cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State-Based Versus Reward-Based Motivation in Younger and Older Adults

Recent decision-making work has focused on a distinction between a habitual, model-free neural system that is motivated toward actions that lead directly to reward and a more computationally demanding goal-directed, model-based system that is motivated toward actions that improve one’s future state. In this article, we examine how aging affects motivation toward reward-based versus state-based decision making. Participants performed tasks in which one type of option provided larger immediate rewards but the alternative type of option led to larger rewards on future trials, or improvements in state. We predicted that older adults would show a reduced preference for choices that led to improvements in state and a greater preference for choices that maximized immediate reward. We also predicted that fits from a hybrid reinforcement-learning model would indicate greater model-based strategy use in younger than in older adults. In line with these predictions, older adults selected the options that maximized reward more often than did younger adults in three of the four tasks, and modeling results suggested reduced model-based strategy use. In the task where older adults showed similar behavior to younger adults, our model-fitting results suggested that this was due to the utilization of a win-stay–lose-shift heuristic rather than a more complex model-based strategy. Additionally, within older adults, we found that model-based strategy use was positively correlated with memory measures from our neuropsychological test battery. We suggest that this shift from state-based to reward-based motivation may be due to age related declines in the neural structures needed for more computationally demanding model-based decision making.
Experiments in Nucleation Dynamics of High Pressure Refrigerant in Pool Boiling Using Thermo Liquid Crystals

Detailed analysis of nucleating surface temperatures using thermochromatic liquid crystal technique and temporal-temperature response under various heat flux and at 813.6kPa (118Psia) and 882.5kPa (128Psia) in R134A refrigerant has been performed. Liquid crystals thermo-chromatography uses encapsulated liquid crystals that are sensitive to temperature. The visualization system uses two high resolution and fast shutter speed cameras: one to measure the temperature and another to capture the bubble dynamics. Bubble frequency is found to be linearly proportional to the heat flux between 2500W/m2 and 5000W/m2 . Bubble growth and departure have been captured. As the bubble departs from the surface, it is replaced by cooler fluid. This transient effect or form of micro-convection occurs at the same rate as the bubble frequency. Results show that this phenomenon occurs in less than 2ms and experiences a temperature drop of 2.5°C. From the time of departure, the temperature slowly rises roughly 1°C until the birth of the next bubble.© 2007 ASME
Russian dolls and Chinese boxes: The ecology of Alzheimer's disease research

(2001). Russian dolls and Chinese boxes: The ecology of Alzheimer's disease research. Aging & Mental Health: Vol. 5, No. sup1, pp. 149-152.
Developmental Aphasia and Brain Damage

Summary This paper evaluates the evidence bearing on the question of the relationship between brain damage and the condition known as “developmental aphasia.” There is a disposition among some clinicians to deny the real existence of the condition as a specific entity and to consider that when serious language retardation occurs it is always a part-expression of a more pervasive disability, such as mental deficiency, hearing loss, generalized motor disability or psychiatric disorder. However, when all cases of receptive and expressive language retardation that are ascribable to these more general factors are excluded, there still remains a group of children who do not learn to speak and in whom there is no immediately apparent reason for the retardation. In this sense there can be no question that specific developmental aphasia does in fact exist. For a long time the association between developmental aphasia and brain damage was purely conjectural. However, a mass of evidence has now accumulated to implicate early damage of the central nervous system as a causative factor in many cases. There are aphasic children who show no independent evidence of cerebral disease or dysfunction but their placement into a separate clinical category does not seem to be warranted. There is also evidence to suggest that the basis for developmental aphasia of the receptive-expressive type is higher-level auditory perceptual deficit.
The use of combinators in translating a purely functional language to low-level data-flow graphs

Abstract FCL is a higher-order functional programming language which consolidates and extends a number of desirable features of existing languages. This paper describes the salient features of FCL and an algorithm for translation to highly parallel data flow graphs. The translation algorithm is based on a set of extended “combinators”. The relationship between functional programming languages and demand-driven or data-driven data flow architectures is established.
Radio-Frequency Mass Spectrometers and Their Applications in Space

This paper describes briefly the operation of three common radio-frequency mass spectrometers and compares their performances. Their limitations (maximum resolving power, operating pressure range, etc.) are pointed out. It is concluded that the quadrupole spectrometer has fewer limitations and is more generally useful in space probes than the other devices. Some present and proposed uses of spectrometers in space are discussed, and the problem of contamination of the atmosphere being sampled by the spectrometer is reviewed.
Activated chemistry in the presence of a strongly symmetrically coupled vibration

