cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slag/seed interaction in coal-fired MHD generators

An analytical investigation of slag/seed interaction phenomena in coal-fired MHD generators is presented. A two-dimensional boundary-layer model, including potassium seed mass transfer to the slag layer, was developed. Work on the chemistry of the seeded plasma/slag system performed in conjunction with the modeling approach is also discussed. The model is used to study slag/seed interaction effects on a 275 MWth first-generation MHD power train. The simulations show that seed losses in the channel are small under normal operating conditions. The slag layer coating the walls, rather than the entrained droplets, is where most of the seed absorption takes place. I. Introduction A COAL-FIRED MHD open-cycle topping a conventional steam cycle can provide a way to achieve high efficiency in the production of electricity from the combustion of a fossil fuel. The combustion products of coal are rendered electrically conductive by seeding the flow with a readily ionizable material such as potassium. As a result of combustion, mineral matter in coal is converted to molten slag. A portion of the slag is carried over from the combustor into the MHD channel and a liquid slag layer develops on the generator walls. The presence of the slag layer induces effects that can reduce the overall efficiency of the MHD plant. Slag (being mostly silica and alumina) combines with the potassium in the gas phase forming a
Carrageenans of species of Eucheuma J. Agardh and Kappaphycus Doty (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta)

Abstract An analysis of the carrageenans of species related to Eucheuma J. Agardh showed that all the members of the genus Kappaphycus Doty contain kappa carrageenan. The species of the sections Eucheuma and Anaxiferae of the genus Eucheuma, as well as Eucheuma perplexum Doty and E. kraftianum Doty, which are taxonomically included in section Gelatiformia, yeild only iota carrageenan after strong alkali treatment. The other four species in the section Gelatiformia, i.e. Eucheuma odontophorum Boergesen, E. platycladum Schmitz, E. gelatinae (Esper) J. Agardh and E. speciosum (Sonder) J. Agardh, all yield mainly kappa carrageenan after strong alkali modification. The last two species also contain beta carrageenan.
A Bioluminescent Whole-Cell Reporter for Detection of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenol in Soil

A bioreporter was made containing a tfdRP(DII)-luxCDABE fusion in a modified mini-Tn5 construct. When it was introduced into the chromosome of Ralstonia eutropha JMP134, the resulting strain, JMP134-32, produced a sensitive bioluminescent response to 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at concentrations of 2.0 microM to 5.0 mM. This response was linear (R(2) = 0.9825) in the range of 2.0 microM to 1.1 x 10(2) microM. Saturation occurred at higher concentrations, with maximal bioluminescence occurring in the presence of approximately 1.2 mM 2,4-D. A sensitive response was also recorded in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenol at concentrations below 1.1 x 10(2) microM; however, only a limited bioluminescent response was recorded in the presence of 3-chlorobenzoic acid at concentrations below 1.0 mM. A significant bioluminescent response was also recorded when strain JMP134-32 was incubated with soils containing aged 2,4-D residues.
Response of mouse intestine to neutrons and gamma rays in relation to dose fractionation and division cycle.

Using an assay for jejunal crypt stem cell survival, the biological effectiveness of two cyclotron-produced neutron beams relative to one another and to 60Co γ-radiation has been determined at doses of the order used per fraction in clinical trials of neutrons. Dose survival curves were determined using up to 5 doses of neutrons and up to 20 dose-fractions of γ rays. There is little sparing of jejunal mucosa as a result of repair of sublethal injury during intervals between neutron dose fractions, whereas such repair is considerable when γ-ray doses are fractionated. The response of jejunal crypt stem cells to both neutron and gamma radiation shows considerable variation throughout the division cycle, but the variation is less with neutrons.
Morphology of hydrothermally synthesized ZnO nanoparticles tethered to carbon nanotubes affects electrocatalytic activity for H2O2 detection.

Abstract We describe the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and demonstrate their attachment to multiwalled carbon tubes, resulting in a composite with a unique synergistic effect. Morphology and size of ZnO nanostructures were controlled using hydrothermal synthesis, varying the hydrothermal treatment temperature, prior to attachment to carboxylic acid functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for sensing applications. A strong dependence of electrocatalytic activity on nanosized ZnO shape was shown. High activity for H 2 O 2 reduction was achieved when nanocomposite precursors with a roughly semi-spherical morphology (no needle-like particles present) formed at 90 °C. A 2.4-fold increase in cyclic voltammetry current accompanied by decrease in overpotential from the composites made from the nanosized, needle-like-free ZnO shapes was observed as compared to those composites produced from needle-like shaped ZnO. Electrocatalytic activity varied with pH, maximizing at pH 7.4. A stable, linear response for H 2 O 2 concentrations was observed in the 1–20 mM concentration range.
Association of novel biomarkers with future cardiovascular events is influenced by ethnicity: results from a multi-ethnic cohort.

