cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total cortisol, free cortisol, and growth hormone associated with brief social separation experiences in young macaques

Many behavioral, immunological, and physiological consequences or brief maternal separation in bonnet (Macaca radiata) and pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemistrina) have been documented. However, the impact of social separation on plasma cortisol and growth hormone is unknown for these particular species. In the present study, the behavioral and endocrinological consequences of a 2-week maternal separation in socially housed infant bonnet and pigtail monkeys were followed. In seven pairs (separated and matched control) of bonnet and six pairs of pigtail infants, plasma was obtained under baseline, separated, and reunion conditions twice weekly for the duration of the study. Blood samples were obtained from both infants of the pair in approximately 10 min. Plasma total cortisol, free cortisol, and growth hormone were measured in these samples. Focal animal behavioral observations were made on all subjects twice daily throughout the study period. In both species, total cortisol and free cortisol rose immediately following maternal separation in comparison to the matched nonseparated controls and returned to basal levels (e.g., that of matched nonseparated controls) following reunion with the mother. In contrast, plasma growth hormone rose only in the pigtail infants over a time course that peaked around the time of reunion. Multiple regression techniques indicated for the first week of separation, in the separated but not control subjects, that mean plasma free and total cortisol was positively related to distress behaviors (vocalization and postural slouch) observed during this week and negatively related to social behaviors (play and proximity to others) noted during the same period. In contrast, plasma growth hormone was related to both species and sex of the subjects but unrelated to behavioral variables.
Parallel Detection of Intrinsic Fluorescence from Peptides and Proteins for Quantification During Mass Spectrometric Analysis

Direct mass spectrometric quantification of peptides and proteins is compromised by the wide variabilities in ionization efficiency which are hallmarks of both the MALDI and ESI ionization techniques. We describe here the implementation of a fluorescence detection system for measurement of the UV-excited intrinsic fluorescence (UV-IF) from peptides and proteins just prior to their exit and electrospray ionization from an ESI capillary. The fluorescence signal provides a quantifiable measure of the amount of protein or peptide present, while direct or tandem mass spectrometric analysis (MS/MS) on the ESI-generated ions provides information on identity. We fabricated an inexpensive, modular fluorescence excitation and detection device utilizing an ultraviolet light-emitting diode for excitation in a ∼300 nL fluorescence detection cell integrated into the fused-silica separation column. The fluorescence signal is linear over 3 orders of magnitude with on-column limits of detection in the low femtomole range....
Self-Assembled Monolayers of Thiols Adsorbed on Au/ZnO-Functionalized Silica Nanosprings: Photoelectron Spectroscopy-Analysis and Detection of Vaporized Explosives

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiols of l-cysteine, 6-mercaptohexanol, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid, dl-thioctic acid and 11-(1-pyrenyl)-1-undecathiol, which have been selected for their propensity to interact with vaporized explosives, have been attached from solution onto gold decorated ZnO-coated nanosprings. X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS and UPS) have been used to investigate the surface electronic structure of the SAMs coated nanosprings. On the basis of XPS analysis, it has been determined that the packing densities of l-cysteine, 6-mercaptohexanol, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid, dl-thioctic acid and 11-(1-pyrenyl)-1-undecathiol on gold (zinc oxide) are 5.42 × 1014 (2.83 × 1014), 3.26 × 1014 (2.54 × 1014), 9.50 × 1013, 2.55 × 1014 (1.12 × 1014), and 5.23 × 1013 molecules/cm2, respectively. A single S 2p core level doublet is observed for 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and 11-(1-pyrenyl)-1-undecathiol, which is assigned to the S–Au bond. The S 2p core level for l-cysteine, 6-mercaptohexano...
The Effect of Zinc on Microbial Growth and Bacterial Killing by Cefazolin in a Staphylococcus aureus Abscess Milieu

Microbial growth and antimicrobial bacterial killing are both diminished in abscesses. It was postulated that zinc depletion in abscesses, perhaps secondary to a neutrophil protein resembling calprotectin, may be partly responsible for these effects. In a rabbit tissue-cage abscess model, pooled abscess supernatant concentration of zinc was < 1.53 microM. The addition of 41.7 microM zinc had no effect on Staphylococcus aureus growth or the bacterial killing effect of cefazolin in serum. In abscess fluid supernatants, bacterial growth without antibiotic and bacterial killing by cefazolin were both enhanced by the addition of zinc. Fractionation of the abscess fluid with ultrafiltration membranes showed that these effects could be reproduced with the fraction between 30 and 50 kDa. These findings suggest that a protein in abscess fluid supernatants that resembles the neutrophil protein calprotectin may, through its zinc binding effects, inhibit microbial growth within an abscess but also inhibit the activity of bactericidal antibiotics.
The effects of p-DL-fluorophenylalanine on chromosome movement and cytokinesis of human amnion cells in culture.

