cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analgesic properties of meperidine, amitriptyline and phenelzine in mice.

Sixty-three white Swiss Webster mice were divided into seven equal groups. Their tolerance to pain (heal applied to the tail by a test tube containing hot water at a temperature measured by telethermometry) was assessed before and after intraperitoneal injection of (1) physiologic saline; (2) meperidine 14 μg.g-1; (3) amitriptyline 6μg.g-1 (4) amitriptyline 12μg.g-1; (5) phenelzine 1.5 μg.g-1; (6) phenelzine 3 μg.g-1; and (7) amitriptyline 6μg.g-1 plus phenelzine 1.5 μg.g-1. All post-injection tests were conducted 45 and 90 minutes after administration, and repeated 24 hours later. No significant difference in pain threshold was noted in any pre-injection test or in any test conducted with physiologic saline. By 90 minutes post-injection, all groups receiving drugs developed increased tolerance to pain. Mice which had received phenelzine plus amitriptyline, or either dose of phenelzine were more tolerant to pain for up to 24 hours than mice which had received physiologic saline. The most marked increases in tolerance to pain were seen with 1.5 μg.g-1 and 3 μg.g-1 of phenelzine and phenelzine plus amitriptyline. However, phenehine was more effective and had a longer-lasting effect than either dose of amitriptyline, or meperidine. The combination of phenelzine plus amitriptyline was no more effective than phenehine alone.
Symmetry, mechanism of the pairing, and the isotope effect in the cuprates

This paper is concerned mainly with the problem of the origin of highT c .s-Wave vs.d-wave pairing, the isotope effect, and the strong coupling of the carriers to low-frequency optical phonon modes are discussed. This latter strong coupling is sufficient to provide highT c .
Scintillation Characteristics of Thin NaI(Tl) and CsI (Tl) Layers Fabricated by Vacuum Deposition

The scintillation characteristics of thin vacuum-deposited layers of NaI (Tl) and CsI (Tl) were investigated. Scintillation layers with thicknesses ranging from 0.2 to 20 mg/cm2 were evaluated as detectors with 6- and 22-keV x rays. In this energy region they were found to be comparable in performance to the thicker, commercially available NaI (Tl) and CsI (Tl) scintillation crystals. Fabrication methods, scintillator evaluation techniques, and applications in selective low-energy x-ray detection will be reported.
Perivascular hemorrhagic lesions in temporal cortex following cerebral infarction (a morphological study)

Abstract Perivascular hemorrhagic lesions were produced in squirrel monkeys following transorbital occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The respective periods of occlusive insult were 7.5, 15, 30 min, and 1 hr. After 1 wk of postoperative care, the animals were prepared for morphological study by a total body perfusion technique. Small hemorrhagic loci were observed grossly in the temporal cortex. By light microscopy these erythrocytic patches occupied predominantly a perivascular position, however, some interparenchymal clumps were also present. Ultrastructurally, separation of erythrocytes from the capillary components was noted. Interventing astrocytic end-feet were not swollen, nor did they show other morphological abnormalities (lysosomal increase, glycogen depletion, etc.). Capillaries were intact and ultrastructurally normal. Increased vacuolization was common in tissue adjacent to the erythrocyte clumps. Since no morphological changes were found in the microvasculature, it was concluded that diapedesis and extravasation had resulted from permeability changes in larger vessels.
A Usability Testing Experiment For A Localized Weight Loss Mobile Application

Abstract This paper introduces a context-appropriate mobile application for sustainable weight loss. Overweight and obesity are acknowledged to have become a worldwide health matter. Addressing weight loss and sustaining efforts remains in many ways a fragile undertaking. Strategies will vary by age group, gender, and social context. Moreover, the cultural, traditional ecosystem will impact weight loss strategies. In this paper, we discuss contributions in the literature for technology-based weight loss support. We design a mobile application that leverages three strategies from proven behaviour change theories (increasing awareness of the aims of dieting, fostering motivation and self-efficacy, and impacting dieters’ attitudes). We adapt the application to the local context of a middle easterner's society by conducting a usability testing experiment with potential users of the application. We also apply principles of localization to derive an appropriate application. Beyond the applied usage of the application, the paper contributes to the currently scarce body of literature on Arabic based mobile development.
Behavior Change and Perceptions of Change: Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Token Economy

ABSTRACT Token economies often reduce problematic classroom behavior in preschool settings. In the present study, direct observation and teacher ratings of child behavior and treatment acceptability were utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of a token economy in a Head Start classroom. Because many teachers express concerns about the effort required to implement and maintain token systems, this study compared the relative efficacies of group and individualized contingency management programs. Direct observation data for three children revealed that both the individual and group contingency were superior to a baseline condition in which no systematic behavior management program was utilized. In addition, the whole group contingency was generally as effective as the individual contingency. However, despite reductions in classroom rule violations for the three target children, the acceptability of the token program was variable and little change was observed in the teacher's ratings of their behavior. The ...
Kinetic studies on the deamination of [Co(en)3](NCS)3

