cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Therapist Adversity and the Life of the Therapist: Perspectives From Miriam Greenspan

ABSTRACT Painful situations arise during the education and careers of counselors and therapists. Most theoretical orientations fail to address how clinicians are to handle their live adversity during the course of their work with clients. In fact, irrespective of the theoretical orientation, most clinicians are given the directive to “check your own life” at the door lest it derail the therapeutic process. Miriam Greenspan, one of the first writers on self-disclosure in the therapeutic process shares how she has handled both acute and chronic adversity as a clinician and brings hope to the humanity of both the clinician and client.
Characterization, by Molecular Cloning, of Smaller Forms of Thyroid Peroxidase Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Human Thyroid Cells as Alternatively Spliced Transcripts

The mRNA for human thyroid peroxidase (hTPO) is 3.1 kilobases (kb) in size, coding for a protein of 933 amino acids. However, there is controversy as to whether other hTPO mRNA transcripts exist in thyroid cells. There is one report of the existence of 2.1- and 1.7-kb transcripts (hTPO mRNA species I and II), representing up to half of the hTPO mRNA in TSH-stimulated human thyroid cells. On the other hand, numerous other studies have only observed 3.1-kb hTPO mRNA transcripts. The nature of these putative 2.1- and 1.7-kb mRNA transcripts, if present, is unknown. We now report the isolation and characterization of two smaller hTPO cDNA species, designated hTPO cDNA I and II. cDNA I and II are 1753 and 1044 basepairs (bp) in size, with open reading frames of only 225 and 174 amino acids, respectively. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of cDNA I and II with available hTPO genomic sequence reveals that cDNA I consists of exons 1-6 (654 bp) and the 5'-end of intron 6 (1099 bp); cDNA II contains exons 1-5 (486 bp) and an unidentified DNA tract of 558 bp further down-stream, presumably an intron. Confirmation that cDNA I and II correspond to mRNA transcripts I and II, respectively, was provided by Northern blot analysis with DNA probes specific for cDNA I and II. hTPO mRNA transcripts I and II are present in TSH-stimulated and TSH-deprived human thyroid cells in culture as well as in intact thyroid tissue. In summary, the present data 1) demonstrate directly that hTPO mRNA transcripts I and II exist in human thyroid cells, 2) explain the discrepant data in the literature regarding their existence, 3) elucidate their molecular structure, 4) indicate that they are generated by alternative splicing, and 5) demonstrate that hTPO mRNA I and II exist in the thyroid gland in vivo as well as in thyroid cells in culture.
Assessment of commercial hemicellulases for saccharification of alkaline pretreated perennial biomass.

Abstract The objective of this research was to measure the effects of different cellulase and hemicellulase mixtures on fermentable sugar production from two different perennial biomasses – switchgrass and a low-impact, high-diversity prairie biomass mixture (LIHD). Each was subjected to NaOH pretreatment, followed by hydrolysis with a commercial cellulase and β-glucosidase mixture [CB] supplemented with either of two hemicellulases. For both biomasses, there was little gain in sugar yield when using CB alone beyond 20–25 mg/g TS; further gain in yield was possible only through hemicellulase supplementation. An equation that modeled CB and hemicellulase effects as occurring independently fit the data reasonably well, except at the lowest of cellulase loadings with hemicellulase, where synergistic interactions were evident. Examination of the marginal effectiveness of enzyme loadings (incremental grams sugar per incremental mg enzyme) over a broad range of loadings suggests that there is no need to customize enzymatic hydrolysis for NaOH-pretreated switchgrass and LIHD.
Physical mechanisms governing the dynamics of Los Angeles smog aerosol

Abstract The aerosol size distributions measured during the 1969 Pasadena Smog Study and those obtained later in laboratory smog-simulation experiments are analyzed. Emphasis is on the identification of physical mechanisms and parameters which are responsible for the daily aerosol concentration changes. The role of relative humidity, solar radiation intensity, coagulation, and condensation is discussed. Data from field measurements and artificial humidification experiments indicate that by changing the relative humidity, the submicron aerosol volume concentration, as well as the total light scattering, may be changed by at least a factor of two. The effect of solar radiation on the photochemical gas-particle conversion rate was investigated by inflating a plastic bag with particulate-free ambient air and exposing it to solar radiation. The observed nuclei-generation rates in Pasadena were on the order of 105 nuclei/sec. The solar radiation was found to be necessary for the nuclei production. Laboratory experiments performed in Minnesota suggest that the growth of photochemical nuclei after formation is governed by simultaneous coagulation and condensation. During late night hours, the aerosol was found to decay according to the laws of coagulation. The size distributions were observed to approach a universal form which could be simulated by laboratory aging experiments and by numerical (Monte Carlo) simulation. The mean coagulation coefficient for the smog decay was between 2 × 10−9 and 10−8 cm3/sec. During the daytime, coagulation was found to limit the total number concentration to 2 × 105/cm3 by rapid removal of small particles (0.01 μm) by the larger ones (0.1 μm). It appears that the important particle diameter range 0.1
Application of the New Keystone‐Species Concept to Prairie Dogs: How Well Does It Work?

