cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of radiation therapy in the treatment of supraglottic carcinoma.

One hundred and one cases of early and late supraglottic tumors covering a period of 22 years have been evaluated. The early stages, without lymph node metastasis, show a 75% 2-year control and a 50% 5-year survival. The local control rate is 75% in those patients treated at a dose equivalent to more than 1700 rets. More advanced supraglottic tumors with lymph node metastasis have shown a 15% 2-year control rate, 10% 5-year survival when treated with irradiation alone. We are now treating the more advanced tumors with clinical adenopathy with a course of preoperative irradiation of 4000 to 5500 rads in 5 to 6 1/2 weeks followed at an appropriate interval in all cases with radical surgical removal of the primary and draining node areas. Conservation surgery is being considered in the advanced cases as an alternative to total laryngectomy. Lesions without clinical nodes in the supraglottic area should be treated by radiation therapy alone. At least 6000 rads in 6 1/2 weeks should be delivered to the primary and node-draining areas. Conservation surgery in these earlier cases can be reserved for radiation treatment failures, thus sparing the voice in 75% or more of the cured patients.
Performance validation in anatomic pathology: successful integration of a new classification system into the practice setting using the updated lung non-small cell carcinoma recommendations.

Context.—The new, international, multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma, from the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society, presents a paradigm shift for diagnostic pathologists. Objective.—To validate our ability to apply the recommendations in reporting on non–small cell lung cancer cases. Design.—A test based on the new non–small cell lung cancer classification was administered to 16 pathology faculty members, senior residents, and fellows before and after major educational interventions, which included circulation of articles, electronic presentations, and live presentations by a well-known lung pathologist. Surgical and cytologic (including cell-block material) reports of lung malignancies for representative periods before and after the educational interventions were reviewed for compliance with the new guidelines. Cases were scored on a 3-point scale, with 1 indicating incorrect terminology and/or highly inappropri...
Making Faceted Classification more acceptable on the Web: A comparison of Faceted Classification and ontologies

Both Faceted Classification and ontologies offer a consistent structure to organize web resources effectively. This paper compares Faceted Classification and ontologies to introduce the concept of making Faceted Classification work more efficiently on the Web. It concludes that if complemented by ontologies, Faceted Classification could be more usefully accepted on the Web with increased conceptual expressiveness among facets.
Loss of Arabidopsis GAUT12/IRX8 causes anther indehiscence and leads to reduced G lignin associated with altered matrix polysaccharide deposition

GAUT12 (GAlactUronosylTransferase12)/IRX8 (IRregular Xylem8) is a putative glycosyltransferase involved in Arabidopsis secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Previous work showed that Arabidopsis irregular xylem8 (irx8) mutants have collapsed xylem due to a reduction in xylan and a lesser reduction in a subfraction of homogalacturonan (HG). We now show that male sterility in the irx8 mutant is due to indehiscent anthers caused by reduced deposition of xylan and lignin in the endothecium cell layer. The reduced lignin content was demonstrated by histochemical lignin staining and pyrolysis Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry (pyMBMS) and is associated with reduced lignin biosynthesis in irx8 stems. Examination of sequential chemical extracts of stem walls using 2D 13C-1H Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy and antibody-based glycome profiling revealed a reduction in G lignin in the 1 M KOH extract and a concomitant loss of xylan, arabinogalactan and pectin epitopes in the ammonium oxalate, sodium carbonate, and 1 M KOH extracts from the irx8 walls compared with wild-type walls. Immunolabeling of stem sections using the monoclonal antibody CCRC-M138 reactive against an unsubstituted xylopentaose epitope revealed a bi-lamellate pattern in wild-type fiber cells and a collapsed bi-layer in irx8 cells, suggesting that at least in fiber cells, GAUT12 participates in the synthesis of a specific layer or type of xylan or helps to provide an architecture framework required for the native xylan deposition pattern. The results support the hypothesis that GAUT12 functions in the synthesis of a structure required for xylan and lignin deposition during secondary cell wall formation.
Rheotaxis in Larval Zebrafish Is Mediated by Lateral Line Mechanosensory Hair Cells

The lateral line sensory system, found in fish and amphibians, is used in prey detection, predator avoidance and schooling behavior. This system includes cell clusters, called superficial neuromasts, located on the surface of head and trunk of developing larvae. Mechanosensory hair cells in the center of each neuromast respond to disturbances in the water and convey information to the brain via the lateral line ganglia. The convenient location of mechanosensory hair cells on the body surface has made the lateral line a valuable system in which to study hair cell damage and regeneration. One way to measure hair cell survival and recovery is to assay behaviors that depend on their function. We built a system in which orientation against constant water flow, positive rheotaxis, can be quantitatively assessed. We found that zebrafish larvae perform positive rheotaxis and that, similar to adult fish, larvae use both visual and lateral line input to perform this behavior. Disruption or damage of hair cells in the absence of vision leads to a marked decrease in rheotaxis that recovers upon hair cell repair or regeneration.
An architecture for high-performance/small-area multipliers for use in digital filtering applications

