cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural abnormalities of great arterial walls in congenital heart disease: light and electron microscopic analyses.

Background—Great arteries in congenital heart disease (CHD) may dilate, become aneurysmal, or rupture. Little is known about medial abnormalities in these arterial walls. Accordingly, we studied 18...
Veterans Administration cooperative study on nadolol as monotherapy and in combination with a diuretic

Abstract A series of studies on various therapeutic aspects of beta-adrenergic-blocking drugs was carried out by the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. In one study the diastolic blood pressures of 49% of 132 men with mild to moderate hypertension were controlled (
Imaging of Fluorescent ATP-Stabilized Smooth Muscle Myosin Filaments, Actin Filaments/Bundles and Single Molecules of Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK) under Conditions of SMM Phosphorylation

We are using fluorescence microscopy to characterize the interaction of single active MLCK molecules with smooth muscle myosin (SMM) filaments and acto-SMM bundles in an in vitro¬ model system to determine the mechanism by which MLCK phosphorylates SMM. Since ATP is required for the SMM ATPase and the MLCK kinase activity, this requires unphosphorylated SMM filaments that are stable in the presence of ATP, a condition that normally causes disassembly. We have prepared and characterized modified SMM filaments for this study. They are 1) covalently labeled with NHS-Rhodamine for ease of imaging, 2) lightly cross-linked with EDC on the heavy chain so they are stable to ATP-induced disassembly, 3) similar to native SMM filaments in length, 4) fully regulated by phosphorylation measured by acto-SMM ATPase activity, and the ability to move actin in an in vitro motility assay, and 5) able to dissociate from actin in an [ATP]-dependent manner. Interestingly, these modified SMM filaments are capable of bundling actin filaments in the presence of ATP, calmodulin (CaM), and Ca2+; conditions that are sufficient for MLCK to phosphorylate SMM. SMM filaments preferentially bind to actin bundles rather than single actin filaments, and as ATP is titrated into a preparation of acto-SMM bundles, they dissociate leaving short actin filaments which are predominantly bound to SMM filaments. We have imaged the interaction of single quantum dot-labeled MLCK (QD-MLCK) molecules with these SMM filaments and acto-SMM bundles using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to visualize single QD-MLCK. We observed QD-MLCK colocalizing with SMM filaments and acto-SMM bundles and will characterize the QD-MLCK interaction with both proteins in the presence of ATP before and after activation of MLCK by Ca2+-CaM.
Omni-Directional Mobility Using Active Split Offset Castors

An omni-directional mobility platform design concept using two active split offset castors (ASOC) and one or more conventional castors is presented. An ASOC module consists of two coaxial conventional wheels driven independently and connected to the platform via an offset link. The kinematics and implementation of the omni-directional platform is described and analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the system performance on uneven floors. The fundamental mechanics of the ASOC wheel scrubbing, which is critical to system wear and energy use, is analyzed and compared to conventional active castor designs. The effectiveness of the design is shown experimentally using an intelligent mobility aid for the elderly. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1767181#
Empiric recurrence risks in common and uncommon congenital heart lesions.

Empiric recurrence risks in sibs for the eight most common and four uncommon congenital heart lesions have been obtained from a study of 1405 patients with congenital cardiovascular malformations. Risks to offspring of parents with any of four common congenital heart diseases were determined in a study of 210 adults who had congenital heart defects and who had reproduced. The recurrence risks are presented and are found to approximate the prediction of the multifactorial inheritance hypothesis.
Fluids and Electrolytes: Physiology

More than 100 years ago Claude Bernard (1813-1878) pointed out that higher animals "have really two environments: a milieu exterieur in which the organism is situated, and a milieu interieur in which tissue elements live. The living organism does not really exist in the milieu exterieur (the atmosphere it breathes, salt or fresh water if that is its element) but in the liquid milieu interieur formed by the circulating organic liquid which surrounds and bathes all the tissue elements: this is the lymph or plasma.....all the vital mechanisms, however varied they may be, have only one object, that of preserving constant the conditions of life in the internal environment." Although Bernard deduced the existence of the constancy of the internal environment from relatively few facts, this basic concept has been confirmed repeatedly. Walter B. Cannon extended Bernard9s hypothesis by recognizing that "physiologic agencies" were excited to action by deviation from the constancy of the internal environment. Cannon designated the constancy of the internal environment as a homeostatic state that, when disturbed by environmental change, automatically elicits a corrective physiologic action. Although modern fluid and electrolyte physiology is based on recognition of these basic concepts, its application has been enormously enriched by detailed information on the specific mechanisms that foster the maintenance of the composition of individual cells and the regulatory processes that contribute to the overall body fluid homeostasis.
Solid Ground: Comment on “Shifting Sands: Reflections from the Field of Higher Education”

