cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of malignant STS progression: Insights from a feline model

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 777 Malignant soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) of adult onset are highly invasive tumors of mesenchymal origin that afflict ∼8,000 individuals each year in the US. Although this number represents only about 1% of adult malignancies, effective management of the disease is an extremely challenging task. While great progress has been made in preserving function through surgical advances and high dose radiation therapy, local recurrences appear at a median interval of 18 months for about a third of extremity tumors and about 60% of abdominal cases. While time to recurrence is improved with the use of adjuvant chemotherapy, patient survival is not significantly affected by such treatment and close to 50% of patients with primary soft tissue sarcoma die within 5 years due to the development of lung metastases. Hence, there is a clear need to gain a better understanding of the basic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of malignant STS and to develop new targets for therapeutic intervention. However, well-characterized sets of tissue samples appropriate for conducting such comprehensive analyses are not readily available for this relatively infrequent disease. In order to overcome this obstacle and develop a model for studying STS, we have investigated the development and progression of sarcomas that spontaneously arise from inflammatory granulomas at vaccination sites in domestic cats; a species whose genome bears a remarkable degree of syntenic conservation with that of humans. In order to characterize the model, we have established a comprehensive information and tissue bank of the vaccine associated feline sarcomas (VAFS) and our studies indicate that these tumors resemble human soft tissue sarcomas in a number of characteristics including pathologies and propensity for local post-surgical recurrence as well as distant metastasis. Similarities between the human disease and feline model also extend to p53 tumor suppressor gene alterations (which are associated with a poor prognosis in both species). In order to gain a further understanding of the molecular and cellular alterations that occur during disease progression, comparative studies have also been conducted on matched sets of cell lines from primary VAFS tumors and corresponding local recurrences. The results of these studies provide strong evidence for an increase in the intrinsic levels of chemo-resistance during disease progression even in absence of any prior exposure to chemotherapeutic agents. Concurrent gene expression analyses of disease progression using the matched tissues and cell-lines have also provided a rich harvest of “novel” targets for molecular classification and future investigations on therapeutic intervention. Overall, VAFS is proving to be an excellent model for studying disease progression in STS and has great potential for enhancing our understanding of the role of inflammation in tumor development.
Psychiatric Manifestations of Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is considered to be the optimal surgical treatment in the morbidly obese patient and the most common weight loss procedure in the United States. In this case report we describe the life threatening complication of hyperammonemic encephalopathy and its psychiatric presentation in a gastric bypass patient. Hyperammonemic encephalopathy is an extremely uncommon syndrome but also a severe complication of RYGB with only a small number of case reports and high reports of mortality. Early and accurate diagnosis can be easily missed, leading to even further increased morbidity and mortality. Hyperammonemic encephalopathy related to RYGB is a syndrome characterized by life threatening metabolic and laboratory disturbances and associated changes in mental status. Our patient presented with decreased oral intake, malnutrition, weight loss, progressive confusion, markedly diminished memory, and gait instability to an inpatient medical hospitalization. She was found to have the following metabolic derangements including elevated ammonia and orotic acid, deceased ceruloplasmin and albumin, as well as deficiencies in zinc, copper, and selenium. This led to a mental status decline including the inability to respond to verbal stimuli or speak. She was treated with lactulose, rifaximin, levocarnitine, vitamin supplementation, and her ammonia levels began to decline. A naso-jejunal tube was endoscopically placed for enteral feedings, and her mental status began to improve. Over the next two weeks she gradually improved with normalizing of her mental status as evidenced by a Montreal Cognitive Assessment score of 27 out of 30 on day of discharge.
Long-day and nitrogen conditioning of ‘Albion’ strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) enhances off-season field production

Experiments conducted over 2 years evaluated photoperiod and nitrogen conditioning of ‘Albion’ strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) plants for off-season field production in New Jersey, USA. Plants were conditioned the first year with natural days (ND, natural daylength) or long days (LD, natural daylength supplemented with 24 h incandescent radiation) for one week followed by 100 or 800 ppm N for 4 weeks under ND or LD. The second year, plants were conditioned with ND or LD for 1 week followed by 1 to 6 weeks of 100 or 800 ppm nitrogen (N) under ND or LD. After conditioning, plants were established in plasticulture. Ripe fruit were harvested from August through October both years. LD conditioning enhanced precocity by approximately 9 days in both studies. Productivity was also enhanced by conditioning with LD or elevated N. Plants grown on silver or white mulch were more productive than those grown on black mulch in the first study, but not the second.
A-hypergeometric modules and Gauss–Manin systems

