cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-Cultural Counselling Supervision in Ukraine.

Counsellor educators face complex challenges in the advancement of the counselling profession internationally. One way the counselling profession in Ukraine has been developed is through the use of cross-cultural engagement between local supervisees and U.S.-trained international supervisors. This qualitative study examined the phenomenon of the cross-cultural supervisory experiences of twelve participants involved in transnational distance supervision among Ukrainian supervisees, and their U.S.-trained, non-Ukrainian supervisors. Semi-structured interviews were used to elicit participants’ descriptions of their supervisory experiences. Participants identified commitment to the supervisory relationship, the importance of felt supervisor support, shared resources to promote counsellor growth, and in-person meetings in the supervisee’s context prior to the start of the supervisory relationship as the most important aspects of supervision. The researchers highlight implications and propose recommendations for counsellor educators and supervisors desiring to implement cross-cultural or transnational supervision in different cultural contexts.
Systemic Disease Associations with Disorders of Gut–Brain Interaction and Gastrointestinal Transit: A Review

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are now classified within the Rome IV framework as disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI). Disorders of gastrointestinal transit (as defined by abnormalities on contemporary gastrointestinal motility testing) frequently are associated with symptoms that are also characteristic of DGBIs. In this narrative review, we outline a non-inclusive set of systemic diseases or risk factors that have been classically associated with DGBIs and disorders of gastrointestinal transit; these include diabetes mellitus, paraneoplastic syndromes, surgery, Parkinson's disease, systemic sclerosis, endocrinopathies, polypharmacy, and post-infectious syndromes.
Until Debt Do Us Part: Rising Student Debt Burdens and Increasingly Expensive Rental Markets

The United States has recently experienced a sharp increase in student debt and the cost of rent. In this paper, I study the potential link between these two concurrent trends at the metropolitan level using consumer credit data from Experian and characteristics of rental markets from the American Community Survey. From 2012 to 2018, I find that a $10,000 increase in student debt is associated with a $19.6 increase in the average price of rent in metropolitan areas, while controlling for numerous covariates. In addition, I find that increases in student debt are positively and significantly correlated to an increase in the share of expensive rental units in a market. Lastly, I show increases in student debt to have a negative relationship with housing price to rent ratios.
Acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption with near and distant surgical insults: An in-vivo study on a rat model.

Summary Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of alveolar decortications (AD) closer and farther from the tooth on Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and root resorption. Materials and methods Twenty-four Wistar rats (age 17 weeks) were used in the study. Three groups were formed by randomly dividing the rats into: 1) Control Group (N = 8): OTM (14 days) without any surgical insult; 2) Near Group (N = 8) OTM (14 days) + Alveolar Decortications (AD) adjacent to roots of the maxillary first molar; 3) Far Group (N = 8) OTM (14 days) + AD 5 mm away from the roots of the maxillary first molar. OTM was performed using a closed coil Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) spring to apply a mesial force on maxillary first molars of 8-10 grams. AD was performed with high-speed quarter round bur on the palatal aspect of alveolar bone. The rats were euthanized after 2 weeks of OTM and microfocus computed tomography and histological analysis were performed. Results Near-AD and Far-AD groups exhibited significantly increased OTM and reduction of Bone volume fraction compared to control. The root volume was significantly decreased (increased root resorption) in the Near-AD group. Histological analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusions Alveolar decortications lead to a significant increase in the rate of OTM. Increased root resorption was observed when the alveolar decortications were performed close to the maxillary molar.
Oximetry II: Limitations and Effects on Other Monitors

The optical signals are the pulsatile variations in light transmitted through tissue at 660 and 940 nM. The log of the ratio of these A.C. signals is a nonlinear empiric function of Sao2. The pulsatile signal is usually 0.5% – 10% of total light transmission from the light emitting diodes, not counting ambient light. Variations may be caused also by movement, ventilation, venous pressure waves and ambient flicker. The 660 nM wave length is on the steep part of the extinction curve of Hb making Spo2 very sensitive to LED wavelength drift (temperature, age, probe to probe variation). Since many pulse oximeters search for optimal signals by altering the intensity of the LEDs, and this power change alters LED wavelength, it is necessary to compensate for predicted wavelength changes in the calculations, introducing uncertainty. In view of these problems, the accuracy obtained in most instruments is remarkably good.
Preliminary Results for Model-Based Adaptive Control of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

We discuss a novel autonomous system which integrates onboard deliberation with execution and probabilistic state estimation for an adaptive Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for deep sea exploration. The work is motivated by the need to have AUVs be goal-directed, perceptive, adaptive and robust in the context of dynamic and uncertain conditions. The challenges leading to deployment required dealing with modeling uncertainty and integrating control loops at different levels of abstraction and response for a dynamic environment. The system is general-purpose and adaptable to other ocean going and terrestrial platforms.
The Right to Remain Silent in Light of the War on Terror

