cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trade liberalization and export variety : a comparison of Mexico and China

The issue of measuring product variety has received relatively little attention due to its inherent difficulty. In the language of index numbers, an expansion in the range of inputs or outputs is a 'new goods' problem: a good that is newly available will have an observed price and quantity, but no corresponding price or quantity the year before. The availability of this new good will yield a welfare gain to consumers, as well as a productivity gain to firms buying the new input. In this paper we show how product variety can be measured in the case of a CES aggregator function. This paper is organized as: after reviewing the literature on the 'new goods' problem in section two, then discuss how to measure export variety in section three. In sections four and five discuss the empirical applications to export variety growth in Mexico and China. Regression results relating trade liberalization to industry export variety are presented in section six, and conclusions are given in section seven.
A Synthesis Technique for Networks Consisting of Logical Functions Feeding a Linear Summation Element

Compiler programs are used to convert engineering test specifications to a digital code which can be interpreted by the automatic test equipment system. A programming language based upon decision-table techniques allows the test engineer to write his test statements in an extremely convenient fashion and permits him to program any test specification with only a minimum of knowledge about the specific test equipment system and particular programming techniques.
Education of the adult learner: A practical approach for the infection control practitioner

Abstract Infection control practitioners (ICPs) are expected to be educators in their role, yet few have had formal training in preparing, presenting, and evaluating education programs for personnel from different disciplines. This article presents guidance from several sources specific to "andragogy"—the art and science of helping adults learn—to assist the ICP in the role of educator.
Responses of coastal lagoon plant communities to levels of nutrient enrichment: A mesocosm study

An experiment was conducted to quantify the effects of different levels of nutrient enrichment on the plant communities of temperate coastal lagoons, specifically the lagoons of the northeast U.S. Ten mesocosms, each containing coastal water, lagoon sediments, and plants and animals found in natural lagoons, were subjected to five levels of enrichment. Two mesocosms served as controls, and received no experimental nutrient additions. The remaining 8 mesocosms were enriched in duplicate with ammonium plus phosphate at 1.0 and 0.11 mmol N or P m−2 d−1, 2.0 and 0.19 mmol N or P m−2 d−1, 4.0 and 0.35 mmol N or P m−2 d−1, and 8.0 and 0.67 N or P mmol m−2 d−1. At all levels of enrichment, and through much of the experiment, water column concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) were drawn down to background levels. Despite the efficient drawdown of added DIN even at the highest loadings, differences in plant biomass among the 5 treatments were difficult to detect. Enrichment at the highest loadings increased standing stocks of phytoplankton for one month mid-experiment. No significant effect of loading could be detected for dry biomass of eelgrass (Zostera marina), epiphytic material, drift macroalgae, or for all plant components combined. The experiment has demonstrated that the enrichment responses of coastal lagoons can be diverse, especially at intermediate loadings.
Enclosure experiments on survival and growth of black drum eggs and larvae in lower Chesapeake Bay

Experiments in 2.2 m3, in situ mesocosm enclosures indicate that black drum, Pogonias cromis, eggs and larvae potentially can survive in the lower Chesapeake Bay at ambient microzooplankton prey levels (≈200 prey 1−1) in the absence of predators. In growth experiments, larva mean growth rates to 10 d posthatch were similar (0.17 mm d−1 and 0.18 mm d−1) when fed at prey levels of 50 prey 1−1 and 200 prey 1−1. Individual growth rates, however, were more variable at 50 prey 1−1. Mortality rates also were comparable in 50 (27% d−1) and 200 (23% d−1) prey 1−1 enclosures. In a second experiment, the predation potentials of the hydromedusa Nemopsis bachei and the lobate ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi were estimated in relation to initial black drum egg prey density, presence of alternative <1 mm zooplankton prey, and estimated daily abundance of the jellyfish on the black drum spawning grounds. Mortality rates per medusa and ctenophore were similar (0.02–0.03 d−1), were not affected by presence of alternative prey, and were directly related to initial egg density. Results suggest that the gelatinous predators, especially the hydromedusa, could have cleared a high (≈38%) but variable fraction of the water column daily of fish eggs and yolk-sac larvae during the black drum spawning season. We hypothesize that the poor or episodic recruitment success of black drum in Chesapeake Bay results from a short spawning season that often coincides with abundance peaks of gelatinous predators and that predation on eggs and yolk-sac larvae may control recruitment.
The Application of the Management Behavior Survey to the Measurement of Principal Leadership Behaviors

This paper reports on the application of Yukl's (1981) Management Behavior Survey in an educational setting (a sample of 47 elementary schools). The instrument is designed to tap 23 categories of managerial behavior. Detailed methodological information is provided. The purpose of this paper was to discuss three problems encountered with the instrument: (a) lack of response; (b) interrater disagreement; and (c) ceiling effects. In addition, the dimensionality of the measure was evaluated through factor analysis. This information should be valuable to researchers attempting to measure behavior reflecting leadership.
Rates of hydrolysis of N-acetylazoles: semiempirical calculations compared to experimental values

