cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The p150(Glued) CAP-Gly domain regulates initiation of retrograde transport at synaptic termini.

Summary p150 Glued is the major subunit of dynactin, a complex that functions with dynein in minus-end-directed microtubule transport. Mutations within the p150 Glued CAP-Gly microtubule-binding domain cause neurodegenerative diseases through an unclear mechanism. A p150 Glued motor neuron degenerative disease-associated mutation introduced into the Drosophila Glued locus generates a partial loss-of-function allele ( Gl G38S ) with impaired neurotransmitter release and adult-onset locomotor dysfunction. Disruption of the p150 Glued CAP-Gly domain in neurons causes a specific disruption of vesicle trafficking at terminal boutons (TBs), the distal-most ends of synapses. Gl G38S larvae accumulate endosomes along with dynein and kinesin motor proteins within swollen TBs, and genetic analyses show that kinesin and p150 Glued function cooperatively at TBs to coordinate transport. Therefore, the p150 Glued CAP-Gly domain regulates dynein-mediated retrograde transport at synaptic termini, and this function of dynactin is disrupted by a mutation that causes motor neuron disease.
Annealing of FeS 2 nano-crystal thin film

With a band gap of 0.95 eV and high absorption coefficient (∼105 cm−1), FeS 2 is ideal for use as a p-type heterojunction partner in a solar cell. Although pyrite is abundant in nature, getting the right phase for thin films is difficult due to the various phases of iron sulfides. We propose an ink based process for attaining the pyrite phase. Our experimental process involves use of low cost non-toxic chemicals for synthesis. The process involves reacting iron (II) chloride and sulphur complexes made with solvents like oleylamine, octadecylamine and diphenyl ether. The reaction provides perfect nano crystals dispersed in a carbon based solution which is later subjected to centrifugation to separate the crystals. After multiple cleaning cycles, the crystals were dispersed in chloroform for uniform suspension. SEM image of the film formed by drop casting revealed that the nanocrystals were perfect cubes. EDX analysis showed the iron to sulfur atomic percentage ratio 1∶1. The nano-crystal films were annealed at temperatures from 400°C to 600°C. The organic residues were removed after annealing but the film annealed at 600°C converted into FeS and consisted of amorphous region. A detail analysis of the films using SEM/EDX/XRD/FTIR/Raman is presented in this article.
Pituitary-ovarian interactions during follicular maturation and ovulation

During the past decade, research on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian relationships in ovulation has explored the contributions of ovarian steroids and other possible ovarian-derived endocrine factors, such as inhibin, follistatin, and activin. Follistatin and activin probably have a significant intraovarian and intrapituitary function but are not likely to have critical endocrine roles during the follicular phase. Studies carried out with both recombinant and highly purified forms of follicle-stimulating hormone in humans and monkeys indicate that this hormone is the primary stimulant of follicular growth and development. Studies on animals may have led to incorrect emphasis on the local role of estradiol in primate follicular growth. It appears that estradiol is not a critical folliculotropin in humans, although it may have some important direct effects on the oocyte.
Porewater temporal variability in a wave-impacted permeable nearshore sediment

Abstract Porewater samples were collected from a nearshore permeable sediment on Oahu, Hawaii over a variety of surface gravity wave conditions to evaluate the effect of ocean swells and their corresponding bottom currents on porewater dissolved oxygen and inorganic nutrient dynamics. Our results indicate that swells with significant wave heights of ~ 1.3 m, with resulting nearbed velocities reaching at least 0.30 m s − 1 , flush the porewater to a depth of ~ 7.5 cm by enhancing exchange between the upper sediment and the overlying water column. Upper-sediment dissolved oxygen inventories were positively correlated with nearbed velocities, and decline linearly versus time during background conditions following upper-sediment flushing, corresponding to an apparent upper-sediment deoxygenation rate of 0.31 mmol m − 2 d − 1 . Similarly, upper-sediment nutrient inventories were observed to recover linearly after swell events, resulting in sediment recovery rates for silicate and soluble reactive phosphate of 35 μmol m − 2 d − 1 and 3.5 μmol m − 2 d − 1 , respectively. The observed elemental ratios of regenerated nutrients suggest that the majority of organic matter undergoing remineralization is planktonic in origin. Wave-enhanced exchange is associated with a fluorescence response in the bottom of the overlying water column, suggesting that sediment flushing and subsequent nutrient input to the water column may be important to nutrient budgets and photosynthetic communities in nearshore oligotrophic waters.
Nucleon structure with pion clouds in a flux-tube quark model.

