cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food Waste Solutions for Homes: Shopping, Storing, Serving – and Marketing

Household food waste originates in three predictable stages – when shopping, storing, and serving. That is, food can be purchased and never prepared, prepared and never served, or served and never eaten. Building on behavioral economics insights, this framework focuses on why consumers waste food in these three stages and how marketers can help consumers reduce food waste and thereby help them get more value from their products by enjoying them more and wasting them less. For cost-conscious consumers, wasting less means saving more. For profit-conscious marketers, wasting less means making more profit.
From principles to practice:A method for identifying income sufficiency when applying International Legal Standards

This paper gives content to the idea of a minimum income as reflected in ILO Conventions and Recommendations. It also aims to provide some practical guidance as to how such minima can best be operationalized. The practical purpose of this analysis is to define a reference income level that can play a role in defining adequate levels of social protection benefits, as discussed in ILO standards.
Tetracycline-inducible mouse U6 vector for conditional expression of shRNA

5442 The phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) in mammalian cells allows for the use of small double-stranded RNA molecules (siRNA) to disrupt the translation of homologous mRNA and consequently the expression of genes. An added advantage to this powerful technology would be the use of an inducible promoter to produce the shRNA in a conditional manner. We have generated a tetracycline-inducible version of the mouse U6 promoter that is normally shutdown in the presence of the Tet repressor but on doxycycline treatment, is de-repressed to transcribe the siRNA molecules, which subsequently induces knock down of the related gene. We are currently using this system along-with a Tet operon containing human U6 promoter to selectively diminish the presence of selenoproteins in mouse and human cells. It has been postulated that the redox function of the selenoproteins is responsible for the protective effect of selenium (Se) in prostate cancer. Selenoprotein synthesis requires the concerted co-translational action of elongation factor (mSelB) and the SECIS-binding protein-2 (SBP2). Removal of these molecules will eliminate selenoprotein function in a cell. We have designed mouse and human siRNA oligoes directed against SBP2 and mSelB message. These are being cloned into the siRNA vector containing the inducible mouse/human U6 promoter along-with a puromycin selectable cassette, and would be transfected into the human (normal and prostate cancer) cells and mouse (TRAMP) cells stably transfected with a Tet repressor construct. On doxycycline treatment the siRNA targeted against SBP2 and mSelB message would be produced and subsequently these cells will be analyzed for altered growth dynamics and changes in signal transduction or gene activity due to the knockdown of selenoproteins. Thus this inducible approach to generate shRNA will enable targeting of gene expression in mouse cells in a temporally controlled manner.
ISAAC: The Idaho CPS Smart Grid Cybersecurity Testbed

The landscape of cyber and other threats to Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), such as the Power Grid, is growing rapidly. Realistic and reconfigurable testbeds are needed to be able to develop, test, improve, and deploy practical cybersecurity solutions for CPS. We introduce the design of ISAAC, the Idaho CPS Smart Grid Cybersecurity Testbed. ISAAC is a cross-domain, distributed, and reconfigurable testbed, which emulates a realistic power utility and provides researchers with the tools needed to develop and test integrated cybersecurity solutions. Some components of ISAAC are fully functional, with ongoing research projects utilizing the functional components. When fully developed, the capabilities of ISAAC will include: 1) Multiple emulated power utility substations and control networks; 2) Emulating wide-area power transmission and distribution systems, 3) Emulated SCADA control centers, 4) Advanced visualization and cyber-analytics, including machine learning. ISAAC will enable the development, testing, evaluation, and validation of holistic cyber-physical security approaches for cyber physical systems and the Smart Grid. We hope that our endeavor, ISAAC, will help further the boundaries of CPS research and education.
Educational attainment: Success to the successful

Systems archetypes are patterns of structure found in systems that are helpful in understanding some of the dynamics within them. The intent of this study was to examine educational attainment data using the success-to-the-successful archetype as a model to see if it helps to explain the inequality observed in the data. Data covering 1990 to 2009 was collected from the United States Census Bureau for the United States, as well as for the States of Georgia and Washington. Findings indicated that this archetype is useful in explaining the variation, and there are several other terms and concepts that are helpful as well as the terms / concepts: success-to-the successful, the rich get richer, Pareto’s law, Zipf’s law, and power law distributions are related and sometimes used interchangeably. DOI: 10.18870/hlrc.v3i1.98
Iterative Techniques for Mixed Methods

Equations of the form (12.3.1) or (12.5.14) are indefinite and require special care to solve. We will now consider one class of algorithms which involve a penalty method to enforce the second equation in (12.3.1) or (12.5.14). These algorithms transform the linear algebra to positive-definite problems in many cases. Moreover, the number of unknowns in the algebraic system can also be significantly reduced.
Quantum Monte Carlo Calculations in Solids with Downfolded Hamiltonians

