cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What shall we play? play content as a vehicle for parent-infant interactions

Twenty-four toddlers were observed in unstructured free play with their parents at 13 and 20 months. Child play actions and parental verbal and gestural play suggestions were coded for three play content scenarios. Results revealed significant interactions between play content and age for all three measures. Additionally, parents and toddlers were more attuned in terms of play content at 20 months than at 13 months. Last, verbal-only suggestions increased from 13 to 20 months. These results highlight the importance of considering play content in future studies of children's symbolic play.
Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on adolescent development

The associations between prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and adolescent behavior, cognitive development, and physical growth were examined in 219 15-year-olds who have participated in a longitudinal study since their fourth gestational month. During the first trimester, 42% of the women used cocaine, with use declining across pregnancy. At the 15-year follow-up, the caregivers were, on average, 43 years old, had 13 years of education, and 50% were African American. First trimester PCE was not associated with global cognitive development or with measures of learning and memory. First trimester PCE was significantly related to adolescent-reported delinquent behavior, poorer problem solving and abstract reasoning, and reduced weight, height, and head circumference at 15 years. These results were significant after other factors that affect these domains were controlled in regression analyses. In addition, exposure to violence partially mediated the effect of PCE on delinquent behavior. These adolescent domains are important because they are predictors of poorer adult functioning.
Cytochrome P450 oxygenases of monoterpene metabolism

The cytochrome P450 monoterpene oxygenases are largely responsible for imparting structural and functional diversity to this family of natural products. In most cases, cytochrome P450-mediated allylic hydroxylation of a parental monoterpene olefin leads to a series of redox transformations and conjugation reactions which yield a family of structurally related derivatives and isomers. An overview is provided of the extant monoterpene oxygenases, with examples mainly from the mint (Lamiaceae) family of essential oil plants, and, where possible, information on the structure, mechanism, localization and regulation of these enzymes is described. The review concludes with a brief assessment of biotechnological applications and a view to future research in this area.
Jetting phenomena in injection mold filling mold filling

Experimental studies of injection molding of polymer melts have classified two regimes of mold filling–simple filling and jetting. In this paper we have examined a wide range of polymer melts and mold designs in an attempt to devise a criterion for the transition between these regimes. This criterion is found to be related to the extrudate swell d, gate diameter D, and small cavity dimension at the gate h. For isothermal mold filling, if d/h exceeds 1.0, the-melt will contact the mold, stick to it, and induce a simple mold filling regime. The variation in behavior in vertical and horizontal mold filling is considered, as is the influence of barriers near the gate. For the non-isothermal mold case, the manner of filling is similar, and the criterion for jetting remains the same, The die swell behavior in the non-isothermal case is complex.
Electron crystal structure of the transcription factor and DNA repair complex, core TFIIH.

Abstract Core TFIIH from yeast, made up of five subunits required both for RNA polymerase II transcription and nucleotide excision DNA repair, formed 2D crystals on charged lipid layers. Diffraction from electron micrographs of the crystals in negative stain extended to about 13 A resolution, and 3D reconstruction revealed several discrete densities whose volumes corresponded well with those of individual TFIIH subunits. The structure is based on a ring of three subunits, Tfb1, Tfb2, and Tfb3, to which are appended several functional moieties: Rad3, bridged to Tfb1 by Ssl1; Ssl2, known to interact with Tfb2; and Kin28, known to interact with Tfb3.
58.2: Fast‐Response Polymer Network Liquid Crystals for Optical Communications

A fast-switching and scattering-free phase modulator using polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC) is demonstrated at λ =1.55 μm for laser beam steering application. The strong polymer network anchoring greatly reduces the visco-elastic coefficient of the LC. As a result, the PNLC response time is improved by ∼300X, although the threshold voltage is increased by ∼25X. Computer simulation results agree with experiments well.
Fabrication and applications of lift-off vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) disks

Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) are prepared by standard epitaxial crystal growth techniques on GaAs substrates. The VCSELs include AlGaAs distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) and selectively oxidized AlAs or AlGaAs current confinement/optical wave-guiding layers. An additional one-lambda-thick selectively oxidized AlAs layer is placed beneath the VCSEL and used as a sacrificial layer. The entire VCSEL disk, geometrically defined by first etching a mesa down into the GaAs substrate, is separated from the substrate by selectively removing the sacrificial Al-oxide layer by wet chemical etching. The lift-off VCSEL disks designed for emission at 980 nanometers have a typical diameter of 10 to 50 micrometers and a typical thickness of 7 to 8 micrometers. In this paper I present the design, fabrication, and potential applications of lift-off VCSEL disks.
A neural network model using inter-pattern association (IPA)

