cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 537: Dock2 Deficiency Mitigates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity by Reducing Adipose Tissue Inflammation While Increasing Energy Expenditure

Obesity is a public health problem as its association with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorders and many other diseases. Adipose tissue inflammation is frequently observed and plays a vital role in obesity and insulin resistance. Dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) has shown proinflammatory effect in several inflammatory diseases, but its role in obesity remain unknown. To explore the function of DOCK2 in obesity and insulin resistance, wild-type (WT) and DOCK2 knockout (DOCK2-/-) mice were fed with chow or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Metabolic, biochemical and histologic analyses were performed. DOCK2 expression was robustly up-regulated in adipose tissue in WT mice given HFD. DOCK2-/- mice were protected against HFD-enhanced body weight gain with an improved metabolic homeostasis and insulin resistance. In addition, DOCK2 deficiency attenuated adipose tissue and systemic inflammation accompanied by a reduced macrophage infiltration. Moreover, DOCK2 deficiency induced the adipose tissue browning and increased energy expenditure as shown by the up-regulation of metabolic genes in DOCK2-/- mice. Our data indicated that DOCK2 deficiency can protect mice from HFD-induced obesity, metabolic disorders, and insulin resistance. Therefore, targeting DOCK2 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating obesity-associated diseases.
Transtracheal intubation: Useful adjunct in cardiac surgical anesthesia

Attention has been drawn to a simple and safe technique of guided endotracheal intubation when the routine procedure fails. There is less chance of causing trauma to the vocal cords, and possible sternal infection is avoided by preventing tracheostomy prior to cardiac surgery.
A Remark on the Extremal Non-Central Sections of the Unit Cube

In this paper, we investigate extremal volumes of non-central slices of the unit cube. The case of central hyperplane sections is known and was studied by Ball, Hadwiger and Hensley. The case of non-central sections, i.e. when we dictate that the hyperplane must be a certain distance t > 0 from the center of the cube, is open in general and the same is true about sections of the unit cube by slabs. In this paper we give a full solution for extremal one-dimensional sections and a partial solution for extremal hyperplane slices for the case \(t > \frac{\sqrt{n-1}} {2}\). We also make a remark on minimal volume slices of the cube by slabs of width 2t, when \(t > \frac{\sqrt{n-1}} {2}\).
Regulation of plasma osmolality: thirst and vasopressin

Sudden changes in plasma osmolality may have lethal consequences, because of abrupt changes in the volume of cells in the central nervous system. Acute osmotic disequilibrium can result in brain shrinkage or brain swelling. This article explores how the integrated responses of vasopressin and thirst maintain osmotic equilibrium through regulation of body water balance. These two mechanisms provide almost insurmountable barriers to excessive dilution or concentration of body fluids.
The transient startup behavior of a liquid-liquid extraction pulse column

The transient startup behavior of _a liquid-liquid extraction pulse column was investigated experimentally and mathematically. The purpose of the research was to develop methods for estimating the transient response curves and times required to reach steady state. Experimental data were obtained on a pulse column 20 feet high and 3 inches in inside diameter. The plate section of the column contained 79 plates spaced % inches apart. A tributyl phosphate/Varsol-nitric acidwater ternary extraction system was used. The column system was operated for approximately 200 hours to obtain the experimental transient response curves. Each run lasted from 4 to 9 hours. Transients were introduced as step changes in the nitric acid feed concentration after the column had been operating under acid free steady state conditions. Raffinate concentration versus time curves were deter­ mined continuously with a continuous electrolytic conductivity detector and recorder. The mathematical transient response curves were obtained from the so­ lution of mathematical models describing the column behavior. Ordinary differential equations were formed by either reducing the partial differ­ ential equations describing the column behavior to finite difference form or by forming transient material balances over finite sections of the col­ umn . Nine different mathematical models or combinations were formed. The partial differential equations describing the system behavior were derived on the basis of plug flow down a packed counter-current ex­ traction column. Longitudinal diffusion and mixing were neglected. The sets of ordinary differential equations were integrated on both analog and digital computers. For the analog computer the equilibrium curve was linearized. For the digital computer the non-linear equilibrium curve was used and expressed in polynomial or tabular form. A modified Runge-Kutta numerical procedure was used in the integration of the sets of equations. The largest number of equations integrated in one set was 128. The response curves from the various mathematical models were com­ pared with those from experimental data. Three of the models produced good estimates of the time required to reach steady state. The dead time portion of the curves was reproduced by two of the material balance models when the column subdivision was sufficiently refined. The models which xere formed by substituting an interlocking finite difference representa­ tion for the height derivative produced curves which oscillated during the dead time period but which reproduced the experimental data fairly well thereafter. The mathematical simulations would have been improved if a longitudi­ nal turbulent diffusion term had been included. The experimental data in­ dicated that significant longitudinal diffusion occurred.
Emergent Computational Models in Structural Analysis and Design

