cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of abrupt nonlinearity by the Volterra—Fourier method☆

Abstract A new method based on the combination of the Volterra series and Fourier series to identify the system of abrupt nonlinearity has been developed and the results are more accurate and easier to compute than those of existing methods. Equations are derived for the N th and K th orders of the truncated Volterra—Fourier repeated series. Additional accuracy can be obtained by using Fejer's method to eliminate the Gibbs phenomenon at discontinuity. Convergence of the repeated series of the double series is established and the radius of acceptable convergence is derived by the d'Alembert criterion. An example for the nonlinear element of dead zone plus jump is given to illustrate this method. Two additional examples, an on—off clipper and a full-wave rectifier is presented and compared with the Hermite polynomial series approximation. It is found that the Volterra—Fourier method gives a far more accurate approximation near the point of expansion and also within a relatively large part of period of the Fourier series. It also admits a wider class of nonlinear functions, including abruptly nonlinear ones.
An Inexpensive Weight Bearing Indicator With Load Range Capability for Rehabilitation of Patients With Lower Extremity Injuries

This paper investigates the mechanical behavior and design of a patent pending device called a load range weight bearing indicator (LWBI), which provides upper and lower range indication to patients with lower extremity injuries as part of a partial weight bearing rehabilitation. The LWBI consists of two opposing stacks (a.k.a. double stack) of snap domes—bistable mechanical elements that snap through only when a threshold weight is applied—sandwiched between a load transfer plate and base plate. The mechanical behavior of a LWBI has been characterized by testing single and double stacks of snap domes in a rigid aluminum fixture using a universal testing machine. Single stacks of two to eight snap domes each exhibited very predictable and repeatable buckling behavior (i.e., stack buckling load is simply the sum of individual snap dome buckling loads) when deflected at speeds typical for patients walking with a regular gait. The double stack configuration only works when supporting legs of the opposing snap dome stacks are offset by half the angle between adjacent legs. The lower load stack buckles first, while the higher load stack buckles at its threshold load because of the very low force required to keep the lower load stack collapsed. While the presence of a spacer has little effect on the double stack buckling behavior under controlled rate deflection in a precision test fixture, it was required for proper functioning of a LWBI prototype probably because of looser dimensional tolerances. The type of substrate that snap dome stacks are in contact with has little effect on the buckling loads as long as the material is not too soft. Finally, the speed of deflection within the expected range of ambulating patients has an insignificant effect on the LWBI’s buckling behavior. A LWBI prototype was designed based on the observed characteristics of the snap dome double stack with a spacer plate between the upper and lower load stacks. The prototype was installed in a recess in the insole of a biomechanical shoe beneath the patient’s heel. The shoe with LWBI was tested by various subjects pushing on a force plate and the upper and lower buckling loads were clearly indicated to the subject by audible and tactile click and measured as ground reaction force versus time. Future work will focus on further testing of the device and refinement of the design for various medical appliances.
The effect of irregularity shape on radio star and satellite scintillations

Abstract Current models of F - region irregularities include field-aligned columns, field-aligned sheets and frontal irregularities which extend many kilometers in the horizontal direction. An irregularity model is put forward which includes these shapes as special cases. Using this model and diffraction theory, a theoretical investigation is made of the effect these shapes have on (a) the nature of the variation of scintillation index with the zenith angle and azimuth of the direction of propagation at a point on the ground and (b) the shape and orientation of the characteristic ellipse of the amplitude diffraction pattern observed at the ground. It is shown that there are characteristic differences in effects (a) and (b) for each type of shape considered. The possible detection of these differences experimentally and the consequent conclusions which could be drawn regarding the nature of the scintillation producing irregularities are also discussed.
Plane-Wave Density Functional Theory Investigations of the Adsorption and Activation of CO on Fe5C2 Surfaces

A systematic analysis of the adsorption properties of CO on a set of seven low Miller index surfaces ((010) 0.25, (111) 0.00, (110) 0.00, (111) 0.00, (111) 0.50, (110) 0.50, and (100) 0.00)) of the Hagg iron carbide (Fe5C2) phase has been performed. Calculations were based on spin-polarized plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). Three general groups of adsorption configurations have been identified corresponding to CO binding exclusively to surface Fe atoms (Fe-only states), to mixed Fe and C(s) atoms (mF−C states), and exclusively to surface C(s) atoms (0F−C states), respectively. Among these, the most stable adsorption configurations correspond to adsorption at Fe-only sites with maximum binding energies ranging from 44.4 to 48.5 kcal/mol, depending on the crystallographic orientation. A diverse bonding scheme for CO was found to exist with formation of one up to six different bonds to the Fe atoms. In the case of CO adsorption at mixed mF−C sta...
Influenza Surveillance and Incidence in a Rural Area in China during the 2009/2010 Influenza Pandemic

