cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatigue property prediction of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V using probabilistic physics-guided learning

Abstract The probabilistic fatigue properties of additively manufactured (AM) Ti-6Al-4V using selective laser melted (SLM) process is analyzed considering the effects of process parameters. The Probabilistic Physics-guided Neural Network (PPgNN) is proposed for the modeling. With this developed model, both mean and variance of the fatigue life can be learned. The PPgNN contains constraints on model parameters to obtain the probabilistic stress-life relationships (P-S-N curves) with the physics-consistent curvature and nonconstant variance. The PPgNN model is also able to be trained using the data set with missing data for more reliable predictions. Experimental fatigue data are collected from extensive literatures for AM Ti-6Al-4V in as-built and annealed condition subjected to various process parameters (scanning speed, laser power, hatch space, layer thickness, heat temperature, heat time). The PPgNN model is validated using the experimental data. Next, a group of models with the same architecture and training data but different initial neural network biases and weights are obtained to account for the the randomness of NN. Following this, the predictive performance is compared between models training using all data (both complete and incomplete) and only complete data. Finally, global sensitivity analysis using the Delta Moment-Independent Measure is conducted to investigate the importance of process parameters. By only varying one process parameter and keeping the remaining ones fixed, the effect of each parameter on probabilistic fatigue lives is studied.
Carrier Transit Time Reduction for Broadband Photoconductive Terahertz Detection at Telecommunication Wavelengths

We present a broadband telecommunication-compatible photoconductive terahertz detector, which combines both plasmonic enhancement and carrier confinement to achieve ultrafast carrier transport without utilizing short-carrier-lifetime photoconductors. We demonstrate terahertz detection with more than a 125 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over a 3.6 THz bandwidth.
The research of mobile learning network integrated with augmented reality and radio frequency identification technologies in sustainable campus

The Sustainable Campus Plan is to help students explore environmental knowledge at any corner of campus through mobile digital devices.This research focuses on the development of optimal mobile learning network through the technologies of augmented reality and radio frequency identification.With the services of personal information flow and multi-layer 3D display,the network can easily help students to explore knowledge concealed behind the real environment.This research takes the "reclaimed water information system" on campus as practical example.In consideration of different environmental contexts,we create "regional scanning platform","local observation platform",and "terminal review platform" in the system.Each platform can function individually or cooperatively.Through Heuristic Evaluation taken by professors,the reclaimed water information system is demonstrated to have high usability in every evaluation item.The paper provides a practical solution to constructa a mobile learning network in the sustainable campus.
Vehicle structural analysis calculation method development in order to improve noise-vibration-harshness characteristics

The article presents a calculation method of structural analysis of a vehicle through the example of a body, the purpose of which is to reduce noise pollution. The results of calculations and experimental validations of calculations, natural frequencies and oscillation modes of the body, local dynamic stiffnesses and frequency response are provided. Also, the body characteristics in natural frequencies are improved through topological and topographical optimization of the body element.
The Long Process of Development: Building Markets and States in Pre-industrial England, Spain and their Colonies

1. Introduction 2. The collective-action difficulties of creating an effective state 3. The pre-state of England and Spain: the importance of man-made geography 4. The early state in England and Spain 5. The minimally effective state 6. The truly effective state 7. English and Spanish colonial policies 8. The English colonies 9. Colonial Mexico 10. The collective-action problems of the formation of the United States 11. The collective-action problems of the formation of Mexico 12. The implications for development theory.
Dealing with IC manufacturability in extreme scaling (Embedded tutorial paper)

As the CMOS feature enters the era of extreme scaling (14nm, 11nm and beyond), manufacturability challenges are exacerbated. The nanopatterning through the 193nm lithography is being pushed to its limit, through double/triple or more general multiple patterning, while non-conventional lithography technologies such as extreme ultra-violet (EUV), e-beam direct-write (EBDW), and so on, still have grand challenges to be solved for their adoption into IC volume production. This tutorial will provide an overview of key overarching issues in nanometer IC design for manufacturability (DFM) with these emerging lithography technologies, from modeling, mask synthesis, to physical design and beyond.
JHK Imaging of QSO Hosts and Companions

Deep J,H,K imaging is presented of 90 arcmin fields around QSOs at red-shifts in the range 0.06 to 2.4, including images, luminosity profiles, and NIR 2-colour diagrams. The low z hosts are all resolved, and NIR colours are measured. These suggest that they all live in groups of companion galaxies. The two radio-loud objects live in richer cluster environments than the others. Gissel population models indicate association with the QSOs, and some systematic offsets at z≤0.3. The QSO luminosity profiles are complex and reveal some of their tidal disturbance and star-formation history. At high redshift, the models match well, and indicate compact groups of galaxies with young populations.
Poor Relief in England, 1350–1600

