cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strong gravity and the Yukawa potential

A number of recent papers, seemingly based on very different premises (~-3), have ~uggested tha t the physical d~er ip t ions of ma t t e r on the cosmological level and in the ex t reme microrealm a re s tr ikingly similar. This curious s i tuat ion results from the ut i l izat ion of the formalism of general re la t iv i ty in the analysis of hadronie interactions. Thus the region of space-t ime in the vic ini ty of hadronie ma t t e r is viewed as being ,characterized locally by high curvature, in marked contras t to the t rad i t ional assumption tha t the various part icle interactions occur in the fiat Minkowski background. The coupling of geometry and mat te r effected in Einstein 's equations through the Newtonian gravi ta t ional constant produces, for typical par t ic le mass densities, radi i of curvature (for example) whioh are far too large to be meaningfully in terpre ted in terms of a particle concept. The afore-mentioned works, however, propose the unconventional hypothesis tha t in the region of the hadronie influence the re levant coupling pertains to the strong forces. Wi th this assumption a var ie ty of propert ies of the hadrons can be successfully deduced from the general-relat ivist ic field equations (~-3). One impact of the s t rong-gravi ty model is tha t the strong interact ions should be mediated by massive 2 + mesons (s), quanta of the metr ic tensor field (~) ],~, which satisfies the Einstein equation (~)
Flat and coherent functors

The main objective of this paper is to characterize flat group valued functors. We obtain the following theorem, announced in [;7: Let X be a small additive category with dual X0 and S an object in [x0, AB], the category of all additive functors from X to the category Ab of Abelian groups. Then S is flat, i.e., the functor S @r : [X, AB] + AB is exact if and only if the fiber X/S of the Yoneda embedding X --+ [x0, AB] over S is filtered from above, or if and only if S is a filtered direct limit of representable functors. There are several other equivalent statements, and it is, mutatis mutandis, enough to aSsume X preadditive. A similar theorem has been obtained by B. Stenstrom in [II]. He proves that a functor is flat if and only if it is a filtered direct limit of projective (instead of representable) functors. For Abelian X the result was obtained by J. Fisher [5J; in this particular case “flat” means “left exact,” and a short proof is possible. Our result is a generalization of the well-known characterization of flat modules by means of generators and relations, and has applications in the study of the exactness of the direct limit functor [7], and in the singular homology theory of sheaves [S]. Using the above characterization of flat functora we show in analogy to the results of S. U. Chase [4] on coherent rings that the category [X0, AB] is locally coherent, i.e., has a family of coherent generators, if and only if
Delayed auditory feedback and rhythmic tapping: Evidence for a critical interval shift

Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) impairs performance in speech, music, and tapping, with maximal impairment in speech occurring at a delay of about 200 msec. Thiscritical interval has played a central role in many explanations of the DAF effect, including both closed-loop feedback explanations and alternative proposals. We investigated the nature of the critical interval in rhythmic tapping—in particular, whether the critical interval has a constant value or is dependent on performance rate. Three experiments in which a synchronization-continuation paradigm was used consistently showed that the critical interval shifted with different tapping rates, with maximal impairment occurring when the delay approximately equaled the tapping rate. We address the implications of these results for theories of DAF.
Accessibility of U.S. federal government home pages: Section 508 compliance and site accessibility statements

Abstract U.S. federal websites are required to be accessible for people with impairments. However, despite the existing regulations and guidelines, many federal websites continue to be inaccessible, and accessibility policy statements available on federal websites often do not provide any useful information. This paper provides three contributions to the research literature: (1) an accessibility evaluation of 100 federal home pages using both human and automated methods, (2) a content analysis of existing website accessibility policy statements, and (3) a discussion of the relationship between actual Section 508 compliance and the existing accessibility policy statements on a website. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving policy related to Section 508 compliance for websites.
On finding a large number of 3D points with a small diameter

Given a set S of n points in R^3, we wish to decide whether S has a subset of size at least k with Euclidean diameter at most r. It is unknown whether this decision problem is NP-hard. The two closely related optimization problems, (i) finding a largest subset of diameter at most r, and (ii) finding a subset of the smallest diameter of size at least k, were recently considered by Afshani and Chan. For maximizing the size, they presented several polynomial-time algorithms with constant approximation factors, the best of which has a factor of @p/arccos13<2.553. For maximizing the diameter, they presented a polynomial-time approximation scheme. In this paper, we present improved approximation algorithms for both optimization problems. For maximizing the size, we present two algorithms: the first one improves the approximation factor to 2.5 and the running time by an O(n) factor; the second one improves the approximation factor to 2 and the running time by an O(n^2) factor. For minimizing the diameter, we improve the running time of the PTAS from O(nlogn+2^O^(^1^/^@e^^^3^)n) to O(nlogn+2^O^(^1^/^(^@e^^^1^^^.^^^5^l^o^g^@e^)^)n).
Evaluation of silica cartridge purification and hemiacetal formation for liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in corn.

