cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some effects of putative G-protein biased mu-opioid receptor agonists in male rhesus monkeys.

G-protein-biased mu-opioid receptor (GPB-MOR) agonists are an emerging class of compounds being evaluated as candidate analgesics and agonist medications for opioid use disorder. Most of the basic pharmacology of GPB-MOR agonists has been conducted in rodents and much less is known how the basic behavioral pharmacology of these compounds translates to nonhuman primates. The present study determined the antinociceptive potency and time course of three putative GPB-MOR agonists: (+)-oliceridine (i.e. TRV130), SR14968, and SR17018 in male rhesus monkeys (n = 3). In addition, the respiratory effects of these compounds were also indirectly determined using a pulse oximeter to measure percent peripheral oxygen saturation (%SpO2). The largest intramuscular oliceridine dose (3.2 mg/kg) produced significant antinociception at 50°C, but not 54°C, and peak effects were between 10 and 30 min. Oliceridine also decreased SpO2 below the 90% threshold that would be clinically categorized as hypoxia in two out of three monkeys. The largest intramuscular SR14968 dose (0.32 mg/kg) produced 100% MPE at 50°C, but not 54°C, in two out of three monkeys, and peak effects were between 30 and 100 min. The largest intravenous SR17018 dose (1 mg/kg) produced 100% MPE at 50°C, but not 54°C, in the same two out of three monkeys, and peak effects were between 30 and 100 min. Solubility limitations for both SR14968 and SR17018 impaired our ability to determine in-vivo potency and effectiveness on antinociceptive and %SpO2 measures for these two compounds.
Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis With Severe Thrombocytopenia: A Fatal Adverse Event Following Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccination

Approximately 7.98 million doses of the Johnson and Johnson adenovirus vector SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (J&J vaccine) have been administered since EUA authorization by the FDA on February 27, 20211, 2. On April 13th, the CDC/FDA recommended a pause in administration after 6 cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) with thrombocytopenia were identified through the vaccine adverse event reporting system in women aged 18-48. To date, 15 cases of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) have been reported following vaccination with J&J, with three reported fatalities2. Here we report one of those fatalities in a 35-year-old woman who developed CVST with thrombocytopenia following vaccination with the J&J vaccine.
Use of zonisamide in twelve patients with intractable seizures refractory to common anti-epileptic regimens

This non-randomized, uncontrolled, single-center study was conducted to evaluate the effects of zonisamide on intractable epilepsy in a primarily pediatric population. Twelve patients ranging in age from 18 months to 23 years were included in the study. All patients were diagnosed with intractable seizures. Adjunctive therapy with zonisamide was initiated at 100 mg once a day and increased, if needed, by 50-100 mg after one week to reach the maximal or therapeutic dosage depending on patient age and weight. Follow-up occurred in person or by phone at two weeks, one month, and every three months. All 12 patients responded favorably to adjunctive zonisamide. Five patients had subclinical status interrupted and stopped as evidenced by clinical examinations and electroencephalographic (EEG) findings. These patients also became awake, alert, more attentive, and more interactive. An additional six patients experienced clinical and EEG improvement in their seizure frequency, duration, and severity. One patient with autonomic seizures showed EEG improvement in seizure frequency, duration, and severity; however, seizure prodrome control was not obtained. Adjunctive therapy with zonisamide benefited all patients in this study, despite the variation in symptoms and etiology. Zonisamide is thought to have multiple mechanisms of action, which may benefit more patient types than antiepileptic drugs with a single mechanism of action. Zonisamide was well tolerated by all patients.
Correlation of radiographic patellofemoral indices with tibial tubercle transfer distance in Fulkerson osteotomy procedures.

Background A laterally tracking patella is commonly seen in patients with chronic recurrent lateral patellar dislocations. Clinical appearance of the J-sign occurs when the patella is congruent with the trochlear groove in flexion and moves over the lateral border of the femoral condyle as the lower leg reaches complete extension. A Fulkerson osteotomy procedure corrects this maltracking of the patella by medially transferring the tibial tubercle. There are many radiographic patellofemoral indices that can be used describe this incongruence about the patelloformal joint. The current literature supports the use of the tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT- TG) index in determining the appropriate amount medialization of the extensor mechanism. However there is little agreement in how far to transfer the tibial tubercle to best achieve maximum patello- femoral congruency. It is the senior author's belief that lateral patellar edge (LPE) measure on voluntary quadriceps active hyperextension MRI scan has the strongest correlation with final operative tibial tubercle transfer distance needed to achieve maximum patellofemoral congruency.
Synergistic interactions of disulfiram, BSO and arsenic trioxide on drug resistant melanoma cell lines.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5409 Purpose : To investigate the cytotoxic effects of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in combination with disulfiram (DSF) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) on metastatic melanoma cells. Method s: Cell growth was measured using the XTT assay. Dose-response of multiple drugs was analyzed using Chou’s method for synergy analysis. Tietze’s enzymatic recycling method was used to determine cellular glutathione levels in drug-treated A375, M14, and c81-61 metastatic melanoma cells. Results : All three cell lines exhibited dose-dependent response to ATO, DSF, and BSO. The c81-61 cells were the least sensitive to the three agents tested. For A375 cells, the greatest synergy was observed for the combinations of 1.25uM ATO/0.25uM DSF, 1.25uM ATO/65.6uM BSO. For c81-61 cells, synergy was observed at 0.625uM ATO/0.125uM DSF and 0.3125uM ATO/15.625uM BSO. An enhanced anti-melanoma effect was observed for prolonged 6-day exposures. Total glutathione levels in ATO-treated A375 cells decreased from 48 hours to 72 hours. Conclusion s: The synergistic cytotoxicity of ATO combination with DSF or BSO on A375, M14, and c81-61 cells may be associated with changes in intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels.
Cell-cycle arrest induced by the bacterial adenylate cyclase toxins from Bacillus anthracis and Bordetella pertussis

