cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiative capture reactions via indirect methods

Many radiative capture reactions of astrophysical interest occur at such low energies that their direct measurement is hardly possible. Until now the only indirect method, which was used to determine the astrophysical factor of the astrophysical radiative capture process, was the Coulomb dissociation. In this paper we address another indirect method, which can provide information about resonant radiative capture reactions at astrophysically relevant energies. This method can be considered an extension of the Trojan horse method for resonant radiative capture reactions. The idea of the suggested indirect method is to use the indirect reaction $A(a,s\ensuremath{\gamma})F$ to obtain information about the radiative capture reaction $A(x,\ensuremath{\gamma})F$, where $a=(sx)$ and $F=(xA)$. The main advantage of using the indirect reactions is the absence of the penetrability factor in the channel $x+A$, which suppresses the low-energy cross sections of the $A(x,\ensuremath{\gamma})F$ reactions and does not allow one to measure these reactions at astrophysical energies. A general formalism to treat indirect resonant radiative capture reactions is developed when only a few intermediate states contribute and a statistical approach cannot be applied. The indirect method requires coincidence measurements of the triple differential cross section, which is a function of the photon scattering angle, energy, and the scattering angle of the outgoing spectator particle $s$. Angular dependence of the triple differential cross section at fixed scattering angle of the spectator $s$ is the angular $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}s$ correlation function. Using indirect resonant radiative capture reactions, one can obtain information about important astrophysical resonant radiative capture reactions such as $(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})$, $(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma})$, and $(n,\ensuremath{\gamma})$ on stable and unstable isotopes. The indirect technique makes accessible low-lying resonances, which are close to the threshold, and even subthreshold bound states located at negative energies. In this paper, after developing the general formalism, we demonstrate the application of the indirect reaction $^{12}\mathrm{C}(^{6}\mathrm{Li},d\ensuremath{\gamma})^{16}\mathrm{O}$ proceeding through ${1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${2}^{+}$ subthreshold bound states and resonances to obtain the information about the $^{12}\mathrm{C}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\gamma})^{16}\mathrm{O}$ radiative capture at the astrophysically most effective energy 0.3 MeV, which is impossible using standard direct measurements. Feasibility of the suggested approach is discussed.
Bimalleolar Ankle Fracture: Medial Plate

Ankle fractures that require plating of the medial malleolus are often of the supination-adduction (SAD) type. The vertical nature of the medial malleolus fracture lends itself well to fixation with a buttress plate construct. Often in SAD-type fracture patterns, fixation of the tibia first may make the overall reduction easier. There is potential for marginal impaction of the tibial plafond and this should be recognized on preoperative radiographs or CT, and addressed during surgery.
Engagement and Design Barriers of mHealth Applications for Older Adults

With the growth of gerontechnology, there is an increasing awareness of the importance of accessibility and usability in product designs7. Here we consider the degree to which those factors along with patient engagement are currently being provided by mobile health applications aimed towards an older population. Specifically, we used a hybrid usability checklist, that is inclusive of age related guidelines and mobile platform atributes along with HIMSS Patient Engagement Framework to evaluate accessibility, usability, and engagement levels facilitated by the mobile apps targeting older adults. Expert review found a limited range of features to support accessibility and significant violations of general usability heuristics. Analyses of Patient Engagement levels suggest that the majority of the apps provide information and way finding, education, and community support. However, utilization of health monitoring tools, record-keeping features, and shared decision making with providers has been minimal. Implications for care coordination and technology design for enabling independent living are discussed.
Herpesviruses as Co-Factors in the Immunopathogenesis of AIDS

Potential associations between human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and the herpesviruses may occur at the host, cell and molecular levels. A review of the biology of the HIV life cycle serves as a foundation to dissect these relationships at points of receptor interactions, shared cis-acting transcriptional regulatory elements, and induction of cellular immune responses. The potential for the herpesviruses, particularly HSV-1, -2, HHV-6, CMV, and EBV, to serve as co-factors in the progression of clinical HIV infection is explored, and novel means of disrupting these interactions discussed.
Financing Medicare Into The Future: Premium Support Fails The Risk-Bearing Test.

One often-discussed option for controlling Medicare spending is to switch to a premium-support design. This would shift part of the risk of future health care cost increases from the federal treasu...
Abstract 3418: Acute Care Nurse Practicioner Led Critical Care Transport Team Leads to Improved Door to Imaging Time in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients

