cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biochemical properties of alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) bone collagen.

Abstract Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin solubilized collagen (PSC) isolated and purified from alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis ) bone were studied for molecular size, amino acid profile, secondary structure, and denaturation temperature by SDS-PAGE, HPLC, circular dichroism, and viscometry. Two collagen subunits, α1 and α2 were identified by SDS-PAGE. The molecular masses for α1 and α2 chains of ASC were 124 kDa and 111 kDa, respectively. The molecular masses were 123 kDa for α1 and 110 kDa for α2 chains of the PSC preparation. The molecular masses for ([α1] 2 α2) of ASC and PSC were 359 kDa and 356 kDa, respectively. The major composition of alligator bone ASC and PSC was found to be typical type I collagen. The amino acid profiles of alligator ASC and PSC were similar to amino acid profile of subtropical fish black drum ( Pogonias cromis, Sciaenidae) bone. Comparison of amino acid profiles with shark cartilage PSC, showed differences in alanine, hydroxylysine, lysine, and histidine contents. The denaturation temperatures ( T d ) of alligator ASC and PSC collagen measured by viscometry were 38.1 and 38.2 °C, respectively. Thermal denaturation temperatures, measured by melting point using circular dichroism, were 37.6 and 37.9 °C, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that alligator bone collagen may find a wide range of applications in biological research, functional foods and nutraceuticals, and biomedical and pharmaceutical research.
A new optimization model for closed-loop supply chain networks

Increasing environmental concerns require businesses to become more responsive to products that either have been returned or that are at the end of their useful lives. Organization's responsiveness and their reactions toward life cycles of products are critical to achieve sustained success once fluctuations are recurrent and the business environments are turbulent. Life cycles are getting shorter, and efficient handling can save large amounts of cash since many materials can be extracted, reused, and redistributed. Reverse Logistics (RL) and Closed Loop Supply Chains (CLSC) have garnered growing interest as a way to manage this reverse flow of products in a cost effective way. It is discernible that the degree of complexity in closed loop networks is usually higher than open networks. In a closed loop supply chain network, the attempt is to ensure a smooth flow of materials as well as extracting the maximum value from returning and end-of-life goods. Reduction of waste and generating profit for enterprises are two paramount achievements through integrating forward and reverse logistics. By considering various proposed conceptual models for CLSC, in this study at first we present a comprehensive applicable conceptual model. Then, we specifically focus on a CLSC network, which includes multiple plants, collection centers, demand markets, and products. To this aim, a generalized proposed mixed-integer linear programming model is presented that minimizes the total cost. The objective is to know how many, which production plants and Return Processors (Collection sites) should be open, which products, and in which quantities should have stuck. The goal of this model is to minimize the supply chain waste and reduce supply chain costs. In such a way, the supply chain system can be agile, integrated, robust, and lean. The proposed model can be extended to consider more environmental factors. Moreover, the efficacy and efficiency of that have been validated by case study and numerical example.
Relationship between stochastic and differential models of compartmental systems

Abstract This paper shows that the differential-equation model for compartmental systems is consistent with a stochastic description. Consequently, we may employ either a differential-equation or a stochastic formulation, either for parameter identification or for physical interpretation, as best suits the purpose. The differential-equation parameters, the so-called fractional transfer coefficients, may be determined from the corresponding set of stochastic parameters and vice versa.
Communication and Collaboration With Schools: Pediatricians’ Perspectives

The multifaceted effect of chronic illness in children has created a need for pediatricians and school personnel, specifically school psychologists, to engage in collaborative problem solving. However, the extent to which this collaboration actually occurs in practice is unknown. A survey was developed and administered to a national sample of members of the American Academy of Pediatrics to assess their type and frequency of communication and collaboration with school personnel, preferred methods of communication, primary school contact person, and their perceptions of the barriers to and benefits of collaborating with school personnel. Results of this survey yield strategies for school psychologists to facilitate communication and collaboration with pediatricians to assist in meeting the needs of children with pediatric health issues.
Radiolytic Reduction of Hexachlorobenzene in Surfactant Solutions: A Steady-State and Pulse Radiolysis Study

Steady-state and pulse radiolysis experiments have been performed to gain insight into the mechanism of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) degradation in nonionic surfactant (Plurafac RA-40) solutions. This understanding is important for the environmental application of radiolysis to remediate soils contaminated with chlorinated aromatic compounds or to treat surfactant solution wastes from soil washing processes. Steady-state experiments showed that, after an applied dose of 50 kGy, reductive dechlorination of HCB to trichlorobenzene occurs under reducing conditions. Under oxidizing conditions at the same dose, reductive dechlorination proceeds more slowly to yield tetrachlorobenzene. Radiolytic experiments on the surfactant alone showed that the reaction rate constant between hydroxyl radicals and RA-40 (1.09 × 109 M-1 s-1) was nearly 2 orders of magnitude higher than that between hydrated electrons and RA-40 (2.0 × 107 M-1 s-1). Reaction kinetics analysis indicates efficient hydroxyl radical scavenging by surfact...
“Why are you taking my picture?”: Navigating the Cultural Contexts of Visual Procurement

