cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minorities Are Disproportionately Underrepresented in Special Education: Longitudinal Evidence Across Five Disability Conditions

We investigated whether minority children attending U.S. elementary and middle schools are disproportionately represented in special education. We did so using hazard modeling of multiyear longitudinal data and extensive covariate adjustment for potential child-, family-, and state-level confounds. Minority children were consistently less likely than otherwise similar White, English-speaking children to be identified as disabled and so to receive special education services. From kindergarten entry to the end of middle school, racial- and ethnic-minority children were less likely to be identified as having (a) learning disabilities, (b) speech or language impairments, (c) intellectual disabilities, (d) health impairments, or (e) emotional disturbances. Language-minority children were less likely to be identified as having (a) learning disabilities or (b) speech or language impairments.
Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate, Fat and Protein on Growth, Body Composition and Blood Metabolite Levels in the Dog

Six semipurified canned diets ranging in composition from 0 to 62% of energy from carbohydrate and from 20% to 48% of energy from protein were fed to female beagle dogs for 8 months. Additionally, three commercial-type diets were also fed. The effects of these diets on growth, body composition and selected blood metabolite levels in the dogs were studied. The dogs readily consumed each of the nine diets fed. The level of carbohydrate, fat or protein in the diet did not influence body weight gain during the first 16 weeks nor was nitrogen balance affected by the diets. At the end of the 32-week study, dogs fed the high-carbohydrate (62% of energy) diet contained less body fat but an equal-free mass, than did dogs fed lower-carbohydrate (20--42% of energy) diets with a similar quantity of protein. Consumption of carbohydrate-free diets did not influence postprandial levels of circulating glucose or insulin in the dogs. Plasma cholesterol levels were elevated in dogs consuming in the diets high in fat but plasma triglyceride levels were not influenced by the diets fed. Consumption of high-protein (46--48% of energy) diets elevated plasma urea nitrogen levels but had minimal influence on plasma amino acid levels. The general response of these young dogs was not markedly influenced by consumption of diets ranging from carbohydrate-free to high-carbohydrate and from adequate-protein to high-protein.
Chemical Hazards and Poison Control for the Health Professional—Review of Select Principles and Exposures

Exposure to a wide variety of chemicals can pose significant hazards to patients, and present health care professionals with scenarios that require proper assessment and treatment. Knowing when a chemical exposure requires emergency medical attention is equally as important as knowing when such assistance is not necessary and that simple treatment measures performed at home will suffice. This current discussion is intended to highlight selected principles and clinical information pertaining to common chemical exposures, but not to replace the full spectrum of information that would be available to health care professionals (and the lay public) by contacting their nearest poison control center. There are several factors that should be considered when assessing the nature of and possible clinical outcomes (and medical needs) from patient exposure to chemicals. Identification of the chemical(s) involved, events leading up to the exposure, route of exposure (e.g., ingestion, dermal, inhalation, ocular), patie...
Magnetic behavior of Laves phase RCo2–xFex (R = Ho, Er) compounds and their hydrides

Abstract The effect of absorbed hydrogen on the magnetic behavior of Laves phase compounds HoCo2–xFex and ErCo2–xFex has been investigated. These compounds are found to absorb between 3.3 to 3.5 H/formula unit. The hydrogen absorption does not change the structure of these compounds but is accompanied by a large expansion in unit cell volume ranging from 20 to ≈35%. Magnetization studies in the temperature range 4.2 to 300 K reveal that hydrogen absorption leads to a decrease both in the Co moment and the Curie temperature of HoCo2 and ErCo2. The Fe moment in HoFe2 and ErFe2 as well as in pseudobinaries with Co appears not to be influenced much on hydrogen absorption. The magnetization of all the hydrides investigated shows a lack of saturation at 4.2 K and 21 kOe applied field, and in Fe-containing compounds the rare earth moment randomizes very rapidly at low temperatures while the Fe magnetization remains temperature-independent up to 300 K. These results are taken to imply a weakening of the R-Co and R-Fe exchange interactions on hydrogen absorption and a possible fanning of the rare earth moments.
Critical point methods

Abstract The variational approach to solving many nonlinear problems eventually leads to the search for critical points of related functionals. In the case of semibounded functionals, one can look for extrema. Otherwise, one is forced to use other methods. There are several approaches to such methods. In this paper we examine some successful approaches and exhibit their effectiveness.
Geometry of laser spot welds from dimensionless numbers