Abstract Let A be a d × n integer matrix. Gel′fand et al. proved that most A-hypergeometric systems have an interpretation as a Fourier–Laplace transform of a direct image. The set of parameters for which this happens was later identified by Schulze and Walther as the set of not strongly resonant parameters of A. A similar statement relating A-hypergeometric systems to exceptional direct images was proved by Reichelt. In this article, we consider a hybrid approach involving neighborhoods U of the torus of A and consider compositions of direct and exceptional direct images. Our main results characterize for which parameters the associated A-hypergeometric system is the inverse Fourier–Laplace transform of such a “mixed Gauss–Manin” system. In order to describe which U work for such a parameter, we introduce the notions of fiber support and cofiber support of a D-module. If the semigroup ring C [ N A ] is normal, we show that every A-hypergeometric system is “mixed Gauss–Manin”. We also give an explicit description of the neighborhoods U which work for each parameter in terms of primitive integral support functions.
Onset of transient natural convection in porous media due to porosity perturbations

Onset of natural convection due to transient diffusion in porous media has attracted considerable attention for its applications to CO sequestration. Stability analyses typically investigate the onset of such convection using an initial value problem approach in which a perturbation is introduced to the concentration field at an initial time . This leads to debate concerning physically appropriate perturbations, the critical time for linear instability and the counter-intuitive notion of an optimal initial time that maximizes perturbation growth. We propose an alternate approach in which transient diffusion is continuously perturbed by small porosity variations. With this approach, instability occurs immediately ( ) without violating any physical constraints, such that the concepts of initial time and critical time become irrelevant. We also argue that the onset time for nonlinear convection is a more physically relevant parameter, and show that it can be predicted using a simple asymptotic expansion. Using the expansion, we explore the onset of nonlinear convection due to porosity perturbations that vary sinusoidally in the horizontal and vertical directions, and show there are optimal wavelengths that minimize the onset time. Finally, we find simple relationships for these wavelengths as functions of perturbation magnitude. These show that even small porosity perturbations, typically considered negligible in previous literature, are sufficient to trigger nonlinear convection and thereby influence the rate of CO dissolution within time scales comparable to previous analyses.
Effect of Road Transport on the Equine Cecal Microbiota

Abstract The effects of travel stress on the equine cecal microbiota are poorly understood. We hypothesized that travel would affect the equine cecal microbiota. Cecally-cannulated horses (n = 6) were randomly assigned to one of two groups, travel (n = 3) and control (n = 3). Horses received a basal diet (Strategy, Purina Animal Nutrition) with 1.2% body weight mixed grass/alfalfa. Travel horses were transported to an unfamiliar location, stalled to simulate weekend horse show conditions, and then returned to the Southern Illinois University Equine Center. Control horses remained at the equine center for the entire study. Cecal fluid was collected on a 6-hour rotating schedule, four times daily throughout the 6-day study. Data were analyzed using mixed models in SAS with P .05), analysis of α-diversity measures indicated an effect within the travel group during the transportation phase as compared with baseline (P
An interval-based representation of temporal knowledge

This paper describes a method for maintaining the relationships between temporal intervals in a hierarchical manner using constraint propagation techniques. The representation includes a notion of the present moment (i.e., "now"), and allows one to represent intervals that may extend indefinitely into the past/future. This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number IST-80-12418, and in part by the Office of Naval Research under Grant Number N00014-80-O0197.
Understanding xenotransplantation risks from nonhuman primate retroviruses.

Significant progress in making animal-to-human transplantation a viable adjunct to human organ donation will require a greater understanding of the intricacies of immunologic rejection. Recent success in generating cloned knockout piglets increases the possibility that xenotransplantation may find its way into the clinics. Nonhuman primates’organs have been used for human transplants in the past and there is reason to believe that if ethical considerations and inherent problems with supply were overcome, their close genetic proximity to humans would lessen complications of rejection. Unfortunately, nonhuman primates harbor several pathogens known to be infectious in humans and the potential of other viral infections has precluded further use of monkeys in this setting. Baboons are generally considered the nonhuman primate species of choice yet this species carries several retroviruses considered a threat to humans in transplantation. Both known and potentially undiscovered retroviruses pose an important risk that is the focus of this review.
Inclusion in the 21st Century: Insights and Considerations for Teacher and Coach Preparation

Despite the increased advocacy for inclusive practices in the U.S. public school system, the exclusion of individuals with disabilities (IWD) from physical education and extracurricular sports rema...
The HDL lipidome is widely remodeled by fast food versus Mediterranean diet in 4 days

