cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aging drivers and post delineated express lanes: Threading the needle at 70 miles per hour

Abstract Post-delineated express lanes represent a combination of driving complexities that are particularly difficult for older drivers to navigate. The narrow geometry and high speeds that are common to this treatment reflect a critical test for drivers whose depth perception, contrast sensitivity, and visual processing speed are reduced. The present study was designed to empirically examine the effects of age and color of express lane delineators on driver behavior. Three groups of participants (aged 18–39, 40–64, and 65 + years old) were required to complete a series of simulated driving scenarios consisting of combinations of single and dual lane configurations, with speed and lane position measured at the beginning and midpoint of each express lane. All drivers were pre-screened on various visual functioning abilities. Drivers in the 65 and older group show significant age-related declines in depth perception, contrast sensitivity, and phoria which were subsequently correlated with a wide range of driving measures including deceleration rate, brake time, jerk, speed, and lane position. Age related perceptual declines were statistically correlated with slower driving speed and wider lane deviations, including a statistically significant increase in the number of excursions beyond the typical 12-foot lane width. Based on these findings, the behavior of senior drivers was identified as a distinct design condition that should govern the design of high-speed, narrow geometric conditions. This age group requires wider lane widths, particularly at the beginning of single-lane post delimited sections, wider buffer areas around the post markers, and dual lane configurations wherever possible.
Inguinal Hernias: Diagnosis and Management

Groin hernias are caused by a defect of the abdominal wall in the groin area and comprise inguinal and femoral hernias. Inguinal hernias are more common in men. Although groin hernias are easily diagnosed on physical examination in men, ultrasonography is often needed in women. Ultrasonography is also helpful when a recurrent hernia, surgical complication after repair, or other cause of groin pain (e.g., groin mass, hydrocele) is suspected. Magnetic resonance imaging has higher sensitivity and specificity than ultrasonography and is useful for diagnosing occult hernias if clinical suspicion is high despite negative ultrasound findings. Herniography, which involves injecting contrast media into the hernial sac, may be used in selected patients. Becoming familiar with the common types of surgical interventions can help family physicians facilitate postoperative care and assess for complications, including recurrence. Laparoscopic repair is associated with shorter recovery time, earlier resumption of activities of daily living, less pain, and lower recurrence rates than open repair. Watchful waiting is a reasonable and safe option in men with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic inguinal hernias. Watchful waiting is not recommended in patients with symptomatic hernias or in nonpregnant women.
Sensitivity Analysis of Passenger Behavioral Model for Dynamic Pricing of Shared Mobility on Demand

This paper provides a framework to quantify the sensitivity associated with behavioral models based on Cumulative Prospect Theory (CPT). These are used to design dynamic pricing strategies aimed at maximizing performance metrics of the Shared Mobility On-Demand Service (SMoDS), as solutions to a constrained nonlinear optimization problem. We analyze the sensitivity of both the optimal tariff as well as the optimal objective function with respect to CPT model parameters. In addition to deriving analytical solutions under certain assumptions, more general numerical results are obtained via computational experiments and simulations to analyze the sensitivity. We find that the model is relatively robust for small to moderate parameter perturbations. Although some of the trends in sensitivity are fairly general, the exact nature of variations in many cases depends heavily on the specific travel scenarios and modes being considered. This is primarily due to the complex nonlinearities in the problem, as well as the significant heterogeneity in passenger preferences across different types of trips.
Confounding by Socioeconomic Status in Epidemiological Studies of Air Pollution and Health: Challenges and Opportunities.

Background: Despite a vast air pollution epidemiology literature to date and the recognition that lower-socioeconomic status (SES) populations are often disproportionately exposed to pollution, the...
Bilevel programming approach for manufacturing facility investment optimization with non-cooperative suppliers and customers

We propose a bilevel mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model for the optimal decision-making in manufacturing facility investment considering non-cooperative suppliers and customers. Interactions among the supply chain participants are captured through a single-leader-multiple-follower Stackelberg game under the generalized Nash equilibrium assumption. Given a three-echelon superstructure, the lead manufacturer in the middle echelon first optimizes its design and operational decisions, including facility location, sizing, and technology selection, material input/output and price setting. The following suppliers and customers in the upstream and downstream then optimize their transactions with the manufacturer to maximize their individual profits. By replacing the lower level linear programs with their KKT conditions, we transform the bilevel MINLP into a single-level nonconvex MINLP, which is further globally optimized using an improved branch-and-refine algorithm. To illustrate the application, two case studies are presented.
Broad frequency LTCC vertical interconnect transition for multichip modules and system on package applications

