cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fear conditioning induces a lasting potentiation of synaptic currents in vitro

The amygdala plays a critical role in the mediation of emotional responses, particularly fear, in both humans and animals. Fear conditioning, a conditioned learning paradigm, has served as a model for emotional learning in animals, and the neuroanatomical circuitry underlying the auditory fear-conditioning paradigm is well characterized. Synaptic transmission in the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) to lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) pathway, a key segment of the auditory fear conditioning circuit, is mediated largely through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA (such as alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)) glutamate receptors; the potential for neural plasticity in this pathway is suggested by its capacity to support long-term potentiation (LTP). Here we report a long-lasting increase in the synaptic efficacy of the MGN-LA pathway attributable to fear-conditioning itself, rather than an electrically induced model of learning. Fear-conditioned animals show a presynaptic facilitation of AMPA-receptor-mediated transmission, directly measured in vitro with whole-cell recordings in lateral amygdala neurons. These findings represent one of the first in vitro measures of synaptic plasticity resulting from emotional learning by whole animals.
Geometry of the modulational instability III. Homoclinic orbits for the periodic sine-Gordon equation

In this paper the homoclinic geometric structure of the integrable sine-Gordon equation under periodic boundary conditions is developed. Specifically, focus is given to orbits homoclinic to N-tori. Simple examples of such homoclinic orbits are constructed and a physical interpretation of these states is given. A labeling is provided which identifies and catalogues all such orbits. These orbits are related in a one-to-one manner to linearized instabilities. Explicit formulas for all homoclinic orbits are given in terms of Backlund transformations.
Strategies for the Analysis of Repeated and Multiple Measures Designs

Abstract Differentiation is made relative to repeated and multiple measure analyses. A flowchart is provided to help the researcher determine the appropriate analysis for the design of interest. Conservative tests and a multivariate approach are suggested for repeated measures designs. For designs with multiple dependent measures, the following suggestions are provided: rank reduction, Bonferroni approach, and MANOVA. Post hoc tests are also suggested once a significant multivariate F is obtained. The post hoc tests are univariate F tests, two-group breakdown, simultaneous confidence intervals, discriminant analysis, step-down analysis, and contrasts on the classification variable. It is suggested that inclusion of these more appropriate analyses will increase the internal validity of research published in the Research Quarterly.
Ultrafast X-ray science: techniques and applications

Summary form only given. This tutorial will discuss recent techniques for generating tunable femtosecond x-ray pulses, focusing primarily on approaches which combine femtosecond lasers and relativistic electron beams. In addition, this tutorial will provide an overview of current and proposed scientific applications and associated measurement techniques which use femtosecond x-rays to probe structural dynamics in condensed matter.
ELEVATION OF PULMONARY PDE5-SPECIFIC ACTIVITY IN AN EXPERIMENTAL FETAL OVINE PERINATAL PULMONARY HYPERTENSION MODEL. † 1990

ELEVATION OF PULMONARY PDE5-SPECIFIC ACTIVITY IN AN EXPERIMENTAL FETAL OVINE PERINATAL PULMONARY HYPERTENSION MODEL. † 1990
Cloning, expression, and biochemical characterization of a functionally novel alpha class glutathione S-transferase with exceptional activity in the glutathione conjugation of (+)-anti-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene.

Abstract The present study describes cDNA cloning, expression, and kinetic characterization of the two subunits of a murine alpha-class glutathione (GSH)S-transferase (GST) isoenzyme (previously designated as GST 9.5), which, unlike other alpha-class mammalian GSTs, is exceptionally efficient in the GSH conjugation of(+)-anti-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo-(a)pyrene [(+)-anti-BPDE] [X. Hu, S. K. Srivastava, H. Xia, Y. C. Awasthi, and S. V. Singh (1996)J. Biol. Chem.271, 32684–32688]. The cDNAs for both subunits of GST 9.5 (GST 9.5-1 and GST 9.5-2) were cloned by RT-PCR. The deduced amino acid sequences of GST 9.5-1 and GST 9.5-2 clones were identical to those of mGSTA1 and mGSTA2, respectively. Both these subunits were expressed inEscherichia colito determine the relationships between recombinant mGSTA1-1 and mGSTA2-2 and corresponding subunits of tissue-isolated GST 9.5. The pIvalues of recombinant mGSTA1-1 and mGSTA2-2 (9.49 and 9.45, respectively) were similar to that of the tissue-isolated isoenzyme (pI9.5). The reverse-phase HPLC elution profiles and immunological cross-reactivities of recombinant mGSTA1-1 and mGSTA2-2 were also similar to those of the corresponding subunits of tissue-isolated GST 9.5. The catalytic efficiency of recombinant mGSTA1-1 toward (+)-anti-BPDE, 131 mM−1· s−1, was approximately 9.5- to 655-fold higher compared with tissue-isolated mGSTP1-1, mGSTA3-3, mGSTM1-1, and mGSTA4-4. Moreover, the catalytic efficiency of mGSTA1-1 toward (+)-anti-BPDE was about 3.3-fold higher compared with recombinant mGSTA2-2. The mGSTA1 and/or mGSTA2 subunits were expressed to varying degrees in female A/J mouse tissues. For example, mGSTA1, but not mGSTA2, subunit expression was observed in the skin, which is a target organ for benzo(a)pyrene (BP)-induced cancer in mice. On the other hand, the expression of either mGSTA1 or mGSTA2 subunit could not be detected in the lung, which is another target organ for BP-induced cancer in mice. Interestingly, relatively large amounts of both mGSTA1 and mGSTA2 subunits were detected in the kidney. In conclusion, the results of the present study clearly indicate that the A1-type subunit of GST 9.5 is responsible for its exceptional catalytic efficiency in the GSH conjugation of (+)-anti-BPDE, which is the ultimate carcinogen of widespread environmental pollutant BP.
Quantitation of loperamide and N-demethyl-loperamide in human plasma using electrospray ionization with selected reaction ion monitoring liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