HDL is associated with increased longevity and protection from multiple chronic diseases. The major HDL protein ApoA-I has a half-life of about 4 days, however, the effects of diet on the composition of HDL particles at this time scale have not been studied. The objective of this study is to investigate the short term dietary effect on HDL lipidomic composition. In this randomized order cross-over study, ten healthy subjects consumed a Mediterranean (Med) and a fast food (FF) diet for 4 days, with a 4-day wash-out between treatments. Lipidomic composition was analyzed in isolated HDL fractions by an untargeted LC–MS method with 15 internal standards. HDL phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) content was increased by FF diet, and 41 out of 170 lipid species were differentially affected by diet. Saturated fatty acids (FAs) and odd chain FA were enriched after FF diet, while very-long chain FA and unsaturated FA were enriched after Med diet. The composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC), triacylglycerol (TG) and cholesteryl ester (CE) were significantly altered to reflect the FA composition of the diet whereas the composition of sphingomyelin (SM) and ceramides were generally unaffected. Results from this study indicate that the HDL lipidome is widely remodeled within 4 days of diet change and that certain lipid classes are more sensitive markers of diet whereas other lipid classes are better indicators of non-dietary factors.
Modelling and Evaluation of Bubble Chromatography

This paper reports the establishment of a theoretical model of a bubble chromatography system, based on our previous experimental results [1], to investigate into characteristics and limitations in the gas-to-bubble conversion. The established model (i) utilized the gas loss mechanism into a bubble volume equation, and (ii) successfully described the phenomena of reduction in bubble diameters when a target gas was injected in comparison to those of a carrier gas. The established bubble volume model successfully predicted the volume of a single gas bubble that matched with the experimental measurements by considering 40.45% volumetric loss of input gases into liquid during bubble formation as confirmed by two experiments: quantitative analysis of CO 2 and pentane in liquid. The established bubble chromatogram model successfully predicted the volume of a binary gas mixture bubble with experimental data, by considering two different volumetric losses (50% and 40%) for a binary mixture of pentane target and helium carrier gas.
Why does the importance of education for health differ across the United States

The positive association between educational attainment and adult health ("the gradient") is stronger in some areas of the United States than in others. Explanations for the geographic pattern have not been rigorously investigated. Grounded in a contextual and life course perspective, this study assesses childhood circumstances (e.g., childhood health, compulsory schooling laws) and adult circumstances (e.g., wealth, lifestyles, economic policies) as potential explanations. Using data on US-born adults aged 50-59 at baseline (N=13,095) and followed for up to 16 years across the 1998-2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, this study examined how and why educational gradients in morbidity, functioning, and mortality vary across nine U.S. regions. The findings indicate that the gradient is stronger in some areas than others partly because of geographic differences in childhood socioeconomic conditions and health, but mostly because of geographic differences in adult circumstances such as wealth, lifestyles, and economic and tobacco policies.
Condition Monitoring of SiC MOSFETs Utilizing Gate Leakage Current

Silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs are widely acknowledged for low loss, fast switching and remarkable thermal conductivity compared to silicon (Si) counterparts; however, reliability remains a significant hindrance for the wide adoption in power electronics. Condition monitoring of SiC devices in SiC-based power converters addresses the reliability issues by providing an early sign of potential failure. One of the most consistent failure precursors of degraded SiC MOSFETs is an increase of gate leakage current. This paper presents a method of condition monitoring the SiC MOSFETs with an external circuit that indirectly estimates the gate leakage current during operation. Experimental results obtained with a prototype circuit validate the analysis and method. Reliable information can be obtained for condition monitoring at various duty ratios, dc-link voltages, and load currents in the test setup. With proper calibration, this method opens opportunities to perform prognostic and health monitoring of SiC devices using the estimated on-state gate leakage current.
Environmental Impact Statements and Climate Change

Recent demands by atmospheric scientists and policy makers for immediate, comprehensive, and effective responses to the threat of global climate change have focused political attention on policies and laws that affect the quality of the environment. In January, the Reagan White House blocked the issuance of policy guidance that would have directed federal agencies to consider global climate change in the preparation of environmental impact statements (EIS). The Bush administration now has an early opportunity to reverse this decision. Using detailed computer models of the Earth's climate, atmospheric scientists have produced startling scenarios of the future climate conditions that will results from increased atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases. These projections predict higher average temperatures, changes in patterns of precipitation, greater seasonal and annual variability in weather, and an increased frequency of such extreme events as droughts and floods. Planning for adaptation to a changing climate will be far more difficult than acting now to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. While current models depict global changes reasonably well, they cannot accurately predict local and regional changes in the temperature and precipitation patterns. Unresolved questions about future impacts only underscore the need to act now to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The sooner action is taken, the more effective it will be. If policy responses are delayed, the eventual magnitude of climate change will be greater, and more radical measures will be required. In 1969, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) mandated that every arm of the federal government integrate environmental values into all aspects of work, At the heart of NEPA lies a strict requirement that the preparation of a detailed EIS precede all major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.
“GOOD, BETTER, BEST”: Upward Mobility and Loss of Community in a Black Steelworker Neighborhood

