cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A retrospective study of 19 cases of canine myelofibrosis.

Nineteen cases of myelofibrosis were identified among 456 canine bone marrow specimens submitted for analysis. Myelofibrosis was classified as primary in 1 dog and as secondary in 18 dogs. Clinical conditions associated with secondary myelofibrosis included immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (n = 5), neoplasia (n = 4), and long-term drug treatment (n = 4). Drugs administered included phenobarbital, phenytoin, phenylbutazone, and colchicine. Bone marrow necrosis was observed in 5 dogs. Eight dogs were treated with immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone, and 3 were treated with erythropoietin. Half of the dogs with secondary myelofibrosis recovered from their cytopenias and were alive from 4 months to 5 years after diagnosis.
Processing–microstructure relationships for plasma-sprayed yttrium aluminum garnet

Plasma-sprayed yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) has been considered as a component in a thermal barrier coating system to reduce oxidation of the bond coat by impeding oxygen diffusion through the coating. For this application, a fully crystalline, dense YAG coating would be advantageous to maximize lifetime and minimize oxygen diffusion. The effects of nine processing variables on the porosity and percent crystallinity in plasma-sprayed YAG were determined. Two powder types were investigated to compare a commercial, off-the-shelf, fused-and-crushed powder to a specially-processed, spherical plasma-spray powder. The resultant models suggest that plasma torch power and spray distance had the largest effect on the responses. It was determined that the processing parameters that lead to a coating with low porosity produce a coating with low crystallinity and vice versa. A possible route to producing a dense, crystalline coating was explored where a dense, amorphous coating was subsequently heat treated to produce crystalline material that retained the microstructure of the as-sprayed YAG in the bulk of the coating. However, macrocracking in the system due to thermal mismatch and crystallization stresses would need to be addressed for a viable multilayer TBC.
Transnational Hula as Colonial Culture

During what was perhaps the first transnational hula tour of North America and Europe between 1892 and 1896, hula performers received sustained attention during a critical period when Hawai‘i's political status and proposed annexation by the US was a topic of national and international debate. Given Hawai‘i's subordinate economic and political status even prior to formal colonisation in 1898, hula operated as a form of colonial culture that became a part of mass, racialised entertainment on the rise in Europe and the US. While little known today, hula dancers who were previously members of the royal Hawaiian court circulated through international expositions, vaudeville theatres, dime museums and cafe-concerts. This gendered and sexualised colonial exhibition of hula associated Hawai‘i with the eroticised bodies and movements of women. However, late-19th-century Euro-American circuits also systematised opportunities for non-chiefly Hawaiian women to perform gendered cultural knowledge, travel and work. To...
An uncomfortable silence … while we all search for a better reporter gene in adult stem cell biology

The plasticity of bone marrow cells (BMCs) remains controversial. The present study found that persistent injury induces efficient trans-differentiation of BMCs into functional hepatocytes. Mice with liver cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride were injected with 1 x 10(5) non-treated green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive BMCs via the tail vein. In these mice, transplanted GFP-positive BMCs efficiently migrated into the peri-portal area of liver lobules after one day, repopulating 25% of the recipient liver by 4 weeks. In contrast, no GFP-positive BMCs were detected following transplantation into control mice with undamaged livers. BMCs trans-differentiated into functional mature hepatocytes via immature hepatoblasts. Serum albumin levels were significantly elevated to compensate for chronic liver failure in BMC transplantation. These results reveal that recipient conditions and microenvironments represent key factors for successful cell therapy using BMCs.
Development and characterization of a conditionally immortalized human osteoblastic cell line stably transfected with the human androgen receptor gene.

Androgens have significant beneficial effects on the skeleton. However, studies on the effects of androgens on osteoblasts are limited due to the absence of appropriate model systems that combine completness of the osteoblastic phenotype, rapid proliferation rate, and stable expression of the androgen receptor (AR). Thus, we stably transfected the conditionally immortalized human fetal osteoblastic cell line (hFOB) with the human wild-type AR (hAR) cDNA. Compared to nontransfected hFOB cells, constitutive hAR mRNA expression in three independent hAR-transfected hFOB clones (hFOB/AR) was 15-fold higher in hFOB/AR-16, 62-fold higher in hFOB/AR-2, and 72-fold higher in hFOB/AR-6 cells, respectively, as assessed by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Detectable constitutive levels of hAR mRNA by Northern blot analysis were present in hFOB/AR-2 and hFOB/AR-6 cells, but not in hFOB/AR-16 or hFOB cells, respectively. Treatment with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) (10−8 M) for 24 h did not alter hAR mRNA steady state levels in the hFOB/AR cell lines. Nuclear binding studies demonstrated 152 ± 73 (mean ± SEM) functional hARs/nucleus in non-transfected hFOB cells, 3,940 ± 395 functional hARs/nucleus in hFOB/AR-2 cells, and 3,987 ± 823 hARs/nucleus in hFOB/AR-6 cells, respectively. Treatment with 5α-DHT increased the expression of a transiently transfected androgen response element-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (ARE-CAT) reporter construct in hFOB/AR-6 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner; no such effect was observed in transiently transfected hFOB cells lacking exogenously transfected hARs. Moreover, 5α-DHT-induced ARE-CAT expression was inhibited by the selective androgen receptor antagonist, hydroxyflutamide. In summary, we have developed and characterized androgen-responsive osteoblastic cell lines derived from normal human fetal bone that express physiological levels of functional hARs. These cell lines should provide a suitable model for further studies on the effects of androgens on osteoblast function, including the identification of potential androgen-regulated growth factors and cytokines. J. Cell. Biochem. 66: 542–551, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Engineering education and the liberal arts tradition

