cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer Simulation of the Electrical Properties of Memory Arrays

The evolution of a simple mathematical model for pulse propagation in memory arrays and its implementation by computer programs is described. The development of the model is based initially on the properties of a simplified two-dimensional memory array using common bit-sense lines. The model is then generalized to include separate bit and sense lines. Finally, applications to three-dimensional arrays are considered. It is shown that for a wide variety of calculations nonlinear bit-storage devices such as ferrite cores, tunnel diodes, etc., can be replaced by linear equivalent circuits. With the aid of these equivalent circuits the array is characterized in the language of linear transmission-line theory. Two computer programs are described which solve the resulting differential equations. Applications of these computer programs to the analysis of sense-signal propagation, bit-sense noise, signal transfer between crossed wires, and propagation of pulses along bit lines are discussed. The mathematical theory is derived explicitly for ferrite-core memories but care is taken to point out the changes required to extend the model to other technologies. These changes can be effected in the supporting computer programs by a simple interchange of subroutines which characterize the properties of bit-storage devices.
On contrast patterns produced by self-interstitial atoms in field ion microscope images of a b.c.c. metal

Abstract A general method was presented for calculating the contrast pattern to be expected from a single self-interstitial atom (SIA) in a field ion microscope (FIM) image. It was assumed that the SIA was embedded inside a FIM specimen well below the surface. The SIA was uncovered and eventually removed by the field evaporation of successive atomic planes. Atoms on the surface were displaced outwards from the surface as a result of the dilatational field of the SIA. This outward displacement of atoms resulted in 3 possible contrast effects. These 3 contrast effects were: 1. (a) a bright spot; 2. (b) an extra bright spot; 3. (c) a vacant lattice site. A single SIA atom can produce all these contrast effects and the totality of these effects was termed a contrast pattern. The atom displacements were obtained from the α-iron inter-atomic potential of Johnson, without allowing for surface relaxation effects. Detailed atomic displacement maps were presented for the {111} planes with a 〈110〉 split and a 〈111〉 split crowdion SIA configurations located many interplanar spacings underneath these surfaces. It was shown that the resulting atomic displacement maps contained sufficient information to allow the configuration of the SIA to be determined. An atom displaced normal to a surface plane by a SIA was represented by an electric dipole whose strength was a function of the magnitude of the displacement. A local field enhancement factor was then calculated (the possibility of charge redistribution was allowed for in the enhancement factor) and converted to an extra ion current via the Chen-Seidman data on the ion current vs. electric field characteristic curves of individual planes. An application of the above principles was presented for a SIA contrast pattern detected in a (111) plane of tungsten irradiated with 20 keV W + ions at 18°K (Scanlan et al. ). This contrast pattern contained the three contrast effects suggested by the model.
High temperature gas chromatography for the analysis of fossil fuels: A review

For the past two or three decades geochemists have been concerned with the analyses and characterization of compounds, generally hydrocarbons, ranging from C1C40. Significant amounts of information have resulted from these studies which have been extremely useful in many geochemical and environmental studies. However, in the past two or three years the commercial development and availability of high temperature gas chromatography columns has lead to the investigation of the occurrence and distribution of high molecular weight hydrocarbons (HMWHC), and other compounds, in the carbon number range C40C100, present in oils, waxes, bitumens and rock extracts. The ability to study these compounds represents a major advance in organic geochemistry. In some samples these compounds may represent the bulk of the organic components but prior to development of the high temperature columns it was impossible to study their distributions. This paper will review advances that have occurred in terms of the application of high temperature gas chromatography (HTGC) to the analyses of fossil fuel samples and discuss the possible origin and significance of these compounds that have been identified. In addition, some of the potential problems involved in the analyses of these compounds will also be discussed.
Layer-by-Layer Growth of Polymer/Nanoparticle Films Containing Monolayer-Protected Gold Clusters

Multilayer films of nanoparticles were grown in a systematic and controlled manner layer-by-layer by alternating exposures of suitably functionalized substrates (glass, Au) to either poly(allylamine) and carboxylic acid-functionalized nanoparticles or to poly(styrene sulfonate) and arylamine-functionalized nanoparticles. Electrostatic interactions comprise the dominant film growth factors. The rate of multilayer film growth depends on the polymer solution pH and other details of the solution exposures. Growth was followed by spectrophotometry of the Au nanoparticle cores, voltammetry of the Au core double layer charging, and film mass (quartz crystal microbalance). The first example is reported of quantized double layer charging of the Au cores in a layer-by-layer film that is composed of monolayer-protected clusters and a polyelectrolyte.
Epigenetics of the male gamete

