cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of Clear Vesicular Lesions of Atypical Endometriosis: A New Technique

Background For patients with chronic pelvic pain, a definitive laparoscopic diagnosis can be made by visual inspection and identification of endometriosis or by obtaining biopsies of tissue that reveal endometriosis. It has been shown that there is no clinical correlation between the amount of pelvic pain and the extent of endometriosis identified upon laparoscopic inspection of the pelvis. Atypical (clear, grainy, red, flame) lesions of endometriosis have been shown to be more common than the “classic” dark blue/black lesions in the adolescent population with pelvic pain. Clear lesions of endometriosis can be difficult to identify due to the vesicular nature of the lesions and the subtle appearance of these “grainy” lesions. At times the lesions may not be appreciated due to light reflection from the laparoscope. Methods In order to improve the ability to identify clear vesicles of endometriosis irrigation fluid (lactated ringers or nonnal saline) is introduced into the pelvis and the laparoscope is then submerged so that the optical distention media is now liquid as opposed to carbon dioxide. The magnification focal length of the laparoscope is then adjusted for the new refractory index. Clear vesicles of endometriosis that are viewed through the liquid distention media can be appreciated in three dimension and thus increase ease of identification. The once difficult to appreciate “grainy” and clear lesions are no longer falsely identified as “light reflection” and can be clearly identified as either vesicles or “ballooning” of transparent tissue arising from the peritoneum. These areas can then be biopsied to confinn the diagnosis, resected, or laser vaporized. Results Improved visualization of clear lesions of atypical endometriosis can be facilitated with the use of the three dimensional effects of liquid introduced into the pelvis. Laparoscopic pictures are presented to show the view with and without the liquid to demonstrate the improved visualization and identification of the atypical endometriosis. Conclusions The presented method for assistance in identifying subtle lesions of endometriosis will hopefully aid in the establishment of the definitive treatable diagnosis for adolescents with chronic pelvic pain, and decrease the number of cases of unrecognized atypical endometriosis.
Thermochemistry of the actinides

Abstract The measurement of equilibria by Knudsen effusion techniques and the enthalpy of formation of the actinide atoms are briefly discussed. Thermochemical data on the sublimation of the actinide fluorides are used to calculate the enthalpies of formation and entropies of the gaseous species. Estimates are made for enthalpies and entropies of the tetrafluorides and trifluorides for those systems where data is not available. The pressure of important species in the tetrafluoride sublimation processes is calculated based on this thermochemical data.
Measured and Calculated Wall Temperatures on Air-Cooled Turbine Vanes With Boundary Layer Transition

Convection cooled turbine vane metal wall temperatures experimentally obtained in a hot cascade for one vane design were compared with wall temperatures calculated with TACT1 and STAN5 computer codes which incorporated various models for predicting laminar-to-turbulent boundary layer transition. Favorable comparisons on both vane surface were obtained at high Reynolds number with only one of these transition models. When other models were used, temperature differences between calculated and experimental data obtained at the high Reynolds number were as much as 14 percent in the separation bubble region of the pressure surface. On the suction surface and at lower Reynolds number, predictions and data unsatisfactorily differed by as much as 22 percent. Temperature differences of this magnitude can represent orders of magnitude error in blade life prediction.
Analyzing mechanosensory transduction by identifying invariant directions in stimulus space

Abstract Extended receptive fields are characteristic for the integrative properties of sensory neurons. How this integration is performed is an important aspect in understanding neural coding and can give insight into the computations and the biophysics involved. We present a method of systematically investigating the nature of spectral integration in auditory receptor neurons by analyzing how these neurons combine intensities contained in different parts of the stimulus spectrum. The method consists of identifying regions in parameter space that lead to the same neural response, and it is also applicable to other stimulus domains.
Job security regulations and the dynamic demand for industrial labor in India and Zimbabwe

Abstract Government permission is required to dismiss or lay off even a single worker in India and Zimbabwe. Dynamic labor demand equations, derived from a CES cost minimization model, are estimated for 64 manufacturing industries in these two countries. The data reveal a substantial reduction in demand for workers but no slowing in adjustment of number of employees following enactment of the labor laws. In India, no comparable reduction in labor demand occurred in small scale plants uncovered by the job security regulations. Among larger Indian plants, the drop in labor demand is estimated to be largest in industries where: coverage of the legislation is more extensive, private ownership dominates, and there are fewer union members.
Insider trading with private information and moral hazard

Abstract This paper studies the trading decisions of an insider who has both private information about firm value and actions that directly affect this value. An irrelevance result obtains. Contrary to the theme in some of the existing literature on corporate governance, I do not find that liquidity impairs effort provision. Increases in liquidity are shown to increase variance of effort while leaving the mean effort unchanged.
Report on the ACM fourth international workshop on data warehousing and OLAP (DOLAP 2001)