We present a combination of a downfolding many-body approach with auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (AFQMC) calculations for extended systems. Many-body calculations operate on a simpler Hamiltonian which retains material-specific properties. The Hamiltonian is systematically improvable and allows one to dial, in principle, between the simplest model and the original Hamiltonian. As a by-product, pseudopotential errors are essentially eliminated using frozen orbitals constructed adaptively from the solid environment. The computational cost of the many-body calculation is dramatically reduced without sacrificing accuracy. Excellent accuracy is achieved for a range of solids, including semiconductors, ionic insulators, and metals. We apply the method to calculate the equation of state of cubic BN under ultrahigh pressure, and determine the spin gap in NiO, a challenging prototypical material with strong electron correlation effects.
Interaction Between CRIPT and PSD-95 Is Required for Proper Dendritic Arborization in Hippocampal Neurons

CRIPT, the cysteine-rich PDZ-binding protein, binds to the third PDZ domain of PSD-95 (postsynaptic density protein 95) family proteins and directly binds microtubules, linking PSD-95 family proteins to the neuronal cytoskeleton. Here, we show that overexpression of a full-length CRIPT leads to a modest decrease, and knockdown of CRIPT leads to an increase in dendritic branching in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Overexpression of truncated CRIPT lacking the PDZ domain-binding motif, which does not bind to PSD-95, significantly decreases dendritic arborization. Conversely, overexpression of a full-length CRIPT significantly increases the number of immature and mature dendritic spines, and this effect is not observed when CRIPT∆PDZ is overexpressed. Competitive inhibition of CRIPT binding to the third PDZ domain of PSD-95 with PDZ3-binding peptides resulted in differential effects on dendritic arborization based on the origin of respective peptide sequence. These results highlight multifunctional roles of CRIPT during development and underscore the significance of the interaction between CRIPT and the third PDZ domain of PSD-95.
Questioning the prevailing narrative about elementary science teachers: An analysis of the experiences of science teacher enthusiasts

The purpose of this study is to challenge the prevailing negative narrative related to elementary science teaching by investigating the experiences of elementary teachers who identify as science teacher enthusiasts (STEs). Holland, Lachiotte, Skinner, and Cain (1998)'s conception of identity as an ongoing production or construction in a socio-cultural context served as a theoretical framing for exploring structural and personal supports and constraints related to the development of elementary teachers’ science teaching identities. Through interviews with 13 inservice elementary teachers with a range of experience (1–40 years), we found that students’ enthusiasm for science, connections with other enthusiasts, and opportunities for integrating science with other content areas were the major supports for consistent science teaching. Positive emotions associated with these supports helped the participants mitigate constraints such as lack of time, resources, testing, and not feeling comfortable with the science content frequently associated with portraits of elementary teachers. By understanding the experiences of STEs, science educators can use their role as preservice educators and professional developers to provide these supports to bolster the science teaching identity trajectories of individuals with whom they work.
Owning Faith: First-Year College-Going and the Development of Students' Self-Authored Worldview Commitments.

The purpose of this paper was to examine the institutional conditions and educational practices associated with the development of first-year students’ capacities to script their own religious, spi...
The Effect of Social Distance on Donations to Care Versus Cure: An Abstract

Consumers are giving at record levels (Giving USA 2018) to charities providing a variety of different services. While prior work has examined donation likelihood (Lee et al. 2014), research on allocation in a donation context is tenuous. Donation allocation is particularly applicable in medical charities where consumers often face the task of allocating their contributions to either care for patients or research for a cure. We study allocation decisions in this research. In particular, we examine whether social distance between a donor and a patient may influence allocation between care and cure.
Genomic profiling in renal cell carcinoma.

The treatment landscape of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been revolutionized over the past two decades, bringing forth an era in which more than a dozen therapeutic agents are now available to treat patients. As a consequence, personalized care has become a critical part of developing effective treatment guidelines and improving patient outcomes. One of the most important emerging aspects of precision medicine in cancer is matching patients and treatments based on the genomic characteristics of an individual and their tumour. Despite the lack of a single genomic predictor of treatment response or prognostication feature in RCC, emerging research suggests that the identification of such markers remains promising. Mutations in VHL and alterations in its downstream pathways are the mainstay of RCC development and progression. However, the predictive value of VHL mutations has been questioned. Further research has examined mutations in genes involved in chromosome remodelling (for example, PBRM1, BAP1 and SETD2), DNA methylation and DNA damage repair, all of which have been associated with clinical outcomes. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of genomic evidence in the context of RCC and its potential predictive and prognostic value. Genomic profiling of renal cell carcinoma has demonstrated the clinical relevance of several genetic alterations in different disease subtypes. Pal and colleagues discuss the prognostic and predictive value of these alterations, and how they might help to improve treatment selection and patient outcomes.
The Influence of Team Member Conflict-Perspective Composition on the Emergence of Conflict Spillover and Team Viability

