cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sports Medicine: A Comprehensive Approach. 2nd ed.

Giles R. Scuderi and Peter D. McCann, editors. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2005. 782 pages. $99.00. Sports medicine has evolved into a legitimate orthopaedic subspecialty in the United States within the last twenty-five years. Other medical and surgical specialties have also carved out niches in caring for athletes. The knowledge that is currently required to take care of individual athletes and entire sports teams has increased considerably during this time period. These factors have driven the need for more information for the sports-medicine practitioner. To cover the whole field of sports medicine in …
A Testbed System for Robotically Assisted Percutaneous Pattern Therapy

This paper presents a second generation prototype image-guided robotic system for percutaneous delivery of surgical devices and therapeutic agents, with potential applications in the treatment of liver cancer and other malignancies. The system is intended to deliver these devices and therapies more consistently and accurately than a physician can achieve freehand. This capability will permit the treatment of smaller lesions, will enable the physician to better achieve optimized patterns of therapy distribution, and will allow for more rapid re-targeting for multiple lesions. The system will allow treatment of patients for whom surgery is contraindicated and could potentially replace major surgery, reducing patient morbidity and mortality, as well as the cost of treatment. The new prototype system uses new, modular hardware and software components, which improve its accuracy, usability, and flexibility as compared to the first generation prototype. Techniques for image processing, both in 2D and 3D images, planning, and fiducial registration have also been developed. In vitro, the system achieves submillimetric accuracy in the placement of simulated treatment devices from a preoperative plan generated from 3D imagery. Some initial in vivo considerations have also been addressed, and work is ongoing in this area.
High-speed and low-power cellular non-linear networks using single-electron tunneling technology

We investigate the use of nanoelectronic structures in cellular non-linear networks (CNN) for potential applications in future high-density and low-power CMOS-nano device hybrid circuits. We first discuss simple CNN linear architectures using single-electron tunneling (SET) transistor summing-inverter circuits, which are capacitively coupled to the inputs and outputs of nearest neighbor cells. Monte Carlo simulation results are then used to show CNN-like behavior in realizing different functionality such as shadowing. The SET-CNN circuit was optimized to operate at 1 GHz, which is a desirable feature for high-speed image processing applications. Finally, we estimate the power consumption of the SET-CNN and compare it to a state-of-the-art CMOS processor.
Interactive controls of herbivory and fluvial dynamics on landscape vegetation patterns on the Tanana River floodplain, interior Alaska

Aim We examined the interactive effects of mammalian herbivory and fluvial dynamics on vegetation dynamics and composition along the Tanana River in interior Alaska. Location Model parameters were obtained from field studies along the Tanana River, Alaska between Fairbanks (64°50.50′ N, 147°43.30′ W) and Manley Hot Springs (65°0.0′ N, 150°36.0′ W). Methods We used a spatially explicit model of landscape dynamics (ALFRESCO) to simulate vegetation changes on a 1-year time-step. The model was run for 250 years and was replicated 100 times. Results Increases in herbivory decreased the proportion of early successional vegetation and increased the proportion of late successional vegetation on the simulated landscape. Erosion and accretion worked as antagonists to herbivory, increasing the amount of early successional vegetation and decreasing the amount of late successional vegetation. However, the interactive effects of herbivory and erosion/accretion were especially important in determining system response, particularly in early seral vegetation types. High erosion rates, when coupled with low herbivory, greatly increased the proportion of willow on the landscape. When coupled with high herbivory, however, they greatly increased the proportion of alder on the landscape. At low levels of herbivory, alder abundance peaked at intermediate levels of erosion/accretion. Main conclusions Neither erosion/accretion nor herbivory produced consistent landscape patterns that could be predicted independently of the other. These findings underscore the importance of the interactive effects of biotic and abiotic disturbances in shaping large-scale landscape vegetation patterns in boreal floodplain ecosystems – systems traditionally thought to be driven primarily by abiotic disturbance alone.
Improvements in an Accelerator Based Mass Spectrometer for Measuring 10Be

The Yale Tandem isotope analysis system has been improved. The previous work done at Yale used the existing accelerator facilities without any modifications. More recently, we have developed some specialized apparatus and techniques which allow us to measure 10Be, in natural samples, with greater sensitivity and improved reliability. For example, we have developed a new inverted cone configuration for our cesium sputter source that utilizes 1/2 mg samples of BeO. We have also developed a ?E-E telescope which employs a gas proportional ?E detector, which enhances the 10B - 10Be discrimination. We have also simplified the procedures for extraction of BeO from a sample; the new procedure requires only 2 mg of 9BeO carrier. Overall, we can detect a reservoir of 10Be containing only 108 atoms. We have also been studying the feasibility of transferring this program of 10Be measurements to a smaller accelerator. We make some specific suggestions as to how this can be done.
ALLOCATING CAPITAL AMONG A FIRM'S DIVISIONS: HURDLE RATES VS. BUDGETS

This paper examines the merits of alternative systems for allocating capital within a firm. A budget system, whereby top management limits divisional investment, even without full knowledge of the divisions' investment opportunities, can make economic sense. The budget system can be useful when there are externalities among the investments of different divisions and when division managers' estimates of projects' NPVs are subject to unpredictable errors. The budget system is weak, however, in terms of its use of division managers' expertise. As a result, most firms use budgets as only one part of their capital allocation system.
Data Warehousing: The latest strategic weapon for the lodging industry?

