cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism by Which Psychotropic Drugs Inhibit Adenosine Cyclic 3',5'-Monophosphate Phosphodiesterase of Brain

Bovine brain contains several molecular forms of adenosine cyclic 39,59-monophosphate phosphodiesterase. The activity of one of these forms is increased several fold by an endogenous protein activator. Chlorpromazine, a potent phenothiazine tranquilizer, specifically inhibits the activation of a partially purified phosphodiesterase prepared from bovine brain at concentrations which do not inhibit the enzyme in the absence of activator. Ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N9-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), a calcium chelator, also specifically inhibits the activation of phosphodiesterase. However, the mechanisms by which EGTA and chlorpromazine act are different. EGTA produces its effect by chelating calcium, a required cofactor for phosphodiesterase activation; the EGTA-induced inhibition can be overcome by increasing the calcium concentration but not by increasing the concentration of activator. In contrast, chlorpromazine inhibits the activation of phosphodiesterase by interfering with the phosphodiesterase-activator interaction; the chlorpromazine-induced inhibition can be overcome by increasing the concentration of activator but not by increasing the concentration of calcium. Several other psychotropic drugs also inhibit the activation of phosphodiesterase of bovine brain. The antipsychotic agents trifluoperazine, thioridazine, benperidol, pimozide, and chlorprothixene are all potent, selective inhibitors of the activation of phosphodiesterase. The antianxiety agents medazepam and chlordiazepoxide and the antidepressants amitriptyline, protriptyline, and desipramine also selectively inhibit the activation of phosphodiesterase but are significantly less potent than the antipsychotics. Phenothiazines with relatively weak antipsychotic actions, chlorpromazine sulfoxide and promethazine, are less selective and less potent inhibitors than the antipsychotic phenothiazine derivatives. Other agents having central pharmacological actions, such as pentobarbital, pipradrol, D-lysergic acid diethylamide, pentylenetetrazol, morphine, and amphetamine, are poor inhibitors of either the activated or unactivated phoshodiesterase. These findings suggest that (a) the mechanism by which the phenothiazines inhibit the activation of phosphodiesterase involves competition with the endogenous protein activator of phosphodiesterase, and (b) selective inhibition of the activation of phosphodiesterase is a property common to agents which are effective in certain forms of psychiatric illnesses rather than to either general central nervous system depressants or stimulants.
Loving v. Virginia

Loving v. Virginia is the landmark civil rights case that abolished race-related legal restrictions on marriage in the United States. On June 12, 1967 the US Supreme Court declared Virginia's antimiscegenation statute, the Act to Preserve Racial Integrity of 1924, unconstitutional. Richard Loving, a white man, and Mildred Jeter, an African American and Native American woman, were married in Washington, DC, in 1958, to avoid Virginia's ban on interracial marriage. Upon returning to Virginia in 1959, the couple was arrested and later convicted of breaking the state's antimiscegenation law. The Lovings' appeal of the conviction reached the Supreme Court, where Virginia's ban on interracial marriage was deemed unconstitutional by a unanimous decision, due to its violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Keywords: civil rights; discrimination; law; race and ethnicity
AGC Control Strategy Study of Sliding Pressure Drum Boiler Unit

The introduction of direct air-colling system operating characteristics is made,and the cause for unit cooling tower freezing during winter operation,and with respect to design defects for direct air-cooling system antifreeze control strategy,the application of multi-made switching control method is used in optimizing the air-cooled frost control strategy.Variety of fan operating modes is classified New control strategy of the colling tower fan operating modes for classificaetion,with automatically switching based on a unit different operating conditions,the control algorithm,so that control logic automatically adapts to the unit operating conditions,optimizing the fixed value function for unit back pressure automatically,the value function of condensate supercooling degree,making sure that cooling tower does not freeze in the cold winter climate.Nonlinear,adaptive link is added to the control algorithm,and the parameters of the regulator is optimized.
1. On Cardiocarpon

The attention of the Society was called to many beautiful specimens of Sphenopteris laid on the table. These had been obtained by Dr Duns and his predecessor, Dr Fleming, from the old workings in the Burdiehouse limestones, near Edinburgh, well known from Hibbert's Memoir (1835), and from the papers of more recent observers. The species exhibited were chiefly S. artemisiaefolia and S. affinis . An Antholite ( A. Pitcairniœ ) was also shown, in which the pedicels that spring from the flower-like buds in the axils of the bracts, sub-opposite in the spike, are well represented. The author then referred to Cardiocarpon , Brong., and to the species named by Brongniart, Lindley, and Hutton, and more recently by Dawson and Lesquereux. It was pointed out, that very many Cardiocarpa occur in association with the specimens of Sphenopteris on the table.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) in a Novel Molten Salt Aerosol System

