cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parabolic harmonics in magnetospheric modeling: The main dipole and the ring current

A new representation is developed for that portion of the magnetospheric magnetic field which is produced by currents on the magnetopause or outside it. For a magnetopause which is a paraboloid of rotation and which confines all field lines of magnetospheric sources, the fields due to magnetopause currents are derived for two sources, a dipole and a two-parameter model of the ring current, each arbitrarily inclined to the earth-sun line. Methods are also developed for accomodating changes in the size of the magnetospheric cavity and for using nonparaboloidal boundaries, open at the nightside. Neutral points and polar cusps are derived, and in agreement with observations it is found that a growth of the ring current shifts them equatorward. By extrapolation from these results, it is argued that the observation of such shifts during magnetic storms may help resolve the relative importance of two processes proposed for magnetic storms.
Risk for ingestion of toxic substances in children with Prader-Willi syndrome.

Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) have several common findings that may predispose to ingestion of potentially dangerous items. This study examined whether individuals with PWS have an increased prevalence of toxic ingestions. A survey regarding history of ingestions in PWS individuals and sibling controls was designed, piloted, and distributed on-line. The subjects were individuals with PWS (N = 129). The subjects' non-PWS siblings served as controls (N = 134). Participants who completed the anonymous online survey were either the parents or the primary caretaker of individuals with PWS. Responses were submitted by 141 participants, providing information about 130 PWS subjects (M/F: 66:64) and 134 sibling controls. Subjects and controls ranged in age from 2 to 18 years at the time of the survey. Eleven participants did not answer the questions regarding ingestions. History of toxic ingestion was more prevalent in PWS subjects (20% vs. 2% of controls). Several features of PWS, including history of searching for food and eating unusual objects, along with decreased cognitive ability, appeared to associate with increased prevalence of toxic ingestion in PWS individuals. PWS children appear to have an ∼12-fold increased risk of ingesting toxins compared to the general population. Geneticists should include this information in counseling and in recommendations to primary care providers. Also, poison control centers need to be aware of this association and of the physiological and behavioral aspects of PWS that may complicate the diagnosis and management of a toxic ingestion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Determining the benefit of human input in human-in-the-loop robotic systems

In this work, we analyze the pick and place task for a human-in-the-loop robotic system to determine where human input can be most beneficial to a collaborative task. This is accomplished by implementing a pick and place task on a commercial robotic arm system and determining which segments of the task, when replaced by human guidance, provide the most improvement to overall task performance and require the least cognitive effort. The pick and place task can be segmented into two main areas: coarse approach towards goal object and fine pick motion. For the fine picking phase, we look at the importance of user guidance in terms of position and orientation of the end effector. Results from our experiment show that the most successful strategy for our human-in-the-loop system is the one in which the human specifies a general region for grasping, and the robotic system completes the remaining elements of the task. Our experimental setup and procedures could be generalized and used to guide similar analysis of human impact in other human-in-the-loop systems performing other tasks.
Targeting Anticancer Drugs to the Brain. I: Enhanced Brain Delivery of Oxantrazole following Administration in Magnetic Cationic Microspheres

AbstractA magnetic cationic microsphere delivery system, prepared from the polysaccharide chitosan and containing oxantrazole (OX), was examined for its ability to enhance brain delivery of OX compared to administration of OX in solution (OX-S). Magnetic chitosan microspheres containing OX (MCM-OX) and OX-S were administered intraarterially to male Fischer 344 rats at OX doses of 0.1 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg with a magnetic field of 6000 G applied to the brain for 30 min. Animals were sacrificed at 30 min and 120 min after MCM-OX and OX-S treatments, and multiple tissues were collected and analyzed for OX by HPLC. A statistical analysis of the effects of treatment, OX dose, and time on total OX in each sampled tissue was made. MCM-OX significantly increased OX brain concentrations compared to those achieved with OX-S treatments, concentrations after MCM-OX being a minimum of 100-fold greater. Within the MCM-OX treatment groups, ipsilateral OX concentrations were much greater, indicating target organ selectivit...
High-fiber oat cereal compared with wheat cereal consumption favorably alters LDL-cholesterol subclass and particle numbers in middle-aged and older men