In the gas phase, tunneling reaction rates can be significantly enhanced if the reaction coordinate is symmetrically coupled to a harmonic oscillation, as has been emphasized by Benderskii and co-workers [Adv. Chem. Phys. 88, 1 (1994)]. This is due to the fact that the symmetric coupling leads to modulation of the barrier height. Similar effects have been observed in reactions in model condensed phase studies, as in the Hamiltonians that have been studied by Borgis and Hynes [J. Chem. Phys. 94, 3619 (1991)] and Suarez and Silbey [J. Chem. Phys. 94, 4809 (1991)]. All of these works assume that tunneling proceeds from the ground state. In this paper, we use the exponential resummation technique that we used in our recent work on the quantum Kramers problem, to study the case when there can be excitations to higher states and activated transmission over a barrier. We present a general methodology to exactly include direct coupling between the reaction coordinate and the symmetrically coupled promoting vibrat...
Optical clearing-aided photoacoustic microscopy with enhanced resolution and imaging depth

Due to strong light scattering in tissue, both the spatial resolution and maximum penetration depth of optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) deteriorate sharply with depth. To reduce tissue scattering, we propose to use glycerol as an optical clearing agent in OR-PAM. Our results show that the imaging performance of OR-PAM can be greatly enhanced by optical clearing both in vitro and in vivo.
Software transactional memory for large scale clusters

While there has been extensive work on the design of software transactional memory (STM) for cache coherent shared memory systems, there has been no work on the design of an STM system for very large scale platforms containing potentially thousands of nodes. In this work, we present Cluster-STM, an STM designed for high performance on large-scale commodity clusters. Our design addresses several novel issues posed by this domain, including aggregating communication, managing locality, and distributing transactional metadata onto the nodes. We also re-evaluate several STM design choices previously studied for cache-coherent machines and conclude that, in some cases, different choices are appropriate on clusters. Finally, we show that our design scales well up to 512 processors. This is because on a cluster, the main barrier to STM scalability is the remote communication overhead imposed by the STM operations, and our design aggregates most of that communication with the communication of the underlying data.
Further evidence for an opioid receptor complex

We recently presented evidence that distinct morphine and enkephalin receptors coexist in an opioid receptor complex. These studies used membranes prepared from whole rat brain. In this paper the receptor complex is demonstrated to occur in membranes prepared from rat striatum, cortex, and pooled nonstriatal-noncortical regions of the brain. The observation that morphine masks enkephalin receptors is confirmed using 3H-methionine enkephalin to label the enkephalin receptor. These data further support the hypothesis that populations of morphine and enkephalin receptors coexist in an opioid receptor complex.
The Structure of the Statocyst of the Freshwater Snail Biomphalaria Glabrata (Pulmonata, Basommatophora)

The structure of the statocyst of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The two statocysts are located on the dorsal-lateral side of the left and right pedal ganglion. The statocysts are spherical, fluid-filled capsules with a diameter of approximately 60 microns for young and 110 microns for adult snails. The wall of the cyst is composed of large receptor cells and many smaller supporting cells. The receptor cells bear cilia which are evenly distributed on the apical surface. The cilia have the typical 9+2 internal tubule configuration. Striate rootlets originate from the base of the basal body and run downward into the cytoplasm. Side-roots arise from one side of the basal body and a basal foot from the other. For each receptor cell, the basal foot always points to the periphery of the surface, indicating that the receptor cell is non-polarized. The receptor cells contain cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, compact Golgi bodies and multivesicular bodies. Supporting cells bearing microvilli are interposed between the receptor cells. The junction complex between the supporting cells and the receptor cells is composed of adherens and septate junctions, while between supporting cells only the adherens junctions are present. The static nerve arises from the lateral side of the cyst and contains axons in which parallel neurotubules and mitochondria are found. The axons arise directly from the base of the receptor cells without synapse. In the cyst lumen there are unattached statoconia. The statoconia have a plate-like or concentric membranous ring structure. Based on the morphology, the function of the statocyst in Biomphalaria is discussed.
SU-E-T-544: An Empirical Formula to Obtain Tissue-Phantom Ratios From Percentage Depth Dose Curves for Small Fields

Purpose: For small photon fields, accurate values of tissue‐phantom ratios (TPR) are difficult to obtain either by direct measurement or by the conventional method of converting from measured percentage‐depth doses (%dd). This study aims to develop an empirical method to accurately obtain TPRs from %dd curves for small radiosurgery beams. Methods: The Monte Carlo simulation codes BEAMnrc/DOSXYZnrc were used to simulate the accelerator head and accessory. The Monte Carlo directly calculated TPR values as a function of depth were compared with TPRs converted from %dd curves in a water phantom for field sizes ranging from 4 mm diameter to 10×10 cm2 fields. Direct measurements of TPRs were performed with the detector remaining fixed at an SAD of 100 cm and increasing the detector depth by adding water. Results: Using the Monte Carlo values, we developed an empirical formula to obtain TPRs from %dd. The conventional method of obtaining TPRs from %dd underestimate TPR by 3.4% and 0.6% at a depth 1.5 cm and overestimate TPR by 6.2% and 1.7% at a depth of 25 cm for 4 mm and 30 mm diameter circular fields, respectively. The empirical formula is derived from realistic Monte Carlo simulations using field sizes ranging from 4 mm to 30 mm and depth ranging from 1.5 cm to 25 cm. TPRs calculated using this function deviate from TPRs directly calculated from Monte Carlo by less than 0.5%. The accuracy of this empirical formula is validated against the directly measured TPRs in water. Conclusion: The developed empirical method has the potential to greatly simply the work in obtaining TPRs from measured %dd curves for small fields. By using this developed empirical formula the uncertainties between directly measured TPRs and converted TPRs from measured %dd curves are within 1%.
Metastable austenitic stainless steel tool for magnetic abrasive finishing

