cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Design’ Becomes an Issue in Germany

The phenomenon ‘design’ in Germany seems to be a success story. The phenomenon itself is only one side of the coin. The way we communicate about it is the other side. In other words, let us pay close attention to the words that carry our discourse. And the word central to the design discourse is ‘design’ itself. The word ‘design’ seems to be omnipresent in the German media and in advertising (Figure 1). For example, in the last 15 years, the word and all its composite forms has been used a total of 334,252 times in 195,879 different articles in the daily press in the German-speaking area (Figure 2), in political and church weeklies, business magazines, the major opinion-forming organs and the small regional papers.
C296. On estimating the exact variance of products

(1987). C296. On estimating the exact variance of products. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 353-354.
Tissue Lactate in Pediatric Head Trauma: A Clinical Study Using 1H NMR Spectroscopy

In order to define the metabolic abnormalities associated with different types of pediatric head injury, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed on 21 cerebral regions obtained from 17 pa
Benthic algal biomass and productivity in high subarctic streams, Alaska

Year-round measurements of the standing crop of epilithic algae (as chlorophyll a concentration) in two streams — one second and one fourth order (map scale 1:63 360) — in interior Alaska (64°–65° N) were only about one tenth that reported from streams of temperate North America. Cell densities in these streams, however, were similar to those in comparable temperate streams. Year-round domination of the benthic flora by very tiny diatoms (Achnanthes spp.) may explain the apparent disparity between low chlorophyll a content and nearly average cell densities. Chlorophyll a standing crop in a more alkaline groundwater-fed stream, however, was higher and within the range of similarly sized temperate streams. Maximum chlorophyll a standing crop varied positively with alkalinity in 5 clear-water streams where standing crop was measured on natural or artificial substrates. Seasonal mean concentrations of sestonic chlorophyll a (used as estimates of benthic algal chlorophyll a standing crop) varied directly and significantly with alkalinity among ten clear-water streams; and, with total phosphorus among 8 of 10 clear-water and 5 brown-water streams studied. During the summer, when there is little darkness, gross primary productivity (as estimated by the diurnal dissolved-oxygen method) was similar to that of northern temperate streams. Gross primary productivity was also seen to vary directly with alkalinity in 5 clear-water streams of this region.
Social Status in an Open-Source Community

Despite a fair amount of conjecture regarding the circumstances that lead to the generation of status orders, most of the previous literature in this area typically has studied the effects of social cues within a laboratory setting. This article analyzes the evolution of the status hierarchy within a large-scale, natural setting. The results of empirical analyses assessing a large online community of software developers show that in the process of status attainment, community members tend to evaluate a focal actor's reputation according to publicly available social references. Ironically, these same social references also work to constrain an actor's status mobility.
Inclined pileup of screw dislocations at the crack tip with a dislocation-free zone

Abstract A single pileup of screw dislocations extending from the crack tip along an inclined direction has been observed in experiments. It is often associated with dislocation emission mechanisms at the crack tip. This linear pileup is a microplastic slipline emanating from the crack tip. A region near the crack tip is often free from dislocations because of a finite resistance value for the crack tip to emit dislocations. The mathematical problem is solved in this paper by applying the extended Wiener-Hopf method. The condition of finite stress at the end of the plastic zone, the crack opening displacement, and the stress distribution along the slipline are obtained in analytical expressions. Numerical values are calculated and the results can be used to discuss brittle versus ductile fracture for metals as treated in previous studies. A method to approximately calculate the corresponding results for edge dislocations is suggested.
Stress growth in dilute solutions of macromolecules in a non-Newtonian solvent

Abstract The rheological properties of macromolecules in a non-Newtonian solvent at the inception of a steady shear flow are examined within the framework of the kinetic theory of polymeric liquids. The cases of rigid rodlike particles in a second order fluid and of Rouse chains in a Maxwell corotational fluid are considered. For the rigid rods the method of multiple time scales is used to solve the problem under the assumption of small shear rates. For Rouse chains exact solutions are found for arbitrary shear rates. Stress overshoots appear for both types of macromolecules, in contradistinction to the case of a Newtonian solvent where they are predicted only for the rigid rod model.
The Patient's Right to Safety — Improving the Quality of Care through Litigation against Hospitals

Many experts believe that the threat of malpractice suits impedes the use of error-reporting systems to make hospitals safer. Annas argues that more lawsuits, not fewer, are needed. He believes that the courts should recognize a right to safety so that hospitals that fail to implement measures to improve safety could be sued when patients are injured owing to preventable errors.
Prehypertension: Risk stratification and management considerations

