cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complementary Feeding: Pitfalls for Health Outcomes.

The term complementary feeding is defined as the period in which a progressive reduction of breastfeeding or infant-formula feeding takes place, while the infant is gradually introduced to solid foods. It is a crucial time in the infant’s life, not only because of the rapid changes in nutritional requirements and the consequent impact on infant growth and development, but also for a generation of lifelong flavor preferences and dietary habits that will influence mid and long-term health. There is an increasing body of evidence addressing the pivotal role of nutrition, especially during the early stages of life, and its link to the onset of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and allergic diseases. It is clear that the way in which a child is introduced to complementary foods may have effects on the individual’s entire life. The aim of this review is to discuss the effects of complementary feeding timing, composition, and mode on mid and long-term health outcomes, in the light of the current evidence. Furthermore, we suggest practical tips for a healthy approach to complementary feeding, aiming at a healthy future, and highlight gaps to be filled.
Kidney transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma: narrative analysis and review of the last 2 decades.

There have been significant advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma in the last 2 decades. Approximately 25% of patients with newly diagnosed myeloma have some degree of kidney impairment. During the course of illness, nearly 50% of myeloma patients will develop kidney disease. Moreover, approximately 10% of myeloma patients have advanced kidney disease requiring dialysis at presentation. Hemodialysis is associated with a significantly reduced overall survival. In the setting of prolonged long-term overall survival due to the use of newer immunotherapeutic agents in the treatment of myeloma, patients with myeloma and advanced kidney disease may benefit from more aggressive management with kidney transplantation. Unfortunately, most data regarding outcomes of kidney transplantation in patients with myeloma come from single center case series. With the advent of novel treatment choices, it remains unclear if outcomes of kidney transplant recipients with myeloma have improved in recent years. In this descriptive systematic review, we coalesced published patient data over the last 20 years to help inform clinicians and patients on expected hematologic and kidney transplant outcomes in this complex population. We further discuss the future of kidney transplantation in patients with paraproteinemia.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Utilization of Tonsillectomy among Medicaid-Insured Children.

Objective To examine racial differences in tonsillectomy ±adenoidectomy (TA P Conclusions Racial and ethnic disparities exist in the utilization of T&A for children with SDB enrolled in Medicaid. Future studies that investigate possible sources for these differences and more equitable care are warranted.
Abstract 17412: Rapid Liposome Mimicking SARS-CoV-2 to Elucidate Thrombosis in Endothelialized Microfluidic Chip

Introduction: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses the worst global health crisis in modern times. Thrombotic complications such as VTE, pulmonary embolism, and risk ...
Wildflowers and Water: Desire, Joy, and Creativity in Environmental Justice Organizing

Building from ethnographic and archival research, this article describes the role of desire, relationship building, and creativity in Kern County's environmental justice organizing. Located in Cali...
Practical estimation of the in situ physical properties of foods under high pressure

High pressure processing is a novel food processing technology that has shown great potential for microbial efficacy with minimization of food quality changes. Recently, there has been an increase in research for evaluation of the in situ properties of food matrices under high pressure. Information regarding in situ properties of foods is required for validation of the process uniformity of pressure and temperature during high pressure processing. This review describes changes in the in situ physical properties of different foods undergoing high pressure treatment and empirical models for estimation are developed. Experimental techniques for development of in situ property measurement sensors are also reviewed.
Identity Development of Young Black Lesbians in New York City: An Exploratory Study

Black lesbian adolescents have the complex task of formulating an integrated identity as members of multiple oppressed groups—adolescents, blacks, women, and lesbians. This population is at increased risk for mental health concerns due to societal racism, heterosexism, and homonegativity. This exploratory qualitative study examined the identity development of ten young black lesbians aged 16–20 and found that these young women were able to successfully integrate and manage their multiple identities. More research needs to be done in order to ascertain the effects of coping mechanisms developed as a result of having these multiple identities.
SNP and haplotype analysis – algorithms and applications

The recent release of the Haplotype Mapping project (Nature, Oct. 26, 2005 – see also, e.g., NY Times, Oct. 27), and the rapid reduction in genotyping costs open new directions and opportunities in the study of complex genetic disease such as cancer or Alzheimer's disease. The datasets collected for these studies are DNA sequences, with some noise and ambiguous information. In this talk I will discuss some of the algorithmic issues of disambiguating these DNA sequences, and the current and potential impact of these algorithms on genetics and medicine. In particular, I will discuss some of the problems in the field, such as genotype phasing, tag SNP selection (e.g. feature selection), and population stratification issues (e.g. clustering). The talk will be self contained, although some introductory material for the biological terminology and the HapMap project can be found at http://www.hapmap.org/whatishapmap.html.
Comments regarding energy release and transfer in solar flares