Abstract: It has been suggested that the keystone-species concept should be dropped from ecology and conservation, primarily because the concept is poorly defined. This prompted Power et al. (1996) to refine the definition: keystone species have large effects on community structure or ecosystem function (i.e., high overall importance), and this effect should be large relative to abundance (i.e., high community importance). Using prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) as an example, I review operational and conceptual difficulties encountered in applying this definition. As applied to prairie dogs, the implicit assumption that overall importance is a linear function of abundance is invalid. In addition, community importance is sensitive to abundance levels, the definition of community, and sampling scale. These problems arise largely from the equation for community importance, as used in conjunction with removal experiments at single abundance levels. I suggest that we shift from the current emphasis on the dualism between keystone and nonkeystone species and instead examine how overall and community importance vary (1) with abundance, (2) across spatial and temporal scales, and (3) under diverse ecological conditions. In addition, I propose that a third criterion be incorporated into the definition: keystone species perform roles not performed by other species or processes. Examination of how these factors vary among populations of keystone species should help identify the factors contributing to, or limiting, keystone-level functions, thereby increasing the usefulness of the keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation. Although the quantitative framework of Power et al. falls short of being fully operational, my conceptual guidelines may improve the usefulness of the keystone-species concept. Careful attention to the factors that limit keystone function will help avoid misplaced emphasis on keystone species at the expense of other species.
Risk assessment for Cryptosporidium: a hierarchical Bayesian analysis of human dose response data.

Three dose-response studies were conducted with healthy volunteers using different Cryptosporidium parvum isolates (IOWA, TAMU, and UCP). The study data were previously analyzed for median infectious dose (ID50) using a simple cumulative percent endpoint method (Reed and Muench, 1938). ID50s were derived using two definitions of infection: one as subjects having oocysts detected in stool by direct fluorescence assay, and the other by a clinical finding of diarrhea with or without detected oocysts (Chappell et al., 1998; Okhuysen et al., 1999). In the present study, the data were analyzed using the broader definition of infection (i.e., presence of oocysts in stool and/or diarrheal illness characteristic of cryptosporidiosis). Maximum likelihood dose-response parameter estimates for UCP, IOWA, and TAMU were 2980, 190, and 17.5, respectively. Based on these estimates, the ID50s of the three respective isolates were 2066, 132, and 12.1. The three oocyst isolates were considered representative of a larger population of human-infecting strains and analyzed as combined data using a hierarchical Bayesian model. Hyperparameters defined the distribution of dose-response parameters for the population of strains. Output from Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis described posterior distributions for the hyperparameters and for the parameters of the IOWA, TAMU, and UCP strains. Point estimates of dose-response parameters produced by this analysis were similar to the maximum likelihood estimates. Finally, the utility of these results for probabilistic risk assessment was evaluated. The risk of infection from single oocyst doses was derived for a mixture of the three isolates (where IOWA, TAMU, or UCP are equally likely), and for an oocyst selected at random from the larger population of strains. These estimated risks of infection were 0.018 and 0.028, respectively.
Trisubstituted Imidazoles as Positive Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5

Summary: These two application claim a series of trisubstituted imidazoles that may provide treatment for a wide variety of diseases and disorders such as schizophrenia, cognitive decline, dementia, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease. Important Compound Classes:
Peer mentoring: Linking the value of a reflective activity to graduate student development

Traditional forms of mentoring offer graduate students a support system to assist them through their education. Many times these traditional forms of mentorship can be augmented by other support mechanisms. This phenomenon is especially true in engineering education because of the interdisciplinary nature of the discipline. In this work, we explore engineering education graduate students' self-reported value in regards to their participation in a multi-institution peer mentorship program. Further, we identify if and in what ways such a program supports graduate students' development towards becoming emerging scholars in the field of engineering education.
Influence of a monofunctional acid-base environment on peel mechanics

There is a strong practical interest in being able to predict the strength of an adhesive bond with a non-destructive technique. The general fracture mechanics (GFM) theory, which assumes a linear relationship between the work of separation and the thermodynamic work of adhesion, allows for the possibility of such a correlation. In this study, a plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) and quartz adhesive-adherend system is used to investigate the influence of the work of adhesion on the work of separation in a modified 180° peel test. The work of adhesion may be varied by separately introducing various Lewis acids and bases as functional groups in the adhesive or adherend surfaces, or into the medium in which fracture is carried out. Wetting and surface tension measurements, obtained via the Wilhelmy technique, are used to determine surface energies and acid-base properties. The strong acid functionality of quartz suggests that a basic environment should yield a lower work of adhesion value than an acidic e...
A comparison among three experimental education programs