Abstract The loss of ethylenediamine from [Co(en)3](NCS)3 has been studied using isothermal weight loss methods. The reaction has been found to be catalyzed by NH4SCN and piperidine hydrothiocyanate, and the reaction appears first order in catalyst. However, the reaction proceeds so slowly without a catalyst present that a reliable activation energy could not be obtained. For the catalyzed process, the activation energy appears to decrease slightly as the amount of catalyst used is increased, although the results are inconclusive when NH4SCN is the catalyst. When piperidine hydrothiocyanate is the catalyst, the activation energy appears to decrease from 37.7 kcal mole−1 to 29.4 kcal mole−1 as the amount of catalyst increases from 0.5 to 8.0 mole percent. In all cases, the product turned dark after a few hours indicating some reduction as a complicating feature.
Temperature and relative humidity effects on quality, total ascorbic acid, phenolics and flavonoid concentrations, and antioxidant activity of strawberry

Abstract The physical qualities and antioxidant components of ‘Jewel’ strawberry fruit stored in 75, 85 or 95% relative humidity (RH) at 0.5, 10 and 20 °C for 4 days were studied. Overall fruit quality declined more rapidly at 20 °C, especially at 95% RH. Weight loss of fruit was negligible for 2 days at all temperatures but it increased at 10 °C in the lowest RH and increased rapidly from day 3 at 20 °C especially with lower RH. Firmness was maintained, or even increased, at 0.5 or 10 °C, while soluble solids concentrations (SSC) decreased at higher storage temperatures. Red color, assessed using chroma, hue and lightness, and anthocyanin concentrations were relatively unchanged at 0.5 or 10 °C but increased rapidly at 20 °C as fruit ripened. Firmness, SSC and color were not affected by RH. Total phenolic compounds were slightly higher at 20 °C than at other temperatures at all RHs. Total ascorbic acid concentrations of the fruit remained similar for the first 2 days of storage, then declined in fruit stored at 0.5 and 20 °C, but remained unchanged at 10 °C at all RHs. Total flavonoid content of fruit did not change over time at all temperatures. The total antioxidant activity of fruit was higher at 10 °C than at 0.5 and 20 °C on day 3, and no effect of RH was detected. In conclusion, while the best temperature for long-term storage is 0.5 °C, quality could be maintained at 10 °C for acceptable periods of time for marketing and may be associated with better nutritional quality.
Variation in maternal care and individual differences in play, exploration, and grooming of juvenile Norway rat offspring.

Individual differences in two different forms of maternal licking, time in nest and nursing, were measured during the first 2 weeks after birth. Two treatments were imposed to reduce maternal anogenital licking (AGL): peripheral zinc sulfate to interfere with reception of pup chemosignals, and dietary saline to reduce appetite for pup urine. Both treatments reduced AGL but did not affect other maternal licking. Zinc sulfate was more effective than saline during the first week, but was somewhat less selective as it also increased time in nest. Selected behavioral patterns were measured in male and female juveniles and related by multiple regression to the behavior of their mothers. Independent of the method of manipulation, maternal AGL was a significant predictor of play and open-field defecation males and of some forms of activity in the open field in both sexes. The relationships between other maternal variables and juvenile behavior were more modest. These data demonstrate that intervening in the sensory regulation of maternal behavior can produce predictable changes in stimulation provided by the dam, thereby providing a useful means for investigating the effects of protracted differences in early stimulation in otherwise normal developmental contexts. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Homologous recombination rescues ssDNA gaps generated by nucleotide excision repair and reduced translesion DNA synthesis in yeast G2 cells

Repair of DNA bulky lesions often involves multiple repair pathways such as nucleotide-excision repair, translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), and homologous recombination (HR). Although there is considerable information about individual pathways, little is known about the complex interactions or extent to which damage in single strands, such as the damage generated by UV, can result in double-strand breaks (DSBs) and/or generate HR. We investigated the consequences of UV-induced lesions in nonreplicating G2 cells of budding yeast. In contrast to WT cells, there was a dramatic increase in ssDNA gaps for cells deficient in the TLS polymerases η (Rad30) and ζ (Rev3). Surprisingly, repair in TLS-deficient G2 cells required HR repair genes RAD51 and RAD52, directly revealing a redundancy of TLS and HR functions in repair of ssDNAs. Using a physical assay that detects recombination between circular sister chromatids within a few hours after UV, we show an approximate three-fold increase in recombinants in the TLS mutants over that in WT cells. The recombination, which required RAD51 and RAD52, does not appear to be caused by DSBs, because a dose of ionizing radiation producing 20 times more DSBs was much less efficient than UV in producing recombinants. Thus, in addition to revealing TLS and HR functional redundancy, we establish that UV-induced recombination in TLS mutants is not attributable to DSBs. These findings suggest that ssDNA that might originate during the repair of closely opposed lesions or of ssDNA-containing lesions or from uncoupled replication may drive recombination directly in various species, including humans.
Subnormal gonadotropin responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone persist into puberty in children with isolated growth hormone deficiency.