Skylab observations of the high-temperature coronal plasma are used in characterizing energy released in the corona during flare-like events. The loop structure of the soft X-ray flare features is reviewed; short-term exposures of several soft X-ray images are employed in suggesting that energy, and possibly material as well, is added to the apex of loop systems during flare events. An accompanying restriction in the flow of mass and energy from the loop apex is also hypothesized to account for the recorded observations. Further investigations of the confining ability of the magnetic fields that contain the X-ray emitting plasma are proposed.
Comparative analysis of Palm and wearable computers for Participatory Simulations

Recent educational computer-based technologies have offered promising lines of research that promote social constructivist learning goals, develop skills required to operate in a knowledge-based economy (Roschelle et al. 2000), and enable more authentic science-like problem-solving. In our research programme, we have been interested in combining these aims for curricular reform in school science by developing innovative and progressive handheld and wearable computational learning tools. This paper reports on one such line of research in which the learning outcomes of two distinct technological platforms (wearable computers and Palm hand-helds) are compared using the same pedagogical strategy of Participatory Simulations. Participatory Simulations use small wearable or hand-held computers to engage participants in simulations that enable inquiry and experimentation (Colella 2000) allowing students to act out the simulation themselves. The study showed that the newer and more easily distributable version of Participatory Simulations on Palms was equally as capable as the original Tag-based simulations in engaging students collaboratively in a complex problem-solving task. We feel that this robust and inexpensive technology holds great promise for promoting collaborative learning as teachers struggle to find authentic ways to integrate technology into the classroom in addition to engaging and motivating students to learn science.
Perspectives of State Legislative Candidates on Connecticut's Implementation of Clean Elections

This analysis examines the perceptions of state legislative candidates running in Connecticut under the newly implemented Clean Elections Program. Through a survey conducted shortly after the 2008 general elections, we asked candidates about several aspects of their campaigns ranging from their decision to run for office to questions about the mechanics of how they built a campaign organization, raised money, and contacted voters. In addition, we asked them how they believe the changes in the campaign finance laws altered their campaigns as well as aspects of the state’s overall political environment. Similar questions asked of candidates two years prior to the law’s implementation make it possible to see how these changes may have altered campaign activities and candidate perceptions. Findings demonstrate that the new law has resulted in more equal levels of funding available to competing candidates. The candidate pool has been diversified in some respects and fundraising practices have been adapted. Some elements of the typical campaign organization have undergone changes and the roles of interest groups and political parties have been altered. Candidates show widespread support for the public financing system and continue to believe the new law will result in greater electoral competition and higher levels of voter confidence.
The Asymmetry of Existence: Do We Owe Our Existence to Cold Dark Matter and the Weak Force?:

A common theme throughout biology is homochirality, including its origin and especially implications. Homochirality has also intrigued scientists because of the hypothesis that life, as it currently exists, could not have occurred without it. In this review, we discuss several hypotheses regarding homochirality and their linkage to processes that range from subatomic in scale to processes that help define the structure of the universe. More importantly, this exploration begins with the knowledge that humans inhabit the universe in which there is an excess of normal matter over antimatter. It is a universe characterized by homochirality but is nonetheless contained in what is most easily described as a 3+1 dimensional spacetime wherein most laws of physics are invariant under spacetime transformations. This restriction on spacetime poses significant constraints on the processes that can be invoked to explain homochirality. However, in dealing with such restraints, including the total mass contained in the ...
ABANDONED FLOODPLAIN PLANT COMMUNITIES ALONG A REGULATED DRYLAND RIVER

Rivers and their floodplains worldwide have changed dramatically over the last century because of regulation by dams, flow diversions and channel stabilization. Floodplains no longer inundated by river flows following dam-induced flood reduction comprise large areas of bottomland habitat, but the effects of abandonment on plant communities are not well understood. Using a hydraulic flow model, geomorphic mapping and field surveys, we addressed the following questions along the Bill Williams River, Arizona: (i) What per cent of the bottomland do abandoned floodplains comprise? and (ii) Are abandoned floodplains quantitatively different from adjacent xeric and riparian surfaces in terms of vegetation composition and surface sediment? We found that nearly 70% of active channel and floodplain area was abandoned following dam installation. Abandoned floodplains along the Bill Williams River tend to be similar to each other yet distinct from neighbouring habitats: they have been altered physically from their historic state, leading to distinct combinations of surface sediments, hydrology and plant communities. Abandoned floodplains may transition to xeric communities over time but are likely to retain some riparian qualities as long as there is access to relatively shallow ground water. With expected increases in water demand and drying climatic conditions in many regions, these surfaces and associated vegetation will continue to be extensive in riparian landscapes worldwide. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploiting GPUDirect RDMA in Designing High Performance OpenSHMEM for NVIDIA GPU Clusters

