cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization of Single-Chain Interruptions in Bacteriophage T5 DNA. II. Electrophoretic Studies

Abstract Upon denaturation, T5 DNA yields a large number of discrete, single-chain fragments that can be resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis. The positions of the more prominent of these fragments in the T5 duplex were determined by analyzing their sensitivity to digestion with λ exonuclease and their distribution among EcoRI fragments of T5 DNA. These experiments also provide firm evidence concerning the polarity of the strands in T5 DNA. An analogous study was carried out on the fragments produced by treating exonuclease III-degraded T5 DNA with the single-strand-specific SI endonuclease. This procedure yielded over 40 discrete duplex fragments that could be resolved with considerable precision by agarose gel electrophoresis. The positions of most of these fragments were determined by analyzing EcoRI fragments of T5st(+) and T5st(0) DNA. Over 20 sites where single-chain interruptions can occur in T5 DNA were identified, and the distribution of interruptions within the terminal repetition was shown to be identical at both ends of the molecule. A precise value for the size of the terminal repetition in T5 DNA was obtained by analyzing SI endonuclease digests of ligase-repaired, circular T5 DNA in agarose gels. The repeated segment represented 8.3% of the T5st(+) DNA. The results of this study also provide information concerning the properties of λ exonuclease. Hydrolysis by this enzyme was not terminated when single-chain interruptions were encountered either in the strand being degraded or in the complementary strand.
Association between alendronate and atypical femur fractures: a meta-analysis

Alendronate (ALN) is a commonly used drug for the treatment of osteoporosis. Atypical femur fractures (AFFs) have been associated with long-term use of ALN and have recently become the subject of considerable attention as ALN use increases. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the relationship between ALN and AFF. The Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane library databases were searched for relevant studies published before November 6, 2014. Studies clearly reporting the relationship between ALN and AFF were selected for our analysis. From these results, the relationship between ALN and AFF was analyzed. Weighted mean differences were calculated using a random-effects model. Five studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results revealed that the use of ALN will not increase the risk of AFF in short term (PO0.05), but there will be a risk of AFF (P!0.05) with long-term (O5 years) use of ALN. These findings indicate that long-term use of ALN is a risk factor for AFF and that more attention should be paid to the clinical applications of ALN. Key Words " alendronate " atypical femur fractures " meta-analysis " osteoporosis
Discovering life cycle assessment trees from impact factor databases

In recent years, environmental sustainability has received widespread attention due to continued depletion of natural resources and degradation of the environment. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology for quantifying multiple environmental impacts of a product, across its entire life cycle – from creation to use to discard. The key object of interest in LCA is the inventory tree, with the desired product as the root node and the materials and processes used across its life cycle as the children. The total impact of the parent in any environmental category is a linear combination of the impacts of the children in that category. LCA has generally been used in 'forward' mode: given an inventory tree and impact factors of its children, the task is to compute the impact factors of the root, i.e., the product being modeled. We propose a data mining approach to solve the inverse problem, where the task is to infer inventory trees from a database of environmental factors. This is an important problem with applications in not just understanding what parts and processes constitute a product but also in designing and developing more sustainable alternatives. Our solution methodology is one of feature selection but set in the context of a non-negative least squares problem. It organizes numerous non-negative least squares fits over the impact factor database into a set of pairwise membership relations which are then summarized into candidate trees in turn yielding a consensus tree. We demonstrate the applicability of our approach over real LCA datasets obtained from a large computer manufacturer.
A goal-based model of personality for planning-based narrative generation

We present an approach to incorporate interesting and compelling characters in planning-based narrative generation. The approach is based on a computational model that utilizes character actions to portray these as having distinct and well-defined personalities.
Demonstration of Proacrosin and Quantitation of Acrosin in Ejaculated Human Spermatozoa

Proacrosin has been isolated from human ejaculated spermatozoa and constitutes at least 90% of the total acrosin present. The total amount of acrosin in milli-international units per million spermatozoa was between 4.4 and 8.9, with a mean of 6.5. This is the first report of the demonstration of proacrosin and the quantitation of total acrosin in human spermatozoa.
Assessing for Personality Disorders in the African American Client

This chapter provides an overview of personality disorder (PD) assessment in African Americans. First, sociocultural issues unique to African Americans will be discussed, with particular attention paid to those issues that impact the presentation and perception of PD. Next, the concepts of PD and classification will be explained along with an overview of assessment tools available, including self-report measures and semistructured interviews. Then, a review of the major PD assessment instruments with established psychometric studies in African American samples will be presented. Finally, recommendations regarding PD assessment with African Americans for both clinical and research fields will conclude the chapter. This chapter emphasizes the use of well-validated instruments, taking a multimethod assessment approach, and examining and improving one’s standard of multicultural assessment practice when assessing African Americans for PD.
The Treason Trial of Aaron Burr: Jefferson and Marshall Square Off

