cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell cycle effects of nitric oxide on vascular smooth muscle cells

We characterized the cell cycle block induced by nitric oxide (NO) on smooth muscle cells (SMC). We hypothesized that the inhibition of SMC proliferation by NO was due to a specific block in cell cycle progression. Treatment of cultured rat aortic SMC with the NO donors S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine or S-nitrosoglutathione (0.1 mM for 48 h) resulted in a 50% decrease (P < 0.05) in the fraction of cells in the S and G2 + M phases and a corresponding increase in the G1 fraction, suggesting that NO inhibits entry into S phase, causing accumulation of cells in G1 phase. Application of both NO donors to cycling SMC resulted in a short-term, concentration-dependent (0.06-0.3 mM) inhibition of ongoing DNA synthesis as measured by radiothymidine incorporation, demonstrating that NO causes an S-phase arrest. The S-phase arrest by NO was not mimicked by exogenous guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP, 10 mM) and was associated with, but not due to, a 20% inhibition of RNA synthesis. The S-phase block was completely reversed within 2 h of removal of the NO donors, similar to inhibition by the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea. Prolonged treatment of SMC with either NO donor (0.1 mM) did not synchronize cells at the G1-S boundary as expected after a prolonged S-phase arrest, but instead induced a quiescent G0-like state characterized by a 12- to 18-h lag before DNA synthesis returned to normal levels after NO removal. These findings demonstrate that NO inhibition of SMC proliferation is associated with two distinct and reversible cell cycle arrests, an immediate cGMP-independent S-phase block followed by a shift back in the cell cycle from the G1-S boundary to a quiescent G0-like state.
Visual Diagnosis: Pinpoint, Nonfollicular, Sterile Pustules on Edematous Erythema in a 15-year-old.

1. Kirishanth Perinpanathan, MD* 2. Edward Heilman, MD, FAAD† 3. Haamid Chamdawala, MD, MPH‡ 1. *Department of Family Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY. 2. †Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY. 3. ‡Department of Pediatrics, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY. A 15-year-old previously healthy teen comes to the emergency department with a 2-week history of a generalized pustular rash. The rash initially appeared while she was on a cruise to the Bahamas as multiple red, itchy, raised, pinpoint lesions over her inguinal areas accompanied by a fever. Within the next 24 hours, the rash rapidly progressed to involve her entire body, and both of her feet and ankles swelled. She was evaluated by her pediatrician and prescribed hydroxyzine and hydrocortisone cream, which provided little relief. She visits the emergency department today due to the worsening of her symptoms and is admitted for further evaluation. She reports taking dimenhydrinate for motion sickness 2 days before her rash appeared. She has not been exposed to new soaps or skin emollients. She has no history of any viral illness. She had used the cruise swimming pool but had not swum in the ocean. She has no known drug allergies and no family history of atopic dermatitis or autoimmune disease. On physical examination, she has a temperature of 38.5°C (101.3°F) and is in mild discomfort from the pruritic rash. Skin examination reveals numerous small (pinhead-sized), nonfollicular pustules over a diffuse erythematous and edematous base (Fig 1) accompanied by generalized scaling and active desquamation of the skin (Fig. 2). She has no palpable lymph nodes. There is no mucous membrane involvement and Nikolsky sign is negative on both affected and healthy skin. Figure 1. Numerous …
Spectral narrowing and spin echo for localized carriers with heavy-tailed Lévy distribution of hopping times

We study analytically the free induction decay and the spin echo decay originating from the localized carriers moving between the sites which host random magnetic fields. Due to disorder in the site positions and energies, the on-site residence times, $\ensuremath{\tau}$, are widely spread according to the L\'evy distribution. The power-law tail $\ensuremath{\propto}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ in the distribution of $\ensuremath{\tau}$ does not affect the conventional spectral narrowing for $\ensuremath{\alpha}g2$ but leads to a dramatic acceleration of the free induction decay in the domain $2g\ensuremath{\alpha}g1$. The next abrupt acceleration of the decay takes place as $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ becomes smaller than 1. In the latter domain the decay does not follow a simple-exponent law. To capture the behavior of the average spin in this domain, we solve the evolution equation for the average spin using the approach different from the conventional approach based on the Laplace transform. Unlike the free induction decay, the tail in the distribution of the residence times leads to the slow decay of the spin echo. The echo is dominated by realizations of the carrier motion for which the number of sites, visited by the carrier, is minimal.
Nursing workload in the acute-care setting: A concept analysis of nursing workload.