The Fourth Annual ACM International Workshop on Data Warehousing and Online Analytical Processing (DOLAP 2001) was held in Atlanta, GA, USA, in November 2001, in conjunction with the Tenth International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM 2001). Although this was only the fourth annual meeting, DOLAP has already become an important and broadly accepted forum for researchers and practitioners to share their findings in theoretical foundations, current methodologies, practical experiences, and new research directions in the areas of data warehousing and online analytical processing (OLAP). Despite the fact that conference attendance has been down since the horrific events of September 11, DOLAP 2001 attracted researchers from Europe, Asia and the Americas.The DOLAP 2001 program, which occupied a full day immediately following CIKM 2001, included a keynote talk, technical presentations, and a final discussion involving all workshop participants. As in previous years, the quality of the submitted papers was high and the program committee had a difficult time deciding which of the 31 submissions from 16 different countries should be accepted for presentation. The submitted research papers covered the state-of-the-art in data warehousing and related fields including data warehouse architecture, design and evolution, multi-dimensional modeling, query optimization, indexing, view materialization and maintenance, data warehouse quality, XML- and object-based warehouses, and data warehousing and the Web. In addition, the committee received a number of industrial submissions describing ongoing data warehousing projects and novel applications for warehouses. After careful review, 12 research and industrial papers were selected for presentation at DOLAP 2001. The proceedings are published by ACM Press, and are also available online at www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/dolap/dolap2001.html.In addition, the authors of the three highest-ranked papers have been invited to submit an updated, more detailed version to the Special Issue on Advances in Data Warehousing of the Data and Knowledge Engineering Journal to be published in early 2003.
Stromal cells of the human postmenopausal ovary display a distinctive biochemical and molecular phenotype.

The stroma of the human postmenopausal ovary is postulated to produce androgens, but evidence for and against this idea exits in the literature. The purpose of this study was to determine whether key steroidogenic enzymes involved in androgen synthesis are expressed in the postmenopausal ovarian stroma. Stromal cells were isolated from postmenopausal ovaries and expression for genes involved in steroidogenesis [steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), P450scc, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) P450c17, and P450c27] as well as for several growth factor binding proteins [gremlin, IGF binding protein-4, follistatin, and secreted frizzled-related protein (sFRP)-1 and -4], were compared with cultured human theca cells and dermal fibroblasts. Production of steroids (pregnenolone, progesterone, and hydroxysterol metabolites) and the metabolism of [3H] pregnenolone by ovarian stromal cells were also assessed. Isolated ovarian stromal cells from different subjects had a uniform morphology within and a...
Minkowski Length of 3D Lattice Polytopes

We study the Minkowski length L(P) of a lattice polytope P, which is defined to be the largest number of non-trivial primitive segments whose Minkowski sum lies in P. The Minkowski length represents the largest possible number of factors in a factorization of polynomials with exponent vectors in P, and shows up in lower bounds for the minimum distance of toric codes. In this paper we give a polytime algorithm for computing L(P) where P is a 3D lattice polytope.
Deductive Algorithmic Knowledge

The framework of algorithmic knowledge assumes that agents use algorithms to compute the facts they explicitly know. In many cases of interest, a deductive system, rather than a particular algorithm, captures the formal reasoning used by the agents to compute what they explicitly know. We introduce a logic for reasoning about both implicit and explicit knowledge with the latter defined with respect to a deductive system formalizing a logical theory for agents. The highly structured nature of deductive systems leads to very natural axiomatizations of the resulting logic when interpreted over any fixed deductive system. The decision problem for the logic, in the presence of a single agent, is NP-complete in general, no harder than propositional logic. It remains NP-complete when we fix a deductive system that is decidable in nondeterministic polynomial time. These results extend in a straightforward way to multiple agents.
THE CONTINUOUS SPECTRA OF GASES.

IN spectroscopic literature there are many casual references to a continuous background in the vacuum tube spectra of various gases, such as oxygen, chlorine, etc. Usually these observations appear to have been confined to the visible region, and I can recall no comments on continuous spectra in the ultraviolet except in the case of hydrogen. Schniederjost (Zt. f. Wiss. Phot., 1904, p. 265) and Friederichs (Bonn Diss., 1905) observed such a spectrum at low pressures, which extended to a wave-length of about 2100. The latter attempted to use the uncondensed discharge through a small capillary tube at about 2 mm. pressure as a source for the photography of absorption spectra, but found that the results were unsatisfactory, even with exposures varying from twelve to twenty-four hours.
The Size and Shape of Voids in Three-dimensional Galaxy Surveys

