cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single Unit Analysis and Wide-Field Imaging Reveal Alterations in Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons in Glioma

Abstract Several studies have attributed the development of tumor-associated seizures to an excitatory-inhibitory imbalance, highlighting the importance of resolving the spatiotemporal interplay of different neuronal populations within the peritumoral microenvironment. We combined methods for microelectrode array recordings and single unit analysis during ictal events with wide-field optical mapping of pyramidal neurons in an ex vivo acute slice model of diffusely infiltrating glioma in Thy1-GCaMP6f mice. This approach allowed for characterization of excitatory and inhibitory populations across an extended peritumoral cortical region. As expected, measures of excitability were increased in tumor-bearing slices compared to control. This was accompanied by marked functional alterations in single units classified as fast-spiking interneurons, including reduced firing, altered timing with respect to excitatory firing, and deficits in surround inhibition. Inhibiting mTOR with AZD8055 reversed these glioma-induced changes to excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations, suggesting a prominent role for functional mechanisms linked to mTOR activation.
Congenital pituitary cyst resulting in adipsic central diabetes insipidus and secondary hypernatremia in a cat.

Case summary A 9-month-old intact female domestic mediumhair cat presented with a 5-month history of obtundation, lethargy, hypernatremia (181 mmol/l; reference interval [RI] 151-158 mmol/l), hyperchloremia (142 mmol/l; RI 117-126 mmol/l), azotemia (blood urea nitrogen 51 mg/dl; RI 18-33 mg/dl), creatinine 3.0 mg/dl (RI 1.1-2.2 mg/dl), hyperphosphatemia (8.3 mg/dl; RI 3.2-6.3 mg/dl) and total hypercalcemia (11.4 mg/dl; RI 9-10.9 mg/dl), with concurrent polyuria with adipsia. Neurologic evaluation revealed proprioceptive deficits, and this finding paired with a history of focal seizure-like activity despite improving sodium concentrations suggested a cerebrothalamic lesion. For this reason, and historical and biochemical findings consistent with adipsic diabetes insipidus (DI), MRI of the brain was performed, which revealed a lesion of the hypophyseal fossa consistent with a pituitary cyst. Given the patient's age and the timeline of clinical signs, a congenital pituitary cyst was strongly suspected. The patient was managed initially with intravenous fluids to correct the hypernatremia, then managed for more than 4 years with topical ocular desmopressin acetate administration and free water administered through a feeding tube. This cat's clinical diagnosis included a congenital pituitary cyst with subsequent central DI and primary adipsia. Relevance and novel information The clinical presentations of primary adipsia or central DI are both rare in cats. This is the first report to describe these conditions occurring in a cat owing to a congenital pituitary cyst and describes successful long-term management of this condition.
Validation of Wearable Sensor Technology to Measure Social Proximity of Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) struggle to develop appropriate social skills, which can lead to later social rejection, isolation, and mental health concerns. Educators play an impor...
Significance of Hospital Size in Outcomes of Single-Level Elective Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: A Nationwide Readmissions Database Analysis.

Objective To elucidate risk factors for 90-day readmission in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for small, medium, and large hospitals. To assess differences in length of stay, charges, and complication rates across hospitals of different size. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed using elective, single-level ACDF data from 2016 to 2018 in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Readmissions Database. Elective single-level ACDF cases were stratified into 3 groups by hospital bed size (small, medium, and large). All-cause complication rates, mean charges, length of stay, and 90-day readmission rates were compared across hospital size. Frequencies of specific comorbidities were compared between readmitted and nonreadmitted patients for each hospital size. Comorbidities significant on univariate analysis were evaluated as independent risk factors for 90-day readmission for each hospital size using multivariate regression. Results The overall 90-day readmission rate was 6.43% in 36,794 patients, and the rates for small, medium, and large hospitals were 6.25%, 6.28%, and 6.56%, respectively (P = 0.537). Length of stay increased significantly with hospital size (P Conclusions Hospital size is a determining factor for charges and length of stay associated with elective single-level ACDF. Variation in risk factors for readmission exists across hospital size in context of similar 90-day readmission rates.
On being judged by the company you keep: The effects of group consensus and target behavior on impressions of individual group members

Abstract Three studies were conducted to examine how trait judgments of target individuals are affected by the number of others in their groups who perform trait-implying behaviors that the targets do or do not engage in themselves. Hypotheses were advanced based on associative transference, perceived similarity, discounting, social comparison, and memory confusion. Results of the studies indicate that judgments of targets were systematically affected by the number of other group members who engaged in a trait-implying behavior, but that these effects differed depending on whether the target also engaged in the behavior. Assimilation occurred for targets who did not actually engage in a trait-implying behavior, in that they were perceived as having more of the implied trait as the number of other group members performing that behavior increased. However contrast, rather than assimilation, occurred for targets who did engage in the behavior, in that they were perceived as having less of the implied trait as the number of other group members performing the behavior increased. Follow-up analyses indicate that these effects were partially, but not entirely, mediated by memory confusion, with transference and perhaps discounting also theorized to play roles.
Operation Cast Lead: The Elusive Quest for Self-Defense in International Law