To determine the value of a standard gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH) test (2.5 µg/kg; iv bolus) in the diagnosis of gonadotropin deficiency, 38 children with presumed isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) were tested at 6- to 12-month intervals for 1–6 yr. For comparison, 102 normal children and 15 children with idiopathic multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies were tested 1-6 times during the same period. Basal LH concentrations in IGHD boys were subnormal after a skeletal age of 12 yr [basal LH, bone age (BA) ≥ 12 yr: normal boys, 6.0 ± 0.5 mlU/ml; IGHD boys, 4.4 ± 0.7 mlU/ml (mean ± SE); P 12 yr: normal boys, 7.9 ± 1.0/36.6 ± 2.6 mlU/ml; IGHD boys, 4.3 ± 0.4/12.4 ± 1.2 mlU/ml; P < 0.001]. LH responses of prepubertal IGHD girls were subnormal (mean A max LH, BA < 8 yr: normal girls, 10.9 ± 2.2 mlU/ml; IGHD girls, 5.7 ± 1.1 mlU...
2 Corinthians 11:22: Historical context, rhetoric, and ethnicity

In this article historical criticism, rhetorical criticism and ethnicity theory are combined to interpret Paul’s boasting about his ethnicity in 2 Corinthians 11:22. Partition theory helps to establish the historical/social context that 2 Corinthians 10-13 is a fragment of the “tearful letter,” which represented the low point (high conflict) of Paul’s relations with the Corinthians. Rhetoric ‐ the theatrical “Fool’s Speech,” which contains irony, self-praise, and comparison ‐ helps to understand Paul’s boastful argumentation in his selfdefence; and ethnicity theory helps to interpret Paul’s construction of his ethnic identity. Paul boasted of his ethnicity by taking up rhetorical comparison and self-praise. But he did so in the so-called “Fool’s Speech”, which is full of irony: his ethnic heritage was part of his argument that he was equal to that of his opponents, but ‐ here is the chief irony ‐ his ethnicity “in the flesh” ultimately meant nothing to him.
Applications of 2-D and 3-D compression algorithms to ultrasound images

In this study, we have explored two compression techniques, i.e., 3-D displacement estimated interframe coding algorithm (DEICA) and 2-D DCT algorithm, applied them in ultrasound image compression and assessed their feasibility. A sequence of 96 128 X 128 X 8- bit parallel slices and a set of 25 360 X 264 X 8-bit time-sequence images have been used in our experiments, and compression ratios in the range of 6 - 20 to 1 and 4 - 5 to 1 have been obtained in DEICA, while the mean square error was kept to less than 4.0. While DEICA has achieved higher compression ratios in x-ray CT images than the 2-D DCT algorithm at the same distortion, DEICA has not shown any improvement in compressing ultrasound images. This is mainly due to the fact that statistics within the difference image are sometimes degraded in ultrasound images. After fine-tuning the DEICA by adjusting key parameters based on the statistics of ultrasound images and reducing the speckle noise, higher compression ratios are expected. In the future, 3-D or time-sequence images will have more frame-by-frame correlation and less speckle noise patterns with the technical advances in ultrasound probes and data acquisition & image computing technologies. Furthermore, 3-D ultrasound imaging systems will become more popular and the amount of data generated by these devices will increase even further. These new developments might make DEICA more attractive.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Abusive Head Trauma

Child physical abuse that results in injury to the head or brain has been described using many terms, including battered child syndrome, whiplash injuries, shaken infant or shaken impact syndrome, and nonmechanistic terms such as abusive head trauma or nonaccidental trauma. These injuries sustained by child abuse victims are discussed in detail in this article, including information about diagnosis, management and outcomes. The use of forensics, the use imaging studies, and associated injuries are also detailed.
A composite attitude-behavior model of traveler decision making

Abstract A general model for the behavioral analysis of traveler decision making is described. The model is one which blends research in human information processing with probabilistic choice theory. The model is used as a basis for discussing two studies of grocery store choice behavior. In these studies, algebraic models of individuals' grocery store preferences which are derived using controlled hypothetical choice situations are related to real-world choice behavior. Results show a high monotonic correspondence between laboratory and real-world behavior. Implications of the research for existing approaches to behavioral modeling are described.
Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in high speed device modeling

The simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is extended to extract uncertainty and sensitivity information from the equivalent circuit modeling process. This information is obtained from the probabilistic space exploration process applied in SA. The results obtained from modeling a novel collector-up heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) are presented. >
Teacher candidates' transformative thinking on issues of social justice