In the pyrochemical separation of used nuclear fuel (UNF), fission product, rare earth, and actinide chlorides accumulate in the molten salt electrolyte over time. Measuring this salt composition in near real-time is advantageous for operational efficiency, material accountability, and nuclear safeguards. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been proposed and demonstrated as a potential analytical approach for molten LiCl-KCl salts. However, all the studies conducted to date have used a static surface approach which can lead to issues with splashing, low repeatability, and poor sample homogeneity. In this initial study, a novel molten salt aerosol approach has been developed and explored to measure the composition of the salt via LIBS. The functionality of the system has been demonstrated as well as a basic optimization of the laser energy and nebulizer gas pressure used. Initial results have shown that this molten salt aerosol-LIBS system has a great potential as an analytical technique for measuring the molten salt electrolyte used in this UNF reprocessing technology.
Biotransformation of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (4,4′-DDT) on a Sandy Loam Soil using aerobic bacterium Corynebacterium sp.

1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (4,4′-DDT) is an organochlorine pesticide known for its health and environmental hazards and recalcitrance. The objective of this study was to investigate the biodegradation potential of 4,4′-DDT in sandy loam soil using the aerobic bacterium Corynebacterium sp. over a full year. Two separate conditions were evaluated 35 mg/kg aged for 60 days and 18 mg/kg aged for 200 days. Destructive samples of the soil and aqueous phase were analyzed at 7, 14, 28 days, 3, 6, 9 months and 1 year. The total DDT degradation results for the inoculated experiments at 35 ± 9 mg/kg (60 day aged) and 18 ± 2 mg/kg (200 days aged) concentrations were 7.7 and 5.7 %, respectively. This corresponded to 0.225 and 0.086 mg/year DDT degradation, with the main metabolites observed being DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) and DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene). Metabolite formation was minimal, in the interval of 0.008–0.064 mg/year DDE and 0.081–0.302 mg/year DDD. DDT was seen to remain mostly in the soil, while the metabolites were measured only in the aqueous phase. This is believed to be the first documented evidence of Corynebacterium sp. (ATCC 49955) actively facilitating partial DDT degradation.
Response of Djun and Dfos mRNA abundance to signal transduction pathways in cultured cells of Drosophila melanogaster.

The mammalian proto-oncogenes c-jun and c-fos are situated at the end of multiple signal transduction pathways and activation of their products Jun and Fos, components of the transcription factor AP-1, are able to regulate gene transcription in response to extracellular stimuli. Djun and Dfos, the products of the Drosophila proto-oncongenes Djun and Dfos, are similar in size and sequence to their mammalian counterparts c-Jun and c-Fos and are related to their mammalian counterparts by their antigenic properties. However, very little is known about how they are regulated through signal transduction pathways. This paper has investigated the response of their mRNA abundance levels to three signal transduction pathways in Drosophila cultured cells. Various agonists and anagonists that stimulate and inhibit specific enzymes in the pathways have been tested. The results suggest that Djun and Dfos mRNA are continuously expressed and their abundance levels are transiently regulated by multiple signaling pathways, the peak response coming at 1–2 hours after perturbation. Dfos is more highly regulated than Djun which is only modulated. The receptor tyrosine kinase pathways positively regulate Dfos and Djun. The cAMP-mediated pathway positively regulates Dfos but negatively regulates Djun. The protein kinase C-activated pathway does not affect Djun whereas it negatively regulates Dfos.
Thyroid Function and ADHD

Routine thyroid function studies in a community referred sample of boys with ADHD were examined for evidence of generalized resistance to thyroid hormone at the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD.
Valence and Conduction Band- Structure of Ge Using Theoretical and Experimental Photoemission Spectra from 6.5 to 23 eV

Experimental spectra for Ge obtained using synchrotron radiation (hν ≤ 23 eV) are compared with predictions of a direct-transition theory which includes anisotropic transmission through the (111) cleaved surface. The direct transition-determined structure plot for Ge (peak binding energies as a function of photon energy), as well as other spectral features, are fit well up to hν ≳ 23 eV using a d-nonlocal pseudopotential model. We demonstrate that this model provides a proper description of conduction band topology far (~ 1 Ryd) above the gap. Our ability to obtain these results shows that features predicted by an anisotropic, direct opticaltransition model can determine one-electron energy bands over a wide energy range even in the presence of short escape depths and surface-associated emission.
Putting Rater Confidence in Its Place: A Qualitative Investigation of Raters’ Perceptions on Using Confidence Scoring in Speaking Tests

To provide more evidence for validating a new scoring approach, Confidence Scoring, in speaking tests, this chapter reports a qualitative investigation of raters’ perceptions of using Confidence Scoring. The two approaches, Confidence Scoring and Traditional Scoring, were compared in terms of qualitative interview data of five raters to provide a fuller understanding of similarities and differences between the two approaches. The findings demonstrate that, on the one hand, similarities between the two approaches perceived by the interviewees indicated that Confidence Scoring is based on and develops from Traditional Scoring. On the other hand, differences between the two approaches identified by the interviewees revealed that Confidence Scoring subsumes Traditional Scoring but provides a more flexible way of acknowledging rater confidence in measuring candidate performance as well as contributing a more defensible way of employing confidence scores in quantifying candidate performance.
Challenges and Opportunities in Global Mental Health: a Research-to-Practice Perspective

