cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
School, community context, and delinquency: Rethinking the gender gap

This study examines the role of gender and of community context in the relationship between school factors and delinquent behavior, otherwise termed here “the school-delinquency gender gap.” Control theory (Hirschi 1969) and power-control theory (Hagan, Simpson, and Gillis 1985) were employed as conceptual frameworks. Data used were drawn in part from the Seattle Youth Study, which included self-reported measures of school experiences and delinquent behavior for 1,508 high school students. Findings revealed significant reductions in delinquent behavior tied to positive outlooks on and performances in school-related activities. In addition, several school measures were discovered to affect differentially the delinquent behavior of males and of females. The importance of community context as an interacting variable in the school-delinquency relationship also was discovered. Conclusions support a power-control interpretation of school-based gender differences in delinquent behavior.
RELATION OF FUNCTION TO DIAMETER IN AFFERENT FIBERS OF MUSCLE NERVES

1. A method of isolation of individual afferent fibers from muscle has yielded a representative sample of the fibers which comprise groups 1 (12 to 20 µ) and II (4 to 12 µ) of the afferent fiber diameter distribution of muscle nerves in cat. 2. Afferent fibers from muscle stretch receptors account for groups I and II of the afferent diameter spectrum of muscle nerves to soleus and medial gastrocnemius. Fibers from tendon organs are largely confined to the diameter range above 12 µ. This fiber group, which has a simple one-peak diameter distribution, is termed group IB. Fibers from muscle spindles show a bimodal diameter distribution and account for the remainder of fibers in the 12 to 20 µ group (termed IA) and substantially all of group II (4 to 12 µ). 3. No significant difference has been found in the receptor characteristics of the large (group IA) and intermediate sized (group II) spindle afferent fibers other than a slightly higher threshold of the latter to steady external stretch.
Control of electron-spin coherence using Landau level quantization in a two-dimensional electron gas

Time-resolved optical measurements of electron-spin dynamics in modulation-doped InGaAs quantum wells are used to explore electron spin coherence times and spin precession frequencies in a regime where an out-of-plane magnetic field quantizes the states of a two-dimensional electron gas into Landau levels. Oscillatory features in the transverse spin coherence time and effective $g$ factor as a function of the applied magnetic field exhibit a correspondence with Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations, illustrating a coupling between spin and orbital eigenstates. We present a theoretical model in which inhomogeneous dephasing due to the population of different Landau levels limits the spin coherence time and captures the essential experimental results.
How (information theoretically) optimal are distributed decisions

“If we know more, we can achieve more.” This adage also applies to networks, where more information about the network state translates into higher sum-rates. In this paper, we formalize this increase of sum-rate with increased knowledge of network. The knowledge of network is measured in terms of the number of hops of information about the network while the sum-rate is normalized by the maximum sum-rate that can be achieved with complete information. As the knowledge about the network increase, the achievable normalized sum-rate also increases. The best normalized sum-rate is called normalized sum-capacity. In this paper, we characterize the increase of normalized sum-capacity with the hops of information about the network for many classes of deterministic interference networks for the cases of one and two-hops of instantaneous channel information.
Cost-effective Aortic Exposure: A Retroperitoneal Experience

In this study we investigated whether the surgical approach to infrarenal aortic aneurysm (IAA) repair significantly affects in-hospital morbidity and cost. The study comprised a consecutive series of 96 patients with elective repair of an IAA by two vascular surgeons using an established protocol from March 1995 to March 1999. The outcomes and costs for 50 patients with transperitoneal (TP) exposure were compared with those for 46 patients with retroperitoneal (RP) exposure, all of whom were in a tertiary care center, in a university hospital. Hospital and ICU days, perioperative complications, and cost were measured. All patients followed the same protocol except for intraoperative aortic exposure. There was no significant difference between TP and RP groups with regard to demographic features (all p-values > 0.12), mean IAA size (p = 0.41) or mean operative blood loss (p = 0.89). Incidence of postoperative complications was similar between the groups (11 in TP and 6 in RP; p = 0.29). However, a trend without statistical significance was noted in the incidence of pulmonary complications (7 in TP and 2 in RP; p = 0.11). Mean ICU days (4 vs. 2; p = 0.004) and hospital days (11 vs. 6; p = 0.002) were significantly longer after TP aortic exposure than after the RP approach. Mean total hospital cost was significantly reduced for patients having RP IAA repair compared to TP IAA repair (mean cost difference = $5,527; p = 0.016). Retroperitoneal exposure for IAA repair is associated with decreased pulmonary complications, significantly shorter ICU and hospital days, and significantly decreased hospital cost compared to transperitoneal aortic exposure. In the future, RP exposure for IAA repair should be the benchmark for comparison of any new techniques.
Origin of Extracellular Matrix Synthesis During Coronary Repair