Abstract An investigation of the reactivity of N -acetylazoles was performed by AM1 semiempirical method. The calculated electronic and geometry properties of N -acetylazoles and azolium anions were in good correlation with the reactivity of the azoles. The transition state geometries of hydrolysis for N -acetylazoles were located and optimized. The activation energies were calculated and were used for evaluation of the rate of the hydrolysis and were in good agreement with experimental values.
Continuous stirred tank reactors: Designs for maximum conversions of raw material to desired product. Homogeneous reactions

It is shown in a series of illustrative examples how the conversion efficiency of many reactions can be markedly affected by the type of reactor used, even though the temperatures, catalyst, and basic kinetics are already fixed by the chemistry of the process. For such purpose graphical and analytic criteria are developed which permit the selection of a continuous stirred tank or tubular reactor system to obtain the most advantageous conversion of raw material to desired product. When a continuous stirred tank reactor process is preferable, the optimum number of reactor stages for maximum conversion is one. An example is given of a case where a combination of a continuous stirred tank and a tubular reactor is advantageous. A new graphical method of reactor design for simple or complex reactions is also introduced. This method utilizes continuous stirred tank reactor data directly rather than batch data or kinetics analyses. Reactions are classified according to the kinetic and stoichiometric characteristics which determine the allowable design procedures and the differences in the compostions paths occurring in batch, tubular, or continuous stirred tank reactors. The mathematical analysis of continuous stirred tank reactor systems for complex reactions leads to a set of difference equations. For cases of zero- or first-order reactions these are readily solved as illustrated in examples, even when several independent components influence the reaction kinetics.
Practitioners' Views on Responsibility: Applying Nanoethics

Significant efforts have been made to define ethical responsibilities for professionals engaged in nanotechnology innovation. Rosalyn Berne delineated three ethical dimensions of nanotechnological innovation: non-negotiable concerns, negotiable socio-cultural claims, and tacitly ingrained norms. Braden Allenby demarcated three levels of responsibility: the individual, professional societies (e.g. engineering codes), and the macro-ethical. This article will explore how these definitions of responsibility map onto practitioners’ understanding of their responsibilities and the responsibilities of others using the nanotechnology innovation community of the greater Phoenix area, which includes academic researchers, investors, entrepreneurs, manufacturers, insurers, attorneys, buyers, and media. To do this we develop a three-by-three matrix that combines Berne’s three dimensions and Allenby’s three levels. We then categorize the ethical responsibilities expressed by forty-five practitioners in semi-structured interviews using these published dimensions and levels. Two questions guide the research: (i) what responsibilities do actors express as theirs and/or assign to other actors and; (ii) can those responsibilities be mapped to the presented ethical frameworks? We found that most of the responsibilities outlined by our respondents concentrate at the professional society + non-negotiable and professional + negotiable intersections. The study moves from a philosophical exploration of ethics to an empirical analysis, exploring strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in the existing nanotechnology innovation network. This opens the door for new practitioners to be introduced in an effort to address responsibilities that are not currently recognized.
Extra-optic photoreception and compass orientation in larval and adult salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum).

Abstract Orientation tests indicate that tiger salamanders ( Ambystoma tigrinum ) can utilize celestial cues for compass orientation. Eyeless salamanders retain the ability to use celestial cues for orientation while salamanders without eyes and with their brains covered with black plastic appear disoriented. An internal biological clock exists in this species. Tiger salamanders show a directional preference toward deep water as larvae but toward land after metamorphosis.
A Calorimetric Investigation of the Copper-Zinc System

A high temperature, high-speed adiabatic calorimeter was used to measure the heat content of alloys in the copper-zinc system. These measurements were then used, along with the results of other investigators, in calculating thermodynamic properties of copperzinc alloys. These included: heats of formation of liquid copper-zinc alloys, of alpha, beta, gamma, and epsilon phases at different temperatures, and of delta phase at 900 K (which was not available in literature), and excess entropies of formation for the alpha, beta prime, gamma, epsilon phases and the heat effect for the beta-beta prime transformation.
Panoramic imaging perimeter sensor design and modeling

This paper describes the conceptual design and preliminary performance modeling of a 360-degree imaging sensor. This sensor combines automatic perimeter intrusion detection with immediate visual assessment and is intended for fast deployment around fixed or temporary high-value assets. The sensor requirements, compiled from various government agencies, are summarized. The design includes longwave infrared and visible linear array technology. An auxiliary millimeter-wave sensing technology is also considered for use during periods of infrared and visible obscuration. The infrared detectors considered for the sensor design are similar to the Standard Advanced Dewar Assembly Types Three A and B (SADA-IIIA/B). An overview of the sensor and processor is highlighted. The infrared performance of this sensor design has been predicted using thermal imaging system models and is described. Future plans for developing a prototype are presented. >
Mucinous adenocarcinoma of renal pelvis

Abstract Thirty-three cases of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis have been reported previously. We add an additional case which demonstrates that the tumor may behave in a relatively nonaggressive manner.
Aglossia congenita with bony fusion of the jaws.

