cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemopoietic spleen colony studies. I. Growth and differentiation.

Abstract The growth and differentiation of spleen colonies (discrete nodules of hemopoietic tissue arising in the spleens of lethally irradiated mice given low doses of isogenic bone marrow cells intravenously) are discussed. Criteria for counting and identifying colonies, a description of each of the different types of colonies, and their relative incidence, size and location are considered. Erythroid, neutrophilic, megakaryocytic and eosinophilic hemopoietic cells have each been found in the form of gross or microscopic spleen colonies of single differentiated cell type. Each of the spleen colonies initially undergoes differentiation into a single line of hemopoiesis. In the spleen, erythroid colonies are by far the most numerous, followed by neutrophilic and then by megakaryocytic colonies, undifferentiated colonies being uncommon and eosinophilic colonies rare. The incidence of mixed colonies increases with time as colonies with a single line of differentiated cells enlarge and undergo second and third lines of hemopoietic differentiation. Colony size and cell type show a significant correlation. Mixed colonies are the largest in size. Next largest are erythroid colonies, then neutrophilic colonies. Usually too small to be grossly visible are the undifferentiated colonies, eosinophilic colonies and megakaryocytic colonies, in decreasing order of size. Evidence is cited from this and other work suggesting that the typical colony forming unit is a single pluripotent stem cell, whose commitment to a line of differentiation is influenced by microenvironmental influences as well as systemic humoral factors.
Stereochemical Elements Associated with Drug Metabolism and Toxicity

Many drugs used in clinical practice today are administered as a racemic mixture. As a consequence, these drugs can often be associated with complex pharmacokinetics and observed toxicities compared to drugs that are administrated as a single enantiomer. It is well established that two enantiomers of a chiral drug commonly possess different pharmacological properties. In addition to variable pharmacodynamic properties, numerous studies have shown that the individual enantiomers of a chiral drug often display stereoselectivity in pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and drug disposition, particularly in the area of drug metabolism. This chapter attempts to provide a representative appraisal of the various stereochemical aspects associated with the metabolism and toxicity of chiral drugs. Keywords: metabolism; toxicity; chiral; enantiomer; stereochemical
Lymphatics Make the Break

Two vascular networks-the blood system and the lymphatic system-are required for maintaining tissues in a healthy state. In their Perspective, [Jain and Padera][1] discuss new work ([Abtahian][2] et al .) that identifies two signaling molecules involved in the separation of the blood and lymphatic networks during embryonic development. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/299/5604/209 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/299/5604/247
THE ROLE OF HIGH SPEED MAGLEV IN THE FUTURE U.S. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

High Speed Magnetic Levitation and Propulsion (MAGLEV) technologies are nearing the end of their development cycles and are nearly ready for deployment in high speed ground transportation systems. Although the major development projects are in Germany and Japan, it is well to examine the North American transportation scene to determine if these systems can meet any future needs. The need is rapidly emerging for improved mobility in North America. Both airport and highway congestion are expected to reach crisis prportions within the next two decades, substantially decreasing the mobility of the population. High speed ground transportation systems that can interface airports with urban and regional sprawl created by automobiles can be an alternative to arresting mobility decline by providing alternatives and compliments to the highway and air modes of travel. MAGLEV technology based systems can meet this need. It is expected that within the next two decades several MAGLEV systems will be deployed in this application for North America.
Phenomenology And Cosmology With Superstring Motivated Models

We discuss how realistic low energy physics can arise from the E8 × E8 superstring. A key role is played by the discrete symmetries which typically arise after compactification. Cosmological problems are avoided because the discrete symmetry we employ is shown to effectively be embedded in a Peccei-Quinn symmetry. The models we present seem to satisfy the known phenomenological and cosmological constraints. In particular they possess a harmless axion. The existence of topologically stable superconducting vortices (strings), surviving until today, is predicted. Other topics that are discussed include proton decay, the baryon asymmetry in the Universe and n - n oscillations.
Effects Of Man‐Made Channels On Estuaries: An Example, Apalachicola Bay, Florida

This research demonstrates the importance of proper analysis and investigation of any man-made channel proposed for an estuary. Even small physical changes to an estuary may introduce significant and undesirable environmental changes. Estuaries having a small tidal range and several entrances and fresh water inflows particularly may be vulnerable to modifications of the complex relationship between the various sources of flow. Sikes Cut, a small man-made channel in Apalachicola Bay, Florida is used for illustrative purposes. A previously calibrated and verified numerical model of Apalachicola Bay is used to quantify the effects of the channel on Apalachicola Bay. Numerical model results are used to discuss salinity changes introduced in the estuary by the channel.
Reply to Critics of The Imperative of Integration

Lawrie Balfour, Benjamin Hertzberg, Jack Knight and Cara Wong offer comments on my book, The Imperative of Integration, that raise critically important questions about the ways a pragmatist methodology should treat ideals in non-ideal theory. In this article, I reply to their comments as well as provide some reflections on the proper level of abstraction in non-ideal theory and on what kinds of results we can expect from it.
Characteristics of the active sites on sulfated zirconia for n-butane isomerization