“The worst of precedents may be established from the best of motives. We ought to be upon our guard lest our zeal for the public interest lead us to overstep the bounds of the law and the constitution; for although we may thereby bring one criminal to punishment, we may furnish the means by which an hundred innocent persons may suffer.” Judge William Cranch dissenting, U.S. v. Bollman et al. The legal proceedings against Bollman and Swartwout – Jefferson’s personal effort to keep them in jail; the habeas corpus writs sued out on their behalf; their trial in the federal circuit court for the District of Columbia; and their appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States – have been overshadowed by the more dramatic trial in Richmond. What transpired in Washington in early 1807, however, was a dress rehearsal. Lawyers and judges clashed over the definition of treason. Matters of evidence that would ultimately surface in the Richmond trial were vetted. Defense and prosecution lawyers, some of whom would meet again in Richmond, took measure of one another. Finally, thanks to the legal transgressions of General Wilkinson in New Orleans and Jefferson’s personal involvement in the Bollman and Swartwout litigation in Washington, the president and the chief justice squared off once again. What happened was a replay of their confrontation in Marbury v. Madison; it was also a forecast of what was about to transpire in Burr’s treason trial in Richmond. By the time Jefferson and Marshall clashed in Bollman, their intense dislike and distrust of one another was full-blown. It was also counterintuitive. As descendents of the Randolph family, both were members of Virginia’s ruling class. Both shared in the creation of the new nation – Marshall as a soldier in General Washington’s Continental Line and Jefferson as a statesman and spokesman of independence. In the partisan 1790s, however, they parted over the meaning of the Revolution they had jointly supported. Jefferson chose to see the Revolution as the dawning of a new era of liberty and political democracy embodied in state and local government. As a moderate Federalist, Marshall emphasized the conservative nature of the Revolution. For him the war against England was a struggle for self-government, not the first stage in a social revolution – in his words “a war of principle, against a system hostile to political liberty.”
Media Coverage, Public Interest, and Support in Primary Elections

What is the role of media in shaping public opinion? Popular accounts often portray the news media as an all-powerful force, determining the outcome of elections by providing or withholding coverage to candidates. There is, however, no scientific consensus on whether and to what degree media coverage influences elections. We investigate the role of media using evidence from the 2012 and 2016 Republican presidential primary elections. We compare three theories of media behavior derived from existing literature: media as a driver of public opinion, media as a marketplace that responds to public interest, and media as event-driven journalism that reports on changes in support. To test these theories, we use time series models appropriate for endogenous processes and original media data collected from television closed captions. Our results indicate that changes in media coverage are consistently significant and substantively important for explaining support and public interest during primary elections. We also find evidence of an endogenous relationship by which media responds to changes in public interest. In contrast, we find that changes in candidate support via public opinion polls have little explanatory power.
The Role of Physical Stabilization in Whole Blood Preservation

The rapid degradation of blood ex vivo imposes logistical limitations on the utilization of blood-borne cells in medical diagnostics and scientific investigations. A fundamental but overlooked aspect in the storage of this fluid tissue is blood settling, which induces physical stress and compaction, aggregates blood cells, and causes collateral damage due to leukocyte activation. Here we show that the polymer Ficoll 70 kDa stabilized blood samples and prevented blood settling over the course of 72 hours, primarily by inhibiting depletion-mediated red blood cell aggregation. Physical stabilization decreased echinocyte formation, improved leukocyte viability, and inhibited the release of neutrophil elastase--a marker of neutrophil extracellular trap formation. In addition, Ficoll-stabilized blood was compatible with common leukocyte enrichment techniques including red blood cell lysis and immunomagnetic purification. This study showed for the first time that blood settling can be prevented using polymers and has implications in diagnostics.
Conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate by tissue homogenates.

SummaryIt was shown that dilute homogenates of rate organs catalyze in vitro the conversion of 3-phosphoglycreate to phosphoenol-pyruvate as measured by the formation of iodine labile phosphorus. A marked sex difference was observed between the rates of phosphopyruvate formation by male and female organs.
Intergovernmental Organizations and Cooperation Among Nations

In this article, we examined empirically the levels of cooperative behavior of nations inside and outside of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), across types of IGOs (global, regional, “high politics,” “low politics”) and across types of nations (measured by relative size and level of economic development). We first confirmed the conventional view that foreign policy cooperation inside and outside IGOs is substantially different in each instance, but we also discovered significant differences in cooperation among the various types of IGOs. The low politics and the global IGOs showed particularly high levels of cooperation, but the regional organizations did not. The national attributes of the participating states proved not to be very useful in distinguishing the level of cooperation inside the various IGOs. Instead, knowing the type of intergovernmental organization seems more important in understanding interstate cooperation than knowing the type of state. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed throughout the article.
Cutaneous manifestations of genitourinary malignancy.

