cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potassium cyanate, an in vitro inhibitor of lymphocyte blast transformation without in vivo activity.

SummaryPotassium cyanate (400 μg/ml) inhibited the blastogenesis of lymphocytes in response to PHA and the response of lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Cyanate administered to mice at a dose of 30 mg per kg per day did not delay allograft rejection.The authors wish to thank Dr. Sandra Nehlsen for help with the skin grafting.
Binary character of highly dissipative 209 Bi+ 136 Xe collisions at E lab /A=28.2 MeV

Exclusive measurements of neutrons and charged products have been performed using a combination of 4{pi} neutron and 4{pi} charged-particle detectors. The maximum observed energy dissipation corresponds to only approximately one-half of the available kinetic energy. For any degree of dissipation, the velocity distributions of charged particles are characteristic of sequential emission following binary collisions. The data imply that central collisions also lead to bimodal emission patterns or that they are not sufficiently well isolated by the requirement of high particle multiplicities.
Data exfiltration and covert channels

Within an organization, the possibility of a confidential information leak ranks among the highest fears of any executive. Detecting information leaks is a challenging problem, since most organizations depend on a broad and diverse communications network. It is not always straightforward to conclude which information is leaving the organization legitimately, and which communications are malicious data exfiltrations. Sometimes it is not even possible to tell that a communication is occurring at all. The set of all possible exfiltration methods contains, at a minimum, the set of all possible information communication methods, and possibly more. This article cannot possibly cover all such methods; however, several notable examples are given, and a taxonomy of data exfiltration is developed. Such a taxonomy cannot ever be exhaustive, but at the very least can offer a framework for organizing methods and developing defenses.
Examining the Assumptive World Views of Parents Bereaved by Accident, Murder, and Illness:

The present study examines the impact of various types of loss on the assumptive world views of bereaved parents. The World Assumptions Scale (WAS) and the Revised Grief Experience Inventory were administered to 135 parents bereaved by homicide (N = 64), accident (N = 37), and illness (N = 34), and to non-bereaved control parents (N = 30). Bereaved parents held more negative views of the benevolence of the world and reported lower self-worth. No differences were found on the meaningfulness of the world dimension. Parents bereaved by unexpected deaths (homicides and accidents) demonstrated more negative views on benevolence than parents bereaved by expected deaths (illnesses). Parents bereaved by homicide demonstrated the lowest sense of self-worth. Parents bereaved by fatal illness demonstrated the most negative meaningfulness scores. WAS scores were highly predictive of grief intensity; the gender of the deceased child and amount of time elapsed since death were not. Results were compared to earlier find...
Extinction of laminar diffusion flames for liquid fuels

A flat, laminar diffusion flame was produced in a stagnation-point boundary layer by directing an oxidizing gas stream downward onto the surface of a burning liquid fuel at atmospheric pressure. Fuels studied were mainly n -heptane but also n -decane, n -hexadecane, iso-octane and kerosene. Gases were O 2 mixed with N 2 , CO 2 , He or CF 3 Br. For steady burning near extinction, concentration profiles of major stable species were measured by gas chromatographic analysis of samples withdrawn through a fine quartz probe. In addition, temperature profiles were measured with a coated Pt-Pt 10%Rh thermocouple, and flame temperatures were recorded as a function of gas velocity in the approach stream, up to the point of extinction. The gas velocity required for extinction was measured as a function of the concentration of the additive in the gas stream. Also, visual and photographic observations of flame structure were made, including streamline shapes shown by illumination of MgO dust added to the gas. Results help to clarify various aspects of diffusion-flame extinction and chemical inhibition. In particular, overall rate parameters are obtained through evaluation of a critical Damkohler number for extinction from the experimental data.
Comparison of earphone radiation recorded from hearing impaired subjects and a resistor network simulator

Electromagnetic radiation emitted by earphones is a potential source of contamination of auditory evoked potentials, particularly when long-duration stimuli are used to evoke the response. One practical solution to this problem would be to estimate the magnitude and characteristics of this earphone radiation so that an appropriate choice of earphone is made. With this aim, earphone radiation measures obtained from a resistor network simulator laid out over the dimensions of an average head were compared with those obtained from three hearing impaired subjects to determine the efficacy of the simulator in estimating the magnitude of this radiation. Results indicated a close agreement between these measures suggesting that the simulator measures are realistic. It was shown that the earphone radiation (i) increases linearly with stimulus intensity; (ii) varies systematically as a function of recording configuration; and (iii) recorded in the simulator can be used to subtract out earphone radiation contaminating evoked responses recorded from subjects using unshielded earphones. Based on these results it was concluded that the simulator provides a practical means to simulate real recordings, at least for the purposes of estimating stimulus artifact that may contaminate auditory evoked potentials to sustained stimuli.
On the impingement heat transfer of an oblique free surface plane jet