Abstract Through selective heat treatment, a metastable austenitic stainless steel tool can be fabricated to exhibit alternating magnetic and nonmagnetic regions. Magnetic abrasive is attracted to the borders of the magnetic regions of the developed tool to create additional finishing points. In combination with a multiple pole-tip system, this unique magnetic property facilitates simultaneous finishing of multiple regions for shortening finishing time. This paper describes the fabrication, the crystalline structure, and the resulting magnetic properties of the heat-treated tool. The magnetic abrasive behavior, the finishing characteristics, and a mechanism to extend the finished length are clarified for internal finishing flexible capillaries.
Triboelectrostatic beneficiation of fly ash

Abstract Dry triboelectrostatic separations of fly ash derived from both coal combustion and the combustion of coal mixed with 10 wt% biomass were conducted. Two different types of triboelectrostatic separators — parallel plate and louvered plate separators — were used for this study. It is found that the material of construction for the tribocharger in the louvered plate separator affects both the deposition pattern and the quantity of recovery of the separated products. The poor quality of separation for the biomass fly ash studied is probably due to the physical/chemical nature of the biomass fly ash which is significantly different from that of coal fly ash.
Short Stories at Work: Storytelling as an Indicator of Organizational Commitment

Membership patterns and tenure cycles in organizations have changed, which has resulted in significant leadership challenges. This study examined the relationship between storytelling and organizational commitment to determine whether storytelling signaled the degree of unity that organizational members built to “weather” turbulence. Stories from interviews with employees across all hierarchical levels and tenure stages at diverse locations of a global firm were analyzed and compared with dimensions of organizational commitment. Findings here illustrated that storytelling was strongly associated with organizational commitment and indicated that stories continue to play an important role in conveying values and complex messages across organizational boundaries. Along with providing a productive diagnostic capability, the research offers insight about contemporary organizational membership and surfaces valuable leadership implications.
L'Usage de la photographie chez Annie Ernaux

A la suite d'une experience personnelle tragique —un cancer du sein qui a failli lui couter la vie, Annie Ernaux publie en mars 2005 un livre surprenant, L'Usage de la photo. Jouant sur l'experimentation litteraire, Ernaux emprunte le pacte referentiel a l'autobiographie, le processus d'analyse en cours al'autoportrait, ainsi que les carac-teristiques propres ala photographie et ala photobiographie pour se lancer dans un questionnement sur le cancer et sur la mort, qu'elle conduit tantot sur le mode de l'enquete policiere, tantot sur le mode de l'interrogation metaphysique. Choses fortuites, les photographies successives de vetements abandonnes apres l'acte amoureux forment un kaleidoscope de formes et de couleurs qui doivent susciter l'analyse et finalement mener a une revelation epiphanique. Les vetements vides, a la fois anthropomorphiques et inanimes, l'inquietante etrangete d'un tableau de Chirico ornant les murs de pouilles d'un appartement modeste, et une reflexion sur l'epithe te argentique qualifiant un type de photographie tombant en desuetude servent tous a suggerer l'etrange relation de l'absence a la presence, evoquant finalement le mystere de la mort. Empruntant la dialectique manicheenne, Ernaux utilise l'image du Saint Suaire pour renforcer le lien entre le corps et l'ecriture, designant L'Usage de la photo comme le cenotaphe devant contenir in absentia l'analogon corps-corpus de son œuvre. Le texte mene ultimement a la revelation epiphanique d'une re-co-naissance —reconnaissance pour la valeur de la vie, connaissance des mysteres de l'absence, co-naissance tout a la fois du texte a deux voix et de Marie a l'ecriture. L'article s'inspire des theses de Philippe Lejeune, Michel Beaujour, Gilles Mora et Roland Barthes en ce qui concerne la discussion des genres litteraires et l'exploitation des caracteristiques inherentes a la photographie. Les essais de Didi-Huberman informent l'analyse de la relation du fortuit a l'ecriture experimentale et ont fourni l'image du kaleidoscope comme modele theorique.
Being human: engineering: worldwide ebb.

