cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overextensions in comprehension and production revisited: preferential-looking in a study of dog, cat , and cow

This study investigated overextensions in comprehension and production using a new method (the preferential-looking paradigm) in which children (N = 99, mean age (younger) = 1; 9, mean age (older) = 2; 3) were asked to find the referent that matched the label they were given. Both Real Referent (in which there was a match) and Anomalous (in which there was no match) trials were included, as well as nonverbal control trials. During the Real Referent trials, all children significantly preferred the matching puppet. During the Anomalous trials, children showed no preference with two of the labels (dog and cat); however, they did show a preference when «cow» was requested but not available. There were no differences based on prior overextension performance in production. It is concluded that overextensions in production are not diagnostic of children's underlying semantic representations, and that anomalous trials in comprehension provide useful information concerning young children's lexical entries
Temporary Axillofemoral Shunt for Renal Transplant Preservation During Aortic Thromboendarterectomy A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Aortic surgery in renal transplant patients introduces a complex problem. Various means to protect the transplant kidney under these circumstances have been described including ex vivo renal perfusion, in situ renal perfusion with aortoiliac shunt, in situ renal perfusion with a pump oxygenator, and axillofemoral bypass. The authors' experience with a temporary axillofemoral bypass to maintain perfusion of a renal transplant during aortothromboendarterectomy with patch angioplasty is described. They believe that the risks for injury to the transplant kidney are substantially reduced with maintenance of renal perfusion during aortic occlusion.
Imaging of thalamocortical dysrhythmia in neuropsychiatry.

Abnormal brain activity dynamics, in the sense of a thalamocortical dysrhythmia (TCD), has been proposed as the underlying mechanism for a subset of disorders that bridge the traditional delineations of neurology and neuropsychiatry. In order to test this proposal from a psychiatric perspective, a study using magnetoencephalography (MEG) was implemented in subjects with schizophrenic spectrum disorder (SSD) (n=14), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (n = 10), or depressive disorder (DD) (n=5) and in control individuals (n = 18). Detailed CNS electrophysiological analysis of these patients, using MEG, revealed the presence of abnormal theta range spectral power with typical TCD characteristics, in all cases. The use of independent component analysis (ICA) and minimum-norm-based methods localized such TCD to ventromedial prefrontal and temporal cortices. The observed mode of oscillation was spectrally equivalent but spatially distinct from that of TCD observed in other related disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, central tinnitus, neuropathic pain, and autism. The present results indicate that the functional basis for much of these pathologies may relate most fundamentally to the category of calcium channelopathies and serve as a model for the cellular substrate for low frequency oscillations present in these psychiatric disorders, providing a basis for therapeutic strategies.
Point-Charge Calculations of Energy Levels of Magnetic Ions in Crystalline Electric Fields

Publisher Summary The calculation of energy levels of magnetic ions in crystalline electric fields is often the cause of considerable confusion. This confusion largely arises, not through the fundamental theoretical principles which are now well established, but from the large number of different and often not fully defined notations used, occasional errors, and the fact that one author seldom gives an example of calculation from start to finish. This chapter contains no original contribution to the problem, but it is hoped that by illustrating how the energy levels may be calculated on the basis of a simple Point-charge ionic model of the crystal lattice, the connection between the various forms of crystal-field Hamiltonians will be clarified. Particular reference is made to fields of cubic symmetry. If the crystalline electric field effects are taken as a perturbation on the appropriate free-ion wave functions and energy levels, the problem becomes that of finding the perturbing Hamiltonian and its matrix elements. The energy levels in the crystal field can then be found from standard perturbation theory. The simple point-charge model used to calculate the Hamiltonian is known to possess several weaknesses. It neglects the finite extent of charges on the ions, the overlap of the magnetic ions' wave functions with those of neighboring ions, and the complex effects of “screening” of the magnetic electrons by the outer electron shells of the magnetic ion. However, it serves as a first approximation to illustrate the principles involved, and may be used to calculate ratios of terms of the same degree in the Hamiltonian for lattice sites of high symmetry, since these ratios are independent of the model used and are determined solely by the symmetry.
Leadership development for dental students: what do students think?

