cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vertical transmission of HIV-1 infection. Diagnosis and prevention.

With an increase in the number of women of childbearing age being infected with HIV-1, the incidence of pediatric AIDS is rising precipitously. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the risks and the potential preventive methods that may be effective in decreasing the transmission from mother to child, i.e., vertical transmission. Administration of zidovudine has been demonstrated to significantly lower the rate of vertical transmission. Passive and active vaccination may also be useful in diminishing the transmission rate. Likewise, methods which provide a rapid and predictive measurement of the likelihood of vertical transmission, such as qualitative and quantitative differences in anti-HIV-1 maternal antibodies between transmitters and nontransmitters, have potential clinical utility.
Social Overhead Capital and Economic Growth

The purpose of this paper is to re-examine some of the theoretical and empirical implications of existing ideas about the role of social overhead capital in the process of economic growth. In the course of this inquiry these ideas are found wanting in several important respects, and as a result, I have formulated some new hypotheses which are more general in scope and better able to explain the limited data available.
Managing Anxiety: A Therapist Common Factor

In this paper, we propose that therapist anxiety in the therapy room, especially anxiety stirred up by difficult or triggering clients, represents a challenge to effective therapy, and that effective management of this anxiety be considered as a necessary therapist skill for conducting quality couple and family therapy (CFT). We propose that effective therapists need to be able to manage their emotions, especially their anxiety, in order to truly help their clients. The failure to do this can lead to break downs in the alliance and the flow of therapy, and these deleterious effects can be prevented when therapists actively navigate their internal states through self-awareness and ongoing introspection. Bridging psychotherapy literature, we discuss specific strategies to this end, and make clinical recommendations for CFTs and CFT training programs.
A biographical sketch of Lewis Dexter.

Dr. Lewis Dexter was an outstanding cardiovascular physiologist and clinician, a respected teacher and scientist, and, most importantly, a fine human being. During his life, he brought the cardiac catheter from the laboratory to the patient and trained several generations of cardiologists. Dexter's laboratory was the first to elucidate the pathophysiologic alterations present in many forms of congenital heart disease, including atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, ventricular septal defects, and pulmonic stenosis. Subsequent work in Dexter's laboratory led to the 1st measurements of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and to the precise calculation of stenotic valve areas from hemodynamic parameters measured during cardiac catheterization. During a teaching exercise, Dexter demonstrated that exercise with a cardiac catheter in the heart was safe and produced clinically important data, by having a cardiac catheter inserted in himself. Over the years, many significant pathophysiologic studies that explored pulmonary embolism, valvular heart disease, right and left ventricular function, and pulmonary hypertension were published from Dexter's laboratory. But Lewis Dexter was more than a brilliant researcher. “Lew” was very close to his fellows and students, whom he considered extensions of his family. Dexter was a remarkable teacher, a compassionate physician, and a scrupulously honest investigator. Dr. Lewis Dexter had a major impact on modern medicine and was one of the great cardiologists of the 20th century.
Glioma Induction by Intracerebral Retrovirus Injection

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer in adults and has a poor prognosis. It is characterized by a high degree of cellular infiltration that leads to tumor recurrence, atypical hyperplasia, necrosis, and angiogenesis. Despite aggressive treatment modalities, current therapies are ineffective for GBM. Mouse GBM models not only provide a better understanding in the mechanisms of gliomagenesis, but also facilitate the drug discovery for treating this deadly cancer. A retroviral vector system that expresses PDGFBB (Platelet-derived growth factor BB) and inactivates PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homolog) and P53 tumor suppressors provides a rapid and efficient induction of glioma in mice with full penetrance. In this protocol, we describe a simple and practical method for inducing GBM formation by retrovirus injection in the murine brain. This system gives a spatial and temporal control over the induction of glioma and allows the assessment of therapeutic effects with a bioluminescent reporter.
Stochastic motion under G-framework: II. Kinematics

ABSTRACTContinuing the study of stochastic motion that we started [11], we present in this article the kinematics of such a motion. We begin by defining the quadratic derivative of an S2-process, and show that this derivative of the Brownian motion captures the variance uncertainty. We show, under certain vanishing derivatives and independence conditions, the martingale properties of an S1-process. Starting with an S1-process, we derive the equation of motion, an Ito equation corresponding to a G-diffusion process.
Nitrogen-doped graphene approach to enhance the performance of a membraneless enzymatic biofuel cell

