cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of polycrystal plasticity to slip system kinematic hardening laws for Al 7075-T6

Abstract The prediction of formation and early growth of microstructurally small fatigue cracks requires use of constitutive models that accurately estimate local states of stress, strain, and cyclic plastic strain. However, few research efforts have attempted to systematically consider the sensitivity of overall cyclic stress-strain hysteresis and higher order mean stress relaxation and plastic strain ratcheting responses introduced by the slip system back-stress formulation in crystal plasticity, even for face centered cubic (FCC) crystal systems. This paper explores the performance of two slip system level kinematic hardening models using a finite element crystal plasticity implementation as a User Material Subroutine (UMAT) within ABAQUS (Abaqus unified FEA, 2016) [1] , with fully implicit numerical integration. The two kinematic hardening formulations aim to reproduce the cyclic deformation of polycrystalline Al 7075-T6 in terms of both macroscopic cyclic stress-strain hysteresis loop shape, as well as ratcheting and mean stress relaxation under strain- or stress-controlled loading with mean strain or stress, respectively. The first formulation is an Armstrong-Frederick type hardening-dynamic recovery law for evolution of the back stress [2]. This approach is capable of reproducing observed deformation under completely reversed uniaxial loading conditions, but overpredicts the rate of cyclic ratcheting and associated mean stress relaxation. The second formulation corresponds to a multiple back stress Ohno-Wang type hardening law [3] with nonlinear dynamic recovery. The adoption of this back stress evolution law greatly improves the capability to model experimental results for polycrystalline specimens subjected to cycling with mean stress or strain. The relation of such nonlinear dynamic recovery effects are related to slip system interactions with dislocation substructures.
Degradation of Superconducting Nb/NbN Films by Atmospheric Oxidation

Niobium and niobium nitride thin films are transitioning from fundamental research toward wafer scale manufacturing with technology drivers that include superconducting circuits and electronics, optical single photon detectors, logic, and memory. Successful microfabrication requires precise control over the properties of sputtered superconducting films, including oxidation. Previous work has demonstrated the mechanism in oxidation of Nb and how film structure could have deleterious effects upon the superconducting properties. This study provides an examination of atmospheric oxidation of NbN films. By examination of the room temperature sheet resistance of NbN bulk oxidation was identified and confirmed by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Meissner magnetic measurements confirmed the bulk oxidation not observed with simple cryogenic resistivity measurements.
Fault Diagnosis of HVAC Air-Handling Systems Considering Fault Propagation Impacts Among Components

In a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system, an air-handling system is a key module. Its components (e.g., air handling unit, air-mixing box, and fans), linked through airflows, condition air to a desired temperature and/or humidity based on comfort or controlled environment requirements. Identifying failure modes and estimating their severities allow maintenance crews to know which faults have occurred, how critical they are, and be guided in the repair process to improve the system availability. The problem of fault detection and diagnosis in air-handling systems is complex because of fault propagation across components, and high false alarm rates caused by uncertainties in system and measurement dynamics. In this paper, to capture fault propagation impacts in an efficient manner, dynamic hidden Markov models are developed to identify failure modes, since they contain state transition matrices depending on other components and do not generate joint states. To filter out false alarms, “coupled statistical process control” techniques are developed by using state transitions matrices representing coupling among components. Experimental results show that the method can effectively diagnose faults with high-diagnosis accuracy.
Discovery of a Small-Molecule Degrader of Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal (BET) Proteins with Picomolar Cellular Potencies and Capable of Achieving Tumor Regression

The bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family proteins, consisting of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and testis-specific BRDT members, are epigenetic “readers” and play a key role in the regulation of gene transcription. BET proteins are considered to be attractive therapeutic targets for cancer and other human diseases. Recently, heterobifunctional small-molecule BET degraders have been designed based upon the proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) concept to induce BET protein degradation. Herein, we present our design, synthesis, and evaluation of a new class of PROTAC BET degraders. One of the most promising compounds, 23, effectively degrades BRD4 protein at concentrations as low as 30 pM in the RS4;11 leukemia cell line, achieves an IC50 value of 51 pM in inhibition of RS4;11 cell growth and induces rapid tumor regression in vivo against RS4;11 xenograft tumors. These data establish that compound 23 (BETd-260/ZBC260) is a highly potent and efficacious BET degrader.
Computing Information Technology: The Human Side

From the Publisher: From the senior management to the clerical and support group levels, this study addresses the possible pitfalls and triumphs of implementing information technology (IT) into organizations in terms of organizational strategies, structures, and communication methods. Issues of human-computer interaction, ethics, privacy, and security are raised to help facilitate a sociopragmatic and constuctivist understanding of IT culture. Author Biography: Dr. Steven Gordon is a professor of math and science at Babson College. He lives in Babson Park, Massachusetts.
Teaching about quality and safety at schools/colleges of pharmacy in the united states: Exemplars