The sizes and shapes of voids in a galaxy survey depend not only on the physics of structure formation, but also on the sampling density of the survey and on the algorithm used to define voids. Using an N-body simulation with a τCDM power spectrum, we study the properties of voids in samples with different number densities of galaxies, in both redshift space and real space. When voids are defined as totally empty regions of space, their characteristic volume is strongly dependent on sampling density; when they are defined as regions whose density is 0.2 times the mean galaxy density, the dependence is less strong. We compare two void-finding algorithms, one in which voids are nonoverlapping spheres, and one, based on the algorithm of Aikio & Mahonen, that does not predefine the shape of a void. Regardless of the algorithm chosen, the characteristic void size is larger in redshift space than in real space, and is larger for low sampling densities than for high sampling densities. We define an elongation statistic Q that measures the tendency of voids to be stretched or squashed along the line of sight. Using this statistic, we find that at sufficiently high sampling densities (comparable to the number density of L > L* galaxies), large voids tend to be slightly elongated along the line of sight in redshift space.
A Poisson relation for conic manifolds

Let $X$ be a compact Riemannian manifold with conic singularities, i.e. a Riemannian manifold whose metric has a conic degeneracy at the boundary. Let $\Delta$ be the Friedrichs extension of the Laplace-Beltrami operator on $X.$ There are two natural ways to define geodesics passing through the boundary: as ``diffractive'' geodesics which may emanate from $\partial X$ in any direction, or as ``geometric'' geodesics which must enter and leave $\partial X$ at points which are connected by a geodesic of length $\pi$ in $\partial X.$ Let $\DIFF=\{0\} \cup \{\pm lengths of closed diffractive geodesics\}$ and $\GEOM=\{0\} \cup \{\pm lengths of closed geometric geodesics\}.$ We show that $$ \Tr \cos t \sqrt\Delta \in C^{-n-0}(\RR) \cap C^{-1-0}(\RR\backslash \GEOM) \cap C^\infty(\RR\backslash \DIFF).$$ This generalizes a classical result of Chazarain and Duistermaat-Guillemin on boundaryless manifolds, which in turn follows from Poisson summation in the case $X=S^1.$
Depth-sensitive strain analysis of a W–Ta–W trilayer

Abstract The high-resolution X-ray diffraction technique was used to determine the entire strain tensor as a function of X-ray penetration depth in a 400 nm W–Ta–W trilayer, which consisted of 150 nm W, 100 nm Ta, and 150 nm W. The strain tensor was calculated in a laboratory reference frame to determine the variation of in-plane strains, ϵxx and ϵyy, and the normal strain ϵzz, as a function of X-ray penetration depth. Two different methods were then used to determine the strains ϵxx, ϵyy, and ϵzz in each layer of trilayer. The first approach was based on diffraction peak subtraction, and the second on a linear elastic model. Both indicated that the strain states in the W layers were the same, and that the strains ϵxx and ϵyy in the W and Ta layer were the same magnitude. The difference between the Ta and W arose with the normal strain ϵzz, and was due to a Poisson contraction effect. The average residual stresses in the trilayer were determined with the HRXRD data, and also with sin2ψ and a substrate curvature technique, double-crystal diffraction topography. All three techniques indicated that the average biaxial stress in the trilayer was ca. 1.0 GPa.
Valuing American Put Options Using Gaussian Quadrature

This article develops an efficient and accurate method for numerical evaluation of the integral equation which defines the American put option value function. Numerical integration using Gaussian quadrature and function approximation using Chebyshev polynomials are combined to evaluate recursive expectations and produce an approximation of the option value function in two dimensions, across stock prices and over time to maturity. A set of such solutions results in a multidimensional approximation that is extremely accurate and very quick to compute. The method is an effective alternative to finite difference methods, the binomial model, and various analytic approximations. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Fused ring aziridines as a facile entry into triazole fused tricyclic and bicyclic heterocycles.

The intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of an azide with an alkyne has provided a useful entry into triazole fused tricyclic heterocycles containing both the triazole ring and the oxazolidin-2-one ring system. The requisite azido-alkynes have been prepared via a two-step sequence from fused ring aziridines. A series of 6–12 membered rings containing both the oxazolidinone and triazole rings have been prepared. These ring systems have been designed as conformationally restrained analogs of RNA-binding oxazolidinones.
The Taumycin A Macrocycle: Asymmetric Total Synthesis and Revision of Relative Stereochemistry

The first asymmetric total synthesis and revision of the relative configuration of the 12-membered taumycin A macrocycle is described. Key to the success of this work was a novel α-keto ketene macrocyclization that provided an efficient means by which to access two diastereomers of the desired macrolide without the need to employ additional coupling agents or unnecessary oxidation state adjustments.
Expert systems in pavement management

Abstract This paper discusses the potential application of expert systems, a new information technology derived from artificial intelligence research, to pavement management. The principal focus concerns the development of such knowledge-based or expert systems for project-level analysis and design of pavement rehabilitation strategies. Particular emphasis is placed on the needs of locally managed highway systems, although many of the concepts are also more broadly applicable. The paper provides a brief overview of the evolution and application of expert systems. Several major issues in pavement management are discussed which strongly suggest the appropriateness of expert systems approaches. These issues include the role of computerized pavement management systems, the acquisition of pavement performance data and current procedures for pavement structural evaluation and design. Current research on PARADIGM, an integrated set of expert systems for pavement rehabilitation decision-making, is described. Finally, a PARADIGM component system consisting of an operational prototype expert system for pavement surface condition evaluation, is presented as an example.
Too real for comfort? Uncanny responses to computer generated faces

