cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rotational elastic dynamics

Abstract The combined dynamical effects of elasticity and a rotating reference frame are explored for structures in a zero gravity environment. A simple yet general approach to modeling is presented, and this approach is applied to analyze in detail the dynamics of a specific prototypical structure. Energy dissipation is included and its effects are studied in detail in a model problem. Bifurcations and stability are analyzed as well.
Review: Recycling of nylon from carpet waste

Large amounts of post-consumer carpet are discarded every year. Most of this waste is currently landfilled, while a small percentage is incinerated. The face carpet fibers, consisting primarily of nylon 6 and nylon 6,6, represent the majority component in the carpet waste. Recent financial incentives and environmental constraints have motivated the industrial sector to develop recycling strategies for these fibers. Depolymerization into their constituent monomers is the most complex recycling route, but at the same time it produces the most valuable product. A second alternative involves the use of solvents for the extraction of carpet fiber components in their polymeric form. Finally, a third recycling option yields thermoplastic mixtures by melt blending the carpet waste. The recent literature on the recycling of nylon from carpet waste is reviewed in this paper. The paper also includes a section focusing on the current state of carpet recycling at the industrial level.
Distribution of cadmium, cobalt, nickel and zinc in southeastern United States continental shelf waters

Abstract Concentrations of Cd, Co, Ni and Zn in continental shelf waters off the northern coast of Georgia and southern coast of South Carolina are higher than those of shelf waters immediately to the south and probably result from continental runoff. Lower concentrations to the south may result from the transport of Gulf Stream waters on the shelf.
Swept‐frequency order‐recursive method of moments for the efficient analysis of resonant microwave circuits

In the analysis of resonant microwave circuits by the method of moments (MoM), we typically subdivide the surface in terms of cell density determined by the smallest wavelength and compute the response at several frequencies using this single mesh. Although interpolation can be used in frequency, this approach typically involves matrix operations of complexity O (kN3) at the k discrete frequencies of MoM computation, and can become prohibitive for large structures. In this article, we develop an order-recursive method for solving the linear system, wherein the solution at the higher frequencies is iteratively constructed from the LU decomposition at the lower frequencies without having to solve the linear system from scratch at each frequency. The proposed order-recursive MoM allows for systematic adaptive gridding with the increase in frequency, and results in a large portion of matrix recomputation to be avoided, potentially enabling significant reduction in computation time and memory. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:195–198, 2014
A New Hypothesis of Periodontal Homeostasis

A review of the experimental evidence on marrow inhibition by implanted roots has shown that an inhibitory factor is present in all root surfaces. It is most marked in periodontally diseased roots and least in periodontally healthy roots. It is hypothesized that a “marked” amount would inhibit periodontal cells to the point where they could not resist the destructive effects of plaque, calculus and bacteria. A lesser or “moderate” amount would result in a more resistant periodontium. Finally, little or no inhibitor would also create a periodontium resistant to periodontal destruction but at the same time would remove restraints on the alveolar bone; the result would be invasion of the periodontal space and ankylosis to the root.
Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 status predict lymphovascular invasion and lymph node involvement.

Background The ACOSOG Z0011 trial demonstrated that axillary dissection (ALND) is not necessary for local control or survival in women with T1/2cN0 cancer undergoing breast-conserving therapy. There is concern about applying these results to triple-negative (TN) cancers secondary to their high local-recurrence (LR) rate. We examined the frequency of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and nodal metastases in TN cancers to determine whether ALND can be safely avoided in this subtype.
Human doubled renal and testicular arteries

Summary Doubled renal and testicular arteries were found in a well-developed 69-year-old caucasian male. The right kidney had two renal arteries, one at its usual mid-organ (hilar) position and one inferior polar. One testicular artery arose from the mid-point of the usual renal artery, passed under the renal vein at its junction with the inferior vena cava, and then crossed over the inferior polar renal artery. The second testicular artery arose from the inferior polar renal artery near its origin from the abdominal aorta. The two testicular arteries remained doubled throughout their course and both entered the right testis at separate sites on the organ. The inferior vena cava passed under the inferior polar and over the superior testicular artery and the superior renal artery.
Radiative Yields of the K Series in π -Mesonic Atoms

The total radiative yields of the $K$-series lines from $\ensuremath{\pi}$-mesonic atoms have been measured for the elements Li through F, inclusive, and Na. The yield is a maximum at Be, 21%, and falls to about 3% at Na. The yields of N, O, and F are roughly comparable. This anomaly may be due to a magic-number effect at $Z=8$.
Inverse association between sense of humor and coronary heart disease

