cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat capacities for atactic polystyrene of narrow molecular weight distribution to 360°K.

Precise heat capacity values are reported over the temperature range from 10 to 360°K. for a sample of atactic polystyrene having a narrow molecular weight distribution. This sample was taken from the stock from which National Bureau of Standards Standard Sample 705, Narrow Molecular Weight Distribution Polystyrene, was established. Data are reported for the sample as received, and after an annealing procedure. At temperatures below about 60°K. a systematic difference comparable with the limits of experimental precision appears between the values obtained for the present sample as received and after the annealing, although at higher temperatures the values for the two conditions showed no systematic difference beyond the limits of precision of the measurements. At temperatures above 100°K., previously published values for atactic polystyrene samples of various molecular weight distributions and for isotactic polystyrene agree within about 0.5% of the values from this investigation. At temperatures below 100°K. significant heat capacity differences appear, especially between values for the atactic and the isotactic isomers, and even between atactic samples of different molecular weight distribution.
The Use of Self-Directed Learning to Promote Active Citizenship in STS Classes

The purpose of this article is to outline the viability of a student-directed assignment within collegiate-level STS curricula for the improvement of the utilization of scientific knowledge and technology in society. The assignment, christened the Do Something! assignment, is a novel teaching tool that utilizes students’ individual interests to encourage in-depth learning across disciplines and capitalizes on their personal skills and talents to solve real-world problems. The Do Something! assignment has been utilized in two STS courses at The Pennsylvania State University (STS 100: The Ascent of Humanity and STS 200: Critical Issues in STS). The structure of this assignment allowed students to make small but concrete contributions toward a sustainable future by applying STS principles. Outcomes indicated that (a) students had an overwhelming positive attitude toward the assignment; (b) students developed an in-depth understanding of STS issues outside of their individual fields of study; (c) students per...
Vitamin storage and utilization in the organism.

DR. T. K. WITH'S suggestion1 that carotenoids, such as cryptoxanthin and β-carotene, are vitamins in their own right commands considerable sympathy, but we do not think, that the data advanced in that communication settle the point. The efficiency of utilization and the storage of vitamin A in the liver of the rat and the chick are affected by many factors which control the growth response or quantity found. These include the amount and kind of vitamin A fed2, the amount of sparing agents, more particularly the tocopherols fed at the same time3, and the idiosyncrasies of the animal4, which is another way of saying that we do not yet know the complete physiology of vitamin utilization and liver storage.
Latent Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection of Monocytes Downregulates Expression of Adaptive Immune Response Costimulatory Receptors and Proinflammatory Cytokines

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is associated with the development of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. We report the establishment of a monocytic cell line latently infected with KSHV (KSHV-THP-1). We profiled viral and cytokine gene expression in the KSHV-THP-1 cells compared to that in uninfected THP-1 cells and found that several genes involved in the host immune response were downregulated during latent infection, including genes for CD80, CD86, and the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Thus, KSHV minimizes its immunological signature by suppressing key immune response factors, enabling persistent infection and evasion from host detection.
A test of agent-based models as a tool for predicting patterns of pathogen transmission in complex landscapes

Background Landscape complexity can mitigate or facilitate host dispersal, influencing patterns of pathogen transmission. Spatial transmission of pathogens through landscapes, therefore, presents an important but not fully elucidated aspect of transmission dynamics. Using an agent-based model (LiNK) that incorporates GIS data, we examined the effects of landscape information on the spatial patterns of host movement and pathogen transmission in a system of long-tailed macaques and their gut parasites. We first examined the role of the landscape to identify any individual or additive effects on host movement. We then compared modeled dispersal distance to patterns of actual macaque gene flow to both confirm our model’s predictions and to understand the role of individual land uses on dispersal. Finally, we compared the rate and the spread of two gastrointestinal parasites, Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar, to understand how landscape complexity influences spatial patterns of pathogen transmission.
Tuning using electromechanical surface damping

The electromechanical surface damping (EMSD) technique, for controlling the peak vibration amplitudes of beam-like structures, is modified to extend the effective range of the approach. The technique is a combination of the constrained layer damping and the shunted piezoelectric methods, where the viscoelastic constrained layer attached to the vibrating surface is constrained by a shunted piezoelectric ceramic element. The mathematical model of the modified EMSD element is presented, implemented into a finite element algorithm and applied to demonstrate the ability of the technique to simultaneously and effectively suppress the first three resonant peaks of a generic aluminum cantilever beam.
Temporo-spatial patterns of pre-ictal spike activity in human temporal lobe epilepsy

