cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and clinical investigation of a new oral surface anesthetic for acute and chronic oral lesions.

Abstract Various solutions of antihistamines and dyclonine hydrochloride were compared with lidocaine hydrochloride as topical applications for relief of pain in patients with severe oral lesions. Preliminary screening indicated that dyclonine hydrochloride and lidocaine hydrochloride demonstrated excellent anesthetic qualities and that solutions of diphenhydramine hydrochloride produced mild anesthesia of prolonged duration. The combination of dyclonine hydrochloride and diphenhydramine hydrochloride in saline solution produced effective anesthesia in the lowest concentrations under study. Anesthesia persisted for periods of one to two hours in forty-four patients studied for periods ranging from seven to 540 days. One allergic reaction to 0.5 per cent dyclonine hydrochloride—0.5 per cent diphenhydramine hydrochloride solution was described. Self-administered, either applied with cotton-tipped applicators directly to the mucosal lesion or used as a mouthwash, a 0.5 per cent dyclonine hydrochloride—0.5 per cent diphenhydramine hydrochloride solution gave adequate to excellent relief from pain in most of the patients studied.
Biophysical controls on accretion and elevation change in Caribbean mangrove ecosystems

Abstract Habitat stability of coastal ecosystems, such as marshes and mangroves, depends on maintenance of soil elevations relative to sea level. Many such systems are characterized by limited mineral sedimentation and/or rapid subsidence and are consequently dependent upon accumulation of organic matter to maintain elevations. However, little field information exists regarding the contribution of specific biological processes to vertical accretion and elevation change. This study used biogenic mangrove systems in carbonate settings in Belize (BZ) and southwest Florida (FL) to examine biophysical controls on elevation change. Rates of elevation change, vertical accretion, benthic mat formation, and belowground root accumulation were measured in fringe, basin, scrub, and dwarf forest types plus a restored forest. Elevation change rates (mm yr−1) measured with Surface Elevation Tables varied widely: BZ-Dwarf (−3.7), BZ-Scrub (−1.1), FL-Fringe (0.6), FL-Basin (2.1), BZ-Fringe (4.1), and FL-Restored (9.9). Root mass accumulation varied across sites (82–739 g m−2 yr−1) and was positively correlated with elevation change. Root volumetric contribution to vertical change (mm yr−1) was lowest in BZ-Dwarf (1.2) and FL-Fringe (2.4), intermediate in FL-Basin (4.1) and BZ-Scrub (4.3), and highest in BZ-Fringe (8.8) and FL-Restored (11.8) sites. Surface growth of turf-forming algae, microbial mats, or accumulation of leaf litter and detritus also made significant contributions to vertical accretion. Turf algal mats in fringe and scrub forests accreted faster (2.7 mm yr−1) than leaf litter mats in basin forests (1.9 mm yr−1), but similarly to microbial mats in dwarf forests (2.1 mm yr−1). Surface accretion of mineral material accounted for only 0.2–3.3% of total vertical change. Those sites with high root contributions and/or rapid growth of living mats exhibited an elevation surplus (+2 to +8 mm yr−1), whereas those with low root inputs and low (or non-living) mat accumulation showed an elevation deficit (−1 to −5.7 mm yr−1). This study indicates that biotic processes of root production and benthic mat formation are important controls on accretion and elevation change in mangrove ecosystems common to the Caribbean Region. Quantification of specific biological controls on elevation provides better insight into how sustainability of such systems might be influenced by global (e.g., climate, atmospheric CO2) and local (e.g., nutrients, disturbance) factors affecting organic matter accumulation, in addition to relative sea-level rise.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Novel Dianion [Re(CO)3(η5-7-CB10H11)]2-. Reactions with Platina- and Palladaphosphine Chlorides†

The salts [X]2[Re(CO)3(η5-7-CB10H11)] (X = N(PPh3)2 (2a), X = NEt3(CH2Ph) (2b)) have been synthesized from the reaction between [Na]3[nido-7-CB10H11] and [ReBr(THF)2(CO)3] (THF = tetrahydrofuran) followed by addition of XCl. An X-ray diffraction study revealed that 2b crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21. The anion of 2a could not be oxidized by a host of oxidants with the exception of I2, which yielded the salt [N(PPh3)2][ReI(CO)3(η5-7-CB10H11)] (3). The neutral bimetallic complexes [RePt(CO)3(L)2(η5-7-CB10H11)] (L = PPh3 (4a), L = PEt3 (4b), (L)2 = Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2 (4c)) have been prepared by treating 2a in THF with [PtCl2(L)2] in the presence of TlPF6. X-ray diffraction revealed that compound 4a crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c. The molecule contains a bridging nido-7-CB10H11 ligand which is η5-coordinated to the Re atom and is bound to the Pt atom by a Bβ-H⇀Pt agostic bond. The compound [RePd(CO)3{Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2}(η5-7-CB10H11)] (5a) has been prepared by treating 2a with [PdC...
Patient and Physician Beliefs About Control over Health: Association of Symmetrical Beliefs with Medication Regimen Adherence

