cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINITYPE HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC FLUX PUMP

This paper presents a kind of minitype high temperature superconducting(HTS) magnetic flux pump,its basic operation principle is described and studied in detail.According to the design,the setup has been developed and the working performance has been tested for the minitype HTS flux pump.The experimental result shows it is expected to supply power for the HTS closed loop which resistance is within 1μΩ.Using this minitype HTS flux pump may solve some problems such as joint resistance and low n-index in HTS closed loop systems.The new developed flux pump would help to the application of Bi series or other high temperature superconducting tapes in superconducting magnet closed loop systems.
Supervised and unsupervised active learning for automatic speech recognition of low-resource languages

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems rely on large quantities of transcribed acoustic data. The collection of audio data is relatively cheap, whereas the transcription of that data is relatively expensive. Thus there is an interest in the ASR community in active learning, in which only a small subset of highly representative data chosen from a large pool of untranscribed audio need be transcribed in order to approach the performance of the system trained with much larger amounts of transcribed audio. In this paper, we compare two basic approaches to active learning: a supervised approach in which we build a speech recognition system from a small amount of seed data in order to make the selection of a limited amount of additional audio for transcription, and an unsupervised approach in which no intermediate system recognition system built from seed data is necessary. Our best unsupervised approach performs quite close to our supervised approach, with both outperforming a random selection scheme.
Drosophila Protein Kinase CK2: Genetics, Regulatory Complexity and Emerging Roles during Development

CK2 is a Ser/Thr protein kinase that is highly conserved amongst all eukaryotes. It is a well-known oncogenic kinase that regulates vital cell autonomous functions and animal development. Genetic studies in the fruit fly Drosophila are providing unique insights into the roles of CK2 in cell signaling, embryogenesis, organogenesis, neurogenesis, and the circadian clock, and are revealing hitherto unknown complexities in CK2 functions and regulation. Here, we review Drosophila CK2 with respect to its structure, subunit diversity, potential mechanisms of regulation, developmental abnormalities linked to mutations in the gene encoding CK2 subunits, and emerging roles in multiple aspects of eye development. We examine the Drosophila CK2 "interaction map" and the eye-specific "transcriptome" databases, which raise the prospect that this protein kinase has many additional targets in the developing eye. We discuss the possibility that CK2 functions during early retinal neurogenesis in Drosophila and mammals bear greater similarity than has been recognized, and that this conservation may extend to other developmental programs. Together, these studies underscore the immense power of the Drosophila model organism to provide new insights and avenues to further investigate developmentally relevant targets of this protein kinase.
Killing Victoria: improvisational and emergent teaching and learning

ABSTRACTThis manuscript uses narrative practices of autoethnography to consider the potential of improvisational, emergent pedagogy. The author explores this concept by examining the participation of a student in a yearlong, ethnographic teaching project. A group of mostly white high school students voluntarily engaged in practices of Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) in concert with playbuilding to investigate whiteness. The author positions this pedagogical project in relation to second-wave critical whiteness studies and improvisation. Critical whiteness studies are a theoretical move towards more complicated framings of whiteness. Improvisation creates a particular way to consider the story of the author’s teacher-researcher work with one of his students during this implementation of second-wave whiteness pedagogy. Finally, the author shares general implications about improvisational teaching and learning, especially in terms of whiteness pedagogy.
Refinement and Extension of Distribution‐Free Discriminate Analysis

This paper contains both a refinement and an extension of a distribution‐free method of discriminate analysis proposed by Kendall and Stuart (1966). The Kendall and Stuart method is based on the assumption that, once a variable has been employed in the analysis, all of the discriminatory power or information of that variable has been exhausted. This assumption is shown to be not necessarily true, and a procedure is presented which enables one to utilize such information. Further, the Kendall and Stuart method is restricted to marginal frequency, distributions of possible discriminatory variables. It is shown that further discrimination may be possible by extending the examination to joint frequency distributions.
Adaptive Design Strategies for Nonresponse Follow-Up in Economic Surveys

The U.S. Census Bureau is investigating nonrespondent subsampling strategies for use in the 2017 Economic Census. In previous research, we developed an optimized allocation procedure for subsampling nonrespondents that selects larger systematic samples in domains with lower initial response. This article expands on our previous research by exploring improvements to the optimal allocation method; we investigate refinements to the previous procedure that incorporate measures of respondent balance with respect to the original sample. The revised allocation procedures have simultaneous objectives of allocating high proportions of sample in domains that indicate potential nonresponse bias and of equalizing response rates across domains. We examine the effects of the alternative allocation approaches on Horvitz-Thompson estimates via a simulation study using data from the 2014 Annual Survey of Manufactures.
The Juvenile Transfer Hearing and the Forensic Psychiatrist