Objective To review and summarize the current understanding of the epigenetic status of human sperm in regards to protamination, specific localization and modifications of retained histones, and DNA methylation. Design Review of the relevant literature. Setting University-based clinical and research laboratories. Patient(s) Fertile and infertile men. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Critical review of the literature. Result(s) Sperm from normospermic, fertile men have epigenetic modifications consistent with gene "poising" at the promoters of genes involved in development, including the localization of retained histones with bivalent histone modifications and hypomethylation of DNA. These epigenetic marks are altered in some patients with abnormal spermatogenesis, and in some men who exhibit unexplained, altered embryogenesis during IVF therapy. Conclusion(s) The sperm epigenome implies a poising of the paternal genome for embryogenesis and a possible role in the establishment of totipotency of the embryo and may help in understanding some causes of reduced fertility and transmission of disease risk.
Effect of Dimethylsulphoxide on the Germination of Spores of Lycogala epidendrum

RECENT researches on dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) have emphasized the capacity of this solvent to penetrate cellular membranes easily and rapidly. Jacob, Bischel and Herschler1 reported an effect of increased membrane permeability in tissue of dogs and in plants. Sciuchetti and Born2 found that DMSO apparently enhances the response of Datura tatula to a growth retardant when the DMSO is combined with the retardant. Activation of spores of Bacillus pantothenticus spores after exposure to DMSO has been reported by Widdowson3. DMSO is a reaction solvent4 and has been shown to increase the rates of many chemical reactions. Considering the possibility that DMSO activates or accelerates the initiation of metabolic processes in spores slow to germinate, the effect of this solvent on spore germination was investigated.
Background contamination by coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in trace level high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) analytical procedures

The addition of the "dioxin-like" polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners to the assessment of risk associated with the 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted dioxins and furans has dramatically increased the number of laboratories worldwide that are developing analytical procedures for their detection and quantitation. Most of these procedures are based on established sample preparation and analytical techniques employing high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS), which are used for the analyses of dioxin/furans at low parts-per-trillion (ppt) levels. A significant and widespread problem that arises when using these sample preparation procedures for the analysis of coplanar PCBs is the presence of background levels of these congeners. Industrial processes, urban incineration, leaking electrical transformers, hazardous waste accidents, and improper waste disposal practices have released appreciable quantities of PCBs into the environment. This contamination has resulted in the global distribution of these compounds via the atmosphere and their ubiquitous presence in ambient air. The background presence of these compounds in method blanks must be addressed when determining the exact concentrations of these and other congeners in environmental samples. In this study reliable procedures were developed to accurately define these background levels and assess their variability over the course of the study. The background subtraction procedures developed and employed increase the probability that the values reported accurately represent the concentrations found in the samples and were not biased due to this background contamination.
Basic mechanisms of antioxidant activity

A book originating from an annual meeting of the Oxygen Society (Charleston, South Carolina, 1995) [7] and dedicated to Paul Hochstein in occasion of his retirement is entitled The Oxygen Paradox: the preface and some interesting articles define The Oxygen Paradox as the dual effects of oxygen, in a manner reminiscent of Fridovich’s article 20 years before in The American Scientist, Oxygen: Boon and Bane [14]. It is clear that in both instances an equilibrium is referred to and that this equilibrium is encompassed by, on the one hand, the production of oxygen-centered radicals (concept today extended to sulfur-, nitrogen-, and carbon-centered radicals) and, on the other hand, the effective removal of these species, as accomplished by disproportionation to less reactive (non radical) molecules, interception by small antioxidant molecules, or specific antioxidant enzymes. Our current view of cellular antioxidant defenses can be categorized into primary and secondary defense systems. The primary defenses consist of a variety of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, etc.) and a broad range of small antioxidant molecules. Secondary defenses include proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes as well as the DNA repair systems. Of growing interest are the small antioxidant molecules (some of them vitamins), such as α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, coenzyme Q, uric acid, vitamin A, melatonin, and aminoindoles. Also of physiological and/or pharmacological interest are small molecule antioxidants, such as flavonoids and polyphenols, those contained in herbal antioxidants, and α-lipoic acid. A comprehensive and authoritative treatise on the chemical, biological, and clinical aspects of natural antioxidants, providing an in-depth account of current knowledge on these naturally occurring compounds, was recently published [4]. Likewise, synthetic antioxidants are currently being developed as therapeutic agents against oxidative stress. Such compounds include, among others, derivatives of natural antioxidants (e.g., α-tocopherol analogs), phenolic antioxidants (such as Probucol and Nitecapone), 21 aminosteroids or lazaroids, sulfhydryl-containing compounds (thiazolidine, ebselen, dithiolethiones), and low-molecular weight mimics of superoxide dismutase [19]. Examples of tissuedirected α-tocopherol analogs are the water-soluble, quaternary ammonium tocopherol derivatives, which accumulate in heart tissue, and the 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-ol derivatives, which penetrate brain tissue. These compounds have potential use as cardioprotectors and against cerebrovascular diseases, respectively [20].
Water and electrolyte fluxes in muscle, skin and tendon after thermal injury and ischaemia☆

