cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LIFE: BIOGRAPHY AS CONFLICTUAL COHERENCE

In the early 1970s, when I was a graduate student, biography was considered “an unloved stepchild” of the historical discipline. The naive empiricism of its soup-to-nuts narratives seemed deaf to any theory that might call the biographer's craft into question. In 2009, the American Historical Review honored the genre of biography with a roundtable on its creative renewal. Oddly (and regrettably) there was no mention of the work of Jerrold Seigel in any of the roundtable essays, though he had published three innovative biographical works over the previous thirty years. Characterizing Seigel as a biographer by trade would, to be sure, seriously diminish the scope of his scholarship. But two of his seven books have been full biographies, and in two others a biographical approach has been central to his modus operandi. A leading figure in refashioning the genre, he has been quite conscious of the implications of that commitment. In 1987 he ended an article on Durkheim with a challenge: “our knowledge of the human world must be able to survive the recognition of its personal sources.” Three years later he concluded an article on “the personal roots of Foucault's thinking” with another provocation to recent preoccupations in the discipline: “the proclaimed death of the subject is not some newly discovered set of relations that produce the illusion of human will and intentions as residues of their silent operation, but the action of a subjectivity that will not speak its name.”
The media of high-resolution time: Temporal frequencies as infrastructural resources

This article offers a short history of the transformation of time signals into a fundamental stability around which new communication infrastructures are built. These infrastructures include the Network Time Protocol, the Global Positioning System, and high-frequency trading. This article argues that “high-resolution time” can serve as a useful analytic framework for understanding the making and appropriation of contemporary temporal standards. Contemporary temporal infrastructures—the systems of time measurement and dissemination that subtend communication infrastructures—are based on the vibrations of caesium atoms, which act as fixed points. A focus on resolution aligns an analysis with the ways that time standards are, in practice, treated as both infrastructures and texts. High-resolution time, therefore, offers an understanding of time as a scalable resource built through contingent media practices.
Cooperation and Competition: One Level Sitting on Another

THE EVOLUTION of multicellularity demonstrates the operation of selection at various levels; so does the evolution of eukaryotic cells themselves, suggested by Lynn Margulis to have resulted from the symbiosis of prokaryotes (Margulis 1981). In the chapters above, we have also considered situations where looser affiliations have functioned – or been classified – as a group. We have seen evidence suggesting that a delicate balance of competition and cooperation knits units at one level into a higher collective. In this chapter we will explore specific examples of this “essential tension”, and investigate how a shift of dominance between cooperation and competition can solidify a level of selection. Central to this process is a transition between two different types of multi-level selection: multi-level selection 1 (MLS1) and multi-level selection 2 (MLS2) in the terminology used by Okasha (2006). MLS1 involves selection on a group trait that derives from an average of individual traits (for example, average height in a population). MLS2 traits are properties of the group itself, such as geographic range or overall phenotypic diversity. Michod and other have argued that the transition from one level of selection to another involves a transition from selection predominantly at the MLS1 level to selection predominantly at the MSL2 level. This can be viewed as a shift from competition to conflict suppression.
Evaluating Contexts in OpenSHMEM-X Reference Implementation

Many-core processors are now ubiquitous in supercomputing. This evolution pushes toward the adoption of mixed models in which cores are exploited with threading models (and related programming abstractions, such as OpenMP), while communication between distributed memory domains employ a communication Application Programming Interface (API). OpenSHMEM is a partitioned global address space communication specification that exposes one-sided and synchronization operations. As the threaded semantics of OpenSHMEM are being fleshed out by its standardization committee, it is important to assess the soundness of the proposed concepts. This paper implements and evaluate the “context” extension in relation to threaded operations. We discuss the implementation challenges of the context and the associated API in OpenSHMEM-X. We then evaluate its performance in threaded situations on the Infiniband network using micro-benchmarks and the Random Access benchmark and see that adding communication contexts significantly improves message rate achievable by the executing multi-threaded PEs.
Worker and Agency in Textbooks— Images of Which Reality?:

A comparative content analysis of major social work texts shows significant variations in the ways in which they treat the relationship between social workers and employing agencies. The implicatio...
Effect of Sustained Hypertransfusion on Rauscher Leukemia Virus-Variant A (RLV-A) Infection in BALB/c Mice

Infection of BALB/c mice with the RLV-A virus normally induces an erythropoietic dysplasia characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, erythroblastosis, erythroblastemia and severe anemia without reticulocytosis. Time to death varies between 20–30 weeks. Mice were inoculated with RLV-A after being hypertransfused with 75% packed red cells for 42 days which has been shown to eliminate erythropoiesis and modify the microenvironment to favor granulopoiesis. Following RLV-A inoculation, one group did not receive further transfusion (short-term) and another group continued with hypertransfusion weekly (long-term). The pathogenesis of RLV-A in the short-term group paralleled the characteristic RLV-A response. In the long-term group however, the characteristic RLV-A response was never observed. Instead, a granulocytic leukemia was developed. Continued hypertransfusion presumably after establishment of an altered microenvironment resulted in a completely different viral pathogenesis and the development of a transplantable myeloid leukemia.
Drug Combinations in Breast Cancer Therapy

