cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wireless powering based on Strongly coupled Magnetic Resonance with SRR elements

In this paper, a model of Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonator (SCMR) in terms of Split Ring Resonator (SRR) elements is presented. By adding SRR cells, which can be considered as tank resonators between source and load, we achieve high wireless powering efficiency of 90% at 85MHz. Additionally, methods to tune the operating frequency by changing the SRR structure parameters are discussed. Compared with the previous work on SCMR, our method has simpler structure and it is easier to shift the frequency with high transmission efficiency.
Using Soil Freezing Characteristics to Model Multi-Season Soil Water Dynamics

The soil moisture characteristic (SMC) is a fundamental soil property for simulating soil water dynamics but is difficult and time-consuming to measure. When the soil is frozen, the soil water potential and liquid water content are strongly dependent on temperature. The relation between soil freezing temperatures and liquid water content, termed the soil freezing characteristic (SFC), is related to the SMC. With the widespread use of time-domain reflectometry (TDR) to measure liquid water in frozen soil, simultaneous measurement of soil temperature and liquid water content under frozen conditions enables in situ estimation of the SMC curve through its similarity to the SFC. We investigated the applicability of deducing the SMC curve from in situ measurements of the SFC for simulation of both frozen and unfrozen soil water dynamics. Results suggest that SMC parameters deduced from the SFC may be used for model simulations without a significant loss of accuracy, as compared with model simulations based on pressure plate analyses.
The Bentall procedure: Is it the gold standard? A series of 597 consecutive cases

Objectives We compared aortic root reconstructions using conduits with biological valves and mechanical valves. Methods Of 597 patients (1995–2008), 307 (mean age 71 years [23–89 years]) had biological valves and 290 (mean age 51 years [21–82 years]) had mechanical valves. The subgroup of 242 patients aged 50 to 70 years included 133 with biological and 109 with mechanical valves. Results Overall hospital mortality was 3.9% with biological valves (n = 15; elective: 3.7% [n = 10]) versus 2.8% with mechanical valves (n = 8; elective: 1.4% [n = 3]). In patients 50 to 70 years, age greater than 65 years (relative risk: 3.3 [ P = .0001]), clot (relative risk: 2.5 [ P = .05]), coronary artery disease (relative risk:3.5 [ P P = .006]) were independent risk factors for long-term survival (after postoperative day 30); there was no difference in long-term survival between biological and mechanical valves (relative risk: 0.9 [ P = .74]). The linearized rate for valve/ascending aorta reoperation was 0.86%/pt-y (2 in 2310 pt-y) after mechanical valves and 2.5%/pt-y (4 in 1586 pt-y) after Bentall procedures with the biological valve. Conclusions The choice of valve for aortic root reconstruction seems to have no influence on long-term outcome. Emergency operation and the presence of clot/atheroma have a significant impact on short-term outcome. Reoperation for either ascending aorta and/or aortic valve is low.
RECOVER evidence and knowledge gap analysis on veterinary CPR. Part 4: Advanced life support

Objective To systematically evaluate the evidence of the effect of advanced life support techniques on outcome in veterinary cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and to outline knowledge gaps. Design Standardized, systematic evaluation of the literature, categorization of relevant articles according to level of evidence and quality, and development of consensus on conclusions for application of the concepts to clinical practice. Setting Academia, referral practice, and general practice Results Sixteen population, intervention, control group, outcome questions were evaluated to determine if recommendations could be made concerning drug therapy, including vasopressors, vagolytics, corticosteroids, reversal agents, buffer therapy, and correction of electrolyte disturbances. Electrical defibrillation strategies as well as other advanced interventions such as open-chest CPR, impedance threshold devices, and special considerations regarding anesthesia-related cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) were also investigated. Conclusions There is strong evidence supporting the use of standard-dose (0.01 mg/kg) epinephrine in CPR, as well as early electrical defibrillation for animals experiencing CPA due to ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, preferentially using a biphasic defibrillator. For CPA due to certain causes and with the availability of advanced postcardiac arrest support, open chest CPR is preferred. Many knowledge gaps regarding other pharmacologic and advanced therapies were identified, and further studies are recommended to better systematically address these questions.
Quality and trustworthiness in qualitative research in counseling psychology.

