cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Aspects of Growth Characteristics of Tobacco Pistils in vitro

In order to learn more about how young pistil primordia assimilate or produce the regulatory information influencing further growth and development and how the information is collated and processed within the primordium, young pistil primordia from two species of Nicotiana were excised and placed on the surface of a developmentally neutral medium. The pistils of one type of tobacco seemed to be almost fully autonomous for its growth and development because it typically grew to a size and stage of development comparable to in vivo grown pistils. Pistils of the other type did not fare so well. Other potential influences were tested; the degree of injury to, or exposure of, the placentas, the effects of culturing while attached to other floral members in every combination, and the effects of kinetin were investigated. Each of these provided clues relating to how the plant regulated pistil development.
Effect of secretin on pancreatic duct pressure, resistance to pancreatic flow, and duodenal motor activity in the dog.

To determine the effect of graded doses of intravenously administered secretin on the relationships among pancreatic duct and duodenal pressures and duodenal motor activity, three dogs were surgically provided with three indwelling duodenal catheters and a permanent pancreaticodochocutaneous catheter. The proximal duodenal catheter was located within the first portion of the duodenum and was used to infuse a nonabsorbable marker. The middle catheter was positioned 5 cm distally so that its open tip was at the level of the pancreatic duct orifice, was water filled and utilized to measure duodenal pressures. Samples of duodenal contents were recovered from the third catheter which was 10 cm distal to the pancreatic ductal orifice. Dogs were studied for 8 hr. Saline was given intravenously for 1 hr at the beginning and end of the study and for 2 hr between two 2-hr periods of secretin administration. Secretin was administered at doses of 0.75, 1.5, 3.0 units/kg/hr. Only two doses of secretin, given in random order, were tested each day. Secretin significantly (P<0.05) reduced pancreatic duct pressure, duodenal pressure, and frequency of duodenal phase-III motor activity and increased duodenal volume flow. All of the responses were dose-related. The highest amounts of constantly infused secretin decreased pressures and increased duodenal volume flow compared with the lowest amount (P<0.05),. Moreover, calculations of resistance to pancreatic flow, the diameter of the pancreatic ductal opening, and the area of the opening indicated that secretin dilated the opening of the pancreatic duct and decreased the resistance of the flow of pancreatic juice into the duodenum as the dose of secretin was increased. Thus, it appears that a pancreatic ductal sphincter mechanism responsive to secretin is present in the dog.
Totally isotropic subspaces, complementary subspaces, and generalized inverses

Abstract Let us fix a field F, a finite-dimensional F-vector space V, and a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form on V, subject to the following restriction. If char(F) = 2, then the bilinear form must be selected so that the space of all isotropic vectors in V is nondegenerate. Let N be the set of all totally isotropic subspaces of V. There exists a mapping p: N → N(U → Up such that U + Up is nondegenerate for all U ϵ N. From such, a construction is given for obtaining a “pseudoorthogonal” complementary subspace for any subspace of V. Based on this construction, it is shown how to construct generalized inverses of linear transformations on V whose associated projection maps are normal linear transformations. The resulting operation for obtaining a generalized inverse has the additional property that it commutes with the operation of taking adjoints. When char(F) ≠ 2, it is shown that p can be selected so as to be an involution. For this case, constructions of such p are presented. The constructions which are derived from these, as outlined above, are then also involutory. Moreover, when F is an ordered field, p may be selected so as to be an involutory automorphism of the partially ordered set (N, ⊆).
Optical communication test of multiple-wavelength comb source from silicon nitride microresonators

We evaluate the optical communication performance of individual comb lines generated in silicon nitride microresonators. A high coherence mode yields error-free communications at 10 Gb/s, while a partially coherent mode results in closed eye diagrams.
Tests of small proportional tubes with CF4-HRS gas mixtures

Abstract We have investigated the operating characteristics and drift times of small proportional tubes (active width = 3.17 mm) containing mixtures of CF 4 and HRS gas (89% Ar, 10% CO 2 , 1% CH 4 ). As the fraction of CF 4 is varied from zero to 100%, maximum drift times decrease from about 32 to 16 ns. The operating voltage increases and the energy resolution worsens significantly with increases in the CF 4 component.
An antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to μ-opioid receptors inhibits μ-opioid receptor agonist-induced analgesia in rats

