cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Approximation of Quasidiagonal C*-Algebras

Abstract Let A be a separable exact quasidiagonal C*-algebra. Suppose that π : A → L ( H ) is a faithful representation whose image does not contain nonzero compact operators. Then there exists a sequence ϕ n : A → L ( H ) of completely positive contractions such that ‖ π ( a )− ϕ n ( a )‖→0 for all a ∈ A , and the C*-algebra generated by ϕ n ( A ) is finite dimensional for each n . As an application it is shown that if the C*-algebra generated by a quasidiagonal operator T is exact and does not contain any nontrivial compact operator, then T is norm-limit of block-diagonal operators D = D 1 ⊕ D 2 ⊕… with sup i rank ( D i )
Genetic variance contributes to ingestive processes: A survey of mercaptoacetate-induced feeding in eleven inbred and one outbred mouse strains.

Abstract The feeding response following administration of the free fatty acid oxidation inhibitor, mercaptoacetate (MA) is conceptualized as an experimental model of lipoprivation, which may contribute to the understanding of inter-individual differences in the modulation of this homeostatic response. Although variation in the intake of food, water and glucoprivation as well as intake of several nutrients is known to be associated with genetic variation, it is not known whether MA-induced feeding is similarly dependent upon genotype. The present study therefore examined MA-induced feeding in mice of 11 inbred (A/J, AKR/J, BALB/cJ, CBA/J, C3H/HeJ, C57BL6/J, C57BL10/J, DBA/2J, SJL/J, SWR/J, 129P3/J) and one outbred (CD-1) strains across a wide range of previously determined effective MA doses (5, 35, 70, 100 mg/kg) and test times (1–4 h). MA produced significant dose-dependent and strain-dependent increases in food intake with strong responses noted in DBA/2J, outbred CD-1 and AKR/J mice. More limited dose-specific increases in food intake following MA occurred in C3H/HeJ, BALB/cJ, CBA/J, SJL/J, SWR/J and C57BL/6J mice. In contrast, MA failed to significantly increase food intake in A/J, C57BL/10J and 129P/3J mice. MA-induced food intake correlated significantly across strains only following the two highest doses, and intake following only the highest MA dose correlated significantly across strains with intake following only a moderate glucoprivic dose of 2-deoxy- d -glucose. Thus, these inter-strain differences suggest that lipoprivic (e.g., MA intake) and glucoprivic (e.g., 2-deoxy- d -glucose intake) responsivity operate via only partially overlapping genetic mechanisms of action. The demonstration of genotype-dependent variability in this lipoprivic response may provide the basis for the subsequent identification of trait-relevant genes.
Dynamic System Stability Part I - Investigation of the Effect of Different Loading and Excitation Systems

Analysis of the phenomena of stability of synchronous machines under small perturbations as examined by Demello and Concordial, has been extended to the following: First, the change of the parameters K1 to K6 of the block diagram describing the system (Fig. 1) has been investigated for different loading and power factors. From this a set of curves has been plotted. Such curves can be used to reach a general conclusion about the variations of such parameters by changing the operating condition, which is an important factor in dynamic stability studies. Second, the dynamic stability of the system, as affected by different excitation, has been analyzed. The systems investigated are thyristor-type and type-I excitation systems. Their effect on dynamic stability has been compared. The results obtained by mathematical analysis have been checked by both digital and analog computer. From this and analysis a set of rules was developed which helps in understanding the stability requirements.
Rational Choice Theory Necessary but Not Sufficient

I I I ! I ABSTRACT: A case is presented for supplementing the standard theory of rational choice, according to which subjects maximize reinforcement, with a theory arising from experiments on animal and human behavior. Data from these experiments suggest that behavioral allocation comes into equilibrium when it equalizes the average re- inforcement rates earned by all active response alternatives in the subject's choice set. This principle, called the matching law, deviates from reinforcement maximization in some, but not all, environments. Many observed devia- tions from reinforcement maximization are reasonably well explained by conformity to the matching law. The theory of rational choice fails as a description of actual behavior, but it remains unequaled as a normative theory. It tells us how we should behave in order to maximize reinforcement, not how we do behave.
Mating‐induced ovulation in loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta

Mating-induced ovulation is common in mammals, but has been rarely described in other taxa. Observations of several mature female loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, held in captivity seemed to indicate that ovulation did not occur in the absence of a male. This study was designed to determine whether this was an effect of captivity or an effect of the absence of a male. Two mature female loggerheads were followed over six annual reproductive cycles. Ultrasound exams were performed approximately every 2 weeks to follow the development of follicles in the ovaries. During the first two seasons, no male was present, in the next two seasons, a mature male was present without mating, and in the final two seasons a mature male was present, mating with one or both females. When no male was present or when present without mating, ovarian follicles developed to full size, but ovulation did not occur and the follicles gradually began to decrease in diameter and undergo changes evident on ultrasound. In the fifth season, only one of the females mated, dropping two eggs after 7 days, and continued to oviposit throughout the following months (total 275 eggs). The unmated female did not ovulate, showing the same pattern as earlier seasons. In the final season, both females mated and ovulated, dropping eggs for the next four months (total 539 eggs). The following year, no males were present and neither female ovulated. This study provides clear evidence that ovulation in loggerhead sea turtles is induced by mating.
Denial and silent ischemia: Which comes first? (Reply)

