cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of the voicing contrast: perception of stop consonants.

Perceptual development of the voicing contrast was investigated in two-year-old children, six-year-old children, and adults. Subjects were required to identify pre-vocalic stop consonants from synt...
Perceived Risk for STDs and Partner-Specific Condom Intentions † 6

Background: Adolescents use condoms more consistently with casual sex partners (CSP) than with main sex partners (MSP). Differences in perceived risk for sexually transmitted diseases (PRSTD) may account, in part, for differences in condom use by type of partner. The objective of this study was to determine the association between PRSTD and partner-specific intentions to use condoms.
In vivo articular cartilage contact kinematics of the knee: an investigation using dual-orthogonal fluoroscopy and magnetic resonance image-based computer models.

Background: Quantifying the in vivo cartilage contact mechanics of the knee may improve our understanding of the mechanisms of joint degeneration and may therefore improve the surgical repair of the joint after injury.Objective: To measure tibiofemoral articular cartilage contact kinematics during in vivo knee flexion.Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study.Methods: Orthogonal fluoroscopic images and magnetic resonance image–based computer models were used to measure the motion of the cartilage contact points during a quasi-static lunge in 5 human subjects.Results: On the tibial plateau, the contact point moved in both the anteroposterior and the mediolateral directions during knee flexion. On the medial tibial plateau, flexion angle did not have a statistically significant effect on the location of the contact points. The total translation of the contact point from full extension to 90° of flexion was less than 1.5 mm in the anteroposterior direction, whereas the translation in the mediolateral direct...
Hydrogen Bubble Flow Visualization at Low Reynolds Numbers

where /i and /2 are the control variables and the arM depend on various sensitivity coefficients and on the measured density parameter and initial condition deviations. Setting the expressions for the terminal velocity and range angle errors equal to zero then gives two nonlinear algebraic equations in /i and /2 which must be solved simultaneously. To insure convergence, the aforementioned problem was converted to an ordinary minimum problem which was solved numerically using a gradient technique.5 The performance of the first- and second-order sensitivity guidance schemes is compared in Table 2. First, the uncontrolled terminal velocity and range angle deviations due to atmospheric parameter differences are given. Then the results of the first-order sensitivity guidance with updating are given. Next, first-order guidance without updating is simulated. In this case, the controls determined at the beginning of entry are applied all the way down to 20,000 ft. Finally, second-order guidance without updating is implemented. Conclusions Second-order sensitivity analysis is introduced to improve the accuracy of the error prediction equations. A new vectormatrix differential equation for the second-order sensitivity coefficients of a general system is derived. A difference in form between the first- and second-order sensitivity equations is noted. For the first-order case, it was possible to describe all the terminal values by using the adjoint sensitivity equation. For the second-order coefficients, this procedure is possible only for a certain approximation to the second-order sensitivity forcing function. Numerical simulation of second sensitivity guidance including solution of the nonlinear control equations is performed and the results summarized in Table 2.
Covariant pion-nucleus optical potential

We present a detailed evaluation of the leading term (triangle diagram) of the pion-nucleus optical potential. The development uses a covariant multiple scattering theory introduced previously. It is shown how recent phenomenological studies of the pion-nucleon (off-shell) scattering amplitudes may be incorporated into this theory. Further, various problems associated with the transformation of the pion-nucleon scattering amplitudes from the center of mass of the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}N$ system to the center of mass of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-nucleus system are resolved in this approach.
Sequential Memory: Keeping Track Performance as a Function of Information Exposure Time and Interstimulus Noise:

Ss were required to keep track of the number of occurrences of each of three pure tones presented at a constant rate in sequences (trials) of various lengths. With trial lengths of 8 and 12 tones, ...
Effect of age on generation of progeny from antigenstimulated human lymphocytes

Numerous studies have shown the proliferative response to various mitogenic stimuli of peripheral blood lymphocytes from elderly humans to be impaired. The present investigation examined the termination phase of antigen-stimulated proliferative responses of lymphocytes from elderly and young subjects. In both groups, the responding lymphocytes appeared to stop proliferating and enter the resting stage of the cell cycle when a certain total number of progeny had been generated, suggesting the phenomenon of density-dependent regulation of growth. Lymphocytes from elderly subjects stopped proliferating when significantly fewer progeny had been generated than did those from young subjects. The data suggest, therefore, that lymphocytes from elderly humans may have increased sensitivity to one or more of the factors which cause density-dependent inhibition of growth.
Teaching may be hazardous to your marriage

Kenrick et al.'s experiments demonstrate that men who view photographs of physically attractive women or Playboy centerfolds subsequently find their current mates less physically attractive and become less satisfied with their current relationships. What then would be the cumulative effect of being exposed to young, attractive women on a daily basis? Would there be any real consequences to the men's dissatisfaction with their relationships? Secondary school teachers and college professors come in contact with more young women at the peak of their reproductive value than others do. The analysis of a large, representative data set from the United States indicates that, while men in general are less likely to be divorced than women, and secondary school teachers and college professors in general are less likely to be divorced than others, simultaneously being male and being a secondary school teacher or college professor statistically increases the likelihood of being divorced (p <.05). We contend that the contrast effect that Kenrick et al. find in their experiments is cumulative and has real consequences.
Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on papillary muscle function and the beta-adrenergic receptor system in noninfarcted myocardium in compensated ischemic left ventricular dysfunction.