Approximately 37% of US adults are prehypertensive; about 31 million have blood pressures in the range of 130-139/85-89 mm Hg. These stage 2 prehypertensives have threefold greater risk for developing hypertension and twofold higher risk for cardiovascular events than normotensives. Lifestyle changes only are recommended for most prehypertensives, but evidence for community-wide effectiveness is limited. Projected numbers needed to treat to prevent a cardiovascular event are similar for stage 2 prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension when both groups are matched for concomitant risk factors. However, no clinical trials document that pharmacotherapy reduces cardiovascular events in stage 2 prehypertension. The Trial of Preventing Hypertension demonstrated that angiotensin receptor blockade safely lowers blood pressure and prevents or delays progression to hypertension in stage 2 prehypertensives. We believe it is reasonable for clinicians to identify stage 2 prehypertensives at high absolute risk for progression to hypertension and cardiovascular events, and to treat them with a renin-angiotensin system blocker when lifestyle changes alone are ineffective.
Nanoparticles Deliver Triplex-forming PNAs for Site-specific Genomic Recombination in CD34+ Human Hematopoietic Progenitors

Triplex-forming peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are powerful gene therapy agents that can enhance recombination of short donor DNAs with genomic DNA, leading to targeted and specific correction of disease-causing genetic mutations. Therapeutic use of PNAs is severely limited, however, by challenges in intracellular delivery, particularly in clinically relevant targets such as hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Here, we demonstrate efficient and nontoxic PNA-mediated recombination in human CD34+ cells using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles for intracellular oligonucleotide delivery. Treatment of progenitor cells with nanoparticles loaded with PNAs and DNAs targeting the β-globin locus led to levels of site-specific modification in the range of 0.5–1% in a single treatment, without detectable loss in cell viability, resulting in a 60-fold increase in modified and viable cells as compared to nucleofection. As well, the differentiation capacity of the progenitor cells treated with nanoparticles did not change relative to untreated progenitor cells, indicating that nanoparticles are safe and minimally disruptive delivery vectors for PNAs and DNAs to mediate gene modification in human primary cells. This is the first demonstration of the use of biodegradable nanoparticles to deliver genome-editing agents to human primary cells, and provides a strong rationale for systemic delivery of complex nucleic acid mixtures designed for gene correction.
The orienting reflex to changes in a conceptual stimulus dimension

The galvanic skin response (GSR) component of the orienting reflex was recorded for four groups of 12 Ss each. They were given 10 habituation trials to black on white numeric stimuli presented in seriatum. On Trial 11 an out-of-sequence test stimulus (TS) was delivered and was followed by one additional in-sequence number. The TS was either ±1 or ±11 places out of sequence. It was found that GSR magnitude to the TS was primarily a function of the amount of disparity provided by the TS, irrespective of the direction of that disparity. Dishabituation to the subsequent in-sequence stimulus was not, however, clearly present. The results were related to Sokolov’s neuronal model of habituation and to previous research.
Isopentenoid synthesis in isolated embryonic Drosophila cells: absolute, basal mevalonate synthesis rate determination.

Abstract Embryonic Drosophila cells (K c cells) and [5- 3 H] mevalonate (⩽10 μ m ) were used to determine the absolute basal in vivo rate of total mevalonic acid synthesis/ utilization. An absolute in vivo mevalonic acid synthesis rate of 0.69 nmol/h/mg total cell protein was measured. Absolute mevalonate utilization was obtained by correcting for the extent of endogenous dilution of exogenous [ 3 H]mevalonate at isotopic equilibrium. Cellular [ 3 H]farnesol specific radioactivity was used as representative of a rapidly turning over isopentenoid pool. Although our previous K c cell study ( Havel, C. M., Rector, E. R. II, Watson, J. A., 1986, J. Biol. Chem. 261, 10,150–10,156 ) demonstrated that ⩾40% of the metabolized [ 3 H]mevalonate appeared as 3 H-labeled media water, this report established that t,t -3,7,11-[ 3 H]trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatriene 1,12 dioic acid was also secreted. Media accumulation of the C 15 -α,ω-prenyl dioic acid and 3 H 2 O was related directly to [ 3 H]mevalonic acid availability. This is the first mevalonate carbon balance study reported for a eukaryotic organism. It was concluded that (i) K c cells synthesized more mevalonate than needed for normal growth and essential isopentenoids and (ii) excess mevalonate carbon accumulated intra- and extracellularly as isopentenoid compounds distal to C 5 products. Finally, this study emphasized the need to measure total mevalonate utilization and not mevalonate conversion to a single isopentenoid end product in carbon balance investigations.
Central Hemodynamic Response to Exercise in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

Although the pathophysiology of exercise intolerance in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is not fully understood, it appears that the cardiac output response plays an important role in limiting exercise in this disorder. Although previous studies have demonstrated that peak Vo, is not related to left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, studies have consistently identified peak exercise cardiac output as an important predictor of peak VO2. It is likely that a reduced cardiac output to work rate relationship in CHF causes hypoperfusion of both working skeletal muscle and visceral organs, which leads to early anaerobic metabolism and fatigue. Several factors may influence the cardiac output response in patients with severe systolic LV dysfunction, including heart rate, diastolic LV function, and the mitral regurgitation fraction. Although stroke volume increases through use of the Frank-Starling mechanism in many patients with severe systolic LV dysfunction, some patients with this disorder may not increase stroke volume during exercise due to diastolic LV disfunction or pericardial constraint. The finding that this latter group has more severe exercise intolerance suggests that diastolic dysfunction may further decrease peak VO2 in this disorder. Variations in the mitral regurgitation fraction also have been found to have an important effect on exercise stroke volume in some patients with CHF. Therefore, the finding that LV ejection fraction at rest or during exercise is not related to peak Vo, in patients with systolic LV dysfunction does not necessarily indicate that central hemodynamics do not play a role in exercise intolerance. Rather, it is likely that variability in the LV ejection fraction with exercise, which does not take variable increases in LV end-diastolic volume or mitral regurgitation into account, plays only a modest role in determing the stroke volume and cardiac output response to exercise in patients with severe systolic dysfunction.
Combined clear cornea phacoemulsification and trabecular aspiration in the treatment of pseudoexfoliative glaucoma associated with cataract.