Purpose of Review Globally, the majority of those who need mental health care worldwide lack access to high-quality mental health services. Stigma, human resource shortages, fragmented service delivery models, and lack of research capacity for implementation and policy change contribute to the current mental health treatment gap. In this review, we describe how health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are addressing the mental health gap and further identify challenges and priority areas for future research.
A qualitative study of medical educators’ perspectives on remediation: Adopting a holistic approach to struggling residents

AbstractIntroduction: During residency, some trainees require the identification and remediation of deficiencies to achieve the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for independent practice. Given the limited published frameworks for remediation, we characterize remediation from the perspective of educators and propose a holistic framework to guide the approach to remediation.Methods: We conducted semistructured focus groups to: explore methods for identifying struggling residents; categorize common domains of struggle; describe personal factors that contribute to difficulties; define remediation interventions and understand what constitutes successful completion. Data were analyzed through conventional content analysis.Results: Nineteen physicians across multiple specialties and institutions participated in seven focus groups. Thirteen categories emerged around remediation. Some themes addressed practical components of remediation, while others reflected barriers to the process and the impact of rem...
Automated dripping devices for vapers: RDTAs, bottomfeeders, squonk mods and dripboxes

The standard e-cigarette involves an electric heating coil that vaporises a liquid solution consisting of propylene glycol and/or vegetable glycerin, flavourants and, frequently, nicotine. Typically, the liquid is delivered to the heating coil via saturated wicking material. However, ‘dripping’ is another method that involves the application of liquid to the coil of a direct drip atomiser or rebuildable dripping atomiser.1 2 Users report that dripping provides greater vapour yields, stronger throat hit and a better flavour.3 Dripping is not without drawbacks. Notably, the higher temperatures involved may increase toxicant yield, although an update examining more contemporary designs may be needed.1 4 Additionally, dripping is time consuming. It requires transferring liquid from a separate container to the coil.1 This process must be repeated every few puffs to avoid ‘dry puffs’, as the liquid is vaporised and the heating coil dries out. Dry puffs yield more toxicants and may be accompanied by an aversive taste.1 5 Avoiding dry puffs by adding more liquid is challenging, as too much liquid ‘floods’ the coil, preventing vapour production. Furthermore, monitoring the amount of liquid consumed sometimes was challenging. ### Automated dripping devices To circumvent the inconvenience of direct dripping, e-cigarette users and manufacturers have developed several novel technologies, referred to here …
Are the hamstrings from the drive leg or landing leg more active in baseball pitchers? An electromyographic study.

Background Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) has become a common procedure among baseball players of all levels. There are several graft choices in performing UCLR, one of which is a hamstring (gracilis or semitendinosus) autograft. It is unclear whether the hamstring muscle from a pitcher's drive leg (ipsilateral side of the UCLR) or landing leg (contralateral side of the UCLR) is more active during the pitching motion. We hypothesized that the landing leg semitendinosus will be more electromyographically active than the drive leg. Methods Healthy, elite male pitchers aged 16-21 years were recruited. Sixteen pitchers (average age, 17.6 ± 1.6 years; 67% threw right handed) underwent electromyographic analysis. Pitchers threw 5 fastballs at 100% effort from the wind-up with electromyographic analysis of every pitch. Activation of the semitendinosus and biceps femoris in both legs was compared within pitchers and between pitchers. Results Hamstring activity was higher in the drive leg than in the landing leg during each phase and in sum, although the difference was significant only during the double support phase ( P = .021). On within-pitcher analysis, 10 of 16 pitchers had significantly more sum hamstring activity in the drive leg than in the landing leg, while only 4 of 16 had more activity in the landing leg ( P = .043). Conclusion During the baseball pitch, muscle activity of the semitendinosus was higher in the drive leg than in the landing leg in most pitchers. Surgeons performing UCLR using hamstring autograft should consider harvesting the graft from the pitcher's landing leg to minimize disruption to the athlete's pitching motion.
Brain Emotional Circuits and Psychopathologies