Background: In evaluating the acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patient, targeting time intervals for imaging and treatment times are paramount in optimizing outcomes. Initial evaluation by skilled providers who can facilitate the extension of a tertiary care facility can positively influence patient outcomes. A collaborative approach with a hospital based Critical Care Transport (CCT) Team can extend primary stroke program care out to a referring facility’s bedside. In the Cleveland Clinic Health System, the suspicion of a large vessel occlusion causing AIS in patients at an outside hospital triggers an “Auto Launch” process, bypassing typical transfer processes to expedite care transitions for patients with time sensitive emergencies. Referring facilities contact a CCT Coordinator, with immediate launching of the transport team that consists of an Acute Care Nurse Practitioner (ACNP) who evaluates the patient at outside facility, performs NIHSS and transitions the patient directly to CT/MRI upon return to Cleveland Clinic facility. Patient is met by the Stroke Neurology Team at CT scanner for definitive care. A CCT Team with an ACNP on board can augment not only door to CT and MRI times, but also time to evaluation by a stroke neurologist and time to intervention, bypassing the Emergency Department upon their arrival and proceeding directly to studies and/or time sensitive intervention as appropriate. Objective: To describe a stroke program with a coordinated approach with a CCT Team to facilitate rapid care transitions as well as decreased time to imaging in patients with AIS by having an ACNP on board during transport and throughout the continuum of care. Methods: A retrospective audit of a database of patients undergoing hyperacute evaluation of acute ischemic stroke symptoms from April 30, 2010 to July 31, 2011 was performed. Demographic information, types of imaging performed, hyperacute therapies administered and time intervals to imaging modalities and treatment were collected and analyzed. Results: 107 patients total, 28 males, and 36 females with a mean age of 70 were included in the analysis. 60% [64] of patients transferred via the CCT Team over 26.42 average nautical miles. The mean time of call to arrival was 1 hr and 19 min. The CCT Team monitored tPA infusion in 27 patients and initiated tPA infusion in 2 patients. 64 patients had CT imaging performed and 64 had MRI performed following the CT. [The average door to CT completion was 22 min, the average door to MRI completion was 1 hr and 29 min, compared to 1 hr and 8 min and 2 hr and 36 min, respectively, in patients not arriving by CCT Team], p Conclusion: Collaboration between the Stroke Neurology Team and CCT Team has allowed acute ischemic stroke patients to be taken directly to CT/MRI scanner, allowing for rapid evaluation, definitive treatment decisions, and the potential for improved patient outcomes by decreasing the door to imaging time.
Thylacomys lagotis (Rabbit bandicoot)

The two Y chromosomes are unequal in length. The longer one is at least as long as the long arm of the X and the shorter one is the smallest of the complement. Presumably a centric fusion has occurred between the original X (now the short arm) and a long acrocentric autosome, leaving the homolog impaired.
Polymer Flooding-Fundamentals and Field Cases

In this chapter, we focus on the fundamentals of polymer solution properties and polymer flow behavior in porous media, after a brief introduction of polymers. We also summarize the mechanisms of polymer flooding and briefed the facilities used in mixing polymer solution in field projects. We present polymer flooding cases in a very heterogeneous reservoir (Xiaermen field in China), using high-molecular-weight and high concentration polymer in three blocks in the Daqing field, in three heavy oil reservoirs (the East Bodo reservoir in Canada, the Tambaredjo field in Suriname, and the Marmul field in Oman), in a carbonate reservoir (the Vacuum field in New Mexico), and using movable gel for post-polymer conformance control in the Bei-Yi-Qu-Duan-Xi block in Daqing.
Preserving Digital Materials

Now in its third edition, Preserving Digital Materials provides readers with an updated reference work that captures the big picture of digital preservation, including its evolution, current landsc...
Effects of Surface Hydration on the Electron Injection Rate from Graphene to Anatase and Rutile TiO2 Surfaces

Abstract The effect of hydration of anatase (0 0 1), and rutile (0 0 1), (1 0 1) and (1 1 0) surfaces of TiO2 on the rate of electron capture from an adsorbed graphene sheet is elucidated by means of computation at a level of tight-binding density functional theory. Initially, the clean surfaces are allowed to interact with bulk water. Following an equilibration period, the first solvation shell is exposed to vacuum at 300 K for a sufficiently long period of time to allow any weakly bound water molecules to evaporate or be displaced from the surface. The resultant hydroxylated and originally clean surfaces are used for studying the interaction with a graphene sheet. Comparison of the calculated surface-graphene interaction energies and electron transfer probabilities of a cold electron to clean and hydroxylated surfaces shows that the water-sourced OH layer of these surfaces acts as an insulator in interfacial charge transport of the cold electron.
Cholesterol sulfate alters astrocyte metabolism and provides protection against oxidative stress