1. Introduction Part I. Late Medieval and Early Tudor Patterns: 2. Seeking alms 3. Late medieval hospitals and almshouses 4. Aid given through and by the parish Part II. Profound Change during the Early Reformation Period: 5. New ideas and new policies, c.1530-53 Part III. Intensified Problems and Altered Approaches in the Later Sixteenth Century: 6. The burgeoning of begging, collection, and fraud 7. The changing nature of almshouses and hospitals 8. Support for the parish poor Part IV. Responding to the Problems: 9. The Poor Laws of 1598 and 1601 10. Conclusion Appendices.
Delivery Room Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: Practice and Feasibility

To the Editor .— The article by Finer et al1 demonstrated the feasibility of delivery room (DR) continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in premature infants for the purpose of a randomized, clinical trial. This study was not designed to measure outcomes of DR CPAP, given the minimal criteria for intubation on arrival in …
Renaissance Humanism and Its Discontents

AbstractThe essay explores humanism’s modernity by inquiring into the way the fifteenth-century humanist cultural program posited moral values and, at the same time, contributed to a sense of moral confusion. While Niccolo Niccoli, Pier Paolo Vergerio, and Leonardo Bruni associated ethical enlightenment with learning and even social acclaim, Leon Battista Alberti criticized these assumptions not only for their susceptibility to political manipulation but also for their failure to cultivate the attributes they promised: virtue, and by extension happiness and tranquillity. The tensions in humanist culture between conformity and dissent, rational certainty and sense of mutability, generated the creative energy that we, as moderns, have come to attribute to this culture.
Ni(II) and Ni(I) forms of pentaalkylamide derivatives of cofactor F430 of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum

Abstract A series of pentaalkylamide forms of F430 and of its 12,13-diepimer have been generated and characterized. Carbodiimide-assisted N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide activation of all five peripheral carboxylates of the F430 macroacyle allows nucleophilid attack by a number of primary amines (RNH2R- =CH3-,CH3CH2-,CF3CH3 (CH2)3-) generating the pentaalkylamide derivatives. The identity of each derivative has been verified by fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS). The solubility of these derivatives in aprotic organic solvents varies as the amine alkyl substituent (R-) is changed. Electrochemical measurements have shown that the Ni(II/I) reduction potentials in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) are ∼−1 V (Ag/AgCl). Reduction by sodium amalgam in THF generates the Ni(I) form of the F430 diepimer pentabutylamide. The visible and EPR spectra of this Ni(I) species are very similar to the corresponding spectra of Ni(I) F430M (Jaun, B. and Pfaltz, A. (1986) J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1327–1329).
Suppression Of The Plasmon Resonance In Au/cds Colloidal Nanocomposites

The nature of exciton-plasmon interactions in Au-tipped CdS nanorods has been investigated using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The study demonstrates that the key optoelectronic properties of composite heterostructures comprising electrically coupled metal and semiconductor domains are substantially different from those observed in systems with weak interdomain coupling. In particular, strongly coupled nanocomposites promote mixing of electronic states at semiconductor-metal domain interfaces, which causes a significant suppression of both plasmon and exciton excitations of carriers.
Emergent design evaluation: A case study

Abstract Emergent design is an evaluation approach that begins with a loose participatory framework, which is utilized to define the roles and interactions of those involved, but not to prescribe the evaluation process as a whole. This article describes an emergent design evaluation that took place at Pasadena City College. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the applicability and utility of an emergent design evaluation, as well as illustrate the process that evolved. The article outlines the extant literature on emergent program theory and emergent design evaluation, provides an overview of the program, discusses critical points in the evaluation and program processes, and concludes with a reflection on the process.
On the gekko pupil and scheiner's disc

Abstract The four pinhole apertures of the constricted gekko pupil are an adaptation fordecreasing the depth of field of the eye, while decreasing the total light flux to the retina. This may be useful for distance estimation at high light levels.
Effects of timing and justification of witnessed aggression on the observers' punitiveness

Abstract Sixty university men who had been treated harshly by the experimenter's accomplice were distributed evenly among four conditions comprising a 2 × 2 factorial design and a “control” group. All of the men watched a moderately aggressive segment from a TV program but in the former case they were given a story summary which depicted the witnessed aggression as either justified or less justified and this summary was provided either immediately before or just after the scene was shown. The fifth group did not have any story synopsis. When the men had an opportunity to punish the confederate at the conclusion of the film, they were nost punitive if they had heard the justified aggression summary after the movie just before they shocked the confederate, and were least punitive if they had been given the nonjustified aggression version before they watched the aggressive incident. These results extend the generality of the findings obtained by other research in this area and also suggest that the violent scene had elicited as well as disinhibited aggression-facilitating reactions in the viewers.
Glutamatergic transmission in opiate and alcohol dependence.

