cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex Specific Post-concussion Symptom Reporting in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Previous research indicates that concussion symptom presentation is population specific, with differences based upon patients’ sex and age. Awareness of signs and symptoms of concussion in youth and high school sports has improved in recent years. However, it is still widely unknown if sex specific differences emerge in adolescent populations, as the majority of research been performed on collegiate athletes or has combined adolescent and adult concussion patient populations. Identification of sex specific differences in adolescent concussion symptoms, or lack thereof, would aid in concussion diagnosis and management. Therefore, the objective of the current meta-analysis and systematic review was to evaluate the literature and determine if a relationship exists in post-concussion symptom reporting between male and female adolescent athletes. An extensive search of PubMed, SPORT Discs, Web of Knowledge, Cochrane Library, ProQuest and Google Scholar was undertaken. Search terms were based on the individual database. Studies meeting inclusionary criteria underwent quality assessment. A total of three articles met inclusionary criteria and were deemed of high methodological quality. The meta-analysis examined differences in symptoms reported between sexes in 1421 adolescent athletes (770 males, 669 females). A significantly higher percentage of females reported concentration difficulty, drowsiness, visual disturbance, and sensitivity to noise compared to males. Males reported more amnesia and irritability than females. The results of the current meta-analysis indicate differences in the presentation of commonly reported post-concussion symptoms between the male and female adolescents.
Stigma, Discrimination, Treatment Effectiveness, and Policy Support: Comparing Behavior Analysts’ Views on Drug Addiction and Mental Illness

Individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) often face discrimination. A recent study found that people in the general population hold significantly more negative views toward persons with drug addiction than those with other mental illnesses (Barry et al. in Psychiatric Services, 65(10), 1269–1272, 2014). It is possible that these negative attitudes stem from the historical view of addiction as a moral shortcoming or lack of willpower. Behavior analysts’ approach to behavior is guided by the underlying philosophy of behaviorism, which proposes that behavior is determined by genetic and environmental factors, as opposed to the free will of an individual. Because behavior analysts view behavior as determined and do not assign responsibility to an individual for his or her behavior, one would hypothesize that behavior analysts would not view individuals with SUDs more negatively than those with other mental disorders. This study surveyed 288 behavior analysts regarding their views on SUDs and mental disorders. Results showed that behavior analysts have significantly more negative attitudes toward people with SUDs than toward people with other mental disorders. Respondents reported a greater desire for social distance and greater acceptability of discrimination for people with SUDs than for people with mental disorders. They also reported less potential for recovery and lower support for policies to improve equity in insurance coverage and were less supportive of using government funding to improve treatment, housing, and job support for people with SUDs.
Progress in the classical biological control of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in North America

First detected in North America in 2002, the emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire; Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive phloem-feeding beetle from Asia, has killed tens of millions of ash (Fraxinus Linnaeus; Oleaceae) trees. Although few parasitoids attack EAB in North America, three parasitoid species were found attacking EAB in China: the egg parasitoid Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and two larval parasitoids Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). In 2007, classical biological control of EAB began in the United States of America after release of these three species was approved. In 2013, release of the larval parasitoids was approved in Canada. Research continues at study sites in Michigan, United States of America where the establishment, prevalence, and spread of O. agrili and T. planipennisi have been monitored since 2008. However, establishment of S. agrili remains unconfirmed in northern areas, and its release is now restricted to regions below the 40th parallel. In 2015, approval for release of Spathius galinae Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an EAB larval parasitoid from the Russian Far East, may be granted in the United States of America. Researchers are guardedly optimistic that a complex of introduced and native natural enemies will regulate EAB densities below a tolerance threshold for survival of ash species or genotypes in forested ecosystems.
Tumor suppressor SMARCB1 suppresses super-enhancers to govern hESC lineage determination

The SWI/SNF complex is a critical regulator of pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and individual subunits have varied and specific roles during development and in diseases. The core subunit SMARCB1 is required for early embryonic survival, and mutations can give rise to atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RTs) in the pediatric central nervous system. We report that in contrast to other studied systems, SMARCB1 represses bivalent genes in hESCs and antagonizes chromatin accessibility at super-enhancers. Moreover, and consistent with its established role as a CNS tumor suppressor, we find that SMARCB1 is essential for neural induction but dispensable for mesodermal or endodermal differentiation. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that SMARCB1 is essential for hESC super-enhancer silencing in neural differentiation conditions. This genomic assessment of hESC chromatin regulation by SMARCB1 reveals a novel positive regulatory function at super-enhancers and a unique lineage-specific role in regulating hESC differentiation.
Medicaid Use among Older Low-Income Medicare Enrollees in California and Texas: A Tale of Two States.

