cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor (GIMM)

The Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor (GIMM; Catamount Research and Development; St. Albans, VT) is an in vitro system that monitors propulsive motility in isolated segments of guinea pig distal colon. The complete system consists of a computer, video camera, illuminated organ bath, peristaltic and heated water bath circulating pumps, and custom GIMM software to record and analyze data. Compared with traditional methods of monitoring colonic peristalsis, the GIMM system allows for continuous, quantitative evaluation of motility. The guinea pig distal colon is bathed in warmed, oxygenated Krebs solution, and fecal pellets inserted in the oral end are propelled along the segment of colon at a rate of about 2 mm/sec. Movies of the fecal pellet proceeding along the segment are captured, and the GIMM software can be used track the progress of the fecal pellet. Rates of propulsive motility can be obtained for the entire segment or for any particular region of interest. In addition to analysis of bolus-induced motility patterns, spatiotemporal maps can be constructed from captured video segments to assess spontaneous motor activity patterns. Applications of this system include pharmacological evaluation of the effects of receptor agonists and antagonists on propulsive motility, as well as assessment of changes that result from pathophysiological conditions, such as inflammation or stress. The guinea pig distal colon propulsive motility assay, using the GIMM system, is straightforward and simple to learn, and it provides a reliable and reproducible method of assessing propulsive motility.
Capturing a Virus while It Catches Its Breath

The four serotypes of dengue virus present a formidable challenge for the development of efficacious human vaccines. Cockburn and colleagues, in this issue of Structure, describe the structural basis of a cross-reactive neutralizing antibody, providing greater insight into immune protection and pathogenesis.
Sweetener Augmentation of Serum Triacylglycerol during a Fat Challenge Test in Humans

Objective: High concentrations of fructose enhance postprandial lipemia following lipid loading whereas glucose exerts a negative or minimal effect. This study evaluated the effect of lower sweetener concentrations and the contribution of their sweetness level and palatability.Methods: At each of four test sessions, twelve male and ten female healthy adults ingested one of four milkshakes containing 108 g dairy cream alone or supplemented with 30 g fructose, 17.5 g glucose or 1 g aspartame. Blood samples were collected at baseline, two, four, six and eight hours after ingestion. Sensory discrimination tests were conducted after the last two sessions.Results: Fructose and glucose led to 37% (p=0.03) and 59% (p=0.08) rises in triacylglycerol area under the curve (TG AUC) when compared to the plain milkshake, respectively. Although the sweetened shakes were equisweet and were more palatable than the plain shake, the TG rise after the aspartame milkshake did not differ from the plain milkshake.Conclusions: Th...
Come forth 1E10 anti-idiotype vaccine: delivering the promise to immunotherapy of small cell lung cancer.

Commentary to:Active Immunotherapy with 1E10 Anti-Idiotype Vaccine in Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer. Report of a Phase I TrialE. Neninger, R.M. Diaz, A. de la Torre, G. Saurez, M.R. Gabri, D.S. Alonso, B. Wilkinson, A.M. Alfonso, T. Combet, Rodriguez R. Perez and A.M. Vazquez
Multiple stochastic integrals: Projection and iteration

Multiple stochastic integrals are defined relative to a class of sets. The classic cases of multiple Wiener integral and Ito integral (as well as its generalization by Wong-Zakai-Yor) are recovered by specializing the class of sets appropriately. Any square-integrable functional of the Wiener process has a canonical representation in terms of the integrals. Formulas are given for projecting a stochastic integral onto the space of Wiener functionals and for representing multiple stochastic integrals as iterated integrals. Applications to a change in probability measure arising in a signal detection problem are given.
String model building in the free fermionic formulation

Abstract We consider the rules for string model building in the free fermionic formalism. Valid spin-structures on the string world-sheet correspond to automorphisms of the Lie algebra of the world-sheet supercharge. After reviewing and clarifying the model building rules we classify all such automorphisms. We then classify the mutually commuting sets of such automorphisms that are needed for model building. Finally we show how to construct all models with N = 4, N = 2, or N = 1 space-time supersymmetry. In four dimensional models, N = 1 space-time supersymmetry can only be achieved if the Lie algebra of the world-sheet supercharge is SU(2) 6 .
Phase II trial of bisantrene in non-small cell lung cancer.

Eighteen evaluable patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were treated with bisantrene at a dose of 200 mg/m2 once a week for 3 consecutive weeks. Courses of treatment were repeated every 4 weeks. This dose schedule caused leukopenia (< 3,500 cells/ μl) in all patients. There were no objective responses in 18 patients. Bisantrene in this myelosuppressive dose schedule did not have significant activity in patients with NSCLC.
Multisystemic Therapy as Community-Based Treatment for Youth With Severe Emotional Disturbance

