cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amiodarone kinetics after oral doses.

Amiodarone serum kinetics after single oral doses and after long-term therapy were investigated in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. When amiodarone was given as a single oral dose (1400 to 1800 mg, n = 6), serum levels of amiodarone and its metabolite, measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, correlated (r = 0.69, P < 0.01). Peak concentrations (amiodarone, 3 to 14 μg/ml; metabolite, 0.7 μg/ml) were attained in 4.9 ± 1.2 hr. Using computer fits to the data, amiodarone mean elimination rate constant and half-life (t½e) were 0.128 ± 0.063 hr−1 and 7.2 ± 5.0 hr. In 12 patients given a mean dose of 1327 ± 338 mg/day of amiodarone for 4.1 ± 2.3 wk, mean serum amiodarone level was 3.84 ± 2.92 μg/ml (range 0.92 to 11.99); in three patients simultaneous determination of concentrations of amiodarone and its metabolite revealed that concentration of the latter was about 50% of that of the parent drug during long-term therapy. In four patients on maintenance therapy (400 to 800 mg/day, serum level 1.08 ± 1.13 μg / ml) drug was discontinued and serum amiodarone levels were determined serially. Serum drug disappearance followed a single exponential function with an elimination rate constant of 0.030 ± 0.012 day−1 and t½e of 29 ± 19 days. Our kinetic data are consistent with the long therapeutic amiodarone tl/2 noted in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 31, 438–444; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.57
Another World is Possible: Envisioning an Intersectional Social Justice Student Affairs Praxis

Developing an intersectional social justice praxis in student affairs is important given the wide sweeping economic and political shifts are occurring in society and are creating shifts within higher education environments. These shifts, referred to here as neoliberalism, adversely affect already minoritized populations (e.g., trans* students). Simultaneously, higher education professionals, particularly those in identity-based centers, seek solutions to common student problems (e.g., campus climate) through policies and practices, which may inadvertently advance a neo-liberal agenda. I propose a framework that seeks to develop policies, programs, and practices that work to subvert neoliberalism, or at the very least stop the advancement of neoliberal ideology within student affairs. In this article, I argue adoption of this framework in student affairs using findings from an exploratory study about the experiences of transgender college students. The framework calls for social justice approach grounded in Critical Trans Politics and draws on notions of intersectionality to understand the effects of larger social forces on individual students’ experiences.
Formaldehyde exposure from building products

Abstract Formaldehyde release from building products is primarily due to incompletely reacted urea-formaldehyde resin (UFR) in particleboard, medium density fiberboard (MDF), and plywood. Formaldehyde is also released from urea-formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI) that was popular during the 1970s for retrofitting building envelopes. Results of our test of commercial adhesives and UF-bonded wood products show that current state-of-the-art products yield air chamber test values below 0.25 mg/m 3 immediately after manufacture and are capable of meeting 0.12 mg/m 3 indoor air standards at the current product ratio unless these products are used in places where they are exposed to high temperature and humidity. In mobile homes placed in severe climates, wall-temperature profiles show large seasonal and diurnal variations that cause large changes in formaldehyde indoor air levels. Our work shows that diurnal formaldehyde levels may change by a factor of 5 during a 24-h period. Therefore, formaldehyde exposure levels in mobile homes depend on daytime conditions.
High-Resolution Hurricane Forecasts

Widely varying scales of atmospheric motion make it extremely difficult to predict hurricane intensity even after decades of research. A new model capable of resolving a hurricane's deep convection motions was tested on a large sample of Atlantic tropical cyclones. Results show that using finer resolution can improve storm intensity predictions.
SURGERY FOR ISCHEMIC PAIN AND RAYNAUD'S' PHENOMENON IN SCLERODERMA: A DESCRIPTION OF TREATMENT PROTOCOL AND EVALUATION OF RESULTS

Although the literature suggests that palmar sympathectomy (PS) with or without vascular reconstruction may improve ischemic digital pain, fingertip ulceration, and cold intolerance in patients with scleroderma, the question regarding long-term efficacy still remains. This retrospective study of six patients (eight hands) operated on between 1995 and 1997 evaluates both early (6 months) and long-term (average, 2.5 years) outcome after PS in combination with decompression arteriolysis of the radial and ulnar arteries proximal to the wrist. When preoperative digital blood flow was inadequate based on noninvasive vascular studies and major inflow occlusion was present, vascular reconstruction was also performed when feasible. At early review, significant improvement in ischemic digital pain and moderate improvement in cold intolerance resulted in eight hands, and at final follow-up, this was sustained in seven hands. Preoperatively, digital ulcerations were present in six hands. After digital debridement and/or amputation, all wounds healed, but in one patient with bilateral disease who continued to smoke, ulcerations recurred without the need for subsequent surgery. Five of six patients were no longer dependent on narcotic analgesics, but use of vasodilator medication did not change. Five of six patients claimed significant improvement in the quality of life after surgery and reported that they would undergo the surgery again. PS in combination with radial and ulnar arteriolysis appears to be efficacious at both early and long-term review. When major inflow occlusion exists and digital blood flow is compromised, vascular reconstruction is recommended if possible. We review our treatment protocol in this complex population of patients.
Realistic immersion of a user into humanoids of different sizes and proportions in lmmersive virtual reality