Both the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and central amygdala (CeA) are thought to play roles in tolerance to, and dependence on, abused drugs. Although our past studies in rat brain slices suggested a role for NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in NAcc neurons in the effects of acute and chronic opiate treatment, the cellular and molecular mechanisms remained unclear. Therefore, we examined the effects of morphine dependence on electrophysiological properties of NMDARs in freshly isolated NAcc neurons and on expression of mRNA coding for NR2A-C subunits using single-cell RT-PCR. Chronic morphine did not alter the affinity for NMDAR agonists glutamate, homoquinolinate, or NMDA, but decreased the affinity of the coagonist glycine. Chronic morphine altered the NMDAR inhibition by two NMDAR antagonists, 7-Cl-kynurenate and ifenprodil, but not that by d-APV or Mg2+. Chronic morphine accelerated the NMDA current desensitization rate in NAcc neurons. In single-cell RT-PCR, chronic morphine predominantly reduced the number of neurons expressing multiple NR2 subunits. Ethanol also alters NMDARs. We found that low ethanol concentrations (IC50 = 13 mM) inhibited NMDA currents and NMDA-EPSPs in most NAcc neurons in a slice preparation. NAcc neurons from ethanol-dependent rats showed enhanced NMDA sensitivity. In CeA neurons, acute ethanol decreased (by 10-25%) non-NMDA- and NMDA-EPSPs in most neurons. In CeA neurons from ethanol-dependent rats, acute ethanol decreased the non-NMDA-EPSPs to the same extent as in naive rats, but inhibited (by 30-40%) NMDA-EPSPs significantly more than in controls, suggesting sensitization to ethanol. Preliminary studies with microdialysis and real-time PCR analysis support this idea: local ethanol administration in vivo had no effect on glutamate release, but chronic ethanol nearly tripled the expression of NR2B subunits (the most ethanol sensitive) in CeA. These combined findings suggest that changes in glutamatergic transmission in NAcc and CeA may underlie the neuroadaptions that lead to opiate and ethanol dependence.
Topological versus differentiable hyperbolicity: Extending orbit conjugacies

A series of recent examples by Dean Neumann. Dennis Pixton, and the author 19. IO, 13. 151 of “topologically hyperbolic” stationary points in C”flows. not Locally orbit-conjugate to differentiably hyperbolic stationary points, motivate broad necessary conditions on the size of certain Morsetheoric canceling diffeomorphisms. These and a theorem of Wesley Wilson [ 121 are used to state necessary conditions for a diffeomorphism of the coreless solid torus to decompose into two homeomorphisms, each of which is extendible onto the core. Philip Hartman, Jaco Palis, and others have proven the classic result that all differentiably hyperbolic stationary points (eigenvalues of the derivative map off the unit circle), with the same stable-unstable splitting, are locally orbit-conjugate [3, 121; that is, a local homeomorphism carries orbits near one to orbits near the other. Topologically and differentiably hyperbo!ic stationary points cannot be distinguished by the natures of their nearby ingressing and egressing sets (for definitions see [4]). Courtney Coleman conjectured that the two were in fact locally orbit-conjugate. Wilson formalized the question as follows [ 171: Assume B,,., = Dm x D” is an isolating block [2] of the stationary point p = (01 x iO\ in the C”-flow, 4, on Rmf”. So the orbits of ail other points of B m,n meet %B,*,. Denote by b+ = t3Dm x D” the ingressing set for #\I?,,,.,: and by 6= D* x 3D” the egressing set [4], 5 = %D’” x r3D” is then the external tangency set. Further require that A + = D” X {O} be the set of points of B,~, which do not exit B, n those points which do not exit B,:,L in positive time; A = {O \ X D” be in negative time. Then Coleman’s conjecture is that #iB,,, is orbit-conjugate on B,., to the semi-flow #,,, on B m.n generated by
Licensed lay midwifery and the medical model of childbirth.

Abstract Previous research has tended to equate lay midwifery with demedicalized care. This paper analyzes how licensed lay midwives in Arizona have been pressured towards a more medical model of childbirth. Licensing has affected midwives' beliefs and practices through increasing their exposure to medical definitions of childbirth and making them legally accountable to the medically dominated State Department of Health Services. The midwives' cumulative experience with handling obstetrical problems has also affected their definitions of childbirth. The midwives have maintained a commitment to holistic care, but have moved towards a more hierarchical style of practice due to changes in their clientele, the need for efficient bureaucratic arrangements, and the desire to earn a living at midwifery.
Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson: An Alternative Pollinator for Meadowfoam, in Cages

Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Hartweg ex Benth. cv. Mermaid) is an entomophilous winter-annual oilseed crop with an unstable seed yield history. A 2-yr study was undertaken to test the efficacy of adult, female Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson bees as meadow-foam pollinators. Ten, 35, and 60 of these bees were compared with a 4000 honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) standard, and a 4000 honey bee +35 O
Susceptibility of the cerebellum to thiamine deficiency.

