cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing microfiltration-reverse osmosis and soil-aquifer treatment for indirect potable reuse of water.

Abstract Microfiltration (MF) followed by reverse osmosis (RO) and soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) are the two principal technologies considered for indirect potable reuse of wastewater. This study, conducted at the Northwest Water Reclamation Plant, Mesa (Arizona), evaluated MF/RO and SAT (>6 months residence time) treated tertiary effluent with respect to organics removal. Effluent organic matter was characterized as total organic carbon (TOC), by UV absorbance (UVA), solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography. Several trace organic micropollutants, including EDTA, NTA, and alkylphenolethoxylate residues, were analyzed by GC/MS. The study revealed that final TOC concentrations of MF/RO and SAT are 0.3 and 1.0 mg l −1 , respectively. Based on the characterization techniques used, the character of bulk organics present in final SAT water resembles the character of natural organic matter present in drinking water. Depending on the molecular weight cut-off, RO membranes can efficiently reject high molecular weight organic matter (characterized as humic and fulvic acids). However, approximately 40–50 percent of the remaining TOC in permeates consists of low molecular weight acids and neutrals representing a molecular weight range of ∼500 Da and less. In the SAT treated effluent, EDTA and APECs were removed to approximately 4.3 and 0.54 μg/l, respectively, but were below the detection limit in the MF/RO treated effluent.
Numerical restoration of imagery obtained in strong turbulence

Three approaches for overcoming the challenges of imaging in strong turbulence are presented. They use spectral nulls that exist in the data, wave front sensor measurements and multiple telescope data to resolve these issues.
Refining the link between the Holocene development of the Mississippi River Delta and the geologic evolution of Cat Island, MS: implications for delta-associated barrier islands

Abstract The geologic evolution of barrier islands is profoundly influenced by the nature of the deposits underlying them. Many researchers have speculated on the origin and evolution of Cat Island in Mississippi, but uncertainty remains about whether or not the island is underlain completely or in part by deposits associated with the past growth of the Mississippi River delta. In part, this is due to a lack of comprehensive geological information offshore of the island that could augment previous stratigraphic interpretations based on terrestrial borings. An extensive survey of Cat Island and its surrounding waters was conducted, including shallow-water geophysics (e.g., high-resolution chirp seismic, side-scan sonar, and swath and single-beam bathymetry) and both terrestrial and marine vibracoring. High-resolution seismic data and vibracores from south and east of the island show two horizontally laminated silt units; marine radiocarbon dates indicate that they are St. Bernard delta complex (SBDC) deposits. Furthermore, seismic data reveal that the SBDC deposits taper off toward the southern shoreline of Cat Island and to the west, morphology consistent with the distal edge of a delta complex. The sedimentology and extent of each unit suggest that the lower unit may have been deposited during an earlier period of continuous river flow while the upper unit may represent reduced or sporadic river flow. OSL dates from the island platform (beneath beach ridge complexes) indicate three stages of terrestrial evolution: island emergence resulting from relative sea-level rise (~ 5400 ybp) island aggradation via littoral transport (~ 2500–4000 ybp) and island degradation due to delta-mediated changes in wave direction (present– ~ 3600 ybp). Finally, the combination of terrestrial and marine data shows that portions of Cat Island that are lower in elevation than the central part of the island are younger and are likely underlain by a thin layer of deltaic sediments. This underscores the potential for increased future vulnerability of barrier islands that develop adjacent to major river delta complexes.
Determination of the Permeability of Carbon Aerogels by Gas Flow Measurements

Carbon aerogels are synthesized via the polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde, followed by supercritical drying and pyrolysis at 1050{degree}C in nitrogen. Because of their interconnected porosity, ultrafine cell structure and high surface area, carbon aerogels have many potential applications, such as in supercapacitors, battery electrodes, catalyst supports, and gas filters. The performance of carbon aerogels in the latter two applications depends on the permeability or gas flow conductance in these materials. By measuring the pressure differential across a thin specimen and the nitrogen gas flow rate in the viscous regime, we calculated the permeability of carbon aerogels from equations based upon Darcy's law. Our measurements show that carbon aerogels have apparent permeabilities on the order of 10{sup {minus}12}to 10{sup {minus}10} cm{sup 2} for densities ranging from 0.44 to 0.05 g/cm{sup 3}. Like their mechanical properties, the permeability of carbon aerogels follows a power law relationship with density and average pore size. Such findings help us to estimate the average pore sizes of carbon aerogels once their densities are known. This paper reveals the relationships among permeability, pore size and density in carbon aerogels.
Deformation behavior of laser welds in high temperature oxidation resistant Fe–Cr–Al alloys for fuel cladding applications

