cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does the central dogma still stand

Prions are agents of analog, protein conformation-based inheritance that can confer beneficial phenotypes to cells, especially under stress. Combined with genetic variation, prion-mediated inheritance can be channeled into prion-independent genomic inheritance. Latest screening shows that prions are common, at least in fungi. Thus, there is non-negligible flow of information from proteins to the genome in modern cells, in a direct violation of the Central Dogma of molecular biology. The prion-mediated heredity that violates the Central Dogma appears to be a specific, most radical manifestation of the widespread assimilation of protein (epigenetic) variation into genetic variation. The epigenetic variation precedes and facilitates genetic adaptation through a general ‘look-ahead effect’ of phenotypic mutations. This direction of the information flow is likely to be one of the important routes of environment-genome interaction and could substantially contribute to the evolution of complex adaptive traits. This article was reviewed by Jerzy Jurka, Pierre Pontarotti and Juergen Brosius. For the complete reviews, see the Reviewers’ Reports section.
Successful Desensitization to Dapsone for Pneumocystis Carinii Prophylaxis in an HIV-Positive Patient

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of successful desensitization to dapsone for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis in a patient unable to tolerate trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) desensitization or dapsone at standard doses.CASE SUMMARY:A 37-year-old HIV-positive African-American man was treated for pneumonia with TMP/SMX and then continued on the drug for PCP prophylaxis. After experiencing a pruritic maculopapular rash with TMP/SMX, both at standard doses and after attempting a desensitization regimen to the drug, he was started on dapsone for PCP prophylaxis. He experienced a rash and fever after taking dapsone at standard PCP prophylactic doses. At this time, an 18-day oral dapsone rechallenge by dose escalation was attempted, and it was well tolerated.CONCLUSIONS:This case suggests that utilization of a dapsone desensitization regimen may permit a viable treatment option in patients previously thought to be intolerant to the agent. More regimens of this type should be attempted and the ...
Identification of Several Wavelengths Useful for ICP that Are Incorrectly Listed in the Literature

A previously characterized sequential scanning ICP spectrometer with nominal resolution of 0.009 nm, FWHM, for a 3600-line/mm grating and 0.018 nm for a 1800-line/mm grating is used to examine wavelength positions. Five atomic lines believed to have been reported in error in the literature are identified. Alternative values for each wavelength are suggested.
Do Low Levels of Circulating Adiponectin Represent a Biomarker or Just Another Risk Factor for the Metabolic Syndrome

The metabolic syndrome is currently defined by various combinations of insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. The tendency for these risk factors to appear simultaneously suggests a single aetiologic basis. A low level of circulating adiponectin is associated with the appearance of each metabolic syndrome risk factor. The following review summarizes a large body of evidence that suggests a low level of circulating adiponectin represents an independent risk factor and a possible biomarker for the metabolic syndrome. An association between the metabolic syndrome and low adiponectin supports the view that the development of the metabolic syndrome may be triggered by a single underlying mechanism. Clinical studies in the future may show that a low level of circulating adiponectin is a primary biomarker for a specific cluster of metabolic syndrome risk factors rather than all the possible combinations of risk factors currently used to identify the metabolic syndrome. The significance of low circulating adiponectin in risk assessment models should ultimately be compared against insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and other metabolic syndrome risk factors presently under consideration. Adiponectin can be measured reliably in a clinical setting; circulating values of adiponectin do not fluctuate on a diurnal basis as much as insulin, glucose, triglycerides or cholesterol and only 2-4 microl of blood are currently needed for its measurement.
Practice & prevention of home-router mid-stream injection attacks

The vulnerability of home routers has been widely discussed, but there has been significant skepticism in many quarters about the viability of using them to perform damaging attacks. Others have argued that traditional malware prevention technologies will function for routers. In this paper we show how easily and effectively a home router can be repurposed to perform a mid-stream script injection attack. This attack transparently and indiscriminately siphons off many cases of user entered form-data from arbitrary (non-encrypted) Web-sites, including usernames and passwords. Additionally, the attack can take place over a long period of time affecting the user at a large number of sites allowing a userpsilas information to be easily correlated by one attacker. The script injection attack is performed through malware placed on an insecure home router, between the client and server. We implemented the attack on a commonly deployed home router to demonstrate its realizability and potential. Next, we propose and implement efficient countermeasures to discourage or prevent both our attack and other Web targeted script injection attacks. The countermeasures are a form of short-term tamper-prevention based on obfuscation and cryptographic hashing. It takes advantage of the fact that Web scripts are both delivered and interpreted on demand. Rather than preventing the possibility of attack altogether, they simply raise the cost of the attack to make it non-profitable thus removing the incentive to attack in the first place. These countermeasures are robust and practically deployable: they permit caching, are deployed server-side, but push most of the computational effort to the client. Further, the countermeasures do not require the modification of browsers or Internet standards. Further, they do not require cryptographic certificates or frequent expensive cryptographic operations, a stumbling block for the proper deployment of SSL on many Web-servers run by small to medium-sized businesses.
Two Ceta Youth Employment Programs Evaluation in a Local Setting

