cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Come a Little Closer So That I Can See You My Pretty: The Use and Limits of Fiction Techniques for Establishing an Empathetic Point of View in Appellate Briefs

This article starts from the premise that legal clients have individual truths. To convey those truths and create empathy for clients, appellate brief writers can use fiction point of view techniques. Literary fiction writers often believe that they are telling higher truths. In so doing, they utilize subtle degrees of distance. Thus point of view means more than just first person, third person, or omniscient. It means more than just the character from whom a story's viewpoint is told. It includes the distance that the reader feels from the story, the characters, and the viewpoint character. Fiction writers use a variety of techniques to establish that close or distant point of view and create or diminish empathy. I have identified some of these techniques. I have provided good examples from fiction works such as Mystic River, The Book Thief, and A Step From Heaven. I have used books such as Twilight and Eragon for the bad examples. I then provide examples of the same techniques used in actual appellate briefs.
Una struttura algebrica per l’ontologia

La struttura a livelli modella il tutto e le sue parti con grande generalita. Lo dimostrano le argomentazioni teoriche (4.3), (4.4) e (4.5), e lo comprova la casistica che e stata aggiunta. Una tale struttura non presenta affatto i problemi a), b) e c) che sono tipici della struttura ad albero. Essa corregge inoltre deviazioni concettuali che sono diffuse nel settore informatico. L’immediatezza deviazioni concettuali che sono diffuse nel settore informatico. L’immediatezza visiva, infine, ne facilita la diffusione sul piano professionale e tecnico.
Properties of s -Wave and p -Wave Neutron Resonances in Niobium

The neutron resonances of niobium were studied with the Argonne fast chopper. The transmission of a series of four samples was measured over the range of energy from 10 to 10 000 ev. Resonance parameters were deduced for thirteen levels, those below 700 ev. An examination of these parameters, calculations with the optical model, and a comparison of the cross sections at low and high energy all indicate that some of the resonances, even those below 100 ev, are due to a $p$-wave process. By using this evidence, average parameters are deduced. The radiation width is found to be 0.22 ev. The strength function $\frac{{{\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{n}}^{0}}{\overline{D}}$ for $s$-wave neutrons is 0.10\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$. The value of the corresponding quantity for $p$-wave neutrons is 4.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$. The resonance absorption integral deduced from the parameters is found to be in agreement with the result of a "pile oscillator" measurement.
Measurement of CO2-laser-irradiation-induced refractive index modulation in single-mode fiber toward long-period fiber grating design and fabrication.

We report a new method to measure the CO2-laser-irradiation-induced refractive index modulation in the core of a single-mode optical fiber for the purpose of design and fabrication of long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) without applying tension. Using an optical fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer, the laser-induced axial refractive index perturbation was measured. We found that the CO2-laser-irradiation-induced refractive index change in the fiber core had a negative value and that the magnitude was a sensitive function of the laser exposure time following almost a linear relation. Under the assumption of a Gaussian-shaped refractive index modulation profile and based on the first two terms of Fourier series approximation, the measured refractive index perturbations were used to simulate the LPFG transmission spectra. LPFGs with the same laser exposure parameters were fabricated without applying tension, and their spectra were compared with those obtained by simulations.
The Interactio-gram: A Method for Measuring Interaction and Activities of Supervisory Personnel

In most studies based on the observation of interaction processes in work groups, the researcher measures interaction as an isolated phenomenon.
Ontogeny of Prolactin Cells in Neonatal Rats: Initial Prolactin Secretors also Release Growth Hormone*

Reverse hemolytic plaque assays and immunocytochemistry were used to monitor the ontogeny of individual hormone-secreting and hormone-containing cells in rats. Monodispersed anterior pituitary cells from fetal rats (sex unspecified) and neonatal rats of each sex were cultured for 24 h and then subjected to immunocytochemistry or plaque assays for PRL or GH. PRL secretors first appeared in appreciable numbers in cultures from 4-day-old animals, and by day 5, they accounted for 8–12% of all cells in culture. The percentage of GH secretors rose to a peak on day 5 (comprising ∼40% of all cells), when the values were slightly higher than those observed previously in adults. The percentage of cultured cells from 4- to 5-day-olds that released PRL or GH was not influenced by the sex of the donor animal and was consistent with immunocytochemical estimates. Using a sequential plaque assay that enabled the detection of both GH and PRL release from the same cells, we found that of every 100 pituitary cells from 5-da...
Cytomegalovirus infections among African-Americans.

