cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between objectively measured physical activity on neuropathology and cognitive outcomes in older adults: Resistance versus resilience?

Introduction Physical activity (PA) is associated with better cognitive and brain health. However, it remains unclear whether PA relates to accumulation of disease pathology ("resistance") or indirectly moderates adverse effects of pathology on cognition ("cognitive resilience"). Methods Five hundred thirteen Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP) decedents completed longitudinal actigraphy monitoring, cognitive testing, and neuropathological examination. Cross-sectional models tested the relationship between average PA and pathology, and the moderating effect of baseline PA on the association between pathology and cognition. Longitudinal models examined whether changes in PA moderated associations between pathology and cognition. Results PA was negatively associated with Lewy body disease (LBD), but positively associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) burdens. Baseline PA attenuated the association between cerebrovascular pathology and cognition, whereas longitudinal change in PA attenuated associations between AD, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, TAR DNA-binding protein 43, and atherosclerosis on cognitive decline. Discussion Whereas PA relates to "cognitive resilience" against cerebrovascular disease, AD, and other neuropathologies, "resistance" effects were limited.
Quantum flux parametron: a simple quantum flux superconducting logic device

This book concerns a Josephson device for supercomputers which has extremely low heat dissipation (about 106 times less than semiconductor devices and 103 times less than voltage-based Josephson devices). In the previous book on Quantum Flux Parametrons (QFPs), DC Flux Parametron, the basic device operation are described. This book deals in much greater depth on the problems which are faced by the QFP. The device characteristics are worked out in detail showing clearly the analysis methods used. A new logic gate using the QFP is described with respect to its basic scheme, operation, and ways for forming logic circuits. The problems faced by the basic QFP are much reduced in the new logic gate. As the QFP operates near the Heisenberg and Boltzmann limits for computing devices, we also show the relationship between speed and stability. The book contains the latest analytical results on QFPs.The material presented in the book can be understood with very little mathematical training or knowledge about superconducting physics. It is also self-contained and does not require reading of other material. Most of the device characteristics can be reproduced from the equations given using simple programs. A circuit simulator is not needed except for high speeds when transient behavior becomes important.
Mesquakie Chief Poweshiek's Feathered Cape

(1985). Mesquakie Chief Poweshiek’S Feathered Cape. Plains Anthropologist: Vol. 30, No. 108, pp. 161-164.
On the anonymity of periodic location samples

As Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers become a common feature in cell phones, personal digital assistants, and automobiles, there is a growing interest in tracking larger user populations, rather than individual users. Unfortunately, anonymous location samples do not fully solve the privacy problem. An adversary could link multiple samples (i.e., follow the footsteps) to accumulate path information and eventually identify a user. This paper reports on our ongoing work to analyze privacy risks in such applications. We observe that linking anonymous location samples is related to the data association problem in tracking systems. We then propose to use such tracking algorithms to characterize the level of privacy and to derive disclosure control algorithms.
Metabolism of Gallic Acid and Syringic Acid by Pseudomonas putida

Cell-free extracts of Pseudomonas putida, grown with syringic acid as carbon source, catalyzed the oxidation of 1 mole of gallate (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) by 1 mole of oxygen to give 2 moles of pyruvate and 1 mole of carbon dioxide. Oxaloacetate, formed as an intermediate in reactions, could be reduced quantitatively when NADH and sufficient malate dehydrogenase were added, despite the presence in extracts of oxaloacetate decarboxylase. With these conditions of assay it was shown that oxaloacetate was the precursor of half of the pyruvate formed from gallate. Similarly, when 1 mole of gallate was first oxidized by protocatechuate 4,5-oxygenase purified from Pseudomonas testosteroni and was then degraded by cell-free extracts, 1 mole of oxaloacetate and 1 mole of pyruvate were again formed. Although gallate oxygenase proved too labile to isolate, it was concluded from these results that the enzyme gave the same ring fission product as that obtained by the action of protocatechuate 4,5-oxygenase on gallate, namely 4-carboxy-2-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconic acid. This compound appeared to undergo enzymic hydration to give 4-carboxy-4-hydroxy-2-oxoadipate which was then cleaved to oxaloacetate and pyruvate. Cell-free extracts oxidized 3-O-methylgallate, but protocatechuate (3,4-dihydroxybenzoate), 5-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxy benzoate and 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methylbenzoate were not attacked. Syringic acid was oxidized only in the presence of substrate amounts of NADH, when 2 moles of oxygen were taken up and 1 mole of pyruvate appeared; additional pyruvate was formed by a much slower reaction. There was no requirement for added NADH when concentrated cell extracts were used to oxidize syringate. These and other observations indicate that the C-5 methoxyl group of syringate was oxidized by an O-demethylase. The benzene nucleus of the resulting 3-O-methylgallate was then cleaved between C-3 and C-4 to give, as final products, pyruvate and a compound presumed to be a monomethyl ester of oxaloacetic acid. The substrate specificity of syringate O-demethylase was studied in experiments with intact cells.
Local gradient pattern - A novel feature representation for facial expression recognition