CONTEXT States face increasing Medicaid expenditures largely as a result of growing dual-eligible populations. In this article we examine self-reported community-based Medicaid participation among Medicare recipients 65 and older in California and Texas, with a particular focus on the older Mexican-origin population. METHODS We use six waves of the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (H-EPESE) covering the period from 1993-94 to 2010-11. FINDINGS The data reveal relatively high Medicaid participation rates by older individuals of Mexican origin, but significant differences between the two states. At baseline, 30% of older Mexican-origin Medicare beneficiaries in California reported receiving Medicaid compared to 41% in Texas. CONCLUSIONS Despite California's more liberal eligibility criteria, community-dwelling Texans were more likely than Californians to report coverage at some point during the 17-year follow-up. Our data, as well as administrative data, reveal that California classifies nearly all of its community-dwelling Medicaid recipients as "full duals," meaning that they receive full benefits, whereas Texas is more likely to classify similarly poor and disabled individuals as "partial duals," meaning that they receive less coverage, thereby lowering overall program expenditures. Cost containment strategies that restrict access may be especially consequential for vulnerable Hispanic populations.
Ontologies in Support of Problem Solving

Problem-solving methods are ready-made software components that can be assembled with domain knowledge bases to create application systems. Ontologies and problem-solving methods have a long history of intricate relationships. In this chapter, we describe these relationships and how they can be used in a principled manner to construct knowledge systems. We have developed a methodology that strongly relies on ontologies: first, to describe domain knowledge bases and problem-solving methods as independent components that can be reused in different application systems; and second, to mediate knowledge between the two kinds of components when they are assembled in a specific system. We present our methodology and a set of associated tools (based on the Protege knowledge-engineering environment) that we have created to support developers in building knowledge systems and that we have used to conduct problem-solving method reuse experiments.
Sampling schemes and recovery algorithms for functions of few coordinate variables

Abstract When a multivariate function does not depend on all of its variables, it can be approximated from fewer point evaluations than otherwise required. This has been previously quantified e.g. in the case where the target function is Lipschitz. This note examines the same problem under other assumptions on the target function. If it is linear or quadratic, then connections to compressive sensing are exploited in order to determine the number of point evaluations needed for recovering it exactly. If it is coordinatewise increasing, then connections to group testing are exploited in order to determine the number of point evaluations needed for recovering the set of active variables. A particular emphasis is put on explicit sets of evaluation points and on practical recovery methods. The results presented here also add a new contribution to the field of group testing.
Importance of cotton fiber elongation in fiber processing

Abstract Developing cotton fibers with improved tensile properties is important because fiber breakage during processing from field to yarn can impart imperfections in the finished product by degrading fiber quality. Cotton fiber strength is often the focus of germplasm development while the degree of fiber elongation before rupture under load has been neglected. Nevertheless, the degree of fiber bundle elongation is reported to be heritable. Isolating the importance of a particular mechanical property in resisting breakage during processing is difficult in a naturally produced fiber whose quality attributes depend on genetics and environment. Therefore, it is unknown how much improvement might be achieved by integrating fiber elongation into germplasm improvement efforts. A set of thirty-two samples were recently identified that belonged to two families where, within a family, all fiber properties except elongation were similar. Fiber bundle elongation ranged from 7.7 % to 8.8 % for the low elongation lines, and 9.9%–11% among the high elongation lines. This unique sample set was used in this research to isolate the importance of fiber elongation in processing. Fiber quality was evaluated before and after mechanical processing with the Microdust and Trash Analyzer (MDTA3). Lower elongation fibers break more frequently during processing and yarns made from these lower elongation samples exhibit a work to break as much as 32.3 % lower than the paired high elongation sample. Similarly, yarns from the low elongation samples have as many as 46 more thick and thin places per kilometer, a type of yarn imperfection, in comparison with the paired high elongation sample. These results suggest improving the degree of fiber elongation reduces fiber breakage during processing and should be considered an important target for improvement alongside fiber bundle strength.
Knowing Your Audience: A Typology of Smoke Sense Participants to Inform Wildfire Smoke Health Risk Communication

