cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The composition and structure of excitable nerve membrane

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the plasma membrane of nerve cells. The nerve cells of mammals are found in the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord, and in the peripheral nervous system, which extends throughout the body. Mammalian nerves differ markedly in appearance depending on their function. Motor neurones of the peripheral nervous system, which activate muscles or glands often located at bodily extremities, may be several meters in length. Neurones of the central nervous system are usually quite restricted in length but can have extensively branching processes as in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Despite their morphological differences, neurones behave in very similar ways and a generalized neurone can be described. The nerve is characterized by one long process, the axon; many shorter processes, the dendrites; and a cell body or soma, which may lie on the path between dendrites and axon or may be displaced to the side. In nerve cells, an electrical impulse of short duration, the action potential, once initiated at a point on the axon will propagate undiminished to the end of the axon.
Comparison and Summary: A Comparative Investigation of the Behavior of Students under an Honor System and a Proctor System in the Same University

(1938). Comparison and Summary: A Comparative Investigation of the Behavior of Students under an Honor System and a Proctor System in the Same University. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 172-173.
Determination of solvent residue in edible vegetable oil by petroleum headspace gas chromatography

Objective:To develop a new method for determination of solvent residue in edible vegetable oils.Methods:Taking petroleum ether as the standard solution,we determine the solvent residue in edible vegetable oils by headspace gas chromatography.Results:Petroleum ether was good(r=0.997) in the range of 0 to 500 μg,a relative standard deviation of 0.09 mg/kg,recoveries of 91.6% to 105.2%,RSD was 2.83% to 6.51%,compared to GB/T5009.37-1996 paired comparison experiments,had no significant.Conclusion:This method is simple,accurate and reliable for the determination of solvent residue.
Parathyroid Hormone, A Crucial Mediator of Pathologic Cardiac Remodeling in Aldosteronism

Aldosteronism, or chronic elevation in plasma aldosterone (ALDO) (inappropriate for dietary Na(+) intake), is accompanied by an adverse structural remodeling of the heart and vasculature. Herein, we bring forward a new perspective in which parathyroid hormone (PTH) is identified as a crucial mediator of pathologic cardiac remodeling in aldosteronism. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) appears because of the marked urinary and fecal losses of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) that accompany aldosteronism which creates ionized hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia, providing major stimuli to the parathyroids' enhanced secretion of PTH. Invoked to restore extracellular Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) homeostasis, elevations in plasma PTH lead to paradoxical intracellular Ca(2+) overloading of diverse tissues. In the case of cardiomyocytes, the excessive intracellular Ca(2+) accumulation involves both cytosolic free and mitochondrial domains with a consequent induction of oxidative stress by these organelles and lost ATP synthesis. The ensuing opening of their inner membrane permeability transition pore (mPTP) accounts for the osmotic swelling and structural degeneration of mitochondria followed by programed cell necrosis. Tissue repair, invoked to preserve the structural integrity of myocardium accounts for a replacement fibrosis, or scarring, which is found scattered throughout the right and left heart; it represents a morphologic footprint of earlier necrosis. Multiple lines of evidence are reviewed that substantiate the PTH-mediated paradigm and the mitochondriocentric signal-transducer-effector pathway to cardiomyocyte necrosis.
A Sparse Plus Low Rank Maximum Entropy Language Model.

This work introduces a new maximum entropy language model that decomposes the model parameters into a low rank component that learns regularities in the training data and a sparse component that learns exceptions (e.g. multiword expressions). The low rank component corresponds to a continuous-space language model. This model generalizes the standard `1regularized maximum entropy model, and has an efficient accelerated first-order training algorithm. In conversational speech language modeling experiments, we see perplexity reductions of 2-5%.
Relationships of light and heavy fetuses to uterine position, placental weight, gestational age, and fetal cholesterol concentrations.

With emphasis on increasing litter size to improve productivity and profitability, lightweight pigs born will increase in number as litter size increases and may be problematic due to reduced neonatal survival of lightweight pigs. To study developmental aspects of lightweight fetuses, fetal and placental weights were evaluated at three stages of pregnancy (30, 70, and 104 d) from white composite gilts (n = 88, 123, and 135, respectively) in relation to uterine position of light and heavy fetuses. Fetal cholesterol concentrations were analyzed at the beginning (d 70) and end (d 104) of the in utero growth phase (last third of gestation). At 30 d of gestation, no differences were noted between fetal weight and position within the uterine horn, but at 70 d and 104 d of pregnancy, heavy fetuses were found at the tubal ends and light fetuses at the cervical ends of the uterus. Using the criteria of +/- 1 SD or +/- 2 SD of the mean and lower and upper 10 or 20% of fetal weights for each gestational age, light and heavy fetuses in conjunction with their placentas were different from population means at all stages of gestation. Cholesterol concentrations were lower in light fetuses (d 104) and increased in heavy fetuses. In 28 litters (d 104) selected for extremes in within-litter fetal weights, concentrations of IGF-I increased with fetal weight (P < .01), which suggests that growth and development of lightweight pigs may be limited by critical endocrine components.
Triathlon wetsuit removal strategy: physiological cost of running with a wetsuit.

