cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An open trial of divalproex sodium in autism spectrum disorders.

Background Autism spectrum disorders are characterized by core deficits in social interaction and speech/communication skills, repetitive behaviors, and restricted interests. Other abnormalities include seizures, electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities, affective instability, impulsivity, and aggression. Divalproex sodium is indicated as both an anticonvulsant in epilepsy and a mood stabilizer in bipolar illness and thus might be useful for these complicating symptoms in autism. Method A retrospective pilot study was conducted to determine whether divalproex sodium was effective in treating core dimensions and associated features of autism. Fourteen patients who met DSM-IV criteria for autism, Asperger's disorder, or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, both with and without a history of seizure disorders or EEG abnormalities, were openly treated with divalproex sodium. Improvement was assessed via the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale. Results Of 14 patients who completed a trial of divalproex sodium, 10 (71%) were rated as having sustained response to treatment. The mean dose of divalproex sodium was 768 mg/day (range, 125-2500 mg/day), and it was generally well tolerated. Improvement was noted in core symptoms of autism and associated features of affective instability, impulsivity, and aggression. Conclusion Divalproex sodium may be beneficial to patients with autism spectrum disorders, particularly those with associated features of affective instability, impulsivity, and aggression as well as those with a history of EEG abnormalities or seizures. Of note, all patients with an abnormal EEG and/or seizure history were rated as responders. However, these findings must be interpreted with caution, given the open retrospective nature of the study. Controlled trials are needed to replicate these preliminary findings.
The Hiller-Sucher-Feinberg density is not integrable

The large-distance asymptotic behavior of the electron density obtained from the Hiller-Sucher-Feinberg identity is analyzed. It is shown that, unless the generating wavefunction is exact, such electron density decays like a polynomial in inverse powers of the distance. Therefore, the Hiller-Sucher-Feinberg density is not integrable in general. The sufficient conditions to be imposed upon the generating wavefunctions in order to assure integrability are spelled out.
The RRC Mandate for Residency Programs to Demonstrate Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Competency Among Residents: A Debate

Objective The Residency Review Committee (RRC) requirement that residents must achieve competency in psychodynamic psychotherapy has generated considerable deliberation.
Magnetic reversal of perpendicularly-biased Co/Pt multilayers

We have investigated the magnetic reversal behavior of $[(\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}/\mathrm{P}\mathrm{t}{)}_{4}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}/\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{O}{]}_{N}$ multilayers that are exchange biased perpendicular to the film plane. We find clear differences in the nucleation properties of the reverse domains of the ascending and descending branches of the hysteresis loops. However, the evolution of the reverse domains, once nucleated, is symmetric to positive and negative field sweeps. This behavior is in contrast to many in-plane biased experiments and can be understood from the collinear uniaxial magnetic anisotropy and unidirectional exchange-bias axis.
Glycosaminoglycans promote fibril formation by amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chains through a transient interaction

Amyloid formation occurs when a precursor protein misfolds and aggregates, forming a fibril nucleus that serves as a template for fibril growth. Glycosaminoglycans are highly charged polymers known to associate with tissue amyloid deposits that have been shown to accelerate amyloidogenesis in vitro. We studied two immunoglobulin light chain variable domains from light chain amyloidosis patients with 90% sequence identity, analyzing their fibril formation kinetics and binding properties with different glycosaminoglycan molecules. We find that the less amyloidogenic of the proteins shows a weak dependence on glycosaminoglycan size and charge, while the more amyloidogenic protein responds only minimally to changes in the glycosaminoglycan. These glycosaminoglycan effects on fibril formation do not depend on a stable interaction between the two species but still show characteristic traits of an interaction-dependent mechanism. We propose that transient, predominantly electrostatic interactions between glycosaminoglycans and the precursor proteins mediate the acceleration of fibril formation in vitro.
Activation and inactivation of rabbit liver pyridoxamine (pyridoxine) 5′-phosphate oxidase activity by urea and other solutes

Abstract Urea, guanidine hydrochloride, and neutral salts both activate and denature pyridoxamine (pyridoxine) 5′-phosphate oxidase (EC 1.4.3.5) from rabbit liver. Activation occurs at lower concentrations (e.g. 2-2.5 m for urea) of these compounds and is rapid and reversible. Greater structural changes leading to inactivation occur slowly under “activating conditions” but rapidly at higher concentrations of urea. Both reversibly and irreversibly inactivated species are formed. Activation by urea does not involve either dissociation of the enzyme to subunits or aggregation to multimers, and there is little disruption of protein secondary structure. The V and Km for substrates, Ki for product, and the rate of release of product from the enzyme are increased by urea, and substrate inhibition is decreased; urea has little effect on the reactivity of reduced enzyme with oxygen. Both flavin and tryptophanyl fluorescence increase in the presence of urea; at lower concentrations of urea (≤2 m ), there is a rapid increase followed by slower, sigmoidal increases. The polarization of flavin fluorescence of the oxidase is increased upon the addition of 2 m urea, which corresponds to the initial enhancement of protein and flavin fluorescence intensities, and then decreases. The near-ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of native enzyme and that treated with 2 m urea are only slightly different; however, a considerable change at the flavin-binding site is reflected by the circular dichroism spectra. Hence, it appears that urea yields a rapidly formed, “activated” species of the oxidase that is changed primarily at the active site in a manner that allows increased dissociation of substrate and product.
Pattern recognition used to investigate multivariate data in analytical chemistry

