cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Privacy in Online Review Sites

The increasing use of online review sites is creating new challenges for user privacy. Although reviews are public, many users inadvertently disclose private information about relationship, location, and temporal attributes to the world. This research protects users of online review sites from the inadvertent disclosure of private information in three ways. First, the types of unstructured and structured information made public by online review sites are characterized and used to grade those sites on their attention to privacy. Second, a privacy-check tool that uses keyword matching and named-entity recognition to annotate potentially sensitive review text is presented. Third, we raise awareness of the privacy threat in online review sites through examples and statistics derived from the privacy-check tool.
Nature׳s favorite building block: Deciphering folding and capsid assembly of proteins with the HK97-fold

For many (if not all) bacterial and archaeal tailed viruses and eukaryotic Herpesvirdae the HK97-fold serves as the major architectural element in icosahedral capsid formation while still enabling the conformational flexibility required during assembly and maturation. Auxiliary proteins or Δ-domains strictly control assembly of multiple, identical, HK97-like subunits into procapsids with specific icosahedral symmetries, rather than aberrant non-icosahedral structures. Procapsids are precursor structures that mature into capsids in a process involving release of auxiliary proteins (or cleavage of Δ-domains), dsDNA packaging, and conformational rearrangement of the HK97-like subunits. Some coat proteins built on the ubiquitous HK97-fold also have accessory domains or loops that impart specific functions, such as increased monomer, procapsid, or capsid stability. In this review, we analyze the numerous HK97-like coat protein structures that are emerging in the literature (over 40 at time of writing) by comparing their topology, additional domains, and their assembly and misassembly reactions.
Investigation into relative slip during fretting fatigue under partial slip contact condition

A finite element analysis based methodology was developed to compute local relative slip on contact surface from the measured global relative slip away from contact surface. A set of springs was included in finite element model to simulate fretting fatigue test system. Compliance of springs was calibrated by comparing experimental and computed global relative slips. This methodology was then used to investigate local relative slip during fretting fatigue in cylinder-on-flat contact configuration under partial slip contact condition for unpeened and shot-peened titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V. Relative slip on contact surface is significantly smaller (about one order) than the measured global relative slip by using a conventional extensometer near the contact surface. Effects of coefficient of friction, rigidity of fretting fatigue system and applied stress to specimen on the global and local relative slips were characterized. Coefficient of friction and contact load have considerable effect on local relative slip, and practically no effect on global relative slip. Gross slip condition can develop at some locations on contact surface in spite of overall partial slip condition. Increase in rigidity of fretting fatigue system increases local relative slip but decreases global relative slip. Finally, fatigue life diagrams based on relative slip on contact surface are established for both unpeened and shot-peened titanium alloy. These show the same characteristics as of the conventional S–N diagram where fatigue life decreases with increase of relative slip.
Floundering or Frolicking — How does Ethnography Fare in Theoretical Physics? (and What Sort of Ethnography?): A Reply to Gale and Pinnick

We suggest that comprehension of the nature of scientific controversy calls for analysis which extends beyond the confines of the professional scientific community. Linking theoretical concepts of contingent and constitutive forums with the idea of explicit and implicit rejection, we contend that the explanation for the shift between forums and modes of rejection in the course of scientific controversy can often be found outside the boundaries of the scientific community. For this reason, the interaction between the professional and lay communities and their respective concerns should be considered when analysing the intensity, duration and outcome of scientific controversy. Laughter Spreads: Another Perspective on Boundary Crossing in the Benveniste Affair Judith Fadlon and Noah Lewin-Epstein In her paper, 'Scientific Controversy as Farce',' Caroline Joan Picart deals with the rapid closure of a scientific controversy Social Studies of Science (Copyright ? SAGE Publications London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi), Vol. 27 (1997), 131-141 cholarship, Vol. 8 (19 1), 409-25; Pickering, The Mangle of Practice: Time, gency and S ience (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago P ess, 1995), Chapter 131 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.162 on Thu, 11 Aug 2016 05:30:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
On the exchange bias in single and polycrystalline ferro/antiferromagnetic bilayers

By incorporating a random interfacial exchange interaction into the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation, a unified picture of exchange bias for single crystals, textured crystals, twin structures, and polycrystals of antiferromagnets is presented. It is found that the lateral interaction in the antiferromagnet is a key element governing the exchange bias and magnetization reversal of the ferromagnet.
Millimeter-wave measurements and analysis of snow-covered ground

Initial investigations and analyses have indicated that, although not predicted by present theory, the millimeter-wavelength (MMW) scattering properties of certain types of snow known as metamorphic or refrozen snow can create a problem for the detection of man-made targets. In 1984, researchers from the US Army, the Georgia Institute of Technology, and others carried out the SNOWMAN test program, which was a comprehensive data collection program using 35- and 94-GHz instrumentation radars to measure the backscatter cross section of snow-covered terrain as a function of wavelength, coherent bandwidth, polarization, (for both the incident and scattered waves), and the incidence angle. The radar measurements were supplemented by an extensive ground truth program that provided details of the meteorology and the physical characteristics of the snow cover. The authors describe the data collection procedures, present examples of the results, identify gaps in the data, and suggest additional analyses that could be performed to maximize the utility of the SNOWMAN data base. >
A pheromonotropic peptide of Helicoverpa zea, with melanizing activity, interaction with PBAN, and distribution of immunoreactivity.