Since African-Americans have twice the prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections as age-matched Caucasians we sought to determine the ages and possible sources of infection of African-American children. Subjects were 157 African-American healthy children and adolescents and their 113 household adults in Richmond VA. Families completed a questionnaire, provided saliva for antibody testing, and adolescents were interviewed regarding sexual activity. Regardless of age CMV seropositivity was not associated with gender, breast feeding, health insurance, sexual activity, or household income, education, or size. In the final regression model, prior CMV infection in adults was over two-fold higher than in children (chi-square = 18.8, p < 0.0001). At one year of age the CMV seropositivity rate was 11% (95%CI = 4% – 24%) and increased 1.8% each year until age 13 years. Between ages 13 and 20 years the CMV seropositivity rate remained between 22% and 33%. For adults, the CMV seropositivity rate was 84% in 21 year olds (95%CI = 69%–.92%). There was no association between CMV infections of the children and their mothers but CMV infections among siblings were associated. We observed that African-American children had CMV seroprevalence rates by age 20 years at less than one-half of that of their adult mothers and caregivers. Sibling-to-sibling transmission was a likely source of CMV infections for the children. The next generation of African-American women may be highly susceptible to a primary CMV infection during pregnancy and may benefit from a CMV vaccine.
Muscle fiber necrosis and regeneration induced by prolonged weight‐lifting exercise in the cat

For periods ranging from 26 to 87 weeks, the morphological characteristics of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle were examined in four cats trained to perform weight-lifting exercise. Four untrained, sex and weight-matched cats served as controls. The right FCR from each cat was surgically isolated, attached to a tension transducer, and set at its optimal length. The forelimb was perfused with 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer. Small bundles of fibers were teased from their origin and insertion tendons and embedded in Epon. Spaced serial sections were used to examine the morphological features of the fibers for trained and control animals. Ultrastructural examination revealed muscle fiber degenerative changes, such as pyknotic nuclei, disruption of the sarcolemma, vacuolation, and disorganization of myofilaments. Such changes were observed at a higher frequency in trained muscle than in control muscle. Spaced serial sections of fiber bundles showed that the degree of degeneration varied along the length of the fiber. Fiber area measurements showed that trained muscle had both larger and smaller fibers than control samples. The very small fibers observed in the trained muscle were considered to be regenerating or "new" fibers since they had not undergone degenerative changes. "Satellite-like" cells were observed in trained muscle. Such cells resembled satellite cells but also contained developing myofilaments. Since evidence of degeneration-regeneration was observed in control samples, but at a lower frequency, it was postulated that weight-lifting exercise accelerates muscle fiber turnover in the cat FCR.
Initial body condition score affects hormone and metabolite response to nutritional restriction and repletion in yearling postpubertal beef heifers

Twenty Simmental x Angus, half-sibling, postpubertal heifers (initial BW of 443 +/- 9 kg) were allotted randomly into 2 treatment groups to evaluate if initial BCS affects response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis to metabolic signals elicited by energy restriction and repletion. During a preliminary feeding period, diets were formulated so that each heifer in the designated treatment would reach a BCS of 5 (moderate condition; MOD) or a BCS of 7 (heavy condition; FAT). Once each heifer had reached desired BCS, diets were formulated to supply 30% of NE(m) requirements until each heifer became anestrous (serum concentrations of progesterone < 1 ng/mL; restriction period). Blood collections took place on d 1 of each period, on d 43 of energy restriction and d 44 of energy repletion, and when heifers were confirmed to recommence estrous cycles. When heifers were cycling, their estrous cycles were synchronized to ensure hormone sampling occurred during late diestrus or early proestrus. Energy restriction resulted in decreased concentrations of LH (FAT, P = 0.02; MOD, P < 0.001), IGF-1 (FAT, P < 0.001; MOD, P = 0.003), and insulin (P < 0.001); in contrast, concentrations of GH (P < 0.001) and plasma urea nitrogen (P < 0.001) increased. During repletion, LH concentration increased (P = 0.03) in MOD condition heifers but was still less (P = 0.002) than d 1 of restriction, whereas LH concentration tended to increase in FAT heifers (P = 0.06) until it was similar (P = 0.40) to d 1 of restriction. Repletion also increased concentrations of IGF-1 (P < 0.001), insulin (P < 0.001), and glucose (P < 0.001), whereas concentrations of GH (P < 0.001), NEFA (P < 0.001), and plasma urea nitrogen (P < 0.001) decreased. For both treatments, concentrations of GH after repletion were similar (FAT, P = 0.88; MOD, P = 0.10) to those on d 1 of restriction. After repletion, FAT condition heifers had decreased concentrations of IGF-1 (P < 0.001), insulin (P < 0.05), and glucose (P < 0.001), but greater concentrations of acetate (P < 0.01) and butyrate (P < 0.05), than MOD heifers. Anestrus or resumption of estrous cycles seems to be activated gradually in response to dietary manipulation, unrelated to certain metabolite changes.
Temperature-dependent hyperfine interactions in Fe2B.

