cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using unfolding case studies to develop critical thinking skills in baccalaureate nursing students: A pilot study.

Abstract Background Research has consistently demonstrated that new graduate nurses do not possess sufficient critical thinking skills when they transition to clinical practice. Unfolding case studies encourage students to participate in a number of critical thinking skills including information-seeking, logical reasoning, and analyzing of clinical data. Objective The aim of this study was to determine how the use of unfolding case studies as a learning modality affected baccalaureate students' critical thinking skills in their Adult Health Theory course. The researcher compared course examination scores earned by nursing students who were taught using traditional case studies to scores obtained by nursing students who completed unfolding case studies. Setting The pilot study took place at a moderate-sized comprehensive university in Wisconsin. Design A non-experimental correlational design using course examination scores data was employed to examine how the use of unfolding case studies as a learning modality affected baccalaureate students' critical thinking skills in their Adult Health Theory course. Participants A total of 160 students comprised the intervention group while an additional 142 students represented the control group in the study. Methods An independent-samples t-test was performed to explore differences in mean scores between the intervention and control groups. Results Results of the t-test indicate that mean examination scores were significantly higher for the intervention group (M = 234.9, SD = 13.1) than for the control group (M = 228.2, SD = 13.3); t(299) =, p Conclusions Results of this study suggest that unfolding case studies more effectively develop students' critical thinking skills than do a more traditional, static case study.
Diurnal Temperature Variation and Using Fever to Screen for Infectious Diseases

Abstract Fevers have been used as marker of disease state for hundreds of years and are frequently used to screen for infectious diseases during infectious disease outbreaks. However, body temperature and fevers have been shown to vary over the course of a day and across individuals by age, sex and other characteristics. The objective of this paper is to describe the individual variation in diurnal temperature patterns during episodes of febrile activity using a database of millions of recorded temperatures across the United States. We then model the probability of recording a fever during a single reading at given time for individuals who are experiencing a febrile episode. We find a wide variation in body temperatures over the course of a day and across individual characteristics. Similarly, the likelihood of recording a fever may vary widely by the time of day when the reading is taken and by an individual’s age or sex. These results suggest diurnal temperature variation and demographics should be considered when using body temperature to screen for disease, especially for diseases that are contagious.
Reduction of uranyl and uranyl-organic complexes mediated by magnetite and ilmenite: A combined electrochemical AFM and DFT study

Abstract Reduction of mobile aqueous uranyl complexes can be hindered by the strength of the uranyl-ligand complex and the resistivity of the complexes to electron transfer. Semiconducting solids, such as magnetite (Fe3O4) and ilmenite (FeTiO3), can facilitate otherwise-slow electron transfer between the reductant and oxidant, especially if these species are adsorbed on their surfaces as inner-sphere complexes. Electrons can then be shuttled through the surface or the structure. This process can be facilitated by either finding a new electron transfer path or by weakening or destroying the ligand-uranyl complex. Using in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM), we imaged reduction products of uranyl as mediated by magnetite and ilmenite in the absence or presence of the organic ligands, ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and oxalate. In situ images of uranyl reduction show gradual nucleation and growth of reduced uranium on the mineral surfaces with decreasing reduction potentials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements indicate pentavalent uranium as the dominant uranium species resulting from uranyl reduction mediated by magnetite and ilmenite. The reduction potentials of uranyl-organic species relevant to our reaction system, (UVIO2∙oxalate)0 and (UVIO2∙HEDTA)−, are derived using quantum–mechanical modeling and compared with the midpoint potentials obtained from cyclic voltammetry measurements. The spectroscopic, electrochemical, and computational data suggest that the catalysis of Fe-bearing minerals facilitates the reduction of uranyl-organic complexes. U(VI)-oxalate complexes are redox-active and participate directly in the reduction mediated by magnetite. In the presence of EDTA, reduction of uranyl may proceed in concert with ligand exchange between metals (i.e., U and Fe) on the mineral surface. The proposed mechanism is the breaking of uranyl-organic bonds upon interaction with the mineral surface followed by the formation of Fe-organic bonds, thereby allowing the reduction of hexavalent uranyl to pentavalent one.
Understanding Neural Pathways in Zebrafish through Deep Learning and High Resolution Electron Microscope Data

The tracing of neural pathways through large volumes of image data is an incredibly tedious and time-consuming process that significantly encumbers progress in neuroscience. We are exploring deep learning's potential to automate segmentation of high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) image data to remove that barrier. We have started with neural pathway tracing through 5.1GB of whole-brain serial-section slices from larval zebrafish collected by the Center for Brain Science at Harvard University. This kind of manual image segmentation requires years of careful work to properly trace the neural pathways in an organism as small as a zebrafish larva (approximately 5mm in total body length). In automating this process, we would vastly improve productivity, leading to faster data analysis and breakthroughs in understanding the complexity of the brain. We will build upon prior attempts to employ deep learning for automatic image segmentation extending methods for unconventional deep learning data.
Principled Conservatism: The CARES Act and the Lone Voice