Pattern recognition and allied multivariate methods provide an approach to the interpretation of the multivariate data often encountered in analytical chemistry. Widely used methods include mapping and display, discriminant development, clustering, and modeling. Each has been applied to a variety of chemical problems, and examples are given. The results of two recent studies are shown, a classification of subjects as normal or cystic fibrosis heterozygotes and simulation of chemical shifts of carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra by linear model equations.
Extending a Natural Language Interface with Geospatial Queries

In this installation of architectural perspectives, we describe an extension of a menu-based natural language interface (MBNLI) to support geospatial queries. Our extension makes it easier for application analysts and even inexperienced users to phrase complex queries without knowing the relational database query language SQL, database schemas (table structures), spatial operators, or spatial indexes.
Chitosan hydrogel-based electrode binder and electrolyte membrane for EDLCs: experimental studies and model validation

Experimental studies and model validation thereof on all solid-state electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) comprising of a novel, cost-effective, and eco-friendly electrode binder consisting of chitosan chemical hydrogel (CCH), and a separator consisting of ionically cross-linked chitosan hydrogel membrane electrolyte (ICCSHME) are reported. The EDLCs have been assembled with black pearls carbon as electrode. The ICCSHME has been prepared by ionic cross-linking of chitosan (CS) with sodium sulfate. EDLCs comprising 40 % loading of CCH electrode binder and ICCSHME with 1 M NaOH dopant have been studied by galvanostatic chronopotentiometry. The data have been analyzed using mathematical modeling to study lifetime behavior of the EDLCs.
Online fractional programming for Markov decision systems

We consider a system with K states which operates over frames with different lengths. Every frame, the controller observes a new random event and then chooses a control action based on this observation. The current state, random event, and control action together affect: (i) the frame size, (ii) a vector of penalties incurred over the frame, and (iii) the transition probabilities to the next state visited at the end of the frame. The goal is to minimize the time average of one penalty subject to time average constraints on the others. This problem has applications to task scheduling in computer systems and wireless networks, where each task can take a different amount of time and may change the state of the network. An example is energy-optimal scheduling in a system with several energy-saving transmission modes, where transitions to a different mode incur energy and/or delay penalties. We pose the problem as a stochastic linear fractional program and present an online Lyapunov drift method for solving it. For large classes of problems, the solution can be implemented without any knowledge of the random event probabilities.
Short-term community-level response of arthropods to group selection with seed-tree retention in a northern hardwood forest

Abstract We examined the short-term effects of group-selection harvesting with seed-tree retention on ground-dwelling and bark-dwelling arthropod communities in a northern hardwood forest in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Arthropods were sampled in 16 group-selection openings and 8 closed canopy reference plots. Two opening sizes were examined—radii of 0.5 (320 ± 27 m2, n = 8) and 1.0 (1217 ± 62 m2, n = 8) times the mean canopy height (22 m). Each opening and reference plot was centered on a single Betula alleghaniensis Britt. (yellow birch). Ground-dwelling arthropods were sampled using pitfall traps that were opened for two 1-week periods (rounds 1 and 2), and bark-dwelling arthropods were sampled with sticky traps attached to the centrally located B. alleghaniensis trees. Family-level diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods was lower in reference plots than in the openings, but the only significant difference occurred during round 2, between the matrix and large openings (P
Local drug delivery to the brain

The controlled local delivery of antineoplastic agents by biodegradable polymers is a technique that allows for exposure of tumor cells to therapeutic doses of an active agent for prolonged periods of time while avoiding high systemic doses associated with debilitating toxicities. The use of polymers for chemotherapy delivery expands the spectrum of available treatment of neoplasms in the central nervous system, and facilitates new approaches for the treatment of malignant gliomas. In this article, we discuss the rationale and history of the development and use of these polymers, and review the various agents that have used this technology to treat malignant brain tumors.
Random square-triangle tilings

Abstract An adequate update move for random square-triangle tilings rearranges a ‘zipper’ (a non-local, 1-D chain) of squares and triangles. Random canonical-cell tilings, upon which promising atomic models of icosahedral quasicrystals can be constructed, require an update move that is equally complex. A continuum theory is postulated for maximally random square-triangle tilings with small background phason strains. The entropy density of the theory includes terms up to 3rd order in the phason-strain field, and contains four unknown parameters: the entropy per unit area at zero phason strain, two 2nd-order elastic constants, and one 3rd-order elastic constant. By implementing the zipper update move, measuring phason-mode fluctuations, introducing a pseudo-Hamiltonian, and using the Ferrenberg-Swendsen histogram method, estimates of these four parameters are obtained.
Adding Objectivity to Infant Behavioral Audiometry