BACKGROUND Most influenza surveillance is based on data from urban sentinel hospitals; little is known about influenza activity in rural communities. We conducted influenza surveillance in a rural region of China with the aim of detecting influenza activity in the 2009/2010 influenza season. METHODS The study was conducted from October 2009 to March 2010. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm influenza cases. Over-the-counter (OTC) drug sales were daily collected in drugstores and hospitals/clinics. Space-time scan statistics were used to identify clusters of ILI in community. The incidence rate of ILI/influenza was estimated on the basis of the number of ILI/influenza cases detected by the hospitals/clinics. RESULTS A total of 434 ILI cases (3.88% of all consultations) were reported; 64.71% of these cases were influenza A (H1N1) pdm09. The estimated incidence rate of ILI and influenza were 5.19/100 and 0.40/100, respectively. The numbers of ILI cases and OTC drug purchases in the previous 7 days were strongly correlated (Spearman rank correlation coefficient [r] = 0.620, P = 0.001). Four ILI outbreaks were detected by space-time permutation analysis. CONCLUSIONS This rural community surveillance detected influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 activity and outbreaks in the 2009/2010 influenza season and enabled estimation of the incidence rate of influenza. It also provides a scientific data for public health measures.
On the girth of voltage graph lifts

We study the potential and limitations of the voltage graph construction for producing small regular graphs of large girth. We determine the relation between the girth of the base graph and the lift, and we show that any base graph can be lifted to a graph of arbitrarily large girth. We determine upper bounds on the girths of voltage graphs with respect to the nilpotency class in the case of nilpotent groups or the length of the derived series in the case of solvable voltage groups. These results suggest the use of perfect groups, which we use to construct the smallest known cubic graphs of girths 29 and 30. We also construct the smallest known (5, 10)-graphs and (7, 8)-graphs.
Kinetic characterization of a stably expressed novel Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE-2)

We have recently reported the molecular cloning, sequencing and tissue distribution of a novel Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE-2). The cDNA for NHE-2 was cloned by screening a rat intestinal cDNA library. This clone was unique due to the fact that it lacks the first two transmembrane domains which are present in the other Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms (NHE-1, NHE-3, NHE-4). This structural change in the cDNA offered a unique opportunity to study in detail the properties of this stably expressed cDNA in chinese lung fibroblasts that lack the Na+/H+ exchanger (PS120) cells. Amiloride-sensitive Na+ uptake was linear up to 2 min in PS120 cells transfected with the cDNA. Kinetics of the amiloride-sensitive Na+ uptake showed a Vmax of 24.7 ± 5 nmol/μl ICW per min and a Km of 33.1 ± 2.0 mM. The inhibitory constant (KI) for amiloride and its analogue 5-N-ethyl-N-isopropylamiloride (EIPA) was 0.15 μM and 0.66 μM, respectively. Epidermal growth factor, a known stimulator of NHE-1, also upregulated the expressed NHE-2. These results characterize the kinetic properties of this unique exchanger and suggests that the first two transmembrane domains of the Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms are not essential for the expression of amiloride-sensitive Na+ uptake.
Team Whoosh Generator 2014: WSGC Collegiate Rocket Competition

The objective of the 2013 Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium Collegiate Rocket competition was to design, build, and launch a single-stage high powered rocket that must reach a target altitude of 3000 feet and deploy a parachute(s) electronically for a successful recovery. Upon recovery, the rocket must be determined to be in a flyable condition to be considered a successful launch. Teams receive a launch score based on their combination of reaching the desired altitude and on whether or not the rocket was recovered in a flyable condition. At the kick-off meeting, Team Whoosh Generator was informed they would be using a Cesaroni I540 motor and a 4.0-in airframe diameter. An RRC2 mini altimeter (from last year’s rocket) and an ALTS25 altimeter given to the team at this year’s altimeter conference were selected to complete the apogee requirements. Upon reaching apogee (estimated around 3080 feet) a drogue chute deployed under which the rocket descended until it reached an altitude of 500 feet. A second chute then deployed such that a slow decent speed was obtained for landing. A Transolve Beep-X Sonic Locator was activated before launch and was used to aid in recovery of the rocket. Included in this report are design details considered, anticipated performance, photos of the construction process, and flight results. 1
Getting Teacher Evaluation Right: What Principals Need to Know

AbstractThis article critiques traditional teacher-evaluation systems as a method of -improving teacher quality and student achievement, and then provides guidance on how school leaders can use teacher evaluation in conjunction with other school improvement initiatives. Five effective principals in urban schools that made -significant growth on state-mandated assessments were interviewed to add voice and nuance to existing research associated with instructional leadership and school improvement.
Use of high milk protein powder in the manufacture of Gouda cheese