Abstract Ischaemia alone induces little change in the water and electrolyte composition of extracellular tissues, but a profound change in that of skeletal muscle. Additional thermal injury to both tissues induces a hypertonic sodium flux into them that appears to depend on both their structure and composition. Preliminary clinical evidence suggests that a considerable sodium flux into skeletal muscle can occur in severely burned patients, although its frequency, rate and magnitude are still unknown.
POST-TRAUMATIC IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IS DUE TO ACTIVATION OF SUPPRESSOR T CELLS

Severe immunosuppression occurs after major thermal burns, accidental injuries, and extensive surgical operations, and probably contributes substantially to patient morbidity and mortality. The mechanism of immunosuppression is unknown and attempts to explain it are contradictory. The contradictions can be resolved by assuming the activation by injury of the suppressor T-cell system, which is involved in normal immunoregulation. If this is true, then generalised, non-specific attempts to bolster the immune response in these patients may be inappropriate.
The predictive value of the 1-h 50-g glucose screen for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus in a high-risk population.

Objective: To determine a value, for a gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) screening test, above which the glucose tolerance test is obviated.Methods: A database search of patients delivered at the Medical College of Virginia Hospital (MCV) between April 1991 and April 2002 was undertaken. Subjects were screened using standard methodology: blood glucose level 1 h after a 50-g oral glucose load (1OGT). Subjects with values meeting/exceeding 140 mg/dl underwent 3-h 100-g oral glucose tolerance tests (3OGTT). GDM was diagnosed using criteria of the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG), with Carpenter–Coustan (CC) criteria for comparison. Receiver–operator characteristic (ROC) curves were generated; areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated.Results: 1OGT results were available for 16 898 subjects; 2770 (16.4%) had values meeting/exceeding 140 mg/dl. The NDDG and CC criteria were applied to 1972 subjects with both 1OGT and 3OGTT results available: 419 (21%) and 614 (31%) subjects had GDM, respectively. Positi...
A Model of Organizational and Job Environment Influences on Workplace Violence

A considerable amount of research on workplace violence has been conducted over the past two decades, resulting in a better understanding of its causes and consequences. Several models have been developed that consider the causes and consequences, as well as the organization’s policies that influence workplace violence. The source of violence (internal vs. external), hierarchical position (supervisory vs. line positions), formalization in terms of policies, and the external environment factors that affect organizations have rarely been considered in combination with one another in models to date. The present paper develops a model addressing these gaps in the literature by incorporating these factors as influences on the likelihood of experiencing workplace violence.
Somatic diversification of B cells: a role for autoreactive T lymphocytes

Abstract Although the immune system discriminates self from non-self, and autoreactivity has pathologic consequences, lymphocytes do recognize self antigens. Self-recognition involves immunoglobulin variable (Ig V) regions and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded molecules. Jerne postulated that recognition of self-idiotypes within an immune system was a necessary homeostatic mechanism, important in the regulation of the immune system both in the presence and absence of perturbation by exogenous antigen'. Support for this hypothesis has accumulated from a variety of experimental systems but the significance of autoreactive T lymphocytes which recognize MHC-encoded class II (Ia) molecules 2–5 remains unknown. Rosenberg et al. s have proposed that autoreactive T cells are involved in mediating autoimmunity when the mechanisms controlling theirfunction degenerate. Here Ronald Corley suggests that autoreactive T lymphocytes are responsible for the expansion and somatic diversification of the B-cell compartment from germ-line encoded V genes. Furthermore, he proposes that autoreactive T cells do not function autonomously but that B-cell activation follows occupation of the two relevant triggering molecules on the B-cell membrane, namely Ia molecules by the autoreactive T cells and surface immunoglobulin by internally complementary idiotypes.
An introductory pharmacy practice experience providing pharmaceutical care to elderly patients.

Objective. To develop, integrate, and assess an introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) in providing pharmaceutical care to patients at senior centers (Silver Scripts). Design. First-year pharmacy students learned and practiced the pharmaceutical care process in the classroom to prepare for participation in the Silver Scripts program, in which the students, under faculty mentorship, conducted comprehensive medication reviews for senior citizens attending senior centers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Assessment. Students, preceptors, and senior center staff members indicated the experience was positive. Specifically, first-year students felt they gained benefit both from an educational standpoint and in their own personal growth and development, while staff contacts indicated the patients appreciated the interaction with the students. Conclusion. The Silver Scripts experience is a model for linking classroom experiences and experiential learning. The cycle of experiencing, reflecting, and learning has provided not only a meaningful experience for our P1 students but also a worthwhile focused review of seniors’ medication use. This experience could be used as a model for other colleges and schools of pharmacy and their communities.
Introduction to symposium on ‘reflexivity and economics: George Soros's theory of reflexivity and the methodology of economic science’

Nature does not care … whether we penetrate her secrets and establish successful theories about her workings and apply these theories successfully in predictions. In the social sciences, the matter is more complicated and in the following fact lies one of the fundamental differences between these two types of theories: the kind of economic theory that is known to the participant in the economy has an effect on the economy … There is thus a “backcoupling” or “feedback” between the theory and the object of the theory, an interrelation which is definitely lacking in the natural sciences … In this area are great methodological problems worthy of careful analysis.” (Oskar Morgenstern, 1972, p. 707).
Acrylamide: its metabolism, developmental and reproductive effects, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity.