Hotel companies can capture huge amounts of data about guests' buying habits. But to store, retrieve, and use those data requires a special kind of technology—the data warehouse.
Using Taguchi design, regression analysis and simulation to study maintenance float systems

SUMMARY This paper proposes a new strategic approach for the maintenance float decision models. This new approach incorporates Taguchi experimental design, Taguchi's ANOVA procedure and regression analysis. Taguchi experimental design is used to generate the input variables into the simulation program. The results are analysed using Taguchi's ANOVA procedure. Input variables found significant are subsequently applied in a regression model. Predictor models for the system utilization are developed and their validity tested. Cost oriented decision models are further developed to show the applicability of our models to decision situations. The major advantage of the strategic approach proposed here is that it saves time and reduces the cost of running simulation. This approach will also offer a decision support and improve the effectiveness of maintenance float decisions.
Long-Term Management of an Invasive Plant: Lessons from Seven Years of Phragmites australis Control

Abstract We treated the invasive wetland grass, Phragmites australis (Common Reed), with herbicide in 99 (total of 14 ha) interdunal wetland swales of Sandy Neck barrier beach on Cape Cod, MA from 2002–2008. The herbicide applications have significantly reduced the number of Phragmites stems within invaded swales, with parallel reductions in personnel and chemical costs of the control program. After seven years of treatment, we have achieved substantial containment and suppression of Phragmites, but the plant persists in all but a few of the treated swales. Whether eradication or near-eradication can be ultimately achieved remains uncertain.
Studies of states in 153Eu and 155Eu with the (t, p) reaction

Abstract The 151, 153Eu(t, p)153, 155Eu reactions have been studied using 15 MeV tritons from the Los Alamos tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. The reaction products were analyzed with a Q3D magnetic spectrometer and detected with a helical-cathode position-sensitive proportional counter. Spectra were recorded at ten angles with the 151Eu target and at five angles with the 153Eu target. Characteristic two-nucleon transfer L = 0 angular distributions permit Iπ = 5 2 + assignments for levels at 173, 694, 706, 1150, 1442 and 1475 keV in 153Eu and at 0, ≈ 980, 1067, 1230 and ≈ 1480 keV in 155Eu. The ground-state transition connecting the two “deformed” nuclei 153Eu and 155Eu contains ≈ 86 % of the L = 0 strength. In contrast, the L = 0 strength in the 151Eu(t, p)153Eu reaction is severely fragmented and ⪅ 1 % of it is in the ground-state transition. This is attributed to differences in the wave functions of the odd proton and in the deformations of the N = 88 and 90 ground states. At most ≈ 1 2 of the observed L = 0 strength goes to states at low excitation energies which may be deformed, and the rest goes to states at higher energies. This appears to be analogous to the 150Sm(t, p)152Sm reaction in which ≈ 60 % of the L = 0 cross section goes to excited 0+ states in 152Sm.
Infraspinatus contracture associated with suprascapular paralysis in a dog

The clinical signs, diagnosis and surgical treatment of a case of lameness due to contracture of the infraspinatus muscle in a 5-year-old dog are described. Although the cause of the contracture remains unknown, concurrent atrophy of this muscle and the supraspinatus suggest that trauma to the suprascapular nerve was involved. Resume. On decrit les symptomes cliniques, le diagnostic et le traitement chirurgique d'un cas de claudication du a la contracture du muscle infraspinal chez un chien âge de cinq ans. Bien que la cause de la contracture reste inconnue, l'atrophie coexistante de ce muscle et celle du muscle susepineux suggerent l'implication de trauma au nerf susscapulaire. Zusammenfassung. Die klinischen Symptome, Diagnose und chirurgische Behandlung in einem Fall von Lahmheit, zuzuschreiben der Kontraktur des Musculus infraspinatus in einem funfjahrigen Hund, sind beschrieben. Obwohl die Ursache der Kontraktur unbekannt bleibt, gleichzeitige Abzehrung dieses Muskels und des Musculus supraspinatus, deutet an, dass Trauma des suprascapular Nervs mit einbegriffen war.
Curved DNA molecules migrate anomalously slowly in polyacrylamide gels even at zero gel concentration