In this paper, I will advocate the position that psychology must begin to study emotions more earnestly at a neurological level in order to make major progress in the field. Although my style will be contentious, my hope is not to stir more sterile controversy in this troubled area, but to evoke greater enthusiasm for the psychobiological approach to understanding emotionality. I am convinced the psychobiological approach has a better chance of generating a deep understanding of the basic nature and causes of human emotionality than any other experimental approach presently available (although it has no chance of capturing the vast variety of individual emotional experiences in the butterfly net of its empirical measurements). I believe the neurological approach will provide the ultimate foundation for understanding the nature of the affectivelemotional imbalances which constitute the major psychiatric disorders, even though it may add little to our understanding the correlated non-affective content of each individuals specific emotional experiences. It is long past time to try, once again, to blend the neurological and psychological approaches to understanding emotions into a coherent whole, as was attempted by Gellhorn and Loofbourrow ((1963). Another major example of such an attempt in the past was one developed by Magda Arnold (1960). Her perspective was both creative and broad in scope, but it was not especially well restrained by empirical data or sculpted in such a way that it could generate clear predictions in the brain-research laboratory. At the present time, existing data can sustain a more modest synthesis which can effectively guide cross-species brain research and which has the potential to promote basic understanding of the psychopathologies.
COMPUTER GENERATION OF SHADED RELIEF MAPS

Computer generated shaded relief maps have been used in cartography for a number of years. Most current techniques produce monochromatic images which are simple orthographic projections of the terrain surface. This paper shows how the same data can be used to create more realistic displays. The images generated are full colored, textured, terrain scenes.
Fundamentals of Electromagnetics

Coulomb’s law states that for a given pair of stationary charges, q and Q (which have the unit “coulomb”1), that are spaced r distance apart, the electric force between them can be expressed as $${\bf F}={1\over 4\pi\epsilon_{0}}{qQ\over r^{2}}{\bf r}$$ (3.1) where e o = 8.85 × 10-12 C2/N-m2 is a proportionality constant and is the so-called permittivity of free space. Note that F is in the direction of the unit vector r and can be either repulsive or attractive depending on whether q and Q are of the same or opposite signs.
Luminescent Oil Film Flow Tagging Skin Friction Meter Applied to FAITH Hill

The luminescent oil film flow tagging skin friction meter is presented and used to collect time-averaged spatially distributed skin friction data on the surface of NASA’s FAITH model. The technique...
A Deep Learning Based Alternative to Beamforming Ultrasound Images

Deep learning methods are capable of performing sophisticated tasks when applied to a myriad of artificial intelligent (AI) research fields. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to replace the inherently flawed beamforming step during ultrasound image formation by applying deep learning directly to RF channel data. Specifically, we pose the ultrasound beamforming process as a segmentation problem and apply a fully convolutional neural network architecture to segment anechoic cysts from surrounding tissue. We train our network on a dataset created using the Field II ultrasound simulation software to simulate plane wave imaging with a single insonification angle. We demonstrate the success of our architecture in extracting tissue information directly from the raw channel data, which completely bypasses the beamforming step that would otherwise require multiple insonifi-cation angles for plane wave imaging. Our simulated results produce mean Dice coefficient of 0.98 ± 0.02, when measuring the overlap between ground truth cyst locations and cyst locations determined by the network. The proposed approach is promising for developing dedicated deep-learning networks to improve the real-time ultrasound image formation process.
Effects of Maximum Particle Size on the Results of Hydrometer Tests on Soils

Hydrometer tests (ASTM D422-63(2007), Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils) were conducted to determine particle size distribution (PSD) of soil particles smaller than 0.075 mm (fines). Test standards permit soils with particles larger than 0.075 mm to be tested. We investigated the effect of maximum particle size, Dmax, on the PSD of fines. Two possible effects of Dmax were hypothesized: one is that an increase in Dmax makes fines settle faster, as larger particles could collide and accelerate fines downward; the other is that an increase in Dmax makes fines settle slower, as larger particles may create upward flow relative to the downward movement of smaller particles. The goal of this research is to provide experimental evidence and understanding of the effect Dmax has on the PSD of fines, as such an effect is not currently considered in ASTM D422-63(2007). First, we tested eight samples of a natural soil (NS), each with a different Dmax: 0.075, 0.15, 0.3, 0.425, 0.6, 1.18, 2.36, and 4.75 mm. These tests showed that an increase in Dmax resulted in an increase of percent finer values for particle sizes smaller than 0.075 mm, even though the PSDs of fines of all samples were the same. To verify this observation, we conducted tests on a ground silica (GS) that was much finer than the NS, following the same methodology. Tests on GS resulted in similar PSD curves, suggesting that different Dmax values made no significant difference on the settling of GS fines. A computational fluid dynamics model was developed to simulate sedimentation. It revealed that localized upward movement (upwash) by larger particles caused smaller particles to settle even more slowly. The research showed that particles larger than 75 μm could alter the PSD obtained from hydrometer testing. Such an effect depends on the PSD of fines, which is more obvious in soils with relatively larger particle sizes (such as NS) than those with relatively smaller particles (such as GS).
Modeling and projecting implosion performance for the National Ignition Facility

