cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food intake and neuronal activation after acute 2DG treatment are attenuated during lactation

In the present study, we compared the ability of acute peripheral 2-deoxy--glucose (2DG) treatment to induce food intake and increase immediate early gene expression in lactating versus virgin female rats. In Experiment 1, virgin and lactating rats were treated intraperitoneally with either saline or 2DG (400 mg/kg) and their food intake was compared across the next 6 h. In Experiment 2, lactating and virgin rats were given saline or 2DG, sacrificed 1 h later, and their brains were processed for Fos-like immunocytochemistry (FLI). The average number of cells expressing Fos protein within different brain regions was compared among the different groups. Statistical analyses of the data from Experiment 1 show that 2DG produces an increase in food intake in virgin rats, but not in lactating rats. These data correlate with the results from Experiment 2, where 2DG treatment resulted in an increase in FLI within the caudal ventrolateral medulla (cVLM), the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SON) of cycling females. In lactating rats, however, 2DG failed to increase FLI in these regions. Together, these results show that the 2DG-induced food intake response is attenuated during lactation and this attenuation is reflected in the activation of neuronal groups that are thought to participate specifically in the food intake response to glucoprivation. Processes mediating this differential response are discussed in terms of the hormonal and metabolic changes that are characteristic of lactation.
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS MUCOSUS (TYPE III) : I. ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF RABBITS IMMUNIZED WITH TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS.

1. Type III pneumococci fail in the majority of instances to stimulate the production of anti-S antibodies. (Type specific agglutinins, type specific precipitins, and antibodies affording type specific protection in mice.) 2. Type III pneumococci are effective in the stimulation of the production of anti-P antibodies (agglutinins for R strains of pneumococci and precipitins for pneumococcus nucleoprotein). These antibodies are ineffectual in the passive protection of mice.
Extreme-ultraviolet aluminum spectra emitted from a laser-produced plasma.

Five new aluminum lines in the region from 35 to 50 A have been produced by focusing the radiation of a 460-MW, Q-spoiled ruby laser on an aluminum target. Characteristics of the new lines, including their observed and predicted wavelength, intensity, and transition, are tabulated.
Differentiating event-related potential components sensitive to emotion in middle childhood: evidence from temporal-spatial PCA.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) may be particularly useful for examining emotional processing across development. Though a number of ERP components are sensitive to emotional content in adults, previous studies have yet to systematically examine the components sensitive to emotion in children. The current study used temporal-spatial principal components analysis (PCA) to identify ERP components in response to complex emotional images in nine-year-old children. Three components were modulated by emotional content and were similar to those previously observed in adults, including: the early posterior negativity, the P300, and a sustained relative positivity similar to the late positive potential (LPP). Compared to those previously observed in adults, the components sensitive to emotion in children were maximal over more occipital regions and the LPP component appeared to be less protracted in time, perhaps indicative of less elaborative processing of emotional stimuli.
A Method for Quantitative Assessment of Vestibular Otopathology

Background: Quantitative studies of the vestibular system using serial sections from human temporal bones have been limited because it has been generally difficult to reliably differentiate hair cells from supporting cells and type I from type II hair cells. Objectives : 1. To develop a new method to overcome the above limitations and permit quantitative assessments of types I and II vestibular hair cells in archival temporal bone sections. 2. To demonstrate that this method is reliable, valid, and repeatable. 3. To describe the advantages of this method compared with other traditional techniques. 4. To discuss the potential of this method to provide new insight into the etiology, pathology, and pathophysiology of vestibular disorders. Study Design: Examination of archival human temporal sections prepared for conventional light microscopy. Methods: The method used Nomarski (differential interference contrast) microscopy to permit visualization of the cuticular plate and stereociliary bundle, to allow unambiguous identification of hair cells. Types I and II hair cells were distinguished by their morphological characteristics. The method was used to measure the density of types I and II hair cells in each vestibular sense organ. Raw-density counts were corrected for potential double counting using Abercrombie's formula. Results: Intrarater and interrater reliability was strong as judged by high Pearson and Spearman correlation values (P 0.9, P <.01). Conclusions: The method described in this report has several advantages when compared with alternative techniques such as surface preparations. The method is applicable to archival bones, permits simultaneous evaluation of the rest of the labyrinth, is relatively inexpensive, and does not preclude other techniques of study (e.g., polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining). Case studies of temporal bones with aminoglycoside ototoxicity and Meniere's disease are used to show how this method has the potential to provide new insight into the pathology and pathophysiology of vestibular disorders.
A shock tube study of the decomposition of no in the presence of NH3

