cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parent-child relationship quality and family transmission of parent posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and child externalizing and internalizing symptoms following fathers' exposure to combat trauma

Transactional cascades among child internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and fathers' and mothers' posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were examined in a sample of families with a male parent who had been deployed to recent military conflicts in the Middle East. The role of parents' positive engagement and coercive interaction with their child, and family members' emotion regulation were tested as processes linking cascades of parent and child symptoms. A subsample of 183 families with deployed fathers and nondeployed mothers and their 4- to 13-year-old children who participated in a randomized control trial intervention (After Deployment: Adaptive Parenting Tools) were assessed at baseline prior to intervention, and at 12 and 24 months after baseline, using parent reports of their own and their child's symptoms. Parents' observed behavior during interaction with their children was coded using a multimethod approach at each assessment point. Reciprocal cascades among fathers' and mothers' PTSD symptoms, and child internalizing and externalizing symptoms, were observed. Fathers' and mothers' positive engagement during parent-child interaction linked their PTSD symptoms and their child's internalizing symptoms. Fathers' and mothers' coercive behavior toward their child linked their PTSD symptoms and their child's externalizing symptoms. Each family member's capacity for emotion regulation was associated with his or her adjustment problems at baseline. Implications for intervention, and for research using longitudinal models and a family-systems perspective of co-occurrence and cascades of symptoms across family members are described.
Accurate computation of the Hotelling observer for the evaluation of image reconstruction algorithms in helical, cone-beam CT

A task-based method for evaluating cone-beam CT image reconstruction algorithms is proposed. The task is signal-known-exactly/background-known-exactly detection. The aim is to compute the efficiency of image reconstruction with respect to this task. The efficiency is the ratio of the square of the signal detectability by the ideal observer in the reconstructed image and in the projection data. As reconstruction, here, is a non-invertible linear operator, the efficiency is less than or equal to one. For the model used to describe the projection data the ideal observer is equivalent to the Hotelling observer. To obtain Hotelling observer performance, the Hotelling template is computed in both the projection data and reconstructed image domains. Under the assumption of uncorrelated noise, the data domain Hotelling template computation is straight-forward; however, its computation in the reconstructed image space is complicated by having a very large non-diagonal covariance. In this work, an efficient, accurate method is developed for evaluating the Hotelling template in the reconstructed image space in cone-beam CT. Obtaining this template, enables the accurate computation of the efficiency of the cone-beam CT image reconstruction algorithm.
Disk Battery Ingestion in a Toddler: Less Than Meets the Eye

Abstract Background Pediatric foreign-body ingestions are commonly managed by emergency physicians. Risk assessment and specific intervention are dependent on the nature and location of the foreign body. Radiographic evaluation is usually necessary to help define the clinical situation. Case Report We present an interesting case of presumed ingestion of several disk batteries by a toddler with an unexpected outcome, reviewing aspects of this clinical problem and highlighting potential pitfalls in medical decision making. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Pediatric foreign-body ingestions are commonly managed in the emergency department, and timely and accurate intervention is dependent on correct defining and localization of the foreign body. This case illustrates potential pitfalls in this evaluation.
Male sex hormones and criminal behavior: The predictive power of a two-factor model of organizational androgen exposure

Abstract Research on the relationship between prenatal testosterone and criminal behavior has produced mixed results. The 2D:4D digit ratio is typically employed as the measure of prenatal testosterone, but its proxy nature might play a role in the inconsistent findings. This study examines the usefulness of a multi-item approach to the measurement of organizational androgens. Principal components factor analysis of data from a convenient sample of adults reveals that two factors emerge from five androgen-promoted trait items. These two factors, however, do not predict self-reported criminal behavior better than the single right-hand 2D:4D digit ratio item. It is concluded that a multi-item measurement strategy is unlikely to be a more predictive measure of organizational androgens than digit ratio.
Immunotherapy for High-Grade Gliomas

Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumor in adults, with an incidence of five cases per 100,000 persons per year. Grade IV glioblastoma is the most aggressive form and prognosis remains poor despite the current gold-standard first-line treatment—maximal safe resection and combination of radiotherapy with temozolomide chemotherapy—resulting in a median survival of approximately 15–17 months. Tumor recurrence occurs in virtually all glioblastoma patients, and there currently exists no accepted treatment for these patients. Recent advances in novel directed treatment options are showing efficacy and have entered into clinical trials. This review gives an overview of current front-line immunotherapy research in the fields of antibodies, including BiTEs and checkpoint inhibitors, and tumor vaccinations, including peptide and dendritic cell vaccinations. Furthermore, we discuss challenges specific to high-grade gliomas as well as opportunities for combination therapies.
Sub-National Politics and International Cooperation Over Water and Energy Resources in Post-Soviet Central Asia