Background: In the present prospective randomized study the effectiveness and safety of trabecular aspiration combined with clear cornea phacoemulsification (phaco) was compared to clear cornea phaco alone in patients with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) glaucoma and visually disabling cataract. Methods: Twenty-seven patients suffering from visually significant cataract (visual acuity <5 Snellen lines) and PEX glaucoma were randomly assigned to either phaco combined with trabecular aspiration (14 eyes of 14 patients) or phaco alone (13 eyes of 13 patients). Inclusion criteria for glaucoma were IOP ≤22 mmHg under treatment with up to two antiglaucomatous agents, excluding pilocarpine 4%, and no previous surgery or laser trabeculoplasty treatment. Clear cornea phaco with foldable acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) implantation was carried out in all patients uneventfully. Trabecular aspiration was performed using a special probe in the inferior 180 deg of the angle after IOL implantation. Results: Follow-up duration ranged from 12 to 18 months. In the combined procedure group there was a statistically significant decrease in postoperative IOP during the whole follow-up period (P<0.01), while in 9 of the 14 patients the IOP was controlled without medications at the last examination. In the phaco alone group a statistically significant decrease in postoperative IOP was recorded at 9 and 12 months after surgery (P<0.05), while in 4 of the 13 patients the IOP was controlled without medications at the last examination. Comparing the two groups, a statistically significantly lower number of medications was being used in the combined procedure group at the last recorded examination (P<0.05). Conclusions: It seems that the combined clear cornea phaco and trabecular aspiration procedure in cases of PEX glaucoma associated with cataract is a safe and effective method. This technique controls IOP more effectively and with fewer postoperative medications than clear cornea phaco alone.
New evidence for segregation at grain boundaries, subgrain boundaries and dislocations in dilute iron-carbon-nitrogen alloys

Abstract The occurrence of ridges at grain boundaries and sub-boundaries, and of mounds at dislocations, in etched steel samples has been reported by other workers and variously interpreted. Unusual dark contrast effects in transmission electron micrographs of electrothinned Fe-0.010 per cent C-0.0039 per cent N alloy strip are now shown to be due to the same effect namely, ridging, which can also be produced by etching after thinning. Similar effects are produced when iron carbide (carbo-nitride) particles intersect a surface during thinning. The enhanced resistance to electrothinning is attributed to segregation of impurities—probably carbon and nitrogen. This interpretation is supported by the fact that the effects are slight in material quenched from 690°C and absent after thorough decarburization, and by the occurrence of precipitation at these sites after prolonged aging at room temperature. Lightly rolled material still showed grain boundary ridges. Increase in carbon content to 0.015 per cent gave similar effects. Some observations on “grooving” at grain boundaries, which may possibly be due to oxygen segregation, are described.
Effects of lead on growth of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum

The growth rate and maximum yield of Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve in batch culture were inhibited by dissolved lead at concentrations of 0.05 to 10.0 μg Pb l-1. Growth rate, maximum yield, and respiration cell-1 decreased and photosynthesis cell-1 and cell volume increased in response to increased lead concentration in the medium. At 0.1 and 1.0 μg Pb l-1, the chlorophyll a:carbon and protein:carbon ratios did not significantly differ from the control and the increased cellular chlorophyll a, carbon and protein observed at these concentrations reflect an increased cell volume. However, at 10.0 μg Pb l-1, associated with an increase in cell volume, the chlorophyll a:carbon ratio was significantly lower and the protein:carbon ratio was significantly higher than in the control, reflecting a changed cellular chemical composition. The rates of cell division and dark respiration decreased relative to photosynthesis and to carbon and protein production, resulting in an alteration of the cellular chemical composition.
Cerebro-Cortical Innervation of the Urinary Bladder

In this report cerebro-cortical innervation of the urinary bladder has been investigated in man by the use of electroencephalography and in the cat by the application of the evoked potential technique. Electroencephalographic monitoring during bladder filling while the patient was asleep was a useful method to determine cerebral response to stimulation of bladder sensory receptors. Bladder filling was performed during stage IV sleep. In the intact individual detrusor reflex contraction or attainment of bladder capacity was followed by prompt arousal and desynchronization of EEG rhythms. In patients with interruption of bladder sensory pathways in the periphery or in the spinal cord there was loss of impairment of the EEG response to bladder filling. In the cat, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, electrical stimulation of the nerve supply to the urinary detrusor muscle and to the pudendal nerve innervation to the periurethral striated muscle and anal sphincter, evoked a diphasic response in the cerebral cortex of the frontal lobe. All responses were grouped in the same area and were of short latency. Similar potentials have been evoked in man. These studies demonstrate that the peripheral, spinal and cerebral innervation of the urinary bladder in man are definable by electrophysiologic techniques. As a result, these electrophysiologic techniques are applicable to defining neuropathic changes in the urinary bladder innervation in man.
RIP analysis of the measurement matrix for compressive sensing-based MIMO radars