Shock tube kinetics experiments have been conducted in mixtures of NO, NH 3 , H 2 and argon to measure the rates of the NO decomposition reactions. NH 2 +NO k 1 →Products (e.g., N 2 O+H 2 , N 2 +H+OH, H 2 O+N 2 ), NH 2 +NO k 2 N 2 O+H 2 and NH+NO k 3 →N 2 O+H. The temperature range of the experiments was 1680 to 2850 K. Species concentrations were monitored behind incident shock waves using emission and IR laser absorption techniques: NO by emission at 5.3 μm and laser absorption at 5.17 μm, N 2 O by emission at 4.5 μm, NH 3 by emission at 10.5 μm, NH 2 by emission at 5380and NH by emission at 3360 . Rate coefficients for k 1 , k 2 and k 3 have been obtained with the following best-fit results: k 1 =3×10 13 exp (−7900/T) cm 3 /mole-s (+100%,-70%) 1680 k 2 =7×10 13 exp (−1400/T) cm 3 /mole-s (+100%, -70%) 1680 k 3 =8×10 13 exp (−14800/T) cm 3 /mole-s (+200%, -70%) 1760
Multiple cell-type-specific elements regulate Myc protein stability

Myc is a highly unstable transcription factor that is destroyed by ubiquitin (Ub)-mediated proteolysis. We have previously identified an amino-terminal 'degron' within Myc that signals its destruction; this degron spans the transcriptional activation domain of Myc, and includes two highly conserved regions called Myc boxes I and II. We now report the identification of a second element--the D-element--which is also required for Myc proteolysis. The centrally located D-element is distinct from the PEST domain in Myc, but includes Myc box III, a third highly conserved region with no previously known function. We show that deletion of the D-element stabilizes the Myc protein without affecting its ubiquitylation, and report that the D-element and the degron act in a cell-type-specific manner to direct Myc proteolysis. These data thus demonstrate that Myc stability is regulated at both the ubiquitylation and postubiquitylation levels, and reveal that substrates of the Ub-proteasome system can be targeted for destruction differently in different cell types.
Metabolic Syndrome A Comprehensive Perspective Based on Interactions Between Obesity, Diabetes, and Inflammation

Received June 28, 2004; revision received August 26, 2004; accepted October 15, 2004. The original description of the metabolic syndrome by Reaven1 consisted of obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia characterized by elevated triglyceride, and low HDL concentrations. All of the features described above are risk factors for atherosclerosis, and thus, metabolic syndrome constituted a significant risk for coronary heart disease2–5 (Table). The features of obesity/overweight and insulin resistance also provided a significant risk for developing type 2 diabetes.5,6 The risks for coronary heart disease and diabetes with metabolic syndrome are greater than those for simple obesity alone, and therefore, an understanding of the pathogenesis and through it, a rational approach to its therapy are of prime importance. View this table: Classic Biological Effects of Insulin and Classic Metabolic Syndrome Based on Resistance to the Metabolic Effects of Insulin As our understanding of the action of insulin evolves to comprehensively include the recent discoveries,7 we can better see that insulin resistance is the basis of most if not all of the features of this syndrome. The original conceptualization of this syndrome was on the basis of resistance to the metabolic actions of insulin. Thus, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL concentrations could be accounted for by resistance to the actions of insulin on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Although the features described above would to some extent explain the atherogenesis, Reaven has maintained that hyperinsulinemia itself contributes to atherogenicity, and thus, insulin is atherogenic, leading to the coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease associated with this syndrome. Obesity probably leads to hypertension through (1) increased vascular tone created by a reduced bioavailability of NO because of increased oxidative stress,8 (2) increased asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) concentrations,9 (3) increased sympathetic …
The Republic of the Moderns: Paine's and Madison's Novel Liberalism

The relationship between republicanism and liberalism has emerged as a central issue for students of political thought. Neo-republican scholars in particular have advanced a stark conceptual opposition between two competing intellectual and political projects, and have claimed that liberalism decisively defeated and replaced republicanism. By contrast, in exploring the writings of Thomas Paine and James Madison, this article shows how they initiated a radical and unexpected reconfiguration within the republican tradition that fashioned a surprisingly liberal doctrine for a modern republic. Their “republic of the moderns,” we argue, altered the contours and content of classical republicanism, transmuting it into an important strand of liberal political thought and institutions.
Clinical diagnosis of Down's syndrome

A physical examination checklist of 25 signs of Down's syndrome was used to predict the presence of absence of 21-trisomy in 291 individuals examined for suspected Downs syndrome. Using only total numbers of signs present, 21-trisomy was unambiguously predicted in about half those examined. Discriminant analysis using the most informative 10 signs misclassified only 11 of 169 infants aged 2 years or less, and allowed non-overlapping classification into Down's and non-Down's of almost three-fourths of suspected individuals. The risk for Down's syndrome in the overlap area was 58%.
Observation of giant magnetic suppression of tunneling out of a 2D electron system.