The sequence of an 18–amino acid residue peptide was deduced from the gene encoding PBAN and other peptides with common C-termini in Helicoverpa zea. The peptide caused melanization in larvae and pheromone production in females of H. zea, and was designated pheromonotropic melanizing peptide (Hez-PMP). The peptide has a 83% sequence homology with a pheromonotropic peptide isolated from Pseudaletia separata. PMP caused melanization and mortality when injected into larvae just before molting. Whereas intense melanization was caused with a dose of 1,000 pmol, peak mortality occurred at 100 pmol, with 50% of larvae dying within 48 h after injection. Pheromonotropic activity of PMP was dose dependent. Co-injection of Hez-PMP and Hez-PBAN into a female resulted in suppression of the pheromonotropic effect of PBAN. Whole-mount immunocytochemical studies revealed PMP-like immunoreactivity in frontal ganglion, subesophageal, thoracic, and abdominal ganglia as well as the esophageal nerve. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 53:147–157, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measurement of Reduced Thermal Conduction in (Layered) Laser-Target Experiments

Direct measurement of the depth of thermal penetration in flat laser targets shows the electron thermal conductivity to be considerably smaller than classical. X-ray line emission was resolved axially by using layered targets and laterally by employing a slit in front of the spectrometer. The spatial pattern of x-ray emission was found to be compatible with numerical predictions which account for thermoelectrically generated magnetic field.
Characterization of an Improved Extraction Chromatographic Material for the Separation and Preconcentration of Strontium from Acidic Media

The determination of radiostrontium in biological and environmental samples generally requires its preliminary separation and preconcentration, both to remove radionuclides that may interfere with ...
Iron-deficient anemic infants at play

The purpose of this study was to determine whether iron-deficient anemic infants show affective and attentional disturbances during play. The behavior of 21 iron-deficient anemic and 21 nonanemic 6- to 24-month-old Guatemalan infants and their mothers was analyzed during a videotaped 8-minute free-play session. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in measures of infant irritability, distractibility, or apathy. There were differences, however, in measures of spatial relations. In 71% of the anemic infants, the duration of child-initiated body contact with their mothers was high, compared with a high level of contact in only 26% of the nonanemic babies (p = 0.01). Mothers of anemic infants spent less time at a distance from them, were less likely to break close contact, and were more likely to reestablish close contact if the baby moved away (p less than 0.03). The increase in body contact was interpreted as a reflection of fearfulness, hesitance, or inactivity. The results suggest that the specific behavioral manifestations of iron deficiency anemia in infancy may vary with the context, differing in free play and structured developmental testing.
ESD design challenges in state-of-the-art analog technologies

Abstract The relevance of Analog technologies has rapidly increased over recent years by virtue of the phenomenal success of portable consumer electronics (smart-phones, tablets, navigation devices etc.), which require a variety of analog functions to be integrated into the same device. From an ESD standpoint, the large components portfolio typical of state-of-the-art Analog technologies poses significant development challenges. This paper discusses these challenges.
Electrophysiological effects of right and left vagal nerve stimulation on the ventricular myocardium

Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has been proposed as a cardioprotective intervention. However, regional ventricular electrophysiological effects of VNS are not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of right and left VNS on electrophysiological properties of the ventricles and hemodynamic parameters. In Yorkshire pigs, a 56-electrode sock was used for epicardial (n = 12) activation recovery interval (ARI) recordings and a 64-electrode catheter for endocardial (n = 9) ARI recordings at baseline and during VNS. Hemodynamic recordings were obtained using a conductance catheter. Right and left VNS decreased heart rate (84 ± 5 to 71 ± 5 beats/min and 84 ± 4 to 73 ± 5 beats/min), left ventricular pressure (89 ± 9 to 77 ± 9 mmHg and 91 ± 9 to 83 ± 9 mmHg), and dP/dtmax (1,660 ± 154 to 1,490 ± 160 mmHg/s and 1,595 ± 155 to 1,416 ± 134 mmHg/s) and prolonged ARI (327 ± 18 to 350 ± 23 ms and 327 ± 16 to 347 ± 21 ms, P < 0.05 vs. baseline for all parameters and P = not significant for right VNS vs. left VNS). No anterior-posterior-lateral regional differences in the prolongation of ARI during right or left VNS were found. However, endocardial ARI prolonged more than epicardial ARI, and apical ARI prolonged more than basal ARI during both right and left VNS. Changes in dP/dtmax showed the strongest correlation with ventricular ARI effects (R(2) = 0.81, P < 0.0001) than either heart rate (R(2) = 0.58, P < 0.01) or left ventricular pressure (R(2) = 0.52, P < 0.05). Therefore, right and left VNS have similar effects on ventricular ARI, in contrast to sympathetic stimulation, which shows regional differences. The decrease in inotropy correlates best with ventricular electrophysiological effects.
Correlation of sauter mean diameter and critical heat flux for spray cooling of small surfaces