This article describes a collaborative effort between university researchers and a CETA prime sponsor aimed at "knowledge development" in employment and training services for disadvantaged out-of-school youth. The article describes the impetus for the evaluation, outlines the original evaluation design, discusses implementation problems, presents the results, and assesses the usefulness of the endeavor. Discussion is also included on the general feasibility of experimental evaluation for youth employment programs in a local setting.
Gender and Marital Happiness in Later Life

In this study, the authors examine the effect of gender ideology on marital happiness in later life. Studies of marital satisfaction in later life have tended to neglect such attitudes, although they have received increasing attention in the literature on younger marriages. The authors use data from married individuals who range in age from 51 to 92 years old and are members of the 1994 Iowa Youth and Families Project. Results indicate that those who hold egalitarian attitudes report significantly higher levels of marital happiness than do those with more traditional attitudes. However, this effect is only significant for men.
CD4+ T Cells Contribute to the Remodeling of the Microenvironment Required for Sustained Tumor Regression upon Oncogene Inactivation

Oncogene addiction is thought to occur cell autonomously. Immune effectors are implicated in the initiation and restraint of tumorigenesis, but their role in oncogene inactivation-mediated tumor regression is unclear. Here, we show that an intact immune system, specifically CD4(+) T cells, is required for the induction of cellular senescence, shutdown of angiogenesis, and chemokine expression resulting in sustained tumor regression upon inactivation of the MYC or BCR-ABL oncogenes in mouse models of T cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma and pro-B cell leukemia, respectively. Moreover, immune effectors knocked out for thrombospondins failed to induce sustained tumor regression. Hence, CD4(+) T cells are required for the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment through the expression of chemokines, such as thrombospondins, in order to elicit oncogene addiction.
Bismuth-based cyclic synthesis of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid via the oxyarylcarboxy dianion, (O2CC6H2tBu2O)2−

3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid can be made under mild conditions in a cyclic process from carbon dioxide and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-phenol using bismuth-based C–H bond activation and CO2 insertion chemistry starting with the Bi3+ complex, Ar′BiCl2, of the NCN pincer ligand, Ar′ = 2,6-(Me2NCH2)2C6H3. Complexes of the recently discovered oxyaryl dianion, (C6H2tBu2-3,5-O-4)2−, and the oxyarylcarboxy dianion, [O2C(C6H2tBu2-3,5-O-4)]2−, are intermediates in the process. Further studies of the oxyarylcarboxy dianion in Ar′Bi[O2C(C6H2tBu2-3,5-O-4)-κ2O,O′], show that it undergoes decarboxylation upon reaction with I2 and it reacts with trimethylsilyl chloride to produce the trimethylsilyl ether of the trimethylsilyl ester of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and the Ar′BiCl2 starting material.
Human control for cooperating robot teams

Human control of multiple robots has been characterized by the average demand of single robots on human attention or the distribution of demands from multiple robots. When robots are allowed to cooperate autonomously, however, demands on the operator should be reduced by the amount previously required to coordinate their actions. The present experiment compares control of small robot teams in which cooperating robots explored autonomously, were controlled independently by an operator or through mixed initiative as a cooperating team. Mixed initiative teams found more victims and searched wider areas than either fully autonomous or manually controlled teams. Operators who switched attention between robots more frequently were found to perform better in both manual and mixed initiative conditions.
Web Site Accessibility of Aacsb-Accredited Universities: Meeting the Requirements of the Law(S):

Universities and colleges are using the Internet as a major tool for providing information to prospective students about their programs and services. However, as more and more Web pages are designe...
Physical and Sensory Characteristics of Extruded Products Made from Two Oat Lines with Different β-Glucan Concentrations

ABSTRACT The impact of extrusion on physical and sensory properties and on the in vitro bile acid (BA) binding was examined for N979 and Jim oat (Avena sativa) lines with 8.1 and 4.8% β-glucan, respectively. Based on hardness and edibility of products made from Jim oats, moisture concentrations of 16–25% and temperatures of 165–180°C were selected for N979 extrusion. Jim-based cereal had a significantly greater (P < 0.05) expansion ratio than did N979-based cereal at most moistures. N979 cereal was browner, but not harder, than Jim cereal. Extruded products from N979 and Jim oats had 5.29–5.99% and 3.38–3.94% β-glucan, respectively. Changing extrusion temperature or moisture content did not affect β-glucan concentration in the products. N979 cereal made at 165°C and 16% moisture had greater BA binding than at other conditions, and had crunchiness comparable to cereals made at other conditions. BA binding of Cheerios brand breakfast cereal was close to that of N979 cereal made at 180°C and 18% moisture, bu...
Homalodisca coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Feeding Posture

The sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulata Say (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is a polyphagous insect that feeds primarily from the xylem vessels of host plants. This insect is an efficient vector of the xylem-limited, plant-pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells, which is the causal agent of several important diseases in ornamental and agricultural crops. In wild populations, H. coagulata have been observed to almost exclusively orient with their anterior facing toward the roots (AFR), regardless of branch position. The orientation of H. coagulata seemed to be chosen before stylet insertion. Neither masking plant chemical and morphological surface cues nor placing test plants in the absence of light affected body posture. The introduction of 1.5-V direct current electricity to the plants resulted in altered body positioning. Removal of both front tarsi influenced body position; however, removal of only the right or left front tarsi had no effect on H. coagulata body position. Removal or masking of right, left, or both antennae resulted in altered body position.
Capital Structure and the (Changing?) Role of Off-Balance-Sheet Lease Financing

Using trend regression analysis, we demonstrate the remarkable increase in operating (off-balance-sheet) lease financing and simultaneous decrease in use of capital (onbalance-sheet) leases over the last 27 years. This trend is consistent with the contentions of regulators and popular press that firms are intentionally structuring leases to qualify for off-balance-sheet accounting treatment. We include a proxy for the unobserved benefits of the off-balance-sheet accounting treatment as an additional explanatory variable in a traditional capital structure model and find a significantly negative relationship: as unexplained operating lease activity increases, conventional debt ratios decrease. Our results suggest lower conventional leverage ratios may underestimate the financial risk of such firms as these lower debt ratios may be associated with higher unexplained off-balance-sheet financing. Finally, we report evidence that the determinants of the mix of on- versus off-balance sheet lease activity is changing over time. Our results should be of interest to a host of market participants as the US considers changes in the off-balance-sheet accounting treatment of lease financing.
Elevated basal FSH in normal cycling women is associated with unfavourable lipid levels and increased cardiovascular risk

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women, with most deaths occurring after menopause. It had been assumed that lack of estrogen is a leading contributing factor to cardiovascular disease in women. Recent trials, however, using hormone replacement therapy to treat cardiovascular disease in women have not affirmed the cardiovascular benefits ascribed to this regimen. Ovarian function declines slowly over the decades approaching the menopause as evidenced by declining fertility, rising serum FSH, falling inhibin, yet normal estradiol levels. We investigated the relationship between basal FSH and an established major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. METHODS AND RESULTS We obtained cycle day 3 serum FSH levels and fasting lipoprotein profiles on 40 women between the ages of 29 and 49 years, with normal menstrual cycles and who were not using hormonal medications or statins. Premenopausal women with an FSH level > or =7 IU/l had significantly elevated total cholesterol (P=0.009) and LDL (P=0.019) compared with those with FSH <7 IU/l. This difference was independent of age. Neither HDL nor triglyceride levels differed between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Decreased functional ovarian reserve, as approximated by serum day 3 FSH levels, correlates with known cardiovascular risk factors. Declining ovarian function prior to estrogen deficiency may be a cardiac risk factor. The premenopausal ovary may be a source of cardioprotective substance other than estradiol. We hypothesize that factors other than 17beta-estradiol, but related to ovarian function, might contribute to cardiovascular risk.
The relationship between required medical school instruction in musculoskeletal medicine and application rates to orthopaedic surgery residency programs.

Background Orthopaedic residency programs lack gender and race diversity. This study examines the hypothesis that exposure to a required course in musculoskeletal medicine in medical school is associated with a higher rate of application to orthopaedic surgery residency programs by underrepresented groups. Methods All 122 medical schools in the United States were surveyed in 2001 to determine whether they required dedicated course work in musculoskeletal medicine, defined as a preclinical module or clinical clerkship in orthopaedic surgery, rheumatology, or physiatry. Data from the Electronic Residency Application Service were obtained for the class of 2002. From these two sources, the rate of applications from students to orthopaedic surgery residency programs was calculated as a function of exposure to a required course in musculoskeletal medicine. Subgroup analysis was further carried out for women and for African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans. Results In 2002, there were 16,294 graduates of American medical schools, of whom approximately 55% had mandatory instruction in musculoskeletal medicine. The rate of application to orthopaedic surgery residency programs was 5.7% among the students with required instruction compared with a rate of 5.1% for students without such required instruction. The rate of application for female students was 2.0% for those who had required courses and 1.1% for the female students who had not had the required courses. The rate of application for minority students in schools with required courses was 8.2% compared with a rate of 6.1% for those students without such exposure. Conclusions Required instruction in musculoskeletal medicine was associated with a 12% higher rate of application to orthopaedic surgery residency programs among all students (5.7% of those who received required instruction compared with 5.1% of those who did not). The relative difference was more pronounced among women (a 75% difference in the rate of application) and minorities (a 35% difference in the rate of application). This study suggests that required instruction in musculoskeletal medicine can help to promote diversity in orthopaedic surgery residency programs.
The evaluation of antibacterial effect of a special kind of bio-mineral source organic and inorganic antibacterial ceramics

