cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Porewater flow patterns in surficial cold seep sediments inferred from conservative tracer profiles and early diagenetic modeling

Abstract Porewater flow at cold seeps controls methane oxidation and carbonate precipitation rates, and also plays an important role in gas hydrate dynamics. We constrain the porewater flow rates in the upper sediment of Gulf of Mexico cold seeps by fitting measured 226Ra and Cl− profiles. The approach exploits their natural increase with depth through shallow sediments at non-brine (226Ra) and brine (Cl−) seeps. Vertical flow velocities at non-brine and brine seeps are found to be similar in magnitude, typically on the order of 0.1 m y−1. The accuracy of the flow estimates is assessed and shown to depend substantially on uncertainties in both concentrations and sediment tortuosity. Model simulations further reveal that the natural heterogeneity of sediment permeability can cause considerable lateral variability in vertical flow at the scale of a sediment core, which implies that the coring location and core size can have a substantial effect on the estimated porewater velocities. The formation of gas hydrates and calcium carbonates reduce sediment permeability, and decrease the spatial variability in flow over time, as the formation rates are higher along preferential flow paths. This analysis of the effect of spatiotemporal variability on chemical profiles improves the assessment of uncertainties in the estimated magnitude of flow, and is important for the evaluation of benthic-pelagic coupling at seeps.
The 100 Most Cited Papers About Cancer Epigenetics

Introduction Although bibliometric analyses have been performed in the past on cancer and genomics, little is known about the most frequently cited articles specifically related to cancer epigenetics. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to use citation count to identify those papers in the scientific literature that have made key contributions in the field of cancer epigenetics and identify key driving forces behind future investigations. Materials and methods The Thomas Reuters Web of Science services was queried for the years 1980-2018 without language restrictions. Articles were sorted in descending order of the number of times they were cited in the Web of Science database by other studies, and all titles and abstracts were screened to identify the research areas of the top 100 articles. The number of citations per year was calculated. Results We identified the 100 most-cited articles on cancer epigenetics, which collectively had been cited 147,083 times at the time of this writing. The top-cited article was cited 7,124 times, with an average of 375 citations per year since publication. In the period 1980-2018, the most prolific years were the years 2006 and 2010, producing nine articles, respectively. Twenty-eight unique journals contributed to the 100 articles, with the Nature journal contributing most of the articles (n=22). The most common country of article origin was the United States of America (n=78), followed by Germany (n=4), Switzerland (n=4), Japan (n=3), Spain (n=2), and United Kingdom (n=2). Conclusions In this study, the 100 most-cited articles in cancer epigenetics were examined, and the contributions from various authors, specialties, and countries were identified. Cancer epigenetics is a rapidly growing scientific field impacting translational research in cancer screening, diagnosis, classification, prognosis, and targeted treatments. Recognition of important historical contributions to this field may guide future investigations.
The German Right to Fiscal Stability and the Counter-Majoritarian Difficulty: The PSPP Judgment of 5 May 2020

The PSPP litigation involved the European Central Bank’s (ECB’s) Public Sector Purchase Programme for the purchase of government bonds on the secondary market with the aim, among others, of combating deflation. Although the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) found the PSPP lawful, the German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) disagreed: On May 5, 2020, the FCC held that the CJEU’s judgment was not binding in Germany and that the PSPP was unlawful and required further ECB action to bring it into compliance with German law. This article contributes to the growing scholarship on the PSPP litigation by analyzing the CJEU and FCC judgments as examples of what I call the ‘ordinary politics’ of constitutional adjudication—defending constitutional rights and principles while at the same time respecting the constitutional prerogatives of the political branches and successfully navigating the ‘counter-majoritarian difficulty’. Based on a careful analysis of the CJEU’s and FCC’s jurisprudential trajectories in the domain of economic and monetary policy, I argue that the FCC’s PSPP judgment is particularly counter-majoritarian. Over the past ten years, the FCC has fashioned, seemingly whole cloth, what I call a ‘right to fiscal stability’ and this right imposes additional procedural hurdles on the German government domestically that tip the scales in favor of EU austerity politics. My counter-majoritarian argument applies not only to judicial interference with decisions of German elected officials to participate in EU bailout funds; It also applies to judicial interference with the bond-buying programs (eg PSPP) of European central bankers, who enjoy their own form of accountability and legitimacy in the EU and global financial systems. Indeed, because of the decline of the traditional parties of the center-right and the center-left and the fragmentation of the political spectrum, contemporary German politics have become especially vulnerable to this destabilizing, austerity-inducing effect of constitutional law. In response to the pandemic-induced economic crisis, there have emerged a number of promising policy experiments in EU-wide solidarity, supported by the German government as well as the vast majority of Member States. For German constitutional law to operate as a potential barrier to greater EU economic solidarity, above and beyond the incredibly contentious politics, appears to be a particularly acute form of counter-majoritarianism that calls for jurisprudential recalibration.
Angle, Stephen C., Contemporary Confucian Political Philosophy: Toward Progressive Confucianism

