cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Posterior Parietal Cortex in Beat-based Timing Perception: A Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation Study

There is growing interest in how the brain's motor systems contribute to the perception of musical rhythms. The Action Simulation for Auditory Prediction hypothesis proposes that the dorsal auditor...
Stuttering and Labor Market Outcomes in the United States.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to quantify relationships between stuttering and labor market outcomes, determine if outcomes differ by gender, and explain the earnings difference between peo...
Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after myocardial revascularization: a randomized trial of prophylactic digitalization.

The success of prophylactic digitalization in reducing the incidence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVT) was studied in 140 randomly grouped, consecutive patients undergoing myocardial revascularization operations. The test group received either 1 or 1.5 mg. of digoxin the day before operation and were maintained postoperatively on 0.25 mg. of digoxin daily. There was a significant increase (p
What the Null Energy Condition Tells us About Gravitational Wave Frequencies in / for Relic Cosmology?

We introduce a criterion as to the range of HFGW generated by early universe conditions. The 1 to 10 Giga Hertz range is constructed initially starting with what Grupen writes as far as what to expect of GW frequencies which can be detected assuming a sensitivity of h ~ 10-27 . From there we examine the implications of an earlier Hubble parameter at the start of inflation , and a phase transition treatment of pre to post Planckian inflaton physics. We close with an analysis of how gravitational constant G may vary with time , the tie in with the NEC condition and how to select a range of relic GW frequencies.
Evolution of light ion driven fusion power plants leading to the LIBRA-SP design

The use of light ion or electron beams to compress matter to the densities required for fusion has been proposed for more than 20 years. In the past ten years, a series of light ion beam power plan...
Vascular Endothelium: An Integrator of Pathophysiologic Stimuli in Cardiovascular Disease

Vascular endothelium comprises the continuous lining of the cardiovascular system, and, as such, forms a dynamic interface between circulating blood and all other tissues and organs. Therefore, it is strategically situated to monitor blood-borne and/or locally generated stimuli and to adaptively alter its functional state. This physiologic process typically proceeds without notice, contributing to normal homeostasis1. However, nonadaptive changes in the functional properties of the vascular endothelium, provoked by various pathologic stimuli, can result in localized, acute and chronic, alterations in the interactions of cellular and macromolecular components of circulating blood with the arterial wall. These include: altered permeability to plasma lipoproteins; increased cytokine and growth factor production; imbalances in procoagulant and fibrinolytic activities; and hyperadhesiveness for blood leukocytes. These manifestations, collectively termed “endothelial dysfunction”, play an important role in the initiation, progression and clinical complications of vascular diseases2.
Estimation of Theoretically Plausible Demand Functions from U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey Data

The estimation of demand systems in which the demand equations satisfy all of the restrictions of neoclassical theory of demand has long been considered a triumph of applied econometrics, for the resulting equations both honor the budget constraint and are consistent with an underlying (usually ordinal) utility function. Many such “theoretically plausible” systems are represented in the literature, ranging from simple linear expenditure equations to systems embodying exotic Gorman polar forms. Unlike in Chapter 6, the analysis of this chapter is confined to data sets that pool across the four quarters of 1996.
Cost· Effectiveness of Research in Design under Uncertainty

The benefits of scientific research are many, some of which are not measurable in purely monetary terms. However, one of the roles of research and development in engineering is to reduce the level of uncertainty in design, through improvement and refinement of information needed in the design process. In this regard, the benefit of engineering research may be assessed in terms of the savings in design cost accruing directly from an investment in research; then the effectiveness of research may be analyzed from the standpoint of a trade-off between the savings in design cost versus the research investment required to achieve such savings.
Cricket and England: A Cultural and Social History of Cricket in England between the Wars

Looking at the inter-war period, this work explores the relationship between cricket and English social and cultural values.
Novel Data Imputation for Multiple Types of Missing Data in Intensive Care Units

The diversity and number of parameters monitored in an intensive care unit (ICU) make the resulting databases highly susceptible to quality issues, such as missing information and erroneous data entry, which adversely affect the downstream processing and predictive modeling. Missing data interpolation and imputation techniques, such as multiple imputation, expectation maximization, and hot-deck imputation techniques do not account for the type of missing data, which can lead to bias. In our study, we first model the missing data as three types: “neglectable” also known as a.k.a “missing completely at random,” “recoverable” a.k.a. “missing at random,” and “not easily recoverable” a.k.a. “missing not at random.” We then design imputation techniques for each type of missing data. We use a publicly available database (MIMIC II) to demonstrate how these imputations perform with random forests for prediction. Our results indicate that these novel imputation techniques outperformed standard mean filling techniques and expectation maximization with a statistical significance p ≤ 0.01 in predicting ICU mortality.
Moral hazard: It's the supply side, stupid!