We report here the development and validation of an LC–MS method for quantitation of loperamide (LOP) and its N-demethyl metabolite (DMLOP) in human plasma. O-Acetyl-loperamide (A-LOP) was synthesized by us for use as an internal standard in the assay. After addition of the internal standard, the compounds of interest were extracted with methyl tert.-butylether and separated by HPLC on a C18 reversed-phase column using an acetonitrile–water gradient containing 20 mM ammonium acetate. The three compounds were well separated by HPLC and no interfering peaks were detected at the usual concentrations found in plasma. Analytes were quantitated using positive electrospray ionization in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in the MS–MS mode. Selected reaction monitoring was used to quantify LOP (m/z 477→266), DMLOP (m/z 463→252) and A-LOP (m/z 519→266) on ions formed by loss of the 4-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-piperidyl group upon low energy collision-induced dissociation. Calibration curves, which were linear over the range 1.04 to 41.7 pmol/ml (LOP) and 1.55 to 41.9 pmol/ml (DMLOP), were run contemporaneously with each batch of samples, along with low (4.2 pmol/ml), medium (16.7 pmol/ml) and high (33.4 pmol/ml) quality control samples. The lower limit of quantitation (LLQ) of LOP and DMLOP was about 0.25 pmol/ml in plasma. The extraction efficiency of LOP and DMLOP from human plasma was 72.3±1.50% (range: 70.7–73.7%) and 79.4±12.8% (64.9–88.8%), respectively. The intra- and inter-assay variability of LOP and DMLOP ranged from 2.1 to 14.5% for the low, medium and high quality control samples. The method has been used successfully to study loperamide pharmacokinetics in adult humans.
A simple method for quantitative electroencephalographic assessment of drugs with convulsant and anticonvulsant properties.

Abstract A simple, inexpensive and reliable microcomputer-assisted method to detect and quantify abnormal EEG spiking is described. High frequency wave forms (20–40 Hz) with high amplitude are discriminated using a beta-2 bandpass filter and a threshold comparater. The spikes are then compiled and reported by an Apple II + microcomputer. The method was validated by measuring seizures generated by intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), by microinjection of excitatory amino acids into the dorsal hippocampus, and by the antagonism of these seizures by diazepam and 2-amino-7-phosphono heptanoic acid, respectively.
3He melting pressure thermometry

High-precision measurements of the3He melting pressure versus temperature have been made from 500 μK to 25 mK using a60Co nuclear orientation primary thermometer and a Pt NMR susceptibility secondary thermometer. Temperatures for the fixed points on the melting curve are: the superfluid A transition TA = 2.505 mK, the A-B transition TAB = 1.948 mK, and the solid ordering temperature tn = 0.934 mK. These fixed points and a functional form for P(T) constitute a convenient temperature scale, based on a primary thermometer, usable to well below 1 mK.
Perspectives on the assumed causes of land degradation in the rangelands of Sub-Saharan Africa:

Soil erosion and land degradation are serious problems in tropical Africa, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, where they are widely recognized as more serious problems than in non-tropical areas. Sub-Saharan Africa experiences deleterious levels of soil erosion, largely due to the interaction between harsh climates of high erosivity, fragile soils of high erodibility, steep slopes, and poor natural resource management. The fundamental challenge is to separate purely background-level soil erosion due to biophysical, geomorphic, topographic, and climatic conditions from what is caused by humans. This review shows that the human-induced causes of soil erosion and land degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa are not fully understood and some of the commonly listed causes may not always stand the test of critical scrutiny. The popular views of human-induced soil erosion and land degradation not only fail to take into consideration the fact that land degradation is primarily a physical process, but also they do injustice...
Tinkertoy parallel programming: a case study with Zoltan

As the need for complex parallel simulation software grows, better strategies for efficient and effective software development become important. We advocate a toolkit or 'tinkertoy' approach to parallel application development. By providing efficient implementations of basic services commonly needed by applications, toolkits allow application developers to benefit from others' research, compare algorithms and save time for their own development. Unlike large frameworks, toolkits provide these services with light-weight interfaces and little or no restriction on application data structures, making them easy to use in both new and existing applications. In this paper, we describe features of effective toolkit design, using the Zoltan parallel, dynamic data management toolkit as an example.
A comparison of the linke and Ångström measures of atmospheric turbidity and their application to North American air‐masses

