cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Varieties of Indefinites

Languages that have determiners often have a rich inventory of them. In English, indefinite determiners include a(n), some, a certain, this, one, another, cardinals, partitives , the zero determiner of bare plurals (in some analyses) , and, according to Hom 1 999 and Giannakidou 2001 , any. Despite the attention indefinites have received in the literature, characterizing what is common to all of them and what is specific to each is still an elusive task. This paper investigates the first three deter­ miners in this list, attempting to provide a semantic characterization that accounts for their distribution. (For pertinent discussion of issues that overlap to some extent with those taken up below, see Kamp and Bende-Farkas 2002, and for a discussion of the French versions of some and a certain , see Jayez and Tovena (this volume) .) The Ds that concern us here share two characteristics : (i) they are indefinite, and (ii) they are existential when not in the scope of any operator or quantifier. As seen in [ 1 ] , they may occur as pivots in existential there constructions, and therefore all three form weak DPs .
Percutaneous Pulmonary Valve Implantation in a Native Outflow Tract: 3-Dimensional DynaCT Rotational Angiographic Reconstruction and 3-Dimensional Printed Model

A 15-year-old girl with D-transposition of the great arteries presented with combined neo-pulmonary stenosis and regurgitation following arterial switch operation as a neonate and neo-pulmonary valvectomy at 6 years of age. Echocardiography revealed right ventricular enlargement and severe neo-
Electron microscopic studies of human tooth development. Prospective gingival epithelium.

This study present an ultrastructural characterization of the prospective gingival epithelium in the human embryo during the third and fourth months of development. The surface cells were squamoid and interdigitated. The central cell layer was composed of more rounded cells while those of the basal layer were cuboidal to low columnar. The intercellular spaces were fewer and smaller toward the free surface. Differences in the number, variety and organizational aspects of the junctional complexes were noted relative to level of location. Hemidesmosomes were observed at the basal cell-connective tissue interface. Pronounced differences in the kinds and number of organelles were noted at the various epithelial levels. In the surface cells, glycogen was accumulated throughout the cell and organelles were reduced in number. As the glycogen diminished in the cells toward the basal region, the organelle complement increased. The arrangement of tonofilaments tended to change toward the superficial layers. The larger masses were located in the deeper and central cells while surfaceward, tonofilaments were diffusely distributed.
Technology development for multiphoton imaging

We present our research effort in improving the penetration depth of multiphoton microscopy and the development of a multiphoton endoscope for imaging intrinsic tissue fluorescence and harmonic generation in vivo.
The dehalogenation of halocytosines by bisulfite buffers

Abstract Both 5-bromo- and 5-iodocytosine are rapidly dehalogenated in dilute bisulfite buffers to yield cytosine. With 5-bromocytosine, but not with 5-iodocytosine, extrapolation of semilogarithmic plots of extent reaction versus time indicates the bisulfite buffer concentration-dependent formation of an intermediate which subsequently reacts to control the rate of 5-bromocytosine dehalogenation. The disappearance of both halocytosines has a second-order dependence on bisulfite buffer concentration. Both imidazole and acetate buffers catalyze the reaction of 5-iodocytosine, but not that of 5-bromocytosine, with bisulfite. In the case of acetate buffer catalysis of the reaction of 5-iodocytosine with bisulfite, the dependence of the observed rate constants changes from first order to zero order as a function of increasing buffer concentration. The observed rate constants for 5-bromocytosine dehalogenation increase, reach a maximum at about 4.5, and then decrease as a function of pH. Iodometric titration of sulfite utilization coupled with spectrophotometric analysis of pyrimidine reactants and products indicates that 1 mole of sulfite is consumed per mole of halocytosine dehalogenated. The spectrophotometrically determined p K a values for the conjugate acids of 5-bromo- and 5-iodocytosine at 25°C and ionic strength 1.0 M are 3.25 and 3.56, respectively. These results are discussed in terms of a multistep reaction pathway which is analogous to the bisulfite-catalyzed dehalogenation of the 5-halouracils.
The United States and South Asia

India, Pakistan and the United States: Breaking with the Past, Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli (New York: The Council on Foreign Relations, 1997). 156 pp., paper (ISBN: 0-8760-9199-0), $17.95. Book reviewed: India, Pakistan and the United States: Breaking with the Past , Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli
REVERSAL MODES IN FINE PARTICLES

Analyse de l'equilibre et des modes d'inversion a l'aide d'un modele numerique micromagnetique
So many labs: so little time

This paper is intended for academic desktop support groups who have a large or growing number of computer labs and limited staffing resources in which to maintain them.Information Technology (IT) support groups are aware that in order to meet the needs of faculty and students who use the university's computer labs, it is imperative to provide up-to-date equipment and software. As the number of supported computer labs and multimedia rooms grow, the quality of the support may suffer due to the lack of staff needed to properly maintain the equipment. Needed patches, updates and virus definitions can be neglected due to lack of time and resources. Printer, scanner and projector maintenance can also suffer. The Desktop Technical Services department at Webster University had growing concerns that our high standards for quality might not be met as the number of labs continued to grow.In this paper we will describe many of the challenges faced as the desktop support needs of the labs exceeded available resources. We will present examples of obstacles common to other desktop support groups in an academic setting, and will describe the ideas and revised procedures that were put into action. We will outline which changes were deemed as successes and which were not.We will also provide tips, resources and modifications to help others who face the same challenges and obstacles involved with maintaining multiple labs.
Effects of glucagon on a multistressed circulation.