Abstract Ferritic-structured Fe–Cr–Al alloys are being developed and show promise as oxidation resistant accident tolerant light water reactor fuel cladding. This study focuses on investigating the weldability and post-weld mechanical behavior of three model alloys in a range of Fe–(13–17.5)Cr–(3–4.4)Al (wt.%) with a minor addition of yttrium using modern laser-welding techniques. A detailed study on the mechanical performance of bead-on-plate welds using sub-sized, flat dog-bone tensile specimens and digital image correlation (DIC) has been carried out to determine the performance of welds as a function of alloy composition. Results indicated a reduction in the yield strength within the fusion zone compared to the base metal. Yield strength reduction was found to be primarily constrained to the fusion zone due to grain coarsening with a less severe reduction in the heat affected zone. For all proposed alloys, laser welding resulted in a defect free weld devoid of cracking or inclusions.
Empirically Measuring Household Productivity: An Application

This research empirically examined the productive use of a specific family re source—nutrients available for meal production—within households headed by married couples and single persons. This was accomplished by estimating sepa rate production functions for the protein and fat contained in family meals. Data from the 1977 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey were used in the analysis. As hypothesized, the marginal products of the nutrient inputs were positive numbers whose values were less than one. The magnitude of the coefficient on protein was larger than the coefficient for fat. This suggests that households uti lize their protein resources more productively than their fat resources. From a nutritional point of view, this is encouraging. This research also supports the usefulness of household production theory in empirically analyzing the produc tive use of household resources.
A Southern Hemisphere footprint in American Midwest precipitation

[1] A non-normal filter is used to isolate the El Nino signal in tropical south Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs). In boreal fall, the resulting index is significantly anticorrelated with precipitation in the American Midwest two to three seasons later. The phenomenological reasons for the relationship are explored in this article.
Homeotic genes and the evolution of arthropods and chordates

Clusters of homeotic genes sculpt the morphology of animal body plans and body parts. Different body patterns may evolve through changes in homeotic gene number, regulation or function. Recent evidence suggests that homeotic gene clusters were duplicated early in vertebrate evolution, but the generation of arthropod and tetrapod diversity has largely involved regulatory changes in the expression of conserved arrays of homeotic genes and the evolution of interactions between homeotic proteins and the genes they regulate.
Delay models for CMOS, BiCMOS and BiNMOS circuits and their applications for timing simulations

In this paper, we report on delay models for CMOS, BiCMOS, and BiNMOS inverters. A two-step iterative approach has been adopted to account for the slope of the input waveforms. The Alpha-Power Law model equations have been used for the short-channel MOSFET's. The effects of high collector current on the base transit time and the current gain are also included in the models of the bipolar transistors. The developed delay models are incorporated in a timing simulator to estimate the propagation delay of chains with mixed CMOS/BiCMOS/BiNMOS gates. The estimates of the simulator deviate from those of HSPICE by less than 10%, while it is faster than HSPICE by two orders of magnitudes. Hence, it can be used for identifying critical paths in VLSI systems. >
Compensation of Time-Varying Input and State Delays for Nonlinear Systems

We consider general nonlinear systems with time-varying input and state delays for which we design predictor-based feedback controllers. Based on a time-varying infinitedimensional backstepping transformation that we introduce, our controller achieves global asymptotic stability in the presence of a time-varying input delay, which is proved with the aid of a strict Lyapunov function that we construct. Then, we “backstep” one time-varying integrator and we design a globally stabilizing controller for nonlinear strict-feedback systems with time-varying delays on the virtual inputs. The main challenge in this case is the construction of the backstepping transformations since the predictors for different states use different prediction windows. Our designs are illustrated by three numerical examples, including unicycle stabilization. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4005278]
Controlling Storm-Water Runoff with Tradable Allowances for Impervious Surfaces

Storm-water flow from an impervious surface can lead to stream degradation, habitat alteration, low base flows, and increased toxic loadings from nonpoint sources, a problem that has resisted traditional command and control regulatory approaches. We explore the thesis that a well-designed, tradable runoff allowance system can create economic incentives for landowners to employ low-cost runoff management practices to reduce excess stormwater flow to more ecologically sound levels. Attributes such as percent impervious surface, soil type, and so on, determine a given land parcel’s runoff potential and management alternatives and, by extension, its allowance requirements. Using a small watershed in Cincinnati, Ohio, as a case study, we show that a tradable runoff allowance system carries promise as a low-cost method for attaining reductions in storm-water runoff.
Markodemocracy? A reconnaissance

Robert Dahl identifies a democratic paradox in which citizens have low faith in democratic institutions but high esteem for democratic principles and ideals. Dahl asserts that the paradox is resolved if citizens principally perceive democracy in terms of political rights (i.e., freedom of speech and assembly) and not political responsibilities (i.e., regular voting). Such an argument, however, excludes the economic realm from conceptions of democracy. Alternatively, we argue that some citizens may actively include market principles in their perceptions of democracy. These citizens may perceive market participation as a form of democratic participation, thus providing an additional explanation of why widespread distrust of political institutions does not detract from support for democratic values. In this article we provide some preliminary evidence from a targeted survey of college undergraduates, union workers, and churchgoers that illuminates these possibilities.
Target species for deep-sea studies in ecology, genetics, and physiology

