cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
B cells as antigen presenting cells

Several characteristics confer on B cells the ability to present antigen efficiently: (1) they can find T cells in secondary lymphoid organs shortly after antigen entrance, (2) BCR-mediated endocytosis allows them to concentrate small amounts of specific antigen, and (3) BCR signaling and HLA-DO expression direct their antigen processing machinery to favor presentation of antigens internalized through the BCR. When presenting antigen in a resting state, B cells can induce T cell tolerance. On the other hand, activation by antigen and T cell help converts them into APC capable of promoting immune responses. Presentation of self antigens by B cells is important in the development of autoimmune diseases, while presentation of tumor antigens is being used in vaccine strategies to generate immunity. Thus, detailed understanding of the antigen presenting function of B cells can lead to their use for the generation or inhibition of immune responses.
Effect of nucleoside and nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors on cell-mediated immune functions.

Abstract Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) constitute the most commonly used drugs in antiretroviral therapy. NRTIs differ with respect to their host cell toxicity. We compared the in vitro effect of zidovudine (AZT; 2 μg/ml), lamivudine (3TC; 5 μg/ml), stavudine (d4T; 1 μg/ml), and tenofovir (TFV; 1 μg/ml) on Candida cell-mediated immunity (CMI) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The concentrations of the active derivative AZT-triphosphate were 4-fold higher in Candida-stimulated compared with unstimulated PBMCs (p = 0.01), but those of 3TC-triphosphate and TFV-diphosphate did not differ significantly. AZT treatment decreased proliferation of unstimulated and Candida-stimulated PBMCs and IFN-γ ELISPOT responses; 3TC decreased proliferation of unstimulated PBMCs only; d4T and TFV decreased proliferation of Candida-stimulated PBMCs only. AZT, but not the other NRTIs, increased unstimulated PBMC apoptosis measured by caspase 3 activity. All NRTIs increased annexin-V-meas...
Host cell range of chlamydial infection in the neonatal bovine gut.

Abstract After oral inoculation of calves with chlamydial agents, infection of cells in the abomasum and the lower portions of the gastrointestinal tract occurred. The range of different cells infected in the ileum was analysed by electron microscopic examination. In decreasing order of frequency, the following types of cells were found to contain chlamydiae at different stages of the developmental cycle: absorptive epithelial cells at the tip of the villi, absorptive epithelial cells of the intervillous zone, macrophages of the intestinal lamina propria, endothelial cells of the central lacteals, enterochromaffin cells and goblet cells of the villi, fibroblasts of the lamina propria, rarely undifferentiated cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn. Chlamydial forms were seldom seen in neutrophilic leukocytes which were increased in number in the neigh bourhood of chlamydia-infected cells. Plasma-cells were numerous in the intestinal lamina propria. These cells often contained degenerating chlamydial forms in cytoplasmic phagosegrosomes.
Trinucleon asymptotic normalization constants including Coulomb effects

Exact theoretical expressions for calculating the trinucleon $S$- and $D$-wave asymptotic normalization constants, with and without Coulomb effects, are presented. Configuration-space Faddeev-type equations are used to generate the trinucleon wave functions, and integral relations for the asymptotic norms are derived within this framework. The definition of the asymptotic norms in the presence of the Coulomb interaction is emphasized. Numerical calculations are carried out for the $s$-wave $\mathrm{NN}$ interaction models of Malfliet and Tjon and the tensor force model of Reid. Comparison with previously published results is made. The first estimate of Coulomb effects for the $D$-wave asymptotic norm is given. All theoretical values are carefully compared with experiment and suggestions are made for improving the experimental situation. We find that Coulomb effects increase the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ $S$-wave asymptotic norm by less than 1% relative to that of $^{3}\mathrm{H}$, that Coulomb effects decrease the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ $D$-wave asymptotic norm by approximately 8% relative to that of $^{3}\mathrm{H}$, and that the distorted-wave Born approximation $D$-state parameter, ${D}_{2}$, is only 1% smaller in magnitude for $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ than for $^{3}\mathrm{H}$ due to compensating Coulomb effects.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE $^{3}\mathrm{H}$ and $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, asymptotic normalization constants, Coulomb effects, Faddeev calculations.
Microwave Heating of Agar Gels Containing Sucrose

A mathematical model was developed for predicting the temperature profiles of cylindrical samples of sucrose containing agar gels heated by microwaves. Temperature was modeled in terms of dielectric properties of gels and the power absorbed by the sample. Experimental corroboration of the predicted temperatures was obtained by microwave heating cylindrical gels of 2% agar containing 0, 40, and 60% sucrose. The levels of sucrose in the gels notably affected the temperature profiles in the cylinders. Samples with no sucrose showed a pronounced central heating effect, 40% sucrose samples showed a early uniform heating profile and 60% sucrose samples showed surface heating.
The effect of high insulin concentrations on prostacyclin production as measured by 6-keto PGF1α determination