An analysis is presented of time lapse motion picture films showing the effects of DL-p-fluorophenylalanine (PFPA) on chromosome movement in cultured human amnion cells. The data indicate that PFPA has the unusual effect of slowing the rate at which chromosomes move in anaphases which occur after the beginning of treatment. Irrespective of treatment, cytokinesis begins when chromsome movement has progressed to a relatively fixed point. Thus, a slowdown in the rate of chromosome movement leads to a delay in initiation of cytokinesis. Cytokinesis, once it begins, is not affected by treatment with the analog.
Synergistic regulation of human cystathionine-β-synthase-1b promoter by transcription factors NF-YA isoforms and Sp1

Abstract Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) catalyzes the condensation of serine and homocysteine to form cystathionine, an intermediate step in the synthesis of cysteine. We previously described essential transactivating roles for specificity protein 1 (Sp1), Sp3, nuclear factor Y (NF-Y), and USF-1 in the regulation of the CBS-1b promoter. Differential binding of Sp1/Sp3 to the CBS-1b promoter due to differences in Sp1/Sp3 phosphorylation, and Sp1/Sp3 synergism with NF-Y might, in part, explain cell-specific patterns of CBS expression. In this report, the roles of various NF-YA isoforms in influencing cell-specific differences in CBS gene expression were determined in HT1080 and HepG2 cells. Seven unique NF-YA isoforms were detected in HT1080 by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) and DNA sequencing, characterized by deletions in the glutamine-rich and/or serine/threonine-rich domains. Only four of the seven NF-YA isoforms were found in HepG2 cells. The six alternatively spliced NF-YA isoforms all showed significantly less synergistic transactivation of the CBS-1b promoter with Sp1 than wild-type NF-YA, as determined by cotransfections in Drosophila SL2 cells with NF-YB and NF-YC. Further, all six alternatively spliced NF-YA isoforms inhibited the synergistic transactivation of the CBS-1b promoter by wild-type NF-Y and Sp1. Thus, the cellular distributions of these alternatively spliced NF-YA isoforms could impart an important cell-specific component to CBS transcriptional regulation, by virtue of their abilities to directly synergize with Sp1/Sp3 and interfere with transactivation of the CBS-1b promoter by wild-type NF-Y. Characterization of CBS promoter structure and function should clarify the molecular bases for variations in CBS gene expression in genetic diseases and the relationship between CBS and Down's syndrome (DS).
Expression of the sulfotransferase 1C family: implications for xenobiotic toxicity

AbstractThe SULT1C enzymes are a relatively under-studied branch of the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) multigene family. Concrete information about SULT1C tissue-specific expression, substrate preference, role in physiology and regulation is just emerging in the literature. The role of SULT1Cs in normal physiology is uncertain, but SULT1C-catalyzed sulfonation of thyroid hormones may be a mechanism to titrate the pre-receptor levels of biologically active thyroid hormone in target tissues. Both rat and human cytosolic SULT1Cs are most noted for their ability to bioactivate potent procarcinogens such as N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. This implicates a possible role for the SULT1Cs as modulators of environmental carcinogen exposure and determinants of neoplastic transformation. In humans, the SULT1Cs are likely to function physiologically in cell proliferation and organogenesis pathways during development, as SULT1Cs appear to be preferentially expressed during fetal life. In recent years, the SULT1C n...
A reflex electron beam discharge as a plasma source for electron beam generation

A reflex electron beam glow discharge has been used as a plasma source for the generation of broad-area electron beams. An electron current of 120 A (12 A/cm/sup 2/) was extracted from the plasma in 10 mu s pulses and accelerated to energies greater than 1 keV in the gap between two grids. The scaling of the scheme for the generation of multikiloamp high-energy electron beams is discussed. >
Frequency Dependence of EPR Signal Intensity, 248 MHz to 1.4 GHz

S-band (15, 16) and then at L-band (17) and is now demonstrated at 250 MHz. An X-band version is under development. The details of the VHF spectrometer will be described at a later date, after further development. The spectrometer gains and features of the resonators used in the comparison are reported here in support of the conclusion that the previously reported trends in frequency dependence of EPR intensity continue to 250 MHz. SIGNAL COMPUTATION By combining Eqs. [10] and [14] of Ref. (4) and multiplying by the gain of the spectrometer, G, the voltage at the detector (in volts) for a pulsed EPR signal can be expressed as
Fine structure of sperm cells in pollen grains ofBeta

The structure of sperm cells in mature trinucleate pollen grains ofBeta vulgaris L. was studied with the electron microscope. The ellipsoidal sperm cell nuclei and cytoplasm are products of mitosis and cytokinesis of the ellipsoidal generative cell. Each sperm cell is separated from the vegetative cytoplasm by two contiguous membranes which enclose its cytoplasm and nucleus. Microtubules present in the sperm cell cytoplasm may be responsible for sperm cell motility.
Ionic migration and weathering in frozen Antarctic soils

Soils of continental Antarctica are forming in one of the most severe terrestrial environments. Continuously low temperatures and the scarcity of water in the liquid state result in the development of desert-type soils. In an earlier experiment to determine the degree to which radioactive Na(Cl-36) would migrate from a shallow point source in permafrost, movement was observed. To confirm this result, a similar experiment involving (Na-22)Cl was conducted. Significantly less movement of the Na-22 ion was observed. Ionic movement in the unfrozen interfacial films at mineral surfaces in frozen ground is held to be important in chemical weathering in Antarctic soils.
Using Needs Assessment to Develop Curricula for Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) in Academic and Community Health Settings