Breast cancer therapy involves a multidisciplinary approach comprising surgery, radiotherapy, neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy. Effective therapy of breast cancer requires maximum therapeutic efficacy, with minimal undesirable effects to ensure a good quality of life for patients. The carefully selected combination of therapeutic interventions provides patients with the opportunity to derive maximum benefit from therapy while minimizing or eliminating recurrence, resistance and toxic effects, as well as ensuring that patients have a good quality of life. This review discusses therapeutic options for breast cancer treatments and various combinations that had been previously exploited. The review will also give an insight into the potential application of the nanotechnology platform for codelivery of therapeutics in breast cancer therapy.
Experiences of Adolescents and Emerging Adults Living With Type 1 Diabetes.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to identify barriers to adherence in type 1 diabetes through adolescent focus groups and to use this information to determine how diabetes educators can have a ...
What Is a Knowledge Graph

In this chapter, we introduce the basic concept of a knowledge graph (KG). While a knowledge graph seems to be a very simple way of representing information, it turns out to be quite powerful and is almost a lingua franca of sorts between humans and machines. On the one hand, knowledge graphs, if constructed properly, contain much of the useful information that can be found in ‘natural language’ documents like newswire or even social media. On the other hand, machines can process knowledge graphs in a variety of ways, leading to applications and breakthroughs in areas like semantic search, question answering, entity resolution, and representation learning.
Next generation of heated atomic force microscope cantilever for nanolithography: modelling, simulation, and nanofabrication

This paper reports the modelling, simulation and fabrication process of a novel heated atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever. The fabricated cantilever is used for thermal dip pen nanolithography (t-DPN) applications where the heated AFM cantilever can deposit molten polymer. The ability to control the flow of the molten polymer via thermocapillary force during pattering is limited in current heated AFM cantilevers. We present a new design of the heated AFM cantilever to improve the patterning speed and provide the ability to control the flow rate of the polymer. In this paper, we focus on the nanofabrication part to explain different semiconductor fabrication process development and integration for manufacturing the heated AFM cantilevers.
Synthesis of 3-benzoyl-4,7-dihydro-7-oxopyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid derivatives as potential antimicrobial agents

A series of twelve newly synthesized derivations of 3-benzoyl-4,7-dihydro-7-oxopyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid from 2-methyl-3-benzoyl-4-aminopyrrole is reported.
Organic Farming as Spiritual Practice and Practical Spirituality at Sunburst Farms

The Brotherhood of the Sun, a new religious movement founded in 1969 in Santa Barbara, California, operated America’s largest organic farm and was the largest shipper of organic produce in the U.S. in the mid- to late-1970s. Despite this achievement, both the Brotherhood of the Sun and its Sunburst Farms are largely missing from scholarly work on organic food, communes, and new religions. This article remedies these absences by situating the Brotherhood of the Sun, Sunburst Farms, and Sunburst Natural Foods within the contexts of countercultural new religious movements, back-to-the-land organic farming and communal living enterprises, and founder Norman Paulsen’s unique spiritual visions and teachings. Using original archival and interview data, I argue that operating Sunburst Farms was both an embodied spiritual practice and a pragmatic commercial enterprise that financed the group’s agrarian utopia while spreading its organic and mystical ideals.
SU(2) non-Abelian gauge field theory in one dimension on digital quantum computers

A dynamical quantum simulation of SU(2) non-Abelian gauge field theory on a digital quantum computer is presented. This was enabled on current quantum hardware by introducing a mapping of the field onto a register of qubits that utilizes local gauge symmetry while preserving local constraints on the fields, reducing the dimensionality of the calculation. Controlled plaquette operators and gauge-variant completions in the unphysical part of the Hilbert space were designed and used to implement time evolution. The new techniques developed in this work generalize to quantum simulations of higher dimensional gauge field theories.
Selfish Nodes Mitigation in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) face many quality of service challenges including bandwidth, utilization, and end-to-end delay. This paper aims to provide a solution for improving the average delays between end-to-end devices while taking into consideration the arrival process, collision avoidance, and back-off mechanisms. The primary purpose is to accurately deliver the packets from one end to another while selfish nodes are manipulated or ignored during the packets delivery. A node is selfish if it is not forwarding the packets to its neighbor nodes to preserve its resources. The detection of the selfish nodes and the malicious attackers is done using watchdogs where the selfish nodes are divided into 3-degree levels. Using this mechanism, we identify the threshold of the node to identify normal nodes, selfish nodes that are allowed to transmit, and selfish nodes that are prevented transmission. In this paper we suggest a new algorithm to mitigate selfish nodes, to simulate the proposed algorithm, and to evaluate its performance against other mechanisms presented in the literature.
Chemostats and Competition Among Species