The effect of insulin in varied concentrations on the production of 6-keto PGF1 alpha, the metabolite of prostacyclin, by rat aortic tissue in vitro was assessed by radioimmunoassay. An insulin concentration of 50 microU/ml produced no change in 6-keto PGF1 alpha from the control samples, but concentrations of 100 microU/ml and 250 microU/ml reduced production from a control value of 0.326 +/- 0.031 ng/mg to 0.253 +/- .018 ng/mg (P less than .05) and 0.226 +/- 0.015 ng/mg (P less than .025) respectively. These results suggest that the suppression of PGI2 production may occur in states associated with insulin levels above those normally found in the postprandial state and might be one mechanism by which hyperinsulinemia might favor macrovascular disease.
Ar'n't I a Woman?, Gender, and Slavery Studies

t is hard to believe that Deborah Gray White's Ar'n't I a Woman? is twenty years old, for the questions it raised about private lives under slavery remain vibrant, resonant, and timely. It is a wonderful text to teach. I direct my students to the clarity of its style—the strong topic sentences, the care- fully built paragraphs, the clearly stated lines of argument. These are not to be taken for granted in this era of complicated writing. One of the most important virtues of Ar'n't I a Woman? for undergraduate teaching is its bittersweet depiction of enslaved people's lives. In my course "Slavery in United States History and Culture" I immediately expose students, in much greater depth than most have learned before, to the nature of power—in this case, racist power and its impact on individual lives. Told from the perspective of enslaved people, the history of the antebellum South is a daunting one. For many students, the myth of moonlight and magnolias—of Gone with the Wind—holds sway. So after establishing in the first third of the course the truth of the brutality that upheld the plantation South, we then begin to consider how enslaved people, despite the brutality of the conditions they lived under, created family and community relationships that sustained them. Ar'n't I a Woman? provides us with a gendered understanding of the slave community and relationships between enslaved men and women that avoids the competitive tone of the works of the 1970s. White's work focuses on the distinctive role of women in slavery without diminishing the role of men. At the heart of the book is the recovery of the experiences of black women, but that recovery does not occur in isolation from black men. White took to task previous historians of slavery who implicitly, explicitly, and carelessly defined slaves as male and ignored slave women, who are "everywhere but nowhere" in the literature. 1 When Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan's report, "The Negro Family: The Case for National Action," appeared in 1965, most historical works on slavery had already created a vision of the slave family as dysfunctional and (with the possible exception of Herbert Aptheker's 1943 American Negro Slave Revolts) of slave men as "emasculated": deprived of their proper roles as heads of households by paternalistic masters; rendered permanent "boys" by white owners; unable to protect their wives and children from physical, emotional, and sexual incursions by masters and overseers (mistresses rarely, if ever, figured in these discussions); and limited in their ability to engage emotionally with children or lovers. The 1965 Moynihan report transported to the realm
Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy following malaria

Among the neurologic complications of malaria, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy is a rarely reported phenomenon. We describe a patient with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy following malaria in a 26-year-old traveler to an endemic area and review the clinical features of all 23 previously reported patients. Malarial infection should be considered as a potential preceding trigger in patients residing in or travelers returning from malaria-endemic areas presenting with the clinical features of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy in the setting of a recent or ongoing febrile illness.
THE CYTOLOGY OF MESOPHYLL TISSUE IN OENOTHERA AND NICOTIAN

MOST RECENT observations of chloroplast structure have been carried out on starch-free material; thus, there may have arisen a picture of chloroplast structure characteristic of a certain physiological activity or stage. There is, a priori, no reason why chloroplast structure should remain constant under changing rates of photosynthesis, or during starch accumulation and degradation. It has been pointed out that grana are more distinct under certain conditions (Granick, 1955), and they may not be visible at all in chloroplasts in leaves taken from conditions of full sunshine. Furthermore, it has been reported that mitochondria may be absent or at least difficult to distinguish in actively photosynthesising chlorenchyma. Pensa (1910, 1912) apparently could not demonstrate them in this tissue. L6wschen (1914), in a detailed study of leaves of several higher plants using standard mitochondrial methods, could not demonstrate mitochondria in mesophyll tissue of Selaginella, Corylus, and Quercus. Other observations tend to be indefinite on this point (Weier, 1952). Since there has been very little work done on leaf mesophyll tissue with standard optical techniques, it seemed worthwhile, in spite the great success of the electron microscope in revealing detail of chloroplast structure, to conduct a limited investigation of the mesophyll tissue of a variety of leaves with standard optical techniques to determine whether or not the basis for this confused picture of leaf mesophyll was caused by physiological states, and if so, whether or not a detailed study correlating the cytological picture of mesophyll -tissue with physiological activity would be worthwhile. Accordingly, mesophyll tissue of Oenothera and Nicotiana leaves has been studied in some detail. OBSERVATIONS.-Oenothera.-Leaves of Oenothera berteriana and 0. odorata, from plants growing in full sun, were fixed in La Cour's 2BE, and acetic alcohol (Darlington and La Cour, 1942). Basophilia.-After fixation in acetic alcohol, the chloroplasts exhibited a considerable degree of variation in their response to such basic dyes as toludine blue, aniline blue and the pyronin of Unna's pyronin-methyl green mixture. Some chloroplasts took up little or no stain. In a great many chloroplasts, the cytoplasm of the chloroplast, the plastiplasm, was basophilic, frequent appearing quite homogeneous. The most commonly occurring differential detail was a deep basophilic border around the starch grains which faded off gradually into the plastiplasm away from the grains (fig. 1). A similar basophilic border around starch grains occurred after Regaud (Baker, 1951) fixation and
Relationship stresses: new ground for relationship management research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to advance knowledge about organization‐public relationships by establishing a theoretical category for understanding them and by contributing to a foundation of knowledge in that category. Relationship stresses are presented as the factors that constrain organization‐public relationships. This study identifies stresses on the relationship between a grassroots advocacy organization and its former members, as well as stresses between the organization and members who have decreased their participation in it.Design/methodology/approach – In‐person interviews were conducted with 24 people, phone interviews were conducted with 44 people, and e‐mail interviews were conducted with 13 people. Interviewees included staff members, former volunteers, and volunteers who had decreased their participation in the organization.Findings – Several relationship stresses were identified: the silver curtain, the emotion tax, relationship speeding, invisible isms, weak leadership, disagre...
When cognitive control is calibrated: Event-related potential correlates of adapting to information-processing conflict despite erroneous response preparation