The electrophoretic mobilities of curved and normal DNA molecules of the same size have been measured in polyacrylamide gels containing various acrylamide concentrations and cross-linker ratios. Ferguson plots were constructed to extrapolate the observed mobilities to zero gel concentration. The DNA samples were two 147-bp restriction fragments, called 12A and 12B, obtained from the MspI digestion of plasmid pBR322, and head-to-tail multimers of each fragment. Fragment 12A is stably curved and migrates anomalously slowly in polyacrylamide gels; fragment 12B has the conformation of normal DNA and migrates with normal electrophoretic mobilities. The extrapolated mobilities of the curved fragment 12A and its multimers at zero gel concentration are lower than the extrapolated mobilities of the normal fragment 12B and its multimers. The free solution mobility of the curved fragment 12A, measured by CE, is also lower than that of the normal fragment 12B. The combined results indicate that the extrapolated mobilities observed for curved DNA molecules at zero polyacrylamide gel concentration reflect the intrinsic differences in their free solution mobilities.
Molecular Diagnosis and Outcome Prediction in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Other Subtypes of Lymphoma

Lymphoid malignancies are grouped and characterized by their morphology, immunophenotype, and genetic aberrations to help establish a diagnosis. Use of microarray technology enables the simultaneous determination of expression levels for thousands of genes, providing an additional powerful tool for improving disease classification. In this review, recent studies of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and follicular lymphoma are highlighted, and the impact of gene expression profiling on the molecular diagnosis of these diseases is discussed. Based on microarray-generated gene expression profiles, outcome predictors were constructed for DLBCL and MCL. Specific expression patterns of a limited number of genes at the time of diagnosis were linked to overall survival in DLBCL and MCL. Such predictors of prognosis may eventually lead to risk-adjusted treatment of lymphomas. Specific therapeutic targets may also emerge with increased insight into the molecular features of the different lymphomas, thus illustrating the usefulness of gene expression profiling not only to improve diagnosis and classification but also to generate prognostic indicators and targets for therapy.
Subbreakdown drain leakage current in MOSFET

Significant drain leakage current can be detected at drain voltages much lower than the breakdown voltage. This subbreakdown leakage can dominate the drain leakage current at zero V G in thin-oxide MOSFET's. The mechanism is shown to be band-to-band tunneling in Si in the drain/gate overlap region. In order to limit the leakage current to 0.1 pA/µm, the oxide field in the gate-to-drain overlap region must be limited to 2.2 MV/cm. This may set another constraint for oxide thickness or power supply voltage.
A murine model of Menkes disease reveals a physiological function of metallothionein

Human Menkes disease and the murine Mottled phenotype are X-linked diseases that result from copper deficiency due to mutations in a copper-effluxing ATPase, designated ATP7A1–5. Male mice with the Mottled-Brindled allele (Mo-brJ) accumulate copper in the intestine, fail to export copper to peripheral organs and die a few weeks after birth. Much of the intestinal copper is bound by metallothionein (MT)6. To determine the function of MT in the presence of Atp7a deficiency, we crossed Mo-brJ females with males that bear a targeted disruption of the Mt1 and Mt2 genes (Mt −/−)7. On an Mt −/− background, most Mo-brJ males as well as heterozygous Mo-brJ females die before embryonic day 11. The lethality in Mo-brJ females can be explained by preferential inactivation of the paternal X chromosome in extraembryonic tissues8 and resultant copper toxicity in the absence of MT. In support of this hypothesis, cell lines derived from Mt−/−, Mo-brJ embryos are very sensitive to copper toxicity.
Management of aneurysms involving branches of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries: A comparison of surgical and endovascular therapy

Objective Aneurysms involving branches of the superior mesenteric and celiac arteries are uncommon and require proper management to prevent rupture and death. This study compares surgical and endovascular treatment of these aneurysms and analyzes outcome. Methods Patients at the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York who were treated for aneurysms in the branches of the celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery were identified through a search of the institution's medical records and endovascular database. Patient demographics, history, clinical presentation, aneurysm characteristics, treatments, and follow-up outcome were retrospectively recorded. Significant differences between patients treated by surgical or endovascular therapy were determined by using Student's t test and χ 2 analysis. Results Between January 1, 1991, and July 1, 2005, 59 patients with 61 aneurysms were treated at a single institution. Twenty-four patients had surgical repair, and 35 underwent endovascular treatment, which included coil embolization and stent-graft therapy. Splenic (28) and hepatic (22) artery aneurysms predominated. Eighty-nine percent of splenic artery aneurysms were true aneurysms and were treated by endovascular and surgical procedures in near equal numbers (14 and 11, respectively). Pseudoaneurysms were significantly more likely to be treated by endovascular means ( P P = .03). Furthermore, patients treated by endovascular means had a shorter in-hospital length of stay (2.4 vs 6.6 days, P Conclusion Endovascular management of visceral aneurysms is an effective means of treating aneurysms involving branches of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries and is particularly useful in patients with comorbidities, including cancer. It is associated with a decreased length of stay in the elective setting, and failure of primary treatment can often be successfully managed percutaneously.
Psychological Attributes of Policemen: A Review of Research and Opinion