The effectiveness of intravenous glucagon in improving myocardial function during conditions when exceptional loads have been added has been evaluated in three groups of eight instrumented, anesthetized, open-chest dogs. Glucagon (5 mg/kg/min) was infused continuously for 20 minutes after a series of hemodynamic stresses had been applied. These stresses consisted of cardiovascular depression secondary to propranolol (2 mg/kg) and volume loading (20 ml/kg); experimental myocardial infarction produced by coronary artery ligation; and ligation of the thoracic aorta. Depression due to beta blockade alone resulted in significant increases in mean left atrial pressure and systemic vascular resistance and decreases in left ventricular dp/dt, right ventricular contractile force, heart rate, and cardiac output. The induction of myocardial infarction caused significant increase in mean atrial pressures and marked decreases in left ventricular systolic pressure, cardiac output, and stroke volume, while ligation of the thoracic aorta after myocardial infarction produced marked elevation of systemic vascular resistance, mean aortic pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure and decreases in heart rate as well. Significant hemodynamic improvement after the administration of glucagon was observed during each stress or combination of stresses, and consisted of marked increases in left ventricular dp/dt, right ventricular contractile force, heart rate, and cardiac output and decreases in mean right and left atrial pressures and in systemic vascular resistance. Elevation of aortic pressure and left ventricular systolic pressure, in addition, was seen in maximally stressed animals. Glucagon also attenuated rises in atrial pressure produced by volume loading of stressed animals. Improvement in hemodynamic variables was probably not due to the positive chronotropic actions of the drug, but due to its positive inotropic effects, since pacing to rates equivalent to those attained by the administration of glucagon did not improve significantly the hemodynamic status of the animals.
Colour mathematics: with graphs and numbers

The different combinations involved in additive and subtractive colour mixing can often be difficult for students to remember. Using transmission graphs for filters of the primary colours and a numerical scheme to write out the relationships are good exercises in analytical thinking that can help students recall the combinations rather than just attempting to memorize them.
Key Residues in Vibrio Cholerae Cytolysin Involved in Membrane Binding

Vibrio cholerae cytolysin (VCC) is a pore-forming toxin (PFT) secreted by the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae that has a predominant role in lethality in ΔCT (classical cholera toxin null) strains. VCC is a potent toxin with the ability to lyse cells in vitro at picomolar concentrations. In order to form heptameric lytic pores, VCC makes high-affinity interactions with cell membranes utilizing a combination of glycan receptors and lipid/cholesterol interactions. While previous research in our lab has illuminated aspects of glycan interactions made by one of the two lectin domains attached to VCC, knowledge regarding non-glycan mediated interactions between the host cell membrane and VCC's membrane-contacting rim domain is still lacking. To better understand direct membrane interactions, we performed systematic alanine scanning mutagenesis to over 30 amino acid residues predicted to interact with the membrane based on the crystal structure of the heptameric pore. We found several residues that when mutated to alanine, display drastically decreased protein activity; in some cases more than a 1000-fold loss. To ensure that the observed loss in activity is not related to a destabilization of the protein, we confirmed that our most drastic mutants are well behaved in solution and are not prone to aggregation. We also showed that the decrease in activity is not due to any loss of glycan interactions between the protein and cell-surface receptors. Our results identify residues important in membrane binding and give us a starting point to understand the nature of these interactions. Our work provides a template for investigating mechanisms by which PFTs target cell membranes with high-affinity.
Lack of Inhibition of 7-dehydrocholesterol Synthesis with Cholesterol Supplementation in Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome † 737

Lack of Inhibition of 7-dehydrocholesterol Synthesis with Cholesterol Supplementation in Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome † 737
Analysis of stratified laminar flow of immiscible liquids in circular and non‐circular pipes

A numerical analysis has been made of laminar stratified flow of two immiscible Newtonian liquids in circular and certain non-circular pipe configurations. Solutions are given far viscosity ratios of 10, 100, and 1000 and for various volumetric flow rate fractions. Five pipe configurations are studied. In each case volumetric flow rate factors and power reduction factors are computed. It is shown that the circular pipe is the best pipe configuration for the two-phase flow having a viscosity ratio of about 10 or less. A flat bottomed pipe configuration is found to give higher volumetric flow rate factors as well as higher power reduction factors than the circular pipe when the viscosity ratio is about 100 or more. On fait une analyse numerique de l'ecoulement laminaire et stratifie de deux liquides newtoniens non-miscibles dans des tuyaux circulaires et dans quelques-uns qui ne le sont pas. On apporte des solutions dans le cas des rapports des viscosites correspondant a 10,000 et 1,000 et de diverges vitesses d'ecoulement. On a etudie cinq formes de tuyau et calcule, dans chaque cas, les facteurs de la vitesse d'ecoulement et de la diminution d'energie. On demontre que le tuyau circulaire possede la meilleur forme, lorsqu'il s'agit d'un ecoulement a deux phases dont le rapport des viscosites est 10 ou moins. On a trouve qu'un tuyau a fond plat produit des facteurs de vitesse d'ecoulement et de diminution d'energie qui sont plus grands que dans le cas d'un tuyau circulaire lorsque le rapport des viscosites et d'environ 100 ou plus.
C-terminal helix capping propensities in a polyalanine context for amino acids bearing nonpolar aliphatic side chains