Monomeric acrylamide is an important industrial chemical primarily used in the production of polymers and copolymers. It is also used for producing grouts and soil stabilizers. Acrylamide's neurotoxic properties have been well documented. This review will focus on pertinent information concerning other, non-neurotoxic, effects observed after exposure to acrylamide, including: its genotoxic, carcinogenic, reproductive, and developmental effects. It will also cover its absorption, metabolism, and distribution. The data show that acrylamide is capable of inducing genotoxic, carcinogenic, developmental, and reproductive effects in tested organisms. Thus, acrylamide may pose more than a neurotoxic health hazard to exposed humans. Acrylamide is a small organic molecule with very high water solubility. These properties probably facilitate its rapid absorption and distribution throughout the body. After absorption, acrylamide is rapidly metabolized, primarily by glutathione conjugation, and the majority of applied material is excreted within 24 h. Preferential bioconcentration of acrylamide and/or its metabolites is not observed although it appears to persist in tests and skin. Acrylamide can bind to DNA, presumably via a Michael addition-type reaction, which has implications for its genotoxic and carcinogenic potential. The available evidence suggests that acrylamide does not produce detectable gene mutations, but that the major concern for its genotoxicity is its clastogenic activity. This clastogenic activity has been observed in germinal tissues which suggest the possible heritability of acrylamide-induced DNA alterations. Since there is 'sufficient evidence' of carcinogenicity in experimental animals as outlined under the U.S. EPA proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment, acrylamide should be categorized as a 'B2' carcinogen and therefore be considered a 'probable human carcinogen.' The very limited human epidemiological data do not provide sufficient evidence to enable one to judge the actual carcinogenic risk to humans. Acrylamide is able to cross the placenta, reach significant concentrations in the conceptus and produce direct developmental and post-natal effects in rodent offspring. It appears that acrylamide may produce neurotoxic effects in neonates from exposures not overtly toxic to the mothers. Acrylamide has an adverse effect on reproduction as evidenced by dominant lethal effects, degeneration of testicular epithelial tissue, and sperm-head abnormalities.
Effect of xylem fluid from susceptible and resistant grapevines on developmental biology of Xylella fastidiosa

Xylella fastidiosa causes Pierce’s disease (PD), a serious disease in grapevines, and grapevine cultivars vary in susceptibility to X. fastidiosa in the field. The mechanism(s) by which this occurs has not been clearly elucidated. To explore possible mechanisms, X. fastidiosa cells from a PD strain were grown in pure xylem fluid of PD-susceptible grapevines, Vitis vinifera and V. labrusca, versus PD-resistant grapevines, V. champinii and V. smalliana. When grown in xylem fluid from the susceptible species, X. fastidiosa cells formed a heavier biofilm compared to those in xylem fluid from the resistant species. Differential expression of selected genes of X. fastidiosa cultured in the xylem fluids of V. vinifera and V. smalliana was analyzed using a DNA macroarray. Compared with xylem fluid of V. smalliana, xylem fluid of V. vinifera stimulated the expression of X. fastidiosa genes involved in virulence regulation, such as rpfC, gacA, xrvA, gcvR, and cysB, and genes involved in biogenesis of pili and twitching motility, such as pilI, pilU, pilE and pilG. Increased expression of virulence genes likely contributes to the expression of PD symptom in the susceptible grapevines, whereas reduced expression of these genes may lead to limitation of symptoms in resistant grapevines.
In Situ Localization of the Genetic Locus Encoding the Lysosomal Acid Lipase/Cholesteryl Esterase (LIPA) Deficient in Wolman Disease to Chromosome 10q23.2-q23.3

Human acid lipase/cholesteryl esterase (EC 3.1.1.13) is a 46-kDa glycoprotein required for the lysosomal hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides that cells acquire through the receptor-mediated endocytosis of low-density lipoproteins. This activity is essential in the provision of free cholesterol for cell metabolism as well as for the feedback signal that modulates endogenous cellular cholesterol production. The extremely low level of lysosomal acid lipase in patients afflicted with the hereditary, allelic lysosomal storage disorders Woman disease (WD) and cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) (MIM Number 278000 (6)) is associated with the massive intralysosomal lipid storage and derangements in the regulation of cellular cholesterol production (10). Both WD and CESD cells lack a specific acid lipase isoenzyme and it is thought that the different mutations associated with WD and CESD are in the structural gene for this isoenzyme, LIPA. Analysis of the activity of the acid lipase isoenzyme in cell extracts from human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids (4, 11) demonstrated the concordant segregation of the gene locus for lysosomal acid lipase with the glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase-1 (GOT1) enzyme marker for human chromosome 10 which was subsequently localized to 10q24.1 q25.1 (8). 11 refs., 1 figs.
The cycle of juvenile justice

