cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Message Framing, Involvement, and Nicotine Dependence on Anti-Smoking Public Service Announcements

Anti-smoking Public Service Announcements (PSAs) typically emphasize the negative consequences of failing to quit smoking (negative frame), as opposed to emphasizing the benefits of quitting (positive frame). However, stressing the benefits of quitting sometimes produces better communication outcomes. Previous research on message framing has tried to identify factors affecting the impact of positive framing and negative framing. Data were collected on 188 undergraduates attending a southeastern university in the United States who were assigned randomly to view either positive or negative messages. Our study found that involvement and nicotine dependence moderated the impact of framed smoking-cessation messages on attitude toward the ad.
Appurtenant: enhancing completeness and efficiency of bidirectional patient-physician communication using automatic speech recognition

Optimal patient-physician communication is integral component in the rendering of medical care. Despite the importance of adequate communication, substantial barriers including time constraints, inadequate provider expertise and variation among patients in their ability to provide complete history of illness, exist which do not allow a comprehensive clinical evaluation at the patient's bedside. As governments and the public scrutinize healthcare costs and quality, it is imperative that we develop tools such as speech recognition based support systems that will assist the provider in obtaining a complete history and physical examination. Here we propose a mobile healthcare assistant system, Appurtenant, aiming at improving completeness and efficiency of bidirectional patient-physician communication for less experienced clinicians without interruption and reducing costs of care by ensuring a standardized approach to patient evaluation.
A historical perspective of counterproductive work behavior targeting the organization

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to chronicle the study of deviant behavior aimed at the organization, or CWB‐O, from the dawn of the Industrial Revolution to the present day.Design/methodology/approach – Counterproductive work behaviors that have been documented and studied since the Industrial Revolution were systematically reviewed and discussed.Findings – Over the past few centuries, employees have engaged in behaviors that harm their organizations; as organizations have become more complex, however, employees have found many more ways to engage in CWB‐O. Further, recent advances in technology have made employee CWB‐O much more ambiguous.Research limitations/implications – The study of CWB‐Os will remain a rich area for researchers as the boundaries between work and personal life continue to blur, as employees develop new forms of CWB‐O, and as employers increase their use of technology to detect employee deviance.Practical implications – As the penetration of technology into job roles grows and...
UBV photometry of hot DA white dwarfs

Johnson UBV photometry has been obtained photoelectrically for a set of DA white dwarfs with effective temperatures greater than 20,000 K and for the AM Her type binary HO538 + 608. Most of the white dwarfs lie within existing Einstein IPC or EXOSAT LE soft X-ray fields, therefore they are of interest as potential serendipitous soft X-ray sources. In addition, high dispersion spectroscopy has been used to differentiate seven of these objects to be subdwarfs.
Biliary Excretion of Drugs in Man

Biliary excretion is an important route for the elimination of some drugs and drug metabolites in man. The factors which determine elimination via the biliary tract include characteristics of the drug such as chemical structure, polarity and molecular size as well as characteristics of the liver such as specific active transport sites within the liver cell membranes. A drug excreted in bile may be reabsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or a drug conjugate may be hydrolysed by gut bacteria, liberating original drug which can be returned to the general circulation. Enterohepatic circulation may prolong the pharmacological effect of certain drugs and drug metabolites, but the quantitative importance of this in man appears to be less than in animals. Biliary elimination may play a role in the interindividual differences in drug response observed in healthy subjects and in patients with certain diseases. Cholestatic disease states, in which normal bile flow is reduced, will influence drug elimination by this route resulting in increased risk of drug toxicity. Bile may serve as an alternate route of elimination in renal failure, but this has not been determined in man. Lack of reliable information regarding the biliary excretion of drugs in man is partly due to the relative inaccessibility of the human biliary tract. Most studies of drug excretion in human bile have been performed in post-surgical patients with T-tube drainage. This method of bile collection is not ideal because bile flow and composition are often severely altered during the period of study, not all bile is collected and enterohepatic circulation is partially interrupted. Recent advances in the methods of collection of bile may improve future studies of drug excretion in human bile.
Endothelial Cell Density after Posterior Chamber Lens Implantation

Endothelial cell loss was determined by specular microscopy in 50 patients after extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation. An age-matched group of unoperated fellow eyes and normal phakic eyes comprised the control group. For this series, 14.7% of the central corneal endothelial cells were lost as a result of cataract surgery and lens implantation. These patients are the first group to receive a Shearing lens implant.
Sphingolipid metabolism and signal transduction: inhibition of in vitro phospholipase activity by sphingosine

