cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mountain-Wave Momentum Flux in an Evolving Synoptic-Scale Flow

Abstract The evolution of mountain-wave-induced momentum flux is examined through idealized numerical simulations during the passage of a time-evolving synoptic-scale flow over an isolated 3D mountain of height h. The dynamically consistent synoptic-scale flow U accelerates and decelerates with a period of 50 h; the maximum wind arrives over the mountain at 25 h. The synoptic-scale static stability N is constant, so the time dependence of the nonlinearity parameter, e(t) = Nh/U(t), is symmetric about a minimum value at 25 h. The evolution of the vertical profile of momentum flux shows substantial asymmetry about the midpoint of the cycle even though the nonlinearity parameter is symmetric. Larger downward momentum fluxes are found during the accelerating phase, and the largest momentum fluxes occur in the mid- and upper troposphere before the maximum background flow arrives at the mountain. For a period of roughly 15 h, this vertical distribution of momentum flux accelerates the lower-tropospheric zonal-m...
Discourse architectures: designing and visualizing computer mediated conversation

The goal of this workshop is to examine the issue of coherence in computer-mediated (text-based) conversation (CMC), and how it can be visualized graphically. The premise underlying the workshop is that the understandings of coherence developed by designers and researchers can usefully inform one another. Analytical representations based on discourse research and/or theory might, suitably modified, serve as interface designs, and the interplay between graphical user interfaces and the achievement of coherence by users might advance research understandings.
Distribution of fast myosin heavy chain isoforms in thick filaments of developing chicken pectoral muscle

Colloidal gold-conjugated monoclonal antibodies were prepared to stage-specific fast myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms of developing chicken pectoralis major (PM). Native thick filaments from different stages of development were reacted with these antibodies and examined in the electron microscope to determine their myosin isoform composition. Filaments prepared from 12-d embryo, 10-d chick, and 1-yr chicken muscle specifically reacted with the embryonic (EB165), neonatal (2E9), and adult (AB8) antimyosin gold-conjugated monoclonal antibodies, respectively. The myosin isoform composition was more complex in thick filaments from stages of pectoral muscle where more than one isoform was simultaneously expressed. In 19-d embryo muscle where both embryonic and neonatal isoforms were present, three classes of filaments were found. One class of filaments reacted only with the embryonic antibody, a second class reacted only with the neonatal-specific antibody, and a third class of filaments were decorated by both antibodies. Similar results were obtained with filaments prepared from 44-d chicken PM where the neonatal and adult fast MHCs were expressed. These observations demonstrate that two myosin isoforms can exist in an individual thick filament in vivo. Immunoelectron microscopy was also used to determine the specific distribution of different fast MHC isoforms within individual filaments from different stages of development. The anti-embryonic and anti-adult antibodies uniformly decorated both homogeneous and heterogeneous thick filaments. The neonatal specific antibody uniformly decorated homogeneous filaments; however, it preferentially decorated the center of heterogeneous filaments. These observations suggest that neonatal MHC may play a specific role in fibrillogenesis.
Improving Ankle Dorsiflexion

To the Editor: The article by Moseley and the accompanying conference (March 1997) was thought-provoking. We would like to comment on three major topics: (1) measurement of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), (2) functional consequences of ankle plantar-flexion contractures, and (3) appropriate stretching durations for improving ankle dorsiflexion ROM. The conference participants raised several important issues relevant to the measurement of ankle dorsiflexion ROM. One issue was the choice of landmarks on the foot. Moseley's use of a line from the lateral malleolus to the head of the fifth metatarsal, while requiring interpretation, probably reflects the dorsiflexion motion. Measurements of ankle dorsiflexion ROM obtained photographically using different landmarks on the foot (heel, fifth metatarsal, and lateral border of the plantar surface) have been shown to correlate strongly ( r =.719–.904) with one another1 and, like the measurements reported by Moseley, tend to be reliable (intraclass correlation coefficients=.802–.927).1 [ ARTICLE][1] [ ARTICLE][2] [1]: /lookup/volpage/77/240?iss=3 [2]: /lookup/volpage/77/248?iss=3
Mathematics and Racial Identity Co-Construction in Multiple Sociopolitical Contexts: A Case Study of a Latina Undergraduate Student from an Urban Community.