This review focuses primarily on personality characteristics of policemen. The data substantiate, with some qualifications, the existence of a nonpathological “modal police personality.” Methodological weaknesses prevent, however, an assessment of the relative developmental contributions of predisposing self-selection effects, socioeconomic class determinants, organizational selection and selective attrition, occupational socialization, and role-specific behaviors.
Desorption-induced recombination-cationization of metal-adsorbate adducts from sulfur precovered Ru(0001)

Abstract Temperature programmed static secondary ion mass spectrometry (TPSS) studies of pyrrole, furan and water on sulfur precovered Ru(0001) reveal significant increases in the coverage corrected adduct yield when these species desorb from the surface in an autocatalytic fashion. This effect has been attributed to an enhancement in the recombination-cationization rate which occurs when sputtered-ruthenium species contact desorbed organics just after leaving the surface. Adsorbates which do not undergo autocatalytic/explosive desorption do not exhibit this effect.
Decreased nitric oxide- and axon reflex-mediated cutaneous vasodilation with age during local heating

Cutaneous vasodilation is reduced in healthy older vs. young subjects; however, the mechanisms that underlie these age-related changes are unclear. Our goal in the present study was to determine th...
Applications of time‐series analysis in accounting: A review

This paper reviews research that makes use of one of the most popular forecasting methods applied in accounting: time-series analysis using the Box-Jenkins methodology. It organizes the research in the area, surveys recent applications of time-series analysis in accounting, and discusses the potential for the methodology in addressing future research issues. The emphasis is on those aspects of the accounting system that possibly cause difficulties in applying time-series methods in accounting.
Political Pressures on Monetary Policy during the US Great Inflation

Drawing on an analysis of Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) documents, this paper argues that political pressures on the Federal Reserve were an important contributor to the rise in inflation in the United States in the 1970s. Members of the FOMC understood that a serious attempt to tackle inflation would generate opposition from Congress and the executive branch. Political considerations contributed to delays in monetary tightening, insufficiently aggressive anti-inflation policies, and the premature abandonment of attempts at disinflation. Empirical analysis verifies that references to the political environment at FOMC meetings are correlated with the stance of monetary policy during this period. (JEL D72, E32, E52, E58, N12) W hat accounts for the Federal Reserve’s failure to control inflation in the United States in the 1970s? One important set of factors has been highlighted in recent research by Romer and Romer (2002), Nelson (2005), Orphanides (2002, 2003, 2004), and others. The argument set forth by these authors, which Romer (2005) calls the “ideas” hypothesis, is that the Federal Reserve’s errors were rooted in the beliefs that policymakers held about the structure of the economy. These beliefs included an unrealistically low estimate of the natural rate of unemployment, the belief that observed inflation had little to do with monetary policy and that monetary policy could do little to combat it, and an overly pessimistic estimate of the costs of disinflation. The Fed’s erroneous beliefs led it to pursue a monetary policy that was consistently over expansionary, resulting in a steadily increasing rate of inflation. According to this view, inflation only came under control in the early 1980s when policymakers’ beliefs about the economy began to change. In particular, in this period, policymakers had more realistic estimates of the natural rate of unemployment, were convinced that monetary policy was at the root of the inflation problem, and believed that the costs of disinflation could be contained if the Fed was successful in changing the public’s expectations of inflation. This paper argues that political pressures on the Federal Reserve were an impor tant additional factor for the Fed’s failure to control inflation in the 1970s. Drawing
Fully quantal calculation of H2 translation-rotation states in the (p-H2)2@51264 clathrate hydrate inclusion compound

The quantal translation-rotation (TR) states of the (p-H2)2@51264 clathrate hydrate inclusion compound have been computed. The ten-dimensional problem (in the rigid-cage and rigid-H2 approximation) is solved by first approximating the H2 moieties as spherically symmetric and solving for their 6D translational eigenstates. These are then combined with H2 free rotational states in a product basis that is used to diagonalize the full TR hamiltonian. The computed low-energy eigenstates have translational components that are essentially identical to the 6D translational eigenstates and rotational components that are 99.9% composed of rotationally unexcited H2 moieties. In other words, TR coupling is minimal for the low-energy states of the species. The low-energy level structure is found to be substantially more congested than that of the more tightly packed (p-H2)4@51264 clathrate species. The level structure is also shown to be understandable in terms of a model of (H2)2 as a semirigid diatomic species consisting of two spherically symmetric H2 pseudo-atoms.
Numerical Calculation of the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Nanocomposites