Abstract We examined effects of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against the μ-opioid receptor on μ-opioid receptor agonist-induced antinociception in the cold water (−3°C) tail-flick test in rats. Rats were injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) with an antisense, sense or missense oligodeoxynucleotide or artificial cerebrospinal fluid on days 1, 3 and 5. On day 6, antinociceptive effects of opioid agonists were tested. Compared to the artificial cerebrospinal fluid treatment, the cumulative does-effect curve for subcutaneous (s.c.) morphine was shifted to the right by the antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, but not by the missense oligodeoxynucleotide or the sense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment reduced the analgesic effect of the μ-opioid receptor agonist PL017 ([ N -MePhe 3 , d -Pro 4 ]morphiceptin), but not the δ-opioid receptor agonist BW373U86 ((±)-4-(( a-R ∗)- a -((2 S ∗,5 R ∗)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-hydroxybenzyl)- N,N -diethyl-benzamide) or the κ receptor agonist spiradoline ((±)-(5 a ,7 a ,8 b )-3,4-dichloro- N -methyl- N -[7-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-(oxaspiro-[4.5]dec-8-yl]benzeneacetamide monohydrochloride). The drugs were given by i.c.v. injection. These findings indicate that i.c.v. administration of a μ antisense oligodeoxynucleotide specifically blocks μ-, but not δ- or κ-opioid receptor-mediated analgesia in the rat cold water tail-flick test.
Du ‘géant remueur de terre’ à ‘Monsieur jardine’: valorisation et dévalorisation des images de la terre à la Belle Époque

Images of the Earth in Belle Epoque fiction are frequently called upon to express an author's view of what defines an individual's relationship to self, history, and society. This article focuses on two examples whose significance is highlighted by the fact that the authors have radically opposed ideologies. In Diary of a Chambermaid (1900), Octave Mirbeau uses the provincial backyard garden satirically, as a site where society's repressed, sadistic and anal impulses are let loose. By contrast, Rene Bazin's highly conservative Donatienne (1903) illustrates the author's Catholic belief in the biblical sanctity of the relationship between a man and his native place. How uniquely relevant to the representation of the fictional Subject these images are is further demonstrated by the fact that women are unapologetically excluded from them. As it happens, these novels' female protagonists are both domestic servants, whose defining relationship is not to the Earth where they were born, but—second in the order of...
A microbiological etiology for gastritis and peptic ulceration

The relationship betweenCampylobacter pyloriinfection and gastroduodenal disease was investigated using antral biopsies from 102 patients undergoing endoscopy.C. pyloriwas isolated from the majority of patients with histologically defined gastritis (89%), gastric ulcer (100%), and duodenal ulcer (94%), but only in 6% of patients with normal gastric mucosa. No obvious epidemiological association betweenC. pyloriinfection and recent travel, domestic pets, diet, dental hygiene, drug treatment or symptoms could be established. The susceptibility of 38 of these isolates ofC. pylorito 12 antibiotics was determined.
Economic impact of hyponatremia in hospitalized patients: a retrospective cohort study.

AbstractBackground: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality seen in general hospital patients, with an incidence of 1% to 6% in the United States. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the impact of varying levels of hyponatremia at admission on length of stay (LOS) and cost of care in adult hospitalized patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using an existing clinical database from a large academic-setting hospital. All adult admissions from January 2004 through May 2005 with serum sodium level at admission of ≤ 134 mEq/L were separated into 2 cohorts: patients with moderate-to-severe hyponatremia (serum sodium level at admission of ≤ 129 mEq/L, n = 547) and patients with mild-to-moderate hyponatremia (serum sodium level of 130–134 mEq/L, n = 1500). ICD-9 diagnosis codes for these 2047 admissions with hyponatremia were used to identify a cohort of 7573 admissions with the same principal admitting diagnoses and a serum sodium level of 135 to 145 mEq/L. Differences in hospi...
Passivity based distributed control: Optimality, stability and robustness

Past decade has witnessed the explosive growth of data network, processing power, sensor miniaturization, and controllable devices. Drawing on the ready availability of such technologies, feedback control is now increasingly applied to highly complex interconnected systems. Applications include data network, robot swarm, and heating, cooling and lighting systems in large buildings. These systems, called distributed control systems, involve a large number of interacting subsystems with individual decision making criteria and sensing capabilities (considered as agents). Key issues for such systems involve the relationship between local optimization objectives and global systems-wide constraints, communication structure between agents, systems stability and robustness, and overall systems architecture to support heterogeneous sensors and actuators. In this paper, we consider distributed control algorithms for each agent in the system that steer the overall system towards collective goal based on the suitable feedback, but without explicit knowledge of the system interconnection and other agents' decision. The key to such robust behavior lies in convexity (for optimization) and passivity (for stability). If appropriate passive outputs, based on the interconnection constraints, are used for feedback, together with gradient type of update, then robust convergence towards the global constrained optimum is assured.
Co chemisorption on PtCu surfaces II. (1 × 1)-CO/Pt0.98Cu0.02(110)

Abstract The chemisorption of CO on the Pt atoms of an initially (1 × 3) reconstructed Pt 0.98 Cu 0.02 (110) surface at ~ 373 K can lead to the formation of a (1 × 1) surface. Comparisons are made with (1 × 3)-CO surfaces formed by CO exposures at 293 or 155 K. Thermal desorption shows that the (1 × 1)-CO surface has an enhanced population of high temperature CO peak ( ~ 543 K) from Pt sites. The CO-induced structural conversion also leads to a decrease in the subsequent CO uptake on the low temperature Pt sites and on the Pt-Cu “mixed” sites, with a concomitant increase in adsorption on the Cu-like sites. Such a reduction in the number of the Pt-Cu “ mixed” sites is also reflected in the CO-induced changes of the Cu 3d-derived states and the Cu 2p 3 2 core levels. A dynamic interplay between chemisorption and surface structure is thus demonstrated.
Further studies on suppressor cell activity in the spleen of neonatal mice.