This paper explores how methods used to procure ethnographic visuals transition between different cultural histories and varying visual vocabularies. We use an instance during which we were detained (and the police summoned) after taking photos of an apartment building in Cairo to illustrate how these transitions can lead to unexpected and serious consequences with which ethnographers must grapple. We argue that considering factors such as geo-political context, notions of giving and receiving, boundaries between private and public, as well as a culture's historical relationship with photographic and documentary processes, are all essential to developing a critical position on visual procurement in the field.
Medial-sided Stress Fractures: Medial Malleolus and Navicular Stress Fractures

Although medial-sided stress fractures of the foot and ankle are a relatively uncommon injury, the delay in diagnosis and improper treatment can cause long-term pain and functional loss. Evaluation of medial-sided foot and ankle pain in the athlete prompts careful consideration and merits a heightened awareness of subtle stress injuries. Once the diagnosis is made, treatment for both navicular and medial malleolus stress fractures are hotly debated—ranging from a simple reduction in sports activities to strict non–weight bearing to operative intervention. In this technique guide, we sought not only to provide techniques for treating these uncommon stress fractures, but also to supplement this with diagnostic criteria, the current state of evidence-based practice, and the clinical rationale for such treatment modalities.
Precision in Condensed Phase Vibrational Spectroscopy

Algorithms for the computation of bandwidths, and center of gravity and least-squares frequencies are developed. The sources of error are discussed, and it is shown that the above parameters can be determined with maximum uncertainties of hundredths or thousandths of a wave number.
Parametric study of the 5d 2 , 5d6s, and 5d6p configurations in the Yb i isoelectronic sequence

Data available on the 5d2,5d6s, and 5d6p configurations in the Yb i isoelectronic sequence have been critically reviewed by means of calculations with the orthogonal operators. The study included ions from Ta iv through Hg xi. Quite good agreement of the calculations with the experimental data for the ions from Ta iv through Au x has been achieved. A temporarily assigned value for the 5d2 1S0 level in the analysis of Re vi has been confirmed, and a previously unknown 5d6p 3P0 level in Au x has been established. For Hg xi, at least three of nine published levels in the 5d2 configuration and four of eleven levels in the 5d6p configuration are suspect because of their abnormal deviations from the calculated positions. The isoelectronic evolution of the parameter Amso that describes the two-particle magnetic ds interaction in the 5d6s configuration as well as of the two effective parameters S1 and S2 that describe higher-order effects in the 5d6p configuration was studied for the first time to the author’s knowledge in the Yb i sequence. The present calculations based on the orthogonal operators resulted in 5–10 times better agreement with the experimental data than did the conventional calculations.
Reliability and validity of YRBS physical activity items among middle school students.

Purpose: To assess test-retest reliability and validity of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) items for moderate and vigorous physical activity in middle school students. Methods: Students (N = 125; 12.7 ± 0.6 yr) wore Actigraph accelerometers for 6.1 ± 1.0 d and twice completed surveys that included YRBS moderate and vigorous physical activity items. Accelerometer counts were transformed into minutes of moderate (3-6 METs) and vigorous (> 6 METs) physical activity. Days per week meeting moderate and vigorous physical activity recommendations were estimated using four summary methods. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) from the two surveys. Validity was assessed as percent concordance, kappa coefficients, and sensitivity and specificity using binary YRBS and Actigraph outcomes. Results: Test-retest ICC for the moderate and vigorous physical activity items were 0.51 and 0.46, respectively. Twenty-two percent of students met the recommended level of moderate physical activity (= 30 min·d-1, = 5 d·wk-1) according to self-reports, whereas 90.4 and 66.4% met the recommendation according to accumulated accelerometer minutes and 5-min-bout criteria, respectively. Concordance between YRBS and Actigraph moderate physical activity measures was highest using accumulated accelerometer minutes. Sensitivity of the moderate YRBS item ranged from 0.19 to 0.23 for four comparisons, and specificity was 0.74-0.92. More than two thirds of students reported vigorous physical activity at recommended levels (= 20 min·d-1, = 3 d·wk-1), whereas the highest prevalence according to Actigraph monitoring was 22.4%. Sensitivity of the YRBS vigorous item was high (0.75-0.92) compared with the four Actigraph measures; specificity was low (0.23-0.26). Conclusion: YRBS questions underestimate the proportion of students attaining recommended levels of moderate physical activity and overestimate the proportion meeting vigorous recommendations. Use of accelerometry for physical activity surveillance seems to be indicated. At the minimum, new questions demonstrating greater validity are needed.
Particle Accelerators for Radiotherapy - A Review

