cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient liquid crystal light valves

The optical efficiency of a liquid-crystal light-valve projector is determined by the optical design, the method of modulation and the efficiency of the light source. A projector has been built with efficient optics. This projector has been tested with polarized and unpolarized light using rotation of polarization as a modulation technique and also with unpolarized light by using a diffraction grating formed in the liquid crystal. The diffraction technique uses a Schlieren optical system. The light sources tested have been xenon arcs, metal halide arcs and efficient solid-state lasers. The optical system reduces laser speckle significantly when laser sources are used. All combinations exceeded 3 lumens per watt when compared on a white light basis. Experimental results of the combinations will be given. Heating of the panel by absorption of visible light limits the minimum panel size that can be used for a given light output. Typical values will be presented for the choice of panel size for a given light output.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optimization of FinFET-based circuits using a dual gate pitch technique

Source/drain stressors in FinFET-based circuits lose their effectiveness at smaller contacted gate pitches. To improve circuit performance, a dual gate pitch technique is proposed in this work, where standard cells with double the gate pitch are selectively used on the gates of the circuit critical paths, at minimal area and power costs. A stress-aware library characterization is performed for FinFET-based standard cells by obtaining stress distributions using finite element simulations on a subset of structures. The stresses are then employed to create look-up tables for mobility multipliers and threshold voltage shifts, for subsequent performance characterization of FinFET-based standard cells. Finally, a circuit delay optimizer is applied using the dual gate pitch approach and is compared with an alternative gate sizing approach. Using a combination of gate sizing and the dual gate pitch approach, it is shown that the average power delay product improves by 12.9% and 15.9% in 14nm and 10nm technologies, respectively.
Identification of Novel Anionic Phospholipid Binding Domains in Neutral Sphingomyelinase 2 with Selective Binding Preference

Sphingolipids such as ceramide are recognized as vital regulators of many biological processes. Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) is one of the key enzymes regulating ceramide production. It was previously shown that the enzymatic activity of nSMase2 was dependent on anionic phospholipids (APLs). In this study, the structural requirements for APL-selective binding of nSMase2 were determined and characterized. Using lipid-protein overlay assays, nSMase2 interacted specifically and directly with several APLs, including phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid. Lipid-protein binding studies of deletion mutants identified two discrete APL binding domains in the N terminus of nSMase2. Further, mutagenesis experiments pinpointed the core sequences and major cationic amino acids in the domains that are necessary for the cooperative activation of nSMase2 by APLs. The first domain included the first amino-terminal hydrophobic segment and Arg-33, which were essential for nSMase2 to interact with APLs. The second binding domain was comprised of the second hydrophobic segment and Arg-92 and Arg-93. Moreover, mutation of one or both domains decreased APL binding and APL-dependent catalytic activity of nSMase2. Further, mutation of both domains in nSMase2 reduced its plasma membrane localization. Finally, these binding domains are also important for the capability of nSMase2 to rescue the defects of yeast lacking the nSMase homologue, ISC1. In conclusion, these data have identified the APL binding domains of nSMase2 for the first time. The analysis of interactions between nSMase2 and APLs will contribute to our understanding of signaling pathways mediated by sphingolipid metabolites.
Perched Water Bodies in Arid Environments and Their Role as Hydrologic Constraints for Recharge Rate Estimation: Part 2. The Case of Yucca Mountain

The formation and temporal evolution of perched water bodies in the Yucca Mountain (YM) site is the focus of this article. Following the approach proposed by Bagtzoglou (2003), recharge rates that would be required to form and sustain perched water bodies with characteristics similar to the known occurrences at YM are estimated through a series of detailed flow simulations. The results were tested for plausibility by comparing with hydrological and geochemical data. The proposed approach is applied with reasonable discriminatory success to a specific geologic cross-section at the YM site, and recharge rates of 0.13, 0.51, and 6.2 mm/yr are calculated for a set of three hydraulic property realizations. However, only the highest recharge rate (6.2 mm/yr) satisfies both hydrological and geochemical constraints. This is in excellent agreement with current estimates by the US Department of Energy.
TUG-OF-WAR HAS NO BORDERS: IT IS THE MISSING MODEL IN REPRODUCTIVE SKEW THEORY

Cooperative breeding often results in unequal reproduction between dominant and subordinate group members. Transactional skew models attempt to predict how unequal reproduction can be before the groups themselves become unstable. A number of variants of transactional models have been developed, with a key difference being whether reproduction is controlled by one party or contested by all. It is shown here that ESS solutions for all situations of contested control over reproduction are given by the original tug-of-war model (TOW). Several interesting results follow. First, TOW can escalate enough to destabilize some types of groups. Particularly vulnerable are those that have low relatedness and gain little from cooperative breeding relative to solitary reproduction. Second, TOW can drastically reduce group productivity and especially the inclusive fitness of dominant individuals. Third, these results contrast strongly with those from variants of TOW models that include concessions to maintain group stability. Such models are shown to be special cases of the general and simpler TOW framework, and to have assumptions that may be biologically suspect. Finally, the overall analysis suggests that there is no mechanism within existing TOW framework that will prevent a costly struggle for reproductive control. Because social species rarely exhibit the high levels of aggression predicted by TOW models, alternative evolutionary mechanisms are considered that can limit conflict and produce more mutually beneficial outcomes. The further development of alternative models to predict patterns of reproductive skew are highly recommended.
On the steady-state transverse vibrations of a cracked spherical shell