This paper describes Tharyx luticastellus sp. nov. (Polychaeta: Cirratulidae), an important structural component of the bathyal (approximately 1200 m) macrobenthic community in the San Diego Trough of the North Pacific Ocean. Its robust, distinctive, helically coiled tube permits ready identification and collection or manipulation in relatively un-traumatized condition. Major problems in applying modern ecological, genetic, and physiological methods in the deep sea include the in situ or shipboard identification of species, the obtaining of sufficient specimens of any single species for adequate statistical treatment, and the manipulation or retrieval of animals without induction of severe trauma. This species satisfies all these criteria.
Vision for Performance in Virtual Environments: The Role of Feedback Timing

This work explores how people use visual feedback when performing simple reach-to-grasp movements in a tabletop virtual environment. In particular we investigated whether visual feedback is required for the entire reach or whether minimal feedback can be effectively used. Twelve participants performed reach-to-grasp movements toward targets at two locations. Visual feedback about the index finger and thumb was provided in four conditions: vision available throughout the movement, vision available up to peak wrist velocity, vision available until movement initiation, or vision absent throughout the movement. It was hypothesized that vision available until movement onset would be an advantage over a no vision situation yet not attain the performance observed when vision was available up to peak velocity. Results indicated that movement time was longest in the no vision condition but similar for the three conditions where vision was available. However, deceleration time and peak aperture measures suggest gra...
Issues in the identification and long-term management of Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome within a clinical infant service

Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome is a version of Munchausen's Syndrome whereby a parent, usually the mother, simulates or fabricates disease in one or more of her children in order to seek medical attention. Because this disorder is usually identified in pediatric settings, current literature focuses on identification of the syndrome, with little discussion of treatment issues or management strategies other than confrontation of the parent and removal of the child from the home. With the increased availability of infant mental health services, infant clinicians are likely to be called on to evaluate and treat cases of this disorder. This paper reviews the Munchausen by Proxy literature for infant clinicians and describes the identification and long-term management of one Munchausen by Proxy case within the context of an infant home-visiting service. Pertinent issues that emerged included the difficulties inherent in documenting the mother's pathological behavior, the clinical tension between preventing flight from treatment but limiting harmful behavior, the need for a long-term collaborative relationship with a designated pediatrician, and the importance of further education of protective service workers about this syndrome. Le Syndrome Munchausen “par Procuration” est une version du Syndrome Munchausen au moyen duquel un parent, d'habitude la mere, simule ou fabrique une maladie chez un ou plusieurs de ses enfants de facon a rechercher une attention medicale. Puisque ce trouble est le plus souvent identifie en pediatrie, la documentation actuelle est polarisee sur l'identification du syndrome, avec peu d'etude des problemes de traitement ou des strategies de gouverne autre que la confrontation avec le parent ou le retrait de l'enfant du foyer. Les services de psychiatrie infantile etant de plus en plus disponibles et sollicitts, il est probable que les cliniciens de ces services soient appeles a evaluer et a traiter ces cas-ci. Cet article examine les travaux qui ont ete faits sur le Syndrome Munchausen par Procuration et decrit l'identification et la gouverne a long terme d'un cas de Munchausen par Procuration dans le contexte d'un service de visite de l'enfant B domicile. Les probleAmes pertinents qui ont surgi comprenaient les difficultes inherentes a la documentation du comportement pathologique de la mere, la tension clinique qui existe entre l'empěchement a ce que la mere ne cesse le traitement et la limitation du comportement nocif, la necessite d'une relation de collaboration a long terme avec un pediatre designe, et l'importance d'une formation supplementaire du personnel des services de protection, pour ce qui concerne ce syndrome.
Sex and age differences in levothyroxine dosage requirement.

Objective: To examine the performance of weightbased formulae for estimating the levothyroxine dosage requirement in athyreotic patients and to determine whether formula performance is affected by ...
The development of constancies in sequential organization during repeated free recall

Summary A modified form of Tulving's method was used for appraising the development of subjectively determined sequential organization in free recall. Multiple randomizations were prepared for 10 stimulus words which were unrelated in the sense of lacking interitem associative strength according to free associational norms. Free recall was obtained after each presentation of the words. The unit of organization was the intertrial repetition which occurred whenever a pair of items recalled consecutively on trial n was repeated on trial n + 1. A formula was proposed for estimating the number of these units expected by chance. A monotonic increase in organization was found as the words were learned to the criterion of five consecutive errorless recalls.
Effects of a verbal warning and overcorrection on stereotyped and appropriate behaviors

In Experiment I, the effects of a verbal warning, such as is used in Overcorrection, delivered contingently on the stereotyped mouthing behavior of two autistic/retarded children were examined. A multiple baseline design across subjects was used. The results indicated that the mouthing of one child was reduced to a nearzero level and mouthing of the second child was moderately reduced. Appropriate toy play and inappropriate object manipulation failed to show systematic changes in occurrence when mouthing was decelerated. In Experiment II, the same subjects and experimental design were used to assess the effects of a positive practice Overcorrection procedure delivered contingent on mouthing behavior. Overcorrection reduced the mouthing of both subjects. There were no systematic changes in inappropriate object manipulation but one subject did demonstrate an increased occurrence of appropriate toy play. In addition, this subject often engaged in aggressive/escape behaviors during Overcorrection, suggesting that the procedure was aversive to him.
A smooth muscle tone-dependent stretch-activated migrating motor pattern in isolated guinea-pig distal colon.

