cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Platelet concentrates prepared after a 20- to 24-hour hold of the whole blood at 22°C.

BACKGROUND: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that red blood cells must be refrigerated within 8 hours of whole blood collection. Longer storage of whole blood at 22°C before component preparation would have many advantages. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Two methods of holding whole blood for 20 to 24 hours at room temperature were evaluated, refrigerated plates or a 23°C incubator. After extended whole blood storage, platelet (PLT) concentrates were prepared from PLT-rich plasma on Day 1 postdonation, and the PLTs were stored for 6 more days. On Day 7 of PLT storage, blood was drawn from each subject to prepare fresh PLTs. The stored and fresh PLTs were radiolabeled and transfused into their donor. RESULTS: Eleven subjects' whole blood was stored using refrigerated butanediol plates (Compocool, Fresenius), and 10 using an incubator. Poststorage PLT recoveries averaged 47 ± 13% versus 53 ± 11% and survivals averaged 4.6 ± 1.7 days versus 4.7 ± 0.9 days for Compocool versus incubator storage, respectively (p = NS). With all results, poststorage PLT recoveries averaged 75 ± 10% of fresh and survivals 57 ± 13% of fresh; PLT recoveries met FDA guidelines for poststorage PLT viability but not survivals. CONCLUSION: Seven-day poststorage PLT viability is comparable when whole blood is stored for 22 ± 2 hours at 22°C using either refrigerated plates or an incubator to maintain temperature before preparing PLT concentrates.
A cluster of cases of Reye syndrome associated with chickenpox.

In the spring of 1980, four confirmed and three possible cases of Reye syndrome, each associated with a chickenpox prodromal illness, were identified in Las Cruces, NM. One patient, a 5-year-old girl, died. Cases tended to occur in one section of the community, among children attending two of the 16 elementary schools. A telephone survey of parents with school-aged children (6 to 9 years old) suggested that a significantly greater attack rate of chickenpox occurred in children attending those two schools. Based upon this survey and the expected distribution of chickenpox among children less than 15 years of age, the incidence of Reye syndrome following chickenpox infection in the county in which Las Cruces is located was estimated to be 2.5/10,000 cases of chickenpox; these data reveal a four- to ninefold greater incidence of Reye syndrome than that following influenza B infections, which was previously estimated based upon a cluster of five cases in a county in Michigan. Additional investigations of Reye syndrome clusters are needed in an effort to identify and study suspected risk factors and to better define the relationship between Reye syndrome and viral infections.
Cryocooler Coldfinger Heat Interceptor

Spacecraft instruments requiring cryocoolers in their design struggle to keep overall power requirements in line with feasible solar array dimensions and launch vehicle lift capacities. Intermediate temperature (150 K to 200 K) radiators to cool radiation shields or optics on spacecraft instruments provide an as yet untapped resource for reducing the cryocooler power requirements.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRONTAL IMPACT SEVERITY AND INJURY LEVEL

The relationship between crash severity and injury level is illustrated using the Restraint System Evaluation Study (RSES) data the Texas police-reported data. The RSES data are used to demonstrate that the probability of an injury (or fatality) is a function of both (a) the risk of injury, given a set of crash factors, and (b) crash exposure, or the chance of those factors occurring. The Texas data are used to demonstrate that crash exposure can change with time. Changes in crash exposure can alter the distribution of injuries (or fatalities) independently of motor vehicle standards or design. Texas and CPIR data are used to demonstrate that the risk of fatality is associated with many crash factors other than the traditional speed-related measures. /HSRI/
Control of Synthesized Vibrato during Portamento Musical Pitch Transitions

Vibrato, the natural oscillation of musical pitch that is commonly associated with music performed by skilled singers and instrumentalists in certain musical styles, is an important aspect of realistic music synthesis. For synthesized singing particular care must be taken to ensure that the synthesized vibrato behaves naturally, especially in the vicinity of portamento pitch transitions. The appropriate fundamental frequency behavior by singers during legato transitions of musical pitch is examined, and an algorithm to produce realistic transitions for vocal vibrato synthesis is proposed.
Genetic Disorders and Major Extracardiac Anomalies Associated With the Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

All pediatric autopsies of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome seen during an 11-year interval were reviewed to determine the frequency of underlying chromosomal and single-gene defects and idiopathic major extracardiac anomalies associated with this common, lethal congenital heart abnormality. Of 83 patients identified, nine had underlying chromosomal abnormalities, four had single-gene defects, ten had one or more major extracardiac anomalies without an identifiable chromosomal or mendelian disorder, and two were infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers. Overall, 23 patients (28%) had a genetic disorder and/or major extracardiac anomaly. The substantial prevalence of genetic causes of and major extracardiac anomalies associated with hypoplastic left heart syndrome underscores the need for a detailed genetic evaluation for all patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
A new redundancy weighting scheme for nonstationary data for computed tomography.