Steady progress is being made in inertial confinement fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Nonetheless, substantial further progress is still needed to reach the ultimate goal of fusion ignition. Closing the remaining gap will require either improving the quality of current implosions, increasing the implosion scale (and correspondingly the energy delivered by NIF), or some combination of the two. But how much of an improvement in implosion quality or energy scale is required to reach ignition? To reliably answer this question, an accurate understanding of current and past experiments is first required. Previous modeling efforts of NIF implosions have shown the need to resolve a wide range of scales (from microns to millimeters) as well as a faithful representation of the genuinely three-dimensional (3-D) character of the stagnation process. Modeling NIF implosions is further complicated by the many perturbation sources that have been found to influence integrated implosion performance: flux asymmetries from the surrounding hohlraum, engineering features such as support tents and fill tubes, surface defects and contaminants, and more recently the radiation shadow cast by the fill tube on the capsule. A model including all of these effects, and with adequate resolution, challenges current computing capabilities but has recently become feasible on the largest computers. This paper reviews the status of these multi-effect, 3-D simulations of NIF implosions, their comparison to experimental data, and preliminary results on scaling these simulations to the threshold of ignition on NIF.
Microfluidic fabrication of wrinkled protein microcapsules and their nanomechanical properties affected by protein secondary structure

Abstract Wrinkled microcapsules have attracted great interest due to their distinguished features, including enhanced adhesion propensity and release profiles. These features could be beneficial for food-related applications and improve the bioavailability of encapsulated compounds by promoting their attachment to epithelium. However, the fabrication of such microcapsules with food-grade materials has been met with limited success. In this study, a facile approach to produce wrinkled microcapsules using a food-grade protein, zein, is proposed. Internal phase separation was used to form zein microcapsules and three acids (phytic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid) were incorporated at two concentration levels (10 mM and 20 mM) to modify the secondary structure of zein in the microcapsules. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the microcapsules, which were characterized by nanoindentation, were greatly dependent on the protein secondary structure, particularly the α-helix structure. The morphology of the microcapsules was evaluated by image analysis. An extensive wrinkle was observed on the surfaces of the microcapsules with high viscoplasticity. Among the three acids used in this study, phytic acid significantly increased the degree of wrinkling and viscoplasticity of the microcapsules. Further characterization with circular dichroism and wide-angle X-ray scattering suggested that a less ordered zein secondary structure was formed in the samples prepared using phytic acid than in those prepared using other acids or without acid, which further supports the hypothesis that the nanomechanical properties and degree of wrinkling are associated with the protein secondary structures.
α-galactosidase A deficiency promotes von Willebrand factor secretion in models of Fabry disease.

Fabry disease results from loss of activity of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A (GLA), leading to the accumulation of globoseries glycosphingolipids in vascular endothelial cells. Thrombosis and stroke are life-threatening complications of Fabry disease; however, the mechanism of the vasculopathy remains unclear. We explored the relationship between GLA deficiency and endothelial cell von Willebrand factor (VWF) secretion in in vivo and in vitro models of Fabry disease. Plasma VWF was significantly higher at two months and increased with age in Gla-null compared to wild-type mice. Disruption of GLA in a human endothelial cell line by siRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in a 3-fold and 5-fold increase in VWF secretion, respectively. The increase in VWF levels was associated with decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity in both in vitro models. Pharmacological approaches that increase nitric oxide bioavailability or decrease reactive oxygen species completely normalized the elevated VWF secretion in GLA deficient cells. In contrast, the abnormality was not readily reversed by recombinant human GLA or by inhibition of glycosphingolipid synthesis with eliglustat. These results suggest that GLA deficiency promotes VWF secretion through eNOS dysregulation, which may contribute to the vasculopathy of Fabry disease.
Barriers Broken: Partition, the Free State, and Empire, 1922–25

The final chapter examines the afterlife of the Irish military establishment following partition and southern Independence. The shattering of the ancien regime scattered Irish officers not only across partitioned Ireland, but also to Britain and the overseas empire. The prominent role taken by Irish officers in the government of Northern Ireland is discussed, as are the prospects facing ex-officers in the Irish Free State. The question of how prominent former British Army officers were in the Free State Army is reviewed in light of new evidence, and relations between the British and Free State armies are explored. The continuing importance of the overseas empire as a destination for Irish officers—as well as for professions which evolved in Ireland in response to the requirements of empire, like medicine and engineering—is discussed. Finally, officers’ experience of dislocation and loss is discussed. Some officers drew an intriguing parallel between their position in the 1920s, as the remnants of a hidden ‘Anglo-Protestant’ Ireland, and the Wild Geese, Catholic military emigres of an earlier age. The plight of these Irish officers is contextualised within a wider discussion of changing memories of the Irish military tradition.
Tracking Electrical Fields at the Pt/H2O Interface during Hydrogen Catalysis

We quantify changes in the magnitude of the interfacial electric field under the conditions of H2/H+ catalysis at a Pt surface. We track the product distribution of a local pH-sensitive, surface-ca...
Intravenous Sotalol for the Treatment of Ventricular Dysrhythmias in an Infant on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