Particle accelerators have played a major role in a national effort to test the efficacy of neutrons and heavy charged particles in the treatment of human cancer. Clinical trials are being conducted with neutrons of several different spectra, negative pi-mesons, protons, alpha particles, and neon, argon and carbon ions. These particles offer the possibility of improving the therapeutic ratio between malignant tumors and normal tissues by having either highly localized dose distributions (charged particles only) and/or an increased differential in the biological effect between tumor cells and normal cells. Until recently all of the heavy particle clinical trials have utilized accelerators designed for physics experiments which have often been remote from hospitals and patient care facilities. These accelerators include cyclotrons, syncrocyclotrons, linear accelerators, the linac sections of the Fermilab accelerator, and the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bevalac (Bevatron plus Super HILAC). This paper will discuss the various accelerators, their respective particle modalities, and their advantages and disadvantages as radiotherapy facilities. It has long been recognized that the disadvantages of these research accelerators imposed limitations on the ability to deliver optimized radiotherapy and have therefore compromised the clinical trials. New technology has fostered the development of hospital based accelerators which have treatment delivery capabilities comparable to modern electron accelerators. Hospital based cyclotrons for neutron production are now a reality. The key sections of a linear accelerator which can produce either protons, neutrons, or pi-mesons in a hospital environment is in prototype.
On the geometry of a class of embeddings in the plane

Abstract We review the geometric characterization of the class of asymptotically symmetric embeddings in the plane and then we discuss the distortion and boundedness properties of these embeddings in general settings.
Diving injuries of the cervical spine in amateur divers.

Abstract Background context Diving injuries are the cause of potentially devastating trauma, primarily affecting the cervical spine. Purpose Our purpose was to describe our experience with diving injuries treatment. Study design Retrospective review. Patient sample Twenty patients with diving injuries. Outcome measures Using the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scales as the primary outcome measure, the patients' neurological status before and after treatment was assessed. In this way we were able to draw conclusions about neurological improvement or deterioration in response to conservative or operative treatment. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 20 patients with diving injuries of the cervical spine who were admitted to our institute over a 34-year period from 1970 until 2004. Results The typical patient profile was of a young, healthy, athletic male who suffered an injury to the cervical spine after diving into shallow water. The number of cases corresponds to 2.6% of all admitted cervical spine injuries. All injures occurred between May and September. The most commonly fractured vertebrae were C5 and C6. Four patients were treated operatively and 16 conservatively. The indications for surgical treatment were posttraumatic instability and persistent neurological deficit. The mean follow-up of the patients was 17 years. Five patients died within the first month of their hospitalization and 1 patient died 1 year after his injury. Of the 14 patients who were available for follow-up 5 years past injury time, 6 improved neurologically and 8 remained unchanged in relation to their neurology upon admission. Of the 11 patients who were available for follow-up 10 years past injury time, 9 remained neurologically unchanged, 1 deteriorated, and 1 improved in relation to their neurology in the 5-year follow-up. Conclusion Diving injuries of the cervical spine demonstrate high mortality and morbidity rates. Recovery depends on the severity of the initial neurological damage. Conservative treatment is justified in specific patients and can lead to improvement of the initial neurological deficit.
Insight into the Chemical Behavior of Softwood Carbohydrates during High-Sulfidity Green Liquor Pretreatment

About 20% of the total wood carbohydrates removed from softwood chips from a pretreatment with a high-sulfidity, carbonate-rich solution known as green liquor (GL) are mainly derived from glucose and mannose. The salient chemical events occurring during GL pretreatment are sugar readsorption in a neutral or slightly alkaline environment and substantial mannan dissolution. However, it appears that pentose saccharides are more easily adsorbed onto fibers than hexose saccharides. Mannose, for example, undergoes degradation easily, with no obvious readsorption during the entire process. A higher GL concentration can enhance both tendencies of reabsorption and degradation. A striking finding is that, during the pretreatment phase, hydrogen sulfide appears to react with wood composites to form a very tight bond that appears to be chemical in nature. The apparent chemical bonding behavior of sulfur in wood correlates with carbohydrates retention: a higher level of bonded sulfur results in higher carbohydrates retention. Finally, various additives applied during GL pretreatment were found to exert a significant influence on sugar retention.
Effects of enalapril on adriamycin-induced nephrosis.