On December 27, 2008, Israel launched a 22-day military offensive against Gaza called “Operation Cast Lead.” Israeli forces killed some1,300 Palestinians, including 280 children, and injured approximately 4,300 others, including 1,100 children. Civilians comprised nearly 70 percent of the Palestinian death toll. The aerial and ground offensive also destroyed 2,900 homes, 29 schools, 121 commercial and industrial workshops, 60 police stations, and 30 mosques. During the Operation, thirteen Israelis were killed including three civilians and four soldiers killed by friendly fire. This article explores whether Israel's offensive qualifies as an act of self-defense. It concludes that applied to either the Charter framework or the Customary law one, Israel’s military offensive against Gaza fails to qualify as an act of self-defense because of its disproportionate nature.
The Orphaned Right: The Right to Travel by Automobile, 1890-1950

Driving an automobile is a privilege, not a right, according to the prevailing laws of every jurisdiction of the United States. However, this was not always the case. When automobiles were first introduced around the turn of the twentieth century, drivers relied on common law traditions that protected the right of every person to travel upon public roadways without a license. Courts repeatedly wrote of an individual's "right to travel" by automobile and struck down regulations aimed at limiting the liberties of automobile drivers on constitutional grounds. With the passage of time, however, automobile regulators generally prevailed in legislative halls and courtrooms. Today, the public has accepted a degree of travel regulation which would have seemed almost tyrannical to nineteenth century Americans. This paper analyzes this change in common law and suggests that even if most Americans are unaware of it, the change represents a substantial loss of liberty.
The impact of unit-based self-management by nurses on patient outcomes.

Abstract OBJECTIVE. Patients discharged from a self-managed nursing unit are compared with patients from traditionally managed units on postdischarge outcomes. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING. Primary data were collected on patients discharged from eight nursing units in three clinical areas in one hospital from August through November 1990. STUDY DESIGN. A case series of eligible patients discharged from four self-managed nursing units (n = 140) are compared with patients from four matched traditionally managed units (n = 138) on postdischarge outcomes: perceived health status, perceived functional status, needs for care, unmet needs for care, unplanned health care visits, and readmissions to the hospital within 31 days of discharge. DATA COLLECTION METHODS. Patients were interviewed by telephone at approximately two weeks postdischarge, and data from hospital records were merged with interview data. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses showed no significant effects (either positive or negative) of self-managed units on the postdischarge outcomes studied. CONCLUSIONS. Self-managed nursing units, previously shown to improve nurses' work satisfaction and retention, have no impact on patient postdischarge outcomes.
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Evacuee Risk Perception Throughout the Evacuation and Return-Entry Process

Developing effective evacuation and return-entry plans requires understanding the spatial and temporal dimensions of risk perception experienced by evacuees throughout a disaster event. Using data gathered from the 2008 Cedar Rapids, Iowa Flood, this article explores how risk perception and location influence evacuee behavior during the evacuation and return-entry process. Three themes are discussed: (1) the spatial and temporal characteristics of risk perception throughout the evacuation and return-entry process, (2) the relationship between risk perception and household compliance with return-entry orders, and (3) the role social influences have on the timing of the return by households. The results indicate that geographic location and spatial variation of risk influenced household risk perception and compliance with return-entry plans. In addition, sociodemographic characteristics influenced the timing and characteristics of the return groups. The findings of this study advance knowledge of evacuee behavior throughout a disaster and can inform strategies used by emergency managers throughout the evacuation and return-entry process.
'Going the Way of the Steam Engine' - The Institutional Press, The Internet and The Paradox of The Press Clause

This short essay considers recent debates about the Press clause against the backdrop of the Internet’s influence on the dissemination of information. In the last two years scholars have engaged in a lively debate about how to define “the Press” in an Internet age, and how the difficulties in reaching a coherent, stable definition affect press claims for constitutional protection. Space limitations preclude a comprehensive analysis of those debates, let alone a solution. However, the essay does offer some preliminary thoughts about the current debate, and suggests some tentative conclusions that can frame ongoing research and discussion. In particular, it suggests that press claims for protection under the Clause and the Internet’s technological transformation of communications combine to make it increasingly important for decision-makers to define the press. It also suggests that this definitional task is best undertaken as a combined effort of legislatures, with their greater responsiveness and line-drawing flexibility, and courts, reviewing such definitions for compliance with the basic principles underlying the Clause.
Efficient Sampling of Bacterial Signal Transduction for Detection of Pulse-Amplitude Modulated Molecular Signals