This paper considers range-angle-Doppler estimation in collocated, compressive sensing-based MIMO (CS-MIMO) radars with arbitrary array configuration. In the literature, the effectiveness of CS-MIMO radars has been studied mostly via simulations. Although there exist some theoretical results for MIMO radars with linear arrays, those cannot be easily extended to arbitrary array configurations. This paper analyzes the restricted isometry property (RIP) of the measurement matrix. The RIP conditions involve, among other quantities, the number of transmit and receive antennas. A scheme is proposed that selects the subset of receive antennas with the smallest cardinality that meet the RIP conditions.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements at Barrow, Alaska, 1973–1979

The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has operated a program to continuously measure atmospheric CO 2 concentrations at Barrow, Alaska, since July 1973. This report describes the basic operational program and reports the data through 1979. Analysis of the data shows a large-amplitude annual CO 2 cycle of 15.2 p.p.m., which is similar to that at other Northern Hemisphere high-latitude locations. The annual cycle is asymmetric with a maximum in late April and minimum in late August. Largest day-to-day variability of the the full data set occurs during summer. The long-term CO 2 trend is highlighted by a slight (?0.1 p.p.m.) decrease in absolute concentrations in 1976 compared to 1975; overall, concentrations rose about 4 to 5 p.p.m. Tentative pressure-broadening corrections were applied to express results in mole fractions so that the Barrow measurements could be directly compared to those at Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Referenced to January 1, 1974, CO 2 values at Barrow averaged about 2.5 p.p.m. greater than at Mauna Loa. The Barrow-Mauna Loa interstation difference was greatest (more than 6 p.p.m.) during December and January. The difference reverses during summer when it is less than ?6 p.p.m. in August. For 1979 CO 2 at Barrow averaged 336.9 p.p.m. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01804.x
A model of second-order chemical reactions in turbulent fluid — part II. Application to atmospheric plumes

The model developed in Part I to describe second order chemical reactions in turbulence is adapted for predicting the rates of chemical reactions occurring in plumes from atmospheric sources. The numerical planetary boundary layer model of Deardorff is employed to obtain the turbulence statistics required to implement the closure model in this role under unstable atmospheric conditions. A test of the model is performed by simulating the rate of nitric oxide oxidation in the near-source portion of a plume from the Potomac Electric Company's power plant at Morgantown, Maryland. The results, which agree well with observations, indicate that turbulent concentration fluctuations greatly inhibit the rate of nitric oxide conversion in the plume for a period of about 2z1w∗, where z1 is the height of the inversion layer below which convection is confined and w∗ is the convective velocity scale. When fluctuation effects were eliminated from the model in one particular case, the 50%-conversion time dropped from 20 minutes to about three minutes.
Why Daily Hemodialysis Is Better: Decreased Unphysiology

We are entering a whole new field for studies of how to quantitate and optimize the effects of hemodialysis. Over 30 years of experience in treating more than 200 patients with daily hemodialysis has shown that this standard of care brings about marked improvement in hematology, blood pressure regulation, nutrition, tolerance of dialysis, interdialysis symptoms, and quality of life. These improvements occur within weeks or months after daily hemodialysis is begun, even if the dose of dialysis, “Kt/V”, is decreased; thus, these improvements are not accounted for by changes in Kt/V. We propose that this is due to decreased “unphysiology”: decreased oscillations in osmolality and body fluid volumes and smaller deviations from normal electrolyte and acid-base balance, both before and after a hemodialysis session. How to summarize these changes is presently unknown. Previous attempts to quantitate them include sums of osmolality changes, weight changes during dialysis and potassium changes, and more recently, the “time averaged deviation” (TAD) concept. The task of determining the factors contributing to these changes probably requires much more sophisticated quantitation. We suggest one “direct” measurement formula and one “indirect” formula. We also suggest that the Kt/V concept be abandoned and replaced with direct measurements of dialysis creatinine clearance, combining that achieved by intermittent or continuous dialysis methods with remaining renal function.
Juvenile offenders: an examination of distance-to-crime and crime clusters

The current study focuses on crime location characteristics of juvenile offenders. Based on the argument that juveniles have limited routine activities that restrict their awareness space, where ju...
Photochemical Kinetics of Vibrationally Excited Ozone Produced in the 248 nm Photolysis of O2/O3 Mixtures

Infrared emission from vibrationally excited ozone was monitored as a function of time following pulsed laser photolysis of O3/O2 mixtures with total pressures from 300 to 1800 Torr at 295 K. The e...
Surface analysis of tablets by room-temperature phosphorimetry