Prospective studies have suggested that antisocial Type A personality traits may be associated with an increased incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, few data have addressed whether more favorable personality characteristics may be inversely correlated with CHD. Therefore, two standardized questionnaires designed to either assess anger and hostility or to measure the propensity to laugh under a variety of situations encountered in everyday life, were administered to 300 consecutive subjects. Compared to controls, CHD subjects were significantly less likely to experience laughter during daily activities, surprise situations or social interactions (P<0.005). Logistic regression analysis revealed an inverse correlation between humor and CHD, even after adjustment for other covariates, including hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus (P=0.03). A significant inverse association was also observed between humor production and antisocial Type A personality traits (P=0.0001). These data extend previous observations linking antisocial Type A personality traits to CHD and raise the possibility that the propensity to laugh may contribute to cardioprotection.
Photonic band gap structures for millimeter-wave traveling wave tubes

We propose to use photonic band gap (PBG) structures for constructing traveling wave tubes (TWTs) at 100 GHz, a completely novel approach. Using a PBG fiber allows us to create an all-dielectric slow-wave structure with very large band width and low losses in the mm-wave regime, compared to TWTs made out of metals. Additional capabilities such as mode selectivity are also achievable. We designed two 100 GHz pencil beam PBG TWTs using Ansoft's HFSS, 3D electromagnetic simulation software for high frequency applications. The first design is a periodic array of vacuum rods in a dielectric matrix, with a smaller vacuum rod forming the line defect. A fiber drawing procedure is being utilized to construct this design out of fused silica. The second structure is a periodic array of dielectric rods in a vacuum matrix, surrounding a thick hollow dielectric tube that accommodates the electron beam. This model is being fabricated out of silicon by means of high-pressure laser chemical vapor deposition (HP-LCVD), a versatile approach to synthesize fibers from the vapor phase. Additionally, a scaled 10 GHz cold test made from alumina rods is being produced for design confirmation purposes, and a 100 GHz sheet beam PBG TWT is being investigated for even greater power generation.
Assessing the optimal duration of chemotherapy in patients with colorectal liver metastases.

Background and Objectives Few studies have addressed the optimal duration of chemotherapy, particularly prior to liver resection for colorectal liver metastases (CLM). The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate time to maximal response in patients receiving systemic ± hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) chemotherapy alone for the treatment of CLM. Methods We reviewed 35 patients with CLM on clinical trials of HAI floxuridine/dexamethasone plus systemic oxaliplatin with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin or irinotecan (PUMP + SYSTEMIC). We retrospectively identified 35 patients with CLM who received first-line systemic 5FU/leucovorin/oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) ± bevacizumab (SYSTEMIC) during the same time period. Measurable disease was evaluated on CT scans performed at 2-month intervals. The sum of the products of bi-dimensional tumor measurements for representative lesions was compared both to baseline imaging and between consecutive time points. Results In responders to therapy, mean cumulative tumor reduction increased from 61% at 2 months to 73% at 4 months in the PUMP + SYSTEMIC group (P < 0.01) and from 39% to 56% in the SYSTEMIC group (P < 0.01). No significant incremental tumor reduction occurred between 4 and 6 months in either group. Conclusions In responders to preoperative therapy, surgical resection should be considered after 2–4 months, when most patients have achieved maximal response. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:601–604. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Annual and seasonal variations in mean wind speed and wind turbine energy production

A significant uncertainty in the estimate of energy from a wind plant is the interannual and interseasonal variation in energy output. These estimates are typically based on wind data that have been collected on-site for one or more years. Rarely have the wind data records exceeded three years. Variations in the mean annual wind speeds have been assumed to be {plus minus}10% of the long-term mean wind speed with a 90% confidence interval. This assumption, however, is based on previous work using long-term airport wind data and it has not been verified at high wind locations. In addition, most of the strong wind sites that have been developed for wind energy display distinct seasonal variations in the wind speed. In the Altamont and San Gorgonio Passes about 80% of the energy is produced during the spring and summer months. If the winds are abnormally weak during any of these months (particularly May-August), the annual energy production can be significantly reduced. Similarly, stronger than normal winds during this time period can greatly enhance the annual production. Over 10 years of hourly wind data have been collected at several moderate-to-high wind sites in the Pacific Northwest for the Bonneville Power Administration. Thismore » data base is used to determine the year-to-year and the interseasonal variations in the mean speeds and in wind turbine energy production. Wind turbine power curves are used with the speed frequency distributions to produce seasonal and annual energy estimates.« less
Nanostructured surfaces for anti-biofouling/anti-microbial applications

