cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting internal mammary artery graft survival: how is competitive flow from a patent native coronary vessel a risk factor?

Recent studies have suggested that competitive flow is an important factor in early internal mammary artery (IMA) graft failure. Flow competition from minimally diseased native coronary vessels has been implicated in the failure of IMA grafts, but does not seem to affect saphenous vein grafts (SVG). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of competitive flow on SVG and IMA grafts and to compare the patterns of flow dynamics and pressure on proximal and distal grafts to the left anterior descending (LAD) artery; factors that may be involved in graft failure. Twelve mongrel dogs underwent coronary artery bypass grafting using IMAs and a SVG to an open LAD artery. The right IMA (PIMA) and the SVG were anastomosed in the proximal LAD and the left IMA (DIMA) was anastomosed at a more distal location. The procedure was performed through a left thoracotomy, using an "off pump" technique. Graft flows were measured isolated and in competition. The IMAs and SVG provided flow levels similar to the native LAD when each one was the sole inflow to the LAD. During competitive flow conditions, total and diastolic SVG flows were reduced 54.4 and 50.5%, respectively (P < 0.05). Total and diastolic PIMA and DIMA flows were reduced more drastically (68.6-73.3 and 69.5-68.1%, respectively; P < 0.05). The DIMA had better preservation of diastolic flow compared to PIMA. A delay in the pressure wave was noted in the isolated IMAs, but not in the SVG. This pattern of flow disappeared during competition due to the large, systolic retrograde flow up the IMA grafts. In conclusion, IMAs compared to the SVG are longer and narrower conduits with lower levels of flow during competition. Low levels of flow and oscillating flow (retrograde/ antegrade) may be poorly tolerated by the IMA endothelium and may be factorial to graft failure. These data suggest that a more distal placement of the IMA graft may be protective to the arterial graft under competitive flow conditions.
Structural properties of alloyed Ti/Al/Ti/Au and Ti/Al/Mo/Au ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN

Abstract Two alloyed ohmic contact structures for AlGaN/GaN–Ti/Al/Ti/Au and Ti/Al/Mo/Au were studied. Both structures were optimized for minimum ohmic contact resistance. Structures grown on sapphire and SiC substrates were used to investigate structural properties of ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN. Ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN on SiC showed higher contact resistance values compared to contacts to AlGaN/GaN on sapphire. Ohmic contact metals were etched on samples after annealing. The alloyed interface was studied with backside illumination under an optical microscope. Alloyed inclusions associated with threading dislocations were observed on the surface. For the AlGaN/GaN on SiC sample the inclusion density was an order of magnitude lower than for the sample on sapphire. Conductive atomic force microscopy with carbon nanotube tip was used to investigate topography and conductivity profile of the surface after ohmic contact metal removal by etching.
Emission from regioisomeric bis(phenylethynyl)benzenes during pulse radiolysis.

Emission from charge recombination between radical cations and anions of a series of regioisomeric 1,4-, 1,3-, and 1,2-bis(phenylethynyl)benzenes (bPEBs) substituted by various electron donor and/or acceptor groups was measured during pulse radiolysis in benzene (Bz). The formation of bPEB in the excited singlet state (1bPEB*) can be attributed to the charge recombination between bPEB• + and bPEB• −, which are initially generated from the radiolytic reaction. This mechanism is reasonably explained by the relationship between the annihilation enthalpy change (−ΔH°) for the charge recombination of bPEB• + and bPEB• − and excitation energy of 1bPEB*. Since the degree of the π-conjugation in the S1 state and HOMO−LUMO levels of bPEB change with the substitution pattern of phenylacetylene groups on the central benzene ring and the various kinds of donor and/or acceptor group, the fine-tuning of the emission color and intensity of bPEB can be easily carried out during pulse radiolysis in Bz. For donor-acceptor-...
Multiplicative multiscale image decompositions: analysis and modeling

Multiscale processing, in particular using the wavelet transform, has emerged as an incredibly effective paradigm for signal processing and analysis. In this paper, we discuss a close relative of the Haar wavelet transform, the multiscale multiplicative decomposition. While the Haar transform captures the differences between signal approximations at different scales, the multiplicative decomposition captures their ratio. The multiplicative decomposition has many of the properties that have made wavelets so successful. Most notably, the multipliers are a sparse representative for smooth signals, they have a dependency structure similar to wavelet coefficients, and they can be calculated efficiently. The multiplicative decomposition is also a more natural signal representation than the wavelet transform for some problems. For example, it is extremely easy to incorporate positivity constraints into multiplier domain processing. In addition, there is a close relationship between the multiplicative decomposition and the Poisson process; a fact that has been exploited in the field of photon-limited imaging. In this paper, we will show that the multiplicative decomposition is also closely tied with the Kullback-Leibler distance between two signals. This allows us to derive an n-term KL approximation scheme using the multiplicative decomposition.
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of an Abbreviated Social Support Instrument: The MOS-SSS