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act was the largest spending bill passed by Congress and enacted into law in American history. This Article concludes that despite all of the criticism he has endured, Congressman Massie's lone voice calling for a vote for over $2 trillion in government spending will be remembered years from now as a beacon and clarion call for fiscal and principled conservatives. The Article also examines two prior historical instances which involved a lone voice in the United States House of Representatives: Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin's lone vote against a declaration of war with Japan in 1941 and Congresswoman Barbara Lee's lone vote against the war in Afghanistan in 2001. Both the lone votes of Congresswoman Ranking and Congresswoman Lee illustrate that taking a principled, highly unpopular stance at the risk to one's political career in the United States House of Representatives can result in a positive, long-term legacy. This Article predicts Congressman Massie's lone voice will be viewed in the same lens in the future.
Rapid Implementation of a Complex, Multimodal Technology Response to COVID-19 at an Integrated Community-Based Health Care System.

Background The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 or SARS-CoV-2 necessitated a scaled treatment response to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objective This study aimed to characterize the design and rapid implementation of a complex, multimodal, technology response to COVID-19 led by the Intermountain Healthcare's (Intermountain's) Care Transformation Information Systems (CTIS) organization to build pandemic surge capacity. Methods Intermountain has active community-spread cases of COVID-19 that are increasing. We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pandemic Intervals Framework (the Framework) to characterize CTIS leadership's multimodal technology response to COVID-19 at Intermountain. We provide results on implementation feasibility and sustainability of health information technology (HIT) interventions as of June 30, 2020, characterize lessons learned and identify persistent barriers to sustained deployment. Results We characterize the CTIS organization's multimodal technology response to COVID-19 in five relevant areas of the Framework enabling (1) incident management, (2) surveillance, (3) laboratory testing, (4) community mitigation, and (5) medical care and countermeasures. We are seeing increased use of traditionally slow-to-adopt technologies that create additional surge capacity while sustaining patient safety and care quality. CTIS leadership recognized early that a multimodal technology intervention could enable additional surge capacity for health care delivery systems with a broad geographic and service scope. A statewide central tracking system to coordinate capacity planning and management response is needed. Order interoperability between health care systems remains a barrier to an integrated response. Conclusion The rate of future pandemics is estimated to increase. The pandemic response of health care systems, like Intermountain, offers a blueprint for the leadership role that HIT organizations can play in mainstream care delivery, enabling a nimbler, virtual health care delivery system that is more responsive to current and future needs.
Pacific Dulse Protein: A Promising Source of Bioactive Peptides

Objectives Pacific dulse (Devaleraea mollis) is a protein-rich seaweed in the Pacific Northwest and increasingly being cultivated as food resource. Our previous work showed that dietary supplementation of dulse exerted beneficial metabolic effects to the high-fat fed mouse model. This study aims to evaluate the potential of the seaweed protein from dulse as a precursor for bioactive peptide (BAP) generation.
Communication in Pharmacy Higher Education to Improve Worklife and Mitigate Burnout.

Objective. To identify the content, style, timing, tone, and initiation of communication that best connotes “reassurance of worth” from peers and supervisors in pharmacy academia. Methods. This study employed semi-structured interviews to acquire rich information from pharmacy faculty through a purposive sampling process. Academicians who had published in the area of worklife and/or were deemed likely to make substantial contributions to the interview were asked to participate. Participants represented a cross-section by discipline, institution, and demographic characteristics. An interview guide was constructed on the basis of motivating language theory (MLT) and provisions of social relationships theory. Interviews were conducted via zoom and transcribed verbatim. Themes were gleaned using open coding, then audited and member-checked. Results. Data saturation occurred after eight interviews. Two primary themes emerged, including 1) guidance - particularly related to professional development and tenure, and 2) reassurance of worth through invited participation, praise, and/or rewards. Interviewees highlighted the importance of empathetic, yet practical language among peers, and supervisor-initiated, meaning-making language opposed to generic platitudes. Conclusion. Empathetic, personal language that provides guidance and reassurance of worth can enhance faculty contributions and mitigate burnout. Invitations to collaborate are seen as collegial and engaging. This study demonstrated the usefulness of motivating language theory and social provisions in guiding communications among pharmacy academicians.
Pathways from child maltreatment to proactive and reactive aggression: The role of posttraumatic stress symptom clusters.