Bacillus anthracis oedema toxin (ET) and Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) enter host cells and produce cAMP. To understand the cellular consequences, we exposed J774 cells to these toxins at ng ml(-1) (pM) concentrations, then followed cell number and changes in cell signalling pathways. Under these conditions, both toxins produce a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation without cytotoxicity. ET and ACT increase the proportion of cells in G(1) /G(0) and reduce S phase, such that a single addition of ET or ACT inhibits cell division for 3-6 days. Treatment with ET or ACT produces striking changes in proteins controlling cell cycle, including virtual elimination of phosphorylated ERK 1/2 and Cyclin D1 and increases in phospho-CREB and p27(Kip1) . Importantly, PD98059, a MEK inhibitor, elicits a comparable reduction in Cyclin D1 to that produced by the toxins and blocks proliferation. These data show that non-lethal concentrations of ET and ACT impose a prolonged block on the proliferation of J774 cells by impairment of the progression from G(1) /G(0) to S phase in a process involving cAMP-mediated increases in phospho-CREB and p27(Kip1) and reductions in phospho-ERK 1/2 and Cyclin D1. This phenomenon represents a new mechanism by which these toxins affect host cells.
The H + C2H2(+M) ⇄ C2H3(+M) and H + C2H2(+M) ⇄ C2H5(+M) reactions: Electronic structure, variational transition-state theory, and solutions to a two-dimensional master equation

In this article we investigate the kinetics of the H + C2H2 and H + C2H4 reactions, as well as their reverse dissociations, in some detail. High level electronic structure calculations are used to characterize the potential energy surfaces, and these results are not adjusted to obtain good agreement with experiment in the subsequent kinetic analysis. An approximate two-dimensional master equation is used to determine phenomenological rate coefficients, k(T,p). The effects of angular momentum conservation, tunneling, and the use of variational transition-state theory (as opposed to conventional transition-state theory) to compute microcanonical rate coefficients are investigated in detail. For both reactions, the low-pressure limit is approached very slowly, because reaction just above threshold must occur strictly by tunneling. Assuming a single-exponential-down model for P(E,E′), we deduce from experiment values of 〈ΔEd〉, the average energy transferred in a deactivating collision, as a function of temperature for both C2H3 and C2H5 in baths of He, Ar, and N2. Our results support the idea that 〈ΔEd〉 increases roughly linearly with temperature, at least for weak colliders. The agreement between theory and experiment is remarkably good for both reactions. Values of k(T,p) for the two reactions are given in the Troe format for use in modeling.
Phospholipid‐Derived Second Messengers

The sections in this article are: 1 Inositol Phospholipid Hydrolysis 1.1 Functional Significance 1.2 Phosphoinositide Phospholipases as Targets of Hormones and Growth Factors 2 Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate Synthesis 2.1 Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases as Targets of Hormones and Growth Factors 2.2 Role of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in Cell Function 3 Phosphatidylcholine Hydrolysis 3.1 Phosphatidylcholine Hydrolysis by Phospholipase D and Its Functional Significance 3.2 Phospholipase D as a Target of Hormones and Growth Factors 3.3 Agonist-Stimulated Phosphatidylcholine Hydrolysis by Phospholipase C 3.4 Agonist-Stimulated Phosphatidylcholine Hydrolysis by Phospholipase A2 4 Sphingomyelin Hydrolysis and Its Functional Significance 5 Summary
Subcellular location of an abundant substrate (p36) for tyrosine-specific protein kinases.

