cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
7 – Lossless Image Compression

Publisher Summary This chapter examines a number of schemes used for lossless compression of images. It highlights schemes for compression of grayscale and color images as well as schemes for compression of binary images. Among these schemes are several that are a part of international standards. The joint photographic experts group (JPEG) is a joint ISO/ITU committee responsible for developing standards for continuous-tone still-picture coding. The more famous standard produced by this group is the lossy image compression standard. However, at the time of the creation of the famous JPEG standard, the committee also created a lossless standard. The old JPEG lossless still compression standard provides eight different predictive schemes from which the user can select. In addition, the context adaptive lossless image compression (CALIC) scheme, which came into being in response to a call for proposal for a new lossless image compression scheme in 1994, uses both context and prediction of the pixel values. The CALIC scheme actually functions in two modes, one for gray-scale images, and another for bi-level images. One of the approaches used by CALIC to reduce the size of its alphabet is to use a modification of a technique called recursive indexing. Recursive indexing is a technique for representing a large range of numbers using only a small set.
4.10 – Taste Transduction

Lingual taste cells are specialized sensory epithelial cells gathered together in groups of 50–100 to make up taste buds. Taste cells are responsive to chemically diverse compounds including salts, sugars, amino acids, organic and inorganic acids, alkaloids, and other nonvolatile molecules. The initial detection of sapid compounds by taste cells depends upon specific ion channels and G-protein-coupled receptors. Activation of taste ion channels, receptors, and downstream signaling cascades typically leads to taste cell membrane depolarization, action potential generation, and release of neurotransmitter from taste cells to the afferent gustatory nerves. Concerted studies using molecular, physiological, and transgenic approaches have led to the identification of the taste detection and transducing elements underlying the initial steps for each taste quality, as well as the neurotransmitters involved in cell-to-cell communication and signaling to afferent nerve fibers.
Dysregulation of Decision Making Related to Metabotropic Glutamate 5, but Not Midbrain D3, Receptor Availability Following Cocaine Self-administration in Rats.

Abstract Background Compulsive patterns of drug use are thought to be the consequence of drug-induced adaptations in the neural mechanisms that enable behavior to be flexible. Neuroimaging studies have found evidence of robust alterations in glutamate and dopamine receptors within brain regions that are known to be critical for decision-making processes in cocaine-dependent individuals, and these changes have been argued to be the consequence of persistent drug use. The causal relationships among drug-induced alterations, cocaine taking, and maladaptive decision-making processes, however, are difficult to establish in humans. Methods We assessed decision making in adult male rats using a probabilistic reversal learning task and used positron emission tomography with the [11C]-(+)-PHNO and [18F]FPEB radioligands to quantify regional dopamine D2/3 and metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor availability, respectively, before and after 21 days of cocaine or saline self-administration. Tests of motivation and relapse-like behaviors were also conducted. Results We found that self-administration of cocaine, but not of saline, disrupted behavior in the probabilistic reversal learning task measured by selective impairments in negative-outcome updating and also increased cortical mGlu5 receptor availability following 2 weeks of forced abstinence. D2/3 and, importantly, midbrain D3 receptor availability was not altered following 2 weeks of abstinence from cocaine. Notably, the degree of the cocaine-induced increase in cortical mGlu5 receptor availability was related to the degree of disruption in negative-outcome updating. Conclusions These findings suggest that cocaine-induced changes in mGlu5 signaling may be a mechanism by which disruptions in negative-outcome updating emerge in cocaine-dependent individuals.
Homeland Security: A Compendium of Public and Private Organizations' Policy Recommendations

The new Department of Homeland Security has ambitious goals set out for it by the Bush Administration. This paper provides a compendium of past recommendations from various public and private organizations on how the new department might achieve those goals. The authors reviewed key reports from those organizations, which represent most of the significant efforts to date concerning recommended policy changes and policy initiatives to enhance homeland security.
Spinal Cord Stimulation via Percutaneous and Open Implantation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Examining Complication Rates.

Background Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has become a successful therapeutic option for combating chronic pain and can be implanted via percutaneous or open (laminotomy/laminectomy) techniques. This study aimed to systematically review the complications that occur after SCS placement via percutaneous and open (laminotomy/laminectomy) in failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), and chronic back (lumbosacral)/leg pain. Methods The PubMed and Embase databases were searched from inception to June 2020; prospective studies using SCS in patients with FBSS, CRPS, and chronic low back pain that reported both complications and the implantation method used were included. Effects and results from each study were combined using a random-effects model and were structured for subgroup analysis between open implantation and percutaneous implantation. Meta-regression was performed by calculating a mean difference and weighted by inverse variance and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Thirty-two articles were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Using several different patient- and event-based metrics, our meta-analysis revealed an overall average complication rate of 21.1% (95% CI, 14.9–27.2). Equipment, technical, and medical complications occurred at rates of 12.1%, 1.1%, and 6.3%, respectively. Lead migration and infection rates were 5.6% and 3.8%, respectively. When comparing the 2 implant techniques, medical-related surgical reinterventions and explants due to infection were more common in open compared with percutaneous SCS procedures. Conclusions Equipment-related complications accounted for the majority of SCS complications. Percutaneous SCS resulted in less reintervention and fewer explants caused by medical-related complications and infection, respectively. These conclusions may provide a general understanding of the SCS complications profile for physicians who care for SCS patients.
Racial disparities in the SOFA score among patients hospitalized with COVID-19.