To examine when in the perception-action cycle resolving information-processing conflict modulates signals of the current need for cognitive control, the present work examined event-related potential correlates of response preparation (lateralized readiness potentials; LRPs) and of information-processing conflict (fronto-central N2 responses) on trial n flanker trials, as a function of whether trial n-1 entailed a congruent flanker, an incongruent flanker, or a NoGo cue. Although LRP-indexed erroneous response preparation was substantial on incongruent trials across all levels of trial n-1, N2 amplitudes and behavioral interference effects were attenuated on incongruent trials following NoGo and incongruent (relative to congruent) trials. Even after initial attentional and motor-preparation processes have transpired, then, relatively later control mechanisms appear sufficient to signal a reduced need to engage cognitive control anew.
Many-to-one traffic grooming with aggregation in WDM networks

Most of the network applications bandwidth requirements are far less than the bandwidth offered by a full wavelength in WDM networks. Hence, traffic grooming is needed to make efficient use of the available resources. In this paper we address the grooming of many-to-one traffic demands in WDM networks on arbitrary topologies. Traffic streams from different sources, but part of the same session and thus terminating at the same destination, can be aggregated using arbitrary, but application dependent, aggregation ratios. We provide optimal as well as heuristic solutions to the problem. The objective is to minimize the cost of the network, by minimizing the total number of the higher layer components and the total number of the wavelengths used in the network. One of the main contributions of this work is to provide a mixed integer linear solution, to an otherwise non-linear problem, by exploiting the specifics of routing and aggregation sub-problems, while still maintaining the optimality of the solution. The formulation is generic and can handle varying amounts of traffic from each source to a common destination, as well as arbitrary aggregation fractions of the data coming from the different sources. This fraction is made to be a function of the number of the streams participating in the aggregation. For the heuristic solution we developed a Dynamic Programming style approach that builds the solution progressively, going through a number of stages, while choosing the best partial solutions among a number of possible partial solutions at each stage
Ontogenetic shifts within the selfish herd: predation risk and foraging trade-offs change with age in colonial web-building spiders.

We examine costs and benefits associated with spatial position relative to spider age (size) in colonial web-building spiders. Predator attack and capture rates vary with position in the colony, and suggest that risk is higher for the smallest and the largest spiders on the periphery, and lower in the central core of the colony. Foraging success is greater on the periphery for small and medium spiders but does not differ significantly with position for larger spiders. Decreased predation risk may be the reason why larger spiders aggressively seek and defend positions in the colony core, demonstrating a “selfish herd effect” (Rayor and Uetz, 1990). Smaller (immature) spiders, unable to compete for protected web positions in the core, must trade-off potentially higher risk of predation to take advantage of higher prey availability on the periphery. Increased foraging success on the periphery may allow juvenile spiders to achieve the larger size necessary to compete successfully for protected core positions as adults. Spatial variation in size-related fitness trade-offs between predation risk and foraging success may explain why colonies are dynamic entities — with individual spiders exhibiting ontogenetic shifts in web location as they grow larger and mature-accounting for the characteristic age (size) structure ofMetepeira incrassata colonies.
Learning styles of hospitality students: Nature or nurture?

