cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What does research tell us about depression, job performance, and work productivity?

Objective To assess the work impact of depression. Methods A review of research articles published since 2002, reporting on the magnitude and/or nature of depression's impact on work. Results This research is characterized by the use of three outcome indicators (employment status, absenteeism, and presenteeism metrics) and three research designs (population-based, workplace, and clinical). The literature documents that, compared to non-depressed individuals, those with depression have more unemployment, absences, and at-work performance deficits. Methodological variation makes it difficult to determine the magnitude of these differences. Additionally, the research suggests that the work impact of depression is related to symptom severity and that symptom relief only partly reduces the adverse work outcomes of depression. Conclusions Research has contributed to knowledge of the multidimensional work impact of depression. Further developing intervention research is an important next step.
A Simulation-Based Random Process Method for Time-Dependent Reliability of Dynamic Systems

Reliability is an important engineering requirement for consistently delivering acceptable product performance through time. As time progresses, a product may fail due to time-dependent operating conditions and material properties, and component degradation. The reliability degradation with time may significantly increase the lifecycle cost due to potential warranty costs, repairs and loss of market share. In this work, we consider the first-passage reliability, which accounts for the first time failure of non-repairable systems. Methods are available that provide an upper bound to the true reliability, but they may overestimate the true value considerably. This paper proposes a methodology to calculate the cumulative probability of failure (probability of first passage or upcrossing) of a dynamic system with random properties, driven by an ergodic input random process. Time series modeling is used to characterize the input random process based on data from a “short” time period (e.g. seconds) from only one sample function of the random process. Sample functions of the output random process are calculated for the same “short” time because it is usually impractical to perform the calculation for a “long” duration (e.g. hours). The proposed methodology calculates the time-dependent reliability, at a “long” time using an accurate “extrapolation” procedure of the failure rate. A representative example of a quarter car model subjected to a stochastic road excitation demonstrates the improved accuracy of the proposed method compared with available methods.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Phenotypic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes and intestinal intra-epithelial lymphocytes in calves

Abstract The phenotype of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) of young calves has not been described. In order to determine the potential role of IEL in protection against enteric infection, it is important to characterize these cells in normal calves. Therefore, IEL of calves were analyzed phenotypically and compared with peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) via flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies to cell surface markers. Approximately 25% of PBL and IEL expressed the γ δ T-cell receptor (TCR-1+). TCR-1+ PBL co-expressed WC1 (antigen expressed on a subset of lymphocytes expressing the γ δ T-cell receptor), whereas only a small percent of TCR-1+ IEL co-expressed WC1. TCR-1+ cells in the PBL co-expressed the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2r), whereas TCR1+ cells in the IEL co-expressed ACT-2 (null cell and CD-8+ T-cell activation marker). There were approximately twice as many CD-4+ cells as CD-8+ cells in the PBL, whereas there were three to five times as many CD-8+ cells as CD-4+ cells in the IEL. Thus, IEL of calves are antigenically distinct from PBL.
Resonance Raman study of the primary photochemistry of bacteriorhodopsin.

Abstract Resonance Raman multicomponent spectra of the light-adapted form of bacteriorhodopsin, bRLA568, and its first photoproduct, K628, have been obtained at liquid nitrogen temperatures. The spectra of both bRLA568 and K628 could be obtained with the known sample compositions under our irradiating conditions and computer subtraction techniques. In agreement with previous results, we find that both bRLA568 and K628 contain chromophores linked to the apoprotein by protonated Schiff bases of retinal. Neither pigment form, suspended in H2O or 2H2O, compares closely to the spectral features of all-trans and 13-cis protonated and deuterated model chromophores, respectively. The data are consistent with other results, suggesting that a chromophore isomerization takes place in the bRLA568-to-K628 phototransition. However, the exact structure of the in situ chromophore would appear not to involve simple trans-to-13-cis structures found in solution.
Membrane interactions with NOM and an adsorbent in a vibratory shear enhanced filtration process (VSEP) system

The effects of torsional membrane vibration and the addition of heated aluminum oxide particles (HAOPs) on the interactions of natural organic matter (NOM) with UF membranes were investigated using a vibratory shear enhanced filtration process (VSEP) laboratory module. Torsional vibration reduced fouling in both dead-end and crossflow modes. Incorporating crossflow into a system with vibration increased NOM removal efficiency. In systems with crossflow, increasing the vibration amplitude decreased fouling up to a point, and provided negligible benefit thereafter. On the other hand, it had a negligible effect on NOM rejection up to the same point, and improved permeate quality thereafter. Although a mass balance suggested that a negligible portion of the NOM remained on the membrane surface at the end of the crossflow tests, foulant aggregates were observed on the membrane both visually and in SEM images. The SEM images indicated that vibration changed the morphology of the foulants from a continuous layer into scattered clumps, and that higher vibration amplitude facilitated this transformation. Deposition of a HAOPs layer on the membrane surface relieved fouling only initially, after which the HAOPs/UF system fouled almost as fast as a bare UF membrane. However, intermittent vibration to re-mix HAOPs particles during the HAOPs/UF operation kept permeate flux relatively high for much longer, thereby significantly improving the performance.
A unique amino acid sequence of A κ-chain obtained from a patient with adult Fanconi syndrome: A new subset sequence☆