Background Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score predicts probability of in-hospital mortality. Many crisis standards of care suggest the use of SOFA scores to allocate medical resources during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research question Are SOFA scores elevated among Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic patients hospitalized with COVID-19, compared to Non-Hispanic White patients? Study design and methods Retrospective cohort study conducted in Yale New Haven Health System, including 5 hospitals with total of 2681 beds. Study population drawn from consecutive patients aged ≥18 admitted with COVID-19 from March 29th to August 1st, 2020. Patients excluded from the analysis if not their first admission with COVID-19, if they did not have SOFA score recorded within 24 hours of admission, if race and ethnicity data were not Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic White, or Hispanic, or if they had other missing data. The primary outcome was SOFA score, with peak score within 24 hours of admission dichotomized as <6 or ≥6. Results Of 2982 patients admitted with COVID-19, 2320 met inclusion criteria and were analyzed, of whom 1058 (45.6%) were Non-Hispanic White, 645 (27.8%) were Hispanic, and 617 (26.6%) were Non-Hispanic Black. Median age was 65.0 and 1226 (52.8%) were female. In univariate logistic screen and in full multivariate model, Non-Hispanic Black patients but not Hispanic patients had greater odds of an elevated SOFA score ≥6 when compared to Non-Hispanic White patients (OR 1.49, 95%CI 1.11–1.99). Interpretation Given current unequal patterns in social determinants of health, US crisis standards of care utilizing the SOFA score to allocate medical resources would be more likely to deny these resources to Non-Hispanic Black patients.
Overview of sensory methods for the evaluation of nonfood products

Abstract Sensory evaluation gathers methods that aim at measuring consumers’ sensory perception of products as well as affective, emotional, and behavioral responses that arise from this perception. It provides product developers with robust data while dealing with the subjectivity and the diversity of human point-of-views. Yet, sensory evaluation comprises an often-unsuspected variety of approaches and measurement techniques. This chapter highlights methodological aspects that are most critical to make informed method selection. It will also help users of sensory test results to identify the main points to consider before diving into data analysis and test conclusions.
Economic Openness and Territorial Politics in China: Economic Openness and Its Regional Dimension

INTRODUCTION Under growing economic globalization, economic disparity within countries tends to widen as differentially endowed subnational regions fare differently in the world markets. The winner regions become more assertive in clamoring for greater fiscal and even political autonomy, and in resisting central demands for more revenue contributions. The loser regions start crying for more fiscal assistance from the central government. There are mounting strains in the center's ability to pursue fiscal transfers for mitigating the yawning economic gap among the regions. In time, fissiparous tendencies develop and territorial challenges to the national-level political authority start to emerge from below. So goes the storyline of the prevailing economic theories. How does the story of post-1978 China fit these stylized facts? I start this chapter by reviewing some national-level economic trends and policies related to the country's recent but rapid embrace of the global markets. However, I focus on the regional dimension. Of primary interest are the following questions: What were the central government's foreign economic policies for the provinces? What were the patterns of cross-province variation in the actual degree of participation in economic globalization during this period? How did increasing exposure to the global markets affect the economic schism among the provinces? Did globalization unleash similar centrifugal forces from below? If yes, how did Beijing respond? To a certain extent, the pursuit of economic efficiency gains under the rising “opportunity costs of closure” prompted the first opening in the late 1970s and has sustained it ever since.
Minimum variance receiver for multicarrier CDMA systems with space-time coding

In this paper, a minimum variance (MV) receiver is proposed for multicarrier CDMA systems with space-time coding. The goal of the MV receiver is to provide unit gain to the desired user, while minimizing the total receiver output power. It has been shown that the proposed MV receiver is able to suppress interference from other users in the system. With transmit diversity provided by the ST coding, the STC-MC-CDMA system performs significantly better than systems without such diversity schemes.
Tmod3 participates in platelet formation and sizing in mouse fetal liver (278.9)

Tropomodulins (Tmod) bind tropomyosin and cap the pointed ends of actin filaments. Tmod3 is the only Tmod isoform detected in human and mouse platelets. To study its function in platelets we have e...
One-Layer Closure of the Abdominal Wall

In debilitated patients with low preoperative albumin and long abdominal incisions, retention sutures are often advisable, but surgeons generally avoid them because in order to bring the fascia together, they have to tie the sutures tightly. The postoperative result can be ulceration of the skin and pressure necrosis, with infection and a painful wound. Retention sutures in midline incisions must be tied tightly because often the skin protrudes more medially than the underlying fascia, which tends to retract away from the line of closure. Therefore, when the retention sutures are placed in a through-and-through manner, the skin edges come together first and each suture must be tightened further in order for the fascia to come together.
The smoker's paradox: insights from the angiographic substudies of the TIMI trials.

