cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theranostic agents for intracellular gene delivery with spatiotemporal imaging

Gene therapy is the modification of gene expression to treat a disease. However, efficient intracellular delivery and monitoring of gene therapeutic agents is an ongoing challenge. Use of theranostic agents with suitable targeted, controlled delivery and imaging modalities has the potential to greatly advance gene therapy. Inorganic nanoparticles including magnetic nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and quantum dots have been shown to be effective theranostic agents for the delivery and spatiotemporal tracking of oligonucleotides in vitro and even a few cases in vivo. Major concerns remain to be addressed including cytotoxicity, particularly of quantum dots; effective dosage of nanoparticles for optimal theranostic effect; development of real-time in vivo imaging; and further improvement of gene therapy efficacy.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Foreign Program Imports on South Korean Television, 1978–2002: A Case of Rising Indigenous Capacity in Program Supply

A time-series analysis using the 25-year longitudinal data shows that the proportion of foreign imports aired on the Korean terrestrial broadcasters decreased between 1978 and 2002. The findings indicate that Korea's competitiveness in producing television content has risen over the period, as Korea's economy and television advertising market grew consistently and rapidly in spite of the short-term drop in the late 1990s. The rise of domestic television programming output was particularly evident in drama series. The Korean case defies the crude form of Americanization of television in developing countries. However, it also shows that it will take time and resources for a country to enter into the phase of increasing indigenous television content.
Inadequate housing and the child protection system response

Abstract Involvement with child protective services (CPS) is common among families experiencing inadequate housing conditions. As with other issues of material deprivation, inadequate housing is an area where the distinction between neglect and poverty is difficult to ascertain, and the response of the child protection system to inadequately-housed families is largely understudied. This study uses a nationally representative sample of child protection investigations to explore the associations between two types of inadequate housing—doubling up and experiences of homelessness—and system outcomes. Specially, we identify that, after accounting for other risk factors, inadequate housing is significantly associated with the receipt of services, but not directly associated with either substantiation or case closure. Moreover, housing concerns may have a different association with case outcomes when interacted with other risk factors, specifically mental health and substance abuse, and domestic violence. Overall, results suggest that, while child protection workers do not view inadequate housing as neglect in and of itself, they do identify housing issues as a service need.
Time-dependent response of semibrittle ceramics

Abstract The paper presents a simple micromechanical model for the time-dependent deformation of polycrystalline vitreous alumina. The inelastic strain is attributed to the grain boundary sliding and growth of intergranular microcracks.
Pancreatic cystadenoma in an infant: ultrastructural study.

A 10 × 6 × 4cm mullicystic cystadenoma arose in the pancreas of a 4-month-old male. Microscopically, the cysts were lined by short columnar or cuboidal cells that contained neither mucin nor glycogen. The lining cells had occasional nucleoli, contained electron dense vacuoles and apical aggregates of filaments, and were associated with a basal lamina. This is the youngest patient reported as having pancreatic cystadenoma, and the ultrastructure of the neoplasm was different from the 6 previously studied adult cases, suggesting that infantile and adult cystadenomas are different in nature.
Multi-gate SOI MOSFETs

This paper describes the evolution of the SOI MOSFET from single-gate structures to multigate (double-gate, trigate, @P-gate, @W-gate and gate-all-around) structures. Increasing the ''effective number of gates'' improves the electrostatic control of the channel by the gate and, hence, reduces short-channel effects. Due to the very small dimensions of the devices, one-and two-dimensional confinement effects are observed, which results in the need of developing quantum modeling tools for accurate prediction of the electrical characteristics of the devices.
Computational model of vortex reconnection

We develop a phenomenological model of vortex tube reconnection. The model makes possible the description of filament reconnection without resolution of the computationally complex core dynamics. For three generic cases of vortex ring reconnection the model predictions agree with results from first-principles calculations. The model predicts adequately the changes in topology, the excitation and propagation of Kelvin waves and the viscous decay of kinetic energy.
A Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Greenroof Runoff Retention, Detention, and Quality

Vegetated roofs are becoming more commonly deployed as a means of mitigating stormflow in urban areas. A greenroof performance comparison of stormwater runoff has yet to be conducted with controlled rain events and quantifiable antecedent soil moisture. This study aimed to investigate the rainwater management provided by various greenroof design schemes. Runoff retention, peak flow lagtime, conductivity, and pH of ten different small-scale greenroof schemes were observed and analyzed under repeatable rain simulations in a pilot-scale study. Sedum rupestre Angelina, Sedum hispanicum, Trifolium repens (white clover), Trifolium pratense (red clover), Vinca major (Big-Leaf Periwinkle), and Lolium multiflorum (ryegrass) were grown in the same type of soil media but separate 2′ × 2′ trays at depths of 5 cm and 14 cm to observe how soil depth and root zone development affects stormwater flow through for each plant type. Results showed that increased green roof soil depth improved water retention and runoff lagtime; the effect of plant type was mixed and inconclusive. Runoff conductivity test results depended primarily on soil depth and the existence or absence of vegetation. Testing results show that pH normalization provided by a greenroof does not depend significantly with the substrate depth.
The longitudinal association between alcohol use and intimate partner violence among ethnically diverse community women