Experiments were performed to understand better nucleate boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux (CHF) for full cone sprays. The effects of spray nozzle, volumetric flux, subcooling and working fluid were investigated. Dense sprays greatly reduced evaporation efficiency, and their boiling curves exhibited an unusually small increase in slope upon transition between the single phase and nucleate boiling regimes. Sauter mean diameter (SMD) data were successfully correlated for fluids with vastly different values of surface tension. This correlation was based upon orifice diameter and the Weber and Reynolds numbers of the orifice flow prior to liquid breakup. Also developed was a new CHF correlation which accurately predicted data for FC-72, FC-87 and water. This correlation shows a strong dependence of CHF on volumetric flux and Sauter mean diameter. It is shown that by combining the correlations for CHF and SMD it is possible to predict accurately CHF for full cone sprays without having to conduct expensive and laborious drop sizing measurements for each individual nozzle.
Infrared, nuclear magnetic, and ultraviolet spectral and gas chromatographic properties of some aromatic acid trimethylsilyl derivatives

Summary Infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and ultraviolet spectral data fortrimethylsilyl derivatives of aromatic acids that might be found in biological samples have been presented. Gas chromatographic retentions in the form of methylene units have also been given. In addition to enabling the investigator to identify a specific compound, the spectra and methylene unit information suggest generalizations correlating functional groups with specific spectral or gas chromatographic properties. The latter information could be helpful in determining the structure of a compound isolated from a biological sample for which no spectral or gas chromatographic properties have been published.
The interaction of the anionic fluorescence probe, 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate, with hepatocytes and hepatoma tissue culture cells.

Abstract The fluorescence probe 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) has been used to characterize the anion transport properties of normal hepatocytes and hepatoma tissue culture cells. Incubation of hepatocytes in the presence of ANS (20 μM) resulted in a 35-fold enhancement of fluorescence and a 50 nm blue shift. The time course of this process is biphasic. A rapid initial fluorescence enhancement suggests ANS binding to the plasma membrane, and a slower component reflects the uptake of ANS into intracellular compartments. Analysis of ANS uptake showed this latter process to be saturable, with a K m of 10 μM, to be temperature dependent and to occur only in viable cells. The above observations suggest a carrier-mediated anion transport mechanism. Incubation of hepatoma tissue culture cells with ANS (20 μM) gave a fluorescence emission spectrum similar to that obtained from purified plasma membranes. The kinetics of this interaction only exhibited a rapid initial binding of ANS. The second slow component was now absent, suggesting that ANS transport by the malignant cell system was greatly reduced. Transport of ANS could, however, be stimulated in the presence of the local anesthetic tetracaine. The observed transport was now saturable, temperature dependent, and as in normal hepatocytes, required viable cells, again indicating a carrier-mediated transport system. These studies suggest a significant alteration in membrane function in hepatoma tissue culture cells resulting in a major defect in anion transport.
Heat shock protein response in phosphorus-deficient heat-stressed broiler chickens.

Abstract 1. 1. During acute in vivo heat stress, a normal heat shock protein (HSP) response was not inducible in chickens deficient in inorganic phosphorus (P I -deficient). 2. 2. Small quantities of HSP 70 and HSP 90 were induced, but little or no HSP 23 was induced in P i -deficient chickens compared to P i -adequate chickens. 3. 3. Increased susceptibility of P i -deficient chickens to acute heat stress was attributed to their inability to produce an adequate HSP response.
ISOLATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE ISOLATES OF AMPHORA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1

SUMMARY Three clones of the diatom Amphora were euryhaline, able to grow autotrophically at 160 lx (0.001 ly/min) and heterotrophically on glucose and fructose. Furthermore 2 clones grew on glutamate and feast extract. Light-limited growth of individual clones was stimulated by glycerol, galactose, lactate, acetate, aspartate and asparagine, although mannose torn inhibitory at low and high light levels. The half-saturation constant for growth of A. coffeaefomis var. perpusilla Grunow (Cleve) with glucose was 25 μM. Heterotrophic growth rate of this organism became saturated with respect to glucose at 0.5 mM.
Positive Point-to-Plane Corona Studies in Air

Formative time lags for the development of the positive point-to-plane corona in dry air were measured oscillographically at pressures ranging from atmospheric to a few centimeters of Hg. Studies with a photomultiplier tube show that the observed formative lags are associated with a filamentary streamer type of corona. These corona formative lags are of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ sec even near threshold and vary much more slowly with overvoltage than do uniform field formative lags in air. The results indicate that no long buildup process is associated with the formation of the filamentary streamer type of corona in air, and in particular rule out any cathode secondary mechanism from playing a role in the formation. Near atmospheric pressure, with the experimental conditions used, the corona formative time lags were often too short to be resolved from the statistical scatter; when resolvable they were found to be too long to be ascribed solely to a single transit time of the initiating electron avalanche across the high field region of the gap. The results therefore do not preclude a fast buildup process in the gas preceding streamer formation.Threshold measurements on both impulse and dc corona indicate that the steady glow type of corona has a different threshold than the streamer type. No formative lag data on the steady glow corona were obtained.
77 Cryptic speciation of Peridinium Limbatum

