cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between peat and salt-contaminated runoff in Alton Bog, Maine, USA

Abstract Year round, concentrations of base cations (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) and Cl − in surface and groundwater decline exponentially away from Interstate 95, a four-lane asphalt highway which bisects Alton Bog, a poor fen in Penobscot County, Maine, USA. The increased concentrations close to the highway are caused primarily by runoff of road-salt and weathering products of road-bed fill. Concentration ratios, constant with time, between base cations and H + at individual sites suggest that cation exchange reactions between peat and water achieve a state of equilibrium. These ratios change systematically with increasing distance from the highway, indicating systematic changes in the character of the peat exchange surfaces. The major change is a decrease in the occupancy of exchange sites by Na away from the road. These relationships and inferred processes have been duplicated with laboratory experiments. Base saturation of the peat, dominated by Ca, decreases with distance from the highway. Thus, in the short term, peat-water equilibration exerts strong controls on the water chemistry, particularly ion ratios. Long term exposure to elevated concentrations of Ca, Mg, and NaCl in the shallow ground waters has altered the peat chemistry. Availability of plant nutrients (Ca, Mg, and K) has been generally increased by the weathering of road-bed fill and equilibration of the NaCl salt with the peat.
Geza Teleki (1943–2014)

Born in Hungary, Geza Teleki emigrated to the United States with his family at the age of six. At the end of a career devoted mainly to the study of chimpanzees, when the onset of multiple organ failures began to seriously affect his quality of life, he returned to Hungary, where he died on Szentendre Island on January 7, 2014. He is survived by his wife, Heather McGiffin, and their son, Aidan. Geza’s involvement with chimpanzees began in 1968, when he persuaded Louis Leakey to send him to work with Jane Goodall, then in the beginning phases of her lifelong study of the chimpanzees of the Gombe Stream Reserve in Tanzania. After two years he returned to study primatology with C. Ray Carpenter at Pennsylvania State University. In 1973 he published “Predatory Behavior in Wild Chimpanzees,” and in the following years he was a co-editor of “Omnivorous Primates: Gathering and Hunting in Human Evolution.” In the late 1970s, Geza’s attention was drawn to Sierra Leone in West Africa, where numbers of applications to export chimpanzees were greater than the estimated population could have sustained. As a result, with World Wildlife Fund support he and Lori Baldwin carried out the first population survey of chimpanzees in Sierra Leone in 1979–1980. This survey convinced Geza that the most important site for chimpanzee conservation in that country was in the Outamba and Kilimi regions in the northwest. He persuaded the World Wildlife Fund to support a proposal to create an Outamba-Kilimi National Park (OKNP) and spent the early 1980s in Sierra Leone directing efforts to establish the park. Practical difficulties and a lack of funds delayed full gazettement of the park until 1995, but OKNP still protects the largest chimpanzee population in Sierra Leone and stands as a lasting testament to Geza’s efforts. Returning to the United States in 1984, Geza concentrated on chimpanzee conservation. His efforts helped to prevent the establishment of a medical research station in Sierra Leone that would use captive chimpanzees. In 1986 he was among the founders of the Committee for the Conservation and Care of Chimpanzees, and later became its chairman. He continued to do free-lance conservation work for the World Wildlife Fund and to make other significant contributions to improve the lot of both wild and captive chimpanzees. Geza was a man of high intelligence with great persuasive abilities. He had a creative imagination, and was never daunted by tasks of great complexity, such as the Outamba-Kilimi National Park. Persistence and determination were characteristic of all his endeavors. Geza had a somewhat skeptical opinion of Homo sapiens in the aggregate, although he had admiration for and warm friendships with many different individuals. He thought much more highly of chimpanzees as a species, in fact, and it was this view that motivated his many successful efforts on their behalf.
Obesity as a self-handicapping strategy: personality, selective attribution of problems, and weight loss.

(1990). Obesity as a Self-Handicapping Strategy: Personality, Selective Attribution of Problems, and Weight Loss. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 130, No. 1, pp. 121-123.
Milrinone, not epinephrine, improves left ventricular compliance after cardiopulmonary bypass.

Abstract Objective: To compare the effects of milrinone versus epinephrine administered after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on left ventricular compliance. Design: Prospective and randomized. Setting: University-affiliated hospital. Participants: Twenty consenting adult patients. Interventions: Patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery were randomized to receive 50 μkg/kg of milrinone (group M; n = 10) or 0.03 μkg/kg/min of epinephrine (group E; n = 10) shortly after separation from CPB. Left ventricular compliance was assessed by observing changes in left ventricular end-diastolic area (LVEDA) in the short-axis view with transesophageal echocardiography, while maintaining a constant left atrial pressure. Measurements were performed (1) before CPB, (2) after separation from CPB, and (3) after either milrinone or epinephrine. Measurements and Main Results: Baseline LVEDA decreased by 20% after CPB in the milrinone group (from 16.6 ± 3.1 cm2 to 14.3 ± 2.4 cm2; p
A Viral Non‐Coding Region Determining Neuropathogenicity of Murine Leukemia Virus A8 Is Responsible for Envelope Protein Expression in the Rat Brain