Moessbauer absorption spectra have been observed for Fe2B from 290 to 1175 K. A change in the electric quadrupole interaction was observed from 460 to 480 K and interpreted as a result of the rotation of the easy axis of magnetization as a function of temperature. The effective magnetic hyperfine field is defined as a function of temperature. A discontinuity in the isomer shift of 0.018 (plus or minus 0.010) mm/sec was found across the ferromagnetic transition.
Enabling spatial data infrastructure development: collaboration, supportive web technologies and São Tomé Africa

This poster presents an overview of the Sao Tome Map Project, the culmination of research conducted as part of the ongoing collaboration between representatives of the country of Sao Tome and the Community Informatics Initiative (CII), a research and teaching center at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). The project's goal was (and remains) to ensure the people of Sao Tome access to, and ownership of, relevant local spatial data so they could better make informed decisions and policies governing development of their land, resources and civic infrastructure. To this end, an interdisciplinary crew of researchers teamed up with key Sao Tome locals to work towards empowering the community to address civic and environmental challenges through the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and innovative collaborative web-based tools like Omeka, Greenstone and Wordpress. Out of this work came a potentially important contribution to academic scholarship and community development practice: a process and associated model intended to aid in the assembly of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) in similar settings, such as in other post-colonial developing countries. The related poster introduces viewers to the social context surrounding Sao Tome, the purpose and application of SDI's and GIS, and substantively reviews the project development process and associated exemplar supportive technologies. View this poster online at http://communityinformaticsprojects.org/SaoTomePosterPDF.pdf.
Imaging techniques to predict cardiovascular risk

Conventional cardiovascular imaging, with a focus on identifying flow-limiting stenoses, does not directly image the atherosclerotic lesion. Recent clinical and pathobiologic data indicate that stenosis severity does not dictate cardiovascular risk and that there are functional, structural, and biologic features of atherosclerosis that are associated with cardiovascular events. Imaging technologies, such as ultrasound, light, x-ray, magnetic resonance, and targeted contrast agents, have been developed to characterize directly the atherosclerotic vessel wall. They provide promising approaches to predict cardiovascular risk and facilitate further study of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis progression and its response to therapy.
The effect of oxygen storage capacity on the dynamic characteristics of an automotive catalytic converter

Abstract Automotive catalytic converters, which are employed to reduce engine exhaust emissions, are subjected to highly transient conditions during a typical driving cycle. These transient conditions arise from changes in driving mode, the hysteresis and flow lags of the feedback control system, and result in fluctuations of air–fuel ratio, exhaust gas flow rates and temperatures. The catalyst performance is also strongly influenced by the oxygen storage capacity. This paper presents a computational investigation of the effect of oxygen storage capacity on the dynamic behavior of an automotive catalytic converter subjected to modulations in exhaust gases. The modulations are generated by forcing the temporal variations in exhaust gases air–fuel ratio, gas flow rates and temperatures. The study employs a single-channel based, one-dimensional, non-adiabatic model. The results show that the imposed modulations cause a significant departure in the catalyst behavior from its steady behavior, and the oxygen storage capacity plays an important role in determining the catalyst’s response to the imposed modulations. Modulations and oxygen storage capacity are found to have relatively greater influence on the catalyst’s performance near stoichiometric conditions.
A comparative study of the trabecular bony architecture of the talus in humans, non-human primates, and Australopithecus

This study tested the hypothesis that talar trabecular microarchitecture reflects the loading patterns in the primate ankle joint, to determine whether talar trabecular morphology might be useful for inferring locomotor behavior in fossil hominins. Trabecular microarchitecture was quantified in the anteromedial, anterolateral, posteromedial, and posterolateral quadrants of the talar body in humans and non-human primates using micro-computed tomography. Trabecular bone parameters, including bone volume fraction, trabecular number and thickness, and degree of anisotropy differed between primates, but not in a manner entirely consistent with hypotheses derived from locomotor kinematics. Humans have highly organized trabecular struts across the entirety of the talus, consistent with the compressive loads incurred during bipedal walking. Chimpanzees possess a high bone volume fraction, consisting of plate-like trabecular struts. Orangutan tali are filled with a high number of thin, connected trabeculae, particularly in the anterior portion of the talus. Gorillas and baboons have strikingly similar internal architecture of the talus. Intraspecific analyses revealed no regional differences in trabecular architecture unique to bipedal humans. Of the 22 statistically significant regional differences in the human talus, all can also be found in other primates. Trabecular thickness, number, spacing, and connectivity density had the same regional relationship in the talus of humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and baboons, suggesting a deeply conserved architecture in the primate talus. Australopithecus tali are human-like in most respects, differing most notably in having more oriented struts in the posteromedial quadrant of the body compared with the posterolateral quadrant. Though this result could mean that australopiths loaded their ankles in a unique manner during bipedal gait, the regional variation in degree of anisotropy was similar in humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. These results collectively suggest that the microarchitecture of the talus does not simply reflect the loading environment, limiting its utility in reconstructing locomotion in fossil primates.
Kenyatta’s lament: Oaths and the transformation of ritual ideologies in colonial Kenya