Abstract n -Butane isomerization on sulfated zirconia (SZ) has been studied with the goal of increasing our understanding of the nature of the active sites and the role of the acid (Bronsted and Lewis) sites. Isotopic transient kinetic analysis (ITKA), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), butene addition, CO addition, and pretreatment of the catalyst at different temperatures have been used to investigate the nature of the active sites involved in the formation of reaction intermediates and of isobutane. It was found that CO, added from the beginning of the reaction, inhibited the formation of isobutane but it did not prevent formation of carbon from n -butane, resulting in a deactivation of the catalyst proportional with the exposure time to CO. Butene added for 2 min at the beginning of the reaction increased the reaction rate and was involved in the formation of isobutane during multiple turnovers as a result of creation of olefinic modified sites. Addition of CO (for different period of times) along with butene (for 2 min at the beginning of the reaction) did not prevent the formation of the olefinic modified sites when CO was added for a short time. However, such sites participated in the formation of isobutane only after the CO feed was stopped and it desorbed from the surface of the catalyst. These results indicate that Lewis acid sites are not involved in the formation of either deactivating carbon or the olefinic modified sites. Pretreatment of SZ at 500 °C improved the activity of SZ due to an increase in the concentration of surface intermediates, N iso-C4 , compared to when it was pretreated at 200 and 315 °C and the Bronsted/Lewis acid sites ratio was greater. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the “active centers” for reaction are probably a combination of Bronsted and Lewis acid sites.
Runge-Kutta algorithms for oscillatory problems

For the numerical integration of differential equations with oscillatory solutions adapted Runge-Kutta algorithms of up to 4 stages are presented. The coefficients of these methods are chosen such that certain particular oscillatory solutions are computed without truncation errors.
Retrieval of internal wave signatures from marine radar data

In this paper we study the retrieval of internal wave (IW) signatures from marine radar data. In a first step, IW packet characteristics are determined, which are used to enhance the IW signal by temporal averaging. The IW-enhanced images are then channeled into our IW signature retrieval algorithm, where we employ localized Radon transform techniques to trace the signatures of each individual soliton. From the resulting IW soliton maps, one can easily extract parameters such as wavelength, velocity, and curvature for each soliton. During the Non-Linear Internal Wave Initiative 2006, R/V Oceanus was tracking IWs as they propagated across New Jersey's continental shelf. Our tool provides a first means of studying the spatio-temporal evolution of IW surface signatures as the underlying wave grows and subsequently decays.
Numerical method for describing turbulent, compressible, subsonic separated jet flows

Abstract A numerical method has been developed that is capable of describing turbulent, compressible, subsonic separated jet flow fields. The method uses a modification of the Brailovskaya two-step implicit artificial viscosity algorithm which includes an explicit artificial mass dissipation added to the continuity equation. Solutions are obtained by applying the numerical scheme to the four governing equations which describe the time-dependent, two-dimensional, turbulent, compressible flow of an ideal gas. Turbulent Reynolds stresses were described by means of the Prandtl-Gortler approximation. Starting with arbitrary initial conditions, a solution is marched forward in time until a condition satisfactorily close to steady state is achieved. Computations were performed for confined jet air flows at a March number of 0.45, wall offsets of two and four nozzle widths, and zero wall angle. The calculations were compared with experimental data and acceptable agreement was found.
Stimulation of secretion of epidermal growth factor and amylase by cyclocytidine

Radioimmunoassays and immunocytochemical techniques were used to assess the effect of cyclocytidine, an antitumor agent, on the level and localization of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) in the submandibular gland of the male mouse. A single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg of cyclocytidine caused, within 6 h, a degranulation of the granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cells and reduced the concentration of immunoreactive EGF in gland extracts by more than 90 %. This effect was largely abolished by the administration of dibenzyline but not by propranolol, indicating that the secretory effect of the drug on the GCT cells is mediated by α-adrenergic receptors. By immunocytochemical staining EGF was localized to the GCT cells. Immunocytochemical staining revealed the same trends in changes in EGF concentration as the radioimmunoassays. However, even at the peak of the cyclocytidine effect there were cells which retained their secretory granules and apparently their EGF complement. In addition, there was a lobular variation in the secretory response. Cyclocytidine caused a transient increase in the blood level of EGF. Furthermore, it stimulated amylase secretion from the gland, which also involved α-adrenergic receptors. Cyclocytidine will be useful in future analyses of the release of various biologically active substances from the GCT cells of the mouse submandibular gland.
Kinetic mechanism of bovine liver argininosuccinate lyase

