cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
As we may think: the concept space and medical hypertext

Abstract Hypertext, a medium for presenting written material in a nonsequential manner, is gaining popularity as a format for medical text. The structure of “traditional” hypertext documents (hyperdocuments) includes author-created links among text segments. This structure poses challenge for those who create and maintain hyperdocuments, while reading them can introduce disorientation and cognitive overload. An alternative model is presented in which text segments are linked to the concepts which they contain and the concepts are linked to each other in a semantic network called the “Concept Space”. The concepts and semantic links attempt to approximate potential topics of interest, allowing the reader to browse the hyperdocument in an individualized manner, rather than in an author-designated one. The concept space approach offers advantages for both the author and the reader.
CLINICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF GALLSTONES

Abstract Many factors and diseases have been claimed to be associated with increased frequency of cholesterol gallstone formation. Not all these claims stand up to critical examination. Age, sex, and race are associated with gallstone frequency and stones are unusually common in patients with gallbladder cancer or pancreatitis. For parity, body-weight, cirrhosis, ileal disease (or resection), and diabetes mellitus an association is probable but not definite. For the many other associations which have been proposed the evidence is contradictory, inadequate, or both.
Crystallographic Texture and Magnetic Anisotropy and Their Influence Upon Microwave Devices

The role of magnetic and structural anisotropies in determining the radio-frequency properties of ferrites and their performance characteristics when integrated within high-frequency devices are explored. Both thin-film epitaxy and bulk polycrystalline texture are discussed, defining viable paths to realizing the crystallographic texture required for device integration.
Intrathecal morphine for pain control in term infants for oesophageal atresia/tracheooesophageal fistula repair

Summary Three term infants requiring oesophageal atresia with tracheo-oesophageal fistula repair were managed with intrathecal morphine for postoperative pain control. Excellent pain control was achieved in these infants lasting 22 to 36 h. No complications were noted. As a result of pain control without respiratory depression these infants were extubated immediately postoperatively. The patients were remarkably free of retained secretions, eliminating the need for reintubation and/or repeated suctioning with the associated risk of producing a recurrent tracheo-oesophageal fistula.
Deletion of RAR Carboxyl Terminus Reveals Promoter- and Receptor-Specific AF-1 Effects

Abstract Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are transcription factors with both amino-terminal ligand-independent and carboxyl-terminal ligand-dependent activation functions (AF-1 and AF-2, respectively). RAR-dependent gene activation in keratinocytes was investigated via expression of varied RARα and RARγ carboxyl terminal truncation mutants lacking the AF-2 domain. Overexpression of the AF-1 domain of RARα or RARγ was sufficient to decrease transcriptional activation of retinoid-dependent genes in keratinocytes. Conversely, expression of the same constructs was associated with an increase in expression of endogenous and synthetic reporter genes otherwise negatively regulated by RARs. These effects on transcription driven by some but not all retinoid-sensitive promoters tested could be alleviated by mutation of a serine phosphorylation site in the A/B domain. These results further support the promoter-specificity previously attributed to the RAR AF-1 region and functionally define a particular amino acid residue likely to contribute to the regulation of RARs and other proteins in the transcription complex.
Laparoscopic management of symptomatic achalasia associated with epiphrenic diverticulum

Background: We evaluated outcome after laparoscopic esophageal diverticulectomy, myotomy, and partial fundoplication. Methods: Patients with symptomatic achalasia and epiphrenic diverticula underwent laparoscopic diverticulectomy, Heller myotomy, and partial fundoplication. Intraoperative endoscopy and postoperative esophagography were performed in all patients. Patients graded preoperative and postoperative dysphagia and heartburn on a Likert scale. Results: Anterior fundoplication was performed in five patients and posterior fundoplication in one. Mean follow-up was 9 months (range, 1–17 months). One intraoperative complication occurred—an esophagotomy that was laparoscopically repaired. There were no postoperative leaks. Patient-reported dysphagia decreased from 4.5 ± 0.8 (mean ± SD) to 1.8 ± 1.7 (p < 0.05 matched pair analysis). Heartburn decreased from 4.3 ± 0.8 to 1.3 ± 1.3 (p < 0.05). All patients reported improvement in symptoms after operation. Conclusion: Laparoscopic esophageal diverticulectomy, Heller myotomy, and partial fundoplication with intraoperative endoscopy safely reduce dysphagia associated with achalasia and esophageal diverticula while limiting symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux.
PHASE CHANGE OPTICAL STORAGE - A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT

Recently there has been renewed interest in phase transformation based optical storage technology. Included among the many reasons for this interest has been the achievement of : (1) fast erase in conjunction with data stability, (2) demonstration of direct overwrite with good erasability, and in the last couple of years, (3) good progress in increasing the cyclability of the media. Direct overwrite has been demonstrated at media speeds from 1.25 to 22m/s. More than 2×106 cycles have been achieved with low BER. In addition, phase change media exhibits strong signal response at wavelengths shorter than 830nm and requires a much simpler optical head. In this paper we review past progress and assess the current status.
Structures of Cryptococcus neoformans Protein Farnesyltransferase Reveal Strategies for Developing Inhibitors That Target Fungal Pathogens

Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that causes life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals, including AIDS patients and transplant recipients. Few antifungals can treat C. neoformans infections, and drug resistance is increasing. Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes post-translational lipidation of key signal transduction proteins and is essential in C. neoformans. We present a multidisciplinary study validating C. neoformans FTase (CnFTase) as a drug target, showing that several anticancer FTase inhibitors with disparate scaffolds can inhibit C. neoformans and suggesting structure-based strategies for further optimization of these leads. Structural studies are an essential element for species-specific inhibitor development strategies by revealing similarities and differences between pathogen and host orthologs that can be exploited. We, therefore, present eight crystal structures of CnFTase that define the enzymatic reaction cycle, basis of ligand selection, and structurally divergent regions of the active site. Crystal structures of clinically important anticancer FTase inhibitors in complex with CnFTase reveal opportunities for optimization of selectivity for the fungal enzyme by modifying functional groups that interact with structurally diverse regions. A substrate-induced conformational change in CnFTase is observed as part of the reaction cycle, a feature that is mechanistically distinct from human FTase. Our combined structural and functional studies provide a framework for developing FTase inhibitors to treat invasive fungal infections.
Highly Variable Drugs: Observations from Bioequivalence Data Submitted to the FDA for New Generic Drug Applications

Introduction It is widely believed that acceptable bioequivalence studies of drugs with high within-subject pharmacokinetic variability must enroll higher numbers of subjects than studies of drugs with lower variability. We studied the scope of this issue within US generic drug regulatory submissions.
Identifying Depression in a National Sample of Caregivers Investigated in Regard to Their Child's Welfare.

ObjectivesIdentifying depression is the first step in provision of treatment across service settings but can be challenging for non–mental health providers. This study examined how caseworker identification of depression among parents and other caregivers during the child welfare investigation or assessment process varies as a function of agency, caseworker, and case characteristics.MethodsData were drawn from the second National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II), a national probability sample of children referred to U.S. child welfare agencies between February 2008 and April 2009. The study sample comprised 889 parents and other caregivers whose children initially remained at home and whose confidential responses on the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form indicated a major depressive episode within the past 12 months. Weighted logistic regression examined predictors of caseworker identification of caregiver depression at the agency, casewor...
Efficient Resource Sharing in Concurrent Error Detecting Superscalar Microarchitectures

Previous proposals for soft-error tolerance have called for redundantly executing a program as two concurrent threads on a superscalar microarchitecture. In a balanced superscalar design, the extra workload from redundant execution induces a severe performance penalty due to increased contention for resources throughout the datapath. This paper identifies and analyzes four key factors that affect the performance of redundant execution, namely 1) issue bandwidth and functional unit contention, 2) issue queue and reorder buffer capacity contention, 3) decode and retirement bandwidth contention, and 4) coupling between redundant threads' dynamic resource requirements. Based on this analysis, we propose the SHREC microarchitecture for asymmetric and staggered redundant execution. This microarchitecture addresses the four factors in an integrated design without requiring prohibitive additional hardware resources. In comparison to conventional single-threaded execution on a state-of-the-art superscalar microarchitecture with comparable cost, SHREC reduces the average performance penalty to within 4% on integer and 15% on floating-point SPEC2K benchmarks by sharing resources more efficiently between the redundant threads.
Changes in Insulin Sensitivity and Body Weight During and After Peginterferon and Ribavirin Therapy for Hepatitis C

Background & Aims Chronic hepatitis C is associated with an increased prevalence of insulin resistance, which might result from liver disease, metabolic factors, or the hepatitis C virus (HCV) itself. The effect of antiviral treatment on insulin sensitivity is not well-known. We evaluated changes in insulin resistance and weight in patients with hepatitis C during and after peginterferon and ribavirin therapy. Methods Virahep-C was a prospective, multicenter study of a 48-week course of combination antiviral therapy in patients infected with HCV genotype 1. Insulin resistance (IR) was estimated by the homeostasis model assessment index (HOMA2-IR) based on fasting glucose and insulin levels. Results Among 341 patients, 40% had insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR > 2.0). The presence of insulin resistance was associated with increasing age, body mass index (BMI), and fibrosis stage. Among patients with insulin resistance at the start of the trial, median decreases in HOMA2-IR values during treatment were 0.74 at 24 weeks and 0.89 at 48 weeks, whereas BMI decreased by 1.2 and 2.2 at the same time points ( P .001 for all). At follow-up, HOMA2-IR and BMI levels returned toward baseline values in patients who did not respond or relapsed, but HOMA2-IR values remained significantly lower in patients with sustained virologic response (SVR) ( P .001), despite increases in BMI. Conclusions In patients with HCV genotype 1 infections, therapy with peginterferon and ribavirin is associated with decreases in body weight and insulin resistance. Among patients with insulin resistance before treatment, resolution of HCV infection results in sustained improvements in the HOMA-IR index, suggesting that HCV could have a direct role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
Shear Diaphragm Bracing of Beams. I: Stiffness and Strength Behavior