Turner Station, Maryland, is a century-old African American neighborhood just east of Baltimore that housed the families of workers who were employed at a nearby steel plant from the founding of the community in the early 1900s until the plant closed in 2012. Its story provides a window into the lives of the understudied Black working-class during the peak decades of industrial employment and the ensuing decades of decline. Long-time residents recall a vibrant, self-sufficient community with a heterogeneous class structure, produced in part by residential restrictions and employment discrimination that constrained professionals such as physicians and teachers to reside and to practice or work in the neighborhood. They report a high level of collective efficacy and joint responsibility for childrearing. Current and former residents describe a strong emphasis on education as a means of upward mobility. As levels of education rose and residential opportunities opened, the children of the mid-century steelworkers left Turner Station for other communities in the metropolitan area and beyond. As out migration continued, the community suffered a decline: virtually all of the businesses are gone, vacant homes are common, and a more transient population has moved in. The members of the Turner Station diaspora still cherish the memory of the neighborhood, even as many have moved on and up. Their achievements show what happened when a generation of African Americans were given access to decent-paying jobs that did not require a college education—a degree of access that no longer exists because of the decline of industrial employment in the Baltimore region and elsewhere.
Breastfeeding Motivation Predicts Infant Feeding Intention and Outcomes: Evaluation of a Novel Adaptation of the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire.

Background Identifying those at risk for suboptimal breastfeeding outcomes remains critical for improving maternal and child health. Prenatal breastfeeding motivation may be a key predictor useful for identifying those who would benefit from additional breastfeeding support. Research aims To (1) validate a breastfeeding-specific adaptation of the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ-BF); and (2) determine if breastfeeding motivation predicts prenatal breastfeeding intentions and early breastfeeding outcomes. Methods Participants in their third trimester of pregnancy (N = 150) completed several instruments, including the TSRQ-BF and infant feeding intention, and could opt to participate in an assessment of early breastfeeding outcomes (by medical record review). TSRQ-BF subscales were derived from factor analysis, and multivariable regression was used to evaluate the association between TSRQ-BF subscale scores and breastfeeding intention and outcomes during the birth hospitalization. Results Autonomous (related to personal values/beliefs regarding self) and Autonomous-Baby (values/benefits for the infant) subscale scores were positively associated with intended exclusivity (aOR [95% CI]: 2.22 [1.57, 3.30], 4.94 [2.49, 11.07], respectively) while higher scores on these subscales predicted longer time to planned cessation (aHR [95% CI]: 0.72 [0.61, 0.84],0.52 [0.34, 0.81]). Higher Amotivation (lack of motivation) scores were negatively associated with intended exclusivity (0.45 [0.26, 0.74]). Higher scores on Autonomous, Autonomous-Baby, and Controlled (avoidance of negative feelings/punishment or gaining reward) subscales were associated with greater odds of hospital exclusivity (aOR [95% CI]: 3.39 [1.75, 8.00], 3.44 [1.66, 9.04] and 6.05 [1.88, 29.04]) and lower odds of 2-day formula supplementation (aOR [95% CI]: 0.31 [0.14, 0.59],0.28 [0.11, 0.59], 0.19 [0.04, 0.62]). Conclusions The TSRQ-BF predicted breastfeeding intent and outcomes, and may be helpful for identifying patients at risk for suboptimal breastfeeding outcomes before delivery.
Getting better or getting by?: A qualitative study of in-hospital cardiac arrest survivors long-term recovery experiences

Abstract In the United States, approximately 292,000 adults (>18 years old) per year suffer an in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). Survival rates have increased over the last decade and many survivors return to their communities. IHCA has been recognized as a unique disease entity because the arrest happens in a medical care setting and survivors often have more medical co-morbidities. Although more individuals are surviving IHCA, very little is known about their long-term recovery experiences. Semi-structured interviews with 19 IHCA survivors were conducted to better understand their recovery experiences and identify strategies of adaptation that they felt aided their recovery. Thematic analysis indicated that IHCA survivors experience ongoing challenges to recovery. Reconceptualization of independence was necessary for some participants to re-engage in social and physical activities and a few were able to engage in new activities. Our findings suggest that IHCA survivors often develop their own strategies for adaptation in order to continue participation in their social lives and that their recovery experiences are ongoing. Intervention programs and follow-up care should continuously ask survivors what is important to them and identify resources that will support their goals. Questions should include physical, cognitive, psychological and social goals that extend beyond those specifically related to IHCA since our findings indicate that the effects of IHCA are long-lasting and encompass all aspects of survivors’ lives.
Treatment Approach, Pharmacological Agents and Vaccines

