cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cryo-ET reveals two major tubulin-based cytoskeleton structures in Toxoplasma gondii

SUMMARY In the obligate intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, the subpellicular microtubules (SPMTs) help maintain shape, while the apical conoid (also tubulin-based) is implicated in invasion. Here, we use cryo-electron tomography to determine the molecular structures of the SPMTs and the conoid-fibrils (CFs) in vitrified and detergent-lysed parasites. Subvolume densities from detergent-extracted parasites yielded averaged density maps at subnanometer resolutions, and these were related back to their architecture in situ. An intraluminal spiral (IS) lines the interior of the 13-protofilament SPMTs, revealing a preferred orientation of these microtubules relative to the parasite’s long axis. Each CF is composed of 9 tubulin protofilaments, that produce a comma-shaped cross-section, plus additional associated components. Conoid protrusion, a crucial step in invasion, is associated with an altered pitch of each CF. The use of basic building blocks of protofilaments and different accessory proteins in one organism, illustrates the versatility of these critical structures.
Esophageal stenosis in head and neck cancer patients: Imaging's accuracy to predict dilation response.

Objectives The primary goal of this study was to examine how well findings of cervical esophageal stenosis on modified barium swallow (MBS) and esophagram correlate with clinical improvement following dilation in patients with a history of head and neck (H&N) cancer. Methods A retrospective review was performed at an academic hospital. The study population included H&N cancer patients with a history of neck dissection surgery who underwent esophageal dilation from 2010 to2018. Pre and postdilation swallowing function was assessed. The Functional Outcomes Swallowing Scale (FOSS) and Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) were used as outcome measures. Results The 95 patients were included. All patients had imaging prior to dilation. Post-dilation FOSS and FOIS scores were significantly improved (P < .001). In identifying the patients that would have improvement from dilation, esophagram and MBS had average sensitivities of 81% and 82%, respectively. The negative predictive value (ie, the ability of a normal esophagram or normal MBS to exclude patients that would not improve with dilation) was only 46% and 38%, respectively. When the specific finding of aspiration on MBS was considered, the positive predictive value (PPV) (ie, the ability of an MBS positive for aspiration to predict that a patient would benefit from dilation) was 87% (P = .03). When only the specific finding of stenosis on esophagram was considered, the PPV of improvement post-dilation was 58% (P = .97). The delay in time from imaging to dilation was significantly longer in those who had an unidentified stenosis (false negative) on imaging when compared to those who did not (46.8 ± 35.2 days vs 312.6 ± 244.1 days, P < .001). Conclusion In high risk patients for cervical esophageal stenosis, such as those with a history of H&N cancer and open neck surgery with or without radiation, MBS and esophagram appear to have mixed reliability as predictors of response to esophageal dilation. In these patients, a "negative" result on MBS and esophagram may not be diagnostically accurate enough to exclude patients from consideration of dilation. Level of Evidence IIb.
Cut-out resonators for tuned vibration suppression of plates

Abstract This research investigates a concept for cut-out resonators that exploit a small area of active mass of a host plate structure for sake of tuned, low frequency vibration attenuation. Integrated computational and experimental studies reveal that embedding the resonators at locations offering high bending moment gradient and arranging the central resonator beam along a nodal line of bending moment best excite the first resonator eigenmode for targeted vibration suppression. These results are independent of plate boundary conditions and do not require periodic resonators to achieve notable vibration suppression outcomes. These design concepts may guide the development of resonators for vibration absorption of plates with arbitrary boundary conditions.
Biofidelic neck influences head kinematics of parietal and occipital impacts following short falls in infants

Falls are a major cause of traumatic head injury in children. Understanding head kinematics during low height falls is essential for evaluating injury risk and designing mitigating strategies. Typically, these measurements are made with commercial anthropomorphic infant surrogates, but these surrogates are designed based on adult biomechanical data. In this study, we improve upon the state-of-the-art anthropomorphic testing devices by incorporating new infant cadaver neck bending and tensile data. We then measure head kinematics following head-first falls onto 4 impact surfaces from 3 fall heights with occipital and parietal head impact locations. The biofidelic skull compliance and neck properties of the improved infant surrogate significantly influenced the measured kinematic loads, decreasing the measured impact force and peak angular accelerations, lowering the expected injury risk. Occipital and parietal impacts exhibited distinct kinematic responses in primary head rotation direction and the magnitude of the rotational velocities and accelerations, with larger angular velocities as the head rebounded after occipital impacts. Further evaluations of injury risk due to short falls should take into account the impact surface and head impact location, in addition to the fall height.
Statistical Issues in Microbial Source Identification