Abstract This article examined how teacher candidates' thoughts shifted regarding social inequity in a sophomore-level Foundations of Education course located in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. First, we described in detail the teacher education program and course, as well as class simulations, school observations, course readings and class discussions. Then, we examined the narratives of our teacher candidates' transformation. We found that the afore-mentioned experiences successfully supported transformative thinking regarding social justice. By the end of the course, many teacher candidates began to take ownership over their learning and started viewing themselves as responsible change agents. They began to examine education as embedded in larger social contexts, scrutinized their own schooling experiences and stepped outside of their own conceptions of education to initiate discussions of social justice.
The CONGRUENCE TM Game: a team-building exercise for students of entrepreneurship

This article describes a strategy-driven, experiential game that was designed to teach the participants (e.g., students, entrepreneurs, and business persons) the importance of personnel and strateg...
A Cross-Cultural Study of the Perception of Situational Causality:

This study was designed to test developmental, cross-cultural, and sex differences in the perception of situational causality. Three hundred fifty-nine (359) Ss were divided by grade (third and sixth), culture (United States and Indian), and sex. It was hypothesized that developmental, cross-cultural, and sex differences would be found in the perception of situational causality. Ss were shown a picture depicting a Mother Goose nursery rhyme and were asked what might have caused the action shown in the picture. Responses were categorized as Causal, Phenomenistic, Consequential, Descriptive, or Other. Means were computed for each group and category and hypothesized differences were tested by means of the Student's t test. All cross-cultural differences were significant and developmental differences were found to be significant for United States children but not for children in the Indian culture.
Development of infectious tolerance after donor-specific transfusion and rat heart transplantation.

Regulatory cells developed after donor-specific transfusion (DST)-induced acceptance of a LEW heart transplanted into a DA rat. Both DST and the cardiac transplant were necessary to generate the regulatory cells. This donor-specific tolerance can then be transferred into a new DA recipient by adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from the DST-treated long term survivor (LTS) in a dose-dependent manner. The effectiveness of tolerance did not diminish over five generations of adoptive transfer, thus supporting its infectious nature. Although both spleen and lymph node cells were equally effective, graft-infiltrating lymphocytes were more potent. A high level of indirect CTL activity and MLC proliferation were observed in lymphocytes from LTS. In vivo tracking of adoptively transferred CFSE-labeled splenocytes from LTS showed equivalent FACS proliferation and a higher percentage of graft-infiltrating lymphocytes 7 days after heart transplantation, compared with adoptively transferred naive splenocytes. Adoptive transfer of CD8 + -depleted LTS splenocytes resulted in 100% subsequent LEW allograft acceptance; whereas CD4 + depletion decreased acceptance to 40%, and depletion of both CD4 and CD8 resulted in 0% acceptance. When positively selected CD4 + or CD8 + cells were adoptively transferred, 100% or 62.5% of LEW cardiac allografts survived, respectively. In conclusion, DST alone promotes a donor-specific infectious tolerance of a heart graft that can be adoptively transferred to subsequent naive allograft recipients despite the undiminished in vitro immunological response to donor Ag. Although both CD4 + and CD8 + populations are responsible for the regulatory mechanism in DST-induced tolerance, the CD4 + population appears to dominate.
Composition of High Density Lipoproteins in Rats Fed Various Dietary Fibers

Several studies have suggested that dietary fibers, especially water-soluble sources, are effective agents for lowering plasma cholesterol. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of various fibers on the composition of apoproteins in high density lipoproteins. Rats were fed experimental diets that contained either 20% wheat bran, oat bran or cellulose or 5% pectin or guar gum for 4 weeks. Final body weight was similar among groups. HDL cholesterol and total apoprotein concentrations were not significantly altered by diet. The percentage of apo A-I was significantly elevated and apo E and the apo C's were significantly lower in the guar gum group relative to the wheat bran group. Lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase activity and the C-II-to-C-III ratio were highest in the guar gum group. Differences in the absorption and subsequent metabolism of lipid could account for differences in HDL composition.
The graduate record examination as a predictor of graduate student performance: The case of criminal justice

Research on the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) as a predictor of graduate student performance has been marked by much debate. Thornell and McCoy (1985) have found that the relationship between student performance and the GRE may be sensitive to the discipline being studied. While unexplained to date, this disciplinary variation may be related to the differences in means and/or relative dispersions of GRE scores among disciplines. Further, there has been only one study (McKee, Mallory, and Campbell, in press) for criminal justice, the field with the lowest mean GRE score. This paper focuses on this neglected field. Data were collected from the files of 70 criminal justice majors in a master's program at a large midwestern urban university. The results indicate that GRE scores are largely unrelated to indicators of graduate student performance (GPA, grades in specific classes, and the completion of the M.A. degree). The one exception is a strong relationship between verbal GRE and graduate GPA. This rela...
Risk Factors for Bronchiolitis Obliterans in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Leukemia