OBJECTIVE Childhood aggression is related to a myriad of negative concurrent and long-term outcomes. To mitigate the risks associated with childhood aggression, it is important to understand risk factors that might predispose 1 to aggressive behaviors. One risk factor commonly associated with aggression is the experience of child maltreatment. A common outcome associated with child maltreatment is the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Several prevailing theoretical models of both posttraumatic stress and aggression indicate that these constructs have similar underlying cognitive, behavioral, and emotional mechanisms. Therefore, the present study examined the relations between and among child maltreatment, PTSS clusters, and proactive and reactive aggression in children. METHOD Children between the ages of 6 and 14 who were enrolled in a residential treatment program completed self-report measures to evaluate variables of interest. These variables were included as multiple outcomes in a path analysis model in which individual PTSS clusters were examined as potential multiple mediators of the relations between child maltreatment and proactive and reactive aggression. RESULTS Direct effects of child maltreatment and PTSS clusters on aggression were observed. Significant indirect effects of the intrusion PTSS cluster on the relation between child maltreatment and reactive aggression was found. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that symptoms associated with these specific PTSS clusters might help explain the relation between child maltreatment and reactive aggression and therefore present important implications for clinical practice and future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Methodology to image the panel surface pressure power spectra in weakly coupled fluid/structure interactions

Flow over thin elastic panels that undergo small amplitude vibrations has a common occurrence in supersonic and hypersonic platforms. The resulting fluid–structure interactions (FSI) are shown to excite the panel oscillation over different elastic modes. The consequent pressure field over the panel poses a stiff measurement challenge because of the fundamental limitations with using pressure transducers. Fast response pressure-sensitive paints make a viable alternative to unravel the pressure dynamics over the panel surface. However, the dominant contribution from the camera noise and the finite number of images acquired introduce broadband fluctuations in the pressure fluctuation power spectral density (PSD) over the panel surface that mask the elastic mode contributions to the PSD in weakly coupled FSI. In this work, an approach is introduced to unearth the elastic mode contributions in the PSD of the panel surface pressure. This approach involves averaging multiple power spectra over a representative region to subdue the broadband fluctuations while retaining the elastic mode contributions. The number of samples to be averaged is determined from the theoretical scaling of the r.m.s. of the broadband spectral fluctuations with averaging. This approach is demonstrated in an impinging shock boundary layer interaction (SBLI) unit generated over an elastic panel at a Mach number of 2.5. The PSD within the incoming boundary layer revealed an elastic mode contribution in the (2,1) mode with spectral sample averaging that was otherwise submerged within the broadband noise. Similarly, the contributions from the different elastic modes were revealed within the intermittent region and the relaxing boundary layer with spectral sample averaging. Whereas the Welch’s algorithm to compute the PSD retained the noise floor, the use of cross-spectral density significantly mitigated the noise floor and provided a more accurate determination of the PSD.
The French Enlightenment and the Emergence of Modern Cynicism

Introduction Part I. The Enlightenment: 1. Enlightenment as disillusionment 2. Unraveling natural Utopia 3. The dark side of sociability 4. The leveling power of commerce 5. Hermits and cynics Part II. The Present: 6. From Enlightenment to postmodernism 7. Disenchanted democracy.
Neonatal deaths in Alabama. III: Out-of-hospital births, 1940-1980

Out-of-hospital births in Alabama are characterized with special emphasis on the period from 1970 to 1980. Women having an out-of-hospital birth were more likely to be nonwhite, aged greater than or equal to 35, and multiparous and to have little or no prenatal care. However, within the group of women having out-of-hospital delivery, characteristics which predicted neonatal death included being white, aged less than 20, primiparous, and unmarried and having little or no prenatal care. Both the risk factors for and outcomes of out-of-hospital birth differed markedly by race. In all, out-of-hospital births, which declined from 25% to 0.5% of all births from 1940 to 1980, were associated with a twofold increase in neonatal mortality. The major care provider for out-of-hospital births, the "granny" midwife, was found to have little knowledge about, or ability to provide, modern obstetric care. High-risk status of the patients, limited capability of the care-givers, and lack of appropriate medical resources are suggested as the likely reasons for the excess neonatal mortality in out-of-hospital births.
Dysmyelopoietic syndrome: sequential clinical and cytogenetic studies

Clinical and cytogenetic studies were done on 8 patients with dysmyelopoietic syndrome: 6 of these patients had refractory anemia with an excess of blasts (RAEB), and 2 patients had chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) according to the French-American-British classification. The ages of these 8 patients (3 female and 5 male) ranged from 45 to 70 yr (median, 61.5 yr). Seven of the 8 patients died 3-86 mo (median, 11 mo) after the onset of symptoms of hemorrhage or infections. Cytogenetic studies of bone marrow cells with the Q-banding technique showed clonal karyotypic abnormalities in 7 of the 8 patients (87.5%). Five of the 7 chromosomally abnormal patients had very complex karyotypes; all 7 patients, however, had at least 1 of 4 specific changes: -5 (or 5Q-), -7, +8, and +21. Three of the 7 patients with abnormal karyotypes had had some exposure to potential mutagenic/carcinogenic agents. Five of the 7 patients had serial cytogenetic analyses, 4 of which showed evolution of the karyotype to further complexity; in 2 cases, this coincided with the evolution of the disease into acute leukemia. The median survival time of patients whose initial cytogenetic samples showed both normal and abnormal metaphases was more than twice that of patients who had only abnormal metaphases initially (12 mo versus 4.5 mo).
Type F botulism due to neurotoxigenic Clostridium baratii from an unknown source in an adult.