The statistical properties of pre-ictal EEG spike activity in medial temporal lobe sites were analyzed in 6 patients with medically refractory complex partial seizures. A total of 24 1 h pre-ictal periods (2-6 periods per patient) were evaluated by quantifying the rate of occurrence of individual spatial patterns of spike activity derived from a subset (n = 6) of the recording channels. The channels chosen for analysis always included those medial temporal lobe sites which were documented to be most likely to initiate seizures, as well as their respective contralateral homologues. Each 1 h pre-ictal period was divided into 360 10 sec bins which were then visually classified into 1 of 64 possible spatial patterns of spike activity. These patterns, in turn, were grouped into 1 of 5 general spatial patterns and evaluated for trends across 3 20 min pre-ictal segments. Pooling these data across patients yielded the following results: (1) Focal patterns of spike activity tended to decline significantly in rate of occurrence several minutes prior to seizures, while the rate of independent contralateral patterns did not change. (2) The rate of occurrence of patterns of bilateral loosely coupled spike activity (involving focal and contralateral sites) increased significantly across the 20 min pre-ictal segments and was clearly augmented during the 20 min prior to seizures. These findings indicate that the degree of bilateral independence in medial temporal lobe spike activity tends to decrease several minutes prior to the localized onset of temporal lobe seizures; such changes may reflect the mechanisms responsible for the inter-ictal-ictal transition.
Clinical Signs of Root Caries: Measurement Issues from an Epidemiologic Perspective

The measurement of root caries using a relatively precise, utilitarian, and universally-acceptable methodology based upon clinical signs is a critical and necessary step in the progression of the epidemiologic study of this oral disease. While a clinician directly involved in the care of a patient will always incorporate spontaneous judgment-based-upon-experience into the diagnostic process, the clinical investigator must rely upon a much more standardized approach to the diagnosis of root caries. A comprehensive overview of the current epidemiologic research findings and methodologic literature for root caries precedes a series of discussions on methodologic issues that relate to the measurement of root caries in epidemiologic study conditions. Topics discussed include: (1) appropriate categories of lesions for inclusion (active vs. inactive and supragingival vs. subgingival lesions), (2) surface visibility issues (clinical treatment effects and oral debris accumulations), and (3) examination techniques ...
Obliquity pacing of the late Pleistocene glacial terminations

The 100,000-year timescale in the glacial/interglacial cycles of the late Pleistocene epoch (the past ∼700,000 years) is commonly attributed to control by variations in the Earth's orbit1. This hypothesis has inspired models that depend on the Earth's obliquity (∼ 40,000 yr; ∼40 kyr), orbital eccentricity (∼ 100 kyr) and precessional (∼ 20 kyr) fluctuations2,3,4,5, with the emphasis usually on eccentricity and precessional forcing. According to a contrasting hypothesis, the glacial cycles arise primarily because of random internal climate variability6,7,8. Taking these two perspectives together, there are currently more than thirty different models of the seven late-Pleistocene glacial cycles9. Here we present a statistical test of the orbital forcing hypothesis, focusing on the rapid deglaciation events known as terminations10,11. According to our analysis, the null hypothesis that glacial terminations are independent of obliquity can be rejected at the 5% significance level, whereas the corresponding null hypotheses for eccentricity and precession cannot be rejected. The simplest inference consistent with the test results is that the ice sheets terminated every second or third obliquity cycle at times of high obliquity, similar to the original proposal by Milankovitch12. We also present simple stochastic and deterministic models that describe the timing of the late-Pleistocene glacial terminations purely in terms of obliquity forcing.
Tension–tension axial fatigue of E-glass fiber-reinforced polymeric composites: tensile fatigue modulus

Abstract Interest in utilizing fiber-reinforced polymeric (FRP) composites in civil engineering applications is increasing. Such applications include bridge structures which undergo cyclic loading. For FRP composite structures subject to cyclic loading, fatigue is an important limit state. Strength and modulus degradation need to be considered as either may be the failure criterion. This study focuses on fatigue modulus degradation from tension–tension axial fatigue tests, constant amplitude loading, with frequency of fatigue load 5 Hz or less for E-glass (and glass) FRP composites without environmental concerns. The evaluation of fatigue modulus data is augmented by laboratory testing of an E-glass/vinylester unidirectional composite in tension–tension axial fatigue (constant amplitude loading) with frequency of fatigue load at 5 Hz or less. For glass FRP composites exhibiting a primary and secondary tensile modulus, failure is defined as a 3, 5, or 8% decay of normalized tensile fatigue modulus based on whether cyclic maximum and minimum stress is above or below the static knee point stress. For composites exhibiting only a primary tensile modulus, a conservative 3% decrease in tensile fatigue modulus is recommended to define failure until further testing refines all values.
Multiresidue supercritical fluid extraction method for the recovery at low ppb levels of three sulfonamides from fortified chicken liver

Abstract A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method is proposed for the recovery of three sulfonamides from chicken liver. Samples were extracted at 680 bar and 40°C using unmodified carbon dioxide and were collected free of co-extracted artifactual material on an in-line neutral alumina sorbent bed. High recoveries of sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) were obtained from chicken liver samples fortified at levels from 1000 to 50 ppm.
Unemployment and immiserizing transfer