Study objectives Reported risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients come from modest-sized studies and are limited to experiences of single institutions. We sought to identify risk factors for BO using data from the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry. Methods Registry data on 6,275 adult patients with leukemia who received human leukocyte antigen-identical sibling transplants from 1989 to 1997 and survived at least 100 days after transplantation were evaluated for the study. Risk factors for BO were analyzed using proportional hazards regression. Results Seventy-six patients were found to have BO, with an incidence rate of 1.7% at 2 years after transplantation. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of median time to onset of BO was 431 days. Histologic evaluation was performed in 36 patients (47%). In 28 patients (37%), diagnosis was based on pulmonary function tests, CT scans of the chest, or a combination of both. On multivariate analysis, the factors that were associated with an increased risk for BO included the following: peripheral blood-derived stem cell, a busulfan-based conditioning regimen, interval from diagnosis to transplant ≥ 14 months, female donor to male recipient sex match, prior interstitial pneumonitis, and an episode of moderate-to-severe acute graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). Conclusion In addition to corroborating previously reported risk factors, such as acute GVHD and a busulfan-based conditioning regimen, we found that peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation, long duration to transplant, female donor to male recipient, and a prior episode of interstitial pneumonitis are associated with an increased risk for BO.
Analysis of a Mutant Exhibiting Conditional Sorting to Dense Core Secretory Granules in Tetrahymena thermophila

The formation of dense core granules (DCGs) requires both the sorting of granule contents from other secretory proteins and a postsorting maturation process. The Tetrahymena thermophila strain SB281 fails to synthesize DCGs, and previous analysis suggested that the defect lay at or near the sorting step. Because this strain represents one of the very few mutants in this pathway, we have undertaken a more complete study of the phenotype. Genetic epistasis analysis places the defect upstream of those in two other characterized Tetrahymena mutants. Using immunofluorescent detection of granule content proteins, as well as GFP tagging, we describe a novel cytoplasmic compartment to which granule contents can be sorted in growing SB281 cells. Cell fusion experiments indicate that this compartment is not a biosynthetic intermediate in DCG synthesis. Sorting in SB281 is strongly conditional with respect to growth. When cells are starved, the storage compartment is degraded and de novo synthesized granule proteins are rapidly secreted. The mutation in SB281 therefore appears to affect DCG synthesis at the level of both sorting and maturation.
Stability of enzyme inhibitors and lectins in foods and the influence of specific binding interactions.

Proteins with actual or potential antinutrient or toxicant activity found in foodstuffs include (1) enzyme inhibitors, especially those specific for serine proteinases and α-amylases, and (2) lectins (hemagglutinins). These inhibitors and lectins must be inactivated during processing or food preparation, usually by heat, to avoid possible undesirable effects. Knowledge of their heat stabilities thus helps determine conditions required for their inactivation or denaturation. Many are heat-stable proteins, and their conformations can be stabilized or destabilized by interactions with other constituents present in the food or the digestive tract. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) results show that specific binding inter-actions can lead to substantial increases in kinetic thermal stability of proteins. Examples of such stabilization include serine proteinase-proteinase inhibitor, α-amylase-amylase inhibitor, and metal ion-lectin complexes. The extent of thermal stabilization of proteinases in complexes with inhibitors is correlated with the equilibrium association constant. Presence of more than one denaturing unit revealed by DSC in complexes involving multiheaded inhibitors can be interpreted in relation to domain structures of the inhibitors. Basic information on stability of the enzyme inhibitors and lectins is relevant to food processing, quality, and safety.
The feeling of uncertainty intensifies affective reactions.

Uncertainty has been defined as a lack of information about an event and has been characterized as an aversive state that people are motivated to reduce. The authors propose an uncertainty intensification hypothesis, whereby uncertainty during an emotional event makes unpleasant events more unpleasant and pleasant events more pleasant. The authors hypothesized that this would happen even when uncertainty is limited to the feeling of “not knowing,” separable from a lack of information. In 4 studies, the authors held information about positive and negative film clips constant while varying the feeling of not knowing by having people repeat phrases connoting certainty or uncertainty while watching the films. As predicted, the subjective feeling of uncertainty intensified people’s affective reactions to the film clips.
Pipelining of parallel multiplexer loops and decision feedback equalizers

The high speed implementation of a DFE (decision feedback equalizer) requires reformulation of the DFE into an array of comparators and a multiplexer loop. The throughput of the DFE is limited by the speed of the multiplexer loop. This paper proposes a novel look-ahead computation approach to pipeline multiplexer loops. The proposed technique is demonstrated and applied to design multiplexer loop based DFEs with throughput in the range of 3.125-10 Gbps.
Regulation of mTOR and Cell Growth in Response to Energy Stress by REDD1