Cosmopolitanism vs. endemism of microbial diversity in water has been debated for a long time. Finlay (2002) argued that reported similarities in microbial biodiversity in different lakes and oceans support cosmopolitanism of microorganisms. Lee and Patterson (1998) suggested that many endemism studies are flawed due to underrepresentation of taxa. On the other hand, Theriot and Stoermer (1984) showed that Stephanodiscus niagrarae, the centric diatom once thought to be a cosmopolitan species, actually consists of four slightly different species. Mating tests of Paramecium aurelia revealed 14 sibling species, which are morphologically almost identical (Sonneborn, 1957). Here, I present evidence for the cryptic speciation of Peridinium limbatum from two water bodies (Crystal Lake and Crystal Bog) that are near each other but chemically distinct. We observed that the two Peridinium limbatum had different responses to the same growth medium. Previous works at the Microbial Observatory program showed that their seasonal population dynamics were also different; while a summer bloom of Crystal Bog Peridinium limbatum was correlated with a dramatic decrease in phytoplankton diversity, and an extreme drop in bacterial diversity, a bloom of Crystal Lake Peridinium limbatum was not. To see the genetic variations in this study, I sequenced internal transcribed spacer region 1 and 2 from the two Peridinium limbatum. The sequence variations were 8.53% in ITS1 and 8.06% in ITS2, which were much larger than within variations. In another ongoing study that I expect to complete before the meeting, I've been testing their possible allelopathic differences on Cryptomonas.
Fast polynomial factorization and modular composition in small characteristic

We obtain randomized algorithms for factoring degree n univariate polynomials over F_q that use O(n1.5 + o(1) + n1 + o(1)log q) field operations, when the characteristic is at most no(1). When log q The improvements come from a new algorithm for modular composition of degree n univariate polynomials, which is the asymptotic bottleneck in fast algorithms for factoring polynomials over finite fields. The best previous algorithms for modular composition use O(n(omega + 1)/2) field operations, where omega is the exponent of matrix multiplication (Brent & Kung (1978)), with a slight improvement in the exponent achieved by employing fast rectangular matrix multiplication (Huang & Pan (1997)). We show that modular composition and multipoint evaluation of multivariate polynomials are essentially equivalent in the sense that an algorithm for one achieving exponent α implies an algorithm for the other with exponent α + o(1), and vice versa. We then give a new algorithm that requires O(n1 + o(1)) field operations when the characteristic is at most no(1), which is optimal up to lower order terms. Our algorithms do not rely on fast matrix multiplication, in contrast to all previous subquadratic algorithms for these problems. The main operations are fast univariate polynomial arithmetic, multipoint evaluation, and interpolation, and consequently the algorithms could be feasible in practice.
Redefining “Context” in Research on Writing

Interest in the social aspects of composing has led writing researchers to examine more closely the contexts in which writing takes place. However, there is little agreement about what constitutes context as a theoretical construct. Because of this lack of agreement, writing researchers have not been able to delineate as fully as possible the interactions between context and composing. This article examines ways in which context has been defined and suggests a reconceptualization of this construct. The argument depends upon analyses of data gathered during a year-long ethnographic study of graduate journalism education. Specifically, results from the analyses of these data suggest that contexts for composing need to take into account individual writers' personal and social histories as they interact with the economic and political circumstances in which writers compose.
Catalytic Enantioselective Friedlaender Condensations: Facile Access to Quinolines with Remote Stereogenic Centers.

The reaction of 4-substituted cyclohexanones with various o-aminobenzaldehydes affords acridine derivatives in high yields and enantioselectivities.
Pupillary dysfunction in myasthenia gravis

The constriction-dilation cycles of pupils exposed to a stationary, discrete slit-lamp beam were significantly prolonged in 25 myasthenic patients (1,060.4 +/- 45.8 msec) undergoing therapy with steroids, anticholinesterases, or both, compared to normal controls (801.9 +/- 8.6 msec) or subjects receiving steroids for nonneurological disease (860.9 +/- 14.9 msec). The duration of myasthenia correlated with the slowing of the cycle time. Myasthenia gravis may affect ectodermally derived smooth muscle or the autonomic neuromuscular junction or both, and not be restricted to the well-demonstrated alterations of neuromuscular junction in striated muscle of mesodermal origin. Alternatively, prolonged pupillary cycles could be attributed to dysfunction of central pathways of the pupillary light reflex.
Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender. 9. Effect of Storage Temperature on Turkey Semen Held Eighteen Hours