GPUDirect RDMA (GDR) brings the high-performance communication capabilities of RDMA networks like InfiniBand (IB) to GPUs (referred to as "Device"). It enables IB network adapters to directly write/read data to/from GPU memory. Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) programming models, such as OpenSHMEM, provide an attractive approach for developing scientific applications with irregular communication characteristics by providing shared memory address space abstractions, along with one-sided communication semantics. However, current approaches and designs of OpenSHMEM on GPU clusters do not take advantage of the GDR features leading to inefficiencies and sub-optimal performance. In this paper, we analyze the performance of various OpenSHMEM operations with different inter-node and intra-node communication configurations (Host-to-Device, Device-to-Device, and Device-to-Host) on GPU based systems. We propose novel designs that ensure "truly one-sided" communication for the different inter-/intra-node configurations identified above while working around the hardware limitations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that investigates GDR-aware designs for OpenSHMEM communication operations. Experimental evaluations indicate 2.5X and 7X improvement in point-point communication for intra-node and inter-node, respectively. The proposed framework achieves 2.2µs for an intra-node 8 byte put operation from Host-to-Device, and 3.13µs for an inter-node 8 byte put operation from GPU to remote GPU. With Stencil2D application kernel from SHOC benchmark suite, we observe a 19% reduction in execution time on 64 GPU nodes. Further, for GPULBM application, we are able to improve the performance of the evolution phase by 53% and 45% on 32 and 64 GPU nodes, respectively.
Sensitivity analysis of the Nonlinear Integral Positive Position Feedback and Integral Resonant controllers on vibration suppression of nonlinear oscillatory systems

Abstract A new Nonlinear Integral Positive Position Feedback (NIPPF) approach and the Integral Resonant Control (IRC) method are implemented and analyzed for nonlinear vibration control. The performances of both controllers are compared to the Positive Position Feedback (PPF) method. A comprehensive form of the nonlinear feedback controller that includes all three approaches is considered for the closed-loop system; this form is then solved innovatively using the Method of Multiple Scales. The particular form of the modulation equations for each controller is obtained via the calculated comprehensive solution. Sensitivity analysis is performed on the controller parameters of each approach, and the influence of the parameters on the system response is studied. Results demonstrate that controller structure has the most salient role in the suppression performance. Even by selecting the optimal control parameters for each approach, improvements in the control performances are limited. The NIPPF controller delivers superior results compared to the other two approaches in the frequency and time domains. Using this approach, not only is the vibration amplitude at the exact resonant frequency sufficiently suppressed, but the subsequent peaks in the frequency domain are also reduced significantly compared to the PPF method.
Fcc-to-bct phase transformation of aluminum under triaxial stresses: an ab initio constant pressure study

We have carried out constant pressure ab initio simulations within a generalized gradient approximation to investigate the response of aluminum to triaxial stresses and found that aluminum undergoes a phase transformation from the face-centered cubic structure (fcc) to a body centered tetragonal (bct) structure having the space group of I4/mmm. The critical stress for the fcc-to-bct transformation increases as the ratio of the triaxial stress increases but such a phase transition never occurs under hydrostatic compression. The bct phase is elastically unstable.
The role of continuing education in computer science

In the present context, "Continuing Education" refers to formal courses offered to active professionals for purposes of career development rather than with an academic degree objective. The general need for continuing education in a rapidly evolving field such as Computer Science is so well accepted as to require no further justification at this time. Rather, it is the purpose of this paper to consider the diversity of approaches to advanced education outside the conventional academic framework and to comment on current attitudes and trends.
Compressibility of a two-dimensional electron fluid

Abstract From the ground state energy of a two-dimensional electron fluid, obtained from the exchange and ring diagrams for both high and low densities, the bulk modulus and compressibility are evaluated as functions of rs. The compressibility is found to diverge at rs = 1.989.
Modeling the effect of algal dynamics on arsenic speciation in Lake Biwa.

Algae reduce and methylate arsenate and the end product of the reaction is correlated to their growth rate. At slow growth rates, dimethylarsinate (DMA) is produced, and at fast growth rates arsenite (As(III)) is produced. Previous work has linked this phenomenon to the phosphorus luxury uptake mechanism of algae, and a model was developed for the process (Hellweger et al. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2003, 48, 2275). This paper presents the integration of that process model for arsenic transformation by algae into a full ecological model and application to Lake Biwa, Japan. The model application allows for a quantitative analysis of the field data, consistent with the process model and the ecological dynamics of the lake. The newly developed ecological model includes a variable phytoplankton composition, which is needed to simulate luxury uptake. This is in contrast to most existing ecological models, which typically assume a fixed “Redfield” composition. The model adequately reproduces the observed ecology of Lake...
Evolution and Characterization of Tetraonine Endogenous Retrovirus: a New Virus Related to Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Viruses

