cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Male Athlete Triad-A Consensus Statement From the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition Part 1: Definition and Scientific Basis.

ABSTRACT The Male Athlete Triad is a syndrome of 3 interrelated conditions most common in adolescent and young adult male endurance and weight-class athletes and includes the clinically relevant outcomes of (1) energy deficiency/low energy availability (EA) with or without disordered eating/eating disorders, (2) functional hypothalamic hypogonadism, and (3) osteoporosis or low bone mineral density with or without bone stress injury (BSI). The causal role of low EA in the modulation of reproductive function and skeletal health in the male athlete reinforces the notion that skeletal health and reproductive outcomes are the primary clinical concerns. At present, the specific intermediate subclinical outcomes are less clearly defined in male athletes than those in female athletes and are represented as subtle alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and increased risk for BSI. The degree of energy deficiency/low EA associated with such alterations remains unclear. However, available data suggest a more severe energy deficiency/low EA state is needed to affect reproductive and skeletal health in the Male Athlete Triad than in the Female Athlete Triad. Additional research is needed to further clarify and quantify this association. The Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statements include evidence statements developed after a roundtable of experts held in conjunction with the American College of Sports Medicine 64th Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, in 2017 and are in 2 parts-Part I: Definition and Scientific Basis and Part 2: The Male Athlete Triad: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Return-to-Play. In this first article, we discuss the scientific evidence to support the Male Athlete Triad model.
Lateral Stability of I-Beams with Partial Support

The lateral torsional buckling behavior of I beams with tension flange restraint is described. Tension flange restraint occurs frequently in continuous beams and indeterminate structures. A theoretical derivation of the buckling capacity of these beams is described, and the results are compared to other well known solutions. The theory predicts a significant increase in buckling capacity with tension flange restraint when the St. Venant torsional stiffness is large. An experimental setup is designed and tests are performed to verify the theory and to further substantiate the increased moment capacity. Finally, equations which can be used in the design of beams with tension flange restraint are presented. The results of this work show the importance of tension flange restraint in limiting or controlling buckling.
Some Unusual Eigenvalue Problems

We survey some unusual eigenvalue problems arising in different applications. We show that all these problems can be cast as problems of estimating quadratic forms. Numerical algorithms based on the well-known Gauss-type quadrature rules and Lanczos process are reviewed for computing these quadratic forms. These algorithms reference the matrix in question only through a matrix-vector product operation. Hence it is well suited for large sparse problems. Some selected numerical examples are presented to illustrate the efficiency of such an approach.
A Review of “Nelson, Michael, and Barbara A. Perry, eds. 41: Inside the Presidency of George H. W. Bush”

A fall 2011 conference at the University of Virginia's Miller Center served as the impetus for 41. The conference brought together scholars and alumni from the George H. W. Bush administration to d...
Extreme patterns of variance in small populations: placing limits on human Y-chromosome diversity through time in the Vanuatu Archipelago.

Summary Small populations are dominated by unique patterns of variance, largely characterized by rapid drift of allele frequencies. Although the variance components of genetic datasets have long been recognized, most population genetic studies still treat all sampling locations equally despite differences in sampling and effective population sizes. Because excluding the effects of variance can lead to significant biases in historical reconstruction, variance components should be incorporated explicitly into population genetic analyses. The possible magnitude of variance effects in small populations is illustrated here via a case study of Y-chromosome haplogroup diversity in the Vanuatu Archipelago. Deme-based modelling is used to simulate allele frequencies through time, and conservative confidence bounds are placed on the accumulation of stochastic variance effects, including diachronic genetic drift and contemporary sampling error. When the information content of the dataset has been ascertained, demographic models with parameters falling outside the confidence bounds of the variance components can then be accepted with some statistical confidence. Here I emphasize how aspects of the demographic history of a population can be disentangled from stochastic variance effects, and I illustrate the extreme roles of genetic drift and sampling error for many small human population datasets.
On the inhibition of the mitochondrial inner membrane anion uniporter by cationic amphiphiles and other drugs.

Abstract Depleting the mitochondrial matrix of divalent cations with the ionophore A23187 activates a pH-sensitive, anion uniport pathway which can transport many anions normally regarded as impermeant (Beavis, A. D., and Garlid, K. D. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 15085-15093). Addition of valinomycin to respiring mitochondria can also induce the uptake of a wide variety of anions; however, the mechanism of anion transport during this "respiration-induced" swelling is less certain. In this paper, I demonstrate that both of these processes are inhibited by a variety of cationic amphiphiles including propranolol, quinine, amiodarone, imipramine and amitriptyline, and the benzodiazepine R05-4864. Although the IC50 values for the two processes are not equal, the ratio of IC50 values for the two processes appears to be the same for all drugs. Measurements of net transmembrane proton fluxes that occur during the assays reveal that respiration-induced swelling is associated with extensive proton ejection, the peak of which coincides with the maximum rate of anion transport. Moreover, from measurements of matrix buffering power, it is estimated that the matrix pH is 3 units more alkaline during respiration-induced swelling than during A23187-induced swelling. It is also shown that the IC50 for A23187-induced transport is pH-dependent in a manner consistent with modulation of drug binding by protonation of two sites. These findings allow the difference in IC50 values for the two types of assay to be explained by the pH dependence of the binding constant for the drug. Furthermore, the pH gradient generated during respiration-induced swelling is so large that the electrical component of the proton-motive force will be negligible. Thus, despite the fact that the mitochondria are "energized," rapid electrophoretic anion influx is possible. These data provide evidence that the transport of anions in these two types of assay occurs via the same pathway.
An Exploratory Study of the Propensity for South Koreans to take Cruises: Investigating Koreans' Perceptions of Cruise Ship Travel