Abstract The purpose of this longitudinal study was to answer the question “does the hospitality management major attract students of a particular learning style or does the major change students” learning styles?” The answer was “both”. The Learning Style Inventory – Semantic Differential format was used to assess entering and graduating hospitality students” learning styles. Data were collected from 384 entering students and 116 graduating seniors at a hospitality program in a US university over a 7-year period. When students entered the program, 39% of them were “convergers”. Of those who graduated, 55% of them were “convergers”. Implications on curriculum design and instructional strategies were discussed.
Radiorespirometric studies on glucose metabolism in testis tissue from rat, rabbit and chicken

Abstract 1. 1. Patterns of evolution of 14 CO 2 from specifically labelled glucose substrates by testis tissue were similar in rat, rabbit and chicken and were consistent with an Embden-Meyerhof glycolysis and Krebs cycle pathway of metabolism. 2. 2. Rat and chicken testes oxidized glucose to 14 CO 2 at double the rate shown by rabbit testes. 3. 3. Estimates of pentose cycle activity yielded values of 0.5, 1.1 and 1.1 percent of total glucose oxidized in testes of rat, rabbit and chicken, respectively. 4. 4. Oxidation of glucuronate-6- 14 C was significantly higher in chicken testis compared with rat. 5. 5. Lactate was the highest labelled intermediate recovered from testis tissue of all species.
Radial vibrations of a sodium ion inside icosahedral C60.

The very high symmetry of icosahedral C60 suggests that, as a first approximation, an atom trapped inside C60 would be subject to a potential that is radially symmetric about the center. All-electron local-density-functional calculations of the total energy of a sodium ion as a function of radial displacement from the center along the fivefold axis of C60 serve to refine such a radial potential. In particular, the calculations suggest studying potentials that have minima displaced from the center. An analytic functional form for a radial potential having a positive cusp at the origin is proposed, and the s-wave radial solutions of the corresponding Schroedinger equation are examined.
Tricyclic Imidazoline Derivatives as Potent and Selective Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists

Novel tricyclic imidazoline antagonists of the adenosine A1 receptor are described. For key compounds, the selectivity level over other adenosine receptor subtypes is examined along with their in vivo effects in a rat diuresis model. Compound 14, the (R)-isomer of 7,8-dihydro-8-ethyl-2-(4-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-ol)-4-propyl-1H-imidazo[2,1-i]purin-5(4H)-one, is a particularly potent adenosine A1 receptor antagonist with good selectivity over the other three adenosine receptor subtypes: A1 (human) Ki=22 nM; A2A (human) Ki=4400 nM; A2B (human) Ki=580 nM; A3 (human) Ki>or=10,000 nM. Imidazoline 14 is a competitive adenosine A1 receptor antagonist with a pA2 value of 8.88 and is highly soluble in water (>100 mg/mL). In addition, it has an oral bioavailability of 84% and an oral half-life of 3.8 h in rats. When orally administered in a rat diuresis model, compound 14 promoted sodium excretion (ED50=0.01 mg/kg). This level of efficacy is comparable to that of BG9928, a selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist that is currently in clinical trials as a treatment for congestive heart failure. Additional modifications to 14 also showed that the bridgehead hydroxyl group could be replaced with a propionic acid (compound 36) without a significant loss in binding affinity or in vivo activity.
Systematics of new T*-phase superconductivity

A systematic study of the phase stability of La(Pr) 2− x − y R x Sr(Ba, Ca) y CuO 4 (R = rare earth) compounds reveals a broad composition range for T*-phase formation. Several members of this series of compounds show bulk superconducting transition temperatures up to T c ∼ 20 K. These superconducting cuprates raise further questions about the relationship between structural stability and high temperature superconductivity in oxides.
Maize grain yield response to tillage and fertilizer nitrogen rates on a Tara silt loam

Effects of tillage on the appropriate fertilizer N applications needed to achieve maximal grain yield are poorly defined. The study objective was determination of relative corn grain yield response to N application rate for four tillage practices: no-tillage (NT), ridge tillage (RT), fall chisel plowing (CP) and fall moldboard plowing (MP). Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield and N accumulation were monitored over a 6 year period with the same tillage treatment and the same fertilizer N rate applied each year to each plot. Two hybrids, differing in relative maturity rating, were planted each year. Fertilizer N rates ranged from 10 to 190 kg ha -1 and consisted of 10 kg ha -1 of liquid starter N applied at planting with varying amounts of fall applied anhydrous ammonia. With only starter fertilizer, grain yields increased with tillage intensity in the order NT ≤ RT ≤ CP ≤ MP. With ≥ 55 kg total applied N ha -1 , 6 year average grain yields were unaffected by tillage. Total N removed in grain annually with only starter fertilizer ranged from 25-85 kg ha -1 . Maximal amounts of N removed, about 145 kg N ha -1 , occurred with 100―145 kg applied N ha -1 for all tillage treatments under the more favorable climatic conditions. Several interactions affecting grain yield appear climatically sensitive with exception of tillage by fertilizer N interactions. Because of variability in climate, planting dates varied by almost 4 weeks. Relative yield loss due to planting delay were Fertilizer N (mean change ≃ -124―-275 kg ha -1 day -1 ) > Starter N only and MP (mean ≃ -259 kg ha -1 day -1 ) > other tillages in general. Yield loss due to delayed planting ranged from 0.0―275 kg ha -1 day -1 . Grain yield gains due to early spring soil temperatures were 16.0―21.8 kg ha -1 index-degree -1 with MP tillage and averaged 2.7-16.7 kg ha -1 index-degree-' more than those of other tillage-hybrid combinations.
Modeling of monotonic and cyclic Swift effect using anisotropic finite viscoplasticity theory based on overstress (AFVBO): Part II––Numerical experiments