Abstract Type F botulism was confirmed in a 54-year-old male with signs compatible with botulism who reported to the emergency unit of a hospital. Botulinal neurotoxin was detected in the patient's serum and fecal specimens, and a neurotoxigenic organism whose physiologic characteristics correspond to those of Clostridium baratii was isolated. The toxin produced by the isolate was neutralized by type F botulinal antitoxin and cross-neutralized with lower efficiency by type E antitoxin. The patient's food history was not suggestive of botulism, and it seems likely that the illness was due to colonization of the gut.
Microstrip array analysis using a circuit model technique

Array antennas have a wide variety of military and commercial applications [1]. Array analysis problems are often electrically large, leading to the approximation of the antenna array as an infinite periodic structure. To capture realistic performance of the antenna system, it is necessary to analyze the finite array. This is often an electrically large, and therefore computationally intensive, problem. This paper proposes an approach for solving finite microstrip patch arrays in a shorter time period than current techniques.
Vision-Based Obstacle Avoidance Using SIFT Features

This paper presents a vision-based collision detection algorithm. Our approach is similar to optic flow-based approaches, except that we are working at a feature level instead of a pixel level. The algorithm analyzes a pair of images taken from a moving camera at different times. Then, it recognizes imminent collisions by analyzing the change in scale and location of SIFT features in the pair of images. We have evaluated the performance of this algorithm and present our experimental results.
Low complexity anti-jam space-time processing for GPS

This paper investigates the performance of reduced rank spacetime processors in the context of anti-jam mitigation for an M-code based GPS receiver utilizing a circular array. Several adaptive processing algorithms are discussed utilizing power minimization techniques. It is assumed an INS (inertial navigation system) or direction finding algorithm is incorporated into the receiver for satellite look direction based algorithms. Reduced rank space-time processing is accomplished via the innovative multistage Wiener filter (MSWF). It is demonstrated that the MSWF does not require matrix inversion, thereby reducing computational complexity. The processing algorithms are compared in terms of available degrees of freedom and distortion of the GPS cross correlation function (CCF).
Modeling the complete Otto cycle - Preliminary version

A description is given of the equations and the computer program being developed to model the complete Otto cycle. The program incorporates such important features as: (1) heat transfer, (2) finite combustion rates, (3) complete chemical kinetics in the burned gas, (4) exhaust gas recirculation, and (5) manifold vacuum or supercharging. Changes in thermodynamic, kinetic and transport data as well as model parameters can be made without reprogramming. Preliminary calculations indicate that: (1) chemistry and heat transfer significantly affect composition and performance, (2) there seems to be a strong interaction among model parameters, and (3) a number of cycles must be calculated in order to obtain steady-state conditions.
Spirans XVIII . gem-Dialkyl and spirotetrahydrocarbazoles †‡

The reactions of 4,4-dialkylcyclohexanones, spiro[4.5]decan-8-one and various spiro[5.5]-undecanones with phenylhydrazines to produce corresponding 3,3-dialkyltetrahydro and spiro (cycloalkyl 1,n′)-1′,2′,3′,4′-tetrahydrocarbazoles (n = 1, 2 or 3) by the Fischer indole synthesis were examined. Structural assignment of the one isomeric product derived from spiro[5.5]-undecan-2-one was obtained on the basis of pmr spectra.
Unusual cold-induced disorders: Cold-dependent depmatographism and systemic cold urticaria

Abstract Two patients are described in whom new cold-induced disorders were defined. The patients presented with histories suggesting either dermatographism or typical cold urticaria; however, standard tests for each disorder failed to reproduce the patients' symptoms. One patient had dermatographism that was observable only upon chilling the skin subsequent to scratching it. The reaction was associated with detectable elevation of venous histamine levels coincident with the development of urticaria. The second patient had generalized urticaria that was induced by systemic rather than local cold challenge. The reaction was anaphylactoid in nature and was associated with systemic elevation of histamine levels. This patient was also mildly dermatographic, and skin reactivity was markedly augmented during an episode of generalized hives. These cold-dependent disorders should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with histories suggestive of cold urticaria with or without a dermarographic component. Further evaluation is indicated when the standard tests for either of these disorders are negative.
Silver behenate as a calibration standard of grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering

Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) patterns of a silver behenate composite film, which has a typical layered structure, are described. The peak position of the film in the GISAXS pattern was varied depending on the incident angle, which was well described by taking into account the refraction and the reflection effects. Since the refractive index of samples depends on sample preparation, it is recommended that the measurement of silver behenate as a standard be done in conventional transmission mode to avoid any complexity.
RNA primer removal and gap filling on a model minicircle replication intermediate.