After a review of the history of electrical engineering education in the US, the author argues that the concept of a liberal education is not completely outmoded, not only in the undergraduate professional schools, but also in the arts and sciences. However, obtaining such an education today is considered very difficult. The author explains why he believes all educated people in the US today should be fluent in at least two 'languages': English and calculus. He maintains that all undergraduate students must also, whether they are majoring in liberal arts or sciences, develop an appreciation for technology. >
The effect of stannous fluoride and stannous chloride on inflammation.

Abstract Scratches were made to the depth of the upper dermis on the abdomen of rabbits. The scratches were covered by patch tests for 18 hours with solutions of stannous fluoride or stannous chloride. Both these substances produced a destructive reaction with intraepidermal polymorphonuclear leukocyte pustules occurring on each side of the scratch. Stannous fluoride was destructive at lower concentrations than stannous chloride. When these substances were patch tested over nontraumatized tissue, no tissue damage occurred. It is suggested that stannous fluoride and stannous chloride may interfere with the enzymes of inflammation. Salts of fluoride, iodide, nickel, arsenic, and mercury are known occasionally to produce a pustular reaction when used to patch test humans.
Baseband pulse shaping for /spl pi//4 FQPSK in nonlinearly amplified mobile channels

We apply baseband pulse shaping techniques for /spl pi//4 QPSK in order to reduce the spectral regeneration of the bandlimited carrier after nonlinear amplification. These Feher's patented techniques, namely, /spl pi//4 FQPSK (superposed QPSK) and /spl pi//4 CTPSK (controlled transition PSK), may also be noncoherently demodulated. Application of these techniques is in fast fading, power efficient channels, typical of the mobile radio environment. Computer simulation and experimental studies demonstrate that with these baseband waveshaping techniques, carrier envelope fluctuations are significantly reduced, and the out-of-band power after nonlinear amplification is suppressed by up to 20 dB compared to /spl pi//4 QPSK. In frequency noninterleaved land or satellite mobile radio systems operating in a nonlinear, fading and ACI (adjacent channel interference) environment, these techniques may achieve 20%-50% higher spectral efficiency compared to /spl pi//4 QPSK. In mobile cellular systems using /spl pi//4 QPSK, such as the new North American and the Japanese digital cellular systems, the application of these baseband pulse shapes may allow more convenient and less costly amplifier linearization. >
Explosion Recurrence Modelling

This paper describes a recurrence law for explosions. The proposed recurrence law fits quite well to the historic explosion data in residential buildings as well as to the data on offshore installations in the North Sea. Generally quantified explosion risk assessment is performed for offshore installations, since it is believed historic data does not correspond to a specific installation and it may not be appropriate for use in performance based explosion engineering, which may in itself require realistic load description of explosion recurrence. The goodness-of-fit of the model for explosion occurrence data obtained using the quantified risk assessment method is also discussed. The paper then introduces the concept of performance-based design, which is an attempt to design structures with predictable performance under explosion loading. Performance objectives such as life safety, collapse prevention, or immediate resumption of operation are used to define the state of an installation following a design explosion. The recurrence law is then used to associate a level of explosion load to each limit state using a desirable level of probability of exceedance during the installations life time.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Design of robust parameter experiments in a continuous space using an evolutionary optimization algorithm

Two common experimental designs used in robust parameter design (RPD) are crossed array and mixed resolution designs. However, the prohibited number of runs, constraints in the design space or special model requirements render some of these designs inadequate. This paper presents the application of an evolutionary strategy to produce nearly optimal design matrices for RPD. The designs are derived by solving a nonlinear optimization problem involving both &#x1d49f;- and &#x1d4a2;-efficiency simultaneously. The methodology presented allows the user to obtain new exact designs for a specific number of runs, and a particular experimental region. The combination of &#x1d49f;- and &#x1d4a2;-efficiency results in experimental designs that outperform the corresponding benchmarks.
Vaccination with EtpA glycoprotein or flagellin protects against colonization with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in a murine model

