cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of surface water on organosilane nanostructure fabrication using particle lithography

Abstract Patterned organosilane self-assembled monolayers serve as molecular platforms for electronic, optical, and sensing applications. Among the numerous strategies to pattern organosilane monolayers, particle lithography offers a high throughput means to fabricate arrays of organosilane nanopatterns across large areas. Herein, we demonstrate that the utility of particle lithography for generating nanostructures can be further controlled by changes in sample preparation. Our systematic study of various drying conditions demonstrates a correlation between sample preparation and surface water and uses these findings to form nanopores, pillars, and rings within organosilane monolayers. Silica mesospheres deposited on Si substrates that are subjected to less rigorous drying conditions (3 h at room temperature) prior to organosilane deposition yield nanopores within decyltrichlorosilane monolayers that are significantly smaller than those produced on Si substrates that are prepared under more forcing conditions (12 h at room temperature and 2 h at 140 °C). This disparity in nanopore diameter can be rationalized by the presence or absence of water between the silica mesospheres and Si substrate. Sequential deposition of two organosilanes offers further evidence for the presence or absence of water beneath the silica mesospheres. For samples that are less rigorously dried, complete organosilane pillars are observed, and for samples that are more rigorously dried, organosilane rings are observed where the inner diameter is defined by the mesosphere-substrate contact geometry. The ability to produce varied organosilane nanostructures provides valuable insights about the water that is present on the surface and within the silica mesosphere template. These insights into the surface water and the effects of sample preparation on organosilane nanostructures enable greater hierarchical control over the fabrication process.
Empirical Performance of Levy Option Pricing Models

There are a number of recent models that extend the Black and Scholes (1973) model by considering stochastic volatility and/or jumps, and appear to show good empirical performance. In this paper we consider some of the most successful models, all of them belonging to the class of Levy processes, and further study their empirical performance; in particular we consider their pricing performance for American options and their performance in terms of their put-call robustness; we find that their performance is good on the call side, but their put-call robustness gets lower scores than Black and Scholes (1973) with the possible exception of Carr, Geman, Madan and Yor (2002); we interpret our results as evidence of overfitting.
Effects of solar wind speed on the secondary energetic neutral source of the Interstellar Boundary Explorer ribbon

The Interstellar Boundary EXplorer (IBEX) ribbon is an intense energetic neutral atom (ENA) emission feature encircling the sky, spanning energies ≤0.5–6 keV. The ribbon may be produced by the “secondary ENA” mechanism, where ENAs emitted from a source plasma population inside the heliosphere propagate outside the heliopause, undergo two charge-exchange events, and become secondary ENAs that may be directed back toward Earth and detected by IBEX. In this scenario, the source plasma population is governed by the interaction of the solar wind (SW) with the interstellar medium and is thus sensitive to the global SW properties. Moreover, this scenario predicts that the distance to the source of secondary ENAs depends on the ENA energy and SW speed, which in turn may affect the shape of the ribbon. In this paper, we use a computational model of the heliosphere with simplified SW boundary conditions to analyze the influence of ENA energy and SW speed, independent of time and latitude, on the global spatial and geometric properties of the ribbon. We find a strong dependence of the simulated ribbon energy spectrum and spatial symmetry on SW speed and ENA energy, and only a slight dependence on ribbon geometry. Our results suggest a significant number of primary ENAs from the inner heliosheath may contribute to the pickup ion source population outside the heliopause, depending on the ENA energy and SW speed. The lack of variation in the simulated ribbon center as a function of ENA energy and SW speed, in contrast to the observations, implies that the asymmetry of the SW plays an important role in determining the position of the ribbon. Comparisons to the IBEX data also signify the ribbon’s dependence on the properties of the local interstellar medium, particularly the interstellar magnetic field.
Kidney keratins: cytoskeletal stress responders with biomarker potential

Keratins are cytoskeletal filamentous proteins that support the structural integrity of epithelial cells. Deficiency of the major simple epithelial keratins K8, K18, and K19 increases susceptibility to hepatobiliary injury, but keratin function in kidney injury has not been addressed. Djudjaj et al. examined renal keratins in health and disease, in both mice and humans. Their findings lay the foundation for pursuing keratins as markers and regulators of renal tubular epithelial injury.
Surface states in a monolayer MoS2 transistor

In this article, we have explored the interface states that form between the channel of a monolayer MoS2 transistor and a high-κ gate dielectric. These interface states lead to large hysteresis in the drain current versus gate voltage characteristic or the so-called transfer characteristic of the transistor. By applying carefully designed pulses to the gate of the transistor, we show that it is possible to both understand the nature of the interface states and minimize the hysteresis, so that the transfer characteristic can be reliably used for subsequent extraction of material parameters such as mobility.
Acute myonecrosis on MRI: etiologies in an oncological cohort and assessment of interobserver variability

Objective To determine the etiologies of myonecrosis in oncology patients and to assess interobserver variability in interpreting its MRI features.
Abstract IA11:C. elegansGLP-1/Notch signaling: Direct targets and visualization in stem cells

