cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voluntary and involuntary attention have different consequences: The effect of perceptual difficulty

We propose that voluntary and involuntary attention affect different mechanisms and have different consequences for performance measured in reaction time. Voluntary attention enhances the perceptual representation whereas involuntary attention affects the tendency to respond to stimuli in one location or another. In a spatial-cueing paradigm, we manipulated perceptual difficulty and compared voluntary and involuntary attention. For the voluntary-attention condition, the spatial cue was predictive of the target location, whereas in the involuntary-attention condition it was not. Increasing perceptual difficulty increased the attention effect with voluntary attention, but decreased it with involuntary attention. Thus voluntary and involuntary attention have different consequences when perceptual difficulty is manipulated and hence are probably caused by different mechanisms.
Rotational Diffusion of Membrane Proteins: Characterization of Protein-Protein Interactions in Membranes

It has long been appreciated that the rotational diffusion coefficient (Dr) and hence the rotational correlation time (τr) of a transmembrane protein about its membrane normal axis is predicted to be highly sensitive to its cylindrical radius (e.g., Saffman and Delbruck (1)). Due to the highly viscous nature of a cellular membrane or a membrane bilayer, the correlation times for most transmembrane proteins are predicted to be in the microsecond or longer correlation time range. This time range is not readily accessible to classical spectroscopic techniques like time-resolved or frequency domain fluorescence anisotropy when using conventional fluorescence probes or by continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) when using nitroxide spin labels. However, as shown by the early work of Hyde and Dalton (2) and in the seminal study by Thomas et al. (3), the range of motional sensitivity of EPR could be extended into the microsecond-to-millisecond time range by saturation transfer EPR (ST-EPR) spectroscopy using conventional nitroxide spin labels. Since its introduction, ST-EPR has been utilized to study the very slow rotational motions of a wide range of membrane proteins and other large protein assemblies.
Effects of spheronization process variables on selected tablet properties

This study evaluated the effects of certain process variables on the properties of tablets prepared from granulations composed of essentially spherical, free-flowing pellets. A complete factorial experimental design was used to indicate the significant main effects and interactions related to water content, extruder speed, extruder screen size, spheronizer speed, and spheronizer residence time on tablet hardness and dissolution rate. This series of experiments demonstrated that changes in process variables, particularly water content, can result in significant differences in the dissolution rate and hardness of tablets composed of 80% drug and 20% binder. The factorial experimental design proved useful in predicting the effects of such changes between the limits producing usable pelletized granulations.
Persistence of ex-ante volatility and the cross-section of stock returns

Abstract We suggest a new measure of total ex-ante volatility (EAV) in stock returns, which includes traditional non-market (or idiosyncratic) risk and the unexpected component of market return. We find that the portfolio-level EAV measure exhibits strong predictive power for the cross-section of average returns during the post-1963 period. We demonstrate that (1) the persistence of EAV gives rise to economically significant spread in returns between value and growth stocks, and (2) the cross-sectional dispersion in stock returns is positively related to the estimated value of EAV. The benefit of the EAV measure is that it is countercyclical and contains relevant information about the time-variation in value premium.
Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase in developing retina of normal and mutant mice

The specific activity of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH; E.C. 1.1.1.8) was determined in the retinas of C57BL/6J mice from 2 to 45 days after birth. Comparisons were made with age-matched mice congenic to C57BL/6J and homozygous for the autosomal recessive mutations for retinal degeneration (rd) and light ear (le). The total activity of GPDH in the developing retina was similar in each strain throughout development. However, following the loss of photoreceptor cells in the rdle mice, the specific activity of GPDH increased to approximately twice the level of that in the controls. These data suggest that GPDH is absent from the photoreceptor cells and that its expression in the remaining retinal cells is unaffected by the loss of the photoreceptor cells. Retinal GPDH does not exhibit the eight-to ten-fold increase seen during development of the brain, but instead remains essentially constant during this time period, and in adult animals the specific activity of GPDH in the retina is about 20-fold less than it is in the brain. Neither mouse retinal GPDH nor brain GPDH is affected by adrenalectomy, suggesting that they are not regulated by glucocorticoids. The major form of GPDH in the retina is distinct from the major form in mouse brain since immunotitration experiments demonstrated that 70-80% of retinal GPDH does not react with anti-GPDH IgG, whereas the reverse was true for the brain enzyme.
Cover Crop Effects on Light, Nitrogen, and Weeds in Organic Reduced Tillage

Reducing tillage in organic crop production by using cover crops for weed suppression offers environmental benefits, however, there are many management challenges. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of cover crop type on biomass production, soil nitrate levels, light transmittance to the soil surface, and weed populations in mechanically terminated cover crops of barley, hairy vetch, and a barley–vetch mixture grown for mulch in western Washington. Cover crop biomass production ranged from 5.2 to 14.8 Mg ha−1, with barley producing equal or greater biomass than the hairy vetch and barley–vetch mixture. Post-termination light penetration through mulch was not influenced by cover crop, although vetch stands blocked more light than stands of barley or the barley–vetch mixture. Soil nitrate-N beneath barley mulch averaged 3 mg kg−1 over the season compared with 5 to 32 mg kg−1 for the mixture and 11 to 31 mg kg−1 for the vetch. Average weed densities among cover crops ranged from 0 to...
Government publications integration and training