Summary The case of a Jamaican baby has been described who was born with an imperforate mouth due to the complex and very rare congenital disorder of aglossia congenita. Other congenital manifestations included bony fusion of the jaws, clefts of the hard and soft palates, congenital amputations of the right hand and left foot together with syndactyly of the left hand.
In-line and off-line trapping of lipids extracted from chicken liver by supercritical carbon dioxide

This supercritical fluid extraction study determined the retentive properties of neutral alumina sorbent as an in-line trap for lipids in the dynamic state over a pressure range of 490–680 bar and temperatures of 40 and 80°C. Lipids were extracted from a chicken liver matrix using supercritical carbon dioxide over a 40-min period at a flow rate of 3 L/min (expanded gas), then were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography using an evaporative light-scattering detector. Approximately 30 and 18%, respectively, of the total extracted lipids were trapped on the in-line alumina sorbent bed at 40°C as the operating pressure increased from 490 to 680 bar, while the remaining lipids were trapped off-line after CO2 decompression. The major lipid classes trapped in-line were fatty acids and cholesterol, whereas only minor amounts of the less polar lipid classes such as sterol esters and triacylglycerols were retained. At 80°C and 680 bar, less than 1.5% of the extracted total lipids was trapped in-line, indicating the lack of adsorptive selectivity for lipids by alumina under these conditions.
Anticontrol of Chaos for Discrete-time Dynamical Systems via Fuzzy Hyperbolic Models

In this paper, a new method is proposed to chaotify a class of unknown discrete-time dynamical systems. First of all, the discrete-time fuzzy hyperbolic models (DFHMs) are employed to represent the discrete-time dynamical systems approximately. Then, a nonlinear state feedback controller is designed to chaotify the DFHMs. By revised Marotto theorem, it is proven that the chaos generated by this controller satisfies the Li-Yorke definition. An example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Dendritic pruning of the medial amygdala during pubertal development of the male Syrian hamster

The medial amygdala (Me), a brain region essential for mating behavior, changes in size during puberty. In pre-, mid-, and late pubertal (21, 35, and 49 days of age) male Syrian hamsters, we examined neuronal structure in Me and protein levels of spinophilin and synaptophysin in the amygdaloid complex for evidence of synaptic plasticity coincident with behavioral and physiological development. Body weight, testes weight, and testosterone levels increased during puberty. Mounting behavior, including ectopic, nonintromittive, and intromittive mounts, also increased. Neuronal structure in the posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) was assessed in Golgi-impregnated neurons. Pruning occurred during puberty in the number of dendrites emanating from the cell body and in terminal dendritic spine densities. Approximately half of all MePD neurons analyzed had an axon emanating from a dendrite rather than the cell body. However, prepubertal males were more likely to have the axon emanating from a higher order dendritic segment (secondary or tertiary) than were mid- and late pubertal males. Finally, protein levels in the amygdaloid complex varied with pubertal age. Spinophilin decreased, while synaptophysin and GAPDH protein levels increased. These results suggest that puberty is a period of dramatic synaptic plasticity in Me. Specifically, pruning of dendrites and spines, in combination with axonal changes, is likely to modify the afferent influences and electrophysiological properties of Me neurons. Because the Me is an integral component of a social behavior neural network, these changes may be related not only to sexual behavior, but also to other behaviors that mature during puberty, including aggressive, risk-taking, fear-related, and parental behaviors.
Cognitive derivation of generalization stimuli: Separation of components

In an attempt to separate factors in the generalization of semantic conditioning, a design was utilized in which the subjects (15 each in an experimental and control group) were semantically conditioned through cognitive behavior. Exosomatic GSR was conditioned to a visually presented number (CS) with electrical shock as UCS. During extinction, subjects were presented with visual stimuli consisting of one of three different numbers prefixed by arithmetical symbols and were asked to perform arithmetical operations indicated by series of these visual stimuli. In all series, the number that had served as CS was an intermediate result. The control group was presented the same stimulus slides so rearranged that the CS was never an intermediate result. The GSR of the experimental group during extinction to stimulus slides allowing the derivation of the CS was significantly greater than GSR during any other condition. The findings suggest that cognitive meaning and noteworthiness of the stimulus are critical factors in the generalization of semantic conditioning.
Very-high-risk Localized Prostate Cancer - Outcomes Following Definitive Radiation