A prime target for attack and denunciation during much of the twentieth century, Confucianism is now enjoying a robust revival in Mainland China. By all accounts, this resurgence of Confucianism (also known as New Confucianism) has been spectacular. It first appeared in the 1980s as part of the efforts to “reform and open up” China to foreign investments. Focusing on personal ethics, family networks, and social responsibility, New Confucianism was said to provide an alternative model to build a strong and wealthy China. Since the late 1990s, New Confucianism has been gradually transformed into a political philosophy, addressing a host of issues including government structure, political rights, social justice, and environmental protection. While this transition makes New Confucianism even more relevant to contemporary China, it also creates tension among some New Confucian thinkers, especially those who still cling to the moral philosophy of the 1980s. Currently, one controversy among New Confucian thinkers is how to interpret the moral philosophy of MOU Zongsan (1909–95). Trained in philosophy, Mou is widely accepted as one of the founders of New Confucianism. His magnum opus, Xinti yu Xingti (The Ontology of Mind and Nature), is often read as a direct challenge to Kantian philosophy from the perspective of the moral-metaphysics of LU Xiangshan (1139–1192) and WANG Yangming (1472–1529). In recent years, however, Mou’s moral philosophy is under attack for failing to address social and political issues. Critics blame him for concentrating too much on personal ethics and offering too little on changing social and political structures. In response, his followers contend that the purpose of his moral philosophy is to train the moral mind to take appropriate social and political action. Ironically, both sides make their arguments based on Mou’s writings on “the inner sage” (neisheng) and “the outer king” (waiwang). For critics, Mou’s fault is his failure in directly connecting “the inner sage” to “the outer king.” For his supporters, Mou’s contribution is his prioritization of action, making inner moral awakening the prerequisite for social and political action. Dao (2013) 12:389–391 DOI 10.1007/s11712-013-9335-0
The Role of Inflammatory Mediators in the Failing Heart

“… but when the parenchyma of the heart has been harmed by various diseases its motion is necessarily much altered; for if the parenchyma of the heart is burdened with too much fat, labours under inflammation, abscess or wound, so it cannot vibrate or contract without great trouble or difficulty, it soon gives up its motion, whence the movement of the blood also to the same degree becomes weak and languid.”
The Domain Structure of ICAM-1 and the Kinetics of Binding to Rhinovirus

Fragments of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) containing only the two most N terminal of its five immunoglobulin SF domains bind to rhinovirus 3 with the same affinity and kinetics as a fragment with the entire extracellular domain. The fully active two-domain fragments contain 5 or 14 more residues than a previously described fragment that is only partially active. Comparison of X-ray crystal structures show differences at the bottom of domain 2. Four different glycoforms of ICAM-1 bind with identical kinetics. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1, CD54) is a cytokine-inducible cell surface receptor that binds to leukocyte integrins LFA-1 and Mac-1 (21). ICAM-1 is also the receptor for the major group of human rhinoviruses (9, 25, 26) and Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (2, 18). ICAM-1 contains five immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domains and is heavily glycosylated. The binding site for rhinovirus is at the tip of domain 1 in the flexible BC and FG loops and extends
Chapter 8 Molecular and cellular stress pathways in ischemic heart disease: Targets for regulated gene therapy

Reperfusion damage to cardiac myocytes through the generation of excess ROIs is a central feature of ischemic heart disease. One of the earliest effects of reperfusion-generated ROIs is the activation of the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase JNK/SAPK pathway. The contribution of activated JNK to cell fate in this setting is currently not firmly established but recent work from the authors' laboratory indicates that the inhibition of JNK with a dominant negative JNK mutant promoted an increase in apoptosis of cardiac myocytes after hypoxia-reoxygenation. This clearly suggests that JNK activation is protective in this setting (Dougherty et al., 1999). Both JNK/SAPK activation and cell death by apoptosis can be blocked by pretreating heart cells with antioxidants. A second kinase pathway involving IP(3)K and Akt is anti-apoptotic and may also contribute to ischemia-mediated cell death. Activation of this pathway by exposure to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) can protect cardiac myocytes from ischemia-reperfusion-mediated apoptosis. New gene therapy techniques designed to modulate these kinase pathway activities using novel heart-specific and hypoxia-regulated vectors may eventually replace current pharmacological and surgical methods to treat CAD and myocardial ischemia.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Parameters of Foods That Affect Microbial Growth

As our foods are of plant and animal origin, it is worthwhile to consider those characteristics of plant and animal tissues that affect the growth of microorganisms. The plants and animals that serve as food sources have all evolved mechanisms of defense against the invasion and proliferation of microorganisms, and some of these remain in effect in fresh foods. By taking these natural phenomena into account, one can make effective use of each or all in preventing or retarding the microbial spoilage of the products that are derived from them.
Assessing reliability issues in cryogenically-operated SiGe HBTs