As virtual humans approach photorealistic perfection, they risk making real humans uncomfortable. This intriguing phenomenon, known as the uncanny valley, is well known but not well understood. In an effort to demystify the causes of the uncanny valley, this paper proposes several perceptual, cognitive, and social mechanisms that have already helped address riddles like empathy, mate selection, threat avoidance, cognitive dissonance, and psychological defenses. In the four studies described herein, a computer generated human character's facial proportions, skin texture, and level of detail were varied to examine their effect on perceived eeriness, human likeness, and attractiveness. In Study I, texture photorealism and polygon count increased human likeness. In Study II, texture photorealism heightened the accuracy of human judgments of ideal facial proportions. In Study III, atypical facial proportions were shown to be more disturbing on photorealistic faces than on other faces. In Study IV, a mismatch in the size and texture of the eyes and face was especially prone to make a character eerie. These results contest the depiction of the uncanny valley as a simple relation between comfort level and human likeness. This paper concludes by introducing a set of design principles for bridging the uncanny valley.
Canalplasty for chronic tympanic membrane atelectasis

Abstract Purpose: Canalplasty to prevent accumulation of squamous debris has been proposed as an alternative to tympanoplasty for the treatment of tympanic membrane atelectasis and early cholesteatoma. The goal of this article is to report our experience with canalplasty for the treatment of advanced middle ear atelectasis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed on all patients that underwent tympanoplasty or canalplasty at the University of Florida since 1992. Eight ears (seven patients) with severe atelectasis were found to have been treated with canalplasty (without middle ear reconstruction) to marsupialize the retraction pockets. Results: Follow-up was conducted at an average of 22 months. Four ears required repeat surgical intervention after an average of 12 months: three required canal wall down mastoidectomies for cholesteatoma, and a tympanoplasty was necessary in one case for persistent perforation. Four ears not requiring revision were without cholesteatoma or perforation at an average follow-up time of 26 months. Mean audiometric thresholds were stable or improved, irrespective of the need for revision surgery. Conclusions: Canalplasty may be an alternative for the treatment of atelectasis in selected patients; however, close follow-up after surgery is necessary because of the potential for progression to cholesteatoma.
DIASTEREOSELECTIVE ADDITIONS OF COPPER (I) AND CUPRATE REAGENTS TO ALPHA STANNYL SUBSTITUTED MIXED ACETALS

Abstract Precursors for sigmatropic rearrangements are available by diastereoselective nucleophilic addition reactions of vinyl copper species to tributylstannyl substituted mixed acetals.
Cohomology for Quantum Groups Via the Geometry of the Nullcone

Preliminaries and statement of results Quantum groups, actions, and cohomology Computation of F 0 and N(F 0 ) Combinatorics and the Steinberg module The cohomology algebra H (u ? (g),C) Finite generation Comparison with positive characteristic Support varieties over u ? for the modules ? ? (?) and ? ? (?) Appendix A Bibliography
Retention and recycling of plasma edge hydrogen isotopes in C and TiC

Abstract The retention, release, and isotopic exchange of hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium incident on room temperature C and TiC with Maxwellian velocity and isotropic angular distributions have been calculated using the Local Mixing Model. The calculations are based on the hydrogen saturation concentration, range distributions and isotopic exchange behavior, all of which have been verified experimentally by monoenergetic implants. Particle fluences (1016 to 1020/cm2) and characteristic Maxwellian energies (50 eV to 3200 eV) were chosen in the range of interest for tokamak plasma edge conditions. The results of these calculations are used to estimate tritium inventory buildup and to predict tritium changeout rates by isotopic exchange in tokamaks and other fusion devices. Tritium inventories in the TiC components (which comprise ≳ 20% of the TFTR first-wall surface) are anticipated to remain at reasonable levels in TFTR, and isotopic exchange is shown to be a feasible method to reduce these tritium inventories.
Control, navigation, and guidance

Self-contained systems providing control and navigation for vehicles of all kinds use gyroscopic elements to maintain reference directions with respect to inertial space. Sensors for resultant gravity field and inertial reaction forces along input axes determine the vertical and also linear velocities with respect to inertial space. These components divided by an equivalent Earth radius transfer the motion to Earth coordinates in which integration gives location. Corrections for Earth's rotation projected in and perpendicular to the horizontal plane are made as computed cosine and sine projections of Earth's angular velocity. Current systems result with the order of fractional miles per hour performance.
Unfolded proteins and protein folding studied by NMR.