Objective: The purpose of this project is to: 1) catalog the methods in which quality improvement (QI) is being taught in colleges and schools of pharmacy in the United States (US) and 2) showcase ...
The Economic Impact of Study Abroad on Chinese Students and China’s Gross Domestic Product

China has become a global economic powerhouse creating one of the largest middle class populations in the world. A large number of Chinese citizens have acquired personal wealth and created a strong expansion in higher education. Since China opened economic doors, the country has been undergoing westernization in culture and education and is now experiencing growth in study abroad. This paper examines the relationship between Chinese students who study abroad and the impact those students have on China’s Gross Domestic Product. The authors explore the benefits to both students and China due to studying abroad in the US
Preface: the “Cloud Way” to Digital Transformation and New Business Models

Tomorrow, traffic will be safer, more sustainable and more efficient. Autonomous vehicles will move around without direct driver input to transport people and goods, on demand, from door to door using the most efficient routes. They will interact with other transport systems, offering seamless end‐to‐end journey connectivity and producing convenient and affordable mobility to everybody.
Nutritional status of lacto-ovo vegetarian Trappist monks.

A number of studies have been concerned with the nutritive quality of vegetarian diets, but in few has nutritional status also been investigated. Here, dietary intake and blood chemistries are both reported.
Microsites Supporting Endemic Populations of Mountain Stewartia (Stewartia ovata) in East Tennessee

ABSTRACT Mountain stewartia (Stewartia ovata) is the only member of the family Theaceae endemic to Tennessee. Apart from its physical description and rarity, little is known about this woody understory species. Accounts of stewartia populations and range descriptions are longstanding, but microsite descriptions are limited in detail. We quantified microsites supporting populations of stewartia across East Tennessee as a first step in determining whether stewartia is rare because of rare or altered habitat, limited sexual reproduction, poor dispersal, or a combination of these factors. Five populations of stewartia averaging 7.40 ± 1.08 stems per population were inventoried across four East Tennessee counties. Soils on all sites were strongly acidic, highly permeable, well-drained, cobbly loams associated with steep slopes and higher elevations and were low in phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. A dense overstory comprised of sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), w...
A Summary in Cosmic Perspective

The spatial-temporal dimensions of dyslexia and its related cosmic-somatic-mental orbits and defensive “blind spots” have been explored and mapped via multiple qualitative and quantitative scientific “space probes.” Interestingly enough, this c-v disorder and its prior psychogenic and cortical etiologic conceptualizations were found to be dysmetric systems “with a distorted, non-Euclidian geometry in curved space, “where parallels intersect and straight lines form loops” (Koestler, 1968).
Asymptotic Freedom, Confinement and QCD

I describe our understanding of the strong interactions at the end of the 1960’s and the impact of the experiments on deep inelastic scattering. I recall the steps that lead from the attempts to understand these experiments to the discovery of asymptotic freedom in 1973, the notion of confinement and the subsequent rapid emergence, development and acceptance of the non-Abelian gauge theory of color (QCD) as the theory of the strong interactions. I end with a discussion of the implications of asymptotic freedom.
Declaration on the Nuclear Arms Race

The nuclear arms race, a grim feature of modern life, has been with us since the devastation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Driven by a futile search for security through nuclear “superiority,” this vastly expensive competition is increasingly a mortal threat to all humanity. Control of the arms race is one of mankind’s most urgent needs.
Proposing a Model for Studying Primate Development Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

New genomic tools provide us with high-resolution information about the alterations that may have resulted in the evolution of our own species. However, all information available to date for comparative studies between humans and our closest relatives, the non-human primates (NHP), comes from DNA/RNA samples extracted from preserved (post-mortem) tissues. These samples do not always fairly represent the distinctive traits of live cell development; nor do they represent cell behavior. Ideally, the identification of differences in genetic makeup between related species should be translated into phenotypical divergence. In this chapter, we will discuss the idea of developing and characterizing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from our closest relatives apes, such as bonobos, chimpanzees and gorillas. We then will discuss experimental protocols that will allow us to compare developing live neurons from humans to those from NHP and will suggest how to interpret possible outcomes in light of differences that have been previously involved in human speciation, such as brain size and differential gene expression. Such a culture model could provide new insights into human adaptation, with potential consequences for biomedical research and the basic biology of the species.
ACM Notice of Article Removal: Deep Learning Based Medical Diagnosis System Using Multiple Data Sources - originally published in the ACM Digital Library on 29-Aug-2018