Background Coronary injury triggers differentiation of activated adventitial fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, which may contribute to neointimal formation and vascular remodeling. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine the cellular origin of the enhanced synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins during coronary repair. Methods and Results The time course and localization of collagen and elastin expression were examined by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in porcine coronary arteries after balloon-induced injury. Procollagen-α1(I) transcripts and intracellular type I procollagen protein increased in the adventitia within 2 days after injury. This was followed by a sustained synthesis of type I procollagen in neointima beginning at 7 days and the extracellular accumulation of type I collagen in both layers. The origin of synthetic cells was further examined by colocalization of type I procollagen and bromodeoxyuridine labeling to activated adventitial cells, which translocated to...
A gender-based comparison of academic rank and scholarly productivity in academic neurological surgery.

The number of women pursuing training opportunities in neurological surgery has increased, although they are still underrepresented at senior positions relative to junior academic ranks. Research productivity is an important component of the academic advancement process. We sought to use the h-index, a bibliometric previously analyzed among neurological surgeons, to evaluate whether there are gender differences in academic rank and research productivity among academic neurological surgeons. The h-index was calculated for 1052 academic neurological surgeons from 84 institutions, and organized by gender and academic rank. Overall men had statistically higher research productivity (mean 13.3) than their female colleagues (mean 9.5), as measured by the h-index, in the overall sample (p 0.05) in h-index at the assistant professor (mean 7.2 male, 6.3 female), associate professor (11.2 male, 10.8 female), and professor (20.0 male, 18.0 female) levels based on gender. There was insufficient data to determine significance at the chairperson rank, as there was only one female chairperson. Although overall gender differences in scholarly productivity were detected, these differences did not reach statistical significance upon controlling for academic rank. Women were grossly underrepresented at the level of chairpersons in this sample of 1052 academic neurological surgeons, likely a result of the low proportion of females in this specialty. Future studies may be needed to investigate gender-specific research trends for neurosurgical residents, a cohort that in recent years has seen increased representation by women.
Trajectory Analysis of the Mechanism for Westward Propagation of Rossby Waves

AbstractAn analysis of Rossby wave dynamics in two and three dimensions is carried from the point of view of a reference frame propagating with the zonal phase speed of the wave. Since trajectories and streamlines coincide in this reference frame, the mechanism for (westward) propagation of free waves has a different interpretation than in a reference frame fixed to the ground. In the wave reference frame, propagating free-wave solutions are possible only when parcels approach from the west. When parcels approach from the east, potential vorticity cannot be conserved along trajectories.
Abstract 5154: Fatty acids mediated regulation of cancer metabolism

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Although fatty acids have been shown to modulate progression, growth and invasiveness of cancer cells, it remains unclear how saturated and unsaturated fatty acids affect metabolic reprogramming of aggressive and nonaggressive cancer metabolism. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that fatty acids induce differential competitive effects on glucose oxidation in aggressive and nonaggressive ovarian cancer cells. Normal cells rely mainly on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for their required energy supply, however, cancer cells utilize aerobic glycolysis pathway for their energetic need. We hypothesized that high fat diet could deregulate this metabolic alteration in cancer cells. Such as glucose, fatty acids are an influential source of ATP, energy currency, within a cell. In our study, using metabolic footprinting we studied the affect of both saturated (stearic and palmitic acid) and unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and oleic) on glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and TCA cycle. Moreover, we also studied the effect of glucose on fatty acid oxidation, uptake and endogenous fatty acid synthesis. Metabolic flux analysis was done for comparative metabolic profiling under various nutritional conditions. We observed that fatty acids differentially regulate highly invasive ovarian cancer (SKOV3 and SKOV3ip) cells than less invasive ovarian cancer (OVCAR3) cells. Interestingly, we found strong effect of fatty acids on glycolysis in less invasive cancer cells. In contrast, our study showed that glucose has dominant effect on aggressive cells compared to less aggressive cells. Our studies emphasize the role of fatty acids in ovarian cancer growth, invasion and migration and underlie the need to develop therapy based on high fat diet synergistically with existing chemotherapeutics and cancer drugs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5154. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5154
Orientation anisotropy in vernier acuity