We assess SiGe HBTs for emerging mixed-signal cryogenic circuits designed to operate on the Moon without ambient heating or cooling (from +120C to as low as -230C), focusing of potential reliability issues. Comprehensive mixed-mode reliability stress data for these SiGe HBTs were measured from 300 K to 85 K. We extract the thermal resistance over temperature to evaluate the impact of the self-heating at low temperatures, explore the low-frequency noise performance at room temperature and cryogenic temperatures as a function of stress condition, and examine the impact of cooling on breakdown voltage and operating point instabilities for mixed-signal circuits.
The Lion and the Lamb Find Closure

Interactions between enemies and their victims are found in all ecological communities. But what has puzzled ecologists is how victims and enemies coexist together for long periods of time without all of the victims being killed off. In a Perspective, [Hastings][1] explains a new model ([ Keeling et al .][2]), which shows that variation in the distribution of victim and enemy species acts as a stabilizing factor in interactions between them. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/290/5497/1712 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/290/5497/1758
Happiness in everyday life: The uses of experience sampling.

This paper uses the Experience Sampling Method data drawn from a national sample of American youth. It examines the proximal environmental factors as well as behaviors and habits that correlate to personal happiness. Momentary-level scores show that reported happiness varies significantly both by day of week and time of day. Furthermore, particular activities are associated with varying degrees of happiness. School activities rate below average scores in happiness, while social, active and passive leisure activities are above average. Particular companions also correlate to differing level of happiness. Being alone rates the lowest levels of happiness, while being with friend corresponds to the highest. Person-level averages of happiness suggest that both higher social class and age correlate with lower levels of happiness, while gender and race do not. Paradoxically, youth who spend more time in school and social activities are happier than those who spend less. Unexpectedly, students who spend more time pleasure reading report lower levels of happiness. Finally, feeling good about the self, excited, proud, sociable, active as well as being in the conditions for flow experience are the strongest predictors of trait happiness.
Restoring Washed Out Bridges so ELearners Arrive at Online Course Destinations Successfully

This study researched the impact of strategic navigation improvements in an online course selected for the study over one quarter (12 weeks) at a large Midwestern private university. The primary purpose of the study was to see if navigation enhancements and specific graphic enhancements (semiotic tools) in the online course selected for the study could make it easier for adult students to learn new course materials. The study also sought to see if these factors could contribute to increased positive learning experiences and to see whether there might be a higher percentage of completion rates in this enhanced online course than in other online courses at the university. While not generalizable, the findings could provide inferences about which factors could positively influence adult learning in online courses and contribute to increased course completion rates; the study could also provide recommendations on graphic enhancements and online course navigation that positively influence student learning in online courses.
DRUG-INDUCED ENCEPHALOPATHY IN PATIENTS ON MAINTENANCE HEMODIALYSIS

In five patients who had been on chronic maintenance haemodialysis for more than eight months a syndrome involving altered consciousness, asterixis, and abnormal electroencephalogram developed after they had been given flurazepam and diazepam. All five patients were adequately treated by haemodialysis. Hepatic, pulmonary, and cardiac decompensation were not present. The encephalopathy and other abnormalities cleared when the drugs were withdrawn. Symptoms were also produced by accidental rechallenge.
Regulation of Nuclear Gene Expression for Plastidogenesis as Affected by Developmental Stage of Plastids

Summary A controlled coordination in expression between nuclear genome and plastid genome regulates the biogenesis of plastids. A regulatory control from the developing plastids is recently discovered as a prerequisite for the expression of nuclear genes involved in the plastidogenesis. The developmental stage of plastids selectively regulates recognition, import and accomodation of cytoplasmically synthesized plastidic proteins. Induced inhibition of these processes affects accumulation of the plastidic polypeptides as determined at the transcript and the product level. Such a regulatory control has been regarded as “Plastidic signal”. The plastidic signal was demonstrated to first come into effect during the onset of development of plastids and was shown to be continuously operative during the entire course of plastidogenesis. Further studies have also characterized that the plastidic signal was at least not a translational product in the plastids. Various possible mechanisms of this phenomenon are critically analyzed and caveats are noted. It is suggested possible that an accumulation of the import impeded precursor plastidic polypeptides in the cytosol beyond a physiologically permitted basal level may result in feed back control of their own over production. The developmental stage of plastids may thus determine repression or derepression of the nuclear gene expression destined for plastidogenesis. Specific testable predictions could also be generated from the thus postulated hypothesis, several of which have already been stated earlier and are now critically evaluated in favor of this hypothesis. Further feasible experiments to test the proposed hypothesis are discussed in perspective.
Characterization of the solubilized mosquito vitellogenin receptor

