cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Divergent effects of BMP-2 on gene expression in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from normal subjects and patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from normal subjects. Dysfunction of BMP signaling due to mutations in and/or down-regulation of BMP receptors has been implicated in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). The authors examined whether BMP differentially regulates gene expression in PASMCs from normal subjects and IPAH patients using the Affymetrix microarray analysis. BMP-2 treatment (200 nM for 24 hours) altered expression levels of 6206 genes in normal and IPAH PASMCs. Of these genes, 1063 were regulated oppositely by BMP-2: 523 genes were down-regulated by BMP-2 in normal PASMCs but up-regulated in IPAH PASMCs, whereas 540 genes were up-regulated by BMP-2 in normal PASMCs but down-regulated in IPAH PASMCs. The divergent effects of BMP-2 on gene expression profiles indicate that PASMCs may undergo significant phenotypic changes in IPAH patients during development of the disease. The transition of the antiproliferative effect of BMP-2 in normal PASMCs to its proliferative effect in IPAH patients is attributed potentially to its differential effect on expression patterns of various genes that are involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Among the 6206 BMP-2-sensitive genes, there are more than 1800 genes whose expression levels were negatively (correlation coefficient, r, + 0.9) correlated with the pulmonary arterial pressure. These results suggest that BMP-mediated gene regulation is significantly altered in PASMCs from IPAH patients and mRNA expression changes in BMP-regulated genes may be involved in the development of IPAH.
A Serial Risk Score Approach to Disease Classification that Accounts for Accuracy and Cost

The performance of diagnostic tests for disease classification is often measured by accuracy (e.g. sensitivity or specificity); however, costs of the diagnostic test are a concern as well. Combinations of multiple diagnostic tests may improve accuracy, but incur additional costs. Here we consider serial testing approaches that maintain accuracy while controlling costs of the diagnostic tests. We present a serial risk score classification approach. The basic idea is to sequentially test with additional diagnostic tests just until persons are classified. In this way, it is not necessary to test all persons with all tests. The methods are studied in simulations and compared with logistic regression. We applied the methods to data from HIV cohort studies to identify HIV infected individuals who are recently infected (< 1 year) by testing with assays for multiple biomarkers. We find that the serial risk score classification approach can maintain accuracy while achieving a reduction in cost compared to testing all individuals with all assays.
The Role of Stereospecific Saturated Fatty Acid Positions on Lipid Nutrition

The saturated fatty acids in the sn–1 and -3 position of triacylglycerols can exhibit different metabolic patterns due to their low absorptivity. This means that dietary fats containing saturated fats primarily in sn–1 and -3 positions (e.g., cocoa butter, coconut oil, and palm oil) can have very different biological consequences than those fats in which the saturated fats are primarily in the sn–2 position (e.g., milk fat and lard). Differences in stereospecific fatty acid location should therefore be an important consideration in the design and interpretation of lipid nutrition studies and in the production of specialty food products.
The Compact City Fallacy

The problems of urban sprawl have long been recognized. The classic response to sprawl has been compact settlements of one form or another. Yet the profession’s modern origins stem from responses to overcrowding. Relieving crowding by letting in more light and air led to less compact urban form. This paradox remains unresolved despite recent compact city, smart growth, healthy community, and new urbanist efforts. This article reviews empirical data of whether compact cities are sustainable. Then, after reviewing current debates on sprawl and the compact city, it outlines the intellectual origins of sustainability and analyzes whether its theory supports the compact city hypothesis: compact is more sustainable than sprawl. It concludes that conceiving the city in terms of form is neither necessary nor sufficient to achieve the goals ascribed to the compact city. Instead, conceiving the city in terms of process holds more promise in attaining the elusive goal of a sustainable city.
Expecting the Unexpected: Coping Skills for Dealing with Unexpected Classroom Situations

Every experienced management instructor has faced unexpected circumstances that precipitate a quick preparation for a class session in an ongoing course. Issues of being unprepared are put in context of both the instructor's personal feelings and the particular course and students. The article focuses on design skills and solutions that have worked for the author and her colleagues. Seven design criteria for quickly prepared sessions (QPS) are presented and practical examples given for a variety of class situations. The strategies can be kept on hand for when a QPS arises or used as part of overall class planning.
Maladaptive coping, adaptive coping, and depressive symptoms: Variations across age and depressive state