Bernard, Thomas J., and Kurlychek, Megan C. 2010. The cycle of juvenile justice (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN-13: 9780195370362. pp. 243, $24.95 pbk. Thomas Bernard and Megan K...
Computed tomography of desmoid tumors of bone: desmoplastic fibroma

Desmoplastic fibroma of bone is a rare benign tumor, first described by Jaffe in 1958 [6]. Since then approximately 80 cases have been reported in the long bones, although the tumor also involves the jaw bones, particularly the mandible. The plain film features consist of a lytic, expansile lesion, usually in the metaphysis of bone, sometimes extending into the soft tissues. We present two cases involving the long bones in which the correct diagnosis was suggested by computed tomography (CT). The CT appearance of the lesions is described.
Effects of traumatic brain injury in rats on binding to forebrain opiate receptor subtypes.

Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a moderate level (2.2 atm) of traumatic brain injury (TBI) using fluid percussion. Injured animals were allowed to survive posttrauma for periods of 5 min, 3 h, and 24 h. The effect of TBI on binding to forebrain opiate receptors was assessed using quantitative receptor autoradiography, and compared to a sham control group. Binding of [3H]DAGO to mu receptors in neocortex and the CA1 pyramidal layer of the hippocampus was significantly decreased in the 24-h group (p<0.05). [3H]Bremazocine binding to kappa receptors was unchanged at 5 min and 24 h, but showed large decreases 3 h after TBI in the CA1 pyramidal layer (65%,p<0.05) and dentate gyrus (43%,p<0.05). Levels of delta binding (measured with [3H]DSLET) and lambda binding (measured with [3H]naloxone) were unaffected by TBI. These data support previous suggestions of a role for endogenous opioids in TBI, and provide further evidence that mu and kappa opioid receptor subtypes in neocortex and hippocampus may have different functions in TBI.
Steiner triple systems with near-rotational automorphisms

Abstract A Steiner triple system of order v, denoted STS(v), is said to be k-near-rotational if it admits an automorphism consisting of three fixed points and k cycles of length (v − 3) k . In this paper, we show that, for n ⩾ 1, a 2n-near-rotational STS(v) exists if and only if v ≡ 1 or 3 (mod 6), v ≡ 3 (mod 2n), and v ≠ 13 or 21 when n = 1. Also, for n ⩾ 1, a 3n-near-rotational STS(u) exists if and only if v ≡ 3 (mod 6) and v ≡ 3 (mod 3n).
Dobutamine stress echocardiography for assessment of cardiac risk before noncardiac surgery.

Abstract Two-dimensional echocardiography performed during incremental infusion of dobutamine has been shown to be a safe and accurate method for detection of coronary artery disease in patients who are unable to undergo conventional exercise testing. 1,2 A significant proportion of these patients are referred for evaluation before undergoing noncardiac surgery, such as abdominal aortic aneurysm resection, lower extremity revascularization procedures and hip replacement. Little is known about the value of dobutamine stress echocardiography for assessment of preoperative cardiac risk. This portable and relatively low cost technique provides rapid results and, thus, has potential advantages over alternative technologies, such as dipyridamole thallium scintigraphy, which have established prognostic value. 3–5 This retrospective study reports on the results of dobutamine stress echocardiography performed for preoperative cardiac risk assessment.
Speaking Up for African American English: Equity and Inclusion in Early Childhood Settings

A large percentage of young children entering preschool are English speakers who speak a language variety that often differs from the English dialect expected by educators within early childhood programs. While African American English (AAE) is one of the most widely recognized English dialects in the United States, the use of AAE in schools and programs has been viewed negatively. In this article, we assert that to meet the needs of young children who speak AAE, educators can take an equity and inclusion perspective to consider practices related to dialect. To this end, we discuss (a) meanings of equity and inclusion, (b) AAE dialect characteristics and importance, (c) educator perceptions of AAE, and (d) recommendations to provide equitable and inclusive early childhood services to young children who speak AAE. We suggest that early childhood educators reflect on linguistic identity and biases, investigate linguistic diversity, explicitly teach standard English, and partner with families to learn about diversity and dialect. By focusing on both equity and inclusion, early childhood educators can foster an accepting environment and positive outcomes for all children, including those who speak AAE.
Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection

ABSTRACT Background: As many as 5% of patients undergoing surgery develop surgical site infections (SSIs), which may cause much morbidity and may sometimes be fatal. Treating SSIs imposes a substantial strain on the financial resources of the health care system. Methods: Review of current practice and guidelines. Results: Important patient-related factors for SSI include existing infection, low serum albumin concentration, older age, obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and ischemia secondary to vascular disease or irradiation. Surgical risk factors include prolonged procedures and inadequacies in either the surgical scrub or the antiseptic preparation of the skin. Physiological states that increase the risk of SSI include trauma, shock, blood transfusion, hypothermia, hypoxia, and hyperglycemia. Parameters that may be associated independently with an increased risk of SSI, and that may predict infection, include abdominal surgery, a contaminated or dirty operation, and more than three diagnoses at the ti...
Regional regression models of watershed suspended-sediment discharge for the eastern United States

Summary Estimates of mean annual watershed sediment discharge, derived from long-term measurements of suspended-sediment concentration and streamflow, often are not available at locations of interest. The goal of this study was to develop multivariate regression models to enable prediction of mean annual suspended-sediment discharge from available basin characteristics useful for most ungaged river locations in the eastern United States. The models are based on long-term mean sediment discharge estimates and explanatory variables obtained from a combined dataset of 1201 US Geological Survey (USGS) stations derived from a SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes (SPARROW) study and the Geospatial Attributes of Gages for Evaluating Streamflow (GAGES) database. The resulting regional regression models summarized for major US water resources regions 1–8, exhibited prediction R 2 values ranging from 76.9% to 92.7% and corresponding average model prediction errors ranging from 56.5% to 124.3%. Results from cross-validation experiments suggest that a majority of the models will perform similarly to calibration runs. The 36-parameter regional regression models also outperformed a 16-parameter national SPARROW model of suspended-sediment discharge and indicate that mean annual sediment loads in the eastern United States generally correlates with a combination of basin area, land use patterns, seasonal precipitation, soil composition, hydrologic modification, and to a lesser extent, topography.
Methanobacterium arbophilicum sp.nov. An obligate anaerobe isolated from wetwood of living trees.

The isolation and characterization of a new methanogenic bacterium, Methanobacterium arbophilicum, is described. Isolation from wetwood enrichment cultures, that were obtained from methane-positive trees, required a medium containing inorganic salts, vitamins, and an atmosphere consisting of an 80:20 mixture of hydrogen-carbon dioxide. Isolates of M. arbophilicum were gram-positive, non-motile short rods that occurred singly, in pairs, or chains. The organism was found to be an autotroph and a strick anaerobe, and to have a pH optimum of 7.5-8.0. The optimal temperature for growth was 30 to 37C, the maximum being 45C and the minimum about 10C. The organism had obligate growth requirements for H2 and CO2, and organic compounds greatly stimulated growth. The generation time in shake flask culture was about 17 hr in mineral salts medium and about 13 hr in complex medium. The DNA base composition was 27.5 mol % GC.
Motions of ions in a nanoscale Paul trap from molecular dynamics

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the motion of ions trapped inside a Paul trap of nanometre size. It is found that a single ion can be successfully trapped within nanoseconds if the applied electric voltages are in the range of hundreds of mV and the AC field has a frequency of GHz. The equilibration time and the oscillation amplitudes of the trapped ion depend on both the system temperature and applied voltages. Clusters are formed in the trap when both negatively and positively charged ions are introduced in the system, while only clusters that contain a net charge (non-neutralised clusters) can be trapped. Application of a supplemental DC driving field can effectively drive the ion off the trap centre and out of the trap. Existence of water solvent in the system helps to stabilise the trapping process.
Artificial sweetener use among individuals with eating disorders.

Women with eating disorders report using large quantities of artificially sweetened products, but this has not been quantified. Objective The authors assessed the use of selected artificially sweetened low-calorie products among women with eating disorders compared with controls. Method Thirty women with anorexia nervosa (18 with the restricting subtype [AN-R] and 12 with the binge/purge subtype [AN-B/P]), 48 women with bulimia nervosa (BN), and 32 healthy control women completed a survey of frequency and amount of consumption of chewing gum, artificially sweetened low-calorie beverages, and packets of artificial sweetener in the previous month. Results A greater proportion of women with AN-B/P and BN reported use of each product, compared with women with AN-R and control participants. Among product users, patients with eating disorders reported using greater amounts than controls. Among patients who reported binge eating and/or purging, the quantity of each product used was inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI). Conclusion These data suggest an increased drive for sweet orosensory stimulation in women with AN and BN. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Int J Eat Disord, 2006
Design Considerations for Rocking Foundations on Unattached Piles

AbstractBy appropriately reducing the size of the footing, rocking behavior caused by seismic loading can occur about the footing base. Recent research has shown how rocking shallow foundations can result in improved seismic performance of bridges. One concern of rocking systems is the potential for significant settlement accumulation in poor soil conditions. This research explores the effectiveness and practicality of using unattached piles to mitigate settlement while still allowing rocking. Two series of centrifuge tests investigated the performance of individual footing-column-mass structural models in these soil conditions on unattached piles. The lateral load connection between the rocking foundation and piles is an important consideration; a variety of possible shear key configurations capable of transferring lateral and dead loads to the piles while allowing separation associated with rocking are discussed. Unique design issues associated with rocking on unattached piles and methods to address the...
Meaningful Relationships: Talking, Sense, and Relating

