cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Index to 42 titles, 91 authors, botanical names and subjects, new names and new combinations Volume 14 (2020)

Volume 14 involved 64 reviewers: several individuals reviewed more than one manuscript. We sincerely apologize if your name was accidently left out. Thank you for supporting Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. Barrie, Fred R.Bauml, JimBryson, CharlesCameron, Kenneth M.Carter, RichardChambers, KenCox, PatriciaDavenport, L.J.Devore, MelanieDorr, Laurence J.Eliasson, Uno H.Elvin, Mark A.Endress, PeterFerry, RobertFilip, GregFleming, GaryFowler, JimFranck, Alan R.Freckmann, BobGandhi, Kanchi N.Gange, JohnGarcia-Beltran, Jose A.Gonzalez, EnriqueGonzalez, SocorroHansen, Curtis J.Haynes, Robert R.Hernandez-Ledesma, PatriciaHolst, BruceIbrahim, MarlaJones, RonJudd, WalterKeener, Brian R.Keller, Harold W.Lammers, Thomas G.Landry, Garrie P.Lodge, D. JeanLuteyn, James L.Manchester, StevenMartinez-Alvarado, DomitilaMata, Juan LuisMathiasen, Robert L.Mayfield, Mark H.Middleton, DavidMiller, JohnMotta, MichelleNovozhilov, Yuri K.Parra-O., CarlosPastore, Jose Floriano B.Pelser, Pieter B.Philley, Kevin D.Pigg, Kathleen B.Powell, A. MichaelSalares, ValSchonenberger, JurgSchori, MelanieSkean Jr., James D.Spellenberg, RichardTerry, Martin K.Thompson, Ralph L.Trout, KeeperUrbatsch, Lowell E.Wahlert, Gregory A.Wieboldt, Thomas F.Wipff, Joseph K.
Training Deep Normalizing Flow Models in Highly Incomplete Data Scenarios with Prior Regularization.

Deep generative frameworks including GANs and normalizing flow models have proven successful at filling in missing values in partially observed data samples by effectively learning -- either explicitly or implicitly -- complex, high-dimensional statistical distributions. In tasks where the data available for learning is only partially observed, however, their performance decays monotonically as a function of the data missingness rate. In high missing data rate regimes (e.g., 60% and above), it has been observed that state-of-the-art models tend to break down and produce unrealistic and/or semantically inaccurate data. We propose a novel framework to facilitate the learning of data distributions in high paucity scenarios that is inspired by traditional formulations of solutions to ill-posed problems. The proposed framework naturally stems from posing the process of learning from incomplete data as a joint optimization task of the parameters of the model being learned and the missing data values. The method involves enforcing a prior regularization term that seamlessly integrates with objectives used to train explicit and tractable deep generative frameworks such as deep normalizing flow models. We demonstrate via extensive experimental validation that the proposed framework outperforms competing techniques, particularly as the rate of data paucity approaches unity.
Loss of the redox mitochondrial protein mitoNEET leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) affects both pediatric and adult patients. Chemotherapy resistant tumor cells that contribute to minimal residual disease (MRD) underlie relapse and poor clinical outcomes in a sub-set of patients. Targeting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the treatment of refractory leukemic cells is a potential novel approach to sensitizing tumor cells to existing standard of care therapeutic agents. In the current study, we have expanded our previous investigation of the mitoNEET ligand NL-1 in the treatment of ALL to interrogate the functional role of the mitochondrial outer membrane protein mitoNEET in B-cell ALL. Knockout (KO) of mitoNEET (gene: CISD1) in REH leukemic cells led to changes in mitochondrial ultra-structure and function. REH cells have significantly reduced OXPHOS capacity in the KO cells coincident with reduction in electron flow and increased reactive oxygen species. In addition, we found a decrease in lipid content in KO cells, as compared to the vector control cells was observed. Lastly, the KO of mitoNEET was associated with decreased proliferation as compared to control cells when exposed to the standard of care agent cytarabine (Ara-C). Taken together, these observations suggest that mitoNEET is essential for optimal function of mitochondria in B-cell ALL and may represent a novel anti-leukemic drug target for treatment of minimal residual disease.
Monitoring Chlorophyll-A Concentration in New Jersey Lakes Using Remote Sensing and Ground Observations

The presence of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) occurs when colonies of cyanobacteria grow out of control and produce toxic or harmful effects on humans, fish and livestock. They are among most important factors that threaten water quality of lakes. The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) has been monitoring 800+ lakes since 2005. A possible alternative manner of monitoring the water's algae levels would be remote sensing from Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 observations. Here, we utilized these observations and in situ data to examine the effectiveness of existing algorithms to find a regionally robust method that is applicable for NJ lakes. The methods consist of experimental equations that use several visible and near-infrared remote sensing data. Two selected methods were found generally able to predict Chl-a variations; however, they seem to have different performance accuracy when they are used for shallow and deep parts of the lakes. The results indicate the remote sensing observations could be used for monitoring lakes water quality.
Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System Trajectory Prediction and Control for General Aviation