Sphingosine inhibits protein kinase C activity in vitro and has been used to implicate this enzyme in signal transduction and cell function. We report that sphingosine directly inhibits phospholipases A2 and D. Sphingosine inhibits Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipases A2 from Naja naja, porcine pancreas, Crotalus adamanteus, human disc and neutrophil in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values ranging from 5-40 microM using [1-14C]oleate-labelled autoclaved E. coli (20 microM) as substrate. Inhibition is comparable using the same concentrations (20 microM) of [1-14C]oleate-labelled C. albicans or E. coli, or aqueous dispersions of 1-acyl-2-[1-14C]linoleoylglycerophosphoethanolamine or -choline. Sphinganine and stearylamine are as inhibitory as sphingosine; monoolein is less inhibitory (IC50 = 70 microM), while octylamine, N-acetylsphingosine, sphingomyelin and ceramide have no effect. Inhibition is relieved by increasing concentrations of substrate phospholipid. The molar ratio of sphingosine to phospholipid required for 50% inhibition ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 with 2-100 microM E. coli phospholipid. In contrast, sphingosine has a biphasic effect on the hydrolysis of E. coli by S. chromofuscus phospholipase D; concentrations less than or equal to 25 microM stimulate activity while concentrations greater than 25 microM are inhibitory. Addition of Triton X-100 eliminates both the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of sphingosine on phospholipase D activity.
The Rhizobium meliloti exoK gene and prsD/prsE/exsH genes are components of independent degradative pathways which contribute to production of low‐molecular‐weight succinoglycan

When grown on medium supplemented with the succinoglycan-binding dye, Calcofluor, and visualized under UV light, colonies of Rhizobium meliloti (Sinorhizobium meliloti) exoK mutants produce a fluorescent halo with a delayed onset relative to wild-type colonies. By conducting transposon mutagenesis of exoK mutants of R. meliloti and screening for colonies with even more severe delays in production of these fluorescent halos, we identified three genes, designated prsD, prsE, and exsH, which are required for the eventual production of fluorescent halos by exoK colonies. Nucleotide sequence indicates that the prsD and prsE genes encode homologues of ABC transporters and membrane fusion proteins of Type I secretion systems, respectively, whereas exsH encodes a homologue of endo-1,3-1,4-beta-glycanases with glycine-rich nonameric repeats typical of proteins secreted by Type I secretion systems. The exoK gene and the prsD/prsE/exsH genes were shown to be components of independent pathways for production of extracellular succinoglycan degrading activities and for production of low-molecular-weight succinoglycan by R. meliloti. Based on these results, we propose that ExsH is a succinoglycan depolymerase secreted by a Type I secretion system composed of PrsD and PrsE, and that the ExsH and ExoK glycanases contribute to production of low-molecular-weight succinoglycan.
Size–Refractive Index Distribution of Clear Coastal Water Particulates from Light Scattering

Simultaneous measurements of the size distribution and volume scattering function of particles in clear coastal water are used to estimate a particle size-refractive index distribution. Various possibilities of the refractive index distribution and the observed particle distribution are studied systematically using Mie theory. The resulting model has minerals in mid-sizes and organic material in large and small sizes, but does not yield the correct dependence of scattering on wavelength. By assuming the existence of minerals or organics in sizes too small to be measured by the particle counter, two other models are developed, both of which yield acceptable wavelength dependence of scattering. The results of the three models are combined to provide limits on the size-refractive index distribution of the particles. Within these limits, volume scattering functions computed for the particles show good agreement with the measurements.
The Corrosion Coulometer—A New Corrosion Monitor for Steel Structures

Abstract A new type of corrosion monitor (corrosion coulometer) has been developed for use on steel structures. It is designed to incorporate corrosion products and airborne contaminants into the s...
Mechanisms of spin transmission: Isotropic hyperfine interactions

Abstract The contributions of spin polarization and spin delocalization mechanisms to the proton hyperfine coupling constant is investigated. It is shown that these non-observables are not uniquely defined in most calculations. Arguments are presented which suggest that these non-observables may be profitably defined if both unrestricted Hartree-Fock and restricted Hartree-Fock calculations are made.
Population code for tracking velocity based on cerebellar Purkinje cell simple spike firing in monkeys.

Velocity is an important determinant of the simple spike discharge of cerebellar Purkinje cells. In a previous study, Purkinje cells in the intermediate and lateral cerebellum recorded during manual tracking were found to be tuned to a combination of direction and speed, (i.e. preferred velocity). In this study a population analysis of this simple spike discharge was used to determine whether the velocity of tracking could be predicted. For the majority (30/32) of direction-speed combinations, the population response accurately specified the target velocity. A temporal analysis showed how the population response gradually converged to the required velocity 200 ms prior to the onset of tracking. Therefore, the simple spike discharge of a Purkinje cell ensemble contains sufficient information to reconstruct target velocity, providing support for the hypothesis that the cerebellum controls or signals movement velocity.
The etiology of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia

An investigation was carried out to evaluate some of the etiologic factors of inflammatory hyperplasia. The lesion was found in 97 out of 700 patients (13.9 per cent). It occurred in the palate and was always associated with the wearing of dentures, especially those which had relief areas in the palate. It was possible to associate the lesion with constant wearing of the dentures. The results indicate that the cause of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia is complex, and it seems to occur only in susceptible subjects when the tissues are irritated by local factors. The lesion is treated by reducing the inflammation and removing the papillae. The construction of new prostheses and the education of patients in oral hygiene and the care and maintenance of their dentures are essential.
Image-based dual energy CT improvements using gram-schmidt method

Dual energy x-ray CT images are computed using either image or projection data. The latter is thought to be preferable for two-material decomposition. Nonetheless, using effective energies of polychromatic x-ray beams at separated kVp values, material decomposition and pseudo-monochromatic reconstruction can be performed from reconstructed images. This image-based approach generates added noise which should benefit from applying processing for noise reduction. A set of material attenuation information so produced defines a vector space, which represents the true material property but is predefined from mass attenuation coefficients of major body-composite materials. We assumed 53keV and 72keV x-ray effective energies for 80kVp and 140kVp dual energy CT. The Gram-Schmidt process was applied to remove noise orthogonal to the vector spaces of the body-composite materials. Two-material decomposition was performed, and monochromatic and density images were reconstructed. Evaluations of image noise, Hounsfield unit accuracy, and resolution with a phantom, as well as with abdominal images, demonstrates improved CNR and SNR without loss of detail. This method of noise suppression also produced high quality density maps of two basis materials. Since dual energy CT currently uses slightly above average radiation dose, this method has the potential for lowering dose in addition to improving image quality.
Identification and validation of Notch pathway activating compounds through a novel high‐throughput screening method

BACKGROUND: Carcinoids are neuroendocrine (NE) tumors with limited treatment options. Notch activation has been shown to suppress growth and hormone production in carcinoid cells. METHODS: The purpose of this study was to provide a process for identifying Notch activating compounds via high-throughput screening (HTS) and to validate the effects of the strongest hit from the 7264 compounds analyzed: resveratrol (RESV). RESULTS: Treatment of carcinoid cells with RESV resulted in up-regulation of the Notch signaling pathway as measured by suppression of its downstream target achaete-scute complex-like 1. Luciferase reporter assays incorporating the centromere-binding factor 1 binding site also confirmed the functional activity of RESV-induced Notch. Because activation of the Notch pathway has been shown to suppress carcinoid proliferation, RESV treatment of carcinoid cells led to a dose-dependent inhibition of cellular growth. Immunoblotting revealed phosphorylation of cdc2 (Tyr15) and up-regulation of p21Cip1/Waf, markers of cell cycle arrest, with RESV treatment. Flow cytometry confirmed the mechanism of RESV-induced growth inhibition is S phase cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, because Notch has been shown to inhibit bioactive hormone production from NE tumors, RESV also suppressed expression of the NE peptides/hormones chromogranin A and serotonin. RNA interference assays demonstrated that the hormone suppressing capacity of RESV was due to up-regulation of the Notch2 isoform. CONCLUSIONS: HTS can be used to identify novel Notch activating compounds, which may have the potential to suppress carcinoid tumor growth and the associated endocrinopathies. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Reviving brain death: a functionalist view.

Recently both whole brain death (WBD) and higher brain death (HBD) have come under attack. These attacks, we argue, are successful, leaving supporters of both views without a firm foundation. This state of affairs has been described as “the death of brain death.” Returning to a cardiopulmonary definition presents problems we also find unacceptable. Instead, we attempt to revive brain death by offering a novel and more coherent standard of death based on the permanent cessation of mental processing. This approach works, we claim, by being functionalist instead of being based in biology, consciousness, or personhood. We begin by explaining why an objective biological determination of death fails. We continue by similarly rejecting current arguments offered in support of HBD, which rely on consciousness and/or personhood. In the final section, we explain and defend our functionalist view of death. Our definition centers on mental processing, both conscious and preconscious or unconscious. This view provides the philosophical basis of a functional definition that most accurately reflects the original spirit of brain death when first proposed in the Harvard criteria of 1968.
Structure of the Continental Shelf off Southern Oregon: ABSTRACT

A detailed continuous seismic-profiling survey was conducted on the continental shelf off southern Oregon between Cape Blanco and the Oregon-California border during the summers of 1967 and 1968. This part of the shelf is divided into northern and southern regions, which appear to be unrelated structurally. The surface trace of a prominent angular unconformity, which crosses the continental shelf in a WSW direction between Cape Sebastian and the Rogue River, is the dividing line between the two regions. A series of folds parallel or subparallel with the coastline characterizes End_Page 471------------------------------ the structure of the northern region. Folding is most gentle on the outer continental shelf; the number of folds increases toward the present coastline. The fold amplitudes appear to be independent of the distance from shore. These fold trends are disrupted in the vicinity of the Rogue River where the Gold Beach shear zone appears to extend offshore. The southern region is dominated by a large sedimentary basin with a synclinal axis trending approximately S65°W from Cape Sebastian. This basin extends across the entire continental shelf and has been only slightly deformed by local folding or warping near the coastline. End_of_Article - Last_Page 472------------
Pulsatile Flow in an End-to-Side Vascular Graft Model: Comparison of Computations With Experimental Data

