cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Pen and Ink Communion”: Evangelical Reading and Writing in Antebellum America

In their shared, mutually supportive reading and writing practices, antebellum evangelicals like the Smith family prepared themselves for national conversion and global millennium. Institutionalizing the spiritual and intellectual rewards of their “pen and ink communion” in churches, schools, moral reform societies, and family relationships, they helped advance a powerful evangelicalism that continues to shape our world today.
The Intensification of Gender-Related Role Expectations during Early Adolescence

It has been argued that there is an acceleration of gender-differential socialization during adolescence, perhaps at the onset of puberty or shortly after, and perhaps especially for girls. New domains may become the object of gender-differential socialization pressure and demands for conformity may increase in domains previously subject to such pressure. We shall refer to this argument as the Gender-Intensification Hypothesis. The hypothesis frequently is invoked to explain observed behavioral differences between adolescent boys and girls. Here we shall review information bearing upon the hypothesis and suggest some new points of departure for research related to it and to the study of gender-differential socialization during adolescence in general. We begin by considering some forms in which the hypothesis appears and then turn to our review and to its implications.
Noise and Vibration Issues of Wind Turbines and Their Impact - A Review

Wind power is a rapidly growing technology, with an estimated 35% of national end-use electricity demand to be met from wind by 2050 in the US. With such a projected rapid growth, it is necessary to improve and innovate relevant technological areas with due considerations of possible impacts of wind energy harnessing through wind turbines. This paper presents a systematic review of current literature on the issues of noise and vibration of wind turbines and their impact on human health and wild life. The paper reviews the literature on the issues of noise and vibration in wind turbines, the generation mechanisms, the propagation, the impact on human health and wild life. The current status of technology and future developments to mitigate the health and environmental impacts of wind turbine noise and vibration are also reviewed. The paper includes a review of current standards on measurement of acoustic noise of wind turbines and data analysis.
The Prophecy of Timely Rollback (Invited Talk)

Techniques for rollback recovery play a central role in ensuring fault-tolerance in many distributed systems. This talk addresses the formal specification and analysis of those techniques. In particular, we will discuss the relevance of prophecy variables (auxiliary program variables whose values are defined in terms of current program state and future behavior) to reasoning about systems with undo operations. We will then focus on a model for data-parallel computation with a notion of virtual time. In this model, rollbacks allow the selective undo of work at particular virtual times. A refinement theorem ensures the consistency of rollbacks. This talk is largely based on joint work with Michael Isard.
Radiobiologically based analysis of the influence of breathing motion and DIR method on lung treatment plans

The purposes of this work are to investigate the influence of breathing motion on the quality of delivered radiation therapy treatment for lung cancer patients, to study the effect of tumor volume movement and anatomy change (due to the breathing motion) on the dose distribution through a radiobiological analysis, and finally, to examine the influence of the deformable image registration (DIR) method used on the 4D dose accumulation. The work is based on the 4D CT image sets and treatment plans of ten lung cancer patients. For each patient, the actual delivered dose was approximated through the development of the “4D” treatment plan, which was created by applying the plan of the average intensity projection (AIP) CT on the ten respiratory phases of the 4D CT dataset. Additionally, the “4D optimal” plan was created, which was based on the optimized plans of each of the 4D CT phases using the same beam setup and objectives as for the 4D AIP plan. Equal weights were used for the different phases, and for both the 4D and 4D optimal cases, the individual phase plans were exported from the treatment planning system (TPS) to the Velocity AI where the dose distributions were summed using DIR together with the extended deformable multipass (EXDMP) and deformable multipass (DMP) methods. A radiobiological analysis was performed based on the radiobiological parameters of the involved organs at risk (OARs) and planning target volume (PTV). Using the complication-free tumor control probability (P +) index, non-negligible differences in P + were observed between the 4D and 4D optimal dose distributions as well as between the dose distributions that were generated with different DIR methods. The optimal P + values ranged from 9.4 to 98.8 % for the 4D case and from 17.1 to 99.1 % for the 4D optimal case. The clinical P + values ranged from 4.3 to 81.4 % for the 4D case using the EXDMP method and from 4.3 to 81.5 % for the DMP method. These differences emphasize the significance of using the proper DIR algorithm and its influence on the final dose distribution. The radiobiological and dosimetric analyses showed the importance of taking into account the breathing motion during treatment planning. That was especially evident for smaller tumors and tumors with large motion extent. Also, the importance of choosing the proper DIR method was found to be great since it may lead to large differences in the accumulated 4D dose distribution.
Effects of Forest Fires on Archaeological Resources at Grand Canyon National Park

For a number of years archaeologists have discussed the effects of forest fires on archaeological resources. Studies under experimental conditions and of sites after they were burned form the bulk of this effort but, for the most part, they have not been published. This article examines the fire history of the North Rim of the Grand Canyon and the effects of the Dutton Point wildfire on prehistoric architecture and artifacts—particularly ceramics. Armed with those data, a modest experiment useful in any proposed prescribed fire area containing cultural resources, was designed. This involved “before and after” studies of a ruin that was to be subjected to prescribed burning and included buried temperature controls and the varying effects upon the resource. Finally, a hypothesis regarding the effect of wildfires on archaeological sites is presented.
Exploring traditional Indigenous leadership concepts: A spiritual foundation for Blackfeet leadership:

Historically examining the cultural foundation for traditional leadership within the Blackfoot Confederacy, composed of the Blackfeet (Pikuni or South Piegan) in Montana, USA, and the North Piegan, Blood (Kainai), and Blackfoot (Siksika) in Alberta, Canada, reveals that authority for leadership is grounded in tribal spirituality. This spiritual authority is integrated within traditional and complex structures that organize the social structures of the Blackfeet, a structure of extended family, bands, and societies that all influence leadership. Traditional leadership authority arises through medicine bundle rituals, ceremonial rites, and protocols that exist within the Niitsitapi (Blackfeet people) worldview. Understanding the complex foundations of traditional tribal leadership facilitates future research and understanding of Indigenous leadership, especially when international borders separate tribes.
Test for Vigabatrin-Induced Field Defects in Children

A visual-evoked potential (VEP) technique for identifying visual field defects in children with epilepsy treated with vigabatrin has been developed at Aston University, Birmingham, and Cardiff University, UK.
Anti-Histaminergic Responses On TRPV1 Channels

S U N D A Y 481 Anti-Histaminergic Responses On TRPV1 Channels Umesh Singh, Jonathan A. Bernstein, MD, Kristin Luther, Lauren Haar, W. Keith Jones; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, Bernstein Allergy Group, Cincinnati, OH, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH. RATIONALE: Activation of sensory neurons are known to be mediated by TRPV1 ion channels which may contribute to the pathophysiology of neurogenic inflammation. Recently we demonstrated that the topical antihistamine, azelastine (AZL), reported effective in non-allergic rhinitis (NAR), activates TRPV1 ion channels. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of AZL on TRPV1 signaling. METHODS: Mice neuronal cells (CATH.a) were plated on glass coverslips and incubated (378C/5%CO2 324 hrs.). After loading cells with Ca2+ specific fluorescent dye Fluo-4 AM, changes in free cytosolic Ca2+([Ca2+]i), in response to AZL 30 mM and the TRPV1 agonist, Capsaicin 1 mM (CAP) , were assessed by confocal imaging. RT-PCR for mRNA expression of protein kinases (PKA and PKC) and phospholipase C (PLC) were performed to assess for TRPV1 responses recovering from desensitization. RESULTS: Sustained pre-treatment (;15 minutes) of CATH.a cells with CAP (1 mM) or AZL (30 mM) made these cells refractory to further increase in [Ca2+]i after subsequent applications of these agents indicating desensitization of TRPV1. After allowing for TRPV1 channel recovery (;25 minutes) from the desensitized state, treatment with either CAP (1 mM) or AZL (30 mM) resulted in a significant increase in [Ca2+]i which correlated with increased mRNA expression of the phosphorylating proteins PKA, PKC and PLC associated with re-sensitization of TRPV1. CONCLUSIONS: Sustained application of either CAP or AZL desensitize TRPV1 ion channels. This data could explain the therapeutic effect of AZL in NAR thought to be caused by neurogenic inflammation.
An isolated multiport bidirectional DC-DC converter for PV-battery-DC microgrid applications

This paper proposes a new isolated, multiport, bidirectional DC-DC converter with the least number of switches for photovoltaic (PV)-battery-DC microgrid applications. The proposed converter is able to perform the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control for the PV system when solar energy is available as well as control the charge and discharge of the battery with the PV system and the DC microgrid. Simulation and experimental studies are carried out and validate the proposed converter for simultaneous power management of a PV-battery system connected to a DC microgrid.
Business Ethics as a Required Course: Investigating the Factors Impacting the Decision to Require Ethics in the Undergraduate Business Core Curriculum

This study contributes to the growing literature examining the role that business ethics courses play in business schools' curricula. We assess internal as well as external factors that may influen...
Securonormatividad. La sociabilidad urbana vista a través de las prácticas de la vigilancia cotidiana

En ciudades con diversas fuentes de inseguridad y miedo se han establecido multiples reglas informales destinadas a la proteccion y la vigilancia. Se trata de regulaciones que configuran practicas espaciales cotidianas, posturas corporales, expresiones verbales, el uso de los objetos y las relaciones de genero en la ciudad que nos permiten hablar de una sociabilidad urbana marcada por la securonormatividad. Introducimos el concepto de securonormatividad para referirnos a la forma que adoptan las interacciones sociales en una ciudad con diversas fuentes de inseguridad urbana y tambien como una importante contradiccion de la urbanizacion contemporanea. El objetivo es detallar y analizar las practicas de seguridad observando la vigilancia ejercida y recibida por las personas en diferentes escenarios y sus efectos sobre las interacciones cotidianas. Exploramos la securonormatividad en la ciudad de Bogota, Colombia, pero sus hallazgos y herramientas pueden ser utiles para la caracterizacion de la sociabilidad en el contexto de auge securitario de otras ciudades, especialmente, en el Sur Global. Las principales herramientas teorico-metodologicas provienen de la time-geography, Bruno Latour y Judith Butler.
Mourning the elegy: Robert Creeley’s ‘Mother’s Photograph’

