cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response-surface-based optimization of 0.1-μm PMOSFETs with ultrathin gate stack dielectrics

An optimal design for 0.1 micrometer PMOS, consistent with SIA-NTRS Roadmap projections, is developed using a Response Surface methodology (RSM). The impact of four different low thermal budget growth and deposition gate dielectric processes (Furnace oxidation, Rapid Thermal Oxidation (RTO), Rapid Thermal CVD (RTCVD) and Remote Plasma Enhanced CVD (RPECVD) on the design optimization is examined. A Design Of Experiments (DOE) approach was independently employed in each case with simulated baseline surface channel PMOSFET structures having a 2.0 nm gate oxide to statistically explore the channel and extension junction parameter spaces. Channel and extension junction parameters were separately optimized, with channel optimization performed for both doubly-implanted and uniformly doped channels. The condition for constrained optimization was the maximization of I sat at the NTRS Roadmap specified I off value of 3 nA/micrometer. A 20% manufacturing tolerance in channel length was factored into the optimization strategy by measuring both I sat and I off under their respective worst case tolerance conditions. Optimal designs with modestly differing implant specifications but exhibiting largely comparable performance characteristics were identified for each gate stack. Excellent current drivability of 279 (mu) A/micrometer was obtained at the nominal L eff of 70 nm. Optimized doubly-implanted channels provide 7.5% higher current than the uniformly doped ones. Optimum extension junction design was achieved by a high surface concentration of 2 X 10 20 cm -3 , extension depth of 32 nm and spacer width of 49 nm, and the analysis clearly revealed that a necessary condition for junction optimization was the onset of drain decoupling from the channel.
Quantification of total and specific gram-negative histamine-producing bacteria species in fish using an MPN real-time PCR method.

Abstract Quantification of histamine-producing bacteria (HPB) is necessary in order to elucidate the role that HPB play in scombrotoxin (histamine) fish poisoning. We report here the evaluation of a real-time PCR method for the quantification of total and specific Gram-negative HPB species in fish using a most probable number (MPN) format. The species-specific real-time PCR assay was 100% inclusive for independently detecting Morganella morganii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Raoultella planticola/ornithinolytica and Photobacterium damselae and did not cross react with other histamine- or non- histamine-producing bacteria. The efficiency of the reactions in the absence and presence of Spanish mackerel enrichment containing 1 × 106 CFU/ml of background microflora were 93–104 and 92–99%, respectively. The MPN-real-time PCR assay accurately quantified total and specific HPB in spiked mahi–mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) and Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculates) samples. These methods were used to quantify total and specific HPB in naturally contaminated, decomposing mahi–mahi, Spanish mackerel and tuna (Thunnus albacares) samples. The results of this study indicate that MPN-real-time PCR assays can be used to accurately enumerate total and specific HPB in fish samples. These assays can be applied to assess the effectiveness of mitigation strategies and understand the relationship between HPB and histamine production in decomposing fish.
Evolving effective micro behaviors in RTS game

We investigate using genetic algorithms to generate high quality micro management in combat scenarios for real-time strategy games. Macro and micro management are two key aspects of real-time strategy games. While good macro helps a player collect more resources and build more units, good micro helps a player win skirmishes against equal numbers and types of opponent units or win even when outnumbered. In this paper, we use influence maps and potential fields to generate micro management positioning and movement tactics. Micro behaviors are compactly encoded into fourteen parameters and we use genetic algorithms to search for effective micro management tactics for the given units. We tested the performance of our ECSLBot (the evolved player), obtained in this way against the default StarCraft AI, and two other state of the art bots, UAlbertaBot and Nova on several skirmish scenarios. The results show that the ECSLBot tuned by genetic algorithms outperforms the UAlbertaBot and Nova in kiting efficiency, target selection, and knowing when to flee to survive. We believe our approach is easy to extend to other types of units and can be easily adopted by other AI bots.
Detection of multiresistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 using multiplex and fluorogenic PCR.

Salmonella infections continue to cause gastrointestinal and systemic disease throughout the world. Salmonella typhimurium DT104 further poses a major health concern due to its acquisition of resistance to multiple antibiotics. The rapid detection of multiresistant S. typhimurium DT104 would facilitate strategies aimed at controlling this pathogen. We developed a specific and sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that amplifies a segment of DNA that is conserved in multiresistant S. typhimurium DT104. To provide further specificity for this PCR-based diagnostic test, we amplified two other gene fragments that are present in S. typhimurium DT104. A multiplex PCR containing primers for targeted sequences resulted in the amplification of predicted size fragments from S. typhimurium DT104 exhibiting the ACSSuT (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline) or ASSuT resistance phenotypes. A minor modification of the multiplex PCR enabled the detection of other related multiresistant Salmonella such as S. typhimurium U302. To augment the detection process, we also designed a fluorogenic PCR assay that can detect the DNA of multiresistant S. typhimurium DT104 in the presence of excess contaminating bacterial DNA. These results provide a method by which multiresistant S. typhimurium DT104, or potentially the next emerging multiresistant Salmonella, can be accurately detected in only 3-4 h.
Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Women's Health

Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were previously described as multipotent cells that could differentiate into bone, cartilage, muscle, and other mesenchymal tissues. New information suggests that MSCs can be found in every tissue of the body because they function as perivascular cells--pericytes--found outside all blood vessels. When these vessels break or are inflamed, pericytes are detached and form MSCs, which are activated by their local microenvironment of injury. Such MSCs function to secrete powerful immune-modulatory and regenerative agents; more than 450 clinical trials are now ongoing, covering a huge spectrum of clinical conditions. How such activated MSCs affect menstrual cycle, menopause, or osteotrophic cancers has only recently been studied. This article outlines these issues and challenges the scientific and medical community to use this newfound knowledge to uncover new clinical logics and medial solutions for women.
Evaluation of In Vivo Breast Fine Needle Aspirates by Flow Cytometry: An Efficacy Study

BACKGROUND Malignancy of the breast is frequently diagnosed through fine needle aspiration. In the hands of a skilled aspirator and cytopathologist, this can be a highly accurate procedure. PURPOSE This study was undertaken to evaluate whether sufficient residual cells in the bore of the needle could be harvested and analyzed efficiently by flow cytometry analysis. The goal was then to determine the value of routine flow cytometry as an adjunctive technology in the interpretation of breast fine needle aspirations. METHODS Cells were rinsed from the needles of 83 consecutive diagnostic fine needle aspirates after preliminary inspection had confirmed adequate material was obtained for cytopathology. Cells were washed, and nuclei prepared by detergent treatment. After ribonuclease treatment, DNA was stained with the fluorescent marker propidium iodide. DNA content per cell was determined by flow cytometry by measurement of right-angle fluorescence. RESULTS Less than 4% of the samples were rejected for inadequate cell numbers. Flow cytometry criteria for evidence of malignancy included the presence of a DNA aneuploid population or an elevated rate of proliferation (13% or higher) of a diploid population. Accuracy of flow cytometry was based on cytopathologic interpretation in all cases except two which were based on results of excisional biopsy. The sensitivity of the flow cytometry analysis was 76%; the specificity was 100%, with results from flow cytometry pivotal in the correct diagnoses for two patients whose cytopathologic results were equivocal. Analysis of histograms indicated acceptable coefficients of variation for all populations. Gating analysis indicated the suitability of the material for this type of study, with an average of 85% of the events selected, or "gated in." Low recoveries were associated with the presence of necrotic debris in the sample. CONCLUSION Flow cytometry can be a valuable adjunctive technology, capable of providing the cytopathologist with additional information regarding the character of cells analyzed.
G-protein- and capacitatively regulated Ca2+ entry pathways are activated by muscarinic receptor stimulation in a human submandibular ductal cell line

In the human submandibular ductal cell line (HSG) thapsigargin and carbachol stimulated Ca2+ release from the internal Ca2+ pool, resulting in the activation of capacitatively regulated Ca2+ entry (CRCE). This entry pathway was permeant to both Ca2+ and Mn2+, blocked by Ni2+ and insensitive to the muscarinic antagonist, atropine. Carbachol also stimulated an increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] in internal Ca2+-pool-depleted (i.e.thapsigargin-treated) cells which was dependent on the presence of external Ca2+ and blocked by Ni2+, demonstrating that it was due to Ca2+ entry. However, under the same experimental conditions, carbachol was unable to stimulate Mn2+ entry. Additionally, this latter carbachol-stimulated Ca2+ entry pathway was blocked by atropine. Pretreatment of HSG cells with AlF4-increased basal rates of Mn2+ entry due to CRCE activation, but attenuated carbachol-stimulated Ca2+ entry into thapsigargin-treated cells. The data suggest that two distinct divalent cation entry pathways are activated in muscarinic-receptor-stimulated HSG cells; a CRCE mechanism, permeable to both Mn2+ and Ca2+, and a second entry mechanism, permeable only to Ca2+. The latter does not depend on internal pool depletion, but appears to be regulated via G-protein activation.
Standard Monomial Theory for Bott–Samelson Varieties