In immersive virtual reality simulations in which users are immersed into full body humanoids, it is typically the case that the humanoid size and proportions have to match those of the immersed user for the immersion to be realistic. However, a key aim of these simulations may be to study how users of different body sizes and proportions interact with the environment. We have developed a real time motion retargeting method by which users can be immersed into different humanoids and other kinematically similar avatars, and still experience a realistic feeling of immersion. A set of experiments aimed at studying the realism of the immersion indicate that users indeed experience a realistic sense of immersion into different humanoids.
Encoding Dissimilarity Data for Statistical Model Building.

Abstract We summarize, review and comment upon three papers which discuss the use of discrete, noisy, incomplete, scattered pairwise dissimilarity data in statistical model building. Convex cone optimization codes are used to embed the objects into a Euclidean space which respects the dissimilarity information while controlling the dimension of the space. A “newbie” algorithm is provided for embedding new objects into this space. This allows the dissimilarity information to be incorporated into a smoothing spline ANOVA penalized likelihood model, a support vector machine, or any model that will admit reproducing kernel Hilbert space components, for nonparametric regression, supervised learning, or semisupervised learning. Future work and open questions are discussed. The papers are: (1) Lu, F., Keles, S., Wright, S., Wahba, G., 2005a. A framework for kernel regularization with application to protein clustering. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102, 12332–12337. (2) Corrada Bravo, G., Wahba, G., Lee, K., Klein, B., Klein, R., Iyengar, S., 2009. Examining the relative influence of familial, genetic and environmental covariate information in flexible risk models. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 8128–8133. (3) Lu, F., Lin, Y., Wahba, G., 2005b. Robust manifold unfolding with kernel regularization. Technical Report 1008, Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Use of 3,5-Dinitrosalicylate Reagent for Glucose Determination in Mixed Solvents

Abstract The reduction of 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid to 3-amino-5-nitrosalicylic acid by glucose is the basis for a common method of glucose determination. We have demonstrated that the method can be used in mixed solvents consisting of water and any of several organic solvents. In some cases a calibration curve other than the curve for water alone must be used.
Power Distribution Inductance Modeling

Complex high density VLSI chips (i.e. microprocessors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors) require packages with V DD /Vssplane(s) and a large number (μ 100) of I/O pins for controlled signal impedance and external communications. However, in typical single layer packages, conductors are metal leadframe connected to the die (chip) with bond wires. Note that single metal layer package does not contain a separate VDD/Vss reference planes, and the current path is confined to the metal lines and bond wires. Typical single layer packages are; 1) PDIP/CDIP (Plastic/Ceramic Dual-InLine Package), PLCC (Plastic Leadless Chip Carrieer, 3) PQFP (Plastic Quad Flat Pack), and 4) CerQUAD (Ceramic Quad Flat Pack). In multi-layer packages, connections from the die to the external world may be through signal traces, bond wires, metal planes, vias, and pins. Vias are used to connect signals from plane-to-plane. Due to these complex VDD /Vss connections at the chip-package interface, modeling “L eff “ (to a single lumped inductance) involves a detailed understanding of the current path through these connections. A software tool describing the current distribution on the VDD/Vss planes is essential to model the reference plane inductance, and thereby the effective inductance ”L eff “.
Epithelial Changes in the Presumptive Regions of Fusion During Secondary Palate Formation

Specific epithelial changes before fusion of the palatal processes and nasal septum of human fetuses were studied at the fine structural level and were compared with the changes in rodents and chick cervical sinus formation.
Voltage control of Ca2+ permeation through N-type calcium (CaV2.2) channels

Voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channels deliver Ca2+ to trigger cellular functions ranging from cardiac muscle contraction to neurotransmitter release. The mechanism by which these channels select for Ca2+ over other cations is thought to involve multiple Ca2+-binding sites within the pore. Although the Ca2+ affinity and cation preference of these sites have been extensively investigated, the effect of voltage on these sites has not received the same attention. We used a neuronal preparation enriched for N-type calcium (CaV2.2) channels to investigate the effect of voltage on Ca2+ flux. We found that the EC50 for Ca2+ permeation increases from 13 mM at 0 mV to 240 mM at 60 mV, indicating that, during permeation, Ca2+ ions sense the electric field. These data were nicely reproduced using a three-binding-site step model. Using roscovitine to slow CaV2.2 channel deactivation, we extended these measurements to voltages <0 mV. Permeation was minimally affected at these hyperpolarized voltages, as was predicted by the model. As an independent test of voltage effects on permeation, we examined the Ca2+-Ba2+ anomalous mole fraction (MF) effect, which was both concentration and voltage dependent. However, the Ca2+-Ba2+ anomalous MF data could not be reproduced unless we added a fourth site to our model. Thus, Ca2+ permeation through CaV2.2 channels may require at least four Ca2+-binding sites. Finally, our results suggest that the high affinity of Ca2+ for the channel helps to enhance Ca2+ influx at depolarized voltages relative to other ions (e.g., Ba2+ or Na+), whereas the absence of voltage effects at negative potentials prevents Ca2+ from becoming a channel blocker. Both effects are needed to maximize Ca2+ influx over the voltages spanned by action potentials.
Estimating Spatial Sampling Errors in Coarse-Scale Soil Moisture Estimates Derived from Point-Scale Observations