Direct solar-radiation, passing through the Earth's atmosphere, is depleted in the following ways, (1) Molecular scattering of the radiation, the theoretical treatment of which by Rayleigh was shown to be in good agreement with Fowle's observations, although there are certain differences, particularly in the short-wave region; (2) absorption by permanent atmospheric gases such as O3, CO2, O2, which will not be considered here; (3) absorption of water-vapor, the amount of which varies exceedingly in the atmosphere; and (4) scattering and absorption by small atmospheric particles such as mineral-dust, water-droplets, salt, etc. Since the depletion of radiation by molecular scattering in a clean, dry atmosphere is known by the work of Rayleigh and Fowle, it is natural to attempt to measure the amount of other optically effective matter in the atmosphere, that is, the atmospheric turbidity, by observing the intensity of the transmitted radiation at the surface of the Earth. Such measures of atmospheric turbidity are important for their bearing on various physical and statistical problems, such as: (1) Determination of variations of the solar constant; (2) variation of the intensity of radiation reaching the Earth; (3) effect of local atmospheric transmission on plant and animal life; (4) determinations of the amount of dust and water-vapor in the atmosphere, which is of importance in explaining and predicting atmospheric condensation; and (5) classification of various synoptic air-masses according to their degree of turbidity.
Formation of Layered Fe(II)–Al(III)-Hydroxides during Reaction of Fe(II) with Aluminum Oxide

The reactivity of aqueous Fe(II) with aluminum oxide in anoxic solutions was investigated with batch kinetic experiments combined with Fe K edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements to characterize Fe(II) sorption products. Formation of Fe(II)–Al(III)-layered double hydroxides with an octahedral sheet structure similar to nikischerite (NaFeII6 Al3(SO4)2(OH)18 (H2O)12) was observed within a few hours during sorption at pH 7.5 and aqueous Fe(II) concentrations of 1–3 mM. These Fe(II) phases are composed of brucite-like FeII(OH)2 sheets with partial substitution of Al(III) for Fe(II), charge balanced by anions coordinated along the basal planes. Their fast rate of formation suggests that these previously unrecognized Fe(II) phases, which are structurally and compositionally similar to green rust, may be an important sink of Fe(II) in suboxic and anoxic geochemical environments, and impact the fate of structurally compatible trace metals, such as Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II), as well as redox-reactive spe...
The effects of duration of territorial residence on aggression in convict cichlids

Resident convict cichlid aggression against a conspecific intruder was measured after 24 or 48 h of sole territorial residence. Latency of attack was significantly shorter and the intensity of attack was significantly higher in the 48-h residence condition than in the 24-h condition. These temporal changes in aggression fit the time frame for the development of the territorial prior residence effect in this species, apparently reflecting an underlying proximate mechanism in its occurrence.
Support of Radon Transforms

be recivered from $ by means of a simple inversion formula. The support theorem (Helgason [2b, c]) states that for f assumed suitably small at co the condition f(r) = 0 for all hyperplanes r outside a ball B implies f (x) = 0 for all x outside B. The same statement then follows immediately with B denoting any convex compact set since such a set is the intersection of the balls containing it (cf. Ludwig [4]). The support theorem implies the PaleyWiener theorem for the Radon transform (Helgason [2b, c]) which characterizes the transforms flu, p)(f E CF(R”)) as the smooth functions &cc, p) = ~(-0, -p) of compact support satisfying the following condition: For each integer k > 0
Efficacy of Stress Exposure Training on Target Acquisition in Combat Simulations

Transfer of training from simulators to real-world environments has recently come under investigation, as the generalizability of task-specific training has come into question. New hypotheses recommend that, to ensure effective performance under stress in real-world environments, one should supplement skill-based training with Stress Exposure Training (SET). Stress Exposure Training has further benefits in that it may serve as a more generalizable form of training and transfer across tasks and stressors. The impact of improving performance and reducing perceived stress and workload is of vital importance to many military operations, especially in high technology and high workload situations such as Landwarrior or Unmanned Arial Vehicles (UAVs; Mouloua, Hancock, & Gilson, 2003), in which mistakes are costly in terms of economics as well as life. In this paper the limits of SET transfer between laboratory training and field performance are investigated in regards to simulated combat target identification tasks.
Neural development of mentalizing in moral judgment from adolescence to adulthood