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) remain a leading cause diarrheal illness, prompting a search for vaccine targets that led to the recent discovery of EtpA, a secreted adhesin of ETEC that acts by bridging flagella and host cells. In a murine model, immunization with recombinant EtpA glycoprotein inhibited colonization by two EtpA-producing human ETEC strains, H10407 and E24377A. In addition, vaccination with recombinant flagellin (serotype H11) generated antibodies that specifically recognized the tips of flagella from E24377A expressing a heterologous flagellar serotype (H28) and afforded significant protection against colonization. EtpA and/or flagellin could be valuable subunit antigens in the formulation of a broadly protective ETEC vaccine.
Residual stress/strain analysis in thin films by X-ray diffraction

Abstract Residual stresses are found in the majority of multilayer thin film structures used in modem technology. The measurement and modeling of such stress fields and the elucidation of their effects on structural reliability and device operation have been a “growth area” in the literature, with contributions from authors in various scientific and engineering disciplines. In this article the measurement of the residual stresses in thin film structures with X-ray diffraction techniques is reviewed and the interpretation of such data and their relationship to mechanical reliability concerns are discussed.
Stimulation of keratinocyte differentiation – a new role for the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1/TRPV1)?

Vanilloids and endogenous cannabinoids mediate their actions via the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1/TRPV1), a non-selective cation channel, which is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system. Only recently, VR1 has been shown to be expressed in keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. However, a precise description of VR1 localization in epithelial cells was missing. To determine this, we investigated VR1-immunoreactivity as well as mRNA and protein expression in a series of biopsies from normal, diseased, and capsaicin-treated human skin. VR1 was found in epidermal keratinocytes, the inner root sheet and the infundibulum of hair follicles, differentiated sebocytes, sweat gland ducts, and the secretory portion of eccrine sweat glands upon immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Interestingly, in diseased skin such as prurigo nodularis, psoriasis vulgaris, and atopic dermatitis, VR1 expression in keratinocytes correlated with the degree of epidermal differentiation. Enhanced VR1 immunoreactivity and protein content was found in prurigo nodularis in which epidermal keratinocytes are highly differentiated. Under effective capsaicin therapy of prurigo nodularis, the epidermis thinned and the distribution pattern of VR1 on epidermal keratinocytes normalized. In psoriasis vulgaris, a disease with disturbed epidermal differentiation, less intense immunostaining for VR1 was observed. This could be confirmed by western blot analysis showing less VR1 protein amount in comparison to prurigo nodularis although histologically both showed a thickened epidermis. In atopic dermatitis, which is characterized by a moderate epidermal hyperplasia only and regular differentiated keratinocytes, VR1 immunoreactivity was unchanged in comparison to normal skin. These findings suggest that VR1 may contribute to regular differentiation of keratinocytes. VR1 activation opens non-selective cation channels with high permeability to calcium, a ion that is crucially important for the synthesis of cornification proteins such as involucrin, fillagrin and loricrin. The role of VR1 in other epithelial cells of appendage structures remains to be determined. In summary, VR1 is widely distributed in the skin suggesting a central role for this receptor not only in nociception but also maturation and function of epithelial cells.
The Carboxyl-terminal Domain of Receptor-associated Protein Facilitates Proper Folding and Trafficking of the Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor by Interaction with the Three Amino-terminal Ligand-binding Repeats of the Receptor

The 39-kDa receptor-associated protein (RAP) is a specialized antagonist that inhibits all known ligand interactions with receptors that belong to the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene family. Recent studies have demonstrated a role for RAP as a molecular chaperone for the LDL receptor-related protein during receptor folding and trafficking within the early secretory pathway. In the present study, we investigated a potential role for RAP as a chaperone for the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor, another member of the LDL receptor gene family. Using intracellular cross-linking techniques, we found that RAP is associated with newly synthesized VLDL receptor. In the absence of RAP co-expression, newly synthesized VLDL receptor exhibited slower trafficking along the early secretory pathway, most likely due to misfolding of the receptor. The role of RAP in the folding of the VLDL receptor was further studied using an anchor-free, soluble VLDL receptor. Metabolic pulse-chase labeling experiments showed that while only 3% of the soluble VLDL receptor was folded and secreted in the absence of RAP co-expression, over 50% of the soluble receptor was secreted in the presence of RAP co-expression. The functions of RAP in VLDL receptor folding and trafficking were mediated by its carboxyl-terminal repeat but not by the amino-terminal and central repeats. Using truncated VLDL receptor constructs, we identified the RAP-binding site within the first three ligand-binding repeats of the VLDL receptor. Thus, our present study demonstrates that RAP serves as a folding and trafficking chaperone for the VLDL receptor via interactions of its carboxyl-terminal repeat with the three amino-terminal ligand-binding repeats of the VLDL receptor.
Active commuting patterns at a large, midwestern college campus