BACKGROUND Past work suggests that the degree of similarity between patient and physician attitudes may be an important predictor of patient-centered outcomes.
Techniques for optoelectronic packaging

Digital electronics has become so low-cost that practically all electronic systems of any kind have digital chips at their heart--that is, information is shuttled from subsystem to subsystem in digital format as its flow is controlled by digital control signals generated by digital subsystems. In general, analog or optical subsystems are used for signal transmission between digital subsystems. As 'packaging' refers to the elements of a system that are used to interconnect bare dies to bare dies, one can think of analog and optical systems as packaging and refer to insertion of analog and optical components into a digital system as an alternative form of packaging. In this paper we will discuss optoelectronic packaging reserach as research associated with inserting optics in electronic systems. Optoelectronics has proven to be the technology of choice for long-haul communications as well as compact disc player redout. In order for the applications of optoelectronics to become widespread, much will have to be done to solve problems associated with the generation and reception of the optical signals and problems associated with the compatibility of digital and analog electronics with optoelectronic components. These problems include laser-to-waveguide alignment, electrical modulation of optical signals, and receiver complexity. These research issues will be discussed in the following manuscript.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fetal Left and Right Ventricle Myocardial Performance Index: Defining Normal Values for the Second and Third Trimesters—Single Tertiary Center Experience

Myocardial performance index (MPI), or Tei index, has become a commonly used parameter for the noninvasive, Doppler-derived assessment of global systolic and diastolic performance of the heart in both adults and children. Normal values have been established in adults and children; however, limited data exist in fetal hearts. The aim of this study was to further elucidate normal values of fetal left (LV) and right ventricle (RV) MPI values in second- and third-trimester fetuses and compare these values with other previously published data. This was a retrospective study to measure MPI in healthy fetuses. After Institutional Review Board approval, 2000 fetal echocardiography studies (FES) were acquired during a period of 4 years. Demographic parameters examined included gestational age (GA), maternal age (MA), and indication for fetal echocardiography. Fetuses with congenital heart disease, arrhythmias, or significant noncardiac fetal anomalies were excluded. The following echocardiography parameters were collected: LV ejection time (LVET), mitral valve close-to-open time (MVCO), RVET, tricuspid valve CO (TVCO), and fetal heart rate. For simplicity, LV and RV MPI values were calculated as follows: LV MPI = MVCO − LVET/LVET and RV MPI = TVCO − RVET/RVET. Four hundred twenty FES met the study criteria. LV MPI was evaluated in 230 and 190 FES in the second and third trimester, respectively. Of the 420 FES, 250 (150 in the second trimester and 100 in the third trimester) had all of the measurements required for RV MPI calculation. MA ranged between 16 and 49 years. Indications for FES included diabetes mellitus (N = 140; 33 %), suspected fetal anomalies on routine obstetrical ultrasound (N = 80; 20 %), autoimmune disorder (N = 60; 14 %), family history of CHD (N = 76; 18 %), medication exposure (N = 22; 5 %), increase nuchal thickness (N = 13; 3 %), and other indications (N = 29; 6 %). Averaged LV and RV MPI values were 0.464 ± 0.08 and 0.466 ± 0.09, respectively. Further analysis based on gestational period showed slightly greater LV and RV MPI values during the third compared with the second trimester, i.e., 0.48 and 0.49, respectively, with no statistically significant difference. There was no significant association of LV and RV MPI with heart rate. To our knowledge, this is the first study to establish normal values of fetal MPI based on a large fetal population from a single tertiary center. LV and RV MPI values were independent of GA and fetal heart rate. MPI is a useful parameter for the assessment of global cardiac function in the fetus and demonstrates good reproducibility with narrow interobserver and intraobserver variability. Its usefulness should be studied in fetal hearts with complex congenital anomalies.
The Basis of Quality in Muscle Foods THE BASIS OF TENDERNESS IN MUSCLE FOODS

Two muscle components, collagen and the contractile apparatus, determine tenderness. The collagen contribution to toughness is due to the presence of intermolecular crosslinks which, with increasing animal age, become more thermally resistant and thus less readily broken during cooking. By contrast, toughness due to the contractile proteins is determined by conditions during the first few postmortem hours, when rapid chilling causes “cold shortening” of the muscles and a consequent very appreciable toughening. Beef and lamb are particularly prone to this process-induced defect; toughness development in these species can be largely controlled, however, by simple cooling-rate adjustment during rigor onset.
Scaffolding group learning in a collaborative networked environment

Scaffolding students in a collaborative networked learning environment requires different instructional methods than in a traditional home or classroom setting. The goal of this research is to understand computer-mediated collaboration in an instructional setting in order to create an effective computer-mediated collaboration tool. We identify ways to support collaboration by examining the interaction and strategies employed by a peer tutor and teacher and between peers working in our collaborative learning environment. We found that supporting collaboration in an electronic setting requires diagnosing impasses, facilitating problem-solving interaction, and suggesting ways to divide the problem into sub-tasks.
Disruption of gestation and egg shelling in deluteinized oviparous whiptail lizards Cnemidophorus uniparens (Reptilia: Teiidae).