Many researchers adopt Local Binary Pattern for pattern analysis. However, the long histogram created by Local Binary Pattern is not suitable for large-scale facial database. This paper presents a simple facial pattern descriptor for facial expression recognition. Local pattern is computed based on local gradient flow from one side to another side through the center pixel in a 3x3 pixels region. The center pixel of that region is represented by two separate two-bit binary patterns, named as Local Gradient Pattern-LGP for that pixel. LGP pattern is extracted from each pixel. Facial image is divided into 81 equal sized blocks and the histograms of local LGP features for all 81 blocks are concatenated to build the feature vector. Experimental results prove that the proposed technique along with Support Vector Machine is effective for facial expression recognition.
Does the use of home blood pressure monitoring vary by race, education, and income?

OBJECTIVE: Home blood pressure (BP) monitors are commonly recommended for patients with hypertension, but little is known about their utilizations among different racial/ethnic groups. The objective of this study was to investigate if racial differences existed in the utilization of home BP monitoring devices. DESIGN: A voluntary and self-administered survey study. SETTING: Community pharmacies in the Greater Houston metropolitan areas, Texas, United States. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects were recruited from community pharmacies if they were aged > or = 18 years and received a prescription drug for hypertension. INTERVENTIONS: Each participant was given informed consent to complete a survey that consisted of questions about patient demographics and BP self-monitoring behavior. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary measures were the use of home BP monitors and the patient's knowledge of BP monitoring. RESULTS: A total of 987 pharmacy customers were approached, of whom 834 patients agreed to participate (34.3% African Americans, 33.3% Whites, and 28.9% Hispanics). We found no association between race and BP monitor utilization. Patients with less education and lower income were associated with lesser use of BP monitors (P=.04 and P<.01 respectively). Patients with higher education and higher incomes were more knowledgeable about how to monitor BP at home. (P<.01). CONCLUSION: This study found that the utilization of BP monitors was not different among races. Patients with lower education level and less income were associated with less home BP monitor use. Further studies to investigate the adherence to home BP monitor use and intervention to overcome barriers to self-monitoring is needed.
A greedy algorithm for energy-efficient base station deployment in heterogeneous networks

In this paper, we develop an energy-efficient base station deployment framework for heterogeneous networks. Micro base station deployment increases the total capacity of the network. However, increasing the number of micro base stations excessively may reduce the energy efficiency of the network. Therefore, in this paper, we examine the energy efficiency aspect of the micro base station deployment problem. This problem can be divided into two subproblems: choosing feasible candidate micro base station locations and selecting the optimum set of micro base stations among the candidate locations. The proposed algorithm first chooses the subset of the feasible locations as candidate locations, and then selects the micro base stations which maximize the energy efficiency of the network iteratively. It is shown that the proposed algorithm is a constant-factor approximation of the optimal solution. Our simulations demonstrate that proposed algorithm improves the energy efficiency of the network up to 12% for low-loaded scenarios and 98% for the high-loaded scenarios.
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: A guardian of the genome that facilitates DNA repair by protecting against DNA recombination

We have studied the clonogenic survival response to X-rays and MNNG of V79 Chinese hamster cells and two derivative cell lines, ADPRT54 and ADPRT351, deficient in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity. Under conditions of exponential growth, both PARP-deficient cell lines are hypersensitive to X-rays and MNNG compared to their parental V79 cells. In contrast, under growth-arrested, confluent conditions, V79 and PARP-deficient cells become similarly sensitive to X-rays and MNNG suggesting that PARP may be involved in the repair of X-ray or MNNG-induced DNA damage in logarithmically growing cells but not in growth-arrested confluent cells. This suggestion, however, creates a dilemma as to how PARP can be involved in DNA repair in only selected growth phases while it is functionally active in all growth phases. To explain these paradoxical results and resolve this dilemma we propose a hypothesis based on the consistent observation that inhibition of PARP results in a significant increase in sister chromatid exchange (SCEs). Thus, we propose that PARP is a guardian of the genome that protects against DNA recombination. We have extended this theme to provide an explanation for our results and the studies done by many others.
Theory of D-C. Excited Iron-Core Reactors and Regulators