This article describes the use of a brief needs assessment survey in the development of alcohol and drug screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) curricula in 2 health care ...
Communal Orientation and Burnout Among Self‐Help Group Leaders

To assess the relationship between burnout, communal orientation, and leaders' perceptions of balance in their relationships with group members 102 self-help group leaders were interviewed. Leaders had low to moderate levels of burnout as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. As hypothesized, leaders' communal orientation was negatively related to the burnout subscales of depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Contrary to the study hypothesis, burnout was not related to balance. It was speculated that the salience of need-based norms in the group's helping relationships reduced expectations of reciprocity. The findings illustrate the usefulness of applying equity theory to studies of helping relationships within the setting of self-help groups.
The Coherent X-Ray Imaging Instrument at LCLS

The LCLS will be the first hard X-ray free-electron laser in the world. I will describe the capabilities and the scientific program of the Coherent X-Ray Imaging instrument utilizing the unique source properties of LCLS.
The effects of pairing on superdeformed rotational bands near A=190☆

Abstract The second moments of inertia of superdeformed bands in several Hg and Tl isotopes are analyzed. The roles of pairing forces, 2 6 -pole deformation and nuclear radius parameters on these moments of inertia are treated.
Synergistic Roles for Receptor Occupancy and Aggregation in Integrin Transmembrane Function

Integrin receptors mediate cell adhesion, signal transduction, and cytoskeletal organization. How a single transmembrane receptor can fulfill multiple functions was clarified by comparing roles of receptor occupancy and aggregation. Integrin occupancy by monovalent ligand induced receptor redistribution, but minimal tyrosine phosphorylation signaling or cytoskeletal protein redistribution. Aggregation of integrins by noninhibitory monoclonal antibodies on beads induced intracellular accumulations of pp125FAK and tensin, as well as phosphorylation, but no accumulation of other cytoskeletal proteins such as talin. Combining antibody-mediated clustering with monovalent ligand occupancy induced accumulation of seven cytoskeletal proteins, including alpha-actinin, talin, and F-actin, thereby mimicking multivalent interactions with fibronectin or polyvalent peptides. Integrins therefore mediate a complex repertoire of functions through the distinct effects of receptor aggregation, receptor occupancy, or both together.
The characteristic dentition of incontinentia pigmenti

Summary Incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome) has a characteristic dentition that may aid in its diagnosis. The changes are: marked hypodontia, delayed eruption, and conical crown form of both deciduous and permanent dentitions. Changes similar to those observed in the anhidrotic form of ectodermal dysplasia strongly suggest that incontinentia pigmenti is related.
Identification of an HP1 phage protein required for site-specific excision.

Summary Transposon insertion mutagenesis and transformation were used to locate genes responsible for excision in the temperate phage HP1 of Haemophilus influenzae. A 6.5 kb segment of DNA near the left end of the phage genome was sequenced, and 11 new open reading frames were identified. Two face-to-face overlapping promoter sequences organized these open reading frames into two operons transcribed in opposite directions. Interruption of the first open reading frame in the rightward operon created lysogens unable to produce phages. Provision of the uninterrupted open reading frame In trans restored phage production. The gene identified by this procedure, cox, was cloned and the protein product was expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli. The Cox protein is a 79-residue basic protein with a predicted strong helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif. Extracts induced to express high levels of Cox contained a 9 kDa protein. These extracts inhibited integrative recombination and were required for excisive recombination mediated by HP1 integrase. The HP1 cox gene location is similar to that of the homologous excisive and regulatory genes from coli-phages P2 and 186. These phages appear to share a distinctive organization of recombination proteins and transcriptional domains differing markedly from phage lambda and its relatives.
Public (Relations) Disturbances and Civil Disobedience: Why I Use "The Yes Men Fix the World" to Teach Public Relations Ethics

Abstract This “best practices” essay suggests that instructors consider using the movie “The Yes Men Fix the World” as a tool for teaching and discussion of public relations ethics. Although this movie appears at first to skewer the public relations industry and its uses in the corporate sector, in fact the movie provides a number of opportunities for discussion of important topics such as corporate social responsibility and professional ethics. Using this movie as a teaching tool for public relations ethics supports the suggestions of Karlberg (1996) , Dozier and Lauzen (2000) , and L’Etang (2005) that scholars and educators should consider the application of critical theory to the study and teaching of public relations.
Quadrupolar Kondo effect in uranium heavy-electron materials?