Abstract The objective of the present study is to understand the hydrodynamics and heat transfer of the impingement process, particularly the complexities attributable to the asymmetric geometry of an oblique liquid plane jet. The Navier–Stokes equations are solved using a finite-volume formulation with a two-step projection method on a fixed non-uniform rectangular grid. The free surface of the jet is tracked by the volume-of-fluid method with a second order accurate piecewise-linear scheme. The energy equation is modeled by using an enthalpy-based formulation. The method provides a state-of-the-art comprehensive model of the dynamic and thermal aspects of the impinging process. Nusselt number plots and pressure distributions on the substrate are obtained. The locations of the maximum Nusselt number as well as maximum pressure on the surface are identified and compared with the geometric jet impingement point. Results for normal impingement are also obtained and are used as reference. The effects of several parameters are examined. These include jet Reynolds number, jet impingement angle and jet inlet velocity profile. Experimental and analytical data from the literature are also included for comparison.
Multiple isoenzymes of human phosphofructokinase.

Abstract The properties of phosphofructokinase (PFK) were compared in six human tissues by means of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and precipitation by antiserum to muscle PFK. At least four isoenzymes appear to exist: muscle PFK, which is probably identical to thyroid PFK; erythrocyte PFK; and two isoenzymes in platelets. Still different patterns were found in brain and leukocytes. Hereditary lack of muscle PFK affects the immunologically related erythrocyte isoenzyme, but not the unrelated leukocyte isoenzymes.
Lemonade or lemon?: Riegel-Neal and the consolidation of American banking

Riegle-Neal altered the American banking landscape by eliminating the prohibitions against banking and branching, thus paving the way for banking mergers and interstate acquisitions across state lines. The law's proponents expected that it would lead to fewer but stronger banks more able to compete with domestic, nonbanking financial institutions and with foreign banks both at home and overseas. Detractors feared that fewer but larger banks would reduce services to individuals, small businesses, farmers, and small communities or increase the cost of these services. This paper finds that fears associated with Riegle-Neal have become mute because branching networks and de novo banks filled niches created or left vacant by large banks' expansionism.
LASIK and Surface Ablation in the Modern Era: Trends and Novel Applications

Refractive laser surgery has become one of the most successful and commonly performed elective ophthalmic procedures. Since the introduction of photorefractive keratectomy, followed closely by the advent of laser in situ keratomileusis, the field of laser refractive surgery has continued to rapidly evolve. Surgical techniques are constantly refined to improve patient outcomes and minimize complications, and technology continues to advance to provide more precise and customizable treatment options. New applications of refractive procedures continually emerge in the literature. Breakthroughs in the field have led to novel applications of refractive procedures that may offer options to patients that previously had been considered poor surgical candidates. It is important for the clinician to maintain awareness of the current trends and new developments in refractive surgery to provide appropriate counseling and treatment for their patients.
Legitimizing Soviet Trade: Gender and the Feminization of the Retail Workforce in the Soviet 1930s

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, entrepreneurs in France, Britain, Germany, and the United States created new retail venues and mer? chandising techniques that facilitated the growth of modern consumer society. As the commercial landscape was transformed, women gained prominence not only as consumers, but also as retail employees, and by the 1920s they constituted the majority of salesclerks. Initially contemporaries worried about sales women whom they saw as susceptible to materialistic temptations and vice in the face of advances by male customers, coworkers, and storeowners. Concerns began to fade, however, as retail trade and consumption were refigured as vehicles for the propagation of bourgeois and national values and taste. Saleswomen were reimagined as respectable and even talented employees who mobilized their "feminine knowledge" and maternal nature to promote sales. The woman salesclerk, along with the woman shopper, came to epitomize mass consumption and modernity.1 In the Soviet Union women became a significant part of the retail labor force only in the 1930s. Like their Western counterparts, they were touted as having particular womanly attributes that could further retail trade and they were iden? tified with modernity. Unlike them, however, their employment did not signify the success of capitalist consumerism. Rather it denoted the dawning of a new socialist era of rapid industrialization and the development of a specific form of "Soviet trade." In 1931 the Communist leadership initiated a campaign to develop Soviet trade in an effort to create an explicitly non-capitalist system of modern retailing. It pursued this campaign throughout the 1930s, even as famine decimated the rural populace in 1932-3 and Soviet citizens continued to struggle to find basic goods and foodstuffs. In the drive to establish "social? ist" retailing, the woman retail employee came to symbolize the transformation and legitimization of the state-controlled retail system. Described in the press and at trade organizations' meetings as a "great force," women retail workers received widespread acclamation for their achievements.2 The state rewarded them with financial bonuses, vacations, the Badge of Honor, and even the Order of Lenin, the highest Soviet award.3 It recognized tens of thousands of women in retailing as labor heroes: exemplary workers (otlichnitsy), shock workers, and Stakhanovites.4 "Women's stores"?shops staffed primarily or exclusively by fe? male personnel?were idealized as paragons of the new Soviet trade and praised for their successful commodity turnover, "ideal cleanliness," "accurate" display of goods, and excellent customer service.5 This essay examines the changes in official Soviet policy and discourse vis-avis women retail workers, looking at recruitment efforts and their limits as well as the new meanings ascribed to women's retail work. Although scholars have begun to explore the phenomenon of women's wage labor in the U.S.S.R. in the
The weighting of an international health status index