Abstract The amino-terminal sequence of the first 46 positions of Bence Jones protein Vand was determined to be Glu Ile Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Ala Thr Leu Ser Val Ser Pro Gly Glu Arg Ala Thr Leu Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Asx Ile Gly Ser Asn Leu Ala Trp Tyr Glx Glx Lys Pro Gly Arg Ala Pro Arg Leu. Comparison of this sequence with those of other human κ-chain showed the Vand sequence to be a unique one. Although the Vand sequence is most similar to that V κ III among four known V κ subgroups, there are several distinct differences between Vand and V κ III. Comparison of the amino acid composition of Bence Jones protein Vand with the compositions of other κ-chains of four known subgroups showed a significantly higher alanine content for protein Vand. Any association of amino acid sequence and amino acid composition of protein Vand with adult (or acquired) Fanconi syndrome remains to be determined.
The effects of starvation and 20-hydroxy-ecdysone on feeding and pupariation of early 3rd-instar Calliphora vicina larvae

Abstract At a larval body weight of 15–16 mg, young 3rd-instar Calliphora vicina larvae pass from the obligatory feeding phase, when starvation results in cessation of growth or development, to the facultative feeding phase when starvation leads to subsequent pupariation. During normal larval development the transition from obligatory to facultative feeding phase appears to be independent of 20-hydroxyecdysone but absence (or insufficiency) of the hormone is the likely reason why starved larvae in the obligatory feeding phase fail to pupariate. 20-Hydroxy-ecdysone induces termination of feeding by normal, facultative phase larvae and is the probable signal for larval commitment to pupariation.
Cover Picture: Involvement of nonclassical MHC class Ib molecules in heat shock protein-mediated anti-tumor responses – Eur. J. Immunol. 6/2007

The image of the jumping frog was kindly provided by Jacques Robert and created by his son by Adrien. Anti-tumor responses, both in vitro and in vivo, are studied using Xenopus laevis by Robert and colleagues (pp. 1494–1501); non-classical MHC class Ib molecules are shown, by RNA interference, to be important for the gp96-induced CTL response against class Ia-negative tumors in Xenopus. The conservation of the class Ia-unrestricted response from Xenopus to mammals indicates the importance of this anti-tumor immune mechanism.
Origins of Pressure and Viscosity Oscillation With Film Thickness in Ultra Thin Lubricating Films

Both pressure and viscosity have been observed via molecular simulation to oscillate with film thickness in ultra thin lubricating films. This oscillation may need to be considered in lubricated system design for applications that operate in the thin film lubrication regime. Oscillatory behavior occurs when the thickness of the lubricant is on the same order of magnitude as the fluid molecules themselves. It has been suggested by many researchers that this oscillation is related to the layering that occurs in confined fluids. In the present work, this relationship between molecular configuration and oscillation in fluid properties is further investigated. A quantifiable relationship is identified which may enable prediction of oscillatory effects based on fluid atom size and wall separation.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
C*-ALGEBRAS OF SINGULAR INTEGRAL OPERATORS AND TOEPLITZ OPERATORS ASSOCIATED WITH n-DIMENSIONAL FLOWS

For a given covariant representation π of an n-dimensional dynamical system (X, Rn, α), we study the C*-algebras ${\mathscr A}$ of abstract singular integral opertors and Toeplitz operators generated by π(C(X)) and Hilbert transforms corresponding to n linearly independent directions. Such an algebra has a chain of ideals $\mathscr{T}_0 \subset \mathscr{T}_1 \subset^{...} \mathscr{T}_{n - 1} \subset \mathscr{T}_n = \mathscr{A}$. We compute all ${\mathscr T}_{k+1}\slash{\mathscr T}_k$ and show that for 0≤k≤n−1 each of these quotients is the direct sum of C*-algebras which can be thought of as ${\mathscr T}_0$ for flows of lower dimensions. The ideal structure of ${\mathscr T}_0$ is carefully studied. We also determine precisely when ${\mathscr A}$ is a C*-algebra of type I.
An Analytical Study of Power Consumption in Portable Thin Clients

The thin client model relies on offloading computations to a remote server. This results in reduced hardware complexity on the thin client which will cut costs and possibly increase lifespan of the thin client. Increased lifespan in turn has benefits in terms of reducing electronic waste. Realizing the benefits of a thin-client paradigm for emerging portable devices however requires consideration of battery life, a critical resource. The optimum design for an energy-efficient thin client-server model for portable devices is yet to be found and is still under investigation. In this work an end-to-end analytical model for power consumption in wireless based portable thin clients is proposed. This model is then evaluated by comparing to a scenario where applications are executed locally on the device to gain insight on the energy-efficiency of the thin-client paradigm for portable devices.
New Directions In Aluminum Research