BACKGROUNDbeta-Adrenergic receptor blockade has been reported to improve hemodynamics and beta-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase function in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade on the beta-adrenergic receptor system and myocardial function in a model of compensated ischemic heart failure.METHODS AND RESULTSWe examined the effects of propranolol treatment on the beta-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase system and isolated papillary muscle isometric function in noninfarcted left ventricular myocardium in rats after coronary artery ligation. In untreated rats with large myocardial infarction (MI), developed tension (DT) (3.0 +/- 0.7 versus 5.1 +/- 1.1 g/mm2), peak rate of tension rise (+dT/dt) (40.3 +/- 9.5 versus 71.2 +/- 12.0 g/mm2/sec), and peak rate of tension fall (-dT/dt) (24.4 +/- 5.0 versus 38.2 +/- 6.0 g/mm2/sec) were decreased (p < 0.05). In addition, DT, +dT/dt, and -dT/dt of untreated MI rats demonstr...
Yeast structural gene (APN1) for the major apurinic endonuclease: homology to Escherichia coli endonuclease IV.

Abstract DNA damage generated by oxygen radicals includes base-free apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites and strand breaks that bear deoxyribose fragments. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae repairs such DNA lesions by using a single major enzyme. We have cloned the yeast structural gene (APN1) encoding this AP endonuclease/3'-repair diesterase by immunological screening of a yeast genomic DNA expression library in lambda gt11. Gene disruption experiments confirm that the Apn1 protein accounts for greater than or equal to 97% of both AP endonuclease and DNA 3'-repair diesterase activities in yeast cell-free extracts. The DNA and predicted amino acid sequences for the APN1 gene are homologous to those for the nfo gene encoding DNA endonuclease IV of Escherichia coli. This conservation of structure between a eukaryotic enzyme and its prokaryotic counterpart underscores the fundamental nature of their roles in DNA repair.
Dorsal-ventral patterning in Drosophila: DNA binding of snail protein to the single-minded gene.

Abstract The Drosophila snail gene is required for proper mesodermal development. Genetic studies suggest that it functions by repressing adjacent ectodermal gene expression including that of the single-minded (sim) gene. The snail gene encodes a protein with a zinc-finger motif, and here we report that the snail gene product is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein. The snail protein recognizes a 14-base-pair consensus sequence that is found nine times in a 2.8-kilobase sim regulatory region. These results provide evidence for the direct control of sim transcription by snail.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 69

Abstract Nuclear structure data available through September 1975 are compiled, and adopted level properties are given. The bulk of the data are presented pictorially for easy comparison. Experimental details, references, and additional comments, where required, are given in the text. All drawings, tables, and comments are reproduced from the computerized Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF). Any additions or corrections desired by the users should be addressed to the compilers for maintenance and updating of the computer file.
The lower bounded and partial upper bounded distribution model

This paper pruvides a smaller equivalelnt bounded variable transportation problem than that in Charnes, Glover, and Klingman [1] for the lower bounded and partial upper bounded distribution model.
The effect of isolated chloride depletion on growth and protein turnover in young rats.

The effects of feeding a chloride-deficient (CD) diet were examined in young, growing rats. All animals were fed the same sodium-replete, CD diet. The experimental group drank distilled water, while the control group (CS) drank distilled water supplemented with 37 mM sodium chloride. By day 15, the CD rats had negligible concentrations of chloride in their urine and had developed hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. Both groups had comparable urinary sodium concentrations and creatinine clearances. Food intake (256 vs. 226 g), weight (108.8 vs. 47.0 g) and length (9.6 vs. 7.4 cm) gains were greater in the CS animals and the efficiency of weight gain was lower in the CD rats (25.2 vs. 42.6 g gained/g of food intake). After 15–18 days, blood was drawn for testing, body composition measurements were performed and epitrochlearis muscle protein synthesis and net degradation rates determined. When incubated with or without the addition of insulin (I), epitrochlearis muscle protein synthesis, measured as the incorporation of14C-phenylalanine, was significantly lower in CD rats [(I+45.7 vs. 36.76) and (I-34.72 vs. 26.3) nmol phenylalanine/g wet weight per hour (bothP<0.05)]. Net protein degradation rates were not significantly different between the two groups. Estimated nitrogen balance was significantly diminished in CD compared with CS rats. Gastrocnemius muscle RNA concentrations were also lower in CD rats (1.34 vs. 1.60 mg RNA/g wet weight,P<0.001), but gastrocnemius protein concentrations were equal. These results demonstrate that the growth failure seen in CD rats is associated with diminished nitrogen balance, a decrease in protein synthesis rates and lower muscle RNA concentrations. These findings are also seen in rats with isolated sodium deficiency, and suggest that both sodium and chloride deficiency may act through a common pathway to diminish growth in young animals.
Correlates affecting survival in chronic hemodialysis patients: the combined impact of albumin and high hemoglobin levels on improving outcomes, local and national results.