The chemostat, or bioreactor, is a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) used for continuous production of microbial biomass. It consists of a freshwater and nutrient reservoir connected to a growth chamber, or reactor, with microorganism. The mixture of freshwater and nutrient is pumped continuously from the reservoir to the reactor chamber, providing feed to the microorganism, and the mixture of culture and fluid in the growth chamber is continuously pumped out and collected. The medium culture is continuously stirred. Stirring ensures that the contents of the chamber are well mixed so that the culture production is uniform and steady. If the steering speed is too high, it would damage the cells in culture, but if it is too low, it could prevent the reactor from reaching steady-state operation. Figure 5.1 is a conceptual diagram of a chemostat.
Lung Transplantation on Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Time Matters

Purpose The use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during lung transplantation (LTx) has been linked to higher rates of primary graft dysfunction (PGD) and worse postoperative outcomes. However, the effect of the duration of CPB has not been examined yet. Thus, the aim of our study was to examine the effect of CPB duration on rates of PGD and survival. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed from a prospective database of adult LTx procedures performed at our institute from 1/2008 to 7/2018 (n = 1039). CPB was utilized in 67% of these procedures. Logistic regression fit model was utilized for univariate analysis of PGD at 72 hours. Nonlinear cumulative logistic mixed model was used in analysis of time related PGD grades and the associated risk factors. The survival rates were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival -estimate. Results Longer duration of CPB was found to be an independent risk factor for severe PGD (Odds ratio, 1.0 per 1 minute increase in CPB duration; P 3 hours (55%, 26%, 25%, and 24%, respectively, Figure 1B). Patients with CPB >3 hours had the lowest 1-year survival rates compared with CPB ≤3 hours and no CPB patients (83%, 89% and 90%, respectively; log-rank P = 0.018). Conclusion Analysis of more than 1000 LTx data has shown that longer duration of CPB (>3 hours) is associated with severe PGD and worse survival, while shorter duration of CPB (≤3 hours) and no CPB outcomes remain comparable. These results suggest that duration of CPB is more important rather than using CPB itself. Future studies investigating CPB in LTx should consider the duration as an important factor that might affect results.
Biological significance of expression of nitric oxide synthases in neurogenic bladder

Objective To explore the expression of nitric oxide synthases including neuronal nitric oxide synthases(nNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthases(iNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS) in neurogenic bladder tissues, and analyze it's producing feature and significance. Methods There were 30 cases with neurogenic bladder(18 males, 12 females). The average age was 6.3±3.1 years. All patients appeared with myelodysplasia, urinary and fecal incontinence in different degree. Twenty-six cases were manifested with hyperreflexia bladders, and all patients were treated with surgical procedures. During operation, collected bladder tissue samples including tissues of apex vesicae and tissues of bladder neck, and all tissues were enveloped with mineral wax. All tissues were detected for nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS respectively in tissues of apex vesicae and tissues of bladder neck,and with normal bladder tissues as control group (bladder tissues of hypospadia, 10 cases), and according to clinical features, to explore the expression of NOS, and to analyze the relationship among them. Results In normal apex vesicae tissues, all cases stained with nNOS, and distributed among bundles of smooth muscles, and surface of smooth muscles and interstitial tissue, histochemica;score (HS) 2.8-4.0 and 1.2-2.7. There were no stained cells in bladder tissues of iNOS, and HS was very low, HS:0-0. 4 and 0-0.1 ;eNOS mainly distributed in interstitial tissues in rarefaction manners, and mainly in vascular endothelial cell (VEC), and smooth muscles had no stainings the most expression among them was nNOS, and mainly distributed in bladder neck tissues. In neurogenic bladder tissues, the main expression of NOS type was iNOS, and nNOS decreased significantly. eNOS mainly expressed in VEC among interstitial tissues, and had no staining in smooth muscle cells and collagenoblast and rarefaction of microvessel in bladder tissues, and microvessel density decreased significantly than normal bladder tissues. Microvessal density(MVD) in bladder tisssus (6. 8± 3.2/100per square) was less than that in normal tissues (16.7±6.3/100 per square). Conclusions In normal bladder tissues, nNOS mainly distributes in bladder neck and urethra, and nitric oxide mainly derives from nNOS. Much more matrix fibers, fewer nitrogenergic nerves, and less nNOS expression are seen in neurogenic bladder interstitial tissue. There are more iNOS expressions in bladder tissues,and NO is mainly derived from iNOS, and it may play an important role in pathological bladder tissues, especially in fibrosis of bladder wall. eNOS may be considered as angiopoietic labeling, and may evaluate the blood supply of bladder. Key words: Urinary bladder, neurogenic; Nitric oxide synthase type Ⅰ ; Nitric oxide synthase typeⅡ; Nitric oxide synthase type Ⅲ
Oral IBGard™ Before Colonoscopy: A Single-Center Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Peppermint oil is well known to inhibit smooth muscle contractions, and its topical administration during colonoscopy is reported to reduce colonic spasms. We aimed to assess whether oral administration of IBGard™, a sustained-release peppermint oil formulation, before colonoscopy reduces spasms and improves adenoma detection rate (ADR). We performed a single-center randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Patients undergoing screening or surveillance colonoscopies were randomized to receive IBGard™ or placebo. The endoscopist graded spasms during insertion, inspection, and polypectomy. Bowel preparation, procedure time, and time of drug administration were documented. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student’s t test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics or dose-timing distribution between IBGard™ and placebo groups. Similarly, there was no difference in ADR (IBGard™ = 47.8%, placebo = 43.1%, p = 0.51), intubation spasm score (1.23 vs 1.2, p = 0.9), withdrawal spasm score (1.3 vs 1.23, p = 0.72), or polypectomy spasm score (0.52 vs 0.46, p = 0.69). Limiting the analysis to patients who received the drug more than 60 min prior to the start of the procedure did not produce any significant differences in these endpoints. This randomized controlled trial failed to show benefit of orally administered IBGard™ prior to colonoscopy on the presence of colonic spasms or ADR. Because of its low barrier to widespread adoption, the use of appropriately formulated and timed oral peppermint oil warrants further study to determine its efficacy in reducing colonic spasms and improving colonoscopy quality.
Peer delivery of a brief cognitive-behavioral treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: A hybrid effectiveness-implementation pilot study.