Nucleon structure with pion clouds is studied in the framework of a flux-tube quark model. The meson clouds are produced by breaking flux tubes in the nucleon; then a baryon is described by three valence quarks connected by color fields and other configurations including sea quarks. These sea quarks (or meson clouds) generate baryon decay widths and shift their masses; therefore, the hadron spectroscopy in constitutent-quark models should be investigated again by including these mass shifts. In this flux-tube model, the Yukawa potential is explained by a piece of the flux tube breaking off from a nucleon and attaching itself to the other.
Whiteness Theory in Advertising: Racial Beliefs and Attitudes Toward Ads

Research has suggested the race of models in advertisements impacts audience attitudes toward these messages, but how does viewers’ race affect attitudes toward advertisements featuring models of the same or a different race? The authors explore the existence of racial identity and color-blind racism across racial groups and examine these constructs as they relate to attitudes toward advertisements and ad models’ race. Although the authors found that racial identity and color-bind racism were present across audiences, they did not find significant relationships between race and attitudes toward ads. They did, however, find color-blind racism was significantly related to non-White audiences’ opinions of ads featuring Black models.
Low level carbon monoxide exposure and human psychomotor performance

The effects of 5 concentrations of carbon monoxide exposure on time estimation, tracking, and ataxia were studied in 10 humans. The tracking task required the subjects to keep a needle display dial from going off scale by manipulating a control stick. Levels of CO used were 0, 50, 125, 200, and 250 ppm, yielding mean carboxyhemoglobin levels from 0.96 to 12.37% in a 3-hr exposure. No significant symptoms were reported by the subjects, and no ability to detect the presence of CO was noted. No overall trend toward poorer estimates of a 10-sec interval occurred as a function of CO uptake, and tracking performance did not deteriorate over the course of the exposures to CO. There was a suggestion that subjects inhaling CO showed a different overall pattern of tracking performance over time than control subjects. It is concluded that the present data do not support the hypothesis that low level carbon monoxide exposure of humans results in performance decrement. Additional investigation is required to define the lower limit and extent of such exposure and to resolve conflicting views on this issue.
Angular Distribution of Fragments from Fission of U 238 and Th 232 by 45-, 80-, and 155-Mev Protons

Measurements have been made of the angular distributions of ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{91,92}$, ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{112,113}$, ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{139}$ and the total fission products from proton-induced fission of ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$ at 45, 80, and 155 Mev and ${\mathrm{Th}}^{232}$ at 45 and 155 Mev. The anisotropy decreases with increasing energy and is negative for asymmetric fission at 155 Mev.
Association of socioeconomic status with mortality in type 1 diabetes: the Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications study.

Purpose Socioeconomic status (SES) as a risk factor for mortality in type 1 diabetes (T1D) has not been adequately studied prospectively. Methods Complete clinical and SES (income, education, occupation) data were available for 317 T1D participants in the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study within 4 years of age 28 (chosen to maximize income, education, and occupational potential, and to minimize the SES effect of advanced diabetes complications). Vital status was determined as of 1/1/2008. Results Over a median 16 years of follow-up, 34 (10.7%) deaths occurred (standardized mortality ratios [SMRs] = 4.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.7–5.5). SMRs did not differ from the general population for those in the highest education and income groups, whereas in those with low SES, SMRs were increased. Mortality rates were three times lower for individuals with a college degree versus without a college degree ( p = 0.004) and nearly four times lower for the highest income versus lower income groups ( p = 0.04). In Cox models adjusting for diabetes duration and sex, education was the only SES measure predictive of mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.2–7.8), but lost significance after adjusting for HbA 1c , non-HDL cholesterol, hypertension, and microalbuminuria (HR = 2.1, 95% CI: 0.8–5.6). Conclusions The strong association of education with mortality in T1D is partially mediated by better glycemic, lipid, and blood pressure control.
Complex Ginzburg-Landau and extended Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equations for unidirectional photorefractive ring resonators

Abstract The optical field of unidirectional photorefractive ring resonators is described by a complex Ginzburg-Landau equation and, when limited to variations in a single transverse dimension, is described by an extended Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation. Parameter dependences are examined and it is shown that complex time constants are necessary for spatiotemporal chaos.
Determinants and patterns of control over technology in a computerized meeting room

Groups completed a prioritization task in a “low structure” computerized meeting room. All group members had equal access to a public screen used to complete the task. How groups distributed control of the technology, the determinants of which group members took control, and the consequences of control were studied. Groups adopted either a dedicated scribe strategy, where one group member controls the public screen throughout the session, or a non-dedicated scribe strategy, where more than one member takes control of the screen during the session. Proficiency with the computer interface and social influence within a group are factors that predict whether a given member will take control of the technology. Dedicated scribe groups scored better on the task but reported a smaller increase in satisfaction after working in the room than non-dedicated scribe groups.
Ecophysiology of Introduced Pennisetum Setaceum on Hawaii: The Role of Phenotypic Plasticity