This paper reexamines the welfare effects of international transfers in a two country model in the presence of unemployment which is generated by an exogenously specified real minimum wage rate. In this context we have found the necessary conditions for the occurrence of paradoxical as well as normal results on employment as well as welfare.
Direct observation of the development of recrystallization texture in commercial purity aluminum

Abstract To test if oriented nucleation or oriented growth causes recrystallization texture, orientations of new grains were measured in a study of cube texture in commercial-purity aluminum after warm, near plane-strain, extrusion. After full and partial recrystallization the frequency of near-cube grains (within 20° of cube) was very high, 40–75%, compared to the 4% frequency expected for random nucleation. The mean sizes of near and non-cube grains were however indistinguishable at all stages of recrystallization. Quantitative (ODF) studies of the textures of just new grains after partial recrystallization showed cube intensities of 48, 30 and 24 (times random) and values of 16 and 24 after 100% recrystallization. Brief studies of cold-rolled A1, which gave negligible cube texture showed near random frequency of cube nuclei on partial recrystallization. The present study, with that of Hjelen et al. [Acta metall. mater.39, 137, (1991)], shows that strong cube textures in polycrystalline aluminum come from oriented nucleation.
Investigation of doppler waveforms in porcine renal allografts: Doppler-pathologic correlation

A porcine model was devised to investigate Doppler waveforms in dysfunctional renal allografts. NIH miniature pigs served as allografts donors and recipients. Renal transplantation was effected into the recipient pelvis while the left normotopic kidney was subjected to warm ischemia in order to induce acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Doppler demonstration of allograft arterial occlusion in six animals was confirmed at surgery. Increased pulsatility of intrarenal arterial signals constituted evidence of vascular rejection in two animals. Biopsies confirmed the diagnosis in both cases. Histologic changes of ATN were identified in two native kidneys subjected to ischemia. No waveform or pulsatility alterations were observed in these animals. The porcine model provides for the investigation of allograft Doppler waveforms in a controlled setting with free access to biopsy and operative pathologic correlation.
Dynamic-domain-decomposition parallel molecular dynamics

Abstract Parallel molecular dynamics with short-range forces can suffer from load-imbalance problems and attendant performance degradation due to density variations in the simulated system. In this paper, we describe an approach to dynamical load balancing, enabled by the Ādhāra runtime system. The domain assigned to each processor is automatically and dynamically resized so as to evenly distribute the molecular dynamics computations across all the processors. The algorithm was tested on an Intel Paragon parallel computer for two and three-dimensional Lennard-Jones systems containing 99 458 and 256000 atoms, respectively, and using up to 256 processors. In these benchmarks, the overhead for carrying out the load-balancing operations was found to be small and the total computation time was reduced by as much as 50%.
ON FERMI'S THEORY OF THE ORIGIN OF COSMIC RADIATION

Starting from Fermi's theory of the origin of cosmic radiation, an explanation of the observed shape of the energy spectrum of the proton component is suggested. On this basis there seems to be some indication that the majority of the protons originate from the nucleus of our galaxy. Assuming that the nucleus of the galaxy is a cluster of stars, the origin of the heavier nuclear components and protons of cosmic radiation can be explained on the same basis providing that an ordinary star can eject high energy particles (up to one Bev per nucleon). The observation of the effect of the sun on the heavier nuclear components may give a critical test of the theory.
The solar-flare infrared continuum - Observational techniques and upper limits

Exploratory observations at 20 microns and 350 microns have determined detection thresholds for solar flares in these wavelengths. In the 20-micron range, solar atmospheric fluctuations (the 'temperature field') set the basic limits on flare detectability at about 5 K; at 350 microns, extinction in the earth's atmosphere provides the basic limitation of about 30 K. These thresholds are low enough for the successful detection of several infrared-emitting components of large flares. The upper limits obtained for subflares indicate that the thickness of the H-alpha flare region does not exceed approximately 10 km. This result confirms the conclusion of Suemoto and Hiei (1959) regarding the small effective thickness of the H-alpha-emitting regions in solar flares.
Fahr's Disease: Pediatric Presentation of a Rare Neurodegenerative Disorder (IN10-1.008)