In the last in our series on being human, Melanie Moses gets to grips with humanity's greatest challenge: how to reduce the demand for energy in increasingly complex, networked and energy-dependent societies.
Cytocompatible click-based hydrogels with dynamically tunable properties through orthogonal photoconjugation and photocleavage reactions

To provide insight into how cells receive information from their external surroundings, synthetic hydrogels have emerged as systems for assaying cell function in well-defined microenvironments where single cues can be introduced and subsequent effects individually elucidated. However, as answers to more complex biological questions continue to be sought, advanced material systems are needed that allow dynamic alteration of the three-dimensional cellular environment with orthogonal reactions that enable multiple levels of control of biochemical and biomechanical signals. Here, we seek to synthesize one such three-dimensional culture system using cytocompatible and wavelength-specific photochemical reactions to create hydrogels that allow orthogonal and dynamic control of material properties through independent spatiotemporally regulated photocleavage of crosslinks and photoconjugation of pendant functionalities. The results demonstrate the versatile nature of the chemistry to create programmable niches to study and direct cell function by modifying the local hydrogel environment.
Prevalence and degree of bother from pelvic floor disorders in obese women

We aimed to determine the prevalence and bother from pelvic floor disorders (PFD) by obesity severity, hypothesizing that both would increase with higher degrees of obesity. We performed a secondary analysis of 1,155 females enrolled in an epidemiologic study that used a validated questionnaire to identify PFD. Prevalence and degree of bother were compared across three obesity groups. Logistic regression assessed the contribution of degree of obesity to the odds of having PFD. Prevalence of any PFD was highest in morbidly (57%) and severely (53%) obese compared to obese women (44%). Regression models demonstrated higher prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse, overactive bladder, stress urinary incontinence, and any PFD in morbidly compared to obese women and higher prevalence of stress urinary incontinence in severely obese compared to obese women. Degree of bother did not vary by degree of obesity. Prevalence of PFD increases with higher degrees of obesity.
Morphological and molecular analysis of genetic stability in micropropagated Fragaria × Ananassa cv. pocahontas

Micropropagated strawberry plants (Fragaria×ananassa L.) grown on 5 µM and 15 µM BA medium or cold-stored were grown in the field to examine morphological variation. Except for plant height, morphological characteristics did not differ for field-grown plants micropropagated on 5 µM and 15 µM BA medium. Cold-stored plants were less vigorous, both vegetatively and reproductively, than BA-treated plants. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to determine if cold storage or supraoptimal levels of N6-benzyladenine (BA) in the culture medium caused genetic changes leading to somaclonal variation. No mutations were observed in 246 loci amplified by the 29 primers tested. Possible changes in methylation patterns of ribosomal DNA genes of strawberries were also examined. Changes in methylation patterns were observed in only one DNA sample from plants grown on 15 µM BA medium and in one of the cold-stored plants. Length polymorphism was observed in two samples from plantlets derived from one explant. The low levels of RAPD variation and methylation observed, and the apparently epigenetic changes in morphological characteristics in plants used in this study, indicated that mutations had not occurred.
Ecological Analysis Before and After Planting in a Constructed Wetland in the Adirondacks

The assessment of constructed treatment wetland success usually relies on abiotic measures, such as nutrient level reduction. Because constructed wetlands eventually function as whole ecosystems, and their biotic components play a role in water treatment, it is important to consider the development of associated flora and fauna when conducting site assessments. The goal of this two-year case study was to observe ecosystem establishment at a constructed stormwater treatment wetland adjacent to Lake George in the Adirondack Mountains of New York, with a focus on macroinvertebrate and vegetation community development. The first year of the study occurred during a period of natural succession. The second year occurred following the artificial introduction of 85 plant species. The vegetation community predictably improved in richness, evenness, and diversity. The macroinvertebrate community experienced substantial shifts in dominant taxa. Importantly, each pond in the wetland’s treatment train developed unique profiles over time as defined by their vegetation and macroinvertebrate communities, as well as by their water chemistry. While the specific biotic and abiotic drivers creating these unique ponds have not been identified, the disparate profiles and how they function together will determine stormwater treatment efficiency after further site maturation.
N-terminal amino acid sequences of three functionally different troponin T isoforms from rabbit fast skeletal muscle.

The different isoforms of fast skeletal muscle troponin T (TnT) are generated by alternative splicing of several 5′ exons in the fast TnT gene. In rabbit skeletal muscle this process results in three major fast TnT species, TnT1f, TnT2f and TnT3f, that differ in a region of 30 to 40 amino acid residues near the N terminus. Differential expression of these three isoforms modulates the activation of the thin filament by calcium. To establish a basis for further structure-function studies, we have sequenced the N-terminal region of these proteins. TnT2f is the fast TnT sequenced by Pearlstone et al.. The larger species TnT1f contains six additional amino acid residues identical in sequence and position to those encoded by exon 4 in the rat fast skeletal muscle TnT gene. TnT3f also contains that sequence but lacks 17 amino acid residues spanning the region encoded by exons 6 and 7 of the rat gene. These three TnTs appear to be generated by discrete alternative splicing pathways, each differing by a single event. Comparison of these TnT sequences with those from chicken fast skeletal muscle and bovine heart shows that the splicing pattern resulting in the excision of exon 4 is evolutionarily conserved and leads to a more calcium-sensitive thin filament.
A refined model for the variable domains (Fv) of the J539 ß(1,6)-d-galactan-binding immunoglobulin☆