Abstract In this study we solubilized and characterized the receptor for the major egg yolk protein precursor, vitellogenin (Vg), from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti . The receptor was solubilized from vitellogenic ovary membranes using octyl-β- d -glucoside (OG). Under equilibrium binding conditions, [ 35 S]Vg bound with high affinity ( K d = 2.8 × 10 −8 M) to a single class of binding sites in solubilized ovary extracts. The solubilized receptor was present in ovarian extracts and bound selectively A. aegypti Vg and its storage form, vitellin (Vn). The receptor preparation was heat and trypsin sensitive. Binding of Vg to its receptor could be inhibited as well dissociated with suramin. The receptor was visualized by ligand-blotting as a 205 kDa protein under non-reducing conditions. It did not share immunological cross-reactivity with antibodies to chicken and locust Vg receptors. Vitellogenin, Vn and its purified subunits competed for binding to the receptor in the order, Vg ≈ Vn > Vn large subunit > Vn small subunit. Binding of dephosphorylated Vg was significantly reduced. Deglycosylated Vg, on the other hand, formed high molecular weight aggregates resulting in artifactually high binding which indicates importance of glycosylation for the stability of Vg molecule. During egg maturation, the number of receptor binding sites in ovaries correlated with the rate of Vg uptake and peaked between 24–30 h after which it reduced to no binding by 48 h post blood meal.
Defect in glucokinase translocation in Zucker diabetic fatty rats

Hepatic glucose fluxes and intracellular movement of glucokinase (GK) in response to increased plasma glucose and insulin were examined in 10-wk-old, 6-h-fasted, conscious Zucker diabetic fatty (ZD...
Restricted immunoglobulin variable region gene usage by normal Ly-1 (CD5+) B cells that recognize phosphatidyl choline.

5-15% of lymphocytes in the peritoneums of normal adult B10.H-2aH-4bp/Wts (2a4b) mice are CD5+ (Ly-1) B cells that recognize phosphatidyl choline (PtC), a phospholipid component of all mammalian cells. We produced a set of IgM-secreting hybridomas from the peritoneal cells of normal, adult 2a4b mice. We found that this set of hybridomas shows a similarly high frequency of antibodies specific for PtC (21 of 86) that also react with bromelain-treated mouse erythrocytes. Restriction fragment analysis of Ig gene rearrangements and analysis of expressed Ig idiotypes reveal that these cells use a restricted set of variable region genes to generate the PtC-specific antibodies. The Ig genes used by the PtC-specific hybridomas appear to be the same as those found in the PtC-specific Ly-1 B cell lymphomas, CH27 and CH34.
Driver memory: Motorist selection and retention of individualized headways in highway traffic

The paper presents evidence that (1) drivers have different personalities in that they follow vehicles at different headways, and (2) drivers retain their personalities in that each driver tends to maintain his headway over space and, in some instances, drivers return to their headways after being forced by a traffic disturbance to alter them temporarily. This attribute, which we term driver memory, is revealed by visual inspection of modified curves of measured cumulative vehicle arrival number versus time.
Sensors and interfacing in robotics and manufacturing

Abstract Sensing is one of the most essential aspects of any robotic application, be it manufacturing or any automated process. Robotic sensors can be divided into two classes of “internal” and “external”. Examples of the first group are position or velocity, while the second group includes proximity, touch, or vision to name a few. The other important problem in manufacturing is interfacing with the environment within a cell. The object of this tutorial paper is to survey the two issues of “sensing” and “interfacing” in robotics and manufacturing.
Catecholamine, adenosine triphosphate, and P-creatine levels in decapitated whole mouse brain

The levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, adenosine triphosphate, and P-creatine were measured in whole mouse brain collected under two conditions: 1) the decapitated head was immediately plunged into liquid nitrogen (nonanoxic tissue); or 2) the tissue was allowed to remain anoxic before the quick-freezing procedure. The substrate levels were significantly decreased in brain anoxic for only 30 sec. The catecholamine levels in nonanoxic mouse brain appear to be higher than levels previously reported in brains collected with microwave irradiation or by decapitation with rapid dissection of tissue before it was frozen.
Associations between patch area and vital rates: Consequences for local and regional populations