Abstract A high milk protein powder (HMPP), used in a blend with non-fat dry milk in bulk starter for Gouda cheese making, caused no differences in composition, adjusted yield, sensory evaluation, and pH during ripening of the cheese. Supplementation of cheese milk with HMPP had noticeable effects in Gouda cheese from manufacturing to ripening. The pH decreased faster from milk renneting to pressing of curds, coagulation time was shorter, curd was firmer, and more effort was needed to cut the gel. Addition of 2% HMPP increased cheese yield by almost 2.4 kg per 100 kg of milk compared to controls, but the cheese retained more moisture, and was higher in protein and had less fat. This modified composition adversely affected the sensory attributes of the ripened product. Nevertheless, addition of 1% HMPP to cheese milk and fat standardization would ensure a Gouda cheese with good sensory characteristics as well as increased cheese yield.
The PhoU Protein from Escherichia coli Interacts with PhoR, PstB, and Metals To Form a Phosphate-Signaling Complex at the Membrane

Robust growth in many bacteria is dependent upon proper regulation of the adaptive response to phosphate (Pi) limitation. This response enables cells to acquire Pi with high affinity and utilize alternate phosphorous sources. The molecular mechanisms of Pi signal transduction are not completely understood. PhoU, along with the high-affinity, Pi-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter PstSCAB and the two-component proteins PhoR and PhoB, is absolutely required for Pi signaling in Escherichia coli. Little is known about the role of PhoU and its function in regulation. We have demonstrated using bacterial two-hybrid analysis and confirmatory coelution experiments that PhoU interacts with PhoR through its PAS (Per-ARNT-Sim) domain and that it also interacts with PstB, the cytoplasmic component of the transporter. We have also shown that the soluble form of PhoU is a dimer that binds manganese and magnesium. Alteration of highly conserved residues in PhoU by site-directed mutagenesis shows that these sites play a role in binding metals. Analysis of these phoU mutants suggests that metal binding may be important for PhoU membrane interactions. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that PhoU is involved in the formation of a signaling complex at the cytoplasmic membrane that responds to environmental Pi levels.
Stimulation of pulmonary vagal C-fibres by anandamide in anaesthetized rats: role of vanilloid type 1 receptors.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of intravenous injection of anandamide on pulmonary C-fibre afferents and the cardiorespiratory reflexes. In anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats, intravenous bolus injection of anandamide near the right atrium immediately elicited the pulmonary chemoreflex responses, characterized by apnoea, bradycardia and hypotension. After perineural treatment of both cervical vagi with capsaicin to block the conduction of C-fibres, anandamide no longer evoked these reflex responses. In open-chest, and artificially ventilated rats, anandamide injection evoked an abrupt and intense discharge in vagal pulmonary C-fibres in a dose-dependent manner. After injection of the high dose, the fibre discharge generally started within 1 s, reached a peak in ∼2 s, and returned to baseline within 7 s. The stimulation of C-fibres by anandamide was completely and reversibly blocked by pretreatment with capsazepine, a competitive antagonist of the vanilloid type 1 receptor. Anandamide (0.4 mg kg−1) stimulated ∼93 % of pulmonary C-fibres that were activated by capsaicin at a much lower dose (0.6 μg kg−1); the response to anandamide showed similar intensity, but had slightly longer latency and duration than that to capsaicin. In conclusion, intravenous bolus injection of anandamide evokes a consistent and distinct stimulatory effect on pulmonary C-fibre terminals, and this effect appears to be mediated through an activation of the vanilloid type 1 receptor.
Toxoplasma encephalitis in Haitian adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a clinical-pathologic-CT correlation

The clinical data, histologic findings, and computed tomographic (CT) abnormalities in eight adult Haitians with toxoplasma encephalitis were analyzed retrospectively. Diagnosis was established by identification of Toxoplasma gondii on autopsy in five and brain biopsy in three specimens and subsequently confirmed by the immunoperoxidase method. All these patients, six of whom had been in the United States for 24 months or less, had severe idiopathic immunodeficiency syndrome. All were lymphopenic and six were on treatment for tuberculosis when the toxoplasma encephalitis developed. All patients were studied with CT when they developed an altered mental status and fever associated with seizures and/or focal neurologic deficits. Scans before treatment showed multiple intraparenchymal lesions in seven and a single lesion in the thalamus in one. Ring and/or nodular enhancement of the lesions was found in six and hypodense areas in two. Progression of abnormalities occurred on serial studies. These CT findings that were best shown on axial and coronal thin-section double-dose contrast studies were useful but not diagnostically pathognomonic. In patients with similar clinical presentation CT is recommended to identify focal areas of involvement and to guide brain biopsy or excision so that prompt medical therapy of this often lethal infection can be instituted.
Multi-terminal subsystem model validation for pacific DC intertie

This paper proposes to validate dynamic model of pacific DC intertie with the concept of hybrid simulation by combining simulation with PMU measurements. The playback function available in GE PSLF is adopted for hybrid simulation. It is demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of using playback function on multi-terminal subsystem. Sensitivity studies are also presented as a result of common PMU measurement quality problem, ie, offset noise and time synchronization. Results indicate a good tolerance of PDCI model generally. It is recommended that requirements should apply to phasor measurements in model validation work to ensure better analysis. Key parameters are identified based on impact of value change to model behavior. Two events are employed for preliminary model validation with PMU measurements. Suggestions are made for PDCI model validation work in the future.
On the distribution of tree growth stresses — Part I: An anisotropic plane strain theory