Heteroatom-doping of pristine graphene is an effective route for tailoring new characteristics in terms of catalytic performance which opens up potentials for new applications in energy conversion and storage devices. Nitrogen-doped graphene (N-graphene), for instance, has shown excellent performance in many electrochemical systems involving oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and more recently glucose oxidation. Owing to the excellent H2O2 sensitivity of N-graphene, the development of highly sensitive and fast-response enzymatic biosensors is made possible. However, a question that needs to be addressed is whether or not improving the anodic response to glucose detection leads to a higher overall performance of enzymatic biofuel cell (eBFC). Thus, here we first synthesized N-graphene via a catalyst-free single-step thermal process, and made use of it as the biocatalyst support in a membraneless eBFC to identify its role in altering the performance characteristics. Our findings demonstrate that the electron accepting nitrogen sites in the graphene structure enhances the electron transfer efficiency between the mediator (redox polymer), redox active site of the enzymes, and electrode surface. Moreover, the best performance in terms of power output and current density of eBFCs was observed when the bioanode was modified with highly doped N-graphene.
A Comparative View of Advocacy Coalitions: Exploring Shale Development Politics in the United States, Argentina, and China

Political mobilization of policy actors into advocacy coalitions is a defining feature of policy subsystems. Nonetheless, knowledge about the particularities of advocacy coalitions across different...
Is it really molecular guided surgery (or just EPR effect)? Understanding and overcoming the effects of cancer physiology on tumor contrast (Conference Presentation)

Molecular guided surgery—employing injectable fluorescent imaging agents targeted to cancer-specific biomolecules—is advancing rapidly. However, cancer physiology, specifically blood flow, vascular permeability, and lymphatic drainage can significantly influence and even dominate how imaging agents are taken up and retained in cancerous tissue. Moreover, each of these physiological parameters can vary extensively from tumor-type to tumor-type, from patient-to-patient, and even within an individual’s cancer, making it impossible to know if tumor contrast is achieved through molecular targeting or enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Alternatively, if there is no contrast, there is no guarantee that the tissue is non-cancerous, only that there was no accumulation of imaging agent, which could be attributable to low blood flow or vascular permeability. This talk will explore the potential effects of cancer physiology on imaging agent uptake and retention in cancerous tissue and discuss methods such as paired-agent imaging, which work to account for tumor physiology variability to achieve true molecular guided surgery.
Experimental Social Psychology and the Causes and Effects of Alcohol Consumption

Recently research has begun to focus on the social causes and consequences of alcohol consumption. While some of this research has been correlational in nature (e.g., investigating the relationship between peer pressure to drink and self-reports of alcohol consumption), a sizable body of research has accumulated that adopts a strictly experimental approach. The hallmark of this tradition is the random assignment of subjects to different experimental conditions. Research that employs such an experimental approach has examined the effects of alcohol on such diverse topics as aggression, sexual arousal, moods and emotion, self-disclosure, risk taking, assertiveness, moral judgment, social influence, helping, and social interaction. Experimental research has also examined the effects of a variety of social settings on the consumption of alcohol. It is the purpose of this chapter to provide a broad overview of this experimental literature on the social causes and consequences of alcohol consumption.
Basic Stereological Procedures

As stated in Chapter 1, stereology is a collection of tools that make measurements of geometric properties of real world microstructures practical.
USE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL INDICES IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OVERVIEW AND NEEDS

This paper gives an overview of the methodological stages in the development of quantitative measures of psychosocial and behavioral factors which can be used in large scale population studies. The state of knowledge regarding the involvement of psychological and social factors in the breakdown of human adaptation is probably closer to being an art than a science at this point in time. The “road map” suggested in this paper may offer guidance in assisting behavioral scientists to develop the specific quantitative methods which are necessary for more definitive study of psychosocial factors in human adaptation.
Microstructure and property based statistically equivalent RVEs for intragranular γ−γ' microstructures of Ni-based superalloys

Abstract This paper develops statistically equivalent RVEs or SERVEs for intragranular microstructures of Ni-based superalloys, characterized by γ- γ ' phase distribution. The SERVE represents an optimal computational domain to be used for micromechanical simulations for effective properties or response variables in the microstructure. The SERVE is further classified as a microstructure-based SERVE or M-SERVE or property-based SERVE or P-SERVE, depending on whether the statistics of morphological characteristics or convergence of chosen material properties are its determinants. Starting from FIB-SEM data for the superalloy Rene 88DT, the paper systematically develops a host of algorithms for generating validated statistically equivalent virtual microstructures, from which the M-SERVE is estimated from convergence of selected morphological and spatial distributions. Subsequently the P-SERVEs are established for global properties like yield strength and hardening rate, and local variables including dislocation density and the maximum resolved shear stress. Spatially-averaged quantities are found to converge quicker than the local distributions for both M-SERVE and P-SERVE.
Fast and Secure Operation of Voltage Source Inverter based DERs using Model Predictive Droop Control