Light gauge metal decking is commonly used in the building and bridge industries for concrete formwork. In addition to supporting the concrete, the metal forms also improve the lateral-torsional buckling capacity of the beam or girder they are fastened to as they behave as a shear diaphragm and restrain the warping deformation of the top flange. However, the stability bracing requirements for shear diaphragms are not well established. This is the first part of a two-part paper on diaphragm bracing of beams. The first part of the paper focuses on behavior whereas the second part focuses on general design requirements. The diaphragms in the study were connected along two edges to the top flanges of adjacent girders. The parameters that were investigated include the diaphragm stiffness, load type, and load position. The type of loading has a significant effect on the stability bracing behavior of the shear diaphragm. Other factors that have an effect on the bracing behavior include the web slenderness and the presence of intermediate discrete braces. The results presented in the first part of the paper create the foundation for a diaphragm bracing design methodology that is developed and presented in the second part of the paper.
Seedling Growth of Catawba Rhododendron. II. Photosynthesis and Carbohydrate Accumulation and Export

Catawba rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense Michx.) seedlings of two provenances, Johnston County, N.C. (35°45´N, 78°12´W, elevation = 67 m), and Yancey County, N.C. (35°45´N, 82°16´W, elevation = 1954 m), were grown in controlled-environ- ment chambers for 18 weeks with days at 18, 22, 26, or 30C in factorial combination with nights at 14, 18, 22, or 26C. Seedlings of the higher-elevation provenance generally exhibited higher net leaf photosynthetic rates (P N)s than those from the lower elevation at all temperature combinations. Thus, it appears seedlings of the high-elevation provenance possess greater relative thermotolerance, expressed as net photosynthesis, than the low- elevation provenance. Eighty-seven days after initiation (DAI) of the experiment, P N showed a quadratic response to increasing day temperature, with the maximum occurring at 22C, whereas PN decreased linearly with increasing night temperature. At 122 DAI, P N increased linearly with increasing day temperature with nights at 22 and 26C. Highest P Ns were at 30/22C and 26/22C. Carbohydrate export increased with increasing day tempera- ture, whereas the response to night temperature was minimal. High levels of nonstructural carbohydrates occurred at thermoperiods (22/22C and 26/22C) that optimize seedling growth. However, definitive trends relating seedling growth to P Ns, leaf carbohydrate levels, or to the amount of carbohydrate exported from the leaves were difficult to generalize due to numerous day × night interactions.
A Follow-up Study of Psychoeducational Recommendations

Psychoeducational evaluation of children with learning problems is a service provided by a variety of educational agencies. However, previous research raises the question of efficacy by demonstrating that an appreciable percentage of recommendations made in the evaluations are never implemented. The Learning Abilities Center at the University of Texas undertook a follow-up study to determine the percentage of recommendations from former evaluations that were reportedly implemented. In two consecutive spring semesters, telephone interviews were held with the parents and teachers of students evaluated the previous spring and fall. The cases, 42 boys and 25 girls, represented an age range of kindergarten through 12th grade. Results were categorized according to type of recommendation. Among categories, percentages of recommendations implemented ranged from 38% to 100%. Overall averages showed that 68% of the parental recommendations and 56% of teacher recommendations were implemented. A number of specific ba...
Easy, Cheap, & Fun: Role-play on Endocrine Regulation & Negative Feedback

This simple role-play exercise involves the whole class in learning about the function of hormones in promoting homeostasis and the value of negative feedback, using the example of regulation of calcium ions by parathyroid hormone.
CLAY MINERAL STABILITY AS RELATED TO ACTIVITIES OF ALUMINIUM, SILICON, AND MAGNESIUM IN MATRIX SOLUTION OF MONTMORILLONITE- CONTAINING SOILS