The neural mechanisms underlying moral judgment have been extensively studied in healthy adults. How these mechanisms evolve from adolescence to adulthood has received less attention. Brain regions that have been consistently implicated in moral judgment in adults, including the superior temporal cortex and prefrontal cortex, undergo extensive developmental changes from adolescence to adulthood. Thus, their role in moral judgment may also change over time. In the present study, 51 healthy male participants age 13–53 were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they viewed pictures that did or did not depict situations considered by most individuals to represent moral violations, and rated their degree of moral violation severity. Consistent with predictions, a regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between age and hemodynamic activity in the temporo-parietal junction when participants made decisions regarding moral severity. This region is known to contribute to mentalizing processes during moral judgment in adults and suggests that adolescents use these types of inferences less during moral judgment than do adults. A positive correlation with age was also present in the posterior cingulate. Overall, the results suggest that the brain regions utilized in moral judgment change over development.
Effective dipole-oscillator-strength distribution and its applications

A new procedure for the construction of effective dipole-oscillator-strength distributions is proposed. The effective distributions satisfy not only the usual sum rules, but also have the correct asymptotic behavior and satisfy a ``modified'' oscillator-strength sum rule. The distributions may be used to evaluate logarithmic mean excitation energies. The application of the effective distributions toward the calculation of the high-energy photoionization cross section is also discussed. Calculations on atomic hydrogen have been performed which indicate the technique is an efficient method for the computation of the excitation energies. Finally, the technique is applied to atomic helium and the negative hydrogen ion.
The Kramer-Froehle Controversy: A Contribution to Construct Validity of the FIRO-B Questionnaire

Replicated the conditions established by Kramer in his attempt to contribute to the construct validation of the FIRO-B. Froehle's apparent later replication produced significantly different results from Kramer's original study. In replicating Kramer's design this researcher wished to establish whether the earlier failure to replicate was due to a difference in design or to an actual lack of construct validity of the FIRO-B. Kramer's findings were supported and an alternative explanation for the difference in Kramer's and Froehle's findings is discussed.
Does caloric restriction in the laboratory simply prevent overfeeding and return house mice to their natural level of food intake

Some researchers have speculated that the senescence-retarding effect of caloric restriction on laboratory rodents is an artifact of overfeeding under captive conditions. The argument posits that mice in nature are chronically calorically restricted; therefore, the typical laboratory protocol of restricting animals to 60% of their ad lib food intake more realistically replicates life in the field: the conditions under which the animals' physiology has been designed by natural selection to thrive. The hypothesis concludes that instead of comparing control animals with restricted animals, we are in fact comparing overfed animals with adequately fed ones, and, not surprisingly, the overfed ones die younger. In this Perspective, the author discusses the merits and drawbacks of this hypothesis in light of energy consumption data for various types of mice.
Pediatric Fasting Times Before Surgical and Radiologic Procedures: Benchmarking Institutional Practices Against National Standards

Prolonged preoperative fasting can be associated with adverse outcomes, particularly in children. Our aims were to assess the time pediatric patients fasted prior to surgical or radiologic procedures and evaluate whether fasting (NPO) orders complied with national guidelines. We measured NPO start time, time of last intake, and time test or surgery was scheduled, took place, or was cancelled in 219 pediatric patients. Findings demonstrate that pediatric patients experienced prolonged fasting before procedures and that the majority of NPO orders were non-compliant with national guidelines. We have developed strategies to reduce fasting times and ensure compliance with recommended national fasting standards.
A longitudinal study of temperament and its correlates in the first 12 months

Four issues were considered: (1) the stability of temperament over the first year; (2) the relation of infant temperament and cognitive performance; (3) the relationship of infant temperament to home environment; and (4) whether temperament mediates infant reactivity to the environment. Normal infants were administered the Brazelton at one month, were rated on the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire at 6 months, and received the Toddler Temperament Scale, UzgirisHunt Scale and the Caldwell HOME Inventory at 12 months. Correlational analyses indicated significant stability of broad temperamental categories from 1–6 months and from 6–12 months, but not from 1–12 months. Relationships between temperament and cognitive performance and between temperament and home environment were scattered and inconsistent. However, temperament was found to be a mediator of environment, such that active infants'cognitive functioning was higher when these infants were reared in organized home environments.
Glass fiber‐filled thermoplastics. I. Wall and processing effects on rheological properties

A systematic study of wall effects on the shear viscosity of short glass fiber-filled polypropylene and polystyrene is presented. The dependence of these effects on capillary radius, shear rate, temperature, and polymer matrix is examined. The “true” viscosity curves of these materials (free from wall effects) can be obtained by an extrapolation procedure. Breakage of glass fibers in the high shear-rate processes of extrusion and injection molding lead to an appreciable reduction of the viscosity of these materials and is probably the more important effect to take into account in these processes.
Arrhythmias and electrocardiographic changes after the hemi-Fontan procedure.