Abstract Background We sought to define the influence of ethnicity on associations between novel biomarkers and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events among Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study participants, a community based population of asymptomatic US adults. Methods Baseline (log transformed) levels of biomarkers namely C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6), D-dimer, plasmin–antiplasmin complex (PAP) and factor VIII were used to predict the cumulative incidence of all CVD events in an ethnicity stratified study cohort from Cox-proportional hazard analysis where models were adjusted for relevant confounders. Results Ethnic cohorts included 2362 Caucasians, 1601 African Americans, 1353 Hispanics, and 751 Chinese. At mean 4.6years of follow-up, 286 CVD events were identified with cumulative incidence of 11.3% in Caucasians, 9.8% in African Americans, 11.3% in Hispanics and 6.9% in Chinese. Biomarker risk association with CVD events incidence was significantly influenced by ethnicity with positive association (HR, 95% CI, p value) being shown for: CRP among Caucasians only (1.23, 1.04–1.47, Conclusion Study results from a vast, ethnically diverse, asymptomatic US adult population suggest that biomarker association with incident CVD events is significantly influenced by ethnicity.
Uncivil Youth: Race, Activism, and Affirmative Governmentality

Over the past decade, scholar-activists, especially women of color, have increasingly assessed the role of non-profits in the co-optation of social movements. Most important has been the anthology ...
T-cell receptor Vβ8. 1 peptide reduces coxsackievirus-induced cardiopathology in aged mice

Viral myocarditis is an important cause of heart failure and cardiomyopathy. Immunosenescence, characterized by a dramatic reduction in immune responsiveness, can increase susceptibility to cardiopathology from viral infections. The T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβ 8.1 peptide, a 16-merpeptide, has shown immuno-regulating and immunostimulating effects in viral-induced immunodeficiency. In our study, 18-mo-old C57BI/6 female mice were treated twice with TCR Vβ8.1 peptide and 10 d before sacrifice were injected ip with coxsackievirus B3. Cardiac histopathology was assessed for lesion severity. Splenocyte cytokine production (interleukin-2,-4,-6, interferon-γ) and heart viral titers were determined. Our data suggest that immunosenescence suppressed both T helper (Th1) and Th2 cytokine production and that treatment with TCR Vβ8.1 peptide induced cytokine stimulation close to levels seen in young mice. Nontreated aged mice developed some degree of myocarditis (75% mild and 25% severe), whereas only 35% of the peptide-treated aged group developed cardiopathology, with 25% being mild and 10% severe. Heart tissue from nontreated aged mice infected with coxsackievirus had a higher viral titer than hearts of aged mice equally infected but treated with the peptide. In conclusion, TCR Vβ8.1 peptide induced immunoregulation, and inhibited or reduced coxsackievirus B3-induced, cardiopathology in aged mice.
Evidence for Predation by Young-of-the-year Alewife and Bloater Chub on Bythotrephes cederstroemi in Lake Michigan

Abstract The recent invasion of Bythotrephes cederstroemi into the Great Lakes has raised speculation as to its potential effects on the resident food webs. Its long tailspine has been implicated as a post-contact, antipredatory adaptation against small fishes but few field data exist on this subject. Here we present results of gut content analyses on 25 young-of-the-year alewife ( Alosa pseudoharengus ) and 84 young-of-the-year bloater chub ( Coregonus hoyi ) collected from Lake Michigan by mid-water trawl during August and September of 1988 and 1990. Alewife of 39.4–59.6 mm and bloater chub of 29.4–55.8 mm standard length contained remains of Bythotrephes . Although limited, these data lower the size range at which alewife and bloater chub in Lake Michigan have been found to eat Bythotrephes. Bythotrephes remains were counted in fish guts by numbers of tailspine kinks and mandible pairs. In bloater chub we found 1.2 times more tailspine kinks than mandible pairs but in alewife guts we found 9.4 times more tailspine kinks than mandible pairs suggesting that tailspine kinks were more strongly retained over mandibles in alewife compared to bloater chub.
Analysis of DNA fragmentation, plasma membrane translocation of phosphatidylserine and oxidative stress in human spermatozoa

UNLABELLED The objectives of this cross-sectional observational study were: (i) to detect DNA damage and plasma membrane translocation of phosphatidylserine in purified sperm populations of high and low motility, and (ii) to analyse their relationship with the endogenous generation of reactive oxygen species. Ejaculates from infertile men were examined following gradient centrifugation. The main outcome measures were: sperm motion parameters (assessed with a computer analyser), generation of reactive oxygen species (measured by chemiluminescence), DNA damage (detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUDP nick-end labelling and monoclonal antibody labelling of single-stranded DNA) and translocation of membrane phosphatidylserine (examined with annexin V staining). DNA fragmentation and membrane translocation of phosphatidyl-serine were observed in the fractions with low and high sperm motility in all patients. The fractions with low sperm motility had significantly higher proportion of cells with DNA damage and production of reactive oxygen species than the fractions with high sperm motility (P < 0.005). DNA fragmentation was significantly and positively correlated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (r = 0.42; P = 0.02). IN CONCLUSION (i) spermatozoa from infertile men display translocation of membrane phosphatidylserine as diagnosed by annexin V positive staining; (ii) DNA damage (fragmentation and presence of single-stranded DNA) can be detected in ejaculated spermatozoa from infertile men in fractions with low and high sperm motility, and (iii) there is a relationship between DNA damage and oxidative stress.
Electronic structure and electrophilic reactivity of discrete copper diphenylcarbenes