This study examines the manner in which people perceive and interpret disagreements in work groups, and the implications these processes have for the emergence and effects of conflict in their groups over time. The potential influence of the composition of team members’ personally-held beliefs regarding the role of conflict (conflict perspectives) is examined in a longitudinal field study of 59 work groups (294 individuals). Results indicate that differences in conflict-perspective composition (particularly in terms of the heterogeneity of these perspectives) are important initial conditions that moderate the degree to which task conflicts tend to “spillover” into relationship conflicts. In addition, it is shown that the negative relationship between task conflict and team viability among teams in the study is both indirect and conditional. More specifically, for teams composed of members who hold divergent conflict perspectives, task conflict negatively influences the team’s viability, solely by way of its indirect effect through relationship conflict (i.e., through conflict spillover). For teams in which members hold overlapping conflict perspectives, spillover does not occur, which effectively eliminates the negative influence of task conflict on team viability. The implications of these findings are of theoretical and practical significance. First, they suggest that task conflict does not necessarily lead to negative outcomes for work groups. In essence, it depends on the way conflict is collectively experienced. This experience itself has roots in each team member’s underlying perspective concerning the role of idea-based conflicts in team settings. Given the influential nature of these perspectives, practical efforts should be oriented toward eliciting a shared conflict perspective early on in the life of the team, before task conflicts have a chance to emerge and potentially spillover in dysfunctional ways.
Who Pays for the Welfare State? Austerity Politics and the Origin of Pay-to-Stay Fees as Revenue Generation:

Using a comparative historical analysis of legislative transcripts and primary and secondary historical documents in Illinois and Michigan, we trace the adoption of a largely understudied form of m...
Selective N-Arylation of p-Aminophenylalanine in Unprotected Peptides with Organometallic Palladium Reagents

The selective N-arylation of p-aminophenylalanine in polypeptides with pre-formed palladium oxidative addition complexes is described. The depressed pKa of the aniline NH2 group enables chemoselective C-N bond formation on peptides containing multiple other aliphatic amino groups at lysines or the N-terminus via Curtin-Hammett control under mild conditions. Using palladium complexes derived from electron-poor aryl halides, p-aminophenylalanine is fully arylated in aqueous buffer in as little as one hour at micromolar concentrations. A complementary protocol using the non-nucleophilic, organic base 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene (DBN), expands the substrate scope to tolerate electron-rich functional groups provides up to 97 % conversion. These procedures enable the chemoselective conjugation of functionally diverse small molecule pharmaceuticals to p-aminophenylalanine containing derivatives of cell-penetrating peptides.
A Virtual Reality Resident Training Curriculum on Behavioral Health Anticipatory Guidance: Development and Usability Study.

Background: Behavioral health disorders have steadily increased and been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Though behavioral health disorders can be successfully mitigated with early implementation of evidence-based parent management strategies, education for pediatric residents on behavioral health anticipatory guidance has been limited to date, with training challenges compounded by the physical distancing requirements of the COVID-19 pandemic. Virtual reality (VR) simulations provide an opportunity to train residents on this complex competency by allowing deliberate practice of necessary skills while adhering to current social distancing guidelines. Objective: This study explored the usability of a VR-based behavioral health anticipatory guidance curriculum for pediatric residents. Methods: This mixed methods study included 14 postgraduate third-year pediatric residents who completed the behavioral health anticipatory guidance VR curriculum. Residents completed the MEC Spatial Presence Questionnaire to assess immersion in the virtual environment. Semistructured interviews were used to elucidate residents’ perspectives on the curriculum’s content and format. The interviews were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results: Quantitatively, residents reported a high degree of immersion, spatial presence, and cognitive involvement. Most residents (11/14, 79%) agreed or strongly agreed that it seemed as though they took part in the action of the simulation. Qualitatively, two themes emerged from the data: (1) the curriculum expands behavioral health anticipatory guidance and motivational interviewing knowledge and skills and (2) VR technology is uniquely positioned to develop competence. These themes revealed that the curriculum expanded their current level of knowledge and skill, addressed training gaps, and was applicable to all residents. Additionally, residents experienced VR as immersive, feasible, realistic to the clinic setting, and a safe space to practice and learn new skills. Conclusions: Pilot data indicates that VR may be an effective tool to teach pediatric residents behavioral health anticipatory guidance, meeting a current gap in medical education training. This VR curriculum is particularly relevant in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic given the increased behavioral health concerns of families.
Humanizing the Rohingya Beyond Victimization: A Portrait

This article is based on interviews with U Ashin Wirathu and an analysis of Buddhist nationalist discourses of violence against religious and ethnic minorities in Myanmar. I explore a fundamental issue that continues to plague the Rohingya—the emphasis on the Rohingya as victims of nationalist systemic Buddhist violence. This chapter sets out to bring Rohingya agency to the forefront. Rohingyas are characterized as immutably foreign and Muslim—that is, they are labeled with an identity convenient to state-sangha oppression. Through interviews with relocated Rohingya society members and the mentoring of Dr. Jerryson, this work is dedicated to the rehumanization and devictimization of the Rohingya.
Risk factors associated with 30-day postoperative complications following contemporary pelvic exenterations for gynecologic cancer

