cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Delirium Severity in Older General Hospital Inpatients Without Dementia: The Delirium Severity Scale

The authors evaluated the validity, reliability, and sensitivity to change of the Delirium Severity Scale (DSS), a 10-minute assessment consisting of Forward Digit Span and Similarities. Twenty-two older inpatients with delirium but not dementia and 15 control patients were administered the DSS during hospitalization. Scores were significantly inversely correlated with experts' quantitative ratings of severity at all three time-points examined. The DSS showed significant improvement over time ( P P =0.026). The DSS shows promise as a valid and reliable measure sensitive to changing symptom severity.
Actin‐dependent anterograde movement of growth‐cone‐like structures along growing hippocampal axons: A novel form of axonal transport?

In time-lapse video recordings of hippocampal neurons in culture, we have identified previously uncharacterized structures, nicknamed “waves,” that exhibit lamellipodial activity closely resembling that of growth cones, but which periodically emerge at the base of axons and travel distally at an average rate of 3 μm/min. In electron micrographs of identified waves, the cortical region of the axon appears expanded to either side, forming lamellipodia like those at growth cones. No other gross differences were noted in the ultrastructural features of the axon shaft at the site of a wave. Immunocytochemistry revealed that waves contain a marked concentration of F-actin, GAP-43, cortactin, and ezrin or a related protein, constituents that are also concentrated in growth cones. Treatment with the actin-disrupting agent cytochalasin B caused a reversible collapse of lamellipodia and cessation of the forward movement of individual waves along the axon, indicating that their anterograde transport is dependent on intact actin filaments. Treatment with the microtubule-depolymerizing agent nocodazole led to a rapid disorganization of wave structure and a subsequent suppression of wave activity that may reflect a role of microtubules in actin organization. The results suggest that actin and other cytoskeletal components concentrated in growth cones may be transported together as growth-cone-like structures from the cell body to the axon tip via an actin-dependent mechanism. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 40:160–173, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Solvent Retention Capacity Values in Relation to Hard Winter Wheat and Flour Properties and Straight‐Dough Breadmaking Quality

ABSTRACT Solvent retention capacity (SRC) was investigated in assessing the end use quality of hard winter wheat (HWW). The four SRC values of 116 HWW flours were determined using 5% lactic acid, 50% sucrose, 5% sodium carbonate, and distilled water. The SRC values were greatly affected by wheat and flour protein contents, and showed significant linear correlations with 1,000-kernel weight and single kernel weight, size, and hardness. The 5% lactic acid SRC value showed the highest correlation (r = 0.83, P < 0.0001) with straight-dough bread volume, followed by 50% sucrose, and least by distilled water. We found that the 5% lactic acid SRC value differentiated the quality of protein relating to loaf volume. When we selected a set of flours that had a narrow range of protein content of 12–13% (n = 37) from the 116 flours, flour protein content was not significantly correlated with loaf volume. The 5% lactic acid SRC value, however, showed a significant correlation (r = 0.84, P < 0.0001) with loaf volume. T...
13C Spin−Lattice Relaxation and Molecular Dynamics of C60 in 1,2-Dichlorobenzene-d4

We have measured the 13C spin−lattice relaxation rate of C60 in 1,2-dichlorobenzene-d4 and have found that the spin rotation (SR) mechanism contributes significantly to the overall relaxation process. The magnitude of SR was found to be smaller than in the solid phase but consistent with quantities projected for C60 in toluene-d8. These observations indicate that solvent effects play a critical role in determining the magnitude of the spin rotation contribution. Reorientational correlation times were also obtained experimentally and show that C60 is undergoing rapid rotational motion in this solvent. The activation energy for this mode of motion was found to be 7.71 kJ/mol. Several theoretical models were employed in an attempt at characterizing the rotational behavior of the title molecule. Of these theories, the Gierer−Wirtz model proved superior in duplicating our experimental findings. The close agreement suggests that 1,2-dichlorobenzene-d4 provides a discrete environment rather than a continuous one...
Time variation in the relationship between inflation and interest rates

Abstract This paper tests the propositions that the real rate of interest was constant from 1953 to 1971 and that Treasury bill yields included an efficient inflationary premium over the same period. Only the former hypothesis is rejected. Comparable results are obtained with both variable parameter regression and piecewise linear regression. Direct estimates of the real rate of interest are reported.
On the motion of a sphere in a perfect fluid, with application to liquid helium.