Objective: Confirm the factor structure of the original 18-item Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS) as well as two abbreviated versions in a sample of mothers with a child in ment...
Nationwide Epidemic of Septicemia Caused by Contaminated Infusion Products. IV. Growth of Microbial Pathogens in Fluids for Intravenous Infusion

Septicemia caused by contaminated infusion fluid is a newly appreciated hazard of intravenous infusion therapy. Microorganisms of the tribe Klebsielleae (Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia) have predominated in these infections. Members of this tribe found to possess a selecive ability over common non-Klebsielleae microbial pathogens to proliferate rapidly in commerical parential fluids contaning clucose at room temperautre. Fifty-one Klebsielleae strains, washed twice before inoculation of approximately 1 organism/ml, attained a mean normalized 24 hr concentration of 1.11 x 10-5 organisms/ml in 5% dextrose in water at 25 C. In contrast, 48 of 49 non-Klebsielleae bacterial strains (clinical isolates of Staphylococcus, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Herelea, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) slowly died (mean 24-hr concentration, 0.2 organism/ml). Five Candida albicans strains frew only very slowly (31.3 organisms/ml). Even with concentrations exceeding 10-6 organisms/ml, microbial presence was never visibly detectable. The significant increases in cases of nosocomial spticmia caused by Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia in recent years might be attribuatble in part to fluid-related spesis accompanying the expanding use of parenteral therapy.
Cancer mortality among laundry and dry cleaning workers

A cancer mortality study of 8,163 deaths occurring among persons formerly employed as laundering and dry cleaning workers in 28 states is described. Age-adjusted sex-race cause-specific proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) and proportionate cancer mortality ratios (PCMRs) were computed for 1979 through 1990, using the corresponding 28-state mortality as the comparison. For those aged 15-64 years, there were excesses in black men for total cancer mortality (PMR = 130, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 105-159) and cancer of the esophagus 1 (PMR = 215, 95% CI = 111-376), and in white men for cancer of the larynx (PMR = 318, 95% CI = 117-693). For those aged 65 years and over, there were statistically nonsignificant excesses for cancer of the trachea, bronchus, and lung in black women (PMR = 128, CI = 94-170) and for cancer of other and unspecified female genital organs in white women (PMR = 225, CI = 97-443). The results of this and other studies point to the need for the effective implementation of available control measures to protect laundry and dry cleaning workers.
Critical current data of NbTi conductors at sub-4.2 K temperatures and high fields☆

Abstract Critical current data in the temperature and field ranges of 1.8 to 4.2 K and 8.5 to 12.5 T are presented for two size-groups of commercial NbTi conductors. The first group of conductors had critical currents at 4.2 K and 9 T of 6 to 77 A, while the second group's ranged from 1400 to 1570 A.
Efficient management of marine resources in conflict: An empirical study of marine sand mining, Korea

This article develops a dynamic model of efficient use of exhaustible marine sand resources in the context of marine mining externalities. The classical Hotelling extraction model is applied to sand mining in Ongjin, Korea and extended to include the estimated marginal external costs that mining imposes on marine fisheries. The socially efficient sand extraction plan is compared with the extraction paths suggested by scientific research. If marginal environmental costs are correctly estimated, the developed efficient extraction plan considering the resource rent may increase the social welfare and reduce the conflicts among the marine sand resource users. The empirical results are interpreted with an emphasis on guidelines for coastal resource management policy.
A quantitative study of synaptic patterns in turtle visual cortex

The distribution of different synaptic types has been analyzed quantitatively in the molecular and subcellular layers of turtle „vislual” cortex. The density of vesicle-containing-profiles (VCPs) is 122.2/400 square μm in the molecular layer and 61.0/400 square μm in the subcellular layer. In both layers, approximately 85% of VCPs conatin round vesicles (RVCPs), 12%, flat vesicles (FVCPs) and 1%, dense core vesicles (DVCPs). Vacuolar invaginations (VIs) are not uncommon in the molecular layer (3.4%) but are rare in the subcellular layer (0.6%). Synaptic conatacts are formed in the plane of section by three out of ten RVCPs and FVCPs, while only one out of the 146 DVCPs sampled in this study was associated with a membrane differentiation. In the molecualr layer, the percentage distribution of the different subgroups of synaptic types is as follows: round-asymmetrical contacts, 82.5% (77.5% on dendritic spines and 5.0% on dendritic shafts); round-symmetrical contacts, 3.8% (2.3% on spines and 1.5% on shafts);flat-symmetrical contacts, 13.1% (8.8% on shafts and 4.3% on spines; flatasymmetrical contacts 0.6% (0.4% on spines and 0.2% on shafts)). In the subcellular layer, the distribution is quite different: round-asymmetrical contacts. 72.4% (38.6% on shafts and 33.8% on spines); round-symmertical contacts, 12.8% (8.2% on shafts and 4.6% on spines); flat-symmetrical contacts, 13.9% (9.3% on shafts and 4.6% on spines); flat-asymmetrical contacts, 0.9% all on dendritic shafts. The density distribution of VCPs in the molecular layer changes with depth. RVCPs are fewer on the distal third of the apical dendrites, and most numerous in the middle third with a small dercease in number in th proximal third. FVCPs are more homogeneously distributed, perhaps increasing slightly in number towards the proximal parts of the dendritets. RVCPs are most numerous on dendritic spines. These spines are of two types whose relative number varies with depth. Large organelle-filled spines predominate in the upper third while small „empty” spines are most numerous in the lower third of the molecular layer.
High sensitivity optical resolution of poly- functional amino acids by gas liquid chromatography.