A refined protocol for building a hypothetical model of the J539 Fv is described. Computer programs for positioning amino acid side chains and structure energy minimization [CHARMM program of Brooks et al.,J. comp. Chem.4, 187–217 (1983)] were employed. Computer modeling was accomplished on an Evans and Sutherland picture system which permitted structure visualization in three dimensions. Peptide backbone breaksites were rejoined by monitoring for correct distances and torsion angles. A physical model was then constructed and used as a basis for further refinements such as aligning conformations around remodeled sites, adjusting proline substitutions and optimizing hydrogen-bondforming potentials. This structure (J539-ADO) was energy minimized and the final coordinates were obtained from the energy-refined model. The resulting hypothetical J539 structure can be compared to the structure of J539 now being determined by X-ray crystallography. The procedures described can be used for other Fv fragments.
Publicizing our product : Sociologists, the press and defining the discipline at the local level

While sociologists at the national level are often called upon to present opinions about social issues, the crucial work of clarifying the image of the discipline is probably best done in local settings. The difficulty, however, is that practicing sociologists at the state and local levels are often unsure about how to deal with the press and as a consequence are reluctant to present themselves to the local media arena. Several state associations are aware of this problem and have incorporated media training into their annual programs (notably, Georgia and North Carolina). This paper suggests some strategies for talking with the local media, based on personal experience of the author both as a sociologist and as a member of a state legislature.
Radiation damage of protein crystals at cryogenic temperatures between 40 K and 150 K.

X-ray radiation damage of lysozyme single crystals by an intense monochromatic beam from the Advanced Photon Source is studied at cryogenic temperatures between 40 K and 150 K. The results confirm that primary radiation damage is both linearly dependent on the X-ray dose and independent of temperature. The upper limit for the primary radiation damage observed in our previous study [Teng & Moffat (2000), J. Synchrotron Rad. 7, 313–317] holds over the wider temperature range of this study. The X-ray diffraction quality of the data acquired at 40 K is superior to those at 100 K, apparently due to temperature dependence of secondary and tertiary radiation damage and to reduced thermal motion.
Colon cancer screening. The dilemma of positive screening tests.

• Despite doubts about the benefits of colon cancer screening, sigmoidoscopy and fecal occult blood tests are now often performed by clinicians who must then deal with positive test results. The purpose of this literature review is to examine potential strategies for dealing with positive screening test results. If positive results are obtained, current data support the use of colonoscopy as the single most effective diagnostic strategy. Exceptions include situations that reduce the predictive value of the screening test. Several important areas of controversy are highlighted that need to be assessed in subsequent studies. ( Arch Intern Med . 1990;150:740-744)
The Self and Political Role: A Symbolic Interactionist Approach to Political Ideology

SYMBOLIC interaction theory, though widely applied in the analysis of other areas of human behavior, has been used infrequently in the study of politics and almost never in the study of political ideology.? This paper illustrates the applicability of the theory as an approach to the latter. More specifically, it attempts to find a relation between differential self conceptions and the types of political roles individuals play. It attempts to provide a tentative answer to the following question: What kinds of self-views are associated with a left-wing or moderate or rightwing or some other political role? Traditionally, an individual's social beliefs or ideology has been viewed as a product of economic class or social conditions. More recently, a number of sociologists and political scientists have approached it as a correlate of status crystallization.2 But most of the empirical research on political ideology has considered it to be a manifestation of personality.3 In the personality studies it is assumed that ideological beliefs spring from an underlying personality structure or predisposing factors within the individual. In the research presented in the present article, political ideology is treated as role perception. It is viewed as a set of norms or a role incorporated into the individual's view of himself and the world he lives in. It develops out of symbolic interaction with significant others. Political role, as well as mind and self, is "the individual importation of the social process."4
Combination of Kinetically Selected Inhibitors in Trans Leads to Highly Effective Inhibition of Amyloid Formation

Amyloid formation plays a role in over 25 human disorders. A range of strategies have been applied to the problem of developing inhibitors of amyloid formation, but unfortunately, many inhibitors are effective only in molar excess and typically either lengthen the time to the onset of amyloid formation, (the lag time), while having modest effects on the total amount of amyloid fibrils produced, or decrease the amount of amyloid without significantly reducing the lag time. We demonstrate a general strategy whereby two moderate inhibitors of amyloid formation can be rationally selected via kinetic assays and combined in trans to yield a highly effective inhibitor which dramatically delays the time to the appearance of amyloid and drastically reduces the total amount of amyloid formed. A key feature is that the selection of the components of the mixture is based on their effect on the time course of amyloid formation rather than on just the amount of amyloid produced. The approach is validated using inhibitors of amyloid formation by islet amyloid polypeptide, the causative agent of amyloid formation in type 2 diabetes and the Alzheimer's disease Aβ peptide.
Laboratory Bioassays and Field Trials of Entomogenous Nematodes for Control of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Citrus