Research has consistently demonstrated a strong link between substance misuse and the perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV). However, studies examining whether substance misuse is associated with IPV victimization have been mixed. Using data collected from 835 low-income ethnically diverse community women, this study extends previous research by utilizing a longitudinal design, considering men's and women's alcohol use, and examining multiple forms of abuse. Despite overall decreases in drinking and abuse, the frequency of male partners' drinking continued to be associated with their perpetration of threats, violence, and sexual aggression. Women's alcohol use frequency was associated with sustaining physical violence, but not threats of violence or sexual aggression.
Occurrence of a house-infesting Tropical rat mite (Ornithonyssus bacoti) on murides and human beings.

Summary In Germany there is little information available about the distribution of the Tropical rat mite ( Ornithonyssus bacoti ) in rodents. A few case reports show that this haematophagous mite species may also cause dermatitis in man. All developmental stages are exclusively bloodfeeder. Three children (4, 11 and 15 years old) of a family and a 23-year-old medical student were attacked by the Tropical rat mite. Prior to the consultation of our institution, the patients’ conditions had been diagnosed as allergic dermatitis of unclear origin and treated by several antiphlogistic agents, however without success. The conclusive diagnosis, Tropical rat mite dermatitis, was based on the identification of the arthropod Ornithonyssus bacoti in the flats of the patients (husbandry of gerbils, etc.). The diagnosis of a Rat mite dermatitis requires the detection of the parasite, which is more likely to be found in the environment of its host than on the hosts’ skin itself.
Renewable energy on the outer continental shelf off Hawaii: Implementation of a new program under the authority of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement

President Barack Obama announced, in April 2009, the completion of the Final Renewable Energy Framework to govern the management of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Renewable Energy Program. Examples of the general types of renewable energy project activities the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE) has the discretion to authorize include, but are not limited to: wind energy, wave energy, ocean current energy, solar energy and hydrogen production. The BOEMRE is actively implementing the program in the Atlantic and Pacific OCS Regions. In July 2011, Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar agreed to establish a BOEMRE-Hawaii OCS Renewable Energy task force and to work collaboratively to identify appropriate opportunities for research and commercial renewable energy leasing on the OCS off Hawaii. The BOEMRE has begun to work closely with state and federal agencies and local government representatives to plan and coordinate the implementation of the program in Hawaii.)
Graph-based trajectory planning through programming by demonstration

As robots are utilized in a growing number of applications, the ability to teach them to perform tasks safely and accurately becomes ever more critical. Programming by demonstration offers an expressive means for teaching while being accessible to domain experts who may be novices in robotics. This work investigates a programming by demon- stration approach to learning motion trajectories for robotic manipulator tasks. Using a graph constructed to determine correspondences between multiple imperfect demonstrations, the robot learner plans novel trajectories that safely and smoothly generalize the teacher's behavior, while attenuating those imperfections. The learner also actively detects instances of diverging strategy between examples, requesting advice for resolving these ambiguities. We demonstrate our approach in example domains with a 7 degree-of-freedom manipulator.
Aging and loss to follow-up among youth living with human immunodeficiency virus in the HIV Research Network.

Purpose In the United States, 21 years is a critical age of legal and social transition, with changes in social programs such as public insurance coverage. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected youth have lower adherence to care and medications and may be at risk of loss to follow-up (LTFU) at this benchmark age. We evaluated LTFU after the 22nd birthday for HIV-infected youth engaged in care. LTFU was defined as having no primary HIV visits in the year after the 22nd birthday.
Immobilization of R. erythropolis in alginate-based artificial cells for simulated plaque degradation in aqueous media.

AbstractCholesterol degradation rates of free and immobilized Rhodococcus erythropolis (ATCC # 25544) were studied utilizing the bacterium’s cholesterol oxidase enzyme pathway to degrade cholesterol in an aqueous simulated non-calcified plaque solution. An L16 (45) Taguchi design was used to minimize the glycolipid bio-surfactant by-product in the growth medium, to improve bacterial viability in the immobilized state. As an expected outcome of miniaturization, there is a significant difference between the atomized (d = 850 ± 50 μm) and inkjet-bioprinted (d = 32 ± 5 μm) lumped kinetic degradation rates after 48 h (p = 0.029, α = 0.05) per ml of jetted alginate. Based on a biphasic cholesterol degradation model, at an initial bacterial cell density of Nlow = 4.53 × 108/ml, for an initial cholesterol concentration of 3 mg/ml, the percentage mass of metabolite degraded is 37.0% ± 0.42%, 57.8% ± 0.04% and 65.1% ± 0.01% for the free, atomized and inkjet immobilized bacteria, respectively.
Economic theory and the global environment