Abstract Background A pressing need in the field of nursing is the identification of optimal staffing levels to ensure patient safety. Effective staffing requires comprehensive measurement of nursing workload to determine staffing needs. Issues surrounding nursing workload are complex, and the volume of workload is growing; however, many workload systems do not consider the numerous workload factors that impact nursing today. Purpose The purpose of this concept analysis was to better understand and define nursing workload as it relates to the acute-care setting. Methods Rogers' evolutionary method was used for this literature-based concept analysis. Discussion Nursing workload is influenced by more than patient care. The proposed definition of nursing workload may help leaders identify workload that is unnoticed and unmeasured. Conclusion These findings could help leaders consider and identify workload that is unnecessary, redundant, or more appropriate for assignment to other members of the health care team.
Introducing molaR: a New R Package for Quantitative Topographic Analysis of Teeth (and Other Topographic Surfaces)

Researchers studying mammalian dentitions from functional and adaptive perspectives increasingly have moved towards using dental topography measures that can be estimated from 3D surface scans, which do not require identification of specific homologous landmarks. Here we present molaR, a new R package designed to assist researchers in calculating four commonly used topographic measures: Dirichlet Normal Energy (DNE), Relief Index (RFI), Orientation Patch Count (OPC), and Orientation Patch Count Rotated (OPCR) from surface scans of teeth, enabling a unified application of these informative new metrics. In addition to providing topographic measuring tools, molaR has complimentary plotting functions enabling highly customizable visualization of results. This article gives a detailed description of the DNE measure, walks researchers through installing, operating, and troubleshooting molaR and its functions, and gives an example of a simple comparison that measured teeth of the primates Alouatta and Pithecia in molaR and other available software packages. molaR is a free and open source software extension, which can be found at the doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3563.4961 (molaR v. 2.0) as well as on the Internet repository CRAN, which stores R packages.
High-Rate and Low-Complexity Space-Time Block Codes for $2 \times 2$ MIMO Systems

The main design criteria for space-time block codes (STBCs) are the code rate, diversity order, coding gain, and low decoder complexity. In this letter, we propose a full-rate full-diversity STBC for $2 \times 2$ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with a substantially lower maximum likelihood (ML) detection complexity than that of existing schemes. This makes the implementation of high-performance full-rate codes feasible for practical systems. Our numerical evaluation shows that the proposed code achieves significantly lower decoding complexity while maintaining a similar performance compared to that of existing rate-2 STBCs.
Single Network Adaptive Critic aided Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion with Optimal Control Modification for Fast Adaptation of MRAC Flight Control

This paper presents a Single Network Adaptive Critic (SNAC) aided Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (NDI) optimization controller with a Proportional-Derivative (PD) based Optimal Control Modification (OCM) design for fast pitch rate adaptation in an MRAC flight control system. The advantages of adding SNAC to the NDI MRAC controller with OCM adaptation are presented. It is seen from simulation results that the SNAC aided NDI controller with the OCM adaptation has fewer high frequency oscillations and increased robustness to the different network architectures of the OCM. Three variations of OCM uncertainty estimation basis functions, namely the OCM – Linear (OCM-L), OCM – Bias (OCM-B) and OCM Linear and Bias (OCM-LB) are included in this paper. The responses of the SNAC aided NDI and traditional NDI controllers, using the same OCM adaptation technique are compared. Simulation results run on a nonlinear model of a small single piston engine are included for demonstration.
ADULT MOVEMENTS AND POPULATION STRUCTURE IN EUPHYDRYAS EDITHA.

In recent years it has become increasingly apparent that many natural populations are subdivided into smaller units with an effective breeding size well below that at which drift and inbreeding begin to play a major role in determining gene frequencies (Petras, 1967; Reimer and Petras, 1967; Selander, 1970). Evidence from several of these studies indicates that subdivision is achieved in part by various behavioral devices which limit movement between these units and result in very small home ranges (Selander, 1970). This study was undertaken to discover whether subdivisions such as these exist within local populations of the checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas editha. The biology of E. editha has been under constant study by Ehrlich and his coworkers at Stanford since 1960. Although this work has recently been expanded into a broad ecological comparison of numerous populations of this insect (see, for example, Singer, 1971; Gilbert and Singer, 1973), the most intensively studied colony is located at Stanford University's Jasper Ridge Biological Experimental Area, San Mateo County, California. Here it occupies an "island" of grassland at the top of a ridge in the Santa Cruz Mountains at an altitude of about 600 feet. The grassland is surrounded by an essentially continuous band of chaparral and oak woodland. A concentrated capture-mark-releaserecapture program has been conducted at
Statistical analysis of public perceptions of water infrastructure sustainability in shrinking cities

Population contraction has afflicted a number of U.S. cities, presenting problems as the infrastructure becomes overbuilt for shrinking populations. Civic authorities have options to make infrastructure sustainable in light of urban decline including decommissioning or raising service costs to sustain existing infrastructure. This paper conducts a survey and statistical analysis of public opinions towards water infrastructure decommissioning and raising costs in U.S. shrinking cities, to identify groups likely to oppose these alternatives and hamper sustainability efforts. The analysis found a range of socio-economic factors affecting residents' likelihood of opposition and that their impacts vary considerably across the population. One critical finding is that only approximately 50% of respondents are aware their city is shrinking and that these residents have significantly different views on sustainability options. The statistical findings provide important initial information on how residents are likel...
Les droits collectifs comme droits-libertés (Collective Rights as Liberties)

