cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing episodic memory in animals: a new approach.

Abstract Episodic memory involves the encoding and storage of memories concerned with unique personal experiences and their subsequent recall, and it has long been the subject of intensive investigation in humans. According to Tulving's classical definition, episodic memory “receives and stores information about temporally dated episodes or events and temporal–spatial relations among these events.” Thus, episodic memory provides information about the ‘what’ and ‘when’ of events (‘temporally dated experiences’) and about ‘where’ they happened (‘temporal–spatial relations’). The storage and subsequent recall of this episodic information was thought to be beyond the memory capabilities of nonhuman animals. Although there are many laboratory procedures for investigating memory for discrete past episodes, until recently there were no previous studies that fully satisfied the criteria of Tulving's definition: they can all be explained in much simpler terms than episodic memory. However, current studies of memory for cache sites in food-storing jays provide an ethologically valid model for testing episodic-like memory in animals, thereby bridging the gap between human and animal studies memory. There is now a pressing need to adapt these experimental tests of episodic memory for other animals. Given the potential power of transgenic and knock-out procedures for investigating the genetic and molecular bases of learning and memory in laboratory rodents, not to mention the wealth of knowledge about the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the rodent hippocampus (a brain area heavily implicated in episodic memory), an obvious next step is to develop a rodent model of episodic-like memory based on the food-storing bird paradigm. The development of a rodent model system could make an important contribution to our understanding of the neural, molecular, and behavioral mechanisms of mammalian episodic memory.
Spectrum and Reactivity of the Solvated Electron in the Ionic Liquid Methyltributylammonium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide

Fast pulse radiolysis transient absorption experiments were conducted on the ionic liquid methyltributylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (R4NNTf2). The solvated electron was observed to have a very broad absorption band peaking around 1410 nm (e = 2.2 × 104 L mol-1 cm-1) and a radiolytic yield (G) of 0.7 × 10-7 mol J-1. Dry electron capture by aromatic solutes, such as benzophenone and pyrene, is very efficient in R4NNTf2. Reactions of the solvated electron with the same compounds are diffusion limited, with rate constants of only k ≈ (1−2) × 108 L mol-1 s-1 due to the high viscosity of the ionic liquid.
Ramanujan's congruences and Dyson's crank.

The achievement of Karl Mahlburg in this issue of PNAS (1) adds a lustrous chapter to a unique mathematical object: the crank. In 1944, the crank was first hinted at by Freeman Dyson (2), then an undergraduate at Cambridge University. He had written an article, titled Some Guesses in the Theory of Partitions , for Eureka , the undergraduate mathematics journal of Cambridge. Dyson discovered the many conjectures in this article by attempting to find a combinatorial explanation of Ramanujan's famous congruences for p(n ), the number of partitions of n . The three simplest of Ramanujan's congruences assert that: In Dyson's article, he defines the rank of a partition to be the largest part of the partition minus the number of parts. For example, the rank of the partition (of 22) 5 + 5 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 1 is 5 - 7 = -2. Dyson conjectured (and later Atkin and Swinnerton-Dyer proved, see ref. …
Static implementation of quasi-delay-insensitive Pre-Charge Half-Buffers

In the literature, quasi-delay-insensitive (QDI) asynchronous circuits utilizing Pre-Charge Half Buffers (PCHB) are based on either dynamic or semi-static implementations. In this paper, a static implementation of PCHB is presented, and compared to previous PCHB architectures and static NULL Convention Logic (NCL), using a full adder design. Transistor level simulation shows that the static PCHB architecture is faster, more energy-efficient, and can operate correctly at much lower supply voltage than its semi-static counterpart, although it requires more transistors. Compared to static NCL, static PCHB is faster and requires fewer transistors, but is less energy-efficient.
Microwave Resonance Shift Method in Stellarator Plasma Density Measurements

To investigate the trapping efficiency of a hot electron plasma and its confinement in a toroidal magnetic field configuration, a small, adiabatically heated, symmetric stellarator has been constructed. Various diagnostics methods are used to find various plasma parameters: electron density and temperature, confinement time, etc. One technique to find electron density and confinement time is to use the microwave cavity frequency shift method. This method is especially applicable in the case of this stellarator since the size of the stainless steel toroidal container is such that it can support the lowest resonant modes with frequencies about 4GHz. The resonance frequency shift method pertaining to a cylindrical resonator is reviewed and the theory applicable to the toroidal geometry is discussed. The resonant mode structure in a toroidal resonator will be described. It is shown in numerical examples that the presence of plasma will cause a considerable shift in the resonant frequency of the cavity. This frequency shift is directly proportional to plasma density and is also influenced by the magnetic field. The system has been built and is described in some detail. A fundamental transistor oscillator, which can be swept over a 0 to 300MHz bandwidth in the range of 2 to 4GHz, provides the microwave signal. An oscilloscope provides a sweep voltage which is conditioned to control the oscillator frequency. A staircase voltage is generated which is used along with the horizontal sweep to form a raster of 1 to 64 lines on the oscilloscope.
Exemplar-based Visualization of Large Document Corpus (InfoVis2009-1115)