The influence of geomorphological site characteristics on soil clay mineral stability of montmorillonite-containing horizons of a southern Wisconsin soil catena was interpreted in terms of the solute activity function values of pSi(OH)4, pH-1/2pMg2+ and pH-1/3pAl3+ in suspensions of the separated clay fractions. Montmorillonite stability and/or formation vs that of kaolinite for the soil clays was evaluated by a plot of the solute activity functions on a three dimensional diagram derived for montmorillonite, kaolinite, and gibbsite at constant temperature (25°C) and constant pressure (one atm.). Although all the soil clays contained both montmorillonite and kaolinite, the position of the soil clay solute activity functions in the stability diagram clearly reflected the influence of the geomorphological—geochemical site conditions in which each soil horizon was developed, with corresponding differences in the SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of the reactive fraction. Montmorillonite stability positions of the solute activity functions were induced by soils (clays with reactive fractions with SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios = 3–4) from calcareous or poorly drained horizons, while kaolinite stability positions of the functions were induced by soils (clays with reactive fractions of SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios = 2) from acid, freely drained horizons.
Prospective evaluation of quality of life in total versus supracervical laparoscopic hysterectomy.

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate and compare recovery times and quality of life (QOL) in patients undergoing a total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) and laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy (LSH). Design Patients underwent either a TLH or LSH. After surgery, patients maintained a daily log documenting pain, nausea, use of pain medications, and return to daily activities. They also completed a QOL questionnaire (SF-36) before and after surgery. Design Classification Prospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force Classification II-1). Setting University teaching hospital. Patients A total of 122 women undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy. Measurements and Main Results A total of 122 women underwent TLH (n = 71) or LSH (n = 51) for benign indications from February 2008 to January 2010. There was a significantly higher postoperative improvement of QOL scores in the LSH group in 6 of 10 questionnaire categories and summary scores, including physical functioning (p =.03), role physical (p =.002), and bodily pain (p =.03). There were no significant differences in use of pain medications, level of pain, level of nausea, or return to normal activities. Conclusion LSH appears to provide greater improvement in short-term postoperative QOL compared with TLH. No significant differences were found in postoperative pain or return to daily activities.
Aortic fenestration for acute or chronic aortic dissection: an uncommon but effective procedure.

Abstract Background: Aortic fenestration is rarely required for patients with acute or chronic aortic dissection. To better define its role and the indications for its use and to evaluate its success at relieving organ or limb malperfusion, we reviewed our experience with direct fenestration of the aorta. Methods: A retrospective analysis of all consecutive aortic fenestrations performed between January 1, 1979, and December 31, 1999, was performed. Fourteen patients, 12 men and two women (mean age, 59.6 years; range, 43-81), underwent fenestration of the aorta. All patients were hypertensive and had a history of tobacco use. By Stanford classification, there were three type A and 11 type B patients. In the acute dissection group (n = 7), indications for surgery were malperfusion in six patients (leg ischemia, 4; renal ischemia, 5; bowel ischemia, 3) and intra-abdominal bleeding from rupture in two. In the chronic dissection group (n = 7), indications for surgery were abdominal aortic aneurysm in 4 patients (infrarenal, 3; pararenal, 1), thoracoabdominal aneurysm in 1, hypertension from coarctation of the thoracic aorta in 1, and aortic occlusion with disabling claudication in 1. Results: Emergency aortic fenestration was performed in seven patients (surgically for 6 and percutaneously for 1). Fenestration level was infrarenal in four and pararenal in three. Concomitant abdominal aortic graft replacement was performed in four patients, combined with ascending aortic replacement (n = 1) and bilateral aortorenal bypasses (n = 1). In two patients, acute fenestration was performed for organ malperfusion after prior proximal aortic replacement (ascending aorta, 1; descending thoracic aorta, 1). Seven elective aortic fenestrations were performed for chronic dissection (descending thoracic aorta, 2; paravisceral aorta, 2; infrarenal aorta, 2 and pararenal aorta, 1). Concomitant aortic replacement was performed in six patients (abdominal aorta, 5; thoracoabdominal aorta, 1). Fenestration was successful at restoring flow in all 10 patients with malperfusion. Operative mortality for emergency fenestration was 43% (3/7). The three deaths that occurred were of patients with anuria or bowel ischemia, or both. There were no postoperative deaths for elective fenestration. At a mean follow-up of 5.1 years, there were no recurrences of malperfusion and no false aneurysm formations at the fenestration site. Conclusion: Fenestration of the aorta can effectively relieve organ or limb ischemia. Bowel ischemia and anuria are indicators of dismal prognosis and emergency fenestration in these patients carries a high mortality. Elective fenestration combined with aortic replacement can be performed safely in chronic dissection. Aortic fenestration is indicated for carefully selected patients with malperfusion and offers durable benefits. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:711-21.)
A Look at the End-of-Life Financial Situation in America