The primary characteristics of the three programs are used to compare participants to each other and to a group of students in the regular curriculum: (1) development of logical thought, (2) broader educational development, and, (3) career development, as well as selected academic characteristics (grades academic aptitude). The programs and their evaluations are described. The outcomes claimed for each program occurred more frequently in that program than in the comparison groups. The absence of differences in grades, despite differences in academic ability and in extent of program involvement, is interpreted as further evidence of the insensitivity of grades. The question of generality of the results is explored briefly.
Thermal regime at the Upper Stillwater dam site, Uinta mountains, Utah: Implications for terrain, microclimate and structural corrections in heat flow studies

Abstract A detailed study of the subsurface thermal regime at the Upper Stillwater dam site, Uinta Mountains, northeast Utah, has been made. Temperature measurements were made in 36 drillholes located within a 1 km2 area and ranging in depth from 20 to 97 m. Holes less than about 40 m deep were used only to obtain information about spatial variations in mean annual surface temperature. Several holes in or near talus slopes at the sides of the canyons have temperature minima approaching 0°C between 10 and 20 m indicating the presence of year-round ice at the base of the talus. Another set of holes show transient thermal effects of surface warming resulting from clearing of a construction site 3.5 years prior to our measurements. Most of the remaining holes show conductive behavior and have gradients ranging from 13° to 17°C km−1. Measurements made on 44 core samples yield a thermal conductivity of 5.6 (std. dev. 0.35) W m−1 K−1 for the Precambrian quartzite present. Surface heat flow estimates for these holes range from 70 to 100 mW m−2. However, the local disturbance of the thermal field by topography and microclimate is considerable. A finite difference method used to model these effects yielded a locally corrected Upper Stillwater heat flow of about 75 mW m−2. A final correction to account for the effects of refraction of heat from the low conductivity sedimentary rocks in the Uinta Basin into the high conductivity quartzite at the dam site, produced a regionally corrected Upper Stillwater heat flow between 60 and 65 mW m−2. This value is consistent with the observed heat flow of 60 mW m−2 in the Green River Basin to the north and the Uinta Basin to the south.
Psychometric Testing of the MDASI-HF: A Symptom Assessment Instrument for Patients With Cancer and Concurrent Heart Failure

Abstract Background The debilitating symptoms of cancer and heart failure (HF) can adversely affect the patient's quality of life. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory – Heart Failure (MDASI-HF), a 27-item self-report assessment instrument for patients with cancer and concurrent HF. Methods and Results Psychometric testing used data from 156 patients (age 63.3 ± 13.2 years, 56% male) with a diagnosis of cancer and HF receiving care in a major cancer center. Reliability of the MDASI-HF for the 13 symptoms (α = 0.89), 8 HF-specific items (α = 0.83), and interference items (α = 0.92) was high. Criterion-related validity with the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance scale ( r = 0.63) and the New York Heart Association classification ( r = 0.65) were statistically significant, P = .01. Construct validity supported two constructs for the additional HF specific items: covert HF factor and overt HF factor. Conclusion The MDASI-HF is a valid and reliable instrument for symptom assessment in patients with cancer and HF. This instrument can be used to identify symptom occurrence and enhance the provider's understanding of the prevalence and severity of symptoms from the patient's perspective.
UV Resonance Raman Determination of Molecular Mechanism of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Volume Phase Transition

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is the premier example of a macromolecule that undergoes a hydrophobic collapse when heated above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Here we utilize dynamic light scattering, H-NMR, and steady-state and time-resolved UVRR measurements to determine the molecular mechanism of PNIPAM's hydrophobic collapse. Our steady-state results indicate that in the collapsed state the amide bonds of PNIPAM do not engage in interamide hydrogen bonding, but are hydrogen bonded to water molecules. At low temperatures, the amide bonds of PNIPAM are predominantly fully water hydrogen bonded, whereas, in the collapsed state one of the two normal CO hydrogen bonds is lost. The NH-water hydrogen bonding, however, remains unperturbed by the PNIPAM collapse. Our kinetic results indicate a monoexponential collapse with tau approximately 360 (+/-85) ns. The collapse rate indicates a persistence length of n approximately 10. At lengths shorter than the persistence length the polymer acts as an elastic rod, whereas at lengths longer than the persistence length the polymer backbone conformation forms a random coil. On the basis of these results, we propose the following mechanism for the PNIPAM volume phase transition. At low temperatures PNIPAM adopts an extended, water-exposed conformation that is stabilized by favorable NIPAM-water solvation shell interactions which stabilize large clusters of water molecules. As the temperature increases an increasing entropic penalty occurs for the water molecules situated at the surface of the hydrophobic isopropyl groups. A cooperative transition occurs where hydrophobic collapse minimizes the exposed hydrophobic surface area. The polymer structural change forces the amide carbonyl and N-H to invaginate and the water clusters cease to be stabilized and are expelled. In this compact state, PNIPAM forms small hydrophobic nanopockets where the (i, i + 3) isopropyl groups make hydrophobic contacts. A persistent length of n approximately 10 suggests a cooperative collapse where hydrophobic interactions between adjacent hydrophobic pockets stabilize the collapsed PNIPAM.
A recommender system for requirements elicitation in large-scale software projects