Modern economic theory came to life in the middle of the twentieth century, providing the intellectual foundations for an unprecedented period of industrial expansion and globalization since World War II. Coupled with population growth, the successful trajectory of industrial society in the twentieth century led to a voracious use of natural resources and global environmental concerns in the twenty-first century. It is uncontested that, for the first time in recorded history, humans dominate the planet. We are changing the planet’s atmosphere, its bodies of water, and the complex web of species that makes life on earth. This radical change in circumstances led to rethinking of the foundations of human organization and, in particular, the industrial economy and the economic theory behind it. The rethinking is underway. Sustainable economics emerged in 1992 at the UN Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, anchored in the concept of BasicNeeds that was voted by 150 nations as a cornerstone of efforts to redefine economic development1. The formal theory of sustainable development was introduced in Chichilnisky (1997, 2000). In essence sustainable development seeks to meet the basic needs of the present without depriving the future from meeting its basic needs.
The design of VIP-FS: a virtual, parallel file system for high performance parallel and distributed computing

In the past couple of years, significant progress has been made in the development of message-passing libraries for parallel and distributed computing, and in the area of high-speed networking. Both technologies have evolved to the point where programmers and scientists are now porting many applications previously executed exclusively on parallel machines into distributed programs for execution on more readily available networks of workstations. Such advances in computing technology have also led to a tremendous increase in the amount of data being manipulated and produced by scientific and commercial application programs. Despite their popularity, message-passing libraries only provide part of the support necessary for most high performance distributed computing applications --- support for high speed parallel I/O is still lacking.In this paper, we provide an overview of the conceptual design of a parallel and distributed I/O file system, the Virtual Parallel File System (VIP-FS), and describe its implementation. VIP-FS makes use of message-passing libraries to provide a parallel and distributed file system which can execute over multiprocessor machines or heterogeneous network environments.
A multi-director formulation for nonlinear elastic-viscoelastic layered shells

Abstract A C0 finite element formulation for nonlinear analysis of multi-layered shells comprised of elastic and viscoelastic layers is presented for applications involving small strains but finite rotations. The elastic and viscoelastic layers may occupy arbitrary layer locations and the formulation is applicable to thick and thin shells. The formulation utilizes a three-dimensional variational approach in which the layered shell is represented as a multi-director field. The incorporated kinematic theory describes, within individual layers, the effects of transverse shear and transverse normal strain to arbitrary orders in the layer thickness coordinate. Stresses are computed through the three-dimensional constitutive equations and the usual “zero normal stress” shell hypothesis is not employed. Sufficiently general constitutive equations for the viscoelastic layers are proposed in objective rate form and a product algorithm, based on an operator split in the complete set of constitutive equations, is used for the temporal integration of the rate equations. The definition of the tangent operator, used in Newton's method for the solution of the nonlinear equations, is derived consistently from the product algorithm. Observations on the use of reduced/selective integration in the presence of high order kinematics are made and a number of numerical examples are presented to illustrate the capability of the formulation.
Soliciting Sailors: The Temporal Dynamics of Dockside Prostitution in Durban and Cape Town

Two distinct temporal regimes define sailors' experiences in South Africa: the rapid turnaround cycle of Durban's container ship sector and the slower turnaround cycle of Cape Town's deep sea trawling sector. This article examines the effects of those temporal regimes on dockside prostitution, particularly how sailors' movements influence prostitutes' solicitation strategies, economic calculations, risk management procedures and investments in learning foreign languages. I make three sequentially related arguments: that the time sailors spend in port dictates which solicitation techniques prostitutes use; that these techniques determine how culture is transmitted between the two parties; and that the style of cultural transmission affects how prostitutes and their communities receive the sailors' cultures. I conclude by considering the cultural legacies of these dockside engagements.
827 ANTIBODY TO HERPES SIMPLEX (HSV) IN TERM AND PREMATURE INFANTS AND IN INFECTED AND UNINFECTED INFANTS OF MOTHERS WITH GESTATIONAL HSV

Specific antibody modifies HSV infection in newborn mice. Reports of higher mortality rates in infants delivered vaginally of mothers with cervical HSV when maternal infection was primary than when recurrent suggest that maternal antibody may modify the severity of infection in the infant. To explore this possibility, HSV I and II titers were measured in 48 term (>2.7 kg) and 20 premature (<2.0 kg) infants and in 26 healthy and 9 infected infants of mothers with recent HSV infection. Using microtiter “U” plates, each serum was tested against 100 TCID50 of HSV I or II in replicates of 6. Endpoints were calculated by the Karber method. Titers of <1:5 were found in 27% of term, 35% of premature and 8% of healthy infants of mothers with gestational HSV infection. Geometric mean titers of the seropositive infants to HSV I and II in these three groups were 1:80 and 1:65, 1:67 and 1:36, and 1:35 and 1:31, respectively. A Rawl's index of ≥85 was found in 76% of infants of mothers with recent infection. All 5 infants with severe HSV infection had HSV II titers of <1:20 near onset. Three of 4 infants with mild disease had titers of ≥1:80 despite a birth weight of <2.1 kg in 2 cases. Serological and epidemiological evidence suggests that a 10th infant acquired a fatal HSV I infection from a nonmaternal source The possibility that specific antibody might modify the course of early neonatal HSV infection should be studied further.
Ultrasonic (harmonic) scalpel tonsillectomy