In Reply. — We thank Drs Janne, Reynaert, and Decoster for directing our attention to their work on denial; more such research is needed. The phenomenon of denial is particularly knotty to conceptualize and especially difficult to study. Does denial refer to the disavowal of perceptions, eg, pain, or to the disavowal of knowledge and information, eg, the fact that one is ill? How are we to measure denial, and how do we distinguish it from simply refusing to admit something to an interviewer or researcher? If patients with silent ischemia show more denial than symptomatic patients, how do we know whether they're denying their illness because they experience no symptoms of it, or whether they report no symptoms because they are denying that they feel them? The work of Dr Janne and colleagues suggests that patients with silent myocardial ischemia do indeed exhibit more denial of serious disease, and
The influence of parenting change on pediatric weight control.

Objective: Parenting style was examined as a predictor of weight loss maintenance in behavioral family-based pediatric obesity treatment. Research Methods and Procedures: Fifty obese children who participated in a behavioral family-based pediatric obesity treatment were studied. Hierarchical regression tested the incremental effect of baseline parenting and parenting during treatment on children's percentage overweight change over 12 months, beyond demographics and adherence to targeted behaviors. Results: Children's percentage overweight significantly decreased at 6 (−16.3) and 12 (−11.1) months. Adherence to program goals significantly increased variance accounted for in the regression model by 10.8%, whereas adding baseline father acceptance and change in father acceptance accounted for another 20.5%. The overall model accounted for 40.6% of the variance in pediatric weight control. ANOVA showed significantly greater percentage overweight decrease from baseline for youth with fathers who increased their acceptance vs. those who decreased acceptance at 6 (−19.8 vs. −14.6) and 12 (−17.4 vs. −8.1) months. Discussion: Youth who perceive an increase in father acceptance after treatment had better changes in percentage overweight over 12 months than youth with lower ratings of father acceptance. Future directions include examining how other parenting dimensions impact pediatric obesity treatment outcome and how parental acceptance can be enhanced to improve child weight control.
An ambiguity in transitional neutron scattering

Abstract Rayleigh-Gans scattering from the domains in an intermediate two-phase field would also serve to explain the observed variation of the temperature at which the small angle scattering intensity is a maximum.
Many-body effects in ion-water interactions: Fe3+ in water

Abstract Two-, three-, and four-body interaction energies are calculated for tetrahedral, octahedral, and cubic arrangements of H 2 O molecules around an Fe 3+ ion using ab initio molecular orbital theory. The results show a slow convergence of the interaction terms and the importance of many-body effects, which may account for the incorrect coordination number obtained using ab initio pair potentials in computer simulations of Fe 3+ and other multivalent ions in water.
Structure and function of parasite surface membranes. II. Concanavalin A adsorption by the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta and its effect on transport.

Abstract 1. 1. Receptor sites for the lectin Concanavalin A (Con A) are discontinuously distributed on the tegument surface plasma membrane. The majority of these sites are located along the proximal shafts of the microtriches. 2. 2. Worms treated with Con A subsequently exhibit, to different degrees, reduced uptake of glucose, galactose, lysine, uracil and uridine. Con A had no significant effect on the influx of methionine or glycerol, at ambient concentrations of glycerol where its entry is predominantly by free diffusion. 3. 3. The inhibition of hexose transport by Con A is of the noncompetitive type. Adsorption of the lectin appears to effect the number and/or mobility of the carriers, rather than block the solute recognition site. 4. 4. It is suggested that the effect of Con A on the adsorption of various solutes is related to the spatial location of their transport loci relative to the binding sites for Con A in the tegument brush border.
The oxidation of H2S in Black Sea waters

Abstract The oxidation of H2S with oxygen was measured in Black Sea waters at 25°C. The measurements were made on mixtures of deep waters and surface waters. The oxidation rates were found to be 10 times faster than the rates for surface seawater (Black Sea and Gulf Stream) with added H2S. Since the rates were the same for filtered (0.2 μm) and unfiltered waters, the increase in the rates appears to be abiotic and caused by solutes dissolved in the deep waters. Laboratory measurements indicate that dissolved Fe2+ is the likely cause of the rate increase. The oxidation of Fe(II) yields particulate Fe(III) that can catalyse the oxidation and also oxidize H2S. Preliminary measurements of the rates of oxidation of SO32− and S2O32− in oxygenated deep Black Sea waters are also presented. These measurements indicate that particulate Fe(III) also may accelerate the rates of oxidation of SO32−.
Parenting stress and children with heart disease.