Abstract The race for a search for therapeutics and vaccines began before the COVID-19 outbreak even became a pandemic. Existing medications used in other conditions have been repurposed and tried in patients with varying degrees of disease severity. This is the case, for instance, for the antimalarial hydroxychloroquine, the antiviral remdesivir, the anthelmintic ivermectin, or the interleukin-6 inhibitor tocilizumab. Dexamethasone rose as an essential cornerstone of therapy for the patient with COVID-19 on oxygen supplementation or mechanical ventilation, while remdesivir became the first (and only thus far) FDA-approved medication for patients with severe COVID-19 disease not requiring mechanical ventilation. The first part of this chapter gives an overview of the medical treatment approach for the hospitalized patient and the various neurological complications associated with each of the treatments in use in the United States. The second section of the chapter discusses vaccine development and types. It also goes over vaccines’ neurological side effects and special considerations for patients with different neurological conditions.
Automatic probabilistic knowledge acquisition from data

This paper documents an outline for a computer program for extracting significant correlations of attributes from masses of data. This information can then be used to develop a knowledge base for a probabilistic “expert system.” The method determines the “best” estimate of ~oint probabilities of attributes from data put into contingency table form. A major output from the program is a general formula for calculating any probability relation associated with the data. These probability relations can be utilized to form IFTHEN rules with associated probability, needed for expert system development.
Non-volatile memory as hardware synapse in neuromorphic computing: A first look at reliability issues

A large-scale artificial neural network, a three-layer perceptron, is implemented using two phase-change memory (PCM) devices to encode the weight of each of 164,885 synapses. The PCM conductances are programmed using a crossbar-compatible pulse scheme, and the network is trained to recognize a 5000-example subset of the MNIST handwritten digit database, achieving 82.2% accuracy during training and 82.9% generalization accuracy on unseen test examples. A simulation of the network performance is developed that incorporates a statistical model of the PCM response, allowing quantitative estimation of the tolerance of the network to device variation, defects, and conductance response.
The effect of sugars on viscosity of pectin solutions

Abstract The reduced viscosity of citrus pectin in aqueous solution and in the presence of dextrose, maltose, and three types of dextrins was measured. Dextrose and maltose were found to increase the reduced viscosity of pectin solutions whereas dextrins reduced it. The viscosity-enhancing property of dextrose and maltose was attributed to formation of aggregates between pectin molecules due to dehydration action and the hydrogen bonding formation reaction of the sugars. The depression effect of dextrins on the reduced viscosity of pectin could be related to the presence of ionic impurities in the dextrin preparations.
Cui Malo? Fraud and Politics in the Wizard of Oz

In L. Frank Baum's "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" Dorothy travels to the Emerald City seeking the mysterious Wizard himself. She finds a beautiful, prosperous, orderly city where everyone seems happy. The forbidding Wizard sends her on a quest to eliminate the Wicked Witch of the West; when Dorothy returns, the Wizard is revealed as nothing more than a “humbug.” How should we judge the Wizard? He has been a benign and successful ruler in the Emerald City, and yet he is a fake and a con artist who knowingly made false promises to Dorothy. Baum challenges his readers to think through the Wizard's case and judge for themselves.
Lactate, cortisol and testosterone values from high-speed resistive exercise workouts done by women

BACKGROUND: Few studies examined lactate, testosterone and cortisol changes from supramaximal exercise done by women. OBJECTIVE: Assess the impact of repetition type and exercise history/background on lactate, cortisol and testosterone changes from high-speed workouts done by women. METHODS: College-age women (11 competitive athletes, 18 novice athletes) performed two high-speed workouts on an Impulse resistive exercise machine. Each workout entailed two 60-second sets of either tonic or phasic repetitions. There were two hormonal (pre- and post-exercise) measurements per workout. Lactate was measured six times (pre-, and at zero-, five-, ten, 15- and 20-minutes post-exercise). RESULTS: Mean force showed a main effect for workout (tonic > phasic). Lactate had a time main effect, as zero-, five-and ten-minutes post-exercise results were significantly higher than 15- and 20-minutes post-exercise values as well as pre-exercise data. Cortisol had a group main effect (competitive > novice). Testosterone results included a time effect trend (p = 0.12) for higher post-exercise values. CONCLUSIONS: Results warrant continued inquiry regarding 1): pre-and post-workout salivary hormonal assays, and 2): acute testosterone changes from high-speed supramaximal exercise done by female athletes.
Flipping, Engaging, and Teaming, Oh My! Lessons Learned from a Large Scale Curriculum Reform at a US Medical School

This paper describes the development and implementation of the "Next Generation" Cells to Society Pre-Clerkship Curriculum at the University of Virginia School of Medicine through the lens of Design-Based Implementation Research. Since the launch of this curriculum reform in 2008, more than 100 members of the faculty and staff have collaborated to design and deliver novel instructional activities for first and second year medical students. To date, five iterative processes of analysis, development, evaluation, and revision have been completed with large classes of medical students, with each class enrolling over 150 students. The 18-month Pre-Clerkship curriculum is supported by newly created system and technological infrastructure, and is continuously evaluated to assess the impact on students' learning. Lessons learned from each iteration inform revisions to curricular practices and infrastructure for subsequent iterations of the curriculum. As implementation of this innovative curriculum has progressed over several years, emergent issues have also stimulated medical education research projects that explore the implementation of Flipped Classroom Model and Team-Based Learning. In summary, the curriculum reform described in this paper provides valuable lessons for educators interested in implementing large-scale curricular innovations.
Deactivation of Sulfated Zirconia during the Isomerization of n-butane: Experiments and Kinetic Model

