cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased on-state cortico-mesencephalic functional connectivity in Parkinson disease with freezing of gait

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to evaluate ON-state resting state functional connectivity (FC) from the mesencephalic locomotor regions (MLR) to distributed sensorimotor cortical regions in patients with Freezing of Gait (FOG) and its association with gait performance. Methods 54 individuals with PD were recruited for this study (50% of whom had FOG). All individuals received a resting state functional MRI in the ON state, and underwent a series of gait assessments during single and dual task conditions. FC with the MLR was calculated using a whole brain seed to voxel approach wherein the left and right MLR seeds were extracted from a published atlas. General linear regression was used to determine differences in connectivity between the individuals with (‘freezers’) and without (‘non-freezers’) FOG as well as the correlation between MLR connectivity and gait performance in the freezers. Results Freezers had significantly higher MLR connectivity to a network of sensorimotor regions compared to non-freezers. Additionally, among the freezers, higher FC with these regions was related to longer single-task and dual-task performance. There were no regions in which non-freezers had higher connectivity than freezers (p Conclusion These data support the hypothesis that freezers have significantly higher ON-state FC between the MLR and a network of cortical structures than non-freezers. Additionally, this elevated connectivity is directly related to worsening FOG severity. These data add to a theoretical foundation which suggests that cortical hyperconnectivity to the MLR is central to the underlying pathophysiology of FOG.
The Development & Implementation of an Electronic Tool to Screen for Toxic Stress

Purpose: The purpose of the current research was to develop and implement an electronic tool to screen for toxic stress in pediatric primary care settings. Toxic Stress is defined as strong, frequent and/or prolonged adversity without adequate adult support and includes adverse life experiences, such as physical or emotional abuse, neglect, caregiver substance abuse or mental illness, exposure to violence or economic hardship. Many studies have found correlations between these adverse life experiences and specific diseases, both physical and mental. Methods: A …
Disruption of small molecule transporter systems by Transporter-Interfering Chemicals (TICs).

Small molecule transporters (SMTs) in the ABC and SLC families are important players in disposition of diverse endo- and xenobiotics. Interactions of environmental chemicals with these transporters were first postulated in the 1990s, and since validated in numerous in vitro and in vivo scenarios. Recent results on the co-crystal structure of ABCB1 with the flame-retardant BDE-100 demonstrate that a diverse range of man-made and natural toxic molecules, hereafter termed transporter-interfering chemicals (TICs), can directly bind to SMTs and interfere with their function. TIC-binding modes mimic those of substrates, inhibitors, modulators, inducers, and possibly stimulants through direct and allosteric mechanisms. Similarly, the effects could directly or indirectly agonize, antagonize or perhaps even prime the SMT system to alter transport function. Importantly, TICs are distinguished from drugs and pharmaceuticals that interact with transporters in that exposure is unintended and inherently variant. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of environmental chemical interaction with SMTs, the methodological considerations for their evaluation, and the future directions for TIC discovery.
Long-term evaluation of the effect of peracetic acid on a mixed anoxic culture: Organic matter degradation, denitrification, and microbial community structure

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the long-term effect of peracetic acid (PAA) solution on anoxic organic matter degradation and denitrification. Three bioreactors (R1, R2, and R3) were operated for 166 d, fed with poultry processing wastewater and gradually increased H2O2 (R2) or PAA solution (i.e., PAA + H2O2)(R3). Organic matter degradation, quantified as the extent of COD removal, and denitrification were assessed. COD removal and denitrification were not affected by H2O2 and PAA solutions added to the wastewater before feeding (indirect addition). However, both processes were significantly affected by high levels of H2O2 (i.e., 27 mg/L) and PAA solution (i.e., 60/8.4 mg/L PAA/H2O2) directly added to the reactors, but fast recovery was observed when direct addition of H2O2 and PAA solution ended. The negative impact on denitrification was the combined result of enzyme inhibition and loss of cell viability, both related to increased intracellular ROS levels. Partial acclimation to PAA solution took place during the long-term operation, resulting in higher denitrification activity, higher cell viability and lower intracellular ROS than in a short-term batch assay with one-time PAA addition. Microbiome analysis showed major shift in community composition during the long-term operation with PAA solution addition, but no significant shift after the long-term operation with H2O2 addition. Among the main denitrifying genera, Thauera and unclassified Chitinophagaceae were negatively impacted while Chryseobacterium and unclassified Enterobacteriaceae were enriched during the long-term operation with PAA addition.
Blood Conservation in Cardiac Surgery