Abstract A 36,000-dalton cellular protein (p36) has been identified previously as an abundant substrate for phosphorylation by tyrosine-specific protein kinases. Since several of the responsible kinases are associated with the plasma membrane, we explored the subcellular distribution of p36. Biochemical fractionations located p36 on the plasma membrane of both normal and retrovirus-transformed cells. Approximately half of the p36 was bound to the membrane with the affinity of a peripheral membrane protein; the remainder was even more tightly bound. The distribution of p36 among subcellular fractions and its affinity for the plasma membrane were not affected by tyrosine phosphorylation. We determined that p36 is synthesized in the soluble compartment of the cell and then moves rapidly to the membranous compartment. Immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies directed against p36 revealed two distinct distributions of the antigen: (i) a sharply demarcated crenelated pattern within or immediately beneath the plasma membrane, which we presume to be a correlary of the distribution of p36 in biochemical fractionations; and (ii) diffuse staining in a cytoplasmic location that could not be attributed to a specific feature of cytoarchitecture and could not be easily reconciled with the results of biochemical fractionations. Efforts to detect the secretion of p36 were unsuccessful. No evidence was obtained for exposure of p36 on the cell surface, and no changes in localization were observed as a consequence of neoplastic transformation. During the course of this study, we had the opportunity to pursue a previous report that p36 is a component of the enzyme malate dehydrogenase (Rubsamen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79:228-232, 1982). We were unable to substantiate this claim. We conclude that at least a substantial fraction of p36 is located on the cytoplasmic aspect of the plasma membrane, where it could be well situated to serve as a substrate for several identified tyrosine-specific kinases. But the function of p36 and its role, if any, in neoplastic transformation of cells by retroviruses possessing tyrosine-specific kinases remain enigmatic.
The CB2 cannabinoid agonist AM-1241 prolongs survival in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis when initiated at symptom onset

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor neuron loss, paralysis and death within 2-5 years of diagnosis. Currently, no effective pharmacological agents exist for the treatment of this devastating disease. Neuroinflammation may accelerate the progression of ALS. Cannabinoids produce anti-inflammatory actions via cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), and delay the progression of neuroinflammatory diseases. Additionally, CB2 receptors, which normally exist primarily in the periphery, are dramatically up-regulated in inflamed neural tissues associated with CNS disorders. In G93A-SOD1 mutant mice, the most well-characterized animal model of ALS, endogenous cannabinoids are elevated in spinal cords of symptomatic mice. Furthermore, treatment with non-selective cannabinoid partial agonists prior to, or upon, symptom appearance minimally delays disease onset and prolongs survival through undefined mechanisms. We demonstrate that mRNA, receptor binding and function of CB2, but not CB1, receptors are dramatically and selectively up-regulated in spinal cords of G93A-SOD1 mice in a temporal pattern paralleling disease progression. More importantly, daily injections of the selective CB2 agonist AM-1241, initiated at symptom onset, increase the survival interval after disease onset by 56%. Therefore, CB2 agonists may slow motor neuron degeneration and preserve motor function, and represent a novel therapeutic modality for treatment of ALS.
Endolithic thraustochytrid marine fungi from planted shell fragments

A thraustochytrid zoosporic fungus with characteristics of the genus Schizochytrium is a common member of an assemblage of different endolithic marine microorganisms found in carbonate shell fragme...
Spatial Variations in Unemployment and Inflation: Some Implications for Fiscal Policy

In this paper we consider the spatial dispersion of unemployment vis-a-vis that of inflation and the implication of this relative dispersion for fiscal policy. Two empirical tests yield results that are consistent with our a priori expectations that inflation is more evenly distributed throughout the economy (i.e., less dispersed spatially) than is unemployment. Using a simple short-run model, we argue that tax policy should be geared to a price stability objective and expenditure policy to a full employment objective. Consequently, the Phillips curve dilemma could be lessened by the appropriate use of tax and expenditure policy.
Contact Conductivity Detection in Poly(methyl methacylate)-Based Microfluidic Devices for Analysis of Mono- and Polyanionic Molecules

An on-column contact conductivity detector was developed for the analysis of various mono- and polyanionic compounds separated by electrophoresis chips fabricated in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) using hot embossing techniques from Ni electroforms. The detector consisted of a pair of Pt wires (127 μm diameter) with an end-to-end spacing of approximately 20 μm and situated within the fluidic channel. The waveform applied to the electrode pair was a bipolar pulse with a frequency of 5.0 kHz and was used to reduce the charging current from measurement so that the current recorded at the end of one pulse is more representative of the solution conductivity. Using the detector, separations of amino acids, peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides were demonstrated. For the amino acids and peptides, free-solution zone electrophoresis was performed. A calibration plot for the amino acid alanine was found to be linear from approximately 10 to 100 nM in a carrier electrolyte consisting of 10 mM triethylamonium ac...
Chi-activated RecBCD enzyme possesses 5'-->3' nucleolytic activity, but RecBC enzyme does not: evidence suggesting that the alteration induced by Chi is not simply ejection of the RecD subunit.

Background Homologous recombination in Escherichia coli is initiated by the RecBCD enzyme, and is stimulated by DNA elements known as Chi (chi) sites. The RecBCD enzyme is both a helicase and a nuclease. Recognition of chi causes both attenuation of the 3'-->5' exonuclease activity of the RecBCD enzyme, and activation of an exonuclease activity with 5'-->3' polarity, while leaving the helicase activity unaffected. A variety of evidence suggests that chi-recognition by RecBCD enzyme is accompanied by ejection of the RecD subunit. Results Through examination of RecBCD exonuclease activity under a variety of conditions, we have shown that recognition of chi by the RecBCD enzyme results in a net reduction of nuclease activity. In addition, the exact location of the first cleavage event elicited by chi-activation of the 5'-->3' nuclease is dependent upon the concentration of free magnesium ions. Finally, we have demonstrated that purified RecBC enzyme (i.e. without the RecD subunit) possesses no significant exonuclease activity under conditions where the chi-modified RecBCD enzyme is an active 5'-->3' exonuclease. Conclusions We have shown that, despite the activation of a 5'-->3' exonuclease, recognition of chi by the RecBCD enzyme results in a net preservation of DNA. This new chi-activated nucleolytic action shows surprising variability in the exact location of its initial cleavage. We have demonstrated that purified RecBC enzyme is not an exact analogue of the chi-activated RecBCD enzyme, suggesting that the biochemical basis of chi-activation is not simply ejection of the RecD subunit.
Microbreak length, performance, and stress in a data entry task