Abstract Replication of kinetoplast DNA minicircles in Crithidia fasciculata occurs by a unidirectional mechanism involving continuous synthesis of one strand (L strand) and discontinuous synthesis of the complementary strand (H strand). L-strands are initiated by RNA priming at alternate origins (A and B) resulting in daughter molecules with a single nick or gap in the L strand at either ori A or ori B. Some of the gapped molecules contain ribonucleotides at the 5′ side of the gap. We have investigated the ability of recombinant forms of kinetoplast replication proteins, DNA polymerase β and structure specific endonuclease 1, to repair gaps in a model minicircle substrate. Structure specific endonuclease 1 was shown to efficiently remove all ribonucleotides from the 5′ side of the model substrate by stepwise cleavage of the RNA primer. Polymerase β was then able to extend the 3′ terminus of the gap to yield a nicked molecule capable of covalent joining by a DNA ligase. These results demonstrate that the nuclease and polymerase enzymes present at antipodal protein complexes flanking the kinetoplast disk are capable of complete RNA primer removal and subsequent gap filling of newly synthesized minicircle L strands.
Polymerization of and within self-organized media

Self-organized surfactant solutions, such as microemulsions, vesicular solutions or dispersions, or lyotropic mesophases can serve as templates for the structure directed synthesis of organic polymers. Recent developments of templating within these equilibrium nanostructured fluids are reviewed. Depending on the template structure and the reaction conditions, the outcomes may be polyampholytes, amphiphiles, nanoparticles, hollow spheres, or mesoporous polymers. For each structure and morphology, the final product materials reflect a delicate balance between phase behavior and the reaction and mass transfer parameters that set structure. Experimental and theoretical aspects of reaction kinetics and thermodynamics such as monomer partitioning, swelling behavior and polymerization-induced phase separation are discussed.
Attracting pollinators and avoiding herbivores: insects influence plant traits within and across years

Perennial plants interact with herbivores and pollinators across multiple growing seasons, and thus may respond to herbivores and pollinators both within and across years. Joint effects of herbivores and pollinators influence plant traits, but while some of the potential interactions among herbivory, pollination, plant size, and plant reproductive traits have been well studied, others are poorly understood. This is particularly true for perennial plants where effects of herbivores and pollinators may manifest across years. Here, we describe two experiments addressing the reciprocal interactions of plant traits with herbivore damage and pollination across 2 years using the perennial plant Chamerion angustifolium. We measured (1) plant responses to manipulation of damage and pollination in the year of treatment and the subsequent season, (2) damage and pollination responses to manipulation of plant size and flowering traits in the year of treatment, and (3) plant-mediated indirect interactions between herbivores and pollinators. We found that plant traits had little effect on damage and pollination, but damage and pollination affected plant traits in both the treatment year and the subsequent year. We found evidence of indirect effects between leaf herbivores and pollinators in both directions; indirect effects of pollinators on leaf herbivores have not been previously demonstrated. Our results indicate that pollen receipt results in shorter plants with fewer stems but does not change flower number, while leaf herbivory results in taller plants with fewer flowers. Together, herbivory and pollination may contribute to intermediate plant height and plants with fewer stems and flowers in our system.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of trypan blue in female Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats

Administration of trypan blue to pregnant Sprague-Dawley or Long-Evans rats, during an identical stage of embryogenesis, has been associated with malformations in 97 and 17% of the offspring, respectively (Gunberg, Anat. Rec. 1958, 130, 310). In the present study the comparative pharmacokinetics of trypan blue in the two strains were investigated. Female Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats were injected sc with 10 mg trypan blue/rat [0.5 ml 2% (w/v) trypan blue in distilled water]. Blood samples were collected from the post-orbital plexus at times ranging from 5 min to 480 hr after dosing. The peak serum concentration of trypan blue was greater in Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacokinetic analyses of concentrations of trypan blue in serum resulted in fitting a two-compartment open model, with first order absorption, for both strains. Elimination of trypan blue from the central compartment was faster in Sprague-Dawley rats. This phenomenon was associated with a net movement out of the central compartment, predicted by the ratio of intercompartment rate constants. It is possible that the reported differences between the two strains in the teratogenic effects of trypan blue could be attributable, in part, to these observed pharmacokinetic dissimilarities.
Transcriptional control of the cell cycle

Although a significant amount of evidence has demonstrated that there are intimate connections between transcriptional controls and cell cycle regulation, the precise mechanisms underlying these connections remain largely obscure. A number of recent advances have helped to define how critical cell cycle regulators, such as the retinoblastoma family of tumor suppressor proteins and the cyclin-dependent kinases, might function on a biochemical level and how such mechanisms of action have been conserved not only in the regulation of transcription by all three RNA polymerases but also across species lines. In addition, the use of in vivo techniques has begun to explain how the activity of the E2F transcription factor family is tied to the cell cycle dependent expression of target genes.
The Impact of Culture and Gender on Customer Evaluations of Service Encounters

Despite the growing interest in cross-cultural research in the hospitality literature, little empirical research has been conducted on the effects of culture on consumers’ assessment of service qua...
Reversion of a promoter deletion in yeast

Promoter function in yeast has been examined by obtaining revertants of a his3 promoter deletion in vivo. Events which provide a new promoter for the his3 gene include insertion of the transposable element Ty1, rearrangements of the plasmid vector, and chromosomal mutations. A role for dicentric chromosomes as a source of the plasmid rearrangements is discussed.
Narcissism in the physical rehabilitation patient.