Despite improvements in technology and safety systems, general aviation remains a relatively unsafe method of travel. Specifically, terrain collision (the impact of the aircraft with the ground) accounts for a large majority of fatalities and serious injuries in aircraft accidents and largely contributes to the poor safety record. During Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT), the aircraft has the aerodynamic ability to avoid terrain but factors such as pilot loss of situational awareness or distraction lead to terrain collision. Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) remains a leading cause for aircraft total loses and number of fatalities in general aviation. Fortunately, automatic safety systems which may alleviate CFIT are being developed and tested primarily for USAF fighter and performance limited aircraft, and unmanned aerial vehicles. The primary component of a ground collision avoidance system (GCAS) is the trajectory prediction algorithm and actuator control design, and its accuracy for modeling an aircraft’s performance characteristics throughout the GCAS maneuver. The continuously changing aircraft dynamics impact the aircraft’s trajectory paths and durations of possible GCAS maneuvers to avoid terrain collision introducing a wide range of initial conditions that must be accounted for within the model for safety assurance. There are currently no known Automatic GCASs (Auto GCASs) fielded or in the literature for general aviation. Therefore, if general aviation terrain collision is to be successfully mitigated by an Auto GCAS, the trajectory prediction and control systems must be systematically tested, evaluated, and verified across a wide range of possible flight envelope conditions to provide necessary Auto GCAS benchmarks for autonomy and safety. This work presents initial analyses and results to provide data to direct system designers as to the best approach to solve these types of problems given their individual set of requirements and aircraft. The research presented in this paper focuses on the analysis of these design choices and their effects on the overall safety and accuracy of an Auto GCAS model for trajectory prediction and control for a fixed-wing general aviation aircraft. The study is conducted in a real-time six degree of freedom (6DoF) flight simulation using a Cessna 172 aircraft model.
In Vitro Transcriptional Studies of the bkd Operon of Pseudomonas putida: l-Branched-Chain Amino Acids and d-Leucine Are the Inducers

BkdR is the transcriptional activator of the bkd operon, which encodes the four proteins of the branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Pseudomonas putida. In this study, hydroxyl radical footprinting revealed that BkdR bound to only one face of DNA over the same region identified in DNase I protection assays. Deletions of even a few bases in the 5' region of the BkdR-binding site greatly reduced transcription, confirming that the entire protected region is necessary for transcription. In vitro transcription of the bkd operon was obtained by using a vector containing the bkdR-bkdA1 intergenic region plus the putative rho-independent terminator of the bkd operon. Substrate DNA, BkdR, and any of the L-branched-chain amino acids or D-leucine was required for transcription. Branched-chain keto acids, D-valine, and D-isoleucine did not promote transcription. Therefore, the L-branched-chain amino acids and D-leucine are the inducers of the bkd operon. The concentration of L-valine required for half-maximal transcription was 2.8 mM, which is similar to that needed to cause half-maximal proteolysis due to a conformational change in BkdR. A model for transcriptional activation of the bkd operon by BkdR during enzyme induction which incorporates these results is presented.
Shared UAV enterprise operator pooling framework (SUAVE) chance constrained pooled fan-out queueing analysis

The number of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the Air Force inventory is rapidly increasing without a concomitant increase in manpower. Military planners are currently seeking technologies that enable operators to simultaneously control a greater number of UAVs. The technology planning and recommendation process requires a systems-level engineering analysis of UAV operations and their sensitivity to various constraints. Olsen and Wood introduced a concept called fan-out, which estimates how many operators are required to effectively operate a given set of UAVs. The fan-out concept assumes that UAVs are permanently assigned to a single operator or operator team. We designed a pooled UAV-to-operator team allocation scheme, which allows sharing of operator team resources across the entire UAV fleet. Rather than permanently assigning a given UAV to an operator team, our architecture dynamically allocates operator teams to UAVs on an as-needed basis during multi-UAV operations. We constructed an architecture based on queueing theory to empirically compare pooled and non-pooled performance. Queueing systems analysis of this architecture demonstrates that it performs better than a non-teaming approach. Moreover, our architectural analysis leads to a more general definition of fanout. More importantly, the closed-form queueing analysis is highly efficient, allowing us to analyze a greater number of problem configurations. This greater command of the problem space also offers advantages in determining appropriate autonomy and teaming technologies for further development.
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Due To A Novel Mutation in SPG11 Gene Presenting As Dopa Responsive Dystonia, Parkinsonism And Spasticity (P4.057)