My laboratory focuses on the in vivo regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in the germline tissue of the small nematode C. elegans. In this system, Notch signaling from a single-celled mesenchymal niche promotes maintenance of germline stem cells (GSCs)(1). My talk will focus on two broadly important questions. First, what key downstream effectors of Notch signaling are transcriptionally activated in stem cells to maintain their totipotent state? Second, how does Notch-dependent transcriptional activation maintain a pool of stem cells? We have known for some time that an RNA regulatory network acts downstream of Notch signaling to drives the choice between self-renewal and differentiation. We recently identified two Notch-dependent direct target genes, lst-1 and sygl-1, that fully account for the role of GLP-1/Notch signaling in GSC control (2). My talk will report recent efforts to understand lst-1 and sygl-1, to identify additional direct Notch targets in GSCs and to visualize Notch signaling within the stem cell pool. References: (1) Austin and Kimble (1987) Cell 51:589-599 (2) Kershner et al. (2014) PNAS,111(10):3739-3744. Citation Format: Erika B. Sorensen, ChangHwan Lee Lee, Elena Sorokin, Amy C. Groth, Judith Kimble. C. elegans GLP-1/Notch signaling: Direct targets and visualization in stem cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Developmental Biology and Cancer; Nov 30-Dec 3, 2015; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(4_Suppl):Abstract nr IA11.
Readability of compensation discussion and analysis: the impact of the Plain English initiative

After the initial requirement of compensation discussion and analysis (CD&A) in proxy documents, SEC reviewed 350 companies' CD&A in 2007 and reported lack of readability and clarity in this document. Hence we examined the readability measures of CD&A from 2007 to 2013. We also compared the CD&A to the 'letter to the shareholders' and the management discussion and analysis (MD&A) of annual report in 2012 for the differences in readability. As expected, the CD&A was less readable than the letter to shareholders, but more readable than MD&A. We also found that although year-to-year change in readability was small, readability of CD&A had improved significantly over the years. In addition, we found that the higher the excess CEO compensation, the more readable the CD&A, providing evidence for the litigation and legitimacy theories.
Creating the Sound of Sarcasm

The study of spoken language requires controlling multiple aspects of the speech signal. Here we report a procedure to create a sarcastic version of sincerely spoken audio stimuli by changing aspec...
Information Systems Curriculum Design Processes

The process of designing a university curriculum in the information systems discipline needs to follow many of the same processes that professional systems analysts use. Of concern are the product, the stakeholders, the drivers, and the methods; indeed, an information systems curriculum is an information system. This chapter presents a case study of one small regional university’s efforts to create an updated information systems curriculum addressing the challenges of curriculum development using the framework of the very systems analysis and design course content that the students are expected to learn. The chapter identifies each component of the information system curriculum and details the processes supporting each development step along the way, from problem identification to system operation and support. This case study presents a cohesive approach to dealing with the many pressures associated with information systems curriculum development and might be instructive for curriculum development in other disciplines as well.
Function composition is a good practice: nifty assignment

Functional programming (FP) is an important programming paradigm that differs dramatically from imperative programming paradigm. It was a unanimous agreement and a strong recommendation by the program committee in the First ACM SIGPLANWorkshop on Undergraduate Programming Language Curricula [1] that FP is to be included in the undergraduate computer science curriculum. In this abstract, we introduce a FP assignment that, we believe, would be helpful for students to grasp some key features and flavors of FP.
Patient Perceptions of Integrated Care and their Relationship to Utilization of Health Services

The growing prevalence of patients with multiple chronic conditions, whose care delivery is especially complex and expensive, has increased attention and efforts in the United States towards achiev...
Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase (TNAP) Regulates Cranial Base Growth and Synchondrosis Maturation.

Hypophosphatasia is a rare heritable disorder caused by inactivating mutations in the gene (Alpl) that encodes tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). Hypophosphatasia with onset in infants and children can manifest as rickets. How TNAP deficiency leads to bone hypomineralization is well explained by TNAP’s primary function of pyrophosphate hydrolysis when expressed in differentiated bone forming cells. How TNAP deficiency leads to abnormalities within endochondral growth plates is not yet known. Previous studies in hypophosphatemic mice showed that phosphate promotes chondrocyte maturation and apoptosis via MAPK signaling. Alpl-/- mice are not hypophosphatemic but TNAP activity does increase local levels of inorganic phosphate. Therefore, we hypothesize that TNAP influences endochondral bone development via MAPK. In support of this premise, here we demonstrate cranial base bone growth deficiency in Alpl-/- mice, utilize primary rib chondrocytes to show that TNAP influences chondrocyte maturation, apoptosis and MAPK signaling in a cell autonomous manner; and demonstrate that similar chondrocyte signaling and apoptosis abnormalities are present in the cranial base synchondroses of Alpl-/- mice. Micro CT studies revealed diminished anterior cranial base bone and total cranial base lengths in Alpl-/- mice, that were prevented upon injection with mineral-targeted recombinant TNAP (strensiq). Histomorphometry of the inter-sphenoidal synchondrosis (cranial base growth plate) demonstrated significant expansion of the hypertrophic chondrocyte zone in Alpl-/- mice that was minimized upon treatment with recombinant TNAP. Alpl-/- primary rib chondrocytes exhibited diminished chondrocyte proliferation, aberrant mRNA expression, diminished hypertrophic chondrocyte apoptosis and diminished MAPK signaling. Diminished apoptosis and VEGF expression were also seen in 15 day-old cranial base synchondroses of Alpl-/- mice. MAPK signaling was significantly diminished in 5 day-old cranial base synchondroses of Alpl-/- mice. Together, our data suggests that TNAP is essential for the later stages of endochondral bone development including hypertrophic chondrocyte apoptosis and VEGF mediated recruitment of blood vessels for replacement of cartilage with bone. These changes may be mediated by diminished MAPK signaling in TNAP deficient chondrocytes due to diminished local inorganic phosphate production.
An adaptive algorithm for Richardson's method