Triathletes exiting the swim portion of an event have to decide on how and when to take a wetsuit off (if worn). The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological cost of running while not using a wetsuit, carrying a wetsuit, wearing a wetsuit halfway down or wearing a wetsuit fully up. Participants (n = 20, 30.9 ± 8.7 yrs, 1.71 ± 0.08 m, 71.6 ± 9.5 kg) completed four 5 min running conditions: 1) not wearing the wetsuit, 2) wearing the wetsuit fully up, 3) wearing the wetsuit halfway down, and 4) carrying the wetsuit. A rate of oxygen uptake, a heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion and stride frequency were measured and were each influenced by wetsuit condition (p 0.05). The rating of perceived exertion was greater during wearing the wetsuit halfway down vs. carrying the wetsuit (p < 0.05). Stride frequency was lower during not wearing the wetsuit vs. wearing the wetsuit halfway down or fully up (p < 0.05). It was concluded that running with the wetsuit halfway down resulted in the greatest rate of oxygen uptake, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion.
A comprehensive diagnostics software strategy for IDT's microprocessors

Although it is routine to write tests that verify the basic functions of the cache or pipeline, how often is verification of a write-after-write interlock operation or an interrupt leading to an aborted cache flush cycle operation performed? Diagnostic software verifies the architectural compliance and functionality of a microprocessor design and is one of the most important areas to consider during the hardware development phase. A design is only as good as the diagnostics that test and verify it. But IDT is highly aware of the importance of diagnostics software, and a diagnostics team was formed to design a world class functional test suite for its microprocessors. The goal of this team was to create structured, modular, and highly leverageable tests that conformed to a vertical diagnostics strategy, designed to address complex operation sequences such as pipeline interlocks and hazards as well as asynchronous interruptions to the pipeline, in various combinations. To simplify the debugging efforts of logic designers, a generic exception handler capable of handling nested interrupts and exceptions-in the correct priority order to accommodate simultaneous exception occurrences-was implemented. To cover all possible processor cycle combinations and to include the areas that controlled diagnostics can not reach, pseudo-random diagnostics code was generated. To further guarantee a comprehensive diagnostics strategy, several application programs written in C were developed.
A service provider model for demand response management

A demand response management model that is characterized by the use of a service provider as the middleman between the customers and their respective utility is presented. The task of the service provider is to continually find an optimum solution where energy consumption is favorable to the utility and customer. The service provider solves for an optimal solution based on two objectives, a better demand curve for the utility to meet and satisfaction of the customer with some degree of acceptable comfort level while maximizing the monetary savings for both parties. This solution involves a two-stage two-algorithm (TSTA) based method. The first stage of the algorithm involves using discrete particle swarm optimization to find a reasonable intermediate solution via global search. The second stage involves using a shift-left-shift-right time scheduling algorithm to drive the first stage solution to a near optimum solution, via local search. Customer satisfaction and the utility expected demand are mathematically modeled with the service provider earning a percentage of the savings of both utility and customer. TSTA simulation studies were based on data from the Real-Time Power and Intelligent Systems Laboratory's smart neighborhood research platform. The potential of customer participation in demand response was also categorized based on their profiles.
Complexity and Severity of Pediatric Patients Treated at United States Emergency Departments

Objective To compare the complexity and severity of presentation of children in general vs pediatric emergency departments (EDs). Study design We performed a cross-sectional study of pediatric ED visits using the National Emergency Department Sample from 2008 to 2012. We classified EDs as "pediatric" if >75% of patients were International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code for a complex chronic condition was used as an indicator of patient complexity. Patient severity was evaluated with the severity classification system. In addition, rates of critical procedures and hospitalization were assessed. Results We identified 9.6 million encounters to pediatric EDs and 169 million to general EDs. Younger children account for a greater proportion of visits at pediatric EDs than general EDs; children P P Conclusions Pediatric EDs provided care to a greater proportion of medically complex children than general EDs and had greater rates of hospitalization. This information may inform educational efforts in residency or postgraduate training to ensure high-quality care for children with complex health care needs.
Lack of Association Between the Clinical Outcome of Clostridium difficile Infection and Current Steroids Use.