The familiar words of the Miranda warning are known by almost all Americans who have watched television at any time since the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1966 decision in Miranda v. Arizona.1 The precise rules have evolved over the years, but most people know that they have the right to remain silent and the right to have an attorney appointed if they cannot afford one. There can be difficult issues of proof in court, but litigants, attorneys, and judges fundamentally know how Miranda works.2 That is not to say, however, that Miranda is uncontroversial. Few areas of law provoke more consistent debate than interrogation and confessions,3 and Miranda’s exclusion of incriminating
Plant Growth-stimulating Hormones in Immature Bean Seeds

Immature seeds of plants such as apple, corn, rye, and wheat contain extractable phytohormones (1-6). Presence of these substances in seed extracts has been detected through their accelerating effect on the elongation of cells in oat coleoptiles and through their stimulating effect on the growth of tomato and pepper fruits. In studying these seed hormones, investigators have most often applied them to plants of different species from those from which they were taken. In the present investigation, which was carried out under controlled greenhouse conditions, ether-soluble hormones obtained from the immature seeds of Black Valentine bean plants were applied to seedling plants of the same variety. Vegetative growth was accelerated in this way, and the plants were made to develop flowers 3-5 days earlier than untreated ones. The magnitude of the response reflected in vegetative growth varied, depending on the stage of development of the seeds from which the extracts were made. Under the conditions of the experiment, the amount of ether-soluble hormones increased rapidly in the seeds after the fourth day following pollination, reaching a maximum on about the seventh or eighth day, and then decreased rapidly to an immeasurable amount on about the fifteenth day. The most potent extracts were obtained from seeds 3-4 mm long taken from pods that varied from 12 to 13 cm in length. Maximum rate of pod growth (increase in pod length) occurred during the first 8-10 days following pollination. Growth of the seeds (fresh weight) was most rapid subsequent to this period. The peak of extractable hormones was more closely associated with pod growth than with seed growth, but this does not mean that the hormones necessarily influenced growth of the pods (Fig. 1). The lack of extractable hormones in the case of relatively mature seeds was not due to the thickened seed coats, since these seeds, when chopped into small pieces and soaked in ether, failed to yield a measurable amount of hormones. The extracts were prepared by soaking a freshly collected sample of whole seeds in moist ether at room temperature for 18-24 hr. After the ether was separated and evaporated, lanolin was mixed with the residue to afford the desired concentration of extract in the fatty carrier. In testing this method, the residue obtained from evaporating ether alone was mixed with lanolin and the mixture was applied to test plants, with no apparent effect. In measuring the potency (cell-elongating activity) of an extract, lanolin paste containing a known amount of the extract was applied quantitatively and a-A 4* _ -
Remote‐sensing observations of F‐region ion drift velocities using Dynamics Explorer‐2 Doppler measurements of the O+(2P) λ732.0 nm emission

Limb-scan observations of Doppler line profiles from the O[sup +]([sup 2]P) [lambda]732.0 nm emission at F-region altitudes, made with the Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) on the Dynamics Explorer-2 (DE-2) spacecraft, have been analyzed to provide measurements of the meridional component of the ion convection velocity along the instrument line-of-sight. The initial DE-2 results presented here demonstrate the first spaceborne use of the remote-sensing Doppler technique for measurements of ionospheric convection. The FPI meridional ion drift measurements have been compared with nearly simultaneous in-situ ion drift measurements from the Retarding Potential Analyzer (RPA) on DE 2. Once allowance is made for the temporal lag between the in-situ and remote measurements, the results from the two techniques are in good agreement. The results of a simulation study demonstrate that the spaceborne interferometric technique has future utility for 2-D imaging of the quasi-instantaneous ion convection pattern.
A large, efficient and inexpensive bacterial growth chamber

Abstract The construction of a 200 liter bacterial growth chamber for a total cost of less than $400 is described. The chamber was designed for growth of aerobic organisms and therefore provides high rates of aeration and mixing. The growth of Escherichia coli K 12 in the chamber was similar to growth in small flasks on a rotary shaker. Azotobacter vinelandii OP growth is slower in the growth chamber than in small, shaken flasks. Under the growth conditions described, kilogram quantities of bacterial cells are obtained from a single culture.
Crystal structure of a bovine neurophysin II dipeptide complex at 2.8 A determined from the single-wavelength anomalous scattering signal of an incorporated iodine atom.