Abstract The feasibility of surface analysis of homogeneous tablets by room-temperature phosphorimetry is studied for propranolol, p -aminobenzoic acid and acetylsalicylic acid as model compounds. Potassium iodide is used to provide the heavy atom; starch or carboxymethylcellulose is used as the excipient. The analytically useful ranges were found to be 3 × 10 −5 −3 × 10 −4 % for p -aminobenzoic acid, 5 × 10 −4 −5 × 10 −2 % for propranolol, and ⩽ 10% for acetylsallicylic acid (all by weight in tablets).
Intensifying collection and size increase of the tessellated nerite snail (Nerita tessellata) at the Coconut Walk site, Nevis, northern Lesser Antilles, AD 890–1440

Recent archaeological investigation at the Coconut Walk site on the Caribbean island of Nevis revealed dense 40 cm deep midden deposits that accumulated between cal AD 890–1440. Analysis of invertebrate faunal remains reveals an assemblage dominated by nerite snails. We measured the length and width of more than 2700 tessellated nerite (Nerita tessellata) shells to investigate evidence for changing mean size that might be indicative of intensifying human predation pressure or other cultural and natural processes. Contrary to similar archaeomalacological studies in which size decline is detected, we observed a statistically significant size increase for N. tessellata over time. This size increase is coupled with increasing levels of tessellated nerite exploitation at the Coconut Walk site. Results suggest that tessellated nerite use was sustainable over several centuries of site occupation. Our findings have important implications for investigations of anthropogenic impacts on prehistoric mollusc populations. In addition, the findings reported here provide important insight into human subsistence patterns during the Late Ceramic Age in the Caribbean and a framework for comparison with observations from other Pre-Columbian sites in the Caribbean.
Slope Winds in Veracruz

Abstract Detailed boundary-layer measurements are presented to show how slope winds affect the regional climate in central Veracruz state, Mexico. Observations include the growth of an anabatic convective boundary layer in summer, production of katabatic storm outflows moving contrary to prevailing easterlies, and detailed sequences of the wind and temperature in katabatic wind. The onset time for downslope motion is just before dawn after a clear night in summer, although observed within three hours of clear-sky conditions in winter. The delay in onset is most likely due to opposing upslope flow in summer. The vertical structure of the katabatic wind resembles that of entraining gravity flows. We make a distinction between an inner katabatic layer, near the level of wind maximum, in which the buoyancy force is large, and an entraining outer layer above, that is primarily forced by the inner layer.
Cdx2 as a marker for neuroendocrine tumors of unknown primary sites.

The transcription factors CDX1 and CDX2 are homeobox genes that regulate development of the epithelium of the small and large intestine. A few studies have shown that Cdx2 protein expression is useful in the diagnosis of adenocarcinomas as well as neuroendocrine tumors of the small and large intestine. To examine the utility of Cdx2 in recognizing neuroendocrine tumors of unknown primary sites, we analyzed 224 primary and metastatic neuroendocrine tumors by immunohistochemistry. The specificity of the antibody reaction was confirmed by Western blotting.
Coherent potentials and self-energies for disordered solids

The coherent-potential approximation and a self-consistent self-energy approximation are shown to produce identical results for a class of problems involving solids with disorder in both diagonal and off-diagonal tight-binding matrix elements. The two methods should give similar results for a great many physically interesting problems.
Hydraulic Characteristics of Mixed Convection in a Heated Vertical Pipe

By studying the integrated governing equations for mixed convection in a vertical pipe heated with constant wall heat flux, several concepts (or misconcepts) regarding convection mode and flow regimes are examined. A new alternative definition of convection mode reflecting the force balance in mixed convection is given. A new parameter, m(M), is introduced to quantatively characterize various regimes for mixed convection. Two specific cases for laminar and turbulent air flow with Re=500 and 5000 respectively are studied numerically in detail
EFFECTS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ON GLYCEROLIPID ACYL TURNOVER IN RAT HEPATOCYTES

Lipid peroxidation was induced in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes by incubation in the presence of Fe3+, resulting in accumulation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Analysis of lipid classes revealed that the levels and fatty acid compositions of the two major phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), remained unchanged but the levels of triacylglycerols (TAG) were significantly reduced, and some of their polyunsaturated fatty acids were selectively lost as the result of oxidant treatment. Acyl turnover in PC and PE as determined by 18O incorporation from H218O-containing media remained largely unchanged during oxidant treatment, while some increased turnover of the saturated fatty acids in TAG was observed. We hypothesize that constitutive recycling of membrane phospholipids rather than selective in situ repair eliminates peroxidized species of PC and PE, TAG could serve as an expendable fatty acid reserve, providing a limited but very dynamic pool of polyunsaturated fatty acids for the resynthesis of phospholipids.
3D Scene Generation by Learning from Examples