In the usual electrical machinery the magnetic saturation characteristic of iron is a handicap and in a-c. circuits gives rise to such undesirable characteristics as wave dis-tortion and variable reactance, decreasing with increasing load. Furthermore, these characteristics are inherent in the material and can not be controlled by design to suit individual requirements or changing load conditions. Control of these characteristics can however, be accomplished the mean magnetic density in the core be controlled by means of a suitable d-c. excitation, in which event, the saturation characteristics of the iron can be put to some useful applications, (1) APPLICATION AS A FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER The second and third harmonics of magnetization have been utilized in radio to multiply the supply frequency. Using a suf-ficient number of stages, theoretically any desired radio frequency may be obtained from commercial frequencies. However, the efficiency and regulation of the scheme are very poor, and this application has therefore become almost obsolete by the advent of the vacuum tube oscillator and the high-frequency alternator. When used at all, the number of stages would be kept to a minimum. (2) APPLICATION AS A SERIES CURRENT-LIMITING REACTOR The ordinary iron-core reactor is saturated at increasing values of load, and thus having a much lower reactance at short circuit than at normal load, is undesirable as a current-limiting reactor.
Test-first design in introductory Java programming (abstract only)

While professional programmers report on the advantages of test-first design discipline, typical introductory programming courses do not require that students design comprehensive test suites for their programs. For the past ten years we (and a number of our adopters in a variety of settings) have used our tester library to support novice programmers in adopting test-first design.This workshop illustrates hands-on the benefits of test-first pedagogy on a series of typical introductory programming assignments and shows how the focus on testing fosters a deeper understanding of fundamental concepts of object-oriented program design. The workshop prepares the participants to adopt test-first design approach in their introductory (and advanced) Java-based courses.The tester library with tutorials, samples, and all downloads is available at: http://www.ccs.neu.edu/javalib/Tester and https://github.com/TesterViera/JavaLibTester/
Risk of infection associated with umbilical vein catheterization

To determine the risk of infection created by catheterization of the umbilical vein per se, 75 jaundiced, but otherwisehealthy, newborn infants subjected to exchange transfusion were studied. Twenty-three were given antibiotics because of premature rupture of membranes. Fifty-three percent of the umbilici were contaminated before the insertion of the catheter, even after a very careful cleansing procedure. Sixty-two percent of the catheters were colonized upon removal. Bacteria were isolated from 44.9% of blood specimens drawn via the catheter at the onset of ET, but only in 14% of blood specimens drawn in the same way at the end of the procedure. Seven newborn infants (10%) were found to be bacteremic 4–6 hours after ET; four of these infants were not treated and were able to eliminate the bacteremia. Systemic antibiotic therapy did not reduce the overall prevalence of colonization of cord and catheter of positive blood cultures pre- and postexchange transfusion or the rate of bacteremia.
Psychiatric Care in the Nursing Home

This new edited volume by Drs. Reichman and Katz is especially timely and relevant in this era of managed care. Attention to care in the nursing home was initially stirred in 1986 by the Institute of Medicine Report on Improving the Quality of Care in Nursing Homes. This was followed by the Nursing Home Reform bill known as OBRA ’87, which emphasized the possible overuse of psychotropic medications and strengthened the need for psychosocial care. The reforms have met countercurrents of proponents and opponents of psychiatric involvement. From a psychiatrist’s vantage point, the need for psychiatric care in the nursing home is still not widely accepted, and in a few states, proposals have even been raised by Medicare intermediaries to eliminate Part B payments for psychiatrists in nursing homes altogether. As a collected volume, the 18 chapters cover a wide variety of issues and are written by some of the best-known psychiatrists in the field. Chapters cover clinical disorders like dementia, delirium, mood disorders, psychotic disorders, mental retardation, substance abuse, and sleep disorders; and special treatments like the role of psychotherapy and family involvement. Also, the provision of consultation–liaison in nursing homes, administrative issues, and ethical and medico-legal problems are addressed in separate chapters. The clinical discussions also pertain to patients outside of the nursing home setting, which makes the book a useful text for geriatric psychiatry in general. However, the chapters uniquely provide specific recommendations for implementation within nursing homes to address anticipated limitations or barriers. The chapters are well written and referenced, and they provide excellent reviews of current thinking in the field.
The distribution of Arachnactis albida M. Sars in the Celtic Sea

The distribution of Arachnactis albida in the Celtic Sea in 1937-9 is described. The species appears, to have a definite centre of distribution in the neighbourhood of lat. 50° N., long. 10° W. The larvae have been taken as far south as lat. 48°, and eastwards up to the mouth of the English Channel, but they are absent from the tongue of low salinity water continuous with the St George's and Bristol Channels. Their distribution in the remaining area can be correlated with the cyclonic circulation. The larvae obtained from the Celtic Sea are specifically identical with those found off the west coast of Ireland and with the typical A. albida of the Faroe-Hebrides region.
Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis induced by low level electrical stimulation of hypothalamus in rats