The juvenile justice system in the United States is clearly in disrepute. Critics point to the disturbingly high rate of violent crime among teenagers. In 1986 nearly 1 in 10 accused murderers in America was a youth under 18. Thirty-three young men and two young women are currently sentenced to death for crimes committed while they were juveniles.1 One solution proposed for this problem has been to do away entirely with the juvenile system for serious offenders and try them as adults.
Collaborative Networked Enterprises: A Pilot Case in the Footwear Value Chain

Present paper describes major RTD challenges and key technologies in order to respond to the demand for consumer oriented highly flexible and networked production systems. Shoe manufacturing is considered as a pilot sector, and a factory for the production of highly customized footwear is discussed as an example of agile and balanced production system, capable of integrating and cooperating with various actors of the footwear value chain.
Some Theoretical Aspects of Short Duration Grazing

This paper addresses the following hitherto unstudied question in rangeland management: How should a range manager - who is interested in the ecological and the economic aspects of management - set the temporal control optimally for rangelands that are managed with short duration grazing? We use a dynamic and stochastic framework to first derive the range manager's long run average net cost function. We then show that the optimal temporal control minimizes this objective function.
N-of-1 clinical trials. A technique for improving medical therapeutics

This discussion was selected from the weekly Grand Rounds in the Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle. Taken from a transcription, it has been edited by Paul G. Ramsey, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine, and Philip J. Fialkow, MD, Professor and Chair of the Department of Medicine.
MOLECULAR POTENTIALS FOR SIMULATING SHOCK-INDUCED CHEMISTRY

Classical trajectory studies appear promising for developing a better understanding of the atomic-scale details of shock and detonation chemistry. As opposed to the gas-phase, however, theories of many-body chemical reactivity in condensed phases are still in their infancy and so considerable uncertainty remains about how best to model reactive chemistry in complicated systems such as shock and detonation waves. In this paper we review some elementary principles of modern gas-phase chemical reaction theory and briefly discuss how these are embodied in traditional many-body potential energy functions. We then discuss relationships between these traditional gas-phase ideas and various methods that have been introduced for incorporating chemical energy release into classical dynamics simulations of shock waves. A model for describing chemical reactivity in condensed-phases that incorporates these gas-phase concepts is discussed.
Robotic systems in urological surgery: Current state and future directions

Minimally invasive surgery has ushered in an era of popularized robotic-assistance for numerous urological procedures. There continues to be a great deal of interest in improving robotic technologies further. Concomitant robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and trans-rectal ultrasound has been employed to better visualize the neurovascular bundles and other adjacent critical structures during prostatectomy. There have also been attempts to improve prostate biopsy, brachytherapy and percutaneous renal interventions using robot-guidance. A magnetic resonance-safe robot has been designed and safely used to directly biopsy suspicious. Additionally, robot-guided brachytherapy seed placement for prostate cancer treatment has proven feasible and highly accurate. Lastly, robot-guidance for percutaneous renal access has been shown to be accurate and rapid. The evolution of robotic systems may facilitate the development of targeted therapies in urology. The growing emphasis on precision and reproducibility in medicine will likely put robotic technology at the forefront of future urological procedures.
Tales from the Trips: A Qualitative Study of Timely Recognition, Treatment, and Transfer of Emergency Department Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Abstract Background and Objectives: Acute Ischemic stroke (AIS) is a time-sensitive emergency and patients frequently present to, and are transferred from emergency departments (EDs). We sought to evaluate potential factors, particularly organizational, that may influence the timeliness of interfacility transfer for ED patients with AIS. Methods: We conducted semistructured interviews at 3 EDs that routinely transfer AIS patients. A structured interview guide was developed and piloted prior to use. Staff were asked about perceived facilitators and barriers to timely and high quality emergency care for patients with AIS who require transfer. Each interview was audio recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed using an iterative inductive-deductive approach to build a list of themes and subthemes, and identify supporting quotes. Results: We interviewed 45 ED staff (administrative staff, nurses, and physicians) involved in acute stroke care. We identified 4 major themes influencing the execution of interfacility transfers of AIS patients: (1) processes, (2) historical experiences; (3) communication; and (4) resources. Pre-existing protocols that standardized processes (eg, autoacceptance protocols) and reduced unnecessary communication, combined with direct communication with the neurology team at the comprehensive stroke center, and the flexibility and availability of human and physical resources (eg, staff and equipment) were commonly cited as facilitators. Lack of communication of clinical and operational outcomes back to transferring ED staff was viewed as a lost opportunity for process improvement, interorganization relationship building, and professional satisfaction. Conclusions: ED staff view the interfacility transfer of AIS patients as highly complex with multiple opportunities for delay. Coordination through the use of protocols and communication pre- and post-transfer represented opportunities to facilitate transfers. Staff and clinicians at transferring facilities identified multiple opportunities to enhance existing processes and ongoing communication quality among facilities involved in the acute management of patients with AIS.
Profiles of a Health Information–Seeking Population and the Current Digital Divide: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 2015-2016 California Health Interview Survey