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial effect of the special bio-mineral source organic and inorganic antibacterial ceramics.Methods:Quantitative sterilization test,stability test and durability test were performed by using impregnation oscillatory method to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the special ceramics.Results:The average rates of 10-minute sterilization with regard to the Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were all 99.99%;The average rate of 10-minute sterilization still remained 99.99% after the special ceramics' incubation in a 54℃ incubator for 14 days;The 24-hour sterilization rates of the special ceramics(after soaked in acid and alkaline medium for 3 hours and 90 days) with regard to Escherichia coli were 99.99% and 99.9%,respectively.Conclusion:The antibacterial effect of the special bio-mineral source organic and inorganic antibacterial ceramics is quick,efficient,stable and durable.
NR1 and NR2 Subunit Contributions to N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Channel Blocker Pharmacology

The potencies of various N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA) receptor channel blockers were determined at recombinant NMDA receptors containing differing combinations of NR1 and NR2 subunits expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. When the NR1 subunit was varied (NR1e/NR2A or NR1b/NR2A), none of the 9 channel blockers tested displayed a statistically different affinity. In contrast, altering NR2 composition changed the affinities of several channel blockers. Three of 10 compounds displayed significantly higher affinities for NR1b/NR2C receptors than NR1b/NR2A receptors, and three of five compounds had higher affinity at NR1b/NR2C than NR1b/NR2B receptors. Both MK-801 and N-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohyxyl]piperidine displayed identical affinities at all receptor subunit combinations tested. However, these two compounds displayed significantly slower rates of blockade and unblockade at NR1b/NR2C than at NR1b/NR2A receptors, perhaps reflecting the shorter mean open times of NR1/NR2C receptors. NR1b/NR2B and NR1b/NR2A were distinguished by one of five compounds tested. Taken together, these results indicate that NR2 subunits impart differing pharmacological profiles to NMDA receptors; thus, it may be possible to develop NMDA receptor channel blocker antagonists of greater subtype selectivity.
Oxidation induced stress effects on hole mobility as a function of transistor geometry in a 0.15 /spl mu/m dual gate oxide CMOS SOI process

Additional process complexity required for multiple gate oxide thicknesses has been demonstrated to cause significant impact on p-channel mobility through oxidation induced stress effects. This can occur even after the STI oxide planarization step. Therefore, process flow options to minimize all oxidations after island definition should be considered. The data presented here also underscores the need to understand and model the oxidation induced stress associated with the specific device of interest. Since these stresses have a major impact on device mobility and current drive, care must be taken to make sure variation in layout options such as stacking transistors in a single device island rather than individual islands do not lead to circuit design modeling errors sufficient to compromise circuit performance margins. SUPREM4 appears to be able to model this behavior but most circuit level transistor models are not capable of handling this level of detail or complexity.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Fiber-Polymer Interphases

Quantitative analytical techniques were developed for the compositional characterization of the fiber-polymer interphase. Intermolecular diffusion at a DGEBA interphase was studied to simulate the cure in the interphase of a coated fiber-epoxy composite. In this study model interphases of halogenated DGEBA with standard DGEBA were created and spectroscopically probed for composition and spatial distribution of the halogen marker. Additionally, carbon fibers were coated with halogentated DGEBA and cured in a standard DGEBA-diamine resin. The effects of fiber coating on fibermatrix bond strength and failure mode will be presented.
Spinoza's life and works

A JEWISH MERCHANT OF AMSTERDAM Bento de Spinoza was born in Amsterdam on November 24, 1632, to a prominent merchant family of that city's Portuguese-Jewish community. He was the second of three sons, and one of five children of Michael de Spinoza and his wife, Hannah Deborah Senior, recent immigrants to the Netherlands from Portugal. New Christians – the descendants of Jews who had been forcibly converted to Christianity in Spain and Portugal at the end of the fifteenth century – had been living in the Low Countries, still under Spanish dominion, throughout most of the sixteenth century. Many of them resided in Antwerp, where they were able to pursue their business affairs at a relatively safe remove from the heart of the Inquisition. With the beginning of the armed revolt of the seven northern provinces, now called the United Provinces of the Netherlands, in the 1570s, and the consequent eclipse of Antwerp by Amsterdam as a major center for trade, many of these families moved up to that more liberal and cosmopolitan city on the Amstel River. In Amsterdam, with its generally tolerant environment and greater concern for economic prosperity than for religious uniformity, the Portuguese New Christians, or “conversos,” were able to return to the religion of their ancestors and reestablish themselves in Jewish life. By the middle of the second decade of the seventeenth century, Amsterdam was home to three congregations of Iberian, or Sephardic, Jews.
Facebook in the News: Social media, journalism, and public responsibility following the 2016 Trending Topics controversy