Abstract Seven oviparous lizards were deluteinized and nine were sham operated within a mean time of less than 10 hr after they ovulated. Deluteinization induced in 14 hr as compared to 210 hr for controls' oviposition behavior which induced premature oviposition. It also reduced egg weight and disrupted egg shelling. These data demonstrate for the first time that corpora lutea function to control gravidity and shelling in a reptile and suggest a corpus luteum hormone responsible for this control. An undescribed ovulation behavior and its possible hormonal control is also described.
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for adults with ALL

ALL is a heterogeneous disease, and outcomes vary by patient age, immunophenotype and clinical, cytogenetic and molecular features. Modern treatment strategies use a risk-adapted approach. The optimal post-remission therapy for adults with ALL remains unclear. Available data indicate no consensus as to whether there is an advantage to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (Allo-HCT) over chemotherapy for the consolidation of adults with ALL with standard risk features while in the first CR (CR1). However, Allo-HCT is recommended in CR1 for patients with high-risk ALL, for those in a second CR (CR2) and for certain other subsets of patients with this disease.
TRANSFER OF GASTROINTESTINALLY ADMINISTERED 125 I-EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR INTO SUCKLING RAT BRAIN

TRANSFER OF GASTROINTESTINALLY ADMINISTERED 125 I-EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR INTO SUCKLING RAT BRAIN
Algorithms for reproducing objects from their X-rays

A problem of considerable importance in biology is the reconstruction of three-dimensional biological structures from electron micrographs. The problem is mathematically equivalent to that of reconstructing a three-dimensional object from x-rays taken at several angles. Solutions to these problems by Fourier methods have been proposed; unfortunately, the techniques are only applicable to highly symmetric objects; otherwise they require an unrealistic number of electron micrographs. More recently, some Monte Carlo and algebraic reconstruction techniques have been proposed. They are applicable to asymmetric objects with a realistic number of electron micrographs and less computer time; however, their performance with unknown objects is difficult to evaluate. In this eaper we discuss the first steps towards linear-least-mean-squares techniques which can be used to develop rapid reconstruction algorithms that are also applicable to asymmetric objects with any number of electron micrographs. Such algorithms have the advantage of being the best of a class; in addition, their performance can be evaluated.
Extraction Of Tactile Features By Passive And Active Sensing

Tactile sensors which are mounted on a robot gripper are typically much smaller than the objects they touch. If the robot system is to use a tactile sensor to perform such tasks as object recognition, parts inspection, or manipulation, then integration of features extracted from multiple sensing incidents will be necessary. This paper describes ways of acquiring tactile features that may be used in such tasks. Extraction of such features requires knowledge of the inherent advantages and limitations of tactile array sensors, and how the information they provide can be combined with information from position and force sensors. A number of tactile features (such as edge radii and object deformation) are best acquired by active sensing, in which the sensor is moved with respect to the object in a known fashion. Some strategies for extraction of tactile features, in both passive and active sensing paradigms, are presented and discussed.
Ubiquitous mobile phones are becoming indispensable

Mobile phones are ubiquitous today. The portable device has revolutionized the way we communicate with one another locally and globally. They have enabled the populace to be connected to one another in case of a crisis even from a remote area. Today real-time communication is possible at any time and from any part of the globe. Cell phones have become a necessity in today's digital global society, and are not just a symbol of social status anymore. In developing countries, they are being considered as the fifth necessity in addition to food, clothes, shelter, and education. In lieu of a static presentation, Prof. Knuth will conduct an interactive dialog with attendees, entitled "All Questions Answered".
Identification of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 That Stably Uses tRNALys1,2Rather Than tRNALys,3for Initiation of Reverse Transcription