The possibility of an electric quadrupole Kondo effect for a non-Kramers doublet on a uranium (U) ion is a cubic metallic host is demonstrated by model calculations showing a Kondo upturn in the resistivity, universal quenching of the quadrupolar moment, and a heavy-electron anomaly in the electronic specific heat. With inclusion of excited crystal-field levels, some of the unusual magnetic-response data in the heavy-electron superconductor UBe13 may be understood. Structural phase transitions at unprecedented low temperatures may occur in U-based heavy-electron materials.
ALTERED INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE EXPRESSION AND NITRIC OXIDE PRODUCTION IN THE BLADDER OF CATS WITH FELINE INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS

ABSTRACTPurpose: Alterations in nitric oxide (NO) levels have been demonstrated in some humans with interstitial cystitis (IC) as well as in chemically induced animal models of cystitis. Thus, in t...
Charged dopants in semiconductor nanowires under partially periodic boundary conditions

We develop a one-dimensional, periodic real-space formalism for examining the electronic structure of charged nanowires from first principles. The formalism removes spurious electrostatic interactions between charged unit cells by appropriately specifying a boundary condition for the Kohn-Sham equation. The resultant total energy of the charged system remains finite, and a Madelung-type correction is unnecessary. We demonstrate our scheme by examining the ionization energy of P-doped Si$\ensuremath{\langle}$110$\ensuremath{\rangle}$ nanowires. We find that there is an effective repulsion between charged P dopants along the nanowire owing to the repulsive interaction of the induced surface charge between adjacent periodic cells. This repulsive interaction decays exponentially with unit cell size instead of a power law behavior assumed in typical charged calculations.
The Role of Phonological Awareness, Rapid Automatized Naming, and Orthographic Processing in Word Reading:

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of three subskills associated with word decoding. The skills utilized for this study were phonological, rapid automatized naming (RAN), and...
Fatigue behavior of irradiated helium-containing ferritic steels for fusion reactor applications

Abstract The martensitic alloys 12Cr-1MoVW and 9Cr-1MoVNb have been irradiated in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) and subsequently tested in fatigue. In order to achieve helium levels characteristic of fusion reactors, the 12Cr-1MoVW was doped with 1 and 2% Ni, resulting in helium levels of 210 and 410 appm at damage levels of 25 dpa. The 9Cr-1MoVNb was irradiated to a damage level of 3 dpa and contained less than 5 appm He. Irradiations were carried out at 55°C and testing at 22°C. No significant changes were found in 9Cr-1MoVNb upon irradiation at this damage level, but effects that could possibly be attributed to helium were found in 12Cr-1MoVW. Levels of 210 and 410 appm He produced cyclic strengthening of 29 and 34% over unirradiated nickel-doped materials, respectively. This cyclic hardening, attributable largely to helium, resulted in degradation of the cyclic life. However, the fatigue life remained comparable to or better than unirradiated 20%-cold-worked 316 stainless steel.
Comparing the Performance of Health Status Measures for Healthy Older Adults

OBJECTIVES: The specific goals of the study were to compare three health status measures among older adults for their correlations with similar scales and to examine whether extreme (positive) health states might lead to measurement problems. We also report on practical administration and response problems among older adults. DESIGN: Eligible and randomly selected health plan enrollees aged 65 and older were sent a baseline survey about their health. A random sample of persons who returned this survey was recruited to participate in the comparative study. Additional questionnaires were completed by mail and telephone interviews. Measures were repeated at a 1-year follow-up mailing. SETTING: This study was conducted at Group Health Cooperative (GHC) of Puget Sound, a large prepaid health maintenance organization. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects were 200 of the 283 older adults selected (68.2% response). Mean age was 72.5 years. MEASUREMENTS: The primary measures were the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), the Quality of Well-being Scale (QWB), and three scales of the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 (SF-36). Also included were a stress scale, the Positive Affect Scale, and the Chronic Disease Score (CDS) computed from the automated pharmacy data. RESULTS: SIP scores showed a very strong skew toward low (good health) scores with a mean of 3.4% (±SD 4.4). The QWB scores ranged from .50 to .90 (mean .73 ± .09). For the MOS SF-36 scales, scores of 100 (good health) were common for both of the physical health scales but not for general health. Analyses showed the SIP, QWB, and MOS SF-36 scales were moderately to strongly correlated with similar measurement scales and with the independent measure of chronic disease and psychosocial health. Scales repeated at 1 year were highly correlated: intraclass correlation coefficients between baseline and 1 year ranged from an r = .51 to .73. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the SIP is not a useful tool for rating healthy, community-dwelling older adults. Two MOS SF-36 measures used in this study showed some tendency for “ceiling” measurement effects. The QWB demonstrated an acceptable distribution of scale scores; however, it is the most complex of the three measures to administer. Among the broad range of older adults, no one tool appears to apply to every situation.
THE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE OF TETRAGONAL TO ORTHORHOMBIC PHASE OF YBa2Cu3Ox

The tetragonal to orthorhombic phase transition of YBa2Cu3Ox compound was studied at different sintering temperatures and in various oxygen partial pressures by means of the resistivity measurement. The transition temperatures are 680°C, 640°C and 635°C for the oxygen partial pressure of 1 atm, 0.75 atm and 0.21 atm.
Aluminization and mirror removal of the Magellan 6.5-meter telescope

The Magellan Project 6.5-meter telescope is a collaboration of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and the University of Arizona. The telescope will be located on Cerro Manqui, at the Las Campanas Observatory, Chile. At the beginning of the Magellan Project several schemes were investigated for realuminizing the primary mirror. We have chosen to leave the primary mirror in its cell with the mirror support system intact. Two major advantages of leaving the mirror in its cell are that it does not have to be lifted or handled and the support system does not have to be removed or reinstalled for aluminization.
Spatiotemporal Associations between GOES Aerosol Optical Depth Retrievals and Ground-Level PM2.5