Bott–Samelson varieties are an important tool in geometric representation theory [1, 3, 10, 25]. They were originally defined as desingularizations of Schubert varieties and share many of the properties of Schubert varieties. They have an action of a Borel subgroup, and the projective coordinate ring of a Bott–Samelson variety splits into certain generalized Demazure modules (which also appear in other contexts [22, 23]). Standard Monomial Theory, developed by Seshadri and the first author [15, 16], and recently completed by the second author [20], gives explicit bases for the Demazure modules associated to Schubert varieties. In this paper, we extend the techniques of [20] to give explicit bases for the generalized Demazure modules associated to Bott–Samelson varieties, thus proving a strengthened form of the results announced by the first and third authors in [12] (see also [13]). We also obtain more elementary proofs of the cohomology vanishing theorems of Kumar [10] and Mathieu [25]; of the projective normality of Bott–Samelson varieties; and of the Demazure character formula.
Emergency management systems: a systems approach

In this paper we present an approach to the development of a theoretical framework for modelling analysis, and design of emergency planning and response systems. Our particular bias is that emergency management systems (EMS) can be viewed from the perspective of system science, as a discrete-event dynamical system (DEDS), such as those systems encountered in the military command, control, and communication environment (C3). As such, it is possible to draw from the existing knowledge in these fields to develop useful ways to model, analyze, and design an EMS. We first describe EMS systems and their importance. We then describe generic C3 systems and how such systems can be modelled as discrete-event dynamical systems. Next we present a systems perspective on EMS and interpret EMS as a C3 system. Finally, we give an example of a specific EMS associated with a Department of Energy (DOE) national lab and present a Petri net model of some aspects of the EMS. >
Efficacy of Single and Dual Gene Cotton Gossypium hirsutum (L.) Events on Yellowstriped Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in South Texas and the Mississippi Delta1

ABSTRACT The yellowstriped armyworm (YSAW), Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guenee), has a broad host range and can be an economic threat to cotton in southern growing regions of the United States by consuming leaves and damaging fruiting forms. Field grown cotton varieties containing the endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis, (Cry1Ac = Bollgard®; Cry1Ac + Cry2Ab = Bollgard II®; Cry1F + Cry1Ac = Widestrike™) and a Non-Bt cotton were evaluated for YSAW susceptibility to cotton leaf tissue. Bioassays conducted at Stoneville, MS, from leaves collected from the lower, middle, and top canopy showed that YSAW were highly susceptible to Bollgard II® and WideStrike™ traits. No live larvae were collected from the WideStrike™ replicated plots and only 2 larvae that weighed 171.5 ± 53.5 mg were collected from Bollgard II® cotton. Larvae collected from Bollgard® and Non-Bt cotton were plentiful and averaged 886 ± 63.5 and 824.25 ± 51.53 mg, respectively. Additional bioassays from late-season cotton plots at both Stoneville...
Slip flow in doubly connected ducts

The slip flows in a polygonal duct with a circular core and in an eccentric annular duct are studied by eigenfunction expansion and point match. It is found that the velocity distributions are quite different from those of no-slip flow. The resistance (Poisueille number) decreases dramatically with increased slip. On a etudie, par expansion de la fonction propre et par correlation par points, les ecoulements glissants dans une tuyere polygonale avec un cœur circulaire et dans une tuyere a anneaux excentriques. Les resultats montrent que la distribution des vitesses est differente par rapport aux ecoulements non glissants. La resistance (en poiseuille) diminue considerablement avec un glissement accru. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
PROTECTIVE ANTIBODIES IN THE SERUM OF SYPHILITIC RABBITS.

1. When an emulsion containing virulent Treponema pallidum is added to serum from normal rabbits and from untreated immune syphilitic rabbits that have been infected with a homologous strain of T. pallidum the mixture incubated at 37°C., and injected intracutaneously into normal rabbits, typical syphilitic lesions commonly develop at the sites of inoculation of the normal serum-spirochete mixture, while at the sites of inoculation of immune serum-spirochete mixtures usually either no lesion develops or else the incubation period of the resulting lesions is shorter and the lesions remain smaller than those produced by normal serum-spirochete mixtures. 2. In a series of preliminary experiments, of 56 areas inoculated with serum-spirochete mixtures, in 42 the suppressive action of the syphilitic serum was manifest, in 10 areas questionable evidence of protection was noted, and in 4 areas there was no evidence that the syphilitic serum had exerted a suppressive or protective action. 3. The protective action of syphilitic serum seems to have been lessened by heating to 56°C. 4. The results of the protection test in three other series of experiments were as follows: ( a ) Of 12 areas in 6 rabbits inoculated with normal serum-spirochete mixtures typical syphilitic lesions developed, while in the same number of areas inoculated with immune serum-spirochete mixtures there was complete or partial suppression of lesions in all. ( b ) Of 45 areas inoculated with serum from 10 different immune syphilitic rabbits, definite evidence of protection was observed in 37, questionable evidence in 5, and no evidence of protection in 3. ( c ) Of 8 areas in 4 rabbits inoculated with immune serum-spirochete mixtures no lesions developed during the period of observation, while of 8 areas in the same rabbits inoculated with one of two normal serum-spirochete mixtures typical syphilitic lesions developed in each.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CROSS-NATIONAL PRESENTATION OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric illness that has been recognized and described for more than 100 years. Medical descriptions of OCD symptoms appear in the nineteenth-century writings of Esquirol and Morel. Janet described an obsessional syndrome, and Freud provided some vivid descriptions of OCD traits and behaviors. Freud and other psychoanalysts have suggested some highly interesting and provocative theories relating OCD behaviors to personality.
Output capacitor stability study on a voltage-mode buck regulator using system-poles approach