Growth stress distributions in trees are derived using the hypothesis that longitudinal and circumferential growth strains are continuously induced at the periphery of the growing stem. An axisymmetric plane deformation model serves as a basis for the cylindrically orthotropic analysis. By accounting for the influence on the total stress distribution of the strains in each new growth increment, a self-equilibriating distribution of growth stresses develops in the stem. In regions away from the central core of the stem, a simple closed form solution of the general anisotropic problem is given. The growth stress results of Kubler can be recovered from the present results by assuming isotropy in the cross section of the stem and avoiding the central region near the pith. The transition point where the peripheral longitudinal tension zone ends is shown to remain essentially unchanged in the more general theory from that given by Kubler. However, the point where the compression circumferential stress zone ends is shown to be a function of the ratio of the modulii in the radial and circumferential directions whereas in Kublers' theory it was independent of the elastic constants. Detailed results are given for the development of growth stresses as the stem grows and comparisons with the earlier theory noted.
Is Forgiveness the Deliberate Refusal to Punish

In his paper, “The Paradox of Forgiveness” (this Journal 6 (2009), p. 365-393), Leo Zaibert defends the novel and interesting claim that to forgive is deliberately to refuse to punish. I argue that this is mistaken.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SORBIC ACID AND SODIUM BENZOATE IN CITRUS JUICE

A procedure has been developed using anion exchange high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) which is capable of determining microgram quantities of two common food preservatives, sodium benzoate and sorbic acid, in citrus juices. The compounds are eluted from the column with a simple buffer system and detected with a variable wavelength spectrophotometer. Simultaneous determination is possible. Centrifugation and filtration are the only sample preparations required and HPLC analysis time is less than 10 min. Results, confirmed by ultraviolet absorption and phosphorimetric analyses, are accurate and reproducible. Analysis of fortified juice samples in the common ranges yields values within 5% of the prepared concentration.
Symmetric list processor

A list processing system in which each list cell contains both a forward and a backward link as well as a datum is described. This system is intended for imbedding in higher level languages capable of calling functions and subroutines coded in machine language. The presentation is in the form of FORTRAN programs depending on only a limited set of “primitive” machine language subroutines which are also defined. Finally, a set of field, particularly character, manipulation primitives are given to round out the system.
Pentaquarks – existieren sie wirklich?

Fur viel Wirbel sorgte vor zwei Jahren die Entdeckung eines “Pentaquarks”, eines bis dahin unbekannten Teilchens, das aus vier Quarks und einem Antiquark besteht. Seitdem hat es jedoch Experimente gegeben, welche die Messung nicht bestatigen konnten. Physiker vom Jefferson-Laboratorium in den USA haben nun kurzlich die Ergebnisse eines Experimentes mit sehr hoher Statistik vorgestellt. Auch sie fanden das Pentaquark nicht. Gibt es das Teilchen also gar nicht?
Increased calcium/calmodulin protein kinase activity in astrocytes chronically exposed to ethanol: influences on glutamate transport

Abstract The effects of ethanol exposures on calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity as well as its influence on glutamate uptake were determined in astrocytes prepared from neonatal rat cerebral cortex. Acute 15-min exposure to 100 mM ethanol had no effect on Ca 2+ /CaM-dependent protein kinase activity. However, chronic exposure to 100 mM ethanol for 4 days elicited a significant increase in the activity of this enzyme with no parallel increase in its expression. Ca 2+ /CaM-independent kinase activity was less than 1% of the Ca 2+ /CaM-dependent kinase activity and was unaffected by any of the ethanol exposures. Exposure to 100 mM ethanol for four days also resulted in a significant increase in Na + -dependent [ 3 H] glutamate uptake which was reversed when ethanol-exposed astrocytes were co-incubated with KN-93, a specific inhibitor of Ca 2+ /CaM kinase. These results suggest that the effects of ethanol on glutamate transport may be mediated in part, by the level of Ca 2+ /CaM kinase activity.
The intensity-difference limen for 6.5 kHz: an even more severe departure from Weber's law.

Intensity-difference limens (DLs) were obtained for tones of 6.5 kHz over levels of 30–90 dB SPL. The tones had Gaussian-shaped envelopes whose duration was expressed as equivalent rectangular durationD, that of a rectangle enclosing the same area as the envelope.D ranged from 0.314 to 30 msec. DL behaviors such as the “severe departure from Weber's law,” the “midlevel hump,” or the “midduration hump”—that is, a rise in the DL over a range of short durations—were identified using trend analysis. The DL versus level followed a “severe departure” that increased as duration dropped to D ≈ 1–2 msec. That midlevel hump then fell with further shortening of the tone pip, producing a midduration hump. Materials for this article may be accessed through the Psychonomic Society's Norms, Stimuli, and Data archive, at www.psychonomic.org/archive.
Silicon in organic synthesis. 16. A short synthesis of (+±)-α-vetispirene