Thiamine or vitamin B1, an essential nutrient absorbed from the diet, is involved in vital brain metabolic and cellular functions, including carbohydrate metabolism and neurotransmitter production. Diencephalic regions and, in particular, the cerebellum demonstrate lesions in cases of prolonged thiamine deficiency, such as that observed in alcohol-dependent individuals or in patients with cancer or AIDS. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate recent evidence of cerebellar dysfunction resulting from thiamine deficiency and to assemble theories as to why the cerebellum may be sensitive to this type of insult. A brief outline on cerebellar structure and function, as well as a short discussion on thiamine and thiamine deficiency are provided before detailing the conditions and mechanisms underlying thiamine deficiency-induced cerebellar dysfunction. Although much is known regarding cell loss from a lack of thiamine, further work is still required to identify the sequelae of events leading to the susceptibility of the cerebellum to injury stemming from a thiamine deficient diet or impaired thiamine utilization.
Hedonic and utilitarian shopping value: Investigating differential effects on retail outcomes

Abstract Previous research on both hedonic and utilitarian shopping value has focused much effort on the antecedents of shopping value with very little emphasis on the outcomes of shopping value. This study investigates the complex interrelationships between satisfaction with the retailer, hedonic and utilitarian shopping value, and important retail outcomes. Both hedonic and utilitarian shopping values are found to influence key retail outcomes. The results also support predicted differences in the relative influence of hedonic and utilitarian shopping value. Hedonic and utilitarian shopping values are also found to moderate a number of relationships between satisfaction and retail outcomes.
Soil efflux and total emission rates of magmatic CO2 at the Horseshoe Lake tree kill, Mammoth Mountain, California, 1995–1999

Abstract We report the results of eight soil CO 2 efflux surveys by the closed circulation chamber method at the Horseshoe Lake tree kill (HLTK) — the largest tree kill on Mammoth Mountain. The surveys were undertaken from 1995 to 1999 to constrain total HLTK CO 2 emissions and to evaluate occasional efflux surveys as a surveillance tool for the tree kills. HLTK effluxes range from 1 to >10,000 g m −2 day −1 (grams CO 2 per square meter per day); they are not normally distributed. Station efflux rates can vary by 7–35% during the course of the 8- to 16-h surveys. Disturbance of the upper 2 cm of ground surface causes effluxes to almost double. Semivariograms of efflux spatial covariance fit exponential or spherical models; they lack nugget effects. Efflux contour maps and total CO 2 emission rates based on exponential, spherical, and linear kriging models of survey data are nearly identical; similar results are also obtained with triangulation models, suggesting that the kriging models are not seriously distorted by the lack of normal efflux distributions. In addition, model estimates of total CO 2 emission rates are relatively insensitive to the measurement precision of the efflux rates and to the efflux value used to separate magmatic from forest soil sources of CO 2 . Surveys since 1997 indicate that, contrary to earlier speculations, a termination of elevated CO 2 emissions at the HLTK is unlikely anytime soon. The HLTK CO 2 efflux anomaly fluctuated greatly in size and intensity throughout the 1995–1999 surveys but maintained a N–S elongation, presumably reflecting fault control of CO 2 transport from depth. Total CO 2 emission rates also fluctuated greatly, ranging from 46 to 136 t day −1 (metric tons CO 2 per day) and averaging 93 t day −1 . The large inter-survey variations are caused primarily by external (meteorological) processes operating on time scales of hours to days. The externally caused variations can mask significant changes occurring at depth; a striking example is the masking of a degassing event generated at depth and detected by a soil gas sensor network in September 1997 while an efflux survey was in progress. Thus, occasional efflux surveys are not an altogether effective surveillance tool for the HLTK, and making them effective by greatly increasing their frequency may not be practical.
Revictimizing Native Women for Political Purposes

Republicans in the U.S. House, including Todd Akin and Paul Ryan, are blocking the expanded authority that tribal police need to deal with violent non-Indian offenders of Native American women on Indian land.
Proposed model of major sequential biochemical events of a trophic response

Abstract It appears that the induction of ornithine decarboxylase regulates the rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis as well as regulating the rate of synthesis of polyamines. Further, ornithine decarboxylase, in most cases, is induced after a significant activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. We propose a model for the process of hypertrophy based on studies of a considerable number of mammalian growth systems. The mechanism of parallel regulation of polyamines and RNA appears to be initiated by the direct effect of ornithine decarboxylase on RNA polymerase I.
Safety of Assisted Reproductive Technology in the United States, 2000-2011

Use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) continues to increase in the United States and globally. In an effort to improve patient safety, stimulation protocols have become less aggressive, oocyte retrieval has transitioned from laparoscopic to transvaginal, and pregnancy rates have improved.1 However, limited data exist regarding the incidence of maternal complications.2 We explored incidence and trends in reported patient and donor complications in fresh ART cycles using the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National ART Surveillance System (NASS).
Structured permuting in place on parallel disk systems