Abstract We have measured tunneling rates out of an electron layer trapped at a liquid helium-vacuum interface in the presence of a magnetic field. When the field is transverse to the escape direction the tunneling rates are exponentially sensitive to its amplitude. At 40mK a transverse field of 0.3Tesla suppresses the tunneling current by four orders of magnitude.
Functional peptide sequences derived from extracellular matrix glycoproteins and their receptors: strategies to improve neuronal regeneration.

Peptides derived from extracellular matrix proteins have the potential to function as potent therapeutic reagents to increase neuronal regeneration following central nervous system (CNS) injury, yet their efficacy as pharmaceutical reagents is dependent upon the expression of cognate receptors in the target tissue. This type of codependency is clearly observed in successful models of axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system, but not in the normally nonregenerating adult CNS. Successful regeneration is most closely correlated with the induction of integrins on the surface of peripheral neurons. This suggests that in order to achieve optimal neurite regrowth in the injured adult CNS, therapeutic strategies must include approaches that increase the number of integrins and other key receptors in damaged central neurons, as well as provide the appropriate growth-promoting peptides in a “regeneration cocktail.” In this review, we describe the ability of peptides derived from tenascin-C, fibronectin, and laminin-1 to influence neuronal growth. In addition, we also discuss the implications of peptide/receptor interactions for strategies to improve neuronal regeneration.
Purification and Functional Reconstitution of Monomeric μ-Opioid Receptors ALLOSTERIC MODULATION OF AGONIST BINDING BY Gi2

Despite extensive characterization of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), the biochemical properties of the isolated receptor remain unclear. In light of recent reports, we proposed that the monomeric form of MOR can activate G proteins and be subject to allosteric regulation. A μ-opioid receptor fused to yellow fluorescent protein (YMOR) was constructed and expressed in insect cells. YMOR binds ligands with high affinity, displays agonist-stimulated [35S]guanosine 5′-(γ-thio)triphosphate binding to Gαi, and is allosterically regulated by coupled Gi protein heterotrimer both in insect cell membranes and as purified protein reconstituted into a phospholipid bilayer in the form of high density lipoprotein particles. Single-particle imaging of fluorescently labeled receptor indicates that the reconstituted YMOR is monomeric. Moreover, single-molecule imaging of a Cy3-labeled agonist, [Lys7, Cys8]dermorphin, illustrates a novel method for studying G protein-coupled receptor-ligand binding and suggests that one molecule of agonist binds per monomeric YMOR. Together these data support the notion that oligomerization of the μ-opioid receptor is not required for agonist and antagonist binding and that the monomeric receptor is the minimal functional unit in regard to G protein activation and strong allosteric regulation of agonist binding by G proteins.
Time-scale and branching ratios in sequential multifragmentation

Abstract Experimental intermediate-mass-fragment multiplicity distributions are shown to be binomial at all excitation energies. From these distributions a single binary event probability can be extracted that has the thermal dependence p = exp [ -B T ] . Thus, it is inferred that multifragmentation is a sequence of thermal binary events. The increase of p with excitation energy implies a corresponding contraction of the time-scale and explains recently observed fragment-fragment Coulomb correlations.
Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast. Clinical review and summary of the vanderbilt experience with multi-modality therapy☆

Abstract Inflammatory breast cancer is a distinct clinicopathologic entity that accounts for 1 percent of all cases of breast cancer. The diagnosis should be strongly suspected on the basis of the distinctive clinical findings, which include edema of the breast, inflammation, wheals, and a typical reddish-purple color of the overlying skin. Pathologic examination usually shows infiltration of the dermal lymphatics with carcinoma. Evidence of distant metastatic spread is more frequent than with other types of breast cancer and is seen in approximately 30 percent of patients. The five-year disease-free survival rate is less than 5 percent when local therapy alone (mastectomy and/or local radiotherapy) is used. The addition of combination chemotherapy to high-dose local radiotherapy has improved the five-year survival rate to approximately 30 percent. The potential for long-term survival is limited to the subgroup of patients with only local-regional disease at the time of diagnosis. Patients with inflammatory breast cancer should be treated with combined-modality therapy using combination chemotherapy and high-dose radiotherapy to the breast, since this approach is potentially curative. The fatalism formerly associated with this diagnosis is no longer warranted, particularly in patients with local-regional disease. Failure to employ Intensive combined-modality treatment will deny some patients a chance for long-term survival.
New Instrumentation For High Temperature And Hemispherical Measurements Of Selective Surfaces