Abstract Momentum relationships involved in the motion of a sphere through a perfect fluid are considered. The mechanism, by which the momentum given to a sphere by an external impulsive force is transferred to the container as a whole, is traced through in some detail, and energy and momentum relationships are discussed. Comparison is made with a 3He atom or a roton moving in superfluid 4He.
GaAs thin film epitaxy and x-ray detector development

We report on the growth of high purity n-GaAs using Liquid Phase Epitaxy and on the fabrication of Schottky barrier diodes for use as x-ray detectors using these layers. Our epilayers are grown form an ultra-pure Ga solvent in a graphite boat in a hydrogen atmosphere. Growth is started at a temperature of approximately 800 degrees C; the temperature is ramped down at 2 degrees C/min. to room temperature. Our best epilayers show a net-residual-donor concentration of approximately 2 X 10 12 cm -3 , measured by Hall effect. Electron mobilities as high as 150,000 cm 2 V -1 s -1 at 77K have been obtained. The residual donors have been analyzed by far IR photothermal ionization spectroscopy and found to be sulfur and silicon. Up to approximately 200 micrometers of epitaxial GaAs have been deposited using several sequential growth runs on semi-insulating and n + -doped substrates. Schottky barrier diodes have been fabricated using this epitaxial material and have been electrically characterized by current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements. The Schottky barriers are formed by electron beam evaporation of Pt films. The ohmic contacts are made by electron beam evaporated and alloyed Ni-Ge-Au films on the backside of the substrate. Several of our diodes exhibit dark currents of the order of 0.3-3.3 nA/mm 2 at reverse biases depleting approximately 50 micrometers of the epilayer. Electrical characteristics and preliminary performance results of our Schottky diodes using 109 Cd and 241 Am gamma and x- ray radiation will be discussed.
Teaching Children with Autism to Detect and Respond to Sarcasm.

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that children with autism often have difficulty using and understanding non-literal language ( e.g. , irony, sarcasm, deception, humor, and metaphors). Irony and sarcasm may be especially difficult for children with autism because the meaning of an utterance is the opposite of what is stated. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of a training package, including rules and in vivo multiple exemplar training, to teach three children with autism to detect and respond appropriately to sarcastic statements. The training package was effective and generalization was obtained across novel exemplars, settings, and people.
Bioferroics and biomultiferroics: ferroic behaviour of biological systems

The three primary ferroic properties, namely, ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity, have been observed in biological systems. The quest for the fourth primary ferroic, namely, ferrotoroidics, along with magnetoelectricity and multiferroic behaviour in biological systems is under way. Control of such bioferroic behaviour by small electric, magnetic and stress fields may lead to novel medical, therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
Collaborative inhibition persists following social processing

In this experiment, participants read target words that were presented in the context of a social sentence “Willow towered over Meadow” or a nonsocial sentence “The willow towered over the meadow.” Subsequently, they received a surprise cued recall test for the target nouns/names and completed the test either alone or in a group of two. Despite the fact that the stimulus materials were held constant across conditions, participants showed a social processing advantage in memory—that is, they remembered the social (name) versions of the target words significantly better than the nonsocial (noun) versions. Further, the social benefit was not strong enough to neutralise the inhibitory effects of collaboration as collaborative groups (two people working together) recalled significantly fewer words than did nominal groups (combined, nonredundant, output of two individuals working separately). The present study also demonstrated robust collaborative inhibition with cued recall, a task previously assumed to elimi...
‘Making It’ Versus Satisfaction: How Women Raising Young Children in Poverty Assess How Well They Are Doing

ABSTRACT Using in-depth interviews with 17 women raising young children in urban poverty, two separate standards were examined—“making it” and satisfaction. “Making it” referred to one's perceived ability to meet the basic physical needs of her children. In contrast, satisfaction referred to how closely one's current life circumstances align with her personal notions of success. Results indicated that self-expectations greatly influenced which standard individuals prioritized, such that those with higher expectations valued satisfaction while those with lower expectations prioritized “making it.” Self-expectations aligned largely with one's poverty status, and women with the fewest economic resources typically expected the least for their lives. Findings from this study suggest that efforts to support women raising young children in poverty must address both standards if they are to be relevant, effective, and sustainable. Similarly, if individuals are to succeed in such interventions, they must be suppo...
Marrow cell genetic phenotype change induced by human lung cancer cells

Microvesicles have been shown to mediate varieties of intercellular communication. Work in murine species has shown that lung-derived microvesicles can deliver mRNA, transcription factors, and microRNA to marrow cells and alter their phenotype. The present studies evaluated the capacity of excised human lung cancer cells to change the genetic phenotype of human marrow cells. We present the first studies on microvesicle production by excised cancers from human lung and the capacity of these microvesicles to alter the genetic phenotype of normal human marrow cells. We studied 12 cancers involving the lung and assessed nine lung-specific mRNA species (aquaporin, surfactant families, and clara cell-specific protein) in marrow cells exposed to tissue in co-culture, cultured in conditioned media, or exposed to isolated lung cancer-derived microvesicles. We assessed two or seven days of co-culture and marrow which was unseparated, separated by ficoll density gradient centrifugation or ammonium chloride lysis. Under these varying conditions, each cancer derived from lung mediated marrow expression of between one and seven lung-specific genes. Microvesicles were identified in the pellet of ultracentrifuged conditioned media and shown to enter marrow cells and induce lung-specific mRNA expression in marrow. A lung melanoma and a sarcoma also induced lung-specific mRNA in marrow cells. These data indicate that lung cancer cells may alter the genetic phenotype of normal cells and suggest that such perturbations might play a role in tumor progression, tumor recurrence, or metastases. They also suggest that the tissue environment may alter cancer cell gene expression.
Biological drug duo delivers one-two tumor punch