Abstract The β-diketiminato Cu(I) arene adduct {[Me3NN]Cu}2(μ-toluene) (3) is prepared in 62% isolated yield by addition of the neutral β-diketimine H[Me3NN] to copper t-butoxide in toluene. An X-ray structure of 3 shows that the bridging toluene ligand exhibits η2-bonding to each Cu center via four contiguous C atoms. Reaction of the dicopper 3 with 1 equiv. N2CPh2 provides {[Me3NN]Cu}2(μ-CPh2) (4) as purple crystals in 70% isolated yield. Dicopper carbene 4 possesses a Cu–Cu distance of 2.485(1) A in the solid state and dissociates a [Me3NN]Cu fragment in arene solvents to provide low concentrations of [Me3NN]Cu CPh2 (2) and [Me3NN]Cu(arene). DFT calculations performed on terminal carbene 2 and dicopper carbene 4 illustrate relationships between these two bonding modes and suggest electrophilic reactivity at the carbene carbon atom bound to Cu. Dicopper carbene 4 undergoes efficient carbene transfer to HC CPh and PPh3 resulting in the formation of 1,3,3-triphenylcyclopropene and Ph3P CPh2 while reaction with the isocyanide CNAr (Ar = 2,6-Me2C6H3) results in loss of the carbene as Ph2C CPh2. In each case, the [Me3NN]Cu fragment is trapped by the incoming nucleophile as the three-coordinate [Me3NN]Cu(L). Reaction of 4 with O2 rapidly generates benzophenone and {[Me3NN]Cu}2(μ-OH)2.
Intraoral Perineurioma, Soft Tissue Type: Report of Five Cases, Including 3 Intraosseous Examples, and Review of the Literature

Soft tissue type perineuriomas (STP) are uncommon tumors, oral examples being very rare. They have been described in the mandible, gingiva, lips, retrotonsillar mucosa and maxillary vestibule. Herein, we report the clinicopathologic features of five STP, two affecting the buccal mucosa and three the mandible. Three patients were women and two men. All tumors were characterized by a proliferation of cytologically bland, mitotically inactive spindled cells with round, ovoid or spindled nuclei, embedded in a variably collagenous and myxoid matrix. Interestingly, two mandibular tumors featured psammoma bodies and one, in addition, contained irregular calcifications. Tumor cells showed the immunohistochemical profile of perineurial cells including epithelial membrane antigen, Glut-1, claudin-1 and collagen type IV. S100 and neurofilament proteins were not expressed by the tumor cells. A few minute, peripherally situated, entrapped nerves were identified. All tumors were reported gross-totally excised and no recurrences have taken place. The clinical characteristics of STP are summarized and its differential diagnosis relative to other spindle cells tumors and meningioma is discussed.
Design Optimisation of Integrated Circuit Thin‐film Resistors with Slits and Curved Boundaries

The problem of determining the optimal location and length of a slit to obtain a desired value of resistance in polygonal integrated circuit thin‐film resistors prior to laser trimming them has applications in IC fabrication technology. The optimal location of the slit can be determined which gives minimum changes in the value of the resistance for small variations in the length of the slit. This can lead to fabrication of highly accurate resistors. Another criterion for optimality can be the location of the slit which will result in the smallest length of the slit. This can lead to a faster and cheaper IC fabrication process. In this paper, the author describes a method of numerical conformal mapping for computing the length of a slit to obtain the desired value of resistance and the near optimal location of the slit when the shape of the polygon is given. Depending upon the optimality criterion chosen, the near optimal location of the slit will either reduce the variations in the value of resistance for...
Attraction of male golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) to the odors of male conspecifics.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the response of adult male hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus ) to the odors of male conspecifics. In Experiment I, 27 adult male hamsters were given the opportunity to enter and investigate three combinations of enclosures containing substrates from areas previously inhabited by hamsters or clean substrates. Results demonstrated that hamsters preferred to investigate areas which contained hamster odors over areas which did not and preferred to investigate the odors of strange males over those from their home cage. In Experiment II, 20 adult male hamsters were either subjected to aggressive interactions in the home cage of larger, older males or allowed to investigate the home cage of another hamster in the resident's absence. Olfactory preferences for the odor of the conspecific partner were tested both before and after experimental manipulation. Results showed that the experience of defeat did not decrease the preference of hamsters for the odor of opponents. The results suggest that olfactory cues are not sufficient to promote territorial exclusion in the golden hamster.
A high resolution wire scanner for micron-size profile measurements at the SLC

Abstract Fine conductive fibers have been used to measure transverse beam dimensions of a few microns at the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC). The beam profile is obtained by scanning a fiber across the beam in steps as small as 1 μm, and recording the secondary emission signal at each step, using a charge sensitive amplifier. We first outline the mechanical construction and the analogue electronics of the wire scanner. We then describe its performance in test beams and in actual operation. The article closes with a brief discussion of performance limitations of such a beam profile monitor.
Magnetic Equation of State for Cr O 2 and Nickel near Their Curie Points