The major purpose of this paper is to suggest possible weights for a global index of health status. The indicators for the global index are taken from the World Health Organization's definition of health as physical, mental and social well-being. These indicators are combined with mortality indicators to arrive at a finalized index. Survey methodology is used to make initial estimates of the weighting of appropriate indicators, based upon a sample of international health scholars. Preliminary results indicate that mortality is weighted 40%, physical health (morbidity and disability) 25%, mental health 15%, and social health 20%. These results are intended as a starting point for future research.
Two Revolutions in K-8 Science Education

Today’s science education, which teaches all students to do science and think like scientists, has depended on the involvement of scientists and their societies. It must continue to do so.
Potential of L-Band Radar for Retrieval of Canopy and Subcanopy Parameters of Boreal Forests

In this paper, we study the radar retrieval of soil moisture as well as canopy parameters in a range of boreal forests. The retrieval is formulated as an optimization problem where the difference between data and prediction of a forward scattering model is minimized. The forward model is a discrete scatterer radar model, and the optimization algorithm is a global optimization scheme known as simulated annealing. The inversion method is first applied to synthetic data assuming hypothetical allometric relationships to make the retrieval possible by reducing the number of unknown vegetation parameters. The inversion algorithm is then validated using the data acquired with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) in June 2010 in central Canada boreal forests in support of the prelaunch calibration and validation activities of NASA's Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) mission. The inversion results for synthetic data show that the absolute retrieval error in soil moisture and relative retrieval error in canopy height are small, while the relative output error in trunk density could be large. The inversion results for actual field data show a great accuracy in soil moisture retrieval for Old Jack Pine and Young Jack Pine forests but show large retrieval errors for many of the radar pixels in the Old Black Spruce site. This paper shows that L-band radar is capable of retrieving surface soil moisture in forests with a high biomass where the forest structure allows soil moisture information to be carried by scattering mechanisms.
Abstract 1804: Novel gold derivatives of thiosugars potently inhibit p-STAT3 and downregulate HIF-1α in ependymomas

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Ependymoma is the third most common brain tumor in children, representing 5% of all CNS malignancies with an overall survival ranging from 24% to 75% at 5 years. Although auranofin (AF), a gold containing antirheumatic compound, has been tested for a variety of human cancers, the true potential of this compound or its related compounds as anticancer agents has not been fully explored for human cancer. However, recent observations identifying proteasome inhibition and alterations in the JAK/STAT signaling pathways as primary targets for gold compounds in several human cancers indicate that such compounds could be effective anticancer drugs providing a unique mechanism of action. We have recently designed several auranofin analogs (WP1527, WP1528, WP1529, WP1530, WP1531, WP1532, WP1533, WP1534, WP1546, and WP1547) and found that selected AF analogs (WP1529 and WP1532) markedly inhibit the proliferation of BT-58 and 58-10F human ependymoma cell lines. We discovered that ependymoma cell lines were more sensitive to AF than tested glioma cell lines and furthermore selected new analogs more potently inhibited BT-58 ependymoma cell proliferation than parental compound AF. Further analysis demonstrated that auranofin can potently (0.5 µM −1µM) block either constitutively activated or cytokine induced p- STAT3. Anticancer activity of these synthesized analogs has also been assessed in other tumor types including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and melanoma. Our studies led to discovery of significantly more potent auranofin analogs and highly promising preliminary data warrant further studies to validated clinical potential of lead compound in ependymoma models. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1804. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1804
Spin models and cluster distributions for bond and site percolation models

The bond and site percolation models are formulated as the limit of spin models and spin Hamiltonians are obtained for these models. The order parameters in each case provide generating functions for the site and bond distributions in the clusters. The form of the site-bond distribution is discussed and shown to be extremely narrow near ${p}_{c}$. Critical exponents are obtained near one dimension and shown to be the same for the two models.
Strengthening data privacy during propagation

More and more smartphone applications need microdata, but publishing a microdata table may leak respondents' privacy. Conventional research on Privacy Preserving Data Publishing (PPDP) focuses on providing an identical privacy protection. Consider that, instead of being trapped in a small coterie, information usually propagates from friend to friend. In this paper, we study the PPDP problem on a mobile social network: along a table's propagation path, how can we create a series of tables with increasing privacy protection levels? The tradeoff between the created tables' overall utility and their individual privacy requirements are not trivial, especially for distributed systems: any inappropriate sanitization operation under a lower privacy-level may cause dramatic utility loss on subsequent tables. In order to solve the problem, we propose an approximation algorithm by previewing the future privacy requirements. Simulation results show that our scheme can successfully increase the overall utility, and meet the strengthening privacy protection requirements.
Beneficial effects of diltiazem on the natural history of hypertensive diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats.