This paper takes a comprehensive look at the financial situation of older Americans at the end of their lives. In particular, it documents the percentage of households with a member who recently died with few or no assets. It also documents the income, debt, home-ownership rates, net home equity, and dependency on Social Security for households that experienced a recent death. Significant findings include that among those who died at ages 85 or above, 20.6 percent had no non-housing assets and 12.2 percent had no assets left. Among singles who died at or above age 85, 24.6 percent had no non-housing assets left and 16.7 percent had no assets left. Data show those who died at earlier ages were generally worse off financially: 29.8 percent of households that lost a member between ages 50 and 64 had no assets left. Households with at least one member who died earlier also had significantly lower income than households with all surviving members. The report shows that among singles who died at ages 85 or above, 9.1 percent had outstanding debt (other than mortgage debt) and the average debt amount for them was $6,368. The report also shows that the importance of Social Security to older households cannot be overstated. For recently deceased singles, it provided at least two-thirds of their household income. Couple households above 75 with deceased members received more than 60 percent of their household income from Social Security. The data for this study come from the University of Michigan’s Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging, and is the most comprehensive national survey of older Americans.
The use of a One-Day Luteinizing Hormone Assay for Timing of Artificial Insemination in Infertility Patients*

A 1-day rapid assay for luteinizing hormone (RLH) was developed by combined alteration of incubation temperatures and immune-complex precipitation of a commercially available LH kit. The RLH assay, compared with the standard 3-day assay, had the following characteristics: standard curve slope values of –2.47 and –2.314; assay sensitivity of 5.5 and 3.8 mlU/ml of serum; average coefficients of variation for the standard curves of 13.6% and 14.1% and for serum controls of 10.6% and 13.1%, respectively. Two consecutive RLH assays of split samples were highly correlated (r=0.9908; P Representative curves of both RLH and standard LH assays, together with other data, are presented to show the feasibility of applying this method for timing of artificial insemination.
Theorizing Peace as a Human Right

This article seeks to fill the theoretical lacunae with regard to the third generation human right to peace. The author critically examines the place of violence within the development and practice of international law, identifying a 'violence-as-normative' paradigm. She posits that the implementation of third generation rights requires a re-thinking of the liberal individualist concept of human personhood and a rejection of positivist influences on rights theory. The article explores the concept of peace as law; and offers proposals for its implementation, grounding the right to peace conceptually, philosophically, normatively, and historically.
Inducers of interferon and host resistance. VI. Antiviral efficacy of poly I:C in animal models.

SummaryStudies were conducted in mice and chicks to measure the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of poly I:C in a variety of infections by both DNA and RNA viruses. Drug and virus were given by a variety of routes in a number of different regimens including variable drug and virus dosage. Marked prophylactic protection was obtained against PVM, Columbia SK, vaccinia, and parainfluenza 1 virus infections in mice. Poly I:C was therapeutic against PVM infection in mice when given as late as 3 days after infection and the duration of protective effect induced by poly I:C persisted for almost 7 days in the PVM system. Weak responses were noted against rabies, influenza B, and Rous sarcoma viruses, while the responses to influenza A, yellow fever, and Marek's agent were negative. The highly complex relationships between virus and drug administration will necessitate further study before optimal prophylactic and therapeutic regimens can be developed.The authors are indebted to Carolyn Saydah, Carol Bonoma, ...
Metal nanoparticle catalysts beginning to shape-up.

The field of heterogeneous catalysis has received a remarkable amount of interest from scientific and industrial perspectives because of its enormous impact on the world’s economy: more than 90% of...
Challenges and Opportunities in Flight Data Mining: A Review of the State of the Art

Incident and accident rates of rotorcraft and fixed-wing general aviation operations are considerably higher than those of commercial aviation. Efforts to improve the safety record of the former have drawn attention on flight data monitoring (FDM), also referred to as flight operations quality assurance (FOQA), as a voluntary safety mechanism for data collection with on-board recorders, analysis, and monitoring for the effectiveness of corrective measures. Flight data monitoring is regularly implemented in commercial operations where the application of data mining techniques has been proposed and demonstrated for anomaly detection. This paper surveys data mining techniques aimed at the reader with little or no prior exposure to this topic, as well as a review of published work on applications to flight data. It then provides an examination of challenges and opportunities for its application in rotorcraft and general aviation operations, where it has yet to be demonstrated on a large scale.
Masculine Guys Only