This article examines concepts of the trustworthiness, or credibility, of qualitative research. Following a “researcher-as-instrument,” or self-reflective, statement, the paradigmatic underpinnings of various criteria for judging the quality of qualitative research are explored, setting the stage for a discussion of more transcendent standards (those not associated with specific paradigms) for conducting quality research: social validity, subjectivity and reflexivity, adequacy of data, and adequacy of interpretation. Finally, current guidelines for writing and publishing qualitative research are reviewed, and strategies for conducting and writing qualitative research reports are suggested. Qualitative research, ensuing from a variety of disciplines, paradigms, and epistemologies, embraces multiple standards of quality, known variously as validity, credibility, rigor ,o rtrustworthiness. In addition to some standards that may be thought of as somewhat universal across disciplines and paradigms, the “goodness” (Morrow & Smith, 2000) of qualitative inquiry is assessed on the basis of the paradigmatic underpinnings of the research and the standards of the discipline. Thus, a grounded theory study or a consensual qualitative research investigation in counseling psychology that is rooted in a postpositivist or constructivist/interpretivist paradigm will look quite different from a critical ethnography in education; and the standards appropriate for evaluating these studies will vary accordingly. I begin this article by addressing the paradigmatic underpinnings of trustworthiness or rigor in qualitative research. Next, I discuss central topics related to trustworthiness or validity that span paradigms and may be thought of as relevant across most research designs. I then provide an overview of guidelines that have been suggested for evaluating qualitative research, particularly in psychology. Finally, I offer recommendations for enhancing the quality of qualitative research in counseling psychology and suggest strategies for writing and publishing. First, however, in keeping with the standard of reflexivity as a way for researchers to inform their audiences about their perspectives as well as to manage their subjectivities, I describe my own assumptions about qualitative research methodology and quality.
Lithium prevents parkinsonian behavioral and striatal phenotypes in an aged parkin mutant transgenic mouse model

Lithium has long been used as a treatment for the psychiatric disease bipolar disorder. However, previous studies suggest that lithium provides neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease. The exact mechanism by which lithium exerts these effects still remains unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of low-dose lithium treatment in an aged mouse model expressing a parkin mutation within dopaminergic neurons. We found that low-dose lithium treatment prevented motor impairment as demonstrated by the open field test, pole test, and rearing behavior. Furthermore, lithium prevented dopaminergic striatal degeneration in parkin animals. We also found that parkin-induced striatal astrogliosis and microglial activation were prevented by lithium treatment. Our results further corroborate the use of this parkin mutant transgenic mouse line as a model for PD for testing novel therapeutics. The findings of the present study also provide further validation that lithium could be re-purposed as a therapy for PD and suggest that anti-inflammatory effects may contribute to its neuroprotective mechanisms.
Systematic examination of spin-independent and spin-dependent interactions of heavy quarks

There is now convincing evidence that the spin dependence of quarkonia systems requires an effective scalar confining potential. We show that all known cc\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} and bb\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} spin dependences are consistent with a vector-scalar model. We find, however, that the spin-averaged states are inconsistent with spin-independent corrections arising from a scalar potential. A more successful confining interaction is obtained by using a phenomenological spin-independent term introducing flavor dependence into the potential by means of inverse powers of the quark masses.
Factors Affecting the Successful Management of Intra-Abdominal Abscesses With Antibiotics and the Need for Percutaneous Drainage

There is no definite consensus on the management of intra-abdominal abscesses in adults. This retrospective study evaluated the use of antibiotic therapy and percutaneous image-guided drainage in adult patients with intra-abdominal abscesses. A retrospective chart review of 114 patients with intra-abdominal abscesses was conducted. Data collected included patient demographics, presenting symptoms, radiographic interpretation, vital signs, antibiotic coverage, laboratory values, and details of the hospital course. Bivariate statistical tests were performed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, chi-squared test, or Fisher's exact test, where appropriate. Sixty-seven of 114 patients (59 percent) had intra-abdominal abscesses resulting from appendicitis, diverticulitis in 30 patients (26 percent), postoperative in 13 patients (11 percent), and undetermined in 4 patients (4 percent). Three patients (3 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 1–8 percent) failed conservative management and underwent urgent operation. Sixty-one (54 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 44–63 percent) patients improved with intravenous antibiotic therapy alone. Fifty patients (44 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 35–54 percent) underwent image-guided percutaneous drainage after 48 to 72 hours of antibiotic therapy. Patients who improved on antibiotics alone had average abscess diameter of 4 cm, whereas patients who underwent percutaneous drainage had average diameter of 6.5 cm (P 6.5 cm and temperature at admission >101.2°F have higher likelihood of failing conservative therapy with antibiotics alone and requiring percutaneous drainage.
Beta decay energies of V52 and Cr55

The beta spectra of V/sup 52/ and Cr/sup 55/ were measured with a scintillation spectrometer. Kurie plots of the spectra yield end-point energies of 2.47 plus or minus 0.04 and 2.50 plus or minus 0.04 Mev for V/sup 52/ and Cr/sup 55/, respectively. (auth)
Intergranular Corrosion of Nonsensitized Austenitic Stainless Steels — 1. Environmental Variables

Abstract Intergranular corrosion of nonsensitized stainless steels is reviewed, with emphasis on corrosion experienced in nitric-dichrornate solutions. Electrical resistance changes occurring durin...
Environmental context in family resource management

Fundamental differences are described here between the environmental context of management within the private sphere of home and family, and management within the public sphere of government, political and business institutions. We articulate how management differs in the two spheres because of the unique rules and structural principles that govern each sphere, and because of the distinctive ends pursued in each sphere.
Graduate Education in the Fine Arts for the Artist-Teacher.