Background: Despite increased risk for coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), smokers have a paradoxically lower mortality after thrombolysis for AMI than non-smokers. We determined the clinical risk profiles and coronary flow characteristics of patients in the TIMI trials according to smoking status, focusing on microvascular flow. Methods: Among 2,573 patients in the TIMI 4, 10A, 10B and TIMI 14 trials, epicardial flow post-thrombolysis was measured using angiographic TIMI flow grades and the corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC). Microvascular flow was measured by TIMI Myocardial Perfusion Grade (TMPG) and, in TIMI 14, the percentage of ST segment resolution. Results: Clinically, the mean age (54 vs. 62 years), the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (11% vs. 16%) and hypertension (26% vs. 40%), and the 30-day mortality (2.6% vs. 6.2%) were lower among smokers than non-smokers (all p ≤ 0.001). Angiographically, single-vessel disease (48% vs. 40%) and non-left anterior descending infarct arteries (65.4% vs. 60.8%) were more common among smokers (both p ≤ 0.01). Epicardial TIMI grade 3 flow was achieved more often in smokers than non-smokers (61% vs. 56%) and the CTFC was faster (34 vs. 37 frames/sec, both p ≤ 0.01), especially in LAD lesions. However, the frequency of normal microvascular flow (TMPG 3) was similar among smokers and non-smokers (24% vs. 29%, p = 0.16), as was the frequency of complete ST segment resolution (50% vs. 46%, p = 0.29). Conclusions: Smokers have lower mortality after AMI than non-smokers, due in large part to lower clinical risk profiles and faster epicardial flow. Differences in tissue-level perfusion do not appear to contribute to lower mortality in smokers. Abbreviated Abstract. After acute MI, active smokers have lower acute mortality than non-smokers that appears to be largely explained by their healthier risk profiles, less extensive coronary disease, and faster epicardial blood flow after thrombolysis. Microvascular injury does not appear to play a major role in the lower mortality risk among smokers.
Suggested use of rectal biopsy in the diagnosis of neural lipidoses.

The histochemical properties of nerve cells of the myenteric plexus in five forms of neural lipidosis (Tay-Sachs infantile amaurotic idiocy, Hurler9s disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Jansky-Bielschowsky early juvenile amaurotic idiocy, and Spielmeyer-Vogt late juvenile amaurotic idiocy) are presented. These data, in conjunction with clinical features and other histologic properties of the colonic wall, provide a basis for the use of rectal biopsy in tile diagnosis and differential diagnosis of tile neural lipidoses.
Multiplanar Analysis of Acromion Morphology

To more completely describe acromion morphology and its relationship to impingement syndrome, we performed three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (N = 111) or computed tomography (N = 27) on 132 symptomatic shoulders. The mean patient age was 46.2 years (range, 14 to 86). Four parameters were evaluated: the angle of anterior slope of the acromion in the midsagittal and lateral-sagittal planes, lateral acromial angulation in the coronal plane, and the presence or absence of medial encroachment in the acromioclavicular joint. Twenty-five asymptomatic age-matched shoulders were used as controls. All imaging data were combined because no significant differences existed between the two imaging techniques. The mean acromion angle was 19.4 degrees in the midsagittal plane and 20 degrees in the lateral-sagittal plane. In the coronal plane, 97 (73%) acromions were neutral and 35 (27%) were downward sloping. Medial encroachment was present in 31 (24%) shoulders. Age distribution from the 2nd to 8th decade demonstrated a consistent and gradual transition from a flat acromion in the younger decades to a more hooked acromion in the older decades that was significant in both the midsagittal and lateral-sagittal planes. Furthermore, a greater percentage of patients were found to have downward angulating acromions with increasing age. Ninety-eight patients (74%) had stage II or III impingement. Of these shoulders, 39 (40%) had type I acromions, 51 (52%) type II, and 8 (8%) type III. Twenty-eight of 33 acromions with coronal lateral downward sloping had impingement, and all 31 shoulders with medial encroachment had impingement.
Optimizing the performance of genetic algorithms for finding the optimal value of a given function

An approach for optimizing the performance of genetic algorithms (GAs) which is derived from the exhaustive examinations of some parameters of GAs is provided. The problems of finding the optimal values of some numerical functions are used as examples to illustrate the performance of GAs. GAs are shown to be effective for solving these problems. In addition, various parameters of the optimization algorithm are critically selected for efficiency. Experimental results suggest that while it is possible to optimize GA control parameters, excellent performances can be obtained with an appropriately selected range of GA control parameter settings, based mainly on the experience of the users. >
Convergence of eicosanoid and integrin biology: 12-lipoxygenase seeks a partner