Objective: Fahr9s disease is a well-described neurodegenerative disorder in adults, but few reports describe it in pediatric patients. We present two children with Fahr9s disease. Background Fahr9s disease is a rare progressive disorder characterized by idiopathic bilateral calcification of the basal ganglia. The underlying etiology is unknown. Patients typically exhibit a movement disorder and psychiatric symptoms. Diagnosis is based on characteristic imaging findings and the exclusion of systemic causes of secondary basal ganglia calcification. Design/Methods: We describe two teenagers who presented to an academic center with neurologic complaints, and who were diagnosed with Fahr9s disease. Results: Case one. DJ is a 14 year old girl with a two year history of slowly progressive movement disorder characterized by dystonia, poor balance and bradykinesia, and progressive psychiatric symptoms of aggression and impulse control disorder. Brain MRI showed symmetrical T2 shortening in bilateral globus pallidi. Head CT showed heavy mineralization within bilateral globus pallidi consistent with calcium deposits. Systemic causes of secondary basal ganglia calcification were ruled out, and family history was non-contributory. Case two. TU is a 14 year old boy with a two year history of severe anxiety and difficulty with social interactions. He recently developed simple motor tics, but has no other movement disorder. Head CT showed bilateral calcifications in the deep grey nuclei, mostly within globus pallidi, but also involving the thalamus and white matter. Brain MRI confirmed the presence of bilateral mineralization within bilateral globus pallidi. Systemic causes of secondary basal ganglia calcification were ruled out, and family history was non-contributory. Conclusions: Fahr9s disease, a neurodegenerative disorder typically diagnosed in late adulthood, has rarely been described in children. We present two teenagers with classic clinical and radiographic features of Fahr9s disease. Children with a movement disorder and psychiatric symptoms should be evaluated for Fahr9s disease. Disclosure: Dr. Singhal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Van Haren has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wu has nothing to disclose.
Synthesis and thermal rearrangements of (trimethylsilyl)methyl isocyanides

Abstract Mono- (I), bis- (II), and tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl iscocyanide (III) have been prepared and characterized. All three rearrange upon heating to 150°. (I) gives (trimethylsilyl)acetronitrile; II yields bis(trimethylsilyl)acetonitrile, which undergoes further thermal disproportionation; and III is transformed into tris(trimethylsilyl)keteneimine.
Prevalence of restless leg syndrome in subjects with depressive disorder

Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is known to be associated with depression. We hypothesized that RLS in depression is linked to the severity, duration, and frequency of depressive episodes. Materials and Methods: Subjects fulfilling DSM-IV-TR criteria of depressive disorders were included in this study after seeking informed consent. Using structured interview of MINI-Plus their demographic data and history were recorded. Severity of depression was assessed with the help of HAM-D. Insomnia was diagnosed following ICSD-2 criteria. RLS was diagnosed according to IRLSSG criteria. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, independent sample t test and MANOVA were computed with the help of SPSS v 17.0. Results: RLS was reported by 31.48% of sample. There was no gender difference in prevalence of RLS ( X 2=0.46; P=0.33). There was no difference in the age , total duration of depressive illness and number of depressive episodes between RLS and non-RLS groups (F=0.44; P=0.77; Wilk's Lambda=0.96). The HAM-D score was higher in the non-RLS group ( P=0.03). Onset of RLS symptoms was not related to onset of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: RLS is prevalent in depressive disorder. However, onset of RLS is unrelated to age and number or duration of depressive disorders.
Layout optimization at the pinnacle of optical lithography

This paper attempts to shed more light on the widely acknowledged need to improve the manufacturabilty of itnegrated chip layouts for sub-100nm technology nodes. After reviewing the parametric performance targets and tiem constaints of the 65nm and 45nm technology nodes, the paper elaborates on the principles of popular resolution enhancement techniques, their impact on chip layouts, and the opportunity for borad layout improvement which they afford. Finally, the viability and feasibility of layout optimization based on a design-for-manufacturability mantra and enabled through "radically design restrictions" is explored.
Using the epigenetic code to promote the unpackaging and transcriptional activation of DNA polyplexes for gene delivery.

Nonviral gene delivery has seen limited clinical application due in part to the inefficiency with which most nonviral vehicles navigate the intracellular gene delivery pathway. One key problem is the inability of most DNA-packaging materials to release DNA and enable its efficient transcription. Thus, our aim was to develop gene delivery polyplexes capable of initiating their own transcription upon arrival in the nucleus. We created nuclease-resistant polyplexes with plasmid DNA (pDNA) and post-translationally modified histone 3 (H3K4Me3) tail peptides known to signal transcriptional activation on chromosomal DNA. When the H3K4Me3–pDNA polyplexes were directly microinjected into the nuclei of NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts, protein expression occurred earlier and in a greater fraction of cells than when polyethylenimine–pDNA polyplexes were microinjected. The rate of protein expression initiated by the H3K4Me3–pDNA polyplexes was also significantly accelerated in comparison with the rate initiated by non-trime...
Extended zonal dislocations mediating twinning in titanium

Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the twinning mechanism in titanium (Ti) was studied by analyzing the interfacial structure at the twin boundary (TB). The simulation results reveal interesting twin growth controlled by interfacial dislocations at the TB. The elementary twinning dislocations (bT ) nucleate and glide in pairs but separately and sequentially on two neighboring planes, significantly different from conventional zonal dislocations, which spread over two or more twinning planes with each plane comprising one Burgers vector of an elementary twinning dislocation. The twin growth can be approximately described as These two separate elementary twinning dislocations amount to a net Burgers vector 2bT ≈ 0.16 nm along the twinning vector , with the components in the in-plane direction perpendicular to η 1 canceled out. These results support the classical twinning theory in which a homogeneous shear and local shuffling have to be involved. A mechanism taking into consideration local structure ...
A Nontraditional PhD Program in a Traditional World: A Story of Blended Strategies and Students

PhD programs in the United States are increasingly marked by the rising influence of market-oriented dynamics. As a case in point, one of the primary objectives of the new PhD program offered at the University of South Dakota is to deliver a doctoral program through a flexible—or hybrid—format that is accessible to nontraditional as well as traditional students. Currently, no such PhD program in political science exists in the country, but the geography and demographics of South Dakota have encouraged creativity and innovation. This article situates the USD program in the current context of nontraditional doctoral training in the United States and provides a description of the design of USD's PhD program and student and faculty experiences in the implementation of the program.
Phylogenetic relationships of the North American sturgeons (order Acipenseriformes) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences.

Abstract The evolutionary relationships of the extant species within the order Acipenseriformes are not well understood. Nucleotide sequences of four mitochondrial genes (12S rRNA, COII, tRNAPhe, and tRNAAsp genes) in North American sturgeon and paddlefish were examined to reconstruct a phylogeny. Analysis of the combined gene sequences suggests a basal placement of the paddlefish with regard to the sturgeons. Nucleotide sequences of all four genes for the three Scaphirhynchus species were identical. The position of Scaphirhynchus based on our data was uncertain. Within the genus Acipenser, the two Acipenser oxyrinchus subspecies were very similar in sequence and found to be basal to the remaining Acipenser species examined. Based on our data, Acipenser transmontanus and Acipenser medirostris were sister taxa, as were Acipenser fulvescens and Acipenser brevirostrum. Comparisonof our results with hypotheses of sturgeon relationships proposed by previous authors is presented. The sequence data presented here are phylogeneticallyuseful and provide a solid foundation of genetic information for the North American Acipenseriformes that can be expanded to include Eurasian species to provide a global picture of sturgeon evolution.
VCSEL based modules for optical interconnects

We present characteristics of 850-nm oxide confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) developed for applications in optical parallel data links and free- space optical interconnects. Low threshold currents of less than 200 (mu) A, wall-plug efficiencies approaching 30%, operating voltages of less than 2 V for 1 mW of optical power, and operation over a wide temperature range, up to 190 degree(s)C, are demonstrated. We optimized VCSEL arrays for operation at elevated temperatures for use in dense free- space interconnects. Excellent performance uniformity-optical power of 1 +/- 0.1 mW at a drive current of 3 mA-across a 20 X 20 array was achieved at 75 degree(s)C. We integrated 2D top emitting VCSEL arrays with top- illuminated metal-semiconductor-metal detectors for future use with CMOS integrated circuits. We discuss design issues encountered in VCSEL-based modules for optical interconnects.
Implicit multifunction theorems with positively homogeneous maps

Abstract We extend Robinson’s and Ledyaev and Zhu’s implicit multifunction theorems using the language of generalized derivatives with positively homogeneous maps, allowing us to obtain results that more closely resemble the classical (single-valued) implicit function theorem. We highlight that using linear openness instead of metric regularity gives simpler proofs and stronger results. As part of our analysis, we study perturbations of generalized linear openness and metric regularity. Finally, we discuss how our methods may also be adapted to study generalized calmness.
Feeding by Hessian Fly (Mayetiola destructor [Say]) Larvae on Wheat Increases Levels of Fatty Acids and Indole-3-Acetic Acid but not Hormones Involved in Plant-Defense Signaling

Gall-inducing insects exert a unique level of control over the physiology of their host plants. This control can extend to host–plant defenses so that some, if not most, gall-inducing species appear to avoid or modify host plant defenses to effect production of their gall. Included among gall insects is Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor [Say], Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a damaging pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and an emerging model system for studying plant–insect interactions. We studied the dynamics of some defense-related phytohormones and associated fatty acids during feeding of first instar Hessian fly larvae on a susceptible variety of wheat. We found that Hessian fly larvae significantly elevated in their host plants’ levels of linolenic and linoleic acids, fatty acids that may be nutritionally beneficial. Hessian fly larvae also elevated levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a phytohormone hypothesized to be involved in gall formation, but not the defense-related hormones jasmonic (JA) and salicylic acids. Moreover, we detected in Hessian fly-infested plants a significant negative relationship between IAA and JA that was not present in control plants. Our results suggest that Hessian fly larvae may induce nutritionally beneficial changes while concomitantly altering phytohormone levels, possibly to facilitate plant-defense avoidance.
Intimacy, Time, and Scarcity: Drug-Involved Women Account for Secretly Withholding Financial Capital in Violent Intimate Relationships