In May 2016, two stories on Facebook’s Trending Topics news feature appeared on the site Gizmodo, the first exposing the human curators working surreptitiously to select news and the second contain...
Wind farm security

As modern society grows more reliant on wind energy, wind farm deployments will become increasingly attractive targets for malicious entities. The geographic scale of wind farms, remoteness of assets, flat logical control networks and insecure control protocols expose wind farms to myriad threats. This paper attempts to clarify the gaps in the understanding of wind farm threats and their implications. The paper describes the anatomy of a generic wind farm and the attack vectors that can be leveraged to target its information technology, industrial control and physical assets. It discusses attack scenarios involving unauthorized wind turbine control, wind turbine damage, wind farm disruption and damage, and substation disruption and damage. Additionally, the paper highlights mitigation techniques that provide robust security coverage and reduce the negative cyber and physical impacts. The attack surface, targets, scenarios and mitigation techniques presented in this paper are common across wind farm deployments. However, it is still possible to add details about the unique aspects of wind farm assets, configurations and operations in order to develop a holistic risk management program geared for a specific wind farm deployment.
Fabrication and Electrochemical Performance of Structured Mesoscale Open Shell V2O5 Networks

Crystalline vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) has attracted significant interest as a potential cathode material for energy storage applications due to its high theoretical capacity. Unfortunately, the material suffers from low conductivity as well as slow lithium ion diffusion, both of which affect how fast the electrode can be charged/discharged and how many times it can be cycled. Colloidal crystal templating (CCT) provides a simple approach to create well-organized 3-D nanostructures of materials, resulting in a significant increase in surface area that can lead to marked improvements in electrochemical performance. Here, a single layer of open shell V2O5 architectures ca. 1 μm in height with ca. 100 nm wall thickness was fabricated using CCT, and the electrochemical properties of these assemblies were evaluated. A decrease in polarization effects, resulting from the higher surface area mesostructured features, was found to produce significantly enhanced electrochemical performance. The discharge capacity of ...
Options: Pricing, Usage and the Greeks

Options hold an important part within the most undergraduate and graduate finance programs. Teaching options, their pricing and usage as well as the theory of implied volatility can be challenging. This study provides content to access real options data, calculate intrinsic value, premiums, implied volatility and Greeks. Recognizing the importance of visual learning, we also provide content to draw charts for profit and loss, premium and implied volatility. All calculations and charts are done across different option types (call and put), strike prices, different maturities and across different underlying securities for comparative teaching. Study methods can easily be employed using Stata by instructors and by students. Specific study results can also be replicated.
Endovascular rescue of long-term vascular graft implants and need for continuous surveillance

Abstract We present two cases of vascular graft degradation after long-term implantation. In both patients, endovascular techniques were employed to effect continued graft patency and function. Furthermore, these cases lend further credence to the doctrine of lifelong surveillance of all vascular interventions regardless of graft material. Postoperative surveillance of vascular interventions is generally recommended to avoid failures by identifying "the failing graft" 1 at the earliest possible time to facilitate corrective procedures. There is a tendency that with continued function, over time, surveillance methods are spread farther apart and in fact often discontinued. Recent experiences with two cases illustrate the vital importance of lifelong continuous surveillance regardless of the site, graft material, or absence of symptoms. Clearly, the patient's compliance is essential. Both patients consented to the publication of their cases.
A Model for Measuring Ambulatory Access to Care Recovery after Disasters

Introduction Although little research has examined impacts of disasters on scheduled ambulatory care services, routine care delivery is important for emergency planning and response because missed or delayed care can lead to more urgent care needs. This article presents potential measures of ambulatory care recovery and resilience and applies the measures to data around a recent disaster. Methods We conceptualize "ambulatory care recovery" as the change in median business days to complete appointments that were canceled, and "ambulatory care resiliency" as the change in percentage of completed appointments in time frames before, during, and after disasters. Appointments data from Veterans Affairs (VA) clinics were examined around a category 4 hurricane that affected a coastal area with a substantial veteran population. Results For the disaster studied, ambulatory care resilience was associated with geographic proximity to the storm's impact. Primary care recovery was longer in locations closest to storm landfall. This research indicates the usefulness of routine appointments data in emergency planning. Conclusion Quantifying care disruptions around disasters is an important step in assessing interventions to improve emergency preparedness and response for clinics. The illustrative example of measures captured the disaster event duration and severity in relation to ambulatory care appointments.
Overview of Adversary Detection in CR Networks