Abstract HIV-1 virions contain approximately equal amounts of tRNA Lys,3 and tRNA Lys1,2 , yet tRNA Lys,3 has been found to be exclusively used for initiation of reverse transcription. Since previous studies have shown that even if the primer binding site (PBS) was mutated to be complementary to tRNA Lys1,2 , the virus did not stably use tRNA Lys1,2 to initiate reverse transcription, the virus must have evolved a mechanism for the exclusive use of tRNA Lys,3 to initiate reverse transcription. To investigate how HIV-1 discriminates tRNA Lys1,2 from tRNA Lys,3 for initiation of reverse transcription, two proviral genomes that contain nucleotide changes in U5 and a PBS to be complementary to regions of tRNA Lys1,2 were constructed. One genome contains 5 [HXB2(L12-AC)] nucleotides while another contains 15 [HXB2(L12-ACgg)] nucleotides in U5 complementary to the anticodon region of tRNA Lys1,2 . Viruses derived from the transfection of the proviral genomes were infectious in SupT1 cells. Analysis of the endogenous reverse transcription reactions from viruses derived from HXB2 (L12-AC) and HXB2 (L12-ACgg) obtained from transfection revealed that both exclusively used tRNA Lys1,2 to initiate reverse transcription. Following extensive in vitro culture, though, sequence analysis of proviral genomes revealed that while the virus derived from HXB2(L12-AC) stably maintained a PBS complementary to tRNA Lys1,2 , the virus derived from HXB2 (L12-ACgg) had reverted back to contain a PBS complementary to tRNA Lys,3 . RNA modeling of the U5-PBS of the genome from HXB2(L12-AC) supports the conclusion that the fine specificity for discrimination between tRNA Lys,3 and tRNA Lys1,2 for use as a primer for HIV-1 reverse transcription resides in the structure of the U5–PBS region of the viral genome.
Digital on line computer display to investigate the structure of metabolic systems

Abstract An on-line digital computer display program is developed for studying the kinetics of metabolic systems. The program provides the capability to simulate the model, to visually observe the results of simulation, and to modify the parameters for attaining a more appropriate simulation in a time period ranging from seconds to minutes. The applicability of this procedure in the development of metabolic models is illustrated in two basically different experimental situations in which isotopes are used. The program is used to develop in man a three-compartment model describing the disappearance of radiolabeled insulin from plasma and a thirteen-compartment model describing the product curve of plasma radiolabeled triglyceride. We demonstrated that the logic, accuracy, and arithmetic capabilities of the digital computer combined with digital graphic on-line procedures provides an effective technique for derivation of physiological models.
Some perspectives on Eshelby-like forces in the elastica arm scale

In a recent paper by Bosi et al. (2014 Proc. R. Soc. A 470, 20140232. (doi:10.1098/rspa.2014.0232)) an ingenious deformable arm scale was designed and developed. The scale's operation relies on the...
Renal hemodynamics in essential hypertension. Racial differences in response to changes in dietary sodium.

Previous studies have suggested striking racial differences in hypertension-related renal disease. To explore potential mechanisms responsible for these differences, we investigated changes in renal hemodynamics in white and black essential hypertensive patients in response to alterations in dietary sodium. Patients were untreated, age-matched, and blood pressure-matched white (n = 59) and black (n = 22) males with essential hypertension. Studies were conducted on an inpatient metabolic ward and included assessment of blood pressure, urinary sodium excretion, glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, and renal blood flow after 5 days each of high and low salt diets. In response to high dietary salt intake, both white and black patients demonstrated significantly higher mean arterial pressure, renal plasma flow, and renal blood flow, and there were no racial differences in the changes in these parameters. However, whites and blacks differed significantly in glomerular filtration rate, with black hypertensive patients showing an increase in glomerular filtration rate (+17.3 +/- 5.3 mL/min per 1.73 m2, F = 7.586, P = .007) and white hypertensive patients showing no change (-0.2 +/- 3.3 mL/min per 1.73 m2) in response to high dietary sodium. These data demonstrate racial differences in the autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate in response to changes in dietary sodium. These differences suggest that glomerular hyperfiltration in response to a high salt diet may be a mechanism contributing to the racial disparity in hypertension-related renal disease.
Synoptic-Eddy Feedbacks and Circulation Regime Analysis

Abstract A method to incorporate synoptic eddies into the diagnosis of circulation regimes using cluster analysis is illustrated using boreal winter reanalyses of the National Centers of Environmental Prediction (hereafter observations) over the Pacific–North American region. The motivation is to include the configuration of the high-frequency (periods less than 10 days) transients as well as the low-frequency (periods greater than 10 days) flow explicitly into the definition of the regimes. Principle component analysis is applied to the low-frequency 200-hPa height field, and also to the low-frequency “envelope” modulations of the rms of high-frequency meridional velocity at 200 hPa. A maximum covariance analysis of the height and envelope fields, carried out using the appropriate principal components, defines three modes as explaining most of the covariance. This defines the minimum dimensionality of the space in which to apply k-means cluster analysis to the covariance coefficients. Clusters found usin...
Pharmacokinetics of the Chlorpyrifos Metabolite 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-Pyridinol (TCPy) in Rat Saliva