The effective thermal conductivity (K eff) of carbon nanotube (CNT) composites is affected by the thermal boundary resistance (TBR), the dispersion pattern, and geometry distribution of the CNTs. Traditional effective medium theories assume that CNTs are perfectly dispersed without considering TBR. In this work, we report the development of a new algorithm using CNTs with 3-D worm-like geometry and different persistence lengths. We describe how to obtain K eff using simulations of these realistic CNT configurations with off-lattice Monte Carlo simulation. The results are compared with straight cylinder models without effects of persistence length.
σ retrieval from SeaWinds on QuikScat

NASA has developed a new scatterometer, SeaWinds, which is scheduled to be launched on two missions, one in 1999 and the other in 2000. SeaWinds will measure the speed and direction of near-surface winds over the ocean. A fundamental part of the processing of SeaWinds data is the computation of (sigma) degree which includes solving the radar equation for every pulse sent and received by the scatterometer. However, for SeaWinds, this calculation is too computationally intensive to perform in real tie. Instead, a method of tabularizing most of the calculation has been developed. This method includes corrections for attitude and orbit perturbations and accounts for the elevation of the local topography. It also includes a table which will be used to assist ground data processing in determining the locations of the measurements. Tests comparing the tabulated result with the actual numerical calculations have shown that using this table is accurate to within +/- 0.1 dB and gives locations that are accurate to within 160 meters. We provide a description of this algorithm. The innovations developed as part of this algorithm may be of interest in processing data from other remote sensing systems.
Indentation analysis of sub-surface deformation in ductile materials after solid particle erosion

Abstract Sub-surface deformation of several industrially important Ni, Co, and Fe-based wrought alloys and pure Cu, Ta, and Ni was analyzed. All samples were eroded by hard Al 2 O 3 particles at a 90° impact angle and 40 m s −1 . The deformation and load–displacement response within the plastically deformed zone below the eroded surface were measured by using a nanoindentation test system. Results from the indentation test were used to determine the effect of materials hardness on the restitution coefficient and to compare the amount of energy that is transferred into plastic deformation during particle impact. All materials showed a load–unload hysteresis, which represents a measure of the amount of energy dissipated into plastic deformation during indentation. Also, elastic recovery of the indenter was significantly higher near the eroded surface than away from the eroded surface. For all materials, a logarithmic-type relationship was observed between hardness and restitution coefficient.
Development of a nontoxic acoustic window nutrient-mist bioreactor and relevant growth data

A nutrient-mist bioreactor was designed that separates the nutrient medium from the electronic components via an acoustic window. This eliminates compromising culture sterility when repairing mechanical failures common with commercially available mist reactors. The experimental mist bioreactor is low cost and can be assembled in any laboratory. Toxicity tests of several potential acoustically transparent materials are included. Details of the construction procedures include methods for casting the window. Growth data using the newly designed nutrient mist bioreactor are compared to data from a commercial mist reactor, shake flasks, and Gelrite cultures.Artemisia annua hairy roots andNephrolepis exaltata shoot cultures showed growth comparable to the conventional tissue culture methods.
Cubic HfN Thin Films with Low Resistivity on Si (001) and MgO (001) Substrates

We deposited epitaxial and highly textured cubic HfN (B1-NaCl) thin films on single-crystal MgO (001) and Si (001) substrates, respectively, using a pulsed laser deposition technique. The HfN thin films are around 100 nm thick. Detailed microstructural characterizations, including x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution TEM, were carried out. Resistivity as low as 40 μΩ cm was observed by standard four-point probe measurements. The low resistivity and good diffusion barrier properties demonstrated by our preliminary Cu-diffusion tests for HfN on Si suggest that HfN could be a promising candidate diffusion barrier for Cu interconnects.
The mechanical properties of alumina films formed by plasma deposition and by ion irradiation of sapphire

Abstract This paper examines the correlation between mechanical properties and the density, phase and hydrogen content of deposited alumina layers, and compares them to those of sapphire and amorphous alumina synthesized through ion-beam irradiation of sapphire. Alumina films were deposited using electron beam evaporation of aluminum and co-bombardment with O 2 + ions (30–230 eV) from an electron–cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma. The H content and phase were controlled by varying the deposition temperature and the ion energy. Sapphire was amorphized at 84 K by irradiation with Al and O ions (in stoichiometric ratio) to a defect level of 4 dpa in order to form an amorphous layer 370 nm thick. Nanoindentation was performed to determine the elastic modulus, yield strength and hardness of all materials. Sapphire and amorphized sapphire have a higher density and exhibit superior mechanical properties in comparison to the deposited alumina films. Density was determined to be the primary factor affecting the mechanical properties, which showed only a weak correlation to the hydrogen content.
Leading Schools with Reverence

Reverence—generally defined along narrow, sectarian religious lines—is often missing from current conversation about educational leadership. This article seeks to recover and scrutinize reverence t...
Productivity in Toxicity Papers.