The kinetic mechanism of bovine liver argininosuccinate lyase has been determined at pH 7.5, 25 degrees C. Fumarate and arginine are both noncompetitive inhibitors versus argininosuccinate. The dead-end inhibitor, succinate, is competitive versus fumarate and argininosuccinate, but noncompetitive versus arginine. Citrulline is competitive versus arginine and noncompetitive versus argininosuccinate and fumarate. The results are consistent with a random mechanism with the formation of two dead-end complexes: E . argininosuccinate . fumarate and E . argininosuccinate . arginine. No evidence was obtained for nonlinear reciprocal plots. The equilibrium constant was found to be 3.7 mM.
College Freshmen at Risk—Social Problems at Issue: An Exploratory Study of a Texas/Mexico Border Community College*

Objective. The objective of this article is to explore the factors that place college freshmen at risk of dropping classes in mid-semester. Methods. Data for this study are from interviews done with 283 male students and 281 female students using a questionnaire that was developed from an initial focus group with 130 students. Results. The findings indicate that many of the explanations for dropping a class are not caused by the performance of the faculty member teaching the course and are also not correlated to the lack of institutional commitment to student development. Conclusion. These results suggest that peer influence is strong at the freshman-college level and that a multitude of problems, many external to academics, is exerting a significant influence on students' decision to withdraw prematurely from college credit courses.
Hard-sphere fluid in infinite dimensions

The exact Mayer series is derived for the pressure, density, and equation of state of a hard-sphere fluid in the limit of infinite space dimensions D. The Mayer series can be analytically continued into the full (cut) activity plane, and there is no sign of a phase transition. The quantum-mechanical system is also treated. For D = infinity, the fluid behaves like an ideal Bose gas and undergoes a Bose-Einstein condensation.
The isolation of phosphorylated polypeptide components of the organic matrix of embryonic bovine enamel.

Abstract 1. (1)The organic matrix of developing embryonic enamel was obtained from bovine fetuses of various ages. This material was extracted sequentially using three neutral and two acid pH extractions at 4° and the amount of protein in each extract measured. 2. (2)Fractionation of the proteins which were extracted at neutral pH was achieved by three procedures: (a) Free flow, horizontal electrophoresis in 6 M urea at pH 8.3; (b) Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.8 in 6 M urea; and (c) gel filtration using columns of Bio-gel P-10 and P-20 in 6 M urea at pH 8.3. 3. (3)Four highly purified organic phosphorus containing polypeptides were obtained by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The four polypeptides (E 1 , E 2 , E 3 , E 4 ) contained 0.39; 0.45; 1.60 and 2.10% phosphorus, respectively. Two of the fractions (E 1 , E 2 ) constitute only approx. 0.2% of the enamel proteins which are soluble at neutral pH, while the other two fractions (E 3 , E 4 ) represent 15–20% of the neutral pH-soluble proteins. 4. (4)The E 3 fraction was characterized by its high content of leucine while the E 4 fraction contained relatively large amounts of tyrosine. The results of molecular sieving indicate that these two components had similar mol. wt. of approx. 6000.
Waves along the Equator in the Atlantic

Abstract Spectra of two hundred days of data from five inverted echo sounders deployed along the equator in 1983–84 and a thousand days of 30 crossings of the equator by the TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter in 1993–95 are both found to have enhanced variance of sea surface displacement in two frequency bands centered nominally about 50−1 and 25−1 cycles/day. Complex empirical orthogonal function analysis of the two bands finds much of the variance being accounted for by eastward and westward propagating waves, respectively, that are coherent across the basin. The eastward propagating wave is identifiable as a first-mode Kelvin wave with a period of 54 (49) days in the sounder (altimeter) dataset, a basinwide wavelength and a speed of 2.1 (1.8) m s−1. It is suggested that the westward propagating wave is a surface expression of the meridional oscillation of the Equatorial Undercurrent about the equator, presumably induced by a tropical instability wave, with a period of 24 (28) days, a wavelength of 600 (580) km, ...
Commodity Price Forecasting with Large-Scale Econometric Models and the Futures Market

This paper compares the accuracy of major commercial price forecasts for corn, wheat, soybeans, soybean oil, soybean meal, cotton, live cattle, and hogs. The price-forecasting information in futures prices is evaluated by comparison. The results among commercial forecasters are mixed, but futures prices perform relatively better on average although not universally so. These results have important implications for operational risk management.
Effect of brown midrib gene and maturity at harvest on forage yield and nutritive quality of sudangrass

Proper harvest timing of sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet & Harlan] for hay or silage is a compromise between optimized nutrient quality and yield. Brown-midrib (BMR) sudangrass varieties have reduced lignification and cell wall concentration resulting in increased digestibility. Non-BMR and BMR sudangrasses were no-till seeded and harvested at either the boot or dough grain stages of maturity. When harvested at the boot stage of maturity, there was no difference (P = 0.93) in dry matter (DM) yield between the BMR and non-BMR varieties; while harvesting at the dough grain stage of maturity the BMR variety produced more DM than the non-BMR variety (P < 0.01). Dry matter and detergent fiber content increased (P < 0.01) and crude protein and calculated total digestible nutrients (TDN) content decreased (P < 0.01) with increasing maturity in both varieties. Regardless of maturity, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were less (P < 0.01), and TDN content was greater (P < 0.01) for the BMR sudangrass compared with the non-BMR variety. Presence of the BMR gene had no effect (P = 0.99) on in situ effective degradability when sudangrass was harvested in the boot stage, but effective degradability was greater (P < 0.01) in BMR sudangrass when harvested in the dough stage of maturity. Inclusion of BMR genetics did not affect performance or digestion kinetics when silage harvested in the boot stage of maturity was fed to growing steers. Brown midrib genetics provide significant advantages when forages are harvested at advanced stages of maturity, but advantages are not as pronounced when forage is less mature.
Capability, Credibility, and Extended General Deterrence