Abstract The effects of brief rest pauses on performance and well-being were evaluated for a highly repetitive, data entry task. Experienced data entry operators (N = 20) performed the task in a two-day experiment in a simulated office environment. Each day was divided into six, 40-min work periods. Subjects took a brief rest pause at the workstation (microbreak) in the middle of each work period. Subjects were instructed to terminate this microbreak when ready to resume work. Keystroke rate, error rate, correction rate, heart rate and heart rate variability were scored for each half of the work period. In addition, mood states before and during the work period were assessed. Microbreaks were found to average 27·4 s in duration. High ratings of fatigue and boredom during the work period were associated with longer microbreaks, suggesting that the break period was self-adjusted relative to mood state. In addition, correction rate and heart rate were lower following long microbreaks, implying that the degre...
The X chromosome is organized into a gene-rich outer rim and an internal core containing silenced nongenic sequences.

We investigated whether genes escape X chromosome inactivation by positioning outside of the territory defined by XIST RNA. Results reveal an unanticipated higher order organization of genes and noncoding sequences. All 15 X-linked genes, regardless of activity, position on the border of the XIST RNA territory, which resides outside of the DAPI-dense Barr body. Although more strictly delineated on the inactive X chromosome (Xi), all genes localized predominantly to the outer rim of the Xi and active X chromosome. This outer rim is decorated only by X chromosome DNA paints and is excluded from both the XIST RNA and dense DAPI staining. The only DNA found well within the Barr body and XIST RNA territory was centromeric and Cot-1 DNA; hence, the core of the X chromosome essentially excludes genes and is composed primarily of noncoding repeat-rich DNA. Moreover, we show that this core of repetitive sequences is expressed throughout the nucleus yet is silenced throughout Xi, providing direct evidence for chromosome-wide regulation of “junk” DNA transcription. Collective results suggest that the Barr body, long presumed to be the physical manifestation of silenced genes, is in fact composed of a core of silenced noncoding DNA. Instead of acting at a local gene level, XIST RNA appears to interact with and silence core architectural elements to effectively condense and shut down the Xi.
Theory-driven Evaluations: Need, Difficulties, and Options

r and (2) program improvements are essential parts of evaluations. Both reasons are discussed below.
LONG-TERM SKIN ALLOGRAFT SURVIVAL AFTER SHORT-TERM CYCLOSPORIN TREATMENT IN A PATIENT WITH MASSIVE BURNS

In a child with extensive burns, cyclosporin was given to extend the survival of cadaveric skin allografts obtained from numerous unmatched donors. No evidence of graft rejection was seen, either during treatment or in the 2 years after cyclosporin was withdrawn.
Magnetic state of thin DyFe amorphous layers

Abstract We have prepared isolated Dy 50 Fe 50 layers in the form of multilayers by sputtering, and have studied their magnetic state as a function of the Dy 50 Fe 50 layer thickness, t . These layers are amorphous and there is a strong random magnetic anisotropy in them. We find a decrease in the magnetic transition temperature with decreasing t due to finite size effects and an increase in the anisotropy with decreasing t due to the influence of the interface. Mossbauer spectroscopy is used to identify the presences of two phases which we associate with 57 Fe at the interface and 57 Fe in the bulk. Mossbauer measurements show the presence of magnetic order in the bulk phase at low temperatures and there is evidence for partial magnetic ordering in the interfacial region at low temperatures.
Stage-specific changes in myofilament protein phosphorylation following myocardial infarction in mice

The response of cardiac muscle to an insult such as myocardial infarction includes changes in the expression of numerous signaling proteins and modulation of gene expression, as well as post-translational modifications of existing proteins. Most studies to date have defined these in end-stage cardiac muscle thus obviating consideration of the temporal progression that causes the heart to transition from a compensated to a decompensated phenotype. To explore these transitions, we examined contractile protein biochemistry in a mouse MI model at two early time points: 2 days and 2 weeks post-infarct and at two later time points: 2 and 4 months post-infarct. Phosphorylation of myofilament proteins was analyzed using phosphospecific staining of polyacrylamide gels, and whenever possible, phosphospecific antibodies. Phosphorylation of myosin binding protein c, the myosin regulatory light chain and troponin I were all decreased relative to sham operated animals at both early time points. However, by 2 months, total phosphorylation of all the major myofilament proteins normalized and at both 2 and 4 months, there was a significant increase in troponin I phosphorylation. One-dimensional IEF of troponin I coupled with phospho-specific antibody analysis demonstrated a redistribution of phosphorylation sites with a significant initial decline at the putative PKA sites, Serine 22,23, and a subsequent increase at the putative PKC site, serine 43,45. These data suggest that temporal changes in myofilament protein phosphorylation contribute both to the initial compensatory hyperdynamic response to myocardial infarction and subsequently to the gradual progression to myocardial failure.
The Influence of Human Growth Hormone (GH) and Thyroxine (T4) on the Differentiation of Adipose Tissue in the Fetus