A multiplier architecture and encoding scheme well suited for programmable digital filtering applications is described. The multiplier's partial product recoding scheme uses only simple multiplexers and takes advantage of a RAM that stores filter coefficients. We use an optimized 20-transistor full-adder cell in the carry-save adder array, and a carry-select vector-merge adder produces the final output. An integrated circuit comprising an ll-b by ll-b multiplier using second-order recoding has been fabricated in 2-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. It operates in 22 ns and its core occupies 1.53 mm/sup 2/. Also, an ll-b by 16-b multiplier using third-order recoding has been fabricated through MOSIS in 1.2-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. Its core occupies 0.9 mm/sup 2/ and it operates in 19 ns. >
Memories of ‘The Rivalry’: Differences in How Fans of the Winning and Losing Teams Remember the Same Game

Summary: Berntsen’s social identity model of flashbulb memory was applied to recall of the 2008 Lafayette–Lehigh (‘The Rivalry’) football game, which Lehigh won. Consistent with Berntsen’s theory, Lehigh fans found the game to be more emotional and therefore rehearsed the event more frequently. They also remembered the factual details of the game more accurately than did Lafayette fans, particularly those facts that enhanced positive social group identity. Although students from both schools recalled the event equally vividly initially, the Lehigh fans maintained that vividness over time, whereas Lafayette fans’ memories decreased in vividness. Surprisingly, both teams’fans were equally consistent in describing their personal circumstances during the event, were equally confident in the accuracy of those recollections, and felt an equally high degree of reliving the event while remembering it. The significant influence of emotional affect on vividness, reliving, and confidence was partially mediated by rehearsal, consistent with Berntsen’s model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Flashbulb memories (FBMs; Brown & Kulik, 1977) can be described as a subset of autobiographical memories that are long lasting and recalled with enhanced vividness, an enhanced sense of reliving the event while remembering it, and enhanced confidence in the accuracy of the memory. These memories are typically, but not necessarily, generated in response to surprising, emotional public events. One promising account for how FBM develop is the social identity mechanism articulated by Berntsen (2009). She proposed that in the aftermath of an event, the activation of one’s social identity leads to an emotional reaction. Emotional salience and social relevance, in turn, enhance both individual and collective rehearsal. The outcome of these processes is a memory that is long lasting, vivid, and perceived as accurate. Furthermore, these memories support and maintain one’s social identity. One promising context for investigating this model is memory for sporting events.
The Formulation and Review of Regulations Under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

The new Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act embodies the most drastic consequence thus far produced by a recent important tendency in federal legislation to impose strict procedural requirements upon regulatory agencies in the exercise of rule-making powers and to subject the resulting regulations to a high degree of judicial review.' Heretofore the adoption of general regulations by administrative action, even where penal consequences attached to their violation, has not been surrounded by the safeguards that attend a judicial proceeding or an administrative proceeding of a "quasijudicial" character.2 Under the new Act, however, as under a number of other recent federal laws,3 the Secretary of Agriculture and his agents in the Food and Drug Adrrministration are required to observe a careful procedure in devising numerous important regulations, and these regulations, in turn, are subject to judicial review in the Circuit Courts of Appeals.4 The resulting process resembles the previous machinery for prescribing public utility rates, rather than that employed in devising health and safety regulations, whether by the Food and Drug Administration itself or by other agencies.5
Militaries in Business State-Making and Entrepreneurship in the Developing World

Over the course of the twentieth century, militaries in the developing world adopted roles as owners and managers of economic enterprises that constitute an important source of financial and institutional autonomy from the state and society. This article identifies several distinct types of military entrepreneurship and argues that their development depends on patterns of state capacity, military professionalization, and threat conditions facing the country. Case studies of Pakistan, El Salvador, and China test the argument, exploring both the origins of military business activities and their current condition. The study finds that military entrepreneurship is harmful to the achievement or maintenance of military professionalism and that it is quite durable because it adapts to prevailing market conditions and therefore can weather major shifts toward democracy and the market.
Equalization of Third-Order Intermodulation Products in Wideband Direct Conversion Receivers

This paper reports a SAW-less direct-conversion receiver which utilizes a mixed-signal feedforward path to regenerate and adaptively cancel IM3 products, thus accomplishing system-level linearization. The receiver system performance is dominated by a custom integrated RF front end implemented in 130-nm CMOS and achieves an uncorrected out-of-band IIP3 of -7.1 dBm under the worst-case UMTS FDD Region 1 blocking specifications. Under IM3 equalization, the receiver achieves an effective IIP3 of +5.3 dBm and meets the UMTS BER sensitivity requirement with 3.7 dB of margin.
A statistical approach to biological factors of safety: bending and shearing in Psilotum axes