In health care markets, moral hazard is conventionally viewed as a demand-side phenomenon in which insurance causes patients to use more care because it reduces the price they have to pay for care....
The Evolution of the Orthodox Jewish Community in Cleveland, Ohio, 1940 to the Present

The article first summarizes the history of Orthodox Jewry in Cleveland from the mid-nineteenth century up to the Second World War, based on an article I wrote on that period that is published elsewhere. It begins to consider the postwar period by examining some significant issues with respect to Orthodox Holocaust survivors coming to Cleveland. It continues with a discussion of the founding of the Telshe Yeshiva and deals with its considerable significance in the postwar development of Cleveland Orthodoxy. It discusses the founding of the first Orthodox day school in Cleveland, the Hebrew Academy, in 1943, and the significance of the proliferation of day schools in the 1980s. It examines the establishment of Orthodox synagogues in the Cleveland Heights/University Heights area in the 1950s and later in Beachwood. It discusses developments in the regulation of kashrut in this era including the influence of the Cleveland Jewish Federation on local kashrut through the 1990s and the Haredization of kashrut standards at the end of the twentieth century. Postwar relations and tensions between Orthodox and non-Orthodox Jews in Cleveland, both institutionally and on a grassroots level, are considered. The article concludes with a survey of the Orthodox Jewish community of Cleveland in the early twenty-first century with special emphasis on its educational initiatives and the relationship between “yeshivish” and “modern” Orthodox Jews.
The Effect of Electrolyte Additives upon Lithium Plating during Low Temperature Charging of Graphite-LiNiCoAlO2 Lithium-Ion Three Electrode Cells

The effects of lithium-ion electrolyte additives in ester-rich low temperature electrolyte blends, including vinylene carbonate (VC), lithiuma bis(oxalato) borate (LiBOB), lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB), propane sultone (PS) and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), upon the likelihood of lithium plating are investigated in graphite-LiNiCoAlO2 three-electrode cells. Although metallic lithium is generally absent in lithium-ion cells, certain conditions, particularly charging at low temperature and/or at high rate, can lead to lithium metal plating on the surface rather than intercalating into the carbon anode. Metallic lithium reacts with the electrolyte and forms dendrites upon continuous plating, which can lead to cell shorting and capacity loss. The type of carbon anode, electrolyte, and solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) all influence this behavior. SEI stabilizing additives are generally detrimental to low temperature charging performance, however, 0.1 M LiFSI was found to be advantageous to low temperature charging. When charged at a C/5 rate to 4.10 V, lithium plating was evident at ~20 °C higher temperature with VC and LiBOB additives compared to the baseline electrolyte without any additives (plating appears at −10 °C rather than −30 °C with the baseline electrolyte). In contrast, the cell containing 0.10 M LiFSI as an additive did not display lithium plating until −40 °C, or 10 °C lower than the baseline cell.
An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of erdafitinib for the treatment of bladder cancer.

Treatment of unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) has historically relied upon platinum-based chemotherapy and, more recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors. When tumors progress des...
A QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT TO REDUCE THE USE OF COMBINATION OPIOID/ACETAMINOPHEN MEDICATIONS WITHIN A LARGE HEALTH SYSTEM:

Background:Combination analgesics are among the most commonly prescribed pain medications in pediatric orthopedic patients. However, combined analgesics do not allow for individual medication titra...
The NBA's 2011 Collectively Bargained Amnesty Clause-Exploring the Fundamentals

The purpose of this article is to fundamentally introduce the amnesty clause, a relatively new provision in the labor and employment law discussions involving sport. The expression amnesty clause or amnesty provision is found in the 2011 NBA CBA. To date, academic references to the amnesty clause within the sport genre are virtually non-existent. The amnesty clause provides NBA teams a tool to release players from their contracts if they feel that the player turned out to be a bad investment, regardless of the reason. Additionally, by releasing a player under an amnesty clause provision, the team exercising the clause may have the ability to reduce its luxury tax bill.
School-Level Factors Related to Visual Arts Achievement for 4th-Graders: A Longitudinal Analysis

A longitudinal analysis was used to investigate the relationships between school-level factors (poverty, location, size, ratings, and race/ethnicity) and visual arts achievement. Data were collecte...
The role of levetiracetam following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: current practice and future directions

Seizures complicate the hospital course of up to a quarter of patients suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Despite limited evidence supporting the role of antiepileptic medications, many practitioners prescribe AEDs with the notion that any clinical benefit likely outweighs the minimal and rare deleterious effects. Herein we underscore recently published results of a survey of expert clinicians on this topic. While there was disagreement regarding the necessity to offer pharmacologic prophylaxis, those practitioners that did endorse prophylaxis utilized levetiracetam with far greater frequency than any other AED. The authors indicate the importance and timeliness of a randomized trial investigating on the topic.
Alanine enantiomers in the Murchison meteorite