With the rapid growth of the World Wide Web and electronic information services, text corpus is becoming available online at an incredible rate. By displaying text data in a logical layout (e.g., color graphs), text visualization presents a direct way to observe the documents as well as understand the relationship between them. In this paper, we propose a novel technique, Exemplar-based visualization (EV), to visualize an extremely large text corpus. Capitalizing on recent advances in matrix approximation and decomposition, EV presents a probabilistic multidimensional projection model in the low-rank text subspace with a sound objective function. The probability of each document proportion to the topics is obtained through iterative optimization and embedded to a low dimensional space using parameter embedding. By selecting the representative exemplars, we obtain a compact approximation of the data. This makes the visualization highly efficient and flexible. In addition, the selected exemplars neatly summarize the entire data set and greatly reduce the cognitive overload in the visualization, leading to an easier interpretation of large text corpus. Empirically, we demonstrate the superior performance of EV through extensive experiments performed on the publicly available text data sets.
Automated solid-phase synthesis of linear nitrogen-linked compounds.

A synthetic library motif has been developed to create linear, nitrogen-linked compounds as screening libraries to target structured RNA for drug discovery. Scaffolds were created in situ from suitably protected bifunctional compounds linked together either by acyl or amine links. Acyl links were created from amino acids, which also introduce one degree of functionality. Amine links from the amino acid nitrogen were created from an N-protected amino alcohol via Fukuyama Mitsunobu alkylation. Each amine site can then be used for introducing functionality or extending the scaffold. This synthetic scheme can be used to create a wide variety of modified-backbone PNA in situ, as shown by the synthesis of a PNA-type monomer. The synthesis steps have been enabled on a 96-well parallel-array synthesizer for high-throughput synthesis. The present study represents a versatile synthetic approach to a wide variety of potential RNA-binding molecules.
GTP hydrolysis by tubulin occurs with water oxygen incorporation into inorganic phosphate.

Tubulin assembly was conducted in [18O]H2O and the resulting mixture of GTP, GDP and Pi was examined by31P-NMR. Two Pi signals, separated by about 0.02 ppm, were observed. By combining this mixture with a solution of Pi containing all five possible16O and18O isotopomers of Pi, it was shown that the two signals were due to [16O4]- and [16O3,18O]Pi. The amount of18O incorporated into the Pi was that expected if the hydrolysis of GTP during tubulin assembly occurs with cleavage of the γ-phosphorus-bridge oxygen bond.
Selenium levels and hypertension: A systematic review of the literature

Objective Se is an antioxidant micronutrient and has been studied for its potential role in CVD prevention. The purpose of the present study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature on the relationship between Se and hypertension.
Speckled lentiginous nevus: sometimes, but not always, part of a syndrome

We completely agree with the objections raised by Doctors Torchia and Schachner (doi:10.1007/s10072-011-0736-8). Indeed, the issue we intended to raise with our report was: Do undescribed non-random associations of SLN-internal vascular malformations exist? We widely discussed the possibility that the association was completely accidental in our patient. However, here, we move on a quite unexplored ground. Accordingly, we forwarded our cutting-edge provocation to provide clinicians with PPV/SLN patients or the alike with some written, even low-grade evidence to propose whenever they wish to study these occasional patients in depth. ‘‘Occasional’’, because if these patients were thousands, the issue would have already been worked out—what are you going to do with your next systematized SLN patient without evident clinical neurological involvement (with special regard to expensive NMR)?
New approaches to drug selection and serial drug testing.

The evaluation of antiarrhythmic therapy is predicated on the availability of effective means of measuring cardiovascular arrhythmias and determining a drug effect. There are a number of techniques which exist for arrhythmia detection and to aid in therapy assessment. One of them is the 24 hour Holter ambulatory electrocardiography. This technique has been quite useful and has been reviewed by a number of investigators. Exercise tolerance testing, drug level measurements, and programmed electrical stimulation are other techniques for arrhythmia therapy assessment. Drug level measurements have been demonstrated by Meyerburg and associates to be useful in determining if a Class I agent such as procainamide has been given to an effective level. Patients who have had prior electrical instability, if treated with an effective level of a class I agent, will show a reduced incidence in mortality. Antiarrhythmic drug level measurements may be very helpful in determining complicance with antiarrhythmic therapy, as well as determining if a population will show a reduced incidence of sudden death. But the technique of drug level measurement does not aid us in identifying who is at risk, or whether the antiarrhythmic agent is really benefiting that particular patient. Thus, other techniques for arrhythmia therapy assessment have been looked at.
GROWTH KINETICS of LISTERIA IN the PRESENCE of OXYRASETM ENZYME IN A BROTH MODEL SYSTEM1