Twenty years ago I received my doctorate in educational administration. What a proud moment that was. I had met one of my personal goals and, at age 38, I was embarking on a new phase in my professional career, but I wasn't sure what I would do. As an American Indian woman, I knew that I would count very few of my peers, if any, among my colleagues in any college or university faculty I would join. The statistics indicated that less than one percent of faculty is American Indian or Alaska Native.
Retroperitoneal Hematoma Caused by a Ruptured Pelvic Varix in a Patient with Iliac Vein Compression Syndrome

May-Thurner syndrome, or iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS), is a rare but well-described entity. It refers to the formation of venous thrombus caused by compression of the left iliac vein, most commonly between the right iliac artery and lumbar vertebrae. Several variants of IVCS have been described, including unusual presenting symptoms, etiologies, and complications. The authors describe an unusual case of IVCS in which the patient presented with a left-sided retroperitoneal hematoma arising from a ruptured collateral venous varix shortly after the development of symptomatic left lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis.
Surgical management of pineal area tumors in early childhood

Three cases of tumors of the pineal area in young children are presented. Surgical intervention is advocated because of the greater than 50% chance of the tumor's being benign in this age group and the greater risk from radiation to the developing brain.
Textile Damage in Astronaut Gloves

The ability of protective gloves to resist cutting, tearing, puncture, abrasion, and unraveling is critical for many activities, but particularly for spacewalk activities. Since astronaut safety requires that pressure boundaries not be violated, damage observed in the outer layers of ten gloves after excursions about the International Space Station in 2006 was of great concern. An urgent effort was initiated to determine how and why the damage occurred and how to prevent it in the future. A team of scientists examined the failed fabric, yarns, and fibers of the damaged gloves with high-resolution microscopy and conducted laboratory experiments to produce glove damage under known load conditions. This article describes the damage observations and results of the laboratory tests, deduces how the damage occurred, and presents guidelines for designing gloves that are more damage resistant.
Microparticle separation using a PMMA channel at an oblique angle to a SAW field

In systems using two opposing transducers to create standing waves in a microfluidic channel with flow, the acoustic force on microparticles in the channel is proportional to the volume of the particles, while the drag force is proportional to the radius of the microparticles. Consequently, larger particles migrate towards acoustic nodes faster than smaller particles. We have investigated particles flowing in channels at an oblique angle relative to the SAW field. By applying the drag force and the acoustic force to the particles at an angle, depending on the water velocity, larger particles migrate towards one side of the channel faster than smaller particles, enabling particle separation in a continuous flow system without dilution from sheath flow.
Effectiveness of percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy during pregnancy

During pregnancy, medically refractory congestive heart failure due to mitral stenosis continues to present a clinical challenge and optimal management remains controversial. Thirteen women underwent balloon mitral valvotomy for control of functional class III or IV congestive heart failure due to mitral stenosis during pregnancy. The mean gestational age at the time of valvotomy was 25 +/- 6 weeks. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy was performed successfully in all patients. No maternal or fetal mortality occurred. The mean mitral valve area assessed by Doppler echocardiography increased from 0.9 +/- 0.3 cm2 before to 2.1 +/- 0.3 cm2 after valvotomy. The mean mitral valve gradient decreased from 20 +/- 7 to 4 +/- 2 mm Hg. This was associated with a decrease in the pulmonary artery systolic pressure from 62 +/- 24 to 32 +/- 14 mm Hg. Currently, 12 of the 13 patients have delivered at an average gestational age of 38 +/- 0.5 weeks. Symptoms of congestive heart failure improved in all women and all were in New York Heart Association functional class I at the time of delivery. One patient is still pregnant and symptom free. Eleven singlet pregnancies resulted in the birth of full-term, healthy infants (mean birth weight 3.2 kg). The woman carrying a twin pregnancy improved from New York Heart Association class IV to class I after balloon mitral valvotomy but delivered prematurely at 32 weeks. The premature twin infants weighed 1.0 and 1.5 kg and died from respiratory failure at 48 hours. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy can be performed safely during pregnancy and is effective in relieving symptoms of severe congestive heart failure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Spiradenocarcinoma with low-grade basal cell adenocarcinoma pattern: report of a case with varied morphology and wild type TP53.

We present a patient with a 2-cm spiradenocarcinoma of the left arm resembling low-grade salivary gland basal cell adenocarcinoma. In addition to showing attributes of conventional spiradenoma, the benign component showed prominent areas of cystic change with focal apocrine differentiation, glands with and without mucinous differentiation, clear cell change and focal adenoid cystic carcinoma-like areas. The malignant component was composed of nodules of basaloid cells arranged in sheets with variable tendency to luminal differentiation. The nuclear atypia was low-grade, and the mitotic index was high in the malignant component (to 8/10 high power fields). Immunohistochemically, there was diffuse but variable positivity for cytokeratin 7 in both the benign and malignant components. Epithelial membrane antigen was focally positive, highlighting cells with ductal (luminal) differentiation. Expression of p63 was observed in 50 and 80% of the cells in the benign and malignant components, respectively. Calponin was negative. The proliferative index (MIB-1/Ki-67) was <3% in the benign component and up to 10% in the malignant component. Although the malignant component displayed patchy areas with nuclear p53 immunoreactivity with variable intensity, no mutation in the TP53 gene was identified. Petersson F, Nga ME. Spiradenocarcinoma with low-grade basal cell adenocarcinoma pattern: report of a case with varied morphology and wild type TP53.
Hybrid control system design using a fuzzy logic interface