AbstractWhile national mortality rates for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients remain high, for the past4 years, lower than expected local mortality rates have been consistently seen in our facilities.Because of these progressive improvements in mortality rates, a study of 687 hemodialysis patientsover a 4-year period, 2003 through 2006, was undertaken to analyze which factors may be con-tributing to the enhanced survival rates. We also examined the partially overlapping United StatesRenal Data System clinical performance measures national data sets of hemodialysis patients for2001 to 2004. Proportional hazards and logistic regression models were used to determine signiﬁ-cant predictors of short-term survival. Variables tested included hemoglobin (Hb), albumin, calcium,phosphorus, infections, hospitalizations, URR, Kt/V, erythropoietic stimulating agents (epoetin-a)use, and comorbid conditions. The local and national models identiﬁed albumin, Hgb, and hospi-talization as statistically signiﬁcant predictors of survival. Local models also found years of dialysisas a signiﬁcant predictor. Locally, there was a 69-fold increase from 16.1 deaths/1000 patient yearsfor albumin 4.0 with Hgb 14.0 to 1115.9 deaths/1000 patient-years for albumin o3.5 withHgbo11.0. The increase nationally is a 4-fold increase from 96 deaths/1000 patient-years for al-bumin 4.0 with Hgb 14.0 to 406 deaths/1000 patient-years for albumin o3.5 with Hgbo11.0.There was no evidence that higher erythropoietic stimulating agents dose levels were associatedwith higher mortality rates, independent of the other signiﬁcant factors. In conclusion, the ﬁndingsindicate that individually higher Hgb and albumin levels are associated with increased survival, andwhen higher Hgb levels are in association with high albumin levels, the survival rates and hospital-izations are synergistically improved.Key words: ESRD, anemia, epoetin, survival
EFFECTS OF FAT TRIM ON THE COMPOSITION OF BEEF RETAIL CUTS – 3. COOKING YIELDS AND FAT RETENTION OF THE SEPARABLE LEAN

Thirty beef carcass sides varying in USDA quality and yield grade were fabricated into various steaks and roasts. The retail cuts were assigned serially to the following treatments: (A) raw, trimmed to 0.6 cm external fat; (b) trimmed to 0.6 cm external fat, cooked; (C) trimmed to 0.0 cm external fat, cooked. The separable lean was analyzed for chemical fat. Regression analyses were used to predict percentage cooking yields and fat retention of the separable lean. Generally, cooking yield was not influenced by USDA grade, but retail cuts cooked with 0.6 cm external fat usually had numerically higher predicted values for cooking yield than cuts trimmed to 0.0 cm before cooking. Braising of thin (< 2.5 cm thick), single-muscle retail cuts decreased the predicted percentage of chemical fat retention of the separable lean. Trimming of retail cuts to 0.0 cm external fat before cooking decreased (compared to the 0.6 cm cuts) the predicted percentage of chemical fat retention of the separable lean as compared to cuts that were trimmed to 0.6 cm.
A Method of Enlarging the Distal Transverse Arch in Infants with Hypoplasia and Coarctation of the Aorta

Immediate operation in infants suffering from severe congestive heart failure and coarctation of the aorta associated with hypoplasia of the distal transverse aortic arch often poses a difficult technical problem. Frequently the anastomosis between the hypoplastic arch and the descending thoracic aorta fails to relieve the gradient across the hypoplastic segment appreciably. A technique of enlarging the lumen of the distal arch and thereby further lowering the gradient has been found effective and is presented.
Tissue Distribution of Enrofloxacin in Fingerling Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Following Different Doses of Oral Administration

Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were fed a ration medicated to provide enrofloxacin (Baytrilo®, Bayer) at 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg drug per kg fish per d either 5 or 10 d. Tissue Concentrations of enrofloxacin were measured in liver, kidney, muscle, skin, and serum during the medication period, and thereafter for a total of 30 d. Highest tissue concentrations were observed in fish medicated with 5 mg enrofloxacin per kg fish per d for 10 d. Tissue concentrations of anitmicrobial activity were found to exceed minimum inhibitory concentrations of enrofloxacin for several isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida and Renibacterium salmoninarum. Lower than expected tissue concentrations were observed for the 10 mg per kg fish per d doses, perhaps due to a lack of acceptance of the medicated ration. The results support evaluation of a 5 mg per kg fish dose to treat bacterial infections of salmonids under field conditions.
The effect of the earth's rotation on the propagation of ocean waves over long distances