The purpose of the present study was to examine Koreans' perceptions of cruise ship travel to ascertain the potential for future development of that tourism segment. An understanding of Koreans' perceptions is essential for determining the potential of the Korean cruise market. Using survey data, the study investigated Koreans' knowledge level, willingness and desired travel patterns regarding cruise ship travel. Findings from the study can assist practitioners to enhance their comprehension of Koreans' perceptions and behaviors concerning cruise ship travel. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using AI to understand key success features in evolving CTSAs

A vital role for Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) evaluators is to first identify and then articulate the necessary change processes that support the research infrastructures and achieve synergies needed to improve health through research. The use of qualitative evaluation strategies to compliment quantitative tracking measures (e.g., number of grants/publications) is an essential but under-utilized approach in CTSA evaluations. The Clinical and Translational Science Institute of Southeast Wisconsin implemented a qualitative evaluation approach using appreciative inquiry (AI) that has revealed three critical features associated with CTSA infrastructure transformation success: developing open communication, creating opportunities for proactive collaboration, and ongoing attainment of milestones at the key function group level. These findings are consistent with Bolman & Deal's four interacting hallmarks of successful organizations: structural (infrastructure), political (power distribution; organizational politics), human resource (facilitating change among humans necessary for continued success), and symbolic (visions and aspirations). Data gathered through this longitudinal AI approach illuminates how these change features progress over time as CTSA funded organizations successfully create the multiinstitutional infrastructures to connect laboratory discoveries with the diagnosis and treatment of human disease.
Quantum manipulation of low-frequency fluctuators by superconducting resonator

Two-level system fluctuators in superconducting devices have demonstrated coherent coupling with superconducting qubits. Here, we show that universal quantum logic gates can be realized in these two-level systems solely by tuning a superconducting resonator in which they are imbedded. Because of the large energy separation between the fluctuators, conventional gate schemes in the cavity QED approach that are widely used for solid-state qubits cannot be directly applied to the fluctuators. We study a scheme to perform the gate operations by exploiting the controllability of the superconducting resonator with realistic parameters. Numerical simulation that takes into account the decay of the resonator mode shows that the quantum logic gates can be realized with high fidelity at moderate resonator decay rate. The quantum logic gates can also be realized between fluctuators inside different Josephson junctions that are connected by a superconducting loop. Our scheme can be applied to explore the coupling between two-level system fluctuators and superconducting resonators as well as the coherent properties of the fluctuators.
Fin ray sensation participates in the generation of normal fin movement in the hovering behavior of the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus).

For many fish species, the pectoral fins serve as important propulsors and stabilizers and are precisely controlled. Although it has been shown that mechanosensory feedback from the fin ray afferent nerves provides information on ray bending and position, the effects of this feedback on fin movement are not known. In other taxa, including insects and mammals, sensory feedback from the limbs has been shown to be important for control of limb-based behaviors and we hypothesized that this is also the case for the fishes. In this study, we examined the impact of the loss of sensory feedback from the pectoral fins on movement kinematics during hover behavior. Research was performed with bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus ), a model for understanding the biomechanics of swimming and for bio-inspired design of engineered fins. The bluegill beats its pectoral fins rhythmically, and in coordination with pelvic and median fin movement, to maintain a stationary position while hovering. Bilateral deafferentation of the fin rays results in a splay-finned posture where fins beat regularly but at a higher frequency and without adducting fully against the side of the body. For unilateral transections, more irregular changes in fin movements were recorded. These data indicate that sensory feedback from the fin rays and membrane is important for generating normal hover movements but is not necessary for generating rhythmic fin movement.
Management and long-term follow-up of hepatic cysts.