Laboratory, greenhouse, and field tests were made in Florida to determine the potential of the entomogenous nematodes, Neoaplectana glaseri Steiner or Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser (Mexican strain), as biological control agents for the root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.). In the laboratory, when nematodes were applied to the soil surface at rates of 25, 250, and 2,500 per cm2, mortality of 3-mo-old D. abbreviatus larvae ranged from 24 to 88%. N. glaseri and N. carpocapsae had no significant effect on neonate larvae or pupae. In the greenhouse, when N. glaseri or N. carpocapsae were introduced to D. abbreviatus infested citrus seedlings, larval populations were significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced. In field tests, when nematodes were applied at 250 per cm2, mortality of 3-mo-old D. abbreviatus larvae was 35 and 65% for N. glaseri and N. carpocapsae , respectively. In laboratory, greenhouse, and field tests, N. carpocapsae (Mexican strain) was significantly ( P < 0.05) superior to N. glaseri as a biocontrol agent for D. abbreviatus larvae.
A compensation for field expansion caused by moving forward

When an object increases in size and its retinal image expands, it is perceived to grow. But image expansion caused by one’s approaching an object of constant size does not result in perceived growth of the object. This is due, in part, to correct size perception which takes the distance of the object into account. But perceived growth may have another component, the perceived expanding motion of the object’s contours. Failure of growth to be perceived when the image expansion is caused by approaching an object may, in addition, be the result of a compensating process that prevents expandingmotion to be perceived when the image expansion occurs during a subject’s forward movement. That such a compensating process operates was demonstrated in an indirect manner. We made use of the fact that prolonged exposure of a retinal area to the same motion process leads to decrease in the speed of the resulting perceived motion and to motion aftereffect. When a compensating process operates, it might have an effect on these two consequences of motion perception, and such a result was obtained. Under conditions that would bring the compensation into effect, namely, when prolonged exposure to an expanding motion occurred only during the subject’s forward movements, subsequent speed decrease was significantly diminished and motion aftereffects occurred substantially less often than in the control conditions.
Shyness and Loneliness: Relationship to the Exercise Frequency of College Students

The purpose of the current study was to estimate the relationship between exercise frequency and measures of shyness and loneliness in a sample of 882 college students. Analysis provided evidence that higher shyness and loneliness scores were associated with not exercising and infrequent exercising. Also, subjects who exercise 7 times a week scored significantly lower than the other exercise-frequency groups. Analysis of covariance, controlling for possible confounding variables, gives further support.
Reduction of heat resistance of neosartorya fisheri ascospores by sulfur dioxide

The influence of sulfur dioxide on heat resistance was measured in 0.05 M, pH 3.3 tartaric acid solution and in various fruit juices. In tartaric acid solution, as little as 5 mg/L SO2 had a detectable effect; 100 mg/L reduced D80 from 123 min to 6.1 min, and at the 100 mg/ L, temperatures as low as 65°C caused a lethality. In fruit juices, 100 mg/L reduced heat resistance by 50% or more. Raising the pH from 3.3 to 5.0 neutralized the activity of sulfur dioxide indicating that it was the undissociated, molecular form that sensitized the ascospores to heat.
Boundary conditions and EMF calculations for magnetohydrodynamic flow in infinite cylindrical configurations

In magnetohydrodynamics, infinite cylindrical configurations with a radial magnetic field cannot generally be used to model rectangular configurations. Consideration must be given to the necessary variations in the axial magnetic flux in order to create the radial magnetic field.
Technical Performance Modeling of Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Electric School Buses Using ADVISOR

The hybrid electric vehicle is changing the automotive market at an impressive rate. While not as highly publicized, the transit bus market is being transformed at an equally great rate. As these markets move forward, the school bus market remains largely unchanged. As an unchanged market, there is still the opportunity to optimize a hybrid vehicle platform for school buses. This study models an existing class C school bus and investigates the potential of both series and parallel hybrids to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. The primary focus of this study is to investigate the potential benefits of adding an electric grid interconnection to hybrid electric school buses, allowing them to add to the hybrid potential to a pre-charged battery pack. These vehicles are known as plug-in hybrids. The school bus models shown in this paper were generated in a Matlab/Simulink-based program developed by NREL called ADVISOR. ADVISOR is used by vehicle manufacturers as a tool to experiment with different vehicle configurations. In this study both a generic series hybrid and a generic parallel hybrid are generated and used in both charge-sustaining and charge-depleting scenarios with varying sizes of battery packs to increase the “grid energy.” The results of each model are presented by fuel economy and emissions reductions taking into account the power plant emissions and electricity costs. The results of the study show that by adding a plug-in connection to existing hybrids, significant savings can be achieved, both in fuel costs and in overall emissions. By analyzing the emissions at the power plant level and at the vehicle level we show that emission of NOx, Particulate Matter and Carbon Dioxide can all be reduced while saving on fuel costs. This study also shows that some models of traditional hybrid can be operated as plug-in models with little or no change to the system to gain significant benefit from the initial charge.© 2005 ASME
A brief history of TEM observations of plutonium and its alloys