Interleukin (IL)-2 can shrink tumors in patients with refractory melanoma and renal cancer, two of the deadliest types of solid tumors, but the use of IL-2 is limited by its high toxicity. A new drug reduces the side effects in mouse models and boosts the tumor-busting capacity of IL-2 ( pages 750–755 ).
Long-term trends in the macrobenthos and water quality of the lower Chesapeake Bay (1985–1991)

Abstract Long-term trends in macrobenthic communities of the lower Chesapeake Bay, USA, were examined using data collected quarterly (March, June, September and December) from 1985 to 1991 at 16 stations along a salinity gradient from tidal freshwater regions of the major tributaries (James, York and Rappahannock rivers) to the polyhaline region of the main-stem of Chesapeake Bay. A non-parametric trend analysis procedure was applied to five parameters characterizing macrobenthic community structure: community biomass, species richness, abundance of individuals, proportion of biomass composed of opportunistic species (opportunistic biomass composition) and proportion of biomass composed of equilibrium species (equilibrium biomass composition). For the parameters tested 36 trends were detected. For community biomass, five trends were significant; all had positive slopes and occurred in the James and York rivers. For species richness, six trends were significant; all had positive slopes with three trends in the James River, two trends in the York River and one trend in the main-stem of Chesapeake Bay. For abundance of individuals, 17 trends were detected; all abundance trends were seasonally dependent, had positive slopes and occurred at 12 of the 16 stations. For opportunistic biomass composition, four trends were significant; all had positive slopes with one trend in the lower Rappahannock River and three trends in the main-stem of Chesapeake Bay. For equilibrium biomass composition four trends were significant; two trends had positive slopes (one in the James River and one in the York River) and two trends had negative slopes (one in the Rappahannock River and one in the main-stem of Chesapeake Bay). Trends in the James and York rivers were considered to indicate improving conditions for the benthos, while trends in the lower Rappahannock River and the main-stem of the Chesapeake Bay were considered to indicate deteriorating conditions. Deteriorating conditions for the benthos were associated with regions exposed to summer, low dissolved oxygen events. The trends in the indicators of benthic biological community health were inferentially related to trends observed in water quality conditions in the tributaries and main-stem of Chesapeake Bay. All major water quality and biotic trends appeared to correspond in an ecologically meaningful manner.
Use of thrombospondin level to predict the clinical course of atopic dermatitis associated with food hypersensitivity or skin infection

Plasma thrombospondin (TSP) levels were monitored in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) exacerbated by food hypersensitivity (FH) or skin infection. In both groups, the TSP levels correlated positively with skin disease severity score from the onset to 2 months after treatment. A sustained TSP level above 250 ng/ml predicted a 7-fold increase in the incidence of flare-up of AD.
Effect of high dietary thiamin on copper deficiency symptoms of rats fed a high-fructose, low-copper diet

The consumption of diets high in fructose may increase the dietary requirement for thiamin since the coenzyme form of thiamin functions primarily in the metabolism of 2-keto sugars. Also, a thiamin x copper interaction has been reported which may be beneficial to an animal consuming a low-copper diet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of high dietary thiamin on copper deficiency symptoms of rats fed a high-fructose, low-copper diet. Rats were divided into two dietary groups of different thiamin levels: 6 mg thiamin/kg diet, high-fructose, low-copper or 60 mg thiamin/kg diet, high-fructose, low-copper. Mortality rate of rats fed a low copper diet was not greatly improved by dietary thiamin. Body weight was significantly reduced in the high-thiamin, high-fructose, low-copper dietary group. Supplementing with high dietary thiamin did not improve tissue weights of rats fed high-fructose, low-copper diets. Hematocrit, RBC superoxide dismutase activity, plasma ceruloplasmin activity, plasma Cu levels and hepatic Cu levels were not improved by supplementing high-fructose, low-copper diets with high thiamin levels. These results suggest that high dietary thiamin does not interact with copper to improve the symptoms of copper deficiency.
Special issue dedicated to W. A. J. (Wim) Luxemburg for the occasion of his 80th birthday

At the international conference Positivity VI, held in Escorial, Spain on July 20–24, 2009, the editorial board of Positivity met and decided to dedicate a special issue in honor of Wim Luxemburg’s contributions to the area of positivity on the occasion of his 80th birthday. This issue of Positivity is the outcome of that decision. We will not try to summarize Wim Luxemburg’s contributions here, as Peter Dodds’ article in this issue will do this in much better way than I could do here. We would like to thank Ron Luxemburg for providing us with a current photograph of Wim (Fig. 1). The editors of Positivity wish Professor Luxemburg many further creative years to come.
AIDS Information in periodical indexes: A problem of exclusion

