cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RELATION OF EMOTIONAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY TO OBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONS IN UNMARRIED PRIMIGRAVIDAS.

Abstract This study was designed to assess the psychological changes experienced by white unmarried primigravidas during pregnancy, the relationship between manifest anxiety and clinical factors such as labor time and mean birth weight, and the personality differences between “normal” and “abnormal” obstetric cases. The Kent EGY intelligence scale, the Taylor manifest anxiety scale, and the MMPI were administered to 160 obstetric patients at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy, with the MMPI and Taylor being readministered post partum. Reliable group personality changes observed from pre- to postdelivery supported the contention that pregnancy is a time of emotional upset. Following delivery, each patient was classified as normal or abnormal dependent on the clinical course of parturition, delivery, and condition of the offspring. There were no significant differences between these groups with respect to age or intelligence. Reliable differences were found, however, for manifest anxiety and total labor times. In addition, a positive relationship was found between manifest anxiety and birth weights. Personality differences found at predelivery between the subgroups were largely attributable to the abnormal group's greater neuroticism, anxiety, and use of the ruminative ego defenses. Post partum, the personality characteristics of the subgroups were quite similar. Both groups showed greater personality stability following delivery, with the most striking changes from predelivery demonstrable in the abnormal group. The magnitude of these changes were interpreted as emotional lability and related to obstetric complications by activation of various physiological regulator systems.
Preterm milk cytokines, severity of illness, and length of stay in very low-birth-weight infants (623.22)

Objectives The objectives were to characterize preterm milk cytokine, chemokine and growth factor (CCGF) levels and mother’s own milk (MOM) volumes across the first six weeks of a NICU stay in preterm infants weighing under 1500 Gms and to analyze relationships between milk immunobiology, volume and infant outcomes. Method Seventy-five mother infant dyads were enrolled. Mothers provided MOM and some infants also received donor milk or formula across the six weeks. Daily milk samples were pooled weekly. Milk CCGFs measured were EGF, IL-10, IL-4, IL-8, IL-6, MIP-1α, TNFα, IP10, and MCP by multiplexing using the MagPix. Daily volume was recorded. Weekly stool samples were analyzed for fecal calprotectin levels. Infant severity of illness was measured each week. Length of stay (LOS) and other health outcomes were measured. Results All cytokines decreased across time from highest levels at week 1. Chemokines declined less markedly. Milk from mothers of smaller infant had higher EGF (p<.001). IL4 ( p<.009 ), IL...
Black Americans in the Sciences

Although Negroes were “invited” to America in 1619, it was not until 1837 that the first black American received the M.D. degree; this honor went to James McCune Smith, who earned said degree at the University of Glasgow (Scotland). The first black to earn the M.D. degree on home soil was David J. Peck, and his degree was conferred in 1847 by Rush Medical College. When Harvard University conferred the D.D.S. degree upon George F. Grand in 1870, he became the first black American dentist. Six years later, Edward A. Bouchet became the first black American to receive the Ph.D. in the sciences (physics). It should be noted that while Bouchet’s doctorate was awarded only 10 years after the first doctorate by an American university, only one other black had earned a doctorate degree in the sciences by 1900. And now, 100 years after Boucher’s early quest of the science doctorate, there are well under 2,000 American-born blacks who hold this degree in the natural and physical sciences, and this number represents approximately 1% of all science doctorates in the United States pool. Except for some apparently significant improvements in the area of engineering, the dramatic increases in the numbers that are necessary to bring about a more respectable representation of blacks at this level appear not to be occurring.
Establishing Partnerships To Provide Health Education In Appalachian Schools: An Approach To Service Learning

Service learning is a form of collaboration between an educational facility and a community agency. The concept of service learning is an innovative teaching method designed to benefit both collaborating partners through respect of each other’s knowledge, expertise and skills. Needs and goals of both partners are met through many different types of service learning projects. Examples of such projects in which the OUC nursing program has participated include health fairs in the middle and high school populations, health education in elementary classrooms, health fairs in local industry, and working with the elderly in the community. The Ohio University-Chillicothe Nursing Program, located in a section of Ohio know as Appalachia, believes in the concept of service learning to promote health and well-being in the community. Health care in the Appalachian area, particularly health promotion and disease prevention, is a challenge to health care providers as residents in this area have a fatalistic view of health - “what will be, will be”. Service learning projects are an excellent way to provide health promotion education to those who may not seek this out on their own. The collaborations formed between agencies and the nursing program benefit both partners. The nursing students are exposed to the health care beliefs and need of Appalachia on a first-hand basis through an innovative approach in clinical education. Community agencies benefit by being able to expand the amount of health education they can offer which increases their manpower with use of the students.
Antisense transcripts at the EMX2 locus in human and mouse.