Friend murine leukemia virus clone A8 causes spongiform neurodegeneration in the rat brain. A 0.3-kb fragment containing the R-U5-5' leader sequence of A8 is required in addition to the A8-env gene to induce spongiosis. The A8-env gene is a primary determinant of neuropathogenicity. Comparative studies of the neuropathogenic virus R7f, which carries the 0.3-kb fragment of A8 and A8-env on the background of the non-neuropathogenic clone 57, and the non-neuropathogenic virus Rec5, which carries A8-env on the background of 57, showed that the 0.3-kb fragment of A8 was responsible for increasing the ratio of Env/Gag expression in the brain, but not in the spleen.
Glial remodeling during metamorphosis influences the stabilization of motor neuron branches in Drosophila

Abstract Motor neurons that innervate the dorsal longitudinal (flight) muscles, DLMs, make multiple points of contact along the length of fibers. The stereotypy of the innervation lies in the number of contact points (CPs) made by each motor neuron and is established as a consequence of pruning that occurs during metamorphosis. Coincident with the onset of pruning is the arrival of glial processes that eventually ensheath persistent branches. To test a possible role for glia during pruning, the development of adult-specific glial ensheathment was disrupted using a targeted expression of dominant negative shibire. Such a manipulation resulted in fewer contact points at the DLM fibers. The development of innervation was examined during metamorphosis, specifically to test if the reduction was a consequence of increased pruning. We quantified the number of branches displaying discontinuities in their membrane, an indicator of the level of pruning. Disrupting the formation of glial ensheathment resulted in a two-fold increase in the discontinuities, indicating that pruning is enhanced. Thus glial–neuronal interactions, specifically during pruning are important for the patterning of adult innervation. Our studies also suggest that FasII plays a role in mediating this communication. At the end of the pruning phase, FasII localizes to glia, which envelops each of the stabilized contact points. When glial FasII levels are increased using the Gal4/UAS system of targeted expression, pruning of secondary branches is enhanced. Our results indicate that glia regulate pruning of secondary branches by influencing the balance between stabilization and pruning. This was confirmed by an observed rescue of the innervation phenotype of FasII hypomorphs by over expressing FasII in glia.
Mediation: The Technological Foundation of Modern Science

Modern science is increasingly data-intensive, multidisciplinary, and network-centric. There is an emerging consensus among the members of the academic research community that the practices of this new science paradigm should be congruent with “open science”. This entails that the bonanza of research data, the wide availability of algorithms, data tools, and data services produced by the members of the research community must be discoverable, understandable, and usable by overcoming all kinds of heterogeneity and logical inconsistencies. The main concept for coping with the many dimensions of heterogeneity and logical inconsistency is mediation. Mediation is achieved by mediators or brokers. These are software modules that exploit encoded knowledge about certain datasets, data services, and user needs in order to implement an intermediary service. A mediating environment is an environment that provides a core set of intermediary services. Mediation should be a distinct functionality of future research data infrastructures. This paper surveys the different levels of interoperability, i.e., exchangeability, compatibility, and usability, their properties and relationships, mediation concepts, functions, and intermediary services. The current interoperability landscape is also illustrated. Finally, the paper advocates the need for mediating environments to be supported by future research data infrastructures and envisions that one of the most important features of future research data infrastructures will be mediation software.
WE-C-L100J-10: Three Dimensional Vessel Centerline Reconstruction and Imaging System Calibration From a Single Vessel in Angiograms

Purpose: Three dimensional (3D) vessel reconstructions can be useful in assisting clinicians with diagnosing and treating vascular disease, providing information about vessel diameter, length, and tortuosity. Reconstruction of 3D vessels from two views requires knowledge or calibration of the geometry relating the two imaging systems. We introduce a geometry calibration technique that performs this calibration using only a single indicated vessel segment in the angiograms. Methods: Vessel segments of interest were indicated in two angiographic views. The initial imaging geometry is estimated using each view's gantry information, and corresponding points along the vessels in both views are determined using epipolar constraints. The 3D position of the vessel is determined by triangulation of the found corresponding points. The geometry is corrected by varying nine of the imaging system's parameters using the Nelder‐Mead Downhill Simplex Method, with an objective function that minimizes the distance between the reprojection of the reconstructed 3D vessel centerlines and the 2D indicated vessel centerlines in both views. Results were compared with the enhanced‐Metz‐Fencil (EMF) geometry correction technique, which requires identification of additional corresponding points in both views. Results: Variations in the shapes obtained from our single vessel technique (SVT) and the EMF were comparable, median RMS of 0.47 and 0.34 mm, respectively, with magnification variations of 2.2% and 0.7%, respectively. Median errors in 2D reprojections of the 3D data for our technique and the EMF were both 0.12 mm, indicating very good agreement with the 2D indicated centerlines. Conclusion: We have developed an imaging geometry correction technique for two views based on alignment of reprojected 3D data with its respective 2D image information using only a single indicated vessel segment. This technique is reliable and comparable to other geometry correction techniques requiring additional user input. Supported by NIH grant ♯HL52567 and Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation.
Rigid-Band Behavior in Aluminum-Based Alloys—Electronic Specific Heat