Abstract Objective: To understand patterns and influences on active commuting (AC) behavior. Participants: Students and faculty/staff at a university campus. Methods: In April–May 2008, respondents answered an online survey about mode of travel to campus and influences on commuting decisions. Hierarchical regression analyses predicted variance in walking and biking using sets of demographic, psychological, and environmental variables. Results: Of 898 respondents, 55.7% were female, 457 were students (50.4%). Students reported more AC than faculty/staff. For students, the models explained 36.2% and 29.1% of the variance in walking and biking, respectively. Among faculty/staff, the models explained 45% and 25.8% of the variance in walking and biking. For all models, the psychological set explained the greatest amount of variance. Conclusions: With current economic and ecological concerns, AC should be considered a behavior to target for campus health promotion.
How Substrate Solvation Contributes to the Enantioselectivity of Subtilisin toward Secondary Alcohols

The current rule to predict the enantiopreference of subtilisin toward secondary alcohols is based on the size of the substituents at the stereocenter and implies that the active site contains two differently sized pockets for these substituents. Several experiments are inconsistent with the current rule. First, the X-ray structures of subtilisin show there is only one pocket (the S1‘ pocket) approximately the size of a phenyl group to bind secondary alcohols. Second, the rule often predicts the incorrect enantiomer for reactions in water. To resolve these contradictions, we refine the current rule to show that subtilisin binds only one substituent of a secondary alcohol and leaves the other in solvent. To test this refined empirical rule, we show that the enantioselectivity of a series of secondary alcohols in water varied linearly with the difference in hydrophobicity (log P/P0) of the substituents. This hydrophobicity difference accounts for the solvation of one substituent in water.
PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND APPLICATION IN ANIMALS

Diagnostic ultrasound, a non-invasive mode for imaging soft tissues, requires for its use an understanding of sound and sound-tissue interaction physics. Ultrasound frequencies from 1.0 to 10.0 MHz are created by electrical stimulation of piezoelectric crystals. These crystals are housed within transducers, which, when applied to the body surface with a coupling agent will produce sound waves, referred to as the sound beam, which are propagated through the soft tissues of the body. When the sound beam encounters tissue interfaces of differing acoustic impedance, a portion of the sound beam is reflected back to the transducer which also acts as a receiver. Echoes returning from soft tissue acoustic interfaces are converted to electrical impulses and displayed on an oscilloscope screen as a cross section of the tissue. Lower frequency sound beams penetrate further into soft tissue, but have poorer resolving capabilities, than higher frequency sound beams. A, B, and M-modes are the three basic forms of ultrasound used in soft tissue imaging. A-mode ultrasonic imaging is a one-dimensional display of echo amplitudes versus distance. B-mode ultrasonic imaging produces an accurate two-dimensional cross sectional image of soft tissues. M-mode ultrasonic imaging is an adaptation of B-mode to evaluate moving structures of the heart. Fluid-filled cystic structures have characteristic clear (anechoic) central areas with acoustic enhancement of the back wall of the cyst and deeper structures. Solid masses have echoes in their central portion with resultant poor accentuation of deeper structures. Application of ultrasound to animals requires hair removal since trapped air is a barrier to transmission of the sound beam. Gas-filled bowel and bone are effective barriers to ultrasonic imaging because of their large acoustic impedance differences compared to soft tissues. The position of the focal point of a focused transducer relative to tissue interfaces is important to accurately depict tissue character. For example, the focal point of the transducer should be superficial to the back wall when scanning cystic structures. When solid lesions, such as liver metastases, are scanned a focal point that lies deep to the lesion should be selected in order to accentuate sound beam attenuation. Time-gain compensation (TGC) settings are important to produce a balanced scan with equal echo production within like tissues throughout the depth of ultrasound tissue penetration. Initial TGC settings can be made from knowledge of the focal point of the particular transducer, but may have to be adjusted during scanning to produce a balanced image. Ultrasound is an attractive imaging modality in animals since it is noninvasive and presents no known hazard to the operator or patient.
Intermittency and attractor size in isotropic turbulence

Qualitative arguments suggest that the Kolmogorov 1941 (K41) inertial range for space dimensionality D3 corresponds to a maximum attractor size if compared with alternative inertial ranges in which intermittency increases as a power of wavenumber. Therefore upper bounds on attractor size consistent with K41 do not either rule out or imply intermittency corrections to the −5/3 law. In contrast, the K41 inertial range corresponds to minimum attractor size if D>4.
Workshop: Coverage tradeoffs and power estimation in the design of whole-genome sequencing experiments for detecting association

We consider two cost regimes. Firstly, assuming cost is proportional to the total amount of base pairs to be sequenced across all samples, which is a practical model for whole genome sequencing, we explored the tradeoff in terms of study power between increasing the number of subjects and increasing depth-of-coverage. We demonstrate that under a wide range of realistic conditions for case-only sequencing designs, the optimal power of detecting association is achieved at medium depth-of-coverage, where the power of calling variants is suboptimal but approaching diminishing returns from increasing depth. Secondly, assuming cost is fixed per sample, which is approximately the case in exome sequencing, we show that the optimal design for sequencing both cases and controls includes cases totaling 1/e of all subjects.
Hamiltonian structure of particle motion in an ideal helical wiggler with guide field