The sampling of the bacterial signal transduction is investigated for molecular communication (MC). It is assumed that the finite-duration amplitude modulated, i.e., pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM), concentration of a certain type of molecule is used for information transmission. The bacterial signaling pathway is modified to transduce the input molecules to the output signal, i.e., produce green fluorescent protein (GFP). The bacterial signal transduction is composed of a set of biochemical reactions which impose randomness on the response. Therefore, the input-output relation, the timing issues, and the noise effects for the bacteria response are characterized based on both analytical and experimental observations. Sampling schemes for the raw bacteria response are proposed based on the total response duration, the peak value, the ramp-up slope, and the ramp-down slope. Each sampling scheme is shown to be providing a one-to-one and monotonic function of the input. The sampling based on the ramp-up slope is shown to be statistically favorable for the detection of PAM molecular signals. Accordingly, the time interval selection and non-coherent sampling are studied for the efficient calculation of the ramp-up slope from the raw bacteria response. This work provides a basis for the sampling of the raw bacteria response and enables accurate detection of PAM molecular signals via bacterial response for MC and sensing applications.
Fat intake of children in relation to energy requirements

The optimal fat intake for children is discussed in light of their energy requirements. Total energy requirements were estimated from doubly labeled water studies of total energy expenditure (TEE) and the energy cost of growth. Basal metabolic rates (BMRs) were calculated from weight by using the equations of Schofield et al or by indirect calorimetry. Activity energy expenditure and physical activity levels were calculated as TEE - BMR and TEE/BMR, respectively. Weight-specific energy requirements for maintenance and growth changed inversely to the increased energy needed for physical activity in healthy, active children. The total energy requirements of infants increased from 1.4 MJ/d at 1 mo to 4.0 MJ/d at 24 mo. The energy cost of growth decreased sharply from 37-38% to 2% of the total requirement during the first 24 mo of life. Energy requirements increased from 4 MJ/d at 2 y to 11 MJ/d at 18 y in girls and from 5 to 15 MJ/d in boys. The energy cost of growth varied between 1% and 4% of total energy requirements in childhood and adolescence. The current recommendation of 30% of energy from dietary fat for children aged >2 y is sufficient for adequate growth. Lower fat intakes may be associated with inadequate vitamin and mineral intakes and increased risk of poor growth. Diets higher in fat may lead to higher energy intakes and higher body fat, although available data for children are conflicting. Beyond infancy, children can meet their energy needs for maintenance, physical activity, and growth from a diet providing 30% of energy from fat.
Complete blalock–taussig shunt obstruction in < 24 hours post-operative period in a neonate treated emergently using transcatheter angioplasty and low dose local recombinant TPA

A 12-day-old infant with pulmonary atresia, intact ventricular septum, and pulmonary blood flow through a ductus arteriosus developed complete shunt obstruction within 12 hr of creation of a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt. Low dose recombinant tissue plasminogen activator was administered locally as two 0.03 mg/kg bolus injections and was followed by balloon angioplasty. This resulted in complete recanalization of the shunt without any hemorrhagic complications.
The extracellular matrix and the control of proliferation of vascular endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells.

In this short review we describe the observations which have led us to conclude that one of the most important components involved in modulating cell proliferation in vitro, and probably in vivo as well, may be the extrac-cellular matrix upon which cells rest.
Electronic structure of transition metal-cysteine complexes from X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

The electronic structures of HgII, NiII, CrIII, and MoV complexes with cysteine were investigated by sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and density functional theory. The covalency in the metal−sulfur bond was determined by analyzing the intensities of the electric-dipole allowed pre-edge features appearing in the XANES spectra below the ionization threshold. Because of the well-defined structures of the selected cysteine complexes, the current work provides a reference set for further sulfur K-edge XAS studies of bioinorganic active sites with transition metal−sulfur bonds from cysteine residues as well as more complex coordination compounds with thiolate ligands.
Topological Oxide Insulator in Cubic Perovskite Structure

The emergence of topologically protected conducting states with the chiral spin texture is the most prominent feature at the surface of topological insulators. On the application side, large band gap and high resistivity to distinguish surface from bulk degrees of freedom should be guaranteed for the full usage of the surface states. Here, we suggest that the oxide cubic perovskite YBiO3, more than just an oxide, defines itself as a new three-dimensional topological insulator exhibiting both a large bulk band gap and a high resistivity. Based on first-principles calculations varying the spin-orbit coupling strength, the non-trivial band topology of YBiO3 is investigated, where the spin-orbit coupling of the Bi 6p orbital plays a crucial role. Taking the exquisite synthesis techniques in oxide electronics into account, YBiO3 can also be used to provide various interface configurations hosting exotic topological phenomena combined with other quantum phases.
Granulocyte Function and Levels of Immunoglobulins and Complement in Patients Admitted for Withdrawal from Alcohol