Measurements of the specific heat of aluminum and its dilute alloys below 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K show that the electronic specific-heat coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ changes linearly with the valence electron concentration from below to above the pure-aluminum value, in contradiction to previous work. The difference is attributed to undetected precipitation of the solutes Ge or Si in the previous work. Good agreement is found between $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ values for $\mathrm{Al}\mathrm{Zn}$ alloys and the previous $\mathrm{Al}\mathrm{Mg}$ alloys. The rate of increase of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is three times that expected from free-electron theory. For pure Al, $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1.362$ mJ ${\mathrm{mole}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}${\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, and the Debye temperature =431\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Combinatorial crystallization of an RNA–protein complex

One of the most difficult steps in X-ray crystallography of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex is obtaining crystals that diffract to high resolution. This paper describes a procedure for identifying the optimal lengths of the nucleic acid components that provide high-quality crystals of the RNP. Both strands of an RNA duplex were varied in a systematic manner to generate a large number of unique RNPs that were screened for crystallization behavior. As observed in the crystallization of other nucleic acids and their complexes, the exact length of the RNA chains was found to be critical in obtaining diffraction-quality crystals, even though the relative molecular weights of the protein and RNA components were approximately 50 and approximately 10 kDa, respectively. In particular, the helix-loop-helix structure in the mRNA for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal protein L30, which functions as an autoregulatory element for L30 expression, was synthesized as two separate RNA chains of variable length (12-14 and 15-17 nucletides). Duplex formation of these RNAs formed the asymmetric, internal loop-binding site for L30. 16 such RNA duplexes, varying by +/-1 residue at the 5' or 3' end of either chain, were used to prepare 16 unique complexes with a maltose-binding protein-L30 fusion protein. The complexes were screened against 48 standard crystallization conditions in 2304 experiments, yielding 30 conditions with single crystals in the initial screen. The most promising of these is being used for structure determination.
Quantification and Transmission of Information and Intelligence—History and Outlook [DSP History]

One of the most important achievements of humankind is the ability to communicate remotely, now almost without bounds, in time, in distance, and in modes. The history of the technical development that led to the current achievement is intriguing and inspiring, although confusing at times because the term communication may encompass notions of varying sophistication, from simple delivery of data and reconstruction of information, to measurement of articulation, retention of intelligibility, comprehension, and ultimately inference of intelligence. This article intends to lay these notions on a historical path with technical interpretations that may help to both clarify the existing theories and provoke new thinking to prepare us for the next challenge, whatever that may be.
The interaction of platelet proteins with three fibroblast-derived collagenases

Abstract Three collagenases were purified from the culture medium of human skin fibroblasts using ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The cationic collagenase had a molecular weight of 42,000; two anionic collagenases had molecular weights of 63,000 and 115,000. Preincubation of the individual collagenases with purified human and bovine platelet heparin binding proteins resulted in the inhibition of the two anionic activities, but only by bovine low heparin affinity platelet protein (β-TG). Such inhibition was dose-dependent at the microgram level, was not antagonized by heparin, and persisted even when the collagenases had been transformed into their 53,000 and 105,000 forms through treatment with p-aminophenylmercuric acetate. Neither human nor bovine high heparin affinity platelet factors (PF-4) nor human low heparin affinity platelet protein (β-TG) were inhibitory to any of the three collagenases studied. This suggests that the ability of platelet proteins to inhibit collagenase is specifically influenced by the ionic nature of the enzyme and this inhibition is specifically dependent upon the species and type of platelet protein.
The History of SHSAAMc: Student Health Services at Academic Medical Centers.