Abstract Genitourinary cancers are associated with a range of cutaneous syndromes, which can reflect direct metastatic spread, non-metastatic manifestations of malignancy or the consequences of treatment. More than 220,000 new cases of prostate cancer occur each year in the United States, and thus the associations with cutaneous involvement are quite well documented—rare metastatic spread, vasculitic and hemorrhagic syndromes. Cancers of the bladder and kidney may be associated with direct cutaneous metastases, vasculitic syndromes, hereditary leiomyomatosis, and other familial syndromes. Testicular cancer occasionally metastasizes to the skin but more commonly is associated with the dysplastic nevus (multiple atypical nevus) syndrome. A structured approach to history-taking, examination, and investigation is essential for optimal management, especially when these syndromes precede the diagnosis of a known malignancy. A brief review of the more common iatrogenic cutaneous complications is provided, and includes Raynaud’s phenomenon, purpura, rash, hand-foot syndrome, the consequences of marrow failure, and bleomycin-induced pigmentation.
An Effective Way of Improving English Listening——Shadow Reading

According to the questionnaire,the author finds that the major factors that make students have poor listening ability are listening vocabulary,pronunciation and tone,and spoken English level.If these major obstacles are taken over,students'listening ability can be greatly improved.On the basis of the achievements of previous scholars,the author proposes shadow reading as a solution,believing that shadow reading practice can help to improve vocabulary,pronunciation and tone and spoken English.At last,some suggestions are given so that shadow reading can be exercised in an appropriate way.
Chromosomal translocations, oncogenes, and B-cell tumors.

If we want to understand cancer, we have to understand the genetics of the cancer cell. The study of malignancies in which genetic rearrangements are specific and consistent has yielded surprising and rewarding results. It has been hypothesized that oncogenes are involved in the regulation of normal cell proliferation, but their physiology remains to be determined.
The Obesity Paradox in Type 2 Diabetes and Mortality.

The obesity paradox for survival among individuals with type 2 diabetes has been observed in some but not all studies. Conflicting evidence for the role of overweight and obesity in all-cause morta...
Single Mothers’ Experiences of Support at Their Young Children’s School: An Interpretative Phenomenological Approach

This phenomenological study explored six single mothers’ experiences of support at their young children’s school. Themes resulting from interpretative phenomenological analysis suggest the single mothers experienced tangible (e.g., school resources, school-wide events, structural flexibility, teachers’ formal communication) and intangible (e.g., caring relationships with school faculty and staff, experiencing teachers as parenting partners, perceiving acceptance from the school environment) forms of support from their children’s school. Furthermore, results suggest these single mothers experienced intangible supports more prominently than tangible forms of support. The support needs of these single mothers at their young children’s school were also explored including the mothers’ desire for stronger relationships with other parents and families at the school.
Aspect of purine metabolic aberration associated with uric acid overproduction and gout.

It has been reported from these laboratories that of 425 patients with gouty arthritis, uric acid stones or both, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRTase) was deficient in only 1.6% of the cases, including five members of one family (1). This result, together with others, indicates that HPRTase deficiency per se is a rather uncommon cause of gout. We have also shown that correlation of symptomatology with the amount of residual HPRTase activity as in erythrocytes is not always good. In some instances, HPRTase activity has been extremely low, as in Lesch-Nyhan (L-N) disease, and yet the patients have been normal neurologically (2).
Detecting 100 fW cm −2 Light with Trapped Electron Gated Organic Phototransistors

Ultraweak light detection with solid-state and cooling-free photodetectors is important for both fundamental research and practical applications. A general phototransistor architecture for detecting ultraviolet-visible light down to 100 fW cm-2 at room temperature is demonstrated. The exceptional sensitivity stems from an amplification process triggered by incident light. A responsivity of ≈107 A W-1 is achieved.
Molecular Basis of Genomic Instability and Progression in Multiple Myeloma: Potential Role of Apurinic (Apyrimidinic) Endonuclease.