Indexing companies and database search services are contributing to the epidemic of ignorance surrounding HIV and AIDS. They are failing us, even killing us. Doctors, patients, students, and researchers seeking information about HIV are offered access only to a narrow range of “mainstream” and “professional” publications through the leading indexes. And, while a certain slate of periodicals is represented over and over by rival indexes, gay/lesbian periodicals and community‐based health publications containing vital, often vanguard HIV/AIDS information are systematically excluded from mainstream indexes and database search services. This article offers a critique of current indexing practices of AIDS‐related periodical literature and suggests strategies to remedy the situation.
Electron transport in molecular systems

Large-scale quantum electronic structure calculations coupled with nonequilibrium Green function theory are employed for determining quantum conductance on practical length scales. The combination of state-of-the-art quantum mechanical methods, efficient numerical algorithms, and high performance computing allows for realistic evaluation of properties at length scales that are routinely reached experimentally. Two illustrations of the method are presented. First, quantum chemical calculations using up to 104 basis functions are used to investigate the amphoteric doping of carbon nanotubes by encapsulation of organic molecules. As a second example, we investigate the electron transport properties of a Si/organic molecule/Si junction using a numerically optimized basis.
Some non-newtonian effects in the decay of isotropic turbulence

Abstract The present investigation is concerned with the decay of isotropic turbulence in a class of visco-elastic fluid of a type characterized by a constitutive equation of Oldroyd. It is assumed that the elasticity is small in comparison with the viscosity so that a perturbation method based on a small parameter can be used. It is found that the effect of suspended particles speeds up the rate of decay of turbulence as does the local relaxation phenomenon. However, a positive normal stress effect tends to slow down the rate of decay.
Minimally Invasive Approaches to Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord Tumors

Minimally invasive approaches to spinal tumors have evolved rapidly over the past 15 to 20 years as clinicians seek to avoid the morbidity and long-term dysfunction associated with traditional open surgical procedures. We review the noninvasive, percutaneous, and minimally invasive surgical techniques currently available for the treatment of spinal column and intradural spinal tumors, including minimal access thoracic corpectomy and minimal access intradural tumor surgery. The various advantages and limitations of these approaches as well as their appropriate indications and uses are also presented here. A measured understanding of surgical objectives and iatrogenic effects on patients' quality of life allows the surgeon to implement such minimally invasive approaches in the design of individualized treatment plans that range from pure palliation to definitive cure.
A comparison of different contractions for molecular calculations with gaussian-type functions

The effect of various possible contractions of a gaussian basis set is investigated for atomic and molecular calculations. The gaussian basis set used consists of 11s-type functions and 7p-type functions. Atomic calculations for the atoms Li to F are reported with fourteen different contractions of the s orbitals. The effect of the same contractions has also been investigated for molecular calculations of LiH, BH, CH2, NH 2 − , H2O, and FH, together with the effect of the contraction for the p orbitals and for the s orbitals of the hydrogen atom. It is shown that the contraction in itself does not affect seriously the quality of a molecular calculation, but that a wrong choice of the contraction can produce a poor result.
α‐Melanocyte‐Stimulating Hormone Is a Peripheral, Integrative Regulator of Glucose and Fat Metabolism

Melanocortins are known to affect feeding and probably insulin activity through the central nervous system. It was also recently shown that peripheral alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) administration can reduce weight gain in both genetic and diet-induced obese mice. As obesity is often associated with disregulation of glucose and insulin, we investigated the nature of glucose homeostasis in the obese pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) knockout mouse. Here we report that though they are obese, mice deficient in POMC (and, thereby, deficient in alpha-MSH) are euglycemic throughout their lives. While these mice are euinsulinemic, they are hypersensitive to exogenous insulin. This defect can be reversed through administration of alpha-MSH. We demonstrate that the actions of alpha-MSH in the periphery, known from our work to include lipid metabolism effects, are also involved in glucose homeostasis. These findings substantiate a pivotal role of the POMC gene products in integrating metabolism.
Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in the Detroit Medical Center.

Abstract Between June 1980 and September 1981 we evaluated 24 cases of endocarditis from methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus. All of the cases occurred in drug addicts and all were community...
Review and comparative analysis of the theories on partitioning between the gas and aerosol particulate phases in the atmosphere