The present paper reviews some recent developments in the applications of soft-computing tools in problems of structural analysis and design. These problems have grown significantly in scope, a development motivated in part by the more easily accessible computational resources. At the same time there is an emerging awareness that existing methods of structural analysis and design are ill-suited to the architecture of new computational machines, and that radically different techniques, more naturally amenable to these machines, must be developed. The paper, to a large extent, deals with the role of soft-computing tools such as genetic algorithms, neural networks, and immune networks, in enhancing the efficiency of solution strategies for increasingly complex structural design problems; to a lesser extent it looks at the role of these methods in the development of a new generation of tools for structural analysis and design.
The Role of Effective Control Systems in Capturing Innovation

This study examines the role of effective control systems in capturing corporate innovation. Although we expect effective control systems to improve information flows within the firm by allowing managers to better identify and patent their most valuable intellectual property, a priori this relationship is unclear as these same control systems may create an overly restrictive bureaucratic environment that mitigates the benefits of effective controls on innovation. Consistent with our expectation, we find evidence that effective control systems are associated with more innovative capture (i.e., number of patents, patent citations, and weighted citations). Our results are robust to the inclusion of firm fixed effects, remediation tests, entropy balancing, and the use of the market value of patents as an alternative measure of the importance of the innovation. Overall, the results of our study suggest higher quality control systems are positively associated with the ability of a firm to get the most out of its innovative projects.
Ambient air pollution and pulmonary vascular volume on computed tomography: the MESA Air Pollution and Lung cohort studies.

Background Air pollution alters small pulmonary vessels in animal models. We hypothesised that long-term ambient air pollution exposure would be associated with differences in pulmonary vascular volumes in a population-based study. Methods The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis recruited adults in six US cities. Personalised long-term exposures to ambient black carbon, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of Results The mean±sd age of the 3023 participants was 69.3±9.3 years; 46% were never-smokers. Mean exposures were 0.80 μg·m−3 black carbon, 14.6 ppb NO2 and 11.0 μg·m−3 ambient PM2.5. Mean±sd peripheral TPVVCT was 79.2±18.2 cm3 and TPVVCT was 129.3±35.1 cm3. Greater black carbon exposure was associated with a larger peripheral TPVVCT, including after adjustment for city (mean difference 0.41 (95% CI 0.03–0.79) cm3 per interquartile range; p=0.036). Associations for peripheral TPVVCT with NO2 were similar but nonsignificant after city adjustment, while those for PM2.5 were of similar magnitude but nonsignificant after full adjustment. There were no associations for NOx or ozone, or between any pollutant and TPVVCT. Conclusions Long-term black carbon exposure was associated with a larger peripheral TPVVCT, suggesting diesel exhaust may contribute to remodelling of small pulmonary vessels in the general population.
Heteroepitaxial growth of nonlinear optical materials for frequency conversion in the mid and longwave IR

Abstract We report recent results on heteroepitaxy of ZnSe on GaAs, GaSe on GaP, GaAs and GaN substrates, and GaAsxP1−x ternaries on GaAs, as well growths of OPGaP, OPGaAsP and OPZnSe on orientation-patterned (OP) GaAs templates. ZnSe and GaSe were chosen for their wide IR transparency and good NLO properties, taking advantages from the close lattice match of ZnSe to GaAs, α–Ga4Se6 (cubic) to GaP and GaAs, and β–GaSe (hexagonal) to GaN. For the same reason growth of OPGaP was attempted on OPGaAs templates. As for the GaAsxP1−x ternaries, the idea was to determine whether these ternaries can combine in one material the lower 2-photon absorption of GaP with the higher nonlinear susceptibility of GaAs since a GaAsxP1−x ternary always has a closer lattice match to either GaAs or GaP than the two parenting materials. Up to 500 µm thick layers grown by Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy (HVPE) on plain substrates and up to 300 µm thick OP structures grown on OP templates revealed smooth surface morphology (RMS
Minimal dosing of leukocyte targeting TRAIL decreases triple-negative breast cancer metastasis following tumor resection

Surgical removal of the primary tumor is a common practice in breast cancer treatment. However, postsurgical metastasis poses an immense setback in cancer therapy. Considering that 90% of cancer-related deaths are due to metastasis, antimetastatic therapeutic strategies that can target disseminating tumor cells in the circulation before they can form secondary tumors hold preclinical and clinical potential for cancer patients. Our current work uses a liposomal formulation functionalized with the adhesion receptor E-selectin and the apoptosis-inducing ligand TNF (tumor necrosis factor)–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to reduce metastasis following tumor resection in an aggressive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) mouse model. We demonstrate that minimal administration of E-selectin–TRAIL liposomes can target metastasis in a TNBC model, with primary tumor resection to mimic clinical settings. Our study indicates that TRAIL liposomes, alone or in combination with existing clinically approved therapies, may neutralize distant metastasis of a broad range of tumor types systemically.
Complications and adverse events of plaque brachytherapy for ocular melanoma