Abstract Hypertensive diabetic rats develop a cardiomyopathy characterized by systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction, myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, pulmonary congestion and a very high mortality rate. Alterations in contractile proteins and sarcoplasmic reticular calcium (Ca 2+ ) transport in diabetic myocardium and their partial reversal with verapamil suggest that calcium channel blockade may prevent death from congestive heart failure in hypertensive diabetic rats. A large group of rats with renovascular hypertension and streptozotocin diabetes were divided into four gruups: untreated animals (Group 1) and animals treated with 100 (Group 2), 300 (Group 3) or 600 (Group 4) mg/kg per day of sustained release diltiazem mixed in their food. Treatment was begun shortly after the onset of hypertension and diabetes. Mortality rates after 4 months were 59% (19 of 32), 53% (17 of 32), 27% (7 of 26) and 35% (12 of 34) in Groups 1,2,3 and 4, respectively; the mortality rate in age-matched control rats was 5% (1 of 19). The reductions in mortality rates in Groups 3 and 4 were statistically significant. Diltiazem did not change systolic blood pressure, serum glucose concentration, heart rate or left ventricular mass. There was a trend to decreased left ventricular interstitial fibrosis and perivascular fibrosis in diltiazem-treated animals. Ventricular collagen concentration was similar in untreated hypertensive diabetic and control rats; levels were higher in hypertensive diabetic rats that died than in those that survived. There was a trend to decreased collagen concentration as diltiazem dose increased. Myosin isoenzyme distribution was not changed in Groups 3 and 4 (in comparison with Group 1). In all hypertensive diabetic groups, rats that died had a higher blood pressure, heart rate, relative left ventricular mass, lung weight and lung water than did survivors. The mortality rate was two to three times higher among rats with an initial blood pressure ≥180 mm Hg. The beneficial effects of diltiazem on survival were most significant among rats with severe hypertension.
Neonatal adaptation: naloxone increases the catecholamine surge at birth.

Abstract: A marked increase in plasma catecholamines at birth has been described in animals and man. Because the factors that regulate catecholamine secretion are incompletely understood and because it has recently been suggested that endogenous opiates are important in the regulation of catecholamine secretion, we designed studies to determine the influence of opiate receptor blockade prior to delivery on the increase in plasma catecholamines at birth. Term fetal sheep were delivered by cesarean section and randomly assigned to receive naloxone or vehicle. Naloxone was given just prior to umbilical cord cutting as a 2 mg/kg bolus followed by 2 mg/kg/h. Naloxone administration resulted in significantly greater peak levels of plasma norepinephrine (peak levels of 1.5 ± 0.4 versus 0.9 ± 0.1 ng/ml) and epinephrine (peak levels of 1.4 ± 0.7 versus 0.9 ± 0.3 ng/ml) and higher norepinephrine values throughout the study period. Naloxone administration was associated with significantly elevated heart rate (peak 184 ± 1 2 versus 207 ± 13 beats per min) and blood pressure (peak 95 ± 6 versus 88 ± 2 mm Hg). These studies demonstrate that opiate receptor blockade from birth markedly augments the neonatal sympathoadrenal response in the term newborn lamb.
Adsorption of the protein antigen myoglobin affects the binding of conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies

Five monoclonal antibodies against sperm whale myoglobin have been used to investigate the physical state of the antigen adsorbed onto a polydimethylsiloxane surface. The binding of each antibody is sensitive to the antigen's conformation in solution while the locations of the antigenic sites on the myoglobin molecule for three of the antibodies have been determined (Berzofsky, J.A., G.K. Buckenmeyer, G. Hicks, F.R.N. Gurd, R.J. Feldmann, and J. Minna. 1982. J. Biol. Chem. 257:3189–3198). The binding of the fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled IgG and Fab antibodies to previously adsorbed myoglobin has been observed using total internal reflection fluorescence. Three of the antibodies bind specifically to surface-adsorbed myoglobin with affinities at least 50% relative to myoglobin in solution whereas two of the antibodies show affinities for the surface-adsorbed myoglobin diminished by at least two orders of magnitude relative to myoglobin in solution. The specific loss of certain antigenic determinants on the adsorbed myoglobin, coupled with the retention of others, indicates a nonrandom adsorption of the myoglobin molecules.
Social sensing: obesity, unhealthy eating and exercise in face-to-face networks