Reliability of the power grid can be improved by the use of microgrids (MGs) concept, which regulates the voltage and frequency at the point of common coupling (PCC) during normal and/or faulty conditions. Droop characteristics based hierarchical control strategies are commonly used in MGs, where power converters can operate in parallel. However, the need of multiple control loops not only adds complexity to the controller design, but also reduces the dynamic response of the system. In the future power system, grid-tied converters with fast dynamic response are desired to handle the uncertainties induced by high penetration of distributed energy resources. Therefore, this paper presents a novel model predictive control to ensure fast dynamic response of high power three-level converters in stand-alone operating mode as well as grid-tied operating mode. The proposed controller is applied to a MG which consists of a solar inverter connected in parallel with an energy storage system to the PCC, where a local load is tied. Both simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate robustness and the high dynamic performance of the proposed controller under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions and different grid operating modes.
A revisit to two-way factorial ANOVA with mixed effects and interactions

Two mixed models exist in analysis of two-way factorial ANOVA with mixed effects and interactions: the constrained and unconstrained models. The constrained model is unfavored because there is no c...
Measuring Understanding and Respecting Trust in Biobank Consent.

Beskow and Weinfurt (2019) present an excellent and timely discussion of how to respond to evidence that individuals do not fully understand a biobank consent form. We faced similar challenges afte...
Nerve Conduction Studies

Nerve conduction studies (NCSs) are an essential component of the electromyogram, an electrodiagnostic procedure that is commonly used to assess the neuromuscular system. In combination with the needle electrode examination, NCSs can help characterize a nerve injury such as axonal loss or demyelination, localize the lesion, and determine its severity.
Staff and Clinician Work-Life Perceptions after Implementing Systems-Based Improvements to Opioid Management.

Background: The Six Building Blocks Program is an evidence-based approach to primary care redesign for opioid management among patients with chronic pain. This analysis assesses the impact of implementing the Six Building Blocks on the work-life of primary care providers and staff. Methods: Six rural and rural-serving primary care organizations with 20 clinic locations implemented the Six Building Blocks with support from a practice facilitator, clinical experts, and an informatics specialist. After 15 months of support, interviews and focus groups were conducted with staff and clinicians in each organization to stimulate reflection on the process and outcomes of implementing the Six Building Blocks Program. Transcripts of interviews and focus groups were coded and analyzed using template analysis. Once a set of themes was agreed on, the primary qualitative analyst revisited the source data to confirm that they accurately reflected the data. Results: Overall, implementing the Six Building Blocks improved provider and staff work-life experience. Reported improvements to work-life included increased confidence and comfort in care provided to patients with long-term opioid therapy, increased collaboration among clinicians and staff, improved ability to respond to external administrative requests, improved relationships with patients using long-term opioid therapy, and an overall decrease in stress. Conclusions: Clinicians and staff reported improvement in their work-life after implementing the Six Building Blocks Program to improve opioid medication management. Further research is needed on patient experiences specific to practice redesign programs.
Group theory students’ perceptions of binary operation

Binary operations are one of the fundamental structures underlying our number and algebraic systems. Yet, researchers have often left their role implicit as they model student understanding of abstract structures. In this paper, we directly analyze students’ perceptions of the general binary operation via a two-phase study consisting of task-based surveys and interviews. We document what attributes of binary operation group theory students perceive as critical and what types of metaphors students use to convey these attributes. We found that many students treat superficial features as critical (such as element-operator-element formatting) and do not always perceive critical features as essential (such as the binary attribute). Further, these attributes were communicated across three metaphor categories: arithmetic-related, function-related, and organization-related.
Higher order correlations in a levitated nanoparticle phonon laser.

We present theoretical and experimental investigations of higher order correlations of mechanical motion in the recently demonstrated optical tweezer phonon laser, consisting of a silica nanosphere trapped in vacuum by a tightly focused optical beam [Nat. Photonics13, 402 (2019)10.1038/s41566-019-0395-5]. The nanoparticle phonon number probability distribution is modeled with the master equation formalism in order to study its evolution across the lasing threshold. Up to fourth-order equal-time correlation functions are then derived from the probability distribution. Subsequently, the master equation is transformed into a nonlinear quantum Langevin equation for the trapped particle’s position. This equation yields the non-equal-time correlations, also up to fourth order. Finally, we present experimental measurements of the phononic correlation functions, which are in good agreement with our theoretical predictions. We also compare the experimental data to existing analytical Ginzburg-Landau theory where we find only a partial match.
Naturally occurring modified ribonucleosides