Abstract Relative C-capping propensities for nonpolar amino acids and the primary amide, which control helicity for many small peptides, have been determined by a new method. Practical consequences of the observed propensities and their temperature dependences are discussed.
A novel muscle complex on the hindgut of lepidopteran larvae

A complex consisting of 2 circular muscle types was found on the ileum and colon of the larval hindgut of Manduca sexta and in specimens of 6 other lepidopteran families studied. The larger of the 2 is an inner circular supercontractor muscle organized in a fashion suitable for movement of a solid fecal pellet, formed in the ileum, through the colon to the rectum. The other muscles lie on top of the supercontractors and make contact with them at 6 specific locations with each outer muscle contacting 2 inner muscles. The inner muscle cells have about 70 nuclei and are apparently not innervated; the outer muscle cells are mononucleated and are innervated by neurosecretory axons. Intercalated disc-like structures are present at contact points between inner muscles and between outer and inner muscles. A detailed description of this unusual muscle complex was obtained by using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, microelectrode dye injection, and standard histological procedures.
Efficient matrix techniques applied to transmission tower design

Self-supporting transmission towers are highly indeterminate structures. Until recently, analysis of such structures was accomplished by determinate methods due to the number of calculations involved in indeterminate methods. Results from the former were often questionable because elastic properties of members were not considered. Today, large numerical problems are being solved with high-speed digital computers as a matter of routine. This paper presents a technique for efficiently solving large systems of symmetrical linear equations obtained from an indeterminate method of analysis without resorting to matrix inversion. A procedure for incorporating the analysis into a tower design program is then given.
Homeostatic mechanisms and the loss of mitotic potential.

Abstract A model for cell division in mammalian tissues is analyzed. The model treats cells capable of division and cells not so capable as separate populations. In the model homeostasis is achieved by a secretion of the non-dividers which acts upon newly formed cells to convert them into non-dividers. The principal result is given in the form of a theorem: if the rate at which cells divide exceeds the rate at which the non-dividers die, then the ratio of dividers to non-dividers tends to zero with time.
Problem : Solving through electronic bulletin boards

Summary Changes in the organization and financing of health care delivery have resulted in increasing the responsibilities of family members who care for people with cancer and other chronic diseases. These family caregivers need to develop skills in problem-solving and in preventing physical, emotional, and social crises at home. For problem-solving education to affect caregiving behavior, family caregivers need ongoing reinforcement of what they have learned about problem-solving. Such support can come from the creative use of technology, such as computer or voice bulletin boards, which offer a wide array of services that are directly available at home for health education or counseling purposes. This article describes two computer-driven sources of information and support: the CHESS Program and the Telepracticc and COPELINE systems, which are specifically designed to reinforce problem-solving learning among family caregivers of people with cancer.
Polypoid and papillary epithelial hyperplasia: A potential cause of ductal obstruction in adult polycystic disease

Polypoid and papillary epithelial hyperplasia: A potential cause of ductal obstruction in adult polycystic disease. In experimental models of cystic renal disease, functional studies define conditions that suggest increased resistance to outflow from dilated or cystic nephrons. Morphologically, models exhibit foci of cellular hyperplasia and micropolyp formation along outer medullary collecting tubules. Temporally, cellular proliferation precedes cyst formation. These findings in models have led to a hypothesis that polypoid hyperplasia participates in cyst formation in susceptible kidneys by increasing resistance to the outflow of tubular urine. The present study was undertaken to establish the presence, extent, and distribution of cellular hyperplasia in human adult polycystic kidney disease. Kidneys from four unrelated individuals were studied by light and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Foci of hyperplasia were found in all. Cellular and subcellular detail and the location of hyperplasia along the nephron were similar to those seen in the models. These findings delineate a heretofore unappreciated morphologic similarity between the models and human disease and add further support to the hypothesis that partial tubular obstruction participates in the pathogenesis of renal cystic disease, whether it be heritable or acquired, in animals and in man. Hyperplasie epitheliale polypoide et papillaire: Une cause possible d'obstruction dans la maladie polykystique de l'adulte. Dans les modeles experimentaux de maladie kystique du rein les etudes fonctionnelles suggerent une augmentation de la resistance a l'ecoulement des nephrons dilates ou kystiques. L'etude morphologique des modeles montre des foyers d'hyperplasie cellulaire et de formations polypoides le long des canaux collecteurs dans la medullaire externe. La proliferation cellulaire precede la formation de kystes. Ces constatations sur modele ont conduit a l'hypothese selon laquelle l'hyperplasie polypoide participe a la formation de kystes renaux en augmentant la resistance a l'ecoulement de l'urine. Ce travail a pour but d'etudier la presence, l'importance, et la distribution de l'hyperplasie cellulaire au cours de la maladie polykystique de l'adulte. Les reins de quatre individus non apparentes ont ete etudies en microscopie photonique et en microscopie electronique a transmission et a balayage. Des foyers d'hyperplasie ont ete trouves dans tous les cas. La localisation de l'hyperplasie le long du nephron et les caracteristiques cellulaires et subcellulaires etaient semblables a ce qui a ete observe dans les modeles. Ces constatations etablissent une similitude morphologique, inconnue jusqu'a ce jour, entre les modeles et la maladie humaine et apportent un argument en faveur de l'hypothese selon laquelle l'obstruction tabulaire partielle participe a la pathogenie de la maladie polykystique, qu elle soit hereditaire ou acquise, chez l'animal et chez l'homme.
Resistance to HER2-directed antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors: mechanisms and clinical implications.