Recent nanotechnology revolutions have cast increased challenges to biotechnology including bio-adhesion of cells. Surface topography and chemistry tailored by the nanotechnology exert significant effects on such applications so that it is necessary to understand how cells migrate and adhere on three-dimensional micro- and nanostructures. However, the effects of the surface topography and chemistry on cell adhesions have not been studied systematically and interactively yet mostly due to the inability to create well-controlled nanostructures over a relatively large surface area. In this paper, we report on the bio-adhesions of varying cell types on well-ordered (post and grate patterns), dense-array (230 nm in pattern periodicity), and sharp-tip (less than 10 nm in tip radius) nanostructures with varying three-dimensionalities (50- 500 nm in structural height). Significantly lower cell proliferation and smaller cell size were measured on tall nanostructures. On a grate pattern, significant cell elongation and alignment along the grate pattern were observed. On tall nanostructures, it was shown that cells were levitated by sharp tips and easily peeled off, suggesting that cell adherence to the tall and sharp-tip nanostructures was relatively weak. The control of cell growth and adherence by the nanoscale surface topographies can benefit the micro- and nanotechnogies-based materials, devices, and systems, such as for anti-biofouling and anti-microbial surfaces. The obtained knowledge by this investigation will also be useful to deal with engineering problems associated with the contact with biological substances such as biomaterials and biosensors.
A dynamic model of housing

This paper describes the structure and accuracy of a model depicting the housing sector of the United States as a linear dynamic system. An aggregate model is used to demonstrate the linear system approach and reconstruct the demand for housing. A disaggregated model, providing the rate of production and level of occupied housing units stratified by the number of rooms, incorporates net changes in the housing stock through additions and removals and modification through conversion and merger.
Growth rate and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) incidence of bone marrow cells in Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML)

Abstract The sister chromatid exchange (SCE) incidence and growth kinetics have been studied by means of an in vitro bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) chromosome labeling method in the bone marrow cells of 17 acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) patients with only diploid cells at diagnosis, remission, and relapse of the disease. At diagnosis, the cells tended to exhibit a low SCE frequency as compared to that during remission. An increased SCE frequency was observed after chemotherapy during remission or relapse. At diagnosis and relapse, when leukemic blast cells predominated in the marrow, they were characterized by the predominance of cells that had undergone only one cell cycle after BrdU exposure. In contrast, the marrow cells during remission tended to resemble the control pattern of growth kinetics, with a predominance of cells undergoing second and third cell cycles in the presence of BrdU. These results suggest that the growth rate of leukemic and nonleukemic cells is different, and that chemotherapy can cause an increased SCE frequency in the marrow cells of AML patients irrespective of the state of the disease.
Cultural tourism behaviour and preferences among the live‐performing arts audience: an application of the univorous–omnivorous framework

This study uses the omnivorous–univorous theoretical framework of the arts marketing studies to identify relationships between the live-performing arts and cultural tourism behaviours and preferences. Patrons of a major performing arts centre were segmented in three groups — sporadic, univores and omnivores — and examined regarding their cultural tourism behaviours and preferences. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among groups in terms of demographic characteristics, art and culture consumption and cultural tourism behaviour and preferences. Study results add to the body of knowledge of tourism, suggesting that the culture omnivorous consumption behaviour reported in art marketing studies is also relevant to cultural tourism. Results suggest the existence of omnivorous cultural tourists seeking a wide variety of cultural products and experiences. The identification of a group of individuals with little interest and consumption of culture, including cultural travel destinations, also emerges from this study. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of high–dose intravenous steriod administration on contrast-enhancing computed tomographic scan lesions in multiple sclerosis

Six consecutive patients with multiple sclerosis and lesions contrast enhancing on computed tomographic scan were treated with high-dose intravenous infusions of methylprednisolone. Double-dose delayed computed tomographic scans were repeated at varying intervals during corticosteriod treatment. Contrast enhancement of sclerotic plaques was reduced or eliminated within as little as 8 hours after the first infusion. Rapid associated partial clinical improvement was noted in four patients with recent exacerbations of disease activity. Similar attenuation of contrastenhancing plaques and clinical improvement were less predictable following oral corticosteriod therapy in conventional dosage. These studies suggest that the dose, route of administration, and duration of corticosteriod therapy in multiple sclerosis may partially determine the effect of treatment.
Hot Rod Statistical Method for Large Break Loss of Coolant Accident With CATHARE

For nearly 30 years, Areva NP has contributed, with CEA, EDF and IRSN, to the development of CATHARE, one of the most advanced computer codes in the field of thermal-hydraulics calculations on the system-wide scale, with the objective to have at its disposal a high-performance tool, as the basis for the development of best-estimate methods for design and safety studies. At the same time, Areva NP has conceived with EDF a generic safety analysis method called Deterministic Realistic Method (DRM), which has been applied to elaborate and license ECCS evaluation models on the basis of the current CATHARE 2 V1.3L code version. DRM has then been extended by Areva NP with the Hot Rod Statistical Method (HRSM) which adds a statistical treatment of the hot rod-related uncertainties to the deterministic reactor system thermal hydraulic calculation and that can be used with other LB LOCA evaluation models. With the HRSM, the value of the peak cladding temperature envelope with a 95% probability level is determined based on direct Monte Carlo calculations statistically combining three key hot rod parameters randomly varied according to their probability distribution. The final value of the peak cladding temperature is then calculated taking into account an uncertainty calculated using the Bootstrap method. The HRSM is a method, based on CATHARE that is easy to implement as a complement to LB LOCA evaluation model. The large number of direct calculations performed ensures a very high degree of precision when evaluating the peak cladding temperature and the equivalent cladding reacted. The HRSM is currently used and licensed in France for the LB LOCA transients, and is now extended to SB LOCA transients using CATHARE 2 v2.5. An illustrative comparison of HRSM versus DRM typical results for Areva NP 3-loop and 4-loop plants then underlines the significant margins provided by this method.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Spatial pattern as an adaptive phenotype