Various stripline structures and flip chip interconnect designs for high-speed digital communication systems implemented in low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrates are studied in this paper. Specifically, two different transition designs from edge launch 2.4mm connectors to stripline transmission lines embedded in LTCC are discussed. After characterizing the DuPont™ 9K7 green tape, different designs are proposed to improve signal integrity for high-speed digital data. The full-wave simulations and experimental data validate the presented designs over a broad frequency band from DC to 50 GHz and beyond.
Pneumonia Due to Mycoplasma in Gnotobiotic Mice I. Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma salivarium, and Mycoplasma pulmonis for the Lungs of Conventional and Gnotobiotic Mice

Lutsky, Irving I. (Marquette University School of Medicine, Milwaukee, Wis.), and Avrum B. Organick. Pneumonia due to mycoplasma in gnotobiotic mice. I. Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma salivarium, and Mycoplasma pulmonis for the lungs of conventional and gnotobiotic mice. J. Bacteriol. 92:1154-1163. 1966.-Two species of mycoplasma of human origin, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and M. salivarium, were tested for their ability to produce respiratory disease in the Ha/ICR mouse when inoculated by the intranasal route. The mouse pathogen M. pulmonis was studied as a positive control. Conventional and gnotobiotic Ha/ICR mice were employed, the latter to provide a system free from indigenous mycoplasma and bacteria. Pneumonia from which mycoplasma were isolated was produced in all groups of the conventional Ha/ICR mice, including those inoculated with sterile broth. Only M. pulmonis produced disease when inoculated intranasally into the gnotobiotic mice, and the gross and microscopic lesions resembled those described in conventional mice. The gnotobiotic mouse provided a tool to study the pathogenicity of different mycoplasma species, and indicated marked differences in host specificity that could not be clearly seen when conventional mice were used.
Calculation of prompt diphoton production cross sections at Fermilab Tevatron and CERN LHC energies

A fully differential calculation in perturbative quantum chromodynamics is presented for the production of massive photon pairs at hadron colliders. All next-to-leading order perturbative contributions from quark-antiquark, gluon-(anti)quark, and gluon-gluon subprocesses are included, as well as all-orders resummation of initial-state gluon radiation valid at next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy. The region of phase space is specified in which the calculation is most reliable. Good agreement is demonstrated with data from the Fermilab Tevatron, and predictions are made for more detailed tests with CDF and DO data. Predictions are shown for distributions of diphoton pairs produced at the energy of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Distributions of the diphoton pairs from the decay of a Higgs boson are contrasted with those produced from QCD processes at the LHC, showing that enhanced sensitivity to the signal can be obtained with judicious selection of events.
Thermal Plasma Measurements in Space Using Direct Measurements of Derivatives of Probe Current‐Voltage Characteristics

In-situ measurement of the thermal plasma environment of space platforms dates back to the beginnings of the space age and continues at the present time. Of particular interest is what is referred to as thermal plasma, the generally cool, high density plasma which comprises planetary ionospheres and, in modified form, provides a partially conducting and emitting environment to large, manned platforms because of their rather high outgassing rate. This paper will summarize a technique for making measurements on Maxwellian plasma for more than 30 years, and has applications to identify and characterize the non-Maxwellian components of plasmas. The technique is based on the use of two alternating voltage signals applied to a probe immersed in the local plasma, then using the intermodulation between the two applied frequencies to extract a signal proportional to the second derivative of the probe current-voltage characteristic. The theoretical basis for the technique will be described, its practical implementation in a spherical retarding potential analyzer and some results from the technique on both unmanned satellites and the Space Shuttle will be presented. Finally some suggestions for development of the instrumentation and suggestions for future use are discussed.
HfO2 and Al2O3 gate dielectrics on GaAs grown by atomic layer deposition

High-performance metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) on III–V semiconductors have long proven elusive. High-permittivity (high-κ) gate dielectrics may enable their fabrication. We have studied hafnium oxide and aluminum oxide grown on gallium arsenide by atomic layer deposition. As-deposited films are continuous and predominantly amorphous. A native oxide remains intact underneath HfO2 during growth, while thinning occurs during Al2O3 deposition. Hydrofluoric acid etching prior to growth minimizes the final interlayer thickness. Thermal treatments at ∼600°C decompose arsenic oxides and remove interfacial oxygen. These observations explain the improved electrical quality and increased gate stack capacitance after thermal treatments.
A 2-D adaptive diagonal block Kalman filter for nonsymmetric half plane image models