The ability to perform permutations of large data sets in place reduces the amount of necessary available disk storage. The simplest way to perform a permutation often is to read the records of a data set from a source portion of data storage, permute them in memory, and write them to a separate target portion of the same size. It can be quite expensive, however, to provide disk storage that is twice the size of very large data sets. Permuting in place reduces the expense by using only a small amount of extra disk storage beyond the size of the data set.
Parameter optimization in detailed chemical kinetics modeling

Computer models describing complex chemical kinetics are often based on the assumption that each reaction included is a true elementary process in the physical-chemical sense. If the elementary reaction rate coefficients are to be determined as part of the modeling study, then one has to solve a parameter optimization problem that differs in two respects from a textbook response-function analysis: use of numerical integration of kinetic equations for computing parameter sensitivities and dominance of systematic over random errors in the data base. While modern computing technology offers efficient solutions to the sensitivity computation problem, dealing with systematic errors requires reformulation and simplification of the mathematical structure so that it interacts efficiently with chemical understanding derived from experimental investigations. A systematic procedure for extending a proposed mathematical structure to the entire literature data base of hydrocarbon combustion is presented and discussed.
Clinical Outcomes and Adverse Events Following Transforaminal Interbody Fusion for Lumbar Degenerative Spondylolisthesis in Elderly Patients

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) procedure is widely used, but the surgical indications for TLIF in elderly patients remain controversial because of potential risks such as inferior bone quality and higher rate of postoperative complications. Clinical efficacy and operative risk of TLIF in elderly patients are unclear. This study investigated the clinical effect and safety of TLIF for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis with radiculopathy or neurogenic claudication in patients aged 70 years or older. The clinical records were retrospectively reviewed of 35 consecutive patients aged 70-86 years (mean 74.8 years) who underwent one or two-level TLIF. The preoperative diagnosis included degenerative spondylolisthesis with segmental instability. Clinical outcomes were assessed by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score, visual analogue scale, Oswestry Disability Index. Radiological fusion rate was also investigated. Clinical and radiological results were compared with those of 43 younger patients. Clinical outcome measures were significantly improved after operation in the elderly patients, but improvement rates were significantly lower than those of younger patients. Fusion rate was similar in both groups. Overall postoperative complications were increased in aged patients, although the prevalence of complications directly related to surgical technique was not significantly increased. Postoperative complications not related to the surgical procedure were factors affecting poor results. TLIF is acceptable for achieving clinical recovery and lumbar fusion with high radiographic fusion success even in elderly patients, although clinical benefits were limited compared with those of younger patients. Postoperative morbidity was mainly related to general or non-operative site complications.
Community assembly and historical biogeography in the North Atlantic Ocean: the potential role of human-mediated dispersal vectors

Historical and modern migrations and dispersal of most marine organisms (intertidal, benthic, meiofaunal, planktonic, nektonic, or neustonic) are classically interpreted in terms of their natural dispersal potential. Exceptions are introduced species, largely recognized since the 19th century, known to have been transported by human activities. However, humans were transporting species along coastlines and across oceans for millennia and centuries prior to the advent of the first biological surveys. Thus, the presumptive natural distributions of many species may be questioned. Reviewed here are some basic concepts about invasions of non-native species. Human activities move species isolated in time and space from other oceans or continents, and thus human-mediated transport does not simply speed up natural dispersal processes. Both past and modern-day invasions are often overlooked, leading to an underestimation of the scale of invasion diversity and impact. Because vectors, donor regions, and recipient regions change over time, invasions will continue along long-standing but un-managed corridors. The impact of most invasions has never been studied and, therefore, it is not possible to conclude that most invasions have no impact, nor is it generally possible to say that invasions have become ‘integrated’ into a community or ecosystem in ecological time. Finally, invasions in the ocean are not limited to harbours and ports, but are found in a wide variety of marine habitats, ranging from the open ocean continental shelf to exposed rocky shores. The existence of human-mediated vectors has created extraordinary challenges to our understanding and interpretation of the ecology, biogeography, evolutionary biology, and conservation biology of marine communities.
Relative strengths of Se...N,O interactions : Implications for glutathione peroxidase activity

Abstract Natural bond orbital (NBO) studies of model compounds of glutathione peroxidase and its mimics are used to examine the relative strengths of nitrogen and oxygen donor groups in simple models and ω-substituted selenenic acids. Nitrogen-containing groups are generally better donors, but the weak Lewis basicity of the amide nitrogen allows for preferential interaction with the carbonyl oxygen which suggests that the glutamine of the GPX catalytic triad influences activity through an Se⋯O interaction.
Design of a closely-spaced, multiple-element parasitic antenna array

A new design of a closely-spaced, multiple-element parasitic antenna array is proposed based on the identified dominant surface wave mechanism. The optimum surface wave phase velocity, which leads to the maximum antenna gain, is determined for a fixed length array. The antenna input impedance is presented and optimized using folding technique. Both numerical simulations and measurements are implemented. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:2374–2377, 2014
Double quantum wire Aharonov-Bohm interferometers for possible LN2 temperature operation