Mobile dating applications (apps) have changed the way gay men find others in their geographic area for sexual activity and romantic relationships. Many of these apps are branded in relation to traditional masculinity and have become a breeding ground for femmephobic, or anti-effeminate, language. Past research has not examined the effects of femmephobic language in social networking apps designed for men who have sex with men (MSM) on app users' perceptions. This research employed an online experiment of 143 MSM app users to test how users respond to femmephobic and non-femmephobic language use in MSM dating profiles. Participants rated the profile users, as well as reported their desire to meet the user in an offline context. Results indicated that the use of femmephobic language in dating profiles affects a potential partner's perceived intelligence, sexual confidence, and dateability, as well as one's desire to meet potential partners offline for friendship or romantic purposes. Anti-effeminacy was an important moderator of the main effect. Femmephobic profile text negatively impacts others' perceptions of a user.Perceived intelligence, sexual confidence, and dateability are impacted.Men have less desire to meet potential dates or friends with femmephobic profiles.The desire to meet for sex is not impacted by the use of femmephobic profile text.Anti-effeminacy significantly impacts the main relationships.
Development on the techniques of loop-mediated isothermal amplification

Clinical detection based on genetic amplification is one of the most valuable tools in bioscience,which had been proved to be applicable in detection of clinical microbes,infectious diseases and gene diagnosis.Limitation on traditional detection methods posed significant obstacles for their broad application.A novel nucleic acid amplification method,designated loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP),known as a rapid,low-cost,easy operating,highly sensitive and specific detection method,had been reported and applied in the field of bacteriological detection.In future,it's convinced LAMP will replace PCR assays,contributing to more rapid,simple,specific and accurate detection methods.
Cadmium Pollution Situation,Harm,Source and Production Measures in Paddy Field of China

The present status of cadmium pollution in paddy fields was introduced,the harm and sources were reviewed. From aspects of low cadmium accumulation of rice variety choice,rational application of fertilizer,water regulation,cadmium pollution control and selecting of non cadmium pollution paddy fields,some production measures for reducing cadmium pollution in paddy fields and its prospect were put forward.
Postoperative Chest Pain

Chest pain can originate from various anatomical structures in the body. The way in which chest pain presents in terms of location, duration, and character can help distinguish the source of the pain: cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, vascular, or musculoskeletal. The workup for chest pain in the postoperative period should typically mirror that of an emergency room workup with the additional consideration of incisional pain.
A tale of two communities: Using relational place-making to examine fisheries policy in the Pribilof Island communities of St. George and St. Paul, Alaska

This paper describes how relational place-making, with its focus on power dynamics, networked politics, and non-market, locally-valued characteristics, provides a useful framework for managers to better design fishing community policies. Social data, while becoming more common in fisheries management analyses, are typically restricted to quantitative measures that often cannot adequately summarize dynamics within fishing communities. In contrast, detailed ethnographic research and the theoretical framework of relational place-making can provide a useful methodology through which to gather social data to understand resource-dependent communities and the effects of fisheries management policies in these places. Relational place-making describes the process through which physical spaces are transformed into socially meaningful places, and how these understandings are contested and negotiated among different groups of actors. These contested narratives of place, called place-frames, can interact with economic development efforts to help create (or fail to create) sustainable communities. To better understand the efficacy of a specific fisheries policy, the community development quota (CDQ) program, we conducted 6 months of ethnographic research in the rural, Native communities of St. George and St. Paul, Alaska. In both communities we found that local place-frames centered on local empowerment and control. In St. George, local place-frames conflicted with place-frames advanced by CDQ employees, and locals were unable to align place-making goals with local economic realities. In St. Paul, local residents and CDQ employees shared a place-frame, allowing them to accomplish numerous local development goals. However, differences in place-frames advanced by other political entities on the island often complicated development initiatives. This study supports previous research indicating that policies and development projects that increase local power and self-determination are most successful in furthering community sustainability and well-being. This study indicates that relational place-making can illuminate local goals and desires and is therefore of great utility to the fisheries management decision-making process.
Ultrasound-guided greater auricular nerve block as sole anesthetic for ear surgery

A greater auricular nerve (GAN) block was used as the sole anesthetic for facial surgery in an 80-year-old male patient with multiple comorbidities which would have made general anesthesia challenging. The GAN provides sensation to the ear, mastoid process, parotid gland, and angle of the mandible. In addition to anesthesia for operating room surgery, the GAN block can be used for outpatient or emergency department procedures without the need for a separate anesthesia team. Although this nerve block has been performed using landmark-based techniques, the ultrasoundguided version offers several potential advantages. These advantages include increased reliability of the nerve block, as well as prevention of inadvertent vascular puncture or blockade of the phrenic nerve, brachial plexus, or deep cervical plexus. The increasing access to ultrasound technology for medical care providers outside the operating room makes this ultrasound guided block an increasingly viable alternative.
Depression and anxiety: maladaptive byproducts of adaptive mechanisms