Using an integral formulation, the problem of a spherical shell containing a through crack of length 2c and subjected to periodic transverse vibrations of frequency ω is solved for the in-plane and Kirchhoff bending stresses. The usual inverse square root singular behavior characteristic to crack problems is recovered. Furthermore, it is found that the transverse vibrations reduce the stresses in the vicinity of the crack tip, except when the forcing frequency ω reaches the natural frequency of the uncracked shell in which case they become infinite.
Linearization of multibody frictional contact problems

Abstract A Simplex type algorithm is used to impose frictional contact conditions on finite element models of bodies that move close to trajectories that can be determined from kinematic constraints on the bodies. The method is demonstrated by computing the load dependent static transmission error and load sharing of a pair of gears in mesh.
Real Exchange Rate Overshooting and Capital Controls in a Crisis

This paper investigates the impact of a financial crisis on the attitude towards financial reforms, in an economy partially integrated with the global capital market. I identify conditions under which a crisis induces greater financial openness, mitigating the real exchange rate overshooting. The welfare gains from alleviating the shortage of funds in the sort run should be balanced with the cost of selling domestic equities at a discount. Even if the net gain from opening up the capital market is significant, it will exceed the gain from temporary capital controls only if the FDI is associated with significant favourable productivity effects. JEL Classification Numbers: F21, F23, F32, F34, F36.
Protein transport: The nonclassical ins and outs

Recent evidence that a herpes virus protein lacking a classical secretory signal sequence can spread between cells in culture draws attention to a class of proteins that are transported into and out of cells by unconventional means.
Logs as Therapeutic Adjuncts in Group.

Abstract Members writing in a log about their feelings and observations of group sessions can be a powerful adjunctive tool. Uses of the log with suggestions for leaders are explored.
Estimation of the inverse function for random variate generation

A regression method for estimating the inverse of a continuous cumulative probability function F(x) is presented. It is assumed that an ordered sample, X1, …, Xn, of identically and independently distributed random variables is available. A reference distribution F0(x) with known inverse F0-1(p) is used to calculate the quantities Wi = i ln[F0(Xi)/F0(Xi+1)]. These quantities are used to estimate the function g(p) = pd ln≥F0[F-1(p)]l/dp from which an estimate of F-1(p) is derived. The method produces an estimate in a form that is convenient for random variate generation. The procedure is illustrated using data from a study of oil and gas lease bidding.
Effects on milk of transportation through a pilot-plant pipeline.

Abstract The purpose of the investigation was to examine the feasibility of transporting milk for long distances through pipelines and to study the factors which could influence the quality of milk in this form of transportation. A pilot-plant pipeline system was designed and constructed to simulate the actual conditions of pipeline flow. Effects of pumping on milk quality were studied. The experiments revealed that the feasibility of milk transportation through pipelines was dependent upon the initial quality of milk used, milk temperature during pumping, and bacterial contamination encountered during transportation. It was determined that high-temperature short-time pasteurized, homogenized, vacuum-treated milk could be pumped at temperatures below 10C under sanitary conditions for a longer period of time (over five days) than other milks studied under the same conditions. Raw milk could not be pumped for long periods without development of rancidity.
Formation of cartilage in bioprosthetic cardiac valves implanted in sheep: A morphologic study

Abstract Foci of cartilage were found in 12 of 120 bioprostheses implanted in young sheep for 13 to 24 weeks, but in none of 47 bioprostheses implanted for
Computation of optimal control for time-delay systems

A numerical technique is presented for the computation of control for linear time-delay systems subject to a quadratic performance measure.
Modeling of induced currents from electrodynamic tethers in a laboratory plasma

The presently accepted picture of the current path for electrodynamic tethers envisions a quasi-dc current flow in a 'phantom loop' consisting of the tether, two field-aligned current channels into the ionosphere and a cross-field closing current in the E-layer. Predictions are made on the establishment and maintenance of a current loop in space based on observations of time-dependent currents between tethered electrodes in a large laboratory magnetoplasma. In addition to radiation from the contactors ('whistler wings'), the insulated tether is observed to emit waves (a 'whistler wedge'). The 'wedge' provides closure during loop formation by carrying cross-field polarization currents. Whistler spread within the ray cone leads to overlapping of the current wings not far from the tether hence minimizing the role of the ionospheric closure. Maintenance of the loop requires the continuous emission of whistler waves by the entire tether thereby providing severe radiation losses.
The institutional legacy of the Ottoman Empire: Islamic rule and financial development in South Eastern Europe