Recently, many researchers have conducted data mining over medical data to uncover hidden patterns and use them to learn prediction models for clinical decision making and personalized medicine. While such healthcare learning models can achieve encouraging results, they seldom incorporate existing expert knowledge into their frameworks and hence prediction accuracy for individual patients can still be improved. However, expert knowledge spans across various websites and multiple databases with heterogeneous representations and hence is difficult to harness for improving learning models. In addition, patients' queries at medical consult websites are often ambiguous in their specified terms and hence the returned responses may not contain the information they seek. To tackle these problems, we first design a knowledge extraction framework that can generate an aggregated dataset to characterize diseases by integrating heterogeneous medical data sources. Then, based on the integrated dataset, we propose an end-to-end deep learning based medical diagnosis system (DL-MDS) to provide disease diagnosis for authorized users. Evaluations on real-world data demonstrate that our proposed system achieves good performance on diseases diagnosis with a diverse set of patients' queries.
Design and Optimization of Heterogeneous Manycore Systems Enabled by Emerging Interconnect Technologies: Promises and Challenges

Due to the growing needs of Big Data applications (e.g., deep learning, graph analytics, and scientific computing) and the ending of Moore’s law, there is a great need for low-cost, high-performance, energy-efficient, and small form-factor manycore systems. With more stringent design objectives, application specialization, and more cores on a single chip, design-time optimization becomes more complex. Moreover, with the advent of emerging interconnect technologies like 3D integration, the design optimization process has become more challenging. This increases the need for a holistically optimized design process that makes design decisions across multiple layers of the system, e.g., memory, compute, interconnect technology, and network infrastructure. In this paper, we present various challenges of designing heterogeneous manycore architectures using 3D integration and viable optimization techniques to solve them.
The current state of pancreas transplantation in the United States—A registry report

Abstract A successful pancreas transplant is the only treatment option for diabetic patients to provide long-term insulin independence and normoglycemic control. Since the first pancreas transplant in 1966, patient and graft survival rates have significantly improved. According to the International Pancreas Transplant Registry, 5159 primary deceased donor pancreas transplants were performed between 2011 and 2016: 4342 (84%) simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplants, 399 (8%) pancreas after kidney (PAK) transplants, and 418 (8%) pancreas transplants alone (PTA). A 1-year (3-year) SPK patient survival reached 98% (95%), PAK 97% (93%), and PTA 98% (96%). The most influential risk factor for patient death in all the three categories was a failed graft. SPK pancreas graft function improved to 90% at 1-year and 83% at 3-year posttransplant, to 87% and 74% for PAK, and to 84% and 71% for PTA. The difference in outcome between SPK and solitary transplants (PAK and PTA) is still significant but the gap is narrowing. Pancreas transplantation is a safe procedure with excellent outcome and should be more actively promoted for patients with brittle diabetes and in the absence of advanced secondary diabetic complications.
Family Study Designs Informed by Tumor Heterogeneity and Multi-Cancer Pleiotropies: The Power of the Utah Population Database.

Background: Previously, family-based designs and high-risk pedigrees have illustrated value for the discovery of high- and intermediate-risk germline breast cancer susceptibility genes. However, genetic heterogeneity is a major obstacle hindering progress. New strategies and analytic approaches will be necessary to make further advances. One opportunity with the potential to address heterogeneity via improved characterization of disease is the growing availability of multisource databases. Specific to advances involving family-based designs are resources that include family structure, such as the Utah Population Database (UPDB). To illustrate the broad utility and potential power of multisource databases, we describe two different novel family-based approaches to reduce heterogeneity in the UPDB. Methods: Our first approach focuses on using pedigree-informed breast tumor phenotypes in gene mapping. Our second approach focuses on the identification of families with similar pleiotropies. We use a novel network-inspired clustering technique to explore multi-cancer signatures for high-risk breast cancer families. Results: Our first approach identifies a genome-wide significant breast cancer locus at 2q13 [P = 1.6 × 10−8, logarithm of the odds (LOD) equivalent 6.64]. In the region, IL1A and IL1B are of particular interest, key cytokine genes involved in inflammation. Our second approach identifies five multi-cancer risk patterns. These clusters include expected coaggregations (such as breast cancer with prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and melanoma), and also identify novel patterns, including coaggregation with uterine, thyroid, and bladder cancers. Conclusions: Our results suggest pedigree-informed tumor phenotypes can map genes for breast cancer, and that various different cancer pleiotropies exist for high-risk breast cancer pedigrees. Impact: Both methods illustrate the potential for decreasing etiologic heterogeneity that large, population-based multisource databases can provide. See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, “Modernizing Population Science.”
The coronavirus pandemic and aerosols: Does COVID-19 transmit via expiratory particles?