Summary form only given, as follows. An investigation was conducted of a neural network model, the IPA (inter-pattern association) model, in which a basic logical operation is used to determine the inter-pattern association (i.e. association between the reference patterns), and a simple rule is applied to construct the tristate interconnections in the network. Computer simulations of the reconstruction of similar English letters in random noise have shown a better performance by the IPA neural network over the Hopfield model. A 2-D hybrid optical neural network is used to show the usefulness of this novel model. Since there are only three gray levels in the interconnection weight matrix, the requirement for the dynamic range of the spatial light modulators is easily satisfied, and the interconnections in the proposed network are much simpler than those in other models. >
Morphology of schizosporis reticulatus cqqkson and Dettmann 1959

Abstract Schizosporis reticidatus Cookson and Dettman 1959, type species of its genus, is a distinctive palynomorph of uncertain affinity that has been found in deposits ranging in age from Neocomian to Cenomanian‐Turonian (one possible Maastrichtian occurrence) from Australia, North America, and Europe. Although usually an uncommon fossil, numerous specimens from the nonmarine Lower Cretaceous Arundel Clay (Potomac Group, Maryland) have permitted a morphological analysis using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and serial thin sections. Schizosporis reticidatus is generally discoidal to lenticular in shape. It has a complex wall that consists of a dense inner portion and an outer portion that is composed of a layer of closely packed cell‐like units, some or all of which may open to the exterior through an operculate pore. Varied conditions of the inner wall suggest a possible developmental sequence from a discoidal form with a single inner wall layer and no internal cavity, to a lenticular f...
Sediment-air equilibrium partitioning of semi-volatile hydrophobic organic compounds part 2. Saturated vapor pressures, and the effects of sediment moisture content and temperature on the partitioning of polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

A gas saturation methodology was used to determine the sediment/air partition coefficient (K(SA)) for phenanthrene and dibenzofuran on a local sediment from the Campus Lake, Baton Rouge. The effects of sediment moisture content, air relative humidity and temperature on K(SA) for phenanthrene were ascertained. The saturated vapor pressures of the compounds were also measured. The sediment moisture content had a striking effect on K(SA); increasing sediment moisture content decreased K(SA). Temperature also had a dramatic effect on K(SA). The variation with temperature was used to evaluate the heats of adsorption on both 'dry' ( 6% by mass of water) sediments. The heat of adsorption for phenanthrene normalized to unit molecular surface area indicated for the physically adsorbed organic compound was seven times smaller than that for a water molecule. The experimental value of K(SA) was used to test a proposed theoretical model. A good agreement was observed for both phenanthrene and dibenzofuran. The model can be extended to other compounds and sediment types for prediction of air emissions from exposed sediment and dredged materials.
Optically pumped LPE-grown Hg1−xCdxTe lasers

Liquid phase epitaxially-grown HgCdTe crystals, which were cooled to approximately 12 K and optically pumped with a Nd:YAG laser were found to lase continuously at 2.79 Μm. In addition, pulsed laser emission in several HgCdTe crystals was observed at 77 K in the wavelength range from 1. 25 to 2. 97 Μm using a O-switched Nd:YAG laser.
Hydrodynamics and mass-transfer-limited current distribution for a submerged stationary hemispherical electrode under jet impingement

The stationary hemispherical electrode under a submerged impinging jet is suggested as an experimental system that is amenable to in situ observation and has a uniform current distribution below the mass-transfer-limited value. The present work provides solutions for the steady-state boundary-layer hydrodynamics and convective diffusion. The observation of a boundary layer separation in the present work suggests that the model for convective diffusion impedance for this system must account for both the circulation region which follows the point of boundary layer separation and the boundary layer region itself. The present work is intended to provide a foundation for the design of stationary hemispherical electrode systems and for development of models for the corresponding impedance response.
Increased Intraepidermal Melanocyte Frequency and Size in Dysplastic Melanocytic Nevi and Cutaneous Melanoma. A Comparative Quantitative Study of Dysplastic Melanocytic Nevi, Superficial Spreading Melanoma, Nevocellular Nevi, and Solar Lentigines

Dysplastic melanocytic nevi (DMN) are distinguished histologically by a hyperplasia of variably atypical intraepidermal melanocytes in a lentiginous epidermal pattern. In order to further characterize the intraepidermal melanocytes of DMN, 4 representative specimens each of DMN, acquired nevocellular nevi (NCN), solar lentigines (SL), and superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) were selected on the basis of predetermined criteria, confirmed in a blind histologic assessment, and compared in a quantitative morphologic study using 6 μm-thick hematoxylin and eosin stained sections of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) preincubated vertical tissue slices of lesion and adjacent normal skin. The average melanocyte frequency, expressed as the percent of dopa-reactive perikarya among 600 consecutive basal unit cells, was significantly greater in DMN (60 ± 23%) than in NCN (18 ± 3%), SL (25 ± 7%), and adjacent skin (14 ± 3%), but similar to that in SSM (71 ± 11%). The average mean diameter of 200 consecutive epidermal basal unit melanocytes was significantly larger in DMN (11 ± 2 μm) than in NCN (7 ± 0.4 μm), SL (6 ± 0.1 μm), and adjacent skin (6 ± 0.4 μm), but significantly smaller than in SSM (16 ± 3 μm). The observed similarities of intraepidermal melanocytes in selected DMN and SSM, as well as distinct differences from melanocytes in selected NCN and SL, support the hypothesis that some varieties of DMN may represent potential precursors of cutaneous melanoma.
When is enough enough: the administrative discharge.