This article provides an ethnographically and historically grounded critique of Giorgio Agamben’s claim that oaths, like religion and law, reflect a universal experience of the failure of language to obligate people. I show how Agamben’s critique of the oath only becomes relevant in the colonial Kenyan context after missionaries and administrators had facilitated the “unmaking” of Kikuyu ideologies of ritual efficacy. Specifically, it tracks how colonial administrators and Kikuyu elders came to understand the customary nature of elder authority through the representational and regulatory capacity that objects known as ĩthathi were held to have. In the end, administrators and elders came to share an ideology linking ritual efficacy and elder authority, jointly participating in the naturalization of that relationship while failing to anticipate where it would lead.
Helicobacter pylori alters gastric epithelial cell cycle events and gastrin secretion in Mongolian gerbils

Abstract Background & Aims: Human colonization with Helicobacter pylori increases the risk for distal gastric adenocarcinoma, possibly by altering gastric epithelial cell cycle events and/or gastrin secretion. This study aimed to determine whether H. pylori virulence–related characteristics affect apoptosis, proliferation, and gastrin levels in a rodent model of gastric adenocarcinoma. Methods: Mongolian gerbils were challenged with H. pylori wild-type or isogenic cagA − and vacA − mutants, and apoptotic and proliferating cells were identified by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling and proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry, respectively. Serum gastrin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Results: Gastric epithelial cell turnover was no different after infection with the wild-type, cagA − , or vacA − strains. H. pylori infection significantly increased antral apoptosis 2-4 weeks after challenge, before apoptotic indices decreased to baseline. In contrast, antral proliferation rates were significantly higher 16-20 weeks after inoculation, but then decreased by 40 weeks. Antral proliferation was significantly related to serum gastrin levels, whereas antral apoptosis was inversely related to acute inflammation and lymphoid follicles. Conclusions: In H. pylori –infected gerbils, enhanced antral apoptosis is an early and transient cell cycle event. Epithelial cell proliferation peaks later and is significantly related to increased gastrin levels, suggesting that epithelial cell growth in H. pylori –colonized mucosa may be mediated by gastrin-dependent mechanisms. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000;118:48-59
Statistical properties of hybrid composites: asymptotic distributions for strain

Abstract An adaptation of the chain-of-bundles probability model for unidirectional intraply hybrid composites is investigated by employing a lower tail asymptotic analysis. A conservative estimate for the cumulative distribution function for the hybrids' breaking strain is obtained. The method is sufficiently general and easy to implement that a large variety of different hybrid geometries are considered. Furthermore, the analysis can accomodate almost any load sharing rule, and two different rules are used to illustrate the method. Although the intent of this paper is to develop and illustrate the lower tail analysis for hybrids, some examples are also included. The well established hybrid effect for the tensile behabior of hybrids is affirmed by the avalysis, and the effect is maximized by hybrids where the different types of fibers are as uniformly dispersed as possible.
Model-based optical coherence elastography using acoustic radiation force

Acoustic Radiation Force (ARF) stimulation is actively used in ultrasound elastography to estimate mechanical properties of tissue. Compared with ultrasound imaging, OCT provides advantage in both spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, a combination of ARF and OCT technologies can provide a unique opportunity to measure viscoelastic properties of tissue, especially when the use of high intensity radiation pressure is limited for safety reasons. In this presentation we discuss a newly developed theoretical model of the deformation of a layered viscoelastic medium in response to an acoustic radiation force of short duration. An acoustic impulse was considered as an axisymmetric force generated on the upper surface of the medium. An analytical solution of this problem was obtained using the Hankel transform in frequency domain. It was demonstrated that layers at different depths introduce different frequency responses. To verify the developed model, experiments were performed using tissue-simulating, inhomogeneous phantoms of varying mechanical properties. The Young’s modulus of the phantoms was varied from 5 to 50 kPa. A single-element focused ultrasound transducer (3.5 MHz) was used to apply the radiation force with various durations on the surface of phantoms. Displacements on the phantom surface were measured using a phase-sensitive OCT at 25 kHz repetition frequency. The experimental results were in good agreement with the modeling results. Therefore, the proposed theoretical model can be used to reconstruct the mechanical properties of tissue based on ARF/OCT measurements.
Growth, development, and behaviour of the parasitised and unparasitised larvae of a shelter-building moth and consequences for the resulting koinobiont parasitoid