Late term fetuses from genetically obese dams have slightly larger fat cells, greater adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities, elevated levels of thyroid hormones, and depressed growth hormone (GH) levels when compared to fetuses from lean dams. We have investigated the influence of thyroid hormone and GH status per se on these and other adipose tissue traits by chronically treating hypophysectomized (hypox) fetuses (day 70) between day 90 and 105 of gestation with either thyroxine (T4) or human GH. Treatment with T4 decreased body weights (P<.05), increased serum T4 levels (P<.05), and enhanced skin and hair development (P<.05). Quantitative analysis of sections of perirenal and subcutaneous adipose tissue indicated that T4 increased LPL activity (P<.05), slightly increased fat cell size, and more than doubled (P<.05) lipid accretion. A hypox induced deficit in fat cell cluster number in the outer layer of subcutaneous tissue was normalized by T4 (P<.05). Conversely, human GH (hGH) treatment had no influence on body weight, increased serum hGH levels, decreased fat cell size (P<.05) and LPL activity (P<.05) but had no influence on lipid accretion. Quantitative analysis of adipose tissue sections provided direct and indirect evidence of a "critical" or "sensitive" period between 90 and 105 days, since fetal hypox at day 70 severely impeded preadipocyte recruitment/replication during this period. Furthermore, T4 but not GH effectively normalized this hypox-induced deficiency in preadipocyte development. Therefore, T4 may have a major role in preadipocyte recruitment/replication during late fetal life.
Beobot 2.0: Cluster architecture for mobile robotics

With the recent proliferation of robust but computationally demanding robotic algorithms, there is now a need for a mobile robot platform equipped with powerful computing facilities. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of Beobot 2.0, an affordable research-level mobile robot equipped with a cluster of 16 2.2-GHz processing cores. Beobot 2.0 uses compact Computer on Module (COM) processors with modest power requirements, thus accommodating various robot design constraints while still satisfying the requirement for computationally intensive algorithms. We discuss issues involved in utilizing multiple COM Express modules on a mobile platform, such as interprocessor communication, power consumption, cooling, and protection from shocks, vibrations, and other environmental hazards such as dust and moisture. We have applied Beobot 2.0 to the following computationally demanding tasks: laser-based robot navigation, scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) object recognition, finding objects in a cluttered scene using visual saliency, and vision-based localization, wherein the robot has to identify landmarks from a large database of images in a timely manner. For the last task, we tested the localization system in three large-scale outdoor environments, which provide 3,583, 6,006, and 8,823 test frames, respectively. The localization errors for the three environments were 1.26, 2.38, and 4.08 m, respectively. The per-frame processing times were 421.45, 794.31, and 884.74 ms respectively, representing speedup factors of 2.80, 3.00, and 3.58 when compared to a single dual-core computer performing localization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alpha‐Chaconine and Alpha‐Solanine Content of Potato Peels and Potato Peel Products

Twelve samples of raw and cooked potato peels from commercial potato varieties were analyzed for their α-chaconine and α-solanine content by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Raw peels contained 1.30–56.67 mg/100g peel (wet weight) α-chaconine and 0.5–50.16 mg/100g peel (wet weight) α-solanine. Raw flesh from the same potatoes contained 0.02–2.32 mg/100g flesh (wet weight) α-chaconine and 0.01–2.18 mg/100g flesh (wet weight) of α-solanine. Peels were cooked by baking, frying and baking-frying. The two types of fried peels contained more α-chaconine (2.18–92.82 mg/100g cooked peel) and α-solanine (1.09–72.09 mg/100g cooked peel). Four commercial potato peel products – wedges, slices, fried peels and baked-fried peels – contained 3.60–13.71 mg α-chaconine/100g cooked product and 1.60–10.48 mg α-solanine/100g cooked product.
Electroencephalographic-behavioral dissociations during animal hypnosis☆

