cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dialectic as Process: A Methodology for Strategic Problem Solving

Both the environment in which they operate and the kinds of problems they face typically place the manager or decision-maker in a real dilemma or paradox; the manager constantly faces problems for which there is a real need for the best available evidence to define the nature of the problem, let alone how best to solve it. At the same time, the manager is beset with extensive pressures to act both immediately and decisively (Mintzberg, et al., 1976). He or she cannot afford the luxury of waiting indefinitely for all the evidence to come in, let alone the best evidence, before taking action. Just the reverse is often the case. If he or the organization wishes to survive, then he must take action in order to find out if the actions taken were the correct ones. Thus, succinctly put the paradox is this: the manager is often required to act in order to uncover the evidence as to whether the action he took is the one he should have taken! Instead of data always guiding action, the taking of action often guides the collection of data in the sense that the proper data often cannot be uncovered except through the risking of action (Churchman, 1971)! (This point will be illustrated in the later parts of this chapter.) The questions, then, are: What can the manager do in this not uncommon case? and What should he do?
Decentralized double stochastic averaging gradient

This paper considers convex optimization problems where nodes of a network have access to summands of a global objective function. Each of these local objectives is further assumed to be an average of a finite set of functions. The motivation for this setup is to solve large scale machine learning problems where elements of the training set are distributed to multiple computational elements. The decentralized double stochastic averaging gradient (DSA) algorithm is proposed as a solution alternative that relies on: (i) The use of local stochastic averaging gradients instead of local full gradients. (ii) Determination of descent steps as differences of consecutive stochastic averaging gradients. The algorithm is shown to approach the optimal argument at a linear rate. This is in contrast to all other available methods for distributed stochastic optimization that converge at sublinear rates. Numerical experiments verify linear convergence of DSA and illustrate its advantages relative to these other alternatives.
Voluntarism, Atonement, and Duns Scotus

The two most important concepts in Duns Scotus's (1265/6-1308) theology of the Atonement are satisfaction and merit. Just what these amount to and how they function in his theory are heavily conditioned by two more general commitments: Scotus's voluntarism, which includes the claim that nearly all of God's relations with the created order are contingent; and his formulation of the Franciscan Thesis, which holds that fixing the sin problem is not the primary purpose of God's Incarnation in Christ and that if Adam hadn't sinned God would have become incarnate anyway. In this essay I will discuss the theoretical background of Scotus's atonement theology—his voluntarism and his version of the Franciscan Thesis—before moving on to discuss his understanding of merit and satisfaction, how these are related, and how they relate to the theoretical background. I will engage some important recent scholarly attempts to position Scotus's Atonement theology as not quite as anti-Anselmian as history has characterized it, arguing that one of these attributes to Scotus an understanding of merit which cannot be Scotus's in fact, since it entails a restriction on divine freedom that Scotus certainly would reject.
Is intensive glycemic control worth the expense

Is tight control of glucose levels cost-effective for type I diabetes? And what about type II diabetes?
Digitized Direct Simulation Model of the Microstructural Development of Cement Paste

The complex microstructure of hardened cement paste is produced by hydration reactions between cement particles and the water in which they are suspended. In recent years, algorithms like the diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) and Eden models have demonstrated that simple growth rules can result in complex aggregated structures. The model described in this paper simulates, via simplified growth rules, the microstructural development ofhydrating cement paste. This model has similarities to DLA, but with the additional novel features of dissolution of solid particles, and a free-space nucleation probability. The percolation aspects and transport properties of the model's pore space are computed and discussed.
Study on Symbiotic Model of Urban Road Landscape

Landscape design and arrangement of plants are carried out for central separation belt and waterfront main road,symbiotic mechanism principles of ecology are used to landscape planning,and put green landscape and natural landscape,such as terrain,landform,landmark and the need of human spirit and driving safety together to upgrade,so as to explore a kind of symbiotic mode of road landscape under symbiotic mechanism.
Delayed allograft autotransplantation after excision of a large symptomatic renal artery pseudoaneurysm.

AbstractPseudoaneurysm formation, which occurs infrequently in the renal transplant patient, can have a catastrophic outcome. We report a case of a large, symptomatic transplant renal artery pseudoaneurysm that was treated by excision with extracorporeal vascular repair and delayed allograft autotransplantation. We review the management of transplant renal artery pseudoaneurysms and the role of delayed autotransplantation in complex reconstructive renal surgery.
Reaching Beyond Low-Hanging Fruit: Surveying Low-Incidence Populations

This chapter argues for the use of creative and targeted strategies rather than a one-size-fits-all approach to capturing information on low-incidence populations. It first conceptualizes low-incidence populations and highlights the existing empirical literature on them and then frames the challenges of polling these populations with an overview of sampling, contacting, and analytical strategies. It highlights the inherent trade-offs of each approach and points to the factors to consider when determining which strategy is best suited to particular research questions. It then details polling efforts designed to capture attitudes and behaviors of American Muslims, Asian Americans, and non-elected political activists. The chapter concludes with a discussion of fruitful polling practices for conducting research on low-incidence U.S. populations, arguing that the approach to polling these populations must be equally informed by the unique characteristics of the target group and the analytical conclusions one seeks to draw.
Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) Stromatoporoidea from the Coeymans Formation of central New York