Abstract α-Vetispirene, a prototypical [4.5]spirobicyclic sesquiterpene, has been prepared in an efficient five-step reaction sequence beginning with α-trimethylsilyl cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde. A new desiliconative alkylation is featured.
Mass extinctions and missing matter

The possible influence of 'invisible matter' on the solar system's comet halo, and therefore on quasi-periodic cometary bombardment of the earth and consequent mass extinctions, is briefly addressed. Invisible matter consisting of small or cold interstellar molecular clouds could significantly modulate the comet background flux, while invisible matter consisting of a large population of old, dead stars with a relatively small galactic concentration probably could not. It is also shown that the downward force exerted by the Galaxy will perturb the halo, but will not produce any periodicity.
Competitive hapten-antibody binding: Solution of the binding equation

Abstract The competitive binding equation which describes the reactions between two univalent homogeneous cross-reacting haptens and antibody heterogeneous with respect to equilibrium constants has been solved. The joint probability density function of equilibrium constants can be computed directly from binding measurements; no assumption about the form of the probability density function is required. Use of the Stieltjes transform as an approximate method for the solution of the univalent hapten-antibody binding equation is suggested. Whenever the binding data can be approximated by a function for which an inverse Stieltjes transform exists, use of this transform may permit direct calculation of the probability density function without need for computational procedures. These methods of analysis should be useful not only for the study of hapten-antibody reactions, but also for the study of other systems, particularly ion or dye binding by large molecules.
The comminution of multicomponent feeds under batch and locked-cycle conditions: Kinetics, simulation and energy distribution

Abstract The results of a detailed investigation of batch and locked-cycle dry grinding of quartz-calcite mixtures in a laboratory ball mill are presented. Batch grinding tests showed that the breakage rate function of the components is time-independent but composition-dependent and is normalizable with specific energy. Locked-cycle tests on the mineral mixtures revealed that approximately 25 2-min cycles are required before the composition of the circuit product and the recycle material attains steady state. The circulating load, after steadily increasing during the first 15 cycles, continued to fluctuate over a narrow range. These findings indicate that industrial-scale grinding circuits may also have long transient periods as the grindability of the ore changes and that circuits might be in transience perpetually.
Remarks on the Possible Failure of Energy Conservation.

Possibility of Failure in the Case of Elementary Processes. -- The possible failure of the principle of the conservation of energy, in the case of the continuous β-ray spectrum accompanying radioactive decompositions, and perhaps also in the case of processes occurring in the interior of stars, has several times been suggested by Bohr.(1) From a theoretical point of view such a failure might be due to a breakdown in the applicability of ordinary mechanical notions under circumstances where the electron would have to be regarded as localizable within regions small compared with its classical dimensions.
Analyzing Consensus to Personality Judgments: A Variance Components Approach

Although peer raters of personality traits do tend to agree, the strength of their consensus is often modest. This article focuses on methods for analyzing determinants of consensus. Variance components methods adapted from generalizability theory have some untapped potential for understanding gradations in consensus. The methods allow explicit analysis of how social categories of targets might affect judgments of raters from the same or different social categories. Limitations of the variance components approach are also discussed. The methods are illustrated with artificial data.
Purification of pancreatic cholesterol esterase expressed in recombinant baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells.

A cDNA clone encoding the entire coding sequence of rat pancreatic cholesterol esterase (bile salt-stimulated lipase) was subcloned into the Baculovirus transfer vector pVL1392 and used to co-transfect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells with wild-type Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) DNA. Two recombinant proteins ( M r 74 kDa and 64 kDa) reactive with anti-cholesterol esterase IgG were produced and secreted by the infected Sf9 cells in large quantities in a time-dependent manner. The 74-kDa protein was detectable in the cultured medium at the second day post-infection and increased progressively, reaching a level of 50 μ g/ml of culture medium after 8 days. Amino-terminal sequencing of this recombinant protein showed that the signal peptide of cholesterol esterase was correctly cleaved, resulting in the production of mature protein. The 64-kDa recombinant protein was not detected in the medium until Day 5 post-infection and accumulated to a level of 25 μ g/ml at Day 8. Both the 74- and the 64-kDa cholesterol esterases were biologically active and hydrolyzed the artificial substrate p -nitrophenyl butyrate. Results of this study demonstrated that Baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells can be used for high-level expression of pancreatic cholesterol esterase. The recombinant enzyme will be useful for further characterization of this protein.
Magnetization modeling in the north and equatorial Atlantic Ocean using MAGSAT data