What is the role of face-to-face interactions in the diffusion of health-related behaviors- diet choices, exercise habits, and long-term weight changes? We use co-location and communication sensors in mass-market mobile phones to model the diffusion of health-related behaviors via face-to-face interactions amongst the residents of an undergraduate residence hall during the academic year of 2008--09. The dataset used in this analysis includes bluetooth proximity scans, 802.11 WLAN AP scans, calling and SMS networks and self-reported diet, exercise and weight-related information collected periodically over a nine month period. We find that the health behaviors of participants are correlated with the behaviors of peers that they are exposed to over long durations. Such exposure can be estimated using automatically captured social interactions between individuals. To better understand this adoption mechanism, we contrast the role of exposure to different sub-behaviors, i.e., exposure to peers that are obese, are inactive, have unhealthy dietary habits and those that display similar weight changes in the observation period. These results suggest that it is possible to design self-feedback tools and real-time interventions in the future. In stark contrast to previous work, we find that self-reported friends and social acquaintances do not show similar predictive ability for these social health behaviors.
Description of Heterogeneous Reservoir Using Tracer and Pressure Data Simultaneously

The nonlinear least square regression method is an indirect method to obtain reservoir properties from observed data. It has been applied widely in well test analysis, especially for interpreting transient pressure data. Based on the difference between observed and calculated pressure data, the estimates of the parameters are adjusted until the calculated response is sufficiently close to that of observations. This method works for limited observations and is most successful if the objective function is convex or has few local minima. However, as the number of observations increases, as in the case of data from multiple wells, the calculation in the indirect method becomes inefficient. Another disadvantage is that the optimization may converge to a local minimum and hence the estimated result will depend on the initial guess of the parameters. This paper presents an approach to interpret pressure data and tracer data from multiple wells simultaneously to characterize the areal permeability distribution in heterogeneous reservoirs. Since tracer data are more sensitive to heterogeneity than pressure data, integration of two kinds of data should give more information about the reservoir. A correlation between permeability and dispersivity was investigated, and used to reformulate the convection-dispersion equation and diffusion equation to a system of first-order equations in permeability. The system of equations was then solved to yield the permeability distribution for appropriate boundary conditions. Advantages and disadvantages of this new scheme are discussed. Though the work focused on isotropic heterogeneous reservoirs, there is no technical difficulty to extend it to anisotropic reservoirs provided that the dispersivity-permeability correlation is renewed. Moreover, this method can conveniently incorporate geological data as constraints.
Constructal trees of circular fins for conductive and convective heat transfer

Abstract This paper extends to three dimensions and to convective heat transfer the constructal method of minimizing the thermal resistance between a volume and one point. In the first part of the paper, the heat flow mechanism is conduction, and the heat generating volume is occupied by low conductivity material ( k 0 ) and high conductivity inserts ( k p ). At the elemental-volume level the inserts are shaped as constant-thickness disks. In the first assembly the disks are mounted on a common stem of k p material. The internal and external geometric aspect ratios of the elemental volume and the first assembly are optimized numerically subject to volume constraints. In the second part of the paper the interstitial spaces once occupied by k 0 material are bathed by forced convection. The k p inserts function as ‘fin material’, and the first assembly becomes a fin bush with cylindrical symmetry. The geometry of the first assembly is optimized subject to total volume and solid volume constraints. The optimal number of circular fins, the optimal external shape of the assembly, the optimal ratio of the central stem diameter divided by the circular fin thickness, and the maximized global conductance of the assembly are reported as functions of the external flow (pressure drop number) and volume fraction of fin material. It is also shown that the optimization sequence can be shortened (albeit with approximate results) by adopting at the first-assembly level the internal geometric aspect ratios that were optimized independently at the elemental-volume level.
Temperature dependence of the vibrational modes of molybdenum

Inelastic neutron scattering techniques have been used to study the temperature dependence of the phonon dispersion curves of bcc Mo. We find that, with increasing temperature, the largest relative decrease in phonon frequencies (\ensuremath{\sim}12%) occurs for the $\mathrm{L}[\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\xi}]$ branch in the vicinity of $\ensuremath{\xi}=\frac{2}{3}$. The phonon frequencies in the vicinity of the $H$ point in the Brillouin zone, on the other hand, increase slightly with increasing temperature. As a result, at high temperatures, the anomalous drop in the phonon frequencies at $H$ decreases in magnitude and the $\mathrm{L}[\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\xi}]$ branch develops a dip at $\ensuremath{\xi}=\frac{2}{3}$. The experimental results also indicate that the phonon anomaly in the vicinity of point $N$ is less pronounced at high temperatures. For the purpose of comparison with the experimental results, we have performed first-principle "frozen-phonon" calculations for the longitudinal-phonon frequencies of Mo at the ($\frac{2}{3}$,$\frac{2}{3}$,$\frac{2}{3}$) and $H$ points of the Brillouin zone. The results show that thermal expansion and anharmonicity can account for the temperature dependence of the ($\frac{2}{3}$,$\frac{2}{3}$,$\frac{2}{3}$) longitudinal-phonon frequency. For the $H$ phonon, on the other hand, the thermal expansion and anharmonicity terms cannot account for the observed frequency shift and we suggest that the contributions arising from the electron-phonon renormalization and the thermal disorder of the lattice must be included.
Transferrin-reticulocyte cycle time in rat reticulocytes.