Stromatoporoids are found in the Dayville and Deansboro Members of the Coeymans Formation in central New York, where they are common to rare. The most common species present are Habrostroma centrotum (Girty) and H. microporum (Girty). Present in lesser numbers are Parallelostroma foveolatum (Girty), Atopostroma sp. 1, A. sp. 2, Coenostroma cf. C. monticuliferum (Winchell), Coenostroma sp., Habrostroma cf. H. centrotum (Girty), and Coenostelodictyon cf. C. krekovi (Yavorsky). Although previously reported from the Coeymans, Coenostelodictyon jewetti (Girty) was not found. Species identifications were based on traditional qualitative methods, supplemented by statistics. The assemblage bears affinities with Lochkovian faunas in Virginia and the Canadian Arctic.
Carbon isotope evidence for a northern source of deep water in the glacial western North Atlantic

The prevailing view of western Atlantic hydrography during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) calls for transport and intermixing of deep southern and intermediate northern end members. However, δ13C and Δ14C results on foraminifera from a sediment core at 5.0 km in the northern subtropics show that there may have also been a northern source of relatively young, very dense, nutrient-depleted water during the LGM (18 ky to 21 ky ago). These results, when integrated with data from other western North Atlantic locations, indicate that the ocean was poorly ventilated at 4.2 km, with better ventilation above and below that depth. If this is a signal of water mass source and not nutrient storage, it would indicate that a previously unrecognized deep water end member originated along the western margin of the Labrador Sea, analogous to dense water formation today around Antarctica and in the Okhotsk Sea.
Galaxies: Primeval twins

Spectroscopic and imaging data for low metallicity galaxies observed during the peak epoch of star formation offer detailed insights into the most distant galaxies discovered to date.
Globule Leukocytes and Other Mast Cells in the Mouse Intestine

Only 2 major mast cell (MC) subtypes are commonly recognized in the mouse: the large connective tissue mast cells (CTMCs) and the mucosal mast cells (MMCs). Interepithelial mucosal inflammatory cells, most commonly identified as globule leukocytes (GLs), represent a third MC subtype in mice, which we term interepithelial mucosal mast cells (ieMMCs). This term clearly distinguishes ieMMCs from lamina proprial MMCs (lpMMCs) while clearly communicating their common MC lineage. Both lpMMCs and ieMMCs are rare in normal mouse intestinal mucosa, but increased numbers of ieMMCs are seen as part of type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminth infections and in food allergies. Interestingly, we found that increased ieMMCs were consistently associated with decreased mucosal inflammation and damage, suggesting that they might have a role in controlling helminth-induced immunopathology. We also found that ieMMC hyperplasia can develop in the absence of helminth infections, for example, in Treg-deficient mice, Arf null mice, some nude mice, and certain graft-vs-host responses. Since tuft cell hyperplasia plays a critical role in type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminths, we looked for (but did not find) any direct relationship between ieMMC and tuft cell numbers in the intestinal mucosa. Much remains to be learned about the differing functions of ieMMCs and lpMMCs in the intestinal mucosa, but an essential step in deciphering their roles in mucosal immune responses will be to apply immunohistochemistry methods to consistently and accurately identify them in tissue sections.
Metformin as an anti-cancer agent: actions and mechanisms targeting cancer stem cells

Metformin, a first line medication for type II diabetes, initially entered the spotlight as a promising anti-cancer agent due to epidemiologic reports that found reduced cancer risk and improved clinical outcomes in diabetic patients taking metformin. To uncover the anti-cancer mechanisms of metformin, preclinical studies determined that metformin impairs cellular metabolism and suppresses oncogenic signaling pathways, including receptor tyrosine kinase, PI3K/Akt, and mTOR pathways. Recently, the anti-cancer potential of metformin has gained increasing interest due to its inhibitory effects on cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are associated with tumor metastasis, drug resistance, and relapse. Studies using various cancer models, including breast, pancreatic, prostate, and colon, have demonstrated the potency of metformin in attenuating CSCs through the targeting of specific pathways involved in cell differentiation, renewal, metastasis, and metabolism. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the anti-cancer actions and mechanisms of metformin, including the regulation of CSCs and related pathways. We also discuss the potential anti-cancer applications of metformin as mono- or combination therapies.
Car Mobility 2040