Cardiac surgery consumes more blood products than any other field of medicine. Blood product transfusions are used to prevent anemia-related tissue hypoxia and correct coagulopathy. Direct harm associated with transfusions has been greatly decreased due to infection control and leukoreduction. However, there is growing evidence concerning the indirect effects resulting in transfusion-related acute lung injury, transfusion-associated cardiac overload, and transfusion-related immunomodulation, which are associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Approximately half of all cardiac surgeries result in transfusion, but there are wide discrepancies in transfusion rates among cardiac surgical centers. There is a need for uniform modern blood conservation guidelines. Implementation of blood conservation strategies has been shown to decrease transfusion rates, improve outcomes, and reduce costs. In this chapter, we discuss pre-, intra-, and postoperative strategies, which include autologous donation, use of acute normovolemic hemodilution and fibrinolytics, effects of surgical and cardiopulmonary bypass factors, use of retrograde autologous prime and cell salvage, advantages of point of care testing, and evidence in support of restrictive transfusion strategies.
Effects of fresh and anaerobically digested algae (G. salicornia) as soil amendments on yield and nutrient concentrations of Pak Choy

Gracilaria salicornia, a common invasive algal species found in Kāneʻohe Bay, Hawaiʻi and around the world, is a potential potassium fertilizer source, but requires high application rates. This stu...
Multiphysics-based Design Optimization of Medium Frequency Transformer with Experimental Validation

In resonant converters, medium frequency transformers (MFTs) are used to provide galvanic isolation between the primary and secondary converters. The overall power transfer efficiency of the converter topology largely depends on the efficiency of the MFTs. Existing methods in literature often estimated the MFT’s parameters analytically and also do not optimize the MFTs using all the physics models that describe the practical behaviour of the MFT during operation. These approaches introduces some errors consequently increasing the discrepancies between the simulation and experimental results. Also many optimization algorithms often neglect the material cost of the MFT during optimization. This paper proposes a FEA-based multi-physics (time-harmonic electromagnetic, thermal and fluid models) coupled design optimization for MFT. The proposed optimization minimizes the total transformer power loss, and cost while maximizing its power density. The core dimensions, number of turns and the switching frequency are obtained from the Pareto optimal solutions. A case study of a 5kW, 110/110V transformer is investigated. The optimization results is compared with experimental measurements. The experimental results are in very good agreement with the optimization results which shows that a higher level of accuracy can be achieved using this approach.
Time and Space in Literacy Research

Foreword: Allan Luke Introduction: Conceptualizing Past, Present, and Future Timespaces Section 1: Timespaces and the Past in Literacy Research Introduction Chapter 1: Thank You, Mrs. Whitehouse: The Memory Work of One Student about His High School English Teacher, Forty Years Later Johnny Saldana Chapter 2: Invoking Modalities of Memory in the Writing Classroom Juan C. Guerra Chapter 3: "It's about Living Your Life": Family Time and School Time as a Resource for Meaning Making in Homes, Schools and Communities Kate Pahl Chapter 4: Uses of Collective Memories in Classrooms for Constructing and Taking Up Learning Opportunities Margaret Grigorenko, Marlene Beierle, & David Bloome Section 2: Timespaces and the Present in Literacy Research Introduction Chapter 5: Write on Time! The Role of Timescales in Defining and Disciplining Young Writers Lorraine Falchi & Marjorie Siegel Chapter 6: How Moments (and Spaces) Add up to Lives: Queer and Ally Youth Talking Together about LGBTQ-Themed Books Mollie V. Blackburn & Caroline T. Clark Chapter 7: Lost Voices in an American High School: Sudanese Male English Language Learners' Perspectives on Writing Bryan Ripley Crandall Chapter 8: Spatializing Social Justice Research in English Education sj Miller Section 3: Timespaces and the Future in Literacy Research Introduction Chapter 9: Remixes: Time + Space in Youth Media Arts Organizations Michelle Bass Chapter 10: The Roles of Time and Task in Shaping Adolescents' Talk about Texts James S. Chisholm Chapter 11: "After Apple Picking" and Fetal Pigs: The Multiple Social Spaces and Embodied Rhythms of Digital Literacy Practices Kevin M. Leander & Beth Aplin Chapter 12: The Compression of Time and Space in Transnational Social Fields: Mobilizing the Affordances of Digital Media with Latina Students Lisa Schwartz, Silvia Nogueron-Liu, and Norma Gonzalez Afterword: The time-space double helix of research Jennifer Rowsell
From Arithmetic to Algebra

The chapter deals with language in the mathematics classrooms, especially with mathematics remedial classrooms. It presents an unusual example of integrating two independent theories, the Sfard (1991) theory of reification and Shepard (1993)/Shuell (1990) integrated theory of cognitive development and writing categories. In the first cycle it’s the TR Design Type A, from Practice; it uses problem types designed through practice and supports itself by a standard yet simple statistical analysis.
Discriminating Fradulent Financial Statements by Identifying Linguistic Hedging

Managerial financial fraud is estimated in the billions of dollars annually in the United States. Since fraud includes obfuscation, misdirection, and fabrication, this study proposes using deception theory as a means of detecting fraud in textual portions of financial statements (10K). A corpus of 101 fraudulent 10Ks was collected from the Securities and Exchange Commission along with 101 matching non-fraudulent 10Ks. Natural Language Processing techniques were applied to the corpus to generate raw counts and usage rates of hedging devices: hedging modal verbs, hedging adjectives, hedging adverbs, hedging conjunctions, hedging nouns, and hedging lexical verbs. A classification model, based on logistic regression, successfully discriminates with 69.3% accuracy and accounts for nearly 20% of the observed variance. Two machinelearning algorithms are investigated. Bayesian Network and JRip achieve accuracy results of 62.4% and 67.8% respectively. Both results are better than chance or of human deception detection suggesting the possibility of a diagnostic tool for auditors.
Isolation of Monodispersed Gold Clusters of Controlled Size