The magnetization-field-temperature characteristics of Cr${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and nickel just above their ferromagnetic Curie points, though quantitatively very different, are found to obey the same special type of equation of state, which is isomorphic with that recently proposed for the critical-point behavior of a fluid.
Enhancement of renal medulla prostaglandin synthetase activity by dexamethasone treatment in the rat

We studied in rats the effect of dexamethasone (2.5 mg/kg per week) on the conversion of radiolabeled arachidonic acid to prostaglandins by renal medulla slices, microsomes, and homogenates. The steroid did not affect the rate of conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins by renal medulla slices, but significantly increased the rate of conversion by both the microsomes and the 10,000 X g supernatant of renal medulla homogenates. We conclude (a) that dexamethasone treatment increases the activity of renal medulla prostaglandin synthetase measured in broken cells preparations, and (b) that such a change in enzyme activity is not manifested by augmentation of prostaglandin synthesis in renal medulla slices incubated with exogenous arachidonic acid.
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension-associated dysfibrinogenemias exhibit disorganized fibrin structure.

Abstract Introduction Mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) are poorly understood. This disorder is characterized by incomplete resolution of pulmonary perfusion defects resulting from acute venous thromboembolism. We previously identified several dysfibrinogenemias in some patients with CTEPH. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fibrin clot architecture might be implicated in the thrombolytic resistance in patients with these CTEPH-associated dysfibrinogenemias. Materials and Methods Purified fibrinogen from patients and healthy controls was clotted with thrombin in the presence of calcium. Clot turbidity, porosity, and susceptibility to fibrinolysis were evaluated by spectrophotometric and permeation analyses. Fibrin network structure was assessed by laser-scanning confocal microscopy. Results Compared to normal fibrinogen, CTEPH-associated dysfibrinogenemias exhibited low clot turbidity, decreased porosity, and fibrinolytic resistance. In addition, the dysfibrinogenemias exhibited a more disorganized fibrin network structure characterized by thinner fibers, greater network dispersal and more extensive fiber branching. Conclusions Abnormal clot architecture and fibrinolytic resistance may contribute to incomplete clot resolution following acute venous thromboembolism in patients with CTEPH-associated dyfibrinogenemia.
Responses of hybrid poplar cuttings to chronic and acute levels of ozone

Hybrid poplar cuttings were exposed to either 0·15 ppm ozone for 6 weeks or 1 ppm ozone for 2, 4, or 8 h. The chronic ozone treatment reduced growth by 50% and caused injury to 75 of the leaves. The acute ozone treatment had no effect on growth but caused injury to 70% of the leaves 48 h after fumigation.
Radial localization of magnetospheric guided poloidal Pc 4‐5 waves

[1] The toroidal Alfven wave, with magnetic field oscillations in the azimuthal direction, exhibits a singularity in the vicinity of the toroidal resonant frequency (field line resonance), so it is not surprising that this wave often exhibits varying frequency as a function of L shell. It is less clear why the poloidal Alfven wave, with magnetic field oscillations in the radial direction, often exhibits a relatively constant frequency over a range of L shells. So far, the most promising proposal to explain this phenomenon is the theory of Vetoulis and Chen [1994, 1996], who showed that an energetically trapped global poloidal mode can exist in a region where the poloidal Alfven frequency is lower than the toroidal frequency and where it exhibits a dip (minimum) with respect to L. While this theory is mathematically plausible, it has never been shown that poloidal Alfven waves actually occur in association with such a dip in poloidal frequency. Here we examine poloidal wave events observed by the AMPTE/IRM spacecraft and calculate the theoretical poloidal frequency as a function of L using the equilibrium parameters obtained from the spacecraft observations. We find that the poloidal Alfven wave does occur in association with such a dip (or at least a flattening) in poloidal frequency. While Vetoulis and Chen hypothesized that such a dip would occur because of a sharp gradient in plasma pressure, we find that the dip in poloidal frequency may result from the L dependence of the equilibrium density or magnetic field. The observed frequencies are in rough agreement with the theoretical frequencies, though in some cases we must assume that the observed oscillations result from a high harmonic (third or fourth harmonic structure along the magnetic field). We also apply the same analysis to compressional wave events (with oscillations in the direction of the equilibrium magnetic field). Such oscillations may be on the poloidal wave branch or the mirror mode branch. Here also, the observed fluctuations occur in the region of a dip in poloidal frequency. In one case the observed frequency is consistent with the theoretical poloidal frequency, whereas in another case it is not.
Absorption cross sections of E,E-2,4-hexadienedial at 248 nm, and in the 290-430 nm region, and photolysis study at 248, 308, and 351 nm