Significant postoperative pain and discomfort continues to be associated with a tonsillectomy procedure. Various instruments have been used over the years, but in an attempt to simplify the surgical procedure and minimize the postoperative morbidity, the ultrasonic (harmonic) scalpel uses high frequency piezoelectric technology to create intracellular pressure waves that lyse cellular connections while creating a protein coagulum that maintains hemostasis. Minimal introperative blood loss is achieved with no change in delayed postoperative hemorrhage rates when compared with electrocautery tonsillectomy. The harmonic scalpel allows patients to sleep more comfortably during the first 5 postoperative nights, correlating with reports of less pain on those days when compared with electrocautery techniques. This pain reduction, however, did not reduce the time to resumption of normal activities of the child, nor normal work activities of the parent. The harmonic scalpel can reduce postoperative pain, but significant discomfort remains.
Test of double-Regge behavior of generalized Veneziano model

Abstract A model based upon the generalized Veneziano model is constructed in order to compare the behavior of the B5 function with that of a conventional double-Regge model and with experimental data. The model is patterned after the recent work of Petersson and Tornqvist and of Chan et al., and is constructed to describe the reaction K+p → K+pω at 9.0 GeV/c. This reaction has been described accurately by a double-Regge model in which the omega is treated as a stable particle and in which the pomeron is ignored. The B5 model, also constructed for a stable omega and without a pomeron contribution, reproduces, with only a single adjustable parameter, the general features of the data; sharply peaked momentum transfer distribution and smooth mass plots with no prominent resonances. There is a statistically significant disagreement with the height of the pp momentum transfer peak. The assumptions underlying the model are discussed. A modified version is applied to data which have been subjected to a phase-space cut. The model is compared with available data at 4.6 GeV/c.
Collector's Guide to the Beryl Group; Collector's Guide to the Tourmaline Group; and Collector's Guide to the Garnet Group by Robert J. Lauf. Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 4880 Lower Valley Rd., Atglen, PA 19310; info@schifferbooks.com. 93 pages; 2011–2012; $19.99 each plus $5.00 shipping and handling (softbound).

These color-illustrated Schiffer Publishing references on the beryl, tourmaline, and garnet groups are the latest offerings by Robert J. Lauf. They nicely complement and expand on his prior coverag...
Influence of ultraviolet irradiation on chromosome replication in ultraviolet-sensitive bacteria.

Abstract We have studied the effect of ultraviolet irradiation upon chromosome replication in a strain of Escherichia coli that is unusually tolerant to density labeling with 5-bromouracil and that cannot excise thymine dimers ( E. coli C thy -321 uvrA 6). We find that the site and direction of replication are the same in irradiated and unirradiated cells during the period immediately following irradiation, and that all of the DNA synthesized during the first generation after exposure can be attributed to continued semi-conservative DNA replication. There was no evidence that ultraviolet light causes the premature initiation of a subsequent replication cycle. Indeed, initiation appeared to occur at nearly the same time in unirradiated and irradiated cells.
Modeling of boiling flow in microchannels for nucleation characteristics and performance optimization

Abstract The implementation of forced convective boiling in microchannels is developed to be very promising, as the attainable heat transfer rate is very favorable when compared to traditional thermal solutions. In this study, numerical simulations are conducted to investigate nucleate boiling in microchannels, with the interface separating liquid and vapor phases tracked by a conservative level set method (LSM). The behavior of bubbles in uniformly superheated liquid, and flow boiling regimes in a microchannel are identified to validate the applicability of the proposed methodology. Boiling mechanisms are found to be strongly dependant on wall surface conditions, simulations are thereby conducted to investigate flow boiling in microchannels with reentrant cavities. Comparisons of the performance of the enhanced and the plain-wall microchannels are performed, and the structured surfaces are demonstrated to facilitate nucleating and enhance critical heat flux (CHF). The identification and quantification of key design parameters of cavities including mouth opening (R), depth (H), diameter (D) and density are conducted, addressing an optimal topology design with R of 9.5 μm, H of 60 μm and D of 120 μm, which nucleates first under a given set of conditions from rather low superheating. To enable a compatible view, two cavity characteristic models are investigated. The stochastic model with randomly sized and located cavities has been proved to hinder the cooling capability by decreasing CHF, as compared to the deterministic model that comprises regular cavities. Nevertheless, it still outperforms the plain-wall microchannel. Finally, heat flux conditions of the cooling target are studied to seek high-performing cooling schemes, considering seven different heating loads.
Computer-controlled delivery versus syringe delivery of local anesthetic injections for therapeutic scaling and root planing