Due to overwhelming use of 3D models in video games and virtual environments, there is a growing interest in 3D scene generation, scene understanding and 3D model retrieval. In this paper, we introduce a data-driven 3D scene generation approach from a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model selection perspective. Using this model selection criterion, new scenes can be sampled by matching a set of contextual constraints that are extracted from training and synthesized scenes. Starting from a set of random synthesized configurations of objects in 3D, the MaxEnt distribution is iteratively sampled (using Metropolis sampling) and updated until the constraints between training and synthesized scenes match, indicating the generation of plausible synthesized 3D scenes. To illustrate the proposed methodology, we use 3D training desk scenes that are all composed of seven predefined objects with different position, scale and orientation arrangements. After applying the MaxEnt framework, the synthesized scenes show that the proposed strategy can generate reasonably similar scenes to the training examples without any human supervision during sampling. We would like to mention, however, that such an approach is not limited to desk scene generation as described here and can be extended to any 3D scene generation problem.
In vivo spectroscopic magnetic resonance imaging using estimation theory

The ability to map spectroscopic components for in vivo application is a highly desirable goal. Thusfar it has been unavailable because of the low SNR inherent in the measurement of each voxel. In this paper we deal with this low SNR in two ways. First, estimation theory, using a priori data, is used to estimate the amplitudes in each voxel. Second, the resultant estimates are presented in an image format so that they are readily correlated with anatomical and physiological patterns. A computer simulation is presented of a case where the SNR is -10 dB. At this level, conventional Fourier transform spectroscopy provides meaningless results. Using estimation theory and an imaging format, a simulated lesion is readily seen.
Sequence stratigraphy of a carbonate-clastic ramp: The Cincinnatian Series (Upper Ordovician) in its type area

The Cincinnatian Series consists of five depositional sequences; each is composed of a thin transgressive-systems tract and a much thicker, shallowing-upward, highstand-systems tract. Whereas the highstand-systems tracts are relatively poor in micrite but rich in terrigenous shale, the transgressive-systems tracts are composed of cleaner carbonate facies, ranging from coarse-grained calcarenites to micrite-rich wackestones and micstones. This alternation of carbonate- and terrigenousfacies types resulted from the trapping of clastic sediment near its presumed source in the Appalachians during a relative sea-level rise, and it may be a feature common to sequences in other mixed carbonate-clastic settings. These depositional sequences were produced by eustatic fluctuations, as shown by the limited extent to which the sequences can be traced into more proximal portions of the Appalachian Basin. The recognition of depositional sequences clarifies the regional paleogeography and simplifies regional lithostratigraphic nomenclature. Within current biostratigraphic resolution, sequences in the Cincinnatian Series appear to have chronostratigraphic significance and thereby offer an additional means of intrabasinal correlation in the Upper Ordovician.
Separation of Origin Recognition Complex Functions by Cross-Species Complementation

Transcriptional silencing at the HMRa locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the function of the origin recognition complex (ORC), the replication initiator of yeast. Expression of a Drosophila melanogaster Orc2 complementary DNA in the yeast orc2-1 strain, which is defective for replication and silencing, complemented the silencing defect but not the replication defect; this result indicated that the replication and silencing functions of ORC were separable. The orc2-1 mutation mapped to the region of greatest homology between the Drosophila and yeast proteins. The silent state mediated by DmOrc2 was epigenetic; it was propagated during mitotic divisions in a relatively stable way, whereas the nonsilent state was metastable. In contrast, the silent state was erased during meiosis.
Poly(thieno[3,4-b]furan), a New Low Band Gap Polymer: Experiment and Theory

A new optically transparent, near-infrared-absorbing low energy gap conjugated polymer, poly(thieno[3,4-b]furan) (PT34bF), with promising attributes for photovoltaics is reported herein. PT34bF was...
Specific output power of a dry geothermal plant

Abstract The specific output of a simple, irreversible, dry geothermal field power plant is analyzed. The plant has a secondary vapor Rankine cycle, which is coupled to the dry geothermal field heating fluid (heat source) and a cooling fluid (heat sink) by heat transfer. An expression is derived for the specific power output of the irreversible geothermal heat engine. The maximum specific power output is found by using computer graphics.
In Situ Studies of Cyclohexylamine Dehydrogenation and Hydrogenation on the Ni(111) Surface

As part of our program to characterize the primary factors influencing C−N bond activation on Ni surfaces, we have studied the adsorption and reactions of cyclohexylamine (CHA) on the Ni(111) surface in the presence and absence of hydrogen atmospheres. The surface reactions are characterized with temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) under ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) conditions and with in situ fluorescence yield (FY) studies on ultrasoft X-ray absorption in H2 pressures up to 0.01 Torr. The adsorbed configurations of CHA and CHA-derived species are characterized by ultrasoft X-ray spectroscopy. Dehydrogenation is the dominant surface reaction for chemisorbed CHA, resulting in the formation of stable polymeric species. Hydrogen addition results in simultaneous reaction-limited desorption of benzene and ammonia at 380 K as the C−N bond is being cleaved. The yield of the C−N bond activation products increases with H2 pressure. Single deuteration of both benzene and ammonia is observed at 380 K duri...
Fluctuations of local glaciers in Greenland during latest Pleistocene and Holocene time