Talking Sense Shared Meaning and Talk as a Basis for Relationships Human Relational Life in its Context Living with the Possible One Mind Encounters Another Two Minds Together in Social Context Guides to Personal Meaning The Social Action of Relating Talk and Meaning Meaning and Research
Control of the interaction of metals with fluorinated silicon oxides

Metal films (Al, Cu-1%Al, Cu) were deposited on fluorinated silicon oxide (FSG) of varying fluorine (F) content, obtained from plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, either directly or with a barrier layer (Ta, TaN, TiN) in between. Compositional analysis was done with FTIR and nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), and depth profiles were performed with XPS and NRA. The dielectric constant of the FSG films is shown to be a combined function of film density and F content. This points to structural differences between FSG and undoped SiO 2 films. For Al and Cu-1%Al on FSG, rapid diffusion of F atoms through the metal occurs at typical annealing conditions. With Al, the diffused F accumulates on the top metal surface, and practically no F is present in the bulk of the film. With Cu- 1%Al, surface accumulation and an appreciable bulk concentration of F are observed. With Cu, no significant F diffusion was detectable. Neither Ta nor TaN are good barriers against F diffusion into the metals. On the other hand, TiN may be a useful barrier, as it shows no significant F diffusion but some reaction with F at the Al/TiN interface. A suitable plasma treatment of the FSG before metal deposition can inhibit substantially F diffusion.
Learners' educational orientation as a design tool for human resource development professionals in law enforcement: a Caribbean context

The training academy of any law enforcement agency serves as the educational platform for personal, professional and academic development of law enforcement officers. It is essential that the training provided is reflective of best practices to enhance learning, curriculum design, educational policies and instructional techniques compatible with the educational orientation of their learners. To this end, it is proposed within this study that the learners' educational orientation be incorporated in the design phase of the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation) model. In an effort to determine the educational orientation of the participants, the study utilized the Student Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) to analyse the educational orientation of law enforcement officers and its implication for training.
Cognitive Maturity of Nursing Students

The important issue of the cognitive level of the professional nurse is often ignored when nurses debate appropriate credentials and job descriptions for entry into professional practice. This article summarizes what is known about the development of the cognitive reasoning skills in young adults, presents data gathered from student nurse populations indicating that students' level of cognitive development is relatively low, and discusses the implications for the profession.
Expression of β1 Integrins by Cultured Articular Chondrocytes and in Osteoarthritic Cartilage

Expression of β1 integrins was studied in vitro as articular chondrocytes reestablished a matrix in culture and in situ in a nonhuman primate model of osteoarthritis in order to investigate a potential role for integrins in mediating cell-extracellular matrix interactions in cartilage. Chondrocytes were found to express α1β1, α3β1, and α5β1 integrins both in vitro and in situ. Cell surface expression of β1 integrins increased as chondrocytes were maintained in culture from 3 to 7 days. Increased β1 integrin expression was also observed in osteoarthritic cartilage compared with normal cartilage. The greatest relative increase in both systems was noted for the α1β1 integrin. The increase in chondrocyte β1 integrin expression in vitro was noted in both monolayer and alginate cultures and occurred prior to detectable changes in the differentiated phenotype of the chondrocyte. Disruption of the cytoskeleton with the drug dihydrocytochalasin B inhibited the cell culture induced increase in integrin expression, while treatment of cultured cells with TGF-β resulted in increased expression of the α5β1 integrin. The modulation of β1 integrin expression noted in vitro and in situ indicates that chondrocytes are capable of regulated expression of β1 integrins and suggests that β1 integrins may play an important role in mediating chondrocyte-extracellular matrix interactions in cartilage.
Formation of β,β-dihaloenones from halogenated tertiary alkynols

Abstract Halogenated alkynols react with N-halosuccinimides and catalytic amounts of Koser's reagent to afford mixed β,β-dihaloenones, useful templates for aryl and alkyl substituted enones.
Biocontrol of plant diseases: the approach for tomorrow

Abstract More than 50% of crop loss in the United States is due to diseases caused by microbes inhabiting the soil. Biocontrol represents an attractive alternative for the future because of the many concerns about pesticide use. Recent advances from our laboratory on soil-borne disease control are: (a) development of biocontrol formulation systems for delivery, (b) genetic manipulation of biocontrol agents to increase their efficacy, and (c) the use of biocontrol in integrated pest management. For dust formulations, dry biomass of Trichoderma and Gliocladium, produced by deep-tank fermentation of readily available, inexpensive agricultural wastes, was milled and mixed with inert carriers for application to soils. Dry or wet biomass was also immobilized into granular pellets, which may contain a food base to allow the biocontrol fungi to grow. These innovative formulations, easily adapted to commercialization, include alginate, carrageenan, and chitosan pellets. A new approach to activate biocontrol fungi in a vermiculite/bran preparation was also developed. In another novel approach, biotypes of Trichoderma and Gliocladium were developed which possessed enhanced biocontrol ability or were tolerant to chemicals used in agriculture. The genetic manipulation was achieved with chemical and ultraviolet mutagenesis, or transformation. Studies are also in progress to understand the mechanism of action of certain effective biocontrol fungi.
Gcm2 is required for the differentiation and survival of parathyroid precursor cells in the parathyroid/thymus primordia