This article presents an historical review of the organization known as Student Health Services at Academic Medical Centers (SHSAAMc). The authors discuss characteristics of health service directors as well as the history of meetings, discussion, and leadership. The focus of the group is the healthcare needs of health professions students at academic medical centers.
Insulin: A Novel Factor in Carcinogenesis

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality in the United States. Despite much research on specific carcinogens, the cause of many cancers remains unclear. The identification of novel causative agents offers the potential for cancer prevention. Diseases such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, characterized by hyperinsulinemia, are associated with increased risk of endometrial, colorectal, and breast carcinomas. There is increasing evidence that insulin is a growth factor for tumor formation. The mechanisms underlying insulin-mediated neoplasia may include enhanced DNA synthesis with resultant tumor cell growth, inhibition of apoptosis, and altered sex hormone milieu. The reduced insulin levels seen with physical activity, weight loss, and a high fiber diet may account for decreased cancer risk. The role of newer drugs that restore sensitivity to insulin, thereby reducing hyperinsulinemia, is an exciting potential area of cancer prevention. In this review, we discuss the potential role of insulin as a tumor growth factor.
Adrenocorticotropin hormone response to diazepam in healthy young men

Abstract The effects of diazepam (DZ) infusions on changes in adrenocorticotropin hormone (CTH) are a source of debate. In this study, 66 healthy young adult men were evaluated for changes in plasma ACTH after intravenous infusions with placebo, 0.12 mg/kg and 0.20 mg/kg of DZ. After the higher DZ dose, 85% of the subjects demonstrated a decrease in ACTH of 20% or more, with the nadir occurring between 30 and 60 min postinfusion and values returning to baseline levels by 180 min. These results support the conclusion that at the clinically relevant doses used here, DZ infusions are associated with a significant decrease in ACTH.
A holistic strategy for characterizing the safety of metabolites through drug discovery and development.

The subject of metabolites in safety testing has had much debate in the recent past and has shown itself to be a complex issue with no simple solutions to providing absolute assurance of drug safety. Much of the attention has focused on the ability to identify metabolites and then demonstrate that their risk has been adequately characterized, either through their exposure in toxicology species or, failing this, by direct safety testing. In this review, we summarize our forward operational strategy that combines the principles summarized in the FDA Guidance, together with discussions at scientific meetings and literature opinions. It is a balance between the primary goal of assuring patient safety with one of reasonable investment. A key principle in striking this balance is to build stepwise information on metabolites through the drug discovery and development continuum. This allows assessments to be made from early nonclinical studies onward as to whether or not metabolite safety is underwritten by expos...
Discrete charge carrier transfer sites on proteins? a D.C. conductivity study on ultrathin protein films

Abstract D.C. electrical conduction in thin protein films (200 mg/cm 2 ; ∼2 μ in thickness) of bovine serum albumin and its dinitrophenylated derivatives with different stoichiometric composition was investigated at 17, 20 and 23% relative humidities and at room temperature. Statistically significant decrease in conductivity due to derivatization was observed even at protein - 2,4-dinitrophenol stoichiometry as low as 1:2. A charge injection mechanism based upon discrete charge carrier transfer sites could account for the observations. Analogous events may operate in cellular signaling and coding.
Peshitta Institute Communications Viii

There is a group of seventeenth-century Syriac mss of Susanna that presents a complex picture of mixture and confusion. 1 ) In collating the Susanna mss. I did not happen to meet first the source of the confusion; hence in the ms. of this group which I first met, 17a10, it seemed that the scribe had been interrupted as he reached the end of the second question-and-answer set, and when he returned to his copying he somehow got hold of a different Vorlage and continued from the end of v. 54 instead of the end of v. 58, thus repeating the second set and making three sets of Daniel's question and an elder's reply, instead of the two sets actually involved in the story.
Leiomyosarcoma of the renal vein

Leiomyosarcoma of the renal vein is a rare tumor of complex diagnosis. We presented a case of renal vein leiomyosarcoma detected in a routine study. The primary treatment was complete surgical removal of the mass. In cases where surgical removal is not possible the prognosis is poor, with high rates of local recurrence and distant spread.
Canine cyclic haematopoiesis: the effect of endotoxin on erythropoiesis

We have examined the effects of chronic endotoxin treatment on erythropoiesis in six grey collies with cyclic haematopoiesis. Blood reticulocytes, bone marrow erythroid colony (EC) forming cells, serum iron and erythropoietin (ESF) values showed regular periodic fluctuations in untreated grey collies. Daily endotoxin injections eliminated the cyclic fluctuations of reticulocytes and EC. The mean serum iron values were increased and recurrent hypoferraemia eliminated, while the mean serum ESF values were reduced. The cyclic fluctuations of serum ESF values were no longer apparent in the endotoxin treated grey collies. Tritiated thymidine suicide of the marrow EC forming cells failed to show cyclic changes either in untreated or endotoxin treated dogs. The ESF sensitivity of EC in the grey collie was unchanged during endotoxin treatment and was not different from normal dogs. Endotoxin appears to alter periodic erythropoiesis by stabilizing the flux of cells into the committed erythroid precursor cell pool from a more primitive stem cell compartment.
Exercise capacity during the first year after cardiac transplantation