Abstract Spleen cells from newborn BDF 1 and C57BL/6 mice are tested for suppressor activity in mixed lymphocyte culture. The added spleen cells, treated with mitomycin, suppress both cell proliferation and the generation of cytotoxic cells. Thymus cells from newborn mice have little suppressor activity. Suppressor cells act across an allogeneic barrier, are cortisone-resistant, XR-resistant, T-cells and their activity is inversely correlated to the MLC reactivity in the spleen of the young animal. Incubation of neonatal suppressor cells on macrophage monolayers reduces suppressor cell activity and points to the possible importance of the macrophage in controlling immunological maturation.
Measurement of the quenching of spontaneous emission coefficients in laser-produced plasmas

The quenching of Einstein {ital A} coefficients was observed by measuring the branching ratio of visible and extreme-ultraviolet line intensities for C IV, C III, and N V ions.
Statistical analysis of FTIR spectra of cervical tissues and diagnostic algorithms for cervical cancer

ABSTRACT We have analyzed infrared spectra of microtome sections of frozen cervical tissues from the malignant (cancer) and normal histopathological groups. Intensity ratios of the different bands throughout the fingerprint region in the mid-IR are compared for the above groups. The ba nds are evaluated to show that the peak absorbances for the different groups exhibit statistically significant differences. Among the significant changes observed is the increase in the peak intensity of the 1400 cm -1 band of the normal tissue group. Also, the contribution of the 1240 cm band which is * due to the phosphatediester group of nucleic acids was greater for the malignant tissue group compared to normal tissues. Partial-Least Squares (PLS) factors are used to further analyze the tissues to access th e more subtle differences between the cancer and normal groups and to help de termine the spectral bands that are most useful for cancer diagnosis. Also, we utilized Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) as well as th e supervised learning method of Support Vector Machines (SVM) to study our tissue samples and develop diagnostic algorithms. PLS was used to decompose the spectra to reduce the spectral variables. The PLS components were then used as variables in SVM procedures to construct algorithms that produce specificity and sensitivity values greater than 90%. Keywords: FTIR, infrared, spectroscopy, cervix, statistical analysis, partial-least squares, diagnosis, algorithm, discriminant analysis, support vectors
Effect of neutron irradiation on the properties of AlGaAs/GaAs laser diodes

The effects of neutron irradiation on several properties of both single and multiple stripe laser diodes have been examined. Prior to fast neutron irradiation, total light output as a function of laser current, threshold current, near-field pattern, far-field pattern, and laser output wavelength spectra were measured at room temperature. These measurements were then repeated at intermittent neutron fluence levels. It was observed that the threshold current increased with neutron fluence for all devices examined. In contrast, neutron irradiation had only an indirect effect on the remainder of the laser diode properties in that the higher currents required for operation after irradiation caused variations in these properties.
The Molecular Structure of the Liquid Ordered Phase

Substructure within the liquid-ordered phase of lipid bilayers is reported, composed of saturated hydrocarbon chains packed with local hexagonal order, separated by interstitial regions enriched in cholesterol and unsaturated chains. The structure, identified during 10 μsec all-atom molecular dynamics simulation of liquid-ordered/liquid-disordered coexistence (Lo/Ld), is confirmed by comparison to 2H NMR quadropolar splittings. The balance of cholesterol-rich to local hexagonal order is proposed to control the partitioning of membrane components into the Lo region. Understanding how mechanisms present in the cell membrane _ such as crowding or coupling to the cytoskeleton _ shift the balance of cholesterol rich substructure should help resolve partitioning in bilayers and cell membranes.
Recognition-Domain Focused Chemosensors: Versatile and Efficient Reporters of Protein Kinase Activity

Catalyzed by kinases, serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation is a vital mechanism of intracellular regulation. Thus, assays that easily monitor kinase activity are critical in both academic and pharmaceutical settings. We previously developed sulfonamido-oxine (Sox)-based fluorescent peptides following a β-turn focused (BTF) design for the continuous assay of kinase activity in vitro and in cell lysates. Upon phosphorylation of the Sox-containing peptide, the chromophore binds Mg2+ and undergoes chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF). Although the design was applied successfully to the development of several kinase sensors, an intrinsic limitation was that only residues C- or N-terminal to the phosphorylated residue could be used to derive specificity for the target kinase. To address this limitation, a new, recognition-domain focused (RDF) strategy was developed that also relies on CHEF. In this approach, the requirement for the constrained β-turn motif is obviated by alkylation of a cysteine resi...
How ubiquitous is adaptation? A critique of the epiphenomenist program