Background: Internet use for health information is important, given the rise of electronic health (eHealth) that integrates technology into health care. Despite the perceived widespread use of the internet, a persistent “digital divide” exists in which many individuals have ready access to the internet and others do not. To date, most published reports have compared characteristics of internet users seeking health information vs nonusers. However, there is little understanding of the differences between internet users seeking health information online and users who do not seek such information online. Understanding these differences could enable targeted outreach for health interventions and promotion of eHealth technologies. Objective: This study aims to assess population-level characteristics associated with different types of internet use, particularly for seeking online health information. Methods: The 2015-2016 California Health Interview Survey datasets were used for this study. Internet use was classified as never used the internet (Never use), ever used the internet but not to search for health information in the last 12 months (Use not for health), and ever used the internet and have used it to search for health information in the last 12 months (Use for health). Weighted multinomial logistic regression was used to assess sociodemographic and health characteristics associated with types of internet use. Findings are reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs. Results: Among 42,087 participants (weighted sample of 29,236,426), 19% reported Never Use of the internet, 27.9% reported Use not for health, and 53.1% reported Use for health. Compared to Never Use individuals, Use for health individuals were more likely to be younger (OR: 0.1, 95% CI 0.1-0.2 for ≥60 years vs 400% of Federal Poverty Guidelines; OR: 1.3, 95% CI 1.4-2.4). Overall, characteristics for the Use not for health and Use for health groups were similar, except for those with lower levels of education and respondents not having visited a physician in the last year. For these two characteristics, the Use not for health group was more similar to the Never Use group. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that a digital divide characterized by sociodemographic and health information exists across three types of users. Our results are in line with those of previous studies on the divide, specifically with regard to disparities in use and access related to age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Disparities in online health-seeking behavior may reflect existing disparities in health care access extending into a new era of health technology. These findings support the need for interventions to target internet access and health literacy among Never Use and Use not for health groups.
Novel approaches to decrease inappropriate ambulatory antibiotic use

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Inappropriate antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance are major public health threats. In the United States, most antibiotic use occurs in ambulatory care and 30% to 50% may ...
Influence of race on the effect of premature birth on salivary cortisol response to stress in adolescents.

Background Adolescents born preterm have altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function with a blunted cortisol stress response, however, the influences of intrauterine growth restriction and race are unclear. Methods We measured salivary cortisol before and 20 min after a maximal-exercise stress test and calculated the cortisol stress response. We used linear regression to compare cortisol stress responses between preterm and term groups, adjusting for birth weight z-score and maternal hypertension, and examined effect modification by race and sex. Results We evaluated 171 adolescents born preterm with very low birth weight and 50 born term. Adolescents born preterm had reduced cortisol stress response compared to term (0.03 vs. 0.08 μg/dL, p = 0.04). This difference was race dependent: non-Black adolescents born preterm had significantly reduced cortisol stress response compared to those born at term (adjusted β: -0.74; 95% CI -1.34, -0.15), while there was no difference in Black adolescents (0.53; -0.16, 1.22). Sex did not modify the relationship. Conclusions Adolescents born preterm exhibit a reduced salivary cortisol response to exercise stress, suggesting long-term alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This relationship was evident in non-Black but not in Black adolescents, suggesting that race may modify the influence of preterm birth on stress alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Educational Research Priorities for Pediatric Physical Therapy: A Consensus Study.

Purpose This study engaged stakeholders internal and external to pediatric physical therapy education in a consensus exercise toward determining and refining priorities and considerations for educational research for pediatric physical therapy. Methods The Delphi method was used to survey 54 physical therapists from 5 stakeholder groups drawn from experts in the field of physical therapy education and from Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy members invested in educational leadership, research, and/or pediatric physical therapy clinical and residency education. Results A 4-round survey process revealed 12 educational research priorities and 13 educational research considerations that reached 80% consensus, with clear and consistent top ranking of 4 of these priorities and 4 considerations across all stakeholder groups. Discussion As the Academy of Pediatric Physical Therapy continues to develop and advance its capacity and support for educational research, knowledge of these priorities and considerations might be used to guide an educational research agenda.
Alternate bearing in pistachio ( Pistacia vera L.): a review