Objective Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment delivery by peer specialist providers could increase access to and engagement with PTSD treatment in low resource settings. The current pilot study tested the feasibility, acceptability, and initial effectiveness of a peer-delivered, brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD. Method Four certified peer specialists delivered the intervention to 18 participants with probable PTSD. We assessed PTSD symptoms weekly and administered surveys and interviews at baseline and posttreatment. Results Our mixed-methods approach suggests that the intervention was feasible and acceptable, demonstrating high client satisfaction. We also found significant improvements in PTSD, depressive, anxiety, and general stress symptoms. Conclusions Peer-delivered interventions may be a good fit for addressing posttraumatic stress symptoms for people accessing care in low resource settings. Future research should evaluate peer-delivered PTSD treatment as a strategy for both reducing symptoms and improving access and engagement in professional care.
Environmental Influences on Creativity Measurement

The effect of different pre-administration warm-up activities on the scores from a measure of creative thinking was investigated. Four activities were used: (1) Creative movement, (2) Guided fantasy, (3) Testlike, and (4) Control. Results indicate that the subscores of fluency, elaboration, and originality on the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking were influenced by these activities, but that the total score was not. Findings are interpreted in light of their implications for creativity measurement and creativity research in general.
Macromolecular structure of coals: 8. Viscoelastic behaviour of coal networks determined by thermomechanical analysis

Abstract The viscoelastic behaviour of certain American coals was investigated by thermomechanical and thermogravimetric analysis. Thin coal sections were tested in creep under continuous stress ranging from 0.158 to 0.790 M Pa during heating from 35 to 350 °C at l0 K min −1 . Additional samples were tested in creep at constant temperature and stress, and also under cyclic stressing. The results show that the compressive strain of coals is a function of the temperature, carbon content and number of creep-recovery cycles. It is concluded that the mechanical (viscoelastic) behaviour is time-dependent (at constant temperature) and that it is related to the glassy-rubbery transition temperature and the subsequent network degradation at temperatures significantly higher than T g .
Unusually High Association of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Complex Heart Defects in Children with Fasciculoventricular Pathways

Introduction: Fasciculoventricular pathways (FVPs) are rare causes of preexcitation that do not mediate tachycardias. We report a two-center experience of pediatric patients with FVP and an unexpectedly high association of complex congenital heart defects (CHDs), chromosomal anomalies, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Methods: A retrospective review of the electrophysiology database at two institutions was performed to identify patients with FVP from January 2000 to January 2011. Medical records of these patients were reviewed for clinical history and course, presence of comorbidities, and details of intracardiac electrophysiology (EP) study. Results: A total of 17 patients were identified. The primary indication for EP study was a preexcitation pattern on electrocardiogram. The majority of patients, 12/17 (71%), were found to have associated cardiac and genetic anomalies. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was found in 5/17 (29%) patients, with genetic testing in two patients demonstrating the lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 mutation (Danon syndrome). Underlying complex CHDs were present in 3/17 (18%) patients. One patient (6%) was status post (s/p) cardiac transplant, one patient had hypertension, and another had Trisomy 21. Other electrophysiologic substrates mediating tachycardia were found in 3/17 (18%) patients. Only 5/17 patients (29%) were otherwise healthy with structurally normal hearts. Conclusions:In this largest reported series of FVP in children, there is an unusually high association of FVP with complex CHDs, chromosomal anomalies, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Any patient with such disorders and manifest preexcitation should be evaluated with a high index of suspicion for a FVP. (PACE 2012;1–6)
The Turnover of Mitochondria in a Variety of Tissues of Young Adult and Aged Rats