T he hemi-Fontan procedure has been proposed as an alternative to the bidirectional Glenn procedure in the first stage of the Fontan operation.1*2 In the hemiFontan operation, an atriopulmonary patch directs superior vena caval blood flow into both pulmonary arteries and the inferior vena caval flow into the ventricle. The hemi-Fontan procedure involves atria1 suture lines, which can potentially affect atria1 conduction and cause arrhythmias. Our surgical experience with the hemiFontan has been reported.2 Here, we report the early effects of the hemi-Fontan on the electrocardiogram and arrhythmias after the hemi-Fontan. Between August 1989 and May 1992,21 children (11 boys and 10 girls, aged 4 months to 5 years [median 11 months]), underwent the hemi-Fontan procedure at our hospital. The underlying cardiac defect was double-inlet left ventricle in 6, hypoplastic left heart syndrome in 5, pulmonary valve atresia with intact ventricular septum in 4, mitral atresia in 3 and complex double-outlet right ventricle in 3. All but 3 had had previous palliative procedures that were modified Blalock-Taussig shunt in 6, pulmonary artery banding in 5, stage 1 Norwood operation in 5, central shunt (a tube graft between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk) in 3, coarctation of the aorta repair in 3, pulmonary artery reconstruction in 2, Blalock-Hanlon atria1 septectomy in 1 and Damus-Kaye-Stansel operation in 1. Before hemi-Fontan, no patient had clinical or electrocardiographic features of arrhythmia. After surgery 2 patients died, both of hemodynamic reasons. Atria1 JEutter occurred in the early postoperative period in 1 patient and recurred later in the same patient. Therapy for this patient was begun with amiodarone and is well controlled. Another had an episode of sustained ventricular tachycardia in the early postoperative period that responded to intravenous lidocaine, and did not reCUK The electrocardiographic results are summarized in Table I. All electrocardiograms showed sinus rhythm. The P-wave axis and PR interval were not sigr$cantly di$erent when compared between preoperative, early postoperative (~30 days) and late postoperative (followup of 5 to 33 months, mean 20) electrocardiograms. Pwave amplitude, however, decreased signijcantly in the early postoperative period. The late postoperative electrocardiogram showed some increase in P-wave amplitude compared with the early postoperative electrocardiogram but was still diminished compared to the preoperative electrocardiogram. No patient had fragmented P waves (defined as >2 upward dejections in
First Record of Aplomado Falcon (Falco femoralis) for the West Indies

Abstract I report the first sighting of Aplomado Falcon (Falco femoralis) for Puerto Rico and all of the West Indies. I observed a single individual at Laguna Cartagena National Wildlife Refuge (southwestern Puerto Rico) on 15 January 2008; the individual stayed until 25 January 2008. Photographs establishing the bird's identity were obtained during prolonged periods of observation by several observers.
Gender Stereotypes, Aggression, and Computer Games: An Online Survey of Women

Computer games were conceptualized as a potential mode of entry into computer-related employment for women. Computer games contain increasing levels of realism and violence, as well as biased gender portrayals. It has been suggested that aggressive personality characteristics attract people to aggressive video games, and that more women do not play computer games because they are socialized to be non-aggressive. To explore gender identity and aggressive personality in the context of computers, an online survey was conducted on women who played computer games and women who used the computer but did not play computer games. Women who played computer games perceived their online environments as less friendly but experienced less sexual harassment online, were more aggressive themselves, and did not differ in gender identity, degree of sex role stereotyping, or acceptance of sexual violence when compared to women who used the computer but did not play video games. Finally, computer gaming was associated with decreased participation in computer-related employment; however, women with high masculine gender identities were more likely to use computers at work.
A step-track enhancement to program-track for APL's 18.3-meter dish antenna in support of Chandrayaan-1

Through an agreement between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), use of the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) Satellite Communications Facility (SCF) has been made available to support the Chandrayaan-1 mission to the Moon, namely its 18.3-m dish antenna resource. The SCF, using the 18.3-m dish, served as the primary Western hemisphere ground station for the mission, principally to support downlink of the spacecraft's science data at X-Band. Recent upgrades to the 18.3-m dish and ground station have been completed in order to meet the requirements of the mission, including an upgrade of the pointing system of the 18.3-m dish antenna. The historically observed accuracy of the dish's pointing capability was sufficient for S-Band operations but not for the newly installed X-Band downlink capability. A number of potential solutions were considered and ultimately a step-track enhancement to program-track was selected as the best option for efficiently improving the pointing accuracy of the dish while requiring minimal funding support. This paper will describe the steps taken to quantify the pointing accuracy of the 18.3-m dish and the implementation of the step-track algorithm in order to achieve the required improvement in pointing performance. 1 2
An algorithm for partial Grundy number on trees

A coloring of a graph G=(V,E) is a partition {V"1,V"2,...,V"k} of V into independent sets or color classes. A vertex [email protected]?V"i is a Grundy vertex if it is adjacent to at least one vertex in each color class V"j for every j
Expected rank and randomness in rooted graphs

For a rooted graph G, let EV"b(G;p) be the expected number of vertices reachable from the root when each edge has an independent probability p of operating successfully. We determine the expected value of EV"b(G;p) for random trees, and include a connection to unrooted trees. We also consider rooted digraphs, computing the expected value of a random orientation of a rooted graph G in terms of EV"b(G;p). We consider optimal location of the root vertex for the class of grid graphs, and we also briefly discuss a polynomial that incorporates vertex failure.
Toward all optical lab-on-a-chip system: optical manipulation of both microfluid and microscopic particles