Chronic alcoholics who had been drinking heavily until admission for withdrawal from alcohol were studied to determine their level of granulocyte function, immunoglobulin concentration, and complement system activity. Although most had some mild derangement in results of liver function tests, serum albumin concentrations were normal, and there was no clinical evidence of malnutrition or cirrhosis. Granulocyte adherence was slightly depressed in two subjects (52.4% and 54.1%; normal, 76.0% +/- 12%), although mean adherence for the group was normal. Mean chemotaxis was significantly below normal (2,103 vs. 7,943 counts per min), and the impairment was related to a defect or inhibitor in the serum of patients. Phagocytic activity was less than half that of control subjects in two alcoholics, but mean values were not depressed. Bactericidal activity was normal in all. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins and total hemolytic complement activity were above the normal range for the group. The general inhibition of chemotaxis or the occasional defects in other granulocyte functions may contribute to the difficulty that alcoholics have with infection.
Effects of tutors with subject expertise on the problem-based tutorial process

With the increased interest in problem-based, small-group learning in medical education, a debate has arisen about whether the tutor should be an expert in the subject under discussion. This 1988 study at Harvard Medical School demonstrates that tutors' expertise has important effects on the process
Unusual static and dynamical characteristics of domain evolution in ferroelectric superlattices

The evolution from nanostripes to monodomains is explored in ferroelectric ${\text{BaTiO}}_{3}/{\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ (BT/ST) superlattices under dc and ac electric fields via the use of a first-principles-based technique. Such evolution involves original states that result in the decoupling of (static and dynamical) properties between BT versus ST layers. For instance, domain walls of nanostripes move at a different speed inside BT versus ST layers, and one intermediate state consists of three-dimensional nanobubbles inside BT layers coexisting with a monodomain inside ST layers. Moreover, velocities of domain walls of nanostripes and nanobubbles are determined as a function of the magnitude and frequency of the applied electric field. The domain-wall motion in BT and ST layers is found to follow a previously determined equation at small fields. On the other hand, velocities of domain walls of nanostripes and nanobubbles are found to obey a different empirical law at higher fields.
Energetic modulation of cardiac inotropism and sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ uptake

Abstract Myocardial contractile performance is a function of sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ uptake and release, Ca2+ handling is ATP-dependent and can account for up to 40% of total myocardial energy expenditure. We tested the hypothesis that the thermodynamics of the cytosolic adenylate system can modulate sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ handling and hence function in intact heart. Cellular energy level was experimentally manipulated by perfusing isolated working guinea-pig hearts with substrate-free medium or media fortified with lactate and/or pyruvate as the main energy substrate. Left ventricular contractile function was judged by stroke work and intraventricular d P d t . Cytosolic energy level was indexed by measured creatine kinase reactants. Relative to 5 mM lactate, 5 mM pyruvate increased left ventricular stroke work, d P d t max , and d P d t min , while lowering left ventricular end-diastolic pressure at physiological left atrial and aortic pressures. Pyruvate also doubled cytosolic phosphorylation potentials and increased [ ATP ] [ ADP ] ratio; this energetic enhancement distinguishes pyruvate from inotropic stimulation by catecholamines, which are known to decrease cytosolic energy level in perfused heart. Sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ handling was assessed in hearts prelabeled with 45Ca, subjected to 45Ca washout in the presence of different cytosolic energy levels, then stimulated with 10 mM caffeine to release residual sarcoplasmic reticular 45Ca. When ryanodine (1 μM) was applied to open Ca2+ channels and thereby released 45Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during washout, caffeine-stimulated 45Ca release was decreased 96%, demonstrating that virtually the entire caffeine-sensitive 45Ca pool was located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In detailed comparisons of pyruvate-energized vs. substrate-free deenergized hearts, an inverse relationship between cytosolic energy level and caffeine-mobilized 45Ca pool size was observed. Thus, caffeine-induced 45Ca release was decreased 60% by pyruvate energization and increased 2.5-fold by substrate-free deenergization. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that enhancement of myocardial inotropism by energy-yielding substrate is mediated by increased sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ loading/release. Thus we propose that the known control of sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ turnover by the protein kinase/phospholamban system can be modulated by cytosolic energy level.
On the Application of Baroclinic Instability and Sensible Heat Exchange to Explain Blocking Ridge Development

Abstract It has recently been suggested that exchange of sensible heat with the underlying surface is necessary for the baroclinic instability of waves on the scale of observed blocking ridge activity over the North Pacific. Theoretical support for this idea comes from studies of baroclinic instability in a two-layer model with diabatic heating proportional to the wave temperature. In this paper the problem is treated in a continuously stratified model. It is shown that such diabatic heating is not needed for instability at long wavelengths and that when it is present the growth rate of unstable modes is decreased.
Gram-negative bacterial toe web infection: Successful treatment with a new third generation cephalosporin