Abstract The ideal helical wiggler with guide field is shown to possess an integrable hamiltonian. Explicit generating functions are presented for the canonical transformation to action-angle variables.
A Rapid Method Using PCR-Based SCAR Markers for the Detection and Identification of Phoma sclerotioides: The Cause of Brown Root Rot Disease of Alfalfa

A rapid technique for identification and detection of Phoma sclerotioides, the causal agent of brown root rot of alfalfa, has been developed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplification products obtained from random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) reactions were cloned and sequenced, and two extended primer sets were designed from the resulting data that were used to detect sequence-characterized DNA markers. A single 499-bp DNA amplification product was consistently obtained from primers PSB12499 that was specific for 19 isolates of P.sclerotioides but was not produced from Phoma medicaginis or Phoma betae, or from other soilborne pathogens including Aphanomyces euteiches, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium ultimum, or Phytophthora infestans. A 499-bp amplification product was also produced from root tissue known to be infected with the fungus as verified by microscopic examination. A similar PCR product was obtained from soil samples collected from fields with an established infection of P. sclerotioides on alfalfa. This PCR-based assay enables detection of P. sclerotioides from alfalfa root tissue and in soil samples in a single day, including extraction of DNA, compared with standard methods that require up to 100 days for identification using agar media.
Cool-1/βPIX functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor in the cycling of Cdc42 to regulate insulin secretion.

Second-phase insulin release requires the sustained mobilization of insulin granules from internal storage pools to the cell surface for fusion with the plasma membrane. However, the detailed mecha...
Graphical statistical modeling of wavelet coefficients and its applications

Wavelet transform-based methods are currently used in a variety of image and video processing applications and are popular candidates for future image and video processing standards. Very little, however, has been done to develop efficient and simple stochastic models for wavelet image data. In this paper we review some existing modeling approaches for wavelet image data. Inspired by our recent estimation-quantization image coder, we introduce an efficient graphical stochastic model for wavelet image coefficients. Specifically, we propose to model wavelet image coefficients as Gaussian random variables with parameters determined by an underlying hidden Markov-type process. This stochastic model is defined using a factor graph framework. We test our model for denoising images corrupted by additive Gaussian noise. Our results are among the state-of-the-art in the field and they indicate the promise of the proposed model.
A Game of Cat and House: Spatial Patterns and Behavior of 14 Domestic Cats (Felis Catus) in the Home

ABSTRACTA descriptive study of the use of space and patterns of interaction of 14 unrelated, nonreproductive domestic cats (Felis catus) living together in a single-story house was undertaken, since these behaviors have rarely been described for cats in this common situation.Within the house, the cats kept to overlapping but individually distinct home ranges. The home ranges of males tended to be slightly larger than those of females, a pattern similar to that found in studies of feral cats outdoors. Three male kittens showed dramatic reductions in home range at approximately one year of age.Almost all individuals had favored spots where they could predictably be found within the rooms they frequented. While some individuals had unique spots that only they used, more commonly several individuals had the same favored spot within a room. Sharing of such spots was primarily the result of different individuals occupying the spots at different times, a kind of time-sharing rather than physical sharing. Time-sh...
Cainozoic lacustrine stromatolites from hominid-bearing sediments East of Lake Rudolf, Kenya

A new occurrence of algal stromatolites from Plio-Pleistocene lacustrine littoral sediments in the Eastern Rift, Kenya is described. These biolithites provide criteria for the interpretation of the environment of deposition of many of the hominids so far collected in the East Rudolf area.
Physical Disability and Substance Use Disorders: A Convergence of Adaptation and Recovery.

This article explores issues related to substance use disorders in persons with physical disabilities and the commonalities of the parallel research in recovery and adaptation to disability. An app...
Mesoporous Sn–TiO2 composite electrodes for lithium batteries

Mesoporous TiO2 is prepared stable up to 500 °C with BET surface area of 603 m2 g−1 and pore size 6.9 nm, and Sn–TiO2 composites based on the mesoporous TiO2 show good potential as an electrode for lithium batteries with large capacity and structural integrity.
Alternatives in biventricular repair of double-outlet left ventricle