Effective leaders are needed to move the dental profession forward, building on past accomplishments, meeting new challenges, and leading innovation and change. There is a lack of research findings regarding students’ perceptions of the importance of leadership abilities and/or their interest in developing leadership skills during their dental school experience. The purpose of this study was to explore dental students’ perceptions related to leadership development. A forty-seven-question, self-administered, paper and pencil survey was administered to all students enrolled in the D.M.D. program at one Midwestern dental school. The response rate was 83 percent (225/272). The majority of students agreed that it is important for dentists to have leadership skills and that leadership skills can be learned. Most reported that they expect to assume a leadership role in their dental practices (97 percent), to participate in volunteerism in dentistry (85 percent), and to participate in non-dentistry-related leadership roles in the community (72 percent). Over one-third (37 percent) anticipate participating in leadership roles in dental associations, 28 percent in academic dentistry, and 14 percent in military dentistry. Approximately two-thirds of respondents agreed (42 percent) or strongly agreed (24 percent) that they would be interested in participating in a leadership development program if one were offered at their school. Students reported interest in improving their confidence, assertiveness, ability to communicate effectively (including public speaking), ability to listen to others, organizational skills, and ability to influence others. The results of this study suggest that many dental students are interested in developing leadership skills. Insights from this study can inform the design of leadership development programs.
The Embryonic Rest Hypothesis of Cancer Development: 150 Years Later

More than 150 years ago, Rudolf Virchow and Julius Cohnheim proposed the intriguing hypothesis that cancer may develop from embryonic cell remnants that remain in the developing organs following embryogenesis. This hypothesis, known as the “embryonic rest hypothesis of cancer development,” was popular in textbooks of pathology in the ninetieth and twentieth centuries. At that time, the concept of stem cells was still unknown, and thus it was not clear what types of cells could be responsible for tumor occurrence. However, what was clear at that time was that the morphology of several tumors mimics developmentally early tissues. Today we know that some tumors express early developmental markers characteristic of embryonic cells, which could reflect either the epigenetic dedifferentiation of the somatic cells in which cancer develops to the state of early embryonic cells or that cancer originates in primitive stem cells closely related to the epiblast/germline. The identification of primitive epiblast/germline-derived very small embryonic/epiblast-like stem cells in several adult organs raised the possibility that cancer originates in these rare cells. Thus, very small embryonic/epiblast-like stem cells could be a missing link supporting this more than 150-year-old concept; however, further experimental evidence is needed to prove this tempting hypothesis.
Viscous Flow Along a Flat Plate Moving at High Supersonic Speeds

By the distortion of coordinates, it is shown that, in the case of supersonic viscous flow past a flat plate, the boundary-layer and simple wave theories can be combined to give a complete representation of the velocity and pressure fields. Consistent first-order solutions are considered. An expression for the in duced pressure on the plate, correct to the second order, is obtained. At high Mach Numbers the important parameter satisfies the hypersonic similarity law; and for arbitrary Mach and Reynolds Numbers and for different gases, the theoretical curve correlates closely the experimental data. Asymptotic shock curve and skin-friction coefficient are also deduced, but the experimental verifications are yet to be made.
Observations on the Rearing and Maintenance of Blaberus giganteus (Orthoptera: Blaberidae)

During the past 4 years, colonies of Blaberus giganteus (L.) have been maintained in Howard University laboratories on a basic diet of Gerber's® high-protein baby cereal. Recent studies revealed marked differences in total length of nymphal periods, number of molts, and longevity of adult cockroaches reared under variable laboratory conditions as compared with results reported for cockroaches reared under constant high temperature and high humidity.
Cylindrosporium Leafspot of Spiraea

The discovery of a local epidemic of a leafspot disease of Spiraea vanhouttei Zabel, caused by a species of Cylindrosporium, in a nursery near Ottawa, Kansas, prompted this study. Surprisingly, a survey of various collection records showed that only once before had a Cylindro? sporium been collected on this host. The results of studies on the life history, taxonomy and physiology of the causal agent, as well as symptomatology and epidemiology of the disease, are presented here.
Analysis and Evaluation on Cold Tolerance for Rice Germplasm Resources at Flowering Stage

The germplasms with strong cold tolerance at flowering stage were screened out from the tested germplasms,which was a base for the investigation and breeding of rice cold tolerance.82 specimens in rice germplasms resources showing cold tolerance in natural low temperature were analyzed and evaluated on cold tolerance at flowering stage in the low-temperature of artificial climate chamber.The results showed that:(i)the germplasms showed very strong and strong on cold tolerance at flowering stage numbered respectively 7 and 14,accounting for 8.54 % and 17.07 %.(ii)there were 13 of 21 specimens in rice germplasms resources with very strong or strong on cold tolerance,which created by the project team,accounting for 61.90 %.The germplasms created by the project team were stronger on cold tolerance at flowering stage than the germplasms of introduction.(iii)there were 15 of 21 specimens in rice germplasms resources with very strong or strong on cold tolerance,which belonged to late maturing groups,accounting for 71.43 %.It was easier to mining the germplasms with strong or very strong on cold tolerance from the late maturity groups.
The rickettsial plaque. Evidence for direct cytopathic effect of Rickettsia rickettsii