Abstract In this paper, we discuss the design of semiconductor electrostatic and magnetostatic Aharonov-Bohm interferometers that could operate at liquid nitrogen temperature. We find that for elevated temperature operation, one dimensional structures constructed from quantum wires are invariably the only choice, especially when transport is diffusive instead of ballistic. We have proposed such a structure which can be fabricated by present day technology. It may exhibit large conductance modulation in an electric field at 77 K and is an ideal configuration for “Quantum Interference Transistors” (QUITS) based on the electrostatic Aharonov-Bohm effect.
A framework for institutional adoption and implementation of blended learning in higher education

Abstract There has been rapid growth in blended learning implementation and research focused on course-level issues such as improved learning outcomes, but very limited research focused on institutional policy and adoption issues. More institutional-level blended learning research is needed to guide institutions of higher education in strategically adopting and implementing blended learning on campus. This research investigates six cases of institutional adoption of blended learning to examine the key issues that can guide university administrators interested in this endeavor. Cases were selected to represent institutions at various stages of blended learning adoption including (1) awareness/exploration, (2) adoption/early implementation, and (3) mature implementation/growth. Cases are used to identify and elaborate on core issues related to institutional strategy, structure, and support, spanning the adoption stages.
The validity of the vascular "cold patch" in the diagnosis of chronic headache.

SYNOPSIS “Cold patches” in the external carotid territory previously have been described to have been associatedwith vascular-related headaches. This study utilizes electronic thermography to examine the relationship.A sample of 275 patients diagnosed as having: vascular, scalp muscle contraction, cluster, post-traumaticor psychogenic headaches, as well as 45 headache-free individuals, served as subjects. Each subject wasadministered electronic thermography to determine if “cold patches” were present in the external carotidterritory. A “cold patch” was defined as a region more than 0.5°C cooler than the surrounding area.Chi Square analysis determined that vascular headache patients displayed a significantly greater number(p<.001) of “cold patches” than did normal individuals, or patients having scalp muscle contraction,psychogenic, or post-traumatic type I headaches. Mixed headaches involving a vascular component alsodisplayed a significantly greater number (p< .001) of “cold patches,” as did cluster disorders (p<.001), andpost-traumatic type III headaches (p<.001).This evidence supports a valid relationship between "cold patches" and vascular-related headaches. It issuggested that the vascular “cold patch” be included as part of the criteria in assessing headaches.
Thermocapillary migration of a large gas slug in a tube

The steady-state motion exhibited by a large gas slug that is contained in a liquid-filled tube and subjected to a linear temperature variation is analyzed, taking the thermally-induced gradient of the gas-liquid surface tension into account. An expression which characterizes the terminal velocity of the gas slug has been derived.
DNA phosphate crowding correlates with protein cationic side chain density and helical curvature in protein/DNA crystal structures

Sequence-specific binding of proteins to their DNA targets involves a complex spectrum of processes that often induce DNA conformational variation in the bound complex. The forces imposed by protein binding that cause the helical deformations are intimately interrelated and difficult to parse or rank in importance. To investigate the role of electrostatics in helical deformation, we quantified the relationship between protein cationic residue density (Cpc) and DNA phosphate crowding (Cpp). The correlation between Cpc and Cpp was then calculated for a subset of 58 high resolution protein-DNA crystal structures. Those structures containing strong Cpc/Cpp correlation (>±0.25) were likely to contain DNA helical curvature. Further, the correlation factor sign predicted the direction of helical curvature with positive (16 structures) and negative (seven structures) correlation containing concave (DNA curved toward protein) and convex (DNA curved away from protein) curvature, respectively. Protein-DNA complexes without significant Cpc/Cpp (36 structures) correlation (-0.25<0<0.25) tended to contain DNA without significant curvature. Interestingly, concave and convex complexes also include more arginine and lysine phosphate contacts, respectively, whereas linear complexes included essentially equivalent numbers of Lys/Arg phosphate contacts. Together, these findings suggest an important role for electrostatic interactions in protein-DNA complexes involving helical curvature.
Copper status and requirement during the dry period and early lactation in multiparous Holstein cows.

Abstract Eighteen multiparous Holstein cows were assigned randomly to three treatments at the beginning of the dry period (8 wk before expected parturition). Treatments were 1) the basal diet containing 5.5 ppm of Cu (control), 2) the basal diet supplemented with 10 ppm of Cu, and 3) the basal diet supplemented with 20 ppm of Cu. The objectives were to measure the changes of Cu and other trace mineral element concentrations in blood and liver from the onset of the dry period (approximately 8 wk prepartum) to 8 wk postpartum and to assess the requirement of Cu during this time. Liver Cu concentration in the control group declined continuously during the 8-wk dry period, and the nadir occurred at parturition. This decline was prevented by dietary Cu supplementation of 10 or 20 ppm. Liver Cu concentration in the control group started to increase slowly after the dramatic decline. Liver Zn concentration changed cubically as a function of week during the treatment period. Plasma Cu and Zn exhibited a quadratic pattern as a function of week. The plasma Cu concentration was lowest 5 wk prior to parturition.
An integrated dynamic performance measurement system for improving manufacturing competitiveness

