cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of Mediterranean Fruit Fly Lures in Florida

The program to eradicate the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), from Florida requires highly efficient trapping methods to detect the few remaining flies. Angelica seed oil, which is considered the best lure, is in short supply. Two available synthetic esters of 6 methyl cyclohexene carboxylic acid, the secondary butyl ester (ENT 21486, now named siglure) and the isopropyl ester (ENT 21478), were of necessity adopted as supplemental lures. Studies of the volatilization of these lures under summer and winter conditions in Florida led to modifications of vaporizers and dosages for the Steiner trap that greatly improved field trapping operations. A 2-inch length of ¾-inch diameter cotton dental roll is a satisfactory vaporizer for siglure. A 9-m1. dose is effective for 2 weeks in the field. Partially wrapping this roll with aluminum foil permits the marc volatile ENT 21478 lure to be used at a similar dosage. A ¾-inch by 2-inch cotton dental roll partially wrapped with foil is the preferred vaporizer for angelica oil. For best use of this expensive lure, adjustment of initial and renewal dosage is necessary to compensage for variations in volatility and luring power of different lots of oil.
Losing Manhood Like a Man: A Collaborative Autoethnographic Examination of Masculinities and the Experience of a Vasectomy

In this article, we examine the first author’s experiences before, during, and after a vasectomy to uncover gaps in existing masculinities scholarship. Utilizing collaborative autoethnographic methods, we document some ways the first author’s experience reveals (1) missing pieces in existing research into masculinities and vasectomies, (2) unanswered questions about manhood and reproductive justice, and (3) limitations in contemporary conceptualizations of hegemonic and compensatory manhood acts. In conclusion, we suggest some ways to extend masculinities scholarship by critically examining situational variations in what it means to be a man as well as some ways vasectomy experiences may influence these ideals.
Drosophila endobranchia, a New Drosophilid Associated with Land Crabs in the West Indies

Imagoes of Drosophila endobranchia, n. sp., were collected from the carapace and legs of 2 species of land crabs, Gecarcinus ruricola (L.) and G. lateralis Freminville, in the Cayman Islands, West Indies. Studies of the anatomy and especially the male genitalia, which have some curious asymmetrical features, indicate that the species is a primitive member of the subgenus Drosophila, showing resemblances to the quinaria Loew and virilis Sturtevant species-groups. Thus, it is only moderately closely related to D. carcinophila Wheeler of the repleta Wollaston species-group. D. carcinophila, which is also subgenus Drosophila, is an associate of G. ruricola in the Greater and Lesser Antilles and the Bahamas. It has not been found in the Cayman Islands. D. endobranchia oviposits around the eyes of the crab; firstinstar larvae move beneath the third maxillipeds and thence into the gill chambers. Following a lengthy sojourn there, they move to the peribuccal region and then drop off and pupate in soil or sand.
Acousto-optic Figure of Merit Search☆

Abstract We present a method for searching for Bragg matched acousto-optic geometries that provide the largest acousto-optic figure of merit M2 for both isotropic and anisotropic diffraction. We apply our method to LiNbO3 and discuss the calculated results.
The significance of nuchal rigidity.

“If thou examinest a man having a gaping wound in his head, penetrating to the bone and perforating his skull;… shouldst thou find him unable to look at his two shoulders and his breast, and suffering with stiffness in his neck,…” The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus.1
Incomplete Price Transmission and Policy Coordination of Exchange Rates

According to traditional theories describing the relationship between exchange rates and commodity prices, the transmission of one country's exchange rates change to export prices is complete; in reality, however, this transmission is often incomplete, weakening the effect of exchange rates on trade surplus and aggravating its shock on foreign output and employment. This phenomenon exposes the limitations of a single exchange rate policy. From a theoretical perspective, this paper discusses this incomplete transmission mechanism between exchange rates and commodity prices, explores this incomplete transitive relationship and its effect on export scale, investigate into the determinants of this incomplete transmission, and analyzes the limitations of exchange rate policies against this scenario. This paper also discusses the necessity to coordinate exchange rate policies with other forms of economic policies in order to promote employment stability and growth of China's export-oriented economy.
Test and Research on Hot-Cleaning of Air Cooled Condensers in 300MW Turbine

With the large capacity unit using air cooling conderser(ACC) system commissioning,ACC hot-cleaning becomes an indispensable part in unit starting.This article gives the presentation of ACC hot-cleaning for 300MW direct air cooling unit,and presents the analysis and suggests as reference for engineers in power plant.
The Method of Banknote Recognition based on Image Registration

This paper presents a multi- spectral banknote recognition framework based on image registration,which achieves similar banknotes recognition and banknotes anti- counterfeit. Banknote has both special structural characteristic and local instability characteristic. The paper uses a hierarchical transformation model: the global deformation of the banknote image is modeled by an affine transformation based on Harris corner feature,while the local image's nonrigid deformation is described by an FFD( free- form deformation model) based on B- spline. The experiment shows the model can achieve a high precision on similar banknotes recognition and security features detection.
Incorporating Factors Influencing Knowledge Retention into a Student Model.