Various hemodynamic factors have been implicated in vascular graft intimal hyperplasia, the major mechanism contributing to chronic failure of small-diameter grafts. However, a thorough knowledge of the graft flow field is needed in order to determine the role of hemodynamics and how these factors affect the underlying biological processes. Computational fluid dynamics offers much more versatility and resolution than in vitro or in vivo methods, yet computations must be validated by careful comparison with experimental data. Whereas numerous numerical and in vitro simulations of arterial geometries have been reported, direct point-by-point comparisons of the two techniques are rare in the literature. We have conducted finite element computational analyses for a model of an end-to-side vascular graft and compared the results with experimental data obtained using laser-Doppler velocimetry. Agreement for velocity profiles is found to be good, with some clear differences near the recirculation zones during the deceleration and reverseflow segments of the flow waveform. Wall shear stresses are determined from velocity gradients, whether by computational or experimental methods, and hence the agreement for this quantity, while still good, is less consistent than for velocity itself. From the wall shear stress numerical results, we computed four variables that have been cited in the development of intimal hyperplasia—the time-averaged wall shear stress, an oscillating shear index, and spatial and temporal wall shear stress gradients—in order to illustrate the versatility of numerical methods. We conclude that the computational approach is a valid alternative to the experimental approach for quantitative hemodynamic studies. Where differences in velocity were found by the two methods, it was generally attributed to the inability of the numerical method to model the fluid dynamics when flow conditions are destabilizing. Differences in wall shear, in the absence of destabilizing phenomena, were more likely to be caused by difficulties in calculating wall shear from relatively low resolution in vitro data. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1336145#
Offload Compiler Runtime for the Intel® Xeon Phi Coprocessor

The Intel® Xeon Phi coprocessor platform has a new software stack that enables new programming models. One such model is offload of computation from a host processor to a coprocessor that is a fully-capable Intel® Architecture CPU, namely, the Intel® Xeon Phi coprocessor. The purpose of that offload is to improve response time and/or throughput. This paper presents the compiler offload software runtime infrastructure for the Intel® Xeon Phi coprocessor, which includes a production C/C++ and Fortran compiler that enables offload to that coprocessor, and an underlying Intel® Many Integrated Core (Intel® MIC) platform software stack that enables offloading. The paper shares the insights that grow out of the experience of a multi-year, intensive development effort. It addresses end users' questions about offload with the compiler offload runtime, namely, why offload to a co-processor is useful, how it is specified, and what the conditions for the profitability of offload are. It also serves as a guide to potential third-party developers of offload runtimes, such as a gcc-based offload compiler, ports of existing commercial offloading compilers to Intel® Xeon Phi coprocessor such as CAPS®, and third-party offload library vendors that Intel is working with, such as NAG® and MAGMA®. It describes the software architecture and design of the offload compiler runtime. It enumerates the key performance features for this heterogeneous computing stack, related to initializa-tion, data movement and invocation. Finally, it evaluates the performance impact of those features for a set of directed micro-benchmarks and larger workloads.
Inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase cause defects in the postendocytic sorting of β2-adrenergic receptors

Abstract Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors have been shown to affect endocytosis or subsequent intracellular sorting in various receptor systems. Agonist-activated β 2 -adrenergic receptors undergo desensitization by mechanisms that include the phosphorylation, endocytosis and degradation of receptors. Following endocytosis, most internalized receptors are sorted to the cell surface, but some proportion is sorted to lysosomes for degradation. It is not known what governs the ratio of receptors that recycle versus receptors that undergo degradation. To determine if phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases regulate β 2 -adrenergic receptor trafficking, HEK293 cells stably expressing these receptors were treated with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors LY294002 or wortmannin. We then studied agonist-induced receptor endocytosis and postendocytic sorting, including recycling and degradation of the internalized receptors. Both inhibitors amplified the internalization of receptors after exposure to the β-agonist isoproterenol, which was attributable to the sorting of a significant fraction of receptors to an intracellular compartment from which receptor recycling did not occur. The initial rate of β 2 -adrenergic receptor endocytosis and the default rate of receptor recycling were not significantly altered. During prolonged exposure to agonist, LY294002 slowed the degradation rate of β 2 -adrenergic receptors and caused the accumulation of receptors within rab7-positive vesicles. These results suggest that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors (1) cause a misrouting of β 2 -adrenergic receptors into vesicles that are neither able to efficiently recycle to the surface nor sort to lysosomes, and (2) delays the movement of receptors from late endosomes to lysosomes.
Multiple global regulators control HIS4 transcription in yeast