Objective: This study compares multisystemic therapy (MST) to family skills training combined with case management in community mental health for emotionally disturbed youth. Method: A pre-post quasiexperimental design was used. Results: Youth who received MST experienced more improved mental health symptoms, less juvenile justice involvement, and improvement across the linear combination of school functioning, family functioning, mental health symptoms, substance abuse, risk of self-harm, and disruptive or aggressive behavior than did youth who received usual services. Both groups experienced significant improvement in youth functioning. Conclusions: The use of MST in community mental health could prevent families from relinquishing custody of their children to receive effective treatment for them and avert juvenile justice involvement.
Evidence that dimethyl sulfide facilitates a tritrophic mutualism between marine primary producers and top predators

Tritrophic mutualistic interactions have been best studied in plant–insect systems. During these interactions, plants release volatiles in response to herbivore damage, which, in turn, facilitates predation on primary consumers or benefits the primary producer by providing nutrients. Here we explore a similar interaction in the Southern Ocean food web, where soluble iron limits primary productivity. Dimethyl sulfide has been studied in the context of global climate regulation and is an established foraging cue for marine top predators. We present evidence that procellariiform seabird species that use dimethyl sulfide as a foraging cue selectively forage on phytoplankton grazers. Their contribution of beneficial iron recycled to marine phytoplankton via excretion suggests a chemically mediated link between marine top predators and oceanic primary production.
Radiometric detector options to aid in DOE high activity waste tank in situ characterization efforts

Radioactive waste cleanup and subsequent closure of waste storage tanks is currently underway at the Savannah river site, prompting the need to characterize the residual contents (heels) of the tanks. Occasionally, results from laboratory analyses indicate alternative sub-sampling strategies are needed, resulting in repetitive efforts to sample and analyze tank bottoms. The development of a system for in situ tank analyses using a radiometric probe, which could be lowered into a waste tank, could aid in identifying waste structures on tank bottoms requiring further sampling and characterization. Ideally, the probe would provide information for determining which structures were higher in concentrations of actinides and fission products characteristic of DOE high level waste (HLW) heels. Although only a limited set of isotopes can be measured directly without extensive radiochemical separations, the low-energy photon spectra of HLW do offer some intriguing possibilities for characterization using a radiometric probe. One possibility for obtaining a low-energy photon spectrum in the presence of high levels of interfering radiation would be to design a probe primarily based upon recently developed technology from Amptek Inc. Such a detector would be relatively insensitive to the high photon background, which would paralyze conventional gamma probes (i.e. sodium iodide) subjected to the same radiological conditions. The prototype detector is capable of successfully obtaining high resolution measurements at very high count rates (in excess of 500,000 counts per second). An overview of measurements obtained from various HLW samples using the prototype Amptek detector, as well as some additional detector technologies, which could enhance this prototype, will be discussed.
Composite laminate free-edge reinforcement with U-shaped caps. Part I - Stress analysis.

Une analyse par elements finis des deformations et des contraintes planes generalisees predit la reduction des contraintes normales interstrates pour le cas d'une plaque ou coque en composite stratifie renforcee aux limites par une mâchoire. Etude de discontinuite et du transfert de charge materiau-mâchoire. Etude parametrique pour evaluer l'importance theorique de l'epaisseur de la mâchoire, de l'etendue du contact materiau-mâchoire de l'orientation et du type de fibres du materiau de la mâchoire. Analyse de la rupture progressive pour differents types de mâchoires. Cas precis etudies
Iterative and analytical reconstruction algorithms for varying-focal-length cone-beam projections

In single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), a varying-focal-length cone-beam collimator can be used to reduce the truncation problem and to maintain sensitivity when imaging the organ of interest. The collimator is constructed so that the collimator holes focus to a circular symmetric, spatially varying, focal point function. The focal length increases radially from the shortest focal length at the centre to the longest focal length at the periphery of the collimator. This paper describes a 3D backprojection-filtering (BF) algorithm for this varying-focal-length cone-beam geometry. The proposed algorithm is compared to an iterative ML-EM (maximum likelihood-expectation maximization) algorithm. The 3D Hoffman brain phantom and Defrise phantom are used in computer simulations. Since the maximum tilt angle of the projection rays is small for most realistic imaging geometries, the proposed algorithm provides a good approximation. When a circular orbit is used, the BF algorithm gives an exact reconstruction of the central slice.
Microsecond reconfigurable NxN data-communication switch using DMD

We present here the use the DMD as a diffraction-based optical switch, where Fourier diffraction patterns are used to steer the incoming beams to any output configuration. We have implemented a single-mode fiber coupled N X N switch and demonstrated its ability to operate over the entire telecommunication C-band centered at 1550 nm. The all-optical switch was built primarily with off-the-shelf components and a Texas Instruments DLP7000™with an array of 1024 X 768 micromirrors. This DMD is capable of switching 100 times faster than currently available technology (3D MOEMS). The switch is robust to typical failure modes, protocol and bit-rate agnostic, and permits full reconfigurable optical add drop multiplexing (ROADM). The switch demonstrator was inserted into a networking testbed for the majority of the measurements. The testbed assembled under the Center for Integrated Access Networks (ClAN), a National Science Foundation (NSF) Engineering Research Center (ERC), provided an environment in which to simulate and test the data routing functionality of the switch. A Fujitsu Flashwave 9500 PS was used to provide the data signal, which was sent through the switch and received by a second Flashwave node. We successfully transmitted an HD video stream through a switched channel without any measurable data loss.
Photoelectrochemical Oxidation of Aqueous Sulfite on Ni−TiO2 Composite Film Electrodes