Wide variation in morphology of double-outlet left ventricle allows numerous surgical alternatives that require sorting out to develop a more organized approach. There is a high association between tricuspid abnormalities and right ventricular hypoplasia with double-outlet left ventricle that calls for either Fontan-type procedure or biventricular repair. With pulmonic stenosis, biventricular repair has been accomplished using right-sided conduits. When pulmonic stenosis is mild or absent, repair techniques without conduits depend on the commitment of the ventricular septal defect (VSD). With subaortic VSD and mild pulmonic valvar stenosis, we successfully performed translocation of the main pulmonary artery and valve to the right ventricle on 2 patients (ages 32 and 8 months). Both patients are doing well 2 years and 1 year postoperatively. Others have successfully connected the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery with intraventricular baffle by enlarging a subaortic VSD or when the VSD is either subpulmonic or doubly committed. With subaortic VSD, although it has not been reported, biventricular repair can also be accomplished using a right ventricle-to-aorta baffle combined by either atrial or arterial switch. We believe that a simplified management plan can be formed in double outlet left ventricle based on the size of the right ventricle, presence of pulmonic stenosis, and commitment of the VSD. Whenever possible, translocation of the main pulmonary artery and valve or intraventricular repair should be accomplished in double-outlet right ventricle minimizing the use of right-sided conduits and reoperation.
Influence of Pelleting Whole Cottonseed on Ration Digestibility and Milk Production and Composition

Abstract Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of pelleting whole cottonseed on milk production and composition and ration digestibility. In trial 1, four multiparous Holstein cows were paired by production and used in a 2×2 reversal design with 37-d experimental periods. Cow receiving pelleted cottonseed produced 35.12 kg/d milk and 31.74 kg/d of 4% fat corrected milk as compared with 33.41 and 29.83 for cows receiving whole cottonseed. There were no significant differences in dry matter intake or milk composition between treatments. Yield of total solids and lactose was greater for cows receiving pelleted cottonseed as compared with whole cottonseed. Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, gross energy, and crude protein were not different due to pelleting. In trial 2, four ruminal and abomasally cannulated Holstein steers were paired in a 2×2 reversal design and fed either pelleted on whole cottonseed for 10 d followed by a 7-d collection. Steers receiving the pelleted cottonseed had higher intakes of gross energy and crude protein. There were greater amounts of total crude protein and crude protein in the particulate phase of abomasal digesta from steers receiving pelleted cottonseed as compared with whole cottonseed. Apparent digestibility for crude protein for the whole tract was not different due to treatment.
Coevolution in the tumor microenvironment.

The progression of carcinomas to high-grade malignancies is accompanied by profound histological changes in the tumor-associated stroma. Although previous studies have suggested that mesenchymal cells of the stroma undergo genetic alterations during this progression, a new study now provides evidence that strongly contradicts this theory of stromal cell coevolution.
153 Invasive Macroalgae on Tropical Reefs: Impacts, Interactions, Mechanisms and Management

The introduction of non-indigenous species is currently viewed as one of the largest threats to global biodiversity. Non-indigenous marine algae (NIMA) in temperate seas around the world have caused significant losses to ecosystem structure and function. However, the introduction of invasive species in tropical marine ecosystems has not typically been viewed as a significant threat despite the number of species that have been transported to reef regions around the world for open-reef aquaculture. The research presented here represents some of the first quantified evidence of significant negative impacts of NIMA in tropical waters. This study characterized several ecological and physiological aspects of one the most successful and potentially threatening NIMA on Hawaii's coral reefs, K. alvarezii. Results of large-scale surveys and a number of permanently established invader removal plots suggest that K. alvarezii is having negative impacts on native species diversity. Interactions between K. alvarezii and coral abundance were examined using photoquadrats and results indicate that the invader is causing coral death as a result of overgrowth and shading. Possible mechanisms influencing invader success including responses to nutrient enrichment, grazer consumption rates and reproductive characteristics were examined. Results from a number of experiments suggest that without mitigation K. alvarezii will continue to spread. In an effort to minimize negative impacts and prevent spread several management strategies were examined including manual removal, use of chemical and temperature treatments and enhancement of native sea urchins. While some of these tools are promising control options, rapid implementation is needed to prevent further damage.
Response patterning as a function of the percentage of reinforcement associated with serial trial position

In Experiment 1, three groups of 10 rats each received 4 trials/day on schedules of partial reinforcement under which the percentage of reinforcement associated with each successive serial trial position within days increased across trials (Group I), decreased across trials (Group D), or varied according to a U-shaped function (Group U). Three of the four daily trials occurred in one (e.g., black) runway, and one trial each day, called a probe trial, occurred in another (e.g., white) runway. Within blocks of 4 days, the probe trial occurred in each of the four possible serial positions. As the probe trial rotated through Positions 1-4, speeds on that trial increased in Group I, decreased in Group D, and varied according to a U-shaped function in Group U. Experiment 2 employed two groups of 10 rats each, Groups I and D, and demonstrated that the patterning behavior obtained in those groups in Experiment 1 was a reliable phenomenon. The results are discussed in relation to response patterning as a function of variations in reward magnitude across trials and a putative ability of the rat to keep track of serial trial position by counting.
Phycomyces: a model photosensory cell.