Purpose: The same projection data (or line integrals) are often measured multiple times, e.g., twice from opposite directions during one gantry rotation. The redundant data must be normalized by applying redundancy weighting such as the halfscan algorithm, which assumes that the noise of the data is uniform. This assumption, however, is not correct when a tube current modulation technique is employed. The variance of line integrals, which is inversely related to the tube current, could vary significantly. The purpose of this work is to improve how the projection data are used during analytical reconstruction when the tube current is modulated during the scan. Methods: The authors developed a new redundancy weighting scheme. It not only takes into account the data statistics but also can control how much to weigh the statistics from 100% (αs = 1.0) to 0% (αs = 0.0) by a parameter αs . The proposed weighting scheme reduces to the conventional redundancy weighting scheme when αs = 0.0. The authors evaluated the performance of the proposed scheme using computer simulations targeting at myocardial perfusion CT imaging. The image quality was evaluated in terms of the image noise and halfscan artifacts, and perfusion defect detection performance was evaluated by the positive predictive value (PPV) and the area-under-the-receiver operating characteristic-curve (AUC) value. Results: Results showed a tradeoff between the image noise and halfscan artifacts. The normalized noise standard deviation was 1.00 with halfscan, 0.89 with αs = 1.0, 0.97 with αs = 0.5, and 1.20 with αs = 0.0 when projections over one rotation (75% of projections are acquired with full dose, 25% with 1/10 of the full dose) are used. The halfscan artifacts were 13.4 Hounsfield unit (HU) with halfscan, 8.2 HU with αs = 1.0, 4.5 HU with αs = 0.5, and 3.1 HU with αs = 0.0. Both the PPVs and AUCs were improved from the halfscan method: PPV, 69.0%–70.6% vs 58.0%, P < 0.003; AUC, 0.935–0.938 vs 0.908, P < 0.003. Conclusions: The new redundancy weight allows for decreasing the image noise and controlling the tradeoff between the image noise and artifacts.
Forms interfaces and their view supportability properties

The authors propose a multi-level and multi-degree form interface which can effectively overcome the ambiguity problems existing in current form interfaces. They also describe a theoretical framework which enables a system to assist designers in the construction of forms. The concept of hierarchical relational views is presented as a conceptual basis for the discussion of updatability in the form interface. Levels of supportability of the hierarchical relational views are defined. Such a foundation allows the system to create valid form. The scope of update operations for end users to utilize the form interface is also well defined. This form interface has been developed as part of a suite of database interfaces focusing on the multiplicity of data management requirements of office personnel. >
Digital Preservation: A Time Bomb for Digital Libraries

The difficulty and expense of preserving digital information is a potential impediment to digital library development. Preservation of traditional materials became more successful and systematic after libraries and archives integrated preservation into overall planning and resource allocation. Digital preservation is largely experimental and replete with the risks associated with untested methods. Digital preservation strategies are shaped by the needs and constraints of repositories with little consideration for the requirements of current and future users of digital scholarly resources. This article discusses the present state of digital preservation, articulates requirements of both users and custodians, and suggests research needs in storage media, migration, conversion, and overall management strategies. Additional research in these areas would help developers of digital libraries and other institutions with preservation responsibilities to integrate long-term preservation into program planning, administration, system architectures, and resource allocation.
Genetic control of yeast mannan structure. Mapping the first gene concerned with mannan biosynthesis.

Abstract Two "wild type" strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which differ in the structure of their cell wall mannans, have been hybridized and the genetic control of the mannan structure expressed in the diploid has been investigated. The mannan of one strain (X2180) is characterized by the presence of a mannotetraose side chain, while the other (strain 4484-24D) possesses a mannosylphosphorylmannotriose side chain in place of the mannotetraose unit. The diploid had the X2180 mannan chemotype rather than an average mixture of the two. Sporulation and tetrad analysis of the diploid hybrids demonstrated that the two mannan chemotypes segregated 2:2 as though the difference were under the control of a single gene, and from a detailed genetic analysis we have mapped the "dominant" gene to chromosome V, tightly linked to ura3 and the centromere. It is the first gene concerned with mannan biosynthesis to be placed on the yeast genetic map and it has been designated mnn1. From the observed differences between the structures of the mannans of strains X2180 and 4484-24D, we conclude that the gene is involved in the synthesis of an α-1→3-mannosyltransferase which adds the terminal α-1→3-linked mannose unit to α-1→2-linked mannotriose side chains in the mannan. The mechanism which prevents the expression of the mannosylphosphate group on the surface of the hybrid diploid cell is unknown, but it must be related to the processes which control the organization of the mannan in the cell wall.
Controlled Nanoassembly and Construction of Nanofluidic Devices