Monolayers of primary chick embryo cells were infected with Rickettsia rickettsii in a plaque assay system with 0.5 per cent agarose overlay. Plaques appeared 5 days after inoculation and were examined on day 6 by supravital staining, immunofluorescence for R. rickettsii, and electron microscopy. In all studies maintenance of the topographic integrity of the monolayer and the plaque allowed assessment of temporospatial relationships of rickettsial infection and cytopathologic changes. Plaques comprised four zones: peripheral, marginal, necrotic, and central. The cells of the peripheral zone were viable, mildly infected, and ultrastructurally normal. Cells of the marginal necrotic, and central zones exhibited a correlation between quantity of rickettsiae and presence of cytopathology. Pathologic changes included sever dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and necrosis. Quantitative assessment of the distribution of rickettsiae ultrastructurally showed the overwhelming predominance of cytosol location and suggested the ultrastructural sequence of events for rickettsial release from cells via lysis of cell membrane at the end of filopodia. These studies of the plaque technic provide a predictable, quantitative model for experimental investigations into mechanisms of cell injury by rickettsiae.
Effect of partial ureteral obstruction on results of renal scintigraphy in dogs.

OBJECTIVE To use scintigraphy to determine the effects of partial ureteral obstruction on renal transit time and induction of diuresis in dogs. ANIMALS 8 adult dogs. PROCEDURE Scintigraphy was performed, using technetium Tc 99m diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (Tc 99m-DTPA), before and within 2 weeks after surgical induction of unilateral partial ureteral obstruction. Time of peak (TOP) for the parenchyma (pTOP) and whole kidney (wTOP) and mean-transit time (MTT) for the parenchyma (pMTT) and whole kidney (wMTT) were determined by evaluation of renal time-activity curves before and after deconvolution analysis. Percentage uptake for each kidney between 1 and 3 minutes after injection of Tc 99m-DTPA was determined and used to indicate glomerular filtration rate. The effect of diuresis was determined by measuring the slope of decrease in activity after i.v. administration of furosemide. Obstruction was documented by direct inspection of the ureter. RESULTS There was a concomitant increase in pTOP, wTOP, pMTT, and wMTT of the kidney with the partially obstructed ureter in all dogs at various times between 2 and 9 days after surgery. Concurrently, renal time-activity curves changed shape. Percentage renal uptake of the affected kidney was decreased in 2 dogs. Response to furosemide injection was inconsistent for kidneys before surgery and for kidneys with obstructed and nonobstructed ureters after surgery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Scintigraphy may be a useful procedure for the evaluation of renal function in dogs with ureteral obstruction. Induction of diuresis appears to be of little value for differentiating renal function in dogs with obstructed and nonobstructed ureters.
Building an Effective Classroom Library.

New teachers are eager to begin their careers with the information learned from their teacher preparation programs. Too many times, the classroom library is a second thought to the establishment of classroom rules and the implementation of curriculum. Rather than an instructional tool for literacy and classroom community, the library can become a neglected corner of the room without organization. In this practitioner-oriented article, researchers worked with a group of new teachers to help them establish and use their classroom library as part of their literacy program. As a result, tips on building and organizing a classroom library were developed and can be used to guide and support new teachers as they establish their classroom libraries. This article discusses proven strategies and ideas that were developed and tested with classroom teachers.
TU-FG-204-04: An Overview of the CT Protocol Optimization Team at MD Anderson Cancer Center

The role of a medical physicist involved with clinical CT activities is changing rapidly. No longer is the physicist responsible for simply ensuring scanner QA. This shift is evident by looking at the trend to regulate more and more aspects of what activities must be performed to keep a CT practice within compliance. In this symposium, new guidelines from the ACR, Joint Commission, and several states will be addressed. An overview of these regulations will be provided. Then, three speakers will provide an in-depth account of how their CT protocol Optimization team functions. Lastly, a representative from the Joint Commission will provide recent surveyor education, experience, and trend information. Learning Objectives: 1.Understand the ACR, Joint Commission, and aspects of several state regulations/guidelines related to the clinical practice of CT. 2.Learn how a CT protocol optimization is organized and what tasks physicists perform from the perspective of four different institutions. T. Szczykutowicz, TPS provides CT protocols to GE Healthcare under a license agreement. TPS receives grant support from GE Healthcare.
Glucocorticoid protection of the myocardial cell membrane and the reduction of edema in experimental acute myocardial ischemia

A possible protective effect of glucocorticoids on the ischemic myocardium was investigated in in situ dog hearts subjected to regional ischemia and in isolated rat hearts subjected to global ischemia. In the whole-animal preparation, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded for 3 hours, or for 2 1/2 hours followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. Dexamethasone phosphate was randomly administered (20 mg. per kilogram intravenously) after 15 minutes of ischemia. Its effects were studied on the following: (1) myocardial cell membrane intergrity, using electron microscopic examination of tissue biopsies treated with colloidal lanthanum: (2) myocardial water content, measuring the wet/dry weight of myocardial tissue: (3) ischemic injury, by a count of fuchsinophilic cells at light microscopy. In isolated rat hearts, ischemia was produced by a 60 per cent reduction of coronary flow. Randomized hearts were perfused for 2 hours with dexamethasone, 15 mg. per milliliter in buffered salt solution. Study included determination of tissue water content and coronary vascular resistance. Lanthanum was confined to the extracellular spaces in normal dog myocardium, but it was found all intracellularly after 3 hours of ischemia or after reperfusion. This was associated with morphologic changes characteristic of irreversible cell injury. In the hearts treated with dexamethasone, lanthanum remained excluded from the cells, water content was less (p
Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Patterns Reveal Specific Signatures for HSC, CMP and Erythroblasts.