Abstract Appropriate training is a major factor in the success or failure of any government publications integration into the general reference collection. In August 1992 the government publications reference collection at the University of Arizona Main Library was integrated into the central reference collection. This paper will discuss the integration process, the training methods, the survey used to determine the success of the training program, and the perceptions of competence in providing government documents reference, the results of a focus group (consisting of both Central Reference Department and Government Documents Department staff) that explored the question of training, and an assessment of government documents training and recommendations for future training programs. In addition, the University of Arizona Library System is in the process of restructuring its functions and services. This article will discuss the relationship of this process to the integration project.
Influence of Using Different Sources of Carotenoid Data in Epidemiologic Studies

Abstract Objective This study compared distributions of carotenoid intake and diet-serum correlations using two sources of carotenoid data: the US Department of Agriculture-National Cancer Institute (USDA-NCI) carotenoid food composition database and values accompanying the Block-NCI Health Habits and History Questionnaire (HHHQ). Design and subjects A 100-item food frequency questionnaire was used to collect dietary data from 2,152 adults, aged 43 to 85 years, who were participating in the Nutritional Factors in Eye Disease Study, a population-based study designed to evaluate nutritional factors associated with age-related eye disease. Blood samples were collected from a random sample of 400 nonfasting participants in the study. Results Median carotenoid intakes using HHHQ vs USDA-NCI data were alpha carotene (229 vs 223 μg/day), beta carotene (1,321 vs 1,325 μg/day), beta cryptoxanthin (72 vs 21 μg/day), lutein + zeaxanthin (653 vs 811 μg/day), and lycopene (593 vs 1,615 μg/day). All paired differences in carotenoid intake were significantly different from zero (Wilcoxon signed-rank, P P >.05): alpha carotene ( r =.33 vs .32), beta carotene ( r =.27 vs .32), beta cryptoxanthin (r= 48 vs .53), lutein + zeaxanthin (r= .28 vs .24), and lycopene (r=.29 vs .25). Conclusions Although estimates of carotenoid intake differed significantly, only minor differences in carotenoid rankings and diet-serum correlations were observed using either data source in this population. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:1271-1275 .
Control of mRNA stability in higher plants

The degradation rates of different mRNAs in higher plants can vary over a broad range and are regulated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous stimuli. During the past several years, efforts to better understand the control of mRNA stability in plants have increased considerably and this has led to improved methodologies and important mechanistic insights. In this review, we highlight some of the most interesting examples of plant transcripts that are controlled at the level of mRNA decay and discuss what has been learned from their study. Experiments that implicate or demonstrate the involvement of particular cis- and trans-acting factors in mRNA decay pathways are a major focus, as are those experiments that have led to mechanistic models. Emphasis is also placed on studies that address the relationship between translation and mRNA stability. Our current knowledge indicates that some of the determinants and pathways for mRNA decay may differ in plants compared to other eukaryotes, whereas others appear to be similar. This knowledge, coupled with the availability of biochemical, molecular and genetic approaches to elucidate plant mRNA decay mechanisms, should continue to lead to findings of novel and general significance.
An N Server Cutoff Priority Queue Where Arriving Customers Request a Random Number of Servers

We consider a multi-priority, N-server, Poisson arrival, nonpreemptive queue, motivated by police applications. The number of servers requested by an arrival has a known priority dependent probability distribution. All servers requested by a customer must start service simultaneously; the servers' service times are independent and exponentially distributed with parameter µ, independent of priority, server identity or system state. In order to save available servers for higher priority customers, arriving customers of each lower priority are deliberately queued whenever the number of servers busy equals or exceeds a given priority-dependent cutoff number. Whenever all higher priority queues are empty, the longest waiting priority i customer will enter service the instant there is a service completion from a state having precisely Ni-k + 1 servers busy, where k is the number of servers requested by the customer and Ni is the server cutoff number for priority i. The queueing discipline is in a sense HOL by priorities. We derive the priority i waiting time distribution in transform domain and other system statistics. Illustrative computational results are given.
Dural venous sinus thrombosis in anaplastic astrocytoma following concurrent temozolomide and focal brain radiotherapy plus bevacizumab