A 2-D diagonal block recursive representation for 2-D autoregressive (AR) image models with nonsymmetric half-plane (NSHP) regions of support that does not have noncausality problems is introduced. The relevant 2-D block Kalman filter equations are used to obtain suboptimal block filtered estimates for the blurred and noisy image. A recursive parameter identification scheme can be used online to update the model parameters at each processing window suggested. Simulation results are presented. >
Performance analysis of Benes networks under nonuniform traffic

This paper evaluates the performance of Benes (1965) networks under different nonuniform traffic type. Unlike most switching networks in which there is exactly one path from any input port to any output port, in the Benes network there are several alternatives. The Benes topology is used to construct routing network and the copy network of an ATM switching system. Each network uses output buffering at its switch elements. We analyze the performance of the buffered Benes network with nonuniform traffic in the form of hot-spot and community-of-interest. An analytical queueing model is developed for performance evaluation. Results of the performance evaluation on the network throughput and delay are presented.
Component-based end-user database design for ecologists

To solve today's ecological problems, scientists need well documented, validated, and coherent data archives. Historically, however, ecologists have collected and stored data idiosyncratically, making data integration even among close collaborators difficult. Further, effective ecology data warehouses and subsequent data mining require that individual databases be accurately described with metadata against which the data themselves have been validated. Using database technology would make documenting data sets for archiving, integration, and data mining easier, but few ecologists have expertise to use database technology and they cannot afford to hire programmers. In this paper, we identify the benefits that would accrue from ecologists' use of modern information technology and the obstacles that prevent that use. We describe our prototype, the Canopy DataBank, through which we aim to enable individual ecologists in the forest canopy research community to be their own database programmers. The key feature that makes this possible is domain-specific database components, which we call templates. We also show how additional tools that reuse these components, such as for visualization, could provide gains in productivity and motivate the use of new technology. Finally, we suggest ways in which communities might share database components and how components might be used to foster easier data integration to solve new ecological problems.
Environmental Sustainability in an Aging Society: A Research Agenda

Objectives. This article presents the results of a multidisciplinary consensus conference held to recommend a research agenda on the relationship between aging and environmental sustainability and conservation. The intersection of these two topics has important implications for the health and well-being of older persons but it has thus far received little scientific attention. Methods. The consensus conference was conducted with gerontological experts from various disciplines and environmental scientists. Using a structured methodology, participants achieved consensus on recommendations for a research agenda on aging and environmental sustainability. Results. Eight major recommendations for research are detailed in this article as well as cross-cutting research themes affecting all areas, including racial and economic diversity, geographical region, cohort, and intergenerational linkages. Discussion. Given the vulnerability of older persons to environmental threats detailed by the consensus conference, conferees recommended that research on these topics be urgently promoted, both by researchers and by funding agencies.
Early adolescent antisocial behavior and peer rejection: A dynamic test of a developmental process

We present an empirical exploration of peer network mechanisms that encourage antisocial behavior in early adolescents. We apply SIENA, a network modeling methodology that addresses developmentally changing, statistically dependent interpersonal friendships.
Architecture and regulation of negative-strand viral enzymatic machinery

Negative-strand (NS) RNA viruses initiate infection with a unique polymerase complex that mediates both mRNA transcription and subsequent genomic RNA replication. For nearly all NS RNA viruses, distinct enzymatic domains catalyzing RNA polymerization and multiple steps of 5' mRNA cap formation are contained within a single large polymerase protein (L). While NS RNA viruses include a variety of emerging human and agricultural pathogens, the enzymatic machinery driving viral replication and gene expression remains poorly understood. Recent insights with Machupo virus and vesicular stomatitis virus have provided the first structural information of viral L proteins, and revealed how the various enzymatic domains are arranged into a conserved architecture shared by both segmented and nonsegmented NS RNA viruses. In vitro systems reconstituting RNA synthesis from purified components provide new tools to understand the viral replicative machinery, and demonstrate the arenavirus matrix protein regulates RNA synthesis by locking a polymerase-template complex. Inhibition of gene expression by the viral matrix protein is a distinctive feature also shared with influenza A virus and nonsegmented NS RNA viruses, possibly illuminating a conserved mechanism for coordination of viral transcription and polymerase packaging.
Motor axon exit from the mammalian spinal cord is controlled by the homeodomain protein Nkx2.9 via Robo-Slit signaling