Central to public health risk communication is understanding the perspectives and shared values among individuals who need the information. Using the responses from a Smoke Sense citizen science project, we examined perspectives on the issue of wildfire smoke as a health risk in relation to an individual's preparedness to adopt recommended health behaviors. The Smoke Sense smartphone application provides wildfire-related health risk resources and invites participants to record their perspectives on the issue of wildfire smoke. Within the app, participants can explore current and forecasted daily air quality, maps of fire locations, satellite images of smoke plumes, and learn about health consequences of wildfire smoke. We used cluster analysis to identify perspective trait-clusters based on health status, experience with fire smoke, risk perception, self-efficacy, access to exposure-reducing resources, health information needs, and openness to health risk messaging. Differences between traits were examined based on demographics, health status, activity level and engagement with the app. We mapped these traits to the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) to indicate where each trait lies in adopting recommended health behaviors. Finally, we suggest messaging strategies that may be suitable for each trait. We determined five distinct perspective traits which included individuals who were Protectors and have decided to engage on the issue by adopting new behaviors to protect their health; Cautious, Proactive, and Susceptible individuals who were at a Deciding stage but differed based on risk perceptions and information needs; and the Unengaged who did not perceive smoke as a health issue and were unlikely to change behavior in response to messaging. Across all five traits, the level of engagement and information needs differed substantially, but were not defined by demographics. Individuals in the Susceptible trait had the highest level of engagement and the highest information needs. Messaging that emphasizes self-efficacy and benefits of reducing exposure may be effective in motivating individuals from the deciding stage to taking health protective action. Shared perspectives define an individual's propensity for acting on recommended health behaviors, therefore, health risk message content should be tailored based on these perspectives.
The Perceived Credibility of Complementary and Alternative Medicine: A Survey of Undergraduate and Graduate Students

The popularity of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) appears to be increasing, especially among college students. We surveyed 146 undergraduate and graduate students with the CAM Health B...
Photovoice as an intervention for college students living with mental illness: A pilot study.

Introduction Photovoice is a participatory-action research method in which participants capture and collectively reflect upon photos of their lived experience. Photovoice participation may be beneficial for individuals living with mental illness, but its effects have not been quantitatively measured. Methods In this pilot study, 20 college students living with a mental illness and prescribed at least 1 medication were randomized to a Photovoice group intervention or usual group counseling, which was an active control. Participants completed the BURNS Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Medication Adherence Rating Scale at baseline and 8 weeks. Between-groups comparisons were conducted. Results Photovoice participants experienced a significantly greater reduction in the BURNS Anxiety Inventory (-8.5 vs -2.6; P = .049) compared to control participants. No difference was seen in change in the Beck Depression Inventory (6.7 in the Photovoice group vs 0.2 among controls; P = .26). Mean medication adherence scores worsened in both groups from baseline with no difference between the groups (1 vs 0.86; P = .16). Discussion Photovoice may be a resource-efficient and effective intervention to reduce anxiety among college students with mental illness; however, it may be associated with poorer medication adherence. Further study is needed to evaluate these findings.
Death of a cluster: the destruction of M67 as seen by the SDSS

We probe the spatial and dynamical structure of the old open cluster M67 using photometric data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey's sixth data release. Making use of an optimal contrast, or matched filter, algorithm, we map the distribution of high probability members of M67. We find an extended and elongated halo of likely members to a radius of nearly 60'. Our measured core radius of Rcore = 8.'24+/-0.'60 is somewhat larger than that of previous estimates. We attribute the larger core radius measurement to the SDSS probing lower mass main sequence stars than has been done before for similar studies of M67, and the exclusion of post main sequence M67 members in the SDSS sample. We estimate the number of M67 members in our SDSS sample to be 1385+/-67 stars. A lower limit on the binary fraction in M67 is measured to be 45%. A higher fraction of binary stars is measured in the core as compared to the halo, and the luminosity function of the core is found to be more depleted of low-mass stars. Thus the halo is consistent with mass segregation within the cluster. The galactic orbit of M67 is calculated from recent proper motion and radial velocity determinations. The elongated halo is roughly aligned to the proper motion of the cluster. This appears to be a result of mass segregation due to the galactic tidal field. Our algorithm is run on 2MASS photometry to directly compare to previous studies of M67. Decreasing core radii are found for stars with greater masses. We test the accuracy of our algorithm using 1000 artificial cluster Monte Carlo simulations. It is found that the matched filter technique is suitable for recovering low-density spatial structures, as well as measuring the binary fraction of the cluster.
Effect of nanoplastic type and surface chemistry on particle agglomeration over a salinity gradient.

Agglomeration of nanoplastics in waters can alter their transport and fate in the environment. Agglomeration behavior of 4 nanoplastics differing in core composition (red- or blue-dyed polystyrene) and surface chemistry (plain or carboxylated poly[methyl methacrylate] [PMMA]) was investigated across a salinity gradient. No agglomeration was observed for carboxylated PMMA at any salinity, whereas the plain PMMA agglomerated at only 1 g/L. Both the red and the blue polystyrene agglomerated at 25 g/L. Results indicate that both composition and surface chemistry can impact how environmental salinity affects plastic nanoparticle agglomeration. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1822-1828. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
The Costs of Seeking Shelter for Renters With Discrediting Background Records

This study illuminates an understudied pathway through which disadvantage is reproduced in the rental housing market: the housing search, application, and tenant screening process. Using in-depth i...
Washington Consensus Reforms and Lessons for Economic Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa

Over three decades after market-oriented structural reforms termed "Washington Consensus" policies were first implemented, we revisit the evidence on policy adoption and the effects of these policies on socio-economic performance in sub-Saharan African countries. We focus on three key ubiquitous reform policies around privatization, fiscal discipline, and trade openness and document significant improvements in economic performance for reformers over the past two decades. Following initial declines in per capita economic growth over the 1980s and 1990s, reform adopters experienced notable increases in per capita real GDP growth in the post–2000 period. We complement aggregate analysis with four country case studies that highlight important lessons for effective reform. Notably, the ability to implement pro-poor policies alongside market-oriented reforms played a central role in successful policy performance.
A Response to Petrie's Note on Statistical Analysis of Attitude Scale Scores

(1969). A Response to Petrie's Note on Statistical Analysis of Attitude Scale Scores. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 436-437.
Interpolation from a Convex Subset of Hilbert Space: A Survey of Some Recent Results

Let C be a closed convex subset of the Hilbert space H, A a bounded linear operator from H to a finite-dimensional Hilbert space Y, b ∈ Y, and K(b) = C ∩A -1(b). A survey is given of recent results concerned mainly with characterizing and computing best approximations of elements x in H from the set K(b).
Outcomes from a school-randomized controlled trial of Steps to Respect: A Bullying Prevention Program

Full text is not available due to publisher’s copyright restrictions. WSU users can access the article via database licensed by University Libraries: http://libcat.wichita.edu/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=1375543
Customized growth charts for twin gestations to optimize identification of small-for-gestational age fetuses at risk of intrauterine fetal death.

Objective Customized growth charts developed for singleton pregnancies have been shown to be more effective than population-based ones at identifying small-for-gestational age (SGA) fetuses at risk for intrauterine fetal death (IUFD). We sought to compare the association between SGA and IUFD in twins using customized growth charts designed for twin gestations compared to those designed for singletons. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study using a database including singleton and twin pregnancies undergoing ultrasound examination between 16 and 20 weeks' gestation. After excluding preterm births < 34 weeks, congenital anomalies and stillbirths, we identified 51 150 singleton births. Coefficients for significant physiological and pathological variables affecting birth weight for singletons were derived using backward stepwise multiple regression. The same process was repeated for twin births (1608 pairs), also adjusting for chorionicity. Customized growth charts for each pregnancy were derived using these two regression models for optimal birth weight at term and a proportionality equation. The association between SGA < 10th percentile, defined using the twin and singleton-customized charts, and IUFD were compared. Statistical analysis, including calculation of adjusted odds ratios (OR) for IUFD and screening accuracy using each chart, was performed. Results The derived coefficients for optimal birth weight for twins were different from those for singletons, with lower constants and root mean square error (3422 and 288.9, respectively, in twins vs 3543 and 416 in singletons). Among 3786 twin infants, IUFD was seen in 123 (3.2%). The numbers of fetuses identified as SGA were 575 (15.2%) and 504 (13.3%) by the singleton and twin charts, respectively. Fetuses classified as SGA by the twin-specific customized charts were at a significantly increased risk for IUFD (adjusted OR, 2.3 (95%CI, 1.4–3.5)), whereas those classified as SGA by the singleton-customized charts were not (adjusted OR, 1.2 (95% CI, 0.7–2.0)). Conclusion Customized charts designed specifically for twins are more effective at identifying twin pregnancies at risk for IUFD than are those derived using singleton birth data. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Occupational health of home care aides: results of the safe home care survey

Objectives In countries with ageing populations, home care (HC) aides are among the fastest growing jobs. There are few quantitative studies of HC occupational safety and health (OSH) conditions. The objectives of this study were to: (1) assess quantitatively the OSH hazards and benefits for a wide range of HC working conditions, and (2) compare OSH experiences of HC aides who are employed via different medical and social services systems in Massachusetts, USA. Methods HC aides were recruited for a survey via agencies that employ aides and schedule their visits with clients, and through a labour union of aides employed directly by clients or their families. The questionnaire included detailed questions about the most recent HC visits, as well as about individual aides’ OSH experiences. Results The study population included 1249 HC aides (634 agency-employed, 615 client-employed) contributing information on 3484 HC visits. Hazards occurring most frequently related to musculoskeletal strain, exposure to potentially infectious agents and cleaning chemicals for infection prevention and experience of violence. Client-hired and agency-hired aides had similar OSH experiences with a few exceptions, including use of sharps and experience of verbal violence. Conclusions The OSH experience of HC aides is similar to that of aides in institutional healthcare settings. Despite OSH challenges, HC aides enjoy caring for others and the benefits of HC work should be enhanced. Quantification of HC hazards and benefits is useful to prioritise resources for the development of preventive interventions and to provide an evidence base for policysetting.
Federal Policy and Urban Fiscal Strain

many of our major urban centers in the last decade to a variety of market shifts in the American economy. According to the prevailing explanation, the decline in the fiscal capacity of cities was the inevitable result of the decreased economic attractiveness of urban centers. Government policies and underlying political exigencies have been deemed secondary causes, necessarily subordinate to market forces. This article will show that the market explanation for fiscal strain is incomplete and misleading. While market forces are important, government policies, shaped by political as well as economic exigencies,1 are also important. The assertion that governmental actions are necessarily subordinate to the market is an ideological one, designed to reduce the realm of the political by definitional fiat.2 Part I of this article demonstrates that a series of federal policies helped stimulate the exodus of capital and population that eroded the revenue base of the older industrial cities. At the same time, other fed-
Engineering Selection for a Variable Speed Drive; Steam Turbine Drive or Electric Motor with VFD