Abstract The crystal structure of a dipeptide complex of bovine neurophysin II has been solved at 2.8 A resolution solely by using single-wavelength anomalous scattering data from a single iodinated derivative. The asymmetric unit is an elongated tetramer of dimensions 110 x 40 x 30 A, composed of two dimers related by pseudo twofold symmetry. Each monomer consists of two homologous layers, each with four antiparallel beta-strands. The two regions are connected by a helix followed by a long loop. Monomer-monomer contacts involve antiparallel beta-sheet interactions, which form a dimer with two layers of eight beta-strands. One peptide per monomer occupies the principal hormone-binding pocket formed by part of the amino-terminal region and parts of the connecting helix and loop, with binding to protein consistent with conclusions drawn from solution studies. Dimer-dimer contacts involve the Tyr49 region adjacent to this site. A fifth dipeptide, of unknown biological significance, helps to stabilize one of the monomer-monomer interfaces and the tetramer-tetramer network in the crystal.
Chemically derivatized n-type silicon photoelectrodes. Stabilization to surface corrosion in aqueous electrolyte solutions and mediation of oxidation reactions by surface-attached electroactive ferrocene reagents

Derivatization of n-type Si photoelectrode surfaces with (1,1'-ferrocenediyl)dichlorosilane results in the persistent attachment of photoelectroactive ferrocene species. Derivatized surfaces have been characterized by cyclic voltammetry in EtOH or H/sub 2/O electrolyte solutions. Such surfaces exhibit persistent oxidation and reduction waves, but the oxidation requires illumination as expected for an n-type semiconductor. The oxidation wave is observed at potentials approx. 300 mV more negative than at Pt, reflecting the ability to oxidize ferrocene contrathermodynamically by irradiation. Derivatized n-type Si can be used to sustain the oxidation of solution-dissolved ferrocene under conditions where naked Si is incapable of doing so. Further, derivatized n-type Si has been used in an aqueous electrolyte to oxidize Fe(CN)/sub 6//sup 4 -/. Finally, the photooxidation of solution species has been demonstrated to occur via photogeneration of holes in the Si, oxidation of the surface-attached species, and then oxidation of the solution species by the surface-attached oxidant, providing the first direct proof of mediated electron transfer for any derivatized electrode. Derivatized electrodes can be used to sustain the conversion of light to electricity but the efficiencies are low. Based on results for 632.8-nm irradiation, solar energy conversion efficiencies of approx. 1% can be obtained. 7 figures, 1 table.
Food consumption does not affect the preferred body temperature of Yarrow's spiny lizard (Sceloporus jarrovi)

Abstract When animals consume less food, they must reduce their body temperature to maximize growth. However, high temperatures enhance locomotion and other performances that determine survival and reproduction. Therefore, thermoregulatory behaviors during different metabolic states reveal the relative importance of conserving energy and sustaining performance. Using artificial thermal gradients, we measured preferred body temperatures of male spiny lizards ( Sceloporus jarrovi ) in fed and fasted states. Both the mean and maximal body temperatures (33° and 35 °C, respectively) were unaffected by metabolic state. This finding suggests that the benefits of foraging effectively, evading predators, and defending territory outweigh the energetic cost of a high body temperature during fasting.
Institutional structures: catalysts of or barriers to quality care for the institutionalized aged in Scotland and the U.S.

The care of the elderly in two long-term care institutions, one in Scotland and one in the United States, is described, compared, and analyzed. In Scotland three institutional structures, the National Health Service, the Geriatric Service, and the specialty of geriatrics are identified as catalysts of quality care. In the U.S. Medicare and Medicaid, the absence of geriatrics as a specialty, and the nursing home are identified as barriers to quality care for the institutionalized aged. The findings suggest that three components, an adequate government insurance program, professionals who specialize in the care of the aged, and a structure to provide continuing comprehensive care, are essential for a successful program of care for the institutionalized elderly.
Effect of Postmortem Storage on Cold-Shortened Bovine Muscle: Analysis by SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Myofibrils were isolated from the longissimus (L) muscle of control (CON) and cold-shortened (CS) muscles after 0, 1, 3, 7, and 10 days of postmortem storage at 2°C. Isolated myofibrils were then examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to monitor the changes in the myofibrillar proteins during postmortem storage. The main changes in CS muscles were the gradual appearance of 110,000-, 95,000-, and 30,000d-dalton components and the disappearance of desmin and troponin-T components of myofibrils. In addition, there was a gradual increase in the intensity of a protein around 55,000-daltons. CON samples showed similar changes to those of CS samples. It appears that myofibrillar proteins of cold-shortened muscles are affected by postmortem aging in a manner similar to that of the normally chilled muscles.
ACP Journal Club. Quadrivalent HPV vaccine reduced risk for HPV infection and related disease in women 24 to 45 years of age.

Source Citation Munoz N, Manalastas R Jr, Pitisuttithum P, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine in women aged 2...
Mechanics of Interfacial Delamination in Epidermal Electronics Systems

In order to provide continuous diagnostic and therapeutic options that exploit electrophysiological signals from the epidermis, this study discusses epidermal electronics systems (EES) that conform to the skin surface via van der Waals force alone, which is otherwise susceptible to artifacts associated with motion-induced changes. This paper not only establishes a criterion of conformal contact between the EES and the skin for both initial contact and the case where the skin is subject to external loading but also investigates the criterion to prevent any partial delamination between electronics and the skin. These results improve the performance of EES by maximizing intimate contact between the EES and skin, revealing important underlying physical insights for device optimization and future design.
Stigma, Staring, and Discomfort: A Novel-Stimulus Hypothesis.