Abstract The homeodomain transcription factor EMX2 is critical for central nervous system and urogenital development. In addition, EMX2 maps to a region of allelic deletion corresponding to a putative endometrial tumor suppressor at 10q26. We now report another polyadenylated transcript that is transcribed on the strand opposite to EMX2 and overlaps with the EMX2 transcript. This transcript was designated EMX2OS (OS, opposite strand), and an orthologous transcript present at the murine Emx2 locus was designated Emx2os. Alternative splicing to generate transcripts with varying 5′ sequences was detected in the human but not the mouse. Neither ortholog contains a significant open reading frame, nor is primary sequence conserved between the two species. The sense and antisense transcripts display coordinate expression in that EMX2 and EMX2OS are abundant in normal postmenopausal endometrium, reduced in premenopausal endometrium, and absent or reduced in a majority of primary endometrial tumors. EMX2, EMX2OS, Emx2, and Emx2os are abundant in the uterine endometrium, with sense and antisense transcripts exhibiting identical expression patterns. Conservation of functional human and murine EMX2 antisense genes, of overlap between the sense and the antisense transcripts, and of identical cellular expression patterns suggests a biological function for EMX2OS, presumably to regulate EMX2.
Peasant Labour and Colonial Capital: Rural Bengal since 1770

This book is a critical work of synthesis and interpretation on one of the central themes in modern Indian history - agrarian change under British colonial rule. Sugata Bose analyses the relationships between demography, commercialization, class structure and peasant resistance unfolding over the long term between 1770 and more recent times. By integrating the histories of land and capital, he examines the relationship between capitalist 'development' of the wider economy under colonial rule and agrarian continuity and change. Drawing most of his empirical evidence from rural Bengal, the author makes comparisons with regional agrarian histories of other parts of South Asia. Thus, this study stands on its own in the field of modern Indian social and economic history in its chronological sweep and comparative context and makes the complex subject of India's peasantry accessible to students and the interested non-specialist.
A New Method for Analyzing Data From Visual Artwork

ABSTRACTThis article presents a novel data analytic approach to collect detailed information from visual artworks. This new method provides researchers with a framework to compare, analyze, and review in a systematic way large quantities of data from visual productions. Drawing on principles of art historical criticism, our research team devised a comprehensive coding scheme that captures both technical and content attributes. The coding scheme is configured to record specific, fundamental features for each artwork, providing an instrument for collecting data and cross-examining codes to reveal content in a unique and unbiased manner. For example, detailed data collected through individual codes can reveal clear patterns in the artistic treatment of composition and medium, providing evidence that the method could be adapted and applied for use in a variety of settings. To illustrate the method, this article presents examples from an empirical research study that was conducted at Harvard University's Proje...
Saving Rutgers Camden

In January 2012, Chris Christie, Governor of New Jersey, announced that the Camden campus of Rutgers, the State University, was to be severed from Rutgers and taken over by Rowan University. Every major political force in the state, Democratic and Republican, elected and behind the scenes, lined up in support of the plan. Nevertheless, Rutgers-Camden faculty, students, administrators, alumni, and trustees, and their allies, vigorously fought the plan, convinced that it made no sense and would be devastating to the campus and higher education in the State more generally. The campaign opposing the merger with Rowan was popular and political, but it ultimately depended on powerful legal arguments grounded in Rutgers’ distinct and complex history. By the end of June, the merger idea had been defeated. As one assistant professor put it, “The bad guys got outmaneuvered by a bunch of nerds.” This article is a scholarly effort by three faculty participants to make sense of the struggle to save Rutgers-Camden and put it in theoretical context. The article narrates the story of the fight over the proposed merger and carefully analyzes the legal constraints on the plan. It also links the story to important broader questions about legal pluralism, the public/private divide, the relationship between state universities and state governments, and competing visions of the modern university faculty. Through this combination of case study, legal argument, and conceptual inquiry, the article provides a cautionary but hopeful tale about the importance of academic communities defending sound public policy and their own historical rights to self determination against the machinations that can infect our political culture and legislative process.
13 – Unusual gametic and genetic systems

Publisher Summary There are a number of intriguing exceptions and variations to the classical rule that the sperm and ovum share equal parentage in a diploid zygote. There is an enormous diversity of organismal life cycles that do not involve cell fusion at all (e.g., those of bacteria) or that involve fusion of isogamous gametes rather than sperm and ova. This chapter focuses particularly on unusual systems that are derived from the classical sperm–egg fusion system that is so familiar. It considers systems in which the parentage of diploid offspring is not shared equally between the sperm and the egg but instead is monopolized by one or the other. It discusses the potential for sperm–egg and sperm–female conflict under such genetic systems and considers whether these conflicts have affected the evolution of sperm in some lineages. Furthermore, it discusses the unusual case of endosperm development in angiosperms, in which sperm fuse with non-egg cells to establish purely somatic cell lineages, and some analogous cases of somatic tissues in insects that develop from polar bodies.
High-fidelity singlet-triplet S − T − qubits in inhomogeneous magnetic fields