Mammalian motor circuits control voluntary movements by transmitting signals from the central nervous system (CNS) to muscle targets. To form these circuits, motor neurons (MNs) must extend their axons out of the CNS. Although exit from the CNS is an indispensable phase of motor axon pathfinding, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we present the first identification of a genetic pathway that regulates motor axon exit from the vertebrate spinal cord, utilizing spinal accessory motor neurons (SACMNs) as a model system. SACMNs are a homogeneous population of spinal MNs with axons that leave the CNS through a discrete lateral exit point (LEP) and can be visualized by the expression of the cell surface protein BEN. We show that the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2.9 is selectively required for SACMN axon exit and identify the Robo2 guidance receptor as a likely downstream effector of Nkx2.9; loss of Nkx2.9 leads to a reduction in Robo2 mRNA and protein within SACMNs and SACMN axons fail to exit the spinal cord in Robo2-deficient mice. Consistent with short-range interactions between Robo2 and Slit ligands regulating SACMN axon exit, Robo2-expressing SACMN axons normally navigate through LEP-associated Slits as they emerge from the spinal cord, and fail to exit in Slit-deficient mice. Our studies support the view that Nkx2.9 controls SACMN axon exit from the mammalian spinal cord by regulating Robo-Slit signaling.
Bactericidal activity of copper and noncopper paints.

OBJECTIVE To screen copper and noncopper paints for their bactericidal effectiveness in rendering surfaces self-disinfecting. DESIGN Tested paints were applied to glass coverslips, cured, inoculated with test organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis), and dried. After 0, 24, or 48 hours, surviving organisms were eluted and enumerated, and counts compared with those obtained from inoculated control (unpainted) coverslips for the corresponding time periods. Copper elution from select copper paints was quantified by complete immersion of coated coverslips followed by spectroscopic analysis to infer a threshold relationship between kill and copper release. RESULTS Nearly all of the tested copper paints were capable of reducing organism counts to negligible levels within 24 hours. Exterior latex paints supplemented with a fungicide were similarly efficacious. Standard interior latex paint reduced bacterial counts to nearly zero within 24 hours for E coli and P aeruginosa, and to zero within 48 hours for E faecalis. However, substantial survival of S aureus occurred (up to 4 logs at 24 hours). Chi-squared analysis of elution and cidal data indicated that lethality was dependent on copper release in excess of 32 micrograms. CONCLUSION The data support presumptive bactericidal claims for several copper and noncopper paints. Despite controversy over environment-based contagion, such paints could be used to render surfaces self-disinfecting in strategic locations where environmental causation of nosocomial infections is suspected.
Finite element modeling of tire/terrain interaction: Application to predicting soil compaction and tire mobility

Abstract Tire/terrain interaction has been an important research topic in terramechanics. For off-road vehicle design, good tire mobility and little compaction on terrain are always strongly desired. These two issues were always investigated based on empirical approaches or testing methods. Finite element modeling of tire/terrain interaction seems a good approach, but the capability of the finite element has not well demonstrated. In this paper, the fundamental formulations on modeling soil compaction and tire mobility issues are further introduced. The Drucker–Prager/Cap model implemented in ABAQUS is used to model the soil compaction. A user subroutine for finite strain hyperelasticity model is developed to model nearly incompressible rubber material for tire. In order to predict transient spatial density, large deformation finite element formulation is used to capture the configuration change, which combines with soil elastoplastic model to calculate the transient spatial density due to tire compaction on terrain. Representative simulations are provided to demonstrate how the tire/terrain interaction model can be used to predict soil compaction and tire mobility in the field of terramechanics.
The Impact of Musical Lyrics on the Lives of Graduate Counseling Students

Abstract This study surveyed 28 graduate students in counseling on the meaning of lyrical music in their lives in a CACREP accredited program at an independent, southeastern university. Results showed that some songs were more popular or better remembered than others. It also showed that while some lyrics are personally meaningful and others convey important messages, a number of lyrics are just relaxing, joyful, and entertaining without a deeper level of significance to them.
Descartes's experimental journey past the prism and through the invisible world to the rainbow

Descartes's model for the invisible world has long seemed confined to explanations of known phenomena, with little if anything to offer concerning the empirical investigation of novel processes. Although he did perform experiments, the links between them and the Cartesian model remain difficult to pin down, not least because there are so very few. Indeed, the only account that Descartes ever developed which invokes his model in relation to both quantitative implications and to experiments is the one that he provided for the rainbow. There he described in considerable detail the appearances of colours generated by means of prisms in specific circumstances. We have reproduced these experiments with careful attention to Descartes's requirements. The results provide considerable insight into the otherwise fractured character of his printed discovery narrative. By combining reproduction with attention to the rhetorical structure of Descartes's presentation, we can show that he worked his model in conjunction with experiments to reach a fully quantitative account of the rainbow, including its colours as well as its geometry. In this one instance at least, Descartes produced just the sort of explanatory novelties that the young Newton later did in optics. That Descartes's results in respect to colour are in hindsight specious is of course irrelevant.
Adhesive Strength Characterization of CYTOP™: Low Temperature Wafer-Level Packaging