Abstract Introduction: Whereas the stress precipitated by the diagnosis of an infant's congenital abnormality is well recognized, this study examined parenting stress reported by parents of children older than 2 years with heart disease. Method: Abidin's Parenting Stress Index was administered to parents of children ages 2 to 12 years with known heart disease during a cardiology outpatient clinic visit. Results: Parents of children with heart disease were more likely than the normative population to report excessive parenting stress, especially related to characteristics of the child that make them difficult to parent. Approximately 1 in 5 parents expressed clinically significant levels of stress. These parents expressed difficulty with setting limits or discipline of the child with heart disease. Parenting stress was not related to the severity of the child's heart disease, family socioeconomic status, or time since most recent surgery. Older age of the child was associated with higher parenting stress scores. Discussion: Clinicians must assess parenting stress at each health care visit to provide appropriate support and anticipatory guidance to families of children with heart disease. J Pediatr Health Care. (2003). 17, 163-168.
Susceptibility of Some Lilac Cultivars and Other Members of the Oleaceae to Phytophthora ramorum

Lilac is a host of Phytophthora ramorum, but differences in host susceptibility of lilac cultivars and related genera have not been fully studied. This paper describes the symptoms on lilac and some other plants in the Oleaceae (Forsythia, Fraxinus, Ligustrum, and Abeliophyllum) and analyzes their relative susceptibility. Lilacs varied somewhat in susceptibility, with Syringa x josiflexa 'James MacFarlane' showing no symptoms and S. x prestoniae 'Alexander's pink' very few, but most cultivars developed large dark leaf lesions and suffered defoliation of heavily infected leaves. Fraxinus and Ligustrum were somewhat less susceptible than most lilac cultivars. The pathogen could sometimes be isolated from buds, but twig die-back was not observed. One month after the roots of Syringa, Abeliophyllum, Forsythia, and Ligustrum were inoculated, roots remained asymptomatic, but the pathogen could be recovered from washed or surfacesterilized root pieces of all genera tested except Ligustrum.
Religious teachings and influences on the ABCs of HIV prevention in Malawi.

Abstract This study examines the relationship between religion and HIV risk behaviors in rural Malawi, giving special attention to the role of religious congregations, the organizations with which rural Africans have most immediate contact. It draws on 2004 data from a household survey in 3 districts ( N = 3386), and quantitative and qualitative data collected in 2005 from 187 leaders of religious congregations previously identified in the survey. The first aim is descriptive – to identify overall patterns and variations in what religious leaders in rural Malawi teach about HIV and about sexual behavior in light of the epidemic. The second aim is to assess how religious organizations impact the behavior of individual members. I examine three outcomes that correspond with the ABCs of HIV prevention: abstinence (for never married persons), fidelity (for married persons), and condom use (among sexually active persons). Multi-level models reveal that religious affiliation and involvement are not correlated with the sexual behavior of congregation members, but that beliefs about appropriate sexual behavior and particular congregational characteristics are associated with adherence to A, B, and C. Individuals belonging to congregations led by clergy who 1) frequently deliver formal messages about HIV, 2) monitor the sexual behavior of members, and 3) privately encourage condom use report greater adherence to the ABCs of HIV prevention, suggesting that religious congregations are relevant for the sexual behavior of members and for better understanding the forces shaping individual behavior in the context of the African AIDS epidemic.
Dissimilarity, Quasimetric, Metric

Abstract Dissimilarity is a function that assigns to every pair of stimuli a nonnegative number vanishing if and only if two stimuli are identical, and that satisfies the following two conditions called the intrinsic uniform continuity and the chain property, respectively: it is uniformly continuous with respect to the uniformity it induces, and, given a set of stimulus chains (finite sequences of stimuli), the dissimilarity between their initial and terminal elements converges to zero if the chains’ length (the sum of the dissimilarities between their successive elements) converges to zero. The four properties axiomatizing this notion are shown to be mutually independent. Any conventional, symmetric metric is a dissimilarity function. A quasimetric (satisfying all metric axioms except for symmetry) is a dissimilarity function if and only if it is symmetric in the small. It is proposed to reserve the term metric (not necessarily symmetric) for such quasimetrics. A real-valued binary function satisfies the chain property if and only if whenever its value is sufficiently small it majorates some quasimetric and converges to zero whenever this quasimetric does. The function is a dissimilarity function if, in addition, this quasimetric is a metric with respect to which the function is uniformly continuous.
Diffusion measurement in phantoms and tissues using SLIM localization.