Abstract A method is presented to calculate the factor of safety (based on any criterion of failure) for populations of equivalent biological structures that normally sustain mechanical loads (e.g. stems of the same order of branching). The method uses the empirically determined mean and standard deviation of the actual loads and the load capabilities provided that both types of loads are normally distributed in the population. The factor of safety S is calculated from the formula S ⩾1+α(sd 2 ω +sd 2 η ) 1/2 / A β f χ L, where α and β are determined from regression analyses, sd denotes standard deviation, ω is load capability (the maximum load a structure can sustain before it mechanically fails), χ is the actual load (the load the structure normally sustains), χL is the mean actual load determined for the population, and A f is the area under the frequency distribution curve for which ω -η S for the axes drawn from different orders of branching in the aerial trusses of Psilotum nudum , a taxonomically problematic pteridophyte. Failure in bending and failure in twisting were used as two criteria of mechanical failure. The actual loads, load capabilities, and the difference between the two loads measured in bending and twisting for representative axes in each branch level were normally distributed. Based on the area of overlap between the frequency distribution curves of the two kinds of loads, the standard deviations of the loads, and the mean actual loads for the axes drawn from each level of branching, the factor of safety in bending and twisting was found to decrease in a basipetal direction: distal axes had the highest factors of safety, while the most proximal axes in trusses had the lowest factors of safety. The data indicated that axes from all levels of branching had factors of safety greater than unity, and thus all axes were mechanically reliable load-bearing members. The limitations and benefits of the method for computing S are discussed in the specific context of P. nudum and for the vertical stems of vascular plants in general. The principal limitation of the method is the assumption that actual loads and load capabilities have normal frequency distributions; the main benefit of the method is that factors of safety are numerically indexed in an objective way based on the distribution of mechanical properties of a population of otherwise similar organic structures.
Incidence and predictors of Lhermitte's sign among patients receiving mediastinal radiation for lymphoma

To prospectively examine the risk of developing Lhermitte’s sign (LS) in patients with lymphoma treated with modern-era chemotherapy followed by consolidation intensity-modulated radiation therapy. We prospectively interviewed all patients with lymphoma who received irradiation to the mediastinum from July 2011 through April 2014. We extracted patient, disease, and treatment-related variables from the medical records of those patients and dosimetric variables from treatment-planning systems and analyzed these factors to identify potential predictors of LS with Pearson chi-square tests. During the study period 106 patients received mediastinal radiation for lymphoma, and 31 (29 %) developed LS. No correlations were found between LS and any of the variables examined, including total radiation dose, maximum point dose to the spinal cord, volume receiving 105 % of the dose, and volumes receiving 5 or 15 Gy. In this group of patients, treatment with chemotherapy followed by intensity-modulated radiation therapy led to 29 % developing LS; this symptom was independent of radiation dose and seemed to be an idiosyncratic reaction. This relatively high incidence could have resulted from prospective use of a structured interview.
Therapists Working in New and Old Ways: An Integrative Ecological Framework for Non‐Familial Intergenerational Relationships

Non-familial intergenerational (NFIG) relationships can complement conventional therapeutic interventions. We discuss the intergenerational gap and structural changes families have experienced over the last several decades. We advocate for an integrative framework combining non-familial intergenerational opportunities with conventional therapeutic interventions. Finally, we address logistical and ethical dimensions of the integrative framework and participants' fitness, motivation, potential, and needs within non-familial intergenerational programs/partnerships.
A Sacred Bastion? A Nation in Itself? An Economic Partner of Rising China? Three Waves of Nation‐Building in Taiwan after 1949

Agreeing with the constructivist approach to nationalism, this article argues that the prevailing ambiguous attitude towards nationality among people in Taiwan is a reflection of different waves of nation-building − each led people to imagine a distinct nation − and the mixture of these waves during past decades. Whereas all nations are artificially imagined, ‘the style in which they are imagined’ should be examined. This article aims to distinguish three waves of nation-building in Taiwan after 1949 and address the issue of superimposition of contradictory elements in producing nation-ness to highlight that nation-building is a path-dependent process. Three suppositions can be derived from the investigation of Taiwan's case. First, people are not empty vessels and the new national imagination has to compete and coexist with vestiges and crystallizations of former imaginations. Second, the content of a single nation-building programme may be reinvented according to the external and/or internal environment. Third, depending on the social atmosphere, official nationalism may adopt a different method to instil the national imagination.
Use of probability-based sampling of water-quality indicators in supporting development of quality criteria