In this review, the main internal and environmental hypotheses regarding alternate bearing and abscission of inflorescence buds and also, the methods to mitigate this physiological phenomenon have been investigated. Alternate bearing is annually fluctuating heavy (‘on’) and light (‘off’) crops, which occurs in most fruit trees. There are multiple visible causes, decreased shoot growth and flower buds or imperfect flowers, but all occur in association with a heavy crop, suggesting a carbohydrate resource limitation to shoot growth, or flower initiation, induction or differentiation. Pistachios bear on 1-year-old shoots from axillary buds produced the previous year. The visible mechanism is bud abscission on current season’s growth during ‘on’ years and bud retention in low crop load (‘off’) years. Though bud abscission is visible, the underlying cause is unknown. This review classifies the multiple hypotheses as internal, genetic, carbohydrate resources and hormones or environmental, abiotic and biotic stresses. Our examination of potential hypotheses and recent research suggests alternate bearing in pistachio is a result of the carbohydrate resource limitation generated by the heavy ‘on’ year crop maturation. However, the specific signal producing bud abscission is unknown. Alternate bearing in pistachio can be mitigated by a vigorous rootstock, particularly if combined with proper pruning. We hypothesize the vigorous rootstock may produce a better carbohydrate resource status through a larger tree with more leaf surface area. The pruning does not address the bud abscission but alters the ratio of non-bearing to bearing shoots, resulting in a lower alternate bearing index. Furthermore, we conclude alternate bearing in pistachio, while a within shoot phenomenon, can be triggered by severe environmental events that damage a current crop.
Taking a Shot for the Team: Using a Simulation to Explore How Immunization Programs Help Protect Communities from Infectious Diseases

Centuries of practice clearly demonstrate that immunization by means of vaccination reduces the disease burden in human and nonhuman animal species. While the emphasis on individual health and fitness is important, the role of immunization in maintaining the health of entire populations or communities is also important. I developed a simulation that allows participants to actively explore the value of herd immunity in controlling the spread of infectious disease, first by considering how quickly an entire population may become ill if no one has immunity, and then after immunization of 80% of the population. Pretest, posttest, and four-week follow-up questionnaire data collected from nonmajor introductory biology students suggest that active engagement in an activity such as the one described may contribute to longer-term retention of the principles and concepts than presentation by lecture alone.
Sourcing Diversity, Shifting Culture: Building “Cultural Competence” in Public Media

This study looks at the “cultural competency” efforts of one U.S. public media station as it attempts to shift a culture of whiteness and increase the representation of people of color within both ...
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 MicroRNA miR-H8 Is Dispensable for Latency and Reactivation In Vivo.

The regulatory functions of 10 individual viral microRNAs (miRNAs) that are abundantly expressed from the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) latency-associated transcript (LAT) region remain largely unknown. Here, we focus on HSV-1 miRNA miR-H8, which is within the LAT 3p exon, antisense to the first intron of ICP0, and has previously been shown to target a host glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchoring pathway. However, the functions of this miRNA have not been assessed in the context of the viral genome during infection. Therefore, we constructed a recombinant virus lacking miR-H8 (17dmiR-H8) and compared it to the parental wild-type and rescue viruses to characterize phenotypic differences. In rabbit skin cells, 17dmiR-H8 exhibited only subtle reductions in viral yields. In contrast, we found significant decreases in both viral yields (8-fold) and DNA replication (9.9-fold) in murine neuroblastoma cells, while 17dmiR-H8 exhibited a 3.6-fold increase in DNA replication in differentiated human neuronal cells (Lund human mesencephalic [LUHMES] cells). These cell culture phenotypes suggested potential host- and/or neuron-specific roles for miR-H8 in acute viral replication. To assess whether miR-H8 plays a role in HSV latency or reactivation, we used a human in vitro reactivation model as well as mouse and rabbit reactivation models. In the LUHMES cell-induced reactivation model, there was no difference in viral yields at 48 h postreactivation. In the murine dorsal root ganglion explant and rabbit ocular adrenergic reactivation models, the deletion of miR-H8 had no detectable effect on genome loads during latency or reactivation. These results indicate that miR-H8 is dispensable for the establishment of HSV-1 latency and reactivation.IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses have a remarkable ability to sustain lifelong infections by evading host immune responses, establishing a latent reservoir, and maintaining the ability to reactivate the lytic cascade to transmit the virus to the next host. The HSV-1 latency-associated transcript region is known to regulate many aspects of HSV-1 latency and reactivation, although the mechanisms for these functions remain unknown. To this end, we characterize an HSV-1 recombinant containing a deletion of a LAT-encoded miRNA, miR-H8, and demonstrate that it plays no detectable role in the establishment of latency or reactivation in differentiated human neurons (LUHMES cells) and mouse and rabbit models. Therefore, this study allows us to exclude miR-H8 from phenotypes previously attributed to the LAT region. Elucidating the genetic elements of HSV-1 responsible for establishment, maintenance, and reactivation from latency may lead to novel strategies for combating persistent herpesvirus infections.
Menstrual, reproductive and hormonal factors and thyroid cancer: a hospital-based case–control study in China