Background The purpose of this study was to compare the outcome of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in patients on systemic steroids for various indications to patients not on steroids in term of disease severity, and associated morbidity and mortality. Methods We retrospectively reviewed records of all patients with CDI at our hospital from January 2011 to December 2016. Patients were evaluated for baseline characteristics, comorbidities, medications, disease severity, disease-related length of stay (LOS) from the diagnosis of CDI to discharge, need for surgical intervention, and disease-related mortality. Based on systemic steroids use, patients who were using steroids for different indications constituted the study population, and those with no steroids use were clustered as a control group. Results Of the 258 patients included, males were 127 (49%). Severe and severe-complicated CDI developed in 21/63 (33.3%) and 1/63 (1.6%) of patients on steroids (average daily dose of 20 mg), and in 73/195 (37.4%) and 5/195 (2.6%) of patients with no steroids use (P = 0.56 and P = 0.66, respectively). Surgical intervention was not required in the steroids group and 5/195 (2.7%) of patients not on steroids underwent bowel surgeries (P = 0.38). Mean LOS (days) was 11.6 ± 1.5 in the steroids group and 10.4 ± 0.7 in the no-steroids group (P = 0.4). CDI-related mortality occurred in 9/63(14.3%) of patients on steroids, and in 15/195 (7.7%) of patients not on steroids (P = 0.12; odds ratio (OR): 2; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8 - 4.8). Conclusion There was no significant difference in the severity of CDI, need for surgical interventions, disease-related LOS and mortality in systemic steroids users compared to patients not on steroids.
Is the Newest Vital Sign a Useful Measure of Health Literacy in HIV Disease

Background:Limited health literacy is common among persons infected with HIV and has been linked to poor mental and physical health outcomes, but there are no well-validated screening measures of h...
Neutrinoless double-β decay of 124 Sn, 130 Te, and 136 Xe in the Hamiltonian-based generator-coordinate method

We present a generator-coordinate method for realistic shell-model Hamiltonians that closely approximates the full shell model calculations of the matrix elements for the neutrinoless double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of $^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$, $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$, and $^{136}\mathrm{Xe}$. We treat not only quadrupole deformations but also the proton-neutron pairing amplitudes as generator coordinates. We validate this method by calculating and comparing spectroscopic quantities with the exact shell model results and experimental data. Our Hamiltonian-based generator-coordinate method produces $0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ matrix elements much closer to the shell model ones, compared to the existing energy-density-functional-based generator-coordinate approaches. The remaining overestimation of $0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ nuclear matrix element suggests that additional correlations may be needed to be taken into account for $^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$, $^{130}\mathrm{Te}$, and $^{136}\mathrm{Xe}$ when calculating with the Hamiltonian-based generator-coordinate method. The validation of this method may open the possibility of calculating $0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ matrix element of $^{150}\mathrm{Nd}$ in a large shell-model space.
Masculine harps and feminine horns: Timbre and pitch level influence gender ratings of musical instruments:

We examined whether timbre (instrument), pitch level, or both influence gender ratings of musical instruments. According to previous research, a variety of musical instruments are categorized or ra...
Extreme Heat in the Early Ordovician

Global cooling and the establishment of a moderate climate in the Middle Ordovician has been invoked as the primary driver of the tenfold increase in marine biodiversity that characterized the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE). Arguments suggesting that climate change played a significant role in biodiversification purport that the Early Ordovician was dominated by warm (possibly even extremely warm) temperatures. In this scenario, biodiversification occurred only after sea surface temperatures approached the range observed in modern tropical settings. Temperature constraints for the Early Ordovician, however, are limited in number and documentation of short-term climatic trends is lacking. This study aims to begin to address these shortcomings by presenting a new high-resolution phosphate oxygen isotope record of species-specific and mixed conodont assemblages from the Lange Ranch section of central Texas. We document consistently low δ18O values indicating that the Early Ordovician was characterized by extreme warmth. In addition, variations observed in δ18O values through the section are consistent with a short-lived (< 4 m.y.) warming event and/or oceanographic shift leading to a decrease in the δ18O value of local seawater. All new data generated for this study are consistent with very warm temperatures during the Early Ordovician, an important starting condition in arguments that climate played an important role in Middle Ordovician biodiversification, but variation found also demonstrates the need for high resolution studies to constrain conditions on time scales relevant to evolutionary diversification.
Mechanistic targeting of advanced glycation end-products in age-related diseases

Glycative stress, caused by the accumulation of cytotoxic and irreversibly-formed sugar-derived advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), contributes to morbidity associated with aging, age-related diseases, and metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize pathways leading to formation of AGEs, largely from sugars and glycolytic intermediates, and discuss detoxification of AGE precursors, including the glyoxalase system and DJ-1/Park7 deglycase. Disease pathogenesis downstream of AGE accumulation can be cell autonomous due to aggregation of glycated proteins and impaired protein function, which occurs in ocular cataracts. Extracellular AGEs also activate RAGE signaling, leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and leukostasis in diabetic complications such as diabetic retinopathy. Pharmaceutical agents have been tested in animal models and clinically to diminish glycative burden. We summarize existing strategies and point out several new directions to diminish glycative stress including: plant-derived polyphenols as AGE inhibitors and glyoxalase inducers; improved dietary patterns, particularly Mediterranean and low glycemic diets; and enhancing proteolytic capacities of the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy pathways that are involved in cellular clearing of AGEs.
Defining the Clinical Spectrum of Variant-Stiff Person Syndrome: a Case Series (P5.407)