The antibody trastuzumab and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib are approved by the FDA for the treatment of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. These anti-HER2 drugs are changing the natural history of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. However, therapeutic resistance to trastuzumab or lapatinib, as either single-agents or in combination with chemotherapy in the metastatic setting, typically occurs within months of starting therapy. Several mechanisms of trastuzumab-resistance have been reported that include signaling from other HER receptors, signaling from receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) outside of the HER (ErbB) family, increased phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling, and the presence of truncated forms of HER2. Mechanisms of resistance to lapatinib also point to increased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling as well as derepression/activation of compensatory survival pathways. In this review, we discuss how these models and mechanisms enhance our understanding of the clinical resistance to HER2-directed therapies.
Effects of quantified small-scale turbulence on the dinoflagellate, Gymnodium sanguineum (splendens): contrasts with Gonyaulax (Lingulodinium) polyedra, and the fishery implication

Gymnodinium sanguineum dinoflagellate cultures were subjected to constant staining flows to quantify the threshold level for growth inhibition by viscous streses for this organisms and to compare its response to that of a red tide species Gonyaulax polyedra previously studied. Growth inhibition of Gymnodinium was detected at rates-of-strain γ as small as 1 rad s−1 and was independent of γ in the range 1–40 rad s−1. Growth was delayed for 2–5 days, but not prevented entirely. For Gonyaulax, growth inhibition began for γ ≈ 3 rad s−, and growth was prevented entirely above 8 rads s−1. The fishery implication is that the apparent necessity of calm seas (Lasker Events) for the growth of larval northern anchovies may not be due to turbulence inhibition of their Gymnodinium food supply.
Statistical approaches to gene mapping.

In this brief primer, we hope to provide a general overview on statistical methods for disease-gene mapping. Of course, this cannot be complete—our apologies to researchers whose methods are not mentioned below. More-detailed information may be found in relevant textbooks (Ott 1999) and at the Web Resources of Genetic Linkage Analysis site (Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, Rockefeller University). The main purpose of this primer is to present, in a nontechnical manner, the methodological background and rationale of genetic mapping and to relate the various approaches to each other. In addition, current analysis methods for analysis of microarray data are discussed. Microarray data represent a new type of information that can provide important insight about the interaction of genes and that thus can complement the statistical approaches to gene mapping. Statistical genetic-mapping methods all rest on one biological phenomenon, recombination (crossing-over), which is exploited for the purposes of determining the genetic distance—or at least the closeness—between two loci. Crossovers between homologous chromosome strands occur semirandomly. Loci in close proximity to each other will rarely be separated by a recombination, whereas, for distant loci, recombinations occur as often as not. This phenomenon is used to derive a statistical measure of genetic distance. In family pedigrees, recombinations may be seen more or less directly; on the other hand, the consequences of recombinations in past generations can be observed in the form of linkage disequilibrium—that is, the preferential occurrence, in one gamete, of specific alleles at different loci.
Reading Comprehension for Older Readers

This article provides an overview of a multicomponent comprehension strategy and graphic organizers designed for older readers to gain meaning from text. Practices designed to capitalize on the best research-based elements associated with improved outcomes in reading comprehension, particularly for expository texts, are described. The graphic organizers provide visual representations and organizational schema, which are useful for assisting students in organizing key concepts, vocabulary, and information from text.
Heterogeneous samples in flow-injection systems. Part 2. Standard addition

Abstract It is shown that the effect of undefined dispersion in flow injection analysis (f.i.a.) of heterogeneous samples can be eliminated by the method of standard addition. This is a significant improvement over the direct calibration method. However, because f.i.a. is basically a precise dilution method, the initial free volume of the sample (e.g., total volume minus hematocrit, for whole blood)_must be known in order to produce accurate results for such samples. The Gran plot technique is adapted for f.i.a. and it is shown that the dispersion, D , can be obtained from these experiments.
Systematics of modal phenocryst assemblages in submarine basalts: Petrologic implications