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has proven to be a useful tool to investigate the morphological and crystallographic nature of plutonium metal and alloys. Its unique ability to provide direct visual as well as crystallographic information on a very fine scale has given new insight into the complex nature of plutonium. Because of the limited number of TEM observations performed to date, there is little doubt that this metal’s most intriguing microstructural secrets are yet to be revealed.
Structure of Vibrio cholerae ribosome hibernation promoting factor.

The X-ray crystal structure of ribosome hibernation promoting factor (HPF) from Vibrio cholerae is presented at 2.0 A resolution. The crystal was phased by two-wavelength MAD using cocrystallized cobalt. The asymmetric unit contained two molecules of HPF linked by four Co atoms. The metal-binding sites observed in the crystal are probably not related to biological function. The structure of HPF has a typical β–α–β–β–β–α fold consistent with previous structures of YfiA and HPF from Escherichia coli. Comparison of the new structure with that of HPF from E. coli bound to the Thermus thermophilus ribosome [Polikanov et al. (2012), Science, 336, 915–918] shows that no significant structural changes are induced in HPF by binding.
Impaired Fear Memory Specificity Associated with Deficient Endocannabinoid-Dependent Long-Term Plasticity

In addition to its central role in learning and memory, N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent signaling regulates central glutamatergic synapse maturation and has been implicated in schizophrenia. We have transiently induced NMDAR hypofunction in infant mice during postnatal days 7–11, followed by testing fear memory specificity and presynaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in adult mice. We show that transient NMDAR hypofunction during early brain development, coinciding with the maturation of cortical plasticity results in a loss of an endocannabinoid (eCB)-mediated form of long-term depression (eCB-LTD) at adult central glutamatergic synapses, while another form of presynaptic long-term depression mediated by the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 (mGluR2/3-LTD) remains intact. Mice with this selective impairment of presynaptic plasticity also showed deficits in fear memory specificity. The observed deficit in cortical presynaptic plasticity may represent a neural maladaptation contributing to network instability and abnormal cognitive functioning.
THE INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS WITH FIVE- AND SEVEN-MEMBERED FUSED RING DEFECTS

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) growth and destruction are thought to proceed via the occasional incorporation of five- and seven-membered fused ring defects in the hexagonal carbon skeleton. Using density functional theory, this paper investigates the effect such five- and seven-membered fused ring defects have on the infrared spectra of ovalene, circumovalene, and circumcircumovalene. The defects make only small changes to the overall infrared (IR) spectra, both in the mid-IR and in the far-IR, of these species. In addition to small shifts in the positions of the bands between the PAHs with and without defects, the most common effect of the defects is to increase the number of bands. Except for an anion with the Stone-Wales defect, all of the species studied have the C-C stretching band at 6.3 μm or at longer wavelengths, the position in Classes B and C astronomical PAH spectra. In the case of the Stone-Wales anion, the band falls at 6.20 μm, suggesting that further study of defects is probably worthwhile, as some PAHs with defects might be important in those sources (Class A) that show a C-C stretching band that falls near 6.2 μm.
Trans-filter induction of tubules in mouse metanephrogenic mesenchyme

Abstract 1. 1. The tubule-inducing effect of embryonic mouse spinal cord on metanephrogenic mesenchyme can be transmitted across membrane filters of 20–30 microns thickness. 2. 2. The filters completely prevent exchange of cells between the interacting tissues. 3. 3. Across two types of membrane of differing porosity the effects are strongest in the more porous type where considerable penetration into the filter is visible in fixed material, and weaker but definitely present in the less porous type where penetration is at a minimum. 4. 4. The visible material penetrating the more porous filter includes probable cytoplasmic processes, in addition to other material of uncertain nature. The sparse material penetrating the less porous filter does not include any readily identifiable cytoplasmic processes, but the possibility of their existence is not excluded pending further studies. 5. 5. An alcohol-formalin-fixable and trypsin-digestible material is deposited in the filter during incubation in contact with spinal cord. The pattern of its distribution appears to correspond with the area of tubule-initiation when mesenchyme is present. 6. 6. The data are discussed in relation to the nature of inductive mechanisms, and the speculation is advanced that intercellular matrix or ground substance may play a significant role.
A fast method for solving three-dimensional arbitrarily shaped inclusions in a half space