This study describes a wafer bonding technique using CYTOP™ inking method for the high volume packaging of micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS) devices. CYTOP™ is a class of perfluoro (alkenyl vinyl ether) polymer which is obtained by cyclopolymerization of perfluoro. The CYTOP™ adhesive bonding requires much lower temperature (150 to 200° C) compared to other bonding techniques such as soldering (> 250° C) or anodic (~350° C) bonding. The lower temperatures involved in the process reduce the risk of thermal damage to temperature sensitive devices during packaging. The described bonding process consists of a wet inking technique in which wet CYTOP™ ink is applied on soft cured CYTOP™ before bonding. In this study, CYTOP™ is characterized for its bonding strength and quality. The experiments are performed on silicon and glass wafer substrates. The bonded samples are pull-tested and tensile stress values are recorded at the instance of bond failure. About 90% of the samples failed at the bonding interface which indicates that the recorded stress values are the bond strength of CYTOP™. The bond strength of CYTOP™ depends upon the curing temperature and the curing time. The highest bond strength of 16. 46 MPa is recorded at 200° C and 45 min. of curing. The CYTOP™ bond strength at 200° C is comparable with bond strength of BCB at 250° C.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
B74-17 The Theory of Parsing, Translation, and Compiling&#8212; Volume II: Compiling

The two volumes in this set belong in every library on compiler design. Together they achieve a level of rigor and completeness not attained by any other book on the subject.
Are morphological effects distinguishable from the effects of shared meaning and shared form

Effects of orthographically and semantically related primes were compared with morphologically related primes in an immediate (Experiment 1) and a long-term (Experiment 2) lexical decision task. Morphological relatedness produced facilitation across a range of prime durations (32-300 ms) as well as when items intervened between prime and target, and its magnitude increased with prime duration. Semantic facilitation and orthographic inhibition arose only in the immediate priming task. Moreover, morphological effects were significantly greater than the sum of semantic and orthographic effects at a stimulus onset asynchrony of 300 ms but were not reliably different at shorter durations. The adequacy of an account that describes morphological relatedness as distinct from the composite effects of semantic and orthographic similarity must account for changes in additivity across prime durations.
Organizing pneumonia as a side effect of ipilimumab treatment of melanoma

Ipilimumab is one of the newly developed human monoclonal antibodies used in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Its primary mechanism of action is a specific blockade of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), a T-cell receptor responsible for inhibition of lymphocyte activation. By blocking CTLA-4, ipilimumab enhances immune responses against tumor cells, but also exposes normal tissues to an increased risk of autoimmune phenomena as a potential side effect. In this report, we describe the case of a 58-year-old woman with metastatic melanoma who was treated with ipilimumab in the weeks prior to the onset of severe nonresolving dyspnea and cough. Extensive workup revealed organizing pneumonia as the cause of her hypoxemic respiratory failure and treatment with steroids led to a resolution of her pulmonary disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of pulmonary toxicity caused by ipilimumab, which manifested on pathology as organizing pneumonia.
The multics interprocess communication facility

Essential to any multi-process computer system is some mechanism to enable coexisting processes to communicate with one another. The basic inter-process communication (IPC) mechanism is the exchange of messages among independent processes in a commonly accessible data base and in accordance with some pre-arranged convention.By introducing several system wide conventions for initiating communication, and by utilizing the Traffic Controller it is possible to expand the basic IPC mechanism into a general purpose IPC facility. The Multics IPC facility is an extension of the central supervisor which assumes the burden of managing the shared data base and of respecting the IPC conventions, thus providing a simple and easy way for the programmer to use the interface.
`Barefoot doctors' in rural Georgia: The effect of peer selection on the performance of trained volunteers