A hybrid control system is proposed for regulating an unknown nonlinear plant. The interface between the continuous-state plant and the discrete-event supervisor is designed using a fuzzy logic approach. The fuzzy logic interface partitions the continuous-state space into a finite number of regions. In each region, the original unknown nonlinear plant is approximated by a fuzzy logic-based linear model, then state-feedback controllers are designed for each linear model. A high-level supervisor coordinates (mode switching) the set of closed-loop systems in a stable and safe manner. The stability of the system is studied using nonsmooth Lyapunov functions. For illustration and verification purposes, this technique has been applied to the well-known inverted pendulum balancing problem.
On the I.R. spectra of the isomers of trichlorotriaquoruthenium(III)

Abstract The i.r. spectra of cis and trans trichlorotriaquoruthenium(III) asNujol mulls have been recorded from 4000 to 250 cm −1 . The vibrational frequencies of the co-ordinated water have been assigned. The skeletal RuOH 2 stretching vibrations have been assigned to bands ranging from 470 to 432 cm −1 . The RuCl stretching vibrations fall in the range 315 to 291 cm −1 . The i.r. spectra are consistent with the previous structures proposed for these isomers. It is shown that the i.r. spectra provide a convenient method for distinguishing between cis and trans isomers.
Spectral Absorption Pattern Detection and Estimation. II. System Applications and Design Procedures

In Part I of this paper, a number of analytical techniques were developed for the detection and estimation of spectral absorption patterns. In this second part, these techniques are applied to the design of practical systems and several examples of actual problems are given. Laser systems, multichannel broadband systems, a modified absorption cell technique, and adaptive processing are among the topics considered.
Ca2+ in the Cleft: Fast and Fluorescent

Calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal second messenger that governs a vast array of biological phenomena, including muscle contraction, neuronal transmission, fertilization, aging, cell death, and hormone secretion.1 Perturbations of intracellular Ca2+ signaling underlie a host of pathological states, including the myocardial diseases of ischemia/reperfusion injury, arrhythmia, myocyte hypertrophy, and heart failure.2 Article, see p 339 Despite the pivotal role of Ca2+ homeostasis in myocyte physiology and disease, large gaps exist in our understanding of its compartmentalization within subcellular microdomains and its trafficking among them. A vast literature has glossed over the finely tuned handling of intracellular Ca2+, its sites of storage, release, action, and reuptake, focusing instead on crude measures of bulk Ca2+ concentration. In so doing, the intricacies of spatiotemporal handling of Ca2+, occurring on the scales of milliseconds and nanometers, are blurred, and our understanding is incomplete. Appreciation of the pivotal role of Ca2+ in heart function dates to the late 19th century, when Sidney Ringer3 discovered that this cation is absolutely required for cardiac mechanical function. Cardiac contraction is triggered by influx of a small amount of Ca2+ through voltage-gated l-type Ca2+ channels (LTCC) embedded in the cell surface membrane. This Ca2+ influx, in turn, triggers the release of much larger amounts of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) stores through ryanodine receptors (RyRs), a process termed Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. Thus, LTCC Ca2+ influx gates Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release; in the converse sense, Ca2+ released by Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release feeds back to control LTCC influx.4 The end result is an elaborate, finely tuned, and self-regulated cascade of events that controls every heart beat. The intricate dynamics of this process …
Role of de novo DNA methylation in the glucocorticoid resistance of a T-lymphoid cell line.

A correlation has been shown between changes in the methylation pattern of cytosine residues in DNA and the expression of specific genes in differentiated tissues1–6. The pattern of DNA methylation is conserved, through cell division, by a maintenance methylase7–9 but the mechanism by which a given pattern of methylation is established is unknown. De novo methylation of foreign DNA molecules has been shown to occur in several systems10–12, and may serve as a signal to arrest gene expression. Conversely, treatment of cultured cell lines with 5-azacytidine results in DNA hypomethylation and leads to transcriptional activation of previously unexpressed genes13–18. The results described here demonstrate spontaneous de novo methylation of DNA in a T-lymphoid cell line previously treated with 5-azacytidine to generate glucocorticoid sensitivity. This de novo methylation is accompanied by the acquisition of the glucocorticoid-resistant phenotype.
Frog skin, time series, and other kinds of data: Nonisomorphic representation and analysis

Representational art is spatially congruent, or isomorphic, with objects in the world. In other words, they are the same in some important way. But not all representation is isomorphic. Data graphs are a type of nonisomorphic representation. A major goal of data graphs is to facilitate the rapid comprehension of differences or relations. This is done by providing a kind of analogy between something that can be “seen” (the relative heights of points) and some relevant information. This article discusses some rules about data graphing, then some new visualization tools are briefly critiqued.
An Approach Toward Estimating Cost of a New System in the Conceptual Design Stage Using Knowledge-Base