The uptake and release of131I-labelled diferric transferrin by rat reticulocytes was examined both in vitro and in vivo. Cycle time in vitro was estimated to be 2.5 min in iron-deficient reticulocytes and 2.3 min in phenylhydrazine-produced reticulocytes. In vivo reticulocyte uptake and release of labelled diferric transferrin injected in the iron-deficient rat averaged 1.7 min.
Spectrum of High-Energy Cosmic-Ray Muons at a Zenith Angle of 75°

The energy spectrum of high-energy cosmic-ray muons was measured at an angle of 75\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from the vertical. The results show that the direct muon production inferred from underground measurements of muons with energies over 1000 GeV is not observed in these spectrograph measurements at energies up to 300 GeV.
Sumoylation Silences the Plasma Membrane Leak K+ Channel K2P1

Reversible, covalent modification with small ubiquitin-related modifier proteins (SUMOs) is known to mediate nuclear import/export and activity of transcription factors. Here, the SUMO pathway is shown to operate at the plasma membrane to control ion channel function. SUMO-conjugating enzyme is seen to be resident in plasma membrane, to assemble with K2P1, and to modify K2P1 lysine 274. K2P1 had not previously shown function despite mRNA expression in heart, brain, and kidney and sequence features like other two-P loop K+ leak (K2P) pores that control activity of excitable cells. Removal of the peptide adduct by SUMO protease reveals K2P1 to be a K+-selective, pH-sensitive, openly rectifying channel regulated by reversible peptide linkage.
Phonetic symbolism and literacy

Abstract This article is a report on an experimental study of phonetic symbolism in some common vocabulary of Japanese and Ponapean. Subjects unfamiliar with these languages were asked to distinguish paired antonyms on the basis of sound in a taped presentation. As predicted, the subjects were better able to do this for Ponapean, a largely nonliterate language, than for Japanese, which has a long tradition of literacy in the indigenous syllabary.
GENDER AND MEDICAL CAREERS

More women are currently entering medicine and more women select pediatrics as their specialty than any other branch of medicine. Some have expressed a concern that women do not devote as much time to practice as their male counterparts and thus the total number of pediatricians may not accurately reflect the actual number in practice. A survey of male and female graduates during the years 1956-1970 was conducted and compared with data from a similar survey of graduates from the period 1943-1956. Some of the results were: Although results indicate that women still spend less time in the practice of medicine than their male counterparts and interrupt their careers more frequently, our results indicate that women are devoting more time than previously and the number of women entering residency and post-residency training has increased. Women are also entering a greater variety of medical specialties and are being better paid for their time. The “sexual gap” is narrowing.
Surface defects and the electronic structure of SrTi O 3 surfaces

The electronic properties of various types of SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ surfaces have been studied by using ultraviolet-photoemission and electron-energy-loss spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction and Auger spectroscopy. Vacuum-fractured surfaces exhibit weak photoemission in the region of the bulk band gap, which is probably due to residual surface defects. When surface defects are produced by Ar-ion bombardment, a much stronger band of surface states appears in the band-gap region. These states arise from the creation of ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{3+}$-O-vacancy complexes and are predominantly of $d$-electron character. Two surface defect phases are seen, one due to surface disorder and the other to changes in surface composition. The latter phase is stable under annealing to at least 1100 K. Exposure to ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, however, depopulates the band-gap surface states on both vacuum-fractured and ion-bombarded surfaces. Models for the detailed structure of the defect surface states are discussed.
Interpretation of Microstructural Effects on Porosity Evolution Using a Combined Dilatational/Crystal Plasticity Computational Approach

A novel formulation based on fast Fourier transforms for the prediction of ductile damage of polycrystalline materials that combines crystal plasticity and dilatational plasticity is reviewed and applied to understand the microstructural origin of available experimental evidence of porosity evolution in incipiently spalled Cu polycrystals. The influence of the Taylor factor of the crystalline ligaments linking interacting voids and the microstructural origin of a nonmonotonic grain-size dependence on porosity evolution is investigated and rationalized by means of numerical simulations using the new model.
Transit time fluctuations of waves

Abstract A general expression is developed for the mean square value of the fluctuations of the transit time of a wave propagating in an inhomogeneous medium. Asymptotic expressions, valid for either very long or very short propagation paths, are developed.
Characterization of Desulfurization Extracts from Midwestern U.S. Coals

ABSTRACT Coals from Midwestern States were extracted using two different processes, viz., a supercritical extraction process and a perchloroethylene coal refining process. The objectives of these processes are the selective removal of sulfur and nitrogen compounds from high-sulfur coals. The solvent extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as well as wet chemical analysis. The extracted organosulfur compounds varied, depending upon the extraction process, extraction conditions, type of solvent, type of coal, and degree of weathering. The experimental results are compared among the types of coal as well as among the different processes, from viewpoints of chemical and molecular interaction.
Purification and regulatory properties of beef liver D-glycerate dehydrogenase.