Rapid silica cartridge cleanup, acid-catalyzed conversion of aflatoxins B1 and G1 to hemiacetals, and reverse-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection were evaluated for effectiveness in determining aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in corn at concentrations ranging from 2 ng/g to 100 (μg/g. In testing the method, aflatoxins applied to silica cartridges were recovered at greater than 97.1% overall. Conversion of aflatoxins B1 and G1 to their hemiacetals was shown to be complete (150 μg of toxin per extract). Application of these techniques to spiked corn extracts yielded data indicating excellent repeatability of derivatization relative to paired standards; coefficients of variation ranged from 1.08% to 5.81%. The repeatability of the method with naturally contaminated corn was also excellent; coefficients of variation ranged from 1.15% to 3.97%. Liquid Chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in corn using fluorescence detection was sensitive, accurate, and precise resulting in applicability from 100,000 ng/g.
An analysis of contributors to the journal of criminal justice

Abstract An analysis of the contributors of publications to the Journal of Criminal Justice was undertaken to evaluate if the initial objectives of the editorial board had, in fact, been achieved. Analysis was based upon authorship, academic discipline of author(s), general topic area, source of article, and specific component area of article.
Die Wirkungen der totalen Leberexstirpation

Kurz zusammengefasst sind die wichtigsten, hier niedergelegten Tatsachen folgende: Es wurde eine Methode fur die totale Entfernung der Leber bei Hunden ausgebildet, welche frei von den meisten Fehlerquellen ist, die fruheren Exstirpationsmethoden des Organs bei Saugetieren anhaften. Es wurde gefunden, dass eine geeignete Einfuhrung von Glukose bei derart operierten Hunden das Leben viele Stunden nach Verlust des gesamten Lebergewebes erhalt. Von den vielen an hepatektomierten Tieren gemachten Beobachtungen mochten wir hervorheben, 1. dass die Leber zur Erhaltung des Blutzuckerspiegels absolut wesentlich ist; 2. dass die Leber der wichtigste Faktor, wenn nicht der einzige, bei dem Prozess der Desamidierung und der Harnstoffbildung ist, und 3. dass Bilirubin auch ohne Mitwirkung der Leber gebildet werden kann.
Prognostic significance of cytoplasmic p53 overexpression in colorectal cancer. An immunohistochemical analysis

p53 overexpression was studied by immunohistochemistry in 96 consecutive colorectal cancer patients, subdividing positive specimens according to two staining patterns: cytoplasmic or nuclear. Forty-seven per cent of the cases were p53 positive, a significant correlation being found with Dukes' stage (P = 0.0036). A prevalence of nuclear staining was observed in Dukes' B and cytoplasmic in Dukes' D stages. After 36 months, 23% of the patients had a recurrence, and 45% were p53 positive, all Dukes' C-D stage with cytoplasmic staining. The Kaplan-Meier curve showed a significant correlation between p53 cytoplasmic staining and disease-free survival period (P = 0.002). With respect to disease-free survival, the Cox proportional hazard regression test, comparing p53 positivity with Dukes' stage, showed the latter to be the most significant variable. In our series of patients, advanced Dukes' stage tumours were localised in the right colon, where a higher percentage of p53 positivity (67% versus 40% of the left side), as well as a higher frequency of cytoplasmic staining was observed. In conclusion, from the data obtained, a strong correlation between p53 cytoplasmic staining and patient prognosis is clearly indicated.
Characterization of the mechanical and ultrastructural properties of heat-treated cortical bone for use as a bone substitute

Heat-treated bovine cortical bone has been proposed as an alternative to bone grafts and synthetic bone substitutes because it may combine the advantages of allografts (high stiffness and strength) and synthetic materials (abundant supply, reduced risk of rejection and disease transfer). Its mechanical properties and ultrastructure, however, are not well characterized. To address this, we compared the compressive (n = 20, bovine bone) and tensile (n = 26, bovine bone) mechanical properties and the ultrastructure (n = 12, human bone) of intact versus 350 degrees C heat-treated cortical bone. The 350 degrees C heat-treated bone had a mean +/- SD elastic modulus similar to the intact bone for both compression (16.3 +/- 2.2 GPa, pooled; p = 0.68) and tension (16.3 +/- 3.7 GPa, pooled; p = 0.95). It also maintained 63% of the intact strength in compression but only 9% in tension (p < 0.001). Infrared scans and X-ray diffraction patterns showed no differences between the 350 degrees C heat-treated and intact bone but large differences between ashed (700 degrees C) and intact bone. Similarly, heat-treated bone previously has been shown to be biocompatible and osteoconductive. We conclude, therefore, that 350 degrees C heat-treated cortical bone may be an excellent load-bearing bone substitute provided that it is loaded in compression only in vivo and is shown by future work to have acceptable fatigue properties.
Implicit Hopelessness and Condom Use Frequency: Exploring Nonconscious Predictors of Sexual Risk Behavior1