A new approach to efficient localized diffusion measurements has been developed and evaluated on phantoms and isolated tissues. The combination of a diffusion-sensitive pulse sequence with SLIM (spectral localization by imaging) makes efficient and accurate localized water and metabolite diffusion measurements possible with a substantial improvement in spatial or time resolution compared to standard methods. Phantom experiments showed that diffusion of substances present in relatively low concentration within small compartments can be measured accurately by this method, suggesting potential applications for diffusion measurements of metabolites in vivo. Experiments on excised rat uterine horns demonstrated the ability of this method to measure localized diffusion of water within irregularly shaped regions of biological samples. Accurate diffusion measurements were achieved in the localized regions with acquisition times less than would have been required by standard diffusion imaging methods.
Now is the Time: Seminaries Responding to the Graying of Our Congregations

We need to find ways of celebrating the elderly in America through support and advocacy of older adults by our religious communities. This can only happen if seminaries educate future clergy how to minister with them and engage older adults in the life and work of congregations. This mandate is rooted in the Judeo-Christian tradition as well as in the other great world's religions. Shared themes include: Inclusion. All are invited to sit at the table—black, white, yellow—poor, rich, male, female, young, old—we are all children ofGod and equal in God's sight. Support and care. This theme is reflected in bearing one another'sburdens; we are responsible for one another. Empowerment. Advocating for the rights of others, those who aremarginalized by challenges of age, gender, or economic circum-stances, and giving them the tools for empowerment. Cultivation of virtues. Religion's emphasis on cultivating virtuousliving overflows into care of the elderly. Fighting ageism is not easy, but based on the dignity and...
An in vitro method for the evaluation of water soluble fungicides against Trichophyton.

A method for evaluating fungicidal activity of water soluble chemicals against a single test organism,Trichophyton mentagrophytes is proposed. This Method shows a relatively narrow range of activity, sharp end points, is consistent and reproducible, and reeuces the chemical agent being tested far beyond that amount which might result in fungistatic activity.
Evaluation of pure ground glass pulmonary nodule: a case report.

A pulmonary nodule is a single, nearly spherical, well-circumscribed pulmonary opacity up to 30 mm in diameter and surrounded by aerated lung tissue. In radiographs, pulmonary nodules may appear as solid, completely obscuring the lung parenchyma, or as subsolid, not completely obscuring adjacent tissues. A subsolid pulmonary nodule may be further subclassified as a pure ground glass nodule (pGGN) or a part solid nodule, a mixture of ground glass components and focal opacity obscuring the adjacent tissues. Guidelines for evaluation of solid pulmonary nodules are based on nodule size, recommending vigilance and non-operative management for small nodules (less than 8 mm in diameter) and diagnostic biopsy for nodules with a diameter of 8 mm or more. However, subsolid ground glass pulmonary nodules are an exception to this rule. Although small in size, persistent subsolid nodules are potentially premalignant or malignant. We present the case of a non-smoker who was found to have an incidental pulmonary pGGN. We then discuss the radiologic appearance, histology, clinical outcomes, and evaluation and management strategy of subsolid pulmonary nodules compared with solid nodules. Keywords: pulmonary nodule; subsolid; papillary adenocarcinoma (Published: 29 September 2014) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2014, 4 : 24562 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v4.24562
Fear-motivated vicious-circle behavior maintained through secondary punishment

Two experiments attempted to establish vicious-circle behavior through fear motivation combined with secondary punishment. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with two CSs, a tone and a buzzer, paired with shock in different contexts. Secondary punishment based on delay and trace conditioning procedures facilitated running in fear-motivated rats, relative to four control groups. In Experiment 2, rats were given pairings of a tone CS with shock, and a buzzer CS with a drop into a water tank. Fear-motivated rats which received secondary punishment during either 33% or 100% of test trials exhibited self-punitive running relative to a nonpunished (0%) group and a backward-conditioning control group. Results indicate that “all secondary” vicious-circle behavior can be established through Pavlovian conditioning, thus supporting a conditioned fear interpretation.
Monolayer-protected silver nano-particle-based anisotropic conductive adhesives: Enhancement of electrical and thermal properties

Two types of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), dicarboxylic acid and dithiol, were used to treat the silver nanoparticles. Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and contact angle results indicated that the SAMs were well coated on the silver nanoparticles and thermally stable below 150°C. By introducing the monolayer-coated silver nanoparticles into the anisotropic conductive adhesives (ACAs), the electrical properties and thermal conductivity of ACAs were significantly improved. The joint resistance of the ACA decreased from 10−3 Ohm to 10−5 Ohm with SAMs-coated silver fillers, and the current carrying capability of ACAs was also obviously improved. The improved electrical properties are due to the stronger bonding between nanofillers and the SAM coating materials; consequently, this improved the ACA interfacial properties. The enhanced interfacial properties with the SAM-protected nanofillers also attributed to the improved thermal conductivity of ACAs.
Ileal [correction of ilial] transposition and enteroglucagon/GLP-1 in obesity (and diabetic?) surgery.