Fifteen patients with gram-negative bacterial toe web infections were treated for 1 week with intramuscular eefoperazone, a broad-spectrum third generation cephalosporin. Initial bacterial cultures in eleven patients (73%) grew more than one gram-negative organism. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequent isolate. All bacteria isolated were sensitive to cefoperazone (Cefobid). Swelling, redness, and flow of exudate resolved within 1 week of antibiotic administration. By day 7 there was no evidence of inflammation, and denuded areas had begun to re-epithelialize. Side effects were mild and did not require cessation of therapy. This antibiotic causes rapid resolution of a disease which previously required prolonged hospitalizations.
Avoiding Olefin Isomerization During Decyanation of Alkylcyano α,ω-Dienes: A Deuterium Labeling and Structural Study of Mechanism

A two-step synthetic pathway involving decyanation chemistry for the synthesis of pure alkyl α,ω-dienes in quantitative yields is presented. Prior methodologies for the preparation of such compounds required 6−9 steps, sometimes leading to product mixtures resulting from olefin isomerization chemistry. This isomerization chemistry has been eliminated. Deuteration labeling and structural mechanistic investigations were completed to decipher this chemistry. Deuterium labeling experiments reveal the precise nature of this radical decyanation chemistry, where an alcohol plays the role of hydrogen donor. The correct molecular design to avoid competing intramolecular cyclization, and the necessary reaction conditions to avoid olefin isomerization during the decyanation process are reported herein.
Guided-Wave Acousto-Optic Bragg Diffractions in InP/InGaAsP/InP Waveguide

The integrated acoustooptic (AO) device Modules that utilize Bragg diffraction of guided-optical waves from surface acoustic waves (SAW) in LiNbO3 planar optical waveguides have been shown to be capable of performing a variety of useful functions in RF signal processing, optical communications, and analog electrooptic computing[l]. However, only a partial or hybrid integration of such AO device modules can be realized at present due to the inability of monolithically integrating lasers and photodetectors on a common LiNbO3 substrate. InP substrate can potentially provide the capability for total or monolithic integration because both the laser sources and the photodetectors as well as the associated electronic devices have been successfully integrated in the same substrate[2]. More importantly, InGaAsP/InP lattice-matched heterostructures, QW lasers and other photonic devices operating at the desirable optical wavelengths of 1300 and 1500nm are being realized for applications in fiber optic communication systems [3]. In this paper, we report the first theoretical and experimental studies of guided-wave AO Bragg diffraction in a composite InP/InGaAsP/InP planar waveguide structure. Relatively good diffraction efficiency has been accomplished at 1310nm optical wavelength using the SAW at the center frequency of 167 MHz and an acoustic interaction length as small as 1.0mm.
Estimation of free myo-inositol in milks of various species and its source in milk of rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Abstract Free myo -inositol content of milk of rats and other rodents fed standard laboratory chow is 80 mg/100g as compared to about 4 mg/100g for cow milk. Feeding experiments with graded amounts of myo -inositol demonstrated that the myo -inositol content of milk is strongly influenced by dietary intake. Radioactivity from either [carbon–14] glucose or [hydrogen–3] myo -inositol injected intraperitoneally was incorporated rapidly into milk myo -inositol. Thus, both mammary biosynthesis and active transport contribute to the high myo -inositol in rat milk, but the latter is quantitatively the more important.
Time‐parallel solution of linear partial differential equations on the Intel Touchstone Delta supercomputer

Evolutionary partial differential equations are usually solved by decretization in time and space, and by applying a marching in time procedure to data and algorithms potentially parallelized in the spatial domain.
Website evaluation criteria among US college student consumers with different shopping orientations and Internet channel usage

The purpose of this study was to compare the website evaluation criteria among college student consumers in the US with different shopping orientations and Internet channel usage (i.e. online information searchers, online purchasers). The sample for this research was 414 college students, non-married and aged 18–22 who have experience in visiting websites selling apparel products. Five apparel website evaluation criteria were identified by factor analysis (i.e. product information, customer service, privacy/security, navigation, auditory experience/comparison shopping). Based on shopping orientation factors, cluster analysis revealed three shopping orientation clusters (i.e. Hesitant In-home Shoppers, Practical Clothing Shoppers, Involved Clothing Shoppers). Factorial manova showed that website evaluation criteria were significantly different among college student consumers with different shopping orientations and between online information searchers and online purchasers. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.
On the solutions to x′(t) = A(t) x (t) over all A(t), where P ⩽ A(t) ⩽ Q

Let Pij and qij be positive numbers for i ≠ j, i, j = 1, …, n, and consider the set of matrix differential equations x′(t) = A(t) x(t) over all A(t), where aij(t) is piecewise continuous, aij(t) = −∑i ≠ j aij(t), and pij ⩽ aij(t) ⩽ qij all t. A solution x is also to satisfy ∑i = 1n xi(0) = 1. Let Ct denote the set of all solutions, evaluated at t to equations described above. It is shown that Ct, the topological closure of Ct, is a compact convex set for each t. Further, the set valued function Ct, of t is continuous and limitt → ∞ Ct = ∩ Ct.
Surface characterization of sodium tungsten bronzes