Although urban Latinas/os have participated in mathematics workshops in urban universities for over three decades as part of the Emerging Scholars Program (ESP), few studies have explored Latina/o students’ perspectives of how and why these learning environments support them in attaining mathematical success. This article presents an in-depth case study of how Vanessa, a Latina undergraduate student from an urban community, simultaneously constructed her mathematics and racial identities as she engaged in a culturally diverse, collaborative ESP Calculus I workshop situated within broader sociopolitical contexts. Vanessa’s story was selected because she offered a unique perspective of how encountering identityaffirming workshop spaces aided her in constructing a strengthened selfperception as a Latina mathematics learner. Her counter-story challenges dominant ideologies that disregard the importance of viewing Latina/o students’ mathematics participation and learning as racialized forms of experience.
BRAINformat: A Data Standardization Framework for Neuroscience Data:

Author(s): Ruebel, Oliver; Prabhat, Mr.; Denes, Peter; Conant, David; Chang, Edward; Bouchard, Kristofer | Abstract: Neuroscience is entering the era of `extreme data` with little experience and few plans for the associated volume, velocity, variety, and veracity challenges. This is a serious impediment for both the sharing of data across labs, as well as the utilization of modern and high-performance computing capabilities to enable data driven discovery. Here, we introduce BRAINformat, a novel file format and model for management and storage of neuroscience data. The BRAINformat library defines application-independent design concepts and modules that together create a general framework for standardization of scientific data. We describe the formal specification of scientific data standards, which facilitates sharing and verification of data and formats. We introduce the concept of Managed Objects, enabling semantic components of data formats to be specified as self-contained units, supporting modular and reusable design of data format components and file storage. The BRAINformat is built off of HDF5, enabling portable, scalable, and self-describing data storage. We introduce the novel concept of Relationship Attributes for modeling and use of semantic relationships between data objects, and discuss the annotation of data using dedicated data annotation modules provided by the BRAINformat library. Based on these concepts we implement dedicated, application-oriented modules and design a data standard for neuroscience data.The BRAINformat software library is open source, easy-to-use, and provides detailed user and developer documentation and is freely available at: https://bitbucket.org/oruebel/brainformat.
Electron attachment to the interhalogen compounds ClF, ICl, and IBr

Thermal electron attachment rate coefficients for three interhalogen compounds (ClF, ICl, IBr) have been measured from 300 to 900 K at pressures of 1--2 Torr using a flowing afterglow--Langmuir probe apparatus. ClF attaches somewhat inefficiently ($k=7.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) at 300 K, with the rate coefficient rising to $1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 700 K. At higher temperatures the apparent rate coefficient falls steeply; however, this is interpreted as an artifact due to decomposition on the walls of the inlet line. ICl attaches with even lower efficiency ($k=9.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 300 K) and a less steep increase with temperature. Attachment to IBr is too slow to confidently measure with the present experiment, with an upper limit on the rate coefficient of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ from 300 to 600 K. Both ClF and ICl attach dissociatively to yield $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{l}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, likely exclusively, though ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ or ${\mathrm{I}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ may be produced with limits of $l2%$ and $l5%$, respectively. The ClF attachment was further explored through ab initio calculation of the ClF and $\mathrm{Cl}{\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ potential energy curves and $R$-matrix calculations of the resonance parameters which were used then for calculations of the dissociative attachment cross sections and rate coefficients. While the magnitude of the attachment rate coefficient for ClF is similar to those for both $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{l}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, the calculated cross sections show qualitatively different threshold behavior due to the $s$-wave contribution allowed by the lack of inversion symmetry. The $v=1$ and 2 vibrational modes of ClF attach about three to four times faster than $v=0$ and 3 at energies lower than $\ensuremath{\sim}0.2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. The calculated rate coefficients are in good agreement with the experiment at 300 K and increase moderately less steeply with temperature.
Human studies on bioavailability and plasma response of lycopene.

ConclusionsGiven that lycopene is a major dietary and plasma carotenoid in the U.S. population, and that there is an inverse a sociation between lycopene intake or plasma concentrations and cancer of the prostate, pancreas, and possibly stomach, it is important to understand factors that influence concentrations in the body and evaluate the metabolism and biological function of Iycopene and its metabolites. This is essential for the understanding of the protective effects of this carotenoid.
Pathologic Changes of the Peripheral Vestibular System Secondary to Chronic Otitis Media

ObjectiveTo evaluate the histopathologic changes of dark, transitional, and hair cells of the vestibular system in human temporal bones from patients with chronic otitis media.Study DesignComparative human temporal bone study.SettingOtopathology laboratory.Subjects and MethodsTo compare the density of vestibular dark, transitional, and hair cells in temporal bones with and without chronic otitis media, we used differential interference contrast microscopy.ResultsIn the chronic otitis media group (as compared with the age-matched control group), the density of type I and type II hair cells was significantly decreased in the lateral semicircular canal, saccule, and utricle (P < .05). The density of type I cells was also significantly decreased in the chronic otitis media group in the posterior semicircular canal (P = .005), but that of type II cells was not (P = .168). The mean number of dark cells was significantly decreased in the chronic otitis media group in the lateral semicircular canal (P = .014) and...
Proteomic Analysis of Anti-Proliferative Effects by Treatment of 5-Fluorouracil in Cervical Cancer Cells