This paper will present estimated equipment operating costs and energy consumption to compare a steam turbine drive and a VFD electric motor drive for two different drive systems. The author will present data and conclusions from an actual project that was engineered and installed several years ago. The author will also present data and make statements on several similar applications that are now being, or were recently, under investigation. It is expected that this paper will present facts of Energy Savings for the VFD option.
Abstract 80: Modulating the Vascular Healing Response via SIRT1 Transgene Delivery

Bypass graft procedures are commonly performed to treat narrowing or blocked vessels. However, damage to the vascular wall from the surgical intervention can lead to pro-inflammatory events and oxidative stress that promote intimal hyperplasia and may eventually lead to restenosis. Therefore, strategies that seek to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress during the initial stages of wound healing at the graft anastomoses are expected to inhibit intimal hyperplasia and reduce graft failure rates. Sirtuin-1 (Sirt1), an NAD+-dependent lysine deacetylase, protects against inflammation and oxidative stress by deacetylating the RelA/p65 subunit of NF-kB and FOXO transcription factors. We hypothesize that the localized overexpression of Sirt1 at the perivascular wall via lentivirus entrapped in a thermoresponsive gel referred to as nanonets will lead to an improved vascular healing response at the graft anastomoses and attenuate intimal hyperplasia via reduced tissue inflammation and oxidative stress. Human aortic adventitial fibroblasts (AoAFs) were transduced with lentiviruses encoding for Sirt1 and assessed for NF-kB activity, cytokine expression, senescence, and upregulation of antioxidant genes. To assess perivascular transgene delivery, nanonets containing lentiviruses encoding GFP were applied perivascularly around the aortas of rats. After one week of in vivo transduction, aortas were explanted and probed for GFP positive cells. Upon TNFα stimulation, NF-kB activity and cytokine expression levels were decreased when compared to non-transduced and empty vector-transduced AoAFs. Furthermore, Sirt1-overexpression prevented cellular senescence and protected against oxidative stress. Nanonets containing lentiviruses effectively transduced adventitial fibroblasts in vivo. In conclusion, Sirt1 overexpression in AoAFs may be protective against inflammation and oxidative stress.
Equilibrium properties of spherical torus plasmas in NSTX

Research in NSTX has been conducted to establish spherical torus plasmas to be used for high ?, auxiliary heated experiments. This device has a major radius R0 = 0.86?m and a midplane halfwidth of 0.7?m. It has been operated with toroidal magnetic field B0 ? 0.3?T and Ip ? 1.0?MA. The evolution of the plasma equilibrium is analysed between discharges with an automated version of the EFIT code. Limiter, double null and lower single null diverted configurations have been sustained for several energy confinement times. The plasma stored energy reached 92?kJ (?t = 17.8%) with neutral beam heating. A plasma elongation in the range 1.6 ? ? ? 2.0 and a triangularity in the range 0.25 ? ? ? 0.45 have been sustained, with values of ? = 2.6 and ? = 0.6 being reached transiently. The reconstructed magnetic signals are fitted to the corresponding measured values with low errors. Aspects of the plasma boundary, pressure and safety factor profiles are supported by measurements from non-magnetic diagnostics. Plasma densities have reached 0.8 and 1.2 times the Greenwald limit in deuterium and helium plasmas, respectively, with no clear limit encountered. Instabilities including sawteeth and reconnection events, characterized by Mirnov oscillations, and a perturbation of the Ip, ? and li evolutions, have been observed. A low q limit was observed and is imposed by a low toroidal mode number kink instability.
Measurement and analysis of the next‐day air shipping environment for mid‐sized and lightweight packages for DHL, FedEx and United Parcel Service

The past decade has shown a great increase in the number of direct to consumer shipments of products and packages. As a result, parcel delivery companies like DHL, FedEx, UPS and the USPS have strengthened their presence in air transport. Using cargo planes, they route packages from various destinations to large airport hubs, where they sort millions of packages and ship them to their destinations the next morning. There is a continuous need to quantify what happens to these packages as they are handled both manually during collection and delivery and on large high-speed conveying and sortation equipment at hubs. This study measured and compared shock and drop events for these carriers during next-day and 2-day shipping service. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short note: A compact artificial viscosity equivalent to a tensor viscosity