Recent computer calculations of heat transfer and fluid flow in welding were intended to provide useful insight about weldment geometry for certain specific welding conditions and alloys joined. However, no generally applicable correlation for the joining of all materials under various welding conditions was sought in previous work. To address this difficulty, computer models of fluid flow and heat transfer were used for the prediction of weld pool geometry in materials with diverse properties, such as gallium, pure aluminum, aluminum alloy 5182, pure iron, steel, titanium, and sodium nitrate under various welding conditions. From the results, a generally applicable relationship was developed between Peclet (Pe) and Marangoni (Ma) numbers. For a given material, Ma and Pe increased with the increase in laser power and decrease in beam radius. For materials with high Prandtl number (Pr), such as sodium nitrate, the Pe and Ma were high, and heat was transported primarily by convection within the weld pool. The resulting welds were shallow and wide. For low Pr number materials, like aluminum, the Pe and Ma were low in most cases, and low Pe made the weld pool deep and narrow. The cross-sectional areas of stationary and low speed welds could be correlated with welding conditions and material properties using dimensionless numbers proposed in this article.
Numerical integration of the fluctuating hydrodynamic equations

An approach to numerically integrate the Landau-Lifshitz fluctuating hydrodynamic equations is outlined. The method is applied to one-dimensional systems obeying the nonlinear Fourier equation and the full hydrodynamic equations for a dilute gas. Static spatial correlation functions are obtained from computer-generated sample trajectories (time series). They are found to show the emergence of long-range behavior whenever a temperature gradient is applied. The results are in very good agreement with those obtained from solving the correlation equations directly.
Recent studies of the Feulgen reaction for deoxyribonucleic acid

Resume Environ trois douzaines de nouveaux reactifs du type Schiff, specifiques pour les polyaldehydes tissulaires, ont fait l'objet de cette etude. Les noyaux peuvent se colorer par ces reactifs lors d'une reaction type Feulgen, dans une large gamme de teintes. Differents tests montrent la specificite de ces reactifs pour les polyaldehydes tissulaires. Beaucoup de ces reactifs sont fluorescents et peuvent etre utilises pour deceler de faibles concentrations d'ADN. Les reactifs sont prepares en saturant les solutions de colorants par SO 2 . Les colorants prets a reagir sont basiques et ont au moins un groupe amine primaire. On peut realiser des colorations multiples d'aldehydes en utilisant des reactifs appropries de couleurs contrastantes. Certains colorants, contenant des impuretes colorees possedant un radical amine primaire agissent comme des reactifs du type Schiff. Des reactions de remplacement se deroulent souvent quand des coupes sont colorees pour l'ADN dans un reactif du type-Schiff, lavees et ensuite colorees dans un reactif different de couleur contrastante. Un phenomene semblable s'observe dans des reactions aldehydiques doubles et avec des agents incolores bloquant les aldehydes. L'analyse de quelques courbes d'absorption realisees a partir de noyaux colores est presentee en relation avec l'emploi de reactifs du type Schiff. Certains aspects de la reaction de Feulgen sont discutes.
Semiochemicals via epoxide inversion.

A sequence of reactions is presented for inverting the configurations of both epoxide carbons in 1,2-disubstituted epoxides. As examples, (+)-disparlure was converted to its enantiomer, (−)-disparlure, andexo-endo conversion of a cyclohexene oxide was demonstrated.
Effects of strong electron correlations in Ti8C12 Met-Car

Abstract The results of multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) with single and double excitations and single reference coupled cluster (CCSD(T)) calculations on Ti 8 C 12 metallocarbohedryne (Met-Car) are reported. The distortions of the T d structure to D 2d and C 3v structures due to the Jahn–Teller effect are studied. It is shown that the Ti 8 C 12 wave function has significant multireference character. The choice of the active space for multireference self-consistent field (MCSCF) calculations is discussed. The failure of multireference perturbation theory with a small active space is attributed to multiple intruder states. A new, novel type of MCSCF calculation, ORMAS (occupation restricted multiple active spaces) with a large active space are carried out for several electronic states of Ti 8 C 12 . The Jahn–Teller distorted D 2d 1 A 1 (nearly T d ) structure is predicted to be the Ti 8 C 12 ground state. Predictions of the Ti 8 C 12 ionization potential with different ab initio methods are presented.
The Genus Psittacomenopon (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) of the Psittaciformes

Descriptions and a key are given for the known species. Psittacomenopon gulielmi (type-host: Poiccphalus gulielmi massaicus ) is described as new. New synonymies include Psittacomenopon heterocephalum (Nitzsch) (= Menopon acuticeps Piaget) and P. impar (Piaget) (= Colpocephalum pachypus Piaget, Menopon impar var. poicephalus Bedford, and P. africapon Eichler).
Using the three lenses framework to observe and analyse projects

The three lenses framework provides the means with which to observe, analyse and design projects from three different perspectives, each of which provides invaluable insights about the different relationships and elements of the organisational processes. The three lenses are the strategic lens, the political lens and the cultural lens. These lenses provide insights and are the basis for recommendations that facilitate the necessary adjustments, helping to ensure the success of projects. Three case studies from different companies are used in order to illustrate the effectiveness of this framework.
Measurements of water vapor in Mars' Antarctic

