cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation-induced skin cancer of the head and neck.

This report concerns 368 patients who developed cancer in facial or neck skin who had previously been irradiated for benign conditions. The biologic effects of ionizing radiation on skin are reviewed and the hazards of even moderate dosage for benign dermatoses are emphasized. More than two thirds of the tumors in this series were basal cell carcinomas; women predominated in a ratio of about 3 to 1. Although the median interval between x-ray exposure and diagnosis of skin cancer was 21 years, a causal realtionship seemed obvious in 3 young patients after intervals of only 3 to 5 years. Latent intervals as long as 64 years suggest that the risk of cancerigenesis in irradiated skin persists for the life of the patient. The tumors usually occurred in the central areas of the face which showed the most extensive irradiation changes, but cancers not infrequently developed only in marginal areas where there were only moderate or minimal changes. Extensive ulceration and devitalization of the tumor bed and a tendency towards multiple lesions were especially characteristic of radiation-induced skin cancer. It appeared that the risk of regional and distant spread of radiation-induced squamous cell carcinoma of the face and neck was substantially greater than that observed in its histologic counterpart of other etiology. Previous treatment had been given to 39% of the patients; all but a few were treated surgically in accordance with conventional techniques. Serious functional and cosmetic defects were not uncommon, particularly in patients who required more than one operation because of recurrence. There were 35 patients who died as a result of uncontrolled, radiation-induced skin cancer. Conventional cure rates based on length of survival are considered meaningless when dealing with this etiologic type of cancer.
The Minflex Laurent Translog Flexible Functional Form

Abstract Barnett's minflex-Laurent generalized Leontief model was produced from a special case of a second-order Laurent series expansion in the square roots. In this paper we produce a minflex-Laurent translog flexible functional form by the analogous expansion in the logarithms. We prove that the model's regular region always grows monotonically as real income increases. As a result, the model is especially well-suited for use with income-trended time series data. We also prove that the model satisfies Diewert's definition of a flexible functional form and is no more deeply parameterized than is necessary to satisfy the flexibility criterion.
Detection and localization of recent myocardial infarction by magnetic resonance imaging

The potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect and localize acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in 27 patients a mean interval of 15 days after AMI was evaluated. Eighteen asymptomatic volunteers were also studied to determine the specificity of the observations. The diagnosis of AMI was established by conventional criteria; the infarct was localized by electrocardiography in all patients, technetium pyrophosphate scintigraphy in 19 and necropsy in 1 patient. MRI detected increased myocardial signal intensity in 88%, cavitary signal in 74% and regional wall thinning in 67% of the patients. At least 1 of these 3 features was seen in the area of the infarct in each patient. The sensitivity of these MRI observations was not influenced by location of the infarct or presence of Q waves. Asymptomatic volunteers also had increased myocardial signal in 83%, cavitary signal in 94% and wall thinning in 11% of cases. Some patients had these findings in myocardial segments not suspected of being involved by recent or remote AMI. It is concluded that AMI can be detected by MRI performed an average of 15 days after infarction. However, the hearts of normal volunteers and apparently normal myocardial segments of patients with AMI may have the MRI findings previously associated with AMI. Of these findings, wall thinning was the most predictive of and specific for AMI.
Cytologic differential diagnosis of papillary pattern in breast aspirates: correlation with histology.

Papillary neoplasms, fibroadenoma, fibrocystic change, low-grade ductal carcinoma, and apocrine carcinoma are among "gray zone" lesions in breast cytology. They often have cellular smears with a papillary or pseudopapillary pattern. To better define cytologic criteria useful in distinguishing these entities, we correlated them with histology. Papanicolaou and giemsa stained smears from 33 aspirates and their corresponding histology were reviewed. Of these, 28 had an initial cytologic diagnosis or suspicion of papillary neoplasm, while five cases were not diagnosed cytologically as papillary but the histologic diagnosis was a papillary neoplasm. Cytologic features evaluated included cellularity, architecture, apocrine/single/columnar cells, nuclear atypia, intranuclear inclusions, calcifications, background, myoepithelial cells, and bipolar, naked nuclei. Discriminating cytologic features grouped by final histologic diagnosis were as follows: Papillary neoplasm (14 cases): Hemorrhagic/cystic background, 3-dimensional papillary clusters, columnar cells, and fibrovascular cores. Myoepithelial cells within clusters and background naked, bipolar nuclei were inconspicuous. Fibroadenoma (4 cases): Two-dimensional branching clusters often with folding, moderate myoepithelial cells in clusters, moderate to numerous background bipolar nuclei, often forming doublets in smear background, cellular stroma. Ductal carcinoma (11 cases): Papillary ductal carcinoma in situ in 5 of 11 cases, cribriform/tubular architecture in 6 of 11. Absence or paucity of myoepithelial within clusters and background bipolar nuclei was noted. Fibrocystic change (4 cases): Two-dimensional clusters, moderate myoepithelial cells within clusters, and moderate bipolar nuclei in the background. The presence and quantity of myoepithelial cells, bipolar naked nuclei in the background, and ductal cell architecture were the only consistently useful cytologic features in distinguishing breast lesions with a papillary pattern. Ann Diagn Pathol 5:34-42, 2001.
Detailed Assignment of the Magnetic Circular Dichroism and UV−vis Spectra of Five-Coordinate High-Spin Ferric [Fe(TPP)(Cl)]