Current models of affect and health posit that affective disturbance influences health through behavioral pathways. The current research explores this hypothesis in the domain of sexual risk behavior by testing explicit and implicit hopelessness as predictors of condom use. Male and female undergraduates (n = 60) completed implicit and explicit measures of depression, hopelessness, and self-reported condom use frequency. Findings revealed that implicit hopelessness predicted less condom use. However, this relationship was moderated by gender such that implicit hopelessness predicted less condom use for men, but not for women. The applicability of the findings to broader health theories is discussed.
Timing properties of long scintillation counters based on scintillating fibers

Abstract The light output and timing characteristics of a scintillation counter constructed of plastic scintillating fibers are compared to those of a counter with identical transverse cross section of 2 cm × 3 cm made of bulk scintillator. It is shown that the timing resolution at long distances is better for the fiber than for the bulk scintillator. The improvement is a factor of 1.8 at a distance of 2 m from the phototube.
α-Neurotoxin binding to acetylcholine receptor: Localization of the full profile of the cobratoxin-binding regions on the α-chain ofTorpedo californica acetylcholine receptor by a comprehensive synthetic strategy

Eighteen consecutive uniform overlapping synthetic peptides that spanned the entire extracellular part (residues 1–210) of the α-chain ofTorpedo californica acetylcholine receptor were screened for binding activity of125I-labeled cobratoxin. Five toxin-binding regions were localized within residues 1–10, 32–41, 100–115, 122–150, and 182–198. The five toxin-binding regions may be distinct sites or, alternatively, different faces in one or more sites.
α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase: A mitochondrial redox sensor

Abstractα-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), a key regulatory enzyme within the Krebs cycle, is sensitive to mitochondrial redox status. Treatment of mitochondria with H2O2 results in reversible inhibition of KGDH due to glutathionylation of the cofactor, lipoic acid. Upon consumption of H2O2, glutathione is removed by glutaredoxin restoring KGDH activity. Glutathionylation appears to be enzymatically catalysed or require a unique microenvironment. This may represent an antioxidant response, diminishing the flow of electrons to the respiratory chain and protecting sulphydryl residues from oxidative damage. KGDH is, however, also susceptible to oxidative damage. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a lipid peroxidation product, reacts with lipoic acid resulting in enzyme inactivation. Evidence indicates that HNE modified lipoic acid is cleaved from KGDH, potentially the first step of a repair process. KGDH is therefore a likely redox sensor, reversibly altering metabolism to reduce oxidative damage and, under sever...
Alzheimer's disease: β-amyloid precursor protein mRNA expression in mononuclear blood cells

Abstract β-Amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) mRNA was examined in peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PMBCs) in Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome and control subjects. Total RNA from PMBCs was reverse transcribed and then amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The 3 major βAPP transcripts were expressed in PMBCs from all subjects. These results suggest that PMBCs could be a circulating source for abnormal amyloid deposition in the brain and in peripheral tissues.
Adaptive global tracking for robots with unknown link and actuator dynamics

We present a continuous adaptive controller for the robot adaptive tracking problem with unknown robot parameters, unknown actuator parameters, and unavailable joint acceleration measurement. We prove that the proposed controller has global convergence to zero tracking error for any non-zero gains. This is a distinction compared to existing approaches, so far as applied to robots, such as the adaptive controller of Bridges et al. (Conference on Decision and Control, 1993; 159–165) whose global-convergence proof depended upon the controller gains being larger than certain bounding functions containing bounds on the system parameter estimates. The present work solves the same problem in a different way, where the main difference is that the global convergence does not impose a requirement of a gain size proportionate to the parameters' uncertainty sizes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Book Review: Research Methodologies in Supply Chain Management, by Herbert Kotzab, Stefan Seuring, Martin Muller and Gerald Reiner

Research Methodologies in Supply Chain Management, by Herbert Kotzab, Stefan Seuring, Martin Muller and Gerald Reiner. New York, Physica-Verlag, 2005. ISBN 3-7908-1583-7
Segmentation of vascular structures and hematopoietic cells in 3D microscopy images and quantitative analysis