It is important to distinguish adaptation per se (adaptedness, or being adapted) from the more specific concept of adaptation for some function. Commonly used criteria for adaptation in either sense have limited applicability. There are, however, a number of widely applicable criteria for adaptation per se, such as several kinds of cost, low variation, the maintenance of integration, and the fitness distribution of mutations. Application of these criteria leads to the conclusion that adaptation is overwhelmingly prevalent for features of organisms. Neither the presence nor the absence of adaptation has a privileged status in inference. Effectively neutral evolution can occur on adaptive buttes while maintaining the same degree of adaptation, but it is likely to be relatively minor.
Analyses of techniques for measuring DC and AC electric fields in the magnetosphere

Methods for measuring the amplitudes and directions of DC electric fields and the directions, power spectra, and dispersion relations of AC electric fields in the magnetosphere are discussed with emphasis on their applicability in various regimes of the magnetospheric plasma. The two classes of techniques that are discussed are measurement of the bulk flow of the plasma and the potential difference between pairs of separated conductors. The plasma bulk flow discussion includes measurements by ionospheric radar backscatter, whistler mode wave propagation, energetic or thermal particle trajectories, artificial ion cloud motion, probe measurements of bulk flow, vehicle wake analyses, effects of bulk flow on the coupling of antennas, and the bulk flow of an artificial electron beam.
Electron irradiation facility for the study of radiation damage in large solar cell arrays in the energy range 0.5<E⩽5MeV

Abstract In this work, a description is presented of the use of an accelerator facility to uniformly irradiate with electrons large samples (of the order of m 2 ) in the energy range from 0.7 to 5 MeV, and currents ranging from hundreds of micro amps to tens of milliamps. The accelerator has a scanning system that allows for large area irradiations. Reference is made to a sample handling system used for solar cell irradiations and a Faraday Cup designed to measure the electron fluence in this facility. Measurements performed with these systems show a typical irradiation area of 6200 cm 2 and fluence values of 10 13 e/cm 2 achieved in about 60 s of irradiation time.
A comparison of clinical and pathologic assessments for the prediction of occult nipple involvement in nipple-sparing mastectomies.

Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) for both risk reduction and cancer is increasing. In the cancer setting, most studies suggest the use of both clinical and intraoperative biopsy criteria in patient selection. This study examines the use of both biopsy and clinical criteria in women undergoing total nipple-removing mastectomy. The study consisted of 58 patients undergoing total mastectomy without nipple sparing. Biopsies of the subareola tissue (SA), proximal nipple (NC) contents and radial sections of the residual nipple (NR) were examined microscopically. Tumor size and distance from the nipple were also noted. Using clinical criteria alone, the false negative rate was 53.8 % and a false positive rate of 44.4 %. When adding subareola and nipple core biopsies to clinical criteria the false negative rate fell to 7.7 % but the false positive rate remained at 44.4 %. When using only SA and NC biopsies to predict occult nipple involvement, the false negative rate was 11.8 %. In 4 cases the NC was positive while the SA was negative for cancer and in 6 cases the SA was positive and NC negative. In 2 cases both the NC and SA biopsies were negative while the NR was positive. This study supports a more limited role in the use of clinical criteria for evaluating patients for NSM. This maximizes the number of patients who are candidates for NSM with minimal risk of nipple involvement. It was also noted that intraoperative biopsies are not totally reliable in predicting occult nipple involvement.
Conserved Loop Cysteines of Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1-like 1 (VKORC1L1) Are Involved in Its Active Site Regeneration

Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) reduces vitamin K epoxide in the vitamin K cycle for post-translational modification of proteins that are involved in a variety of biological functions. However, the physiological function of VKORC1-like 1 (VKORC1L1), a paralogous enzyme sharing about 50% protein identity with VKORC1, is unknown. Here we determined the structural and functional differences of these two enzymes using fluorescence protease protection (FPP) assay and an in vivo cell-based activity assay. We show that in vivo VKORC1L1 reduces vitamin K epoxide to support vitamin K-dependent carboxylation as efficiently as does VKORC1. However, FPP assays show that unlike VKORC1, VKORC1L1 is a four-transmembrane domain protein with both its termini located in the cytoplasm. Moreover, the conserved loop cysteines, which are not required for VKORC1 activity, are essential for VKORC1L1's active site regeneration. Results from domain exchanges between VKORC1L1 and VKORC1 suggest that it is VKORC1L1's overall structure that uniquely allows for active site regeneration by the conserved loop cysteines. Intermediate disulfide trapping results confirmed an intra-molecular electron transfer pathway for VKORC1L1's active site reduction. Our results allow us to propose a concerted action of the four conserved cysteines of VKORC1L1 for active site regeneration; the second loop cysteine, Cys-58, attacks the active site disulfide, forming an intermediate disulfide with Cys-139; the first loop cysteine, Cys-50, attacks the intermediate disulfide resulting in active site reduction. The different membrane topologies and reaction mechanisms between VKORC1L1 and VKORC1 suggest that these two proteins might have different physiological functions.
Previous experience determines territorial behavior in an archaeogastropod limpet