Objective : We investigated the effects of 5-fluorouracil (FU) to the cervical cancer cell lines with HPV in the aspect of the apoptosis and HPV. Methods : The effects of 5-FU on apoptosis was studied using a proteomic method based on a two dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-MS using peptide mass fingerprinting. Results : More than 50 proteins showed a significant change in 5-FU treated cervical carcinoma cells compared to control cells. Among them, 34 proteins have been identified and 22 proteins were up-regulated CIDE-B (cell death inducing DFFA-like effector B), caspase-3, caspase-8 and Apo-1/CD95 (Fas), etc and 12 proteins were down-regulated mitotic checkpoint protein BUB3, myc proto-oncogene protein (c-myc), src substrate cortactin and transforming protein p21A, etc by 5-FU treatment in HeLa cells as determined by spot volume (P proteins by 5-FU treatment in HeLa cells. Conclusion : we suggest that 5-FU suppresses the growth of cervical cancer cells not only by anti-proliferative effect but also anti-viral regulation. Our findings may offer new insights into the mechanism of anticancer effect affected by 5-FU treatment in cervical cancer cells and its mode of action.
Occupational Health Knowledge Among Workers Exposed to Toxic and Harmful Substances in Panzhihua City

Objective To learn current cognitive status of workers exposed to toxic and harmful substances on occupational health- related knowledge, and to provide a scientific basis for occupational health education.Methods A total of 3 346 workers were investigated with uniform questionnaire by stratified cluster sampling method. Results Altogether 3 359 questionnaires were distributed and 3 346 were valid,with an effective recovery rate of 99. 6%. The awareness rate of knowledge on occupational health was 19. 7%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the awareness of occupational health knowledge was influenced by educational level,enterprise scale,characteristic of enterprise and types of hazard factors the workers contacted( all P0. 01). Conclusion The occupational health knowledge awareness in workers exposed to toxic and harmful substances is low,especially in the workers with low education level and working in small and medium private enterprises. Thus,health education should be enhanced in the future targeting those vulnerable occupational populations.
Use of FLT3 inhibitors in leukemia: a wrench in the activation loop

Tyrosine kinases may be constitutively activated in leukemias as fusion genes by intragenic juxtamembrane deletion or in frame insertions, or by “activation loop” mutations in the catalytic domain. In this issue, Grundler and colleagues (page [646][1]) demonstrate that there is varying
Geometric Calibration and Image Reconstruction for a Segmented Slant-Hole Stationary Cardiac SPECT System

A dedicated stationary cardiac single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system with a novel segmented slant-hole collimator has been developed. The goal of this paper is to calibrate this new imaging geometry with a point source. Methods: Unlike the commercially available dedicated cardiac SPECT systems, which are specialized and can be used only to image the heart, our proposed cardiac system is based on a conventional SPECT system but with a segmented slant-hole collimator replacing the collimator. For a dual-head SPECT system, 2 segmented collimators, each with 7 sections, are arranged in an L-shaped configuration such that they can produce a complete cardiac SPECT image with only one gantry position. A calibration method was developed to estimate the geometric parameters of each collimator section as well as the detector rotation radius, under the assumption that the point source location is calculated using the central-section data. With a point source located off the rotation axis, geometric parameters for each collimator section can be estimated independently. The parameters estimated individually are further improved by a joint objective function that uses all collimator sections simultaneously and incorporates the collimator symmetry information. Results: Estimation results and images reconstructed from estimated parameters are presented for both simulated and real data acquired from a prototype collimator. The calibration accuracy was validated by computer simulations with an error of about 0.1° for the slant angles and about 1 mm for the rotation radius. Reconstructions of a heart-insert phantom did not show any image artifacts of inaccurate geometric parameters. Conclusion: Compared with the detector’s intrinsic resolution, the estimation error is small and can be ignored. Therefore, the accuracy of the calibration is sufficient for cardiac SPECT imaging.
Abstract TP168: Risk of Stroke and Hemorrhage in Patients Treated With Warfarin Versus Dabigatran Requiring Surgery