1. Introduction 36072. Methodologies for Studying Unfolded and PartlyFolded Proteins36082.1. Information from Chemical Shifts 36092.2. Dynamic Information from Relaxation Data 36092.3. Distance Information: NOEs and Spin Labels 36102.4. Structural Information: Dipolar Couplings 36102.5. Amide Proton Hydrogen Exchange 36112.6. NMR under Pressure 36112.7. Real-Time NMR 36112.8. Diffusion-Based Methods for Determination ofHydrodynamic Radius36123. Toward an Understanding of the Protein FoldingProcess36123.1. Folded and Unfolded States in Equilibrium:An SH3 Domain of drk36123.2. Staphylococcal Nuclease: Fragments andMutations Define an Unfolded State36123.3. Apomyoglobin: Equilibrium and KineticDissection of a Folding Pathway36133.4. And Amyloid Too? Versatile Lysozyme 36153.5. Molten Globules −A Challenge for NMR 36154. NMR Studies of Intrinsically Unstructured,Functional Proteins36164.1. Sequence Specific DNA Binding by ZincFinger Proteins: The “Snap-Lock”36164.2. Folding of Unstructured Proteins uponBinding36184.3. Mutual Synergistic Folding of TwoUnstructured Domains36185. Conclusion 36196. Acknowledgment 36197. References 3619
A flexible system of detection for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias

Brief methods for detecting Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) are widely used in epidemiological and clinical research, and, increasingly, for clinical purposes in health care settings, such as primary medical care and geriatric evaluation and management (GEM) units. There are many instruments from which to choose for these purposes, but they have generally been developed in isolation. Little is known about the gains in precision (incremental validity) from using more than one instrument in an integrated manner in the process of detection, nor has there been a systematic evaluation of the usefulness of being able to choose from a repertoire of instruments to suit specific screening contexts. The key characteristics of the techniques featured here, namely, brevity and ease of administration, allow such assessments to find a place in many different contexts. This paper presents findings supporting specific recommendations for a limited battery of brief screening techniques for detection of dementia, that can be tailored, standing alone or in combinations, to optimally suit particular requirements of (i) precision, or (ii) style of administration. (Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 7: 165-172, 1995)
Institutional Pressures and Voluntary Environmental Behavior in Developing Countries: Evidence From the Costa Rican Hotel Industry

This study aims to identify how institutional forces, such as regulatory and stakeholder pressures, are related to proactive environmental behavior by hotel facilities participating in Certification for Sustainable Tourism, a voluntary environmental program established by the Costa Rican government. This program is among the first third-party performance-based environmental certification initiatives implemented in the developing world. Findings suggest that voluntary environmental programs that include performance-based standards and third-party monitoring may be effective in promoting beyond-compliance environmental behavior when they are complemented by isomorphic institutional pressures exerted by government environmental monitoring and trade association membership. These results are consistent with neo-institutional theory from the organizational sociology literature. Surprisingly, findings also indicate that compared to locally owned hotels, foreign-owned and multinational subsidiary facilities do no...
Organization of computer systems: the fixed plus variable structure computer

The past decade has seen the development of productive fast electronic digital computers. Significant problems have been solved and significant numerical experiments have been executed. Moreover, as expected, a growing number of important problems have been recorded which are not practicably computable by existing systems. These latter problems have provided the incentive for the present development of several large scale digital computers with the goal of one or two orders of magnitude increase in overall computational speed.
An Invariance Principle for Fractional Brownian Sheets

We establish a central limit theorem for partial sums of stationary linear random fields with dependent innovations, and an invariance principle for anisotropic fractional Brownian sheets. Our result is a generalization of the invariance principle for fractional Brownian motions by Dedecker et al. (Bernoulli 17:88–113, 2011) to high dimensions. A key ingredient of their argument, the martingale approximation, is replaced by an $$m$$ -approximation argument. An important tool of our approach is a moment inequality for stationary random fields recently established by El Machkouri et al. (Stoch. Process. Appl. 123:1–14, 2013).
Differences in Circulating Angiogenic Biomarkers as Prognosticator for Outcome in Bevacizumab-Treated Nonsquamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients

11037 Background: Trials evaluating role of bevacizumab in patients with advanced NSCLC have shown only modest impact in outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate predictive value of pa...
Human health effects of exposure to cadmium.