The photoelectrochemical oxidation of aqueous sulfite on composite electrode films comprising titania particles as the dispersed component and nickel as the matrix (Ni−TiO2) is described. These composite films exhibit unusual photocurrent enhancement for sulfite oxidation relative to the corresponding neat TiO2 films containing no nickel. Both the morphology of the composite films and their surface chemical composition (Ni:Ti ratio) are shown to play a role in the photocurrent enhancement mechanism. Two potential domains for sulfite photooxidation separated by the onset of dark oxidation of sulfite by the nickel matrix itself are considered.
Assembly of a Chromosomal Replication Machine: Two DNA Polymerases, a Clamp Loader, and Sliding Clamps in One Holoenzyme Particle. III. INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO POLYMERASES AND THE CLAMP LOADER

The nine-subunit DNA polymerase (Pol) III∗ coupled to its β sliding clamp is a rapid and highly processive replicating machine. The multiple subunits are needed for the complicated task of duplicating the Escherichia coli chromosome. In this report, Pol III∗ was constituted from individual pure proteins, and its structure was studied. Constitution of the Pol III∗ particle requires an ordered addition of the subunits, and the final structure contains 14 polypeptides in the ratio α2e2θ2τ2γ2δ1δ′1χ1ψ1. The structure can be summarized as being composed of two core polymerases (αeθ) held together by a dimer of τ and one γ complex clamp loader (γ2δ1δ′1χ1ψ1) for loading β onto DNA. At the center of the structure, the related τ and γ subunits form a heterotetramer upon which the two core polymerases and clamp loader proteins assemble. The single copy nature of the δ, δ′, χ, and ψ subunits confers a structural asymmetry with respect to the two polymerases, presumably for the different functions of replicating the leading and lagging strands.
Immunopathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis: possible role of a shared colonic and biliary epithelial antigen

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic fibrosing disease of both extrahepatic as well as intrahepatic bile ducts that is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease, particularly ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by progressive destruction of the bile ducts leading to widespread biliary obstructions and biliary cirrhosis. PSC is currently one of the more common indications for liver transplantation. It is an immune mediated disorder associated with autoantibodies against both colon epithelium as well as biliary epithelium, infiltration of the portal tract with functional T cells, abnormal expression of HLA molecules on biliary epithelial cells and a restricted T-cell receptor repertoire. Activation of the complement system, following the deposition of antigen-specific autoantibody with biliary epithelial cells, may also contribute to the pathogenesis of PSC. Four different HLA haplotypes have been associated with PSC: three with increased risk of disease and one with reduced risk. Bacterial products entering the biliary epithelium from colon may be a triggering factor strongly associated with ulcerative colitis; however, a further immune mediated chronic inflammation may be associated with cellular antigen(s) which is shown to be shared by human colon and biliary epithelium by molecular mimicry.
Release of Catecholamines and Specific Protein from Adrenal Glands

Rabbit antiserums directed against a purified protein obtained from the catecholamine storage vesicles of the adrenal medulla of the cow were used to study the mechanism of secretion from the adrenal medulla. During secretion evoked by acetylcholine in isolated perfused adrenal glands, catecholamines and the specific intravesicular protein were released in relative amounts comparable to those present in the intact gland. Thus catecholamines are apparently released from the storage vesicles by a process resembling reverse pinocytosis.
The second cholera toxin, Zot, and its plasmid‐encoded and phage‐encoded homologues constitute a group of putative ATPases with an altered purine NTP‐binding motif

It is shown that the second cholera toxin, Zot, ORF3 product of Pseudomonas plasmid pKB740, and ORF424 product of bacteriophage Pfl are a group of closely related proteins containing a modified version of the purine NTP-binding motif, with a drastic substitution of tyrosine for a conserved glycine. They are distantly but reliably related to the product of gene I of filamentous bacteriophages which is a putative ATPase containing the classical NTP-binding motif and is involved in bacteriophage assembly and exit from the bacterial cell. Hydropathy analysis suggests that the Zot and gene I product may have a similar transmembrane topology. It is hypothesized that Zot may possess ATPase activity and modify the membrane structure of its target cells in an ATP-dependent fashion. Genes for Zot and the related protein of pKB740 are likely to have evolved from gene I of a Pf1-like bacteriophage.
Responsiveness-to-Intervention: Definitions, Evidence, and Implications for the Learning Disabilities Construct.

Longstanding concern about how learning disabilities (LD) are defined and identified, coupled with recent efforts in Washington, DC to eliminate IQ-achievement discrepancy as an LD marker, have led to serious public discussion about alternative identification methods. The most popular of the alternatives is responsiveness-to-intervention (RTI), of which there are two basic versions: the “problem-solving” model and the “standard-protocol” approach. The authors describe both types, review empirical evidence bearing on their effectiveness and feasibility, and conclude that more needs to be understood before RTI may be viewed as a valid means of identifying students with LD.
Adductor brevis myositis following transobturator tape procedure: a case report and review of the literature.

The tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure has long been considered the gold standard for female stress incontinence. Since its introduction in 1995, several other tapes and other minimally invasive treatments have arisen. The transobturator tape (TOT) procedure reproduces the natural suspension of the urethra through the obturator and puborectalis muscles. The TOT procedure was reportedly developed in an effort to prevent bladder perforation associated with the TVT and is generally considered to be a procedure with low morbidity. At our institution, we report the first case of infected mesh with subsequent myositis of adductor muscles after a TOT procedure. To our knowledge, this is the first case reporting this complication, citing specifically that the anatomical structures traversed by the tape, including both muscle and fascia, can be at risk for infection and ultimately require removal of the sling material. We performed a MEDLINE literature search using key words such as “transobturator tape,” “tension free vaginal tape,” and “adductor and obturator complications” to ascertain any reported adductor or obturator muscle complications after placement of TOT. Further, we reviewed the literature to elucidate the consequences of using different mesh materials, specifically their effects on erosion. We reported our case of a 43-year-old woman who presented with right-leg cellulitis and vaginal discharge after having a TOT placed for stress incontinence. Inflammation of the adductor muscles was demonstrated on computed tomography (CT) scan and ultrasound. On physical exam, the mesh had visibly eroded through the vaginal wall. Our patient underwent excision of the mesh material. She ultimately had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged home in good condition on the postoperative day 2. The mesh material removed was ObTape®. We believe our study is the first case report to discuss the complication of infected adductor muscles and erosion of the tape during post-TOT procedure. After a careful review of the literature, there is no mention of myositis of adductor muscles as a possible complication after the TOT procedure. In fact, the literature has deemed this minimally invasive treatment as a safe and effective procedure with minimal complications including only de novo urgency or urinary retention. The site of infection is of particular interest and can be explained by the course through the anatomical structures that are unique to this particular procedure. Ultimately, the treatment for this procedure was the removal of the mesh along with broad-spectrum antibiotics. In conclusion, the burden falls upon the surgeons to report in a timely fashion both successes and complication for the TOT procedure given their relatively limited experience. This is paramount in determining patients’ risks.
Internal Injection into the NRL Modified Betatron

We are reporting preliminary experimental results on the injection and trapping in the NRL Modified Betatron. In internal injection, the beam is produced by a diode located within the chamber. Using one half of the 1 m toroidal vacuum chamber, the propagated beam current and displacement are monitored as functions of the applied magnetic fields (BZ, and the toroidal field, B?). Our preliminary results are in agreement with theoretical predictions.
Changes of splanchnic hemodynamics in hemorrhagic hypotension and endotoxemia

Abstract Studies were carried out in anesthetized rabbits comparing central and peripheral circulatory readjustments after graded hemorrhage and lethal doses of E. coli endotoxin. In general, cardiac output (CO) reflected more accurately the ability of the cardiovascular system to compensate for blood loss or lethal doses of endotoxin than did central blood pressure ( BP ) or flow through the superior mesenteric artery (SMAQ). CO fell progressively with graded hemorrhage. The circulation was restored temporarily to near control levels after blood replacement. SMAQ, which was reduced during the initial response to blood loss, tended to increase with protracted hypotension so that the splanchnic bed was receiving proportionately a greater percentage of the CO. After a fatal dose of endotoxin, SMAQ continued to fall progressively. It was concluded that fatal hemorrhagic hypotension and E. coli endotoxemia represent different phenomena insofar as splanchnic blood flow is concerned.
Anti-viral cytotoxic cells in the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Abstract Cytotoxic cells isolated from the head kidney and peripheral blood of the channel catfish appear to represent distinct subpopulations of effector cells. Previous studies showed that the former lyse xenogeneic natural killer (NK) cell targets, whereas the latter preferentially lyse allo-geneic cells. Here we extend these studies and present data suggesting a third class of cyto-toxic effectors responsible for killing virus-infected allogeneic and autologous cells. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) freshly isolated from unimmunized catfish lyse uninfected allogeneic target cells as well as virus-infected allogeneic and autologous cells. Cell depletion and unlabeled (“cold”) target inhibition studies discriminated between putative effector classes and supported the view that at least two populations of cytotoxic cells are present within peripheral blood leukocytes. One population lyses allogeneic targets, whereas a second population kills channel catfish virus (CCV)-infected cells. In addition, inhibitor studies demonstrated that early virus gene products are sufficient to render infected cells susceptible to lysis. These results suggest that channel catfish possess distinct populations of NK-like, PBL-derived cytotoxic cells capable of lysing allogeneic and virus-infected target cells.
Aerodynamic dissipation effects on the rotating blades of floating wind turbines