Abstract The theory of group velocity is generalized to waves on curved surfaces, and applied to calculating the effect of the earth's rotation on the trajectory and wave vector of a wave packet whose waves have lengths much less than the radius of the earth and periods much less than one day. A geometrical description of the perturbed trajectory is given. If Ω is the angular velocity of the earth, g gravity, h the ocean depth, and k and ω the wave number and frequency, the effects are of the order of Ω(h/g) 1 2 and independent of ω for shallow water waves; they are of the order of Ω/ω for deep water waves; and they are largest for waves with kh=1·878973.
Dextran backfill tracers combined with Lucifer Yellow injections for neuroanatomic studies of the leech head ganglion

Several neuronal tracing substances were applied to the cut ends of leech cephalic nerves and the resulting backfills into the subesophageal ganglion (sbEG) were mapped. A 12 h incubation in 3 kDa dextrans conjugated either to a fluorochrome or to biotin (subsequently tagged with peroxidase) was satisfactory. In separate experiments, possible targets of cephalic nerve afferents (R3 Retzius neurons) were injected with Lucifer Yellow (LY) to visualize their projections. Comparison of the LY-R3 Retzius neuron map with that of the dextran-backfilled D1 nerve revealed extensive overlap in the sbEG. Experiments were performed combining the two protocols, confirming this observation. Moreover, confocal microscopy placed D1 nerve processes in close proximity to R3 Retzius neuron processes, suggesting that they could make synaptic contact with one another in the sbEG. With modifications, this method could be used to identify such contacts using electron microscopy.
Indentation of spherical and conical punches into piezoelectric half-space with frictional sliding: Applications to scanning probe microscopy

A proper quantitative interpretation of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) experiments requires solutions for both normal and tangential indentations of punches into a piezoelectric material. Such indentation solutions, their dependence on the indenter shape, and implications for SPM are considered here. More specifically, indentation of the spherical and conically sharp indenters into a piezoelectric half-space accompanied by frictional sliding is addressed. The tangential part of the problem, which involves friction, is solved to complement the solution of the normal indentation problem obtained earlier. Exact stiffness relations between vertical load, tangential displacement, and material properties are obtained. The piezoelectric coupling is found to have a relatively weak effect on lateral contact stiffness. In contrast, the contact area depends noticeably on the tangential effects. The full electroelastic fields are derived in elementary functions and their implications are discussed.
Early industrialization and the laboring class

The view that the early stages of industrialization inevitably lead to frustration, aggression, and rebelliousness on the part of the workers is challenged on theoretical and empirical grounds. Empirical evidence from recent cases of industrialization of backward areas shows wide variation in working conditions, rewards, and worker-management relations, and this variation is attributed to indigenous social and cultural factors and to accelerated social change rather than to industrialization per se.—Editor
The Use of Institutional Repositories: The Ohio State University Experience

In this paper the author compares the use of digital materials that have been deposited in The Ohio State University (OSU) Knowledge Bank (KB). Comparisons are made for content considered in scope of the university archives and those considered out of scope, for materials originating from different campus sources, and for different types of content. Results show that both mediated and unmediated content is used and therefore justifies the preservation costs for unmediated content. Results also show articles and undergraduate theses are most frequently used type of materials leading to the conclusion that it is important to collect content from all levels of the educational process.
Environmental geochemistry of a Kuroko-type massive sulfide deposit at the abandoned Valzinco mine, Virginia, USA

Abstract The abandoned Valzinco mine, which worked a steeply dipping Kuroko-type massive sulfide deposit in the Virginia Au–pyrite belt, contributed significant metal-laden acid-mine drainage to the Knight’s Branch watershed. The host rocks were dominated by metamorphosed felsic volcanic rocks, which offered limited acid-neutralizing potential. The ores were dominated by pyrite, sphalerite, galena, and chalcopyrite, which represented significant acid-generating potential. Acid–base accounting and leaching studies of flotation tailings – the dominant mine waste at the site – indicated that they were acid generating and therefore, should have liberated significant quantities of metals to solution. Field studies of mine drainage from the site confirmed that mine drainage and the impacted stream waters had pH values from 1.1 to 6.4 and exceeded aquatic ecosystem toxicity limits for Fe, Al, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Stable isotope studies of water, dissolved SO 4 2 - , and primary and secondary sulfate and sulfide minerals indicated that two distinct sulfide oxidation pathways were operative at the site: one dominated by Fe(III) as the oxidant, and another by molecular O2 as the oxidant. Reaction-path modeling suggested that geochemical interactions between tailings and waters approached a steady state within about a year. Both leaching studies and geochemical reaction-path modeling provided reasonable predictions of the mine-drainage chemistry.
Filling the Elementary Curriculum with Languages: What Are the Effects?.