Abstract An oblique effect is evident in vernier acuity for abutting lines. In Experiment 1 we show that the oblique effect in vernier acuity exists over a range of contrast levels, and is evident even when the horizontal and oblique lines are equally detectable or discriminable. Since this oblique effect cannot be explained by the lower visibility of oblique vernier lines or of the “dipole” cue, it is unlikely to be a consequence of lower neuronal sensitivity. In Experiment 2 we measured the orientation and spatial frequency tuning characteristics of vernier acuity for horizontal and oblique (45 deg) stimuli using a simultaneous masking paradigm. Our results showed no significant differences between either the orientation or spatial frequency tuning for horizontal and oblique stimuli; thus the oblique effect is unlikely to result from differences in the tuning of neurons sensitive to the oblique meridians. Finally, in Experiment 3, we tested the notion that the oblique effect for vernier judgments might reflect limitations imposed beyond the initial filtering operation by measuring vernier acuity for horizontal and oblique lines with either the observer or the frame tilted at an angle of 45 deg. The oblique effect for vernier followed retinal (rather than gravitational) coordinates, and was unaffected by the orientation of the frame, suggesting a relatively low level cause. By exclusion, we suggest that the dependence of vernier acuity on orientation may result from increased positional uncertainty at obliquer orientations, perhaps as a consequence of lower cortical neuronal density and/or increased topographic noise.
Emergence of community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain USA300 as a cause of necrotising community-onset pneumonia

Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), usually known as a nosocomial pathogen, has emerged as the predominant cause of skin and soft-tissue infections in many communities. Concurrent with the emergence of community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA), there have been increasing numbers of reports of community-acquired necrotising pneumonia in young patients and others without the classic health-care-associated risk factors. Community-onset necrotising pneumonia due to CA-MRSA is now recognised as an emerging clinical entity with distinctive clinical features and substantial morbidity and mortality. A viral prodrome (eg, influenza or influenza-like illness) followed by acute onset of shortness of breath, sepsis, and haemoptysis is the most frequent clinical presentation. The best treatment of this partly toxin-mediated disease has not been clearly defined. Whereas cases of CA-MRSA pneumonia have now been reported from almost every continent, the overall burden of disease of this emerging syndrome remains incompletely described. We report two related cases of community-onset pneumonia due to the MRSA USA300 genotype and review the literature regarding the emergence of CA-MRSA pneumonia.
The effects of acute temperature change on swimming performance in bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus.

SUMMARY Many fish change gait within their aerobically supported range of swimming speeds. The effects of acute temperature change on this type of locomotor behavior are poorly understood. Bluegill sunfish swim in the labriform mode at low speeds and switch to undulatory swimming as their swimming speed increases. Maximum aerobic swimming speed ( U max ), labriform-undulatory gait transition speed ( U trans ) and the relationships between fin beat frequency and speed were measured at 14, 18, 22, 26 and 30°C in bluegill acclimated to 22°C. At temperatures below the acclimation temperature ( T a ), U max , U trans and the caudal and pectoral fin beat frequencies at these speeds were reduced relative to the acclimation level. At temperatures above T a there was no change in these variables relative to the acclimation level. Supplementation of oxygen levels at 30°C had no effect on swimming performance. The mechanical power output of the abductor superficialis, a pectoral fin abductor muscle, was measured in vitro at the same temperatures used for the swimming experiments. At and below T a , maximal power output was produced at a cycle frequency approximately matching the in vivo pectoral fin beat frequency. At temperatures above T a muscle power output and cycle frequency could be increased above the in vivo levels at U trans . Our data suggest that the factors triggering the labriform–undulatory gait transition change with temperature. Muscle mechanical performance limited labriform swimming speed at T a and below, but other mechanical or energetic factors limited labriform swimming speed at temperatures above T a .
Prolonged infusion of tetrodotoxin does not block mossy fiber sprouting in pilocarpine-treated rats.

Summary: Purpose: Mossy fiber sprouting is a common abnormality found in patients and models of temporal lobe epilepsy. The role of mossy fiber sprouting in epileptogenesis is unclear, and its blockade would be useful experimentally and perhaps therapeutically. Results from previous attempts to block mossy fiber sprouting have been disappointing or controversial. In some brain regions, prolonged application of the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin prevents axon sprouting and posttrauma epileptogenesis. The present study tested the hypothesis that prolonged, focal infusion of tetrodotoxin would block mossy fiber sprouting after an epileptogenic treatment. Methods: Adult rats were treated with pilocarpine to induce status epilepticus. Several hours to 3 days after pilocarpine treatment, a pump with a cannula directed toward the dentate gyrus was implanted to deliver 10 μM tetrodotoxin or vehicle alone at 0.25 μl/h. This method blocks local EEG activity in the hippocampus (Galvan et al. J Neurosci 2000; 20:2904–16). After 28 days of continuous infusion, rats were perfused with fixative, and their hippocampi analyzed anatomically with stereologic techniques. Results: Tetrodotoxin infusion was verified immunocytochemically in tetrodotoxin-treated but not vehicle-treated hippocampi. Tetrodotoxin-infused and vehicle-infused hippocampi displayed similar levels of hilar neuron loss. The Timm stain revealed mossy fiber sprouting regardless of whether hippocampi were treated with tetrodotoxin infusion, vehicle infusion, or neither. Conclusions: Prolonged infusion of tetrodotoxin did not block mossy fiber sprouting. This finding suggests that sodium channel–mediated neuronal activity is not necessary for mossy fiber sprouting after an epileptogenic treatment.
A new dynamic corrosion test for dental materials