ABSTRACTAlthough Robert Creeley is rarely considered an elegiac poet, he investigated problems of time and closure in elegiac writing earlier in his career than most critics have acknowledged, and by means unexplored by contemporary elegists like Allen Ginsburg and Sylvia Plath. Like Roland Barthes’ La chambre claire (1980), Robert Creeley’s 1986 poem ‘Mother’s Photograph’ incorporates and interrogates an alternative technology of representation to resolve a crisis in the work of maternal mourning. The last in a series of elegies written over the course of 14 years, ‘Mother’s Photograph’ suggests that Creeley, like Barthes, experienced the ‘sporadic’ temporality of grief and the surprising ‘violence’ attached to the photograph’s elegiac use. While the series as a whole sheds light on the trajectory of Creeley’s work and suggests a significant revision to existing accounts of elegy in mid-century literary history, the final poem speaks to issues of poetics engaged when a volatile genre, the elegy, is force...
How valid is your case formulation? Empirically testing your cognitive behavioural case formulation for tailored treatment

Although clinicians have used cognitive behavioural case formulations (CBCFs) to guide treatment for many years, the validity of the case formulation (CF) is rarely evaluated. Given the central role of the formulation in treatment planning, particularly for complex or comorbid cases, a straightforward method to empirically evaluate the validity of the CBCF could increase the effectiveness of a treatment plan tailored for a particular client. This article describes a step-by-step, person-specific approach to evaluating a CBCF that can be used for appropriate cases in a clinical practice or especially a clinical training setting. The evaluation focuses on discriminant validity of person-specific scales and constructs and patterns of predicted functional relationships between idiosyncratic cognitions and distress. The approach is illustrated with an adult seen in a training clinic who was diagnosed with generalized anxiety and recurrent major depressive disorders and who completed 28 brief end-of-day, individualized questionnaires. The clinician's CBCF hypotheses were empirically evaluated using mostly simple statistical analyses available in readily accessible worksheets. Intervention implications of the CF evaluation are discussed.
EphA5 and EphA6: regulation of neuronal and spine morphology

The Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases plays important roles in neural development. Previous studies have implicated Eph receptors and their ligands, the ephrins, in neuronal migration, axon bundling and guidance to specific targets, dendritic spine formation and neural plasticity. However, specific contributions of EphA5 and EphA6 receptors to the regulation of neuronal cell morphology have not been well studied. Here we show that deletion of EphA5 and EphA6 results in abnormal Golgi staining patterns of cells in the brain, and abnormal spine morphology. These observations suggest novel functions of these Eph receptors in the regulation of neuronal and spine structure in brain development and function.
Sensitivity of incentive based demand response program to residential customer elasticity

Incentive based demand response (IBDR) offers one of the more promising opportunities for engineering sustainable electricity services. While there are a wide range of studies representing the potential of IBDR program in the power market, understanding customer response needs further study. A key component in all demand response (DR) programs' design is the elasticity which implies customer reaction to a load serving entities (LSEs) offer. Despite the significant role of elasticity, there is a lack of study in this field, specifically for incentive based elasticity. Instead, price based elasticity is assumed for IBDR programs design as well. Psychologists believe customers are more willing to accept contracts in terms of rewards rather than penalties. Consequently, using price based elasticity could underestimate the real potential of a DR program. In this paper, novel values for elasticity are applied in IBDR, that include important information from customers' side. These elasticity values are based on previous work of the authors, which estimate customer response specifically toward IBDR program considering different appliance in-house and customer willingness level to participate in a DR program. The proposed IBDR program is examined on real data of WECC 240-bus reduced model, and it shows using a more accurate estimation of customer elasticity for IBDR can bring more benefit for all participants and can decrease prices.
Nutraceutical Egg Products

Healthy diet plays a prominent role in enhancing the quality of human life. Among the different food products delivering essential nutrients to the body, an egg as a staple food in many cultures has a special place. It is a balanced source of highly bioavailable essential amino acids as well as minerals and vitamins. However, egg is poor in omega-3 fatty acids. Dietary cholesterol and saturated fat have also been a concern for consumers. This chapter focuses on development of a novel nutraceutical egg product containing minimal levels of cholesterol and reduced saturated fat, but much greater content of omega-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and α-linolenic acid, through processing rather than manipulation of the hen’s diet. Further, the physicochemical, sensory, and potential nutritional benefits of the nutraceutical egg product prototype are discussed.
Echoes of the Ant People: Vocal Traces and Writing Practices in a Translation of ’O’odham Orature

On the Ant Songs of the 'Akimel 'O'odham people of the southwestern United States. "The Ant Songs have passed through different mediums as they were performed, recorded, copied, exchanged, translated, interpreted, and translated again. In each of the moments of circulation and transference, the songs have a different impact and context, each of which illuminates particular formations of history and power that are essential to an understanding the life of the Ant Songs."
1,4-Di­methyl­pyridinium iodide