As of late March 2020, the global COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has battered the world. More than 40,000 people have died with over 800,000 people confirmed infected; financial m...
Asymptotic behavior of self-normalized trimmed sums: Nonnormal limits II

Let {X j} be independent, identically distributed random variables which are symmetric about the origin and have a continuous nondegenerate distributionF. Let {X n(1),...,X n(n)} denote the arrangement of {X 1,...,X n} in decreasing order of magnitude, so that with probability one, |X n(1)|>|X n(2)|>...> |X n(n)|. For initegersr n→∞ such thatr n/n→0, define the self-normalized trimmed sumT n=Σ i=rn n X n(i)/{Σ i=rn n X n 2 (i)}1/2. Hahn and Weiner(6) showed that under a probabilistically meaningful analytic condition generalizing the asymptotic normality criterion forT n, various nonnormal limit laws forT n arise which are represented by means of infinite random series. The analytic condition is now extended and the previous approach is refined to obtain limits which are mixtures of a normal, a Rademacher, and a law represented by a more general random series. Each such limit law actually arises as can be seen from the construction of a single distribution whose correspondingL(T n ) generates all of the law along different subsequences, at least if {r n} grows sufficiency fast. Another example clarifies the limitations of the basic approach.
The Fed’s Municipal Liquidity Facility: Present & Future Possibilities & Necessities

The Fed's new Community QE Facility, which is unprecedented in Fed history, will function as a literal lifeline to States and their Subdivisions. But it remains, precisely because of its novelty, unfamiliar and possibly even off-putting or intimidating to many State and City financial officers, not to mention Mayors, Governors, City Councils and State Legislatures. It also continues to fall short of what will be required if our States, our Cities, and our federal polity itself, which the present White House occupancy is doing virtually nothing to assist, are to survive the present pandemic. Continuing unfamiliarity on the part of State and City officials with Community QE raises the danger that those in serious need of funding to address the present pandemic will not seek or receive it. It also diminishes the likelihood that City and State officials will press the Fed to do a further easing of terms – and this form of pressure will be critical if the Facility is to do all that it’s meant to do. This Memorandum is meant to solve those two problems. It first briefly summarizes what the newly eased MLF enables now. It then addresses what the new Facility probably will, and, at least as importantly, must enable in future. The Memorandum then closes with an updated three-phase ‘Game Plan’ for States and Cities to put into operation the moment the Fed makes clear that the MLF is not a mere ‘virtue signal,’ but a sincere offer of badly needed funding – by actually beginning to provide funding.
Abstract DP-010: INTRAPERITONEAL CHEMOTHERAPY USE AND OUTCOMES: EXPLORATION OF UPMC OVARIAN CANCER REGISTRY DATA

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer (OC) is the deadliest gynecologic cancer. Despite randomized clinical trials showing improved survival for patients receiving intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IP), IP has not received a wide use outside of specialty hospitals. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of IP on OC patient survival and to evaluate whether treatment facility type impacted the outcomes. METHODS: Detailed demographic and clinical information on OC patients (N=2924) who underwent treatment in UPMC facilities between 2000-2016 was obtained from the UPMC Cancer Registry. Duplicate records, rare, grade 1, and non-epithelial tumors were excluded. Kaplan-Meier plots were constructed to compare 10-year survival rates based on the chemotherapy type (IP vs. no-IP), cancer grade, cancer stage, surgery type, neoadjuvant and treatment facility (specialized vs. community). Multivariable Gray9s models and logistic regression model were fitted to evaluate the effect of different factors on survival and tumor recurrence respectively. Two tailed P-values RESULTS: The final sample consisted from 1840 patients (250 IP and 1590 no-IP). IP chemotherapy was used only in 14% of OC patients and was associated with improved long-term survival. Similarly, cases reported by specialty treatment facilities (Magee and Passavant) had better survival compared to other hospitals. Multivariable Gray9s model showed that IP and younger age were significantly associated with lower hazard of death, whereas higher cancer stage is significantly associated with higher hazard of death. Multivariable logistic regression showed that IP is not significantly associated with recurrence after adjusting for median income in the zip code of patient residence and cancer stage. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate enhanced long-term survival of patients treated with IP therapy at specialty centers. Increasing IP therapy use in clinical practice for OC patient treatment may be important strategy to improve OC outcomes. Citation Format: Adambekov S, Wang S, Taylor S, Buckanovich R, Coffman L, Edwards RP, Linkov F. INTRAPERITONEAL CHEMOTHERAPY USE AND OUTCOMES: EXPLORATION OF UPMC OVARIAN CANCER REGISTRY DATA [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 13-15, 2018; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2019;25(22 Suppl):Abstract nr DP-010.
Acute antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of sulforaphane in brain endothelial cells and astrocytes during inflammation and excitotoxicity.