Abstract We have measured the absorption cross sections of E , E -2,4-hexadienedial at 248 nm and in the 290–430 nm region. The HCO product channel following 248, 308, and 351 nm photolysis of E , E -2,4-hexadienedial was examined. The HCO radical was only observed at 248 nm, with quantum yield of 0.014 (absolute uncertainty in HCO yield is ∼86%). Estimated upper limits for the HCO yields at 308 and 351 nm are 11% and 9%. Acetylene, ketene, butadiene (all at 248 nm), CO (248 and 308 nm) have been detected as photolysis products of E , E -2,4-hexadienedial in 20 Torr of nitrogen. Their yields have been estimated.
Hydrogen embrittlement of metals

Abstract The deleterious effects of hydrogen on the tensile properties of metals are caused by the association and movement of hydrogen with dislocations. Hydrogen-dislocation interactions modify plastic deformation processes by stabilizing microcracks, by changing the work hardening rate, and by solid solution hardening. The extent to which such modifications cause embrittlement depends on the properties and defect structure of the uncharged alloy as well as on hydrogen-induced changes in deformation processes.
Cultural humility is the first step to becoming global care providers

Correspondence Suellen Miller, CNM, CNM, PhD, Safe Motherhood Programs, University of California, San Francisco, 50 Beale Street, San Francisco, CA. smiller@globalhealth.ucsf. edu, suellenmiller@gmail.com Within the past two decades there has been an exponential growth of interest in and participation of U.S. health clinicians and students in global health. Schools of Nursing, Midwifery, Medicine, and Public Health have developed courses, programs, divisions, and specialty areas that focus on global health. As a result, many students, faculty, and clinicians spend time in low resource countries where the disease burdens are greatest. Attention to the 90/10 gap in health (in which only 10% of the world’s health research budget is spent on diseases that aiect 90% of the world’s population) (Resnik, 2004) has also engendered more research on the diseases and disorders of low resource countries. Further, the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, a set of global mandates for health and development, address diseases of poverty and demand greater global equity in health (United Nations Development Programme, 2008). Goal 4, Reducing Child Mortality and Goal 5, Reducing Maternal Mortality are particularly relevant for JOGNN readers. Finally, during this 20-year time period, the United States has become far more culturally and ethnically diverse. Now most nurses care for people from a wide range of cultural backgrounds.
Interacting effects of motivation, ability, and noise on activation and performance in a memorizing task

Abstract Ryan (1947) predicted that performance would be a function of the effects of the interaction of motivation, ability and environment. His prediction was tested by using instructions and distracting noise as the independent variables. Activation (auditory flutter threshold) and performance were both affected, although differentially. Ss of high ability were more activated under high—than low—motivating conditions.
Negotiating Boundaries and Bonds: Frequency of Young Children’s Socialization to Their Ethnic/Racial Heritage:

This study addressed intergroup differences in how often U.S. families socialized young children to their ethnic/racial heritage using nationally representative survey data gathered as part of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 (ECLS-K).The sample (N = 18,827) included young White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, American Indian, and multiracial children. Among other things, the authors found that families raising young American Indian children were likely to socialize them frequently to their ethnic/racial heritage. Also, most intergroup differences in frequency of ethnic/racial socialization were robust across child gender and parental education.
Integrated Semiconductor Optical Sensors for Chronic, Minimally- Invasive Imaging of Brain Function

Intrinsic Optical Signal (IOS) imaging is a widely accepted technique for imaging brain activity. We propose an integrated device consisting of interleaved arrays of gallium arsenide (GaAs) based semiconductor light sources and detectors operating at telecommunications wavelengths in the near-infrared. Such a device will allow for long-term, minimally invasive monitoring of neural activity in freely behaving subjects, and will enable the use of structured illumination patterns to improve system performance. In this work we describe the proposed system and show that near- infrared IOS imaging at wavelengths compatible with semiconductor devices can produce physiologically significant images in mice, even through skull.
Deep valley incision in the terminal Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran) Johnnie Formation, eastern California, USA: Tectonically or glacially driven?

Neoproterozoic sedimentary successions worldwide display evidence for multiple low-latitude glacial events and continental rifting episodes related to the fragmentation of the supercontinent Rodinia. In Death Valley, eastern California, these events are represented by two intervals of glacial diamictite and two episodes of synsedimentary extensional faulting in the Kingston Peak Formation. Deep incised valleys of uncertain origin in the upper Johnnie Formation, approximately 1 km stratigraphically above the Kingston Peak Formation, may provide evidence either for a third glacial episode or for an additional tectonic event. Eleven measured sections indicate that one of these incised valleys is 120 m deep and approximately 2.5 km wide. Detailed mapping of the paleovalley has revealed the presence of numerous synsedimentary normal faults that offset underlying units but are capped by incised valley breccia. Abrupt incision occurs across buried normal fault scarps. Several large olistoliths (up to 15 m in diameter) are located near the fault scarps and the average clast size of the breccia decreases in general away from mapped normal faults. Incised valley clasts are derived exclusively from underlying Neoproterozoic formations, nearly entirely from the Johnnie Formation itself. There is no evidence for direct glacial influence as no striated clasts or dropstones were observed. The absence of glacial indicators coupled with the strong correlation between incision and synsedimentary normal faulting imply a primary tectonic control on valley formation. The valley represents a significant tectonic reactivation of the Neoproterozoic passive margin, similar to early Paleozoic extensional events in the northern Cordillera of western North America. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Spherical indentation of soft matter beyond the Hertzian regime: numerical and experimental validation of hyperelastic models