System poles approach for pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) dc/dc converters analysis is developed making use of the sensitivity matrix. It combines both small-signal analysis for stability assessment and large-signal analysis for wide operating condition. This paper is particularly focused in stability study on the output capacitor capacitance and equivalent series resistance (ESR) in a buck regulator using the system poles approach. Using the system-poles approach in the output capacitance example it is found that unstable operating point possibly exists between two stable operating points for some conditions. Tends of stable-to-unstable or unstable-to-stable are observed by the z-domain poles movement with different changing circuit parameters. Making use of these tends, it is exemplified that the unstable operating point can be stabilized. This paper shows that output capacitance and ESR are critical to the stability and stability can be improved by modification on the output capacitor.
Silencing by nuclear matrix attachment distinguishes cell-type specificity: association with increased proliferation capacity

DNA loop organization by nuclear scaffold/matrix attachment is a key regulator of gene expression that may provide a means to modulate phenotype. We have previously shown that attachment of genes to the NaCl-isolated nuclear matrix correlates with their silencing in HeLa cells. In contrast, expressed genes were associated with the lithium 3,5-diiodosalicylate (LIS)-isolated nuclear scaffold. To define their role in determining phenotype matrix attached regions (MARs) on human chromosomes 14-18 were identified as a function of expression in a primary cell line. The locations of MARs in aortic adventitial fibroblast (AoAF) cells were very stable (r = 0.909) and 96% of genes attached at MARs are silent (P < 0.001). Approximately one-third of the genes uniquely expressed in AoAF cells were associated with the HeLa cell nuclear matrix and silenced. Comparatively, 81% were associated with the AoAF cell nuclear scaffold (P < 0.001) and expressed. This suggests that nuclear scaffold/matrix association mediates a portion of cell type-specific gene expression thereby modulating phenotype. Interestingly, nuclear matrix attachment and thus silencing of specific genes that regulate proliferation and maintain the integrity of the HeLa cell genome suggests that transformation may at least in part be achieved through aberrant nuclear matrix attachment.
The effects of computer‐assisted instruction and locus of control upon preservice elementary teachers' acquisition of the integrated science process skills

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) versus a text mode of programmed instruction (PI), and the cognitive style of locus of control, on preservice elementary teachers' achievement of the integrated science process skills. Eighty-one preservice elementary teachers in six sections of a science methods class were classified as internally or externally controlled. The sections were randomly assigned to receive instruction in the integrated science process skills via a microcomputer or printed text. The study used a pretest-posttest control group design. Before assessing main and interaction effects, analysis of covariance was used to adjust posttest scores using the pretest scores. Statistical analysis revealed that main effects were not significant. Additionally, no interaction effects between treatments and loci of control were demonstrated. The results suggest that printed PI and tutorial CAI are equally effective modes of instruction for teaching internally and externally oriented preservice elementary teachers the integrated science process skills.
High performance asynchronous design using single-track full-buffer standard cells

This paper presents a high-performance asynchronous template, single-track full-buffer (STFB), which achieves close to full-custom performance using a standard cell design flow and industry standard CAD tools to perform schematic capture, simulation, cell layout, and automatic placement and routing. This template and flow is demonstrated and evaluated with the implementation of a 64-bit asynchronous prefix adder, and its test circuitry, using the TSMC 0.25-/spl mu/m process. The 64-bit asynchronous prefix adder layout requires 0.96 mm/sup 2/ and the entire 260-k transistor test chip reaches a measured throughput of 1.45GHz. The design demonstrates that the STFB template can yield three times higher throughput with approximately half of the area of comparable quasi-delay-insensitive (QDI) templates, requires less timing assumptions than ultra-high-speed GasP bundled-data circuits, and can be designed with an automated place and route flow.
Long Waves and Social Structures of Accumulation: A Critique and Reinterpretation:

This paper offers a critique and reinterpretation of the social structure of accumulation (SSA) approach to long waves in economic growth. The SSA approach is contrasted to earlier theories of long...
The Paralogous Genes RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1 and SIMILAR TO RCD ONE1 Have Partially Redundant Functions during Arabidopsis Development

RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1 (RCD1) and SIMILAR TO RCD ONE1 (SRO1) are the only two proteins encoded in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome containing both a putative poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase catalytic domain and a WWE protein-protein interaction domain, although similar proteins have been found in other eukaryotes. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases mediate the attachment of ADP-ribose units from donor NAD+ molecules to target proteins and have been implicated in a number of processes, including DNA repair, apoptosis, transcription, and chromatin remodeling. We have isolated mutants in both RCD1 and SRO1, rcd1-3 and sro1-1, respectively. rcd1-3 plants display phenotypic defects as reported for previously isolated alleles, most notably reduced stature. In addition, rcd1-3 mutants display a number of additional developmental defects in root architecture and maintenance of reproductive development. While single mutant sro1-1 plants are relatively normal, loss of a single dose of SRO1 in the rcd1-3 background increases the severity of several developmental defects, implying that these genes do share some functions. However, rcd1-3 and sro1-1 mutants behave differently in several developmental events and abiotic stress responses, suggesting that they also have distinct functions. Remarkably, rcd1-3; sro1-1 double mutants display severe defects in embryogenesis and postembryonic development. This study shows that RCD1 and SRO1 are at least partially redundant and that they are essential genes for plant development.
A LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE PROGRESS OF THE PSYCHIATRIC NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP AS DESCRIBED BY PEPLAU

Knowledge is limited with regard to the progress of the nurse and patient through the phases of the psychiatric nurse-patient relationship (PNPR). Relationship progress is indicative of patient progress in the healing and recovery process. Hildegard Peplau described the phases of the therapeutic relationship in her Interpersonal Relations Theory (IRT). This review of literature describes the state of nursing science using IRT as the theoretical framework. Research conducted on the progress of the PNPR has generated evidence of the relevance of IRT to clinical practice, the importance of the PNPR to the patients themselves, and the importance of nursing knowledge regarding the progress of the orientation phase of the PNPR to patient care. However, all studies were done in Canada, and additional studies are needed. Knowledge of the relationship established between psychiatric nurses and patients is essential to the nursing process in psychiatric mental health settings.
Emergence in the deep sea: Evidence from harpacticoid copepods

In coastal waters, individuals of many benthic species make temporary excursions into the water column, a behavior called emergence. The reasons for this behavior are not well established, but some that have been suggested apply equally well to the deep sea, and some sediment-trap data suggest that emergence occurs in the deep sea. To investigate this possibility, we collected sediment cores and placed inverted-funnel traps at 3087 m depth on the continental slope off central California (36141.91 0 N 12310.14 0 W) for 36 days and investigated a representative taxon, the harpacticoid copepods. Although our methods probably produced underestimates, at least 4 of 55 species emerged, so conceptualizations about the ecology of deep-sea-sediment communities should include the idea that some benthic species use the near-bottom flow to change locations. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Aspirin and colorectal cancer: Back to the Future

Abundant epidemiological evidence indicates that regular and long term use of aspirin is associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). The long duration of aspirin needed to prevent CRC is believed to be due to inhibition of precursor lesions known as adenomas, whose recurrence is inhibited by aspirin in randomized trials. Aspirin intake has also been associated with a statistically significant improvement in patient survival after curative resection of CRC in large observational studies. In these cohorts, the survival benefit of aspirin was shown to depend upon the level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the primary CRC. More recent analysis of patient tumors from these observational cohorts suggests that the benefit of aspirin may be limited to specific molecular subtypes. Aspirin intake following CRC resection was associated with a significant improvement of survival in patients whose tumors carried mutant, but not wild-type, copies of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3KCA) gene, especially tumors that overexpressed COX-2. A mechanistic explanation is suggested by the finding that inhibition of COX-mediated prostaglandin E2 synthesis by aspirin attenuates PI3K signaling activity that is known to regulate cancer cell proliferation and survival. Aspirin has also been shown to reduce the incidence of CRCs bearing wild-type, but not mutant alleles of the BRAFV600E oncogene. While provocative, the potential utility of these molecular markers for predicting aspirin efficacy awaits prospective evaluation in clinical trials. If validated, these finding may support a personalized approach to using aspirin for the therapy of CRC. -
Nonglobal Parameter Estimation Using Local Ensemble Kalman Filtering

We study parameter estimation for non-global parameters in a low-dimensional chaotic model using the local ensemble transform Kalman lter (LETKF). By modifying existing techniques for using observational data to estimate global parameters, we present a methodology whereby spatially-varying parameters can be estimated using observations only within a localized region of space. Taking a low-dimensional nonlinear chaotic conceptual model for atmospheric dynamics as our numerical testbed, we show that this parameter estimation methodology accurately estimates parameters which vary in both space and time, as well as parameters representing physics absent from the model.
Seasonality of symbiotic Prochloron (Prochlorophyta) and its didemnid host in the northern Gulf of California