Abstract This paper uses a historical experiment – the occupation of South Eastern Europe by the Ottoman Empire – to shed light on the persistence of financial development. Interest-lending prohibition persisted under Islamic rule much longer than in the rest of Europe. The unique history and political fragmentation of the region allows investigating within-country effects, in six countries that were formerly only partly occupied by the Ottoman Empire. Former Islamic rule is consistently associated with lower contemporaneous formal financial development, both across and within countries. It is associated with a decrease in bank penetration by 10% across countries and 4% within countries. However, within country, the effect of the Ottoman Empire is confined to financial development. There is no association between former Ottoman rule, income, small and medium sized enterprise development or entrepreneurship. The effect is robust to controlling for a wide number of observable characteristics. Moreover, localities with Armenian, Jewish or Greek minorities, who were allowed to practice interest lending under Ottoman rule, have higher levels of bank penetration. By contrast, Islamic religion and trust in the financial system play no role in explaining such long-term persistence.
Antenatal maternal hypoxic stress: adaptations in fetal lung Renin-Angiotensin system.

Antenatal maternal hypoxia (AMH) can lead to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), as well as idiopathic pulmonary hypertension of newborn and adult, the latter of which may be a consequence of alterations in the local pulmonary renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Little is known of these adaptations, however. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that antenatal maternal hypoxia is associated with alterations in gene and protein expression of the pulmonary renin-angiotensin system, which may play an important role in pulmonary disorders in the offspring. In FVB/NJ mice, we studied messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression, as well as promoter DNA methylation and microRNA (miRNA) levels in response to 48 hours hypoxia (10.5% O2) at 15.5 day post coitum (DPC). In response to AMH, the pulmonary mRNA levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 1.2, ACE-2, and angiotensin II type 1b (AT-1b) receptors were increased significantly, as compared to controls (N = 4). In response to antenatal hypoxia, pulmonary protein levels of renin and ACE-2 also were increased significantly, whereas ACE-1 protein expression was reduced. In fetal lungs, we also observed reduced expression of the miRNAs: mmu-mir −199b, −27b, −200b, and −468 that putatively increase the translation of renin, ACE-1, ACE-2, and AT-1 receptors, respectively. In response to AMH, promoter methylation of ACE was unchanged. We conclude that AMH leads to changes in expression of pulmonary RAS of fetal mice. The possible implications of these changes for the regulation of pulmonary vascular contractility in later life remain to be explored.
Late-onset central hypoventilation with hypothalamic dysfunction: a distinct clinical syndrome.

Idiopathic central hypoventilation has occasionally been reported in previously well children after infancy. The relationship between this late-onset central hypoventilation syndrome (LO-CHS) and congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) has not been established. Both CCHS and LO-CHS have been associated with neural crest tumors, such as ganglioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma, and they generally occur in the presence of a histologically normal central nervous system. At least 10 case reports of idiopathic LO-CHS featured evidence of hypothalamic dysfunction (HD), including hyperphagia, hypersomnolence, thermal dysregulation, emotional lability, and endocrinopathies. We report on a case of LO-CHS/HD successfully treated by nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV). Despite the commonalties with CCHS, we propose that LO-CHS/HD is a distinct clinical syndrome. In addition to the markedly different age at presentation, features of hypothalamic dysfunction are not seen in CCHS. Review of the literature was undertaken to further clarify the full spectrum of the disease.
Thermodynamics of formation of simple spinels

Abstract The enthalpies of formation from the oxides of thirty-two 2–3 and 2–4 spinels have been determined by solution calorimetry in molten oxide solvents at 970°K. Spinels studied were the aluminates, ferrites, gallates, and manganites of Mg, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd, ZnAlFeO4, Mg2TiO4, Co2TiO4, Zn2TiO4, CoZnTiO4, ZnNiTiO4, Co2GeO4, and Ni2GeO4. When possible the enthalpy data have been combined with free energy data from the literature to calculate entropies of formation. Regularities in the thermodynamics of spinel formation have been discussed in terms of a “characteristic spinel-forming reaction”.
Sea cucumber and blue mussel: new sources of phospholipid enriched omega-3 fatty acids with a potential role in 3T3-L1 adipocyte metabolism

Omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), namely docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are known to reduce the risk of insulin resistance and ameliorate obesity-associated disorders. DHA and EPA structured in the phospholipid form possess superior biological effects compared to the triglyceride form available in fish oil. In this study, we have found that sea cucumber (SC) and blue mussel (BM) from Newfoundland and Labrador are rich sources of n-3 PUFA structured in the phospholipid form. Treatment with SC and BM methanolic extracts (250 and 100 μg mL−1, respectively) significantly (p < 0.01) increased triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, along with an increase in the mRNA expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (37 and 39%, respectively) and adiponectin (57 and 56%, respectively) compared with control cells (p < 0.05). Only SC extracts (250 μg mL−1) increased the mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1). Treatment with higher concentrations of SC and BM extracts (500 and 750 μg mL−1, respectively) significantly (p < 0.01) decreased triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells as opposed to an increase in triglyceride accumulation at lower concentrations. This was due to inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 and SREBP-1 mRNA expression compared to control cells (p < 0.05). There was no effect of the extracts on the mRNA expression of hormone sensitive lipase or lipolysis, suggesting that the decrease in triglyceride accumulation at higher concentrations is not due to breakdown and release of fat. This is the first report to show that SC and BM are new sources of phospholipid bonded n-3 PUFA, with the potential to target insulin resistance and obesity.
Mathematical considerations in seeking fundamental limits to professional communication processes and effects

It is unusual (and often, unfashionable) to seek fundamental limits to human phenomena such as professional communication. It is axiomatic that human potential is virtually unlimited and, therefore, to suggest such limits is considered (by some) to be almost inhuman. Nevertheless, if it can be given that professional communication primarily involves mass communication principles, then fundamental limits are implicit in the two basic models used to explain the field: 1) the Shannon-Weaver model of a general communication system, and 2) the diffusion of innovation S-curve. Scientific methods can be used to measure human, or professional, communication phenomena-but measurement error is bound to be far greater than that for the physical sciences.
Alongshore rip channel migration and sediment transport

Abstract The relationship between alongshore rip channel migration and sediment transport is investigated using time-averaged video images to identify the positions of rip channels at three sites along southern Monterey Bay, California, over 1–3 year periods. Daily migration rates are calculated for each site. The basic Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) formula for bulk alongshore sediment transport is used to estimate alongshore transport rates at each site, based on hourly input of directional wave spectra measured at an offshore buoy and shoaled and refracted to the nearshore. The wave transformation model is validated by comparison with measured nearshore directional wave spectra in 13 m water depth. An expanded CERC formulation that accounts for the additional forcing of alongshore wave height gradients is also tested but rejected. Correlation coefficients between daily rates of calculated alongshore transport and rip channel migration are low: 0.01, 0.44, and 0.38 at the Sand City, Stilwell, and Marina sites, respectively. The problem of digitization noise, associated with video-based rip channel identification, is discussed and several filtering methods are used to increase the signal to noise ratio and obtain improved correlations. Results indicate that higher frequency migration events (on time scales shorter than 8 days) will likely be obscured below the digitization “noise floor”, but that longer period oscillations (such as tidal and seasonal cycles) show up clearly in both rip migration and sediment transport datasets. Daily rates are cumulatively summed to generate time series of representative overall rip migration distance and net alongshore transport, and the cumulative summing procedure is shown to be similar to applying a low-pass filter. Mean migration is demonstrated to lag behind net transport in the summertime, suggesting that a minimum level of alongshore forcing is required to generate detectable rip migration. Rip channel migration and net alongshore transport have correlation coefficients that range from 0.76 to 0.94 at the three sites.
Electron slowing-down flux spectrum in Al 2 O 3

An electron slowing-down flux spectrum has been measured for ..beta.. particles, delta rays, and secondaries generated by the ..beta.. decay of neutron-activated /sup 164/Dy uniformly distributed in Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/. The energy range covered in these measurements extends from 1.5 to 32 keV. Fairly good agreement with predictions of the Spencer-Fano theory is found for energies above 10 keV. The overall shape of the spectrum is similar to that found earlier for metals and semiconductors. A companion theoretical calculation has been carried out based on cross sections for ionization of electrons from the inner shells of Al and O derived from generalized oscillator strengths, and on cross sections for valence-band electrons derived from a model-insulator theory. The effect of Auger cascade electrons is also included in the numerical solution of the electron slowing-down cascade equation. The theoretical spectra are smaller than the experimental results by as much as a factor of 4 in the energy range from 50 to 2000 eV.
Phorbol ester reduces phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor in pancreatic cancer cells by activation of a tyrosine phosphatase.