Integrins and enzymes of the eicosanoid pathway are both well-established contributors to cancer. However, this is the first report of the interdependence of the two signaling systems. In a screen for proteins that interacted with, and thereby potentially regulated, the human platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX, ALOX12), we identified the integrin β4 (ITGB4). Using a cultured mammalian cell model, we have demonstrated that ITGB4 stimulation leads to recruitment of 12-LOX from the cytosol to the membrane where it physically interacts with the integrin to become enzymatically active to produce 12(S)-HETE, a known bioactive lipid metabolite that regulates numerous cancer phenotypes. The net effect of the interaction was the prevention of cell death in response to starvation. Additionally, regulation of β4-mediated, EGF-stimulated invasion was shown to be dependent on 12-LOX, and downstream Erk signaling in response to ITGB4 activation also required 12-LOX. This is the first report of an enzyme of the eicosanoid pathway being recruited to and regulated by activated β4 integrin. Integrin β4 has recently been shown to induce expansion of prostate tumor progenitors and there is a strong correlation between stage/grade of prostate cancer and 12-LOX expression. The 12-LOX enzymatic product, 12(S)-HETE, regulates angiogenesis and cell migration in many cancer types. Therefore, disruption of integrin β4-12LOX interaction could reduce the pro-inflammatory oncogenic activity of 12-LOX. This report on the consequences of 12-LOX and ITGB4 interaction sets a precedent for the linkage of integrin and eicosanoid biology through direct protein-protein association.
Magnetic Dipole Inflation with Cascaded ARC and Applications to Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion

Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion (M2P2) seeks to create a plasma-inflated magnetic bubble capable of intercepting significant thrust from the solar wind for the purposes of high speed, high efficiency spacecraft propulsion. Previous laboratory experiments into the M2P2 concept have primarily used helicon plasma sources to inflate the dipole magnetic field. The work presented here uses an alternative plasma source, the cascaded arc, in a geometry similar to that used in previous helicon experiments. Time resolved measurements of the equatorial plasma density have been conducted and the results are discussed. The equatorial plasma density transitions from an initially asymmetric configuration early in the shot to a quasisymmetric configuration during plasma production, and then returns to an asymmetric configuration when the source is shut off. The exact reasons for these changes in configuration are unknown, but convection of the loaded flux tube is suspected. The diffusion time was found to be an order of magnitude longer than the Bohm diffusion time for the period of time after the plasma source was shut off. The data collected indicate the plasma has an electron temperature of approximately 11 eV, an order of magnitude hotter than plasmas generated by cascaded arcs operating under different conditions. In addition, indirect evidence suggests that the plasma has a beta of order unity in the source region.
Analysis of the effect of imperfect fiber endfaces on the performance of extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric optical fiber sensors

A systematic theoretical analysis of the effect of imperfect fiber endface cleaves on the performance of extrinsic Fabry-Perot inter- ferometric (EFPI) optical fiber sensors is presented. This analysis allows the prediction of the dynamic range of a sensor with greater confidence, and gives the tolerances of the mechanical instrument required to pre- pare the fiber endfaces. Good correlation with preliminary experimental results is also shown. © 1996 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Subject terms: fiber optic sensors; Fabry-Perot interferometer; endface imperfec- tions; dynamic range.
A 15,000 year paleoenvironmental record from Meiji Seamount, far northwestern Pacific

Late glacial and Holocene hemipelagic sediments from Meiji Seamount in the far northwest Pacific contain common to abundant planktonic and benthic foraminifera for AMS 14C dating, for stable isotope analysis and for interpreting paleoclimate change. We present here chronostratigraphic, faunal, and geochemical results from a piston core which indicate that during glacial times (as young as 14,000 yrs BP) the northwest Pacific sea-surface salinity was at least as low as today, effectively inhibiting convective overturn. Between 12,000 and 13,000 yrs ago, after a major flux of ice rafting, there is faunal and δ18O evidence of an abrupt decrease in surface ocean salinity. Coincident with this event was an increase in biological productivity, shown by higher fluxes of calcium carbonate, organic carbon, opal, and greater abundances and lower δ13O of the benthic foraminifera Uvigerina. Oxygen isotope ratios in Uvigerina and Cibicidoides show “step-like” decreases at about 13,000–14,000, 11,000–10,000, and 6000–8000 yrs BP. These events may be analogous to steps in the North Atlantic δ18O record during meltwater events. If this interpretation is correct, then the temperature and salinity history of the deep Pacific lags that of the North Atlantic by about 1000 yrs, consistent with the transport time of deep water from the North Atlantic to the North Pacific.
Right Ventricular Aneurysm Associated With Advanced Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A previously undescribed case of right ventricular aneurysm (RVA) associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an advanced stage is reported. The diagnosis was established by noninvasive (cardiac two-dimensional echocardiogram and nuclear MRI) and invasive (cardiac catheterization, angiography, and biventricular endomyocardial biopsy) cardiac examinations, which documented hypertrophied, dilated and hypokinetic biventricular chambers associated with typical histologic findings (histologic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy index of 66%). A prominent narrowing of myocardial arterioles, extended to the right ventricular myocardium, has been identified and has been hypothesized as being responsible for RVA formation.
TAMOXIFEN: AN EMERGING PREVENTIVE