As discussed in Chap. 1, the PUE attack and the Byzantine attack are two severe security threats unique to the CR networks, and if not properly addressed, the functionality of the entire CR network will be demolished. With this consideration, advocators of the CR technology have devoted substantial research efforts to address these two security problems in the past decade. Most of them focus on how to detect and identify the adversaries; after all, detection and identification is usually the very first step to remove a security threat. The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the recent advancements in detecting these two disrupting attacks. Particularly, in the first part of this chapter, we intend to provide a systematic review of the existing PUE attack detection methods, and in the second part of this chapter, we will switch gear towards the Byzantine attack detection schemes.
Returning to Jeyifo's The Yoruba Popular Travelling Theatre of Nigeria

The essay discusses Biodun Jeyifo's first book, The Yoruba Popular Travelling Theatre of Nigeria, published in 1984. The analysis demonstrates the continuing importance of the book for “African Hum...
Recreation: Programming and Leadership (Fourth Edition). H. Dan Corbin and Ellen Williams

(1987). Recreation: Programming and Leadership (Fourth Edition). H. Dan Corbin and Ellen Williams. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 57-59.
Geophysical effects of 1962 U.S. high altitude nuclear tests (observed in Rochester, New York)

Part I of this paper describes simple geomagnetic observations made of the large high altitude nuclear test of 9 July 1962. Part II deals with coordinated geophysical measurements of the electromagnetic effects from the four tests which took place in October and November 1962. The measurements included (a) the three spatial components of the geomagnetic noise field, (b) the N-S earth current field, (c) broadband VLF noise, and (d) phase fluctuations in the VLF signal from NPG in Jim Creek, Washington. The observations of the 9 July test were elementary in nature and did not yield much quantitative information. The results of the much weaker, lower altitude tests in October and November showed evidence of a prompt, zero-delay signature followed by a delayed pulse some 4–7 sec. later. An apparent transient phase shift effect was seen about 12 sec. after the instant of detonation. A phase shift of the neutron-decay type was seen only on 1 November. These results are tentative in view of the fact that exact detonation times have not been released, but the observations show agreement with geomagnetic measurements made during the Argus tests of 1958.
Thrombotic Complications in PNH

Publisher Summary While no defect in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein definitively shows an increase in clot formation, platelet sensitivity to complement and the absence of cell-associated urokinase plasminogen activator receptor are identified as candidate lesions. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, a clonal stem cell disorder, is associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis. Thrombosis is responsible for significant morbidity and is the complication most clearly associated with poor prognosis, including death, in clinical studies. Analysis of knock-out animal models may lead to a better understanding of the factors leading to thrombosis. Better epidemiologic studies are needed to understand both the extent and the basis of the geographic and ethnic disparities in thrombosis rate. Most importantly, knowledge of the pathophysiology of this so frequently devastating condition should lead to rational approaches to treatment. Individuals who are at the greatest risk for thrombosis could be identified early and availed of experimental or high-risk treatments.
Perturbers in the (2D)nd 3Po Rydberg series of sulphur

Multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock studies of the (2D)nd 3Po Rydberg series of S I have been performed. As predicted by other theories, the 3s3p5 3Po level is well below the first 3p4 4S ionisation limit. The component of this configuration accounts for much of the oscillator strength for transitions to the Rydberg series from the ground state. These calculations showed there was a confluence of three 3Po Rydberg series near the states (2D)6d, (2P)3d and (2P)5s resulting in highly mixed states.
Histamine and Its Receptors in the Nervous System

Before much was known about histamine in the brain-even before its con centration in brain was accurately measured-histamine by chance sparked the development of modern psychopharmacology and therefore modern biological psychiatry. Phenothiazines were antihistamines (i.e., H1 antagonists) that were observed to produce a “euphoric quietude”1,2; and from the phenothiazines developed the antidepressant drugs, which had also been designed as H1 antagonists.3 Histamine was dismissed as having a role in either the pharmacological or therapeutic effects of either neuroleptic or antidepressant drugs. As summarized below (Sections 12.2 and 12.3), these drugs do in fact interact with histamine receptors at drug concentrations that are found in plasma of patients and in brain of experimental animals. Other psychotropic drugs affect brain histamine (Section 12). Neither the pharmacological nor the therapeutic consequences of these effects are clear because the functions of histamine in brain are not certain.
The Correlation of Experimental Pressure-Density-Temperature and Specific Heat Data for Parahydrogen