During my years as the psychologist on a rehabilitation medicine service, 1 have had a chance to observe narcissistic phenomena in some patients who were medically ill, chronically disabled, and brain injured. When we consider narcissistic phenomena, we are usually thinking about the problems that a physically healthy person is having with living and getting along with others. Of course, narcissistic people also become medically ill at times, and their various difficulties in living and being with others become as obvious in the sickroom or hospital as in their personal lives and their work. Illness can also make nonnarcissistic people narcissistic. Freud noted that the sick person withdraws libido from objects and becomes narcissistic. 1'p'83 This is the same mechanism that Freud describes as the basic dynamic of schizophrenic psychosis as well--a condition that is more generally recognized as narcissistic per se. Actually, narcissism is a collection of related phenomena that come and go throughout the life cycle and that have a different significance, depending on the circumstance. Narcissism during medical illness must be understood in the context of narcissism in general. Whenever a person's interests are being seriously threatened, attention, energy, and concern are withdrawn from their usual loci and directed back onto the self and its activities. For example, if a man's business is failing, we are not surprised to learn that he shows the following narcissistic phenomena: that he thinks of nothing else, neglects his family, loses his temper inappropriately, misinterprets the good wishes of others, and is often inconsiderate, demanding, even irrational. Similarly, during adolescence and young adulthood, when the individual has to make career and personal decisions that will affect the rest of his life, while becoming more independent and assuming more personal responsibility, the individual is often self-involved, inconsiderate, impulsive, overemotional, and hostile to those in authority. These breakdowns in control, insight, effective behavior, and relatedness are narcissistic phenomena. They are the consequences of moving libido,
A New Instrument for the Determination of Radio Path Delay due to Atmospheric Water Vapor

A new water-vapor radiometer is being developed to determine atmospheric path-delay corrections for geodynamics applications. The radiometer has microwave channels at 20.7, 22.2, and 31.4 GHz, and includes new features which should promote radiometric precision while at the same time reduce instrument complexity. The instrument will be compact, portable, and will possess a self-diagnostic capability to ensure reliability. The performance objective is the determination of the line-of-sight path delay though the atmosphere due to water vapor with a one-sigma error less than 0.5 cm at the zenith.
Bit-error rates of MIMO-SESS over Rayleigh fading channels

In recent work we have incorporated self-encoded spread spectrum (SESS) in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems as a novel means to combat fading in wireless channels. In this paper, we report analytical study of the bit error rate (BER) performance of MIMO-SESS systems under Rayleigh fading. The BER expressions are derived in closed-form and the veracity of the analysis was confirmed with numerical calculations that demonstrated excellent agreement with simulation results. The performance analysis demonstrates that the effects of fading can be effectively mitigated by taking advantage of spatial and temporal diversities. For example at 10−4 BER, a 2 × 2 MIMO-SESS system requires a signal-to-noise ratio of only 3 dB under Rayleigh fading and achieves about 7 dB performance improvement over a MIMO PN-coded spread spectrum system.
Response of nanoclusters in a 9Cr ODS steel to 1 dpa, 525 °C proton irradiation

Abstract Ferritic–martensitic (F/M) alloys are expected to play an important role as cladding or structural components in Generation IV and other advanced nuclear systems operating in the temperature range 350–700 °C and to doses up to 200 displacements per atom (dpa). Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) F/M steels have been developed to operate at higher temperatures than traditional F/M steels. These steels contain nanometer-sized Y–Ti–O nanoclusters for additional strengthening. A proton irradiation to 1 dpa at 525 °C has been performed on a 9Cr ODS steel to determine the nanocluster stability at low dose. The evolution of the nanocluster population and the composition at the nanocluster–matrix interface were studied using electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. The data from this study are contrasted to those from a previous study on heavy-ion irradiated 9Cr ODS steel.
Effects of composition on the upper critical field of V-Ga

Abstract Measurements of the temperature dependence of the upper critical field, Hc2(T), for a series of V100−xGax materials are presented for 20.5 ≤ × ≤ 29.6. Fits of the data to conventional theory for a paramagnetically limited, dirty, type II superconductor show: 1) a maximum in Tc and Hc2(0) for x ≅ 25; 2) a constant ( dH c 2 dT ) T = T c for x ≤ 25; 3) a slowly increasing value of λso with increasing x up to x ∼ 25; and 4) good agreement with stoichiometric ordered and thermally disordered V3Ga. Above x ⪆ 25 broader transitions are observed. For x = 25, Tc = 15.3 K, ( dH c2 dT ) T=T c = 4.3 T K , λso = 0.3 and Hc2(0) = 23.4 tesla. The effects of inclusion of strong-coupling in the theory are discussed briefly.
Non-Newtonian Lubrication With the Second-Order Fluid