Abstract Genetic instability is a prominent feature of most cancers including multiple myeloma (MM) and is responsible for ongoing accrual of mutational changes which may lead to development of drug resistance and metastasis. The molecular basis for the generation of genetic diversity in MM is therefore extremely important to understand carcinogenesis and to identify novel targets for treatment. As genomic rearrangements require excision of DNA, we hypothesized that an elevated endonuclease activity may induce recombination and subsequent genomic instability in cancer cells. We developed a plasmid degradation assay that confirmed significantly elevated endonuclease activity in MM cells compared to normal plasma cells. To identify the pre-dominating endonuclease the degradation assay was carried out in the presence of specific endonuclease inhibitors, which identified apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (Ape1 and Ape2) as the predominant endonucleases in mediating increased endonuclease activity in MM. Gene expression analysis confirmed > 2 fold elevation of Ape1 or Ape2 or both in 5 of 6 MM cell lines and 12 of 15 patient samples. Both immunocytochemistry and western blot analyses confirmed upregulation of Ape1 protein in all MM cell lines and patient samples. Next, we investigated the role of elevated APE endonuclease activity in DNA recombination and subsequent genomic re-arrangements. Using a plasmid-based assay we have previously demonstrated significantly elevated homologous recombination (HR) in MM. To investigate the role of elevated AP endonuclease activity in MM, we cultured myeloma cells in the presence of methoxyamine (MX), which specifically inhibits AP endonuclease activity, and evaluated its effect on HR activity and genome-wide appearance of new mutations. Exposure of intact myeloma cells to MX resulted in > 90% inhibition of HR activity and a significant (71±10.9%; p
Improvement at Any Cost? The Art and Science of Choosing Treatment Strategies for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Bansback and colleagues reported a cost-effectiveness analysis of triple therapy with conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs compared with etanercept and methotrexate. The editorialists...
Simultaneous Design and Operation Decisions for Biorefmery Supply Chain Networks: Centralized vs. Distributed System

Abstract We propose an optimization model that enables the selection of biofuel conversion technologies, processing capacities and locations, and the logistics of transportation from the locations of forestry resources to the conversion sites and then to the final markets. A mixed integer linear program (MILP) model is built to solve for (1) the optimal number, locations, and sizes of various types of processing plants, and (2) the amounts of biomass, intermediate products, and final products to be transported between the selected locations, with the goal of maximizing the overall profit under present constraints. It also outputs the cost and profit data associated the selected network in a convenient form for further analysis. The model is tested in the context of designing both distributed and centralized processing system networks based on an industry-representative data set covering the South-eastern region of the United States. We investigate: 1) Which parameters have major effect on the overall economics, and 2) benefits of going to more distributed types of processing networks, in terms of the overall economics and the robustness to demand variations.
Series resistance and gate leakage correction for improved border trap analysis of Al2O3/InGaAs gate stacks

As the size of electronic devices scales down, series resistance (RS) and gate leakage effects are commonly observed in electrical measurement of metal-oxide-semiconductor gate stacks. As a result of their effects on device characteristics, these phenomena complicate the analysis of border trap density (Nbt) in the gate insulator using capacitance-voltage (C-V) and conductance-voltage (G-V) measurements. In this work, we develop methods to correct for the effects of RS and gate leakage in Al2O3/InGaAs gate stacks to enable reliable fitting of C-V and G-V data to determine Nbt. When tested using data from Pd/Al2O3/InGaAs gate stacks, the RS correction method successfully removes the RS-induced high frequency dispersion in the accumulation region of the C-V curves and provides an accurate extraction of RS and Nbt. The gate leakage correction method is tested on gate stacks with high gate leakage current of ∼25 μA at 2 V bias, and is found to effectively fit capacitance and conductance data, to achieve consi...
Role of segmentectomy for pulmonary metastases

Pulmonary metastasectomy has not been proven by randomized trials to be more effective than non-operative management, but currently has a well-accepted role for certain primary cancers, in particular colorectal cancer and sarcoma. One of the principal tenets for pulmonary metastasectomy is that all lesions are resected. A major technical difference compared to surgical management of primary lung cancer is that management of metastatic disease frequently requires the resection of multiple and possibly bilateral lesions. In addition, surgeons and patients must often consider repeat surgery for management of metachronous lesions that develop some time after a previous resection, given the nature of metastatic cancer. Therefore, surgeons must ensure complete resection of lesions with negative margins but also must be cognizant of minimizing resection of functional lung tissue as much as possible, in order to ensure that both current and future lesions can be resected while leaving patients with adequate pulmonary function. Segmentectomy is generally infrequently utilized for pulmonary metastasectomy, but has a role for lesions for which a wedge resection is technically not possible but a lobectomy is not required. Segmentectomy can be an important tool in achieving the dual goals of complete resection and impacting pulmonary function as little as possible. Using minimally invasive techniques with thoracoscopy to perform segmentectomy is associated with less short-term morbidity than thoracotomy. Although the use of minimally invasive techniques limits manual palpation and therefore potential resection of small lesions not identified by pre-resection imaging, the current literature does not suggest that these procedures should be done via thoracotomy.
Increased motor neuron resilience by small molecule compounds that regulate IGF-II expression.