Rumination has consistently been found to be associated with the onset and duration of major depressive episodes. Little research, however, has examined factors that may weaken the association between maladaptive coping, such as rumination, and depressive symptoms. In three samples of participants, including 149 never-depressed adolescent girls, 41 never-depressed women, and 39 depressed women, we examined whether generally adaptive forms of coping interacted with generally maladaptive forms of coping to predict depressive symptoms. Age-appropriate measures of coping and depression were administered to participants in each sample. In never-depressed females, maladaptive coping/rumination were more strongly related to depressive symptoms in the presence of lower levels of adaptive coping. The relation between depression and maladaptive coping/rumination was weaker in the context of higher levels of adaptive coping. In contrast, for the depressed females, we found main effects for rumination and adaptive coping, with higher levels of rumination and lower levels of adaptive coping being associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. The present findings highlight how adaptive coping and maladaptive coping, including rumination, differentially relate to each other and depressive symptoms depending on individuals' current depressive state.
ADF/cofilin promotes invadopodial membrane recycling during cell invasion in vivo

Invadopodia are protrusive, F-actin–driven membrane structures that are thought to mediate basement membrane transmigration during development and tumor dissemination. An understanding of the mechanisms regulating invadopodia has been hindered by the difficulty of examining these dynamic structures in native environments. Using an RNAi screen and live-cell imaging of anchor cell (AC) invasion in Caenorhabditis elegans, we have identified UNC-60A (ADF/cofilin) as an essential regulator of invadopodia. UNC-60A localizes to AC invadopodia, and its loss resulted in a dramatic slowing of F-actin dynamics and an inability to breach basement membrane. Optical highlighting indicated that UNC-60A disassembles actin filaments at invadopodia. Surprisingly, loss of unc-60a led to the accumulation of invadopodial membrane and associated components within the endolysosomal compartment. Photobleaching experiments revealed that during normal invasion the invadopodial membrane undergoes rapid recycling through the endolysosome. Together, these results identify the invadopodial membrane as a specialized compartment whose recycling to form dynamic, functional invadopodia is dependent on localized F-actin disassembly by ADF/cofilin.
Stability-Indicating Colorimetric Assay for Indicine N-Oxide Using TLC

Aliquots of aqueous solutions in which indicine N-oxide may be degraded were mixed with 0.5 M formic acid (1:3) to adjust the pH to approximately 2-4 to quench the reaction and to ensure adequate TLC resolution. Silica-coated aluminum sheets were used to isolate indicine N-oxide by cutting the appropriate region from the chromatogram. By a modification of a known procedure, the silica gel then was treated with an acetic anhydride-diglyme mixture, and the mixture was heated to convert the drug to a pyrrole, which was then coupled with 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde to produce a color. The absorbance of the resulting solution was determined at 566 nm, and the apparent molar absorptivity, epsilon, based on the final indicine N-oxide concentration was 6.13 x 10(4). The recovery was approximately 92%, and the assays were readily reproducible with a coefficient of variation of 4.4%.
Struggling with Going Along when you do not Believe

The phenomenon central to this study is, "struggling with going along in a situation you do not believe in." It emerged as a predominant universal lived experience within the lives of outstanding nurses in the United States studied earlier by the author. The purpose of the research reported in this article was to generate a structure of the lived experience of "struggling with going along in a situation you do not believe in," using Parse's research methodology. Through the processes of the method: participant selection, dialogical engagement, extraction-synthesis and heuristic interpretation, a structure of the lived experience for persons over 65 years of age was generated. This structure is: struggling with going along in a situation you do not believe in is justifiable yielding, as opposing views intensify personal convictions and compel disclosure while suffering consequences. When linked with the major concepts of Parse's theory, the theoretical definition is: valuing the powering of revealing-concealing. Recommendations for further study are offered.
Language and the Social Construction of Identity in Creole Situations

Language and the Social Construction of Identity in Creole Situations. Marcyliena Morgan. ed. Center for Afro-American Studies Special Publication Series, 10. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, 1994. 158 pp.
Tensions of Plot in Interactive Digital Storytelling

This paper focuses on plot as a mediator of interactive digital storytelling (IDS). Drawing on a theory of narrative applied to IDS, the paper focuses on the manifestation of plot across three different IDS contexts. After defining plot, plot elements, and plot analysis, I explain the sampling of the three IDS types considered with plot analysis in this inquiry. The plot analyses of 116 IDS entries by youth and young adult participants within and across those IDS types revealed patterns of stability and variation of plot elements. The foundational nature of plot and its sensitivity to context outside as well as within the narrative scene are evident as participants in complex narrative systems used plot elements to communicate and to innovate. Future research can test and extend plot analysis for further application to IDS research and design.
Selling without Reserve as the Content of Optimal Auctions