Abstract Until the 1980s manufacturing companies relied solely on performance measurement systems based on traditional cost accounting systems to control, monitor, and improve their operations. However, it has been shown that these systems do not capture the relevant performance issues for today's manufacturing environment. Rather, they focus on monitoring and controlling versus supporting process improvement, promoting overall system optimization, and addressing the dynamics of changing systems. In order to overcome the limitations of the traditional performance measurement systems a variety of integrated systems have been proposed. However, these systems have not yet fully addressed the requirements of a performance measurement system for today's manufacturing environment. This paper presents an integrated dynamic performance measurement system (IDPMS) developed in conjunction with the Missouri Plant of Square D Company. The IDPMS integrates three main areas of the company: management, process improvement team, and factory shop floor. To achieve an integrated system, the three areas are linked through the specification, reporting and dynamic updating of the defined areas of success, performance measures, and performance standards. Three tools are incorporated to support and enhance the integration within the IDPMS. An example is given that illustrates how the IDPMS addresses the current requirements of a performance measurement system.
Torsional and biaxial (tension−torsion) fatigue damage mechanisms in Waspaloy at room temperature

Strain controlled torsional and biaxial (tension-torsion) low cycle fatigue behavior of Waspaloy was studied at room temperature as a function of heat treatment. Biaxial tests were conducted under proportional and nonproportional cyclic conditions. The deformation behavior under these different cyclic conditions was evaluated by slip trace analysis. For this, a Schmidt-type factor was defined for multiaxial loading conditions, and it was shown that when the slip deformation is predominant, nonproportional cycles are more damaging than proportional or pure axial or torsional cycles. This was attributed to the fact that under nonproportional cyclic conditions, deformation was through multiple slip, as opposed to single slip for other loading conditions, which gave rise to increased hardening. The total life for a given test condition was found to be independent of heat treatment. This was interpreted as being due to the differences in the cycles to initiation and propagation of cracks.
Positron annihilation from excited states of [X-e+] systems☆

Abstract The relative probabilities for the radiative de-excitation 2p + → ls + versus 2γ-annihilation for the hdot; ns 2 n p 6 2p + , 2 P state of the [X - e + ] system with X = F, Cl, Br, and I are presented. It is shown that a positron captured into a 2p + orbital undergoes annihilation with electrons of the system instead of radiative transition to the ground state of the [X - e + ] system.
On the detection of a cometary mass distribution

The problem of detecting a possible cometary distribution on the fringes of the solar system is examined. The acceleration of a space probe due to a hypothetical cometary mass distribution with the surface density rising to a maximum and subsequently falling off with increasing distance from the sun is analyzed. The total minimum detectable cometary mass for the Pioneer and Mariner spacecraft is estimated on the basis of this model to be on the order of 1000 earth masses. Precision tracking of deep space probes is less sensitive by three orders of magnitude for the detection of an unseen cometary mass distribution at the fringes of the solar system than are the secular perturbations of long-period comets.
Proposal for the management of the unexpected difficult pediatric airway.

Summary The incidence of unanticipated difficult or failed airway in otherwise healthy children is rare, and routine airway management in pediatric patients is easy in experienced hands. However, difficulties with airway management in healthy children are not infrequent in nonpediatric anesthetists and are a main reason for pediatric anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality. Clear concepts and strategies are, therefore, required to maintain oxygenation and ventilation in children. Several complicated algorithms for the management of the unanticipated difficult adult and pediatric airway have been proposed, but a simple structured algorithm for the pediatric patient with unanticipated difficult airway is missing. This paper proposes a simple step-wise algorithm for the unexpected difficult pediatric airway based on an adult Difficult Airway Society (DAS) protocol, discusses the role of recently introduced airway devices, and suggests a content of a pediatric airway trolley. It is intended as an easy to memorize and a practical guide for the anesthetist only occasionally involved in pediatric anesthesia care as well as a call to stimulate discussion about the management of the unanticipated difficult pediatric airway.
Metabolism of pyruvate by rat adipose tissue in vitro

Abstract Pyruvate-1-14C, pyruvate-2-14C and pyruvate-3-14C, and unlabeled pyruvate in the presence of 14CO2, were incubated in a bicarbonate buffer with rat epididymal adipose tissue. Incorporation of 14C into CO2, glycerol and fatty acids of triglycerides, lactate and glycogen were measured and the glycerol and lactate were degraded to yield the relative activities of 14C in each of their carbons. The results are in accord with metabolism via the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway and Krebs Cycle. The dicarboxylic acid shuttle, involving conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate via CO2 fixation with oxaloacetate as an intermediate, and equilibration with symmetrical dicarboxylic acids of the Krebs Cycle, occurs in adipose tissue and plays a major role in the distribution of the carbons of pyruvate.
The influence of superficial tissue on response of the primate knee to traumatic posterior tibial drawer