The validation of satellite surface soil moisture products requires comparisons between point-scale ground observations and footprint-scale (.100 km 2 ) retrievals. In regions containing a limited number of measurement sites per footprint, some of the observed difference between the retrievals and ground observations is attributable to spatial sampling error and not the intrinsic error of the satellite retrievals themselves. Here, a triple collocation (TC) approach is applied to footprint-scale soil moisture products acquired from passive microwave remote sensing, land surface modeling, and a single ground-based station with the goal of the estimating (and correcting for) spatial sampling error in footprint-scale soil moisture estimates derived from the ground station. Using these three soil moisture products, the TC approach is shown to estimate point-tofootprint soil moisture sampling errors to within 0.0059 m 3 m 23 and enhance the ability to validate satellite footprint-scale soil moisture products using existing low-density ground networks.
Does sea ice influence Greenland ice sheet surface-melt?

Recent decreases in Arctic sea ice and increases in Greenland ice sheet surface-melt may have global impacts, but the interactions between these two processes are unknown. Using microwave satellite data, we explore the spatial and temporal covariance of sea ice extent and ice sheet surface-melt around Greenland from 1979 to 2007. Significant covariance is discovered in several loci in the late summer, with the strongest covariance in western Greenland, particularly in the southwest (Kangerlussuaq). In this region, wind direction patterns and a statistical lag analysis of ice retreat/advance and surface-melt event timings suggest that sea ice extent change is a potential driver of ice sheet melt. Here, late summer wind directions facilitate onshore advection of ocean heat, and enhanced melting on the ice sheet commonly occurs after reductions in offshore sea ice. Hence, this study identifies for the first time the covariability patterns of sea ice and ice sheet melt and suggests that a retreating sea ice margin may enhance melting over the ice sheet.
Ultrasound and Conduction Velocity

To the Editor: I commend the educational practice of schools that encourage and support simple research projects by students. The experience of identifying a problem, designing an appropriate experiment to study it, performing the experiment, gathering and analzying the data, and finally reporting the results in a logical and scholarly manner, all contribute to a student's overall development. It must be recognized, however, that should such a study be published in the professional journal that represents the specialty, we no longer have an in-house student exercise but a serious paper that will be subjected to intense scrutiny by a wide audience. This pseudo-philosophical preamble was stimulated by an article based on a student research project that you recently printed.1 I should like to comment on a number of points.… [ ARTICLE][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/63/1788?iss=11
The use of synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides to produce specific deletions in the araBAD promoter of Escherichia coli B/r

Two oligodeoxyribonucleotides were chemically synthesized and used to specifically mutate the regulatory region of the araBAD operon in Escherichia coli B/r. One oligodeoxyribonucleotide introduced a 3-bp deletion in the araC activator binding site, the other a 3-bp deletion in the CRP-cAMP binding site. The mutations were introduced onto an ara insert cloned in an M13 vector using the synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides as primers and the (+) strand of an M13 mp2::ara hybrid phage as a template in an in vitro polymerization reaction. Hybridizations using the original synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide as a radioactive probe identified phage containing the desired deletion. The mutant ara inserts were subcloned into a stable plasmid for functional analysis. Transcription studies performed on strains containing the mutant ara plasmids demonstrated that both mutations reduced the amount of araBA mRNA synthesized in the presence of L-arabinose.
On the Base Current Components in SOI Symmetric Lateral Bipolar Transistors

The base current components in semiconductor on insulator symmetric lateral bipolar transistors are examined in detail to yield insight into the underlying device physics. For Si-OI devices, the base current component due to recombination in the quasineutral base is negligible, the component due to injection into the emitter has a weaker than 1/ $\textit{N}_{E}$ dependence because of the effect of heavy doping. The component due to recombination in the emitter–base diode space-charge region is associated with the fabrication process, and could be reduced to a negligible level with process optimization. For SiGe-OI devices, the effect of heavy doping appears to be less than for Si-OI devices. The result is higher maximum current gain for SiGe-OI devices than for comparably doped Si-OI devices.
Dysregulation of visual motion inhibition in major depression