OBJECTIVE: To describe the unique presentation of autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) due to novel mutation in SPG11 gene. BACKGROUND: HSP due to SPG11 mutation typically presents with spasticity, cognitive impairment and thinning of the corpus callosum associated with periventricular white matter change on MRI. We wish to draw attention to SPG11 presenting as dopa-responsive dystonia, parkinsonism and levodopa induced dyskinesia. DESIGN/METHODS: This 11 year old boy of Western European descent, with delayed motor and language development, and chronic lung condition since birth, presented with dragging of the left leg and abnormal posturing of the left arm at 8 years of age. Symptoms evolved into progressive generalized dystonia, rest tremor, bradykinesia and spasticity. Initial diurnal variation in the dystonia was reported by parents. carbidopa/levodopa (25/100 mg three times a day) resulted in marked improvement in dystonia, rest tremor, bradykinesia and spasticity and the hyperreflexia with clonus normalized during the “on” state. Within a few months after initiation of levodopa therapy he developed wearing-off phenomenon and on higher doses developed levodopa induced dyskinesia manifested by choreiform movements involving the head and neck and arms. He did not have neuropathy or retinopathy. Family history was notable only for “Parkinson’s’ disease” in maternal-great-grandmother in her 70s. RESULTS: CSF showed low tetrahydrobiopterin of 7nmol/L (normal range:9-40) and low homovanillic acid of 204 (normal range:218-852). MRI brain showed periventricular white matter change and thinning of the anterior corpus callosum. The DaTscan was consistent with severe dopamine deficiency. Whole exome sequencing showed deleterious heterozygous mutation and heterogeneous unclassified variant in SPG11 gene, c.4888G>T (p.E 1630x) and C.6899T>G (p.L2300R), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HSP due to SPG11 mutation should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with dopa responsive dystonia, parkinsonism and spasticity. This unique case expands the phenotype and genotype of this syndrome to include presynaptic dopamine deficiency and levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Study Supported by: None Disclosure: Dr. Wijemanne has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jankovic has received personal compensation for activities with Allergan, Inc., Chelsea Therapeutics, EMD Serono, Merz Pharmaceuticals, Lundbeck, and Teva Neuroscience as a consultant. Dr. Jankovic has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Medlink: Neurology in Clinical Practice. Dr. Jankovic has received research support from Allergan, Inc, Allon Therapeutics, Ceregene, Inc, Chelsea Therapeutics, Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, EMD Serono, Huntington9s Disease Society of America, Huntington Study Group, Impax Pharmaceuticals, and Ipsen Limited.
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control the severity of viral immunoinflammatory lesions.

CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells (T reg ) can inhibit a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, but their involvement in regulating virus-induced immunopathology is not known. We have evaluated the role of T reg in viral immunopathological lesion stromal keratitis. This frequent cause of human blindness results from a T cell-mediated immunoinflammatory response to HSV in the corneal stroma. The results show that lesions were significantly more severe if mice were depleted of T reg before infection. The T reg was also shown to modulate lesion expression induced by adoptive transfer of pathogenic CD4 + T cells in infected SCID recipients. The mechanism of T reg control of stromal keratitis involved suppressed antiviral immunity and impaired expression of the molecule required for T cell migration to lesion sites. Interestingly, T reg isolated from ocular lesions in nondepleted mice showed in vitro inhibitory effects involving IL-10, but were not very effective in established lesions. Our results decipher the in vivo role of T reg in a virus-induced immunopathology and imply that manipulation of regulatory cell function represents a useful approach to control viral-induced immunoinflammatory disease.
Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms

Biological life is in control of its own means of reproduction, which generally involves complex, autocatalysing chemical reactions. But this autonomy of design and manufacture has not yet been realized artificially1. Robots are still laboriously designed and constructed by teams of human engineers, usually at considerable expense. Few robots are available because these costs must be absorbed through mass production, which is justified only for toys, weapons and industrial systems such as automatic teller machines. Here we report the results of a combined computational and experimental approach in which simple electromechanical systems are evolved through simulations from basic building blocks (bars, actuators and artificial neurons); the ‘fittest’ machines (defined by their locomotive ability) are then fabricated robotically using rapid manufacturing technology. We thus achieve autonomy of design and construction using evolution in a ‘limited universe’ physical simulation2,3 coupled to automatic fabrication.
Learning optimal Bayesian networks using A* search

This paper formulates learning optimal Bayesian network as a shortest path finding problem. An A* search algorithm is introduced to solve the problem. With the guidance of a consistent heuristic, the algorithm learns an optimal Bayesian network by only searching the most promising parts of the solution space. Empirical results show that the A* search algorithm significantly improves the time and space efficiency of existing methods on a set of benchmark datasets.
Fluid transport across the ducts of the salivary glands of a mosquito

Abstract We compared the volumes of fluid expelled from the salivary stylets of mosquitoes having ducts transected at different levels. An oil-filled apparatus was devised to measure salivary output. About 1 10 of normal salivary volume was produced by mosquitoes when ducts were transected and externalized just anterior to the salivary glands. Such mosquitoes ejected more saliva than could be contained within the walls of the ducts. Transection posterior to the pump prevented salivation entirely. Skin reactive antigen was not detected (as a wheal) when mosquitoes with transected ducts fed on man. We conclude that fluid is transported across the walls of the ducts that drain the salivary glands of a mosquito.
Aspects of scaling to mesoscale models derived from the molecular scale for understanding epoxy interfaces