In a previous study, we found avian sarcoma and leukosis virus (ASLV) gag genes in 19 species of birds in the order Galliformes including all grouse and ptarmigan (Tetraoninae) surveyed. Our data suggested that retroviruses had been transmitted horizontally among some host species. To further investigate these elements, we sequenced a replication-defective retrovirus, here named tetraonine endogenous retrovirus (TERV), from Bonasa umbellus (ruffed grouse). This is the first report of a complete, replication-defective ASLV provirus sequence from any bird other than the domestic chicken. We found a replication-defective proviral sequence consisting of putative Gag and Env proteins flanked by long terminal repeats. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that retroviral gag sequences closely related to TERV are transcribed, supporting the hypothesis that TERV is an active endogenous retrovirus. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that TERV may have arisen via recombination between different retroviral lineages infecting birds. Southern blotting using gag probes showed that TERV occurs in tetraonines but not in chickens or ducks, suggesting that integration occurred after the earliest phasianid divergences but prior to the radiation of tetraonine birds.
The Mössbauer Line Shape for Divalent Iron in Silver Chloride Crystals

The Mossbauer line shape is calculated for 57Fe in a fluctuating electric field gradient. This gradient is produced by the random jumping of a charge compensating positive ion vacancy which is bound to divalent iron in silver chloride. In order to simplify the calculations the vacancy is only allowed to occupy the nearest and next nearest positive ion sites with respect to the iron ion. Examples of computed spectra are presented and discussed. Die Mosbauer-Linienform wird fur 57Fe fur den Fall eines fluktuierenden elektrischen Feldgradienten berechnet. Dieser Gradient wird durch Zufallssprunge einer ladungskom-pensierenden positiven Ionenleerstelle erzeugt, die an zweiwertiges Eisen in Silberchlorid gebunden ist. Um die Berechnungen zu vereinfachen, wird angenommen, das die Leerstelle nur die nachsten und ubernachsten positiven Ionenplatze des Eisenions besetzt. Beispiele von berechneten Spektren werden gezeigt und diskutiert.
1434 COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF NORMAL NEWBORNS AND PREMATURE INFANTS

Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is an important regulator of fluid movement and can now be measured simply and reliably. We used the 4100 Wescor Colloid Osmometer to define COP values and its relation to total protein concentration (TP) in different groups of newborns. The mean COP (torr ± S.D.) was 19.38 ± 2.17 in 99 term infants delivered vaginally and 16.0 ± 2.07 in 40 term infants delivered by cesarean section (p<0.005). The lowest COP (14.9 ± 1.8) was in those born operatively without preceding labor. COP correlated well with TP (r=0.92) in term infants. In 60 sick preterm infants with 362 determinations, COP (12.46 ± 2.45) was different from term infants (p<0.001) and the correlation with TP was poor (r=0.64). Different therapeutic modalities affected COP widely. Crystalloid infusion (10-20cc/kg) decreased COP by 22% and surgery by 32%. COP increased 63% after exchange transfusion, 23% after infusion of plasma (10-20cc/kg) and 15% one hour after Furosemide administration.
Battery life challenges on future mobile notebook platforms

Summary form only given. With the introduction of Intel/spl reg/ Centrino/spl trade/ Mobile Technology in 2003, Intel redefined mobile computing to deliver the outstanding mobile performance, integrated wireless capability, while enabling extended battery life and thin and light designs that end users demand. In developing Intel Centrino Mobile Technology, Intel took an aggressive goal of enabling at least 3.5 hours (210 minutes) of battery life given typical usage of "thin and light" class notebooks with 6-cell lithium ion batteries. Compared with Intel/spl reg/ Pentium/spl reg/ 4 processor-M-based systems, this would be at least an hour more battery life. This goal was exceeded by the majority of the Intel Centrino mobile technology-based notebooks introduced at the launch in March 2003, with these notebooks delivering some of the longest battery run times available on mobile PCs. However, the industry is facing new challenges. Current battery technologies are topping out in capacity, while demands for new mobile PC capabilities and higher performance are driving higher average power consumption. This talk will address the opportunity to innovate on lower power silicon and platform designs as well as higher density and renewable power sources to enable 8-hour or greater battery life for "all-day" computing. Techniques used today to deliver lower average power at the silicon as well as platform levels will be discussed, (e.g., voltage and frequency scaling techniques are use in today's silicon to provide performance-on-demand while consuming lowest average power when the processor is idle, lower power display technologies such as LTPS reduce power by at least 30% over conventional displays) as well as alternative battery chemistries that may deliver higher capacity and renewable/quick rechargeable sources will also be discussed.
Evidence for the reversal of gradients in the uppermost parts of silicic magma reservoirs