Tamoxifen is well known for its actions as an antagonist of estrogen receptor-mediated signaling and is one of the most extensively used endocrine agents both in the clinic and in the research setting. Tamoxifen has emerged from recent Breast Cancer Prevention Trials, conducted to evaluate risk reduction, as an effective preventive agent. Specifically, comparing tamoxifen to placebo (for 5 years) has shown that tamoxifen: (a) significantly reduced the risk of breast cancer recurrence, in those with a history of the disease; (b) reduced or delayed breast cancer progression, from an noninvasive to invasive breast cancer; (c) prevented or substantially reduced the risk of getting breast cancer (risk of occurrence) in healthy women with risk factors. The extraordinary outcomes offer support for the use of tamoxifen in multilevel preventive approaches and predict that it will continue to be vital in facilitating mechanistic studies. Information produced by mechanistic studies is needed to understand how to prevent cancer and how to confront treatment problems such as resistance. Molecular determinants of the resistant phenotype to tamoxifen are currently being identified. The next major effort will be to link these determinants to readily detectable biological changes that could be used to indicate the development of resistance before clinical manifestations develop.
Synthesis of functional monolayer surfaces for rapid radiometric determination of plutonium

Glass or silicon substrates functionalized with a monolayer of carbamoylmethylphosphonate (CMP) ligands effectively bind tetravalent actinides from optimized mineral acid solutions to enable rapid, high quality radiometric assay by alpha spectrometry. The observed alpha spectra compare favorably with the highest quality electroplated samples. The CMP-functionalized surfaces have been used to develop simplified analytical methods to determine plutonium from complex mixtures.
Inmate Attitudes Toward Treatment: Mental Health Service Utilization and Treatment Effects

This study examined inmate attitudes toward treatment, mental health treatment utilization, and treatment effects that maximize treatment effectiveness. Participants consisted of 278 incarcerated male adult offenders from the Kansas Department of Corrections. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that inmate attitudes toward treatment were predictive of the number of mental health treatment sessions (dosage) inmates received. Hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated positive help-seeking attitudes were associated with institutional behavior (decreased number and severity of disciplinary infractions) and scores on a measure assessing risk for future criminal behavior; however, the amount of mental health treatment an inmate received (treatment dosage) was associated with problematic institutional behavior (i.e., increased severity and number of disciplinary infractions). These results indicated that treatment dosage and behavioral outcomes were impacted by inmate attitudes toward treatment. As a result, correctional psychologists may be better able to predict which inmates will receive the most benefit from services. Implications of these findings for practitioners and policy makers are discussed.
Measured σy and σθ in complex terrain near the TVA Widows Creek, Alabama, Steam plant

The Widows Creek Steam Plant, operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), is located on the banks of the Tennessee River, with a 250 m terrain step 2 km to the southeast and an irregular 300 m plateau 10 km to the northwest. Two years of hourly meteorological and ground level SO2 concentration data from the valley and plateau adjacent to the step were studied. Strong channeling of flow in the valley was found. Horizontal wind fluctuations measured at a height of 61 m on the valley meteorological tower were enhanced by about 60% during cross-valley flows, due to large horizontal eddies set up by the terrain irregularities. Thirty cases of northwest flow persisting for at least 6 h towards the step were analyzed in detail. Observed l h and 10 h averages of σy, on an SO2 sampling arc on the plateau at a distance of 3.2 km from the steam plant were 500 m and 670 m, respectively. Predictions of σy, were made by the formula σy(x) = {σy02 + [σθ × f(x)]2}12 where σy0 is an initial value (200 m) due to the finite size of the source, σθ is the standard deviation of wind direction fluctuations measured at a height of 61 m on the meteorological tower in the valley, and f (x) is a dimensionless function given by Pasquill (1976). The predicted σyS are 28–39% less than the observed values. The discrepancy may be caused by increased diffusion as the air flows up the terrain step.
A sulphonated poly(aryl ether ketone)

Sulfonation et neutralisation controlees de PEEK, caracterisation de PEEK sulfone et effet de cette modification sur la cristallinite, les transitions thermiques et la stabilite thermique
Conservation and Scientific Analysis of Painting