We propose an optimized set of quantum gates for a singlet-triplet qubit in a double quantum dot with two electrons utilizing the $S\text{\ensuremath{-}}{T}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ subspace. Qubit rotations are driven by the applied magnetic field and a field gradient provided by a micromagnet. We optimize the fidelity of this qubit as a function of the magnetic fields, taking advantage of ``sweet spots'' where the rotation frequencies are independent of the energy level detuning, providing protection against charge noise. We simulate gate operations and qubit rotations in the presence of quasistatic noise from charge and nuclear spins as well as leakage to nonqubit states. Our results show that, for silicon quantum dots, gate fidelities greater than $99%$ should be realizable, for rotations about two nearly orthogonal axes.
The α Subunit of Toluene Dioxygenase from Pseudomonas putida F1 Can Accept Electrons from Reduced FerredoxinTOL but Is Catalytically Inactive in the Absence of the β Subunit

The oxygenase component of toluene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas putida F1 is an iron-sulfur protein (ISPTOL) consisting of α (TodC1) and β (TodC2) subunits. Purified TodC1 gave absorbance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra identical to those given by purified ISPTOL. TodC1 was reduced by NADH and catalytic amounts of ReductaseTOL and FerredoxinTOL. Reduced TodC1 did not oxidize toluene, and catalysis was strictly dependent on the presence of purified TodC2.
Carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder following cyclophosphamide therapy: evidence for monoclonal origin and chromosome 9p allelic loss.

Abstract We report a case involving a 45-year-old man with a 12-year history of Wegener granulomatosis, who developed a carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder after long-term cyclophosphamide therap...
A comparison of positive and negative symptoms in Anglo, Latino, and African-American patients with schizophrenia

There are two main classes of schizophrenia symptoms: positive (e.g., hallucinations and delusions) and negative (e.g., flat affect and poverty of speech). Research by Crow (1980, 1985) proposes that negative symptoms indicate irreversible structural brain abnormality and, therefore, unlike positive symptoms, may be less responsive to environmental factors. If Crow’s theory is correct, this might lead us to hypothesize that environmental factors associated with culture and ethnicity may have more of an impact on the expression of positive, rather than negative, symptoms. We aimed to test this hypothesis in the current study. Our sample consisted of 47 patients (16 Anglo, 17 Latino, and 14 African-American) diagnosed with schizophrenia. In line with Crow’s hypotheses, Analyses of Variance (ANOVAs) revealed ethnic differences in positive but not negative symptoms. These results suggest that efforts to target environmental and sociocultural factors may be more effective in reducing positive than negative symptoms.
Laboratory Evaluation of Artificial Swim Bladder Deflation in Largemouth Bass: Potential Benefits for Catch-and-Release Fisheries

Abstract Artificial swim bladder deflation was examined as a technique to increase postrelease survival of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides caught from deep water. Depressurization was simulated with a hyperbaric chamber. Largemouth bass showed clinical depressurization signs when depressurized from a simulated depth of 3.5 m and were unable to immediately submerge when depressurized from 8.4 m. When depressurized from a simulated depth of 10.5 m, largemouth bass experienced 0% mortality when subsequently held at 14°C but 78% mortality when held at 28°C. Survivors floated for more than 6 h, a response that could expose them to higher water temperatures in stratified lakes and to increased predation, illegal harvest, and injury. Depressurized largemouth bass that had their swim bladders deflated by being punctured with a hypodermic needle were able to submerge and experienced no mortality when transferred to 14°C or 28°C. The punctured swim bladders were functional immediately. Growth over 4 weeks did...
methodology and the misinterpretation of women's status in kinship studies: a case study of Goodenough and the definition of marriage

This paper examines the ethnographic sources that Ward Goodenough (1970) uses to support and illustrate his assumption that women's low status is universally unproblematic, an assumption that is central to his construction of a cross-cultural definition of marriage. The examination reveals that the sources are a poor ethnographic sample and, further, that Goodenough's assumption flaws his interpretation of the ethnographic data. The paper concludes that Goodenough's definition of marriage does not correspond to the evidence of his own sources, suggests that other models of kinship processes may be similarly inadequate, and calls for the use of appropriate methodology in the future construction of such models
Nonvolatile memristor memory: device characteristics and design implications

The search for new nonvolatile universal memories is propelled by the need for pushing power-efficient nanocomputing to the next higher level. As a potential contender for the next-generation memory technology of choice, the recently found "the missing fourth circuit element", memristor, has drawn a great deal of research interests. In this paper, we characterize the fundamental electrical properties of memristor devices by encapsulating them into a set of compact closed-form expressions. Our derivations provide valuable design insights and allow a deeper understanding of key design implications of memristor-based memories. In particular, we investigate the design of read and write circuits and analyze data integrity and noise-tolerance issues.
Globalization, Social Policy and the State: An Analysis of HIV/AIDS in South Africa

