cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing Pediatric Malnutrition

The publication of the landmark paper "Defining Pediatric Malnutrition: A Paradigm Shift Toward Etiology-Related Definitions" launched a new era in diagnosing pediatric malnutrition. This work introduced the paradigm shift of etiology-related definitions-nonillness and illness related-and the use of anthropometric z scores to help identify and describe children with malnutrition (undernutrition) in the developed world. Putting the new definition into practice resulted in some interesting observations: (1) Etiology-related definitions result in etiology-related interventions. (2) Illness-related malnutrition cannot always be immediately "fixed." (3) Using z scores in clinical practice often puts the burden of proof on the clinician to show that a child is not malnourished, rather than the other way around. (4) Children with growth failure severe enough to be admitted with "failure to thrive" should always be assessed for malnutrition, and when they meet the criteria, malnutrition should be documented and coded. The publication of the consensus statement came next, announcing the evidence-informed, consensus-derived pediatric malnutrition indicators. Since the indicators are a work in progress, clinicians are encouraged to use them and give feedback through an iterative process. This review attempts to respond to the consensus statement's call to action by thoughtfully appraising the indicators and making recommendations for future review. Coming together as a healthcare community to identify pediatric malnutrition will ensure that this vulnerable population is not overlooked. Outcomes research will validate the indicators and result in new discoveries of effective ways to prevent and treat pediatric malnutrition.
Revisiting Hiroshima in Iran: What Americans Really Think about Using Nuclear Weapons and Killing Noncombatants

Numerous polls demonstrate that U.S. public approval of President Harry Truman's decision to drop the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki has declined significantly since 1945. Many scholars and political figures argue that this decline constitutes compelling evidence of the emergence of a “nuclear taboo” or that the principle of noncombatant immunity has become a deeply held norm. An original survey experiment, recreating the situation that the United States faced in 1945 using a hypothetical U.S. war with Iran today, provides little support for the nuclear taboo thesis. In addition, it suggests that the U.S. public's support for the principle of noncombatant immunity is shallow and easily overcome by the pressures of war. When considering the use of nuclear weapons, the majority of Americans prioritize protecting U.S. troops and achieving American war aims, even when doing so would result in the deliberate killing of millions of foreign noncombatants. A number of individual-level traits—Republican Pa...
GENOMICS SYMPOSIUM: Using genomic approaches to uncover sources of variation in age at puberty and reproductive longevity in sows.

Genetic variants associated with traits such as age at puberty and litter size could provide insight into the underlying genetic sources of variation impacting sow reproductive longevity and productivity. Genomewide characterization and gene expression profiling were used using gilts from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln swine resource population ( = 1,644) to identify genetic variants associated with age at puberty and litter size traits. From all reproductive traits studied, the largest fraction of phenotypic variation explained by the Porcine SNP60 BeadArray was for age at puberty (27.3%). In an evaluation data set, the predictive ability of all SNP from high-ranked 1-Mb windows (1 to 50%), based on genetic variance explained in training, was greater (12.3 to 36.8%) compared with the most informative SNP from these windows (6.5 to 23.7%). In the integrated data set ( = 1,644), the top 1% of the 1-Mb windows explained 6.7% of the genetic variation of age at puberty. One of the high-ranked windows detected (SSC2, 12-12.9 Mb) showed pleiotropic features, affecting both age at puberty and litter size traits. The RNA sequencing of the hypothalami arcuate nucleus uncovered 17 differentially expressed genes (adjusted 180 d of age). Twelve of the differentially expressed genes are upregulated in the late pubertal gilts. One of these genes is involved in energy homeostasis (), a function in which the arcuate nucleus plays an important contribution, linking nutrition with reproductive development. Energy restriction during the gilt development period delayed age at puberty by 7 d but increased the probability of a sow to produce up to 3 parities ( < 0.05). Identification of pleotropic functional polymorphisms may improve accuracy of genomic prediction while facilitating a reduction in sow replacement rates and addressing welfare concerns.
CAPES/FIPSE year one experience report: why begin with math learning objects?