Malignant gliomas have long been a therapeutic dilemma in neuro-oncology, with a poor overall prognosis. Standard treatment, consisting of primary resection, followed by radiation therapy and temozolomide, has improved prognosis. Recently, studies have looked at the addition of bevacizumab (Avastin), a humanized murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor-A, to conventional regiments. Bevacizumab gained US FDA approval for single agent use in recurrent glioblastoma in 2009. Known side effects of bevacizumab include increased risk of arterial and venous thromboembolism, as well as hemorrhage. With emerging data for the use of bevacizumab in malignant gliomas, the extent of risks such as bleeding and thrombosis in patients with primary brain tumors treated with bevacizumab remains unknown. Here, we present only the second reported case of dural venous sinus thrombosis during treatment with bevacizumab and the first reported case for a primary glioma treated with temozolomide, radiation, and bevacizumab.
Processing of triplex-directed psoralen DNA interstrand crosslinks by recombination mechanisms

Gene targeting via homologous recombination (HR) is an important application in biotechnology and medicine. However, in mammalian cells HR is much less efficient than random integration. Triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) linked to DNA damaging agents (e.g. psoralen) can stimulate HR, providing the potential to improve gene therapy applications. To elucidate factors affecting TFO-directed psoralen interstrand crosslink (ICL)-induced recombination, we constructed a series of plasmids with duplicated supF reporter genes, each containing an inactivating deletion, to measure HR frequencies in mammalian cells. Our results indicated that TFO-directed ICL-induced recombination frequencies were higher in the plasmids with larger distances between duplicated supF genes than with a smaller separation distance. However, the position of the ICL relative to the reporter genes did not affect HR frequencies. Recombination spectra were altered by the distance between supF copies. Although single-strand annealing (SSA) recombinants were predominant in all plasmid substrates, the plasmid with the shortest interval (60 bp) revealed a significant proportion of gene conversions (GCs). GCs occurred exclusively in the gene containing the shortest deletion, regardless of the distance between supF genes, ICL position or deletion orientation. Our analyses indicated that SSA is the predominant mechanism of ICL processing of these substrates in mammalian cells.
The molecular perspective: Bcl-2 and apoptosis.

The Oncologist 2002;7:259-260 www.TheOncologist.com Animals enforce a strict capital punishment on their cells. If any cell steps out of line, it is cleanly and promptly destroyed through the process of apoptosis. Candidates for apoptosis include cells that may be a danger to the organism, such as cells with damaged DNA or cells growing at improper rates. Apoptosis, however, is not restricted to rogue cells. It is also widely applied to normal cells that have simply become obsolete as organisms grow and develop. Of course, there must be checks and balances on this powerful system. In cells, apoptosis is controlled through a tribunal of proteins, together known as the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Together, they weigh the pros and cons of cell death at any given time. Some of these proteins are pro-survival, arguing that the cell is healthy and useful. They normally dominate, and the cell continues living and performing its daily duties. Other proteins are pro-apoptotic, Fundamentals of Cancer Medicine The Oncologist
Performance of a Suspended-Growth Bioscrubber for the Control of Methanol

An experimental study is presented on the control of methanol emissions using a single-stage, laboratory-scale, suspended-growth bioscrubber. The inlet concentration was 50 or 100 ppmv. The bioscrubber was operated for over 80 days at a solids residence time of either one or two days. The overall removal efficiency of the scrubber with biomass ranged from 69.0 to 81.0%. The efficiency increased with the liquid flow rate. Model simulations were in good agreement with the data.
Rotifers: Exquisite Metazoans

SYNOPSIS. Rotifers comprise a modestly sized phylum ( 1,850 species) of tiny (ca. 50‐2,000 mm), bilaterally symmetrical, eutelic metazoans, traditionally grouped within the pseudocoelomates or Aschelminthes. These saccate to cylindrically shaped protostomes possess three prominent regions (corona, trunk, foot). They are distinguished by a ciliated, anterior corona (used in locomotion and food gathering) and a pharynx equipped with a complex set of jaws. Unfortunately, these generalizations grossly oversimplify a rich and fascinating diversity. Chief among the charms of the study of rotifers are their ecological importance, ease of culture (including chemostat technology), and the fact that much remains unknown about this exquisite phylum.
Migraine meets membrane trafficking

Having a drug that works clinically, but without a clear mechanism, is like having a key that can be tried on many doors—eventually one will open, but what will be found? The paper by Burstein and colleagues (1) in this issue of Cephalalgia describes an unexpected connection between migraine and membrane trafficking associated with mechanical pain. In an elegant series of experiments, they show that onabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) inhibits mechanical hyperalgesia, and proposed that it may act by preventing the insertion of mechanoreceptors at the plasma membrane. The authors used their well-established rat model of inflammatory agent-induced cranial pain to test the effect of BoNT-A on electrophysiological responses to mechanical stimulation. As an added bonus, they examined both intracranial and extracranial nociceptive branches of meningeal nociceptors, which was logical given that BoNT-A is injected extracranially. BoNT-A inhibited C-fiber responses to suprathreshold stimuli that could produce mechanical pain, but not responses to threshold non-pain stimuli. The remarkably long latency of hours for BoNT-A action is consistent with inhibition of mechanoreceptor translocation to the plasma membrane. This study is the first to test BoNT-A effects on nociceptive neurons believed to mediate migraine headache. As such, it takes us a step closer to understanding how this therapy may benefit migraine patients. While clinically proven effective for chronic migraine, the mechanism of action has been a mystery. Dogma predicted
Teacher Verbal Ability and School Outcomes Where Is the Evidence