Abstract Purpose: To provide an algorithm for the management of hepatic cysts through an analysis of our series over 16 years. Method: We reviewed the surgical management and outcome of patients with hepatic cysts between 1984 and 2000 at a single institution. Data were collected by chart review, telephone interview, and follow-up hepatic ultrasonography. Results: Forty-four patients (36 females, 8 males) underwent a total of 46 operations for hepatic cysts (mean size 12.0 ± 5.2 cm) with a mean follow-up of 5.1 ± 4.0 years. We treated 28 simple cysts, 4 polycystic liver disease (PCLD), 7 cystadenomas, 2 hydatid cysts, 1 cystadenocarcinoma, 1 endometrioma, and 1 hepatic foregut cyst. Operations included simple drainage, wide unroofing (open and laparoscopic), and hepatic resection. Four patients experienced a symptomatic recurrence after definitive treatment; 3 of these patients had PCLD. Four of the 7 patients with cystadenomas had undergone previous operations that required subsequent definitive resection without a recurrence. Conclusions: The preoperative distinction between simple cysts and cystadenomas/cystadenocarcinomas can be difficult, yet the management is different. Unroofing is a safe and effective operation for patients with simple cysts. Patients with PCLD frequently have recurrences. Cystadenomas should be completely resected owing to the likelihood of recurrence after partial excision and the risk of eventual cystadenocarcinoma. We present a treatment algorithm for the preoperative evaluation and management of hepatic cysts based on the largest number of patients with the longest follow-up reported to date.
On the perturbed Lagrangian formulation for nearly incompressible and incompressible hyperelasticity

A perturbed Lagrangian formulation for nearly incompressible and incompressible hyperelasticity is developed by performing a conjugate transformation on the volumetric energy function. The formulation is developed without reference to any specific material models or volumetric energy functions. Solution existence conditions for general nearly incompressible hyperelasticity problems and their discrete counterparts are described. A discussion on the convergence of nearly incompressible solutions to an incompressible solution of continuous as well as discrete hyperelasticity problems is given. The rate of convergence with respect to the compressibility parameter is shown to be one in several numerical examples.
Environmental stability of the earth's surface—Chemical consideration

Abstract The persistence of life on earth indicates that the variations of the environmental variables have been limited within the life boundary. Stability could result from luck, the large size of the oceanic reservoir, chemical equilibria and negative feedback. Because of the complexity of sea water and because of the relatively low surface temperature, equilibria between sea water and solid phases are not adequate to explain the stability of the environment. Rather feedback relations among the hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere must be operating. The pH stability of the ocean can be investigated using a total CO2-alkalinity diagram. An analysis of a simple two-box model atmosphere—surface ocean—deep ocean shows that the ocean-atmosphere interaction helps to stabilize the environment. Before a more detailed analysis extending further into the past can be made, the functions that relate the rates of the various processes to the environmental variables must be known.
Response to “the Büttiker-Landauer model generalized”

Stovneng and Hauge have criticized our interpretation of what we have called the traversal time for tunneling. This is a brief rebuttal.
Interaction of clofibrate with warfarin. I. Effect of clofibrate on the disposition of the optical enantiomorphs of warfarin

Four volunteers each received single oral doses of the R and S enantiomorphs of warfarin on separate occasions, both before and during clofibrate coadministration. Three of the subjects showed evidence for a drug interaction as manifested by an increase in the hypoprothrombinemic response to the S enantiomorph during clofibrate coadministration (0.10>p>0.05). No changes were observed in the response to the R enantiomorph. The volume of distribution of the R enantiomorph was increased (0.01>p> 0.005), as was the plasma clearance (0.10>p> 0.05), in all four subjects during clofibrate coadministration. No significant changes were found in the volume of distribution or clearance of the S enantiomorph. This study indicates that differential changes in the clearance of the enantiomorphs of warfarin are not the mechanism responsible for the interaction of clofibrate with warfarin. Although the results indicate that plasma protein displacement of warfarin occurs in vivo,it can be concluded that the mechanism underlying the long-term enhanced hypoprothrombinemic effect of warfarin in the presence of clofibrate is of a pharmacodynamic nature.
Seeing What the Mouse Sees with Its Vibrissae: A Matter of Behavioral State

The behavioral state of an animal is accompanied by ongoing brain activity that primes neuronal circuitry to sensory inputs. While it should come as no surprise that the pattern of cortical activation is tied to behavioral states, only now has this dependence been imaged. In this issue of Neuron, Ferezou, Bolea, and Petersen show that the level and spatial extent of activation of vibrissa sensory cortex critically depend on behavioral context and mode of stimulation, i.e., passive versus active contact.
Differential Expression of miRNAs in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Compared to Multinodular Goiter Using Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Tissues

microRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 22 nt RNAs that negatively regulate target gene expression. Their dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of human cancers, including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Whereas previous studies using microarray technologies have largely relied on the ability to procure fresh tissue at the time of surgery to characterize miRNA signatures in PTC, we exploited the ability to procure sufficient miRNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue to describe a series of miRNAs whose expression is dysregulated in PTC compared to benign proliferative multinodular goiter (MNG). We identified 13 miRNAs upregulated and 26 miRNAs downregulated in PTC versus MNG. These include miRNA-21, miRNA-31, miRNA-221, and miRNA-222. Their dysregulation was further validated by real time RT-PCR analysis in an independent set of FFPE tissues. Many of these have previously been described in fresh tissue studies as altered in PTC, confirming the utility of this approach. These results further highlight the applicability of miRNA expression patterns as potential markers of human cancer, and our results suggest that FFPE tissues are suitable resources for such miRNA expression analyses. The ability to utilize FFPE tissue in the molecular characterization of human malignancy will unlock a rich resource for future cancer studies.
The G.P. zones in AlCu alloys—II