College administrators have noted, sometimes with alarm, that in the years since the Second World War a surge of student interest in the fine arts1 has pushed total college programs and resources in directions not originally foreseen nor intended. Often these administrators themselves possess backgrounds in respectable and traditional academic fields, fields usually other than the arts and, hence, have tended to define the arts as they themselves had experienced the arts in their own undergraduate and graduate training. They had viewed the arts as topics of peripheral interest which, having added cultural flavor to the total educational diet, were either not to be taken seriously or certainly not to be seen as central elements of broad liberal or scientific or technical education. The situation I have attempted to describe contains within it two main elements hopefully not irreconcilable, but nevertheless productive of stresses and strains within certain collegiate communities. One element in the situation relates to the backgrounds of college administrators, and this element includes what we can characterize as the "immovable object" in the dynamics (or statics) of current higher education developments. The other element is not too unlike an "irresistible force": redirection of educational goals towards a rather different conception of life-style too unfamiliar to the generation of adult Americans who have borne, in biological terms, the current generation of college students. A discontinuity between values is dramatically more evident today than in past generations and remains an aspect of the symptomatology of the inter-generational crisis of our times.2 Much fairly solid speculation has occurred with regard to the current trend in college student interests, which for our purposes I would like merely to paraphrase briefly as our having entered a period when subjective values related to an inner world of personal needs has, in large measure, overwhelmed the historical American ethic of success in a mercantilist and technologically oriented society. In short, the psychology of the college student has changed. Hence, interest in studies related to the self such as psychology and expression of self have become a function of the creative arts. Against this background of a changing social phenomenon, in essence the aggregate of yearning and striving for individual fulfillment, we have to examine the proposition of the education and functioning of artist-teachers in colleges and
Possible beneficial effects of neutralizing antibodies and antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus infection.

We studied the relationship between early human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) specific immune responses and pathogenesis of infection in participants enrolled in the multicenter AIDS cohort study (MACS). Sera collected at 6-month intervals for 2 years (visit 1–5) from 39 persons who seroconverted by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 6 months (visit 2) after enrollment were examined for isotype-specific Western blot reactivity, neutralizing antibodies (NA) against two divergent strains of HIV-1 (HIV-1IIIB and HIV-1RF), and for antibodies capable of participating in antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). These results were compared with changes in CD4+ cell number and episodes of lymphadenopathy. Twenty-five subjects had antibodies of at least one isotype reactive to at least one HIV-1 protein by Western blot at visit 1, before they became ELISA positive. NA reactive with HIV-1mB were detected before those reactive with HIV-1RF. NA were first observed in 11 sera at visit 2, i...
Forgivingness, Pessimism, and Environmental Citizenship

Our attitudes toward human culpability for environmental problems have moral and emotional import, influencing our basic capacities for believing cooperative action and environmental repair are even possible. In this paper, I suggest that having the virtue of forgivingness as a response to environmental harm is generally good for moral character, preserving us from morally risky varieties of pessimism and despair. I define forgivingness as a forward-looking disposition based on Robin Dillon’s conception of preservative forgiveness, a preparation to be deeply and abidingly accepting yet expecting human error. As with other virtues, however, preservative forgiveness is available to some of us more than others; in the second half of this paper, I consider the deep challenge posed by rational pessimism, especially on the part of those who have been given many reasons not to hope for the very moral improvements for which they strive. I conclude that for those of us with the power roles and personal resources especially conducive to environmental activism, preservative forgiveness inclines us to remain engaged in environmental activism with fellow flawed human beings, recognizing our own mutual depredations while committing us to cooperatively respond.
Experimental studies of the development of quasi-two-dimensional turbulence in stably stratified fluid

Abstract Quasi-two-dimensional turbulence was generated by towing an array of vertical cylinders through a tank which was filled with a two-layer stratified fluid. Sugar and Epsom salts were used, to give matching refractive indices for the two layers. The interface between the two layers was seeded with approximately 1000 neutrally buoyant particles. The evolution of this quasi-two-dimensional turbulence was visualized by photographing the fluorescent particles illuminated by a horizontal laser sheet traversing in the vertical direction. The three-dimensional particle velocity was obtained by digitizing the streaks. The evolution of the velocity correlations, length scales, one-dimensional and two-dimensional velocity and vorticity spectra were obtained for N = 5.72 s−1, N = 4.43 s−1, and N = 2.55 s−1 (where N is the Brunt-Vaisala frequency). The results showed the physical process of inverse energy cascading and the formation of dominant vortical structures under the influence of density stratification. Compared with idealized two-dimensional turbulence, the flow is highly dissipative at high N, as a result of the frictional dissipation between the interface and the unstratified layers.
Aliphatic Polycarbonates Produced from the Coupling of Carbon Dioxide and Oxetanes and Their Depolymerization via Cyclic Carbonate Formation