There have been considerable studies on the effects of reproductive factors on thyroid cancer risk, while findings are inconsistent. In this analysis, we aimed to investigate the associations between menstrual, reproductive and hormonal factors with thyroid cancer occurrence in a population of Chinese women. Using data from a 1:1 matched case–control study performed between 2015 and 2017 in Zhejiang Province of China, a second analysis of 2261 pairs of female subjects was conducted. The possible effects for thyroid cancer were evaluated in logistic regression models by odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Later age at first pregnancy (for > 25 vs. ≦ 20 years, OR: 0.47, 95% CI 0.23–0.96) and longer duration of breast feeding (for 6–12 vs. ≦ 6 months, OR: 0.49, 95% CI 0.24–0.98) were significantly associated with decreased occurrence of thyroid cancer, while no trend was observed. Stratified by age at enrollment, only the association with duration of breast feeding remained significant, but limited to younger women (≦ 50 years). Our results suggested that women with later age at first pregnancy or longer breast feeding duration were less likely to have thyroid cancer. These findings supported an influence role of reproductive factors in thyroid cancer risk.
Finding the Middle Ground in Collection Development: How Academic Law Libraries Can Shape Their Collections in Response to the Call for More Practice-Oriented Legal Education

To examine how academic law libraries can respond to the call for more practiceoriented legal education, the authors compared trends in collection management decisions regarding secondary sources at academic and law firm libraries. The results of their survey are followed by recommendations about how academic and firm librarians can work together to best provide law students with materials they will need in practice.
Robust Testing in Outpatient Settings to Explore COVID-19 Epidemiology: Disparities in Race/Ethnicity and Age, Salt Lake County, Utah, 2020.

ObjectiveUS-based descriptions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have focused on patients with severe disease. Our objective was to describe characteristics ...
Greater Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with Heartmate 3 Support is Associated with Fewer Heart Failure Readmissions, Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Renal Failure

Purpose While pump thrombosis was markedly reduced with HeartMate 3, other clinical outcomes that impact patient morbidity such as heart failure hospitalization (HFH), gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) and renal failure remain prevalent. This study aims to explore the association between left ventricular (LV) remodeling and these clinical outcomes. We postulate that a greater reduction in LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) would be associated with greater LV unloading and fewer adverse events. Methods Data on demographics, pre/post-implant LVEDD, and clinical outcomes were retrospectively analyzed in patients with HeartMate 3 implant at our institution from 01/2015-01/2020. The primary composite outcome was HFH, GIB and renal failure requiring dialysis (RRT) at 6 months post-implant. Descriptive statistics are reported. Results 201 patients with HeartMate 3 implant (mean age 58 ± 12 years, 56% destination therapy) had median 9.9 [6, 17] months follow-up. Most were Caucasian (79%) males (77%), with ischemic cardiomyopathy (91%). Arrhythmia (62%), dyslipidemia (55%) and hypertension (53%) were common comorbidities. Overall 23 patients died. The 6-month composite outcome of HFH, GIB and RRT was 35%. A decrease of median 9 [4, 16] mm was noted in post-implant LVEDD from baseline. A reduction in LVEDD of 30% occurred in 138, 47, and 11 patients, respectively. A reduction of Conclusion LVEDD size reduction ≥15% from baseline is associated with improved clinical outcomes. Future studies are warranted to validate these findings, and to understand how to best optimize adequate LV unloading leading to such positive LV remodeling.
Accessibility features in ZOOM to improve equity in the MPA classroom

There are 61 million people in the United States that live with a disability. This figure is expected to rise in the coming decades through both an aging population and the long-term impacts of the...
Effects of administration of exogenous estradiol benzoate on follicular, luteal, and uterine hemodynamics in beef cows.

Abstract Objectives of these two experiments were to determine if exogenous estradiol benzoate (EB) affects follicular, luteal, and uterine hemodynamics. In both experiments, 77 estrous-synchronized beef cows were assigned to one of two treatments: 1) Control (CON) or, 2) an injection of 1 mg EB the day before expected estrus (Day 0; Experiment 1) or on the day of estrus (Day 1; Experiment 2). There was transfer of an embryo (Day 7) into cows that expressed estrus. In Experiment 1, estradiol concentrations in circulation at Day 0 were greater in EB-treated cows (P = 0.003); however, concentrations of progesterone were only greater (P = 0.03) at Day 21 in cows of the EB-treated compared to those in the CON group. The follicular and luteal blood perfusion was similar, however, treatment with EB resulted in a greater uterine blood perfusion. In Experiment 2, treatment with EB did not affect size or blood perfusion of the corpus luteum (CL) on Day 7, 14, and 21. Only on Day 21, however, did pregnant cows have a larger CL than non-pregnant cows (P = 0.02). Blood perfusion to the CL was greater (P
Buchanan clubs