Magsat 2 x 2-deg scalar anomalous-magnetic-field data (Langel et al., 1982) for the northern and equatorial Atlantic are inverted and combined with physiographic data and laboratory results on the magnetization of oceanic rocks and the oceanic crust to construct models explaining the shorter-wavelength component of the anomalies. An annihilator is applied to the inversion results to eliminate reverse-magnetized sources and facilitate comparisons of areas inverted separately, and a latitude effect on source spacing is tentatively attributed to greater noise contamination at lower latitudes. It is found that remanent magnetization combined with considerable crustal thickening can best explain the high intensity levels observed, although viscous magnetization or contamination of the data by noncrustal sources must also be considered.
POLITICAL CONDITIONS MOTIVATING LEGISLATORS' USE OF POLICY INFORMATION

While “research utilization” literature has focused on the limited use of policy research by policymakers, there has been l i t t l e attention directed at legislators1 use of policy research o r the importance of the decisionmaking context in explaining policy research use. Relying on the research utilization literature and the legislative behavior literature, this paper examines the legislative setting as it relates to policy information use, and it outlines the conditions under which policy information might be used by legislators. Specifically, two types of legislator information searches are discussed–the constituent service search and policy formulating search. While there are many obstacles to policy information use–including cognitive and organizational ones–this paper focuses only on political conditions and political obstacles relating to legis- lators' use of policy information.
Phenomenological Dynamics for CP Violation

A fairly general current-current form for the $\mathrm{CP}$-violating interaction is investigated in the phenomenological Lagrangian framework. Special attention is given to the computation of both the $\mathrm{CP}$-conserving and $\mathrm{CP}$-violating self-masses in the ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{-}{K}_{S}$ system. In addition the relevant amplitudes appearing in the neutral-kaon decay matrix are calculated. We find that several kinds of models naturally give the same results as the superweak theory, within present experimental accuracy.
Testis morphology and spermatozeugma formation in three genera of viviparous halfbeaks: Nomorhamphus, dermogenys, and Hemirhamphodon (Teleostei: Hemiramphidae).

The testes of 19 species of viviparous halfbeaks from three genera, Nomorhamphus, Dermogenys, and Hemirhamphodon, are examined histologically. The testes are unfused, paired organs running laterally along the body wall on either side of the gut. In all genera, primary spermatogonia are restricted to the distal termini of the testicular lobules just beneath the tunica albuginea, conforming to the typical atherinomorph testis type. The short efferent ducts empty into a single longitudinal main duct in each testis. All species package sperm in the form of unencapsulated sperm bundles, which are referred to as spermatozeugmata. The mechanism of packet formation and the resulting spermatozeugmata are similar in all five species of Nomorhamphus and in four species of Dermogenys, with each spermatocyst releasing several small spermatozeugmata. In the other four species of Dermogenys, the mechanism of packet formation is similar, and each spermatocyst releases a single, large spermatozeugma. The spermatozeugmata of six species of Hemirhamphodon are unlike those seen in the other two genera, with five different sperm bundle types described herein. The unique sperm bundles of the viviparous halfbeaks are compared with those of the internally fertilizing but oviparous halfbeak genus, Zenarchopterus, discussed within a phylogenetic framework, and hypothesized to be independently derived within the Atherinomorpha. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Analysis of atomic diffusion in liquid metals at melting temperatures in capillary-like media

Abstract This is the second of two articles dealing with atomic transport in liquid metals in capillary-like media such as fine pores or grain boundaries with thicknesses above some critical value. Our previous studies analyzed the relationship between diffusivity and viscosity of liquid metals in capillary [J. W. Nowok, Scripta metall. mater.29, 931 (1993)]. A primary purpose of this article is to discuss an accuracy of calculating self-diffusion coefficients using known bulk properties of liquid metals such as viscosity, surface tension and fundamental physical properties of liquid behavior in capillary. The lack of accuracy of surface tension data causes errors in the calculation of diffusion coefficients. Also, the predominant influence on D appears to be the molar (molecular) volume of liquid metals. This results from changes in the attractive portion of the effective potential between atoms for liquids with low molecular volumes.
Intravesical Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor in the Treatment of Superficial Bladder Cancer: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study

AbstractWe tested and proved the safety of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor given intravesically weekly for 11 weeks (dwell time 2 hours) for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer in 8 men and 1 woman 46 to 87 years old (mean age 69 years). Cohorts of 3 patients received 200, 400 and 1,000 microgram recombinant human tumor necrosis factor. The maximal tolerated dose was not achieved. There were 9 episodes of urological symptoms, 8 of flu-like symptoms, 4 of headache and 3 of chest tightness. Hematological and gastrointestinal toxicities were minor, and no renal toxicity was encountered. Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor was safe to administer at doses up to 1,000 microgram. We hope that recombinant human tumor necrosis factor in conjunction with other antitumor agents will lead to a new, effective treatment for superficial bladder cancer.
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase-1 null mice exhibit hearing impairment and abnormal morphology of the middle ear bone joints.