The focus of this chapter is almost exclusively on statistical issues and procedures commonly employed in cultivation-dependent approaches to microbial source tracking (MST), and the material in the chapter is also relevant more broadly. A section presents a critical review of statistical techniques for discriminant analysis in microbial source tracking. In the context of microbial source tracking, multidimensional scaling (MDS) plots are based on a matrix of numerical interisolate dissimilarity measures. Statistical methods for predictive discriminant analysis are commonly referred to as classification rules. This section describes the general process of constructing and evaluating classification rules in the context of microbial source tracking. The three most common types of similarity-based rules in the source-tracking literature are the maximum-similarity, average-similarity, and k-nearest-neighbor rules. Most of the techniques and tools for discriminant analysis discussed in the chapter require software for implementation. It is likely that SAS is used more often than other packages because of its wide availability and flexibility. The chapter reviews current statistical practice in microbial source tracking with particular attention to evaluation of method performance, sampling considerations, and discriminant analysis. Lastly, methods for addressing exploratory, confirmatory, and predictive discriminant analysis are presented. Recent ad hoc procedures to evaluate and improve the reliability of source identifications are also discussed. However, the development of valid measures of reliability and confidence in source identifications is an important problem requiring further statistical research.
A New Era of OBM

Since I began working with the Journal in 2000, first as co-editor with Tom Mawhinney (our previous editor of 20 years), we published 153 papers on a variety of topics, all in the area of organizat...
'What is Black History?' A Presentation on Behalf of the African American Historical and Cultural Society in Honor of Black History Month

Speech presented at City Hall, San Francisco, California, at the request of the San Francisco African American Historical and Cultural Society and the City of San Francisco in commemoration of Black History Month. In this essay, Professor Magee answers the question, "What is Black history?" using personal narrative to illustrate that "Black" history is personal and human history, and that the ability to learn, grow, and change the course of history for the better is within all of us. Drawing upon her own experiences in the North American South as a child of effective integration in the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement, she argues for the importance of making a commitment to developing a strong sense of self, and taking that inner strength and power into the world to work together as a community toward freedom, justice, to make Black history - a category of experience which is, in the first and last, human history.
On exploring performance optimizations in web service composition

The importance of service composition has been widely recognized in the Internet research community due to its high flexibility in allowing development of customized applications from primitive services in a plug-and-play manner. Although much research in defining architectures, choreography languages and etc, has been conducted, little attention has been paid to composite services' runtime performance-related aspects (e.g., network bandwidths, path delay, machine resources), which are of great importance to wide-area applications, especially those that are resource-consuming. Service composition in the wide area actually creates a new type of routing problem which we call QoS service routing. We study this problem in large networks and provide distributed and scalable routing solutions with various optimization goals. Most importantly, we propose ways to reduce redundancies in data delivery and service execution through explorations of different types of multicast (service multicast and data multicast) in one-to-many application scenarios.
Llareta (Azorella compacta, Umbelliferae): a review.

A yellowish-green, compact (rather like a cauliflower), resinous cushion shrub, the llareta, Azorella compacta (Embelliferae) occurs in the high Andes of southern Peru, Bolivia, northeastern Chile and northwestern Argentina. Now endangered through excessive cutting for fuel, it is widely used in local medicines and may even have a pharmaceutical potential for treating diabetes.
Chapter 25 Laboratory testing of emotion and frontal cortex.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses what is considered most critical for a comprehensive assessment of emotional functioning and then describes the assessment procedures used. Since the work is primarily conducted in the laboratory, the procedures are designed for that environment. In recent years, these procedures are used with hundreds of patients with neurodegenerative diseases (frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Alzheimer's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), congenital neurological diseases (Moebius syndrome), and focal lesions (orbitofrontal), as well as with neurologically normal controls. The laboratory is an excellent test bed for developing, refining, and evaluating assessment techniques. Those techniques that prove most useful can then be translated into forms more appropriate for use in the clinic and at the bedside. Emotions are short lived psychological–physiological phenomena that represent efficient modes of adaptation to changing environmental demands. Emotions serve important social functions, moving one toward certain people and away from others. Reflecting this view, the laboratory assessment of emotional functioning focuses on brief emotional phenomena (not on longer moods) and on the activation of multiple response systems (not on a single system such as verbal report of emotional experience). The chapter describes a number of tests that can be used in the laboratory to obtain differentiated, comprehensive assessment of emotional functioning.
Defective internalization of insulin and its receptor in cells expressing mutated insulin receptors lacking kinase activity

The internalization and degradation of insulin was assessed in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines expressing either the wild-type receptor or mutated receptors lacking kinase activity. The mutated receptors included receptors which differed from the wild-type receptor by a single amino acid (substitution of an arginine for lysine at position 1030, a site critical for ATP binding) as well as receptors which had a deletion of 112 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus. Cells expressing mutated receptors lacking kinase activity were found to internalize and degrade insulin at about half the rate of cells expressing wild-type receptors with kinase activity. Moreover, insulin was found incapable of inducing the internalization of the mutated receptors, whereas it could stimulate the internalization of the wild-type receptor. Finally, the constitutive rate of receptor internalization was found to be the same for the mutant and wild-type receptors. These results implicate the intrinsic tyrosine-specific kinase activity of the insulin receptor in the ligand-induced, but not the constitutive, internalization of this receptor.
HemoCue beta-glucose photometer evaluated for use in a neonatal intensive care unit.