ABSTRACT Background The authors conducted a study to compare administration of local anesthetic using a computer-controlled delivery device with an aspirating syringe for therapeutic scaling and root planing. The anterior middle superior alveolar, or AMSA, injection was compared with other maxillary injections. Methods Twenty healthy adults with moderate periodontal disease participated in this single-blind crossover study. Subjects were evaluated by a trained examiner and were treated by experienced dental hygienists. Subjects provided written and verbal pain ratings via a visual analog scale, or VAS, and a verbal rating scale, or VRS. AMSA injections were compared with syringe-delivered injections—greater palatine, or GP, and nasopalatine, or NP, blocks, and anterior superior alveolar and middle superior alveolar injections—in maxillary quadrants. Bleeding and changes in attachment were evaluated after one month. Results VAS and VRS scores for AMSA were significantly lower for computer-controlled delivery when compared with NP injections and combined maxillary injections (VAS scores) and with GP and combined maxillary injections (VRS scores). Mean injection times were similar for both groups. Mean gains in attachment were equal, 0.19 millimeters for quadrants anesthetized using computer-controlled injections and 0.22 mm for syringe injections. Conclusions Subjects reported having less pain with GP and NP injections delivered using the computer-controlled device, and total injection time was similar to that required for syringe injections. Both techniques provided adequate anesthesia for therapeutic scaling and root planing. Clinical Implications The two anesthetic delivery techniques were therapeutically equivalent for mandibular injections, and the AMSA injection has clinically significant advantages for maxillary injections.
Durations of young children’s word and nonword vocalizations

The duration of word (W) and nonword (NW) forms was examined in the monthly vocalizations of seven children between 8 and 26 months of age. The W (i.e., glossable ‘‘adultlike’’) forms and NW (i.e., nonglossable but phonetically transcribable) forms occurring in each child’s consonant+vowel (CV) vocalizations were measured. The results were that W durations significantly decreased as a function of increasing chronological age. On the other hand, NW durations were not correlated with increasing age. The meaningfulness corresponding to W forms is hypothesized to account for the results.
Preface: Adolescents and Sports

Dr Nathan J. Smith was the guest editor for the December 1982 issue of Pediatric Clinics of North America devoted to sports medicine. This was followed by publication of an issue of Pediatric Clinics of North America devoted to sports medicine in October 1990, coedited by Dr Albert Hergenroeder and Dr James Garrick, and in August and October 2002 issues edited by Dr Eugene F. Luckstead Sr. It has been a humbling experience for us to follow such giants in the field. We consider it a great privilege and honor to be guest editors of this issue of Pediatric Clinics of North America devoted to the adolescent athlete. Our goal is to provide reviews of selected topics of relevance to pediatricians and other primary care physicians in their daily practice. We thank all the authors for sacrificing their time and sharing their expertise to contribute articles to this issue. We thank Carla Holloway, editor, for her guidance and patience during this project from start to finish. Dilip Patel especially appreciates continued professional guidance and support from Dr Hergenroeder. On a personal level, we would like to especially note that we have enjoyed our years of friendship with Dr Luckstead (Gene)—thank you Gene for years of wisdom, friendship, and collegiality—looking forward to many more years of the same.
Synthesis of amino acid-containing polyacids and their application in self-cured glass-ionomer cement

Abstract Six methacrylate or acrylate derivatives of natural amino acids were synthesized and characterized. Based upon these monomers, six terpolymers [poly(acrylic) acid-co-itaconic acid-co-amino acid] were prepared and characterized. The synthesized polymers were used to formulate glass-ionomer cements (GICs) using Fuji II glass filler. The effects of the molecular weight (MW) and powder/liquid (P/L) ratio were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the fracture surfaces of the selected cement specimens. Results show that all the amino acid modified GICs exhibited higher compressive strengths (CS, 193–236 MPa) and much higher flexural strengths (FS, 55–71 MPa) as compared to commercial Fuji II GIC (191 in CS and 16 in FS). Both MW and P/L ratio affected the strength of the formed cement. It was important to find the optimal MW and P/L ratio to obtain the highest FS. In this study, optimized MW (number average) of the polyacids and P/L ratio were around 50,000 and 2.7/1, respectively. The microstructures of the fracture surfaces helped to explain the strength differences among the materials tested in the study. SEM analysis suggests that more integrated microstructures and fewer defects can lead to higher FS.
Copper interconnections and reliability

Abstract The materials, processes, and reliability issues in the development of multi-level Cu chip interconnections are described. Fully integrated four-level Cu/polyimide structures have been fabricated by using a damascene process which maintains planarity at each level. Electromigration lifetime for two-level Cu interconnections is found to be more than two orders of magnitude longer than that of Al(Cu) while having approximately twice the conductivity.
The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda

Abstract We review issues of myriapod phylogeny, from the position of the Myriapoda amongst arthropods to the relationships of the orders of the classes Chilopoda and Diplopoda. The fossil record of each myriapod class is reviewed, with an emphasis on developments since 1997. We accept as working hypotheses that Myriapoda is monophyletic and belongs in Mandibulata, that the classes of Myriapoda are monophyletic, and that they are related as (Chilopoda (Symphyla (Diplopoda + Pauropoda))). The most pressing challenges to these hypotheses are some molecular and developmental evidence for an alliance between myriapods and chelicerates, and the attraction of symphylans to pauropods in some molecular analyses. While the phylogeny of the orders of Chilopoda appears settled, the relationships within Diplopoda remain unclear at several levels. Chilopoda and Diplopoda have a relatively sparse representation as fossils, and Symphyla and Pauropoda fossils are known only from Tertiary ambers. Fossils are difficult to place in trees based on living forms because many morphological characters are not very likely to be preserved in the fossils; as a consequence, most diplopod fossils have been placed in extinct higher taxa. Nevertheless, important information from diplopod fossils includes the first documented occurrence of air-breathing, and the first evidence for the use of a chemical defense. Stem-group myriapods are unknown, but evidence suggests the group must have arisen in the Early Cambrian, with a major period of cladogenesis in the Late Ordovician and early Silurian. Large terrestrial myriapods were on land at least by mid-Silurian.
Study of the Radiation-Hardness of VCSEL/PIN

The silicon trackers of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (Geneva) use optical links for data transmission. An upgrade of the trackers is planned for the Super LHC (SLHC), an upgraded LHC with ten times higher luminosity. We study the radiation-hardness of VCSELs (Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser) and GaAs and silicon PINs using 24 GeV/c protons at CERN for possible application in the data transmission upgrade. The optical power of VCSEL arrays decreases significantly after the irradiation but can be partially annealed with high drive currents. The responsivities of the PIN diodes also decrease significantly after irradiation, but can be recovered by operating at higher bias voltage. This provides a simple mechanism to recover from the radiation damage.
Best Practices in Transition to Adult Life for Youth With Intellectual Disabilities

A number of best practices are recommended by researchers and professionals in the field of transition to improve postschool outcomes for youth with intellectual disabilities. This study analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 to examine whether best practices are predictive of postschool outcomes. The combination of five best practices was found to significantly predict employment, postsecondary education, and enjoyment of life outcomes after controlling for characteristics. In these analyses, parent expectations for employment and postsecondary education were some of the strongest predictors of postschool success. Although this study had several limitations, these findings suggest that best practices may be predictive of postschool success and highlight the importance of having high expectations for all youth.
Genetically engineered ERα-positive breast cancer mouse models

The majority of human breast cancers are estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), but this has proven challenging to model in genetically engineered mice. This review summarizes information on 21 mouse models that develop ER+ mammary cancer. Where available, information on cancer pathology and gene expression profiles is referenced to assist in understanding which histological subtype of ER+ human cancer each model might represent. ESR1, CCDN1, prolactin, TGFα, AIB1, ESPL1, and WNT1 overexpression, PIK3CA gain of function, as well as loss of P53 (Trp53) or STAT1 are associated with ER+ mammary cancer. Treatment with the PPARγ agonist efatutazone in a mouse with Brca1 and p53 deficiency and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene exposure in combination with an activated myristoylated form of AKT1 also induce ER+ mammary cancer. A spontaneous mutant in nude mice that develops metastatic ER+ mammary cancer is included. Age of cancer development ranges from 3 to 26 months and the percentage of cancers that are ER+ vary from 21 to 100%. Not all models are characterized as to their estrogen dependency and/or response to anti-hormonal therapy. Strain backgrounds include C57Bl/6, FVB, BALB/c, 129S6/SvEv, CB6F1, and NIH nude. Most models have only been studied on one strain background. In summary, while a range of models are available for studies of pathogenesis and therapy of ER+ breast cancers, many could benefit from further characterization, and opportunity for development of new models remains.
Discovery and preclinical evaluation of a novel class of small-molecule compounds in hormone-dependent and -independent cancer cell lines

We discovered a series of salicylhydrazide class of compounds with remarkable anticancer activity against a panel of hormone receptor–positive and -negative cell lines. In the present study, we evaluated the in vitro activity of SC21 and SC23 against a range of human tumor cell types and the in vivo efficacy of compound SC21 in a PC3 human prostate cancer xenograft model in mice. We also determined the effects of SC21 on cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Our in vitro results show that salicylhydrazides are highly potent compounds effective in both hormone receptor–positive and -negative cancer cells. SC21 induced apoptosis and blocked the cell cycle in G/G1 or S phase, depending on the cell lines used and irrespective of p53, p21, pRb, and p16 status. SC21 effectively reduced the tumor growth in mice without apparent toxicity. Although the mechanism of action of SC21 is not completely elucidated, the effect on cell cycle, the induction of apoptosis and the activity against a panel of tumor cell lines of different origins prompted us to carry out an in-depth preclinical evaluation of SC21.
Mini-Aspirator: A New Device for Collection and Transfer of Small Arthropods to Plants