ABSTRACTThis article deals with the limitations of infant behavioral audiometry, which have led us to seek objective methods of audiometry for determining hearing sensitivity in infants. It describes efforts to add objectivity to (or reduce the subjectivity of) behavioral methods of infant audiometr
Identification of an erythroid-enriched endoribonuclease activity involved in specific mRNA cleavage

Stability of the human alpha-globin mRNA is conferred by a ribonucleoprotein complex termed the alpha-complex, which acts by impeding deadenylation. Using our recently devised in vitro decay assay, we demonstrate that the alpha-complex also functions by protecting the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) from an erythroid-enriched, sequence-specific endoribonuclease activity. The cleavage site was mapped to a region protected by the alpha-complex and is regulated by the presence of the alpha-complex. Similar endoribonuclease cleavage products were also detected in erythroid cells expressing an exogenous alpha-globin gene. Nucleotide substitution of the target sequence renders the RNA refractory to the endoribonuclease activity. Insertion of the target sequence onto a heterologous RNA confers sequence-specific cleavage on the chimeric RNA, demonstrating the sequence specificity of this activity. We conclude that the alpha-complex stabilizes the alpha-globin mRNA in erythroid cells by a multifaceted approach, one aspect of which is to protect the 3'-UTR from specific endoribonuclease cleavage.
T-DNA integration into genomic DNA of rice following Agrobacterium inoculation of isolated shoot apices

This paper establishes that the isolated shoot meristem of monocotyledons can be infected and transformed using Agrobacterium. Since this explant from nearly any cereal cultivar can rapidly regenerate into a plant, using this explant effectively eliminates the genotype regeneration restrictions to cereal crop transformation allowing direct transformation of elite germplasm. Shoot apices of Oryza sativa L. Tropical Japonica, cv. Maybelle were explants used for cocultivation, and gene transfer was accomplished using Agrobacterium containing plasmids for the bar gene expression driven by the CaMV 35S promoter or by the rice actin 1 promoter. Experiments to determine the survival rates of isolated shoot apices on media containing the herbicide, glufosinate-ammonium (PPT), established that no shoot apices survived on 0.5 or 1.0 mg/l PPT. After shoot apices were cocultivated with Agrobacterium, 2.8% (overall 20 out of 721 shoot apices) survived on 0.5 mg/l PPT. Results demonstrated that the use of the actin 1 promoter-based expression vector and an extra-wounding treatment of the meristematic cells appeared to be most effective in promoting transformation. Integration, expression and transmission of the transferred foreign genes in primary, R1 and R2 generation plants were confirmed by molecular analyses and herbicide application tests. A germination test of R2 progeny from one of the transgenic plants (R1) established a phenotype segregation ratio showing a non-Mendelian inheritance pattern. Inactivation of the transferred foreign gene in R2 progeny appeared to result from transgene methylation.
Image processing on the IBM personal computer

The Palo Alto Scientific Center has developed an experimental image processing system based upon the IBM Personal Computer. It provides a variety of commonly used image processing functions in an environment that connects the programs through a menu convenient for both casual and experienced users. The System is implemented using a compiled BASIC program coupled with assembly language subroutines. Its performance is impressive, providing interactive multispectral image processing and image analysis capability for small images.
The effects of ventricular fluid osmolality on bulk flow of nascent fluid into the cerebral ventricles of cats.

The effects of ventricular fluid osmolality on the bulk flow of nascent fluid into the cerebral ventricles of anesthetized cats was measured during ventriculocisternal perfusion. This nascent fluid consists of both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and fluid which results from an osmotic gradient between ventricular fluid and the blood and/or brain. Perfusions were carried out with both mock CSF and with solutions containing either sucrose, urea, or NaCl. Differences between the normal bulk flow rate of nascent CSF and bulk flow rate measured during perfusion with anisotonic solutions were linearly related to corresponding differences in osmolality of the effluent fluid from the ventricles. The coefficients of osmotic flow using sucrose (0.231 μl/min per mOsm) and NaCl (0.224) were similar, and greater than that using urea (0.156). During perfusion with sucrose when effluent osmolality increased by 200 mOsm (63% of normal), bulk flow rate of nascent fluid increased by 50 μl/min (200% of normal). Flow was undetectable when the effluent osmolality was 190 mOsm (decrease of 135 mOsm), although osmotically active particles continued to enter the ventricular system. Intravenous injection of acetazolamide reduced these coefficients to similar values of 0.0963 for NaCl, and 0.0955 for urea. In all experimental conditions no changes were found in cerebral water content. These results suggest that the increased bulk flow which occurs during perfusion with hypertonic solutions originates from the choroid plexus.
Modeling harmonic generation by a zero-range potential