Plaque brachytherapy is a well-accepted modality to manage selected cases of ocular melanoma. Although this modality provides validated oncologic and quality of life benefits, severe complications and adverse events can occur. This article reviews complications and adverse events of plaque brachytherapy, including scleral necrosis, strabismus, cataract, glaucoma, and retinopathies as well as management of these conditions. For practicing oncologists and ophthalmologists, these complications are important to understand, identify, and treat. Additionally, an understanding of common complications of brachytherapy should influence the decision of pursuing it as a treatment option.
How is the leadership of the Latin American youth?: leadership, sex and country

Many papers studied leadership but not much about leaders in Latin America. We evaluated 427 students from 16 countries in Latin America and Spain participating in the Global Competitiveness Leadership Program of Georgetown University during 2007-2019 period, trying to find if their leadership profile was different from those in Europe and USA. We found their profiles are very similar, without significant differences by country or sex and with high homogeneity in the group, but they could be more characterized as “paternalistic leaders”(Hiller et. col, 2019) maybe due to country and organizational cultures. The results suggest there is a significant similarity among leaders, regardless of their sex or country of origin. Different countries, different sex, similar leadership.
On Shallow Mixing Interfaces and Their Relevance for Understanding Mixing at River Confluences

In many environmental fluid mechanics applications, the spatial development of mixing layers is significantly affected by the friction at the channel bottom. This motivates the present study of mixing interfaces developing under shallow flow conditions between parallel and nonparallel streams with a velocity ratio larger/smaller than one (mixing layer mode) and with a velocity ratio close to one (wake mode). Such mixing interfaces are very important to understand flow and mixing at river confluences where shallow conditions are generally observed. Given that at most river confluences the incoming streams have different temperatures and suspended sediment loads, the paper also discusses stratification induced by density differences between the incoming streams. For sufficiently small densimetric Froude numbers, a spatially developing lock-exchange-like flow develops away from the confluence apex. In such cases, mixing at large distance from the confluence apex is controlled by the lock-exchange-like flow rather than the vertically oriented, mixing interface vortices.
A Systematic Review of Medication Adherence Interventions in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease.

Objective Adherence to medication regimens is of critical importance in sickle cell disease (SCD). Most notably, data indicate that hydroxyurea, penicillin, and iron chelators increase life expectancy and decrease comorbid medical problems (e.g., strokes). However, average pediatric SCD adherence rates are only 55-74%. Studies have introduced interventions for pediatric SCD adherence, but no review has synthesized these data. Methods We conducted a systematic review of interventions for enhancing medication adherence in pediatric SCD. There were 9 studies that met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Pediatric Self-Management Model provided a framework for organizing the modifiable factors targeted by existing interventions. Results The 9 studies had high risk of bias levels and most targeted hydroxyurea. All studies used multiple measures of adherence, the interventions were multicomponent, and most included behavioral or technological interventions. There was variability in terms of whether the intervention targeted the individual, family, community, or healthcare system. Conclusions Consistent with the broader adherence literature, targeting knowledge alone was insufficient in increasing adherence. Findings suggest that reminders and targeting self-efficacy were key to success. In addition, addressing multiple domains in an intervention yielded larger effects on adherence. Although these results are promising, this review highlights several limitations of the extant literature, including a paucity of intervention studies and several methodological weaknesses, such as small sample sizes, few randomized controlled trials, and variable measures of adherence. Recommendations for advancing scientific understanding of adherence promoting interventions in pediatric SCD are provided.
Seeking Virtue in Finance: Contributing to Society in a Conflicted Industry

Since the Global Financial Crisis, a surge of interest in the use of finance as a tool to address social and economic problems suggests the potential for a generational shift in how the finance industry operates and is perceived. J. C. de Swaan seeks to channel the forces of well-intentioned finance professionals to improve finance from within and help restore its focus on serving society. Drawing from inspiring individuals in the field, de Swaan proposes a framework for pursuing a viable career in finance while benefiting society and upholding humanistic values. In doing so, he challenges traditional concepts of success in the industry. This will also engage readers outside of finance who are concerned about the industry's impact on society.
Mechanism and Model of a Soft Robot for Head Stabilization in Cancer Radiation Therapy

We present a parallel robot mechanism and the constitutive laws that govern the deformation of its constituent soft actuators. Our ultimate goal is the real-time motion-correction of a patient’s head deviation from a target pose where the soft actuators control the position of the patient’s cranial region on a treatment machine. We describe the mechanism, derive the stress-strain constitutive laws for the individual actuators and the inverse kinematics that prescribes a given deformation, and then present simulation results that validate our mathematical formulation. Our results demonstrate deformations consistent with our radially symmetric displacement formulation under a finite elastic deformation framework.
Factors Associated with Prolonged Ambulatory Surgery Stay for Major Gynecologic Surgery