Objectives: Pelvic exenteration (PE) is an uncommon radical procedure associated with high perioperative morbidity due to the nature and extent of surgery. Due to surgical innovation and perioperative care advances, postoperative outcomes may have improved for PE. The purpose of this study is to evaluate rates of 30-day postoperative complications (POC) and risk factors associated with POC following PE for gynecologic malignancies. Methods: Data was obtained from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. All patients who underwent PE for a gynecologic cancer from 2012-2018 were identified using appropriate CPT, ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes. Comparative analyses were performed and stratified by admission status to evaluate demographics, preoperative and intraoperative variables, and surgical outcomes. Statistical tests were performed with R Studio v.1.1.456. Results: Between 2012-2018, 473 patients who had undergone a PE for a gynecologic malignancy were identified. The median age at time of surgery was 59 years (range, 22-90 years) and median body mass index (BMI) was 26.1 kg/m2 (range, 15.5-65.7 kg/m2). The median operative time was 385 minutes (range, 55-1090 minutes). At the time of their PE, 21.2% of patients underwent a concurrent myocutaneous flap and 12.3% a urinary conduit. The median length of hospital stay was 10 days (range, 0-114 days). At time of discharge, 79.2% were discharged home, 20.4% were transferred to an acute care or rehab facility, and 0.4% expired. The overall POC rate was 75.9%, but when urinary tract infections and blood transfusions were excluded, the POC rate was 37.6%. The 30-day readmission rate was 20.3% and re-operation rate was 10.4%. Lower preoperative albumin and hematocrit values, longer operative times, higher American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) class, concurrent flap, and urinary conduit procedures were associated with higher POC rates (Table 1). When adjusting for these factors on multivariate analysis, preoperative albumin levels, and longer operative times remained independent risk factors for higher POC rates. Download : Download high-res image (123KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: There remains a high rate of 30-day POC following PE; although a significant proportion of the POC are driven by the development of urinary tract infections and administration of blood transfusions. The contemporary mortality rate appears to be lower than previously reported historical rates. Preoperative albumin levels and longer operative times may be modifiable risk factors that can reduce POC rates.
Park-based physical activity in diverse communities of two U.S. cities. An observational study.

Background Systematic study of human behavior in public parks and specific activity settings can inform policy to promote physical activity in diverse communities. Methods Direct observation was used to assess physical activity in public parks in Tampa FL ( n =10) and Chicago IL ( n =18). Parks were selected from census tracts with high concentrations of white, African-American, and Hispanic populations. Representation from low- and high-income census tracts was also achieved. Physical activity was measured by a modified version of the System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY). Activity codes from SOPLAY were transformed to energy expenditure per person (kcal/kg/min). Results Seventy percent of Tampa and 51% of Chicago park users were observed engaged in sedentary behavior. In both cities, children were more likely than adults to be observed in walking or vigorous activity. In Tampa, parks located in neighborhoods with the highest concentration of Hispanic residents were associated with greatest levels of energy expenditure. In Chicago, parks in neighborhoods with the highest concentration of African Americans showed the highest energy expenditure per person. Gender was associated with physical activity only in Tampa parks. Energy expenditure also varied by activity areas. Conclusions More than one half of park users in both cities engaged in sedentary behavior. While differences in park-based physical activity by neighborhood income and racial/ethnic composition were observed, these differences can more likely be attributed to the types of designated activity areas that support physical activity. The study findings suggest that specific configurations of park environments can enhance physical activity in parks.
Medication Risk Communication During Rheumatology Office Visits

Objective We used a multidimensional framework to describe the types of information about medication risks that rheumatologists provide to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients during routine office visits. Methods We analyzed 1,094 audiotaped rheumatology office visits involving 450 RA patients. Each patient had up to 3 visits audiotaped. In conjunction with each office visit, patients also completed a self-administered questionnaire and interview and the rheumatologists provided ratings of patient health status. Results The number of medication risks discussed per visit ranged from 0–18, with a mean ± SD of 3.23 ± 2.93. The rheumatologist initiated ∼80% of the medication risk discussions. Approximately one-fourth of the discussions (25.6%) were limited to an assessment of whether or not the patient was experiencing a medication side effect. More risks were discussed during visits when changes to the patient's regimen were discussed than when no changes were discussed (X= 3.93, SD = 3.10 and X = 2.20, SD = 2.34, respectively; P < 0.0001). When medications were being proposed for addition to the patient's regimen, the most frequently discussed risk dimensions were the importance of monitoring (30%), probability (29.8%), things the patient should do to minimize risk (25.5%), and risk severity (21.8%). Conclusion Most discussions of medication risks that we observed were quite limited and often restricted to an assessment of whether the patient was experiencing side effects from their current medications. The amount of information that is optimal and how to tailor information to the preferences and abilities of individual patients remain important areas for future research.
High-Power Copper Vapour Lasers and Applications