As guest speaker at the TMS-AIME Light Metals Luncheon, held March 9, 1983, Mr. Parry outlined some steps necessary for continuing the advancement of the metals industry, both financially and technologically. In addition to highlighting some economic and legal changes to be made, Mr. Parry encouraged the business sector to “learn to be more comfortable with dreamers…”—to nurture the entrepreneurial spirit of the industry. The Light Metals Luncheon was held in conjunction with the 112th AIME Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia.
Rescheduling transformations for high level synthesis

A new approach is presented to high-level synthesis with self-testability. The motivation for this work is the need to fill the void between the fields of high-level synthesis and design for testability. The approach is based on a new allocation algorithm that maps a scheduled data-flow representation of the behavior into a data-path structure that is testable, with no need for test hardware insertion. An important feature of the approach is the rescheduling of transformations to perform design space exploration, under area, delay, and testability constraints. A significant advantage of this method is that the testability design is well integrated into the framework of high-level synthesis at the behavior level. >
Examining Rater Errors in the Assessment of Written Composition With a Many-Faceted Rasch Model

This study describes several categories of rater errors (rater severity, halo effect, central tendency, and restriction of range). Criteria are presented for evaluating the quality of ratings based on a many-faceted Rasch measurement (FACETS) model for analyzing judgments. A random sample of 264 compositions rated by 15 raters and a validity committee from the 1990 administration of the Eighth Grade Writing Test in Georgia is used to illustrate the model. The data suggest that there are significant differences in rater severity. Evidence of a halo effect is found for two raters who appear to be rating the compositions holistically rather than analytically. Approximately 80% of the ratings are in the two middle categories of the rating scale, indicating that the error of central tendency is present. Restriction of range is evident when the unadjusted raw score distribution is examined, although this rater error is less evident when adjusted estimates of writing competence are used
Genetic Diversity of O-Antigen Biosynthesis Regions in Vibrio cholerae

O-antigen biosynthetic (wbf) regions for Vibrio cholerae serogroups O5, O8, and O108 were isolated and sequenced. Sequences were compared to those of other published V. cholerae O-antigen regions. These wbf regions showed a high degree of heterogeneity both in gene content and in gene order. Genes identified frequently showed greater similarities to polysaccharide biosynthesis genes from species other than V. cholerae. Our results demonstrate the plasticity of O-antigen genes in V. cholerae, the diversity of the genetic pool from which they are drawn, and the likelihood that new pandemic serogroups will emerge.
Frontal-lobe mediated behavioral dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Background: Cognitive impairment secondary to frontal lobe atrophy exists in 40–60% of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) cases. We aimed to determine the prevalence of frontal-lobe mediated behavioral impairment in (ALS) and to ascertain its relationship to cognitive impairment. Methods: Two-hundred and twenty five patients diagnosed with sporadic ALS were evaluated for behavioral dysfunction using the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe), a validated measure used to examine frontal-lobe mediated behaviors, specifically apathy, executive dysfunction and disinhibition; a total behavior score is also provided. Additionally, a subset of patients also underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Results: Changes in the total FrSBe scores were observed in 24.4% of the patients and 39.6% of the patients had impairment in at least one behavioral domain with symptoms of Apathy being the most common (31.1%). Cognitively impaired ALS patients had worse total (P = 0.05) and apathy scores (P < 0.01); however, behavioral dysfunction was also present in 16% of the cognitively intact patients. Half of the behaviorally intact patients exhibited cognitive impairment. Significant correlations were observed for performance on certain neuropsychological tests (Animal fluency, Block Design, Logical Memory I and Verbal Series Attention Test) and severity of behavioral dysfunction on certain FrSBe sub scores. Conclusions: Frontal-lobe mediated behavioral dysfunction appears to be common in ALS. Cognitively impaired ALS patients had greater behavioral dysfunction. Recognition of behavioral and cognitive dysfunction may assist health-care providers and care-givers recognize changes in decision-making capacity and treatment compliance of patients with ALS.
Peramivir: evidence to support the use of the first approved intravenous therapy for influenza

Peramivir, an intravenous neuraminidase inhibitor, was first available in clinical practice during the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic under an Emergency Use Authorization by the US FDA. As the lone intravenous neuraminidase inhibitor available and with a novel structure compared with the available neuraminidase inhibitors, it was offered as an alternative to patients not responding to existing therapy or without enteric access. Since the expiration of the Emergency Use Authorization, peramivir has undergone multiple clinical trials for the treatment of both uncomplicated influenza infection in the ambulatory setting and complicated influenza infection in the hospitalized setting. With the recent FDA approval of single-dose therapy for uncomplicated influenza infection, we will review the preclinical and clinical data, to date, on peramivir.
Spontaneous dimer states of the Aβ21–30 decapeptide