The lack of practicable nonlinear elastic contact models frequently compels the inappropriate use of Hertzian models in analyzing indentation data and likely contributes to inconsistencies associated with the results of biological atomic force microscopy measurements. We derived and validated with the aid of the finite element method force-indentation relations based on a number of hyperelastic strain energy functions. The models were applied to existing data from indentation, using microspheres as indenters, of synthetic rubber-like gels, native mouse cartilage tissue, and engineered cartilage. For the biological tissues, the Fung and single-term Ogden models achieved the best fits of the data while all tested hyperelastic models produced good fits for the synthetic gels. The Hertz model proved to be acceptable for the synthetic gels at small deformations (strain < 0.05 for the samples tested), but not for the biological tissues. Although this finding supports the generally accepted view that many soft materials can be assumed to be linear elastic at small deformations, the nonlinear models facilitate analysis of intrinsically nonlinear tissues and large-strain indentation behavior.
Study of the Feasibility of a Ferrite Modulation System for an FM Cyclotron

This paper presents an analysis of a ferrite modulation system for a synchrocyclotron. It is shown that such a system is feasible at the present state of the art. The analysis is performed by numerical computation and is substantiated by a scaled experiment. Extensive data is obtained from the computation and is available in microfilm form. The computer program is listed.
Rapid and Precise Engineering of the Caenorhabditis elegans Genome with Lethal Mutation Co-Conversion and Inactivation of NHEJ Repair

As in other organisms, CRISPR/Cas9 methods provide a powerful approach for genome editing in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Oligonucleotides are excellent repair templates for introducing substitutions and short insertions, as they are cost effective, require no cloning, and appear in other organisms to target changes by homologous recombination at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Here, I describe a methodology in C. elegans to efficiently knock in epitope tags in 8-9 days, using a temperature-sensitive lethal mutation in the pha-1 gene as a co-conversion marker. I demonstrate that 60mer oligos with 29 bp of homology drive efficient knock-in of point mutations, and that disabling nonhomologous end joining by RNAi inactivation of the cku-80 gene significantly improves knock-in efficiency. Homology arms of 35-80 bp are sufficient for efficient editing and DSBs up to 54 bp away from the insertion site produced knock-ins. These findings will likely be applicable for a range of genome editing approaches in C. elegans, which will improve editing efficiency and minimize screening efforts.
Studies of Dielectric Properties of Pulsed Laser Deposited (Ba, Sr)TiO3 Films Using LaNiO3 as Conductive Electrode

LaNiO3 (LNO) films were used as conductive bottom and top electrodes for the fabrication of (Ba0.5Sr0.5) TiO3 (BST) capacitors on silicon substrates. LNO as well as BST films were grown in-situ using a pulsed laser deposition technique with no subsequent heating or oxygenation treatments. Capacitance and leakage current measurements of BST films were carried out using LNO/BST/LNO/Si structures. Using these measurements, the dielectric constant and leakage current of BST films were found to be ∼250 and ∼10−8 A/cm2, respectively. The results obtained in the present study suggest that LNO is a good contact electrode material for BST films in the fabrication of BST capacitors with good structural and electrical properties.
Surgical Management of Spinal Metastases

Metastatic spread to the spinal column is a growing problem in patients with cancer. It can cause a number of sequelae including pain, instability, and neurologic deficit. If left untreated, progressive myelopathy results in the loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Except in rare circumstances, treatment is palliative. Traditionally, conventional fractionated external beam radiotherapy has been the treatment of choice. "Surgery" for metastatic spinal disease was, and generally continues to be, equated with laminectomy by many physicians. However, there has been a remarkable evolution in surgical techniques over the last 20 years. Today, the goal of surgery is to achieve circumferential decompression of the neural elements while reconstructing and immediately stabilizing the spinal column. This has been made possible by the use of different surgical approaches and the exploitation of a burgeoning array of internal fixation devices. More recently, minimally invasive surgical techniques, such as endoscopy, kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty, and stereotactic radiosurgery, have been added to the surgeon's armamentarium. As the number of treatment options for metastatic spinal disease grows, it has become clear that effective implementation of treatment can only be achieved by a multidisciplinary approach. This will provide the surest means of maximizing the quality of the remainder of the patient's life.
Quantum Mechanical Systems with Indefinite Metric. II

Several simple models, similar to that of Lee, involving indefinite metric are studied in this paper. In this connection, a dispersion-theoretic treatment is applied to a simple "equal-mass" model. It is shown that, at least for these models, the scattering amplitude is analytic in the upper-half energy plane provided time-reversal invariance holds; the rules of the dispersion-theoretic formulation in the case of an indefinite metric theory are given. The solution is reinterpreted as the exact solution of a slightly different model, which can also be obtained by Hamiltonian techniques; further techniques are generalized to include recoil in a relativistic no-pair model. Certain basic questions of interpretation are discussed in some detail in the concluding section.
Chapter 10 The lactose permease of Escherichia coli: Past, present and future