A new laboratory technique has been developed in an effort to simulate the deterioration processes occurring in dental amalgam restorations while they are exposed to attack by the oral environment and simultaneously subjected to biting forces during mastication. This combined mechanical wear and corrosion action may be one of the major contributors to the degradation of dental amalgam restorations. The technique provides the capability of varying and measuring electrochemical and mechanical parameters during a sliding-wear process in a corrosive environment. A high-copper dental amalgam was selected and tested to demonstrate the applicability of the method in evaluating and studying the effects of the combined action of wear and corrosion processes on dental materials. For the particular amalgam material tested in the present study, it was found that sliding-wear significantly lowered its corrosion potential and increased corrosion rates by at least one order of magnitude.
Accelerated subglacial erosion in response to stick-slip motion

Subglacial stick-slip motion speeds erosion by hydrofracturing and in other ways, as determined from analysis of the growing body of field data. Microearthquake monitoring commonly detects subglacial earthquakes, likely mostly from stick-slip motion of debris-laden ice over bedrock. Source parameters show that many quakes cause enough motion to greatly lower water pressure in cavities on the lee sides of bedrock steps. We calculate that the resulting expansion of higher-pressure water in nearby cracks promotes hydrofracturing, with even relatively small cracks growing unstably under thick glaciers and all cracks growing faster than for aseismic behavior. This mechanism also helps generate the step-like topography favoring block plucking. This stick-slip glacier-erosion hypothesis suggests that the erosion rate will increase with ice thickness as well as basal shear stress, ice-flow velocity, and water supply.
Review and Assessment of Radio-frequency and Microwave Energy for Stored-grain Insect Control

Fundamental principles of radio-frequency (RF) and microwave dielectric heating are presented, with a basic consideration of differential or selective absorption of energy from RF and microwave fields that might be applicable for stored-grain insect control. Experimental findings of the past 50 years are reviewed, with respect to entomological and physical factors affecting the response of insects exposed to RF and microwave electromagnetic fields in grain and grain products. Practical aspects of RF and microwave energy application for stored-grain insect control are considered, and it is concluded that such use is highly unlikely without some new discovery of a nonthermal lethal mechanism that might be exploited for this purpose.
Intranuclear filament bundles in the intestinal epithelium of the oligochete Dero obtusa

Bundles of filaments present inside the nuclei of columnar intestinal epithelial cells of Dero obtusa are described. The filaments appear beaded, each bead consisting of still smaller subunits. The marked similarity of these filament bundles to those previously described within the nuclei of rat pineal gland cells is discussed.
Egalitarianism in Female African Lions

Because most cooperative societies are despotic, it has been difficult to test models of egalitarianism. Female African lions demonstrate a unique form of plural breeding in which companions consistently produce similar numbers of surviving offspring. Consistent with theoretical predictions from models of reproductive skew, female lions are unable to control each other's reproduction because of high costs of fighting and low access to each other's newborn cubs. A female also lacks incentives to reduce her companions' reproduction, because her own survival and reproduction depend on group territoriality and synchronous breeding. Consequently, female relationships are highly symmetrical, and female lions are "free agents" who only contribute to communal care when they have cubs of their own.
Case manager role definitions: do they make an organizational impact?

Purpose of study This study examined 2 case management delivery models related to defined case manager role responsibilities in a large midwest hospital. Of interest was whether organization-wide outcomes related to reduction in length of stay (LOS) could be achieved by altering the case manager's role functions across medical, surgical, and cardiology units in general, intermediate, and intensive levels of care. In addition, there was curiosity about the timing of the admission and whether LOS would be influenced by the experience of the case manager with new role functions. The first model encompassed a traditional case management model where the case manager's primary functions were discharge planning and utilization review. The second model, the full immersion model, decreased the case manager's caseloads and expanded role functions to encompass daily expectations for chart review, electronic documentation, and communication with members of the interdisciplinary team. Primary practice setting Acute care hospital inpatient medical, surgical, and cardiology care units. Methods and sample A causal-comparative retrospective study that included 39,017 medical, surgical, and cardiology inpatients who received care on general, intermediate, and intensive care units. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyzed LOS in the traditional and full immersion models across clinical specialty units and levels of care. IMPLICATION FOR CASE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE: Statistically significant reductions in LOS were achieved using the full immersion model of case management across clinical specialties and levels of care. In addition, the timing of the admission during the implementation of the full immersion model was not statistically significant, highlighting that organizational impacts could be expected at the time of implementation of the model and that the experience of the case manager with the roles functions did not have a negative impact on achieving reduction in LOS with the full immersion model.
Parallel simulation of queueing networks: limitations and potentials