Of the many difficult issues facing the psychiatric inpatient treatment staff, none is more complex than the question of administrative discharge. In contrast to both the regular discharge initiated by patient and staff when the patient has received maximal hospital benefit and the discharge against medical advice (AMA) initiated by the patient alone, administrative discharge is initiated by the inpatient staff despite a lack of clinical improvement in the patient. The patient population subject to administrative discharge are those individuals who will not comply with essential components of their treatment, or who violate inpatient unit regulations against drug use, or violent and sexually destructive behavior and who because of their clinical status cannot be involuntarily hospitalized. Administrative discharge can be viewed as a limit-setting technique, one of the more drastic in a series of such techniques, that can be used by the staff to protect treatment milieu. It is most important that it be employed in a therapeutic attempt to maximize the possibility of the patient's complying with treatment in the future, rather than as a punitive measure. Administrative discharges, although infrequent, have a profound impact on patients and staff. This type of discharge is considered only for the most problematic inpatients whose management typically evokes marked conflict within the staff and between staff and patients. Such patients frequently consume an enormous amount of staff time and energy which seems to go for naught as the patient shows no clinical improvement. Despite the powerful effect these patients have on the ward milieu, the literature about
Integrated Design Pedagogy for Energy Efficient Design: Tools for Teaching Carbon Neutral Building Design

Abstract Among all human activities contributing to climate change, the construction and operation of buildings is among the most energy, pollution, and resource intensive. Building and construction activities consume significant amounts of raw materials each year. Materials utilized in buildings have high-embodied energy, high-embodied emissions, and high levels of toxins and pollutants at the end of their production. Given the size of the building industry and its impact on the environment, educational practices that help future professionals in building design and construction to understand how to minimize the adverse impacts of buildings on the environment is paramount. The following paper presents the outcomes from a funded project by the U.S. Department of Education that supported an interdisciplinary team of faculty to develop and produce an educational platform comprised of software and a hard copy textbook developed for advancing climate responsive and energy efficient building design. The paper will discuss and present the project, the pedagogical principals and the testing results.
Closed-form structural stress and stress intensity factor solutions for spot welds in square overlap parts of cross-tension specimens

Abstract In this paper, the results of three-dimensional finite element analyses for a rigid inclusion in a square plate under opening and bending loading conditions are presented. Based on the computational results, closed-form structural stress solutions with equivalent and numerical coefficients for a rigid inclusion in a square plate are introduced. Next, the results of three-dimensional finite element analyses for spot welds between square plates of similar material with equal thickness are presented. The results indicate that the computational mode I stress intensity factor solutions agree well with those based on the structural stress solutions. Finally, accurate closed-form stress intensity factor solutions with fitting coefficients for spot welds in the square overlap parts of cross-tension specimens are presented.
The accessibility of group memberships.

The authors performed 2 experiments to examine the accessibility of thoughts about group memberships (i.e., collective self-cognitions) relative to thoughts about traits, states, and behaviors (i.e., private self-cognitions). Few collective self-cognitions were accessible for the present participants from an individualist culture. Furthermore, collective self-cognitions were highly associated with each other in a self-structure. The findings were interpreted in terms of the two-baskets theory that private and collective self-cognitions tend to be stored relatively separately in memory (D. Trafimow, H.C. Triandis, & S.G. Goto, 1991).
Power Analysis in Two-Level Unbalanced Designs

Previous work on statistical power has discussed mainly single-level designs or 2-level balanced designs with random effects. Although balanced experiments are common, in practice balance cannot always be achieved. Work on class size is one example of unbalanced designs. This study provides methods for power analysis in 2-level unbalanced designs with random effects. Overall, the nesting affects power negatively, the treatment affects power positively, and the Level-2 units affect power more than Level-1 units. Computing power assuming balanced designs provides reasonable estimates only when imbalance is mild or moderate. When imbalance is large or extreme, computing power assuming balanced designs produces larger estimates of power. The use of the harmonic mean provides accurate estimates of power in unbalanced 2-level designs even when imbalance is large.
Planar graphs and poset dimension

We view the incidence relation of a graph G=(V. E) as an order relation on its vertices and edges, i.e. a<Gb if and only of a is a vertex and b is an edge incident on a. This leads to the definition of the order-dimension of G as the minimum number of total orders on V ∪ E whose intersection is <G. Our main result is the characterization of planar graphs as the graphs whose order-dimension does not exceed three. Strong versions of several known properties of planar graphs are implied by this characterization. These properties include: each planar graph has arboricity at most three and each planar graph has a plane embedding whose edges are straight line segments. A nice feature of this embedding is that the coordinates of the vertices have a purely combinatorial meaning.
RT-PCR cloning of Rab3 isoforms expressed in peritoneal mast cells