Deterrence theory suggests that extended general deterrent threats are likely to be more effective when a potential challenger views them as capable and credible. When states sign formal defense pacts, they are making explicit extended general deterrent threats. Thus, the population of defense pacts allows us an opportunity to judge the efficacy of extended deterrent threats with different characteristics. We find that defense pacts with more capability and more credibility reduce the probability that a member state will be a target of a militarized dispute. We also find that states can affect the capability and credibility of their extended deterrent threats through alliance design. Members of defense pacts that include higher levels of peacetime military coordination are less likely to be attacked. This analysis provides support for deterrence theory in the context of extended general deterrence. It also provides evidence that should aid policymakers in designing security structures to meet their goals.
Using Virtual Pheromones and Cameras for Dispersing a Team of Multiple Miniature Robots

To safely and efficiently guide personnel of search and rescue operations in disaster areas, swift gathering of relevant information such as the locations of victims, must occur. Using the concept of `repellent virtual pheromones' inspired by insect colony coordination behaviors, miniature robots can be quickly dispersed to survey a disaster site. Assisted by visual servoing, dispersion of the miniature robots can quickly cover an area. An external observer such as another robot or an overhead camera is brought into the control loop to provide each miniature robot estimations of the positions of all of the other near-by robots in the robotic team. These miniature robots can then move away from the other near-by robots on the team, resulting in the robot collective becoming swiftly distributed through the local area. The technique has been simulated with differing pheromone persistence levels and implemented using the miniature Scout robots, developed by the Center for Distributed Robotics at the University of Minnesota, which are well-suited to surveillance and reconnaissance missions.
A Point in Favor of the Superparamagnetic Grain Hypothesis

If the GEMS (glass with embedded metal and sulfides) particles recently identified by meteoriticists are indeed examples of interstellar silicate grains, then the spacing of the embedded "superparamagnetic" (SPM) inclusions in GEMS particles appears consistent with the theory of superparamagnetic grain alignment first proposed by Jones & Spitzer. Using an SPM hypothesis, Mathis has shown that the observed wavelength dependence of the polarization of background starlight is readily explained if grains smaller than about 0.09 μm in size have no SPM inclusions. Martin has already noted that the bulk properties of GEMS particles are consistent with the SPM hypothesis, as well as with the notion that GEMS particles are interstellar grains. In this Letter we make the single point that the spatial frequency (~0.1 μm) of the SPM inclusions implied by the GEMS particles for interstellar grains is tantalizingly close to the Mathis value needed to explain the observed wavelength dependence of polarization.
The representation of self and person knowledge in the medial prefrontal cortex.

Social cognition, broadly defined, is concerned with the cognitive processes and mental representations that organize and influence how people perceive both themselves and others. Although social psychologists have always followed a largely cognitive approach (1-4), it was not until the 1980s that the study of social cognition became the prevailing paradigm in experimental social psychology (5-6). This shift in perspective was primarily the result of a larger cognitive revolution that was taking place in psychology and which made available a new set of methods that could be adapted to the study of social knowledge. In the early 1990s, a similar exchange of ideas and methods took place as cognitive scientists adopted neuroscientific tools to further their understanding of cognition, thus heralding the discipline of cognitive neuroscience. More recently, social scientists of many stripes have turned to using the methods of cognitive neuroscience to study the neural basis of social cognition. This new field of social cognitive neuroscience has developed at a rapid pace, so that, as of 2012, there are well over 150 laboratories around the globe actively investigating the neural basis of social cognition using a wide array of methodologies (e.g. neuroimaging, psychophysiology and, neuropsychology). Since its inception one of the central preoccupations of social cognitive neuroscience has been to understand how the brain enables people to understand both their own mind as well as that of others. In this review, we focus on how self and person knowledge is represented in the brain. We begin with a historical overview of social cognition research on self and person knowledge, followed by a review of current and influential social cognitive neuroscience research. Recent neuroscience research has shown evidence of shared representations between self and intimately known others, thus in the latter half of this review, we discuss the role of intimacy, familiarity and similarity in person perception. In addition, we also highlight some recent directions that the field has taken, such as the study of self-referential processing with respect to past and future selves, viewing oneself and others in a positive light (i.e., self-enhancement) and finally, the study of spontaneous and implicit processes in self and other-referential cognition. Throughout this review we draw links between modern day neuroscientific research and classic work in social cognition, highlighting how each serves to enrich the other.
Bronchial Oncocytoma With High 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake Revealed by Nephrotic Syndrome