This chapter describes the correlation of experimental pressure-density-temperature and specific heat data for parahydrogen. Experimental programs have yielded values of pressure-density-temperature and of heat capacities at constant volume, in the temperature range from 14 to 100° K and at pressures from 2 to 350 atm. The two types of data have been correlated to yield a self-consistent set of thermodynamic functions. The smoothed isotherm polynomials permit calculation of pressures at even increments of density in gas and fluid phases. The pressure-temperature pairs so obtained for a given density, including the intersections at the appropriate lines of saturation, were fitted. A computer program has been developed which will find a value of density corresponding to an input temperature and pressure. The interpolation scheme utilizes the isotherm equations, the isochore equations, the virial expansion and the saturation boundaries. It is found that after the point on the P-Q-T surface is defined, the program calculates such properties as entropy, enthalpy and specific heat at constant volume.
Chaotic Dynamics of Tumor Growth and Regeneration

Tumor growth exhibits a wide variety of dynamical time behaviour. Current growth models such as the continuous-variable logistic, Gompertz or Gomp-ex models however exhibit only smooth monotonic approach to an asymptotic limit point and none of the other time-dependence. This paper argues that the richness of this dynamical behaviour could be understood within the framework of chaos, i.e. the study of the bifurcation structure of nonlinear equations. We illustrate using the simplest example of discrete logistic map and relate the system parameters to cellular stimulants/inhibitors such as growth factors, cytokines and angiogenic stimulating factors.
Discriminatory Value of the Ascending Aorta Diameter in Suspected Acute Type A Aortic Dissection.

Objective The objective was to determine if ascending aorta (AscAo) diameters measured by noncontrast computed tomography (CT) allow for meaningful discrimination between patients with and without type A aortic dissection (TAAD), ideally with 100% sensitivity. Methods This study was a retrospective analysis of cases of TAAD, as well as controls, undergoing evaluation for TAAD with CT aortography, presenting to 21 emergency departments within an integrated health system between 2007 and 2015. AscAo diameters were determined using axial noncontrast CT images at the level of the right main pulmonary artery by two readers. AscAo diameters were additionally normalized for age, sex, and body surface area (assessed by a Z-score, which is the number of standard deviations between the observed and expected AscAo diameters). Overall model discrimination was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Comparative discrimination was assessed using both the change in AUC (∆AUC) and the continuous net reclassification index (NRI). Results A total of 230 cases of TAAD and 325 controls were included in the study. The median ages for cases and controls were 65 and 62 years, and the median AscAo diameters were 50 and 35 mm, respectively. The raw and normalized AscAo diameters demonstrated similarly excellent discrimination (AUCs of 0.96 vs. 0.97, respectively; ∆AUC = 0.01, p = 0.09) and an NRI of 0.30 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13-0.47), both indicating small incremental improvements in classification with the use of the normalized AscAo measures. A raw AscAo diameter of 34 mm and a normalized Z-score of 1.84 both yielded 100% sensitivity for TAAD, with respective specificities of 35% (95% CI = 29.6%-40.2%) and 67% (95% CI = 61.7%-72.2%). Conclusions Nearly all patients with TAAD appear to have enlarged AscAo diameters as measured by noncontrast CT, whereas most patients with suspected but absent TAAD have relatively normal AscAo diameters. Both raw and normalized AscAo measures provided relatively comparable discriminatory value. If validated, these data may be useful in adjudicating risk among patients with suspected TAAD in whom a criterion standard test is unavailable, nondiagnostic, or contraindicated.
A Defence of Intentionalism about Demonstratives

AbstractIntentionalism about demonstratives is the view that the referent of a demonstrative is determined solely by the speaker’s intentions. Intentionalists can disagree about the nature of these intentions, but are united in rejecting the relevance of other factors, such as the speaker’s gestures, her gaze, and any facts about the addressee or the audience. In this paper, I formulate a particular version of this view, and I defend it against six objections, old and new.
Ecowisdom and Water in Human Settlements

I examine human–water relations in cities to demonstrate how water provides a visible, critical connection to nature in urban areas. These interactions allow opportunities for humans to co-create “ecologically wise” solutions for long-term resiliency and offer a useful litmus test for the following proposition: Ecological wisdom (EW) offers successful pathways to conserving, repairing, and facilitating socio-ecological systems that may lead to long-term resilience. In this chapter, I provide a brief literature review focused on two important characteristics of water in settlements: visibility and variability. I then discuss findings stemming from an analysis of 632 vernacular water supply records from Yale University’s Human Relations Area Files database, which I used to identify several EW strategies. Two strategies in particular—matching sources and uses and using soil and vegetation to preserve water quality—may prove useful for rapidly growing and climate change impacted regions such as Texas. These two strategies provide useful examples of the types of wise systems that humans have designed with the rest of nature. I finish by concluding that although context always matters, transferable EW patterns exist and can be shared, allowing any community to work toward EW. In particular, water’s visibility and variability allow for a significant opportunity for people to co-create resilient urban habitat with the rest of nature.
The influence of mound height on baseball movement and pitching biomechanics.