Language teachers do not need to be convinced that second language learning is an enriching experience. However, our feelings about the many benefits of knowing more than one language have been obscured in arguments about ‘relevancy’ over the past few decades. Now that the educational establishment has been exposed to bilingual schooling, new concerns have been expressed over the potential disruption to the regular curriculum caused by the introduction of languages other than English. While not classifiable as either a full bilingual program or a traditional second language course, the language project of the Teachers Corps at Key Elementary School, Arlington, Virginia, provides a useful model for other schools located in multilingual communities across the nation. The present study is an evaluation of the effects of the language project.
Zero-Divisor Graphs of Polynomials and Power Series Over Commutative Rings

ABSTRACT We recall several results about zero-divisor graphs of commutative rings. Then we examine the preservation of diameter and girth of the zero-divisor graph under extension to polynomial and power series rings.
Harmonic Balance for Large-Amplitude Vibrations in Snap-Through Structures

A simple nonlinear Duffing oscillator has been studied for its snap-through behavior at large-amplitude vibrations. Using the harmonic balance method we have developed an algorithm to find particular amplitude and frequency relations in two-term and three-term approximations when the solution lies outside of the separatrix on the phase space, i.e. when the oscillator exhibits snap-through behavior.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Time-of-Flight Measurements in a-Si:H Between Room Temperature and 130° C°

The drift mobility μ d and the mobility-lifetime product μτ in undoped a-Si:H have been studied up to 130°C. The electron μ de is temperature-activated with Eae = 0.13 to 0.16 eV. The electron (μτ)e increases with temperature T. For hole transport, we observe the transition from dispersive to non-dispersive transport with increasing T. The hole μ dh is ∼ 1/100 of μ de, and is activated with Eah = 0.34 to 0.48eV. The hole (μτ)h does not change much with T. A computer simulation demonstrates the high sensitivity of μ d to the band tail width.
Transcriptome reconstruction and annotation of cynomolgus and African green monkey

Background: Non-human primates (NHPs) and humans share major biological mechanisms, functions, and responses due to their close evolutionary relationship and, as such, provide ideal animal models to study human diseases. RNA expression in NHPs provides specific signatures that are informative of disease mechanisms and therapeutic modes of action. Unlike the human transcriptome, the transcriptomes of major NHP animal models are yet to be comprehensively annotated. Results: In this manuscript, employing deep RNA sequencing of seven tissue samples, we characterize the transcriptomes of two commonly used NHP animal models: Cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis )a nd African green monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops). We present the Multi-Species Annotation (MSA) pipeline that leverages well-annotated primate species and annotates 99.8% of reconstructed transcripts. We elucidate tissue-specific expression profiles and report 13 experimentally validated novel transcripts in these NHP animal models. Conclusion: We report comprehensively annotated transcriptomes of two non-human primates, which we have made publically available on a customized UCSC Genome Browser interface. The MSA pipeline is also freely available.
Inhibition of protein synthesis separates autophagic sequestration from the delivery of lysosomal enzymes

To investigate the role of newly synthesized proteins during autophagic sequestration and degradation, the effects of protein synthesis inhibition on autophagic vacuole (AV) formation and degradation were analyzed. The inhibition of protein synthesis was found to separate autophagic sequestration from the delivery of lysosomal enzymes to (AVs). Pretreatment with cycloheximide for > or = 3 h caused a drastic inhibition of autophagy-induced degradation. Surprisingly, morphological analyses showed that the inhibition of protein synthesis for up to 12 h did not block the formation of nascent AVs; however, it did prevent their conversion into degradative AVs. Using immunoperoxidase cytochemistry with an antibody against cathepsin D and labeling of lysosomes with endocytosed colloidal gold, we found that the nascent AVs that formed during prolonged cycloheximide pretreatment had not received lysosomal markers. The inhibition of autophagic degradation and lysosomal enzyme delivery were rapidly reversed following the removal of cycloheximide. These results suggest that there is a fairly rapid turnover of protein(s) that are necessary for lysosomal fusion, but that the initial formation of AVs is independent of new protein synthesis for a long period of time.
The Maros Group and the Early Bronze Age in the Eastern Carpathian Basin

The preceding chapters have described the organization and operation of the Maros funerary program and have built up a picture of both the individual communities and the larger society of the Maros group. In these discussions, the social and environmental background has frequently been alluded to. In this chapter, the character of interactions between the Maros villages and their neighbors is brought to the foreground. The consideration of the cultural landscape of the south Hungarian Plain necessarily touches on elements of the physical landscape as well as on the contemporary groups in the region, both of which were introduced in Chapter 3.
The heterotrimeric kinesin-2 complex interacts with and regulates GLI protein function.

GLI transport to the primary cilium and nucleus is required for proper Hedgehog (HH) signaling; however, the mechanisms that mediate these trafficking events are poorly understood. Kinesin-2 motor proteins regulate ciliary transport of cargo, yet their role in GLI protein function remains unexplored. To examine a role for the heterotrimeric KIF3A–KIF3B–KAP3 kinesin-2 motor complex in regulating GLI activity, we performed a series of structure-function analyses using biochemical, cell signaling and in vivo approaches that define novel specific interactions between GLI proteins and two components of this complex, KAP3 and KIF3A. We find that all three mammalian GLI proteins interact with KAP3 and we map specific interaction sites in both proteins. Furthermore, we find that GLI proteins interact selectively with KIF3A, but not KIF3B, and that GLI interacts synergistically with KAP3 and KIF3A. Using a combination of cell signaling assays and chicken in ovo electroporation, we demonstrate that KAP3 interactions restrict GLI activator function but not GLI repressor function. These data suggest that GLI interactions with KIF3A–KIF3B–KAP3 complexes are essential for proper GLI transcriptional activity.
Raman generation by phased and antiphased states of molecular deuterium