Abstract 1. 1. Seventeen New Zealand White rabbits, with referential or bipolar electrodes in the motor cortex and various subcortical brain areas, were studied before and during hypnosis in 76 test sessions. 2. 2. Hypnosis was typically characterized by a reversible tonic immobility, relative unresponsiveness, decrease in muscle tone, and “arousal” EEG patterns. This state, although superficially similar to paradoxical sleep, was not the same, inasmuch as muscle tone was still present and there were no rapid eye movements, eyelid twitches, or phasic limb movements. 3. 3. After hypnosis was sustained for several minutes, a more “relaxed” state commonly occurred, wherein heart and respiratory rates decreased, muscle tone decreased further, and the EEG was of high voltage, slow activity. 4. 4. On 8 occasions in six rabbits, brief episodes of electrographic seizures occurred during hypnosis, without interrupting the tonic immobility. Seizures were induced in all rabbits with amphetamine, pentylenetetrazol, and the local anesthetic, dyclonine. Whether the drugs were injected before or during hypnosis, the motor component of the seizures was abolished by hypnosis, yet epileptiform EEG activity persisted during the apparent behavioral “sedation”. 5. 5. The “arousal” EEG, and especially the electrographic seizures, represented a conspicuous example of EEG-behavioral dissociation. Other similar dissociations have been reported in recent years, the best known of which are seen with paradoxical sleep, high doses of reserpine, certain neurological disorders, and physostigmine injection into chlorpromazine-sedated animals. 6. 6. The functional disconnection of motor activity in these states have common mechanisms. The existence of these several dissociation states emphasizes the limitations of current knowledge and the need for better understanding of sensori-motor interrelations.
The molecular structure of trimethylenecyclopropane

Abstract The molecular structure of trimethylenecyclopropane has been determined from electron diffraction data obtained on the vapor. Planarity of the molecule was assumed and shrinkages were calculated from the evaluated non-bonded CC distances. The geometric parameters calculated by least squares from the molecular intensity [qM(q)] are: The calculated shrinkges are: δC1C6 = 0.009 A; δC2C6 = 0.028 A. The uncertainties quoted for the distances are twice the calculated standard deviations. A variation of Walsh's model for the bonding in cyclopropane is proposed, to account for reported differences in bond lengths between trimethylenecyclopropane and several related molecules. The structural data suggest that delocalization is present in these 3-member rings.
Hypermedia and instruction

Hypermedia and its educational applications are discussed in this article. Background information is provided, and software, knowledge representation, navigation, and authoring issues are described. Issues about hypermedia's role in learning also are examined, and hypotheses are advanced about when it may be an effective teaching approach. One conclusion is that hypermedia has strengths and weaknesses and that it may become merely hyped media unless good teaching applications are developed.
Something hidden in the Fourier series and its partial sum: Solitary wave solutions to polynomial nonlinear differential equations

Abstract Transformation proposed in the author's recent work is utilized to obtain the polynomial and rational solitary wave solutions of polynomial nonlinear 1 + 1-dimension evolution equations, and thus some special solutions of polynomial nonlinear ODEs. In particular, several theorems are established to provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of these solutions. With the new transformation, polynomial solitary waves can be hidden in the form of a partial sum of the Fourier series of an intermediate variable (a curvilinear coordinate system), and therefore the balance between instabilities (nonlinear) and dispersive, dissipative, and other effects is well represented in a given polynomial nonlinear differential equation. A direct generalization of the method yields a solitary wave-like solution to the cylindrical KdV equation. In addition, we prove that the main transformation in this paper is equivalent to a simplified sine-Gordon equation. Finally, some new (complex) traveling wave solutions of the KdV equation, the Burgers equation and the modified KdV equation are obtained via our method. Among those new solutions, one of the KdV equation is shown taking similar form to the solitary wave solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, which once again exposes the relationship between the two well-known nonlinear wave equations.
The permeability of the human erythrocyte to sodium and potassium.

Measurements have been made on the permeability of the human erythrocyte to Na and K in vitro, using radioactive tracers to observe the system in the steady state. The average inward K flux is 1.67 m.eq./liter cells hour, and the apparent activation energy is 12,300 ± 1300 calories/mol. The inward K flux is independent of the external K concentration in the range of concentrations studied (4 to 16 m.eq. K/liter plasma). Rb appears to compete with K for transport into the cell, whereas Na and Li do not. The average inward Na flux is 3.08 ± 0.57 m.eq. Na/liter cells hour, and the apparent activation energies are 20,200 ± 2700 calories/mol for inward transport, and 14,900 ± 3,400 calories/mol for outward transport. The inward Na flux is dependent on the external Na concentration, but not in a linear fashion. Li appears to compete with Na for inward transport, whereas K and Rb do not. An approximate maximum estimate shows that the energy required for cation transport is only 8.8 calories/mol liter cells hour of the 110 calories/mol liter cells hour available from the consumption of glucose. A working hypothesis for the transport of Na and K is presented.
The isomorphism theorem for relatively finitely determined Z n -actions

Any two ergodic Z n -actions which are finitely determined relative to a common factor are isomorphic if and only if they have the same entropy.
Animal-microbial symbioses in changing environments.