Abstract Due to the flexibility of their mooring systems, floating wind turbines are susceptible to large oscillations, which may compromise their performance and structural stability. Dissipation effects from wind–blade interactions and other sources are thus an important factor. In the design process the aerodynamic effects are often simulated through a quasi-static approach, whose accuracy is not guaranteed. In this study we numerically examine the aerodynamically generated added-mass and damping effects on the blades using a quasi-static blade-element method and an unsteady boundary-element method. The results based on unsteady simulation suggest that there exists a phase shift in the aerodynamic force as frequency increases, causing a switching from dissipation-dominated behavior in low frequency to a mixture of dissipation and inertia effects in high frequency. This is consistent with predictions via a simplified model with Theodorsen's theory. The quasi-static method, on the other hand, cannot predict this potentially important phenomenon. We also show that compared with other dissipation effects such as the wave radiation damping and the damping from the mooring system, the aerodynamic damping is smaller in magnitude and thus negligible in the responses of the platform itself. Nevertheless, its effect on the structural vibration of the tower may still be significant.
Back to the future: Advanced control techniques justify-on a new level-traditional education practices

To enhance education, it is important to keep track of the students' progress and to use appropriate teaching strategies based on the current state of the students' knowledge. From this viewpoint, the problem of selecting an optimal control of the state of student's knowledge becomes a particular case of the general problem of controlling systems. Control theory has shown that in many situations, the optimal way to control a complex system is through a decentralized control, when, in addition to (and sometimes instead of) a centralized controller, each subsystem itself controls its own interactions with other subsystems. This is how the Internet operates, this is how many biological systems operate. In relation to education, this means that to enhance education, in addition to an instructor teaching students, we also need students teaching and helping each other. On the qualitative level, this conclusion sounds very noncontroversial: collaborative learning is a well-known successful educational technique. On the quantitative level, however, the resulting recommendations become more non-trivial: the recommendation is that students be informed about the level of knowledge of fellow students. At first glance, this may sound like a proposal to go back to the old days when student privacy was not a concern and all the grades were posted. The difference between this old practice and our proposal is both in motivation and in implementation. While the main motivation behind the old system was to encourage a (stimulating) competition, our objective is to encourage collaboration. In terms of implementation, since collaboration cannot be forced, we propose to post the grades only with the students' consent, when the students become convinced that this indeed helps all of them to succeed.
Oxidation of cuprous stellacyanin by aminopolycar☐ylatocobaltate(III) complexes

Abstract Rate parameters are reported for the oxidation of cuprous stellacyanin by Co(PDTA) − ( k (25.0°) = 17.9 M −1 sec −1 , Δ H ≠ = 8.5 kcal/mol. Δ S ≠ = −24 cal/mol-deg; pH 7.0, μ 0.5 M) and Co(CyDTA) − ( k (25.1°) = 17.0 M −1 sec −1 , Δ H ≠ = 8.7 kcal/mol, Δ S ≠ = −24 cal/mol-deg; pH 7.0, μ 0.5 M). The first order Co(PDTA) − and Co(CyDTA) − dependences observed over wide concentration ranges contrast with the saturation behavior reported previously for Co(EDTA) − as the oxidant. It is concluded that the -CH 3 and -(CH 2 ) 4 -substituents of PDTA and CyDTA, respectively, prevent the alkylated derivatives of Co(EDTA) − from hydrogen bonding with the reduced blue protein, causing precursor complex formation constants to fall far below that of 149 M −1 (25.1°) observed for the EDTA complex. The similarity between Δ H ≠ and Δ S ≠ values for the oxidation of stellacyanin by Co(PDTA) − and Co(CyDTA) − indicates that the size of alkyl substituents linked to the carbon atoms of the EDTA ethylenediamine backbone has little influence on activation requirements for Cu(I) to Co(III) electron transfer. The electron transfer reactivity of aminopolycar☐ylatocobalt(III) complexes with cuprous stellacyanin therefore appears to be linked to the accessibility of one or more of the ligated acetate groups to outer-sphere contact with the type 1 Cu(I) center. Saturation in k obsd vs. [oxidant] plots found for the reactions of Co(PDTA) − and Co(CyDTA) − with stellacyanin at pH 6 and at pH 7 in the presence of EDTA is attributed to the formation of “dead-end” oxidant-protein complexes.
Craniofacial Dysostosis Syndromes: Evaluation and Staged Reconstructive Approach

Craniofacial Dysostosis Syndromes: Evaluation and Staged Reconstructive Approach Jeffrey C. Posnick, DMD, MD, Paul S. Tiwana, DDS, MD, MS, Ramon L. Ruiz, DMD, MD* Posnick Center for Facial Plastic Surgery, Chevy Chase, MD, USA Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA Department of Orthodontics, University of Maryland, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, Baltimore, MD, USA Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern School of Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, 83 West Columbia Street, Orlando, FL 32806, USA University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Health Sciences Campus at Lake Nona, 6850 Lake Nona Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
Yohimbine stress potentiates conditioned cue-induced reinstatement of heroin-seeking in rats.