Does volunteer selection by peers have a measurable effect on volunteer performance? This paper examines this question in the context of a field experiment which used community organizations as a means to select people to serve as Emergency Medical Coordinators (EMCs). Field sites were 36 rural Georgia communities with populations ranging from 150 to 1850. EMCs were trained in a 40 hour program as first responders to emergency incidents and as organizers of an emergency response system within their communities. Their performance in each of these roles was assessed by composite measures (a first aid performance index and an activity index) developed as part of the study. Each sponsor organization conducted the selection of EMCs for their respective communities. The process was monitored and assessed as either comprehensive, including the evaluation and elimination of candidates, or as unstructured where interested individuals self-volunteered. Performance scores were regressed on the selection process variable as well as a set of structural, predisposing and enabling variables. Peer selection was a statistically significant predictor of EMC performance as a first responder but not as a response system organizer. Implications of this result as well as the influence of other independent variables are discussed.
The politics and policies of parental involvement

Today's parents are involved in college students' lives more than those of any previous generation. Kirsten Kennedy suggests an institution-wide policy on communication with these important stakeholders.
Engineering management and technical solutions to human problems: A computer-related example

Abstract Engineering management has a unique opportunity to bring together a variety of disciplines (engineering, human factors and management) and sectors in society (government, industry and universities) to better serve mankind. The result of such a coalescence could be technical solutions, not just to technical problems, but also to the concomitant and important human problems of utilizing the solutions. An example of a possible role of engineering management in revitalization — in fostering greater productivity and efficiency — lies in the area of computer utilization. This paper will examine current solutions to the persistent language problem of making computers readily accessible for information retrieval by a broad spectrum of people. One solution, which suggests a possible revitalization role for engineering management, is the user-to-database design approach of a new database query language, called CAQL, which will be outlined.
Characteristic wave approach in controlled large space structures

The modal approach in structural dynamics usually implies a truncation technique in the course of which the contribution of high frequencies is lost. This can lead to significant error in the case of impulsive loads. As an alternative to modal (or spectral) methods, the characteristic wave approach is developed. It appears that the application of this approach is most beneficial in the domains where spectral methods fail. That is why it can be used as a supplement to modal methods when the loads contain impulsive components.
Gas chromatographic analysis of cetiedil, a candidate antisickling agent, in human plasma with nitrogen-sensitive detection

In this report a sensitive gas chromatographic assay for cetiedil, a candidate antisickling agent, in human plasma is described. After a triple extraction procedure, cetiedil was analyzed without derivatization with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (with papaverine used as the internal standard.) Cetiedil was measured in plasma samples taken from human volunteers administered the drug intravenously.
Oxide anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract A major advantage of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) over polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells is their tolerance for the type and purity of fuel. This fuel flexibility is due in large part to the high operating temperature of SOFCs, but also relies on the selection and development of appropriate materials — particularly for the anode where the fuel reaction occurs. This paper reviews the oxide materials being investigated as alternatives to the most commonly used nickel–YSZ cermet anodes for SOFCs. The majority of these oxides form the perovskite structure, which provides good flexibility in doping for control of the transport properties. However, oxides that form other crystal structures, such as the cubic fluorite structure, have also shown promise for use as SOFC anodes. In this paper, oxides are compared primarily in terms of their transport properties, but other properties relative to SOFC anode performance are also discussed.
Simple formulation of turbulent mixing in the stable free atmosphere and nocturnal boundary layer

Turbulent mixing lengths and the eddy Prandtl number are estimated by analyzing aircraft data from three different field programs and existing studies in the literature. For small scale turbulence, the estimated mixing lengths appear to decrease rapidly with increasing Richardson number (Ri) and then reach an approximately constant value of 2.5 m for Ri > 0.3 with large scatter. A least squares fit of the estimated mixing length for heat using the format of Louis et al. (1981) yields an asymptotic mixing length of 14.2 m for neutral stratification. This value represents the best fit to the turbulent fluxes for the observed cases of stratified flow rather than a direct calibration of turbulence in neutrally stratified flow for which there were no observations. Mixing length values estimated from stronger larger scale disturbances also show a decrease of mixing length with increasing Richardson number although the values of mixing lengths are categorically larger yielding an asymptotic value of 150 m. Apparently, the Richardson number by itself is not a good predictor for the strength of turbulent mixing although suitable alternatives for large scale models are not available. The Prandtl number increases with increasing Richardson number in agreement with previous studies but the scatter is large. The mixing length formulation is applied to a column model of the lower troposphere. The asymptotic mixing length and the stability-dependent Prandtl number are derived from the data analysis. For the very stable case, shear generation of turbulence in the upper part of the surface inversion layer can be more significant than surface based turbulence generation. Large scale subsidence may significantly reduce the depth of the overlying residual layer. Since the subsidence is difficult to estimate from observations, model comparisons with the observed data are not conclusive. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1992.t01-4-00003.x
Abnormalities in rod photoreceptors, amacrine cells, and horizontal cells in human retinas with retinitis pigmentosa