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an energy dissipating form of adipose tissue implicated in non-shivering thermogenesis as well as diet-induced thermogenesis. In the present study, in vivo interscapular BAT (IBAT) temperature was recorded prior to and following low level electrical stimulation (a 30 sec train of 60 Hz, 100 microA 0.5 msec isolated pulses) of various hypothalamic regions in rats. Significant increases in IBAT temperature were observed after stimulation of the anterior, medial preoptic, paraventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamus but not after stimulation of either ventromedial or caudal hypothalamus. For positive sites, IBAT temperature typically increased at 3-4 minutes following stimulation, peaked at 7-8 minutes after stimulation and declined at 20 minutes after stimulation. Although alterations in diet-induced thermogenesis have been reported after ventromedial hypothalamic lesions, the increases in BAT temperature noted in the present study suggest that inhibitory fibers that course through the paraventricular hypothalamus may form part of the central nervous system control of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis induced by overfeeding.
Hearts and spades: Paradigms of household economics

Abstract This paper explains why the feminist critique of inequalities within the family poses a serious challenge to conventional economic theories of the household. But it also discusses those aspects of both neoclassical and Marxian theory that are useful to an analysis of conflict within the family, arguing that the bargaining power models being developed by some neoclassical theorist are complementary to Marxist influenced structural accounts.
Symbolic vector/dyadic multibody formalism for tree-topology systems

A multibody formalism is presented that can be applied to automatically generate efficient equations of motion for a system of rigid bodies in a tree topology. The formalism is built on Kane's analysis method and is described using vector/dyadic notation. In addition to defining a way to formulate equations of motion, it specifies many details of the analysis that have formerly involved judgments made by a dynamicist. These details include "rule of thumb" issues such as 1) making modeling simplifications, 2) choosing state variables, 3) introducing intermediate variables, 4) choosing coordinate systems to represent vectors, and 5) choosing recursive vs nonrecursive formulations. The formalism has been automated using a computer algebra language that supports vector/dyadic algebra, small variable simplification options, and the automated introduction of new symbols. A companion paper describes this language and provides details of an example of a spacecraft multibody system. Results shown in this paper for the example spacecraft illustrate the high computational efficiency of the simulation code.
Disposition and body burdens of halogenated aromatic compounds: possible association with health effects in humans.

(1982). Disposition and Body Burdens of Halogenated Aromatic Compounds: Possible Association with Health Effects in Humans. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 485-497.
Evolutionary biology, political theory and the state

Contemporary biology shows that the very existence of those institutions variously described as ‘the law’, ‘the State’ or the ‘political system’ is problematic . But evolutionary theory can help to answer this question, building theoretical bridges between the natural and social sciences and deepening our understanding of human legal behavior. To this end, the relationship between inclusive fitness theory and conventional political theory is sketched. First, the ‘types’ of animal behavior defined by Hamilton are analyzed and related to human social institutions. Then a cost-benefit approach to social theory is related to game theory (the case of the Prisoner's Dilemma) and the theory of collective goods (Hardin's Tragedy of the Commons). On this basis, one can develop a general model of the conditions in which legal institutions (whether or not they include a formal state) are likely to arise. This approach is then linked to traditional explanations of the origins of the political community, law and the state. Using the theories of Hobbes, Rousseau, Kant and Hegel as illustrations, it is shown that existing social and political theories explore ‘archetypical’ problems that can be defined in terms of contemporary models of natural selection. Ultimately, this approach promises improved empirical analyses of the variability of legal systems, a unification of the natural and social sciences, and a return to the classical view that law and justice are not merely a matter of pure convention, but rather are grounded in what is right ‘according to nature’.
The inhibition of mast cell degranulation in monkey gingiva by disodium cromoglycate.

The effect of Syrijet applied disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on mast cell degranulation and on gingivitis was investigated in rhesus monkeys. Mast cell counts were obtained by tracing representative areas from specially stained tissue sections and visually counting mast cells per unit area. Results revealed that while the drug inhibited mast cell degranulation, this was not associated with any detectable change in gingivitis in the time period studied. D.S.C.G. should provide an invaluable tool for the continued investigation of the role of mast cells in gingivitis.
The C termini of constitutive nitric-oxide synthases control electron flow through the flavin and heme domains and affect modulation by calmodulin.