Depression and anxiety disorders inflict untold harm on an enormous number of people. In the United States in a single year, nearly 10% of the population will suffer from a mood disorder and more than 20% will suffer from an anxiety disorder. Over the course of a lifetime, these numbers increase to 20% for mood disorders and 30% for anxiety disorders (National Institute of Mental Health 2016). From an evolutionary perspective, the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders poses a serious puzzle. The typical onset of these disorders occurs before or during an individual’s reproductive years (Kessler et al., 2005) and they can be severely detrimental to even basic daily functioning. Why has natural selection left us vulnerable in this way?
Evolutionary Psychology and Mental Health

Evolutionary biology is the recognized foundation for understanding animal behavior, but only now is it being recognized as essential for understanding abnormal behavior. The range of applications is wide, from recognizing the origins, functions, and regulation of emotions, to evolutionary explanations for the persistence of alleles that predisposed to mental disorders. Like other medical disorders, every mental disorder requires not only a description of the responsible mechanisms, but also an explanation for why those mechanisms are vulnerable to failure. The six reasons for vulnerability from evolutionary medicine help to structure research questions and answers. Some disorders are more common in modern environments, but many are products of the limits of natural selection, or trade-offs. The principle that natural selection shaped organisms to maximize reproductive success instead of health is crucial for psychiatry. Also essential is recognition of negative emotions as evolved defenses whose apparently faulty regulation can be explained by the smoke detector principle. While some aspects of some mental disorders reflect adaptive traits, many are better interpreted as flaws that exist for good reasons. Keywords: evolutionary medicine; EvMed; emotions; mental disorders; psychiatry
Transmission electron microscopy of chloritoid: intergrowth with sheet silicates and reactions in metapelites

L'etude par microscopie electronique en transmission ou microscopie electronique analytique montrent que pour le mineral chloritoide peut subir une intercroissance avec plusieurs plans de silicates. Il en resulte alors une grande variete de microstructure
Forgetting health disparities: A one size fits all narrative

This qualitative synthesis explores a public health narrative and events in the US that may have contributed to the prominence of a one-size-fits all communications frame and public health tool tha...
An experimental evaluation of foraging decisions in urban and natural forest populations of Anolis lizards

Foraging decisions reflect a trade-off between the benefits of acquiring food and the costs of movement. Changes in the biotic and abiotic environment associated with urbanization can alter this trade-off and modify foraging decisions. We experimentally manipulated foraging opportunities for two Anolis lizard species – the brown anole (A. sagrei) in Florida and the crested anole (A. cristatellus) in Puerto Rico – to assess whether foraging behavior differs between habitats varying in their degree of urbanization. In both urban and natural forest habitats, we measured the latency of perched anoles to feed from an experimental feeding tray. We manipulated perch availability and predator presence, while also taking into account population (e.g., conspecific density) and individual-level factors (e.g., body temperature) to evaluate whether and how these contribute to between-habitat differences in foraging behavior. In both species, urban anoles had longer latencies to feed and lower overall response rates compared to lizards from forests. Urban anoles were also larger (i.e., snout-vent length and mass) in both species and urban A. sagrei were in better body condition than the natural forest population. We postulate that the observed patterns in foraging behavior are driven by differences in perceived predation risk, foraging motivation, or neophobia. Although we are unable to identify the mechanism(s) driving these differences, the substantial differences in urban versus forest anole foraging behavior emphasizes the importance of understanding how urbanization influences animal populations and their persistence in anthropogenically-modified environments.
Linearity and dynamic range of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors

We examine the problem of optimizing the linearity and dynamic range of a FET device, with application to carbon-nanotube (CNT) FETs. To develop insight into the way FET parameters affect linearity, we derive expressions for noise figure, intermodulation distortion, and dynamic range of a FET described by a unilateral equivalent circuit. This exercise identifies criteria for optimizing linearity and comparing the linearity of dissimilar devices. Measurements prove that CNT devices are signify-cantly more linear than modern microwave FETs.
Cosmo complaints: Reparative reading and the possibility of pleasure in Cosmopolitan magazine:

Cosmopolitan magazine has occupied a central position in feminist cultural criticism since Helen Gurley Brown acquired the US edition of the magazine in 1965. Consequently, the magazine endures muc...
Kabbalah and the Corruption of the Primitive Church

...One of them [modem parties] does affirm, the true Christianity of the Jews was overborn and destroy’d by the more numerous Gentiles, who, not enduring the reasonableness and simplicity of the same, brought into it by degrees the peculiar expressions and mysteries of Heathenism, the abstruse doctrines and distinctions of their Philosophers...The Socinians and other Unitarians no less confidently assert, that the Gentiles did likewise introduce into Christianity their former polytheism and deifying of dead men: thus retaining (add they) the name of Christianity, but quite altering the thing.... (Toland, Nazarenus, p. 77)
Yield and Costs of Evaluating Children With Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome.