The title organic salt, C7H10N+·I−, was synthesized from a mixture of 4-methyl­pyridine and iodo­methane in 2-propanol. It crystallized with three independent 1,4-di­methyl­pyridinium cations and three independent iodide anions in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, there are no significant inter­molecular inter­actions present.
Honeybee Venom Allergy in Beekeepers

Honeybees, members of the order Hymenoptera, are a major cause of systemic allergic reactions (SARs) including anaphylaxis. In certain occupations, such as beekeeping, the risk of a SAR is higher than in the general population. Beekeepers and their family members are regularly exposed to honeybee stings making them a unique population to study Hymenoptera hypersensitivity. Therefore, beekeepers and their family members need information about how to avoid stings and differentiate a local reaction from a SAR. They also need information about how and when to use an epinephrine autoinjector for a SAR and when honeybee venom immunotherapy (VIT) is indicated to prevent future SARs. For beekeepers and their family members, VIT should be given indefinitely. Once VIT maintenance is achieved, multiple monthly bee stings or optimal maintenance VIT should be continued. Alternative employment should be considered when VIT is not effective.
A Clearer Picture: Journalistic identity practices in words and images on Twitter

As journalists continue integrating social media into their professional work, they wrestle with ways to best represent themselves, their organizations, and their profession. Several recent studies...
Diffusion sensitivity of 3D-GRASE in arterial spin labeling perfusion.

Purpose To evaluate the role of true diffusion and flow-related pseudodiffusion in cerebral blood flow (CBF) quantification using arterial spin labeling (ASL) with single-shot or segmented 3D gradient and spin echo (GRASE) readouts. Theory The extended phase graph (EPG) algorithm, originally designed to model the effects of T1 /T2 relaxation and true diffusion in MRI acquisitions utilizing multiple refocusing RF pulses, was augmented (aEPG). This augmentation accounted for flow-related pseudodiffusion attenuation of intravascular MRI signal in the k-space domain during 3D-GRASE acquisition, which leads to blur along the partition direction in the image domain. Blurring of ASL signal into neighboring voxels can lead to underestimation of CBF in small, high-flow structures such as cortical gray matter (GM). Methods The diffusion sensitivity of 3D-GRASE was evaluated through aEPG simulations and in vivo experiments in 13 healthy subjects. The CBF estimation bias for different postlabeling delays, crusher gradient strengths, and segmentation factors along the partition (PAR) and phase-encoding (PE) directions was numerically assessed by simulations and experimentally validated. Results In vivo experiments demonstrated systematic underestimation of mean GM CBF measured with segmented 3D-GRASE. The GM CBF underestimation depended on ASL preparation and imaging parameters; it reached up to 25% at low-segmentation schemes (1PAR × 2PE ) but was considerably lower at high-segmentation schemes (4PAR × 2PE or 8PAR × 2PE ). Theoretical predictions showed that conventional T1 /T2 relaxation and true diffusion may account for at most ∼25% of GM CBF estimation bias, whereas the pseudodiffusion effect constituted the major fraction in a typical ASL experiment. Conclusion The pseudodiffusion effect leads to considerable estimation bias in ASL-based CBF quantification using 3D-GRASE readouts. This bias can be substantially reduced by increasing the segmentation factors. Magn Reson Med 80:736-747, 2018. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Dynamical Studies of the Eastern Mediterranean Circulation

This is a review of the results of dynamical studies carried out by the Harvard group in the full Eastern Mediterranean basin and subregions. Data-driven mesoscale resolution simulations have contributed to the descriptive interpretation of the hydrographic data sets and aspects of their underlying multiscale dynamics. An important objective has been to determine the dynamical processes governing meso, subbasin and basin scale synoptical phenomena, events and interactions. The relative importance of topographic dynamics, direct wind forcing and internal dynamics on the maintenance and the evolution of the general circulation features were investigated.
Sarnath Banerjee’s All Quiet in Vikaspuri as Text/Image Activism and Cli-Fi

AbstractUsing an ecocritical approach and discussing the theory of the graphic novel as it relates to Indian writing in English, this paper argues that In All Quiet in Vikaspuri Sarnath Banerjee bl...
Failure to maternally reprogram histone methylation causes developmental delay due to germline transcription in somatic tissues

ABSTRACT In C. elegans, the H3K36 methyltransferase, MES-4, helps establish germ cell fate by maintaining H3K36me2/3 at germline genes between generations. Previously, we showed that the H3K4me2 demethylase, SPR-5, and the H3K9 methyltransferase, MET-2, reprogram histone methylation at fertilization to prevent the ectopic expression of germline genes in somatic tissues. Together, this indicates that SPR-5 and MET-2 maternal reprogramming may antagonize MES-4 to establish germline versus soma. Here, we show that spr-5; met-2 mutant progeny have a severe developmental delay that is associated with the ectopic maintenance of H3K36me2/3 at MES-4 targeted germline genes in somatic tissues, and the ectopic expression of these genes. We further show that the developmental delay and the ectopic expression are dependent upon MES-4. Thus, we propose that SPR-5, MET-2, and MES-4 balance inherited histone methylation to establish germline versus soma. Without this balance, the inappropriate transcription of germline genes in somatic tissues causes developmental delay.
Long-Term Field Evaluation of a Geosynthetic-Stabilized Roadway Founded on Expansive Clays