Abstract A method is described for the preparation of d -glycerate dehydrogenase from beef liver in a highly purified form. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be between 65,000 and 70,000 on the basis of gel filtration studies. When the purified enzyme was subjected to gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, only one protein band was observed which had a molecular weight of approximately 34,000. The results of kinetic studies demonstrate that the activity of the enzyme can be modified by several factors including substrate activation. Many nucleotides, but more specifically ATP and GTP, are inhibitors of this reaction even in the presence of saturating concentrations of NADH and hydroxypyruvate. Similarly, P -hydroxypyruvate, a metabolite in the phosphorylated pathway for serine metabolism, is a potent inhibitor of d -glycerate dehydrogenase and is not competitive with hydroxypyruvate. These results are consistent with the concept that d -glycerate dehydrogenase has active sites for coenzyme and substrates and different sites for modifiers such as ATP and P -hydroxypyruvate.
Left ventricular ejection fraction: single-plane and multiplanar transesophageal echocardiography versus equilibrium gated-pool scintigraphy.

Abstract The relative accuracy and precision of estimating left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) in dogs were assessed by tw-odimensional transesophageal echocardiography (2D-TEE) and by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic (3D-TEE) imaging and reconstruction. This assessment was accomplished by comparing each echocardiographic method to a gated equilibrium blood pool radionuclide (RN) standard. By using both correlation and regression analysis, 2D-TEE performed reasonably well in estimating RNEF (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.80, slope = 1.01, intercept = 6.37, standard error of the estimate [SEE], 8.98), but not as well as 3D-TEE (r = 0.86, slope = 0.83, intercept = 3.38, SEE, 5.74). Using Altman and Bland's methods of comparison analysis, it was found that 2D-TEE overestimated RNEF by 7% (standard deviation [SD], 8.8). This degree of overestimation was not consistent across the range of measurement. In contrast, 3D-TEE slightly underestimated RNEF by less than 3% and showed less variability (SD, 6.0). The accuracy of the 3D-TEE determinations was not dependent on the magnitude of EF. Additionally, a significantly higher proportion of the 2D-TEE measurements (0.30) compared with the 3D-TEE measurements (0.10) differed from RN values by more than 10% (P = 0.009, McNemar's test). At the clinically important low end of the EF range (RNEF ≤ 35%),2D-TEE may be expected (with 95% confidence) to be within -15% to +28% EF of reference values, whereas 3D-TEE can be expected to be within -8% to +5% EF relative to RN. In conclusion, when assessing global myocardial function, multiplanar TEE imaging is more accurate and precise than single-plane imaging, particularly in the clinically important lower range.
Deterministic errors in the Magellan orbit due to attitude control thruster activity

The pitch and yaw attitude control thrusters of the Magellan spacecraft generate uncoupled moments about the spacecraft center of mass, perturbing the spacecraft's orbit. A strategy to model these perturbing forces in the spacecraft equations of motion is presented. This strategy can model the thruster forces occurring in the nominal and contingency modes of attitude control operation. In the nominal mode, the thrusters fire only to balance the daily unloading of the momentum wheels. The contingency case will occur if a pitch or yaw axis momentum wheel fails, and the thrusters could fire up to 1200 times around the orbit to replace the failed wheel's momentum contribution. Deterministic errors are computed and shown to be under specified error requirements.
Variation and homogeneity in affective responses to physical activity of varying intensities: An alternative perspective on dose – response based on evolutionary considerations

A model for systematic changes in patterns of inter-individual variation in affective responses to physical activity of varying intensities is presented, as a conceptual alternative to the search for a global dose – response curve. It is theorized that trends towards universality will emerge in response to activities that are either generally adaptive, such as moderate walking, or generally maladaptive, such as strenuous running that requires anaerobic metabolism and precludes the maintenance of a physiological steady state. At the former intensity the dominant response will be pleasure, whereas at the latter intensity the dominant response will be displeasure. In contrast, affective responses will be highly variable, involving pleasure or displeasure, when the intensity of physical activity approximates the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, since activity performed at this intensity entails a trade-off between benefits and risks. Preliminary evidence in support of this model is presented, ...
The Influence of Angiography Table Shields and Height on Patient and Angiographer Irradiation During Interventional Radiology Procedures