Phenocryst assemblages in ocean-ridge basalts generally show an increasing proportion of plagioclase as the total amount of phenocrysts increases. The variations in phase assemblages, as well as most crystal-liquid Kd's, are similar to variations (equimodal trends) predicted by low-pressure laboratory experiments, suggesting that many of these basalts have experienced varying degrees of low-pressure cyrstallization prior to quenching, with little sorting of crystals and liquid. Important exceptions include moderately to highly phyric basalts enriched either in plagioclase or olivine which lie well off the experimental trends. In these basalts, megacrysts and xenocrysts usually cited as evidence for magma mixing commonly represent a small proportion of the total crystalline phase assemblage. However, phase proportions for many of these basalts lie well outside the range that could be produced by simple mixing; selective gravitative sorting either prior or subsequent to mixing appears to be the likely explanation for these phyric basalts. A relation between spreading rate and phase proportions is neither supported nor refuted by the data, which as yet do not adequately represent fast-spreading ridges.
Gas phase polyalanine: Assessment of i → i + 3 and i → i + 4 helical turns in [Alan + 4H]4+ (n = 29-49) ion

The structures of a series of quadruply protonated polyalanine peptides ([Ala n + 4H] 4 + , n = 29-49) have been examined in the gas phase using high-pressure drift tube/mass spectrometry and molecular modeling techniques.The results indicate that [Ala n + 4H] 4 + ions favor stretched helices; i → i + 3 and i → i + 4 hydrogen-bonding interactions are significant in stabilizing the extended structures. Experiment and theory indicate that the fraction of i → i + 4 interactions increases with increasing polymer length. It appears that i → i + 3 interactions stabilize smaller polymers, where repulsive Coulombic interactions are greater. For [Ala 3 6 + 4H] 4 + , ∼35% of hydrogen-bonding interactions are associated with i → i + 3 contacts, while ∼65% correspond to i → i + 4 associations. In the larger [Ala 4 8 + 4H] 4 + polymer, ∼85% of residues are involved in i → i + 4 hydrogen-bonding interactions.
High rates of consumption of bacteria by pelagic ciliates

It has been thought that ciliate protozoans that consume bacteria are not found in open waters except at micro-sites of high bacterial density1,2. Previous laboratory studies, using ciliates isolated from benthic habitats have suggested that (1), ciliates that can ingest bacterial-sized particles have cell-specific clearance rates too low to obtain sufficient food for growth at the bacterial abundances found in most marine and fresh waters3,4, and (2), spirotrichous ciliates cannot ingest particles of less than 1–2 µm in diameter3,4. New data on uptake rates of pelagic ciliates at low bacterial concentrations refute both of these ideas. We and others have found that ciliates, including spirotrichous forms, present in the plankton of both coastal marine waters and lakes can be voracious consumers of bacteria5–8. Using a new method for preparing monodisperse, fluorescently labelled 'marker' bacteria, we have measured bacterial clearance rates for pelagic ciliates which are 10–100 times greater than earlier estimates. In waters of a salt marsh estuary, ciliate grazing can account for 100% of estimated protozoan bacterivory. Ciliate bacterivory may 'short-circuit' the microbial loop in aquatic ecosystems by making bacterioplankton production available to metazoan grazers via a simple, two-step food chain.
Supra-modal role for frontal cortex in sensory gating

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if there is a cortical source in the frontal cortex that plays a role in somatosensory gating. Ten normal controls (aged 32 ± 10 years) were monitored with MEG. Somatosensory evoked fields (SEF's) were measured during presentation of pressure pulses to the middle finger. The right hand was tested first then the left. Pulse #2 followed pulse #1 by 580 ms. The interpair interval between pulse-pairs was 8 s. 100 epochs were averaged with a pre-stimulus baseline of 100 ms. MR-FOCUSS was used to localize the cortical sources. Four SEF peak responses were observed in all subjects and localized to the somatosensory cortex, where sensory processing for the middle finger is known to occur. The response to the first stimulus was associated with the pressurized bladder touching the finger; a secondary response to stimulus #1 was observed 30 ms later, this was due to bladder deflating. This “On–Off” response occurred for each tap. Averaged MEG data results from all subjects showed activation arising from the first pulse at ∼ 42 ms. MR-FOCUSS showed the underlying source for this response had average activity amplitude of ∼ 834 nAm. This response was followed by a second peak at ∼ 74 ms with average amplitude of ∼ 641 nAm. The locations of cortical sources for the “on” response were found to be very focal in the somatosensory cortex on the post central gyrus in the location normally active for finger tapping responses. For the second pulse, responses occurred at ∼ 639 ms with average amplitude of ∼ 597 nAm, followed by “off” response at ∼ 677 ms with average amplitude of ∼ 519 nAm. The second response localized to an extended regions of the somatosensory cortex. Thus locations included post central gyrus and activation in the superior frontal gyrus (Brodmann's area 6). Elucidating the role of the frontal cortex in mediating sensory gating is crucial for the understanding of neuronal mechanisms underlying pre-attentive filtering of irrelevant information in individuals with normal and abnormal getting function.
Phospholipase C minics tumor promoter-induced chemiluminescence in murine epidermal cells