We evaluated the HemoCue beta-Glucose Photometer system for use in our neonatal intensive care unit by assaying 178 heparinized whole-blood samples obtained by heel stick. The required sample size is 5 microL. Plasma glucose was analysed by a glucose oxidase/oxygen electrode methodology. Across the glucose range of 1.28-21.87 mmol/L, the regression slope was 0.976 (r = 0.976, Sy/x = 0.475). For samples with hematocrit or = 0.50, the regression slope was 0.959 (r = 0.988, Sy/x = 0.394). Human whole blood, bovine whole blood, and bovine serum-based quality-control materials were studied. Except for assays of the low-concentration human control material, the total CV was < 3.5%. The accuracy and precision of the HemoCue system were comparable with those of conventional laboratory instrumentation.
Diabetes and Obesity--Time Bombs to Be Defused

Seventeen years ago I wrote a commentary entitled “Obesity: A Time Bomb to Be Defused” (1). At that time the prevalence of obesity (defined as a BMI >30 kg/m2) was 20% in men and 24.9% in women. In the intervening 17 years, it has risen to 33.5% in men and 36.1% in women—clearly in the wrong direction (2). After reading the article by Esparza-Romero et al. (3), I would expand the title of this earlier commentary to say that both obesity and diabetes are time bombs to be defused and that nothing much has happened in the past 17 years to prevent these bombs from exploding. That obesity is a major public health problem has been recognized for more than 40 years (4). Obesity continues to increase particularly rapidly in those who are more overweight (5). Obesity is an important contributor to the rising tide of diabetes (6). Although genetic factors provide a key background for these events and may account for up to 20% of the variance in BMI, it is clear that environmental factors play a major role (7,8). In the 17 years that have passed since I wrote my earlier commentary, both problems have only become more severe and threaten the future economic base of health care in many nations (9). Like obesity, diabetes has become more prevalent in the past 50 years (10). A relationship between diabetes and obesity was recognized by Joslin nearly 100 years ago (10). In this issue …
Design and analysis of veterinary vaccine efficacy trials

Vaccination-challenge tests that involve all-or-none responses and do not require a direct comparison between vaccinates and controls can be completely characterized by the binomial distribution. Consumer and producer risks associated with binomial distribution based tests can be adjusted by altering the number of animals involved and the criterion for acceptance. Clinical signs or other outcomes measured on an ordinal or ranking scale should generally be analyzed by nonparametric statistical procedures. Parametric statistical tests are the most appropriate for data measured on an interval scale if the necessary assumptions are met concerning the population sampled. The use of in vitro potency tests in quality control procedures for inactivated vaccines depends on the demonstration of a significant dose-response efficacy relationship in the host animal.
Nonlinear Aerodynamic Analysis of Grid Fin Configurations

The aerodynamic analysis of grid fin configurations has been extended to generic cruciform configurations oriented at any azimuthal angle. The generality of grid fin designs has been retained providing orientations for up to four fins as mounted on or near the surface of a missile airframe. The theoretical analysis is based on a vortex lattice overlay of the lifting elements and includes appropriate body upwash terms as well as wing-body carry over load prediction. This basic approach produces adequate modeling for small angles of attack and small fin incidence angles for any grid fin located at any azimuthal position around the body. For higher angles of attack, empirical equations have been developed for fin coefficients and for the body aerodynamic coefficients. Entire four fin configurations are generically modeled and solutions are obtained in an iterative manner. Excellent agreement between experimental data and theoretical predictions have been obtained for the configuration considered up to angles of attack of twenty degrees and fin incidence angles of thirty degrees. For other grid fin designs other than the one considered in the wind tunnel test and for higher angles of attack, the agreement between the theory and experimental results has not been established.
Influence of ozone on pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice, rats, and hamsters

Abstract Studies were conducted to investigate the effect of ozone (O 3 ) in prolonging pentobarbital (PEN)-induced sleeping time (S.T.). Since O 3 is a common air pollutant, an O 3 -induced alteration of mechanisms of drug action could have public health implications. It was shown that a 5-hr exposure to 1960 μg O 3 /m 3 (1 ppm) caused an increased PEN-induced S.T. in female mice (three strains), rats, and hamsters. This response was not observed in male rats or in male mice even when the latter were exposed for 5 hr/day for 3 days. Male hamsters were affected, but less so than females. Ozone concentration and time relationships were investigated in female mice. Concentrations from 196 to 9800 μg O 3 /m 3 (0.1 to 5 ppm) increased PEN-induced S.T. However, as the concentration was decreased, an increasing number of daily 3-hr exposures were needed to cause an effect. Once the maximal effect was observed, further daily exposures resulted in a dissipation or a disappearance of the effect. Also, recovery occurred within 24 hr after exposure ceased. Other experiments were performed in which mice received a continuous exposure to a C × T (concentration × time) of 5, ranging from 196 μg/m 3 (0.1 ppm) × 50 hr to 1960 μg/m 3 (1 ppm) × 5 hr. For most of the concentrations, the magnitudes of the O 3 effects were roughly equivalent. These data are interpreted as a systemic effect of O 3 on mechanisms of the termination of action of pentobarbital.
Regional shape and tectonics of the equatorial East Pacific Rise