Gas liquid chromatography resolution of racemic hydroxy and beta-mercapto-amino acids involving suitable derivation of functional group
Perturbation Theory for Approximation of Lyapunov Exponents by QR Methods

Motivated by a recently developed backward error analysis for QR methods, we consider the error in the Lyapunov exponents of perturbed triangular systems. We consider the case of stable and distinct Lyapunov exponents as well as the case of stable but not necessarily distinct exponents. We illustrate our analytical results with a numerical example.
The Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus in Egypt: A Systematic Review

Abstract Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) currently infects around 2% of the world's population. Among all nations, HCV prevalence ranges from 0.01% in Scandinavia to 3% in North Africa, with one exception: Egypt. Egypt has the highest prevalence of HCV in the world, estimated nationally at 14.7%. Numerous HCV prevalence studies have published various estimates from different Egyptian communities, suggesting that Egypt, relative to the other nations of the world, might be experiencing an intense ongoing HCV transmission. Objectives: To review all the evidence on the epidemiology of HCV transmission among different population groups in Egypt. Methods: This was a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines of all prevalence data on HCV infection in Egypt. Sources of data included PubMed, international organizations' reports and databases, and country-level reports and databases. Measures were classified into different population categories according to risk of infection. Results: Seventy-four studi...
A New Cinedensitometer for Rapid Analysis of Re-entry Observables

A new cinedensitometer has been developed specifically for the purpose of extracting densitometric data from 16 mm motion picture films. By means of a tracking mirror arrangement, the film density of a moving image can be measured dynamically as the film is being projected in a cine mode. Two photo-electric detectors along with various remote controlled aperture wheels are mounted behind the projection screen to measure image and back-ground densities simultaneously. Overall readout is precise to about ± .03 density units.
Reduction of radiation exposure in pediatric patients with trauma: cephalic stabilization improves adequacy of lateral cervical spine radiographs

Introduction: Plain radiographs continue to play a role in cervical spine clearance. Inadequate radiographs commonly necessitate repeat x-rays or computed tomography imaging (10× radiation dose). We have used the technique of cephalic stabilization (CS) to improve the results of plain radiographs. Cephalic stabilization lateral radiographs are obtained, with one assistant applying traction to the arms while another placing fingers in the patient's ears and stabilizing the head. This study tests the hypothesis that CS improves visualization of the cervicothoracic junction during lateral cervical spine radiographs. Methods:A2-yearreviewofinstitutionalpediatrictraumaregistryidentified46patientswithCS,matched 1:3 with controls. Randomized lateral radiographs were evaluated independently by 2 pediatric radiologists to determine adequate visualization of the craniocervical and cervicothoracic junctions. Reviewers were blinded to CS through image cropping. Results: The proportion of adequate visualization of the cervicothoracic junction was 0.85 for cases with stabilization and 0.60 for controls. Odds of obtaining adequate visualization with stabilization are 3.8 times those without stabilization (P = .001) and were even greater for patients younger than 13 years. Conclusions: Cephalic stabilization improves visualization of the cervicothoracic junction in lateral cervical spine radiographs and can reduce radiation exposure in patients who would otherwise require further imaging.
A gender-based measurement invariance study of the Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-3

The current study sought to explore the measurement invariance of the SATAQ-3 across gender using a single mixed gender sample consisting of 122 men and 268 women. Participants’ age ranged from 18 to 36 years (M = 19.6, SD = 1.9). Preliminary results indicate that the 28 item scale was a poor fit for either gender in the current sample. Reverse scored items were deleted as they formed a unique method factor with low factor loadings. The resulting 21 items were a good fit to the hypothesized four factor model for both males and females and established evidence of both strict factorial invariance and population heterogeneity across groups. Coefficient alpha estimates of internal consistency reliability ranged from .79 to .94. These findings support use of the SATAQ-3 in mixed gender samples and validate previous research that reported analysis of gender-based mean differences.
Generation of low-frequency vibration using a cantilever beam for calibration of accelerometers