Abstract Turkey semen was collected, diluted 1:1 with Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender, and held for 0 or 18 hr at 5, 15, 25, or 35 C. Changes in spermatozoa motility and sperm numbers were monitored before and after holding. All hens were artificially inseminated (AI) with 250 × 106 spermatozoa three times the first week and once weekly thereafter for a total of 20 weeks. No significant differences were observed in candling fertility (85 vs. 82%) of hens AI with unstored semen or semen held at 5 C for 18 hr. Significant depression of fertility levels to 41 and 40% were noted in hens AI with semen stored at 15 and 25 C, respectively. No fertile eggs were obtained from hens AI with semen held at 35 C for 18 hr. Sperm motility scores were not different between the unstored controls and samples held at 5 C (62 vs. 64%). Samples held at 15 and 25 C had motility scores of 40 and 8%, respectively. Samples held at 35 C for 18 hr were immotile. As semen holding temperature increased from 5 to 35 C, sperm numbers decreased during the 18 hr holding period by 11, 16, 28, and 45% of the unstored control. The decrease in sperm numbers during the 18-hr holding period was speculated to be the result of sperm aging which was compounded by sample agitation during storage. The methodology used for determining sperm numbers did not adversely influence the results.
Utility of fecal fat concentrations as screening test in pancreatic insufficiency.

We explored the utility of fecal fat concentration (gram fecal fat per 100 gram wet stool weight) as a screening test for pancreatic steatorrhea. Data were analyzed on 24 patients with pancreatic insufficiency and steatorrhea, six groups of patients (N-70) with nonpancreatic causes of steatorrhea, and 31 controls without steatorrhea. Patients with pancreatic steatorrhea had significantly (P 9.5% as a cutoff point in all patients with steatorrhea, the test was 41.7% sensitive and 92.0% specific for the diagnosis of pancreatic insufficiency. For patients with fecal fat excretion >20 g/day, the test increased in sensitivity to 61.5% but specificity dropped to 85.3%. Measurements of fecal fat concentrations are therefore only moderately helpful, and further evidence is required to secure a diagnosis of pancreatic steatorrhea.
Genetic diversity of transpiration efficiency in sorghum

Sorghum is the fifth most important grain crop and is becoming increasingly important as a biofuel feedstock due to its superior tolerance to water-deficit stress. Sorghum is commonly grown under rain-fed conditions in the Southern Plains in the U.S.A. and other semi-arid regions in the world. Thus, its production is strongly affected by the availability of soil water during the growing season. Enhancing transpiration efficiency (TE), defined as biomass accumulation per unit water transpired, may be an effective approach to increasing sorghum yield in arid and semi-arid regions under no or limited irrigation. In this report, we surveyed 341 sorghum accessions for variation in TE. A selection of 25 lines was used to confirm the initial survey and these accessions were studied in a greenhouse experiment over 2 years. TE in these selected lines varied from year to year; however, similar rank was observed in both studies. Several accessions with consistent high or low TE were identified. TE based on biomass production was strongly correlated with increased biomass accumulation rather than with reduced water use. Gas-exchange analysis indicated that low internal CO2 concentration and enhanced photosynthetic capacity may be a factor accounting for the high TE in some lines; other physiological processes also contribute to the TE based on integrated biomass. The result suggests that considerable genetic variation in TE exists in the sorghum germplasm collection and that TE is strongly influenced by environment. The sorghum lines with contrasting TE may serve as an important genetic resource for identification of physiological mechanisms regulating TE and for improvement of this trait in sorghum breeding.
Mechanisms of chondrocyte apoptosis.

This study addresses the occurrence and significance of chondrocyte apoptosis in the pathogenesis of cartilage destruction. Chondrocyte apoptosis can be induced in vitro by nitric oxide donors, but not by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 or TNF. A subset of chondrocytes, located in the superficial zone of cartilage, expresses the Fas antigen. Activation of the Fas receptor triggers apoptosis in these cells. In human and experimental osteoarthritis (OA) induced in rabbits by anterior cruciate ligament transection increased numbers of chondrocytes were undergoing apoptosis. Cartilage areas that contained apoptotic cells showed proteoglycan depletion and the number of apoptotic cells was significantly correlated with the levels of nitric oxide production and with the severity of OA. Articular cartilage is not vascularized and does not contain mononuclear phagocytes. There is, thus, no apparent mechanism for the clearance of apoptotic bodies. Chondrocyte-derived apoptotic bodies produced pyrophosphate and precipitated calcium. These results suggest that chondrocyte-derived apoptotic bodies express functional properties that may contribute to the pathologic cartilage degradation and calcification. Inhibition of chondrocyte apoptosis may be of therapeutic value after cartilage injury and in arthritis.
Probabilistic Measures of Adequacy of a Numerical Search for a Global Maximum

Abstract Measures of the probability of all unobserved species are applied to the problem of assessing the adequacy of a search for a global maximum using random starting points. The measures, as used here, estimate the probability that an iterative algorithm using a randomly selected starting point will find a solution not observed in previous random starting points. The probability of an unobserved global maximum is less than or equal to this probability. We used these measures to evaluate the adequacy of our search procedure for the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of a mixture of two normals. These measures indicated that for most problems generated there was little chance that there were unobserved domains of convergence. Occasional problems, however, had appreciable estimated probabilities. In such problems, examination of the data suggested regions where a more focused search for unobserved domains of convergence was warranted.
Uniform boundedness for non-abelian groups