The expanded applications of copper vapor lasers have prompted increased demand for higher power and better beam quality. This paper reports recent progress in laser power scaling, MOPA operation, and beam quality improvement, along with applications in precision laser machining and second harmonic generation. Issues such as gas heating, radial delay, discharge instability, and window heating are also discussed.
Rigorous sensor resource management: Methodology and evolutionary optimization

The number of platforms and sensors with the best capabilities often is limited in the stressing tasking environment relative to the sensing needs. This is the case for Overhead Persistent InfraRed (OPIR) sensors. Sensor assets differ significantly in number, location, and capability over time. Planning for engagements prior to actual tasking sensors involves these factors. This paper proposes a new sensor tasking methodology and optimization models for both long-time planning and real-time Sensor Resource Management (SRM). It is based on the rigorous and adaptive mathematical formulation of the problem and the use of Computational Intelligence techniques such as genetic algorithms and dynamic logic to find a solution.
Negotiating a Balance – The UN Counter-Terrorism Regime between Security and Human Rights

Since 9/11, the UN’s counter-terrorism regime has developed two distinctive approaches on how to combat transnational terrorism. The Security Council’s approach to counter-terrorism lies in a traditional security formula that emphasizes protection to states from transnational terrorists. The second approach, led by the General Assembly’s various UN human rights organs follows a Human Security interpretation that focuses on human rights. The development of a dual counter-terrorism regime highlights a gap, which in effect undermines the overall campaign against transnational terrorism and weakens human rights. This paper calls for a bridging of the gap, advocating an interdisciplinary approach that combines traditional security with human security considerations.
Determination of the Mechanical Axis and Joint Orientation Lines in the Canine Humerus: A Radiographic Cadaveric Study

Objective To describe a radiographic method for determination of the mechanical axes and joint orientation lines in orthogonal planes for the canine humerus and establish a range of normal joint orientation angles in a population of large breed dogs. Study Design Radiographic study. Sample Population Humeri (n = 50) of skeletally mature, nonchondrodystrophic canine cadavers, weighing 20–40 kg with no evidence of orthopedic disease. Methods Mediolateral and craniocaudal digital radiographs were used to establish anatomic landmarks for determination of the mechanical axis in both frontal and sagittal planes, the joint orientation lines of both shoulder and elbow and measurement of the resulting mechanical lateral distal humeral angle (mLDHA) in the frontal plane, and the mechanical caudal proximal humeral angle (mCaPHA), and mechanical cranial distal humeral angle (mCrDHA) in the sagittal plane. Results Means (±SD) for the joint orientation angles were: mLDHA, 86.92 ± 1.24°, mCaPHA, 43.28 ± 5.44°, and mCrDHA, 71.86 ± 3.97°. The 95% CI ranges for the joint orientation angles were mLDHA, 86.58–87.86°, mCaPHA, 41.77–44.79°, and mCrDHA, 70.76°–72.96°. Conclusion A method for measurement of the mechanical axis and associated joint angles of the normal canine humerus in the frontal and sagittal planes was established and reference intervals reported. In the frontal plane, it was determined that the canine humerus is not perpendicular to the elbow joint; therefore, elbow mechanical axis deviation is normal and requires further assessment.
Environmental advantages of the semi-aqueous cleaning process

It is pointed out that the semi-aqueous process has advanced significantly since its initial introduction a few years ago. Better cleaning agent formulations have been developed and have proven to be more effective cleaners than the CFC-113 based materials they were designed to replace. New equipment designs are appearing that take maximum advantage of these new cleaning agents, to improve both cleaning performance and the ecology of the process. Because of formulation flexibility provided by the semi-aqueous process, advanced materials with improved features have been introduced. The most significant of these is higher flash point blends. Materials with higher flash points can be heated to provide better, faster cleaning, allow more material to be stored and used per fire regulations, further reduce already low evaporative losses, and allow more latitude in equipment designs. Formulation improvements have also enhanced the cleaning agent's ability to more completely separate from rinse water, critical to supporting development of closed loop, water recycling systems. Semi-aqueous equipment design factors are now better understood, leading to the introduction of new equipment that enhances the cleaning performance and ecology of the process. Steady state control of the solvent stage reduces process variability and significantly reduces bath monitoring and maintenance. >
Performance properties of combined heterogeneous networks

We study the performance properties of combined multiple heterogeneous networks. We consider two nodes: node1 and node2, with multiple heterogeneous physical networks connecting them. Each network has some properties such as bandwidth, latency, and packet loss ratio. We develop an analytical model to find the peak performance, or upper bound, of combined networks for the transfer of a message of a given size in parallel. The model is based on the existence of an optimal load balancing mechanism for parallel transfer that fully utilizes the existing networks. The paper provides a framework to find the peak performance parameters of message transfer over combined heterogenous networks as well as to measure the actual utilization and efficiency of parallel message transfer implementations.
Digitized mammogram standardization for display and CAD