Abstract Spatial patterns are common in nature across a broad range of scales, from body coloration patterns of animals to clustering of vegetation. The ultimate causes of these patterns are viewed very differently depending on whether they are traits of individuals or properties of aggregations. Traits of individuals are usually considered to be shaped directly by selection, while patterns of aggregation are typically viewed as incidental side effects of some other underlying processes or environmental heterogeneity. However, given the powerful influence that spatial structure can have on the susceptibility of a population to a dispersal-limited predator or pathogen, it may be useful to consider the possibility that spatial structure per se could serve as an anti-enemy adaptive phenotype. This group-level trait could evolve only if selection at the individual level does not overwhelm higher-level selection. To explore the plausibility of spatial structure as an adaptive phenotype, I consider the specific case of a spatially-explicit, evolutionary host–pathogen model. This model demonstrates the evolution of reproductive restraint, resulting in a low-density, poorly-connected landscape of host clusters that is resistant to the spread of the pathogen. Reimagining spatial structure as an adaptive phenotype may generate new insights of both theoretical and practical significance.
Lamont Natural Radiocarbon Measurements III

It has been brought to our attention that wedid not designate the correct collectors of severalof the samples reported in "Lamont radiocarbonmeasurements III" [ Science 124, 154 (27 July1956)]. The following list gives the proper collectors for several samples in Table 4 under V. Arcticstudies : L192B, R. D. Cotell (1952); L261A,B,C,G. Hattersley-Smith (1953); L254A, L248A, R. L.Christie (1954); L254B,C,D, E. W. Marshall(1954); and L248B, G. Hattersley-Smith and A.P. Crary (1954).
Constructing quality: The multinational histories of chocolate

Abstract Geographic research on food quality, while considering many of the ways in which quality is socially constructed, has largely focused on the place-based aspects of the raw materials of food production. Here, we use French convention theory to look at a highly processed food in order to show how place associations in the social construction of food quality extend to manufacturing. For chocolate, quality is based on material characteristics whose relative importance in determining quality depends on the country in which different stages of economic innovation took place. Struggles over the definition of quality chocolate, as exemplified by the “European Chocolate War,” show how quality issues are connected to geographies of manufacturing and innovation.
β‐Catenin Directly Induces Expression of the Siamois Gene, and Can Initiate Signaling Indirectly via a Membrane‐Tethered Forma

Beta-catenin is shown to directly induce the expression of siamois (a homeobox-containing gene involved in axial patterning) in a cell-autonomous, protein synthesis independent manner. Siamois can thus be considered a direct target of beta-catenin signaling in Xenopus. Expression of a portion of the armadillo repeat region of beta-catenin via a membrane-tethered fusion protein is shown to give similar levels of siamois induction and axis duplication as a free, untethered form. Reduction of endogenous free beta-catenin levels by overexpression of C-cadherin leads to complete inhibition of signaling by the membrane-tethered repeat region. Since the membrane-tethered repeat region is unlikely to be bound up by C-cadherin, these results show that the membrane-tethered beta-catenin relies on endogenous beta-catenin for signaling. We propose that the membrane-tethered construct acts by titrating a cytoplasmic inhibitor of beta-catenin signaling.
Nitroxyl inhibits breast tumor growth and angiogenesis

Nitroxyl (HNO) can inhibit the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Because of the importance of glycolysis in many malignant cells, we thus propose that HNO can adversely affect tumor growth. This hypothesis was tested using in vitro and in vivo models of breast cancer. We report here for the first time that HNO suppresses the proliferation of both estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative human breast cancer cell lines, in a dose dependent manner. Mice treated with HNO either injected into the tumor itself or via the intraperitoneal approach had smaller xenograft tumor size. In addition to significantly decreased blood vessel density in the HNO-treated tumors, we observed lower levels of circulating serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Accordingly, there was a decrease in total HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor) protein in HNO-treated tumor cells. Further studies showed inhibition of GAPDH activity in HNO-treated human breast cancer cell lines and in HNO-treated tumor tissue derived from xenografts. One explanation for the multiplicity of actions observed after HNO treatment could be the effect from the initial inhibition of GAPDH, providing a potential therapeutic avenue based upon blocking glycolysis resulting in decreased HIF-1α, thus leading to angiogenesis inhibition. Therefore, HNO appears to act via mechanism(s) different from those of existing breast cancer drugs, making it a potential candidate to overcome known and emerging drug resistance pathways. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Instant messaging reference: how does it compare?