Potential bidders respond to a seller's choice of auction mechanism for a common-value asset by endogenous decisions whether to incur a participation cost (and observe a private signal), or forego competing. Privately informed participants decide whether to incur a bid-preparation cost and pay an entry fee, or cease competing. The resulting revenue identity for any auction mechanism implies that optimal auctions are allocatively efficient; a nontrivial reserve price is revenue-inferior for any auction. The set of optimal auctions is otherwise contentless, in that any auction that sells without reserve is within the setting of one continuous parameter of an optimal auction; seller's surplus extracting tools are now substitutes, not complements. Revenue comparisons from the exogenous-bidders literature are upheld in a half-space of parameters, overturned in a half-space. Many econometric studies of auction markets are seen to be flawed in their identification of the number of bidders.
A Philippino glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variant (G6PD Union) with enzyme deficiency and altered substrate specificity.

A variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) associated with altered substrate specificity and severe deficiency of red cell enzyme activity was found in a Philippino male and in his relatives. The genetic pattern was consistent with X-linked inheritance. α-Thalassemia was found in the propositus and in several family members, but there was no interaction between G6PD deficiency and α-thalassemia. This G6PD variant has two pH optima, at pH 5.5 and pH 9.0, while the normal enzyme is inactive at pH 5.5. The substrate specificity of the variant enzyme is different from any known G6PD variant: 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate and galactose-6-phosphate are good substrates and deamino-NADP is a better coenzyme than NADP. Although G6PD activity in the variant red cells was only three per cent of normal, quantitative immunologic neutralization suggested that the specific activity of the variant enzyme might be at least ten per cent of that of the normal enzyme. This variant is named after the place of origin, Gd Union.
Estimating ENSO predictability based on multi-model hindcasts

Based on hindcasts of seasonal forecast systems participating in the North American Multi-Model Ensemble, the seasonal dependence of predictability of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was estimated. The results were consistent with earlier analyses in that the predictability of ENSO was highest in winter and lowest in spring and summer. Further, predictability as measured by the relative amplitude of predictable and unpredictable components was dominated by the ensemble mean instead of the spread (or dispersion) among ensemble members. This result was consistent with previous analysis that most of ENSO predictability resides in the shift of the probability density function (PDF) of ENSO sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies (i.e., changes in the first moment of the PDF that is associated with the ensemble mean of ENSO SST anomalies) rather than due to changes in the spread of the PDF. The analysis establishes our current best estimate of ENSO predictability that can serve as a benchmark for quantifying further improvements resulting from advances in observing, assimilation, and seasonal prediction systems.
Optical Tools and Techniques for Large Area Surface Monitoring of Carbon Sequestration Sites

Carbon sequestration has the potential to reduce environmental impacts of power generation using fossil fuels. Many technological challenges exist for implementing carbon sequestration. In this presentation, detection techniques for carbon sequestration site monitoring are presented.
Wearable SpO2 and sleep posture monitoring system for Obstructive Sleep Apnea patients

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) affects 20% of adults in the world and is caused by a collapse of the soft tissue surrounding the upper airway, obstructing airflow. The vast majority of mild and moderate OSA patients are positional patients, which means that these patients show most of their breathing abnormalities while sleeping in supine position. For these patients positional therapy may be a simple and effective treatment solution. In this study we present a training system for positional patients to alert them when a SpO2 desaturation is occurring, or when they spend a long period of time sleeping in supine position. The alert is given to the patient initially as a smooth vibration in their wrist band, but if the condition persists, a buzzer is used for auditory indication. The system uses an accelerometer on the chest or abdomen to determine the sleeping posture and a commercial finger clip pulse oximeter to monitor heart rate and SpO2.
Teaching Undergraduates about Human Factors through Research in Usability

Educators in Human Factors face an important question: how to attract, educate and prepare undergraduate students for a future in Human Factors. Previous work in Experimental Psychology suggests that students learn more from participating in laboratory studies than they do from lectures in a classroom setting (Elliott, Rice, Trafimow, Madson, and Hipshur, 2010). Information exists on how to configure a usability lab for a commercial practice, but little information exists on how to organize an academic usability lab for undergraduates. This study describes the organization of one such academic lab which focuses on in vivo development projects. The report describes the configuration, practical advice, and lessons learned to date.
Numerical Simulation on Turbulent Flow in Rotary Combustion Chamber for HAP Tri-propellant of Thermal Torpedo