Cholesterol sulfate (CS) is one of the most important known sterol sulfates in human plasma and it is present as a normal constituent in a variety of human tissues. In both the brain and periphery, CS serves as a substrate for the synthesis of sulfonated adrenal steroids such as pregnenolone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate and as a constituent of many biological membranes including red blood cells where it functions as a stabilizing agent. It also acts as an endogenous regulator of cholesterol synthesis. However, the role of CS in brain metabolism and neurological disorder is unclear. In the current study we investigated the neuroprotective action of CS as well as its role in brain energy metabolism. The neuroprotective effect of CS and its role on cell metabolism were determined in primary astrocyte prepared from the cortex of postnatal day 0-2 C57BL/6 pups and a hippocampal HT-22 cell line using Calcein AM and MTT cell viability assay, flow cytometry, Seahorse extracellular flux analysis, and metabolism assay kits. We found that CS attenuates glutamate and rotenone induced cell death in HT-22 cells, decrease glutamate induced mitochondria membrane potential collapse, and reactive oxygen species production. Additionally, CS activates the Akt/Bcl2 pathway. We observed that CS impacts astrocyte metabolism by increasing mitochondrial phosphorylation, ATP, and glycogen contents. Our study demonstrated that CS modulates brain energy metabolism and its neuroprotective effects might be due to the activation of Akt signaling or its ability to decrease reactive oxygen species production.
Clinical Evaluation of Digital Dental Articulation for One-Piece Maxillary Surgery

Purpose Methods for digital dental alignment are not readily available to automatically articulate the upper and lower jaw models. The purpose of the present study was to assess the accuracy of our newly developed 3-stage automatic digital articulation approach by comparing it with the reference standard of orthodontist-articulated occlusion. Materials and Methods Thirty pairs of stone dental models from double-jaw orthognathic surgery patients who had undergone 1-piece Le Fort I osteotomy were used. Two experienced orthodontists manually articulated the models to their perceived final occlusion for surgery. Each pair of models was then scanned twice—while in the orthodontist-determined occlusion and again with the upper and lower models separated and positioned randomly. The separately scanned models were automatically articulated to the final occlusion using our 3-stage algorithm, resulting in an algorithm-articulated occlusion (experimental group). The models scanned together represented the manually articulated occlusion (control group). A qualitative evaluation was completed using a 3-point categorical scale by the same orthodontists, who were unaware of the methods used to articulate the models. A quantitative evaluation was also completed to determine whether any differences were present in the midline, canine, and molar relationships between the algorithm-determined and manually articulated occlusions using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Finally, the mean ± standard deviation values were computed to determine the differences between the 2 methods. Results The results of the qualitative evaluation revealed that all the algorithm-articulated occlusions were as good as the manually articulated ones. The results of the repeated measures ANOVA found no statistically significant differences between the 2 methods [F(1,28) = 0.03; P = .87]. The mean differences between the 2 methods were all within 0.2 mm. Conclusions The results of our study have demonstrated that dental models can be accurately, reliably, and automatically articulated using our 3-stage algorithm approach, meeting the reference standard of orthodontist-articulated occlusion.
p-Substituted Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amines as Ligands for Highly Active ATRP Catalysts: Facile Synthesis and Characterization.

A facile and efficient two-step synthesis of p-substituted tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA) ligands to form Cu complexes with the highest activity to date in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is presented. In the divergent synthesis, p-Cl substituents in tris(4-chloro-2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA3Cl ) were replaced in one step and high yield by electron-donating cyclic amines (pyrrolidine (TPMAPYR ), piperidine (TPMAPIP ), and morpholine (TPMAMOR )) by nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The [CuII (TPMANR2 )Br]+ complexes exhibited larger energy gaps between frontier molecular orbitals and >0.2 V more negative reduction potentials than [CuII (TPMA)Br]+ , indicating >3 orders of magnitude higher ATRP activity. [CuI (TPMAPYR )]+ exhibited the highest reported activity for Br-capped acrylate chain ends in DMF, and moderate activity toward C-F bonds at room temperature. ATRP of n-butyl acrylate using only 10-25 part per million loadings of [CuII (TPMANR2 )Br]+ exhibited excellent control.
Two new species of Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae) from Bahia, Brazil, and new combinations in Rhynchospora section Pleurostachys

Recent molecular phylogenies have demonstrated that Pleurostachys (Cyperaceae) should be recognized as a section within Rhynchospora. Here all accepted species of Pleurostachys are transferred to Rhynchospora sect. Pleurostachys, five new combinations are made, and one new name provided. Rhynchospora austrobahiensis and R. contraligularis are described as new species endemic to the Atlantic forest of southern Bahia, Brazil. They are distinct from all other species of sect. Pleurostachys by having spikelets that are never clustered and basal leaves over 1 cm wide. The summit of the inner band of the leaf sheath on R. austrobahiensis is concave to triangular while that of R. contraligularis is arched with a distinct, chartaceous contraligule. Both species are illustrated and compared to other species of Rhynchospora sect. Pleurostachys.
Idiotypic cross-reactivity of immunoglobulins expressed in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and mantle zone lymphocytes of secondary B-cell follicles.