Many have claimed that teachers’ verbal ability is among the most important predictors of school outcomes. Teachers’ verbal ability has been thought to predict student achievement ever since the relationship was found in the classic Equality of Educational Opportunity (EEO) study by Coleman et al. By way of meta-analysis the authors examine the evidence on teachers’ verbal ability as a predictor of school outcomes. They find that the evidence is not as extensive as might be inferred from prior reports. Results of 19 studies indicate that teachers’ verbal ability is at best very weakly related to school outcomes, and the main evidence for this weak relationship arises from the EEO study. Other studies find that verbal ability is unrelated to school outcomes.
KTF-1, a transcriptional activator of Xenopus embryonic keratin expression.

Nuclear extracts from embryos of Xenopus laevis were shown to contain a protein activity, KTF-1, which binds in vitro to the promoter of the embryonic, epidermis-specific keratin gene, XK81A1. Mobility shift assays, methylation interference and footprinting analysis were used to show that the KTF-1 binding site contains an imperfect, palindromic sequence, ACCCTGAGGCT. This sequence occurs once in the XK81A1 promoter, 152–162 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. A construct of the keratin gene in which this sequence was altered so that it no longer binds KTF-1 in vitro showed severely reduced transcription levels upon injection into Xenopus embryos, but retained epidermal specificity. Addition of KTF-1 binding sites also enhanced epidermal and non-epidermal activity of a heterologous promoter, Xenopus beta-globin, in embryos. These results suggest that KTF-1 is a general activator of embryonic keratin transcription, which acts in concert with other factors to produce high levels of epidermis-specific expression.
Dating Violence Victimization and Unprotected Sex Acts Among Adolescents in Mental Health Treatment

The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between dating violence victimization and unprotected sex acts among youth in mental health treatment. Sexually-active adolescents (n = 261; ages 13–18) enrolled in mental health treatment completed an audio-assisted computerized self-interview (ACASI) to assess recent dating violence victimization, unprotected sex acts, depression symptoms, and recent alcohol use. Path analysis revealed that dating violence victimization was related to unprotected sex acts both directly and indirectly via its association with depression and condom use self-efficacy. These findings suggest that in order to reduce HIV-related risk behaviors among dating violence victims, treatment providers should consider depressive symptomatology and associated affect around sexual situations.
Managing the quality of a resource with stock and flow controls

Abstract We consider a class of problems, which we call “SFQ” problems, in which both stocks and flows can be controlled to promote the quality of a valued resource, such as environmental quality or public infrastructure. Under the optimal policy, periodic restoration of the stock of quality complements positive but variable abatement of the flow of damages. When deterioration is more rapid or highly variable, or when abatement is more expensive relative to restoration, the optimal policy relies relatively more on restoration. When deterioration is due to private firms or individuals, a flow tax equal to the present value of marginal damages provides efficient incentives for abatement. This tax rises at first as quality worsens, but eventually falls as restoration nears. The revenues raised by such a tax approximates the cost of restoration, with the two quantities converging as the variance of flows goes to zero. We discuss the implications of the SFQ model for a range of real-world problems in the environmental arena, and for the management of public infrastructure. But the lessons are general, and we briefly discuss how they apply to private stocks of physical and human capital.
A new approach for the identification and cloning of genes: the pBACwich system using Cre/lox site-specific recombination

With current plant transformation methods (Agrobacterium, biolistics and protoplast fusion), insertion of DNA into the genome occurs randomly and in many instances at multiple sites. Associated position effects, copy number differences and multigene interactions can make gene expression experiments difficult to interpret and plant phenotypes less predictable. An alternative approach to random integration of large DNA fragments into plants is to utilize one of several site-specific recombination (SSR) systems, such as Cre/lox. Cre has been shown in numerous instances to mediate lox site-specific recombination in animal and plant cells. By incorporating the Cre/lox SSR system into a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vector, a more precise evaluation of large DNA inserts for genetic complementation should be possible. Site-specific insertion of DNA into predefined sites in the genome may eliminate unwanted ‘position effects’ caused by the random integration of exogenously introduced DNA. In an effort to make the Cre/lox system an effective tool for site-directed integration of large DNAs, we constructed and tested a new vector potentially capable of integrating large DNA inserts into plant and fungal genomes. In this study, we present the construction of a new BAC vector, pBACwich, for the system and the use of this vector to demonstrate SSR of large DNA inserts (up to 230 kb) into plant and fungal genomes.
Smoking Control at the Workplace