I argue that nondemocratic leaders can and do use international policy as a means of targeted goods provision. I provide statistical evidence to support this claim using the case of water and energy management in post-Soviet Central Asia. I do so by identifying subnational groups that support and oppose cooperative management and linking changes in international behavior to factors that alter the size of costs and benefits from cooperation and the relative importance of the supporting and opposing groups to maintaining regime stability.
Ring-Opening Polymerization of Epoxides: Facile Pathway to Functional Polyethers via a Versatile Organoaluminum Initiator

We report a new class of organoaluminum-based initiator for anionic ring-opening polymerization of epoxides that is simple to synthesize from readily available precursors. The resultant organometallic initiator was the triethylaluminum adduct of (2-dibenzylamino)ethoxydiethylaluminum (TAxEDA) [(AlEt3)·(O(AlEt2)CH2CH2N(Bn)2)], which was isolated by direct crystallization from the reaction medium and then compositionally and structurally characterized by NMR spectroscopy and XRD. We studied the reactivity and versatility of the new initiator through the polymerization of propylene oxide, butylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, and allyl glycidyl ether into homopolymer, statistical copolymer, and block copolymer architectures with heterobifunctional end-groups consisting of dibenzylamine and hydroxyl functionalities. The TAxEDA-initiated polymerizations were consistent with a controlled, living, anionic mechanism that was tolerant of chemical functionality and exhibited no chain transfer to monomer that limits the ...
Exploiting Cell Death Pathways for Inducible Cell Elimination to Modulate Graft-versus-Host-Disease

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a potent form of immunotherapy, potentially life-saving for many malignant hematologic diseases. However, donor lymphocytes infused with the graft while exerting a graft versus malignancy effect can also cause potentially fatal graft versus host disease (GVHD). Our group has previously validated the inducible caspase-9 suicide gene in the haploidentical stem cell transplant setting, which proved successful in reversing signs and symptoms of GVHD within hours, using a non-therapeutic dimerizing agent. Cellular death pathways such as apoptosis and necroptosis are important processes in maintaining healthy cellular homeostasis within the human body. Here, we review two of the most widely investigated cell death pathways active in T-cells (apoptosis and necroptosis), as well as the emerging strategies that can be exploited for the safety of T-cell therapies. Furthermore, such strategies could be exploited for the safety of other cellular therapeutics as well.
Spatiotemporal predictions of soil properties and states in variably saturated landscapes

Understanding greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from landscapes with variably saturated soil conditions is challenging given the highly dynamic nature of GHG fluxes in both space and time, dubbed hot spots, and hot moments. On one hand, our ability to directly monitor these processes is limited by sparse in situ and surface chamber observational networks. On the other hand, remote sensing approaches provide spatial data sets but are limited by infrequent imaging over time. We use a robust statistical framework to merge sparse sensor network observations with reconnaissance style hydrogeophysical mapping at a well-characterized site in Ohio. We find that combining time-lapse electromagnetic induction surveys with empirical orthogonal functions provides additional environmental covariates related to soil properties and states at high spatial resolutions (~5 m). A cross-validation experiment using eight different spatial interpolation methods versus 120 in situ soil cores indicated an ~30% reduction in root-mean-square error for soil properties (clay weight percent and total soil carbon weight percent) using hydrogeophysical derived environmental covariates with regression kriging. In addition, the hydrogeophysical derived environmental covariates were found to be good predictors of soil states (soil temperature, soil water content, and soil oxygen). The presented framework allows for temporal gap filling of individual sensor data sets as well as provides flexible geometric interpolation to complex areas/volumes. We anticipate that the framework, with its flexible temporal and spatial monitoring options, will be useful in designing future monitoring networks as well as support the next generation of hyper-resolution hydrologic and biogeochemical models.
Test Manual for Indiana University Motor Fitness Indices for High School and College Age Men

(1943). Test Manual for Indiana University Motor Fitness Indices for High School and College Age Men. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 356-365.
Choline and Working Memory Training Improve Cognitive Deficits Caused by Prenatal Exposure to Ethanol

Prenatal ethanol exposure is associated with deficits in executive function such as working memory, reversal learning and attentional set shifting in humans and animals. These behaviors are dependent on normal structure and function in cholinergic brain regions. Supplementation with choline can improve many behaviors in rodent models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and also improves working memory function in normal rats. We tested the hypothesis that supplementation with choline in the postnatal period will improve working memory during adolescence in normal and ethanol-exposed animals, and that working memory engagement during adolescence will transfer to other cognitive domains and have lasting effects on executive function in adulthood. Male and female offspring of rats fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet (ET; 3% v/v) or control dams given a non-ethanol liquid diet (CT) were injected with choline (Cho; 100 mg/kg) or saline (Sal) once per day from postnatal day (P) 16–P30. Animals were trained/tested on a working memory test in adolescence and then underwent attentional set shifting and reversal learning in young adulthood. In adolescence, ET rats required more training to reach criterion than CT-Sal. Choline improved working memory performance for both CT and ET animals. In young adulthood, ET animals also performed poorly on the set shifting and reversal tasks. Deficits were more robust in ET male rats than female ET rats, but Cho improved performance in both sexes. ET male rats given a combination of Cho and working memory training in adolescence required significantly fewer trials to achieve criterion than any other ET group, suggesting that early interventions can cause a persistent improvement.
Digitalização, globalização e capital financeiro hipermóvel