Abstract In this study we report that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) transiently reduced the level of EGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in three pancreatic cancer cell lines (HPAC, SW1990, and UCVA-1) in response to EGF. The effect was maximal at 40–90 min. Pretreatment with the protein kinase C inhibitor GF 109203X reduced the PMA effect. Flow cytometry experiments showed that PMA produced only a slight reduction in the surface expression of EGF-R. The phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor bpV(phen) returned phosphorylation to almost control levels. Moreover, homogenates of PMA treated pancreatic cells reduced the phosphorylation of activated receptor that was immunoprecipitated from A431 epidermoid cells. A combination of orthovanadate and NaF or bpV(phen) inhibited the effect of the homogenates. These results suggest that PMA activates a phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity that reduces the steady-state level of tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor that is induced by EGF.
A note on classes of complements and the LBA problem

The complements of an AFL ? form an AFL if and only if ? is closed under "length-preserving" universal quantification. The complements of the context-sensitive languages form a principal AFL with a hardest set L 1. The context-sensitive languages are closed under complementation if and only if L 1 is context-sensitive.
Abstract 4297: Racial/ethnic disparities in breast cancer radiosensitivity

Purpose: To evaluate radiotherapy (RT)-related skin toxicity and its relationship to quality of life (QOL) outcomes in a tri-racial/ethnic cohort. Methods: We evaluated the first 172 patients in an ongoing prospective study of conservatively managed breast cancer patients using the validated Breast Cancer Treatment Outcome Scale (BCTOS) questionnaire to assess RT-related QOL, and NCI CTCAE v3.0 criteria to assess skin toxicity (ST). BCTOS was completed prior to and at RT completion, and skin toxicity was assessed at week 3 and RT completion. We recorded patient demographics, body mass index (BMI), disease and treatment characteristics and used Student9s t-test and regression for statistical analysis. We divided BCTOS parameters into 3 domains: physical appearance/function, personal reaction to RT, and worst pain in the last 4 weeks. Results: Completed BCTOS questionnaires were available for 145 patients (84%) included in this analysis. Patients were 17.2% non-Hispanic white (NHW), 60.7% Hispanic white (HW), 19.3% black (B), and 2.8% other. 18.6% had DCIS, 52.4% stage I, and 29% stage II-III invasive breast cancer. 30.3% had BMI Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4297. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4297
Cosmic Ray Events Related to Solar Activity Recorded at the Athens Neutron Monitor Station for the Period 2000-2003

In this work a complete study of 359 solar flares, 111 Halo coronal mass ejections (Halo CMEs) and 45 Partial Halo events occurred from November 2000 to November 2003, is considered. This time period characterized by an unexpected activity of the Sun, was divided into 27-day intervals starting from Bartels Rotation No. 2284 (14.10.2000) to No. 2324 (25.11.2003), generating diagrams of the cosmic ray intensity data recorded at the Athens Neutron Monitor Station. On these qualitative data presented for the first time, a mapping of all available solar and interplanetary events, such as solar flares with importance C, M and X, coronal mass ejections (Halo and Partial) was done. The existence of a connection between solar flares with CMEs and the respective connection to the Forbush effects on yearly and monthly basis are discussed. The role of extreme solar events occurred in March-April 2001 and in October-November 2003 is also considered.
Properties of sonicated vesicles of three synthetic phospholipids

Abstract The following synthetic phospholipids were prepared, and the structures that were formed by ultrasonic irradiation in aqueous solution were studied: 1,2-di(10-bromo stearoyl)-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (DBrPC), 1,2-di(10-methyl stearoyl)-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (DMePC), and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (POPC). Uniform populations of small, unilamellar vesicles were obtained in all cases by gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. Hydrodynamic and trapped volume measurements show that POPC is nearly identical in size and shape to vesicles of egg phosphatidylcholine whereas DBrPC and DMePC appear to have a non-spherical shape. Fluorescence depolarization measurements show that vesicles from all three lipids are in the liquid crystalline state between 5 and 50°C. The partial specific volume of DMePC is larger than that of egg PC, whereas the partial specific volume of DBrPC is considerably lower; these lipids should therefore be useful in studies requiring the separation of vesicle populations. POPC, being virtually identical in size, shape and bilayer fluidity to egg PC, should be an excellent model of a ‘natural’ lecithin with a defined fatty acid composition.
Some physical properties of a fungal carboxypeptidase

Abstract Physical characterization was undertaken for the carboxypeptidase previously isolated from culture filtrates of the fungus Phymatotrichum omnivorum with respect to size, charge, and amino acid content. Sedimentation velocity experiments revealed a value for s 20,w of 2.35 × 10 −13 sec; the sedimentation coefficient was independent of concentration over the range tested. The diffusion constant, similarly unaffected by concentration over the same range, was D 20,w = 6.49 × 10 −7 cm 2 sec −1 , and the partial specifie volume, calculated from the amino acid composition, was 0.715 cm 3 g −1 . These values yielded a molecular weight by sedimentation velocity of 31,400 while approach to equilibrium procedures gave a value of 31,300. The enzyme was anionic over the range pH 2.4–11.1, but extrapolation indicated that its isoelectric point was near pH 2.2 at ionic strength 0.1. The amino acid composition of the fungal carboxypeptidase differed markedly from carboxypeptidases from various animal sources with respect to the contents of methionine, lysine, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, and tryptophan. Comparisons are presented for the physical properties of the fungal carboxypeptidase with several carboxypeptidases A and B from the digestive tracts of animals.
LOW-TEMPERATURE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF YCe UNDER PRESSURE.