A complete Mars year of measurements of atmospheric water vapor in the south arctic have been obtained from the Viking Orbiters. Analysis of the observations indicates that, except for the south remnant cap, the southern hemisphere of Mars is devoid of any substantial reservoirs of water in contact with the atmosphere, and that, in the summer time, the top layer of soil is desiccated. Small amounts of water ice are incorporated into the annual CO2 cap; this water is released at the cap margin when it retreats in the spring. The first global dust storm resulted in heating of the south arctic atmosphere and a transport of water in from the equatorial region. The second global dust storm had a negligible effect on atmospheric water vapor; the dust contained little water.
Natural cytotoxicity in the mouse embryo: characterization of yolk sac‐associated natural cytotoxic cells and their activity

The natural cytotoxic activity of yolk sac (YS) cells from 10-day mouse embryos against YAC-1 tumor targets was characterized for its sensitivity to modulation by a variety of factors. Experiments demonstrated the observed levels of tumor cell lysis to be unaffected by the strain of origin of the YS cells, trypsin pretreatment of the YS population, as well as a prior stimulation by environmental pathogens. Both the YS natural cytotoxic (YSNC) activity and the adult natural killer (NK) cell activity were found to be depressed when assayed in the presence of amniotic fluid. YS cells were tested for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic activity, but were not found to generate significant levels of lysis. Experiments presented here demonstrate the YSNC activity to be dependent upon only a subpopulation of YS cells. The YSNC activity was found to be associated only with the cells exhibiting high forward angle light scatter as determined by flow cytometry. Additionally the activity was unaffected by the removal of plastic-adherent cells from the effector population. In this study, YSNC cells are also examined for the presence of a variety of lymphocyte antigens. The effector cells, as well as the total YS population, were found to lack Lyt-1, Lyt-2, Thy-1, Ly-5, NK-1, Qa-5, asialo GM1, and H-2 antigens. While these experiments demonstrate the YSNC cells to be distinct from the NK cells of the adult, they do not rule out a potential common lineage for the two natural cytotoxic cell types.
Application of quantitative mapping techniques to aid in hydrologic systems analysis of alluvial aquifers

Abstract The successful use of electric analog computers for the solution of hydrologic problems depends upon the coverage and validity of hydrologic data. It is often the case that hydrologic data obtained directly from aquifer performance tests is limited; whereas subsurface geologic information in the form of drillers' reports and geophysical information may be comparatively abundant. A common problem in electric analog construction is the proper utilization of the subsurface geologic data in the hydrologic model. Unfortunately, geologic techniques applicable to hydrologic systems analysis have not been as well developed as the mathematical and engineering techniques of model design and construction. Quantitative geologic mapping techniques allowed satisfactory use of geologic data for construction of a hydrologic model of Las Vegas Valley, Nevada. A summation process expressing vertical variability and percentage of permeable materials demonstrates the presence and location of both major geologic transition zones and hydrologic uniformity over large areas. Empirical relationships between arbitrarily selected lithologic classes and aquifer characteristics serve as a basis for modeling relatively untested aquifers within the area of geologic control. Study of the subsurface conditions enables a determination of the factors relating pumpage and head decline in any area of principle ground-water development. The methods applied in this paper have the advantage of being economical and expedient. Application of these techniques used in conjunction with a limited aquifer testing program may provide an effective means for evaluating the regional transmissive properties of other alluvial basins.
PEMU: A Pin Highly Compatible Out-of-VM Dynamic Binary Instrumentation Framework

Over the past 20 years, we have witnessed a widespread adoption of dynamic binary instrumentation (DBI) for numerous program analyses and security applications including program debugging, profiling, reverse engineering, and malware analysis. To date, there are many DBI platforms, and the most popular one is Pin, which provides various instrumentation APIs for process instrumentation. However, Pin does not support the instrumentation of OS kernels. In addition, the execution of the instrumentation and analysis routine is always inside the virtual machine (VM). Consequently, it cannot support any out-of-VM introspection that requires strong isolation. Therefore, this paper presents PEMU, a new open source DBI framework that is compatible with Pin-APIs, but supports out-of-VM introspection for both user level processes and OS kernels. Unlike in-VM instrumentation in which there is no semantic gap, for out-of-VM introspection we have to bridge the semantic gap and provide abstractions (i.e., APIs) for programmers. One important feature of PEMU is its API compatibility with Pin. As such, many Pin plugins are able to execute atop PEMU without any source code modification. We have implemented PEMU, and our experimental results with the SPEC 2006 benchmarks show that PEMU introduces reasonable overhead.
Association Between Arrhythmias and Mitral Valve Prolapse

The founding fathers were not referring to the medical literature when they proclaimed that certain facts were obviously true and required only brief consideration to recognize their veracity. Unfortunately, many academic and practicing physicians seem to have taken this quotation to heart with respect to their understanding of a variety of medical paradigms. One of the most frequently cited and fervently held concepts is the association between mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and arrhythmias. The rare occurrence of sudden cardiac death in patients with MVP has raised a frightening spectre before these patients, the vast majority of whom will have no sequelae whatsoever. 1-5 In this issue of the Archives, Kramer and his associates question the previously "self-evident" tenet that patients with MVP are remarkably prone to both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. 6 Similar "heretical" data has recently been published by Savage et al. 7 See also p 2360. Since MVP
X-ray absorption spectroscopic analysis of Fe(II) and Cu(II) forms of a herbicide-degrading α-ketoglutarate dioxygenase