Introduction: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) cease anticoagulants prior to surgery to minimize bleeding risk. Patients requiring emergency surgery may be particularly vulnerable to bleeding if anticoagulants remain in the blood. This may be especially problematic with dabigatran (DAB) use given its lack of reversal agent. Objective: This study compares stroke or bleeding risk in patients with AF taking DAB or warfarin (WARF) that undergo elective, urgent, or emergent inpatient surgery. Methods: Medicare inpatient claims were used to identify patients with AF who underwent elective (n=20,535) and urgent or emergent (n=24,665) surgery from 11/2010 -12/2012, and had received DAB or WARF within 90 days prior to admission. Outcomes included stroke and major bleeding within 30 days of surgery, and blood units used during the admission. Other patient characteristics included demographics, operation type, and comorbid conditions. Risk adjusted differences in outcomes between patients taking DAB or WARF were estimated within admission category using multivariable regression. Results: DAB was used by 5,495 (12%) of patients prior to admission. Overall, 1.0% of patients had stroke within 30 days of surgery, 1.2% had a major bleeding event, and patients received an average 0.12 units of blood. Stroke and bleeding rates did not differ for patients taking WARF or DAB, overall or within admission category. Among elective admissions, blood units used also did not differ between WARF or DAB patients. Among urgent and emergent admissions, patients taking DAB used significantly fewer blood units than patients taking WARF (0.09 vs 0.18, respectively; p Conclusions: Stroke and bleeding risk in patients taking either DAB or WARF were comparable, while patients taking DAB required significantly fewer blood units than patients taking WARF when undergoing emergency surgery. The lack of a reversal agent for DAB does not appear to increase the risk of complications even for emergency surgery.
Early Brain Growth in Rett Syndrome

Neuropathological and neurochemical studies supporting the concept of Rett syndrome (RS) as a neurodevelopmental disorder are reviewed from the Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD.
Molecular Testing in Hepatitis Virus Related Disease

Abstract Infections with hepatitis viruses remain major causes of life-threatening liver diseases, including acute failure, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent estimates indicate that up to 600 million people are symptomatically infected by one or more of the five main hepatitis viruses, with more than 2 billion people having been exposed to hepatitis B virus (HBV) alone. Serological testing based on detection of viral proteins and/or respective antibodies is not always sufficient to diagnose and monitor outcomes of the current antiviral therapies. The sensitive molecular detection, quantification, and genotyping of HBV and hepatitis C virus became clinically necessary in the era of the increased availability of highly effective, although yet genotype constrained, antiviral treatments and the discovery of asymptomatic low-level virus persistence. This overview summarizes the current molecular methods of detection and quantification of hepatitis virus genomes, with special emphasis on assays that are commercially available and approved for clinical use.
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Frequency of Suicide Attempts: The Role of Pain Persistence

Abstract Background Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal behavior exhibit a robust association with one another. Research on the contexts within which this relationship is stronger or weaker, however, is limited. The interpersonal theory of suicidal behavior (ITS) posits that NSSI influences suicidal behavior through a habituation to physical pain and, as such, pain tolerance has been theorized to play an important role. We tested whether pain persistence, the difference between pain threshold and pain tolerance, would moderate the relationship between frequency of NSSI and suicidal behavior in both an undergraduate and community sample. Method Study 1 assessed healthy undergraduates, whereas Study 2 was comprised of community members recruited largely based upon a history of suicidal behavior. Across both samples, participants completed self-report measures of NSSI and a structured interview on suicidal behavior. In both studies, pain was measured using a pressure algometer and, in Study 2, persistence was also assessed using the Enhanced Distress Tolerance Test (DTT-E). Results Consistent with the notion that suicidal behavior requires persistence amidst pain and distress, results indicated that the willingness to remain engaged with pain and distress may significantly influence the degree to which NSSI is related to suicidal behavior. Limitations Both studies were limited by a cross-sectional design, which precluded assessments of causality and directionally of effects. Conclusions These results call attention to the potential importance of persistence through pain and/or distress in the association between NSSI and suicidal behavior.
A mixed-methods investigation of successful aging among older women engaged in sports-based versus exercise-based leisure time physical activities

This mixed-methods study compares active older women in different physically based leisure activities and explores the difference in subjective ratings of successful aging and quantifiable predictors of success. A survey was administered to 256 women, 60-92 years of age, engaged in a sports- or exercise-based activity. Quantitative data were analyzed through ANOVA and multiple regression. Qualitative data (n = 79) was analyzed using the approach associated with means-end theory. While participants quantitatively appeared similar in terms of successful aging, qualitative interviews revealed differences in activity motivation. Women involved in sports highlighted social/psychological benefits, while those involved in exercise-based activities stressed fitness outcomes.
Sewer Ventilation Modeling

A model of sewer ventilation was developed using a relationship between the water and air velocities. SWMM hydraulic output was used to compute the water veloc…
A brief measure of reactance to health warnings.