AbstractThe proper evaluation of selective surfaces requires that their optical properties and durability be deter-mined under simulated operating conditions. The Measurement Laboratory at the University of Arizona's OpticalSciences Center has been involved in this area for the last six years. Recent developments include: (1) A transmission cell for the high temperature reflectometer is being designed and built to measure samples at high temperatures -- 800 °C - -under vacuum or controlled atmospheres. Such samples include thin filmrefractory coatings suitable for concentrating collector receivers and laser mirrors deposited on transparentsubstrates for transmission measurements from 0.38 to about 8 pm.(2) A new data processing system has been interfaced with the existing integrating sphere reflectometer. Sample- and -hold electronics process the "triple- beamed " -- sample, reference, and background -- signal and pass it to a M6800 based microcomputer. The latter averages the signal until a sufficient signal -to -noise level isreached and advances the dispersive optics to the next wavelength.(3) A cylindrical vacuum emissometer for the measurement of the total hemispherical radiative power lossfrom a heated sample is under consideration. Coupled with existing, specially designed furnaces for lifetimetesting, the Measurement Lab will provide adequate simulation capabilities for testing selective surfaces op-erating in most standard collector configurations.(4) A Gaertner L119 ellipsometer is being extended into the near infrared to provide measurements of opti-cal constants of absorber materials through the solar spectrum.I. Classification of Spectrally Selective CoatingsFor a number of years the Solar Energy Group at the University of Arizona's Optical Sciences Center hasbeen developing and evaluating coatings for the photothermal conversion of sunlight.' The Measurement Labwas organized to provide both diagnostic data at room temperature under normal atmosphere and durability andlifetime information under simulated operating conditions. A strong evaluation effort has been necessary, asour interest in producing a reliable and selective surface requires that we measure a number of optical andradiative properties.2Let us place our program in perspective. The types of surfaces involved in solar energy conversion can bedivided into five categories. Three are nonselective, in that their performance must be optimized only overthe solar spectrum: (1) Solar absorber coatings, which must maintain a solar absorptance as close to unity as
Novel procedures for collection of sea urchin egg cortical granule exudate: Partial characterization and evidence for postsecretion processing

We have developed two procedures to collect total cortical granule exudate in a soluble form from eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Egg suspensions were either treated with dithiothreitol to disrupt the vitelline envelope or divalent cations were removed postinsemination to prevent the normal vitelline-to-fertilization envelope transition. Rapid acidification of the insemination mixture (dithiothreitol-treated eggs) to pH 6.0 prevented precipitation of the paracrystalline protein fraction described by Bryan [1970a]. Exudate was partitioned into three fractions. The pH 8.0-insoluble fraction appeared to be identical to the paracrystalline protein fraction. The pH 8.0-soluble fraction was separated into pH 4.0-soluble and-insoluble fractions. Analysis for peroxidase and protease activities showed that peroxidase activity was localized in all three fractions whereas protease activity was restricted to the pH 4.0 insoluble fraction as reported [Carroll and Epel, 1975]. A minimum of six major proteins were detected on native polyacrylamide gels of total exudate. Under reducing and denaturing conditions, 12 polypeptides ranging from 19,000 to 165,000 in molecular weight were detected in total exudate; six polypeptides were recovered in the pH 8.0-insoluble fraction. To test the hypothesis that protease and peroxidase activities process cortical granule proteins after secretion, we inseminated eggs in solutions containing peroxidase and protease inhibitors. The paracrystalline protein fraction crystallized slowly from insemination mixtures containing both inhibitors compared to controls and there were dramatic differences in exudate electrophoretic patterns. We suggest that cortical granule protease and peroxidase activities process the exudate so that the paracrystalline protein fraction rapidly crystallizes during normal fertilization.
Application of a weighted head‐banging algorithm to mortality data maps

Smoothed data maps permit the reader to identify general spatial trends by removing the background noise of random variability often present in raw data. To smooth mortality data from 798 small areas comprising the contiguous United States, we extended the head-banging algorithm to allow for differential weighting of the values to be smoothed. Actual and simulated data sets were used to determine how head-banging smoothed spike and edge features in the data, and to observe the degree to which weighting affected the results. As expected, spikes were generally removed while edges and clusters of high rates near the U.S. borders were maintained by the unweighted head-banging algorithm. Incorporating weights inversely proportional to standard errors had a substantial effect on smoothed data, for example determining whether observed spikes were retained or removed. The process used to obtain the smoothed data, including the choice of head-banging parameters, is discussed. Results are considered in the context of general spatial trends. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the United States.
The ribonucleolytic activity of angiogenin.