Background: This is a review of intestinal glucagon, which is released when undigested food is in the terminal ileum. Methods and Results: In the early 1980s, Koopmans and Sclafani showed in fat rats that the transposition of a short segment of ileum to the duodenum would decrease weight just as effectively as intestinal bypass. Sarson and coworkers found elevated enteroglucagon after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). Scopinaro has observed that patients with diabetes who undergo BPD are cured of diabetes and do not experience a recurrence. Naslund and associates showed recently a high level of plasma glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) 20 years after jejunoileal bypass. GLP-1 has been shown to be an effective medication for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). It must be given parenterally. It has been used only in short, well-controlled studies. Conclusions: It appears from all that is now known about GLP-1 that ileal transposition would be an ideal operation for treatment of type 2 DM. Release of enteroglucagon from the ileum has probably contributed to weight control in bypass operations for obesity, but the effect has been obscured by the associated malabsorption. The release of GLP-1 after meals has probably been beneficial to patients treated with gastric bypass who had type 2 DM. This is a recommendation for well-planned studies of ileal transposition in the treatment of type 2 DM and obesity. Ileal transposition is not recommended for general use until such studies have shown safety, efficacy, and the requirements for patient selection.
Transcriptome-wide miR-155 Binding Map Reveals Widespread Noncanonical MicroRNA Targeting

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential components of gene regulation, but identification of miRNA targets remains a major challenge. Most target prediction and discovery relies on perfect complementarity of the miRNA seed to the 3' untranslated region (UTR). However, it is unclear to what extent miRNAs target sites without seed matches. Here, we performed a transcriptome-wide identification of the endogenous targets of a single miRNA-miR-155-in a genetically controlled manner. We found that approximately 40% of miR-155-dependent Argonaute binding occurs at sites without perfect seed matches. The majority of these noncanonical sites feature extensive complementarity to the miRNA seed with one mismatch. These noncanonical sites confer regulation of gene expression, albeit less potently than canonical sites. Thus, noncanonical miRNA binding sites are widespread, often contain seed-like motifs, and can regulate gene expression, generating a continuum of targeting and regulation.
Role of various carotenoids in mediating electron transfer sensitized by chlorophyll and pheophytin

Numerous studies demonstrating the photoconductive properties of bilayer lipid membranes containing chlorophyll have appeared [l]. The conjugated bond system found in carotenoids may play a major role in mediating photoconductivity [2,3]. Here we investigate the role of the functional groups on the ionone ring of carotenoids in modifying the photosensitivity of chlorophyll bilayer membranes. sium ferrocyanide (reducing side) and 10 mM potassium ferricyanide (oxidizing side). Both phases contained 10 mM KC1 buffered at pH 7.8 (10 mM potassium phosphate). For illumination (632.8 mm) a 5 mW He-Ne laser (Spectra Physics, model 150) was used.
Functional characterization of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (zfAHR2) localization and degradation in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

The basic-helix-loop-helix/PAS (bHLH/PAS) family of proteins is a group of transcription factors that regulate key pathways during normal development and in the response to stress. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a member of this family. Recently, Danio rerio (zebrafish) has become an important model system in the study of the signal transduction pathway and complements the results seen in mammalian models. However, studies of the AHR protein have been limited by the lack of antibody reagents and thus, little is known concerning the localization and degradation of the zebrafish AHR (zfAHR). In this report, we describe the production and characterization of specific polyclonal antibodies to the zfAHR2 protein and the analysis of AHR-mediated signal transduction in the zebrafish liver cell line (ZFL). The results show that the zfAHR2 is degraded via the 26S proteasome following exposure of cells to β-naphthoflavone (BNF). Interestingly, the time course is slower and the magnitude of zfAHR2 degradation is not as great as seen for the mammalian AHR. Studies also show that the zfAHR2 is rapidly degraded in a ligand-independent manner by exposure of cells to geldanamycin (GA) to levels consistent with mammalian AHR. Finally, immunohistochemical staining of the ZFL cells suggest that the unliganded AHR resides in both the cytoplasm and nucleus and undergoes active nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in the absence of ligand. These results suggest that there is conservation of function between fish and mammals with respect to ligand-dependent and -independent degradation of the AHR and that the zfAHR2 is degraded via the 26S proteasome.
The Controlled Freeze Zone Technology for the Development of Sour Gas Resources

Controlled Freeze Zone™ is an efficient single-step cryogenic distillation process for the removal of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and other impurities from natural gas. Rather than avoiding the freezing of CO2 at cryogenic temperatures, the solidification is allowed to take place, albeit in a very controlled fashion. The technology has shown the potential to more efficiently and cost-effectively separate carbon dioxide and other impurities from natural gas, and to discharge these contaminants as a high-pressure liquid stream ready for underground injection, either for enhanced oil recovery applications or for acid gas injection disposal.
Quantitative predictions of gas-particle flow in a vertical pipe with particle-particle interactions

Abstract A computational study of fully-developed gas-particle flow in vertical risers is carried out, using the model of Sinclair and Jackson [1], in order to assess quantitatively the predictive capabilities of the model. Results from comparisons between model predictions and a large body of available experimental data are summarized. In addition, the growing body of data on gas-solid flows is analyzed in a self-consistent manner. Pita and Sundaresan [2] have recently shown that the model was able to reproduce one set of experimental data surprisingly well although the model neglects some important physics relevant to the problem; for example, only elastic particle-particle collisions were considered. In this study, attention is restricted to the same case, and it is found that, in general, the model predictions compare favorably with the experimental data. Predictions from a model which neglects particle-particle interactions are shown, as well as the effect of these interactions on the complex relationship between the operating variables.
ENaC inhibition stimulates HCl secretion in the mouse cortical collecting duct. I. Stilbene-sensitive Cl- secretion.