In certain applications where the lubricant is subjected to rapidly changing conditions along its flowing path (such as an elastohydrodynamic contact), the inherently time dependent nature of the lubricant may be significant. The simplest type of model to correctly account for such time dependence is the second-order fluid, which is a systematic small departure from Newtonian behavior, involving higher order rate-of-rate-of strain tensors. As in a companion paper using the Maxwell model, the formalities of applying such a model to thin film flow are emphasized. Using a regular perturbation in the Deborah number, with the conventional lubrication solution as the leading term, a solution can be obtained. Viscoelasticity may raise or lower pressure depending on the nature of edge boundary conditions.
Generalised random paths in four dimensions

Abstract We investigate the recently proposed two-parameter generalised model of random paths in four dimensions by Monte Carlo simulation. Various regions of the phase diagram are explored numerically and the results for average length, intersection, overlap and mean square size are presented for various fermionic paths ranging from self-attracting to self-avoiding.
Structure and inhibition effects of anion adlayers during the course of O2 reduction

Abstract Structures of Br adlayers were determined on the Ag(100), Au(100) and Pt(111) electrode surfaces during the course of O 2 reduction by using synchrotron surface X-ray scattering techniques and correlated with the O 2 reduction activity obtained from rotating disk electrode measurements. On Ag(100), the c(2×2) Br adlayer, precludes the O 2 adsorption in ‘bridge’ configuration, and the O 2 reduction current resulting solely from adsorption in the ‘end-on’ configuration through the four-fold symmetry holes in the c(2×2) Br lattice is observed at large overpotentials. On Au(100), O 2 reduction is completely inhibited by the c(√2×2√2)R45° phase. The reaction takes place only at potentials negative of the low potential limit of the existence of that phase. O 2 reduction is also completely blocked by the commensurate (3×3) Br adlayer on Pt(111) at high potentials. Below 0.5 V, the ordered phase vanishes and O 2 reduction takes place. Adsorbed disordered Br adions change the mechanism of O 2 reduction on Pt(111) into a 2e-reaction. O 2 affects the stability of ordered Br adlayer on Pt(111), but not on Ag(100) and Au(100).
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection for capillary electrophoresis

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) detection based on the reaction of luminol and H2O2 has been developed for capillary electrophoresis. The ECL response at carbon fiber and platinum wire microelectrodes has been investigated. Carbon fiber electrodes are observed to be less sensitive than platinum electrodes but provide a more stable response. The ECL response at a carbon fiber electrode is linear over three orders of magnitude for luminol with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.998. Mass detection limits of 92 amol and 260 amol have been obtained for luminol using platinum wire microelectrodes and carbon fiber microelectrodes, respectively. The influence of hydrogen peroxide concentration (in the detection buffer resrvoir) on the luminescence response has been examined and found to be dependent on electrode type. The dependence of the ECL response on the applied voltage at the microelectrode has been studied for both electrode types. Capillary electrophoresis with ECL detection has been used for analysis of amines derivatized with N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-ethylisoluminol coupled to N, N-disuccinimidylcarbonate (ABEI-DSC). Detection limits of 2.0 fmol and 0.96 fmol are obtained for n-octylamine and n-propylamine, respectively. In addition, ABEI-DSC has been used to successfully label the tripeptide Val-Tyr-Val, and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography has been used with ECL detection for the separation of ABEI-DSC labeled amines.
Mourning in Late Imperial China: Filial Piety and the State

List of illustrations Acknowledgements A note on conventions Reigns of Ming and Qing emperors Introduction 1. Death and the state in imperial China: continuities 2. The reorientation of Ming attitudes toward mourning 3. The early Qing transformation of mourning practice 4. The bureaucratization of the Confucian li 5. The death of Xiaoxian and the crisis of Qianlong rule 6. Death and Chinese society Select bibliography Index.
Entry inhibitors in the treatment of HIV-1 infection

Infection of target cells by HIV is a complex, multi-stage process involving attachment to host cells and CD4 binding, coreceptor binding, and membrane fusion. Drugs that block HIV entry are collectively known as entry inhibitors, but comprise a complex group of drugs with multiple mechanisms of action depending on the stage of the entry process at which they act. Two entry inhibitors, maraviroc and enfuvirtide, have been approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection, and a number of agents are in development. This review covers the entry inhibitors and their use in the management of HIV-1 infection. This article forms part of a special issue of Antiviral Research marking the 25th anniversary of antiretroviral drug discovery and development, Vol 85, issue 1, 2010.
In Situ Observation of Quasimelting of Diamond and Reversible Graphite-Diamond Phase Transformations