Objective: To describe the expanding clinical phenotypes of variant-stiff person syndrome (v-SPS) Background: SPS is a rare disorder characterized by rigidity and stiffness of the axial and lower extremity muscles with superimposed spasms. v-SPS includes a limited form, Stiff-limb syndrome, and other conditions such as cerebellar ataxia, brainstem syndromes, and progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus. Design/Methods: Systematic review of medical records from 1999 to 2017 at Johns Hopkins Hospital revealed 103 patients with diagnosis of SPS, of which 18 (17.4%) fit the category of v-SPS. v-SPS criteria included patients with atypical features of SPS. Results: Of our v-SPS cohort, the average age of symptom onset was 54-years (range, 28–75 years), average age at diagnosis was 57-years (range, 30–76 years), and 72% were female. Phenotypes included 2/18 stiff limb syndrome, 14/18 pure cerebellar, and 2/18 comprised overlap of cerebellar and bulbar syndromes. Coexisting autoimmune conditions were present in approximately 50% of patients; thyroiditis, rheumatic conditions, pernicious anemia, and diabetes. Two were associated with malignancies (breast and small cell lung cancer). All patients had anti-GAD65 antibodies detected in the serum. Of those with endpoint titers (16/18), the average was 44,556 nmol/L (range, 4–256,000 nmol/L). 6 of 8 patients with CSF tested had anti-GAD65 antibodies detected. Neuroimaging was abnormal in four patients: 3 had cerebellar atrophy; 1 had midbrain lesions. Fourteen received immunotherapy (IVIG, PLEX, and/or rituximab), 12 reported some degree of clinical improvement. Conclusions: This case series aims to increase awareness of the rare but increasingly recognized v-SPS. Our results corroborate prior series demonstrating that v-SPS presents in mid-life, is more likely autoimmune, and often coexists with other autoimmune conditions. The presence of very high anti-GAD65 antibodies in the majority of patients tested emphasizes the importance of this diagnostic test. Early consideration should be given to v-SPS, even in the setting of non-classical features of SPS. Disclosure: Dr. Shoemaker has nothing to disclose. Dr. Aljarallah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lukish has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kilduff has nothing to disclose. Dr. Saylor has nothing to disclose. Dr. Newsome has nothing to disclose.
Semiquantum key distribution with high quantum noise tolerance

Semiquantum key distribution protocols are designed to allow two parties to establish a shared secret key, secure against an all-powerful adversary, even when one of the users is restricted to measuring and preparing quantum states in one single basis. While interesting from a theoretical standpoint, these protocols have the disadvantage that a two-way quantum communication channel is necessary which generally limits their theoretical efficiency and noise tolerance. In this paper, we construct a semiquantum key distribution (SQKD) protocol which actually takes advantage of this necessary two-way channel, and, after performing an information theoretic security analysis against collective attacks, we show it is able to tolerate a channel noise level higher than any prior SQKD protocol to date. We also compare the noise tolerance of our protocol to other two-way fully quantum protocols, along with BB84 with classical advantage distillation. We also comment on some practical issues involving semiquantum key distribution (in particular, concerning the potential complexity in physical implementation of our protocol as compared with other standard QKD protocols). Finally, we develop techniques that can be applied to the security analysis of other (S)QKD protocols reliant on a two-way quantum communication channel.
Diagnosi genetica prenatale