The growth of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species (L. innocua, L. ivanovii, L. seeligeri, and L. welshimeri) (initial inocula of 103-103 CFU/mL) at 35C in the absence (as controls) or presence of OxyraseTM enzyme was studied using Fraser broth. the results showed that the generation times of these organisms ranged from 35.5 to 54.4 min for the studies with OxyraseTM and from 39.4 to 72.7 min for the studies without OxyraseTM. the degree of growth enhancement by OxyraseTM was dependent on species/strains of Listeria and population of inocula. an earlier initial increase in populations of three strains of L. monocytogenes at 35C was observed in Fraser broth with OxyraseTM added, and the lag phase durations computed for LM 101M, LM 103M, and Scott A were shown to be 3.2, 1.6, and 2.4 h shorter in the presence of OxyraseTM than in the controls. For the range of 0 to 0.8 unit/mL added OxyraseTM tested, the growth of L. monocytogenes demonstrated a dose-response to the amount of OxyraseTM in the broth system.
Mixed gravity-Rossby waves in the ocean

Abstract Asymptotic solutions for point sources in a s-plane model of an ocean with a free surface are found by group velocity methods. The trajectory of a packet of waves is found to be a sine wave along which the packet has constant frequency, east-west wave-number and group velocity, and variable north-south wave-number and group velocity. An explanation is offered for the prevalance of inertial motions and of cut-off Rossby waves in the ocean, and it is shown that in a strongly stratified ocean the dispersion of tsunamis due to the rotation of the earth is small. The partition of energy between Rossby and gravity wave motions is found to be very sensitive to the character of the initial conditions.
DIFFERENTIAL CYCLOOXYGENASE-1 AND -2 GENE EXPRESSION IN HUMAN MYOMETRIA FROM PRETERM AND TERM DELIVERIES

The expression of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 genes in myometria from preterm and term pregnancies was investigated by in situ hybridization, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry. In situ hybridization revealed that myometrial smooth muscle contained both COX-1 and COX-2 messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts. Immunoblotting revealed that myometria contained 55- and 67-kilodalton COX-1 proteins as well as 72- and 56-kilodalton COX-2 proteins. Immunocytochemistry showed that COX-1 and COX-2 proteins are present in the myometrial smooth muscle. The expression of COX-1 and COX-2 genes differed in myometria. For example, although COX-1 expression was lower, COX-2 expression was higher at term compared to preterm pregnancy not in labor. In addition, although COX-1 expression was not dependent on labor, COX-2 expression was lower with labor compared to not in labor for both preterm and term pregnancy. The myometrial smooth muscle also immunostained for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGF2 alpha, suggesting that the cyclooxygenases are catalytically active. The changes in PGE2 and PGF2 alpha paralleled the changes in COX-1 enzyme in terms of being lower at term compared to preterm pregnancy and the changes in COX-2 enzyme in terms of being lower during labor at preterm and term pregnancy. In summary, our results demonstrate that pregnant human myometria express both COX-1 and COX-2 genes. The expression of these genes differed in preterm or term pregnancy myometria from in labor and not in labor.
Is the Connection Between Religiosity and Psychological Functioning Due to Religion’s Social Value? A Failure to Replicate

Increasingly, religion and spirituality has been tied to well-being. However, the mediators are likely multifold, contextually dependent, and remain unclear. A recent report suggested that this is due to religion’s social value and presented results indicating that religiosity was more strongly related to psychological adjustment within countries with higher mean religiosity. Effect sizes were small, and given previous research suggesting other more proximal mediators, it was my hypothesis that these findings would not be replicated. Analysis of data from the European Social Survey revealed no significant interactions between country-level religiosity and individual religiosity in predicting psychological well-being. These conflicting findings point to the nuanced nature of the religion–health relationship and suggest that this correlation is unlikely to be due to social valuation. Studies using cursory measures are likely to explain only a small proportion of the variance, yield contradictory findings, and fail to significantly enhance theory in this domain.
Effects of synthetic organic chemicals on bacterial death and lysis

A technique derived from the tritiated thymidine method was used to characterize the effects of synthetic organic compounds (SOCs) on the specific rate of bacterial death as functions of chemical concentration, the physiological state of the cells, and exposure time to the toxicant. The rate of bacterial death was estimated by following over time the release of radioactive tracer from the DNA of thymidine-requiring (thy − ) mutant E. coli cells (ATCC 23820). Results indicate that the lysis rate of unexposed microbial cultures was the same whether or not the cells were growing or had reached the stationary phase. Lysis rates were calculated from exposures to single SOCs: acrylonitrile, ethylene glycol, isophorone, phenol, 2-chloro- and 4-chlorophenol. The concentrations tested were 250, 1000 and 5000 mg COD/l. The major effect observed with stationary-phase cultures was a stimulation of the rate of lysis, whereas a reduction in the rate of lysis was the primary effect observed with growing cells. A physiological interpretation for these opposite effects is provided. The physiological state of the microorganisms influenced the magnitude, intensity and type of effects caused by the presence of synthetic organic compounds.
Transient tidal eddy motion in the western Gulf of Maine, part 1: Primary structure