This paper concerns the parallel simulation of queueing network models (QNMs) using the conservative (Chandy-Misra) paradigm. Most empirical studies of conservative parallel simulation have used QNMs as benchmarks. For the most part, these studies concluded that the conservative paradigm is unsuitable for speeding up the simulation of QNMs, or that it is only suitable for simulating a very limited subclass of these models (e.g., those containing only FCFS servers). In this paper we argue that these are unnecessarily pessimistic conclusions. On the one hand, we show that the structure of some QNMs inherently limits the attainable simulation speedup. On the other hand, we show that QNMs without such limitations can be efficiently simulated using some recently introduced implementation techniques.We present an analytic method for determining an upper bound on speedup, and use this method to identify QNM structures that will exhibit poor simulation performance. We then survey a number of promising implementation techniques, some of which are quite general in nature and others of which apply specifically to QNMs. We show how to extend the latter to a larger class of service disciplines than had been considered previously.
Transition from conflict: The importance of pre‐negotiations in the Oslo peace process

(2000). Transition from conflict: The importance of pre‐negotiations in the Oslo peace process. Israel Affairs: Vol. 6, From War to Peace?, pp. 177-199.
The Yuma Spider Mite, Eotetranychus yumensis, on Citrus

The Yuma spider mite, Eotetranychus yumensis (Mc-Gregor), is occasionally a serious pest on citrus in certain desert regions of southwestern United States. Only a few hosts besides citrus are known but this mite is evidently native to the United States. Some citrus-growing areas, with no record of infestation by this mite, have similar climatic conditions to mite-infested areas. Controlled temperature and relative humidity studies on egg production, mortality, and length of life cycle were conducted in the laboratory. Temperatures between 80°F and 90°F and RH under 50% were most conducive to population increases. Sulfur, applied as a dust or spray when mites appeared, effectively reduced injurious populations.
Effect of an aerodynamic helmet on head temperature, core temperature, and cycling power compared with a traditional helmet.

Non-vented "aerodynamic-helmets" reduce wind resistance but may increase head (Th) and gastro-intestinal (Tgi) temperature, and reduce performance when worn in hot conditions. This study tested the hypothesis that Th and Tgi would be greater during low intensity cycling in the heat while wearing an aero-helmet (AERO) vs. a traditional vented racing-helmet (REG). This study also tested the hypothesis that Th, Tgi, and finish time would be greater, and power output would be reduced during a self-paced time trial in the heat with AERO vs. REG. Ten highly-trained, heat-acclimated endurance athletes conducted low intensity cycling (50%v[Combining Dot Above]O2max; LIC), and a high intensity 12-km self-paced time trial (12-km TT) on a cycle ergometer in 39°C on 2 different days (AERO and REG), separated by >48hrs. During LIC, Th was higher at min 7.5 and all time points thereafter in AERO vs. REG (P0.05). No group differences existed for finish time or power output during the 12-km TT (both P>0.05). In conclusion, Th becomes elevated during cycling in the heat with an aero-helmet compared to a traditional vented racing helmet during low and high intensity cycling, yet Tgi and HR responses are similar irrespective of helmet type and Th. Furthermore, the higher Th that develops when an aero-helmet is worn during cycling in the heat does not affect power output or cycling performance during short duration, high intensity events. Language: en
Abstract 478: Does ICAM-2 contribute to the metastatic phenotype of pancreatic cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Pancreatic Cancer (PC) is the 10th most diagnosed cancer and the 4th leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States, and of those deaths, approximately 90% are due to metastatic disease. Metastasis involves many different proteins and pathways, but one family of proteins, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) have been implicated in the metastatic process. CAMs are membrane bound glycoproteins involved in cell adhesion to other cells or the extracellular matrix. A specific protein within the CAM superfamily is intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM-2), which was shown to be expressed in leukocytes and vascular endothelium. Previously, our lab reported a novel function for ICAM-2 in neuroblastoma (NB) cells. ICAM-2 expression correlated with decreased cell motility in vitro, a decreased capacity to form disseminated tumors in vivo in an experimental metastasis model, and coincided with a favorable prognosis in primary tumor samples. The objective of our current study is to examine if these findings could be expanded to other types of solid tumors. Interestingly, in a preliminary screen for ICAM-2 expression, we detected ICAM-2 expression in other types of solid tumors, including PC cell lines. We detected RNA and protein expression of ICAM-2 in two cell lines (BxPC-3 and CFPAC-1), while ICAM-2 expression was not detectable in Panc-1 cells. Next, we wanted to determine if the absence of ICAM-2 expression correlated with increased colony formation in anchorage independent growth in soft agar assay, which was previously reported to be an in vitro indicator of either tumorigenic or metastatic potential. Surprisingly, ICAM-2 expressing PC cells showed significantly (p<0.001) decreased colony growth compared to non-ICAM-2 expressing cells. Currently, we are i) evaluating functional differences between ICAM-2 expressing and non-ICAM-2 expressing PC cell lines, and ii) producing a stable transfected Panc-1 cell line over-expressing ICAM-2 to further assess its potential role in metastasis. This work was supported by UAB - comprehensive cancer center - young supporters board - new faculty development award 2010. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 478. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-478
The Authority Controversy and Today's Student