In large and complex software projects, the knowledge needed to elicit requirements and specify the functional and behavioral properties can be dispersed across many thousands of stakeholders. Unfortunately traditional requirements engineering techniques, which were primarily designed to support face-to-face meetings, do not scale well to handle the needs of larger projects. We therefore propose a semi-automated requirements elicitation framework which uses data-mining techniques and recommender system technologies to facilitate stakeholder collaboration in a large-scale, distributed project. Our proposed recommender model is a hybrid one designed to manage the placement of stakeholders into highly focused discussion forums, where they can work collaboratively to generate requirements. In our approach, statements of need are first gathered from the project stakeholders; unsupervised clustering techniques are then used to identify cohesive and finely-grained themes and a users' profile is constructed according to the interests of the stakeholders in each of these themes. This profile feeds information to a collaborative recommender, which predicts stakeholders' interests in additional forums. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed recommendation framework is evaluated through a series of experiments using feature requests from three software systems.
Effects of zeta potential and electrolyte on particle interactions on an electrode under ac polarization

The relative motion between two colloidal particles loosely deposited on an electrode passing alternating current was investigated. Parameters such as zeta potential, electrolyte composition, elect...
Weierstrass and the Theory of Matrices

The following essay is the third in a series devoted to the history of the theory of matrices.1 In [1975 a] I related Cauchy's important memoir on the characteristic roots of a real quadratic form to the mechanical investigations of Lagrange and Laplace. The origins and development of t e symbolical algebra matrices are traced in [1977]. Now I present the keystone of the history: the theory of canonical matrix forms and, in particular, the work of Karl Weierstrass. The emphasis upon Weie strass reflects my conclusion that through his theory of ele entary divisors [1868] and its influence upon other mathematicians, he, more than anyone, was respo sible for the emerge ce of the theory of matrices as a cohere t, substantial b anch of twentieth-century mathematics. In view of the importa ce of Weierstrass' memoir on elementary divisors, special attention has been given to the background against which it was created and to the mathematicians who influenced hi (Sectio s 2-4). In [1868] and a preliminary memoir [1858] Weierstrass demonstrated more than theorems. He also demonstrated the possibility and desirability of a ore rigorous approach to algebraic analysis that did not rest content with the prevailing tendency to reason vaguely in terms of the "general" case. Weierstrass' memoir thus served as a paradigm for further research by his colleagues and students such as Kronecker and Frobeni s. It was by virtue of the influence of his work on others that Weierstrass played such a key role in the evolution of the theory of matrices. Sec ion 6 is entirely devoted to the fundamental contributions of Frobenius while in Section 7 I establish the domi ant role played y the Berlin school (Wei rstrass, Kronecker, Frobenius) in the dev lopm nt, application, syste-
Wheel-running behavior in 12 species of muroid rodents.

The objective of this research was to describe the levels and periodicity of wheel running in 12 species of muroid rodents in order that comparisons could be made among different measures of activity in a variety of species. Six males from each species (Peromyscus polionotus, P. eremicus, P. leucopus, P. maniculatus, P. gossypinus, Microtus pennysylvanicus, M. montanus, M. canicaudus, M. ochrogaster, Calomys callos us, Onychomys leucogaster, and Mus musculus) were tested in running wheels for 14 days, with the amount of running recorded hourly. There were significant species differences in amount of wheel running, with Peromyscus generally running more than Microtus. All species displayed marked nocturnality. Thus, Peromyscus display consistent nocturnality both across species, and for various behavioral patterns measured using a variety of methods. By contrast, Microtus display a nocturnal pattern of wheel running, but not of eating, drinking, and various other behavioral patterns. These differences appear to reflect adaptations related to habit and diet.
Conditional Water Rights in the Western United States: Introducing Uncertainty to Prior Appropriation?

In the prior-appropriation water rights regimes that prevail in the arid western United States, claims to annually variable surface water flows are fulfilled based on the order of their establishment. The two-step process used to establish an appropriative water right in all 17 conterminous western states creates a temporary phase, or conditional water right, which has a priority date but no actual water use. We provide a review of the legal basis for these conditional water rights and demonstrate the potential uncertainty they introduce to current water users. We then present a complete census of conditional water rights in Colorado, including their amounts, ages, and uses. At the end of 2012 there were a large number of conditional water rights in Colorado (some over 90 years old) equal to 61% of the perfected water rights. Many of the controversial conditional water rights in Colorado have been associated with unconventional oil production in the northwestern portion of the state; however, conditional water rights are ubiquitous across the state and across many use types. In several basins, their existence can introduce uncertainty to some of the most senior water rights holders. Nevertheless, in most of the state, the effects of conditional water rights are restricted to a relatively junior class of water users. This work quantifies for the first time the result, in one state, of a peculiar aspect of water law common across all western prior-appropriation states.
Optical Isomer Separation by Liquid Chromatography

Enantiomeric separations have been considered to be a difficult problem in the field of separation science. Recent advances in this area are described in this article. These advances may even make these separations routine in the near future.
Effects of testosterone and photoperiodic condition on song production and vocal control region volumes in adult male dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis).