Abstract High frequency radar-derived surface current maps of the Great South Channel (GSC) in the western Gulf of Maine in 2005 revealed clockwise (CW) and anticlockwise (ACW) eddy motion associated with the strong regional tidal currents. To better elucidate the kinematics and dynamics of these transient tidal eddy motions, an observational and modeling study was conducted during the weakly stratified conditions of winter 2008–2009. Our moored bottom pressure and ADCP current measurements in 13 m depth were augmented by historical current measurements in about 30 m in documenting the dominance of highly polarized M2 semidiurnal currents in our nearshore study region. The high-resolution finite element coastal ocean model (QUODDY) – forced by the five principal tidal constituents – produced maps depicting the formation and evolution of the CW and ACW eddy motions that regularly follow maximum ebb and flood flows, respectively. Observation versus model current comparison required that the model bottom current drag coefficient be set to at an unusually high Cd=0.01 – suggesting the importance of form drag in the study region. The observations and model results were consistent in diagnosing CW or ACW eddy motions that (a) form nearshore in the coastal boundary layer (CBL) for about 3 h after the respective tidal current maxima and then (b) translate southeastward across the GSC along curved 50 m isobath at speeds of about 25 m/s. Observation-based and model-based momentum budget estimates were consistent in showing a first order forced semidiurnal standing tidal wave dynamics (like the adjacent Gulf of Maine) which was modulated by adverse pressure gradient/bottom stress forcing to generate the eddy motions. Observation-based estimates of terms in the transport vorticity budget showed that in the shallower Inner Zone subregion (average depth=23 m) that the diffusion of nearshore vorticity was dominant in feeding the growth of eddy motion vorticity; while in the somewhat deeper Outer Zone subregion (33 m) bottom current lateral shear and water column stretching/squashing was significant in modulating the eddy motion. We conclude that the transient eddy motions in the GSC region are phase eddies that accompany the change of tide across the GSC and are (1) generated by bottom stress gradients in the shallower nearshore – an issue which needs to be better understood for improved future forecasting.
Continued reciprocal roots

For \(p\) a real number, a continued \(p\)th power is an expression of the form \(\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty } a_0+(a_1+(a_2+(\ldots +(a_n)^p\ldots )^p)^p)^p.\) Continued reciprocal roots are the special case in which \(-1<p<0\). Following a brief historical survey, we derive a sharp necessary and sufficient divergence condition for continued reciprocal \(q\)th roots of positive terms, where \(q=|1/p|\).
Genotype versus experience effects on aggression in wild and domestic Norway rats.

The agonistic behavior of field-trapped and first-generation laboratory-reared wild male Norway rats was compared in a resident-intruder context in order to examine the hypothesis that aggressive behavior is significantly reduced by laboratory rearing. In addition isolate and group-reared wild and domestic rats were compared in order to determine the effect of early social deprivation on levels of aggression. Experimental subjects were housed in test chambers for at least one month prior to their exposure to anosmic hybrid (wild X domestic) intruders. Agonistic behaviors of both residents and intruders were recorded in two 30-minute trials. Field-trapped males were significantly more aggressive than any of the laboratory-reared groups. The behavior of isolate-reared subjects of both stocks did not differ significantly from their group-reared counterparts. Three hypotheses were advanced to account for the greater aggressiveness of the wild-caught rats. The evidence favors an interpretation based on the greater opportunity for social conditioning in the field environment and the blocking of habitual behavior patterns (i.e. escape) in captivity.
Fine structure and classification of shrimp hemocytes

The structure of hemocytes from two species of penaeid shrimp was examined by light and electron (TEM) microscopy. Hemocytes from the two species are indistinguishable and are classified as either agranular, small-granule, or large-granule hemocytes. Agranular hemocytes are the smallest of the hemocytes, lack granules, compose only 5-10% of the circulating hemocytes, and are nonrefractile when examined by light microscopy. Small-granule hemocytes are the most abundant type of hemocyte (75% of all hemocytes), appear nonrefractile, and contain a variable number (1-40) of granules (0.4 μm diameter). Large-granule hemocytes compose 10-20% of the hemocytes. They are filled with granules (0.8 μm in diameter) that are highly refractile when examined by light microscopy and are electron-dense when examined by TEM. Our classification scheme is based solely on the absence or presence and relative size of granules. Features used by other researchers, such as cell size, shape, and staining properties, were not used because these features are subtle and/or subjective. The proposed classification is compared with schemes developed for other decapods, and its usefulness and limitations are discussed. This scheme will serve as a basis for further studies on the maturation and physiological function(s) or crustacean hemocytes.
Automatic generation of multiperiod heat exchanger network configurations

Abstract This paper presents an extension of the procedure proposed by Floudas and Grossman for the synthesis of heat exchanger networks under multiperiod operation. It is shown that the automatic synthesis of these networks can be performed by a nonlinear programming formulation that is based on a superstructure representation that includes all possible structural options for a given set of matches that are predicted for different time periods. A graph representation is proposed for this superstructure to account for the changes in pinch points and to reduce the size of the nonlinear program. Two example problems are presented to illustrate this procedure.
Co-localization of cyclic GMP in superior cervical ganglion with peptide neurotransmitters.