The C4 African grass, Pennisetum setaceum (fountaingrass), has a greater altitudinal distribution than any other grass on the island of Hawaii. Clones of P. setaceum were reciprocally transplanted among coastal dry grassland, montane dry shrubland, and subalpine dry forest sites on the leeward side of Hawaii to evaluate the contribution of local adaptation and individual tolerance to the broad ecological amplitude of this grass. Physiological, growth, and reproductive responses differed among sites without evidence of local adaptation. Greatest tiller production and the highest photosynthetic rates were observed at the mid-altitude site, but plants at the coastal site attained greater basal areas, aboveground biomass, and number of inflorescences. Correlation among the responses of different plant characters was environmentally dependent, suggesting that the integrated expression of these characters is also plastic. Few differences in plant responses, however, were attributable to a population's origin or the site-by-population interaction; resident populations and introduced populations responded similarly at each site. Furthermore, few characters exhibited variation among clones, indicating that these populations likely possess little genetic variation. Limited clonal variation was, however, detected for net photosyn- thesis, the ratio of internal to ambient CO2 concentration (C/Ca), and specific leaf area, but only on two of five dates over a 1-yr period. Phenotypic plasticity for both individual characters and the integration of physiological and morphological characters have appar- ently been most important in allowing P. setaceum to become dominant across diverse habitats on Hawaii.
Some structural and developmental characteristics of cetacean (odontocete) radii. A study of adaptive osteogenesis.

Odontocete radii are short, flattened, longer than the humeri, and lacking in open medullary cavities. Their cross-section is essentially a semi-streamlined wedge. End-on articulation at the elbow is a synchondrosis. In the streamlined, amuscular antebrachium, the radius sustains loadings predominantly in the mediallateral transverse plane as flipper movements (at the shoulder) counter body inertia and water resistance in controlling body attitude. This study treats secondary marine adaptation as reflected in radial development, growth and mechanical organization. Early osteogenesis is similar to that we reported for cetacean humeri, and parallels conditions in the manatee. Later differential growth is analyzed in extenso. Geometry of growth is visualized radiographically in the relationship of endochondral to periosteal bone in the absence of medullary cavitation. Furthermore, the neonatal outline is distinguishable within the porous structure of (only) beluga radii, so that pre- and postnatal phases may be differentiated. Radiographs and models demonstrate that as elongation occurs, circumferential increments to growth cartilages are eccentric, i.e., minimal anteriorly, moderate medially and laterally and maximal posteriorly. By this method, the centers of epiphyseal cartilage plates migrate posteriad with time. Periosteal depositions follow the same pattern and are deepest posteriorly. Eccentric growth of the ulna is in the opposite sense. Additionally, proximal growth cartilages of radii tilt posteriad as the bone elongates. Some alterations in growth occur at birth and later. Eccentric growth is an adaptation by which anterior and posterior margins, respectively, of radius and ulna move apart as the bones elongate, and by which functional cross-sections are maintained in antebrachial bones, singly and as a pair. Bone is concentrated on medial and lateral sides of the radius. This feature, and porosity of the central region, varies with species. Radii, like humeri, thus mimic an engineered box-beam, and trabecular orientation resembles trajectorial distribution in a loaded beam. Radii have higher absolute densities than do humeri, although both bones have the same range of mineralization as typical mammalian bones. The beluga radius is half again as dense as that of the pilot whale, and thus is intermediate in density between those of most odontocetes and that of the hypothyroid, pachyostotic manatee. The possible evolution of odontocete bones from a more dense dense form, as well as the phylogenetic implications of density changes, are discussed. It is suggested that some of the characteristics of growth and structure, including an apparent periodicity in structural density, may be related to temperature and vascular supply in the high-area, low-volume flipper in colder waters.
The cross-linguistic study of sentence production

The mechanisms underlying language production are often assumed to be universal, and hence not contingent on a speaker's language. This assumption is problematic for at least two reasons. Given the typological diversity of the world's languages, only a small subset of languages has actually been studied psycholinguistically. And, in some cases, these investigations have returned results that at least superficially raise doubt about the assumption of universal production mechanisms. The goal of this paper is to illustrate the need for more psycholinguistic work on a typologically more diverse set of languages. We summarize cross-linguistic work on sentence production (specifically: grammatical encoding), focusing on examples where such work has improved our theoretical understanding beyond what studies on English alone could have achieved. But cross-linguistic research has much to offer beyond the testing of existing hypotheses: it can guide the development of theories by revealing the full extent of the human ability to produce language structures. We discuss the potential for interdisciplinary collaborations, and close with a remark on the impact of language endangerment on psycholinguistic research on understudied languages.
Thermotaxis and thermosensory neurons in infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus, a passively ingested nematode parasite.

As a basis for studies of thermal behavior of infective larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus resulting from ablation of amphidial neurons, the locations of the amphidial cell bodies in the hatchling larva (L1) were compared with their locations in the L3. We sought to verify that killing each targeted cell body in L1 destroys the putative corresponding dendrite of the L3. These comparisons confirmed the predicted cell body-to-dendrite connections, as well as similarities in the general amphidial structure of the two stages. We then conducted a series of studies using laser microbeam ablation of amphidial cell bodies in the L1 to determine the role of specific neurons in the thermal behavior of the L3. In a thermal gradient, normal L3 of H. contortus migrate to the temperature at which they were cultured and/or maintained. Larvae grown at 16 degrees or 26 degrees C migrate appropriately to either of these temperatures. Larvae grown to the L3 stage at 16 degrees C and then moved to 26 degrees C become acclimated to this temperature and thereafter migrate to it. However, when the putative thermosensory neurons, the finger cell neurons (AFD), were ablated in hatchling larvae with a laser microbeam, and these were grown to the L3 stage and tested on a radial thermal gradient, they failed to migrate to their culture temperature. Instead, they moved actively and continuously over much of the assay plate surface, with no obviously oriented cryo- or thermotactic movement. Ablation-control larvae, those in which putatively chemosensory neuron classes ASE or AWC were killed, migrated normally to their culture temperature. When the RIA interneurons (identified by positional homology with those of Caenorhabditis elegans) were ablated, the operated larvae moved actively, but circled near the initial placement point; control larvae, in which other nonamphidial neurons were killed, migrated normally. These results indicate that the finger cell neurons (AFD) are the primary thermosensory class in H. contortus. The RIA-class neurons integrate thermal responses in H. contortus, as do their putative structural homologs in C. elegans, but the behavior of H. contortus subsequent to RIA ablation is strikingly different.
A high-temperature furnace for in situ small-angle neutron scattering during ceramic processing