French Abstract: Au-dela des usages purement rhetoriques, les droits collectifs renvoient essentiellement a l’exercice du pouvoir politique. Loin de s’identifier au droit de secession ou de representer la conclusion d’une recherche de privileges garantis par l’Etat, les droits collectifs assoient le pouvoir des individus de se constituer en communautes politiques ayant le pouvoir de legiferer de facto sur les matieres locales. Cette conception des droits collectifs comme droits-libertes participe d’une longue tradition occidentale, tout en etant logiquement et economiquement defendable. English Abstract: Beyond purely rhetorical uses, collective rights belong essentially to the question of political power. A collective right is not a right of secession, nor is it the conclusion of lobbying efforts to obtain legal privileges protected by the State. Collective rights are the rights of individuals to constitute themselves into apolitical community with a de facto legislative power over local matters. This idea of collective rights as liberties shares in a long Western tradition, while being defensible both logically and economically.
Contributions of risk and protective factors to prediction of psychological symptoms after traumatic experiences

Abstract Objective Traumatic experiences cause considerable suffering and place a burden on society due to lost productivity, increases in suicidality, violence, criminal behavior, and psychological disorder. The impact of traumatic experiences is complicated because many factors affect individuals' responses. By employing several methodological improvements, we sought to identify risk factors that would account for a greater proportion of variance in later disorder than prior studies. Method In a sample of 129 traumatically injured hospital patients and family members of injured patients, we studied pre-trauma, time of trauma, and post-trauma psychosocial risk and protective factors hypothesized to influence responses to traumatic experiences and posttraumatic (PT) symptoms (including symptoms of PTSD, depression, negative thinking, and dissociation) two months after trauma. Results The risk factors were all significantly correlated with later PT symptoms, with post-trauma life stress, post-trauma social support, and acute stress symptoms showing the strongest relationships. A hierarchical regression, in which the risk factors were entered in 6 steps based on their occurrence in time, showed the risks accounted for 72% of the variance in later symptoms. Most of the variance in PT symptoms was shared among many risk factors, and pre-trauma and post-trauma risk factors accounted for the most variance. Conclusions Collectively, the risk factors accounted for more variance in later PT symptoms than in previous studies. These risk factors may identify individuals at risk for PT psychological disorders and targets for treatment.
Inhibition studies of rat citrate synthase.

The inhibition of rat kidney citrate synthase (citrate oxalacetate lyase (coenzyme A-acetylating) EC 4.1.3.7) by various CoA derivatives, adenine nucleotides, salts, and carboxylate anions was studied. The data were consistent with a random mechanism. These interactions are also considered in relation to the active site and in terms of the possible regulatory significance of those interactions.
Carbon Nanofiber Electrode Arrays for Smart Deep Brain Stimulation: Exploring growth and new applications

Since their discovery [1], carbon nanotubes have been used in everything from lightweight composites to electrical components in sensors and electronics. The development of substrate-grown vertically aligned carbon nanotubes by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD ) [2] spurred on exciting new applications in electronics, field emission, and sensors. These materials were later called carbon nanofibers (CN Fs). This article describes the growth, characterization, and electrical properties of CN Fs and their use as stimulating and sensing electrodes in neuromodulation applications.
Palm Print Identification and Verification Using a Genetic-Based Feature Extraction Technique

In this paper, we investigate the performance of two feature extraction techniques on palm prints images. The first is the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) feature extraction technique. The second is the Genetic and Evolutionary Feature Extraction (GEFE) technique. A set of feature extractors are evolved by GEFE and the average and best performance of the extractors are compared to the best scheme of LBP. The techniques are tested on left hand, right hand and combined hand datasets. The results show varying performances between the extraction techniques, but the GEFE approach is promising.
Sulfate-Incarcerating Nanojars: Solution and Solid-State Studies, Sulfate Extraction from Water, and Anion Exchange with Carbonate.

A series of 9 homologous sulfate-incarcerating nanojars [SO4⊂{Cu(OH)(pz)}n]2– (Cun; n = 27–33; pz = pyrazolate), based on combinations of three [Cu(OH)(pz)]x rings (x = 6–14, except 11)—namely, 6 + 12 + 9 (Cu27), 6 + 12 + 10 (Cu28), 8 + 13 + 8 (Cu29), 7 + 13 + 9 (Cu29), 8 + 14 + 8 (Cu30), 7 + 14 + 9 (Cu30), 8 + 14 + 9 (Cu31), 8 + 14 + 10 (Cu32), and 9 + 14 + 10 (Cu33)—has been obtained and characterized by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. The X-ray crystal structure of Cu29 (8 + 13 + 8) is described. Cu32 and Cu33, which are the largest nanojars in this series, are observed for the first time. Despite extensive overlap at a given temperature, monitoring the temperature-dependent variation of paramagnetically shifted pyrazole and OH proton signals in 60 different 1H NMR spectra over a temperature range of 25–150 °C and a chemical shift range from 41 ppm to −59 ppm permits the assignment of individual protons in six different...
Abstract 092: Uterine Artery Dysfunction in ACE2 Deficient Mice is Associated with Placental Hypoxia and Reduced Umbilical Flow

Intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR), one of the serious complications of pregnancy, increases the risk for perinatal morbidity and mortality, and cardiovascular and renal abnormalities later in life. The components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are important mediators of uteroplacental vasculature during pregnancy. The distribution of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key enzyme of the RAS, is described in the invading and intravascular trophoblasts, decidual cells and in the umbilical cord. Deletion of ACE2 restricts fetal weight gain and reduces fetal-to-placental weights ratio. ACE2 deficiency results in augmented uterine artery contractility to Ang II at mid-gestation. In this study we determined whether uterine artery dysfunction is associated with placental abnormalities in ACE2 KO mice at mid-gestation. Systolic blood pressures were higher in pregnant ACE2 KO vs. C57BL/6 wild type (WT) (102.3±5.1 vs. 85.1±1.9 mmHg). Urinary protein excretion, serum creatinine, mean kidney or heart weights were not different in ACE2 KO vs. WT. Fetal weight, normalized to tibia length, and pup-to-placental weight ratio were lower in ACE2 KO vs. WT (p 2 8.64±0.04 vs. 8.5±0.03, p
Climate and Music, Beyond Sonification: Balance-Unbalance 2016

Existing methods of linking climate and music exist, but do they lead to action to address amplifying and changing climate related risks? At Balance-Unbalance 2016 in Colombia, a session was facilitated to explore new modalities of linking climate and music. The session revealed a potential to further develop modes to convey this relationship, leveraging the ubiquity of music-driven emotional response and universality of feeling, but likely not responding to, climate.
The War On Poverty's Health Legacy: What It Was And Why It Matters.

The movement to promote a culture of health bears many similarities to another large-scale and ambitious effort from more than fifty years ago: President Lyndon Johnson’s War on Poverty. Long a target of critics of all ideological persuasions, the War on Poverty, through its heritage, offers an instructive precedent for champions of the culture of health movement. This essay examines two regional-level War on Poverty health endeavors, one each in New York City and Los Angeles. They show the influence the War on Poverty had on the ground in widening the health care safety net, implementing holistic models of care, and facilitating community involvement in the leadership of larger health care institutions.
Understanding Scientists’ Willingness to Engage:

A set of parallel surveys of scientists from multiple scientific societies finds that the most consistent predictors of willingness to take part in engagement activities with the public are a belie...
Localization of Sound

The ability to localize the source of a sound is important to the survival of human beings and other animals. Although we regard sound localization as a common, natural ability, it is actually rather complicated. It involves a number of different physical, psychological, and physiological, processes. The processes are different depending on where the sound happens to be with respect to the your head. We begin with sound localization in the horizontal plane.
Selective Modifications of Cyclodextrins

It is indeed a pleasure and an honor to present this talk at the beautiful and ancient city of Santiago de Compostela and I would like to thank the organizers for giving me an opportunity to do so. We all love cyclodextrins and we like to study them, use them, play with them and even make some money out of them. The question is, if they are so incredible molecules, why do we need to change them? The answer is that in spite of their extraordinary properties, limitations of available functional groups and rigidity of their structure restrict our ability to utilize them. A number of very prominent chemists have attempted to rectify this situation and have provided us with methods to modify them.1 In this talk, I will present our contribution to this effort. I will first introduce the chemistry involved in selective modification of cyclodextrin, then I will discuss mono-modification of cyclodextrins in which we have attached the same group (4-methylamino-3-nitro-benzyl group) selectively at the 2-, 3- and the 6-positions. I will then present our contribution in per-modification of cyclodextrins.
Space-Time in the Quantum World

Consider pairs of electrons produced in the singlet state and allowed to separate to a very great distance. We know from the work of Bell that no theory can predict violations of Bell’s inequality for spin measurements on those pairs if it satisfied two conditions. The first (condition a) is that the theory ascribe either a single initial state or a convex sum of states to the ensemble of pairs such that the initial states are statistically independent of the spin measurements later carried out on the electrons. The second (condition b) is most easily understood if expressed differently for deterministic and for stochastic theories. For a deterministic theory we require (condition b′) that the theory determine the results of each measurement solely on the basis of the initial state and the details of the measurement carried out on that particle. For a stochastic theory we demand (condition b*) that the theory assign probabilities for measurement results based solely on the initial state and the measurement carried out on a single electron, which probabilities are unchanged when one conditionalizes on the measurements and results obtained on the other particle in the pair. (Conditions b′ and b* are really the same condition, expressed in the one case appropriately to a deterministic theory, in the other for an indeterministic one. A theory which violates b′ also violates b* since conditionalizing on information about the measurement carried out on the second electron can render the result of the first measurement certain.) Einstein et al. (1935) had already pointed out the impossibility of a non-deterministic theory which obeys a and b* to recover the predictions of quantum theory, and so argued in favor of a deterministic theory. Bell showed that no deterministic theory obeying a and b′ could recover all of the predictions of quantum mechanics. The later work of Greenberger et al. (1989) showed that the reference to ensembles is otiose: there can be individual triples of particles such that no initial state of type a can recover all of the predictions of quantum mechanics if the theory is of type b′ or b*.
Bioorganometallic chemistry: Part 12. Reaction of [Cp*Rh(H2O)3](OTf)2 with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in water: synthesis, structure, and a pH-dependent 1H-NMR and voltammetric study of the cyclic trimer product, [Cp*Rh(μ-η1(N1):η2(N6,N7)-9-(5′-ribose pyrophosphate-5″-ribose-1″-nicotinamide)adeninato]3(OTf)3