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) specific for autoantibody-associated cross-reactive idiotypes (CRIs) of Waldenstrom's IgM react frequently with the surface Ig (slg) expressed by leukemia cells of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Evaluation of the molecular basis for this cross-reactivity indicates that such CRIs are encoded by conserved antibody variable region genes (V genes) that have undergone little or no somatic hypermutation. We find that such anti-CRI MoAbs stain a subpopulation of cells within the mantle zones surrounding the germinal centers of normal human tonsil. In contrast, MoAbs specific for variable region subgroup determinants react with cells in both the mantle zones and germinal centers of secondary B-cell follicles. To test whether mantle zone B cells not reactive with existing anti-CRI MoAbs may express slg bearing as-yet-unrecognized CRIs present on Igs produced by neoplastic cells of some patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia or CLL, we immunized mice with purified Waldenstrom's IgM that have been characterized for their variable region subgroups using subgroup-specific antisera raised against synthetic peptides. The supernatants of hybridomas generated from the splenocytes of immunized mice were screened for their ability to stain a subpopulation of mantle zone lymphocytes in human tonsil. With this approach, two new anti-CRI MoAbs were identified, designated OAK1 and VOH3. OAK1 binds to a CRI present on a subset of kappa light chains of the VK1 subgroup. VOH3 recognizes a CRI determinant(s) present on a subset of antibody heavy chains of the VH3 subgroup. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that OAK1 specifically binds leukemia cells from 5 to 20 patients (25%) with kappa light chain expressing CLL. In addition, VOH3 reacted with the leukemia cells from 1 of 17 (6%) patients tested. The success of these methods demonstrates that the variable regions of the Igs produced by mantle zone B cells share idiotypic determinants with Igs expressed in B-cell CLL (B-CLL) and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.
Development of a Novel and Flexible MWCNT/PDMS Based Resistive Force Sensor

A novel multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based resistive force sensor was fabricated using screen printing and laser-pattering processes for detecting various applied forces. The electrodes for the force sensor was developed by depositing silver (Ag) ink on a flexible polyimide substrate using screen printing process. The honey comb structured and unstructured active sensing layers of the force sensors were prepared by laser patterning the MWCNT/PDMS composite. A surface roughness of $1.65 \pm 0.10 \mu\mathrm{m}$ and $0.43 \pm 0.08 \mu\mathrm{m}$ was measured for the printed electrodes and MWCNT/PDMS, respectively. The capability of the printed sensor was investigated by subjecting it to varying forces ranging from 0 N (no force) to 20 N. The results demonstrated an overall relative resistance change of ~19% and ~5% for the force sensors with honey comb structured and un structured active layers. The fabrication method and sensor responses are analyzed and presented in this paper.
Survey on Data Analysis in Social Media: A Practical Application Aspect

Social media has more than three billion users sharing events, comments, and feelings throughout the world. It serves as a critical information source with large volumes, high velocity, and a wide variety of data. The previous studies on information spreading, relationship analyzing, and individual modeling, etc., have been heavily conducted to explore the tremendous social and commercial values of social media data. This survey studies the previous literature and the existing applications from a practical perspective. We outline a commonly used pipeline in building social media-based applications and focus on discussing available analysis techniques, such as topic analysis, time series analysis, sentiment analysis, and network analysis. After that, we present the impacts of such applications in three different areas, including disaster management, healthcare, and business. Finally, we list existing challenges and suggest promising future research directions in terms of data privacy, 5G wireless network, and multilingual support.
Feeding Tall Fescue Seed Reduces Ewe Milk Production, Lamb Birth Weight and Pre-Weaning Growth Rate

Endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+) produces ergovaline and ergovalinine, which are mycotoxins that act as dopamine agonists to suppress prolactin and induce vasoconstriction. The experiment was designed as a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial with DRD2 genotype (AA, AG, GG), fescue seed (endophyte-free, E- or endophyte-infected, E+), stage of gestation (MID, d (day) 35-85; LATE, d 86-parturition) and all interactions in the model. Pregnant Suffolk ewes (n = 60) were stratified by genotype and fed E+ or E- seed in a total mixed ration according to treatment assignment. Serum prolactin concentrations were lower (p < 0.05) in ewes fed E+ seed but did not differ by maternal DRD2 genotype or two-way interaction. Lamb birth weight was lower (p < 0.05) in ewes fed E+ seed in last trimester. Pre-weaning growth rate, milk production and total weaning weight was reduced (p < 0.05) in ewes fed E+ fescue seed during MID and LATE gestation. Ingestion of ergovaline/ergovalinine in last trimester reduces lamb birth weight; however, lamb growth rate, milk production and total weaning weight are reduced in all ewes fed E+ during mid and last trimester.
Stagger Tuning for BW extension in Transimpedance Amplifiers

This article explains Stagger tuning of two stage TIA. The method reduces effect of capacitances of the transistor. The process of stagger tuning has been shown using zero-pole analysis. The feasibility of the method is confirmed using CMOS technology (i.e. 90nm). 3-dB bandwidths of 40GHz when using 50fF PD capacitance and 5fF load with consumption of 4.4mW can be achieved.
Characterizing prehospital response to neonatal resuscitation.