This chapter provides a glimpse into the year 2040 and, by means of a few examples, dares to give a vision of how the environment, IT, the automotive industry and mobility could develop. This outlook is underpinned by a fictional “day in a live scenario” of a freelancer working in the “liquid workforce” model. The futuristic outlook is intended to provide additional ideas for the digital transformation which is running up at full steam, and in particular to strengthen the attitude and the courage to move forward in an innovative and agile manner in short steps. Only in this approach is the chance that the Goliaths, the established manufacturers, will continue to assert themselves against the Davids, the new challengers.
Evaluation of the Nutritional Quality of Commissary Foods Offered in American Women’s Prisons:

Weight gain and obesity among female prisoners is of public health concern. This study analyzed the nutritional quality of commissary food and recipes cooked within eight women’s prisons in the Uni...
A sustainability evaluation of a biomedical technician training program in Honduras

Engineering World Health (EWH) developed and executed a unique model to train biomedical technicians (BMET) in Rwanda, Honduras, and Cambodia. This model significantly decreased out-of-service equipment, one to two years after the training’s initiation, when comparing hospitals with EWH trained BMETs to similar hospitals with BMETs without EWH training [1–4]. Despite this model’s past evidence of impact, no study has shown evidence for sustained impact and continued delivery of services after the termination of funding. Here, one year after external funding ended for the EWH Honduras program, the model’s sustainability was assessed using qualitative interviews guided by an established sustainability framework and quantitative measures of continued impact on out-of-service rates of medical equipment. Interviews found the program, institutionalized within a technical training college, was strongly sustainable in each domain of an established sustainability framework. Additionally, there was evidence of continuing production of benefits to the health system. Technicians whose training through EWH had ended two years earlier had 35.37% less out-of-service equipment compared to similarly sized control hospitals, demonstrating continued impact of training (p < .0001). Overall, the program in Honduras was found to be strongly sustainable, albeit with some threats to continued sustainability.
Families and Work

For most adults, family and work roles are the most significant sources of identity. Historically, social scientists investigated work and family roles as if they were separate from one another; the family and the economy were studied as distinct social institutions. As more women have entered the paid labor force, researchers have paid increasing attention to linkages between family and work (Bielby and Bielby, 1988b). We can no longer ignore that most individuals are trying to balance work and family roles—87% of American adults live with other family members and 47% are responsible for the care of a dependent family member (children, ill partner, or ill parent) (Galinsky, Bond, & Friedman, 1993).
Patient Risk Related to Common Dental Radiographic Examinations: The Impact of 2007 International Commission on Radiological Protection Recommendations Regarding Dose Calculation

ABSTRACT Background. In 2007, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) revised estimates of the radiosensitivity of tissues including those in the maxillofacial region. The authors conducted a study to reassess patients' risk related to common dental radiographic exposures using the 2007 ICRP recommendations. Methods. The authors used a tissue-equivalent head phantom to measure dose. They calculated effective doses by using both 1990 and revised 2007 ICRP recommendations. Effective dose is a calculation that takes into consideration the different sensitivities of organs to long-term effects from ionizing radiation. It is the preferred method for comparing doses between different types of exposures. Results. Effective doses (per the 2007 ICRP) in microsieverts were as follows: full-mouth radiographs (FMX) with photo-stimulable phosphor (PSP) storage or F-speed film with rectangular collimation, 34.9 μSv; four-image posterior bitewings with PSP or F-speed film with rectangular collimation, 5.0 μSv; FMX using PSP or F-speed film with round collimation, 170.7 μSv; FMX with D-speed film and round collimation, 388 μSv; panoramic Orthophos XG (Sirona Group, Bensheim, Germany) with charge-coupled device (CCD), 14.2 μSv; panoramic ProMax (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) with CCD, 24.3 μSv; posteroanterior cephalogram with PSP, 5.1 μSv; and lateral cephalogram with PSP, 5.6 μSv. These values are 32 to 422 percent higher than those determined according to the 1990 ICRP guidelines. Conclusions. Although radiographs are an indispensable diagnostic tool, the increased effective doses of common intraoral and extraoral imaging techniques are high enough to warrant reconsideration of means to reduce patients' exposure. Clinical Implications. Clinicians can reduce patients' dose substantively by using digital receptors or F-speed film instead of D-speed film, rectangular collimation instead of round collimation and radiographic selection criteria.
Template morphology and inflectional morphology

In recent years, attention has been drawn to the possibility that morphology might be of two radically different types; these two types have been labelled — infelicitously, in my view — as layered morphology and template morphology. Intuitively, a morphological expression exhibits template morphology if the ordering of its affixes follows not from the properties of the individual affixes themselves (or of the rules introducing them) but from an independent stipulation about the ordering of these affixes (or rules). By contrast, a morphological expression exhibits layered morphology if the ordering of its affixes is simply an effect of the properties of the individual affixes themselves (or of the rules introducing them). Here, I shall address two fundamental questions about the distinction between template and layered morphology, namely (1) and (2): (1) How does the distinction between template and layered morphology relate to the distinction between inflectional and derivational morphology? (2) What form should templates take in an adequate theory of morphology?
Atomic structures of two nitroxide spin labels complexed with human thrombin: comparison with solution studies.