Purpose Existing definitions of high-risk prostate cancer consist of men who experience significant heterogeneity in outcomes. As such, criteria that identify a subpopulation of National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) high-risk prostate cancer patients who are at very high risk (VHR) for poor survival outcomes following prostatectomy were recently developed at our institution and include the presence of any of the following disease characteristics: multiple NCCN high-risk factors, primary Gleason pattern 5 disease and/or ≥5 biopsy cores with Gleason sums of 8 to 10. Whether these criteria also apply to men undergoing definitive radiation is unclear, as is the optimal treatment regimen in these patients. Methods and Materials All men consecutively treated with definitive radiation by a single provider from 1993 to 2006 and who fulfilled criteria for NCCN high-risk disease were identified (n=288), including 99 patients (34%) with VHR disease. Multivariate-adjusted competing risk regression models were constructed to assess associations between the VHR definition and biochemical failure (BF), distant metastasis (DM), and prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM). Multivariate-adjusted Cox regression analysis assessed the association of the VHR definition with overall mortality (OM). Cumulative incidences of failure endpoints were compared between VHR men and other NCCN high-risk men. Results Men with VHR disease compared to other NCCN high-risk men experienced a higher 10-year incidence of BF (54.0% vs 35.4%, respectively, P P P P =.04). VHR men with a detectable prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration at the end of radiation (EOR) remained at high risk of 10-year PCSM compared to VHR men with an undetectable EOR PSA (31.0% vs 13.7%, respectively, P =.05). Conclusions NCCN high-risk prostate cancer patients who meet VHR criteria experience distinctly worse outcomes following definitive radiation and long-term androgen deprivation therapy, particularly if an EOR PSA is detectable. Optimal use of local therapies for VHR patients should be explored further, as should novel agents.
The development of design ideas in the early apparel design process: a pilot study

The purpose of this study is to examine the apparel design process by asking how a designer applies perceived information from visual sources and develops concepts through the exploration of design elements and principles. A stimuli-based design experiment was conducted with a professional designer as a pilot study. It was observed that preliminary visual units, termed small concepts, gradually evolve during the early design stage. Since this process is critical to continue the entire idea development, this paper focuses primarily on the detailed observation of the early design process, in which the designer perceives visual elements from a source-of-inspiration image, immediately transfers them to clothing design-related elements, explores variations in shape and placement by applying design principles, and finally develops small concepts. These small concepts become the basis for the later development of more complex design ideas. Understanding this design knowledge and relevant strategies will trigger ...
Relative effectiveness of manganese sulfate and manganous oxide applied on organic soil

Abstract The relative effectiveness of MnSO4 (10 and 200 mesh) and MnO (8, 200 and 325 mesh) used in organic soil application was evaluated by plant growth, Mn concentration, Mn uptake and yield of Acme soybeans and Downing Yellow Globe onions. The 10 mesh MnSO4 was superior to all other materials, while the 8 mesh Mn was less effective than any other material. Intermediate effectiveness was obtained from 200 mesh MnSO4 and 200 or 325 mesh MnO.
The development of a specialty: an interview with Dr. Mark C. Rogers, a pioneering pediatric intensivist

Summary Dr. Mark C. Rogers (1942–), Professor of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine, and Pediatrics at the Johns Hopkins University, was recruited by the Department of Pediatrics at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1977 to become the first director of its pediatric intensive care unit. After the dean of the medical school appointed him to chair the Department of Anesthesia in 1979, Rogers changed the course and culture of the department. He renamed it the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, and developed a long-term strategy of excellence in clinical care, research, and education. However, throughout this period, he never lost his connection to pediatric intensive care. He has made numerous contributions to pediatric critical care medicine through research and his authoritative textbook, Rogers' Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care. He established a training programme that has produced a plethora of leaders, helped develop the pediatric critical care board examination, and initiated the first World Congress of Pediatric Intensive Care. Based on a series of interviews with Dr. Rogers, this article reviews his influential career and the impact he made on developing pediatric critical care as a specialty.
Segmentation of multidimensional magnetic resonance (MR) images using a fuzzy neural network

Methods of 3-D visualization of the brain based on fuzzy c-means (FCM) classified magnetic resonance (MR) images and a neural network trained on the FCM data are presented. A 3-D MR scan of a volunteer serves as the basis for the unsupervised classification techniques. The images were first classified into different tissue types by using FCM. The classified images were then reconstructed for 3-D display. Results show that individual tissue types can be discriminated during the 3-D rendering process. A neural network trained on the fuzzy classification data was also implemented. By using the cascade correlation algorithm during the network training, much of the tedious training work was avoided. The preliminary results from the neural network approach are quite encouraging.
Reframing the runway: A case study of the impact of community organizing on news and politics

This article discusses newspaper coverage of a plan by the Massachusetts Port Authority to construct a new runway that would triple the amount of flights at Boston’s Logan International Airport. Th...
Crown retention with use of a 5% glutaraldehyde sealer on prepared dentin