The first step in the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 is catalyzed by the α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent dioxygenase TfdA. Previously, EPR and ESEEM studies on inactive Cu(II)-substituted TfdA suggested a mixture of nitrogen/oxygen coordination with two imidazole-like ligands. Differences between the spectra for Cu TfdA and α-KG- and 2,4-D-treated samples were interpreted as a rearrangement of the g–tensor principal axis system. Herein, we report the use of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to further characterize the metal coordination environment of Cu TfdA as well as that in the active, wild-type Fe(II) enzyme. The EXAFS data are interpreted in terms of four N/O ligands (two imidazole-like) in the Cu TfdA sample and six N/O ligands (one or two imidazole-like) in the Fe TfdA sample. Addition of α-KG results in no significant structural change in coordination for Cu or Fe TfdA. However, addition of 2,4-D results in a decrease in the number of imidazole ligands in both Cu and Fe TfdA. Since this change is seen both in the Fe and Cu EXAFS, loss of one histidine ligand upon 2,4-D addition best describes the phenomenon. These XAS data clearly demonstrate that changes occur in the atomic environment of the metallocenter upon substrate binding.
Mobile Media Use, Multitasking and Distractibility

Portable media devices are ubiquitous and their use has become a core component of many peopleâ€™s daily experience, but to what effect? In this paper, the authors review research on the ways in which media use and multitasking relate to distraction, distractibility and impulsivity. They review recent research on the effects of media multitasking on driving, walking, work, and academic performance. The authors discuss earlier research concerning the nature of mediaâ€™s impact on attention and review cognitive and neuropsychological findings on the effects of divided attention. Research provides clear evidence that mobile media use is distracting, with consequences for safety, efficiency and learning. Greater use of media is correlated with higher levels of trait impulsivity and distractibility, but the direction of causality has not been established. Individuals may become more skilled at media multitasking over time, but intervention is currently required to improve the safe and effective use of mobile media.
Highly Extensible Bio-Nanocomposite Films with Direction-Dependent Properties

The structure and mechanical properties of bio-nanocomposite films made from poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) that is physically cross-linked with silicate nanoparticles, Laponite, are investigated. Direction-dependent mechanical properties of the films are presented, and the effect of shear orientation during sample preparation on tensile strength and elongation is assessed. Repeated mechanical deformation results in highly extensible materials with preferred orientation and structuring at the nano- and micrometer scales. Additionally, in vitro biocompatibility data are reported, and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts are observed to readily adhere and proliferate on silicate cross-linked PEO while maintaining high cell viability.
A mathematical model study of the influence of degree of mixing and powder particle size variation on the homogenization kinetics of compacted blends of powders

The rates of diffusional homogenization of compacted blends of powders are sometimes less than predictions based upon mathematical diffusion models. Discrepancies between model calculations and experimental data are most apparent during the later stages of homogenization and are generally ascribed to the effects of nonuniform particle mixing and variations in particle size which are not treated by the models. The present mathematical model study (using both numerical and analytical techniques) was undertaken as a means of estimating the magnitudes of the effects of mixing and particle size variations on homogenization rates. A one-dimensional model (“stacked plates”) was employed wherein two solute-rich plates of the same size or different sizes could be positioned at various locations within a distance element. The remaining spaces were assumed to be filled with solvent-rich plates. An isomorphous alloy system was considered. Thus, the model was a one-dimensional, two-plate analog of the distribution of solute-rich particles in a continuous matrix of very fine solvent-rich particles. The effects of variations in solute-rich plate positions (degree of mixing) and of unequal solute-rich plate thicknesses (size distributions) were both shown to influence homogenization significantly. It is concluded that the variations in the local environments of the solute-rich particles in a compacted powder blend can result in decreases in the rate of diffusional homogenization that are of the magnitude of the departures of actual experimental data from predictions of models which assume uniform mixing of solute-rich particles of constant size.
Sorting of membrane proteins to vacuoles in plant cells

Plant cells may generate and maintain at least two separate vacuolar organelles, storage vacuoles and lytic vacuoles. In contrast to the relatively well-studied vacuolar sorting mechanisms for some soluble proteins in plant cells, little is known about the mechanisms of membrane protein sorting to these separate organelles, a process which is facilitated by transport vesicles and requires targeting information within the integral membrane proteins. During the past few years, the identification of a sorting receptor, an integral membrane protein for the lytic vacuole pathway, and the purification and characterization of novel dense vesicles that traffic to protein storage vacuoles in plant cells have provided new markers for studying the traffic of membrane proteins to vacuoles. Here we discuss recent progress in biochemical studies of vacuolar targeting of integral membrane proteins and immunocytochemical characterization of these newly identified transport vesicles. Possible models of sorting mechanisms in plant cells will be presented.
Primary ovarian sarcoma: Analysis of prognostic variables and the role of surgical cytoreduction