Evidence from large-volume ignimbrites indicates that the source-magma reservoirs for most of these voluminous silicic pyroclastic deposits contained monotonic vertical chemical gradients at the time of eruption. However, gradients from a large-volume magma reservoir that produced a group of penecontemporaneous silicic lava domes, but no ignimbrite, show a reversal of the usual ignimbrite pattern. This reversal originated by modification of the usual pattern through minor assimilation of partially melted roof rocks. Eruptions that produced these domes apparently just tapped the uppermost part of their source reservoir. They thereby provide a high-resolution instantaneous view of this variably contaminated part of the magma system. Although not yet reported in the literature, similar reversals should be recorded in other groups of penecontemporaneous silicic domes and perhaps also in the lowermost parts of ignimbrites or in their underlying coeruptive Plinian deposits. The long-standing paradigm for monotonic zoning in large-volume reservoirs of silicic magma may require modification.
Numerical simulation of two-phase flow in conceptualized fractures

Two-phase flow in fractured rock is an important phenomenon related to a range of practical problems, including non-aqueous phase liquid contamination of groundwater. Although fractured rocks consist of fracture networks, the study of two-phase flow in a single fracture is a pre-requisite. This paper presents a conceptual and numerical model of two-phase flow in a variable fracture. The void space of the fracture is conceptualized as a system of independent channels with position-dependent apertures. Fundamental equations, governing two-phase displacement in each channel, are derived to represent the interface positions and fractional flows in the fracture. For lognormal aperture distributions, simple approximations to fractional flows are obtained in analytical form by assuming void occupancy based on a local capillary allowability criterion. The model is verified by analytical solutions including two-phase flow in a parallel-plate fracture, and used to study the impacts of aperture variation, mobility ratio and fracture orientation on properties of two-phase flow. Illustrative examples indicate that aperture variation may control the distribution of wetting and non-wetting fluids within the fracture plane and hence the ability of the fracture to transmit these fluids. The presence of wetting fluid does little to hinder non-wetting fluid flow in fractures with large aperture variations, whereas a small volume of non-wetting fluid present in the fracture can significantly reduce wetting fluid flow. Large mobility ratios and high fracture slope angles facilitates the migration of non-wetting fluid through fractures.
Identification and palaeoenvironmental significance of late-Quaternary ermine (Mustela erminea) in the central Columbia Basin, Washington, northwestern USA

Distinguishing late-quaternary remains of long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata) from those of ermine (M. erininea) usually depends on size as the former species tends to be larger than the latter. Clinal variation and character displacement among these two taxa make comparative data taken from modern specimens of similar location to prehistoric holocene-age specimens mandatory for valid identifications. Taxonomically diagnostic criteria for modern long-tailed weasels and ermines in eastern Washington indcate that the smallest remains of Mustela represent ermines, mid-size remains cannot be identified to spcies, and the largest remains represent long-tailed weasel. Re-evaluation of small late-Quaternary Mvustela specimens originally identified as ermine suggests that all but two of them cannot be assigned to species. The original identification of one of the remaining specimens as ermine is confirmed. The latto middlHolocene age of the confirmed ermine specimen corresponds to a period of cooler and moister ...
Quantum Optical Sensing: Single-Mode, Multi-Mode and Continuous-Time

Quantum limits on optics-based precision measurements are described, contrasting single-mode, multi-mode, and continuous-time paradigms. The latter suggests that 1/N, where N is the measurement's average photon number, is not the ultimate quantum limit on precision.
Is there stereoelectronic control in hydrolysis of cyclic guanidinium ions

To assess stereoelectronic effects in the cleavage of tetrahedral intermediates, a series of five-, six-, and seven-membered cyclic guanidinium salts was synthesized. If stereoelectronic control by antiperiplanar lone pairs is operative, these are expected to hydrolyze with endocyclic C−N cleavage to acyclic ureas. However, hydrolysis in basic media produces mixtures of cyclic and acyclic products, as determined by 1H NMR analysis. The results show that in the six-membered ring antiperiplanar lone pairs provide a weak acceleration of the breakdown of the tetrahedral intermediate, but in five- and seven-membered rings there is no evidence for such acceleration, which instead can be provided by syn lone pairs.
Energy-aware distribution of monitoring agents using Genetic Algorithms

In a mobile agent-based monitoring network, mobile monitoring agents travel over the network to detect abnormal conditions in real-time. Each mobile monitoring agent is a damage diagnosis program which can recognize certain type of damage. To achieve effective damage detection and prolong the lifetime of a monitoring network, this paper studies energy-aware distribution of mobile monitoring agents using Genetic Algorithm (GA). The goal of the GA-based algorithm is to distribute monitoring agents to sensor nodes where sensor feature vectors have high affinities with memory cells of a monitoring agent and the remaining battery capacity of the sensor node is above a predefined threshold. With this distribution strategy, the system is able to send certain type of monitoring agents to the site where they are needed. When there are more than one sensor nodes in the suspicious region, the sensor node with high remaining battery capacity will have higher priority to receive a mobile monitoring agent. This distribution scheme makes the remaining battery capacity of sensor nodes in the network more balanced so that the lifetime of the monitoring network is extended.
Prenatal alcohol exposure influences the effects of neuroactive steroids on separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations in rat pups