Inhibition of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) reduces Cl− absorption in cortical collecting ducts (CCDs) from aldosterone-treated rats and mice. Since ENaC does not transport Cl−, the purpose of ...
Micellar Liquid Chromatography of Adenosine in Cacao

Abstract A rapid isocratic micellar HPLC procedure for the separation of adenosine from theobromine in cacao was developed. The adenosine peak was identified by using the enzymatic peak shift technique with adenosine deaminase (ADA). Separation was performed on a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) column using a mobile phase containing 0.012 M sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 0.005 M phosphate buffer (pH 11.5). Quantitation and detection limits were determined. In addition the separations obtained on a PVA column with the micellar mobile phase were compared to separations obtained on a C18 column using both isocratic and gradient elution.
The role of allergy in pediatric rhinosinusitis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the association between allergic disease and pediatric rhinosinusitis. For this purpose, allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) were the areas chosen for further discussion. RECENT FINDINGS The role of allergy as a major immunopathologic mechanism causing inflammation in pediatric rhinosinusitis is becoming better defined. However, despite the fact that allergic rhinitis and CRS are characterized by inflammation, there appears to be a distinct difference in the inflammatory response of children and adults with CRS, which may attest to a difference in the pathophysiologic pathways. Local allergic rhinitis, a recently described pathological entity, appears to affect a significant number of patients with a previous diagnosis of nonallergic rhinitis, making this a prevalent entity in patients evaluated with rhinitis. With regard to the relationships between allergy and infectious diseases, it has been reported that basophils are activated in the presence of suboptimal doses of allergens and bacteria and may explain the clinical behavior of allergy exacerbation. SUMMARY Allergic rhinitis is frequently associated with CRS. The management of CRS should include evaluation of the pediatric patient for allergic disease and the management should be targeted at decreasing the inflammatory response, which will most likely result in better control of the CRS patient.
Another look at automatic text-retrieval systems

Evidence from available studies comparing manual and automatic text-retrieval systems does not support the conclusion that intellectual content analysis produces better results than comparable automatic systems.
IDENTIFICATION, DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PARALARVAL GONATID SQUIDS (CEPHALOPODA: OEGOPSIDA: GONATIDAE) FROM THE GULF OF ALASKA, 2001-2003

ABSTRACTParalarvae of the family Gonatidae were sampled in the Gulf of Alaska during spring 2001-2003. Taxonomic characters were determined to allow identification of the specimens to species. The dorsal head chromatophore pattern (DHCP) was the most robust character and allowed identification to species for the first time without requiring the removal and examination of the radula. Six different DHCPs were found among the six species in the study area. The 1140 specimens collected consisted of the following six species: Berryteuthis anonychus (759), Berryteuthis magister (71), Gonatopsis borealis (155), Gonatus kamtschaticus (1), Gonatus madokai (4) and Gonatus onyx (143). The specimens had a size range of 3.0-20.63 mm dorsal mantle length with the majority of specimens smaller than 10 mm. All species showed an increasing trend in abundance from the shelf (0-200 m) to the slope (200-1000 m) to the basin (>1000 m) except G. onyx in 2001 and 2002. Wide variation in distribution and abundance was found for the four most abundant species; however, in general, B. anonychus was most abundant and widely distributed, followed by Gonatopis borealis, Gonatus onyx and B. magister.
Cognition in older women: the importance of daytime movement.

OBJECTIVES To determine whether an objective measure of daytime movement is associated with better cognitive function in women in their 80s.
The Meaning of Roots: How A Migrant Farmworker Student Developed a Bilingual-Bicultural Identity through Change.

Thousands of children and teens labor as migrant farmworkers across the United States. These youngsters, many who are immigrants, face challenges in completing their education and breaking the cycle of agricultural work. Such barriers are influenced by geographic instability, poverty, and sociocultural marginalization. Beyond these factors, and the focus of this article, is the challenge of bilingual-bicultural identity negotiation experienced by young farmworkers in and out of the educational context. This question is explored through the case study of Manuel (a pseudonym), a teen farmworker in Florida. Manuel emigrated from Mexico at the age of 12, and is a speaker of Spanish, Otomi (an indigenous language), and English. Although he recently completed high school, he struggled to adjust to life in the U.S. and acquire English. Manuel provided interviews and autobiographical writing in 2008, when he was age 14 (grade 8), and again in 2012, when he was 18 (grade 11). His parents, also migrant farmworkers, contributed an interview in 2012. A qualitative, thematic analysis was applied to the data. Themes that emerged included: resistance and acceptance of personal and cultural-linguistic change, the need to acostumbrarse (get used to it) with respect to these changes, the desire to salir adelante (get ahead) and the pathways to do so (e.g., finish school, learn English), and ManuelΓCOs developing bilingualism and his shifting attitudes towards it. Overall, ManuelΓCOs story offers deep insights into the realities in which the bilingual-bicultural social identity of a migrant farmworker student develops and interacts in and out of school settings.
Sampling and processing of color signals