Abstract Abstract 391 DNA methylation is a reversible epigenetic modification that is required for proper mammalian development and is proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of hematologic diseases including leukemia and bone marrow failure syndromes. Elucidating the pathways and genes regulated by DNA methylation during hematopoiesis may reveal new therapeutic targets for disease. Because the phenotype and activity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and hematopoietic progenitor cells of many different lineages have been defined by both in vitro and in vivo assays, hematopoiesis is an excellent model for investigating epigenomic changes during differentiation. HSCs have the ability to self-renew and to generate blood cells of all lineages, which allows them to repopulate recipients after stem cell transplantation. The common myeloid progenitor (CMP) gives rise to all myeloid cell types including neutrophils, monocytes, platelets, and red blood cells, but cannot self renew or repopulate. In contrast to the multipotent HSC and CMP, erythroblasts (ERY) are terminally committed cells that become mature enucleated red blood cells. These three cell types represent unique stages of lineage commitment with distinct transcriptional programs, and potentially unique epigenomic signatures. In contrast to human HSC, which are defined by the absence of several cell surface markers, mouse HSC have the cell surface phenotype of lineage marker negative (Lin-) c-kit+ Sca-1+ and can be positively selected. For this reason we chose the mouse model for genome-wide methylation profiling. Murine HSC and CMP (Lin- c-kit+ Sca-1-) cells were enriched from adult mouse bone marrow with flow cytometry. Erythroblasts (CD71+/Ter119+) were positively selected from E13.5 mouse fetal livers. Genomic DNA isolated from each enriched cell population was sheared to 200-300 bp fragments. MBD2, one of five endogenous mammalian methyl CpG binding domain proteins, binds methylated DNA sequences with broad affinity. Methylated DNA fragments were enriched from the genomic DNA using a tagged, recombinant MBD2 pulldown kit (Active Motif). After pulldown, enrichment of known methylated sequences regulating the imprints of Snrpn and Rasgrf was validated by qPCR. Two biological replicates of HSC, CMP, and ERY methylated sequences and negative control supernatant fractions were submitted for high-throughput sequencing with the Illumina Genome Analyzer platform. Raw sequence data containing 32-46 × 106 reads of 36-50 base pairs were obtained for each sample. The Eland program was used to map 41-59% of reads to unique sequences in the mouse genome. Model-based Analysis of ChIP-Seq (MACS) was used to estimate the mean and variance of the sequence tag distribution across the genome and define peaks below the significance threshold of p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Extending the Legacy of Sandra Bem: Psychological Androgyny as a Touchstone Conceptual Advance for the Study of Gender in Psychological Science

We retrace Bem’s original formulations for defining and assessing the concept of psychological androgyny in the United States. By focusing on the early conceptual aspects of Bem’s research, we describe three related but distinct impacts of that work. One impact was a social justice message of equality between women and men in the United States. A second impact was focusing research attention on gender roles as a malleable, socially constructed phenomena that, when polarized across gender groups, had negative consequences for psychological well-being. A third less obvious impact was helping scholars divest themselves of the previous, narrow understanding that gender was ultimately collapsible into a single dimension of masculinity–femininity. As with any new concept for its time, the legacy of psychological androgyny featured both backslides into and advances against the previous understanding of gender that it was designed to challenge. Our discussion of what we believe to be key functions and impacts of the concept of psychological androgyny serves to underscore just how important its introduction was and still is for ongoing gender scholarship and research.
Postprocessing of GEFS Precipitation Ensemble Reforecasts over the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region

AbstractThe potential of Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and heteroscedastic censored logistic regression (HCLR) to postprocess precipitation ensembles is investigated. For this, outputs from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) 11-member Global Ensemble Forecast System Reforecast, version 2 (GEFSRv2), dataset are used. As part of the experimental setting, 24-h precipitation accumulations and forecast lead times of 24 to 120 h are used, over the mid-Atlantic region (MAR) of the United States. In contrast with previous postprocessing studies, a wider range of forecasting conditions is considered here when evaluating BMA and HCLR. Additionally, BMA and HCLR have not yet been compared against each other under a common and consistent experimental setting. To compare and verify the postprocessors, different metrics are used (e.g., skills scores and reliability diagrams) conditioned upon the forecast lead time, precipitation threshold...
Bereavement Service Preferences of Surviving Family Members: Variation among Next of Kin with Depression and Complicated Grief