In response to intraspecific contact in the field, the agonistic behavior of the intertidal owl limpet, Lottia gigantea Sowerby (Gastropoda:Mollusca), ranges from forceful aggression to unequivocal evasion. In the present study, laboratory experiments demonstrated that the decision to fight or flee is strongly influenced by recent agonistic success or failure. Most limpets given an experience mimicking consecutive agonistic victories responded aggressively to subsequent contact. Limpets that were given an experience mimicking consecutive agonistic defeats responded evasively to subsequent contact. This experience-specific behavior was readily reversed by reversing the agonistic experience. In a separate experiment, we tested the effect of substratum cues on agonistic behavior. After giving each limpet 2 wk of either agonistic victories or agonistic defeats, we replaced the tile of each limpet's home range with an unfamiliar tile. Although limpets tested on unfamiliar substratum following both kinds of training were less aggressive, the differential eifect of training was not diminished. Thus, previous overall agonistic experience, perhaps in concert with substratum familiarity, appears to account for at least part of the diverse behavior shown by limpets in the field.
Development of an optimal sampling protocol for millipedes (Diplopoda)

This study determined a millipede sampling protocol that was efficient, replicable, and thorough, by testing commonly used methods (pitfall trapping, hand collection, and leaf litter collection with Berlese extraction) at sites where the fauna had been intensively sampled, so that the results of different sampling protocols (‘experimental sampling’) could be compared to the previously known fauna of each site (determined by ‘baseline sampling’). Two methods of collecting leaf litter were compared. One method allowed the collector to choose the locations from which to sample leaf litter, while the second method used randomly generated locations. Experimental sampling took place at both an upland site (Swallow Cliff Woods, Cook Co, IL) and a wetland site (Cedarburg Bog, Ozaukee Co, WI) where reliable baseline data was available. The optimal protocol for millipedes was found to consist of a combination of the hand collection and the a priori litter methods. In studies where there are constraints on time or resources devoted to sampling or processing, this protocol can be reduced to the single most effective method, hand collection. Overall, the a priori litter collection method was more effective than the random litter collection method.
METABOLISM OF SOLANINE AND CHLOROPHYLL IN POTATO TUBERS AS AFFECTED BY LIGHT AND SPECIFIC CHEMICALS

SUMMARY— Chlorophyll and solanine syntheses as affected by cultivars, specific gravities, light intensities, and chemicals were studied in potato (Solanum tuberosum, L.) tubers. When exposed to 100 ft-c of while fluorescent light for 5 days, tubers of Bounty, Kennebec, Norchip and Red Lasoda were most sensitive to greening and solanine development. LaChipper and Platte tubers were resistant to the light effects. Chlorophyll synthesis was inversely related to specific gravity of tubers, while specific gravity did not affect solanine synthesis. The chlorophyll content of tubers exposed to 50 ft-c and 200 ft-c was significantly less than that of tubers exposed to 100 ft-c and 150 ft-c light intensities. The solanine synthesis was not influenced by the light intensities studied. Chemicals were applied at a concentration of 10,000 ppm by vacuum injection technique. Ethrel® and Alar® were effective in inhibiting chlorophyll and solanine formation. Ethrel was more effective in retarding the chlorophyll formation and alar was most effective in preventing solanine formation. Maleic hydrazide MH®-30 and Cyocel® were ineffective in controlling both chlorophyll and solanine formation.
Weed fecundity: Current status and future needs

Abstract Seed rain is the major input to populations of annual weeds. During the last decade data on seed production have been published for several weed species that accurately reflect the reproductive potential under varying conditions. Many weed species produce thousands of seed per plant, and several species can produce in excess of a million seeds per plant. Knowledge of seed production by a weed over a range of densities, and in proportional mixtures with competing crops or other weed species, allows for predicting seed rain under different cropping conditions. Seed production by weeds at and below the single season economic threshold, and/or for weeds remaining in the system after weed control activities have ceased, provide information useful to making long-term management decisions. Estimating enormous seed rain from high densities of uncontrolled weeds is of limited value in relation to decision making. Serious problems exist with some protocols for assessing weed seed production, limiting the utility of the data generated. A serious problem exists with regionality of data, and with acceptance of incomplete data. Variations in weed seed production suggest that the utility of population models developed in one region is limited to the conditions under which the work was conducted. Long-term experiments are needed to evaluate how changes in management impact seed rain and population dynamics. Development of accurate and reliable data on seed production is essential if weed science is to improve the ecological basis of weed control decision making. Inclusion of the weed seedrain component of weed population dynamics requires a paradigm change.
Direct Clustering of a Data Matrix

Abstract Clustering algorithms are now in widespread use for sorting heterogeneous data into homogeneous blocks. If the data consist of a number of variables taking values over a number of cases, these algorithms may be used either to construct clusters of variables (using, say, correlation as a measure of distance between variables) or clusters of cases. This article presents a model, and a technique, for clustering cases and variables simultaneously. The principal advantage in this approach is the direct interpretation of the clusters on the data.
Function Observer Design for a Class of Time Varying Systems

This paper presents, for the first time, a reduced order function observer design algorithm for uniformly observable time varying systems. The resulting observer will have a constant Jordan form system matrix with arbitrarily given poles. The order reduction of the function observer is also clarified and clearly explained.
Levinson's age thirty transition: Does it exist?