ABSTRACT A kinetic model for n-butane isomerization over sulfated zirconia catalysts is proposed involving two types of active sites on the catalyst surface and a bi-molecular reaction mechanism. Deactivation kinetics are included in which the two different active sites deactivate at different rates. The proposed model more accurately captures the activity trends observed experimentally with respect to time on stream behavior compared to a single site model with deactivation.
Spinoza: A Life

Acknowledgments Preface 1. Settlement 2. Abraham and Michael 3. Bento/Baruch 4. Talmud Torah 5. A merchant of Amsterdam 6. Cherem 7. Benedictus 8. A philosopher in Rijnsberg 9. 'The Jew of Voorburg' 10. Homo Politicus 11. Calm and turmoil in the Hague 12. 'A free man thinks least of all of death' A note on sources End notes Bibliography.
Comparison of RF performance of vertical and lateral DMOSFET

Despite the increasing popularity of Si MOSFETs in RF applications, detailed physical understanding has yet to be developed with regard to the relative RF performance of VDMOSFETs and LDMOSFETs. In this paper, a critical comparison is made between the performance of VDMOSFETs and LDMOSFETs developed for RF power applications. Device performance is investigated using experimental characterization and numerical simulation. It is shown that LDMOSFETs have better RF performance than VDMOS due to structural differences between the two devices.
How restaurant features affect check averages: A study of the Toronto Restaurant Market

Abstract A study of 63 Toronto restaurants found that certain attributes or amenities had a statistically significant effect on average check, as well as customers' ratings of decor and service quality. The features tested were offering catering, a dress code, late-night dining, live entertainment, outside seating, parking, smoking, takeout, and some form of internet activity. Specifically, a dress code boosted check averages and improved ratings for decor, service, and food quality. Offering parking also boosted check averages. In contrast, offering takeout depressed check averages and reduced the ratings for decor. Offering a late-night menu had a significant negative effect on perceptions of food and service quality. The restaurant features offered most frequently were catering, takeout, and a smoking section.
Determination of a DL using two-point tactual stimuli: A signal-detection approach

Following a suggestion by Underwood, a difference limen was determined for two-point tactual stimuli, all of which were supraliminal. A signal-detection (TSD) procedure was employed, and consideration was given to subsequent research possibilities in this area.
Evolution of a fluorinated green fluorescent protein

The fluorescence of bacterial cells expressing a variant (GFPm) of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was reduced to background levels by global replacement of the leucine residues of GFPm by 5,5,5-trifluoroleucine. Eleven rounds of random mutagenesis and screening via fluorescence-activated cell sorting yielded a GFP mutant containing 20 amino acid substitutions. The mutant protein in fluorinated form showed improved folding efficiency both in vivo and in vitro, and the median fluorescence of cells expressing the fluorinated protein was improved ≈650-fold in comparison to that of cells expressing fluorinated GFPm. The success of this approach demonstrates the feasibility of engineering functional proteins containing many copies of abiological amino acid constituents.
An efficient technique for self-term evaluation of the uniform current vector potential integrals

This communication presents an efficient technique for self-term evaluation of the uniform current vector potential integrals which often arise in certain cylindrical wire method of moments formulations. Simple approximating functions, derived from the application of numerical interpolation routines, are introduced that may be used in place of other more complicated techniques for evaluation of these integrals. In particular, this communication will focus on the development of these approximating functions for application in the moderately thick wire regime, where the reduced kernel approximation associated with thinner wires is no longer valid. It is shown that these proposed functions offer reasonably good accuracy over a wide range of wire segment lengths and radii.
Union Transitions and Changes in BMI among Adults in Mexico

This study utilizes nationally representative, longitudinal data from the Mexico Family Life Survey to examine the associations between union transitions and changes in body mass index (BMI) among adults in Mexico. Results from change score regression models (N = 11,339) indicate larger BMI gains for those entering a union than for those remaining single, net of baseline weight status and socioeconomic controls. Further, a significant moderating effect of baseline weight status suggests that overweight individuals entering a union gain almost two BMI points more than overweight single individuals during this three-year period. Individuals experiencing a union dissolution gain less BMI than those entering a union, but are predicted to lose BMI (as found in the United States) only if they are overweight before the transition.
Walter Burkert and a Natural Theory of Religion