On the basis of the characteristics and working process of HAP tri-propellant in torpedo rotary combustion chamber,mathematical models for the turbulent two-phase flow and combustion process were established.The initial and boundary conditions were investigated and set accordingly.Numerical simulations were conducted by using the software FLUENT,and the distributions of flow fields within the combustion chamber under different regimes were obtained.The results indicate that the turbulent flow and blending process is enhanced and the reverse flow moves to center and head areas.The fuel vaporization,blending,diffusion and heat transfer during combustion process as well as combustion are enhanced,and combustion process becomes much more uniform and steady.Therefore,the combustion efficiency can be improved and the size of rotary combustion chamber could be smaller than the fixed combustion chamber.
The aflatoxin B_1,B_2,G_1 and G_2 in food were decontaminated by high performance liquid chromatograph with a sample was derived before column

Objective:The aflatoxin B1,B2,G1 and G2 in food were decontaminated by a many-sided column and detected simultaneously by high performance liquid chromatograph.Methods: The sample was extracted by acetonitrile solution with a volume fraction 90%,and then the extracted solution was decontaminated and concentrated by column,derived before trifluoroacetic acid(TFA) column,separated by C18 chromatographic column,detected by fluorescence detector and quantified by external standard method,as seen,the four aflatoxins after derivation had good linearity.Results: The standard recovery rate of food samples with addition of aflatoxins was 80.4%~94.5%,the RSD was below 10%.Conclusion: It shows the method is simple,the linear scope is wide,the result is good.
Learning visual behaviors

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the structure and function of eye movements in the human visual system. The human eye is distinguished from current electronic cameras as the human eye has better resolution in a small region near the optical axis. This region is termed as the fovea. Over this region, the resolution is better than that in the periphery. One feature of this design is the simultaneous representation of a large field of view and local high acuity. With the small fovea at a premium in a large visual field, the human visual system has special behaviors (saccades) for quickly moving the fovea to different spatial targets. The data on the fovea and saccades explain the dynamics of visual behavior process. Most of the brain structures that represent visual information are retinally indexed. This means that their state is changed with each eye movement.
Recommender Systems for Self-Actualization

Every day, we are confronted with an abundance of decisions that require us to choose from a seemingly endless number of choice options. Recommender systems are supposed to help us deal with this formidable task, but some scholars claim that these systems instead put us inside a "Filter Bubble" that severely limits our perspectives. This paper presents a new direction for recommender systems research with the main goal of supporting users in developing, exploring, and understanding their unique personal preferences.
Mexican American adolescent couples' vulnerability for observed negativity and physical violence: Pregnancy and acculturation mismatch

Stress and vulnerability for dating violence may be heightened among acculturating Mexican American (MA) adolescents, and MA adolescent parents, because of differing cultural values and norms within romantic relationships. We hypothesized, in a sample of MA heterosexual couples (N = 30, 15-17 years), that: 1) within-couple level acculturation discrepancies, and pregnancy/parenting, would predict physical violence perpetration, and 2) that this association would have an indirect effect through couple-level negativity during an observed dyadic video-taped discussion of conflict. Using a path model we found that pregnant/parenting adolescents (B = .37, SE = .16, p = .002), and couples with greater acculturation mismatch resulted in greater couple negativity (B = .16, SE = .06, p = .01), which was associated with self-reported physical violence perpetration (B = .41, SE = .22, p = .02; indirect effect, B = .15, SE = .07, p = .03). Within-couple acculturation discrepancies and pregnancy/parenting may be a pathway to dating violence through poor communication skills around conflict for MA youth. Support services that strengthen communication skills, particularly for pregnant/parenting couples, are recommended.Copyright © 2016 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Language: en
Predictive control of residential HVAC and its impact on the grid. Part II: simulation studies of residential HVAC as a supply following resource

This paper introduces a methodology, using model predictive control, for shaping the electric demand of residential distribution feeder. The methods are designed to result in a paradigm shift from generation that follows load to load that follows supply. First, a reference demand curve, obtained from “smoothing” a base case demand profile, is proposed. Then, in order to better match the availability of renewable energy resources, the reference demand curve is modified to consider residential rooftop photovoltaic systems and utility scale wind generation. A simulation framework introduced in a companion paper is employed. Simulation results suggest that the active load shaping methodology is very effective at providing demand flexibility at time scales shorter than two or three hours. At longer time scales, flexibility is limited by the thermal storage effectiveness of the residential building envelope, and to a large extent, the amount of load being shifted relative to total active cooling demand.
An Efficient MAC Protocol for MIMO-OFDM Ad hoc Networks

The problem of designing a good MAC protocol for MIMO-OFDM ad hoc networks is considered in this paper. The proposed protocol reserves a portion of the carriers for the control channel. We call this the directional multiple access with collision avoidance (DMACA) protocol. The advantage of DMACA over methods which use the same channel for control and data is that the data channel is collision free. Therefore, the channels are utilized more efficiently. The mathematical models and analysis for both DMACA and the protocol using shared channel are also given. Simulation results show that the mathematical models agree with numerical results. The mathematical model then is used for optimizing the number of carriers reserved for the control channel.
Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Mechanisms and Susceptibility Factors