Abstract The immunofluorescent localization of cyclic 3′, 5′-guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP) in rat superior cervical ganglion has been compared to postganglionic neurons having immunoreactivity to neuropeptides. Cyclic GMP-positive somata are equally distributed among cell bodies fluorescent for substance P, somatostatin, and methionine-enkephalin. 40% of the total number of cells stained for each peptide demonstrate co-incident cyclic GMP localization, suggesting a large majority of the neurons employ non-cyclic GMP mechanisms.
Effect of age, gender and race on abortion attitude

Explores attitudes towards abortion in the USA and whether or not they have changed during the period 1977‐1993 (based on data from the National Opinion Research Centre’s General Social Survey). Describes the research methodology used and how the data was analysed, testing for attitudinal change by age, gender and race, through a comparison of mean scale scores, longitudinal analysis, and multiple regression. Finds that younger people are more pro‐choice but that there has been an increase in pro‐life attitudes among women and pro‐choice among men. Indicates that racial differences on abortion are declining. Reveals that increased religiosity affects attitudes towards abortion, which may account for black women generally being more pro‐life. Notes, also, that respondents with higher levels of education were more pro‐choice. Refers to a particular legal decision on abortion, which, it was thought, had prompted a pro‐choice attitude, but finds that this is not actually the case.
The successful treatment of a heroin addict by covert conditioning techniques

Abstract The course and methods of outpatient behavioral treatment for a 26-yr-old heroin addict are described. Treatment goals were specified as: the elimination ofthe heroin dependency; the improvement of the patient's self concept; and the installation of new pro-social attitudes and behaviors. Each of the goals was realized in turn in the course of a 4-month period, contrary to the therapist's expectations. The most difficult aspect of therapy proved to be the establishment of positive social behaviors. Implications for the therapist and for further research are discussed.
Considering the Impact of Acculturation on Lifestyle Interventions for Latinos

Individuals of Latino descent are one of the fastest growing groups in the United States. They also experience multiple health disparities. To effectively treat individuals from these cultures, sev...
State-wide Student Assessment

What are the purposes of state-wide student assessment? Why do state testing programs seldom inform state policy? Why is it essential for these programs to be based on state curricula? Who should be accountable for improving the learning outcomes of students?
Hearing and sound localization in blind mole rats (Spalax ehrenbergi)

Abstract Two blind mole rats were tested for their ability to detect and localize sound. The results indicate that blind mole rats have severely limited, and probably degenerate, auditory abilities. Although their 60-dB low-frequency hearing limit of 54 Hz is within the range for other rodents, the highest frequency they can hear at a level of 60 dB SPL is only 5.9 kHz, giving them the poorest high-frequency sensitivity yet observed in any mammal. In addition they have poor sensitivity as indicated by the fact that their lowest threshold is only 32 dB SPL (at 1 kHz). Finally, they are unable to localize brief sounds but retain a rudimentary ability to localize sounds s of 0.5 or longer. These results, combined with those of previous studies of subterranean species (i.e., blind mole rats, naked mole rats, and pocket gophers), suggest that poor auditory sensitivity, the loss of high-frequency hearing, and an inability to localize brief sounds is a degenerate state which may be characteristic of subterranean mammals. Thus it appears that an exclusive adaptation to a subterranean lifestyle (where airborne sound propagates poorly and where directional responses are limited by the tunnels) can result in vestigial auditory abilities just as the absence of light results in vestigial vision.
Tritone inspection for embedded phase shift mask

Abstract Embedded phase shift masks (ePSM) are critical to patterning the contact layer of integrated circuit devices of 130 nm technology node and beyond. Required ePSM inspection methodologies needed for the successful manufacturing of a defect-free ePSM are discussed in this study. We present an analysis of different inspection schemes for handling inspection system optical signals from tritone ePSM. Programmed defect ePSM plates with 6% shifter material transmission fabricated for 248 nm and 193 nm wafer exposures are characterized by metrology tools and inspected on existing optical mask inspection systems. Capture rates for various defect types are analyzed. The results of inspection sensitivity analysis are also compared with the defect specifications based on a defect printability simulation study. Key challenges ternary ePSM inspection are also discussed. Keywords: embedded phase shift mask, inspection, tritone, ternary. 1. Introduction Embedded phase shift masks (ePSMs) are being used in the semiconductor micro-lithography for high-density patterning of critical device layers, such as the contact layer.
Effects of Dislocation Strain on the Epitaxy of Lattice-Mismatched AlGaInP Layers