AbstractThis paper presents an evaluation of the long-term field performance of Farm-to-Market Road 2, the construction of which involved geosynthetic stabilization to address concerns related to t...
Women’s lived-experiences of water infrastructure in Gressier, Haiti

Using semi-structured interviews and ethnographic investigation, this paper provides information about the status of water infrastructure in a region of Haiti where records of existing infrastructu...
Infectious bronchitis virus variants in chickens: evolution, surveillance, control and prevention

Infectious bronchitis is a disease of the upper respiratory tract of chickens caused by a Gammacoronavirus (infectious bronchitis virus, IBV). Severe economic losses are caused by IBV due to a reduction in egg production and/or egg quality in layers in addition to poor feed conversion and increased condemnations in broiler chickens. The extreme variability of this virus is in part due to its RNA genome, which predisposes it to mutations and generates genetic variation. In addition, recombination events add to the variability of this virus. IBV variability was first described in 1956 by Jungherr. Since then, dozens of serotypes and hundreds of genotypes have been reported. Variant IBV strains are those that, can escape from the immunity generated by conventional strains, despite not being fully different from conventional strains affecting a geographic region. At the genomic level, these differences can be equal or greater than 5% of the hypervariable region of the S1 gene. These variant strains are usually restricted to geographic regions and most of the time are transient, reason why diagnostics and epidemiological surveillance are crucial to determine their existence and persistence. The main goal of surveillance is to assist the development of efficient preventative measures in the field. This review aims to critically analyse the literature related to IBV variability and judiciously comment and discuss on how to better prevent this poultry endemic disease.
Integrating Model of Resilience, Engagement, and Motivation

we provide an analytical review of these theories and research findings as they psychologically impact employees in work environments. We synthesize the growing knowledge regarding the primary factors influencing REM and provide eight useful REM research propositions to inform the model. The model features antecedents to resilience, engagement, and motivation. From this work, we posit that an integrated, practical model will be needed to improve employee involvement and performance that ultimately impacts organizational performance. Methodology: Our third dimension of REM is motivation. Research into motivation has produced several theories and models, mainly focused in the world of work: They include Expectancy Theory [45, 46], Two-Factor Motivation Theory [47, 48], Goal Setting Theory [49, 50], and Job Characteristics Model [51]. Conclusion: “Finally, there are some issues that may arise in choosing REM operational definitions and from them, the testing of the model. As noted above, determining the order of, and measuring the degree of interaction effects between, variables toward desired outcomes is complicated, even messy. Attempt to employ graphic models to capture both the distinctiveness and complementarity of variables is also challenging. Again, qualitative methods may offset gaps in imperfect quasi-experimental designs.
Comparison studies of ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injection and balloon catheter dilatation in the treatment of neurogenic cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction.

BACKGROUND Cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction (CPD) management has been challenging in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injection and balloon catheter dilatation in treating CPD. METHODS Forty patients with CPD were randomly divided into two groups, namely the botulinum toxin injection group (BTX group) and balloon dilatation group (BD group). Patients in the BTX group received a single ultrasound-guided injection of 50 units of botulinum toxin type A, while the BD group received dilatation therapy five times per week, consecutively for two weeks. Relative opening percentage of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES), the penetration-aspiration scale (PAS), and the Dysphagia Outcome Severity Scale (DOSS) were evaluated by a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) at baseline, 1-month, and 3-months posttreatment. The Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) and Standardized Swallowing Assessment (SSA) were also used to evaluate participants' swallowing function at baseline and the 1-week, 2-week, 1-month, and 3-month follow-ups. RESULTS A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model revealed the significant main effect for time in UES, PAS, DOSS, FOIS, and SSA compared to baseline (P <0.05), while no group-by-time interactions (except for the PAS assessment) or main effect for treatment was detected among the above multiple variances. No systematic complications or severe adverse effects were noted. CONCLUSION Both ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin type A injections and balloon dilatation therapy have been proven as safe and effective treatments for CPD patients. Future clinical trials with longer follow-up periods and more participants are warranted.
Chicago Experiments on Convection, Compaction, and Compression

In these lecture notes I will discuss experiments we designed to probe the behavior of granular media in the regime where the material is somewhere between the limits of dilute, rapid flow and maximally dense, rigid packing. Such situations arise, e.g., when granular material is filled loosely into a container and then either shaken or compressed. Much of the detailed response of the material to such external forcing depends, of course, on specific characteristics of the material, on the type of forcing, the kind of container and so on, perhaps even on the precise packing history of the material. However, as we will see, there are several aspects of the response that turn out to be extremely robust and general. I will discuss three of these here: granular convection patterns and the associated velocity profiles that arise from vertical shaking or tapping, the slow settling or compaction of initially loose material under tapping and the associated regimes of reversible and irreversible behavior, and the broad distribution of normal forces against the container walls in quasi-static packings. All experiments presented here have been described in detail in previous publications and a large portion of this text is adapted from them. However, rather than using these lecture notes to only repeat much of what is already in print, I will use them to provide additional commentary.
Understanding How Mindful Parenting May Be Linked to Mother-Adolescent Communication.