Angiogenin (ANG), a homologue of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A), promotes the growth of new blood vessels. The biological activity of ANG is dependent on its ribonucleolytic activity, which is far lower than that of RNase A. Here, the efficient heterologous production of human ANG in Escherichia coli was achieved by replacing two sequences of rare codons with codons favored by E. coli. Hypersensitive fluorogenic substrates were used to determine steady-state kinetic parameters for catalysis by ANG in continuous assays. The ANG pH−rate profile is a classic bell-shaped curve, with pK1 = 5.0 and pK2 = 7.0. The ribonucleolytic activity of ANG is highly sensitive to Na+ concentration. A decrease in Na+ concentration from 0.25 to 0.025 M causes a 170-fold increase in the value of kcat/KM. Likewise, the binding of ANG to a tetranucleotide substrate analogue is dependent on [Na+]. ANG cleaves a dinucleotide version of the fluorogenic substrates with a kcat/KM value of 61 M-1 s-1. When the substrate is...
Ranges and Stopping Cross Sections of Low-Energy Tritons

Stopping cross sections and ranges of tritons as a function of energy from \ensuremath{\sim}0.2 to 2.7 MeV have been measured in polystyrene, nitrogen, air, aluminum, argon, nickel, krypton, and xenon by a conicidence technique utilizing the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(n,\ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{H}}^{3}$ reaction. The ranges found for 2.736-MeV tritons in these materials are 6.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10, 7.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06, 7.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06, 10.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10, 11.40\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09, 15.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15, 17.83\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.18, and 20.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20 mg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, respectively. Above $\frac{{E}_{t}}{Z}\ensuremath{\approx}0.05$, the atomic stopping cross section $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ in eV-${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ is given $\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}=4{(\frac{{E}_{t}}{Z})}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}{(\frac{{E}_{t}}{Z})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$, where ${E}_{t}$ is the triton energy in MeV and $Z$ is the atomic number of the absorber. The data are compared with stopping theories for the velocity region in which shell effects cause deviations from the simple higher energy stopping theory.
Restoration of X-ray resistance and V(D)J recombination in mutant cells by Ku cDNA

Three genetic complementation groups of rodent cells are defective for both repair of x-ray-induced double-strand breaks and V(D)J recombination. Cells from one group lack a DNA end-binding activity that is biochemically and antigenically similar to the Ku autoantigen. Transfection of complementary DNA (cDNA) that encoded the 86-kilodalton subunit of Ku rescued these mutant cells for DNA end-binding activity, x-ray resistance, and V(D)J recombination activity. These results establish a role for Ku in DNA repair and recombination. Furthermore, as a component of a DNA-dependent protein kinase, Ku may initiate a signaling pathway induced by DNA damage.
Establishing a mental health consultation program with a police department.

The experiences of the author in establishing a program of mental health consultation with an urban police department are described. Three phases of consultation are identified and analyzed. These are entry, familiarization, and implementation. Possible sources of resistance are identified and ways of dealing with them are discussed. It is concluded that mental health professionals need to understand the social role and operational patterns of policemen in order to function effectively as consultants to them. Some of the social psychological aspects of police work are described in order to further this understanding.
Variability of throughfall volume and solute inputs in wooded ecosystems

Throughfall is a critical component of the hydrological and biogeochemical cycles of wooded ecosystems with a characteristically large degree of temporal and spatial variability. The highly variable nature of throughfall is of importance to scientists and natural resource managers concerned with the effects of water and solute inputs to the subcanopy, including understory vegetation, soil moisture, soil solution chemistry, and the fate of atmospheric dryfall. The purpose of this study is to critically review and evaluate the present state of knowledge pertaining to the temporal and spatial variability of throughfall volume and solute inputs in wooded ecosystems. The authors are optimistic that this review will facilitate the advancement of science by exposing gaps in our current understanding and mitigating the duplication of unwarranted research efforts. Several key areas where current knowledge is weak are: (1) the effect of meteorological conditions on the variability of throughfall volume; a data gap ...
Intracellular localization of heat shock proteins in Drosophila

When cells and tissues of Drosophila are subjected to elevated temperatures, the pattern of protein synthesis shifts from the production of a broad spectrum of different proteins to the vigorous production of a small number of new, heat shock proteins. The intracellular distribution of these proteins has been investigated through autoradiographic analysis of cells labeled with 3H-leucine at 23 degrees and 37 degrees C. After examining sections of cultured cells from D. melanogaster and polytene cells of D. virilis by electron and light microscopy, we conclude that little (if any) heat shock protein becomes associated with mitochondria, despite the many lines of evidence linking the response to respiratory stress. Confirming earlier reports on the presence of heat shock proteins in nuclei, we find the proteins are very highly concentrated there and that their transport to the nucleus occurs very rapidly. Interestingly, their free concentration in the nuclear sap is extremely low; they are, in fact, quantitatively associated with chromosomes. This association occurs in a nonrandom manner, their concentration in highly condensed chromatin being very low relative to that of other chromosomal loci.
ELECTRON TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY: CORE-EXCITED RESONANCES IN DIATOMIC MOLECULES.