This experience report describes one student’s perspective about being a part of the first CAPES/FIPSE exchange session that brought her to study at Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) in Brazil from Utah State University (USU) in the United States. In June and July 2010, this student joined two other university students to present the CAPES/FIPSE project and the related math learning objects at four schools in Campinas. This article provides an overview of the project and offers this student’s thoughts about possible reasons for the instructors’ immediate responses and future plans with the digital learning objects.
REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Economic development is not geo-politically uniform. There is a geographic component that leaves some regions within the world or some parts of a country, including the Russian Federation, more economically developed that others. This article examines uneven economic development in the USA as a case study. Speciﬁ cally, this article deﬁ nes what is meant by uneven development, as well as documents the pattern of uneven development in the United States. The article also looks at the causes and consequences of uneven development and discusses some possible remedies. Overall the conclusion is that the USA experiences a signiﬁ cant geographic component to its economic development and it is not clear that the policies it has undertaken, if at all, have been successful to abating, slowing down, or reversing uneven development.
Biosynthesis of Gibberellins III. THE CONVERSION OF (—)-KAURENE TO (—)-KAUREN-19-OIC ACID IN ENDOSPERM OF ECHINOCYSTIS MACROCARPA GREENE

The diterpenoid metabolites ( — )-kauren-19-al (III) and ( — )-kauren-19-oic acid (IV) have been identified as products of mevalonate metabolism in an endosperm homogenate of Echinocystis macrocarpa Greene (wild cucumber). These products are formed in addition to ( — )-kaurene (I) and ( — )-kauren-19-ol (II), which were identified earlier. The evidence indicates that kaurene is oxidized irreversibly to kaurenol, kaurenal, kaurenoic acid, and a mixture of at least four other unidentified acids, in that sequence, in endosperm homogenates. These reactions are localized in the microsomal pellet and require the addition of either a reduced pyridine nucleotide or a heated 105,000 x g supernatant fraction. The microsomal oxidations of kaurene to kaurenol and of kaurenol to kaurenal require air as well as a reduced pyridine nucleotide, with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate more effective than NADH. NADP+, NAD+, or flavin adenine dinucleotide could not serve as a coenzyme under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The conversion of kaurenol to kaurenal was inhibited by NADP+, p-chloromercuribenzoate, and β-diethylaminoethyldiphenylvalerate dihydrochloride (SKF 525-A). These properties suggest that both reactions are catalyzed by mixed function oxidases. 14C-Kaurenal was incorporated into gibberellic acid in washed suspensions of Fusarium moniliforme cells. This finding, and similar results for kaurene, kaurenol, and kaurenoic acid reported earlier, indicates an intermediate role for all these substances in gibberellin biosynthesis. The general implications of these results for gibberellin biosynthesis are discussed.
Reaching beyond discovery.

Whatever you are trying to make, the choice of materials is often bewildering. Novel combinatorial approaches allow you to reduce the time and costs necessary to optimize results, while stimulating the quest for deeper fundamental knowledge.
A novel architecture and flow control scheme for private ATM networks

The primary performance measures used to evaluate any congestion control algorithm applicable to ATM networks are, the utilization achieved and the guaranteed packet loss or the Grade of Service (GOS). In any scheme where the sources are controlled there has to be a compromise between the throughput and the GOS, introduced due to the burstiness of the sources. This trade-off can be reduced by the effective use of buffers along with a fair and adaptive flow control scheme. This paper proposes such a scheme, including a node architecture with an off-line shared buffer. In combination with this architecture a threshold controlled, backward notification flow control algorithm is introduced. The off-line buffer is used to absorb reasonable sized overloads, thus increasing the utilization of resources. Extended overloads generate control messages and are flow controlled, thus avoiding unacceptable degradation in the GOS. Flow control messages are relayed back only if the source is truly violating. Hence the proposed scheme is fair and precludes flooding of the network with control messages and the possibility of oscillation in reporting the network status. The issues surrounding this scheme are discussed and possibilities of further research are presented. A simulation model with some results are provided to support our claims.
The Existence Property in Constructive Set Theory

This chapter is primarily of technical interest, in the sense that nothing in the rest of the book depends upon it, and in the sense that the proofs are rather complicated. Nevertheless, the existence property has attracted considerable attention, since many people feel a constructive theory “ought to” have the existence property. It has turned out to be difficult to establish the existence property for constructive set theories, and new techniques have been developed for the purpose. From this perspective, the methods of this chapter are of more than “mere” technical interest, in that they represent the frontier of knowledge in the subject of constructive set theory.
Dynamic Behavior of Saturated Soil Under Buried Explosive Loading