Abstract The reaction of [Cp*Rh(H2O)3](OTf)2 (1) with nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD+, 2), an important co-factor in enzymatic reactions, was studied utilizing 1H-NMR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI/MS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and isolation techniques, as a function of pH. The product was formulated from the above-mentioned spectroscopic data as the well-known Cp*Rh cyclic trimer structure, [Cp*Rh(μ-η1(N1):η2(N6,N7)-9-(5′-ribose pyrophosphate-5″-ribose-1″-nicotinamide)adeninato]3(OTf)3, 3, which forms via a self-assembly mechanism as the pH is increased from 3 to 6 (1H-NMR). We also compared 3 with the putative one reported that formed via reaction with [(Cp*Rh)2(μ-Cl2)Cl2] and was tentatively assigned the formula, [Cp*Rh(NAD)Cl](Cl). In fact, both Cp*Rh synthons provide the same cyclic trimer product at pH 6, while a presumed mixture of [Cp*Rh(NAD)] and Cp*Rh aqua intermediates (at least eight Cp*Rh 1H-NMR signals are evident) were formed at pH 3.0. A full analysis of the CV data reveals that some Cp*Rh aqua complexes are electroactive at potentials around −1.2 V versus Ag ∣ AgCl, but probably not the cyclic trimer, complex 3. Unfortunately, we were not able to utilize complex 3 in an intramolecular, regioselective reduction reaction, with sodium formate as the hydride source, to provide the corresponding biologically active 1,4-dihydro derivative.
A model of temporal scaling correctly predicts that motor timing improves with speed

Timing is fundamental to complex motor behaviors: from tying a knot to playing the piano. A general feature of motor timing is temporal scaling: the ability to produce motor patterns at different speeds. One theory of temporal processing proposes that the brain encodes time in dynamic patterns of neural activity (population clocks), here we first examine whether recurrent neural network (RNN) models can account for temporal scaling. Appropriately trained RNNs exhibit temporal scaling over a range similar to that of humans and capture a signature of motor timing, Weber’s law, but predict that temporal precision improves at faster speeds. Human psychophysics experiments confirm this prediction: the variability of responses in absolute time are lower at faster speeds. These results establish that RNNs can account for temporal scaling and suggest a novel psychophysical principle: the Weber-Speed effect.
Direct hyperbilirubinemia in newborns with gastroschisis

Patients with gastroschisis and prolonged total (or partial) parenteral nutrition (PN) commonly develop direct hyperbilirubinemia (DH). To quantify the prevalence and severity of DH in newborns with gastroschisis and characterize the diagnostic work-up for DH in this patient population. Retrospective chart review of patients born with gastroschisis between 2005 and 2015 for the first 6 months of life. 29 patients were identified with gastroschisis. Mean gestational age and birthweight were 36.4 (± 1.8) weeks and 2.5 (± 0.6) kg. 41% were treated with primary reduction versus staged closure. Peak total and direct bilirubin (DB) levels were 10.17 ± 6.21 mg/dL and 5.58 ± 3.94 mg/dL, respectively. 23 patients (79.3%) were diagnosed with DH and 78.2% underwent additional work-up for hyperbilirubinemia consisting of imaging and laboratory studies, none of which revealed a cause for DH other than the presumed PN-associated cholestasis. In all patients, DB began to decline within 1–10 days of initiation of enteral feeds. DH is common in patients with gastroschisis and is unlikely to be associated with pathology aside from PN. Additional work-up may lead to unnecessary resource utilization. Case series with no comparison group, Level IV.
An unexpected role of cholesterol sulfotransferase and its regulation in sensitizing mice to acetaminophen induced liver injury

Overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) is the leading cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in the United States. The sulfotransferase-mediated sulfation of APAP is widely believed to be a protective mechanism to attenuate the hepatotoxicity of APAP. The cholesterol sulfotransferase SULT2B1b is best known for its activity in catalyzing the sulfoconjugation of cholesterol to synthesize cholesterol sulfate. SULT2B1b can be transcriptionally and positively regulated by the hepatic nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α). In this study, we uncovered an unexpected role for SULT2B1b in APAP toxicity. Hepatic overexpression of SULT2B1b sensitized mice to APAP-induced liver injury, whereas ablation of the Sult2B1b gene in mice conferred resistance to the APAP hepatotoxicity. Consistent with the notion that Sult2B1b is a transcriptional target of HNF4α, overexpression of HNF4α sensitized mice or primary hepatocytes to APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in a Sult2B1b-dependent manner. We conclude that the HNF4α-SULT2B1b axis has a unique role in APAP-induced acute liver injury, and SULT2B1b induction might be a risk factor for APAP hepatotoxicity.
Finite interface dissipation phase field modeling of Ni–Nb under additive manufacturing conditions

Abstract During laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) parts undergo multiple rapid heating-cooling cycles, leading to complex microstructures with nonuniform properties. In the present work, a computational framework which weakly couples a finite element thermal model to a non-equilibrium PF model was developed to investigate the rapid solidification microstructure of a Ni–Nb alloy during L-PBF. The framework is utilized to predict the spatial variation of the morphology and size of cellular segregation structures as well as the differences in melt pool microstructures obtained under different process conditions. A solidification map demonstrating the variation of microstructural features as a function of the temperature gradient and growth rate is presented. A planar to cellular transition is predicted in the majority of keyhole mode melt pools, while a planar interface is predominant in conduction mode melt pools. The predicted morphology and size of the cellular segregation structure agree well with experimental measurements.
The Gendered Nature of Liquefied Petroleum Adoption and Use in Rural India

Clean cooking fuels promise substantial health benefits for rural households, but almost three billion people continue to rely on traditional biomass for their cooking needs. We explore the role of gender in the adoption of LPG, a clean cooking fuel, in rural India. Given that women are responsible for most households’ cooking needs, we propose that gender inequality is an obstacle to LPG adoption because men may fail to appreciate the full benefits of clean cooking fuels. Using data for 8,563 households from the ACCESS survey, we demonstrate that households where women participate in decision-making are more likely to adopt LPG for cooking than households in which a man is the sole decision-maker. We extend our analytic framework to evaluate the relationship between household characteristics and LPG and firewood use. Access and cylinder costs were both negatively associated with LPG use and while LPG adoption reduced firewood use, fuel stacking remains the norm in study households. This study has implications for future policy designs to increase LPG adoption and use to obtain the multiple benefits of cleaner cooking.
A cross-sectional examination of factors associated with compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue across healthcare workers in an academic medical centre

Compassion satisfaction (CS) among healthcare professionals is a sense of gratification derived from caring for their suffering patients. In contrast, compassion fatigue, often a consequence of burnout (BO) and secondary traumatic stress (STS), is detrimental to healthcare professionals' productivity and patient care. While several studies have examined CS, BO, and STS among healthcare professionals, the majority have assessed samples in specific disciplines. However, the comparative differences in these factors by discipline or work setting are not well known. The aims of this study were to examine the differences in CS, BO, and STS by discipline and work setting, and to assess demographic, work-related, and behavioural factors associated with these outcomes. An electronic survey was administered (N = 764) at a large academic medical centre in the southeast United States. Questions elicited demographic variables, work-related factors, behavioural/lifestyle factors, experience with workplace violence, and the Professional Quality of Life Scale. Findings of the study determined that the rates of CS, BO, and STS vary across healthcare disciplines and work settings. Demographic, work-related, behavioural, and work setting (i.e., experience of workplace violence) factors were differentially associated with experiences of CS, BO, and STS. The results of the study suggest two potential areas for research, specifically workplace violence and sleep quality as a means of further understanding reduced CS and increased BO and STS among healthcare workers. These findings have important implications for future research and policy interventions to enhance healthcare workers' health and safety.
Chapter 2 – Steroid Hormones: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Metabolism

This chapter deals with the structural chemistry and biosynthetic pathways of the major classes of steroid hormones. All have a complicated structure of fused rings which can be modified by functional group substitution at many points. Furthermore, the presence of asymmetric carbon atoms introduces steric modifications and isomeric possibilities. The reader will find it prudent to first grasp the essential features of the steroid structures and relationships before attempting to delve into a consideration of their specific hormonal activities in later chapters. Then, when so doing, it may be helpful to turn back to the appropriate portion of this chapter to further heighten understanding of the structures of the hormones under review.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibits the Development of Dendritic Cells and Dramatically Affects the Differentiation of Multiple Hematopoietic Lineages In Vivo: Presented in part at the Keystone Symposium “Cellular and Molecular Biology of Dendritic Cells,” Santa Fe, NM, March 3-9, 1998, and at the annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, March 28-April 1, 1998.