Adriamycin induces proteinuria and glomerular changes in rats similar to those found in human focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Progression of this lesion may be slowed by use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. To evaluate this we injected two groups of Sprague-Dawley rats with Adriamycin (2 intravenous doses of 2 mg/kg given at an interval of 3 weeks). One group of rats received enalapril (50 mg/l) in their drinking water. Control rats were injected with saline. After 28 weeks, the mean whole kidney glomerular filtration rate was significantly less and proteinuria and sclerotic index were significantly greater in rats receiving adriamycin compared with controls (P 0.05) or improve the glomerular filtration rate (0.31 +/- 0.18 ml/min per g kidney weight vs 0.41 +/- 0.21 ml/min per g, P = 0.27). However, treatment with enalapril significantly reduced the mean glomerular sclerotic index compared with untreated rats (1.62 +/- 0.88 vs 0.82 +/- 0.49, P = 0.05). Enalapril may be beneficial in preserving glomerular structure in this experimental model of FSGS.
Active Thermal Control of Distributed Parameter Systems With Application to Testing of Packaged IC Devices

Active control of the die-level temperature is desirable during production testing of high power microprocessors, so as to ensure accurate performance classification. Such control requires that the controlling thermal load time-lead the dissipated thermal load and that it be modulated to account for the distributed thermal capacitance and resistance of the device packaging. The analysis in this paper demonstrates fundamental limits of temperature control for typical devices under test conditions. These limits are identified for specified control power to die power ratios. The effects of test sequence design and device package design on the temperature control limits are also examined. The theory developed can be applied to any thermal control problem where a conductive medium separates the control source from the location where control is desired.
Kinetic differences between human red cell and leucocyte pyruvate kinase.

WITHIN the group of non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemias classified as ‘type 11’ by Selwyn and Dacie1, Valentine, Tanaka and Miwa2 found a specific erythrocyte deficiency of pyruvate kinase (PK). The leucocyte PK activity in patients with this disease is normal2, suggesting that the genetic control of leucocyte PK differs from that of red cell PK. Electrophoretic differences among PK preparations from rat kidney, liver, cardiac muscle, brain and skeletal muscle were reported by Fellenberg et al.3. Chromatographic, electrophoretic, solubility and structural differences between the normal human leucocyte and red cell PK have been presented4.
Glucocorticoid and progestin regulation of eosinophil chemotactic factor and complement C3 in the estrogen-treated rat uterus.

To study the steroid regulation of estradiolinduced uterine eosinophil chemotactic factor activity (ECF-U) in the rat, we injected immature female rats with combinations of estradiol, dexamethasone, progesterone, and the antihormones RU-486 and ketoconazole. An in vitro chemotactic system using blind well chambers and employing eosinophil-differentiated HL-60 promyelocytic cells was used as a bioassay for ECF-U activity. Dexamethasone and progesterone both antagonized the effects of estradiol on stimulation of ECF-U activity; neither hormone induced ECF-U activity when given alone. RU- 486 and ketoconazole were able to block the inhibitory effects of dexamethasone and progesterone. The effects of dexamethasone and progesterone appear to be mediated through their specific nuclear receptors and are not due to direct effects on the chemotactic cell. Comparison of the steroid regulation of ECF-U activity with the estradiol-induced synthesis and secretion of complement component C3 showed that progesterone ant...
Vaporization of Zinc from Steel Scrap

The rate of zinc vaporization from galvanized scrap was measured using a thermogravimetric apparatus along with chemical analysis. It is found that the rate of zinc vaporization is very fast in nitrogen and carbon monoxide atmospheres at temperatures higher then 950°C. At lower temperature rate decreases with decreasing temperature and is controlled by the gas phase mass transport. The simultaneous oxidation and vaporization of zinc occurs when the samples were heated in carbon dioxide and air. The current experimental results indicate that almost all of the zinc from scrap vaporizes during the heating process in a very short period of time after the temperature reaches above 850°C.
Strategies for Ecological Restoration of the Middle Rio Grande in New Mexico and Recovery of the Endangered Rio Grande Silvery Minnow

Issues relevant to management of arid land aquatic ecosystems include: (1) a poor understanding of the extent and linkages of an aquatic ecosystem, (2) human population growth coupled with a highly variable water supply, (3) hydrologic modifications of rivers associated with dams, levees, canalizations, and diversions, (4) impairment of water quality, (5) alteration of vegetative communities of catchments and riparian zones, (6) introduction of invasive non-native species, and (7) imperiled native species. All of these issues occur in the Middle Rio Grande of New Mexico and the first six in combination have been responsible for the imperilment of its native aquatic biota. The extinction of two fish species, extirpation of 13 others, and endangerment of the Rio Grande silvery minnow, a pelagic-spawning species with an enormous potential for recolonization of habitats, has been caused by a century of river and landscape modifications. Erosion from heavily grazed grasslands coupled with appropriation of surf...
Health-related characteristics and preferred methods of receiving health education according to dominant language among Latinos aged 25 to 64 in a large Northern California health plan.