Engel and Macko 1 have reported that alanine indigenous to the Murchison meteorite has an l-enantiomer excess of about 33%. Furthermore, they reported very similar δ15nitrogen values for l-alanine and d-alanine; these values are quite high in comparison with those of terrestrial amino acids. On this basis, they argued that contamination of the meteorite by terrestrial l-alanine can be ruled out because, if it contributed to the l-enantiomer excess, the lower 15N content of terrestrial l-alanine would significantly lower the δ15N value that they observed for l-alanine.
Designing smaller SAW oscillators for low vibration sensitivity

All quartz package (AQP) surface acoustic wave (SAW) hybrid circuit oscillators with low vibration sensitivity, typically 3 to 4/spl times/10/sup -10//g, have been routinely achieved, provided that the oscillator package is sufficiently rigid to minimize bending stresses caused by vibration loading. This has been accomplished by bonding a suitably thick ceramic stiffener to the base of the oscillator housing. However, because of size constraints, some applications cannot accommodate a sufficiently thick stiffener. One approach toward overcoming this potential limitation on performance is to use finite element analysis to determine the stresses in the base of an oscillator package that would otherwise have an insufficiently thick stiffener, and then arrange to mount the AQP SAW device in a region of minimal stress. This approach was verified experimentally by comparing the vibration sensitivity of the same oscillator with the AQP SAW device mounted in both high- and low-stress regions. The result of the experiment was a factor of two reduction in the oscillator's vibration sensitivity. An alternative approach is to apply mass loading directly to the AQP SAW device. This is accomplished by bonding two small weights, approximately 60 mg each, to the backside of the AQP SAW substrate. Under vibration loading, these weights alter the stress gradients in the active acoustic area of the SAW substrate which reduces /spl Gamma/~, the magnitude of the vibration sensitivity vector. The same procedure was unsuccessfully applied to AQP SAW oscillators that had sufficiently thick stiffeners. Thus, mass loading is only effective in decreasing /spl Gamma/~ for an oscillator with an insufficiently thick stiffener. >
Polarized radiation from inhomogeneous accretion columns in am herculis binaries

The polarization of radiation emitted by inhomogeneous accretion columns is found to be significantly different from homogeneous columns. A good fit to the V-band circular polarization light curve of EF Eri is obtained using the two-core model with temperature kT=15keV, magnetic field B=26MG, and dimensionless plasma parameter A ≈ 106.
Temporal analysis of summertime weather stress levels in Phoenix, Arizona

Summertime weather stress indices for Phoenix, Arizona are analysed for the period 1948 to 1984. Weather stress levels for the nighttime period are increasing rapidly over the past several decades. These increasing discomfort levels are a result of a sharp increase in nocturnal temperatures. A small, but statistically significant, decline in atmospheric moisture levels is moderating the upward trend in weather stress. Changes in local land-use patterns are apparently responsible for the general trends found in the temperature, atmospheric moisture, and weather stress indices. Es werden Indizes des sommerlichen Wetterstres fur den Zeitraum 1948 bis 1984 analysiert. Die nachtlichen Komfortwerte haben sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten rasch verschlechtert, verursacht von einer deutlichen Erhohung der Nachttemperaturen. Eine geringe, aber statistisch signifikante Verringerung der Luftfeuchtigkeit verlangsamt den Aufwartstrend des Wetterstres. Fur diese Entwicklungen der Temperatur, Feuchte und Behaglichkeitsindizes sind offenbar die Veranderungen der lokalen Landnutzung verantwortlich.
Meat Products, Hydrodynamic Pressure Processing

Food safety and inconsistency in meat quality, in particular tenderness, are two of the top priorities facing the meat industry. Development of commercial methods to ensure consistently tender meat products is of primary importance for enhanced consumer acceptance of meat. Hydrodynamic pressure processing (HDP) is a technology for tenderizing meat using shock waves from underwater detonation of explosives. Upon cooking HDP-treated meat is found to be 25% more tender than nontreated control samples and displays no outward visual signs of change. However, the effects of HDP treatment on further processed meat products are not fully understood and additional studies on further processed meat products of varying textures are necessary to determine the effect of HDP. Keywords: meat; meat processing; hydrodynamic pressure processing; HDP
Quantification of functional weakness and abnormal synergy patterns in the lower limb of individuals with chronic stroke

Background The presence of abnormal muscle activation patterns is a well documented factor limiting the motor rehabilitation of patients following stroke. These abnormal muscle activation patterns, or synergies, have previously been quantified in the upper limbs. Presented here are the lower limb joint torque patterns measured in a standing position of sixteen chronic hemiparetic stroke subjects and sixteen age matched controls used to examine differences in strength and coordination between the two groups.
Effect of Social Influence on Effort-Allocation for Monetary Rewards

Though decades of research have shown that people are highly influenced by peers, few studies have directly assessed how the value of social conformity is weighed against other types of costs and benefits. Using an effort-based decision-making paradigm with a novel social influence manipulation, we measured how social influence affected individuals’ decisions to allocate effort for monetary rewards during trials with either high or low probability of receiving a reward. We found that information about the effort-allocation of peers modulated participant choices, specifically during conditions of low probability of obtaining a reward. This suggests that peer influence affects effort-based choices to obtain rewards especially under conditions of risk. This study provides evidence that people value social conformity in addition to other costs and benefits when allocating effort, and suggests that neuroeconomic studies that assess trade-offs between effort and reward should consider social environment as a factor that can influence decision-making.
Sensor failure mitigation based on multiple kernels

