . . is due to the fact that during this century it has chiefly been pursued by men who have not been nurtured in dissecting-rooms and other laboratories, and who consequently have not been animated by the true scientific Eros, but who have on the contrary come from theological seminaries, and have consequently been inflamed with a desire to amend the lives of themselves and others, a spirit no doubt more important than the love of science for men in average situations, but radically unfitting them for the task of scientific investigation.1
Roundup Ready Soybean: Glyphosate Effects on Fusarium solani Root Colonization and Sudden Death Syndrome

During 1997, the first year of widespread use of glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl]glycine) on Roundup Ready (RR) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] a severe sudden death syndrome (SDS) epidemic occurred and several RR cultivars were affected. Effects of glyphosate on colonization of soybean root by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc f. sp. glycines (Fsg) and SDS were evaluated. Five RR cultivar pairs that contrasted for SDS resistance from maturity groups (MG) II to VI were evaluated with and without glyphosate application. The MG II and III cultivars were evaluated near Bloomington, Pontiac, and Mahomet in central Illinois and the MG IV, V, and VI cultivars were evaluated near Harrisburg, Ullin, and Valmeyer in southern Illinois. The Fsg root infection severity (IS), colony forming units per gram of root (CFU), SDS leaf scorch disease index (DX), and grain yield were determined. Across environments within each MG, there were no significant effects of glyphosate on IS, CFU, and DX. Significant differences were expected between cultivars but only observed in some MG. There was no significant effect of glyphosate on yield. Significant Glyphosate × Cultivar interactions occurred for yield in MG VI, in favor of the glyphosate sprayed subplots. In this study root colonization by Fsg and SDS leaf symptoms did not significantly increase following the application of glyphosate. Data from this study indicate that the development of SDS on RR soybean is influenced by genotype. Farmers planting RR soybean in Fsg infested fields are encouraged to select cultivars with resistance to SDS.
Automated Multitrajectory Method for Reaction Optimization in a Microfluidic System using Online IR Analysis

An automated multitrajectory optimization platform with continuous online infrared (IR) monitoring is presented. The production rate of a Paal–Knorr reaction is maximized within a constrained temperature and residence time design space. The automated platform utilizes a microreactor system to carry out optimizations with low material requirements and implements a micro IR flow cell for continuous online monitoring of reaction conversion. The approach to steady state at each set of reaction conditions is assessed continuously before the objective function is evaluated and reactor conditions move to the next set point. Several optimization algorithms are tested for their performance on a complex objective terrain. Each function comes to agreement on the optimal conditions but requires a significantly different number of experiments to reach the final conditions. Additionally, multiple objective functions are compared to analyze the trade-off between production rate and conversion.
Sneeze-induced visual and ocular motor dysfunction

Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this report is to describe two neuroophthalmic complications that are related by their temporal association with a sneeze. DESIGN: We describe observational case reports of two patients. METHODS: Both patients were examined, and their conditions were diagnosed and treated according to standard indications for each neuroophthalmic condition. RESULTS: The first case describes a patient who had previously undergone intracranial surgery, including removal of the clivus and later developed a trochlear nerve paresis after a sneeze. The second case describes a patient who repeatedly demonstrates transient decreased perfusion to his right central retinal artery and an associated afferent papillary defect after sneezing. CONCLUSION: The mechanical and hemodynamic forces involved in sneezing are formidable and may cause permanent cranial neuropathy or temporarily alter ocular blood flow in certain patients.
A parallel extendible scalable cellular automata machine: PE-SCAM

The increasing interest in cellular automata has created the need for faster machines to execute such programs. PE–SCAM is a fine–grained SIMD architecture using a mesh of processors, with each processor corresponding to a single cell of the automata. Shift routing permits the use of arbitrarily large neighborhoods in cellular programs.
Fouling behavior of zwitterionic membranes: Impact of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions

Abstract Several recent studies have demonstrated that zwitterionic surfaces are highly resistant to protein fouling due to their highly hydrated structure. The objective of this study was to develop a more fundamental understanding of the fouling behavior of zwitterionic ultrafiltration membranes compared to a series of charged and neutral membranes with nearly identical pore size. Membranes were generated by chemical modification of a cellulosic membrane using epichlorohydrin activation followed by reaction with ligands having approximately the same length but different end-group functionality. The extent of modification was evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the membrane surface characteristics were determined from streaming potential and contact angle measurements. Membrane fouling characteristics were studied under both static and dynamic filtration conditions using proteins with different size and isoelectric point. The extent of fouling was strongly affected by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between the protein and membrane. The zwitterionic membranes showed minimal protein adsorption and a very low degree of protein fouling over a wide range of conditions with all proteins, including conditions where the protein and membrane were oppositely charged. These results provide important insights into the low fouling characteristics of zwitterionic ultrafiltration membranes.
Differential effects of actinomycin D on cell division and light-induced chloroplast development in Euglena.

Abstract Light-induced chloroplast development in resting cells of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris , as judged from measurements of the kinetics of chlorophyll formation, photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation, and observations in the fluorescence microscope, is progressively inhibited by increasing concentrations of actinomycin D (AM D) with 80% inhibition occurring at about 45 μg/ml. The extent of inhibition finally achieved is also related to the length of time that the cells have been exposed to AM D. In contrast to the high concentration of AM D necessary to produce a significant inhibition of chloroplast development, cell division is extremely sensitive and is completely inhibited at concentrations of 7–10 μg/ml. At all concentrations of AM D employed, colony formation from treated cells was impaired to a large extent, but all colonies observed were green, indicating that AM D does not selectively block chloroplast replication. The effects of AM D, in general, were potentiated by carrying out chloroplast development and colony formation in red light, which presumably prevents photodestruction of the inhibitor. The extensive labeling of cellular RNA with 32 PO 4 3− that normally accompanies light-light-induced chloroplast development is almost completely inhibited by 45 μg/ml of AM D, as is the minimal labeling of the RNA of the dark controls. The differential sensitivities of chloroplast development, chloroplast replication, and cell division to AM D is discussed with reference to its known effect as an inhibitor of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis.
Characterization and cloning of glycogen phosphorylase 1 from Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract We have cloned cDNA and genomic DNA fragments from Dictyostelium discoiseum that represent the entire coding egion of glycogen phosphorylase 1 (gpl, α- d -glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.1). Nucleic acid sequencing of the gp1 clones revealed a single 139 bp intron separating the two exons that encode the 853 amino acids of gp1. The gp1 sequences are similar to other genes and proteins described for Dictyostelium in terms of G + C composition of coding and noncoding regions, splice junctions, intron length, codon preference and termination signals. Genomic Southern blot hybridizations suggest that gp1 exists as a single or low copy number gene in Dictyostelium. Northern analyses demonstrate that gp1 is a developmentally regulated transcript. In alignments of the gp1 peptide sequence to glycogen phosphorylase sequences from other organisms, a high degree of amino acid conservation at many active and regulatory sites was found; however, critical residues in the AMP and purine binding sites were not conserved.
IONIC CHANNELS: EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS AND MODERN ROLES

Cette etude considere la structure et l'evolution de deux grandes familles de canaux ioniques: les canaux sensibles au voltage et les canaux couples aux recepteurs. De plus elle decrit quelques roles physiologiques recents de ces canaux: le couplage excitation-contraction et le couplage excitation-secretion et discute d'un eventuel controle de ces canaux par des systemes de seconds messagers
A dynamic model for evolution of crystal shape

Abstract A model for the evolution of crystal shape is developed. The model accounts for faces growing in and growing out of an evolving crystal shape. The steady–state condition of the model determines the steady–state crystal shape. The analysis is developed for a two-dimensional projection on the dominant face of facetted flat crystals. The effect of random seed shape on the steady–state shape is studied.
Alterations in lipid membrane fluidity and the physical state of cell-surface sialic acid in zinc-deficient rat erythrocyte ghosts