A high-resolution and high-sensitivity electron transmission spectrometer is used to study sharp structures in the total scattering cross section of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, NO, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, and CO. Many new resonances are found, some of which form bands which consist of progressions of negative-ion vibronic states. The existence of bands makes the identification of temporary negative-ion states easier, since the spacing and the magnitudes of the structure can be compared with the appropriate parameters of various positive-ion cores. The most prominent features observed consist of two Rydberg electrons attached to a particular positive-ion core.
Mass transfer in corrugated membranes

Abstract The flux per volume across selective membranes can potentially be increased by at least five times using corrugated membranes. This increase is important because membrane selectivity is often inversely related to membrane flux. The flux across a selective membrane which is hampered by low permeability can be increased by making the membrane thin and by having a large membrane area per volume, e.g., by using hollow fibers. Where these flux increases are insufficient, membrane corrugations could supply further gains. This paper derives a theory predicting these increases. The theory is verified for pervaporation of aqueous chloroform, ethanol and other solutes across macrocorrugated polydimethylsiloxane membranes. The results supply criteria which must be met by any nanocorrugated membranes.
Potential economic returns to improved irrigation infiltration uniformity

Field-level data describing cotton yields, irrigation, and soil salinity and sodicity for 32 surface irrigated fields in the Broadview Water District in California's San Joaquin Valley are examined. The soils data indicate considerable infiltration variability, with consequent negative effects on water availability for plant growth. Cotton yields range from 1.23 to 2.05 Mg ha−1 and are negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with the mean and standard deviation of salinity and sodicity parameters measured at twenty sites in each field. Yields are also negatively correlated (p < 0.15) with the standard deviation of transmissivity measured in aerial photographs of the fields. A cotton production function that includes the observed mean and standard deviation of soil conductance is estimated. Results of the study suggest that cotton yields can be increased by 1.8% when observed variation in soil conductance is reduced by 10%. The estimated values of the increased cotton yields that would result from a 10% and 50% reduction in the variation of soil conductance are US$ 46 ha−1 and US$ 231 ha−1, respectively. These increased returns from cotton production provide a measure of the economic incentive for farm-level adoption of irrigation practices that improve infiltration uniformity and reduce generation of subsurface drain water.
Ink jet printing

Several basically different nonimpact printing processes have been developed in the last several years using modulated or deflected ink jets. This review paper describes these processes, which are also applicable to the accurate dispensing of fluids, particle sorting, the generation of uniform droplets for research purposes, and other applications.
Super)conformal algebra on the (super)torus

Abstract A generalization of the Virasoro algebra has recently been introduced by Krichever and Novikov (KN). The KN algebra describes the algebra of general conformal transformations in a basis appropriate to a genus- g Riemann surface. We examine in detail the genus-one KN algebra, and find explicit expressions for the central extension. We, further, construct explicitly the superconformal algebra of the supertorus, which yields supersymmetric generalizations of the genus-one KN algebra. A novel feature of the odd-spin-structure case is that the algebra includes a central element which is anticommuting. We comment on possible applications to string theory.
Gender, state, and industrial policy in Japan

Abstract This paper argues that state policy for working women, particularly Japan's sex-blind industrial policy has had negative effects on women in both the labor market and the family.
Three-dimensional object reconstruction from orthogonal projections

Abstract Techniques for the reconstruction of three-dimensional objects from orthogonal projections are described. When two projections are available, the object is divided into thin slices and the slices are individually reconstructed. When three projections are available, heuristic reconstruction techniques are discussed.
Molecular cloning and expression analysis of the rice triose phosphate/phosphate translocator gene

The triose phosphate/phosphate translocator (TPT) is located in the inner envelope membrane of plant chloroplast. It catalyzes the counter exchange of triose phosphate/3-phosphoglycerate for phosphate. To reveal the relationship between the TPT structure and its function, a cDNA encoding the complete precursor of TPT has been isolated from rice by using RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) strategies. The rice tpt was identified as a single copy gene by using Southern blotting. And it was mapped to chromosome 1. The rice TPT mRNA encodes a precursor protein of 417 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 44 kDa. A putative processing site between Ala-95 and Ala-96 of the precursor protein was suggested by comparison with the TPTs from spinach and maize. Therefore, the mature part of rice TPT consists of 322 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 35 kDa. It shares 89% homology with maize and 93% with wheat. But the transit peptide and about 20 amino acids at N-end of the mature part showed a much lower homology to other plant TPTs. The mature protein exhibits high hydrophobicity and consists of seven transmembrane regions. High expression level of the TPT mRNA was detected in tissues such as leaf and coleoptile, while no apparent expression was detected in root and seed. These indicated the expression of rice TPT might be restricted to green tissues.
Ring cleavage rearrangement of methyl-subsituted cyclopropylmethylboranes