Abstract Three experiments were conducted in order to assess the validity of the novel-stimulus hypothesis as an explanation for why people who are physically different (i.e., novel) are avoided. The hypothesis states that avoidance is mediated by conflict over a desire to stare at novel stimuli and a desire to adhere to a norm against staring when the novel stimulus is another person. In the first two field experiments, subjects viewed photographs of novel (handicapped or pregnant) and familiar (physically normal) people under conditions where staring was sanctioned or not. It was found that staring increased with novelty when staring was unobserved (sanctioned); however, the reverse obtained when an observer was present. In the third experiment, subjects interacted with a crippled, pregnant, or physically normal partner. Half of the subjects were first given the opportunity to observe their partner through a one-way mirror. The reduction in stimulus novelty for this group resulted in reduced avoidance. The question of whether such avoidance of the disabled results from feelings of dislike or disgust as previously suggested, or from discomfort created by novelty, is discussed.
The Good Physician

Excerpt You and I cannot be friends, for now. I must coldly probe, pain and score you. If I care too much, Yours, and all the others' pains Will drain, weaken, and kill me. My love must be shallow ...
Prohylobates (Primates) from the Early Miocene of Libya: A new species and its implications for cercopithecid origins

Abstract Prohylobates simonsi n. sp. is described on the basis of a partial mandible with M2–3 from the region of GebelZelten. It is nearly twice the size of the penecontemporaneous P. tandyi and has a relatively longer M3, but otherwise is nearly identical in morphology. Prohylobates is the most conservative known cercopithecid, presenting incomplete bilophodonty, possible cingulum remnants, high relative width of M2 and robust mandibular corpus. The variation in M3 length is comparable to that within some later cercopithecid species and between the species of Propliopithecus, the Oligocene catarrhine suggested to be nearest the ancestry of the Cercopithecidae. Parapithecus (including Simonsius) is not a cercopithecid ancestor
Penguin lungs and air sacs: implications for baroprotection, oxygen stores and buoyancy

ABSTRACT The anatomy and volume of the penguin respiratory system contribute significantly to pulmonary baroprotection, the body O 2 store, buoyancy and hence the overall diving physiology of penguins. Therefore, three-dimensional reconstructions from computerized tomographic (CT) scans of live penguins were utilized to measure lung volumes, air sac volumes, tracheobronchial volumes and total body volumes at different inflation pressures in three species with different dive capacities [Adelie ( Pygoscelis adeliae ), king ( Aptenodytes patagonicus ) and emperor ( A. forsteri ) penguins]. Lung volumes scaled to body mass according to published avian allometrics. Air sac volumes at 30 cm H 2 O (2.94 kPa) inflation pressure, the assumed maximum volume possible prior to deep dives, were two to three times allometric air sac predictions and also two to three times previously determined end-of-dive total air volumes. Although it is unknown whether penguins inhale to such high volumes prior to dives, these values were supported by (a) body density/buoyancy calculations, (b) prior air volume measurements in free-diving ducks and (c) previous suggestions that penguins may exhale air prior to the final portions of deep dives. Based upon air capillary volumes, parabronchial volumes and tracheobronchial volumes estimated from the measured lung/airway volumes and the only available morphometry study of a penguin lung, the presumed maximum air sac volumes resulted in air sac volume to air capillary/parabronchial/tracheobronchial volume ratios that were not large enough to prevent barotrauma to the non-collapsing, rigid air capillaries during the deepest dives of all three species, and during many routine dives of king and emperor penguins. We conclude that volume reduction of airways and lung air spaces, via compression, constriction or blood engorgement, must occur to provide pulmonary baroprotection at depth. It is also possible that relative air capillary and parabronchial volumes are smaller in these deeper-diving species than in the spheniscid penguin of the morphometry study. If penguins do inhale to this maximum air sac volume prior to their deepest dives, the magnitude and distribution of the body O 2 store would change considerably. In emperor penguins, total body O 2 would increase by 75%, and the respiratory fraction would increase from 33% to 61%. We emphasize that the maximum pre-dive respiratory air volume is still unknown in penguins. However, even lesser increases in air sac volume prior to a dive would still significantly increase the O 2 store. More refined evaluations of the respiratory O 2 store and baroprotective mechanisms in penguins await further investigation of species-specific lung morphometry, start-of-dive air volumes and body buoyancy, and the possibility of air exhalation during dives.
Assessing exposure metrics for PM and birth weight models