In his studies of ancient cultures, Walter Burkert has usually focused on materials derived from Greece and the ancient Near East. In Creation of the Sacred, he examines religious universalia in order to account for the ubiquity and persistence of the phenomenon of religion and to produce a general theory of religion. The themes and problems he has examined in previous books have led him to the claim in Creation of the Sacred that religion can be traced to origins in biology, and that religion derives from biology and language as genes and culture co-evolve.
Endpoint Configuration Compliance Monitoring via Virtual Machine Introspection

We describe a system for externally monitoring endpoint configuration compliance of an end user system that provides a high assurance monitoring function and data. Typical approaches to monitoring for endpoint configuration compliance rely on the integrity of the endpoint's operating system and do not protect the monitoring function from subversion or spoofing by threats from within the monitored system. Our approach utilizes (1) a virtual machine architecture on the endpoint system to protect the monitoring function and (2) virtual machine introspection of the end user's environment. In this paper we describe our approach to external monitoring of endpoint configuration compliance, present the technical details of our monitoring system, provide a description of some experimentation and observations, and discuss some of the issues associated with external monitoring.
Mean hydrographic and velocity sections near Pipe Organ vent at Juan de Fuca Ridge

A composite cross-ridge hydrographic and velocity section near the Pipe Organ vent site on the Juan de Fuca Ridge is presented. The hydrographic section is composed of surveys obtained from 1990 to 1994. The potential temperature field shows pronounced downward sloping of the isotherms below 1.9° (centered at about 150 m above the bottom) on either side of the ridge crest. The horizontal scale is about 2 km, comparable to the local Rossby deformation radius. The maximum potential temperature anomaly is greater than 0.03°C. Significant light attenuation anomalies are also present. The mean along-ridge velocity section is constructed from the records of 85 current meters. The mean flow is southward at and to the east of the vent and northward to the west. Largest velocities occur at the depth of the neutrally buoyant plume. The cross-ridge shear is thus anti-cyclonic with a characteristic value of −0.05f. Geostrophic velocity fields obtained from the density section differ significantly from the field produced from the current meter data. An estimate of the net mean flux of anomalous heat gives 780 (±400) MW to the south.
Fast flow phenomena in a toroidal plasma

The bulk fluid velocity is measured spectroscopically with 10 μs time resolution in the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) reversed‐field pinch (RFP) [Fusion Technol. 19, 131 (1991)], a diagnostic capability used to study the fast flow dynamics associated with locked modes and the RFP dynamo. The phase velocity of the tearing modes and the fluid velocity accelerate between sawtooth events, reaching a maximum speed of about 20 km/s in a few ms. Both slow down at the sawtooth crash in ≊100 μs. This deceleration time scale is as calculated for the tearing modes from the action of electromagnetic torque on the magnetic islands, but is much faster than expected from the viscous torque on the bulk fluid. In the RFP, correlated fluctuations in the tearing modes and fluid velocity probably also generate current via the ‘‘RFP dynamo,’’ 〈ũ×B〉, where u is the bulk fluid velocity. Initial data indicate a possible increase in 〈uφBr〉 during sawtooth events, coincident with toroidal flux generation.
New constructions of group divisible designs

We introduce new difference methods and apply them to construct group divisible designs with regular automorphism groups.
Concurrent Infantile Hemangioendothelioma and Mesenchymal Hamartoma in a Developmentally Arrested Liver of an Infant Requiring Hepatic Transplantation

A newborn female underwent a surgical resection for a hepatic mass discovered prenatally by ultrasonography, and diagnosed pathologically as a mesenchymal hamartoma. Within 4 months after surgery, multiple cutaneous hemangiomas developed and a multinodular mass was detected in the liver. A liver biopsy showed an infantile hemangioendothelioma with type I features. An orthotopic liver transplant was performed due to the extensive nature of the hepatic involvement and progressive respiratory compromise. Virtually the entire liver was involved by a large infantile hemangioendothelioma. A multicystic mesenchymal hamartoma was also found on the left side. In addition, the uninvolved hepatic parenchyma had features recapitulating the fetal liver. This simultaneous involvement of the liver by a mesenchymal hamartoma and infantile hemangioendothelioma is unique. A review of the literature revealed only one incompletely characterized case with similar findings.
pH-dependent thermodynamic parameters of the glutamate dehydrogenase-alpha-ketoglutarate-NADPH complex