Abstract Statement of problem. A previous study showed that a resin sealer decreased casting retention with zinc phosphate cement. Purpose. This study determined whether a nonresin sealer applied to prepared dentin affected the retention of cemented castings. Material and methods. Extracted molars were prepared with a flat occlusal, 20-degree taper and 4 mm axial length. The axial surface area of each preparation was determined and samples were distributed to achieve equivalent groups. Gluma Desensitizer sealer was used to seal the dentin before provisionalization and again before crown cementation. An Olympia alloy casting was produced for each preparation and cemented with a seating force of 20 Kg with either Mizzy's zinc phosphate, Ketac-Cem glass ionomer, or Resinomer material in combination with One Step adhesive. Castings were thermocycled, then removed along the path of insertion with an Instron testing machine. A two-factor analysis of variance was used with α = 0.05 and n = 9-10. Results. Mean dislodgment stresses for unsealed and sealed conditions were 6.3 and 6.4 MPa for zinc phosphate, 9.1 and 10.1 MPa for glass ionomer, and 12.1 and 12.6 MPa for the resin cement. The means for the three cements were statistically different ( p p = 0.369) and cross product interactions ( p = 0.820) were not significant. Conclusions. The use of the glutaraldehyde-based system as a desensitizing treatment for prepared teeth had no effect on crown retention for any of the three cements evaluated and the modified resin cement produced the highest mean dislodgment stress that exceeded the strength of the tooth. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;79:671-6.)
Arthroscopic acromioclavicular joint resection An anatomical study

Distal clavicle resection has been an effective procedure for treatment of acromioclavicular arthritis. The conventional open surgical technique involves deltoid detachment and reattachment, which may cause postoperative weakness and requires protection during the postoperative period to allow for healing. Arthroscopic acromioclavicular joint resection has the theoretical advantages of no deltoid disruption and a shorter rehabilitation period. The purpose of this study was to compare open versus arthroscopic acromioclavicular joint resection in a laboratory setting. The goals of acromioclavicular joint resection in this study were to remove 5 mm of the medial acromion and 10 mm of the distal clavicle. Acromioclavicular joint resections were performed on 10 cadaver shoulders (5 open resections and 5 arthroscopic resections). Open resection was successful at 10 of 15 distal clavicle locations and 14 of 15 medial acromial locations. Arthroscopic resection was successful at 14 of 15 distal clavicle locations and 10 of 15 medial acromial locations. The combined bone resection averaged 14.8 mm (+/- 1.99 mm) for the open technique and 14.8 mm (+/- 2.58 mm) for the arthroscopic technique. The combined bone resection was 1.5 cm or more in all of the measured locations for the open technique and in 14 of 15 measure locations for the arthroscopic technique. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. In the laboratory setting, acromioclavicular joint resection was performed effectively and predictably with arthroscopic instruments. Arthroscopic bone resection was comparable to open bone resection.
Thin-layer full Navier-Stokes simulations over a supersonic delta wing

Steady flowfields describing the flow over a 75-deg swept delta wing at M ∞=1.95 and Re=4.48×10 6 were simulated at α=20 and 30 deg using two computer codes. Comparisons were made between calculations using 1) the laminar and turbulent thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations, and 2)laminar thin-layer and Navier-Stokes equations.
SPDEF Functions as a Colorectal Tumor Suppressor by Inhibiting β-Catenin Activity

Background & Aims Expression of the SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF or prostate-derived ETS factor) is regulated by Atoh1 and is required for the differentiation of goblet and Paneth cells. SPDEF has been reported to suppress the development of breast, prostate, and colon tumors. We analyzed levels of SPDEF in colorectal tumor samples from patients and its tumor-suppressive functions in mouse models of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods We analyzed levels of SPDEF messenger RNA and protein in more than 500 human CRC samples and more than 80 nontumor controls. Spdef −/− and wild-type mice (controls) were either bred with Apc Min/+ mice, or given azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), or 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and DSS, to induce colorectal tumors. Expression of Spdef also was induced transiently by administration of tetracycline to Spdef dox-intestine mice with established tumors, induced by the combination of AOM and DSS or by breeding with Apc Min/+ mice. Colon tissues were collected and analyzed for tumor number, size, grade, and for cell proliferation and apoptosis. We also analyzed the effects of SPDEF expression in HCT116 and SW480 human CRC cells. Results In colorectal tumors from patients, loss of SPDEF was observed in approximately 85% of tumors and correlated with progression from normal tissue, to adenoma, to adenocarcinoma. Spdef −/− ; Apc Min/+ mice developed approximately 3-fold more colon tumors than Spdef +/+ ; Apc Min/+ mice. Likewise, Spdef −/− mice developed approximately 3-fold more colon tumors than Spdef +/+ mice after administration of AOM and DSS. After administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and DSS, invasive carcinomas were observed exclusively in Spdef −/− mice. Conversely, expression of SPDEF was sufficient to promote cell-cycle exit in cells of established adenomas from Spdef dox-intestine ; Apc Min/+ mice and in Spdef dox-intestine mice after administration of AOM + DSS. SPDEF inhibited the expression of β-catenin−target genes in mouse colon tumors, and interacted with β-catenin to block its transcriptional activity in CRC cell lines, resulting in lower levels of cyclin D1 and c-MYC. Conclusions SPDEF is a colon tumor suppressor and a candidate therapeutic target for colon adenomas and adenocarcinoma.
Evaluating the communications capabilities of the generalized hypercube interconnection network