The link between air pollution exposure and adverse birth outcomes is of public health concern due to the relationship between poor pregnancy outcomes and the onset of childhood and adult diseases. As personal exposure measurements are difficult and expensive to obtain, proximate measures of air pollution exposure are traditionally used. We explored how different air pollution exposure metrics affect birthweight regression models. We examined the effect of maternal exposure to ambient levels of particulate matter <10, <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10, PM2.5) on birthweight among infants in North Carolina. We linked maternal residence to the closest monitor during pregnancy for 2000–2002 (n=350,754). County-level averages of air pollution concentrations were estimated for the entire pregnancy and each trimester. For a finer spatially resolved metric, we calculated exposure averages for women living within 20, 10, and 5 km of a monitor. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the association between exposure and birthweight, adjusting for standard covariates. In the county level model, an interquartile increase in PM10 and PM2.5 during the entire gestational period reduced birthweight by 5.3 g (95% CI: 3.3 – 7.4) and 4.6 g (95% CI: 2.3 – 6.8), respectively. This model also showed a reduction in birthweight for PM10 (7.1 g, 95% CI: 1.0–13.2) and PM2.5 (10.4 g, 95% CI: 6.4 – 14.4) during the third trimester. Proximity models for 20, 10, and 5 km distances showed similar results to the county level models. County level models assume that exposure is spatially homogeneous over a larger surface area than proximity models. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that at varying spatial resolutions, there is still a stable and negative association between air pollution and birthweight, despite North Carolina’s consistent attainment of federal air quality standards.
Competitive intelligence: Preparing for the information war

Abstract As information technology pervades more and more aspects of social and commercial life, businesses become increasingly vulnerable to coordinated strategic information-related actions. Concern has been voiced over systems security. However, this represents only a part of the potential threat faced by commercial organizations since they are increasingly facing more sophisticated competitive intelligence efforts. Various national security establishments throughout the world appear to be ahead of their commercial counterparts in recognizing the value of coordinated actions taken to achieve information superiority over their adversaries. National defense strategists have termed this “Information Operations,” (IO) and have recognized its importance as an offensive tool as well the need to defend the state against its use by adversaries. This article argues that given the vagaries of public policy and the resulting political constraints on government actions, the true domain of “Information Operations” is in the commercial arena. Therefore, it is vital for businesses to understand this emerging threat, and to devise strategies to respond to it.
On-Board Fuel Property Identification Method Based on High-Pressure Common Rail Pressure Signal

This paper investigates the impact of fuel property variations on the common rail pressure fluctuation in high-pressure common rail (HPCR) system and explores the possibility of identifying the fuel types based on the measurement of rail pressure for internal combustion engines. Fluid transients, particularly the water hammer effect in a HPCR system, are discussed and the 1D governing equations are given. A typical HPCR system model is developed in GT-Suite with the injectors, three-plunger high-pressure pump, and pressure control valve being modeled in a relatively high level of detail. Four different fuels including gasoline, ethanol, diesel, and biodiesel are modeled and their properties including density, bulk modulus, and acoustic wave speed are validated against data in the literature. Simulation results are obtained under different conditions with variable rail pressures and engine speeds. To reduce the excessive rail pressure oscillation caused by multiple injections, only four main-injections are enabled in each engine revolution. The results show that the natural frequency of a common rail varies with the type of fuel filled in it. By applying the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the pressure signal, the differences of fuel properties can be revealed in the frequency domain. The experiment validation is conducted on a medium-duty diesel engine, which is equipped with a typical HPCR system and piezo-electric injectors. Tests results are given for both pure No. 2 diesel and pure soybean biodiesel at different rail pressure levels and different engine speeds. This approach is proved to be potentially useful for fuel property identification of gasoline-ethanol or diesel-biodiesel blends on internal combustion engines.
DNA mismatch repair in mammals: role in disease and meiosis

The understanding of mammalian mismatch repair (MMR) gene function has been accelerated as a result of progress on several fronts. First, the biochemical analysis of MMR has been advanced by the production of purified human MMR proteins which will eventually allow reconstitution of MMR activity in vitro. Second, a wealth of clinical studies on colon cancer patients have begun to allow correlations to be made among MMR mutations, tumor types, therapeutic approaches and clinical outcomes. Finally, new unexpected meiotic phenotypes have been associated with mutations in certain mouse MMR genes.
Exercise in pregnancy

Exercise has become an integral part of the life styles of many women. However, many women stop exercising during pregnancy because of concerns regarding the well-being of the fetus. Although pregnancy is associated with several physiologic changes and response to exercise is different in the pregnant state than in the nonpregnant state, exercise can be beneficial to the pregnant woman in the absence of obstetric or medical complications. There are certain contraindications to exercise during pregnancy, including pregnancy-induced hypertension, preterm rupture of membranes, preterm labor, incompetent cervix, intrauterine growth retardation, and persistent second- or third-trimester bleeding. In addition, certain guidelines should be followed in order to prevent harmful effects on the fetus. This article reviews the maternal and fetal responses to exercise, benefits and potential risks of exercise during pregnancy, and recent guidelines for exercise during pregnancy. It is important to note, however, that objective data regarding exercise during pregnancy is limited and that further research is warranted regarding this topic.
The pessimistic spirit

Pessimism today is poorly understood. Indeed, such is the disdain that pessimism engenders, that it often has difficulty being taken seriously as a theoretical position. Yet pessimism, which is distinct from skepticism and nihilism, has much to offer those who have discarded the Enlightenment’s expectation of progress. Through an examination of Rousseau, Schopenhauer and Unamuno, this paper traces out some of the common themes of pessimistic thought. Pessimism, it is argued, is concerned with the burden of time and with the problem of organizing the best kind of human life in the absence of a promise of progress, happiness, or salvation for society as a whole. But it need not urge passivity or resignation in response to these conditions. The figure of Don Quixote, first appealed to in this context by Unamuno, illustrates pessimism’s capacity to craft a positive ethic of personal conduct for life in a disordered and disenchanted world.
Insulin dissociates hepatic glucose cycling and glucagon-induced thermogenesis in man.