The selective vulnerability of motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is evident by sparing of a few subpopulations during this fast progressing and debilitating degenerative disease. By studying the gene expression profile of resilient vs. vulnerable motor neuron populations we can gain insight in what biomolecules and pathways may contribute to the resilience and vulnerability. Several genes have been found to be differentially expressed in the vulnerable motor neurons of the cervical spinal cord as compared to the spared motor neurons in CNIII/IV. One gene that is differentially expressed and present at higher levels in less vulnerable motor neurons is insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II). The motor neuron protective effect of IGF-II has been demonstrated both in vitro and in SOD1 transgenic mice. Here, we have screened a library of small molecule compounds and identified inducers of IGF-II mRNA and protein expression. Several identified compounds significantly protected motor neurons from glutamate excitotoxicity in vitro. One of the compounds, vardenafil, resulted in a complete motor neuron protection, an effect that was reversed by blocking receptors of IGF-II. When administered to naive rats vardenafil was present in the cerebrospinal fluid and increased IGF-II mRNA expression in the spinal cord. When administered to SOD1 transgenic mice, there was a significant delay in motor symptom onset and prolonged survival. Vardenafil also increased IGF-II mRNA and protein levels in motor neurons derived from healthy subject and ALS patient iPSCs, activated a human IGF-II promoter and improved survival of ALS-patient derived motor neurons in culture. Our findings suggest that modulation of genes differentially expressed in vulnerable and resilient motor neurons may be a useful therapeutic approach for motor neuron disease.
Uncoupling Between Multisensory Temporal Function and Nonverbal Turn-Taking in Autism Spectrum Disorder

The integration of information across distinct modalities enhances perceptual abilities. An ecologically important role of multisensory integration is in scaffolding verbal communication, which relies upon the precise temporal integration of auditory and visual cues. However, the role of (multi)sensory function in supporting another important aspect of communication, namely, nonverbal communication, is unknown. Here, individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and a group of typically developing (TD) participants performed a simultaneity judgment task to index their audiovisual temporal acuity for speech stimuli. Further, under a naturalistic scenario, nonverbal synchrony between the participant and a naive experimenter was measured. Automated motion analysis was performed to quantify movements of different body-parts. Results demonstrate a wider window of audiovisual temporal integration for ASD participants in comparison to their TD counterparts. Moreover, ASD individuals performed less complex movements and demonstrated less nonverbal synchrony during the interactive exchange. Lastly, multisensory temporal acuity significantly predicted the synchrony in hand and head movements between TD participants and the experimenter, but not between the ASD participants and the experimenter. Taken together, the results suggest an important role for multisensory perceptual abilities in shaping nonverbal communication between dyads and highlight the important role of perceptual systems in supporting social interactive skills.
An Introduction to Institutional Economics: Tools for Understanding Evolving Economies:

The analytical approach, that is, the Original Institutional Economics (OIE), is shown to be founded on three interrelated concepts—enculturation, empiricism in aid of both understanding and policy, and evolution—that are crucial to understanding economic systems. The theoretical framework that has been constructed by institutional economists over the past 100 or so years is explored as are some of the theoretical controversies of recent decades. Differences and similarities between OIE and textbook economics, as well as noninstitutionalist heterodox approaches to economics, are delineated. Finally, three recent works of Institutional Economics—a study of the use of consumer credit, of the labor market associated with casinos, and differences among markets—are used to illustrate the OIE approach in use.JEL Classifications: A12, B15, B25, B40
Distance education: Provider and victim libraries

Distance education can provide quite a challenge to academic libraries and their management. There are two sides to this issue: that of the academic library whose institution is responsible for the distance education program and the not affiliated with the distance education program library whose services are requested by students of a distance education program
Correction: Efficient carrier transport in halide perovskites: theoretical perspectives

Correction for ‘Efficient carrier transport in halide perovskites: theoretical perspectives’ by M. H. Du et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 9091–9098.
Adaptive Genetic Programming for System Identification

System identification can be divided into structure and parameter identification. Structure identification is the process of finding the input variables of a functional system followed by the determination of the input-output relation. The identification of the involved coefficients of the functional system is called parameter identification.
An Iconic Image: Henry Ward Beecher in Puck Magazine:

Henry Ward Beecher, the influential pastor of Plymouth Church in Brooklyn until his death in 1887, became an iconic figure in Puck magazine during its first decade. Beecher, who was involved in the...
A Possibilistic Approach for Arabic Domain Terminology Extraction and Translation

This paper proposes a hybrid possibilistic approach for bilingual terminology extraction using possibility and necessity measures. On the one hand, we extract domain-relevant terms from the source language, and on the other hand, we build a co-occurrence-based translation graph, which is mined to translate terms in the target language. We compare our approach with different state-of-the art approaches. Experimental results show that the possibilistic approach reaches better results in terms of Recall, Precision and Mean Average Precision (MAP). The differences between the compared approaches show that our contribution is significant in terms of p-value.
Role of extracellular vesicles in release of protein adducts after acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice and humans.