Treatment of newborn murine epidermal cells with phospholipase C results in the generation of a chemiluminescence response similar to that previously described for phorbol ester tumor promoters. Based on inhibitor studies, the oxidant, believed to be superoxide anion, is most likely generated from lipoxygenase metabolism of arachidonic acid. The specificity of the response to phospholipase C from C.perfringens and not from B.cereus or phospholipase A2 suggests specific phospholipids are involved. The response observed appears to arise from the phospholipid-protein kinase C model for phorbol ester binding and activity.
Representation of preference relations induced by lattice-valued, generalized possibilistic utility functions

Representational issues of preferences in the framework of a possibilistic ordinal decision model under uncertainty were introduced by Dubois and Prade a few years ago. In this framework, finite, linear, commensurate uncertainty and preference scales are assumed and decisions are ranked according to their expected utility in terms of Sugeno integrals. In this paper we generalise the model by allowing (i) to measure uncertainty and preferences on finite, distributive lattices with involution, and (ii) to formulate the utility expectations in terms of generalized Sugeno integrals where t-norms and t-conorms play a role. For these generalized utility functions we provide axiomatic characterisations. Finally, we also briefly comment the case of working with belief states that may be partially inconsistent, which is usual in case-based decision making problems or when several inconsistent sources of information are available.
Effective point of measurement of thimble ion chambers in megavoltage photon beams

Purpose: Determine the effective point of measurement (EPOM) of 12 thimble ion chambers, including miniature chambers and three models widely used for clinical reference dosimetry. The EPOM is the point at which the measured dose would arise in the measurement medium in the absence of the probe: For cylindrical chambers, it is shifted upstream relative to the central axis of the chamber. Although current dosimetry protocols prescribe a blanket upstream EPOM shift of 0.6 r , with r as the chamber cavity radius, it has been shown in recent years that the EPOM does, in fact, depend on every detail of the chamber design and on the beam characteristics. In the wake of this finding, the authors undertake a comprehensive study of the EPOM for a series of chambers in water. Methods: This work relies on EGSnrc Monte Carlo calculations for the central axis depth dose in a water phantom and in ion chambers. They use a full Elekta Precise linac treatment head simulation to generate realistic photon beams with nominal energies of 6 and 25 MV and fields sizes of 10 × 10 and 40 × 40 cm 2 . The correct EPOM shift for the 12 ion chambers, modeled in realistic detail, is taken as the one minimizing the deviation of the ratio between the dose to water and the dose to the gas of the chamber cavity, according to a method proposed and validated in previous work. Results: The analysis reveals that the actual EPOM shift is significantly smaller than the recommended value in current dosimetry protocols, by up to 25% for reference-class chambers and 80% for miniature chambers. The location of the EPOM also depends on the characteristics of the incident beam and varies in a well-defined way with the cavity length, the central electrode radius, and the thimble wall thickness. Conclusions: The authors confirm that an upstream EPOM shift of 0.6 r is too large for thimble ion chambers in high energy photon beams. Proper values for the EPOM shift could be tabulated per beam and per chamber, but they envisage that a single shift for all practical beams may prove sufficient. Moreover, the systematic dependence on chamber characteristics provides evidence that a universal parametrization in terms of a few design parameters is conceivable and has implication for the calculation of chamber correction factors.
Anisotropic mechanical and acoustic emission behavior of A533B steels

Abstract Acoustic emission characteristics of ASTM A533B steels were determined during tensile and fracture testing. Two different heats of thick plates were employed, and the orientation dependence of acoustic emission and mechanical behavior were studied in tensile tests and slow bend Charpy fracture tests. The types of acoustic emission signals, acoustic emission event counts, signal levels and amplitude distribution analysis were investigated. Three distinct types of acoustic emission signals were identified. One is the continuous type due to plastic deformation of the ferrite matrix. Two others are burst emissions, one of which has the characteristic Weibull function as its amplitude distribution and is attributed to the debonding of manganese sulfide inclusions. The other has a power law amplitude distribution which has often been reported in the literature. The exact origin(s) of this emission need(s) to be clarified. In this paper we describe a detailed study establishing the inclusion debonding to be the primary source of acoustic emission during the ductile fracture of A533B steels. This study further suggests that most burst-type acoustic emission in typical structural steels results from non-metallic inclusions in these materials.
Reasons Why Women Accept or Reject the Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (TIV) During Pregnancy