To estimate profitability of a new system in the conceptual design stage, engineers need to estimate the cost of concept (the cost of the final system developed from each system concept). If engineers have abundant experiences developing similar systems, they can construct a knowledge-base consisting of historical cost data and use it to estimate the cost of concept. However, if the firm is entering a new market, engineers do not have historical cost data to accurately estimate the cost of concept. In this case, engineers need to benchmark similar systems in the marketplace and construct a knowledge-base with the benchmarked information. This paper proposes an approach toward developing a distribution (belief) about the cost of concept using a knowledge-base. The proposed approach retrieves a subset of information from the knowledge-base relevant to estimating the cost of concept, constructs a histogram about the cost of concept, and develops a distribution of the cost of concept. This paper demonstrates the proposed approach by using printers as an illustrative example.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Chemical modification of 3-mercaptopropionic acid-substituted poly (chlorotrifluoroethylene)

Abstract When poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) is reacted with the dianion of 3-mercaptopropionic acid, a substituted polymer with pendant carboxylic acid functionality is produced. Further reactions, such as esterification and reduction to the alcohol, can be performed on the acid groups. Chemical transformation of the alcohol produced the corresponding tosylate, halide, trimethylsiloxy, and trichloroacetate derivatives. By increasing the variety of functionality available, the possible utilizations of these polymers as reactive polymers and as solid phases in chromatography are thus increased.
Availability of 11-cis retinal and opsins without chromophore as revealed by small bleaches of rhodopsin in excised albino mouse eyes

Small bleaches were used to study the rhodopsin regeneration process. At bleaches from 5.2% to 24.7%, the rhodopsin regenerations were consistent with a one-for-one recovery of bleached molecules. At response saturation rod photoreceptors exhibit a bleach level of only 5%. Major increases in rhodopsin regeneration were observed at bleach levels between 1.3% and 5.2%. The rhodopsin regenerations exhibited a linear relationship that was 4-times the bleach (dark adaptations of 0.75 and 1.5 h). The data show that the bleach initiates the availability, and possibly production, of 11-cis retinal in amounts that are 4-times the number of bleached molecules within the functional range of the rod photoreceptors. Rhodopsin regeneration also requires the presence of opsins without chromophore. Regenerations beyond the bleach indicate the presence of such opsins prior to the bleach. The opsin amounts were 8.1%, 8.6%, 3.1% and 0% of the total visual pigment at dark adaptation times of 0.75, 1.5, 24 and 48 h, respectively. Those opsins, as well as the ones produced by the bleach, may be regenerated to rhodopsin following a small bleach or with additional time in the dark.
New therapeutic targets in immune disorders: ItpkB, Orai1 and UNC93B

Background: Sequencing of the murine and human genomes has enabled large-scale functional genomics approaches to target identification. This holds the promise of drastically accelerating target discovery. Moreover, by providing an initial validation coincident with target identification, cell based cDNA or small interfering RNA (siRNA) screens and in particular genome-wide in vivo approaches, including forward or reverse genetics and analyses of natural gene polymorphisms, can move the relatively late step of target validation to the beginning of the process, reducing the risk of pursuing targets with little in vivo relevance. Objective: We critically discuss the value of combining functional genomics with traditional approaches for accelerating target identification and validation. Methods: We evaluate the potentials of inositol (1,4,5)trisphosphate 3-kinase B (ItpkB), Orai1 and UNC93B, three particularly interesting proteins that were recently identified through functional genomics, as targets in immune...
On the structure of non-dentable closed bounded convex sets

A self-contained proof is given of the following result. Theorem. Let K be a non-dentable closed bounded convex nonempty subset of a Banach space X so that K equals the closed convex hull of its weak-to-norm points of continuity. There exists a nonempty subset W of K satisfying W is non-dentable closed convex and the weak and norm topologies on W coincide. (∗) Moreover there exists a closed linear subspace Y of X so that Y has a Finite-Dimensional Decomposition and a nonempty convex subset W satisfying (∗). (Any bounded set W satisfying (∗) has no extreme points.) This yields the recent discovery of W. Schachermayer that a closed bounded convex subset of a Banach space has the Radon-Nikodým Property (RNP) provided it has the Convex Point of Continity Property (CPCP) and the Krein-Milman Property (KMP), and the CPCP case of the earlier discovery of J. Bourgain that a Banach space has the RNP provided every subspace with a Finite-Dimensional Decomposition has the RNP. The proof is a variation and crystallization of the original arguments for these discoveries. In particular, the proof uses the concept of convex sets with small combinations of slices. This is a refinement of the concept of strong regularity, introduced by N. Ghoussoub, G. Godefroy, and B. Maurey; both concepts crystallize ideas appearing in Bourgain's work. The proof also yields further results concerning the structure of non-dentable convex sets.
An examination of Miller's approach-avoidance procedures in an open field.