The geography of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) between 10°N and 6°S, redetermined by new surface ship surveys, is characterized by long spreading axes orthogonal to infrequent transform faults. Near 2°10′N the EPR is intersected by the Cocos-Nazca spreading center at the Galapagos triple junction. The present pattern was established 27-5.5 m.y.b.p. by a complex sequence of rise-crest jumps and reorientations from a section of the Pacific-Farallon plate boundary. Transverse profiles of the rise flanks can be matched by thermal contraction curves for aging lithosphere, except between the triple junction and 4°S, where the east flank is anomalously shallow and almost horizontal. Most sections of spreading axis have the 10–30 km wide, 100–400 m high, axial ridge that is characteristic of fast spreading centers. However, within 60 km of the triple junction the rise crest structure is atypical, with an axial rift valley and elevated rift mountains, despite a spreading rate of 140 mm/yr. With the exception of this atypical section, the bathymetric profile along the spreading axis is remarkably even, with continuous, gentle slopes for hundreds of kilometers between major transform faults, where step-like offsets in axial depths occur. Most of the observations can be accommodated by a model in which the long spreading axes are underlain by continuous crustal magma chambers that allow easy longitudinal flow of magma, and whose size controls the style and dimensions of EPR crestal topography.
Embodying critical feminism in community psychology: unraveling the fabric of gender and class

In this article, I offer a critical feminist theoretical reflection on my lived experiences as a working-class White woman as a challenge to some of the dominant narratives in academia. In particular, I describe my development of feminist and class-consciousness as an “organic intellectual.” I discuss changes to my working-class identity and the challenges of breaking through the glass-class ceiling as an academician. I reveal how stigma management has irrevocably shaped my academic life and how my attempts at cultural suicide have overshadowed my professional and personal lives. I ask for a radical critique of higher education and argue for the importance of community psychology to infuse feminism and class consciousness into the field to address societal power asymmetries and to approach its value stance as a discipline. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Imaging through nonlinear media using digital holography

Imaging through a nonlinear medium can be difficult because signals distort as they propagate through it owing to intensity-dependent phase changes. Here, digital reconstruction of optical spatial beams propagating in a nonlinear medium is presented, which could help the understanding of coupled-wave dynamics and suggest new image-processing techniques.
Risk Stratification Following Acute Myocardial Infarction

This article reviews the current risk assessment models available for patients presenting with myocardial infarction (MI). These practical tools enhance the health care provider's ability to rapidly and accurately assess patient risk from the event or revascularization therapy, and are of paramount importance in managing patients presenting with MI. This article highlights the models used for ST-elevation MI (STEMI) and non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI) and provides an additional description of models used to assess risks after primary angioplasty (ie, angioplasty performed for STEMI).
Personal reflections on Stan Korsmeyer and his continuing impact on our work to delineate the role of Bax in female reproduction

Personal reflections on Stan Korsmeyer and his continuing impact on our work to delineate the role of Bax in female reproduction
Mucosal tolerance to E-selectin promotes the survival of newly generated neuroblasts via regulatory T-cell induction after stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Neuroblasts in the subventricular zone (SVZ) proliferate markedly after brain ischemia, and migrate to the site of injury along with blood vessels. However, a large fraction of stroke-generated neuroblasts die shortly after being born, in part, because of local inflammation. In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, we primed E-selectin-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) by repetitive intranasal administration of recombinant E-selectin to target local secretion of immunomodulating, antiinflammatory cytokines to activating blood vessel segments. E-selectin-tolerized SHRs had decreased infarction volumes, and increased numbers of Tregs in the cervical lymph nodes and ischemic brain. The brain Tregs were distributed primarily in periinfarct regions. E-selectin tolerization did not alter cellular proliferation in the ipsilateral SVZ after stroke, but the expression of tumor necrosis factor on vascular niche blood vessels was suppressed and both doublecortin protein levels and the number of newly generated neuroblasts or neurons were increased in the brain. This enhanced survival of neural progenitor cells and neurons was paralleled by improved functional performance. These studies suggest that E-selectin-specific Tregs can modulate the efficacy of neurogenesis after ischemia and promote repair after brain injury.
Hepatic and pulmonary cytosolic metabolism of epoxides. Effects of aging on conjugation with glutathione

In liver cytosol from male Fischer 344 rats, glutathione S-transferase specific activities with six epoxide substrates were lower in the 24-month-old (senescent) group than in the 3-month-old (young) group. With lung cytosol from males and liver and lung cytosol from females, specific activities declined with only some of the substrates. Age-related increases in protein content in male and female rat liver occurred by 12 months of age (middle-age) and remained elevated through senescence. In addition, increases in liver weights in males similarly occurred so that total metabolic rates tended to be highest in middle-aged males and similar in young and senescent groups. Few changes similar to these were found in liver cytosol from females or lung cytosol from males or females. Thus, tissue-, sex-, and substrate-specific alterations in epoxide metabolism occurred during aging.
Divergent selection for grain protein affects nitrogen use in maize hybrids