Idiosyncratic (host-dependent) and therefore unpredictable drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is rare but nevertheless has become a major clinical problem. This is mainly due to the large number of drugs causing DILI and the large consumer populations worldwide, but also is a consequence of an increased awareness of the inherent hepatotoxic potential of many drugs. Idiosyncratic DILI is also the single major cause for withdrawal of successfully launched drugs or for discontinuation of drugs in development. This chapter summarizes the currently known mechanisms of DILI and the determinants of susceptibility and risk modulators in patients. Certain drugs (or their metabolites) cause immunoallergic reactions whose mechanisms are poorly understood. In many other cases of nonimmune-mediated DILI, reactive intermediates causing electrophilic or oxidative stress are involved. Importantly, direct mitochondrial injury through a number of distinct mechanisms is an increasingly recognized hazard. However, it is much less well understood why the majority of patients do not develop liver injury and what underlying mechanisms put a small subset of patients at an increased risk. Genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes, HLA (human leukocyte antigen) haplotypes, or detoxifying enzymes are involved but cannot fully explain the low incidence. More recent paradigms are based on a multifactorial pathogenesis and include underlying inflammatory conditions or genetic or acquired abnormalities in mitochondrial function that may increase both the penetrance and expressivity of the intrinsic toxicity of a drug.
Gastric Motility and Electrogastrography (EGG)

The physiology and pathophysiology of gastrointestinal motility in the human infant and child are only partially understood. This is largely due to the fact that invasive and unpleasant investigations are usually required to study contractile activity and transit through the gut. In fact, such invasive investigations are less acceptable and on average poorly tolerated by both infants and children, and therefore systematic studies are severely limited. The constraints imposed by such poor acceptability of extensive motility studies in childhood are the main reasons why paediatric gastroenterologists have become increasingly interested in non-invasive means of assessing gastrointestinal motility and transit. Such techniques include radionuclide scan (scintigraphy), ultrasonography, breath test and electrical impedance tomography for the study of gastric emptying and the recording of electrical activity of the gastric antrum by surface electrodes, i.e. electrogastrography or EGG.
HEALTHCARE BENEFITS OF BREASTFEEDING

Since the maternal decision to breastfeed is associated with numerous health-related factors, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions on the causality between breastfeeding and health benefits. Nevertheless, it is estimated that ∼1.5 million deaths could be prevented by increased levels of breastfeeding. In industrialised countries, breastfeeding is associated with a demonstrable impact on infant morbidity but not on infant mortality. Collectively, the available data indicate an association of breastfeeding with a reduced risk of infectious diarrhoea and acute otitis media and a possible protection against respiratory infections. Although there are indications for effects on later blood pressure (BP) (mean difference for systolic BP −1.21 mm Hg (95% CI −1.72 to −0.70) and for diastolic BP −0.49 mm Hg (95% CI −0.87 to −0.11) and on total cholesterolaemia (mean difference −0.18 mmol/l (95% CI 0.06 to 0.30 mmol/l)), there is no evidence that breastfeeding has an effect on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Breastfeeding has the potential to contribute to a reduction of later obesity development in childhood and adolescence (∼20–25%). A protective effect of breastfeeding on the occurrence of diabetes type 1 later in life remains controversial. Breastfeeding may protect against coeliac disease but may only delay the onset of symptoms. The evidence for a protection of breastfeeding against malignant disease is weak. Breastfeeding may be associated with a small advantage in cognitive development (∼+3–5 points) persisting into adulthood, which may not be of major importance for an individual but could provide a significant advantage on a population basis.
Coaxial electrospun poly(methyl methacrylate)-polyacrylonitrile nanofibers: atomic force microscopy and compositional characterization.

Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA)- Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers were prepared using a conventional single-nozzle electrospinning technique. The as-spun fibers exhibited core-shell morphology as verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM-phase and modulus mapping images of the fiber cross-section and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated PAN formed the shell and PMMA the core material. XPS, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and elemental analysis were used to determine fiber compositional information. Soaking the fibers in solvent demonstrated removal of the core material, generating hollow PAN fibers.
TECHNIQUES OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT TO 300 KBAR

Abstract Techniques of electrical conductivity measurement in the diamond pressure cell are developed for the pressure range 1 bar to 300 kbar and the temperature range −78° to 2500°C. Measurements of electrical conductivity demonstrate pressure and composition dependence of the parameters in the Boltzmann relationship of temperature and electrical conductivity. Electrical conductivity of the olivine and magnesiowustite series was found to increase by orders of magnitude in the pressure range 1 bar to 300 kbar at room temperature.
Ocular manifestations of systemic inflammatory diseases.