We describe the combined use of controlled nanoassembly and microfabrication (photolithography) to construct multi-walled, carbon, nanotube-based fluidic devices. The nanoassembly technique utilizes dielectrophoresis to position individual nanotubes across the gap between two electrodes patterned on a wafer. The dielectrophoretic migration process was studied theoretically and experimentally. Once a tube had been trapped between a pair of electrodes, photoresist was spun over the wafer and developed to form microfluidic interfaces. Liquid condensation in and evaporation from the nanotubes were observed with optical microscopy. The nanotube-based fluidic devices can be used for studies of fluid transport under extreme confinement and as sensitive sensors
Enhancement of elasticity images using locally adaptive Gaussian filtering

The purpose of this research was to introduce and analyze a technique for enhancing elasticity image quality using locally adaptive Gaussian filtering. To assess the performance of this filtering method for reconstructing images with missing or degraded data, heterogeneous images were simulated with circular regions of intensity twice that of the surrounding material. Missing pixel data was introduced by thresholding a uniformly distributed noise matrix. Results demonstrate locally adaptive Gaussian filtering accurately reconstructs the original image while preserving boundary detail. To further analyze the performance of this filtering technique, multiple local image regions were suppressed and normally distributed noise superimposed. Consequently, locally adaptive Gaussian filtering is capable of reconstructing local missing data whereas both median and conventional Gaussian filtering fails. Using compressional elastographic experimental data, results illustrate that locally adaptive Gaussian filtering is capable of minimizing decorrelation noise artifacts while preserving lesion boundaries. Additionally, results obtained using vibrational shear velocity sonoelastography further illustrate the ability of locally adaptive Gaussian filtering to enhance image quality by minimizing estimator noise degradation in comparison to conventional spatial filtering techniques. Overall, results indicate the feasibility of employing this spatial filtering technique for improving elasticity image quality while preserving lesion boundaries.
Modeling and forecasting discrete univariate time series with applications

Abstract A class of time series models suitable for representing discrete univariate time series is introduced. These models are capable of representing both stationary and nonstationary series and can be easily generalized to allow for seasonality and to accommodate a leading indicator. In addition a model building strategy is discussed and the problem of forecasting is considered. Finally, the methodology is illustrated with several examples.
Challenging cases in thyroid cancer: a multidisciplinary approach

Recurrent thyroid cancer can present many complex management problems. Unfortunately, recurrent thyroid cancer is often refractory to radioiodine therapy. The proper use of external beam irradiation and surgical interventions can provide regional control of localized recurrences. Because of the complex nature of these patients, a multidisciplinary team approach to management which includes specialists in thyroid medicine and surgery, head and neck radiotherapy, and nuclear medicine often is required to provide individualized, optimal multimodality treatment recommendations. In this article we review a multidisciplinary team approach to a patient with widespread, radioiodine-refractory bone metastases from follicular thyroid cancer and to a patient with unresectable central neck recurrence of papillary thyroid cancer.
The lessened locus of feelings: a transformation in French physiology in the early nineteenth century.

Physiology in France during the first quarter of the nineteenth century has been discussed in terms of methodology its novel or increased reliance on vivisectional experiments; reductionism its growing rapprochement with the physical sciences; philosophy its incorporation of assumptions from the philosophical system of ideology; and disciplinary structure the development and ascendancy of a uniquely physiological conept of function, free of the limits of an earlier dependency on anatomical deduction.' Here, the point of departure is
Space-charge oscillations in a self-modulated electron beam in multi-undulator free-electron lasers

We examine here the oscillation of electron-beam density perturbations (longitudinal plasma oscillations) produced at the exit of a high-gain free-electron laser (FEL) by the action of the FEL instability. These oscillations, which are analyzed in the case of both a free-space drift and a dispersive section, can degrade the bunching of the beam in the drift between undulator sections in multi-stage FELs. The impact of these oscillations on the gain of an FEL in an undulator following such a drift, as well as the case of an optical klystron is studied.
Electromagnetic, atomic structure and chemistry changes induced by Ca-doping of low-angle YBa2Cu3O7|[ndash]||[delta]| grain boundaries

Practical high-temperature superconductors must be textured to minimize the reduction of the critical current density Jgb at misoriented grain boundaries. Partial substitution of Ca for Y in YBa2Cu3O7–δ has shown significant improvement in Jgb but the mechanisms are still not well understood. Here we report atomic-scale, structural and analytical electron microscopy combined with transport measurements on 7° [001]-tilt Y0.7Ca0.3Ba2Cu3O7–δ and YBa2Cu3O7–δ grain boundaries, where the dislocation cores are well separated. We show that the enhanced carrier density, higher Jgb and weaker superconductivity depression at the Ca-doped boundary result from a strong, non-monotonic Ca segregation and structural rearrangements on a scale of ∼1 nm near the dislocation cores. We propose a model of the formation of Ca2+ solute atmospheres in the strain and electric fields of the grain boundary and show that Ca doping expands the dislocation cores yet enhances Jgb by improving the screening and local hole concentration.
Optical Performance Of A Waveguide Grating Imaging Device