Abstract Complex linear algebraic equations arise in many scientific and engineering studies. Several well-known algorithms are applicable to complex matrices, such as SOR, the bi-conjugate gradient method, the conjugate gradient method, and Manteuffel's adaptive Chebyshev algorithm. For large problems, Richardson's method is attractive but requires a set of parameters. An early paper of David Young's presents optimum parameters as transformed roots of the Chebyshev polynomial in the symmetric positive definite case. An adaptive algorithm for optimum parameters will be described in the nonsymmetric case. The parameters are optimum in a least squares sense that includes Chebyshev parameters.
Strong and resilient alumina nanotube and CNT/alumina hybrid foams with tuneable elastic properties

Excellent chemical and heat resistance combined with the attractive properties of aerogels, including large surface area and low density makes alumina aerogels an attractive material for high temperature catalysis, thermal insulation, and vibration damping. Brittle behaviour, a high propensity to sinter, and poor moisture stability, however, have drastically inhibited the practical use of alumina aerogels produced using traditional methods. Herein, we report the scalable fabrication of low density, anisotropic carbon nanotube (CNT)/alumina hybrid foams synthesized via atomic layer deposition (ALD) on aligned carbon nanotube foams (CNTFs). Calcination of the hybrid foams in air resulted in removal of the CNTFs, leaving behind a free-standing three-dimensional network of interconnected alumina nanotubes. Both CNT/alumina hybrid foams and pure alumina nanotube foams exhibit unprecedented elastic recovery following 50% compression, and possess values for strength and Young's moduli which exceed those of aerogels with similar densities. The scaling behaviour of Young's modulus to foam density for pure alumina foams exhibits a power-law dependence of n ≈ 1.9, attributed to superb ligament connectivity. These unique structures remain stable to the large capillary forces induced upon liquid infiltration and removal, and can absorb up to 100 times their own weight in water. Furthermore, alumina nanotube foams demonstrate enhanced thermal insulation capabilities at temperature of 1000 °C with no evidence of shrinkage.
What Is the Story with Narratives? How Using Narratives in Journalism Changes Health Behavior

ABSTRACTHealth journalists frequently use narratives to bring news stories to life, with little understanding about how this influences the health behavior of readers. This study was designed to examine the effect of a New York Times health news article about a person who developed a life-threatening illness after using ibuprofen on readers’ future use of ibuprofen. We recruited an Internet sample (N = 405) to participate in a longitudinal study examining ibuprofen use before, immediately following, and two weeks after reading the story. Ibuprofen use two-weeks after reading the heath news article was significantly lower than baseline use. Furthermore, intentions to use ibuprofen were also significantly reduced suggesting that the observed behavior change may persist beyond the two-week period studied. Health journalists should be cautious in their use of stories about health outcomes, particularly when those stories deviate from data about objective risks.
Business Ethics and Gender Issues

This article provides an overview of discussions of gender in business ethics during the past few decades to capture how gender issues have changed or been replaced by new topics and issues in recent years. Feminists have contributed to these changes by expanding the discussion from women in North America to women at the intersection of multiple kinds of oppression that shape their experiences in and beyond that context. This expanded understanding of gender is being applied to new and pressing issues raised in the contemporary context of global markets and institutions, the global economy, and global management.
Metabolic Stress-Induced Activation of AMPK and Inhibition of Constitutive Phosphoproteins Controlling Smooth Muscle Contraction: Evidence for Smooth Muscle Fatigue?