Among the most controversial hypotheses of aging are those which involve the progressive accumulation of error-bearing or altered macromolecules with advancing age. The effect of low levels of error or of alterations in only one or a small number of the many macromolecular mitochondrial components might be amplified by the highly integrated process of mitochondrial biosynthesis and observed as a change in turnover rates. The turnover rates of mitochondria from a variety of tissues of young adult (12-month-old) and aged (24-month-old) rats were measured by following the loss of radioactivity from proteins of purified mitochondrial preparations after initial labeling with 3H-leucine. Mitochondria from liver, brain, heart, and testes appeared to lose label as a homogeneous class with respect to rate. However, mitochondria from kidney, lung, and intestinal mucosa exhibited at least one additional exponential component. No significant differences were found for any tissue between the two age groups. Estimates for the half-lives in days obtained by combining both young and old sets of data are: liver, 9.3; testes, 12.6; heart, 17.5; brain 24.4; small intestine, 0.7 (first) and 17.6 (second); lung, 4 (first) and 16.6 (second); and kidney, 6 (first) and 10.9 (second). It is concluded that these data do not support the concept that errors in macromolecules are accumulated with age.
Efficient generation of influenza virus with a mouse RNA polymerase I-driven all-in-one plasmid

The current influenza vaccines are effective against seasonal influenza, but cannot be manufactured in a timely manner for a sudden pandemic or to be cost-effective to immunize huge flocks of birds. We propose a novel influenza vaccine composing a bacterial carrier and a plasmid cargo. In the immunized subjects, the bacterial carrier invades and releases its cargo into host cells where the plasmid expresses viral RNAs and proteins for reconstitution of attenuated influenza virus. Here we aimed to construct a mouse PolI-driven plasmid for efficient production of influenza virus. A plasmid was constructed to express all influenza viral RNAs and proteins. This all-in-one plasmid resulted in 105–106 50 % tissue culture infective dose (TCID50)/mL of influenza A virus in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells on the third day post-transfection, and also reconstituted influenza virus in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. A 6-unit plasmid was constructed by deleting the HA and NA cassettes from the all-in-one plasmid. Cotransfection of BHK-21 cells with the 6-unit plasmid and the two other plasmids encoding the HA or NA genes resulted in influenza virus titers similar to those produced by the 1-plasmid method. An all-in-one plasmid and a 3-plasmid murine PolI-driven reverse genetics systems were developed, and efficiently reconstituted influenza virus in BHK-21 cells. The all-in-one plasmid may serve as a tool to determine the factors inhibiting virus generation from a large size plasmid. In addition, we recommend a simple and robust “1 + 2” approach to generate influenza vaccine seed virus.
Computational Lessons from a Cognitive Study of Invention

This paper investigates both the role of fine-grained historical cases in developing computational models of techno-scientific thinking and the impact of such models for supporting information search and further inventions and discoveries. In particular, we investigate Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone and we propose a computational model to explain its essential aspects. We further derive lessons about how such model can be used to build human-computer interaction systems that augment the intelligence of users involved in information search. We conclude that historical data can be used to advance cognitive and computational theories of techno-scientific thinking and to build better human-information systems.
Emotional Abuse in the Workplace.

Abstract Violence and harassment in the workplace have garnered substantial public and research attention in the past decade. Most attention has been focused on the more extreme forms of physical violence such as homicide and, to a lesser degree, sexual and racial harassment in the workplace. However, recent surveys of workplaces suggest there is another form of violence that is more frequent, has similar effects as physical, sexual, and racial violence, yet appears to be more socially acceptable. Emotional abuse is the term coined in this review to capture the hostile verbal and nonverbal behaviors that are not explicitly tied to sexual or racial content yet are directed at gaining compliance from others. Examples of these behaviors include yelling or screaming, use of derogatory names, the “silent treatment,” withholding of necessary information, aggressive eye contact, negative rumors, explosive outbursts of anger, and ridiculing someone in front of others. Despite increasing public awareness, systemat...
Murine Neonatal Lymphocytes Show Rapid Early Cell Cycle Entry and Cell Division