Abstract Background: Research indicates that bereavement services reduce distress and support adjustment in the bereaved, particularly those experiencing significant levels of depression or grief. However, the service use of bereaved individuals and whether utilization differs among those experiencing depression and complicated grief currently remain unclear. Research is needed to clarify the preferences of the bereaved, including specific bereaved subgroups. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore the bereavement service preferences of bereaved family members whose loved one died in the hospital and identify group differences in service use among individuals with and without depression and complicated grief, considering time since the death of the patient. Design: In this cross-sectional study, self-report data were collected from family members primarily between 3 and 18 months following the death of the patient in the hospital. Setting: Academic medical center. Measurements: We explored he...
Perforated appendicitis in a preterm neonate: A case report with literature review

Neonatal appendicitis is a rare entity, with a mortality rate that has decreased in past decades but remained high. Of cases reported in the literature, more than 50% occur in preterm neonates, and none have been diagnosed preoperatively. Here, we report the case of a female infant of 27-4/7 weeks’ gestational age, who presented with perforated appendicitis on day of life (DOL) 30. She was thought to have medically refractory necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), but was found, instead, to have perforated appendicitis during an exploratory laparotomy. A thorough literature search indicates she is the second youngest neonate to survive perforated appendicitis to date.
NRF2 much of a good thing

Chronic hyperglycemia induces hypertension and renal injury through nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRF2)–stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system.
Intercontraction Intervals for Predicting Timing of Labor Evaluation.

Women at term who have at least 12 contractions per hour are more likely to be diagnosed with active labor within 24 hours. A reduction in the interval between contractions is associated with the onset of active labor.
Kinetically controlled assembly of cadmium chalcogenide nanorods and nanorod heterostructures

While it is well understood that controlling anisotropic nanostructure growth can be accomplished by establishing kinetic growth conditions, the practical translation of this knowledge to access nanorods with a specific aspect ratio has not been realized. In this study we empirically determine the precursor consumption rates for growing nanorods and use this data to customize the size and shape of anisotropic nanostructures. The purpose of this work is to go beyond simply creating a set of growth conditions to obtain rods, dots, rice, and tetrapods by describing how to synthesize a nanomaterial of desired dimensions and aspect ratio in a pre-meditated fashion. Measured growth rates for model systems of CdSe (3.5 monomers rod−1 s−1 at 250 °C) and CdS nanorods (36 monomers rod−1 s−1 at 340 °C) were used to design elongated nanorods with enhanced aspect ratios and synthesize dot in rod CdS/CdSe and CdSe/CdS heterostructures. These model systems enable us to establish a rubric for the synthesis of customizable nanostructures and serve as a test case for understanding heterostructure assembly in colloidal systems.
Impact of miR-140 Deficiency on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Scope We have previously shown that loss of miR-140 has a pro-fibrotic effect in the mammary gland. This study aims to investigate whether miR-140 loss and obesity act synergistically to promote non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and to identify the underlying mechanisms. Methods and results Liver tissues were isolated from lean-fat-diet and high-fat-diet fed wild-type and miR-140 knockout mice. Using molecular staining and immunohistochemistry techniques, increased development of NAFLD and fibrotic indicators in miR-140 knockout mice were identified. Utilizing an in vitro model system, miR-140 was demonstrated to target TLR-4, and miR-140 overexpression was shown to be sufficient to inhibit palmitic acid signaling through the TLR-4/NFκB pathway. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that loss of miR-140 results in increased expression of TLR-4, sensitizing cells to palmitic acid signaling and in increased inflammatory activity through the TLR4/NFκB pathway. This signaling axis promotes NAFLD development in a high-fat diet context and indicates the potential utility of miR-140 rescue as a therapeutic strategy in NAFLD.
Sexual Adjustment of the Postcoronary Male

In treatment of life-threatening and often fatal diseases, it is understandable that management of less urgent aspects of the patient’s rehabilitation is often overlooked. In regard to sexual functioning, both the physicians and the patient’s embarrassment about discussing sex adds to the probability that the patient’s postcoronary sexual adjustment will not be considered. In this article, the literature on the effects of heart disease on sexual functioning is reviewed, and a number of data-based suggstions for improved patient care are offered. The type of preventive and rehabilitative program suggested would presumably prevent postcoronary patients from developing a sexual dysfunction as the result of anxiety, fear, and depression caused by a lack of knowledge about the effects of their heart condition on their sexuality.
Soil carbon cycling and storage of bioenergy cropping systems across a heterogeneous agroecosystem