High-spin (hs) ferric heme centers occur in the catalytic or redox cycles of many metalloproteins and exhibit very complicated magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and UV−vis absorption spectra. Therefore, detailed assignments of the MCD spectra of these species are missing. In this study, the electronic spectra (MCD and UV−vis) of the five-coordinate hs ferric model complex [Fe(TPP)(Cl)] are analyzed and assigned for the first time. A correlated fit of the absorption and low-temperature MCD spectra of [Fe(TPP)(Cl)] lead to the identification of at least 20 different electronic transitions. The assignments of these spectra are based on the following: (a) variable temperature and variable field saturation data, (b) time-dependent density functional theory calculations, (c) MCD pseudo A-terms, and (d) correlation to resonance Raman (rRaman) data to validate the assignments. From these results, a number of puzzling questions about the electronic spectra of [Fe(TPP)(Cl)] are answered. The Soret band in [Fe(TPP)(...
Complex refractive indexes for polymers over the infrared spectral region: Specular reflection IR spectra of polymers

A dispersion analysis is used to determine the complex refractive indexes over the infrared for the following polymeric systems: isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate), syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(2-methyl-1-pentene)sulfone, poly(perfluoropropylene oxide), poly(pyromellitimide), poly(styrene), and poly(vinyl alcohol). These were combined with solutions of Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic radiation at interfaces in a FORTRAN computer code to model specular relection infrared spectra. Calculations and experimental data are compared to demonstrate the complicated nature of specular reflection and the ability of the modelling to simulate the observed spectra.
Invisible Saints: The ‘Judgment of Charity’ in the Early New England Churches

Few early New England practices troubled European observers more than the attempt to restrict church membership to the regenerate. The requirement that each prospective church member give a “relation” of his experience of grace, a public declaration “of God's manner of working upon [his] soul,” won quick notoriety. In his list of sixteen questions designed to embarass the Independent party, for instance, the Dutch minister William Apollonius began by raising the issue of the qualifications of church members. “Is no one to be admitted into the communion of the external visible church,” he demanded, “unless he is endowed with the real internal holiness of regeneration and with justifying faith in Christ? Must such a person undergo a strict examination…?” Robert Baillie suggested that prospective members' obligation “to show to the whole congregation convincing signs of their regeneration” was the “capital and fundamental difference” between his position and that of the New Englanders. He and his fellow Scot Samuel Rutherford were convinced that by requiring such a test, the New England churches had so seriously deviated from traditional Christian practice that they had aligned themselves with the sectarians.
Accurate Position Sensing of Defocused Beams Using Simulated Beam Templates

In position detection using matched filtering one is faced with the challenge of determining the best position in the presence of distortions such as defocus and diffraction noise. This work evaluates the performance of simulated defocused images as the template against the real defocused beam. It was found that an amplitude modulated phase-only filter is better equipped to deal with real defocused images that suffer from diffraction noise effects resulting in a textured spot intensity pattern. It is shown that the there is a tradeoff of performance dependent upon the type and size of the defocused image. A novel automated system was developed that can automatically select the right template type and size. Results of this automation for real defocused images are presented.
Instrument technique in scalp dissection for tissue expander placement.

The alternative use of a submammary instrument for more controlled and rapid dissection in the scalp for tissue expander placement is presented.
EVALUATION OF TESTS USED TO SCREEN PATIENTS WITH LIVER DISORDERS