The (salen)CrCl/onium salt catalyzed coupling reactions of several oxetane derivatives and carbon dioxide are reported. The oxetanes investigated contain substituents in the 3-position covering a range of steric requirements. The oxetanes examined include, 3,3-dimethyloxetane, 3-methoxymethyl-3-methyloxetane, and 3-benzyloxymethyl-3-methyloxetane. The rates of reaction of these oxetanes with CO2 were found to be significantly slower than the corresponding process with the parent oxetane monomer. Furthermore, in these instances the formation of copolymer was found to proceed via the preformed cycloaddition product, i.e., the six-membered cyclic carbonate, to a greater extent and increasing with the steric bulk of the substituents on oxetane. For these sterically more hindered oxetanes, the CO2 coupling reaction carried out in toluene at 110 °C reached an equilibrium product distribution of copolymer to cyclic carbonate which increased in cyclic carbonate product with increasing steric requirements of the o...
On the use of exact state counting methods in RRKM rate calculations

Abstract The use of direct counts of molecular energy level degeneracies, P(E) , t internal energy, E , RRKM unimolecular reaction rate calculations is clarified. Highly accurate densities of states for use in practical rate calculations can be obtained by utilizing an energy level “grain” size of 1–5 cm −1 and by suitable averaging of P(E) over small energy intervals. An easily programmed algorithm for rounding energy levels to multiples of this “grain” size is given and applied to sum and density calculations.
Changes in vascular permeability with ischemic time, temperature, and inspired oxygen fraction in isolated rabbit lungs

Abstract The capillary filtration coefficient (K f ) is one of the most accurate measures of change in pulmonary vascular permeability and has been used in various models of acute lung injury. To evaluate the isolated effects of ischemia on K f , we have developed an ex vivo rabbit lung model in which the influences of reperfusion are eliminated. The current study was designed to validate this model by determining the effect of cold flushing with low-potassium-dextran solution containing 1% glucose (LPDG), ischemic time, temperature, and inspired oxygen fraction on K f . On completion of the ischemic period, the ventilated lungs, with the heart still attached, were suspended from a strain-gauge force transducer. After the lungs were flushed with 50 mL hetastarch solution (6% hetastarch solution with physiologic saline solution), the left atrial drainage cannula was occluded and the pulmonary artery pressure was incrementally increased by elevation of the reservoir. The K f was calculated as the slope of the line relating the weight gain rate and pulmonary capillary pressure. Our study demonstrated the following: (1) K f was not altered by flushing the lungs with LPDG at either 1 °C or 10 °C; (2) preservation at 37 °C, even for only 2 hours, demonstrated severe deterioration in K f ; (3) although hypothermia during ischemia suppressed the deterioration of K f , there were no significant differences in K f between 1 °C and 10 °C when ischemic time was less than 24 hours; (4) when preservation lasted less than 8 hours, change in K f was not influenced by the differences in inspired oxygen fraction during the ischemic period; (5) during 24-hour preservation, K f increased less when the lungs were inflated with room air than when they were inflated with either 100% oxygen or 100% nitrogen. These results indicate that injury occurs primarily during ischemia and increases with ischemic lime even in lungs flushed with LPDG and kept at 1 °C or 10 °C. Inflation with 100% oxygen may cause injury of the pulmonary vascular endothelium during 24-hour preservation, although oxygen supply from airway is essential. This isolated, ex vivo rabbit model examining pulmonary vascular permeability provides a sensitive and reliable means for evaluation of ischemic injury of the preserved lung.
Aggregation in Data Tables: Implications for Evaluating Criminal Justice Statistics

Data collected on a set of objects (cities, for instance) over a set of attributes (time points, for instance) can be subjected to a variety of aggregation schemes. For example, if a hypothesized pattern over the attributes is to be confirmed (a temporal increase in homicide rate, for instance), the data could be first aggregated over cities and then compared to the hypothesized pattern. Alternatively, the correspondence for each city could be separately assessed and the individual city indices aggregated. The stage at which aggregation takes place affects the size of the final measure of confirmation as well as its significance, but, unfortunately, in opposite ways. Preliminary data aggregation typically leads to larger summary statistics and larger significance levels. The conflicting notions of size and significance are first formalized in detail when the basic data are single numerical values obtained for each object-attribute pair. Extensions are presented to multigroup concordance, hierarchical aggr...
Groundwater hydrogeochemistry in injection experiments simulating CO2 leakage from geological storage reservoir