CASE REPORT A 77-year-old nonsmoker white woman with a medical history of mild hypertensive heart disease and diabetes was referred to our hospital for diffuse edemas, cough, and persisting asthenia. No history of hemoptysis, loss of weight, loss of appetite or other constitutional symptoms was reported. A nephrotic syndrome was diagnosed, with massive proteinuria (15–20 g/day), hypoalbuminemia (2.5 g/dl), hypercreatininemia (3.4 mg/dl), and associated increase in serum lipoprotein levels. Tumor markers (CEA, Ca 19.9, Ca 125, NSE, Ca 15.3) were within normal ranges. A renal biopsy revealed a status compatible with a stage IV minimal change disease. To differentiate the idiopathic versus the secondary nature of the nephropathy, a total-body computed tomography (CT) scan was performed. An endoluminal lesion measuring 1.3 cm in the major axis was localized in the right inferior lobe (RIL) bronchus (Fig. 1). The positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scan (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose/PET-CT) characterized the RIL nodule with an standardized uptake value (SUV) of 12. No other lesions referable to local or distant metastases were detected (Fig. 2). A fiber-optic bronchos copy revealed an endobronchial red lesion localized near the origin of right B6 bronchus. Cytology performed on material obtained by endobronchial brushing was suggestive of atypical cells. Given the relatively high SUV value detected by the PET examination and the evidence of cellular atypia at the cytological examination, surgery with radical intent was performed, and a right inferior lobectomy plus systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy realized. Final pathology confirmed an epithelial tumor characterized by extensive oncocytic features, compatible with bronchial oncocytoma (Fig. 3A–E). No hilar or mediastinal nodes were involved. The postoperative course was uneventful. Four weeks after surgery, serum albumin level increased to 3.2 g/dl, creatinine level decreased to 1.8 mg/dl, and proteinuria decreased to 1.0 g/day. One year after
Binge Eating Among the Overweight Population: A Serious and Prevalent Problem

Obesity is a major public health problem in the United States and is now recognized as a heterogeneous condition. This suggests that treatment effectiveness may be improved with an increased understanding of the multiple factors contributing to obesity. Recent data clearly indicate that one common and serious factor among a subset of the overweight population is binge eating. Dietitians in research settings, clinical settings, or private practice are likely to treat obese patients who are seeking weight-related treatment. This article provides an overview of current knowledge about obese persons who binge eat and recommends that dietitians who treat patients for weight-related conditions take a proactive role by screening them for binge eating problems or, at a minimum, screen those who are suspected of binge eating and then refine treatment approaches accordingly.
The Empress‘ New Clothes and Japanese Women, 1868–1912

(1993). The Empress‘ New Clothes and Japanese Women, 1868–1912. The Historian: Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 677-692.
Contracted Schrödinger equation: Determining quantum energies and two-particle density matrices without wave functions

The contracted Schr\"odinger equation (CSE) technique through its direct determination of the two-particle reduced density matrix (2RDM) without the wave function may offer a fresh alternative to traditional many-body quantum calculations. Without additional information the CSE, also known as the density equation, cannot be solved for the 2RDM because it also requires a knowledge of the 4RDM. We provide theoretical foundations through a reconstruction theorem for recent attempts at generating higher RDMs from the 2RDM to remove the indeterminacy of the CSE. With Grassmann algebra a more concise representation for Valdemoro's reconstruction functionals [F. Colmenero, C. Perez del Valle, and C. Valdemoro, Phys. Rev. A 47, 971 (1993)] is presented. From the perspective of the particle-hole equivalence we obtain Nakatsuji and Yasuda's correction for the 4RDM formula [H. Nakatsuji and K. Yasuda, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 1039 (1996)] as well as a corrective approach for the 3RDM functional. A different reconstruction strategy, the ensemble representability method (ERM), is introduced to build the 3- and 4-RDMs by enforcing four-ensemble representability and contraction conditions. We derive the CSE in second quantization without Valdemoro's matrix contraction mapping and offer the first proof of Nakatsuji's theorem for the second-quantized CSE. Both the functional and ERM reconstruction strategies are employed with the CSE to solve for the energies and the 2RDMs of a quasispin model without wave functions. We elucidate the iterative solution of the CSE through an analogy with the power method for eigenvalue equations. Resulting energies of the CSE methods are comparable to single-double configuration-interaction (SDCI) energies, and the 2RDMs are more accurate by an order of magnitude than those from SDCI. While the CSE has been applied to systems with 14 electrons, we present results for as many as 40 particles. Results indicate that the 2RDM remains accurate as the number of particles increases. We also report a direct determination of excited-state 2RDMs through the CSE. By circumventing the wave function, the CSE presents new possibilities for treating electron correlation.
Quadruplex-Interactive Agents as Telomerase Inhibitors: Synthesis of Porphyrins and Structure−Activity Relationship for the Inhibition of Telomerase