In this paper, we present image processing methods for quantitative study of how the bone marrow microenvironment changes (characterized by altered vascular structure and hematopoietic cell distribution) caused by diseases or various factors. We develop algorithms that automatically segment vascular structures and hematopoietic cells in 3-D microscopy images, perform quantitative analysis of the properties of the segmented vascular structures and cells, and examine how such properties change. In processing images, we apply local thresholding to segment vessels, and add post-processing steps to deal with imaging artifacts. We propose an improved watershed algorithm that relies on both intensity and shape information and can separate multiple overlapping cells better than common watershed methods. We then quantitatively compute various features of the vascular structures and hematopoietic cells, such as the branches and sizes of vessels and the distribution of cells. In analyzing vascular properties, we provide algorithms for pruning fake vessel segments and branches based on vessel skeletons. Our algorithms can segment vascular structures and hematopoietic cells with good quality. We use our methods to quantitatively examine the changes in the bone marrow microenvironment caused by the deletion of Notch pathway. Our quantitative analysis reveals property changes in samples with deleted Notch pathway. Our tool is useful for biologists to quantitatively measure changes in the bone marrow microenvironment, for developing possible therapeutic strategies to help the bone marrow microenvironment recovery.
Statistical procedures for impact resistance testing at increased drop-ball heights.

Purpose. Impact resistance testing of prescription eyewear and nonprescription sunglasses is normally performed at a drop-ball height of 50 in (1.27 m). This paper presents a statistics-based testing method that uses increased drop-ball heights. Methods. Impact resistance values for glass and plastic lens materials were obtained from the available literature. These values were used to determine the characteristics of marginal quality and high quality batches of lenses. Impact resistance testing procedures were then developed that accepted these batches at low and high probabilities, respectively. Results. A large number of test parameter combinations met the requirements of the impact resistance testing procedure. In general, increasing the drop-ball test height decreased the sample size needed to demonstrate that a batch of lenses was impact resistant. Conclusions. Impact resistance testing at increased drop-ball heights is an alternative to traditional statistics-based testing procedures. Sample size can be smaller, and equipment is relatively inexpensive and readily available.
Network geometry shows evidence sequestration for medical vs. surgical practices: treatments for basal cell carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer with 2 million treatments per year with little evidence-based guidelines for treatment. There are three classes of interventions (surgical, destructive, and topical) for BCC, and this study aimed to determine whether there are preferences or avoidances in comparisons of different types of treatments for BCC in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Study Design and Setting PubMed, Cochrane Central Registry of Clinical Trials, and ClinicalTrials.Gov were used to identify eligible published and registered ongoing RCTs. Results Fifty-five trials (42 published and 13 registered trials) were identified. Only one unpublished registered trial compared a topical vs. a surgical intervention, and only one trial compared a topical vs. a destructive intervention. Conversely, 44 of the 55 trials compared interventions within the same treatment class and 9 of 55 trials compared surgical vs. destructive interventions. In most trials, selection of same-class comparators was not necessitated by the type of BCC lesions (nonaggressive superficial or nodular vs. aggressive, infiltrative, morpheic BCCs, P = 0.155) or their location (face vs. nonfacial, P = 0.137). Conclusion This is the first time that an evaluation of network geometry is applied to address issues of comparisons between different families of interventions that belong to different specialties and practices (medical vs. surgical). Previous evaluations of homophily have addressed different families of interventions, in which all interventions are medical (drugs) and performed in the same health-care settings. The noncommunicating bodies of evidence between medical and surgical interventions that we document highlight a problem of unnecessary sequestration of the evidence and the corresponding health-care practices.
Slk19 clusters kinetochores and facilitates chromosome bipolar attachment.

In all eukaryotic cells, DNA is packaged into multiple chromosomes that are linked to microtubules through a large protein complex called a kinetochore. Previous data show that the kinetochores are clustered together during most of the cell cycle, but the mechanism and the biological significance of kinetochore clustering are unknown. As a kinetochore protein in budding yeast, the role of Slk19 in the stability of the anaphase spindle has been well studied, but its function in chromosome segregation has remained elusive. Here we show that Slk19 is required for kinetochore clustering when yeast cells are treated with the microtubule-depolymerizing agent nocodazole. We further find that slk19Δ mutant cells exhibit delayed kinetochore capture and chromosome bipolar attachment after the disruption of the kinetochore–microtubule interaction by nocodazole, which is likely attributed to defective kinetochore clustering. In addition, we show that Slk19 interacts with itself, suggesting that the dimerization of Slk19 may mediate the interaction between kinetochores for clustering. Therefore Slk19 likely acts as kinetochore glue that clusters kinetochores to facilitate efficient and faithful chromosome segregation.
Minimization of Gibbs Free Energy in Compositional Reservoir Simulation