In seasonally breeding male oscines, song learning and expression are controlled by brain regions (vocal control regions, VCRs) that exhibit seasonal neural plasticity in adulthood. Several VCRs contain androgen receptors, and gonadal androgens play important roles in the control of seasonal structural and functional changes of VCRs. Recent studies also found that adult VCRs are influenced by factors other than gonadal hormones, including photoperiod, but the relative importance of these factors and their mechanisms of action are poorly understood. To address this issue, we investigated the contributions of photoperiod and testicular androgens to the regulation of VCR volumes and to the control of song expression in adult dark-eyed juncos, Junco hyemalis. Exposing castrated (CX) photosensitive males to long days (LD) enhanced their high vocal center (HVc) volumes compared to those of males held on short days (SD). These volumes were not further increased by concurrent testosterone (T) treatment, revealing a marked and gonadal androgen-independent stimulatory influence of photoperiod on the size of this brain region. HVc sizes were smaller in LD-exposed photorefractory than photosensitive males irrespective of whether birds were intact or had been castrated before photoperiodic manipulations, but HVc sizes increased in response to T treatment in intact photorefractory males. Thus, LD exposure can increase HVc volumes in the absence of gonadal T, but large volume induction in photorefractory males requires elevated plasma T levels. Testosterone treatment of SD-exposed photosensitive males increased HVc, but not Area X, MAN, or RA volumes. Only T-treated males sang and this treatment given to castrates was equally effective behaviorally when administered to photosensitive, photostimulated, or photorefractory juncos. This result indicates that the stimulating influence of LD exposure on HVc volumes is insufficient to induce song in the absence of elevated plasma T levels.
Development of a Novel Preclinical Pancreatic Cancer Research Model: Bioluminescence Image-Guided Focal Irradiation and Tumor Monitoring of Orthotopic Xenografts

PURPOSE: We report on a novel preclinical pancreatic cancer research model that uses bioluminescence imaging (BLI)-guided irradiation of orthotopic xenograft tumors, sparing of surrounding normal tissues, and quantitative, noninvasive longitudinal assessment of treatment response. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Luciferase-expressing MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic carcinoma cells were orthotopically injected in nude mice. BLI was compared to pathologic tumor volume, and photon emission was assessed over time. BLI was correlated to positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) to estimate tumor dimensions. BLI and cone-beam CT (CBCT) were used to compare tumor centroid location and estimate setup error. BLI and CBCT fusion was performed to guide irradiation of tumors using the small animal radiation research platform (SARRP). DNA damage was assessed by γ-H2Ax staining. BLI was used to longitudinally monitor treatment response. RESULTS: Bioluminescence predicted tumor volume (R = 0.8984) and increased linearly as a function of time up to a 10-fold increase in tumor burden. BLI correlated with PET/CT and necropsy specimen in size (P < .05). Two-dimensional BLI centroid accuracy was 3.5 mm relative to CBCT. BLI-guided irradiated pancreatic tumors stained positively for γ-H2Ax, whereas surrounding normal tissues were spared. Longitudinal assessment of irradiated tumors with BLI revealed significant tumor growth delay of 20 days relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS: We have successfully applied the SARRP to a bioluminescent, orthotopic preclinical pancreas cancer model to noninvasively: 1) allow the identification of tumor burden before therapy, 2) facilitate image-guided focal radiation therapy, and 3) allow normalization of tumor burden and longitudinal assessment of treatment response.
Calcium modulation of cyclic GMP synthesis in rat visual cells

The synthesis of cyclic GMP in dark-adapted rat retinas, retinal homogenates or isolated ROS is stimulated during incubation with medium containing low levels of Ca2+. The guanylate cyclase that is stimulated by low [Ca2+] is localized exclusively in visual cells of the retina because the stimulatory effect of low [Ca2+] is observed in developing retinas only after visual cells begin to differentiate, and it is lost in diseased retinas when the photoreceptor cells degenerate. The accumulation of cyclic GMP during incubation with low [Ca2+] is prevented by illumination; the effect of light stems apparently from the light-enhanced hydrolysis of cyclic GMP. Following light adaptation and transfer of the animals to darkness, retinas become progressively more responsive to low [Ca2+], and a maximal response is restored after about 30 min of dark adaptation in vivo. Incubated retinas accumulate cyclic GMP when exposed to media containing less than about 5 × 10−9 M [Ca2+], whereas the synthesis of cyclic GMP in retinal homogenates or lysed ROS is stimulated at concentrations of less than 10−6M-Ca2+. These findings indicate that calcium acts as an inhibitory effector in the regulation of guanylate cyclase in rod photoreceptor cells, and they suggest that changes in intracellular [Ca2+] may regulate the synthesis of cyclic GMP in dark-adapted visual cells in situ.
Divertor sheath power studies in DIII-D using fixed Langmuir probes and three-dimensional modeling of tile heat flows