We have investigated the tone dependence of the intrinsic nervous activity generated by localized wall distension in isolated segments of guinea-pig distal colon using mechanical recordings and video imaging of wall movements. A segment of colon was threaded through two partitions, which divided the colon for pharmacological purposes into oral, stimulation and anal regions. An intraluminal balloon was located in the stimulation region between the two partitions (12 mm apart). Maintained colonic distension by an intraluminal balloon or an artificial faecal pellet held at a fixed location generated rhythmic (frequency 0.3 contractions min−1; duration ˜60 s) peristaltic waves of contraction. Video imaging of colonic wall movements or the selective application of pharmacological agents suggested that peristaltic waves originated just oral (≤ 4 mm) to the pellet and propagated both orally (˜11 mm s−1) and anally (˜1 mm s−1). Also, during a peristaltic wave the colon appears to passively shorten in front of a pellet, as a result of an active contraction of the longitudinal muscle oral to the pellet. Faecal pellet movement only occurred when a rhythmic peristaltic wave was generated. Rhythmic peristaltic waves were abolished in all regions by the smooth muscle relaxants isoproterenol (1 μM), nicardipine (1 μM) or papavarine (10 μM), and by the neural antagonists tetrodotoxin (TTX; 0.6 μM), hexamethonium (100 μM) or atropine (1 μM), when added selectively to the stimulation region. Nicardipine, atropine, TTX, or hexamethonium (100 μM) also blocked the evoked peristaltic waves when selectively added to the oral region. Nω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA; 100 μM) added to the anal region reduced the anal relaxation but increased the anal contraction, leading to an increase in the apparent conduction velocity of each peristaltic wave. In conclusion, maintained distension by a fixed artificial pellet generates propulsive, rhythmic peristaltic waves, whose enteric neural activity is critically dependent upon smooth muscle tone. These peristaltic waves usually originate just oral to the pellet, and their apparent conduction velocity is generated by activation of descending inhibitory nerve pathways.
Spectral Properties of a Matrix of Redheffer

Abstract Define n × n matrices D n = ( d ij ) and C n = ( c ij ) by d ij = 1 if i | j , 0 otherwise, and C n = (0, 1, 1,…,1) T (1, 0, 0,…,0). Let A n = D n + C n . The matrix is of number-theoretic significance because det A n = M ( n ) is Mertens' function. We give a simplified derivation of the characteristic polynomial of A n , give precise asymptotic estimates for its two “large” eigenvalues, and use Rouche's theorem to significantly improve a previous bound on its “small” eigenvalues. Finally, we present some attractive conjectures about these small eigenvalues based on numerical evidence.
OSCILLATION RESULTS FOR A NONHOMOGENEOUS EQUATION

y"+P(t)y=f(t) via the transformation y(t)=u(t)z(t) where u{t) is a solution of the equation (2) u"+p{t)u^0 . Equation (2) is assumed to be nonoscillatory throughout the paper. This represents a distinct change from most of the recent work concerning oscillation in equation (1). The transformation y(t) = Φ(t)z(t) transforms equation (1) into (3) (φvy + Φ(fKφ"(t) + v(t)Φ(t))z If φ(t) is a solution of (2) then (3) becomes (3') Equation (3') enables us to characterize the oscillatory behavior of solutions of (1) in terms of the forcing function fit) and the nonoscillatory solutions of equation (2). The need for "explicit" sign conditions on pit) is eliminated. However, some implicit sign conditions will be assumed, that is, the solution φ(t) of equation (2) will be given properties that are implied by specific sign conditions on p(t). In recent articles Macki [10] and Komkov [7] have pointed out the usefulness of the transformation u(t) = φit)z(t) in studying qualitative properties of the differential equation ir(t)u')' + P(fi)u = 0 . As usual a nontrivial solution y(t)(u(t)) of equation (1) [resp. (2)] is oscillatory if on each ray (α, oo)(α > 0) there exists a toe(a, ) with y(tQ) — 0 (u(tQ) = 0). Equation (1) [resp. (2)] is oscillatory if all solutions are oscillatory. A solution y(t) [resp. u(t)] of equation (1) [resp. (2)] is nonoscillator y if it is eventually nonzero. It is well known that all solutions of equation (2) are either oscillatory or nonoscillator y. The functions pit) and fit) are assumed to be continuous on [0, °°), so only solutions on the interval [0, oo) will be
Two-dimensional spectral analysis of cortical receptive field profiles.