Summary form only given. It has recently been shown that the ideas of frequency modulation (FM) and pulse compression can be extended to molecular oscillation frequencies, thereby allowing generation of subfemtosecond pulses. Here we present an experimental evidence for generation of a broad collinear FM spectrum, with modulation frequency equal to the fundamental vibrational frequency in molecular deuterium (D/sub 2/) and spectral contents extending over 50,000 cm. The generated spectrum consists of seventeen mutually coherent sidebands that range from 2.94 /spl mu/m to 195 nm in wavelength.
Ethnic differences in child care selection: the influence of family structure, parental practices, and home language

Abstract Recent work reveals sharp disparities in which types of children participate in centers and preschools. Enrollment rates are especially low for Latino children, relative to Black and Anglo preschoolers, a gap that remains after taking into account maternal employment and family income. Early attempts to model parents’ likelihood of enrolling their youngster in a center have drawn heavily from the household-economics tradition, emphasizing the influence of cost and family income. Yet we show that, after controlling for household-economic factors, the household’s social structure and the mother’s language, child-rearing beliefs, and practices further help to predict the probability of selecting a center-based program. Children are more likely to be enrolled in a center when the mother defines child rearing as an explicit process that should impart school-related skills—reading to her youngster, frequenting the library, teaching cooperative skills, and speaking English. After taking these social factors into account, ethnic differences in center selection still operate: African American families continue to participate at higher rates for reasons that may not be solely attributable to family-level processes, such as greater access to Head Start centers or state preschools. In addition, the lower center selection rate for Latinos appears to be lodged primarily in those families which speak Spanish in the home, further pointing to how cultural preferences are diverse and interact with the local supply of centers. These findings stem from an analysis of whether, and at what age, a national sample of 3,624 children first entered a center, using discrete-time survival analysis. We discuss how center selection can be seen as one element of a broader parental agenda, linked to parents’ acculturation to middle-class Anglo commitments and involving the task of getting one’s child ready for school.
Three-Dimensional Structure and Reactivity of a Photochemical Cleavage Agent Bound to DNA

Irradiation of the anthraquinone derivative N,N-Bis(3-aminopropyl)-2-anthraquinonesulfonamide dihydrochloride (AQS2) when bound to DNA leads to strand cleavage, primarily at GG steps. The 1.8 A X-ray structure of AQS2 bound to the DNA duplex (d(CGTACG))2 shows an intercalated, groove-reversed complex with the out-of-plane "swallow tail" located in the major groove. Two molecules of AQS2 bind with the chromophores intercalated at each CG step. Extensive guanine-AQS2 interactions are observed in the intercalated complex, indicating that the ground-state anthraquinone and DNA are poised for efficient electron transfer after photoexcitation. AQS2 engages in guanine-selective van der Waals contacts and molecular orbital overlap. Molecular orbitals, calculated using coordinates of the X-ray structure, confirm the extensive electronic overlap between the redox partners. The bases adjacent to the intercalation site are well-stacked. The structure supports a model in which electron transfer from base to AQS2 and hole migration within DNA require significant electronic overlap.
2-Week inhalation study of N-monomethylformamide in rats

Abstract N -Monomethylformamide (MMF) is a chemical intermediate with potential for inhalation exposure in humans. Human exposures to MMF have occurred in cancer chemotherapy but have been limited due to liver damage. To assess the toxicity of MMF, groups of 15 male rates each were exposed by nose-only inhalation, 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 2 weeks to either 0 (control), 50, 130, or 400 ppm MMF. Five rats per group were killed following the 10th exposure, five were killed after a 14-day postexposure recovery period, and five rats were used to determine urinary MMF excretion. Parameters investigated were clinical observations and body weights, clinical pathology, and gross and microscopic pathology including organ weights. Liver damage occurred in rats exposed to either 130 or 400 ppm. This was detected both by increases in serum enzyme activity indicative of liver injury and by microscopic changes in the liver. The changes were more severe in the 400-ppm rats and were partially reversible. Other organs were not adversely affected by inhalation of MMF. The amount of MMF excreted in the urine was dependent on the exposure concentration and MMF was present 14 days postexposure at the higher exposure levels. The no-observed-effect level under the conditions of this experiment was 50 ppm.
The arterial-alveolar carbon dioxide tension gradient in diagnosis of pulmonary embolus.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1.A study designed to examine the utility of the test of arterial-alveolar Pco 2 gradient and of alveolar dead space in recognition of pulmonary embolus is reported. Analyses were carried out in control healthy subjects, in patients with chronic bronchitis with and without emphysema, in cases of documented pulmonary embolus and finally, after balloon occlusion of one mainstem pulmonary artery. 2.Chronic bronchitis with or without emphysema was found to be the greatest drawback to the accuracy of the Pco 2 test in detection of pulmonary embolus. 3.Rapid, shallow breathing due to whatever cause may lead to spuriously low alveolar Pco 2 and falsely positive tests. 4.Extreme caution must be observed in interpreting the results of tests utilizing alveolar Pco 2 . Large emboli may be missed if the embolized areas are under-ventilated. Contrariwise, false positive tests may occur when there is underlying obstructive lung disease and also when samples of the alveolar air are diluted with low-Pco 2 dead space or room air. 5.The test may be relied upon only if the physician is fully aware of the theoretic, as well as practical pitfalls and exerts due caution in its interpretation.
Gender Differences in Mate Selection: Evidence From a Speed Dating Experiment