La genetica prenatale e un campo promettente che attualmente comprende la diagnosiin utero di tutta una serie di affezioni ereditarie e che in avvenire potra includere anche metodi terapeutici di alcune di queste. Si e accertato che il rischio dell’amniocentesi e minimo sia per la gestante che per il feto. La precisione delia diagnosi in oltre 400 casi studiati tra la 13a e la 20a settimana si e dimostrata soddisfacente. Al momento in cui scriviamo, numerosi laboratori sparsi in tutto il mondo hanno adottato l’amniocentesi precoce come strumento di diagnostica genetica, per cui appare giustificato presumere che quasi un migliaio di donne « esposte al rischio » siano state finora sottoposte a questo procedimento. Non sono state segnalate complicazioni di rilievo e ci sono buone prospettive che l’innocuita dell’amniocentesi trovi ulteriore conferma. Nel maggior numero dei casi finora studiati le indicazioni all’amniocentesi erano di carattere citogenetico, ossia formulate in base a traslocazione cromosomica nei genitori, precedenti figli affetti da trisomia o eta della madre superiore ai 35 anni. Un altro numeroso gruppo e rappresentato da casi di errori metabolici innati, di cui alcuni possono ora essere diagnosticati a livello cellulare. Senza dubbio e in corso uno sforzo massiccio in tutto il mondo per allargare questo campo. Vi potranno contribuire in avvenire nuovi metodi di visualizzazione diretta e di biopsia del fetoin utero. Nel presente articolo non e stato possibile prendere in considerazione gli aspetti etici, assai complessi, della diagnostica genetica prenatale, le sue implicazioni e conseguenze; ci si e invece dovuti limitare agli aspetti tecnici. Ulteriori sforzi in questo campo promettente sono giustificati dalla curiosita scientifica, dalle possibilita future di terapia preventivein utero una volta diagnosticata un’affezione passibile di terapia e il diritto individuale della madre di addivenire alle sue decisioni e di cercare un aiuto appropriato nel pianificare la sua famiglia.
Enteral Versus Parenteral Nutrition: Use in Adult Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Background Pretransplantation chemotherapy and side effects of transplantation can cause reduced oral intake, contributing to malnutrition. Objectives The aim was to evaluate the current evidence comparing enteral nutrition (EN) to parenteral nutrition in the adult hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) population. Methods A systematic review was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE®, CINAHL® Plus With Full Text (EBSCO), and Cochrane Library and produced 238 articles. Four articles met inclusion criteria. Findings Three studies were observational; one was a randomized trial that ended prematurely. Outcomes included tolerance of EN, incidences of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), rate of infection, and mortality. This limited information suggests that EN may have a protective mechanism against advanced stages of GVHD and contribute to decreased risk of infection-related death.
Cutaneous finger and tongue metastases in renal cell carcinoma.

A 54-year-old man with metastatic, undetermined subtype, renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus presented with dyspnoea and increased oxygen requirement of 5 days duration. At baseline, he required 2 L of oxygen due to pleural
Designing Inclusive Virtual Reality Experiences

Virtual Reality experiences are often touted as having the most immersive user experience possible outside of live action, yet Virtual Reality (VR) technology is often not designed to be inclusive to all users. From mild sim sickness effects to a lack of accessible controls, many users are being left out from the modern virtual reality experience. There are however tools available to the developer that will make inclusive VR design a possibility.
ELECTRONIC PROCESSES IN LIQUID XENON

Several basic errors appeared in an article recently published by Prunier et al. entitled, 'Some Properties of Xenon Liquid-Filled Nuclear Detectors'. The article describes an experiment to measure electronic phenomena in liquid xenon using single wire cylindrical chambers. The author here describes some errors made in their interpretation of their experimental observations.
Deciphering Code: How Newsroom Developers Communicate Journalistic Labor

ABSTRACTNewsroom developers often share code produced by their organizations within open source software (OSS) environments. This study details how newsroom developers communicate journalistic labo...
Colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli using engineered bacteriophage and an affinity reporter system

Reporter phage systems have emerged as a promising technology for the detection of bacteria in foods and water. However, the sensitivity of these assays is often limited by the concentration of the expressed reporter as well as matrix interferences associated with the sample. In this study, bacteriophage T7 was engineered to overexpress mutated alkaline phosphatase fused to a carbohydrate-binding module (ALP*-CBM) following infection of E. coli to enable colorimetric detection in a model system. Magnetic cellulose particles were employed to separate and concentrate the overexpressed ALP*-CBM in bacterial lysate. Infection of E. coli with the engineered phage resulted in a limit of quantitation of 1.2 × 105 CFU, equating to 1.2 × 103 CFU/mL in 3.5 h when using a colorimetric assay and 100 mL sample volume. When employing an enrichment step, < 101 CFU/mL could be visually detected from a 100 mL sample volume within 8 h. These results suggest that affinity tag modified enzymes coupled with a material support can provide a simple and effective means to improve signal sensitivity of phage-based assays.
Heterotrimeric G proteins, vesicle trafficking, and CFTR Cl- channels

Previously (E.M. Schwiebert, N. Kizer, D. C. Gruenert, and B. A. Stanton, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10623-10627, 1992), we showed that heterotrimeric G proteins regulate adenosine 3',5'-cyclic...
Paul Samuelson’s Ideology and Scientific Economics

Joseph Schumpeter defined ideology as a scientist’s prescientific vision from which scientific work proceeds. He argued that Keynes’s General Theory was the product of a long struggle to make his ideological vision of economic stagnation analytically operative. We apply Schumpeter’s definition of ideology to his student Paul Samuelson, whose vision we identify in two parts: Keynesian stagnation and mathematical economics. We identify similarities in how Keynes and Samuelson each viewed himself and his role in history. In addition, we see how in Keynes and Samuelson the modern Rationalist conception of science restricted the scope of economists’ contributions to public discourse.
An improved model of C3 photosynthesis at high CO2: Reversed O2 sensitivity explained by lack of glycerate reentry into the chloroplast