Waveguide optics in combination with gratings for in- and out-coupling provide a potentially powerful combination for building light, compact optical systems. The gratings may be simple linear gratings or focusing gratings for creating converging beams. To understand these devices and design and analyze them, we must consider both waveguide optical properties and the more common two dimensional optical beams. This paper addresses the special problems of fitting in- and out-coupling features into the usual end-to-end laser modeling methodology.
Brain morphometry changes and depressive symptoms after traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms. Recent imaging studies on spontaneous depression have implicated several brain structures; however, few studies have done the same for post-TBI depression. We report on a pilot observational study correlating atrophy of brain regions of interest in subjects after TBI with depressive symptoms measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Regional brain volumes were calculated on both acute and 6-month MRI using an automated segmentation algorithm (FreeSurfer). Percent volume changes in brain regions were correlated with BDI-II scores using Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient. Correction for multiple comparisons was performed using the false discovery rate (FDR). Three regions of interest (left rostral anterior cingulate and bilateral orbitofrontal cortex) were found to be significantly correlated with depressive symptoms (FDR 0.05). With FDR 0.1, six regions were significantly correlated. The use of volumetric analysis of brain regions of interest to study post-TBI depression is worthy of further study. Regions associated with depressive symptoms in this pilot study were similar to those implicated in study of spontaneous depression.
Photonic Crystal Fiber Heat Sensors

A sensing configuration based on commercially available triple-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for the image-based collection of thermal information is presented. Detection of thermal phenomena on the micro and nano scale is important for monitoring thermodynamic processes including cooling mechanisms for industry and basic research in both civil and mechanical systems. The thermal characteristics of the PCF combined with coupled-mode theory principles are used to construct a three core PCF with a 1-D core arrangement to simultaneously measure heat flux and temperature. The PCF sensor demonstrated high detection sensitivity (<1°C) and fast response times (<30μs), which is a significant improvement to current commercial standards. PCFs are specialty optical fibers that contain carefully spaced micronsized cavities that provide extraordinary waveguide characteristics not demonstrated by standard optical fiber. The three core PCF has a core diameter of 3.9μm, outer diameter of 132.5μm and varied inter core spacing. A single mode fiber is fusion spliced with the multi-core PCF such that the optical field is confined and launched into the PCF core. The output end of the fiber is inspected and imaged with a CCD camera. A 25mm section of the PCF is surrounded by a guarded hotplate configuration to control the thermal conditions for sensor characterization. Evanescent wave coupling occurs whereby power is transferred from the central core to a neighboring core. Minimum detection sensitivities of 0.2 °C were recorded. Theoretical sensitivities on the order of 10 -2 °C are possible. Experimental results were in agreement with coupled-mode theoretical results.
Discovery of a 7.1 hour period and eclipses from MXB 1659-29

A 7.1 hr period has been discovered in the X-ray emission from the 'transient' X-ray burst source MXB 1659-29. Erratic variations in X-ray flux are seen during approximately 25 percent of the 7.1 hr cycle; at the end of this period, a stable dip in the flux occurs. Further analysis indicates that this dip is, in all probability, an eclipse by the companion star in the low-mass binary system. The short (about 15 minute) eclipse duration is used to refine the period determination (7.114104 + or - 0.000168 hr) and to constrain the companion star mass and binary system parameters. The companion star is found to be in the range 0.25-0.9 solar mass; probabilistic arguments and observations of cataclysmic variables with comparable periods indicate that the companion star is most likely less massive than the standard theories would indicate.
An accurate numerical steady-state one-dimensional solution of the P-N junction

Abstract A numerical method of solution of the fundamental semiconductor steady-state one-dimensional transport equations, already available in the literature, is improved and extended, and is applied to a single-junction device. A reduced set of ‘exact’ relations is derived directly from the fundamental set with none of the conventional assumptions or approximations, and is solved numerically by a simple iterative procedure. Freedom is available in the choice of the doping profile, recombination law, mobility dependencies, injection level, and boundary conditions applied solely at the external contacts. In spite of the generality of the original method, its analytical formulation is shown to be unsuitable for generating a sound numerical algorithm sufficiently acccurate and valid for high reverse-bias conditions. Difficulties and limitations are exposed, and overcomeby an improved formulation extended to any bias condition. Emphasis is on the selection of a numerical algorithm sufficiently sound and efficient to cope with the several fundamental difficulties present in the numerical analysis, and on achieving a high degree of accuracy in the final results (the most delicate problem). As a simple application of the improved formulation, ‘exact’ and first-order theory results for an idealized structure are presented and compared. The poorness of some of the basic assumptions of the conventional first-order theory is exposed, in spite of a satisfactory agreement between the exact and first-order results of the terminal properties for particular bias conditions. The computation time for the achievement of one set of very accurate solutions for a specified applied voltage amounts to approx 1 min on an IBM 7094/7040 shared-file system.
Role of testosterone in the induction of hepatic peroxisome proliferation by clofibrate.