Experimental results are presented from the three-Langmuir probe (LP) diagnostic head of the divertor material evaluation system (DiMES) on DIII-D that confirm the size of the projected current collection area of the LPs, which is essential for properly measuring ion saturation current density (Jsat) and the sheath power transmission factor (SPTF). Also using the 3-LP DiMES head, the hypothesis that collisional effects on plasma density occurring in the magnetic sheath of the tile are responsible for a lower than expected SPTF is tested and deemed not to have a significant impact on the SPTF. Three-dimensional thermal modeling of wall tiles is presented that accounts for lateral heat conduction, temperature dependence of tile material properties and radiative heat loss from the tile surface. This modeling was developed to be used in the analysis of temperature profiles of the divertor embedded thermocouple (TC) array to obtain more accurate interpretations of TC temperature profiles to infer divertor surface heat flux than have previously been accomplished using more basic one-dimensional methods.
Application of AFM in understanding biomineral formation in diatoms

We review previous work and present new data on the application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study biomineral formation in diatoms, unicellular algae that make cell walls of silica. Previous studies examined a small subset of mostly larger diatom species, identifying a prevalence of large particulate silica on the nanoscale. We survey different structures including valves, girdle bands, and elongated spines called setae, in a variety of species, and show a diversity of nano- and meso-scale silica morphologies, even on different portions of the same structure. A general trend of highly organized mesoscale silica structure on the proximal face of cell wall components was observed, with less organized structure occurring on the distal face. The highly organized structures have features suggestive of an underlying linear template, which defines the area of initial silica polymerization. Such features have not been imaged with such clarity previously, demonstrating the advantages of AFM to image small differences in surface morphology and providing new insights and confirming evidence for models of diatom silica structure formation. In addition to its imaging capability, more developed application of AFM to map locations of organic template components on the nanoscale will greatly aid in elucidating mechanisms of diatom biosilica synthesis.
Concentrations of IL‐10 in preterm human milk and in milk from mothers of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis

Background: Despite the protective effects of human milk against necrotizing enterocolitis, the incidence is highest in the extremely premature infant, and only minimally decreased with feeding human milk. This suggests that certain protective agents may be lower in milk from mothers delivering extremely premature infants. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was one possibility. Aim: We hypothesized that low concentrations of IL-10 in preterm milk contribute to the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in extremely premature infants. Methods: IL-10 in human milk collected at weeks 1, 2, and 4 postpartum was measured by ELISA in mothers of infants born extremely premature at 23–27 wk gestation (group EP), premature at 32–36 wk gestation (group P), and term at 38–42 wk gestation (group T). Single milk samples were collected from a separate group of mothers whose infants developed necrotizing enterocolitis. Results: There were no significant differences in concentrations of milk IL-10 among groups EP, P, or T. Concentrations of IL-10 declined as lactation progressed (p > 0.001). IL-10 in milk was frequently undetected in all groups, but even more so in the milk of the group of women whose infants had necrotizing enterocolitis (86%) than in groups EP (40%) and P (27%) (p > 0.01). Conclusion: IL-10 was present in preterm milk from most women, and the concentrations in preterm and term milk were not significantly different. A paucity of IL-10 in human milk was found in certain mothers in each group, especially in those whose infants developed necrotizing enterocolitis.
Formation of TiSi2/n+/p-silicon junctions by implantation through metal technique

Experimental studies of the formation and electrical characterization of TiSi2/n + /p-Si shallow junctions are presented. The formation of shallow n + p junction, by ion implantation of As + through Ti films evaporated on p-Si substrates followed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) and conventional furnace annealing, is performed in these experiments. Structural techniques such as secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) experiments are employed to characterize these devices. RUMP simulations are deployed to analyze and interpret the RBS data. Temperature dependent current-voltage measurements of these junctions are performed in the temperature range of 250 to 400 K. Interpretations for these results are sought from conventional pn junction theory.
Differentiation and reduction in syntactic theory: A case study

This article presents a case study of the reduction of the Case Filter to a Visibility Principle governing theta role assignment (see Chomsky 1981, 1985). The reduced, undifferentiated system, lacking the Case Filter, is shown to be unable to predict certain contrasts in degrees of (un)grammaticality. A differentiated model incorporating the Case Filter encounters no such difficulty. Following Chomsky (1965), I conclude that the differentiated system, capable of accounting for degrees of (un)grammaticality, is preferable in that it attains a higher degree of empirical adequacy than does its reduced counterpart. The type of evidence and argumentation employed here, as well as the proposed grammaticality metric, are completely generalizable and thereby provide a diagnostic for determining the precise nature of differentiation and reduction throughout the syntactic component.
Bis(diphenylphosphino)methanedicopper(I) units bridged by dicarboxylates