This article evaluates the contribution of James M. Buchanan’s theory of clubs. At the outset, the article distinguishes club goods from pure public goods. Next, the article distills the basic mathematical structure of Buchanan’s treatment of clubs. This is followed by some key variants of Buchanan clubs. More general formulations of club theory are also addressed. To demonstrate the wide-ranging importance of Buchanan clubs, the article indicates varied applications of club theory. The article’s message is that club theory remains highly relevant today.
Examining students' self-efficacy and perceptions of task difficulty in learning from multiple texts

Abstract We examine students' ratings of task difficulty and associate these with self-efficacy and objective and subjective measures of task performance, within the context of learning from multiple texts. Participants were asked to report their self-efficacy for multiple text task completion and then to compose an argument about a controversial topic (i.e., the U.S. adopting a universal basic income). Students were asked to rate and justify their perceptions of task difficulty following multiple text task completion. While self-efficacy was found to be associated both with students' ratings of task difficulty and with measures of subjective task performance, objective task performance was found to only be associated with effort expenditure, as measured by the total time that students devoted to text access. Implications for future research are discussed.
Reentry Field Data and Conclusions

The history of agricultural harvesters being clinically poisoned from working in a field following a “recent” organophosphate (OP) insecticide application dates back to their earliest use circa 1950. Initially, the documentation was sporadic case reports (Abrams and Leonard 1950; Ingram 1951; Quinby and Lemmon 1958; Milby et al. 1964). Summaries began to be published beginning in 1974 (Milby et al. 1974; Spear et al. 1975; NIOSH 1976; Gunther et al. 1977; Popendorf and Leffingwell 1982; and Honeycutt et al. 1985).
Relationship between nitroglycerin-induced vascular relaxation and nitric oxide production: Probes with inhibitors and tolerance development

We have shown previously that nitric oxide (NO) is generated from nitroglycerin (NTG) through enzyme-mediated reactions in the bovine coronary artery smooth muscle cell, but it is not known whether this metabolic conversion plays a significant role in the pharmacologic action of NTG, viz. relaxation. In this study, we developed a technique that allowed direct measurement of NO from intact bovine coronary arterial rings that were incubated previously with NTG, and examined whether changes in NTG-induced relaxation were accompanied by parallel changes in NO generation. Co-incubation of the vascular preparations with a potent inhibitor of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), bromosulfophthalein (up to 200 microM), did not affect NTG-induced relaxation, nor did it alter NO generation from NTG in the preparation. In contrast, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), a GST substrate, inhibited NO generation as well as the relaxation response of NTG in the intact vascular tissue preparation. CDNB, however, did not decrease the relaxant responses of nifedipine and isoproterenol. Thus, the inhibitory effect of CDNB on NTG-induced relaxation and NO production appeared specific. When bovine coronary rings were made tolerant to NTG by pretreatment with 0.44 mM NTG for 1 hr, the EC50 was shifted to the right 162-fold, and NO generation was also reduced in intact rings and tissue homogenates. However, when the homogenates were further subfractionated to microsomes and cytosols, or when homogenates were allowed to stand for a similar time period necessary for subfractionation, the difference in NO production from control versus tolerant tissue preparations disappeared. It is possible, therefore, that the NTG-induced tolerance process might have been partially reversed during this time period. Results of this study identified CDNB as an apparently specific inhibitor of NTG action, but showed that GST-mediated reactions were probably not involved in the metabolic activation of NTG. Our results also indicated that tissue NO generation from NTG was positively related to the relaxation responses generated by this nitrovasodilator.
CULTIVATING UBUNTU: AN AFRICAN POSTCOLONIAL PASTORAL THEOLOGICAL ENGAGEMENT WITH POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

This paper engages positive psychology in intercultural dialogue with the African tradition of ubuntu, with a focus on examining understandings of the good life and well-being found in both areas of knowledge and practice. The comparison and contrast of the two spheres of knowledge and practice shows the need to engage positive psychology from a postcolonial perspective in order to promote a globally relevant view of human well-being and flourishing in our postcolonial and globalizing world. The paper concludes with some postcolonial pastoral theological reflections and ideas for pastoral care practices informed by postcolonial analysis, positive psychology insights, and the African tradition of ubuntu.
Optical Control of Neuronal Activity