At low frequencies (below 10 Hz), performance of a conventional shaker is limited by small acceleration amplitudes and a high level of total harmonic distortion. The present article describes a low-frequency vibration generator that overcomes these limitations. The vibration generator consists of a cantilever beam excited by a conventional shaker. The cantilever beam is tuned to resonate at the desired excitation frequency, which leads to a relatively large vibratory motion at the beam tip with very small harmonic distortion. Analysis of the system is performed by means of model equations describing both the flexural and longitudinal components of vibration. A comprehensive measurement of the generator's performance confirms that it can serve as an economically attractive alternative to existing low-frequency vibration generators used in vibration measurement and calibration.
Phlebostatic Axis and Phlebostatic Level, Reference Levels for Venous Pressure Measurements in Man.*:

SummaryIt has been found that the reference level or heart level for the measurement of venous pressure is an axis which runs transversely through the thorax at the point of junction of a plane pas...
A suppressed carrier radio frequency biological stimulus isolator.

Abstract The isolation method and circuit described removes the ground reference from any 0–10 V, 0–5 kc/sec input signal. This process is achieved by the input modulating a 450 kc/sec subcarrier which is amplified and isolation transformer-coupled to a floating demodulator. An integrated circuit multiplier and operational amplifiers simplify construction.
Herbert Blumer's critique ofThe Polish Peasant: A post mortem on the life history approach in sociology

Herbert Blumer's appraisal of William Thomas and Florian Znaniecki's Polish Peasant study and the panel discussion of Blumer's critique, sponsored by the Social Science Research Council in 1938, occasioned a discussion of the value of personal documents in social research which is indicative of the controversy surrounding their use in the interwar period. It is suggested that most sociologists writing in the 1930s were skeptical of the value of personal document research, because such research could not be conducted along the lines of experimental procedure in physical science. Personal document research was in decline by 1938. The critique and conference constituted a post mortem examination of this approach to social analysis.
PKCλ: a new player in LTP coming to the rescue of PKCζ's faltering role in LTP?

EMBO J (2013) 32 10, 1365–1380. doi:10.1038/emboj.2013.60 Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission has received widespread attention because it is thought to form the physiological basis of learning and memory. A new paper in The EMBO Journal identifies the atypical PKC family member PKCλ as an important contributor to the strengthening of the postsynaptic response in LTP.
Sensory-Feedback Analysis of Infant Control of the Behavioral Environment

These experiments test the interpretation that behavioral development occurs as a process of differentiation and integration of the space-organized sensory-feedback mechanisms of posture (as a generalized gravitational reference system of movement control), dynamic transport movement (as a right-left reference axis of sensory-feedback control), and manipulation movements. The specific hypothesis was that infants acquire generalized control of their environment by means of orientative transport movements before such control is matured in terms of manipulative movements. Many different distinctive techniques of electronic behavior recording and environmental control devices were built that would enable the 58 infants to control their visual, auditory and tactual environments by means of the simplest kinds of manipulative movements. Sensory-feedback control of the visual environment by means of orientation motion was tested by means of a special rotating crib and closed-circuit television system in which the...
Effects of prolactin on expression of the mRNAs encoding the immediate early genes zif/268 (NGF1-A), nur/77 (NGF1-B), c-fos and c-jun in the hypothalamus

Prolactin (PRL) exerts a short-loop negative feedback effect on hypothalamic neurons which control its secretion from the anterior pituitary gland. The purpose of this study was to identify the location of hypothalamic neurons which respond to acute PRL exposure. Increasing evidence indicates that excitation of neurons often results in the rapid transcription of immediate early genes (IEGs). In the present study, quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) was used to visualize the induction of mRNAs for four different IEGs: zif/268 (NGF1-A), nur/77 (NGF1-B), c-fos and c-jun. Three groups of male rats were compared: unmanipulated controls, rats injected s.c. with 2.4 mg ovine PRL (oPRL) suspended in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and PVP-injected controls. Animals were decapitated 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 or 4 h following injection. In all rats, the four probes labeled cells within the cortex, particularly the cingulate and piriform cortices, the hippocampus and the striatum. In the arcuate nucleus, there was a modest increase in the average number of cells/animal which expressed zif/268 mRNA following the injection of PVP and oPRL at all times studied. The average area of grains/cell representing zif/268 message also increased following the injection stimulus. The number of neurons expressing nur/77 mRNA was greater in PRL-treated rats compared with PVP-treated controls 0.5 and 1 h following injection. Nur/77-labeled neurons were co-extensive with the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons. The data suggest that cells located within the arcuate nucleus are involved in mediating PRL autofeedback on the brain.
Flux Density of OH471 between 1963 and 1970