Most models of adult development have been derived from and subsequently tested on small, nonrandom samples of adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate one aspect of Levinson's model of male development—the Age Thirty Transition—using a large, diverse, nationwide sample of adults. Secondary analysis of the National Longitudinal Study of High School Seniors of 1972 (NLS) was used to test for the existence of the Age Thirty Transition by sex, race, and socioeconomic level (N=12,000). It was hypothesized that meaningful changes in individual responses between 1979 (age 25) and 1986 (age 32) to eight selected questions about work, relationships, and self would be indicative of the Age Thirty Transition. Only for the less than 20% who indicated dissatisfaction or unhappiness was there substantial change between ages 25 and 32. Responses by race, sex, and socioeconomic level did not vary from the total sample. It was concluded that, for this large sample of adults, there was no persuasive evidence for the existence of the Age Thirty Transition.
The Effect of Protective Football Equipment on Alignment of the Injured Cervical Spine Radiographic Analysis in a Cadaveric Model

No universally accepted management protocol is available for dealing with the protective equipment worn by a neck-injured football player. The purpose of this cadaveric study was to determine the effects of the helmet and shoulder pads on the alignment of 1) the intact lower cervical spine and 2) the partially destabilized C5-6 motion segment. In Group I cadavers (N = 15), the lower cervical spine was tested in an intact condition. In Group II (N = 8), the C5-6 motion segment was tested in both an intact and a partially destabilized condition. Each cadaver was placed supine on a backboard and four lateral cervical radiographs were obtained as follows: no protective equipment, helmet only, helmet and shoulder pads, and shoulder pads only. Results for Group I showed that wearing both helmet and shoulder pads did not result in a significant change in cervical lordosis when compared with the neutral position (i.e., the no-equipment test). Cervical lordosis was significantly decreased in the helmet-only category (mean, 9.6 degrees) and significantly increased in the shoulder pads-only category (mean, 13.6 degrees). In Group II, destabilized specimens under the helmet test situation showed a significant mean increase in C5-6 forward angulation (16.5 degrees), posterior disk space height (3.8 mm), and dorsal element distraction (8.3 mm). Immobilizing the neck-injured football player with only the helmet or only the shoulder pads in place violates the principle of splinting the cervical spine in neutral alignment, according to our findings. We support the concept that removal of the helmet and shoulder pads should be an all-or-none proposition.
Competition studies and the relative reactivity of enol ether and allylsilane coupling partners toward ketene dithioacetal derived radical cations

Abstract The relative reactivity of enol ether and allylsilane trapping groups toward a ketene dithioacetal derived radical cation has been examined with the use of competition and cyclic voltammetry studies. The competition studies pit the olefinic trapping groups against an alcohol trapping group under conditions of both kinetic and thermodynamic control. With the enol ether trapping group, the chemoselectivity of the competition study favored C–C bond formation under all conditions. With the allylsilane trapping group, the chemoselectivity of the competition study favored C–O bond formation under all conditions. Cyclic voltammetry data was used to show that allylsilane trapping of the radical cation is much slower than enol ether trapping of the radical cation. However, the inefficiency of the allylsilane trapping reaction could not be attributed solely to a slow cyclization. Rather, it appears that a slow second oxidation step plays a role in determining the yield of the reaction.
Growth-stage dependent crop yield response to ozone exposure

Data from four crop yield-loss field trials were examined to determine if analysis using an imposed phenological weighting function based on seasonal growth stage would provide a more accurate indication of impact of ozone exposure. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Moapa 69), dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. California Dark Red kidney), fresh market and processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. 6718 VF and VF-145-B7879, respectively) were grown at 9-11 ambient field plots within southern California comprising an ambient gradient of ozone. The growing season for each crop was artificially divided into 'quarters' composed of equal numbers of whole days and roughly corresponding to specific growth stages. Ozone exposure was calculated for each of these 'quarters' and regressed against final crop yield using 163 different exposure statistics. Weighting functions were developed using reciprocal residual mean square (1/RMS) or percentage of the best 100 exposure statistics of the 163 tested (TOP100) for each of the quarters. The third quarter of the alfalfa season was clearly most responsive to ozone as measured by both of the weighting functions. Third quarter ozone was also weighted highest by both weighting functions for dry bean. Fresh market and processing tomato were each influenced the greatest by second quartero zone as demonstrated by both weighting functions. The occurrence of ozone during physiologically important events (flowering and initial fruit set in second quarter for tomato; pod development in third quarter for dry bean) appeared to influence the yield of these crops the greatest. Growth-stage-dependent phenological weighting of pollutant exposure may result in more effective predictions of levels of ozone exposure resulting in yield reductions.
Screening of combinatorial libraries for substrate preference by mass spectrometry.