The health effects of human exposure to cadmium are discussed with emphases on intake, absorption, body burden, and excretion; osteomalacia in Japan; hypertension; and proteinuria, emphysema, osteomalacia, and cancer in workers. Elevated blood pressure has not been observed as a result of excessive exposures to cadmium in Japan or the workplace. Renal tubular dysfunction and consequent proteinuria is generally accepted as the main effect following long-term, low-level exposure to cadmium. Studies of workers show that proteinuria may develop after the first year of exposure or many years after the last exposure. Proteinuria and deterioration of renal function may continue even after cessation of exposure. The immediate health significance of low-level proteinuria is still under debate. However, there is evidence that long-term renal tubular dysfunction may lead to abnormalities of calcium metabolism and osteomalacia. The few autopsy and cross- sectional studies of workers do not permit conclusions to be drawn regarding the relationship between cadmium exposure and emphysema. Retrospective and historical-prospective studies are needed to settle this important question. No conclusive evidence has been published regarding cadmium-induced cancer in humans. However, there is sufficient evidence to regard cadmium as a suspect renal and prostate carcinogen. Because of equivocal results and the absence of dose-response relationships, the studies reviewed should be used with caution in making regulatory decisions and low-dose risk assessments.
The risk of divorce as a barrier to marriage among parents of young children

Using data from the Fragile Families Study, we examine how unmarried parents’ risk of divorce influences their decision to marry. Regression results show that unmarried parents with a high predicted probability of marital dissolution (based on estimates of marital dissolution for a sample of initially married mothers with similar characteristics) had significantly lower odds of marriage to the father of their child even after controlling for individual and relationship characteristics expected to influence marriage transitions. The dissolution propensity we examine also includes a measure of the local divorce climate. As such, our results provide support for the argument that high rates of divorce in the population have led to a fear of divorce among unmarried parents which reduces their probability of marriage.
Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Camera/Memory Optimization For Expendable Autonomous Vehicles

An expendable, autonomous vehicle by definition and implication will require small, low-cost sensors for observation of the outside world, and interface to smart, decision-making avionics. This paper describes results of several interrelated charge-coupled device (COD) camera projects directed toward achieving such an integrated sensor package. A shuttered high-resolution CCD detector combined with a CCD analog frame store memory is described. This system results in a full television (TV) resolution, frame-rate-reduced, deinterlaced image. These image data are suitable for transform or differential pulse-code data compression as well as various other 3 x 3 element operators directed at extracting image intelligence for on-board decision making.
The Structure of Active Merger Remnant NGC 6240 from IRAC Observations

NGC 6240 is a rare object in the local universe: an active merger remnant viewed at the point of merging where two active galactic nuclei are visible. We present IRAC data of this object, providing high-sensitivity maps of the stellar and PAH distribution in this complicated system. We use photometry to analyze the variation in these distributions with radius and provide an SED in the four IRAC bands: 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8 μm. We fit the radial profiles of the 3.6 μm band to r1/4 and exponential profiles to evaluate the structure of the remnant. Finally, we compare the IRAC images with multiwavelength data and examine how outflows in the X-ray, Hα, and CO correlate with 8 μm emission. The results support the general picture of NGC 6240 as a system experiencing a major merger and transitioning from a disk galaxy to a spheroid. The sensitivity of IRAC to low surface brightness mid-infrared features provides detailed information on the extended distributions of stars and dust in this rare system.
Accelerator neutrino beams

Abstract Neutrino beams at from high-energy proton accelerators have been instrumental discovery tools in particle physics. Neutrino beams are derived from the decays of charged π and K mesons, which in turn are created from proton beams striking thick nuclear targets. The precise selection and manipulation of the π / K beam control the energy spectrum and type of neutrino beam. This article describes the physics of particle production in a target and manipulation of the particles to derive a neutrino beam, as well as numerous innovations achieved at past experimental facilities.
Pulmonary clearance of adrenomedullin is reduced during the late stage of sepsis.

Polymicrobial sepsis is characterized by an early, hyperdynamic phase followed by a late, hypodynamic phase. Although upregulation of adrenomedullin (ADM), a novel potent vasodilatory peptide, plays an important role in producing cardiovascular responses during the progression of sepsis, it remains unknown whether the clearance of this peptide is altered under such conditions. To determine this, male adult rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) followed by fluid resuscitation. At 5 h (i.e., the hyperdynamic phase of sepsis) or 20 h (the hypodynamic phase) after CLP, the animals were injected with 125I-labeled ADM through the jugular vein. Blood and tissue samples (including the lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, spleen, mesentery, liver, brain, skeletal muscle, heart, and skin) were harvested 30 min after the injection and the radioactivity was determined. The results indicate that there were no significant alterations in tissue [125I]ADM distribution at 5 h after CLP compared to shams. At 20 h after CLP, however, there was a significant decrease in radioactivity in the lungs. In contrast, a significant increase of radioactivity was observed in all other organs except the liver and kidneys. The pulmonary distribution of [125I]ADM was found to be far greater than in any other organs tested, irrespective of the effect of sepsis. In separate groups of animals, injection of [125I]ADM into the left ventricle resulted in a significant decrease in radioactivity in the lungs of both sham and septic animals at 20 h after surgery. These results suggest that the lungs are the primary site of ADM clearance, which is significantly diminished during the late stage of sepsis. The decreased clearance of ADM by the lungs may play an important role in maintaining the sustained levels of plasma ADM under such conditions.
Genetic optimization of photonic bandgap structures