Abstract 2,2,3-Trimethyl- and 2,30dimethylmethylenecyclopropane were prepared and hydroborated using various borane reagents. Changes in the borane solutions as a result of heating were studied by NMR and by oxidation to alcoholds. Ring-cleavage rearrangement reactions were observed, analogous to rearrangements previously found for cyclopropylmethyl Grignard reagents and for unsubstituted cyclopropylmethylboranes Methyl substitution slows the rearrangement involving cleavage of the bond to the substituted ring carbon, and has an especially large effect when cis to the metallomethyl group. In the 2,2,3-trimethylcyclopropylmethyl system, the ring-cleavage rearrangement does not go to completion, but instead approaches an equilibrium in which a substantial concentration of the trans isomer remains. Rearrangement in the 2,3-dimethylcyclopropylmethyl system occurs with retention of configuration at the ring carbon to which the boron migrates. The results of the present work suggest a mechanistic reinterpretation of the carboboration of bicyclobutane.
Extraction and purification of a peroxidase from soil

Abstract A peroxidase was extracted from soil using 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, and was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration (Sephadex G-75). A large number of substrates were tested to compare the substrate specificity of the soil peroxidase with that of horseradish peroxidase. Inhibition studies revealed that both soil peroxidase and horseradish peroxidase were competitively inhibited by glutathione and thiourea. Opitmal activity of the soil peroxidase was observed at pH 5.0. During ultrafiltration a significant amount of the enzyme was retained by membranes with a molecular weight cutoff of 30,000. The Sephadex purified enzyme was composed of 50% carbohydrate. 12% phosphorus, and 10% protein. It was heat labile and showed saturation kinetics.
Efficient path tracking methods

Path tracking is the fundamental computational tool in homotopy continuation and is therefore key in most algorithms in the emerging field of numerical algebraic geometry. Though the basic notions of predictor-corrector methods have been known for years, there is still much to be considered, particularly in the specialized algebraic setting of solving polynomial systems. In this article, the effects of the choice of predictor method on the performance of a tracker is analyzed, and details for using Runge-Kutta methods in conjunction with adaptive precision are provided. These methods have been implemented in the Bertini software package, and several examples are described.
A watershed-based method for environmental vulnerability assessment with a case study of the Mid-Atlantic region

Abstract The paper presents a method for environmental vulnerability assessment with a case study of the Mid-Atlantic region. The method is based on the concept of “self-/peer-appraisal” of a watershed in term of vulnerability. The self-/peer-appraisal process is facilitated by two separate linear optimization programs. The analysis provided insights on the environmental conditions, in general, and the relative vulnerability pattern, in particular, of the Mid-Atlantic region. The suggested method offers a simple but effective and objective way to perform a regional environmental vulnerability assessment. Consequently the method can be used in various steps in environmental assessment and planning.
A Comprehensive Report of Child Care Providers' Perceptions of a Statewide Early Care and Education Initiative

As the call to improve early care and education environments heightens across the United States, individual states have developed an array of approaches to enhance out-of-home care experiences for young children. As a part of the larger evaluation study of Kentucky's early childhood initiative, KIDS NOW, the current study gains perspectives from child care providers regarding their experiences with a comprehensive statewide early care and education initiative. Through a series of focus groups, child care providers highlighted their need for adequate information regarding the initiative as well as their varying perceptions of different types of initiative components. These findings highlight the need for continual stakeholder involvement as policy changes unfold within a state. Additionally, providers' perspectives on the implementation of the initiative underscore the complexity inherent to affecting change in early care and education.
Flume instrumentation for measurement of drag on flexible elements under waves

Understanding energy dissipation by vegetation is critical for the effective management of shoreline erosion. Current methods for estimating energy dissipation require plant-specific parameters that are difficult to estimate for the large variety of plant morphologies used in shoreline protection, requiring testing on each species of interest. A simple and fast method to characterize drag in terms of wave interaction and obstruction natural frequency is needed to fully explore drag forces on vegetation. Our method directly measures hydrodynamic forces on individual plant shoots using a torque sensor mounted beneath the bed of a flume. This sensor allows data to be collected simply and inexpensively with high temporal accuracy that provides insight into drag forces and torque frequency from a variety of flexible elements when coupled with wave monitoring. The technique can evaluate several types of obstructions quickly without the need to set up an entire obstruction field. The data collected also suggest that more flexible objects result in less drag force on each element and suggest that frequency response is related to the frequencies existing in the driving wave and the natural frequency of the obstruction element, although harmonic synchronization appears to occur in some cases doubling the expected drag force magnitude.
Diagnostic testing of univariate time series models

SUMMARY The portmanteau statistic for testing the adequacy of an autoregressive-moving average model is based on the first m autocorrelations of the residuals from the fitted model. This paper examines the properties of this test for various choices of m. A modification which allows the use of small values of m is shown to result in a more powerful test. The Lagrange multiplier statistic (Godfrey, 1979) and a test statistic examined by Newbold (1980) are also discussed.
On the phase fluctuations of coherent light interacting with an anharmonic oscillator