Current models of C3 photosynthesis incorporate a phosphate limitation to carboxylation which arises when the capacity for starch and sucrose synthesis fails to match the capacity for the production of triose phosphates in the Calvin cycle. As a result, the release of inorganic phosphate in the chloroplast stroma fails to keep pace with its rate of sequestration into triose phosphate, and phosphate becomes limiting to photosynthesis. Such a model predicts that when phosphate is limiting, assimilation becomes insensitive to both CO2 and O2, and is thus incapable of explaining the experimental observation that assimilation, under phosphate-limited conditions, frequently exhibits reversed sensitivity to both CO2 and O2, i.e., increasing O2 stimulates assimilation and increasing CO2 inhibits assimilation. We propose a model which explains reversed sensitivity to CO2 and O2 by invoking the net release of phosphate in the photorespiratory oxidation cycle. In order for this to occur, some fraction of the glycollate carbon which leaves the stroma and which is recycled to the chloroplast by the photorespiratory pathway as glycerate must remain in the cytosol, perhaps in the form of amino acids. In that case, phosphate normally used in the stromal glycerate kinase reaction to generate PGA from glycerate is made available for photophosphorylation, stimulating RuBP regeneration and assimilation. The model is parameterized for data obtained on soybean and cotton, and model behavior in response to CO2, O2, and light is demonstrated.
Coronal Remodeling Potential of Pediatric Distal Radius Fractures.

Background Distal radius fractures in the pediatric population are common injuries with a remarkable capability to remodel. The degree of angulation that can reasonably be expected to remodel is controversial though, particularly when it comes to angulation in the coronal plane. The purpose of this study was to quantify the rate of coronal remodeling, via the distal radius physis, present in a retrospective cohort of skeletally immature patients with coronally angulated distal radius fractures. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed to identify skeletally immature patients treated for an angulated distal radius fracture with over 10 degrees of angulation in the coronal plane during the healing process at a single institution by either a pediatric orthopaedic surgeon or an orthopaedic trauma surgeon from 2009 to 2018. Coronal angulation was measured at every visit where radiographs were available from time of injury to the final follow-up visit to determine the rate of remodeling. Results In total, 36 patients with distal radius fractures with a mean age of 7.93 years (range, 4 to 12 y) at the time of injury were identified. The median peak angulation during the healing process in the coronal plane was 17 degrees (range, 12.4 to 30.4 degrees). The mean follow-up period was 6.4 months from the time of maximum angulation to the final visit. The median time from cast removal to final follow-up was 6.59 months (range, 2.5 to 8.72 mo). At final follow-up, the median coronal angulation was 3.35 degrees (range, 0.24 to 14.0 degrees). At the 95% confidence level, remodeling rates ranged from 2.00 to 2.59 degrees per month. The mean rate of coronal angulation remodeling from maximum angulation to final follow-up was 2.30 degrees per month. Conclusions Distal radius fractures have a large capacity to remodel in the pediatric population. This remodeling occurs in a predictable and reliable manner, even in the coronal plane. On the basis of this study, coronal angulation was shown to remodel at a rate of at least 2 degrees per month for the first 6 months following the injury, which should likely continue at a similar rate for the first year after the injury. Repeat manipulation is not indicated in skeletally immature patients where the maximum coronal angulation is Level of evidence Level III-retrospective comparative study.
Turnover and retention of infant-toddler teachers: Reasons, consequences, and implications for practice and policy

Abstract The present study aims to address the issues of teacher turnover and retention for infant-toddler teachers by exploring the reasons underlying teachers’ intent to leave and stay, and the consequences of teacher turnover at multiple levels through interviews with 30 teachers. We found teachers’ reasons for leaving or staying are often multi-faceted, complicated, and seem to waiver, fluctuating based on their current work situations. The majority of teachers reported teacher turnover had a negative impact for children, families, remaining teachers, and the center. We provide implications for practice and policy to reduce turnover and support the workforce.
COVID-19 observations and accompanying dataset of non-pharmaceutical interventions across U.S. universities, March 2020.