We present a rapid screening method for monitoring enzyme specificity using both combinatorial chemistry and mass spectrometry where, as an example, the substrate specificity of peptidylglycine α-amidating enzyme was determined and compared against a conventional quantitative technique. Whereas alternative methods for library screening are generally limited to certain enzymes and can present difficulties in the synthesis or derivatization of potential substrates, the approach we call chirality-based isotope labeling for a library of substrates (CHILLS) does not fall short to such limitations, since we exploit the inherent stereospecificity of enzymes to determine preferred substrates. Additionally, the CHILLS method generates accurate results, as compared to typical screening procedures that require tedious method development, because the synthesized library contains a structurally similar internal standard for each individual library component in order to quantitate the progress of enzymatic reactions.
Subdiffraction Imaging Reveals Molecular Architecture at the Transition Zone of Primary Cilia

Recent studies have identified important regulating elements for transition zone (TZ) gating in cilia. However, the architecture of the TZ region and its arrangement relative to intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins remain largely unknown, hindering the mechanistic understanding of the regulation mechanisms. One of the major challenges comes from the tiny volume at the ciliary base packed with numerous proteins, with the diameter of the TZ close to the diffraction limit of conventional microscopes. Using a custom-built stimulated emission depletion (STED) superresolution microscope, we revealed relative localizations of TZ proteins, IFT proteins, transition fiber (TF) proteins, and centriole proteins. We found TCTN2 at the outmost periphery of the TZ close to the ciliary membrane, with a 227±18 nm diameter. TMEM67 was adjacent to TCTN2, with a 205±20 nm diameter. RPGRIP1L was localized toward the axoneme at the same axial level as TCTN2 and TMEM67, with a 165±8 nm diameter. Surprisingly, CEP290 (antibody against C-terminal amino acids) was localized at the proximal side of the TZ close to the distal end of the centrin-labeled basal body. The lateral width was unexpectedly close to the width of the basal body, distant from the potential Y-links region of the TZ. IFT88 was also surprisingly distributed in two distinct patterns, forming three puncta or a Y shape at the ciliary base. We hypothesize that the two distribution states of IFT88 correspond to the open and closed gating states of the TZ, where IFT particles aggregate to form three puncta when the gate is closed, and move to form the branches of the Y-shape pattern when the gate is open.
State and Local Fiscal Policy: Implications for Property Values and Economic Growth

Previous research has examined the effect of property tax levels and related Abstract public expenditures on property values. However, a more comprehensive proposition, implied by the property rights literature and market efficiency, suggests interjurisdictional differences in taxes of all forms, not just property taxes, will be capitalized in property values. Furthermore, cross-sectional property values are expected to vary systematically with differentials in welfare program expenditures and with differentials in the extent to which tax burdens are shifted to nonresidents. Empirical results are consistent with these expectations and also provide insight into the relationship between political competition and property values and between local fiscal choices and regional growth patterns.
Cochran's Q Test: Exact Distribution

Abstract A relatively simple method for computing the exact probability and distribution of the Q statistic is proposed.
The Use of Power and Influence in a Gendered World

A review is presented of empirical research on the effects of gender and power on the use of influence strategies in interpersonal relationships. Several variables are considered, including gender, power, status, relationship of agent to target, and the goal of the influence attempt. Although gender appears to account for some of the findings, power and status are more critical variables in choice of power strategies. Because gender is inextricably linked to power and status, the relationship of gender to influence strategy usage can only be understood in terms of its relationship to power and status.
Testing an Asset-Building Approach for Young People: Early Access to Savings Predicts Later Savings.

Abstract A major hypothesis of asset-building is that early access to savings accounts leads to continued and improved educational and economic outcomes over time. This study asks whether or not young adults (ages 18–22) in 2007, particularly among lower income households, are significantly more likely to own savings accounts and to accumulate more savings when they have access to savings accounts at banking institutions as adolescents (ages 13–17) in 2002. We investigate this question using longitudinal data (low-to-moderate income sample [LMI; N = 530]; low-income sample [LI; N = 354]) from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and its supplements. Results from propensity score weighting and bivariate probit estimates support this hypothesis. Asset-building policies that extend early access to savings accounts may improve savings outcomes for young people from lower income households, which hopefully affords them with the economic resources needed to lead productive and satisfying lives.
The Effect of High Pressures on Bacteria