This paper presents a fast method for solving the problem of three-dimensional arbitrarily shaped inclusions in an isotropic half space. The solution utilizes the closed-form solution for a cuboidal inclusion in an infinite space by breaking up the arbitrarily shaped inclusions into multiple cuboids. A combination of three-dimensional and two-dimensional fast Fourier transform algorithms is applied to evaluate the solution. Both theoretical estimates and computational tests demonstrate that the present method can achieve significant computational efficiency as well as effective data space reduction. Numerical results are also presented that show the applicability of the method to available solutions for error analysis and to new solutions.
Observational analysis of the stereotyped mannerisms of a developmentally delayed infant

Abstract A developmentally delayed infant with multiple stereotyped movements was observed in a home and preschool setting. The amount of stereotypy varied between settings and within specific ongoing activities characteristic of the two settings. Typographies were differentially affected by setting and activity. Further, the multiple forms of stereotypy were interrelated in that they were frequently exhibited simultaneously or successively. An additional finding was that the expression of several stereotypes was dependent upon the particular body position of the child. At follow-up the total amount of time that the child spent engaged in stereotyped behavior had decreased from the initial observation levels. The results suggest that stereotyped movements are related to motor development.
Pyrolysis of model compounds of the flame retardant poly (N-dimethylphosphonomethyl acrylamide)

An investigation of the thermal decomposition of N-dimethylphosphonomethyl amides has shown that the major volatile products for decomposition above 300°C are methanol, the methyl ester of the carboxylic acid, the nitrile, the carboxylic acid, the N-methyl amide, and the N,N-dimethyl amide. Also, benzoic acid was the only volatile product detected in the decomposition of α-benzamidomethylphosphonic acid. A mass balance for the decomposition of N-dimethylphosphonomethyl benzamide at 420°C showed methanol and methyl benzoate to be the major volatile products. Methanol and benzonitrile formation increased with an increase in temperature at a faster rate than the other volatile products. The reaction of amides and phosphonates was further studied using sealed tubes in a furnace. Reaction of N-methylbenzamide with dimethyl methylphosphonate at 307°C in a sealed tube produced methyl benzoate and N,N-dimethylbenzamide. N,N-dimethylbenzamide and dimethylmethylphosphonate were also shown to produce methyl benzoate at 310°C. After a 5-min period more methyl benzoate was produced in the N,N-dimethylbenzamide reaction than in the N-methylbenzamide reaction. Also, addition of ethanol to the N,N-dimethylbenzamide/dimethyl methylphosphonate reaction resulted in less ethyl benzoate methyl benzoate after heating at 310°C.
Phylogenetic relationships among Tetrahymena species determined using the polymerase chain reaction.

The species of theTetrahymena pyriformis complex present a conundrum with regard to their highly conservative morphology and widely divergent molecular characteristics. We have investigated the phylogenetic relationships among these species using the nucleotide sequences from the histone H3II/H4II region of the genome. This region includes portions of the two histone coding sequences, as well as the intergenic region. The DNA sequences of these regions were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the sequence of each was determined. Nucleotide substitutions and insertions/deletions within this set of sequences were compared to determine the phylogenetic relationships among the species of the complex. These data yield phylogenetic trees with identical topologies when different tree-building routines are used, indicating that the data are very robust.Glaucoma chattoni was used as an outgroup to root the trees for this analysis. The genome organization ofG. chattoni and the divergence of its histone H3II/H4II region sequence relative to those of the complex clearly indicate that this species has diverged considerably from the complex. These results show that PCR amplification analysis is feasible over considerable evolutionary distances. However, DNA-DNA hybridization may be more useful than sequence analysis in resolving the relationships among the closely related species in the complex.
Acid β-Glucosidase 1 Counteracts p38δ-dependent Induction of Interleukin-6 POSSIBLE ROLE FOR CERAMIDE AS AN ANTI-INFLAMMATORY LIPID

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by the phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) induces ceramide formation through the salvage pathway involving, in part, acid β-glucosidase 1 (GBA1), which cleaves glucosylceramide to ceramide. Here, we examine the role of the GBA1-ceramide pathway, in regulating a pro-inflammatory pathway initiated by PKC and leading to activation of p38 and induction of interleukin 6 (IL-6). Inhibition of ceramide formation by fumonisin B1 or down-regulation of PKCδ potentiated PMA-induced activation of p38 in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Similarly, knockdown of GBA1 by small interfering RNAs or pharmacological inhibition of GBA1 promoted further activation of p38 after PMA treatment, implicating the GBA1-ceramide pathway in the termination of p38 activation. Knockdown of GBA1 also evoked the hyperproduction of IL-6 in response to 4β phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. On the other hand, increasing cellular ceramide with cell-permeable ceramide treatment resulted in attenuation of the IL-6 response. Importantly, silencing the δ isoform of the p38 family significantly attenuated the hyperproduction of IL-6. Reciprocally, p38δ overexpression induced IL-6 biosynthesis. Thus, the GBA1-ceramide pathway is suggested to play an important role in terminating p38δ activation responsible for IL-6 biosynthesis. Furthermore, the p38δ isoform was identified as a novel and predominant target of ceramide signaling as well as a regulator of IL-6 biosynthesis.