Hepatic peroxisome proliferation is induced by a number of agents, including clofibrate. Sustained proliferation of peroxisomes is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. In the present study, we have investigated the role of testosterone in peroxisome proliferation induced by clofibrate. Three groups of male rats (intact, castrated, and castrated replaced with testosterone) were studied. Proliferation of peroxisomes was induced by feeding clofibrate (0.25%, 0.50%, and 1.0% of diet) for 2 weeks. Peroxisome proliferation was monitored by measuring total peroxisomal β-oxidation activity. In intact rats, the peroxisomal β-oxidation activity (nmol/min/mg protein) increased in a dose-dependent manner and was 7.2 ± 0.4, 52.6 ± 7.5, 63.2 ± 3.7, and 92.4 ± 4.0 at clofibrate doses of 0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 1.0%, respectively. In contrast, in castrated rats, the total peroxisomal β-oxidation activity was significantly (P < .01) lower at clofibrate levels of 0.25% and 0.50% (25.8 ± 2.7 and 42.5 ± 2.2, respectively), but not at the clofibrate level of 1.0% (85.0 ± 6.3). Testosterone replacement of castrated rats restored the peroxisomal β-oxidation activity. To determine whether the above results were related to the metabolism of clofibrate in the absence or presence of testosterone, we measured serum clofibrate levels. These levels were 50% lower in castrated rats than in intact rats or in testosterone-treated castrated rats. The activity of hepatic uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronyltransferase, the enzyme catalyzing the glucuronidation of clofibrate, was measured using either bilirubin or 4-methylumbelliferone as substrates and was found to be unaffected by castration or testosterone treatment. We conclude that (1) clofibrate-induced proliferation of peroxisomes is blunted in the absence of testosterone; (2) the sexual dimorphism in the response of hepatic peroxisomes to clofibrate results from higher circulating clofibrate concentration in the presence of testosterone; and (3) the metabolic interaction between testosterone and clofibrate for this effect remains to be investigated.
SU-FF-T-170: A Markov Decision Process Approach to Temporal Modulation of Dose Fractions in Radiotherapy Planning

Purpose: To use a Markov Decision process to explore the possibility of using non‐constant adaptive fractionation schedules by incorporating the patient's cumulative response in optimizing the size of a fraction during the specified time period. Method and Materials: Our method anticipates that advances in functional imaging and biological markers will soon enable us to observe the patient's response to radiation during a course of treatment. A stylistic Markov Decision Process model which incorporates key features of the problem through intuitive choices of state and action spaces, as well as transition probability and reward function is built. We first formulate the problem over a finite horizon by fixing the number of treatment sessions a priori. The optimal fraction size is determined by solving Bellman's equation through backward induction to maximize the expected total reward. Then the model is extended to an infinite horizon where the optimal stopping point (termination of the treatment) is found through value iteration algorithms. In case it is optimal to continue, the optimal size of fractional dose is determined by maximizing the expected total reward for the entire treatment course. Results: Monotone optimal policy for the finite horizon formulation has been observed i.e. if dosed is optimal in organ state s, then a dose at least as big as d is optimal when the organs at risk/tumors are better/worse than states. Conclusion: We have taken initial steps to temporally modulated radiotherapy by exploiting radio‐biological information available through advances in quantitative imaging modalities. As a result, this opens the door for including patient specific responses in designing treatment plans.
Developing Women Leaders on Campus: A Human Resources–Women’s Center Partnership at the University of Minnesota

The Problem.Despite significant gains in the number of women leaders in higher education, there are still challenges for developing women leaders in higher education.The Solution.Effective collabor...
Validation of noninvasive hemoglobin measurement by pulse co-oximeter in newborn infants

To describe the accuracy of noninvasive hemoglobin (Hb) obtained with pulse co-oximeter (SpHb) compared with total Hb (tHb) from laboratory co-oximeter in neonates. Neonates with birth weight (BW) <3000 g admitted to LAC+USC Medical Center neonatal intensive care unit were included. SpHb was recorded using Masimo Radical-7 and compared with tHb. A total of three data sets were obtained for each patient. Regression analysis and Bland–Altman analysis were performed. Sixty-one patients (mean±s.d., BW 1177±610 g and gestational age 28.7±3.9 weeks) were enrolled. The mean tHb value was 13.9±2.0 g dl−1 and the mean SpHb was 14.0±2.0 g dl−1. There was a moderately positive correlation between SpHb and tHb (r=0.66, P<0.001) with a bias and precision of −0.09±1.67 g dl−1. Data from a subgroup of infants with gestational age ⩽32 weeks (52/61 patients) were analyzed, and the correlation coefficient was moderately positive (r=0.69, P<0.001) with a bias and precision of −0.23±1.60 g dl−1. Our results suggest that noninvasive SpHb may be considered as an adjunct to invasive tHb measurements in newborn infants <3000 g especially in preterm infants ⩽32 weeks of gestation.
Morphology and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Aerogels