Neonatal animals are highly susceptible to infectious agents. At least part of this susceptibility is due to the virtual absence of immunological memory in newborns. One of the hallmarks of memory is the rapidity of the response. We show in this study that neonates may make up for their lack of memory, at least in part, by the rapid entry of large proportions of naive lymphocytes into the cell cycle. Following activation, greater percentages of both CD4+ and CD8+ neonatal, as compared with adult, lymph node cells showed early cell cycle entry; this was assessed by propidium iodide staining, CFSE labeling profiles, [3H]thymidine uptake, and up-regulation of early activation markers. This rapid cycle entry was observed following polyclonal activation with anti-CD3 or with PMA and ionomycin and in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Stimulation with specific peptide also elicited more rapid proliferative responses from neonatal vs adult TCR transgenic CD4+ cells. In addition, more rapid cycle entry was observed in vivo, in lymphopenic RAG2−/− hosts. For both CD4+ and CD8+ cells, this phenomenon was observed out to 3 wk of life, although the differences between neonatal and adult cells became smaller with increasing time postbirth. These properties of peripheral neonatal T cells appeared to be inherited from their thymic precursors, because CD4+8− single-positive cells in the neonatal thymus also showed more rapid cycle entry, compared with their counterparts in the adult thymus. Interestingly, rapid early cycling was also observed among activated neonatal B cells, compared with adult B cells. Thus, early cell cycle entry by large proportions of cells may allow the naive lymphocyte population to efficiently mobilize responses against the broad range of pathogens first encountered in neonatal life.
Climate forcing by iron fertilization from repeated ignimbrite eruptions: the icehouse-silicic large igneous province (SLIP) hypothesis.

During middle Eocene to middle Miocene time, development of the Cenozoic icehouse was coincident with a prolonged episode of explosive silicic volcanism, the ignimbrite flare-up of southwestern North America. We present geochronologic and biogeochemical data suggesting that, prior to the establishment of full glacial conditions with attendant increased eolian dust emission and oceanic upwelling, iron fertilization by great volumes of silicic volcanic ash was an effective climatic forcing mechanism that helped to establish the Cenozoic icehouse. Most Phanerozoic cool-climate episodes were coeval with major explosive volcanism in silicic large igneous provinces, suggesting a common link between these phenomena.
Taboo Expressions In American Sign Language

Abstract This is an introduction to taboo expressions in ASL. Several word-formation processes are exploited in coining ASL taboo-terms, most also exploited by non-taboo terms. Further, ASL taboo terms are both entrenched and clever (sometimes humorous). This is expected if the entrenchment vs. evanescence of slang and taboo terms in sign languages is affected by the same (or similar) factors relevant to slang and taboo terms in spoken languages. With regard to syntax, taboo terms appear isolated or embedded in larger structures as predicates or referential NPs. They rarely appear as modifiers, unlike in English. Instead, sometimes a sentence with no taboo terms is followed by an explicitly sexual or otherwise taboo sentence emphasizing it. Alternatively, to convey vulgarity or emphasis, one will modulate a sign's movement and employ appropriate affective nonmanuals. English and ASL exploit the same mechanisms for emotionally-charged language—taboo terms, modulation of phonetic properties, and facial expressions—but to differing degrees. Since the manual articulators are slower than spoken language articulators, ASL favors the use of nonmanuals, which do not lengthen the duration of an ASL sentence, allowing affective information to be efficiently integrated into the message.
Control and Coordination of Information Systems in Multinational Corporations: An Empirical Examination of Subsidiary and Host Country Factors

AbstractIn multinational corporations (MNCs), subsidiaries operate in environments separated, not only by geographical distances, but also by time, language, politics, and legal frameworks. Such heterogeneity of operating environments puts great demands on the management of information systems (IS) to control and coordinate the organization's worldwide IS operations. This study examines the factors influencing the integration of the IS function across subsidiaries in MNCs. Specifically, the impact of subsidiary strategic role, perceived environmental uncertainty (PEU), and host country IS resources on the use of formal and informal mechanisms of control and coordination is examined. Multiple regression models were run on matched sets of data collected from 54 headquarters-subsidiary pairs. The relationship between the strategic role of a subsidiary and the level of integration was found to be significant. Moderate support was also found for the hypothesized relationship between IS resources and integratio...
Evidence for time–place learning in the Morris water maze without food restriction but with increased response cost

Time-place learning is the ability to distinguish between resources that vary in location at different times of day. Only one previous report has demonstrated successful time-place learning without using food as reward. In this experiment, satiated rats failed to form time-place discriminations in a Morris water maze while food deprived rats did, leading to the conclusion that food system activation is necessary for time-place learning. However, in addition to food system activation, response cost was also increased, which previously has been demonstrated to be effective in allowing the formation of time-place discriminations. The purpose of these two experiments is to test whether food system activation or heightened response cost allowed for time-place learning in the Morris water maze. In the first experiment, we replicate the failure to find time-place discriminations in the Morris water maze without food restriction and without increased response cost. In the second experiment, we found that increased response cost without food restriction was effective in allowing the formation of a time-place discrimination. The implications of this result are discussed in light of the timing mechanism used for time-place discriminations, the nature of the response cost, and the event-time-place tripartite association.
UCognito: Private Browsing without Tears