The tuberous sclerosis tumor suppressors TSC1 and TSC2 regulate the mTOR pathway to control translation and cell growth in response to nutrient and growth factor stimuli. We have recently identified the stress response REDD1 gene as a mediator of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)-dependent mTOR regulation by hypoxia. Here, we demonstrate that REDD1 inhibits mTOR function to control cell growth in response to energy stress. Endogenous REDD1 is induced following energy stress, and REDD1-/- cells are highly defective in dephosphorylation of the key mTOR substrates S6K and 4E-BP1 following either ATP depletion or direct activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). REDD1 likely acts on the TSC1/2 complex, as regulation of mTOR substrate phosphorylation by REDD1 requires TSC2 and is blocked by overexpression of the TSC1/2 downstream target Rheb but is not blocked by inhibition of AMPK. Tetracycline-inducible expression of REDD1 triggers rapid dephosphorylation of S6K and 4E-BP1 and significantly decreases cellular size. Conversely, inhibition of endogenous REDD1 by short interfering RNA increases cell size in a rapamycin-sensitive manner, and REDD1-/- cells are defective in cell growth regulation following ATP depletion. These results define REDD1 as a critical transducer of the cellular response to energy depletion through the TSC-mTOR pathway.
Nipah virion entry kinetics, composition, and conformational changes determined by enzymatic virus-like particles and new flow virometry tools.

ABSTRACT Virus-cell membrane fusion is essential for enveloped virus infections. However, mechanistic viral membrane fusion studies have predominantly focused on cell-cell fusion models, largely due to the low availability of technologies capable of characterizing actual virus-cell membrane fusion. Although cell-cell fusion assays are valuable, they do not fully recapitulate all the variables of virus-cell membrane fusion. Drastic differences between viral and cellular membrane lipid and protein compositions and curvatures exist. For biosafety level 4 (BSL4) pathogens such as the deadly Nipah virus (NiV), virus-cell fusion mechanistic studies are notably cumbersome. To circumvent these limitations, we used enzymatic Nipah virus-like-particles (NiVLPs) and developed new flow virometric tools. NiV9s attachment (G) and fusion (F) envelope glycoproteins mediate viral binding to the ephrinB2/ephrinB3 cell receptors and virus-cell membrane fusion, respectively. The NiV matrix protein (M) can autonomously induce NiV assembly and budding. Using a β-lactamase (βLa) reporter/NiV-M chimeric protein, we produced NiVLPs expressing NiV-G and wild-type or mutant NiV-F on their surfaces. By preloading target cells with the βLa fluorescent substrate CCF2-AM, we obtained viral entry kinetic curves that correlated with the NiV-F fusogenic phenotypes, validating NiVLPs as suitable viral entry kinetic tools and suggesting overall relatively slower viral entry than cell-cell fusion kinetics. Additionally, the proportions of F and G on individual NiVLPs and the extent of receptor-induced conformational changes in NiV-G were measured via flow virometry, allowing the proper interpretation of the viral entry kinetic phenotypes. The significance of these findings in the viral entry field extends beyond NiV to other paramyxoviruses and enveloped viruses. IMPORTANCE Virus-cell membrane fusion is essential for enveloped virus infections. However, mechanistic viral membrane fusion studies have predominantly focused on cell-cell fusion models, largely due to the low availability of technologies capable of characterizing actual virus-cell membrane fusion. Although cell-cell fusion assays are valuable, they do not fully recapitulate all the variables of virus-cell membrane fusion. For example, drastic differences between viral and cellular membrane lipid and protein compositions and curvatures exist. For biosafety level 4 (BSL4) pathogens such as the deadly Nipah virus (NiV), virus-cell fusion mechanistic studies are especially cumbersome. To circumvent these limitations, we used enzymatic Nipah virus-like-particles (NiVLPs) and developed new flow virometric tools. Our new tools allowed us the high-throughput measurement of viral entry kinetics, glycoprotein proportions on individual viral particles, and receptor-induced conformational changes in viral glycoproteins on viral surfaces. The significance of these findings extends beyond NiV to other paramyxoviruses and enveloped viruses.
A COMPARISON OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS TO PAPER RECORDS IN MENTAL HEALTH CENTERS

Objective. Medication documentation is a critical aspect of quality patient care. The current study examined whether electronic medical records provide medication documentation that is more complete and faster to retrieve than traditional paper records. Method. This study involves a comparison of archived paper medical records to recent electronic medical records through chart review. A convenient sample of three large community mental health centers in Indiana was used. Medical charts for 180 patients with schizophrenia were rated on a checklist composed of 16 items that was adapted from a national project. Documentation that existed before implementation of the electronic medical record system was compared with that after implementation at each of the three centers. The main outcome measures were completeness and retrieval time of medication documentation. Results. Electronic medical records provided medication documentation that was more complete and faster to retrieve than paper records across all centers and within each center. On average, electronic medical records were 40% more complete and 20% faster to retrieve. Conclusion. Electronic records have potential to improve medication management for patients in mental health centers over traditional records. However, medication documentation for patients diagnosed with schizophrenia was found to be deficient in many areas, regardless of documentation format.
Reactive control as a substrate for telerobotic systems