Gene expression is dependent on the interaction of DNA binding factors with distinct promoter control elements to activate RNA synthesis. The expression of the HIS4 gene in yeast is under two different control systems. One of these, general amino acid control, involves a DNA binding protein, GCN4, that stimulates transcription in response to amino acid starvation by binding to 5'-TGACTC-3' sequences in the HIS4 promoter region. A second system, the basal level control, stimulates HIS4 transcription in the absence of amino acid starvation. The basal level transcription of the HIS4 gene is under the control of two genes, BAS1 and BAS2, which are also required for the control of purine biosynthesis. In addition, BAS2 is required for the utilization of organic phosphates in the growth medium. Genetic mapping and DNA sequence analysis show that BAS2 is PHO2, a gene previously identified as a regulator of phosphate metabolism. Direct biochemical analysis shows that the BAS2 gene encodes a protein that binds to both the HIS4 and PHO5 promoters. The involvement of a single DNA binding protein in the regulation of histidine, adenine, and phosphate metabolism suggests that yeast may use a few key DNA binding proteins to coordinate the regulation of diverse metabolic pathways.
NEW PHASES AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN SOLID CO UNDER PRESSURE

The Raman scattering of solid carbon monoxide was studied in a diamond cell from 15 to 297 K at pressures from 1.0 to 5.8 GPa. At low temperature a transition occurs near 3.4 GPa from the known ..cap alpha..-phase (space group P2/sub 1/3) to a new element of-phase (structure unknown), rather than to the predicted ..gamma..-phase (P4/sub 2//mnm). A transformation from ..beta..-CO (space group P6/sub 3//mmc) into a new sigma-phase (Pm3n.) was found near 5.2 GPa at room temperature. Above about 4.6 GPa and 80 K, CO reacts photochemically when irradiated with visible laser light. The photoreactivity may be associated with the formation of a yellow polymer, which can be recovered at zero pressure. 31 references, 3 figures.
Gastric Rupture: An Esophageal Obturator Airway Complication

The esophageal obturator airway (EOA ® ) is in common use throughout the country. This report outlines an unexpected and serious complication: gastric rupture due to overinsufflation. A survey of the literature revealed that most of the known complications involve direct trauma to the esophagus or trachea. In our case, the patient's stomach was ruptured due to vigorous manual ventilation where air was forced into the stomach under pressure, rather than into the lungs, due to failure of the air pressure cuff utilized in the EOA ® .
Cloning and expression of a widely expressed receptor tyrosine phosphatase.

Abstract We describe the identification of a widely expressed receptor-type (transmembrane) protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase; EC 3.1.3.48). Screening of a mouse brain cDNA library under low-stringency conditions with a probe encompassing the intracellular (phosphatase) domain of the CD45 lymphocyte antigen yielded cDNA clones coding for a 794-amino acid transmembrane protein [hereafter referred to as receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha (R-PTP-alpha)] with an intracellular domain displaying clear homology to the catalytic domains of CD45 and LAR (45% and 53%, respectively). The 142-amino acid extracellular domain (including signal peptide) of R-PTP-alpha is marked by a high serine/threonine content (32%) as well as eight potential N-glycosylation sites but displays no similarity to known proteins. Genetic mapping assigns the gene for R-PTP-alpha to mouse chromosome 2, closely linked to the Il-1a and Bmp-2a loci. The corresponding mRNA (3.0 kilobases) is expressed in most murine tissues and most abundantly expressed in brain and kidney. Antibodies against a synthetic peptide of R-PTP-alpha identified a 130-kDa protein in cells transfected with the R-PTP-alpha cDNA.
Iliac-caval stenting in the obese.

Background Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) in the obese, often with severe clinical manifestations, is increasingly encountered in clinical practice. The association has drawn special interest as the pathophysiology may be different from that seen in the non-obese. The disease poses special management problems in the obese as traditional conservative measures are seldom effective. Iliac-caval venous stenting has been effective in CVI management but applicability in the obese raises concerns regarding stent compression, morbidity and efficacy. Methods Results of iliac-caval stenting in 101 limbs of 87 patients are presented. Clinical features, venous test results, and outcome after stenting are reported with comparison to select relevant features in the non-obese limbs (n = 1513) that were stented over the same 11 year period. Results Bilateral clinical manifestations CVI were twice as common in the obese subset compared with the non-obese (28% vs 14% respectively, P = .0007), the incidence increasing with BMI. Resting and exercise femoral vein pressures were similar to the non-obese. Obstructive lesions of primary or postthrombotic origin similar to those seen in non-obese limbs were detected by intravascular ultrasound examination in 89% of limbs. Compression by increased intra-abdominal pressure associated with obesity was likely the mechanism of obstruction in 11% of the limbs. Iliac-caval venous stenting was found to be safe with no mortality ( Conclusion The mechanism of venous obstruction in the obese is substantially similar to those in the non-obese. Primary or post-thrombotic lesions as seen in non-obese CVI cases are present in 89% of cases per IVUS examination. Compression of the venous outflow by adiposity/abdominal pressure may be a factor in 11%. Iliac-caval venous stenting is a satisfactory clinical option in the obese with severe CVI manifestations requiring speedy relief.
ANALYSIS OF A HERTWIG EFFECT INDUCED BY THE IRRADIATION OF RANA PIPIENS SPERM WITH ULTRAVIOLET