The quantitative contribution of hepatic glucose cycling to basal and glucagon-stimulated thermogenesis was investigated in seven normal healthy volunteers in whom energy expenditure (EE) was measured simultaneously with indirect calorimetry. Primed-constant infusions of 2-(2H1)-glucose and 6-6'-(2H2)-glucose were used to calculate hepatic glucose cycling. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to measure the plasma enrichment of isotopes. In response to hyperglucagonemia, basal EE increased an average of 7.1% +/- 2.3% (P < .05). This thermogenic effect of glucagon was completely blunted when insulin levels were increased sevenfold over the basal concentration. Hepatic glucose cycling comprised 15% +/- 4% of basal glucose turnover and increased more than 100% in response to isolated hyperglucagonemia. The increase in liver glucose cycling was observed also when serum insulin concentrations were increased sevenfold above baseline. Thus, we were able to induce dissociation of the activation of hepatic glucose cycling and the thermogenic response induced by hyperglucagonemia. From the quantitative point of view, the thermogenic cost of the cycles was less than 1% in both the basal and stimulated state. Thus, we concluded that hepatic glucose cycles play a quantitatively minor role in EE in man.
THE FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE: A Policy Evaluation

The success rate of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is evaluated in the light of 42 years of experience under them and of alternative modes of adjucating civil disputes. The intentions of the rules' framers are explored as are hypotheses as to why they have been only partially successful. On the basis of this analysis, the author argues that adversary presentation and prosecution must be modified in the direction of a system of direct inquiry by the court and of active judicial management of disputes to settlement or trial.
Objectives of recertification.

Abstract Recertification of physician competency is a major topic of discussion and debate in the U.S.A. today. Nearly all graduates of U.S. medical schools are eventually certified by an approved American Medical Specialty Board. Since the mid-1970's all of these Specialty Boards have endorsed the concept of recertification. This paper defines what is meant by periodic assessment of physician competence, why such an assessment is becoming a reality, and the principles which should be followed in implementing a system for the periodic assessment of physician competency. The evaluation of physician competency is a task of enormous proportions when one recognizes the difficulty of reliably and validly measuring all aspects of the skill and abilities of the practicing physician. The evaluation of intellectual capabilities is feasible, but somewhat limited with regard to the spectrum of abilities expected of the physician. In the U.S.A., both the public and the medical profession have placed pressure on physicians to implement programs of recertification. Unlike most of the other professions, medicine has taken upon itself to develop and implement programs for recertification of the medical specialist. To develop recertification programs of value, they should meet certain standards. These include: the need for clear specification of the criteria by which qualification for recertification will be judged or measured; the need to attempt to coordinate programs of recertification with programs of continuing medical education; the need to design evaluation tools that accurately reflect the skills and abilities needed by the physician in the practice of the medical specialties; and the need to be certain that all who participate in such a program have the opportunity to successfully complete the program (that standards for passing tests be absolute rather than normative).
FTIR Examination Of Thermal Denaturation And Gel-Formation In Whey Proteins

Second derivative Fourier-transform infrared [DR2-FTIR] spectra of β-lactoglobulin [RIG], serum albumin [BSA], and a-lactalbumin [aLA], three proteins found in bovine whey, are markedly different before and after thermal denaturation. In no case, however, do the heat-treated proteins unfold as completely as does alkaline-denatured RLG [1]. The spectra also suggest that, for RLG and BSA, formation of intermolecularly hydrogen-bonded (β-strands precedes the onset of heat-induced gelation.
Thermophysical properties of ilvaite CaFe22+Fe3+Si2O7O (OH); heat capacity from 7 to 920 K and thermal expansion between 298 and 856 K

The heat capacity of ilvaite from Seriphos, Greece was measured by adiabatic shield calorimetry (6.4 to 380.7 K) and by differential scanning calorimetry (340 to 950 K). The thermal expansion of ilvaite was also investigated, by X-ray methods, between 308 and 853 K. At 298.15 K the standard molar heat capacity and entropy for ilvaite are 298.9±0.6 and 292.3±0.6 J/(mol. K) respectively. Between 333 and 343 K ilvaite changes from monoclinic to orthorhombic. The antiferromagnetic transition is shown by a hump in C 0 with a Neel temperature of 121.9±0.5 K. A rounded hump in C 0 between 330 and 400 K may possibily arise from the thermally activated electron delocalization (hopping) known to take place in this temperature region.
Unsupervised noise removal algorithms for 3-D confocal fluorescence microscopy