4 groups of food-deprived rats were formed by matching animals on approach behavior to a food cup in the center of an open field. Two of the groups became experimental groups for avoidance training; a high-shock group (1.0 ma.) and a low-shock group (0.15 ma.). The remaining two groups became high- and low-shock control groups. The experimental groups differed significantly on the number of times shocked during avoidance training and trials to recovery from avoidance training. Expected differential circling distances from the food dish for high- and low-shock groups did not occur. The open field dramatically elicited thigmotaxic behavior and emotional stress reactions. Changes in apparatus design were suggested to elicit differential circling distances between experimental groups. The results support theory developed for straight-alley data.
The Global Citizenship MBA orientation Program: Action learning at the University of Michigan Business School

The University of Michigan Business School's Global Citizenship Program is a two day action learning model conducted during orientation week. During these two days, teams of students, faculty and staff, along with corporate managers, work side-by-side on community projects. These projects are intended to help students understand the difficult issues and frustrations faced by community organizations. The students have opportunities throughout the year to continue to volunteer their business skills and time.
Theoretical Modeling and Analysis of Fiber-pull-out Behaviour from a Bonded Fibrous Matrix: The Elastic-bond Case

A theory to characterize the single-fibre-pull-out behaviour of bonded fibrous systems is presented. Based on the shear-lag mechanism and the statistical-mean microstructural elements in the systems, the theory is developed for structures in which fibers are bonded with each other at contact points, and, as a result, the fiber-bonding with the matrix (the other fibers) is effected through the discrete points instead of a continuous interface. A theory aimed at one single bond is first derived, and it is then extended to the whole fiber by adding up the contributions from all bonds on this fiber into the result so as to predict a stepwise curve of the pull-out force and the embedded fiber length. This theory can also be used, combined with experimental results, to estimate the important bond properties, such as the bond shear strength Tband the shear modulus Gb. A parametric study is carried out and illustrated in this study to reveal the effects of the important factors involved during the fiber-pull-out ...
EFFECTS UPON SOCIAL PERCEPTIONS OF THE INSANITY PLEA

Interest and debate have increased over the “not guilty by reason of insanity” (NGRI) plea. However, little systematic research regarding societal reactions to this plea is available. Perceptions of the plea were analyzed by having 256 respondents read specially prepared newspaper stories that described the shooting of an individual. The female assailant compared to the male counterpart was: liked more, considered less likely to shoot someone again, held less responsible for the shooting, and perceived to deserve fewer years in prison. These findings were conceptualized under the framework of attribution theory. Moreover, differential reactions were a function of the respondent's sex. Finally, the report of a psychiatric history resulted in the NGRI plea being considered more acceptable in a court of law.
Experiments in Verifying Low Level Concurrent C Code

Summary form only given. The Verified C project adds design by contract programming to C. The program verifier VCC accepts annotated C programs, generates logical verification conditions from them and passes them on to an automatic theorem prover to either prove the correctness of the program or find errors in it. VCC is build to verify the functional correctness of Microsoft's hypervisor code base. The first step in developing VCC so far has been the efficient encoding of a faithful memory model. The next step is the development of a programming methodology which allows for automatic verification of annotated low level concurrent code. In this talk, I will report on the design of VCC, and on first experiments in applying it.
Acamprosate attenuates cocaine- and cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats

Rationale Acamprosate (calcium acetylhomotaurinate) is a glutamatergic neuromodulator used for the treatment of alcoholism, but its potential efficacy in the treatment of psychostimulant addiction has not been explored.
Labeling HIV-1 virions with two fluorescent proteins allows identification of virions that have productively entered the target cell

GFP-Vpr labeled HIV-1 virions have provided a method to visually examine the interactions between the virus and target cell during infection. However, existing methods to discriminate between virions that have been non-specifically endocytosed from those that have productively entered the host cell cytoplasm have remained problematic. Therefore, we examined the ability of a series of membrane-targeted fluorescent fusion protein constructs to be incorporated into virions. We find that a fluorescent protein fusion targeted to the plasma membrane by the addition of the N-terminal 15 amino acid sequence of c-Src (S15) is efficiently packaged into HIV virions. Using fluorescent proteins fused to this sequence, we have generated virions dually labeled with S15-mCherry and GFP-Vpr. Importantly, we can detect the loss of this S15-mCherry membrane signal following fusion. After infection with VSV-g pseudotyped HIV virions, we find a measurable, specific loss of membrane label during infection. This loss of fluorescence is not observed when fusion is prevented using bafilomycin A. This increased ability to discriminate between non-productively endocytosed virions and those actively undergoing steps in the infectious process will facilitate efforts to examine early steps in infection microscopically.
Histologic follow-up results in 662 patients with Pap test findings of atypical glandular cells: results from a large academic womens hospital laboratory employing sensitive screening methods.