Abstract Prochloron didemni (Lewin) white Lewin, a prokaryotic unicell grows in films on the external surfaces of part of the population of the colonial tunicate Didemnum sp. in intertidal areas of the northern Gulf of California. Seasonal abundance of P. didemni and its host were monitored for 13 months at Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico. Prochloron didemni was most abundant in summer. In months when water temperatures were above 21°C, the number of Didemnum colonies with attached Prochloron correlated significantly with sea surface temperature. The number of colonies with P. didemni was at a minimum in winter and was not significantly correlated with temperatures less than 21°C. Abundance of Didemnum colonies varied independently of P. didemni abundance and showed no apparent seasonal cycle. Individual colonies frequently were overgrown by other sessile organisms or buried by sand. Prochloran didemni was more commonly found on large host colonies than small, although no more than 43% of Didemnum colonies...
Studying the development of learning and task motivation

Abstract This commentary focuses on the papers by Nurmi and Aunola and by Spinath and Spinath. I discuss the difficulty in testing the hypothesis that ability self concepts influence developmental changes in learning and task motivation. I point to the following concerns: (1) the difficulty in conceptualizing and then measuring these concepts well; (2) the likely reciprocal relations among the key constructs (i.e., learning and task motivation, self-concepts of abilities, feelings of efficacy, and actual performance); (3) the difficulty in finding the “right” lagged time frame for testing the hypothesis; (4) the need to take into account the developmental changes associated with all of the relevant constructs in designing our studies; (5) the need to take into account individual differences in both the course of developmental changes on each of the relevant constructs and the nature of the relations among the constructs; and (6) the importance of person-centered approaches.
Heat Losses From Underground Steam Pipelines

A new transient solution describing the heat transfer around a single buried steam pipe was developed. The solution technique uses Green's functions and is particularly appropriate at distances greater than two or three pipe radii from the pipe. The solution models the pipe as a line heat source and considers a convective boundary condition at the soil surface. It was shown that for long time periods, the solution reduces to a steady-state expression that is believed to describe heat loss rates better than some current, commonly used steady-state relations. The solution was used with parameter estimation techniques to design an experimental procedure for determining buried steam pipe heat loss rates and depths from near-surface soil temperature measurements. Sensitivity coefficients derived from the solution were used to identify the linearly independent parameters and the optimum locations for the temperature measurements. An example of the use of this procedure is presented.
Stable Chromosome Condensation Revealed by Chromosome Conformation Capture

Chemical cross-linking and DNA sequencing have revealed regions of intra-chromosomal interaction, referred to as topologically associating domains (TADs), interspersed with regions of little or no interaction, in interphase nuclei. We find that TADs and the regions between them correspond with the bands and interbands of polytene chromosomes of Drosophila. We further establish the conservation of TADs between polytene and diploid cells of Drosophila. From direct measurements on light micrographs of polytene chromosomes, we then deduce the states of chromatin folding in the diploid cell nucleus. Two states of folding, fully extended fibers containing regulatory regions and promoters, and fibers condensed up to 10-fold containing coding regions of active genes, constitute the euchromatin of the nuclear interior. Chromatin fibers condensed up to 30-fold, containing coding regions of inactive genes, represent the heterochromatin of the nuclear periphery. A convergence of molecular analysis with direct observation thus reveals the architecture of interphase chromosomes.
Coherent Optical OFDM Systems Using Self Optical Carrier Extraction

We propose a new coherent optical OFDM system architecture using self optical carrier extraction. It requires simplified DSP at the coherent receiver. The system shows good tolerance to phase noise, laser linewidth, and fiber nonlinearity.
Fat Calories May be Preferentially Stored in Reduced-Obese Women: A Permissive Pathway for Resumption of the Obese State*

We previously demonstrated in unpaired studies that corn oil ingestion at the beginning of a euglycemic insulin clamp study decreased the responsiveness of gluteal adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (ATLPL) to glucose/insulin in lean subjects. In this investigation, we performed paired euglycemic insulin clamp studies with glucose/insulin with or without oral corn oil in each of six lean [mean, 64 ± 3 (±se) kg] normal women and nine moderately obese (91 ± 3 kg) women before and after 12.4 ± 1.4-kg weight loss and 3 months of weight maintenance to determine if the inhibitory effect of fat calories existed in each of these states. In the obese women the fasting ATLPL activity [5.6 ± 1.1 (±se) neq FFA/106 cells-min] was greater than in the normal women (1.6 ± 0.2) and did not change after weight loss and maintenance (5.0 ± 0.7). As expected, in normal women corn oil ingestion diminished the responsiveness of ATLPL to glucose/insulin [change (Δ), 0.2 ± 0.2 vs. 3.3 ± 0.8; P < 0.02] during a 6-h euglycemic insul...
Near-infrared spectrophotometric determination of compositions of fullerene samples.