Background: No studies have examined whether increased consumption of oat cereal, rich in soluble fiber, favorably alters lipoprotein particle size and number. Objective: We examined the effects of large servings of either oat or wheat cereal on plasma lipids, lipoprotein subclasses, lipoprotein particle diameters, and LDL particle number. Design: Thirty-six overweight men aged 50-75 y were randomly assigned to consume daily for 12 wk either oat or wheat cereal providing 14 g dietary fiber/d. Before and after the intervention, plasma lipid and lipoprotein subclasses were measured with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and whole-body insulin sensitivity was estimated with the frequently sampled intravenous-glucose-tolerance test. Results: Time-by-treatment interactions (P < 0.05) for LDL cholesterol (oat: -2.5%; wheat: 8.0%), small LDL cholesterol (oat: -17.3%; wheat: 60.4%), LDL particle number (oat: -5.0%; wheat: 14.2%), and LDL:HDL cholesterol (oat: -6.3%; wheat: 14.2%) were observed. Time-by-treatment interactions were nearly significant for total cholesterol (oat: -2.5%; wheat: 6.3%; P = 0.08), triacylglycerol (oat: -6.6%; wheat: 22.0%; P = 0.07), and VLDL triacylglycerol (oat: -7.6%; wheat: 2.7%; P = 0.08). No significant time-by-treatment interactions were observed for HDL cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol subclasses, or LDL, HDL, and VLDL particle diameters. Insulin sensitivity did not change significantly with either intervention. Conclusions: The oat compared with the wheat cereal produced lower concentrations of small, dense LDL cholesterol and LDL particle number without producing adverse changes in blood triacylglycerol or HDL-cholesterol concentrations. These beneficial alterations may contribute to the cardioprotective effect of oat fiber.
Massively parallel XML twig filtering using dynamic programming on FPGAs

In recent years, XML-based Publish-Subscribe Systems have become popular due to the increased demand of timely event-notification. Users (or subscribers) pose complex profiles on the structure and content of the published messages. If a profile matches the message, the message is forwarded to the interested subscriber. As the amount of published content continues to grow, current software-based systems will not scale. We thus propose a novel architecture to exploit parallelism of twig matching on FPGAs. This approach yields up to three orders of magnitude higher throughput when compared to conventional approaches bound by the sequential aspect of software computing. This paper, presents a novel method for performing unordered holistic twig matching on FPGAs without any false positives, and whose throughput is independent of the complexity of the user queries or the characteristics of the input XML stream. Furthermore, we present experimental comparison of different granularities of twig matching, namely path-based (root-to-leaf) and pair-based (parent-child or ancestor-descendant).We provide comprehensive experiments that compare the throughput, area utilization and the accuracy of matching (percent of false positives) of our holistic, path-based and pair-based FPGA approaches.
L-methylfolate in the Therapeutic Management of Major Depressive Disorder

Optimal levels of the bioactive folate are necessary for maintaining proper brain and body functioning. Folate deprivation and impaired folate metabolism are clinically associated with defects in the developing nervous system. Numerous studies implicate a deficiency of bioactive folate with an increased risk of major depressive disorder and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Bioactive forms of folate, particularly L-methylfolate, have been found to augment the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressants in patients with major depressive disorder, who fail to adequately respond to standard therapies. The antidepressant action of L-methylfolate appears to improve treatment outcomes most effectively when administered as an adjuvant to traditional antidepressants. This new understanding of the role of folates in major depressive disorder and other mood disorders offers opportunities to improve treatment outcomes.
Serotonin Syndrome Is It a Reason to Avoid the Use of Tramadol With Antidepressants

Background There is a warning associated with all serotonergic antidepressants and its concomitant use with tramadol due to the concern for a drug-drug interaction resulting in serotonin syndrome (SS). The prescribing of antidepressants with tramadol may be unnecessarily restricted due to fear of causing this syndrome. Objectives There are 3 objectives of this review. To (1) review case reports of SS associated with the combination of tramadol and antidepressant drugs in recommended doses, (2) describe the mechanisms of the drug interaction, and (3) identify the potential risk factors for SS. Methods Case reports of SS associated with tramadol and antidepressants were identified via Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Ovid (through October 2012) using search terms SS, tramadol, antidepressants, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram, escitalopram, venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, mirtazapine, milnacipran, trazodone, vilazodone, and bupropion. Cases involving monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants were excluded. Results Nine articles were identified describing 10 cases of suspected SS associated with therapeutic doses of tramadol combined with an antidepressant. Mechanisms of the drug-drug interactions involve pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and possible pharmacogenetic factors. Conclusions Review of the available case reports of tramadol combined with antidepressant drugs in therapeutic doses indicates caution in regard to the potential for SS but does not constitute a contraindication to their use. Tramadol is only contraindicated in combination with MAOIs but not other antidepressants in common use today. These case reports do suggest several factors associated with a greater risk of SS, including increased age, higher dosages, and use of concomitant potent cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitors. Tramadol can be safely combined with antidepressants; however, monitoring and counseling patients are prudent when starting a new serotonergic agent or when doses are increased.
OSSE Observations of Active Galactic Nuclei