The negative association between patch area and extinction risk is one of the most ubiquitous observations in ecology. This association is often attributed to the disproportionate effects of stochastic fluctuations on small populations, but it also may be explained by deterministic relationships between patch area and vital rates (i.e., fecundity and survival). We explored the consequences of including deterministic relationships between patch area and vital rates in metapopulation models. Field studies have revealed that fecundity and monthly survivorship were positively associated with patch size for the Florida scrub lizard (Sceloporus woodi). Using simulation techniques, we compared metapopulation models of artificial landscapes that included vital rates for this species (scaled for patch area) to models that used averaged estimates of vital rates for all patches. These two types of metapopulation models produced dramatically different results with respect to the proportion of occupied patches and the extinction probability of the regional population. Including deterministic relationships between patch area and vital rates often resulted in either all patches being occupied or all patches going extinct, depending on the size of the local patches. Few artificial landscapes resulted in a dynamic colonization–extinction equilibrium characteristic of a “classic metapopulation.” In contrast, model simulations with demographic parameters equal for all patch sizes produced a more linear decline in extinction probability with patch size. Our results highlight considerations for application of metapopulation theory in conservation.
Restoration, target recognition, and countermeasure removal using the computed tomographic imaging spectrometer (CTIS)

Computed Tomographic Imaging Spectrometers are described and shown to be capable of providing real-time flash multispectral imagery. Restoration equations and techniques for optimizing performance are described. Experimental results are shown illustrating system optimization and practical usage of CTIS systems.
Properties of coastally trapped waves around Australia

Coastally trapped waves, which are generated by alongshore wind and propagate along a coastline, are common around Australia's southern coast. Some details of the propagation of coastally trapped waves are still uncertain, partly because of the relatively coarse resolution of tide gauge observations as well as the complex ocean bottom surface over which the waves propagate. There has been some debate on the mechanism by which these waves propagate from the southern to eastern coasts of Australia.
Improved digital image processing technique to investigate plastic zone formation in steel

Abstract An improved digital image processing procedure is developed to extract the size and shape of the plastic zone formation at the tip of a notched metal specimen based on the characteristics of the variation of intensity in a digitized image. The result is compared with the result from finite element analysis, and with that from a previously developed image processing procedure. Comparison shows that this method provides a faster and more accurate result than previously.
Differential gene expression in neoplastic and human papillomavirus-immortalized oral keratinocytes

Differential gene expression in neoplastic and human papillomavirus-immortalized oral keratinocytes
Determination of total ozone over Mauna Loa using very high resolution infrared solar spectra

A very high resolution infrared Fourier transform spectrometer has been used to record solar spectra at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. Spectra are normally taken one day a week at sunrise. These spectra have been analyzed for ozone and N2O total columns, and the ozone column compared with the value reported by tile Mauna Loa Dobson spectrophotometer. Aside from the FTIR reporting about 5% lower values than the Dobson (which may be due to a systematic difference in the treatment of tropospheric ozone), the FTIR and Dobson agree to within 2.7% (RMS) during this period.
Comparison of Three Alternative Oilseed Crops for the Central Great Plains

Diversification of the traditional dryland cropping system in the central Great Plains (winter wheat [Triticum aestivum L.]-fallow) could lead to a more sustainable production system. Selection of suitable crops to rotate with winter wheat requires knowledge of productivity under a widely varying precipitation regime. The objectives of this study were to determine water use/yield relationships and likely average production levels for spring canola (Brassica napus L.), crambe (Crambe abyssinicia Hochst), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and to determine differences in oil concentration and soil water extraction patterns among these three crops. Canola, crambe, and sunflower were grown under a line-source, gradient irrigation (GI) system to determine seed yield and oil concentration under a range of water use. Sunflower was also grown in several dryland rotations following a variety of crops, which resulted in a range of starting soil water conditions. Soil water extraction was monitored with a neutron probe and time-domain reflectometry. All three crops exhibited linear responses of yield to water use. Sunflower was less responsive than canola and crambe, which had nearly identical water use/yield functions. Oil concentrations showed a trend for increasing oil content with increasing water use. Sunflower extracted water from lower soil depths than canola and crambe, which were similar in soil water extraction. Median yield levels predicted from long-term precipitation records at Akron, CO, were 1130, 1180, and 1520 Iblacre for canola, crambe, and sunflower, respectively. All three crops are agronomically feasible oilseed crops for dryland rotations with winter wheat in the central Great Plains.
A vision for information visualization in information science

This paper presents the case for Information Visualization (IV) to be a central, integrated component of study in Information Science. We summarize the current state of IV within iSchools, the market demand for IV skills, the intellectual contributions of IV to the field of Information Science and the potential intellectual contributions of Information Science to the field of IV. We conclude with three, non-exclusive scenarios for the inclusion of IV into the iSchool curriculum as first steps toward realizing this: integration throughout the curriculum, a core course, and a specialization tract.
Appraisal of odor-measurement techniques.