Metabolic stress diminishes smooth muscle contractile strength by a poorly defined mechanism. To test the hypothesis that metabolic stress activates a compensatory cell signaling program to reversibly downregulate contraction, arterial rings and bladder muscle strips in vitro were deprived of O2 and glucose for 30 and 60 min (“starvation”) to induce metabolic stress, and the phosphorylation status of proteins involved in regulation of contraction and metabolic stress were assessed in tissues under basal and stimulated conditions. A 15-30 min recovery period (O2 and glucose repletion) tested whether changes induced by starvation were reversible. Starvation decreased basal phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (MLC-pS19) and of the rho kinase (ROCK) downstream substrates cofilin (cofilin-pS3) and myosin phosphatase targeting subunit MYPT1 (MYPT1-pT696 and MYPT1-pT853), and abolished the ability of contractile stimuli to cause a strong, sustained contraction. Starvation increased basal phosphorylation of AMPK (AMPK-pT172) and 3 downstream AMPK substrates, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC-pS79), rhoA (rhoA-pS188) and phospholamban (PLB-pS16). Increases in rhoA-pS188 and PLB-pS16 would be expected to inhibit contraction. Recovery restored basal AMPK-pT172 and MLC-pS19 to control levels, and restored contraction. In AMPKalpha2 deficient mice (AMPKalpha2-/-), the basal level of AMPK-pT172 was reduced by 50%, and MLC-pS19 was elevated by 50%, but AMPKalpha2-/- did not prevent starvation-induced contraction inhibition nor enhance recovery from starvation. These results indicate that constitutive AMPK activity participates in constitutive regulation of contractile proteins, and suggest that AMPK activation is necessary, but may not be sufficient, to cause smooth muscle contraction inhibition during metabolic stress.
Imperfect Democracy and the Moral Responsibilities of Policy Advisers

The idea of democracy plays an important role in reflection on the ethics of policy advising. Advisers to democratic governments are comforted by the thought that those whom they serve are in turn (at least at some remove) servants of “the people,” chosen by the people, and that the values motivating the policies they help to shape are in some sense “society’s values,” expressed through the democratic process.
The Object of Subordination Is Immaterial: Discursive Constructions of Masculinity in a Far-Right Online Forum

This chapter analyses responses to a mass shooting in which a 29-year-old male security guard, Omar Mateen, killed 49 people and wounded 53 others in a terrorist attack/hate crime inside Pulse, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, United States, by members of a white supremacist online forum called Stormfront. Texts related to the killings were collected and analysed using a methodological approach which combines corpus linguistics with CDA. The study entailed the use of frequency, keyword, and concordance analyses in order to investigate language patterns and discursive constructions within the texts. It is argued that hegemonic masculinity sustains itself through subordination and that white supremacist forum members employ subordination of various out-groups as a performance which constructs their own identity, thus merging the theories of gender performance (Butler, Gender Trouble. Routledge, 1990) and hegemonic masculinity (Connell, Masculinities. University of California Press, 1995).
Structure of the mechanically activated ion channel Piezo1

Piezo1 and Piezo2 are mechanically activated ion channels that mediate touch perception, proprioception and vascular development. Piezo proteins are distinct from other ion channels and their structure remains poorly defined, which impedes detailed study of their gating and ion permeation properties. Here we report a high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the mouse Piezo1 trimer. The detergent-solubilized complex adopts a three-bladed propeller shape with a curved transmembrane region containing at least 26 transmembrane helices per protomer. The flexible propeller blades can adopt distinct conformations, and consist of a series of four-transmembrane helical bundles that we term Piezo repeats. Carboxy-terminal domains line the central ion pore, and the channel is closed by constrictions in the cytosol. A kinked helical beam and anchor domain link the Piezo repeats to the pore, and are poised to control gating allosterically. The structure provides a foundation to dissect further how Piezo channels are regulated by mechanical force.
Lipid Peroxidation and Diabetic Complications: Effect of Antioxidant Vitamins C and E

There are 3 possible mechanisms for the pathogenesis of diabetic complications; sorbitol pathway, protein glycation and lipid peroxidation.
Integrating econometrics: A modern undergraduate economics capstone experience

Angrist and Pischke (2017) call for a pedagogical paradigm shift by pointing out that econometrics courses often do not align with modern empirical approaches employed by economists. This article's...
Real Inner Products

This chapter explores the concepts of real inner products. Any two vectors x and y of the same dimension having real components is associated by a scalar, called the inner product, which is denoted as x , y >, by multiplying together the corresponding elements of x and y , and then summing the results. These products are an extension of dot product of two- and three-dimensional vectors to real vectors of all dimensions. The inner product of real vectors is related to the magnitude of a vector. A nonzero vector is normalized if it is divided by its magnitude. A unit vector is a vector whose magnitude is unity. Two vectors x and y are orthogonal or perpendicular if x , y > = 0. A set of vectors is called an orthogonal set if each vector in the set is orthogonal to every other vector in the set.
Sewage sludge as fertilizer for wheat forage in an arid environment