Abstract Objective Atypical glandular cell (AGC) Pap interpretations and screening for glandular neoplasias remain major challenges. We document the largest reported AGC histopathologic follow-up experience and include verification bias-adjusted data on laboratory screening sensitivity. Methods AGC Pap tests of endocervical origin (AGC-EC), endometrial origin (AGC-EM), and not otherwise specified (AGC-NOS) were documented at a center serving an older low risk population. 98% of Pap tests were liquid-based cytology (LBC) specimens screened using computer-assisted screening. Follow-up diagnoses were correlated with cytology and stratified into age groups. Screening sensitivity was assessed by examining Pap results during 1 year preceding neoplastic diagnoses. Verification bias was adjusted with findings in over 2000 patients with hysterectomies. Results Of 247,131 Pap tests, 1021 (0.41%) reported AGC results and 662 cases had tissue follow-up. Precancerous or malignant neoplastic histologic outcomes were documented in 101 patients (15.3%), including 8.3% cervical, 6.3% endometrial, and 0.6% ovarian. AGC results were most often associated with neoplastic cervical outcomes in women younger than 40 and with neoplastic endometrial outcomes in women 50 or older. AGC-NOS with a squamous cell abnormality and AGC-EC results suggested cervical neoplasia, while AGC-EM results suggested endometrial neoplasia. Conclusions AGC Pap results detected significant numbers of cervical and non-cervical neoplasias. Since 38 of 44 (86%) of AGC-detected carcinomas were endometrial or ovarian, HPV co-testing would not have aided screening in detecting the majority of malignancies diagnosed after AGC Pap results. Verification bias-adjusted Pap screening sensitivity in the laboratory for detection of significant neoplastic cervical disease was 93%.
Parallel stories: a way of contextualizing teacher knowledge

Abstract Adopting Clandinin and Connelly’s “professional knowledge landscape” metaphor [Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (1994). Personal experience methods. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research. London: Sage Publishing, Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (1996). Teachers’ professional knowledge landscapes teacher stories—stories of teachers—school stories—stories of school. Educational Researcher, 19(5); 2–14; Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1999). Storied identities. Storied landscapes. New York: Teacher College Press (in press)], Olson’s “narrative authority” conceptualization [Olson, M. (1993). Conceptualizing narrative authority in (teacher) education. Unpublished dissertation. Edmonton: University of Alberta; Olson, M. (1995). Conceptualizing narrative authority implications for teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 11(2), 119–125], and Craig’s notion of “knowledge communities” [Craig, C. J. (1992). Coming to know in the professional knowledge context: beginning teachers’ experience Unpublished dissertation. Edmonton: University of Alberta; Craig, C. J. (1995a). Knowledge communities: a way of making sense of how beginning teachers come to know. Curriculum Enquiry, 25(2), 151–175; Craig, C. J. (1995b). Coming to know on the professional knowledge landscape: Benita’s first year of teaching. In D. J. Clandinin, & F. M. Connelly (Eds.), Teachers’ professional knowledge landscapes. New York: Teachers College Press; Craig, C. J. (1998). The influence of context on one teacher’s interpretime knowledge of team teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 14, 4; Craig, C. J. (1999a). Life on the professional knowledge landscape. Living the image of “principal as rebel”. In F. M. Connelly, & D. J. Clandinin (Eds.), Storied identities. Storied landscapes. New York: Teachers College Press (in press); Craig, C. J. (1999b). Lessons Students teach. Teaching Education Journal (in press); Craig, C. J. (1999c). Stories of schools/teacher stories: a two part invention on the walls theme. Curriculum Enquiry (in press)], ‘parallel stories’ is a research method which captures shifts in a beginning teacher’s interpretive knowledge as she moved from context to context. The methodology which evolves from Clandinin’s narrative method [Clandinin, D. J. (1986). Classroom practice. Teacher images in action. Philadelphia, The Falmer Press] and Craig’s ‘telling stories’ method [Craig, C. J. (1997). Telling stories: a way to access beginning teacher knowledge. Teaching Education Journal, 9, 1]. incorporates two types of meaning recovery: the first variety, collective constructions of ‘stories of school’ (Clandinin & Connelly, 1996) that differ from building to building; the second variety, personal constructions of teacher stories which vary from context to context. The overview of the parallel stories methodology includes the substantive, theoretical and conceptual understandings that arise from the inquiry as well as the implications the approach holds for teacher education programs. Suggested topics for future exploration are also offered.
Substitution induced B-cation ordering in solid oxide fuel cell ceramics: (La0.8Sr0.2)(M0.9Ni0.1)O3 (M = Mn, Cr)