Abstract Prolyl 3-hydroxylase1 (P3H1) is a collagen modifying enzyme which hydroxylates certain prolines in the Xaa position of conventional GlyXaaYaa triple helical sequence. Recent investigations have revealed that mutations in the LEPRE1 (gene encoding for P3H1) cause severe osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) in humans. Similarly LEPRE1 knockout mice display an OI-like phenotype. Significant hearing loss is a common problem for people with osteogenesis imperfecta. Here we report that hearing of the P3H1 null mice is substantially affected. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) of the P3H1 null mice show an average increase of 20–30 dB in auditory thresholds. Three dimensional reconstructions of the mutant middle ear bones by Micro-scale X-ray computed tomography (Micro-CT) demonstrate abnormal morphology of the incudostapedial and incudomalleal joints. We establish the LEPRE1 knockout mouse as a valuable model system to investigate the mechanism of hearing loss in recessive OI.
Undercooling of Pure Cu and Ge Melts in a Static Magnetic Field

The glass fluxing technique was used to undercool melts of pure Cu and Ge in the presence of a static magnetic field generated by a superconducting magnet. It was found that the mean undercooling of liquid Cu increased with increasing magnetic field, whereas the mean undercooling of liquid Ge did not show any significant changes with increasing magnetic field. Such a difference in the undercooling behavior can be related to the Lorentz force imposed by the magnetic field, which was larger for liquid Cu because of a larger electrical conductivity than that of liquid Ge.
Religious Resources or Differential Returns? Early Religious Socialization and Declining Attendance in Emerging Adulthood

The transition from adolescence into emerging adulthood is usually accompanied by a decline in religious participation. This article examines why such decline occurs at different rates across major Christian traditions and whether this variation can be explained by early socialization factors. Using data from waves 1 and 3 of the National Study of Youth and Religion (N = 1,879), I examine the effects of parental religiosity, church support, religious education, and youth group involvement on the decline in attendance five years later. Results show that these socialization processes adequately explain why attendance declines at different rates across religious traditions. However, these socialization factors do not have the same effect across traditions and often yield differential returns for attendance outcomes. These findings also suggest that comparisons across religious traditions can resolve the “channeling hypothesis” debate about whether parental influence on an offspring's future religiosity is primarily direct or indirect.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in hemodialysis-dependent patients and patients with advanced renal insufficiency: safety, caution, and encephalopathy.

Purpose To retrospectively determine the acute safety and chronic outcomes of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation in patients with hemodialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease for control of bleeding and refractory ascites. Materials and Methods Four dialysis-dependent patients and one renal transplant recipient (glomerular filtration rate, 27 mL/min) underwent TIPS creation for treatment of refractory ascites ( n = 3) and recurrent portal hypertensive bleeding ( n = 1). A sixth patient developed unrelated renal failure 3 years after initial TIPS formation and presented with encephalopathy at that time. All had nearly normal liver function test results and no previous baseline encephalopathy. Three dialysis recipients underwent dialysis immediately after the TIPS procedure in an intensive care unit; one did not. Results There were no complications of fluid overload or pulmonary edema after TIPS creation in the patients who immediately underwent dialysis. The one patient in whom dialysis was delayed developed respiratory failure and shock liver (ie, ischemic hepatitis). Ascites resolved in all three patients, and no recurrent variceal bleeding occurred during a mean follow-up of 17 months. Severe, grade 2–4 hepatic encephalopathy developed in all patients; in one patient, its onset was delayed until the onset of renal failure 3 years after the original TIPS procedure. Shunt reduction was required in four cases and competitive variceal embolization was required in one to reduce portosystemic diversion. No less than grade 1 episodic baseline encephalopathy was present in all patients despite continued use of the maximum prescribed medical therapy thereafter. Conclusions TIPS creation is effective in controlling ascites and bleeding in functionally anephric patients, but at the cost of marked and disproportionate hepatic encephalopathy. Prompt, acute postprocedural dialysis and fluid management is critical for safe creation of a TIPS in dialysis-dependent patients.
Application of statistical pattern classification methods for damage detection to field data

The field of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has received considerable attention for its potential applications to monitoring civil infrastructure. However, the damage detection algorithms that form the backbone of these systems have primarily been tested on simulated data instead of full-scale structures because of the scarcity of real structural acceleration data. In response to this deficiency in testing, we present the performance of two damage detection algorithms used with ambient acceleration data collected during the staged demolition of the fullscale Z24 Bridge in Switzerland. The algorithms use autoregressive coefficients as features of the acceleration data and hypothesis testing and Gaussian Mixture Modeling to detect and quantify damage. While experimental or numerically simulated data have provided consistently positive results, field data from real structures, the Z24 Bridge, show that there can be significant false positives in the predictions. Difficulties with data collection in the field are also revealed pointing to the need for careful signal conditioning prior to algorithm application.
Soft x-ray lasers and their applications

The emerging technology of soft x-ray lasers has novel applications to microscopy, lithography, and other fields. This article describes the status of soft x-ray laser research with the aim of bringing the rapid developments in this field to the attention of potential users in other disciplines. The different techniques for generating a population inversion and producing a soft x-ray laser are reviewed. The status of current research in the field and the near-term prospects are described. It is expected that the range of potential applications of soft x-ray lasers will increase as their performance improves. Work aimed at increasing the output power and progressing to shorter wavelengths with these devices is also reviewed.
WalkSafe: A School-Based Pedestrian Safety Intervention Program