The paper discusses the sampling of color spectra and its effect on the accuracy of derived properties such as CIE tristimulus values and color rendering indices. The effect of aliasing and common mathematical operations are discussed. >
LiST as a catalyst in program planning: experiences from Burkina Faso, Ghana and Malawi

Background African countries are working to achieve rapid reductions in maternal and child mortality and meet their targets for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Partners in the Catalytic Initiative to Save One Million Lives (CI) are assisting them by providing funding and technical assistance to increase and accelerate coverage for proven interventions. Here we describe how the Lives Saved Tool (LiST) was used as part of an early assessment of the expected impact of CI plans in Malawi, Burkina Faso and Ghana. Methods LiST builds on country-specific demographic and cause-of-death profiles, and models the effect of changes in coverage for proven interventions on future levels of mortality among children less than 5 years of age. We worked with representatives of Ministries of Health and their development partners to apply LiST to assess the potential impact of CI plans and coverage targets, generating a short list of the highest-priority interventions for additional scale-up to achieve rapid reductions in under-5 mortality. Results The results show that in each country, achieving national coverage targets for just four or five high-impact interventions could reduce under-5 mortality by at least 20% by 2011, relative to 2006 levels. Even greater gains could be obtained in Burkina Faso and Ghana by scaling up these high-impact interventions to 80%. Discussion LiST can contribute to the development of stronger programmes by identifying the highest-impact interventions in a given epidemiological setting. The quality of LiST estimates is dependent on the available data on coverage levels and causes of death, and assumes that the target levels of coverage are feasible in a given context while maintaining service quality. Further experience is needed in the feasibility and usefulness of LiST as part of the program planning process at district and subdistrict levels.
Dynamics of inviscid capillary breakup: collapse and pinchoff of a film bridge

An axisymmetric film bridge collapses under its own surface tension, disconnecting at a pair of pinchoff points that straddle a satellite bubble. The free-boundary problem for the motion of the film surface and adjacent inviscid fluid has a finite-time blowup (pinchoff). This problem is solved numerically using the vortex method in a boundary-integral formulation for the dipole strength distribution on the surface. Simulation is in good agreement with available experiments. Simulation of the trajectory up to pinchoff is carried out. The self-similar behaviour observed near pinchoff shows a ‘conical-wedge’ geometry whereby both principal curvatures of the surface are simultaneously singular – lengths scale with time as t2/3. The similarity equations are written down and key solution characteristics are reported. Prior to pinchoff, the following regimes are found. Near onset of the instability, the surface evolution follows a direction dictated by the associated static minimal surface problem. Later, the motion of the mid-circumference follows a t2/3 scaling. After this scaling ‘breaks’, a one-dimensional model is adequate and explains the second scaling regime. Closer to pinchoff, strong axial motions and a folding surface render the one-dimensional approximation invalid. The evolution ultimately recovers a t2/3 scaling and reveals its self-similar structure.
Lesbian and gay parents in early childhood settings: A systematic review of the research literature:

This article presents the first systematic review of all the existing peer-reviewed literature (n = 20) on gay and lesbian parents and their children in early childhood education settings. The review includes articles that were empirical or pedagogical practice oriented, focused exclusively on early childhood education (Birth to 5 years), and concentrated on gay and lesbian parents and their children. Considering the date range of the articles (1990–2012) and their similar content, indications are that the field of early childhood has not progressed very far in the thinking and practices in relation to gay and lesbian parents and their children. Recommendations made in 1990 are being put forth as still needed today. Implications for pedagogical change and future research needs are provided.
Molecular Chaperones as Targets to Circumvent the CFTR Defect in Cystic Fibrosis.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosomal recessive lethal disorder among Caucasian populations. CF results from mutations and resulting dysfunction of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR). CFTR is a cyclic AMP-dependent chloride channel that is localized to the apical membrane in epithelial cells where it plays a key role in salt and water homeostasis. An intricate network of molecular chaperone proteins regulates CFTR’s proper maturation and trafficking to the apical membrane. Understanding and manipulation of this network may lead to therapeutics for Cystic Fibrosis in cases where mutant CFTR has aberrant trafficking.
Pre-impact lower extremity posture and brake pedal force predict foot and ankle forces during an automobile collision.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine how a driver's foot and ankle forces during a frontal vehicle collision depend on initial lower extremity posture and brake pedal force. METHOD OF APPROACH: A 2D musculoskeletal model with seven segments and six right-side muscle groups was used. A simulation of a three-second braking task found 3647 sets of muscle activation levels that resulted in stable braking postures with realistic pedal force. These activation patterns were then used in impact simulations where vehicle deceleration was applied and driver movements and foot and ankle forces were simulated. Peak rearfoot ground reaction force (F(RF)), peak Achilles tendon force (FAT), peak calcaneal force (F(CF)) and peak ankle joint force (F(AJ)) were calculated. RESULTS: Peak forces during the impact simulation were 476 +/- 687 N (F(RF)), 2934 +/- 944 N (F(CF)) and 2449 +/- 918 N (F(AJ)). Many simulations resulted in force levels that could cause fractures. Multivariate quadratic regression determined that the pre-impact brake pedal force (PF), knee angle (KA) and heel distance (HD) explained 72% of the variance in peak FRF, 62% in peak F(CF) and 73% in peak F(AJ). CONCLUSIONS: Foot and ankle forces during a collision depend on initial posture and pedal force. Braking postures with increased knee flexion, while keeping the seat position fixed, are associated with higher foot and ankle forces during a collision. Language: en
When Brownian diffusion is not Gaussian