Some of the underlying parameters of the classical Hertwig Effect were delineated in this study. It was shown that the irradiation of Rana pipiens sperm with an incremental regime of ultraviolet is accompanied by an initial decrease in viability followed by its recrudescence at higher doses. The most impaired survival is concomittant with aneuploid chromosomal conditions. The types of growth abnormalities are also seen to be somewhat dose-specific particularly at 8 sec where acephalic embryos seem to characterize the various aneuploid states observed. This paves the way for a detailed study of both the relationship between aneuploidy, growth anomalies and the important question of the mechanism of chromosomal loss (or removal). That more fundamental, perhaps molecular, events may underlie the Hertwig Effect is further demonstrated by the severe depression in mitotic activity that accompanies the aneuploid conditions.
Characters of the infinite symplectic group—A Riesz ring approach

We classify both the finite and infinite characters of the inductive limit symplectic group G. An important feature of our technique is the systematic use of a multiplicative structure on an “ordered completion” of the K0-group for the group C∗-algebra A of G. We also give explicit examples of the K-theory for certain primitive quotients of A.
Capsule commentary on Lewis et al., Innovation in the safety net: integrating community health centers through accountable care.

Lewis et al.1 explore to what extent community health centers (CHCs) are being incorporated into accountable care organizations (ACOs). CHCs play a large role in caring for underserved communities and vulnerable populations, yet they are often segmented from other health care providers. The authors suggest ACOs could provide a mechanism through which CHCs integrate with other providers. This work is notable simply for that fact that it is actual data provided by real ACOs. Since passage of the Affordable Care Act, thought pieces have extolled the virtues of ACOs for their potential to reorganize payment and care delivery to achieve the triple aim of better care and better health at a lower cost.2 Publications have examined market features associated with ACO formation3 and care in ACO-like healthcare systems,4 but there have been few analyses published using either data provided by an ACO or about actual ACO patient populations. Therefore, the work of Lewis et al. is a rare example of information collected from actual ACOs. They start with the National Survey of ACOs, which includes all ACOs in the United States as of August 2012, including both federal and commercial payers. Of 292 potentially eligible organizations, 173 (70 %) provided information about organizational characteristics; 18 participated in semi-structured telephone interviews. The authors find that 28 % of ACOs include a CHC and are largely similar to non-CHC ACOs in terms of organization, size, and capabilities. In addition, ACO+CHCs had more experience with patient-centered medical homes, public reporting and risk bearing. Ultimately, the qualitative interviews suggest that CHCs were seen as helping their respective ACOs through their expertise in primary care transformation and caring for high-need patients, both areas likely critical for ACO success. The authors note that it is not possible to determine causality and know whether these relationships would have developed outside of ACO-specific initiatives. Regardless, the ACO experiment is an important one occurring in health policy right now. Understanding baseline characteristics is an important first step, but ongoing analyses that can help both define and then understand success and failure will be critical.
Sanctions, situations, and agency in control theories of crime

Control theory remains a prominent explanation for crime and delinquency, generating a considerable body of empirical studies and frequent theoretical discussion. Although much of this scholarship lends support to the perspective, important issues have been raised as the perspective is extended, modified, and refined; among these are that the theory places too much emphasis on compulsion and too little on choice in the causation of crime, that it neglects the role of morality in decisions about crime, and that the theory needs to be reconciled with results of research about criminal deterrence. This paper considers each of these issues. A framework is presented to describe essential elements of all control theories and finds no inconsistency between some types of control theory and evidence about situational effects, evidence of moral elements of decision-making, and the lack of severity effects in the deterrence literature for the criminal law.
Evaluating Formational Models for Late Archaic Shell Rings of the Southeastern United States Using Vertebrate Fauna From the St. Catherines Shell Ring, St. Catherines Island, Georgia

ABSTRACT Researchers debate the function of Late Archaic (ca. 2550 to 1800 cal BC) shell rings found along the coast of the southeastern United States. Numerous facets of archaeological assemblages have been investigated to resolve this debate; however, zooarchaeological collections, a key line of evidence towards understanding human behaviors resulting in the formation of these sites, often are ignored. To inform functional interpretations of shell rings, I examine and compare several measures of vertebrate collections from three discrete segments of the St. Catherines Shell Ring (9LI231), St. Catherines Island, Georgia, as well as collections from features in the interior of the ring. There are similarities among collections from different segments of this ring, indicating that formational processes were similar throughout the ring. Zooarchaeological collections from features within the interior of the ring differ from those collections of the ring itself. This suggests that activities within the interi...
Plasmodium berghei: transmission by intraperitoneal inoculation of immature exoerythrocytic schizonts from rats into rats, mice, and hamsters.