A redshift of 3.4 has been reported1 for OH471. There is a strong probability that sources with centimetre excess (CE) will prove to be variable2, and the radio spectrum of OH471 is of the CE type3. It is therefore of interest to look for any signs of variability. The archives of the OSU Radio Observatory contain many records of OH471 at 1,415 MHz as far back as 1963 and also many records at 612 and 2,650 MHz for later epochs. These early records have been analysed with the results shown in Table 1.
A Tolerance Graph Approach for Domain-Specific Assembly of Next Generation Sequencing Data

Next generation sequencing (NGS) has become a major focus in many recent biological research applications. NGS produces thousands to millions of short DNA fragments in a single run. Individually, these fragments represent only a small fraction of an original biological sample. To obtain any useful information, overlapping fragments must be assembled into long stretches of contiguous sequence. Various assemblers have been developed to address the fragment assembly problem. The majority of current assemblers were developed to fill an important gap, however, they were developed with a pure computational focus without taking the properties of the input datasets into consideration. NGS dataset characteristics such as fragment coverage and underlying genome complexity vary dramatically between different sequencing applications. Generic assemblers that are data independent are unlikely to produce accurate solutions in all problem domains. In this study, we propose a graph theoretic approach based on the concept of tolerance graphs to develop a domain-specific assembler. The proposed assembler is designed to extract signals associated with local features in the input dataset and reintegrate this knowledge into the assembly process through customized tolerance graph parameters. We conducted a number of experiments to study the impact of various input parameters on the quality of the assembled genomes. Results from this study show that the proposed assembler produces excellent results and outperforms other known assembly algorithms for some input datasets. This approach also presents the foundation for developing domain-specific assemblers to be applied in an intelligent and customized manner to a wide variety of input instances, resulting in more efficient assembly tactics and improved overall assembly quality.
Disaggregating Pain and Its Effect on Physical Functional Limitations

Background. Pain is a common impairment that limits the abilities of older persons. The purposes of this article are to: (i) describe the distribution of pain location using the McGill Pain Map (MPM) in a community-based cohort of aged subjects; (ii) investigate whether individual areas of pain could be sensibly grouped into regions of pain; (iii) determine whether intensity, frequency, and location constitute independent dimensions of pain; and (iv) determine whether these three pain dimensions make differential contributions to the presence of self-reported physical functional limitations. Methods. A total of 833 Mexican American and European American subjects, aged 65-79 years, were enrolled in the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging and were interviewed in their homes between 1992 and 1996. A total of 373 (46%) of the subjects reported having pain in the past week. Physical functional limitations were ascertained using the nine items from the Nagi scale. Three composite scales were created: upper extremity, lower extremity, and total. Pain intensity and frequency were ascertained using the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain location was ascertained by using the MPM. Results. Pain was reported in every area of the MPM. Using multiple groups confirmatory factor analysis, the 36 areas were grouped into 7 regions of pain: head, arms, hands and wrists, trunk, back, upper leg, and lower leg. Among persons with pain, pain frequency, intensity, and location were weakly associated with each other. Pain regions were primarily independent of each other, yet weak associations existed between 6 of the 21 pair-wise correlations between regions. Pain regions were differentially associated with individual physical functional limitations. Pain in the upper leg was associated with 8 of the 9 physical tasks. In multivariate analyses, age, gender, and ethnic group accounted for only 2-3% of the variance in physical functional limitations. Pain intensity accounted for 5-6% of the variance in the composite scores of functional limitation. Pain frequency accounted for 4-5% of the variance in upper extremity limitations but did not contribute to the modeling of lower extremity limitations. In contrast, pain location accounted for 9-14% of the variance in physical functional limitations. Conclusions. We tested a method for ascertaining pain location and clearly demonstrated that pain location is an important determinant of self-reported physical functional limitations. The MPM methodology may be used in population-based studies or in clinical samples that focus on specific impairments and seek to control for pain frequency and intensity. Future studies can link specific diseases with the common impairment of pain and tease out the pathways that lead to other impairments (e.g., weakness), functional limitations, and disability.
A multi-disciplinary course on augmented reality design

In this position statement, we summarize a research seminar we are teaching this spring as a vehicle for discussing our common research interest in the design of augmented reality applications.
Some indications for inverse DNA duplication

Abstract Calculations of the distribution of single nucleotides and doublets in many of the recently published sequences are consistent with the suggestion that some DNA has evolved through inverse ligation of duplicated sequences. We thus propose that this mechanism which yields sequence variation has been utilized in addition to the well known “regular” sequence duplication.
Repeated Ferret Odor Exposure Induces Different Temporal Patterns of Same-Stressor Habituation and Novel-Stressor Sensitization in Both Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity and Forebrain c-fos Expression in the Rat