We present a compact artificial viscosity for staggered grid Lagrangian hydrodynamics on polygonal cells in two Cartesian dimensions and using a decomposition into triangles we show that this viscosity is equivalent to a tensor viscosity of Campbell and Shashkov for quadrilaterals.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation Reactions of Porphyrin-Iron(IV)-Oxo Intermediates

The kinetics of the reactions of three porphyrin-iron(IV)-oxo derivatives with alkenes and benzylic alcohols were measured. The iron-oxo systems studied were 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin-iron(IV)-oxo (2a), 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,6-difluorophenyl)porphyrin-iron(IV)-oxo (2b), and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin-iron(IV)-oxo (2c). Species 2 were stable for hours at room temperature as dilute solutions in acetonitrile and reacted hundreds to thousands of times faster in the presence of high concentrations of substrates. Typical second-order rate constants determined from pseudo-first-order kinetic studies are 1-2 x 10(-2) M(-1) s(-1) for reactions with styrene and 3 x 10(-2) M(-1) s(-1) for reactions with benzyl alcohol. The reactivity order for the iron-oxo species was 2a > 2b > 2c, which is inverted from that expected on the basis of the electron demand of the porphyrin macrocycles, and the oxidation reaction was suppressed when excess porphyrin-iron(III) complex was added to reaction mixtures. These observations indicate that the reactions involve disproportionation of the iron(IV)-oxo species 2 to give an iron(III) species and a more highly oxidized iron species, presumed to be an iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin radical cation, that is the true oxidant in the reactions. Analyses of the kinetics of oxidations of a series of para-substituted benzylic alcohols with Hammett sigma+ -substituent constants and with a dual-parameter method developed by Jiang (Jiang, X. K. Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 283) indicated that considerable positive charge developed on the benzylic carbons in the oxidation reactions, as expected for electrophilic oxidants, and also that substantial radical character developed on the benzyl carbon in the transition states.
Gene expression analysis of a porcine native abdominal aortic aneurysm model.

Introduction We sought to characterize the gene expression patterns occurring during the development of aneurysms in the native porcine aorta. Methods In Yorkshire swine, the infrarenal aorta was balloon dilated and infused with a solution of type I collagenase/pancreatic porcine elastase (16,000 U/1,000 U). Aneurysmal and control aortic samples were obtained at 1 (n = 3), 2 (n = 6), and 4 (n = 5) weeks following aneurysm induction. RNA was isolated, converted to biotin-modified antisense RNA and hybridized to porcine genome arrays. Aneurysmal and control gene intensities were compared using the 2-sample-for-means z-test. P Results Extracellular matrix remodeling genes that were upregulated in aneurysmal compared with control tissue included matrix metalloproteinase-1, -2, -3, and -9; MT-MMP; cathepsin-D, -H, -K, and -S; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1; and collagen I-α1 chain ( P P P P Conclusion The porcine model replicates the gene expression patterns that are observed during the development of aneurysms in human studies as well as in rodent models. The porcine model thereby represents a novel method to study the impact of endovascular, cell-based, and other therapeutic interventions on AAA pathophysiology.
Proof testing of ceramic materials—an analytical basis for failure prediction

An analysis is presented which permits the accurate prediction of component lifetimes after proof testing. The analysis applies to crack propagation controlled fracture but can be used as a conservative prediction when crack initiation is predominant. The analytical predictions are confirmed in a series of time-to-failure measurements.
A NEW APPROACH TO UTILIZING MINCED FISH FLESH IN DRIED PRODUCTS

A dried fish product to be kept without refrigeration was developed, using the mixed, minced flesh from various fish species (lingcod, rockfish, herring, and Pacific cod). Modified tapioca starch, texturized soy fiber, and salt were required to enhance the binding and rehydration properties and sensory attributes of the product. Temperatures of 71-82°C during approximately 10 hr were required to dry the patties to 5% moisture level; 20 min submerged in water were enough to rehydrate the product. Physicochemical, microbiological, organoleptical, and histological tests were conducted during the development of the product.
The optical model for elastic scattering of 10 to 15 MeV polarized deuterons from medium-weight nuclei☆