The chemical identity of RNA molecules beyond the four standard ribonucleosides has fascinated scientists since pseudouridine was characterized as the "fifth" ribonucleotide in 1951. Since then, the ever-increasing number and complexity of modified ribonucleosides have been found in viruses and throughout all three domains of life. Such modifications can be as simple as methylations, hydroxylations, or thiolations, complex as ring closures, glycosylations, acylations, or aminoacylations, or unusual as the incorporation of selenium. While initially found in transfer and ribosomal RNAs, modifications also exist in messenger RNAs and noncoding RNAs. Modifications have profound cellular outcomes at various levels, such as altering RNA structure or being essential for cell survival or organism viability. The aberrant presence or absence of RNA modifications can lead to human disease, ranging from cancer to various metabolic and developmental illnesses such as Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome, Bowen-Conradi syndrome, or Williams-Beuren syndrome. In this review article, we summarize the characterization of all 143 currently known modified ribonucleosides by describing their taxonomic distributions, the enzymes that generate the modifications, and any implications in cellular processes, RNA structure, and disease. We also highlight areas of active research, such as specific RNAs that contain a particular type of modification as well as methodologies used to identify novel RNA modifications. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification.
Hypotheses and models linking epigenetic transgenerational effects to population dynamics: Exploring oscillations and applications to wildlife cycles

Epigenetic transgenerational mechanisms underpin the imprinting of gamete origin during reproduction in mammals but are also hypothesized to transmit environmental exposures from parents to progeny in many life forms, which could have important consequences in population dynamics. Transgenerational hypotheses embody epigenetic alterations occurring in gametes, embryonic somatic cells, and embryonic primordial germ cells because most of the epigenome is erased and reconstituted during development. Four scenarios are described in this paper encompassing somatic and germline effects where each of these is either non-propagating or propagating in time. The non-propagating effects could result from environmental impulses such as toxicants, weather, epidemics, forest fires, etc. The propagating effects could result from continuous signals such as climate variations, food web abundances, population densities, predator numbers, etc. Focusing on the propagating mode, a population growth model is constructed incorporating the intrinsic delays associated with somatic or germline effects. Each exhibit oscillatory behavior over a wide range of the parameter space due to the inherent negative feedback of such delays. The somatic (maternal) model oscillates with a period of ~6 generations while the germline (grandmaternal) model oscillates with a period of ~10 generations. These models can be entrained by oscillatory external signals providing that the signals contain harmonic components near the intrinsic oscillations of the models. The 10-generation oscillation of the germline-effects model is similar to many wildlife cycles in mammals, bird, and insects. The possibility that such a transgenerational mechanism is a component of these wildlife cycles is discussed.
Tipping Points: When are Little Things Just Little Things?

The definition of a “tipping point” suggests a moment in time when a series of small changes creates a disproportionately large effect. In its original scientific reference, a tipping point implies...
Photoredox Generated Carbonyl Ylides Enable a Modular Approach to Aryltetralin, Dihydronaphthalene, and Arylnaphthalene Lignans

A one-pot synthesis of dihydronaphthalenes and arylnaphthalenes from epoxides and common dipolarophiles is described. The reaction proceeds through photoredox activation of epoxides to carbonyl ylides, which undergo concerted [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition with dipolarophiles to provide tetrahydrofurans or 2,5-dihydrofurans. In the same flask, acid promoted rearrangement affords densely functionalized dihydronaphthalenes and arylnaphthalenes, respectively, in an overall redox-neutral sequence of transformations. Succinct total synthesis (4-6 steps) of pycnanthulignene B and C and justicidin E are reported.
Effects of texture on the functional and structural fatigue of a NiTi shape memory alloy

Abstract The effects of crystallographic texture on the fatigue performance of superelastic NiTi sheet were investigated to assess the evolution of plastic deformation and transformation stress (functional fatigue) and the resistance to crack growth (structural fatigue). During uniaxial cycling, about twice as much plasticity accumulated for tensile specimens aligned in the rolling direction (RD) of the NiTi sheet compared to those in the transverse direction (TD). Fatigue experiments on compact tension specimens also showed a 25% lower fatigue threshold and twice the fatigue crack growth rate when loaded in the RD than in the TD. These macroscopic findings correlated with the microscopic observations of crack-tip displacements, where the crack tip opened at a lower stress intensity ( K ≈ 0.9 MPa m ) when loaded in the RD than in the TD ( ≈ 1.5 MPa m ). The dissimilar crack growth rates highlight the strong orientation-dependent mechanisms of plasticity, transformation, and twinning on both functional and structural fatigue. Although the RD had a larger transformation strain that might suggest an enhanced deformation accommodation, under stress-controlled cycling the TD was more resistant to plastic slip, leading to more reversible transformation. Assuming other microstructural aspects are held fixed (composition, grain size, and precipitates), these results suggest that tension along the textures akin to that of the TD (i.e., with a higher density of [100] and lower density of [111] and [110]) is beneficial to fatigue performance during stress-limited cycling.
Telehealth for Pediatric Asthma

Telehealth provides a unique opportunity to overcome barriers to providing asthma care in the traditional setting. Modalities such as real-time video visits, store-and-forward, remote patient monitoring, and mobile health have been used to provide patient and provider education, monitor symptoms and medication adherence as well as assess inhaler technique, and even replace typical office visits. In particular, school-based telehealth has been shown to be effective in reducing asthma symptoms, missed school days, ED visits, and hospitalization while also improving physical activity, lung function, and asthma knowledge. In this chapter, a brief overview of the application of telehealth to pediatric asthma care as well as an in-depth description of school-based telehealth asthma care is provided.
Lucy's back: Reassessment of fossils associated with the A.L. 288-1 vertebral column