SUMMARY This paper presents results of evaluating the communications capabilities of the generalized hypercube interconnection network. The generalized hypercube has outstanding topological properties, but it has not been implemented on a large scale because of its very high wiring complexity. For this reason, this network has not been studied extensively in the past. However, recent and expected technological advancements will soon render this network viable for massively parallel systems. We first present implementations of randomized manyto-all broadcasting and multicasting on generalized hypercubes, using as the basis the oneto-all broadcast algorithm presented by Fragopoulou et al. (1996). We test the proposed implementations under realistic communication traffic patterns and message generations, for the all-port model of communication. Our results show that the size of the intermediate message buffers has a significant effect on the total communication time, and this effect becomes very dramatic for large systems with large numbers of dimensions. We also propose a modification of this multicast algorithm that applies congestion control to improve its performance. The results illustrate a significant improvement in the total execution time and a reduction in the number of message contentions, and also prove that the generalized hypercube is a very versatile interconnection network. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mammoths and Man in the Transvaal

PROF. DART'S paper in the Supplement to NATURE of Dec. 10, 1927, on “Mammoths and Man in the Transvaal,” followed by Dr. R. Broom's letter in the issue of Mar. 3, 1928, under the same title, renders desirable the immediate description of two elephant teeth kindly sent to me by Curator Wilman, of the McGregor Museum at Kimberley, South Africa, in 1926 and 1927.
Dissection, culture, and analysis of Xenopus laevis embryonic retinal tissue.

The process by which the anterior region of the neural plate gives rise to the vertebrate retina continues to be a major focus of both clinical and basic research. In addition to the obvious medical relevance for understanding and treating retinal disease, the development of the vertebrate retina continues to serve as an important and elegant model system for understanding neuronal cell type determination and differentiation1-16. The neural retina consists of six discrete cell types (ganglion, amacrine, horizontal, photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and Muller glial cells) arranged in stereotypical layers, a pattern that is largely conserved among all vertebrates 12,14-18. While studying the retina in the intact developing embryo is clearly required for understanding how this complex organ develops from a protrusion of the forebrain into a layered structure, there are many questions that benefit from employing approaches using primary cell culture of presumptive retinal cells 7,19-23. For example, analyzing cells from tissues removed and dissociated at different stages allows one to discern the state of specification of individual cells at different developmental stages, that is, the fate of the cells in the absence of interactions with neighboring tissues 8,19-22,24-33. Primary cell culture also allows the investigator to treat the culture with specific reagents and analyze the results on a single cell level 5,8,21,24,27-30,33-39. Xenopus laevis, a classic model system for the study of early neural development 19,27,29,31-32,40-42, serves as a particularly suitable system for retinal primary cell culture 10,38,43-45. Presumptive retinal tissue is accessible from the earliest stages of development, immediately following neural induction 25,38,43. In addition, given that each cell in the embryo contains a supply of yolk, retinal cells can be cultured in a very simple defined media consisting of a buffered salt solution, thus removing the confounding effects of incubation or other sera-based products 10,24,44-45. However, the isolation of the retinal tissue from surrounding tissues and the subsequent processing is challenging. Here, we present a method for the dissection and dissociation of retinal cells in Xenopus laevis that will be used to prepare primary cell cultures that will, in turn, be analyzed for calcium activity and gene expression at the resolution of single cells. While the topic presented in this paper is the analysis of spontaneous calcium transients, the technique is broadly applicable to a wide array of research questions and approaches (Figure 1).
Electromagnetic-force distribution inside matter

Using the method of finite difference time domain, we solve Maxwell's equations numerically and compute the distribution of electromagnetic fields and forces inside material media. The media are generally specified by their dielectric permittivity \ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega}) and magnetic permeability \ensuremath{\mu}(\ensuremath{\omega}), representing small, transparent dielectric and magnetic objects such as platelets and microbeads. Using two formulations of the electromagnetic force density, one due to Lorentz [Collected Papers 2, 164 (1892)] and the other due to Einstein and Laub [Ann. Phys. 331, 541 (1908)], we show that the force-density distribution inside a given object can differ substantially between the two formulations. This is remarkable, considering that the total force experienced by the object is always the same, irrespective of whether the Lorentz or the Einstein-Laub formula is employed. The differences between the two formulations should be accessible to measurement in deformable objects.
Mis-classified instance learning and recovery in classification