All odor measurement methods may be conveniently grouped into three categories: (1) threshold; (2) suprathreshold; and (3) analytical. The threshold techniques include such methods as syringe dilution, scentometer, and osmoscope. Suprathreshold techniques include direct comparison methods and dilution methods involving subjective ratings of preference as opposed to intensity. Analytical techniques involve the use of physicochemrcal methods, e.g., for monitoring of process streams or identification of individual odorants. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each method, as presently used, are discussed. Recommended applications for the various methods and suggested modifications are also presented.
Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Chain-Related Gene A Polymorphisms and Extended Haplotypes Are Associated with Familial Alopecia Areata

Alopecia areata (AA) is characterized by hair loss in patches and may progress to total loss of scalp hair, or total loss of scalp and body hair. The major histocompatibility complex (HLA) is associated with susceptibility to AA, as well as other autoimmune diseases. In addition to HLA molecules, non-HLA molecules including the major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A (MICA), a stress-inducible antigen, are also associated with several autoimmune diseases. To investigate associations between AA and the HLA loci, two genes and eight microsatellite markers spanning the HLA region were genotyped. MICA*6 was significantly associated with all phenotypes of AA (P=0.0083), whereas MICA*5.1 was significantly associated with patchy AA (P=0.029). Extended haplotype analysis shows the significant associations of haplotypes HLA-DQ1-DR6-MICA*5.1 (P=0.004) and HLA-DQB1*0201-DR3-MICA*5.1 (P=0.009) with AA. These results suggest that MICA is both a potential candidate gene and part of an extended HLA haplotype that may contribute to susceptibility to and severity of AA.
Interview Time, Interview Set, and Interview Outcome:

The authors demonstrate that the length of an interview (10 min., 20 min., or 30 min.) has little effect upon student interviewers' after-interview ratings of student interviewees. In contrast, interviewers given different initial sets about interviewees let those initial sets (to the effect that interviewees are cold or warm) affect significantly their after-interview ratings. These conclusions are based upon records secured from 377 two-person simulated employment interviews.
Indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid block neurogenic plasma protein extravasation in rat dura mater.

Leakage of 125I-bovine serum albumin was measured in rat dura mater, conjunctiva, eyelid and lip, after unilateral electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion. In one animal, 99Tc-human serum albumin leakage was imaged in ipsilateral facial tissues. Pretreatment with indomethacin 1 mg/kg i.p. decreased leakage in dura mater but not in extracranial tissues. When extravasation was expressed as a ratio of stimulated to unstimulated sides, indomethacin 1 mg/kg, or acetylsalicylic acid 50 mg/kg decreased this ratio from 1.80 to 1.27 (P less than 0.01) or from 1.84 to 1.21 (P less than 0.01), respectively. Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg i.p. tid X 1 day) caused only a very small decrease. Only large doses of indomethacin (10 mg/kg) or acetylsalicylic acid (50 mg/kg) reduced substance P (SP)-induced leakage in the dura. The latter results suggest that both drugs block plasma extravasation by acting on neuropeptides-induced changes in vascular permeability and/or smooth muscle contractility. However, inhibition of SP release from sensory axons cannot be excluded at concentrations which block neurogenic plasma extravasation but not SP-induced plasma leakage. Together, these results provide a possible mechanism for the therapeutic effects of indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid in headache.
Scaling of Ohmic energy confinement with major radius in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor

Ohmic plasma size scans have been carried out in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [Fusion Technol. 21, 1324 (1992)] to measure the influence of the major radius upon energy confinement. The major radius, minor radius, and aspect ratio were varied over wide ranges (R=2.08–3.2 m, a=0.4–0.9 m, and R/a=2.9–8.0) at constant qc. The energy confinement determined from kinetic diagnostics varies strongly with major radius. The data set is less well suited to determine minor radius scaling, but it appears to be distinctly weaker than the major radius scaling. The anomaly in ion thermal conductivity over neoclassical predictions appears to decline with increasing aspect ratio, which is a better ordering parameter for the magnitude of the anomaly than either the minor radius or the major radius.
Rater information acquisition processes: Tracing the effects of prior knowledge, performance level, search constraint, and memory demand☆

Abstract Research on performance ratings has tended to neglect factors affecting raters' acquisition of ratee performance information. The present research examined the dynamic effects of this rater information acquisition process. Study 1 examined the effects of prior ratee knowledge (familiarity) and ratee performance level on subsequent acquisition of ratee performance information under varying levels of constraint. After exposure to prior ratee information, raters acquired additional information concerning a set of ratees using a computer controlled information board procedure. The results indicated significant effects on the amount of search for prior knowledge, search constraint, and the interaction between prior knowledge and performance level. Study 2 extended the research by including a memory component (time delay) between the exposure to prior information and subsequent search. Results were congruent with Study 1. They indicated significant main effects on the amount of search for prior knowledge, ratee performance level, search constraint, and on the interaction between prior knowledge and performance level. In addition, the results indicated a significant interaction between memory demand and prior knowledge. Implications of these results, limitations, and extensions of this research approach are discussed.
Conversion of continuous wave light to repeatable and controlled pulses