The goal of predicting student behavior on the immediate next action has been investigated by researchers for many years. However, a fair question is whether this research question is worth all of the attention it has received. This paper investigates predicting student performance after a delay of 5 to 10 days, to determine whether, and when, the student will retain the material seen. Although this change in focus sounds minor, two aspects make it interesting. First, the factors influencing retention are different than those influencing short-term performance. Specifically, we found that the number of student correct and incorrect responses were not reliable predictors of long-term performance. This result is in contrast to most student-modeling efforts on predicting performance on the next response. Second, we argue that answering the question of whether a student will retain a skill is more useful for guiding decision making of intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) than predicting correctness of next response. We introduce an architecture that identifies two research topics that are meaningful for ITS decision making. Our experiments found one feature in particular that was relevant for student retention: the number of distinct days in which a student practiced a skill. This result provides additional evidence for the spaced practice effect, and suggests our models need to be aware of features known to impact retention.
Elevated Hemoglobin or Hematocrit Level.

A 71-year-old woman with recent fatigue and night sweats but no family history of blood disorders tested with an elevated hemoglobin level and a low-normal erythropoietin level. How do you interpret the test results?
After the Journey: Appraisal

O’Neill’s death on 27 November 1953 produced a few obituaries and appreciations by drama critics and academicians, surprisingly few in the light of his significant contribution to American drama and his worldwide reputation. The muted and minimal response seemed to suggest that O’Neill, the outstanding and successful dramatist back in the twenties and thirties, was not a dramatist for all seasons. Then, three years after his death, with the Jose Quintero productions of The Iceman Cometh and Long Day’s Journey Into Night and with the publication of the posthumous plays of the fifties, O’Neill was rediscovered, and the revival of interest in the man and his work continued through the sixties and seventies. Judging from the enormous output of books and articles on O’Neill, from the many Ph.D. and MA theses written in universities, from the number of college courses on O’Neill alone, from the unavoidable inclusion of O’Neill in college survey courses on modern drama, and from the many productions of O’Neill’s plays throughout America and the world (although not as many in America as so important a dramatist deserves), O’Neill has become a respectable classic, perhaps acquiring some of the academic encrustedness that the phrase brings with it, but a classic that continues to excite students of the drama in a surprisingly direct way.
Exposing Students to Multinational Marketing Dimensions: A Dilemma for Marketing Educators

This paper, based on an exploratory research and experiences of Stephen F. Austin State University, examines the educators’ dilemma of exposing students to multinational marketing dimensions. Several approaches for providing international marketing education are analyzed critically. Key factors which affect the internationalization process are identified to provide certain guidelines.
Buffer Action and pH Decreasing Method in Material Fish Meat of Fish-Cake

愛媛県内で用いられている魚肉ねり製品原料魚のうちで,主な魚種,ワニエソ,白グチ,トラハゼ,マアジ,スケトウダラ冷凍すり身について,その緩衝能とGDL添加による加熱肉のpH降下について調べ,次の結果を得た。(1) 用いた魚種間の緩衝能に差がみられ,この魚肉緩衝能がGDL添加による加熱肉のpH降下に強い影響を及ぼしている。また,どの魚種も未晒肉が晒肉よりもその緩衝能は強い。(2) スケトウダラの冷凍すり身は等級により緩衝能に差がみられ, GDL添加による加熱肉のpH降下に製造時添加される多リン酸塩が抑制的に作用している。(3) GDL添加による加熱肉のpH降下率は,かならずしもその濃度に比例的でなく,魚肉緩衝能の強弱に関係があることを推定した。(4) 鮮肉と冷凍すり身を混合して用いる場合には,冷凍すり身の配合割合によってはGDL添加による加熱肉のpH降下が抑制されるので,あらかじめGDL添加濃度を検討しておかないと保存性に有効なpHは得られない。(5) 塩ずり肉の緩衝能は添加物の種類,量によって影響され, GDL添加による加熱肉のpH降下にも開係するので,原料魚,添加物を考慮して,品質を劣化させないで,しかも保存性を向上させるGDL添加濃度をきめる必要がある。
On the modeling of memory nonlinear effects of power amplifiers for communication applications

Understanding power amplifier (PA) nonlinearity is a first step towards linearization efforts. We first explore the passband and baseband PA input/output relationships and show that they manifest differently when the PA exhibits long-term, short-term, or no memory effects. We then explain the various memory effects in the context of AM/AM and AM/PM responses. The so-called quasi-memoryless case is especially clarified. Four particular nonlinear models with memory are further investigated.
Carrier selective tunnel oxide passivated contact enabling 21.4% efficient large-area N-type silicon solar cells