During the past 8 or 10 years bacterial vaccines have been used extensively, but, on the whole, with very unsatisfactory results. Were it not for the excellent theoretical foundation on which vaccine therapy rests, its use would probably have been relegated to the past. Bacterial vaccines, as used today, judged by the practical results obtained, are of little or no value aside from typhoid vaccine as used prophylactically and the undisputed value of staphylococcic and B. acne vaccines, in certain types of cases. Protective immunization experiments with killed cultures on laboratory animals have likewise not been crowned with marked success. Facts such as these may readily be gleaned from a survey of the literature. The conclusion would therefore seem justified that the dead organisms do not offer a suitable antigen for immunization processes. During the past year while conducting some perfusion experiments on rabbits, we were much impressed by the rapidity with which bacteria were taken up by phagocytes. The particular experiment in question concerned the perfusion of the liver of rabbits with emulsions of staphylococci. By inserting cannulae in the portal vein and superior vena cava the liver could readily be perfused with Locke's fluid, containing large quantities of staphylococci in suspension. It was found that a fluid containing 9,000,000 organisms per cubic centimeter could be sterilized in a few minutes by being passed through this organ. The endothelial cells of the liver, on section, were found to be literally packed with bacteria following this operation. This observation suggested that vaccines injected into an individual for the purpose of
Traditional in Different Degrees: The Professional Role Conceptions of Male and Female Newspaper Journalists

This study examines the professional role conceptions of male and female and newspaper journalists in the United States. Utilizing the four role conception categories developed by Weaver and Wilhoit (1996) and through employment of a sociology of news theoretical framework, this study sought to assess whether female newspaper journalists have incorporated the traditional male values of journalistic culture into their work. Data from a national survey of 456 newspaper journalists (178 women and 278 men) representing 268 daily newspapers reveal that both men and women hold the traditional interpretive/investigative and disseminator role conceptions in high regard. However, women perceive the disseminator role conception as significantly more important than do men. The results suggest that female newspaper journalists have incorporated the traditionally male-centric norms of the profession into their job performance.
Microdynamics of Turkey's Export Boom in the 2000s

This paper examines the microeconomics behind the dramatic export boom experienced by Turkey during the 2000s. Using disaggregated customs data covering the universe of export transactions for Turkey during the period 2002-2011, it characterizes firm-level dynamics in the export sector and decomposes export growth at the aggregate, sector, and destination market levels to identify the role of firm turnover, destination turnover, and product turnover. The paper shows that in the short-run, aggregate export growth is dominated by growth in continuous exporters, and for these, growth is dominated by exports to their continued destinations and of their continued products. However, the observed high degree of churning across firms, destinations, and products accounts in the long run for a substantial part of Turkey's export growth. The patterns of micro-dynamics of export growth are verified across sectors and across groups of destination markets with some exceptions regarding exports to new emerging markets where net entry by Turkish-based exporters plays a more critical role for long-run growth.
Intelligent Software Defined Storage

The Big Data situation requires a qualitatively different type of information processing. This problem brings in a new type of a computational model that explicitly works only with a relatively small portion of the available data, while the rest of the data just implicitly affects selection of the given working portion [1]. The unavoidable restrictions on the operations with overabundant data translate into the design of the brain in accordance with the fundamental Freud’s idea of unconsciousness. This design is contemplated in our paper [2]. Diversified information in overwhelming amounts appears ambiguous, volatile, and unreliable. So, the contents of Big Data systems cannot be treated with confidence as in traditional searching and data mining. Instead, Big Data should be utilized essentially through what can be seen as “knowledge formation”. In other words, processing of Big Data must be performed by what can be considered as “scientific method”. Namely, besides simple extraction of references as from regular information systems the full exploitation of Big Data necessitates formulating testable hypotheses and creating prediction models. A classical illustration presents usage of the observational data of Tycho Brahe through transformation of Kepler’s laws into Newton’s model of “Universal Gravitation”. Thus, employing Big Data falls into the realm of Artificial Intelligence. As a matter of fact, the intelligence facilities of the brain can be considered as a necessary condition to deal with the Big Data challenge. A special type of holographic memory is a pivot point in the realization of these facilities [2]. To implement such kind of Big Data processing facilities in practice we introduce a particular construction of Software Defined Storage. This construction emulates the basic features of the suggested memory organization of the brain: multi-attribute cortical map, content-addressable access, and stream resolution of multiple responses. The envisioned Software Defined Storage incorporates two developments: memory device for multiatribute items that can be accessed by any combinations of attributes using Fuzzyfind procedures [3] and massive distributed streaming for resolution of multiple responses [4].
Onchocotyle somniosi n.sp., an Ectoparasitic Trematode of the Sleeper Shark ( Somniosus microcephalus )

The specimens herein described were obtained from the gills of Somniosus microcephalus Block, at Excursion Inlet, Alaska, in 1909. This shark is also the host of Onchocotyle borealis , the species most closely resembling the new species, and is known in European waters as the Greenland Shark. To quote Goode: “This species, also called by our fishermen the ‘Gurry’ or ‘Ground’ Shark, is a native of the Arctic Seas, but on our coast ranges south to Cape Cod, and in the Eastern Atlantic at least to England, while in the Pacific it has been observed from Puget Sound northward.”