Inflammation of the eye is often times seen in association with systemic inflammatory diseases. Understanding the various forms of ocular involvement in these conditions is important as untreated ophthalmic involvement can lead to severe vision loss. In addition to providing a basic framework for diagnosis and treatment, this review will highlight the ocular manifestations of the following systemic inflammatory conditions: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis, Sjogren's syndrome, polyarteritisnodosa, primary antiphospholipid syndrome, Behcet's syndrome, Kawasaki disease, Cogan's syndrome and relapsing polychondritis.
Abstract WP453: Intracerebral Hemorrhage Outcomes in the Very Elderly

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) outcomes have been well described, but there is a paucity of data regarding complications and outcomes in the “very elderly.” As the population ages the i...
A PERICARDIAL CYST CAUSING OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK: A CASE REPORT

A pericardial cyst is an unusual finding, especially in elderly patients. We present a case of a patient with a pericardial cyst causing an obstructive shock. A 71 year old male presented with nausea and vomiting found to have small bowel obstruction due to adhesions from his previous colectomy for
Implementation of a clinical reasoning curriculum for clerkship-level medical students: a pseudo-randomized and controlled study.

Background The National Academies of Sciences report Improving Diagnosis in Healthcare highlighted the need for better training in medical decision-making, but most medical schools lack formal education in clinical reasoning. Methods We conducted a pseudo-randomized and controlled study to evaluate the impact of a clinical reasoning curriculum in an internal medicine clerkship. Students in the intervention group completed six interactive online modules focused on reasoning concepts and a skills-based workshop. We assessed the impact of the curriculum on clinical reasoning knowledge and skills and perception of education by evaluating: (1) performance on a clinical reasoning concept quiz, (2) demonstration of reasoning in hospital admission notes, and (3) awareness of attending physician utilization of clinical reasoning concepts. Results Students in the intervention group demonstrated superior performance on the clinical reasoning knowledge quiz (67% vs. 54%, p < 0.001). Students in the intervention group demonstrated superior written reasoning skills in the data synthesis (2.3 vs. 2.0, p = 0.02) and diagnostic reasoning (2.2 vs. 1.9, p = 0.02) portions of their admission notes, and reported more discussion of clinical reasoning by their attending physicians. Conclusions Exposure to a clinical reasoning curriculum was associated with superior reasoning knowledge and superior written demonstration of clinical reasoning skills by third-year medical students on an internal medicine clerkship.
Trends in Residential Services for People Who are Mentally Retarded: 1977–1982:

This paper summarizes and compares the results of two national surveys of residential facilities for people who are mentally retarded. The results from 1977 and 1982 national surveys of all state-licensed, state-contracted, or state-operated facilities demonstrate a residential population of static total size but changing characteristics. Most notable were a decreasing number of children in out-of-home residential care and an increasing proportion of persons who are severely/profoundly handicapped in community-based residences. The number of smaller facilities increased substantially.
Learning how to learn pragmatics: Application of self-directed strategies to pragmatics learning in L2 Chinese and Japanese

Learning strategies are self-generated actions taken to make learning more efficient,productive, and transferable to new settings (Oxford, 1990, 2011). We can teach students how to use learning strategies efficiently, helping them gain autonomy and control of their own learning process. This study applied strategy instruction to pragmatics learning in a second language (L2). Adapting Oxford's (2011) taxonomy, we taught L2 learners various cognitive and metacognitive strategies, including how to pay attention to select pragmatic features, and how to monitor and evaluate their learning of the features. Four L2 Chinese learners and six L2 Japanese learners in a US university received strategy instruction on targeted pragmatic features (i.e., conversation opening/closing; indirect meaning). The instruction was followed by a two-week period in which students kept a daily journal recording their experiences with the targeted features. Interviews were conducted at the end to gauge students' reflections of the strategy applications. Results showed that students noticed targeted pragmatic features in available resources, but there was imbalance in the degree of noticing and types of strategies used.
Mechanisms of ferritin assembly studied by time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering

The assembly reaction of Escherichia coli ferritin A (EcFtnA) was studied using time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). EcFtnA forms a cage-like structure that consists of 24 identical subunits and dissociates into dimers at acidic pH. The dimer maintains native-like secondary and tertiary structures and can reassemble into a 24-mer when the pH is increased. The time-dependent changes in the SAXS profiles of ferritin during its assembly were roughly explained by a simple model in which only tetramers, hexamers, and dodecamers were considered intermediates. The rate of assembly increased with increasing ionic strength and decreased with increasing pH (from pH 6 to pH 8). These tendencies might originate from repulsion between assembly units (dimers) with the same net charge sign. To test this hypothesis, ferritin mutants with different net charges (net-charge mutants) were prepared. In buffers with low ionic strength, the rate of assembly increased with decreasing net charge. Thus, repulsion between the assembly unit net charges was an important factor influencing the assembly rate. Although the differences in the assembly rate among net-charge mutants were not significant in buffers with an ionic strength higher than 0.1, the assembly rates increased with increasing ionic strength, suggesting that local electrostatic interactions are also responsible for the ionic-strength dependence of the assembly rate and are, on average, repulsive.
Reactivity of Radical Cations: Generation, Characterization, and Reactivity of 1,3-Diene Radical Cations1

Conjugated diene radical cations have been generated by either photoionization of the parent diene or photosensitized electron transfer using triplet chloranil or 1,4-dicyanonaphthalene/biphenyl in acetonitrile and have been characterized by laser flash photolysis. The radical cations have a moderately strong absorption in the 340−400 nm region with a broader and weaker band at longer wavelength, in agreement with literature data for the same species in matrices. The radical cations react with anionic nucleophiles with rates that approach the diffusion-controlled limit and are insensitive to oxygen. Reaction of the diene radical cation with its precursor diene is the predominant decay pathway in the absence of added nucleophiles or alkenes and occurs with rate constants on the order of 108−109 M-1 s-1. Product studies for 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene indicate that this reaction does lead to dimer formation although the major dimeric product results from substantial rearrangement of the initial adduct. The c...
Medial prefrontal and ventral hippocampal contributions to incidental context learning and memory in adolescent rats.

Abstract The Context Preexposure Facilitation Effect (CPFE) is a contextual fear conditioning (CFC) paradigm in which context learning, context-shock learning, and retrieval of contextual fear occur in three distinct phases. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal hippocampus (dHPC), and ventral hippocampus (vHPC) are required for the acquisition and/or consolidation of a context representation during incidental context exposure (Heroux et al., 2017; Robinson-Drummer et al., 2016; Rudy & Matus-Amat, 2006). This exposure also induces the expression of the immediate early genes (IEGs) c-Fos, Arc, Egr-1, and Npas4 in these regions (Heroux et al., 2018, 2019). Despite these studies, it is still unclear how mPFC and vHPC contribute to incidental context learning and memory. The current study examined whether prefrontal or ventral hippocampal inactivation during context preexposure interferes with long-term context memory and IEG activity in the mPFC, vHPC, dHPC and the ventral midline thalamus (VMT, a region connected to both the mPFC and HPC). Adolescent Long-Evans rats were given intra-mPFC (Experiment 1) or intra-vHPC (Experiment 2) infusions of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol or PBS prior to context preexposure, and then were sacrificed 30 min later and whole mPFC, dHPC, vHPC, and VMT were collected and assayed for IEG mRNA expression via qPCR. Prefrontal or ventral hippocampal inactivation during context exposure abolished subsequent post-shock and retention test freezing in behaviorally-tested littermates of the sacrificed groups. In Experiment 1, prefrontal inactivation reduced expression of c-Fos, Arc, Egr-1, and Npas4 in the mPFC, c-Fos, Arc, and Npas4 in the vHPC, and c-Fos in the VMT, to the level of behaviorally-naive home-cage controls. Prefrontal inactivation did not alter IEG expression in the dHPC during context exposure. In Experiment 2, ventral hippocampal inactivation impaired expression of all IEGs in the mPFC, dHPC, and vHPC, with no effect in the VMT. Taken together, these results suggest that context memory processes on the preexposure day of the CPFE may depend on mPFC-vHPC circuitry not typically emphasized in studies of incidental or configural learning and memory.
Optical crosstalk and off-axis modeling of an intrinsic coincident polarimeter.