Abstract Measurements on an absolute scale of the diffuse X-ray scattering by an aged single crystal of Al-1.94 at.% Cu have been made at a synchrotron source. Aging times were chosen to correspond to a mixture of G.P.1 and G.P.2 states, and to G.P.2 itself. The results indicate that the transition is in reality a coarsening reaction. There is not a unique structure for G.P.2 different than that for G.P.1. The G.P.1 state is a mixture of almost pure Cu single layer and multilayer platelets with their broad faces parallel to {100} planes of the Al-rich matrix. With increased aging time, these regions thicken and the number of single layer regions decreases. The so-called extra reflections in the G.P.2 state are actually thickness fringes. The strains around a multilayer zone are similar for all aging treatments, oscillate with distance from a zone, and are ~10% near the zone boundary, where the A1 planes collapse toward the zone.
Neuromuscular control of fundamental frequency and glottal posture at phonation onset

The laryngeal neuromuscular mechanisms for modulating glottal posture and fundamental frequency are of interest in understanding normal laryngeal physiology and treating vocal pathology. The intrinsic laryngeal muscles in an in vivo canine model were electrically activated in a graded fashion to investigate their effects on onset frequency, phonation onset pressure, vocal fold strain, and glottal distance at the vocal processes. Muscle activation plots for these laryngeal parameters were evaluated for the interaction of following pairs of muscle activation conditions: (1) cricothyroid (CT) versus all laryngeal adductors (TA/LCA/IA), (2) CT versus LCA/IA, (3) CT versus thyroarytenoid (TA) and, (4) TA versus LCA/IA (LCA: lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, IA: interarytenoid). Increases in onset frequency and strain were primarily affected by CT activation. Onset pressure correlated with activation of all adductors in activation condition 1, but primarily with CT activation in conditions 2 and 3. TA and CT were antagonistic for strain. LCA/IA activation primarily closed the cartilaginous glottis while TA activation closed the mid-membranous glottis.
Ensemble and Single Molecule Studies on the Use of Metallic Nanostructures to Enhance the Intrinsic Emission of Enzyme Cofactors

We present a strategy for enhancing the intrinsic emission of the enzyme cofactors flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Ensemble studies show that silver island films (SIFs) are the optimal metal enhanced fluorescence (MEF) substrates for flavins and gave emission enhancements of over 10-fold for both FAD and FMN. A reduction in the lifetime of FAD and FMN on SIFs was also observed. Thermally evaporated aluminum films on quartz slides were found to be the optimal MEF substrate for NADH and gave a 5-fold increase in the emission intensity of NADH. We present finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations that compute the enhancement in the radiated power emitting from an excited state dipole emitting in the wavelength range of NADH in close proximity to an aluminum nanoparticle, and a dipole emitting in the emission wavelength of flavins next to a silver nanoparticle. These calculations confirm that aluminum serves as the optimal MEF substrate for NADH and silver was the optimal MEF substrate for flavins. This is because the plasmon resonance properties of aluminum lie in the UV-blue regime and that of silver lie in the visible region. We also present the results of single molecule studies on FMN which show SIFs can both significantly enhance the intrinsic emission from single FMN molecules, significantly reduce their lifetimes and also significantly reduce FMN blinking. This is the first report of the observation of MEF from cofactors both at the ensemble and single molecule level. We hope this study will serve as a platform to encourage the future use of metallic nanostructures to study cofactors using their intrinsic fluorescence to directly monitor enzyme binding reactions without the need of extrinsic labeling of the molecules.
Pilot-Testing Inter-Organizational Systems to Reveal Relational Feasibility Issues

Abstract:Pilot test projects often examine technical, operational, and economic feasibility of new systems. When inter-organizational systems are pilot-tested, it is helpful to also examine relational feasibility. We report on relational feasibility issues identified in two IOS pilot tests in the context of emergency medicine. Lessons learned and implications for using pilot tests to assess relational feasibility in health care and other domains are discussed.
Sequential administrations of polyriboinosinic acid and polyribocytidylic acid induce interferon and depress the hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase system.