A 6-year experiment (1978 through 1983) was conducted at the Mesa Agricultural Center, Mesa, Arizona, U.S.A., to study the effectiveness of dried sewage sludge as a fertilizer for the production of hay from ‘Zaragoza’ wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)· Three fertilizer treatments were applied each year before planting on a Laveen loam soil. The treatments consisted of: (1) recommended rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in Arizona. This was 157, 81, and 0 kg/ha of N, P 2 O 5 , and K 2 O, respectively; (2) 10 metric ton/ha of dried sewage sludge to supply N in amounts equal to the recommended rate; and (3) inorganic fertilizer to provide N, P, and K in amounts equal to those applied in the sewage sludge, that is 157, 305, and 36 kg/ha of N, P 2 O 5 , and K 2 O, respectively. The average number of days from planting to flowering, plant height, lodging, and hay yield of wheat grown on dried sewage-sludge amended soil were similar to wheat grown on soil treated with inorganic fertilizers. In vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and total protein contents of wheat hay did not differ significantly, with either dried sewage sludge or inorganic fertilizers. Heavy metal concentrations in plant tissue were relatively low for all fertilizer treatments; however, hay grown with sewage sludge and hay grown with N, P, and K from commercial fertilizer equal to the N, P, and K in sewage sludge contained more lead and nickel than did hay produced with suggested N, P, and K from commercial fertilizer. Soil fertilized with dried sewage sludge for 10 years contained higher concentrations of N, P, K, Na, and total soluble salts than did the original soil.
Determinants of concussion diagnosis, symptomology, and resolution time in U.S. high school soccer players.

Determinants of concussion diagnosis, symptomology, and other sequelae have not been examined in high school soccer players. Using a sample of soccer-related head/neck injuries from the NATION Surv...
Median Nerve Block

The median nerve may be blocked at the brachial plexus during an axillary nerve block; alternatively, it may be blocked as a peripheral nerve in the antecubital fossa, forearm, or wrist. Distally blocking the MN allows for rescue a failed proximal nerve block, offers targeted anesthesia that minimizes motor blockade, and acts as a diagnostic tool for localizing pain. This chapter discusses anatomy, techniques, indications, contraindications, and complications of nerve block.
Association of Psoriasis with Psychiatric Hospitalization in United States Children and Adults.

Background: Psoriasis is associated with psychosocial distress. Little is known about the relationship between psoriasis and mental health (MH) emergencies. Objective: To examine the associations of psoriasis and MH hospitalizations in the USA. Methods: Data from the 2002–2012 National Inpatient Sample were analyzed, including an approximately 20% sample of all US hospitalizations (n = 87,053,155 children and adults). Results: Hospitalization for MH disorders occurred more commonly in those with psoriasis compared to those without psoriasis (4.04 vs. 2.21%). In multivariable logistic regression models, psoriasis was associated with higher odds of admission for any MH disorder overall (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 2.32 [2.24–2.41]), as well as 9 of the 15 MH-specific disorders examined. Associated MH disorders included: anxiety, schizophrenia, personality disorder, depression, substance use disorders, history of MH disorder, alcohol-related disorders, adjustment disorders, and cognitive disorders. Children with versus those without psoriasis were also more likely to have a primary hospitalization for any MH disorder (2.82 [2.24–3.56]). Psoriasis inpatients were also more likely to have a primary hospitalization for any MH disorder compared to those with alopecia areata (1.99 [1.45–2.74]) or hidradenitis suppurativa (3.97 [3.49–4.52]). Psoriasis patients hospitalized with any MH disorder had higher mean [95% confidence interval] cost of inpatient care (USD 11,004 [10,846–11,241] vs. 9,547 [8,730–10,364]; p < 0.0001) compared to those without psoriasis, with USD 1,610,860 excess costs annually, with the majority of the costs coming from depression and mood disorders. Conclusions: Children and adults with psoriasis had increased hospitalization for multiple MH disorders, which were associated with a considerable financial burden.
Fabrication of Artificial Muscle Based Valves for Controlled Drug Delivery

Artificial muscle is defined here as a blend of a hydrogel and a redox polymer, which dramatically swells and shrinks under chemical and/or electrical stimuli. Whereas inorganic actuators usually will not change size more than 7%, hydrogel actuators can change size easily by 100%. Hydrogel actuators commonly lack fast response and are difficult to control. In order to circumvent these shortcomings, super porous hydrogels and artificial muscle blends have been investigated in this study. A super porous hydrogel with 200 ~ 500 tm diameter pores can swell over 1000% (w/w) in 3 min when the dry gel is immersed into deionized water. The artificial muscle blend of poly(2-hydroxyethyl)methacrylate (PHEMA) and polyaniline displays significant swelling and shrinking upon applying an electrochemical bias (from −0.2 V to +0.8 V (vs. SCE)). In this type of artificial muscle, polyaniline, a redox polymer (a mixed ion and electron conductor), acts as the “electronic backbone” for transferring electrons from a metal contact throughout the muscle, while PHEMA, a hydrogel (an ion conductor), is responsible for most of the swelling and shrinking. The artificial muscle valves are being integrated as actuators into a drug delivery system, which includes a drug reservoir lined with the micromachined polymer valves, a microprocessor, micro battery and a biosensor. The sensor can monitor a biostimulus (e.g. glucose) and send a signal to the delivery system via an electronic circuit. The transmitted signal will trigger the opening and closing of the artificial muscle controlling the rate of drug release (e.g. insulin) from the drug reservoir.
Verfahren zur Kraftdiagnostik im Gesundheits- und Fitnesssport