Sotalol is a class III anti-arrhythmic agent with beta receptor blocking properties. Intravenous (IV) sotalol may be useful to treat refractory atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. A report on the efficacy and safety of IV sotalol in an infant on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), who developed refractory ventricular arrhythmias following surgery for congenital heart disease. A 10-day old infant with severe pulmonary valve stenosis underwent surgical pulmonary valvectomy and enlargement of the main pulmonary artery. Post-operatively, the patient developed hemodynamically significant accelerated idioventricular rhythm which was not responsive to a combination of amiodarone, lidocaine, and procainamide leading to 2 cardiac arrest events and placement on ECMO. The amiodarone infusion was uptitrated to 20 mcg/kg/min, but episodes of the hemodynamically compromising arrhythmia continued. Amiodarone was discontinued and IV sotalol was initiated at 42 mg/m2/day, divided to 3 doses, and administered every 8 h, which completely suppressed the arrhythmia. The initial sotalol dose was calculated based on a daily dose of 90 mg/m2 and reduced by an age-related factor as recommended by the FDA approved prescribing information. Subsequently, acute kidney injury requiring CRRT developed. The patient remained on IV sotalol for 3 weeks and then transitioned to oral sotalol. The oral dose was increased to 44 mg/m2/day (3.5 mg every 8 h) to account for the difference in bioavailability between the IV and oral formulations. Serial sotalol levels during IV and PO therapy remained therapeutic on ECMO and CRRT. The patient maintained normal sinus rhythm on sotalol without adverse events. IV sotalol in the setting of ECMO and CRRT was safe and effective in controlling refractory hemodynamically compromising accelerated idioventricular rhythm unresponsive to amiodarone.
Guidelines for Developing Retail Recovery Strategies

The objective of this study was to develop a typology of retail recovery strategies that were amenable to systematic investigation. In pursuit of this objective, this research utilized the critical incident technique to investigate samples of retailers of durable goods (RDG), hotel, and restaurant customers to: (1) identify and classify recovery strategies utilized within each retail sector in response to various customer service failures; (2) assess levels of customer perceived effectiveness associated with each respective recovery strategy; and (3) assess customer retention rates associated with the various recovery strategies.
Meaning-Making Through Creativity During COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an abrupt change in routines and livelihoods all around the world. This public health crisis amplified a number of systemic inequalities that led to populations needing to grapple with universally difficult truths. Yet some individuals, firms, and countries displayed resilient and creative responses in coping with pressing demands on healthcare and basic sanity. Past work has suggested that engaging in creative acts can be an adaptive response to a changing environment. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to describe how entities at the personal, community, and national levels cultivated and expressed creativity in an effort to make meaning during COVID-19. By overlaying the Four C model of creativity on such responses, we aim to (a) to connect mini, little, Pro, and Big creative behaviors with our attempts to make meaning of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and (b) to suggest how engaging in creative expression can be used to guard against the adverse consequences of this outbreak. Acknowledging that this time has been and continues to be distressing and filled with uncertainty, we propose some ways of making sense of current events by applying original thinking across domains. Further, we propose how engaging in creativity can serve to buffer against the negative effects of living through the pandemic.
Aerobic exercise training reduces cardiac function and coronary flow-induced vasodilation in mice lacking adiponectin

We report that compensatory mechanisms contribute to the maintenance of cardiac and coronary microvascular function in sedentary mice in which adiponectin has been deleted; however, when mice lacki...
A Bayesian nonparametric analysis for zero‐inflated multivariate count data with application to microbiome study

High‐throughput sequencing technology has enabled researchers to profile microbial communities from a variety of environments, but analysis of multivariate taxon count data remains challenging. We develop a Bayesian nonparametric (BNP) regression model with zero inflation to analyse multivariate count data from microbiome studies. A BNP approach flexibly models microbial associations with covariates, such as environmental factors and clinical characteristics. The model produces estimates for probability distributions which relate microbial diversity and differential abundance to covariates, and facilitates community comparisons beyond those provided by simple statistical tests. We compare the model to simpler models and popular alternatives in simulation studies, showing, in addition to these additional community‐level insights, it yields superior parameter estimates and model fit in various settings. The model's utility is demonstrated by applying it to a chronic wound microbiome data set and a Human Microbiome Project data set, where it is used to compare microbial communities present in different environments.
Molecular dynamics study of water channels in natural and synthetic amyloid-β fibrils