Electronic-nose systems are trained to build computational algorithms that provide predictions based on the multivariate response of a chemical detection platform when measuring an unknown sample. However, the inevitable appearance of sensor failures after a certain period of time represents a major impairment that deteriorates the system accuracy based on previous calibrated models. In this work, we present a general formulation based on multiple kernels to maximize the robustness of sensor arrays against sensor failures. The method consists of building an engine containing a combination of subsets of sensor models (that we call kernels) to maximize the accuracy in the predictions of an electronic nose upon the appearance of faulty sensors. Using a MOX sensor array — one of the most common choices to detect and discriminate chemical analytes in a wide variety of applications — exposed to six pure gaseous substances, we explore the benefits of the proposed methodology to maintain the accuracy of the classifier for a longer period of time. We also determine that the percentage of multi-kernels free of faulty sensors has to be of at least 50 % to keep the robustness of the classifier. The 50% rule of kernels with sensor failures can be considered as a general guide for building calibration algorithms for sensor arrays of any kind.
Gamma-Ray Studies of the C-12 + C-12 System

Excitation functions for the yields of ten residual nuclides from the $^{12}\mathrm{C}$+$^{12}\mathrm{C}$ reaction have been measured over the range ${E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}=5.25\ensuremath{-}20.0$ MeV in steps of 125 keV, using $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray techniques. Nearly all of the reaction channels, including those with light-particle evaporation, showed strong narrow structures. A qualitative statistical analysis performed on the data gave useful information about the locations of possible nonstatistical structure, based primarily on the very strong cross-channel correlation observed in the data set.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ ($^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $x$); ${E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}=5.25\ensuremath{-}20.0$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$ for production of $A=16\ensuremath{-}23$ reaction products; statistical analysis presented; deduced evidence for nonstatistical structure.
A novel approach for improving yeast viability and baking quality of frozen dough by adding biogenic ice nucleators from Erwinia herbicola

Freezing deteriorates the baking quality of frozen bread dough by causing lethal injury to yeast cells and depolymerization to the gluten network. To investigate the potential of biogenic ice nucleators in frozen food applications, the effect of extracellular ice nucleators (ECINs) from Erwinia herbicola on the baking quality of frozen dough upon three freeze/thaw cycles were investigated. With addition of ECINs to the activity of 2.4 × 106 units per gram of dough, hardening of bread crumb caused by three freeze/thaw cycles was alleviated by about 50% compared to the control. Additionally, the bread from frozen dough with added ECINs showed 50% larger specific volume compared to the control. The mechanism of cryoprotective effects from ECINs was possibly that ECINs helped in preserving the viability of yeast cells during freeze/thaw cycles. ECINs were able to improve the viability of log-phase and stationary-phase yeast cells in suspensions by about 100 and 10 fold, respectively, and viability of yeast in the frozen dough by 17%. This study revealed the potential of ECINs as a cryoprotectant for applications in the food and biotechnology industries.
Feedback, test anxiety and performance in a college course

The effects of three forms of test feedback and text anxiety on test performance were examined within the context of a self-paced, criterion-based course in educational psychology. 73 undergraduate students completed seven units of work and were evaluated by computer-administered unit tests. Students were randomly assigned to one of three test feedback forms: (1) item-by-item knowledge of responses, (2) answer-until-correct, and (3) delayed feedback. Students received their assigned feedback during the first two units, after which they were allowed to choose. Test anxiety was measured prior to testing on Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale and during testing on an item administered by the computer program. Students who reported high test anxiety on the Test Anxiety Scale experienced more anxiety during testing than students reporting low test anxiety. Anxiety during testing was not related to type of feedback, and the two variables were not related to course performance on the second unit. Data collected at the conclusion of the semester indicated that students who reported higher test anxiety required more attempts to pass unit tests than those reporting lower test anxiety. Given a choice, students preferred answer-until-correct feedback. This preference was not related to Test Anxiety Scale scores. Anxiety during testing was not related to being allowed to choose forms of feedback.
The total hemispherical emissivity of copper

The transient calorimetric technique is used to measure the temperature dependence of the total hemispherical emissivity of polished copper. Our experimental results do not agree with the emissivity predicted by Parker and Abbott. With no adjustable parameters good agreement is obtained between experimental results and a model in which electron-phonon and electron-surface scattering are included in the Drude approximation.
Hollow multilayer photonic bandgap fibers for NIR applications