The title is ratber misleading for nine tenths of the book is taken up with scientific examination. The remainder i restricted to conservation in the sense of control of environment (another book in the same series by a different author will cover restoration of paintings). The author i head of the research laboratory of the Louvre museum. She specialize in the application of selected radiation to the tudy of paintings, so not unexpectedly the major part of the book is devoted to X-radiography and other photographic techniques. The other main section, Analytic Methods', surveys tho e which may be used to examine the materials and con truction of paintings, ranging from optical micro copy to modern instrumental method like X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analysis. A single paragraph of general description has to suffice for most, often without specific example of application to paintings (the use made by Mme S. Delbourgo, also of the Louvre laboratory, of the electron microbeam probe is a welcome exception). The ection on 'Environment and Can ervation' describes measurement and control of atmospheric temperature, humidity and pollution and of light and lighting in the exhibition and storage of picture. Supplementary 'Technical Notes' supply practical instructions, for example for taking infrared photographs or using a thermohygrograph (oddly included in the e 'Note' are de criptions of holography and of a carbon-14 dating technique unlikely undertaking for the nonspecialist). There i a hart bibliography and an index. From its list of contents thi would eem the ideal book for explaining to the curator, art historian, picture restorer or intere ted layman what science can do to help the under tanding and care of paintings. It is also a most attractive book, lavishly illustrated with trikingly beautiful photograph for example a colour photomacrograph of bru hwork round the eye in a Van Gogh portrait, and the Xradiographs of Caravaggio Martyrdom of S.
The Global Welfare Economics of Immigration

We study the effect of immigration on global welfare. The world is modeled as consisting of two regions, South and North, the former populated by low-skill workers, and the latter by both low- and high-skill workers. Production in the North uses both labor inputs in a complementary way. A trade union in the North keeps the wage of low-skill workers above the Walrasian wage, generating unemployment of low-skill workers. Northern citizens fund unemployment benefits for workers through taxation. Immigration from South to North has two effects in the North: a mixed native-foreign working-class lowers union power, because of reduced solidarity among low-skill workers, and hence it lowers the mark-up on the Walrasian wage that the union is able to negotiate. It also lowers the solidarity between employed citizens and the unemployed (as the latter, now, consist in part of non-natives) and thus the unemployment benefit, set by a democratic process, falls. We calculate the optimal levels of immigration, from the viewpoint of an observer who maximizes global welfare, according to an egalitarian and a utilitarian social welfare function. We compare these levels to the open-borders-equilibrium level. We find that the optimal level of immigration for the cosmopolitan egalitarian is significantly less than the open-borders equilibrium level, while the optimal level for a global utilitiarian is significantly greater than the open-borders level.
Design and characterization of MEMS interferometric sensing

A MEMS-based interferometric sensor is produced using the multi-user MEMS processing standard (MUMPS) micromirrors, movable by thermal actuation. The interferometer is comprised of gold reflection surfaces, polysilicon thermal actuators, hinges, latches and thin film polarization beam splitters. A polysilicon film of 3.5 microns reflects and transmits incident polarized light from an external laser source coupled to a multi-mode optical fiber. The input beam is shaped to a diameter of 10 to 20 microns for incidence upon the 100 micron mirrors. Losses in the optical path include diffraction effects from etch holes created in the manufacturing process, surface roughness of both gold and polysilicon layers, and misalignment of micro-scale optical components. Numerous optical paths on the chip vary by length, number of reflections, and mirror subsystems employed. Subsystems include thermal actuator batteries producing lateral position displacement, angularly tunable mirrors, double reflection surfaces, and static vertical mirrors. All mirror systems are raised via manual stimulation using two micron, residue-free probe tips and some may be aligned using electrical signals causing resistive heating in thermal actuators. The characterization of thermal actuator batteries includes maximum displacement, deflection, and frequency response that coincides with theoretical thermodynamic simulations using finite-element analysis. Maximum deflection of 35 microns at 400 mW input electrical power is shown for three types of actuator batteries as is deflection dependent frequency response data for electrical input signals up to 10 kHz.
Callus induction and culture of Rosa

Abstract Leaf and stem explants of Rosa manetti Hort. and R. hybrida L. ‘Tropicana’ were placed on Murashige and Skoog (MS), Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) and Gamborg and Wetter (1-B5C) media, containing growth regulators, casein hydrolysate (CH) or coconut milk (CM), to determine the optimum conditions for callus initiation and maintenance. The explants were cultured either in dark or in light (2 Klux 16 h/day) at 26±2°C. Friable, fast growing callus was evident after 3 weeks for both rose species on MS + 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D, 0.25 mg/l kinetin (K) and 2.0 g/l CH as well as on SH + 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D, 2.0 mg/l p-CPA and 0.1 mg/l K. Callus initiation occurred sooner on SH than on MS. However, during sub-culture of callus arising on SH, rapid oxidation often occurred, resulting in severe browning of the callus, which made it unsatisfactory for further experimental use. Callus initiation occurred faster in dark than in light, but deteriorated when continuously sub-cultured in the dark regardless of media. Although ‘Tropicana’ initiated callus sooner than R. manetti , very fast growing callus of the latter was obtained when leaf callus was transferred to MS + 2.0 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l BA. Unsuccessful attempts to regenerate callus and induce adventitious shoots on the 2 explants are discussed.
Self-stabilizing approach to surgical uprighting of the mandibular second molar