This paper presents a thermally stable carrier selective back contact for high-efficiency large-area n-type Si solar cells with screen-printed front contact on homogeneous emitter. Our passivated contact structure is based on an ultra-thin (∼15A) tunnel oxide capped with phosphorus doped n+ poly-Si. It is shown that a proper precursor PH 3 /SiH 4 ratio and an appropriate crystallization and dopant activation anneal temperature are vital to obtain excellent interface passivation quality with an implied open-circuit voltage (iV oc ) of 728 mV and corresponding back-surface-fleld saturation current density (iJ 0b' ) of ≤ 5 fA/cm2. It is found that the tunnel oxide is a critical part of this carrier selective contact, and its absence can result in ∼125 mV drop in iV oc . Cell efficiency of 21.4% was achieved on 239 cm2 commercial grade n-type Cz wafers with screen-printed and fired Ag/Al front contact on ion-implanted homogeneous boron emitter. Detailed analysis of this cell shows that efficiency of this cell is mainly limited by the recombination at the front metal/p+ contacts. Our 2-dimentional simulations show that applying fine-line metallization on selectively doped boron emitter can raise this cell efficiency to over 22.5%.
Lack of incremental effect of histamine receptor antagonists over proton pump inhibitors on the risk of neoplastic progression in patients with Barrett's esophagus: a cohort study.

Objective Long-term acid suppression reduces the risk of progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE). Given recent reports about the harmful effects of using chronic proton pump inhibitors (PPI) there is renewed interest in alternative methods of acid suppression. Hence, we studied the effect of H2 receptor antagonists (H2 RA) on the risk of progression to neoplasia in our BE cohort. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of patients in our BE registry from 2002 to 2015. Patients' characteristics, endoscopic findings, such as the length of BE, hiatal hernia size and histological findings and patients' use of medications such as PPI, aspirin, H2 RA, metformin and antihyperlipidemic agents were studied. Results The cohort consisted of 1466 patients with a mean age of 61 ± 13 years. The patients had a predominance of male sex (76.7% [1118/1457]) and Caucasian race (96.6% [1209/1252]). After excluding prevalent high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or EAC, 1025 patients had a median follow up of 43.6 months during which 57 patients progressed to HGD or EAC. PPI use (56% in progressors vs 69% in non-progressors; P = 0.007) but not H2 RA use (12% progressors vs 19% in non-progressors P = 0.162) was associated with lower risk of neoplastic progression. On multivariate analysis, there was no synergistic effect of addition of H2 RA to PPI on risk of neoplastic progression to HGD or EAC (relative risk 0.33; confidence intervals 0.05-2.29, P = 0.262). Conclusion H2 RA do not seem to have a chemopreventive role in patients with BE.
More Property Rules than Property: Revisiting the Right to Exclude in IP

Patent and copyright rely heavily on property rules rather than liability rules: in the event of infringement, courts impose injunctive relief or punitive damages rather than compensatory damages. While this scheme is intended to protect creators’ ex ante incentives to engage in intellectual production, the regime raises many problems for the creation and distribution of new works. In particular, it imposes unjustified costs on unwitting infringers and exacerbates the difficulty of coordinating among multiple parties to pursue projects that implicate several IP rights. Both problems could be ameliorated by strategic deployment of liability rules. The law of tangible property demonstrates how this strategy might work. While we often assume that the law protects tangible property with property rules, closer scrutiny shows that courts and lawmakers use liability rules to deal with unintentional trespasses and to circumvent holdout strategies that implicate real property. This analysis yields three payoffs. First, it develops the novel and counterintuitive argument that IP uses property rules in many circumstances where property law uses liability rules. This arrangement is backwards because the greater notice failures, inexhaustibility, and need for cumulative production inherent to our IP regimes relative to tangible property counsel in favor of liability rules. Second, it grounds the debate over the use of property rules versus liability rules in IP in tangible property doctrine, where courts and lawmakers have taken the pragmatic approach of structuring entitlements to facilitate economic progress. Finally, it identifies three ways the choice of remedies could serve as a concrete policy lever to address issues in IP: (1) We can correct notice failures by creating a “reasonable search defense” — eliminating property rule protection in cases of accidental infringement — to encourage users to search and owners to publicize their claims; (2) we can defuse holdout strategies by rejecting property rule protection for IP owners who refuse to bargain in good faith; and (3) the state can actively cut through patent thickets and similar anti-commons by utilizing — or threatening to use — its march-in rights and authority to enact compulsory licenses.
NF-κB Dynamics Discriminate between TNF Doses in Single Cells