The South African state's response to the devastating HIV/AIDS epidemic is examined in the context of its engagement with the forces and discourses of globalization. This article focuses on the ways in which the state has sought to redefine HIV/AIDS from a sexually transmitted disease to a disease of poverty, thereby highlighting persisting patterns of underdevelopment and dependence between Africa and the West that have been exacerbated by recent processes of economic globalization. At the same time, however, the South African government has adopted conservative macroeconomic policies in line with the neoliberal economic dictates of globalization, which it has used to justify a policy of inaction with regards to HIV/AIDS. AIDS policymaking in South Africa has thus been influenced not only by the harsh realities of the AIDS epidemic in South Africa, but by the state's efforts to challenge the hegemony of the forces of globalization to define Africa's problems as well as potential solutions.
Pharmacological properties of excitatory neuromuscular transmission in the hindgut of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae☆

Abstract Four biologically active materials have been isolated from hindguts of the cockroaches, Leucophaea maderae and Periplaneta americana . Methods for the isolation and characterization of these substances are described. Two of them have been identified as l -glutamic and l -aspartic acids, and they showed transmitter like-action on a hindgut nerve-muscle preparation. In addition to the amino acids, two other myotropic substances were isolated. Both glutamate and aspartate were found in the viscera and nervous system. The hindgut contained the largest amount of glutamate, and the other tissues in the order of decreasing amounts of this amino acid were: terminal ganglion, foregut, and cercal-proctodaeal nerves. The terminal ganglion and cercal-proctodaeal nerves contained the largest amounts of aspartate, whereas the hindgut and foregut contained less. The hindgut of the cockroach L. maderae , was sensitive to both amino acids at 2 × 10 −6 g/ml. Glutamate at 10 −4 g/ml caused a desensitization of neurally evoked contractions of the hindgut, but aspartate at 10 −3 g/ml failed to affect the same degree of desensitization. Both phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (7 × 10 −5 g/ml) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (8 × 10 −4 g/ml) potentiated the neurally elicited response. Dopamine (8 × 10 −5 g/ml) caused an inhibition of both myogenic and neurogenic activity in the hindgut, and it also suppressed glutamate-induced contractions. A structure-activity relationship was determined for various amino acids and related compounds. The presence of two acidic groups and one amino group were essential for excitatory activity.
Radiation Oncology Physicists Will Need to Better Understand Medical Imaging

Imaging is affecting radiation oncology at a dramatically advancing pace and scale and is likely to create a transformation to individualized, biologically conformal radiation therapy. Deploying and improving imaging technologies and ensuring their correct uses in treatment planning and delivery are the responsibilities of radiation oncology physicists. The potential magnitude of errors arising from the incorrect use of imaging may be far greater than that resulting from typical errors in dose calibration. A major effort is required for radiation oncology physicists to raise the quality assurance of image guidance to a level comparable with that achieved in the maintenance of dosimetric performance. Most radiation oncology physicists lack adequate knowledge to assume this emerging responsibility. Their knowledge of imaging must be enhanced, in most cases through on-the-job training and self-learning. Effective learning strategies include routine interactions with diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine physicists and physicians and the use of educational opportunities provided by professional organizations and vendors.
Theory and Design of Intrinsically Switched Multiplexers With Optimum Phase Linearity

This paper presents the theory, design, and implementation of a new class of component called an intrinsically switched multiplexer, which is comprised of a number of contiguous bandpass filter channels that can be independently switched on and off with very low architecture-related insertion loss and flat group delay across adjacent switched-on channels. Coupled-resonator filter topologies are identified that allow for optimum performance of contiguous bandpass channel filters through the crossover frequencies, and a new intrinsically switched coupling section that provides for low on-state insertion loss and high broadband off-state isolation is presented. In addition, it is shown that the channel filters can be combined in a scalable fashion with the use of lossy manifolds. A three-channel eight-state intrinsically switched multiplexer microstrip prototype was designed, built, and tested and gives 6.7 dB of passband insertion loss and 0.15-ns p-p group delay ripple over 72% of the passband.
The Propagation of Errors in Multiple-attribute Decision Analysis: A Practical Approach

The purpose of this paper is to present a multiple-attribute error analysis in order to make more precise discrimination among competing alternatives under uncertain environments. Measurements of (especially non-monetary) attribute ratings and assessments of attribute weights are often highly imprecise and subjective, yet most analytical methods lack provisions for handling imprecise data. This paper describes how to measure the propagation of errors in the value of alternatives due to individual attribute rating and weight errors. We also measure the errors in attribute weight due to imprecise preference information from the decision-maker.
How the mind works: what we still don't know