Abstract Defective function of dendritic cells (DC) in cancer has been recently described and may represent one of the mechanisms of tumor evasion from immune system control. We have previously shown in vitro that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), produced by almost all tumors, is one of the tumor-derived factors responsible for the defective function of these cells. In this study, we investigated whether in vivo infusion of recombinant VEGF could reproduce the observed DC dysfunction. Continuous VEGF infusion, at rates as low as 50 ng/h (resulting in serum VEGF concentrations of 120 to 160 pg/mL), resulted in a dramatic inhibition of dendritic cell development, associated with an increase in the production of B cells and immature Gr-1+ myeloid cells. Infusion of VEGF was associated with inhibition of the activity of the transcription factor NF-κB in bone marrow progenitor cells. Experiments in vitro showed that VEGF itself, and not factors released by VEGF-activated endothelial cells, affected polypotent stem cells resulting in the observed abnormal hematopoiesis. These data suggest that VEGF, at pathologically relevant concentrations in vivo, may exert effects on pluripotent stem cells that result in blocked DC development as well as affect many other hematopoietic lineages.
Effects of park-based interventions on health-related outcomes: A systematic review

Increasing use of parks for physical activity has been proposed for improving population health, including mental health. Interventions that aim to increase park use and park-based physical activity include place-based interventions (e.g., park renovations) and person-based interventions (e.g., park-based walking or exercise classes). Using adapted methods from the Community Guide, a systematic review (search period through September 2019) was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of park-based interventions among adults. The primary outcomes of interest were health-related, including physical and mental health and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Twenty-seven studies that met review criteria were analyzed in 2019 and 2020. Seven person-based studies included generally small samples of specific populations and interventions involved mostly exercise programming in parks; all but one had an average quality rating as "high" and all had at least one statistically significant outcome. Of the 20 place-based interventions, 7 involved only 1 or 2 parks; however, 7 involved from 9 to 78 parks. Types of interventions were predominantly park renovations; only 5 involved park-based exercise programming. Most of the renovations were associated with increased park-level use and physical activity, however among those implementing programming, park-level effects were more modest. Less than half of the place-based intervention studies had an average quality rating of "high." The study of parks as sites for physical activity interventions is nascent. Hybrid methods that combine placed-based evaluations and cohort studies could inform how to best optimize policy, programming, design and management to promote health and well-being.
Management of Cardiac Sarcoidosis Using Mycophenolate Mofetil as a Steroid-Sparing Agent.

Abstract Background Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic sarcoidosis. Steroid-sparing agents are increasingly used, despite a lack of randomized trials or published guidelines to direct treatment. Methods and Results This retrospective study included 77 patients with CS treated with prednisone monotherapy (n = 32) or a combination with mycophenolate mofetil (n = 45) between 2003 and 2018. Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes were evaluated. The mean patient age was 53 ± 11 years at CS diagnosis, 66.2% were male, and 35.1% were Black. The total exposure to maximum prednisone dose (initial prednisone dose × days at dose) was lower in the combination therapy group (1440 mg [interquartile range (IQR), 1200–2760 mg] vs 2710 mg [IQR, 1200–5080 mg]; P = .06). On 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans, both groups demonstrated a significant decrease in the cardiac maximum standardized uptake value after treatment: a median decrease of 3.9 (IQR 2.7–9.0, P = .002) and 2.9 (IQR 0–5.0, P = .001) for prednisone monotherapy and combination therapy, respectively. Most patients experienced improvement or complete resolution in qualitative cardiac 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake (92.3% and 70.4% for the prednisone and combination therapy groups, respectively). Mycophenolate mofetil was well tolerated. Conclusions Mycophenolate mofetil in combination with prednisone for the treatment of CS may minimize corticosteroid exposure and decrease cardiac inflammation without significant adverse effects.
A real-time assay for cell-penetrating peptide-mediated delivery of molecular cargos.

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are capable of transporting molecules to which they are tethered across cellular membranes. Unsurprisingly, CPPs have attracted attention for their potential drug delivery applications, but several technical hurdles remain to be overcome. Chief among them is the so-called ‘endosomal escape problem,’ i.e. the propensity of CPP-cargo molecules to be endocytosed but remain entrapped in endosomes rather than reaching the cytosol. Previously, a CPP fused to calmodulin that bound calmodulin binding site-containing cargos was shown to efficiently deliver cargos to the cytoplasm, effectively overcoming the endosomal escape problem. The CPP-adaptor, “TAT-CaM,” evinces delivery at nM concentrations and more rapidly than we had previously been able to measure. To better understand the kinetics and mechanism of CPP-adaptor-mediated cargo delivery, a real-time cell penetrating assay was developed in which a flow chamber containing cultured cells was installed on the stage of a confocal microscope to allow for observation ab initio. Also examined in this study was an improved CPP-adaptor that utilizes naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) calmodulin in place of human and results in superior internalization, likely due to its lesser net negative charge. Adaptor-cargo complexes were delivered into the flow chamber and fluorescence intensity in the midpoint of baby hamster kidney cells was measured as a function of time. Delivery of 400 nM cargo was observed within seven minutes and fluorescence continued to increase linearly as a function of time. Cargo-only control experiments showed that the minimal uptake which occurred independently of the CPP-adaptor resulted in punctate localization consistent with endosomal entrapment. A distance analysis was performed for cell-penetration experiments in which CPP-adaptor-delivered cargo showing wider dispersions throughout cells as compared to an analogous covalently-bound CPP-cargo. Small molecule endocytosis inhibitors did not have significant effects upon delivery. The real-time assay is an improvement upon static endpoint assays and should be informative in a broad array of applications.
A review of molecular-beam epitaxy of wide bandgap complex oxide semiconductors