Softcopy reading and CAD in mammography are both dependent upon the characteristics of the source of the digital data, either direct digital mammography or digitized screen-film mammography. In this work, a standardization is proposed based on geometric and intensity transformation that are discovered using a set of calibration images. A genetic algorithm is used to search for the best transformations. Results indicate that standardization for display can be achieved, but that CAD performance varies even after standardization: both sensitivity and false-positive rates appear to be reduced.
Nilpotent height of finite groups admitting fixed-point-free automorphisms

w 1. Introduction In this paper, "group" is to mean finite group. We shall consider certain properties of groups admitting fixed-point-free automorphisms (that is, automorphisms which leave only the identity element fixed). Such groups have been studied off and on for many years. BURNSIDE proved before 1897 that a group admitting a fixed-point-free automorphism of period two is abelian, and FRo~ENItJS proved in 1901 that a group admitting one of period three is nilpotent of class at most two (see [2]). The conjecture of FROBENIUS that a group admitting a fixed-point-free automorphism of prime period is nilpotent was proved for solvable groups by WITT about 1936 (unpublished); that the class of nilpotence is bounded by a function of the period was proved by G. I~IGMAN [9] in 1957. The proof of the FROBENIUS conjecture was completed by THOMVSON [I4] in 1959, when he showed that a group admitting a fixedpoint-free automorphism of prime period is solvable. In 1961, GOPCE~STEIN and HERSTEIN [6] proved that a group admitting a fixed-point-free automorphism of period four is solvable and has a nilpotent commutator subgroup. The question of the solvability of groups admitting fixed-point-free automorphisms of arbitrary order has not been settled, and will not be studied here, where we shall assume the groups to be solvable. (Because of the theorem of THOMVSON and FEIT [4], that all groups of odd order are solvable, this restriction is not very severe.) The main result of this paper is a proof that, except possibly in certain special cases, a solvable group admitting a fixed-point-free automorphism of period pn, p a prime, has nilpotent height at most n (see p. 265). We now introduce some of the properties studied in this paper. Let G be a solvable group. Let V(G) be the maximal nilpotent normal subgroup of G. Because the product of two nilpotent normal subgroups is also a nilpotent normal subgroup, V(G) is a weU-defined characteristic subgroup of G. We let V 1 = V(G), and inductively define Vk SO that Vk/Vk_ 1 = V(G/V~_ 1)" V(G) is called the Fitting subgroup of G. If V, = G, the Fitting length or nilpotent height of G is =n. We note that if G and H are groups, V(G x H)= V(G) x V(H). Thus we see easily that the Fitting length of the direct product of two groups is the maximum of the Fitting lengths of the factors. We further note that if 1 c Ni N z ~... ~N~ = G is a characteristic series for G with nilpotent factor groups,
Interpolated lattice Boltzmann boundary conditions for surface reaction kinetics

This paper describes a method for implementing surface reaction kinetics in lattice Boltzmann simulations. The interpolated boundary conditions are capable of simulating surface reactions and dissolution at both stationary and moving solid-fluid and fluid-fluid interfaces. Results obtained with the boundary conditions are compared to analytical solutions for first-order and constant-flux kinetic surface reactions in a one-dimensional half space, as well as to the analytical solution for evaporation from the surface of a cylinder. Excellent agreement between analytical and simulated results is obtained for a wide range of diffusivities, lattice velocities, and surface reaction rates. The boundary model's ability to represent dissolution in binary fluid mixtures is demonstrated by modeling diffusion from a rising bubble and dissolution of a droplet near a flat plate.
Where did I go wrong

The list is long of those who, in the history of ethics, have advocated the thesis that what one ought to do is the best that one can do. This thesis has had its detractors, of course. I wish, however, not to defend it against external attacks but to adjudicate a dispute internal to it. The dispute concerns what have come to be called actualism and possibilism. In the first section, I shall argue that actualism has a number of unacceptable implications; in the second section, I shall defend possibilism against the charge that it has a number of unacceptable implications. In this way, I shall attempt to show the superiority of possibilism over actualism. Then, in the final section, I shall elaborate on possibilism's account of where it is that an agent goes wrong when he does go wrong.
Modeling blue-green algal blooms in the lower neuse river

Abstract Over the past decade, segments of the lower Neuse River between Kinston and New Bern, N.C. revealed alarming symptoms of advanced eutrophication, culminating in the appearance and persistence of nuisance blue-green algal blooms. A mathematical model of the lower Neuse River has been developed to help evaluate control alternatives. The model includes differentiation between four phytoplankton groups: diatoms, green algac and blue-green algae (nitrogen fixing and non-nitrogen fixing). Other water quality constituents modeled included nitrogen and phosphorus components and dissolved oxygen. The water column is partitioned into two layers and the associated mass transport pattern is incorporated. The model is able to mimic the seasonal trends of algal biomass, nutrient and dissolved oxygen levels observed in 1983, 1984 and 1985, each year having a different hydrologic pattern. Comparisons of model calibration results suggest that freshwater flow and associated mixing conditions in the river play a major role in initiating and maintaining blue-green blooms when sufficient nutrient supplies are present.
A STRATEGY FOR INTRODUCING HYDROGEN INTO TRANSPORTATION