Abstract The Illinois high (IHP), low (ILP), and corresponding reverse (IRHP, and IRLP) protein–strains of maize represent genetic extremes for differences in grain protein concentration. The objective of this study was to determine how divergent selection for grain protein affects N use in hybrid plants. Inbreds derived from the protein–strains were crossed as males to a common tester and the resultant hybrids evaluated at eight N rates in the field over 3 years. A more than two-fold difference in grain protein concentration was observed among the strain-hybrids with ILP averaging 65 g kg−1, IRHP 89 g kg−1, IRLP 111 g kg−1, and IHP 148 g kg−1 of grain protein. Except for IHP at the lowest N levels, the strain-hybrids were similar in their whole shoot biomass production both pre- and post-flowering. Conversely, the strain-hybrids differed markedly in their uptake and accumulation of plant N, and these differences were already evident at flowering before a grain sink was present. Although all hybrids had the same overall N use efficiency at maturity (approximately 24 kg kg−1 N), they differed in their N use components with IHP and IRLP exhibiting a higher uptake efficiency, and ILP and IRHP exhibiting high utilization efficiency. The remobilization of leaf N was also more extensive for IHP and IRLP. Changes in grain protein concentration from divergent selection were directly related to changes in uptake and use of N by the plant.
States of the electron in hydrocarbon liquids

Abstract Some features of the stationary and dynamic states of the electron are critically examined. Outline of a quantum mechanical description of electron thermalization is attempted qualitatively. The effects of both the mean free path and the reaction inefficiency on electron–ion geminate escape probability are investigated by a recently developed Metropolis method. The trapped state is interpreted in terms of Anderson localization, yielding an approximate number of molecules interacting with the trapped electron.
Linearizing high power amplifiers (with emphasis on predistortion and GaN devices)

The trades involved in the decision to include linearization in the design of a microwave high power amplifier will be discussed. Emphasis will be placed on the use of predistortion linearization, and particularly on its application with amplifiers employing recently available GaN FET power devices. Both digital and analog techniques will be considered.
Say, Whatever Became of Maurice Parmelee, Anyway?

This paper outlines the career of Maurice F. Parmelee, sociologist, government official, nudist, and author of thirteen books, including the first American criminology text (1918). The contents of the latter are examined and contrasts with contemporary textbooks are noted. Parmelee's career is an anomoly, for although he published abundantly, he faded into sociological obscurity. Some conjecture is offered about scholarly career paths generally, drawn out of the Parmelee case. Finally, the paper argues that historical accounts of the development of American criminology are incomplete, for they fail to mention a number of early figures, including Parmelee.
Cardiorespiratory fitness: A predictor of cortical plasticity in multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Deficits in cognitive abilities are commonly observed among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent neuroimaging studies have provided evidence for the existence of cortical plasticity in MS, with cognitively impaired participants recruiting additional brain areas to perform challenging tasks. The existence of altered cerebral activations in MS provides hope for the utilization of neural resources to reduce cognitive deficits that challenge everyday living in MS by employing alternative interventions such as cognitive and fitness training. In this study, we examined whether higher physical fitness levels enhance cognitive and neural plasticity in MS patients. The present study is the first to investigate the impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on cerebrovascular functioning of MS patients. 24 participants with relapsing–remitting MS were recruited for the study. All participants went through a fitness assessment and were scanned in a 3 T MRI system during the Paced Visual Serial Addition Test (PVSAT). Higher fitness levels were associated with faster behavioral performance and greater recruitment of right IFG/MFG, a region of the cerebral cortex recruited by MS patients during performance of PVSAT to purportedly compensate for the cognitive deterioration attributable to MS. In contrast, lower levels of fitness were associated with enhanced ACC activity, suggestive of the presence of greater interference and the potential for error in lower fit MS participants. These results are promising, suggesting the need for further investigation of the utility of aerobic fitness training as a possible method to support the development of additional cortical resources in an attempt to counter the cognitive decline resulting from MS.
Adsorption of Sulfate by Kaolinite and Amorphous Iron Oxide in the Presence of Organic Ligands

Etude des effets de coordinats organiques solubles (acides humique et tannique) sur l'adsorption des sulfates par la kaolinite et des oxydes de fer amorphes
Body composition of African American and white children: a 2-year follow-up of the BAROC study.