While private browsing is a standard feature, its implementation has been inconsistent among the major browsers. More seriously, it often fails to provide the adequate or even the intended privacy protection. For example, as shown in prior research, browser extensions and add-ons often undermine the goals of private browsing. In this paper, we first present our systematic study of private browsing. We developed a technical approach to identify browser traces left behind by a private browsing session, and showed that Chrome and Firefox do not correctly clear some of these traces. We analyzed the source code of these browsers and discovered that the current implementation approach is to decide the behaviors of a browser based on the current browsing mode (i.e., private or public); but such decision points are scattered throughout the code base. This implementation approach is very problematic because developers are prone to make mistakes given the complexities of browser components (including extensions and add-ons). Based on this observation, we propose a new and general approach to implement private browsing. The main idea is to overlay the actual filesystem with a sandbox filesystem when the browser is in private browsing mode, so that no unintended leakage is allowed and no persistent modification is stored. This approach requires no change to browsers and the OS kernel because the layered sandbox filesystem is implemented by interposing system calls. We have implemented a prototype system called Ucognito on Linux. Our evaluations show that Ucognito, when applied to Chrome and Firefox, stops all known privacy leaks identified by prior work and our current study. More importantly, Ucognito incurs only negligible performance overhead: e.g., 0%-2.5% in benchmarks for standard JavaScript and webpage loading.
Solvent Effects on Ultraviolet Absorption and Circular Dichroic Spectra of Helical Polypeptides and Globular Proteins. Calculations Based on a Lattice-Filled Cavity Model

Solvent effects on the electronic absorption and circular dichroic spectra of helical polypeptides and globular proteins are modeled by placing the molecule in a spherical cavity in a continuous dielectric medium and filling voids in the cavity with a simple cubic lattice of solvent molecules. Effects on the amide π−π* spectra near 200 nm are treated. The interactions among the solute atoms, solute chromophores, and discrete solvent molecules are treated by the partially dispersive dipole interaction treatment applied previously to the isolated molecules, while the dielectric continuum is treated by a rigorous reaction field formalism. Calculations are given for helical polypeptides αR-(Ala)10, (Pro)10 II, βP-(Abu)6×3, βA-(Abu)6×3 and globular proteins erabutoxin, cytochrome c, and myoglobin. Predicted solvent effects are generally small, but include potentially measurable increases in intensities of CD bands in αR-(Ala)10, (Pro)10 II, and the three proteins, and hypochromic shifts in the absorption bands...
Prediction of software failures through logistic regression

Abstract The quality of software has been a main concern since the inception of computer software. To be able to produce high quality software, software developers and software testers alike need continuous improvements in their developing and testing methodologies. These improvements should result in better coverage of the input domain, efficient test cases, and in spending fewer testing resources. In this paper we focus on an approach for generating efficient test cases based on the special properties of Design of Experiments and developing a logistic regression model of predicting test case outcomes. Design of Experiments will be utilized to efficiently minimize the number of test cases and the logistic regression model will be used to predict software failures. This approach, in turn, would provide the software tester with a model that reduces the number of test cases, predicts test case outcomes, reduces cost, and allows better forecast of release readiness. We demonstrate our approach using two case studies (TI Interactive software and Microsoft's Pocket PC operating system).
GENOMIC IMPRINTING AND CANCER

Although we inherit two copies of all genes, except those that reside on the sex chromosomes, there is a subset of these genes in which only the paternal or maternal copy is functional. This phenomenon of monoallelic, parent-of-origin expression of genes is termed genomic imprinting. Imprinted genes are normally involved in embryonic growth and behavioral development, but occasionally they also function inappropriately as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The evidence that imprinted genes play a role in carcinogenesis will be discussed in this review. Additional information about imprinted genes can be found on the Genomic Imprinting Website at: (http://www.geneimprint.com).
A mammalian SRB protein associated with an RNA polymerase II holoenzyme

A LARGE multisubunit complex containing RNA polymerase II, general transcription factors and SRB regulatory proteins initiates transcription of class II genes in yeast cells1–4. The SRB proteins are a hallmark of this RNA polymerase II holoenzyme as they are found only in this complex, where they contribute to the response to regulators4–8. We have now isolated a human honiologue of the yeast SRB7 gene and used antibodies against human SRB7 protein to purify and characterize a mammalian RNA polymerase II holoenzyme containing the general transcription factors TFIIE and TFIIH. This holoenzyme is more responsive to transcriptional activators than core RNA polymerase II when assayed in the presence of coactivators.
Formation of GaAs quantum well islands by thermal desorption using an AlAs mask