This paper describes the formulation of vapor-liquid phase equilibrium as a linearly constrained minimization problem. It also describes a second minimization problem designed to test for local phase stability. Vectorized unconstrained minimization techniques can be used to solve this pair of constrained minimization problems. The methods of this paper are applied to liquid-vapor equilibria for mixtures both far from and near to the phase boundary. Significant improvements over the standard successive substitution algorithm are demonstrated.
Grafted Lineage-Restricted Precursors Differentiate Exclusively into Neurons in the Adult Spinal Cord

Multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) have the potential to differentiate into neuronal and glial cells and are therefore candidates for cell replacement after CNS injury. Their phenotypic fate in vivo is dependent on the engraftment site, suggesting that the environment exerts differential effects on neuronal and glial lineages. In particular, when grafted into the adult spinal cord, NSCs are restricted to the glial lineage, indicating that the host spinal cord environment is not permissive for neuronal differentiation. To identify the stage at which neuronal differentiation is inhibited we examined the survival, differentiation, and integration of neuronal restricted precursor (NRP) cells, derived from the embryonic spinal cord of transgenic alkaline phosphatase rats, after transplantation into the adult spinal cord. We found that grafted NRP cells differentiate into mature neurons, survive for at least 1 month, appear to integrate within the host spinal cord, and extend processes in both the gray and white matter. Conversely, grafted glial restricted precursor cells did not differentiate into neurons. We did not observe glial differentiation from the grafted NRP cells, indicating that they retained their neuronal restricted properties in vivo. We conclude that the adult nonneurogenic CNS environment does not support the transition of multipotential NSCs to the neuronal commitment stage, but does allow the survival, maturation, and integration of NRP cells.
A survey of concurrent priority queue algorithms

Algorithms for concurrent data structures have gained attention in recent years as multi-core processors have become ubiquitous. Using the example of a concurrent priority queue, this paper investigates different synchronization methods and concurrent algorithms. It covers traditional lock-based approaches, non-blocking algorithms as well as a method based on software transactional memory. Besides discussing correctness criteria for the various approaches, we also present performance results for all algorithms for various scenarios. Somewhat surprisingly, we find that a simple lock-based approach performs reasonable well, even though it does not scale with the number of threads. Better scalability is achieved by non-blocking approaches.
Impacts of Thiamethoxam Seed Treatment and Host Plant Resistance on the Soybean Aphid Fungal Pathogen, Pandora neoaphidis

Since the introduction of soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, from Asia, insecticide use in soybean has increased substantially in the north central United States. Insecticide seed treatments and aphid resistant soybean varieties are management tactics that may reduce reliance on foliar applications of broad-spectrum insecticides. Exploring potential non-target impacts of these technologies will be an important step in incorporating them into aphid management programs. We investigated impacts of thiamethoxam seed treatment and Rag1 aphid resistant soybean on a fungal pathogen of soybean aphid, Pandora neoaphidis (Remaudiere & Hennebert) Humber, via open plot and cage studies. We found that although thiamethoxam seed treatment did significantly lower aphid pressure in open plots compared with an untreated control, this reduction in aphid density translated into nonsignificant decreases in fungal disease prevalence in aphids. Furthermore, when aphid densities were approximately equal in seed treated and untreated soybean, no impact on aphid fungal disease was observed. In open plots, Rag1 resistant soybean experienced lower aphid pressure and aphid disease prevalence compared with a nonresistant isoline. However, in cages when aphid densities were equivalent in both resistant and susceptible soybean, resistance had no impact on aphid disease prevalence. The addition of thiamethoxam seed treatment to resistant soybean yielded aphid densities and aphid disease prevalence similar to untreated, resistant soybean. These studies provide evidence that thiamethoxam seed treatments and Rag1 resistance can impact P. neoaphidis via decreased aphid densities; however, this impact is minimal, implying use of seed treatments and host plant resistance are compatible with P. neoaphidis.
Growth and Distribution: Evidence from a Variable-Parameter Cross-National Time-Series Analysis

This article investigates the impact of industrialization, economic growth, and the unemployment rate on property-income shares in a sample of2l nations in four different geopolitical regions over a period of24 years. This focus on the property-income share is motivated by our interest in studying the power ofpropertied elites in market societies. Following prior theory and research, we expect the property share to decline with industrialization but to increase with economic growth and the unemployment rate. To test these expectations, we estimate a variable-parameter time-series regression model on pooled annual data. Findings are consistent with prior expectations, but we also find between-country differences in the effects of growth. We urgefurther research to specify the institutional mechanisms responsiblefor observed similarities and differences. This article is part of a larger research program to investigate the relationship between income inequality and economic development. The focus of this program is on a fundamental, but currently neglected, issue in stratification research: the power of small propertied elites to appropriate a large proportion of their society's *Previous versions of this article were presented at the meeting of the Social Stratification
A Note on Orthogonal Polynomials Applied to Treatment Levels with Unequal Replications