The unique properties of the Phycomyces photosensory system are presented and discussed. Stress is layed on the importance of this system as an experimental organism for the study of a variety of sensory phenomena.
Prognosis in anterior shoulder dislocation

All patients treated for a first-time anterior glenohumeral dislocation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1970 through 1979 were identified. Of these 124 patients, 116 were available for study at a mean followup of 4.63 years (range 2 to 11). Of the 116 patients, 38 (33%) had recurrence of dislocation: 21 of the 32 (66%) patients less than 20 years old, 17 of the 43 (40%) patients 20 through 40 years old, and none of the 41 patients older than 40 years. Symptomatic instability remained a problem in 24 patients. Twenty-seven of 33 (82%) young athletes had recurrence of dislocation as compared with only 8 of 27 (30%) nonathletes of similar ages. Patients restricted from resuming sports participation for 6 weeks or more had significantly better results than those restricted for less than 6 weeks. The recurrence rate of dislocation is not as high as previously reported. However, the rate in athletes is much higher than that in nonathletes. Many patients continue to complain of symptomatic instability without actual redislocation. In our younger patients, we now advise immobilization for from 3 to 6 weeks, followed by extensive rehabilitation before return to athletic activity.
A comparative study of the differentiation and involution of the Mullerian duct and Wolffian duct in the male and female fetal mouse.

The present investigation has examined the ultrastructural differentiation of the genital ducts of both sexes of fetal mice. The emphasis of observations was placed on the phenomenon of morphogenetic cytolysis, particularly during the critical periods of Wolffian duct stabilization and Mullerian duct involution. Both developing and regressing genital ducts evidence extensive cytolysis. Autophagy appears to be the mechanism of morphogenetic change in the developing male Wolffian duct. Autophagy, heterophagy, and degeneration in situ are all prominent cytolytic activities in female Wolffian duct involution. The developing female Mullerian duct undergoes extensive morphogenetic remodeling by the mechanisms of autophagy, heterophagy, and degeneration in situ. In the male Mullerian duct, autophagy, heterophagy, and degeneration in situ are also prominent. In addition, whole degenerated epithelial cells are extruded from the duct early in regression which may be related to the transformation of periductal mesenchymal cells into an “epithelioid cell cuff” which does not form around the regressing Wolffian duct. The formation of this mesenchymal condensation surrounding the duct is also accompanied by the protrusion of Mullerian epithelial cell cytoplasm into the mesenchymal cells. These observations may evidence a complex epithelial-mesenchymal interaction occurring during male Mullerian duct involution.
Prediction-Based Asynchronous CPU-Budget Allocation for Soft-Real-Time Applications

An application is said to be soft real-time if it is able to tolerate occasional violations of its timing constraints. The overall CPU utilization of a soft real-time system can be improved by exploiting the relaxed nature of its timing constraints. One possible approach is by adapting CPU-budgets in reservation-based schedulers. Reservation-based schedulers allow parts of the system and groups of tasks to be isolated from one another. By making the reservations adaptive, resources such as CPU can be allocated to tasks based on current usage rather than worst-case usage, which can help to improve the overall utilization of CPU time committed to tasks. This paper presents an adaptive budget allocation algorithm where the allocated budget is adapted at reservation-period boundaries based on predictions of future CPU usage. This approach differs from previous algorithms where adaptations are performed on job completion. Simulation results show that adaptations at reservation-period boundaries allow for a faster response time. Results from experiments performed on a prototype demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed system.
Application of Quantum Dots to Solar Cells to Increase Efficiency

The goal of this work is to increase the efficiency of conventional solar cells by incorporating quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles in the absorption mechanism. The strategy is to have the QDs absorb UV and fluoresce photons in the visible region that are more readily absorbed by the cells. The outcome is that the cells have more visible photons to absorb and have increased power output. The QDs, having a CdSe core and a ZnS shell, were applied to the solar cells as follows: (1) The QDs were first synthesized in a solution. (2) They were then removed from the solution and dried. (3) The dried QDs are then deposited into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and the PDMS/QD composite is allowed to cure. (4) The cured sample is applied to a silicon solar panel. The panel with the PDMS/QD application outputs 2.5% more power than the one without, under identical AM1.5 illumination using QDs that fluoresce in the orange region. This work demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating QDs to increase the efficiency of conventional solar cells. Because the cells absorb better in the red region, future effort will be to use QDs that fluoresce in that region to further boost cell output.
Fully Automated Reduction of Ocular Artifacts in High-Dimensional Neural Data

The reduction of artifacts in neural data is a key element in improving analysis of brain recordings and the development of effective brain-computer interfaces. This complex problem becomes even more difficult as the number of channels in the neural recording is increased. Here, new techniques based on wavelet thresholding and independent component analysis (ICA) are developed for use in high-dimensional neural data. The wavelet technique uses a discrete wavelet transform with a Haar basis function to localize artifacts in both time and frequency before removing them with thresholding. Wavelet decomposition level is automatically selected based on the smoothness of artifactual wavelet approximation coefficients. The ICA method separates the signal into independent components, detects artifactual components by measuring the offset between the mean and median of each component, and then removing the correct number of components based on the aforementioned offset and the power of the reconstructed signal. A quantitative method for evaluating these techniques is also presented. Through this evaluation, the novel adaptation of wavelet thresholding is shown to produce superior reduction of ocular artifacts when compared to regression, principal component analysis, and ICA.
Calcineurin-mediated signaling in skeletal muscle