Abstract The Australopithecus afarensis partial skeleton A.L. 288-1, popularly known as “Lucy” is associated with nine vertebrae. The vertebrae were given provisional level assignments to locations within the vertebral column by their discoverers and later workers. The continuity of the thoracic series differs in these assessments, which has implications for functional interpretations and comparative studies with other fossil hominins. Johanson and colleagues described one vertebral element (A.L. 288-1am) as uniquely worn amongst the A.L. 288-1 fossil assemblage, a condition unobservable on casts of the fossils. Here, we reassess the species attribution and serial position of this vertebral fragment and other vertebrae in the A.L. 288-1 series. When compared to the other vertebrae, A.L. 288-1am falls well below the expected size within a given spinal column. Furthermore, we demonstrate this vertebra exhibits non-metric characters absent in hominoids but common in large-bodied papionins. Quantitative analyses situate this vertebra within the genus Theropithecus, which today is solely represented by the gelada baboon but was the most abundant cercopithecoid in the KH-1s deposit at Hadar where Lucy was discovered. Our additional analyses confirm that the remainder of the A.L. 288-1 vertebral material belongs to A. afarensis, and we provide new level assignments for some of the other vertebrae, resulting in a continuous articular series of thoracic vertebrae, from T6 to T11. This work does not refute previous work on Lucy or its importance for human evolution, but rather highlights the importance of studying original fossils, as well as the efficacy of the scientific method.
Parallelizing Vision Computations on CM-5: Algorithms and Experiences

This chapter summarizes our work in using Connection Machine CM-5 for vision. We define a realistic model of CM-5 in which explicit cost is associated with data routing and cooperative operations. Using this model, we develop scalable parallel algorithms for representative problems in vision computations at all three levels: low-level, intermediate-level and high-level.
Distance Education: Sizing the opportunity

Distance educators are often asked about the quality and extent of online education in the United States. Many, especially new students, want to know if instruction delivered at a distance is of high quality, and if distance education is a passing fad, or a viable approach to teaching and learning. The Sloan Consortium, a collection of “institutions and organizations committed to quality online education,” has recently attempted to answer these questions with Sizing the Opportunity: The Quality and Extent of Online Education in the United States, 2002 and 2003. The report contains a wealth of information about the field of distance education in general, and about online instruction more specifically (http://www. sloan-c.org/resources/). The study’s authors used a survey to obtain information related to four fundamental questions:
Comparative Carcinogenicity and Metabolism of 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and N′-Nitrosonornicotine in Syrian Golden Hamsters

The tobacco-specific nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) were tested for carcinogenic activity in Syrian golden hamsters. In Assay A, 30 hamsters were each given 19 s.c. injections of 0.048 mmol of NNK or NNN. In Assay B, 20 hamsters each received 75 s.c. injections of 0.012 mmol of NNK or NNN. Among the NNK-treated hamsters in Assay A, three developed carcinomas of the nasal cavity, and 19 had adenomas and/or adenocarcinomas of the lung. In the NNN group, one hamster developed a lung adenoma, and five had tracheal papillomas. In Assay B, 11 of the NNK-treated hamsters developed carcinomas of the nasal cavity, 16 had lung adenomas and/or adenocarcinomas, and seven had tracheal papillomas; in the NNN group, we recorded only one hamster with a lung adenoma and one with a tracheal papilloma. These findings in the Syrian golden hamster confirm that NNK is a more powerful carcinogen than NNN, as was shown previously in assays with rats and mice. In metabolism studies, 96 to 98% of the radioactivity of the injected [1-14C]NNK was recovered in the urine, 4% was recovered in the feces, and less than 0.5% was recovered as exhaled 14CO2. The corresponding distribution for [2'-14C]NNN was 62 to 78% in urine, 10% in feces, and less than 0.5% in respiratory 14CO2. The levels of binding of [1-14C]NNK and [2'-14C]NNN to the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fractions were highest in liver, lung, kidney, and adrenals. The urinary metabolites of NNK and NNN resulted from alpha-hydroxylation, from N-oxidation of NNN to N'-nitrosonornicotine-1-N-oxide, and from reduction of NNK to 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)butan-1-ol.
Work in progress - implementation of a unified materials processing laboratory course

A junior-level materials processing laboratory has been developed and implemented taking a unified approach to processing ceramics, metals, and polymers spanning (1) deposition, (2) solidification, (3) powder, and (4) deformation processing. Three three-week core experiments stress interactions between shaping, microstructure, and properties in an open-ended "make-it-from-scratch" format. Lectures and prelab discussion groups are used to connect laboratory exercises with fundamental concepts. The course is capped off with student-proposed processing projects geared towards specialty materials. Each of the four main classes of processing can be studied at an advanced level in individual senior elective courses. Results from the lab and its role as the gateway into the senior electives were be discussed
High Reynolds number transonic flow simulation