We study dating behavior using data from a Speed Dating experiment where we generate random matching of subjects and create random variation in the number of potential partners. Our design allows us to directly observe individual decisions rather than just final matches. Women put greater weight on the intelligence and the race of partner, while men respond more to physical attractiveness. Moreover, men do not value women’s intelligence or ambition when it exceeds their own. Also, we find that women exhibit a preference for men who grew up in affluent neighborhoods. Finally, male selectivity is invariant to group size, while female selectivity is strongly increasing in group size.
MR analysis of lung volume and thoracic dimensions in patients with emphysema before and after lung volume reduction surgery.

This study was performed to assess the accuracy of determining lung volume in patients with emphysema using MR imaging and then to investigate changes in thoracic dimensions after lung volume reduction surgery.Fast gradient-echo breath-hold MR imaging through the entire thorax at full inspiration and expiration was performed in 21 patients with severe emphysema and was performed again in nine of the patients who underwent surgery. Lung volumes were determined using a semiautomated computerized method of delineating the lungs and summing cross-sectional areas. These summed areas were compared with volumes measured on plethysmography and CT. Postoperative changes in thoracic structure were determined by measuring anteroposterior and transverse lung dimensions and lung height before and after surgery.The correlation coefficients and SEM for determining inspiratory lung volume were MR imaging versus plethysmography, r = .77, SEM = -12% (volume measured as less on MR imaging); CT versus plethysmography, r = .8...
Ultrastructure of the Genus Schizoplasmodiopsis (Protostelia)

SYNOPSIS. Two basic types of spore wall structures were observed in ultrastructural examination of Schizoplasmodiopsis micropunctata, Schizoplasmodiopsis pseudoendospora, Schizoplasmodiopsis reticulata, and Schizoplasmodiopsis vulgare. The spores of S. micropunctata, S. pseudoendospora, and S. vulgare had walls bearing electron-dense protrusions, while those of S. reticulata had walls with irregular thickenings. Prominent cytoplasmic features included 2 types of vesicles and electron-dense bodies studded with ribosomes. The ameboid phase of all species lacked the electron-dense bodies and, unlike the dormant phases, did not have mitochondrial surfaces covered with ribosomes.
Port Access surgery for congenital heart disease.

OBJECTIVES Minimally invasive surgical techniques have been introduced into cardiac surgery in order to avoid median sternotomy related complications. Surgical trauma to the patient can be significantly reduced without compromising the safety. In addition, a small lateral chest incision results in improved cosmesis, especially in female patients. METHODS Thirteen patients (median age 39 +/- 14 years, ranged from 17-61 years) with atrial septal defect were treated with a minimally invasive surgical method using a modified Port Access technique. In all patients access to the heart was achieved via a small (4-8 cm) right lateral chest incision in the 4th intercostal space. In these patients the selection of the Port Access system was used for cardiopulmonary bypass via the femoral vessel and for the application of cardioplegic solution. RESULTS No deaths or intraoperative complications were observed in any of the patients. The postoperative course was uneventful and only minor complications were observed postoperatively. The median hospital stay was 8.0 +/- 1 days (median +/- SEM). CONCLUSION This minimally invasive surgical technique for the treatment of atrial septal defects represent a safe alternative to conventional treatment of ASD using median sternotomy and standard cardiopulmonary bypass. The exposure of the right atrium via the 4th intercostal space is ideal and can be performed with excellent cosmetic results.
The Casimir effect in microstructured geometries

In 1948, Hendrik Casimir predicted that a generalized version of van der Waals forces would arise between two metal plates due to quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. These forces become significant in micromechanical systems at submicrometre scales, such as in the adhesion between movable parts. The Casimir force, through a close connection to classical photonics, can depend strongly on the shapes and compositions of the objects, stimulating a decades-long search for geometries in which the force behaves very differently from the monotonic attractive force first predicted by Casimir. Recent theoretical and experimental developments have led to a new understanding of the force in complex microstructured geometries, including through recent theoretical predictions of Casimir repulsion between vacuum-separated metals, the stable suspension of objects and unusual non-additive and temperature effects, as well as experimental observations of repulsion in fluids, non-additive forces in nanotrench surfaces and the influence of new material choices.
The Concept of an Organic Dissociative Syndrome: What is the Evidence?