Abstract Double-stranded polyriboinosinic acid·polyribocytidylic acid is a potent interferon inducing agent and depressant of hepatic cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase systems. Single-stranded polyriboinosinic acid or polyribocytidylic acid are not. However, it is known that interferon is induced in mice when the administration of polyriboinosinic acid is followed shortly thereafter by the administration of polyribocytidylic acid. The current study demonstrates that this sequential administration of single-stranded polynucleotides induces serum and hepatic interferon and depresses the cytochrome P-450 systems. Neither of these effects were seen when the order of administration of these polynucleotides was reversed.
The surgeon-scientist in a new biomedical research era.

It has been a great honor to serve as president of the Society of University Surgeons for the last year, and Councilor-at-Large for 3 years before. This honor is particularly significant given the impressive succession of exceptionally talented past presidents. My first entree into SUS leadership should be credited to Drs. Tim Billiar and Mark Evers, who fostered my participation in one of the June strategic planning meetings in Chicago. My hope is that the tradition of the June strategic planning meeting will be long lasting, in particular to introduce new ideas and new thinking into the society.
A new view of the human trabecular meshwork using quick-freeze, deep-etch electron microscopy.

Conventional transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images of the juxtacanalicular tissue (JCT) region of the trabecular meshwork (TM) show flow passages that are much too large to generate significant outflow resistance. The goal of the current study was to use quick-freeze/deep-etch (QF/DE), a technique that better preserves extracellular matrices, to determine if extracellular matrix material fills all the apparently 'open-spaces' that were observed using conventional TEM. Normal adult human eyes were fixed by immersion or under flow at pressures of 15 or 45 mmHg. The TM and the inner wall of Schlemm's canal (SC) were examined using QF/DE and compared to the observations using conventional TEM. The structure of the TM, as seen using QF/DE, showed much greater three dimensional ultrastructural detail than was seen with conventional TEM. Open space was confirmed to be present between the trabecular beams. Although significantly more extracellular matrix was observed in the JCT region using QF/DE than by conventional TEM, some micron-sized open-spaces were still present immediately beneath the inner wall of SC. Consistent with prior reports, the basement membrane of the cells lining the inner wall of SC exhibited discontinuities but the basement membrane as seen by QF/DE was much more elaborate and complex than was evident in conventional TEM of immersion-fixed eyes. This basal lamina became less continuous with increasing perfusion pressure.QF/DE, although difficult and very labor-intensive when used to examine the TM, offers several clear advantages over conventional methods of tissue preparation for ultrastructural study. Although a more complex and less open extracellular matrix structure was seen in the JCT using QF/DE compared with conventional TEM, some open-spaces, similar in size to those seen by TEM, were still observed in this region. The continued presence of such open-spaces in QF/DE images suggests that either the JCT may not generate a significant fraction of outflow resistance in normal eyes or even QF/DE is not sensitive enough to preserve and identify all the extracellular matrix in the JCT region of the TM.SC appears to exhibit a discontinuous basal lamina like lymphatic channels but, like venules, exhibits a wide lumen and continuous endothelium. Because of these features, and the presence of continuous tight junctions that typify continuous capillaries, but neither lymphatic channels nor venules, SC has traditionally been described as a vessel sui generis. Our observations of perfusion-induced changes in the basal lamina of the inner wall of SC suggest that the discontinuous basal lamina underlying the inner wall of SC may not represent the normal expression of the vessel but may simply be a consequence of the way in which giant vacuoles and their pores give rise to outflow.
Nanocomposite adhesives: Mechanical behavior with nanoclay

Abstract The major objective for this research was to examine the role of epoxy–clay nanocomposites in the area of epoxy bonding to porous stone (granite) substrates. Two bisphenol A epoxy systems were selected based on the prior work that determined optimal adhesive properties from a larger set of epoxy systems to determine the role of viscosity on the intercalation and exfoliation of the clay tactiods in the epoxy resin. The systems were characterized and mechanically tested at varying levels of intercalated and exfoliated organic clay tactiods. In the first stage of the work, epoxy–clay systems were characterized by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) to detect inter-laminar distances of clay layers and to determine if the mixing procedures had indeed dispersed and exfoliated the clay layers sufficiently. The second stage of the work involved examining mechanical properties of the epoxy–nanoclay systems. Fracture behavior was studied using granite stone substrates in notched double lap configuration. Compressing a wedge between the cover plates induced the fracture. Fracture toughness was approximated by the load at fracture. Tensile properties were measured using cast dog bone tensile samples. The better layered silicate nanocomposite performance was seen with the lower viscosity resin. The most noticeable improvements in mechanical properties for the lower viscosity resin system were found to be maximum stress, elastic modulus, and yield stress. Increased toughness and stress whitening at 1% by weight nanoclay loading revealed that the clay can act as a shear-yielding toughening agent in this epoxy system.
Ultrastructure of a composite glioma-sarcoma of the brain.