High-order harmonic emission by one electron in a laser field bound to a zero-range potential is extensively discussed. The model yields an expression for the emission rates in the form of a one-dimensional integral that has to be calculated numerically. The solution is based on the quasienergy wave function of the ground state. The approach is very significantly facilitated by suppressing the harmonic components of the wave function at the position of the zero-range potential. This approximation is found to be very accurate except for the third harmonic. In spite of the simplicity of the model, the harmonic spectrum exhibits a very involved structure, occasional harmonics being strongly suppressed, with cusps and spikes for certain evenly spaced intensities. The latter are due to channel closings for the same intensities in above-threshold ionization. The harmonics near and beyond the cutoff of the plateau are amenable to a completely analytical approximation. This approximation shows how the classical model of Krause, Schafer, and Kulander [Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3535 (1992)] is embedded in a fully-quantum-mechanical description. Results are also given for the harmonic production rates in an elliptically polarized laser field; they display fair agreement with recent measurements. The model should adequately describe harmonic emission by negative ions with just one bound s state. Moreover, it also gives a fair description of harmonic emission by an atom, particularly if the ground-state energy of the zero-range potential is adjusted not to the binding energy of the atom, but rather to the energy difference between the ground state and the first excited state. The reason why this is appropriate is found in lowest-order perturbation theory, which sheds some light on the physical origin of the plateau.
Children's Places: Rural–Urban Comparisons Using Participatory Photography in the Bodrum Peninsula, Turkey

Urban place-making requires an understanding of experiences and meanings ordinary people associate with common environments—meanings that often go back to their childhoods. This paper investigates how children's place preferences and the attributes of these places differ along a rural-urban continuum. Participatory photography was used with four groups of children (ages 9–11) living in three different municipalities of the Bodrum peninsula, Turkey—a region that has experienced major transformation over the past three decades due to tourism. The research reported here was part of planning and urban design studios during the summers of 2005–2007, and the results were integrated with the projects and presented to the public. The particular municipalities where the children resided vary in tourism-based urbanization and the associated socio-economic and environmental characteristics. In all cases, the children valued experiencing nature, being in contact with people and having diversity and freedom in their e...
Effects of acetylcholine, TSH and other stimulators on intracellular calcium concentration in dog thyroid cells

The intracellular free calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, has been measured in dog thyroid cells using the fluorescent Ca2+-indicator, quin2. Acetylcholine or its non-hydrolyzable analog, carbamylcholine rapidly increased [Ca2+]i by 40 +/- 4% (mean +/- SE) over the basal level of 81 +/- 2 nM. This increase was totally abolished by atropine, a muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker, but was not influenced by verapamil, a voltage dependent-calcium channel blocker. Depletion of extracellular Ca2+ by the addition of EGTA, diminished but did not abolish the response to carbamylcholine. These data suggest that cholinergic effectors increase [Ca2+]i by mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores rather than from an influx of Ca2+. Addition of TSH, isoproterenol, phorbol ester, dibutyryl cyclic GMP or cyclic AMP did not elicit any change in [Ca2+]i suggesting that their action may not involve any mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. These data provide direct evidence that in the thyroid cell, cholinergic agents act via their receptors to cause a rapid increase in [Ca2+]i, which may mediate their metabolic effects.
Timing Jitter in Prelase-Initiated, Single-Mode Pulses from a Repetitively Q-Switched, Diode-Pumped, Nd:YAG Laser

Single-mode pulses from an Nd:YAG laser display substantial timing jitter relative to the opening of the Q-switch, which is driven by prelase intensity fluctuations proximate to the opening of the Q-switch.
Stress-related clinical pain and mood in women with chronic pain: moderating effects of depression and positive mood induction.

Background Chronic pain with comorbid depression is characterized by poor mood regulation and stress-related pain.
Inactivation of the RluD Pseudouridine Synthase Has Minimal Effects on Growth and Ribosome Function in Wild-Type Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica

The Escherichia coli rluD gene encodes a pseudouridine synthase responsible for the pseudouridine (Ψ) modifications at positions 1911, 1915, and 1917 in helix 69 of 23S rRNA. It has been reported that deletion of rluD in K-12 strains of E. coli is associated with extremely slow growth, increased readthrough of stop codons, and defects in 50S ribosomal subunit assembly and 30S-50S subunit association. Suppressor mutations in the prfB and prfC genes encoding release factor 2 (RF2) and RF3 that restore the wild type-growth rate and also correct the ribosomal defects have now been isolated. These suppressors link helix 69 Ψ residues with the termination phase of protein synthesis. However, further genetic analysis reported here also reveals that the slow growth and other defects associated with inactivation of rluD in E. coli K-12 strains are due to a defective RF2 protein, with a threonine at position 246, which is present in all K-12 strains. This is in contrast to the more typical alanine found at this position in most bacterial RF2s, including those of other E. coli strains. Inactivation of rluD in E. coli strains containing the prfB allele from E. coli B or in Salmonella enterica, both carrying an RF2 with Ala246, has negligible effects on growth, termination, or ribosome function. The results indicate that, in contrast to those in wild bacteria, termination functions in E. coli K-12 strains carrying a partially defective RF2 protein are especially susceptible to perturbation of ribosome-RF interactions, such as that caused by loss of h69 Ψ modifications.
Controlled-potential oxidation of aliphatic amides