Abstract We have successfully transmitted Plasmodium berghei to rats, mice, and hamsters, using liver from sporozoite-infected rats without concomitant blood infections. These infections were successful when the donor liver was transferred to recipients at 2.5–7, 21–28, or 36–41 hr postinjection of sporozoites into donors. We have proven that these infections were not due to other life cycle stages of the parasite. There were no infective circulating sporozoites or merozoites in the donors because subinoculations of blood from donors at the time of liver transfer were always negative. We have rigorously excluded latent sporozoites as the possible cause of infectivity in the recipients because donor liver was infective for hyperimmunized, sporozoite-immune mice. Therefore, we have concluded that these infections were due to the immature exoerythrocytic schizonts (EES) in the donor liver. The method of preparation of the infected liver inoculum was critical for the establishment of infection in the recipients. The most successful method of liver preparation was mincing, while homogenization completely destroyed the infectivity of the liver inoculum. Using this method of transferring malaria infection, we have shown that immunity to malaria in sporozoite-immune mice does not extend to EES.
Althusser's view of the place of ethics in Marx's thought

Abstract Karl Marx's social theory has often been thought to raise ethical questions at the outset. Yet many economists and social scientists believe social theory should be value-free and positive. Louis Althusser takes this view in arguing against the humanist interpretation of Marx. He advances a theory of reading for interpretation of Marx, and concludes that the “problematic” of Marx's later thought—as it arises from Marx's own distinctive philosophy—is inconsistent with the humanist interpretation. The article argues against this reading via this same philosophy, and defends a revised humanist view of Marx.
Social learning theory and music piracy: the differential role of online and offline peer influences

Social learning theory has been proven to demonstrate much explanatory value in the study of software and music piracy that occurs over the Internet. As a multifaceted predictive framework, though, the salience of some of the theory’s individual components has yet to be empirically measured. Answering the call of recent research to do just that, the current study seeks to identify the differential impact of offline and online peer influences on participation in music piracy. Results based on data from a sample of approximately 2000 university students indicated real‐life peers had the strongest effect, after controlling for individuals’ demographic characteristics and Internet capabilities. To a lesser degree, though, online peers and online media sources (e.g., chat rooms) were also found to significantly predict participation in music piracy. Suggestions for policy stemming from these findings are discussed in conclusion with the intent of sharpening response efforts to reduce intellectual property thef...
An optimal repartitioning decision policy

The automated partitioning of simulations for parallel execution is a timely research problem. A simulation's run-time performance depends heavily on the nature of the inputs the simulation responds to. Consequently, a simulation's run-time behavior varies as a function of time. Since a simulation's run-time behavior is generally too complex to analytically predict, partitioning algorithms must be statistically based: they base their partitioning decisions on the simulation's observed behavior. Simulations which are partitioned statistically are vulnerable to radical changes in the run-time dynamics of the simulation. In this paper we discuss a dynamic repartitioning decision policy which detects change in a simulation's run-time behavior and reacts to this change. This decision policy optimally balances the costs and potential benefits of repartitioning a running simulation.
Reconstitution of membranes with individual paramyxovirus glycoproteins and phospholipid in cholate solution.

Abstract A method has been developed for reconstitution of biologically active membranes with individual Sendai virus glycoproteins (HN and F) and phosphatidylcholine. The glycoproteins were isolated in the presence of Triton X-100 and transferred into cholate solution by sedimentation into a sucrose gradient containing 2% cholate. Membranes were then reconstituted with HN or F and phosphatidylcholine by removal of cholate by dialysis. Experiments with radioactively labeled detergents showed that the removal of Triton X-100 by sedimentation into cholate and the removal of cholate by dialysis were essentially complete. With the F protein, vesicles 400–800 A in diameter and filaments 600–800 A in length were formed, depending on the proportions of lipid and protein in the initial mixture. Both structures were covered with glycoprotein spikes. With the HN protein, only vesicles were formed, and the densities of the spikes on the surface was dependent on the initial lipid to protein ratio. Membranes reconstituted from HN protein exhibited hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities. Reconstituted particles containing the F protein exhibited hemolytic activity when a mechanism was provided to attach the F protein-lipid complex to the cell, i.e., by the addition of wheat germ agglutinin. These results have confirmed the role of the F protein in membrane fusion and have shown that the requirements for F protein activity are the previously demonstrated proteolytic processing of F, the insertion of the F protein into lipid, and the presence of an attachment mechanism.
Accessible Reproducible Research

As use of computation in research grows, new tools are needed to expand recording, reporting, and reproduction of methods and data.
Extrusion of tritium and D-T pellets for ITER fueling