Most attention to size-time trade-offs of insects has focused on herbivore risk, with considerably less attention paid to parasitoids. Here, we focus on parasitoid risk, comparing the fates of unparasitised herbivore hosts and parasitised hosts that protect the parasitoids. Success of a koinobiont parasitoid (host grows after parasitisation) depends on maintaining a delicate balance with its host, thereby ensuring its own survival while the host grows. To evaluate growth rate–mortality rate relationships of host and parasitoid, we compared several aspects of the growth, phenology, and behaviour of unparasitised fern moth [Herpetogramma theseusalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)] larvae and larvae parasitised by Alabagrus texanus (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a solitary koinobiont (one parasitoid per host) wasp. Host larvae feed and construct shelters on sensitive fern, Onoclea sensibilis L. (Dryopteridaceae). Alabagrus texanus parasitise early-instar moths in late summer, which overwinter in their host, emerging in mid-summer to pupate and eclose. During the autumn following hatching and the immediately following spring, parasitised and unparasitised moth larvae did not differ in size, took similar time to choose between satisfactory and unsatisfactory foods, and built similar shelters. Prior to any other changes noted, more parasitised than unparasitised larvae also died when severely starved. Parasitised larvae subsequently grew less and pupated later than unparasitised ones (small size, slow growth), but consumed similar amounts of food. Although the numerically dominant parasitoid of fern moths, we concluded that A. texanus do not efficiently exploit their hosts.
A cell for high-precision constant-current coulometry with external generation of titrant.

Abstract A cell has been designed for the high-precision coulometric titration, with externally generated titrant, of materials which otherwise undergo undesirable reactions at the working electrodes. With this cell potassium dichromate has been titrated, via its hydrolysis reaction, with hydroxyl ion generated at the cathode, cathodic reduction of the chromium(VI) being circumvented. In this cell 99·9% of the titrant required is generated in one chamber and transferred to another for reaction; the titration is then completed with titrant generated at a second, drip-type electrode working at much lower current. By means of commercially available Leeds and Northrup coulometric titration electrical equipment, titration of NBS 136b Potassium Dichromate gave a purity of 99·976%, standard deviation 0·005%, and of NBS 84d Potassium Acid Phthalate (done as a check) 99·991%, standard deviation 0·005%, both values being in excellent agreement with other work.
Observations on the use of Hypnosis with Burned Children on a Pediatric Ward

Abstract Hypnotic suggestions have been employed in the management of children being treated in hospitals for burns. Several cases are described, and observations made about the interplay of forces between the staff, the patient, and the therapist, as well as the expectations of the patients to assess how these factors influenced the use of hypnosis. Hypnosis appears to be a particularly useful means for reaching isolated and depressed children with burns and for improving the morale of the staff team working with these children. The results may be along specific lines in terms of pain tolerance and improved eating, or in general improvement of cooperativeness and mood on the part of the child.
Sanitary and phytosanitary measures in international trade: policy considerations vs. economic reasoning.

Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures are one form of non-tariff international trade barrier with the objective of requiring consumer and intermediate goods to be safe and to provide information to protect consumers from deceptive practices. However, such barriers could severely restrict trade. The central strategy of the World Trade Organization's (WTO) SPS Agreement is to use science to distinguish between those SPS measures consistent with the Agreement and those in violation of the Agreement. SPS measures belong to what is known as trans-science questions or questions which can be asked of science and yet which cannot be answered by science. Because of the presence of scientific uncertainty, science policies adopted by members should be identified by the WTO. WTO panels should not, however, establish scientific policies. Prohibitive measures would seem rather incompatible with the role the WTO assumed trying to promote free trade. Rather, facilitating the distribution of available information regarding SPS and food safety risk, or a lack of it, to consumers in importing countries would help them to make better informed decisions according to their own preferences and risk aversion.
Calculation of particle production by Nambu-Goldstone bosons with application to inflation reheating and baryogenesis.

A semiclassical calculation of particle production by a scalar field in a potential is performed. We focus on the particular case of production of fermions by a Nambu-Goldstone boson \ensuremath{\theta}. We have derived a (non)local equation of motion for the \ensuremath{\theta} field with the back reaction of the produced particles taken into account. The equation is solved in some special cases, namely, for purely Nambu-Goldstone bosons and for the tilted potential U(\ensuremath{\theta})\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{m}}^{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}^{2}$. Enhanced production of bosons due to parametric resonance is investigated; we argue that the resonance probably disappears when the expansion of the Universe is included. Application of our work on particle production to reheating and an idea for baryogenesis in inflation are mentioned.
Maximising small party potential: The effects of electoral system rules on the far right in German sub‐national elections

Drawing on a data base of election results at national, regional and sub‐national level, this paper examines the impact of the German electoral system on the representation of far right parties. While the electoral threshold of five per cent is a hindrance to small parties at all levels, low district magnitude at sub‐national level tends to exacerbate under‐representation and the minority status of small parties while high district magnitude may result in over‐representation, in particular if a party secures around ten per cent. The paper concludes that electoral representation of small parties with limited resources is affected by votes gained, district magnitude and seat distribution at a given electoral level. Depending on the combination of these factors, the system of translating votes into seats may favour or disadvantage small parties.
Environmental Potentials and Economic Opportunities—A Background for Cultural Adaptation