Abstract Anisotropic finite VBO given in Part I is used to model monotonic and cyclic Swift effects. The simulations were performed for fixed and deformation induced anisotropy. In the case of fixed anisotropy, it is assumed that the material is orthotropic. Material investigated at the fixed anisotropy is rolled copper. In the case of deformation induced anisotropy, the behavior of 70:30 brass under free-end torsion is investigated. The material is chosen as isotropic in the beginning of the deformation and allowed to evolve under large shear deformation. The simulation results are compared with experimental data obtained by Swift [Engineering 163 (1947) 253]. The Jaumann rate and the logarithmic rate are chosen as objective rates in the simulations. It is shown that anisotropic finite VBO can reproduce the monotonic and cyclic Swift effect quantitatively.
Projection of a medium

Abstract Learning spaces, partial cubes, and preference orderings are just a few of the many structures that can be captured by a ‘medium,’ a set of transformations on a possibly infinite set of states, constrained by four strong axioms. In this paper, we introduce a method for summarizing an arbitrary medium by gathering its states into equivalence classes and treating each equivalence class as a state in a new structure. When the new structure is also a medium, it can be characterized as a projection of the original medium. We show that any subset of tokens from an arbitrary medium generates a projection, and that each state in the projection determines a submedium.
Impression management or real change? Reports of depressive symptoms before and after the preoperative psychological evaluation for bariatric surgery.

Background: Many bariatric surgery programs require that candidates undergo a preoperative mental health evaluation. Candidates may be motivated to suppress or exaggerate psychiatric symptoms (i.e., engage in impression management), if they believe doing so will enhance their chances of receiving a recommendation to proceed with surgery.
Bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis in mammalian cells is stimulated by purine deoxyribonucleosides.

The effects of purine deoxyribonucleosides on bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) mutagenesis in Syrian hamster melanoma cells were determined. Both deoxyguanosine (dG) and deoxyadenosine (dA) were found to stimulate mutagenesis without changing the amount of BrdU in DNA. In addition, the stimulation of mutagenesis by dG and dA was suppressed by the addition of deoxycytidine (dC). These results suggest that BrdU mutagenesis involves the perturbation of dC metabolism, which perturbation is enhanced by dGTP and dATP. The mutagenic activity of dG in the absence of BrdU was tested, as was that of thymidine (dT), which we had shown previously to stimulate BrdU mutagenesis. With dG alone, no increase above the spontaneous mutation frequency was detected. However, at extremely high concentration, dT in the absence of BrdU was slightly mutagenic, and the mutagenesis by dT was enhanced by dG and suppressed by dC.
Alveolar soft part sarcoma. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study

The histogenesis of alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) has been investigated since its description. Twenty ASPS cases were analyzed for immunohistochemical content, with emphasis directed toward the paraganglial, Schwann cell, and muscle theories of histogenesis. In addition, the cases were examined for possible prognostic clinical features. The clinical characteristics of the patients were similar to those reported previously concerning (1) average age (23 years); (2) male:female ratio (1:1); and (3) predominant primary site (lower extremity, nine cases). Despite a local recurrence rate of 20% and a metastatic rate of 68% (including four at presentation), the natural history was often indolent and relapse commonly occurred very late. The average follow-up period was 10.1 years. While the overall 5-year survival was 67%, only seven of 18 patients were alive without disease at last follow-up (1.7-32 years), and one patient died of tumor after a 28-year disease-free interval. Neither tumor size nor site appeared to affect prognosis. The tumors were analyzed immunohistochemically for neurofilament, S-100 protein, met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, acetylcholinesterase, α1-antichymotrypsin, Factor VIII-related antigen, serotonin, lysozyme, neuron-specific enolase, myoglobin, cytokeratins, desmin, and vimentin. Except for weak vimentin immunoreactivity, no other antigenic expression was detected despite multiple repeated experiments with several antibodies. S-100 protein which is present in virtually all granular cell tumors was absent in the cases of ASPS. The lack of detectable expression of neurofilament, met-enkaphalin and leu-enkaphalin, and neuron-specific enolase is interpreted as evidence against the paraganglial theory of histogenesis. Similarly, the repeated absence of the muscle proteins, desmin and myoglobin, in contrast to a previous report, is interpreted as evidence against a myogenic origin.
Physician assistants training on firearm injury prevention