Sulforaphane (SFN), a bioactive phytochemical isothiocyanate, has a wide spectrum of cytoprotective effects that involve induction of antioxidant genes. Nongenomic antioxidant effects of SFN have not been investigated. Brain oxidative stress during inflammation and excitotoxicity leads to neurovascular injury. We tested the hypothesis that SNF exhibits acute antioxidant effects and prevents neurovascular injury during oxidative stress. In primary cultures of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CMVEC) and cortical astrocytes from the newborn pig brain, a pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and an excitotoxic glutamate elevate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause cell death by apoptosis. Nox4 NADPH oxidase is the main Nox isoform in CMVEC and cortical astrocytes that is acutely activated by TNF-α and glutamate leading to ROS-mediated cell death by apoptosis. The Nox4 inhibitor GKT137831 blocked NADPH oxidase activity and overall ROS elevation, and prevented apoptosis of CMVEC and astrocytes exposed to TNF-α and glutamate, supporting the leading role of Nox4 in the neurovascular injury. Synthetic SFN (10-11 -10-6 mol/L) inhibited NADPH oxidase activity and reduced overall ROS production in CMVEC and astrocytes within 1-hour exposure to TNF-α and glutamate. Furthermore, in the presence of SFN, the ability of TNF-α and glutamate to produce apoptosis in CMVEC and cortical astrocytes was completely prevented. Overall, SFN at low concentrations exhibits antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects in cerebral endothelial cells and cortical astrocytes via a via a nongenomic mechanism that involves inhibition of Nox4 NADPH oxidase activity. SFN may prevent cerebrovascular injury during brain oxidative stress caused by inflammation and glutamate excitotoxicity.
The Association of Dietary Choline and Betaine With the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

OBJECTIVE To examine the association between dietary intake of choline and betaine with the risk of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Among 13,440 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study participants, the prospective longitudinal association between dietary choline and betaine intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes was assessed using interval-censored Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models adjusted for baseline potential confounding variables. RESULTS Among 13,440 participants (55% women, mean age 54 [SD 7.4] years), 1,396 developed incident type 2 diabetes during median follow-up of 9 years from 1987 to 1998. There was no statistically significant association between every 1-SD increase in dietary choline and risk of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] 1.01 [95% CI 0.87, 1.16]) nor between dietary betaine intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes (HR 1.01 [0.94, 1.10]). Those in the highest quartile of dietary choline intake did not have a statistically significant higher risk of type 2 diabetes than those in the lowest choline quartile (HR 1.09 [0.84, 1.42]); similarly, dietary betaine intake was not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes comparing the highest quartile to the lowest (HR 1.06 [0.87, 1.29]). Among women, there was a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, comparing the highest to lowest dietary choline quartile (HR 1.54 [1.06, 2.25]), while in men, the association was null (HR 0.82 [0.57, 1.17]). Nevertheless, there was a nonsignificant interaction between high choline intake and sex on the risk of type 2 diabetes (P = 0.07). The results from logistic regression were similar. CONCLUSIONS Overall and among male participants, dietary choline or betaine intakes were not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Among female participants, there was a trend for a modestly higher risk of type 2 diabetes among those with the highest as compared with the lowest quartile of dietary choline intake. Our study should inform clinical trials on dietary choline and betaine supplementation in relationship with the risk of type 2 diabetes.
TESTING PASSIVE VERSUS SYMMETRIC BELIEFS IN CONTRACTING WITH EXTERNALITIES

This article provides identification and estimation methods for a model of contracting with externalities and imperfect information. In this model, one principal offers a contract of trade quantity to each of multiple agents, and the negotiated payment for each agent is determined via Nash bargaining. Beliefs matter due to the privacy of bilateral contracting and the externalities from the dependence of each agent's payoff on all agents' trade quantities. We provide a test to determine whether passive or symmetric beliefs fit a given data set better. The empirical results suggest the relevance of adopting the correct beliefs for policy evaluations.
Critical Illness as a Result of Anti- Neoplastic Therapy

Although cancer is responsible for more deaths in children over 1 year of age than any other disease, outcomes are improving as a result of many factors including better supportive care and increasingly aggressive anti-neoplastic regimens. As a result, the pediatric intensivist will likely encounter many complex clinical challenges related to the therapy for childhood cancer. Chemotherapy can, in the course of reducing tumor burden, also bring about life-threatening changes in organ function, metabolism and electrolyte levels. The destruction of tumor cells results in the release of intra-cellular contents in tumor lysis syndrome, and this may lead to a range of problems including cardiac arrhythmias, tetany and renal failure. In addition, the chemotherapy may produce life-threatening toxicity to otherwise healthy tissues. An understanding of these toxicities enables the intensive care physician to anticipate problems and intervene in a timely manner. Radiation therapy can also lead to a wide variety of organ dysfunction, most notably, lung injury. Radiation pneumonitis presents a true diagnostic challenge requiring a clear understanding of both the use and timing of anti-neoplastic therapy in conjunction with an appreciation for the clinical and radiographic findings suggestive of this disorder. Additionally, the impact of anti-neoplastic therapy on the immune system has been well established. Neutropenic enterocolitis (typhlitis) is an acute, potentially life-threatening, necrotizing inflammation of the cecum and colon reported to occur in children treated for leukemia as well as other malignancies. Furthermore, the myelosuppression associated with many forms of anti-cancer therapy predisposes the child with cancer to bacteremia and sepsis. Encouragingly, with timely critical care interventions, the outcomes from severe sepsis in non-transplant oncology patients now approximate those of the general pediatric population. In sum, therapy for cancer in children can profoundly impact physiology and the pediatric intensivist must have a sound working knowledge of these effects.
Cu2O/CuS Nanocomposites Show Excellent Selectivity and Stability for Formate Generation via Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide

Formate is an important value-added chemical that can be produced via electrochemical CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RR). Cu2O-based catalysts have previously demonstrated decent activity for formate ...
Shameful Masculinity: What Afrikaner Men Share after Apartheid

The recent accusation of Minister Lulu Xingwana, during an interview that the Oscar Pistorius murder case could be traced back to how young Afrikaner men are brought up in the Calvinist religion believing they own a woman, is only the latest instance of how Afrikaner masculinity is problematized after apartheid. This paper explores how Afrikaner men re-imagine their cultural identities in South Africa after apartheid. Engaging the past and the present, media debates have become the primary site around which fraught masculine identities are being stitched together. Afrikaner public intellectuals, music artists, and writers played a prominent role in these debates. During apartheid, white Afrikaner masculinity was constructed within a frame of patriarchy, racism, and control. In the post-apartheid era, Afrikaner masculinity is no longer supported by the raw political and military power of Afrikaner Nationalism. Nevertheless, for all the popular talk of destabilized identities and masculine uncertainty, I argue that public debates around what it means to be Afrikaans men have remarkably similar patterns and my analysis shows strong consistencies among Afrikaner men in their performance of masculinity across the political spectrum and across generations. I draw the counters of a new hegemonic masculinity that I call a shamefull masculinity.
Smooth path construction and adjustment for multiple mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks

Wireless multimedia sensor networks can provide a much clearer picture of the sensed area and thus significantly improve many applications. However, the increased amount of data will lead to issues with energy consumption and network lifetimes if we use the traditional network-based data collection where packets are forwarded hop by hop to the base. To mitigate these problems, researchers have been investigating mobile sinks traveling through the network and collecting the generated data. Using mobile sinks significantly increases the delivery rate while also reducing energy usage, but this increases the collection delay because of the physical speed of mobile sinks. In this paper, to reduce the physical collection delay while maintaining the other performance improvements (e.g., delivery rate, energy usage), we focus on how to use faster mobile sinks. Such mobile sinks are often motion-constrained and require smooth paths which can be followed with these constraints. Accordingly, we first developed a basic smooth path construction algorithm based on the TSP. We then extended it with path adjustments based on the required contact time at each node. Finally, we allowed for multiple mobile sinks which allowed us to further reduce the average delay per packet over the previous algorithms. Through extensive simulations, we found our algorithm allows for faster data collection over the current solutions, which can only accommodate flexible but slower mobile sinks, while maintaining the increased delivery rate and decreased energy usage.
Exploring Missing Behaviors with Region-Level Interaction Network Coverage

We have used a complex network model of student-tutor interactions to derive high-level approaches to problem solving. We also have used interaction networks to evaluate between-group differences in student approaches, as well as for automatically producing both next-step and high-level hints. Students do not visit vertices within the networks uniformly; students from different experimental groups are expected to have different patterns of network exploration. In this work we explore the possibility of using frequency estimation to uncover locations in the network with differing amounts of student-saturation. Identification of these regions can be used to locate specific problem approaches and strategies that would be most improved by additional student-data, as well as provide a measure of confidence when comparing across networks or between groups.
Stability of Norwalk Virus Capsid Protein Interfaces Evaluated by in Silico Nanoindentation

Norwalk virus causes severe gastroenteritis for which there is currently no specific anti-viral therapy. A stage of the infection process is uncoating of the protein capsid to expose the viral genome and allow for viral replication. A mechanical characterization of the Norwalk virus may provide important information relating to the mechanism of uncoating. The mechanical strength of the Norwalk virus has previously been investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation experiments. Those experiments cannot resolve specific molecular interactions, and therefore we have employed a molecular modeling approach to gain insights into the potential uncoating mechanism of the Norwalk capsid. In this study, we perform simulated nanoindentation using a coarse-grained structure based model, which provides an estimate of the spring constant in good agreement with the experimentally determined value. We further analyze the fracture mechanisms and determine weak interfaces in the capsid structure which are potential sites to inhibit uncoating by stabilization of these weak interfaces. We conclude by identifying potential target sites at the junction of a weak protein-protein interface.
Testing the continuity of individual bid density functions: Some further results