The use of instant messaging (IM) technology for providing online reference services is increasing by leaps and bounds. This article compares a digital reference service, Morris Messenger, with traditional, face‐to‐face reference, using quantitative and qualitative data from experience with this service at Morris Library, Southern Illinois University. The article addresses differences arising from the medium itself, differences in the categories of reference questions received, using several different categorization schemes, and differences in factors affecting willingness to return, to determine strengths and weaknesses of this medium. Since many libraries are considering implementing such a service, it also describes what it is like for staff to provide reference service this way and suggests ways of addressing some of the challenges of this new medium.
Estimates of the fisher effect: A neo-Keynesian approach

This paper has presented estimates of a structural model designed to study the processes by which inflationary expectations affect nominal interest rates. The theoretical framework expands upon previous analyses of the effects of expected inflation primarily by analyzing a wider range of resulting substitution effects both among financial assets as a group, and between financial assets and commodities. A possible substitution effect between leisure and both these groupings (commodities and financial assets) was also considered. The empirical work differs from previous studies in that we estimate the effects of inflationary expectations on nominal interest rates within the structure of a complete macroeconomic system rather than using the single-equation approach outlined in section II above. The results provide evidence on the magnitude of the Fisher effect and the market mechanisms which comprise this effect as estimated within the neo-Keynesian system. These market mechanisms were found to consist of direct effects in the long-term bond market and on the aggregate demand for and supply of commodities. The total adjustment consists of changes in all the endogenous variables with the final outcome being an increase in each of the nominal interest rates in the model. The implied increase in nominal interest rates is less than a full-adjustment to the increase in the expected inflation rate, thus for the time period considered here, the estimates imply a fall in the real rate of interest. Prices and nominal income were also found to vary positively with the expected inflation rate.
Review of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccines in clinical development

Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccines have formed the cornerstone of childhood immunization programs for decades. Historically, these have comprised diphtheria and tetanus toxoids combined with inactivated whole-cell pertussis. More recently, advances have been made with the development of purified acellular pertussis vaccines, with improved reactogenicity profiles, and formulation with additional vaccines such as Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B virus and inactivated poliovirus. Development is currently focused on maximizing the number of vaccines that can be combined in a single formulation and strategies to provide protection against pertussis before the commencement of routine infant immunization.
Heterogeneous chemistry involving methanol in tropospheric clouds

In this report we analyze airborne measurements to suggest that methanol in biomass burning smoke is lost heterogeneously in clouds. When a smoke plume intersected a cumulus cloud during the SAFARI 2000 field project, the observed methanol gas phase concentration rapidly declined. Current understanding of gas and aqueous phase chemistry cannot explain the loss of methanol documented by these measurements. Two plausible heterogeneous reactions are proposed to explain the observed simultaneous loss and production of methanol and formaldehyde, respectively. If the rapid heterogeneous processing of methanol, seen in a cloud impacted by smoke, occurs in more pristine clouds, it could affect the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere on a global scale.
Improved right ventricular systolic time intervals after digitalis in patients with cor pulmonale and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract Although digitalis has been used to treat patients with cor pulmonale secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, its effect on right ventricular performance has not been conclusively determined. This study assessed the effects of acute digitalization on measurement of right ventricular systolic time intervals in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cor pulmonale. The intervals were recorded before and 40 minutes after administration of ouabain, 1 mg intravenously, in nine men (mean age 58 ± 5 [standard deviation] years) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (mean maximal mid expiratory flow rate 0.29 ± 0.08 1 liters/sec) and electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy. Ouabain produced significant reductions in right ventricular systolic time intervals, including the right ventricular preelection period (from 117 ± 23 to 102 ± 16 msec; P P 2 index (from 509 ± 23 to 474 ± 8 msec; P P P 2 interval (from 530 ± 16 to 495 ± 16 msec; P
Improved method for calculating strain energy release rate based on beam theory

The Timoshenko beam theory was used to model cracked beams and to calculate the total strain-energy release rate. The root rotations of the beam segments at the crack tip were estimated based on an approximate two-dimensional elasticity solution. By including the strain energy released due to the root rotations of the beams during crack extension, the strain-energy release rate obtained using beam theory agrees very well with the two-dimensional finite element solution. Numerical examples were given for various beam geometries and loading conditions. Comparisons with existing beam models were also given.
The metabolism of L-fucose. 3. The enzymatic synthesis of beta-L-fucose 1-phosphate.