Publisher Summary The lac permease of Escherichia coli is providing a paradigm for secondary active transporter proteins that transduce the free energy stored in electrochemical ion gradients into work in the form of a concentration gradient. This hydrophobic, polytopic, cytoplasmic membrane protein catalyzes the coupled, stoichiometric translocation of β-galactosides and H+, and it is solubilized, purified, reconstituted into artificial phospholipid vesicles and is responsible for β-galactoside transport as a monomer. The lacY gene that encodes the permease is cloned and sequenced and is based on spectroscopic analyses of the purified protein and hydropathy profiling of its amino-acid sequence. A secondary structure is proposed in which the protein has 12 transmembrane domains in α-helical configuration that traverse the membrane in zigzag fashion connected by hydrophilic loops with the N and C termini on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane. Unequivocal support for the topological predictions of the 12-helix model is obtained by analyzing a large number of lac permease-alkaline phosphatase (lacY-phoA) fusions. Extensive use of site-directed and Cys-scanning mutagenesis indicates that very few residues in the permease are directly involved in the transport mechanism.
Talking about it and doing it: Metalinguistic capacity and prosodic control in three to seven year olds

Abstract The ability of five groups of 30 normally developing three to seven year old children to use adjectives in a metaphorically acceptable manner and to alter prosodic features of their speech following instructions using those same adjectives was studied. Results indicate a developmental pattern in childrens' ability to use adjectives metaphorically. In addition, it was found that a child's ability to use adjectives metaphorically in describing prosodic features of speech does not mean the child is able to alter the prosodic features in response to verbal instructions using those same adjectives. The results are interpreted as indicating the need to teach the language of fluency in intervention programs for the very young disfluent child.
Criterion-Related Validity of Interpretations of Children's Performance on Emergent Literacy Tasks

Researchers in emergent literacy have described an array of reading and writing behaviors and concepts exhibited by children prior to entry into formal instruction in school. Although these descriptions suggest that children's early literacy behaviors are legitimate aspects of literacy development which ultimately develop into conventional reading and writing, the validity of these assumptions has not been examined. The present paper reports the findings from two studies in which the emergent literacy behaviors of 5-year-olds were described and correlated with scores on a standardized reading readiness test in kindergarten and scores on a reading achievement test in third grade. In Study 1, 39 children from two kindergarten classrooms from one school district were presented with four emergent literacy tasks and the Metropolitan Readiness Test. In Study 2, the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills was administered to 34 children from Study 1. Results showed a wide range of behaviors across emergent literacy tasks in Study 1. Further, significant correlations were found between all four emergent literacy tasks and the readiness test in kindergarten, as well as between all five measures of early literacy development in kindergarten and literacy achievement in third grade. These findings present two forms of criterion-related evidence to support the validity of literacy-related interpretations arising from these emergent literacy tasks. Several lines of research support the position that long before knowing how to read and write in the conventional meaning of these terms, young English-speaking (Barnhart, 1986; Barnhart & Sulzby, 1984; Bissex, 1980; Clay, 1975; Dyson, 1982; Sulzby, 1981, 1985a) and Spanish-speaking (Ferreiro & Teberosky, 1982) children explore various notions and concepts about written language en route to developing an understanding that the writing surrounding them is alphabetic in nature. Further, efforts to understand just how children learn to use print to produce and understand the written language system of their culture have come from re
Radiation Safety Systems at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Low-Energy Accelerators

Brookhaven National Laboratory has several low-energy accelerators in use at the present time. I intend to discuss the radiation safety systems installed at five of these accelerators. The accelerators included are a Dynamitron, 3.5 MeV Van de Graaff, 60'' Cyclotron, 41'' Cyclotron and Tandem Van de Graaff facility. All of these accelerators are capable of producing radiation levels in excess of 100 rem/h and the radiation safety systems are designed to prevent personnel from being exposed to high levels of radiation. For the purposes of this talk I would like to place the accelerators in two different categories. In the first category are the accelerators which have safety systems that prevent operation unless the radiation facilities are completely enclosed and interlocked, thus preventing any personnel access. Included are the Dynamitron, the 60'' Cyclotron, and the 41'' Cyclotron. In the second category are the accelerators with safety systems which allow access to any part of the accelerator facility when the radiation levels are low, but require complete personnel restrictions when the radiation levels are high. Included are the 3.5 MeV Van de Graaff and the Tandem Van de Graaff.
Analysis and optimization of NDVI definitions and areal fraction models in remote sensing of vegetation