Study Objective To identify factors associated with overnight admission after major minimally invasive gynecologic surgery, and create a prediction model. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Academic Medical Center. Patients or Participants Patients undergoing major minimally invasive surgery by a single surgeon between 2018 and 2020. Interventions Pre-operative patient characteristic data and peri-operative data were collected retrospectively. Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with same-day discharge versus overnight admission was performed. Measurements and Main Results 461 major minimally invasive cases were identified, of which 425 cases were considered eligible for ambulatory surgery discharge and were included in the analysis. 279 (65.6%) patients were discharged same-day, and 146 (34.4%) were admitted.Patients with later procedure start times (OR 0.9), cancer pathology (OR 0.4), high four-hour postoperative pain scores (OR 0.8), and presence of urinary catheter in the recovery room (OR 0.1) had significantly decreased likelihood of same-day discharge. A prediction model including nineteen patient characteristic and peri-operative variables explained 57.8% of the variability of whether or not patients were admitted after surgery. The model correctly predicted 69.3% of admissions and 90.1% of same-day discharges, giving an overall prediction rate of 82.4%. 7 (2.5%) patients discharged same-day and 4 (2.7%) patients admitted returned to the emergency room within 30 days; 1 (0.4%) patient discharged same-day and 4 (2.7%) patients admitted had a readmission within 30 days. Conclusion Peri-operative factors such as surgery start time, postoperative pain level, presence of urinary catheter in the recovery room as well as diagnosis of malignancy are predictive of overnight admission. Postoperative hospital stay does not improve 30-day readmission rates or the number of ER visits after the discharge. Knowledge of factors associated with prolonged stay after major ambulatory surgery can aid in counseling and peri-operative planning.
Abstract 16752: Cumulative Social Determinant of Health Risk Score and Prevalent Atherosclerotic CVD Among National Representative Adult Population in US

Introduction: Social determinants of health (SDOH) are contextual factors and shared experiences that impact an individual’s life and health. Unfavorable SDOH are recognized as a major source of ex...
Rational points and derived equivalence

We give the first examples of derived equivalences between varieties defined over non-closed fields where one has a rational point and the other does not. We begin with torsors over Jacobians of curves over . The latter is independently interesting as a new example of a transcendental Brauer–Manin obstruction to the Hasse principle. The source code for the various computations is supplied as supplementary material with the online version of this article.
What Is Next for the Study of Nondemocracy

The vast majority of the world's population has always had limited access to political (and economic) institutions. Yet until recently the overwhelming share of intellectual effort in political economy, if not always new institutional economics, was devoted to the study of mature democracies. This imbalance has begun to be reversed, and with vigor. Much of the contemporary literature on nondemocracy falls into two broad areas of inquiry: a) the analysis of formal institutions such as elections, parties, and legislatures, and b) the study of autocratic control, typically through the manipulation of beliefs. Scholars of NIE will recognize in this characterization a familiar divide between formal institutions, on the one hand, and social norms and beliefs, on the other. From my perspective, the most promising opportunities for research lie in a truly comparative analysis of the formal institutions of nondemocracy and the study of how these institutions interact with social norms and practices.
Cardio-Renal Benefits of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence.

The heart and the kidneys are closely interconnected, and disease in one organ system can lead to disease in the other. This interdependence is illustrated in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), where worsening heart failure can lead to renal dysfunction and vice versa. Further complicating this situation is the fact that drugs that serve as guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT) for HFrEF can affect renal function. Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of medication with an evolving role in heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Initially found to have benefits in diabetics, new research established potential cardiovascular and renal benefits in patients with HF independent of their diabetic status and in populations with CKD. This has been established by landmark trials such as EMPEROR-Reduced, EMPA-TROPISM, CREDENCE, DAPA-CKD, DAPA-HF, and DEFINE-HF. Multiple mechanisms responsible for these benefits have been suggested by clinical and non-clinical studies, and involve cardiac and renal energetic efficiency, cardiac remodeling, preservation of renal function, immunomodulation, changes in hematocrit, and control of risk factors. As such, SGLT2 inhibitors have tremendous potential to improve outcomes in populations with HF and CKD. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current evidence and underlying mechanisms for the cardio-renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with HFrEF.
Natural history, response to systemic therapy, and genomic landscape of plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma

Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma (PUC) is a rare, aggressive histologic variant of urothelial cancer characterised by a diffuse growth pattern and CDH1 mutation. We studied the efficacy of preoperative platinum-based chemotherapy in nonmetastatic PUC and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in advanced PUC. Cases of nonmetastatic PUC and advanced PUC treated with ICIs at our institution were identified. Outcomes were compared to those of a published cohort of patients with urothelial carcinoma not otherwise specified. We identified 81 patients with nonmetastatic PUC. Of the patients with localised disease who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy, pathologic complete response and downstaging rates were 12 and 21%, respectively. Pathologic downstaging was not associated with significant improvement in clinical outcomes. Up to 18% of localised disease and 28% of locally advanced cases had unresectable disease at the time of surgery. ICI-treated advanced PUC (N = 21) had progression-free and overall survival of 4.5 and 10.5 months, respectively, and a 38% response rate. FGFR3 and DNA damage response gene alterations were observed in 3 and 15% of cases, respectively. PUC is associated with high disease burden and poor chemosensitivity. Increased awareness and recognition of this disease variant will allow for new treatment strategies.
Chapter 11 Establishing a Stable Expression System for Studies of Acetylcholine Receptors