Dieser Artikel bietet einen Uberblick der wichtigsten Verfahren zur Kraftdiagnostik im gesundheits- und fitnessorientierten Krafttraining. Dabei werden neben der Bestimmung der isometrischen Maximalkraft auch die Ermittlungen des Einwiederholungsmaximums und des Mehrwiederholungsmaximums thematisiert. Ziel ist es, Diagnostikern in der Praxis, wie etwa Sportmedizinern, Sporttherapeuten und Sportwissenschaftlern, eine Hilfestellung fur die optimale Verfahrensauswahl zu liefern.
A Mixed-Methods Exploration of Barriers and Facilitators to Evidence-Based Practices for Obesity Prevention in Head Start

Abstract Objective To identify positive and negative deviant cases using quantitative fidelity data from a previous implementation of a nutrition intervention, Together, We Inspire Smart Eating (WISE), and to determine barriers and facilitators to fidelity by conducting qualitative interviews with deviant cases. Design Explanatory sequential mixed methods. Setting Head Start Program agencies in 2 southern US states. Participants Quantitative fidelity data were collected in 42 Head Start classrooms. Recruitment for qualitative interviews prioritized those who were positive or negative deviants across fidelity components (African American, n = 21; white, n = 19; and Hispanic, n = 3). Intervention WISE introduces children to fruits and vegetables using evidence-based practices of role modeling, positive feeding, mascot use, and hands-on exposure. Analysis A directed content analysis approach informed by the integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Service framework. Phenomenon of Interest Barriers and facilitators to WISE evidence-based practices implementation. Results Qualitative analyses identified themes of culture, leadership support, and mechanisms for embedding change as key contextual factors. Key findings related to recipient characteristics were beliefs about what works, personalized strategies to use WISE, and classroom management. Primary themes for the innovation construct were time and preparation, degree of fit, and WISE advantage. Finally, findings relative to the construct of facilitation included trainer support and desire for additional training. Conclusions and Implications The study of cases at the extreme ends of the fidelity spectrum can provide unique perspectives on barriers and facilitators to implementation of interventions.
Human-Machine Collaboration for Content Regulation: The Case of Reddit Automoderator

What one may say on the internet is increasingly controlled by a mix of automated programs, and decisions made by paid and volunteer human moderators. On the popular social media site Reddit, moderators heavily rely on a configurable, automated program called “Automoderator” (or “Automod”). How do moderators use Automod? What advantages and challenges does the use of Automod present? We participated as Reddit moderators for over a year, and conducted interviews with 16 moderators to understand the use of Automod in the context of the sociotechnical system of Reddit. Our findings suggest a need for audit tools to help tune the performance of automated mechanisms, a repository for sharing tools, and improving the division of labor between human and machine decision making. We offer insights that are relevant to multiple stakeholders—creators of platforms, designers of automated regulation systems, scholars of platform governance, and content moderators.
Multivariate spatiotemporal modeling of drug- and alcohol-poisoning deaths in New York City, 2009–2014

Abstract Drug- and alcohol-poisoning deaths remain current public health problems. Studies to date have typically focused on individual-level predictors of drug overdose deaths, and there remains a limited understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns and predictors of the joint outcomes. We use a hierarchical Bayesian spatiotemporal multivariate Poisson regression model on data from (N = 167) ZIP-codes between 2009 and 2014 in New York City to examine the spatiotemporal patterns of the joint occurrence of drug (opioids) and alcohol-poisoning deaths, and the covariates associated with each outcome. Results indicate that rates of both outcomes were highly positively correlated across ZIP-codes (cross-correlation: 0.57, 95% credible interval (CrI): 0.29, 0.77). ZIP-codes with a higher prevalence of heavy drinking had higher alcohol-poisoning deaths (relative risk (RR):1.63, 95% CrI: 1.26, 2.05) and drug-poisoning deaths (RR: 1.29, 95% CrI: 1.03, 1.59). These spatial patterns may guide public health planners to target specific areas to address these co-occurring epidemics.
Updates on the Progress of the Alternate Topology Modulator (AT-HVCM) to support the Proton Power Upgrade (PPU) at the Spallation Neutron Source *

The AT-HVCM, achieved by series-stacking the dual-function resonant filter capacitors following each rectification stage, is the baseline design for the PPU project at the SNS [1]. The project requires three AT-HVCM modulators to power 28 additional 700kW klystrons and associated high beta cavities to accelerate 38mA of beam current to 1.3GeV. Each modulator produces an 82 kV, 120A output pulse of 1.35ms duration at a 60Hz repetition rate. The AT design approach improves upon the existing HVCM topology, reducing stresses on the H bridge IGBTs using zero voltage (ZVS) and current switching (ZCS) techniques and on the resonant filter capacitors by limiting voltage reversal. This paper reviews the prototype development progress, currently focused on evaluating system reliability, and discusses some design techniques to achieve the modulator performance requirements.
Human follicular helper T cell promoter connectomes reveal novel genes and regulatory elements at SLE GWAS loci