Since the late 20 th century and the microelectronics revolution, capital has become thoroughly digitized, moving effortlessly around the world through electronic funds transfer systems (EFTS). This paper charts the rise of electronic money since the collapse of the Bretton-Woods regulatory system in the 1970s and the shift into extremely mobile funds that circulate through ber optics lines. Second, it examines some of the world’s largest EFTS systems and their impacts on capital markets of different types. The third part focuses on how digital money has undermined na- tional nancial regulations imposed by nation-states. In the fourth section, the role of EFTS in the growth of offshore banking centers is explored.
A model for decoding the life cycle of granular avalanches in a rotating drum

Granular materials can behave as harmless sand dunes or as devastating landslides. A granular avalanche marks the transition between these distinct solid-like and fluid-like states. The solid-like state is typically described using plasticity models from critical state theory. In the fluid regime, granular flow is commonly captured using a visco-plastic model. However, due to our limited understanding of the mechanism governing the solid–fluid-like transition, characterizing the material behavior throughout the life cycle of an avalanche remains an open challenge. Here, we employ laboratory experiments of transient avalanches spontaneously generated by a rotating drum. We report measurements of dilatancy and grain kinematics before, during, and after each avalanche. Those measurements are directly incorporated into a rate-dependent plasticity model that quantitatively predicts the granular flow measured in experiments. Furthermore, we find that dilatancy in the solid-like state controls the triggering of granular avalanches and therefore plays a key role in the solid–fluid-like transition. With the proposed approach, we demonstrate that the life cycle of a laboratory avalanche, from triggering to run out, can be fully explained. Our results represent an important step toward a unified understanding of the physical phenomena associated with transitional behavior in granular media.
Effects of prolonged exposure and virtual reality exposure on suicidal ideation in active duty soldiers: An examination of potential mechanisms

Abstract Objective The current study sought to investigate the effects of exposure therapy on suicidal ideation (SI), as well as potential mechanistic pathways of SI reduction among active duty military personnel. Methods Active duty army soldiers (N = 162) were recruited from a military base in the U.S. and were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial comparing Prolonged Exposure (PE), Virtual Reality Exposure (VRE), and a wait-list control for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) stemming from deployments to Iraq or Afghanistan. PTSD diagnosis followed DSM-IV-TR criteria. Outcome measures were assessed via self-report and clinician interview. PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and SI were included in an autoregressive cross-lagged panel model to examine mechanistic pathways. Results Analyses revealed that PE/VRE had a lower probability of post-treatment suicidal ideation (OR = 0.23, 95% CI [0.06, 0.86]) compared to the waitlist control. Mediation analyses revealed a significant indirect effect from treatment condition to post-treatment PTSD symptoms through mid-treatment SI (Estimate = −1.420, 95% CI -3.559, −0.223]). Baseline suicidal ideation did not interact with treatment condition to predict PTSD symptom change at mid-treatment (p = .231) or post-treatment (p = .672). Conclusion PE/VRE successfully reduced SI, and the presence of SI at baseline did not affect PTSD symptom reduction, promoting the utility of using PE/VRE to address suicidality among individuals with PTSD. Mediation analyses suggest that reductions in SI were achieved early in treatment.
Targeting Hsp90 in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Disease

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone required for the stability and function of a number of conditionally activated and/or expressed signaling proteins, as well as multiple mutated, chimeric, and/or overexpressed signaling proteins, that promote cancer cell growth and/or survival. Hsp90 inhibitors, by interacting specifically with a single molecular target, cause the inactivation, destabilization, and eventual degradation of Hsp90 client proteins, and they have shown promising anti-tumor activity in preclinical model systems. One Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-AAG, has completed phase I clinical trial, and more than 20 phase II trials of this agent are either planned or in progress. Phase I testing of a related Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-DMAG, is currently underway. Hsp90 inhibitors are unique in that, although they are directed toward a specific molecular target, they simultaneously inhibit multiple signaling pathways that frequently interact to promote cancer cell survival. Further, by inhibiting nodal points in multiple overlapping survival pathways utilized by cancer cells, combination of an Hsp90 inhibitor with standard chemotherapeutic agents may dramatically increase the in vivo efficacy of the standard agent. Hsp90 inhibitors may circumvent the characteristic genetic plasticity that has allowed cancer cells to eventually evade the toxic effects of most molecularly targeted agents. The mechanism-based use of Hsp90 inhibitors, both alone and in combination with other drugs, should be effective toward multiple forms of cancer. Further, because Hsp90 inhibitors also induce Hsf-1-dependent expression of Hsp70, and because certain mutated Hsp90 client proteins are neurotoxic, these drugs display ameliorative properties in several neurodegenerative disease models, suggesting a novel role for Hsp90 inhibitors in treating multiple pathologies involving neurodegeneration.
A semiempirical liquid-drop plus shell-correction formula