The cationic porphyrin 5,10,15,20-tetra-(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TMPyP4) binds to quadruplex DNA and is thereby an inhibitor of human telomerase (Wheelhouse et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 3261−3262). Herein the synthesis and telomerase-inhibiting activity of a wide range of analogues of TMPyP4 are reported, from which rules for a structure−activity relationship (SAR) have been discerned: (1) stacking interactions are critical for telomerase inhibition, (2) positively charged substituents are important but may be interchanged and combined with hydrogen-bonding groups, and (3) substitution is tolerated only on the meso positions of the porphyrin ring, and the bulk of the substituents should be matched to the width of the grooves in which they putatively lie. This SAR is consistent with a model presented for the complexation of TMPyP4 with human telomeric quadruplex DNA.
Stress Intensity Factors for a Crack Emanating Non-Radially From a Circular Hole Under Arbitrary Loading

Stress intensity factors are found for a crack emanating from a circular hole in an elastic solid which is in a state of plane deformation resulting from loads applied at infinity or pressure applied internally at the faces of the crack and the hole. The results, including Mode-I (opening) and Mode-II (shearing) stress intensity factors, are obtained numerically by means of a dislocation model which conveniently allows for general loading and, consequently, can easily handle the case where a crack emanates non-radially from a hole. Good agreement is found with published values for the special case when the crack is radial and the loading consists of remote tension and uniform pressure at the surface of the hole. Also included in the present paper are results for the case when both the hole and the crack are pressurized. Although the subject elastic solid is an infinite medium, the results of this paper serve as good estimates when the hole is relatively small in a finite component and is distant from the component edge. Since in most circumstances a real crack does not orient itself radially from a hole, this paper provides analysts information to decide whether Mode-II fracture needs to be considered in assessing the structural integrity of a component with a hole. Similarly, when the problem is 3-dimensional, the results of this paper imply that Mode-III (tearing) fracture may also need to be considered.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Stopping of heavy nuclei in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

We examine the space-time dynamics of the baryons in nucleus-nucleus collisions and estimate the energy density reached in the central rapidity region. It is found that with an incident laboratory energy of 15 GeV per projectile nucleon, a headon collision of Au on Au will leave a substantial spatial region with an energy density of 1.5--3 GeV/${\mathrm{fm}}^{3}$ which may exceed the energy density for a quark-gluon plasma formation.
High-Order Finite-Volume Transport on the Cubed Sphere: Comparison between 1D and 2D Reconstruction Schemes

AbstractThis paper presents two finite-volume (FV) schemes for solving linear transport problems on the cubed-sphere grid system. The schemes are based on the central-upwind finite-volume (CUFV) method, which is a class of Godunov-type method for solving hyperbolic conservation laws, and combines the attractive features of the classical upwind and central FV methods. One of the CUFV schemes is based on a dimension-by-dimension approach and employs a fifth-order one-dimensional (1D) Weighted Essentially Nonoscillatory (WENO5) reconstruction method. The other scheme employs a fully two-dimensional (2D) fourth-order accurate reconstruction method. The cubed-sphere grid system imposes several computational challenges due to its patched-domain topology and nonorthogonal curvilinear grid structure. A high-order 1D interpolation procedure combining cubic and quadratic interpolations is developed for the FV schemes to handle the discontinuous edges of the cubed-sphere grid. The WENO5 scheme is compared against th...
Gender differences in cardiovascular and corticoadrenal response to stress and drug cues in cocaine dependent individuals.

Rationale Extensive research suggests that gender may affect neuroendocrine and cardiovascular arousal mechanisms underlying biological responses to stress.
Nonlinear Aeroelastic Study for Folding Wing Structures

DOI: 10.2514/1.44868 A folding wing structure consisting of three components (a fuselage, an inboard wing, and an outboard wing) is modeled computationally using a geometrically nonlinear structural dynamics theory based upon von Karman strainsandathree-dimensionalvortexlatticeaerodynamicmodelwithanexacttangent flowboundaryconditionand planar wake assumption. The structural dynamic equations of motion are discretized in space using a discrete Ritz basis derived from finite element analysis and component synthesis. Results from the computational model are comparedwiththosefromexperimentsdesignedandtestedintheDukeUniversitywindtunnelforthreefoldingwing configurations.Stablelimitcycleoscillationsat flowvelocitiesbeyondthelinear fluttervelocityaremeasuredinwindtunnel experiments and predicted using the computational model. Overall, the limit cycle oscillation magnitude and dominant response frequency results from theory show good agreement with those measured in the experiment. Qualitatively, both the experimental and theoretical limit cycle oscillation curves for the inboard wing show limited nonlinear stiffening with flow velocity for the range of velocities tested. The theoretical model also predicts that the outboard wing limit cycle oscillation tip displacements for the folding wing configuration with the largest outboard folding angle is significantly higher than the two other configurations. Unlike the inboard wing, for each configuration, the outboard wing theoretical limit cycle oscillation curves do show a trend that is reminiscent of a stiffening nonlinearity.
The wide field upgrade for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope

A major performance upgrade for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) is in the conceptual design phase. The extensive upgrade will include a wide field optical corrector, a new HET tracker with increased payload capacity, and improved telescope pointing and tracking accuracy. The improvements will support the HET Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX), which seeks to characterize the evolution of dark energy by mapping the imprint of baryonic oscillations on the large scale structure of the Universe. HETDEX will use the increased field-of-view and payload to feed an array of approximately 145 fiber-fed spectrometers, called VIRUS for "Visible Integral field Replicable Unit Spectrograph". The new corrector will have a science field-of-view diameter of 18 arcminutes, in contrast to the original corrector's 4 arcminute field, a twenty-fold increase in area. A new HET tracker with increased payload capacity will be designed to support the wide field corrector. Improved pointing and tracking will be accomplished using new autocollimation and distance measuring metrology combined with real-time wavefront sensing and correction. The upgrade will maintain operation of the current suite of facility instruments, consisting of low, medium, and high resolution spectrometers.
Potentiation of taste by another taste during compound aversion learning

Two experiments with rat subjects examined whether a saccharin taste could potentiate the conditioning of an aversion to a salty taste when the two stimuli were presented together prior to lithium-induced illness. In Experiment 1, a 0.1% (w/v) saccharin solution potentiated conditioning of a very dilute (0.03%) NaCl solution, but had no demonstrable effect on two stronger NaCl solutions (0.6% and 1.2%). In Experiment 2, the 0.1% saccharin solution again potentiated the 0.03% NaCl target, but weaker and stronger saccharin concentrations (0.033% and 0.3%) did not. The ability of a taste to potentiate a secondtaste is not consistent with theories that assume that potentiation is unique to compounds composed of tastes and other, functionally different, nontaste cues. Potentiation may occur when the target stimulus is weakly conditionable on its own and when the particular combination of target and potentiator facilitates perceptual integration of the compound.
The effects of food deprivation and the time of the test on muricide in the Long-Evans rat

An experiment was performed to determine the effects of food deprivation and the portion of the light-dark cycle in which testing occurred upon the mouse-killing response of the rat. Food deprivation resulted in a significant increase in muricide, while time of the test was not related to the outcome.
Informatics calibration of a molecular descriptors database to predict solid dispersion potential of small molecule organic solids.

Abstract The use of a novel, in silico method for making an intelligent polymer selection to physically stabilize small molecule organic (SMO) solid compounds formulated as amorphous molecular solid dispersions is reported. 12 compounds (75%, w/w) were individually co-solidified with polyvinyl pyrrolidone:vinyl acetate (PVPva) copolymer by melt-quenching. Co-solidified products were analyzed intact using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the pair distribution function (PDF) transform of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data to assess miscibility. Molecular descriptor indices were calculated for all twelve compounds using their reported crystallographic structures. Logistic regression was used to assess correlation between molecular descriptors and amorphous molecular solid dispersion potential. The final model was challenged with three compounds. Of the 12 compounds, 6 were miscible with PVPva ( i.e. successful formation) and 6 were phase separated ( i.e. unsuccessful formation). 2 of the 6 unsuccessful compounds exhibited detectable phase-separation using the PDF method, where DSC indicated miscibility. Logistic regression identified 7 molecular descriptors correlated to solid dispersion potential ( α = 0.001). The atomic mass-weighted third-order R autocorrelation index (R3m) was the only significant descriptor to provide completely accurate predictions of dispersion potential. The three compounds used to challenge the R3m model were also successfully predicted.
Determination of the specific activity of NaB3H4.

Abstract A method for the rapid determination of the specific activity of NaB 3 H 4 is presented. NaB 3 H 4 is used to reduce NAD + to [ 3 H]NADH, which is then isolated by anion exchange chromatography. The specific activity of the NaB 3 H 4 is calculated form measurements of radioactivity and absorbance (340 nm) in the [ 3 H]NADH fractions.
Fungal endophytes of Cyperus and their effect on an insect herbivore

Populations of the sedges Cyperus virens Michx. and C. pseudovegetus Steud. (Cyperaceae) in Louisiana often contain individuals infected by the systemic fungal endophyte Balansia cyperi Edg. (Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycetes). Related fungal endophytes infecting grasses are known to have detrimental effects on insect and mammalian herbivores consuming infected plants. In this study herbivory of infected and uninfected sedges was compared in two laboratory experiments. Newly hatched larvae of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda [J. E. Smith], Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) were reared on leaves from either infected or uninfected plants of C. virens and C. pseudovegetus grown in the greenhouse. Survival, growth, and development of each insect were monitored. For both sedges larval survival and rate of weight gain were reduced, and length of the larval period was increased for larvae reared on leaves from infected plants compared to larvae reared on leaves from uninfected plants. The results of this study parallel results obtained from grasses, suggesting that the endophyte may defend its host against herbivory in natural populations.
The safety of the EDTA lead-mobilization test