The ultrastructural features of a composite glioma-sarcoma of the brain are described. Glial cells had short cytoplasmic processes, a highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and bundles of intracytoplasmic filaments 80–90 A thick. The nucleus contained evenly distributed chromatin and spheroidal bodies up to 5000 A in diameter. Mesenchymal cells had elongated cytoplasm, a rough endoplasmic reticulum with short cisternae, numerous lysosomes and groups of vesicles associated with the plasma membrane. Nuclei were elongated and contained spheroidal bodies similar to those observed in glial cells. The interstitial space contained abundant collagen fibers. The endothelial cells exhibited rows of pinocytotic vesicles and a well developed Golgi complex. The ultrastructural observations are considered confirmatory of the composite nature of these tumors. It is believed that the sarcomatous component originates in the hyperplastic endothelial cells.
Circular dichroism of corticotropin, fragment 1–24, and model compounds. An assessment of the contributions of the peptide chromophore and aromatic residues

The far-ultraviolet circular dichroic spectrum of the 39-residue peptide hormone porcine corticotropin and the biologically active fragment corticotropin 1–24 is negative from 250 nm to 195 nm in water, but in 6M guanidinium chloride a positive band appears at about 225 nm. The temperature and guanidinium chloride dependence of this spectral transition indicates the absence of any stable ordered secondary structure in corticotropin and the spectrum is seen to be in only partial agreement with results using the model peptide chromophore, Ala-Ala-Ala. Using oligopeptides containing aromatic amino acid residues sandwiched between glycyl residues, it is shown that the shape and intensity of the corticotropin 225 nm positive band which appears in 6M guanidinium chloride is in agreement with the far-ultraviolet transitions of the aromatic chromophores in the hormone. Curve resolution of the near-ultraviolet circular dichroic spectrum of corticotropin and comparison of the rotational strengths of the phenylalanyl and tyrosyl bands reveals no evidence for increased rotational freedom in 6M guanidinium hydrochloride. Spectral changes are observed, however, in the transitions arising from the single tryptophan. This study suggests that corticotropin in aqueous solution may serve as a better model for the circular dichroic spectrum of the aperiodic regions in globular proteins than either synthetic homopolypeptides or reference proteins for which spectral and X-ray diffraction data are available.
Environmentalization : Origins, Processes, and Implications for Rural Social Change

Cet article cherche a depasser la conception du « sui generis » au sujet du role grandissant des « Verts » et de « l'environnemtalisation » concomitante des pratiques institutionnelles aux Etats-Unis et partout ailleurs dans le monde. Les AA. expliquent que ces mouvements doivent etre resitues dans la transition de la regulation sociale de l'economie et de la societe entrainant les regimes socio-democrates vers le neo-conservatisme comme il l'a ete constate durant ces 15 dernieres annees ou plus de stagnation economique generale. Cette transition et sa repercussion dans l'avenement des « Verts » et de « l'environnementalisation », pourrait etre percue comme ayant des implications contradictoires pour les societes rurales. Ces influences sont examinees brievement dans cet article, en etablissant des rapports avec des programmes de soutien au developpement dans les pays industrialises, avec la recherche pour le soutien a l'agriculture aux Etats-Unis et avec la possible augmentation de la symbolisation environnementale des espaces ruraux
Spectral stability analysis for periodic traveling wave solutions of NLS and CGL perturbations

Abstract We consider cnoidal traveling wave solutions to the focusing nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS) that have been shown to persist when the NLS is perturbed to the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation (CGL). We show that while these periodic traveling waves are spectrally stable solutions of NLS with respect to periodic perturbations, they are unstable with respect to bounded perturbations. Furthermore, we use an argument based on the Fredholm alternative to find an instability criterion for the persisting solutions to CGL.
Saturn's moon Titan contributes to periodicity in magnetosphere

Saturn has been observed to have periodic radio emissions known as Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR) as well as periodicities in its plasma and magnetic fields. These periodicities have puzzled scientists because they would be expected if the planet's magnetic field were not aligned with its rotational axis, but Saturn's magnetic field and rotational axis are, in fact, closely aligned. The puzzle is further complicated by the fact that the Saturn kilometric radiation has slightly different periods in the northern and southern hemispheres and shows some variability in time.
A Bibliography of the Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal)

The alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyl1.), a native of the Old World, was first discovered in the U. S. near Salt Lake City, Utah in 1904 (Titus 191Ob). From its initial introduction it spread rapidly, eventually extending its range in the West to include 15 states. In 1951 the weevil was discovered in Maryland (Poos and Bissell 1953), its first appearance in the East, and in the 15 intervening years it has become established in a 25-state area in the eastern United States. Despite quarantine and control measures it has continued to spread and is now considered to be the foremost pest of alfalfa in most of the states where it occurs. It is a serious pest in nearly 5 million of the 25 million acres of alfalfa grown in these states with 1.5 million acres being so severely infested as to require control programs (Wagner 1965b) at costs estimated to approach 10,000,000 per annum.
Identification of a CysB-regulated gene involved in glutathione transport in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Growth of Escherichia coli using the tripeptide glutathione as a sulfur source is well documented, but transport of glutathione into E. coli is uncharacterized. We have found that the ybiK gene, at 18.7 min, appears to be involved in the transport of glutathione and have therefore renamed ybiK as spt for sulfur peptide transport. The ybiK/spt gene is the first of what appear to be five cotranscribed genes, three of which show high homology to the peptide transport operon dpp . When the lacZ gene encoding β-galactosidase was fused to the promoter of ybiK/spt , expression of the ybiK–lacZ fusion was repressed in rich media. This was shown to be due to the presence of exogenous cysteine. The ybiK–lacZ fusion was found to be regulated by cysB , the transcriptional activator for the cysteine regulon. Mutations in the cysB or ybiK genes led to severe growth inhibition when cells were given glutathione as the sole sulfur source. In particular, strains of E. coli containing mutations in both the ybiK and cysA genes were unable to grow when the sole sulfur source provided was glutathione whereas single cysA mutants grew well with glutathione. In contrast, no such defects were seen when L -djenkolic acid or cysteine were used as the sole sulfur source.
Solvent dependence of 4F926F32,12 transition of Dy3+ in POCl3:SnCl4☆

Abstract Luminescence enhancement of Dy3+ in POCl3:SnCl4, relative to its emission in aqueous solution and in organic solvents, was used to elucidate electronic relaxation processes of the 4 F 9 2 - state of Dy3+, such as cross relaxation (Kq) in solution and solvent quenching (Ks), as well as their dependence upon the temperature. The value of the ratio K q (K f1 + K s ) was found to be equal to 37 ± 1 M−1 at room temperature, using several excitation and emission wavelengths.
Characterization of drug release from liposomal formulations in ocular fluid.

AbstractThe successful application of liposomes in topical ophthalmic drug delivery requires knowledge of vesicle stabilization in the presence of tear fluid. The release of procaine hydrochloride (PCH) from large unilamellar liposomes in the presence of simulated tear fluid was studied in vitro as a function of bilayer lipid content and tear protein composition. Reverse-phase evaporation vesicles were prepared from egg phosphatidylcholine, stearylamine or dicetyl phosphate, and cholesterol. The relationship between lipid composition and encapsulation efficiency, vesicle size, drug leakage upon storage at 4°C, and the release of PCH-loaded liposomes was studied. The encapsulation efficiency was found to be dependent upon the lipid composition used in the liposome preparation. In particular, phosphatidylcholine vesicles containing cholesterol and/or charged lipids had a lower entrapment efficiency than liposomes prepared with phosphatidylcholine alone. However, the drug release rate was reduced significant...
Intercarpal arthrodesis in the management of chronic carpal instability after trauma

A retrospective review of five patients with chronic carpal instability resulting from trauma suggests that this condition can be successfully treated by intercarpal arthrodesis. Scaphoidlunate fusion was used to treat chronic dorsal intercalary segment instability, while scaphoidcapitate-lunate fusion was used to treat chronic palmar intercalary segment instability. Results after intercarpal arthrodesis were consistently good, with restoration of painless function, preservation of grip strength, and a high degree of patient satisfaction. Although a fibrous union was obtained in two of the three scaphoid-lunate arthrodeses, this did not prejudice a good clinical outcome. These results compare favorably to those with other treatment modalities, including ligamentous reconstructions with tendons. Based on these findings, a more extensive clinical trial of intercarpal arthrodesis to treat chronic carpal instability appears warranted.
Applications of Improved Techniques to the Evaluation of Electric Energy Alternatives for New York State

This paper describes the applications of improved techniques to the evaluation of electric energy alternatives available to New York State. Features of these improved techniques include a linear programming calculation of optimal policy and health-social-environmental implications on a high performance computational system utilizing three computers to provide the user with an interactive graphic interface, fast turnaround, and low computational cost. These techniques have been applied to the evaluations of fifteen categories of contemporary New York State electric generation policy questions. The linear programming method simultaneously optimizes generation expansion decisions and operating strategy over the full duration of the planning period. The interactive graphics is programmed to provide inexperienced and experienced users with a flexible and easy to follow set of instructions for formulating the input forecasts and constraints for a case study and an excellent basis for interpreting the resulting strategy and implications.
Template-directed oligomerization of 3-isoadenosine 5'-phosphate

Template-directed oligomerization of an activated derivative of 3-isoadenosine 5'-phosphate (piA) on polyuridylic acid was studied. The reaction of ImpiA is more efficient than the corresponding reaction of ImpA, and produces 3'-5'-linked oligomers while the reaction of ImpA gives only 2'-5'-linked oligomers. The base pairing between piA and poly(U) in this system is probably of the Hoogsteen type (involving the 6-amino group and N7 of 3-isoadenosine) rather than of the Watson-Crick type.
BARNARD, ROGER, & ANNE BURNS. (Eds.). Researching Language Teacher Cognition and Practice: International Case Studies. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2012. Pp. x, 190. $39.95, paper. ISBN 967–1–84769–789–9.