BACKGROUND Data regarding the value of cytoreduction and cell histology in ovarian sarcomas are limited. The goal of this study was to assess the value of surgical cytoreduction, preoperative CA 125 levels, stage, histology, and platinum-based chemotherapy in the primary treatment of ovarian sarcomas. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 47 women with primary ovarian sarcomas was performed. RESULTS Forty-one patients (87%) presented with advanced stage disease (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Stage III or IV). Optimal surgical cytoreduction ( 35 U/mL) in 93% of patients with ovarian sarcomas. A preoperative CA 125 level < 75 U/mL was significantly associated with better survival (P = 0.01). In univariate analysis, other significant predictors of improved survival were early stage (P = 0.04), homologous tumors (P < 0.05), and optimal surgical cytoreduction (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis of various prognostic variables, optimal surgical cytoreduction (P < 0.001) was the most significant factor, followed by histologic subtype (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Ovarian sarcomas are rare malignancies with a poor prognosis. All women with suspected ovarian carcinoma or sarcoma should have a preoperative CA 125 level taken. Surgical cytoreduction to a residual tumor burden of ≤1 cm improves outcome and should be the goal of surgery. Although the optimal consolidation chemotherapy regimen remains unknown, platinum should be included as part of the regimen. Cancer 1998;82:1731-7. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Single-mode simulations of a short Rayleigh length FEL

Abstract Free electron lasers can make use of a short Rayleigh length optical mode in order to reduce the intensity on resonator mirrors. A simulation method is used that includes the dynamics of this rapidly focusing optical mode and the macroscopic and microscopic electron evolution. The amplitude and phase of the optical fields are represented by a single Gaussian mode. The simulation runs in seconds on small laptop computers and can be used for system analysis.
Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought

Published to wide acclaim in 1974, Thomas E. Skidmore's intellectual history of Brazilian racial ideology has become a classic in the field. Available for the first time in paperback, this edition has been updated to include a new preface and bibliography that surveys recent scholarship in the field. Black into White is a broad-ranging study of what the leading Brazilian intellectuals thought and propounded about race relations between 1870 and 1930. In an effort to reconcile social realities with the doctrines of scientific racism, the Brazilian ideal of "whitening"—the theory that the Brazilian population was becoming whiter as race mixing continued—was used to justify the recruiting of European immigrants and to falsely claim that Brazil had harmoniously combined a multiracial society of Europeans, Africans, and indigenous peoples.
Molecular Target of Endocrine Disruption in Human Luteinizing Granulosa Cells by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin: Inhibition of Estradiol Secretion Due to Decreased 17α-Hydroxylase/17,20-Lyase Cytochrome P450 Expression

Estradiol (E2) production by human luteinized granulosa cells (hLGC) is inhibited by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The molecular target of TCDD toxicity has not been identified. The decrease in E2 is ameliorated by androgen substrate addition and is not associated with changes in aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) activity or protein expression. An antihuman 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase cytochrome P450 (P450c17) antisera and a direct radiometric assay of 17,20-lyase activity were used to test the hypothesis that TCDD targets P450c17, thereby decreasing substrate availability for E2 synthesis by hLGC. P450c17 expression and 17,20-lyase activity were detected in hLGC with high levels of E2 secretion. Western immunoblot analysis demonstrated that TCDD treatment of hLGC decreased the expression of P450c17 by as much 50% (P < 0.05). TCDD exposure induced a 65% decrease in 17,20-lyase activity (P < 0.05), but no changes were seen in P450arom or in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (redu...
Verbal context versus visual compound in paired-associate learning by children.

Abstract Children at three age levels (4, 7, and 9) learned a paired-associate picture list by verbal context, reciting a sentence combining the nominally unrelated stimulus and response items in an interaction, or by visual compound, viewing a special picture combining the identical items in a pictorially equivalent interaction. Verbal context and visual compound were significantly superior to the control condition, but the overall superiority of the verbal over the visual presentation together with suggestive trends from posttest interviews support the notion that children preferentially utilize the verbal mode of representation as early as age four and are more likely to give covert verbal descriptions to visual presentation than covert visualizing responses to verbal presentation.
Ca0.5Sr0.5F2/GaAs (100) for epitaxial regrowth and electron-beam patterning

Layers of GaAs and Ca0.5Sr0.5F2 are grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The morphology, orientation, composition and crystallinity of the layers are analyzed as a function of growth temperature and surface treatment. The fluoride layers show a high degree of crystallinity and a smooth surface morphology. The crystallinity and morphology of the GaAs overlayer are improved by electron irradiation of the fluoride surface prior to GaAs growth followed by a two-step growth procedure for the GaAs overlayer. A technique of electron-beam patterning of the fluoride layer is developed and the formation of 3–5 μm features is demonstrated.
Avoiding Liability for Communicating Information on Managerial and Professional Employees