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to assess physician assistant training programs incorporation of firearm injury prevention training in their curricula. Also, content of such programs as well as perceived benefits and barriers of providing such training were explored. Methods A three-wave postal mailing of a 24-item questionnaire was sent to the population ( n = 145) of physician assistant program directors. Results The majority (77%) of directors responded. The majority (81.3%) reported they had not seriously thought about providing such training (pre-contemplation). The three most important barriers to providing firearm injury prevention training were: lack of time, lack of faculty expertise on the topic, and lack of standardized teaching materials. Those programs that offered training averaged one-half hour. Yet, 77.7% thought that firearm injuries were a very large or large problem to the health and wellbeing of the U.S. population. Conclusion There is a paucity of professional training for physician assistants regarding firearm injury prevention. It appears unlikely that physician assistants are playing a role in helping to reduce one of the leading causes of death in the U.S., firearm trauma. The American Academy of Physician Assistants needs to take the lead in improving training in this area for physician assistants. Practice Implications Physician Assistant training program directors should consider offering firearm injury prevention training to help reduce patient suicides and homicides.
Studies on Human Scar Tissue Proteoglycans

The proteoglycans (PGs) in pooled normal scars and pooled hypertrophic scars were extracted with 4 M guanidinium chloride and isolated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The PG samples were then fractionated further by dissociative CsCl density gradient sedimentation. Following cleavage of the density gradient PG fractions with alkaline NaB 3 H 4 , the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) constituents were isolated and analyzed by quantitative cellulose acetate electrophoresis. In addition, single samples of normal skin and a keloid scar were also analyzed. The results showed that the hypertrophic scars had a higher average content of extractable and also residual PGs than did the normal scars but a wide range of values was obtained for each type of scar. Some differences were noted in the amounts and distribution of the GAGs in CsCl gradient fractions, in the different types of scar tissue. The PGs in tissues were distributed in low-, medium-, and high density fractions and are, therefore, heterogeneous. Dermatan sulfate (DS) was the major GAG in each tissue and smaller quantities of chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan sulfate (HS), and heparin (HP) were also present. In addition, 2 other GAG constituents were also detected. Based on the susceptibility of these GAGS to enzymes and nitrous acid treatments, one was a HS or HP while the second was a DS. The major differences in the PG composition of the scar tissues were the higher proportions of low-density CS-PGs in the keloid scar and of low density DS-PGs in hypertrophic and keloid scars.
Accomplishments and future trends in the field of electroactive polymers

The paper provides a summary review of the accomplishments and challenges in the field of electroactive polymers (EAP). It consists of three parts. The first part outlines the main classes of EAP, their properties and applications. Efforts to enhance the functional performance of EAP are discussed. The second part summarizes the development and use of electroactive polymer based composites. Challenges, opportunities and future research directions in the field are discussed in the third part. The issues of particular interest concern accurate material characterization of electroactive polymers, their time dependent behavior, constitutive modeling, and cyclic loading effects that determine the long-term functionality, integrity and durability of electroactive polymers. Research efforts in these focus areas are necessary to ensure effective integration of EAP in multifunctional material systems.
Mini high-repetition frequency sealed-off TEA CO2 laser

This paper gives some results and curves from digital calculating about equations of TEA CO2 laser. 3D Chang's electrode was precisely calculated and manufactured to gain well-distributed electric field in discharge space, which is necessary for TEA CO2 laser. A pre-ionization technique used in this laser was described. A gas circulating system was designed to let the laser operate at high repetition frequency (HRF). It is a key technique to extend the operating life of mini high repetition frequency sealed-off TEA CO2 laser. So, an efficient low temperature catalyst is used in this laser. Mini HRF sealed-off TEA CO2 laser can be applied for the military such as rangefinder, tracing, designating, etc. The specifications of this laser are following: mode is TEM00, divergence (whole angle) in far field is less than 4 mrad, pulse energy of TEM00 mode is 87.8 mJ, FWHF is 36.5 ns, peak power of TEM00 mode is more than 0.9 MW, operating frequency is 130 Hz (the maximum frequency is up to 255 Hz and it can operate continuously at 50 Hz), it's operating life is more than 1 X 107 shots.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synthesizing Annealing Twins in Three-Dimensional Voxel-Based Microstructures

The five-parameter grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) of a material contains both the grain boundary plane orientation and the lattice misorientation information. This work focuses on generating three-dimensional microstructures that match the full five-parameter GBCD obtained from experimentally observed microstructures. In face-centered cubic metals, the density of high symmetry boundaries is often maximized in order to improve grain boundary dependent properties, such as the resistance to intergranular corrosion and fatigue cracking. Twinning events have been found to be very effective in introducing these high symmetry boundaries that are denoted by low sigma values for Coincident Site Lattice relationships. Therefore, in this investigation, microstructures that contain annealing twins are of particular interest. The statistics that are used to quantify the differences between the synthetic and experimentally observed structures are texture or orientation distribution (OD), GBCD, number and area fractions of S3 and coherent S3 boundaries, S3 cluster distribution, and twin density.
Comparison and Sensitivity of ODASI Ocean Analyses in the Tropical Pacific