Reactive control, a recently emerged paradigm for guiding robots in unstructured and dynamic environments, and related work are reviewed. Pertinent telerobotics research for intelligent navigation is briefly surveyed. A scheme-based reactive control system that allows teleoperators to direct a mobile platform without undue concern for local obstacle avoidance is described. By using an analog of the potential field methodology, repulsive forces are constructed around nearby obstacles, allowing the robot to avoid them and enabling the telerobot operator to concentrate on the more global aspects of the mission. The structure for this paradigm enables real-time computation. The principles are extendible to manipulator operations. Results of robot simulation and experiments that demonstrate the concepts described are reported. >
Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis

While the organometallic chemistry of Pd in its (0), (+II), and (+IV) oxidation states is well established, organometallic Pd(III) chemistry remains widely unexplored. Few characterized Pd(III) complexes are known, which has inhibited detailed study of the organometallic chemistry of Pd(III). In this review, the potential roles of both mono- and dinuclear Pd(III) complexes in organometallic chemistry are discussed. While not widely recognized, Pd in the (+III) oxidation state may play a significant role in a variety of known Pd-catalyzed reactions.
Using games to teach, practice and encourage interest in STEM subjects

Many games purport to teach, practice, or encourage interest in STEM subjects; however, many fail to do so in ways that can be statistically shown to be effective. The potential benefits of such games are often overstated. All parties should be more cognizant of realistically achievab outcomes. Designers and educators should establish parameters to determine what constitutes a successful game experience and design usability tests that measure the degree of improvement in students' aptitude and performance following engagement with STEM games. Progress is being made both in building STEM games and assessing their effects. Analysis of some successful games is helpful in determining how to include games in curricula and demonstrating how they support educational goals.
Activity and Pharmacodynamics of 21-Day Topotecan Infusion in Patients With Ovarian Cancer Previously Treated With Platinum-Based Chemotherapy

PURPOSE: Twenty-one–day topotecan infusion was administered as second-line therapy in patients with previously treated ovarian cancer (based on our prior favorable phase I experience) to determine its activity, time to progression, and pharmacodynamics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ovarian cancer patients with measurable lesions and one prior platinum-containing regimen were eligible. Topotecan 0.4 mg/m2/d 21-day continuous ambulatory intravenous infusion, with appropriate dose modifications for toxicity, was administered every 28 days. Weekly blood levels of topotecan and topoisomerase-1 (topo-1) levels in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were determined for pharmacodynamic correlation. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients were entered onto the study (six cisplatin-refractory, five relapsing within 6 months after platinum-based therapy). A total of 128 cycles of topotecan (median, four cycles per patient; range, one to 12 cycles) were administered. The major toxicity was neutrop...
A New Framework for the Use of Genetic Information

In this paper I will seek to do two basic things: (1) Critique the current biological and ethical frameworks which seem to inform most attempts to deal with genetic information and its use; and (2) Present a sketch of a new framework which I believe will be more adequate in dealing with questions of genetic information. What, then, do I believe needs to be changed in the usual approachs to genetic issues? First, the concepts of “gene,” “disease,” and “patient,” need to be de-individualized. An often unexamined and unanalyzed genetic essentialism and determinism, which also imply an individualistic bias, must be exposed and critically analyzed. A more adequate framework needs to be developed which recognizes the complexity of the human genome and especially the inter-dependent and interactive nature of genetic mechanisms. Further, there needs to be a better understanding of the notion of the “genetic causes of disease” that sees disease and illness as a result of the subtle interplay of individual physical characteristics (a variety of biological and psychological factors, not just genetic); environmental factors; and social factors including the cultural.
Effect of T-lymphocyte depletion on the pathogenesis of marble spleen disease virus infection in ring-necked pheasants.

SUMMARY. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cyclosporine (CSP)mediated T-lymphocyte depletion on the pathogenesis of marble spleen disease virus (MSDV) infection in ring-necked pheasants. Seventy-two 6-week-old pheasants were divided into three groups; one group of 18 birds was inoculated with MSDV, a second group of 18 birds was treated with CSP, and a third group of 36 birds was both treated with CSP and inoculated with MSDV. Two birds each from both of the smaller groups and four birds from the largest study group were necropsied periodically over a 14-day period. T-lymphoblastogenesis assays documented significant T-cell depression in the CSP-treated groups. Routine histology and immunohistochemical staining for MSDV antigen demonstrated that the CSP-treated MSDVinoculated birds had higher lesion incidence, had wider tissue distribution of virus, and retained virus in tissues longer than did the MSDV-inoculated-only birds. These results indicate that T-lymphocytes play a role in the host response to infection with MSDV.
Immunization Issues in Preterm Infants: Pertussis, Influenza, and Rotavirus

The goal of this article was to familiarize readers with the role, data, and rationale for common immunizations used in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). We discuss the immunodeficiencies that render preterm infants more vulnerable to vaccine-preventable disease, the need to immunize adults against pertussis and influenza, and the role of live, attenuated vaccines in preterm infants. The underused role of rotavirus vaccination is discussed, and we provide strategies for dealing with parents who are vaccine hesitant and concerned about other contents of immunization preparations.
Similarity of Cortical Activity Patterns Predicts generalization Behavior