Abstract An atomic mass formula based on the liquid-drop model with shell and deformation energies determined from the Nilsson model and BCS pairing energy has been adjusted to fit simultaneously ground-state binding energies and fission-barrier heights. There are nine free parameters. Calculated mass excesses of 6367 nuclides in the range 20 ≤ Z ≤ 120 and 20 ≤ N ≤ 200 are given in the main table of this issue. Additional calculations are available in a report or on magnetic tape. Differences between calculated and experimental results are shown graphically.
Evaluation of Infection Risk Factors in Adult Hematologic Malignancy Patients

Introduction Hematologic malignancies (HM) are often highly aggressive processes requiring multi-chemotherapy regimens and potentially hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) for treatment. Totally implantable venous access ports (TIVAP) are the standard access for administration of these regimens. The regimens usually involve periods of neutropenia for which infection can increase morbidity and require removal of the port. Although deemed safe for use in cancer populations, many studies have only looked at patients with TIVAP in solid tumor malignancies. Herein, we report our single institution experience identifying modulators for infection related to TIVAP in this high-risk population. Objectives To identify risk factors for port infection in HM patients. Methods We performed an IRB-approved single institution retrospective review of HM patients who had a TIVAP removed for port infection versus completion of therapy. Medical records were evaluated for patient demographics and tumor type, details of previous therapy regimens such as chemotherapy and HSCT status, laboratory values including albumin, white blood cell, neutrophil and platelet counts, as well as characteristics of the TIVAP. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed between the two cohorts to identify clinical predictors of port infection necessitating TIVAP removal. Results Between March 2015 and July 2018, 104 TIVAPs were removed from HM patients, 34 (33%) for infection and 70 (67%) for completion of treatment. Median patient age was 60 years (range 22-86) and there was an even number of men and women (n=52). Most TIVAPs were double lumen (n=98, 94%) and placed in the right IJV (n=100, 96%). The median number of port days was 49 in the infection group and 414 in the completion group, with removal of 12 (35%) of the infected ports within 30 days. Multiple factors were significant predictors of port infection on univariate analysis, including diagnosis of AML or ALL (p=0.0019), no prior HSCT (p=0.0148), neutropenia within 30 days of removal (p Conclusion In patients with HM, significant predictors of port infection requiring TIVAP removal included neutropenia within 30 days of removal and hypoalbuminemia. Interestingly, patients who underwent HSCT were less likely to a develop a port infection requiring TIVAP removal.
Endoscopic Management of Portal Hypertension-related Bleeding

Gastrointestinal bleeding as a sequela of portal hypertension can be catastrophic and fatal. Endoscopic and endosonographic therapy play a critical role in management of such bleeding- both for hemostasis of active bleeding and bleeding prophylaxis. Variceal band ligation is established as the standard intervention for esophageal varices. For other sources of portal hypertension-related bleeding, or for salvage therapy for esophageal varices, a variety of endoscopic techniques are available. Endoscopic ultrasound may be used to enhance endoscopic management, particularly for gastric and ectopic varices.
Advanced automotive thermal management – Nonlinear radiator fan matrix control

Abstract Advanced automotive cooling systems for gasoline and diesel engines can improve the powertrain performance. The replacement of the mechanical driven coolant pump and radiator fans with computer controlled servo-motor actuators, and update of the wax-based thermostat valve with a 3-way variable position smart valve, allow the coolant flow rate and proportion directed through the radiator to be carefully adjusted. A smart thermal management system approach can regulate the forced convection heat transfer process to match the engine׳s cooling needs. This paper presents a Lyapunov based nonlinear control strategy to solely operate the radiator fan matrix for transient engine temperature tracking. A reduced order mathematical model serves as the basis for the closed-loop feedback system. An adaptive backstepping method was implemented to derive the control law. An experimental test bench with multiple radiator fans, heat exchanger, wind tunnel, coolant pump, three way valve, and engine thermal load has been fabricated. Representative numerical and experimental tests demonstrate that the advanced control strategy can regulate the engine temperature tracking error within 0.12 °C and compensate the unknown heat load. The nonlinear controller provided superior performance in terms of power consumption and temperature tracking as evident by the reduced magnitude when compared to a classical PI with lookup table based controller and a bang bang controller.
PATRIOT: A pipeline for tracing identical-by-descent chromosome segments to improve genomic prediction in self-pollinating crop species