Abstract This paper is the first to summarize research on fluctuations of local glaciers in Greenland (e.g. ice caps and mountain glaciers independent of the Greenland Ice Sheet) during latest Pleistocene and Holocene time. In contrast to the extensive data available for fluctuations of the Greenland Ice Sheet, surprisingly little data exist to constrain local glacier extents. Much of the available research was conducted prior to wide-spread use of AMS radiocarbon dating and the advent of surface-exposure and luminescence dating. Although there is a paucity of data, generally similar patterns of local glacier fluctuations are observed in all regions of Greenland and likely reflect changes in paleoclimate, which must have influenced at least the margins of the Inland Ice. Absolute-age data for late-glacial and early Holocene advances of local glaciers are reported from only two locations: Disko (island) and the Scoresby Sund region. Subsequent to late-glacial or early Holocene time, most local glaciers were smaller than at present or may have disappeared completely during the Holocene Thermal Maximum. In general, local glacier advances that occurred during Historical time (1200–1940 AD) are the most extensive since late-glacial or early Holocene time. Historical documents and more recent aerial photographs provide useful information about local glacier fluctuations during the last ∼100 yrs. In all but one area (North Greenland), local glaciers are currently receding from Historical extents.
The Topography of Crime

Both the ‘topography of crime’ and the ‘geography of crime’ inform the field of environmental criminology. The former studies the localized and fine features of landscape and cityscape as these influence crime and its prevention. The latter examines the broader spatial swath in order to describe and make sense of crime. Both must be mastered for environmental criminology to gain ground as a science and to become a tool to prevent crime. This brief essay presents some challenges for the topography of crime, considers some of the specifics it might address, and shows how it might enrich environmental criminology by helping to describe landscapes and cityscapes as they affect criminal activities.
Membrane proteins of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides V. Additional chemical characterization of a pigment-lipid-associated protein isolated from chromatophores

The major protein component, Band 15, of the chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides is associated with most of the pigments and phospholipids. The primary structure of Band 15 has been further characterized. Cyanogen bromide cleavage produced 3 oligopeptides which were present in equimolar amounts. The sum of the molecular weights of the oligopeptides derived from cyanogen bromide cleavage of Band 15 was 8600. This value compares favorably with the value of 11000 calculated from the methionine content of the protein. A C-terminal sequence, NH2…Tyr-Ser-Glu-Glu-(Leu,Ala,Ala,Val,Val,Ala,Ala)-GlyCOOH, is proposed. A tryptic map of the protein has been obtained and the amino acid composition of each tryptic peptide determined.
Rheology and birefringence of Fomblin YR at very high shear rates.

The rheological and structural properties of perfluoropolyether (PFPE) lubricant films including viscosity, shear stress, and birefringence were measured at relatively low to extremely high shear rates using a rotational optical rheometer. The viscosity of various films with different thicknesses exhibit Newtonian behavior up to a shear rate 1 × 104 s−1, with a transition to shear-thinning behavior obvious at higher shear rates. Birefringence of these films was also measured for the first time, and these results indicate chain alignment with shear in the shear-thinning regime. The shear rate at which alignment occurs is similar to that of the onset of shear thinning. This correlation between chain alignment and shear thinning provides direct evidence that the ability of PFPEs to lubricate hard drives at high shear rates is a direct consequence of the ability of the applied shear field to align the molecules on a molecular level.
1530 EVALUATION OF NEUROLOGIC DYSFUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) BY NEUROMETRICS (NM)

NM(computerized averaged electroencephalography)was used to quantitatively assess brain electrical activity in children with CRF. Computer-derived electrophysiologic data obtained via scalp electrodes were compared to previously derived,age-related norms by z-transformation. A Severity Index(SI)was calculated to represent the probability that electrical activity differed significantly from normal, as follows: SI=2,p=.01;SI=3,p=.001,etc.Forty six NM studies were performed on 26 CRF pts; 19 were receiving maintenance dialysis(DP)and 6, with GFRs of 6-31 ml/min/1.73 M2, were not(NDP). One pt with GFR=76ml/min/1.73M2was also evaluated with the NDP group. SI correlated with duration of CRF(GFR≤30 ml/min/1.73M2) for DP (r=.68,p .42). SI increased from 4.09±1.94(x±S.D.)to 6.66±1.52(p .94). SI decreased markedly in 2 pts after renal transplantation(8. 34-4.33; 3. 39-0.55). Serum aluminum levels in 6 NDP ranged from 13.6-335μg/1(normal-16.9±2.8μg/1), and did not correlate with SI(r=.72,p>.10). The data suggest that progressive deterioration of brain electrical activity occurs as CRF worsens. Observed disturbances were more severe in DP, even in the absence of clinically apparent neurologic dysfunction, and were not improved acutely by dialysis. NM may be useful in the quantitative assessment of neurologic disorders in children with CRF;observer bias is thus avoided. (Supported in part by RR-75)
Electro-birefringence from paraelectric defects in cubic crystals