Here we report the fabrication of hollow-core cylindrical photonic bandgap fibers with fundamental photonic bandgaps at near-infrared wavelengths, from 0.85 to 2.28 microm. In these fibers the photonic bandgaps are created by an all-solid multilayer composite meso-structure having a photonic crystal lattice period as small as 260 nm, individual layers below 75 nm and as many as 35 periods. These represent, to the best of our knowledge, the smallest period lengths and highest period counts reported to date for hollow PBG fibers. The fibers are drawn from a multilayer preform into extended lengths of fiber. Light is guided in the fibers through a large hollow core that is lined with an interior omnidirectional dielectric mirror. We extend the range of materials that can be used in these fibers to include poly(ether imide) (PEI) in addition to the arsenic triselenide (As(2)Se(3)) glass and poly(ether sulfone) (PES) that have been used previously. Further, we characterize the refractive indices of these materials over a broad wavelength range (0.25 - 15 microm) and incorporated the measured optical properties into calculations of the fiber photonic band structure and a preliminary loss analysis.
Demonstration of robust stability and performance of filter‐enhanced H2/LQG controllers for a nonlinear structure

This study illustrates the application of frequency-dependent filters to improve the effectiveness of active control systems designed to mitigate the seismic response of large-scale civil structures. Band-pass pre-filters are introduced to optimal H2/LQG controllers to reduce the maximum singular value of input–output transfer matrices over a defined frequency range. A structured uncertainty model is proposed to evaluate robustness of stability and performance for a structure with nonlinear force deformation. The proposed perturbation model accurately characterizes variations in the stiffness matrix, thereby reducing over-conservatism in the estimated destabilizing perturbations. The aforementioned techniques are applied to a benchmark building. Numerical results indicate that introducing filters can enhance the performance of the system in almost all response measures, while preserving robustness of stability and performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pheochromocytoma: A Persistently Problematic and Still Potentially Lethal Disease

• Fifty patients with pheochromocytomas have had their conditions diagnosed and have been treated by these authors during a 13-year period. Three patients died in the postoperative period, for an overall mortality of 6%. Thirty-two patients underwent primary excision without fatality. Eighteen patients had more complicated illnesses associated with recurrences, notable other disease, acute catecholamine crisis, and/or pregnancy. All three postoperative deaths occurred in this group. Diagnosis was made by urinary catecholamine analysis of epinephrine, norepinephrine, metanephrine, and normetanephrine. Localization was done by plain films, ultrasonograms, computerized tomograms, radioactive isotope scans, intravenous pyelograms, caval samples, venograms, and arteriograms. Management of these complicated cases requires prompt and accurate diagnosis, availability of sophisticated methods of tumor localization, and thoughtful awareness of the potential outcome by an experienced team of surgeons and anesthesiologists. (Arch Surg115:388-391, 1980)
Leukocytosis at diagnosis and the risk of subsequent thrombosis in patients with low-risk essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera.

BACKGROUND: Advanced age and a history of thrombosis were well-established risk factors for thrombosis in essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera (PV); cytoreductive therapy was indicated in their presence. Recent studies have suggested leukocytosis as an additional risk factor; however, such an association would be treatment-relevant in the context of low-risk disease. METHODS: In this retrospective study, a Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the impact of various clinical and laboratory variables, including leukocytosis, on thrombosis-free survival (TFS). Arterial-specific or venous-specific TFS curves for different leukocyte count-defined risk groups were constructed by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS: A total of 407 low-risk patients (254 with ET and 153 with PV) were considered. After a respective median follow-up of 104 months and 130 months, respectively, 47 (19%) patients with ET and 41 (27%) with PV experienced a total of 55 (41 arterial and 14 venous) and 46 (22 arterial and 24 venous) thrombotic events, respectively. Leukocytosis at the time of diagnosis, defined by a cutoff level of either 15 or 9.4 × 109/L, did not appear to be predictive of either arterial or venous thrombosis during follow-up; similar results were obtained when analysis was restricted to patients with platelet counts of <1000 × 109/L. Instead, advanced age was found to be significantly associated with arterial thrombosis in patients with PV and higher hemoglobin level with venous thrombosis in patients with ET. CONCLUSIONS: In the current retrospective study, leukocytosis at diagnosis did not appear to influence the risk of thrombosis in either ET or PV. However, a prospective study is required before leukocytosis is taken into account during treatment decisions in these disorders. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Cutaneous and systemic cellular responses induced by the feeding of the argasid tick Ornithodoros parkeri.