Abstract Two novel compounds, [(μ-dppm)2Cu2(O2CC6H4CO2)Cu2(μ-dppm)2](PF6)2·3.4CH2Cl2 (1·3.4CH2Cl2) and [(μ-dppm)2Cu2(O2CC2F4CO2)Cu2(μ-dppm)2](PF6)2·5CH2Cl2 (2·5CH2Cl2), have been prepared from the reactions of [(μ-dppm)2Cu2(CH3CN)2](PF6)2 with the corresponding dicarboxylate salts, and their structures have been determined crystallographically. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 consist of the complex cations [(μ-dppm)2Cu2(LL)Cu2(μ-dppm)2]2+, in which two dppm-bridged dinuclear copper(I) units are linked by dicarboxylate bridges LL2− (LL=O2CC6H4CO2 and O2CC2F4CO2) in an end-to-end fashion, PF6 − ions and dichloromethane molecules. The Cu⋯Cu separations within the [(μ-dppm)2Cu2]2+ units are 2.707(1) and 2.833(1) A in 1 and 2, respectively. In both complexes, the copper(I) centers are in a trigonal coordination environment comprised by one O and two P atoms; additional contacts between the Cu centers and chlorine atoms of dichloromethane are observed in 2.
An improved neural network algorithm for classifying the transmission line faults

This study introduces a new concept of artificial intelligence based algorithm for classifying the faults in power system networks. This classification identifies the exact type and zone of the fault. The algorithm is based on unique type of neural network specially developed to deal with a large set of highly dimensional input data. An improvement of the algorithm is proposed by implementing various steps of input signal preprocessing, through the selection of parameters for analog filtering, and values for the data window and sampling frequency. In addition, an advanced technique for classification of the test patterns is discussed and the main advantages compared to previously used nearest neighbor classifier are shown.
CONSEQUENCES OF STAGE-STRUCTURED PREDATORS : CANNIBALISM, BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS, AND TROPHIC CASCADES

Cannibalistic and asymmetrical behavioral interactions between stages are common within stage-structured predator populations. Such direct interactions between predator stages can result in density- and trait-mediated indirect interactions between a predator and its prey. A set of structured predator-prey models is used to explore how such indirect interactions affect the dynamics and structure of communities. Analyses of the separate and combined effects of stage-structured cannibalism and behavior-mediated avoidance of cannibals under different ecological scenarios show that both cannibalism and behavioral avoidance of cannibalism can result in short- and long-term positive indirect connections between predator stages and the prey, including "apparent mutualism." These positive interactions alter the strength of trophic cascades such that the system's dynamics are determined by the interaction between bottom-up and top-down effects. Contrary to the expectation of simpler models, enrichment increases both predator and prey abundance in systems with cannibalism or behavioral avoidance of cannibalism. The effect of behavioral avoidance of cannibalism, however, depends on how strongly it affects the maturation rate of the predator. Behavioral interactions between predator stages reduce the short-term positive effect of cannibalism on the prey density, but can enhance its positive long-term effects. Both interaction types reduce the destabilizing effect of enrichment. These results suggest that inconsistencies between data and simple models can be resolved by accounting for stage structured interactions within and among species.
Leveling the Playing Field

This article comments on Fullinwider and Lichtenberg's Leveling the Playing Field. It reviews their central claims and comments on both their arguments and their reform proposals, and suggests alternative, bolder, egalitarian proposals which involve a higher degree of effective privatization than theirs.
Low noise, and high gain wideband amplifier using SiGe HBT technology

A low noise wideband amplifier using SiGe HBT technology for the receiver system-on-a-chip application is reported. The fabricated amplifier chip has a gain of 15 dB across 22 GHz bandwidth, noise figure of 5 dB, and output third-order intermodulation product (OIP3) of 16.5 dBm, while dissipating a dc power of 72 mW for the operation. Measured high frequency, noise and linearity performances are compared with Cadence's Spectre's simulation with layout parasitics. Excellent agreement is observed for ultra-low power amplifier's measured and simulated results.
Population-balance models for solution-facilitated phase transformations

A number of solid materials are known to undergo transformation to other \`more stable' phases. Frequently, these transformations proceed through a solution phase with which each of the solid phases attempts to be in equilibrium. The analysis of these transformations is presented in terms of the formalism of two population balances. Kinetic and thermodynamic explanations are provided for these transformations. It is demonstrated that this population-balance approach allows one to include a nucleation step for either phase, and to generate model simulations for a multitude of vessel geometries. In addition, a postulate is set forth to explain why, in some cases, the more stable phase evolves apparently without the appearance of the precursor \`metastable' phase. Lastly, we show that a recent analysis is a special case of this more formal treatment.
Levels of phosphate compounds in experimental cardiac hypertrophy.