Background Latinos are a fast growing segment of the U.S. health care population. Acculturation factors, including English fluency, result in an ethnic group heterogeneous with regard to SES, health practices, and health education needs. This study examined how demographic and health-related characteristics of Spanish-dominant (SD), Bilingual (BIL), and English-dominant (ED) Latino men and women aged 25–64 differed among members of a large Northern California health plan.
An Efficient and Stable Algorithm for Calculating Fictive Temperatures

On presente un algorithme de calcul de la temperature fictive du verre, base sur la forme differentielle de l'equation de Narayanaswamy. Cet algorithme est plus pratique que la solution directe de l'integrale et a ete applique dans l'analyse des contraintes viscoelastiques en utilisant les methodes des differences finies et des elements finis
The use of google trends in health care research: a systematic review

Google Trends is a novel, freely accessible tool that allows users to interact with Internet search data, which may provide deep insights into population behavior and health-related phenomena. However, there is limited knowledge about its potential uses and limitations. We therefore systematically reviewed health care literature using Google Trends to classify articles by topic and study aim; evaluate the methodology and validation of the tool; and address limitations for its use in research. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Two independent reviewers systematically identified studies utilizing Google Trends for health care research from MEDLINE and PubMed. Seventy studies met our inclusion criteria. Google Trends publications increased seven-fold from 2009 to 2013. Studies were classified into four topic domains: infectious disease (27% of articles), mental health and substance use (24%), other non-communicable diseases (16%), and general population behavior (33%). By use, 27% of articles utilized Google Trends for casual inference, 39% for description, and 34% for surveillance. Among surveillance studies, 92% were validated against a reference standard data source, and 80% of studies using correlation had a correlation statistic ≥0.70. Overall, 67% of articles provided a rationale for their search input. However, only 7% of articles were reproducible based on complete documentation of search strategy. We present a checklist to facilitate appropriate methodological documentation for future studies. A limitation of the study is the challenge of classifying heterogeneous studies utilizing a novel data source. Google Trends is being used to study health phenomena in a variety of topic domains in myriad ways. However, poor documentation of methods precludes the reproducibility of the findings. Such documentation would enable other researchers to determine the consistency of results provided by Google Trends for a well-specified query over time. Furthermore, greater transparency can improve its reliability as a research tool.
The Romantic Artist in the Grip of Inspiration: Melville's COCK-A-DOODLE-DOO!

Herman Melville's “Cock-A-Doodle-Doo!” has been read as an embrace of transcendentalism, a parodic rejection of transcendentalism and Romanticism, and even an examination into bipolar disorder. 1 E...
Auditory brainstem responses in autism: Brainstem dysfunction or peripheral hearing loss?

The advent of electrophysiological techniques for audiologic and neurologic assessment in the late 60s has generated at least 11 auditory brainstem response (ABR) studies in autism designed to test the integrity of the auditory brainstem pathways. The results reported are contradictory, involving prolongation, shortening, and no abnormalities in central transmission latencies. When sample and methodological factors influencing the ABR are taken into consideration in the interpretation of results, the ABR data available at present can be seen as only suggestive, rather than supportive, of brainstem involvement in autism. Paradoxically, these studies revelated the presence of peripheral hearing impairment in a nonnegligible number of autistic individuals. Additional evidence of auditory abnormalities as well as the implications for the clinician are considered.
Inequalities for rare events in time-reversible Markov chains II

Abstract A previous paper discussed explicit bounds in the exponential approximation for the distribution of the waiting time until a stationary reversible Markov chain first enters a ‘rare’ subset of states. In this paper Stein's method is used to get explicit (but complicated) bounds on the Poisson approximation for the number of non-adjacent visits to a rare subset.
Text-in-context: a method for extracting findings in mixed-methods mixed research synthesis studies

Aim Our purpose in this paper is to propose a new method for extracting findings from research reports included in mixed-methods mixed research synthesis studies.
Role of the Core DNA Polymerase III Subunits at the Replication Fork: α IS THE ONLY SUBUNIT REQUIRED FOR PROCESSIVE REPLICATION *

The DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is composed of 10 subunits. The core of the polymerase contains the catalytic polymerase subunit, α, the proofreading 3′ → 5′ exonuclease, e, and a subunit of unknown function, θ. The availability of the holoenzyme subunits in purified form has allowed us to investigate their roles at the replication fork. We show here that of the three subunits in the core polymerase, only α is required to form processive replication forks that move at high rates and that exhibit coupled leading- and lagging-strand synthesis in vitro. Taken together with previous data this suggests that the primary determinant of replication fork processivity is the interaction between another holoenzyme subunit, τ, and the replication fork helicase, DnaB.
Solubilization and properties of Ca2+-dependent human platelet phospholipase A2

Abstract Using a sonicated dispersion of radiolabeled 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine as substrate, we found that phospholipase A2 activity of human platelets was enhanced 2.4-fold by albumin (1 mg/ml). The enzyme was recovered predominantly in the cytosolic fraction of platelets with less than a third of its activity being associated with the membrane fraction. In the presence of 24 mM n- octyl -β- d - glucopyranoside (octylglucoside) phospholipase A2 was effectively (more than 90%) extracted from platelet lysates without solubilization of platelet membranes. Ion exchange chromatography of the soluble enzyme yielded a phospholipase A2 of unchanged total activity and great stability. This phospholipase A2 was active only in the presence of divalent cations (Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Mg2+ = 0), required albumin for optimal activity and exhibited exclusive positional specificity for the acyl ester bond at the 2-position of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-grycero-3-phosphocholine. Indomethacine (500 μM), mepacrine (500 μM) and N-ethylmaleimide (4 mM) inhibited the phospholipase A2 by 69, 62 and 19%, respectively. The results are discussed in the light of previous findings on human platelet phospholipase A2.
Probing vector mesons in deuteron breakup reactions