To achieve all-optical-lab-on-a-chip systems, it requires optical manipulation tools for both microparticles and microfluids. Optical tweezers have attracted a great deal of interests in manipulating cells or particles. However, it is not effective in handling microfluid. Its high optical power requirement also limits its application in high throughput bio-analysis system. In this paper, we demonstrate two novel mechanisms, optoelectrowetting (OEW) for handling microdroplets, and optoelectronic tweezers (OET) for optical manipulation of microscopic particles with low optical power actuation. Instead of using direct optical force, both mechanisms rely on light induced electrical force for optical manipulation. Optoelectrowetting (OEW) enables control of microfluids in droplet form by optical beams. It is based on light induced electrowetting, which changes surface tension at solid-liquid interface at illuminated area. It is realized by integrating a layer of photoconductive material with electrowetting electrodes. By programming the illumination pattern, we have successfully demonstrated various functions for droplet, such as moving, splitting, and merging. A 100 pico-liter droplet was transported at a speed of 785um/sec by an optical beam with an optical power of 100mW. Optoelectronic tweezers (OET) manipulate cells or particles based on light induced dielectrophoresis (DEP). Trapping or repelling of microscopic particles is achieved with a light intensity of 2W/cm^2, which is 5 orders of magnitudes lower than that required by optical tweezers (10^5~ 10^7 W/cm^2). The liquid containing cells or particles is sandwiched between a photosensitive surface and a transparent ITO glass, with an ac bias between them.. When the laser beam is focused on the photosensitive layer, it creates a virtual electrode on the illuminated area, resulting a non-uniform electric field at the aqueous layer. Cells or particles in the liquid layer are polarized by this non-uniform electric field and driven by the DEP force. The force could be attractive or repulsive, depending on the dielectric properties of the particles and the bias frequency. Using OET, we have demonstrated concentration of polystyrene particles and live E.coli cells using an optical power less than 10uW.
Religion in Third World Politics

Religion, politics and analysis of Third World development Islam and Christianity - the historical expansion and political significance of the global religions the political resurgence of Islam in the Third World Third World Christianity and politics links between religion and foreign policy in the Third World politics and religion in the Third World - continuity and change.
Acknowledging the Contributions of Dr. Chris Bagnall, Advisory Editor

Dr. Bagnall was a true driving force for the creation of this journal. His assistance has been invaluable in ways too numerous to mention, including helping to design the journal cover, shaping the journal’s aims and scope, mapping out departments, developing the Editorial Board, and identifying potential authors and reviewers. We have now completed two volumes of MMA, and while we look forward to the continued benefit of Dr. Bagnall’s support and guidance, we would like to at this time publicly acknowledge his many contributions, to both this journal and to the greater technical community of metallographers, microscopists, and metallurgists. A Fellow of ASM International, Dr. Bagnall is the 2009 recipient of the prestigious Henry Clifton Sorby Award, has twice received the President’s Award from the International Metallographic Society, and is also a recipient of the Jacquet–Lucas Award for Excellence in Metallography. Since 1999, Dr. Bagnall has served as the president and director of MCS Associates, a consulting firm in Latrobe, Pa. Previously, he had a 22-year career with the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, working within the Advanced Energy Systems Division. Prior to taking on his role with MMA, Dr. Bagnall served as Editor-in-Chief of the journal Materials Characterization for 30 years. The editorial staff would like to express our heartfelt appreciation to Dr. Bagnall for his service to MMA; his Chris Bagnall Ryan M. Deacon
Is left lobe adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation ready for widespread use? The US experience (1998-2010).

Objectives: Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is an accepted treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease. To minimize risk to the donor, left lobe (LL) LDLT may be an ideal option in adult LDLT. Methods: This study assessed the outcomes of LL-LDLT compared with right lobe (RL) LDLT in adults (1998-2010) as reported to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN). Results: A total of 2844 recipients of LDLT were identified. Of these, 2690 (94.6%) underwent RL-LDLT and 154 (5.4%) underwent LL-LDLT. A recent increase in the number of LL-LDLTs was noted: average numbers of LL-LDLTs per year were 5.2 during 1998-2003 and 19.4 during 2004-2010. Compared with RL-LDLT recipients, LL-LDLT recipients were younger (mean age: 50.5 years vs. 47.0 years), had a lower body mass index (BMI) (mean BMI: 24.5 kg/m 2 vs. 26.8 kg/m 2), and were more likely to be female (64.6% vs. 41.9%). Donors in LL-LDLT had a higher BMI (mean BMI: 29.4 kg/m 2 vs. 26.5 kg/m 2) and were less likely to be female (30.9% vs. 48.1%). Recipients of LL-LDLT had a longer mean length of stay (24.9 days vs. 18.2 days) and higher retransplantation rates (20.3% vs. 10.9%). Allograft survival in LL-LDLT was significantly lower than in RL-LDLT and there was a trend towards inferior patient survival. In Cox regression analysis, LL-LDLT was found to be associated with an increased risk for allograft failure [hazard ratio (HR): 2.39)] and inferior patient survival (HR: 1.86). Conclusions: The number of LL-LDLTs has increased in recent years. © 2012 International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association.
The ADMSEP Milestones Project