When screening patients for liver disease, a battery of liver function tests usually are obtained. This battery customarily includes serum bilirubin (direct and total), albumin and total protein or preferably protein electrophoresis, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, alkaline phosphatase, and one or more transaminases. The phrase liver function tests is a misnomer because most of the tests used to evaluate patients with suspected liver disease do not test liver function (e.g., alkaline phosphatase), are not specific for disorders of the liver (e.g., the transaminases), or test the functions of a variety of organs (e.g., albumin). The tests routinely obtained to evaluate patients with suspected liver disease fall into several categories. The transaminases indicate the degree of cellular injury that occurred during the past few hours. If injury to organs other than the liver can be ruled out, high transaminase levels reflect the degree of hepatocyte injury. Alkaline phosphatase indicates impedance to the flow of bile, again assuming the enzyme is not coming from another organ such as bone or placenta. Albumin, prothrombin, and partial thromboplastin levels indicate the protein synthetic function of the liver as long as the liver has obtained the amino acid building blocks needed for the synthesis of these proteins. Bilirubin is one of the better liver function tests because the liver must take bilirubin away from the albumin to which it is bound in the circulation, conjugate it, and excrete it into the bile—a truly complex series of reactions. Once a liver disease is suspected, specific tests commonly are obtained to attempt to establish a diagnosis. There are excellent tests for infections with the common hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E as well as the herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus. Ceruloplasmin is an excellent screening test for suspected Wilson's disease, although only hepatic copper concentration is definitive. Ferritin and iron binding saturation are excellent screening tests for hemochromatosis, but tissue examination again is necessary to quantitate iron deposition to establish the diagnosis. α1-Antitrypsin levels are necessary to diagnose α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Antimitochondrial antibody levels are useful in suspected primary biliary cirrhosis, whereas antinuclear, antiactin, and antiliver kidney antibodies point toward an autoimmune liver disease. Although not too sensitive, -fetoprotein levels, when elevated, serve as a rather specific test for hepatocellular carcinoma. One test that commonly is employed and much overused is the blood ammonia level. The diagnosis of portasystemic encephalopathy is a clinical one in which blood ammonia levels may be normal. Because portasystemic encephalopathy can mimic almost any neurologic abnormality, a high level does not rule out a coexisting neurologic condition such as a subdural hematoma. In this article, the author limits the discussion to the routine tests used to screen patients for liver disease.
A SIZE AND MATURITY STRUCTURED MODEL OF CELL DWARFISM EXHIBITING CHAOTIC BEHAVIOR

This work is devoted to analyzing the growth of an abnormal cell population where cellular development is characterized by a measure of its size and maturity. By size, we mean some quantified measure of cellular mass. By maturity, we refer to some measure of cellular development, other than age or size, which can be quantified. Our model is abnormal in that the size restriction for cellular division has been removed, thus allowing cells of all sizes to undergo division. This leads to production of dwarf cells. The issues treated here include: (1) existence and uniqueness of solutions, and (2) stability and instability of solutions with particular emphasis on chaotic behavior.
The role of vignettes in the research of emotional and behavioural difficulties

Abstract The study of teachers’ perceptions, attributions and feel-KEYW ORDS ings could be best served by the use of the vignette technique. This follows from a methodological review of educational research, comparison of the vignette with other techniques and consideration of both the advantages and the pitfalls of the technique. A presentation to teachers of brief hypothetical scenarios, which constitute unobtrusive approximations of realistic situations, could elicit useful information about their thought processes, relevant to aspects of educating children with emotional and behavioural difficulties and to professional and educational development generally.
In memory of Albert Ellis (1913-2007).

I knew Albert Ellis as a friend for more than 50 years. I will try to afford the reader insight into the Albert Ellis I knew. Al did not do much small talk or attend many cocktail parties—he focuse...
Genetic factors in fibromyalgia syndrome.

Although familial occurrence of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) has been commonly observed, data on a genetic role in this condition are limited. A few studies have reported familial aggregation and association with HLA. We have studied genetic linkage of FMS with HLA in multicase families, and found a rather weak linkage of FMS with HLA (P<0.029).
Sex differences in the professional orientation of first-year medical students

This article, presenting the findings from a 1975 survey of first-year medical students in the state of North Carolina, explores the relationship between students' sex and professional orientations considered relevant to current health care problems. The professional orientations concern four problem areas: (1) physicians' relationships with patients, (2) political and economic change in the medical profession, (3) the treatment of women physicians and women patients, and (4) geographic and specialty mal-distribution of physicians. Substantial sex differences are found for some professional orientations. As hypothesized, women orient more highly than men to humanizing physician-patient relationships, political and economic change in medicine, the problems facing women physicians and patients, and expecting an inner-city practice. Implications of the findings for health care and medical education are discussed.
The Preservice Technology Training Experiences of Novice Teachers.

AbstractThe researcher designed this qualitative study to identify and explore the preservice technology training experiences of novice teachers and examine their perceptions of how well their teacher preparation program equipped them with the knowledge and skills necessary to fulfill the National Educational Technology Standards for Teachers (NETS.T). The researcher collected data by following an instrumental case study design utilizing semi-structured interviews, documents, and field notes. Simultaneous collection and analysis of the data helped the researcher to create a deeper understanding of the technology training experiences of novice teachers. The findings were organized into major themes that facilitated interpretation through the lens of ISTE’s Essential Conditions for Implementing NETS for Teachers (ISTE, 2000b). The data analysis revealed three major themes: (a) a disconnect between technology training and other aspects of teacher training, (b) a lack of content-area relevance, and c) inadequ...
Influence of large‐scale tidal asymmetry on subtidal dynamics in the western Strait of Juan de Fuca