Biological monitoring (biomonitoring) to quantify systemic exposure to the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) has historically focused on the quantitation of major CPF metabolites in urine. Noninvasive techniques are being advocated as novel means of biomonitoring for a variety of potential toxicants, including pesticides (like CPF), and saliva has been suggested as an ideal body fluid. However, in order to be acceptable, there is a need to understand salivary pharmacokinetics of CPF metabolites in order to extrapolate saliva measurements to whole-body exposures. In this context, in vivo pharmacokinetics of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), the major chemical-specific metabolite of CPF, was quantitatively evaluated in rat saliva. Experimental results suggest that TCPy partitioning from plasma to saliva in rats is relatively constant over a range of varying physiological conditions. TCPy pharmacokinetics was very similar in blood and saliva (area under the curve values were proportional and elimination rates ranged from 0.007 to 0.019 per hour), and saliva/blood TCPy concentration ratios were not affected by TCPy concentration in blood (p = 0.35) or saliva flow rate (p = 0.26). The TCPy concentration in saliva was highly correlated to the amount of unbound TCPy in plasma (r = 0.96), and the amount of TCPy protein binding in plasma was substantial (98.5%). The median saliva/blood concentration ratio (0.049) was integrated as a saliva/blood TCPy partitioning coefficient within an existing physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model for CPF. The model was capable of accurately predicting TCPy concentrations in saliva over a range of blood concentrations. These studies suggest that saliva TCPy concentration can be utilized to ascertain CPF exposure. It is envisioned that the PBPK/PD can likewise be used to estimate CPF dosimetry based on the quantitation of TCPy in spot saliva samples obtained from biomonitoring studies.
Metabolome Remodeling during the Acidogenic-Solventogenic Transition in Clostridium acetobutylicum

The fermentation carried out by the biofuel producer Clostridium acetobutylicum is characterized by two distinct phases. Acidogenesis occurs during exponential growth and involves the rapid production of acids (acetate and butyrate). Solventogenesis initiates as cell growth slows down and involves the production of solvents (butanol, acetone, and ethanol). Using metabolomics, isotope tracers, and quantitative flux modeling, we have mapped the metabolic changes associated with the acidogenic-solventogenic transition. We observed a remarkably ordered series of metabolite concentration changes, involving almost all of the 114 measured metabolites, as the fermentation progresses from acidogenesis to solventogenesis. The intracellular levels of highly abundant amino acids and upper glycolytic intermediates decrease sharply during this transition. NAD(P)H and nucleotide triphosphates levels also decrease during solventogenesis, while low-energy nucleotides accumulate. These changes in metabolite concentrations are accompanied by large changes in intracellular metabolic fluxes. During solventogenesis, carbon flux into amino acids, as well as flux from pyruvate (the last metabolite in glycolysis) into oxaloacetate, decreases by more than 10-fold. This redirects carbon into acetyl coenzyme A, which cascades into solventogenesis. In addition, the electron-consuming reductive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is shutdown, while the electron-producing oxidative (clockwise) right side of the TCA cycle remains active. Thus, the solventogenic transition involves global remodeling of metabolism to redirect resources (carbon and reducing power) from biomass production into solvent production.
Use of Regression Models as Analytical Procedures: An Empirical Investigation of Effect of Data Dispersion on Auditor Decisions

The newly issued Statement on Auditing Standards No. 56—Analytical Procedures [AICPA 1988] has placed greater emphasis on analytical procedures by requiring their use in the audit of financial statements. Regression analysis may be used as an analytical procedure and has been shown through research to be an effective audit tool.The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate whether different levels of dispersion of the data around the regression line affects auditor decisions when using regression models as analytical procedures.Monthly data from 15 companies in various industries used in analytical reviews by a CPA firm were used to determine the effect of data base dispersion on auditor's decisions.The decision model used in this study is the statistical technique for analytical review (STAR) approach used in the audit practice of Deloitte, Haskin, & Sells. This study reveals data bases with larger dispersions are more likely to have incorrect rejections than those data bases with smaller dispe...
Analysis of Arf GTP‐Binding Protein Function in Cells

This unit describes techniques and approaches that can be used to study the functions of the ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) GTP-binding proteins in cells. There are six mammalian Arfs and many more Arf-like proteins (Arls), and these proteins are conserved in eukaryotes from yeast to humans. Like all GTPases, Arfs cycle between GDP-bound, inactive and GTP-bound active conformations, facilitated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that catalyze GTP binding and hydrolysis, respectively. This unit describes approaches that can be taken to examine the localization and function of Arf and Arl proteins in cells. A simple protocol for measuring activation (GTP-binding) of specific Arf proteins in cells using a pull-down assay is also described. Approaches that can be taken to assess function of GEFs and GAPs in cells is described.
Designing a Cluster for Your Application