Researchers have sought to understand the processes that may promote effective parent–adolescent communication because of the strong links to adolescent adjustment. Mindfulness, a relatively new construct in Western psychology that derives from ancient Eastern traditions, has been shown to facilitate communication and to be beneficial when applied in the parenting context. In this article, we tested if and how mindful parenting was linked to routine adolescent disclosure and parental solicitation within a longitudinal sample of rural and suburban, early adolescents and their mothers (n = 432; mean adolescent age = 12.14, 46 % male, 72 % Caucasian). We found that three factors—negative parental reactions to disclosure, adolescent feelings of parental over-control, and the affective quality of the parent–adolescent relationship—mediated the association between mindful parenting and adolescent disclosure and parental solicitation. Results suggest that mindful parenting may improve mother–adolescent communication by reducing parental negative reactions to information, adolescent perceptions of over-control, and by improving the affective quality of the parent–adolescent relationship. The discussion highlights intervention implications and future directions for research.
Calorimetry: a tool for DNA and ligand-DNA studies.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the unique information that can be obtained by the application of selected calorimetric techniques to the study of DNA. The chapter demonstrates calorimetry to be a powerful tool in biophysical research, capable of uniquely providing thermodynamic and extrathermodynamic characterizations of DNA structure, conformational transitions, and ligand interactions. A differential scanning calorimeter is an instrument that allows to measure continuously the heat capacity of a system as a function of temperature. Isothermal mixing calorimetry has been used in nucleic acid studies to characterize the influence of metal ion binding; to determine the enthalpy of duplex formation from the mixing of two complementary strands; to measure the energetics of pH-induced changes in nucleic acid structure; and to determine the enthalpy of small ligand-DNA interactions and protein–DNA interactions. Multifrequency calorimetry has been applied to the analysis of membrane phase transitions and to the folding–unfolding transition of the protein cytochrome c .
An expert system for cogeneration energy system selection

A demonstration expert system has been developed which assists engineers in cogeneration energy system selection by asking them such applications-related questions as the desired electrical and thermal loads, fuel price, and electric rates. The answers given will be interfaced with the expert system's knowledge base to recommend candidate systems. Attention is given to expert system use results obtained for a sample site; their suitability is compared to that of the detailed results obtained by an earlier cogeneration system study.
Self-stabilizing space optimal synchronization algorithms on trees

We present a space and (asymptotically) time optimal self-stabilizing algorithm for simultaneously activating non-adjacent processes in a rooted tree (Algorithm $\mathcal{SSDST}$). We then give two applications of the proposed algorithm: a time and space optimal solution to the local mutual exclusion problem (Algorithm $\mathcal{LMET}$) and a space and (asymptotically) time optimal distributed algorithm to place the values in min-heap order (Algorithm ${\mathcal{HEAP}}$). All algorithms are self-stabilizing and uniform, and they work under any unfair distributed daemon. In proving the time complexity of the heap construction, we use the notion of pseudo-time. Pseudo-time is similar to logical time introduced by Lamport [12]
Redefining Child under the State Children's Health Insurance Program: Capable of Repetition, Yet Evading Results

Introduction 137 I. The SCHIP Program 139 II. Redefining Child 143 A. The New Regulation 143 B. Judicial Treatment of the Unborn 144 C. Legislative Treatment of the Unborn 148 III. Why the New Definition Fails to Achieve the Stated Goals ........150 A. Lack of Funding Will Prevent Meaningful Expansion of SCHIP Benefits to Include Unborn Children 151 B. HHS’s Change in its Regulation Creates a Conflict of Interest Between the Woman and her Unborn Child 152 IV. The Political Underpinnings 156 IV. There Are Better Ways to Provide Prenatal Coverage 158 Conclusion 160
Addiction and backsliding: A theory of compulsive consumption

Abstract A time-specific model of compulsive consumption incorporates the two central characteristics of addiction: that people get hooked through use of addictive commodities and that people often are of two minds, simultaneously wanting to consume an addictive commodity and to avoid it. The paper demonstrates the importance of modeling that stable and bounded human non-constancy that is ruled out by orthodox equilibrium analysis: it induces ‘anti-market’ selling consumption avoidance; it creates consumer conflict and the need for self-control; it implies the possible welfare superiority of blind hedonism over expected utility maximization.
Surface flashover threshold and switched fields of photoconductive semiconductor switches