Individuals with depression show depleted concentrations of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in occipital (visual) cortex, predicting weakened inhibition within their visual systems. Yet, visual inhibition in depression remains largely unexplored. To fill this gap, we examined the inhibitory process of center-surround suppression (CSS) of visual motion in depressed individuals. Perceptual performance in discriminating the direction of motion was measured as a function of stimulus presentation time and contrast in depressed individuals (n=27) and controls (n=22). CSS was operationalized as the accuracy difference between conditions using large (7.5°) and small (1.5°) grating stimuli. Both depressed and control participants displayed the expected advantage in accuracy for small stimuli at high contrast. A significant interaction emerged between subject group, contrast level and presentation time, indicating that alterations of CSS in depression were modulated by stimulus conditions. At high contrast, depressed individuals showed significantly greater CSS than controls at the 66ms presentation time (where the effect peaked in both groups). The results' specificity and dependence on stimulus features such as contrast, size and presentation time suggest that they arise from changes in early visual processing, and are not the results of a generalized deficit or cognitive bias.
Successful Strategies for Practice-Based Recruitment of Racial and Ethnic Minority Pregnant Women in a Randomized Controlled Trial: the IDEAS for a Healthy Baby Study

Racial/ethnic minority patients are often underrepresented in clinical trials. Efforts to address barriers to participation may improve representation, thus enhancing our understanding of how research findings apply to more diverse populations. The IDEAS (Information, Description, Education, Assistance, and Support) for a Healthy Baby study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of an intervention to reduce barriers to using publicly reported quality data for low-income, racial/ethnic minority women. We used strategies grounded in a health equity framework to address barriers to recruitment and retention in three domains: preparation, process, and patient-centeredness. “Preparation” included teaching study staff about health inequities, role-playing skills to develop rapport and trust, and partnering with clinic staff. “Processes” included use of electronic registration systems to pre-screen potential candidates and determine when eligible participants were in clinic and an electronic database to track patients through the study. Use of a flexible protocol, stipends, and consideration of literacy levels promoted “patient-centeredness.” We anticipated needing to recruit 800 women over 18 months to achieve a completion goal of 650. Using the recruitment and retention strategies outlined above, we recruited 746 women in 15 months, achieving higher recruitment (87.1 %) and retention rates (97.3 %) than we had anticipated. These successful recruitment and retention strategies used for a large RCT promoted inclusivity and accessibility. Researchers seeking to recruit racial and ethnic minority pregnant women in similar settings may find the preparation, process, and patient-centered strategies used in this study applicable for their own studies. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01784575 , 1R21HS021864-01
Review of unusual and some unexplained phenomena in pneumatic conveying

ABSTRACTThis paper will review several phenomena and applications of pneumatic conveying which are unusual in nature and not found in the standard applications of pneumatic conveying in solid processing. The effect of reduced gravity of pneumatic conveying in the space shuttle will be cited along with other earth-based reduced-gravity experiments. In our laboratory, we studied the relationship between dilute and dense-phase conveying proposing a thermodynamic analogy in interpreting pneumatic conveying operations. We also explored the potential to relate the different parameters in pneumatic conveying to a generalized phase diagram. Our laboratory also studied many facets of electrostatics and their effect from elimination of the effect to utilization in the development of flowmeters. It was found that the use of a Roots blower in conveying dilute-phase cement yields some fascinating results that show drag reduction. Also showing unexpected results were the conveyance of particles that undergo a physical ...
Informing Our Interventions with the Wisdom of the Sages: Biblical and Rabbinic Inspiration for Fostering Sensitivity Towards Individuals with Disabilities

This chapter presents Jewish perspectives on disabilities that informed the creation of two prosocial interventions to enhance typical children’s sensitivity, intentions, and attitudes towards children with special needs. The first intervention involved a four-part curriculum designed to teach typical students about autism, blindness, cerebral palsy, and deafness. The second intervention introduced a children’s television show, which highlights the special strengths and abilities of individuals with disabilities. Drawing on lessons and stories from traditional Jewish teachings, the chapter calls for children to be better educated to recognise the inherent value and unique strengths of children living with disabilities.
The sorghum industry of a 19th-century cotton plantation in South Carolina

Archaeological excavations at an industrial structure are discussed, and a number of possible functions for the building are evaluated. Using archaeological, historical, and comparative data, it is argued that the structure, discovered at Millwood Plantation, a large, 19th-century cotton plantation in the South Carolina Piedmont, was part of a larger and possibly experimental sorghum industry.
The application of neuroimaging to social inequity and language disparity: A cautionary examination.