Abstract Most vision research embracing the spatial frequency paradigm has been conceptually and mathematically a one-dimensional analysis of two-dimensional mechanisms. Spatial vision models and the experiments sustaining them have generally treated spatial frequency as a one-dimensional variable, even though receptive fields and retinal images are two-dimensional and linear transform theory obliges any frequency analysis to preserve dimension. Four models of cortical receptive fields are introduced and studied here in 2D form, in order to illustrate the relationship between their excitatory/inhibitory spatial structure and their resulting 2D spectral properties. It emerges that only a very special analytic class of receptive fields possess independent tuning functions for spatial frequency and orientation; namely, those profiles whose two-dimensional Fourier Transforms are expressible as the separable product of a radial function and an angular function. Furthermore, only such receptive fields would have the same orientation tuning curve for single bars as for gratings. All classes lacking this property would describe cells responsive to different orientations for different spatial frequencies and vice versa; this is shown to be the case, for example, for the Hubel & Wiesel model of cortical orientation-tuned simple cells receiving inputs from an aligned row of center/surround LGN cells. When these results are considered in conjunction with psychophysical evidence for nonseparability of spatial frequency and orientation tuning properties within a “channel”, it becomes mandatory that future spatial vision research of the Fourier genre take on an explicitly two-dimensional character.
Radiation induced ignition of solid fuels

Abstract The present work reports that gas-phase radiation absorption is one of the critical mechanisms responsible for the gas-phase ignition of solid fuels which are exposed to a strong external thermal radiation. A one-dimensional transient model includes the effects of the gas-phase absorption of incident thermal radiation; in-depth absorption by the solid phase; and natural convection along the fuel surfaces. A numerical simulation confirms that the decomposition products significantly attenuate the incident radiation, which has been already observed experimentally. In spite of natural convection flows which dilute the absorbing gases and increase heat losses, absorbed radiant energy plays an important role in the induction of the gas-phase thermal runaway. Thus, ignitable domains are considerably different from those obtained without considerations of the gas-phase radiation absorption.
Two Active Nuclei in 3C 294

The z = 1.786 radio galaxy 3C 294 lies < 10'' from a 12 mag star and has been the target of at least three previous investigations using adaptive optics (AO) imaging. A major problem in interpreting these results is the uncertainty in the precise alignment of the radio structure with the H- or K-band AO imaging. Here we report observations of the position of the AO guide star with the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor, which, together with positions from the second United States Naval Observatory's CCD Astrograph Catalog (UCAC2), allow us to register the infrared and radio frames to an accuracy of better than 01. The result is that the nuclear compact radio source is not coincident with the brightest discrete object in the AO image, an essentially unresolved source on the eastern side of the light distribution, as Quirrenbach and coworkers had suggested. Instead, the radio source is centered about 09 to the west of this object, on one of the two apparently real peaks in a region of diffuse emission. Nevertheless, the conclusion of Quirrenbach and coworkers that 3C 294 involves an ongoing merger appears to be correct: analysis of a recent deep Chandra image of 3C 294 obtained from the archive shows that the nucleus comprises two X-ray sources, which are coincident with the radio nucleus and the eastern stellar object. The X-ray/optical flux ratio of the latter makes it extremely unlikely that it is a foreground Galactic star.
Optimization methods applied to material and flextensional actuator design using the homogenization method

Abstract The design method based on the extended fixed domain method and global-local modeling (or homogenization) theory is applied to the design of elastic, thermoelastic, and piezoelectric composite materials, and flextensional actuators. rights reserved.
Statistical model of meteor streams. IV. A study of radio streams from the synoptic year

The paper gives a detailed description of a search procedure for radio meteor streams and reports the detection of 275 streams in a synoptic-year sample of 19,698 radio meteors observed by the radar system of the Radio Meteor Project at Havana, Illinois. The orbital elements and related parameters of the detected streams are presented, the two parameters of the D-distribution of the streams are determined, and their mean radiants are plotted. Possible associations between the streams and possible parent objects are identified; it is found that streams may be associated with seven periodic comets, five other comets, at least nine asteroids (especially Adonis), and several fireballs. The mean space density in the streams is found to be much lower than the sporadic density, although the central density may be considerably greater than the sporadic density. It is shown that the derived absolute stream-density values are in agreement with the order of magnitude of the space densities estimated from cometary production rates for solid material of comparable particle size.
Stability and Change in Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Considering the Implications of ACT and RFT

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Relational Frame Theory (RFT) are part of the new wave of treatments and analyses that seem to be emerging in cognitive behavior therapy. In this article, data in support of these new approaches are provided, and evidence that ACT works through different processes than traditional CBT are presented. The integrative proposals of Ciarrochi and Robb, and Ciarrochi, Robb, and Godsell are then considered. In the long run, whether such integrations are useful is an empirical matter, but concerns are raised about the effects of focusing on the content of beliefs, and the role of logical–empirical challenges to belief.
Mott transition of the electron-hole liquid in Ge