A technique for surgical uprighting of malposed mandibular second molars is described. The principal advantage of this technique is that the tooth is stabilized by bone on the distal aspect of the uprighted tooth. Long-term clinical and radiographic follow-up reveals positional stability and no adverse pulpal or periodontal sequellae.
Background Verbal and Physical Anger: A Comparison of Children's Responses to Adult‐Adult and Adult‐Child Arguments

Children's responses to adult-child conflict were examined and compared to their responses to adult-adult conflict. These responses were further analyzed in relation to 2 forms of anger expression: verbal and physical. 6-7- and 9-10-year-olds were interviewed after viewing videotaped segments of angry arguments. Although children were distressed by both adult-child and adult-adult conflict, the participants in conflict and form of anger expression moderated some of their responses. In adult-child conflict, children were more scared in response to physical versus verbal arguments. For verbal arguments, some children felt both more scared and mad during adult-adult conflict in comparison to adult-child conflict; however, the percentage of children reporting fear and anger was small. Intervention in conflict through siding with one party occurred more frequently in adult-child conflict versus adult-adult conflict. Responses were further moderated by the age and gender of the subject. Language: en
Hotspots for generalized recombination in the Escherichia coli chromosome

A naturally occurring hotspot for Rec recombination of Escherichia coli was located in the biotin operon. The phenotypes of the bio hotspot as observed in λbio transducing phage were identical to those of Chi mutations in phage λ. In addition to recA+ function, the site-specific stimulation of recombination required recB+ function. The stimulation took place when the hotspot was present in only one parent of the cross and even when present opposite a region of heterology. The demonstration of a Chi element in E. coli provoked us to measure the density of Chi elements on the chromosome. E. coli DNA sampled in λ transducing phage (either obtained by induction of secondary site lysogens or made in vitro from EcoRI cleavage fragments) showed one hotspot per 5 to 15 × 103 bases. The high density and the fact that Chi stimulation of recombination can span the inter-Chi distance suggest that Chi might be important in Rec recombination in the absence of λ.
Copper, Iron, Manganese, Strontium, and Zinc Content of Market Milk

Abstract Samples of market milk collected in alternate months from February 1967 to February 1968 from cities in the United States were analyzed for copper, iron, manganese, strontium, and zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Ranges and national averages for trace elements in milk, expressed as milligrams per liter, varied as follows: Cu, .044 to .190 and .086; Fe, .20 to 1.51 and .64; Mn, .033 to .211 and .091; Sr, .040 to .480 and .171; and Zn, 2.30 to 5.10 and 3.28. Statistically, the data showed significant differences among months and locations. Trace element contents in milk from the east were significantly different from those in the west; however, means or per cent differences between areas (except for Sr) were less than 10%. Strontium in milk from the west was higher than that from the east. Strontium means were greater than .200mg per liter in Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Nevada, New Mexico, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. Monthly means for all trace elements showed that Zn was constant throughout the year, whereas other elements were lowest in summer and highest in winter.
Using Modified Nucleotides to Map the DNA Determinants of the Tus-TerB Complex, the Protein-DNA Interaction Associated with Termination of Replication in Escherichia coli

A series of modified nucleotides was used to map the hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic sites of the TerB DNA required for Tus interaction. Each of four consensus guanine residues in the TerB-binding site was replaced by 7-deazaguanine, 2-aminopurine, or inosine nucleobase analogues, and each thymine by a uracil analogue. The observable equilibrium dissociation constant for the Tus protein-TerB DNA complex was measured at pH 7.5, 25 degrees C, and 150 mM potassium glutamate using a competition binding method. Substitutions made at position 10 with a 7-deazaguanine, 2-aminopurine, or inosine analogue had a large effect on the stability of the complex, approximately +3 kcal/mol in each case. Substitutions made at positions 13 and 17 had a varied response. For uracil substitutions, potential hydrophobic sites were identified at six positions in the TerB DNA. The energetic penalty for the removal of a single methyl group ranged between +1 and +2 kcal/mol. Rate dissociation measurements agree with these results. Overall, major and minor groove determinants are required for binding. An unusual result was that the conserved nucleotide at position 6 did not significantly affect in vitro binding of the complex.
A technique combining intracellular dye-marking, immunocytochemical identification and ultrastructural analysis of physiologically identified single neurons

Abstract A new method which produces an insoluble osmophilic polymer within Lucifer Yellow-injected neurons has allowed us to develop a technique for the ultrastructural examination of electrophysiologically characterized, immunocytochemically identified single neurons. In this initial report, we examine the light- and electron-microscopic features of neurophysin-containing, pituitary-projecting neurons in the goldfish preoptic nucleus.
Race, Media and Civil Society

This article examines current theoretical debates about the public sphere by looking through the prism of race and the media. The history of the black public sphere in the United States illustrates...
The Socialist Revolutionaries From 1902 To 1907: Peasant and Workers' Party