The cluster design rules (CDR) helps inexperienced users focus on the most important factors in cluster design. Without it, users must rely on a "cookie cutter" approach that can result in giving up performance unnecessarily. To really determine which cluster design will be best for a particular application, the designer must know what the application does and which hardware architecture will best support the application program, given a set of constraints on budget, space, power, and cooling. Accordingly, we've built the CDR, an expert system with a Web front end that's designed to help users build cluster systems suited to their own application codes and available resources.
Beyond insurance coverage: usual source of care in the treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Data from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Background Expanding insurance coverage, while necessary, may not be sufficient to ensure high-quality care for adults with cardiovascular disease. We sought to examine the association between having a usual source of care (USOC) and receiving medication treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Methods Using the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we categorized USOC (a place to go when sick or need medical advice) and insurance status in adults ≥35 years old with an indication for medication treatment of hypertension (n = 3,142) and hypercholesterolemia (n = 1,134), determined using the Joint National Committee 7 and Adult Treatment Panel III recommendations, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to determine the independent effect of USOC on receiving treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance status, and comorbidities. Separate multivariable models were examined stratified by insurance status. Results Among subjects with an indication for treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, 32.4% and 42.0% were untreated, respectively. When compared with adults with a USOC, adults without a USOC were more likely to be untreated for hypertension (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 2.43, 95% CI 1.88-2.85) and hypercholesterolemia (aPR 1.79, 95% CI 1.31-2.13). In stratified analyses among subjects with insurance, no USOC remained associated with being untreated (hypertension, aPR 2.58, 95% CI 1.88-3.08; hypercholesterolemia, aPR 1.65, 95% CI 0.97-2.18). Conclusions Absence of a USOC was associated with being untreated for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, even among individuals with insurance, suggesting that efforts to improve chronic disease management should also facilitate access to a regular source of care.
Graptolites as Indicators of Maximum Flooding Surfaces in Monotonous Deep-Water Shelf Successions

The graptolitic Early Ordovician succession of the Mount Hunneberg locality, southern Sweden, shows the response of graptolite faunas to sea-level changes. The exposed interval consists of intercalated carbonates and shales at the base, grading into pure black shales in its central and upper part. This facies trend records a deepening of the depositional environment due to an overall sea-level rise. The Mount Hunneberg graptolite fauna is dominated by nearshore, shallow-marine forms found in most layers throughout the succession. Deeper-water pandemic species occur only rarely together with shallow-water graptolites but are dominant at four distinct traceable levels at Mount Hunneberg. This change in graptolite faunal composition is interpreted to indicate sea-level fluctuations. With rising sea level, shallow-water endemics and pandemics migrated landward, and deeper-water pandemic graptolites became increasingly frequent on the shelf. During the peak of the transgression, deep-water forms dominated. With falling sea level, shallow-water forms again appeared and replaced the deep-water graptolites. The four levels with deep-water graptolites at Mount Hunneberg are, therefore, interpreted to represent maximum flooding surfaces. This study demonstrates that changes in the faunal composition of such planktic organisms as graptolites provide a promising tool for recognizing maximum flooding surfaces. As these faunal turnovers are also detectable in monotonous parts of the Mount Hunneberg succession, this biofacies-based approach enables the recognition of maximum flooding surfaces even when no lithologic changes are present, enhancing the applicability of sequence stratigraphic interpretations to monotonous outer shelf strata.
Increasing network resilience through edge diversity in NEBULA

The primary focus of the NEBULA Future Internet Architecture is to provide resilient networking for the emerging cloud computing model. One of the attractions of cloud computing is its support for online services and data storage by thin clients such as mobile devices. This paper describes two components of NEBULA's edge network technology, Serval and CRYSTAL. Serval provides a new layer 3.5 service abstraction that naturally supports mobility, multi-homing, and multi-path transport, while CRYSTAL is a new virtualization scheme for software radios that makes it easier to expose greater network diversity at the network edge.
A series expansion of the acoustic power radiated from planar sources

A series expansion in ascending powers of the wavenumber k is derived for the acoustic power delivered by baffled or unbaffled planar sources. This series provides a relatively simple means of derving expressions for the power radiated by a baffled source with a known velocity distribution and can be used for unbaffled plates when the velocity field outside the plate is also known. The terms in the series are calculated from the moments of this velocity distribution in the plane containing the source. If these moments are written as derivaties in wavenumber space, it is shown that a MacLaurin expansion of the Fourier transformed velocity provides an easy technique for computing the first few terms of the acoustic power. Examples are provided for baffled, rectangular plates with various boundary conditions. The arbirarily shaped plate with free boundaries is particularly interesting. It is proven that the volume flow across it surface must be zero and as a result corner and edge mode radiation cannot exist for this kind of source.
Detrital Decomposition As a Measure of Ecosystem Function in Created Wetlands