In this note we will prove a number of facts which generalize to various non-abelian groups some results of Glicksberg[2]. In the non-abelian form they will have application to certain results of the author on the 2 dimensional continuous cohomology associated with central extensions [6].
The determinants of light-rail transit demand—An international cross-sectional comparison

Abstract An international cross-section of light-rail transit systems is examined. Demand is tested as a function of transport system, city, and population attributes. All tests confirm the standard hypotheses at high levels of significance. High levels of explanatory power support the notion of model transferability. The models developed in this paper are used to predict demand for new LRT systems now being installed in North American cities. Model outputs suggest that the official forecasts are very optimistic.
Steering through rapids: Russian mobilization and World War I

(1996). Steering through rapids: Russian mobilization and World War I. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 376-398.
Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of dopamine in subregions of rat brain

A quantitative gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay was developed for the determination of dopamine in subregions of rat brain. Five tissue punches weighing approximately 1.7 mg each were taken from the nucleus accumbens and four neostriatal regions differing in anterior-posterior level. The dopamine extracted from the tissue was treated with pentafluoropropionic anhydride (PFP) and quantitatively formed dopamine-(PFP)3. The derivatizing procedure took 15 min and the retention time for dopamine-(PFP)3 and its deuterated analogue [1,1,2,2-2H4]dopamine-(PFP)3) was 120 sec. Selective ion monitoring was utilized to monitor the gas chromatographic effluent. Ions were generated by electron impact ionization. The assay was able to measure concentrations of 1 nanogram dopamine per milligram protein. An anterior-posterior gradient of dopamine was observed in the striatum. This assay should be useful in studies examining the effects of experimental manipulations on dopamine content in relatively small areas of brain tissue.
Experimental investigation of an RNA sequence space

Modern rRNAs are the historic consequence of an ongoing evolutionary exploration of a sequence space. These extant sequences belong to a special subset of the sequence space that is comprised only of those primary sequences that can validly perform the biological function(s) required of the particular RNA. If it were possible to readily identify all such valid sequences, stochastic predictions could be made about the relative likelihood of various evolutionary pathways available to an RNA. Herein an experimental system which can assess whether a particular sequence is likely to have validity as a eubacterial 5S rRNA is described. A total of ten naturally occurring and hence known to be valid, sequences and two point mutants of unknown validity were used to test the usefulness of the approach. Nine of the ten valid sequences tested positive whereas both mutants tested as clearly defective. The tenth valid sequence gave results that would be interpreted as reflecting a borderline status were the answer not known. These results demonstrate that it is possible to experimentally determine which sequences in local regions of the sequence space are potentially valid 5S rRNAs. This approach will allow direct study of the constraints governing RNA evolution and allow inquiry into how the last common ancestor of extant life apparently came to have very complex ribosomal RNAs that subsequently were very conserved.
Hydrogen Energetics and Transport Kinetics in Amorphous Silicon Hydride

To understand the electrical properties and behavior of amorphous silicon, it is imperative to understand the behavior of hydrogen in the amorphous silicon lattice. Although considerable effort has been extended to study hydrogen trapping in a-Si:H, the energetics and populations of the traps remain unresolved. The authors have developed a reaction diffusion model which includes multiple bulk trapping mechanisms, bulk transport, and realistic surface processes. The model results are compared with existing hydrogen temperature programmed evolution data, isothermal hydrogen evolution experiments, and thermal quenching experiments. The authors find consistently good fits for all three types of experiments with a shallow trap depth of 1.5 eV and deep trap depth of 1.8--1.9 eV below the mobility level, with 20--30% of hydrogen present in the deep trap. The difference of 0.3--0.4 eV between the two trap depths is similar to the defect formation activation energy and suggests a defect formation mechanism which involves movement of hydrogen from a deep to a shallow trap.
Electrical Energy Harvesting Using a Mechanical Rectification Approach

This paper presents a new approach using frequency rectification to harvest electrical energy from mechanical energy using piezoelectric devices. The rectification approach utilizes a linearly traveling Rectifier to impart vibrational motion to a cantilever piezoelectric bimorph. A conventional cantilever-type energy harvester is tested aside the rectified beam. The Standard beam generated 0.11 W of power, a power density of 15.63 kW/m3 , and an energy density of 130.7 J/m3 . The Rectified beam generated 580 mW of power, a power density of 871.92 kW/m3 , and an energy density of 313.15 J/m3 , a factor 2.4 greater than conventional energy harvesting methods. These results confirm the original thesis that a mechanically rectified piezoelectric Energy Harvester would generate larger Energy and Power Densities as well as Specific Powers, compared to conventional technologies.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Cadherins, catenins and cell cycle regulators: impact on survival in a Gynecologic Oncology Group phase II endometrial cancer trial.