Crystal structures of thrombin complexed with two spin labels called para-V, 4-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidine-1-oxyl)-p-(fluorosulfonyl) benzamidine, and meta-V, 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidine-1-oxyl)-m-(fluorosulfonyl) benzamidine, have been completed at 2.0 and 3.0 A resolution, respectively. Previous electron spin resonance studies with these labels gave rise to a low-resolution “topography map” of thrombin's extended active site. These labels monitor two distinct areas of the thrombin active site: (1) an apolar binding site which manifests itself in an biphasic activation/inhibition effect on thrombin activity and (2) a region sensitive to α-thrombin autoproteolytic cleavage(s) to γ-thrombin (Arg75-Tyr76 and/or Arg77A-Asn78, and Lys149E-Gly150, chymotrypsin numbering). Para-V was found to bind along the substrate binding cleft, while meta-V was found to bind both at the substrate primary specificity pocket and at a site which interacts with the γ-cleavage loop. These studies reaffirm that accurate information may be gained from solution studies and indicates the complementarity of solid-state studies.
Singularity Formation for Models of Axi-Symmetric Swirling Flow

Singularities are found in solutions of three systems that model the equations for axi-symmetric swirling flow. The first example is a simple first order system in “Jordan form.” The second is a one dimensional analogue of the 2D Boussinesq system. In the third example, a complex solution of the axi-symmetric swirling flow equations is numerically constructed. This solution is a traveling wave with a complex wave speed that brings a singularity from the complex plane to a real position at a finite real time. The complex-valued flow can be understood as coming from a solution Moore’s approximation for axi-symmetric swirling flow.
Genetic Structure and Subclonal Variation of Extant and Recent U.S. Lineages of Phytophthora infestans.

The oomycete Phytophthora infestans is an important plant pathogen on potato and tomato crops. We examined the genetic structure of extant 20th and 21st century U.S. lineages of P. infestans and co...
Summary of Published Treatment Guidelines

The treatment of psoriasis can be challenging with multiple therapeutic modalities from which to choose. Various organizations around the world have developed treatment guidelines to help with these challenges with recommendations intended to assist clinicians in their decision-making. While some of these guidelines are detailed in their treatment recommendations providing comprehensive options including the multiple topical and systemic medications available, as well as phototherapy, others offer very limited recommendations. Additionally, the use of biologics has been incorporated into many, but not all, treatment guidelines. Most of the published guidelines were established using evidence based medicine and the consensus of expert panels. The treatment of psoriasis ultimately needs to be individualized to patients’ needs and preferences, but guidelines are available to aid clinicians as they formulate personalized treatment plans from the many existing therapeutic options and to influence better treatment outcomes.
Gene expression during the early stages of host perception and attachment in adult female Rhipicephalus microplus ticks.

The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, is a serious pest of cattle, with significant economic consequences to the livestock industries of tropical and semitropical countries. Rhipicephalus microplus belongs to the Metastriata group of the Ixodidae family known as hard ticks. When adult hard ticks feed, mating has not yet occurred and an initial host attachment phase of 1–2 days is followed by a slow feeding phase that can last several days. Once mating occurs, feeding concludes with a rapid engorgement phase that is completed in 12–36 h. Our group’s interest in mining the genome and transcriptome of R. microplus for novel targets for development of tick control technologies led us to investigate the early transcriptional events occurring upon tick attachment and subsequent feeding. We placed newly molted unfed adult R. microplus females upon a bovine host and harvested the attached ticks after 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. We also placed a group of these ticks in a gas-permeable tube taped onto the side of the bovine host. These ticks were able to sense the host but unable to penetrate the tube to begin attachment and were ultimately harvested after 3 h. This study produced a comprehensive transcriptome from newly molted adult ticks and will provide a useful resource for studies of tick feeding and host perception and also assist genome annotation refinements.
Harnessing Legacy Data to Educate Data-Enabled Structural Materials Engineers

Data-driven materials design informed by legacy data-sets can enable the education of a new workforce, promote openness of the scientific process in the community, and advance our physical understanding of complex material systems. The performance of structural materials, which are controlled by competing factors of composition, grain size, particle size/distribution, residual strain, cannot be modelled with single-mechanism physics. The design of optimal processing route must account for the coupled nature of the creation of such factors, and requires students to learn machine learning and statistical modelling principles not taught in the conventional undergraduate or graduate level Materials Science and Engineering curricula. Therefore, modified curricula with opportunities for experiential learning are paramount for workforce development. Projects with real-world data provide an opportunity for students to establish fluency in the iterative steps needed to solve relevant scientific and engineering process design questions.
Areas of Support and Barriers to Change Around Issues of Sexuality in Catholic Higher Education