Transmission electron micrographs of 1.9 nm diameter Au clusters deposited on an amorphous carbon surface yield direct verification of the narrow size distribution of clusters generated using a Multiple Expansion Cluster Source (MECS).
Keck 1 HIRES Observations of Tempel 1 at the Time of Impact

The Keck 1 HIRES observations of the Deep Impact event on July 4 have been qualitatively re-examined in an effort to isolate the changes in the HIRES spectra that can be attributed to the event itself. To accomplish this goal, background spectra due to ambient emission that was already present in the comet were extracted from the pixels at the end of the slit. This material can not have any emission from material that was produced at the time of the impact until at least several thousand seconds after the impact because it takes this long for the material to reach this distance from the nucleus. With the data extracted in this manner it can be shown that the spectra from OH, O(1S), CN, NH, NH2, C2, and C3 changed as a function of time after impact. In the spectra of all of these species there is evidence for a prompt change in the emission intensity that probably is due to the hot plume formed initially during the impact. After the first 600 s the time dependence of the intensities of the emission spectra species appear to be consistent with the photochemical formation and destruction of parents and daughters. The spectral changes with time associated with the CH emission appear to be unique in that the only change that is observed is right after the impact; at times after this the emission intensity is constant. All of these changes are discussed in terms of the photochemical mechanisms that have been thought to form the observed free radicals in comets.
Risk preferences in young children: early evidence of individual differences in reaction to potential gains and losses

New methods were developed for studying risky decision making in children as young as age five. Each child was given a block of ‘gain’ trials, for example, a choice between a sure gain of one prize and a 50:50 chance of gaining either two prizes or no prize, and a block of ‘loss’ trials, for example, a choice between a sure loss of one prize and a 50:50 chance of losing either two prizes or no prize. We were thus able to compare risky choice for gains and losses at the level of the individual child. In each of two experiments a variety of individual difference variables were measured, including in Experiment 2, the child's parent's scores on the same task. Across experiments, the preponderance of choices was of the risky option. However, most children and adults made more risky choices in the domain of losses than in the domain of gains. Predictors of individual differences in children included shyness, impulsivity, and the risk taking of the child's parent. We suggest that methods are now in place to encourage further studies of decision processes in young children. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Operational Shock Failure Mechanisms in Hard Disk Drives

The work performance of a hard disk drive (HDD) in mobile devices depends very much on its ability to withstand external disturbances. In this study, a detailed multibody structural model integrated with a complete air bearing model is developed to investigate the disk drive's response during external shocks. The head disk interface (HDI) failure mechanisms when the HDD is subjected to different shock cases are discussed. For a negative shock case in which the disk initially moves towards the head, with long pulse width, the air bearing becomes very stiff before the slider crashes on the disk, and the HDI fails only when the external load overcomes the air bearing force. For other shock cases, the slider contacts the disk due to a negative net bearing force caused by the slider-disk separation. Finally, a stiffer suspension design is proposed to improve the drive shock performance, especially during a positive shock, as under these conditions, the slider contacts the disk primarily due to the stiffness difference of the different drive components.
THEORY OF INDENTATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS

Abstract A general theory is presented for the axisymmetric indentation of piezoelectric solids within the context of fully coupled, transversely isotropic elasticity models. Explicit expressions for P–h curves are derived for spherical, conical as well as cylindrical punch indenter geometries in a manner that can be directly related to the experimental measurements. In addition, results for different electrical boundary conditions that employ conducting or insulating indenters are also presented. The theory reveals that the indentation load vs penetration depth, and the contact area vs penetration depth relations have the same mathematical structure as the classical elastic indentation problem. It is, however, demonstrated that the electric field induced during indentation as a result of the electrical–mechanical coupling can resist or aid in the penetration of the indenter into the piezoelectric material depending on the electrical conductivity of the indenter and the surface boundary conditions of the indented substrate. It is also shown that the piezoelectric material exhibits pile-up or sink-in of material around the indenter as a consequence of electromechanical coupling, despite the absence of any inelastic deformation processes or strain hardening. The theoretical predictions are corroborated with detailed finite-element simulations for different indenter geometries. The theoretical results facilitate the prediction of some transient electrical effects which can be used in conjunction with experiments for the estimation of some of the elastic, dielectric and piezolectric constants during instrumented indentation. Specific examples and details of such applications are addressed in separate papers.
Dislocations in Rutile as Revealed by the Etch‐Pit Technique

Potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide were found to be satisfactory for polishing various surfaces of rutile. Dislocation etch pits could be produced by alkali fusions, 85% orthophosphoric acid, and concentrated sulfuric acid. The {l 10}-, near {111}-, (001)-, and {100}-type surfaces were etched and the etch pits were analyzed in terms of their relation to the deformation systems and crystal symmetry. The correlation between etch pits and dislocations was substantiated by means of matched cleavage surfaces, existence of substructures, generation of dislocations, dislocation densities, and polygonization phenomena. Dislocations were introduced by impacting and macroscopic plastic deformation. Generation of dislocations was observed from 1050°C to as low as room temperature. The slip planes confirmed by means of dislocation traces and slip lines were {110}-and {101}-type planes. The slip direction corresponding to the {110)-type plane was [OO11, the close-packed direction. The Burgers vector, structure, and motion of dislocations in the edge orientation on the {110) [001] system were determined by analyzing the crystal structure. The Burgers vector was c [001], the lattice translation vector, and the dislocations did not dissociate into partial dislocations. Another possible slip system was the (100) [010] system.
Completion of mouse embryogenesis requires both the maternal and paternal genomes

Abstract Transplantation of pronuclei between one-cell-stage embryos was used to construct diploid mouse embryos with two female pronuclei (biparental gynogenones) or two male pronuclei (biparental androgenones). The ability of these embryos to develop to term was compared with control nuclear-transplant embryos in which the male or the female pronucleus was replaced with an isoparental pronucleus from another embryo. The results show that diploid biparental gynogenetic and androgenetic embryos do not complete normal embryogenesis, whereas control nuclear transplant embryos do. We conclude that the maternal and paternal contributions to the embryonic genome in mammals are not equivalent and that a diploid genome derived from only one of the two parental sexes is incapable of supporting complete embryogenesis.
Cognitive processes of middle grade readers when reading expository text with an assigned goal

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine 5th-grade readers' cognitive processes during reading when assigned to read for a specific goal as compared to reading for general comprehension. Equal groups of good and struggling readers (N = 40) read expository texts and thought aloud while reading. In addition, the readers completed a text retell to examine the impact of an assigned goal on comprehension. During reading in the specific goal condition, both groups of readers used more study statements (monitoring, repetitions, and paraphrases) and fewer inferences (elaborative, predictive, and text-based) when thinking aloud compared with general comprehension. No reliable condition differences were noted in the amount or type of information included in retells. Implications for developing readers' comprehension-building processes when assigned a goal for reading are discussed.
A prime factor FFT algorithm using high-speed convolution

Two recently developed ideas, the conversion of a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to convolution and the implementation of short convolutions with a minimum of multiplications, are combined to give efficient algorithms for long transforms. Three transform algorithms are compared in terms of the number of multiplications and additions. Timing for a prime factor fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm using high-speed convolution, which was programmed for an IBM 370 and an 8080 microprocessor, is presented.
The Poor Statistical Properties of the Fe-plot

The poor statistical properties of the Fe-plot as a method of estimating the alpha/beta ratio in the linear quadratic model for multifraction data are summarized. A Monte Carlo simulation of quantal response data shows that the Fe-plot method of analysis is about half as efficient as logistic regression, indicating that twice the amount of data would be needed to obtain the same accuracy in the estimate of alpha/beta if the Fe-plot was used rather than logistic regression. In addition, the confidence intervals from the Fe-plot are inappropriately too narrow and do not have the correct coverage rate. Model-based statistical methods which directly link the treatment variables, dose and number of fractions to the response are advocated.
Trastorno por estrés postraumático: estudios en veteranos de guerra norteamericanos y su relevancia para América Latina

Aun cuando se han descrito desde tiempo inmemorial sintomas psiquiatricos vinculados a la experiencia de guerra, su sistematizacion clinica y diagnostica data solamente de algunas decadas atras. En su version moderna, el llamado Trastorno por Estres Postraumatico (TEPT) fue incluido por primera vez como categoria nosologica independiente en la tercera edicion del Manual Diagnostico y Estadistico de la Asociacion Psiquiatrica Americana (DSM-III) en 1980. Los estudios previos a esta inclusion y muchos de los que les han sucedido provienen de investigaciones realizadas con veteranos norteamericanos de la Guerra de Vietnam (1965-1975). Desde el punto de vista diagnostico, el concepto de trauma se ha expandido a una variedad de experiencias y, en el momento actual, se cuestiona la inclusion de TEPT entre los llamados trastornos ansiosos. Se examina y discute los hallazgos epidemiologicos mas recientes con niveles de prevalencia que oscilan entre 12% y 30 %, con un 15% a 25 % evolucionando hacia la cronicidad y cifras igualmente altas de veteranos victimas de severos problemas sociales. Clinicamente, se ha estudiado correlaciones del TEPT con otras entidades psiquatricas y las implicaciones culturales del trastorno. La investigacion futura en torno al TEPT incidira en estudios neurobiologicos, neuroimagenologicos y tratamientos multidimensionales asi como en afrontes epidemiologico-culturales extendidos a otras experiencias traumaticas. En todos estos terrenos se considera que la contribucion latinoamericana ha de tener un impacto significativo
High-resolution urban land-cover classification using a competitive multi-scale object-based approach