The design and operation of a new research furnace, optimized for small-angle neutron scattering experiments at a steady-state nuclear reactor with a cold source, are presented. The apparatus enables the study of thermal processing of materials, such as the sintering behavior in ceramics, through the measurement of their microstructural parameters (e.g. pore sizes, pore volumes and pore surface areas) during thermal treatment. Small-angle neutron scattering measurements can be performed in situ in an oxidizing, reducing or neutral environment at temperatures up to 2000 K. Representative data, obtained from the sintering of a silica gel, are presented, including analysis, which offers the first quantitative measure of the evolution of the surface areas, the pore sizes and the pore-size distribution within a real material during densification.
Potential impact of DSM-5 criteria on autism spectrum disorder prevalence estimates.

Importance The DSM-5 contains revised diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from the DSM-IV-TR . Potential impacts of the new criteria on ASD prevalence are unclear. Objective To assess potential effects of the DSM-5 ASD criteria on ASD prevalence estimation by retrospectively applying the new criteria to population-based surveillance data collected for previous ASD prevalence estimation. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional, population-based ASD surveillance based on clinician review of coded behaviors documented in children’s medical and educational evaluations from 14 geographically defined areas in the United States participating in the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network in 2006 and 2008. This study included 8-year-old children living in ADDM Network study areas in 2006 or 2008, including 644 883 children under surveillance, of whom 6577 met surveillance ASD case status based on the DSM-IV-TR . Main Outcomes and Measures Proportion of children meeting ADDM Network ASD criteria based on the DSM-IV-TR who also met DSM-5 criteria; overall prevalence of ASD using DSM-5 criteria. Results Among the 6577 children classified by the ADDM Network as having ASD based on the DSM-IV-TR , 5339 (81.2%) met DSM-5 ASD criteria. This percentage was similar for boys and girls but higher for those with than without intellectual disability (86.6% and 72.5%, respectively; P DSM-5 ASD criteria but not current ADDM Network ASD case status. Based on these findings, ASD prevalence per 1000 for 2008 would have been 10.0 (95% CI, 9.6-10.3) using DSM-5 criteria compared with the reported prevalence based on DSM-IV-TR criteria of 11.3 (95% CI, 11.0-11.7). Conclusions and Relevance Autism spectrum disorder prevalence estimates will likely be lower under DSM-5 than under DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria, although this effect could be tempered by future adaptation of diagnostic practices and documentation of behaviors to fit the new criteria.
Luna, a Drosophila KLF6/KLF7, is maternally required for synchronized nuclear and centrosome cycles in the preblastoderm embryo.

Kruppel like factors (KLFs) are conserved transcription factors that have been implicated in many developmental processes including differentiation, organ patterning, or regulation of stem cell pluripotency. We report the generation and analysis of loss-of-function mutants of Drosophila Klf6/7, the luna gene. We demonstrate that luna mutants are associated with very early embryonic defects prior to cellularization at the syncytial stage and cause DNA separation defects during the rapid mitotic cycles resulting in un-coupled DNA and centrosome cycles. These defects manifest themselves, both in animals that are maternally homozygous and heterozygous mutant. Surprisingly, luna is only required during the syncytial stages and not later in development, suggesting that the DNA segregation defect is linked to centrosomes, since centrosomes are dispensable for later cell divisions.
Ca‐Mg acetate as dry SO2 sorbent: III. Sulfation of MgO+CaO

The separate sulfation rate of MgO contained in calcined calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) by SO2 and O2 was measured, as well as the simultaneous sulfation of MgO and CaO in the temperature range where the sulfates of both oxides are stable. In the temperature range below 830°C in which MgO sulfation is thermodynamically possible the reaction produced CaSO4·3MgSO4, rather than MgSO4. The formation of the CaSO4·3MgSO4 phase at a reasonable rate during the sulfation of calcined CMA has a significant implication in that it allows the utilization of MgO for SO2 removal, whereas the sulfation of MgO from conventional sources is so slow that it is of no practical interest. Thus, the calcined CMA can remove SO2 at lower temperatures than conventional SO2 absorbent and at a greater capacity and rate, which presents a substantial competitive advantage of this material.
Dobutamine stress echocardiography predicts surgical outcome in patients with an aortic aneurysm and peripheral vascular disease