Objective: To evaluate the 2-year changes in body composition of white and African American boys and girls. Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 114 boys and girls ages 12 to 14 years with equal sex and ethnic distribution between African American and white races participated in measurements of body composition using DXA, underwater weighing (densitometry), skinfold thickness, corporal diameters, circumferences, isotope dilution (H218O), and bioelectric impedance. Results: Sixty-eight of the 114 children advanced from Tanner Stages 1 and 2 to Tanner Stages 3 to 5 over a 2-year period. More than 50% of the children were in the top 15th percentile according to normative data for body mass index but not for triceps skinfold. All measures except for percentage of fat, density, and four of the six skinfolds increased significantly during the 2 years, with no differences between races, genders, or fat group. The boys who advanced in Tanner Stage reduced their percentage of fat and a number of skinfolds and increased their lean body mass, but the girls did not. The percentage of water was significantly higher in the fatter children and declined significantly over 2 years. Most children remained in the same quartile of body fat, lean body mass, and bone mineral content over 2 years. Discussion: The data are consistent with the hypothesis that over 2 years, growth is the major determinant of changing body composition, with body-fat group and sexual maturation being additional variables.
Unique molecular characteristics of pediatric myxopapillary ependymoma.

Myxopapillary ependymoma (MEPN) generally can be cured by gross total surgical resection and usually manifest a favorable prognosis. However, surgery is less curative in tumors that are large, multifocal or extend outside the thecal sac. Late recurrences may occur, particularly in pediatric patients. The role of adjuvant therapy is unclear in the clinical management of recurrent tumors. Clinical trial design requires a better understanding of tumor biology. Unique molecular features of MEPN were investigated by using microarray technology to compare the gene expression of five pediatric MEPN to 24 pediatric intracranial ependymoma (EPN). The upregulation of three genes of interest, homeobox B13 (HOXB13), neurofilament, light polypeptide (NEFL) and PDGFRα, was further studied by immunohistochemistry in a larger cohort that included adult MEPN and EPN specimens. Protein expression in MEPN was compared to subependymoma, spinal EPN, intracranial EPN and normal fetal and adult ependyma. Immunoreactivity for HOXB13, NEFL and PDGFRα was strongest in MEPN and virtually absent in subependymoma. Spinal and intracranial EPN generally expressed weak or focal staining. MEPN manifests unique gene and protein expression patterns compared to other EPNs. Aberrant expression of HOXB13 suggests possible recapitulation of developmental pathways in MEPN tumorigenesis. PDGFRα may be a potential therapeutic target in recurrent MEPN.
HIV and AIDS: 20 years of science

From the identification of HIV as the agent that causes AIDS, to the development of effective antiretroviral drugs, the scientific achievements in HIV research in the past 20 years have been formidable. Some of the other important areas of accomplishment include the development of blood tests for HIV and increased knowledge of the molecular virology, epidemiology and pathogenesis of this virus.
Social science: Open up online research

Social media hold a treasure trove of information. But the secretive methods of ethics review boards are hindering their analysis, says Alexander Halavais.
The copper-induced deformability loss and echinocyte formation in human erythrocytes: An electron paramagnetic resonance study

Abstract The effects of incubating human erythrocytes with CuSO 4 under prelytic conditions were investigated to clarify the cause of the decreased whole-cell deformability in flow, using electron paramagnetic resonance and the spin label methods. The effect of Cu(II) on erythrocytes was manifested by the dose-dependent echinocyte formation as well as by the decreased whole-cell deformability in flow. The deformability loss was attributed in part to the altered rheological characteristics due to echinocytosis. By using various reagents capable of reversing the effects of Cu(II) on morphology and deformability loss, it was shown that at least two types of damage sites can be distinguished. They include (1) the Cu(II) coordination sites which can be dissociated by chelating reagents and (2) the sites involving sulfhydryl groups in which disulfide bonds and probably Cu(II)-bridged strong coordination bonds are formed. The latter can be reversed by sufhydryl reagents such as dithioerythritol, but not by EDTA or penicillamine. Pretreatment of erythrocytes with iodoacetate eliminates the variance in susceptibility to Cu(II) among donors and generally enhances the effects of Cu(II) by lowering the cellular glutathione level. A possible relation between the nature of the damage sites and the cellular glutathione level is discussed.
Nutritional composition of some wild plant foods and honey used by Hadza foragers of Tanzania

We report compositional data for several foods that comprise the annual diet among Hadza foragers near Lake Eyasi in northern Tanzania. Samples collected during daily gathering trips over three fieldwork seasons were prepared according to Hadza methods. All three types of honey show moisture and starch levels similar to United States' honeys but higher levels of protein, fat, and ash. Several samples had significant fat levels probably due to the inclusion of bee larvae. The macronutrient composition of six fruits is comparable to those of agricultural fruits, although they were somewhat higher in crude protein, carbohydrate, and energy and somewhat lower in fat. Baobab seed flour and fruit pulp are low in energy compared with most previously published results, partially because our study measured fiber directly, unlike the methods used in any other studies. Baobab seed is high in protein and fat as reported in other studies. Our field observations, in combination with our analytical data, suggest that baobab seed is an important source of energy and protein for these foragers.
Effects of Vortex Pinning on the Temperature Dependence of the Magnetic Field Distributions in Superconductors

Abstract The temperature and applied-magnetic-field dependence of the second moments of the magnetic-field distributions as measured by μ SR for YBCO and BSCCO have been fit for four different intrinsic-field-distribution models (d-wave, 2-fluid, empirical, and BCS). It is found that if a pinning potential becomes important at about 20 K, all of the models can fit the data reasonably well. The fits and the associated fitting parameters are presented.
Cytomegalovirus prophylaxis with valganciclovir in African-American renal allograft recipients based on donor/recipient serostatus.