Objective Credentialing bodies mandate that a medical school’s curriculum be based upon recognized guidelines. Within the field of psychiatry, the Association of Directors of Medical Student Education in Psychiatry (ADMSEP) has previously published recommended guidelines for the pre-clinical and clerkship curriculum. Ongoing changes within the Liaison Committee on Medical Education’s requirements for medical school curricula, and the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition, necessitated review of these guidelines.
Trophic factor and hormonal regulation of neurite outgrowth in sensory neuron-like 50B11 cells

Sensory axon integrity and regenerative capacity are important considerations in understanding neuropathological conditions characterized by hyper- or insensitivity. However, our knowledge of mechanisms regulating axon outgrowth are limited by an absence of suitable high-throughput assay systems. The 50B11 cell line generated from rat embryonic dorsal root ganglion neurons offers a promising model for screening assays. Prior characterization shows that these cells express cytoskeletal proteins and genes encoding ion channels and neurotrophin receptors in common with sensory nociceptor neurons. In the present study we further characterized 50B11 cells in regard to their phenotypes and responsiveness to neurotrophic and hormonal factors. 50B11 cells express neuronal cytoplasmic proteins including beta-3 tubulin, peripherin (a marker of unmyelinated neurons), and the pan-neuronal ubiquitin hydrolase, PGP9.5. Only PGP9.5 immunoreactivity was uniformly distributed throughout soma and axons, and therefore presents the best means for visualizing the entire axon arbor. All cells co-express both NGF and GDNF receptors and addition of ligands increased neurite length. 50B11 cells also showed immunoreactivity for the estrogen receptor-α and the angiotensin receptor type II, and both 17-β estradiol and angiotensin II increased outgrowth by differentiated cells. 50B11 cells therefore show features reported previously for primary unmyelinated nociceptor neurons, including responsiveness to classical neurotrophins and hormonal modulators. Coupled with their ease of culture and predictable differentiation, 50B11 cells represent a promising cell line on which to base assays that more clearly reveal mechanisms regulating axon outgrowth and integrity.
Does definition of self predict adopter dog breed choice

Motivated by the fact that each year 6 to 8 million lost and unwanted dogs and cats end up at animal shelters across the U.S. and half of those animals must be euthanized, the objective of this research is to determine the influence of dog owner's definition of self on dog breed choice. The regression analyses findings assert that dog owner's behavior (temperament) has significant influence on dog owner's dog categorization and dog breed choice. Moreover, male dog owners found gender of the dog to be less important in categorizing and choosing a dog than did female dog owners. Overwhelmingly, the dog owner is found to be the primary decision maker in acquiring a dog and choosing a dog breed. The dog owner's prior experience with dogs is found to be the primary influence on decisions about whether to acquire a dog and which dog breed to choose. Practical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed extensively.
SELECTIVE HEPATIC INSULIN RESISTANCE IN GROWTH RETARDED FETAL RATS: STUDIES ON INSULIN RECEPTOR SUBSTRATE-1 (IRS-1) CONTENT AND TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION. • 551

We have used maternal starvation for 48 hr prior to delivery to induce intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in the rat. Our past studies have shown that IUGR is associated with reduced fetal serum insulin concentrations, reduced insulin receptors (IR) tyrosine kinase activity in vitro, and impaired insulin mitogenesis in cultured fetal hepatocytes. In order to determine whether or not IUGR is associated with in vivo insulin resistance, fetal rats were injected on day 19 or 20 of gestation with insulin, 2.5 μg/g BW, i.p. Comparisons were made to control and starved (48 hr) adult rats. Livers were processed for immunoprecipitation of IRS-1, the main physiologic substrate for the IR kinase. Analyses used Western immunoblotting for IRS-1 and phosphotyrosine (P-Tyr). Results showed the following: Maternal fasting was associated with a 50% reduction in fetal hepatic IRS-1 content. Basal fetal liver IRS-1 P-Tyr was decreased about 10-fold. The response to insulin injection, measured as P-Tyr IRS-1, was reduced 2 to 3-fold in IUGR fetuses, a change more marked than the decrease in IRS-1 content. The effects of IUGR on IRS-1 content and phosphorylation were similar in 19 and 21 day (term) fetuses. In contrast, starvation in the adult rats was associated with a 2 to 3-fold increase in IRS-1 content. P-Tyr IRS-1, basal and insulin-stimulated, was comparable in control and starved adult animals. We conclude that IUGR due to maternal starvation is associated with two factors which could contribute to fetal hepatic insulin resistance; decreased IRS-1 content and a disproportional decrease in P-Tyr IRS-1.
Buried Tension Sutures: Force‐Tension Comparisons of Pulley, Double Butterfly, Mattress, and Simple Interrupted Suture Patterns