In this study, a two-step classification procedure was used for classifying urban land cover. First, a hierarchy of seven image segmentations of different scales was created for an urban scene, and preliminary classifications were performed for each of the segmentations using a classification algorithm that provides the probability that a segment belongs to a land-cover class in addition to the class assignment. A higher probability for the assigned class indicates that a segment is more likely to have been classified correctly. The class assignment and probability for image segments in each of the six coarser segmentations were added to the segments that they contained in the finest scale segmentation to allow for a comparison across all of the scales. For the final classification, the finest scale segments were assigned to the class that gave the highest probability in any of the segmentations. The incorporation of preliminary class assignments and probabilities across multiple scales led to an increase...
CEO Compensation Monitoring and firm performance

This study used a behavioral scale assessing the monitoring of the compensation of chief executive officers (CEOs) to test two hypotheses derived from agency theory and the corporate governance lit...
Methodology and Evaluation of Intracranial Pressure Response in Rats Exposed to Complex Shock Waves

Studies on blast neurotrauma have focused on investigating the effects of exposure to free-field blast representing the simplest form of blast threat scenario without considering any reflecting surfaces. However, in reality personnel are often located within enclosures or nearby reflecting walls causing a complex blast environment, that is, involving shock reflections and/or compound waves from different directions. The purpose of this study was to design a complex wave testing system and perform a preliminary investigation of the intracranial pressure (ICP) response of rats exposed to a complex blast wave environment (CBWE). The effects of head orientation in the same environment were also explored. Furthermore, since it is hypothesized that exposure to a CBWE would be more injurious as compared to a free-field blast wave environment (FFBWE), a histological comparison of hippocampal injury (cleaved caspase-3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)) was conducted in both environments. Results demonstrated that, regardless of orientation, peak ICP values were significantly elevated over the peak static air overpressure. Qualitative differences could be noticed compared to the ICP response in rats exposed to simulated FFBWE. In the CBWE scenario, after the initial loading the skull/brain system was not allowed to return to rest and was loaded again reaching high ICP values. Furthermore, results indicated consistent and distinct ICP-time profiles according to orientation, as well as distinctive values of impulse associated with each orientation. Histologically, cleaved caspase-3 positive cells were significantly increased in the CBWE as compared to the FFBWE. Overall, these findings suggest that the geometry of the skull and the way sutures are distributed in the rats are responsible for the difference in the stresses observed. Moreover, this increase stress contributes to correlation of increased injury in the CBWE.
Surgical treatment of intracavernous neoplasms: a four-year experience.

Abstract Forty-two patients with neoplasms involving the cavernous sinus had operations between 1983 and 1987. The lesions included 25 benign tumors (e.g., meningioma, neurilemoma) and 17 malignant tumors (e.g., chondrosarcoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma). The cavernous sinus was entered by inferior, anterolateral, or medial extradural approaches or by superior or lateral intradural approaches. The intracavernous internal carotid artery was managed by dissecting tumor away from it or by occlusion and excision with or without direct vein graft reconstruction, based on the results of a preoperative balloon occlusion test. Cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI usually were dissected from tumor, but in 3 cases of tumor invasion, the excised nerve segment was reconstructed by direct suture or with a sural nerve interposition graft. Twenty-one of the benign tumors and 8 of the malignant tumors were excised totally and the remainder subtotally. On follow-up ranging from 3 to 48 months, one subtotally excised meningioma recurred and was treated with re-excision and adjuvant radiation therapy. Two "totally" excised malignant tumors recurred outside the cavernous sinus at the margins of excision. There was no operative mortality or permanent cerebral morbidity. Postoperatively, the ocular and neurological function of most patients was similar to the preoperative status; in some, it was significantly improved. Thirteen additional patients with intracavernous neoplasms also were evaluated during the same period and followed without operation. The early follow-up information regarding these patients is provided.
Molecularly derived mesoscale modeling of an epoxy/Cu interface: Interface roughness

Abstract This paper addresses use of coarse-grained mesoscale model to look at angle dependencies in an epoxy–copper (I) oxide interface in order to understand roughness effects on adhesion. The parameterizations of the coarse-grained beads were previously calculated from the molecular level [1] , [2] , [3] for the same polymer and copper oxide interface. Roughness was investigated in two ways: applying a zigzag interface to the interface separation simulation, and separating the interface using differing angles. When compared, both methods reduce to the similar energy trends. In addition, the effect moisture on the interface was compared for the rough and smooth interfaces.
A diagrammatic formulation of the kinetic theory of fluctuations in equilibrium classical fluids. II. Equations of motion of the fluctuation fields and their diagrammatic solution