Abstract Few data are available examining the influence of perioperative clinical parameters on exercise capacity after cardiac transplantation. Accordingly, 40 patients were studied by metabolic exercise testing early (1 to 3 months) and late (6 to 12 months) after cardiac transplantation. Various clinical parameters, including congestive heart failure class, length of hospital stay, age, cold ischemic time and histologic evidence of refection were correlated with exercise capacity after transplantation. As expected, peak exercise capacity correlated inversely with both age and length of hospital stay. There was no correlation with preoperative congestive heart failure class or heart rate at rest. Interestingly, there was a statistically significant correlation between cold ischemic time and exercise capacity after transplantation. In addition, increased episodes of rejection during the first 6 months after transplantation resulted in statistically lower exercise capacity at 6 to 12 months after the operation. Thus, ischemic damage during transport of the donor organs and subclinical damage during early rejection may affect clinical status after heart transplantation and may only be apparent during increased physical demand such as exercise.
Effects of repeated ischemia on cerebral blood flow and brain energy metabolism.

To determine if cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic alterations during partial ischemia are affected by a prior interval of ischemia, 13 neonatal piglets were studied during two successive protocols (termed A and B), each consisting of an interval before, during and after partial ischemia induced by hypotension. Piglets were studied with either microspheres (n = 6) to measure CBF and calculate cerebral uptake of O2 and glucose or 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (n = 6) to measure intracellular pH (pHi) and cerebral phosphorylated metabolites. One piglet was used to determine time effects. Control values of all variables were similar during protocol A and B. In each protocol hypotension was associated with similar reductions in CBF and cerebral O2 uptake but cerebral glucose uptake differed (0.10 +/- 0.05 vs 0.05 +/- 0.02 mmol.min-1.100 g-1 during hypotension of A and B, respectively, p less than 0.05). During hypotension of protocol A and B similar changes in phosphorylated metabolites and pHi occurred and were characterized by a reduction in pHi, phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate and an increase in inorganic phosphate. Changes in phosphate metabolites and pHi were reversible within 25 min following hypotension in both protocols. Thus, changes in CBF, cerebral O2 uptake, pHi and cerebral energy metabolism are similar during repeated episodes of partial ischemia. However, differences in cerebral glucose uptake in protocol A and B raise the possibility that the balance between energy production and utilization is altered, or alternative substrates are metabolized or enzymatic activity in the glycolytic pathway is changed.
Optimal control based power management in hybrid military vehicle

With increasing costs for fuel and transportation logistics, there is a growing interest in improving fuel efficiency by employing hybrid drivetrain architecture and effective power management of multiple power sources (engine and battery). However, current ruled-based power management strategies fail to meet the rapidly increasing needs of military vehicles, including: (1) better fuel efficiency and (2) maintaining battery state of charge (SOC) for power offloading applications. In this paper, we propose an optimal control theory based power management solution such that: (1) all traction needs are met; (2) power drawn from the engine for specific mission is minimized, and (3) a certain desired battery state of charge (SOC) is guaranteed for offloading power. Our proposed approach is based on tools from optimization and control theory. The proposed approach is validated using simulation of a mission specific profile and is compared with two other popular control strategies. The improvement in power efficiency and desired SOC level are demonstrated.
Electron channeling contrast imaging of dislocation structures in deformed stoichiometric NiAl

Observations of dislocations in the crack tip regions of loaded and unloaded bulk single crystals of NiAl have been carried out using the electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) technique. A significant amount of dislocation generation has been observed ahead of both loaded and unloaded cracks in both commercial and high purity materials, suggesting a degree of crack tip blunting can occur in these materials. Dislocations have also been observed along crack edges at points where crack deflection has occurred indicating that crack deflection may contribute to the toughening of the material. However, few dislocations are observed along portions of the crack edges where the cracks have propagated in a fairly straight manner, suggesting that dislocations cannot consistently be generated at the head of the cracks. Thus the cracks may propagate freely until they encounter regions where the dislocation generation is easier. As a result, the overall lack of toughness in NiAl may be in part due to an inability to consistently generate dislocations in this material.
Compounds of conditioned fear stimuli

Abstract A differential conditioning procedure was used with rats to establish different levels of suppression to two different stimuli. One stimulus was paired with shock every time it was presented, while the other stimulus cued shock on only 25% of its presentations. When these two component stimuli were subsequently tested as a simultaneous compound, two different types of component-compound relationships were observed. Some subjects showed greater suppression to the compound than they did to either component stimulus, while other subjects showed an intermediate level of suppression to the compound. The difference in type of component-compound relationship appeared to be related to the degree of stability (over trials) of each subject's reaction to the probabilistic (25%) cue. When a similar discrimination was established based on the intensity of the shock, rather than its probability of occurrence, all subjects showed more suppression to the compound than to its individual component stimuli. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for choice of model for characterizing the interaction of conditioned states.
“Can the Subaltern Be Heard?”: Political Theory, Translation, Representation, and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's essay “Can the Subaltern Speak?” questions the notion of the colonial (and Western) “subject” and provides an example of the limits of the ability of Western discourse,...
The chemistry of chromated copper arsenate II. Preservative-wood interactions