Abstract Carolyn M. Johnston and Stephen J. Brown 1985. Cutaneous and systemic cellular responses induced by the feeding of the argasid tick Ornithodoros parkeri. International Journal for Parasitology 15: 621–628. Initial feeding by Ornithodoros parkeri ticks induced a significant blood basophilia in guinea pigs, with a minimal cutaneous basophil response. Hosts challenged 14 days later, however, exhibited significantly depressed blood basophil levels associated with a marked accumulation of these cells at tick feeding sites in the tissue. Blood eosinophil levels in primary and secondary hosts were comparable, but eosinophil levels at tick feeding sites in challenged animals were significantly greater than levels in primary hosts. Furthermore, challenge tick feeding resulted in the activation of primary tick feeding sites on the opposite flank that became erythematous 90 min after challenge and indurated within 24 h. Histologically, these activated primary feeding sites 90 min after challenge on the opposite flank were marked by a dominant eosinophil response (314 ± 128 cells, 59% of the infiltrate) with a marked basophil component (145 ± 67 cells, 28% of the infiltrate) that resembled the active challenge feeding sites 24 h after infestation (24 ± 52 cells, 76% of the infiltrate); 90 min after challenge active feeding sites had a weak basophil response (2 ± 1 cells ) similar to uninfested controls. These results suggest the chronic nature of tick bites with an apparent continual recruitment of basophils that is probably a result of slow antigen release over time by appropriately sensitized antigen presenting cells. Primary tick feeding sites in guinea pigs previously exposed to Xenopsylla cheopis fleas, on the opposite flank, contained a marked eosinophilia (63 ± 25 cells) compared to primary tick feeding sites in naive guinea pigs (2 ± 0 cells); suggesting the possibility of cross reactivity between flea and tick antigens
Cricotracheal Separation after Gunshot to the Neck: Report of a Survivor with Recovery of Bilateral Vocal Fold Function

Abstract Background Traumatic tracheal injury via blunt or penetrating mechanism comes with a grave prognosis. Cricotracheal separation is a rare entity among these injuries and even more infrequent by means of penetrating trauma. Resultant airway discontinuity subsequent to these insults causes immense global hypoxia and tends to be uniformly fatal. Objective Our aim was to discuss emergent and surgical management of traumatic airway injury. Case Report We report the case of a 28-year-old male who sustained a gunshot wound to the neck resulting in laryngeal fracture and cricotracheal separation. We review the initial stabilization of his airway and detail the successive surgical management of his injury in the context of the current available literature, with an emphasis on timely airway stabilization when high suspicion for cricotracheal separation exists based on traumatic mechanism. Conclusions Emergent management and stabilization of the airway is critical to survival in the context of trauma involving the neck and airway structures.
High-accuracy DNS of supersonic base flows and control of the near wake

Large-scale numerical simulations of axisymmetric, supersonic base flows were conducted at various Reynolds numbers. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) were employed to investigate the hydrodynamic stability behavior of the near-wake region. As a consequence of physical flow instabilities, large coherent structures evolve that have a significant impact on the mean flow wand and are responsible for a considerable amount of base-drag. It is demonstrated that the deliberate exclusion or reinforcement of certain helical modes can lead to a rise in base-pressure and thus decrease the drag of a blunt body at supersonic speed. For these investigations, a high-order accurate compressible Navier-Stokes solver in cylindrical coordinates with high parallel efficiency was developed and employed on the SGI Origin 3900 shared memory complex at the ERDC MSRC. In addition to providing vital insight into the physical mechanisms in supersonic base flows, the DNS results are intended for use as benchmark data for the development of a flow simulation methodology (FSM) for high Reynolds number turbulent flows.
Comparative coordination vs . comparative subordination

The paper explores the syntax of comparatives in English and German. The account builds on the insight that the syntax of comparatives is a combination of coordination and subordination. At times a than-expression is coordinate to a string that immediately precedes it, and at other times, it is subordinate to it. Six key observations are the pillars of the account. These observations accomplish three goals: 1) They determine when comparative coordination obtains, as opposed to comparative subordination; 2) they predict the form that a particular than-expression can assume (e.g. phrasal, clausal); and most importantly, 3) they predict to a large extent the distribution of than-expressions. The key concept is functional equivalence. One can predict the distribution of many than-expressions by acknowledging where they can appear with respect to their functional equivalents. The theory-neutral account remains entirely in surface syntax.
Saturation of the Rods in Rhesus Monkey

ERG responses of the Rhesus monkey obtained with monochromatic flickering light subtending 90° of visual angle indicate that the time-varying rod contribution to the ERG saturates at approximately 7×109 quanta sec−1 deg−2 at 502 mμ, a value slightly greater than that required for saturation of human rod vision. The action spectrum of both the dark adapted ERG and the saturation mechanism resembles the CIE scotopic luminosity function which suggests that both processes are mediated by the rod receptors. After rod saturation, the ERG action spectrum shifts to longer wavelengths, resembling human peripheral cone vision below 550 mμ but being less sensitive at longer wavelengths. At these light levels, the action spectrum is the same whether obtained with 4 or 20 cps square-wave flicker, which indicates that the rods are no longer contributing to the response.
Mutagenicity of diesel-exhaust particle extract, 1-nitropyrene, and 2,7-dinitrofluorenone in Salmonella typhimurium under various metabolic activation conditions.