[1] A numerical model indicates that rough topography at the ends of the 100 km long western Strait of Juan de Fuca (WJdF) creates large-scale asymmetries in the tidal flow which complicate the subtidal dynamics in WJdF proper. In large regions, surface height increases and density decreases toward the ocean (as confirmed by hydrographic data). The Coriolis, advection, and pressure gradient momentum terms are large and variable, but their sum, CAP, remains small and steady. CAP drives the time-mean subtidal inflow against bottom friction, while the outflow is lightly damped. Previous studies which found large internal stresses may have been misled by the unexpected complexity of the subtidal dynamics. The model finds that about half of the time-mean subtidal transport is due to tidal rectification alone, while the density-driven component is proportional to the salinity difference from the ocean to the interior. Combining these results with measured salinity data suggests that the seasonal variation of the time-mean subtidal transport in WJdF is relatively small. This does not imply that the same is true upstream.
Technical aid in moving strip abdominal irradiation.

Abstract A technical aid is described for use in the daily setup of patients undergoing abdominal strip irradiation. The purpose of the aid is to accurately reproduce the treatment field and make it unnecessary for the patient to keep the strip marking on for seven to eight weeks. The technical aid (strip gradient) is inexpensive, easy to construct, and has been used in the treatment of 12 patients with no problems encountered.
Combinatorial overlay control for double patterning

The extension of optical lithography to 32 nm and beyond is dependent on double-patterning at critical levels. Double patterning adds degrees of freedom for overlay variation while reducing the allowed overlay tolerance. Overlay control requires the assessment and minimization of error among various mask/layer combinations. The possible overlay control combinations scale as Cn=(2n−1)2 with the number of reference layers n containing (x,y) alignment and overlay targets. Finding the optimum overlay control pathway requires that we employ the on-product means to examine multiple options compatible with the product overlay tolerances. The Blossom overlay target enables simultaneous determination of all combinations of patterns represented within the measurement tool field of view. We examine Blossom enabled use cases in double patterning overlay control as demonstrated at contact-to-gate registration on a 32 nm product.
Candida albicans Mutants Deficient in Respiration Are Resistant to the Small Cationic Salivary Antimicrobial Peptide Histatin 5

Histatins are a group of small cationic peptides in human saliva which are well known for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. In a previous study we demonstrated that histatin 5 kills both blastoconidia and germ tubes of Candida albicans in a time- and concentration-dependent manner at 37 degrees C, whereas no killing was detected at 4 degrees C. This indicated that killing activity depends on cellular energy. To test histatin 5 killing activity at lower cellular ATP levels at 37 degrees C, respiratory mutants, or so-called petite mutants, of C. albicans were prepared. These mutants are deficient in respiration due to mutations in mitochondrial DNA. Mutants were initially identified by their small colony size and were further characterized with respect to colony morphology, growth characteristics, respiratory activity, and cytochrome spectra. The killing activity of histatin 5 at the highest concentration was only 28 to 30% against respiratory mutants, whereas 98% of the wild-type cells were killed. Furthermore, histatin 5 killing activity was also tested on wild-type cells in the presence of the respiratory inhibitor sodium azide or, alternatively, the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. In both cases histatin 5 killing activity was significantly reduced. Additionally, supernatants and pellets of cells incubated with histatin 5 in the presence or absence of inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthesis were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. It was observed that wild-type cells accumulated large amounts of histatin 5, while wild-type cells treated with inhibitors or petite mutants did not accumulate significant amounts of the peptide. These data showed first that cellular accumulation of histatin 5 is necessary for killing activity and second that accumulation of histatin 5 depends on the availability of cellular energy. Therefore, mitochondrial ATP synthesis is required for effective killing activity of histatin 5.
A final (?) note on implicit/explicit speech equivalence

The recitation of lists of words varying in syllabic content or of sentences in grammatical or ungrammatical order failed to demonstrate the previously reported equivalence between implicit and explicit speech. It was suggested that explicit recitation takes longer because of the greater effort involved in producing an audible response.
Outcomes for Clip Ligation and Hematoma Evacuation Associated with 102 Patients with Ruptured Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms

Objective Few studies have investigated the implications of intracerebral hematoma (ICH) due to rupture of a middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm and patient outcomes. We hypothesized that patients with Hunt-Hess (HH) grade IV-V may not benefit from aggressive measures. Methods A prospectively acquired aneurysm database was examined. We found 144 patients who harbored a ruptured MCA aneurysm and suffered from ICH or intrasylvian hematoma with or without subarachnoid hemorrhage. The mean age of our patients was 52.5 years (range, 10–82 years) with 87 women and 57 men. Of these, 122 (84.7%) underwent a combination of interventions, including clip ligation, hematoma evacuation, and/or endosaccular coiling; most patients underwent clip ligation at the same time as their hematoma was evacuated. The discharge information was not available for two patients. We examined significant associations among presenting details (e.g., age, sex, admission HH grade) and patients' final outcome. Results The total in-hospital mortality rate was 49% (70 of 142 patients); 42% (51 of 120) for the patients who underwent an intervention and 86.4% (19 of 22) for those who did not undergo any intervention. Among our patients, approximately 52% with an admission HH grade of IV/V died in-hospital after surgery, whereas 21% with admission HH grade of I-III expired during the same time. In the patient cohort with presenting with HH grade IV and V, 4% (3 of 76) demonstrated Glasgow outcome scale 4-5 at discharge, whereas 15% (12 of 78) displayed Glasgow outcome scale 4-5 at 6-month follow-up. Age and sex did not affect outcome. Conclusions Aggressive clip ligation and hematoma evacuation remains a reasonable option for patients suffering from an ICH associated with a ruptured MCA aneurysm. Admission HH grade is the primary prognostic factor for outcome among this patient population as more than half of patients with HH grade IV and V expired during their hospitalization despite aggressive treatment of their hematoma and aneurysm. Long-term functional outcome was poor in up to 85% of surviving patients with HH grade IV-V. It may be beneficial to discuss these prognostic factors with the family before implementing aggressive measures.
Structural evolution and sequence of thrusting in the Tethyan fold-thrust belt and Indus-Yalu suture zone, southwest Tibet

Regional mapping of a north-south traverse from the India-Nepal-China border junction to Mount Kailas in southwest Tibet—combined with previously published geochronologic and stratigraphic data—is the basis for an incremental restoration of the Tethyan fold-thrust belt and deformation along the Indus-Yalu suture zone. From north to south, the major structural features are (1) the Indus-Yalu suture zone, composed of five south-dipping thrust faults involving rocks interpreted to represent parts of the former Indian passive margin and Asian active margin, (2) the Tethyan fold-thrust belt, composed of a dominantly north-dipping system of imbricate thrust faults involving Precambrian through Upper Cretaceous strata, and (3) the Kiogar-Jungbwa thrust sheet. A linelength cross-section reconstruction indicates a minimum of 176 km of north-south horizontal shortening partitioned by the Tethyan fold-thrust belt (112 km) and IndusYalu suture zone (64 km). Sequential restoration of the cross section shows that the locus of shortening prior to the late Oligocene occurred significantly south (possibly .60 km) of the Indus-Yalu suture zone within the Tethyan fold-thrust belt and that a significant amount of unsubducted oceanic lithosphere was present south of the suture in southwest Tibet until that time. An implication of this result is that postcollision (Oligocene/Miocene) high-K, calcalkaline magmatism may be explained by melting due to active subduction of oceanic crust beneath the Kailas magmatic complex until the late Oligocene. A regional profile across the Tibetan-Himalayan orogen from
Therapeutic potential of adenovirus-mediated delivery of β-defensin 2 for experimental otitis media

Otitis media (OM), one of the most prevalent diseases in young children, is clinically important owing to its high incidence in children and its potential impact on language development and motor coordination. OM is the most common reason for the prescription of antibiotics (accounting for 25% of prescriptions) due to its extremely high incidence. A recent increase in antibiotic resistance among OM pathogens is emerging as a major public health concern globally, which led us to consider non-antibiotic approaches for the management of OM. In this study, we evaluated gene transfer of an antimicrobial peptide, human β-defensin 2 (DEFB4), using an adenoviral vector (Ad5 with deletions of E1/E3/E4) as a potential therapeutic approach. We demonstrated that the transduction of human β-defensin 2 induces the production of human β-defensin 2 and suppresses non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) adhesion to human middle ear epithelial cells. Moreover, intratympanic inoculation of Ad-DEFB4 was found to attenuate NTHi-induced middle ear effusions without eliciting a significant immune response. Most importantly, intratympanic inoculation of Ad-DEFB4 appeared to significantly augment clearance of NTHi from middle ear cavity. Collectively, our results suggest that intratympanic gene delivery of antimicrobial molecules may serve as an alternative/adjuvant approach for the management of OM.
The Relationship Between General Counseling Self-Efficacy and Self-Perceived Multicultural Counseling Competence in Supervisees

Abstract This study examined the extent to which general counseling self-efficacy beliefs were predictive of self-reported multicultural counseling competence in a sample of 94 trainees. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that, after accounting for the variance contributed by previous multicultural training and multicultural supervision, trainees' general counseling self-efficacy beliefs were significantly positively related to their self-perceived multicultural counseling competence. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Easily testable PLA-based finite state machines

An outline is presented of a synthesis procedure that, beginning from a state transition graph (STG) description of a sequential machine, produces an optimized easily testable programmable logic array (PLA) based logic implementation. Previous approaches to synthesizing easily testable sequential machines have concentrated on the stuck-at-fault model; for PLAs, an extended fault model called the crosspoint fault model has been used. The authors propose a procedure of constrained state assignment and logic optimization which guarantees testability for all combinationally irredundant crosspoint faults in a PLA-based finite-state machine. No direct access to the flip-flops is required. The test sequences to detect these faults can be obtained using combinational test generation techniques alone. This procedure thus represents an alternative to a scan design methodology. Results are presented which show that the area/performance penalties in return for easy testability are small. >
Perceived motion in complementary afterimages: verification of a neural network theory.