Abstract The magnitude of the low temperature electrical resistivity anomaly associated with the Kondo effect in Y-1 at.% Ce decreases with pressure and disappears altogether above ∼ 80 kbar, suggesting that the Ce impurities become nonmagnetic at high pressure. The depression of the superconducting transition temperature of Y by 1 at. % Ce at high pressure may be accounted for by scattering of conduction electrons into nonmagnetic Ce 4f resonant states.
Adolescent temperament and lifetime psychiatric and substance abuse disorders assessed in young adulthood

This study focused on three research questions related to temperament for the transitional period from adolescence to young adulthood: (1) the rank-order stability of temperament dimensions across six years; (2) continuity of mean levels of temperament; and (3) relationships between adolescent temperament dimensions and lifetime psychiatric and substance abuse disorders in young adulthood. The participants (N = 760) were selected from a longitudinal community cohort study of the adolescent to young adulthood transition. Moderate stability was indicated for temperament dimensions from adolescence to young adulthood. Continuity of temperament from adolescence to young adulthood was also supported for some dimensions, though change was indicated for others toward lower activity levels and higher task orientation. Findings supported significant associations between temperament dimensions and lifetime psychiatric and substance abuse disorders.
Multi-dimensional spline-based non-rigid image registration

Image registration, or equivalently motion estimation, plays a central role in a broad range of ultrasound applications including elastography, estimation of blood or tissue motion, radiation force imaging, and extended field of view imaging. Because of its central significance, motion estimation accuracy, precision, and computational cost are of critical importance. Furthermore, since motion estimation is typically performed on sampled signals, while estimates are usually desired over a continuous domain, performance should be considered in conjunction with associated interpolation. We have previously presented a highly accurate, spline-based time delay estimator that directly determines sub-sample time delay estimates from sampled data. The algorithm uses cubic splines to produce a continuous time representation of a reference signal and then computes an analytical matching function between this reference and a delayed signal. The location of the minima of this function yields estimates of the time delay. In this paper we describe a MUlti-dimensional Spline-based Estimator (MUSE) that allows accurate and precise estimation of multi-dimensional displacements/strain components from multi-dimensional data sets. In this paper we describe the mathematical formulation for three-dimensional (3D) motion/strain estimation and present simulation results to assess the intrinsic bias and standard deviation of this algorithm and compare it to currently available multi-dimensional estimators. In 1,000 noise-free simulations we found that 2D MUSE exhibits maximum bias errors of 4.8nm and 297nm in range and azimuth respectively. The maximum simulated standard deviation of estimates in both dimensions was comparable at 0.0026 samples (corresponding to 54nm axially and 378nm laterally). These results are two to three orders of magnitude lower than currently used 2D tracking methods. Simulation of performance in 3D yielded similar results to those observed in 2D. We also performed experiments using 2D MUSE on an Ultrasonix Sonix RP imaging system with an L14-5/38 linear array transducer operating at 6.6MHz. With this experimental data we found that bias errors were significantly smaller than geometric errors induced by machining of the transducer mount.
Engineering galactose-binding activity into a C-type mannose-binding protein

Calcium-dependent or C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains are homologous protein modules found in a variety of animal lectins. Selective binding of sugars by these domains is essential for glycoprotein clearance, cell-cell adhesion and pathogen neutralization. Although various C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains share sequence identity ranging from 20 to 55%, their sugar-binding characteristics vary widely. The structure of a mannose-binding carbohydrate-recognition domain in complex with a saccharide ligand suggests that two glutamic acid-asparagine pairs are essential determinants of ligand binding by this domain. In C-type lectins that bind galactose with higher affinity than mannose, one of these pairs is replaced by glutamine-aspartic acid. Here we shift the sequence of the mannose-binding protein to correspond to that found in galactose-binding domains in order to test the importance of these residues in sugar-binding selectivity. This simple switch in the position of a single amide group alters the binding activity of the domain so that galactose becomes the preferred ligand.
Two-photon-excited fluorescence measurement of hydrogen atoms in flames

We report the first two-photon-excited hydrogen-atom fluorescence measurements in flames made to our knowledge. The n = 3 level of the H atom was excited by 205.1-nm radiation generated by Raman shifting a 224-nm beam produced by frequency mixing. Fluorescence was observed at 656.3 nm as a result of radiative decay from n = 3 to n = 2, the Balmer-α transition. A novel technique, photoionization-controlled loss spectroscopy, is proposed to eliminate the quenching dependence of the fluorescence signal.
Subcellular distribution of the enzymes related to the cellular action of vasopressin in renal medulla.