An analysis has been carried out of the different approaches used to describe partitioning between the gas and aerosol particulate phases. The equation of Junge (Fate of Pollutants in the Air and Water Environments, edited by I.H. Suffet, Part I, pp. 7–26, Wiley, New York, 1977) has been shown to be based on a linear Langmuir isotherm, and as such has been shown to be equivalent to the equation of Yamasaki et al. (Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 189–194, 1982). Prior to this work, Bidleman and Foreman (The Chemistry of Aquatic Pollutants, edited by R.A. Hites and S.J. Eisenreich, ACS Advances in Chemistry Series, 1987) developed a parameterization describing an equivalence between these two equations that is applicable when the enthalpy of desorption (Q1) from the paniculate matter surface is similar to the enthalpy of vaporization (Qv) of the pure liquid compound. That parameterization is valid when ¦Q1- Qv¦ is significantly less than 1 kcal mole−1. A fundamental consideration of the process of gas/solid partitioning is used in this work to develop predictive equations for the value of the equilibrium constant KY = cg(TSPY)cp where cg and cp are the gas phase and paniculate phase-associated concentrations (ng m−3), respectively, and TSPY is the concentration of suspended paniculate matter (ng m−3). In particular, it is derived that for a given compound, log KY = −Q1(2.303 RT) + log [2.53 × 105 (MT)12/AtsptO] where R = gas constant, T = temperature, M = mol. wt, Atsp = specific surface area for the paniculate matter and t0 is a characteristic molecular vibration time. In terms of the vapor pressure po (torr) of a compound or series of compounds, KY = 1.6 × 104poNsAtspTexp [(Q1- Qv)RT] where Ns is the number of moles of sorption sites per cm2 of particulate matter surface area. When sorption to the surface is liquid-like (i.e. ¦Q1- Qv¦∼-0), then Ky = 1.6 × 104poNsAtspT
Factors affecting the early life history of yellow perch,Perca flavescens

From 1979 to 1981 we followed the movement, diet, and growth of yellow perch,Perca flavescens, for their first 70 days after hatching in Lake Itasca, Minnesota. Perch spawned inshore during early spring; hatching occurred 10–20 days after spawning. Newly hatched perch were 5.6–6.2 mm total length (TL). Soon after hatching the larvae moved into the limnetic zone where they began feeding. This movement is probably a mechanism to escape intense predation in the littoral zone. Normally the first food of perch was immature copepods, but within a week they incorporated all common zooplankters into their diet. When the perch reached 25 mm TL (about day 40) they returned to the littoral zone, where they ate larger and more abundant prey than was present in the limnetic habitat. There is no correlation between growth rates and zooplankton abundances, which suggests that food quantity is not a limiting factor in the early life history of perch in Lake Itasca.
Need and generosity: how markets for free goods equilibrate

Abstract When more people use emergency food pantries or homeless shelters, how can an observer tell whether the change is being driven by greater need among users or greater generosity among donors? Why are serious and long-standing gluts and shortages relatively rare in both the emergency food system and the emergency shelter system? I answer both questions together by developing a model of the supply and demand for nonpriced goods. Quality plays the role in this model that price plays in standard model. Quality adjusts to “clear the market,” and observers can tell whether need or generosity is responsible for changes in quantity by looking at the accompanying changes in quality.
GENERATIVE RESPONSE MODELING: LEVERAGING THE COMPUTER AS A TEST DELIVERY MEDIUM

Generative response modeling is an approach to test development and response modeling that calls for the creation of items in such a way that the parameters of the items on some response model can be anticipated through knowledge of the psychological processes and knowledge required to respond to the item. That is, the computer would not merely retrieve an item from a database, as is the case in adaptive testing, but would compose it, or assist in doing so, according to desired specifications. This approach to assessment has implications for both the economics and validity of computer administered tests. To illustrate the concept, a system for measuring writing skills will be outlined where the examinee is expected to rewrite sentences, rather than just recognize errors in a sentence, using a multiple choice format. The possibility of estimating the psychometric parameters of items based on a psychological analysis of the response process will then be examined and shown to be feasible. Such estimates are less precise than estimates based on large samples of test takers. A Monte Carlo study is presented to investigate the possibility of compensating for that imprecision when estimating ability or proficiency. The paper concludes that a generative approach is feasible, and can be a mechanism for taking advantage of the considerable investment required for computer-based testing.
Biatrial Primary Synovial Sarcoma of the Heart

Synovial sarcomas that primarily arise from the heart and pericardium are extremely rare, especially the ones involving both sides of the heart. To date, few cases have been reviewed in the literature. Our patient was a 36-year-old man who presented with primary biatrial synovial sarcoma that also involved the tricuspid annulus, heart valves, and interatrial septum. The tumor was debulked to relieve the atrioventricular obstruction. Molecular analysis confirmed the diagnosis of synovial sarcoma with positive t (X;18) SYT-SSX gene fusion. The patient is currently receiving chemotherapy. From our review of the 20 cases thus far reported in the English-language medical literature, the tumor more frequently affects young male patients, and carries a poor prognosis. Early detection is difficult because of the aggressive nature of the tumor. Like other sarcomas, wide surgical resection remains the mainstay of therapy. Adjuvant radiation therapy for local recurrence and chemotherapy for control of systemic disease may have some beneficial effect on overall survival, but the benefit is likely limited.
Nicotine decreases guanylate cyclase activity.