Repeated exposure to a moderately intense stressor typically produces attenuation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response (habituation) on re-presentation of the same stressor; however, if a novel stressor is presented to the same animals, the HPA axis response may be augmented (sensitization). The extent to which this adaptation is also evident within neural activity patterns is unknown. This study tested whether repeated ferret odor (FO) exposure, a moderately intense psychological stressor for rats, leads to both same-stressor habituation and novel-stressor sensitization of the HPA axis response and neuronal activity as determined by immediate early gene induction (c-fos mRNA). Rats were presented with FO in their home cages for 30 min a day for up to 2 wk and subsequently challenged with FO or restraint. Rats displayed HPA axis activity habituation and widespread habituation of c-fos mRNA expression (in situ hybridization) throughout the brain in as few as three repeated presentations of FO. However, repeated FO exposure led to a more gradual development of sensitized HPA-axis and c-fos mRNA responses to restraint that were not fully evident until after 14 d of prior FO exposure. The sensitized response was evident in many of the same brain regions that displayed habituation, including primary sensory cortices and the prefrontal cortex. The shared spatial expression but distinct temporal development of habituation and sensitization neural response patterns suggests two independent processes with opposing influences across overlapping brain systems.
Determination of agonist dissociation constants in isolated vasculature: Equivalence of estimates obtained by the method of partial irreversible receptor inactivation and a novel application of the operational model of pharmacological agonism

Abstract Steady-state contractile responses elicited by activation of the ∞ 1-adrenergic and 5-HT 2 receptors in isolated rat and rabbit aorta, respectively, were analyzed. Agonist dissociation constants (K A 's) obtained by the method of partial irreversible receptor inactivation were compared to K A values determined by fits of the operational model of pharmacological agonism to single concentration response curves (CRCs). The observed nature of the K A estimates obtained with the Furchgott method for phenylephrine (PE) and oxymetazoline (OXY) at the ∞ 1-adrenergic receptor and for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) at the 5-HT 2 receptor in isolated rat aorta, and for PE and 5-HT at the ∞ 1-adrenergic and 5-HT 2 receptors, respectively, in isolated rabbit aorta, was consistent with the hypothesis that the density of membrane receptors is greatly in excess of the density of transducer proteins (i.e., [R o ] ⪢ [T o ]) in these systems. Therefore, K A , efficacy and slope factor estimates were also obtained by computer fits of the operational model to single agonist CRCs in both rat and rabbit aorta, with the empirically determined tissue maximal response (T max ) substituted for the theoretical parameter E m . In all cases, the mean pK A estimates obtained with the operational model closely approximated and were strongly correlated with the mean pK A estimates determined by the Furchgott method. These studies suggest that, at least in some vascular preparations T max is a good estimate of E m , and moreover, that E m may be not only a specific characteristic of a given receptor-effector system as previously demonstrated by Black and Leff, but that E m may also describe a more general feature of tissue responsiveness that is shared among distinct membrane receptors coupled to similar effector systems. In conclusion, when receptor inactivation studies have indicated that the condition [R o ⪢ [T o ] exists, T max can be substituted into the operational model to provide valid estimates of agonist K A values at distinct receptor subtypes , in the absence of receptor alkylation.
Bulk and edge excitations of a ν=1 Hall ferromagnet

We focus on the collective dynamics of the fermions in a v= 1 quantum-Hall droplet. Specifically, we look at the quantum Hall ferromagnet. In this system, the electron spins are ordered in the ground state due to the exchange part of the Coulomb interaction and the Pauli exclusion principle. The low-energy excitations are ferromagnetic magnons. In order to obtain an effective Lagrangian for these magnons, we introduce bosonic collective coordinates in the Hilbert space of many-fermion systems. These collective coordinates describe a part of the fermionic Hilbert space. Using this technique, we interpret the magnons as bosonic collective excitations in the Hilbert space of the many-electron Hall system. Furthermore, by considering a Hall droplet of finite extent, we also obtain the effective Lagrangian governing the spin collective excitations at the edge of the sample.
Tobacco Smoking, Harm Reduction, and Biomarkers

The only known way to reduce cancer risk in smokers is complete cessation, but many smokers are unable or unwilling to quit. Consequently, tobacco companies are now marketing products that purport to reduce carcinogen exposure, with the implication that such products provide a safer way to smoke. Moreover, researchers are exploring ways to reduce the amount of cigarette smoke carcinogens to which the smokers are exposed. Although these methods are, in theory beneficial, it is possible that the perceived availability of "safe" ways to smoke will cause some former smokers to resume smoking and some current smokers to delay quitting. Thus, the extent of exposure reduction and the impact on public health of these methods need to be considered carefully. However, risk reduction and its relation to exposure are not simple to estimate. The way people smoke and the way they respond to carcinogen exposure are both highly variable, as evidenced by the previous history of smokers who switched to light, or low-tar cigarettes. This can actually increase risk in some smokers. The evaluation of exposure reduction will therefore need to be multidisciplinary and include in vitro cell culture studies, animal studies, human clinical studies, and epidemiologic studies. Biomarkers will be critical for rapidly evaluating the effects of new strategies or products to reduce exposure to tobacco smoke carcinogens. No single biomarker will likely satisfy our assessment needs, and so a panel of biomarkers should be used that includes biomarkers of exposure, biologically effective dose, and potential harm. In addition, usefulness of new products will need to be tested in people of different susceptibilities (i.e., who vary in behavior, sex, age, genetics, and prior tobacco use). Even if the new products are shown to be effective at reducing lung carcinogens, they should not be used alone but rather be incorporated into a comprehensive tobacco control program.
A needs-assessment and demographic survey of infection-control and disease awareness in western US animal shelters.