Objective To evaluate performance of initial steps of newborn resuscitation according to the American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics' Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) guidelines in the prehospital setting. Study Design Observational study of 265 paramedics and Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) from 45 EMS teams recruited from public fire and private transport agencies in a major metropolitan area. Participants completed a baseline questionnaire assessing demographics, experience, and comfort in caring for children. Simulations were conducted April 2015 to March 2016. Technical performance was evaluated by blinded video review. NRP actions were assessed using a structured performance tool. Results Two hundred sixty-five EMS providers responded to survey questions and participated in simulations. In total, 16% reported feeling very or extremely comfortable caring for children <30 days of age (vs. 71% for children aged 12-18 years). Among 45 EMS teams participating in simulations, 22% (n = 10) dried, 18% (n = 8) stimulated, and 2% (n = 1) warmed within 30 s from arrival and 11% (n = 5) provided BMV within 60 s from arrival, as recommended by NRP. All teams provided BMV. Eighty-eight percent bagged below NRP rate recommendations and 96% bagged with tidal volume exceeding guidelines. Looking over the entire 10-min simulation for ever performing measures, 73% started to dry the baby within a median of 51 (range 0-539) seconds from arrival, 38% started to stimulate the baby within a median of 34 s (range 0-181), and 44% started to warm the baby within a median 291 s (range 27-575 s). Conclusions These data from field simulations suggest NRP steps recommended for the first minute after birth are seldom performed in a timely manner and suggests opportunities for improvement.
Do license plate readers enhance the initial and residual deterrent effects of police patrol? A quasi-randomized test

To determine whether the use and display of license plate readers (LPRs) enhance the crime prevention effects of police patrol, particularly by increasing initial and residual deterrence from patrol presence. Crime hot spots in a large suburban jurisdiction were randomly assigned to receive intermittent patrols (15–30 min each) by officers with or without LPRs on their vehicles for 4.5 months. Data on 785 patrols at 33 hot spots were used to compare initial and residual outcomes of LPR and non-LPR patrols. Outcomes analyzed for each patrol visit via chi-square tests, survival analyses, and/or logistic regression included the following: the likelihood of a vehicle recovery or arrest; the likelihood of a new crime or disorder call in the location while the officer was present (measuring initial deterrence); time until a new crime or disorder call following the officer’s departure (measuring residual deterrence); and first type of call (crime or disorder) following the officer’s departure (measuring residual deterrence). LPR use increased stolen vehicle recoveries but not arrests. LPR use did not reduce the likelihood of a new call in the hot spot while an officer was present, nor did it affect the timing or seriousness of the next call following a patrol. This study provides little clear evidence for the crime prevention efficacy of using LPRs in general patrol, which is a common practice in the USA. Police and researchers should give more attention to testing the relative benefits of different LPR uses and modes of deployment.
Quine on matters of fact

The idea of there being “no fact of the matter” (NFM) features centrally in Quine’s indeterminacy theses. Yet there has been little discussion of how exactly Quine understands this idea. In this paper I identify, develop and then critically evaluate Quine’s conception of NFM. In Sects. 3–4 I consider a handful of intuitive semantic and ontological conceptions of NFM and argue that none is workable from within Quine’s philosophy. I conclude that the failure of each of these proposals is due to the immanent status of truth and existence for Quine. In Sect. 5 I then present Quine’s official conception of NFM. Briefly, Quine’s idea is that there is NFM between two theories of (say) translation iff those theories are physically equivalent. I develop this idea in detail. Finally, I raise two independent problems for this conception of NFM. In Sect. 6 I argue that Quine’s definition is too strong: given what he means by NFM, his arguments for indeterminacy—even granting all their premises and internal reasoning—simply cannot support his claim that there is NFM regarding translation; instead they establish a strictly weaker conclusion. In Sect. 7 I argue that Quine’s conception of NFM is in significant tension with his thesis of physicalism, and that he must give up one or the other.
Normal Sexual Development

Even the most sophisticated parents and professionals have difficulty acknowledging (much less discussing) the sexuality of children. This is illustrated by the following situation that occurred in the family of a physician, his wife, who was a nurse, and their three children. The mother was expecting their fourth child, but despite repeated requests from the children for information about the birth process, the parents had avoided discussing the topic. Finally, when the baby was obviously due to arrive at any minute, the children (in the father’s absence) said, “Mother, please tell us how this baby is going to get out.” At this point, the mother gave them a detailed explanation and the children asked her to repeat it a second time, saying, “We’ve got to get this just right so we can tell Daddy. He doesn’t know a thing about this!”
Estimating the parameters of a sinusoid sampled by a clock with accumulated jitter

This paper provides a state-space based approach to determining the parameters of a sinusoid that is sampled by a clock with accumulated timing-jitter. The problem is formulated as a standard state estimation problem and two solutions are provided: one that does not depend on the statistics of the timing-jitter; the other is based on the second-order statistics of the timing-jitter. Explicit error bounds are provided for the absolute value, mean absolute valve and mean squared value of the error estimated parameters are provided.
Lessons Learned from Scaling Up a Web-Based Intelligent Tutoring System