Fast algorithms are presented for effective removal of the noise artifact in 3-D confocal fluorescence microscopy images of extended spatial objects such as neurons. The algorithms are unsupervised in the sense that they automatically estimate and adapt to the spatially and temporally varying noise level in the microscopy data. An important feature of the algorithms is the fact that a 3-D segmentation of the field emerges jointly with the intensity estimate. The role of the segmentation is to limit any smoothing to the interiors of regions and hence avoid the blurring that is associated with conventional noise removal algorithms. Fast computation is achieved by parallel computation methods, rather than by algorithmic or modelling compromises. The noise-removal proceeds iteratively, starting from a set of approximate user- supplied, or default initial guesses of the underlying random process parameters. An expectation maximization algorithm is used to obtain a more precise characterization of these parameters, that are then input to a hierarchical estimation algorithm. This algorithm computes a joint solution of the related problems corresponding to intensity estimation, segmentation, and boundary-surface estimation subject to a combination of stochastic priors and syntactic pattern constraints. Three-dimensional stereoscopic renderings of processed 3-D images of murine hippocampal neurons are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The processed images exhibit increased contrast and significant smoothing and reduction of the background intensity while avoiding any blurring of the neuronal structures.
Three-dimensional analysis of renal artery bending motion during respiration.

Purpose:To evaluate displacement and bending of the renal arteries during respiration.Methods:Seven men (mean age 59±7 years, range 54–71) were imaged with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angi...
An infrared spectroscopy study of lipid adsorption from hexane onto an acid‐activated bleaching clay

The mode of adsorption of oleic acid (OA) (0.05 M), triglyceride (TG) (0.05 M) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) (0.5 mM) from hexane solution onto 0.5 g of an acid-activated bleaching clay was investigated using diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. OA was mostly weakly adsorbed by bound water, with some OA adsorbed to silanol sites through carboxyl carbonyl groups. TG was hydrogen- bonded to surface silanol groups through ester carbonyl groups. The CH2 stretches indicated that TG was oriented perpendicular or at an angle to the surface. PC phosphate groups were bound by the surface moisture with little interaction with silanol groups. The adsorption mechanism of these lipids contrasts with the adsorption of carotenoid and chlorophyll under the same conditions. These pigments are bound by chemisorption, with catalytic modification often occurring before adsorption.
Immunophenotypic and viral (human papillomavirus) correlates of vulvar seborrheic keratosis

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections of the genital mucosa classically present as warts (condylomata) and are traditionally defined by the presence of viral cytopathic effect (koilocytosis). In recent years, HPV has been detected in vulvar epithelial changes lacking koilocytosis, including squamous papillomas and lesions closely resembling seborrheic keratosis (SK). The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and type of HPV associated with vulvar SK (VSK) and to compare expression of biomarkers (p16, Mib-1, and cyclin E) in these lesions. Sixty-seven biopsy specimens, including 25 VSKs, 10 nondiagnostic vulvar acanthoses, 12 fibroepithelial polyps (FEPs), and 20 nongenital cutaneous SKs (CSKs), were studied. Biopsy specimens were typed for HPV by polymerase chain reaction and immunostained with Mib-1, cyclin E, and p16(INK4) antibodies. Eighteen of 25 VSKs (72%), 0 of 10 nondiagnostic vulvar acanthuses (0%; P = 0.0001), 2 of 12 FEPs (16.7%; P = 0.004), and 3 of 20 CSKs (15%; P = 0.0002) scored HPV positive. Increased Mib-1 staining was significantly more common in VSKs than in other vulvar lesions, but not in CSKs; increased p16 and cyclin E staining was not more common. VSKs are morphologically and immunophenotypically similar to CSKs but distinct by their association with HPV. Unlike the cervix, p16 and cyclin E will not consistently distinguish VSKs from HPV-negative lesions due to underexpression in low-risk HPV infections (p16) and less-restricted expression in vulvar lesions (cyclin E). Whether CSKs are associated with other forms of HPV infection remains to be determined.
Balancing Akt with S6K implications for both metabolic diseases and tumorigenesis

Proper regulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase–Akt pathway is critical for the prevention of both insulin resistance and tumorigenesis. Many recent studies have characterized a negative feedback loop in which components of one downstream branch of this pathway, composed of the mammalian target of rapamycin and ribosomal S6 kinase, block further activation of the pathway through inhibition of insulin receptor substrate function. These findings form a novel basis for improved understanding of the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases (e.g., diabetes and obesity), tumor syndromes (e.g., tuberous sclerosis complex and Peutz-Jegher's syndrome), and human cancers.
Worlds without evil