Abstract A treatment is given of the Mott transition of a gas of excitons in equilibrium with electron-hole droplets in Ge. We find that transition occurs near 4K. We can come to no firm conclusion whether the Mott transition is a first-order transition separate from the liquid-gas transition, as has been suggested.
Photophysics of ANS. IV. electron transfer quenching of ANS in alcoholic solvents and mixtures

ANS is observed to decay from the fluorescent state with distributed kinetics in nearly pure ethanol solvent, notwithstanding that in mixed ethanol/water solvents the decay is discrete and biexponential. The origin of this behavior is investigated. In particular, a theory of electron transfer theory in the adiabatic regime is adduced, with specific involvement of solvent cage structure in the form of the solvent-electron polaron wave function. Properties of various polarons for various solvent systems are predicted and, for the case of ethanol and cyclohexanol, employed to generate the observed Arrhenius-type decay parameters in a quantitative fashion.
In situ metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of Al2O3 on N-face GaN and evidence of polarity induced fixed charge

The in situ metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of Al2O3 dielectrics on N-face GaN is reported. The near-interface fixed charges are measured by using capacitance-voltage techniques on a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOSCAP) structure, and the results are compared with those obtained on Ga-face MOSCAPs with the same in situ MOCVD Al2O3 dielectrics. The influence of GaN polarity as well as other possible mechanisms on the formation of fixed charge are identified and discussed.
A phase II study of saracatinib (AZD0530), a Src inhibitor, administered orally daily to patients with advanced thymic malignancies

Abstract Objectives Thymic malignancies are rare, and options are limited for metastatic disease. Src plays a role in normal thymic epithelial maturation, and its inhibition with the oral compound saracatinib was postulated to be effective in controlling thymic malignancy. Materials and methods Patients with unresectable thymic malignancy were treated with saracatinib 175 mg by mouth daily in 28 days cycles with radiographic evaluation at cycle 2 day 1 for safety, then cycle 3 day 1 and every 8 weeks thereafter. Response was evaluated by RECIST 1.0. A two-stage optimal design was used, powered to detect a true response rate of 20%. Results 21 patients were enrolled at two institutions, 12 of them with thymoma, 9 with thymic carcinoma. Thymoma patients received a median of 4.5 cycles and thymic carcinoma patients a median of 1 cycle. There were no responses, so accrual was halted after the first stage per protocol. 9 patients had stable disease beyond the first assessment. Median time to progression was 5.7 months for thymoma patients and 3.6 months for thymic carcinoma patients. Saracatinib was well tolerated. Conclusion Src inhibition by saracatinib did not produce any radiographic responses, though some patients did experience stable disease. Though negative, this study shows the feasibility of completing a trial in this rare disease, and of accruing reasonably significant numbers of thymic carcinoma patients. More clinical trials are required for this population ( NCT00718809 ).
Characterization of Uptake of 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]Fluoro-D-Glucose by Fungal-Associated Inflammation: The Differential Uptake Ratio for Blastomyces- Associated Lesions is as High as for Lymphoma and Higher than for Turpentine Abscesses in Experimentally Induced Lesions in Rats

Abstract Purpose: The objective of this investigation was to determine the biologic basis and the significance of uptake of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) using experimentally created fungal lesions in rats. Procedures: Uptake of FDG by experimentally induced Blastomyces granulomas was compared with uptake by turpentine abscesses (Group 1) and by lymphomas (Group 2) using the differential uptake ratio (DUR) measured one hour after administration of 2 mCi FDG intravenously. Frozen tissue sections of Blastomyces lesions and turpentine abscesses were placed in contact with radiographic film for macroautoradiography. Results: In rats in Group 1, the median (range) DUR for the Blastomyces granulomas was 1.9 (1.1–2.6) and was significantly higher than the DUR for turpentine abscesses 0.9 (0.6–1.4) and muscle 0.2 (0.1–0.5; P Conclusions: Blastomyces granulomas typically have high uptake of FDG associated with the region composed of the granulomatous inflammatory reaction and Blastomyces yeast organisms. (Mol Imag Biol 2002;4:193–200)
Progress in spin dynamics solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance with the application of Floquet-Magnus expansion to chemical shift anisotropy.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to present an historical overview of theoretical approaches used for describing spin dynamics under static or rotating experiments in solid state nuclear magnetic resonance. The article gives a brief historical overview for major theories in nuclear magnetic resonance and the promising theories. We present the first application of Floquet–Magnus expansion to chemical shift anisotropy when irradiated by BABA pulse sequence.
Neural systems approaches to the neurogenetics of autism spectrum disorders