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in the rods and amacrine cells and horizontal cells in human retinas with retinitis pigmentosa. METHODS: Seven retinas from patient donors with retinitis pigmentosa and 14 age- and postmortem-matched normal human retinas were processed for immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. The following cell-specific antibodies were used: anti-rhodopsin (rods), anti–γ-aminobutyric acid (amacrine cells), anticalbindin (cones and horizontal cells), anti–glial fibrillary acidic protein (astrocytes and reactive Muller cells), and anti-synaptophysin and anti-SV2 (synaptic vesicles). RESULTS: In retinal regions with significant photoreceptor loss, the rods, γ-aminobutyric acid–positive amacrine cells, and calbindin-positive horizontal cells had undergone neurite sprouting. The rod, amacrine and horizontal cell neurites were associated with the surfaces of glial fibrillary acidic protein–immunoreactive Muller cells. Most rod neurites that projected into the inner retina contacted the somata of γ-aminobutyric acid–positive amacrine cells. CONCLUSIONS: Rods, amacrine and horizontal cells undergo neurite sprouting in human retinas with retinitis pigmentosa. These changes in the retinal neurons may contribute to the electroretinographic abnormalities and progressive decline in vision noted by patients with retinitis pigmentosa. These alterations may also complicate strategies for treatment of retinitis pigmentosa.
Chellean and Acheulean on the Territory of the Soviet Union; A Critical Review of the Evidence as Presented in the Literature1

EGINNING in the middle 1930's and at an increasing rate in recent years reports have issued from the Soviet Union concerning the discovery of Chellean and Acheulean localities there. This paper is intended to be a critical survey of these reports. In beginning research for this paper I relied heavily on N. A. Beregovaya's Paleoliticheskie mestonakhozhdeniya SSSR (Paleolithic localities of the USSR) (1960) for pertinent bibliography. Later I supplemented Beregovaya bv examining those Soviet serial-publications which regularly contain information on the local Paleolithic (see the list of these under Abbreviations on p. 38). Every major newly discovered Paleolithic occurrence is soon reported in one or more of these serials and even relatively unimportant finds are eventually at least mentioned. I paid particular attention to numbers issued since the appearance of Beregovaya's book, and, as a consequence, several so-called Chellean and Acheulean localities which were discovered and/or described only after 1960 are considered here. Although it is unlikely that I am aware of (much less have examined) every Russian source with data pertinent to the topic of this paper, I believe I have inspected all the most important ones and certainly a sufficient number to make the conclusions presented in the final section highly probable. The remainder of this paper consists of two principal parts. The first considers reported occurrences of Chellean and Acheulean in the Soviet Union in some detail; the second presents a summary and conclusions. Before closing this introductory section, however, I would like to deal briefly with some problems of translation. Soviet prehistorians commonly use a number of terms for sediments and for artifacts which to translate without comment could be misleading. The sedimentological terms in question are glina, suglinok, supes', and pesok. In the body of this paper I have translated these as clay, loam, sandy loam, and sand, respectively (translations suggested by prominent Russian-English dictionaries). It must be noted, however, that glina and pesok do not necessarily mean deposits of purely clay-size or sand-size particles; also labeled as glina and pesok are deposits where small admixtures of coarser or finer particles (as the case may be) are present and recognizable. And suglinok and supes' are not restricted to being textural terms for soils (as loam and sandy loam generally are in the United States); rather they are used to refer to the
Westward Propagating Normal Modes in the Presence of Stationary Background Waves

Abstract Eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the nondivergent barotropic vorticity equation linearized about zonally asymmetric wintertime mean flows are calculated to determine which barotropic modes might contribute to westward propagating disturbances observed in nature. Of particular interest are modes that correspond to a recurring pattern concentrated in the Western Hemisphere with a period of about 25 days reported by Branstator and Kushnir. The most unstable modes of November–March means from individual years tend to be westward propagating and have a structure that is similar to the observed 25-day pattern. By following the evolution of each Rossby–Haurwitz mode as the basic state is gradually changed from a state of rest to an observed mean state, it is demonstrated that all but about eight of the Rossby–Haurwitz modes will be modified beyond recognition by the action of the time mean flow. One of these, the second gravest antisymmetric zonal wavenumber-one mode (denoted {1, 3} and sometimes referre...
The epilepsy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