Personal bibliographies were obtained through a survey of the members of the Society of Toxicology. A group of 183 members showed a 16% increase in document output during 1968-1969 compared to 1960-1967. During 1960-1969, 221 members published or made available 1873 documents containing original toxicity data.
Order in Chaos: Security Culture as Anarchist Resistance to the Terrorist Label

To be a terrorist in the twenty-first century is to occupy an incomparable deviant status in the state's eyes.The United States government has labeled and treated anarchists as potential terrorists for over a century. Since 2001, the U.S.-led “War on Terror” officially sanctioned warrantless surveillance and confinement as a legitimate social control strategy to counter terrorism. This is a sociological study of resistance to the terrorist label in an anarchist community in a post-9/11 world. Security culture is a form of collective resistance that functions as a protective mechanism against the panoptic gaze that the terrorist label authorizes. This study suggests that the authority to wield the terrorist label in a post-9/11 context is a powerful form of social control, affecting members' consciousness, movements, and interactions in everyday life, but does not diminish their capacity for resistance. Rather, it amplifies antipathy toward the state.
Theoretical and experimental studies of photorefractivity in novel polymeric composites

We present results of temperature dependence studies of photorefractive effect in a polymeric composite PVK:TCP:C60:DEANST. At elevated temperature, decreased rigidity of the host matrix leading to increased orientational mobility of the second-order nonlinear chromophores results in enhanced photorefractive performance. Diffraction efficiency approaching 100% and enhanced two-beam coupling gain coefficients are reported. The influence of temperature on the speed of photorefractive response is measured and discussed. We also report on a novel photorefractive polymeric composite. A new chromophore, 4-[N-(2- hydroxyethyl)-N-(methyl)amino phenyl]-4'-(6-hydroxyhexyl sulfonyl)stilbene, abbreviated as APSS, possessing high transparency over a broad wavelength, is used together with a PVK:TCP:C60 matrix. This composite shows high photorefractive figures of merit at 488, 514.5 and 632.8 nm. Diffraction efficiencies up to 40%, as well as net two-beam coupling gains of 60 cm-1 have been achieved at these wavelengths.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A new electrical hygrometer

The basic element of this hygrometer is an alumina core saturated with a chemical solution which will absorb atmospheric moisture and so become electrically conductive. Functioning on 120-volt a-c supply, it will give enough current to operate an a-c relay between relative humidities of 20 to 100 per cent.
The midbrain creates and the thalamus sharpens echo-delay tuning for the cortical representation of target-distance information in the mustached bat

Mustached bats emit complex biosonar 'pulses' for echolocation. A delay of an echo from the emitted pulse carries target-distance information. At the auditory periphery, distance information is expressed by a time interval between the responses of neurons to the emitted pulse and its echo. In the auditory cortex (AC), however, it is mapped by 'FM-FM' neurons which are tuned to particular echo delays. FM-FM neurons have been found not only in the AC but also in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the midbrain and the medial geniculate body (MGB) of the thalamus. In the present study, we found that the IC has a precursor of the cortical echo-delay axis for the systematic representation of target-distance information and that the MGB shows the improved neural representation of target-distance information.
The oath of management

Compares the management profession with the medical profession, in particular examining the Hippocratic oath. Suggests that as managers are the physicians of business, they should also abide by an oath, which is then proposed by the author.
Revenue maximization in survivable WDM networks

Service availability is an indispensable requirement for many current and future applications over the Internet and hence has to be addressed as part of the optical QoS service model. 1-3 Network service providers can offer varying classes of services based on the choice of protection employed which can vary from full protection to no protection. Based on the service classes, traffic in the network falls into one of the three classes viz., full protection, no protection and best-effort. The network typically relies on the best-effort traffic for maximizing revenue. We consider two variations on the best-effort class, (i) all connections are accepted and network tries to protect as many as possible and (ii) a mix of protected and unprotected connections and the goal is to maximize revenue. In this paper, we present a mathematical formulation, that captures service differentiation based on lightpath protection, for revenue maximization in wavelength routed backbone networks. Our approach also captures the service disruption aspect into the problem formulation, as there may be a penalty for disrupting currently working connections. Since the combined problem for solving all demands together can be quite complex, we propose a solution methodology for extracting a feasible solution. We also compare the increase in revenue got by the two variations of the best-effort class with the case of accepting demands without any protection. If the cost of a backup path is a times the cost of a primary path, then, for particular instances of demands, the best-effort variation 1 results in a 67% gain in revenue and variation 2 achieves an additional 6% gain in revenue, for a = 1.
The ‘unchildlike child’: making and marking the child/adult divide in the juvenile court

Childhood is a category whose construction requires ongoing geographically specific and historically contingent projects. One important project is the legal definition between child and adult in cases of trying youth as adults, where youth are considered to be unchildlike children and unsuitable for the juvenile court. In this paper, I trace the unchildlike child in the construction of the Progressive juvenile court at the beginning of the twentieth century. Debate and contestation over the unchildlike child in the Progressive era creates a moral cartography of the city drawing upon raced, classed, gendered, and heterosexist understandings of democratic life, the attributes of childhood, the creation of the family, and the responsibilities of neighborhood communities. Together, these spaces work to recreate the geographies of inclusion and exclusion in the modern city, and craft the boundaries of childhood that continue to shape the juvenile court today.
Capsule commentary on Sabbatini et al., controlling health costs: physician responses to patient expectations for medical care.