Soil failure under buried explosives detonation and evolution of pore water and air pressures, as well as temperature and deformation increments, are investigated by a set of coupled multiphysics balance equations implemented via Material Point Method (MPM) in Uintah (open-source massively parallel codes). Fluid–structure and fluid–solid interactions are simulated by coupling MPM to a finite-volume, cell-centered, multi-material compressible CFD formulation (Implicit, Continuous fluid, Eulerian: ICE) including the transformation of the High-Explosive (HE) solid into highly pressurized gaseous products. Blast waves in the soil are simulated by Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL++) detonation model of HE material. The dynamic compacting of partially saturated soil or sediment in the neighborhood of a concentrated explosive source is studied via implementing a plastic gas continuum model. This approach also includes modeling of detonation waves transition from the high pressure plastic gas zone to the moderate pressure elastic–plastic zone. In addition to the governing equations for wave propagation (originated with the explosion), the non-linear coupled macroscopic momentum/mass balance for both the solid matrix and the fluid phase in a saturated porous medium are solved numerically in low-moderate pressure zone.
An Ex Post Assessment of Investor Response to Catastrophes

A large body of research has examined abnormal stock returns for insurance companies in the wake of major catastrophes. Most of these studies have investigated the ex ante factors that investors ma...
Cardiorenal Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes in African Americans: Adding to the Risk of Hypertension

Hypertension is a significant public health concern affecting approximately one third of US adults and costing about 131 billion USD annually in direct medical costs. It is projected that the costs associated with hypertension will triple over the next two decades. There has been an increased scrutiny of blood pressure control in the United States with an increase in the portion of the population that has met target blood pressure from only 31 % of people with hypertension in 1999–2000 to 53.3 % in 2009–2010. In this context, there has been a recent surge in interest in blood pressure control, especially in vulnerable populations such as in the African American community who are at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and kidney complications.
School suspension predicts trichomoniasis five years later in a matched sample

Young adults who were suspended from school during adolescence are more likely than matched non-suspended youth to be arrested, on probation, or not graduate from high school, which are STI risk factors. This study evaluates whether suspension is a marker for STI risk among young adults who avoid subsequent negative effects. This study evaluated whether suspension predicts a positive test for chlamydia, gonorrhea, or trichomoniasis in a urine sample using matched sampling in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent and Adult Health (Add Health), and evaluated potential mediators between suspension and STI status using causal mediation analysis. We used Mahalanobis and exact matched sampling within propensity score calipers to compare 381 youth suspended for the first time in a 1-year period with 980 non-suspended youth. The suspended and non-suspended youth were similar on 67 pre-suspension variables. We evaluated STI outcomes 5 years after suspension. Before matching, suspended youth were more likely to test positive for trichomoniasis and gonorrhea, but not chlamydia, than non-suspended youth. Suspended youth were more likely to test positive for trichomoniasis 5 years after suspension than matched non-suspended youth (OR = 2.87 (1.40, 5.99)). Below-median household income before suspension explained 9% of the suspension-trichomoniasis association (p = 0.02), but criminal justice involvement and educational attainment were not statistically significantly mediators. School suspension is a marker for STI risk. Punishing adolescents for initial deviance may cause them to associate with riskier sexual networks even if they graduate high school and avoid criminal justice system involvement. Suspension may compound disadvantages for youth from below-median-income families, who have fewer resources for recovering from setbacks.
Minimizing the risk of COVID-19 among patients on dialysis.

Patients on haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis are likely to be at increased risk of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Preventive strategies must be implemented to minimize the risk of disease transmission in dialysis facilities, including education of staff and patients, screening for COVID-19 and separation of infected or symptomatic and non-infected patients.
High-energy density hohlraum design using forward and inverse deep neural networks

Abstract We present the results of a study where we use machine learning to enhance hohlraum design for opacity measurement experiments. Opacity experiments on laser facilities use hohlraums, which, when their interior walls are illuminated by the National Ignition Facility (NIF) lasers, produce a high radiation flux that heats a central sample to a temperature that is constant over a measurement time window. Given a baseline hohlraum design and a computational model, we train a deep neural network to predict the time evolution of the radiation temperature as measured by the Dante diagnostic. This enables us to rapidly explore design space and determine the effect of adjusting design parameters. We also construct an “inverse” machine learning model that predicts the design parameters given a desired time history of radiation temperature. Calculations using the machine learning model demonstrate that improved performance over the baseline hohlraum could reduce sensitivities and uncertainties in experimental opacity measurements.
Katharine Hull, Pamela Whitlock, and the “Ransome Style”