Abstract A systematic study of the electrochemical oxidation of primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amides at platinum electrodes in aprotic solvents is reported. Results of product analyses, coulometry and cyclic voltammetry are presented. A mechanism is proposed which involves two different paths to stable products. One of these involves a one-electron. reaction with subsequent radical reaction. The other involves a two-electron process with subsequent reaction with base. Examples of both types are presented for secondary and tertiary amides. Only the one-electron process has been observed electrochemically with primary amides. Comparison of chemical and electrochemical oxidations is discussed.
Enhanced boiling heat transfer in mesochannels

Abstract Heat transfer characteristics are studied for a hybrid boiling case that combine features of spray cooling and flow boiling. In such a hybrid system, a liquid is atomized and the surrounding vapor is entrained into the droplet cone to provide an initial quality for enhanced boiling. An in-house experimental setup was developed to obtain surface temperature and heat flux measurements in a series of converged mesochannels for hybrid boiling. To compare the heat transfer performance of this hybrid technique, a flow boiling module was also developed using the same series of converged mesochannels. The inlet and exit hydraulic diameter of the mesochannels was 1.55 and 1.17 mm, respectively. The heat flux was in the range of 15–45 kW/m2 and the estimated mass flux varied from 45 kg/m2s at the channel inlet to 110 kg/m2s at the channel outlet. Moreover, a model was presented to predict surface temperatures and heat transfer coefficients for flow boiling and hybrid boiling in mesochannels. This model was developed based on Chen’s formulation (1966) [21] but with two essential modifications. First, the laminar entry length effect was taken into consideration for heat transfer coefficient calculation. Second, the boiling enhancement factor was calculated based on the fluid properties. The model was compared to the experimental data and several other correlations for both cases. This model shows good agreement with the experimental data (mean deviations on the order of 12–16%).
Relative free-atom populations in nitrous oxide-acetylene flames used in analytical spectroscopy

Abstract The spatial variations are presented of free-atom absorbances of Ag, Fe, Cu, Or, Ba, Al, Re, V and Ti when solutions of these elements are nebulized into nitrous oxide-acetylene names of various stoichiometries. The data reported show that: (a) the free atoms of stable monoxide-forming elements are highly localized in this flame; (b) the overall variation in the spatial absorbance profiles and the absorbances observed at the site of maximum absorbance as the flame stoichiometry is varied can be directly related to the stability of the monoxides of these elements, indicating that the formation of these compounds plays a major role in populating and depopulating these flames of free atoms; (c) values of β (the ratio of free-atom concentration of analyte in the flame gases to the total analyte concentration in all forms) for many elements are meaningful quantities only if they refer to a particular point in a specified flame at a given stoichiometry; and (d) atomization behavior in the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame is largely determined by equilibrium processes. To correlate experimental results with theory, a thermodynamic model was utilized.
Silencing of fertility restoration genes in sunflower

Single dominant genes for fertility restoration of cytoplasmic male-sterile Cms ANN2 have been identified in PI 413178, P21, and RCMG3, while PI 413180 P21, RHA801, RCMG1, and RHA280 were identified as restoration sources for cmsANN3. However, some cms plants were observed in progenies of homozygous restoration lines crossed with HA89, RHA266, and RHA274. It is believed that HA89, RHA266, and RHA274 possess gene(s) which suppress, or silence the expression of some Rf genes. HA821 does not have silencing gene(s), thus producing all male-fertile progenies after crossing with the restoration lines. F2 progenies of the half-diallel crosses among the three restoration lines for cmsANN2 and among the five restoration lines for cmsANN3 were nearly all male-fertile, suggesting a single Rf gene for each of the cms sources. However, testcross progeny families from crosses of half-diallel F1 with respective cmsANN2 and cmsANN3 were not all male-fertile, with most families having all male-sterile plants or segregating for both male-sterile and male-fertile plants. This could happen if cmsANN2(HA89) and cmsANN3(HA89) contain silencing gene(s) obtained from backcrossing with HA89. Restoration lines containing silencing genes can be identified and the silencing genes eliminated. Hidden silencing gene(s) in cms lines is a problem, and lines without these genes, such as HA821, should be used to develop maintainer lines. Gene silencing appears to be simply inherited. Molecular marker development would assist in identifying lines without silencing genes.
Conflicting environmental imaginaries and the politics of nature in Central Appalachia