The reactions which cause chromated copper arsenate preservative to fix strongly into wood are reviewed. A number of the mechanisms proposed in the literature appear chemically implausible. A new model is advanced in which the final fixation products are dominated by chromium (III) arsenate, chromium (III) hydroxide, and copper (II)- wood carboxylate complexes. Carboxylate groups should be generated in large numbers in the reduction of chromium (VI) by primary alcohol groups in lignin and carbohydrate fractions, or in the oxidative degradation of lignin. The model is supported by a recent X-ray absorption fine structure analysis.
Extensible policy framework for heterogeneous network environments

Security policy management is critical to meet organisational needs and reduce potential risks because almost every organisation depends on computer networks and the internet for their daily operations. It is therefore important to specify and enforce security policies effectively. However, as organisations grow, so do their networks - this increases the difficulty of deploying a security policy, especially across heterogeneous systems. In this paper, we introduce a policy framework called Chameleos-x which is designed to enforce security policies consistently across security-aware systems with network services - primarily operating systems, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. Throughout this paper, we focus on the design and architecture of Chameleos-x and demonstrate how our policy framework helps organisations implement security policies in changing, diversity-rich environments. We also describe our ongoing work in the experimentation of Chameleos-x, where we have obtained promising results.
Threshold response of small streams to surface coal mining, bituminous coal fields, central Pennsylvania

Stream response to surface coal mining and reclamation was studied in 29 small (0·13 to 5·72 km2) watersheds located in the bituminous coal fields of Central Pennsylvania. These basins, up to 82 per cent mined, were selected from 176 first-order tributaries of Beech Creek with similar vegetation, soil, lithology, and basin characteristics. Measurements were made at 262 cross-sections (an average of nine cross-sections per stream) of channel cross-section area, bankfull width, mean bankfull depth, dimensions of the largest moving blocks, stream slope, valley-side slope, basin area, and mined area. Observed differences in channel morphology were related to differences in extent of mining by means of scatter plots, correlation, cluster analysis, and bivariate regression. Stream response to increased peak discharge and channel shear stress produced by increased surface runoff from regraded mine spoil takes the form of enlarged channels and increases in the size of moving blocks. Large basin areas appear to dampen the effect of mining, resulting in limited channel enlargement with greater extent of mining. In contrast, where peak discharges and associated shear stresses exceed the combined erosional resistance of floodplain vegetation, colluvial blocks, and channel banks, streams adjust extensively to higher levels of mining, causing an abrupt increase in the size of transported blocks and eroded channels. In the first-order basins studied, this stepped response occurs at approximately 0·45 km2 mined area and 50 per cent of the total basin area mined. For streams that have exceeded both threshold levels, disequilibrium is demonstrated by a strong, positive correlation between local stream slope and basin area. Where both threshold levels of mining are exceeded, steep channel slopes reinforce the tendency of stream cross-sections to increase with greater disturbance by mining, necessitating that these streams rapidly adjust their morphology in order to attain a new equilibrium which is compatible with the conditions imposed by mining and reclamation.
Enforcement of presumed-consent policy and willingness to donate organs as identified in the European Union Survey: The role of legislation in reinforcing ideology in pluralistic societies

To increase the supply of transplantable organs, some European Union (EU) countries have begun implementing and enforcing presumed consent policies for organ donation. Mossialos and colleagues performed an analysis of samples of citizens in 15 EU countries and found that legislation, enforcement, and awareness of presumed consent policies for organ donation increase people's willingness to donate their own organs and those of a deceased relative. The authors concluded that, in countries with enforced presumed consent, citizens are willing to donate because they accept organ donation as an ideology. This ideology originates in the thinking that organ donation is an implicit communal contract i.e., a mechanism by which individuals pay back society for the inclusion and social support that they have already experienced and hope to experience in the future. Acceptance of this ideology enhances people's willingness to donate organs and the efficiency in pursuing this collective action, thus, paving the way toward increased paternalism in society. We highlight some potential biases that may have been incorporated in the survey design and in Mossialos et al.'s conclusions, including (1) how the survey questions were constructed, (2) whether sufficient information was communicated about organ procurement practices in heart-beating and non-heart-beating donation before participants responded to the survey, and (3) whether respondents' knowledge about donation legislation can be equated with understanding of processes involved in organ donation. We address the consequences of using legislative authority to enforce the ideology of organ donation, thereby superseding the varying moral values, beliefs, and attitudes about human life and culture that are inherent in multicultural societies.
Calcium Transport in Apple Trees