Abstract In the nascent field of the cognitive neuroscience of socioeconomic status (SES), researchers are using neuroimaging to examine how growing up in poverty affects children’s neurocognitive development, particularly their language abilities. In this review we highlight difficulties inherent in the frequent use of reverse inference to interpret SES-related abnormalities in brain regions that support language. While there is growing evidence suggesting that SES moderates children’s developing brain structure and function, no studies to date have elucidated explicitly how these neural findings are related to variations in children’s language abilities, or precisely what it is about SES that underlies or contributes to these differences. This issue is complicated by the fact that SES is confounded with such linguistic factors as cultural language use, first language, and bilingualism. Thus, SES-associated differences in brain regions that support language may not necessarily indicate differences in neurocognitive abilities. In this review we consider the multidimensionality of SES, discuss studies that have found SES-related differences in structure and function in brain regions that support language, and suggest future directions for studies in the area of cognitive neuroscience of SES that are less reliant on reverse inference.
Photoelectrochemical Properties and Behavior of α-SnWO4 Photoanodes Synthesized by Hydrothermal Conversion of WO3 Films

Metal oxides with moderate band gaps are desired for efficient production of hydrogen from sunlight and water via photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Here, we report an α-SnWO4 photoanode synthesized by hydrothermal conversion of WO3 films that achieves photon to current conversion at wavelengths up to 700 nm (1.78 eV). This photoanode is promising for overall PEC water-splitting because the flat-band potential and voltage of photocurrent onset are more negative than the potential of hydrogen evolution. Furthermore, the photoanode utilizes a large portion of the solar spectrum. However, the photocurrent density reaches only a small fraction of that which is theoretically possible. Density functional theory based thermodynamic and electronic structure calculations were performed to elucidate the nature and impact of defects in α-SnWO4 prepared by this synthetic route, from which hole localization at Sn-at-W antisite defects was determined to be a likely cause for the poor photocurrent. Measurements...
How to Use Game Elements to Enhance Learning: Applications of the Theory of Gamified Learning

The theory of gamified learning (Landers RN, Simul Games 45(6):752–768. doi:10.1177/1046878114563660, 2014) presents a theoretical model in which game elements, drawn from the serious games literature, are used in isolation or in limited combination to gamify existing instructional processes in order to improve learning. Critically, individual game elements must be linked to specific behavioral, motivational, or attitudinal outcomes, which in turn must be linked to learning outcomes, in order for gamification to be effective. Without establishing such links, gamification may appear to be unsuccessful when implementations have in fact succeeded. In this chapter, we expand upon the theory of gamified learning by providing applied examples of each of the nine major categories of game elements and linking those elements theoretically to the behavioral and attitudinal constructs they are best predicted to affect. In short, we explain how to gamify learning in a scientifically supported fashion. We conclude with recommendations for both research and practice of gamification in learning.
Thromboembolic and bleeding risks in patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation: oral anticoagulation perspectives

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. Catheter ablation for AF (CAAF) has emerged as an effective treatment option of rhythm control for patients with symptomatic AF. However, the risk of thromboembolism and bleeding in the periprocedural period represent a worrisome complication of this therapy. The reported incidence of thromboembolic and bleeding events associated with CAAF varies from 0.9% to 5% depending on the CAAF strategy and the anticoagulation regimen used in the periprocedural period.Areas covered: The different anticoagulation regimens used prior to, during, and after CAAF to minimize the risk of thromboembolic and bleeding events are reviewed. The use of uninterrupted oral anticoagulation and appropriate heparin dosing to achieve safe activated clotting time levels are also detailed. A comprehensive approach with assessment of individual risk for thromboembolic and bleeding complications, and understanding the pharmacokinetics of the...
Adult Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia: Future Research Directions

This article reviews future research of potential benefit to adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). This new research includes dose intensive anthracyclines, novel agents, STI571 for Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL, and risk-oriented strategies.
Theoretical Study of Nitrogen Absorption in Metals

Nitrogen binding in open structure body-centered-cubic (bcc) metals was studied to understand atomic nitrogen absorption in these systems in order to assess their feasibility as membrane materials for nitrogen separation and subsequent reactivity for ammonia production. For a metallic membrane to be feasible for this application, it must exhibit adequate solubility that allows for sufficient permeability. Using first-principle calculations it was demonstrated that nitrogen is too soluble in pure vanadium due to its strong binding in this metal (i.e., binding energy of −2.80 eV/atom), but through alloying, the binding energy may be tuned to mimic the weaker hydrogen binding exhibited in Group V metals, leading to high permeability. In particular, alloys of Ru and Mo were investigated. The Bader charge and density of states analyses showed that nitrogen binding in pure V is enhanced by the electrostatic and covalent interaction between nitrogen and surrounding V atoms, whereas repulsive interaction with an ...
Double POPS (pelvic organ prolapse suspension) - a video vignette.