Change around sexuality in Catholic higher education is an often understudied topic in a particular religious context. Few studies have documented the fear around discussing sexuality in Catholic higher education. Those that have, examined only 1–3 institutions at a time, and identified several barriers to the sexuality discourse. Through interviews with 31 employees from 17 different Catholic colleges and universities across the U.S., researchers explored how employees who have experience effecting change around human sexuality navigated this process in the Catholic institutional setting. Through inductive thematic analysis, researchers analyzed interviews and data point sheets to identify themes in supports and barriers to effective change around sexuality in these institutions. Data were coded and built on previous findings by identifying areas of support and barriers to change around addressing sexuality in Catholic higher education. Areas of support included principal changemakers (students, tenured faculty, admin/staff members), supporting offices (residence life, student life, campus ministry, mission and ministry, and theology and religious studies departments), organizational characteristics (mission/heritage, university openness and geographic environment, and good organization), and supportive university leaders or constituents (higher administration, nuns/priests, alum/donors, board of trustees). Barriers to change included fear, conservative constituents, organizational challenges, and administrative resistance. Data were collected from January to May of 2017. This process of change can look different depending on the university culture, the geo-political climate, those involved in the change process, the relationship to the bishop, mission of the school, and fear in the process.
Afrikaner Revolutionary Revisited: Bram Fischer in our Times

Bram Fischer was born in 1908 in South Africa to an eminent Afrikaner nationalist family. Like his father and grandfather before him, Bram became a lawyer and seemed destined for eminence as a futu...
David Oliver: Should we allow filming in covid filled hospitals?

Simon Stevens, NHS chief executive, has publicly condemned undercover filming on camera phones inside NHS hospitals.1 Footage has been posted online in a twisted attempt to show that covid-19 pressures are exaggerated, fake news.2 Stevens, normally calm and unruffled, was visibly angry about the impact on NHS staff doing difficult jobs and the spread of disinformation. Many healthcare workers, whose morale is suffering at the hands of people who think covid is a hoax, were encouraged to hear him speak out so strongly. Since then the Times has published a story about organised groups of secret filmers claiming the pandemic to be a “hoax,”3 and Facebook has taken down one of their sites.4 In parallel, I’ve seen growing calls in social media to “let the cameras onto the …
A Method for Cost-Effective and Rapid Characterization of Genetic Parts

ABSTRACT Characterizing and cataloging genetic parts are critical to the design of useful genetic circuits. Having well-characterized parts allows for the fine-tuning of genetic circuits, such that their function results in predictable outcomes. With the growth of synthetic biology as a field, there has been an explosion of genetic circuits that have been implemented in microbes to execute functions pertaining to sensing, metabolic alteration, and cellular computing. Here, we show a cost-effective and rapid method for characterizing genetic parts. Our method utilizes cell-free lysate, prepared in-house, as a medium to evaluate parts via the expression of a reporter protein. Template DNA is prepared by PCR-amplification using inexpensive primers to add variant parts to the reporter gene, and the template is added to the reaction as linear DNA without cloning. Parts that can be added in this way include promoters, operators, ribosome binding sites, insulators, and terminators. This approach, combined with the incorporation of an acoustic liquid handler and 384-well plates, allows the user to carry out high-throughput evaluations of genetic parts in a single day. By comparison, cell-based screening approaches require time-consuming cloning and have longer testing times due to overnight culture and culture density normalization steps. Further, working in cell-free lysate allows the user to exact tighter control over the expression conditions through the addition of exogenous components, or by titrating DNA concentrations rather than relying on limited plasmid copy numbers. Because this method retains a cell-like environment, the function of the genetic part will typically mimic its function in whole cells. SUMMARY Well-characterized genetic parts are necessary for the design of novel genetic circuits. Here we describe a cost-effective, high-throughput method for rapidly characterizing genetic parts. Our method reduces cost and time by combining cell-free lysates, linear DNA to avoid cloning, and acoustic liquid handling to increase throughput and reduce reaction volumes.
Ibrutinib combinations in CLL therapy: scientific rationale and clinical results.

Ibrutinib has revolutionized the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This drug irreversibly inhibits Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) by covalently binding to the C481 residue in the BTK kinase domain. BTK is a pivotal protein for B cell receptor signaling and tissue homing of CLL cells. Preclinical investigations have established the importance of the B cell receptor pathway in the maintenance and survival of normal and malignant B cells, underscoring the importance of targeting this axis for CLL. Clinical trials demonstrated overall and progression-free survival benefit with ibrutinib in multiple CLL subgroups, including patients with relapsed or refractory disease, patients with 17p deletion, elderly patients, and treatment-naive patients. Consequently, ibrutinib was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for newly diagnosed and relapsed disease. Ibrutinib has transformed the treatment of CLL; however, several limitations have been identified, including low complete remission rates, development of resistance, and uncommon substantial toxicities. Further, ibrutinib must be used until disease progression, which imposes a financial burden on patients and society. These limitations were the impetus for the development of ibrutinib combinations. Four strategies have been tested in recent years: combinations of ibrutinib with immunotherapy, chemoimmunotherapy, cell therapy, and other targeted therapy. Here, we review the scientific rationale for and clinical outcome of each strategy. Among these strategies, ibrutinib with targeted agent venetoclax results in high complete response rates and, importantly, high rates of undetectable minimal residual disease. Although we concentrate here on ibrutinib, similar combinations are expected or ongoing with acalabrutinib, tirabrutinib, and zanubrutinib, second-generation BTK inhibitors. Future investigations will focus on the feasibility of discontinuing ibrutinib combinations after a defined time; the therapeutic benefit of adding a third agent to ibrutinib-containing combinations; and profiling of resistant clones that develop after combination treatment. A new standard of care for CLL is expected to emerge from these investigations.
A comparison of occupational physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns of nurses working 12-h day and night shifts