The article reviews the book "Researching Language Teacher Cognition and Practice: International Case Studies" edited by Roger Barnard and Anne Burns.
Caspase-dependent and -independent induction of phosphatidylserine externalization during apoptosis in human renal carcinoma Cak1-1 and A-498 cells

Abstract Renal cell carcinoma is the most common neoplasm occurring in the kidney and is largely resistant to current chemotherapy. Understanding the mechanisms involved in renal carcinoma cell death may lead to novel and more effective therapies. In Cak i -1 renal cancer cells, using phosphatidylserine externalization as a marker of apoptosis, the anti-cancer drugs 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and its pro-drugs, doxifluridine (Dox) and floxuridine (Flox) proceeds via a caspase-dependent mechanism. In contrast, phosphatidylserine externalization produced by staurosporine in the renal cancer cell lines Cak i -1 and A-498 proceeds via a caspase-independent mechanism. That is, the pan caspase inhibitor N -benzyloxycabonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (ZVAD) did not ameliorate annexin V binding, cell shrinkage or changes in nuclear morphology. Subsequent experiments were conducted to determine mediators of phosphatidylserine externalization, using annexin V binding, when caspases were inhibited. Prior treatment of A-498 cells with cathepsin B (CA74 methyl ester), cathespsin D (pepstatin A) or calpain inhibitors (calpeptin, E64d) in the presence or absence of ZVAD did not ameliorate annexin V binding. The endonuclease inhibitor aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), phospholipase A 2 inhibitor bromoenol lactone (BEL), protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CH) and chloride channel blockers niflumic acid (NFA) and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB) all had no effect on staurosporine-induced annexin V binding in A-498 cells either in the presence or absence of ZVAD. We also modulated sphingomyelin and the de novo pathways of ceramide synthesis and found no amelioration of staurosporine-induced annexin V binding in A-498 cells either in the presence or absence of ZVAD. These results indicate that 5-FU, Dox and Flox induce externalization of phosphatidylserine during apoptosis in Cak i -1 renal cancer cells primarily through a caspase-dependent mechanism and that externalization of phosphatidylserine during apoptosis produced by staurosporine in the renal cancer cell line A-498 is independent of many of the common signaling pathways known to be involved in this process.
Noninvasive ventilation to facilitate extubation in a pediatric intensive care unit

Noninvasive ventilation has been used extensively to treat chronic respiratory failure associated with neuromuscular and other restrictive thoracic diseases, and is also effective in the treatment of acute respiratory failure, allowing some patients to avoid intubation. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation is a potentially effective way to transition selected patients off endotracheal mechanical ventilation. The authors present a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients extubated with the use of noninvasive ventilation. Extubation with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation was attempted in 25 patients. The patients had a variety of diagnoses, including neuromuscular diseases, cerebral palsy with chronic respiratory insufficiency, asthma, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), reflecting the diversity of patients with respiratory failure seen in our pediatric intensive care unit (ICU). Indications for noninvasive ventilation-assisted extubation were chronic respiratory insufficiency, clinical evidence the patient was failing extubation, or failure of a previous attempt to extubate. Extubation was successfully facilitated in 20 of 25 patients. Of the five patients failing an initial attempt at noninvasive ventilation-assisted extubation, two required tracheostomy, two were subsequently extubated with the aid of noninvasive ventilation, and one was subsequently extubated without the use of noninvasive ventilation. Risk factors for failure to successfully extubate with the assistance of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation included the patient's inability to manage respiratory tract secretions, severe upper airway obstruction, impaired mental status, and ineffective cough with mucus plugging of the large airways. All patients had mild to moderate skin irritation due to the mask interface. No patient had any serious or long-term adverse effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. All patients left the hospital alive. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation can facilitate endotracheal extubation in pediatric patients with diverse diagnoses who have failed or who are at risk of failing extubation, including those with neuromuscular weakness.
Tailored ligand acceleration of the Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction: practical and mechanistic implications.

Tris(heterocyclemethyl)amines containing mixtures of 1,2,3-triazolyl, 2-benzimidazoyl, and 2-pyridyl components were prepared for ligand acceleration of the copper-catalyzed azide−alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Two classes of ligands were identified: those that give rise to high reaction rates in coordinating solvents but inhibit the process when used in excess relative to copper and those that provide for fast catalysis in water and are not inhibitory in excess. Several “mixed” ligands were identified that performed well under both types of conditions. Kinetics measurements as a function of ligand:metal ratio and catalyst concentration were found to be consistent with an active Cu2L formulation. Since strongly bound chelating agents are not always the most effective, achieving optimal rates requires an assessment of the potential donor molecules in the reaction mixture. Simple rules are provided to guide the user in the choice of effective ligands and reaction conditions to suit most classes of substrate...