Abstract Two global ocean analyses from 1993 to 2001 have been generated by the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), as part of the Ocean Data Assimilation for Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction (ODASI) consortium efforts. The ocean general circulation models (OGCM) and assimilation methods in the analyses are different, but the forcing and observations are the same as designed for ODASI experiments. Global expendable bathythermograph and Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) temperature profile observations are assimilated. The GMAO analysis also assimilates synthetic salinity profiles based on climatological T–S relationships from observations (denoted “TS scheme”). The quality of the two ocean analyses in the tropical Pacific is examined here. Questions such as the following are addressed: How do different assimilation methods impact the analyses, including ancillary fields such as salinity and currents? Is there a significant difference in interpre...
Foxg1 is required for morphogenesis and histogenesis of the mammalian inner ear

The forkhead genes are involved in patterning, morphogenesis, cell fate determination, and proliferation. Several Fox genes (Foxi1, Foxg1) are expressed in the developing otocyst of both zebrafish and mammals. We show that Foxg1 is expressed in most cell types of the inner ear of the adult mouse and that Foxg1 mutants have both morphological and histological defects in the inner ear. These mice have a shortened cochlea with multiple rows of hair cells and supporting cells. Additionally, they demonstrate striking abnormalities in cochlear and vestibular innervation, including loss of all crista neurons and numerous fibers that overshoot the organ of Corti. Closer examination shows that some anterior crista fibers exist in late embryos. Tracing these fibers shows that they do not project to the brain but, instead, to the cochlea. Finally, these mice completely lack a horizontal crista, although a horizontal canal forms but comes off the anterior ampulla. Anterior and posterior cristae, ampullae, and canals are reduced to varying degrees, particularly in combination with Fgf10 heterozygosity. Compounding Fgf10 heterozygotic effects suggest an additive effect of Fgf10 on Foxg1, possibly mediated through bone morphogenetic protein regulation. We show that sensory epithelia formation and canal development are linked in the anterior and posterior canal systems. Much of the Foxg1 phenotype can be explained by the participation of the protein binding domain in the delta/notch/hes signaling pathway. Additional Foxg1 effects may be mediated by the forkhead DNA binding domain. Developmental Dynamics 235:2470 –2482, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Computer science education at the start of the 21st century-a survey of accredited programs

We report results from the sixth survey of departments offering degree programs accredited by the Computing Accreditation Commission (CAC) of the Accreditation Board for Engineering & Technology (ABET). The goal of this survey is to provide structured, up-to-date information in terms of demographics and statistics related to curricula, faculty, and students in accredited undergraduate computer science degree programs. The tables listed in this paper, present summarized results from the survey collected in the winter of 2001-2002. Whenever relevant, data collected over the past six survey years are shown to identify apparent trends.
Optimal ROC Curve for a Combination of Classifiers

We present a new analysis for the combination of binary classifiers. Our analysis makes use of the Neyman-Pearson lemma as a theoretical basis to analyze combinations of classifiers. We give a method for finding the optimal decision rule for a combination of classifiers and prove that it has the optimal ROC curve. We show how our method generalizes and improves previous work on combining classifiers and generating ROC curves.
Fish Handling and Ultrasound Procedures for Viewing the Ovary of Submersed, Nonanesthetized, Unrestrained Channel Catfish

Abstract This study addressed the development of rapid, straightforward, and minimally stressful procedures for the ultrasound imaging of ovaries of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in a commercial hatchery setting. The objectives were to (1) describe the ultrasound imaging equipment and settings used, (2) describe the fish handling procedures during imaging, and (3) illustrate image orientation with respect to the physical positioning of the probe and the catfish. Ultrasound images of the ovaries of channel catfish were recorded as digital video recordings (audio video interleave format) and as still images (ultrasound image format files). This study integrated the use of nonanesthetized, submersed fish within a recirculating tank system or portable container and a submersed waterproof probe, which enabled us to use water as a transmission medium for ultrasound. This allowed us to image the fish in ventral recumbency (upright swimming position) without using a physical restraint in the tank system, or...
A Modern Fiduciary Theory of the Necessary & Proper Clause