We compared all-atom explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations of three types of Aβ(1–40) fibrils: brain-seeded fibrils (2M4J, with a threefold axial symmetry) and the other two, all-synthetic fibril polymorphs (2LMN and 2LMP, made under different fibrillization conditions). Fibril models were constructed using either a finite or an infinite number of layers made using periodic images. These studies yielded four conclusions. First, finite fibrils tend to unravel in a manner reminiscent of fibril dissolution, while infinite fibrils were more stable during simulations. Second, salt bridges in these fibrils remained stable in those fibrils that contained them initially, and those without salt bridges did not develop them over the time course of the simulations. Third, all fibrils tended to develop a “stagger” or register shift of β-strands along the fibril axis. Fourth and most importantly, the brain-seeded, 2M4J, infinite fibrils allowed bidirectional transport of water in and out of the central longitudinal core of the fibril by rapidly developing gaps at the fibril vertices. 2LMP fibrils also showed this behavior, although to a lesser extent. The diffusion of water molecules in the fibril core region involved two dynamical states: a localized state and directed diffusion in the presence of obstacles. These observations provided support for the hypothesis that Aβ fibrils could act as nanotubes. At least some Aβ oligomers resembled fibrils structurally in having parallel, in-register β-sheets and a sheet-turn-sheet motif. Thus, our findings could have implications for Aβ cytotoxicity, which may occur through the ability of oligomers to form abnormal water and ion channels in cell membranes.
Utilitarian epistemology

Standard epistemology takes it for granted that there is a special kind of value: epistemic value. This claim does not seem to sit well with act utilitarianism, however, since it holds that only welfare is of real value. I first develop a particularly utilitarian sense of “epistemic value”, according to which it is closely analogous to the nature of financial value. I then demonstrate the promise this approach has for two current puzzles in the intersection of epistemology and value theory: first, the problem of why knowledge is better than mere true belief, and second, the relation between epistemic justification and responsibility.
Online Marketing at Big Skinny

This case describes a wallet maker's application of seven Internet marketing technologies: display ads, algorithmic search, sponsored search, social media, interactive content, online distributors, and A/B testing. It provides concise introductions to the key features of each technology, and asks which forms of online marketing the company should prioritize in the future. Also discusses similarities and differences between online and offline marketing, as well as issues of marketing campaign evaluation. Learning Objective: Introduces leading Internet marketing technologies and presents a retailer's allocation of resources among those options.
Ultrasonic studies in YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ and gallium-doped YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/

The temperature dependence of the ultrasonic velocity and attenuation was measured in pure YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ and in samples doped with Ga. Doping concentrations between 2 and 7 at.% were used. Both longitudinal waves and shear waves were studied for frequencies between 5 and 50 MHz. The results show that the low-temperature peak in the attenuation and the anomalous hardening which usually occurs near T/sub c/ in pure samples is not present in doped samples and therefore suggests that these features are not associated with the superconducting transition temperature. The results are compared with those of other ultrasonic studies and recent internal friction studies. >
Fatty acids of extractable and bound lipids of Rhodomicrobium vannielii.

Cells of Rhodomicrobium vannielii grown at 29 C in a lactate-containing medium were extracted at room temperature with organic solvents. The extractable fraction contained the bulk of the simple lipid (1.87% of cell dry weight) and complex lipids (phospholipids, 4.2%; sulfolipid, 0.01%), coenzyme Q (0.09%), and pigments (carotenoids 1.2%; bacteriochlorophyll, 1.9%). The cell residue contained the bound lipids (nonpolar fatty acid fraction, 1.86%; polar hydroxy fatty acids, 0.49%). The residue also contained poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (0.2%), which was extracted in boiling chloroform. In both the simple and complex lipids, vaccenic acid (11-octadecenoic acid) was the largest single component (approximately 90% in each fraction). The fatty acids of the bound lipid contained 35% vaccenic acid, even- and odd-numbered saturated and unsaturated straight-chain fatty acids, cyclopropane-, branched-, and α- and β-hydroxy fatty acids. The extractable lipids contained only straight-chain saturated and unsaturated even-numbered fatty acids. Nearly 60% of hydroxy fatty acid fraction was α-hydroxydodecanoic acid (24%) and β-hydroxydodecanoic acid (34.5%). Coenzyme Q was crystallized and identified as Q9 on the basis of melting point and chromatographic properties. Q10 had been previously reported.
Counter intuitive relations between in vivo RF lesion size, power, and tip temperature.

Background: Radiofrequency (RF) lesion size in vitro is positively correlated with applied power and catheter tip temperature. However, the relation between RF lesion size, power, and tip temperature in vivo remains unclear. We hypothesized that due to flow, anatomy and tip contact effects in vivo, increased tip temperature would be inversely related to applied power and RF lesion size.
Epidemiology and Culture

Epidemiology and Culture. James A. Trostle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. (cloth). xvii + 208 pp.
Studies on the Role of Guanosine Triphosphate in Polypeptide Chain Initiation in Escherichia coli