Many classification models have been proposed in past few decades. Lots of variations based on those models are also developed for better performance. Instead of model tuning or modification, we achieve higher classification accuracy by analyzing the dataset and recovering the instances that are mis-classified by the given classifier. We develop three metrics to identify those mis-classified instances. Experiments show our method can obtain performance improvement with the chosen classifier in multiple datasets.
Multiprocessor main memory transaction processing

In this paper we describe an experiment designed to evaluate the potential transaction processing system performance achievable through the combination of multiple processors and massive memories. The experiment consisted of the design and implementation of a transaction processing kernel on stock multiprocessors. We found that with sufficient memory, multiple processors can greatly improve performance. A prototype implementation of the kernel on a pair of Firefly multiprocessors (each with five 1-MIP processors) runs the standard debit-credit benchmark at over 1000 transactions per second.
Composition and Morphology of Individual Combustion, Biomass Burning, and Secondary Organic Particle Types Obtained Using Urban and Coastal ATOFMS and STXM-NEXAFS Measurements

Complementary single particle measurements of organic aerosols using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) and Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy—Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (STXM-NEXAFS) are compared to examine the relationships between particle morphologies and chemical composition of particles having similar sources. ATOFMS measurements provide size-resolved chemical composition information for single particles. Measurements from field campaigns in polluted or urban (Riverside/SOAR 2005; Mexico City/MILAGRO 2006; Port of Long Beach 2007) and clean or marine (Arabian Sea/INDOEX 1999; Sea of Japan/ACE-Asia 2001; Trinidad Head/CIFEX 2004) locations illustrate regional differences. The majority (≥ 85 %) of the number of submicron particles are carbonaceous (including elemental and organic carbon), but represent less than 10% of the number of supermicron particles. Organic carbon (OC) particles are classified into three meta-classes corresponding to (1) combustion generated OC/...
Transient [8]annulenyl carbanion from the anion radical of bromo-[8]annulene

The anion radical of mono-bromo-[8]annulene was generated in the absence of ion association, and the EPR-measured spin densities can be explained in terms of the odd electron occupying MOs: Ψ4‘ = [2√(n2 + 1)]-1(ψ1 + nψ2 − ψ3 − nψ4 + ψ5 + nψ6 − ψ7 − nψ8) and Ψ5‘ = [2√(n2 + 1)]-1(ψ1 − nψ2 − ψ3 + nψ4 + ψ5 − nψ6 − ψ7 + nψ8) where n > 1. This anion radical subsequently disproportionates to its corresponding dianion and neutral molecule. The dianion then undergoes a loss of Br-, leaving the [8]annulenyl carbanion, which can abstract a proton from either HMPA or liquid ammonia. The pseudo-ortho-bromo-[8]annulenyl carbanion also loses Br- to give [8]annulyne, which can be stabilized in the form of its anion radical. The g value of the anion radical of [8]annulyne indicates that the extra strain energy due to the presence of the triple bond causes the two highest occupied MOs (degenerate in the anion radical of [8]annulene) to be slightly split.
Consideration of the various error sources in a practical automatic vehicle location system

An Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) system utilizing LORAN-C which has been cost-optimized is described. The various sources of positioning errors are enumerated and their effects are quantified through theoretical and empirical techniques. These results are used to generate a performance specification for the continental U.S. This specification is compared to field test results from two operating demonstration systems.
Empirical lifetimes for 4s4p P1,31∘ levels in the zinc isoelectronic sequence

Empirical predictions are reported for the lifetimes of the 4s2–4s4p resonance and intercombination transitions in the Zn isoelectronic sequence. The approach uses a direct-mapping reduction of available energy-level and lifetime data and imposes no theoretical assumptions or restrictions. Measured spectroscopic energy-level data are used to characterize intermediate coupling effects in terms of an effective singlet–triplet mixing angle, which is then used to convert lifetime data into mixing-reduced effective line strength factors. Through a linearizing screening parameterization, these reduced line strength factors are found to exhibit regularities permit accurate interpolation, extrapolation, and smoothing and also provide a convenient exposition for that sensitive comparison between experimental results and ab initio calculations.
Operation of microfabricated harmonic and ordinary side-drive motors

A variable-capacitance harmonic side-drive motor is presented and the operation of this motor and ordinary variable-capacitance side-drive motors without the need for air-levitation assist is reported. Native oxide formation on motor polysilicon surfaces, resulting from the clamping of the rotor to the shield beneath it, is identified as the cause of motor operational failure. With proper release and testing directed at minimizing this oxide formation, the motors can be readily operated. Operational characteristics of the micromotors, including the role of rotor electric shielding, speed, and frictional effects, are studied. For the side-drive motors, measurements of stopping and starting voltages indicate that the drive torque required to sustain motor operation is 5-7 pN-m, while that required to initiate motor operation after a 30 second rest is nearly twice as high. >
Ultrasound measurement of fetal growth in Macaca nemestrina.