Abstract l-Fucose kinase from extracts of pig liver has been purified 70-fold, with 14% recovery of the activity from the crude extract. The purified enzyme catalyzed the phosphorylation of l-fucose in the presence of ATP and Mg++. The purified enzyme has been used for the preparation of l-fucose 1-phosphate; the product was isolated and characterized as β-l-fucose 1-phosphate by chemical, spectral, and chromatographic analyses.
Cartography, autocracy and state powerlessness: The uses of maps in early modern Russia

Abstract Historians have focused much attention on the ways in which the rising monarchies of early modern Europe crushed or incorporated the peripheries of their territories into a uniform and unifying state system. Examination of nearly 500 Russian property‐litigation maps from the second half of the seventeenth century demonstrates that elimination of local power bases need not accompany state‐generated mapping programmes. On the contrary, a quite different and much more evenly balanced process of negotiation and interplay between local and central authority facilitated the construction of an extensive, intrusive state. The maps, together with the legal documents that accompany them, also demonstrate that the Romanov regime— often considered the highest expression of early modern absolutism—frequently found itself entangled in its own laws and regulations. The overview presented in this paper of Russian local maps and the legal context which gave rise to them allows for a re‐reading of centre‐periphery...
Instrumentation and measurement [power systems]

This tutorial provides information about the principles underlying power network instrumentation and measurement systems, identifies new instrumentation technologies and highlights new developments in the area of industry standards. The subjects addressed include the equipment used by technicians, the instrumentation used for laboratory experiments, transducers permanently connected in power apparatus, current transformers, potential transformers, coupling capacitor potential devices (sometimes referred to as coupling capacitor voltage transformers, state-of-the-art sensors (including photonic and microsensors) and their application in customer metering, data acquisition systems, sampled data systems, signal conditioning and processing, the analysis of noise and data errors, digital interfaces, GPS synchronized measurements and programmable controllers.
(+)-Neplanocin F, 2′-fluoroneplanocin, and a 6′-isoneplanocin via a common versatile cyclopentenol precursor

Abstract Reductive (di iso butylaluminum hydride) ring opening of an acetal protected cyclopentenol has provided a precursor adaptable to uniquely substituted carbocyclic nucleosides. To illustrate the broad implication of this process the preparation of unnatural (+)-neplanocin F, an ara -like 2′-fluoroneplanocin, and a 6′- isomeric l -like neplanocin analog is described.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of zein-wax-coated paper

Enzyme hydrolysis of zein−wax-coated paper was investigated as part of an effort to develop a recyclable waxed paper product. Brown Kraft paper was coated with corn zein and paraffin wax, and the grease proofing and water vapor barrier properties of the paper were determined. Grease permeation was found to depend on the amount and the method of application of zein present in the zein−wax coating. Water vapor transmission values were strongly dependent on the amount of wax in the coating. We have shown that α-chymotrypsin was able to hydrolyze the zein and cleanly separate the coating from the paper fibers. Treatment with Tris buffer pH 8.5, containing 0.1% SDS and α-chymotrypsin (E:S ratio = 1:100) for 0.5 h effectively removed more than 97% of the zein−wax coating from the paper. Zein removal was followed by SDS−capillary electrophoresis of liquid samples taken during hydrolysis. SEM images of the extraccted paper indicated that the paper fibers were free of coating material. Keywords: Zein; paraffin wax...
Building Markets from Ethnically Fractionalized Networks: Recruiting Kenyan Investors

Despite low incomes, weak property rights, low financial literacy, and an ethnically diverse and contentious population, the number of domestic investors in Kenya's Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE...
A feasibility study for the newborn screening of spinal muscular atrophy

Purpose: The natural history of spinal muscular atrophy suggests that for maximum effect, therapeutics will need to be administered in the earliest phases of the disease. This will require the adoption of techniques for the genetic analysis of affected individuals at the newborn stage. Our objective was to examine the feasibility surrounding the newborn screening for spinal muscular atrophy. Methods: We investigated the application of real-time polymerase chain reaction technology for newborn screening. A multiplex assay was designed to identify homozygous deletions in SMN1 exon 7 and validated using 266 samples with defined SMN1 and SMN2 copy numbers. Sensitivity and specificity were then evaluated as part of a newborn screening strategy using DNA from 153 blood spots. Results: Real-time technology validation demonstrated correct exclusion of all normal and carrier samples, and identified the homozygous SMN1 exon 7 deletions in all 32 affected samples. In the series of blood spots, all 59 affected samples were correctly identified yielding an analytic sensitivity of 100%; 56 normal and 39 carrier samples were correctly excluded yielding an analytic specificity of 100% for this blood spot series. Conclusion: We demonstrate that effective molecular technology exists and that ethics may soon warrant the newborn screening of spinal muscular atrophy.
THE 1975-76 AVIAN CHOLERA OUTBREAKS IN HUMBOLDT COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