Constant temperature and replica-exchange molecular dynamics simulations of two Aβ21–30 decapeptides in explicit solvent reveal metastable dimer states that are abundant near physiological temperatures. As Alzheimer's disease is associated with the neurotoxic oligomers of amyloid β-protein, the formation of these dimers provides insight into oligomer assembly.
Carotid Artery Stenting in the Nation: The Influence of Hospital and Physician Volume on Outcomes

Objectives: To assess national outcomes of carotid artery stenting (CAS) with respect to hospital and practitioner volume.Methods: The 2005 to 2006 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was used to assess CAS with respect to hospital volume, physician volume, and associated complications. Results: Eighteen thousand five hundred ninety-nine CAS interventions were identified. The top 25% was used to define high-volume hospitals (>60 CAS/2 years) and practitioners (>30 CAS/2 years). The stroke rate after CAS was significantly different between low- and high-volume hospitals (2.35% vs 1.78%, respectively; P = .0206). The stroke rate after CAS was also significantly different between low- and high-volume practitioners (2.19% vs 1.51%, P = .0243). Hospital resource use varied significantly between low- and high-volume hospitals (length of stay [LOS]: 1.64 ± 2.10 vs 1.45 ± 11.21, P = .0006; total charges: $32 261 ± 20 562 vs $30 131 ± 19 592, P = .0047) and practitioners (LOS: 1.70 ± 2.14 vs 1.36 ± 1.36; P < .0001; ...
Thermal cycle reliability of PBGA/CCGA 717 I/Os

Status of thermal cycle test results for a nonfunctional daisy-chained peripheral ceramic column grid array (CCGA) and its plastic ball grid array (PBGA) version, both having 560 I/Os, were presented in last year's conference. Test results included environmental data for three different thermal cycle regimes (-55/spl deg//125/spl deg/C, -55/100/spl deg/C, and -50/spl deg//75/spl deg/C). Update information on these - especially failure type for assemblies with high and low solder volumes - were presented. The thermal cycle test procedure followed those recommended by IPC-9701 for tin-lead solder joint assemblies. revision A of this specification covers guideline thermal cycle requirements for Pb-free solder joints. Some background information discussed during release of this specification with its current guideline recommendations was also presented. In a recent reliability investigation a fully populated CCGA with 717 I/Os were also considered for assembly reliability evaluation. The functional package is a field-programmable gate array that has much higher processing power than its previous version. This new package is smaller in dimension, has no interposer, and has a thinner column wrapped with copper for reliability improvement. This paper will also present thermal cycle test results for this package assembly and its plastic version with 728 I/Os, both of which were exposed to three different cycle regimes. Two cycle profiles were those specified by IPC-9701 A for tin-lead, i.e. -55 to 100/spl deg/C and -55 to 125/spl deg/C and one was a cycle profile specified by Mil-Std-883, i.e., -65/spl deg/C /150/spl deg/C which is generally used for ceramic hybrid packages. Per IPC-9701 A, test vehicles were built using daisy chain packages and were continuously monitored. The effects of many process and assembly variables - including corner staking commonly used for improving resistance to mechanical loading such as drop and vibration loads - were also considered as part of the test matrix. Optical photomicrographs were taken at various thermal cycle intervals to document damage progress and behavior. Representative samples of these along with cross-sectional photomicrographs at higher magnification taken by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine crack propagation and failure analyses for packages are also presented.
Psychosocial and familial impairment among overweight youth with social problems.

Objective. Emerging research indicates that overweight children with social impairments are less responsive to weight control interventions over the long term. A better understanding of the breadth...
TIMING AND DURATION OF LARVAL HATCHING FOR BLUE KING CRAB PARALITHODES PLATYPUS BRANDT, 1850 HELD IN THE LABORATORY

Abstract Female blue king crab, Paralithodes platypus, were captured from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, in July and October 2003 and shipped to the Kodiak Fisheries Research Center. Crabs were held in chilled seawater at 2, 3.5, or 4°C until hatching, and final counts were 4, 6, and 10 crabs in each treatment, respectively. Mean size of all crabs was 123.9 mm CL and did not differ significantly between treatments. Individual crabs required an average of 29 days for complete hatching, regardless of holding temperature. Earliest hatching began on or before 20 February 2004. Crabs captured in July and held at 4°C hatched significantly earlier, with a mean hatch date of 13 March 2004, than crabs captured in October and held at 2°C or 3.5°C, both of which groups hatched on a mean date of 18 April 2004. Crabs released an average of 416 ml of larvae, and 110,033 first stage zoeae. Excluding two crabs for which complete volumes were not obtained, there were no differences in volume or number of larvae released by...
Concensus of self-features for nonverbal behavior analysis