Abstract Strain fields arising from a non-uniform distribution of misfit dislocations in an underlying compositionally graded buffer are shown to be sufficiently strong to modify indium incorporation in III-phosphide light emitting layers. Composition fluctuations ( x In ±0.02) in lattice-mismatched (Al y Ga 1− y ) x In 1− x P thin films with length-scales of 5–10 μm and a broadened light emission spectra are observed. Cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence and wavelength dispersive x-ray spectroscopies are used in this analysis to generate spatial maps of luminescence spectra and element distributions in metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) grown films. It is seen that these fluctuations due to misfit dislocations are hard to eliminate via growth-kinetics alone but can be lowered through the use of miscut substrates or spacer layers between the graded buffer layer and the active layer. A link between crosshatch surface-roughness and group-III atom distribution under group-V rich growth conditions in both AlInP and GaInP films is also demonstrated. In summary, the interaction of the dislocation strain field with the growth surface can affect the optical characteristics of lattice-mismatched LEDs even if the final threading dislocation density is low.
Global Warming and the Problem of Testing for Trend in Time Series Data

Abstract In recent years a number of statistical tests have been proposed for testing the hypothesis that global warming is occurring. The standard approach is to examine one or two of the more prominent global temperature datasets by letting Yt = a + bt + Et, where Yt represents the temperature at time t and Et represents error from the trend line, and to test the hypothesis that b = 0. Several authors have applied these tests for trend to determine whether or not a significant long-term or deterministic trend exists, and have generally concluded that there is a significant deterministic trend in the data. However, we show that certain autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) models may also be very reasonable models for these data due to the random trends present in their realizations. In this paper, we provide simulation evidence to show that the tests for trend detect a deterministic trend in a relatively high percentage of realizations from a wide range of ARMA models, including those obtained for the te...
Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Inosine 5′-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase from Borrelia burgdorferi

Abstract Inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis. IMPDH converts IMP to xanthosine 5′-monophosphate with concomitant conversion of NAD+ to NADH. All IMPDHs characterized to date contain a 130-residue “subdomain” that extends from an N-terminal loop of the α/β barrel domain. The role of this subdomain is unknown. An IMPDH homolog has been cloned fromBorrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease (Margolis, N., Hogan, D., Tilly, K., and Rosa, P. A. (1994)J. Bacteriol. 176, 6427–6432). This homolog has replaced the subdomain with a 50-residue segment of unrelated sequence. We have expressed and characterized the B. burgdorferi IMPDH homolog. This protein has IMPDH activity, which unequivocally demonstrates that the subdomain is not required for catalytic activity. The monovalent cation and dinucleotide binding sites of B. burgdorferi IMPDH are significantly different from those of human IMPDH. Therefore, these sites are targets for the design of specific inhibitors for B. burgdorferi IMPDH. Such inhibitors might be new treatments for Lyme disease.
Differential correlates of multi-type maltreatment among urban youth

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the differential effects of multi-types of maltreatment in an adolescent sample. Different combinations of maltreatment (emotional, sexual, physical, neglect) were examined in relation to both negative affect and externalizing symptoms in male and female youth. METHOD: One thousand four hundred fifty-two middle and high school youth were recruited from urban schools and a mandated early warning truancy program. Youth completed an anonymous survey that included measures of child maltreatment, depression, suicide proneness, hopelessness, delinquency, hostility, substance use, and promiscuity. Respondents were categorized into groups of different combinations of maltreatment by their reports of sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect (emotional and physical), and emotional abuse. RESULTS: Nearly two-thirds of boys and girls reported some form of maltreatment, and multi-type maltreatment was common (e.g., 13% reported experiencing both physical and sexual abuse and neglect). Individuals with maltreatment histories were more depressed (F=52.78, p<.0001), suicide prone (F=24.29, p<.001), and hopeless (F=32.07, p<.0001) than non-abused individuals. Maltreated adolescents were also more hostile (F=35.03, p<.0001), and they engaged in more delinquent behavior (F=26.76, p<.0001), promiscuity (F=8.54, p<.0001), and drug and alcohol use (F= 9.61, p<.0001). Individuals experiencing multi-type maltreatment were the most symptomatic, particularly youth with histories of physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect. In general, gender differences in effects were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the importance of studying combined types of maltreatment, as well as understanding the particularly deleterious effects of neglect and emotional abuse. The results are generally consistent with an additive model ofmaltreatment effects. Language: en
Sensitivity to enzyme additives in laundry detergent workers

Abstract An occupational disease of laundry detergent workers due to sensitivity to enzyme additives is described. Rhinitis and/or asthma was found in 66 workers and was presumably due to sensitivity to proteolytic enzyme products of Bacillus subtilis . A good correlation was found between clinical sensitivity to the enzyme preparation and (1) the presence of atopy and (2) immediate skin reactivity to the enzyme solution. The disease is thought to be representative of a type 1 immediate hypersensitivity and not a type 3 Arthus sensitivity. Environmental precautions in the plant resulted in a marked decrease in respiratory symptoms in the workers.
Chronic beryllium disease: a continuing epidemiologic hazard.