In 1937, Pamela Whitlock and Katharine Hull, aged 15 and 16, sent children’s writer Arthur Ransome a full manuscript of their novel The Far-Distant Oxus. Reviewers and critics contemporary to Whitlock and Hull, as well as recent scholars, often interpret the young authors’ work in ways that undermine their authority as writers, framing the novel as naive mimicry of Ransome’s Swallows and Amazons. In this chapter, Smith reframes The Far-Distant Oxus as a case study that reveals the challenges and rewards of understanding child authorship—and imitation in particular—as both a creative and professional practice, the complexities of which are accessible through careful consideration of publication history, attentive close reading, and a nuanced approach to child agency.
The relationship between learner engagement and teaching effectiveness: a novel assessment of student engagement in continuing medical education

Continuing medical education (CME) often uses passive educational models including lectures. However, numerous studies have questioned the effectiveness of these less engaging educational strategies. Studies outside of CME suggest that engaged learning is associated with improved educational outcomes. However, measuring participants’ engagement can be challenging. We developed and determined the validity evidence for a novel instrument to assess learner engagement in CME. We conducted a cross-sectional validation study at a large, didactic-style CME conference. Content validity evidence was established through review of literature and previously published engagement scales and conceptual frameworks on engagement, along with an iterative process involving experts in the field, to develop an eight-item Learner Engagement Instrument (LEI). Response process validity was established by vetting LEI items on item clarity and perceived meaning prior to implementation, as well as using a well-developed online platform with clear instructions. Internal structure validity evidence was based on factor analysis and calculating internal consistency reliability. Relations to other variables validity evidence was determined by examining associations between LEI and previously validated CME Teaching Effectiveness (CMETE) instrument scores. Following each presentation, all participants were invited to complete the LEI and the CMETE. 51 out of 206 participants completed the LEI and CMETE (response rate 25%) Correlations between the LEI and the CMETE overall scores were strong (r = 0.80). Internal consistency reliability for the LEI was excellent (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.96). To support validity to internal structure, a factor analysis was performed and revealed a two dimensional instrument consisting of internal and external engagement domains. The internal consistency reliabilities were 0.96 for the internal engagement domain and 0.95 for the external engagement domain. Engagement, as measured by the LEI, is strongly related to teaching effectiveness. The LEI is supported by robust validity evidence including content, response process, internal structure, and relations to other variables. Given the relationship between learner engagement and teaching effectiveness, identifying more engaging and interactive methods for teaching in CME is recommended.
Double Helicity Asymmetries of Forward Neutral Pions from s = 510 GeV pp Collisions at STAR

Longitudinally polarized p + p scattering experiments provide access to gluon polarization via measurement of the double helicity asymmetry, ALL. At the completion of the 2013 RHIC running period, a significant dataset of π0s corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 46 pb−1 (2012) and 8 pb−1 (2013) produced from polarized p + p scattering at s = 510 GeV with an average beam polarization of approximately 50% was acquired. The π0 kinematics were measured via isolation cones by the STAR Forward Meson Spectrometer, an electromagnetic calorimeter covering a forward pseudorapidity range of 2.6 < η < 4. The asymmetric qg → qg subprocess becomes more dominant in this forward region than in the midrapidity region; furthermore, asymmetry measurements in the forward region are sensitive to low-x gluons. Progress on ALL determined from forward π0 events, complementing previous midrapidity measurements, are presented.
Proactive privacy-preserving proximity prevention through bluetooth transceivers: poster abstract

Many activities in laboratories at Purdue require user movement that cannot be carefully orchestrated or planned out, e.g., in our hardware, manufacturing, or propulsion labs. In such environments, it is challenging for users to consciously maintain the required safe social distance. This project provides a technical approach to proactively monitor the distance between users utilizing the Bluetooth transmission-reception signal strength (RSSI). We use a lightweight machine learning model to map the signal strength to the distance and infer the direction of motion between any two users. The technology builds on a long line of research in the area of wireless signals, some of which has been carried out in our lab. It is lightweight (can be easily carried as a lanyard worn by users), low cost (less than $15 when produced in bulk), privacy preserving (no data need to be shared to any other organizations), proactive (provides warning messages prior to approaching unsafe distance). We have shown its effectiveness in our preliminary experiments.
Why do boycotts sometimes increase sales? Consumer activism in the age of political polarization