Rab proteins are ras-like low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins, which are postulated to act as specific regulators of membrane trafficking in exocytosis and endocytosis. We have previously shown that synthetic peptides, corresponding to the effector domain of Rab3 proteins, stimulate a complete exocytotic response in mast cells. We have used a PCR-eloning strategy to investigate the presence of mRNA encoding Rab3 in mast cells. RNA based PCR was then performed on mast cell RNA using degenerate oligonucleotide primers based on two conserved sequences among Rab3 proteins. However, no PCR products were obtained, even for proteins known to be expressed in high copy numbers in mast cells (β-actin and Fc receptor). We have found that the problem resides in the presence of mast cell secretory granule derived heparin, that copurifies with the RNA; heparin has been shown to inhibit the activity of reverse transcriptase and Taq polymerase in PCR. After treating the RNA (obtained from about 500 mast cells) with heparinase, several PCR products of varying size were obtained using primers specific for Rab3 proteins. These products were cloned and sequenced. We have found clones containing sequences that had a 100% homology at the deduced amino acid level to a portion of Rab3B and Rab3D (amino acids 16 to 83).
Double disconnection effects resulting from infiltrating tumors.

Abstract Patients with left hemisphere lesions deep in parietal or parietal-occipital regions close to the lateral ventricles have been reported to have impaired performance on left ear speech stimuli in dichotic listening tests. This loss has been termed “paradoxical” because it presents at the ear ipsilateral to the lesion. Two patients with infiltrating tumors which involved the corpus callosum demonstrated that effect, but also demonstrated right ear extinction on a complex-pitch discrimination test that required right hemisphere processing. Since the side at which the impairment will be demonstrated depends upon the type of test used, the term “paradoxical extinction” does not clearly describe this phenomena. It is suggested that the so-called paradoxical loss is better referred to as callosal extinction.
Excimer/Exciplex Formation in van der Waals Dimers of Aromatic Molecules

Van der Waals dimers between benzofuran, dibenzofuran, and fluorene were studied in a supersonic jet. These show red-shifted excimer/exciplex emission following excitation to their locally excited states. The dibenzofuran dimer forms an excimer from its zero-point level, while the dibenzofuran−benzofuran and fluorene−benzofuran dimers require a moderate amount of excess vibrational energy for excimer formation. Exciplex formation in dibenzofuran−fluorene was inferred from spectral broadening. Excimer/exciplex formation was attributed to strong mixing of a charge transfer state with the exciton state. The charge transfer state has a low enough energy at its equilibrium geometry to mix, but this requires a large change in geometry from the equilibrium geometry of the locally excited state. There is a barrier in the adiabatic potential surface between the minima of the locally excited state and the excimer/exciplex state. This barrier is larger for greater differences in equilibrium geometry.
Thermochemistry of the HOSO Radical, a Key Intermediate in Fossil Fuel Combustion

Despite the key role of the HOSO radical in the combustion of sulfur-rich fuels, the thermochemistry of this simple species is not well-established. Due to the extraordinary sensitivity of the potential energy surface to basis set and electron correlation methods in ab initio computations, there is no consensus in the literature regarding the structure of the global minimum syn-HOSO. A definitive enthalpy of formation for HOSO is presented, based on systematically extrapolated ab initio energies, accounting for electron correlation primarily through coupled cluster theory, including up to single, double, and triple excitations with a perturbative correction for connected quadruple excitations [CCSDT(Q)]. These extrapolated valence electronic energies have been corrected for core-electron correlation, harmonic and anharmonic zero-point vibrational energy, and non-Born-Oppenheimer and scalar relativistic effects. Our final recommended enthalpy of formation is Delta(f)H(0)(o)(syn-HOSO) = -58.0 kcal mol(-1). The planar anti-HOSO transition state lies 2.28 kcal mol(-1) above the syn-HOSO minimum, while predicted reaction enthalpies for H + SO(2) --> HOSO, HOSO --> OH + SO, HOSO + H --> H(2) + SO(2), and OH + HOSO --> SO(2) + H(2)O are -38.6, 68.0, -64.4, and -80.1 kcal mol(-1), respectively. We provide incontrovertible evidence for a quasi-planar structure of the syn-HOSO radical, with a remarkably flat torsional energy surface, based on CCSD(T) geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies energies with up to quintuple-zeta quality basis sets. The energy separation between planar syn-HOSO and the nonplanar global minimum is a mere 5 cm(-1) at the cc-pV(T+D)Z CCSD(T) level of theory. Computed fundamental vibrational frequencies for syn-HOSO and syn-DOSO based on a full quartic force-field evaluated at the cc-pV(T+d)Z CCSD(T) level of theory are in agreement with available experimental data. The present results confirm a previously tentative assignment of a band at 1050 cm(-1) to the HOS bending mode.
Bile salt independent retinyl ester hydrolases in the bovine eye.