Intensive, site-based data are typically used to establish protective water-quality criteria, but may only exist for few systems in a region. We examine whether or not water-quality indicator data collected from large-scale, probability-based assessments can support the development of regional quality criteria. Because such indicators may be subject to high natural variation over short time-scales, a key question is whether survey values will be sufficiently similar to site-based sampling to merit use in extrapolating quality criteria spatially. Median values for dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and Chl a for dry-season data collected within Yaquina Bay (OR, USA) over a 7-year period were compared with dry-season datasets collected from two studies comprising 6 and 14 Oregon estuaries, respectively. A second, reduced dataset (August–September only) was compared with data from 38 estuaries within the same ecoregion. All comparisons were made for marine and riverine salinity zones. Medians for Yaquina Bay were higher than those from the comparison surveys. Stochastic variation of coastal upwelling during sampling appears to cause the contrasts. Further work is required to define upwelling-based adjustments for regional, probability-based survey data before they can be used in regulatory applications. However, even without adjustment, these data may help in determining the appropriate regional context for quality criteria.
An aminopeptidase from Streptomyces sp. KK565 degrades beta amyloid monomers, oligomers and fibrils

Abstract The accumulation of beta amyloid (Aβ) has been a primary target for Alzheimer disease therapeutic strategies. Previously, we discovered an activity from Streptomyces sp. KK565 growth media that inhibits Aβ aggregation. The active component was an aminopeptidase and named Streptomyces sp. KK565 aminopeptidase (SKAP). SKAP cleaved N-terminal amino-acids of Aβ1–42 monomer, inhibited formation of fibrils and protected Aβ1–42-induced neurotoxicity. Over-expression of a human homolog of SKAP, glutamate carboxypeptidase II (hGCPII) in Aβ-oversynthesizing cells dramatically reduced the Aβ levels. These findings suggest a possible role of M28 family peptidases in preventing Aβ deposits in mammalian brain. Structured summary MINT- 7992796 : SKAP (uniprotkb: Q306T3 ) physically interacts (MI: 0915 ) with Abeta (uniprotkb: P05067 ) by protease assay (MI: 0435 ) MINT- 7992752 , MINT- 7992778 : SKAP (uniprotkb: Q306T3 ) binds (MI: 0407 ) to Abeta (uniprotkb: P05067 ) by protease assay (MI: 0435 )
Spatial Generalization from Learning Dynamics of Reaching Movements

When subjects practice reaching movements in a force field, they learn a new sensorimotor map that associates desired trajectories to motor commands. The map is formed in the brain with elements that allow for generalization beyond the region of training. We quantified spatial generalization properties of these elements by training in one extreme of the reachable space and testing near another. Training resulted in rotations in the preferred direction (PD) of activation of some arm muscles. We designed force fields that maintained a constant rotation in muscle PDs as the shoulder joint rotated in the horizontal plane. In such fields, training in a small region resulted in generalization to near and far work spaces (80 cm). In one such field, the forces on the hand reversed directions for a given hand velocity with respect to the location of original training. Despite this, there was generalization. However, if the field was such that the change in the muscle PDs reversed as the work spaces changed, then performance was worse than performance of naive subjects. We suggest that the sensorimotor map of arm dynamics is represented in the brain by elements that globally encode the position of the arm but locally encode its velocity. The elements have preferred directions of movement but are modulated globally by the position of the shoulder joint. We suggest that tuning properties of cells in the motor system influence behavior and that this influence is reflected in the way that we learn dynamics of reaching movements.
Life-threatening tardive dyskinesia caused by metoclopramide†

A case of severe life-threatening tardive dyskinesia resulting in esophageal and respiratory difficulties due to metoclopramide therapy is presented. A 66-year-old man with a primary diagnosis of clear cell carcinoma of the biliary duct was treated with metoclopramide for gastrointestinal symptoms related to his chemotherapy regimen. The patient initially presented with tremor and rigidity in the upper extremities. On antiparkinsonian therapy, symptoms progressed to hemiballism and involuntary movements of the face, mouth, and tongue, with respiratory and esophageal dyskinesia. Despite discontinuance of metoclopramide, severe tardive dyskinetic symptoms resulted in placement of a gastrostomy tube to maintain nutritional support. This case along with others in the literature should emphasize the need for continuous reevaluation of metoclopramide during long-term therapy, since serious side effects have been reported to occur.
The social life of cultural value

Abstract In this article I discuss processes through which the values of cultural forms are formulated, maintained and communicated across social populations. My empirical focus is the emergence and spread of a prestige register of spoken British English, nowadays called ‘Received Pronunciation’. I discuss a number of characterological discourses of speech and accent that articulate the values of the register and bring them into circulation before particular audiences. I argue that the historical spread of the register was linked to the circulation of such discourses during the 18th and 19th centuries. I propose specific models for understanding the circulation of discourse across social populations and the means by which these values are recognized, maintained and transformed.
Using "Scaled Credit Payback" to Achieve Soft-fairness for Disruptive Radios in CSMA Networks