Summary Although cytokine-dependent dynamics of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) are known to encode information that regulates cell fate decisions, it is unclear whether single-cell responses are switch-like or encode more information about cytokine dose. Here, we measure the dynamic subcellular localization of NF-κB in response to a range of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) stimulation conditions to determine the prevailing mechanism of single-cell dose discrimination. Using an information theory formalism that accounts for signaling dynamics and non-responsive cell subpopulations, we find that the information transmission capacity of single cells exceeds that predicted from a switch-like response. Instead, we observe that NF-κB dynamics within single cells contain sufficient information to encode multiple, TNF-dependent cellular states, and have an activation threshold that varies across the population. By comparing single-cell responses to an internal, experimentally observed reference, we demonstrate that cells can grade responses to TNF across several orders of magnitude in concentration. This suggests that cells contain additional control points to fine-tune their cytokine responses beyond the decision to activate.
Bloodless Glomeruli: A Case Report on Scleroderma Renal Crisis

Scleroderma renal crisis (SRC) is a main complication of systemic sclerosis affecting approximately one-fifth of the patient population with the disease. We present a case of a 38-year-old African American female who initially presented with findings suggestive of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; however, the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and renal biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of SRC. The case is worth reporting in medical literature because of its unique presentation and to note the findings of the kidney biopsy. SRC can present initially as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; therefore, clinicians need to be more aware of this entity and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. This case also illustrates that the classic “onion skin appearance” on kidney biopsy in SRC is not always present and that patients can have “bloodless” glomeruli. J Med Cases. 2018;9(7):229-232 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3018w
Conceptual Framework for Nonmarket Valuation

This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical foundations of nonmarket valuation. The chapter first develops a model of individual choice where private goods are freely chosen but environmental goods are rationed from the individual’s perspective. The model is used to define compensating and equivalent welfare measures for changes in prices and environmental goods. These welfare measures form the basis of the environmental values researchers seek to measure through nonmarket valuation. The chapter discusses the travel cost model with and without weak complementarity, the household production model, the hedonic model, and the general concept of passive-use value. The individual choice model is extended to a dynamic framework and separately to choice under uncertainty. Finally the chapter develops welfare measures associated with averting expenditures and random utility models.
Quadratic Approximation by Linear Systems Controlled From Partial Observations

A class of quadratic feedforward control problems with linear dynamics forced by a semi–martingale is solved by recourse to the “predicted miss” and a Riccati equation.
Characterizing water storage trends and regional climate influence using GRACE observation and satellite altimetry data in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin

Abstract Climate variability along with increase in the demand for water resources highlights the need for better understanding of the link between regional climate and terrestrial water storage. This paper examined the variation of terrestrial water storage in relation to climatic influences over the Upper Blue Nile (UBN) River Basin from GRACE Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA), satellite altimetry, rainfall, and Multivariate El Nino-Southern Oscillation Index (MEI) anomaly data. Although there is no statistically significant (α = 0.05) long-term trend in terrestrial water variation and rainfall in the basin (lake storage, TWSA, and rainfall, p-value = 0.45, 0.48, and 0.55, respectively), in the last decade, two visible droughts occurred between 2002 and 2004, and 2009 and 2010, which resulted in water deficit in the basin, where below average rainfall, TWSA, and lake height (storage) were observed during these periods. Extreme rainfall analysis from Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and strong connection between wet season rainfall, lake height, and TWSA, respectively, indicate interannual terrestrial water storage dynamics in the UBN Basin is strongly influenced by climate. Further, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences rainfall in the UBN Basin, specifically the peak rainfall season (June-September), which shows negative correlation (r = −0.62) with MEI anomaly values, which indicates that the El Nino case (positive MEI values) is linked to the dry conditions in the basin. The findings of this study, combined with studies such as socioeconomic impact of drought, will facilitate better planning and management of water resources in water stressed regions. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the application of a combination of satellite and other hydrologic data in understanding the hydro-climatic condition of a remote basin.
Design of a Novel Isotropic 3D Dipole

A novel isotropic 3D antenna on a cubic structure is presented in this paper. The antenna includes an active 0.6λ 0 meander line dipole and two identical orthogonal parasitic meander line dipoles that are wrapped around the cube to achieve a near isotropic radiation pattern. The cube size is 20 mm × 20 mm × 20 mm, corresponding to 0.16 λ 0 (at 2.4 GHz). The isotropic pattern and miniaturized geometry of the antenna are attractive for wireless sensor and RFID applications.
An interactive model of narcissism, self-esteem, and provocation extent on aggression

Abstract To address gaps in understanding how narcissism and self-esteem influence aggression under low and high provocation, participants (N = 401) read vignettes depicting low or high levels of provocation and then indicated their aggression, negative emotionality, appraisals of the situation, and goals. As anticipated, at high vs. low self-esteem, narcissism related more weakly to aggression and hostile goals. These interactive effects of narcissism and self-esteem were present under conditions of low and high provocation, but they were generally accentuated under low-provocation conditions. Relations between narcissism and indicators of ego-threat (e.g., negative emotionality, ego-threatening appraisals, self-defense goals) were generally not modified by self-esteem. We surmised that self-esteem reduces tendencies for narcissistic individuals to activate hostile goals when provoked. Broadly, the findings are consistent with the presumption that self-esteem reduces narcissistic antagonism, and they present a novel and nuanced understanding of how self-evaluation constructs relate to provoked aggression.
Semi-quantitative visual assessment of chest radiography is associated with clinical outcomes in critically ill patients.