ABSTRACT Mitigation wetland performance is typically assessed with indicators of ecosystem structure and organization, such as plant community composition. While structural indicators can confirm the establishment of a wetland, the degree to which they measure system function is debatable. We evaluated the potential of coarse particulate litter decomposition as a measure of ecosystem function in three created wetlands of different hydrologic regimes and different ages—4, 12, and 155 years. We evaluated litter decomposition rates among the three wetlands relative to site-specific characteristics of vegetation, substrate conditions, and hydrologic regime. Decomposition rates differed among these wetlands, and age effects were strongly influenced by site conditions and environmental factors. Hydrologic regime was the most significant interaction factor with decomposition and likely was a confounding factor for an age-based trajectory of detrital dynamics. These results suggest that decomposition dynamics can...
Intrinsic subthreshold oscillations extend the influence of inhibitory synaptic inputs on cortical pyramidal neurons

Fast inhibitory synaptic inputs, which cause conductance changes that typically last for 10–100 ms, participate in the generation and maintenance of cortical rhythms. We show here that these fast events can have influences that outlast the duration of the synaptic potentials by interacting with subthreshold membrane potential oscillations. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in cortical neurons in vitro shifted the oscillatory phase for several seconds. The phase shift caused by two IPSPs or two current pulses summed non-linearly. Cholinergic neuromodulation increased the power of the oscillations and decreased the magnitude of the phase shifts. These results show that the intrinsic conductances of cortical pyramidal neurons can carry information about inhibitory inputs and can extend the integration window for synaptic input.
PERSPECTIVE: Ranking Business Schools on the Management of Technology

Current centers of active research on the management of technology and innovation (MOT) are identified through the use of a publication-based study. This article develops a methodology for ranking centers of MOT research and in doing so identifies 120 centers of MOT research in different parts of the world. Centers of research are identified in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. Detailed assessment is offered for the 21 U.S.-based schools with three or more active MOT researchers present. The nature and quality of research activity is assessed with a series of 21 metrics. These metrics consider the number of active faculty, the number of publications researchers have in the base journals during the study period, total publication history, MOT publication history, number of equivalent articles, number of pages published, frequency of citations, and a series of metrics that are a combination of two or more of these factors. The assessment identifies four groups of schools that have MOT research capabilities. Schools with substantial research capability are divided into three tiers based on their rankings in different metrics. Each of the schools ranked in the first tier placed first on at least two of the 21 metrics considered in this study. A reasonable argument can be made that any one of the schools ranking in the first tier is the strongest school in terms of MOT research capabilities. These U.S.-based schools in alphabetical order are Georgia Tech, MIT, Rensselaer, Rutgers, and Stanford. An important point to note is that there are clear differences in research focus between the different first-tier schools; therefore, it is quite likely that different types of students, faculties, and practitioners will find each of the first-tier schools most attractive based on personal fit with these differences in specialization. The schools in the second and third tier have substantial MOT research capability. The fourth tier identifies 18 additional U.S.-based schools that have some capability due to a core of two researchers. This core could be the springboard to a national ranking or a transitory state due to departure of a faculty member. Future research should consider the stability of the results over time and should explore the links among research capabilities, program structure, student output, and placement.
A 3′ untranslated region variant in FMR1 eliminates neuronal activity-dependent translation of FMRP by disrupting binding of the RNA-binding protein HuR

Fragile X syndrome is a common cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. The gene underlying the disorder, fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1), is silenced in most cases by a CGG-repeat expansion mutation in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR). Recently, we identified a variant located in the 3′UTR of FMR1 enriched among developmentally delayed males with normal repeat lengths. A patient-derived cell line revealed reduced levels of endogenous fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), and a reporter containing a patient 3′UTR caused a decrease in expression. A control reporter expressed in cultured mouse cortical neurons showed an expected increase following synaptic stimulation that was absent when expressing the patient reporter, suggesting an impaired response to neuronal activity. Mobility-shift assays using a control RNA detected an RNA–protein interaction that is lost with the patient RNA, and HuR was subsequently identified as an associated protein. Cross-linking immunoprecipitation experiments identified the locus as an in vivo target of HuR, supporting our in vitro findings. These data suggest that the disrupted interaction of HuR impairs activity-dependent translation of FMRP, which may hinder synaptic plasticity in a clinically significant fashion.
It's Not Just Your Goal, But Also Who You Know: How the Cognitive Associations Among Goals and Relationships Influence Goal Detection in Social Interaction

An experiment tested a theoretical framework for goal detection in dyadic interactions of close friends and unacquainted strangers wherein one conversationalist pursued a goal unbeknownst to a detector. The extent to which pursuers' conversation goal was cognitively associated with the dyad's relational type was manipulated. As hypothesized, pursuers' efficiency was significantly positively correlated to detectors' inference accuracy when the pursuer's goal was weakly linked to the relational type (e.g., avoid-awkwardness goal in close-friend dyads), whereas efficiency-accuracy correlations were not significant when the pursuer's goal was strongly linked to the relational type (e.g., avoid-awkwardness in unacquainted dyads). Results for detectors' inference certainty provided weak support for the prediction. Alternative accounts (e.g., personalism or relational knowledge) were relatively ineffective.
Consequences of alternative tree-level biomass estimation procedures on U.S. forest carbon stock estimates