Abstract Political ecology has become useful for contextualizing concerns of discourse, nature, society, and development within specific regional settings. Recent attempts to develop an environment-development approach within political ecology have produced a myriad of research topics that are linked to a diversity of theoretical literatures. Increased importance is being placed on conflicting environmental imaginaries, and doing contextual environmental histories within political ecology. This stems from the need to incorporate agency within the broader context of human–nature interaction in order to better assess material struggles over the natural environment. This paper examines the political ecology of environmental struggle in Central Appalachia. Of particular concern is how Central Appalachian environmental histories and natural resource struggles produce conflicting environmental imaginaries. Recently, conflict has flared between local land owners who view natural resources as a means for social reproduction and cultural survival, and government and environmentalist `outsiders' who view local environmental resources in the context of recreational consumption and resource conservation. It is concluded that natural resource struggles have internally transformed the social, environmental, and economic make-up of Central Appalachia, and in turn impacted the ways in which local residents use and understand the natural environment. This research also suggests that local social movements associated with the ownership, access, and use of natural resources are not necessarily progressive, as is often suggested in the Appalachian literature.
Effects of artificial and natural diets on success in tip recording and on galeal chemosensillum morphology of European Corn Borer larvae

. Larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis(Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were reared on artificial diet, fresh cut corn, or switched from diet to corn for 5 days prior to tip recording. Electrophysiological responses to a standard mixed chemical stimulus were obtained from the galeal uniporous chemosensilla of the early fifth-stadium larvae. Mouthparts of some larvae were briefly treated with protease, then recorded again. Larvae were then processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of chemosensilla terminal pores. Spike:noise ratios were significantly higher for corn-reared, switched-to-corn, and protease- treated larvae, relative to diet-reared larvae. Morphology of the chemo- sensilla terminal pores, as assessed by SEM, reveals that apparent occlusion of the pore tip is significantly greater for diet-reared larvae relative to the other groups. The data suggest an association between quality of the electrophysiological recordings and physical blockage of the terminal sensillum pore. These data should serve as a caveat for those engaged in chemosensory studies of insect herbivores.
Numerical modeling of the reaction zone in heterogeneous explosives

Abstract The calculated reaction zone of PBX-9404 using solid HMX Arrhenius kinetics is stable to perturbations. The calculated reaction zone Von Neumann spike pressure agrees with the experimental observations within experimental uncertainty associated with different experimental techniques. The calculated homogeneous explosive reaction zone thickness is larger than observed for the heterogeneous explosive. The effect of two volume percent air holes on the reaction zone was modeled using the three-dimensional Eulerian reactive hydrodynamic code, 3DE. The air holes perturb the reaction zone. A complicated, time-dependent, multi-dimensional reaction region proceeds through the heterogeneous explosive. The experimentally observed reaction zone characteristic of heterogeneous explosives are mean values of an irregular, three-dimensional reaction region.
Application of the helium inflow technique for measuring surface area and hydraulic radius of hydrated portland cement

Abstract The pore system of hydrated cement paste is very complex and changes with the type of drying. Solid volume, helium inflow, and length change measurements over different relative humidity conditions permit surface area and hydraulic radii to be measured. It is shown that the system is composed of (1) gross pores into which nitrogen methanol and other fluids can readily enter, and (2) interlayer spaces that separate layers and are only about the diameter of one water molecule apart.
Metabolic regulation of polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase in Erwinia.

1 Strains of Erwinia carotovora and Erwinia aroideae, formerly thought only to be inducible, are constitutive for polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase. Maximum enzyme formation, however, occurs in the presence of polygalacturonic acid. 2 A release from strong catabolic repression enables glucose-grown cultures to initiate their attack on polygalacturonic acid and, thereby, eliminates the necessity for the entry of the polymer into the cell. 3 A low constant proportion (less than 25%) of the total polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase is present in the culture fluid during the exponential growth-phase of Erwinia carotovora. The enzyme may be regarded as an exoenzyme. The exact location of polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase in the cells was not established; it could be truly intracellular or reside between the cell-wall and membrane.
Claudin localization in cilia of the retinal pigment epithelium

Using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy we demonstrate that claudin-immunoreactivity is a novel marker for retinal pigment epithelial cilia. Claudin-immunoreactivity obtained by polyclonal anti-claudin 1 antibody, which could crossreact with claudin 3, was colocalized with acetylated tubulin-immunoreactivity in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Claudin-immunoreactivity associated with the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cilia was more intense than was claudin-immunoreactivity in the junctional complex. Approximately two-thirds of the RPE cells in the rat contain cilia that are immunoreactive with acetylated tubulin on postnatal day 1, and a significant portion of these cilia label with the anti-claudin 1 antibody. Cilia decrease in frequency over subsequent postnatal days, and are absent by postnatal day 30. As RPE cilia decrease in number during postnatal rat development, claudin-immunoreactivity is lost earlier than acetylated tubulin, suggesting that the loss of claudin may initiate RPE cilium degeneration. Claudin-immunoreactivity was not evident in cilia of photoreceptor cells, epithelia of nasal mucosa, small intestine, or colon, suggesting that claudin may be a unique molecule in RPE cilia. These data suggest that cilia of the RPE, unlike cilia on other cell types, contain claudin, and that this molecule may play an important and specific role in the function and/or maintenance of RPE cilia.
SPONTANEOUS EMERGENCE OF A NEW WOLBACHIA PHENOTYPE