Abstract Single crystals of the sodium tungsten bronzes Na 0.6 WO 3 and Na 0.8 WO 3 were investigated using a variety of surface-sensitive techniques. The predominant work functions of the (100) orientation of these materials were measured to be 4.65±0.05 eV and 4.50±0.05 eV for Na 0.6 WO 3 and Na 0.8 WO 3 respectively. However, a second work function appeared irreproducibly between 3.2 and 3.7 eV for both crystals. At present, we conclude that the low work function state is a result of a local change in surface structure or composition brought about by annealing. Potassium impurity preferentially segregates at the surface upon annealing at 500°C but could not unequivocally be related to the formation of the low work function state. Neither crystal readily adsorbs CO and O 2 , even while at elevated temperatures. The activation energies of sodium desorption were measured to be 12.5 and 30.1 kcal/mole for Na 0.6 WO 3 and Na 0.8 WO 3 respectively.
Transport of ions of one kind through thin membranes. II. Nonequilibrium steady-state behavior.

The equation for steady-state movement of ions of one kind through planar membranes has been solved. Numerical results are given, as well as profiles of potential, field and concentration. For small deviations from the equilibrium potential, an essentially constant intrinsic membrane conductance is obtained, which can be calculated from equilibrium properties. For larger deviations from equilibrium, the intrinsic membrane conductance is still essentially constant for symmetrical interfacial concentrations of the permeable ion, but varies significantly with potential for asymmetric interfacial concentrations, especially if these concentrations are small. In the latter case, one can often use the constant field approximation, for which explicit expressions are presented.
Identification of regions of the Streptococcus faecalis plasmid pCF-10 that encode antibiotic resistance and pheromone response functions

Abstract The conjugative plasmid pCF-10 (58 kb) of Streptococcus faecalis has been mapped with restriction enzymes. By restriction mapping and Southern hybridization analysis, a 16-kb segment of the plasmid was shown to resemble closely the conjugative tetracycline resistance transposon, Tn916. Mutagenesis of the plasmid with the erythromycin resistance transposon Tn917 was used to localize a tetracycline resistance determinant and several regions involved in conjugal transfer. Fifty Tn917 insertions (outside the region of the plasmid homologous to Tn916) affecting mating behavior and the ability of donor cells to respond to the sex pheromone cCF-10 were mapped to nine distinct segments, or tra regions. Insertions into tra regions 1–3 and 7–9 led to an enhanced transfer ability of mutant plasmids relative to the transfer frequency obtained for the wild-type plasmid. Cells carrying these mutant plasmids differed in colony morphology or growth in broth culture from cells carrying pCF-10. Insertions into tra regions 4–6 resulted in reduced plasmid transfer, or completely eliminated the mating potential of donor cells. Insertions generating transfer-defective plasmids could be grouped further according to the ability of strains harboring the mutant plasmids to respond to cCF-10. Hin dIII fragments of pCF-10 coding for transfer functions have been cloned into Escherichia coli .
In-situ monitoring of H2O2 degradation by live cells using voltammetric detection in a lab-on-valve system

This paper describes a method for monitoring the degradation of hydrogen peroxide by cells immobilized on a beaded support. The detection is based on the voltammetric reduction of hydrogen peroxide on a mercury film working electrode, whilst combining the concept of sequential injection (SI) with the lab-on-valve (LOV) manifold allows the measurements to be carried out in real time and automatically, in well-defined conditions. The method is shown to be capable of simultaneously monitoring hydrogen peroxide in the 10–1000 µM range and oxygen in the 160–616 µM range. A correction algorithm has been used to ensure reliable H2O2 results in the presence of varying oxygen levels. The method has been successfully applied to monitoring the degradation of H2O2 by wild-type cells and by catalase-overexpressing mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Since the technique allows the monitoring of the initial response rate, it provides data not accessible by current methods that are end-point-based measurements.
Phantom Archean crust in Mangaia hotspot lavas and the meaning of heterogeneous mantle

Article history: Lavas from Mangaia in the Cook-Austral island chain, Polynesia, define an HIMU (or high μ ,w here μ = 238 U/ 204 Pb) global isotopic end-member among ocean island basalts (OIB) with the highest 206,207,208 Pb/ 204 Pb. This geochemical signature is interpreted to reflect a recycled oceanic crust component in the mantle source. Mass independently fractionated (MIF) sulfur isotopes indicate that Mangaia lavas sampled recycled Archean material that was once at the Earth's surface, likely hydrothermally-modified oceanic crust. Recent models have proposed that crust that is subducted and then returned to the surface in a mantle plume is expected to transform to pyroxenite/eclogite during transit through the mantle. Here we examine this hypothesis for Mangaia using high-precision electron microprobe analysis on olivine phenocrysts. Contrary to expectations of a crustal component and, hence pyroxenite, results show a mixed peridotite and pyroxenite source, with peridotite dominating. If the isotopic compositions were inherited from subduction of recycled oceanic crust, our work shows that this source has phantom-like properties in that it can have its lithological identity destroyed while its isotope ratios are preserved. This may occur by partial melting of the pyroxenite and injection of its silicic melts into the surrounding mantle peridotite, yielding a refertilized peridotite. Evidence from one sample reveals that not all pyroxenite in the melting region was destroyed. Identification of source lithology using olivine phenocryst chemistry can be further compromised by magma chamber fractional crystallization, recharge, and mixing. We conclude that the commonly used terms mantle "heterogeneities" and "streaks" are ambiguous, and distinction should be made of its lithological and isotopic properties.
Comparison of Rawinsonde and Wind Profiler Radar Measurements