Abstract Differential cross sections and all four analysing powers have been measured for deuteron elastic scattering from 46Ti, 52Cr, 54Fe, 68Zn and 90Zr at Ed = 10.0 MeV, 68Zn and 90Zr at 12.0 MeV, and 46Ti and 54Fe at 13.0 MeV. These data, and other data from the literature for deuteron scattering from 52Cr, 56Fe, 60Ni, 90Zr and 122Sn at Ed = 15 MeV, were analyzed in terms of an optical potential containing central, spin-orbit ( L · s ) and tensor (Tr terms, all of which are complex. All of the data were adequately reproduced by the calculations, except for the tensor analysing powers for the N = 28 nuclei 52Cr and 54Fe. The best-fit L · s potentials have very small diffusenesses, and the real part of the Tr tensor potential is found to be much smaller than the imaginary part. There is some evidence that the Woods-Saxon potential shape is inadequate to describe the real central potentials for deuteron energies more than 8 or 9 MeV above the Coulomb barrier.
Life-History Correlates of Plant Endemism in Longleaf Pine Ecosystems

Abstract The herbaceous ground-layer community is a key target of restoration efforts in Pinns palustris (Longleaf Pine) ecosystems (LLPE). Identification of life-history traits that correlate with endemism could shed light on advantages or limitations of restoration strategies. We investigated whether dispersal and longevity (life cycle) correlate with species endemism in the LLPE. We characterized plant species as obligate associates of the LLPE (LLO), strong associates (LLP), or neither (N). We predicted that increased dependency on the LLPE (N < LLP < LLO) would correlate with decreased dispersal and greater longevity (longer life cycle). We failed to detect a significant relationship between LLPE affinity and dispersal ability. However, there was a significant positive relationship between LLPE affinity and longevity. We suggest that if dispersal is not limiting, LLO species restoration may depend on both soil properties and the precise use of fire to enhance their establishment and persistence.
Tactile sensation imaging system for inclusion characterization

Characterizing and locating sub-surface tumors will greatly enhance the detection and treatment of breast cancer. In this paper, a novel tactile sensation imaging system, that is capable of detecting and characterizing the subsurface object, was designed, implemented, and tested. A multi-layer Polydimethylsiloxane optical waveguide has been fabricated as the sensing probe. The light was illuminated below the acceptance angle to totally reflect within the flexible and transparent waveguide. When a waveguide is compressed by an external force, the contact area of the waveguide deforms and causes the light to scatter. The scattered light is captured by a high resolution camera and saved as an image. Using the salient features of the captured image, we estimated inclusion characteristics such as size, depth, and Young's modulus. To test the performance of the proposed system, we use a realistic tissue phantom with embedded stiff inclusions. The experimental results showed that the proposed system can detect inclusions and provide the relative values of inclusion's mechanical properties. Using these relative values, we can discern malignant and benign tumors.
Evaluation of distortion rate functions for low distortions

A general parametric form of the R(D) function is obtained. To each distortion function belonging to a broad class and every source distribution there corresponds a D*> 0 such that R(D) can be explicitly evaluated if D ∈ [0, D*).
Comparison of the efficacy of a questionnaire, oral history, and clinical examination in detecting signs and symptoms of occlusal and temporomandibular joint dysfunction

Abstract A comparison of three methods of obtaining information relating to some TMJ signs and symptoms has been made. The taking of an oral history by this examiner was shown to be the least reliable. The acquisition of data by this verbal process is a clinically sophisticated and difficult medical procedure and a major source of error is the bias or preconception that a clinician brings to his observations. Far more effective was a written, self-administered patient questionnaire, which proved quite reliable in detecting the presence of some occlusal habits. This study indicates that the initial use of a self-administered patient questionnaire, even in the hands of an inexperienced dentist, will ensure that certain essential data are obtained and recorded and will result in the discovery that a substantial number of patients have signs and symptoms of occlusal and TMJ dysfunction. The most objective method is of course the direct clinical examination. A combination of these three methods of obtaining information is recommended as an important part of routine occlusal and TMJ examinations.
The influence of measurement conditions on the Hammett acidity function of solid pharmaceutical excipients

In this work the Hammett acidity function has been measured to assess the relative acidity of excipients used in the preparation of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. A systematic series of experiments is reported which illustrates how the selection of the measurement conditions can influence the results of such determinations. Although the technique is somewhat empirical and relies on several key assumptions it is shown that very consistent results can be achieved by carefully controlling the measurement conditions. It is also shown that by taking this approach laboratory-to-laboratory variation can be reduced to a negligible level and the influences of subtle changes in the acidity of pharmaceutical excipients due to intrinsic variations in their physical properties or due to different processing histories can be detected and quantified.
A structural model for the amorphous state of polymers: Folded-chain fringed micellar grain model

Abstract A more realistic, two-phase structural model is proposed for the amorphous solid state of polymers. The model is based on structural evidence reported to date, in particular the evidence from our own electron diffraction and microscopy studies of crystallizable and non-crystallizable amorphous polymers, including near-molten rubbers. This model is different from either Kargin's chain-packet or Hose-mann's paracrystalline model. The two major elements of the model are the grain, which consists of an ordered domain and a distinct grain boundary, and the intergrain region, which consists of molecules that are in a more truly random conformation. In the ordered domain (∼20∼40 A) the molecular chain segments are aligned parallel to one another with a nearly constant spacing. A natural consequence of the present model is the concentration of excess free volume in the intergrain region. The amount of excess free volume has been estimated for typical polymers in their glassy amorphous state and found to ...
Framing the national nuclear legacy at the local level: Implications for the future of federal facilities