A code has been developed for simulating high Reynolds number transonic flow fields of arbitrary configuration. An explicit finite-difference method with time splitting is used to solve the time-dependent equations for compressible turbulent flow. A nonorthogonal computational mesh of arbitrary configuration facilitates the description of the flow field. The code is applied to simulate the flow over a two-dimensional 18 percent thick circular-arc biconvex airfoil at zero angle of attack for several different Reynolds numbers and a free-stream Mach number of 0.775.
What determines the quality of institutions

Various papers trying to explain institutional quality have come to conflicting conclusions. This paper shows three things: First, openness is positively and pretty robustly associated with institutional quality. To minimize selection bias we use data sets with the greatest cross country coverage, though we also test the significance of the variables for smaller sample sizes. The paper confirms that both natural and policy measures of openness are important. Concentration of trade in natural resource exports continues to be associated with poor institutional quality after accounting for openness in trade. Second, it shows that social” variables such as income inequality or ethnic diversity are not associated with institutional quality. The significance of th e inequality variable disappears when continent dummies for Latin America and Africa are included. Third, it shows that features of specific institutions such as a variable accounting for checks and balances in the political system, and freedom of the press are positively associated with overall perceptions of institutional quality and that these finding hold strongly across different data sets and samples even after we control for those variables commonly used in the literature.
Molar Growth Yields of Certain Lactic Acid Bacteria as Influenced by Autolysis

Molar growth yields determined from batch cultures of Streptococcus diacetilactis and S. faecalis were appreciably greater at the peaks of maximal growth than after continued incubation and considerable autolysis. The higher molar growth yields were about equal to those determined in a continuous culture. Autolysis during logarithmic growth was minimal. The average Y value for adenosine triphosphate (ATP), determined by using limiting concentrations of glucose, galactose, lactose, and maltose for growing S. diacetilactis and limiting concentrations of glucose for growing S. lactis, S. cremoris, and S. faecalis, was 17.0. This is close to the Y (arginine) value of 17.8 determined with S. faecalis, but 62% greater than the generally accepted value of 10.5. Data are presented indicating that the often-used Y (ATP) value of 10.5 is erroneously low.
Sound Targets: American Soldiers and Music in the Iraq War by Jonathan Pieslak

Jonathan Pieslak, currently serves as an Associate Professor of Music at the City College of New York and Graduate Center, CUNY, with research interests that include critical theory, rhythm in heav...
Model invalidation in /spl lscr//sub 1/ using frequency-domain data

In this note, we study the problem of invalidating uncertain models with an additive uncertainty. The problem is to check the existence of an uncertainty and a measurement noise which fit to the given model structure and the uncertainty/noise description, as well as the experimental data used for invalidation. We consider a mixed setting in which the uncertainty is characterized in time domain by the /spl lscr//sub 1/ induced system norm, while the available data are frequency response samples of the system. We show that this problem, which by formulation poses an infinite-dimensional primal optimization problem, can be solved in a dual, finite-dimensional space with finitely many constraints.
Enhanced Tim3 Activity Improves Survival After Influenza Infection

Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Studies have shown that excessive T cell activity can mediate pneumonitis in the setting of influenza infection, and data from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic indicate that critical illness and respiratory failure postinfection were associated with greater infiltration of the lungs with CD8 + T cells. T cell Ig and mucin domain 3 (Tim3) is a negative regulator of Th1/Tc1-type immune responses. Activation of Tim3 on effector T cells has been shown to downregulate proliferation, cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and IFN-γ production, as well as induce apoptosis. In this article, we demonstrate that deletion of the terminal cytoplasmic domain of the Tim3 gene potentiates its ability to downregulate Tc1 inflammation, and that this enhanced Tim3 activity is associated with decreased phosphorylation of the TCR–CD3ζ-chain. We then show that mice with this Tim3 mutation infected with influenza are protected from morbidity and mortality without impairment in viral clearance or functional heterotypic immunity. This protection is associated with decreased CD8 + T cell proliferation and decreased production of inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ. Furthermore, the Tim3 mutation was protective against mortality in a CD8 + T cell-specific model of pneumonitis. These data suggest that Tim3 could be targeted to prevent immunopathology during influenza infection and demonstrate a potentially novel signaling mechanism used by Tim3 to downregulate the Tc1 response.
What Professionalism Skills Should Be Taught In Community College Health Fields