Objectives— To compare suture patterns (simple interrupted, modified pulley, horizontal mattress, double butterfly) by use of a novel in vitro model that quantifies force required for closure against tension. Study Design— In vitro study. Sample Population— Suture constructs. Methods— An in vitro suturing frame was constructed with extension springs to provide a standard resistance against movement of 2 panels of loops toward each other. Four different suture patterns were applied to the frame in randomized trials. The frame was affixed to a tensiometer that measured the force required for each suture pattern to close a fixed distance (3.81 cm) at a constant rate (5.08 cm/min) against the tension (0.6 kg/cm) of the extension springs. The closure distance and tension were selected subjectively to mimic tension encountered clinically during wound reconstruction oncologic surgical procedures. Results— The modified pulley suture required the least force to close, followed by the double butterfly, simple interrupted, and horizontal mattress patterns. Conclusions— The modified pulley suture and double butterfly suture patterns require less force to close a given distance under tension than either simple interrupted or horizontal mattress suture patterns. Clinical Relevance— Application of tension relieving suture techniques for fascia, subcutaneous, and buried-knot subdermal suturing should be considered to facilitate direct closure of wounds under tension. Modified pulley and double butterfly suture patterns offer some mechanical advantage by requiring less force to achieve closure compared with other suture patterns that might be used in reconstructive surgery.
PARENTS AND DRUGS REVISITED: SOME FURTHER EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY*

Social control and social learning theories suggest divergent relationships between attachment to parents and children's drug use when level of parent drug use is considered. Social control theory proposes a uniformly negative relationship between children's drug use and attachment to parents whereas social learning theory proposes that the relationship is affected by parental drug use. The relationship between attachment to parents and children's drug use was investigated for each of three groups of low, moderate, and high parental drug use through estimation of a latent variable structural model of attachment to family on children's tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use. Results indicate that attachment to parents related inversely, but with different magnitudes, to children's drug use for youths whose parents use drugs at low or moderate levels. No significant relationship exists between attachment to family and children's drug use for youths whose parents are relatively high-level users. Neither ethnicity nor sex affected these findings. The implications of these results supporting social learning theory are discussed.
Dismantling Defensiveness and Resistance to Diversity and Social Justice Issues in Teacher Preparation

Abstract Why do so many of us who teach content related to diversity and social justice encounter defensiveness and resistance in our students? How are we to respond? What message does our response send to our students? This article attempts to address these important questions by examining the nature and strength of belief systems, the processes involved in changing beliefs, and variables that help create a supportive community among learners. Readers will come to understand defensiveness (and initial resistance) as a natural aspect in the change process. Indeed, students need to feel safe enough to analyze implicit beliefs, explore differing perspectives, and consider the adoption of new and/or alternative ways of thinking and believing. The authors provide strategies which can be employed to help abate defensiveness and foster the process of belief examination and/or change.
Nietzsche and transcendental argument

My plan is to examine Nietzsche's view of (what is I think) the most characteristically Kantian kind of argument, what's now often called 'transcendental argument'. I understand this as an argument in which a concept or principle or value is justified as a 'condition of the possibility' of something indisputable (or indispensable). I will look at Nietzsche's critique of this pattern of argument in Kant, but also at the ways he still uses such arguments himself, in all three of the sectors of Kant's critique: theoretical, practical, aesthetic.
Transient dynamics in altered disturbance regimes: recovery may start quickly, then slow

When a pattern of spatial or temporal environmental variation changes, it takes time for populations to reach their new stationary distributions, and during this time, the competitive landscape is also in flux. As a first step toward understanding community responses to altered variational regimes, I investigate the convergence of an annual–perennial plant system to its stationary spatiotemporal distribution following a change in environmental variation. I find that, to good approximation, convergence is the sum of two separate processes: global convergence, which governs changes in the total population, and local convergence, which governs population redistribution. While the slower process (global or local) eventually governs convergence, the faster process may initially dominate if it starts further from its stationary distribution, so that the populations converge quickly at first, then slow down. That is, when disturbances are spatially heterogeneous, a system may be initially more resilient under some initial conditions than others.
High sensitivity deflection detection of nanowires.

A critical limitation of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) is the lack of a high-sensitivity position detection mechanism. We introduce a noninterferometric optical approach to determine the position of nanowires with a high sensitivity and bandwidth. Its physical origins and limitations are determined by Mie scattering analysis. This enables a dramatic miniaturization of detectable cantilevers, with attendant reductions to the fundamental minimum force noise in highly damping environments. We measure the force noise of an $81\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{nm}$ radius ${\mathrm{Ag}}_{2}\mathrm{Ga}$ nanowire cantilever in water at $6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fN}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$.
An unusual citrate synthase from mango fruit

Summary Citrate synthase from mango fruit differs from other aerobic citrate synthases in that it is inhibited by several sulfhydryl binding reagents. The enzyme is protected from inhibition by its substrates acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate. This enzyme is an “S-citrate synthase” with a molecular weight of 65,000.