One of the key challenge in social behavior analysis is to automatically discover the subset of features relevant to a specific social signal (e.g., backchannel feedback). The way that these social signals are performed exhibit some variations among different people. In this paper, we present a feature selection approach which first looks at important behaviors for each individual, called self-features, before building a consensus. To enable this approach, we propose a new feature ranking scheme which exploits the sparsity of probabilistic models when trained on human behavior problems. We validated our self-feature concensus approach on the task of listener backchannel prediction and showed improvement over the traditional group-feature approach. Our technique gives researchers a new tool to analyze individual differences in social nonverbal communication.
9‐n‐Butyl‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐Octahydroacridin‐4‐ol

9-n-Butyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroacridin-4-ol intermediate: 8-n-butyl-2-hydroxytricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]tridecan-13-one intermediate: 9-n-Butyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroacridine. intermediate: 9-n-butyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroacridine-N-oxide product: 9-n-butyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroacridin-4-ol Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[6]; cyclization, condensation; oxidation, miscellaneous; rearrangements
Analog macrocell layout generation

An object-oriented imaging model that automatically generates the physical layout of commonly used analog circuit macrocells based on input from an annotated net list is discussed. It provides information on constructed cells sufficient for parasitic element extraction. the imaging model is technology independent within fundamental process families (CMOS, bipolar, etc.) and currently includes a library of CMOS analog macrocells and associated physical templates. Templates are described by synthesis rules and graphics operators for two-dimensional shape generation. >
Relocating Fra Bartolomeo at San Marco

In 1974 Janet Cox-Rearick identified a panel at San Francesco in Fiesole as a relatively faithful copy of Fra Bartolomeo's lost St Sebastian with an Angel, a painting that, according to Vasari, was so beautiful it stimulated sinful thoughts in the women who looked upon it. Cox-Rearick further proposed that the lost painting was a pendant to the same artist's monumental St Mark the Evangelist and that the two works originally decorated altars located to either side of the entrance into the choir of the Dominican Observant church of San Marco in Florence. The present study shows that when the paintings were made in the early sixteenth century the tomb, and later the first relic chapel, of St Antoninus (d. 1459) rather than one of Fra Bartolomeo's saints was situated on the left side of San Marco's choir screen. A reconsideration of the primary sources related to the paintings’ early history and location reveals instead that they were installed within the choir, where they took their place in a long-standing Dominican tradition of depicting exemplary saints over or near the portals of the Order's churches and convents.
Defining Privacy and Utility in Data Sets

Is it possible to release useful data, while preserving the privacy of the individuals whose information is in the database? This question has been the subject of considerable controversy, particularly in the wake of well-publicized instances in which researchers showed how to re-identify individuals in supposedly anonymous data. Some have argued that privacy and utility are fundamentally incompatible, while others have suggested that simple steps can be taken to achieve both simultaneously. Both sides have looked to the computer science literature for support. What the existing debate has overlooked, however, is that the relationship between privacy and utility depends crucially on what one means by “privacy” and what one means by “utility.” Apparently contradictory results in the computer science literature can be explained by the use of different definitions to formalize these concepts. Without sufficient attention to these definitional issues, it is all too easy to over-generalize the technical results. More importantly, there are nuances to how definitions of “privacy” and “utility” can differ from each other, nuances that matter for why a definition that is appropriate in one context may not be appropriate in another. Analyzing these nuances exposes the policy choices inherent in the choice of one definition over another, and thereby elucidates decisions about whether and how to regulate data privacy across varying social contexts.
A prospective longitudinal model predicting early adult alcohol problems: evidence for a robust externalizing pathway.

Background Risk factors for alcohol problems (AP) include biological and environmental factors that are relevant across development. The pathways through which these factors are related, and how they lead to AP, are optimally considered in the context of a comprehensive developmental model. Method Using data from a prospectively assessed, population-based UK cohort, we constructed a structural equation model that integrated risk factors reflecting individual, family and peer/community-level constructs across childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. These variables were used to predict AP at the age of 20 years. Results The final model explained over 30% of the variance in liability to age 20 years AP. Most prominent in the model was an externalizing pathway to AP, with conduct problems, sensation seeking, AP at age 17.5 years and illicit substance use acting as robust predictors. In conjunction with these individual-level risk factors, familial AP, peer relationships and low parental monitoring also predicted AP. Internalizing problems were less consistently associated with AP. Some risk factors previously identified were not associated with AP in the context of this comprehensive model. Conclusions The etiology of young adult AP is complex, influenced by risk factors that manifest across development. The most prominent pathway to AP is via externalizing and related behaviors. These findings underscore the importance of jointly assessing both biologically influenced and environmental risk factors for AP in a developmental context.
Facebook as an Online Teaching Tool: Effects on Student Participation, Learning, and Overall Course Performance

ABSTRACTOnline discussions are widely viewed as a valuable tool for encouraging student engagement and promoting interaction with course material outside of the traditional classroom. Strategies for conducting online discussions vary and are not confined to traditional, university-sponsored learning management systems (LMS). Social media platforms such as Facebook, which provide a variety of social benefits to students, might also represent a viable mechanism for educational information exchange and learning. Our study tested this proposition by comparing the effects of a Facebook-based and LMS-based online discussion forum on students' participation, achievement of learning goals, and overall course performance. Our findings suggest that different forums can affect classroom dynamics and student learning in different ways. While Facebook may be better at fostering student participation and encouraging peer-to-peer dialogue, the university-sponsored LMS may be a more effective tool for encouraging student...
Gaining Exposure to Law Practice Through Best Practices