New cases of chronic beryllium disease are appearing. Seventy-six cases have been reported to the Beryllium Case Registry since 1966, of which 36 patients were exposed to beryllium after 1949, a time when industrial controls were established. Seven symptomatic patients were still being exposed to beryllium in 1972, one of whom died at 26 years of age with pneumonitis, hepatitis and a pneumothorax. Most of these patients (81 percent) were exposed in the aviation industry, gyroscopes and nuclear reactors. The majority of patients were men (53). There were 23 women. They were somewhat younger, mean age 46 years vs 12 years in cases reported before 1966. Clinical presentation was similar to that already reported, with exertional dyspnea in 61.7 percent of cases. The occurrence of four cases of bilateral hilar enlargement as the only radiographic finding should bring chronic beryllium disease in the differential diagnosis of bilateral lymphadenopathy, even when the patient is asymptomatic. In these patients data may suggest that a mediastinoscopy may offer a higher tissue beryllium yield than an open thoracotomy for a lung biopsy. Incidence of lung cancer was higher than expected (four cases), although the small series does not allow a definitive conclusion.
RNA Interference-Mediated Targeting of Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate-Early or Early Gene Products Inhibits Viral Replication with Differential Effects on Cellular Functions

Viral drug toxicity, resistance, and an increasing immunosuppressed population warrant continued research into new avenues for limiting diseases associated with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). In this study, a small interfering RNA (siRNA), siX3, was designed to target coding sequences within shared exon 3 of UL123 and UL122 transcripts encoding IE1 and IE2 immediate-early proteins of HCMV. Pretreatment of cells with siX3 reduced the levels of viral protein expression, DNA replication, and progeny virus production compared to control siRNA. Two siRNAs against UL54 and overlapping transcripts (UL55-57) were compared to siX3 in HCMV infection and were also found to be effective at inhibiting HCMV replication. Further investigation into the effects of the siRNAs on viral replication showed that pretreatment with each of the siRNAs resulted in an inhibition in the formation of mature replication compartments. The ability of these siRNAs to prevent or reduce certain cytopathic effects associated with HCMV infection was also examined. Infected cells pretreated with siX3, but not siUL54, retained promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein in cellular PML bodies, an essential component of this host intrinsic antiviral defense. DNA damage response proteins, which are localized in nuclear viral replication compartments, were reduced in the siX3- and siUL54-treated cells. siX3, but not siUL54, prevented DNA damage response signaling early after infection. Therapeutic efficacy was demonstrated by treating cells with siRNAs after HCMV replication had commenced. Together, these findings suggest that siRNAs targeting exon 3 of the major IE genes or the UL54-57 transcripts be further studied for their potential development into anti-HCMV therapeutics.
THE RACES THAT CONSTITUTE THE GROUP OF COMMON FIBROBLASTS : I. THE EFFECT OF BLOOD PLASMA.

1. Under appropriate conditions, fibroblasts are able to multiply in serum, at a slow rate, for very long periods. 2. The rate of multiplication of fibroblasts in a given sample of serum depends entirely upon the nature of the strain. Cell races endowed with a high residual growth energy multiply more rapidly in serum than those whose growth potencies are of a lower order. 3. Fibroblasts, in the beginning, multiply more abundantly in plain serum than in heparinized serum, and also more abundantly in heparinized serum than in herparinized plasma. Later, these differences become less pronounced. 4. The first effect of serum on fibroblasts is invariably injurious, the degree of injury differing according to the nature of the cell strain and the age of the animal from which the serum is derived. With the passage of time, however, the colonies undergo gradual improvement, both in the appearance of the component cells and in their rate of proliferation. 5. In media containing embryonic tissue juice, or other growth-activating substances, fibroblasts form colonies that are isomorphic and composed of isomorphic cells. In serum, fibroblasts form colonies of heteromorphic appearance. Each colony becomes composed of cells that differ from one another, to a more or less marked degree.
Meteorology 1979–1982

The Atmospheric Sciences section contains 12 papers; most of the topics have been reviewed in previous reports, though not always in each one. Thus, atmospheric electricity has not been reviewed for the past eight years, and mesoscale meteorology was not reviewed in the last report. Regretably, atmospheric chemistry is not reviewed in this one (but see the six reviews listed at the end of these remarks). Though the following 12 reviews discuss a broad variety of topics, a common theme emerges in many of them: the significance of new instrumentation or cognate device for making improved measurements of the atmosphere. Balsley and Gage give a systematic discussion of this theme; I will mention only three devices which seem to offer unusual promise: VHF (50 MHz) doppler radar, linear polarization for meteorological radar, and lidar. The VHF radar, particularly the Magnetospheric-Stratospheric-Tropospheric (MST) phased array, is capable of measuring the three-dimensional field of motion with a vertical resolution and temporal sequence far beyond any conventional technique; its configuraton is flexible and is readily portable. Polarization techniques applied to existing meteorological radars are capable of measuring the evolution and distribution of water drops in clouds, and thus, inferring more accurate rainfall rates; the technique may also offer a new means of distinguishing ice and water in clouds. Though lidars have been used in the past to identify and track aerosols, additional options for using lidar to measure winds, temperature, moisture, and trace chemical constituents are now emerging; such measurements may be made from either satellites, aircraft, or the earth's surface.
Taxonomy of Helenium sect. Tetrodus and a conspectus of North American Helenium (Compositae)