Objective We evaluated the clinical relevance of catenins, cadherins and cell cycle regulators in stage IV or recurrent endometrial carcinoma in a multi-center phase II trial (GOG protocol #119).
Removing peanut allergens by tannic acid

Tannic acid (TA) forms insoluble complexes with proteins. The aims here were to remove major peanut allergens as insoluble TA complexes and determine if they would dissociate and release the allergens at pH 2 and 8 (gut pH). Release of the allergens in the gut could lead to absorption and consequently an allergic reaction. TA (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/ml) was added to a peanut butter extract (5 mg/ml; pH 7.2), stirred, and centrifuged. The precipitates were then suspended in buffer at pH 2, centrifuged, re-suspended at pH 8, and centrifuged. Supernatants from each step were analysed by SDS-PAGE, ELISA, and Western blots. The effect of NaCl (1M) on complexes was also determined. Results showed that complexes formed at a TA concentration >0.5 mg/ml did not release major peanut allergens at pH 2 and 8, regardless of 1M NaCl being present or not. IgE binding of the extracts was reduced substantially, especially at a TA concentration of 1-2 mg/ml. Animal or clinical studies are still needed before TA can find an application in the development of low-allergen peanut products/beverages or the removal of peanut allergens due to accidental ingestion.
A Second Great Wall? China's Post-Cultural Revolution Project of Legal Construction

This article examines the PRC's post-Cultural Revolution project of legal development, the largest such undertaking in world history. It commences with a review of the achievements and shortcomings of legal construction in the PRC over the past two decades. The article then probes the rationale for and nature of this project, in so doing endeavoring to situate it historically. In its final section, the article suggests ways in which we might think of assessing China's efforts at constructing a legal system within a single generation.
Hemodialysis in infants and small children

Hemodialysis in infants and small children requires specialized nursing staff, equipment and adequate access. The techniques, requirements and available equipment for this population are discussed.
Issues in Designing State Accountability Systems

A pressing need exists within the field of early intervention and early childhood special education to identify and measure outcomes for young children and their families as a result of participati...
FLUORESCENCE LIFETIME IMAGING IN TURBID MEDIA

The lifetime of a fluorophore generally varies in different environments, making the molecule a sensitive indicator of tissue oxygenation, pH, and glucose. However, lifetime measurements are complicated when the fluorophore is embedded in an optically thick, highly scattering medium such as human tissue. We formulate the inverse problem for fluorescence lifetime tomography using diffuse photon density waves, and we demonstrate the technique by deriving spatial images of heterogeneous fluorophore distribution and lifetime, using simulated measurements in heterogeneous turbid media.
Spatial and temporal expression of short, long/medium, or both opsins in human fetal cones.

Human cone photoreceptors are characterized by long (L), medium (M), or short (S) wavelength-specific opsin. No reports have described the developmental pattern of human cone opsin expression, nor has the existence of human cones containing more than one opsin been tested. Single-and double-label immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization have been used to determine the developmental pattern of opsin appearance and to investigate the presence of double-labeled cones in sections and wholemounts of human fetal, neonatal, infant, and adult retina. S opsin protein appears in and around the fovea at fetal week (Fwk) 10.9, whereas L/M opsin first appears in the fovea at Fwk 14–15. S opsin mRNA and protein are consistently detected much farther into peripheral retina than L/M opsin, indicating that S appears before L/M opsin. S cones cover 90% of the retina by Fwk 19. L/M cones appear outside the central retina by Fwk 21.5 and reach the retinal edge by Fwk 34–37. The spatial pattern of mRNA expression closely matches that for protein, but mRNA appears slightly earlier than protein at a given retinal point, indicating that only short delays occur between mRNA expression and translation into protein. Cones containing both S and L/M opsin (S+L/M) appear around the fovea shortly after L/M opsin is expressed, are found in more peripheral retina at older ages, and decrease in number after birth. Some S+L/M cones are still detected in adult retina. Both S opsin protein and mRNA appear significantly earlier than L/M mRNA or protein across the human retina, suggesting that the two cone types differentiate under independent controlling factors. However, the presence of single cones containing both S and L/M opsin during development suggests that human cones can respond to the factors controlling expression of each opsin. J. Comp. Neurol. 425:545–559, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Neocortical representational dynamics in adult primates: Implications for neuropsychology

Some evidence for functional reorganization of cortical somatosensory representations in adult primates is reviewed. These examples include representation remodeling in cortical area 3b following digit amputation, digit fusion, local intracortical microstimulation, restricted cortical lesions, or as a consequence of behaviorally controlled stimulation of restricted hand surfaces. We suggest that the profound changes in the cortical representations that have been observed after these and other manipulations must bear consequences for the specific behaviors that depend on the operation of this neural machinery. Furthermore, this lifelong dynamic cortical capacity for neuronal response adaptation by use almost certainly also underlies the progressive representational remodeling that we have recorded following brain lesions.
Factors affecting placement of children in kinship and nonkinship foster care

Abstract A growing body of research describes the characteristics of children in kinship foster care, the provision of services to these children and their foster parents, and the outcomes for children placed in kinship foster care. Very little is known about the characteristics that may influence the decision to place a child in kinship versus nonkinship foster care. Past research on the decision to place children in out-of-home care focuses on child and maltreatment characteristics that are associated with the decision. Using logistic regression, this study examines the relationship of child and case characteristics to the placement in kinship and nonkinship foster care of over 2,000 children in a Midwestern urban county. The analysis indicates that older children, children without disabilities, children of color, children-courtordered into placement, and children whose reason for placement was parental substance abuse are more likely to be placed in kinship foster care. Recommendations are made for future research on the decision to place children in kinship foster care.
Effects of Muscle Pump on Rotary Blood Pumps in Dynamic Exercise: A Computer Simulation Study