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex inflammatory disease mediated by autoreactive antibodies that damages multiple tissues in children and adults. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have statistically implicated hundreds of loci in the susceptibility to human disease, including SLE, but the majority have failed to identify the causal variants or the effector genes. As a physicochemical approach to detecting functional variants and connecting them to target genes, we generated comprehensive, high-resolution maps of SLE variant accessibility and gene connectivity in the context of the three-dimensional chromosomal architecture of human tonsillar follicular helper T cells (TFH), a cell type required for the production of anti-nuclear antibodies characteristic of SLE. These spatial epigenomic maps identified a shortlist of over 400 potentially functional variants across 48 GWAS-implicated SLE loci. Twenty percent of these variants were located in open promoters of highly-expressed TFH genes, while 80% reside in non-promoter genomic regions that are connected in 3D to genes that likewise tend to be highly expressed in TFH. Importantly, we find that 90% of SLE-associated variants exhibit spatial proximity to genes that are not nearby in the 1D sequence of the genome, and over 60% of variants skip the nearest gene to physically interact only with the promoters of distant genes. Gene ontology confirmed that genes in spatial proximity to SLE variants reside in highly SLE-relevant networks, including accessible variants that loop 200-1000 kb to interact with the promoters of the canonical TFH genes BCL6 and CXCR5. CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing confirmed that these variants reside in novel, distal regulatory elements required for normal BCL6 and CXCR5 expression by T cells. Furthermore, SLE-associated SNP-promoter interactomes implicated a set of novel genes with no known role in TFH or SLE disease biology, including the homeobox-interacting protein kinase HIPK1 and the Ste kinase homolog MINK1. Targeting these kinases in primary human TFH cells inhibited production of IL-21, a requisite cytokine for production of class-switched antibodies by B cells. This 3D-variant-to-gene mapping approach gives mechanistic insight into the SLE-associated regulatory architecture of the human genome.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Language

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may be able to affect language functions, over both shorter (minutes) and longer (hours to perhaps months) intervals. Individual differences in psychological capacities, neurophysiology, and neuroanatomy make within-subjects, repeated-measures designs ideal for tDCS studies using present-day methods. True ‘sham’ stimulation may not be possible at higher levels of current. Designs that take these factors into account, coupled with improved methods of focusing current and orchestrating when and where it is applied, will likely strengthen the usefulness of tDCS for investigating language functions and improving them.
Enteric Conversion of Bladder-drained Pancreas as a Predictor of Outcomes in Almost 600 Recipients at a Single Center.

Complications associated with bladder-drained pancreata necessitating enteric conversion are common. Data on the outcomes after enteric conversion are conflicting. We studied the association between enteric conversion and the pancreas graft rejection, loss, and mortality. Methods At our center, 1117 pancreas transplants were performed between 2000 and 2016. We analyzed 593 recipients with bladder-drained pancreata, of which 523 received solitary transplants and 70 received simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants. Kaplan-Meier function was used to estimate time to conversion by transplant type. Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to evaluate patient survival, death-censored graft survival, and acute rejection-free survival while treating conversion as a time-dependent covariate. Subsequently, we examined the association between timing of conversion and the same outcomes in the conversion cohort. Results At 10 y posttransplant, 48.8% of the solitary pancreas recipients and 44.3% of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients had undergone enteric conversion. The enteric conversion was associated with 85% increased risk of acute rejection (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37-2.49; P < 0.001). However, the conversion was not associated with graft loss or mortality. In the conversion cohort, a longer interval from engraftment to conversion was associated with an 18% lower rejection rate (HR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.708-0.960; P = 0.013) and a 22% better graft survival (HR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.646-0.946; P = 0.01). Conclusions Enteric conversion was associated with increased risk of rejection, but not increased risks of graft loss or mortality. The decision to convert should consider the increased rejection risk. A longer interval from engraftment to conversion appears favorable.
Unexpected structural/motional mode of water intercalated into an α-crystalline zirconium phosphate deduced by 31 P and 2 H solid-state MAS NMR spectra.

In developing the approach to understanding dynamics of intercalates in layered materials, crystalline-layered zirconium phosphate Zr (HPO4 )2 ·0.35D2 O has been prepared and characterized by the 1 H, 31 P, and 2 H solid-state MAS NMR spectra, including 31 P and 2 H T1 measurements. At temperatures >253 K, the intercalated water shows two spectrally-distinguished deuterons unprecedentedly with different DQCC's and 2 H T1 times, one of which is hydrogen bonded. The collected data allowed to identify an unexpected bonding/dynamic mode of water molecules, which experience fast rotation around the hydrogen bond, formed with a zirconium-coordinated oxygen. The low-temperature 2 H MAS NMR experiments have demonstrated the presence of additional hydrogen bond P(H)O˙˙˙ DO, population of which grows on cooling to 195 K corresponding to the doubly hydrogen-bonded immobile water molecule.
SU-E-T-450: How Important Is a Reproducible Breath Hold for DIBH Breast Radiotherapy?