In this work, we propose a scaled credit payback mechanism to mitigate the impact of such disruptions. In general, the active channel access time for disruptive stations depends on their disruption profiles (i.e., frequency, duration). The goal of our work is to allow disruptive stations to obtain their desired share of transmission opportunities despite their disruption profiles. Using the credit payback mechanism, credits are saved during channel access procedures when disruptions occur and they are used to compensate the lost transmission opportunities of disruptive stations to an appropriate degree. Below, we elaborate on the system model and the proposed scaled credit payback algorithm.
Transfer of Satellite Rainfall Uncertainty from Gauged to Ungauged Regions at Regional and Seasonal Time Scales

Hydrologists and other users need to know the uncertainty of the satellite rainfall data sets across the range of time/space scales over the whole domain of the data set. Here, uncertainty' refers to the general concept of the deviation' of an estimate from the reference (or ground truth) where the deviation may be defined in multiple ways. This uncertainty information can provide insight to the user on the realistic limits of utility, such as hydrologic predictability, that can be achieved with these satellite rainfall data sets. However, satellite rainfall uncertainty estimation requires ground validation (GV) precipitation data. On the other hand, satellite data will be most useful over regions that lack GV data, for example developing countries. This paper addresses the open issues for developing an appropriate uncertainty transfer scheme that can routinely estimate various uncertainty metrics across the globe by leveraging a combination of spatially-dense GV data and temporally sparse surrogate (or proxy) GV data, such as the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar. The TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) products over the US spanning a record of 6 years are used as a representative example of satellite rainfall. It is shown that there exists a quantifiable spatial structure in the uncertainty of satellite data for spatial interpolation. Probabilistic analysis of sampling offered by the existing constellation of passive microwave sensors indicate that transfer of uncertainty for hydrologic applications may be effective at daily time scales or higher during the GPM era. Finally, a commonly used spatial interpolation technique (kriging), that leverages the spatial correlation of estimation uncertainty, is assessed at climatologic, seasonal, monthly and weekly timescales. It is found that the effectiveness of kriging is sensitive to the type of uncertainty metric, time scale of transfer and the density of GV data within the transfer domain. Transfer accuracy is lowest at weekly timescales with the error doubling from monthly to weekly.However, at very low GV data density (<20% of the domain), the transfer accuracy is too low to show any distinction as a function of the timescale of transfer.
NF-κB mediated enhancement of potassium currents by the chemokine CXCL1/growth related oncogene in small diameter rat sensory neurons

Inflammatory processes play important roles in both neuropathic and inflammatory pain states, but the effects of inflammation per se within the sensory ganglia are not well understood. The cytokine growth-related oncogene (GRO/KC; CXCL1) shows strong, rapid upregulation in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in both nerve injury and inflammatory pain models. We examined the direct effects of GRO/KC on small diameter DRG neurons, which are predominantly nociceptive. Whole cell voltage clamp technique was used to measure voltage-activated potassium (K) currents in acutely cultured adult rat small diameter sensory neurons. Fluorescently labeled isolectin B4 (IB4) was used to classify cells as IB4-positive or IB4-negative. In IB4-negative neurons, voltage-activated K current densities of both transient and sustained components were increased after overnight incubation with GRO/KC (1.5 nM), without marked changes in voltage dependence or kinetics. The average values for the slow and fast decay time constants at 20 mV were unchanged by GRO/KC. The amplitude of the fast inactivating component increased significantly with no large shifts in the voltage dependence of inactivation. The increase in K currents was completely blocked by co-incubation with protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) or NF-κB inhibitors pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) or quinazoline (6-Amino-4-(4-phenoxypheny lethylamino;QNZ). In contrast, the voltage-activated K current of IB4-positive neurons was unchanged by GRO/KC. GRO/KC incubation caused no significant changes in the expression level of eight selected voltage-gated K channel genes in quantitative PCR analysis. The results suggest that GRO/KC has important effects in inflammatory processes via its direct actions on sensory neurons, and that activation of NF-κB is involved in the GRO/KC-induced enhancement of K currents.
Antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of yoghurt fortified with sodium calcium caseinate or whey protein concentrate

In this study, the effect of fortification of yoghurt with sodium calcium caseinate (SCC) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) on the antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity was assessed. Milk was fortified with skim milk powder (SMP) as control, SCC, and WPC at 2% and 4% ratios. The antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2,-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging, and Fe2+ chelating activity methods. Yoghurt fortified with 4% WPC had the highest DPPH• scavenging activity, whereas there were no significant differences between yoghurt samples containing SMP and SCC at both fortification levels. In the Fe2+ chelating activity method, increase in incubation time (from 0 to 60 min, at room temperature) significantly improved the chelating effect of all yoghurt types. Yoghurts supplemented with WPC and 4% SMP showed higher Fe2+ chelating activity than those fortified with SCC for all incubation times. Experimental yoghurts also possessed antioxidant activity towards H2O2 except yoghurts fortified with WPC at a concentration of 0.2 g∙mL−1. Yoghurt containing 4% WPC showed higher H2O2-scavenging activity than those supplemented with 4% SCC at 0.05 and 0.1 g∙mL−1 concentrations, at 0 and 40 min. Addition of SCC or WPC caused an increase in the ACE inhibitory activity of yoghurt when compared to supplementation with SMP. Fortification of yoghurt with WPC was more effective than that of with SCC in terms of ACE inhibitory activity.
Kinetic modeling and transient DRIFTS–MS studies of CO2 methanation over Ru/Al2O3 catalysts