Subcellular distribution of the enzymes related to the cellular action of antidiuretic hormone was studied in bovine renal medulla. The highest activity of vasopressin-stimulated adenylate cyclase was found in plasma membranes. The basal activity increased two times above homogenate while vasopressin-stimulated and NaF-stimulated activities both increased five times. Adenylate cyclase activity was present also in other particulate fractions, but it was not significantly stimulated by vasopressin. Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase was predominantly located in the cytosol when assayed with 0.5 mM cyclic AMP or with 5 μM cyclic AMP. However, with the latter concentration of cyclic AMP more activity remained associated with the particulate fractions and was more inhibited by theophylline. The highest cyclic AMP-stimulated protein kinase activity occurred in the cytosol. Protein kinase activity present in other subcellular fractions was not markedly stimulated by cyclic AMP. Protein phosphatase activity was highest...
On the right spread order of convolutions of heterogeneous exponential random variables

A sufficient condition for comparing convolutions of heterogeneous exponential random variables in terms of right spread order is established. As a consequence, it is shown that a convolution of heterogeneous independent exponential random variables is more skewed than that of homogeneous exponential random variables in the sense of NBUE order. This gives a new insight into the distribution theory of convolutions of independent random variables. A sufficient condition is also derived for comparing such convolutions in terms of Lorenz order.
[2,3] Sigmatropic rearrangement of S-(3-chloroallyl) thiocarbamate sulfoxides followed by a 1,2-elimination reaction yielding unsaturated aldehydes and acid chlorides

Abstract Peracid oxidation of S -(2,3-dichloroarryl) was S -(2,3,3-trichloroallyl) thiocarbamates yields 2-chloroacrolein and 2-chloroacrylyl chloride, respectively, via intermediate S -allyl thiocarbamate sulfoxides and S - O -allyl thiocarbamate sulfenate esters.
Web-Based Finite Element Mesh Generator for Testing Behavior of Steel Building Connections in Virtual Environment

This study presents development of a Web-based Finite Element Method (FEM) module, which creates model-virtual experimentations (MVE) for double web angle, top and seat angle, flush end-plate, and extended end-plate connections. The MVE mimics the real test set-up for monotonic and cyclic types of experiments in a Web-based virtual environment to be used for conducting virtual experiments to obtain load-deformation characteristics of the aforementioned connections being developed by the authors. The MVE’s library contains three dimensional isoparametric elements with and without internal nodes to eliminate shear errors. The MVE module and its output will contain graphical and visualization capability, and it will be accessible to researchers and students on the web. The Web-based client applications are developed such that it will access the MVE program running on a centralized server. The user is capable of changing parameters of visualization such as connection’s geometric variables or test beam and columns dimensions for real time recreation of MVE.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Normalization of transcranial Doppler middle cerebral artery velocities after aneurysm clipping

BACKGROUND Factors that promote normalization of middle cerebral artery (MCA) velocities after cerebral aneurysm surgery may be important to identify in order to optimize management. Survival analysis of serial transcranial Doppler (TCD) MCA velocities in the setting of aneurysm surgery offers an additional means of analyzing outcome. METHODS We retrospectively studied serial MCA velocities obtained via TCD in 113 patients who underwent cerebral aneurysm clipping to analyze which factors promoted normalization. The presence of bleeding, aneurysm location, age, gender, ethnicity, initial blood pressure, hemoglobin, and clinical condition were examined. RESULTS Patients who did not bleed but were clipped still tended to have transient periods of abnormally elevated velocities. Of those patients who bled and were clipped, older patients normalized faster. Women showed a trend toward slower normalization only in the subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) absent group. Other parameters listed above did not effect normalization time. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest aneurysm surgery in and of itself may promote transient rises in MCA velocities. Age appears to be a significant factor in predicting normalization of MCA velocities after SAH.
Studies on oxidative drug metabolism in thefull-term newborn infant°

Studies have been made of the in vivo oxidation rate of tolbutamide in full-term newborn infants and in normal adults. During the first two days of life, the half-life of tolbutamide is markedly prolonged in newborn infants; this is a measure of the slow in vivo oxidation rate. In the subsequent days, most infants had values for the in vivo oxidation rate which were within the maximum range observed in normal adults. The impairment of drug metabolism during the first few days of life may provide the basis for prolonged action and greater toxicity of certain drugs in the newborn infant.
The Effect of Digitonin and Altered Thyroid Status on Palmitic acid Oxidation by Isolated rat Liver Mitochondria

The effect of altered thyroid status and food-deprivation on palmitic acid oxidation in isolated rat liver mitochondria was studied in the absence and presence of digitonin. Mitochondria prepared from triiodothyronine-treated (hyperthyroid) and food-deprived rats metabolized palmitic acid at the same rate as the untreated controls (euthyroid). Mitochondria prepared from thyroidectomized (hypothyroid) rats metabolized palmitic acid at a rate lower than was that seen with mitochondria from euthyroid controls in either the fed or fasted state. Fasting had no effect on palmitic acid oxidation by mitochondria prepared from euthyroid rats but diminished the rates seen in both hyper-and hypothyroid states. Digitonin (0.04 mg/ mg mitochondrial protein) increased the sensitivity of the rate of fatty acid oxidation to inhibition by α-bromopalmitic acid. The addition of digitonin to the incubation mixture resulted in two-fold increases in the rate of palmitic acid oxidation in all states. This study shows that the l...
Oral Toxicity of Boric Acid and Other Boron Compounds to Immature Cat Fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)