Steady fixation of a regular pattern like a bar grating or concentric circles leads to a complementary afterimage at pattern offset. The afterimage has the appearance of shimmering lines that are locally orthogonal to the orientations of the inducing image. Additionally, the afterimage includes motion running parallel to the orientation of the afterimage lines. We argue that this afterimage motion supports the existence of a cue to motion that is based on the spatial organization of oriented responses. This cue was previously proposed after analysis of a neural network model of visual perception. We test predictions of the model on various types of complementary afterimage inducing stimuli. When a contrast or size gradient is included in the inducing image, the afterimage motion moves toward the higher part of the gradient, in agreement with the model. Implications of this cue for computational and neurophysiological theories of motion perception are discussed. Please note: To view the images in the PDF as they were intended, please magnify by 300%
Complications of the Medications

In the United States nearly 600,000 percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) are performed annually.1 Adjunctive pharmacologic therapies are used to facilitate and assure favorable patient outcomes in the setting of PCI.2, 3, 4 However, complications, some severe, occur with the use of these adjunctive therapies. This chapter will discuss selected complications, including their prevention and treatment.
Mutant p53 Amplifies Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family Signaling to Promote Mammary Tumorigenesis

The EGFR family (ErbB2/Her2 and EGFR/ErbB1/Her1) often modulates the transcriptional program involved in promoting mammary tumorigenesis. In humans, the majority of ErbB2-positive sporadic breast cancers harbor p53 mutations, which correlate with poor prognosis. Also, the extremely high incidence of ErbB2-positive breast cancer in women with p53 germline mutations (Li–Fraumeni syndrome) suggests a key role of mutant p53 specifically in ErbB2-mediated mammary tumorigenesis. To examine the role of mutant p53 during ErbB2-mediated mammary tumorigenesis, a mutant p53 allele (R172H) was introduced into the (MMTV)-ErbB2/Neu mouse model system. Interestingly, we show in heterozygous p53 mice that mutant p53 R172H is a more potent activator of ErbB2-mediated mammary tumorigenesis than simple loss of p53. The more aggressive disease in mutant p53 animals was reflected by earlier tumor onset, increased mammary tumor multiplicity, and shorter survival. These in vivo and in vitro data provide mechanistic evidence that mutant p53 amplifies ErbB2 and EGFR signaling to promote the expansion of mammary stem cells and induce cell proliferation. Implications: This study identifies mutant p53 as an essential player in ErbB2 and EGFR-mediated mammary tumorigenesis and indicates the potential translational importance of targeting mutant p53 in this subset of patients with breast cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 13(4); 743–54. ©2015 AACR .
A Mediator Free Amperometric Bienzymatic Glucose Biosensor Using Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofibers (VACNFs)

A biosensor is proposed for selective and sensitive detection of glucose. This electrochemical amperometric bienzymatic glucose biosensor is constructed by co-immobilization of horseradish peroxidase and glucose oxidase on vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs). An enzyme wiring technique is used to plug the enzymes with the metal electrode using VACNFs, which facilitates an effective way to transfer electrons from the electrode to the electrochemical reaction centers. Direct electron transfer of horseradish peroxidase at the VACNF electrode is observed. Mediator or membrane free operation of this biosensor can potentially result in the application of these sensors in environmental monitoring, healthcare, as well as in varieties of scientific experiments. Experimental results indicate that the proposed biosensor can detect very low level of glucose (as low as 0.4 μM). Operational characteristics of the bienzymatic biosensor in terms of detection limit, sensitivity, and selectivity are also examined.
Sequence-specific recognition of DNA by hydrophobic, alanine-rich mutants of the basic region/leucine zipper motif investigated by fluorescence anisotropy.