MY TASK in this cooperative research has been to examine environment and to express the varieties of environment as potentials for different subsistence uses. The environment is thus seen as a potential for exploitation by man, and at a further remove, a potential for the shaping of culture. In order to relate environment and subsistence forms to one another in a meaningful way we use the concept of subsistence risk. In outline, first we discuss environmental parameters in East Africa and explain subsistence risk; second, we examine two environmental gradients, a steep one in Pokot, and a gentle one in Kamba country; and third, we conclude with some suggestions as to what these environmental types and gradients mean for economic exploitation and cultural adaptation.
Arachidonic acid metabolism and cell proliferation in rat mammary carcinoma cells treated with indomethacin

Abstract To determine the specificity of action of indomethacin as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase in the mammary epithelium, cell proliferation and levels of PGE 2 and LTB 4 were quantitated in 13762 MAT rat mammary carcinoma cells treated with 10 − to 10 −10 M concentrations of drug. Suppression of proliferation of 13762 MAT cells by indomethacin was associated with reduced levels of both PGE 2 and LTB 4 . The antiproliferative activity of indomethacin in rat mammary carcinoma cells may be modulated through inhibition of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism.
Pretrial Predictors of Judgments in the O. J. Simpson Case

Five hundred seventy-eight community college and four-year state university students responded to questionnaires designed to assess judgments regarding O. J. Simpson's guilt, beliefs surrounding the case, general attitudes, and background information. Although African Americans were more likely to perceive Simpson as innocent than non-African Americans, correlation analyses revealed that, for the most part, the same predictors explained African Americans' and non-African American's judgments of guilt. Finally, set-wise hierarchical regression analyses indicated that case-related beliefs that Simpson abused Nicole Brown Simpson and that the system was biased against him accounted for more significant incremental variance than did demographic variables such as age and ethnicity, personal experiences, and general attitudes. The results suggested that the racial polarization emphasized in public polls does not reflect the diversity of beliefs that existed within both African American and European American populations.
Narrowing of the preprophase microtubule band is not required for cell division plane determination in cultured plant cells

In most higher-plant cells, cortical microtubules form a tightly focused preprophase band (PPB) that disappears with the onset of prometaphase, but whose location defines the future location of the cell plate at the end of cytokinesis. It is unclear whether the PPB microtubules themselves designate the precise area where the cell plate will insert, or rather if these microtubules are responding to a hierarchical signal(s). Here we show that narrowing of the microtubules within the PPB zone is not necessary for proper division plane determination. In cultured tobacco BY-2 cells in which PPB microtubules are depolymerized, the phragmoplast can still accurately locate and insert at the proper site. The data do not support a role for PPB microtubule narrowing in focusing the signal that is used later by the phragmoplast to position the cell plate; rather, proper phragmoplast positioning is more likely a consequence of a non-microtubule positional element. Although the PPB microtubules do not directly mark the division site, we show that they are required for accurate spindle positioning, an activity that presets the future growth trajectory of the phragmoplast and is necessary for insuring high-fidelity cell plate positioning.
Review of Compartment Syndrome Due to Group A Streptococcal Infection

ABSTRACT Purpose To present a case of nontraumatic compartment syndrome secondary to group A streptococcal infection and review the literature regarding this unusual clinical entity. Methods Case reports of compartment syndrome due to group A streptococci in the English language literature were identified through a computer-generated search using MEDLINE 1950–2007. Reviews of the cited literature in pertinent articles were also undertaken to find additional cases. Cases with evidence of chronic infection or trauma were excluded; cases were included for analysis if enough demographic information was available to allow identification of individual patients. Results Thirteen cases, including the current case of group A streptococcus, were identified. The average age was 34 years (range 2–76). The majority of patients (77%) were previously healthy with no significant medical history or evidence of immunosuppression. All patients presented with either fever, or hypotension, or white blood cells >10,000 cells/mm 3 and 77% presented with at least 2 of these signs. All patients received prompt surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy with gram-positive activity. The mortality rate was 15%. Conclusions Nontraumatic acute compartment syndrome presenting with fever, or hypotension, or leukocytosis may be associated with infection such as group A streptococcus. Prompt surgical and antibiotic therapy was associated with a relatively low mortality rate. A high clinical index of suspicion should occur for the possibility of infection with an organism such as group A streptococcus in patients presenting with acute extremity pain and tense compartments without trauma and with signs of a systemic inflammatory response.
A sensitization effect with rectilinear stimuli.