The aim of the study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the reasons why pregnant women accept or reject the seasonal influenza vaccine. The qualitative descriptive design used a face-to-face semi-structured interview format. Sixty pregnant and postpartum women at two hospitals in the Northeastern United States participated. Content analysis was the inductive method used to code the data and identify emergent themes. Six themes emerged from the data: differing degrees of influence affect action to vaccinate; two-for-one benefit is a pivotal piece of knowledge that influences future vaccination; fear if I do (vaccinate), fear if I don’t; women who verbalize ‘no need’ for the vaccine also fear the vaccine; a conveniently located venue for vaccination reduces barriers to uptake; H1N1—a benefit and barrier to the seasonal vaccine. Our study supports previous findings and reveals a deeper understanding and interpretation of the behavior and decision-making to accept or reject the influenza vaccine. Understanding the reasons behind the behavior of vaccine rejection gives us the chance to change it.
The Classification of Small Types of Rank $\omega$, Part I

Certain basic concepts of geometrical stability theory are generalized to a class of closure operators containing algebraic closure. A specific case of a generalized closure operator is developed which is relevant to Vaught's conjecture. As an application of the methods, we prove Theorem A. Let G be a superstate group of U-rank ω such that the generics of G are locally modular and Th( G ) has few countable models. Let G − be the group of nongeneric elements of G . G + = G o + G − . Let Π = { q ∈ S (∅): U(q) ω }. For any countable model M of Th( G ) there is a finite A ⊂ M such thai M is almost atomic over A ∪ ( G + ∩ M ) ∪ ⋃ p ∈Π p (M) .
Non-iterative reconstruction of signals from signed fourier transform magnitude

Abstract A new algorithm to reconstruct a one-dimensional sequence from its Fourier transform magnitude and 1-bit phase information is presented. Since the minimum-phase and maximum-phase sequences are uniquely specified by the magnitude alone, the algorithm reconstructs these sequences from magnitude only but it requires additional sign information in the case of mixed-phase signals. A minimum or maximum-phase sequence is recursively obtained using the cepstrum of the given magnitude function. In the case of mixed-phase sequences the sequence calculated from the magnitude is the minimum-phase equivalent of the original sequence. This together with the 1-bit phase information permits us to obtain by interpolation an approximation of the original phase and therefore reconstruct the sequence. To reduce the computational effort, we propose a test to distinguish between the minimum (maximum) and mixed-phase sequences using the sign information. With this additional information, the procedure becomes very efficient. We compare the reconstruction of signals using our algorithm with that obtained by well known iterative methods.
Spinal anesthesia for endoluminal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Abstract Study Objective: To determine whether spinal anesthesia can be safely used for patients under endoluminal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: University hospital. Participants: 38 patients who underwent endoluminal AAA repair from 1999 to 2000. Measurements and Main Results: The charts of 38 patients who underwent endoluminal AAA repair from 1999 to 2000 were reviewed for variables known to be associated with AAA repair. Twenty-four patients had spinal anesthesia (63%), 13 patients had general anesthesia (35%), 1 patient had epidural anesthesia (2%). Eight patients (33%) in the spinal group eventually had to have general anesthesia. Reasons included prolonged procedure in six cases and patient intolerance and anxiety in two cases. Conclusion: Endoluminal AAA repair can be safely performed with spinal anesthesia. The major disadvantage of spinal anesthesia is limited duration of anesthesia. The anesthesia team must be prepared to induce general anesthesia at any time. The decision regarding anesthetic technique should focus on patient and physician needs and preferences.
The conservation of ribonucleic acid by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Abstract Essentially all of the 14 C of orotic acid-6- 14 C incorporated into te pyrimidines of RNA and DNA of Ehrlich mouse ascites tumor cells (hyperdiploid and tetraploid lines) is retained for periods of 7–10 days in vivo during which the cells are increasing six-fold in number at a logarithmic rate. This result is observed whether the cells are maintained in the animals in which the labeling is effected or whether the labeled cells are removed to hosts which have received no radioactivity.
Nosocomial Rhizopus infection (zygomycosis) in children

Three children with the rare occurrence of zygomycosis are described: two had involvement of a solitary lesion of gangrenous cellulitis on the buttocks, and the third was a neonate with gastric performation and a gangrenous appendicitis. All three patients were compromised hosts (two with leukemia and one a premature infant with respiratory distress syndrome). All three patients appeared to have acquired the same organism, Rhizopus oryzae , from the same fomites, elastic bondages (Elastoplast). The Center for Disease Control has received several other reports of zygomycosis traceable to the same material. All three of our patients were cured of their infections. Early diagnosis and a combined surgical and chemotherapeutic approach appear to prevent death from zygomycosis.
A new method for the atomisation of solid samples for atomic absorption spectroscopy

Abstract Useful atomic absorption analysis can be obtained in powders and other materials without the requirement of prior dissolution. The sample is mixed in the proper proportion with a solid fuel powder and burned in the path of the light beam from a hollow cathode lamp. Unconfined flames, which consist merely of a trail of powder of the proper geometry, can be used. Inhibited flames, in which the powder mixture is compressed into a suitable shape, have also been extensively evaluated. The sensitivity of the powder technique for certain elements is comparable with or superior to conventional flame techniques. By eliminating the preparatory dissolution or ashing step, improvements in convenience and accuracy can be achieved. Examples of the application of the technique are given for a variety of sample matrices.
Intervention of glutathione in pre-mutagenic catechol-mediated DNA damage in the presence of copper(II) ions