Abstract In this article, we argue that the occurrence, trajectory, and impact of consumer activism are in large part driven by the political environment in which firms operate, particularly by their country’s level of polarization and the political makeup of their core customer base. In environments characterized by low levels of political polarization, companies are embroiled in a relatively small number of political controversies, and as a result are rarely the target of consumer activism. Conversely, in highly polarized environments, people’s political sensibilities are easily offended, which leads to a relatively large number of political controversies. These controversies tend to arise along party lines, meaning they elicit a consumer boycott exclusively from one side of the political spectrum. Such partisan boycotts lead people on the other side of the political spectrum to rally around the company at the center of the controversy and to purchase more of its products. Whether a company’s sales end up decreasing or increasing depends on the nature of the issue at the heart of the controversy as well as on the political beliefs of its core customer base. We conclude by describing how companies can successfully navigate this complex interplay between political polarization, consumer activism, and customers’ political preferences.
Partners in Progress: Patient Safety in the UK

In 1997, Britons were shocked by a report from the General Medical Council (GMC) of a series of deaths from bungled surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary. In response to parents’ complaints, the GMC had launched an investigation into the high mortality of cardiac surgery of children at the Infirmary. It found that of 53 children who were operated on, 29 had died and 4 suffered severe brain damage. Three surgeons were found guilty of serious professional misconduct, and two were stricken from the medical register [1].
Thin film solar cells with graded-bandgap photon-absorbing layer

Abstract Thin film solar cells are cheap and easy to manufacture but require improvements as their efficiencies are low compared to that of the commercially dominant crystalline-silicon solar cells. A coupled optoelectronic model was formulated and implemented along with the differential evolution algorithm to assess the efficacy of grading the bandgap of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS), Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe), and (Al,Ga)As (AlGaAs) photon-absorbing layer for optimizing the power-conversion efficiency of thin-film CIGS, CZTSSe, and AlGaAs solar cells, respectively. The coupled optoelectronic model-predicted an efficiency of 27.7% with a 2200 nm-thick CIGS photon-absorbing layer for the CIGS solar cell, 21.74% with a 870 nm-thick CZTSSe layer for the CZTSSe solar cell, and 34.5% with a 2000 nm-thick AlGaAs layer for the AlGaAs solar cell. Also optimized was a CIGS–CZTSSe solar cell, with bandgap graded in both the CIGS layer and the CZTSSe layer, and an efficiency of 34.45% was predicted with a 300 nm-thick CIGS layer and a 870 nm-thick CZTSSe layer. The model-predicted results are expected to provide impetus to devise efficacious techniques for bandgap grading for ubiquitous small-scale harnessing of solar energy, for example, to power IoT (Internet of Things) devices.
Regulation of Growth of Thyroid Cells in Culture by TSH Receptor Antibodies and Other Humoral Factors

Highly differentiated target endocrine epithelia provide a valuable model for studies of cell replication, since their growth is regulated by their specific trophic hormone and since they may possibly respond as well to those growth factors that interact with a variety of cell types. Hence, studies of the independent and conjoint effects of trophic hormones and growth factors in target endocrine cells have the potential to elucidate both general mechanisms for the regulation of cell growth and abnormalities in endocrine cell growth that occur in disease.
TNT refinement package.

Publisher Summary The scope of TNT is to optimize atomic coordinates with respect to a series of observations, usually diffraction data and ideal stereochemistry. It also provides information to aid in the examination and correction of the refined model. These include the difference maps to be displayed along with the model, the automatic location of peaks in these maps, and indicators of the problem spots in the refined model that should be examined directly by the crystallographer. Although TNT is an excellent package for everyday refinement, its flexibility allows it to be used as a tool for the development of new refinement techniques. The TNT components can be recorded, new components to implement the refinement of the model against a novel set of observations can be added, or other kinds of changes without having to modify the existing programs can be made. To solve any computational problem, one establishes a protocol that is based on a collection of assumptions about the nature of the problem.
Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias with beta-adrenergic blocking agents: Clinical and experimental studies☆