Abstract Formation of acetaminophen (APAP) protein adducts are a critical feature of APAP hepatotoxicity, and circulating protein adducts have recently been utilized in bioassays for identification of APAP overdose in humans. Despite their clinical significance, mechanisms of adduct release into the circulation are not well understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are discrete membrane bound vesicles, which package cellular cargo and function in extracellular transport. Clarification of their role in transport of APAP adducts is relevant since adduct packaging within these vesicles could shield them from detection by antibody based methods, resulting in under-estimating adduct levels. Hence, this study evaluated EV release after APAP overdose in primary mouse hepatocytes and human HepaRG cells in vitro, in mice and APAP overdose patients in vivo and examined their role in transport of APAP-protein adducts. EVs were characterized by size and protein composition and the levels of APAP-protein adducts were measured. Significant elevations in circulating EV numbers were observed 6 h after APAP overdose in vivo and by 4 h in primary mouse hepatocytes in culture. EVs were also elevated in media from HepaRG cells by 24 h after APAP exposure, an effect recapitulated in APAP overdose patients, where EV numbers were elevated compared to healthy controls. Although APAP-protein adducts were elevated in circulation and media parallel to the increased exosome release, no detectable adducts were observed within EVs. This suggests that although APAP overdose enhances EV release from hepatocytes in mice and humans, it is not a significant mechanism of release of APAP protein adducts into circulation.
Long-term Outcomes of Tetralogy of Fallot: A Study From the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium.

Importance Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a surgically repairable form of cyanotic congenital heart disease. Multicenter data for long-term survival following repair are sparse. Objective To evaluate the long-term transplant-free survival of TOF by surgical strategy adjusted for era and patient characteristics. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study enriched with data from the National Death Index and the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network through 2014. Multicenter cohort from the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium (PCCC), a large, US-based clinical registry for interventions for congenital heart disease. The cohort included patients with adequate identifiers for linkage with the National Death Index and the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network who were enrolled in the PCCC registry between 1982 and 2003 and survived surgical repair of simple TOF. Data were analyzed between September 2015 and April 2018. Exposures We examined patient-associated and surgery-associated risk factors affecting survival. Main Outcomes and Measures We analyzed the transplant-free survival during early ( Results Of the 3283 patients who survived repair for simple TOF and met the study’s inclusion criteria, 56.4% were male and 43.6% were female. Twenty-five–year survival following TOF repair was 94.5%. Multivariable analysis demonstrated increased risk of early mortality with staged repair (HR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.59-4.49) and non–valve-sparing operation (HR, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.53-9.19). Presence of a genetic abnormality was associated with increased risk of death both in the early (HR, 3.64; 95% CI, 2.05-6.47) and late postoperative phase (HR, 4.41; 95% CI, 2.62-7.44). Conclusions and Relevance Long-term survival after simple TOF repair is excellent. Staged repair and non–valve-sparing operations were negatively associated with survival in the early postrepair phase but not the late postrepair phase. These data are important for patients with repaired TOF and their caretakers and may guide surgical strategies for optimizing the long-term outcomes of this population.
Contextual Out-of-domain Utterance Handling with Counterfeit Data Augmentation

Neural dialog models often lack robustness to anomalous user input and produce inappropriate responses which leads to frustrating user experience. Although there are a set of prior approaches to out-of-domain (OOD) utterance detection, they share a few restrictions: they rely on OOD data or multiple sub-domains, and their OOD detection is context-independent which leads to suboptimal performance in a dialog. The goal of this paper is to propose a novel OOD detection method that does not require OOD data by utilizing counterfeit OOD turns in the context of a dialog. For the sake of fostering further research, we also release new dialog datasets which are 3 publicly available dialog corpora augmented with OOD turns in a controllable way. Our method outperforms state-of-the-art dialog models equipped with a conventional OOD detection mechanism by a large margin in the presence of OOD utterances.
Market Orientation: Reconciliation of Two Conceptualizations

Two different market orientation conceptualizations (Kohli and Jaworski 1990; Jaworski and Kohli 1993; Narver and Slater 1990) are evaluated for their merits based on the literature. A historical account of the marketing concept and market orientation research is provided. An attempt was made to reconcile the differences and provide an integrative framework that is built on the properties of each and other related factors found in the literature. Based on the conceptual reconciliation, research implications are provided for future empirical reconciliation.
KloakDB: A Platform for Analyzing Sensitive Data with K-anonymous Query Processing.