Reactance to persuasive messages involves perceived threat to freedom, anger, and counterarguing that may undermine the impact of health warnings. To understand reactance’s effects, reliable and valid assessment is critical. We sought to develop and validate a brief Reactance to Health Warnings Scale (RHWS). Two independent samples of US adults completed the brief RHWS in studies that presented warnings on cigarette packs that smokers carried with them for 4 weeks (Study 1; n = 2149) or as digital images of cigarette packs that participants viewed briefly (Study 2; n = 1413). The three-item Brief RHWS had good internal consistency and test–retest reliability. The scale correlated with higher trait reactance and exposure to pictorial warnings, supporting its convergent validity. With respect to predictive validity, the Brief RHWS predicted perceived message effectiveness, quit intentions, avoidance of the warnings, and number of cigarettes smoked per day. The Brief RHWS can serve as an efficient adjunct to the development of persuasive messages.
Marker Recycling in Candida albicans through CRISPR-Cas9-Induced Marker Excision

ABSTRACT We describe here a new approach to marker recycling, a controlled sequence of steps in which a genetic marker is selected and then lost. Marker recycling is important for genetic manipulation, because it allows a single selection marker to be used repeatedly. Our approach relies upon the ability of the CRISPR-Cas9 system to make a targeted double-strand break in DNA and the expectation that a double-strand break within a selection marker may promote recombination between directly repeated sequences that flank the marker. We call the approach CRISPR-Cas9-induced marker excision (CRIME). We tested the utility of this approach with the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, which is typically diploid. We used two selection markers, modified to include flanking direct repeats. In a proof-of-principle study, we created successive homozygous deletions in three genes through use of the two markers and had one of the markers available in the final strain for further selection and recycling. This strategy will accelerate the creation of multiple-mutant strains in C. albicans. CRISPR-Cas9 systems have been applied to many organisms, so the genetic design principles described here may be broadly applicable. IMPORTANCE It is critical to be able to alter genes in order to elucidate their functions. These alterations often rely upon markers that allow selection for a rare cell in a population that has incorporated a piece of DNA. The number of alterations that can be accomplished is thus limited by the number of selection markers that are available. This limitation is circumvented by marker recycling strategies, in which a marker is eliminated after its initial use. Then, the marker can be used again. In this report, we describe a new marker recycling strategy that is enabled by recently developed CRISPR-Cas9 technology.
Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation

Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 760nm and 100,000nm. Low-level light therapy (LLLT) or photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy generally employs light at red and near-infrared wavelengths (600-100nm) to modulate biological activity. Many factors, conditions, and parameters influence the therapeutic effects of IR, including fluence, irradiance, treatment timing and repetition, pulsing, and wavelength. Increasing evidence suggests that IR can carry out photostimulation and photobiomodulation effects particularly benefiting neural stimulation, wound healing, and cancer treatment. Nerve cells respond particularly well to IR, which has been proposed for a range of neurostimulation and neuromodulation applications, and recent progress in neural stimulation and regeneration are discussed in this review. The applications of IR therapy have moved on rapidly in recent years. For example, IR therapy has been developed that does not actually require an external power source, such as IR-emitting materials, and garments that can be powered by body heat alone. Another area of interest is the possible involvement of solar IR radiation in photoaging or photorejuvenation as opposites sides of the coin, and whether sunscreens should protect against solar IR? A better understanding of new developments and biological implications of IR could help us to improve therapeutic effectiveness or develop new methods of PBM using IR wavelengths.
Linguistic Knowledge and Fuzzy Membership Elicitation

Abstract Linguistic rule bases provide an alternative or complement to analysis where traditional mathematical models do not exist and human expertise is widely available. A linguistic term inherited three types of inexactness (generality, ambiguity and vagueness) which can be dealt with by membership functions. This paper discusses imprecision of human knowledge and the process of membership elicitation to establish linguistic rules. A Random-Sampling-Without-Replacement technique is proposed to maximize the efficiency of knowledge elicitation from human experts. A fuzzy rule network (FRN) structure for representing linguistic knowledge is implemented, and a method for adaptive rule calibrations is presented to maximize overall rulebase performance.
The role of subduction and gravitational sinking in particle export, carbon sequestration, and the remineralization length scale in the California Current Ecosystem

Particles and aggregates created in the surface layers of the ocean are transported not only by gravity, but also by the horizontal and vertical advection of the surrounding water. Subduction, in particular, can transport organic matter from the surface ocean to the mesopelagic in a manner that is not likely to be detected by typical in situ carbon export measurements (e.g., sediment traps and 238U-234Th disequilibrium). To assess the importance of subduction to the biological pump, we combined in situ sediment trap, thorium, primary productivity, and particulate organic carbon (POC) measurements with a data-assimilative physical circulation model and a Lagrangian particle tracking model. We develop a simple parameterization of two alternative particle sinking processes (Phytoplankton-Fecal Pellet [PFP] and Aggregation) using results from 13 extensively sampled water parcels in the California Current Ecosystem. Both parameterizations suggested that subduction is an important, at times dominant, mechanism of POC vertical export in the region (median 44% and 23% contribution to total POC export for PFP and Aggregate parameterizations at the 100-m depth horizon). The percentage contribution of subduction was highly variable across water parcels (ranging from 7% to 90%), with subduction typically more important in offshore, oligotrophic regions. On average the fate of particles that are passively transported out of the surface layer by advection is different from that of particles that sink across the 100-m depth horizon. Subducted particles were predominantly remineralized shallower than 150 m, while approximately 50% of gravitationally exported POC was remineralized at depths > 500 m.
Resolving the NFκB Heterodimer Binding Paradox: Strain and Frustration Guide the Binding of Dimeric Transcription Factors.