Research on the intimate relationships of drug-involved women has characterized these women either as passive victims of male violence and exploitation or as instrumental actors who maintain intimate relationships merely for the financial benefits they provide. This dichotomous depiction fails to capture the complexity of women’s accounts of such intimate relationships. Drawing on in-depth interviews with a group of poor, inner-city, largely African American and Puerto Rican women with a history of drug addiction and violent intimate relationships, this article looks at the accounts women offer for secretly withholding financial capital from their partners. Taking a constructionist approach, it demonstrates that women account for their practices within a normative context of gender relations by withholding capital to address the changing financial needs of the couple over time. In so doing, women provide themselves with a needed sense of order and continuity, what Anthony Giddens calls ontological security. This article adds to our understanding of how drug-involved women’s changing orientations to time may impact their constructions of their intimate relations. Implications for future research are discussed.
Intensive Care Utilization during Hospital Admission for Delivery Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes in a Statewide Population

Background: During childbirth, the maternal need for intensive care unit (ICU) services is not well-defined. This information could influence the decision whether to incorporate ICU services into the labor and delivery suite. Methods: This study reports (1) ICU use and mortality rates in a statewide population of obstetric patients during their hospital admission for childbirth, and (2) the risk factors associated with ICU admission and mortality. A case-control design using patient records from a state-maintained anonymous database for the years 1984-1997 was used. Outcome variables included ICU use and mortality rates. Results: Of the 822,591 hospital admissions for delivery of neonates during the study period, there were 1,023 ICU admissions (0.12%) and 34 ICU deaths (3.3%). Age, race, hospital type, volume of deliveries, and source of admission independently and in combination were associated with ICU admission (P < 0.05). The most common risk factors associated with ICU admission included cesarean section, preeclampsia or eclampsia, and postpartum hemorrhage (P < 0.001). Black race, high hospital volume of deliveries, and longer duration of ICU stay were associated with ICU mortality (P < 0.05). The most common risk factors associated with ICU mortality included pulmonary complications, shock, cerebrovascular event, and drug dependence (P < 0.05). Conclusions: This study shows that ICU use and mortality rate during hospital admission for delivery of a neonate is low. These results may influence the location of perinatal ICU services in the hospital setting.
LEMO-MR: Low Overhead and Elastic MapReduce Implementation Optimized for Memory and CPU-Intensive Applications

Since its inception, MapReduce has frequently been associated with Hadoop and large-scale datasets. Its deployment at Amazon in the cloud, and its applications at Yahoo! and Face book for large-scale distributed document indexing and database building, among other tasks, have thrust MapReduce to the forefront of the data processing application domain. The applicability of the paradigm however extends far beyond its use with data intensive applications and disk based systems, and can also be brought to bear in processing small but CPU intensive distributed applications. In this work, we focus both on the performance of processing large-scale hierarchical data in distributed scientific applications, as well as the processing of smaller but demanding input sizes primarily used in diskless, and memory resident I/O systems. In this paper, we present LEMO-MR (Low overhead, Elastic, configurable for in-Memory applications, and on-Demand fault tolerance), an optimized implementation of MapReduce, for both on-disk and in-memory applications, describe its architecture and identify not only the necessary components of this model, but also trade offs and factors to be considered. We show the efficacy of our implementation in terms of potential speedup that can be achieved for representative data sets used by cloud applications. Finally, we quantify the performance gains exhibited by our MapReduce implementation over Apache Hadoop in a compute intensive environment.
Phenoloxidase in larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Molecular cloning of the proenzyme cDNA and enzyme activity in larvae paralyzed and parasitized by Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Phenoloxidase (PO) is a major component of the insect immune system. The enzyme is involved in encapsulation and melanization processes as well as wound healing and cuticle sclerotization. PO is present as an inactive proenzyme, prophenoloxidase (PPO), which is activated via a protease cascade. In this study, we have cloned a full-length PPO1 cDNA and a partial PPO2 cDNA from the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and documented changes in PO activity in larvae paralyzed and parasitized by the ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The cDNA for PPO1 is 2,748 bp and encodes a protein of 681 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 78,328 and pI of 6.41 containing a conserved proteolytic cleavage site found in other PPOs. P. interpunctella PPO1 ranges from 71-78% identical to other known lepidopteran PPO-1 sequences. Percent identity decreases as comparisons are made to PPO-1 of more divergent species in the orders Diptera (Aa-48; As-49; and Sb-60%) and Coleoptera (Tm-58; Hd-50%). Paralyzation of host larvae of P. interpunctella by the idiobiont H. hebetor results in an increase in phenoloxidase activity in host hemolymph, a process that may protect the host from microbial infection during self-provisioning by this wasp. Subsequent parasitization by H. hebetor larvae causes a decrease in hemolymph PO activity, which suggests that the larval parasitoid may be secreting an immunosuppressant into the host larva during feeding. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 59:67-79, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. †
Pulse waveform optimization for UWB systems with PPM on Gaussian channels