There is a paucity of data examining the efficacy of valganciclovir (VGC) for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in kidney transplant patients, particularly with regard to utilization of a risk-stratified dosing regimen. Eighty adult African- American (AA) renal allograft recipients transplanted from November 3, 2001 to May 28, 2003 and followed for 22 ± 8 months received VGC once daily for 90 d post-transplant dosed according to donor/recipient (D/R) serostatus: high risk (D + R-) received 900 mg (n = 12); moderate risk (D + /R +, D-/R+) received 450 mg (n = 60); and low risk (D-/R-) received no prophylaxis (n = 8). Thymoglobulin or basiliximab was used for induction, and mycophenolate mofetil, prednisone, and either tacrolimus or sirolimus for maintenance immunosuppression. Only six patients (7.5%) developed symptomatic CMV infection diagnosed by pp65 antigenemia, three in the high-risk (25%) and three in the moderate-risk (5%) group (p == 0.02). All patients were on tacrolimus for at least 3 months prior to diagnosis. There were no cases of tissue-invasive disease, resistance to treatment, or recurrence. D + /R-serostatus was the only significant independent predictor for CMV infection using multivariate analysis (odds ratio 10.5; p = 0.04). Thymoglobulin induction was not associated with CMV infection. None of 43 patients who were exposed to sirolimus for > 30 d developed CMV infection, vs. six of 37 who were not (p = 0.006). We conclude that VGC dosed according to D/R serostatus provides safe and effective CMV prophylaxis in AA renal allograft recipients.
Structural and Energetic Analysis of Activation by a Cyclic Nucleotide Binding Domain.

MlotiK1 is a prokaryotic homolog of cyclic-nucleotide-dependent ion channels that contains an intracellular C-terminal cyclic nucleotide binding (CNB) domain. X-ray structures of the CNB domain have been solved in the absence of ligand and bound to cAMP. Both the full-length channel and CNB domain fragment are easily expressed and purified, making MlotiK1 a useful model system for dissecting activation by ligand binding. We have used X-ray crystallography to determine three new MlotiK1 CNB domain structures: a second apo configuration, a cGMP-bound structure, and a second cAMP-bound structure. In combination, the five MlotiK1 CNB domain structures provide a unique opportunity for analyzing, within a single protein, the structural differences between the apo state and the bound state, and the structural variability within each state. With this analysis as a guide, we have probed the nucleotide selectivity and importance of specific residue side chains in ligand binding and channel activation. These data help to identify ligand-protein interactions that are important for ligand dependence in MlotiK1 and, more globally, in the class of nucleotide-dependent proteins.
Measurement of the branching fractions and lifetime of the 5 D 5 /2 level of Ba +

We present a measurement of the branching fractions for decay from the long-lived $5{D}_{5/2}$ level in ${^{138}\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$. The branching fraction for decay into the $6{S}_{1/2}$ ground state was found to be $0.846{(25)}_{\mathrm{stat}}{(4)}_{\mathrm{sys}}$. We also report an improved measurement of the $5{D}_{5/2}$ lifetime, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{5{D}_{5/2}}=31.2(0.9)$ s. Together these measurements provide an experimental determination of transition rates for decay out of the $5{D}_{5/2}$ level. The low ($l7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ Torr) pressure in the ion trap in which these measurements were made simplified data acquisition and analysis. Comparison of the experimental results with theoretical predictions of the transition rates shows good agreement.
Dental and craniofacial anomalies of Axenfeld‐Rieger syndrome

Apart from the three distinguishing findings for the diagnosis of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (oligodontia, failure of periumbilical skin to involute, and ocular anterior chamber defects), a common feature is midfacc hypoplasia. Two theories have been proposed to explain the midfacc hypoplasia. One theory suggests a pleiotropic gene effect of defective neural crest cells, while the other theory proposes that midface hypoplasia is a local effect due to the absence of teeth. This study presents an evaluation of the craniofacial defects in a family affected with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. The maxillary deficiency in three affected patients was not limited to the alveolar regions. We conclude that a combination of skeletal and dentoalveolar factors contributes to the midface hypoplasia associated with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome.
Theory for oxygen content and ordering in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+x in equilibrium with oxygen gas

A model using statistical thermodynamics is presented which quantitatively describes the oxygen content and ordering in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6+\mathrm{x}}$. This model is in good agreement with experiments within a broad range of temperature and oxygen partial pressure. In the framework of this model it is found that the site (binding) energy of the oxygen in the lattice is quadratic in the oxygen concentration and linear in the temperature. A possible relation of this dependence to the electronic structure of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6+\mathrm{x}}$ is discussed.
Magnetic properties of the spin glass PrAu2Si2

Abstract We examined the magnetic properties of pure PrAu2Si2 and present results of linear and nonlinear magnetic susceptibility measurements. The data show the characteristic features of a canonical spin glass, e.g. the critical behavior of the nonlinear susceptibility at the glass transition and the frequency dependence of the complex linear susceptibility near the freezing temperature, which is determined near T F ≈3 K . It is the first time that spin glass behavior was found in a pure rare-earth compound with well-localized magnetic moments.
The Salience of Race in Young Children Growing Up in an All-White Community.