The principal results on active galactic nuclei obtained by the Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE) on the COMPTON Gamma Ray Observatory are presented. These include observations of 26 Seyfert galaxies in lowenergy gamma rays and observations of several of the high-energy gamma ray sources detected by EGRET. OSSE observes a thermal-like spectrum from NGC 4151, and the average gamma ray spectrum of weak Seyferts is significantly softer (consistent with a 45 keV thermal spectrum) than the spectrum below 50 keV. OSSE has not detected any positron annihilation radiation from any Seyfert, and has not detected an MeV excess from these sources. The OSSE observations of several blazars, when combined with the COMPTEL and EGRET data, indicate that the spectral characteristics of these sources vary dramatically, exhibiting power-law spectra with breaks or changes in spectral index in the MeV region which vary from 0 to greater than 1.
Determination of Tibric Acid and Clofibrate in Animal Feed, Wastewater and Human Urine

drugs. Such tests require sensitive methods with accuracy and reproducibility to certify that the drugs were stable in dosed animal feed and that the proper concentration was present. Further, methods were required to monitor personnel and the work environs to ensure that neither was contaminated, and to monitor the wastewater effluent to avoid discharging potentially hazardous compounds into the environment. The only analytical method that could be found in the literature (6) employed high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze clofibric acid, its glucuronide, and probenecid in plasma and/or urine. Therefore, procedures employing HPLC and GC were developed to satisfy the chemical requirements for conducting toxicological studies. The MDL for clofibrate analyzed by HPLC in animal feed, wastewater, and human urine were 40, 0.5 and 1.0 ppb, respectively. The MDL for tibric acid by EC/GC in animal feed, wastewater, and human urine were 40, 0.1, and 1.0 ppb, respectively. Since feed was dosed within the range of 24 to 240 ppm, HPLC was the method of choice because of its rapidity and low cost as compared to the EC/GC procedures.
Data volume reduction for imaging radar polarimeter

The authors derive an algorithm to reduce required storage space for multipolarimetric synthetic aperture radar data which preserves signal integrity. The data reduction operation reduces the required storage by 12.8. The image synthesis process applied to a reduced data set can be applied to a standard image in two minutes on a VAX 785 when the compressed data format is used. This is ten times faster than image synthesis of the corresponding original data, due to the smaller volume of the compressed data (10 Mb compared with 128 Mb per image). The errors introduced in the output images are on the order of 10/sup -3/. Thus, operations with polarimetric data are greatly facilitated and are now within reach of small research groups. >
WHEN ONTOGENY REVEALS WHAT PHYLOGENY HIDES: GAIN AND LOSS OF HORNS DURING DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF HORNED BEETLES

How ecological, developmental and genetic mechanisms interact in the genesis and subsequent diversification of morphological novelties is unknown for the vast majority of traits and organisms. Here we explore the ecological, developmental, and genetic underpinnings of a class of traits that is both novel and highly diverse: beetle horns. Specifically, we focus on the origin and diversification of a particular horn type, those protruding from the pronotum, in the genus Onthophagus, a particularly speciose and morphologically diverse genus of horned beetles. We begin by documenting immature development of nine Onthophagus species and show that all of these species express pronotal horns in a developmentally transient fashion in at least one or both sexes. Similar to species that retain their horns to adulthood, transient horns grow during late larval development and are clearly visible in pupae. However, unlike species that express horns as adults, transient horns are resorbed during pupal development. In a large number of species this mechanisms allows fully horned pupae to molt into entirely hornless adults. Consequently, far more Onthophagus species appear to possess the ability to develop pronotal horns than is indicated by their adult phenotypes. We use our data to expand a recent phylogeny of the genus Onthophagus to explore how the widespread existence of developmentally transient horns alters our understanding of the origin and dynamics of morphological innovation and diversification in this genus. We find that including transient horn development into the phylogeny dramatically reduces the number of independent origins required to explain extant diversity patters and suggest that pronotal horns may have originated only a few times, or possibly only once, during early Onthophagus evolution. We then propose a new and previously undescribed function for pronotal horns during immature development. We provide histological as well as experimental data that illustrate that pronotal horns are crucial for successful ecdysis of the larval head capsule during the larval-to-pupal molt, and that this molting function appears to be unique to the genus Onthophagus and absent in the other scarabaeine genera. We discuss how this additional function may help explain the existence and maintenance of developmentally transient horns, and how at least some horn types of adult beetles may have evolved as exaptations from pupal structures originally evolved to perform an unrelated function.
Predictors of Recurrence in Patients With T2 and Early T3, N0 Adenocarcinoma of the Rectum Treated by Surgery Alone

Purpose Treatment of rectal cancer with neoadjuvant radiotherapy has been shown to reduce local recurrence and improve overall survival. The role of chemoradiotherapy in patients with T2, N0 and early T3, N0 rectal cancer, treated by radical surgery with total mesorectal excision, remains controversial. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of recurrence in this group of patients to enhance treatment selection. Patients and Methods One hundred patients with primary T2-3, N0 adenocarcinoma of the rectum, uniformly treated by surgery alone, were studied. The pathology slides available for 97 patients were rereviewed. Three patients with incomplete data sets were excluded. Clinical and survival data were obtained from a prospective computerized database and updated from hospital and office charts. The study end points were disease-free survival, disease-specific survival (DSS), time to pelvic recurrence (PR), and distant recurrence. Results Complete follow-up was available for all study patients. ...
Evolution of RXLR-Class Effectors in the Oomycete Plant Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum

Phytophthora plant pathogens contain many hundreds of effectors potentially involved in infection of host plants. Comparative genomic analyses have shown that these effectors evolve rapidly and have been subject to recent expansions. We examined the recent sequence evolution of RXLR-class effector gene families in the sudden oak death pathogen, P. ramorum. We found that P. ramorum RXLR effectors have taken multiple evolutionary paths, including loss or gain of repeated domains, recombination or gene conversion among paralogs, and selection on point mutations. Sequencing of homologs from two subfamilies in P. ramorum’s closest known relatives revealed repeated gene duplication and divergence since speciation with P. lateralis. One family showed strong signatures of recombination while the other family has evolved primarily by point mutation. Comparison of a small number of the hundreds of RXLR-class effectors across three clonal lineages of P. ramorum shows striking divergence in alleles among lineages, suggesting the potential for functional differences between lineages. Our results suggest future avenues for examination of rapidly evolving effectors in P. ramorum, including investigation of the functional and coevolutionary significance of the patterns of sequence evolution that we observed.
Improved robust adaptive controller for a class of partially known nonlinear systems

A class of partially known systems, in this case robot manipulators, is studied. The known dynamics are separated out and used to perform a feedback linearization on the nonlinear system. An adaptive controller is designed for the remaining unknown portion of the plant. The objective is to design a robust adaptive controller with signal synthesis to improve the convergence rate, reduce transient oscillation, and yield better disturbance rejection. The adaptive controller maintains the computed torque structure with a parameter estimation scheme; in addition, an auxiliary signal is synthesized. The authors also attempt to develop a design technique by which the convergence rate of the system can be improved by picking a design parameter alpha , the degree of stability of the model. >
Subcuticular Suture Versus Staples for Skin Closure in Vertical Skin Incisions in Cesarean Sections

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of wound complications comparing staples to suture closure of the skin. During a 6-month period, all patients who underwent cesarean delivery were assigned to have their skin approximated with either subcuticular sutures or surgical staples. The remainder of the closure techniques were the same in each group. Risk factors for wound complications were identified and statistically analyzed. Twelve hundred and eighty-nine patients were evaluated. Of the 731 women with skin closure via staples, 66 (9%) had a superficial wound separation compared with only 13 (2.3%) of 558 when subcuticular suture was used to approximate the skin edges (P < 0.0001). This was significant only for vertical skin incisions. Thus, closure of the skin with subcuticular suture at the time of cesarean reduced the incidence of wound disruption by more than fourfold.
Synthesis and properties of eighteen‐arm polybutadienes

A series of eighteen-arm regular star polybutadienes with molecular weights between 9.9 × 104 and 1.9 × 106 were prepared and characterized. Evidence is presented for the expanded configuration of the large eighteen-arm stars in a θ solvent. The intrinsic viscosities of the eighteen-arm stars gave g′ = [η]/[η]l = 0.284 in dioxane at 27°C (θ solvent) and 0.225 in toluene at 35°C (good solvent). The linear viscoelastic properties of the melts were also determined. The plateau modulus, GN°, is the same as for linear polybutadiene. The zero-shear viscosities (η0) and the longest relaxation times (Tmax) increase exponentially with the arm molecular weight Ma and are identical to those of four-arm polybutadienes with the same Ma. The zero-shear recoverable compliance (Je°) increases linearly with molecular weight. v′ in Je°GN° = v′Na, where Na is the number of entanglements per arm, is 0.95 slightly larger than 0.66 for four-arm polybutadienes. Similarly, g2 is higher than calculated from the Rouse–Ham theory.
Proportional Fair Scheduling for Downlink OFDMA

In this paper, the author studies the sum throughput maximization with proportional fair scheduling (PFS) for downlink orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) channels. The author proposes selective multiuser diversity (SMuD) schemes with normalized channel signal-to-noise ratio (n-SNR)-based ranking for user selection at each carrier, and assigns the transmit power to the assigned carriers using either equal power allocation (EPA) or water-filling (WF). The author also proposes a modified absolute channel SNR (a-SNR)-ranking based SMuD scheme, which provides an improved performance than the original a-SNR SMuD scheme. Closed-form throughput and average access probability (AAP) expressions for both n-SNR and a-SNR SMuD schemes with EPA over independent but not necessarily identically distributed (i.n.d.) Rayleigh channels (for different users and carriers) are derived. These results put new insight into the achievable downlink OFDMA performance with proportional fairness and the effects of various system and channel parameters.
A Clustering Based Methodology for Determining the Optimal Roadway Configuration of Detectors for Travel Time Estimation

This paper deals with the problem of finding the optimal roadway segment configuration for road-based surveillance technologies to estimate route travel times accurately. This problem is inherently a space discretization problem regardless of which travel time estimation function is used. The ad-hoc solution to this problem is the equidistant segment configuration, such as every half-mile, every one-mile. It is shown in this paper that the space discretization problem can be expressed as the common clustering problem. The novelty of the proposed approach is the use of preliminary vehicle trajectory data to obtain statistically significant traffic regime at the study route. Clustering of sample space-time trajectory data is proposed as a viable methodology for solving the optimal roadway segment configuration problem.
General density gradients in general domains: the ''two-tank'' method revisited