The lowering genotyping cost is ushering in a wider interest and adoption of genomic prediction and selection in plant breeding programs worldwide. However, improper conflation of historical and recent linkage disequilibrium between markers and genes restricts high accuracy of genomic prediction (GP). Multiple ancestors may share a common haplotype surrounding a gene, without sharing the same allele of that gene. This prevents parsing out genetic effects associated with the underlying allele of that gene among the set of ancestral haplotypes. We present Parental Allele Tracing, Recombination Identification, and Optimal predicTion (i.e., PATRIOT) approach that utilizes marker data to allow for a rapid identification of lines carrying specific alleles, increases the accuracy of genomic relatedness and diversity estimates, and improves genomic prediction. Leveraging identity by descent, PATRIOT showed an improvement in GP accuracy by 16.6% compared to the traditional rrBLUP method. This approach will help to increase the rate of genetic gain and allow available information to be more effectively utilized within breeding programs.
The Italian Makerspace

In the spring of 2020, I had the opportunity to attend a five-day workshop at Reggio Emilia in Italy. The workshop took place at the Remida center, which supplies materials to local public schools ...
FARMERS BEHAVIOR IN DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF SOIL IN FAYOUM GOVERNORATE

The main objectives of the study were. to identify of knowledge, andimplementation level of farmers related to recommendations of developmentand maintenance of soil, determine the most important variable affecting it,identify the sources from which farmers derive their information, identify themost important problems faced farmers and their sugessiens to solve it.The study was conducted in Fayoum governorate Fayoum and Tamiydistricts were selected according to the salted area. Nasria and Dimashin wereselected from Fayoum. destrict and Qasr Rashwan and Al-Mazatli wereselected from Tamia district.A random sample of 300, farmers were selected according to arethmatic mean (179 farmers from Fayoum district and 121 from Tamiya).datawere collected using the questionnaire by interview with farmersFinding indicated that the participation of 61.7% of farmers in theenvironmental activities was low, and the main source of information for66.6% of formers was the personal experience. Findings showed thatknowledge level of farmers was low related to irrigation, settlement and ofertlization as the percentage of farmers were 43.3% , 48.3% and 43.34respectively, and was 65% for farming methods.In relation to the implementation level, it was almost near to theknowledge level,so it reached to 40% , 41.7% and 40.7% in irrigation,settlement , fertilizer and farming methods.Findings indicated that the most important variables affecting theknowledge level were: participation in the environmental activities, relativeimportance of the recommendations , exposure to information sources, lifelevel, age and meetings attendance. Also the cosmopolitimess, family size,relative importance of recommendations and life level were the mostimportant variable affecting the implementations level.All farmers had problems in agricultural soil, and 53.3% of them hadirrigation problems. In addition, 36.6% % of farmers have drainage problems
Production and polarization of direct J / ψ to O ( α s 3 ) in the improved color evaporation model in collinear factorization

We calculate the production and polarization of direct $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ in the improved color evaporation model at $\mathcal{O}({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{3})$ in the collinear factorization approach. We present the first calculation of polarization parameters ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\vartheta}}$, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\varphi}}$, and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\vartheta}\ensuremath{\varphi}}$ in the helicity and the Collins-Soper frames as well as the frame-invariant polarization parameter $\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ as a function of transverse momentum. We find agreement with both $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ cross sections and the invariant polarization parameters at small and moderate ${p}_{T}$.
Short-term isokinetic and isometric strength outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in adolescents

Abstract Objectives To examine differences in knee strength outcomes after ACL reconstruction according to quadriceps tendon (QT) or hamstring tendon (HT) autograft in adolescents. Design Retrospective cohort. Methods Surgical and clinical outcome data were collected. Analyses were conducted separately for female and male cohorts and grouped by graft type (HT or QT). A Mann-Whitney U test of independent samples was used to examine group differences according to graft type. Results 107 females (age = 15.6 ± 1.5 years) and 94 males (age = 15.7 ± 1.5 years) were included. Mean time since surgery ranged from 7.2 – 7.9 months. Those with a QT autograft had decreased normalized isokinetic quadriceps peak torque on the involved limb compared to the HT group (p Conclusion Normalized isokinetic quadriceps peak torque was reduced by 18–20% on the involved limb in those with a QT autograft. Normalized isometric hamstring peak torque was decreased by 13% for those with HT autograft in the female cohort. Method of strength testing may be an important consideration to fully appreciate strength deficits after ACL reconstruction according to graft type.
DECISION TREES ALGORITHMS AND CLASSIFICATION WITH INCREMENTAL NEURAL NETWORK