Abstract Homogenates of bovine neuroretina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were incubated with 11-cis and all-trans retinyl palmitate to study retinyl ester hydrolysis. The highest activity was found in RPE when 11 -cis retinyl palmitate served as substrate (Km = 7.8 μM andVmaxl = 44.8 pmol/min/mg). This retinyl ester hydrolase (REH) had an optimum activity at0 acidic pH (pH 5), which is in contrast to the neutral hydrolase (pH 8) found in the neuroretina. Similar to REH in the liver, REH activities in the bovine eye are not stimulated by bile salts because sodium cholate, taurocholate and deoxycholate did not enhance retinyl ester hydrolysis. Most REH activities in retinal homogenate were soluble, whereas in the RPE, these activities were membrane-bound. Divalent cations such as zinc and cadmium completely inhibited REH activities in the neuroretina. Our results show that bovine ocular tissues contain several retinyl ester hydrolases with distinct biochemical properties.
An enabler architecture for computer-supported cooperative work applications

Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) has emerged as an important area of research, where both commercial and academic interest is growing. This field draws from developments in distributed computing, communications, man-machine interactions, artificial intelligence and sociology. In CSCW applications, the emphasis is on user-machine-user interaction rather than on user-machine interaction. In the recent past, a few concurrent software engineering tools and environments have been reported, but most of these have been sculpted from the ground up. In this paper, we propose a concurrency enabler architecture, using which a nonconcurrent application can be made concurrent. Using this approach, we have implemented a concurrent editor, a debugger, an inspection tool and a conferencing and execution environment. Our experiences in using these concurrent tools are also reported. >
Temozolomide and cisplatin in relapsed/refractory acute leukemia

Cisplatin depletes MGMT and increases the sensitivity of leukemia cells to temozolomide. We performed a phase I study of cisplatin and temozolomide in patients with relapsed and refractory acute leukemia. Fifteen patients had AML, 3 had ALL, and 2 had biphenotypic leukemia. The median number of prior chemotherapy regimens was 3 (1–5). Treatment was well tolerated up to the maximal doses of temozolomide 200 mg/m2/d times 7 days and cisplatin 100 mg/m2 on day 1. There was one complete remission in this heavily pretreated patient population. Five of 20 (25%) patients demonstrated a significant reduction in bone marrow blasts.
A free jet flow reactor for ion/molecule reaction studies at very low energies

Abstract In this paper, we describe a free jet flow reactor which allows the measurement of ion/molecule reaction rate coefficients at temperatures between 1 and 30 K. The data acquisition and analysis are reviewed, and a theoretical framework which accounts for the complex nonequilibrium jet flow is provided. Recent experimental results obtained with this method are tabulated for both bimolecular and termolecular reaction. A brief discussion is presented regarding the reaction dynamics of gas phase ions in the low temperature limit.
Complex Systems Approaches to Emergent Goal Formation in Cognitive Agents

The mechanisms involved in goal formation, selection and prioritization have received little attention when compared with other cognitive processes. It can be argued that the fundamental properties of intelligent actions in are in the service of goals. Goal mechanisms play a fundamental role in intentional behavior, but how people manage multiple conflicting needs remains obscure. In this paper we discuss insights that complex systems theories bring to understanding emergent properties of goal mechanisms in biological organisms. We will look at some new ideas that replicate and explain biological organism's goal formation and management mechanisms, and we explore some of the possible neural correlates of the dynamics of such mechanisms.
Effect of Dietary Vitamin K on Avian Brain Thromboplastin Activity

Abstract IN the classical bioassay for vitamin K, plasma prothrombin times of chickens fed assay material are compared to those of chickens receiving graded levels of the vitamin. The assay is based on the assumption that the velocity of the clotting process is a function of the level of prothrombin (and factor VII) in the blood, and that the levels of these vitamin K-dependent factors reflect the amount of ingested vitamin K. For this bioassay the growing chicken is the animal of choice, since intestinal synthesis of vitamin K, of importance in some species, plays only a minimal role in the chicken’s vitamin K supply. In the one-stage prothrombin time determination (Quick, 1966), the clotting of decalcified plasma is timed after the simultaneous addition of Ca++ and a source of thromboplastic activity (“thromboplastin extract”), the latter supplying the phospholipid-protein complex necessary for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Acetone-extracted chicken brain…
Parasitic Aware Process Variation Tolerant Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) Design

In this paper we present a parasitic aware, process variation tolerant optimization methodology that may be applied to nanoscale circuits to ensure better yield. A current- starved voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is treated as a case study and to the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first VCO design that accounts for both parasitic degradation and process variation together. The physical design of the VCO is carried out in a generic 90 nm Salicide 1.2V/2.5V 1 Poly 9 Metal process design kit. The oscillation frequency is the objective function with the area overhead as constraint. A performance degradation of 43.5% is observed when the parasitic extracted circuit was subjected to worst case process variation. After a single physical design iteration, the frequency of oscillation was within 4.5% of the target.
A 14,000-year pollen record from Sithylemenkat Lake, north-central Alaska.