viii CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Dissertation Organization 2 Literature Cited 3 CHAPTER 2: SOIL CARBON STORAGE 5 Introduction 5 Fundamentals of soil organic carbon 6 Soil carbon and the global carbon cycle 7 Soil carbon and climate change 8 Soil carbon sequestration 9 Conclusions 11 Literature Cited 11 CHAPTER 3: TOPOGRAPHIC AND SOIL INFLUENCES ON ROOT PRODUCTIVITY OF THREE BIOENERGY CROPPING SYSTEMS 17 Introduction 18 Materials and Methods 21 Results 26 Discussion 29 Literature Cited 35 CHAPTER 4: SOIL AGGREGATION AND CARBON POOLS RESPOND QUICKLY TO CHANGES IN LAND USE AND TILLAGE ACROSS A HETEROGENOUS AGROECOSYSTEM 52
Most canine ameloblastomas harbor HRAS mutations, providing a novel large-animal model of RAS-driven cancer

Canine acanthomatous ameloblastomas (CAA), analogs of human ameloblastoma, are oral tumors of odontogenic origin for which the genetic drivers have remained undefined. By whole-exome sequencing, we have now discovered recurrent HRAS and BRAF activating mutations, respectively, in 63% and 8% of CAA. Notably, cell lines derived from CAA with HRAS mutation exhibit marked sensitivity to MAP kinase (MAPK) pathway inhibitors, which constrain cell proliferation and drive ameloblast differentiation. Our findings newly identify a large-animal spontaneous cancer model to study the progression and treatment of RAS-driven cancer. More broadly, our study highlights the translational potential of canine cancer genome sequencing to benefit both humans and their companion animals.
Cell-type-specific transcriptome and histone modification dynamics during cellular reprogramming in the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage

Plant cells maintain remarkable developmental plasticity, allowing them to clonally reproduce and to repair tissues following wounding; yet plant cells normally stably maintain consistent identities. Although this capacity was recognized long ago, our mechanistic understanding of the establishment, maintenance, and erasure of cellular identities in plants remains limited. Here, we develop a cell-type–specific reprogramming system that can be probed at the genome-wide scale for alterations in gene expression and histone modifications. We show that relationships among H3K27me3, H3K4me3, and gene expression in single cell types mirror trends from complex tissue, and that H3K27me3 dynamics regulate guard cell identity. Further, upon initiation of reprogramming, guard cells induce H3K27me3-mediated repression of a regulator of wound-induced callus formation, suggesting that cells in intact tissues may have mechanisms to sense and resist inappropriate dedifferentiation. The matched ChIP-sequencing (seq) and RNA-seq datasets created for this analysis also serve as a resource enabling inquiries into the dynamic and global-scale distribution of histone modifications in single cell types in plants.
Virtues and Principles in Biomedical Ethics

In the seventh and most recent edition of their classic book, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Tom Beauchamp and James Childress define a virtue as a character trait that is "socially valuable and reliably present" and a moral virtue as such a trait that is also both "dispositional" and "morally valuable" (2013, 31, 377). The virtues that they single out as "focal" within biomedical ethics are compassion, discernment, trustworthiness, integrity, and conscientiousness (Beauchamp and Childress, 2013, 37-44). Not all is well in their treatment of virtue. Beauchamp and Childress seem to worry that an ethical theory in which virtues are fundamental will neglect duties, rights, and societal needs. Further, they insist that there is no reason to think that, within ethical theory, one family of ethical concepts is the most important, nor that one theoretical approach is correct, or even superior to others. I will try to show, that there are (and that we have) strong reasons to see language, concepts, and matters of virtue as fundamental within normative ethical theory, both generally and in such specialized subareas as medical ethics. These reasons reveal themselves when we analyze concepts at the core of the alternative approaches to theorizing ethics that Beauchamp and Childress identify.
Predictors of Performance on the Arthrobox Arthroscopy Simulator for Medical Students.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of past participation in athletics, the playing of musical instruments and video games and other variables on medical students’ performance on an arthroscopic simulator task as well as other assessments of visuospatial ability. Methods We assessed 50 medical students by using previously validated tests of manual dexterity and spatial reasoning as well as performance on an arthroscopic surgical simulator. Inclusion criteria were to be 18 years of age or older and to be a student studying in the M.D. program at a single public state university. Exclusion criteria were previous use of an arthroscopic surgery training device or active participation in an actual arthroscopic surgery, defined as participating as a surgeon, resident trainee, physician’s assistant, or other similarly credentialed professional. Students were also assessed by the use of a high-fidelity ultrasound simulator as a marker of visuospatial capacity. Students were then surveyed about lifestyle characteristics and personal attributes hypothesized to predict surgical skill, such as playing sports, instruments or video games. Results A total of 49 participants were included in this study. High levels of athletic experience were significantly associated with improved performance on the arthroscopic surgical simulator (P = .008). Participants with higher levels of athletic experience were more likely to achieve competence on the arthroscopic surgical simulator (P = .006). Scores on the arthroscopic simulator task were significantly correlated with both ultrasound simulator shape-identification task scores and masked mirror-tracing task scores, as independent measures of visuospatial ability (P = .015 and P = .013, respectively). Conclusions This study provides evidence of a statistically significant correlation between increased experience in athletics and single-use test performance on an arthroscopic surgical simulator. Subjects who reported higher levels of experience in athletics were significantly more likely to achieve competence in the arthroscopic surgical simulator task. Finally, statistically significant correlations were found between subjects’ performance scores on tasks assessed by the surgical simulator, masked mirror-trace assessment and ultrasound simulator. Clinical Relevance Simulator-based training and education allow for the development of arthroscopic skills prior to operating on a live patient in a clinical situation. This is an area of great interest in orthopaedic education. Our study evaluates parameters in a trainee that may relate to a higher performance level in technical skills on an arthroscopic surgical simulator.
High Performance Air Breathing Flexible Lithium-Air Battery