The environments in which animals have evolved and live have profound effects on all aspects of their biology. Predictable rhythmic changes in the physical environment are arguably among the most important forces shaping the evolution of behavior and physiology of animals, and to anticipate and prepare for these predictable changes, animals have evolved biological clocks. Unpredictable changes in the physical environment have important impacts on animal biology as well. The ability of animals to cope with and survive unpredictable perturbations depends on phenotypic plasticity and/or microevolution. From the time metazoans first evolved from their protistan ancestors they have lived in close association with a diverse array of microbes that have influenced, in some way, all aspects of the evolution of animal structure, function and behavior. Yet, few studies have addressed whether daily or seasonal rhythms may affect, or be affected by, an animal’s microbial symbionts. This survey highlights how biologists interested in the ecological and evolutionary physiology of animals whose lifestyles are influenced by environmental cycles may benefit from considering whether symbiotic microbes have shaped the features they study.
Session 4: (Co)creation and (co)participation: multiple actors in the research

The fourth session questions how ethnography is produced through multiple voices. Coming from different disciplinary backgrounds including Design, Business and Software Engineering, researchers report on co-creating and co-participating in the formation of ideas, practices and outcomes. Once upon a time, ethnographic reports were stereotypically produced in the Malinowskian manner: a single outside researcher enters the location to subsequently reproduce and represent his vision of the reality in that place. In 2013, and probably for the majority of the attendees of EPIC, this is no longer the case. Ethnography no longer has just a single voice: There are multiple stakeholders, often directly involved in the research, even though they may hail from different disciplinary backgrounds ranging from Design, Business to Software Engineering. Moreover, these days we often have multiple researchers reporting several perspectives for the same project. Finally, often the ‘subjects’ of the research are becoming involved in data reporting, data analysis, and/or implementation of insights as well as consumers/recipients of and through ethnography. In this session we hear from 4 different groups on such co-creative, and co-participatory endeavours that cut across all the above developments in various situated projects, ranging from post-disaster community rebuilding to intra-company international employee relationships and from post-operation cancer care to capturing the intangible of successful individuals in specific company roles.
Rapid access to unexplored chemical space by ligand scanning around a ruthenium center: discovery of potent and selective protein kinase inhibitors.

An important objective for the discovery of compounds with unique biological activities is the development of methods for the synthesis of molecular scaffolds with defined three-dimensional shapes. We are currently investigating the scope of using metal complexes to accomplish this goal. In these compounds, the metal center has the role of organizing the orientation of the organic ligands, thus defining the overall shape of the molecule. A strategy is presented that allows a rapid scanning of ligands around a ruthenium center in the search for ligand spheres that are complementary in shape and functional group presentation to ATP binding sites of protein kinases. Following this approach, we have identified octahedral ruthenium complexes as potent inhibitors for the protein kinases Pim1, MSK1, and GSK3α.
Tomographic imaging of attenuation with simulation correction for refraction.

Abstract Beam refraction in soft tissue and phase cancellation at the receiver can cause large errors and prevent tomographic reconstruction of attenuation. The method developed in this study incorporates simulation of ultrasound propagation into tomographic imaging to correct these effects. The method is based on input scan data of time-of-flight and received signal amplitude. The speed of propagation is estimated from the time-of-flight scan data. Based on this estimate, the simulation generates scan data of signal amplitude. This scan data represents the loss from refraction and phase cancellation with zero attenuation, and is used to correct the input amplitude scans. We evaluate the accuracy of the method, and investigate the trade-off between various scanning and filtering parameters. The evaluation is based on scan data generated by a comprehensive simulation including refraction, attenuation, phase cancellation, finite beam width, several target shapes and sizes with sound parameters consistent with biologic values, and discrete translational and rotational transducer positions. In several cases with large refraction distortions, attenuation images are accurately reconstructed which are not feasible using standard tomographic methods.
Specific And Non-specific Interactions Of SfiI Restriction Endonuclease With DNA

The search by a site-specific protein of a specific region on the DNA template assumes that multiple interactions with non-specific regions occur before a specific site is found. Therefore characterization of both specific and non-specific interactions will provide an important information for understanding of the recognition process. Earlier, we1 developed a method utilizing the AFM force spectroscopy for the characterization of interaction of site-specific enzymes requiring the binding to cognate sites on the DNA template (synaptic complex). The aim of this work was to use mentioned approach to characterize the interaction of the same enzyme with non-specific regions. We compared a pair of complexes of SfiI and DNA with and without recognition site (RS), flanked by 2 and 3 nucleotides at each side and with flexible T25 tether (T25-2RS3 and T25-2noRS3). Lifetimes were 225 ± 109 ms and 15 ± 15 ms for each of the complexes, respectively suggesting that the specificity is defined by an elevated dwell time of the protein on the DNA template. Other designs, containing both specific and non-specific DNA regions, have lifetimes shorter than those for the specific complex suggesting that both types of complexes are detected in these experiments. As SfiI is enzymatically active in the presence of magnesium ions, all mentioned experiments were performed in conditions where magnesium was replaced with calcium to study interaction while avoiding cutting of DNA. We show here that the lifetimes for non-specific complexes do not depend on the type of cation. Therefore, these results justify experiments with at least this system by using CaCl2 instead of MgCl2.The work was supported by the NSF grants EPS-0701892 and PHY-0615590.References1Krasnoslobodtsev A.V., Shlyakhtenko L.S., Lyubchenko Y.L. J Mol Biol. 2007 Feb 2;365(5):1407-16.
Evidence for multiple atrio-AV nodal inputs in the normal dog heart