Wolbachia are among the most widespread symbionts on the earth. They spread within populations by various means of manipulating host reproduction, including cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), male-killing (MK), parthenogenesis, and feminization. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that Wolbachia have the potential to undergo rapid evolutionary change in phenotype, for example, from CI to MK, although such analyses do not reveal the rate at which such transitions occur, nor the nature of the intermediate phenotypes. Here I show that a transition from CI to MK can occur almost instantaneously on an evolutionary time scale. A Wolbachia strain that causes CI in its natural host, Drosophila recens, was introgressed to its sister species D. subquinaria via the natural processes of hybridization and backcrossing. In some strains of D. subquinaria, infection with this Wolbachia strain caused essentially complete MK, resulting in all-female broods, whereas in other strains, there was no effect on offspring sex ratio. Crosses within and between D. subquinaria and D. recens revealed that resistance to MK is dominant, autosomal, multigenic, and dependent on zygotic, not maternal, genotype. MK in D. subquinaria is unusual in that the male offspring of infected females die during the larval stage, not as embryos. These findings suggest that MK and CI may share a similar underlying molecular basis.
Flat Riemannian manifolds are boundaries

In this paper we prove that each compact flat Riemannian manifold is the boundary of a compact manifold. Our method of proof is to construct a smooth action of (ℤ2) k on the flat manifold. We are independently preceded in this approach by Marc W. Gordon who proved the flat Riemannian manifolds, whose holonomy groups are of a certain class of groups, bound. By analyzing the fixed point data of this group action we get the complete result. As corollaries to the main theorem it follows that those compact flat Riemannian manifolds which are oriented bound oriented manifolds; and, if we have an involution on a “homotopy flat” manifold, then the manifold together with the involution bounds. We also give an example of a nonbounding manifold which is finitely covered byS 3 ×S 3 ×S 3.
Changes in lipid diffusibility in the hamster sperm head plasma membrane during capacitation in vivo and in vitro

The technique of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) was employed on spermatozoa labeled with the fluorescent lipid analogue C 14 dil to provide two measures of lateral diffusion in the plane of the sperm plasma membrane during capacitation in vivo and in vitro: the diffusion coefficient (D) for C 14 dil and the fraction of C 14 dil that is free to diffuse (%R) within the domain. To evaluate changes in lipid diffusibility during capacitation in vivo, spermatozoa were recovered from the uterus within 30 min after ejaculation or from the oviduct at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hr after mating. To compare the changes which occur in vivo with those which occur during capacitation in vitro, caudal epididymal spermatozoa were incubated under capacitating or non-capacitating (control) conditions for 4 hr. Although transient changes in D occurred during the course of capacitation, there was no net change in D for either anterior (AH) or posterior head (PH) domains following capacitation in vitro or in vivo. Significant differences in the lipid diffusion coefficient between the two head domains were observed during the course of capacitation. A transient decrease in %R was observed for the AH domain during capacitation in vitro and incubation under control conditions, but no significant change in %R was observed in the AH domain during capacitation in vivo. A significant decline in %R of the PH domain was observed for spermatozoa during capacitation in vivo, in vitro and following incubation under non-capacitating conditions. These data indicate that the changes in the lipid diffusibility of the AH and PH domains which occur during capacitation in vivo exhibit both similarities and differences to those which occur during capacitation in vitro.
Novel Color-Sequential Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays

A novel transflective liquid crystal display architecture and its system driving schemes are proposed. In the reflective mode, the ambient light is used to readout the displayed images. While in the transmissive mode, a color-sequential light emitting diode backlight is used to eliminate the color filters. Under such device configuration, several advantages such as increased brightness and maximized color saturation for both transmissive and reflective modes can be achieved
Design of an a-Si:H Interface Circuit for Liquid Crystal Chemical and Biological Sensor Array

In this paper an interface circuit has been designed using hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin film transistors for array of capacitive liquid crystal (LC) chemical and bio- logical sensors. Amorphous silicon has high uniformity over large area electronics and has relatively low cost fabrication process. The proposed circuit is insensitive to a-Si:H non-ideal behavior such as low mobility and threshold voltage change. The circuit provides analog input interface and has direct digital output while consuming 0.02 mm2 of chip area and 35 μW of power. More than 200 000 sensor units can be fabricated on a chip area as small as an iPad display. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first a-Si:H interface circuit for capacitive LC chemical and biological sensor.
Artificial trans-Acting siRNAs Confer Consistent and Effective Gene Silencing