This video demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of laparoscopic ventral rectopexy with lateral suspension of the middle-anterior pelvic compartment. A 58-year-old diabetic woman presented with symptomatic prolapse of three pelvic compartments. Dynamic MRI of the pelvic floor showed the presence of stage III cystourethrocele, stage II hysterocele and recto-anal intussusception (stage III Ba prolapse in Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) - Q classification). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Through the scope darkly: the gut mycobiome comes into focus

The gut microbiome is comprised of microbes from multiple kingdoms, including bacteria, but also fungi, viruses, and perhaps other agents. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Jiang et al. (2017) reveal that fungal monocolonization after antibiotic-mediated depletion of intestinal bacteria prevents colitis and influenza, thus highlighting beneficial roles of fungi.
Cyber attacks on remote relays in smart grid

As the operations of protection relays are critical to the reliability of power grids, several approaches have been proposed to ensure the reliable operations of these relays in the emerging Smart Grid (SG). However, because these schemes mostly focused on reliability-related issues, they are vulnerable to active cyber attacks that exploit communication networks in SG. To the best of our knowledge, very little research has been conducted in this area. Therefore, in this paper, we focus on the potential impact of cyber attacks on current relay protection schemes, to better understand the threats and develop corresponding mitigation. We first explored several attack strategies and analyzed their effectiveness on current agent-based relay protection mechanisms. We further proposed two improvement methods by adopting a majority rule in trip confirmation and disabling remote trip requests at critical relays, to limit false line trips and minimize the chances of cascading failures due to cyber attacks.
Brand switching and toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke: A national study

Introduction US law requires disclosure of quantities of toxic chemicals (constituents) in cigarette smoke by brand and sub-brand. This information may drive smokers to switch to cigarettes with lower chemical quantities, under the misperception that doing so can reduce health risk. We sought to understand past brand-switching behavior and whether learning about specific chemicals in cigarette smoke increases susceptibility to brand switching. Methods Participants were US adult smokers surveyed by phone (n = 1,151, probability sample) and online (n = 1,561, convenience sample). Surveys assessed whether smokers had ever switched cigarette brands or styles to reduce health risk and about likelihood of switching if the smoker learned their brand had more of a specific chemical than other cigarettes. Chemicals presented were nicotine, carbon monoxide, lead, formaldehyde, arsenic, and ammonia. Results Past brand switching to reduce health risk was common among smokers (43% in phone survey, 28% in online survey). Smokers who were female, over 25, and current “light” cigarette users were more likely to have switched brands to reduce health risks (all p < .05). Overall, 61–92% of smokers were susceptible to brand switching based on information about particular chemicals. In both samples, lead, formaldehyde, arsenic, and ammonia led to more susceptibility to switch than nicotine (all p < .05). Conclusions Many US smokers have switched brands or styles to reduce health risks. The majority said they might or would definitely switch brands if they learned their cigarettes had more of a toxic chemical than other brands. Brand switching is a probable unintended consequence of communications that show differences in smoke chemicals between brands.
Social Networks and Disaster Risk Perception in Mexico and Ecuador

We examine social aspects of risk perception in seven sites among communities affected by a flood in Mexico (one site), as well by volcanic eruptions in Mexico (one site) and Ecuador (five sites). We conducted over 450 interviews with questions about the danger people feel at the time (after the disaster) about what happened in the past, their current concerns, and their expectations about the future. We explored how aspects of the context in which people live have an effect on the relationship between risk perception and social network factors. Levels of risk perception for past, present, and future aspects of a specific hazard were similar across these two countries and seven sites. However, specific network factors varied from site to site across the countries, thus there was little overlap between sites in the variables that predicted the past, present, or future aspects of risk perception in each site.
Infective endocarditis: implications for care of the adult with congenital heart disease

Infective endocarditis (IE) remains a severe complication for the adult with congenital heart disease (CHD). The last four decades have witnessed a radical transformation in the spectrum of IE, including the advent of cardiac surgery and the postantibiotic era. Because of the devastation caused by this disease, prevention is the hallmark. A clear understanding of the pathogenesis, clinical features, and management of IE is essential for any practitioner caring for adults with CHD.
The Tender Cut: Inside the Hidden World of Self-Injury

Choice's Outstanding Academic Title list for 2013 2013 Honorable Mention for the Distinguished Book Award presented by the Midwest Sociological Society Honorable Mention for the Charles H. Cooley Award for Outstanding Book from the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction Cutting, burning, branding, and bone-breaking are all types of self-injury, or the deliberate, non-suicidal destruction of one's own body tissue, a practice that emerged from obscurity in the 1990s and spread dramatically as a typical behavior among adolescents. Long considered a suicidal gesture, The Tender Cut argues instead that self-injury is often a coping mechanism, a form of teenage angst, an expression of group membership, and a type of rebellion, converting unbearable emotional pain into manageable physical pain.Based on the largest, qualitative, non-clinical population of self-injurers ever gathered, noted ethnographers Patricia and Peter Adler draw on 150 interviews with self-injurers from all over the world, along with 30,000-40,000 internet posts in chat rooms and communiques. Their 10-year longitudinal research follows the practice of self-injury from its early days when people engaged in it alone and did not know others, to the present, where a subculture has formed via cyberspace that shares similar norms, values, lore, vocabulary, and interests. An important portrait of a troubling behavior, The Tender Cut illuminates the meaning of self-injury in the 21st century, its effects on current and former users, and its future as a practice for self-discovery or a cry for help.
BY-PRODUCTS | Inedible