Abstract Objectives. This study was conducted to assess the utility of dobutamine stress echocardiography for determining the presence of significant coronary artery disease and for predicting surgical outcome and long-term prognosis in patients scheduled to undergo peripheral vascular or aortic aneurysm surgery. Background. Assessment of coronary artery disease in patients scheduled to undergo peripheral vascular surgery can avoid perioperative complications. Methods. Dobutamine stress echocardiography was performed in 98 consecutive patients scheduled to undergo aortic or peripheral vascular surgery. Intravenous dobutamine was infused in a graded fashion, with two-dimensional digital echocardiographic monitoring of ventricular function and segmental wall motion. Group 1 (n = 70) consisted of patients who exhibited a normal response to dobutamine infusion (negative dobutamine study); group 2 (n = 23) comprised those patients with an abnormal response to dobutamine, characterized by the development of new or worsening wall motion abnormalities at rest, indicating the presence of myocardial ischemia (positive dobutamine study). Five patients with an inconclusive dobutamine study (because of inadequate heart rate) were excluded from analysis. Results. No major adverse effects occurred with testing in any patient. Sixty-eight of 70 patients with a negative study had peripheral vascular or aortic surgery performed without perioperative cardiac events (2 patients refused surgery). Nineteen of 23 patients with a positive study underwent coronary angiography and all had >50% lumen narrowing in one or more major coronary artery distributions; 13 underwent coronary artery bypass grafting or angioplasty before peripheral vascular or aortic surgery and all had an uneventful perioperative period. Four of the 10 patients from group 2 who did not undergo coronary revascularization had a perioperative cardiac event (myocardial infarction in 2, an ischemic episode requiring urgent coronary bypass grafting in 1 and congestive heart failure in 1). Conclusions. Positive and negative dobutamine study results are significant predictors of the presence or absence of perioperative events (20% vs. 0%, p = 0.003). A positive test warrants coronary angiography and further medical or surgical intervention, or both, but a negative test indicates a low likelihood of perioperative cardiac complications of aortic or peripheral vascular surgery. During the long-term follow-up period in this study (group 1 mean, 24 months; group 2 mean, 15 months), two patients (3%) from group 1 and three (15%) from group 2 developed cardiac complications (p = 0.038). Thus, dobutamine stress echocardiography is safe and can predict surgical outcome in patients undergoing aortic aneurysm repair or surgery for occlusive disease of the peripheral arteries. In addition, a negative test result is a strong predictor of decreased perioperative and long-term cardiac morbidity and mortality.
Competence, guilt, and victimization: Sex differences in attribution of causality in television dramas

Sex differences in attribution of causality are investigated in three types of television programs: prime-time family, violent, and daytime serial shows. Both frequency and type of causal statements were studied, using DeCharm's conceptualization of personal causation as origin-like (internal to the self) or pawn-like (external to the self). There were striking sex differences in violent programs, with males modeling more origin behavior and females modeling more pawn behavior. In soap operas there were no sex differences, but both origin and pawn ideas were expressed in terms of personal responsibility, with fewer references to more competent origin behaviors such as goal setting, planned decision making, or self-confidence. These findings have implications for differential socialization of competent coping skills for males and females.
WE‐D‐304A‐05: Analysis of Tumor Grade Breast Carcinoma Using Computer‐Extracted Morphological and Kinetic Features in DCE‐MRI

Purpose: An important prognostic marker in breast cancer is the histological grade of the breast tumor. Thus, the purpose of our study is to investigate the performance of computer‐extracted morphological and kinetic features in DCE‐MRI in distinguishing breast tumors with varying histological grades: Grade 1, Grade 2, and Grade 3. Materials and Methods: Breast MR images were obtained with a T1‐weighted SPGR sequence using Gd‐DTPA on a 1.5T GEMRI scanner. Each case has one precontrast and three to five postcontrast series at intervals of 68 seconds, and each series contains 60 coronal slices. The database contains 135 invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) breast lesions including 21 Grade 1 lesions, 72 Grade 2 lesions, 42 Grade 3 lesions, and 133 benign lesions (no cysts). All lesions were verified pathologically. Each lesion was segmented and its characteristic kinetic curve was extracted using the fuzzy c‐means method. Textural, morphological, kinetic, and spatial enhancement variance features were extracted, and stepwise linear discriminant analysis using a Wilks lambda cost function in a round‐robin fashion was used for feature selection. The selected features were merged using Bayesianneural network, and the classification performance was evaluated using receiver‐operating characteristics (ROC) analysis.Results: We achieved AUC values of 0.80±0.05, 0.85±0.02, 0.75±0.06, 0.74±0.05, 0.75±0.06, and 0.60±0.05 for the classification tasks of Grade 1 vs. benign, malignant (Grades 1–3 lesions) vs. benign, Grade 1 vs. Grade 3 lesions, Grade 1 vs. Grades 2 and 3 lesions, Grade 1 vs. Grade 2, and Grade 2 vs. Grade 3, respectively. Conclusions: Computerized analyses of breast MR images have the potential to yield image‐based prognostic markers for breast carcinoma, specifically in distinguishing different histological grades of breast tumors.
THE EFFECT OF SHADE ON PETIOLE LENGTH IN THE VIOLA FIMBRIATULA-SAGITTATA COMPLEX (VIOLACEAE)