Abstract Geologic carbon sequestration has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. However, one barrier to large scale implementation is concern for water quality degradation from leakage of high CO2 fluids into drinking water aquifers. The hydrogeochemical response to simulated CO2 leakage was studied to estimate major and trace element release and to develop criteria for water quality monitoring and risk assessment. In this study, approximately 3100 L aquifer water enhanced with 1 atmosphere pressure CO2 gas was injected into a fracture zone located at 362–366 m below the ground surface in a sandstone/siltstone/mudstone interbedded aquifer in the Newark Basin. This was followed by a 3–6 week long incubation and then continuous monitoring of the hydrogeochemistry in the pumped-back water samples. Relative to background conditions, the recovered aquifer water displayed a decrease of pH, increase of alkalinity, Ca, Mg and Si concentrations, decrease of sulfate and Mo concentrations, and increased concentrations of trace elements including Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba and U. These changes in aquifer water geochemistry can be explained by (a) dissolution of silicate and carbonate minerals and (b) trace element release that appear to be dependent on pH and pCO2 and affected by the altered redox conditions in the aquifer. Rapid and simultaneous changes of pH, specific conductance, major and trace metal release in aquifer water could be used as indicators of CO2 leakage from geologic sequestration sites. Hydrogeochemical parameters including pH, total dissolved solids and trace elements, particularly Fe, Mn, and Zn, need to be monitored in compliance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) drinking water regulations.
A dynamic FT-IR method for determining the curing temperature ranges of an acetylene-terminated polyisoimide prepolymer

A dynamic FT-IR method was used to determine the individual curing temperature ranges of the isoimide-imide isomerization and crosslinking reactions of an acetylene-terminated polyisoimide prepolymer. The individual curing temperature ranges of these two types of chemical reactions for the polyisoimide system using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were totally overlapped. Using dynamic FT-IR spectroscopy, the curing temperature ranges of the isomerization and crosslinking reactions were clearly separated. The isomerization reaction began at lower temperatures than the crosslinking reaction and was complete when only half of the crosslinking reaction had occurred. The temperature width, ΔT1/2, was twice as great for the crosslinking reaction compared with the isomerization reaction. Activation energies from dynamic FT-IR spectroscopy can be obtained for the two separate reactions, however, for the reactions considered here, the activation energies were similar, 26 kcal/mol for the isomerization reaction and 23 kcal/mol for the crosslinking reaction. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Thermal Hysteresis: Mechanistic Insights into Biological Antifreezes

Abstract Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) bind to ice crystal surfaces and thus inhibit the ice growth. The mechanism for how AFPs suppress freezing is commonly modeled as an adsorption–inhibition process by the Gibbs–Thomson effect. Here we develop an improved adsorption–inhibition model for AFP action based on the thermodynamics of impurity adsorption on the crystal surfaces. We demonstrate the derivation of a realistic relationship between surface protein coverage and the protein concentration. We show that the improved model provides a quantitatively better fit to the experimental antifreeze activities of AFPs from distinct structural classes, including fish and insect AFPs, in a wide range of concentrations. Our theoretical results yielded the adsorption coefficients of the AFPs on ice, suggesting that, despite the distinct difference in their antifreeze activities and structures, the affinities of the AFPs to ice are very close and the mechanism of AFP action is a kinetically controlled, reversible process. The applications of the model to more complex systems along with its potential limitations are also discussed.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Sports Apparel

The protective clothing and equipment required for certain sports may inhibit heat loss from the body and contribute to potentially harmful heat stress injuries. This study measured the thermal resistance (insulation) and evaporative resistance of a variety of sports ensembles worn for football, basketball, baseball, soccer, track, tennis, golf, and cycling. The thermal resistance was measured with a heated sweating manikin in an environmental chamber according to ASTM F 1291. The intrinsic insulation values (Rcl) ranged from a low of 0.018 m2.0 C/W for running/aerobic ensemble consisting of a sports bra and compression shorts to 0.152 m2.0 C/W for a football uniform. The intrinsic evaporative resistance values (Rccl) ranged from 0.004–0.028 m2kPa/W for the same ensembles, respectively. Sports uniforms that cover a large portion of the body surface or provide impact protection substantially reduced heat loss from the body. The data presented in this paper can be used in the solution of heat balance equations to predict physiological responses of athletes when wearing uniforms under different conditions.
The effects of heat generation and wall interaction on freezing and melting in a finite slab