This is the second of a series of papers that presents a kinetic theory of fluctuations in equilibrium classical fluids that (i) makes extensive use of diagrammatic techniques in its development and (ii) will facilitate the use of diagrammatic techniques in the derivation of approximate kinetic theories. We focus on atomic liquids, but the results are easily generalizable to molecular liquids. The fundamental fluctuating quantity in the theory is f(R,P), which is the density of atoms at points in single particle phase space. The time correlation function for fluctuations of this quantity from its average, , is the most basic correlation function of concern in generalized kinetic theories of fluctuations in liquids. In this paper, we derive a diagrammatic expression for this correlation function and for multipoint generalizations of it. The result allows us to make contact with the fully renormalized kinetic theory of Mazenko and show the equivalence of the results of the current approach to those of Mazenko; it is also the starting point for a graphical analysis of the various multipoint functions that appear in the renormalized kinetic theory.
Image stresses of dislocation loops and lenticular inclusions, and their effects

Average image stresses in finite solids with defects are evaluated with the Tanaka–Mori–Mura method. It is found that the image stresses depend on the size of the defects in addition to their volume fraction. The failure of earlier approaches to obtain any size dependence is discussed.
Review article: the eosinophil as a therapeutic target in gastrointestinal disease

Elevated levels of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract is a common feature of numerous gastrointestinal disorders including food allergy, parasitic infections, gastro-oesophageal reflux, eosinophilic oesophagitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, allergic colitis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Recently, clinical and experimental studies have provided evidence that eosinophils have a critical role in the pathophysiology of eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disease. Collectively, these studies have provided relevant insight into identifying key targets for therapeutic intervention. The present review describes recent experimental investigations on the role of eosinophils in the clinical manifestations of eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disease and discusses future therapeutic approaches for the treatment of disease.
Assessment of Inter-Individual, Geographic, and Seasonal Variability in Estimated Human Exposure to Fine Particles

Health effects associated with ambient fine particle (PM2.5) exposure are typically estimated based on concentration–response (C–R) functions using area-wide concentration as an exposure surrogate. Persons 65 and older are particularly susceptible to adverse effects from PM2.5 exposure. Using a stochastic microenvironmental simulation model, distributions of daily PM2.5 exposures were estimated based on ambient concentration, air exchange rate, penetration factor, deposition rate, indoor emission sources, census data, and activity diary data, and compared for selected regions and seasons. Even though the selected subpopulation spends an average of over 20 h per day indoors, the ratio of daily average estimated exposure to ambient concentration (Ea/C) is approximately 0.5. The daily average Ea/C ratio varies by a factor of 4–5 over a 95% frequency range among individuals, primarily from variability in air exchange rates. The mean Ea/C varies by 6–36% among selected NC, TX, and NYC domains, and 15–34% among...
Multicolor FISH Analysis of Chromosomal Breaks, Duplications, Deletions, and Numerical Abnormalities in the Sperm of Healthy Men

Transmitted de novo structural chromosomal abnormalities, the majority of which are paternally derived, can lead to abnormal reproductive outcomes as well as genetic diseases in offspring. We developed and validated a new multicolor FISH procedure (sperm ACM, which utilizes DNA probes specific for the alpha [1cen], classical, [1q12], and midi [1p36.3] satellites of chromosome 1) which utilizes DNA probes specific for three regions of chromosome 1 to detect human sperm that carry numerical abnormalities plus two categories of structural aberrations: (1) duplications and deletions of 1pter and 1cen, and (2) chromosomal breaks within the 1cen-1q12 region. In healthy men, the average frequencies of sperm with duplications and deletions were ( a ) 4.5 ± 0.5 and 4.1 ± 1.3 per 10 4 involving 1pter and ( b ) 0.9 ± 0.4 and 0.8 ± 0.3 per 10 4 involving 1cen, respectively. The frequency of sperm exhibiting breaks within the 1cen-1q12 region was 14.1 ± 1.2 per 10 4 . Structural aberrations accounted for 71% of the abnormalities detected by sperm ACM, which was significantly higher than numerical abnormalities ( P =2×10 −8 ). Our findings also suggest that, for healthy men, ( a ) sperm carrying postmeiotic chromosomal breaks appear to be more prevalent than those carrying products of premeiotic or meiotic breakage or rearrangements, ( b ) the high frequency of chromosome breaks measured after "fertilization" by the hamster-egg cytogenetic method already appear to be present and detectable within human sperm by FISH, and ( c ) there are nonrandom and donor-specific distributions of breakpoint locations within 1q12 in sperm. FISH facilitates the analysis of much larger numbers of sperm than was possible when the hamster-egg method was used. Therefore, FISH-based procedures for simultaneously detecting chromosomal breaks, rearrangements, and numerical abnormalities in sperm may have widespread applications in human genetics, genetic toxicology, and reproductive medicine.
Morphologic Information on Cretaceous Nannofossils from Niobrara Formation: ABSTRACT