Abstract Small optoelectronic and electronic devices often suffer from high levels of nonradiative recombination at the surfaces, due to their high surface-to-volume ratios. We propose the use of lateral carrier confinement in the quantum well to prevent diffusion of carriers to the surfaces. We demonstrate a technique for providing this lateral confinement by thermally desorbing portions of a GaAs quantum well using a monolayer AlAs mask. The mask is formed by depositing a fractional monolayer of AlAs in such a way as to form stable islands on the GaAs surface. We present the first direct evidence for the success of this AlAs island masking technique: the desorption of the GaAs quantum well using reflection high energy electron diffraction is observed, and transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy show the resulting GaAs islands to have roughly pyramidal cross-sections, with an average base size of 350 × 150 A , aligned along the [011] direction.
Septal myectomy with a carbon dioxide laser for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Abstract Septal myectomy with a noncontact carbon dioxide laser (or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is described. This technique results in improved visualization of the septum as the laser beam is held outside the heart and the resecting laser beam can always be clearly seen. We believe this approach provides an improved method of septal myectomy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Bronchial Brushing and Transbronchial Forceps Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Lesions

SUMMARY A technique of transbronchial brush and forceps biopsy of pulmonary and bronchial lesions has been described. We have used this method on 192 patients, ranging in age from eight months to 84 years, without significant complications. Biopsy by this technique is indicated when routine methods fail to establish the diagnosis of a pulmonary lesion. It is not essential for the patient to fully cooperate with the examiner when biopsies are being taken. Successful bronchial catheterization and biopsy have been performed even on unanesthetized infants and children. A diagnosis was established by this technique in the majority (64 per cent) of the patients with primary pulmonary tumors. The diagnostic accuracy was lower in the presence of metastatic carcinoma and pulmonary lymphoma. More vigorous use of the biopsy forceps is expected to improve the diagnostic yield of this technique, especially in those patients with diffuse pulmonary diseases.
The rare, serpentine endemic Streptanthus morrisonii (Brassicaceae) species complex, revisited using isozyme analysis

The Streptanthus morrisonii (Brassicaceae) complex is a group of six narrowly-distributed obligate serpentine endemic taxa whose habitat is threatened by geothermal development. Isozyme analysis of this little-studied complex supports the delineation of two species, S. morrisonii and S. brachiatus, but is at odds with the treatment of two subspecies based on morphology. These results may be influenced by small sample sizes but genetic studies of other Streptanthus taxa have shown patterns of relatedness that often transgress subspecies boundaries based on morphology. The present study further shows that members of the S. morrisonii complex share high genetic identity values (mean = 0.87) and are not genetically depauperate (mean value for percent of loci polymorphic = 37%, average number of alleles per locus = 1.48, and average heterozygosity per locus = 0.137). Preservation of their serpentine outcrop habitat is essential to the survival of these plants. The Streptanthus morrisonii F. W. Hoffman complex is a group of very narrowly distributed obligate serpentine endemics. These plants have been little studied or collected. Their habitat is remote, several taxa are known from only single populations and the plants are difficult to dis- tinguish based on morphological traits. They have, however, received recent attention be- cause their habitat is threatened by geothermal energy procurement and mining activities. This
Circuit optimizations to minimize energy in the global interconnect of a low-power--FPGA (abstract only)

We compare circuit and architecture choices in the global interconnect of an FPGA in order to find the minimum energy design for low voltage operation. We look at switch box topology, number of repeaters, receiver circuit topology, and dynamic voltage selection, all with the intent of minimizing energy consumption. The results show that using a pass gate switchbox topology with repeaters in the interconnect and a custom receiver lowers delay by up to 63% and energy by up to 87% from the standard FPGA circuit choices. This work also identifies the optimal VDD choices to maximize performance under energy constraints or vice versa.
A scheduling approach to coalitional manipulation

The coalitional manipulation problem is one of the central problems in computational social choice. In this paper, we focus on solving the problem under the important family of positional scoring rules, in an approximate sense that was advocated by Zuckerman et al. [SODA 2008, AIJ 2009]. Our main result is a polynomial-time algorithm with (roughly speaking) the following theoretical guarantee: given a manipulable instance with m alternatives, the algorithm finds a successful manipulation with at most m - 2 additional manipulators. Our technique is based on a reduction to the scheduling problem known as Q|pmtn|Cmax, along with a novel rounding procedure. We demonstrate that our analysis is tight by establishing a new type of integrality gap. We also resolve a known open question in computational social choice by showing that the coalitional manipulation problem remains (strongly) NP-complete for positional scoring rules even when votes are unweighted. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results with respect to the question: "Is there a prominent voting rule that is usually hard to manipulate?"
Linewidth Vernier (LWV)

Linewidth control is one of the most important requirements in integrated circuit fabrication. Usually, linewidth variations after each processing step are measured with a microscope containing an eyepiece in which a scale is engraved. The precision obtained by this method is very low. To achieve a high precision, electronic image processing of optical microscopic images offers fast, non-destructive, and repeatable readings. However, these tools are expensive. They require frequent calibration to ascertain consistency of the absolute reading. A correction increment has to be established and added to the apparent linewidth for each line thickness, the composition of layers, and microscope settings such as illumination coherence, focussing condition, numerical aperture, lens aberrations, and the intensity threshold selected to define the electronic linewidth.