Fetal alcohol exposure has been reported to be associated with hyper-responsiveness to stress. Using a maternal separation paradigm, this study examined whether prenatal alcohol exposure affected sensitivity to neurosteroid modulation of stress. We have shown that the neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone reduces ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) after brief maternal separation in week-old rat pups. Prenatal alcohol exposure, however, resulted in reduced sensitivity to this neurosteroid. In this study's first experiment, the behavioral effects of pregnenolone sulfate, a neurosteroid with reportedly opposite modulatory effects on the GABAA receptor, were characterized. Pregnenolone sulfate had a triphasic effect on the production of ultrasonic vocalizations and on open field activity. Blockade of conversion of pregnenolone sulfate to allopregnanolone via the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor 4-MA also blocked the drug-related reduction in USVs, but not the higher-dose augmentation. The enzyme inhibitor alone had no significant effects on USV production, nor did progesterone. These results suggest that the neuroactive steroid pregnenolone sulfate may play an independent role in the stress response after maternal separation as well as being a precursor for the anxiolytic neurosteroid allopregnanolone. In the second experiment, prenatal alcohol exposure was found to eliminate both the low dose USV-reducing effect and the higher dose USV-increasing effect. These results support previous results demonstrating that prenatal alcohol exposure may cause an altered sensitivity to the neuromodulatory effects of neurosteroids.
Determination of resudual stress fields beneath a Vickers indentation using photoelasticity

Static Vickers indentation tests were performed on Homalite specimens with an intent to obtain the residual stress distribution beneath the indentation. The indented specimens were placed in a circular polariscope to view the fringe patterns corresponding to the induced residual stress. Similitude analysis was later employed to identify the functional relationship between the various parameters related to an indentation test. The analysis resulted in a unified relationship that can assist in the determination of residual stress in nontransparent materials subjected to similar geometric and loading conditions. The shear stress contours provided here can also be used as guidelines to verify constitutive models under complex three-dimensional loads.
False, cheap and degraded: when history, economy and environment collided at Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Abstract Great Smoky Mountains National Park was created in 1934 after decades of popular activism. The National Park Service initially planned to restore wildness to all formerly settled lands through the process of secondary succession, but did not in a valley in the northwest corner of the park, Cades Cove. Transforming the 1200-ha agricultural setting into forest would have eliminated the visual charm highly prized by the tourists who had long come there. Additionally, experts promoted the preservation of Cades Cove's historic–cultural landscape because they falsely perceived the local culture to be a relic of the past. The Park Service acceded, but its commitment to historic preservation was tempered by a concern to minimize its expenses. Consequently, an agricultural permit system was adopted in 1945, which allowed modern farmers to operate on the historic landscape, keeping it open. This cheap method kept open the beautiful vistas of Cades Cove. Unfortunately, the agency's commitment to beauty and economy led to decades of ecological degradation, including water pollution and species extirpation. Only in the last two decades, has park management moved away from its focus on a low-cost, attractive landscape to embrace one that is also ecologically healthy, and thus more sustainable.
induced resistance in tobacco leaves: The growth of Pseudomonas solanacearum in protected tissues?

Abstract Tobacco leaves develop systemic, nonspecific resistance to a wide variety of pathogens following infiltration with heat-killed cells of Pseudomonas solanacearum . The protective response was detected by challenge inoculations with a compatible strain of this bacterium at 10 9 cells/ml, carried out at0, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after infiltration with heat-killed cells. When populations of bacteria in infiltrated tissues were determined, protection was detectable after 2 h as a lengthening of the lag phase, although growth rates at log phase remained basically unaltered. As the period between infiltration with heat-killed cells and challenge increased, the initial population introduced decreased rapidly and there was a concomitant reduction in the growth rate established after a protracted lag period. In fully protected leaves (24 h after infiltration) bacterial numbers decreased rapidly immediately following inoculation and populations leveled off at approximately 10 7 cells/ml, but tissues remained symptomless. Similar results were obtained at lower inoculum levels (10 6 cells/ml, bxcept that, after a sharp initial reduction in the number of cells and a protracted lag, populations increased and then stabilized at approximately 10 7 cells/ml. When an incompatible strain was used in the challenge inoculation, bacterial populations decreased more rapidly in the protected, symptomless tissues than in unprotected ones undergoing a hypersensitive reaction. These changes in bacterial populations indicate that protection may result from the release of inhibitory compounds into the intercellular spaces. In addition, cells of protected leaves appear to become more tolerant than normal cells to the presence of relatively high numbers of bacteria.
SCHEFFLER AND THE COGNITIVE ENDS OF TEACHING