Erythrocyte ghosts, prepared from the blood of rats fed zinc-deficient diets, were evaluated for membrane fluidity and surface sialic acid properties using spin-labeled probes and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. These physical parameters of the erythrocyte ghosts from the zinc-deficient group were compared to those for erythrocyte ghosts obtained from ad libitum and pair fed controls consuming zinc-adequate diets. As the animals became progressively zinc deficient, the erythrocyte ghost membranes became more fluid than those from the control groups. In addition, the apparent rotational correlation time of Tempamine spin probes on surface sialic acid residues was smaller for the zinc deficient group, indicative of an increased rotational mobility of the spin label. These results suggest that zinc deficiency can have pronounced effects on the physical state of membrane bilayer lipids and cell surface carbohydrates and supports the view that many of the pathological signs of zinc deficiency are due to a general membrane defect.
CALCULATION OF CONCENTRATION RESPONSE TO INTERMITTENT IRRADIATION

Methods of formulation of the transient as well as the steady state problem are given. The formulation methods are presented through illustrations. First a system is treated in which a species produced by irradiation disappears via a first-order reaction. This system is treated in some detail for a number of irradiator types, a batch irradiator, a continuous stirred tank irradiator, and a continuous tubular reactor with recycle, and illustrative solutions are obtained. Then the treatment for the batch irradiator is applied to two other kinetic schemes including first a series of consecutive first-order reactions and finally second-order reaction of the intermediate species. (P.C.H.)
Type of Reward, Incentive, and Incentive-Sequence as Factors in the Motor Performance of Mentally Retarded, Physically Handicapped, and College Students

(1965). Type of Reward, Incentive, and Incentive-Sequence as Factors in the Motor Performance of Mentally Retarded, Physically Handicapped, and College Students. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 55-65.
The Effect of Peer Approval and Disapproval on Improvement of Pitch Matching and Group Behavior

This investigation examined the effects of peer approval and disapproval on improvement in pitch-intonation performance and on the approval/disapproval behavior of fellow students. Eighty high school musk students participated in a pitch-matching training program while confederate peers approved or disapproved of the group performance on experimenter's cue. A significant finding was that 10% of the total group pitch-matching variance during treatment was attributable to the number of approvals/disapprovals offered by subjects. The greater the number of approvals, the better the performance. The greater the number of disapprovals given by subjects, the lower the performance.
Tectonic implications of the 1989 Afar Earthquake sequence

In August 1989 a sequence of m b 5-6 normal faulting earthquakes occurred in the area between the Ghoubbet Asal-Manda Inakir and Manda Haroro-Abhe Bad rifts in central Afar. Relocation of the events suggest they occurred on major faults in the Dobi graben, located midway between the principal rift zones. The earthquakes are evidence that extensional strain is still occurring in the area. The bookshelf tectonic model for central and southern Afar proposed by Tapponnier et al. [1990] is modified to account for ongoing extension in the area between the principal rifts as well as distributed shear
Participant Modeling as a Classroom Activity.

Participant modeling was used to introduce students to this behavioral technique for reducing anxiety and avoidance behavior. An expert model and peer models performed appropriate approach responses when interacting with a red rat snake, Elaphe quttata. Using guided participation, students who had previously indicated they were afraid of snakes were encouraged to approach, touch, and hold the snake. Students' evaluations of this activity were highly favorable. Participant modeling provides an excellent introduction to behavior therapies and encourages students to think critically. This activity illustrates some of the difficulties encountered when evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic techniques.
Effectiveness and safety of oral verapamil to control exercise-induced tachycardia in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving digitalis