Autism is generally accepted as the most genetic of all the developmental neuropsychiatric syndromes. However, despite more than several decades of genetic study, the etiology of autism remains unknown, largely due to the genetic and phenotypic diversity, or heterogeneity, of this disorder, and the lack of biologically based classification systems. At the same time, in the neuroimaging literature, the body of research identifying candidate neural systems underlying aspects of autistic impairment has grown considerably, fueled by the advent of technologies such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Yet the findings from these neuroimaging studies have not been incorporated to inform the collection of samples for genetic studies of autism, which are predominantly based on a diagnosis of the disorder. This article presents a review of the genetics of autism and describes the genetic approaches that have been applied, including the phenotypic strategies that have been used to address heterogeneity and optimize the power of these genetic studies. With the increasing recognition that there may be different "autisms" (Geschwind and Levitt, 2007) with unique neural mechanisms, it is argued that neural systems research, using technologies such as fMRI, currently allows for the identification of more biologically informative phenotypes for genetic studies of autism and is positioned to identify informative neuroimaging markers for "neurogenetic" studies of the disorder. To illustrate this, we describe several candidate neural systems for the social communication impairment seen in autism, and the characteristic behavioral and physiological manifestations associated with these that could be incorporated into phenotypic assessments.
Measurements of discrete vortex noise in a closed-throat wind tunnel

Measurements are presented of the discrete vortex noise emitted by a thin airfoil. These measurements were made in a new wind tunnel designed specifically for aerodynamic noise measurements. The tunnel is an indraft type with a 25- by 35- by 100-cm testing section and a sonic-throat noise suppressor just downstream of the test section. Directivity and standing wave patterns are presented and compared with theoretical predictions. Frequency scaling criteria are developed and compared with other investigations.
Kidney androgen-regulated protein gene is expressed in the uterus during late pregnancy

Kidney androgen-regulated protein (KAP) is a unique protein of unknown function that is transcriptionally induced by sex steroids. KAP is thought to be predominantly a kidney-specific gene. After conducting a differential screen of a mouse uterus cDNA library, a clone was identified that is identical to KAP. Using this cDNA to generate radiolabeled cRNA probes, Northern blots were conducted against the following tissues collected sequentially during the latter third of pregnancy: kidney, uterus and placenta. Abundant message was present in all samples of the kidney tested and there was a slight, but apparent, increase (1.5-fold) in expression during the period surrounding birth. Message is also present in the uterus, at levels comparable to the kidney, but expression occurs only during the period surrounding birth. Message is not present in the uterus at any other time. Message is also not detected in the placenta or in several other tissues tested. In addition to the kidney, KAP gene is also transcribed at equivalent levels in the uterus. Unlike the kidney, expression in the uterus is limited to the perinatal period.
The degradation of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in an enclosed marine ecosystem

Carbon-14 labeled 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was introduced into a large marine microcosm containing an ecosystem functioning in a manner typical of shallow marine waters of the northeastern United States. The radiotracer was used to follow degradation products, including CO2, in the water and sediment for 62 days. Within 12h after the addition, 95 % of the DMBA was apparently photodegraded. About 20 % of the degradation products was transferred to the sediments. The rate of 14CO2 production resulting from the metabolism of degradation products was initially 0·63 % per day, then dropped to 0·13 % per day after day 40. After 62 days, 12 % of the material added had been respired to CO2 about 18 % could be extracted from sediments and about 70 % could not be extracted with the techniques used.
Grafting of C60 onto polyethylene surfaces

Polyethylene films functionalized with diphenylmethyl groups are deprotonated to for which is in turn used to covalently bind C60to polyethylene.
The resolution of laser-induced europium(III) ion excitation spectra through the use of the Marquardt nonlinear regression method

The ability to resolve a 7F0 → 5D0 spectrum into individual peaks is important in the study of Eu(III) complexes where the wavelength of the transition is sensitive to the environment of the ion. This paper describes a computer program, based upon the Marquardt nonlinear regression algorithm, developed to resolve such spectra. Several different line shapes were examined, with the Lorentzian function providing the most accurate description for solid complexes and the Lorentzian-Gaussian product function being the most acceptable for species in solution. The program can resolve a spectrum into as many as five peaks with the option to hold any of the parameters constant. The best fit is determined by evaluation of the sum of the squares of the differences between the calculated and the experimental values.
Unexpected product fine-structure distributions in (3+1)-photon ionization of xenon.