Client-based intelligent tutoring systems present challenges for content distribution, software updates, and research activity. With server-based intelligent tutoring systems, it is possible to easily distribute new and updated content, deploy new features and bug fixes, and allow researchers to more easily perform randomized, controlled studies with minimal client-side changes. Building a scalable system architecture that provides reliable service to students, teachers, and researchers is a challenge for server-based intelligent tutors. Our research team has built Assistment, a Web-based tutor used by hundreds of students every day in the Worcester and Pittsburgh areas. Scaling up a server-based intelligent tutoring system requires a particular focus on speed and reliability from the software and system developers. This paper discusses the evolution of our architecture and how it has reduced the cost of authoring ITS and improved the performance and reliability of the system.
How Far Can We Go with Reason

How We Reason . By Philip N. Johnson-Laird . Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006. 583 pp. $57.50, £29.95. ISBN 9780198569763. Drawing on his lifetime of experimentation and reflection on the psychology of reasoning, Johnson-Laird presents a comprehensive account of his mental model theory.
Estimation of Ice Surface Scattering and Acoustic Attenuation in Arctic Sediments from Long-Range Propagation Data

A single explosive shot at a range of 341.3 km in the Pole Abyssal Plain of the Arctic Ocean is used to assess the components of propagation loss for this region. The acoustic energy propagated between a satellite ice camp and the Fram II ice station in a water column of nearly uniform depth. Much of the observed energy interacted with the upper 200 meters of sediments along a path which was nearly parallel to the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge. In addition, the upward refracting sound channel of the Arctic Ocean also caused the observed energy to interact extensively with the ice canopy, which was contiguous over the entire path. The deterministic lateral homogeneity of the bathymetry and sediments, and the statistical lateral homogeneity of the ice canopy in this region allow us to attempt to separate the effects of geometrical spreading, ice surface scattering, and effective sediment compressional wave attenuation. The primary data for this work are observations of the signal from a 25.8 kg explosive charge received on a 24 channel two-dimensional hydrophone array with a 1 km aperture. The data are inadequate to resolve attenuation at depth, but provide an estimate for frequency independent Q of 200 to 300 for the upper 200 meters of the sediments and a dependency of surface scattering on frequency over the 5−50 Hz band. It is shown that partially coherent summation of the surface multipaths is required to predict the observations.
Van Allen Probes observations of direct wave‐particle interactions

Quasiperiodic increases, or “bursts,” of 17–26 keV electron fluxes in conjunction with chorus wave bursts were observed following a plasma injection on 13 January 2013. The pitch angle distributions changed during the burst events, evolving from sinN(α) to distributions that formed maxima at α = 75–80°, while fluxes at 90° and <60° remained nearly unchanged. The observations occurred outside of the plasmasphere in the postmidnight region and were observed by both Van Allen Probes. Density, cyclotron frequency, and pitch angle of the peak flux were used to estimate resonant electron energy. The result of ~15–35 keV is consistent with the energies of the electrons showing the flux enhancements and corresponds to electrons in and above the steep flux gradient that signals the presence of an Alfven boundary in the plasma. The cause of the quasiperiodic nature (on the order of a few minutes) of the bursts is not understood at this time.
Controllability Theory of the GDP of All Member States of the UN

The function \(p\in L_{\infty}([\sigma,t],P), g \in L_{\infty}([\sigma,t],Q)\) are called the private firms’ control strategy and the governments’ (solidarity) strategy functions or controls respectively. The strategies p and g are used to steer initial value ψ ≡ x 0 of the nations’ gross domestic to a target x1 in time t1.
Good-enough linguistic representations and online cognitive equilibrium in language processing.

We review previous research showing that representations formed during language processing are sometimes just “good enough” for the task at hand and propose the “online cognitive equilibrium” hypothesis as the driving force behind the formation of good-enough representations in language processing. Based on this view, we assume that the language comprehension system by default prefers to achieve as early as possible and remain as long as possible in a state of cognitive equilibrium where linguistic representations are successfully incorporated with existing knowledge structures (i.e., schemata) so that a meaningful and coherent overall representation is formed, and uncertainty is resolved or at least minimized. We also argue that the online equilibrium hypothesis is consistent with current theories of language processing, which maintain that linguistic representations are formed through a complex interplay between simple heuristics and deep syntactic algorithms and also theories that hold that linguistic ...
Effect of maternal and infant covariates on sibship correlation in birth weight