Until recently, employers supported restrictions or bans on smoking primarily to prevent fires, protect equipment, or avoid product contamination (81). In a few instances, restrictions or bans were imposed because of demonstrated synergy between smoking and a worksite exposure to a product that increased risk of lung cancer, such as asbestos. That rationale was used by Johns­ Manville Company when, in 1977, smoking was banned and smokers were no longer hired (22, 26). Based on comparable patterns of demonstrated synergy, a similar rationale could also apply to workers exposed to ionizing radiation and some occupational chemicals (68). In 1979, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health described the interaction of cigarette smoke with numerous occupational exposures and summarized six mechanisms by which these interactions occur (9). In recent years, protection of employee health through reduction of expo-
A nine year study of file system and storage benchmarking

Benchmarking is critical when evaluating performance, but is especially difficult for file and storage systems. Complex interactions between I/O devices, caches, kernel daemons, and other OS components result in behavior that is rather difficult to analyze. Moreover, systems have different features and optimizations, so no single benchmark is always suitable. The large variety of workloads that these systems experience in the real world also adds to this difficulty.In this article we survey 415 file system and storage benchmarks from 106 recent papers. We found that most popular benchmarks are flawed and many research papers do not provide a clear indication of true performance. We provide guidelines that we hope will improve future performance evaluations. To show how some widely used benchmarks can conceal or overemphasize overheads, we conducted a set of experiments. As a specific example, slowing down read operations on ext2 by a factor of 32 resulted in only a 2--5p wall-clock slowdown in a popular compile benchmark. Finally, we discuss future work to improve file system and storage benchmarking.
Double pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy: Experimental study of lead emission intensity dependence on the wavelengths and sample matrix

article i nfo Lead (Pb) emission intensity (atomic line 405.78 nm) dependence on the sample matrix (metal alloy) was studied by means of collinear double pulse (DP)-laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The measurement of the emission intensity produced by three different wavelength combinations (i.e. I:532 nm-II:1064 nm, I:532 nm-II:532 nm, and I:532 nm-II:355 nm) from three series of standard reference materials showed that the lead atomic line 405.78 nm emission intensity was dependent on the sample matrix for all the combination of wavelengths, however reduced dependency was found for the wavelength com- bination I:532 nm-II:355 nm. Two series of standard reference materials from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and one series from the British Chemical Standards (BCS) were used for these experiments. Calibration curves for lead ablated from NIST 626-630 ("Zn95Al4Cu1") provided higher sensitivity (slope) than those calibration curves produced from NIST 1737-1741 ("Zn99.5Al0.5") and with the series BCS 551-556 ("Cu87Sn11"). Similar trends between lead emission intensity (calibration curve sensitivities) and reported variations in plasma temperatures caused by the differing ionization potentials of the major and minor elements in these samples were established.
Murine models of pulmonary fibrosis

Human pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by alveolar epithelial cell injury, areas of type II cell hyperplasia, accumulation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. The result is a progressive loss of normal lung architecture and impairment in gas exchange. Pertinent features of the human disease include temporal heterogeneity of the fibrotic lesions, progressive nature of the disease, development of fibrotic foci, and in some patients, a rapid worsening of symptoms known as an acute exacerbation. No current animal model recapitulates all of these cardinal manifestations of the human disease. However, investigations using murine models have led to the identification of many pathological cells and mediators that are believed to be important in human disease as well. In this review, we will summarize the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of many of the currently utilized murine models of pulmonary fibrosis.
Measuring Both the Art and Science of Mediation

An art is best observed, and the effort to specify the criteria for watching art is a worthy enterprise. Like all “art criticism,” however, it is not clear to me that we will always have convergence in our evaluations. If theInterim Guidelines are tested in more settings (and subjected to test validation studies) we will learn more about whether it is possible to create a science of evaluation in this field. With all my reservations, I still applaud the effort to create standards for evaluation, based on actual performance of the task. I hope there will be further opportunity to test and refine these performance standards so that they may be used in a professionally responsible way to facilitate good screening, training, and evaluation of mediators in a wide variety of settings.
Recruitment of African Americans With Type 2 Diabetes Who Care For Persons With Dementia: Lessons Learned

Historical notes of the Tuskeegee experiments and other facts of Black exploitation are well known to dissuade African Americans from participating in research studies. Being an African American researcher and utilizing the Black church for data collection were thought to be advantages that would ensure access to a willing and adequate sample to address clinically relevant research questions of what is the impact of caregiving on diabetes selfmanagement in older African American women? Lessons learned provide evidence and recommendations for new strategies in recruitment of older African American caregivers of persons with dementia (PWD). The purpose of this editorial is to describe recruitment challenges and revelations of possible deterrents to otherwise willing participants, during a study of older African American women self-managing their diabetes, while caring for a family member with dementia. We do not know how many African American caregivers of PWD exist across the nation. Why is this important? African Americans are twice as likely to acquire Alzheimer’s disease due to genetics and prevalence of comorbid conditions such as hypertension and diabetes (Alzheimer’s Association, 2015). The hypertension causes the circulation in the brain to be diminished, and this leads to plaques and tangles in the brain (Plassman,
Disclosure Decisions Among Known and Anonymous Egg Donor Recipients