Tradition has long held that the Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR) was primarily peasant-oriented. Titles of important studies of the party suggest that the respective authors adhere to-the traditional view.1 Awareness of Socialist Revolutionary. (SR) successes among the peasantry in 1917, culminating in their sweep of provincial Russia in the Constituent Assembly elections in November, has heightened the perception of the SRs as a predominantly peasant party. Whatever the origin of the misapprehension, primary sources indicate that along with their interest in the peasantry (at times intense, at other times surprisingly muted) SRs took a great interest in the urban proletariat and, in return, received strong support from workers. The primary task of this study, then, is to examine the relationship between SRs and urban workers from about 1902 to 1907.2 This of course raises the question of SR and populist revolutionary programs before 1902.
Importance of Axial Stress in Arterial Growth and Remodeling

Since the mid-1970s, we have continued to understand better the fundamental importance of mechanotransduction in vascular biology. For example, beginning with Rosen and colleagues in 1974, we discovered that endothelial cells alter their production of vasoactive molecules in response to changes in flow-induced wall shear stress; beginning with Glagov and colleagues in 1976, we discovered that vascular smooth muscle cells alter their production of extracellular matrix proteins in response to changes in cyclic stretching comparable to that induced by pulsatile pressures [1]. Indeed, such findings are not surprising given the well know arterial adaptations that occur in response to sustained changes in blood flow or pressure. The caliber of an artery tends to increase (or decrease) in response to sustained increases (decreases) in blood flow and the thickness of the arterial wall tends to increase (or decrease) in response to sustained increases (decreases) in blood pressure. In both cases, it appears that the associated wall shear or intramural circumferential stresses are returned toward normal following the change in hemodynamics.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
On Some Optimum Nonparametric Procedures in Two-Way Layouts

Abstract Some optimum nonparametric procedures for estimating and testing contrasts in two-way layouts are proposed and studied. These procedures are based on the Chernoff-Savage [4] type of rank order statistics which include the Wilcoxon and normal scores statistics among others. In the first three sections, the properties of the proposed point estimators of contrasts, such as symmetry, invariance and asymptotic normality, are studied and their asymptotic relative efficiencies with respect to the corresponding least-squares estimators are obtained. In particular, it is shown that the procedures based on the normal scores statistics are asymptotically at least as efficient as the corresponding procedures based on the method of least squares, whatever be parent cumulative distribution functions. In sections 4 and 5, the corresponding problems of testing and confidence intervals are discussed, and generalized to two-way layouts with several observations per cell.
Structure-sensitive chemisorption: The mechanism of desorption from tungsten

Abstract The validity of measurements on evaporated tungsten films has been examined and found in doubt; the flash-filament technique has therefore been extended to yield data on the stability of binding states of gases adsorbed on metals. Qualitative results are presented for the adsorption of nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen on tungsten. Just as for nitrogen at room temperature, two states of binding have been isolated for both hydrogen and oxygen; for the latter two gases the pressure-measuring device seriously affects the adsorption. In the absence of atomic hydrogen produced by the ionization-gauge filament, in experiments with hydrogen only a single state of adsorption is found, which desorbs continuously from 100 to 540°K. The methods for deriving quantitative data on rates of desorption from pressure/temperature curves obtained by the flash-filament technique are presented, and are applied to a study of the evolution of β-nitrogen from tungsten. The desorption is found to obey second-order kinetics, indicating that the nitrogen is dissociated and exists on the surface as adatoms. Although the heat of desorption is constant for all coverages examined (η β =10−8O×10 12 molecules cm 2 ) , the kinetics differ from sample to sample; heats varying between 58 and 81 kcal mole have been measured, and a correlation between high heats and high rates of adsorption has been observed. Conditions for the maintenance of surface equilibrium are derived, and from these and the experimentally observed continuous evolution of β-nitrogen, the heterogeneities primarily responsible for variations in the heat of desorption are identified as being of a small scale, possibly associated with the presence of lattice steps. The implications of structural effects in the interpretation of the decrease in the heat of adsorption with increasing cover, reported in the past for other systems, are analysed, and it is shown that in a mobile adlayer only interactions between adatoms can bring about such a diminution. The possible structure-sensitivity of chemisorption also invalidates past attempts to establish the nature of the surface bond from measurements of the heat of adsorption on different metals; an examination of the available data shows that a simple correlation between d -band structure of the solid and activity in chemisorption is not warranted.
Adjusted Confidence Bands in Nonparametric Regression

Suppose we have {(x i , y i )} i = 1, 2,…, n, a sequence of independent observations. We wish to find approximate 1 − α simultaneous confidence bands for the regression curve. Many previous confidence bands in the literature have practical difficulties. In this article, the local linear smoother is used to estimate the regression curve. The bias of the estimator is considered. Different methods of constructing confidence bands are discussed. Finally, a possible method incorporating logistic regression in an innovative way is proposed to construct the bands for random designs. Simulations are used to study the performance or properties of the methods. The procedure for constructing confidence bands is entirely data-driven. The advantage of the proposed method is that it is simple to use and can be applied to random designs. It can be considered as a practically useful and efficient method.