Many eukaryotic transcription factors function after forming oligomers. The choice of protein partners is a nonrandom event that has distinct functional consequences for gene regulation. In the present work we examine three dimers of transcription factors in the NFκB family: p50p50, p50p65, and p65p65. The NFκB dimers bind to a myriad of genomic sites and switch the targeted genes on or off with precision. The p65p50 heterodimer of NFκB is the strongest DNA binder, and its unbinding is controlled kinetically by molecular stripping from the DNA induced by IκB. In contrast, the homodimeric forms of NFκB, p50p50 and p65p65, bind DNA with significantly less affinity, which places the DNA residence of the homodimers under thermodynamic rather than kinetic control. It seems paradoxical that the heterodimer should bind more strongly than either of the symmetric homodimers since DNA is a nearly symmetric target. Using a variety of energy landscape analysis tools, here we uncover the features in the molecular arch...
Invertebrates in Desert Ecosystems: Summary Remarks

Part 1 of this book established a “desert perspective” to serve as a background for the material to follow. It also introduced an underlying theme, namely the contribution of invertebrates to the structure and function of desert ecosystems. Yet up to now, this inclusive concept has been treated only indirectly in the book’s three major units: adaptations to the physical environment (Part 2), life-history patterns (Part 3), and community dynamics (Part 4).
Aneurysm Treatment with Liquid Embolics

During the past decade, Onyx® HD-500 (Medtronic Neurovascular, USA), a high-viscosity liquid embolic agent, has been used extensively to treat intracranial aneurysms. Preliminary experience using this relatively novel agent was rewarding in terms of high-occlusion rates and low-recanalization rates of large and wide-necked aneurysms [1, 2]. Use of Onyx HD-500 has since decreased dramatically with the increasing popularity of flow diverters as first-line treatment for complex intracranial aneurysms. Nevertheless, it remains a useful endovascular tool for select patients who are not good candidates for flow diversion because of recurrent stent-embolized aneurysms or nickel allergy.
Optimization of lithium-glass fibers with lithium depleted coating for neutron detection

Abstract Neutron-detecting scintillating glass uses 6 Li to capture thermal neutrons to produce an α and triton particles, which have ranges of 6 μ m and 36 μ m , respectively. Captures on or near the surface of the glass can cause one of the particles to deposit less than its full energy in the glass; resulting in a failure to detect the neutron. This effect can be mitigated in lithium glass scintillators by coating lithium-glass fibers with lithium depleted scintillating glass. Thus, the scintillator’s efficiency will be increased. Results from this work on glass scintillating fibers show that an increase up to 60% in neutron intrinsic efficiency depending on core size can be achieved with scintillating glass coatings .
The Yin and Yang of Cytoreductive SBRT in Oligometastases and Beyond

Background: Oligometastatic disease has emerged as a possibly distinct metastatic phenotype in numerous cancer histologies. With the advancement in treatment modalities including stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), certain patients may derive benefits from local ablative therapy. SBRT alone has already shown to have potential benefits in certain oligometastatic disease types. However, more understanding of the immunologic modulation and microenvironment is needed to guide which patients may benefit from SBRT alone or with combination therapy, if at all. Purpose: The purpose of this review is to offer an update on the emerging data testing SBRT combined with immunotherapy, review the pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of the tumor microenvironment, discuss novel molecular targets used to augment the immune response, and review potential methods used to decrease toxicity in order to improve the therapeutic ratio.
Variation in the effect of system usage and individual impact: A meta-regression of empirical findings

Abstract The relationship between system usage and individual impact has received considerable attention in prior studies. However, the results for the relationship have been mixed. This study hypothesizes that the variation in the effect of system usage on individual impact may be attributed to characteristics of the research contexts. This research examines the effects of voluntariness of use, number of organizations, number of respondents, type of respondents, and information system type, while controlling for geographic region and industry sector using meta-regression methods to examine the findings from 74 studies published between 1992 and 2018. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Cobalt and Chromium Ion Release in Metal-on-Polyethylene and Ceramic-on-Polyethylene THA: A Simulator Study With Cellular and Microbiological Correlations