Buried in Chief Justice Roberts’ recent landmark opinion upholding the constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act under the tax power is a brief discussion indicating that the Necessary and Proper Clause cannot justify the Act’s individual insurance mandate. But the Chief Justice breezed through this important argument without any overriding theory, in a manner Justice Ginsburg suggested would inevitably “disserve future courts.” In the process, Roberts hastily distinguished the Court’s recent decision in United States v. Comstock, which offered a substantial — if ambiguous — rethinking of the Necessary and Proper Clause, for perhaps the first time since McCulloch v. Maryland. This Article seeks to bring clarity back to Necessary and Proper Clause jurisprudence, by offering a new originalist account of the Clause. Underlying the Court’s Comstock decision are two puzzles. First, there is a puzzle on the surface of the opinion as to how to apply Justice Breyer’s novel five “considerations” in future cases, which this Article demonstrates has already left lower courts — and seemingly the Supreme Court itself, in its Affordable Care Act decision—deeply confused. Second, Comstock brings back to the surface a deeper puzzle that has sat dormant in Necessary and Proper Clause jurisprudence from the beginning: the puzzle of what it really means for congressional legislation to be rationally related to an enumerated constitutional end. The Article seeks to solve both puzzles together by proposing a modern fiduciary theory of the Necessary and Proper Clause that provides meaning to Breyer’s considerations and clarifies the nature of a rational relation between legislated means and enumerated ends. After canvassing the range of possible means-end fit tests, the Article draws on newly uncovered history of the fiduciary and agency law roots of the Necessary and Proper Clause to argue that the most appropriate means-end test would ask whether Congress, in legislating, is acting as a proper fiduciary of the people of the United States, within the context of its enumerated powers.
Virtual Tissues in Toxicology

New approaches are vital for efficiently evaluating human health risk of thousands of chemicals in commerce. In vitro models offer a high-throughput approach for assaying chemical-induced molecular and cellular changes; however, bridging these perturbations to in vivo effects across chemicals, dose, time, and species remains challenging. Technological advances in multiresolution imaging and multiscale simulation are making it feasible to reconstruct tissues in silico. In toxicology, these "virtual" tissues (VT) aim to predict histopathological outcomes from alterations of cellular phenotypes that are controlled by chemical-induced perturbations in molecular pathways. The behaviors of thousands of heterogeneous cells in tissues are simulated discretely using agent-based modeling (ABM), in which computational "agents" mimic cell interactions and cellular responses to the microenvironment. The behavior of agents is constrained by physical laws and biological rules derived from experimental evidence. VT extend compartmental physiologic models to simulate both acute insults as well as the chronic effects of low-dose exposure. Furthermore, agent behavior can encode the logic of signaling and genetic regulatory networks to evaluate the role of different pathways in chemical-induced injury. To extrapolate toxicity across species, chemicals, and doses, VT require four main components: (a) organization of prior knowledge on physiologic events to define the mechanistic rules for agent behavior, (b) knowledge on key chemical-induced molecular effects, including activation of stress sensors and changes in molecular pathways that alter the cellular phenotype, (c) multiresolution quantitative and qualitative analysis of histologic data to characterize and measure chemical-, dose-, and time-dependent physiologic events, and (d) multiscale, spatiotemporal simulation frameworks to effectively calibrate and evaluate VT using experimental data. This investigation presents the motivation, implementation, and application of VT with examples from hepatotoxicity and carcinogenesis.
The XA21 binding protein XB25 is required for maintaining XA21-mediated disease resistance.

Summary Plant genomes encode a large number of proteins that potentially function as immune receptors in the defense against pathogen invasion. As a well-characterized receptor kinase consisting of 23 tandem leucine-rich repeats, a transmembrane domain and a serine/threonine kinase, the rice (Oryza sativa) protein XA21 confers resistance to a broad spectrum of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) races that cause bacterial blight disease. We report here that XA21 binding protein 25 (XB25) belongs to the plant-specific ankyrin-repeat (PANK) family. XB25 physically interacts, in vitro, with the transmembrane domain of XA21 through its N–terminal binding to transmembrane and positively charged domain (BTMP) repeats. In addition, XB25 associates with XA21 in planta. The downregulation of Xb25 results in reduced levels of XA21 and compromised XA21-mediated disease resistance at the adult stage. Moreover, the accumulation of XB25 is induced by Xoo infection. Taken together, these results indicate that XB25 is required for maintaining XA21-mediated disease resistance.
Dopaminergic neurons inhibit striatal output through non-canonical release of GABA

The substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area contain the two largest populations of dopamine-releasing neurons in the mammalian brain. These neurons extend elaborate projections in the striatum, a large subcortical structure implicated in motor planning and reward-based learning. Phasic activation of dopaminergic neurons in response to salient or reward-predicting stimuli is thought to modulate striatal output through the release of dopamine to promote and reinforce motor action. Here we show that activation of dopamine neurons in striatal slices rapidly inhibits action potential firing in both direct- and indirect-pathway striatal projection neurons through vesicular release of the inhibitory transmitter GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). GABA is released directly from dopaminergic axons but in a manner that is independent of the vesicular GABA transporter VGAT. Instead, GABA release requires activity of the vesicular monoamine transporter VMAT2, which is the vesicular transporter for dopamine. Furthermore, VMAT2 expression in GABAergic neurons lacking VGAT is sufficient to sustain GABA release. Thus, these findings expand the repertoire of synaptic mechanisms used by dopamine neurons to influence basal ganglia circuits, show a new substrate whose transport is dependent on VMAT2 and demonstrate that GABA can function as a bona fide co-transmitter in monoaminergic neurons.