Abstract The mutagenic activities of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), 2,7-dinitrofluorenone (2,7- DNF), and a diesel-exhaust extract were compared using the Salmonella typhimurium plate-incorporation assay. Each sample was tested with and without a 9000 × g liver homogenate (S9), both with and without an NADPH-generating system. The samples were also treated with the microsome fraction of S9, cytosol fraction of S9, boiled S9, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and boiled BSA. Salmonella tester strains TA98 and TA98FR1 were used in all treatments; .TA98/1,8DNP 6 was used to test mutagenic activity without activation. Without the NADPH-generating system, the samples generally had less mutagenic activity than samples treated with the NADPH-generating system. The addition of the NADPH-generating system resulted in marked increases in mutagenic activity of 1-NP in the microsome and S9 treatments, and of all 3 samples in the cytosol fraction treatment. These results indicate that although protein binding reduced the mutagenic activityof diesel-exhaust extract and 1-NP, microsomal activation increased the mutagenic activity of 1-NP. Because 1-NP and 2,7-DNF contributed less than 1.5% of the mutagenic activity of the diesel-exhaust extract, the response to diesel exhaust was not typified by these compounds.
Transcriptional control of the isoleucine-valine messenger RNA's in E. coli K-12.

Hybridization of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) isolated from Escherichia Coli K-12 to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from λCI857st68h80dilv was used to detect isoleucine-valine (ilv) specific mRNA. A number of strains partially constitutive for the isoleucine-valine enzymes had levels of ilv mRNA 2 to 3-fold higher than the parent strain. Starvation for any of the branched-chain amino acids resulted in a 20 to 23-fold increase in ilv mRNA as compared to repressed levels. These differences were not due to altered growth rates or to changes in the stability of ilv mRNA. These data indicate that regulation of the isoleucine-valine enzymes by multivalent repression occurs mainly at the level of transcription. Kinetics of elongation of ilv mRNA after repression are consistent with the assumption that the mechanism of multivalent repression involves the prevention of further initiations by RNA polymerase.
Discharge Coefficients for Orifices Cut into Round Pipes

AbstractThis study focuses on the discharge coefficient (Cd) for flow into orifices cut with a circular bit perpendicular to and along the centerline of a round pipe, a common configuration on perforated risers installed as the principal outlets for stormwater detention or sediment basins. When predicting flow, the orifice area is generally defined as the area of the bit used to cut the hole, but the true orifice area is larger than the bit due to the curvature of the riser pipe. Four different descriptions for orifice area were tested while attempting to fit Cd to measured discharge experiments. The tests showed that Cd decreases as the orifice diameter approaches the diameter of the riser. Photographic imagery shows that the reduced Cd is due to lateral flow from the riser’s curved sides decreasing the vena contracta area more than what normally occurs during flow through an orifice in a flat plate. In contrast, but to a lesser extent, Cd increases as the water surface approaches the top of the orifice....
PREPARATION AND CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION OF 4,6‐DIMETHYL‐ AND 4,7‐DIMETHYL‐8‐METHOXYCOUMARINS. A 4‐METHYLDIHYDROCOUMARIN SYNTHESIS

Reduction of the title coumarins at 1500 psi and 150° over 10% palladium on charcoal provides a simple route to dihydrocoumarins and/or ethyl butanoates, hydrogenolysis products of the lactone. Lower pressures and temperatures tend to yield only the dihydrocoumarin. The butanoates are readily converted to the dihydrocoumarins in polyphosphoric acid.
Energy dissipation of Alfven wave packets deformed by irregular magnetic fields in solar-coronal arches

The importance of field line geometry for shear Alfven wave dissipation in coronal arches is demonstrated. An eikonal formulation makes it possible to account for the complicated magnetic geometry typical in coronal loops. An interpretation of Alfven wave resonance is given in terms of gradient steepening, and dissipation efficiencies are studied for two configurations: the well-known slab model with a straight magnetic field, and a new model with stochastic field lines. It is shown that a large fraction of the Alfven wave energy flux can be effectively dissipated in the corona.
A new species of Acrocirrus (Polychaeta: Acrocirridae) from Coconut Island, Oahu, Hawaii

A new species of Acrocirrus is described from shallow waters of Coconut Island in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Acrocirrus bansei sp. nov. is an Acrocirrus whose segment 13 (chaetiger 11) is modified and equipped with a heavy neuropodial acicular hook. This new species is most similar to A. frontifilis based on the presence of notopodial cirri, which have been, up to now, a unique feature of A. frontifilis. The species differ most notably by the absence of the notopodial cirri on the posterior chaetigers. A key to all recognized species of Acrocirrus is presented.
Mapping DNA adducts of mitomycin C and decarbamoyl mitomycin C in cell lines using liquid chromatography/ electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