A novel method has been developed for the sensitive and accurate determination of compositions of fullerene samples. The method is based on the synergistic use of spectrophotometric measurements and partial least square method. The method is not only simple, inexpensive and fast but also is non-destructive. Compositions of various fullerene samples including fullerite which is the precusor to C 60 and C70, can be directly and non-destructively determined by this method without any time-consuming separation step as in the HPLC method or destruction as in the MS method. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
La relevancia moral de la identidad cultural

Este articulo presenta argumentos a favor del diseno de politicas publicas sensibles al desafio multicultural y, en especial, a la circunstancia de que la cultura es un elemento crucial para la identidad individual. En primer lugar, repasa la querella entre liberales y comunitaristas como la fuente del actual debate. Luego, analiza la reaccion de Rawls ante la critica comunitarista. En tercer lugar, expone criticamente las tres grandes concepciones-modelo que intentan hacerse cargo del pluralismo cultural. Y, para finalizar, esboza una posible respuesta a las demandas de las minorias etnicas.
Law and discretion in the contemporary Chinese courts

This article examines the three types of judicial discretion that exists in any legal system – fact based discretion; self-interested discretion, and ideological discretion -- in the context of China. Through its procedural laws, the Chinese legal system demonstrated a continuing preference for informality and flexibility. While concept of supervision and the procedure of adjudication supervision are efforts to constrain fact-based and self-serving personal discretion, the concept of “supervision” is also a window to ensure ideological compliance in individual judicial work.
A microelectromechanical system for nano-scale testing of one dimensional nanostructures

In situ electron microscopy tensile tests of nanowires and carbon nanotubes performed using a MEMS-based material testing system are reported. The development of the material testing system (previously reported elsewhere 23–26 ) is briefly reviewed. This system, consisting of a surface micromachined actuator and load sensor, makes possible continuous observation of specimen deformation and failure with sub-nanometer resolution, while simultaneously measuring the applied load electronically with nanonewton resolution. This letter begins with a brief review of some of the methods used in mechanical characterization of nanoscale specimens, followed by a description of the MEMS-based material testing system. Finally, emphasis is placed on experimental results demonstrating the advantages of the MEMS-based system.
Helminth infections: a new global women's health agenda.

Emerging evidence over the past decade has implicated helminth infections as important yet stealth causes of adverse pregnancy outcomes and impaired women's reproductive health. The two most important helminth infections affecting women living in poverty in Africa and elsewhere in the developing wor
An ounce of time, a pound of responsibilities and a ton of weight to lose: An autoethnographic journey of barriers, message adherence and the weight-loss process

This article uses an autoethnographic approach to determine how the intersectionality of identities affects message perceptions about weight loss from the lens of two doctoral students. This autoethnography links our personal experiences with the societal and cultural phenomena of obesity and weight loss, and the rhetoric of messages. We know there is a gap in public relations literature about autoethnography, health communication and intersectionality, and we hope to fill it. We also know health communicators seek more effective ways to reach an increasingly diverse audience; we hope to shed light on the issue. We know that many women want to lose weight and hope our narratives will resonate with them. Finally, we recognize autoethnographic skeptics exist in academia, and we hope our article provides insight into and understanding of the usefulness of autoethnographies in the field of public relations.
Biotechnology and the Normative Significance of Human Nature: A Contribution from Theological Anthropology:

Does human nature possess normative significance? If so, what is it and what implications does it have for biotechnology? This essay critically examines three answers to these questions. One answer...
Communication Partner Training in Aphasia: An Updated Systematic Review.

Abstract Objectives To update a previous systematic review describing the effect of communication partner training on individuals with aphasia and their communication partners, with clinical questions addressing effects of partner training on language, communication activity/participation, psychosocial adjustment, and quality of life. Data Sources Twelve electronic databases were searched using 23 search terms. References from relevant articles were hand searched. Study Selection Three reviewers independently reviewed abstracts, excluding those that failed to meet inclusion criteria. Thirty-two full text articles were reviewed by 2 independent reviewers. Articles not meeting inclusion criteria were eliminated, resulting in a corpus of 25 articles for full review. Data Extraction For the 25 articles, 1 reviewer extracted descriptive data regarding participants, intervention, outcome measures, and results. A second reviewer verified the accuracy of the extracted data. Data Synthesis The 3-member review team classified studies using the American Academy of Neurology levels of evidence. Two independent reviewers evaluated each article using design-specific tools to assess research quality. Conclusions All 25 of the current review articles reported positive changes from partner training. Therefore, to date, 56 studies across 2 systematic reviews have reported positive outcomes from communication partner training in aphasia. The results of the current review are consistent with the previous review and necessitate no change to the earlier recommendations, suggesting that communication partner training should be conducted to improve partner skill in facilitating the communication of people with chronic aphasia. Additional high-quality research is needed to strengthen the original 2010 recommendations and expand recommendations to individuals with acute aphasia. High-quality clinical trials are also needed to demonstrate implementation of communication partner training in complex environments (eg, health care).
Scheme and Application of IEC 61850 Standard Conformance Test