Lithium-oxygen (Li-O2 ) batteries possess the highest theoretical energy density (3500 Wh kg-1 ), which makes them attractive candidates for modern electronics and transportation applications. In this work, an inexpensive, flexible, and wearable Li-O2 battery based on the bifunctional redox mediator of InBr3 , MoS2 cathode catalyst, and Fomblin-based oxygen permeable membrane that enable long-cycle-life operation of the battery in pure oxygen, dry air, and ambient air is designed, fabricated, and tested. The battery operates in ambient air with an open system air-breathing architecture and exhibits excellent cycling up to 240 at the high current density of 1 A g-1 with a relative humidity of 75%. The electrochemical performance of the battery including deep-discharge capacity, and rate capability remains almost identical after 1000 cycle in a bending fatigue test. This finding opens a new direction for utilizing high performance Li-O2 batteries for applications in the field of flexible and wearable electronics.
The acquisition of wh-questions: Beyond structural economy and input frequency

We present in this article corpus analyses, two experiments, and a preliminary English-French comparison on children’s acquisition of wh-in-situ. Our examination of 10,000 wh-questions from CHILDES...
ERISA: Fumbling the Limitations Period

The circuit courts have created a quagmire of litigation for the interstate employee benefit plan. They have created this by merely adopting the LMRA’s most analogous state statute of limitations rule as the ERISA rule, without considering either congressional intent for ERISA, or the Supreme Court’s directives with respect to the use of the most analogous state statute of limitations rule. The Supreme Court designed the LMRA rule, adopted in 1966, based on legislative history suggesting that the LMRA lacked a need for uniformity in litigating employee benefit plan matters. Congress changed this conclusion when it adopted ERISA in 1974. Thus, Congress preempted state law insofar as it relates to employee benefit plans. The Supreme Court has specifically stated that this need for uniformity extends to ERISA causes of action and awards under them. The Supreme Court spelled out a three-step process to determine whether to use a uniform federal statute of limitations: (1) whether the federal cause of action demands a uniform statute of limitations; (2) if so, whether the uniform limitations period should come from federal law; and (3) if so, whether the selected federal statute of limitations constitutes a significantly closer fit to the federal cause of action. Applying this three-step process to ERISA causes of action results in using the ERISA statute of limitations, not only for the informational penalty lawsuit, the benefits due lawsuit, and the equitable remedy to enforce plan provisions, but also for the employer retaliatory discrimination lawsuit and the delinquent employer contribution lawsuit. The time has come to end the fumbling of the limitations issue and to conform ERISA litigation practices to Justice Byron “Whizzer” White’s directive and congressional desires. Following the law, as laid out by the Supreme Court, will eliminate the problem.
Battery Sources Power Balancing in a Cascaded Multilevel Inverter via an Optimal Moving Horizon Predictive Control

This paper presents an efficient and optimal model predictive control (MPC) scheme for cascaded multilevel inverters (CMI) interfaced with battery sources. One of the major control challenges with CMI is the equal power distribution amongst the cascaded cells. For the application in hand, the unbalance state-of-charge of battery cells due to unequal power drawn from them, will impact the battery lifetime and eventually the reliable operation of the overall system due to uneven stress on CMI cells. The existing classical control schemes for CMI with power balancing capability are suffering from slow dynamic response for power balancing. In addition, they require substantial tuning effort due to their multi-nested loop control structure. On the other hand, conventional MPC schemes demonstrates promising superiority for CMI control comparing to classical control schemes, but they suffer from uneven power distribution among cascaded cells. This paper proposes an optimal moving horizon predictive control scheme for CMI that addresses the challenges associated with classical control and conventional MPC schemes for battery sources interfaced grid interactive CMI. The proposed approach addresses the computational burden of MPC for CMI as number of level increases while ensure equal power drawn from battery cells with fast dynamic response which improves the lifetime of entire system by distributing the stresses on all cells of CMI. The functionality of the proposed approach is evaluated with several case studies. The complete experimental results will be included in the final paper.
An adsorption method to prepare specific antibody-depleted normal human serum as a source of complement for human serum bactericidal assays for Salmonella.