Abstract The posterior cruciate ligament is the primary restraint against large posterior displacement of the tibia in the isolated knee joint. However, muscle tone and superficial tissue may contribute to stability of the knee at traumatic levels of posterior tibial drawer. The influence of these parameters on joint resistance was studied for the knee flexed at 90. Experiments were conducted on an anesthetized primate with resting and tensed extensor muscles. Experiments were also conducted on postmortem and isolated knee joints. The experiments show that anteriorly-oriented superficial tissue contributes significantly to the stiffness and strength of the knee. Contraction of extensor muscles can increase the strength of the flexed knee by more than 50%. In posterior drawer, data from the isolated knee joint provides a lower bound on the actual strength of the living knee.
Attitude Assessment of Upper Elementary Students in a Process-Oriented Music Curriculum:

The purpose of the investigation was to determine whether attitudes among students engaged in a Process-Oriented Music Curriculum (POMC) differ as a function of gender, grade level, socioeconomic status, and musical aptitude. The research questions the writer sought to answer were: 1. How do music attitudes differ among students engaged in a POMC according to grade level, gender, and socioeconomic status? 2. Are there any relationships between low, average, or high musical aptitude and classroom music attitudes? 3. Is there a relationship between a measure of global attitude toward music class and a measure of attitude toward classroom musical experiences? 4. Are classroom music attitudes of students related to (a) membership in a school performing organization and (b) private study of a musical instrument? Subjects (N = 411) were derived from intact fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade classes from three suburban elementary schools where a curriculum modeled after the Manhattanville Music Curriculum Program ...
Harvey Cushing's Oxalis: the Cushing Center at Yale University

This article explores the changing roles, contexts and meanings of the collections bequeathed by the pioneering neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing (1869–1939) to Yale University. The legacy includes not only Cushing’s famous library of rare medical books, but also his ‘registry’ of thousands of clinical photographic portraits and the preserved brains of former patients. The latter items went largely neglected until the 1990s, when clinicians and scholars began seriously to re-evaluate and restore them to the heart of the Yale Medical Library. This account, edited from the text of a celebratory lecture by Dennis D. Spencer, Chair of Neurosurgery at Yale University, discusses the value of the collections firstly to Cushing’s disposition, research and surgical practice; and secondly as the basis of a curatorial and architectural project, culminating in the opening of the Cushing Center at Yale Medical Library in 2010, where they are now displayed.
A generalized method for analyzing shielded thin microstrip discontinuities

An integral equation method for the accurate full-wave analysis of shielded thin microstrip discontinuities is described. The integral equation is derived by applying the reciprocity theorem and then solved by the method of moments. In this derivation, a coaxial aperture is modeled with an equivalent magnetic current and is used as the excitation mechanism for generating the microstrip currents. Computational aspects of the method have been explored extensively. A summary of some of the more interesting conclusions is included. >
The effects of different doses of caffeine on habituation of the human acoustic startle reflex

Research in this laboratory showed that caffeine (4 mg/kg) delays habituation of the acoustic startle reflex in humans. The present study examined the effects of 2- and 6-mg/kg doses of caffeine on acoustic startle habituation in moderate-high and low caffeine users. Eyeblink responses to 30 trials of 85-dB noise stimuli were measured beginning 30 min after oral ingestion of either placebo or 2 or 6 mg/kg of caffeine. The 2-mg/kg dose of caffeine delayed startle habituation in both moderate-high and low caffeine users. The 6-mg/kg dose produced no differential effects on startle responding from placebo. In moderate-high users, following habituation, startle responding was smaller in the placebo condition compared to both caffeine conditions. In low users there were no differences in posthabituation responding between doses, suggesting that this dose effect is dependent on a history of chronic caffeine usage.
Antiepileptic Drug Monotherapy: Pediatric Concerns

Selecting the optimal antiepileptic drug (AED) begins with accurate epilepsy classification, including seizure type and epilepsy syndrome if possible. Based on the available data, children with focal epilepsy, with or without secondary generalization, can be treated with a traditional or newer narrow-spectrum or broad-spectrum AED. Children with generalized convulsive epilepsy, mixed epilepsy, or seizures of an unknown type are best treated with a broad-spectrum AED. Children with childhood absence epilepsy can be treated with ethosuximide, valproate, or lamotrigine. In all cases, the best choice among the various AED options requires consideration of factors such as seizure frequency, seizure severity, AED adverse event profile, AED titration schedule, patient comorbidities, prescription plan coverage, and cost. Most children with epilepsy achieve the goal of "no seizures and no side effects" and most children eventually become seizure free without AEDs. If accurate epilepsy classification is made, clear differences in efficacy are not evident among the multiple available AEDs. Better comparative data emphasizing adverse event profiles, comorbidities and longer-term outcome are needed between the traditional and newer AEDs.