Humans and animals readily generalize previously learned knowledge to new situations. Determining similarity is critical for assigning category membership to a novel stimulus. We tested the hypothesis that category membership is initially encoded by the similarity of the activity pattern evoked by a novel stimulus to the patterns from known categories. We provide behavioral and neurophysiological evidence that activity patterns in primary auditory cortex contain sufficient information to explain behavioral categorization of novel speech sounds by rats. Our results suggest that category membership might be encoded by the similarity of the activity pattern evoked by a novel speech sound to the patterns evoked by known sounds. Categorization based on featureless pattern matching may represent a general neural mechanism for ensuring accurate generalization across sensory and cognitive systems.
Using High Dynamic Range Photogrammetric Techniques for Optimizing Lighting Energy Saving in Buildings

Since 1880s, the lighting society has been working on optimizing lighting energy consumption in low-carbon buildings without sacrificing visual performance. There are two difficulties that hinder this goal. First, lighting profession has not yet well agreed on a simple visual task that could be widely adopted in practice for determining threshold light levels without losing lighting quality. Second, there is a lack of quick, accurate, and reliable techniques for light and geometry measurement in an entire scene. This paper introduces two solutions to these problems, including an equation for predicting legible text viewed at different angles, and innovative high dynamic range (HDR) photogrammetric techniques. This study then tested a windowless classroom for optimizing lighting energy saving without sacrificing legibility. Outcomes would be recommended for creating and maintaining low energy buildings with enhanced legibility.
Functional integration method for the Hubbard model with large negativeU and other local pairing models

We formulate a constrained field theory as a representation of the Hubbard model with strong attractive (‘negativeU’) coupling. The superconducting mean-field solutions are correctly reproduced after unusual antiperiodicity conditions on grassmann fields were imposed. In the exact action we find a new doubly-local symmetry, which together with Elitzur's theorem predicts strong corrections to mean field approximations by quantum fluctuations. We compare results for the large negativeU Hubbard model with those for other local pairing models, including disorder too. A new subclassification scheme of type II superconductivity is proposed. For disordered models, we discuss implications of Elitzur's theorem for the existence of superconducting glass phases.
Placental development and fatty acid metabolism in pigs fed ad libitum or restricted during gestation.

AbstractPlacental metabolism and histochemistry were studied during three periods of gestation in pigs fed either ad lib or restricted. Placental tissue fatty acid synthesis and esterification were depressed in those pigs which were restricted. Palmitate oxidation to carbon dioxide was not influenced by dietary manipulation. Between the gestational age of 45 and 112 days, placental villi increased in length and maternal and chorionic epithelial cells decreased in height. A comparison of maternal and fetal placental cells revealed differences in lipid content and fatty acid synthesis. It is proposed that both maternal and fetal placentas are capable of responding to maternal nutritional state and may be important in altering metabolites available to the fetus.
274 COMPARISON OF THE OUTCOMES OF WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION CLASS III LUPUS NEPHRITIS TREATED WITH CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE OR MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL AS INDUCTION THERAPY IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS.

Purpose To determine the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) versus cyclophosphamide (CTX) as induction therapy for the first 6 months in pediatric patients with class III lupus nephritis (LN). Introduction Renal involvement is one of the major determinants of the outcome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Information on the optimal treatment of pediatric patients with class III LN is still very limited. Although CTX has been used with success in pediatric patients with class III lupus, MMF may be a better alternative with less toxicity. Methods We retrospectively studied patients with histologic diagnosis of class III LN from two pediatric centers from January 1990 to December 2005 who were either treated with monthly intravenous (IV) CTX or oral MMF for the first 6 months. All patients were below age 18 at the time of biopsy. Clinical features assessed included age, gender, race, serum creatinine (Cr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure, urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPC), complement 3 and 4 levels, serum albumin, hemoglobin, renal histology, and prednisone doses. Complete remission (CR) is defined as normal clinical and laboratory findings, including normal urinalysis; partial remission (PR) refers to improved but not normal parameters and a UPC of 1. Results Thirteen patients were studied. The CTX group had seven patients and 71% had hypertension. The MMF group had six patients and 33% were hypertensive. Although the CTX gruop had higher mean serum creatinine and UPC (1.4 mg/dL and 6, respectively) than the MMF group (0.7 mg/dL and 1.1), the differences were not statistically significant. At 6 months, there were no differences in any laboratory parameter between the two groups. In the CTX group, no patients had achieved CR, 57% had PR, and 43% had NR. In the MMF group, 66% had achieved CR, 17% had PR, and 17% had NR; the differences were not significant. One patient in the CTX but none in the MMF group had GFR Conclusions In a small group of children with class III LN, 6-month outcomes are equivalent with either IV CTX or MMF, and there was no difference in the incidence of complication.