Abstract CO2 methanation was investigated on 5% and 0.5% Ru/Al2O3 catalysts (Ru dispersions: ∼18% and ∼40%, respectively) by steady-state kinetic measurements and transient DRIFTS–MS. Methanation rates were higher over 5% Ru/Al2O3 than over 0.5% Ru/Al2O3. The measured activation energies, however, were lower on 0.5% Ru/Al2O3 than on 5% Ru/Al2O3. Transient DRIFTS–MS results demonstrated that direct CO2 dissociation was negligible over Ru. CO2 has to first react with surface hydroxyls on Al2O3 to form bicarbonates, which, in turn, react with adsorbed H on Ru to produce adsorbed formate species. Formates, most likely at the metal/oxide interface, can react rapidly with adsorbed H forming adsorbed CO, only a portion of which is reactive toward adsorbed H, ultimately leading to CH4 formation. The unreactive CO molecules are in geminal form adsorbed on low-coordinated sites. The measured kinetics are fully consistent with a Langmuir–Hinshelwood type mechanism in which the H-assisted dissociation of the reactive CO∗ is the rate-determining step (RDS). The similar empirical rate expressions ( r CH 4 = kP CO 2 0.1 P H 2 0.3 - 0.5 ) and DRIFTS–MS results on the two catalysts under both transient and steady-state conditions suggest that the mechanism for CO2 methanation does not change with Ru particle size under the studied experimental conditions. Kinetic modeling results further indicate that the intrinsic activation barrier for the RDS is slightly lower on 0.5% Ru/Al2O3 than on 5% Ru/Al2O3. Due to the presence of unreactive adsorbed CO on low-coordinated Ru sites under reaction conditions, the larger fraction of such surface sites on 0.5% Ru/Al2O3 than on 5% Ru/Al2O3 is regarded as the main reason for the lower rates for CO2 methanation on 0.5% Ru/Al2O3.
New results on the inverse-system/deconvolution problem for linear dynamical systems

A new theory and realization methodology for the inverse-system/deconvolution problem associated with dynamical systems is developed. This new theory, based on the assumption of a finite-dimensional, linearized dynamical system and uncertain input signalss(t) that have a feature calledwaveform structure, effectively overcomes the longstanding difficulties of realizing inverse systems for linear systems that have “more poles than zeros” and/or have “zeros in the right half-plane”. The results obtained here are derived for both continuous and discrete-time linear systems, using either analog or digital signal processing, and includetime-varying systems with uncertainvector input signalss(t)=(s1(t)...sr(t)) and/orvector output measurementsy(t)=(y1(t)...ym(t)).
The Robot and the Rabbit—a Pursuit Problem

(1969). The Robot and the Rabbit—a Pursuit Problem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 140-145.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE TWO-PHASE MECHANISM OF ENDOGENOUS OMEGA-6 FATTY ACID, ARACHIDONIC ACID, REGULATING VASCULAR INFLAMMATION BY TARGETING CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 AND MICROSOMAL PROSTAGLANDIN E2 SYNTHASE-1

Based on clinical and animal studies, American Heart Association have recommended that daily consumption of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of at least 5-10% of total dietary intake likely decreases the risk of coronary heart disease. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the studies
Effect of killing rodents in the grasslands of northwest Jilin province

Objective To observe the effect of 0.005% brodifacoum poison bait on the rodents in the grasslands.Methods The rodent density was investigated by the method of arch splint.Brodifacoum posion bait was put in the fields at equal appearing interval and every holes. Results The main rodent was Citellus dauricus.After placing the poison bait twice,the deratization rate were 95.83% and 66.67%. Conclusion 0.005% brodifacoum poison bait had good effect on killing rodents in fields.
Real-Time Security Assessment Methods of Power Grid Operation Trends

Under the situations of increasing complexity of power system and more difficulty in real-time control, it is critically needed for security to assess power grid operation trends accurately, rapidly and roundly in a short time. But it could not meet the double requirements of round and rapid assessment through the state indicator or rick indicator. This paper focuses on online real-time operation assessment, and establishes a real-time security assessment method of power grid operation trends based on state indicator system. The proposed method includes preliminary assessment and refined calculation. Preliminary assessment combines fuzzy theory with the obtained region importance indicator through calculation of load importance to determine system operation trends after adverse events and find out the problem region.Refined calculation calculates the indicators of state indicator system belong to the problem region and gets the specifically dangerous indicator. As thus, the double requirements of round and rapid assessments could be met. An example is given to prove validity and feasibility of the proposed method.
Removing Salt and Pepper Noises in Digital Images Using Radial Basis Functions

Removing salt and pepper noises in digital images can be converted to reconstruction of 2-dimensional surface.This method selects multi-quadric function to build interpolation of missing information in images,automatically selects interpolation points and referenced points,and solves the interpolation equations to get the processed images.The experiments shows that this method is able to remove almost,even all noises with little damage to details of images.Also,it is able to restore more information when the noise rate is very high.While processing the Lena images with 50% and 90% salt and pepper noises,the result of this method is 6 dB higher than which of adaptive median filter in SNR.
Bone marrow DNA adducts and bone marrow cellularity following treatment with benzene metabolites in vivo.