We analyze the strength of association between aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals from the GOES aerosol/smoke product (GASP) and ground-level fine particulate matter (PM2.5) to assess AOD as a proxy for PM2.5 in the United States. GASP AOD is retrieved from a geostationary platform, giving half-hourly observations every day, in contrast to once per day snapshots from polar-orbiting satellites. However, GASP AOD is based on a less-sophisticated instrument and retrieval algorithm. We find that daily correlations between GASP AOD and PM2.5 over time at fixed locations are reasonably high, except in the winter and in the western U.S. Correlations over space at fixed times are lower. Simple averaging to the month and year actually reduces correlations over space, but statistical calibration allows averaging over time that produces moderately strong correlations. These results and the data density of GASP AOD highlight its potential to help improve exposure estimates for epidemiological analyses. On average...
CONCENTRATION‐DEPENDENT LIFETIMES OF Cu(NN)+2 SYSTEMS: EXCIPLEX QUENCHING FROM THE ION PAIR STATE

— The concentration dependence of the lifetimes of the charge transfer excited states of Cu(dmp)+2 and Cu(dpp) +2 has been investigated in CH2C12 solution at 20°C. (dmp denotes 2,9-dimethyf-1,10-phenanthroline, and dpp denotes 2,9-diphenyl-l,10-phenanthroline.) In dilute solution (< 30 μM) the lifetime of Cu(dmp)+2, is 95 ± 5 ns, independent of the anion. At higher concentrations the lifetime decreases, in most cases, to a limiting value that depends upon the counterion. The measured limiting lifetimes range from 38 ± 3 ns for CIO-4 to 78 ± 5 ns for PF-6. The anion-induced quenching is attributed to exciplex quenching which is mediated by an ion pair which exists in the ground state. The results imply that the quenching ability of the anions follows the order BPh-4 < PF -6, < BF-4 < CIO -4 < NO-3 which is consistent with previous estimates of donor strength. The lifetime of Cu(dpp)+2 is also concentration dependent, but the effect is much smaller because the phenyl substituents impede attack by the anion.
Thermodynamic Parameters for the Adsorption of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Vapors at the Gas−Water Interface

Experimental data on the adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at the gas−water interface is lacking. The inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique with Chromosorb P NAW as the packing support was used to obtain the thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of three aromatic compounds (benzene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene) at the gas−water interface. The partition constants at different temperatures were measured and used to compute the free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of adsorption using the Gibbs−Helmholtz equation. The enthalpy of adsorption at the gas−water interface for all three compounds was larger than the enthalpy of condensation and the enthalpy of aqueous solvation. This supports the prevailing “critical cluster” model for the dynamics of the transfer of compounds to the gas−water interface. The thermodynamics of adsorption at the gas−solid interface was more favorable than that at the gas−water interface. The partition constant at the gas−water interface was correlated w...
The readily extracted lipids of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis.

1. 1. Cell walls and cell sap (lyophilized preparation of whole cell minus cell wall) of both yeast and mycelial phases of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis were extracted with chloroform-methanol and the lipids thus derived were compared. 2. 2. There was little difference between the total readily extracted lipid of the cell sap preparations of yeast and mycelial phases of H. capsulatum. Cell saps of B. dermatitidis generally contained less lipid than H. capsulatum; the mycelial phase contained about half that of the corresponding yeast phase preparations. Most cell walls had less than 3% lipid, with less m mycelial phase than corresponding yeast phase walls. 3. 3. Cell wall and cell sap extracts regardless of source contained phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, triglycerides, diglycerides, sterols, sterol esters and free fatty acids. Triglycerides were the greatest single component in the extracts; phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were the most concentrated phospholipids. Quantitative densitometry of these three classes of compounds revealed little difference between cell wall and cell sap preparations, or yeast and mycelial phase preparations, that could not be explained on the basis of incubation time or different rates of metabolism in different media. 4. 4. The major differences between cell walls and homologous cell sap, and yeast phase and mycelial phase, involved primarily the quantities of oleic and linoleic acids in the extracts. These two fatty acids together, however, accounted for 75–80% of the total fatty acids of all extracts; the relative proportions of the two distinguished the preparations. In general, oleic acid predominated in yeast phase extracts; linoleic acid was either equal or greater in concentration in the mycelial phase extracts. Cell walls usually contained more oleic acid and less linoleic acid than homologous cell saps. This was particularly obvious when the fatty acids of the lipid classes were examined. Even though differences were demonstrated between cell wall and cell sap preparations, and yeast and mycelial phase preparations, little difference could be demonstrated between analogous lipid extracts of H. capsulatum and B. dennatitidis.
The Noble plication: new indication for a historical procedure