Abstract 1. The formation and properties of the 30 S initiation complex and its subsequent conversion to the 70 S initiation complex have been studied. The 30 S polypeptide chain initiation complex contains fMet-tRNA and intact GTP in equimolar amounts. Incorporation of both species into the complex requires mRNA (f2 RNA, poly (U, G), or A-U-G) and large amounts of initiation factor IF 2. Initiation factor IF 1 stimulates 30 S complex formation. 2. Addition of 50 S subunits to the isolated 30 S complex results in the hydrolysis of all bound GTP to GDP and Pi. In the absence of 50 S subunits, no hydrolysis occurs. Concurrently a 70 S couple is formed and fMet-tRNA in the complex becomes available for peptidyl transfer. 3. Under appropriate conditions the 30 S complex can be depleted of its complement of GTP while retaining a full complement of fMet-tRNA. GTP released in this manner remains intact. Such a GTP-deficient 30 S complex can still accept 50 S subunits to form a 70 S couple and can still donate fMet into peptide linkage. 4. At the low (catalytic) levels of factor IF 2 necessary for GTP-dependent 70 S initiation complex formation using a mixture of ribosomal subunits, 5'-guanylyl methylene diphosphonate (GMP-PCP) does not replace GTP. At the high (stoichiometric) levels of IF 2 necessary for GTP-dependent 30 S initiation complex formation, GMP-PCP can substitute for GTP in promoting 30 S complex formation. The GMP-PCP-stimulated 30 S complex can then accept a 50 S subunit to form a 70 S couple. However, this complex is inactive in subsequent peptidyl transfer. 5. A model for the initiation process is presented which suggests that a GTP-dependent translocation of fMet-tRNA does not occur. Rather, it is postulated that fMet-tRNA binds directly to the donor site equivalent on the 30 S subunit. Upon 50 S addition, a 70 S couple is formed. GTP hydrolysis serves to release IF 2 and GTP from the initiation complex. Released IF 2 recycles to catalyze another round of initiation. Release of GTP and IF 2 also serves to "unblock" fMet-tRNA for peptidyl transfer.
Respiratory distress syndrome with mature lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios: Diabetes mellitus and low Apgar scores

A detailed study was made of 150 women delivered of their infants within 72 hours of an amniocentesis where the lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio was 2.0 or greater. There were nine neonates with respiratory distress (6.0 per cent). There were two neonatal deaths, both due to severe congenital heart disease. A mature amniotic fluid L/S ratio predicts a newborn infant who will not have respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in most pregnancies. There is a significantly increased risk of RDS in neonates with a mature L/S ratio if the mother has insulin-dependent diabetes or if there is a resulting low Apgar score. The method of delivery (cesarean section or vaginal) does not affect the frequency of RDS where the L/S ratio is 2.0 or more.
Voluntary Environmental Disclosures in 10-Ks and Environmental Reports: Determinants and Relationship to Firm Risk Premium

Recent studies have examined the motivations of firm voluntary disclosure of environmental and social responsibility performance stand-alone reports. We extend this literature by examining firm voluntary disclosure of environmental performance in stand-alone reports (CERs) and 10-Ks. We model disclosure in these reports as jointly determined, endogenous functions of private information regarding environmental performance and demand for disclosure through shareholder resolutions. When voluntary and mandatory environmental performance information is subsequently made public, we examine the relationship between the level of disclosure and firm risk premium. Our results relating to firms in the chemicals and electric utility industries show a positive association between the levels of voluntary disclosure in CERs and 10-Ks. There is a negative relationship between emissions and CER disclosure. Environmental disclosure related shareholder resolutions are associated with higher disclosures in both types of reports. Finally, the association between disclosure and firm risk premium is dependent on industry sector.
Predictors and consequences of hemodynamic instability after carotid artery stenting.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the predictors and consequences of hemodynamic instability (HI) after carotid artery stenting (CAS). Methods The records of all patients undergoing CAS in a single institution were reviewed. Patient demographics and risk factors were recorded. Indications for CAS, medications including statins, atropine, and beta blockers, anatomic risk factors, balloon and stent length and diameter, and degree of stenosis were noted. The presence of periprocedural hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] >160), hypotension (SBP Results Between 2005 and 2012, 199 CAS were performed in 191 patients. One hundred seventeen were men and 74 were women. Their ages ranged from 46 to 92 years (mean, 73.6 years). Eighty-seven percent had hypertension, 48.5% were smokers, 48% had coronary disease, and 38% were diabetic. CAS was performed for asymptomatic stenosis in 55% of patients, 24% had previous TIA, and 20% previous stroke. Sixty-three percent of patients were on statins, 41.4% on beta blockers, and 92% received atropine before balloon dilatation or stent placement. Overall, 130 (65.3%) patients experienced HI and 67 patients (33.7%) experienced HI lasting longer than 1 hr. Octogenarians were more likely to experience both transient and prolonged HI, whereas angina or contralateral occlusion was predictive of any HI, and female sex was predictive of prolonged HI. Transient HI was not predictive of MAE. Patients with HI persisting longer than 1 hr were more likely to experience a TIA than those who did not (P = 0.045), but they were no more likely to experience stroke, MI, or death (P > 0.35 for each). Conclusions Periprocedural HI occurs frequently during CAS even with prophylactic atropine administration. Although patients experiencing HI were more likely to experience a TIA, its presence is not associated with an increase in stroke, MI, or death.