Abstract This brief paper analyzes the bidding behavior in OCS oil auctions of six individual bidders (using solo bids only) and of a consortium bidder over the period 1963–1979. Included are bidders that bid over the entire period, one that bids for only a short time at the beginning, and one that first makes such bids in 1970. Our findings strongly support those reported in an earlier paper for five bidders and a brief, three-auction sample period: bidders commonly utilize multiple bids of single dollar values within a given auction. The strength of the present results – for three of the seven bidders, over 30% of the bids made fell into this category – further buttresses our conjecture that the use of continuous bid functions is inappropriate for modelling offshore oil lease auctions.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a broad term referring to a spectrum of inflammatory disorders and infections involving the upper …
Animalizing ability of Evans blue in embryos of Arbacia punctulata. Effect on multiple molecular forms of NAD-L-malate dehydrogenase.

Abstract Developing embryos of Arbacia punctulata were animalized by continuous exposure from the 2-cell stage to the polysulfonic acid dye, Evans Blue, at a concentration of 1 25000 , or were radialized by exposure to this agent at a concentration of 1 200000 . Cell fluid proteins, extracted from several stages in normal, animalized and radialized development, were separated by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and NAD- l -MDH activity was localized by suitable staining of the gels. Animalized embryos, which morphologically appear as hyperciliated blastulae, had NAD- l -MDH patterns similar to the normal blastula stage and unlike their respective controls. In all stages of animalization, the normal reappearance of soluble isozyme (no. 4) was inhibited. Radialized embryos, which gastrulate and differentiate structures representative of all three germ layers, had patterns similar to controls. In all stages of animalization and radialization the most anodal, mitochondrial isozyme was apparently bound to Evans Blue. These results are discussed in terms of the animal-vegetal gradients of morphogenesis and oxidation-reduction.
Wild Beasts and Idle Humours: The Insanity Defense from Antiquity to the Present

"Furiosi" immortal souls, mortal cities possession and witchcraft wild beasts and idle humours the rise of medical jurisprudence jural science and social science.
Incorporating concepts of inequality and inequity into health benefits analysis

Although environmental policy decisions are often based in part on both risk assessment information and environmental justice concerns, formalized approaches for addressing inequality or inequity when estimating the health benefits of pollution control have been lacking. Inequality indicators that fulfill basic axioms and agree with relevant definitions and concepts in health benefits analysis and environmental justice analysis can allow for quantitative examination of efficiency-equality tradeoffs in pollution control policies. To develop appropriate inequality indicators for health benefits analysis, we provide relevant definitions from the fields of risk assessment and environmental justice and consider the implications. We evaluate axioms proposed in past studies of inequality indicators and develop additional axioms relevant to this context. We survey the literature on previous applications of inequality indicators and evaluate five candidate indicators in reference to our proposed axioms. We present an illustrative pollution control example to determine whether our selected indicators provide interpretable information. We conclude that an inequality indicator for health benefits analysis should not decrease when risk is transferred from a low-risk to high-risk person, and that it should decrease when risk is transferred from a high-risk to low-risk person (Pigou-Dalton transfer principle), and that it should be able to have total inequality divided into its constituent parts (subgroup decomposability). We additionally propose that an ideal indicator should avoid value judgments about the relative importance of transfers at different percentiles of the risk distribution, incorporate health risk with evidence about differential susceptibility, include baseline distributions of risk, use appropriate geographic resolution and scope, and consider multiple competing policy alternatives. Given these criteria, we select the Atkinson index as the single indicator most appropriate for health benefits analysis, with other indicators useful for sensitivity analysis. Our illustrative pollution control example demonstrates how these indices can help a policy maker determine control strategies that are dominated from an efficiency and equality standpoint, those that are dominated for some but not all societal viewpoints on inequality averseness, and those that are on the optimal efficiency-equality frontier, allowing for more informed pollution control policies.
The Influence of Hydrogen Bonding Side-Groups on Viscoelastic Behavior of Linear and Network Polymers

Polymers containing hydrogen-bonding side groups (HBGs) can form transient supramolecular networks that exhibit technologically useful viscoelastic properties. Here, we investigate how dynamic behavior of functional poly(n-butyl acrylate) melts and cross-linked networks is influenced by different HBGs. Random copolymers containing weak and strong HBGs were synthesized and subjected to thermal and dynamic mechanical analysis. The glass transition temperature (Tg) increased nearly linearly with the HBG concentration, and this effect was similar for both weak and strong binding groups. Copolymers containing weak HBGs behaved as unentangled melts and exhibited higher storage and loss modulus with increasing amounts of binding group. In contrast, copolymers containing strong HBGs behaved like entangled networks. Flow activation energies increased linearly with comonomer content; and, for weak hydrogen-bonding groups, they depended only on the departure from Tg. Similar behavior was observed in cross-linked fil...
The structure of a metastable, trigonal transition phase in quenched aluminum-29 at.% zinc