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the WalkSafe program, an elementary school-based pedestrian safety program in a single high-risk district in Miami-Dade County. Methods: Sixteen elementary schools were identified in a single high-risk district and enrolled in a one-year study. All schools implemented the WalkSafe program on the last week of January 2003. A pre, post, and three-month post testing of pedestrian safety knowledge was conducted. An observational component was also implemented at four schools that were randomly chosen. Engineering recommendations and law enforcement initiatives were also performed. Results: A total of 6467 children from K–5th grade from 16 elementary schools participated in the program. Of these 5762 tests were collected over three different testing times. A significant difference (p-value < 0.001) was found between the pre and post testing conditions across all grade levels. There was no significant difference found between the post and three-month post testing cond...
Differential effects of ascorbate and EDTA on high-affinity binding of 3H-apomorphine and 3H-ADTN to calf caudate membranes

Recent reports describe effects of ascorbate on binding of dopaminergic agonists to membrane preparations of brain tissue. We now report that with calf caudate membranes, in the absence of EDTA, ascorbate (up to 10 mM) lowered the binding of [3H] (-)apomorphine (3H-APO) by up to 34%, and the proportion "specific," from 69% to 36%, and lowered binding of [3H] (+/-)2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (3H-ADTN) by up to 38%, with little effect on the proportion of its specific binding. EDTA (5 mM), alone, also reduced binding of both ligands by 40-50% but had no effect on the proportion specific. With ascorbate plus EDTA, although total binding was lowered, the proportion of specific binding of 3H-APO rose to a maximum of 82% at 2.5 mM ascorbate, whereas that of 3H-ADTN was only slightly increased. Moreover, TLC revealed that the antioxidants were required during incubation to prevent temperature- and time-dependent degradation of APO much more than ADTN. Thus, while each additive, alone, lowered binding of 3H-APO and of 3H-ADTN, ascorbate plus EDTA increased the proportion of specific binding, especially of 3H-APO, and protected both from degradation.
Prediction of advanced propeller noise in the time domain

This paper presents a brief derivation of a formula for prediction of the noise of high-speed propellers in the time domain. This formula is based on the solution of a linear wave equation (Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equation) assuming that the sources are located on the actual blade surface. An approximation of this formula, using the assumption that the sources are on the mean surface of the blade, is also presented which is considerably simpler than the full surface expression. Both the mean and full surface formulas are suitable for prediction of noise of supersonic sources on the blade. They were derived to overcome some of the practical numerical difficulties associated with other acoustic formulations. A discussion of coding these formulas for numerical work follows. Some comparison of predicted results with experimental data is also included which demonstrates the usefulness of the derived analytic expressions.
Effect of pH on aluminum-driven methanogenesis by Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus

Methanogenesis from various elemental metals as electron sources has been demonstrated before. In this study, we have examined the influence of pH on the methanogenic activity of Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus dependent on cathodic hydrogen produced by elemental aluminum wires. When grown on H2+CO2, M. thermolithotrophicus had an optimum pH of 6.2, but when all the H2 was supplied from A1°, the pH optimum was 5.7, consistent with thermodynamic predictions. The results also indicated that aluminum is quite resistant to anaerobic corrosion when compared to iron, most likely due to adhesion of aluminum oxide or hydroxide layers on the surface of the wires.
Acute upper respiratory disease: clinical and bacteriological response to short-term treatment with penicillin V.

Summary 1. Clinical and bacteriological studies on 81 patients with upper respiratory diseases who were treated with oral penicillin V are reported. 2. Excellent clinical responses were observed in 75 of the 81 patients. Of the 6 who did not exhibit a satisfactory clinical response, 5 were initially incorrectly diagnosed and were actually suffering from exanthematous diseases. One patient showed no clinical response at all. 3. A procedure of studying inocula from nasopharyngeal and pharyngeal smears stained by the Gram technique is described. This technique has been valuable for screening purposes when laboratory facilities are limited or burdened. 4. Nasopharyngeal and pharyngeal smears from patients who had received penicillin V for 24 hours showed a significant decrease in gram-positive cocci as compared with smears taken before treatment was started. 5. Cultures made from swabs taken from the nasopharyngeal and pharyngeal areas of patients who had received penicillin V for 24 hours showed a significant decrease in pathogenic organisms as compared with cultures taken before treatment was started. 6. Among 81 patients who received penicillin V orally for 4 to 5 days there were no serious reactions. There were two instances of maculopapular rashes which subsided uneventfully. 7. In this study of 81 patients with upper respiratory diseases, oral penicillin V has proved to be an effective and safe antibiotic.
A novel optical correlator and its application to packet-header recognition

We propose a novel, fiber-based correlator for processing temporal optical signals. We demonstrate its operation by performing all-optical packet-header recognition at 100 Gb/s.