Because of technique difficulties in achieving the extreme high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) simultaneously, direct observation of the structures of carbon at extreme HPHT conditions has not been possible. Banhart and Ajayan discovered remarkably that carbon onions can act as nanoscopic pressure cells to generate high pressures. By heating carbon onions to ∼700 °C and under electron beam irradiation, the graphite-to-diamond transformation was observed in situ by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, the highest achievable temperature in a TEM heating holder is less than 1000 °C. Here we report that, by using carbon nanotubes as heaters and carbon onions as high-pressure cells, temperatures higher than 2000 °C and pressures higher than 40 GPa were achieved simultaneously in carbon onions. At such HPHT conditions and facilitated by electron beam irradiation, the diamond formed in the carbon onion cores frequently changed its shape, size, orientation, and internal structure and moved like ...
Hypothalamic hyperphagia prevented by prior subdiaphragmatic vagotomy: Insulin hyperphagia is unaffected ☆

Abstract Male rats were given bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy or a sham operation. Both groups of animals showed equivalent hyperphagia and weight gain during a ten day treatment with long-acting insulin. Despite this ability to increase feeding, the vagotomized rats did not overeat and become obese after VMH lesions.
Study of the local distortions of the perovskite system La 1 − x Sr x CoO 3 ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.35 ) using the extended x-ray absorption fine structure technique

We present a temperature-dependent extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)/x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) investigation of ${\text{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Sr}}_{x}{\text{CoO}}_{3}$ (LSCO) over a wide doping concentration range $(0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.35)$. Five of the samples are nanoparticles ($x=0.15$, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, and 0.35) and four are bulk powders ($x=0$, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.30). From the EXAFS analysis, we find that the Co-O bonds are well ordered for both bulk and nanoparticle materials and there is no clear evidence for a Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion in the LSCO system (either static or dynamic). The distortion of the Co-O bond with increasing $T$, parameterized by the width of the pair distribution function (PDF), $\ensuremath{\sigma}(T)$, can easily be modeled using a correlated Debye model with a high correlated Debye temperature $\ensuremath{\sim}800\text{ }\text{K}$. There is also no evidence for a step in plots of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}$ vs $T$. In addition, the very small nonthermal contribution to ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}$ for the Co-O (PDF), ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\text{static}}^{2}$, sets an upper limit on the extent of any Jahn-Teller distortion at low $T$. These experiments are inconsistent with the existence of a significant fraction of Co sites with an intermediate spin (IS) state, for which there is a JT active ${e}_{g}$ electron on the Co atoms. We cannot, however, exclude the possibility of a tiny fraction of sites having a JT distortion or some other (non-JT active) means of producing an IS state. The bulk samples are well ordered out to at least the third neighbors (Co-Co) while the nanoparticles show increased disorder and a reduction in coordination for Co-Co. XANES data are also presented, and, for both bulk and nanoparticle samples, there is essentially no edge shift with increasing Sr concentration. Bond-valence sums also indicate no change in effective Co valence. These results indicate that when holes are introduced via Sr doping, they have little $\text{Co}(3d)$ character and the Co configuration remains close to $3{d}^{6}$; we argue that the holes have mostly $\text{O}(2p)$ character and are localized more on the O sites.
Socioeconomic disparities in lymphoma.

In this issue of Blood , Tao et al provide a retrospective analysis of a large population-based data set to examine the relationships between socioeconomic status (SES), insurance status, demographic factors, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) disease–specific and overall survival. The authors address an important gap in the understanding of lymphoma disparities and take advantage of geospatial coded data within the California cancer registry that are appropriately suited to evaluate these relationships. 1
The circulatory response to smoking: the effect of small doses of hexamethonium and of mephentermine on the pattern of response.

Abstract Observations were made on the circulatory response to smoking a single cigarette following small intravenous injections of hexamethonium, of mephentermine, or of placebo (isotonic sodium chloride solution). These substances were given in random order in a series of separate double blind tests. Seven healthy white male subjects had 8 tests apiece on different days, 3 with each of the active pharmacological preparations and 2 with the placebo. Two other subjects had smaller numbers of tests. The aim was to produce minimal measurable effects, and since sensitivity varies from subject to subject, the appropriate dose had to be found by experiment. After injection of the placebo, the average circulatory response to smoking one cigarette was similar to that in a larger series previously reported, in which no injection was given. From the duplicate placebo tests an estimate of the average variability of these tests could be made. Hexamethonium did not influence the mean response to smoking so far as could be judged by a paired comparison with the placebo tests. Individual differences were noted, but it is difficult to assess their importance. When the mephentermine sulfate and placebo tests were compared, both the change in systolic pressure and in cardiac output after smoking were significantly altered by mephentermine. The other variables were not thus affected. The constancy within the individual of the measurements obtained after a cigarette is smoked, previously reported as the “ceiling phenomenon,” is impaired but not entirely abolished by small doses of these drugs. In this respect the “ceiling phenomenon” resembles a cardiovascular homeostatic mechanism.