Publisher Summary The chapter uses two methods for introducing the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunit cDNAs into cultured cells: DNA-mediated gene transfer using calcium phosphate precipitation and retroviral infection. These two methods were chosen because of the properties peculiar to, but not necessarily unique to, the AChR. One consideration was the need to stably introduce four different cDNAs into the same cell; another was the goal of introducing the cDNAs into muscle cell lines. Using DNA-mediated gene transfer, the chapter demonstrates that the cotransformation efficiency of introducing all four AChR cDNAs plus the selectable marker gene into the same Ltk - aprt - fibroblast cell was 80%. In addition, half of these cells took up approximately equal copy numbers of each cDNA. Thus, DNA-mediated gene transfer is a technique that will readily allow the introduction of multiple cDNAs into the genome of the same cell.
Alterations in composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota in patients with diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome

Background The intestinal microbiota has been implicated in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Due to the variable resolutions of techniques used to characterize the intestinal microbiota, and the heterogeneity of IBS, the defined alterations of the IBS intestinal microbiota are inconsistent. We analyzed the composition of the intestinal microbiota in a defined subgroup of IBS patients (diarrhea-predominant IBS, D-IBS) using a technique that provides the deepest characterization available for complex microbial communities. Methods Fecal DNA was isolated from 23 D-IBS patients and 23 healthy controls (HC). Variable regions V1–V3 and V6 of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified from all samples. PCR products were sequenced using 454 high throughput sequencing. The composition, diversity and richness of microbial communities were determined and compared between D-IBS and HC using the quantitative insights into microbial ecology pipeline. Key Results The contribution of bacterial groups to the composition of the intestinal microbiota differed between D-IBS and HC. D-IBS patients had significantly higher levels of Enterobacteriaceae (P = 0.03), and lower levels of Fecalibacterium genera (P = 0.04) compared to HC. β-Diversity values demonstrated significantly lower levels of UniFrac distances in HC compared to D-IBS patients. The richness of 16S rRNA sequences was significantly decreased in D-IBS patients (P < 0.04). Conclusions & Inferences Our 16S rRNA sequence data demonstrates a community-level dysbiosis in D-IBS. The altered composition of the intestinal microbiota in D-IBS is associated with significant increases in detrimental and decreases in beneficial bacterial groups, and a reduction in microbial richness.
ALARA: The next link in a chain of activation codes

The Adaptive Laplace and Analytic Radioactivity Analysis [ALARA] code has been developed as the next link in the chain of DKR radioactivity codes. Its methods address the criticisms of DKR while retaining its best features. While DKR ignored loops in the transmutation/decay scheme to preserve the exactness of the mathematical solution, ALARA incorporates new computational approaches without jeopardizing the most important features of DKR`s physical modelling and mathematical methods. The physical model uses `straightened-loop, linear chains` to achieve the same accuracy in the loop solutions as is demanded in the rest of the scheme. In cases where a chain has no loops, the exact DKR solution is used. Otherwise, ALARA adaptively chooses between a direct Laplace inversion technique and a Laplace expansion inversion technique to optimize the accuracy and speed of the solution. All of these methods result in matrix solutions which allow the fastest and most accurate solution of exact pulsing histories. Since the entire history is solved for each chain as it is created, ALARA achieves the optimum combination of high accuracy, high speed and low memory usage. 8 refs., 2 figs.
Review of Jean-Luc Nancy, Noli me tangere: On the Raising of the Body

Jay Twomey reviews Jean-Luc Nancy, Noli me tangere: On the Raising of the Body (New York: Fordham University Press, 2008).
Energetics of a Global Ocean Circulation Model Compared to Observations