The safety and efficacy of oral verapamil to control exercise tachycardia in 27 patients with atrial fibrillation and 3 with atrial flutter receiving digitalis was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. The heart rate in patients who received verapamil compared with placebo group was lower at rest (mean 69 +/- 13 versus 87 +/- 20 beats/min, p less than 0.01), as was the degree of tachycardia at the end of 3 minutes of a standardized exercise test (104 +/- 14 versus 136 +/- 23 beats/min, p less than 0.01). Doses of verapamil required to achieve suppression of tachycardia were 240 mg/day in 18 patients, 320 mg/day in 6 patients, and 480 mg/day in 3 patients. Only 3 patients complained of adverse effects from verapamil during the double-blind phase of the study. Two patients were discontinued from the study because of adverse reactions. No clinically significant changes during verapamil therapy were observed on the electrocardiogram, chest roentgenogram, echocardiogram or in the laboratory evaluation. Digoxin blood levels were higher in patients who received concomitant verapamil compared with placebo (1.23 +/- 0.59 versus 0.85 +/- 0.46 ng/ml, p less than 0.01), but no patient had signs or symptoms of digitalis toxicity. Thus, oral verapamil given in addition to digitalis is a safe and effective agent in the treatment of patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or flutter to decrease exercise-induced tachycardia.
Field experience in measuring hydrogen sulfide.

Abstract Hydrogen sulfide was measured in a kraft pulp mill community continuously for a six-month period with AISI tape samplers with lead-acetate-treated filter tape. Two-hour hydrogen sulfide values ranged from zero to near 100 parts per billion. To evaluate validity of the results, simultaneous samples were collected and analyzed by the methylene blue procedure for three two-week periods. Similar results were obtained from the two methods of analyses. In addition, the presence of hydrogen sulfide and the general levels of pollution were determined through exposure of silver specimens. Results compared favorably with quantitative results. The procedures and results of the tests are presented.
Cardiovascular Implantable Device Infections

As life expectancy continues to increase and biotechnology advances, the use of cardiovascular implantable devices will continue to rise. Unfortunately, despite modern medical advances, the infection and mortality rates remain excessively elevated. This article reviews the pathophysiology and general concepts of cardiac device–related infections, including the physical and chemical characteristics of the medical device, host response to the medical device, and the microbiologic virulence factors. Infections of the most commonly utilized cardiovascular implantable devices, including cardiovascular implantable electronic devices, bioprosthetic and mechanical valves, ventricular assist devices, total artificial hearts, and coronary artery stents, are reviewed in detail.
Update on the antibacterial activity of the carbapenems

Although the introduction of imipenem (initially thienamycin) heralded much anticipation from the development of other carbapenems, this group of beta-lactam anfimicrobial agents has been limited to the earliest introductory member. In spite of great potential, the metabolic instability encountered with this chemical class has precluded the availability of clinical useful compounds. Drs. Duenas and Barriere review the antibacterial activity of several of this unique class of agents. UPDATE ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE CARBAPENEMS
APPLICATION OF NEUROBEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY METHODS TO THE MILITARY DEPLOYMENT TOXICOLOGY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM

The military Tri-Service (Army, Navy & Marines, Air Force) Deployment Toxicology Assessment Program (DTAP) represents a 30-year (1996–2026) planning effort to implement comprehensive systems for the protection of internationally deployed troops against toxicant exposures. A major objective of DTAP is the implementation of a global surveillance system to identify chemicals with the potential to reduce human performance capacity. Implementation requires prior development of complex human risk assessment models, known collectively as the Neurobehavioral Toxicity Evaluation Instrument (NTEI), based on mathematical interpolation of results from tissue-based and in vivo animal studies validated by human performance assessment research. The Neurobehavioral Toxicity Assessment Group (NTAG) at the Naval Health Research Center Detachment-Toxicology (NHRC-TD), Dayton, OH, and associated academic institutions are developing and cross-validating cellular-level (NTAS), laboratory small animal (NTAB), nonhuman primate (...
Elite Strategies and the Spread of Technological Innovation: The Spread of Iron in the Bronze Age Societies of Denmark and Southern Korea