Abstract Objectives To determine whether mound height is associated with baseball movement (velocity, spin and break) and baseball pitching biomechanics (kinematics and kinetics). Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Twenty collegiate baseball pitchers threw five fastballs and five curveballs from four different mound heights (15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm, 30 cm) in a randomized order. Ball movement was computed by a ball tracking system, while pitching biomechanics were calculated with an 11-camera optical motion capture system. Repeated measures analysis of variance was utilized to detect significant differences among the four different mound heights (p Results There were no significant differences observed for ball movement. There were seven significant kinematic differences for fastballs and eight kinematic differences for curveballs. Although these differences were statistically significant, the magnitudes were small, with most joint angles changing by less than 2°. There were no significant kinetic differences for curveballs, but five kinetic parameters (elbow varus torque, elbow flexion torque, elbow proximal force, shoulder internal rotation torque, and shoulder anterior force) varied with mound height for fastballs. In general, fastball kinetics were 1%–2% less from the lowered (15 cm, 20 cm) mounds than from the standard (25 cm) or raised (30 cm) mounds. Conclusions Lowering the mound may not affect a pitcher’s ball movement, but may slightly reduce shoulder and elbow kinetics, possibly reducing the risk of injury.
Variability in the management of line-related upper extremity deep vein thrombosis.

ObjectivesCentral-venous devices are risk-factors for upper extremity deep vein thrombosis. We surveyed physicians to identify practice-patterns and adherence to American College of Chest Physician...
A pilot study showing a stronger H1N1 influenza vaccination response during pregnancy in women who subsequently deliver preterm.

Abstract Problem Preterm birth (PTB), or the delivery of an infant prior to 37 weeks of gestation, is a major health concern. Although a variety of social, environmental, and maternal factors have been implicated in PTB, causes of preterm labor have remained largely unknown. There is evidence of effectiveness and safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy, however fewer studies have looked at vaccination response as an indicator of an innate host response that may be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We carried out a pilot study to analyze the flu vaccine response during pregnancy of women who later deliver preterm or term. Method of study We performed a secondary analysis of the individual-level data from an influenza vaccination response study (openly available from ImmPort) measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay of 91 pregnant women with term deliveries and 11 women who went on to deliver preterm. Flu vaccination responses for H1N1 and H3N2 influenza strains were compared between term and preterm deliveries. Results Women who went on to deliver preterm showed a significantly (P Conclusions Although the sample size is limited and additional validation is required, our findings suggest an increased activation of the maternal immune system as shown by the stronger vaccination response to H1N1 in women who subsequently delivered preterm, in comparison to women who delivered at term.
Daoism in the Guanzi

This chapter focuses on the Guanzi, a complex collection of texts generally attributed to the Jixia Academy of the state of Qi around the late fourth century BCE. Among those texts, four—Neiye (Inward Training), Xinshu Shang, Xia (Techniques of the Mind, I and II), and Baixin (The Purified Mind)—are classified as Daoist or Huang-Lao. After introducing various theories about their dating, authors, and features, Roth presents a clear and seminal analysis of the four texts. He asserts that their theories are grounded in a concept of Dao as a transcendent yet immanent, imperceptible yet graspable, universal force that shares many features of Dao in the Laozi. This is a reminder that Daoist scholars should still pay attention to these less central texts.
Ion milled facet for direct coupling to optical waveguides

Low loss coupling to optical waveguides is one of the on-going challenges with integrated photonics. Edge coupling of fibers or fiber arrays allows for in principle low loss coupling but strongly depends on the optical facet quality. We demonstrate an innovative strategy utilizing ion milling for polishing photonic integrated circuit edge facets for direct optical coupling to waveguides. Specifically, the authors created a 750 μm wide by 130 μm deep polished facet for coupling SM300 fiber to AlN waveguides on Al2O3 substrates; all capped with an index matched, but highly stressed, SiON cladding. Ion milling avoids the lateral shear forces that can delaminate a stressed film, resulting in scattering sites at the tapered edge coupler/facet interface. The authors demonstrate that a mechanical polish produced chipped facets that scattered the light away from the waveguide, thus requiring reprocessing of the chip. After ion milling, the authors coupled light into the waveguides and demonstrate critical coupling into AlN microring resonators between 390 and 395 nm.