Optogenetics has become an invaluable method to establish causal relationships between the activity of genetically defined neuronal circuits and behaviour. Channelrhodopsin 2 is a light-activated channel that, when introduced in neurons allows temporally precise control of the activity of genetically identified neuronal networks. Conversely, halorhodopsins are light sensitive ion pumps that allow us to reversibly inhibit neuronal transmission with single action potential resolution. These optical tools offer new approaches to deconstruct neuronal circuits in freely moving animals. New variants of light-activated channels and pumps offer a menu of optogenetic tools that allow us to determine functional connectivities and dynamic properties of brain networks. The development of optogenetics has profound implications in our understanding of brain organisation and mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disease. Key Concepts: Introduction of Channelrhodopsin 2 in neurons allows millisecond optical control of genetically identified neurons. Different mutants of ChR2 show different kinetic properties, spectral sensitivity. Different gene delivery methods allow dissection of neuronal circuits even in the absence of genetic markers and in multiple model organisms. Combination of optogenetics with gene deficiencies and imaging systems will allow significant improvements in our understanding of circuit dynamics and mechanisms of disease. Keywords: optogenetics; Channelrhodopsin 2; halorhodopsin
Effect of Assumed Tow Architecture on Predicted Moduli and Stresses in Plain Weave Composites

This paper examines the effect of assumed tow architecture on the predicted moduli and stresses in plain weave textile composites. In particular, the effect of how a constant cross-section is assumed to sweep-out the volume of a tow is explored. Two architectures are examined which have a sinusoidal tow path and a lenticular cross-section. Three-dimensional finite elements are employed to model a T300/Epoxy plain weave composite with symmetrically stacked mats. Macroscopically homogeneous in-plane extension and shear and transverse shear loadings were considered. Symmetries are exploited which permitted modeling of only 1/32nd of the unit cell. Accounting for the variation of material properties throughout each element is determined to be necessary for accurate prediction of stresses in the composite. For low waviness, the two tow architectures examined are very similar. At high waviness, the stress predictions are much more sensitive to the assumed tow geometry.
The scope of wounds encountered in casualties from the global war on terrorism: From the battlefield to the tertiary treatment facility

Injuries seen in Operation Iraqi Freedom range from those that can be managed with nonsurgical wound care only to those requiring amputation or multiple bony and soft-tissue procedures for limb salvage. The contamination and soft-tissue injury caused by exploding ordnance requires an aggressive treatment approach. Severe wounds treated near the battlefield (ie, level II) require meticulous surgical dA�?A�Â©bridement, early fracture stabilization, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and rapid evacuation. Treatment at a level III combat support hospital involves a greater volume of patients and a longer stay because of the presence of Iraqi national patients. In the authors' experience, most US patients requiring surgical treatment were evacuated to a level IV facility (ie, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center) after one or two surgeries. The basic war surgery principles of aggressive resuscitation, early and thorough debridement, short-duration damage-control surgical procedures, and rapid evacuation were critical in our reduction of wound infection rates to below 7% for all admissions. Language: en
A Bayesian hierarchical model of size-at-age in ocean-harvested stocks — quantifying effects of climate and temporal variability

Quantifying size-at-age in harvested marine fish populations is a challenge with implications for both conservation and management. We describe a Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach for estimat...
A Bayesian Hierarchical Regression Approach to Clustered and Longitudinal Data in Empirical Legal Studies

The various forms of regression are a dominant feature of modern data analysis. This is hardly surprising since the basic premises of regression are well understood in many different areas of research, and basic regression analysis is a standard component in many statistical software packages. However, researchers do not have to venture very far in their applications of regression analysis to run into trouble from a computational and modeling point of view. This is especially apparent when modeling longitudinal or repeated measures data using classical regression. We introduce a Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach to clustered and longitudinal data. These hierarchical models overcome many of the limitations of classical regression and are well suited to handle longitudinal data. The intuitive concepts of hierarchical models are introduced via the Donohue and Levitt (DL) abortion-crime data set, using the statistical software package R. We show that when properly modeled, there is no empirical relationship between abortion and crime using the DL data set.
Notes on the Rate of Industrial Growth in Italy, 1881–1913 *

This paper represents an attempt to summarize the first stages of a research project, the completion of which is still remote. Its purpose is to pose one or two basic problems and to indicate the directions along which the answers may lie.It is obvious that in the decades following its political unification Italy's economy remained very backward in relation not only to that of England, but also to the economies of industrially advancing countries on the continent of Europe. Whatever gauge one may choose for the purposes of comparison, be it qualitative descriptions of technological equipment, organizational efficiency, and labor skills in individual enterprises; or scattered quantitative data on relative productivity in certain branches of industry, or the numbers of persons employed in industry; or the density of the country's railroad network; or the standards of literacy of its population, the same conclusion will result.
Toward Direct Frequency Comb Spectroscopy in Helium: Proposed Measurements and Experimental Progress

We describe progress toward precision measurements in helium by direct use of a phase-stabilized frequency comb, including numerical calculations of estimated signal sizes and lineshapes, and experimental work on a bichromatic-force slower for metastable helium.
What Is Hatching in the Egg