Complications following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) have been well-described in the literature. While rare, small bowel volvulus following IPAA has been described. We describe the successful use of the modified Noble plication in such a patient with small bowel volvulus about an elongated mesentery. This largely ‘historical’ technique is well-suited to manage small bowel volvulus, especially when non-resectional management is preferred.
Using Conditional Probability to Predict Solar-Powered Pump-and-Treat Performance

AbstractThe purpose of remediation projects is to protect human health and the environment by removing harmful substances from the environment. The carbon footprint of an environmental remediation site can be reduced by powering the project with green or sustainable energy. This paper describes a sustainable remediation project that involves the use of a single-axis passive tracking photovoltaic array to power a pump-and-treat system at a Missouri Drycleaning Environmental Response Trust Fund site. The tetrachloroethene-contaminated groundwater is pumped by way of a positive displacement piston pump and treated using granular activated carbon. Previous works studying the performance of solar-powered pumping systems were performed using known or constant water heads that are typically unknown at active remediation sites. A stochastic analysis was performed using the two inherently random variables solar radiation and pumping flow rates. Two models were developed for the estimation of the amount of water th...
Stress, Positive Emotion, and Coping

There is growing interest in positive aspects of the stress process, including positive outcomes of stress and antecedents that dispose individuals to appraise stressful situations more as a challenge than as a threat. Less attention has been given to the adaptational significance of positive emotions during stress or to the coping processes that sustain positive emotions. We review evidence for the occurrence of positive emotions under conditions of stress, discuss the functional role that positive emotions play under such conditions, and present three types of coping that are associated with positive emotion during chronic stress. These findings point to new research questions about the role of positive emotions during stress and the nature of the coping processes that generate these positive emotions.
Band-limited 2-D interpolation using NUFFT

There exists a class of algorithms for fast approximate evaluation of trigonometric sums arising from extension of discrete Fourier transforms (DFT and IDFT) to irregular sample locations. These are referred to in the literature as “Non-uniform Fast Fourier Transforms” or “NUFFT”. These allow Fourier (trigonometric) interpolation to be done, for a given set of complex DFT coefficients, to a high degree of uniform approximation, in order O(N2) flops. This facilitates the theoretically pleasing prospect of using a Discrete Fourier Series to interpolate image data from a regularly sampled grid to intermediate irregular sample locations. Brute-force evaluation at N2 spatial locations, of a discrete 2-D Fourier series consisting of N2 modes scales as O(N4) and is prohibitive for image arrays on the order N ≈ 103 and above.. There are three variants of the trigonometric sums to be evaluated by such algorithms. The “Type-2” variant is that in which we sum a set of regular locations in the discrete Fourier domain, to evaluate the inverse transform at an irregular set of locations in the image domain. In other words, it is a method that allows us to use Fourier interpolation, with a relatively large number of DFT modes and a relatively large number of interpolation sites.
Illusionary Economic Growth: Impending Catastrophe?

Economic growth in the United States has increasingly become an illusion. We know from basic economics that real, long-term, economic growth is derived out of purchase of new and improved capital and a better educated work-force. As a nation, we are admirably doing just that as approximately 18 percent of the total value of our production as measured by Gross Domestic Product is being invested in these factors of production and has been growing since the 2001 recession. However, as directly indicated by a rapidly growing trade deficit or negative National Income and Products Account balance, we are subsidizing that growth by borrowing needed funds from foreign countries. If our economy, for example, continues to grow at a rate of 3.5 to 4 percent a year (which equates to about $400 billion over previous year), but we have to borrow over $664 billion from foreign countries to make this growth happen, then can we really call this economic growth? This article asserts that all economic growth sustained by using up other nations' surpluses or savings at the expense of future generations is simply illusionary. Were it not for a favorable capacity to borrow 80 percent of the rest of the world's savings (Arends, 2004), it would have been highly unlikely that we could have ever overcome the 2001 recession and be where we are today in terms of measured economic growth. Can this borrowing practice be sustained? In other words, can we continue to borrow our way into prosperity and avoid the unpleasant reconciliation of our increasing debts with the rest of the world? According to the latest CNN survey of leading American Economists (January, 2005), we can expect moderate economic growth for the year 2005 (growth of about 3.3 percent). This may be true if their predictions are based simply on recent trends. However, surprises almost always happen and are very hard to predict. Perhaps it is not a question of what will happen, but a question of when a period of adjustment must occur. What specific factors, then, could cause a major economic downturn to happen? This article discusses this issue of illusionary growth and pinpoints some of the key factors or potential exogenous shocks which could catch us off guard and send our economy into a catastrophic situation.
MIBG inhibits respiration: potential for radio- and hyperthermic sensitization