The salience of race in cognitive and affective responses to racial differences was measured in 93 preschool children who lived in a virtually and-White community. Photographs of unfamiliar Asian-American, African-American, and European-American children were used to assess the relative salience of race and sex in children's categories and preferences
“Citizen, Speak Turkish!”: A Nation in the Making

This article analyzes one of the attempts to broaden the use of the Turkish language during the first two decades of the Turkish Republic in order to create a homogeneous nation-state. The “Citizen, Speak Turkish!” campaign, which aimed to put pressure on non-Turkish speakers to speak Turkish in public, shows that a state-centered analysis is inadequate to explain the nation-building process in Turkey. This article demonstrates how the official Turkification policies were supported, recreated, and implemented by a social network composed of those who considered themselves the state's missionaries. It also discusses the debates and conflicts among the nationalists, both at the state and social level, about the boundaries of the Turkish nation.
Comparative effects of dietary phosphate, unilateral nephrectomy, and parathyroid hormone on phosphate transport by the rabbit proximal tubule

Comparative effects of dietary phosphate, unilateral nephrectomy, and parathyroid hormone on phosphate transport by the rabbit proximal tubule. We perfused in vitro isolated proximal convoluted tubules, obtained from rabbits maintained on low-(0.07%), normal- (0.46%), or high- (0.70%) phosphate diets or subjected to unilateral nephrectomy, to determine the effects of these maneuvers on maximal phosphate transport rates and on the response of the proximal tubule to PTH (1.0 U/ml of bath). We measured the fluid absorption (Jv), lumen-to-bath phosphate (J PO 4 lb ) and glucose J G lb ), and bath-to-lumen p-aminohippurate (J PAH ) transport rates during the tubules' perfusion with ultrafiltrate of normal rabbit serum. J PO 4 lb averaged 7.23 ± 1.02 pmoles/ mm · min for 30 tubules from normal rabbits, was increased to 11.07 ± 1.30 pmoles/mm · min (P G lb , and J PAH were unchanged. For normal rabbits, PTH decreased J PO 4 lb from 3.23 ± 0.52 to 2.55 ± 0.45 pmoles/mm · min (P PO 4 lb in the same segments from low-phosphate rabbits (7.54 ± 1.43 vs. 7.84 ± 1.41 pmoles/mm · min). As compared with sham-operated rabbits, unilateral nephrectomy resulted in decreased phosphate reabsorption per kidney in vivo, but tubules obtained from nephrectomized or sham-operated rabbits had similar phosphate transport rates of 5.95 ± 1.20 and 6.11 ± 1.28 pmoles/mm · min, respectively. Conclusion . Changes in the dietary intake of phosphate have profound and specific effects on the intrinsic capacity of the proximal tubule to reabsorb phosphate, but changes do not occur if the phosphate load per kidney is increased by uninephrectomy. The stimulus to adapt to changes in dietary intake of phosphate may be extrarenal in origin. Comparaison des effets du phosphate alimentaire, de la nephrectomie unilaterale, et de l'hormone parathyroidienne sur le transport de phosphate par le tube proximal du lapin. Des tubes con tournes proximaux isoles ont ete prepares a partir de lapins qui ont recu une alimentation pauvre (0,07%), normale (0,46%), ou riche (0,70%) en phosphate ou bien ont ete soumis a une nephrectomie unilaterale. Les tubules ont ete perfuses in vitro afin de determiner l'effet de ces manoeuvres sur le transport maximal de phosphate et sur la reponse du tube proximal a l'hormone parathyroidienne (1,0 U/ml dans le bain). L'absorption de liquide, les transports de phosphate (J PO 4 lb ) et de glucose (J G lb ) de la lumiere vers le bain, ainsi que de p-aminohippurate (J PAH ) du bain vers la lumiere ont ete mesures au cours de la perfusion avec de rultrafiltrat de serum de lapin normal. J PO 4 lb etait en moyene de 7,23 ± 1,02 pmoles/mm·min pour 30 tubules de lapins normaux, etait augmente a 11,07 ± 1,30 pmoles/mmmin (P G lb , et J PAH n'etaient pas modifies. Pour les lapins normaux, l'hormone parathyroidienne a diminue J PO 4 lb de 3,23 ± 0,52 a 2,55 ± 0,45 pmoles/mm·min (P