Model scaling from the atomistic level up in order to address performance issues is a topic of increasing interest. One type of scaling that is being investigated is a jump from the molecular scale (angstrom scale) to the submicron mesoscale model. Since both are particle methods, the scaling is a simple one of re-definition and re-parameterization of the particle interaction. This paper will cover aspects of the parameterization that we have found to be useful to allow scaling to the mesoscale and the subsequent mechanical response of the copper/epoxy adhesive interface, of practical interest in molding compounds. The maximum scaling achieved has been from the nanometer to submicron scales for an epoxy (increasing the formula weight in the crosslinked epoxy model by a factor of 500–1000). Obtaining larger models is possible with size limitations due to the computer resources available. Investigations in handling mesoscale models to address interface density, crosslinking effects, and roughness will be discussed.
Late Pleistocene basaltic ash and volcanic eruptions in the Bonneville basin, Utah

Microprobe analyses of glass and radiocarbon dating of samples associated with three basaltic volcanic ashes in the deposits of Lake Bonneville make the ashes useful stratigraphic markers for correlation within the Bonneville basin. Two of the ashes were derived from tuff cones (Pavant Butte and Tabernacle Hill) that erupted into Lake Bonneville in what is now the Black Rock Desert of south-central Utah. Near Kanosh, Utah, the Pavant Butte ash is interbedded with barrier-beach lagoon marl that is slightly less than 16,000 yr old. Five radiocarbon dates on carbonate materials stratigraphically associated with the ash elsewhere in the Sevier Desert average 15,300 yr B.P. Lake Bonneville was in its transgressive phase, about 15 m below the Bonneville Shoreline, when the Pavant Butte eruption began. At the Tabernacle Hill tuff cone, a basalt flow that has pillows, wave-rounded cobbles, and tufa on its outer margins was erupted into Lake Bonneville shortly after the tuff cone at or near the Provo Shoreline. The Tabernacle Hill tuff cone and basalt flow are older than a radio-carbon date of about 14,300 yr B.P. on tufa collected from the outer margin of the basalt flow, but younger than the Bonneville Flood at about 14,500 yr B.P. The third ash, informally termed the "Thiokol" ash, has been found interbedded with Lake Bonneville deposits in two exposures in northern Utah and in sediment cores from the Great Salt Lake. It is about 25,000 yr old, and may have been erupted from a volcanic field on the northwest shore of Great Salt Lake or from the Snake River Plain. Microprobe analyses of glass from samples of the Black Rock Desert ashes show them to have similar chemical compositions, but glass from Tabernacle Hill can be distinguished from Pavant Butte glass by its higher concentrations of CaO and P 2 O 5 . Systematic differences in chemical composition between samples of Pavant Butte glass can be explained by comagmatic processes. "Thiokol" glass has less SiO 2 , AI 2 O 3 , MgO, and Na 2 O but greater total iron and P 2 O 5 than do the Black Rock Desert glasses.
Observation of Dicke Superradiance in Optically Pumped HF Gas

We have found that room-temperature HF gas at millitorr pressures, optically pumped to produce a total inversion at a rotational transition in the $v=1$ vibrational state, emits a superradiant pulse with ringing after a considerable delay (\ensuremath{\sim} microseconds). A semiclassical analysis shows that for a high-gain system the pulse evolution is determined by a single parameter ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}$, and that inhomogeneous broadening is unimportant. Close agreement between theory and experiment is obtained.
The Speed Trap: Exploring the Relationship Between Decision Making and Temporal Context

Despite a growing sense that speed is critical to organizational success, how an emphasis on speed affects organizational processes remains unclear. We explored the connection between speed and dec...
Observations on the Variability of the Gulf Stream Path between 74°W and 70°W

Abstract The Gulf Stream path varies in a wavelike fashion in the deep water downstream of Cape Hatteras, energetic within a range of wavelengths λ from 150 km to over 1000 km, and periods τ from 4 d to over 500 d. The authors determined the path from the 12°C isotherm at 400-m depth, which was obtained daily for 740 days (April 1983–May 1985) from objective analysis maps of the thermocline topography measured by inverted echo sounders (IESs). The IESs were deployed in a region 400 km long from 74° to 70°W. To find propagating and standing mode characteristics of this large array of data, frequency-domain empirical orthogonal functions and wavenumber-frequency spectra were calculated, using FFT in time combined with autoregressive (AR) modeling in space. This study reveals smooth transitions from (i) downstream propagating and growing short-period meander modes, to (ii) standing modes at intermediate period, to (iii) upstream propagating long-period modes. For periods shorter than semiannual, meanders pro...
Why Neuroscience Does Not Pose a Threat to Moral Responsibility

There is perhaps no other science (with the possible exception of quantum mechanics) that wreaks havoc on our intuitions the way neuroscience does. The growing knowledge it provides about the inner...
Temporal expression profiling of the effects of secreted factors from prostate stromal cells on embryonal carcinoma stem cells.