Benzenel (BZ) is a widely used industrial solvent, exposure to which has been linked to the development of aplastic anemia and leukemia. BZ is an animal carcinogen (Cronkite et al., 1984), but the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite still has not been determined. Recent work in our laboratory involving the mechanism of toxicity of BZ has been concerned with the capacity of BZ or its metabolites to interact with DNA. Previous studies have identified an adduct formed by the reaction of p-benzoquinone and deoxyguanosine in vitro (Jowa et al., 1986). Our current efforts have focused on the detection of adducts between BZ metabolites and DNA in vivo.
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy for Struvite Renal Calculi: Prospective Study with Extended Followup

AbstractTo clarify the significance of retained stone particles after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL‡) for struvite renal calculi we followed 22 otherwise healthy women for 16 to 52 months (mean 39 months). Each patient had persistent Proteus mirabilis bacteriuria before ESWL and received a standardized regimen of antimicrobial therapy in the perioperative period only.Of the 22 patients 19 (86%) were cured of the persistent bacteriuria. Of these 19 patients 16 had retained stone particles at the beginning of surveillance and 10 had retained particles at last followup. None of the particles produced symptoms or enlarged. However, 1 of the patients who was rendered stone-free had a P. mirabilis reinfection at 20 months and a new stone developed. Of the 22 patients 3 (14%) had continued persistent P. mirabilis bacteriuria after ESWL. Two patients were subsequently cured of the infection with antibiotics alone (1), and with antibiotics and extraction of a new ureteral stone (1). The remaining pat...
Osmotic edema associated with contact lens adaptation.

When associated with the new contact lens patient, corneal edema may stem from quite different physiological bases, e.g. relative anoxia or osmotic imbalance. A quantitative overview of the osmotic origins of epithelial edema is given here.
Who is in the Classroom Now? Teacher Preparation and the Education of Immigrant Children

In light of shifting immigration trends and demographics, teacher preparation must be rethought to ensure culturally and linguistically responsive curriculum and classroom practice. This imperative is one with which educators have long been struggling, but have yet to adequately address. Fourteen years ago, I wrote an article about this very same imperative, which looked “at the issue of teacher preparation in light of changing demographics as a direct consequence of increased immigration” (Goodwin, 2002a, p. 156). The article concluded that “conversations about the unique needs of immigrant children and recommendations for better teacher preparation are futile if society and educators do not have the will to do the right thing” (p. 170). A decade and a half since that article was published, it is troubling to find it necessary to engage in the same examination and assessment of the same issues. The question now is: What, if anything, is different in terms of who is in the classroom now? Are teachers any ...
Simulations and analysis of multiphase transport and reaction in segmented flow microreactors

Abstract We present volume-of-fluid (VOF) based simulations of coupled transport and reaction processes in microscale segmented flow microreactors. The simulations implemented in OpenFOAM accurately capture the circulation patterns and micron-scale wetting film of the segmented flow. The accurate prediction of the interfacial concentration discontinuity is shown to depend on the local Peclet number. The integrated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and mass transfer simulations provide complete spatial and temporal information about the concentration field within the reactor, which enable quantification of the mass transfer coefficient kLa as a function of time and operating condition. Mass transport in the segmented flow system is shown to be a two-regime process, dominated first by convection and then by diffusion. Scaling analysis provide a means for estimating mass transfer coefficients and give insights into how to select optimal operating conditions in segmented flow reactors. Finally, we predict mass transfer in segmented flow with reaction, specifically, the mass transfer enhancement as a function of the Damkohler number.
Deceptive Routing in Relay Networks

Physical-layer and MAC-layer defense mechanisms against jamming attacks are often inherently reactive to experienced delay and loss of throughput after being attacked. In this paper, we study a proactive defense mechanism against jamming in multi-hop relay networks, in which one or more network sources introduce a deceptive network flow along a disjoint routing path. The deceptive mechanism leverages strategic jamming behaviors, causing the attacker to expend resources on targeting deceptive flows and thereby reducing the impact on real network traffic. We use a two-stage game model to obtain deception strategies at Stackelberg equilibrium for selfish and altruistic nodes. The equilibrium solutions are illustrated and corroborated through a simulation study.
Foreshadowing as Impression Management: Illuminating the Path for Security Analysts