Multiple Atrio-AVN Inputs in Dog Heart. Introduction: Complete AV block after combined fast pathway (FP) and slow pathway (SP) ablation is uncommon. The purpose of this study was to interrupt activation of these and additional inputs by placing a radiofrequency lesion across the interatrial septum between the FP and SP ablation sites. Methods and Results: In eight anesthetized open chest dogs, FP ablation induced significant A-H prolongation (δA-H: 51±14 msec; P < 0.001) and a shift of earliest retrograde atrial activation from the anterior septum to the region of the coronary sinus (CS) os. Subsequently, ablation of the interatrial septum across the fossa ovalis was successful in 5 of 8 dogs, changing the sequence of atrial activation (A) so that A at the His-bundle electrogram, which initially preceded A at the CS os (18 ± 4 msec vs 46 ± 7 msec, P < 0.01), now followed CS os A (81 ± 31 msec vs 59 ± 20 msec, P < 0.05). Additional ablation of the SP caused a type II Mobitz AV block or complete AV block in 5 of 8 dogs. The four dogs with complete AV block sbowed a stable, high junctional escape rhytbm at a rate of 64 ± 16 beats/min. Pacing between the ablation lesions and the AV node in one dog showed 1:1 AV conduction and Wenckebach-type AV block indicating preserved AV nodal function. Histology showed necrotic changes in the FP and SP transitional cell zones and in the atrial tissue of the interatrial septum. However, the compact AV node. His bundle, and adjacent atria and transitional cells were undamaged. Conclusion: There are additional AV nodal inputs in the interatrial septum in addition to the anterior FP and posterior SP inputs. Ablation of all of these may be required, if the aim is production of complete AV block proximal to the AV node with a high Junctional escape rhythm.
The performance of college students on piaget‐type tasks dealing with distance, time, and speed

Research was done to probe and extend Piaget's theory of the conception of speed. Specifically tested was the hypothesis that there is no hierarchical relationship in performance on the following Piaget-type tasks: conservation of distance, asymmetric series of speeds, one-to-many (circular) speeds, symmetric speeds, time, and proportional reasoning. The research also tested the gender-related performance on these six tasks. One hundred freshman and sophomore college students were shown demonstrations of equipment individually for each of the six tasks. A set of open-ended questions based on the demonstrations was administered to each subject in a 45-minute interview. Subjects were scored as “pass” on a given task if they manipulated objects in certain ways and gave specific types of explanations. A scalogram analysis of the data yielded a z-score of — 3.7 which indicated that subjects passed the task in a certain sequence. The tasks were found to form a unidimensional scale and to be increasingly difficult in the order listed above. A chi-square test for two independent samples showed a significant difference (alpha = 0.05) in performance between males and females on all speed tasks. No significant differences in performance between males and females were found for the distance and time tasks.
Discordance of diagnosis of ventricular aneurysm made by the electrocardiogram and myocardial imaging: “ST-segment counterpoise” as a hypothetical mechanism

There is a discordance between ECG and imaging modalities in the diagnosis of ventricular aneurysm (VA) consequent to an old myocardial infarction. A hypothesis is being proposed that this discordance, which results in electrocardiograms (ECGs) not showing ST-segment elevations (+ST) in patients with proven by imaging modalities to have VA (false negative, low diagnostic sensitivity), may be due to "ST-segment counterpoise," rendering the ECG isoelectric. Accordingly, +ST generated by myocardial territories involved with the VA, when poised opposite each other, cancel out via vectorial summation, rendering the ECG falsely negative for VA. Also, a misalignment of the apex longitudinal axis with the left ventricular inflow axis due to myocardial remodeling from the VA (boot-shaped heart) when the apex and another myocardial region are involved with VA leads to +ST cancellation and a false-negative ECG for VA. ST-segment counterpoise as a mechanism rendering the ECG falsely negative for VA can be tested in the future if studies of patients with VA adopt in their methodologies a systematic reporting of severity and topography [corrected] of the regional left ventricular contraction abnormalities, as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography.
Löffler's Syndrome Secondary to Crack Cocaine

Eosinophilic pulmonary infiltration is an uncommon presentation from cocaine abuse. We present a patient with migratory pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia consistent with Loffler's syndrome. Our review uncovered two other similar patients. The importance of early recognition is stressed in our report. Either abstinence from cocaine usage and/or steroids result in resolution of this illness.
Physiological Consequences of Sleep Deprivation

(1998). Physiological Consequences of Sleep Deprivation. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 93-101.
Optical studies of fullerene-based solids

Results of optical studies on oxygen-doped, alkali-metal(M)-doped and photopolymerized solid C60 films are reported. Results of Raman scattering studies of MxC60 films are presented, but discussion is focused on recent Raman scattering studies of superconducting Rb3C60 films (Tc ≈ 28 K) from T = 300 to 9 K. The effects of the exposure of C60 to light and/or oxygen are also presented. If pristine C60 is exposed at T = 300 K to visible or UV light, a photoinduced polymerization of the structure is obtained, which is consistent with results from laser desorption mass spectroscopy and optical spectroscopy. If oxygen is also present, the photoinduced polymerization is suppressed, and the oxygen is observed to diffuse about 2000 A in about 1 h, eventually leading to oxidation of the structure.