BACKGROUND There is a growing body of evidence indicating that epigenetic influences originating from stromal cells in the immediate microenvironment may play a role in carcinogenesis. Determining the molecular mechanisms involved in stromal–stem cell interaction could provide critical insight into prostate development and disease progression, particularly with regard to their relationship to and influence on the putative cancer stem cell. METHODS Prostate and bladder stromal cells prepared from tissue specimens were co-cultured with the pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cell line NCCIT. Transcriptome analysis was used to characterize NCCIT cell response to prostate or bladder signaling. RESULTS A systems approach demonstrated that prostate stromal cells were capable of inducing gene expression changes in NCCIT through secreted factors. Induction led to a loss of embryonic stem cell markers, with concurrent up-regulation of many genes characteristic of stromal mesenchyme cells as well as some of epithelial and cancer stem cells. Bladder stromal signaling produced gene expression changes different from those of prostate signaling. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that paracrine stromal cell signaling can affect cancer stem cell response in an organ-specific manner and may provide insight for future development of treatment strategies such as differentiation therapy. Prostate 69:1353–1365, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Selling wind power in electricity markets: The status today, the opportunities tomorrow

California has set a target of 33% penetration from all renewable sources by 2020. Wind energy must play a key role in realizing such aggressive targets. At these deep penetration levels, integration of utility scale wind production into the electricity grid poses serious engineering and market challenges. These are due to the uncertainty, intermittency, and uncontrollability of wind power. Wind is random. Today, wind energy is assimilated into the grid by legislative mandates, feed-in tariffs, favorable penalty pricing, guaranteed grid access, and/or construction subsidies. The variability in production is absorbed by scheduling operating reserves. For example, in California, the Participating Intermittent Resource Program (PIRP) legislation compels the system operator to accept all produced wind power subject to certain contractual constraints. This amounts to a system take-all-wind scenario in which wind power is treated as a negative load. The burden of reserve costs is socialized among the load serving entities (LSE). This extra-market approach works at today's modest penetration levels, but will become untenable as wind penetration increases for both economic and environmental reasons. We discuss the consequences on wind integration in the near term as wind power producers are forced to participate in competitive electricity markets alongside conventional dispatch-able generation. We explore aggregation, firming strategies, and fair reserve cost allocation. In the long term, we argue that new market mechanisms are required to deal with wind power variability. These include intra-day markets to leverage on improved forecast accuracy on shorter horizons, bilateral contracts with interruptible loads such as electric vehicles, and most radically, the possibility of selling random power through price differentiated quality of supply.
Beyond eating skills

In eating skills programs, the tendency is to address the presenting physical problems by providing therapy or equipment to enable the patient to bring food to the mouth, chew, and swallow independently. To aid in more comprehensive treatment planning, ten categories of mealtime activities are described. Empahasis is placed on individualization of treatment by considering personal lifestyles and preferences. An interdisciplinary approach is described, as well as the importance of involving families.
Targeting the PDZ Domains of Molecular Scaffolds of Transmembrane Ion Channels

The family of multidomain proteins known as the synaptic associated proteins (SAPs) act as molecular scaffolds, playing an important role in the signaling and maintenance of several receptors and channels. The SAPs consist of 5 individual protein domains: 3 PDZ (PSD95, Disc Large, Zol) domains, an SH3 domain, and an inactive guanyl kinase (GK) domain. The 3 PDZ domains bind the C-termini of specific receptors and channels, leading to the transient association with cytoskeletal and signaling proteins. Molecules targeting specific domains of the SAPs may provide a novel route for the regulation of channel and receptor function. Here we describe a structural-based approach for the development of such inhibitors for the PDZ domains of SAP90. The high sequence homology of the 3 domains has necessited targeting regions outside the canonical binding pocket. The structural features of the PDZ domains with the C-termini of different receptors (GluR6), channels (Kv1.4), and cytoskeletal proteins (CRIPT) provide insight into targeting these regions.
Time series analysis in the time domain and resampling methods for studies of functional magnetic resonance brain imaging

Although functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods yield rich temporal and spatial data for even a single subject, universally accepted data analysis techniques have not been developed that use all the potential information from fMRI of the brain. Specifically, temporal correlations and confounds are a problem in assessing change within pixels. Spatial correlations across pixels are a problem in determining regions of activation and in correcting for multiple significance tests. We propose methods that address these issues in the analysis of task-related changes in mean signal intensity for individual subjects. Our approach to temporally based problems within pixels is to employ a model based on autoregressive-moving average (ARMAor ''Box-Jenkins'') time series methods, which we call CARMA (Contrasts and ARMA). To adjust for performing multiple significance tests across pixels, taking into account between-pixel correlations, we propose adjustment of P values with ''resampling methods.'' Our objective is to produce two- or three-dimensional brain maps that provide, at each pixel in the map, an estimated P value with absolute meaning. That is, each P value approximates the probability of having obtained by chance the observed signal effect at that pixel, given that the null hypothesis is true. Simulated and real data examples are provided.Hum. Brain Mapping 5:168-193, 1997. r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Oligosaccharyl transferase: gatekeeper to the secretory pathway.