Abstract Background The aims of this study were to determine the levels of cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) ions generated in simulators from metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) and ceramic-on-polyethylene (CoP) constructs. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect of these ion levels on native tissues and their potential to modify periprosthetic joint infection risk. Methods We used in vitro culture of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) and Staphylococcus epidermidis cultures, respectively. Ten hip simulator constructs (5 MoP and 5 CoP) were assembled and run for 1,000,000 cycles in bovine serum and evaluated for CoCr concentration. Cytotoxicity and growth impact on AMSCs and S. epidermidis was compared between CoCr and inert silicon dioxide. Results After 1,000,000 cycles, mean MoP and CoP Co concentration was 2264 and 0.6 ng/mL, respectively (P Conclusion MoP constructs built in ideal conditions generated substantial CoCr debris, highlighting a baseline risk with these implants that may be exacerbated by host factors or imperfect surgical technique. Evaluation of impact on AMSCs suggests that debris levels produced under simulator conditions can be cytotoxic. In addition, these concentrations did not potentiate or inhibit S. epidermidis growth, suggesting that elevated periprosthetic joint infection rates with adverse local tissue reaction are related to other factors potentially associated with tissue necrosis.
The costs to bus go round and round: Charting a route to a decision

Abstract In today’s competitive global environment, companies often wrestle with outsourcing decisions to manage operations. This fictional case inspired by recent actual events presents you with an outsourcing decision to manage a school’s educational operations and resources. The case provides you the opportunity to practice managerial accounting data analysis techniques using Excel to assess outsourcing decisions with capital budgeting analyses. You have the opportunity to connect and balance these data analyses with considerations of ethical responsibilities since both play critical roles in outsourcing decisions. To recognize ethical responsibilities, the case encourages use of the IMA Statement of Ethical Professional Practice. Because the case blends outsourcing decisions with capital budgeting data analyses and ethics, it is suitable in managerial accounting and accounting ethics courses. Additional teaching resources and materials bring the case to life and can help you connect the outsourcing challenges in a familiar and relatable local educational setting to corresponding larger-scale outsourcing challenges in international corporate settings.
Introducing Cybersecurity Concepts in Non-Security Courses through a POGIL Activity: A Pilot Study

Process-Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) activities are used in many undergraduate courses. Their utilization in Computer Science courses is very useful in the delivery of fundamentals of computer science. The site https://cspogil.org/contains many such activities. Currently, there is limited amount of research published involving both POGIL and Security. As such we feel that this area is wide open for contributions. In this work we create a POGIL activity designed to introduce some fundamental Cybersecurity concepts to undergraduate computer science/information technology/information systems students enrolled in non-security-focused courses. The learners will get exposure to essential application security risks and reflect upon the concepts introduced. Through this POGIL activity students get exposed to exercises involving the first seven of the The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Top 10 Application Security Risks. We use PRE/POST survey methods to collect data from these courses and investigate students' engagement and knowledge gains resulted from this activity.
Campaign Effects and the Elusive Swing Voter in Modern Machine Politics

Are vote-choice buying attempts successful? Much research across the social sciences argues that political machines expertly turn citizens into clients, undermining core aspects of democracy. Using...
P113 Relationship Between Acculturation and Diet Quality Among Hispanic Adolescents

Background Acculturation is a dynamic and complex process that adopts elements of the dominant culture, which include food, attitudes, beliefs, languages, art, music, rituals, and faith/religion. This melting pot vs. salad bowl framework may impact health. The melting pot advocates for assimilation into 1 dominant culture whereas the salad bowl encourages distinctions that contribute to unique aspects of every group. The salad bowl approach to health suggests that health promotion and disease prevention are broad goals that coincide with identity and heritage. Objective To determine whether there is a relationship between level of acculturation and diet quality among first- and second-generation Hispanic adolescents in the United States. Study Design, Setting, Participants We utilized the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) sample, consisting of 447 Hispanic adolescents ages 12 to 19 (46.5% male, 53.5% female) in the US. Diet quality from the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was measured using 2-day food records. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Data was cleaned and analyzed using SAS version 4.0. Level of acculturation was scored via NHANES content of generational items for parental citizenship status and language items for frequency of native language spoken at home. HEI was scored as poor (0 to 49), moderate (50 to 79), and good (80 to 100). Multiple logistic regression measured acculturation vs. diet quality, and controlled for gender, age, and income. The Tukey test confirmed findings. Results Gender and income had no influence on HEI whereas older age groups were associated with higher HEI scores (P Conclusions Findings suggest that Americanized Hispanic adolescents consume more standard American foods and fewer meals prepared at home. Future investigations should explore the impact of acculturation on diet quality among other ethnicities and evaluate culturally appropriate interventions in the US.
Balancing Unquantified Harms and Benefits in Antitrust Cases Under the Consumer Welfare Standard