Purpose To quantify the influence of angiography table height on patient and angiographer irradiation, as compared with other routine protective measures such as the use of protective shields hanging at the tableside and from the ceiling of angiography suites.
Optimization of GaN window layer for InGaN solar cells using polarization effect

The III-nitride material system offers substantial potential to develop high-efficiency solar cells. Theoretical modeling of InGaN solar cells indicate strong band bending at the top surface of p-InGaN junction caused due to piezoelectric polarization-induced charge at the strained p-GaN window interface. A counterintuitive strained n-GaN window layer is proposed, modeled and experimentally verified to improve performance of InGaN solar cells. InGaN solar cells with band gap of 2.9 eV are grown using MOCVD with p-type and n-type strained GaN window layers, and fabricated using variable metallization schemes. Fabricated solar cells using n-GaN window layers yield superior V OC and FF compared to those using p-GaN window layers. The V OC 's of InGaN solar cells with n-GaN window layers are further enhanced from 1.5 V to 2 V by replacing the conventional NiO X top contact metal with Ti/Al, which also verifies the tunneling principle.
Cheap and Effective: The Impact of Student-Led Recitation Classes on Learning Outcomes in Introductory Economics

The authors examine the impacts of enrollment in a voluntary one-credit recitation class for ECON 101 students, focusing on course grades, course retention, and outcomes in later economics courses. The recitation classes were taught by undergraduate peer leaders with experience in upper-level microeconomics. Instead of being paid, the peer leaders enrolled in a three-credit course focused on examining research on economics pedagogy. After controlling for students’ academic, demographic, and work-related characteristics, the authors’ estimates indicate that recitation class students earned higher final grades than their ECON 101 counterparts. Additionally, although they were weaker students based on their ACT scores, those who enrolled in the recitation class were no more likely to drop ECON 101 than their counterparts who did not enroll in the recitation class.
SMAC: A scene matching chip

Scene matching is the problem of matching regions of two images of the same scene taken by different sensors at different times or under different viewing conditions. Hierarchical scene matching is a technique for reducing the amount of computation involved in scene matching applications. Most of the past research on this problem has concentrated on efficient software algorithms, and very little effort has been expended on custom hardware solutions. We describe the design of SMAC, a new VLSI architecture for Hierarchical Scene Matching. This architecture achieves a significant amount of speedup by utilizing a large amount of parallelism and pipelining. The paper also describes the design and implementation of a prototype CMOS VLSI chip that implements the exhaustive search task of the scene matching algorithm. >
Forced Flame Response of Turbulent Liquid-Fueled Lean-Direct-Injection Combustion to Fuel Modulations

fuel flow rate out of a fuel injector is accurately determined from pressure measurements at one or two locations upstream of the fuel nozzle. Linear flame responses are obtained with small-amplitude fuel modulations, typically below 2.0% of the mean fuel flow rate, about 60 Hz below the acoustic resonant frequencies. The invariance in the flametransferfunctionstothefuelmodulationamplitudesuggeststhatthederived flametransferfunctionsarelinear and that the induced heat release rate oscillations mainly respond to variations in the instantaneous fuel flow rate rather than in the droplet size and distribution. Flame transfer functions at different air flow rates, equivalence ratios, and preheat temperature are examined. With fuel modulations around the acoustic resonant frequencies, forcing-induced acoustic feedback on heat release responses cannot be ignored, and the measured flame transfer functions are no longer open-loop and linear. The nonlinearity in the forced flame responses is significantly affected by acoustic damping. Extinction and entrainment of self-excited combustion oscillations by fuel modulations at the approach of the acoustic resonant frequencies are observed. Self-excited combustion oscillations can be diminished byincreasingtheamountoffuelmodulations.Applicationsofthe flametransferfunctionstomodelingandcontrolof combustion instability and lean blowout for both liquid-fueled and gas-fueled combustion are discussed.
The ecology of urban landscapes: modeling housing starts as a density-dependent colonization process

Data on permits for new housing starts are a key source of information on recent changes in the urban landscape of central Arizona, USA. Drawing primarily on the conceptual parallels between the process of urban expansion and the spatial spread of non-human species, we outline a nested series of 'colonization' models that could be used to study changes in urban landscapes through simulations of housing starts.Within our probabilistic colonization framework, the ecological principle of density-dependence (operating simultaneously on different spatial scales) governs the positioning of new housing units. These simple models afford a great diversity of possible spatial patterns, ranging from tight clustering of houses to urban sprawl to more subtle patterns such as aversion of housing developments from (and aggregation near) different kinds of landscape features. These models can be parameterized from a variety of types of governmental housing data. Ultimately, such a framework could be used to contrast development patterns among cities and identify pertinent operational scales and factors influencing processes associated with urbanization.