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives:Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) clinical guidelines recommend an algorithm of basic testing for standard patients, and more targeted testing, including laboratory and imaging studies, in the presence of specific red flags. The cost-effectiveness of this screening of
The crystal structure of the drug target Mycobacterium tuberculosis methionyl-tRNA synthetase in complex with a catalytic intermediate

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic bacterial infectious agent that is responsible for approximately 1.5 million human deaths annually. Current treatment requires the long-term administration of multiple medicines with substantial side effects. Lack of compliance, together with other factors, has resulted in a worrisome increase in resistance. New treatment options are therefore urgently needed. Here, the crystal structure of methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS), an enzyme critical for protein biosynthesis and therefore a drug target, in complex with its catalytic intermediate methionyl adenylate is reported. Phenylalanine 292 of the M. tuberculosis enzyme is in an `out' conformation and barely contacts the adenine ring, in contrast to other MetRS structures where ring stacking occurs between the adenine and a protein side-chain ring in the `in' conformation. A comparison with human cytosolic MetRS reveals substantial differences in the active site as well as regarding the position of the connective peptide subdomain 1 (CP1) near the active site, which bodes well for arriving at selective inhibitors. Comparison with the human mitochondrial enzyme at the amino-acid sequence level suggests that arriving at inhibitors with higher affinity for the mycobacterial enzyme than for the mitochondrial enzyme might be achievable.
All the Wild that Remains: Edward Abbey, Wallace Stegner, and the American West

Review of: "All the Wild that Remains: Edward Abbey, Wallace Stegner, and the American West", by David Gessner.
Finite Element Simulation of Nitrogen Transformation and Transport during Hysteretic Flow with Air Entrapment

Abstract A two-dimensional finite element model was used to predict multispecies transport and transformation of nitrogen accompanying unsaturated flow with hysteresis and air entrapment. Results show that under potential-type boundary conditions, hysteresis substantially influences transport predictions due largely to air entrapment effects. Nonhysteretic simulations using main wetting curve parameters corresponded much more closely to hysteretic results that those using main drainage relations. For contaminant introduction via buried constant strength line sources, hysteresis had little effect on predictions of N transport.
Disorders of Stimulus-Response Coupling in Neutrophils

The initiation of both the normal and pathologic responses of human neutrophils to surface stimulation and the ensuing biochemical and physiologic events are elucidated. This knowledge has contributed to an understanding of the controlling mechanisms that may account for impaired phagocytic function in several clinical disorders associated with recurrent bacterial infections.
COAL DISSOLUTION PROMOTED BY ULTRAFINE IRON-BASED CATALYSTS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes coal dissolution promoted by ultrafine iron-based catalysts. In a study described in the chapter, a laminar flow mixture of ethylene and iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)5) was intersected with radiation from a tunable cw CO2 laser in a specially designed flow reactor. This caused the thermal decomposition of the iron carbonyl and the reaction of iron with ethylene to form ultrafine spherical iron carbide particles. The particles thus generated were carried by streamline flow from the reaction zone and collected on a teflon membrane filter or in a magnetic trap. The behavior of the passivated iron carbides was examined under sulfiding conditions and in liquefaction experiments with a subbituminous coal. Two distinct phases of ultrafine iron carbides, Fe3C (orthorhombic), and metastable Fe7C3 (hexagonal) were identified. The phase composition and particle size were determined by XRD, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The formation of the dominant phase and particle size distribution are dependent on flow rate, pressure, and laser intensity, and can be controlled by these parameters.
Abstract WP313: Predictors of Early Depression in Stroke Patients Enrolled in the Michigan Stroke Transitions Trial (mistt)

Background: The period immediately after returning home from the acute care setting is a particularly stressful time for stroke patients. We report on depressive symptoms collected shortly after re...
Professional Competence of an Archivist: Changes that Can Be Expected

Over the 21st century, the model of professional competence of the archivist will certainly be changing and evolving. Competence, namely is the combination of knowledge and skills which enable the archivist to carry out the assigned tasks efficiently and effectively. These tasks, expected in the perspective of several decades are not quite possible to be predicted today. Undoubtedly now, and in the future even more, we should focus on training the present archivists and educating the future ones in the field of information management, data processing and secure storage of widely understood electronic documentation. So, are we going to witness a gradual evolution of the profession of an archivist towards the information manager, info broker, or a specialist in modern technology? Judging by the changes in the study programs for future archivists, it is highly probable. For the time being, these changes are being introduced quite slowly, at individual universities, but still, they determine a certain direction in education. We should also consider the methodology and standards of dealing with archival resources and the needs in this field, resulting from the changes which are happening now, and the expected ones, caused by the emergence of new techniques and technologies.