Respiratory pathology is a major driver of mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU), even in the absence of a primary respiratory diagnosis. Prior work has demonstrated that a visual scoring system applied to chest radiographs (CXR) is associated with adverse outcomes in ICU patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). We hypothesized that a simple, semi-quantitative CXR score would be associated with clinical outcomes for the general ICU population, regardless of underlying diagnosis. All individuals enrolled in the Registry of Critical Illness at Brigham and Women’s Hospital between June 2008 and August 2018 who had a CXR within 24 h of admission were included. Each patient’s CXR was assigned an opacification score of 0–4 in each of four quadrants with the total score being the sum of all four quadrants. Multivariable negative binomial, logistic, and Cox regression, adjusted for age, sex, race, immunosuppression, a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a history of congestive heart failure, and APACHE II scores, were used to assess the total score’s association with ICU length of stay (LOS), duration of mechanical ventilation, in-hospital mortality, 60-day mortality, and overall mortality, respectively. A total of 560 patients were included. Higher CXR scores were associated with increased mortality; for every one-point increase in score, in-hospital mortality increased 10% (OR 1.10, CI 1.05–1.16, p < 0.001) and 60-day mortality increased by 12% (OR 1.12, CI 1.07–1.17, p < 0.001). CXR scores were also independently associated with both ICU length of stay (rate ratio 1.06, CI 1.04–1.07, p < 0.001) and duration of mechanical ventilation (rate ratio 1.05, CI 1.02–1.07, p < 0.001). Higher values on a simple visual score of a patient’s CXR on admission to the medical ICU are associated with increased in-hospital mortality, 60-day mortality, overall mortality, length of ICU stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation.
Modeling the Magnetic Behavior of N-Winding Components: Approaches for Unshackling Switching Superheroes

The cover of the March 2015 issue of IEEE Power Electronics Magazine portrayed gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon carbide (SiC) switching devices as superheroes, able to make "next-generation power electronics smaller, faster, and more efficient" in a single bound. Indeed, they are largely doing so, in conjunction with improved components and integrated circuits, better packaging, and more sophisticated circuit design and control.
Millennial Generation Perceptions Surrounding the Wood Products Industry

The wood products industry faces increasing pressure to attract the interest of young consumers and potential employees, such as the millennial generation. This study was designed to illuminate perceptions held by the millennial generation towards the wood products industry. The millennial generation, or ‘millennials’, are defined in this study as individuals born from 1980 to 2000. In February 2018, an online survey was distributed to over 1,500 millennial-aged individuals and received 1,479 usable survey responses. Results from this study indicate that the respondents have neutral perceptions towards the wood products industry and over half of them (65%) were familiar with the industry before taking this survey. Certain topics, such as clear cutting and forest damages, received stronger attitude reactions from respondents. Approximately, 71 percent of millennials agreed it makes them sad to see cleared forest lands. Responses also indicated millennials possess weak overall knowledge regarding industry practices. Demographic groups that held significantly stronger attitudes were millennial females, all millennials ages 18-20, and all millennials who identified as Caucasian. This information can be beneficial for developing future marketing strategies, engineering product designs, and improving overall industry success.
Yield Strength Prediction of Titanium Alloys

A confidence interval on the yield strength prediction for wrought titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V is presented, statistically estimated from a recently developed phenomenological model relating the material parameters to material properties. In this study, the material composition and microstructure parameters were statistically characterized using multimodal, three-parameter Weibull, Normal and Uniform distributions to capture their naturally occurring variability. These estimations were used to predict mean square error and confidence intervals on the material strength of the alloy, comparing model results with experimentally obtained data. Model estimation is in good agreement with the experimental data, deviating by no more than 6%. The work presented here provides a probabilistic relationship between titanium alloy processing, resulting microstructure, and its performance.
Introduction: An Overview of the Metaphysics of the Pre-Critical and Critical Kant

This chapter gives an overview of the metaphysical approach to Kant’s early works (1747–1770), which I describe as a “two-world” metaphysics. It discusses misunderstandings about what such a view amounts to and the traditional problems that are associated with it. The basic divisions within the scholarship on Kant’s mature works and interpretative problems within that area of research are also discussed. How the “two-world” approach to the pre-Critical metaphysics fits with an idealistic, metaphysical reading of the mature works is outlined.
Pathogenic tau accelerates aging-associated activation of transposable elements in the mouse central nervous system