Oral toxicity was characterized in first-instar cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouche), feeding on dried blood treated with boric acid. LC50 values ranged from 2.11 % after 24 h to 0.21% after 7 d. In carpet tests with five different boron compounds and a number of different formulations, significant mortality for first instars was observed in all cases. In similar tests with prepupae and cocoons, there was no significant effect on mortality. The importance of these results is discussed in light of current application procedures for boron compounds, and suggestions are made for future research.
An examination of risky sexual behavior and HIV in victims of child abuse and neglect: A 30-year follow-up

Objective: This article examined links between childhood maltreatment and risky sexual behavior (early sexual contact, promiscuity, prostitution) and HIV in adulthood. Design: Using a prospective cohort design, physically and sexually abused and neglected children (ages 0-11) with documented cases during 1967-1971 were matched with nonmaltreated children and followed into adulthood. Main Outcome Measures: Early sexual contact, promiscuity, and prostitution were assessed through in-person interviews and official records (prostitution) at approximate age 29 (N = 1196). HIV tests were conducted at approximate age 41 (N = 631). Results: Child maltreatment was associated with prostitution (OR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.35-4.50) and early sexual contact (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.24-2.40). Prevalence of HIV in the abuse/neglect group was twice that in controls (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = .64-8.62), although this difference did not reach conventional levels of statistical significance. SEM provided significant support for a model linking child abuse and neglect to prostitution through early sexual contact and a marginal link to HIV through prostitution. Conclusion: These findings provide prospective evidence that maltreated children are more likely to report sexual contact before age 15, engage in prostitution by young adulthood, and test positive for HIV in middle adulthood. Language: en
Different timings of Dicer deletion affect neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the developing mouse central nervous system

MicroRNAs, processed by the RNAase III enzyme Dicer, are approximately 22 nucleotide endogenous noncoding small RNAs. The function of Dicer in the mouse central nervous system (CNS) development is not well understood. Here, we show that specifically deleting Dicer expression in the CNS and in the cerebral cortex using two Cre lines results in reduced progenitor numbers, abnormal neuronal differentiation, and thinner cortical wall. Incomplete Dicer deletion during early embryonic stages contributes to normal development of early-born neurons in the cortex and motor neurons in the spinal cord. However, at late embryonic stages when Dicer is completely ablated in the CNS, the migration of late-born neurons in the cortex and oligodendrocyte precursor expansion and differentiation in the spinal cord are greatly affected. Our studies of different timings of Dicer deletion demonstrate the importance of the Dicer-mediated microRNA pathway in regulating distinct phases of neurogenesis and gliogenesis during the CNS development.
Rationalizing the cold war home front

This paper deals with the impact of radioactive fallout of atmospheric testing in Nevada test site. The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), sent representatives to areas potentially affected by fallout to instruct and reassure the affected public. These are the radiation monitors. However, the discourse used by these radiation monitors miscommunicated the concept of safety. Radiation exposure and damages not only to human but also to the animals were discussed.
An assembly cell with an automated quality control station: A finite capacity and generally distributed processing times

Abstract The performance of an assembly cell consisting of a set of machines, a finite capacity local storage, an automated quality control station, a loading station and an unloading station is modeled by an M/G/1K queuing system with a Poisson input, a single server, generally distributed processing times, a buffer of size K, the first come first served queuing discipline, and with a fixed delay Bernoulli feedback mechanism, in steady state. In a queuing system with a fixed delay Bernoulli feedback mechanism, a fraction of the departing units will merge with the incoming arrival process to be reprocessed, after being delayed for a fixed length of time. The performance this system is approximated by a recursive algorithm. Furthermore, approximation outcomes are compared against those from a simulation study.
Re-imagining the city: art, globalization, and urban spaces

Embedded within recent work across the social sciences that examines the circuits of global flows of finance, ideas, people and labour, the contributors to Re-Imagining the City propose that artwor...
Clonally related cortical cells show several migration patterns

The mammalian cerebral cortex is organized into columns of cells with common functional properties. During embryogenesis, cortical neurons are formed deep, near the lateral ventricles, and migrate radially to their final position. This observation led to the suggestion that the cortex consists of radial, ontogenetic units of clonally related neurons. In the experiments reported here, this hypothesis was tested by studying cell lineage in the rat cortex with a retroviral vector carrying the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene, which can be easily visualized. Labeled, clonally related cortical neurons did not occur in simple columnar arrays. Instead, clonally related neurons entered several different radial columns, apparently by migrating along different radial glial fibers.