The purpose of this paper is to present a set of algorithms for rule extraction using direct and indirect methods and the use of Neural Network for classification. A direct method with simplification (DMS) to extract rules from data using a hash table is also developed. Apart from the rules, DMS can also produce the corresponding decision tree for each subset with predefined class value. The merge of the paths of all call values can produce the decision tree of the data. Therefore, DMS works as both direct and indirect method. For the indirect method a Decision Tree algorithm (DTA) is created from data using probabilities, aiming at creating on-demand an accurate decision tree (DT) from either data or a stable set of rules. The advantages of both of them to avoid redundant branches are presented. DMS is the ability to produce rules with a maximum number of conditions and prevention of subtree overlapping. Moreover, an incremental Backpropagation Neural Network (IBNN) is created using the instances of data grouping according to their predefined class. Comparisons show that IBNN outperforms DMS. Simulation results are provided.
Advances in instrumental methods to determine food quality deterioration

Abstract: Instrumental techniques are widely used to assess the changes in quality attributes and evaluate remaining shelf life of the foods. This chapter presents some of the major instrumental techniques for evaluating shelf life of food, including determination of color, appearance, texture, rheological properties, lipid oxidation, and microbiological analysis. Recent developments in instruments and their applications such as electronic nose, electronic tongue, and Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy are discussed along with the limitations of selected instrumental techniques.
Transport networks at a crossroads

Traffic in backbone networks continues to grow at rapid pace. The bulk of this growth comes from low revenue internet traffic. Naturally, this raises interest in lowering the costs of building and maintaining the transport network. It is here that some make the case for OTN switching as low-cost alternative to IP/MPLS core networks. To compare and contrast the costs of OTN versus MPLS, we undertook multiple modeling exercises. The preliminary results show that the optimal network design depends on different parameters, such as: ratio of peak to average flow demands, number of simultaneous peak demands, ratio of MPLS to OTN port costs and size of core transport interconnects. We review our model, assumptions and outcome, and highlight the impact on product and network architecture.
Alkylation—Chemistry and Fundamentals

Alkylation of isobutane and aromatics have been performed commercially using liquid catalysts for many years to produce the following: high quality gasolines and alkyl benzenes (including ethyl benzene, cumene, and intermediates for detergents). Liquid–liquid dispersions or liquid–gas systems are used which contain protonic acids or Friedel–Crafts compounds as catalysts. The chemistry, which is always complicated, is reviewed to explain formation of the main products and by-products. Different catalysts often result in significantly different chemistry. Fewer details are available on the following: relative kinetics of competing and simultaneous reactions plus physical phenomena affecting the overall processes. The ionic reactions generally occur at or near the interfacial areas between phases (often the catalyst and hydrocarbon phases). Mass transfer steps are often, if not always, of major importance. Recent information on the physical steps is discussed. Keywords: alkylation; isobutane; olefins; benzene; sulfuric acid; HF; AlCl3; octane number
Analysis of the effect of charge imbalance on the static and dynamic characteristics of the super junction MOSFET

In this paper, a novel device called the super junction MOSFET is analyzed using analytical modeling and numerical simulations. The effect of charge imbalance between the N and P pillars on the static and dynamic characteristics of the device is studied in detail. Simulations predict that this device is highly sensitive to charge imbalance if designed for optimum on-resistance. The breakdown voltage (BV) and E/sub off/ sensitivity can be reduced considerably by degrading the specific on-resistance R/sub on,sp/. The physics of the static and dynamic behaviour of this device under charge imbalance is explained with the help of numerical simulations.
The influence of IT systems on the use of the earth's resources

Information technology is so pervasive that estimates of its power usage show that data centers, locations where computing systems are densely packed consume some 2% of available power in mature economies. Other estimates show that an additional 8% or so of power is consumed by IT systems which reside in offices and homes, while assessments of power used consumer devices such as mobile phones and PDA’s combined with other household appliances while charging or not deployed can add another 6-8% of total power consumption. As computing power densities have increased from a few tens of watts per square foot to hundreds of watts per square foot considerable attention has been applied to the management of power in IT systems.
Reaction of Sulfhydryl Groups in Phosphoglucose Isomerase with Organic Mercurials