We study vector meson photoproduction from the deuteron at high momentum transfer, accompanied by the breakup of the deuteron into a proton and neutron. The large $\ensuremath{-}t$ involved allows one of the nucleons to be identified as struck, and the other as a spectator to the $\ensuremath{\gamma}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}VN$ subprocess. Corrections to the plane wave impulse approximation involve final-state interactions (FSIs) between the struck nucleon or the vector meson, either of which is energetic, with the slow spectator nucleon. In this regime, the eikonal approximation is valid, and so is employed to calculate the cross section for the reaction. Due to the high-energy nature of the FSIs, the maxima of the rescatterings are located at nearly transverse directions of the fast hadrons. This results in two peaks in the angular distribution of the spectator nucleon, each corresponding to either the $V$-$N$ or the $p$-$n$ rescattering. The $V$-$N$ peak provides a means of probing the $V$-$N$ interaction. This is checked for near-threshold $\ensuremath{\phi}$ and $J/\ensuremath{\Psi}$ photoproduction reactions, which demonstrate that the $V$-$N$ peak can be used to extract the largely unknown amplitudes of $\ensuremath{\phi}$-$N$ and $J/\ensuremath{\Psi}$-$N$ interactions. Two additional phenomena are observed when extending the calculation of $J/\ensuremath{\Psi}$ photoproduction to the subthreshold and high-energy domains. In the first case we observe overall suppression of FSI effects due to a restricted phase space for subthreshold production in the rescattering amplitude. In the second, we observe cancellation of the $V$-$N$ rescattering amplitudes for vector mesons produced off of different nucleons in the deuteron.
Hosts of the Plio-Pleistocene past reflect modern-day coral vulnerability

The risk of global extinction of reef-building coral species is increasing. We evaluated extinction risk using a biological trait-based resiliency index that was compared with Caribbean extinction during the Plio-Pleistocene, and with extinction risk determined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Through the Plio-Pleistocene, the Caribbean supported more diverse coral assemblages than today and shared considerable overlap with contemporary Indo-Pacific reefs. A clear association was found between extant Plio-Pleistocene coral genera and our positive resilience scores. Regional extinction in the past and vulnerability in the present suggests that Pocillopora, Stylophora and foliose Pavona are among the most susceptible taxa to local and regional isolation. These same taxa were among the most abundant corals in the Caribbean Pliocene. Therefore, a widespread distribution did not equate with immunity to regional extinction. The strong relationship between past and present vulnerability suggests that regional extinction events are trait-based and not merely random episodes. We found several inconsistencies between our data and the IUCN scores, which suggest a need to critically re-examine what constitutes coral vulnerability.
Assessing the Academic Benefit of Study Abroad

Study abroad is a growing phenomenon in higher education. Although such growth is typically lauded, efforts to measure the impact of international experiences on student learning have been limited. This study assesses the academic benefit of a study abroad program, offered by a U.S. university, with measures of self-reported learning. Study abroad participants were tested before and after completing their program and results are compared to a control group that did not study abroad. Study abroad students reported significantly greater knowledge than stay-at-home students on two of five cognitive dimensions. Further, study abroad students reported greater knowledge upon return than they did pre-departure on all five cognitive dimensions. The enhancements in knowledge were not significantly affected by sex, major, or ethnicity. Results of the study offer support for the value of study abroad in improving student perceptions of the learning experience. Implications for researchers and practitioners are discussed including additional steps that could be taken for study abroad assessment.
Real-time computer modeling of weakness following stroke optimizes robotic assistance for movement therapy

This paper describes the development of a novel control system for a robotic arm orthosis for assisting patients in motor training following stroke. The robot allows naturalistic motion of the arm and is as mechanically compliant as a human therapist's arms. This compliance preserves the connection between effort and error that appears essential for motor learning, but presents a challenge: accurately creating desired movements requires that the robot form a model of the patient's weakness, since the robot cannot simply stiffly drive the arm along the desired path. We show here that a standard model-based adaptive controller allows the robot to form such a model of the patient and complete movements accurately. However, we found that the human motor system, when coupled to such an adaptive controller, reduces its own participation, allowing the adaptive controller to take over the performance of the task. This presents a problem for motor training, since active engagement by the patient is important for stimulating neuroplasticity. We show that this problem can be solved by making the controller continuously attempt to reduce its assistance when errors are small. The resulting robot successfully assists stroke patients in moving in desired patterns with very small errors, but also encourages intense participation by the patient. Such robot assistance may optimally provoke neural plasticity, since it intensely engages both descending and ascending motor pathways.
Synchronous provider visit and self-management education improves glycemic control in Hispanic patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a multidisciplinary diabetes self-management program. The study focused on improving diabetes control by synchronizing regularly scheduled provider visits with a multidisciplinary diabetes education program. This intervention was instituted in Hispanic patients with long-standing poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.Methods The study was initiated as a performance improvement project. A group of 44 type 2 diabetes patients followed by the internal medicine faculty with HbA1c levels greater than 9.5 over a 12-month period was identified. Twenty-three of the identified patients were enrolled in a synchronous care group. A cohort control group of the remaining 21 patients not participating in the intervention was followed with routine care. The intervention group shared similar demographic characteristics, medication regimens, initial diabetes control, and a number of provider visits with the control group. The primary outcome of interest for the...
Trail Making Performance as Related to Psychotic State, Age, Intelligence, Education and Fine Psychomotor Ability:

Trail Making scores of normal and schizophrenic Ss are compared with measures of intellectual function, age, educational history and fine psychomotor adequacy. Defects observed among Trails scores for the abnormal group are clearly related to retardation manifest in other measured psychomotor performance, but do not relate closely to simultaneously present defects in “test-taking behaviors” nor to tests made of intellectual function.
Montessori Public School Pre-K Programs and the School Readiness of Low-Income Black and Latino Children.

Within the United States, there are a variety of early education models and curricula aimed at promoting young children’s pre-academic, social, and behavioral skills. This study, using data from the Miami School Readiness Project (Winsler et al., 2008, 2012), examined the school readiness gains of lowincome Latino (n 7,045) and Black (n 6,700) children enrolled in 2 different types of Title-1 public school pre-K programs: those in programs using the Montessori curriculum and those in more conventional programs using the High/Scope curriculum with a literacy supplement. Parents and teachers reported on children’s socio-emotional and behavioral skills with the Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (Lebuffe & Naglieri, 1999), whereas children’s pre-academic skills (cognitive, motor, and language) were assessed directly with the Learning Accomplishment Profile–Diagnostic (Nehring, Nehring, Bruni, & Randolph, 1992) at the beginning and end of their 4-year-old pre-K year. All children, regardless of curriculum, demonstrated gains across pre-academic, socio-emotional, and behavioral skills throughout the pre-K year; however, all children did not benefit equally from Montessori programs. Latino children in Montessori programs began the year at most risk in pre-academic and behavioral skills, yet exhibited the greatest gains across these domains and ended the year scoring above national averages. Conversely, Black children exhibited healthy gains in Montessori, but they demonstrated slightly greater gains when attending more conventional pre-K programs. Findings have implications for tailoring early childhood education programs for Latino and Black children from low-income communities.
Toward a definition of family resilience: Integrating life-span and family perspectives.

Family resilience is a relatively new construct that describes how families adapt to stress and bounce back from adversity. Literature pertaining to resilience as a family-level variable is reviewed. An overview of the developmental psychopathology literature dealing with individual resilience is also presented. Implications for extending the study of family resilience drawn from research on individual resilience are discussed and a definition of family resilience is proposed.
Outcomes for patients with fallopian tube carcinoma managed with adjuvant chemotherapy following primary surgery: a retrospective university experience.

The aim is to evaluate disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with fallopian tube carcinoma (FTCA) treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. An Institutional Review Board approved retrospective review identified 38 patients with FTCA that received adjuvant chemotherapy following primary surgery from 1975 to 2001. Median age was 56 (range 36–78) and 95% of patients were white. Twenty patients (53%) had FIGO stage III/IV FTCA. Seventeen patients underwent second-look laparotomy, 8 (47%) patients were found to have disease. Adjuvant chemotherapeutic regimens consisted of melphalan in 11 patients, platinum-based chemotherapy without paclitaxel in 17 patients, and the combination of paclitaxel and platinum in 10 patients. Although DFS was similar for the three chemotherapy cohorts (P= 0.19), patients receiving paclitaxel had superior OS compared to patients receiving either melphalan (P= 0.02) or platinum without paclitaxel (P= 0.04). Of the twenty patients with stage III/IV disease, 55% of patients had optimal cytoreduction performed at their initial surgery. Both median DFS, 68 versus 50 months (P= 0.14) and OS, 73 versus 50 months (P= 0.12) were greater in patients with optimal cytoreduction. When compared to historical chemotherapeutic regimens, the combination of paclitaxel and platinum has superior efficacy for the management of patients with FTCA. Although not statistically significant in our study, optimal cytoreduction likely improves both DFS and OS and should be the goal of all patients surgically managed for FTCA.
Scientific Status and Knowledge Use: Two Perspectives

In summary, it is important, from time to time, to step back and consider the publication process, as it exists in marketing and as it operates forJAMS. As part of this consideration, the issue of journal quality is paramount.
Calmodulin-binding protein detection using a non-radiolabeled calmodulin fusion protein.