It is shown that Si photoconductive semiconductor switches can be used to switch high voltages (up to 123 kV), high fields (up to 82 kV/cm) and high currents (2.8 kA). The ability of the samples to withstand this type of high-voltage, high-current switching depends on the way in which the current penetrates the semiconductor. The appropriate use of water or contacts greatly improves the switching capability. It is also shown that the wafers can support large currents (4.0 kA for GaAs and 2.8 kA for Si) and large linear current densities (3.2 kA/cm for GaAs and 1.4 kA/cm for Si). For GaAs this linear current density corresponds to about 1 MA/cm/sup 2/ given a penetration depth of about 10/sup -3/ cm. >
Acrolein Induces Epithelial Injury and Remodeling Through Direct Activation of Src

Cigarette smoke (CS)-derived reactive electrophiles such as acrolein affect biological systems largely by targeting redox-sensitive cysteine residues. In the present studies we examined the effects of acrolein exposure on the airway epithelium and importance of the redox-sensitive tyrosine kinase Src in these responses. Exposure of mouse tracheal epithelial (MTE) cells in Transwell® inserts to acrolein resulted in loss of trans-epithelial resistance (TER) and increased permeability to FITC-dextran, accompanied with a loss of epithelial junction proteins E-cadherin and zonal occludin-1 (ZO-1). These responses were prevented by pretreatment with the Src inhibitor PP2. Similar studies with human epithelial H292 cells indicated that inhibition of Src using PP2 or siRNA targeting prevented acrolein-induced phosphorylation of p120 and loss of E-cadherin. Acute exposure of C57BL/6 mice to acrolein (5 ppm for 4 hrs) increased epithelial permeability, measured by enhanced leakage of i.v. injected FITC-dextran into...
Effects of fats high In stearic acid on lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in men

The effects of beef tallow and cocoa butter, two fats with a high stearic acid content (C18:0), on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were compared with the effects of butter fat and olive oil in 10 middle-aged men. Liquid-formula diets containing 40% of the calories from the test fat were fed in random order for 3 wk each, with lipoprotein concentrations measured on the last five days. Butter fat raised low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations the most (4.23 +/- .15 mmol/L; mean +/- SE). Beef-tallow feeding resulted in significantly lower concentrations of LDL (4.03 +/- 0.18 mmol/L); cocoa butter resulted in even lower concentrations (3.82 +/- .15 mmol/L). The lowest concentration of LDL was observed with olive oil (3.62 +/- 0.18 mmol/L). Fecal excretion of fatty acids, after adjustment for fecal flow, indicated that oleic acid (C18:1) was 99% absorbed, palmitic acid (C16:0) was 96-97% absorbed, and stearic acid was 90-94% absorbed for the three fats containing significant amounts of stearic acid.
Investigation of scatter in singles-based PVI transmission imaging

Singles-based positron volume imaging (PVI) transmission scans can provide measured 3D attenuation correction factors (ACFs) while requiring relatively short scan times (4-5 minutes). The main concern associated with singles-based transmission measurements is bias in the ACFs caused by scattered events in the transmission data. The magnitude and spatial characteristics of this scatter were investigated through computer simulation. Objects simulated include right circular cylinders of varying diameters, a 32 cm by 24 cm right elliptical cylinder, and the voxel.man digital phantom. Results indicated that scatter is very object dependent. For all objects simulated single scatter events comprised at least 70% of the total detected scatter. Furthermore, the shape of the scatter distribution was primarily determined by the single scatter events. Because the scatter distribution is very object dependent it is unlikely that simple correction techniques (e.g. fitting scatter tails or convolution subtraction) will prove effective. On the other hand because most of the detected scatter are single scatters, analytical methods which can accurately model single scatter events should provide the basis for an accurate scatter correction.
Interpretation of error covariances with nonrandom data: An empirical illustration of returns to college education

This paper reviews two models of selectivity and gives an interpretation of the covariance terms that are particular to self-selectivity models. While the second model examined in this paper has been discussed elsewhere, the estimates presented for the first model have not been discussed in previous papers. More importantly though, the paper proposes an hypothesis about the expected relationship between error covariances. According to this hypothesis, if all individuals who are faced with the choice between two regimes (1 and 2) choose the regime which yields a maximum value, then the expected relationship between covariances is σ1 ∈ σ2 ∈. This relationship holds for a very general class of selectivity models, so long as individuals are choosing between regimes by comparing the expected value (to them) of each regime.
Polyoxyethylated cholesterol derivatives. Organic synthesis, cellular uptake and effect on lipid metabolism in cultured skin fibroblasts.