Three-photon resonance enhanced four-photon ionization of xenon shows preferential formation of ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{+}$${(}^{2}$${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$) when intermediate ns[3/2${]}_{1}$ Rydberg states are excited in the three-photon step. Here, the nl[K${]}_{\mathit{J}}$ notation refers to ${\mathit{j}}_{\mathit{c}}$l coupling, in which the angular momentum of the ion core, ${\mathit{j}}_{\mathit{c}}$, is coupled to the orbital angular momentum of the Rydberg electron l to give K, which is then coupled to the Rydberg electron's spin to give J. The primes following l denote states belonging to the $^{2}$${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$ core. Multichannel-quantum-defect theory identifies these intermediates as nearly pure Rydberg states belonging to the ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{+}$${(}^{2}$${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$) core. An equivalent behavior is found for the 7s'[1/2${]}_{1}$ intermediate state which preferentially produces ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{+}$${(}^{2}$${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$). On the other hand, for nd and nd' resonances we observe final-state distributions which closely mirror the core character of the intermediate state. The suppression of the parent core channel for s-type Rydberg states is shown to be due to a Cooper minimum in the ns\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\varepsilon}p transitio n amplitudes. As a consequence, minor components of the resonance state wave functions play a major role in the selection of the final ionization channel, in particular via the much larger amplitudes of nd'\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\varepsilon}f' transitions.
Natural immunity against ovarian tumors

Abstract We have analysed natural killer (NK) cytotoxic activity in peripheral blood and ascitic fluids of patients with advanced stage of ovarian epithelial carcinoma. All patients displayed low NK activity in peripheral blood and virtually no cytotoxicity in ascitic fluids. NK activity in ascitic fiuids could be substantially augmented after regional administration of virus-modified tumor cell extracts (VMTE), and that in peripheral blood after culture of effector cells with interleukin-2 (IL-2) in vitro. Activated NK cells displayed cytotoxic activity against NK-sensitive and NK-resistant tumor cell lines as well as against fresh ovarian tumors. Parallelism was found between regional NK augmentation and regression of malignant ascites. The latter observation suggests possible NK cell role in defense against ovarian tumors.
Reduction of EEG myogenic artifact with botulinum toxin during video-EEG monitoring.

Summary: Purpose: To determine whether EEG myogenic artifact during video-EEG monitoring (VEM) is reduced with targeted scalp botulinum toxin (BTX-A) injections. Methods: Twelve consecutive patients scheduled for presurgical VEM were treated 2–3 weeks before admission with subcutaneous BTX-A injections at specific EEG electrode locations. On the basis of clinical data available before VEM, four subjects were treated unilaterally (group 1) and eight bilaterally (group 2). BTX-A efficacy was assessed quantitatively in group 1 subjects by comparing high-frequency (20–100 Hz) power at homologous “treated” and “untreated” electrodes during voluntary forceful jaw closure. The clinical impact of BTX-A treatment was assessed by determining whether ≥5 of the first 10 s of each ictal recording was obscured by muscle artifact, and whether residual myogenic artifact on BTX-A–“treated” electrodes rendered these ictal EEG segments impossible to interpret. Results: BTX-A treatment reduced high-frequency power by a mean of 53% at electrodes T3/T4 and 52% at electrodes F7/F8. None of 49 ictal EEGs had ≥5 of the first 10 s obscured by myogenic artifact, and all of these ictal epochs were interpretable. Adverse events were limited to two subjects who complained of transient difficulty chewing tough foods. Conclusions: Scalp-muscle BTX-A treatment before VEM significantly reduces myogenic artifact in subsequent EEG recordings, including ictal EEG. The clinical utility of this technique for improved or more-rapid seizure localization will be determined only by large, blinded, prospective trials.
Holding Environments at Work

Holding environments are interpersonal or group-based relationships that enable self-reliant workers to manage situations that trigger potentially debilitating anxiety. Working from a theoretical framework woven of concepts from developmental and clinical psychology, group dynamics, and organizational behavior, the author describes holding environments, the conditions that facilitate their creation, and the points at which they are vulnerable to failure. He also discusses the group, intergroup, and organizational contexts that shape the extent to which holding environments at work are realistic or desirable.
Separation of metalloporphyrins from metallation reactions by liquid chromatography and electrophoresis.

Abstract The analytical separation of the indium and manganese complexes of three synthetic, meso-substituted, water-soluble porphyrins from their respective free bases in metallation reaction mixtures is described. The ligands tetra-3N-methylpyridyl porphyrin, tetra-4N-methylpyridyl porphyrin and tetra-N,N,N-trimethylanilinium porphyrin are complexed with In (III) and Mn (III) and are separated from residual free base by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in acidic conditions with gradient elution on ODS bonded stationary phase. Electrophoretic separation is achieved on both cellulose polyacetate strips and polyacrylamide tube gels under basic conditions. Although analytical separations can be achieved by both HPLC and electrophoresis, only HPLC is suitable for the development of preparative scale separations. Column chromatography, ion-pairing and ion-suppression HPLC techniques fail to separate such highly charged and related aromatic compounds.
Application of ratiometry to fundus autofluorescence imaging

Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in the U.S. We are applying ratiometric analysis to fundus autofluorescence imaging as a means for early diagnosis of this disease.
Leader‐member exchange, gender, and members’ communication expectations with leaders

This study explored effects of the differential leader‐member exchange and gender on members’ communication expectations with their leaders. Findings suggest that, regardless of the amount of their experience in stressful relational situations, female members were more likely to expect positive change in communication patterns than male members in the high quality exchange, whereas the opposite was observed in the low quality exchange.