Considerable effort is being expended on research and demonstration projects aimed at introducing hydrogen into the transportation sector as a fuel, generally motivated by concerns about carbon dioxide emissions and petroleum imports (or scarcity). In this paper we focus on one aspect of strategy for introducing hydrogen—the choice of transportation mode.Our analysis suggests that cost of introducing hydrogen can be reduced by selecting a mode that uses a small number of relatively large vehicles that are operated by professional crews along a limited number of point-to-point routes or within a small geographic area.In addition, technological innovation in vehicle design will take place most quickly in modes where individual vehicles are produced to order and each receives significant engineering attention (not those manufactured in vast quantities on assembly lines).The immediate environmental benefits of introducing hydrogen fuel will occur in modes that have relatively less stringent pollution regulations applied to them.These insights, suggest that heavy-duty freight modes would be a less costly way to introduce hydrogen as a transportation fuel and a more effective way to advance hydrogen-related technologies so that they could subsequently be used more widely in light-duty vehicles. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.
A spectrometer for measuring charged particles and neutrons

Abstract An instrument for measuring neutron spectra in the approximate energy range of 30–300 MeV and proton spectra from 30 to > 300 MeV has been built in our laboratory. The instrument is intended for performing measurements in weak radiation fields, such as those encountered behind the shielding of high energy accelerators.
A survey on in-network querying and tracking services for wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks, querying services purpose to detect static events while tracking services continuously monitor mobile events. This paper surveys and discusses in-network querying and tracking services for static and mobile networks. Querying and tracking services are categorized by tree-based, hierarchical cluster-based, geometrical and hash-based. Mobility effects of network units and several design metrics including energy-efficiency, distance-sensitivity, scalability and fault-tolerance are also discussed. The paper includes open research issues for querying and tracking services in various domains.
Evaluation of the interaction of three genotoxic agents in eliciting sister-chromatid exchanges using response surface methodology

Chinese hamster cells (V79) were treated with ethylnitrosourea (ENU), bischloroethylnitrosourea (BCNU), and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DDP) alone and in combination. Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were quantitated as measures of genotoxicity of the three agents. The combination experiment employed a factorial design in which cells were treated, in various concentration combinations, with all agents simultaneously. Response surface methodology using a polynomial model in treatment variables to approximate the mean the distribution of SCE events was employed for analysis of the interactions of the three genotoxic agents. Due to unequal variances of the number of SCEs in the various treatment groups, a weighted least-squares analysis was used to estimate the parameters of the dose-response relationship. The single-agent results suggest that the DDP concentration-response curve has a much steeper slope than the ENU and BCNU curves, and is concave downward as compared to the relatively linear concentration-response curves of ENU and BCNU. The combination results suggest that ENU and DDP are involved in a negative interaction. The BCNU/DDP interaction, the ENU/BCNU interaction, and the three-factor interaction are not statistically significant. The analysis of these data demonstrates the usefulness of a statistical procedure for evaluating the biological effects resulting from exposure to multiple cytotoxic agents. The methodology can be used with many other types of endpoints and is not limited by the number of treatment agents.
Real and imaginary phase-shifting masks

Use of the phase-shifting mask in lithography allows substantial improvement of the resolution of commercial steppers for periodic circuit patterns, and, in certain cases, features smaller than 200 nm can be fabricated using i-line steppers ((lambda) equals 365 nm). There has therefore been much interest in developing this technology in recent years. In this paper, we examine and compare several approaches to evaluating mask designs for terminated periodic features, narrow gate lines, and contact holes, and compare the simulations with the actual results obtained when one attempts to use these designs in practice. Although we have found atomic force microscopy (AFM) to be a key tool for metrology, we conclude that there is a vital need for mask simulation, fabrication, inspection, and repair techniques to be developed further before these `imaginary' masks can be useful in the real world.
SU-GG-T-34: Xoft Axxent Electronic Brachytherapy System: A Clinical Implimentation Experience