ABSTRACT Transposable elements comprise almost half of the mammalian genome. A growing body of evidence suggests that transposable element dysregulation accompanies brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders, and that transposable element activation is neurotoxic. Recent studies have identified links between pathogenic forms of tau, a protein that accumulates in Alzheimer disease and related tauopathies, and transposable element-induced neurotoxicity. Starting with transcriptomic analyses, we find that age- and tau-induced transposable element activation occurs in the mouse brain. Among transposable elements that are activated at the RNA level in the context of brain aging and tauopathy, we find that the endogenous retrovirus (ERV) class of retrotransposons is particularly enriched. We show that protein encoded by Intracisternal A-particle, a highly active mouse ERV, is elevated in brains of tau transgenic mice. We further demonstrate that brains of tau transgenic mice contain increased DNA copy number of transposable elements, raising the possibility that these elements actively retrotranspose in the context of tauopathy. Taken together, our study lays the groundwork for future mechanistic studies focused on transposable element regulation in the aging mouse brain and in mouse models of tauopathy, while providing support for therapeutic approaches targeting transposable element activation for Alzheimer disease and related tauopathies.
Hospital Occupancy and its Effect on Emergency Department Evaluation.

Study objective To examine whether hospital occupancy was associated with increased testing and treatment during emergency department (ED) evaluations, resulting in reduced admissions. Methods We analyzed the electronic health records of an urban academic ED. We linked data from all ED visits from October 1, 2010, to May 29, 2015, with daily hospital occupancy (inpatients/total staffed beds). Outcome measures included the frequency of laboratory testing, advanced imaging, medication administration, and hospitalizations. We modeled each outcome using multivariable negative binomial or logistic regression, as appropriate, and examined their association with daily hospital occupancy quartiles, controlling for patient and visit characteristics. We calculated the adjusted outcome rates and relative changes at each daily hospital occupancy quartile using marginal estimating methods. Results We included 270,434 ED visits with a mean patient age of 48.1 (standard deviation 19.8) years; 40.1% were female, 22.8% were non-Hispanic Black, and 51.5% were commercially insured. Hospital occupancy was not associated with differences in laboratory testing, advanced imaging, or medication administration. Compared with the first quartile, the third and fourth quartiles of daily hospital occupancy were associated with decreases of 1.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] −2.9 to −0.2; absolute change −0.6 percentage points [95% CI −1.2 to −0.1]) and 4.6% (95% CI −6.0 to −3.2; absolute change −1.9 percentage points [95% CI −2.5 to −1.3]) in hospitalizations, respectively. Conclusion The lack of association between hospital occupancy and laboratory testing, advanced imaging, and medication administration suggest that changes in ED testing or treatment did not facilitate the decrease in admissions during periods of high hospital occupancy.
Assessing Language through Computer Technology

In 1998 and 1999, three of the largest providers of educational tests introduced computer-based versions of proficiency tests for English as a foreign language. Around the same time, many institutions began to offer Web-based tests for particular language courses and classes. These two phenomena have greatly added to the momentum of work in computer-assisted testing and mean that assessment through computer technology is becoming a fact for language learners in educational settings and therefore for teachers and researchers. This book is the first to consider the theoretical, methodological and practical issues and their implications for language-teaching professionals wishing to engage with computer-assisted assessment. It overviews the work in the field, evaluates examples of assessment though computer technology, and provides language teachers and researchers with practical guidelines for implementation.
Microstructural evolution of a uranium-10 wt.% molybdenum alloy for nuclear reactor fuels

Abstract Low-enriched uranium-10 wt.% molybdenum (LEU-10wt.%Mo) is of interest for the fabrication of monolithic fuels to replace highly-enriched uranium (HEU) dispersion fuels in high performance research and test reactors around the world. In this work, depleted uranium-10 wt.%Mo (DU-10wt.%Mo) is used to simulate the solidification and microstructural evolution of LEU-10wt.%Mo. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and complementary electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) reveal significant microsegregation present in the metastable γ-phase after solidification. Homogenization is performed at 800 and 1000 °C for times ranging from 1 to 32 h to explore the time–temperature combinations that will reduce the extent of microsegregation, as regions of higher and lower Mo content may influence local mechanical properties and provide preferred regions for γ-phase decomposition. We show for the first time that EBSD can be used to qualitatively assess microstructural evolution in DU-10wt.%Mo after homogenization treatments. Complementary EPMA is used to quantitatively confirm this finding. Homogenization at 1000 °C for 2–4 h may the regions that contain 8 wt.% Mo or lower, whereas homogenization at 1000 °C for longer than 8 h effectively saturates Mo chemical homogeneity, but results in substantial grain growth. The appropriate homogenization time will depend upon additional microstructural considerations, such as grain growth and intended subsequent processing. Higher carbon LEU-10wt.%Mo generally contains more inclusions within the grains and at grain boundaries after solidification. The effect of these inclusions on microstructural evolution (e.g. grain growth) during homogenization and as potential γ-phase decomposition nucleation sites is unclear, but likely requires additional study.
Materials recovery and utilization