The path to parenthood for some couples includes egg donation. Since the first report of a successful egg donation pregnancy over 25 years ago, the possibility of pregnancy and parenthood for women with premature ovarian failure, genetically heritable diseases, advanced maternal age, and other previously insurmountable conditions has become a reality. Egg donation has undergone substantial growth in the past 15 years. The Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART)/American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) 1995 report indicated the initiation of 3,555 donor cycles, with 1,451 pregnancies and 1,206 deliveries. By comparison, the 2008 SART/ASRM/CDC statistics reported 11,777 donor cycles initiated, with 6,843 pregnancies and 5,894 live births. The rapid growth in the use of donor eggs has prompted an examination of the social and psychological aspects of this distinctive route to parenthood. As prospective parents consider egg donation treatment, they must consider many unique aspects of parenting related to egg donation. One of the many decisions in the transition to parenthood among egg donor recipients is the question of disclosure regarding the egg donor origin of the child. The decision to disclose to others in the social support network and, most importantly, to the child is based on many factors. The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature on disclosure among egg donation recipients and to discuss the clinical implications of these findings.
Carbon Dioxide as a Factor in the Growth of the Tubercle Bacillus and of Other Acidfast Organisms

In comparison to the fundamental nature and importance of the problem, the question of carbon dioxide utilization by bacteria has received but scanty consideration by most investigators. Wherry and Ervin 1 were the first to point out the necessity of carbon dioxide in cultivating the tubercle bacillus. Theobald Smith2 has reported the favorable action of the gas in hastening the growth of B. abortus. Its importance as an essential factor in the cultivation of anaerobes and aerobes alike has been emphasized by Rockwell.3 All of the work mentioned above has been variously challenged, notably by Novy 4 and his associates, whose recent work on microbic respiration has led them to the conclusion that neither the tubercle bacillus nor the other organisms studied by them utilize carbon dioxide, and that its absence or presence in small amounts has no effect on growth. While it has been generally conceded that the growth of bacteria cultivated over alkaline solutions in closed spaces is greatly inhibited, the opponents of the carbon dioxide theory have explained this effect as being due to a dehydration of the nutrient medium by the alkali, rather than to the removal of carbon dioxide. It has therefore seemed wise to collect some quantitative data bearing on this point, and it was to this end that the following experiments were devised. We wish first to point out some necessary considerations in the methods of attacking this problem. In case it is impossible to demonstrate any effect of the absence of carbon dioxide on the growth of an organism by the ordinary methods, two alternatives remain for further experimentation. Either the efficiency of the carbon dioxide removal must be increased, or the production of the gas by the bacteria themselves
Numerical Distribution of Siberian Cranes and Their Relation to Food and Water Depth in Sha Hu at Poyang Lake, China

Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and globally famous for its birdlife.The rich food resources provided by this wetland's emergent and submerged aquatic plant diversity is a major reason that hundreds of thousands of migratory birds travel to Poyang Lake every winter;on average more than 400 000 waterbirds make Poyang Lake their winter home.Poyang Lake is extremely important to Critically Endangered Siberian Cranes Grus leucogeranus,as 3 000-4 000 Siberian Cranes,or over 98% of the world's population of this species spend winter here each year.The International Crane Foundation and the Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve collaborated to carry out a monitoring program from 1999 to 2010 in Sha Hu,one of nine sub-lakes of the Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province of China.The objectives of the monitoring were to: ① record the number and location of the Siberian Cranes;② determine the biomass of their aquatic food plants;and ③ better understand relationship between foraging Siberian Cranes and their aquatic food plants as well water depth.Tubers of Vallisneria spp.were the main food of the Siberian Cranes during winter.Vegetation transects were set up to record numbers and biomass of Vallisneria spp.and their tubers.High vantage points that covered the whole Sha Hu were used to record number of Siberian Cranes and the water depth where the birds were foraging throughout the winter.The location of the birds was also mapped.During the 12 years,overall average number of Siberian Cranes was 46 birds,with winters in 2002,2006 and 2009 over 90 birds.Within a winter,numbers of Siberian Cranes from November to January were relatively stable and the peak number of cranes occurred in December(120 birds).Siberian Cranes were seen mostly in the middle part by south of the lake,while very few recorded in northern and southern parts.The cranes were almost exclusively seen in the submerged vegetation communities dominated by Vallisneria spp.and Potamogeton spp.From 1999 to 2010,the average dry weight of Vallisneria tubers at Sha Hu was 5.92 g/m2,in 2005,2006 and 2008 about or over 12.00 g/m2,while was 0.10 g/m2in 2010.For the 12 years of data,the correlation between the number of Siberian Cranes during December and January and tuber dry weight was not significant,with r=0.231,indicating Vallisneria tubers,at least alone,were likely not a limiting factor to the wintering Siberian Cranes.Areas with water depth of 5-27 cm had the highest number of the cranes(58%),followed by areas with water depth of 40-45 cm(31%).In total,91% of the Siberian Cranes were found in areas with water depth of 5-45 cm.The big flood at Poyang Lake in summer of 2010 had a significant impact on aquatic plant food,forcing Siberian Cranes seeking alternative food sources in sedge/grass zones.
THE MODELLING AND APPLICATION OF PLANNING MEASUREMENT AND STRUCTURE OPTIMATION OF OILFIELD PRODUCTION