Daedalus Summer 2006 One could make a case that the history of cognitive science, insofar as it’s been any sort of success, has consisted largely of 1⁄2nding more and more things about cognition that we didn’t know and didn’t know that we didn’t. ‘Throwing some light on how much dark there is,’ as I’ve put it elsewhere. The professional cognitive scientist has a lot of perplexity to endure, but he can be pretty sure that he’s gotten in on the ground floor. For example, we don’t know what makes some cognitive states conscious. (Indeed, we don’t know what makes any mental state, cognitive or otherwise, conscious, or why any mental state, cognitive or otherwise, bothers with being conscious.) Also, we don’t know much about how cognitive states and processes are implemented by neural states and processes. We don’t even know whether they are (though many of us are prepared to assume so faut de mieux). And we don’t know how cognition develops (if it does) or how it evolved (if it did), and so forth, very extensively. In fact, we have every reason to expect that there are many things about cognition that we don’t even know that we don’t know, such is our benighted condition. In what follows, I will describe briefly how the notions of mental process and mental representation have developed over the last 1⁄2fty years or so in cognitive science (or ‘cogsci’ for short): where we started, where we are now, and what aspects of our current views are most likely to be in need of serious alteration. My opinions sometimes differ from the mainstream, and where they do, I will stress that fact; those are, no doubt, the parts of my sketch that are least likely to be true.
Transcriptional Suppression of Connexin43 by TBX18 Undermines Cell-Cell Electrical Coupling in Postnatal Cardiomyocytes

T-box transcription factors figure prominently in embryonic cardiac cell lineage specifications. Mesenchymal precursor cells expressing Tbx18 give rise to the heart's pacemaker, the sinoatrial node (SAN). We sought to identify targets of TBX18 transcriptional regulation in the heart by forced adenoviral overexpression in postnatal cardiomyocytes. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) transduced with GFP showed sarcolemmal, punctate Cx43 expression. In contrast, TBX18-transduced NRCMs exhibited sparse Cx43 expression. Both the transcript and protein levels of Cx43 were greatly down-regulated within 2 days of TBX18 transduction. Direct injection of TBX18 in the guinea pig heart in vivo inhibited Cx43 expression. The repressor activity of TBX18 on Cx43 was highly specific; protein levels of Cx45 and Cx40, which comprise the main gap junctions in the SAN and conduction system, were unchanged by TBX18. A reporter-based promoter assay demonstrated that TBX18 directly represses the Cx43 promoter. Phenotypically, TBX18-NRCMs exhibited slowed intercellular calcein dye transfer kinetics (421 ± 54 versus control 127 ± 43 ms). Intracellular Ca2+ oscillations in control NRCM monolayers were highly synchronized. In contrast, TBX18 overexpression led to asynchronous Ca2+ oscillations, demonstrating reduced cell-cell coupling. Decreased coupling led to slow electrical propagation; conduction velocity in TBX18 NRCMs slowed by more than 50% relative to control (2.9 ± 0.5 versus 14.3 ± 0.9 cm/s). Taken together, TBX18 specifically and directly represses Cx43 transcript and protein levels. Cx43 suppression leads to significant electrical uncoupling, but the preservation of other gap junction proteins supports slow action potential propagation, recapitulating a key phenotypic hallmark of the SAN.
Multicultural education as a social movement

resources such as jobs, power, and self-determination. Multicultural education became a body of advocacy regarding specific changes in classroom instruction (Gay, 1983). In the 1990s, however, one commonly finds multicultural education as it is practiced severed from any social movement. Rather than power and control being operative words, cross-cultural awareness is a common goal that one hears. In this article, I argue that multicultural education has become disassociated in many schools from its roots in social movement, partly through the increased involvement of White educators. I review literature on social
Control and Interferometric Measurement of Plate Flatness

For two flatness requirements involved in the testing of air survey cameras special techniques have been devised.Photographic plates used for camera calibration should be flat to one or two microns. To achieve this the 14-in. plate glass supporting the emulsion is bent flat and held flat during exposure. Flatness is determined in an interferometer using infrared light.Camera register glass flatness is also checked interferometrically. Since counts of over 100 fringes are required, two monochromatic light sources are used, chosen to produce regular arrangements of black and colored fringes which permit counting by groups.
Brecht in Buckow: The Buckow Elegies

(1986). Brecht in Buckow: The Buckow Elegies. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 168-176.
Meconium has no lecithin or sphingomyelin but affects the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio

Abstract Objective: Although a few studies have evaluated the effect of meconium on the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio for testing of fetal lung maturity, to date these studies have assessed only the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio of amniotic fluid contaminated with meconium. The purpose of this study was (1) to determine whether meconium by itself has a lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and, if so, (2) to determine whether the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio is constant. Study Design: A lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was obtained by standard thin-layer chromatography on the first meconium stool of 20 neonates between 31 weeks and term. A quantitative assay was then performed on a sample from each gestational age (7 samples ranging from 31 weeks to term) to confirm the presence of lecithin and sphingomyelin. Results: The 20 samples had atypical thin-layer chromatographic migratory patterns in the zones for lecithin and sphingomyelin. The presumed lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios ranged from 1.1 to 3.6, with no correlation with gestational age. However, the quantitative assay did not detect the presence of lecithin or sphingomyelin in any of the analyzed samples. Conclusions: Meconium does not appear to contain lecithin or sphingomyelin but has an unidentified moiety whose migratory pattern, as shown by qualitative standard thin-layer chromatography, is similar to that of lecithin with sphingomyelin. Therefore the presence of meconium in amniotic fluid may falsely raise or lower the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and confuse fetal lung maturity interpretations. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:1640-2.)
WE‐D‐303A‐01: Feasibility Study of Microbeam Radiation Therapy Using a Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Based Electron Microbeam Irradiator