The enthalpy of formation of the reactive bovine glutamate dehydrogenase-alpha-ketoglutarate-NADPH complex has been measured as a function of pH, at two temperatures and in two buffer systems having different enthalpies of ionization. The results demonstrate the existence of an extensive two-way traffic of protons between the buffer and the complex itself. While the pattern in a single buffer is too complex to resolve within the experimental limitations imposed by the system, we develop a theory which shows that the difference in delta H0H+ between buffers of different enthalpies of ionization has a simpler, more easily resolvable form. From such a relationship we show that in the process of binding of a molecule of NADPH to the enzyme-alpha-ketoglutarate complex, a proton has been shifted from the buffer to the complex and that this is due to the shift of the pK of an ionized group on the enzyme to a much higher value when the complex is formed. The delta Cp of formation of the complex is -450 cal . deg.-1 . M-1, and is pH independent. Implications of these results for the interpretation of enthalpies of enzyme-complex formation obtained at a single pH, and at one temperature, with one buffer system are mentioned. The complexity of the pattern of the dependence of delta H0, taken together with the magnitudes of the individual features of these dependencies, suggest that a number of large pK shifts occur when the enzyme-NADPH-alpha-ketoglutarate complex is formed. It is quite probable that these shifts represent a sizeable fraction of the machinery of the catalytic mechanism.
Near-Surface Topology and Flow Structure on a Delta Wing

The streamlines, and the corresponding patterns of velocity and vorticity, are characterized on a plane immediately adjacent to the surface of a delta wing using a laser-based technique of high-image-density particle image velocimetry. This technique provides the sequence of instantaneous states, as well as the corresponding time-averaged state, of the near-surface streamline topology and the associated critical points. These topological features are interpreted in terms of patterns of averaged and unsteady velocity, and averaged vorticity, which allow identification of regions of unsteadiness along the surface of the wing. These representations of the flow patterns on the stationary wing are also employed for the case of the wing subjected to small-amplitude perturbations in the pitching mode. Perturbations at or near the inherent frequency of the predominant unsteady event on the stationary wing yield substantial changes of the surface topology and flow structure. Furthermore, response of this topology and flow structure to transient, ramplike pitching motion is addressed to define the succession of states during the relaxation process immediately after cessation of the wing motion.
Calculation of whistler-mode wave intensity using energetic electron precipitation

The energetic electron population measured by multiple low-altitude POES satellites is used to infer whistlermode wave amplitudes using a physics-based inversion technique. We validate this technique by quantitatively analyzing a conjunction event between the Van Allen Probes and POES, and find that the inferred hiss wave amplitudes from POES electron measurements agree remarkably well with directly measured hiss waves amplitudes. We also use this technique to construct the global distribution of chorus wave intensity with extensive coverage over a broad L-MLT region during the 8–9 October 2012 storm and demonstrate that the inferred chorus wave amplitudes agree well with conjugate measurements of chorus wave amplitudes from the Van Allen Probes. The evolution of the whistler-mode wave intensity inferred from low-altitude electron measurements can provide real-time global estimates of the wave intensity, which cannot be obtained from in-situ wave measurements by equatorial satellites alone, but are crucial in quantifying radiation belt electron dynamics.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Spectroscopy of Model Molybdopterin Complexes

Abstract The preparation and characterization of new model complexes for the molybdenum cofactor are reported. The new models are distinctive for the inclusion of pterin-substituted dithiolene chelates and have the formulation Tp ∗ MoX(pterin-R-dithiolene) (Tp ∗ = tris(3,5,-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate), X = O, S, R = aryl. Syntheses of Mo(4+) and (5+) complexes of two pterin-dithiolene derivatives as both oxo and sulfido compounds, and improved syntheses for pterinyl alkynes and [Et 4 N][Tp ∗ Mo IV (S)S 4 ] reagents are described. Characterization methods include electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, electrochemistry, infrared spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance and magnetic circular dichroism. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that the Mo(5+/4+) reduction potential is intermediate between that for dithiolenes with electron-withdrawing substituents and simple dithiolates chelates. Electron paramagnetic resonance and magnetic circular dichroism of Mo(5+) complexes where X = O, R = aryl indicates that the molybdenum environment in the new models is electronically similar to that in Tp ∗ MoO(benzenedithiolate).
The state of manganese in the photosynthetic apparatus. 3. Light-induced changes in X-ray absorption (K-edge) energies of manganese in photosynthetic membranes

Abstract Photosynthetic water oxidation by higher plants proceeds as though five intermediates, S0-S4, operate in a cyclic fashion. In this study of the manganese involvement in the process, a low temperature EPR signal is used as an indicator of S-state composition for manganese X-ray absorption K-edge measurements of a spinach Photosystem II preparation. A dramatic change is observed in the edge properties between samples prepared in states S1 and either S2 or S3, establishing a direct relation between the local environment of Mn and the S-state composition. Samples in S2 or S3 exhibit a broadening of the principal absorption peak and a shift to higher energy by as much as 2.5 eV relative to S1 samples. The magnitude of these changes is directly related to the EPR signal intensity induced by illumination. Models are discussed in which these data may be interpreted in terms of a conformation-induced change in Mn ligation and/or oxidation during the S1 to S2 transition.