ABSTRACT The process of collecting and/or infesting plants with a designated number of small arthropods in biological experiments is tedious and laborious. We developed a modified mini-aspirator, powered with a vacuum pump and fitted with a specially adapted (removable) collection vial to reduce the handling effort. The efficiency of the mini-aspirator was tested with the chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a predatory mite, Amblyseius (= Neoseiulus) cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), and the insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus (Say) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). Using the mini-aspirator, operators collected 10 A. cucumeris mites and 10 S. dorsalis thrips and transferred them onto pepper plants in 43 s and 37 s, respectively, compared with 639 and 229 s, respectively, using a camel's hair brush as a conventional method. The use of the mini-aspirator for collecting A. cucumeris predatory mites and S. dorsalis thrips and infesting pepper plants with them represent...
Superconducting Properties of High-Jc MgB2 Coatings

We report the fabrication and superconducting properties of ~0.5 µm thick, fine-grained polycrystalline coatings of MgB2 on single-crystal substrate surfaces. The films exhibit large critical current densities, implying little effect from the grain boundaries. Analyses for thermal activation effects are inconclusive, and evidence is presented that the irreversibility line is dominated by the combined influences of Hc2 anisotropy and polycrystallinity. Comparative studies of the magnetic persistent currents and electrical transport properties reveal excellent agreement over a wide range of temperature and magnetic field. This result is contrary to similar comparisons on high-temperature cuprates, where disparities arise from the effects of large flux creep and the diverse electric field regimes probed by the two techniques. The MgB2 films exhibit extremely sharp voltage-current relations away from the irreversibility line, in qualitative agreement with observed large Jc values and low rates of magnetic flux creep.
Regional differences in production of aflatoxin B1 and cyclopiazonic acid by soil isolates of aspergillus flavus along a transect within the United States.

Soil isolates of Aspergillus flavus from a transect extending from eastern New Mexico through Georgia to eastern Virginia were examined for production of aflatoxin B1 and cyclopiazonic acid in a liquid medium. Peanut fields from major peanut-growing regions (western Texas; central Texas; Georgia and Alabama; and Virginia and North Carolina) were sampled, and fields with other crops were sampled in regions where peanuts are not commonly grown. The A. flavus isolates were identified as members of either the L strain (n = 774), which produces sclerotia that are >400 μm in diameter, or the S strain (n = 309), which produces numerous small sclerotia that are 10 μg of aflatoxin B1 per ml. The percentages of isolates producing >10 μg of aflatoxin B1 per ml ranged from 0 to 52% in the remaining regions of the transect; other isolates were often nonaflatoxigenic. A total of 53 of the 126 L-strain isolates that did not produce aflatoxin B1 or cyclopiazonic acid were placed in 17 vegetative compatibility groups. Several of these groups contained isolates from widely separated regions of the transect.
Mean length of utterance in children with specific language impairment and in younger control children shows concurrent validity and stable and parallel growth trajectories.

Purpose Although mean length of utterance (MLU) is a useful benchmark in studies of children with specific language impairment (SLI), some empirical and interpretive issues are unresolved. The auth...
The Toll-Like Receptor TLR4 Is Necessary for Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Oligodendrocyte Injury in the CNS

The immediate or innate immune response is the first line of defense against diverse microbial pathogens and requires the expression of recently discovered toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR4 serves as a specific receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and is localized on the surface of a subset of mammalian cells. Although innate immunity is a necessary host defense against microbial pathogens, the consequences of its activation in the CNS can be deleterious, as we show here in a developing neural model. We examined the major non-neuronal cell types in the CNS for expression of TLR4 and found that microglia expressed high levels, whereas astrocytes and oligodendrocytes expressed none. Consistent with TLR4 expression solely in microglia, we show that microglia are the only CNS glial cells that bind fluorescently tagged lipopolysaccharide. Lipopolysaccharide led to extensive oligodendrocyte death in culture only under conditions in which microglia were present. To determine whether TLR4 is necessary for lipopolysaccharide-induced oligodendrocyte death in mixed glial cultures, we studied cultures generated from mice bearing a loss-of-function mutation in the tlr4 gene. Lipopolysaccharide failed to induce oligodendrocyte death in such cultures, in contrast to the death induced in cultures from wild-type mice. Finally, stereotactic intracerebral injection of lipopolysaccharide into the developing pericallosal white matter of immature rodents resulted in loss of oligodendrocytes and hypomyelination and periventricular cysts. Our data provide a general mechanistic link between (1) lipopolysaccharide and similar microbial molecular motifs and (2) injury to oligodendrocytes and myelin as occurs in periventricular leukomalacia and multiple sclerosis.
Reconsidering the Role of Attitudes in Exercise Behavior: A Decision Theoretic Approach1