Multiple zones of exceptional preservation within the Niobrara Formation (Upper Cretaceous) have revealed much new morphologic information on coccolithophores. Nine species were found with coccospheres intact, including a species of Biscutum with extraordinary cylindrical rather than spherical coccospheres. Cylindrical coccospheres have not been reported from the fossil record, and are rare in modern oceans. An unusual feature of these cylindrical tests is the orderly, repetitive arrangement End_Page 246------------------------------ of the individual coccoliths. Most cylinders are open at both ends, but one specimen illustrated by electron micrographs with one end nearly closed reveals significantly smaller coccoliths at the ends. These smaller, simpler coccoliths probably did not articulate as tightly as those on the rest of the cell and were easily detached. Because of the difference in size and morphology, these terminal coccoliths may have previously been assigned to other taxa. A coccosphere of Braarudosphaera bigelowi, not previously illustrated from the fossil record, is also documented in this study. The stagnant, anoxic benthic environment prevalent during these intervals of Niobrara deposition also fostered the preservation of monospecific coccolith clusters that represent coccospheres formed of nonarticulated coccoliths. These clusters, representing 35 different species, including Lithraphidites carniolensis, Bolevetelum sp., Microrhabdulus belgicus, and Rhagodiscus angustus, provide information on the minimum number of coccoliths originally present on the living cell. Such may prove valuable for determining the total biomass of the living populations based on the abundance of individual coccoliths in the fossil record. End_of_Article - Last_Page 247------------
The burden of profession: Applied anthropology at the crossroads

Elizabeth M. Eddy and William L. Partridge, eds. Applied Anthropology in America. New York: Columbia University Press. 1978. 484 pp. Walter Goldschmidt, ed. The Uses of Anthropology. Special Publication No. 11. Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association. 1979. 280 pp.
The effects of concentration dilution of cross-linkable diacetylenes on the plasticity of poly(m-carborane-disiloxane-diacetylene)s

Previous studies on poly(m-carborane-disiloxane-diacetylene)s established that the representative polymer 1, having the carborane, disiloxane and diacetylene moieties in a 1∶2∶1 ratio in its repeating monomeric unit, exhibited plastic characteristics at ambient temperature. In this study, the diacetylene-diluted variants of the above system were synthesized and thermally cured to determine their elastomeric properties. The resultant diacetylene-diluted polymer variants 4a, 4b and 4c, where the corresponding ratios of the constituents were 2∶3∶1, 4∶5∶1 and 9∶10∶1, were determined upon curing to possess Tg values of 56 °C, 45 °C and 35 °C, respectively. Even though the diacetylene dilution resulted in the lowering of the Tg values of the new systems, they were still found to possess predominantly plastic characteristics at ambient temperature.
Belief Congruence between Interest-Group Leaders and Members: An Empirical Analysis of Three Theories and a Suggested Synthesis

Theories of internal interest-group dynamics vary in their predictions concerning the degree of belief congruence between leaders and ordinary members. Exchange theory expects to find substantial congruence, except when selective incentives are important. Commitment theory argues that leaders should be more extreme in their views than ordinary members, while the moderating elite approach suggests they should be less extreme. Survey data from two interest groups, one environmental, the other economic, at two points in time provide some support for exchange theory, even more support for commitment theory, and no support for the moderating elites approach. The paper concludes with a proposed synthesis involving elements of the first two theories and additional factors, such as level of conflict in the policy subsystem.
A comparison of the Stanford‐Binet abbreviated and complete forms for developmentally disabled children

Three abbreviated versions of the Stanford-Binet were reviewed and compared for 50 children with developmental disabilities. The children ranged in age from 6 years - 0 months to 15 years - 11 months. While the IQs obtained from the abbreviated forms correlated highly with the complete Binet IQ, it was felt that the 2-item test yielded too many "misses" both in terms of IQ and classification to be of significant value for use with developmentally disabled children. Although the Terman and Merrill 4-item and Wright versions both yielded considerable "misses" in classification, they were believed to be of definite value to the time-harried examiner. Caution was advised, however, in the use of abbreviated-form IQs as a basis for important diagnostic decisions.
Meadowcroft Rockshelter-Retrospect 1977: Part 2

Meadowcroft Rockshelter is a deeply stratified multicomponent site in Washington County, southwestern Pennsylvania. The eleven well defined stratigraphic units identified at the site span at least 16,000, and perhaps 19,000 years of intermittent occupation by groups representing all of the major cultural stages/periods now recognized in northeastern North America. Throughout the extant sequence, the site served as a locus for hunting, collecting and food processing activities which involved the seasonal exploitation of the immediately adjacent Cross Creek valley and contiguous uplands. Presently, Meadowcroft Rockshelter represents the earliest well dated evidence of man in the New World as well as the longest occupational sequence in the Western Hemisphere.
Body Image in Chronically Obese Children as Reflected in Figure Drawings

Summary Two matched samples of 36 obese and 36 average weight controls, 12 at each of three age levels (7, 10, 13) submitted drawings of male and female figures. The hypothesis that the drawings of obese children would be more global and less differentiated than those of non-obese matched controls, was strongly supported by the data. Discussion focused on the relationship between the obese child's poor body image and his difficulties in developing feelings of worthiness, competence, and self-esteem. The paper concluded with an examination of the treatment needs of the obese child.
“Where I have to learn the ways how to live:” Youth resilience in a Yup’ik village in Alaska:

What is it like to grow up Yup'ik and come of age today in a traditional hunting-gathering community setting located in a remote region of Alaska? Current research describes a contemporary experience often laden with trauma and crisis. Youth in Yup'ik communities today face threats to their very survival as they encounter, early on, things that their ancestors never faced--including alcohol-related deaths, violence in many forms, and high rates of suicide among their young peers. Yet all is not despair for the youth growing up in these remote indigenous communities. Many youth grow-up to become skilled hunters, strong leaders, and able parents. This paper reports findings from the Alaskan Yup'ik site of the Circumpolar Indigenous Pathways to Adulthood (CIPA) study. The goal of this study is to identify strengths and resilience in youth living in a Yup'ik community in southwest Alaska. Interviews were conducted with 25 youth age 11-18, currently residing in a southwest Alaska community. Qualitative analysis revealed important connections between local stressors, community-level protective resources, and youth-driven, solution-focused strategies for overcoming hardship and learning the "ways how to live." Findings from this study contribute critical information on indigenous youth protection and resilience, including community and cultural resilience processes beyond the individual level, and enhance our understanding of the types of resources that can lead to improved outcomes for Alaska Native youth.
Synthesis of novel hydantoin analogs of 5′-nor carbocyclic nucleosides: Versatility of a chiral acylnitroso cycloaddition

Abstract An asymmetric hetero-Diels-Alder reaction involving an amino acid-derived acylnitroso dienophile was utilized to synthesize novel hydantoin analogs ( 12 ) of carbocyclic nucleosides. The hydantoins were formed during an attempted protection of an amide nitrogen.
CHIPS Microsatellite Optical System : Lessons Learned

The Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer (CHIPS) observatory launched on 12 January 2003, and was the first and only successful GSFC UNEX (NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center University Explorer class) mission. The UNEX program was conceived by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as a new class of Explorer mission charged with demonstrating that significant science and/or technology experiments can be performed by small satellites with constrained budgets and a limited schedule. The purpose of the observatory was to examine details of the local bubble thermal pressure, spatial distribution and ionization history. The observatory was also used to observe solar spectra, both scattered from the Lunar surface and via a fortuitous 2nd order scattering path. CHIPS confirmed that spectral features within the 90-260a band were much dimmer than was predicted by contemporary theories, and operated four years beyond its design lifetime. The observatory was placed in an extended safe-hold mode in April of 2008 for budgetary purposes. The spectrometer consisted of six spectrograph channels which delivered >λ/100 resolution spectra to a single detector. Cost constraints of UNEX led to a design based on a traditional aluminum structure, and an instrument with a large field of view (5° x 26°). All optical and optomechanical systems on the spectrometer performed flawlessly on orbit. We discuss the challenges, difficulties and lessons learned during the design, fabrication and execution stages of the mission.
Religiosity in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: Implications for Identity Formation

Based on previous correlations between religiosity and descriptions of character traits related to meaning and purpose in life described by Gladding, et al. in 1981, this study hypothesized significant differences in religiosity scores as a function of age. Variables of religious group and gender were also included. Subjects included 147 adolescents and young adults, 70 males and 77 females, largely Caucasian, attending fundamental, moderate, and liberal churches in Central and Northwest Arkansas. A 3 × 3 × 2 analysis of variance yielded significant main effects for age group and religious group but not gender. No interactions were found. Findings suggest relationships between religiosity and identity formation during adolescence.
Response of deep-sea benthic foraminifera to Miocene paleoclimatic events, DSDP Site 289

Abstract Changes in the Miocene deep-sea benthic foraminifera at DSDP Site 289 closely correlate to the climatically induced variations in deep and bottom waters in the Pacific Ocean. In early Miocene time, oxygen and carbon isotopes indicate that bottom waters were relatively warm and poorly oxygenated. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages are characterized by various species inherited from the Oligocene. Expansion of the Antarctic icecap in the early middle Miocene, 14–16 m.y. ago, increased oxygen isotope values, produced cold, more oxygenated bottom waters and lead to a turnover in the benthic foraminifera. An Oligocene—early Miocene assemblage was replaced by a cibicidoid-dominated assemblage. Some species became extinct and benthic faunas became more bathymetrically restricted with the increased stratification of deep waters in the ocean. In mid-Miocene time, Epistominella exigua and E. umbonifera , indicative of young, oxygenated bottom waters, are relatively common at DSDP Site 289. Further glacial expansion 5–9 m.y. ago lowered sealevel, increased oceanic upwelling and associated biological productivity and intensified the oxygen minima. Abundant hispid and costate uvigerines become a dominant faunal element at shallow depths above 2500 m as E. umbonifera becomes common to abundant below 2500 m. By late Miocene time, benthic faunas similar in species composition and proportion to modern faunas on the Ontong-Java plateau, had become established.