Purpose: Microbeam radiation therapy(MRT) is an innovative radiation therapy treatment method. It has unique capability of eliminating tumor while sparing normal tissue. Currently all the MRT studies are carried out using synchrotron based radiation facility, which in general has limited accessibility. We have recently developed a carbon nanotube(CNT)field emission based electron microbeam irradiation system. It has the potential of providing extremely high radiationdose rate (>100 Gy/sec) with high spatial and temporal beam resolution. Method and Materials: The electron microbeam irradiator is based on carbon nanotubeelectron field emission technology. The system consists of a triode type CNTfield emissioncathode sealed in vacuum. The cathode current is controlled by an adjustable gate electrode, while a high voltage power supply is used to create an acceleration potential between the cathode and anode. A laser drilled aperture is used as the electron beam exit window and also provides required electron beam collimation. Results: The CNT microbeam irradiator is capable of delivering electron radiation at extremely high dose rate (>100 Gy/sec). The beam profile was recorded using Gafchromic film (HD‐810) and showed beam FWHM (full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum) about 62 μm. The measured PVDR (peak‐to‐valley dose ratio) is about 15:1, which is very reasonable for MRT application and can be further improved with better beam collimation. SW480 colorectal cancer cells were also irradiated using the same device for demonstration purpose. Conclusion: We have demonstrated the feasibility of generating high dose rate electron microbeam radiation using a carbon nanotubefield emission based electron microbeam irradiator. The compact size and low cost of the device will make the device more accessible for cancer research community. The preliminary study using the as‐developed electron microbeam system showed its promising future for potential MRT related research, especially at cellular level.
The enthalpy of trans-decalin between 360 and 700 K and at pressures to 10.3 MPa

Abstract Experimental enthalpy measurements were made on trans -decalin in the pressure range 0.14 to 10.3 MPa and in the temperature range 360 to 700 K using a reference-fluid boil-off calorimeter. The experimental results agree favorably with calculations made using the Soave-Redlich-Kwong and Peng-Robinson equations of state. In addition, values obtained for the vapor pressure agree well with experimental values in the literature.
Kinetically limited growth of GaAsBi by molecular-beam epitaxy

Abstract The growth of GaAsBi alloys is plagued by the appearance of Bi droplets due to excess Bi that accumulates during growth. Here we present an alternate growth regime that kinetically limits the amount of Bi on the surface, eliminating Bi droplets for a wide range of Bi compositions, while yielding atomically smooth surfaces. Growth rate plays a major role in the amount of Bi that accumulates on the surface, with high growth rates and low Bi fluxes leading to less surface Bi. A balance can be achieved between low Bi coverage, the resultant rough surfaces, and the excessive Bi coverage that leads to Bi droplets. Bi incorporation in this growth regime is linear with Bi flux and scales inversely with growth rate. Unlike previous studies, there is no sign of saturating Bi incorporation with increasing Bi flux, allowing for intuitive prediction and control of Bi content in this regime.
Perceptual Organisation in Schizophrenia: Evidence of Intact Processing of Configural Stimuli

Although it has been hypothesised that schizophrenia patients have a perceptual organisation deficit, recent work indicates that their ability to process highly configural stimuli with continuous or near continuous contour is intact. To clarify further the range of the perceptual organisation dysfunction in schizophrenia, we assessed, using Kahneman and Neisser's Visual Suffix Task, the ability to process configural stimuli made up of noncontiguous elements. Both acute and chronic schizophrenia patients demonstrated the same degree of responsivity to the grouping manipulations as psychotic nonschizophrenia and nonpatient control groups. These data provide further evidence that schizophrenia patients can perceptually organise configural stimuli, and that their perceptual organisation difficulties are limited to organising nonconfigural sets of stimuli into perceptual wholes. Implications of these data for understanding the attentional difficulties and the underlying structure of the visual system in schizo...
The Breakdown of Cell Membranes by Electrical and Mechanical Stress