It is commonly presumed that the random displacements that particles undergo as a result of the thermal jiggling of the environment follow a normal, or Gaussian, distribution. However, non-Gaussian diffusion in soft materials is more prevalent than expected.
Transport of Glutamate and Other Amino Acids at the Blood-Brain Barrier

In most regions of the brain, the uptake of glutamate and other anionic excitatory amino acids from the circulation is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In most animals, the BBB is formed by the brain vascular endothelium, which contains cells that are joined by multiple bands of tight junctions. These junctions effectively close off diffusion through intercellular pores; as a result, most solutes cross the BBB either by diffusing across the lipoid endothelial cell membranes or by being transported across by specific carriers. Glutamate transport at the BBB has been studied by both in vitro cell uptake assays and in vivo perfusion methods. The results demonstrate that at physiologic plasma concentrations, glutamate flux from plasma into brain is mediated by a high affinity transport system at the BBB. Efflux from brain back into plasma appears to be driven in large part by a sodium-dependent active transport system at the capillary abluminal membrane. Glutamate concentration in brain interstitial fluid is only a fraction of that of plasma and is maintained fairly independently of small fluctuations in plasma concentration. Restricted brain passage is also observed for several excitatory glutamate analogs, including domoic acid and kynurenic acid. In summary, the BBB is one component of a regulatory system that helps maintain brain interstitial fluid glutamate concentration independently of the circulation.
Discourse indicators for content selection in summarization

We present analyses aimed at eliciting which specific aspects of discourse provide the strongest indication for text importance. In the context of content selection for single document summarization of news, we examine the benefits of both the graph structure of text provided by discourse relations and the semantic sense of these relations. We find that structure information is the most robust indicator of importance. Semantic sense only provides constraints on content selection but is not indicative of important content by itself. However, sense features complement structure information and lead to improved performance. Further, both types of discourse information prove complementary to non-discourse features. While our results establish the usefulness of discourse features, we also find that lexical overlap provides a simple and cheap alternative to discourse for computing text structure with comparable performance for the task of content selection.
Long-term effects of a high-carbohydrate diet and exercise on insulin action in older subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.

Carbohydrate metabolism was assessed in 20 glucose-intolerant subjects before and after 12 wk on a high-carbohydrate diet (HC) or the diet combined with exercise training (HC-EX). The diet provided 60% of energy as carbohydrate and 20% as fat. Neither treatment altered fasting glucose or insulin concentrations or their response to a meal. During a glucose clamp (216 pmol insulin/L) glucose disposal increased from 13.2 +/- 0.83 to 14.6 +/- 0.83 mumol.kg fat-free mass-1.min-1 (P < 0.05) in both groups. During more pronounced hyperinsulinemia (654 pmol/L) glucose disposal did not change significantly (49.9 +/- 3.8 to 50.7 +/- 3.8 mumol.kg fat-free mass-1.min-1). Muscle glycogen increased in the HC-EX group (78.5 +/- 8.1 to 161.1 +/- 15.7 mmol glucose/kg muscle), with no changes in the HC group. These results do not support the recommendation to increase the dietary carbohydrate content for improving postprandial glucose metabolism or insulin action in glucose-intolerant adults unless combined with exercise training, which promotes muscle glycogen storage.
Comparison of Results for Three Methods of Hemoglobin S Identification

We present comparative results of three diagnostic tests for identification of hemoglobin S, performed on specimens from a total of 4,739 persons. A simple, rapid, and economical procedure for cellulose acetate electrophoresis was more efficient than either the "Sickledex" test (a dithionite test) or the metabisulfite reduction test. This is an important consideration as a minimum requirement for effective therapy and genetic counseling. We propose electrophoresis of hemoglobin on cellulose acetate as a primary screening procedure—with verification of positive samples by solubility tests—and discuss its feasibility.