We generated minimalist proteins capable of sequence-specific, high-affinity binding of DNA to probe how proteins are used and can be used to recognize DNA. In order to quantify binding affinities and specificities in our protein–DNA system, we used fluorescence anisotropy to measure in situ the thermodynamics of binding of alanine-rich mutants of the GCN4 basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) domain to DNA duplexes containing target sites AP-1 (5′-TGACTCA-3′) or ATF/CREB (5′-TGACGTCA-3′). We simplified the α-helical bZIP molecular recognition scaffold by alanine substitution: 4A, 11A, and 18A contain four, eleven, and eighteen alanine mutations in their DNA-binding basic regions, respectively. DNase I footprinting analysis demonstrates that all bZIP mutants retain the sequence-specific DNA-binding function of native GCN4 bZIP. Titration of fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotide duplexes with increasing amounts of protein yielded low nanomolar dissociation constants for all bZIP mutants in complex with the AP-1 and ATF/CREB sites: binding to the nonspecific control duplex was > 1000-fold weaker. Remarkably, the most heavily mutated protein 18A, containing 24 alanines in its 27-residue basic region, still binds AP-1 and ATF/CREB with dissociation constants of 15 and 7.8 nM, respectively. Similarly, wild-type bZIP binds these sites with Kd values of 9.1 and 14 nM. 11A also displays low nanomolar dissociation constants for AP-1 and ATF/CREB, while 4A binds these sites with ∼ 10-fold weaker Kd values. Thus, both DNA-binding specificity and affinity are maintained in all our bZIP derivatives. This Ala-rich scaffold may be useful in design and synthesis of small α-helical proteins with desired DNA-recognition properties capable of serving as therapeutics targeting transcription. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 65: 10–20, 2002
Hybrid model predictive power flow control of a fuel cell-battery vehicle

This paper considers optimal power flow control of a fuel cell-battery hybrid vehicle (FCHV) powertrain having three distinct modal configurations (modes): electric motor propelling/battery discharging, propelling/charging, and generating/charging. Each mode has a distinct set of dynamics and constraints. Using component dynamical/algebraic models appropriate to power management, the paper develops a supervisory-level switched system model as an interconnection of subsystems. Given the model, the paper sets forth a hybrid model predictive control strategy based on a minimization of a performance index (PI) that trades off tracking and fuel economy in each operational mode. Specifically the PI trades off velocity tracking error, battery state of charge variance, and hydrogen usage while penalizing frictional braking. The optimization is performed using an embedded system model and collocation with MATLAB's fmincon to compute mode switches and continuous time controls thereby avoiding the computational complexity of alternate approaches based on, e.g., mixed integer programming. To demonstrate the approach, an example FCHV following trapezoidal and sawtooth drive profiles is simulated. PI weights are varied for reduced hydrogen use and higher final battery charge to illustrate various performance trade-offs.
Treatment implications of C9ORF72

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a common dementia syndrome in patients under the age of 65 years with many features overlapping with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The link between FTD and ALS has been strengthened by the discovery that a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in a non-coding region of the C9ORF72 gene causes both familial and sporadic types of these two diseases. As we begin to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms by which this mutation leads to FTD and ALS (c9FTD/ALS), new targets for disease-modifying therapies will likely be unveiled. Putative C9ORF72 expansion pathogenic mechanisms include loss of C9ORF72 protein function, sequestration of nucleic acid binding proteins due to expanded hexanucleotide repeats, or a combination of the two. New animal models and other research tools informed by work in other repeat expansion neurodegenerative diseases such as the spinocerebellar ataxias will help to elucidate the mechanisms of C9ORF72-mediated disease. Similarly, re-examining previous studies of drugs developed to treat ALS in light of this new mutation may identify novel FTD treatments. Ultimately, research consortiums incorporating animal models and well-characterized clinical populations will be necessary to fully understand the natural history of the c9FTD/ALS clinical phenotypes and identify biomarkers and therapeutic agents that can cure the most common form of genetically determined FTD and ALS.
Anti-resorptive agents reduce the size of resorption cavities: A three-dimensional dynamic bone histomorphometry study

Abstract Alterations in resorption cavities and bone remodeling events during anti-resorptive treatment are believed to contribute to reductions in fracture risk. Here, we examine changes in the size of individual remodeling events associated with treatment with a selective estrogen receptor modulator (raloxifene) or a bisphosphonate (risedronate). Adult female rats (6 months of age) were submitted to ovariectomy (n = 17) or sham surgery (SHAM, n = 5). One month after surgery, the ovariectomized animals were separated into three groups: untreated (OVX, n = 5), raloxifene treated (OVX + Ral, n = 6) and risedronate treated (OVX + Ris, n = 6). At 10 months of age, the lumbar vertebrae were submitted to three-dimensional dynamic bone histomorphometry to examine the size (depth, breadth and volume) of individual resorption cavities and formation events. Maximum resorption cavity depth did not differ between the SHAM (23.66 ± 1.87 μm, mean ± SD) and OVX (22.88 ± 3.69 μm) groups but was smaller in the OVX + Ral (14.96 ± 2.30 μm) and OVX + Ris (14.94 ± 2.70 μm) groups (p
Evaluation of the quality of care in the clinical care centers of the National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health.