Abstract The sequences of nitric-oxide synthase flavin domains closely resemble that of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). However, all nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms are 20–40 residues longer in the C terminus, forming a “tail” that is absent in CPR. To investigate its function, we removed the 33 and 42 residue C termini from neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS), respectively. Both truncated enzymes exhibited cytochrome c reductase activities without calmodulin that were 7–21-fold higher than the nontruncated forms. With calmodulin, the truncated and wild-type enzymes reduced cytochrome c at approximately equal rates. Therefore, calmodulin functioned as a nonessential activator of the wild-type enzymes and a partial noncompetitive inhibitor of the truncated mutants. Truncated nNOS and eNOS plus calmodulin catalyzed NO formation at rates that were 45 and 33%, respectively, those of their intact forms. Without calmodulin, truncated nNOS and eNOS synthesized NO at rates 14 and 20%, respectively, those with calmodulin. By using stopped-flow spectrophotometry, we demonstrated that electron transfer into and between the two flavins is faster in the absence of the C terminus. Although both CPR and intact NOS can exist in a stable, one-electron-reduced semiquinone form, neither of the truncated enzymes do so. We propose negative modulation of FAD-FMN interaction by the C termini of both constitutive NOSs.
Co/Mo/alumina catalyst structure determination by EXAFS: IV. CoK edge in the oxide and sulfided states

Abstract The graded series of Co/Mo/alumina hydrodesulfurization catalysts, which was previously investigated via EXAFS spectroscopy at the MoK edge, was further examined at the CoK edge, both in the initially prepared oxide states and after extended testing in an HDS reactor. The spectra of various Co S and Co O reference compounds were recorded concurrently. From the near-edge profiles we obtained estimates of Co(II) Co(III) ratios, while information on the configuration of O, S, and Co atoms around the Co species was derived from radial distribution functions. The present spectra clearly show that even after extended use in an HDS reactor, a significant fraction of oxide bonds remain. When Co loading is high the Co 9 S 8 phase appears. The augmenting effect of the Co promoter is not discernible from the available structural data. However, an empirical correlation, based on the supposition that the enhancement per Co declines smoothly with increased loading, leads to good correspondence between the observed rate constants and those predicted.
A prototype framework for conceptual design of novel analog circuits

This paper presents a reasoning-based synthesis method to design novel analog circuits. In addition to producing circuit topologies and constraints characterizing the topologies, the method finds alternative signal processing flows which represent different conceptual designs that can meet the specification requirements. Each synthesis step aims to remove a design bottleneck by changing the trade-off expressions that link the variables of the trade-off. The main steps of the synthesis method are also illustrated in the paper.
Optical studies of diluted magnetic semiconductor superlattices

Diluted magnetic semiconductors exhibit a variety of interesting and unique optical phenomena generated by the strong spin exchange interaction between charge carriers and the magnetic ions in the materials. Recent successes in epitaxial growth of these compounds have enabled study of the effects of quantum confinement, and of size dependence of the magnetic interactions, on the physics of these systems. This review of optical studies discusses static and time-resolved measurements, both of luminescence and of optically induced magnetization. We focus on the wide-gap, II–VI zincblende crystal Cd1−xMnxTe which is, apart from the magnetic species, much like GaAs.
Video query: research directions

As digital video databases become more and more pervasive, finding video in large databases becomes a major problem. Because of the nature of video (streamed objects), accessing the content of such databases is inherently a time-consuming operation. Enabling intelligent means of video retrieval and rapid video viewing through the processing, analysis, and interpretation of visual content are, therefore, important topics of research. In this paper, we survey the art of video query and retrieval and propose a framework for video-query formulation and video retrieval based on an iterated sequence of navigating, searching, browsing, and viewing. We describe how the rich information media of video in the forms of image, audio, and text can be appropriately used in each stage of the search process to retrieve relevant segments. Also, we address the problem of automatic video annotation-- attaching meanings to video segments to aid the query steps. Subsequently, we present a novel framework of structural video analysis that focuses on the processing of high-level features as well as low-level visual cues. This processing augments the semantic interpretation of a wide variety of long video segments and assists in the search, navigation, and retrieval of video. We describe several such techniques.
ANALYSIS OF CHAOTIC NATURAL CONVECTION IN A TALL RECTANGULAR CAVITY WITH NON-ISOTHERMAL WALLS

A computational model is presented that extends prior work on unsteady natural convection in a tall rectangular cavity with aspect ratio 10 and applies Proper Orthogonal Decomposition to the results. The solution to the weakly compressible Navier-Stokes equation is computed for a range of Rayleigh numbers between 2 10 7 and 2:2 10 8 with Prandtl number 0.71. A detailed spectral analysis shows dynamic system behavior beyond the Hopf bifurcation that was not previously observed. The wider Rayleigh range reveals new dynamic system behavior for the rectangular geometry, specifically a return to a stable oscillatory behavior that was not predicted in prior work. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) has been used to analyze the computational results. Five eigenvalue modes were required to capture correctly the basic flow structure. The POD failed to capture subtle aspects of the flow structure at high Rayleigh numbers for the model, indicating that a POD and Galerkin projection for several Rayleigh numbers will be needed to reproduce the complex behavior of the system.
The fVIII inhibitor problem comes into focus