Background The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publishes COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) guidance for specific institutional audiences to limit community spread. Audiences include: business, clinical, public health, education, community, and state/local government. The swift, severe, and global nature of COVID-19 offers an opportunity to systematically obtain a national view of how larger institutions of higher education adopted NPI guidance at the onset of the pandemic. Method An original database of COVID-19-related university NPI policy changes was compiled. Survey team members manually combed university websites and official statements capturing implementation decisions and dates for five NPI variables from 575 U.S. universities, across 50 states and the District of Columbia, during March of 2020. The universities included in this study were selected from the Department of Education Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), which provides a set of university explanatory variables. Using IPEDS as the basis for the organizational data allows consistent mapping to event-time and institutional characteristic variables including public health announcements, geospatial, census, and political affiliation. Results The dataset enables event-time analysis and offers a variety of variables to support institutional level study and identification of underlying biases like educational attainment. A descriptive analysis of the dataset reveals that there was substantial heterogeneity in the decisions that were made and the timing of these decisions as they temporally related to key state, national, and global emergency announcements. The WHO pandemic declaration coincided with the largest number of university decisions to implement NPIs. Conclusion This study provides descriptive observations and produced an original dataset that will be useful for future research focused on drivers and trends of COVID-19 NPIs for U.S. Universities. This preliminary analysis suggests COVID-19 university decisions appeared to be made largely at the university level, leading to major variations in the nature and timing of the responses both between and within states, which requires further study.
Pharmacologic Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Importance Improved survival in patients with advanced cancer has increased the need for better understanding of how to manage common symptoms that they may experience, such as breathlessness. Objective To assess the benefits and harms associated with pharmacologic interventions for breathlessness in adults with advanced cancer. Data Sources PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for studies published from database inception through May 31, 2020, using predefined eligibility criteria within a PICOTS (population, intervention, comparator, outcome, timing, setting) format. Study Selection Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), non-RCTs, and observational studies with a comparison group that evaluated benefits and/or harms and cohort studies that reported harms were selected. Data Extraction and Synthesis Two reviewers independently screened studies for eligibility, serially abstracted data, independently assessed risk of bias, and graded strength of evidence (SOE). Main Outcomes and Measures Benefits and harms of pharmacologic interventions were compared, focusing on breathlessness, anxiety, exercise capacity, and health-related quality of life. When possible, meta-analyses were conducted and standardized mean differences (SMDs) calculated. Results In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a total of 7729 unique citations were identified, of which 19 studies (17 RCTs and 2 retrospective studies) that included a total of 1424 patients assessed the benefits of medications for management of breathlessness in advanced cancer or reported harms. The most commonly reported type of cancer was lung cancer. Opioids were not associated with more effectiveness than placebo for improving breathlessness (SMD, −0.14; 95% CI, −0.47 to 0.18) or exercise capacity ( SMD, 0.06; 95% CI, −0.43 to 0.55) (SOE, moderate); most studies examined exertional breathlessness. Specific dose and/or route of administration of opioids did not differ in effectiveness for breathlessness (SMD, 0.15; 95% CI, −0.22 to 0.52) (SOE, low). Anxiolytics were not associated with more effectiveness than placebo for breathlessness or anxiety (reported mean between-group difference, −0.52; 95% CI, −1.045 to 0.005) (SOE, low). Evidence for other pharmacologic interventions was limited. Pharmacologic interventions demonstrated some harms compared with usual care, but dropout attributable to adverse events was minimal in these short-term studies (range 3.2%-16%). Conclusions and Relevance Evidence did not support the association of opioids or other pharmacologic interventions with improved breathlessness. Given that studies had many limitations, pharmacologic interventions should be considered in selected patients but need to be considered in the context of potential harms and evidence of an association of nonpharmacologic interventions with improved breathlessness.
Biosystematic studies on the status of Solanum chilense.

PREMISE Common taxonomic practices, which condition species' descriptions on diagnostic morphological traits, may systematically lump outcrossing species and unduly split selfing species. Specifically, higher effective population sizes and genetic diversity of obligate outcrossers are expected to result less reliable phenotypic diagnoses. Wild tomatoes, members of Solanum sect. Lycopersicum, are commonly used as a source of exotic germplasm for improvement of the cultivated tomato, and are increasingly employed in basic research. Although the section experienced significant early work, which continues presently, the taxonomic status of many wild species has undergone a number of significant revisions and remains uncertain. Species in this section vary in their breeding systems, notably the expression of self-incompatibility, which determines individual propensity for outcrossing METHODS: Here, we examine the taxonomic status of obligately outcrossing Chilean wild tomato (Solanum chilense) using reduced-representation sequencing (RAD-seq), a range of phylogenetic and population genetic analyses, as well as analyses of crossing and morphological data. RESULTS Overall, each of our analyses provides a considerable weight of evidence that the Pacific coastal populations and Andean inland populations of the currently described Solanum chilense represent separately evolving populations, and conceal at least one undescribed cryptic species. CONCLUSIONS Despite its vast economic importance, Solanum sect. Lycopersicon still exhibits considerable taxonomic instability. A pattern of under-recognition of outcrossing species may be common, not only in tomatoes, but across flowering plants. We discuss the possible causes and implications of this observation, with a focus on macroevolutionary inference.
Recess-type waveguide integrated germanium on silicon avalanche photodiode

We demonstrate a recess-type Ge on Si WGAPD receiver with 106Gb/s PAM4 overload >0dBm and unstressed/stressed sensitivities of -18.9/18dBm, which provides about 19dB dynamic range for 100Gb/s per lane applications.
Do Patient Engagement Platforms in Total Joint Arthroplasty Improve Patient-Reported Outcomes?