Abstract The processes of freezing and melting occurring in a heat-generating slab bounded by two semi-infinite cold walls is studied numerically. The method of collocation is employed to solve the various sets of governing equations describing the unsteady behavior of the system during different periods of time. Depending on the rate of internal heat generation and the thermal properties of the wall and the slab, several changes may take place in the system. These changes, as indicated by the transient locations of the solid-liquid interface, include transitions from freezing directly to melting, from freezing to cooling without phase change, from cooling to heating without phase change, and from heating to melting. Numerical predictions of the occurrence of these transitions, the rates of freezing and melting, and the duration of the transients are obtained as functions of several controlling dimensionless parameters of the system. Comparison is made with the case of a heat-generating sphere to further explore the effect of system geometry.
Factors Affecting Toxicity Test Endpoints in Sensitive Life Stages of Native Gulf of Mexico Species

Indigenous species are less commonly used in laboratory aquatic toxicity tests compared with standard test species due to (1) limited availability lack of requisite information necessary for their acclimation and maintenance under laboratory conditions and (2) lack of information on their sensitivity and the reproducibility of toxicity test results. As part of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment aquatic toxicity program in response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil incident (2010), sensitive life stages of native Gulf of Mexico species were evaluated in laboratory toxicity tests to determine the potential effects of the spill. Fish (n = 5) and invertebrates (n = 2) selected for this program include the following: the Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus), red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), spotted sea trout (Cynoscion nebulosus), cobia (Rachycentron canadum), red porgy (Pagrus pagrus), blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), and the common moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita). Initially in the program, to establish part of the background information, acute tests with reference toxicants (CdCl2, KCl, CuSO4) were performed with each species to establish data on intraspecies variability and test precision as well as identify other factors that may affect toxicity results. Median lethal concentration (LC50) values were calculated for each acute toxicity test with average LC50 values ranging from 248 to 862 mg/L for fish exposures to potassium chloride. Variability between test results was determined for each species by calculating the coefficient of variation (%CV) based on LC50 values. CVs ranged from 11.2 % for pompano (96-h LC50 value) to 74.8 % for red porgy 24-h tests. Cadmium chloride acute toxicity tests with the jellyfish A. aurita had the lowest overall CV of 3.6 %. By understanding acute toxicity to these native organisms from a compound with known toxicity ranges and the variability in test results, acute tests with nonstandard species can be better interpreted and used appropriately when determining risk.
Picosecond heat pulse propagation in single-wall carbon nanotubes

The propagation of picosecond duration heat pulses in single wall carbon nanotubes has been investigated using Molecular Dynamics simulations. It is found that the picosecond heat pulse in (10,0) and (5,5) induces several waves that propagate at different propagation speeds. The leading waves move at the speed of sound corresponds to LA phonons, followed by waves moving at TW phonon modes. The heat energy content in the waves corresponding to LA phonon modes in (10,0) zigzag nanotubes is significantly larger than in (5,5) armchair nanotubes.
Functionalized Porphyrin Discotic Liquid Crystals: Photoinduced Charge Separation and Trapping†

Individual members of a family of highly absorptive porphyrins bearing symmetrically positioned flexible side chains form discotic liquid crystalline mesophases at modest temperature ranges. The order of this phase is preserved when a thin layer of this self-assembled material is cooled to room temperature. Exposure of such films to visible excitation, with or without an externally applied electrical field, produces photovoltaic effects and/or charge trapping. The latter effect constitutes the basis for optoelectronic information storage.
Origin of lunar feldspathic rocks

Melting experiments and petrographic studies of lunar feldspathic rocks reveal possible genetic relationships among several compositionally and mineralogically distinct groups of lunar rocks and soil fragments. Dry, low PO_2 partial melting of crustal anorthositic norites of the anorthositic-noritic-troctolitic (ANT) suite produces liquids of the KREEP-Fra Mauro basalt type; dry, low PO_2 partial melting of pink spinel troctolite (PST) produces liquids of the “very high alumina basalt” or microtroctolite type. Both ANT and PST are probable components of the primitive terra crust. If crystal fractionation in a cooling basaltic liquid could have produced such a crust, it would also produce a mafic interior capable of yielding mare basalts by later remelting at depth.
French versus American Consumers’ Attachment of Value to a Product in a Common Consumption Context: A Cross-National Comparison

This article investigates the influence of French and American national culture on consumer perceptions of productrelated value. Employing means-end theory, hypotheses are developed to predict how French versus American national culture influences the content and structure of consumer value hierachies. Hypotheses are tested using data from in-depth laddering interviews with a matched sample of French and American consumers. The findings support the contention that differences exist in the meaning and relative importance of consumer value hierarchy dimensions across the two national cultures. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that consumption consequences are especially culturally sensitive.
A review of yield modelling techniques for semiconductor manufacturing