Abstract Pollen analysis of a 14,000-yr-old sediment core from Sithylemenkat Lake provides the first Holocene vegetational history for the Kanuti Flats of north-central Alaska. Basal samples contain a curious and unusual combination of tundra and boreal taxa. Pollen assemblages dating from 13,500 to 9000 yr B.P. are more typical of southern Brooks Range sites and indicate the presence of Betula shrub tundra with increased Populus ca. 10,000 to 9000 yr B.P. Picea glauca appeared ca. 9000 yr B.P. and Alnus ca. 8000 yr B.P. P. glauca populations declined between 7800 and 5000 yr B.P. with a subsequent reforestation by P. mariana and P. glauca . This pattern is seen at other sites in northeastern Alaska and suggests that the Holocene history of boreal forest is more complex than thought previously.
Endogenous MHC-Related Protein 1 Is Transiently Expressed on the Plasma Membrane in a Conformation That Activates Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells

The development of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells is dependent upon the class Ib molecule MHC-related protein 1 (MR1), commensal bacteria, and a thymus. Furthermore, recent studies have implicated MR1 presentation to MAIT cells in bacteria recognition, although the mechanism remains undefined. Surprisingly, however, surface expression of MR1 has been difficult to detect serologically, despite ubiquitous detection of MR1 transcripts and intracellular protein. In this article, we define a unique mAb capable of stabilizing endogenous mouse MR1 at the cell surface, resulting in enhanced mouse MAIT cell activation. Our results demonstrated that under basal conditions, endogenous MR1 transiently visits the cell surface, thus reconciling the aforementioned serologic and functional studies. Furthermore, using this approach, double-positive thymocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells were identified as potential APCs for MAIT cell development and activation. Based on this pattern of MR1 expression, it is intriguing to speculate that constitutive expression of MR1 may be detrimental for maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut and/or detection of pathogenic bacteria in mucosal tissues.
Understanding code containing preprocessor constructs

Understanding, debugging, and maintaining software is a costly and difficult task. The difficulties are exacerbated in programs written to take advantage of preprocessing facilities. This paper examines problems associated with source code containing preprocessor constructs-i.e. included files, conditional compilation and macros. We define the useful mappings from tokens in the preprocessor's output to the source file(s), and propose that by capturing these correspondences, an internal program representation can be built which allows for the use of maintenance techniques including program slicing, ripple analysis and dicing. The method presented is generic; to illustrate that the technique is feasible, we discuss ANSI C preprocessor constructs-in particular, macro substitution-and explain the modus developed to handle them in GHINSU-an integrated maintenance environment for ANSI C programs. >
Thirty years of spatial econometrics

Abstract In this paper, I give a personal view on the development of the field of spatial econometrics during the past 30 years. I argue that it has moved from the margins to the mainstream of applied econometrics and social science methodology. I distinguish three broad phases in the development, which I refer to as preconditions, take off and maturity. For each of these phases I describe the main methodological focus and list major contributions. I conclude with some speculations about future directions. Resumen En este articulo, expongo mi opinion personal sobre el avance en el campo de la econometria espacial durante los ultimos 30 anos. Mi argumento es que ha pasado de estar en la periferia de la econometria espacial y la metodologia de ciencias sociales a ser algo corriente. Hago la distincion entre tres fases principales en el avance, a las que denomino precondiciones, arranque y madurez. Para cada una de estas fases describo el objetivo metodologico principal y proporciono un listado con las contribuciones principales. Concluyo con especulaciones sobre posibles direcciones en el futuro.
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in Listeria monocytogenes Meningitis

Excerpt To the editor: In their review of the use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of bacterial meningitis, Levitz and Quintiliani (1) conclude that it may play a major role in tre...
Virgil: objects on the head of a pin

Embedded microcontrollers are becoming increasingly prolific, serving as the primary or auxiliary processor in products and research systems from microwaves to sensor networks. Microcontrollers represent perhaps the most severely resource-constrained embedded processors, often with as little as a few bytes of memory and a few kilobytes of code space. Language and compiler technology has so far been unable to bring the benefits of modern object-oriented languages to such processors. In this paper, I will present the design and implementation of Virgil, a lightweight object-oriented language designed with careful consideration for resource-limited domains. Virgil explicitly separates initialization time from runtime, allowing an application to build complex data structures during compilation and then run directly on the bare hardware without a virtual machine or any language runtime. This separation allows the entire program heap to be available at compile time and enables three new data-sensitive optimizations: reachable members analysis, reference compression, and ROM-ization. Experi-mental results demonstrate that Virgil is well suited for writing microcontroller programs, with five demonstrative applications fitting in less than 256 bytes of RAM with fewer than 50 bytes of metadata. Further results show that the optimizations presented in this paper reduced code size between 20% and 80% and RAM size by as much as 75%.
Feasibility region modeling of analog circuits for hierarchical circuit design