The health care triple aim is better health, better care, and lower costs. To address costs, health systems and physicians are being challenged to make better value-based decisions and take greater societal responsibility when selecting diagnostic testing and treatment options for their patients. Partnered with more than 60 specialty societies, the Choosing Wisely campaign exemplifies this effort and aims to educate the public about the appropriate use of tests or procedures.1 Moreover, a recent review of clinical guidelines issued by the largest physician societies found that half explicitly integrate costs into their deliberations.2 Given this context, the qualitative study by Sabatini et al.3 explored how physicians are balancing the needs and demands of their patients when trying to be good fiscal stewards of health care resources. Specifically, this set of nine focus groups involving 62 mid-west primary care and specialty physicians discussed how they manage the tension between perceived responsibility to practice cost-consciously and the desire to satisfy patient expectations. The authors learned that it is very challenging to operationalize prudent use of health care resources at the front lines of clinical practice. Physicians are using a variety of educational, trust-based, and substitution strategies to address the challenge of shared decision-making with patients. One novel aspect of this study is how costs were framed from a broader perspective in the decision-making process. As the authors argue, cost comparisons include not just the direct cost of a test or service but also indirect costs, such as: physician time to build trust and educate patients; patient time and convenience; and psychological costs associated with perceived “peace-of-mind” benefits vs. harms. Being cost conscious is complex and nuanced. Policies and programs designed to promote wise use of health care services should address the effects of both direct and indirect costs on shared decisions if we are to adopt those behaviors into practice. More work is needed to understand physician and patient perceptions, as they will vary between clinical decisions and settings. Only then can appropriate cost-conscious dissemination and implementation strategies be developed and supported.
Multilevel pulse-position modulation based on balanced incomplete block designs

In this paper, two new modulation schemes using multilevel pulse-position modulation (PPM) for application in unipolar optical wireless systems are presented. Balanced incomplete block designs (BIBD) are used for constructing the symbol alphabets. Each symbol is obtained by combining multiple codewords of a BIBD code. In one scheme the symbols have equal energies, and therefore, no threshold is needed to make a decision on the received signal. The other modulation has better performance yet higher complexity. Since cyclic BIBDs are used for constructing the symbols, the transmitters and receivers have simple structures, and can be implemented using shift registers. These schemes can achieve high spectral-efficiencies, and are therefore suitable for systems with bandlimited sources or highly dispersive channels, where intersymbol interference (ISI) has a significant impact on the performance. We also show that using the same receiver structure, the constellation size can be increased by including the complements of the codewords. The performance of the proposed schemes are compared to other modulation schemes for both LED-based non-dispersive and dispersive free-space optical (FSO) systems.
Reversal of Delayed-Onset Paraparesis After Revision Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair For Ruptured Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is an important surgical option for the emergency treatment of ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysms, but is associated with a risk of spinal cord ischemia (SCI). Although risk factors for the development of SCI have been well described, the effectiveness of treatment to increase spinal cord perfusion pressure remains incompletely understood. We report the successful treatment of delayed-onset paraparesis after revision TEVAR for acute descending thoracic aortic rupture with the combined use of blood pressure augmentation and cerebrospinal fluid drainage. The clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, and management of SCI after TEVAR are reviewed.
Action Spectrum of Photosynthesis for Skeletonema costatum Obtained with Carbon-14

The quantized action spectrum of photosynthesis for Skeletonema costatum was obtained from values of photosynthetic 14CO2 uptake at various wavelengths of light isolated “with a diffraction grating monochromator. The quantized action spectrum of photosynthesis exhibited maxima at wavelengths similar to maxima in the absorption spectrum, in vivo, of a suspension of S. costatum cells. While the 14CO2 technique will provide an accurate action spectrum of photosynthesis for diatoms, a large number of samples is required in order to minimize sampling error.
Interannual Variation of Summertime Stationary Eddies.