The cyclic nucleotide, guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) appears to serve a critical role in normal cell growth, DNA synthesis, and carcinogenesis (GOLDBERG et al. 1977). Tobacco smoke and hydrazine, a carcinogen which occurs in tobacco and tobacco smoke, have been shown to stimulate guanylate cyclase [E.C. 4.6.1.2], the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of guanosine triphosphate to guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP), (ARNOLD et al. 1977, VESELY and LEVEY 1977a,b). Nicotine, the major alkaloid in tobacco, has been reported to be absorbed by all tissues and sixty-seven percent of nicotine in cigarette-smoke is retained in the lungs of smokers (LARSON et al. 1961). Since nicotine has some tumor promoting activity (BOCK and TSO 1975) we examined the effect of nicotine on guanylate cyclase activity in a variety of tissues.
Money motives, moral philosophy, and biological explanations

Lea & Webley (L&W) provide two alternative biological accounts of human monetary motivations, the Tool Theory and the Drug Theory. They argue that both are required for an adequate explanation. I explore the applicability of these models to philosophical discussions of how we might justify such motivations. I argue their approach is not entirely satisfactory for normative questions, since it precludes the possibility of rational non-instrumental attitudes towards money.
Characterization of Hand Postures Employed by Industrial Workers during Hose Installation Tasks

Hand posture prediction is an important means of assessing specific task designs prior to subject user trials or actual production. The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of a set of task variables on the observation of hand actions during hose installation tasks in automotive assembly operations. From video recordings of 51 jobs, 124 hand actions were identified. Of these, 50 grasping postures, 70 pinching postures and four non-prehensile postures were observed as the dependent variables. Chi-Square tests revealed significance (p<0.0001) for posture by hose size and posture by hand force (p=0.0007). The use of grasping postures increased significantly when force levels exceeded 40% of maximum. The results support the idea that hand posture is primarily influenced by the size of the object being handled and the amount of force required for performing the task. The results are necessary to further develop taxonomies of grip for predicting hand posture.
THE ROLE OF SALES AND EXCISE TAXATION IN THE OVER‐ALL TAX STRUCTURE

SALES AND EXCISE taxation is the third most important source of tax revenue in the United States in terms of the over-all picture of federal, state, and local governments. These taxes yielded a total of $15.6 billion' in the 1955 fiscal year, or about one-fifth of the total tax revenue of $83 billion. This over-all category, however, includes a wide variety of taxes, which may be grouped into four major classes: 1. The sumptuary excises, on liquor and tobacco, yielding a total of $5.2 billion ($4.3 billion at the federal level, $0.9 billion to the states), or over 6 per cent of total tax revenue. 2. The tax on gasoline and other motor fuels, yielding a total of $3.4 billion ($1 billion to the federal government, $2.4 billion to the states), or 4 per cent of total tax revenue. 3. The general sales taxes, yielding a total of $3 billion ($2.6 billion to the states, $0.4 billion to the local governments), or a little less than 4 per cent of the total. 4. The so-called luxury and other excise taxes, yielding $4 billion ($3.8 billion federal, $0.2 billion state, mostly on pari-mutual betting), or about 5 per cent of the total. Despite their importance, these taxes have typically been relegated to a minor role in the literature of public finance (except for highly theoretical treatments of shifting and incidence) and in the study of tax structures by various governmental bodies. It is the purpose of the paper to survey recent trends in the excise and sales tax structures, to evaluate the present taxes, and to consider reforms in terms of the usually accepted standards of over-all tax policy, and the experience of other countries.
Public Library Websites and Adherence to Senior-Friendly Guidelines

This article reports on the results of a study that examined public library website adherence to senior-friendly website guidelines. A total of 104 public library websites (N = 104) were analyzed. Compliance with Internet design accessibility principles recommended for older adult Internet users was analyzed, and the findings suggest that current public library website practices may be problematic. As a result, public library websites offering resources and services may present potential accessibility challenges to older adults. Recommendations relevant to public libraries for enhancing library websites and online content are presented.
Dynamics of nucleosomes revealed by time-lapse atomic force microscopy

The dynamics of chromatin provides the access to DNA within nucleosomes, and therefore, this process is critically involved in the regulation of chromatin function. However, our knowledge of the large-range dynamics of nucleosomes is limited. Answers to the questions, such as the range of opening of the nucleosome and the mechanism via which the opening occurs and propagates, remain unknown. Here we applied single-molecule time-lapse atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging to directly visualize the dynamics of nucleosomes and identify the mechanism of the large range DNA exposure. With this technique, we are able to observe the process of unwrapping of nucleosomes. The unwrapping of nucleosomes proceeds from the ends of the particles, allowing for the unwrapping of DNA regions as large as dozens of base pairs. This process may lead to a complete unfolding of nucleosomes and dissociation of the histone core from the complex. The unwrapping occurs in the absence of proteins involved in the chromatin remodelin...
Understanding Suicide: Why We Don't and How We Might

Rogers, James R., & Lester, David. Understanding Suicide: Why We Don't and How We Might. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe Publishing, (200 pp., $49.00, ISBN: 987-0-88937-359-4). I like to use three criteria ...
Breaking Confidences: Organizational Influences on Insider Trading

This article develops a framework for understanding violations that undermine the fragile foundation of trust in contemporary markets. The recent cases of insider trading on Wall Street are used as...
An electrophoretic examination of cell-free extracts from various serological types of group A hemolytic streptococci.