Abstract Introduction: Meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) in its 131 I-labeled form is clinically used as a tumor-targeted radiopharmaceutical in the diagnosis and treatment of adrenergic tumors. This well established drug may have additional clinical applications as a radiosensitizer or hyperthermic agent, i.e. , MIBG reportedly inhibits mitochondrial respiration in vitro . The mechanism for MIBG inhibition of cellular oxygen consumption is uncertain. Moreover, MIBG reportedly stimulates glycolysis both in vitro and in vivo . Our studies show the effect of MIBG on 9L glioma oxygen consumption and redox status with tumors cells in vitro and in vivo . Materials and Methods: The effects on electron transfer were determined by following oxygen consumption with a Clark oxygen electrode. Fluorescence measurements were used to determine effects of MIBG on intracellular electron acceptors, NADPH and flavoproteins, in vitro and in vivo . 31 P-NMR was used to determine alterations in tumor cell pH in vivo . Results: Our results show the inhibition of oxygen utilization with MIBG for cell suspensions in vitro . The same results were demonstrated for tumor cell suspensions rapidly isolated from tumors grown in rats. Moreover, NAD(P)H and flavoprotein (Fp) fluorescence changes were observed to rapidly occur following MIBG addition in vitro . Changes in intracellular pH measured with 31 P-NMR, in vivo , precede the changes in fluorescence of NAD(P)H and Fp obtained with frozen sections of tumor. Conclusions: We conclude that 31 P-NMR measurements and fluorescence changes, following MIBG injection, can be used as criterion for selecting the proper time to treat tumors with ionizing radiation or hyperthermia.
Yoga Improves Upper-Extremity Function and Scapular Posturing in Persons with Hyperkyphosis.

Objective: Hyperkyphosis (excess thoracic spine curvature) is associated with upper-extremity functional limitations and altered scapular posturing. The purpose of this study was to quantify the changes in upper-extremity function and scapular posturing following a 6-month yogaintervention in persons with hyperkyphosis. Methods: Twenty-one older adults with hyperkyphosis (75.5+7.4 yrs) enrolled in the UCLA Yoga for Kyphosis randomized controlled trial, elected to participate in this uncontrolled, prepost substudy of upper-extremity function. They were measured at baseline and after a 24-week yoga intervention. Maximum vertical reach and timed book tests were used to evaluate upper-extremity function. Scapular posturing was quantified using a motion analysis system and data was obtained under 4 conditions: 1) quiet-standing, 2) normal walking, 3) fast walking, and 4) seated. Paired t-tests were used to test for changes between baseline and 6-month follow-up measures and Cohen’s d was calculated to examine effect sizes. Results: Following the 6-month yoga intervention, participants improved their book test performance by 26.4% (p < 0.001; d = 1.5). Scapular protraction decreased by 2.9% during the static-sitting condition (p < 0.001; d = 0.5) and the overall excursion of the scapulae decreased for both fast (25.0%, p < 0.05; d = 0.6) and self-selected walking (29.4%, p < 0.01; d = 0.9). There were no changes in maximum vertical reach. Conclusion: Subjects demonstrated significant improvements with small to large effect sizes in the timed book test and scapular posturing to a less protracted position during both static and dynamic conditions after the intervention. These adaptations are likely to reduce the risk of scapular impingement and help preserve functional independence in older adults.
Funding Status, Asset Management, and a Look Ahead: State and Local Pension Plans

State and local employee pension plans, which are primarily defined benefit plans, have come under increased scrutiny of late. Plan funding conditions have worsened during the early years of the 21st century, especially during the aftermath of the post-2007 recession. But the patterns of financial changes vary considerably across the U.S. states and under alternative ways of measuring plan funded status. Much of the worsening in plan funding conditions between 2001and 2009 occurred in states with initially well-funded pension plans. Much of the blame for this must be placed on the illogical accounting standards set by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB), which allow plan managers to discount accrued pension liabilities at rates of return expected on plan asset portfolios. But accrued pension liabilities are guaranteed under the constitutions of many states, or are at least protected by the courts, suggesting that the appropriate discount rates would be those of municipal or U.S. Treasury yield curves. Instead of the very low risk nature of pension liabilities inducing fund investments in low-risk assets, GASB accounting standards may be inducing plan managers to assume unwarranted risks by heavily weighting plan investments toward equities and real estate securities and promoting liability mismeasurement. The accounting methodology permitted by the GASB may also promote improper pension plan asset management — the failure to periodically rebalance pension plan asset portfolios. States that have smaller governments, Republican control of their legislatures, initially better funding conditions, and those less dependent on federal support for budget expenditures generally contribute more into pension plans than other states. Calculating pension funding conditions by including contributions and pension benefits that will accrue through 2045 alters the funding status of pension plans in states with robust projected growth in worker populations and those with a conservative historical record of awarding pension benefit increases. Other states will continue to struggle in improving their pension funding conditions.
The effects of chronic inorganic and organic phosphate exposure on bactericidal activity of the coelomic fluid of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea).