Some raw materials are in scarce supply, and the cost of others have risen sharply. This has started the United States into a transition period, from being a "disposable" society into an era of widespread recovery, reclamation, and reuse of materials. The working of free market forces, rather than arbitrarily imposed incentive/disincentive plans, should determine how long the transition takes. It could be speeded, however, if several present disincentives to materials recovery and reuse were removed.
Fructose-1,6-Diphosphatase and Acid Hexose Phosphatase of Escherichia coli

Fraenkel, D. G. (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, N.Y.), and B. L. Horecker. Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and acid hexose phosphatase of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 90:837–842. 1965.—The conversion of fructose-1,6-diphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate (fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activity) is essential for growth of Escherichia coli on glycerol, acetate, or succinate, but is unnecessary for growth on hexoses or pentoses. It has sometimes been assumed that fructose-1,6-diphosphatase activity is due to a nonspecific acid hexose phosphatase. We have now obtained a number of one-step mutants which have lost the ability to grow on glycerol, succinate, or acetate, but which grow normally on hexoses; these mutants are deficient in a fructose-1,6-diphosphatase which can be assayed spectrophotometrically in the presence of Mg++ and low concentrations of substrate. These mutants still possess the nonspecific acid hexose phosphatase, which does not require Mg++ and is active only at much higher concentrations of fructose-1,6-diphosphate. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that the newly described activity is the physiological fructose-1,6-diphosphatase. The acid hexose phosphatase is a different enzyme whose function remains unknown.
Integrated Controls-Structures Design: A Practical Design Tool For Modern Spacecraft

An integrated controls-structures design approach is developed for a class of flexible spacecraft. The integrated design problem is posed in the form of simultaneous optimization of both the structural and the control design variables. The approach is demonstrated by application to integrated design of a geostationary platform and to a ground-based flexible structure experiment. The numerical results obtained indicate that the integrated design approach can yield spacecraft designs that have substantially superior performance over the conventional design approach wherein the structural design and control design are performed sequentially.
The Effects of Swirl and Injection Parameters on Diesel Combustion and Heat Transfer

A single cylinder TACOM-LABECO open chamber diesel engine with a special research head, which incorporates an American Bosch Electronic Fuel Injection System, was used to study the effects of air swirl, injection pressure and nozzle geometry on exhaust particulates, NO/subx emissions, ignition delay, heat release and local heat flux measured at two positions on the head. Air swirl was varied from 0.8 to 4.5 swirl ratio by use of a shrouded intake valve. Peak injection pressure was varied from 35-114 MPa. Five different nozzle geometries were tested. All data were taken at a fixed engine operating condition of 2000 rpm and 0.5 equivalence ratio with an inlet pressure of 1.5 atm and nominal inlet temperature of 340/sup 0/K.
IN THE FUTURE PHILOSOPHY WILL BE NEITHER CONTINENTAL NOR ANALYTIC BUT SYNTHETIC: TOWARD A PROMISCUOUS MISCEGENATION OF (ALL) PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS AND STYLES

In this paper, I suggest that the important philosophy of the future will increasingly be found neither in the “continental” nor in the “analytic” traditions but, instead, in the transcending sublation of (all) traditions I call “synthetic philosophy.” I mean “synthetic” both in a sense that encourages the bold combinatorial melange of existing styles, traditions, and issues, and also in the Hegelian sense of sublating dichotomous oppositions, appropriating the distinctive insights of both sides while eliminating their errors and exaggerations, and thereby creating new syntheses in which the old oppositions are transcended.
Application of ground‐penetrating radar to measure near‐saturation soil water content in peat soils

[1] The presence and flux of biogenic methane-rich free phase gas that is eventually released to the atmosphere influence water content (θ) of peat soils below the water table. Small variations in gas content in peat soils at near-saturation θ could be inferred by changes in dielectric permittivity, but detailed measurements in that range of θ needed to develop calibration functions are lacking. Our experiment uses a new method for varying θ in the sample using elevated pressure to reduce the naturally occurring volumetric gas content in a manner similar to what occurs in situ under atmospheric pressure change, which relevant to understanding carbon gas cycling in peatlands. We recorded dielectric permittivity using a 1.6 MHz ground-penetrating radar antenna at multiple water contents between 0.87 and 0.95 m3 m−3 on four peat monoliths with varying levels of humification and with <5% gas content as is commonly observed in the field. We identified empirical equations that were linear over the range of θ investigated and optimized a dielectric mixing model for estimating θ from GPR. These results indicate that there are differences in the permittivity-θ relationships developed between peat samples and suggest that variability in dielectric relationships may be attributed to peat structure and particle orientation. The empirical relationships developed in this study confirm the utility of previously applied multiphase mixing models for estimating peat properties using methods sensitive to dielectric permittivity. This work is relevant to studies of gas content in peat and the role of peatlands in the carbon cycle.
Determination of extent of formaldehyde-induced crosslinking in hard gelatin capsules by near-infrared spectrophotometry.