Utilization of animal by-products is a major player in environmental conservation. This processing produces a large quantity and variety of useful by-products that help to reduce the price of the edible portion. As a result, consumers are able to purchase meat at reasonable value. Utilization also decreases the amount of the animal by-product that would otherwise end up as pollutant.
Moving Forward on Climate Change Science, Planning, and Action

Working in more than seventy landscapes and seascapes around the world, the Wildlife Conservation Society is but one example of many institutions working to bring about conservation at the large scape level (see extended definition of scape in chap. 1). Many of these locations face serious and imminent threats that, if left unresolved, will lead to the loss of the wild areas and wildlife within them forever. For example, the Western Ghats region of India—essentially, the mountain range running parallel to the country’s southwestern coast—is one of those scapes where rising human population pressures translate into expanding impacts including agricultural expansion, road development, livestock grazing, and habitat fragmentation. It is an all too familiar panoply of threats, but one that conservationists have no choice but to face head on. Quite simply, if conservationists are to ensure that populations of globally imperiled tigers (Panthera tigris), Asian elephants (Elaphus maximus), and other rare species maintain their stronghold in this region, they must bring immediate attention and redress to these threats.
Thermoplastic fibre-reinforced composites for dentistry

The effect of a deterioration of matrix and matrix-fibre interface, caused by moisture, on the flexural properties (modulus, strength and ultimate strain) of unidirectional E-glass fibre-reinforced thermoplastics [polycarbonate, poly(ethyleneterephthalate glycol) and nylon 12] was investigated. Specimens of span/thickness ratio varying from 15 to 30, prepared from pultruded thermoplastic prepregs, were tested in directions parallel to and perpendicular to the fibre orientation as moulded and after immersion in water at 85°C for 100 h. No significant reduction in longitudinal properties, controlled by fibre behaviour, resulted from exposure to water. A significant reduction in transverse properties, controlled by the matrix and interface behaviour, was observed. Polycarbonate/bare E-glass fibre composite annealed at 275°C for 1 h before immersion in water exhibited a superior resistance to moisture attack. This phenomenon is attributed to the “transcrystalline” interphase near the fibre surface and good wetting of fibres by the matrix. Resistance against moisture favours this material for further clinical application as an orthodontic wire.
An Introduction to Grammar for Language Learners

Learning a foreign language is much easier when it is approached with a knowledge of language structure ('grammar'), but many students find grammar mystifying. This text explains points of grammar straightforwardly using examples from several widely-studied languages, including English, so that students can see how the same principles work across different languages, and how the structures of different languages correspond both formally and functionally. The use of concrete examples makes grammar less abstract and easier to grasp, allowing students to relate what they are learning to knowledge that they already possess unconsciously; it simultaneously brings that knowledge up to a conscious level.
A moral defense of trophy hunting.

This paper defends the morality of hunting for sport, also known as recreational or trophy hunting. Using an argument from analogy, I argue that there is no morally relevant difference between trop...
History of Visceral Transplantation

The multivisceral transplantation is indicated for patients with intestinal failure who can no longer be maintained on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Some of the significant challenges that the field has faced include associated massive lymphoid tissue, high antigenicity, and microbial colonization of the gut. However, with innovative surgical techniques, novel immunosuppressive therapies, and improved postoperative care, multivisceral transplantation has progressed significantly with much improved outcomes. This chapter focuses on the 50-year history and evolution of intestinal and multivisceral transplantation with special reference to nomenclature, indications, surgical techniques, management strategies, and therapeutic efficacy.
Becoming a social work professional after incarceration

SummaryThis article is based on data collected from interviews conducted with past and present members of a higher education program that affords previously incarcerated individuals the chance to a...
Clinical applications of scalp high-frequency electroencephalogram

High-frequency oscillations are used more and more widely on localizing epileptogenic zone and evaluating outcome as the surgery on epilepsy cases are increasing and the technique of electroencephalogram (EEG) are being improved.High-frequency oscillations are recorded by intracranial electrodes on most previous studies.Ho-wever, recent reports describing high-frequency oscillations on scalp EEG recordings have created significant interest.Scalp high-frequency EEG provides a safe, non-invasive and simple method for us to study the special brain electrical activity.This paper summary the clinical applications and some questions on scalp high-frequency EEG. Key words: Scalp high-frequency electroencephalogram; High-frequency oscillations; Clinical application
Calculating Ionizing Doses in Geosynchronous Orbit from In-situ Particle Measurements and Models

Long-term electron and proton in-situ measurements made by Los Alamos National Laboratory Geosynchronous (GEO) satellites are used to calculate total ionization dose (TID) values and daily/yearly dose rate (DR) values in GEO orbit caused by the natural space environment, and these TID and DR values are compared to those calculated from empirical radiation models. Results over the solar cycle 24 show that, for the solid sphere geometry with 100 mil Al shielding, electron TID from measurements in LANL-04A GEO orbit is about half of the values calculated from AE8 and AE9 models, while the TID on another GEO satellite 1994–084 is two times lower. Also, it is shown that even the few solar energetic proton events contribute significantly to the proton TID. Factors affecting those dose calculations are discussed. Results from this study provide out-of-sample tests on the reliability of empirical space radiation models and help estimate the margin factors of calculated ionization dose values in GEO orbit.
Decrease in heart rate following the administration of sugammadex in adults.