We investigate the use of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to design a set of photonic crystals (PCs) in one and two dimensions. Our flexible design methodology allows us to optimize PC structures for specific objectives. In this paper, we report the results of several such GA-based PC optimizations. We show that the GA performs well even in very complex design spaces, and therefore has great potential as a robust design tool in a range of PC applications.
A comparative study of online privacy policies and formats

Online privacy policies are difficult to understand. Most privacy policies require a college reading level and an ability to decode legalistic, confusing, or jargon-laden phrases. Privacy researchers and industry groups have devised several standardized privacy policy formats to address these issues and help people compare policies. We evaluated three formats in this paper: layered policies, which present a short form with standardized components in addition to a full policy; the Privacy Finder privacy report, which standardizes the text descriptions of privacy practices in a brief bulleted format; and conventional non-standardized human-readable policies. We contrasted six companies’ policies, deliberately selected to span the range from unusually readable to challenging. Based on the results of our online study of 749 Internet users, we found participants were not able to reliably understand companies’ privacy practices with any of the formats. Compared to natural language, participants were faster with standardized formats but at the expense of accuracy for layered policies. Privacy Finder formats supported accuracy more than natural language for harder questions. Improved readability scores did not translate to improved performance. All formats and policies were similarly disliked. We discuss our findings as well as public policy implications.
Economic and emissions impacts of renewable fuel goals for aviation in the US

The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has a goal that one billion gallons of renewable jet fuel is consumed by the US aviation industry each year from 2018. We examine the economic and emissions impacts of this goal using renewable fuel produced from a Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) process from renewable oils. Our approach employs an economy-wide model of economic activity and energy systems and a detailed partial equilibrium model of the aviation industry. If soybean oil is used as a feedstock, we find that meeting the aviation biofuel goal in 2020 will require an implicit subsidy from airlines to biofuel producers of $2.69 per gallon of renewable jet fuel. If the aviation goal can be met by fuel from oilseed rotation crops grown on otherwise fallow land, the implicit subsidy is $0.35 per gallon of renewable jet fuel. As commercial aviation biofuel consumption represents less than 2% of total fuel used by this industry, the goal has a small impact on the average price of jet fuel and carbon dioxide emissions. We also find that, under the pathways we examine, the cost per tonne of CO2 abated due to aviation biofuels is between $50 and $400.
The information content of gravitational wave harmonics in compact binary inspiral

The nonlinear aspect of gravitational wave generation that produces power at harmonics of the orbital frequency, above the fundamental quadrupole frequency, is examined to see what information about the source is contained in these higher harmonics. We use an order (4/2) post-Newtonian expansion of the gravitational wave waveform of a binary system to model the signal seen in a spaceborne gravitational wave detector such as the proposed LISA detector. Covariance studies are then performed to determine the ultimate accuracy to be expected when the parameters of the source are fit to the received signal. We find three areas where the higher harmonics contribute crucial information that breaks degeneracies in the model and allows otherwise badly correlated parameters to be separated and determined. First, we find that the position of a coalescing massive black-hole binary in an ecliptic-plane detector, such as OMEGA, is well determined with the help of these harmonics. Second, we find that the individual masses of the stars in a chirping neutron star binary can be separated because of the mass dependence of the harmonic contributions to the wave. Finally, we note that supermassive black-hole binaries, whose frequencies are too low to be seen in the detector sensitivity window for long, may still have their masses, distances and positions determined since the information content of the higher harmonics compensates for the information lost when the orbit-induced modulation of the signal does not last long enough to be apparent in the data.
An Econometric Model of Cattle Inventories

Dynamic regression equations are estimated for each beef cattle breeding herd and beef cattle inventories at two levels of aggregation, the U.S. and Montana. The analysis for Montana was utilized as a guide for specification of the national equation to reduce the inference problem associated with letting the sample data help specify the model. Rational lags on average price received by farmers for calves and the ratio of fed beef to corn prices at Omaha constitute the primary explanatory variables. The equations perform exceedingly well over the sample period (1950–80) and in post‐sample forecasts with the sample truncated back to 1970.
Exploring the jet/accretion flow relationship in low disk luminosity sources

Astrophysical jets seem to gain strength disproportionate to the power of their associated accretion flow, making low-luminosity sources ideal targets for studies of the role of outflows. Radio/X-ray correlations have supported the case for a strong relationship between the jets and the hard X-ray emitting regions, and here we explore the strongest scenario where the base of the jets subsumes the role of the corona. The properties of coronae, as inferred from spectral models, are very similar to what is empirically required at jet bases assuming conservation laws hold.We present a few preliminary fits to simultaneous radio and X-ray datasets from our GX 339-4 and Cyg X-1 campaigns. The fits are performed in detector space, and include a jet plus thermal disk continuum model, with added Gaussian line and non-relativistic reflection features similar to the approach of other X-ray models. We find that we can fit the entire radio through X-ray spectrum quite well, with any deviation occurring in the line/reflection region. The results suggest that a jet/corona unification can provide a reasonable description of the data. Future work will benefit from a more complex approach to the disk feedback features.
A NUMERICAL STUDY OF COUNTERROTATING DISKS IN SPIRAL GALAXIES