In this paper, we present two numerical methods to optimize pulse waveforms for ultra-wide band systems using pulse position modulation on Gaussian channels. The waveforms are optimized in terms of minimizing the bit error rate for any given modulation index. We also present the optimal waveforms and their correspondent error probabilities. The results show that the performance improvement over the conventional pulses is about 0.4 dB - 0.7 dB on Gaussian channels, but these new pulses may have other drawbacks.
Screening for and Identification of Novel Agents Directed at Renal Cell Carcinoma

We were interested in identifying novel agents for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by screening for activities that model renal tumor biology. Searching for relative renal cell sensitivity and leukemia insensitivity among cytotoxicity profiles in the NCI Drug Screen database, we identified 16 potential agents with renal selectivity. We evaluated the agents in 10 RCC cell lines (of primary and metastatic origin) isolated from 5 patients. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in these cell lines ranged from 0.019 ± 0.013 to 11.4 ± 0.55 μm and were comparable with values obtained with renal cell lines in the NCI Drug Screen panel. Because RCC are slowly growing tumors, we evaluated the compounds on rapidly (27% S phase) or slowly (6% S phase) growing cells. In contrast to doxorubicin, where cytotoxicity was restricted to rapidly proliferating cells, three compounds (NSC 280074, 281613, and 281817) were more cytotoxic in slowly proliferating cells. NSC 72151 and 268965 were equitoxic for both populations. NSC 94889, 638850, and 630938 were more cytotoxic in rapidly growing cells. In in vitro time exposure studies, four compounds, NSC 268965, 280074, 281613, and 281817, were maximally cytotoxic with as little as 3 h exposure time. From an analysis comparing the p53 genotype of the 60 cell lines of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Drug Screen with the cytotoxicity profiles for the 16 putative renal compounds, 13 compounds were classified as likely to be indifferent to p53 status. We also developed a panel specificity detection method for the NCI Drug Screen database to evaluate the prevalence of renal sensitive compounds. Of the 16 studied compounds, 14 were among those identified as renal sensitive by the statistical analysis. Lastly, we found reduced tumor growth in mice with established renal human tumor xenografts after treatment with two of the renal active compounds. These studies describe compounds with potential renal activity that are candidates for preclinical development for renal cell carcinoma.
Small-amplitude and mixed-mode pH oscillations in the bromate-sulfite-ferrocyanide-aluminum(III) system.

The BrO3−−SO32−−Fe(CN)64− (BSF) pH-oscillatory system is coupled to the Al(OH)3 precipitation equilibrium (BSFA system) and studied in a stirred flow reactor. The dynamic behavior of the BSFA syste...
Unconscious linguistic referents to race: analysis and methodological frameworks:

Recent years have seen considerable development in methodological designs for accessing and eliciting unconscious cognitive schemata in response to social stimuli, including race. One design is experimental and involves the priming and automatic activation of schemata. Another design is a specifically developed psycho-linguistic and logico-mathematic method for recognizing, analyzing, and validating unconsciously expressed meaning in verbal narratives, referred to as sub-literal (SubLit). Unconscious references to race found in verbal discourse from both laboratory and everyday settings, including the mass media, are illustrated and analyzed utilizing these two complementary methodological designs. Along with suggested procedures, an initial classification scheme for attributions of racial stereotypes and prejudice are presented. Given the historical and current state of race relations both nationally and globally, the paper has significant social implications.
Accounting, Risk Management and the Selection of Interactive Controls: Which, When and Why?

Taking a multiple-control perspective, I investigate a control debacle and its aftermath at a financial services company (MultiBank), focusing on an insurance division (EurInsurance) that suffered large losses in the European insurance crisis of 2002-2003. The study tracks the promotion and use of a set of accounting and risk controls put in place to control the troubled insurance division, and discusses how and why particular management control systems shift in and out of top managerial focus. The study investigates Simons’ (1990, 1991) argument that it is top management’s view of a firm’s key strategic uncertainties that motivates their choice of control systems to be used interactively. Combining the process perspective of a longitudinal field study with the institutional logics perspective, I argue that top management’s control choice is motivated by both the logic of functionalism (relevance) and the logic of appropriateness (legitimacy) of particular controls - and that both of these are socially constructed by proponents.First, behind the various control systems there are active controller groups who, in competition for executive-level visibility, further their solutions for organizational control problems and engage in ‘credentializing’ (Power, 1992) to support their claims. At MultiBank, accountants drew on the institutional logic of accounting as a legalistic, rules-based practice, while risk controllers relied on the cultural authority of financial economics and the “full fair value” logic. Second, top management’s interactive use of a particular control system sends a signal to external stakeholders about the firm’s internal control style and management priorities. Therefore, the control choice is motivated both by the relevance and the institutional appropriateness of particular controls. As external requirements change and the definition of institutional appropriateness shifts, different organizational control groups get the opportunity to become implicated in interactive control and agenda-setting. In the special case of mutually incompatible control systems, when top managers must trade off relevance for appropriateness (or the other way round), their choice of interactive control will be driven by what they perceive to be the stronger requirement. At MultiBank, institutional appropriateness was the stronger requirement; the lack of it prevented an otherwise informationally relevant risk control system from prevailing as an interactive control system.
Partitioning for selective assembly