45Ca, applied to roots of apple seedlings, moved readily to the developing leaves. Kinetin, benzyladenine, and B sprays increased movement. NO3− as the source of N increased movement and accumulation of Ca into mature leaves; NH4+ increased movement into new leaves. Translocation in the stem is effected by a nonspecific ion exchange. Any divalent cation can free Ca for ascent. The exchange may be a property of lignin. Genetic differences in the uptake and translocation of Ca exist among apple seedlings. Those which show juvenile leaf characteristics translocate Ca into mature leaves more readily. Translocation of Ca in woody species appears to be similar to that reported for herbaceous plants.
The effect of surface reactions on the relative abundances of trace metals in deep-ocean water

Abstract An improved general approach for estimating the relative abundances of trace metals in aquatic systems is introduced. It is proposed that the relative concentrations of trace metals in deep-sea water are regulated by two opposing processes: adsorption to and transport on inorganic and organic particle surfaces, and desorption driven by complexing with dissolved ligands in sea water. The estimated behavior is based on the difference between the surface affinity of a metal and its affinity for aqueous ligands, that is, the free energy difference between surface complexation and aqueous complexation of the metal. The simplest formulations of metal behavior are based on differences in standard state free energies, e.g., standard free energy of adsorption on oxide vs. standard free energy of aqueous chloride complexing. In a specific instance, the relative concentrations of trace metals in deep-ocean water are predicted from the ratios of their first hydrolysis constants (which are surrogates for adsorption constants)and their first chloro or carbonate complexing constants. More detailed assessments of relative metal abundances in sea water must incorporate both standard-state energy term (Δ log β) and aqueous phase activities of important ligands, e.g., chloride and carbonate ions. The lack of data for the complexation of trace nelements with PO43−, HPO42−, and H2PO4− precludes the use of potentially important phosphate-complexes in our calculations. The general approach is applied with success to examine chemical and geochemical groupings of oceanic trace metals and to assess adsorption vs. dissolved carbonate complexation as predominant processes governing the concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) in deep-ocean water. While trace metals in rivers are largely bound to suspended matter and tend to retain upper continental crustal ratios in unpolluted environments, most trace elements in deep-sea water are enriched relative to iron, and the degree of enrichment is directly related to the difference in affinity of the metal for dissolved ligands and O-donor surface groups on particles.
A multimedia-based approach to increasing communication and the level of AIDS knowledge within families

The print and electronic media have been used effectively in the past to assist individuals in altering negative health behaviors and attitudes associated with obesity, stress, hypertension, and smoking. This article presents the use of a multimedia-based, health promotion strategy targeted toward AIDS prevention within the family unit. In November of 1988, for 6 consecutive days, 5- to 10-minute segments addressing AIDS and the family were televised on the noon and 9 p.m. news broadcasts of a major television station in the midwest. One hundred fifty-one 8th-grade students and their parents were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions. The intervention consisted of prompting participants to view the broadcasts and giving them printed material regarding AIDS and how the topic could be discussed within the family. This AIDS educational newspaper supplement paralleled the content of the daily telecasts. All participants completed questionnaires approximately 1 week prior to and after the media program. Controls were not given the prompt or provided the supplements. Children who were encouraged to watch the program viewed significantly more of the broadcasts, talked more about sexual issues within their families, and were more knowledgeable about AIDS than controls. Parents of children identified as at risk for HIV infection had more difficulty discussing AIDS with their children than parents of children not at risk.
Aerosolized heparin mitigates chlorine-induced lung injury (1153.15)

Chlorine (Cl2) is a toxic oxidative gas that can cause acute lung injury (ALI) and death when inhaled at high concentrations for extended periods of time. Used in the production of pharmaceuticals, Cl2 exposure can occur in industrial or transportation accidents, which are common enough to pose a serious health risk. Cl2 insult results in coagulatory dysfunction, inflammatory damage and increased lung permeability. Thus we hypothesized that delivery of aerosolized heparin, which is an anticoagulant that decreases fibrin deposition and does not cause significant systemic bleeding when administered intranasally, may decrease lung injury. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 400ppm Cl2 for 30min in environmental chambers and returned to room air. Immediately following Cl2 exposure, they were connected to a nebulizer and breathed heparin or vehicle for 20 min. At 1hr post aerosol, blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were taken for native rotational thromboelastometry (NATEM) and thrombin antithrombin (TAT) ...
Approximate Confidence Intervals for the Log‐Normal Standard Deviation

In this work, approximate confidence intervals are derived for the standard deviation of a log-normal distribution. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the coverage probability, average length, and coverage bias of the derived approximate confidence intervals. The simulation results indicate that the proposed approximate confidence intervals perform reasonably well when the standard deviation of the log-transformed variable is small. The approximate confidence intervals are applied to a phase I pharmacokinetic study and a real data set concerning a lab testing of reference engine oil. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parameterized unit tests with unit meister