Manipulating gene expression is critical to exploring gene function and a useful tool for altering commercial traits. Techniques such as hairpin-based RNA interference, virus-induced gene silencing, and artificial microRNAs take advantage of endogenous posttranscriptional gene silencing pathways to block translation of designated transcripts. Here we present a novel gene silencing method utilizing artificial trans-acting small interfering RNAs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Replacing the endogenous small interfering RNAs encoded in the TAS1c gene with sequences from the FAD2 gene silenced FAD2 activity to levels comparable to the fad2-1 null allele in nearly all transgenic events. Interestingly, exchanging the endogenous miR173 target sequence in TAS1c with an miR167 target sequence led to variable, inefficient silencing of FAD2, suggesting a specific requirement for the miR173 trigger for production of small interfering RNAs from the TAS1c locus.
Reconstructing the structure factors of the Ammann tilings

Abstract The method for reconstructing structure factors from diffraction intensities of quasiperiodic crystals recently introduced by Jaric and Qiu is tested on the perfect and random icosahedral quasiperiodic Ammann tilings. By using explicitly known structure factors for the Ammann tilings and their rational approximants, errors introduced by the intensity cut-off are evaluated. For realistic thermal disorder and values of the cut-off, the reconstructed structure factors (phases and absolute amplitudes) and relative Debye-Waller corrections are found to be in a good agreement with the exact values.
Effect of preovulatory estradiol concentrations on luteinizing hormone diurnal secretory patterns: a hypothesis for the timing of the luteinizing hormone surge

Abstract The effect of preovulatory estradiol concentrations on 24-hour patterns of luteinizing hormone secretion was studied in six women with normal menstrual cycles. Blood samples were collected every 15 minutes for 24 hours before and after 7 days of estradiol benzoate administration, which achieved mean (±SE) estradiol concentrations of 424 ± 54 pg/ml. The luteinizing hormone pulse frequency decreased significantly during sleeping hours both before ( p p
Au-delà d'une anthropologie des droits de l'homme : Les horizons du dialogue interculturel et du royaume de Shambhala ?

L’anthropologie du Droit aborde la question des droits de l’homme entre universalisme et relativisme, global et local, theories et pratiques. De nombreux travaux contemporains permettent de les aborder de maniere plus pluraliste et plus pragmatique a travers leur relativisation contextuelle qui s’inscrit dans une demarche d’ouverture de nos epistemologies a la diversite culturelle. Or, si on assiste dans une certaine mesure a une interculturalisation de nos theories scientifiques et juridiques, on ne se penche que rarement sur les enjeux d’une relativisation radicale des droits de l’homme dans une demarche interculturelle. Cette derniere s’interroge non seulement sur la transferabilite ou non, et ses conditions, des droits de l’homme dans divers contextes culturels, mais tente aussi d’entrer en dialogue avec d’autres visions du monde et leurs equivalents fonctionnels aux droits de l’homme. Il ne s’agit donc plus uniquement de traduire les droits de l’homme dans d’autres univers culturels, mais de traduire ces autres univers dans celui des droits de l’homme pour mettre en evidence la maniere dont ces derniers apparaissent a partir d’une telle autre fenetre. C’est le fondement pour un veritable dialogue interculturel entre les differentes traditions de paix existant dans le monde. L’article propose d’explorer un tel dialogue avec la vision bouddhiste du royaume de Shambhala que l’on pourrait voir comme un equivalent fonctionnel aux droits de l’homme. Il invite a s’interroger sur les enjeux pressants de l’interculturalite qui obligent a repenser nos cadres epistemologiques contemporains, incluant theorie du droit et anthropologie.
Has green news reporting gone green? An analysis of geographically diverse newspapers' online and print coverage of climate change

With newspaper pages and staffs shrinking, fewer stories are seeing print; but with heightened competition for online audience, some stories for which there’s little room in the pages of newspaper may find a place on Web pages instead. This study examines whether a sampling of newspapers are shifting more of their environmental coverage online, particularly in regions that have given such beats priority coverage. Content analysis also suggests what newspapers are doing, despite budget constraints, to serve their readers; and how effectively they are exploring the opportunities of an online edition.
IGNITION OF AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE

A simplified theory for the ignition of ammonium perchlorate is proposed, which is derived from a unified theory that also explains the low-pressure deflagration limit as well as the steady deflagration. The theory provides an approximate method of calculating the ignition delay and the minimum external he»t flux for a successful ignition, as functions of pressure and initial solid temperature. The ignition calculations show that there exists a pressure limit due to the weakness of the igniter strength, in addition to the low-pressure deflagration limit which is an inherent property of the solid independent of the igniter strength. The theory can be extended to other monopropellants for which exothermic reaction occurs only in the gas phase.