The correlative relationship of the development index of oilfield can be established by use of functional simulation theory(such as differential simulation method and NN method), the authors researched the oilfield(oil production plant or development unit) and set up the optimal models of measure structure with different goals, including maximum measure oil-output(fixed measure workload , fixed measure cost);minimum measure cost(fixed measure oil-output,fixed measure workload) and maximum economic benefit(fixed measure workload, fixed measure oil-output, fixed measure cost), which solved the optimal structure problems successfully with each subentry measure oil-output (usually contained fracture oil-output、acidification oil-output、overhaul oil-output、other measure oil-output and so on) and the corresponding measure workload and other development index of oilfield (or oil production plant). The satisfactory economic benefit can be obtained that applied the models into development programming in some oilfield, which was in the mid-late stage.
Epidemiological research progress of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in China and Guangxi

Dalldorf found and described what was named Coxsackie virus later in the children of Coxsackie New York of America in 1948. The disease caused by Coxsackie virus was named as hand-foot-and-mouth disease(HFMD) by Alsop in 1960. Later the disease was found prevalent in different areas worldwide. China first reported HFMD in 1980 and Guangxi first discovered and reported this disease in 1989. Since HFMD was classified as a national legal class C infectious disease in 2008, Guangxi had studied the pathogen genotypes of HFMD in detail and found that enterovirus 71(EV71) accounted for 41.70% and coxsackievirus A16(CoxA16) accounted for 8.50%. Meanwhile, the EV71 separated in Guangxi was highly homologous with the EV71 strains prevalent in other provinces and both belonged to the C4b branch of C4 gene subtype. Data show that HFMD presents a growth and decline trend of natural prevalence. Although the study of HFMD vaccines has achieved extensive progress, but their field application is still facing multiaspect challenges.
Sensitivity Of Optimal Hazmat Routes To Limited Preference Specification

AbstractWe show that a multi-attribute utility (MAU) formulation of the single shipment, cost-exposure, hazardous materials optimal routing problem can conceivably be solved with traditional shortest path algorithms. We argue, however, that the parameter scaling the single attribute cost disutility function into the two attribute cost-exposure disutility function could not be estimated to more than an order of magnitude. In a numerical study using the Columbus, Ohio highway network, we see that such an estimate is not precise enough either to specify a unique optimal route or to screen out a substantial number of routes as suboptimal when the optimal route is to be other than the minimum cost or minimum risk of exposure route. The number of routes obtained when varying the parameter across its permissible range is small enough, however, that the MAU formulation can be thought of as one that generates “MAU noninferior routes” before interacting with the decision maker. We speculate on the impacts of extend...
Advantages of using high activity 125I seeds in temporary interstitial breast implants.

Abstract There has been considerable interest in the use of high activity 125 I sources as a substitute for 192 Ir seeds for removable implants of the breast and prostate. 125 I seeds with an initial activity of approximately 5 mCi per seed, loaded in special afterloading nylon catheters, are used to improve dose distribution in the tumor volume and minimize dose to the adjacent critical organs and normal tissues. Seed spacing in strands is adjusted to maintain a dose rate of 40–60 cGy per hour at a distance of 5 mm from the plane of the implant. Implants custom loaded with 125 I sources achieve superior isodose distribution compared to implants loaded with standard 192 Ir seed strands. High activity 125 I seeds also offer the advantage of reduced exposure to radiation oncology staff, nurses, and visitors leading to better patient care. Due to reduced exposure to personnel, the accuracy of the actual implant geometry can be verified by taking a localization film with actual 125 I sources placed in the tumor bed.
Regional Variation in the Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of the Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Background:The anteromedial (AM) bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has a higher modulus and failure stress than does the posterolateral (PL) bundle. However, it is unknown how these properties vary within each bundle.Purpose:To quantify mechanical and microstructural properties of samples within ACL bundles to elucidate any regional variation across the ligament. We hypothesized that there are no differences within each bundle in contrast to cross-bundle variation.Study Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Methods:Sixteen human ACLs were dissected into AM and PL bundles. Three samples were taken from each bundle in an ordered sequence from AM (region 1 AM bundle) to PL (region 6 PL bundle). Each sample was tested in uniaxial tension, using quantitative polarized light imaging (QPLI) to quantify collagen fiber alignment. After preconditioning, samples were subjected to a stress-relaxation (SR) test followed by quasistatic ramp-to-failure (RF). Peak and equilibrium stress values were computed fr...
Data, Love, and Bodies: The Value of Privacy in Juli Zeh's Corpus Delicti