Perovskites are important materials in a number of important technological applications, including solid oxide fuel cells, catalysis, and giant magneto-resistance materials. For many of these purposes, a mixture of B-cations can be used to tune the desired properties, e.g., oxygen reduction, ionic conductivity. For a solid oxide fuel cell, two particular ceramic components are of critical importance and have been extensively studied, the cathode (La{sub 0.8}Sr{sub 0.2})MnO{sub 3-x} and the interconnect material (La{sub 0.8}Sr{sub 0.2})CrO{sub 3}. In this study, we examined the mixed B-cation perovskites (La{sub 0.8}Sr{sub 0.2})(M{sub 0.9}Ni{sub 0.1})O{sub 3} (M = Mn, Cr). All materials were synthesized using the glycine-nitrate method, followed by air annealing. The structures were determined using powder neutron diffraction methods. Refinement of the data showed that even at this low concentration, the compounds have monoclinic symmetry (P2{sub 1}/n) and that the nickel had a strong preference for the smaller of the two octahedral sites. This small amount of nickel substituted on the B-site resulted in a symmetry reduction when compared to the unsubstituted (LaSr)MnO{sub 3} or (LaSr)CrO{sub 3} materials. Although this structural type has been seen previously in heavily substituted perovskites, these materials show that even at this low level of substitution a segregationmore » of the metals in a manner similar to the double perovskites A{sub 2}BB'O{sub 6-x} can be detected. This may have implications involving material stresses on cycling that may result as the temperature is raised or lowered through this crystallographic transition.« less
[MESITYL]BACTERIORHODOPSIN. THE PROPERTIES OF AN ANALOGUE OF THE PURPLE MEMBRANE CONTAINING [MESITYL] RETINAL AS THE CHROMOPHORE

— A new synthesis of all-trans-[mesityl]retinal, II, (all-trans-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2′,4′,6′-trimethylphenyl)-2,4,6,8,-nonatetraenal) and 13-cis-[mesityl]retinal, VI, (3,7-dimethyl-9-(2′4′6′-trimethylphenyl)-2Z,4E,6E,8E-nonatetraenal) is reported. Combination of all-trans-[mesityl]retinal with bacterioopsin results in the formation of a synthetic membrane (Λmax 460) which has photocycling properties similar to the purple membrane although its cycling rate is very much slower. An M-type intermediate can be trapped at -60°C. Photoreversal of the M-intermediate to the wavelength of initial absorption is observed. Phototransformation of the initial [mesityl]bacteriorhodopsin is accompanied by conversion of the all-frans to the 13-cis-isomer.
Cytokine Modulation of the Innate Immune Response in Feline Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Cats

Background In vitro data suggest that innate immune function in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients is compromised; however, in vivo studies are lacking. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in cats provides an excellent model to explore innate immune function in vivo. The innate response against Listeria monocytogenes is well understood, making it a useful immune probe. Methods Recombinant L. monocytogenes carrying eukaryotic expression plasmids for feline tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- alpha , interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (IFN)- gamma , and IL-15 were created to determine whether specific cytokines would modulate innate immune function. L. monocytogenes was delivered subcutaneously, and local lymph nodes were evaluated for size, cell subpopulations, and L. monocytogenes burden. Two months later, memory responses were evaluated by IFN- gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Results FIV-positive cats had significantly less lymph-node enlargement and a greater L. monocytogenes burden than FIV-negative control cats. TNF- alpha improved listericidal activity in FIV-negative control cats but not in FIV-positive cats, whereas IL-10 modestly reduced function in FIV-negative control cats. IFN- gamma improved memory responses but not clearance of L. monocytogenes. IL-15 improved innate function in FIV-positive cats and increased the percentage of natural killer cells. Conclusions Lentivirus infection impairs innate immune function in vivo, and IL-15 can significantly restore function. We hypothesize that altered dendritic-cell function and increased regulatory T cell activity may underlie the innate immune defect in HIV infection.
Introductory lecture to session 1 Common problems confronting eye movement physiologists and investigators of somatic motor functions

Abstract A few common questions confronting eye movement physiologists and investigators of somatic motor functions are outlined here. Common problems arise both from the fact that the same techniques are used (single cell recording in alert animals), and because extensive co-contraction of numerous muscles occurs even during the slightest movement. The usefulness of the notion of strategy in approaching problems of motor coordination is also discussed.
The binding of zinc to angiotensin-converting enzyme.

Abstract The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of zinc ion from angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was measured using zinc ion buffers of zinc chloride and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). The dissociation constant is 6.4 × 10 −10 m . The fraction of active enzyme at equilibrium is independent of the presence of substrate which indicates that hippurylhistidylleucine binds equally well to the holoenzyme and apoenzyme. The rate constant for the dissociation of zinc from ACE was measured as 0.68 min −1 for the free enzyme; the rate constant for the enzyme substrate complex was roughly 0.18 min −1 . The association of zinc ion and ACE is very fast; the rate constant is 1.06 × 10 9 m −1 min −1 . Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and NTA rapidly remove zinc from ACE with rate constants of 1.27 × 10 3 and 2.2 × 10 3 m −1 min −1 . The equilibrium constant for the reaction of NTA with ACE was measured as 4.6 × 10 −2 and was calculated for EDTA as 3.8 × 10 3 .
Viscous stress relaxation, characteristics, and numerical boundary conditions