A private data federation enables data owners to pool their information for querying without disclosing their secret tuples to one another. Here, a client queries the union of the records of all data owners. The data owners work together to answer the query using privacy-preserving algorithms that prevent them from learning unauthorized information about the inputs of their peers. Only the client, and a federation coordinator, learn the query's output. KloakDB is a private data federation that uses trusted hardware to process SQL queries over the inputs of two or more parties. Currently private data federations compute their queries fully-obliviously, guaranteeing that no information is revealed about the sensitive inputs of a data owner to their peers by observing the query's instruction traces and memory access patterns. Oblivious querying almost always exacts multiple orders of magnitude slowdown in query runtimes compared to plaintext execution, making it impractical for many applications. KloakDB offers a semi-oblivious computing framework, $k$-anonymous query processing. We make the query's observable transcript $k$-anonymous because it is a popular standard for data release in many domains including medicine, educational research, and government data. KloakDB's queries run such that each data owner may deduce information about no fewer than $k$ individuals in the data of their peers. In addition, stakeholders set $k$, creating a novel trade-off between privacy and performance. Our results show that KloakDB enjoys speedups of up to $117$X using k-anonymous query processing over full-oblivious evaluation.
Telemedicine and Antibiotic Use: One Click Forward or Two Steps Back?

* Abbreviations: DTC — : direct-to-consumer RTI — : respiratory tract infection The use of telehealth services in general, and direct-to-consumer (DTC) telemedicine visits in particular, is growing rapidly.1,2 DTC telemedicine (access to a physician via videoconference for a fee) provides obvious benefits for families, including convenience and, for some, lower out-of-pocket costs. A substantial proportion of DTC telemedicine services for children are for respiratory tract infections (RTIs). We applaud the careful and dispassionate analysis of diagnosis, antibiotic prescribing, and patient satisfaction related to RTI treatment that was published in this month’s Pediatrics by Foster et al.3 This study, along with that of Ray et al4 in a previous issue of Pediatrics , reveals the promise of DTC telemedicine, along with attendant risks of antibiotic overuse in pediatric outpatient settings. By using data on 12 842 completed RTI encounters with 560 physicians from a large, national DTC telemedicine provider, Foster et al3 were able to assess factors associated with antibiotic prescribing as well as parents’ satisfaction with the encounters. Their well-executed study includes a broad cross-section of patients across the country, increasing generalizability. The “headline” is that 55% of the visits resulted in antibiotic prescribing, consistent with other recent research on DTC treatment and more than what is suggested in other studies … Address correspondence to Eli Sprecher, MD, MPP, Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail: eli.sprecher{at}childrens.harvard.edu
Longitudinal OCT and OCTA monitoring reveals accelerated regression of hyaloid vessels in retinal degeneration 10 (rd10) mice

The hyaloid vascular system (HVS) is known to have an important role in eye development. However, physiological mechanisms of HVS regression and their correlation with developmental eye disorders remain unclear due to technical limitations of conventional ending point examination with fixed tissues. Here, we report comparative optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) monitoring of HVS regression in wild-type and retinal degeneration 10 (rd10) mice. Longitudinal OCTA monitoring revealed accelerated regression of hyaloid vessels correlated with retinal degeneration in rd10. Quantitative OCT measurement disclosed significant distortions of both retinal thickness and the vitreous chamber in rd10 compared to WT mice. These OCT/OCTA observations confirmed the close relationship between HVS physiology and retinal neurovascular development. The distorted HVS regression might result from retinal hyperoxia or dopamine abnormality due to retinal remodeling in rd10 retina. By providing a noninvasive imaging platform for longitudinal monitoring of HVS regression, further OCT/OCTA study may lead to in-depth understanding of the physiological mechanisms of HVS regression in normal and diseased eyes, which is not only important for advanced study of the nature of the visual system but also may provide insights into the development of better treatment protocols of congenital eye disorders.
The Cosmological Heavy Ion Collider: Fast Thermalization after Cosmic Inflation

Abstract Heavy-ion colliders have revealed the process of “fast thermalization”. This experimental break-through has led to new theoretical tools to study the thermalization process at both weak and strong coupling. We apply this to the reheating epoch of inflationary cosmology, and the formation of a cosmological quark gluon plasma (QGP). We compute the thermalization time of the QGP at reheating, and find it is determined by the energy scale of inflation and the shear viscosity to entropy ratio η / s ; or equivalently, the tensor-to-scalar ratio and the strong coupling constant at the epoch of thermalization. Thermalization is achieved near-instantaneously in low-scale inflation and in strongly coupled systems, and takes of order or less than a single e-fold of expansion for weakly-coupled systems or after high-scale inflation. We demonstrate that the predictions of inflation are robust to the physics of thermalization, and find a stochastic background of gravitational waves at frequencies accessible by interferometers, albeit with a small amplitude.
Esophageal temperature dynamics during high-power short-duration posterior wall ablation.