In this paper we describe a methodology to form a data base that will allow us to investigate the correlation between the morphology of Ti?2 aerogels and their photocatalytic activity with respect to photodecomposition of a water soluble organic compound. We start with a qualitative theoretical argument in which we show that any functionality that involves optimization of different length scale should require some kind of ramified structure. For photocatalytic activity we need to optimize substrate and light absorptions with diffusion of products and reactants. We proceed to describe the techniques that we use to analyze and parametrize the morphology of the aerogels, using nitrogen adsorption and Small Angle Neutron Scattering. The photocatalytic activity is monitored through the photodecomposition of salicylic acid. We compare the adsorption and photodegradation of salicylic acid on the aerogels to many other forms of TiO2 and report that under our experimental conditions the photocatalytic activity of the aerogels is superior.
Infrared Spectra of Crystalline Acetic Acid, a Hydrogen-Bonded Polymer

The polarized infrared spectra of crystalline acetic acid and two of its deuterated derivatives, CH3COOD and CD3COOD, have been recorded from 400 to 4000 cm−1 at cryogenic temperatures. The spectroscopic results have been interpreted on the basis of a factor group analysis based on two structural models: a crystallographic cell composed of four interacting monomer units some of whose vibrational modes are highly perturbed by hydrogen bonding and a unit cell composed of two noninteracting acetic acid chains. The results are discussed in terms of possible interactions between the hydrogen-bonded acetic acid polymeric chains.
Single-synapse analysis of a diverse synapse population: proteomic imaging methods and markers.

A lack of methods for measuring the protein compositions of individual synapses in situ has so far hindered the exploration and exploitation of synapse molecular diversity. Here, we describe the use of array tomography, a new high-resolution proteomic imaging method, to determine the composition of glutamate and GABA synapses in somatosensory cortex of Line-H-YFP Thy-1 transgenic mice. We find that virtually all synapses are recognized by antibodies to the presynaptic phosphoprotein synapsin I, while antibodies to 16 other synaptic proteins discriminate among 4 subtypes of glutamatergic synapses and GABAergic synapses. Cell-specific YFP expression in the YFP-H mouse line allows synapses to be assigned to specific presynaptic and postsynaptic partners and reveals that a subpopulation of spines on layer 5 pyramidal cells receives both VGluT1-subtype glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic inputs. These results establish a means for the high-throughput acquisition of proteomic data from individual cortical synapses in situ.
Reinventing the Library's Message Through the Alignment of Research and Instruction

This article is about the Walker Management Library staff and services at Vanderbilt University's Owen Graduate School of Management and its primary audience, the graduate business school community. In the spirit of continuous improvement, new goals were set to increase the library's impact on the school and the end product, the graduate business school students. To do so, the library staff retooled specific practices on how we provided reference and instruction services. Through planning and experimentation, the library staff consciously redefined our message, methods of delivery, and did so in ways that other libraries can duplicate.
A Successful Undergraduate Psychology Conference: Organized Through a Special Course.

The planning, implementation, and evaluation of a large-scale undergraduate psychology conference was conducted through a special two-term course. The course requirements and structure are discussed as are specific details pertaining to the conference itself. Our experiences are related to the literature on undergraduate psychology conferences and research.
Differential expression of two glutathione S-transferases identified from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis.

Reciprocal signalling and gene expression play a cardinal role during pathogen-host molecular interactions and are prerequisite to the maintenance of balanced homeostasis. Gene expression repertoire changes during rickettsial infection and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) were among the genes found up-regulated in Rickettsia-infected Dermacentor variabilis. GSTs are well known to play an important part in cellular stress responses in the host. We have cloned two full-length GSTs from D. variabilis (DvGST1 and DvGST2). Comparison of these two DvGST molecules with those of other species indicate that DvGST1 is related to the mammalian class theta and insect class delta GSTs, while DvGST2 does not seem to fall in the same family. Northern blotting analyses revealed differential expression patterns, where DvGST1 and DvGST2 transcripts are found in the tick gut, with DvGST2 transcripts also present in the ovaries. Both DvGST transcripts are up-regulated upon tick feeding. Challenge of fed adult ticks with Escherichia coli injection showed decreased transcript amounts compared with ticks injected with phosphate-buffered saline (sham) and naive ticks.
Endocrine modulators of necrotic neuron death.