Abstract 1. 1. An electrophoretic examination of water soluble extracts of six serological types of Group A hemolytic streptococci has been made. Extracts were prepared from aqueous cell suspensions by (a) sonic oscillation and (b) shaking with glass spheres in a Mickle tissue disintegrator. 2. 2. The same components were found with both methods of extraction, although the proportions of the various components were different. The sonic oscillation method of extraction under the conditions used was the more efficient. 3. 3. Comparison of the electrophoretic patterns of six serological types and four strains of a single type using the sonic oscillation method of extraction showed marked and distinctive differences in composition. Duplication of patterns was observed when a single strain was extracted. 4. 4. It was concluded that different serological type Group A hemolytic streptococci exhibit fundamental differences in the extractability of their component parts and possibly in their quantitative composition. 5. 5. Components with mobilities in the range 7–11 · 10 −5 cm 2 sec −1 volt −1 could be associated with the nucleic acid content of the extract and are probably nucleoproteins.
Photoionization of helium metastable atoms near threshold

We have experimentally determined the absolute cross sections for the photoionization of He($2^{1}S$) and He($2^{3}S$) metastable atoms from threshold to 2400 \AA{}. The results are compared with recent theoretical calculations.
Audacious Reforms: Institutional Invention and Democracy in Latin America By Merilee S. Grindle. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 2000. 269p. $45.00 cloth, $17.95 paper.

Merillee Grindle addresses three questions: Why would rational politicians choose to give up power? What accounts for the selection of some institutions rather than others? What are the political consequences of the creation of new institutions? She studies cases of decentralizing political reforms in Venezuela, Bolivia, and Argentina. Her case studies are loosely guided by eleven hypotheses deduced from three schools of thought. The schools to which she refers in an introductory and concluding chapter are rational choice, comparative institutionalism, and new institutionalism (the latter has two subvariants: transaction costs and institutional design). The theoretical perspectives are apparently not equally useful across questions, as new institutionalism is not used to deduce hypotheses on why politicians would choose to reform, and rational choice is not applied to the reasons some some institutional changes are chosen over others.
Radiation resistance of an elliptical loop antenna with constant current in compressible plasma

The radiation resistance of an elliptical loop antenna with constant current in compressible plasma is found by using a two-fluid magnetohydrodynamic model. The finite but small dimensions of the elliptical wire are taken into consideration in evaluating the contributions from the ion- and electron-plasma modes.
von Neumann standard quantum mechanics is logically inconsistent

Abstract We can prove the theorems that in the mathematical formulation of standard quantum mechanics by von Neumann there exist simultaneously an explicit statement, p, and the negation of that statement, not-p. That formulation thus contains a deep intrinsic contradiction (apart from the usual interpretational “paradoxes”), and so is logically inconsistent, an outcome which has the well-known immediate consequence that one can then ultimately prove any theorem, assert any statement whatsoever. Even so, an important subtle point exists: in logically inconsistent theories a substantial body of derivations and resultant theorems can be reliable and correct. A logically inconsistent theory can therefore exhibit true empirical adequacy in a well-defined domain, a finding apparently relevant to standard quantum mechanics. We next consider what the physicist appears to intend when he uses the terms “consistent” and “complete”, and the like, for a physical theory, and suggest how logical inconsistency can in fact strictly enforce what the physicist seems to assume constitutes inconsistency and/or incompleteness in a physical theory. Further, we note that we can remove, in several ways, the contradiction in standard quantum mechanics. The resultant variants of standard quantum mechanics can then be correlated with numerous proposals (which we sketch) for alternatives to the standard theory advanced, for diverse reasons, by a minority community. Effectively, the community's proposals may be regarded as gedankenexperiments attesting to the need for changes in a provisional standard theory, in view of that theory's logical inconsistency.
Identification of the enzymatic mechanism of nitroglycerin bioactivation

Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate, GTN), originally manufactured by Alfred Nobel, has been used to treat angina and heart failure for over 130 years. However, the molecular mechanism of GTN biotransformation has remained a mystery and it is not well understood why “tolerance” (i.e., loss of clinical efficacy) manifests over time. Here we purify a nitrate reductase that specifically catalyzes the formation of 1,2-glyceryl dinitrate and nitrite from GTN, leading to production of cGMP and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle both in vitro and in vivo, and we identify it as mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (mtALDH). We also show that mtALDH is inhibited in blood vessels made tolerant by GTN. These results demonstrate that the biotransformation of GTN occurs predominantly in mitochondria through a novel reductase action of mtALDH and suggest that nitrite is an obligate intermediate in generation of NO bioactivity. The data also indicate that attenuated biotransformation of GTN by mtALDH underlies the induction of nitrate tolerance. More generally, our studies provide new insights into subcellular processing of NO metabolites and suggest new approaches to generating NO bioactivity and overcoming nitrate tolerance.
The role of supercoiling in transcriptional control of MYC and its importance in molecular therapeutics