Longitudinal ultrasound data were collected for 18 structures in 37 pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) fetuses to 1) generate standards of normal fetal growth, 2) measure operator reliability, 3) assess the accuracy of linear and nonlinear regression models to estimate gestational age and dates of delivery, and 4) evaluate the portability of equations and absolute values derived from data at one facility (Seattle) to describe independently collected data on the same species at another facility (Medical Lake Breeding Colony). Femur length, biparietal diameter, and head area were found to be the best predictors of gestational age, as judged by maximum "explained" variance (R2) with minimum error estimates. Days to delivery could not be adequately predicted by any single fetal growth parameter or by the best combination of parameters. Operator reliability was very good: error was ⩽5% over all parameters studied. Although the form of growth curves from each facility was generally the same, variability was much greater for most parameters at Medical Lake, and both femur and humerus lengths were overestimated relative to the Seattle data. The same result was obtained for femur length when Seattle data on pigtailed macaques were compared with published data on rhesus macaques. We believe that these differences in facilities and populations may be due to the practices of the ultrasound operators. We suggest that portability of regression coefficients and absolute values for structures at a given gestational age can be accomplished only if operators are trained to use the same standard methods and receive periodic reliability checks. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Toxicities and Survival Among Octogenarians and Nonagenarians with Colorectal Cancer Treated with Chemotherapy or Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy

Abstract Purpose Patients aged ≥ 70 years with colon cancer benefit from chemotherapy, with no major added toxicities compared with a younger population. However, the safety and efficacy of chemotherapy or chemoradiation therapy in octogenarians and nonagenarians with colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been previously reported. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective study of the safety and efficacy of chemotherapy or chemoradiation therapy in patients with CRC treated between January 2002 and June 2006 at Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Results Thirty-three patients were identified, 24 of whom had colon cancer and 9 of whom had rectal cancer. Twenty-two patients with metastatic colon cancer and 8 patients with rectal cancer were evaluable for toxicity. All patients were started on an attenuated regimen of chemotherapy. A high rate of severe diarrhea (46%) and treatment-related hospitalizations (73%) were noted among patients with metastatic colon cancer. Toxicities were managed by treatment interruptions. The median overall survival among the metastatic colon cancer cohort was 20.6 months (95% confidence interval, 11.1-26.4 months). Among the patients with rectal cancer, 5 had locally advanced disease and were treated with chemoradiation therapy. Chemotherapy was interrupted in 3 of 5 patients because of toxicity. Radiation therapy was discontinued because of toxicity in 1 of 5 patients. Conclusion Our results suggest the susceptibility of patients with CRC aged ≥ 80 years to chemotherapy toxicity. This age group should receive an attenuated dose of chemotherapy and be evaluated for dedicated clinical trials. Despite the high rate of treatment toxicity, selected octogenarians and nonagenarians with advanced CRC could benefit from chemotherapy, with overall survival neighboring that seen in younger populations.
Pervasive cognitive impairment in acute rehabilitation inpatients without brain injury.

Objective:To establish feasibility for the hypothesis that patients in acute rehabilitation who are hospitalized for disorders not known to involve cerebral injury can have significant cognitive impairment. Design:A comparison of performances on neuropsychological tests between 2 samples of subjects: inpatients in an acute rehabilitation hospital without known cerebral disease and normal community-dwelling persons. Setting:Acute inpatient rehabilitation hospital. Patients and Participants:Nineteen hospitalized patients without delirium who were screened for pre-existing cerebral and psychiatric illness, dementia, and dependency in basic self-care skills before hospitalization. Eighteen community-dwelling persons who were not different in terms of age and education served as the control group. Methods:Participants completed 10 commonly used neuropsychological tests of executive, language, and memory functions. Data were analyzed by using multivariate analysis of variance. Main Outcome Measurements:Raw scores on the 10 neuropsychological tests. Results:Hospitalized patients performed significantly worse on 9 of 10 tests than community-dwelling participants. Older hospitalized participants had significantly greater cognitive impairment than younger hospitalized participants, which suggested increased susceptibility to effects of hospitalization on cognition. Conclusions:Patients hospitalized without brain injury, and especially elderly patients, should be carefully monitored for cognitive deficits that may affect posthospitalization quality of living. Further research is needed to determine whether the cognitive deficits in such patients persist after discharge and affect functional independence, and to identify mechanismsforthedeficits.Furthermore,theuseofhospitalizedparticipantswithoutbrain injury as control subjects in neuropsychological studies of brain injury should be balanced with an additional comparison group of matched, neurologically healthy, normal subjects who live in the community to control for cognitive impairments that are associated with acute hospitalization. PM R 2011;3:426-432