Two studies demonstrated that subjective expected utility (SEU) theory predicted interest in, but not adherence to, a weightlifting exercise program. The studies also showed that attitudes were related to adherence for certain individuals. Specifically, attitudes toward not weightlifting were related to the number of days experienced subjects weightlifted. In addition, in Study 1, experienced subjects had more positive attitudes toward weightlifting and more negative attitudes toward not weightlifting than did inexperienced subjects, and the two groups differed on a number of underlying beliefs. Similarly, in Study 2, experienced subjects had more positive attitudes toward weightlifting and differed from inexperienced subjects on a number of underlying beliefs. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for several issues: the usefulness of SEU theory in the exercise domain; the importance of considering attitudes toward alternative courses of action (including inaction) when attempting to predict exercis–or any other–behavior; the need to distinguish between exercise adoption (initiation) and maintenance (adherence); and the importance of Beach's (1982, 1985) distinction between deasion making and decision implementation.
FlowRider: A Lagrangian Float to Measure 3-D Dynamics of Plunging Breakers in the Surf Zone

ABSTRACT Sinclair, A., 2014. FlowRider: a Lagrangian float to measure 3-D dynamics of plunging breakers in the surf zone. A very small and low-cost Lagrangian Float, the FlowRider, was developed to measure three-dimensional (3-D) free-surface accelerations and dynamics of plunging breakers and is described here. The FlowRider is equipped with a microelectromechanical systems inertial measurement unit, small enough to be deployed by one person in a laboratory wave tank or the surf zone, and is durable in both deployment environments. Free-surface accelerations of plunging breakers were measured by the FlowRider during a field experiment at Waimea Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. For wave heights greater than 0.3 m, the data clearly show when the FlowRider travels in a wave, is in free fall, and impacts the water surface below. Maximum free-surface accelerations measured exceed 8 g. The FlowRider represents a novel, low-cost instrument solution to obtain in situ measurements of 3-D dynamics of plunging breakers.
The niches of interpersonal media: Relationships in time and space

According to the theory of the niche, media must differentiate themselves along resource dimensions that allow for their survival to compete and coexist within a resource space. Within this study, contacts with personal relationships are framed as a key resource domain over which channels of interpersonal communication (interpersonal media) compete to occupy niches within the resource spaces of social networks. One hundred and forty-two college undergraduates completed a time/space diary for a randomly assigned weekday in which they recorded their contacts or ‘bundles’ with members of their personal social network. Analysis of the data shows that interpersonal media coexist because they are differentiated from each other in the contacts they allow with different relationships at different times and locations. Although evidence is found regarding heavy competition among the media under analysis, each is used in different time/space/network relationship contexts.
Effects of ambient temperature on adaptive thermogenesis during maintenance of reduced body weight in mice.

We showed previously that, at ambient room temperature (22°C), mice maintained at 20% below their initial body weight by calorie restriction expend energy at a rate below that which can be accounte...
Sideways camera rotations of 90° and 135° result in poorer performance of laparoscopic tasks for novices.

Objective:The aim of this study was to determine the impact of sideways visuomotor rotations between 0° and 180° on novice performance in a laparoscopic simulator.Background:The laparoscopic surgical environment often involves visuomotor rotations because the laparoscope may be placed to the surgeon’s side. Basic research by Cunningham indicated that visuomotor rotations between 90° and 135° result in peak performance decrements. Research by Ames and colleagues failed to replicate Cunningham’s results in the laparoscopic environment, possibly due to (a) confounds from carryover effects or (b) use of an alternative laparoscopic training task rather than the straight-line pointing task used by Cunningham. Two experiments were conducted to determine if Cunningham’s results generalize to the laparoscopic environment when controlling for carryover effects for a three-dimensional “straight-line” pointing task (Experiment 1) and a laparoscopic training task (Experiment 2).Method:In Experiments 1 and 2, participa...
The Math Wars.

During the 1990s, the teaching of mathematics became the subject of heated controversies known as the math wars. The immediate origins of the conflicts can be traced to the “reform” stimulated by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics’ Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics. Traditionalists fear that reform-oriented, “standards-based” curricula are superficial and undermine classical mathematical values; reformers claim that such curricula reflect a deeper, richer view of mathematics than the traditional curriculum. An historical perspective reveals that the underlying issues being contested—Is mathematics for the elite or for the masses? Are there tensions between “excellence” and “equity”? Should mathematics be seen as a democratizing force or as a vehicle for maintaining the status quo?—are more than a century old. This article describes the context and history, provides details on the current state, and offers suggestions regarding ways to findaproductive middle ground.