An experimental technique for the creation of any statically stable density profile is presented. This technique is essentially a generalized, unsteady version of the “two-tank” method that is well known to the stratified flow community. It involves specifying the desired density profile and then solving an inverse problem in order to determine the necessary flow rates of light and dense fluid into the test-section tank. In addition to creating nonlinear density profiles, this technique is also useful for creating linear profiles in tanks whose planform areas vary with the vertical coordinate. The execution of this technique is carried out with computer-controlled peristaltic pumps. Several tests of the method are presented. The first consists of creating a hyperbolic tangent density profile in a rectangular tank. The second consists of creating, again in a rectangular tank, a density profile that is representative of those found in oceans and lakes. Finally, the third test involves creating a linear profile in a tank whose planform area is not constant. In all cases, the measured density profile shows excellent agreement with the requested profile.
A Novel Family of TRF (DNA Topoisomerase I-Related Function) Genes Required for Proper Nuclear Segregation

We recently reported the identification of a gene, TRF4 (for DNA topoisomerase related function), in a screen for mutations that are synthetically lethal with mutations in DNA topoisomerase I (top1). Here we describe the isolation of a second member of the TRF4 gene family, TRF5. Overexpression of TRF5 complements the inviability of top1 trf4 double mutants. The predicted Trf5 protein is 55% identical and 72% similar to Trf4p. As with Trf4p, a region of Trf5p is homologous to the catalytically dispensable N-terminus of Top1p. The TRF4/5 function is essential as trf4 trf5 double mutants are inviable. A trf4 (ts) trf5 double mutant is hypersensitive to the anti-microtubule agent thiabendazole at a semi-permissive temperature, suggesting that TRF4/5 function is required at the time of mitosis. Examination of nuclear morphology in a trf4 (ts) trf5 mutant at a restrictive temperature reveals the presence of many cells undergoing aberrant nuclear division, as well as many anucleate cells, demonstrating that the TRF4/5 function is required for proper mitosis. Database searches reveal the existence of probable Schizosaccharomyces pombe and human homologs of Trf4p, indicating that TRF4 is the canonical member of a gene family that is highly conserved evolutionarily.
«Mujeres esquivas» and the Paternal Function

Using the psychoanalytical concept of the paternal function, this ar- ticle will explore the ways in which two similar plays, Lo que son mujeres by Fran - cisco Rojas Zorilla and El desden con el desden by Agustin Moreto diverge in their endings, hinging on the function, or lack thereof, of the father figure. Keywords. Literature, Theatre, Psychoanalysis, Comedia, Rojas Zorrilla, Moreto, Mujer esquiva.
C-reactive protein and lipid parameters in older persons aged 80 years and older.

Objectives Aims of the study were 1) to investigate the association of C-reactive protein (CRP) with lipid (i.e. total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides) concentrations, and to evaluate their predictive value for mortality in very old subjects.
Effects of behavioral marital therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

This meta-analysis summarizes results from 30 randomized experiments that compare behavioral marital therapy with no-treatment control with distressed couples. Results showed that behavioral marital therapy is significantly more effective than no treatment (d = .585). Although behavioral marital the
Characterization of the 6-methyl isoxanthopterin (6-MI) base analog dimer, a spectroscopic probe for monitoring guanine base conformations at specific sites in nucleic acids

We here characterize local conformations of site-specifically placed pairs of guanine (G) residues in RNA and DNA, using 6-methyl isoxanthopterin (6-MI) as a conformational probe. 6-MI is a base analog of G and spectroscopic signals obtained from pairs of adjacent 6-MI residues reflect base–base interactions that are sensitive to the sequence context, local DNA conformation and solvent environment of the probe bases. CD signals show strong exciton coupling between stacked 6-MI bases in double-stranded (ds) DNA; this coupling is reduced in single-stranded (ss) DNA sequences. Solvent interactions reduce the fluorescence of the dimer probe more efficiently in ssDNA than dsDNA, while self-quenching between 6-MI bases is enhanced in dsDNA. 6-MI dimer probes closely resemble adjacent GG residues, in that these probes have minimal effects on the stability of dsDNA and on interactions with solvent additive betaine. They also serve as effective template bases, although further polymerase-dependent extension of DNA primers past 6-MI template bases is significantly inhibited. These probes are also used to monitor DNA ‘breathing’ at model replication forks. The 6-MI dimer probe can serve in many contexts as a useful tool to investigate GG conformations at specific sites within the nucleic acid frameworks of functioning macromolecular machines in solution.
Fast scans and joins using flash drives

As access times to main memory and disks continue to diverge, faster non-volatile storage technologies become more attractive for speeding up data analysis applications. NAND flash is one such promising substitute for disks. Flash offers faster random reads than disk, consumes less power than disk, and is cheaper than DRAM. In this paper, we investigate alternative data layouts and join algorithms suited for systems that use flash drives as the non-volatile store.All of our techniques take advantage of the fast random reads of flash. We convert traditional sequential I/O algorithms to ones that use a mixture of sequential and random I/O to process less data in less time. Our measurements on commodity flash drives show that a column-major layout of data pages is faster than a traditional row-based layout for simple scans. We present a new join algorithm, RARE-join, designed for a column-based page layout on flash and compare it to a traditional hash join algorithm. Our analysis shows that RARE-join is superior in many practical cases: when join selectivities are small and only a few columns are projected in the join result.
Pantothenic acid deficiency and loss of natural resistance to a bacterial infection in the rat.