Oligosaccharyl transferase is part of the macromolecular machinery that processes nascent proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. The enzyme is highly conserved, catalyzes the initial step in the biosynthesis of N-linked glycoproteins and acts as a ‘gatekeeper’ for the secretory pathway. As more proteins associated with oligosaccharyl transferase are identified, the intricacies of the enzyme and the relationship with other proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum are starting to be unraveled.
The mechanism of the urinary concentrating defect in potassium deficient rats

The mechanism of the defect in urinary concentrating capacity in potassium deficiency was investigated by measuring solute-free water reabsorption ( $$T_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}^{\text{C}}$$ ) in normal and hypokalemic rats undergoing mannitol diuresis. Since potassium-deficiency markedly lowered glomerular filtration rate (GFR), $$T_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}^{\text{C}}$$ was examined in normal rats whose GFR had been comparably reduced either acutely by aortic constriction or chronically by feeding a salt- and protein-free diet. By calculating the volume of filtrate delivered to the loop of Henle from the GFR and C osm it was found that in normal rats $$T_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}^{\text{C}}$$ was linearly related to volume delivery. At each level of volume delivery to the loop hypokalemic rats formed about half the normal amount of $$T_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}^{\text{C}}$$ . Decreased solute delivery to the loop of Henle, therefore, cannot be the cause of the concentrating defect in hypokalemia. It is concluded, therefore, that the impaired concentrating capacity in potassium deficiency results from defective sodium transport in the ascending limb of Henle's loop, so that at any level of sodium delivery to the loop less sodium is transported into the medulla and therefore less $$T_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}}^{\text{C}}$$ is generated.
Congestive Heart Failure in Elderly Patients

The prevalence of congestive heart failure (CHF) is increasing. Most patients with CHF are elderly, and CHF is the most common dismissal diagnosis in elderly hospitalized patients. As many as 50% of elderly patients with heart failure may have normal systolic function and isolated diastolic heart failure. Assessment and management of elderly patients are complicated by comorbidities, increased susceptibility to side effects, and concerns about the appropriate use of costly and invasive procedures. The basics of the approach to the evaluation and management of heart failure in elderly patients are reviewed.
Inverted papilloma of bladder.

Abstract The fifth reported case of a rare variant of transitional papillary tumor of the bladder termed inverted papilloma is reported with a brief review of the literature. This tumor is likely to be confused with invasive malignant papillary carcinoma although it has a distinct histologic pattern, and it is for this reason that attention is drawn to the entity.
Anterior Knee pain in the active and athletic adolescent

Anterior knee pain (or patellofemoral pain) continues to be a source of frustration and confusion among clinicians. There is wide variation in symptom history, physical exam findings, imaging, and treatment that often confounds the use of any straightforward algorithm or decision tree. This review aims to provide an approach that partners the adolescent athlete with clinician and an experienced physiotherapist. This team approach uses available evidence to develop a treatment program that is specific to the adolescent's symptoms, body movement patterns, and activity demands.
Characterization of the genome of Phycomyces blakesleeanus.

Abstract DNA of Phycomyces blakesleeanus was extracted from whole mycelia and from nuclear and mitochondrial organelle fractions obtained from sporangiophores. DNA from all three sources exhibits one symmetrical band at ϱ = 1.688 g/ml in CsCl buoyant density gradients. Reassociation data are consistent with kinetic division of the DNA into three components: very rapidly renaturing (fraction I), rapidly reassociating (fraction II) and slowly reassociating (fraction III) base sequences. These components comprise approximately 10%, 20% and 64% of total cell DNA. Kinetic fractions were prepared from total cell DNA and reassociated separately. The corrected rate constant is 11.3 M−1 · s−1 for the rapidly reassociating component and 0.055 M−1 · s−1 for the slowly reassociating component. Based on these data and the data from unfractionated total cell DNA, the genome size of Phycomyces is approximately 1.9 · 1010 daltons, 6.7 times that of Escherichia coli.
Conversion of beta-galactosidase to a membrane-bound state by gene fusion.