The 1975-1976 avian cholera outbreaks were observed from 25 November 1975 to 17 February 1976 at three sites in Humboldt County, California. This is the first known occurrence of avian cholera on one of the sites (City of Arcata Oxidation Ponds).
Intraregional Migration, Direct Action Land Reform, and New Land Settlements in the Brazilian Amazon

This article analyses migration histories of residents in rural settlements of the Brazilian Amazon that resulted from direct action land reform (DALR), which involves organised land occupations. Our analysis evaluates two hypotheses. The ‘urban migration’ expectation asserts that urban experience is important for DALR participation, which links rural and urban areas via migration for land occupations. The ‘DALR efficacy’ hypothesis argues that migration and DALR are complementary livelihood strategies, such that participation in DALR obviates the need for further migration. Our findings support both hypotheses and bear implications for regional development and environmental change in the Amazon.
East‐West comparisons and comparative economic systems: A reply

IN a recent essay (this journal, January I97I), Mr. Philip Hanson presents a lengthy critique of attempts by various writers to appraise quantitatively socialist economic performance. Regrettably, Mr. Hanson affects a polemical style that impedes, rather than favours, fruitful exchange, but I am among the writers attacked, and indeed am his chief target. With the editor's kind permission, I must reply to Mr. Hanson's more interesting strictures. I too must write at some length, but the subject is important. Mr. Hanson focuses especially on attempts I have made to compile comparative data on factor productivity in the USSR and Western countries, and, on that basis, to gain insight into the question of socialist economic efficiency. As he omits to explain, neither of the two inquiries in question is exactly a treatise. Rather, one occupies a brief section of a chapter in a book (Economics of Soviet Planning, New Haven, Conn., I964; hereafter ESP) surveying Soviet planning. The other appears in a small volume (Planning and Productivity under Soviet Socialism, New York, 1968; hereafter PPSS) that represents a somewhat revised version of three lectures delivered initially to an audience consisting primarily of business men. As may be understandable, therefore, I have not myself regarded these inquiries as constituting the last word on their large and complex theme. Indeed, since ESP and PPSS appeared, I have already tried to explore that theme further in two additional essays. These essays (one presented to a Conference in Ann Arbor, Michigan, as long ago as November 1968), are still in press,' but it may not be amiss sometimes to refer to them here.
Mr. Pickwick and his child went on a field trip and returned almost empty handed…What we do not know and imperatively need to learn about obesity and breathing during sleep in children!

The emergence of a global epidemic centered around obesity, i.e., “globesity”, has forced us to ruminate on our own lifestyle: What and when we eat, whether we are physically fit, on how we sleep and on how we feel. Indeed, the rather astounding number of obesity-related publications scattered across a wide variety of medical and non-medical journals merely symbolizes the range of viewpoints and concerns associated with the excess of weight. Metaphorically spoken, these divergent opinions merely echo some of the possible field trips by Mr. Pickwick in his quest to find out the facts about his children. Obesity and sleep seem to both share and not share a large array of risk factors, consequences, and potentially even pathogeneses. The two papers included in this issue of the Journal deal with the obesity epidemic from a pediatric sleep medicine point of view 1,2. Kohler and van den Heuvel question the validity of a ‘straightforward’ association between overweight-obesity and increased prevalence of sleep disordered breathing 1. In contrast, Verhulst and colleagues provide their unwavering belief that such association between obesity indeed occurs, and relates to all types of sleep disordered breathing 2.
Estrogen has mnemonic-enhancing effects in the inhibitory avoidance task

Gonadal hormones, such as estrogen, can alter cognitive performance. The present studies investigated the relationship between performance on the inhibitory avoidance task and endogenous fluctuations in ovarian hormones and estrogen replacement. In Experiment 1, proestrous or diestrous I female, or male, rats were trained in the inhibitory avoidance task. Following a 24-h intertrial delay, when female rats were tested in metestrus or diestrus II, no differences in crossover latencies were observed among groups. In Experiment 2, female rats in proestrus or diestrus I, and male rats, were trained in the inhibitory avoidance task and were tested following a 4-h intertrial delay (so that training and testing were accomplished in the same phase of the cycle). In this paradigm, proestrous rats had significantly longer crossover latencies than did either diestrous I or male rats. Posttraining administration of estrogen, but not progesterone, to ovariectomized rats increased crossover latencies compared to vehicle with a 4-h (Experiment 3) or 24-h (Experiment 4) intertrial delay. In Experiment 5, estrogen administration to ovariectomized rats immediately, but not 1, 2, or 3 h posttraining, increased crossover latencies compared to vehicle. Together, these data suggest that estrogen can have positive mnemonic effects in the inhibitory avoidance task.
Powerless fluxes and forces, and change of scale in irreversible thermodynamics