Neither the law nor teaching the law is stagnant. As more millennial students enroll in law schools, professors have to adapt to the students learning styles and improve their teaching methods to ensure that these students become productive and proficient members of the profession. At Savannah Law School (SLS), our Pretrial Advocacy course has embraced innovation. This three-credit, upper-division legal writing course uses technology and best practices that draw upon clinical and legal pedagogy to guide the newest generation of law students along the path toward practice. Specifically, this essay highlights two approaches used in SLS’ Pretrial Advocacy course, blended or flipped learning and Skype. These two approaches offer many pedagogical benefits to students, including allowing students more opportunities to practice the skills they are learning and interact with practicing lawyers and judges.
Genetic Engineering of Oncolytic Viruses for Cancer Therapy

This chapter will review the recent clinical application of therapeutic viruses for the treatment of cancer. While certain viruses have been known to have the ability to kill cancer cells, it is only from 1990 to 2010 that technological advances in viral culture methodology and molecular engineering have made clinical translation possible. Many different viruses are in clinical testing currently, and several are being tested in advanced efficacy trials. While these agents have been abundantly safe, there has been mixed efficacy seen and somewhat more modest results than expected when compared to preclinical models. Therefore, this chapter aims to review the current status of oncolytic viruses and the molecular approaches that are being utilized to improve upon the platform of oncolytic virotherapy for clinical translation.
On the Kernel of the Equivariant Dirac Operator

We prove a vanishing theorem for certain isotypical components of the kernel of the S1-equivariant Dirac operator with coefficients in an admissible Clifford module. The method is based on changing the metric by a conformal (generally unbounded) factor and studying the effect of this change on the Dirac operator and its kernel. In the cases relevant to S1-actions we find that the kernel of the new operator is naturally isomorphic to the kernel of the original operator.
Molecular basis of cobalamin-dependent RNA modification

Queuosine (Q) was discovered in the wobble position of a transfer RNA (tRNA) 47 years ago, yet the final biosynthetic enzyme responsible for Q-maturation, epoxyqueuosine (oQ) reductase (QueG), was only recently identified. QueG is a cobalamin (Cbl)-dependent, [4Fe-4S] cluster-containing protein that produces the hypermodified nucleoside Q in situ on four tRNAs. To understand how QueG is able to perform epoxide reduction, an unprecedented reaction for a Cbl-dependent enzyme, we have determined a series of high resolution structures of QueG from Bacillus subtilis Our structure of QueG bound to a tRNATyr anticodon stem loop shows how this enzyme uses a HEAT-like domain to recognize the appropriate anticodons and position the hypermodified nucleoside into the enzyme active site. We find Q bound directly above the Cbl, consistent with a reaction mechanism that involves the formation of a covalent Cbl-tRNA intermediate. Using protein film electrochemistry, we show that two [4Fe-4S] clusters adjacent to the Cbl have redox potentials in the range expected for Cbl reduction, suggesting how Cbl can be activated for nucleophilic attack on oQ. Together, these structural and electrochemical data inform our understanding of Cbl dependent nucleic acid modification.
Light exclusion influence on grape anthocyanin

Abstract This study contrasted the anthocyanins of investigational grape clusters that developed without light incidence (light-excluded), to those of control clusters that were shaded naturally beneath the vine canopy (control-shaded). Treatment grape clusters were light-excluded during ripening by opaque white polypropylene enclosures; temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and light intensity were measured continually. All 15 ‘Merlot’ grape anthocyanins accrued in both groups, indicating no accumulations were terminated from light-exclusion during ripening. Light-excluded clusters had an overall lower anthocyanin concentration (98.1 mg/100 g of berries) than that of control clusters (162.0 mg/100 g of berries), but it was not significantly different. Light-excluded clusters showed altered concentrations of nine individual anthocyanins that were significantly higher in control-shaded clusters. Although the changes in anthocyanin composition could not be attributed solely to the elimination of light, as there were also deviations in berry temperature and vapor pressure deficit concurrent with preventing light from reaching the treatment clusters.
On the Reporting of Adverse Drug Events