In many taxonomic treatments, Viola fimbriatula is distinguished from V. sagittata by the length of the petiole. Field experiments, using both cloned plants and plants grown from seed, demonstrated considerable phenotypic plasticity in petiole length. Neither relative nor absolute petiole length furnishes a useful taxonomic distinction here.
Percolation theory of the pseudogap state

A concept of the pseudogap state in high-${T}_{c}$ layered cuprates on the basis of percolation theory is proposed. Contrary to the self-consistent BCS critical temperature, which defines ${T}^{*}$, the upper boundary of the pseudogap state, the real critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ is defined as the percolation threshold, where the infinite cluster appears. This permits the exact formula for ${T}_{c}$ to be obtained as a function of doping and its ``domelike'' shape to be understood.
ATTITUDES TOWARD AN INCREASE IN GASOLINE TAXES: SURVEY RESULTS

Attitudes toward surface transportation funding—in particular, on the role of a gasoline-tax increase—are reported from a survey of about 1,200 randomly chosen individuals in Illinois. Slightly more than half of the respondents favor a gasoline-tax increase of 5 cents/gal (1.3 cents/L) to fund transportation improvements, and approximately 56 percent of these respondents would like the additional revenue spent on improvements for both transit and highways. Of those who do not favor a tax increase, more than 40 percent would like additional funding for surface transportation from other sources. Only about 3 percent of the residents stated that transportation "needs no improvement." Opinions about a 5-cent tax increase exhibit regional variation, with Chicago residents showing the most support, downstate residents the least, and suburban respondents falling in between. Support of the tax increase also seems to decline with increasing household income—a counterintuitive result, given the somewhat regressive ...
Reduced expression of peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α enhances α-synuclein oligomerization and down regulates AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway in human neuronal cells that inducibly express α-synuclein

Intracellular accumulation of filamentous alpha-synuclein (alpha-Syn) aggregates to form Lewy bodies is a pathologic hallmark of Parkinson's disease. To determine whether mitochondrial impairment plays a role in the accumulation of alpha-Syn oligomer, we used 3D5 cell culture model of human neuronal type whereby conditional overexpression of wild-type alpha-Syn via the tetracycline-off (TetOff) induction mechanism results in formation of inclusions that exhibit many characteristics of Lewy bodies. In the present study, we compromised mitochondrial function in 3D5 cells by using shRNA to knockdown peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha), a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular energy metabolism and found that PGC-1alpha suppression at both protein and mRNA levels results in alpha-Syn accumulation (i.e. monomeric and oligomeric species in the TetOff-induced cells and monomeric only in the non-induced). These changes were accompanied with reduced mitochondrial potential as well as decreased levels of AKT, GSK3beta (total and Ser(9)-phosphorylated) and p53 that are important for cell survival. The extent to which these proteins decreased following PGC-1alpha knockdown, in contrast to what was demonstrable with the viability assay, is greater in the induced than the non-induced. Together these findings indicate that such knockdown increases the propensity to accumulate alpha-Syn oligomers, but the accumulation appears to have very little toxic impact to the neuronal cells.
Medial septal benzodiazepine receptors modulate hippocampal evoked responses and long-term potentiation

Infusion of benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor ligands into the medial septum (MS) produces a bidirectional modulation of spatial memory retention. The present experiments sought to determine the effects of BDZ ligands upon synaptic responses and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus following electrical stimulation of the angular bundle. Intraseptal infusion of the BDZ agonist, chlordiazepoxide, decreased the amplitude of the evoked population spike and increased paired-pulse facilitation at a 150-ms interstimulus interval (ISI) in a dose-dependent manner. Intraseptal infusion of the BDZ antagonist, flumazenil (10 nmol), enhanced the amplitude of the dentate population spike and also increased paired-pulse facilitation at the 150-ms ISI. There was no effect of either BDZ receptor ligand upon the slope of the rising phase of the evoked population excitatory postsynaptic potential (pEPSP). Intraseptal flumazenil also significantly enhanced the magnitude of dentate LTP induced by high-frequency stimulation of the angular bundle. Intraseptal chlordiazepoxide failed to alter LTP induction. These results indicate that intraseptal infusion of an amnestic dose of the BDZ ligand, chlordiazepoxide, decreases the excitatory responsiveness of the dentate gyrus to its synaptic input from entorhinal cortex. In contrast, the promnestic BDZ ligand, flumazenil, enhances dentate granule cell responsivity, and facilitates synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus network. Taken together these data suggest that the memory impairing and memory enhancing action of these compounds may be a function of their ability to alter hippocampal physiology during a critical phase of memory. The potential role of septodentate cholinergic and GABAergic projections in the present observation is discussed.
Analysis of E. coli rho factor: mutations affecting secondary-site interactions.