Abstract There are several major federal nuclear facilities located in small towns and rural areas of the United States. While many of these facilities were developed in the 1950s to support national defense, in the 1960s and 1970s, some of these shifted their mission to focus on national energy infrastructure. Now, many of these facilities are in a clean-up phase, and local communities are becoming increasingly engaged in influencing decisions about the future of the sites. Communicating with the public in rural communities is challenging when it involves a complicated environmental issue that could have widespread economic impacts. The local media reflect public understanding, so getting a sense of how these media frame issues can be a crucial first step to developing an effective community engagement strategy. A media content analysis of one local newspaper was completed in relation to a major federal nuclear facility. The content analysis is compared to the results of a telephone survey in the region served by the paper and the results suggest that there is a relationship between how the facility is portrayed in local media and public concern. This study has important implications for other nuclear facilities because of the role of local citizens in decision-making.
Thoracic spinal cord compression secondary to metastatic synovial sarcoma: case report

Synovial sarcoma is an uncommon malignant soft tissue neoplasm, occurring primarily in adolescents and young adults. It is prevalent in the periarticular soft tissues near large joints of the extremities and rarely involves the trunk. Metastases are not uncommon and usually involve the lungs; metastasis to the thoracic spine is rare. We report the case of a 47-year-old man with a history of synovial sarcoma of the lower back, with subsequent metastases to the lung, penis, and perineum (all previously resected), presenting with a 3-month history of low back pain and lower extremity paresthesias. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated multiple lesions involving multiple contiguous vertebral bodies, with the mass at T12 compressing the spinal cord. The patient underwent T11-T12 laminectomy, transpedicular decompression, tumor debulking, and posterior fixation and fusion. The patient died six months later due to disease progression. Although not curative, decompression and stabilization of the spine are often necessary in patients who present spinal cord compression.
Structures of gas phase C5H8 radical cations: A collisional ionization study

Collisional ionization (charge stripping) and charge exchange ionization spectrometry were utilized to determine structures of fourteen cyclic and acyclic C5H8 radical cations, including ionized 1,2- 1,3-, 1,4- and 2,3-pentadienes (-PD), isoprene, 1- and 3-methylcyclobutenes (1- and 3-MCB), 3-methyl-1,2-butadiene (3-M-1,2-BD), methenecyclobutane (MECB), cyclopentene, 3-methyl-1-butyne (3-MB), 1- and 2-pentynes and vinylcyclopropane (VCP). The pressure of the charge exchange reagent gas in the ion source was adjusted to generate ions of different energy contents. The structures of the C5H8 ions are energy dependent, and their isomerization reactions can be monitored as a function of the amount of internal energy deposited by charge exchange. 1,3-PD, isoprene and cyclopentene radical cations are identified as stable ion structures. 1-MCB, 3-M-1,2-BD and 3-MB radical cations isomerize to isoprene ions, whereas ionized VCP, 3-MCB, 1,2-PD, 2,3-PD, 1,4-PD, 1-pentyne and 2-pentyne ultimately isomerize to the [1,3-PD]+˙. Thermodynamic arguments are invoked to corroborate these isomerization reactions. The critical energies of the isomerizations are also estimated.
Finite element analyses of shear localization in rate and temperature dependent solids

Abstract The effects of strain hardening, strain rate sensitivity, thermal softening, heat conduction and the imposed strain rate on the shear localization process in plane strain compression are examined. The deformation, stress and temperature fields are computed in an infinite solid which contains a periodic rectangular array of inhomogeneities. The inhomogeneities give rise to non-uniform deformation fields which, under certain conditions, may localize in the form of a shear band. Boundary conditions are prescribed such that the resulting fields possess periodicity with respect to the inhomogeneity distribution. In this manner, attention may be confined to a rectangular region of the solid which surrounds a single inhomogeneity. Full two-dimensional analyses are performed within the context of a viscoplasticity theory which, in the rate independent limit, corresponds to flow theory with combined isotropic and kinematic hardening. Full account is taken of finite strain and rotation effects, but attention is confined to quasi-static loading. The initiation and propagation of shear bands is examined for the bounding theories of isotropic and kinematic hardening. The predicted response depends significantly on the multi-axial hardening characterization of the solid.
Ambushing Random Walks I: Finite Models

We consider a two-person competitive problem in which one player blue wishes to move across a rectangular lattice in such a way as to avoid being ambushed by his opponent red, who has placed obstacles in blue's path. Under some conditions, optimal strategies for blue and red are obtained and the value of the game is computed.