The electro-birefringence effects are discussed and produced in an (electro-optically inactive) cubic crystal by the presence of electric dipole defects which are alignable by electric fields. Based on the electronic polarizability tensor of the defects and their paraelectric alignment functions, expressions for the field-induced birefringence (Kerr or Pockels effect) can be derived for all interesting symmetries of dipoles, electric fields, and light-geometry, and their connections — by Kramers-Kronig relations — to electro-dichroism can be given. Various methods for electrobirefringence measurements with dc, ac, dc + ac, and birefringence-bias techniques producing linear, quadratic, and quartic E-dependence of the electro-optical effect are discussed. The derived behavior is illustrated by experimental examples selected from Kerr effect measurements on CN− defects in alkali halides. Die feldinduzierte Doppelbrechung in kubischen Kristallen mit elektrischen Dipol-Storstellen wird diskutiert. Quantitative Ausdrucke fur den Kerr- und Pockels-Effekt (basierend auf dem Polarisierbarkeitstensor und der paraelektrischen Ausrichtfunktion der Storstellen) werden fur alle interessierenden Dipol-, Feld- und Lichtgeometrien angegeben, mitsamt ihrer Kramers-Kronig-Beziehung zum feldinduzierten Dichroismus. Verschiedene Mesmethoden mit Gleichspannungs-, Wechselspannungs-, Gleich- und Wechselspannungs- und „Doppelbrechungs-Vorspannungs”-Technik, die lineare, quadratische und quartische Feldabhangigkeit erzeugen, werden diskutiert. Das abgeleitete Verhalten wird illustriert mit experimentellen Beispielen von Kerr-Effekt-Messungen an CN−-Storstellen in Alkali-Halogeniden.
LUCY: a FORTRAN implementation of semiclassical spectral quantization

Abstract The basic formalism of Semiclassical Spectral Quantization (SQ) is reviewed here. Some analytic formulae necessary for its implementation are also presented. All facets of LUCY, a FORTRAN implementation of SQ, are described in detail. Sample input and output streams are given for a model two degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian with non-linear coupling terms. The basic requirements for LUCY along with its advantages and disadvantages are discussed as well.
PERSONNEL AND TRAINING NEEDS IN GERIATRIC SOCIAL WORK

The need for trained geriatric social workers is extensive and growing. The current supply of trained geriatric social workers is limited. Strategies to reduce the gap between the demand for and the supply must be approached from all levels of formal social work education, including an active program of geriatric social work continuing education.
Library Instruction in the Digital Age

ABSTRACT Updating her 2003 article in Reference Services Review (“The Future of Reference: Get Real!” Reference Services Review 3(1), 2003, 39–42, DOI: 10.1108/00907320310460898), the author emphasizes the need to get a good sense of what one's users’ priorities are, concentrating efforts on successful tools researchers will actually use; responding to changes that have taken place in research and scholarship; devising instruction for use in actual environments, spaces, and timeframes; focusing on local user needs; and working to influence user-centered design of library online systems.
Fermi-level pinning at the Sb/GaAs(110) surface studied by scanning tunneling spectroscopy.

Antimony overlayers on the GaAs(110) surface have been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. On ordered Sb terraces, a characteristic spectrum of surface states is observed. Near the edges of Sb islands, additional states are found within the band-gap region. These band-gap states comprise two separate bands of filled and empty states, with the surface Fermi level pinned between the two bands.
Possible toxic effects of the marine blue-green alga, Spirulina subsalsa, on the blue shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris.

Abstract Blooms of a marine species of blue-green algae identified as Spirulina subsalsa (Cyanophyta, Oscillatoriacae) were found to be related to a particular disease syndrome in raceway-reared blue shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris. The disease was characterized by necrosis of the lining epithelium of the midgut, dorsal cecum, and hindgut gland, and a consequent hemocytic enteritis. Bacterial infections due predominately to Vibrio alginolyticus were common in affected shrimp and presumed to be a secondary condition resulting from necrosis of the gut epithelium. These bacterial infections were expressed as local abscesses near or on the gut or as fulminating septicemias.
Progesterone Receptor Function from a Behavioral Perspective

Hormonal induction of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized female mice can be effectively reinstated by sequential administration of estradiol and progesterone. In this regard, mice appear to be similar to other rodents. While it is generally accepted that hypothalamic progesterone receptors function as estradiol-induced transcription factors in the induction of sexual receptivity in rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs, relatively little is known about their role in the mouse, a species which exhibits genotypic and strain differences in the responsiveness to steroid hormones. Using a transgenic mouse carrying a null mutation for the progesterone receptor by gene targeting, we examined the role of the progesterone receptor as a coordinator of key regulatory events in the induction of sexual receptivity. A concordance between hypothalamic progesterone receptor levels and behavioral responsiveness was established by comparing the homozygous mutant, heterozygous mutant, and wild-type littermates. The behavioral and biochemical findings reveal the importance of estradiol-induced progesterone receptors for the expression of sexual behavior in female mice. The behavioral response of the two parental mouse strains from which the recombinant genotype was generated was also examined. As an extension of our earlier studies on the ligand-independent activation of progesterone receptors by neurotransmitters, the behavioral effect of dopamine in the facilitation of sexual receptivity in mice was also examined. The studies provide further evidence that steroid hormone receptors function as general transcription factors to achieve the integration of neural information in the central nervous system, and they assign a more important role for progesterone receptors than hitherto envisioned.