Abstract The sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus can survive chronic exposure to sodium phosphate (inorganic phosphate) concentrations as high as 3.2 mg L− 1, and triethyl phosphate (organic phosphate) concentrations of 1000 mg L− 1. However, chronic exposure to low (0.8 mg L− 1 inorganic and 10 mg L− 1 organic phosphate), medium (1.6 mg L− 1 inorganic and 100 mg L− 1 organic phosphate) or high (3.2 mg L− 1 inorganic and 1000 mg L− 1 organic phosphate) sublethal concentrations of these phosphates inhibit bactericidal clearance of the marine bacterium Vibrio sp. Bacteria were exposed to coelomic fluid collected from individuals maintained in either artificial seawater, or three concentrations of either inorganic phosphate or organic phosphate. Sterile marine broth, natural seawater and cell free coelomic fluid (cfCF) were employed as controls. Bacterial survival indices were measured at 0, 24 and 48 h periods once a week for four weeks. Bacteria were readily eliminated from the whole coelomic fluid (wCF) of individuals maintained in artificial seawater. Individuals maintained in inorganic phosphates were able to clear bacteria following a two week exposure period, while individuals maintained at even low concentrations of organic phosphates failed to clear all bacteria from their coelomic fluid. Exposure to phosphates represses antimicrobial defenses and may ultimately compromise survival of L. variegatus in the nearshore environment.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Neonatal Sepsis: Antimicrobial Agents and Immunotherapy

Antimicrobial agents and immunotherapies in the management of neonatal sepsis are discussed. The rationale for the selection of the most commonly used antibacterial drugs, their mechanisms of actions, and indications for use are described. Immunotherapies, both those in clinical use and those under investigation, are discussed. Antibacterial drugs remain the standard of care, but immunotherapy offers the potential for improving outcomes for neonates, especially those who are premature.
Wheat germ agglutinin-resistant variant of EL4 containing altered oligosaccharides as a target cell for cytotoxic T cells

A lectin-resistant variant of the murine EL4 lymphocytic leukemia cell line was selected in the presence of wheat germ agglutinin for low levels of cell-surface sialic acid. H-2Kb was the major internally radiolabeled H-2b molecule on the cell-surface of WD1, and it was not sialylated, as determined by two-dimensional gel analysis. Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H treatment of the WD1 membrane fractions suggested that the oligosaccharides on the cell-surface H-2Kb molecule were complex, but nonsialylated. Monoclonal antibody inhibition of the allogeneically primed cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) reaction indicated that the T cells (BALB/c anti-EL4; H-2d anti-H-2b) were specific only for the H-2Kb target cell antigen. These WD1 variant cells were used as targets in the CMC assay using anti-H-2Kb T cells and compared with the parent EL4 in vitro line. The change in the cell-surface oligosaccharide did not affect the susceptibility to lysis by the cytotoxic T lymphocytes even though there were 2.5-fold more H-2Kb antigens on the WD1 variant cell (1.5 X 10(5) sites/cell) than on the parent EL4 in vitro cell (5.9 X 10(4) sites/cell). It was possible to isolate highly purified preparations of H-2Kb from either the EL4 or the WD1 line using a monoclonal antibody affinity column. Interestingly, the variant WD1 cell would no longer grow in the peritoneal cavity of the syngeneic C57BL/6 mouse.
Conflicts and Coalitions Within and Across the ENGO Community

This article examines the diversity of opinions that exists within the ENGO community regarding their diagnoses of environmental problems and their preferred solutions to them. It provides a conceptual framework that consists of two components: values and governance approaches. Different values include ecological sustainability, distributive equity and economic efficiency. Governance approaches target states, international regimes, communities and markets as alternative loci for institutional solutions to environmental problems. The framework is used to illuminate salient patterns of conflict and coalitional behavior and to project future trends in global environmental politics.
Studies in nuclear astrophysics using radioactive beams at the HRIBF

The availability of radioactive beams has produced great opportunities for advances in our understanding of the nucleosynthesis occurring in stellar explosions such as novae, X-ray bursts, and supernovae. At the HRIBF, we have used proton-rich beams such as 17;18F and neutron-rich beams such as 82Ge to study astrophysicallyimportant reaction rates. Large-area detector arrays and kinematically-complete measurements have been used to overcome the challenges of low beam currents and beam impurities. The experimental methods and results are discussed.
Phytotoxins from Plant Pathogens as Potential Herbicides

AbstractPlant pathogens remain a largely untapped reservoir of natural compounds with potential as herbicides or as herbicide leads. Many preliminary studies have identified a variety of non-host-specific phytotoxins isolated from pathogenic bacteria and fungi that deserve further investigation. Host-specific phytotoxins are less numerous and have sometimes been shown to have broader spectra when tested on a variety of plants, including weeds. This may allow the application of these toxins or their analogs in weed management. The study of phytotoxins produced by weed pathogens is relatively new. This may be where the greatest chance of developing commercial herbicides lies. Because they are derived from weed-infesting pathogens, such phytotoxins may have more chance of being toxic to weeds and less likelihood of damaging crops. However, much work still needs to be done, including isolation, purification, and host specificity testing, as well as production and safety studies. Since the traditional methods ...
Retinal neuromodulation: The role of dopamine

Dopamine exerts multiple effects on retinal horizontal cells. Dopamine, via cyclic AMP and protein kinase A, reduces the light responsiveness of horizontal cells and the electrical coupling between the cells. The gating kinetics of both gap-junctional and glutamate channels are altered as a result of phosphorylation by protein kinase A. Dopamine also causes a reversible retraction of neurites of horizontal cells maintained in culture. Diacylglycerol analogues as well as phorbol esters mimic this effect of dopamine, but not cyclic AMP analogues or Forskolin. The results suggest that dopamine causes neurite retraction by the activation of protein kinase C via diacylglycerol.