Purpose. To predict the degree of crosslinking from formaldehyde-stressed hard gelatin capsules (HGCs) using near-infrared spectrophotometry (NIR).
Metabolic consequences of pancreatic insufficiency in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas: a statistical analysis.

OVER the years opinion has varied on the nature of the dietary regimen which most effectively compensates for the specific digestive defect in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. This paper comprises a review of the literature and a statistical analysis of available data to determine whether the accumulated evidence supports any dietary recommendations. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND All reviews of pancreatic function begin with the work of Claude Bernard. This is appropriate since he first correctly described in two papers, 1849 and 1856, the role of the pancreas in the digestive process in dogs. A series of confusing experiments, many of them faulty, led in the next 80 years to changing estimates of the importance of this gland in digestion. The first point at issue was whether the pancreas was involved in digestion. Some investigators questioned, while others substantiated, Bernard9s observations. Abelmann, working in the laboratory of Minkowski, was principally responsible for confirming the work of Bernard. After the necessity of the pancreas for normal digestion had been established, the route of excretion of the pancreatic digestive ferments was disputed. Some claimed all excretion was via the blood, some were uncertain of the route; finally Hess and Pratt et al. showed that the secretion was directly into the bowel. Hess, by careful dissection, demonstrated that the dog has from two to five accessory pancreatic ducts, and Pratt and his associates showed that ligation of all ducts to exclude pancreatic juice from the intestinal tract always produced marked impairment in absorption of fat and nitrogen. These early reports have been critically reviewed by Handelsman. The observations of Pratt et al. have been confirmed repeatedly. Coffey et al. published extensive metabolic data which seem to have ended any confusion. Experimental achylia pancreatica was produced in dogs by either ligation of all pancreatic ducts or by extirpation of the pancreas. Both operations had the same effect on fat and nitrogen absorption.
Developmental variation of glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors in Trypanosoma brucei. Identification of a candidate biosynthetic precursor of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of the major procyclic stage surface glycoprotein

The major surface antigen of the mammalian bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei, the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), is attached to the cell membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. The VSG anchor is susceptible to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). Candidate precursor glycolipids, P2 and P3, which are PI-PLC-sensitive and -resistant respectively, have been characterized in the bloodstream stage. In the insect midgut stage, the major surface glycoprotein, procyclic acidic repetitive glycoprotein, is also GPI-anchored but is resistant to PI-PLC. To determine how the structure of the GPI anchor is altered at different life stages, we characterized candidate GPI molecules in procyclic T. brucei. The structure of a major procyclic GPI, PP1, is ethanolamine-PO4-Man alpha 1-2Man alpha 1-6 Man alpha 1-GlcN-acylinositol, linked to lysophosphatidic acid. The inositol can be labeled with [3H]palmitic acid, and the glyceride with [3H]stearic acid. We have also found that all detectable ethanolamine-containing GPIs from procyclic cells contain acylinositol and are resistant to cleavage by PI-PLC. This suggests that the procyclic acidic repetitive glycoprotein GPI anchor structure differs from that of the VSG by virtue of the structures of the GPIs available for transfer.
Banking crises and social policy: the case of Latin America and the Caribbean

This paper examines the social policy consequences of systemic banking crises or financial crises in 13 Latin American and Caribbean countries between 1990 and 2010. It takes a rationalist approach to political economy to analyse the effect of these crises on aggregate social policy spending and on four distinct social welfare policy programmes – education, health, housing, and social security – benefits of which vary across social groups. The results indicate that banking crises have a statistically strong negative effect on aggregate social expenditure, but the impact is not uniform across the four programmes. While social security spending increases during the course of crises, health and education expenditures decrease in the same period. The results reinforce the view that distributional conflicts overshadow governments’ response and the burden of crises is unevenly shared in a heterogeneous society. These findings are robust to alternative specifications.
Priceless Markets: The Political Economy of Credit in Paris, 1660–1870 . By Philip T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Pp. xi, 350.

For many years now, the multinational research team of Philip Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal (HPR) have been presenting tantalizing bits of their research into the notarial archives of Paris, while diligently collecting further data from the overwhelming mass of material stored in the Archives Nationales. At long last, this volume brings together the initial results of their collective labors in a provocative and well-written book. The material and the interpretations given it are important both for French history and for financial history. It will generate not only controversy, but also further research, in which the authors are already engaged.