[1] The majority of the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the ocean is found on scales of 50 km to 500 km, encompassed by mesoscale eddies and the meanders and rings of the boundary currents. Mesoscale eddies play a critical role in the dynamics of the ocean circulation with instabilities of the strong mean currents generating eddies in the upper ocean. Interactions between eddies transfer energy from the upper ocean to the deep ocean where eddies interact with bottom topography to generate abyssal mean flows and eddies transfer momentum back to the mean currents. The kinetic energy in a global Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Circulation Model (HYCOM) is compared with long-term observations from surface drifters, geostrophic currents from satellite altimetry, subsurface floats and deep current meter moorings. HYCOM, configured at 1/12.5° (∼9 km, typical of the present generation of high resolution models), is deficient in EKE in both the upper and abyssal ocean (depths greater than 3000 m) by ∼21% and ∼24% respectively compared to surface drifting buoys and deep current meters. Increasing the model resolution to 1/25° (∼4.4 km) or injecting mesoscale eddies through the assimilation of surface observations in a 1/12.5° model increases the surface and the abyssal EKE to levels consistent with the observations. In these models, the surface (abyssal) EKE is increased by 23% (51%) and 15% (46%) for the higher resolution or data-assimilative models, respectively, compared to the 1/12.5° non-assimilative model. While data assimilation increases the EKE in both the upper and abyssal ocean, the kinetic energy of the mean flow in the upper ocean is decreased in the data-assimilative hindcast.
Rule-Based Visualization in a Computational Steering Collaboratory

In this paper, we introduce the concept of rule-based visualization for a computational steering collaboratory and show how these rules can be used to steer the behaviors of visualization subsystems. Feature-based visualization allows users to extract regions of interests, and then visualize, track and quantify the evolution of these features. Rules define high level user policies and are used to automatically select and tune the appropriate visualization technique based on application requirements and available computing/network resources. Such an automated management of the visualization subsystem can significantly improve the effectiveness of computational steering collaboratories in wide area Grid environments.
Pool boiling heat transfer driven by an acoustic standing wave in terrestrial gravity and microgravity

Abstract Terrestrial and microgravity pool boiling generated from a platinum wire heater in the presence of an acoustic standing wave were performed using degassed FC-72 Fluorinert liquid. The sound wave was created by driving a half wavelength resonator at a frequency of 10.15 kHz. Microgravity conditions were created using the 2.1 second drop tower on the campus of Washington State University. Burnout of the heater wire, often encountered with heat flux controlled systems, was avoided by using a constant temperature controller to regulate the heater wire temperature. The amplitude of the acoustic standing wave was increased from 28 kPa to over 70 kPa and these pressure measurements were made using a hydrophone fabricated with a small piezoelectric ceramic. Cavitation incurred during experiments at higher acoustic amplitudes contributed to the vapor bubble dynamics and heat transfer. The heater wire was positioned at three different locations within the acoustic field: the acoustic node, antinode, and halfway between these locations. Complete boiling curves are presented to show how the applied acoustic field enhanced boiling heat transfer and increased critical heat flux in the terrestrial environment, while in microgravity the acoustic field was found to be capable of filling the role of terrestrial gravity in maintaining nucleate boiling. Video images provide information on the interaction between the vapor bubbles and the acoustic field.
Procter & Gamble: Marketing Capabilities

P&G had become known and recognized as a marketing machine. It was the largest advertiser in the world, with 2010 spending of $8.68 billion. From the company's early exploitation of broadcast media (radio and television) for its soap products to more recent experiments in digital media for its men's hygiene brand Old Spice, P&G was a seasoned marketer with strong consumer research, a powerful innovation network, and the world's largest financial commitment to advertising.Learning Objective: To learn from and analyze the best practices of P&G the world's largest advertising spender and a renowned marketer of consumer products. To understand their marketing strategies, where marketing innovation is developed, how it is applied across different categories and how marketing shifts with changes in structure and culture.
Glycomaterials for immunomodulation, immunotherapy, and infection prophylaxis

Synthetic materials that can engage the innate and adaptive immune systems are receiving increasing interest to confer protection against onset of future disease, such as pathogen infection, as well as to treat established diseases, such as autoimmunity and cancer. Carbohydrates are integral to various immune-related processes, including inflammation, adaptive memory, and tolerance, through both their non-covalent recognition of carbohydrate-binding proteins and as chemical signatures that distinguish self from non-self. Harnessing the biological activity of carbohydrates, however, was long hindered by the lack of a ‘sugar code’ defining their structure–function relationships, the difficulty of carbohydrate synthesis, and the weak binding affinity of monovalent carbohydrates for proteins or other biomolecules. The advent of new glycan synthesis approaches, combined with increased understanding of the role of multivalent carbohydrate clusters in immunology, has spurred significant recent growth in the development of multivalent synthetic materials modified with carbohydrates (i.e. “glycomaterials”) to activate, temper, or inhibit specific immunological processes. In this review, we highlight recent advances in glycomaterials that can inhibit T cell apoptosis, establish antigen-specific tolerance, suppress inflammation, or inhibit viral entry into host cells via non-covalent recognition of carbohydrate-binding proteins. In addition, we survey glycomaterials that can act as vaccines for adaptive immunological recognition and memory of carbohydrate antigens, with a particular emphasis on vaccines against tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens as cancer immunotherapies. In total, these examples demonstrate the enormous potential of glycomaterials to prevent or treat diverse diseases by engaging specific immunological processes.
Authoritarianism and Chinese 'Success Story'