Purpose: To clinically implement Xoft's Axxent electronic brachytherapy (EBT) system for partial breast irradiation and develop quality assurance standards. Method and Materials: A Xoft Axxent controller unit was tested with a single EBT source tube. The source kVp was measured using diagnostic radiology equipment: Rad Cal 90‐10 kVp Meter and Barracuda MPD. The dose contribution from tube warm‐up and the linearity of delivered dose were measured with Standard Imaging'sHDR 1000 Plus well chamber and MAX 4000electrometer. The controller's timer reproducibility and accuracy were tested. An anthropomorphic breast phantom of in‐house design simulated a clinical environment during radiation exposure surveys. Exposure measurements were collected using a Rad Cal 90‐10 pancake and Victoreen 450 Bionization chambers for various positions and shielding conditions. System interlocks and mechanical accuracy were also tested. Results: Our tests demonstrated a standard deviation of 1.32% in linearity and 1.59% in constancy of measured Air Kerma Strength. The average difference between measured and expected kVp was 2.18%. The average dose resulting from source warm‐up was found to be equivalent to 2.65 seconds of treatment time. Exposure levels ranged from 23 R/h (at the unshielded phantom's surface) to less than 0.3 mR/h (at 1 meter from the source with 1.5 mm Pb shielding). The timer was found to be both accurate and reproducible. Additional testing of interlocks successfully reproduced results observed during acceptance testing.Conclusion: Our commissioning method accurately characterizes the typical performance of a Xoft Axxent EBT system. A policy of using mobile shielding equivalent to 1.5 mm Pb was established for our clinical procedures. While the radiation source is patient specific, the performance of the controller for a given source should be characterized as a necessary part of annual quality assurance.
Semiconductors with Chalcopyrite Structure

IT was recently reported1 that certain compounds crystallizing with a triply substituted diamond lattice of the chalcopyrite type are semiconductors. We would report here optically determined energy gaps for a further four such compounds. These, together with the previously reported values for copper indium selenide and copper iron sulphide, are shown in Table 1.
Elevated serum free light chains are associated with inferior event free and overall survival in Hodgkin lymphoma.

The serum free light chain (FLC) assay quantitates free immunoglobulin kappa and lambda light chains, which has prognostic value in plasma cell dyscrasias. However, there is limited data on serum FLC in lymphoid malignancies. We analyzed the association of pretreatment FLC with event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) in 100 patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Elevated polyclonal FLC were present in 30% of patients; these patients had an inferior EFS (HR = 4.84; 95% CI: 1.84–12.7) and OS (HR = 8.87; 95% CI: 2.35–33.52) compared to patients with normal FLC. Further studies of FLC in HL are warranted. Am. J. Hematol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nephrotoxicity of Cephalosporin-Gentamicin Combinations in Rats

TO STUDY THE POSSIBILITY THAT CEPHALOSPORINS AUGMENT THE NEPHROTOXICITY OF GENTAMICIN, GROUPS OF RATS WERE GIVEN FOUR HOURLY SUBCUTANEOUS DOSES OF: gentamicin (5 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cephalothin (100 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cefazolin (20 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cefazolin (50 mg/kg), gentamicin plus cephaloridine (50 mg/kg), or saline diluent for 15 days. Periodic measurements were made of urine volume, urine osmolality, urine protein excretion and lysosomal enzymuria, as well as blood urea nitrogen, creatinine clearance, and drug concentrations in renal cortex and medulla. Tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy. Enzymuria and proteinuria increased early in the course of all treatment groups, whereas urine osmolality declined. No distinct patterns of these variables were discernable among the groups. Gentamicin alone, gentamicin plus cephalothin, and gentamicin plus cefazolin (20 mg/kg) caused the same significant fall in glomerular filtrate rate from control values by day 15 (P 0.05). Gentamicin concentrations in renal cortex were 5 to 10 times higher than those in medulla in all groups. Cephaloridine and cefazolin (50 mg/kg) also displayed a gradient pattern in renal cortex, whereas cephalothin and cefazolin (20 mg/kg) did not. Cytosegrosomes with myeloid figures were characteristic ultra-structural changes seen in all groups; however, they tended to be smaller with less numerous myeloid bodies in the groups receiving gentamicin plus cephalothin, cefazolin (50 mg/kg), or cephaloridine. Cephalosporins did not augment gentamicin toxicity. High doses of cefazolin and cephaloridine protected kidneys from gentamicin nephrotoxicity. The protection may involve intracellular drug interaction within the renal cortex.
Electro-optic Modulation of Small Disk Microcavity through Gated Graphene

Monolayer graphene sheet has been integrated on top of small disk optical resonator in SOI platform. Electro-optic interaction between graphene and whispering gallery mode of the cavity has been demonstrated and studied for modulation application.
Optic atrophy after ocular contusion.

Case 1—A 10-year-old black boy was struck in the left eye with a rock. Two days later the visual acuity in that eye had decreased to light perception without projection. The eyelids and the globe were intact. A small hyphema was present, the intraocu­ lar pressure was 53 mm Hg, and the cornea was edematous. The left optic disk appeared normal with spontaneous venous pulsations. Roentgenograms of the orbit and optic foramen were normal. He was treated with absolute bedrest, sedation, top­ ical corticosteroids, and dichlorphenamide (Daranide). Seven days after the injury, the intraocular pressure was 7 mm Hg, the hyphema had cleared, and the fundus showed early pallor of the optic disk with slight dilatation of the retinal veins. Definite optic atrophy with a vision of counting fingers at one foot was present one month after the injury.