Variations in the definition of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and inconsistencies in vegetation areal fraction models prejudice the understanding of long-term variability and change in land cover. We analysed the consequences of using NDVI definitions based on the digital number (DN), spectral radiance and spectral reflectance for six active and high spatial resolution multi-and hyperspectral satellite sensors (ALI, ASTER, ETM+, HRVIR, Hyperion and IKONOS) and optimized the NDVI definitions, and then examined the performance of three vegetation areal fraction models: the linear reflectance, linear NDVI and quadratic NDVI models. The examination was performed for three plots chosen from two biomass zones: a short and small leaf area index (LAI) creosote shrub zone, and a tall and large-LAI pinon-juniper zone. The results show that: (1) the difference in NDVI values among the NDVI definitions is sensor dependent and always significant; spectral reflectance should be used in NDVI calculations, and using radiance or DN values in calculating the NDVI should be avoided; (2) in deriving vegetation areal coverage, the linear reflectance model outperforms the other two models in the shrub biomass zone; and (3) the linear NDVI model outperforms the other two models in the pinon-juniper biomass zone. These observations are consistent with the fact that the non-linear effect is less important in shrubland than in pinon-juniper woodland and that the linear NDVI model is more capable of capturing non-linearity in the spectral analysis.
A Review of: “Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace’

Published two years ago, Milton Mueller's Ruling the Root stands as the definitive work on the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The book provides a multifaceted analysis...
GABAergic transmission and chloride equilibrium potential are not modulated by pyruvate in the developing optic tectum of Xenopus laevis tadpoles.

In the developing mammalian brain, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is thought to play an excitatory rather than an inhibitory role due to high levels of intracellular Cl− in immature neurons. This idea, however, has been questioned by recent studies which suggest that glucose-based artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) may be inadequate for experiments on immature and developing brains. These studies suggest that immature neurons may require alternative energy sources, such as lactate or pyruvate. Lack of these other energy sources is thought to result in artificially high intracellular Cl− concentrations, and therefore a more depolarized GABA receptor (GABAR) reversal potential. Since glucose metabolism can vary widely among different species, it is important to test the effects of these alternative energy sources on different experimental preparations. We tested whether pyruvate affects GABAergic transmission in isolated brains of developing wild type Xenopus tadpoles in vitro by recording the responsiveness of tectal neurons to optic nerve stimulation, and by measuring currents evoked by local GABA application in a gramicidin perforated patch configuration. We found that, in contrast with previously reported results, the reversal potential for GABAR-mediated currents does not change significantly between developmental stages 45 and 49. Partial substitution of glucose by pyruvate had only minor effects on both the GABA reversal potential, and the responsiveness of tectal neurons at stages 45 and 49. Total depletion of energy sources from the ACSF did not affect neural responsiveness. We also report a strong spatial gradient in GABA reversal potential, with immature cells adjacent to the lateral and caudal proliferative zones having more positive reversal potentials. We conclude that in this experimental preparation standard glucose-based ACSF is an appropriate extracellular media for in vitro experiments.
Microtubules in Candida albicans Hyphae Drive Nuclear Dynamics and Connect Cell Cycle Progression to Morphogenesis

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen whose virulence is related to its ability to switch between yeast, pseudohyphal, and true-hyphal morphologies. To ask how long-distance nuclear migration occurs in C. albicans hyphae, we identified the fundamental properties of nuclear movements and microtubule dynamics using time-lapse microscopy. In hyphae, nuclei migrate to, and divide across, the presumptive site of septation, which forms 10 to 15 μm distal to the basal cell. The mother nucleus returns to the basal cell, while the daughter nucleus reiterates the process. We used time-lapse microscopy to identify the mechanisms by which C. albicans nuclei move over long distances and are coordinated with hyphal morphology. We followed nuclear migration and spindle dynamics, as well as the time and position of septum specification, defined it as the presumptum, and established a chronology of nuclear, spindle, and morphological events. Analysis of microtubule dynamics revealed that premitotic forward nuclear migration is due to the repetitive sliding of astral microtubules along the cell cortex but that postmitotic forward and reverse nuclear migrations are due primarily to spindle elongation. Free microtubules exhibit cell cycle regulation; they are present during interphase and disappear at the time of spindle assembly. Finally, a growth defect in strains expressing Tub2-green fluorescent protein revealed a connection between hyphal elongation and the nuclear cell cycle that is coordinated by hyphal length and/or volume.
A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study of Lexical Decision Task Supports the Dual Route Model and the Phonological Deficit Theory of Dyslexia:

The dual route model (DRM) of reading suggests two routes of reading development: the phonological and the orthographic routes. It was proposed that although the two routes are active in the process of reading; the first is more involved at the initial stages of reading acquisition, whereas the latter needs more reading training to mature. A number of studies have shown that deficient phonological processing is a core deficit in developmental dyslexia. According to the DRM, when the Lexical Decision Task (LDT) is performed, the orthographic route should also be involved when decoding words, whereas it is clear that when decoding pseudowords the phonological route should be activated. Previous functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) studies have suggested that the upper left frontal lobe is involved in decision making in the LDT. The current study used fNIR to compare left frontal lobe activity during LDT performance among three reading-level groups: 12-year-old children, young adult dyslexic readers, and young adult typical readers. Compared to typical readers, the children demonstrated lower activity under the word condition only, whereas the dyslexic readers showed lower activity under the pseudoword condition only. The results provide evidence for upper left frontal lobe involvement in LDT and support the DRM and the phonological deficit theory of dyslexia.