In the 4 years since beginning research for a book on the health1 of our 32nd president, the diagnosis of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's seizures evolved from a suspicion to a virtual certainty. Even more importantly, it is clear that they had a major impact upon his mental acuity and decision-making during one of the most critical periods in American history. There are dozens of independent reports of behavior consistent with complex partial seizures that occurred with considerable frequency for over a year prior to his death from a cerebral hemorrhage at Warm Springs, GA, on April 12, 1945, none of which were recognized as such by the observers. The true nature of Roosevelt's neurologic illness has been one of the most closely held secrets of the 20th century, abetted by the active participation in a cover-up by his 2 most well-recognized physicians, ENT specialist Ross T. McIntire and cardiologist Howard G. Bruenn. It is ludicrous to assume that symptomatology so gross and so frequent went unrecognized by those entrusted with the health of the most important and powerful man in the world. The pieces of the puzzle are scattered in dozens of books, articles, oral histories, and a limited amount of surviving medical records. In the last year of Roosevelt's life, the long list of observers who were aghast at his appearance, demeanor, and loss of mental acuity include Winston Churchill, Churchill's physician, Lord …
Stationary-fiber rotary probe with unobstructed 360° view for optical coherence tomography.

A side-scanning fiber probe is a critical component for optical coherence tomography in medical imaging and diagnosis. We propose and fabricate an on-axis rotating probe that performs in situ, circumferential scanning that is shadow-free (not susceptible to shadow effects caused by the motor’s wires). A miniature motor that incorporates a bored-out shaft for the optical fiber is located at the distal end of the probe, which results in a more stable and uniform circumferential scan, free from wire-shadow interference effects. More importantly, this design, novel to our knowledge, compared to other probes avoids the insertion losses introduced by optical coupling components and the multitude of optical interfaces, which is very important for sensing weak signals backscattered from structures deep in the tissue.
Biochemical studies of taste sensation. V. Binding of quinine to bovine taste papillae and taste bud cells.

Quinine tastes bitter to humans and is rejected by cows in taste tests. In this study quinine was used as a ligand in binding experiments with various types of preparation of taste and non-taste tissues from bovine tongue using fluorescence to quantitate quinine binding. Studies were carried out attempting to demonstrate binding specificity of the ligand using taste papillae in situ, those excised from the tongue, homogenates of entire papillae, homogenates of epidermis of circumvallate papillae, and isolated taste cell suspensions; in each experiment, comparable control tongue tissue devoid of taste buds was included.Binding of small quantities of quinine to tissue can be reliably determined. In general, however, there is as much binding to non-taste preparations as occurs to those which contain taste buds. In contrast to earlier experiments involving taste stimulus molecules for which specific binding could be demonstrated, the present experiments using quinine show that the hypothesis of peripheral spe...
Concerning the evidence for the existence of the high-temperature γ' phase of cerium

Three experiments were carried out in an attempt to verify the existence of the gamma '-Ce phase reported by Weiner and Raynor but no evidence was obtained for a new allotropic modification of cerium. Instead, the experimental data indicated that the gamma ' phase is a CeX compound having the NaCl, Bl type structure. The available data suggest that CeX is probably CeO containing small amounts of silicon and possibly boron in solid solution. (auth)
High‐pass‐low‐pass (HP‐LP) reconstruction of CINE phase‐contrast MRI

A new interpretation of CINE phase-contrast (PC) MRI is presented in which flowing blood is shown to induce separate high- and low-temporal-frequency components in the resulting image sequence. The flow velocities can then be extracted from the ratio of these two components, independently of any unknown phase offset. This interpretation leads to new insights into improving temporal resolution, eliminating noise, and reducing acquisition time in PC imaging. A specific example explored in this article uses a technique related to unaliasing by Fourier-encoding the overlaps using the temporal dimension (UNFOLD) to acquire PC velocity measurements at 54-68 time points in the cardiac cycle, all within a single breath-hold of <20 s. In experimental studies, these techniques were shown to yield improved signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) in a flow phantom and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow studies, and to resolve the formation of a flow vortex during left ventricular (LV) filling in humans.
Pervasive and unobtrusive emotion sensing for human mental health

In this paper, we present a pervasive and unobtrusive system for sensing human emotions, which are inferred based on the recording, processing, and analysis of the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) signal from human bodies. Being different from traditional multi modal emotion sensing systems, our proposed system recognizes human emotions with the single modularity of GSR signal, which is captured by wearable sensing devices. A comprehensive set of features is extracted from GSR signal and fed into supervised classifiers for emotion identification. Our system has been evaluated by specific experiments to investigate the characteristics of human emotions in practice. The high accuracy of emotion classification highlights the great potential of this system in improving humans' mental health in the future.