An IEC 61850 standard conformance testing system is described, including the IED server simulator, client software, system configuration tools, IED configuration tools and protocol analysis tools. An integrated scheme for IEC 61850 standard conformance testing realization in substations is put forward. By using the IEC 61850 standard conformance testing simulation and training system, two 110kV substations of Xi’an Electric Power Supply Corporation have been tested. The analysis and research on the test results has verified the IEC 61850 standard communication functions. The existing problems are also discussed.
Study on Detection of Spectinomycin by Electrochemiluminescence Method Using Electrode Ru(bpy)_3~(2+)-N-C

Nafion-doped multiwall carbon nanotube composite film was used to fix Ru(bpy)2+3 on glassy carbon electrode surface and electrode Ru(bpy)2+3-N-C was obtained.The presence of spectinomycin in the phosphate buffer solution could enhance the electrogenerated chemiluminescent signals strongly.Thus,spectinomycin could be detected by using Ru(bpy)2+3-N-C electrode under optimized conditions.The linear range was 1.0×10-5~2.0×10-4mol·L-1 with the detection limit of 2.5×10-6mol·L-1.The method was used to detect spectinomycin in urine sample,and the recovery was 87.1%~120.2%.
GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT OF REVENUE BY LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN NIGERIA

This paper is concerned with the, "Generation and Management of Revenue by Local Government in Nigeria" (A Study of Enugu North Local Government Council) has been carried out. In this study, data was generated and analysed. In the cause of this study, the researcher made use of multiple data gathering to achieve precision and reliable results, whereby there are total of 800 employees in Enugu North Local Government; 250 were returned from a population of 266 sample size and the method of statistical analysis used in arriving at the sample size is called Yaro Yamani formular. The respondents were sered with self administered questionnaires, personal interview was also conducted. Research questions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were used and tesed, from which the following findings were made. It was discovered that there were two principal sources of Revenue generation available to Local Government Council. These consist of grants from state and federal, internally generated from commercial activities rent from council property etc various problems were identified as factors responsible for low revenue generation, (example tax evasion e.t.c.) based on the analysis the study then concludes and made some recommendations as follows; (1) That there should be proper internal control to checkmate the proper handling of revenue generated from tax. (2) Hiring of qualified staff for the entire revenue department.
WHY HEALTHCARE REFORM MAY UNLEASH A LITIGATION EXPLOSION

One aspect of healthcare reform that has been largely overlooked is the expansion of antidiscrimination laws far beyond the traditional grounds of race, sex, age, and religion. Added to this is a provision giving individuals the broad right to sue over "government-guaranteed" medical treatment. What are the implications of such sweeping reforms? According to law professor Bradley A. Smith, a new wave of litigation is a real possibility.
The art and science of mechanical ventilator adjustments.

Adjusting mechanical ventilator settings based on assessment data requires understanding of arterial blood gases, concepts of ventilation and oxygenation, and limitations of monitoring devices. This article examines the scientific methods of adjusting mechanical ventilator settings using established guidelines and formulas.
Whither Modernisation and Militarisation? Implications for International Security and Arms Control

Modernisation and militarisation are closely associated. Militarisation responds to the imperatives arising from the global modernising process begun five centuries ago with the rise of the territorial state and with the destruction of the European feudalism and its gradual replacement by capitalist-based economy.1 To establish this association — and the direct and indirect causal connection between them — the discussion below first defines the principal characteristics of modernisation as a global process of socio-economic change and political transformation and defines militarisation in terms that can be linked to key characteristics of modernisation. Some of the implications of this argument for global arms control accords are subsequently outlined in the concluding section. Aims of modernisation will have to be redirected and the means used by the world community in this pursuit will have to be redefined if militarisation is to remain the servant, not master, of modernisation.
Indium-defect interactions in FCC and BCC metals studied using the modified embedded atom method

With the aim of developing a transferable potential set capable of predicting defect formation, defect association, and diffusion properties in a wide range of intermetallic compounds, the present study was undertaken to test parameterization strategies for determining empirical pair-wise interaction parameters in the modified embedded atom method (MEAM) developed by Baskes and coworkers. This report focuses on indium-solute and indium-vacancy interactions in FCC and BCC metals, for which a large set of experimental data obtained from perturbed angular correlation measurements is available for comparison. Simulation results were found to be in good agreement with experimental values after model parameters had been adjusted to reproduce as best as possible the following two sets of quantities: (1) lattice parameters, formation enthalpies, and bulk moduli of hypothetical equiatomic compounds with the NaCl crystal structure determined using density functional theory and (2) dilute solution enthalpies in metals as predicted by Miedema’s semi-empirical model.