Much progress has been made in the area of wide bandgap semiconductors for applications in electronics and optoelectronics such as displays, power electronics, and solar cells. New materials are being sought after and considerable attention has been given to complex oxides, specifically those with the perovskite crystal structure. Molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) has come to the forefront of this field for the thin film synthesis of these materials in a high-quality manner and achieves some of their best figures of merit. Here, we discuss the development of MBE from its beginnings as a method for III–V semiconductor growth to today for the growth of many contenders for next-generation electronics. Comparing MBE with other physical vapor deposition techniques, we identify the advantages of MBE as well as many of the challenges that still must be overcome should this technique be applied to other up-and-coming wide bandgap complex oxide semiconductors.
Perceived Social Support-Giving Moderates the Association Between Social Relationships and Interleukin-6

Although positive social relationships are assumed to relate to lower levels of chronic systemic inflammation, the empirical evidence on this association is mixed. This study examines whether perceived social support-giving (i.e., the belief that one can be available to give social support to others, henceforward referred to as perceived support-giving) moderates associations between social relationships and inflammation using data from the longitudinal follow-up of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the U.S. (MIDUS II). Middle-aged adults (N = 1054) completed self-report questionnaires on social integration, perceived support-availability from others, positive relations with others, perceived support-giving, socio-demographic information, and health-related information and provided blood samples for measurement of interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a marker of systemic inflammation. The results showed that perceived support-giving moderated the associations between IL-6 and indicators of positive social relationships, including social integration, perceived support-availability, and positive relations with others. Indicators of positive social relationships were associated with lower IL-6 among individuals higher, but not lower, in perceived support-giving. The moderating effects of perceived support-giving held after adjusting for socio-demographic and health-related covariates. Therefore, positive social relationships are associated with lower IL-6 only for individuals who believe they can give more support in those relationships. In addition, preliminary evidence indicated that the moderating effects of perceived support-giving might be further qualified by gender, being significant only in women.
A Model For Improving Teaching Effectiveness of Marketing Professors

This article presents a model for improving the teaching effectiveness of marketing professors. The model suggests a hierarchy of cognitive objectives and affective objectives as well as a taxonomy of teaching styles that are hypothesized to be most appropriate for each objective. In addition, an evolutionary contingency theory of education is proposed.
Anatomie und Physiologie der Zähne

Die vor 35 Jahren1 geauserte Verdammung zahnarztlicher Behandlung ist in diesem Buche so erweitert worden, das sie einer Rechtfertigung bedarf. Warum das energische Vorgehen? Die Antwort ist: der moderne Zahnarzt ebenso wie der Arzt entstammte grosenteils dem Quacksalbertum; aber im Gegensatz zum Arzt hat der Zahnarzt es abgelehnt, sich weiterzubilden. Der medizinische Fortschritt des letzten Jahrhunderts bestand darin, das man Erfahrung durch Forschung erganzte; die Zahnheilkunde hat sich vielfach dagegen gestemmt. Und obwohl die Amerikaner seit einem Jahrhundert als die besten Zahnarzte anerkannt waren, beruhte ihr Ruf nur auf Verbesserung der handwerklichen Methoden. Als Anhanger des Kampfrufs „Rettet die Zahne“hat er seine Patienten immer mehr verloren. Wahrend seine mechanische Begabung ihn zu einem besseren Goldschmied oder Kosmetiker machte, machte sie ihn zugleich zu einem schlechteren Arzt; denn seine verbesserten Methoden, die er auf immer morscher werdenden Grundlagen aufbaute, haben nur zu einem fruheren Ende gefuhrt.
Treating Adolescent Substance Abuse Using Family Behavior Therapy: A Step-by-Step Approach

Despite 40 years of concerted effort, substance abuse issues have grown ever more prominent in our society. Corresponding with this growth had been an alarming increase in adolescent substance abus...
Use of Technology in Health-Related Fitness Programs

This paper describes how technology can be used in health-related screening, testing, exercise prescription, and program evaluation. Technology can assist the healthlfitness professional in these elements of a fitness program by saving time and space. But because many of the devices lack adequate validity and calibration, fitness professionals are encouraged to make careful decisions concerning what specific tasks can be more effectively accomplished with the aid of technology.