Abstract The parathyroid glands develop with the thymus from bilateral common primordia that develop from the 3rd pharyngeal pouch endoderm in mouse embryos at about E11, each of which separates into one parathyroid gland and one thymus lobe by E13.5. Gcm2, a mouse ortholog of the Drosophila Glial Cells Missing gene, is expressed in the parathyroid-specific domains in the 3rd pouches from E9.5. The null mutation of Gcm2 causes aparathyroidism in the fetal and adult mouse and has been proposed to be a master regulator for parathyroid development. In order to study how Gcm2 functions in parathyroid development, we investigated the mechanism that causes the loss of parathyroids in Gcm2 null mutants. Analysis of the 3rd pouch-derived primordium in Gcm2−/− mutants showed the parathyroid-specific domain was present before E12.5 but underwent programmed cell death between E12 and 12.5. RNA and protein localization studies for parathyroid hormone (Pth) in wild-type embryos showed that the presumptive parathyroid domain in the parathyroid/thymus primordia started to transcribe Pth mRNA and produce PTH protein from E11.5 before the separation of parathyroid and thymus domains. However in Gcm2−/− mutants, the parathyroid-specific domain in the common primordium did not express Pth and could not maintain the expression of two other parathyroid marker genes, CasR and CCL21, although expression of these two genes was initiated. Marker gene analysis placed Gcm2 downstream of the known transcription and signaling pathways for parathyroid/thymus organogenesis. These results suggest that Gcm2 is not required for pouch patterning or to establish the parathyroid domain, but is required for differentiation and subsequent survival of parathyroid cells.
The Chemokine System in Arteriogenesis and Hind Limb Ischemia

Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are important in the recruitment of leukocytes to injured tissues and, as such, play a pivotal role in arteriogenesis and the tissue response to ischemia. Hind limb ischemia represents a complex model with arteriogenesis (collateral artery formation) occurring in tissues with normal perfusion while areas exhibiting ischemic necrosis undergo angiogenesis and skeletal muscle regeneration; monocytes and macrophages play an important role in all three of these processes. In addition to leukocyte trafficking, chemokines are produced by and chemokine receptors are present on diverse cell types, including myoblasts, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells. Thus, the chemokine system may have direct effects as well as inflammatory-mediated effects on arteriogenesis, angiogenesis, and skeletal muscle regeneration. This article reviews the complexity of the hind limb ischemia model and the role of the chemokine system in arteriogenesis and the tissue response to ischemia. Special emphasis will be placed on the roles of monocytes/macrophages and CCL2/monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in these processes.
A review of the gender effect on pay, corporate performance and entry into top management

Abstract The frequency of women occupying the CEO office has increased but remains at low levels, less than 5% for the Fortune 500 companies. Several studies during the last decade consider the barriers that women may face when competing for top management positions. Other research examines potential compensation differences. More recently, some researchers show that CEO gender could affect corporate performance. This review paper summarizes these findings and suggests areas where more inquiry is needed to resolve conflicting results.
Dental Implant Infections

Dental implants provide a restorative tool to support crowns, bridge abutments, and removable dentures. Osseointegrated implants are titanium posts that are surgically implanted in alveolar bone. A tight immobile bond (osseointegration) forms between bone and titanium, and prosthetic and restorative fixtures are attached to the implants. Titanium implants differ from natural teeth, which may make them more susceptible to mechanical stress. A small proportion of implants are not successful and may fail due to infection. The microbiota of implants is similar to that of teeth in similar clinical states. Implants that fail because of mechanical stress are colonized by species associated with healthy teeth. Infected implants are colonized by subgingival species, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Campylobacter gracilis, Streptococcus intermedius, and Peptostreptococcus micros. Different patients may be colonized by different microbial complexes, indicating that optimal treatment should be directed to the specific infection.
On Stirling numbers and Euler sums

In this paper, we propose another yet generalization of Stirling numbers of the first kind for noninteger values of their arguments. We discuss the analytic representations of Stirling numbers through harmonic numbers, the generalized hypergeometric function and the logarithmic beta integral. We present then infinite series involving Stirling numbers and demonstrate how they are related to Euler sums. Finally, we derive the closed form for the multiple zeta function ζ(p, 1,…, 1) for Re(p)>1.