Companies regularly need to communicate information about their employees’ performance to a variety of people who need to know; internally to co‐workers involved in audits or evaluations, and externally to customers and clients, the media, and prospective employers seeking references. Where the information is negative, companies fear the backlash of defamation lawsuits from employees. If the employees are themselves managers or professionals, the quantity and quality of information, the need for its disclosure, and the magnitude of the legal threat all rise. Highly publicized defamation cases have prompted a wave of no or limited comment policies. By reading brief case synopses illustrating the various communications settings, managers can gain a more accurate sense of the practical dynamics and law of employee disclosure. They can then better evaluate the view that the risk reduction offered by no‐comment policies does not justify the adverse effect on their own companies, their productive employees, and...
Racial and regional inequalities in school resources relative to their educational outcomes

A definition of inequalities in school inputs weighted according to their importance for educational and outputs is applied to the data from the 1966 Educational Opportunities Survey. The extent and source of inequalities due to race and region are examined. The results are discussed in terms of findings from more restricted definitions of inequalities, and practical policy considerations.
Fast solution methods for fredholm integral equations of the second kind

The main purpose of this paper is to describe a fast solution method for one-dimensional Fredholm integral equations of the second kind with a smooth kernel and a non-smooth right-hand side function. Let the integral equation be defined on the interval [?1, 1]. We discretize by a Nystrom method with nodes {cos(?j/N)} j =0/N . This yields a linear system of algebraic equations with an (N+1)×(N+1) matrixA. GenerallyN has to be chosen fairly large in order to obtain an accurate approximate solution of the integral equation. We show by Fourier analysis thatA can be approximated well by $$\mathop A\limits^ \sim $$ , a low-rank modification of the identity matrix. ReplacingA by $$\mathop A\limits^ \sim $$ in the linear system of algebraic equations yields a new linear system of equations, whose elements, and whose solution $$\tilde x$$ , can be computed inO (N logN) arithmetic operations. If the kernel has two more derivatives than the right-hand side function, then $$\tilde x$$ is shown to converge optimally to the solution of the integral equation asN increases. We also consider iterative solution of the linear system of algebraic equations. The iterative schemes use bothA andA. They yield the solution inO (N 2) arithmetic operations under mild restrictions on the kernel and the right-hand side function. Finally, we discuss discretization by the Chebyshev-Galerkin method. The techniques developed for the Nystrom method carry over to this discretization method, and we develop solution schemes that are faster than those previously presented in the literature. The schemes presented carry over in a straightforward manner to Fredholm integral equations of the second kind defined on a hypercube.
Development and characterization of SSR markers from pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) and their transferability to eight Pistacia species

Abstract Pistachio ( Pistacia vera L.) is the only commercially grown species within the genus Pistacia and there are a limited number of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in the literature for Pistacia species. Therefore, genomic libraries enriched with CA, GA, AAC and AAG repeats were constructed using genomic DNA of P. vera cv. Siirt to develop SSR markers for pistachio and to determine their transferability in eight Pistacia species. A total of 228 clones were sequenced by selecting 57 clones from each library; 68 were duplicates, whereas 94 contained repeats. Eighty-four primer pairs were designed, 59 generated PCR products, and 47 were polymorphic within seven diverse pistachio cultivars. The number of alleles ranged from two to nine among 47 polymorphic loci with an average of 3.6. The GA-enriched library was the best, whereas the AAC library was the worst among the four libraries in terms of perfect repeats, number of alleles, polymorphism, and informativeness. A higher number and frequency of SSRs was obtained from di-nucleotide-enriched libraries than tri-nucleotide libraries. Testing of 59 SSR primer pairs in eight Pistacia species showed that 54 loci were transferable to at least one of the tested Pistacia species. P. atlantica had the highest number of transferable loci (51 loci), followed by P. integerrima (47 loci). The SSR loci in tri-nucleotide (72.7%) enriched libraries had higher transferability than di-nucleotide (54.7%) ones. The SSR markers developed in this study provide valuable tools for genetic studies in pistachio and related species, such as germplasm characterization, fingerprinting of individuals, population genetics, genetic mapping and marker assisted selection, as well as integrating genetic linkage maps.
LVIII. The specific charge of the ions emitted by hot bodies.—II

In order to see at a glance the results which have been obtained, the corrected values of e/m and of m/H are collected together in the following table. Where the substance gave more than one value ...
High-frequency relaxational spectroscopy in liquid borates and silicates