An outstanding problem in hemophilia A care concerns the development of polyclonal inhibitory antibodies to transfused fVIII. Frequently, this makes patients unresponsive to human fVIII and severely complicates clinical management. FVIII inhibitors also can arise in nonhemophiliacs as an autoimmune
Space Telescope Mirror Substrate

NASA's Space Telescope calls for a concave-convex 98"-diameter lightweight mirror substrate. The material chosen was Corning's Code 7971 ULE glass, which was fabricated into a 10"-thick lightweight core faced with 1"-thick front and back plates. ULE glass is manufactured by a very unusual process, and has some equally unusual properties. The manufacturing method is known as flame hydrolysis, in which silicon and titanium tetrachloride vapors are reacted in a flame to produce tiny molten glass particles. These particles are collected on rotating tables to form clear glass discs 60" in diameter and 5-6" thick, from which the substrate must be fabricated. Perhaps the most unusual property of ULE material is its weldability. Discs are sawed into thin slabs that are welded together in an open room to form inner and outer rings and a square-celled monolithic honeycomb core. Other discs are heated to 1600°C and allowed to flow out to the needed diameter to produce the face plates. The entire assembly is sealed together at 1600°C and sagged to curvature to produce the rough blank, which is then annealed. Another unusual property is the linear correlation of the coefficient of thermal expansion (C.T.E.) and ultrasonic velocity. This permits non-destructive evaluation and documentation of the actual material used for the component parts, which assures that the final blank will meet the demanding requirements for homogeneity of C.T.E. as well as near-zero C.T.E.
Career anchors and paths: The case of Gay, Lesbian, & Bisexual workers

Abstract This paper develops a framework for understanding the career experiences and decisions of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual (GLB) workers. An important conceptual contribution of this paper is the focus on the self-disclosure of someone's GLB identity as an antecedent rather than an outcome in regard to that person's career. Specifically, the decision of a GLB worker to be visible/ out of the closet or invisible/ closeted promotes the development of need-based career anchors (security and stability, lifestyle, and autonomy and independence) and these direct their subsequent career paths. Understanding the role of stigma in the lives of GLB workers help to explains how an individual may be boundaryless but not protean and vice versa. In addition to developing propositions for understanding the careers of GLB workers, the paper also discusses implications for organizations and individuals with other diversity characteristics.
Using Grice's maxim of quantity to select the content of plan descriptions

Abstract Intelligent systems are often called upon to form plans that direct their own or other agents' activities. For these systems, the ability to describe plans to people in natural ways is an essential aspect of their interface. In this paper, I present the Cooperative Plan Identification (CPI) architecture, a computational model that generates concise, effective textual descriptions of plans. In this model, speakers and hearers cooperate with one another in their communication about a plan. A hearer interprets a concise plan description by filling in the missing detail using plan reasoning. A cooperative speaker selects the content of a plan description based on his expectation that the hearer is able to complete the description in much the same way that a planning system completes a partial plan. The architecture has been empirically evaluated in an experiment, also described here, in which subjects following instructions produced by the CPI architecture performed their tasks with fewer execution errors and achieved a higher percentage of their tasks' goals than did subjects following instructions produced by alternative methods.
The Ghost in the City and a Landscape of Life: A Reading of Difference in Shirow and Oshii's Ghost in the Shell

In this paper I demonstrate how an ontological perspective variously informed by Spinozan and Deleuzian philosophy and the (Shinto-influenced) work of Japanese artists Masamune Shirow and Mamoru Oshii offers an approach to landscape which decenters human position(s) and allows an exploration of landscape on its own terms. Through an empirical exploration of this approach, I analyze the animated Japanese science fiction film Ghost in the Shell (1998 [1995]), and discuss how its imagery, ideas, and philosophies can elucidate and aid in an understanding of landscape, not as a separate or passive entity but as a relational living and endeavoring thing.
Is kelp detritus a good food for suspension feeders? Effects of kelp species, age and secondary metabolites

The food quality of detrital particles derived from three species of kelps was evaluated in a laboratory feeding experiment utilizing two species of suspension feeders, the serpulid polychaete Pseudochitonopomaoccidentalis and the mussel Mytilustrossulus. Fresh and aged kelp particles were also evaluated, and growth in all treatments was compared to growth on ad libidum phytoplankton rations. Fresh particles from Laminariagroenlandica, aged particles from Agarumfimbriatum and Alariamarginata, and mixed phytoplankton promoted the highest growth rates in both consumers. Growth was inversely related to total polyphenolic concentration in the fresh kelp particles. The increase in quality of both Agarumfimbriatum and Alariamarginata particles with age corresponded with a rapid loss of polyphenolic secondary metabolites and an increase in total nitrogen.
Behavior States Are Real and Observable.