William Howard Taft—the most under-appreciated constitutional figure since George Mason, the father of the Bill of Rights—is no doubt best known as the 27th President, but his most significant contributions to our constitutional order came as Chief Justice. The federal judiciary today is the federal judiciary Taft gave us. During his tenure as Chief Justice, Taft convinced the Congress to create the Judicial Conference as the governing body of the federal courts; give the Supreme Court its own building; and, in the Judiciary Act of 1925, eliminate most of the Supreme Court’s mandatory jurisdiction.1 These reforms bolstered the independence of the federal judiciary, and permanently elevated its role in our society. Taft also made important contributions to antitrust, both as a judge2 and during his time as president. Although his predecessor, Teddy Roosevelt, is remembered as the “trustbuster,” Taft’s administration brought nearly twice as many cases in half the time.3 As Jeff Rosen explains in his excellent brief biography of Taft, TR and his successor had diametrically opposed ideas about how best to assure the competitiveness of markets.4 Roosevelt championed a regulatory model, with strict federal oversight of large corporations.5 Taft favored a law enforcement model, with aggressive prosecution of anticompetitive conduct, bearing in mind that “[m]ere size is no sin against the law.”6 In my view, Taft’s approach was preferable and has been vindicated over the course of the last century. The regulatory model would have substituted the discretion of regulators for the decisions of risk takers, with distortionary and welfare-reducing effects. The law enforcement approach, by contrast, protects competition while adhering to the rule of law.7 In this Article I hope to continue in Taft’s reformist footsteps by suggesting some additional tools antitrust enforcers and courts can use to make coherent, evidence-based decisions in the face of measurement difficulties.
Stabilizing Silicon Anode Chemistry for Long Cycle and Calendar Life Electrodes

Replacing traditional graphite anode by Si anode can greatly improve the energy density of lithium-ion batteries. However, the large volume expansion and the formation of highly reactive lithium silicides during charging cause the continuous lithium and electrolyte consumption as well as the fast decay of Si anodes. In this work, by formulating new electrolytes and additives, we demonstrate lifetime stabilization of the anode chemistry during the initial lithiation process. Using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that stabilization suppresses the detrimental chemical reactions between the lithium silicides and common electrolyte solvents as well as binders. Formulated electrolytes were tested in commercially relevant electrodes, which show higher capacity, superior cyclability, and higher coulombic efficiencies in both half-cell and full-cell configurations when compared with standard electrolytes. We show an improvement in capacity retention from ~25% after 270 cycles to ~60% and a consistent 0.2%+ improvement in coulombic efficiencies in full cells when compared to state of the art baselines with silicon anodes. Post-electrochemistry characterizations demonstrate the mechanistic details silicon anion stabilization. This study opens a new and simple way to stabilize silicon anodes to enable widespread application of Si anodes for lithium-ion batteries.
The structural basis of herpesvirus entry.

Herpesviruses are ubiquitous, double-stranded DNA, enveloped viruses that establish lifelong infections and cause a range of diseases. Entry into host cells requires binding of the virus to specific receptors, followed by the coordinated action of multiple viral entry glycoproteins to trigger membrane fusion. Although the core fusion machinery is conserved for all herpesviruses, each species uses distinct receptors and receptor-binding glycoproteins. Structural studies of the prototypical herpesviruses herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) entry glycoproteins have defined the interaction sites for glycoprotein complexes and receptors, and have revealed conformational changes that occur on receptor binding. Recent crystallography and electron microscopy studies have refined our model of herpesvirus entry into cells, clarifying both the conserved features and the unique features. In this Review, we discuss recent insights into herpesvirus entry by analysing the structures of entry glycoproteins, including the diverse receptor-binding glycoproteins (HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD), EBV glycoprotein 42 (gp42) and HCMV gH–gL–gO trimer and gH–gL–UL128–UL130–UL131A pentamer), as well gH–gL and the fusion protein gB, which are conserved in all herpesviruses. Recent crystallography and electron microscopy studies have refined our model of herpesvirus entry into cells. In this Review, Connolly, Jardetzky and Longnecker discuss recent insights into herpesvirus entry by analysing the structures of entry glycoproteins, including the diverse receptor-binding glycoproteins and conserved fusion proteins.
Salt stress enhances early symbiotic gene expression in Medicago truncatula and induces a stress-specific set of rhizobium-responsive genes

Salt stress is a major agricultural concern inhibiting not only plant growth but also the symbiotic association between legume roots and the soil bacteria rhizobia. This symbiotic association is in...
Motivation und Emotion

Motivation und (Nicht-)Motiviertsein sind heute im Schulalltag haufig angesprochene Bereiche menschlichen Verhaltens. Da Motivation nie direkt beobachtbar ist, sondern jeweils aus bestimmten Verhaltensweisen erschlossen wird, nennen wir sie ein hypothetisches Konstrukt. Dies ist zum Verstandnis dieses Kapitels von ganz entscheidender Bedeutung; auch die Beschaftigung mit anderen psychologischen Fragestellungen erfordert den Umgang mit hypothetischen Konstrukten.