Abstract To define and differentiate primary and secondary RNA binding sites within the linear sequence of the rho protein, we investigated two mutant alleles,rho-115andrhosuA1. They were first identified as defective in transcription terminationin vivo, and later demonstrated to be defective in their interactions with RNA at the primary and secondary sites, respectively. Sequencing ofrhosuA1revealed a single lysine to glutamic acid residue change at position 352 (KE352), whilerho-115carries two mutations, glycine99 to valine (GV99) and a proline235 to histidine (PH235). Proteins carrying single mutations at each of these three positions were purified and their characteristics compared to the wild-type protein. We found both KE352 and GV99 to be defective in secondary-site RNA activation, withKmvalues for r(C)10of 100 μM and ∼650 μM, respectively, compared to the wild-type value of 4 μM. These observed secondary-site defects correlated with decreased helicase and ATPase activities, as well as a loss of transcription termination activityin vitro. By contrast, Ph235 was very efficient at interacting with r(C)10at the secondary site, with a measuredKmof 0.5 μM, and displayed the characteristics of a hyperactive rho, as judged by its ATPase, helicase and termination capabilities. Our results show that mutations at three very different locations in the polypeptide can affect secondary-site activation by RNA, and that these interactions play a pivotal role in ATP hydrolysis, helicase activity and transcription termination. f2
Multipotential hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

It has been generally held that human hematopoietic stem cells are lineage-negative CD34+ CD38−. However, murine hematopoietic stem cells were reported to be CD34−. We have characterized the surface phenotypes of murine hematopoietic stem cells by using a murine transplantation model. Our studies revealed that the majority of the stem cells in normal adult mice are CD34− while a minority (15%–20%) being CD34+. Our studies also revealed that stem cells that are activated by injection of 5-fluorouracil in vivo, exposure to cytokines in vitro, or mobilization by G-CSF are CD34+ and that CD34 expression is reversible. It has been reported that fetal murine hematopoietic stem cells are CD34+. Our studies revealed that stem cells of juvenile mice are CD34+ and that the developmental change from CD34+ to CD34− state takes place between 7 and 10 weeks of age. In adult mice, expression of CD38 by steady-state and activated stem cells was completely reciprocal of CD34 expression. Activated stem cells and the minority population of the stem cells in the normal mice are CD34+ CD38−. In contrast, the majority of stem cells in normal adult mice are CD34- CD38+. Recently, we studied CD38 expression by stem cells of neonatal and juvenile mice. Stem cells of newborn mice are CD38−. About half of the stem cells of 5-week-old mice are CD38+. Finally, our studies indicated that some of the CD34+ stem cells in the bone marrow of normal adult mice express lineage markers such as Mac-1 and CD4. These studies in a murine model clearly documented that expression of both CD34 and CD38 by stem cells is under developmental control and may be subject to changes induced by activation of the stem cells. In order to test whether or not these principles apply to human stem cells we tested surface phenotypes of human stem cells using two xenotransplantation techniques. Studies based on human/sheep xenograft model indicated that a significant portion of adult human long-term engrafting cells are CD34−. Similar to mouse stem cells expression of CD34 by human stem cells was reversible. Studies based on our newborn NOD/SCID/β-microglobulinnull mice indicated that human cord blood stem cells are CD34+ CD38−. These results appear to support the validity of studies of murine stem cells to provide insight into human stem cells.
Focused Suggestion With Somatic Anchoring Technique: Rapid Self-Hypnosis for Pain Management

This article details a self-hypnosis technique designed to teach patients how to manage acute or chronic pain through directed focus. The focused suggestion with somatic anchoring technique has been used with various types of pain, including somatic pain (arthritis, post-injury pain from bone breaks, or muscle tears), visceral pain (related to irritable bowel disease), and neuropathic pain (related to multiple sclerosis). This technique combines cognitive restructuring and mindfulness meditation with indirect and direct suggestions during hypnosis. The case examples demonstrate how the focused suggestion with somatic anchoring technique is used with both acute and chronic pain conditions when use of long-term medication has been relatively ineffective.
Pneumolysin in pneumococcal adherence and colonization.

Abstract The universal and highly conserved production of pneumolysin, the major pneumococcal cytolysin, among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and the previously reported association of pneumolysin production with increased pneumococcal adherence to respiratory epithelium in organ cultures suggest that this toxin might be important for nasopharyngeal colonization. We confirmed that pneumolysin-deficient mutant pneumococcal strains had decreased adherence to respiratory epithelial cells in vitro compared with their isogeneic wild-type strains. However, neither early nor sustained colonization by type 14 S. pneumoniae in an established murine model was dependent on bacterial production of pneumolysin. We conclude that pneumolysin production is not a major determinant of successful nasopharyngeal colonization by pneumococci.
Antiandrogens for the Treatment of Hirsutism: A Systematic Review and Metaanalyses of Randomized Controlled Trials