Abstract Mudford, Hogg, and Roberts (1999) published additional concerns about their failure to achieve interobserver agreement on adults with mental retardation when using an experimental, 13-category behavior state code we earlier provided to them at their request. They presented findings of interobserver agreements from a videotape of their 3 adult participants that was scored by observers at the University of Kansas. In this response we present extensive investigations demonstrating the reliable measurement of behavior state among infants and adults with mental retardation, including independent data from other state researchers. We give arguments showing why their “videotape study” does not meet requirements for acceptable research methodology and discuss other procedural issues for measuring state behavior among infants with and those without disabilities.
Direct evidence for interfacial condensation in the adsorption of tetrabutylammonium ions

Resultats des mesures fondees sur des determinations de capacite differentielles des solutions d'hydroxyde de tetrabutylammonium au contact d'une electrode a goutte de mercure
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Equine Patient: A Comparison of High- and Low-Field Systems

As use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging evolves in veterinary medicine, the importance of field strength will be a continued source of debate. This article addresses the fundamental differences between high- and low-field MR imaging systems. The magnet and room construction, examination time, image quality, and implications on diagnostic accuracy are discussed. Although many injuries can be well characterized with both high- and low-field systems, a high-field system is required to identify certain lesions. Further studies are needed to define the difference in the detectability of lesions on high-field versus low-field MR imaging systems.
Adaptive mutation inEscherichia coli strain FC40

Mutations can arise in static populations of cells that are subjected to nonlethal selective pressure, a phenomenon that has been called ‘adaptive mutation’. This phenomenon has been extensively studied in FC40, a strain ofEscherichia coli that cannot metabolize lactose (Lac−) but that reverts to lactose utilization (Lac+) when lactose is its sole energy and carbon source. The adaptive Lac+ mutations arise by two mutational processes: a recombination-dependent process that is highly active on the episome carrying the Lac− allele, and an unknown process that affects the whole genome. Most of the Lac+ mutations are due to the first process, which also produces nonselected mutations on the F′ episome. However, about 10% of the Lac+ mutations arise in a subpopulation of cells that experience a period of transient hypermutation. Although minor contributors to any one type of mutation, the hypermutators account for nearly all cases of multiple mutations. The evolutionary implications of these results are: (i) DNA synthesis associated with recombination may be an important source of spontaneous mutation, particularly in cells that are not actively growing; (ii) the efficient mutational mechanism that occurs on the episome could result in the horizontal transfer of new alleles among species that carry and exchange conjugal plasmids; and (iii) a subpopulation of transient hypermutators could be a source of multiple mutations that would allow for rapid adaptive evolution under adverse conditions.
Using the tools of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and automated data processing in the detection of arson

The analysis of residual accelerants in fire debris is commonly carried out by a three-step procedure: sample preparation; separation and detection; and data interpretation. Each of these steps can be optimized individually but successful analysis requires that they are compatible with each other. The isolation of residual accelerant from fire debris requires that several methods are used to cover the range of fueis that are commonly used by arsonists. Since almost all incendiary fires are set with petroleum based fuels such as gasoline or heating oil, analysis is targeted toward hydrocarbons. Capillary column gas chromatography on apolar phases is now the overwhelmingly predominant method of separation. Data interpretation is commonly carried out by visual comparison of chromatograms. Fire debris analysis presents some unique challenges that are not often encountered in other fields. The analyte may be present at only trace levels and pyrolysis products from building materials or furnishings may dominate chromatographic patterns. Synthetic polymers may act as precursors to hydrocarbons that compete with substances typically found in petroleum based fuels. Exposure to heat and other environmental factors may also generate severe distortions in the chromatographic profiles of accelerants. Unfortunately, there is no simple solution to these problems. Methods are available to reduce some of the chemical noise introduced by interferences and thus enhance the recognizability of the target substances. Mass spectrometry, in combination with a modern data system, is the most effective approach to filter out unwanted substances. The interpretation of the analytical results is aided by scaling, side-by-side comparison, or stacking of chromatograms. An additional advantage of such computerized systems is the possibility of complete automation of the analysis. In this communication, we look at the interplay of chromatographic resolution, noise reduction by mass spectrometry, and automated data evaluation. Examples from model experiments and from simulated arson samples are presented.
Abundance and Distribution of Benthic Invertebrates, with Emphasis on Diporeia, along the Keweenaw Peninsula, Lake Superior