Abstract The Brillouin light scattering technique is used to investigate the structural relaxations in various glass-forming systems. Resonance conditions of various thermally activated processes contributing to the relaxation phenomena are detected by means of temperature scans. The lineshape analysis of the Brillouin spectra yields the two components of the complex mechanical modulus, i.e., storage and loss modulus, allowing one to track the dynamic behavior of structural components on a nanometer scale. The storage modulus reflects the extent of network polycondensation, while losses are due to the friction caused by mobile structural constituents. Data from a series of binary alkali-borate and alkali-silicate systems are reported. Significant responses to the GHz actuation occur above the glass transition temperature. An increased fragility with increasing alkali oxide concentration in reflected in the accelerated decrease of the longitudinal modulus with temperature, for both borates and silicates. In borates, the room-temperature longitudinal modulus increases with increasing alkali concentration, up to at least 30 mol% alkali oxide. The observation of a distinct alkali dissipation peak in silicates indicates that the alkali cation mobility is largely decoupled from network relaxations, while the dissipation spectra for borates reflect a wider distribution of relaxation mechanisms.
Creativity, social and political attitudes, and liking or disliking David Duke

Measures of creativity (complexity-simplicity preferences) and social and political attitudes were obtained from 52 Louisiana university students about a month before the U.S. Senate election. Of interest was the reason for liking or disliking the candidate David Duke, a former leader of the Ku Klux Klan and Nazi sympathizer. The creativity measure was significantly related to liking or disliking Duke: liking Duke was associated with preference for simplicity, which suggests low creativity. Although students showed preferences for some of the social and political variables, these variables were not related to attitude toward Duke. Finally, the simple, anonymous measurement procedures used here accurately predicted that Duke would do well in the campaign and receive more than 50% of the white vote. This is in stark contrast with the predictions of political pollsters and experts who seriously underestimated his strength.
A feminist critique of research on cancer pain.

A number of studies on cancer pain have been conducted but the researchers rarely considered gender and ethnic differences in cancer pain. In this article, nursing research on cancer pain is critiq...
A Novel Functional Role for the Oocyte-Specific Transcription Factor Newborn Ovary Homeobox (NOBOX) during Early Embryonic Development in Cattle

Newborn ovary homeobox (NOBOX) is an oocyte-specific transcription factor essential for folliculogenesis and expression of many germ cell-specific genes in mice. Here we report the characterization of the bovine NOBOX gene and its role in early embryogenesis. The cloned cDNA for bovine NOBOX contains an open reading frame encoding a protein of 500 amino acids with a conserved homeodomain. mRNA for NOBOX is preferentially expressed in ovaries and undetectable by RT-PCR in somatic tissues examined. NOBOX protein is present in oocytes throughout folliculogenesis. NOBOX is expressed in a stage-specific manner during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development and of maternal origin. Knockdown of NOBOX in early embryos using small interfering RNA demonstrated that NOBOX is required for embryonic development to the blastocyst stage. Depletion of NOBOX in early embryos caused significant down-regulation of genes associated with transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and cell cycle regulation during embryonic genome activation. In addition, NOBOX depletion in early embryos reduced expression of pluripotency genes (POU5F1/OCT4 and NANOG) and number of inner cell mass cells in embryos that reached the blastocyst stage. This study demonstrates that NOBOX is an essential maternal-derived transcription factor during bovine early embryogenesis, which functions in regulation of embryonic genome activation, pluripotency gene expression, and blastocyst cell allocation.
Poor performance: is it the application or the network?

As more networked applications are deployed it becomes harder to determine the cause of poor performance since complex interactions, multidisciplinary in nature, occur between the application and the network across several areas of responsibility. Developers' choice of application architecture, algorithms, and communications protocol have significant performance impacts, and network design, both hardware and software, are chosen by network administrators, while the final performance impact comes from other application traffic in the network competing for resources.In addition to this dynamic hardware/software complexity, end-users are becoming more sophisticated and insisting on higher Quality of Experience (QOE). This term refers to performance the end-user requires, on a per application end-to-end basis, from each subsystem along the way. Some even extend the term to include the Network Management business functions such as service provisioning, service level agreements (SLAs), and customer care functions. Human Computer Interaction, Network Quality of Service, and Application, Server, Data Base and Data Storage research all contribute to QOE theory and practice.This paper examines the use of modeling and simulation to gain insight into application QOE prior to deployment. It focuses on the network contribution to over all quality by examining two application types, possible deployment scenarios and their performance in those scenarios. Utilizing these techniques would enable practitioners of one area (for example network managers or ISPs) to evaluate their ability to deliver QOE.
How the cyclin became a cyclin: Regulated proteolysis in the cell cycle

As is readily apparent, proteolysis plays a tremendously important and varied role in cell cycle regulation. While the SCF and APC are key regulators, other proteolytic systems may also contribute to cell cycle control. A well-documented case is the stabilization of p53 in response to DNA damage. In addition, a novel proteolyic system cabable of cleaving cyclin A was recently found to be activated by the presence of the CKI p27 in cell extracts (Bastians et al. 1998xBastians, H, Townsley, F.M, and Ruderman, J.V. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1998; 95: 15374–15381Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (26)See all ReferencesBastians et al. 1998). Furthermore, the regulation of protein stability at the proteolytic step rather than the ubiquitination step is an interesting and unexplored avenue for cell cycle control. A possible example of this may come from the recent observation that the Cdk subunit Cks1 (Suc1 in S. pombe) associates with the proteasome and may regulate it (Kaiser et al. 1999xKaiser, P, Moncollin, V, Clarke, D.J, Watson, M.H, Bertolaet, B.L, Reed, S.I, and Bailly, E. Genes Dev. 1999; in pressSee all ReferencesKaiser et al. 1999). The significance of these new discoveries is not yet clear but they are certain to keep cell cycle research on the cutting edge.§To whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail: selledge@bcm.tmc.edu).
Endothelial surface charge of intestinal mucosal capillaries and its modulation by dextran.