Context: The relative efficacy of antiandrogens for the treatment of hirsutism remains unclear. Objective: We performed a systematic review and metaanalyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of antiandrogens on hirsutism. Data Sources: We used librarian-designed search strategies for MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL (up to May 2006), review of reference lists, and contact with hirsutism experts to identify eligible RCTs. Study Selection: Eligible studies were RCTs of at least 6 months of antiandrogen use in women with hirsutism. Reviewers, with acceptable chance-adjusted agreement (κ = 0.72), independently assessed eligibility. Data Extraction: Reviewers used structured forms to assess and collect methodological quality (allocation concealment, blinding, and loss to follow-up) and study data. Data Synthesis: Of 348 candidate studies, 12 were eligible (18 comparisons). Their methodological quality was low. Random-effects metaanalyses showed that compared with placebo, antian...
Ultrastructure of moth alary muscles and their attachment to the heart wall

Abstract Evidence is presented to show that the alary muscles of the adult moth Hyalophora cecropia have ultrastructural characteristics of striated muscle cells. A-Band width averages 5·5 μ and ten to twelve thin filaments are localized around each thick filament. There is, however, a wide variation in the diameter of the thick filaments, i.e. 100 to 325 A. The alary muscles share certain structural features with ‘slow’ striated muscles in the diminutive number of transverse tubules and reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum. The muscle fibres send out branches which are joined to the heart wall by means of a myomuscular junction, the physiological significance of which is discussed.
Survival of cardiac arrest after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: Survival of cardiac arrest (CA) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is poorly characterized. We analyzed the clinical course and outcome of patients who survived resuscitation for CA after aneurysmal SAH. METHODS: Medical records of all patients with acute SAH treated at Mayo Clinic between 1990 and 1997 were reviewed. Three hundred five consecutive patients with angiographically proven aneurysmal SAH presenting within 7 days of ictus were analyzed. CA was defined as a pulseless state, documented by medical personnel, for which resuscitation was performed. Outcome was measured with the Glasgow Outcome Scale score at longest follow-up (mean, 16 mo). RESULTS: Data from 11 patients (3.6%) who had 14 episodes of CA were analyzed. Six patients had CA before reaching the hospital and were successfully resuscitated. Nine of 14 CA episodes occurred at hemorrhage or rehemorrhage. No patient with in-hospital CA failed to be resuscitated. Overall mortality in patients who had CA (46%) was higher than that of patients without CA (15%; P = 0.019). Outcome for all patients who had CA (mean Glasgow Outcome Scale score, 2.5) was worse than for patients without CA (mean Glasgow Outcome Scale score, 3.9; P = 0.005). However, half of the survivors of CA after SAH were living independently with limited deficit at longest follow-up. CONCLUSION: Most cases of CA occur at the time of initial or recurrent SAH. Resuscitation for in-hospital CA is likely to be successful. Although CA after aneurysmal SAH is associated with significantly higher mortality, the outcome of survivors of CA is not worse than that for other patients after aneurysmal SAH.
Fine structure of the contractile vacuole pore in Paramecium.

SYNOPSIS The pore through which a Paramecium contractile vacuole communicates with the external environment is a 1.2 μm long and 1 μm diameter cylindrical orifice in the pellicle. During diastole, the vacuole:pore junction is closed by a substantial diaphragm which parts to the side at systole. The diaphragm is composed of inner and outer membranes continuous with the vacuole and pore membranes, respectively, and an intervening cytoplasmic layer containing filaments and irregular membranous tubules and vesicles. Microtubules, organized into 2 sets, are an important component of the pore apparatus. One set of ∼ 16 microtubules forms an annulus around the pore. These microtubules are organized into a right-handed helix with a pitch of 0.5-0.6 μm, and thus complete slightly more than 2 turns in their course from the level of the diaphragm to the pore outer lip. They appear to be embedded in a layer of dense material immediately adjacent to the pore membrane. The other set consists of 5 or more bands of 10–20 microtubules which radiate in a slight left-handed helix from an insertion at the pore out over the vacuole surface to the ampullae.
Higher-order structure of nucleic acids in the gas phase: Top-down analysis of base-pairing interactions

Non-ergodic as well as ergodic activation methods are capable of maintaining the integrity of base pairs during the top-down analysis of nucleic acids. Here, we investigate the significance of this characteristic in the investigation of higher-order structures of increasing complexity. We show that cognate fragments produced by typical backbone cleavages may not be always detected as separate sequence ions, but rather as individual products that remain associated through mutual pairing contacts. This effect translates into unintended masking of cleavage events that take place in double-stranded regions, thus leading to the preferential detection of fragments originating from unpaired regions. Such effect is determined by the stability of the weak non-covalent association between complementary stretches, which is affected by base composition, length of the double-stranded structure, and charge of the precursor ion selected for analysis. Although such effect may prevent the achievement of full sequence coverage for primary structure determination, it may provide the key to correctly differentiate double- versus single-stranded regions, in what could be defined as gas-phase footprinting experiments. In light of the critical role played by base pairs in defining the higher-order structure of nucleic acids, these approaches will be expected to support an increased utilization of mass spectrometry for the investigation of nucleic acid structure and dynamics.