We attempted to determine whether mechanical tension and electrical stress couple to cause membrane breakdown in cells. Using cell-attached patches from HEK293 cells, we estimated the mechanically produced tension from the applied pressure and geometry of the patch. Voltage pulses of increasing amplitude were applied until we observed a sudden increase in conductance and capacitance. For pulses of 50 micros duration, breakdown required >0.5 V and was dependent on the tension. For pulses of 50-100 ms duration, breakdown required 0.2-0.4 V and was independent of tension. Apparently two physically different processes can lead to membrane breakdown. We could explain the response to the short, high-voltage pulses if breakdown occurred in the lipid bilayer. The critical electromechanical energy per unit area for breakdown by short pulses was approximately 4 dyne/cm, in agreement with earlier results on bilayers. Our data suggest that, at least in a patch, the bilayer may hold a significant fraction (approximately 40%) of the mean tension. To be compatible with the large, nonlytic area changes of patches, the bilayer appears to be pulled toward the pipette tip, perhaps by hydrophobic forces wetting membrane proteins bound to the glass. Although breakdown voltages for long pulses were in agreement with earlier work on algae, the mechanism(s) for this breakdown remain unclear.
Portable real-time photoacoustic microscopy

To make a photoacoustic microscope (PAM) suitable for clinical applications, we have developed a portable PAM system with high frame rate. The probe for this portable PAM system is a small hand-held unit, which is connected with the rest of the system with an optical fiber and electrical cables. The probe can be maneuvered easily and pressed against the region of interest at various anatomical sites. By employing a tunable laser with a repetition rate up to 1 kHz, this portable PAM system has reduced its acquisition time to less than one second for each cross-sectional image. We have applied this system to animals as well as humans to acquire cross-sectional images with a maximum imaging depth of 5 mm, a lateral resolution of better than 100 mm, and an axial resolution of 35 mm.
Contractile Mechanisms in Diabetes-Related Erectile Dysfunction

Penile tumescence (erection) and detumescence (return to the flaccid state) are regulated by a complex neurophysiological process involving the relaxation and contraction, respectively, of smooth muscle (SM) within the two corpus cavernosum (CC) of the penis. Failure of the above SM-mediated process to function properly results in the inability to obtain an erection sufficient for sexual satisfaction and has been termed erectile dysfunction (ED). It is predicted that an estimated 322 million men worldwide will have ED by the year 2025 and, relevant to this review article, is that roughly 50% of men with diabetes also have ED. Furthermore, one of the largest classes of nonresponders to oral phosphodiesterase V (PDE5) inhibitors (the predominant pharmacological treatment for organic ED) are diabetics. This review article examines the current knowledge about the contractile pathways that fine-tune SM tone with particular emphasis on vascular SM including corpus cavernosum smooth muscle (CCSM). The role of the contractile apparatus, SM myosin phosphorylation/dephosphorylation pathways, calcium "sensitization" and "desensitization" pathways and the main neurotransmitters/modulators responsible for regulating CCSM contraction are outlined along with how they are modified or potentially may be modified in response to diabetes. The overall hypothesis generated from this review is that an increased CCSM tone, resulting from an enhancement of contractile mechanisms, may contribute to the higher than average nonresponse rate of diabetic men to PDE5 inhibitors. Knowledge gained from this review will hopefully lead to the generation of drugs that specifically target CCSM contractile pathways which may prove to have therapeutic usefulness in treating ED in diabetics either alone or in combination with existing PDE5 inhibitors.
Index of refraction turbulence effects on thermal blooming in laboratory experiments

A laboratory experiment has been carried out to determine the effect of index of refraction turbulence on thermal blooming for cw CO(2) laser radiation. The turbulence is generated by the forced mixing of two gases of different indices of refraction; helium and nitrogen. The thermal blooming is obtained by adding small amounts of propylene to the mixture. The construction of the test cell and methods of measuring the turbulence are discussed in detail. The experimental results are compared with the root-sum-squared (RSS) theory, i.e., that the blooming and turbulence effects may be considered separately and that the total beam area is given by A = (AO) + A(B) + A(T), where A(B) and A(T) are the increase in the time-averaged area of the beam due to blooming and turbulence. Agreement is excellent for the particular case considered.
‘Knowledge Preservation in Accounting’: Does It Deserve to Be Preserved?

This is my third in a series of critical pieces on the accounting education field. The first, ‘What Accounting Can Learn from Legal Education’, was published in Issues in Accounting Education (Fall 1987) and dealt with the problems resulting from teaching accounting as a science. The second, ‘Wisdom or Widgets: Whither the School of Business?’ (Abacus, September 1988) dealt with the price we pay in our research for our obsession with quantitative methods. The current piece evaluates Robert Bricker's 1988 article in this journal.
ARL-15896, a NovelN-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Ion Channel Antagonist: Neuroprotection against Mitochondrial Metabolic Toxicity and Regional Pharmacology