Abstract Stress and drug-associated cues can trigger craving and relapse in abstinent drug-dependent individuals. Although the role of these two critical factors in relapse has been extensively studied, the interaction between stress and drug-associated cues in relapse has been less well characterized. Using an animal model of relapse, we assessed the effects of the pharmacological stressor, yohimbine (1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg), on reinstatement of extinguished heroin-seeking in rats either in the presence or absence of heroin-associated cues. Yohimbine, in the absence of heroin-associated cues, and cues by themselves reliably reinstated heroin-seeking over extinction levels. Notably, animals showed significantly potentiated responding when yohimbine preceded cue-induced reinstatement (3–4× higher over cues or yohimbine alone). These results demonstrate that exposure to heroin-paired cues during yohimbine-induced stress greatly potentiates heroin-seeking, and support the simultaneous targeting of both stress and cue activation during relapse intervention.
Indium Oxide Atomic Layer Deposition Facilitated by the Synergy between Oxygen and Water

This paper explores the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of indium oxide (In2O3) films using cyclopentadienyl indium (InCp) and combinations of both molecular oxygen and water as the co-reactants. When either O2 or H2O were used individually as the oxygen source the In2O3 growth was negligible over the temperature range 100−250 °C. However, when oxygen and water were used in combination either as a simultaneous exposure or supplied sequentially, In2O3 films were deposited at growth rates of 1.0−1.6 A/cycle over the full range of deposition temperatures. In situ quadrupole mass spectrometry and quartz crystal microbalance measurements revealed that water serves the function of releasing ligands from the surface while oxygen performs the role of oxidizing the indium. Since both processes are necessary for sustained growth, both O2 and H2O are required for the In2O3 ALD. The electrical resistivity, mobility, and carrier concentration of the In2O3 films varied dramatically with both the deposition temperature an...
Recombination and integration in Bacillus subtilis transformation: involvement of DNA synthesis.

Using a transformable thymine-requiring strain of Bacillus subtilis as a recipient, it has been shown that there is no gross abnormality of DNA synthesis during the acquisition of competence and that transformation can occur during a time when the average amount of DNA synthesis in the recipient culture was no more than 0·15% of the normal cell cycle. A competent culture of SB566 ( try 2 thy ) was transferred to a medium containing 5-bromouracil at the time of addition of donor DNA. When the resulting lysate, following termination of transformation, was fractionated pycnographically, donor and recombinant activity banded predominantly in the light, unreplicated region. This shows that no significant amount of DNA synthesis is necessary for the initial stages of integration. Even if cells are first incubated in 5-bromouracil for some time before adding donor DNA, integrated donor activity is found only in the unreplicated position. Growth in 5-bromouracil and transfer to a heavy (D 2 O- 15 N) medium after transformation show that there is a lag in the replication of donor DNA. This lag is also reflected in the resistance of transformed cells to thymineless death and to the lethal effects of extensive incorporation of 5-bromouracil. Growth of a competent culture in 5-bromouracil immediately following transformation shows that when donor DNA replicates, it initially appears in a density region between light and hybrid. Such material most probably includes the transition point formed at the time of reinitiation of DNA synthesis in the transformed cell. On the basis of these results, a model is proposed in which donor DNA is integrated at the stationary replicating point of the competent cell, which is in a state of suspended DNA synthesis. The implications of this model are discussed in detail. An extension of the model to recombination in higher organisms is suggested, on the assumption that homologous chromosomes replicate synchronously through a common replicating point during the meiotic division.
Dogmatism and intolerance for sensory discrepancy.

(1970). Dogmatism and Intolerance for Sensory Discrepancy. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 245-246.
Multiphoton absorption and nonlinear refraction of GaAs in the mid-infrared

We report the wavelength dependencies of the two- and three-photon absorption coefficients of undoped GaAs in the spectral range 1.3-3.5 microm, as well as nonlinear refractive index n2 in the range 1.7-3.25 microm. The data were obtained by using the single-beam Z-scan method with 100-fs-long optical pulses. Anisotropy of the three-photon absorption coefficient was observed and found to be consistent with the crystal symmetry of GaAs.
Suspended particles near the bottom in Osaka Bay

The vertical distributions of suspended particles in Osaka Bay were measured by using anin situ beam attenuation meter. The concentration of suspended particles near the bottom increases rapidly toward the bottom where size of sediment is in a range of silt. The settling velocity of suspended particles near the bottom was measured with the use of a settling tower in the laboratory. The settling velocity of the suspended particles with diameter from 10 to 100μm is 2×10−3cm s−1 to 5×10−2cm s−1. The density of the particles ranges from 2.0 to 1.1 and decreases with increasing particle diameter.
Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in the staging of melanoma.