Abstract Twenty-seven subjects with various cardiac rhythms were treated with intravenous pronethalol or propranolol. Slowed sinus rhythmicity, decreased A-V node conduction, and decreased ventricular premature contractions (particularly if caused by digitalis) were observed. One death occurred in a patient with A-V dissociation, severe pulmonary hypertension, and congestive heart failure. No other significant side effects were seen. These two drugs are considered to be quite useful in controlling ventricular responses to atrial flutter or fibrillation, and in certain cases of ventricular irritability. They are rapid acting and potent. Their use may be hazardous when bradycardia or A-V dissociation is present, or if the arrhythmia is complicated by severe congestive heart failure or bronchospastic pulmonary disease. Data in animals confirm the reversal of digitalis toxicity and suggest a mechanism of action in addition to beta-adrenergic blockade.
Corporate Investment and Value Creation

This study explores the value creation implications of corporate investment through future earnings. I develop parsimonious measures for the extent of a firm making too low or too high capital investment, controlling for investment opportunities. Using these measures, I document that both low- and high-investing firms subsequently realize poor earnings, controlling for profitability of existing assets. The evidence is consistent with suboptimal value creation following inefficient investment. The investment effect on future earnings persists for up to five years, suggesting that firms forgoing profitable opportunities continually give away sizable profits, while firms undertaking value-destroying projects fail to downscale or terminate at least some of them.
Secondary and Apparent Primary Antibody Responses After Group A Streptococcal Vaccination of 21 Children

A partially purified M protein, extracted from a mouse-virulent strain of type 3, group A streptococcus, was administered subcutaneously in gradually increasing amounts at weekly intervals to 21 children in a Family Program. Seven children with type 3 bactericidal antibody in prevaccination sera showed a secondary response. Of 14 children with no detectable type 3 bactericidal antibody prior to vaccination, 13 developed definite type 3 antibody during or soon after vaccination. This response appeared to be of the primary variety in at least some of the 13 children because (i) the total incidence of antibody response (20 of 21) was greater than can be accounted for by the documented incidence of clinical and subclinical type 3 infections among children of our Family Program during a period of 14 years, (ii) the response in the 13 children with no detectable antibody prior to vaccination was more delayed than in those showing a definite secondary response, and (iii) on the average, the amount of vaccine needed for a response in these 13 children was 15 to 28 times greater than that required for the secondary response. Local skin reactions were variable among the vaccinated children. Systemic reactions were infrequent and not severe. The giving of multiple injections of partially purified M protein did not seem to cause cutaneous hypersensitivity.
Nuclear Performance Optimization of the Molten-Salt Fusion Breeder*

Improved nuclear analysis, including the treatment of resonance and spatial self-shielding, coupled with an optimization procedure, has resulted in an improved performance estimate for the molten salt blanket. Net U-233 breeding ratio ranges between 0.58 and 0.63, and blanket energy multiplication ranges between 1.8 and 1.9.
Democratic Intergovernmental Organizations?: Normative Pressures and Decision-Making Rules

This work posits that, over the past two centuries, democratic norms have spread from domestic politics to intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). Grigorescu explores how norms shaped IGO decision-making rules such as those driving state participation, voting, access to information, and the role of NGOs and transnational parliaments. The study emphasizes the role of 'normative pressures' (the interaction between norm strength and the degree to which the status quo strays from norm prescriptions). Using primary and secondary sources to assess the plausibility of its arguments across two centuries and two dozen IGOs, the study focuses on developments in the League of Nations, the International Labor Organization, the United Nations, the World Bank, the European Union, and the World Trade Organization.
Reversal of handedness effects on bimanual coordination in adults with Down syndrome.

Background Research on unimanual tasks suggested that motor asymmetries between hands may be reduced in people with Down syndrome. Our study examined handedness (as assessed by hand performance) and perceptual–motor integration effects on bimanual coordination. Methods Adults with Down syndrome (13 non-right-handed, 22 right-handed), along with comparison groups of adults (16 non-right-handed, 21 right-handed) and children (15 non-right-handed, 22 right-handed) without Down syndrome, drummed with auditory, verbal and visual instructions. Results In contrast to handedness effects in the children and adults without Down syndrome, right-handed participants with Down syndrome led more with the left hand, and had lower coordination stability than non-right-handed participants with Down syndrome. Conclusions The reversed handedness effect during bimanual coordination suggests a complex relationship between handedness and task requirements in adults with Down syndrome.
The preparation of metal-β-ketoimine compounds by chelate exchange