Abstract Background Past studies have reported nurses working day shifts engage in high amounts of light and moderate-intensity occupational physical activity. However, little is known regarding how occupational physical activity and sedentary behavior is accumulated within shifts and/or over consecutive shifts. Objective This study compared occupational physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns of nurses working 12-h. day vs. 12 -h. night shifts. We hypothesized nurses working day shifts would be more active and less sedentary while at work compared to nurses working night shifts and that within shift and between shift differences would emerge. Design Prospective-cohort study design Setting(s) Midwestern trauma one academic medical center medical units (medical surgical, critical care, pediatrics, mother and baby, and other) Participants A total of 56 registered nurses working 12-h. day and night shifts participated in this study. Methods Occupational physical activity and sedentary behaviors (e.g., step count, time spent sitting, standing, and walking) were measured for 14 continuous days using the ActivPAL 3 micro activity monitor. Repeated measures mixed-effects regression models were used to examine the effects of shift type, consecutive shifts, and time within a shift on occupational physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Results Nurses spent more time standing and walking, and less time sitting overall during day shifts compared to night shifts. Nurses walked less during the third consecutive night shift and stood less and sat more during the second and third consecutive night shifts, compared to day shifts. Nurses tended to walk less and sit more during the middle portion of each night shift compared to day shifts. Conclusions Our findings suggest nurses spend more than half of each shift either standing or walking and that differential patterns of occupational physical activity and sedentary behavior exist between day and night shifts. These findings should be used to inform future interventions designed to advance the health and work performance of nurses.
Novel thermal habitat in lakes

Lakes are warming globally at variable rates with important consequences for species survival. Now, research quantifies change in thermal habitat of lakes around the world and shows that season or depth restrictions on species responses may increase thermal habitat change threefold.
Use of Lean Methodologies in Outpatient Urology Clinic

AbstractIntroduction:Our objective was to apply lean methodologies to identify and improve processes in the urology clinic.Methods:A total of 85 appointments in provider and procedure clinics were ...
Proteoglycans : structure, biology, and molecular interactions

Introductory remarks and overview structure and biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan heparin sulfate - molecular structure and interactions with growth factors and morphogens hyaluronan catabolism of proteoglycans glypicans serglycin proteoglycans - the family of proteoglycans stored in the secretory granules of varied effector cells of the immune response the small leucine-rich proteoglycans corneal proteoglycans heparan sulfate proteoglycans in basement membranes - perlecan, agrin, and collagen XVIII versican aggrecan chrondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the nervous system.
Rat Liver Glutamyl Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase II. FURTHER PROPERTIES AND ANOMALOUS PYROPHOSPHATE EXCHANGE

The properties of glutamyl ribonucleic acid synthetase purified from rat liver were investigated. The pH optimum for glutamyl-RNA formation was about 6.8. The apparent Km values for glutamate, adenosine triphosphate, Mg++, and soluble RNA in the formation of glutamyl-RNA were 1.3 x 10-4 m , 2.1 x 10-4 m , 1.25 x 10-3 m , and 2.9 x 10-7 m , respectively. The enzyme also displayed some activity in the presence of Mn++ or Co++. Deoxy-ATP could partially replace ATP as the energy source. The enzyme was very specific for the glutamic acid structure, with many closely related analogues being unable to inhibit glutamyl-RNA formation. The purified liver enzyme was unable to utilize soluble RNA from yeast, Escherichia coli, or Bacillus subtilis. p-Mercuribenzoate, at very low concentrations, completely inhibited the enzyme, and the substrates did not protect against this inhibition. The enzyme catalyzed an anomalously low ATP-PPi exchange reaction under the usual conditions of assay, but this could be stimulated by the addition of high concentrations of glutamate or soluble RNA. The addition of soluble RNA lowered the apparent Km for glutamate in the exchange reaction from 0.2 m to 6.7 x 10-4 m and also increased the Vmax. The pH optima for the exchange in the presence of soluble RNA or high glutamate concentrations were different. The results are discussed in relation to a concerted mechanism of glutamate activation and transfer to soluble RNA and to the possibility of soluble RNA-PPi intermediates.
Four-fold enhancement of transverse optical magnetism in unstructured solids

Scattering experiments on second-order induced magnetization in transparent Gadolinium Gallium Garnet (GGG) crystals show four times the maximum magnetic response measured previously in liquids.
Serological specificity of acid-soluble antigens of Bacterionema matruchottii.