Background and Aims: Sugammadex is a novel agent for reversal of steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) with potential advantages over acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. In preclinical trials, there have been rare instances of bradycardia with progression to cardiac arrest. To better define this issue, its incidence and mitigating factors, we prospectively evaluated the incidence of bradycardia after sugammadex administration in adults. Material and Methods: Patients ≥ 18 years of age who received sugammadex were included in this prospective, open label trial. After administration, heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored. HR was recorded every minute for 15 minutes and then every five minutes for the next 15 minutes or until patient was transferred out of the operating room. Bradycardia was defined as HR less than 60 beats/minute (bpm) or decrease in HR by ≥ 10 beats per minute (bpm) if the baseline HR was Results: The study cohort included 200 patients. Bradycardia was observed in 13 cases (7%; 95% confidence interval: 4, 11), occurring a median of 4 minutes after sugammadex administration (IQR: 4, 9, range: 2-25). Among patients developing bradycardia, two (15%) had cardiac comorbid conditions. One patient received treatment for bradycardia with ephedrine. No clinically significant blood pressure changes were noted. On bivariate analysis, patients receiving a higher initial sugammadex dose were more likely to develop bradycardia. On multivariable logistic regression, initial sugammadex dose was not associated with the risk of bradycardia. Conclusion: The incidence of bradycardia after administration of sugammadex in our study was low and not associated with significant hemodynamic changes.
Declining greenness in Arctic-boreal lakes

The highest concentration of the world's lakes are found in Arctic-boreal regions [C. Verpoorter, T. Kutser, D. A. Seekell, L. J. Tranvik, Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 6396-6402 (2014)], and consequently are undergoing the most rapid warming [J. E. Overland et al., Arctic Report Card (2018)]. However, the ecological response of Arctic-boreal lakes to warming remains highly uncertain. Historical trends in lake color from remote sensing observations can provide insights into changing lake ecology, yet have not been examined at the pan-Arctic scale. Here, we analyze time series of 30-m Landsat growing season composites to quantify trends in lake greenness for >4 × 105 waterbodies in boreal and Arctic western North America. We find lake greenness declined overall by 15% from the first to the last decade of analysis within the 6.3 × 106-km2 study region but with significant spatial variability. Greening declines were more likely to be found in areas also undergoing increases in air temperature and precipitation. These findings support the hypothesis that warming has increased connectivity between lakes and the land surface [A. Bring et al., J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences 121, 621-649 (2016)], with implications for lake carbon cycling and energy budgets. Our study provides spatially explicit information linking climate to pan-Arctic lake color changes, a finding that will help target future ecological monitoring in remote yet rapidly changing regions.
DREAM On: Cell Cycle Control in Development and Disease.

Perfectly orchestrated periodic gene expression during cell cycle progression is essential for maintaining genome integrity and ensuring that cell proliferation can be stopped by environmental sign...
Assoziationen. Über Subjektprobleme des Poststrukturalismus und die Perspektive der Wissenssoziologischen Diskursanalyse

Michel Foucaults philosophisch- historische Untersuchungen konzentrieren sich auf die Frage, wie in Diskursen und Dispositiven Kernelemente eines historisch situierten modernen Subjektverstandnisses entfaltet und wirksam werden. Er richtet diese Forderungen gegen bewusstseinsphilosophische Positionen und geht davon aus, dass moderne Subjekte historisch hervorgebracht werden, aber gleichwohl uber Freiheitsgrade des Handelns verfugen. Verschiedene Positionen des philosophischen Poststrukturalismus (Laclau, Mouffe, Butler) zielen darauf, diese bei Foucault unbestimmt gebliebenen Freiheitsgrade in ihrer Konstitution zu analysieren. Dazu entwerfen sie ihrerseits Beschreibungen der ‚Wirklichkeit des Subjekts‘ , die aus Foucaultscher Perspektive eher als Analysematerial denn als Theoriegrundlagen zu betrachten waren. Die sozialkonstruktivistische Tradition des Interpretativen Paradigmas hat demgegenuber eine mit Foucault affin gehende Theorie der gesellschaftlich konstituierten und situiert handelnden Individuen entwickelt, die im Rahmen der (wissenssoziologischen) Diskursforschung genutzt werden kann, um die Rolle des ‚menschlichen Faktors‘ in diskursiven und dispositiven Prozessen zu analysieren.