In this paper only dose dependent adverse drug events will be discussed. Adverse drug events are by definition a problem in efficacy studies. In studies of anti-epileptic drugs an additional problem arises. As the desired effect of an anti-epileptic drug is the suppression of a paroxysmal and unpredictable event, titration to reach an optimal dose is not readily practicable using the desired effect parameter. It is commonly accepted to substitute the occurrence of adverse effects as endpoint minus one for the titration phase. Of course this poses a problem with respect to the reporting of the occurrence of side effects. Proper policy would be to disregard side-effects elicited during a titration phase. The possibility to monitor serumlevels did offer a way out of this problem by choosing a serumlevel below the "toxic range" as first end-point of titration. However, recent anti-epileptic drugs show little or no correlation between serumlevels and pharmacodynamic properties of these drugs. Examples are vigabatrin and milacemide. If adverse effects are only to be reported during steady state and in relation to seizure suppression the whimsical nature of adverse events may become a confounding factor. As was shown by the epileptologists from Milani adverse effects mayor may not disappear spontaneously. There are no systematic studies about the pathophysiology of this tolerance phenomenon. However, there are anecdotal reports of people withdrawn from anti-epileptic drug treatment who felt much improved even though they did not have any formal complaints about adverse effects prior to withdrawal. In drug-trial reports the methods section often contains little information about the procedures with respect to the evaluation of adverse drug events. For example in a recent paper by Reynolds et al. 2 on a study of vigabatrin it is stated that "Efficacy was assessed
The behavioral and neural signatures of distinct conceptions of fairness

Adhering to standard procedures (impartiality), returning favors (reciprocity) or giving based on individuals' needs (charity) may all be considered moral and/or fair ways to allocate resources. However, these allocation behaviors may be perceived as differently motivated, and their moral evaluation may make different demands on theory of mind (ToM) - the capacity to process information about mental states, including motives. In Studies 1 and 2, we examined participants' moral judgments of allocations based on (1) impartiality, (2) reciprocity, (3) charity and (4) unspecified criteria as depicted in vignettes, as well as participants' perceptions of allocators' motivations. In Study 3, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate how brain regions for ToM were recruited during moral evaluation of the same vignettes. Reciprocity and charity were processed similarly, in that they recruited ToM regions to the same extent, i.e., precuneus, dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex and left temporoparietal junction (LTPJ). In turn, impartiality and the unspecified condition were processed similarly, recruiting the same ToM regions to a lesser extent. Nevertheless, reciprocity elicited greater activity relative to impartiality and unspecified in the ToM regions of interest. Overall, evaluations of different allocation behaviors depend differently on ToM, with charity and reciprocity eliciting greater attention to individuals' unique states and motivations.
Occurrence of Secondary Brain Insults in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

P105 Objective: Secondary brain insults (SBIs) include hypotension, hypoxia, fever, and seizures. SBIs are known to worsen outcome after head trauma and ischemic stroke, but their role in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has not been well studied. Methods: Records of patients presenting with acute ICH to San Francisco General Hospital from July 1 through December 31, 1997 were retrospectively reviewed for the occurrence of SBIs at any point during hospitalization. Episodes of hypoxia (P a O 2 2 saturation 38.5 O C), or generalized seizures were noted. Results: Overall 30-day mortality was 39% (14 of 36 total patients). In-hospital seizures were uncommon as was systemic hypoxia, the latter perhaps due to early intubation in comatose patients. However, fever and hypotension were much more common in patients who died, despite the fact that most ICH patients presented acutely with elevated BP. Among patients who died, 57% had at least one episode of T > 38.5 O C and 71% had at least one episode of BP P Conclusions: SBIs, especially hypotension and fever, are common after ICH and are associated with higher 30-day mortality. Whether this indicates worsened ICH-related brain injury, as in head trauma or ischemic stroke, or is a result of secondary complications in severely affected patients remains to be clarified.
Sensitivity of Subpixel Detection

In Chapter 3, we considered the target abundance-constrained subpixel detection (TACSD) and evaluated three techniques, OSP, SCLS and NCLS. A major limitation of these techniques is the requirement of complete target knowledge. In , we studied the target signature-constrained subpixel detection (TSCSD) and also evaluated two techniques, CEM and TCIMF. However, their performance is sensitive to the target knowledge used in their filter design and is also closely related to the intrinsic dimensionality (ID) of R L×L which is generally unknown and needs to estimate. Unfortunately, the accuracy of the ID estimation is determined by noise level. Similarly, the anomaly detection developed in Chapter 6 also requires the computation of R L×L −1 with their performance also affected by noise sensitivity. So, this chapter is devoted to a thorough investigation of two issues related to detection performance. One is the sensitivity of target knowledge. Another is the noise sensitivity to computation of R L×L −1 required for TSCSD. Because the noise variances are determined by eigenvalues, the performance of TSCSD will be evaluated based on the number of eigenvectors used to calculate R L×L −1 . As will be demonstrated, this number plays a significant role in detection performance.
Continuum Deformation of a Multi-Quadcopter System in a Payload Delivery Mission

Abstract In this paper, we consider the collective motion of a multi-quadcopter system (MQS) for a payload delivery mission. Collective motion of the MQS is treated as continuum deformation given by a homogeneous transformation. With this formulation, MQS inter-agent distances can be expanded or contracted while collision avoidance is assured. Because changes in inter-agent distances can increase stiffness of cables connecting a payload to the quadcoptors, controllers must be robust to external excitation. The desired reference trajectories have been realized using a backstepping control strategy, which is free from small-angle assumptions and is demonstrated capable of disturbance rejection in simulation.
Identifying Transparent Logic in Gate-Level Circuits