Calmodulin-binding proteins are involved in numerous cellular signaling pathways. The biotinylated-calmodulin overlay is a nonradioactive method widely used to detect calmodulin-binding proteins in...
Long-term clinical outcomes, motion, strength, and function after total claviculectomy.

Background Total excision of the clavicle is rarely performed. No previous study has documented long-term outcomes with objective measurements of strength, motion, and patient-centered outcomes. We present the long-term consequences of total claviculectomy on shoulder girdle function, global upper extremity function, and overall general health. Methods Five total claviculectomy patients were evaluated at 2 time points (2005 and 2010, mean 4.8 and 9.4 years postoperatively) by use of the DASH, SF-36, Simple Shoulder Test, ASES, UCLA, HSS, and Constant shoulder scores. Isokinetic strength, clinical range of motion, and kinematic analysis were performed on each limb pair. Results All clinical scores allowing side-to-side comparison were poorer for the aclaviculate side, with significance reached for 2005 ASES scores and 2010 ASES, UCLA, HSS, and Constant scores. DASH scores and SF-36 scores were not significantly inferior to age- and sex-matched population norms. Deficits in strength were present in the aclaviculate limbs, with significance reached for adduction in 2005 and for forward flexion and external rotation in 2010. Kinematic and clinical range of motion analysis revealed scapular dyskinesis and significant deficits in external rotation in the aclaviculate limb. Conclusions We found that the clavicle contributes to the strength, coordinated scapulohumeral rhythm, and overall range of motion of the shoulder girdle. Patients compensate for loss of the clavicle with minimal functional deficit. With time, patients gradually lose some compensatory ability as evidenced by deteriorating limb-specific, patient-centered outcome measures, diminished strength in certain planes of shoulder motion, and scapular dyskinesis at long-term follow-up. Despite objective deficits, these patients continue to have normal self-perceptions of overall health and global upper extremity function.
A versatile and inexpensive apparatus for slab electrophoresis

An apparatus for vertical slab gel electrophoresis of proteins is described. Up to four slabs of variable thickness may be used in a single run for the analysis of as many as 80 samples if the apparatus is used for one-dimensional electrophoresis; alternatively, the slabs may be used for a second-dimension separation of proteins previously discriminated in tubular gels or slab gel strips. The apparatus is simple in design, easy to use, and inexpensive to construct.
The natural history of emergent osteoarthritis of the knee in women.

Results: Of the 17.1 % of women with a 1995 K–L score of 1 in their right knee, 37.1% had a K–L score of 1 in 1998 while 32.8 % had a score of ≥2 and 30.2% had a score of zero. For 26.0% of women, the score progressed by at least one unit over the 2.5 year period whereas scores for only 7.0% of women regressed in the same time period. Women who had a K–L score of 1 in the right knee in 1995 were 2.5 times more likely to have a K–L score of 1 in 1998 (95% CI=1.6–3.8); and were 2.2 times more likely to have a K–L score of 2 or greater (95% CI=1.4–3.5) in 1998 compared with other scores. These women were 74% less likely to have a score of zero in 1998 (95% CI=0.2–0.4). Further, other risk factors, specifically age and BMI were predictors of increasing K–L grade in 1998. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a score of 1 is part of the advancement to emergent OAK; and suggest the following criteria to characterize individuals who are at an intervenable stage on the pathway toward OAK: age ≥40, BMI ≥30, and K–L score of ≥1. From the perspective of both the individual and the examiner, these assessment characteristics are relatively simple to assess clinically. © 2002 OsteoArthritis Research Society Intenational. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resource allocation strategies for wireless ad-hoc networks

In this paper, we propose resource allocation strategies for a class of wireless networks with a clustering protocol. The nodes are assumed stationary and establish connections with the master node according to a priority scheme that relates to their distances from the master node. The paper considers bandwidth allocation with soft and hard constraints, as well as power allocation strategies. Simulation results illustrate the performance of the proposed strategies.
THE CONVERGENCE OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION

Science and religion are often viewed as necessarily separate aspects of our beliefs and understanding. But I see religion as an attempt to understand the purpose of our universe and science as an attempt to understand its nature and characteristics, so that the two are necessarily closely related. The so-called anthropic principle for the physical constants and recent discoveries in cosmology such as the “Big Bang” are at least suggestive of such a relationship. We furthermore try to understand each of these fields with all our human resources: intuition, observations, logic, and esthetics, with science and religion having different emphasis on these resources yet nevertheless using all of them. Science has undergone revolutions in the post, which have rather completely changed our views, and yet science of the past has often maintained an important validity. It still faces many inconsistencies, and we must be open to new changes with deeper understanding and yet the continued validity of present science as an approximate model. Can we expect similar changes and deepening of our human understanding of religion? I discuss the parallelism and increasingly strong interaction of science and religion, which I visualize, along with the possibility of their ultimately merging into a more unified understanding of both the purpose and the nature of our universe.