The question of whether organic conditions, such as complex partial seizures, can cause dissociative symptoms is controversial. Although a diagnostic category for organic dissociation is included in the tenth edition of International Classification of Disease, it has never been identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Its inclusion in the upcoming DSM-IV is currently under debate. This article surveys representative literature regarding the role of organic factors in the causation of dissociative symptoms and considers the differential diagnosis of organic dissociation from current and historic perspectives. Dissociative symptoms and disorders (including amnesia, fugue, depersonalization, multiple personality, automatisms, and certain furors) can be induced by a variety of medications, drugs of abuse, and medical illnesses or conditions affecting cerebral function. Organic dissociation can be distinguished from intoxication, amnestic disorder, and delirium. Psychiatric nosology and our concept...
The Optimizers Curse: Skepticism and Postdecision Surprise in Decision Analysis

Decision analysis produces measures of value such as expected net present values or expected utilities and ranks alternatives by these value estimates. Other optimization-based processes operate in a similar manner. With uncertainty and limited resources, an analysis is never perfect, so these value estimates are subject to error. We show that if we take these value estimates at face value and select accordingly, we should expect the value of the chosen alternative to be less than its estimate, even if the value estimates are unbiased. Thus, when comparing actual outcomes to value estimates, we should expect to be disappointed on average, not because of any inherent bias in the estimates themselves, but because of the optimization-based selection process. We call this phenomenon the optimizers curse and argue that it is not well understood or appreciated in the decision analysis and management science communities. This curse may be a factor in creating skepticism in decision makers who review the results of an analysis. In this paper, we study the optimizers curse and show that the resulting expected disappointment may be substantial. We then propose the use of Bayesian methods to adjust value estimates. These Bayesian methods can be viewed as disciplined skepticism and provide a method for avoiding this postdecision disappointment.
Jointly sparse vector recovery via reweighted ℓ 1 minimization

An iterative reweighted algorithm is proposed for the recovery of jointly sparse vectors from multiple-measurement vectors (MMV). The proposed MMV algorithm is an extension of the iterative reweighted l 1 algorithm for single measurement problems. The proposed algorithm (M-IRL1) is demonstrated to outperform non-reweighted MM Valgorithms under noiseless measurements. A regularization of the M-IRL1 algorithm is also proposed to accommodate noise. The ability to robustly handle noise is demonstrated through an electromagnetic induction application.
Analytics for an Online Retailer: Demand Forecasting and Price Optimization

We present our work with an online retailer, Rue La La, as an example of how a retailer can use its wealth of data to optimize pricing decisions on a daily basis. Rue La La is in the online fashion sample sales industry, where they offer extremely limited-time discounts on designer apparel and accessories. One of the retailer's main challenges is pricing and predicting demand for products that it has never sold before, which account for the majority of sales and revenue. To tackle this challenge, we use machine learning techniques to estimate historical lost sales and predict future demand of new products. The nonparametric structure of our demand prediction model, along with the dependence of a product's demand on the price of competing products, pose new challenges on translating the demand forecasts into a pricing policy. We develop an algorithm to efficiently solve the subsequent multiproduct price optimization that incorporates reference price effects, and we create and implement this algorithm into a pricing decision support tool for Rue La La's daily use. We conduct a field experiment and find that sales does not decrease because of implementing tool recommended price increases for medium and high price point products. Finally, we estimate an increase in revenue of the test group by approximately 9.7% with an associated 90% confidence interval of [2.3%, 17.8%].
A Comparison of Methods Reveals that Enhanced Diffusion Helps Explain Cold-Season Soil CO2 Efflux in a Lodgepole Pine Ecosystem

Abstract Wintertime respiration contributes significantly to the annual loss of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere, but the magnitude and physical transport mechanisms of this flux through snow remain unclear. Here, we quantify wintertime soil CO2 efflux in a Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) forest by comparing chamber, flux gradient, and subcanopy eddy covariance measurements. CO2 efflux estimates from the flux gradient system deviated from the eddy covariance measurements during early and late winter but were only ca. 25% lower than eddy covariance measurements during the main snow accumulation period in mid-winter. During the snow-covered period, the flux gradient carbon efflux estimate (15 g C m− 2) was ca. three-fold less than eddy covariance measurements (49 g C m− 2). An analysis of the relationship between friction velocity and eddy covariance-measured CO2 efflux lends support to the notion that advection through snow is an important transport mechanism for trace gasses. A spectral Granger causality analysis indicates that the wind speed time series contributes information to the subnivean CO2 concentration time series during the melt period at time scales greater than 10 hours. All three methodologies indicate that wintertime respiration is a major contributor to the annual carbon budget: the sum of eddy covariance-measured CO2 efflux during the snow-covered period was 1/3 of that during the snow-free period of 2011 (ca. 140 g C m− 2). Future studies should incorporate adjustments for advection when using snow flux gradient systems to avoid underestimating the often-underappreciated contribution of the cold season to ecosystem CO2 efflux.