Abstract Comparisons of horizontal wind component measurements from a rawinsonde and a UHF wind profiler radar, obtained twice daily over a period of nearly 2 years (from mid-January 1984 through October 1985), showed differences with a standard deviation of about 2.5 m s−1, mainly due to meteorological variability in the winds.
Progress on understanding debonding problems in reinforced concrete and steel members strengthened using FRP composites

Abstract Use of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite materials for strengthening and repair of structural members has become an increasingly popular area of research and application in the last decade. However, the method is yet to become a mainstream application due to a number of economical and design related issues. From a structural mechanics point of view, an important concern regarding the effectiveness and safety of this method is the potential of brittle debonding failures. Such failures, unless adequately considered in the design process, may significantly decrease the effectiveness of the strengthening or repair application. In recent years, there has been a concentration of research efforts on characterization and modeling of debonding failures. This paper provides a review of the progress achieved in this area regarding applications to both reinforced concrete and steel members.
Complementing substitutions at the bottom of the barrel influence catalysis and stability of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.

The temperature-conditional photosynthesis-deficient mutant 68-4PP of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii results from a Leu-290 to Phe substitution in the chloroplast-encoded large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39). Although this substitution occurs relatively far from the active site, the mutant enzyme has a reduced ratio of carboxylation to oxygenation in addition to reduced thermal stability in vivo and in vitro. In an attempt to understand the role of this region in catalysis, photosynthesis-competent revertants were selected. Two revertants, named R96-4C and R96-8E, were found to arise from second-site mutations that cause V262L and A222T substitutions, respectively. These intragenic suppressor mutations increase the CO2/O2 specificity and carboxylation Vmax back to wild-type values. Based on the crystal structure of the spinach holoenzyme, Leu-290 is not in van der Waals contact with either Val-262 or Ala-222. However, all three residues are located at the bottom of the α/β-barrel active site and may interact with residues of the nuclear encoded small subunits. It appears that amino acid residues at the interface of large and small subunits can influence both stability and catalysis.
A full-size MRI-compatible keyboard response system

Two commercially available plastic keyboards were contrasted in the degree to which they interfered with echo planar imaging. One keyboard (GrandTec USA's "Virtually Indestructible Keyboard") caused significantly less temporally variant and invariant signal loss and was integrated into a MRI interface system for recording participants' manual motor responses. The response recording system is safe, accurately records reaction time behavioral data, and does not interfere with functional data collection. Implementing this MRI-compatible keyboard allows the collection of motor responses from complex manual behaviors (i.e., typing) and thus represents a valuable tool for functional MRI (fMRI) studies.
Radar Chart Array Analysis to Visualize Effects of Formulation Variables on IgG1 Particle Formation as Measured by Multiple Analytical Techniques

This study presents a novel method to visualize protein aggregate and particle formation data to rapidly evaluate the effect of solution and stress conditions on the physical stability of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) 1 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Radar chart arrays were designed so that hundreds of microflow digital imaging (MFI) solution measurements, evaluating different mAb formulations under varying stresses, could be presented in a single figure with minimal loss of data resolution. These MFI radar charts show measured changes in subvisible particle number, size, and morphology distribution as a change in the shape of polygons. Radar charts were also created to visualize mAb aggregate and particle formation across a wide size range by combining data sets from size-exclusion chromatography, Archimedes resonant mass measurements, and MFI. We found that the environmental/mechanical stress condition (e.g., heat vs. agitation) was the most important factor in influencing the particle size and morphology distribution with this IgG1 mAb. Additionally, the presence of NaCl exhibited a pH and stress-dependent behavior resulting in promotion or inhibition mAb particle formation. This data visualization technique provides a comprehensive analysis of the aggregation tendencies of this IgG1 mAb in different formulations with varying stresses as measured by different analytical techniques.
Priorities for Oncology Nursing Research: The 2013 National Survey