Abstract The scope and limitations of chelate exchange as a method of preparation of metal-β-ketoimine compounds is described. The outstanding advantage of the method is that it minimizes hydrolysis and amine exchange, side-reactions frequently encountered with other methods. The main disadvantage of chelate exchange as a synthetic method is the requirement of a favourable equilibrium.
Aeroelastic stability and response analysis of large horizontal-axis wind turbines

Abstract The purpose of this review is to present recent research on aeroelastic and structural dynamic aspects of large horizontal-axis wind turbines in a unified manner. The literature available in the field is reviewed with considerable detail and the fundamental differences between helicopter rotor aeroelastic problems and the wind turbine aeroelastic problem are carefully outlined. Formulation of the isolated blade aeroelastic problem, as well as the coupled rotor/tower system, are treated with considerable detail. Results illustrating the characteristics of the isolated blade behavior are presented. Coupled rotor/tower behavior is also illustrated with an emphasis on rotor-tower-yaw drive interaction and rotor/tower interaction. Various other structural dynamic and aeroelastic problems occurring in wind turbines are also briefly discussed.
Tics and problem behaviors in schoolchildren: Prevalence, characterization, and associations

Objective. Tic disorders are the most common movement disorder diagnosed in children and have symptoms that fluctuate in frequency and intensity over time. We conducted an 8-month longitudinal obser- vational study to determine the variations in frequency of motor tics and associated problem behaviors. Methods. A total of 553 children, kindergarten through sixth grade, were observed monthly from No- vember 1999 to June 2000 by 3 raters. Motor tics were recorded by location and rated for severity as none (0), mild (1), moderate (2), or severe (3). Problem behaviors were rated as absent (0), subclinical (1), or clinical (2) in each of 6 categories: disruptive, hyperactive, impulsive, aggressive, anxious, and distracted. Results. The monthly point prevalence of motor tics ranged from 3.2% to 9.6%, with an overall frequency of 24.4%. The monthly point prevalence of problem behav- iors ranged from 2.6% to 11.0%, with an overall frequency of 25.7%. The incidence of motor tics and problem be- haviors was significantly higher during the winter months of November through February, compared with the spring months of March through June (motor tics: z 4.97; problem behaviors: z 3.79). Motor tics were ob- served in 2 distinct patterns (isolated and persistent), which varied by the number of months present, gender ratio of affected children, severity of tic symptoms, and association with problem behaviors. Conclusions. Motor tics and problem behaviors are frequent occurrences among schoolchildren and seem to occur more frequently during the winter months. For most children, the tics were mild, observed on only 1 occasion, and were not accompanied by problem behaviors. Pediatrics 2002;110:331-336; observational study, longitudinal study, tic disorder, childhood onset.
Modulation of mechanically evoked perioral reflexes during active force

Abstract Mechanically evoked activity in orbicularis oris inferior and mentalis muscles was studied in humans during active lip force generation. A specially designed multipoint array skin contractor, coupled to a position servo-controlled linear motor, was used to deliver precise mechanical inputs to the lip vemilion. The array size of the skin contactor was systematically varied to quantify the effects of spatial summation on the amplitude and time course of the early component (R1) of the perioral reflex. For normal young adults, significant positive trends were found for the amplitude of R1 sampled from orbicularis oris inferior and mentalis muscle recording sites as contactor array size iincreased. Increasing skin contactor size from 2 to 16 points was also effective in shortening the latency of R1 by 3–5 ms.
Bayesian aggregation error

Differences between inferences obtained from Bayesian reliability models using system-level data versus component-level data have motivated a call for a 'basic restructuring of the Bayes procedure'. This paper explores the source of such differences and demonstrates that Bayesian models would be aberrant only if such differences did not exist.
Diagnosis and Management of Parotitis