The order of the first nine authors was determined randomly, and reflects equivalent contributions to this manuscript. Studies were made possible by support from the Adler Foundation. In recent years, there has been extraordinary progress in understanding the cellular and molecular cascades that mediate neuron death following necrotic insults. With this knowledge has come the recognition of ways in which these cascades can be modulated by extrinsic factors, altering the likelihood of subsequent neuron death. In this review, we consider the ability of a variety of hormones to modulate necrotic death cascades. Specifically, we will examine the ability of the stress hormones glucocorticoids and corticotropin-releasing factor, of thyroid hormone, and of pre-ischemic exposure to catecholamines to augment necrotic neuron death. In contrast, estrogen, insulin and post-ischemic exposure to catecholamines appear to decrease necrotic neuron death. We review the heterogeneous mechanisms that are likely to mediate these hormone effects, some possible clinical implications and the therapeutic potentials of these findings.
Improving treatment of depression among low-income patients with cancer: the design of the ADAPt-C study

Abstract Objective This article describes the randomized clinical trial methodology for a population-based study of oncology patients receiving cancer care in a public sector medical center. The primary goal is to test the effectiveness of socioculturally tailored collaborative care intervention in improving depression and quality of life outcomes among low-income ethnic minority patients with major depression and cancer. Methods The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression scale was used to identify patients meeting criteria for major depression (one cardinal depression symptom plus a PHQ-9 score of ≥10). Study-eligible patients were ≥90 days from cancer diagnosis who were receiving acute cancer treatment or follow-up care in oncology clinics. Patients with advanced disease limiting life expectancy to Results Of 2330 patients screened, 23.2% met criteria. An 82.4% enrollment rate resulted in 446 primarily women being recruited and randomized to intervention or usual care. Conclusion The study applies methods used in primary care depression trials with adaptations for oncology care clinics and for low-income minority patients.
The origin of the smaller, faster, cheaper approach in NASA’s solar system exploration program

Abstract The current emphasis on smaller, faster, cheaper (SFC) spacecraft in NASA’s solar system exploration program is the product of a number of interacting – even interdependent – factors. The SFC concept as applied to NASA’s solar system exploration program can be viewed as the vector sum of (1) the space science community’s desire for more frequent planetary missions to plug the data gaps, educate the next generation of scientists, provide missions to targets of opportunity, and enable programmatic flexibility in times of budgetary crisis; (2) the poor publicity garnered by NASA in the early 1990s and the resultant atmosphere of public criticism (creating an opportunity for reform); (3) The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization’s and the National Space Council community’s desire to advance the Space Exploration Initiative and their perception that the NASA culture at the time represented a barrier to the effective pursuit of space exploration; (4) the effective leadership of NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin; and (5) the diminishing budget profile for space sciences in the early 1990s. This paper provides a summary of the origin of the smaller, faster, cheaper approach in the planetary program. A more through understanding of the history behind this policy will enable analysts to assess more accurately the relative successes and failures of NASA’s new approach to solar system exploration.
The yield strength of off-stoichiometric Ni3Al with and without boron

Abstract Compression tests have established that the addition of 0.3 at% boron does not significantly affect the contribution of the grain boundaries to the yield strength of Al-rich (26 at% Al) Ni 3 Al. In contrast, the boundary contribution is reduced by 42% when the same amount of boron is added to Ni-rich (24 at%) Ni 3 Al. These results are interpreted within the context of the structure and chemistry of the grain boundaries and, in particular, in terms of the transmission of slip through either an ordered or a constitutionally disordered grain boundary. Such boundaries have been recently observed by Baker, Schulson, Michael and Pennycock ( Phil. Mag. B62 , 659, 1990).
Neuroendocrine Proliferation After Lung Transplantation

There have been few reports of neuroendocrine proliferation and tumors developing after transplantation. We report the first two of such cases encountered after lung transplantation and review the literature on these rare tumors after solid-organ transplantation. In the general population, these are indolent and rare tumors, as opposed to neuroendocrine carcinoma, and their behavior is unknown in transplant recipients.
Application of a virtual trajectory to the study of Rheumatoid Arthritis using the Pendulum Knee Test

The Wartenberg Pendulum Knee Test, which is commonly used to assess passive knee movement and evaluate spasticity in individuals with neurological disorders, has been applied as a tool to evaluate intrinsic knee stiffness and viscosity in subjects with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) [1]. Prior conclusions implicate clinical changes in knee stiffness and not knee damping as the source of the changes in knee trajectories in persons with RA. An improved mathematical model was applied to data from a single-subject study. It is believed that the changes in knee trajectory cannot be attributed to altered knee joint stiffness, but to as yet unexplained alterations in a virtual trajectory associated with the joint movement. The subject with RA was tested before and after administration of a CNS depressant. The results indicate that the CNS plays a role in altering the behavior of the RA subject's knee in the pendulum test.
Criteria for Bragg regime diffraction by phase gratings

Abstract Four alternative criteria for the occurence of Bragg regime diffraction by phase gratings are presented and evaluated.
Simulation of the water cycle in Biosphere 2