The anomalous infinite propagation speeds in the classical parabolic flow equations are removed by the inclusion of a small amount of fluid elasticity or viscous stress relaxation. The inclusion of such effects results in a hyperbolic system of equations with a complete set of characteristic equations. The directional characteristic equations are used to give insights into the appropriate boundary molecules to be used in finite difference numerical schemes. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hypertension-independent microvascular rarefaction in the obese Zucker rat model of the metabolic syndrome.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that reduced skeletal muscle microvessel density (MVD) in obese Zucker rats (OZR) is independent of chronic elevations in mean arterial pressure (MAP).Methods: Microvessels in cross sections of gastrocnemius muscle from lean Zucker rats (LZR) and OZR were labeled with Griffonia simplicifolia I lectin, visualized with fluorescence microscopy and vessel number within sections was determined using imaging software. Rats were used at different ages to assess correlations between the temporal development of hypertension and microvascular rarefaction. Additionally, rats were chronically treated with captopril or hydralazine as antihypertensive therapies to examine the development of microvascular rarefaction in the absence of elevated blood pressure.Results: MVD in muscle of OZR was reduced by ∼ 17% versus LZR by 10–11 weeks of age, prior to any elevation in MAP. By 15–17 weeks, OZR exhibited a ∼ 23% reduction in MVD and a ∼ 25 mmHg increase in MAP. Treatment with hydralazine p...
New potato varieties

Breeding potatoes for disease resistance is being emphasized in the cooperative potato-breeding program which is carried on between the United States Department of Agriculture and a number of the State Experiment Stations.
Flame synthesis and characterization of rare-earth (Er3+, Ho3+, and Tm3+) doped upconversion nanophosphors

Rare-earth doped yttria upconversion nanophosphors were synthesized using a single-step gas-phase flame synthesis method. The phosphors were characterized by x-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The dependence of multiphoton emissions on excitation power was examined. The results show that particle size, morphology, and photoluminescence intensity are strongly affected by flame temperature. The as-prepared nanophosphors are mostly single crystallites with an average size less than 30nm. Under laser diode excitation, bright blue, green, and red emissions are visible from these phosphors which show potential applications in biological imaging and photodynamic therapy.
Trends in the determinants of early childbearing

This study uses data from the young women's and new youth cohort of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth Labor Market Experience to examine the extent to which socioeconomic background factors and race have changed in their ability to predict a first birth before age 19 between 1968 and 1980 for women aged nineteen to twenty-three. The authors find little support for their hypothesis that the increasing availability of contraception and abortion for young women from all social classes reduces the traditionally strong inverse association between social class and early childbearing. There is evidence that, even after controlling for changes in socioeconomic background factors, black young women are significantly more likely than their white counterparts to bear children before age 19 in 1980 and the relative gap between races in this regard did not alter perceptively during that period.
Quantitative assessment of four-dimensional computed tomography image acquisition quality

The purpose of the present work was to describe the development and validation of a series of tests to assess the quality of four-dimensional (4D) computed-tomography (CT) imaging as it is applied to radiation treatment planning. Using a commercial respiratory motion phantom and a programmable moving platform with a CT phantom, we acquired 4D CT datasets on two commercial multislice helical CT scanners that use different approaches to 4D CT image reconstruction. Datasets were obtained as the platform moved in various patterns designed to simulate breathing. Known inserts in the phantom were contoured, and statistics were generated to evaluate properties important to radiation therapy--namely, accuracy of phase-binning, shape, volume, and CT number. Phase-binning accuracy varied by as much as 5% for a 4D procedure in which images were reconstructed and then binned, but exhibited no variation for a 4D procedure in which projections were binned before reconstruction. The magnitude of geometric distortion was found to be small for both approaches, as was the magnitude of volume error. Partial-volume effects in the direction perpendicular to the transverse planes of reconstruction affected volume accuracy, however. Computed tomography numbers were reproduced accurately, but 4D images exhibited more variation in CT number than static CT images did. Characterization of such properties can be used to better understand and optimize the various parameters that affect 4D CT image quality.
PERSISTENT ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE CONTENT IN LUNG HYPOPLASIA DUE TO LEFT PULMONARY ARTERY LIGATION IN THE OVINE FETUS. † 2093

PERSISTENT ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE CONTENT IN LUNG HYPOPLASIA DUE TO LEFT PULMONARY ARTERY LIGATION IN THE OVINE FETUS. † 2093
The adsorption of C60 and the co-adsorption of C60 and H2O on α-Al2O3 (1102)-(2 × 1)

Abstract Binding of submonolayer coverages of C 60 to α-Al 2 O 3 (1 1 02)-(2 × 1) is observed by temperature-programmed desorption with peak temperatures for desorption between 430 and 460 K. Estimated first-order activation energy and pre-exponential factor are 25 ± 6 kcal/mol and 6.3 × 10 11 s −1 . Multilayer desorption of C 60 behaves similarly to that observed previously from the (0001) surface. Exposure of C 60 to a water pre-dosed surface did not displace the adsorbed surface hydroxyls. Concomitant desorption of C 60 and water is observed from a water pre-dosed surface subsequently exposed to C 60 multilayers, whereas water post-dosed onto a C 60 -covered surface has a sticking probability less than 4 × 10 −3 .