Many reasons exist for high-level information to be unavailable for a design. Identifying high-level constructs from gate-level circuits, e.g. control paths and words, can assist verification, equivalence checking, and reverse engineering, for example. Word-level identification can be done by structural methods, but we focus on functional approaches because they only depend on dependencies between signals of a circuit. We introduce transparent logic, based on functional isomorphism, and provide algorithms to recognize control signals, data paths, internal words, and boundaries between different types of logic. Experiments show that the proposed algorithms can re-assemble words effectively from unstructured or synthesized circuits.
Current Developments in Laser Dermatologic Surgery

Lasers, in development for over 22 years, have finally come of age. They are light, monochromatic, and coherent and possess tremendous power and energy density. These light scalpels do not touch the tissues on which they operate. Applications in dermatologic surgery are presented.
Do EEG-like Processes Influence Brain Function at a Physiological Level?

I have been asked to speak on (a) the essence of the old way of thinking; (b) the essence of the new way of thinking; and (c) what this implies about the basic functions of neural tissue. In a very brief survey, primarily from an historical perspective, the old thinking about brain mechanisms was very confining in its heavy emphasis on the so-called synaptic connectionist brain.
First-Order Axiom Systems

In order to keep this book to a reasonable size we have decided not to give an extensive treatment of subjects that can be found elsewhere and that are somewhat peripheral to our primary interests. That policy begins to have an effect now. Proving completeness of first-order axiomatizations can be quite complex—see (Garson, 1984) for a full discussion of the issues involved. Indeed, a common completeness proof that can cover constant domains, varying domains, and models meeting other conditions, does not seem available, so a thorough treatment would have to cover things separately for each version. Instead we simply present some appropriate axiomatizations, make a few pertinent remarks, and provide references. For machinery presented in later chapters we omit an axiomatic treatment altogether.
Angle calculations using two detector circles and wavelength

A `2D + λ' mode using two detector angles and wavelength is added to the modes of operation of a six-circle diffractometer, i.e. `4S + 2D' diffractometer [You (1999). J. Appl. Cryst. 32, 614–623]. In synchrotron sources, the X-ray energy, and hence the wavelength, can be a degree of freedom for angle calculations. For diffractometers with two detector circles, therefore, the variable X-ray energy can be the third degree of freedom, sufficient for accessing reciprocal space without rotating the sample. This mode is useful for limited sample rotations or X-ray beams focused smaller than the diffractometer circle of confusion.
Late breast cancer metastasis to the urinary bladder presenting with bilateral hydronephrosis

Abstract Introduction Since breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in women and the second most common cause of cancer death in women, it is important to understand potential sites of metastasis, including rare sites that have not frequently been reported in the literature. As our cancer interventions improve, patients will live longer and we will potentially see unusual patterns of metastatic disease more frequently, as in our case of a woman with breast cancer metastasis to her urinary bladder. Case presentation We report a case of a 77-year-old female with history of breast cancer, metastatic to bone, and recently diagnosed bilateral hydronephrosis, secondary to a new urinary bladder mass. This mass presented 30 years after her initial cancer diagnosis and biopsy confirmed that the origin was most likely metastatic pleomorphic lobular carcinoma of breast origin. Discussion This case raises the possibility that unusual patterns of cancer metastasis may become more common, as life expectancy of cancer patients increases. This creates unique diagnostic and management challenges for radiologists and all members of the health care team.
Religiously/Spiritually Involved, but in Doubt or Disbelief—Why? Healthy?

The question of why atheists and agnostic theists attend religious services and pray (and what that might mean for their health) is examined through (1) a thematic analysis of commentaries, perspective pieces, and news articles from the popular literature, and (2) a critical review of scholarly research involving comparisons between religious and nonreligious individuals on a variety of health-related outcomes. Findings suggest that atheists and agnostic theists can take pleasure in attending religious services, and they may be driven to pray at times. In many cases, this was explained by their efforts to stay connected and avoid or manage conflict with family members. Despite a pattern of friction between nonbelievers and believers across the dataset, they predominantly agreed on the whys and wherefores of religious service attendance and the prospect that congregants could "bridge the worlds of belief and nonbelief." The themes identified are intended to inform the development of qualitative interview protocols and survey instruments. Although health was not among the most salient themes in the narratives analyzed here, many of the reasons cited for religious service attendance and prayer can be tied to existing literature that has relevance for health. Atheists who experience dissonance between their self-perception and nonbelief in God-and agnostic theists who are prone to existential uncertainty and have only moderate faith-might experience poorer health outcomes. Recommendations focus on the need to (a) supplement secondary analyses of archival survey data with qualitative descriptions of belief systems within groups, and (b) move away from the adversarial stance taken by some of the authors of recently published studies on atheism, nonreligion, and health.