In this article authors tried to review Chinese economic miracle. Majority of economists are deeply impressed by high rate of China's economic growth. They are going to search for explanations of the coming new successes of this country. The missed point of these assessments is lack of attention to the new trend of poor formalized China institutions' development . Clearly observable in the modern Peoples Republic of China deterioration of entrepreneur's personal immunity informal guaranties means broken guaranties for private property. The government failure to defend (at least not make a threat) to private property could cause negative influence on China's economic growth in very Long Run.
What Protects Certain Nerves from Stretch Injury

The human tibial nerves is less prone to injury following joint arthroplasty compared with the peroneal nerves. Besides the anatomical distribution, other features may confer protection from stretch injury. We therefore examined the size, shape and connective tissue distribution for the two nerves. The tibial and peroneal nerves from each side of nine fresh human cadavers we reharvested mid-thigh. Proximal segments manually stretched 20%-25% were fixed in aldehyde, while the adjacent distal segments were fixed in their natural length. Paraffin sections stained by Masson's trichrome method for connective tissue were examined by light microscopy. Tibial nerves had 2X more fascicles compared with the peroneal, but the axonal content appeared similar. Analysis showed that neither nerve had a significant reduction in cross sectional area of the fascicles following stretch. However, fascicles from stretched tibial nerves become significantly more oval compared with those from unstretched controls and peroneal nerves. Tibial nerves had a greater proportion that was extrafascicular tissue (50-55%) compared with peroneal nerves (38%-42%). This epineurium was typically adipose tissue. Perineurial thickness in both nerves was directly related to fascicular size. Tibial nerves have several unique histological features associated with size, shape and tissue composition compared with the peroneal nerve. We suggest that more fascicles with their tightly bound perineurium and more robust epineurium afford protection against stretch injury. Mechanical studies should clarify how size and shape contribute to nerve protection and/or neurapraxia.
Sorption by solids with bidisperse pore structures

Abstract A bidisperse model for transient diffusion in porous systems consisting of small spherical particles is presented. Such a model describes sorption in pelletized particles and in some types of molecular sieves and ion exchange resins. Experimental sorption rates in ion exchange resins obtained by the authors and those available in the literature are interpreted by means of the proposed theoretical equation.
Developmental exposure to second-hand smoke increases adult atherogenesis and alters mitochondrial DNA copy number and deletions in apoE(-/-) mice.

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. While many studies have focused upon the effects of adult second-hand smoke exposure on cardiovascular disease development, disease development occurs over decades and is likely influenced by childhood exposure. The impacts of in utero versus neonatal second-hand smoke exposure on adult atherosclerotic disease development are not known. The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of in utero versus neonatal exposure to a low dose (1 mg/m3 total suspended particulate) of second-hand smoke on adult atherosclerotic lesion development using the apolipoprotein E null mouse model. Consequently, apolipoprotein E null mice were exposed to either filtered air or second-hand smoke: (i) in utero from gestation days 1–19, or (ii) from birth until 3 weeks of age (neonatal). Subsequently, all animals were exposed to filtered air and sacrificed at 12–14 weeks of age. Oil red-O staining of whole aortas, measures of mitochondrial damage, and oxidative stress were performed. Results show that both in utero and neonatal second-hand smoke exposure significantly increased adult atherogenesis in mice compared to filtered air controls. These changes were associated with changes in aconitase and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase activities consistent with increased oxidative stress in the aorta, changes in mitochondrial DNA copy number and deletion levels. These studies show that in utero or neonatal exposure to second-hand smoke significantly influences adult atherosclerotic lesion development and results in significant alterations to the mitochondrion and its genome that may contribute to atherogenesis.
Complement inhibition ameliorates lupus cerebritis in NZB/W and MRL/LPR mice

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multigenic autoimmune disease in which multiple organs are involved including CNS. To examine the role of complement in the pathogenesis of lupus cerebritis, MRL mice with Fas deficiency (MRL/lpr) and NZB/W mice were studied. In these animals, Crry, a protein that inhibits both alternative and classical C3 convertases of the complement system, was overexpressed in CNS as a soluble protein, they were sacrificed at 15 and 24 weeks, respectively, and brains studied. Marked deposition of the pivotal complement component C3, and the terminal component C9, in brains of both mouse strains were decreased in those animals overexpressing Crry. RNA expression of the inflammatory cytokine, TNF-a and inducible nitric oxide synthase were up-regulated in lupus mice; these increases were abrogated in the presence of Crry. Programmed cell death is associated with the pathology of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, apoptosis was studied using TUNEL staining and examination of DNA laddering. A large number of TUNEL-stained cells were present in lupus mouse brains and were reduced by complement inhibition. DNA laddering was seen to increase with the progression of the disease in both models and was markedly reduced by Crry. Further, caspase-3 expression was reduced in these mice as compared to their lupus counterparts. Our results clearly demonstrate that apoptosis in these lupus models occurred by a Fas-independent mechanism, as it occurred in MRL/lpr mice. Further, complement inhibition led to a significant amelioration of neurodegeneration in lupus, as indicated by measures of the extent of apoptosis. This reversal of disease suggests complement inhibition may be a therapeutic avenue for lupus cerebritis.
Units in totally complex S3 fields