Abstract Background Web-based patient engagement portals are increasing in popularity after total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA and TKA). The literature is mixed regarding patient utilization of these modalities and potential clinical benefit. We sought to determine which demographic factors are associated with increased platform participation and to quantify the impact of a web-based patient portal on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive primary THA (n = 554) and TKA (n = 485) at a single academic institution with minimum follow-up of 12 months. Patients were divided into those who opted-in and those who opted-out of portal use. Global health and joint-specific PROMs were collected preoperatively and postoperatively. Linear mixed effects modeling, bivariate analysis, and logistic regression were utilized. Results Of the 1039 included patients, 60.6% (336) THA and 62.7% (304) TKA patients enrolled in the portal. Those who opted-in were younger (P Conclusion There is an inherent difference between patients who opt-in to and those who opt-out of web-based portals. Added resources and support provided by portals may translate to improved PROMs for TKA patients but not THA patients.
Selection Guidelines for Upfront Surgical Intervention Versus Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Breast cancer management and treatment has been adapting to the new subclassification of breast cancer into different subtypes. In this chapter, we propose general guidelines to help treating surgeons in recommending upfront surgical intervention or referring the patient for neoadjuvant treatment.
Multi-directional design control of plastic crash components by means of domain-predictive feed-forward neural networks

The robust crash design of plastic components is of great interest in automotive engineering. For an efficient development, a prototype-free development is aimed at, whereby at the same time the test programme can be strongly reduced and in the future possibly completely omitted, if the virtual design delivers robust results. Based on the plastic component design of a head box, a possible procedure consisting of finite element calculation and artificial neural networks is described exemplarily. The head box is the load-bearing part of the head restraint of a car seat. It can be shown that, if these methods are used correctly, components can be designed very quickly to fulfil the specified objective functions.
A behavioral and electrophysiological analysis of ethanol dependence in the rat.

The identification of the neurobiological concomitants of ethanol dependence and withdrawal would not only provide a better understanding of the basic nature of such phenomena, but would also facilitate the development of techniques of detection, prevention, and treatment of alcoholic disease and its psychobiological consequences.
The molecular basis of enzyme secretion

Acinar cells are one of the best studied models of exocytotic secretion. A number of different hormones and neurotransmitters interact with specific membrane receptors, and it is commonly held that pancreatic secretagogues stimulate enzyme release via the elevation of either cytosolic free Ca2+ or cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The discovery of the pivotal role played by phospholipid metabolism in the chain of events leading to secretion, together with the introduction of sensitive techniques to monitor cytosolic free Ca2+, has generated a series of studies that have challenged this classical model. Thus, several observations in pancreatic acini as well as other cell types have argued against the notion that a generalized increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ represents a sufficient and necessary stimulus for exocytosis in nonexcitable cells. Furthermore, the demonstration that a single agonist activates multiple transduction pathways has served to refute the schematic view that receptor agonists activate only one second messenger system. The aim of this article is to review the recent advances in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of signal transduction, with particular emphasis on the inositol lipid pathway, and to integrate this information into a new working model of enzyme secretion from acinar cells.
Population and the socialization process: Part II

Part I of this paper was concerned with the ways the socialization process shapes, directs and sets a specific context for human population processes and dynamics. Topics considered were the anthropological approaches to population research, the current understanding of socialization from various aspects and the way socialization affects population problems. Part II of the paper deals with the last topic in some detail and then concludes with observations concerning policy planning and administration of population on the basis of the concepts discussed in this contribution.
Water Supply, Desalination, Climate Change, and Energy Policy

In the context of water supply, “water is energy.” Two aspects of the intersection of energy and water in supplying water become important. First, there are always trade-offs among energy use, economic costs and benefits, social benefits, and environmental costs in providing for water supply. Second, as a matter of governance, the political and legal mechanisms currently available for establishing water and energy policies do not allow the relevant decisionmakers to consider all of these relevant trade-offs explicitly and coherently. This article explores the water supply-energy matrix through the lens of desalination, an increasingly popular water supply technology. It begins by reviewing current and projected future water shortages in the United States and worldwide that are prompting increased interest in desalination, then looks at desalination as a water-supply solution in terms of both costs and environmental impacts. Finally, it examines two types of alternative energy desalination - wind-powered desalination and solar-powered desalination. These new types of desalination may both provide for climate-friendly desalination and allow consistently productive uses of these sporadic alternative sources of electricity, particularly when one considers water to be a form of energy storage. The article concludes that trying to definitively establish whether desalination is “good” or “bad” misses the point. Desalination is one water supply technology among many. All such technologies involve trade-offs. Desalination is a new or unusual water supply technology in most places. Moreover, it comes with glaringly obvious energy and environmental concerns. As a result, increased use of desalination may have the salutary effect of encouraging full and public consideration of water and energy needs and the potential social and environmental impacts of water supply.