Computer simulation is an important tool to study the interaction between rotary blood pumps (RBPs) and human circulatory system. This interaction is critical for the development of reliable physiological control systems of long-term RBPs. This paper presents a numerical model of the human circulatory system, which innovatively takes the muscle pump into account in dynamic exercise. Simulation results demonstrate that the inclusion of muscle pump will change the response of hemodynamic variables and RBP parameters. These findings also show the necessity to verify the performance of RBPs and their physiological control systems in dynamic exercise with the muscle pump taken into account. By using Matlab Simulink software to simulate real-time circulatory properties, this study provides the bench-top test environment for long-term RBPs and their physiological controller.
Generalized Hopf manifolds, locally conformal Kaehler structures and real hypersurfaces

We study the geometry of submanifolds of complex Hopf manifolds endowed with the (locally conformal Kaehler) Boothby metric. 1. Generalized Hopf manifolds and the Boothby metric. Let fleC, 0 l , generated by z^az, z(=W. Then Ga acts freely and properly discontinuously on W, see [28], vol. II, p. 137, so that the quotient space Hna=W/Ga becomes in a natural way a complex w-dimensional manifold. This is the well known complex Hopf manifold. In their attempt to construct complex structures on products SxL, where S is the unit circle and L an odd dimensional homotopy sphere, E. Brieskorn & A. Van de Ven, [3], have generalized Hopf manifolds a follows. Let n > l and (fe0, ••• , bn)^Z , bj^l, 0£j£n. Let (z0, ••• , zn) be the natural complex coordinates on C n + 1 . Define X(b) = X2n(b0, ••• , fc»)cC n+1 by the equation: Then X(b) ia an aίϊine algebraic variety with one singular point at the origin of C if bj^2, / = 0 , -" n (and without singularities if b3—\ for at least one /). Next B{b)—X(b)— {0} is a complex n-dimensional manifold, referred hereafter as the Brieskorn manifold determined by the integers b0, ••• , bn. See [2]. There is a natural holomorphic action of C on B(b) given by: t(Zo, —, ^ n ) = ( ^ O e X p ( y ^ ) , ••• , Zn ΘXp (—-y^ ) ) (1) where f e C , wa=— log \a \— iΦa, Φα=arctan(/m(α)//?β(fl)), —π/2 D x 5»(« defined by f(a, jc)=(α, ί/αx), for any a e D 1 , xe=B(b), where £/αe=GL(n+l, C) is the matrix: Note that / is an automorphism of DxBφ). The action of GL(n+l, C) on C n + 1 induces an action of Z « { / 7 m e Z } on DxBφ). Let: be the quotient space. We establish the following: THEOREM 1. X is a complex n-dimensional manifold. Moreover, if n—2, then there exists a surjective holomorphic map π: X-^D which makes X into a complex analytic family of compact complex surfaces, for any a^D there is a diffeomorphism between π~\a) and Hl(b). We recall that a triple (X, π, M) is a complex analytic family of compact complex manifolds if X, M are complex manifolds and π: X-*M is a proper holomorphic map which is of maximal rank at all points of X. Then each fibre π~\a\ G G M , is a compact complex manifold. Note that the action (1) of Z on Bφ) generalizes slightly the one in [3], p. 390. There B(l, ••• , 1)/Z is diffeomorphic to W/G1/e. The proof of Theorem 1 is organized in several steps, as follows. STEP 1. Z acts freely on DxB(b). Let (a, x) be a fixed point of / m , m e Z . Thus Ufx = x, and consequently: for O^tj ^n. Since at least one z3 is non-zero, it follows that m=0. STEP 2. {//meZ} is a properly discontinuous group of analytic transformations of DxBψ). Let KdD, LcB(b) be compact subsets. It is enough to show that the set of all m e Z with the property:
Lesion specificity in the base excision repair enzyme hNeil1: modeling and dynamics studies.

Base excision repair (BER) is the major pathway employed to excise oxidized DNA lesions. Human Neil1, a versatile glycosylase in the BER pathway, repairs a diverse array of oxidative lesions; however, the most prevalent, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG), is only weakly excised. The structural origin of hNeil1's ability to repair a variety of lesions but not 8-oxoG is a model system for connecting enzyme structure and lesion-recognition specificity. To elucidate structural properties determining hNeil1's substrate specificities, we have investigated it in complex with two pairs of representative well-repaired substrates: the R- and S-spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp) stereoisomers, nonplanar further oxidation products of guanine, and the 5R,6S- and 5S,6R-thymine glycol (Tg) stereoisomers, the most prevalent oxidative lesions of thymine. We also investigate the poorly repaired 8-oxoG. We employed molecular modeling and 10 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results of our investigations provide structura...