The antitumor antibiotic and cancer chemotherapeutic agent mitomycin C (MC) alkylates and cross-links DNA, forming six major MC-deoxyguanosine adducts of known structures in vitro and in vivo. Two of these adducts are derived from 2,7-diaminomitosene (2,7-DAM), a nontoxic reductive metabolite of MC formed in cells in situ. Several methods have been used for the analysis of MC-DNA adducts in the past; however, a need exists for a safer, more comprehensive and direct assay of the six-adduct complex. Development of an assay, based on mass spectrometry, is described. DNA from EMT6 mouse mammary tumor cells, Fanconi Anemia-A fibroblasts, normal human fibroblasts, and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was isolated after MC or 10-decarbamoyl mitomycin C (DMC) treatment of the cells, digested to nucleosides, and submitted to liquid chromatography electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Two fragments of each parent ion were monitored (“multiple reaction monitoring”). Identification and quantitative analysis were base...
Purification of dinosterol for hydrogen isotopic analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

A semi-preparative normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method is presented for the purification of various alcohol fractions from total lipid extracts derived from sediments, for the purpose of hydrogen isotopic measurement by gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS). 4-methylsterols, including the dinoflagellate-specific marker dinosterol (4,23,24-trimethylcholestan-22-en-3beta-ol), were successfully separated from notoriously co-eluting plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenoid alcohols and alkyl alcohols. We find that substantial hydrogen isotope fractionation occurs during chromatographic separation, demonstrating the importance of recovering the entire peak when subsequent hydrogen isotope analyses are to be performed. This is the first report of such hydrogen isotopic fractionation for a natural unlabelled compound.
Temporal changes in the carbohydrates expressed on BG01 human embryonic stem cells during differentiation as embryoid bodies

Cell surface carbohydrates present on BG01 human embryonic stem cells after 28 days of differentiation were examined using two classes of carbohydrate binding proteins: lectins and antibodies specific for carbohydrate epitopes. Specificity of lectin staining was verified using carbohydrate ligands to block lectin interaction, glycohydrolases to cleave specific sugar residues that are receptors for these proteins, and periodate oxidation to destroy susceptible sugar residues. Specific antibodies were used to identify various tissue types and germ layers present in the 12- and 28-day differentiating embryoid bodies. Results from 12 and 28-day differentiated embryoid bodies were compared to determine changes over time. A slight increase in the sialylation of alpha-GalNAc was seen between 12 and 28 days of differentiation due to the presence of sialyl Tn and/or other sialylated alpha-GalNAc residues. Increases were also observed in GalNAc, the T antigen (Gal beta1,3 GalNAc), and difucosylated LacNAc residues during this time interval. Additionally, some distinct differences in the pattern of lectin staining between 12 and 28 days were observed. Not unexpectedly, the presence of most differentiated cell-types increased during this time period with the exception of neural progenitors, which decreased. Undifferentiated cells, which were prevalent in the 12-day EBs, were undetectable after 28 days. We conclude that several changes in glycosylation occurred during the differentiation of embryonic stem cells, and that these changes may play a role in embryonic development.
A comparison of some processing time measures based on eye movements.

Abstract Fifty-one college students read a passage while their eye movements were being monitored. Five different measures of processing time in reading were derived from the eye movement data and were each fit, using hierarchical multiple regression, to a model similar to that of Just and Carpenter (1980). The processing time measures were Just and Carpenter's gaze durations, two modified gaze duration measures, number of fixations, and average fixation duration. The components of gaze duration, number of fixations and average fixation duration, were shown to be influenced by different independent variables. Also, some evidence was obtained which called into question one of the assumptions of the gaze duration measure: the assumption that there is a trade-off between increased fixation duration and making multiple fixations on a word when increased processing time is needed. It was suggested that gaze duration measures should be considered as indices of aspects of the processing of words during reading rather than as measures of the actual processing time required by those words.
Tactics as units of analysis in personality psychology: An illustration using tactics of hierarchy negotiation.

Abstract Two important recent trends in personality psychology have been a resurgence of traditional trait research (e.g. five factor model) and the emergence of personal goal-based approaches (e.g. life tasks, personal projects, and personal strivings). We propose that tactics are useful units of analysis that can provide a bridge between these two research movements. To illustrate this approach, we examined the tactics of hierarchy negotiation—the means by which individuals maintain or improve their relative position or status. Studies 1 ( N = 84) and 2 ( N = 212) identify 26 tactics of hierarchy negotiation that were represented by five major factors: Manipulation, Industriousness, Social Networking, Autonomy, and Aid Accrual. These factors show coherent links with personality characteristics represented by the five-factor model, with interpersonal dispositions, and with self-esteem. Moderate support was found for the predictive power and differential effectiveness of specific tactics of hierarchy negotiation. Industriousness tactics such as Working Hard and Prioritizing Tasks significantly predicted outcome measures such as salary, academic degrees, and promotions. Five sex differences in tactic use emerged—Aid Accrual and Appearance Enhancement (used by women more) and Boasting, Aggressing, and Displaying Athleticism (used by men more)—suggesting that women and men may select different tactics from their strategic arsenal. A longitudinal follow-up (Study 3, N = 130) found that tactics of hierarchy negotiation at time 1 predicted salary, academic degrees, and promotions 4 years later. Discussion focuses on limitations of the current research, on the importance of hierarchy negotiation as a goal, and on the utility of tactics as units of analysis in personality psychology.