Birth weight on 12,644 singleton infants from 6,196 sibships born in Maryland between 1980 and 1984 were used to estimate the effects of nine maternal and infant covariates on the sibship correlation in birth weight. Assuming a homogeneous correlation across all families, the estimated intraclass correlation was 0.4664 (+/- 0.0099). This high sibship correlation makes it possible to predict, with reasonable accuracy, the birth weight of a child given information on previous sibs, as well as covariates on the mother and/or infant pertinent to a given pregnancy. The reduction in variance associated with incorporating information on the nine covariates used here was approximately equal to that obtained by conditioning on a single previous sib. Testing for heterogeneity in correlation among different groups of families showed that a crude measure of parity (first live birth vs. other), time between births, mother's marital status, and maternal age at the birth of the last child significantly influenced the sibship correlation in birth weight.
Divergence of a DNA Replication Gene Cluster in the T4-Related Bacteriophage RB69

The genomes of bacteriophages T4 and RB69 are phylogenetically related but diverge in nucleotide sequence at many loci and are incompatible with each other in vivo. We describe here the biological implications of divergence in a genomic segment that encodes four essential DNA replication proteins: gp45 (sliding clamp), gp44/62 complex (clamp loader), and gp46 (a recombination protein). We have cloned, sequenced, and expressed several overlapping segments of the RB69 gene 46-45.2- ( rpbA ) -45-44-62 cluster and compared its features to those of the homologous gene cluster from T4. The deduced primary structures of all four RB69 replication proteins and gp45.2 from this cluster are very similar (80 to 95% similarity) to those of their respective T4 homologs. In contrast, the rpbA region (which encodes a nonessential protein in T4) is highly diverged (∼49% similarity) between the two phage genomes and does not encode protein in RB69. Expression studies and patterns of high divergence of intercistronic nucleotide sequences of this cluster suggest that T4 and RB69 evolved similar transcriptional and translational control strategies for the cistrons contained therein, but with different specificities. In plasmid-phage complementation assays, we show that posttranslationally, RB69 and T4 homologs of gp45 and the gp44/62 complex can be effectively exchanged between the two phage replicase assemblies; however, we also show results which suggest that mixed clamp loader complexes consisting of T4 gp62 and RB69 gp44 subunits are not active for phage DNA replication. Thus, specificity of the gp44-gp62 interaction in the clamp loader marks a point of departure between the T4 and RB69 replication systems.
The Consequences of Error in Criminal Justice

“Better that ten guilty persons escape, than that one innocent suffer” is a revered adage in the criminal law. It serves as shorthand for an important rule about punishment: minimizing wrongful convictions is more important than overall accuracy. This “Blackstone principle” accords with most people’s deeply felt intuitions about criminal justice. This Article challenges that fundamental precept. It begins by situating the Blackstone principle in the history of Anglo-American criminal law. That history shows how the principle gained prominence — most notably, because in Blackstone’s time and earlier death was the exclusive penalty for many crimes — but provides no compelling justification today. The leading modern argument for the Blackstone principle is that false convictions are simply more costly than false acquittals. But that argument is incomplete, because it focuses myopically on the costs of errors in individual cases. A complete analysis of the Blackstone principle requires taking stock of its dynamic effects on the criminal justice system as a whole. The Article conducts that analysis, which reveals two significant but previously unrecognized drawbacks of the Blackstone principle: First, its benefits to innocent defendants are smaller than usually assumed; it could even make those defendants worse off. Second, the principle reinforces a widely recognized political process failure in criminal justice, hurting not just defendants but society as a whole. The magnitude of these effects is uncertain, but they could more than cancel out the principle’s putative benefits. The Article then analyzes alternative justifications for the Blackstone principle. None is satisfactory; each rests on dubious empirical assertions, logical errors, or controversial normative premises. There is thus no fully persuasive justification for the principle. Rejecting the Blackstone principle would require us to rethink — although not necessarily redesign — various aspects of our criminal-procedure system.
Does counting to ten increase or decrease aggression? The role of state self‐control (ego‐depletion) and consequences

In this investigation, we experimentally test the interaction of ego-depletion (low state self-control), consequences, and decision-making time on aggressive responses to an insult from a confederate. The results indicate that ego-depleted participants respond more quickly and aggressively to an insult from a confederate. However, when a 30- second decision-making delay is imposed, ego-depleted participants reduce their aggression, but only if there are external consequences to being aggressive. In the absence of such consequences, ego-depleted participants become more aggressive following a delay. Additionally, if a distracting cognitive load disrupts the 30- second delay, aggression levels do not change significantly, even if there are consequences. These results suggest people respond to aggressive triggers more impulsively when ego-depleted.
Magnetospheric interchange instability

It is shown that the conventional derivation of the MHD interchange instability criterion using an energy approach yields incorrect results. A special case involving straight, parallel flux tubes is considered in which the conventional energy argument should apply but disagrees with the result of an elementary dynamical argument. It is shown that the disagreement arises because the conventional derivation neglects the self-consistent changes in the magnetic field that result from the flux-tube interchange. When these self-consistent changes are included in the energy approach, a new interchange instability criterion is derived that agrees with the dynamical criterion. The new instability criterion is qualitatively different from the conventional one and suggests that the pressure gradient of energetic ions at Jupiter may not stabilize the Io torus against interchanges. The inner magnetospheres of earth, Jupiter, and Saturn may all be interchange unstable.
Chiropractic Manipulation and Acute Neck Pain: A Review of the Evidence