Forest ecosystems are the largest terrestrial carbon sink on earth and their management has been recognized as a relatively cost-effective strategy for offsetting greenhouse gas emissions. Forest carbon stocks in the U.S. are estimated using data from the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program. In an attempt to balance accuracy with consistency, the FIA program recently developed the component ratio method which utilizes regional volume models to replace the existing set of generalized allometric regression models used to estimate biomass and carbon stocks. This study describes the impact of the transition from the generalized allometric regression models to the component ratio method on the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory estimates by comparing estimates of carbon stocks from both approaches by common tree species and varying spatial scales (e.g., tree to national scale). Results for the 20 most abundant tree species in the 48 conterminous states of the U.S. suggest there is a significant difference in estimates of carbon stocks at the plot and national scales for the two estimation approaches. The component ratio method decreased estimates of national carbon stocks by an average of 16% for the species in the study. The observed reductions in carbon estimates can be attributed to incorporation of tree height as a predictor variable into species-specific volume models used to estimate tree biomass and carbon stocks. While the transition from the generalized allometric regression models to the component ratio method is procedural in nature, it may have important implications for national and global forest carbon sink estimates and the perception of the role forests play in mitigating the effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide. By combining regional accuracy with a nationally consistent approach, the component ratio method reflects a critical first step in aligning estimates of forest carbon stocks in the U.S.’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory with estimates of tree volume in the FIA database.
Systemic Risk in Endogenous Financial Networks

We provide a framework to study the formation of financial networks and investigate the interplay between the banks’ lending incentives and the emergence of systemic risk. We show that under natural contracting assumptions, banks fail to internalize the implications of their lending decisions for the banks with whom they are not directly contracting, thus establishing the presence of a financial network externality in the process of network formation. We then illustrate how the presence of this externality can function as a channel for the emergence of systemic risk. In particular, we show that (i) banks may “overlend” in equilibrium, creating channels over which idiosyncratic shocks can translate into systemic crises via financial contagion; and (ii) they may not spread their lending sufficiently among the set of potential borrowers, creating insufficiently connected financial networks that are excessively prone to contagious defaults. Finally, we show that banks’ private incentives may lead to the formation of financial networks that are overly susceptible to systemic meltdowns with some small probability.
Wnt Signaling Mutants Have Decreased Dentate Granule Cell Production and Radial Glial Scaffolding Abnormalities

LRP6 mutant mice have generalized defects in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway because of the crucial function of LRP6 as a Wnt signaling co-receptor (Pinson et al., 2000). We examined the hippocampal phenotype of single LRP6 mutant mice as well as LRP6/Lef1 double mutant mice. LRP6 mutants had reduced production of dentate granule neurons and abnormalities of the radial glial scaffolding in the forming dentate gyrus. These defects were more severe with the addition of a single Lef1 null allele to an LRP6 null background. Pyramidal cell fields were unaffected in the LRP6, Lef1, or double mutants. The dentate defects were accompanied by decreased numbers of mitotic precursors in the migratory pathway to the dentate and in the displaced proliferative zone in the dentate itself. At earlier gestational ages, there was a reduction in the number of dentate granule cell progenitors in the dentate ventricular zone before the emigration of the earliest differentiated granule neurons and precursors to form the dentate anlage.
Composition and Transport Behavior of Soil Nanocolloids in Natural Porous Media

Natural nanoparticles and nanocolloids are ubiquitous in soil environments playing important roles in many environmental processes, including soil genesis, nutrient cycling, dispersion/flocculation, sorption, precipitation, dissolution, contaminant transport, biogeochemical transformations, bioavailability, and various remediation practices (Christian et al., 2008).
Lycopene and Cancer

Epidemiological and human clinical trials suggest that dietary intake of tomatoes or lycopene protects against cancers of the prostate, breast, cervix, ovary, endometrium, lung, bladder, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, colon, and pancreas.
Adsorption of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions: Algorithm Development

The development of a general algorithm for the calculation of metal ion adsorption from aqueous solutions at equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions is presented. This algorithm, named KINEQL (Yiacoumi, 1992), incorporates elements from existing equilibrium algorithms with new elements for kinetic calculations.
SECRETION OF 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS IN CONSCIOUS AND ANESTHETIZED DOGS EXPOSED TO SIMULATED ALTITUDE.

SummaryEighteen experiments were performed on 8 conscious and anesthetized dogs in which the dorsal roots (T11-L3) had been severed and a glass cannula inserted in the lumbo-adrenal vein. Decompression to 17,000 feet simulated altitude for 2 hours while breathing ambient air (pO2 78 mm Hg) caused marked elevations in 17-OHCS secretions in both conscious and anesthetized dogs.