Abstract In recent months, we have witnessed a ‘paradigm shift' in the management of intermediate-thickness melanoma. The collective experience of the recent past confirms the validity of the ‘sentinel' lymph node as being the initial draining site from a specific area of skin. Furthermore, the sentinel lymph node has been confirmed as the most likely site in the regional lymph node basin to harbor occult metastatic disease. Identification of sentinel lymph nodes by visual inspection and intraoperative gamma probe detection after the peritumoral injection of Lymphazurin ® blue dye and technetium sulfur colloid is a reliable new technique. Staging accuracy also has improved, allowing the precise identification of patients who benefit from avoiding the morbidity of radical lymphadenectomy. The importance of accurate staging has been heightened by data demonstrating effective adjuvant therapy with recombinant interferon-alpha 2B. Precisely defining patient subsets who benefit from adjuvant high-dose interferon-alpha 2B is the current focus of clinical trials designed to maximize the enhanced staging accuracy of the novel approach of sentinel lymph node biopsy.
Refereed Methods for preventing unauthorized software distribution

In this paper we present algorithms for protecting software from unauthorized installation. We assume that the user buys software on a disk or downloads it from the Internet - although our methods are not limited to protecting software under these circumstances. We consider two kinds of adversaries. One kind of attacker is a sophisticated hacker who can monitor a line and can read and intercept any information flowing unprotected over the Internet. These attackers are also skillful programmers who can analyze the software, locate any data of interest to them and also write and execute any programs, even the most complicated ones. Another kind of attacker is an average attacker who can copy and use personal or business software.
β-Catenin Loss in Hepatocytes Promotes Hepatocellular Cancer after Diethylnitrosamine and Phenobarbital Administration to Mice

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. β-Catenin, the central orchestrator of the canonical Wnt pathway and a known oncogene is paramount in HCC pathogenesis. Administration of phenobarbital (PB) containing water (0.05% w/v) as tumor promoter following initial injected intraperitoneal (IP) diethylnitrosamine (DEN) injection (5 µg/gm body weight) as a tumor inducer is commonly used model to study HCC in mice. Herein, nine fifteen-day male β-catenin knockout mice (KO) and fifteen wild-type littermate controls (WT) underwent DEN/PB treatment and were examined for hepatic tumorigenesis at eight months. Paradoxically, a significantly higher tumor burden was observed in KO (p<0.05). Tumors in KO were β-catenin and glutamine synthetase negative and HGF/Met, EGFR & IGFR signaling was unremarkable. A significant increase in PDGFRα and its ligand PDGF-CC leading to increased phosphotyrosine-720-PDGFRα was observed in tumor-bearing KO mice (p<0.05). Simultaneously, these livers displayed increased cell death, stellate cell activation, hepatic fibrosis and cell proliferation. Further, PDGF-CC significantly induced hepatoma cell proliferation especially following β-catenin suppression. Our studies also demonstrate that the utilized DEN/PB protocol in the WT C57BL/6 mice did not select for β-catenin gene mutations during hepatocarcinogenesis. Thus, DEN/PB enhanced HCC in mice lacking β-catenin in the liver may be due to their ineptness at regulating cell survival, leading to enhanced fibrosis and regeneration through PDGFRα activation. β-Catenin downregulation also made hepatoma cells more sensitive to receptor tyrosine kinases and thus may be exploited for therapeutics.
Testing for germline mutations in sporadic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma: a systematic review.

SummaryBackground The presence of germline mutations in sporadic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (SPPs) may change the clinical management of both index patients and their family members. However, the frequency of germline mutations in SPPs is unknown. Objective To describe the frequency of germline mutations in SPPs and to determine the value of testing index patients and their family members for these mutations. Methods We searched databases through June 2012 for observational studies of patients with SPPs who underwent germline genetic testing. The criteria used to define sporadic tumours were (i) the absence of a family history of PCC/PG, (ii) the absence of syndromic features, (iii) the absence of bilateral disease and (iv) the absence of metastatic disease. Results We included 31 studies including 5031 patients (mean age 44). These patients received tests for any of these ten mutations: SDHAF2, RET, SDHD, SDHB, SDHC, VHL, TMEM127, MAX, Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutation (IDH) and NF1. The overall frequency of germline mutation in SPP was 551 of 5031 or 11%; when studies with patients fulfilling four criteria for sporadic tumours were used, the frequency was 171 of 1332 or 13%. The most common germline mutation was SDHB 167 of 3611 (4·6%). Little outcome data were available to assess the benefits of genetic testing in index cases and family members. Conclusions The frequency of germline mutations in SPPs is approximately 11–13% and the most common mutations affect less than 1 in 20 patients. The value of testing for germline mutations in patients with SPPs and their family members is unknown, as the balance of potential benefits and harms remains unclear.
Aggregate exposures of nine preschool children to persistent organic pollutants at day care and at home