Abstract The Schefflerian notion that teaching intentionally tries to bring about knowledge has been spiritedly challenged by Catherine Elgin. Perhaps, in light of our enlightened understanding of the limits of our claims to knowledge in the scientific realm, knowledge emerges as too ambitious a goal for teaching to set itself. In this essay, George Pollack explores the maneuvers Israel Scheffler employs to deflect the onslaught of this challenge. Pollack addresses this issue by examining the so-called rationality constraints on teaching championed by Scheffler. The thesis that these constraints are definitive of teaching is, the author argues, not arrived at on conceptual grounds, but draws for its support on the several strands of epistemological reasoning woven together in Scheffler’s celebrated work, Conditions of Knowledge. The notion of a dynamically engaged-in teacher-pupil interaction, harnessed to a mutually shared system of beliefs, is shown to take on a heightened prominence.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands in children and adolescents: assessment of proliferation markers

Malignant neoplasms represent one-third of all pediatric salivary gland tumors. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) composes 51% of malignant tumors and 16% of all salivary gland neoplasms in pediatrics. Prognostic factors in MEC in pediatric patients have not been well defined. Histopathologic features, clinical outcomes and proliferation markers in 26 pediatric patients (median age 11 years; 19F:7M) with salivary gland MECs were evaluated retrospectively. MEC histocytologic grading used a three-tiered system. Proliferation was assessed by determining the percentage of tumor cells immunoreactive for PCNA and Ki-67. Tumor site was 16 parotid, eight submandibular, one base of tongue and one maxillary lip. Median tumor size was 2.5 cm (range 1.5-5 cm). MEC grade was nine low grade (LG), 15 intermediate grade (IG) and two high grade (HG). Metastatic disease and capsular invasion occurred in five cases, while perineural invasion was noted in three cases. Mean percentage of tumor cells immunoreactive for proliferation markers is as follows: PCNA: LG 9%, IG 17%, HG 32%; and Ki-67: LG 7%, IG 12%, HG 26%. Treatment was surgical in 21 cases, and surgery with chemotherapy and radiotherapy in five cases. Two patients with high grade MECs died of disease (21, 44 months). Twenty-four patients had no evidence of disease at a median follow-up of 104 months (range 30-298 months). MECs were second malignancies in two children with prior radiotherapy and chemotherapy for leukemia and histiocytosis. Low and intermediate grade salivary gland MECS in a pediatric population may have a favorable outcome when compared with high grade MECs. Proliferation markers appear to be linked to histocytologic MEC grade and may provide information regarding biologic behavior of salivary gland MECs in children and adolescents.
Manipulating cell fates in the sea urchin embryo

Summary This article describes the mechanisms associated with ectoderm differentiation during sea urchin embryogenesis. Using animal half explants and molecular markers for oral and aboral ectoderm cells, we present evidence that in Lytechinus pictus, two signals from underlying vegetal blastomeres are required for normal ectoderm differentiation. One signal induces the expression of aboral ectoderm genes and a second restricts oral ectoderm expression to the oral side of the embryo. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus animal halves behave somewhat differently than Lytechinus pictus in their ability to express aboral ectoderm-specific genes. In order to determine how ectoderm genes are activated in early development, we have analyzed the transcriptional control region of the aboral ectoderm-specific Spec2a gene. This control region confers aboral ectoderm-specific expression on Spec2a by means of an aboral ectoderm/mesenchyme cell-specific enhancer and a mesenchyme cell repressor element. The Spec2a enhancer co...
Interpersonal Communication's Peculiar Identity Crisis

British philosopher Alan Watts once said that trying to define yourself is like trying to bite your own teeth. I suppose he meant to suggest that we all struggle to figure out who we are; that we a...
Power laws in compartmental analysis— II. numerical evaluation of semi-Markov models

Abstract A semi-Markov model for tracer kinetics is formulated for certain two-and three-compartment systems for which the residence time in compartment 2 may have a stable or exponentially modified stable distribution. The method requires numerical inversion of complex Fourier transforms. The model is used to predict the proportion of a single dose of lead retained by blood, bone, and soft tissue, where the lead residence time in bone has a distribution of power-law type. The power-law models reproduced the sometimes observed increase of blood lead level due to slow release of lead from bone, whereas the usual linear compartment model with matched parameters did not show this effect.
Magnetic characterization of Er/Y superlattices

Molecular‐beam epitaxy techniques have been used to prepare coherent, crystalline superlattices of erbium and yttrium. Magnetometer measurements indicate that the transition temperatures for the superlattices are significantly lower than those for bulk erbium. The first‐order transition to a conical ferromagnetic state observed in Er is suppressed. The c‐axis modulated phase is stable in c‐axis fields up to 17 kOe, while the field dependence of the basal‐plane moments differs little from bulk Er. These results suggest that the magnetoelastic energy has been altered in the superlattice samples due to lattice clamping to the substrate and at the interfaces.
The Ultrastructure and Histology of Cholangiocellular Carcinomas in English Sole (Parophrys vetulus) from Puget Sound, Washington:

The ultrastructure and histology of cholangiocellular carcinomas from feral English sole (Parophrys vetulus) living in polluted waterways of Puget Sound, WA. are described. Electron microscopy confirmed that biliary epithelial cells were the main proliferative cell type composing this variety of neoplasm. The arrangement of these cells varied from well-organized multiple bile duct-like structures to disorganized multilayered sheets of poorly differentiated biliary epithelial cells. A fibrous stroma consisting of multiple layers of collagen fibers and fibroblasts, with macrophages and various blood cell types scattered among these layers occurred between bile duct-like structures or aggregates of biliary epithelial cells. Hepatocytes were not apparent in these neoplasms except within small necrotic regions surrounded by neoplastic biliary epithelial cells. No viruslike particles were observed among the cases examined in this study.
Ventricular enlargement in poor-outcome schizophrenia.