During hierarchical design, it becomes essential at each level of the hierarchy to evaluate if a sub-block design is feasible and if so which design style is the best candidate for the particular problem. We propose a general methodology for evaluating the feasibility and the performance of sub-blocks at all levels of the hierarchy. In this paper we concentrate on techniques to model the feasibility region. The methodology is general and can be used for both analog and digital circuits. Macromodels are developed and verified for analog blocks at different levels of hierarchy.
A framework for calibration of electromagnetic surgical navigation system

In this paper, we present a framework of calibrating an electromagnetic tracker (Northern Digital's Aurora) using an accurate optical tracker (the Optotrak system, also from Northern Digital). First, registration methods for these two navigation systems are developed. Sub millimeter accuracy registration is achieved for both cases. We also address the latency between the two different trackers. The registration accuracy for dynamic acquired data is greatly improved after we compensate for the tracker latency. In our calibration approach, we sample the measurement field of the Aurora and compute the position and orientation error using the Optotrak measurements and previously computed registration results as "ground truth". Then we approximate the error field using Bernstein polynomials. Another comparative technique we use is to decompose the error space using KD tree, and then approximate each atomic cell with local interpolation. Experimental results show significant improvement in tracking accuracy for both position and orientation. Finally we discuss our future directions.
Regional significance of the Blow Me Down Brook Formation, western Newfoundland: New fossil evidence for an Early Cambrian age

Allochthonous sandstone-shale sequences cropping out directly beneath the ophiolite massifs of the Bay of Islands region of western Newfoundland have been designated the Blow Me Down Brook Formation. The unit has previously been described as an easterly derived flysch sequence deposited in front of the advancing Humber Arm allochthon at the time of its emplacement during the Middle Ordovician Taconic orogeny. On the basis of presumed stratigraphic relations, the Blow Me Down Brook Formation has been interpreted as the youngest formation within the allochthonous Curling Group, although fossil evidence has not been previously reported from the type locality. Recent questions have arisen regarding the provenance and age of the Blow Me Down Brook Formation as the result of recent sandstone petrography studies. We report 20 new localities in the Bay of Islands region where we have found Oldhamia antiqua , Oldhamia smithi , Oldhamia occidens , and Oldhamia flabellata trace fossils that indicate an Early Cambrian age for the Blow Me Down Brook Formation. These sites confirm that the Blow Me Down Brook Formation and correlative units within the Humber Arm allochthon do not represent easterly derived Middle Ordovician flysch deposits, but westerly derived turbiditic sandstone-shale sequences deposited along the eastern North American rifted margin during latest Precambrian to Early Cambrian time. Intact easterly derived flysch units within the allochthon appear to be scarce. These units were apparently prone to severe disruption and incorporation into meelange zones and areas of broken formation.
Direct Dissociation and Laser Modulated Predissociation of N + 2

We compare the dissociation energy of N2 + in 800 nm and 400 nm ultrafast laser fields. This comparison not only exposes multiphoton resonance but also reveals ionization into a Floquet manifold.
Until There is Acceptance

(1995). Until There is Acceptance. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 47-48.
Status of Cardiovascular Health in US Children Up to 11 Years of Age The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2003–2010

Background—The American Heart Association recently defined cardiovascular health (CVH) to monitor it over time for all Americans. Nationally representative prevalence estimates for children under 12 years according to sex and race/ethnicity have not been reported. Methods and Results—The study sample comprised 8961 children aged 2 to 11 years from 2003 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. National prevalence of ideal, intermediate, and poor CVH as defined by American Heart Association was estimated for each of 4 available metrics (body mass index [BMI], healthy diet score, total cholesterol, and blood pressure). No children had ideal levels for either zero or all 4 metrics. Ideal healthy diet score was least prevalent, ranging from 0 to 0.1%, whereas ideal blood pressure was most prevalent ranging from 88% to 93% across sex, race/ethnicity groups. Ideal BMI was less frequent at ages 6 to 11 years than at ages 2 to 5 years (67% versus 77%). Approximately 40% of children had intermedia...
Occurrence of Tics in Asperger's Syndrome and Autistic Disorder

Asperger's syndrome is a condition in the autistic spectrum in which language development is normal. Patients with Asperger's syndrome frequently exhibit repetitive movements (stereotypies), and can have motor and phonic tics in addition to other behavioral abnormalities. We present 12 patients with autistic spectrum disorders who were referred to our Movement Disorders Clinic for evaluation of tics. Eight of the 12 had normal language development and therefore met criteria for Asperger's syndrome. All patients exhibited stereotypic movements; in addition, seven had tics and six of these met diagnostic criteria for Tourette syndrome. Of the six patients with clinical features of both Asperger's syndrome and Tourette syndrome, three had severe congenital sensory deficits. The autistic patients in our series were clinically heterogeneous and though tics were clearly present, other aberrant movements demonstrated by them were harder to classify. Our series confirms the wide range of clinical manifestations in Asperger's syndrome and autism, including tics and other features of Tourette syndrome. Furthermore, it suggests that sensory deprivation contributes to the development of adventitious movements in this population.
Organization of corticothalamic projections from parietal cortex in cat