Abstract The budget of water flows and storages in Biosphere 2 was drawn in energy systems language to generate equations for a simple simulation model. Using data by others for calibration and a seasonal variation of sunlight, main features of the seasonal water cycle were analyzed. The model result coincided with the observed patterns of seasonal variation in the water level of primary storage. Primary storage was more affected by changes in water management, while other storages were mostly controlled by sunlight energy. A stable isotope model of water species simulated the trends in isotopic fractionation in agreement with observations. Isotopic compositions of the reservoirs reached steady state and were close to the measured values.
The Diversity Challenge

To characterize U.S. politics today as polarized is to state the obvious. Nevertheless, Barack Obama’s election as the forty-fourth and first African American president of the United States in 2008 had an air of inevitability to it. The presidency of George W. Bush was at that point widely regarded as a profound failure. His administration had mishandled two on-going wars, brought us the nationally humbling debacle of hurricane Katrina, and took us to the brink of economic collapse. And thus the Democratic party nominee for president, who happened to be Black, was handily elected with 53% of the popular vote, carrying twenty-eight states and with some 365 electoral college votes. The issues that defined the 2008 agenda for then candidate Obama involved changing the climate of acrimony and paralysis in Washington, a commitment to responsibly end the Bush wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, to finally move toward real universal health care provision in the United States, and to act expeditiously to prevent the Great Recession from becoming another Great Depression. The Obama administration acted on all of these fronts. But in some respects it was the successful passage of the Affordable Health Care Act, henceforth Obamacare, that fully re-kindled the flames of antagonism and polarization. The spasm of reaction against Obamacare, epitomized by the emergence of the Tea Party, revealed the deep fissures of ideology, class, and race—with race arguably the most prominent among these—that define the current political context. Why would a president who had won election handily, who preached a mantra of bipartisanship and cooperation, and who then delivered on one of the most central and explicit tenets of his campaign become a leader who the opposition party publicly, and arguably irresponsibly, dedicated itself to making “a one term president,” essentially no matter what? The elements of how to go about crafting an answer to this deceptively simple question are many and complex and reach well beyond the scope of this essay. However, it is certainly fair to assert that one of the central elements of any answer concerns the profound and ramifying effects of ethnoracial divisions in the American polity.
Reverse-engineering someone else's software: is it legal?

The author covers the legal issues of reverse-engineering someone else's software, explaining what reverse-engineering activities the courts have found to be acceptable and what legal applications are for the knowledge you gained from reverse engineering. She also defines 'reverse engineering' and presents two theories regarding its use: the strict-constructionist theory, which holds that reverse-engineering copyrighted software is always illegal, and the pragmatist theory, which takes a much more liberal view of the fair-use privilege. >
Phase Diagram Prediction of ΔfG0 for Inter Metallic Compounds: A “sensitivity” Analysis

The prediction of the free energies of formation of intermetallic phases in binary systems typically involves assuming that the liquidus (or solvus) compositions in equilibrium with the phase are correct, that the measured thermodynamic properties of the adjacent solution are reliable enough to be extrapolated to different compositions and temperatures, that the thermodynamic solution model is of sufficient complexity to make such extrapolations accurate, and that the solid- solubility range of the intermetallic phase is negligible. These assumptions often conflict with the actual circumstances for a given system,leading to some question of how these errors would affect model-predicted ΔfG0values. Analysis of four binary systems (Ca- Zn, Al- Au, Ni- Ti, and Co-Sn) shows that poor-quality thermodynamic data has an especially strong impact on predictions, which can be exacerbated by the use of more sophisticated thermodynamic models. Compound nonstoichiometry and controversial liquidus compositions have less impact on modeling results.
Parallel Operation of Transformers Whose Ratios of Transformation are Unequal

An equation is developed for use in meeting emergency conditions which necessitate the paralleling of transformer banks whose impedances expressed in percentage form are not equal. This equation makes it possible to calculate what change should be made in the ratio of transformation of the bank with the lower percentage impedance in order to prevent its being overloaded when the total load approaches the combined capacity of the two banks. It is pointed out that such an expedient is a makeshift justifiable only when maintenance of service is the paramount consideration and efficiency is, for the time being, of secondary importance. When conditions arise which do justify such a temporary arrangements ment, the method developed in the present paper affords a simple, yet accurate, means of solving the problem.
A model for the evolution of grain size distribution during superplastic deformation

Abstract In a recent paper, we postulated that a grain size distribution in a polycrystal can result in mixed mode deformation during superplastic flow. Since diffusional flow is strongly grain size-dependent while power-law creep is not, it was inferred that large grains may deform by power-law creep, while concomitantly, the small grains deform by diffusional creep. Here, a first order model for dynamic change in the grain size distribution with strain is developed to explain the shape of the stress-strain curves obtained during superplastic deformation of aluminum alloys. The model is based on the simple assumption that regions deforming by diffusion creep suffer strain induced grain growth, while dislocation creep results in grain refinement. In spite of the approximation, the model correctly predicts the shape of the stress-strain curves. The possible significance of these concepts in classical dynamic recrystallization phenomena is also discussed.