Abstract Luminance thresholds for the detection of flicker in a small test line were measured as a function of the size of the rectangular backgrounds upon which the line was superimposed. This was done for backgrounds increasing in size in a direction parallel to the axis of orientation of the test line and for backgrounds increasing in the orthogonal direction. Stimuli were presented to the fovea and parafovea of one eye at a photopic luminance level. From the resultant functions, the approximate size and shape of the center and surround regions of a class of cortical cell receptive fields were inferred. Results in two subjects were interpreted as indicating receptive fields with asymmetrically shaped centers and circular surrounds. Total field size was estimated to be approximately 20′ in diameter for the fovea and 1° in diameter for the parafovea.
Zero Electron Kinetic Energy Spectroscopy and Theoretical Calculations of InNH3

InNH3 has been studied with single-photon zero electron kinetic energy (ZEKE) spectroscopy and density functional theory and ab initio calculations. The ZEKE spectrum reveals vibrational structures of the cation and neutral complexes. The comparison of the experiment and theory establishes that the indium-ammonia complex is a simple adduct. The adduct has a C3v 1A1 ground state in the ion and a Cs 2A‘ ground state in the neutral. The lower symmetry of the neutral molecule arises from a Jahn−Teller distortion. The ionization energy of the 2A‘ state is 39 689(3) cm-1. The indium−ammonia stretch frequency is 234 cm-1 in the 1A1 state and 141 cm-1 in the 2A‘ state. The stronger metal−ligand bonding in the ion state is attributed to the additional charge−dipole and covalent interactions.
After Out-of-Home Mental Health Treatment: Atypical Antipsychotic Medication Use and the Probability of Returning to Treatment

Florida Medicaid claims data were used to assess antipsychotic medication use among children after therapeutic out-of-home mental health treatment. Fifty percent of youth received antipsychotics after the treatment episode, but differences exist across age, gender, and racial groups. Utilization was higher among males and youth ages 6–12, while blacks were less likely to be prescribed antipsychotics than whites. Youth receiving antipsychotics were less likely to return to out-of-home treatment within 6 months. However, among youth receiving antipsychotic medications, a higher medication possession ratio was not associated with the likelihood of returning to treatment. Such patterns require further investigation to determine whether they indicate inadequate treatment for some youth.
GroE modulates kinetic partitioning of folding intermediates between alternative states to maximize the yield of biologically active protein

Abstract The central issue of chaperone function is the mechanism whereby partitioning of folding polypeptides along the productive pathway may be maximized, while non-productive folding pathways are minimized. We have found that the GroE chaperone is capable of accelerating the rate of the productive pathway of bacterial luciferase αβ heterodimer formation. At intermediate temperatures at which the productive pathway and nonproductive pathways leading to dimerization-incompetent monomeric forms of the subunits coexist, GroE enhances the yield of native enzyme while minimizing the yield of misfolded protein. These results suggest that GroE releases the subunits in forms capable of achieving the native structure faster than the forms initially bound by the chaperone. At higher temperatures, at which the native enzyme is stable but the dimerization reaction is diminished, GroE is unable to force the productive folding reaction to occur. However, the chaperone decreases the rate of formation of the heterodimerization-incompetent species, thereby enhancing the final yield of active enzyme when the temperature is reduced to the permissive range. Our results suggest a mechanism by which the chaperone functions to maximize the yield of the biologically active form of the protein while maintaining or even accelerating the essential rapid kinetics of folding reactions.
Erratum to: Vagueness, tolerance and contextual logic

During the production of the article, the author overlooked some errors. Below you will find the corrected text. Page 5, line 4-5 in the abstract should read: One is tolerance: the insensitivity of predicates to small changes in the objects of predication (a one-foot increment of a walking distance is a walking distance). Page 6, line 6-8 should read: A walking distance is still a walking distance if we increment it by one foot (but not by 5 miles); a child is still a child one hour later (but not 5 years later); and so on. As of page 7 line 3 the words borderline vagueness should read: borderline-vagueness Page 8, line 1, first paragraph of Sect. 2: the line should read: In ordinary usage, ‘vagueness’ is a broad term that covers an assortment of loosely connected linguistic phenomena: imprecision, fuzziness, ambiguity, obscurity, lack of specificity (hence the expression ‘vague generalities’), and their like. Page 8, the last line of the first paragraph of Sect. 2 should read: The indeterminateness, moreover, does not mean that the question is out of order (as would be a category mistake, like asking whether number 3 is happy); the question is appropriate, and unambiguous, but the semantics does not seem to decide it. Page 16, line 7-4 from the bottom should read:
Insulin induction of tyrosine aminotransferase in synchronized hepatoma cells.

Abstract Addition of insulin to unsynchronized rat hepatoma cells, previously incubated with dexamethasone, promotes a rapid increase in tyrosine aminotransferase activity. Mitotic cells in the presence or absence of colcemid are not inducible by either insulin or dexamethasone. Inducibility by dexamethasone is restored only after the third hour of the G1 phase, presumably related to the appearance of the putative posttranscriptional repressor ( Martin, D.W. et al. (1969). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 63 : 842–849 ). In contrast, inducibility by insulin is restored immediately upon passage of the synchronized cells into G1. These data suggest that insulin can induce tyrosine aminotransferase in the absence of the repressor.
Benefits and risks of estrogen replacement therapy

Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Studies also indicate a reduced risk of stroke and its consequent mortality among estrogen users, and ERT may also have a role in reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease and increasing a woman's overall quality of life. On the negative side, some studies show a small duration-related risk of breast cancer with estrogen use and a significant increase in endometrial cancer; the latter is virtually eliminated with the addition of a progestin to the regimen. Although the definitive answer is not yet available, recent epidemiologic data suggest no reduction in protection against CVD and bone fracture with the addition of progestin, which is referred to as hormone replacement therapy, as opposed to using estrogen alone. A woman's potential risks associated with ERT or hormone replacement therapy must be weighed against her lifetime risks of developing CVD, stroke, and bone fracture. The reduction in mortality and morbidity rates with hormone use is generally viewed to be substantial and cost-effective. Health care professionals have an important role in shaping their patients' attitudes. Patients need more information from their physicians about the risks and benefits of estrogen therapy. (AM J OBSTET GYNECOL 1995;173:982-90.)
Geometry dependence of the empirical relationship between volume and efficiency for Ge detectors

Abstract We have tested the suggestion of Zhong that the slope of the efficiency curve is nearly independent of the angle of incidence of the illuminating source and the detector height-to-diameter ratio. Within the chosen range of energies and ratios, the slope is found to be constant within ∼ 3%, but for larger ranges, it may vary by as much as 10% as a function of angle of incidence and 56% as a function of height-to-diameter ratio.
Nutrient utilization in liquid/membrane system for watermelon micropropagation

Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsumura and Nakai] proliferating shoot meristems from established shoot cultures were inoculated on modified Murashige and Skoog salts medium supplemented with 10 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA) for shoot proliferation and on similar medium supplemented with 1 μM BA and 10 μM gibberellic acid (GA3) for shoot elongation. Agar-solidified medium and microporous polypropylene membrane rafts in liquid medium were used to support the tissues. Growth over culture time of proliferating and elongating tissues in liquid and agar-solidified media were compared. Nutrient depletion in liquid medium was monitored and quantified using ion selective electrodes. Tissue fresh weights in both proliferation and shoot elongation media were greater in liquid than in agar-solidified medium. Relative dry matter content, however, was greater in agar-solidified than in liquid medium. More shoots elongated in agar-solidified than in liquid medium. The numbers of buds or unelongated shoot meristems, however, were comparable for both the liquid and agar-solidified medium. Proliferating and elongating tissues in liquid medium used Ca++ and K+ minimally. NO 3 − was utilized but not depleted by proliferating tissues. NH 4 + , however, was depleted. Most of the NH 4 + was utilized by the proliferating tissues within 21 days of culture when growth rate was greatest. At 35 days, residual Ca++, K+, NO 3 − , and NH 4 + in proliferation medium were 81.0%, 67.8%, 55.7%, and 1.2% of initial levels, respectively. NO 3 − and NH 4 + in shoot elongation medium were depleted. The greatest NO 3 − and NH 4 + utilization was observed during the first 14 days of culture when the largest growth rate was obtained. The residual Ca++, K+, NO 3 − , and NH 4 + in shoot elongation medium at 38 days were 63.5%, 37.9%, 21.2%, and 24.3% of initial concentrations, respectively. At the end of experiment, 72.3% and 42.8% of initial sugars were still remaining in the shoot proliferation and shoot elongation medium, respectively.
Incidence theory and the shifting of protection across sectors: the South Asian experience

Using the theoretical framework of a simple general equilibrium model, this paper examines whether strategies aimed at protecting or promoting manufacturing industries indirectly taxed the agricultural and service sectors. A panel data set consisting of five South Asian countries over a 26 year time period is employed in the analysis. Three different estimation procedures are used to account for factors that are country specific and those that are common to all countries. The results indicate that the agricultural sector indirectly felt the brunt of the net protection provided to manufactures due to the ‘shifting of protection’ across sectors. The service sector, on the other hand, indirectly benefited from the general equilibrium spillover effects.
An analysis of intermetallics formation of gold and copper ball bonding on thermal aging

Abstract In IC packages, thermosonic wire bonding is the preferred method for making electrical connections between the die pad and lead frame. These interconnect are made using fine metal wires. On thermal aging (under 175 °C for 5 h) gold aluminide easily forms in gold ball bonds while formation of intermetallic compound is absent in case of copper ball bonds. An analysis of the atomic property of the elements bonded explains that atomic radii and electronegativity factors favor gold aluminide formation.
The excess enthalpies of (carbon dioxide + pyridine) at 470.15 and 573.15 K from 7.50 to 12.50 MPa

Abstract The excess molar enthalpies H m E { x CO 2 + (1 − x )C 5 H 5 N} were measured in the vicinity of the critical locus and in the supercritical region. Large positive H m E 's were observed depending on the compositions, pressures, and temperatures of the mixtures, in contrast to large negative H m E 's measured previously at lower temperatures. Two modified Soave equations of state were used to correlate H m E over a temperature range of 308.15 to 573.15 K and a pressure range of 7.50 to 12.50 MPa with average standard deviations of 1.1 kJ · mol −1 .