SummaryPantothenate deficient rats may lose the innate species determined resistance to infection with a type of corynebacterium so far known to be pathogenic only for mice.
The Impacts of a Scalable Intervention on the Language and Literacy Development of Rural Pre-Kindergartners

Read It Again (RIA) is a curriculum for pre-kindergarten (pre-K) classrooms that targets children's development of language and literacy skills. A cluster randomized trial was conducted in which 104 pre-K classrooms in the Appalachian region of the United States were randomly assigned to one of three study conditions: Control (n = 30), RIA only (n = 35), or RIA with expanded professional development components (n = 39). This study tested the impacts of RIA on six measures of children's (n = 506) language and literacy development. There was a significant positive impact of RIA on print concepts, and the impacts of RIA on print knowledge and alphabet knowledge were significantly stronger in classrooms with lower-quality literacy instruction. There were no impacts of RIA on children's language development and no impacts of the professional development components. Implications of the findings for implementing scalable, effective strategies to improve key school readiness outcomes for children from economicall...
Chromosomal deletions and amplifications in multiple myeloma detected by 500K single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis.

Abstract Genetic aberrations, such as deletions and amplifications are among the major pathogenetic mechanisms underlying malignant transformation and progression. Analysis of chromosomal aberrations is particularly important as amplifications of oncogenes and deletions of tumor suppressor genes are major steps in the “multi-hit” process of tumorigenesis. Genome-wide molecular analyses, such as loss of heterozygosity (LOH) profiling and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) have significantly enhanced our ability to detect chromosomal aberrations in cancer cells and assess their role in tumorigenesis. The recent introduction of high-density oligonucleotide arrays capable of measuring up to 500K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) loci is able to analyze small areas of gains or losses. Here we describe the use of high-density array representing upto 500K SNPs to not only characterize SNPs but also evaluate genome-wide areas of gains and losses in myeloma. We purified CD138+ myeloma cells from 5 patients and also obtained their peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Purified genomic DNA from these cells was digested with Sty and Nsp restriction enzymes, PCR amplified and hybridized to 500K SNP array. Results from DNA obtained from CD138+ myeloma cells were compared with DNA from normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the same patient using the dChip software for LOH and copy number analysis. Areas of deletions and amplifications were identified and correlated with gene expression profile obtained from CD138+ myeloma cells of the same patient. The preliminary analysis identified various areas of amplifications and deletions. The significant areas of structural gains or losses included Chromosome 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, X among others and ranged in size from 1 Mb to the loss of entire chromosome (13q−). In this small sample we have identified recurrent LOH shared by 2 or more samples including 1p21, 6q, 12p13 and 13q. The derived CGH results correlated with known cytogenetic abnormalities in the patients, with identification of additional areas of abnormality not detected by conventional cytogenetics or FISH. These structural changes also corresponded with the results from gene expression profiling of MM cells from same patients, thus validating the technique and its application. A large series of patient samples are now under investigation using 500K SNP chip to define regions of homozygous deletions as well as amplification. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that SNP array analysis provides a powerful new tool for the analysis of allelic imbalance in myeloma. Furthermore, this technique can identify novel candidate loci to study in pathogenesis of myeloma and advance identification of potential therapeutic targets for this fetal disease.
High voltage studies of inverted-geometry ceramic insulators for a 350 kV DC polarized electron gun

Jefferson Lab is constructing a 350 kV direct current high voltage photoemission gun employing a compact inverted-geometry insulator. This photogun will produce polarized electron beams at an injector test facility intended for low energy nuclear physics experiments, and to assist the development of new technology for the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility. A photogun operating at 350kV bias voltage reduces the complexity of the injector design, by eliminating the need for a graded-beta radio frequency �capture� section employed to boost lower voltage beams to relativistic speed. However, reliable photogun operation at 350 kV necessitates solving serious high voltage problems related to breakdown and field emission. This study focuses on developing effective methods to avoid breakdown at the interface between the insulator and the commercial high voltage cable that connects the photogun to the high voltage power supply. Three types of inverted insulators were tested, in combination with two electrode configurations. Our results indicate that tailoring the conductivity of the insulator material, and/or adding a cathode triple-junction screening electrode, effectively serves to increase the hold-off voltage from 300kV to more than 375kV. Electrostatic field maps suggest these configurations serve to produce a more uniform potential gradient across the insulator.
Transition-Metal-Promoted Reactions of Boron Hydrides. 16. Platinum- and Palladium-Catalyzed Olefin Addition and Olefin Dehydrogenative Borylation Reactions of arachno-6,8-C2B7H13: Syntheses and Structural Characterizations of 7-R-arachno-6,8-C2B7H12 and 7-(trans-R-CHCH)-arachno-6,8-C2B7H12