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to review the chiropractic and medical literature in an effort to determine the extent of current evidence supporting the use of chiropractic manipulation for the treatment of acute neck pain. Methods A literature search of the MEDLINE/PubMed and MANTIS (Manual Alternative and Natural Therapy Index System) databases, extending from 1966 to September 2003, was conducted. Search terms included “cervical,” “neck,” “chiropractic,” “neck pain,” “patient satisfaction,” and “manipulation.” The inclusion criteria for article selection were studies dealing with the treatment of neck pain by means of chiropractic manipulation, regardless of the number of subjects involved or whether randomization was implemented. Results Two hundred sixty-seven citations were identified. Most were eliminated because they either did not specifically deal with the treatment of acute neck pain with manipulation or were not written in English. Less than 10 articles marginally dealt with the treatment of acute neck pain with cervical manipulation. Moreover, there has only been one randomized clinical trial published in the English language that specifically dealt with the treatment of acute neck pain by manipulation. Other studies involved patients with neck pain of a subacute or chronic nature or treated test subjects with mobilization techniques rather than manipulation. Conclusion There has been scant investigative research into the treatment of acute neck pain with chiropractic manipulation. Consequently, more data are needed and appropriate studies should be initiated.
Performance impact of pilot tone randomization to mitigate OFDM jamming attacks

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) uses pilot tones to estimate and equalize the channel's frequency response whose locations and values are known. This makes OFDM prone to pilot tone based jamming attacks. Our previous research analyzed such jamming attacks. This paper builds on this idea and proposes approaches to mitigate the effect by randomizing pilot tone locations. It also presents OFDM channel and equalizer model, formulates channel estimation error, and then undertakes an analysis of OFDM system for randomized pilot tones, verifying through simulation. Both analytics and simulation show that randomized pilot tone schemes perform worse when a jammer is not present but perform better in the presence of pilot tone based jammer. Of the two proposed randomization schemes, the one that constrains the distance between random tones performs better in both scenarios.
Application of spatial likelihood functions to multicamera object localization

The benefits and problems of a multi-camera object localization system utilizing Spatial Likelihood Functions (SLF) are explored. This method utilizes the angular extent of objects perceived by different cameras in order to find the region in which they intersect. This region will ideally correspond to the original location of the objects. It is shown that as long as the number of cameras is greater than the number of objects, an efficient camera fusion algorithm utilizing SLFs can be successfully employed to localize the objects. In certain situations, especially with a greater number of objects than cameras, false objects will appear among the correctly localized objects. Several different techniques to identify and remove the false objects are proposed, including a heuristic-based ray tracing approach and other multi-modal techniques. The effectiveness of the camera fusion and false object removal approaches are illustrated in the context of several examples.
Hand preference and hemispheric learning in the monkey.

Abstract Normal monkeys and monkeys with their optic chiasm sectioned that had strong hand preferences were trained binocularly to make a patterned visual discrimination. Subsequently, tests for recall were carried out monocularly and binocularly. The results were interpreted on the basis of studies suggesting that after chiasm sectioning, the monocular recall of such a discrimination is based predominantly on learning achieved by the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to the open eye. In the animals whose chiasm had been sectioned, comparison of recall by the eye contralateral with that of the eye ipsilateral to the preferred hand failed to reveal any consistent difference. For this group as a whole this difference was surprisingly close to zero. On the basis of the presumed relationship of monocular testing and ipsilateral hemispheric recall, we conclude that more active use of one hand during learning is not associated with greater learning by the contralateral hemisphere when the forebrain commissures remain intact. Right eye—left eye recall differences were also insignificant for the animals whose chiasm had been sectioned. However, in the normal animals, unexplained differences between right and left eye recall and also between contralateral and ipsilateral eye recall were observed. There was significantly greater discrimination recall binocularly than monocularly in the animals whose chiasm had been sectioned but not in the normal ones. An explanation is suggested based upon interhemispheric competition for the response-controlling mechanisms of the organism.
The Health Status of Latino Immigrant Women in the United States and Future Health Policy Implications of the Affordable Care Act

Immigrant women of Mexican birth face unique health challenges in the United States. They are at increased risk for developing many preventable health conditions due in part to limited access to healthcare and benefits, legal status, and inadequate income. Increased vulnerability of women has established a growing need to focus on their healthcare needs because of their role, position, and influence in the family. The purpose of this article is to review factors that impact the health status of Mexican-born women living in the United States and review policy implications of the Affordable Care Act for this population. Mexican-born women are the largest female immigrant group in the United States. Therefore, they comprise the group that will need health coverage in the greatest proportion. As a result, there will be a need for culturally and linguistically appropriate healthcare services and culturally sensitive providers.