We report VLA detections at 1.3, 2, and 3.6 cm of the Egg Nebula, RAFGL 2688. We resolve the source and find an inner 9'' diameter core that is produced by ~0.01 M⊙ of dust. It seems that the Egg Nebula experienced a major mass ejection, losing ~1 M⊙ during the past ≤1200 yr. The centimeter-wavelength emission is extended at a position angle of 53°, while the famous jets and lobes in the Egg Nebula lie along a position angle of 15°. The multiple symmetries in the Egg Nebula may occur because the rotation axis of the mass-losing star is not perpendicular to the orbital plane of the putative close binary. Between 3.6 cm and 350 μm, the dust opacity appears to vary as ν0.6, which can be explained if there are some grains with sizes at least as large as 0.5 cm.
Transdermal delivery of amino acids and antioxidants enhance collagen synthesis: in vivo and in vitro studies

One of the most visible changes associated with the aging process in humans relates to a progressive thinning of the skin. This results from a decline in both collagen and glycosaminoglycans, as we...
Complementarity, Context Dependence, and Quantum Logic

Quantum-mechanical event descriptions are context-dependent descriptions. The role of quantum (nondistributive) logic is in the partial ordering of contexts rather than in the ordering of quantum-mechanical events. Moreover, the kind of quantum logic displayed by quantum mechanics can be easily inferred from the general notion of contextuality used in ordinary language. The formalizable core of Bohr's notion of complementarity is the type of context dependence discussed in this paper.
Endoluminal Therapy for Esophageal Disease: An Introduction

This introductory article summarizes decades of research from many dedicated gastrointestinal endoscopists. It provides a background to Barrett esophagus (BE), exploring the risk of progression to dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Two premalignant conditions, BE and colon adenoma, are compared, including their progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma and colon and rectal carcinoma, respectively. A comparison of the risks of surgical treatment and post-surgical complications of these cancers and of the strikingly different paradigms for their prevention is presented. The article concludes with the rationale for endoscopic treatment of Barrett disease.
Feasibility of Providing Culturally Relevant, Brief Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Antenatal Depression in an Obstetrics Clinic: A Pilot Study

Objective: To minimize barriers to care, ameliorate antenatal depression, and prevent postpartum depression, we conducted a pilot study to assess the feasibility of providing brief interpersonal ps...
Spline and smoothing approaches to fitting flexible models for the analysis of pulmonary function data

The design of the study and the selection of communities have been previously described (1).Briefly, this study enrolled a sample of 13,378children selected from schools in each of six cities in the eastern and midwestern United States (Watertown, MA, Kingston and Harriman, TN, Steubenville and Mingo Junction, OH, St. Louis, MO, Topeka, KS, and Portage, WI). At the initial and subsequent annual examinations, children were seen at their schools for measurement of height and pulmonary function. Before grade nine, each child took home a standardized questionnaire to be completed by a parent or guardian. Thereafter, the questionnaire was completed by the student. This paper reanalyzes data from Gold and colleagues (2) on 5,250 white girls aged 6 to 18 who had two or more FVC measurements. Asthma/wheeze status of the child at each observation was divided into fivecategories: "ever asthma, current wheeze," "ever asthma, no wheeze," "current wheeze, no asthma," and "past wheeze, no asthma" compared with the group of children with no wheeze or asthma history. Further details on the study population, testing protocols, and covariate definitions are available elsewhere (2-4).
Critical behavior of sliding charge-density waves in 4-ε dimensions

The critical dynamics of charge-density waves (CDW's) just above the threshold for steady-state sliding motion are studied via a renormalization-group expansion in 4-\ensuremath{\epsilon} dimensions. This necessitates the simultaneous treatment of the long-wavelength low-frequency dynamics as well as the singular behavior associated with the jumps of local regions during which the local velocities become large. Scaling forms are obtained for response and correlation functions in the critical region, and exponent identities are derived. To leading order in \ensuremath{\epsilon}, the exponent \ensuremath{\zeta} of the CDW current ${\mathit{I}}_{\mathrm{CDW}}$\ensuremath{\sim}(V-${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{T}}$${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\zeta}}}$ just above the threshold voltage ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{T}}$ is found to be \ensuremath{\zeta}=1-\ensuremath{\epsilon}/6+O(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}^{2}$), in reasonable agreement with recent numerical simulations in two and three dimensions. The spatial correlations in the local velocities of the CDW decay exponentially with a correlation length, which diverges with an exponent \ensuremath{\nu} exactly equal to 1/2. Nevertheless, finite-size scaling of many quantities will be determined by a different exponent ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{FS}}$=1/2+\ensuremath{\epsilon}/8+O(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}^{2}$)=2/d+O(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}^{2}$). The other exponents are related to \ensuremath{\zeta}, \ensuremath{\nu}, and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{FS}}$. Simple forms of long-wavelength low-frequency correlation and response functions in the moving phase are obtained to all orders in perturbation theory.