Calcineurin (Cn; protein phosphatase 2B) is a calcium-activated phosphatase that is highly conserved among eukaryotes. Calcineurin dephosphorylates a wide variety of substrates making it a versatile second messenger for intracellular calcium signals in many tissues. In muscle, Cn transduces signals that determine fiber type, hypertrophy, and commitment to the myogenic lineage. Calcineurin-mediated fiber transitions of fast to slow involve the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the transcription factor, NFAT. Less is known about the Cn-mediated signaling pathways that promote muscle hypertrophy and expression of the fast phenotype, although they are undoubtedly intertwined with a variety of other signaling pathways. This paper reviews Cn-dependent signaling in muscle with special emphasis on the role of Cn in mediating fiber type transitions and muscle hypertrophy. To open the door on the role and extent of Cn-mediated signaling in livestock, evidence is presented that in callipyge lambs Cn actively mediates m...
Strain-Induced Three-Dimensional Microfabrication for Advanced Antenna Architectures

Recently, techniques known as 'micro-origami' or 'strain architecture' have emerged for fabrication of out-of-plane micro-and nanostructures by relaxation of a pair of strain- mismatched thin films. Applications of such structures include optical reflectors, actuators and microcoils for antenna applications.
Analysis and synthesis techniques for Hopfield type synchronous discrete time neural networks with application to associative memory

A qualitative theory for synchronous discrete time Hopfield-type neural networks is established. The authors' objectives are accomplished in two phases. First, they address the analysis of the class of neural networks considered. Next, making use of these results, they develop a synthesis procedure for the class of neural networks considered. In the analysis section, techniques from the theory of large-scale interconnected dynamical systems are used to derive tests for the asymptotic stability of an equilibrium of the neural network. Estimates for the rate at which the trajectories of the network will converge from an initial condition to a final state are presented. In the synthesis section the stability tests from the analysis section are used as constraints to develop a design algorithm for associative memories. The algorithm presented guarantees that each desired memory will be stored as an equilibrium, and that each desired memory will be asymptotically stable. The applicability of these results is demonstrated by means of two specific examples. >
Atmospheric heating in the auroral zones- a preliminary analysis of the atmospheric drag of the injun 3 satellite

Upper atmosphere heating in auroral zones during geomagnetic perturbations - analysis of atmospheric drag data from injun iii satellite
Interpreting Observations of Physical Systems

An unsolved problem in creating diagnostic expert systems is generating a qualitative understanding of how the system is behaving from raw data, especially numerical data taken across time. Yet automating this critical step is necessary for building the next generation of expert systems. The theory described provides a means of interpreting observations made of a physical system across time in terms of qualitative theories. Importantly, the theory is ontology-independent as well as domain-independent in that it only requires a qualitative description of the domain capable of supporting envisioning and domain-specific techniques for providing an initial qualitative description of numerical measurements. The theory is illustrated step by step with two extended examples, one involving qualitative process theory and the other involving a qualitative state vector representation of motion. The performance of an implementation of the theory is also illustrated.
A Broadband, Electric-Field Probe Using Resistively Tapered Dipoles, 100 kHz-18 GHz

This paper discusses the theoretical, design, fabrication, evaluation, and calibration aspects of a prototype broadband electric-field probe. Its resistively tapered miniature dipole elements allow measurement of electric fields between 1 and 1600 V/m from 1 MHz to 15 GHz, with a flatness of +-2 dB and an isotropic response of +-0.3 dB.
Dynamic Optimization: Basic Results

Most engineering systems are time-dependent. Their temporal behavior is usually characterized by differential equations which are obtained by the fundamental laws of physics. For example, the motion of a vehicle could be obtained by the laws of mechanics and the heat flow from a room to the ambient by the laws of thermodynamics. It is well known that the dynamics of a large class of engineering systems can be expressed as differential equations of the form: $$ \mathop {{x_i}}\limits^. = {f_i}({x_1},...,{x_n},{u_1},....,{u_m},t),\quad i = 1,...,n $$ (4.1) where t is time, x z are state variables of the system such as generalized coordinates or their time derivatives, u i are the control inputs to the system that can be specified, and f i are generally nonlinear functions of the state variables and the control inputs. From an initial condition and given control inputs u 1(t),...,u m (t), the trajectory of the state variables x 1(t) can be computed analytically or numerically. For example, the rectilinear motion of a particle of unit mass under the action of an input force can be described by the differential equation ẍ= u, where x represents the rectilinear position and u the input force. This second-order differential equation can be rewritten as a set of two first-order differential equations ẋ 1 = ẋ 2 = u, consistent with the form of Eq. (4.1), where x 1 =x. In this example, the position x 1 and velocity x 2 of the particle can be computed once the time profile of the input u(t) is specified.