As part of the International Thermonuclear Engineering Reactor (ITER) plasma fueling development program, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has fabricated a pellet injection system to test the mechanical and thermal properties of extruded tritium. This repeating, single-stage, pneumatic injector, called the Tritium-Proof-of-Principle Phase II (TPOP-II) Pellet Injector, has a piston-driven mechanical extruder and is designed to extrude and accelerate hydrogenic pellets sized for the ITER device. The TPOP-II program has the following development goals: evaluate the feasibility of extruding tritium and deuterium-tritium (D-T) mixtures for use in future pellet injection systems; determine the mechanical and thermal properties of tritium and D-T extrusions; integrate, test, and evaluate the extruder in a repeating, single-stage light gas gun that is sized for the ITER application (pellet diameter {approximately}7 to 8 mm); evaluate options for recycling propellant and extruder exhaust gas; evaluate operability and reliability of ITER prototypical fueling systems in an environment of significant tritium inventory that requires secondary and room containment systems. In tests with deuterium feed at ORNL, up to 13 pellets have been extruded at rates up to 1 Hz and accelerated to speeds of 1.0 to 1.1 km/s, using hydrogen propellant gas at a supply pressure of 65 bar. Initially, deuterium pellets 7.5 mm in diameter and 11 mm in length were produced--the largest cryogenic pellets produced by the fusion program to date. These pellets represent about a 10% density perturbation to ITER. Subsequently, the extruder nozzle was modified to produce pellets which are nearly 7.5 mm right circular cylinders.
The effects of group composition on decision quality in a social production community

Online social production communities allow efficient construction of valuable and high-quality information sources. To be successful, community members must be effective at collaboration, including makink collective decisions in the presence of disagreement. We examined over 100,000 decisions made by small working groups in Wikipedia, and analyzed how decision quality in these online groups is influenced by four group composition factors: the size of the group, how members were invited to the group, the prior experience of group members, and apparent bias shown by the group administrator. Our findings lead us to recommendations for designers of social production communities.
A simple approach for protein structure discrimination based on the network pattern of conserved hydrophobic residues

Evolutionarily conserved hydrophobic residues at the core of protein structures are generally assumed to play a structural role in protein folding and stability. Recent studies have implicated that their importance to protein structures is uneven, with a few of them being crucial and the rest of them being secondary. In this work, we explored the possibility of employing this feature of native structures for discriminating non-native structures from native ones. First, we developed a network tool to quantitatively measure the structural contributions of individual amino acid residues. We systematically applied this method to diverse fold-type sets of native proteins. It was confirmed that this method could grasp the essential structural features of native proteins. Next, we applied it to a number of decoy sets of proteins. The results indicate that such an approach indeed identified non-native structures in most test cases. This finding should be of help for the investigation of the fundamental problem of protein structure prediction.
Experimental demonstration of enhanced hydrogen permeation in palladium via a composite catalytic‐permselective membrane

A composite catalytic-permselective (CCP) membrane comprised of a 500-μm Cu(II)O/Al2O3 catalyst film washcoated overtop a 27-μm electroless-plated dense palladium thin film was constructed on a porous less-steel substrate. Hydrogen purification experiments performed under ideal (H2–Ar) nonreactive mixtures and simulated reformate (5% CO, 7.5% H2O, 15% H2, 1.5% CO2, and balance Ar) over a range of residence times at 623–773 K confirm up to 30% enhancement in observed hydrogen permeance of the palladium film, achieved using the CCP membrane design in which the catalyst layer modifies the gas-phase composition in direct contact with the permselective Pd film. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the palladium film after ∼10-h exposure to reaction conditions and Cu(II)O catalyst confirm no corrosion of the film, while observed hydrogen permselectivities remained in excess of 10,000:1. These experimental results confirm that the CCP membrane design is capable of significantly improving palladium membrane performance. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1627–1634, 2013
MORE ALIVE THAN ALL THE LIVING: Sovereign Bodies and Cosmic Politics in Buddhist Siberia

This article explores religious practice among Buryats, a Siberian people, through scholarship on sovereignty and the body. Under conditions of rapid social transformation such as those that accompanied the Russian Revolution, the Cold War, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, certain religious bodies became key sites through which Buryats have negotiated their relationship with the Russian state and the larger Tibeto-Mongol and Eurasian Buddhist worlds. Despite the Russian government's continuing reluctance to see its subjects cross borders, Buryats have maintained their long-standing mobility—across spatial borders of nation-states and temporal horizons between life and death—by employing characteristically Buddhist “body politics” that can both conform to and diplomatically challenge Russian logics of political rule. Specific bodies constructed by some Buryat Buddhists as “ideal sovereigns”—bodies that are fluid, mobile across time and space, and transgressive of geopolitical borders and, ultimately, death—become metonymic for broader cosmic processes.