MYC is deregulated in most tumour types, but an effective means to selectively target its aberrant expression is not yet available. Supercoiling that is induced by transcription has been demonstrated to have dynamic effects on DNA in the MYC promoter element: it converts duplex DNA to non-duplex DNA structures, even at considerable distances from the transcriptional start site. These non-duplex DNA structures, which control both turning on and off of transcription and the rate of transcription firing, are amenable to small-molecule targeting. This dynamic system provides a unique opportunity for the treatment of tumours in which MYC is an important oncogene.
“Much ado about nothing”: Electron sources and transport in vacuum

How electron emission is generated from photo, secondary, field and thermionic sources affects their vacuum transport characteristics and therefore their utility for differing Vacuum Electronic applications. Complications associated with emission processes will be related to desirable features of the beams produced in terms of current density, lifetime, space charge, beam halo, emittance, and response time, as well as limitations imposed by the emission mechanisms.
Glucose homeostasis after simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation: a comparison of subjects with C-peptide-positive non-type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 1 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND While simultaneous pancreas kidney transplant (SPKTx) is a therapeutic option for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and renal failure, few centers offer SPKTx to "select" non-T1DM patients. To address concerns that existing insulin resistance may limit the benefits of the pancreas allograft among non-T1DM, we compared several indices of glucose homeostasis, in "select" non-T1DM and T1DM patients who received SPKTx. METHODS Criteria for "select" non-T1DM included the following: positive C-peptide, BMI <30 kg/m(2) , treatment with oral agents before insulin initiation, and insulin at <1 unit/kg/d. We compared several indices of glucose homeostasis within 1 yr post-SPKTx among seven "select" patients with non-T1DM and nine patients with T1DM with similar age, BMI, and immunosuppression. Measurements of insulin resistance included the following: homeostatic model, insulin sensitivity index, and insulin-glucose ratio; insulin secretion measures included the following: corrected insulin response. RESULTS Non-T1DM had similar pre-transplant metabolic (fasting glucose, HbA1c, blood pressure, and lipid) parameters to the T1DM cohort. There were no significant differences in the various measures of insulin resistance and secretion between T1DM and "select" non-T1DM patients. CONCLUSION Our results suggest SPKTx should be considered in the therapeutic armamentarium among carefully select non-T1DM with features of minimal insulin resistance; however, a larger cohort with longer follow-up is needed to confirm our results.
One thousand consecutive primary liver transplants under tacrolimus immunosuppression: a 17- to 20-year longitudinal follow-up.

Background Tacrolimus has proven to be a potent immunosuppressive agent in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The aim of this study is to examine its long-term efficacy and safety. Methods and results One thousand consecutive primary OLTs performed between August 1989 and December 1992 and maintained under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression were followed up until January 2009. Patient and graft survivals with corresponding causes of death and retransplantation, maintenance immunosuppression, and adverse effects were examined. The study population includes 600 males and 400 females comprising 166 children, 630 adults, and 204 seniors. The mean follow-up was 17.83 (range, 16.1-19.50) years. The overall 20-year actuarial patient and graft survivals were 35.8% and 32.6%, respectively. At the last follow-up, 442 patients were alive; 133 (77.1%) children, 265 (34.5%) adults, and 44 (16.1%) seniors (P=0.0001). After the first post-OLT year, cardiopulmonary events, recurrence of primary disease, and malignancy were the main causes of death. Overall, 183 recipients underwent retransplants; mainly for primary nonfunction, hepatic artery thrombosis, and recurrent primary disease, 180 required dialysis, and 45 underwent kidney transplant. A total of 97.7% of the survivors were on tacrolimus and 26.2% were also receiving adjunctive immunosuppressants at the last follow-up. Conclusions The overall 20-year actuarial patient and graft survivals were 35.8% and 32.6%, respectively, with significantly better survival among children. Age-related complications, recurrence of primary disease, and malignancy were the major causes of late graft loss. Graft loss related to immunologic reasons was rare. The prevention of recurrent disease and newer immunosuppressive regimen will further improve these results.
Growth and properties of high quality a-(Si,Ge):H alloys using helium and hydrogen dilution

We report on the growth and properties of a-(Si,Ge):H films and devices prepared using dilution with both hydrogen and helium. The films and devices were grown using a remote ECR plasma discharge. Helium dilution allowed for a higher growth rate than achieved using only hydrogen dilution. It was found that hydrogen dilution was always necessary to achieve good electronic properties. The films were characterized using photoconductivity and subgap absorption measurements. Defect density was measured using space-charge limited current in device-like samples. It was found that good quality films, with Urbach energies below 50 meV, and subgap /spl alpha/ /spl sim/ 1/cm could be grown down to a Tauc bandgap of 1.33 eV. The defect densities increased with increasing Ge content, but were still in the range of 1-2 /spl times/ 10/sup 16/ /cm/sup 3/-eV. Substrate-type p-i-n devices were fabricated in these materials, and good fill factors were obtained. The films and devices were tested for stability.