Abstract Polyoxyethylated derivatives of cholesterol were synthesized by adduction of ethylene oxide to the 3-β-hydroxy position of cholesterol. Derivatives with the methoxy terminal were prepared by condensing methoxypoly(oxyethylene)methane sulfonate with cholesterol. Derivatives with nine ethoxy groups were isolated by the combined use of high pressure liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography and identified by proton magnetic resonance. In cultured human skin fibroblasts, uptake of polyoxyethylated [ 3 H]cholesterol was linear up to a concentration of 60 μM. Uptake at 10 μM concentration was linear for 5 h and amounted to 2.5% of the total added label per h. All of the cellular radioactivity was recovered in polyoxyethylated cholesterol and no label appeared in other lipid fractions. Polyoxyethylated cholesterol (10 μM) inhibited the incorporation of acetate into cholesterol and the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, 50% inhibition occurring at 1 and 3 h, respectively. After 18 h incubation, 50% inhibition of both activities occurred at 5 μM and near total inhibition at 25 μM. The incorporation of leucine into protein, uridine into RNA and thymidine into DNA were not affected significantly. Methoxypolyoxyethylated cholesterol gave similar results. There were no differences between normal and homozygous familial hypercholesterolemic fibroblasts which lack membrane receptors for low density lipoproteins. Incorporation of acetate into fatty acids was suppressed by polyoxyethylated cholesterol but not by 25-hydroxycholesterol. Polyoxyethylated cholesterol had no effect on the activity of fatty acid synthetase. Efflux of polyoxyethylated cholesterol from cells had a rapid phase amounting to 55% in the first 2 h, followed by a slow leakage of 15% in the next 20 h. Recovery of the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase was faster than that of incorporation of acetate to cholesterol and fatty acids but all these activities remained below the control levels, suggesting that the polyoxyethylated cholesterol retained within the cell continues to exert its inhibitory effect on lipid synthesis.
RNA metabolism in isolated mouse brain nuclei during early postnatal development.

—RNA metabolism in isolated brain nuclei has been shown to be dramatically altered during early postnatal brain development. The present study involved an examination of the RNA products synthesized by nuclei at various stages of postnatal neural maturation. In all cases, the majority of the RNA appeared to be heterodisperse, non-ribosomal and non-tRNA in nature. In comparison to the RNA isolated from nuclei of neonatal tissue, the RNA from nuclei of 12-day and 30-day-old mouse brain was found to be of smaller molecular weight. Despite the heterodisperse nature of these RNA molecules, the addition of α-amanitin did not completely inhibit nuclear synthesis. An investigation of RNA synthesis in isolated neuronal and glial cell nuclei revealed that nucleic acid metabolism in these respective cell populations had different and distinct developmental patterns. Preparations enriched with glial cell nuclei were found to be most active at birth and then decreased in activity (3–4-fold) during neural maturation. On the other hand, the rate of RNA synthesis in fractions enriched in neuronal cell nuclei was observed to increase dramatically in activity (4–5-fold) until 14 days of age. From 14 days of age until adulthood, RNA synthetic activity remained essentially the same.
Structural Basis of SNT PTB Domain Interactions with Distinct Neurotrophic Receptors

Abstract SNT adaptor proteins transduce activation of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and neurotrophin receptors (TRKs) to common signaling targets. The SNT-1 phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain recognizes activated TRKs at a canonical NPXpY motif and, atypically, binds to nonphosphorylated FGFRs in a region lacking tyrosine or asparagine. Here, using NMR and mutational analyses, we show that the PTB domain utilizes distinct sets of amino acid residues to interact with FGFRs or TRKs in a mutually exclusive manner. The FGFR1 peptide wraps around the β sandwich structure of the PTB domain, and its binding is possibly regulated by conformational change of a unique C-terminal β strand in the protein. Our results suggest mechanisms by which SNTs serve as molecular switches to mediate the essential interplay between FGFR and TRK signaling during neuronal differentiation.
Improvement in strength and toughness of austempered ductile cast iron by a novel two-step austempering process

Austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) has emerged as an important engineering material in recent years because of its excellent mechanical properties. These include high strength with good ductility, good wear resistance, fatigue strength and fracture toughness. It is therefore considered as an economical substitute for wrought or forged steel in several structural applications especially in the automotive industry. In this investigation, a nodular or ductile cast iron with predominantly pearlitic as-cast structure was processed by a novel two-step austempering process. Two batches of samples were prepared. All the specimens were initially austenitized at 927 °C (1700 °F) for 2 h. The first batch of samples were processed by conventional single-step austempering process at several temperatures such as 260 °C (500 °F), 273 °C (525 °F), 288 °C (550 °F), 302 °C (575 °F), 316 °C (600 °F), 330 °C (625 °F), 343 °C (650 °F), 357 °C (675 °F), 371 °C (700 °F), 385 °C (725 °F) and 400 °C (750 °F) for 2 h, whereas the second batch of samples were processed by the two-step austempering process. These samples were initially quenched for 5 min in a salt bath maintained at 260 °C (500 °F) and then austempered for 2 h at several austempering temperatures. These temperatures were 288 °C (550 °F), 302 °C (575 °F), 316 °C (600 °F), 330 °C (625 °F), 343 °C (650 °F), 357 °C (675 °F), 371 °C (700 °F), 385 °C (725 °F) and 400 °C (750 °F). Influence of this two-step austempering process on microstructure and mechanical properties of ADI was examined. Test results show that this two-step austempering process has resulted in significant improvement in yield and tensile strengths and fracture toughness of the material over the conventional single-step austempering process.