In the summer of 1997, we measured the aggregate exposures of nine preschool children, aged 2-5 years, to a suite of organic pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants that are commonly found in the home and school environment. The children attended either of two child day care centers in the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill area of North Carolina and were in day care at least 25 h/week. Over a 48-h period, we sampled indoor and outdoor air, play area soil and floor dust, as well as duplicate diets, hand surface wipes, and urine for each child at day care and at home. Our target analytes were several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); two organophosphate pesticides (chlorpyrifos and diazinon), the lawn herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), three phenols (pentachlorophenol (PCP), nonyl phenols, and bisphenol-A), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), and two phthalate esters (benzylbutyl and dibutyl phthalate). In urine, our target analytes were hydroxy-PAH, TCP, 2,4-D, and PCP. To allow estimation of each child's aggregate exposures over the 48-h sampling period, we also used time-activity diaries, which were filled out by each child's teacher at day care and the parent or other primary caregiver at home. In addition, we collected detailed household information that related to potential sources of exposure, such as pesticide use or smoking habits, through questionnaires and field observation. We found that the indoor exposures were greater than those outdoors, that exposures at day care and at home were of similar magnitudes, and that diet contributed greatly to the exposures. The children's potential aggregate doses, calculated from our data, were generally well below established reference doses (RfDs) for those compounds for which RfDs are available.
Local reconstruction from projections using exponential radial sampling

Proposes a new procedure for reconstructing a small region of interest (ROI) of an image from a set of its projections that are densely sampled in the ROI and coarsely sampled outside the ROI. Specifically, the radial sampling density of both the projections and the reconstructed image decreases exponentially with increasing distance from the ROI. The problem and data are reminiscent of the local tomography problem; however, the present algorithm reconstructs the ROI of the image itself, not the filtered version of it obtained using local tomography. The new algorithm has the added advantages of speed and parallelizability. Numerical examples compare the new algorithm to filtered backprojection. >
AN IMPLICATIONAL MODEL FOR SECOND LANGUAGE RESEARCH

This paper offers a model for dealing with individuals as well as groups, variability as well as systematicity in L2 research. This model consists of a revised version of the Ordering-Theoretic Method (Bart and Krus 1973; Dulay and Burt 1974b) in conjunction with implicational analysis as used in sociolinguistics. After a brief introduction to implicational analysis, I describe and illustrate the model presented here with data on the use of 13 grammatical morphemes in English by 89 Spanish-speaking learners. In the analysis of the data I follow Krashen and his colleagues in separating morphemes into V and NP; free and bound morphemes, as well as DeCamp's (1973:144) view that general implicational scales are ‘…surface composites resulting from simultaneous operation of simple grammatically-relevant underlying scales.’ The conclusions of this study support Krashen's (1977)‘Natural Order’for the acquisition of grammatical morphemes, Larsen-Freeman's (1976) work on frequency as an explanation for morpheme orders, and Rosansky's (1976) work on frequency as an explanation for morpheme orders, and Rosansky's (1976a,b) criticism of cross-sectional methodology for failing to deal with individual variation in the data, but rejects Rosansky's claim that her cross-sectional analysis of her data does not agree with the longitudinal analysis of one of her subjects and thus invalidates her strongest argument against cross-sectional methodology.
Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease Presenting As Nephrotic Syndrome

Using Lymphocyte Phenotypes to Predict Successful Responses to Extracorporal Photopheresis (ECP) in Patients Suffering from Chronic GvHD Jignesh Dalal , Thomas Yankee , Ashraf Hassaballa , Bruce Parker , Anne Hirner , Jennifer Bunch , Joseph McGuirk , Sunil Abhyankar . 1 BMT, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO; Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; 3 Immunology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas city, KS; 4 BS, immunology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; 5 Apheresis, University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, MO; 6 Research Coordinator, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS; 7 University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS; 8 Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS
Helicobacter pylori and the future: An afterword

As seen throughout the chapters of this volume, the field of Helicobacter research has come a long way. The association of gastritis and peptic ulceration with the spiral-shaped bacterium Helicobacter pylori was first noted only 15 years ago (Marshall and Warren 1984) even though there had been single reports on human gastric spiral organisms in the past (Krienitz 1906; Freedberg and Barron 1940). H. pylori was successfully cultured in 1982, and 2 years later the name Campylobacter pyloridis was proposed (Marshall et al. 1984). However, for grammatical reasons, the name was changed to Campylobacter pylori (Marshall and Goodwin 1987). By 1988 sufficient morphological evidence based on electron microscopic studies had accumulated to justify a new genus: Helicobacter (Goodwin et al. 1989).
Radiologic evaluation of the shoulder girdle.

Imaging studies play an important role in the diagnosis and management of patients presenting with shoulder complaints. Specific clinical diagnoses should guide the clinician when ordering imaging studies. In general, imaging is indicated in patients with trauma, patients with severe pain, patients with recalcitrant symptoms, and older patients in whom there is likely a complex of chronic multistructural degenerative abnormalities. Available imaging modalities include x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), commuted tomography (CT), diagnostic ultrasound, arthrography, and nuclear medicine studies. This article presents a clinically based approach to radiologic decision making regarding patients presenting with shoulder symptoms. After an introduction to the various modalities, imaging considerations of the major clinical entities related to the shoulder are reviewed. A detailed knowledge of shoulder anatomy is essential for any clinician ordering or interpreting shoulder imaging studies (see the article by Goldstein elsewhere in this issue). For each clinical entity presented, a brief description of the pertinent history and physical findings accompanies the presentation of pertinent imaging findings. For a more detailed discussion of each clinical syndrome, the reader is referred to the appropriate article in this issue.