SUMMARY This paper demonstrates how orthogonal polynomials are constructed and used when the treatment levels have unequal, rather than equal, replications. These polynomials are applied to hypothetical data on shear force of broccoli stems cooked for four cooking times with unequal replications. The variation for between cooking times (treatment levels) is broken down into independent regression components to determine the simplest regression curve appropriately representing the data. Also illustrated is how to calculate a regression equation in terms of orthogonal polynomials for treatment levels with unequal replications.
p-n Semiconductor membrane for electrically tunable ion current rectification and filtering.

We show that a semiconductor membrane made of two thin layers of opposite (n- and p-) doping can perform electrically tunable ion current rectification and filtering in a nanopore. Our model is based on the solution of the 3D Poisson equation for the electrostatic potential in a double-cone nanopore combined with a transport model. It predicts that, for appropriate biasing of the membrane−electrolyte system, transitions from ohmic behavior to sharp rectification with vanishing leakage current are achievable. Furthermore, ion current rectifying and filtering regimes of the nanopore correspond to different charge states in the p−n membrane, which can be tuned with appropriate biasing of the n- and p- layers.
Radiocarbon in dissolved oceanic CO2

Abstract The measurement criteria for the use of 14 C as an oceanic water-mass tracer are reviewed, including the particular conditions of ship-board water sampling. A status report is then given on the effort of the US government to meet the special requirements of an AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometer) facility for oceanography.
ON BECOMING A NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMIST

Much of the science underlying nutrition has come from biochemical studies. This certainly is true in our understanding of the metabolism and function of such micronutrient cofactors as vitamins and metal ions. My own interest stems from an early desire to understand the molecular events in an organism and ultimately to know the fate of those nutrients that are needed to maintain life. My training in chemistry, biochemistry, and nutrition was helpful in gaining knowledge about the interface among these disciplines. My interests followed an understandable trail, beginning with those factors that cause plant galls and continuing through carbohydrate metabolism to vitamins. After all, from studying such pentitols as ribitol with Professor Touster at Vanderbilt University through indoctrination with enzymes, vitamins, and coenzymes with Professor Snell at the University of California-Berkeley, it was rational to begin my independent academic life investigating the enzymes that convert a ribityl-containing vitamin, namely riboflavin, to its operational flavocoenzymes. While at Cornell University, I encountered Professor Wright, who shared an interest in biotin. My realization that there was a similar need to determine the metabolism of lipoate followed logically. Interactions with inorganic chemists such as Professor Sigel at Basel University, as well as inorganic chemists at Cornell, led to an interest in metal ions. As summarized in this article, my colleagues and I are pleased to have contributed to both basic knowledge about cofactors and to have utilized much of this information in extensions to applications. Along the way, I have served by teaching, researching, and administrating at the universities that provided my positions in academe, and I have worked to share the load of numerous public and professional duties that are summarized herein. Altogether it has been an enjoyable career to be a nutritional biochemist. I recommend it for those who follow.
The relation between field massive stars and clusters

Massive “field” stars are those that appear in apparent isolation, in contrast to those in clusters. Whereas cluster stars are formed together in large aggregates, simultaneously, field stars have multiple origins. Some massive field stars may be the “tip of the iceberg” on small groups of physically associated stars, while others appear to be “runaway” stars that are dynamically ejected from clusters. What is the intrinsic relation between clusters and field stars, and what is the faction of runaway stars? Since massive stars are the most luminous stellar population, their demographics are accessible in the nearest external galaxies. We present our current efforts to understand these issues for the Small Magellanic Cloud.
Role of radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of wrist pain

The cause of hand and wrist pain can be difficult to determine, especially when standard radiographs are normal or show only nonspecific changes. This study reports the effectiveness of radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of patients with hand and wrist pain of uncertain cause. Eighty-eight patients with hand and wrist pain and initially normal standard radiographs were evaluated prospectively by additional radiographic methods including the following: routine tomography, wrist arthrography, computerized tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Each patient also had bone scintigraphy. The diagnosis established by clinical assessment and by other imaging methods was then compared with the scintigraphic findings. The presence or absence of focal scintigraphic abnormalities correlated with the presence or absence of focal pathology definable by the conventional methods in 88% of patients. As expected, scintigraphy was chiefly of value in defining the locus of an injury or other process in the wrist, rather than the nature of an abnormality. The scintigrams were abnormal in 95% of cases involving complete intrinsic ligament ruptures and fractures and were normal in 96% of patients with no definable injury. Scintigraphic findings correlated poorly with partial intrinsic ligament injuries and in cases of synovitis. Radionuclide imaging is a sensitive means of detecting focal lesions in patients with hand and wrist pain of unknown cause.
Probabilistic, Real-Time Scheduling of Distributable Threads Under Dependencies in Mobile, Ad Hoc Networks