Semiconductor manufacturing is a complex multistage manufacturing process, and wafer fabs use complex processes involving billions of dollars worth of equipment to produce integrated circuits. The level of complexities associated with an integrated circuit is increasing in terms of feature size and number of devices. Companies use several performance metrics such as defectiveness, yield, and cycle time to improve manufacturing performance. Maintaining high yield through reliable and accurate quality control measures is one of the key performance criteria used by companies. The intent of this paper is to provide a review of the literature dealing with critical aspects of yield modelling. A review of many topics from simple probabilistic yield models to the incorporation of critical features such as spatial defects and radial yield losses will be provided. We will also assess empirical techniques used to model variations associated with complex interrelated wafer manufacturing processes. We emphasize that y...
Application of time-power series to nonequilibrium critical phenomena

Abstract We treat the kinetics of a one-dimensional lattice gas adsorption model with a critical point. We use a matrix method to construct an exact time-power series to describe the dynamics. Inverting the series gives the time as a function of the density in terms of a well-behaved density series from which one can derive a set of finite polynomials that give successively improving estimates of the critical parameter. From the ratios of successive coefficients in the density series one can estimate the critical exponent for the time dependence of the critical process.
An RF Time Domain Reflectometer Not in Real Time

A nanosecond RADAR system was developed, in which each line of the pulse spectrum was radiated in turn, their reflections measured and stored in a computer, and finally added up to compute the echo.
Fecal Incontinence in Older Adults

Fecal incontinence is an underreported and underappreciated problem in older adults. Although fecal incontinence is more common in women than in men, this difference narrows with aging. Risk factors that lead to the development of fecal incontinence include dementia, physical disability, and fecal impaction. Treatment options include medical or conservative therapy for older adults who have mild incontinence, and surgical options can be explored in selected older adults if surgical expertise is available.
Orbits of the Small Satellites of Saturn

Orbital parameter values and associated uncertainties determined from Voyager 1 imaging data for the satellites 1980S1, 1980S3, 1980S6, 1980S26, 1980S27, and 1980S28 are presented.
Islet Autotransplantation and Total Pancreatectomy

The goal of islet autotransplantation is the preservation of beta cell mass at the time of pancreatectomy. The majority of recipients have significant endogenous beta cell function with positive blood C-peptide after surgery even if only approximately one-third will achieve insulin-independence. In appropriately selected patients, total pancreatectomy combined with IAT achieves relief of pain and improves quality of life with relatively easier-to-manage glycemic control and avoidance of hyper- and hypo-glycemic episodes. Current research is focused on improving techniques of islet isolation and engraftment as well as long-term survival of autografted islets.
Sport and social status: golf and the making of the country club in the United States, 1882–1920

(1993). Sport and social status: golf and the making of the country club in the United States, 1882–1920. The International Journal of the History of Sport: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 93-100.
Structure of the monoclinic form of cytidylic acid b.

Abstract The crystal structure of a monoclinic modification of cytidylic acid b (cytidine-3′-phosphate) has been determined and refined by three-dimensional X-ray diffraction techniques. The space group is P21 with cell dimensions a = 5.987, b = 17.040, c = 6.670 A , β = 114.01° ; there are two molecules in the cell. Intensity data were collected visually. The trial structure was obtained by means of a Patterson superposition technique and was refined by the leastsquares method. The final R index for 1332 observed reflections is 0.073, and the fit is 1.5. The standard deviations in the bond distances are slightly less than 0.01 A. Despite the large difference in density between these monoclinic crystals (1.72 g cm−3) and those of the orthorhombic form the structure of which has already been determined (1.64 g cm−3), there is no major difference in molecular conformation. The bond distances and angles in the two modifications agree closely, the largest difference being in the P—O(H) distance, which is 0.037 A longer in the monoclinic crystals. The hydrogen-bonding scheme is different in the two modifications.
Transcriptional responses of the vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone genes to acute and repeated intraperitoneal hypertonic saline injection in rats

The contribution of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (VP) to the adaptation of ACTH responses to chronic stress was studied by analysis of CRH and VP expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats receiving acute or chronic i.p. hypertonic saline injection (ipHS), a stress model in which the HPA axis is not desensitized after repeated stimulation. Repeated ipHS for 14 days had no effect on CRH hnRNA levels but increased CRH mRNA levels by 42.2%. Parallel with preserved plasma corticosterone responses to repeated ipHS, CRH hnRNA responses and CRH mRNA response to the last injection in repeatedly stressed rats were identical to those in naive rats (8.6-fold increase by 15 min, returning to basal level by 1 h). Parvocellular VP hnRNA responses to a single ipHS were slower and more prolonged than for CRH (7.1-, 11.5-, 9.8- and 4.6-fold by 1, 2, 4 and 6 h), and VP mRNA levels increased by 4 h and remained elevated 12 h later. Parvocellular VP hnRNA was at basal levels after 14 days ipHS, but VP mRNA levels remained elevated as during acute stimulation. Despite high basal mRNA levels, VP hnRNA responses to the last repeated ipHS were minor, suggesting increases in mRNA stability. This study shows that conserved pituitary ACTH responsiveness to a homotypical repeated stress is associated with the ability of parvocellular PVN neurons to increase CRH transcription after repeated stimulation.
Response Gradients for Nonlinear Beam-Column Elements under Large Displacements