Parameterized unit tests extend the current industry practice of using closed unit tests defined as parameterless methods. Traditional closed unit tests are re-obtained by instantiating the parameterized unit tests. We have developed the prototype tool Unit Meister, which uses symbolic execution and constraint solving to automatically compute a minimal set of inputs that exercise a parameterized unit test given certain coverage criteria. In addition, the parameterized unit tests can be used as symbolic summaries during symbolic execution, which allows our approach to scale for arbitrary abstraction levels. Unit Meister has a command-line interface, and is also integrated into Visual Studio 2005 Team System.
Applying cognitive response testing in message development and pre-testing

Pre-testing messages with audience members is a critical step in the creation of effective health information. Quantitative methods for message testing have limited effectiveness, as they cannot reveal complications with language and comprehension. Cognitive response testing (CRT), a form of qualitative research, allows the interviewer to probe for deeper understanding of comprehension and language by asking participants to paraphrase items, discuss thoughts or emotions that come to mind and offer suggestions for improvement. This study explores the usefulness of CRT in message development and testing, adding to the literature regarding qualitative methods in public health. CRT was employed to evaluate health messages on two topics—bioterrorism and influenza vaccination. This technique effectively identified message terminology and concepts that respondents found unfamiliar or confusing, providing the framework needed for message revision. Commonly misunderstood words were replaced and confusing concepts were explained in the revised messages, making pre-tested messages more likely to be appropriate for the intended audience. These findings are consistent with previous research that establishes the usefulness of CRT in the evaluation and development of health-related messages and surveys.
Electronic Structure and Bonding at Interfaces Between cvd Diamond and Silicon

The interfacial structure of CVD diamond grown on silicon was studied using spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a UHV STEM with a subnanometer probe size. Both the plasmon and core excitations in the bulk appear to be localized on this scale. Spatial maps of the different bonding configurations of carbon were obtained by forming images from transmitted electrons that had undergone energy losses characteristic of threefold and fourfold coordinated carbon. Films grown on both prescratched silicon and intermediate amorphous carbon layers were examined. In the latter case, diamond nucleation on a narrow sp2 a-C occurred. For diamond grown directly on silicon, at some regions of the interface, threefold coordinated defect states smaller than 1 nm are observed on the diamond side of the interface while at other regions along the interface the presence of an intermediate 2nm thick SiC layer preserves the fourfold coordination of the carbon.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Classic Solid and Novel All-Soft Suture Anchors for Glenoid Labral Repair

Purpose To evaluate the biomechanical performance of an all-soft suture anchor (JuggerKnot; Biomet, Warsaw, IN) in comparison with a classic solid suture anchor (2.4-mm biocomposite SutureTak; Arthrex, Naples, FL) in an in vitro labral repair model. Methods We dissected 12 cadaveric shoulders (mean age, 61 ± 9.4 years), leaving the labrum intact, and bone mineral density was obtained (mean, 0.375 ± 0.06 g/cm 3 ). Simulated labral tears were made at the anteroinferior and posteroinferior edges of the labrum. Repairs used 2 all-soft suture anchors (JuggerKnot) or 2 solid anchors with free, high-strength No. 2 suture (FiberWire; Arthrex) spanning the operative construct to load the repair. Differential variable reluctance transducers were used to measure labral displacement for each specimen. The testing protocol consisted of a preconditioning phase at 10 N for 10 cycles (1 Hz) and then a final load-to-failure testing at a rate of 3 mm/min. Labral displacement of 2 mm was determined as the primary outcome. Results There was no statistical difference ( P = .22) in ultimate load to failure and displacement at ultimate failure (anchor pullout) between the all-soft JuggerKnot (146.0 ± 43.0 N and 19.8 ± 5.4 mm, respectively) and the solid SutureTak (171.9 ± 52.6 N and 22.3 ± 6.8 mm, respectively). The solid anchor had a significantly higher ultimate load at 2 mm of labral displacement than the all-soft suture anchor (84.1 ± 19.0 N and 39.2 ± 10.6 N, respectively; P Conclusions Whereas both the solid SutureTak and the all-soft JuggerKnot displayed similar results on ultimate load-to-failure testing, the solid anchor required significantly greater load for 2 mm of labral displacement than the all-soft anchor. Clinical Relevance The all-soft anchor (JuggerKnot) is similar in biomechanical performance to the classic solid anchor (SutureTak) with the exception of load at 2 mm of labral displacement, suggesting micromotion of the device.
Radiation $Q$ and Gain of TM and TE Sources in Phase-Delayed Rotated Configurations

The radiation quality factor and gain of antennas are compared for two source configurations between TM/TE-only spherical mode radiation and combined TM + TE mode radiation. It is shown that the change to the combined TM + TE mode radiation can reduce the quality factor by up to 50% and increase the gain by maximum 3 dB simultaneously. The condition for maximum gain increase provides a guideline for antenna designs for successfully achieving wide bandwidths and small sizes at the same time.