College and high school personnel workers sometimes nurture irrational thoughts concerning the motives of students, particularly those motives that appear to question the authority of the establishment Student-administration conflicts noted in history indicate close resemblance in kind to the Berkeley riots. Empirical descriptions of student activists and of the expectations of “normal” students reveal that there are conditions within the college experience that deserve closer scrutiny. Parents and college officials are often concerned about different moral issues than are the students. The student, in turn, often feels more a means in the educational process than an end. Future trends in personnel administration are suggested as a partial remedy.
Role of Light Scattering in Spectrophotometric Measurements of Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference

The role of light scattering in the spectrophotometric measurement of arteriovenous oxygen difference (a ?vO2) in whole blood was investigated. Optical absorbance of whole blood and corresponding hemoglobin solutions was measured to elucidate the contributions of true absorbance and "total scattering effects" to the total absorbance of whole blood. Twersky's radiation scattering theory, which provides a mathematical separation of absorbance and total scattering effects, was applied to the data. It is shown that, although the optical density of whole blood is a highly nonlinear function of hematocrit, the difference in optical density between venous and arterial blood is approximately a linear function of the arteriovenous difference in oxygen content. Furthermore, "total scattering effects" contribute significantly more than true absorbance to the total optical density of whole blood and hence to the actual spectrophotometric measurement of a ?vO2. Twersky's equation fits the data remarkably well and thus provides a theoretical basis for whole blood measurements. The validity of whole blood spectrophotometric arteriovenous oxygen difference analyzers is thus demonstrated both empirically and theoretically.
Differential effects of alveolar and arterial oxygen tension on pulmonary vasomotor tone in ECMO-perfused, isolated piglet lungs.

Abstract Hypoxia is a known stimulant of pulmonary hypertension. We hypothesized graded effects of alveolar (PaO 2 ) and arterial (PaO 2 ) oxygen tension on pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). A standard in situ, isolated lung preparation was modified by adding an oxygenator to the perfusion circuit with cannulation of the unarrested heart, allowing control of PaO 2 and PaO 2 in lungs devoid of ischemic injury. Seven anesthetized piglets were prepared with occlusive tracheostomy, ductus arteriosus ligation, and cannulation of the left atrium and main pulmonary artery. Animals were exsanguinated while simultaneously perfusing the lungs with a donor-blood primed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit. Flow, left atrial pressure, pH, and PCO 2 were kept constant. PaO 2 and PaO 2 were altered to establish four different experimental conditions as described by a latin square. PVR was calculated from measurements of pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) before and after introducing an experimental condition. Results show that (1) alveolar hypoxia significantly increases PVR despite arterial hyperoxia; (2) alveolar hypoxia is a more potent stimulus of pulmonary vasoconstriction than arterial hypoxemia; (3) alveolar and arterial oxygen tension are independent, additive effectors of PVR; and (4) recovery from acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction may be more sensitive to alveolar oxygen tension.
Postnatal growth of the mammalian lung: influence of excess growth hormone

Abstract Physiological evidence in patients with acromegaly and pituitary gigantism indicates that excessive secretion of growth hormone leads to growth of the lungs during adult life — a process that does not normally occur in man. In order to gain morphologic information about this phenomenon, rats treated for 22 days with large doses of growth hormone were sacrificed, and their lungs were compared by morphometric techniques with those of control animals. The treated rats gained weight more rapidly than the controls. Weights of the lungs and other viscera were greater in the treated animals than in controls of the same age, but were no different from those of older control animals, whose body weights were comparable to those of the hormone-treated rats. Similarly, lung volume and alveolar surface area in the treated animals were increased in relation to age but normal in relation to body weight. The results indicate that treatment of rats with an excess of growth hormone accelerates growth of the animals as a whole, without disproportionate enlargement of the lungs or other viscera.
A numerical implementation of Komogorov's superpositions II

Hecht-Nielsen proposed a feedforward neural network based on Kolmogorov's superpositionsf(x(i), em leader,x(n))= summation operator q=02piPhi(q)(y(q)) that apply to all real valued continuous functions f(x(1), em leader, x(n)) defined on a Euclidean unit cube of dimension n >/= 2. This network has a hidden layer that is independent of f and that transforms the n-tuples (x(1), em leader, x(n)) into the 2n + 1 variables y(q), and an output layer in which f is computed. Kůrkova has shown that such a network has an approximate implementation with arbitrary activation functions of sigmoidal type. Actual implementation is, however, impeded by the lack of numerical algorithms for the hidden layer which contain continuous functions of the formy(q)=Sigma(n)(p=1)alpha(p)psi(x(p)+qa) with constants a and alpha(p). This paper gives an explicit numerical implementation of the hidden layer that also enables the implementation of the output layer. Copyright 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
Agricultural production of halophytes irrigated with seawater