We consider scheduling distributable real-time threads that are subject to dependencies (e.g., due to mutual exclusion constraints) in ad hoc networks, in the presence of node and link failures, message losses, and dynamic node joins and departures. We present a gossip-based distributed scheduling algorithm, called RTG-D. We prove that thread blocking times under RTG-D are probabilistically bounded, thereby probabilistically bounding thread time constraint satisfactions'. Our simulation results validate RTG-D's effectiveness.
Factors that Affect Science and Mathematics Teachers' Initial Implementation of Technology-Enhanced Formative Assessment Using a Classroom Response System

The purpose of this study is to uncover and understand the factors that affect secondary science and mathematics teachers’ initial implementation of Technology-Enhanced Formative Assessment (TEFA), a pedagogy developed for teaching with classroom response system (CRS) technology. We sought to identify the most common and strongest factors, and to understand the general process of how teachers adopt TEFA. We identified ten main hindering factors reported by teachers, and found that time limitations and question development difficulties are reported as the most problematic. In this paper we provide five vignettes of teachers’ initial implementation experiences, illustrating different courses that TEFA adoption can follow. We classify our ten factors into four groups: contextual factors that directly hinder teachers’ attempts to implement TEFA (extrinsic type I); circumstances that affect teachers’ teaching in general (extrinsic type 0); gaps that teachers have in the knowledge and skills they need to adopt TEFA (intrinsic type I); and ways of being a teacher that describe teachers’ deeper perspectives and beliefs, which may be consonant or dissonant with TEFA (intrinsic type II). Finally, we identify four general categories that describe the teachers’ initial TEFA implementation.
The correlates of dietary intake among HIV-positive adults.

Background Dietary adequacy, as distinct from weight loss, has not been examined thoroughly in a diverse cohort of HIV-infected individuals. Objective An analysis was undertaken to determine the correlates of inadequate dietary intake among HIV-infected adults. Design In a cross-sectional study of 463 men and 170 women (aged 21-70 y) with HIV infection, dietary adequacy was evaluated by using 3-d diet records. Results Among nondieting males, whites had higher energy intakes than did nonwhites. Injection drug users consumed less energy than did nonusers. Among nondieting females, only the absence of nausea and vomiting was marginally associated with higher energy intakes. Inadequate energy intake, which occurred in 38% of this population, was independently associated with female sex among nondieters. A significant proportion of the study cohort (52%) was consuming less than the recommended dietary allowance of vitamin A. Inadequate protein intake, found in 11% of the study population, occurred more often in females, those without a caregiving adult in the household, and individuals with reduced appetite. A considerable proportion of the participants (23%) reported that they were dieting to lose weight. Conclusions Dietary inadequacy was strongly correlated with being in the sociodemographic groups that are at heightened risk of adverse clinical outcomes. It may be worthwhile to study dietary intake as a potential determinant of the clinical outcomes of HIV infection.
Computed tomography screening for lung cancer : Principles and results

In modern healthcare, one of the most public, most important, and at the same time complicated and scientifically demanding topics is screening for a cancer. Mammographic screening for breast cancer has been, in the last few years, a particularly hotly disputed topic in scientific and public policy circles, with similar confusion and frustration widely reported and thus disseminated by the mass media. Most remarkably, this debacle has taken place against the backdrop of, and despite,a truly enormous amount of completed research designed to address the usefulness of such screening. To avoid a "mammography" debacle for lung cancer, the fundamental principles of screening need to be presented as we have come to think of them. Although it is generally accepted that low-dose computed tomography (CT) screening leads to early diagnosis of lung cancer in a high percentage of the cases, the logical consequence of the current knowledge is that annual CT screening prevents death from lung cancer. Thus, it is not whether CT screening is effective, rather the magnitude of its benefit which needs to be determined. We will illustrate our approach by discussing the Early Lung Cancer Action Project and its New York and International sequels.
Systematics and Species Limits of Breadfruit (Artocarpus, Moraceae)