Continuous-wave laser light can be converted into a series of repetitive pulses by focusing the laser beam into an absorbing dye (nigrosine); the mechanism responsible for the pulses is the scattering of light off photo-generated bubbles. The spatial and temporal distributions of the scattered light, which vary with the solvent and the incident beam intensity, were investigated.
Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Status Epilepticus

Status epilepticus (SE) treatment strategies vary substantially from one institution to another due to the lack of data to support one treatment over another. To provide guidance for the acute treatment of SE in critically ill patients, the Neurocritical Care Society organized a writing committee to evaluate the literature and develop an evidence-based and expert consensus practice guideline. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed and studies meeting the criteria established by the writing committee were evaluated. Recommendations were developed based on the literature using standardized assessment methods from the American Heart Association and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Develop- ment, and Evaluation systems, as well as expert opinion when sufficient data were lacking.
Fabrication of nonwoven coaxial fiber meshes by electrospinning.

There is a great need for biodegradable polymer scaffolds that can regulate the delivery of bioactive factors such as drugs, plasmids, and proteins. Coaxial electrospinning is a novel technique that is currently being explored to create such polymer scaffolds by embedding within them aqueous-based biological molecules. In this study, we evaluated the influence of various processing parameters such as sheath polymer concentration, core polymer concentration and molecular weight, and salt ions within the core polymer on coaxial fiber morphology. The sheath polymer used in this study was poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL), and the core polymer was poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). We examined the effects of the various processing parameters on core diameters, total fiber diameters, and sheath thicknesses of coaxial microfibers using a 24 full factorial statistical model. The maximum increase in total fiber diameter was observed with increase in sheath polymer (PCL) concentration from 9 to 11 wt% (0.49 ± 0.03 μm) and salt...
Computer control for X-ray and energy loss line profiles and images

Abstract A system for computer control of a TEM/STEM is described and advantages of computer control for imaging using X-ray and energy loss signals discussed. Results showing line profiles and images using analytical signals are presented.
Racial and ethnic changes in heroin injection in the United States: implications for the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

Abstract Background Racial/ethnic differences in drug injection prevalence contribute to disparities in HIV infection rates in the US between Whites, Blacks and Hispanics. We examine trends in the demographic characteristics of heroin injection drug users (IDUs) that may impact future HIV rates. Methods Descriptive analyses were conducted of (1) the national Treatment Episode Data Set for 1992–2004 and of the 2002–2004 baseline data from (2) CIDUS-III, a 5-city study that recruited 3285 young IDUs, and (3) NIHU-HIT, a Chicago study of 647 young noninjecting heroin users. Results Between 1992 and 2004, heroin was the injected drug most often reported at admission to drug treatment. During this period, the proportion of admissions reporting injection declined 44% among Blacks but only 14% for Whites. The peak age for heroin IDUs in treatment increased 10 years for Blacks while declining over 10 years for Whites. CIDUS-III enrolled about 8 times more White (64%) than Black (8%) young IDUs despite recruiting two-thirds of the sample in cities where Blacks constituted 27–64% of the population. Blacks comprised 53% of noninjecting heroin users in the Chicago NIHU-HIT, but only 2% of Chicago's CIDUS-III sample of heroin IDUs. Among current noninjecting heroin users, Whites were more likely than Blacks to have ever injected ( X d.f. = 1 2 = 17.1 , p Conclusions Among heroin users, young Blacks are resisting injection while young Whites exhibit the opposite tendency. New research should investigate reasons for this trend and its impact on the HIV epidemic and future service needs.
Total hemispherical emissivity of oxidized Inconel 718 in the temperature range 300–1000°C

Total hemispherical emissivities were measured for Inconel 718 as a function of sample temperature. Measurements were made for both unoxidized and oxidized samples. The oxidation temperatures were 1000°C, 1100°C and 1142°C and the oxidation times were 15, 30 and 60 min, respectively. The oxidized samples showed a significant increase in emissivity over the unoxidized one which was in an as-received condition. No apparent pattern was observed in the change of emissivity as a function of oxidation time at a given oxidation temperature. In some cases, emissivity measurements made with increasing temperature were greater than those made with descending temperature. One possible explanation for this is the spalling of the oxide layer as the sample area contracted with descending sample temperature.
Investigation of the statistics of sound‐power injection from low‐frequency finite‐size sources in a reverberant room

The measurement of sound‐power injection into a reverberant room is subject to statistical uncertainties owing to large fluctutations of sound‐pressure level with variations in source frequency and source and/or receiver position. Especially for low‐frequency pure‐tone sources, point‐source theory indicates a requirement of many microphone and source positions if radiated power is to be accurately measured. An investigation has been conducted to determine the effect of finite source size on the power statistics in a reverberant room for pure‐tone excitation. Theoretical results indicate that the standard deviation of low‐frequency pure‐tone finite sources is always less than that predicted by point‐source theory and measurably less when the source dimension approaches one‐half of an acoustic wavelength. A supporting experimental study was conducted utilizing an 8‐in. loudspeaker and a 30‐in. loudspeaker at eleven source positions. The resulting standard deviation of sound‐power output of the smaller speaker with source position is an excellent agreement with both the derived finite‐source theory and existing point‐source theory if the theoretical data is adjusted to account for experimental incomplete spatial averaging. However, the standard deviation of the sound‐power output of the larger speaker with source position is considerably lower than point‐source theory indicates, but in good agreement with the derived finite‐source theory.
Brief Communication: The Prevalence of High Intake of Vitamin E from the Use of Supplements among U.S. Adults