Abstract I look at the process and speed of innovation spread, examining the economic aspects from the perspective of those who adopt the innovation. Defining innovation adoption as an investment which requires initial cost and risks, I argue that at the time of introduction of a new technology that is expected to have socioeconomic importance, elites of adopting societies try to avoid the initial cost and risks of adoption, actively intervening in the process of its spread. Thus, it is crucial to analyze the strategies and needs of elites, which strongly influence the speed of spread. One of these strategies is to change innovation's role by locating the innovation in a different realm of economy. Comparing the spread of iron technology in the Danish and southern Korean Bronze Ages, I demonstrate that differences in what elites needed to obtain through iron technology in different contexts critically affected the speed and process of iron spread into the two regions.
Titanium analysis of human blood

Abstract Until Carroll and Tullis (1) reported observation of titanium in human leucocytes, there was no direct evidence of a biological role for the metal in human tissues (2). Because of the method, primary emission spectroscopy (3, 4), used by Carroll and Tullis, a complete and meaningful studyof contamination effects, and correlation between titanium and tissue pathology could not be made until a more easily applied and interpreted analytical method was available. Previously applied wet chemical methods, however, wereunsatisfactory because of either poor sensitivity, lack of stability, difficulty in working titanium standards and keeping titanium in solution or interference. Starting from an order-of-magnitude calculation made from preliminary data (1), we began a search for an easily applied method of titanium analysis of blood fractions. Our calculation required being able to detect 0.1 μg (0.01 ppm) Ti. This paper reports the results of our search for a stable and sufficiently sensitive method of Ti analysis of blood, and the results of the application of such a method to blood fractions from a cross-section of pathological conditions.
Redox, ionic strength, and pH sensitive supramolecular polymer assemblies

Supramolecular complex of a cationic surfactant and oppositely charged disulfide containing polyelectrolyte was found to form micelle type aggregates at concentration much lower than the critical aggregate concentration (CAC) of the surfactant itself. We show that this difference can be utilized to generate stimulus-sensitive disassembly of these structures. This can be achieved either by converting the polyelectrolyte counterions to monovalent counterions in response to a stimulus or by simply weakening the interaction between the polymer and the surfactant in the presence of a stimulus. We have utilized three different stimuli to demonstrate these possibilities.
The geohydrologic setting of Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Abstract This paper provides a geologic and hydrologic framework of the Yucca Mountain region for the geochemical papers in this volume. The regional geologic units, which range in age from late Precambrian through Holocene, are briefly described. Yucca Mountain is composed of dominantly pyroclastic units that range in age from 11.4 to 15.2 Ma. The principal focus of study has been on the Paintbrush Group, which includes two major zoned and welded ash-flow tuffs separated by an important hydrogeologic unit referred to as the Paintbrush non-welded (PTn). The regional structural setting is currently one of extension, and the major local tectonic domains are presented together with a tectonic model that is consistent with the known structures at Yucca Mountain. Streamflow in this arid to semi-arid region occurs principally in intermittent or ephemeral channels. Near Yucca Mountain, the channels of Fortymile Wash and Amargosa River collect infrequent runoff from tributary basins, ultimately draining to Death Valley. Beneath the surface, large-scale interbasin flow of groundwater from one valley to another occurs commonly in the region. Regional groundwater flow beneath Yucca Mountain originates in the high mesas to the north and returns to the surface either in southern Amargosa Desert or in Death Valley, where it is consumed by evapotranspiration. The water table is very deep beneath the upland areas such as Yucca Mountain, where it is 500–750 m below the land surface, providing a large thickness of unsaturated rocks that are potentially suitable to host a nuclear-waste repository. The nature of unsaturated flow processes, which are important for assessing radionuclide migration, are inferred mainly from hydrochemical or isotopic evidence, from pneumatic tests of the fracture systems, and from the results of in situ experiments. Water seeping down through the unsaturated zone flows rapidly through fractures and more slowly through the pores of the rock matrix. Although capillary forces are expected to divert much of the flow around repository openings, some may drip onto waste packages, ultimately causing release of radionuclides, followed by transport down to the water table.