Arterial hypertension was produced in 66 rats by means of constricting latex capsules about the kidneys, by the intramuscular implantation of desoxycorticosterone pellets, and by the subcutaneous injection of desoxycorticosterone. The most satisfactory method was the intramuscular implantation of desoxycorticosterone pellets. Myocardial hypertrophy was produced in 43 rats. Biochemical analysis of the ventricles of 80 control and 45 hypertrophied rats were performed for creatine phosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and free inorganic phosphate. Cardiac hypertrophy in rats was accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in the ventricular concentration of creatine phosphate, while levels of adenosine triphosphate and free inorganic phosphate were not significantly altered. It is suggested that congestive heart failure in hypertrophied hearts is related to a defect in the utilization of phosphate-bond energy by the hypertrophied myocardial fiber.
Piezoresistive MEMS pressure sensor and packaging for harsh oceanic environment

We report a fabrication and packaging approach for a piezoresistive micro electro mechanical (MEMS) pressure sensor designed to operate up to a depth of hundreds of meters under harsh seawater conditions. The pressure values at such depths would typically be in the range of 3000 psi and the temperature conditions would vary from as low as -5/spl deg/C to 60/spl deg/C. The sensor essentially consists of an array of silicon diaphragms 20-60 /spl mu/m in thickness with selective regions diffused with boron (p-type) that act as piezoresistors. The packaging solution involves a wafer-level and chip scale interconnection, approach taking into consideration appropriate material selection for harsh oceanic environments. The packaged pressure sensor is tested in a simulated harsh oceanic environment. Functional tests are performed in a custom-built pressure chamber, where the deep-sea water conditions were simulated (approximately depth of 1000 m). The tests demonstrated excellent mechanical integrity of the packaged device.
Ca2+ Movements in Smooth Muscle

We describe the Ca 2+ movements in smooth muscle cells at rest and during activation and relaxation as deduced from transplasmalemmal Ca 2+ fluxes and contractile responses. The general picture which emerges is: the resting cell has a [Ca 2+ ] cyt below 10 –7 M and large gradients are poised across both the cell membrane and intracellular membranes. Excitation opens up Ca 2+ channels which are linked to receptors and, if depolarization occurs, to other channels not linked to specific receptors but capable of sensing the membrane potential. Receptor activation also leads to release of Ca 2+ from a limited intracellular Ca 2+ pool which is superficially located because it has to be refilled from the outside. Relaxation is effected by Ca 2+ accumulation by another intracellular Ca 2+ pool, very likely sarcoplasmic reticulum, which does not release Ca 2+ during activation. The sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ pump can also decrease initial activation of the myofilaments. Elevation of cAMP levels may inhibit contraction by stimulating the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase. An enormous amount of research is still required to prove the above scheme and to localize and quantitate the various intracellular Ca 2+ pools.
Religious Homogamy and Marital Happiness

Data from a representative sample of 1,070 married Protestants and Catholics were used to examine the relationship between religious homogamy and marital happiness. Although couples may vary in the extent to which they share religious views (e.g., beliefs, values), previous research has treated religious homogamy as a dichotomy; a couple is either homogamous or it is not. A partial explanation for this is that few studies have gone beyond the broad divisions of Protestant, Catholic, and Jew. In the present study religious bodies were classified on the basis of doctrine and ritual, yielding six categories: Baptist, Calvinist, Catholic, fundamentalist, Lutheran, and Methodist. These categories were then used to develop a measure of estimated “religious distance” or degrees of heterogamy. This measure was used to test the hypothesis that the larger the religious distance or disparity, the greater the likelihood of unhappiness with the marriage. The hypothesis was supported by the data.
Blundering toward critical pedagogy: True tales from the adult literacy classroom

Critical practice in adult literacy education offers many interesting and important challenges, including creating a situation in which learners and instructors can communicate across their differences.
Programmable self-aligning ferrofluid masks for lithographic applications

A novel self-aligned "soft masking" method that is compatible with traditional photolithographic processes is demonstrated. This method uses a suspension of ultra-fine iron oxide grains (ferrofluid) to protect or de-protect selected areas of a magnetically patterned substrate according to a programmable sequence. Automatic mask formation and registration is controlled by ferromagnetic alignment marks patterned on a substrate. External magnetic fields applied to the system causes ferrofluid to aggregate only over designated areas on the surface, thereby masking those areas from UV and/or chemical exposure.
The Rebirth Of Fix: Developing A Market Strategy To Compete In An Industry Dominated By Multinational Companies

This case was developed for the purpose of providing material for class discussion. The authors do not want to illustrate either an effective or ineffective international strategy. It attempts to illustrate the complicated choices that smaller companies have to make when they are competing against large multinational companies.