Abstract We have isolated a series of strains in which the lacZ gene has been fused to one of the maltose operons, such that the synthesis of beta-galactosidase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.23) is inducible by maltose. The most frequent event that generates such fusions results in strains in which an intact lacZ gene has become a part of the malE,F operon. By using a special selection procedure, we have detected much rarer fusion events resulting in an altered beta-galactosidase molecule. In these strains, we presume that there is a hybrid protein molecule produced, comprised of an NH2-terminal amino acid sequence from a maltose transport protein (malF) and a COOH-terminal amino acid sequence from beta-galactosidase. The hybrid protein, which still retains some beta-galactosidase activity, is found in the cytoplasmic membrane. These results provide information on the component of the malF gene essential for incorporation of its product into the membrane.
Responses of young calves to low doses of lead.

Abstract Twenty calves, week-old male Holsteins, 42.8kg body weight, were assigned to four treatments by oral dose 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0mg lead carbonate/kg body weight given three times weekly until calf fetal hemoglobin had been converted to 100% adult hemoglobin for 2 consecutive wk. Analyses were for the first 7 wk when data were complete. Variables included lead in blood, body weight changes, erythrocyte δ-amino-levulinic acid dehydrase activity, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, conversion of fetal to adult hemoglobin, and erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Early changes due to lead treatment were inhibition of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase at all doses and increased loss of hemoglobin at 3.0 and 6.0mg doses. Growth rate was not impaired seriously by lead treatment. The 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid in erythrocytes reached peak value at 3 to 4 wk of age and then decreased with age, but 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid of the treated calves was not changed by the low lead dosing. Low lead dosing will induce early metabolic changes in the young calf prior to inhibition of growth.
DNA bending by a phantom protein

Background: Despite its stiffness, duplex DNA is extensively bent and folded during packiging and gene expression in biological systems. Modulation of the electrostatic repulsion between phosphate in the DNA backbone may be important in the bending of DNA by proteins. Here we analyze the shape of DNA molecules that have been modified chemically to mimic the electrostatic consequences of a bund protein Results: We have simulated salt bridges between DNA phosphates and cationic amino acid sidechains of a phantom protein by tethering ammonium cations to one face of the DNA helix. Thethered ammonium cations, but not neutral acetylated controls, induced DNA to bend toward its neutralized surface. Conclusions: The shape of DNA molecules bearing a laterally-asymmetric distribution of tethered cations agrees qualitatively with theoretical predictions and with results previously obtained using neutral phosphate analogs. These data suggest principles that might be applied to the design of artificial DNA-bending proteins.
Selenium-Induced Mortality and Tissue Distribution Studies in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Results are reported on the survival patterns of newly emerged Tenebrio molitor L. reared in nutrient media supplemented with 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5% sodium selenite. One group was transferred to sodium selenite-containing medium after 1 wk in control medium, and another group was transferred after 1 wk from sodium selenite medium to control ration. Survival percentages and slope of survival curves are compared with control values. Results demonstrate a pronounced toxic effect of selenium which appears to be residual in those beetles transferred from the medium-containing selenium. Other T. molitor were reared in sodium selenite-containing media and, on days 3, 7, and 11, beetles were killed and the selenium content (ppm/mg tissue) of Malpighian tubules, digestive tract, and reproductive tracts were determined using fluorometric analysis. Results are reported correlating selenium content in the different organs to time of exposure to selenium and to concentration of sodium selenite in the incubation media. Malpighian tubules appeared to accumulate the greatest amount of selenium, the digestive tract was second, and the reproductive tissues accumulated the least amount of selenium. There appeared to be a direct dose accumulation relationship for Malpighian tubules but not for digestive or reproductive tissues; at the 0.25 and 0.5% treatments, no statistically significant differences were noted in the amounts of selenium that were present.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Tumor Microenvironment in Radiotherapy: Perfusion, Hypoxia, and Metabolism

The tumor microenvironment is characterized by hypoxia, low pH, and high interstitial fluid pressure. Hypoxic regions in tumors with low partial pressure of oxygen (pO 2 ) levels can result in resistance to radiotherapy, thus causing local failure. Therefore, it would be desirable to noninvasively measure pO 2 levels in the tumor before, during, and after treatment to better customize therapy and follow treatment response. Several techniques used in preclinical and clinical studies to obtain the pO 2 status of tissue, such as dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, blood oxygen level–dependent imaging, and electron paramagnetic resonance imaging, are reviewed. Furthermore, the ability to hyperpolarize specific metabolic substrates that are isotopically labeled with 13 C coupled with magnetic resonance spectroscopy enables noninvasive imaging of tissue metabolism, such as glycolysis.
High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of peanut phospholipids. II. Effect of postharvest stress on phospholipid composition