Abstract A cross-sectional needs-assessment survey was used to characterize animal shelters in a 6-state region in the western US and describe infection-control practices and disease awareness. Survey questions focused on shelter demographics, infection-control practices and policies, awareness and concern over infectious and zoonotic diseases, staff and volunteer training relating to infection-control and disease awareness, use of diagnostic tools, and isolation procedures and protocols. Fifty percent of shelters responded to the survey and represented a wide variety of shelter types, sizes and locations. The top-three diseases of concern to shelters were feline upper respiratory disease (FURD), canine parvovirus and ringworm. Concern over these diseases was greater in open-admission shelters (compared to limited admission or no-kill/sanctuary) (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.1–12.5) and in shelters with a desire for more zoonotic-disease training (OR = 6.1, 95% CI 1.5–24.8) (compared to shelters desiring infectious-disease training, training on cleaning and disinfection or those who have no need for further training). In 45% of responding shelters many to most animals arrive with infectious diseases. Written protocols for preventive medicine exist in 88% of shelters, cleaning and disinfection protocols in 75%, specific disease protocols for outbreak situations in 36% and infection-control manuals in 15%. Veterinarians are in charge of infection-control in 6% of shelters. Approximately 45% of shelters vaccinate dogs and cats for rabies. Infectious-disease training is provided to 30% of staff and 35% of volunteers upon hire. Overall, volunteers received less training in infectious- and zoonotic-disease identification, prevention and control than staff members. Ninety percent of shelters said they would benefit from training in infectious and zoonotic disease. Results from this study can be used to assess and address needs in animal shelters relating to infection-control, infectious and zoonotic-disease awareness and can help guide development of shelter staff and volunteer training.
Targeting of Type I Interferon in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases

Increased blood levels of type I interferon (IFN-I) and expression of a broad signature of gene transcripts that reflect induction by IFN-I are observed in many patients with systemic autoimmune diseases, and that pattern is most striking in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Persistent production of IFN-α, the most abundant subtype measured in these patients, is an important feature of the immunopathogenesis of lupus and has stimulated current efforts to develop and test therapeutics that either block IFN-I or its receptor directly or target components of the IFN-I pathway involved in induction of or response to IFN-I. In this review data from animal models of chronic viral infection, examples of lupus-like syndromes associated with single-gene mutations that impact the IFN-I pathway, and longitudinal studies of patients with lupus are described and support the rationale for therapeutic targeting of the IFN-I pathway. However, the complexity of IFN-I regulation and the diversity of its effects on immune system function suggest that the definitive demonstration of that pathway as a valid and productive therapeutic target will only come from clinical trials of agents tested in patients with systemic autoimmune disease, with patients with lupus likely to be the most informative.
Supplementing IT event standards for mission assurance

Computer network defense (CND) capabilities are designed for business efficiency in a static, stable network environment, where network assets are known and the mission of the network rarely varies. Such capabilities do not consider mission needs when identifying and compensating for attacks on assets critical to the current mission. Security awareness remains the same whether the network is carrying redundant inventory data or supporting critical operations. Advanced attackers who may already know the network details, its systems and software, and any mission objectives therefore already have an advantage. We propose a three-step process to enable migration from the current CND strategy toward one of mission network defense. This transition would lead to better, more adaptable security capabilities by encouraging exchange of mission-related event information. By adopting and extending the Common Event Expression standard to support mission-relevant data, CND systems can begin to monitor their mission environment. Once standardized mission event information becomes available, we can concentrate on developing more adaptive CND capabilities that are better suited to the various mission environments.
Binding of neoglycoproteins by the chick pigment epithelial cell in culture.