Purpose: Deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) for left-sided breast cancer has been shown to reduce heart dose. Surface imaging helps to ensure accurate breast positioning, but does not guarantee a reproducible breath hold (BH) at DIBH treatments. We examine the effects of variable BH positions for DIBH treatments. Methods: Twenty-Five patients with free breathing (FB) and DIBH scans were reviewed. Four plans were created for each patient: 1) FB, 2) DIBH, 3) FB_DIBH – the DIBH plans were copied to the FB images and recalculated (image registration was based on breast tissue), and 4) P_DIBH – a partial BH with the heart shifted midway between the FB and DIBH positions. The FB_DIBH plans give “worst case” scenarios for surface imaging DIBH, where the breast is aligned by surface imaging but the patient is not holding their breath. Students t-tests were used to compare dose metrics. Results: The DIBH plans gave lower heart dose and comparable breast coverage versus FB in all cases. The FB_DIBH plans showed no significant difference versus FB plans for breast coverage, mean heart dose, or maximum heart dose (p >= 0.10). The mean heart dose differed between FB_DIBH and FB by < 2 Gy for all cases, the maximum heart dose differed by < 2 Gy for 21 cases. The P_DIBH plans showed significantly lower mean heart dose than FB (p = 0.01). The mean heart doses for the P_DIBH plans were < FB for 22 cases, the maximum dose < FB for 18 cases. Conclusions: A DIBH plan delivered to a FB patient set-up with surface imaging will yield similar dosimetry to a plan created and delivered FB. A DIBH plan delivered with even a partial BH can give reduced heart dose compared to FB techniques when the breast tissue is well aligned.
Curriculum for Disobedience: Raising Children to Transform Adults

The Kinderladen movement in 1970s West Germany, a critical forerunner of present-day alternative and free schools in Germany, began as an effort to raise children to be disobedient in all senses. Members of cooperative “pedagogy groups” hoped to make social change by changing themselves as parents and educators. This photo essay challenges received histories of early childhood education and the origins of many practices later justified in cognitive psychological and developmental terms, reclaiming the political and psychoanalytic sources of such practices; it also critiques the activists’ conception of authority and disobedience. We question curriculum histories that offer linear narratives leading up to the present, attempting rather to think about the variety of alternative futures these experiments offered, raising for renewed consideration current, radical initiatives that are often either dismissed or subsumed under versions of “reformed” education.
Delays in Construction of Nuclear Power Plants

Fifteen separate interviews were conducted with 49 design and construction staff personnel representing five organizations. The results indicated that the most important items in the design-construction cycle of a nuclear power plant are overall coordination, equipment availability, design-construct lead-time, and handling of design changes. Coordination encompasses activities necessary to handle all the other high impact delay cases. Use of computerized systems facilitates storing, handling, and sorting of the data for the many different tasks of the coordinating teams. The southeastern utilities have taken major steps in development and implementation of management information systems and innovative project control systems. The Tennessee Valley Authority and Duke Power Company have made impressive progress in objective identification and system implementation. Other companies have requested their design-construct contractors to develop and use computer-based systems for scheduling, procurement, and startup testing.
Nuclear DNA content in endolymphatic stromal myosis.

Abstract Endolymphatic stromal myosis (ELSM) is a rare uterine neoplasm the classification of which has been disputed. In this study the technique of Feulgen DNA microspectrophotometry was applied to ELSM and the nuclear DNA content was estimated. In the 2 patients examined, nuclear DNA content fell into a diploid to tetraploid range, a distribution found in benign neoplasms and rarely seen in malignant ones. Thus, although ELSM behaves in a biologically aggressive fashion, it lacks the aneuploid DNA content commonly associated with malignancy.
An Empirical Study on The Incompetence of Attribute Selection Criteria

One of the main tasks in most supervised learning systems is the evaluation of the attributional relevancy in the given databases. Such relevancy is mainly concerned with the relationship between the available attributes and the decision classes. Attributes relevant to the decision classes are used to represent the learned knowledge, while irrelevant attributes are removed or ignored during the learning process. This paper investigates the relationship between attributional relevancy to decision classes and to learning systems. The experimental results from different databases show that some attributes relevant to decision classes may be irrelevant to the learning system. Experiments are performed on eight different databases using the C4.5 system for learning decision trees from examples.
Evaluation of persistent coarctation of aorta after surgery with blood pressure measurement and exercise testing

In 16 patients with coarctation of the aorta blood pressure in the arms and legs was measured before and after exercise using a treadmill and the Bruce protocol to achieve a standardized level of exercise. Three patients had had no previous operation; 13 had had a previous surgical repair of the coarctation. Three patients were studied both before and after operation. Two of the 13 patients studied postoperatively were found to have significant residual coarctation on the basis of a postexercise arm to leg pressure gradient that had not been appreciated on routine postoperative examination, and one of these patients was found to have residual coarctation after his second operation. One patient not operated on was believed to have mild coarctation of no clinical significance. Eleven of the 13 patients previously operated on (85%) were found to have had a satisfactory repair. A postexercise arm to leg systolic blood pressure gradient of more than 35 mm Hg after repair of coarctation of the aorta is suggested as an indication for recatheterization.