Abstract Sibal, Louis R. (University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago), Arthur V. Kroeger, Dan Kumarich, and Esther Meyer. Serological specificity of acid-soluble antigens of Bacterionema matruchottii. J. Bacteriol. 83:811–818. 1962.—The serological specificity of acid-soluble antigens extracted from the oral, filamentous organism, Bacterionema matruchottii, was demonstrated by the microprecipitin reaction. There was no evidence of cross-reaction with antisera prepared against Leptotrichia buccalis, Actinomyces, or Lactobacillus species, and these results were confirmed by quantitative complement-fixation tests with selected antisera. Since all of the B. matruchottii isolates studied possess antigens in common, it was concluded that the microprecipitin reaction offers a useful aid in the differentiation of this genus from other filamentous organisms. The results do not provide definitive evidence regarding the taxonomic relationship of B. matruchottii to any genus tested, and tend to support the recent proposal for establishment of a new genus, Bacterionema. Preliminary data obtained with the indirect fluorescent antibody technique appear to indicate that the antigens of the intact bacterial cell are as specific as the acid-soluble extracts.
Vibrio cholerae: the genetics of pathogenesis and environmental persistence.

Cholera is acquired through the consumption of contaminated water or food. After passing through the acid barrier of the stomach, the bacteria penetrate the mucous lining of the small intestine and adhere to intestinal epithelial cells to establish an infection. During colonization of the small intestine, the bacteria begin to express several key virulence factors, including cholera toxin (CT). The action of CT on intestinal epithelial cells is responsible for the massive diarrhea associated with cholera. Key to the ability of Vibrio cholerae to cause disease is the virulence factors that it produces. Extensive research efforts involving innovative techniques have been directed at understanding the mechanisms involved in V. cholerae’s establishing a successful infection. The two most important virulence factors required for the ability of the organism to cause cholera are the CT and the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP). The evolution of the pathogenic potential of V. cholerae has clearly occurred through the acquisition of several mobile genetic elements. A number of different genetic techniques have been utilized to identify V. cholerae genes important for virulence. Several in vivo transcriptome studies have also shed light on aspects of V. cholerae pathogenesis. Transcriptome profiling of V. cholerae isolated from human stools using microarray analysis has provided the closest understanding of gene expression relevant to the natural host. Considering the severe global impact of cholera, much effort has been directed at vaccine development.
Nature of crustal terranes and the Moho in northern Costa Rica from receiver function analysis

[1] The Central American subduction zone in northern Costa Rica shows along-strike variations in both the incoming and overriding plates. By analyzing the subducting oceanic Moho (M1) and the upper plate Moho (M2) with receiver functions, we investigate the variability in the hydration state of the subducting Cocos Plate and the nature of crustal terranes within the overriding Caribbean Plate. We calculate high-quality P and PP wave receiver functions using broadband data of the Global Seismology Network; Geoscope Project; and the CRSEIZE, Pocosol, and Corisubmod experiments. In addition, we estimate the depth (H) and vertically averaged Vp/Vs (κ) to Moho and present a sensitivity study to explore the effects of a dipping interface on receiver functions and the H and κ estimates. Our results are consistent with a drier oceanic mantle subducting beneath the southernmost part of the Nicoya Peninsula, as compared to a serpentinized oceanic mantle subducting beneath the northern part. In the Caribbean Plate, we describe the nature of the Mesquito, Nicoya, and Chorotega terranes by integrating new and published Vp/Vs estimates. Both the Nicoya and Chorotega terranes display high Vp/Vs (1.80–1.92) consistent with their oceanic character. In contrast, the oceanic Mesquito Terrane mostly displays lower Vp/Vs (1.62–1.80) more compatible with continental crust, which may indicate that subduction zone magmatism is modifying the crust to display continental character. Our estimates show that the deepest M2 (∼42 km) is observed in the volcanic arc region whereas the shallowest M2 (∼27–33 km) is observed in parts of the fore-arc and back-arc regions.
Complete Preemption. Removing the Mystery from Removal

The American Law Institute has begun a project to address the principles of our jurisdictional system, the implications of which are powerful and far-reaching. Our dual system of federal and state courts inevitably leads to forum questions that can radically alter, or even determine, the outcome of a dispute. Because jurisdiction serves as the initial door to legal relief it must rest on a coherent framework of principles and rules if justice is to prevail. Not unlike its efforts in 1969, the ALI will propose a set of jurisdictional principles through amendments to our current statutes. In doing so, it will come across the convoluted doctrine of federal question removal based on complete preemption. This Comment addresses the confusion surrounding the doctrine and proposes that preemption should serve as the basis for removal only for those claims for which Congress has created federal law that both preempts state law and provides a parallel cause of action.
MHC Class II Molecules Traffic into Lipid Rafts during Intracellular Transport