Abstract Phosphoglucose isomerase from rabbit skeletal muscle was found to contain 12 sulfhydryl groups per molecule of enzyme (molecular weight, 130,000) when assayed with p-mercuribenzoate. In the presence of equivalent concentrations of the mercurial, about one-third (type I) of these react instantaneously, one-third (type II) more slowly, and the remainder (type III) on denaturation of the enzyme by urea or sodium dodecylsulfate. Under these conditions type I and type II —SH groups form mercaptides without impairing the catalytic activity. With a large excess of p-mercuribenzenesulfonate, enzyme activity is progressively lost. This inactivation occurs in two phases, an initial fast one that can be somewhat retarded by the addition of substrate or 6-phosphogluconate, and a second slower phase not affected by these compounds. The extent of the inactivation is dependent on the length of exposure to the mercurial whereas the rates of activity loss vary with pH, temperature, ionic strength, enzyme concentration, and mercurial concentration. Both mercaptide formation without loss of enzyme activity and inactivation by excess mercurial were found to be essentially irreversible. It is concluded that in rabbit muscle phosphoglucose isomerase, —SH groups are not involved in catalysis itself but that some (type III) function by maintaining the structural integrity of the enzyme and, in particular, the proper conformation at the active site. Once they combine with the mercurial, irreversible alterations in the protein structure take place which, as a secondary reaction, render the enzyme catalytically inactive.
On some thermodynamical inequalities

A simple proof is given for the thermodynamic inequality F – F0 – 〈H – H0〉0 < 0 in the case when the two Hamiltonians H and H0 do not commute.
Developmental Effects of Incentives on Response Inhibition

Inhibitory control and incentive processes underlie decision making, yet few studies have explicitly examined their interaction across development. Here, the effects of potential rewards and losses on inhibitory control in 64 adolescents (13- to 17-year-olds) and 42 young adults (18- to 29-year-olds) were examined using an incentivized antisaccade task. Notably, measures were implemented to minimize age-related differences in reward valuation and potentially confounding motivation effects. Incentives affected antisaccade metrics differently across the age groups. Younger adolescents generated more errors than adults on reward trials, but all groups performed well on loss trials. Adolescent saccade latencies also differed from adults across the range of reward trials. Overall, results suggest persistent immaturities in the integration of reward and inhibitory control processes across adolescence.
Large scale unconstrained open set face database

This paper addresses large scale, unconstrained, open set face recognition, which exhibits the properties of operational face recognition scenarios. Most of the existing face recognition databases have been designed under controlled conditions or have been constructed from the images collected from the web. Face images collected from the web are less constrained than a mug-shot like collection. However, they lack information about the imaging conditions and have no operational paradigm. In either case, most of the databases and evaluation algorithms have taken the form of “closed set” recognition, in which all testing classes are assumed to be known at training time. A more realistic scenario in face recognition is an “open set,” where limited knowledge is available at training time and unknown classes can be present at test time. The database we provide supports the open set paradigm, which more closely mimics actual usage than classic closed set testing. The database also exhibits the natural variability among the face images such as pose, illumination, scale, expressions, occlusion, etc. Our goal is to provide around 100,000 images of more than 1,000 people. Also, with this paper, we release part 1 of the database, which consists of 6,337 images from 308 subjects. The paper discusses the details of the database followed by the challenges and results of baseline algorithms.
Oxygen transfer in a pulse bioreactor

Oxygen transfer in a novel pulse bioreactor has been evaluated. The agitator consists of a series of alternately fixed and movable parallel plates mounted so that the movable plates vibrate at 30 Hz causing a pulsating fluid motion. Pure oxygen, at pressures up to 5 atm, diffuses through silicone rubber tubing that also vibrates at 30 or 60 Hz. The main feature of this bioreactor is high oxygen transfer with low shear to prevent damage to fragile animal cell membranes. We estimate that sufficient oxygen can be supplied to support over 108 cells/mL of human diploid foreskin cells growing on microcarriers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Initial description of a new carbon-nitride phase synthesized at high pressures and temperatures

Abstract We describe a new crystalline phase synthesized from a mixture of carbon and nitrogen heated to 2000–2500 K at 30(±5) GPa. This phase, having an X-ray diffraction pattern compatible with cubic symmetry, is the first example of a dense carbon nitride formed in the bulk.
Emerging technologies for making glycan-defined glycoproteins.

Protein glycosylation is a common and complex posttranslational modification of proteins, which expands functional diversity while boosting structural heterogeneity. Glycoproteins, the end products of such a modification, are typically produced as mixtures of glycoforms possessing the same polypeptide backbone but differing in the site of glycosylation and/or in the structures of pendant glycans, from which single glycoforms are difficult to isolate. The urgent need for glycan-defined glycoproteins in both detailed structure–function relationship studies and therapeutic applications has stimulated an extensive interest in developing various methods for manipulating protein glycosylation. This review highlights emerging technologies that hold great promise in making a variety of glycan-defined glycoproteins, with a particular emphasis in the following three areas: specific glycoengineering of host biosynthetic pathways, in vitro chemoenzymatic glycosylation remodeling, and chemoselective and site-specific ...
Public Subsidies and the Location and Pricing of Sports