Research summary: Managers can disclose information to security analysts as a form of impression management, but doing so is problematic because competitors can use that same information at the expense of the firm. We identify an impression management technique we call foreshadowing, which refers to hinting about future potential strategic activity. Foreshadowing provides information of value to analysts that can influence their evaluations of a firm, but not so much information as to put the firm at a competitive disadvantage. We hypothesize and find that managers who foreshadow acquisition announcements receive fewer analyst downgrades following the announcements, especially when there is more analyst uncertainty about the firm. We also hypothesize and find that analysts' responses to foreshadowing positively influence the likelihood that managers eventually acquire other firms. Managerial summary: Security analysts are often suspicious when firms announce acquisitions as those announcements are cumbersome to analyze on short notice and raise questions about managerial motivations that might not represent the best interests of the firm. We find that managers can improve analyst reactions to acquisition announcements by disclosing some information of value to analysts—specifically by hinting that an acquisition could occur in the future. We refer to such hints as foreshadowing. Foreshadowing entails giving analysts information to reduce their suspicions and facilitate their analyses, but not so much information as to degrade the firm's competitive information advantage over other firms. Foreshadowing also allows managers the option to reconsider actually executing the acquisition if analysts respond negatively to its possibility. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of isoprene and NO x on secondary organic aerosols formed through reversible and irreversible uptake to aerosol water

Abstract. Isoprene oxidation produces water-soluble organic gases capable of partitioning to aerosol liquid water. The formation of secondary organic aerosols through such aqueous pathways (aqSOA) can take place either reversibly or irreversibly; however, the split between these fractions in the atmosphere is highly uncertain. The aim of this study was to characterize the reversibility of aqSOA formed from isoprene at a location in the eastern United States under substantial influence from both anthropogenic and biogenic emissions. The reversible and irreversible uptake of water-soluble organic gases to aerosol water was characterized in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, using measurements of particulate water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC p) in alternating dry and ambient configurations. WSOC p evaporation with drying was observed systematically throughout the late spring and summer, indicating reversible aqSOA formation during these times. We show through time lag analyses that WSOC p concentrations, including the WSOC p that evaporates with drying, peak 6 to 11 h after isoprene concentrations, with maxima at a time lag of 9 h. The absolute reversible aqSOA concentrations, as well as the relative amount of reversible aqSOA, increased with decreasing NO x ∕ isoprene ratios, suggesting that isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX) or other low-NO x oxidation products may be responsible for these effects. The observed relationships with NO x and isoprene suggest that this process occurs widely in the atmosphere, and is likely more important in other locations characterized by higher isoprene and/or lower NO x levels. This work underscores the importance of accounting for both reversible and irreversible uptake of isoprene oxidation products to aqueous particles.
Chiral surfaces: The many faces of chiral recognition

Abstract Molecular recognition is integral to many biological, synthetic, and supramolecular systems. Recognition is often the nexus that controls the path, kinetics, and mechanism of chemical and biochemical processes. Recognition can be static in the case of more rigid molecular environments, or dynamic in which either the selector, selector target, or both respond altering conformations in response to the local environment, or the intended partner. The recognition may be simple, with just a pair interacting, or complex with multiple partners and the pairing can be concurrent or sequential. The partnering may be at an active site or in its vicinity where not only recognition occurs, but also subsequent chemical reactivity is regulated, or distant from that location yet altering the chemical architecture in a manner seeding longer-range consequences. Because it need involve relatively few dominant interactions and structural requirements, chiral recognition is often integral to the more intricate and complex concatenated influences on the chemical landscape. In this review we have identified several forms of chiral recognition, noted their efficacy can involve combinations of chirality, and have highlighted numerous functionalities that by their complementarity encompass a wide array of applications. We conclude by suggesting the variety of means available for regulating recognition.
Disrupted neural adaptation in autism spectrum disorder

There has been long-standing speculation that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) involves an increase in excitation relative to inhibition. However, there is little direct evidence of increased neural excitation in humans with ASD. Here we provide a potential explanation for this discrepancy: we show that increased neural excitation emerges only after repeated stimulation, manifesting as a deficit in neural adaptation. We measured fMRI responses induced by repeated audio-visual stimulation and button presses in early sensory-motor cortical areas. Across all cortical areas we show reduced adaptation in individuals with ASD compared to neurotypical individuals. The degree of adaptation is correlated between cortical areas and with button-press reaction times across subjects. These findings suggest that increased neural excitation in ASD, manifesting as dysregulated neural adaptation, is domain-general and behaviorally-relevant.
Provincial autonomy, decolonization, war and nationalism: Fazlul Huq’s chief ministerial tenure, 1937–1943

The Government of India Act 1935, the colonial legislation that failed, has received relatively scant scholarly attention. By association, the best-known feature of the Act, a decade-long practice ...