The chloroplatinic acid or platinum(II) bromide-catalyzed reaction of arachno-6,8-C2B7H13 with ethylene results in hydroboration to yield the single product 7-(C2H5)-arachno-6,8-C2B7H12. Analogous reactions with 1-pentene or styrene yield a mixture of both hydroboration, 7-R-arachno-6,8-C2B7H12, and dehydrogenative borylation, 7-(trans-R-CHCH)-arachno-6,8-C2B7H12, products. On the other hand, the palladium(II) bromide-catalyzed reaction of arachno-6,8-C2B7H13 with ethylene yields predominantly the dehydrogenative borylation product (7-(CH2CH)-arachno-6,8-C2B7H12 along with smaller amounts of 7-(C2H5)-arachno-6,8-C2B7H12. Palladium(II) bromide-catalyzed reactions with 1-pentene or styrene result in only dehydrogenative borylation to produce 7-(trans-R-CHCH)-arachno-6,8-C2B7H12. The hydroboration and dehydrogenative borylation products observed in the platinum- and palladium-catalyzed reactions are related to those that have been observed in recently reported metal-catalyzed hydrosilations and catecholboran...
EFFECTS OF REPRESSION-SENSITIZATION ON RESPONSE LATENCY IN A PRISONER'S DILEMMA GAME

The repression-sensitization construct characterizes the defensive orientation of individuals. Repressors avoid threatening stimuli by utilizing defenses such as denial, repression, and withdrawal, while sensirizers approach threatening stimuli, utilizing defenses such as obsessive rumination and intellectualization (1). Dublin (2) compared the response latencies to projective and semiprojective test items for repressors, neutrals, and sensitizers and found that both neutrals and repressors exhibited significantly shorter response latencies than sensitizers. However, he did not find significant differences between repressors and neutrals. The present study further assessed the relationship between the R-S construct and latency measures. Response latency for each trial of 60 iterations of a prisoner's dilemma game (3) were compared for 24 repressor, 24 neutral, and 24 sensitizer college females. Latencies differentiated the personality groups (F2,aa = 4.41, p < .025) with sensitizers (M = 3.72, s = 3.20) displaying significantly (# < .025) longer response latencies than repressors (M = 2.19, s = .85). Neutrals (M = 2.47, s = 1.49) responded intermediately between the extreme groups. These data are consistent with predictions based on the conceptualization of the R-S construct but only partially agree with Dublin's. Repressors appeared to avoid the anxiety of the situation by responding rapidly and thereby terminating the decisionmding process, whereas sensitizers engaged in behavior characteristic of obsessive rurnination. Dublin found significant differences between the latencies of neutrals and sensitizers but not between repressors and neutrals. This was interpreted to support a linear relationship between R-S and emotional adjustment indicating repressors and neutrals to be better adjusted than sensitizers. In the present study neutrals did not differ significantly from repressors, but since they did not differ significantly from sensirizers either. they cannot be said to have behaved the same as repressors. This differentiation is important since, assuming that response latency is a measure of the predominant type of defense mechanism a subject uses, a linear relationship between R-S scores and adjustment is somewhat questioned. These data may be said to support rhe construct validiry of the. R-S scale since all three groups (repressors, neutrals, and sensitizers) differed in response latency, and latencies for each of the three groups, from longest to shortest, were in the order predicted.
Free tissue transfer in acute burns.

Major burn injuries can be devastating for the patients and their carers both in terms of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is important to optimize the treatment of the injured patient. After initial resuscitation and physiological stabilization, thorough surgical debridement of the burn is necessary. Often resultant defects can be resurfaced with split skin grafting or local flaps. However, in a small percentage of cases free flap surgery is necessary. Free tissue transfer in burns surgery is rare, but is indicated in those patients in which there is loss of a vascularized surface suitable for grafting such as exposed tendon, or bone following surgical debridement, and in extreme cases for limb salvage. This review article discusses the rationale for free flap surgery in terms of types of burn injuries, perioperative considerations, and summarizes the literature in free tissue transfer in acute burns.
Notes on Cantharelloid Fungi. VII. The Taxa Described by Charles H. Peck

During his career as New York State Botanist, C. H. Peck offered two comprehensive summaries of Cantharellus (1872, 1887) and one of Craterellus (1887). In addition, three indexes of the taxa described by Peck have been published (Peck, 1888, 1910; Gilbertson, 1962), each including taxa of these two genera. To attach Peck's names securely to adequate descriptions, type specimens of these names were sought in the New York State Herbarium (NYS) where the bulk of Peck's collections reside. Descriptions of these type specimens and comments on their modern placement follow. The arrangement of taxa is alphabetical, regardless of rank or original generic disposition, for easy reference and so as to treat the taxa without taxonomic prejudice.
Reconstructions of the InP ( 111 ) A surface