People who consume at least 400 IU of vitamin E per day from supplements may be at slightly increased risk for premature death. By examining data from the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Ex...
How often does sympatry affect sexual isolation in Drosophila

In a seminal article and its follow-up, Coyne and Orr (1989, 1997) found greater prezygotic (primarily sexual) reproductive isolation in sympatric Drosophila species pairs than in allopatric pairs of similar genetic divergence. Several processes can explain this observed pattern. For example, natural selection could have strengthened the existing mating discrimination between sympatric species to reduce either maladaptive hybridization (Dobzhansky 1940) or interference of mate recognition signals (Howard 1993). Similarly, achieving stable sympatry may require a minimum level of prezygotic isolation, hence selecting for groups that are more sexually isolated (Templeton 1981). Ecological character displacement in sympatric populations can also produce prezygotic isolation as a correlated response (e.g., Dodd 1989; Rice and Salt 1990). For simplicity, I will refer to all of these processes jointly as ‘‘reinforcement.’’ My use of this term refers solely to the pattern of greater prezygotic isolation among sympatric species and not to any particular process. Although the Coyne and Orr (1989, 1997) data sets clearly show that sympatry influences prezygotic isolation, the frequency with which interactions among sympatric taxa cause increases in prezygotic isolation is not clear. Some of the species included in their studies were used in multiple comparisons with other sympatric species. This practice could overestimate the number of independent reinforcement events for the following reason. Reinforcement, in the form of direct selection for mating discrimination, could occur by reducing the range of phenotypes acceptable as mates, perhaps by increasing the level of female discrimination (Ratcliffe and Grant 1983; Noor 1995a; Kelly and Noor 1996). This mode of reinforcement would fortuitously increase prezygotic isolation from all other species also. Hence, a single sympatric interaction might cause the appearance of numerous cases of reinforcement in studies that invoke multiple comparisons, such as those of Coyne and Orr. The comparative method may be used to estimate more accurately the fre-
Minis in Business: an International Perspective

This special issue on minicomputer systems in business is motivated by my personal philosophy of computing. I call this philosophy the common computer attitude. This attitude has come about because systems are being dispersed into local standalone systems or as local stations that are part of networked mini/microcomputer systems. The user is less knowledgeable and yet intensely involved in such local computing.
Time Poverty Thresholds and Rates for the US Population

Time constraints, like money constraints, affect Americans’ well-being. This paper defines what it means to be time poor based on the concepts of necessary and committed time and presents time poverty thresholds and rates for the US population and certain subgroups. Multivariate regression techniques are used to identify the key variables associated with discretionary time and time poverty. The data confirm the idea that individuals in households with children have less discretionary time and are thus more likely to be time poor than those in households without children. Controlling for other household characteristics, an additional child reduces a household adult’s daily discretionary time by 35 min. Surprisingly, while one might expect the necessary and committed activities required of an individual to be less in a two-adult household with children than in a one-adult household with children because child care can be shared, the data show that the presence of such a second adult only marginally reduces the necessary and committed time burden of an individual household member. Perhaps even more surprisingly, household income is not a statistically significant correlate of discretionary time or time poverty.
The solubilization and gel electrophoresis of membrane enzymes by use of detergents.

Abstract The solubilization and electrophoresis of membrane proteins with phenol and acetic acid or urea usually have deleterious effects on enzyme activities. A method is reported of solubilizing rat-liver plasma membrane proteins, by the use of the detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium deoxycholate, and Triton X-100, for subsequent electrophoresis of the enzymes on 7% polyacrylamide gel. An important feature of the method is the incorporation of detergent into the gel and the electrophoresis buffer. By use of this procedure, non-specific esterases, an alkaline phosphatase, and alkaline phosphodiesterase are detectable on the gels. The method is compared with other techniques currently being used, and it would appear that this method will have general usefulness in the study of membrane enzymes.
Social Services for the Aged in Cuba

The increase in the world's elderly population during the 1990s had a powerful impact on the Caribbean island of Cuba. Health care is considered a human right for all citizens. Through its extensive gerontology and geriatrics programs Cuba has developed innovative approaches to address the growth of the older population and related societal challenges. The article also explores the role of social workers in a predominantly socialist society from the perspective of a social work professor visiting Cuba from the US.