The United States Department of Labor predicts the demand in healthcare sector careers to soar as patient demographics continue to change with the aging population of adults (Henderson, 2012). To meet this demand, community colleges will continue to play a vital role in the education of healthcare occupations, as nearly 60% of all healthcare workers are educated in these institutions. Furthermore, student demographics within community colleges are becoming more ethnically diverse. The dramatic changes in population and labor force composition suggest a more robust approach be taken when teaching professionalism skills. In order to promote student completion rates and recognize the evolving changes within the healthcare system, a health and public safety division within a large community college surveyed its faculty members and their clinical affiliates to determine what professional skills should be taught within an entry-level healthcare course. This brief paper describes the survey findings and implicat...
Diffusive effects on dispersion in excitable media

Perturbation and numerical methods are used to study traveling and standing wave solutions for a system of reaction-diffusion equations modeled after excitable media and the effect of variation of the diffusion coefficients. It is shown that traveling waves and standing waves can coexist and that as a certain diffusion coefficient is varied a branch of traveling waves can bifurcate from a branch of standing waves, providing a transition between only traveling solutions in one limit and only standing waves in the other limit. Key words. traveling waves, standing waves, bifurcation, dispersion reaction-diffusion equations, singular perturbation
Effects of adriamycin and irradiation on beating of rat heart muscle cells in culture

Abstract In an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms involved in Adriamycin (ADM) induced cardiotoxicity as well as determining the possible potentiating effect that irradiation has when it is combined with the drug, heart cells from newborn rats were isolated, cultured and treated with Adriamycin. The actions of these two agents separately or in combination on the survival of beating activity and beating frequency are measured. Beating activity could be decreased temporarily either by exposing the cells to 50 krad of γ-irradiation or 0.1 μ-g of Adriamycin. Following 100 krad of γ-radiation or 1.0 jag Adriamycin, an irreversible cessation of beating occurred. In the case of Adriamycin, cessation was preceded by a temporary sharp increase in beating frequency. Doses of radiation up to 10 krad in combination with Adriamycin were not potentiating. The results indicate that Adriamycin produces its cardiotoxic effects, at least in part, by a direct action on heart muscle cells. It is less likely, however, that damage which occurs in the heart following therapeutic doses of irradiation is the result of such direct action.
TEMPERATURE DISTRUBITIONS AND LIQUID‐SIDE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS IN MODEL LIQUID FOODS IN CANS UNDERGOING FLAME STERILIZATION HEATING

Heat transfer studies were performed with clay suspensions and sugar solutions in 303 × 406 cans heated singly in a flame process simulator. Experimental results show that the can wall temperature does not reach excessive temperatures and that the temperature distribution throughout the can is uniform. The slowest heating point was on the axis near the end of the can but this temperature lagged the center temperature by less than 3°C even with adverse heating conditions (i.e., no head space). The liquid-side heat transfer coefficient in 60% sucrose solution at 30 rpm was measured to be 466 ± 34 W/m2K based on the cylindrical area of the can. Rotational speed had only a small effect on heating rate in the range of 10 to 120 rpm.
Education Aid in New York State: Targeting Issues and Measures

The distribution of state aidfor public education in New York is the result of a combination ofpolitical and educational concerns. They influence the amount of school aid distributed, the pattern of aid distribution among school districts, the types of programs funded, and the accountability required for these funds. This article focuses on the forces that influence the split between general state aid and targeted state aid. General aid refers to aid that districts may use for any purpose consistent with local priorities or needs. Targeted aid is money provided by the state to a district for a particular purpose. When a district accepts targeted aid, it must agree to spend the funds in accord with specific statutes or regulations. Considerations of equity, mechanics of state aid distribution, and the history of the development of school aid legislation are also discussed in this article.
Cimetidine therapy for recalcitrant warts in adults: Is it any better than placebo?

Three open-label, uncontrolled studies have documented successful treatment of warts with cimetidine, whereas two placebo-controlled, double-blind studies and two open-label comparative trials have failed to demonstrate efficacy. This double-blind, placebo-controlled study was designed with stringent enrollment and outcome criteria to minimize the confounding issue of spontaneous remission. Efficacy was not statistically superior to that of placebo, but a trend toward efficacy was suggested for younger subjects.
Glutathione localization and distribution after intratracheal instillation. Implications for treatment.