A systematic treatment is presented for the 14 recognized taxa of sect.Tetrodus, with synonymies, typifications, descriptions, discussions, and range maps. In addition a brief conspectus ofHelenium in North America is presented recognizing five sections: sect.Hecubaea (DC.) Gray with two species in Mexico; sect.Leptopoda (Nutt.) Wood with six species in the eastern and southeastern United States; sect.Tetrodus (Cass.) DC. with 14 taxa in the western and southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America; sect.Helenium with one species widespread throughout the United States and parts of Canada; and sect.Amarum Bierner, sect. nov., typified byHelenium amarum (Raf.) Rock, with two species in the southern and the southeastern United States. The conspectus includes keys to the sections, species, and varieties; range maps; and a discussion of each section.
Failure of reserpine to cause depletion of gastrin in canine antral mucosa.

SummaryA large dose of reserpine was given to dogs. The dogs were subsequently killed and gastrin was extracted from the antral mucosa. The activity of this gastrin was similar to that of gastrin prepared from normal dogs. This finding is thought to be evidence that histamine and serotonin are not constituents of gastrin, and that reserpine does not stimulate gastric secretion through release of gastrin.
The role of aquatic fungi in transformations of organic matter mediated by nutrients

SUMMARY 1. We assessed the key role of aquatic fungi in modifying coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) by affecting its breakdown rate, nutrient concentration and conversion to fine particulate organic matter (FPOM). Overall, we hypothesised that fungal-mediated conditioning and breakdown of CPOM would be accelerated when nutrient concentrations are increased and tested the degree to which fungi were critical to CPOM processing and to FPOM production by an invertebrate consumer. 2. We manipulated the presence and absence of fungi, exogenous nutrients [nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)] and an invertebrate consumer in a full-factorial laboratory experiment and quantified their effects on CPOM mass loss and nutrient concentration, and the quantity and nutrient concentration of FPOM produced during leaf breakdown. 3. Mass of CPOM lost and the quantity of FPOM produced were highest in nutrient-enriched treatments containing fungal decomposers. Across all treatments, FPOM produced was a constant proportion of CPOM lost (67%). Loss of CPOM due to shredders was highest at fungal biomass values >16 mg g dry mass 1 , which occurred with nutrient enrichment. 4. Nitrogen concentration in CPOM increased in treatments with nutrients and fungi, while CPOM P concentration was primarily affected by nutrients. In contrast, FPOM P concentration declined in treatments with fungi and nutrients, suggesting either sequestration via CPOM-associated fungi or preferential assimilation by shredders. Nitrogen in FPOM increased with nutrients, but was unaffected by fungi. 5. Our results indicate that aquatic fungi play a critical role in facilitating energy and nutrient flow through detrital pathways and that their ability to mediate organic matter transformations is significantly influenced by nutrient enrichment.
Psychological maladjustment in renal dialysis patients.

Abstract Psychiatric impairment in chronic hemodialysis patients is higher than the rate in the general population, and higher in adults than in children. This brief review of the literature on the incidence of psychiatric maladjustment in hemodialysis patients indicates a need for primary preventive psychiatric treatment in dialysis clinics.
Synthesis of lidocaine‐d3

A simple two step synthetic procedure has been developed for the preparation of deuterated lidocaine. The deuterium was incorporated into the 6′-methyl group which is a metabolically stable position. The overall yield of the synthetic procedure was 41.3%.
Roadwork: Offstage with Special Drama Actresses in Tamilnadu, South India

popular theater genre known as "Special Drama."' The obligatory opening comedy scene of these live performance events always begins with a young woman dancing in the middle of a road, a fantastic suspension of Tamil norms of conduct for women. The painted canvas backdrop for this scene displays a wide, generic road stretching off vertically into the horizon. The comic enactment that unfolds rapidly develops into an exploration of illicit love. An unknown young bachelor appears on the road, and all manner of shady business unspools between the young man and woman, including lewd banter, flirtatious spats, boasts laden with sexual innuendo, coy one-upmanship, cooing love songs, and eventually, elopement. This opening scene is a dramatization, in a comedic mode, of the proverbial bad road for women. Its narrative content perpetuates and encourages a dominant association between public roads and the stigmatized reputation of actresses as public women. This essay concerns how such an association of ideas shapes Special Drama actresses' offstage lives and, in turn, how their practices "on the road" potentially refigure the terms of that dominant discourse. At the core of this essay are five fieldwork narratives. These retell specific experiences I had researching Special Drama actresses' roads. Each experience helped me to better understand actresses' actions offstage; these were episodes in which I learned, in particular, how and why actresses create private, exclusive spaces in the midst of the Tamil public sphere. Each narrative speaks of
Chewing gum increases energy expenditure before and after controlled breakfasts.

Chewing has been associated with improved satiation and satiety, but little is known about the metabolic impact of gum chewing. We tested the hypothesis that gum chewing would increase energy expen...