Using public choice analysis, we determine how government subsidies affect location and pricing decisions of sports teams. We explain how voter referendums can create suboptimal outcomes for local communities and identify winners and losers in sport team subsidies. Subsidy bidding leads to higher subsidies and fewer sport franchises but does not alter team location. Sport subsidies generate additional revenue for owners and players at taxpayer expense, and non-fan taxpayers subsidize both the team and fans. To increase political support for subsidies, teams lower ticket prices below the apparent profit-maximizing level, which may cause inelastic ticket prices and ticket shortages.
ACCOUNTING FROM THE INSIDE: LEGITIMIZING THE ACCOUNTING ACADEMIC ELITE

Abstract Two recent studies by Brown (1996) and Lukka and Kasanen (1996) raise the issue of the existence of a controlling elite within the U.S. accounting research community. This paper investigates the issue by linking the results of recent studies of the organization of accounting knowledge production with those of Brown, and Lukka and Kasanen to demonstrate the existence of such a controlling elite. We also provide a reanalysis of Brown's data to demonstrate how his study represents a stratagem, abetted by @9pAccounting, Organizations and Society@2p (AOS), in the legitimization of accounting knowledge by the U.S. academic accounting elite
Configuration design and optimization of universal joints with manufacturing tolerances

This paper describes an approach to the design and optimization of Cardan joints with manufacturing tolerances. Relationships have been developed to ensure that binding does not occur between the various components of the mechanism. The optimization methodology presented here minimizes the diameter of the yokes of the joint while ensuring that the strength is adequate to handle a given input torque.
Tissue contributions to sex and race: differences in tooth crown size of deciduous molars.

This study describes size of constituent deciduous tooth crown components (enamel, dentine, and pulp) to address the manner in which males characteristically have larger teeth than females, and the observation that teeth of American blacks are larger than those of American whites. Measurements were collected (n = 333 individuals) from bitewing radiographs using computer-aided image analysis. Tissue thicknesses (enamel, dentine, pulp) were measured at the crown's mesial and distal heights of contour. Deciduous mesiodistal molar crown length is composed of about 1/7 enamel, 1/3 dentine, and 1/2 pulp. Details differ by tooth type, but males typically have significantly larger dentine and pulp dimensions than females; there is no sexual dimorphism in marginal enamel thickness. Males scale isometrically with females for all variables tested here. Blacks significantly exceed whites in size of all tissues, but tissue types scale isometrically with blacks and whites with one exception: enamel thickness is disproportionately thick in blacks. While the absolute difference is small (5.56 mm of enamel in blacks summed over all four deciduous molar tooth types vs. 5.04 mm in whites), the statistical difference is considerable (P < 0.001). Aside from enamel, crown size in blacks is increased proportionately vis-a-vis whites. Principal components analysis confirmed these univariate relationships and emphasizes the statistical independence of crown component thicknesses, which is in keeping with the sequential growth and separate embryonic origins of the tissues contributing to a tooth crown. Results direct attention to the rates of enamel and dentine deposition (of which little is known), since the literature suggests that blacks (with larger crowns and thicker enamel) spend less time in tooth formation than whites.
Does Television Exposure Influence College-Aged Women's Sexual Self-Concept?

The present study examined whether television exposure shapes female emerging adults' sexual self-concept, defined as self-perceptions of one's qualities in the sexual domain. Results from two-year panel data collected from undergraduate women suggested that Time-1 exposure to soap operas, prime-time dramas, and amount of television viewing predicted a deflation in college women's Time-2 sexual self-concept. In addition, Time-1 sexual self-concept negatively predicted Time-2 prime-time drama exposure and Time-2 television watched per day. The results are interpreted in light of the cognitive information processing model (Huesmann, 1997) and the selective exposure hypothesis (Festinger, 1957).
Economies of scale and scope in water supply

Abstract This study examines the multiproduct nature of water supply relative to economies of scale and scope. The water utility is viewed as a multiproduct firm providing residential and non- residential services with spatial variation. There are no significant economies of scale in the utility's overall operation. The utility, however, enjoys considerable economies for non- residential water supply but suffers from diseconomies in residential supply. The economies of scale achieved in water treatment are mostly lost in the distribution of water. The utility on the whole experiences economies of scope associated with joint production of the two services. Furthermore, water utilities have no perceptible tendency to behave as a natural monopoly.
Fast‐neutron dose rate vs energy for the d+Be reaction—a reanalysis

The differences in the published information concerning tissue kerma in air vs deuteron energy for the d+Be reaction are analyzed in light of some recent measurements. The reason for the discrepancy is determined to be a lack of electron suppression on the Be target in some earlier measurements, and the relation ln(tissue kerma)=ln(1.356 X 10(-4)+2.97lnE is found to fit the measured data over the deuteron energy range 11-50 MeV.