To gain insight into how glutathione given directly into the lung protects fasted mice against hyperoxic lung damage and to provide a framework for developing treatment strategies in patients, we determined the lung distribution and retention of intratracheally administered glutathione (GSH) and its fate after leaving the lung. Mice received an intratracheal injection of [3H]GSH with or without cold GSH and with or without liposomes. The distribution of the 3H label was equal in both lungs, but the left lung had a higher concentration because of its smaller size. The 3H label was cleared rapidly from the lung: only 1% remained at 24 h, and more than 50% of the label at that time was no longer attached to the GSH. Administration of GSH with liposomes increased the retention of GSH by 20 to 50%, but the amount remaining at 24 h was still only 1%. The increase associated with the liposomes was due to enhanced retention of the GSH encapsulated in the liposomes, not the much larger amount present free in the G...
Presenilins as therapeutic targets for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Studies demonstrating that accumulation and aggregation of the amyloid beta protein (Abeta) within the brain is likely to cause Alzheimer's disease (AD) have provided the rationale for therapeutic strategies aimed at influencing Abeta production, aggregation and clearance. gamma-secretase catalyzes the final cleavage that releases the Abeta from its precursor; therefore, it is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AD. Recent data show that the polytopic membrane proteins presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 are either catalytic components or essential co-factors of a membrane-bound proteolytic complex that possesses gamma-secretase activity. Although recent findings demonstrating that gamma-secretase inhibitors bind directly to presenilins (PSs) further support a catalytic role for PSs in gamma-secretase cleavage, additional studies are still needed to clarify the role of PSs in gamma-secretase cleavage and the use of targeting PSs to reduce Abeta production.
Development and Validation of a Three-Dimensional Parametric Model of the Cervical Spine

The main objective of this project is to produce an accurate parametric model of a human cervical vertebra and the intervertebral disc. This model is based on a well defined set of parameters that reflect the differences between the different vertebrae, allowing for the reconstruction of cervical segments of the spine by a simple control of these parameters.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The Effects of Ordinal Position on Measured Intelligence and Peer Acceptance in Adolescence

Data are presented from a cross-sectional survey of third-year male pupils in 12 secondary modern schools and analysed with regard to the effect of ordinal position on measured intelligence and peer acceptance. In contrast to previous research findings no significant ordinal effects on the dependent variables are noted with the data classified as to age, sex, social status and family size.
Notes on cystoids

“Strobilocystites? kearsargensis Stauffer,” a supposed rhombiferan cystoid from the Kennett Formation, Kearsarge, California, is a diploporite cystoid tentatively assigned to Revalocystis Jaekel. This extends the stratigraphic range of the Dactylocystidae into the Silurian and is the first reported occurrence of Dactylocystidae from North America. An unusual specimen of Glansicystis baccata (Forbes) with IL1 represented by two small pentagonal plates is described. Glansicystis had four short ambulacra: I and IV have only one brachiole; II and V may have one to three brachioles.An isolated echinoderm plate with structures which may represent pectinirhombs is described from the Whipple Cave Formation, Near Lund, Nevada. The structures differ from typical pectinirhombs and are older (Uppermost Cambrian or Basal Ordovician) than any previously described pectinirhombs.
A course in planning future energy systems

This paper reports on a course developed at Iowa State University on planning future energy systems. It describes the delivery method, course objectives, the topical coverage, materials used, and the way in which renewables are addressed in the course.
Cyclic carbonate functional polymers and their applications

Polymers containing five-membered cyclic carbonate groups show promise in a number of different applications. Polymers containing cyclic carbonate groups can be synthesized by the free radical copolymerization of a cyclic carbonate containing unsaturated monomer. A number of cyclic carbonate containing monomers have been explored including propylene carbonate methacrylate and acrylate, vinylene carbonate, glycerin carbonate vinyl ether, and vinyl ethylene carbonate. Another synthesis route involves the conversion of oxirane groups on epoxy resins to cyclic carbonate groups by reaction with CO 2 . Research has focused on the reaction of the cyclic carbonate group with amines to form hydroxyurethanes. Difunctional cyclic carbonates reacted with diamines result in linear thermoplastic polyurethanes, while multifunctional cyclic carbonates reacted with multifunctional amines result in cross-linked polyurethanes. Other uses of cyclic carbonate functional polymers include the immobilization of enzymes and the coordination of lithium ions in solid polymer batteries.
A new method for rapid measurement of orientations and sizes of grains in multicrystalline silicon wafers

We describe a new technique for rapid measurement of orientations and sizes of various grains in a multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) wafer. The wafer is texture etched to expose (111) faces nearest to each surface. Because grains of different orientations result in uniquely different texture shapes, they also have well-defined reflectance values. Hence, the process of determining the grain orientations is brought down to making reflectance maps. Reflectance maps are produced by PVSCAN or reflectometer (GT FabScan), and then transformed into orientation maps. Because the grain boundaries are very well delineated in the reflectance maps, they are also excellent for making measurements of size and distribution of grains. We will compare the results of this technique with other standard techniques.
Graphical postprocessing for 3-D mesh quality evaluation

An important objective of 3‐D graphical finite element postprocessing is the facility to indicate to the engineer the accuracy of analysis results. The inclusion of mesh quality sensors permits a subjective evaluation of the adequacy of a single analysis being interpreted. For graphical approaches, both strain energy density gradients and discontinuities of unsmoothed responses and their gradients have proved to be effective sensors. Interactive graphical tools which can display discontinuity information effectively are described; these are essentially different from the ordinary methods used for the viewing of smoothed results.