The serendipitous discovery in 1992 of a second spiral disk rotating in a sense opposite to the rest of the galaxy, followed by subsequent discoveries of other such counterrotating disks, poses a formidable challenge to theorists. Current galaxy formation theories do not permit such a disk to be formed with the rest of the galaxy, and it appears to have been built up from external matter after the galaxy was formed. The aim of this thesis was to determine how a counterrotating disk can form in a spiral galaxy without destroying the preexisting disk. The most promising theory invokes the adiabatic infall, on a retrograde orbit, of intergalactic gas that dissipates energy and precesses to the plane of the primary disk. Using numerical simulations that incorporate both stars and gas, I have tested two competing theories for the formation of counterrotating disks: adiabatic gas infall and a retrograde gas-rich dwarf merger. A tree code was used for the gravity solver. Sticky particle gas dynamics were used to study the general characteristics of the formation process, and the structure of the counterrotating disk formed was investigated with smoothed particle hydrodynamics. I show that under restricted conditions, dissipational infall of gas can indeed produce a counterrotating disk without excessive damage to the preexisting disk. A cold, thin primary can survive secular gas infall and the production of a massive counterrotating disk if the infalling gas is well-dispersed in phase-space. A minor merger with a gas-rich dwarf galaxy can also yield a counterrotating disk if the primary galaxy's disk is massive and compact to begin with. Although the origin of counterrotating disks is an intriguing question in its own right, it has profound implications for the evolution and interaction histories of spiral galaxie.
A Privacy-Aware Bayesian Approach for Combining Classifier and Cluster Ensembles

This paper introduces a privacy-aware Bayesian approach that combines ensembles of classifiers and clusterers to perform semi-supervised and transductive learning. We consider scenarios where instances and their classification/clustering results are distributed across different data sites and have sharing restrictions. As a special case, the privacy aware computation of the model when instances of the target data are distributed across different data sites, is also discussed. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can provide good classification accuracies while adhering to the data/model sharing constraints.
Unusual oxidation of a dinaphthofuran

The vanadium trifluoride oxide-trifluoroacetic acid oxidation of the bisnaphthalenediol 3, the dinaphthofuran 4, or its hydroquinone give a dark red compound identified as the peri-xanthenoxanthene-4,10-quinone 8 on the basis of UV/VIS, 1H NMR, and mass spectra. Ungewohnliche Oxidation eines Dinaphthofurans Die Vanadiumtrifluoridoxid-Oxidation des Bisnaphthalindiols 3, des Dinaphthofurans 4 oder dessen Hydrochinons liefert eine dunkelrote Verbindung, die aufgrund von UV/VIS-, 1H-NMR- und Massenspektren als das peri-Xanthenoxanthen-4,10-dion 8 identifiziert wird.
Non-detection of the putative substellar companion to HD 149382

It has been argued that a substellar companion may significantly influence the evolution of the progenitors of subdwarf B (sdB) stars. Recently, the bright sdB star HD 149382 has been claimed to host a substellar (possibly planetary) companion with a period of 2.391 days. This has important implications for the evolution of the progenitors of sdB stars as well as the source of the UV excess seen in elliptical galaxies. In order to verify this putative companion, we made 10 radial velocity measurements of HD 149382 over 17 days with the High Resolution Spectrograph at the Hobby-Eberly Telescope. Our data conclusively demonstrate that the putative substellar companion does not exist, and they exclude the presence of almost any substellar companion with P < 28 days and Msin i 1 M Jup.
Terror in the courts: Beginning to assess the impact of terrorism-related prosecutions on domestic criminal law and procedure in the USA

This article explores some of the possible influences of the “war on terror.” It asks whether civilian criminal prosecutions of terrorism-related offenses or suspects may shape or distort domestic criminal law and procedure in the USA. The article identifies issues that may tend to arise in terrorism-related cases and suggests categories of prosecutions that may be more or less likely to influence the development of domestic law. It ends with several specific suggestions for further research.
Low energy chiral lagrangian parameters for scalar and pseudoscalar mesons

Abstract We present results of a high-statistics study of scalar and pseudoscalar meson propagators in quenched QCD at two values of lattice spacing,β = 5.7 and 5.9, with clover-improved Wilson fermions. The study of the chiral limit is facilitated by the pole-shifting ansatz of the modified quenched approximation. Pseudoscalar masses and decay constants are determined as a function of quark mass and quenched chiral log effects are estimated. A study of the flavor singlet ν′ hairpin diagram yields a precise determination of the ν′ mass insertion. The corresponding value of the quenched chiral log parameter b is compared with the observed QCL effects. Removal of QCL effects from the scalar propagator allows a determination of the mass of the lowest lying isovector scalarqq meson.