Indium phosphide was deposited on $\mathrm{InP}(111)A$ substrates by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy. Then, the surface was characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Two reconstructions were observed: the $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ and the $(\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3})R30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ with phosphorus coverages of 0.25 and $1.00\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05\mathrm{ML}$ (monolayers), respectively. The $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ was found to adopt an indium-vacancy structure such as that observed on the $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ phase of GaAs $(111)A.$ The $(\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3})R30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ reconstruction has not been seen previously on III/V semiconductor surfaces. The experimental evidence suggests that this surface is terminated with a complete layer of phosphorus trimers.
Spatiotemporal Behavior of Water and Two-Phase Transport in the Porous Electrodes for PEM Fuel Cells

We analyze the impact of the interfacial phenomena at the macroscopic interfaces between fuel cell components on the water management and on the two-phase transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) electrodes using multiphase multi-fluid computational fluid dynamics (CFD). We present the numerical approach used to capture multiphase phenomena at the cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) - channel interface and explain the mechanisms that trigger the phenomenon referred to as the eruptive water ejection. Notwithstanding that they have been widely ignored, these are phenomena which ultimately control the amount of water that reside in the fuel cell components during operation.
A Rapid Immunoassay for Drugs of Abuse and Tricyclic Antidepressants

Results for eight drug assays from the urine drug screening protocol used at Parkland Memorial Hospital—a combination of immunoassay (EMIT, Syva, San Jose, Calif) and automated high-performance liquid chromatography (REMEDi, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif)—were compared with those from the Triage Panel for Drugs of Abuse Plus Tricyclic Antidepressants (Biosite Diagnostics, San Diego, Calif). Fifty-nine specimens were collected from patients seen in the emergency department. Specimens were selected for their potential to pose difficulty in interpretation. The two methods agreed extremely well for amphetamines, cocaine, and opiates, and reasonably well for benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressants. Although agreement was good for barbiturates, cannabinoids, and phencyclidine, enough samples were not available to provide an adequate comparison. The Triage panel is a rapid method that is easy to perform. Confirmation by another technique still may be required in certain cases.
Analysis of peer-related factors influencing on premarital sex behaviors among adolescents

Objective To explore effect of Peer-related factors influencing on premarital sex behaviors among adolescents. Methods Unmarried adolescents aged 15 to 24 among communities in Shanghai City were selected through multistaged stratified cluster sampling. Results The prevalence of sex behavior among unmarried adolescent of Shanghai was12. 7%,including 16. 8% for male and 8. 7% for female. According to the results of COX model analysis,the sex behavior of unmarried adolescent were associated with peer-related factors such as peer sex information( HR = 1. 112,P 0. 01),peer having or not premarital sex behavior( HR = 2. 583,P 0. 01),peer dangerous behaviors( HR = 1. 255,P 0. 01),having sex for catering to peer( HR = 1. 804,P 0. 01),pressure of peer dangerous behaviors( HR = 1. 255,P 0. 01) and the time of lounging with friends( HR = 1. 303,P 0. 01). Conclusion Premarital sex behavior of adolescents was remarkably influenced by peer-related factors. It is important to use peer education for helping adolescents to make healthy decision on sex behavior and to establish correct value orientation.
Analysis of Drug–Protein Interactions by High-Performance Affinity Chromatography: Interactions of Sulfonylurea Drugs with Normal and Glycated Human Serum Albumin

High-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) is a type of liquid chromatography that has seen growing use as a tool for the study of drug-protein interactions. This report describes how HPAC can be used to provide information on the number of binding sites, equilibrium constants, and changes in binding that can occur during drug-protein interactions. This approach will be illustrated through recent data that have been obtained by HPAC for the binding of sulfonylurea drugs and other solutes to the protein human serum albumin (HSA), and especially to forms of this protein that have been modified by non-enzymatic glycation. The theory and use of both frontal analysis and zonal elution competition studies in such work will be discussed. Various practical aspects of these experiments will be presented, as well as factors to consider in the extension of these methods to other drugs and proteins or additional types of biological interactions.
An Analysis of News Sources in Two Miami Newspapers' Coverage of the Overtown and Liberty City Riots of 1989

Analysis of two Miami newspapers (on daily, one weekly) reveals that both relied heavily on individuals rather than institutions as news sources in the aftermath of civil disturbances during January, 1989. While the daily used relatively similar proportions of commercial and nongovernmental personnel, more than a third of the weekly paper’s sources were either residents or administrative personnel and staff in governmental agencies. Of the 181 different sources identified, the two papers shared 27. Most of the papers’ reporter information channels were through interviews. Suggestions are made regarding further analysis of both newspapers’ stake in the business community and maintenance of the area’s economic status quo.