Abstract Background: A subset of patients with schizophrenia, defined on the basis of longitudinal deficits in self-care, may show a classic ("Kraepelinian") degenerative course. An independent validator of the phenomenologically defined Kraepelinian subtype might be provided by a structural indicator of possible brain degeneration: ventricular size as measured by computed tomography (CT). Methods: To examine whether Kraepelinian patients would show a differential increase in ventricular size over time, two CT scans were conducted at intervals separated by >4 years, an average of 5 years. Fifty-three male patients with DSM-III-R diagnoses of chronic schizophrenia were subdivided into Kraepelinian ( n = 22; mean age=42 ± 8.6 years) and non-Kraepelinian ( n = 31; mean age=38 ± 12.2 years) subgroups. Kraepelinian patients were defined on the basis of longitudinal criteria: >5 years of complete dependence on others for life necessities and care, lack of employment, and sustained symptomatology. Thirteen normal elderly volunteers (mean age=60 ± 17.8) were also scanned at 4-year intervals. CT measurements were made by raters without knowledge of subgroup membership. A semiautomated computer program was used to trace the anterior horn, lateral ventricles, and temporal horns for each slice level on which they were clearly seen. Results: The ventricles showed a bilateral increase in size over the 4-year interval in the Kraepelinian subgroup, more marked in the left hemisphere than the right. By contrast, neither the non-Kraepelinian subgroup nor the normal volunteers showed significant CT changes from scan 1 to scan 2. Conclusions: Thus, the longitudinal dysfunctions in self-care that characterize the Kraepelinian patients were associated with an independent indicator of brain abnormality.
Idealized Quasi-Biennial Oscillations in an Ensemble of Dry GCM Dynamical Cores

AbstractThe paper demonstrates that quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO)-like oscillations can be simulated in an ensemble of dry GCM dynamical cores that are driven by a simple Held–Suarez temperature relaxation and low-level Rayleigh friction. The tropical stratospheric circulations of four dynamical cores, which are options in NCAR’s Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5), are intercompared. These are the semi-Lagrangian (SLD) and Eulerian (EUL) spectral transform, finite-volume (FV), and spectral element (SE) dynamical cores. The paper investigates how the model design choices impact the wave generation, propagation, and dissipation mechanisms in the equatorial region. SLD, EUL, and SE develop spontaneous QBO-like oscillations in the upper equatorial stratosphere, whereas FV does not sustain the oscillation. Transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) analyses reveal that resolved waves are the dominant drivers of the QBOs. However, the Eliassen–Palm flux divergence is strongly counteracted by the TEM momentum ...
Effects of hypothalamic stimulation, acclimation and periodic withdrawal on ethanol consumption

Abstract The effects of electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) on subsequent consumption of previously determined aversive ethanol solutions was studied. Previously published methods were employed in order to determine the possible contribution to the increased consumption produced by the presentation of the ethanol solutions every other day. This mode of presentation has been referred to as periodic withdrawal. Results indicate that electrical stimulation of the LH produces an immediate but small enhancement of ethanol consumption (1.0 g/kg per day); whereas, the periodic withdrawal of acclimated ethanol solutions is much more powerful and results in an increased consumption of approximately 4.0 g/kg per day over the same period of time. A pronounced increase in consumption appears after the second period of withdrawal.
FORAGING GROUP SIZE: MODELS AND A TEST WITH JAEGERS KLEPTOPARASITIZING TERNS

The formation of foraging groups is likely to result from individual decisions constrained by spatial distribution of food and number of foragers. Foraging groups may form via different mechanisms depending on the absolute levels of at least two relative spatial scales. I present four group size models for environments composed of two nested patch scales. Second-order patches contain first-order patches that correspond to food patches. Individuals within a given second-order patch are able to monitor their conspecifics’ behavior, and the number of individuals attending a first-order patch defines group size. I then test the models’ predictions with Parasitic Jaegers (Stercorarius parasiticus) kleptoparasitizing fish from Common Terns (Sterna hirundo). In this context, tern fishing grounds and flying terns that carried fish correspond to the jaegers’ second and first-order patches, respectively. The Dispersion and Aggregation models assume that foragers have perfect knowledge of the spatial distribution of...