Abstract Capillary endothelial surface charge was investigated by perfusing the intestinal circulation of anesthetized rats in situ with 0.1 or 10 mg/ml native ferritin (NF, p I = 3.8−4.2) or with 0.1 mg/ml cationized ferritin (CF, p I > 10.0) for 5 min, with or without 5% Dextran 40. Ferritin binding was quantified by electron microscopy. All electron micrographs of capillaries perfused with NF showed some NF binding. Mean NF particle densities (particles/μm) were significantly greater at vesicle necks (PD v ) than elsewhere on the endothelial surface (PD). Capillaries perfused with CF showed binding in only 60% of the transverse sections examined. The binding was very marked in a large proportion of these vessels. Mean CF particle densities were significantly greater at fenestrae (PD f ) than elsewhere. These results demonstrate that mucosal capillaries have a variable negative electrostatic charge on the endothelial surface and support the hypothesis that some vesicle diaphragms act as preferential attractors for anionic macromolecules. Such structures could promote transendothelial vesicular transport of albumin. Dextran significantly decreased PD for NF from 25.4 ± 2.4 (SEM) to 13.1 ± 0.9 and PD, PD v , and PD f for CF from 45.9 ± 4.6 to 31.0 ± 2.7, from 62.1 ± 6.2 to 43.6 ± 5.4, and from 152.9 ± 15.5 to 114.5 ± 8.6, respectively. The above responses result from dextran's weak interaction with the endothelial surface. Dextran reduces access of ferritin molecules to the cell surface by steric hindrance and/or electrostatic shielding of the glycocalyx.
Calculation of coherence pathway selection and cogwheel cycles

The selection of proper coherence pathways is a very important aspect of the design of NMR pulse sequences. This article describes a C++ program for the calculation of coherence pathway selection via phase cycles, including a module to calculate cogwheel cycles. Cogwheel phase cycles shorter than the original ones [M.H. Levitt et al., J. Magn. Reson. 155 (2002) 300] are derived and experimentally tested for the MQMAS experiment for 3/2 spins. Some other cogwheel cycles are derived for the MQNQMAS, the STMAS experiment, and a PFG diffusion pulse sequence. This program is publicly available through our website http://www.nyu.edu/projects/jerschow with additional documentation and examples.
Relationship between ischemia and ischemic neuronal necrosis to astrocyte expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein

Abstract It is not entirely clear whether the proliferative changes in astrocytes following cerebral ischemia are in response to neuronal injury or are secondary to the direct effects of ischemia on the astrocytes. Therefore, the following study examined the relationship between post-ischemic astrocytosis with the extent of neuronal necrosis and the severity of the ischemia. Astrocyte reactivity was assessed by alterations in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), using immunohistochemistry and evaluation by optical density analysis. Cerebral ischemia was produced in rats by temporary occlusion of the carotid and vertebral arteris for 2,10 and 30 min. This results in damage to the CA1 neurons after a characteristic delay of several days, the duration of which is inversely proportional to the severity of the ischemia. CA3 neurons are resistant to the ischemia and do not suffer permanent injury. The results showed that GFAP immunoreactivity significantly increased in the CA1 region after all three ischemic intervals but the rise of GFAP in the CA3 area reached significance only after 30 min of ischemia. The peak and duration of the GFAP increases thus correlated with the extent and the maturation of the neuronal necrosis. This suggests that with mild injury (2 and 10 min ischemia), post-ischemic astrocytosis is closely related to its neuronal environment rather than to the ischemic insult itself. Furthermore, the results showed an initial decrease in and delay of the subsequent GFAP rise. This initial decline in GFAP and the delay in its rise have both been identified in other models of brain injury and may be related in part to transient astrocyte swelling as well as to a finite interval required for sufficient increases in transcriptional activity to affect a noticeable rise in GFAP immunoreactivity.
Plasma protein concentrations and organ weights of rats as related to a high protein diet.

SummaryThe effect of a high protein diet (78% casein or lactalbumin) was studied in male rats. The rate of body weight increase was retarded over a 3-week period by a 78% lactalbumin diet in young and adult rats. A modest increase in adrenal weight was observed but no indication of increased! functional activity was suggested by alterations in plasma albumin or globulin concentrations since the plasma protein levels remained unchanged. Non-protein nitrogen was elevated by the excess dietary protein. Thyroid, pituitary, testis and seminal vesicle weights remained normal but kidney and liver weights were increased. Liver protein was increased: in young rats fed the high lactalbumin diet.