Purpose/Objectives: To advance the goals of evidence-based care and prioritize the knowledge generation that addresses contemporary challenges in oncology nursing. Results are used to inform the development of the Oncol-ogy Nursing Society (ONS) Research Agenda and by the ONS Foundation to develop strategic research initiatives.Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional survey. Setting: Web-based survey.Sample: 8,554 ONS members from all levels of education. All doctorally prepared members were invited to partici-pate. A random stratified sample was obtained from the remainder of the membership. Methods: The ONS Research Priorities Survey project team created the survey and analyzed and interpreted the results. Members received an email invitation and follow-up reminders for survey completion.Main Research Variables: Oncology nursing research and evidence-based practice topic questions.Findings: The response rate was 11%, which is compa-rable to previous surveys. Topics ranked included descrip -tive research on patient adherence; intervention studies to optimize adherence, achieve concordance with cancer screening guidelines in minority populations, manage neu -rologic and cardiovascular late effects, and manage symp -toms and symptom clusters; and studies to identify optimal delivery models for survivorship care. These findings have direct implications for translating existing evidence into practice and underscore the need for intervention research focused on improving patient-centered outcomes. Conclusions: Results provide a broad assessment of mem -ber views regarding oncology research priorities. Given the response rate, additional strategies to encourage member participation will be considered. Implications for Nursing: The results, together with the updates of the ONS Research Agenda, can guide ONS and ONS Foundation research and evidence-based practice initiatives. Key Words: evidence-based practice, clinical practice
Isolation and characterization of the hatching enzyme from the amphibian, Xenopus laevis.

Abstract The proteolytic activity released at the time of Xenopus laevis embryo hatching, termed the hatching enzyme, was purified and characterized in terms of its physical and enzymatic properties. Using predominantly isoelectric focusing and preparative ultracentrifugation, the enzyme was purified 2200-fold over the starting crude hatching media. From disc gel electrophoretic experiments, the most highly purified form of the enzyme had two enzymatically active charge isomers present with molecular weights of 62,500. With time, the purified enzyme gave rise to a family of enzymatically active charge isomeric proteins. The enzymatic activity of hatching enzyme toward its 125 I-labeled natural substrate, the fertilization envelope, was optimal at pH 7.7 and was ionic strength dependent. The enzyme was inhibited by Zn 2+ and by EDTA. From inhibition by the site-specific reagents diisopropylfluorophosphate and phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, we concluded that the enzyme was of the serine protease type, although its inhibition by Zn 2+ and EDTA prevents a clear and unequivocal classification of the protease. This enzyme is different from the hatching enzymes reported in fish and echinoderms, on the basis of size, but it is similar to that described in Rana chensinensis on the basis of size and specificity.
Complementary or alternative? The effects of corporate political strategy on innovation

Purpose – Drawing on the strategic choice and resource dependence perspectives, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between corporate political strategy and innovation in the manufacturing industry in the USA.Design/methodology/approach – The paper proposes two competing views on the relationship between corporate political strategy and innovation building on strategic choice and resource dependence perspectives.Findings – The results show support for the resource dependence perspective, suggesting that corporate political strategy is complementary to innovation. The paper also tests for the moderating effects of firm characteristics such as firm size and financial resources, and industry characteristics such as industry concentration and growth on this relationship. The findings indicate that firms that invest heavily in innovation strategies may also want to consider investing in corporate political strategy to create favorable conditions for innovation.Originality/value – The p...
Elastic Anisotropy, Maturity, And Maceral Microstructure In Organic-Rich Shales

Relating seismic wave velocity and maturity in organic-rich shale is still a fundamental issue in the study of organicrich rocks. We found that the inception of the maturity peak -expressed in terms of vitrinite reflectance(Ro % = 0.65) separates the pressure-dependent anisotropic behavior of organich-rich rocks in two domains: for maturities less than 0.65 (from immature to peak mature rocks), rocks exhibit a low pressure-sensitivity (velocity and anisotropy) but increasing magnitude of anisotropy with increasing Ro%; for maturities greater than 0.65, rocks show an higher sensitivity of velocity to pressure and decreasing magnitude of anisotropy. To start understanding the role of maturation processes and how the spatial arrangement of kerogen could control the elastic properties of these rocks, we complemented traditional rock-physics measurements with the analysis of images obtained using confocal laser scanning microscopy. This latter represents a suitable technique to image organic matter yielding relevant inputs for rock-physics computational analysis.
Projected and Perceived Destination Brand Personalities The Case of South Korea

A destination can seek to convey a certain brand personality through various branding strategies and advertising messages. However, consumers may interpret the communicated messages through the prism of their own perceptions and thus may respond differently to a brand message than was intended. This research attempted to understand the relationship between the perceived and projected destination brand personalities, using South Korea as a case in point. The projected destination personality was assessed through analyzing the contents of the official Korean tourism website, while the perceived destination personality was determined from a survey conducted among a sample of U.S. travelers. The findings revealed significant discrepancies between the two. This research established a methodological framework that could become a practical tool for tourism marketing organizations in their efforts to determine and eliminate potential destination personality incongruence.