Abstract Serum bactericidal assays (SBA) are valuable for assessing the functional activity of natural and vaccine-induced antibodies against many Gram-negative bacteria, such as meningococcus and Salmonella. However, SBA often require an exogenous source of complement and the presence of pre-existing naturally acquired antibodies limits the use of human complement for this purpose. To remove pre-existing Salmonella-specific antibodies, in the context of SBA for Salmonella vaccine research, we incubated human sera with preparations of Salmonella. By incubating at 4 °C, pre-existing antibodies were adsorbed onto the Salmonella bacteria with only minimal complement deposition. We assessed the effects of adsorption on specific antibody levels, complement activity and the bactericidal activity of sera using flow cytometry, SBA and haemolytic assays. Adsorption removed Salmonella-specific antibodies and bactericidal activity against Salmonella from whole serum but was not detrimental to serum complement activity, even after five adsorption cycles. Bactericidal activity could be reconstituted in the adsorbed serum by the addition of exogenous specific antibodies. Sera preadsorbed with Salmonella are suitable as a source of human complement to measure the bactericidal activity of Salmonella antibodies. The adsorption method can be used to deplete, simply and rapidly, specific antibodies from serum to prepare a source of human complement for use in SBA for vaccine research and assessment.
Electrical Distribution Systems

Power system fundamentals basics of electrical circuits power relationships in electrical circuits electrical power production systems power distribution system fundamentals conductors and insulators in electrical distribution systems power distribution equipment electrical distribution equipment single phase and three phase distribution systems distribution considerations for heating systems control devices used with distribution systems power measurement equipment quality considerations for electrical distribution systems. Appendix A - important terms appendix B - electrical symbols appendix C - trigonometry for electrical power systems appendix D - professional organizations.
Life in the Gang: “Are You Claiming?” Methods of Study

The Research Strategy A SINGLE PREMISE guided our study; the best information about gangs and gang activity would come from gang members contacted directly in the field. We chose to contact gang members directly, without the intervention of social service or criminal justice agencies, for two reasons. First, we were concerned that individuals referred by agencies may be different from those contacted on the street. Social service agencies may be more likely to see tangential gang members, those who were on the fringe of gangs and gang activity. Thus referrals from such sources may not provide us with contacts with older individuals more deeply involved in gang activity. In addition, we refrained from using police contacts because of a concern that our study might be identified with law enforcement. This too would have inhibited our ability to reach leaders or hardcore gang members. The second reason we chose to use field-based techniques to contact gang members can be traced to our concern that the answers we received may be colored by the process through which subjects were recruited for the study. We recognize, however, that each method of contacting respondents carries its own liabilities. Simply because gang members were contacted by an experienced field ethnographer respected by individuals in the neighborhood is no guarantee that they were honest with us. The issues of response validity and reliability are important, and we pay close attention to them throughout the study.
Regulating Prices to Equal Forward-Looking Costs: Cost-Based Prices or Price-Based Costs?

This article defines "forward-looking cost," identifies conditions under which forward-looking costs can be calculated, and explains the relationship among forward-looking costs, depreciation and utilization. It derives a framework to account for the risk of asset death, changes in the cost of new capital, demand growth and uncertainty, and competition risk. The potential for competition, asset life uncertainty, and the installation of excess capacity in anticipation of demand growth raise forward-looking cost. The potential for technological change that enhances the future value of an asset lowers forward-looking cost.
Living Will Status and Desire for Living Will Help Among Rural Alabama Veterans

The purpose of this secondary analysis of data from an earlier intervention study to increase Veterans Administration health care enrollment in rural Alabama veterans was to determine the veterans' living will status, desire for help completing a living will, and relationships between these and demographic, health insurance, health self-report, cumulative illness, disability, and trust characteristics. Baseline data for 201 rural Alabama veterans were extracted from the larger study. Chi-square and t tests were used to analyze group differences in categorical and continuous variables. Logistic regression models were used to determine multivariate associations of variables with living will status and desire for help. Only 13% of participants had living wills. Of those without living wills, 40% expressed a desire for help completing a living will. African Americans were less likely to have living wills than were Caucasians. Participants with more than high school education were more likely to desire help completing living wills than were those with less education. With the exception of moderate-severe respiratory illness, moderate-severe illness was not associated with having a living will. With the exception of moderate-severe vascular illness, moderate-severe illness was not associated with desire for help completing a living will. The racial and educational disparities in living will status and desire for help and the number of participants who desired help completing a living will suggests a need for action to increase advance care planning among rural veterans.