Abstract Debye-Scherrer methods have been employed to determine the structure of a metastable transition product which forms during the decomposition of a quenched aluminum-29 at.% zinc alloy. The metastable phase has a trigonal structure based on space group R 3 m. Using hexagonal axes the cell dimensions are a = 2.85 A and c = 6.785 A . The atom arrangement can be described as a cubic close-packed structure which is rhombohedrally deformed.
Theory Of Nonlinear Optical Properties Of Semiconductor Superlattices

Abstract Nonlinear optical properties of semiconductor superlattices are examined theoretically. We havestudied the third -order nonlinear susceptibility of semiconductor superlattices due to the bandnonparabolicity, intervalence -hand transitions, and photo- excited plasma effects. We found that x(3) ofsemiconductor superlattices are in general (up to two orders of magnitude) larger than that of thecorresponding hulk semiconductors. Introduction The interaction of light in nonlinear materials has led to many fascinating phenomena and practicalapplications such as harmonic generation, optical switching, multiple -wave mixing, and optical phase conjugation.1 -3 Popular nonlinear materials used in these studies include KDP, ADP, LNb03, Li I03, andmany semiconductors. Numerous experiments have been performed on degenerate four -wave mixing (DFWM) andoptical bistability (0B), using various semiconductors.3 The invention of semiconductor superlattices4further opens up new possibilities for nonlinear optical devices. This is because the band structure ofsemiconductor superlattices can he made highly nonparabolic, thus in favor of nonlinear optical
Index sets for Π01 classes

Abstract A Π01 class is an effectively closed set of reals. We study properties of these classes determined by cardinality, measure and category as well as by the complexity of the members of a class P. Given an effective enumeration {Pe:e
Cu2+-labeled, SPION loaded porous silica nanoparticles for cell labeling and multifunctional imaging probes

We have developed an ion-sensing nanoparticle that is comprised of a superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) core encapsulated with a porous silica shell. The latter can be readily anchored with ligands capable of coordinating with positron-emitting metal. Evidently, this nanoparticle has a great potential for use in cell tracking with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and positron emission tomography (PET). Herein we report the synthesis, surface functionalization and characterization of the magnetic nanoparticle-based probes and evaluate their cell-labeling efficacy, cytotoxicity and relaxivity in comparison to one of the most commonly utilized MRI contrast agents, Feridex.
Self-aligned GaAs JFETs for low-power microwave amplifiers and RFICs at 2.4 GHz

Self-aligned GaAs JFET narrowband amplifiers operating at 2.4 GHz were designed and fabricated with both discrete WETS as a hybrid amplifier and as RFICS. Enhancement-mode JFETs were used in order to be compatible with complementary digital logic. Hybrid amplifiers achieved 8-10 dB of gain at 2.4 GHz and 1 mW DC bias level. The RFIC achieved 10 dB of gain at 24 GHz and 2 mW DC bias level.
Pollination of Bactris (Palmae) in an Amazon forest.

Phenology, inflorescence behavior, and pollination of 10 sympatric taxa ofBactris were studied in a lowland Amazon forest. Taxa flowered over an eight month period during the rainy season and early dry season, but individual taxa flowered for one to a few months. Related taxa had mostly non-overlapping flowering periods. Inflorescence behavior was similar for all taxa, with nocturnal pistillate anthesis and temperature elevation, followed 24 hours later by rapid, nocturnal staminate anthesis. Pollinators of all taxa were small weevilsPhyllotrox (Curculionidae) and nitidulidsColopterus (Nitidulidae), although various other insect visitors were recorded. Large numbers ofPhyllotrox were recorded on inflorescences, but weevil sex ratios were highly skewed.
Exploration of the biological micro-surrounding effect on the excited states of the size-expanded fluorescent base x-cytosine in DNA.

We present the results of a detailed and systematic computational investigation into the excited-state properties of the fluorescent cytosine analogue x-cytosine (xC). Also examined were the influe...
Visualizing the complexity of the United States code

This paper presents visualizations of the textual complexity of the federal laws of the United States. We hope to motivate further work on tools for aiding understanding of the law for lay persons.
Molecular Heterogeneity of Triple Negative Breast Cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are a group of aggressive breast cancers with a greater incidence of relapse, stage-for-stage, than ER/PR-positive and HER2-positive breast cancers, despite optimum loco-regional and systemic therapy. To date, no single targeted therapy has been approved for treatment of TNBC, and cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the standard systemic treatment. Recently, gene expression analysis identified six distinct TNBC subtypes, each with unique biology. In this review we discuss current and forthcoming therapeutic strategies and novel approaches to targeted treatment of these TNBC subtypes.
Numerical modeling of buoyant plumes in a turbulent, stratified atmosphere

Sponsored by the Consolidated Edison Company of New York and Northeast Utilities Service Corporation.