Abstract The ability of the pigment epithelial cell of the embryonic chick, in culture, to bind synthetic glycoconjugates of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated. These cells, when incubated with 125 I-BSA containing different sugars, showed a significantly greater ability to bind BSA-mannose 6-phosphate than the non-glycosylated material or BSA containing mannose, glucose, galactose or N-acetylglucosamine.
Infant attachment in a sample of adolescent mothers

Thirty-eight, healthy, full-term, first-born infants of adolescent mothers were assessed in a standardized laboratory setting using a modified Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure for assessing attachment. The security rate within this sample was 23.7% which differed considerably from that reported in most white middle class samples of approximately 55-65%. Within this sample, 31.6% were classified as insecure/disorganized which contrasts with 12% in middle class white samples reported by Main & Weston. A racial difference was evident. Fewer black infants were securely attached than were white. This paper presents the findings according to race, sex and age and discusses the implications.
Pressure dependence of the low-temperature magnetic transition in α-Fe2O3

Abstract The effect of the hydrostatic pressure up to 1.5 kbar on the low-temperature magnetic transition of α-Fe2O3 was studied by neutron diffraction. The transition temperature increases linearly with increasing pressure by 3.7 ± 0.2 deg/kbar.
Loss of host axons in nerve allografts after abolishing immunological tolerance in rats

Abstract Because host axons regenerate through long nerve allografts and become ensheathed by allogeneic cells in tolerant rats, we determined what would happen to these axons if tolerance were abolished. This was achieved by inoculating lymphoid cells from specifically sensitized isogenic donors into tolerant hosts. As a consequence of the immunological reaction which ensued, the host axons in the graft degenerated, indicating that permanent immunosuppression is required to maintain these fibers.
State Constitutional Law in 1928–1929 *

No new constitution was adopted in any state in 1928–29, and relatively few legal problems concerning the amending process were decided during the year. The South Carolina court upheld an amendment proposed by the legislature and ratified by the voters notwithstanding attacks based on the inclusion of several subjects in the resolution proposing the amendment, the failure of the officers charged with the preparation of the ballots to print the amendment in full, and the absence of the title of the amendment from the journals of the legislature, the title being entered on the journals only as part of the resolution proposing the amendment. Such a provision as that contained in Article in, Section 17, of the constitution of South Carolina providing that “every act or resolution having the force of law shall relate to but one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title,” might well be held not to apply to resolutions proposing amendments to the constitution, but to be restricted in application to ordinary acts of legislation, thus distinguishing acts of legislation from constituent acts. The court did not consider this distinction, but settled the case on its merits, deciding that the resolution did not contain separate subjects, that the ballots need not contain the entire text of the amendment, and that it was sufficient if the resolution proposing the amendment containing the title was printed in the journals of the two houses.
Gradient-based edge detection and feature classification of sea-surface images of the Southern California Bight

An edge detection algorithm was developed that is capable of objectively detecting significant edges in remotely sensed images of the surface ocean. The algorithm utilizes a gradient-based edge detector that is less sensitive to noise in the input image than previously used detectors and has the ability to detect edges at different length scales. The algorithm was used to provide a statistical view of surface front occurrences in the Southern California Bight using six years of satellite observations of sea-surface temperature (AVHRR) and chlorophyll (SeaWiFS). Regions of high front occurrence probability were identified near capes, headlands, and islands. In onshore direction, chlorophyll concentration increased and temperature decreased, indicative of coastal upwelling. The algorithm was further applied to coincident time series of temperature and chlorophyll to investigate the event-scale dynamics of mesoscale features and the spatial relationships between physical and biological processes. A simple scheme for identifying and classifying eddies delineated by the edge detection algorithm was developed to yield a census of eddy occurrence in the Southern California Bight.
Contributions of the Ionic Lattice, Nonangular Substituents, and Perfluoroaromatic π-Stacking to the Solid States of Derivatives of N-Benzyl-2-phenylpyridinium Bromide

A study of the crystal packing of six derivatives of N-benzyl-2-phenylpyridinium bromide demonstrated the potential importance of synergism between π-stacking interactions and steric substituent effects in the determination of molecular orientations in an ionic lattice. N-Benzyl-2-phenylpyridinium bromide was substituted with 4-methoxybenzyl, 4-cyanobenzyl, 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl, 4-trifluoromethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl, and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl. Nonangular para substituents on the benzyl ring gave rise to predictable changes in the solid state. These substituents anchored and aligned the molecules by complete or partial interdigitation. The increased stability of perfluoroarene/arene interactions vs arene/arene interactions were manifest in the presence of the strong ionic lattice. The fact that electronic perturbation in π-stacked oriented molecules in these crystals demonstrated partial orthogonality between the directional forces involved in the establishment of the ionic lattice and the m...
The coronomaxillary space: literature review and anatomic description.

Abstract The dental literature has used a variety of terms to describe the distal buccal boundaries of the maxillae. The coronomaxillary space has been suggested as a more consistent descriptive term. It has been noted in the literature that this space narrows on mandibular opening. However, some authors recommend that overfilling this space aids retention. Explanations for this seeming contradiction in opinions have been suggested: (1) In individuals with straight coronoid processes, the space can narrow on opening. The coronomaxillary denture border may have to be thinned to maintain retention in function. (2) In individuals with flared coronoid processes, the space can widen or remain constant on opening. The denture borders may have to be widened in contour to achieve retention.