Abstract We show that ordinary coherent light interacting with a non-absorbing nonlinear medium modelled as an anharmonic oscillator gives rise to enhanced and reduced phase fluctuations as well as squeezing.
The metabolism of serine and glycine in mutant lines of Chinese hamster ovary cells

Abstract This report describes studies of mutant lines of cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells that have different levels of serine transhydroxymethylase (EC 2.1.2.1). This enzyme, which splits serine to yield glycine and N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolic acid, is found in both the mitochondria and cytosol of these cells (see Chasin et al. (1974) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA71, 718–722). Our experiments with these mutant lines have established a correlation among the amount of mitochondrial serine transhydroxymethylase, the intracellular glycine concentration, and the extent that exogenous serine increases the glycine pool. Limited amino acid incorporation into protein occurred with all cell lines, but in contrast to the glycine-requiring mutant line 51-11, revertants that no longer required glycine for growth showed increased incorporation when the medium was supplemented with serine. These results indicate that normally the mitochondrial serine transhydroxymethylase together with the intracellular serine concentration regulate the supply of glycine and under certain conditions can control the rate of protein synthesis. Additional experiments with radioactive serine and glycine have shown that the mitochondrial serine transhydroxymethylase regulates the interconversion of these amino acids as well as serine oxidation. Calculations based on the 14CO2 produced from l -[14C]serine by the mutant and parental cell lines indicate that approximately 50% of the serine oxidized is initially converted to glycine and an oxidizable one-carbon unit.
Characterizing soils using a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer: 1. Soil texture

Abstract The development of new technologies for use in field soil survey has produced powerful new quantitative tools for assessing soil physicochemical properties in-situ. One such technology, portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry, has shown considerable promise in evaluating elemental concentrations in soils for a wide variety of applications. Less research is available on how PXRF can be applied to quantify soil physical properties (e.g. soil texture). This study evaluated the feasibility of predicting soil clay and sand contents from PXRF data on 584 soil samples collected from highly diverse regions of Louisiana and northeastern New Mexico (Capulin Volcano National Monument), USA. An Innov-X Delta Premium PXRF was used to sequentially scan soil samples under both field and laboratory conditions and assess 15 elements (K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba, and Pb). Elemental concentrations were then related to soil textural data processed through traditional laboratory methods with multiple linear regression. Among all elements evaluated, Fe and Rb showed particular significance for soil textural prediction. The regression models for sand and clay contents of both study sites were strongly correlated to soil textural separates with PXRF-soil texture R2 of 0.862, 0.959, 0.892, and 0.780 for Louisiana sand and clay, and Capulin sand and clay, respectively. Independent validation sub-datasets confirmed that PXRF readings can be used to estimate soil textural parameters with high R2 values of 0.854, 0.682, 0.975, 0.891, 0.875, and 0.876, and low RMSE values of 5.53%, 5.92%, 2.68%, 6.26%, 5.43%, and 2.66%, for Louisiana sand, silt, and clay and Capulin sand, silt, and clay, respectively. The RMSE values of clay are substantially lower than those reported in previous studies using other proximal sensing techniques. While regional differences may require localized standardization of the PXRF with a unique combination of elements germane to the study area, PXRF shows considerable promise as a technique for rapidly assessing soil textural separates in-situ.
Computation of arrival cost for moving horizon estimation via unscented Kalman filtering

Abstract Moving horizon estimation alleviates the computational burden of solving a full information estimation problem by considering a finite horizon of the measurement data, however, it is non-trivial to determine the arrival cost. A commonly used approach for computing the arrival cost is to use a first-order Taylor series approximation of the nonlinear model and then apply an extended Kalman filter. In this paper, an approach to compute the arrival cost for moving horizon estimation based on an unscented Kalman filter is proposed. The performance of such a moving horizon estimator is compared with the one based on an extended Kalman filter and illustrated in a case study.
Long-term wind speed variations for three midwestern U.S. cities.

Abstract Long-term wind speed variations were investigated for three midwestern cities including Indianapolis, IN; Cincinnati, OH; and Little Rock, AR in the continental United States. These cities were chosen because their topography is relatively ﬂat and unaffected by large mountain ranges or other topographical features, they represent important regional economic centers, and they have all undergone major air quality management efforts over the past 35 yr to attempt to meet the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The hourly data were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center from 1943 to 2008 for Indianapolis and Little Rock and from 1948 to 2008 for Cincinnati. The analysis included calculating the frequency of calms and wind speeds over five different bins for the respective cities. The results indicate a significant increase in the frequency of calms (statistical significance >99.999%) and a decrease in the overall frequency of other wind speeds for all three cities. Increasing trend in ca...