Abstract Let B be a totally complex number field, Galois over the rational field Q, with Galois group S3, the symmetric group on three elements. The group of units of B has torsion free rank 2. In this paper, we determine the various inequivalent representations that occur of S3 acting on the group of units and determine arithmetic criteria for deciding which representation occurs for a particular field. As a result, we can give a relatively simple computational procedure for determining a pair of fundamental units of B given a fundamental unit in a cubic subfield.
Combined Laparoscopic and Microsurgical Techniques for Testicular Autotransplantation: Is this Still an Evolving Technique?

Testicular autotransplantation is an advanced technique for the correction of high intra-abdominal testicles with inadequate vascular length for repositioning in the scrotum. In the past, surgeons have often avoided this approach due to the extended operative time and the requirement for microsurgical equipment and training. Surprisingly, this procedure remains rare despite the fact that autotransplantation is sometimes the most viable option to relocate the testicle. Further, current advances in laparoscopic surgery allow for testicular harvesting with minimal morbidity and maximal vascular pedicle length. Here, the evolution and an approach combining these two techniques implemented successfully in five patients are presented.
Reaction-sintered carbide-nitride systems

On etudie le frittage reactif de systemes de refractaires composites a base de carbure de bore contenant du nitrure de bore et du carbure de silicium
Pyrolysis jet spectroscopy of dichlorosilylene

Abstract The laser-induced fluorescence spectrum of SiCl2 in the near-ultraviolet has been recorded using the pyrolysis jet technique. Pyrolysis of SiHCl3 has been shown to be an effective method of producing SiCl2 for spectroscopic studies. The spectra show resolved rotational subband structure and chlorine isotope effects. The fundamental vibrational frequencies are ν″1 = 521.6 cm−1, ν″2 = 200.6 cm−1, ν′1 = 428.9 cm−1 and ν′2 = 149.8 cm−1, and the band origin is at 30013.5 cm−1. By comparing with the analogous spectra of CCl2 and GeCl2, the band system is assigned to the A 1B1- X 1A1 electronic transition.
Correlation Energy of a High-Density Gas: Plasma Coordinates

The model Hamiltonian of Sawada which describes electron correlation at high density is examined. It is shown that the set of scattering modes for momentum transfers below a certain q/sub max/ is not complete. It is completed by the plasma mode. (q/sub max/)/sup -1/ is the natural Debye length of the theory. (auth)
IL-10 or not IL-10: that is the question.

Four new papers focused on how interleukin 10–producing cells are induced have led to some unexpected and intriguing observations on the nature of interleukin 17–producing T helper cells.
APC licensing and CD4+T cell help in liver-stage malaria.

Malaria parasites spend a critical phase of their life cycle inside hepatocytes, in an environment with complex and distinctive immunological features. Here I will discuss how the immunological features of the liver and the adaptations of malaria parasites interact, resulting in defective CD8+ T cell immunity. These processes are explored with a focus on the mechanism by which CD4+ T cells deliver help to CD8+ T cells, and specifically through their interaction with antigen-presenting cells, resulting in “licensing” of the antigen-presenting cell and enhanced capacity to optimally activate CD8+ T cells. Synthesis of the available evidence supports a model in which the parasite-mediated manipulation of programmed cell death in infected hepatocytes impairs the capacity of the liver’s immune system to successfully license antigen-presenting cells and fully activate T cell immunity.
Ion flux during electrochemical charging of Prussian Blue films

Abstract Thin (approximately 100 nm) films of Prussian Blue were electrochemically deposited onto mass-sensitive oscillating quartz-crystal electrodes. Changes in electrode mass during the electrodeposition process indicated that the as deposited films were highly hydrated. Mass changes upon electrochemical reduction and oxidation of the Prussian Blue films in the nitrate salts of K + , Rb + , and Cs + at pH 4, were measured. Some weight gain occurred upon the original reduction and reoxidation, indicating that an irreversible structural reorganization occurred. Subsequent electrochemical cycling produced a reversible mass gain upon reduction, and a reversible mass loss upon oxidation, indicating that alkali metal cations enter and exit the film upon reduction and oxidation, respectively. The mass/charge behavior of the films was studied in 0.5 M RbNO 3 , over the pH range 2.7–6.4. The pH dependence indicated that considerable proton expulsion can occur upon oxidation of the Prussian Blue, and some proton inclusion can accompany reduction. The film mass losses upon oxidation in 0.5 M RbNO 3 and 0.5 M RbOOCCH 3 , pH 4, were virtually indistinguishable, implying that the supporting electrolyte anions played little role in the electrochemistry in these media.