Abstract An effort is made to explore the interannual variation of stationary eddies for the past 13 summers (1979–1991). Equatorial λ − t diagrams of sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), the potential function of OLR (χOLR), and velocity potential (χ) derived from National Meteorological Center (NMC) analyses reveal the existence of a coherent and pronounced interannual variation, particularly over the Pacific. Performing regular empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses of eddy streamfunction and velocity potential departures from their multiple-summer averages at 200 mb [ψE(200 mb)] and χE(200 mb)] and correlating the distributions between these two variables, it is possible to identify two interannual variation modes of summertime stationary eddies. The horizontal structure of these two interannual variation modes, which differs from the Pacific-North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern, resembles the Matsuno-Gill type of tropically trapped modes. It is inferred from ...
Agenda for an anthropology of pharmaceutical practice

Abstract Over the last two decades, patterns of pharmaceutical-related behavior and the cultural interpretation of medicines have been examined by anthropologists in several cultural settings. In this paper the authors identify additional issues warranting study so as to broaden the scope of pharmaceutical anthropology, utilizing as a unifying focus the examination of pharmaceutical use in the context of social transformation. Ten interactive themes are presented which bridge micro-level and macro-level investigations of pharmaceutical use. The discussion moves from the discourse on ‘rational drug use’ to the rationales which underscore drug prescription, manufacture, and demand.
Transportation of Cattle in the Dairy Industry: Current Research and Future Directions

Abstract Traditionally, a heifer lived on one farm from birth to death. Recently, transportation has become a routine management practice. The needs of cattle are different depending on age and stage of reproduction and lactation. Ramps are not an obstacle for adult cattle; however, for neonatal calves ramp inclines and deck height can create well-being issues for loading and unloading calves. Mixing of dairy cattle is relatively unexplored. Stationary confinement of cows is less stressful than the motion of transport. During transport, adult cattle stand more, but lie more during the recovery period. Room to orient themselves in a particular direction is important. Footing is affected by driver, driving conditions, and stocking density, but flooring does not contribute to falls. Environmental studies indicate that upper critical temperature for adult cattle is 30°C, but neonatal calves are most affected by low temperatures. Therefore, ventilation requirements are based on specific circumstances. Young calves exhibit less physiological stress with transport, but succumb to postsecondary mortality, which is correlated with age at transport. Characteristics of stressed cattle during and following transport include increased heart rate and cortisol concentrations, enzymatic changes, impaired LH surge, and immunological effects. The duration of the journey has a greater impact than the distance and after long transport, most animals drink and then lie down. Therapies during and following transport show that water or electrolytes are important. Studies showed that calves habituate to transport, unlike cows. These data point to the need for research of better methods of transport to reduce stress.
Genetic characterization of ad-3 mutants induced by chemical carcinogens, 1-phenyl-3-monomethyltriazene and 1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene, in Neurospora crassa

Abstract 180 ad-3 mutants of Neurospora crassa induced by 1-phenyl-3-monomethyl-triazene (PMMT) and 56 ad-3 mutants induced by 1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene (PDMT) were characterized by dikaryon, trikaryon and complementation tests. Results show that the spectrum of genetic alterations induced by PMMT is different from that of PDMT. This suggests that enzymatic dealkylation of PDMT to PMMT does not occur within Neuropsora crassa conidia, and that the mechanism of mutation induction of PDMT in N. crassa is different from that of PMMT. Hydrolytic breakdown products or its intact molecule or some other converted forms might be responsible for the mutagenic activity of PDMT. Mutation induction of PMMT in N. crassa appears to be via alkylation of DNA by carbonium ions produced by this compound, the same mechanism proposed for its carcinogenic activity. The frequencies of leakiness, allelic complementation and nonpolarized complementation patterns among PMMT-induced ad-3 mutants are similar to those of ad-3 mutants induced by other potent chemical carcinogens, such as MNNG and the aflatoxins.
The structure and function of genes causing human holoprosencephaly

Defective patterning of the ventral forebrain combined with incomplete separation of the eye field during the human embryonic gastrulation and early neurulation stages leads to holoprosencephaly (HPE), the most common malformation of the brain in humans. Both genetic and environmental perturbations can cause this extremely heterogeneous condition. Recently, several genes have been shown to cause HPE in humans including mutations in Sonic Hedgehog, SIX3,ZIC2, and TGIF. Here we summarize the known functions of these factors and discuss the potential roles of additional factors associated with cyclopia in animal models.
Liberal internationalism and the law vs liberty paradox

This article examines and critiques the engagement of liberal international law with liberal internationalism in international relations (IR), demonstrating that the results are not to the credit of either discipline. In particular, two key assumptions of the legal liberal international order are flawed. First, the attempt to establish a two-tiered international liberal order based on law and democracy results in intervention (both forceful and performative) that counterproductively embroils liberal states, generating resentment and counter-democratic movements. Second, the assumption that security in a globalising world can only be created by the total globalisation of the liberal order and the removal of ‘outlaw’ states creates a new version of the security dilemma in which the actions taken to secure the liberal world order create the very conditions of its insecurity. The article concludes with recommendations for a critical post-structuralist engagement with a post-liberal politics of virtu that paradoxically allows for the liberal identity to be better secured in its international relations with the other.