There have been many studies demonstrating that a portion of MHC class II molecules reside in detergent-insoluble membrane domains (commonly referred to as lipid rafts). We have proposed that the function of raft association is to concentrate specific MHC class II-peptide complexes in plasma membrane microdomains that can facilitate efficient T cell activation. We now show that MHC class II becomes lipid raft associated before binding antigenic peptides. Using pulse-chase radiolabeling techniques, we find that newly synthesized MHC class II and MHC class II-invariant chain complexes initially reside in a detergent-soluble membrane fraction and acquire detergent insolubility as they traffic to lysosomal Ag processing compartments. Monensin, an inhibitor of protein transport through the Golgi apparatus, blocks association of newly synthesized MHC class II with lipid rafts. Treatment of cells with leupeptin, which inhibits invariant chain degradation, leads to the accumulation of MHC class II in lipid rafts within the lysosome-like Ag-processing compartments. Raft fractionation of lysosomal membranes confirmed the presence of MHC class II in detergent-insoluble microdomains in Ag-processing compartments. These findings indicate that newly synthesized MHC class II complexes are directed to detergent-insoluble lipid raft microdomains before peptide loading, a process that may facilitate the loading of similar peptides on MHC class II complexes in these microdomains.
Direct and indirect effects of murine interleukin-2, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor on testosterone synthesis in mouse Leydig cells.

: It was recently observed that treatment of patients with a high dosage of human interleukin (IL-2) resulted in suppression of plasma concentrations of testosterone. A murine model was developed to assess the direct and indirect effects of murine IL-2 and the secondarily released cytokines, gamma interferon (INFγ), and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), on testosterone production in isolated Leydig cells. Pretreatment for 24 hours with IL-2 (100 to 500 IU/ml) or INFγ (100 to 1000 IU/ml) significantly decreased testosterone production in response to luteinizing hormone (LH; P < 0.02 and 0.005, respectively). The combinations of INFγ with either TNFα or IL-2 produced enhanced suppressive effects on Leydig cell testosterone production. Steroidogenic precursors (22-hydroxycholesterol, 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone) restored testosterone secretion to control levels after preincubation with INFγ or TNFα. In contrast, the inhibition of testosterone synthesis produced by either IL-2 or INFγ plus TNFα could be reversed by 17α-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone, but not by 22-hydroxycholesterol (P < 0.01). Dibutryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate was also ineffective in reversing the inhibitory effects of these cytokines on synthesis. Although IL-2 directly inhibited synthesis in isolated Leydig cells, it stimulated testosterone production (P < 0.005) in minced murine testes. This suggests that IL-2 releases regulatory factors from other cells that were able to overcome the direct inhibitory effect of IL-2. This stimulatory effect was not caused by INFγ and TNFα because INFγ alone or with TNFα inhibited (P < 0.005) testosterone production in minced testes. These results suggest that INFγ inhibits production by affecting LH-stimulated events occurring before cholesterol side-chain cleavage. IL-2 and the combined effect of INFγ and TNFα additionally inhibit the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme.
Invasion triangle: an organizational framework for species invasion

Species invasion is a complex, multifactor process. To encapsulate this complexity into an intuitively appealing, simple, and straightforward manner, we present an organizational framework in the form of an invasion triangle. The invasion triangle is an adaptation of the disease triangle used by plant pathologists to help envision and evaluate interactions among a host, a pathogen, and an environment. Our modification of this framework for invasive species incorporates the major processes that result in invasion as the three sides of the triangle: (1) attributes of the potential invader; (2) biotic characteristics of a potentially invaded site; and (3) environmental conditions of the site. The invasion triangle also includes the impact of external influences on each side of the triangle, such as climate and land use change. This paper introduces the invasion triangle, discusses how accepted invasion hypotheses are integrated in this framework, describes how the invasion triangle can be used to focus research and management, and provides examples of application. The framework provided by the invasion triangle is easy to use by both researchers and managers and also applicable at any level of data intensity, from expert opinion to highly controlled experiments. The organizational framework provided by the invasion triangle is beneficial for understanding and predicting why species are invasive in specific environments, for identifying knowledge gaps, for facilitating communication, and for directing management in regard to invasive species.
Differentiating the role of different-sized microorganisms in peptide decomposition during incubations using size-fractioned coastal seawater

Abstract Peptide decomposition by different-sized microorganisms was compared by incubating tetrapeptide alanine–valine–phenylalanine–alanine (AVFA), a fragment of RuBisCO, in coastal seawater after size-fraction by filtration. The size-fractioned seawater included 20-μm microorganisms. This study provides insights into the relative role of different-sized microorganisms in regulating the recycling of labile organic matter in coastal waters.