We show that the dissipation function of linear processes in continuum thermomechanics may be treated as the average of the statistically fluctuating dissipation rate on either coarse or small spatial scales. The first case involves thermodynamic orthogonality due to Ziegler, while the second one involves powerless forces in a general solution of the Clausius–Duhem inequality according to Poincare and Edelen. This formulation is demonstrated using the example of parabolic versus hyperbolic heat conduction. The existence of macroscopic powerless heat fluxes is traced here to the hidden dissipative processes at lower temporal and spatial scales.
FINANCIAL STRUCTURE AND FINANCIAL STRATEGY

Even if the value of the firm is unaffected by its capital structure, managers may have reasons to choose a particular structure. The prices of the firm's securities reflect the “market's” assessment of the value and riskiness of the firm. Should managers disagree with the market's assessment of the firm's risk or value, they will also disagree about the relative returns on the firm's securities. Concern about shareholder welfare may, therefore, lead them to prefer a specific capital structure. If managers believe the market has underestimated the firm's value, they will prefer debt financing; if the market has overestimated risk, they will prefer equity; and, if managers disagree about both risk and value, they may prefer to finance using both debt and equity.
Free serum amino acids in patients with advanced cervical carcinoma

Abstract Free serum amino acids were measured in patients with untreated advanced cervical carcinoma and compared to amino acid concentrations in normal patients. Of the 20 amino acids measured, 11 were significantly elevated in the patients with carcinoma.
Der menschliche Kontext von Psychotherapien

Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird wiederum auf der Grundlage der Handlungstheorie von Parsons und Shils (1951), die die Ausgangskonstrukte des sozialen, kulturellen, Personlichkeits- und organismischen Systems als flexibles Netzwerk von empirischen Konzepten enthalt, der Kontext von Psychotherapie beleuchtet und eine Verbindung zum generischen Modell der Psychotherapie (Orlinsky u. Howard 1987) hergestellt. Schwerpunkt dieses zweiten Teils sind die individuellen Kontexte der Psychotherapie.
Aberrations and spherocylindrical powers within subapertures of freeform surfaces

A method is described for the derivation of refractive properties and aberration structure of subapertures of freeform surfaces. Surface shapes are described in terms of Zernike polynomials. The method utilizes matrices to transform between Zernike and Taylor coefficients. Expression as a Taylor series facilitates the translation and size rescaling of subapertures of the surface. An example operation using a progressive addition lens surface illustrates the method.
Agent-Based Models as Laboratories for Spatially Explicit Planning Policies:

Agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) has been a part of geospatial sciences for over a decade. Most research activities so far have concentrated on either extending complexity theory to spatially explicit phenomena, or on designing computational models and software tools. Only a few of these activities have focused on using ABMS for spatially explicit modeling of real-world policy scenarios. In this paper we present a realistic application of ABMS to simulating alternative futures for a small community in Washington State, USA. We develop an ABMS assessment benchmark that comprehensively covers diverse aspects of a good operational agent-based model. Using an ABMS software tool-CommunityViz Policy Simulator-we generate future development scenarios in the municipality of Chelan, WA based on the County and the City Comprehensive Growth Plans. Simulation results are compared with Washington State projections for growth-management planning. The indication of the highest probability locations of urban gr...
Residential Proximity to a Major Roadway Is Associated with Features of Asthma Control in Children

Background While several studies suggest that traffic-related air pollutants are detrimental for respiratory health, few studies have examined relationships between residential proximity to a major roadway and asthma control in children. Furthermore, a major limitation of existing research is reliance on self-reported outcomes. We therefore determined the spatial relationship between the distance from a major roadway and clinical, physiologic and inflammatory features of asthma in a highly characterized sample of asthmatic children 6–17 years of age across a wide range of severities. We hypothesized that a closer residential proximity to a major roadway would be associated with increased respiratory symptoms, altered pulmonary function and a greater magnitude of airway and systemic inflammation. Methodology/Principal Findings 224 children 6–17 years with confirmed asthma completed questionnaires and underwent spirometry, plethysmography, exhaled nitric oxide determination, exhaled breath condensate collection and venipuncture. Residential distance from a major roadway was determined by mapping the geographic coordinates of the residential address in Geographic Information System software. The distance between the home address and the nearest major roadway was calculated according to the shortest distance between the two points (i.e., “as the crow flies”). Asthmatic children living in closer proximity to a major roadway had an increased frequency of wheezing associated with increased medication requirements and more hospitalizations even after controlling for potential confounders. These children also had increased airway resistance, increased airway inflammation reflected by a lower breath condensate pH, and higher plasma EGF concentrations. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that closer residential proximity to a major roadway is associated with poorer asthma control in school-age children. Assessment of residential proximity to major roadways may be useful in the clinical evaluation of asthma in children.