Breadfruit (Artocarpus, Moraceae) is an important staple in Oceania and throughout much of the tropics. Interpretations of species delimitations among breadfruit and its closest relatives have varied from recognition of one to several species. To better understand the systematics and ultimately the origins of breadfruit, we considered evidence from molecular data. Amplified fragment length polymorphism data for 261 individuals of breadfruit, its closest relatives, putative hybrids, and nine outgroup taxa were analyzed using neighbor joining and parsimony analyses. Three species, A. altilis (domesticated breadfruit), A. camansi ,a ndA. mariannensis, are recognized and the existence of hybrids (A. altilis A. mariannensis) verified. A revised treatment based on the molecular results, as well as morphological and geographical con- siderations, is presented.
Radiotoxicity of Intranuclear 125I Atoms Not Bound to DNA

The radiotoxicity of 125I covalently bound to DNA is unusually high. This has been attributed both to the Auger electrons which result from the electron capture process accompanying 125I decay and to local transmutation effects which cause extensive damage to nearby structures. We introduced 125I into cell nuclei in the form of iodoantipyrine, a molecule which diffuses freely through cells, and we have compared the survival of these cells to those exposed to radiation from extracellular 125I-labelled albumin or 55Fe-labelled transferrin. We found a value for D0 of 34 rad for 125I decays occurring within the cell nucleus compared to 362 rad for extracellular 125I and 277 rad for extracellular 55Fe. Since transmutation effects are very short range and 125I was distributed uniformly throughout the nucleus rather than bound to DNA, most of the radiotoxicity of intranuclear 125I-labelled iodoantipyrine must be due to Auger electrons.
Next-generation sequencing and personalized genomic medicine in hepatobiliary malignancies

Liver cancer is a heterogeneous group of tumors characterized by significant molecular and genomic heterogeneity. The advent of powerful genomic technologies has allowed detection of recurrent somatic alterations in liver cancer, including mutations, copy number alterations as well as changes in transcriptomes and epigenomes, with the potential to translate these data into clinically relevant predictive and prognostic factors. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the application of high-throughput genomic technologies in liver cancer and the integration of such cancer genome profiling data, highlighting specific relevant subgroups and explain how this knowledge can be used in translational clinical research, ‘basket trials’, molecular tumor boards, targeted therapy and for personalized genomic medicine applications.
Identification of a Novel Transcript and Regulatory Mechanism for Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein

Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) is essential for the assembly of triglyceride-rich apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Previous studies in our laboratory identified a novel splice variant of MTP in mice that we named MTP-B. MTP-B has a unique first exon (1B) located 2.7 kB upstream of the first exon (1A) for canonical MTP (MTP-A). The two mature isoforms, though nearly identical in sequence and function, have different tissue expression patterns. In this study we report the identification of a second MTP splice variant (MTP-C), which contains both exons 1B and 1A. MTP-C is expressed in all the tissues we tested. In cells transfected with MTP-C, protein expression was less than 15% of that found when the cells were transfected with MTP-A or MTP-B. In silico analysis of the 5’-UTR of MTP-C revealed seven ATGs upstream of the start site for MTP-A, which is the only viable start site in frame with the main coding sequence. One of those ATGs was located in the 5’-UTR for MTP-A. We generated reporter constructs in which the 5’-UTRs of MTP-A or MTP-C were inserted between an SV40 promoter and the coding sequence of the luciferase gene and transfected these constructs into HEK 293 cells. Luciferase activity was significantly reduced by the MTP-C 5’-UTR, but not by the MTP-A 5’-UTR. We conclude that alternative splicing plays a key role in regulating MTP expression by introducing unique 5’-UTRs, which contain elements that alter translation efficiency, enabling the cell to optimize MTP levels and activity.
Hands, Words, and Mind: On the Structuralization of Body Movements During Discourse and the Capacity for Verbal Representation

Harold Bloom (1973), in his quest to depict the relationship of one poet to another, put forth a forceful idea—the anxiety of influence. The poet, in his effort to preserve the integrity of his creative thought, must continually ward off the intrusion of his predecessors. He turns his energies upon himself to retain this autonomy, and often achieves it at terrible cost. The verbal dialogue in human discourse is far from a poetic dialogue, but, it too, is governed by the anxiety of influence.
Investor Protection, Earnings Opacity and Corporate Valuation

This paper examines how investor protection, as measured by an index of anti-director rights affects earnings opacity, which in turn is shown to be linked to corporate valuation. Earnings opacity is positively affected by the level of anti-director rights in line with a "penalty hypothesis" given that insiders' incentives to hide their rent-seeking activities are stronger when outsiders can effectively penalize them. The data from 24 countries also indicate that the exogenous component of earnings opacity - the component defined by anti-director rights - is negatively associated with corporate valuation, as measured by Tobin's q. The direct effect of civil law and corporate valuation is as expected negative and significant. There is evidence of higher valaution of firms in common law countries with lower earnings opacity.