Abstract This study evaluated the quality of primary care services provided in 15 National Centers of Excellence in Women’s Health (CoE) clinical sites in operation in 2001 using self-reported clinical preventive services and patient satisfaction as indicators of quality of care. A sample of 3,111 women served by the CoE program was surveyed and compared with quality of care benchmarks from national and local community surveys. The benchmark surveys were: a nationally representative sample of 2,075 women from the 1998 Commonwealth Fund Survey of Women’s Health; a community sample of women who lived within a geographical catchment area for three CoEs; and a sample of 71,438 women in the 1999 Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study (CAHPS) of commercial managed care plans. Adjusting for region, age, education, perceived health status, and managed care enrollment, women in the CoEs weremore satisfied with their care and had received significantly more screening tests and counseling services than women in the benchmark samples. The largest effects among primary care services were for physical breast examination, mammogram (ages 50+), and counseling for smoking, domestic violence, and sexually transmitted diseases.
Development of Lyme Arthritis in Mice Deficient in Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

Nitric oxide (NO) is a powerful antimicrobial agent and an important regulatory molecule of the innate immune response. To determine if NO has a role in experimental Lyme disease, arthritis-resistant DBA/2J and arthritis-susceptible C3H/HeJ mice were bred to be genetically deficient for inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Following footpad injection of Borrelia burgdorferi, arthritis was similar between iNOS-deficient and control animals regardless of their genetic background. Histologic examination and arthritis severity scores of ankles revealed no differences in arthritis development between iNOS-deficient and control animals. Despite being deficient in a key antimicrobial agent, iNOS-deficient mice had tissue levels of B. burgdorferi similar to those in control mice. Thus, NO does not have a critical role in susceptibility to Lyme arthritis through tissue damage via an overexuberant inflammatory response, nor is it required in resistance through the clearance of spirochetes from tissues.
Auditing, artificial intelligence and expert systems

This paper will provide the reader with an introduction to the field of financial auditing and the applicability of Decision Support Systems (DSS), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Expert Systems (ES) to that field of endeavor. The paper will also discuss a continuing research project concerning the application of DSS/AI/ES techniques to the evaluation of internal accounting controls. The reader will find that the evaluation of internal accounting controls is a critical step in every financial audit and that it is an area in which the auditor exhibits substantial expertise. It is thus an area of work particularly suited to the application of expert systems technology.
The plight of international child support enforcement

Arising from the landscape of global development and fueled by the demographics of increasing rates of mobility and divorce, the international enforcement of child support is a challenging and growing problem. Current initiatives to rectify this critical problem cut across geopolitical divides and have resulted in the creation of uniform procedures for child support enforcement that are awaiting ratification in the USA: the 2007 Hague Convention on the International Recovery of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintenance. In the following paper, we will trace the evolution of these efforts and extrapolate a framework for social work practice illustrated by examples drawn from a case study of a family's plight with international child support enforcement. While thousands of families are impacted by this issue, there is a gap in the social work literature about this critical issue.
Epigenome-wide profiling of DNA methylation in paired samples of adipose tissue and blood

Many epigenetic association studies have attempted to identify DNA methylation markers in blood that are able to mirror those in target tissues. Although some have suggested potential utility of surrogate epigenetic markers in blood, few studies have collected data to directly compare DNA methylation across tissues from the same individuals. Here, epigenomic data were collected from adipose tissue and blood in 143 subjects using Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array. The top axis of epigenome-wide variation differentiates adipose tissue from blood, which is confirmed internally using cross-validation and externally with independent data from the two tissues. We identified 1,285 discordant genes and 1,961 concordant genes between blood and adipose tissue. RNA expression data of the two classes of genes show consistent patterns with those observed in DNA methylation. The discordant genes are enriched in biological functions related to immune response, leukocyte activation or differentiation, and blood coagulation. We distinguish the CpG-specific correlation from the within-subject correlation and emphasize that the magnitude of within-subject correlation does not guarantee the utility of surrogate epigenetic markers. The study reinforces the critical role of DNA methylation in regulating gene expression and cellular phenotypes across tissues, and highlights the caveats of using methylation markers in blood to mirror the corresponding profile in the target tissue.
Cross-borehole flow tests and insights into hydraulic connections in fractured mudstone and sandstone

Cross-borehole flow tests provided insights into hydraulic connections in fractured and dipping mudstone and sandstone that were consistent with the lithostratigraphic and structural framework of a VOC-contaminated bedrock research site in west-central New Jersey. Two cross-borehole flow tests were completed. Each test involved measurement and analysis of transient flow in a newly installed deep corehole with a long open interval during short-term pumping and recovery in an adjacent shallow well with a short open interval. The cross-borehole flow test in the mudstone identified a hydraulic connection through a dipping fractured bed between the pumped interval in the well and a flow zone at an intermediate depth in the corehole. The presence of a hydraulic connection between the pumped well and the corehole was not obvious because the water-level response in the corehole was dominated by a shallow zone of high transmissivity, which was hydraulically isolated from the pumped interval. In the sandstone, the cross-borehole flow test identified a hydraulic connection along dipping fractured beds as well as a connection to a deep high-angle fracture that cuts across bedding. These results suggest that application of cross-borehole flow tests at other contaminated fractured-bedrock sites could provide insights into hydraulic connections useful the design and implementation of monitoring and remediation programs.