Polarimeters have broad applications in remote sensing, astronomy, and biomedical imaging to measure the emitted, reflected, or transmitted state of polarization. An intrinsic coincident (IC) full-Stokes polarimeter was previously demonstrated by our group, in a free space configuration, by using stain-aligned polymer-based organic photovoltaics. To minimize the model’s complexity, these were tilted to avoid crosstalk from back-reflections. We present a theoretical model of a monolithic IC polarimeter that considers the back-reflection’s influence for on-axis light. The model was validated using a monolithic four-detector polarimeter, which achieved an error of less than 3%. Additionally, an off-axis model was produced and validated for a simpler two detector polarimeter, demonstrating an error between the TM and TE polarized components of less than 3% for angles spanning an 18° incidence cone.
An Experimental Investigation of Overall Mass Transfer coefficient (KGa) of CO2 absorption using Monoethanolamine (MEA) and Diethanolamine (DEA) in a Bubble Column Reactor (BCR)

In this work, an absorption technology was used actually to investigation the mass transfer coefficient of carbon dioxide from a gaseous mixture (air, carbon dioxide) in blended solution Monoethanolamine (MEA) and Diethanolamine (DEA) in a bubble column reactor (BCR) . The bubble column reactor(BCR) was made of Plexiglas with 1.5 m high and 0.1 m inside diameter. The overall mass transfer coefficient ( was evaluated at different operating conditions , gas flow rate, air Flow rate ,liquid flow rate .Where the gas flow rates were 10, 15 and 20 L /min , air flow rate 100,150 and 200 L/h ,and liquid flow rate 5 ,10,15 L /min . This experiment by using continuous process with helping centrifugal pump . High-performance gas chromatographic (GC) was performed to evaluate loading during absorption experiment . The experimental results have shown that the loading in range of 0.581-1.367 (mol /mole amine),and the maximum value of overall mass transfer coefficient ( KG) was 0.04 S-1 .
The Current State of Minimally Invasive Living Donor Hepatectomy

To evaluate the current state of minimally-invasive living donor hepatectomy by briefly summarizing its history, examining up-to-date technical considerations, reviewing important recently published reports, and discussing the path forward to continued progress. The last several years have seen a surge in reports of purely laparoscopic major donor hepatectomy. These accounts span several continents and include updates from centers with significant experience. Other studies come as case reports or small case series from centers just developing their minimally invasive expertise. There are now centers that perform purely laparoscopic donor hepatectomies with no donor selection criteria with equivalent outcomes compared with conventional hepatectomy. However, even these centers continue to urge caution in donors with complex variant anatomy. Rapid growth in minimally invasive donor hepatectomy has developed within the past decade. There is no single technique adopted by all centers, and regional and center-specific preferences continue to exist. Equivalent outcomes can be achieved with appropriate donor selection that matches center expertise. Despite continued progress, pure laparoscopic living donor hepatectomy should remain available only in highly specialized centers. Aggressive efforts should be made to transfer knowledge, skills, and expertise to centers transitioning to more minimally invasive approaches.
Role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in neurodevelopmental disorders and experience-dependent plasticity in Xenopus tadpoles

Abstract Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a secreted endopeptidase targeting extracellular matrix proteins, creating permissive environments for neuronal development and plasticity. Developmental dysregulation of MMP-9 is also associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (ND). Here we test the hypothesis that chronically elevated MMP-9 activity during early neurodevelopment is responsible for neural circuit hyperconnectivity observed after early exposure to valproic acid (VPA), a known teratogen associated with autism spectrum disorder in humans. In Xenopus tadpoles, VPA exposure results in excess local synaptic connectivity, disrupted social behavior and increased seizure susceptibility. We found that overexpressing MMP-9 in the brain copies effects of VPA on synaptic connectivity, and blocking MMP-9 activity pharmacologically or genetically reverses effects of VPA on physiology and behavior. We further show that during normal neurodevelopment MMP-9 levels are tightly regulated by neuronal activity and required for structural plasticity. These studies show a critical role for MMP-9 in both normal and abnormal development.
A Qualitative Analysis of Adolescent Responses to YouTube Videos Portraying Sexual and Gender Minority Experiences: Belonging, Community, and Information Seeking

Sexual and gender minority youth are at risk for negative mental health outcomes, such as depression and suicide, due to stigma. Fortunately, sense of community, connection, and social support can ameliorate these deleterious effects. Youth express that most of their social support comes from peers and in-school organizations, but these sources require in-person interaction. Past research has identified social media sites as virtual and anonymous sources of support for these youth, but the role of YouTube specifically in this process has not been thoroughly explored. This study explores YouTube as a possible virtual source of support for sexual and gender minority youth by examining the ecological comments left on YouTube videos. A qualitative thematic analysis of YouTube comments resulted in six common themes in self-identified adolescents’ YouTube comments: sharing, relating, information seeking, gratitude, realization, and validation. Most commonly, adolescents shared feelings and experiences related to their identity, especially when they could relate to the experiences discussed in the videos. These young people also used their comments to ask for identity-related advice or information, treating the platform as a source of education. Results suggest that sexual minority youth’s use of YouTube is advantageous for social support and community, identity-related information, identity development, and overall well-being.