This essay explores the transformation processes depicted in Juli Zeh’s fictional narrative Corpus Delicti, which call attention to the ethical challenges of new forms of surveillance. Initially blinded by the ideology of the surveillance state of the Methode, the protagonist Mia Holl transforms from a supporter of the healthcare dictatorship into a member of the resistance. By focusing on the surveillance mechanisms of the Methode, Zeh’s fictional narrative opens up a discourse on the value of privacy in the information age. Read together with Roberto Simanowski’s Data Love, Zeh’s work allows for a re-evaluation of the sharing of personal data when it promises societal benefits. Mia Holl’s rediscovery of human nature as a love for oneself eventually has the power to challenge the legitimacy of the surveillance state. Through the unravelling of the Methode’s imposed “data love” as a mechanism of total control, Mia Holl is able to mentally liberate herself from the Methode’s ideology and spark a widespread...
Die Durchführung der Blutkonservierung

Wenn man Blut aus seiner physiologischen Umgebung der Gefasbahn des Korpers entnimmt, so treten in ihm schon wenige Minuten nach der Entnahme auffallende Veranderungen ein. Aus einer makroskopisch homogenen flussigen Masse scheidet es sich in den gallertartigen Blutkuchen und in das flussige Blutserum. Mikroskopisch findet man im Blutkuchen die zelligen Elemente, die von netzartigen Fibrinfaden eingeschlossen sind. Das Serum ist eine durchsichtige Flussigkeit ohne Formelemente. Das Blut gerinnt.
Effects of humerus intraosseous versus intravenous amiodarone administration in a hypovolemic porcine model.

Objective: To compare the effects of amiodarone administration by humerus intraosseous (HIO) and intravenous (IV) routes on return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), time to maximum concentration (Tmax), maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax), time to ROSC, and mean concentrations over time in a hypovolemic cardiac arrest model. Design: Prospective, between subjects, randomized experimental design. Setting: TriService Research Facility. Subjects: Yorkshire-cross swine (n = 28). Intervention: Swine were anesthetized and placed into cardiac arrest. After 2 minutes, cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated. After an additional 2 minutes, amiodarone 300 mg was administered via the HIO or the IV route. Blood samples were collected over 5 minutes. The samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Main Outcome Measurements: ROSC, Tmax, Cmax, time to ROSC, and mean concentrations over time. Results: There was no difference in ROSC between the HIO and IV groups; each had five achieve ROSC and two that did not (p = 1). There was no difference in Tmax (p = 0.501) or in Cmax between HIO and IV groups (p = 0.232). Means ± standard deviations in seconds were 94.3 ± 78.3 compared to 115.7 ± 87.3 in the IV versus HIO groups, respectively. The mean ± standard deviation in nanograms per milliliter for the HIO was 49,041 ± 21,107 and 74,258 ± 33,176 for the IV group. There were no significant differences between the HIO and IV groups relative to time to ROSC (p = 0.220). A repeated analysis of variance indicated that there were no significant differences between the groups relative to concentrations over time (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The humerus intraosseous provides rapid and reliable access to administer life-saving medications during cardiac arrest.
An Emergent Model of Visual Cortical Orientation Selectivity

We demonstrate a cortical circuit based on known anatomical details and cellular properties which achieves sharp orientation tuning despite poorly tuned thalamocortical input. Sharp tuning arises emergently from excitatory interactions between similarly tuned neurons, which also receive broadly tuned inhibition. This model accounts for data obtained from intracellular recording and pharmacological blockade studies, which had previously appeared to conflict over the role of inhibition. We suggest that inhibition acts non-specifically and indirectly to maintain the selectivity of individual neurons by balancing strong intracortical excitation at the columnar level.
Inferring the Why in Images

Abstract : Humans have the remarkable capability to infer the motivations of other people's actions, likely due to cognitive skills known in psychophysics as the theory of mind. In this paper, we strive to build a computational model that predicts the motivation behind the actions of people from images. To our knowledge, this challenging problem has not yet been extensively explored in computer vision. We present a novel learning based framework that uses high-level visual recognition to infer why people are performing an actions in images. However, the information in an image alone may not be sufficient to automatically solve this task. Since humans can rely on their own experiences to infer motivation, we propose to give computer vision systems access to some of these experiences by using recently developed natural language models to mine knowledge stored in massive amounts of text. While we are still far away from automatically inferring motivation, our results suggest that transferring knowledge from language into vision can help machines understand why a person might be performing an action in an image.