Abstract Selective assembly is a means by which high-precision assemblies may be fabricated from relatively low precision components. This is accomplished by partitioning the component populations into groups prior to random assembly. This paper details an enhanced BASIC program that will generate group partitions given component distributions and the desired number of groups.
Beyond the Medical Model? Disability, Formal Justice, and the Exception for the "Profoundly Impaired"

The formal justice model proposed by Anita Silvers in Disability, Discrimination, and Difference emphasizes the social model of disability and the need for full equality of opportunity, and it suggests that a distributive model of justice that gives special benefits to individuals with disabilities is self-defeating. Yet in that work, Silvers allows an exception for the "profoundly impaired." In this paper, I show how the formal justice theory falls short when it comes to defining and dealing with "profoundly impaired" individuals and explore the ways in which making the exception raises serious theoretical concerns for the grounding of the formal justice model.
Easy Handling of Complex Multiple Crack Interactions by Boundary Cracklet Method (BCM)

In this study, a very effective and previously approved method is applied to complex crack configurations in both finite and infinite plates. Since for the first time the methodology of the method is presented for various crack lines (“cracklets”) so as to catch the physical behavior of actual crack configuration the well-known the dislocations theory based method is now named “Boundary Cracklet Method” (BCM). In order to show its uniqueness and beauty, the analytical and computational background and the efficiency of the method are shown via some interesting applications of the method such as curved cracks, edge cracks and corner cracks. Furthermore, because of the fast algorithm using analytical expressions of integrals coming from stress calculations, the post processing is very fast and efficient (it takes only seconds to get all results and post processing figures for two interacting arrow cracks on a laptop with 2.0 MHz Core 2 Duo CPU and 2GB RAM). As examples to the post processing, stress distributions around multiple interacting cracks are presented in order for stress concentrations to be visible not only at tips but at kink (or wedge) ends as well. This study is the first to show singularities at wedge ends.
Removal of the well-bonded distal part of a non-cylindrical broken femoral stem (Autophor 900S) with hollow trephine reamers--report of two cases.

(2002). Removal of the well-bonded distal part of a non-cylindrical broken femoral stem (Autophor 900S) with hollow trephine reamers--report of two cases. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica: Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 478-480.
A proactive approach to reconstructing overlay multicast trees

Overlay multicast constructs a multicast delivery tree among end hosts. Unlike traditional IP multicast, the non-leaf nodes in the tree are normal end hosts, which are potentially more susceptible to failures than routers and may leave the multicast group voluntarily. In these cases, all downstream nodes are affected. Thus an important problem in overlay multicast is how to recover from node departures in order to minimize the disruption of service to those affected nodes. In this paper, we propose a proactive approach to restore overlay multicast trees. Rather than letting downstream nodes try to find a new parent after a node departure, each non-leaf node pre-calculates a parent-to-be for each of its children. When this non-leaf node is gone, all its children can find their respective new parents immediately. The salient feature of the approach is that each non-leaf node can compute a rescue plan for its children independently, and in most cases, rescue plans from multiple non-leaf nodes can work together for their children when they fail or leave at the same time. We develop a protocol for nodes to communicate with new parents so that the delivery tree can be quickly restored. Extensive simulations demonstrate that our proactive approach can recover from node departures 5 times faster than reactive methods in some cases, and 2 times faster on average.
An electro-optical feedforward system for dynamic control of a chirped laser source suitable for photonic analog-to-digital conversion

A feedforward system is developed for the control of a quasi continuous wave chirped source developed for photonic analog-to-digital conversion. The input chirped spectrum is dynamically flattened by the feedforward system having 1.4 GHz bandwidth.
Block-shift invariance and block implementation of discrete-time filters

This paper describes the general class of linear, time-invariant multivariable systems that can be used in block implementations of time-invariant discrete-time filters. Explicit relations between the properties of the block processor and the properties of the implemented filter are derived, including an explicit expression for the matrix transfer function of the block processor in terms of the single-input, single-output filter transfer function. These properties and relations are independent of the form of realization of the block processor. It is shown that all irreducible state-space realizations of the block processor can be derived by a simple procedure from a simple realization of the required filter transfer function.