Accurate and efficient response gradient computations for nonlinear geometry are required in structural reliability, optimization, system identification, and response sensitivity analysis of frame structures that undergo large displacements. In this paper, the exact response gradient of beam-column finite elements under large displacements is derived considering uncertain material and geometric parameters. The element response formulation takes place in a corotational reference frame that displaces and rotates with the element, thus permitting the separation of nonlinear material from nonlinear geometric effects in the computation of the response, as well as of the gradient of the response. Relative to the corotational reference frame, small deformation theory suffices for all structural engineering applications. Thus, the proposed response gradient computations are applicable to most beam-column element formulations available in the literature, including force-based and mixed formulations.
The utility of diagnostic tests in irritable bowel syndrome patients: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the pretest probability of organic GI disease and the accuracy of diagnostic tests for organic GI disease in patients who meet symptom-based criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). METHODS: After a comprehensive literature search for studies examining the accuracy of diagnostic tests for organic GI disease among patients who meet symptom-based criteria for IBS, two independent observers qualitatively assessed the methodology of selected studies and extracted data. Data on the pretest probability of organic GI disease in this population and the accuracy of currently recommended diagnostic tests were converted to descriptive tables. RESULTS: Among patients meeting symptom-based criteria for IBS, the pretest probability of inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, or infectious diarrhea is less than 1%. Currently recommended diagnostic tests rarely identify organic GI disease in patients fulfilling symptom-based criteria for IBS. However, the pretest probability of celiac disease in patients meeting symptom-based criteria for IBS was 10 times higher than the prevalence of celiac disease in the general population. CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to recommend the routine performance of a standardized battery of diagnostic tests in patients who meet symptom-based criteria for IBS. Based upon the increased pretest probability of celiac disease, routine performance of serological tests for celiac disease may be useful in this patient population, though additional study is needed in this area. (Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:2812‐2819. © 2002 by Am. Coll. of Gastroenterology)
Endocavitary radiotherapy of rectal cancer.

Abstract Purpose : This analysis was performed to evaluate the results of endocavitary radiotherapy (RT) administered for early rectal cancer at our institution. Methods and Materials : Patient charts were retrospectively reviewed to determine the results of endocavitary RT regarding survival, local control, and complications. Between 1987 and 1994, 25 patients were treated with endocavitary RT for early rectal cancer. Twenty had early, low grade tumors and met the criteria for treatment with curative intent. Five had more advanced, high grade, or multiple recurrent tumors and were treated with palliative intent. The tumors were treated to between 20 and 155 Gy in one to four fractions with 50 KV x-rays given through a specialized proctoscope. Patients were followed for 5 to 84 months (median = 55 months) after therapy. Local control and survival were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results : Local control was achieved in 18 of the 20 patients treated with curative intent and 4 of 5 treated with palliative intent. For those patients treated with curative intent, the 5-year local control rate was 89% and the 5-year survival rate was 76%. The most significant toxicity was ulceration that occurred in 5 of the 25 patients. The ulcers were asymptomatic in three cases and associated with bleeding in one case. The fifth patient had pain. One ulcer was biopsied, resulting in perforation that was treated with an abdominal perineal resection (APR). There was no tumor found upon pathologic evaluation. Conclusions : Endocavitary RT can be used to treat patients with early, low-grade rectal cancers and will yield a high level of disease control and a low risk of serious complications. Major advantages of this treatment technique are that it requires neither general anesthesia nor hospitalization.
Sensory and Physical Handicaps

Sensory-impaired children and youth have been the focus of increased clinical and investigative endeavors over the past several years. This heightened interest is largely attributable to a burgeoning body of research documenting social and emotional adjustment problems in a disproportionately high number of visually impaired and hearing-impaired children (cf. Ammerman, Van Hasselt, & Hersen, 1986; Helsel, 1988; Matson & Helsel, 1986; Van Hasselt, 1983a, 1987). These difficulties are not surprising given the critical roles that vision and audition play in our everyday functioning. For example, as Warren (1981) pointed out, the effects of a visual disorder “may extend far beyond the visual system itself to affect every area of development, both perceptual and nonperceptual” (p. 195). The deleterious effects of blindness and severe visual problems on perceptual, conceptual, and social development have been discussed at length (see reviews by Warren, 1981, 1984). Audition is involved in the location of sound sources within the environment and is important in orientation and information processing (Morax, Bates, & Barrett, 1965). The negative implications of a hearing impairment for cognitive and social functioning as well as overall life adjustment have been the focus of considerable study (see Hoemann & Briga, 1981; Stein, Mindel, & Jabaley, 1981).