Abstract ARL-15896 [(+)-α-phenyl-2-pyridineethanamine], formerly known as FPL-15896, is a novel N -methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) receptor ion channel antagonist. Using quantitative receptor autoradiography, we examined the regional binding characteristics of ARL-15896 and compared them to those of MK-801, the prototypical NMDA receptor channel blocker. The affinity of ARL-15896 was much lower (3000-fold) than that of MK-801 in all brain regions examined. In addition, in contrast to MK-801, which has a higher affinity in the forebrain than in the cerebellum (IC 50 of 10 n M vs 24 n M ), ARL-15896 had a higher affinity in the cerebellum than in the forebrain (IC 50 of 17 μ M vs 45 μ M ). The neuroprotective potential of ARL-15896 was investigated in a rat model of excitotoxicity, the intrastriatal injection of malonate. Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, and its toxicity has been shown to be mediated largely by the NMDA receptor. Administration of ARL-15896 either intrastriatally (200 nmol) or subcutaneously (9.0 mg/kg) reduced the volume of the lesion produced by 1 μmol of malonate by 80%, a degree similar to that reported for MK-801. ARL-15896 was also protective when administered after the malonate injection. Furthermore, in contrast to MK-801, administration of ARL-15896 was not associated with any apparent behavioral side effects. This report is consistent with previous studies suggesting that drugs with regional pharmacological profiles similar to that of ARL-15896 have better clinical tolerability; it also indicates that ARL-15896 is an effective neuroprotective agent.
Response-time analysis of mixed criticality systems with pessimistic frequency specification

In modern embedded platforms, safety-critical functionalities that must be certified correct to very high levels of assurance may co-exist with less critical software that are not subject to certification requirements. One seeks to satisfy two, sometimes contradictory, goals upon such mixed-criticality platforms: (i) certify the safety-critical functionalities under very conservative assumptions, and (ii) achieve high resource utilization during run-time, when actual behavior does not live up to the pessimistic assumptions under which certification was made. This paper describes efforts at designing fixed-priority scheduling algorithms that balance these two requirements, when scheduling recurrent tasks that are triggered by external events of unknown exact frequency.
Bifunctional Chelation Systems Based on Hydroxymethyl Phosphine-Based Donor Groups

Chelating frameworks based on hydroxymethylene phosphine (HMP) functionalities provides a novel approach to produce chelate-conjugates compatible with development of new Tc-99m and Re-186/188 radiopharmaceuticals. Studies with a bombesin conjugate demonstrates the potential of using HMP-based chelating frameworks to develop radiolabeled receptor-avid agents for targeting cancers.
Measurement of copper(I) in surface waters of the subtropical Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Cu(I) has been measured in the upper marine water column at various locations in the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Depth profiles characteristically display surface maxima, where Cu(I) comprises 5 to 10% of the total copper. Concentrations decline rapidly with depth to below the limit of detection (0.015 nM) at the base of the mixed layer and throughout the rest of the water column. Profiles show variability with depth and time of day consistent with photochemically mediated Cu(II) reduction. Cu(I) distribution appears to be controlled by a variety of factors including Cu(II) speciation, photochemically, or biologically produced Cu(II) reductants and possibly Cu(I) chelators which are significant only at subnanomolar Cu(I) levels. Hydrogen peroxide, which occurs in the photic zone and reduces Cu(II) to Cu(I) in seawater, accounts for a significant fraction of the Cu(I) observed, but other processes must also be involved. Cu(I) is analyzed by solvent extraction of its complex with 2,9-dimethyl 1, 10 phenanthroline, with ethylenediamine added simultaneously to mask Cu(II) interference. Details of the procedure are presented, along with an investigation of potential interferences.
A detailed histologic analysis of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease

Abstract Introduction: Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations are a common cause of progressive cyanosis in children after cavopulmonary anastomoses. We analyzed the pulmonary histologic characteristics from children in whom pulmonary arteriovenous malformations developed after procedures that resulted in pulmonary arterial blood flow devoid of hepatic venous effluent. Methods: We performed routine histologic studies, immunohistochemical staining, and electron microscopic analysis of peripheral lung biopsy specimens from 2 children with angiographically proven pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. Microvessel density was determined with a computer-assisted, morphometric analysis system. Results: Histologic examination demonstrated large, dilated blood vessels ("lakes") and clustered, smaller vessels ("chains") in the pulmonary parenchyma. Microvessel density was significantly greater in these patients than in age-matched controls ( P = .01). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated uniform staining for type IV collagen and α-smooth muscle actin, weak staining for the endothelial marker CD31 (cluster of differentiation, PECAM-1), and negative staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Electron microscopy revealed endothelial irregularity, a disorganized basement membrane, and increased numbers of collagen and actin filaments beneath the endothelium. Conclusions: This study represents an attempt to characterize the histologic features of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in children with congenital heart disease who have pulmonary arterial blood flow devoid of hepatic venous effluent. The histologic correlate of this condition appears to be greatly increased numbers of thin-walled vessels. Immunohistochemistry suggests that the rate of cellular proliferation is not increased in these lesions. The development of these techniques may provide a standardized histologic approach for this condition and aid in understanding its etiology. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:931-8)