Abstract The effect of the CaNa2EDTA lead-mobilization test on renal function was determined in 122 patients. Three days, seven days, and four weeks after the test, the mean serum creatinine was not significantly increased. These data indicate that the EDTA test is not nephrotoxic even in patients with preexisting renal disease.
Automated real-time measurements of leukocyte chemotaxis

We have previously described an automated system (ECIS/taxis) for measuring chemotactic movement of Dictyostelium amoebae in a folic acid gradient [Hadjout, N., Laevsky, G., Knecht, D.A. and Lynes, M.A., 2001. Automated real-time measurement of chemotactic cell motility. Biotechniques 31, 1130-1138.]. In the ECIS/taxis system, cells migrate in an under-agarose environment, and their position is monitored by determining the impedance change caused by cells crawling onto the surface of an electrode. In this report, we show that chemotaxis of primary and immortalized leukocytes in response to complement (C5a) could be measured using the ECIS/taxis system. Several modifications to the design of the target electrode were tested, and a linear electrode perpendicular to the direction of movement was found to increase the sensitivity and reliability of the assay. Using the optimized ECIS/taxis assay, the dose response of neutrophils and WBC 265-9C cells was established and compared to the Boyden chamber assay. The ECIS/taxis assay system can be used to compare the movement of different cell types, to assess the effect of complex chemotactic gradients, or to determine the effects of pharmaceuticals on chemotactic motility.
Shasta ground sloth ( Nothrotheriops shastense hoffstetter) at Shelter Cave, New Mexico: Environment, diet, and extinction

Abstract Seven coprolites of the extinct Shasta ground sloth (Nothrotheriops shastense) were recently discovered in the Los Angeles County Museum collection from Shelter Cave, New Mexico. Three dung balls provided radiocarbon ages of 11,330, 12,330 and 12,430 yr B.P. Packrat (Neotoma) middens disclose a xeric juniper woodland at Shelter Cave during the sloth's occupation. Plant cuticles from the dung indicate that the ground sloth had a diet dominated by mormon tea (Ephedra) and other xerophytic shrubs. Pollen spectra from the coprolites have high representations of anemophilous plants and low representations of the dietary items shown in the cuticle analysis. Fifteen radiocarbon dates of sloth dung obtained since 1974 strengthen the hypothesis that sloth extinction occurred about 11,000 yr B.P. Paleoenvironmental studies indicate that ground sloths lived in juniper woodlands and montane conifer communities. Nothrotheriops commonly dined on shrubs that are still present in these habitats. It is difficult to explain the demise of the Shasta ground sloth by climatic change or dietary stress. Human predation remains as a possible explanation; ground sloth extinction appears to coincide with the time of Clovis mammoth hunters.
Mapping land, sea, and sky: Federal cartography from 1775 to 1950

Abstract The federal government has played a major role in the development of cartography in the United States. This article traces the major federal mapping programs from their origin during the American Revolution to 1950.
Combined mapping of soil properties using a multi-scale tree-structured spatial model

Accurate maps of various key soil properties on fine spatial resolutions play an important role in precision modeling of agricultural systems. Recent development of alternatives to soil coring enables us to collect multiple sources of data, but data quality and spatial resolutions may differ greatly from one source to another. In this article, we use a multi-scale model for combining all data sources, despite varying resolutions and accuracies, to produce soil maps. We demonstrate that the method gives accurate results via computer simulations. Using the multi-scale method, we combine soil coring, penetrometer, and topographic data to map the depth-to-till on a 10-m resolution in an Arlington, Wisconsin field, and combine soil coring and soil electrical conductivity measurements to map field capacity on a 20-m resolution in a Waunakee, Wisconsin field. The proposed mapping technique has several advantages: (1) it is computationally fast and hence is well suited for landscape modeling; (2) it provides a means to combine more than two sources of data; and (3) it provides a way to accommodate prior knowledge of spatial dependencies associated with various data sources.
Sulfate and nitrate chemistry in cumuliform clouds

Abstract Analyses of chemical measurements in and around cumuliform clouds in the western portion of Washington State indicate that for the 13 cases studied the mean sulfate production was 0.9 μg m−3 with an uncertainty of 0.5 μg m−3. Mean nitrate production in the clouds did not differ significantly from zero at the 90% confidence level. Nitrite concentrations in the cloud water (up to 0.19 ppm) appeared to be greater than can be explained by the absorption of NO x and HNO2. The following mean values and standard deviations were obtained for scavenging coefficients between cloud base and a few hundred meters above cloud base: 0.6 ± 0.2 for sub-μm aerosol, 0.7 ± 0.4 for sulfate, 0.9 ± 0.2 for particulate nitrate, 0.9 ± 0.2 for gaseous nitrate, and 0.9 ± 0.1 for total nitrate. Comparisons of the measurements of sulfate production and the pH of the cloud water for four of the cumulus clouds with values obtained from an adiabatic, Lagrangian parcel model suggest that the measurements are explicable in terms of currently accepted aqueous SO2 oxidation mechanisms.