The catechol-mediated DNA damage in the presence of Cu(II) ions involves oxidation of guanine to 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) and DNA strand scission. It proceeds through the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The mutagenicity of 8-oxoG lesions is due to its miscoding propensity reflected in GC→TA transversion taking place during the DNA repair process. To gain new insights into the nature of catechol-mediated DNA damage and its prevention, we have investigated the changes in DNA melting characteristics and 8-oxoG formation as the indicators of DNA damage in a model calf-thymus DNA system. A novel fluorescence method for DNA melting temperature determination, based on DAPI fluorescent-probe staining, has been proposed. The DNA melting-onset temperature has been found to be more sensitive to DNA damage than the standard melting temperature due to the increased width of the melting transition observed in oxidatively damaged DNA. We have found that the efficiency of Fenton cascade in generating DNA-damaging ROS is higher for catechol than for GSH, two strong antioxidants, mainly due to the much longer distance between ROS-generating radical group in GS to nucleobases than that of semiquinone radical group to nucleobases (2.1nm vs. 0.27nm), making the ROS transport from GSH an order of magnitude less likely to damage DNA because of short lifetime of HO radicals. The antioxidant and DNA-protecting behaviors of GSH have been elucidated. We have found that the redox potential of GSH/GSSG couple is lower than that of catechol/semiquinone couple. Hence, GSH keeps catechol in the reduced state, thereby shutting down the initial step of the catechol-mediated Fenton cascade. The catechol-induced DNA damage in the presence of Cu(II) ions has also been confirmed in studies of ON-OFF hairpin-oligonucleotide beacons.
Effect of a short structured session on medical student breast cancer screening knowledge.

: Formalized instruction in breast cancer screening during medical school may help improve early breast cancer detection and survival. Physicians-in-training must be proficient in skills relating to breast cancer screening. This study investigates the baseline breast cancer screening knowledge of medical students, the benefit of a structured lecture session, and its effect on improving medical students’ knowledge of cancer screening. A self-administrated questionnaire relating to breast cancer screening was given to third-year medical students. A 60-minute structured lecture session was given to the medical students regarding breast cancer screening. A postintervention survey was administered immediately following the session. A total of 27 medical students were evaluated. There was a statistically significant improvement following the formalized teaching session (84% to 93%; p < 0.0016). While few students (15%) reported having previous instruction in cancer screening, most students (96%) felt that a formal session should be offered during medical school. While medical student knowledge of breast cancer screening may be adequate, formalized instruction in breast cancer health practices can improve medical student knowledge. Most students had limited previous instruction in breast cancer prevention and welcomed the opportunity for structured training in breast cancer prevention, education, and detection. Until a formal course becomes a fundamental aspect of medical education, a short structured session should be instituted.
"Egalitarian" Ideology, Leadership, and Factional Conflict within the Matthean Group:

Conflict pervades the Gospel of Matthew. From the perspective of the social sciences, there has been much discussion about conflict between the Matthean group and outsiders but relatively little about conflict within the Matthean group itself. After some attention to the terms in the above title, this study explores leadership roles in the Matthean group. On the basis of leadership designations, an analogy from Paul, and four social scientific models it argues that in the Matthean group there is a tension between an expressed, limited "egalitarian" leadership ideology and a developing social reality that is moving toward a hierarchical "corporate" structure.
Regulation of BRCA2 Gene Expression by the SLUG Repressor Protein in Human Breast Cells

The expression of the breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA2 is highly regulated in human breast, ovary, and pancreatic cells. BRCA2 is not expressed in the non-dividing cells, and expression is cell cycle stage-dependent and is elevated in the sporadic cancer cells. Mutational analysis of the upstream sequence of the human BRCA2 gene revealed an E2-box-containing silencer at the –701 to –921 position. The E2-box is essential for the cell-cycle stage-dependent activity of the silencer. We affinity-purified a 29-kDa silencer-binding protein (SBP) from the nuclear extracts of human breast cells BT-549 and MDA-MB-231. We explored whether the E2-box-binding repressor protein SLUG, which is of similar molecular size, is involved in the silencing process. Supershift assay with the purified SBP and anti-SLUG antibody revealed the identity of the SBP as SLUG. We found that silencer is inactive in the human breast cancer cells such as MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7 that do not express SLUG, further suggesting the involvement of SLUG in the BRCA2 gene silencing. Inducible expression of human SLUG in the dividing MDA-MB-468 cells reduced BRCA2 RNA levels with the activation of the silencer. Furthermore, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of SLUG mRNA in the BT-549 cells caused inhibition of the silencer function. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays suggested that SLUG mediates its action by recruiting C-terminal-binding protein-1 (CtBP-1) and histone deacetylase-1 (HDAC-1) at the silencer E2-box. The general HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A, inhibited the SLUG-mediated regulation of the silencer function. It thus appears that SLUG is a negative regulator for BRCA2 gene expression.