Abstract The benthic invertebrate community in Lake Superior is an important component in the fisheries food web. Among the Great Lakes, only Lake Superior contains populations of Diporeia spp. that have not been reduced or extirpated in the last 20 years. The objectives of this study were to determine the abundance and distribution of benthic invertebrates along the Keweenaw coast, and to investigate the reproductive ecology of Diporeia . The benthic community was sampled monthly from 1998 to 2000, using a ponar dredge along three transects with distinctly different bathymetry. Each transect contained shelf, slope, and profundal depth regions. Diporeia was the most abundant invertebrate, accounting for 48% of the invertebrate community, while chironomids composed 21.3%, oligochaetes 18.7%, and sphaeriids 8.4%. Only chironomids showed a statistically significant change in monthly density, being more abundant in September than earlier or later in the year. Diporeia and Sphaeriidae were most densely distributed along the slope, and the distribution of chironomids and oligochaetes was even more specific within the slope region, with peak densities occurring at 50 meters on all three transects. Diporeia reproduced when the water temperature was 4°C or colder. Along the shelf, Diporeia released their young in May, whereas in the slope and profundal regions young appeared in June and September, suggesting two periods of reproduction, late spring and summer. In the shelf area Diporeia grew at a faster rate than those offshore. There was a linear correlation between the length of female Diporeia and the number of eggs carried, similar to what has been shown for the other Great Lakes. The benthic invertebrate community peaks in abundance in the slope region of Lake Superior along the Keweenaw Peninsula. This region may provide important habitat and nutrients for other organisms in the Lake Superior food web
Aid and the Soft Budget Constraint

The author applies the theory of the soft budget constraint to explain some stylized facts regarding the outcomes and practice of international aid, including ineffectiveness, white elephants, and volatility. The soft budget constraint can also make aid counterproductive. Nonetheless, actual aid institutions may be constrained optimal responses to soft budgets and commonly suggested reforms such as improved donor coordination in aid, focus on fewer countries and projects, and less volatility of aid may lower the effectiveness of aid. The soft budget is also consistent with conservative project selection and the recent focus on “ownership.”
Renal scintigraphy in infants and children.

R scintigraphy (with renography) is a test with unique scientific and logistic advantages when compared with other imaging methods, a “one-stop shopping” for evaluation of renal disorders (Table I). Renal scintigraphy, however, has limitations and is not always the ideal test (Table II). For certain deficiencies, scintigraphy is not indicated as the primary imaging modality for focal, strictly anatomic lesions such as tumors and cysts and certainly does not show renal calculi or calcifications. However, even in cases for which intravenous urography, ultrasonography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging may be the test of choice, scintigraphy may complement the other imaging modalities in reaching a definitive anatomic and functional diagnosis, such as obstruction, and it may evaluate the severity, provide functional follow-up information, and suggest the prognosis. On the basis of our experience, to fully and widely use the potentials of renal scintigraphy for the benefit of our patients, we propose, for all indications (Table III), a single, simple, and fast protocol using the best available radiopharmaceutical agent, mercapto-acetyl-triglycine or Mertiatide [MAG3].
Use of the selective linogram in cardiac tomography quality control

Quality control for detection of patient motion is essential in tomographic myocardial imaging. Despite significant limitations, the summation image or conventional “linogram” has long been advocated as a useful image in the detection of vertical motion. In this study a new quality control image entitled the “selective linogram” is proposed to replace the summation image in routine cardiac single-photon emission cardiac tomography (SPECT) quality control. The selective linogram is constructed in a manner somewhat analogous to the sinogram. In the sinogram, each row represents a different projection angle; in the selective linogram each column represents a different projection angle. After selection of eight motion-free studies from acquisitions at our clinical center, vertical motion of various types (bounces, shifts, and creep) were added to the projection frames. Summation image and selective linogram quality control images from these motion-containing studies and the original motion-free studies were presented in a blinded manner to two observers for scoring of patient motion. The selective linogram was significantly more accurate in allowing detection of vertical motion than was the summation image (accuracy 89% vs 47%). The selective linogram image is markedly superior to the summation image for the detection of vertical patient motion during cardiac SPECT. This new technique can be a valuable aid in SPECT quality control.
Non-profit institutions in an input-output framework

This paper discusses the conceptual treatment of non-profit institutions in the US input-output (I-O) accounts prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, describes the sources and methods used to identify and measure the output of non-profits by I-O industry, and analyses the published benchmark I-O data for 1982 identifying output attributable to non-profits. In the context of the I-O framework, which is detailed and comprehensive, some conceptual and statistical questions associated with the treatment of non-profits are identified and discussed. These issues of definition, scope and measurement are particularly pertinent in light of the recommendations in the 1993 international System of National Accounts on sectoring and on presentation of flows.
Glycolytic difference between foetal and non-foetal human fibroblast lines.

DURING multiple passages, fibroblast cell lines retain the chromosome number and genetic defects of the original donor1,2. Here we show, by comparing the modes of glycolysis in foetal and non-foetal skin cultures, that-fibroblasts retain the expression of their original developmental state. illustration Open image in new window