According to Steven Boer1 Plantinga's well-known Free Will Defense establishes only that God may not be able to create a world in which persons are free but never make morally reprehensible choices. Plantinga's argument, according to Boer, does not show that the evil consequences of evil choices are compatible with theism since God could have created a world in which the evil consequences of evil choices would always be prevented by "coincidence miracles." And since the evil consequences of evil choices are the moral evils which appear to be most difficult to reconcile with theism, the Free Will Defense is irrelevant to the problem of moral evil in its most serious form. Coughlan2 and Dilley3 have rejected Boer's proposal. My main aim in this short paper is to show that if Boer's proposal is developed, all of the objections from Coughlan and Dilley can be met. Coughlan assumes that in the world which, Boer suggests, God could have created there would not be natural evil. Dilley contends that Coughlan is mistaken and that Boer is not obliged to argue that evils which have a source other than human free choices would not occur in the world which, Boer suggests, God could have created. According to Dilley in Boer's world there would be, in other words, earthquakes, illnesses, deaths, bereavements, pain, and so on. Who is correct? There is in fact no correct answer to the question of whether or not there would be natural evil in Boer's world. Boer's point is just that you cannot get a justification of evil consequences of choices from the Free Will Defense. He does not show (a) that no theodicy provides a justification of those consequences, much less (b) that no justification of natural evils in general can be found. Boer also implies that he accepts (a) and (b), but that he does so is no part of his case for limiting the implications of the Free Will Defense. Coughlan 's reason for thinking that in Boer's world there would not be natural evil is as follows: Boer says that since there could be a world in which there are
Spiradoline, a kappa opioid receptor agonist, produces tonic- and use-dependent block of sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes.

Abstract Spiradoline, an arylacetamide kappa (κ) opioid receptor agonist, produced a potent tonic block of rat neuronal (EC50=34±5 μM) and heart (EC50=183±13 μM) sodium channels and also blocked IFMQ3 mutant neuronal sodium channels (EC50=130±34 μM) that lack fast inactivation when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Spiradoline produced a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage-dependence of sodium channel inactivation and exhibited a marked frequency-dependent component to blockade of sodium channels. The onset of open channel block of the IFMQ3 channel by spiradoline was best fit with a first-order blocking scheme, yielding an affinity constant of 116±33 μM. Thus, spiradoline blocks sodium channels by interacting with the major states of the channel which could result in local anesthetic action in nerves and antiarrhythmic action in the heart.
Millisecond Timescale Synchrony among Hippocampal Neurons

Inhibitory neurons in cortical circuits play critical roles in composing spike timing and oscillatory patterns in neuronal activity. These roles in turn require coherent activation of interneurons at different timescales. To investigate how the local circuitry provides for these activities, we applied resampled cross-correlation analyses to large-scale recordings of neuronal populations in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) and CA3 regions of the hippocampus of freely moving rats. Significant counts in the cross-correlation of cell pairs, relative to jittered surrogate spike-trains, allowed us to identify the effective couplings between neurons in CA1 and CA3 hippocampal regions on the timescale of milliseconds. In addition to putative excitatory and inhibitory monosynaptic connections, we uncovered prominent millisecond timescale synchrony between cell pairs, observed as peaks in the central 0 ms bin of cross-correlograms. This millisecond timescale synchrony appeared to be independent of network state, excitatory input, and γ oscillations. Moreover, it was frequently observed between cells of differing putative interneuronal type, arguing against gap junctions as the sole underlying source. Our observations corroborate recent in vitro findings suggesting that inhibition alone is sufficient to synchronize interneurons at such fast timescales. Moreover, we show that this synchronous spiking may cause stronger inhibition and rebound spiking in target neurons, pointing toward a potential function for millisecond synchrony of interneurons in shaping and affecting timing in pyramidal populations within and downstream from the circuit.
Magnetic Resonance: An Account of Some Key Discoveries and Their Consequences:

What does "NMR" mean to you? As a spectroscopist, you probably think of nuclear magnetic resonance as a type of spectroscopy in which the sample is placed in a magnetic field and transitions are observed in the radio-frequency (rf) region of the spectrum. But an organic chemist thinks of NMR as arguably one of the two most important tools for elucidation of molecular structure. A physical chemist may see NMR as a method for obtaining valuable information on molecular dynamics. A structural biologist thinks of NMR as one of only two methods (X-ray crystallography is the other) for obtaining precise three-dimensional structures of proteins and other macromolecules. A materials scientist views NMR as a technique for obtaining information about the composition of heterogeneous substances. A neurosurgeon thinks of NMR as the method of providing exquisitely detailed three-dimensional images of the human brain. Like the song "That's What Happiness Is", NMR is "different things to different people".
IRAP — A system for the retrieval and analysis of orthopaedic implant data

An interactive computer system for the storage, retrieval and analysis of standardized clinical and material characterization data associated with orthopaedic implants is described. The system consists basically of four independent modules. The essence of the system centers on the cross-referencing capabilities which are virtually unlimited. The system has been designed for use by non-computer trained personnel.