Growing agricultural crops with direct seawater irrigation has progressed within the past few years from the conceptual to the experimental phase. This has been accomplished by selecting halophytes with inherently high salinity tolerance for use as crop plants rather than by increasing the ability of traditional crop plants to tolerate seawater. Some of the halophytes being investigated for use as crops in seawater irrigation scenarios have high nutritional value as forage or fodder crops. Most of them also have high digestibility. The limiting factor in such use is their high salt content, but this limitation can be moderated. However, since seeds of halophytes do not accumulate salt any more than do those of glycophytes, the greatest promise for seawater-irrigated halophytes probably will be as seed crops. The seeds of many halophytes have high protein and oil contents and compare favorably with traditional oilseed crops. Sustained high yields of seed and biomass already have been obtained from some halophytes irrigated with seawater, and within the next few years seawater agriculture should proceed from the experimental to the operational phase.
The Rule of Law in Contemporary Liberal Theory

. Existing accounts of the Rule of Law are inadequate and require fleshing out. The main value of the ideal of rule of law for liberal political theory lies in the notion of predictability, which is essential to individual autonomy. The author examines this connection and argues that conservative theories of rule of law claim too much. Liberal theory equates the rule of law with legality, which is only one of the elements necessary for a just social order.
Matching of dental X-ray images for human identification

Forensic dentistry involves the identification of people based on their dental records, mainly available as radiograph images. Our goal is to automate this process using image processing and pattern recognition techniques. Given a postmortem radiograph, we search a database of antemortem radiographs in order to retrieve the closest match with respect to some salient features. In this paper, we use the contours of the teeth as the feature for matching. A semi-automatic contour extraction method is used to address the problem of fuzzy tooth contours caused by the poor image quality. The proposed method involves three stages: radiograph segmentation, pixel classification and contour matching. A probabilistic model is used to describe the distribution of object pixels in the image. Results of retrievals on a database of over 100 images are encouraging.
Modification of diurnal feeding patterns by palatability.

Abstract The normal nocturnal feeding patterns of rats could be changed to a daytime pattern simply by providing a palatable diet during daylight hours. This effect was larger in females than males. The shift in feeding patterns was accompanied by corresponding shifts in diurnal body temperature and water intake rhythms. Running wheel activity remained unmodified. Access to a 0.25 percent saccharin solution as the only fluid source during daylight also produced a shift in the diurnal distribution of fluid intake, but left feeding unmodified. Ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions eliminated the normal diurnal distribution of feeding but did not modify the shift in feeding patterns resulting from presentation of a more palatable diet during daylight hours. However, sex differences in feeding patterns were abolished by VMH lesions.
Clinical management of atopic dermatitis: Practical highlights and updates from the atopic dermatitis practice parameter 2012

Atopic dermatitis is a challenging condition for clinicians and patients. Recent advances were documented in the Atopic Dermatitis Practice Parameter 2012, and we want to provide clinicians with key points from the Atopic Dermatitis Practice Parameter 2012. In this article, we highlight the evidence-based therapy of atopic dermatitis as well as provide practical tips for clinicians and families. An updated review of immunopathology provides a firm basis for patient education and therapy. We also review clinical diagnosis and ways to improve quality of life for patients with atopic dermatitis.
Clinical Neurochemical Implications of Sleep Deprivation's Effects on the Anterior Cingulate of Depressed Responders

The antidepressant and cerebral metabolic effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD) or partial sleep deprivation (PSD) for one night has been studied with functional neuroimaging in seven publications from five different groups. Despite the variations in methods and techniques, the over-all findings were relatively consistent. First, before sleep deprivation, responders have significantly elevated metabolism compared with non-responders and normal controls, in the orbital medial prefrontal cortex, and especially the ventral portions of the anterior cingulate cortex. Second, after sleep deprivation, these hyperactive areas normalize in the responders. One functional imaging study suggested that synaptic dopamine release was associated with the antidepressant effects of TSD. The neurochemical implications of these findings are explored. Possible dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms are discussed.
Separating Misalignment From Misfigure In Interferograms On Off-Axis Aspheres

Two procedures are presented that allow for unambiguous separation of misalignment from misfigure in off-axis asphere interferograms. In the first method the coma observed is used to locate the element, while in the second method the element is located by minimizing the observed mean-square wavefront error. With either procedure, the misalignment-induced aberrations can be calculated and subtracted from the interferogram so that only true misfigure remains.
Wafer-scale patterning of lead telluride nanowires: structure, characterization, and electrical properties.