Corticothalamic projections from areas 5a, 5b, and 7 of cat parietal cortex were studied with autoradiographic techniques. Each cortical area was identified by its cytoarchitectural characteristics and the patterns of termination were related to the thalamic nuclear groups. Injections of 3H-leucine in cortical area 5a were associated with terminal labeling primarily in the spinal recipient zone of the ventral lateral nucleus (VLsp) and the medial division of the posterior group (POm). The corticothalamic projections of area 5a are loosely topographically organized; medial parts of 5a project heavily to rostral and lateral parts of VLsp and sparsely to POm, while lateral parts of 5a project to more medial and caudal parts of VLsp and heavily to POm. Cortical area 5b projects primarily to the rostral portions of the lateral posterior nucleus (LP). These projections also appear to be topographically organized. The part of area 5b on the marginal gyrus projects to more ventral parts of rostral LP, while area 5b on the middle suprasylvian gyrus projects to more dorsal and lateral parts of rostral LP. Cortical area 7 projects to LP and the pulvinar (Pul). Rostral parts of area 7 project heavily to dorsal and lateral parts of LP and lightly to Pul; more caudal portions of area 7 projects relatively more heavily to Pul. The reticular, central lateral, and paracentral nuclei also receive projections, especially from the suprasylvian gyrus. The results are discussed with regard to putative sensory response characteristics of these cortical areas and to general thalamocortical organization.
The Synaptic Mechanism of Direction Selectivity in Distal Processes of Starburst Amacrine Cells

Patch-clamp recordings revealed that distal processes of starburst amacrine cells (SACs) received largely excitatory synaptic input from the receptive field center and nearly purely inhibitory inputs from the surround during both stationary and moving light stimulations. The direct surround inhibition was mediated mainly by reciprocal GABAA synapses between opposing SACs, which provided leading and prolonged inhibition during centripetal stimulus motion. Simultaneous Ca2+ imaging and current-clamp recording during apparent-motion stimulation further demonstrated the contributions of both centrifugal excitation and GABAA/C-receptor-mediated centripetal inhibition to the direction-selective Ca2+ responses in SAC distal processes. Thus, by placing GABA release sites in electrotonically semi-isolated distal processes and endowing these sites with reciprocal GABAA synapses, SACs use a radial-symmetric center-surround receptive field structure to build a polar-asymmetric circuitry. This circuitry may integrate at least three levels of interactions—center excitation, surround inhibition, and reciprocal inhibitions that amplify the center-surround antagonism—to generate robust direction selectivity in the distal processes.
Role of FYN Kinase in Spermatogenesis: Defects Characteristic of Fyn-Null Sperm in Mice

FYN kinase is highly expressed in the testis and has been implicated in testis and sperm function, yet specific roles for this kinase in testis somatic and germ cells have not been defined. The purpose of the present investigation was to identify aspects of spermatogenesis, spermiation, or sperm fertilizing capacity that required FYN for normal reproductive function. Matings between Fyn-null males and wild-type females resulted in normal litter sizes, despite the fact that Fyn-null males exhibited reduced epididymal size and sperm count. Morphological analysis revealed a high frequency of abnormal sperm morphology among Fyn-null sperm, and artificial insemination competition studies demonstrated that Fyn-null sperm possessed reduced fertilizing capacity. Fyn-null sperm exhibited nearly normal motility during capacitation in vitro but reduced ability to undergo the acrosome reaction and fertilize oocytes. The typical pattern of capacitation-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation was slightly modified in Fyn-null sperm, with reduced abundance of several minor phosphoproteins. These findings are consistent with a model in which FYN kinase plays an important role in proper shaping of the head and acrosome within the testis and possibly an additional role in the sperm acrosome reaction, events required for development of full fertilizing capacity in sperm.
Genetics of variation in human color vision and the retinal cone mosaic.

Variation in human color vision is mainly caused by one common polymorphism (Ser180Ala) in the L pigment, and to the frequent presence of hybrid genes that encode pigments with various spectral properties. Both recombination and gene conversion between the highly homologous L and M pigment genes have generated wide variation in genotype and color vision phenotype. The S, M and L cones are distributed randomly in the central retina. Unlike S cones, M and L cones vary widely in number within the central retina. Determining the number of the three classes of cone and their special distribution in the living retina has significantly advanced the ability to correlate the cone mosaic in normal and color-defective subjects with the color vision phenotype. The transcription factors NR2E3, TRβ2 and RXRγ play crucial roles in establishment of the retinal cone mosaic during eye development.