Background Increased peak luminal esophageal temperature (LET) is associated with increased risk of esophageal injury after left atrial posterior wall (LAPW) ablation. The magnitude, distribution, and risk factors of LET increase with high-power short-duration (HPSD) LAPW ablation are not well understood. Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the spatial and temporal characteristics of LET changes associated with HPSD LAPW radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Methods LET was sampled at 20 Hz using a 12-point esophageal temperature monitor (CIRCA S-CATH; Circa Scientific, Inc) in 16 patients undergoing LAPW ablation. Esophageal temperature sensor position and lesion locations were recorded using an electroanatomic mapping system with fluoroscopic integration (CARTO 3, CARTOUNIVU; Biosense Webster, Inc). Point-by-point LAPW ablation was performed at 50 W for 6 seconds. The first 20 LAPW lesions were individually analyzed in each patient. Results LET increase ≥4°C (8 lesions: max LET 5.8°C), 2°–4°C (34 lesions), and 1°–2°C (58 lesions) occurred at 9 ± 2 mm, 8 ± 2 mm, and 13 ± 2 mm from sensors, respectively. Lesions placed >20 mm from a temperature sensor did not result in an LET increase ≥2°C. Temperature resolution to within 1°C of baseline occurred ∼60 seconds after cessation of RF application. Consecutive lesions resulting in additive heating of at least 1°C occurred in 17 lesion pairs with an interlesion distance of 9 ± 4 mm and interlesion time of 21 ± 4 seconds. Conclusion HPSD LAPW ablation can result in severe esophageal temperature increases. Significant LET increase will be undetected when lesions are >20 mm away from a temperature sensor. Additive LET increase was observed with consecutive lesions placed
Chapter 59 – Volcanic Seismicity

Volcano seismology is the study of earthquakes of volcanic origin as well as of velocity structure, attenuation, and other physical properties of the Earth materials that affect the passage of seismic waves at volcanoes. Volcanic earthquakes may be defined as earthquakes that occur at or near volcanoes, generally within 15 km, or that are related to volcanic processes. Volcanoes are places where heat and mobile fluids are concentrated, so the number of earthquakes per unit time is high when compared with normal crust. Most volcanic earthquakes take place at shallower depths (1–9 km) than tectonic earthquakes on typical faults (generally to depths of about 15 km in the crust; as deep as 700 km in subduction zones). Volcanic events also differ in their patterns of occurrence: they often occur in swarms, which are groups of many small events with similar magnitudes and locations. This is in contrast to the typical mainshock–aftershock sequences characteristic of tectonic earthquakes. Volcanoes produce different types of earthquakes that are thought to represent different physical processes.
Kinky neutron stars in light of GW190814

The observation of gravitational waves from an asymmetric binary opens the possibility for heavy neutron stars, but these pose challenges to models of the neutron star equation of state. We construct heavy neutron stars by introducing non-trivial structure in the speed of sound sourced by deconfined QCD matter, which cannot be well recovered by spectral representations. Their moment of inertia, Love number and quadrupole moment are very small, so a tenfold increase in sensitivity may be needed to test this possibility with gravitational waves, which is feasible with third generation detectors.
Diversity of the lung mycobiome is associated with severity of disease in acute respiratory distress syndrome

Background: Research into the lung microbiome has focused on bacteria. Research into the fungal communities (mycobiome) has been limited, in part due to technical limitations. Given that the lung mycobiome may represent a potential source of infection as well as driver of immune and inflammatory pathway activation, we sought to describe the diversity of the lung mycobiome in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods: We enrolled mechanically-ventilated patients with and at risk for ARDS and collected endotracheal aspirates (ETA) within 48hrs of intubation. We used extracted DNA from ETAs to perform fungal (internal transcribed spacer) rRNA gene sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Results: Of the 202 patients enrolled, 21% had a diagnosis of ARDS (mean age 50.2 years; 61% females). Fungal alpha diversity was lower in ARDS compared to airway controls (p Conclusion: Next-generation sequencing analysis identifies differences in the diversity of the mycobiome of patients with ARDS. Lower fungal alpha diversity in ARDS and increased severity of disease suggests a relationship between the lung mycobiome and the inflammatory cascade associated with ARDS.
Using Qualitative Research to Bridge Research, Policy, and Practice

Too often, researchers get a bad name for engaging in inquiry that is inaccessible to the practitioner and policy communities who could most benefit from it. Although speaking to others in the scholarly community is important, researchers must also be able to translate their results into more accessible language for multiple audiences. This article suggests that qualitative research offers a particular potent means of reaching those outside of the academy and conducting meaningful inquiry. The article provides suggestions for ways to bridge the divide between multiple constituencies and how qualitative research can affect both theory and practice.