Nanowires of lead telluride (PbTe) were patterned on glass surfaces using lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE). LPNE involved the fabrication by photolithography of a contoured nickel nanoband that is recessed by ≈300 nm into a horizontal photoresist trench. Cubic PbTe was then electrodeposited from a basic aqueous solution containing Pb2+ and TeO32− at the nickel nanoband using a cyclic deposition/stripping potential program in which lead-rich PbTe was first deposited in a negative-going potential scan and excess lead was then anodically stripped from the nascent nanowire by scanning in the positive direction to produce near stoichiometric PbTe. Repeating this scanning procedure permitted PbTe nanowires 60−400 nm in width to be obtained. The wire height was controlled over the range of 20−100 nm based upon the nickel film thickness. Nanowires with lengths exceeding 1 cm were prepared in this study. We report the characterization of these nanowires using X-ray diffraction, transmis...
Circadian and acamprosate modulation of elevated ethanol drinking in mPer2 clock gene mutant mice.

The PER2 clock gene modulates ethanol consumption, such that mutant mice not expressing functional mPer2 have altered circadian behavior that promotes higher ethanol intake and preference. Experiments were undertaken to characterize circadian-related behavioral effects of mPer2 deletion on ethanol intake and to explore how acamprosate (used to reduce alcohol dependence) alters diurnal patterns of ethanol intake. Male mPer2 mutant and WT (wild-type) mice were entrained to a 12:12 h light-dark (12L:12D) photocycle, and their locomotor and drinking activities were recorded. Circadian locomotor measurements confirmed that mPer2 mutants had an advanced onset of nocturnal activity of about 2 h relative to WTs, and an increased duration of nocturnal activity (p < .01). Also, mPer2 mutants preferred and consumed more ethanol and had more daily ethanol drinking episodes vs. WTs. Measurements of systemic ethanol using subcutaneous microdialysis confirmed the advanced rise in ethanol intake in the mPer2 mutants, with 24-h averages being ∼60 vs. ∼25 mM for WTs (p < .01). A 6-day regimen of single intraperitoneal (i.p.) acamprosate injections (300 mg/kg) at zeitgeber time (ZT) 10 did not alter the earlier onset of nocturnal ethanol drinking in the mPer2 mutants, but reduced the overall amplitude of drinking and preference (both p < .01). Acamprosate also reduced these parameters in WTs. These results suggest that elevated ethanol intake in mPer2 mutants may be a partial consequence of an earlier nighttime activity onset and increase in nocturnal drinking activity. The suppressive action of acamprosate on ethanol intake is not due to an altered diurnal pattern of drinking, but rather a decrease in the number of daily drinking bouts and amount of drinking per bout.
Quantile Regression and Its Application in Inequality Studies

Organizational researchers have long used the linear regression model (LRM) as the fundamental method of exploring the relationships between continuous dependent variables and predictor variables. However, rarely do scholars find that their data satisfy the assumption of the LRM. Heavy-tailed distributions occur often in empirical settings, making it difficult for organizational scholars to investigate the nuanced relationships between dependent and predictor variables. The quantile regression model (QRM) is an alternative technique that can help organizational scholars overcome the hurdles associated with using LRM. This study aims to introduce QRM to a broad audience of organizational researchers, first by comparing LRM and QRM and then thoroughly exploring the strengths and weaknesses of both models. Following this exploration, this paper will explain how organizational scholars can systematically apply QRM in concrete empirical settings. Finally, the author will review empirical studies to illustrate ...
Study of Causes of Variability in Tire Wear Rates

Abstract Estimates of wear rate ratios for the two tire brands tested vary in replicated experiments run concurrently or after intervals of weeks or months. This study reports tests made on different car models, and repeated several weeks later. Rim width and shock absorber stiffness were also studied for their contribution to wear rate variability. Alignment settings for all cars were fixed at the midpoint of the manufacturer's specification range, and were frequently checked and adjusted if necessary. Hitherto unreported data from former experiments that were run under various controlled alignment procedures are reported here. No evidence was found in the present experiments that differences in car models, rim width, or shock absorber stiffness contribute to wear rate variability. The average wear rates in the several experiments varied by 30%, but the ratios of the tire brands varied by only ± 2.23% around the mid‐range. The variations among cars when alignment settings were frequently checked and adju...
Understanding the Performance of Two Production Supercomputers

Luna and Typhoon are two Top500 supercomputers running production scientific workloads at LANL. Interestingly, users have reported substantially better-than-expected performance gains from Luna, the newer of the two. In this paper we present our methodology for investigating the source of this improvement and determining what architectural changes for future supercomputers would most benefit LANL applications.