Peanuts are harvested in late September, and sometimes the harvest season can extend through most of October. When weather patterns delay harvest, the result may cause an immature crop, curing problems, rain damage, and freeze damage. All of the above stress situations can affect oil quality and flavor of the peanuts by altering phospholipid composition. Such changes are related to refining problems as well as flavor problems. A new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used for the analysis of phospholipids from postharvest stressed peanuts. The concentrations of phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were higher in immature seed when compared to mature seed. A slight increase in concentration was observed for phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and a decrease in phosphatidylinositol occurred in immature peanuts. All phospholipids increased in concentration except PG when peanuts were cured at a high temperature (40°C). When peanut seeds were frozen at −16°C (before curing), a significant increase in concentration was observed for PA and PG, whereas the concentrations of PC and PE decreased to very low levels when compared to the control. Where concentration permitted, molecular species were separated on a reverse-phase column by HPLC.
Redox-sensitive interaction between KIAA0132 and Nrf2 mediates indomethacin-induced expression of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase

Exposure of HepG2 cells to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e., indomethacin and ibuprofen; NSAIDs) as well as resveratrol, caused increased expression of the mRNAs coding for the catalytic (Gclc) and modifier (Gclm) subunits of the glutathione synthetic enzyme, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. In addition, indomethacin exposure increased intracellular glutathione content as well as inhibited glutathione depletion and cytotoxicity caused by diethyl maleate. Indomethacin-induced increases in the expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase mRNA were preceded by increases in steady state levels of intracellular pro-oxidants and glutathione disulfide accumulation. Simultaneous incubation with the thiol antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited indomethacin-mediated increases in GCLC mRNA, suggesting that increases in GCLC message were triggered by changes in intracellular oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions. Indirect immunofluorescence using intact cells demonstrated that indomethacin induced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, a transcription factor believed to regulate GCLC expression. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that indomethacin treatment also inhibited Nrf2 tethering to KIAA0132 (the human homolog of Keap1 accession #D50922), which is believed to be a negative regulator of Nrf2. Consistent with this idea, over-expression of Nrf2 increased GCLC reporter gene expression and over-expression of KIAA0132 inhibited GCLC reporter gene activity as well as inhibited indomethacin-induced increases in the expression of GCLC. Finally, simultaneous treatment with NAC inhibited both indomethacin-induced release of Nrf2 from KIAA0132 and indomethacin-induced nuclear translocation of Nrf2. These results demonstrate that NSAIDs and resveratrol cause increases in the expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase mRNA and identify these agents as being capable of stimulating glutathione metabolism. These results also support the hypothesis that indomethacin-induced transcriptional activation of GCLC involves the redox-dependent release of KIAA0132 from Nrf2 followed by the nuclear translocation of Nrf2.
Molecular properties of the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor in aorta and other tissues.

Abstract The molecular weight of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor was assessed in bovine aorta, and rat liver, lung, and brain by covalent cross-linking and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The receptor in all four tissues was found to be a single polypeptide of approximate M r 54,000, contradicting previous claims for substantial heterogeneity in the molecular weight of this receptor. Guanine nucleotides inhibit cross-linking of 125 I-VIP to its receptor, and cross-linking with ethylene glycol bis (succinimidylsuccinate) provides further evidence for complex formation between VIP, its receptor and a guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (G-protein). The precise mechanism of receptor-G-protein coupling may differ between the aorta and other tissues.
Discontinuous seam-carving for video retargeting

We introduce a new algorithm for video retargeting that uses discontinuous seam-carving in both space and time for resizing videos. Our algorithm relies on a novel appearance-based temporal coherence formulation that allows for frame-by-frame processing and results in temporally discontinuous seams, as opposed to geometrically smooth and continuous seams. This formulation optimizes the difference in appearance of the resultant retargeted frame to the optimal temporally coherent one, and allows for carving around fast moving salient regions. Additionally, we generalize the idea of appearance-based coherence to the spatial domain by introducing piece-wise spatial seams. Our spatial coherence measure minimizes the change in gradients during retargeting, which preserves spatial detail better than minimization of color difference alone. We also show that per-frame saliency (gradient-based or feature-based) does not always produce desirable retargeting results and propose a novel automatically computed measure of spatio-temporal saliency. As needed, a user may also augment the saliency by interactive region-brushing. Our retargeting algorithm processes the video sequentially, making it conducive for streaming applications.
Advances in the Systemic Treatment of Cutaneous Sarcomas

Cutaneous sarcomas are a rare subset of soft tissue sarcomas. These tumors are primarily managed with definitive surgical resection; however, upon unresectable recurrence or metastatic spread, systemic therapy is warranted. As with other sarcomas, these treatments have classically included cytotoxic chemotherapy programs that were associated with variable response rates and poor overall survival. Recently, major advances have been made in the understanding of the molecular biology of these tumors, and treatment paradigms are changing. Multiple pathways have been documented to be important in the growth of cutaneous sarcomas, including receptor tyrosine kinases such as platelet-derived growth factor receptor, insulin-like growth factor receptor and KIT. Dysregulated angiogenesis, through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other pathways, is also associated with the growth of these tumors. In this review, we discuss the current standard therapies of cutaneous sarcoma and the recent advances and ongoing investigations into cutaneous sarcoma biology.