Of all the salivary glands, the parotid gland is most commonly affected by an inflammatory process. Infections of the parotid gland range from acute to severe. Assessment of the disease process should differentiate local primary parotid infection from systemic infection when this gland is also involved as part of a generalized inflammatory condition. Viral parotitis can be caused by paramyxovirus (mumps), Epstein-Barr virus, coxsackievirus, and influenza A and parainfluenza viruses. Acute suppurative parotitis is generally caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species, and rarely, gram-negative bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria, mostly Peptostreptococcus species and Bacteroides species, and pigmented Porphyromonas species and Prevotella species have been recently recognized as an important cause of this infection. beta-Lactamase-producing organisms can be isolated in almost three fourths of the patients. Predisposing factors to suppurative infections are dehydration, malnutrition, oral neoplasms, immunosuppuration, sialolithiasis, and medications that diminish salivation. Pus, aspirated from a suppurative parotic abscess, should be plated on media that are supportive for the growth of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi. Early and proper antimicrobial therapy may prevent suppuration. Initial empiric therapy that is directed against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria may be required until a specific causal diagnosis is available. Surgical drainage may be indicated when pus has formed. This may prevent complications and facilitate recovery.
Predicting detection task performance using a visual discrimination model

In the visual discrimination model (VDM) approach to measuring image quality two input images are analyzed by an algorithm, which calculates the just-noticeable-index (JND) index, which is a measure of the perceptual difference between the two images in the discrimination task. It has been proposed that if one can simulate relevant lesions and backgrounds, the same method can be used to predict target detectability . One generates pairs of images which are exactly identical except for the presence of a lesion in one of them. The JND-index measured on this image pair is thought to correlate with target detectability, such as might be measure in a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) study, and some experimental studies supporting this idea have appeared. It is pointed out in this work that this method can lead to anomalous results, namely it does not predict the qualitative effect of lesion-size on lesion detectability in mammographic backgrounds. Another anomaly is that the method appears to work on single images, whereas the ROC method needs sets of normal and abnormal images. In this work we show that by modifying the method so that comparisons of near-identical images are avoided, it is possible to predict the lesion size dependence and avoid the clash with the ROC method.
Infusing mathematics with culture: Teaching technical subjects for social justice

How can disciplines that are commonly regarded as culturally neutral be taught in ways that connect technical content with social and cultural issues?
Imaging of Brain Tumors: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

The eloquent brain can be identified using functional MR (fMR) imaging for the gray matter and diffusion tensor (DT) imaging for the white matter. fMR imaging and DT imaging are especially important for patients with tumors near the important motor and language centers of the brain, where the normal anatomic references may be distorted by the tumor and associated edema. This article explains fMR imaging and DT imaging techniques and illustrates their clinical applications and limitations.
A microscopic model for the void growth behavior

Abstract A model for void growth behavior is developed on the basis of a dislocation theory. In order to model many uniformly distributed voids, a spherical unit cell with a growing void is considered to be subjected to a hydrostatic tensile stress under the condition of a constant applied strain rate. In the spherical unit cell, the relationships between several deformation parameters characterizing the void growth behavior are determined. It is assumed that as a void grows, it maintains the spherical shape and a constant average density of mobile dislocations in the intervoid matrix. A microscopic constitutive equation related to the void growth is established by correlating the mobility of dislocations to the thermally activated shear stress. Taking into account a mechanical condition that the applied energy rate is dissipated by the plastic work rate expended for the motion of dislocations, an equation controlling the void growth is developed. The relationship of the void growth rate to the hydrostatic tensile stress and the void fraction is derived as a function of the product of the thermally activated shear stress and the activation volume for dislocation motion for two limiting cases of the mobile dislocation distribution. The effect of localized deformation behavior on the void growth is discussed compared with a continuum plasticity theory.
Indirectly verifiable: Everything or nothing

ALTHOUGH the claim that empirical verifiability is a necessary condition for the cognitive meaningfulness of contingent sentences has been rejected in many quarters, the attempt to distinguish what is empirically verifiable and consequently empirically significant has not been rejected by any means. Intuitively there seems to be an important difference between a phrase such as 'nutrino' and one such as 'immortal soul.' Whether or not we want to claim that 'There are immortal souls' is cognitively meaningless, it surely seems to be correct that it differs from 'There are nutrinos' in a significant way. The phrase 'nutrino' is an important theoretical term in the empirical science of physics, but the phrase 'immortal soul' has no significance for physics or any other empirical science. Surely, then, we ought to be able to distinguish between a phrase empirically significant relative to some science such as physics and a phrase having no such significance. We should be able 49
Solid freeform fabrication of organic-inorganic hybrid materials

Abstract Freeform fabrication methods build materials by the repetitive addition of thin layers. In principle, these methods are very applicable to sol-gel glasses and organic-inorganic hybrids where diffusion and shrinkage during solidification are important. The chemical conversion of metal alkoxides to oxides may require the diffusion of water into the part and does require the diffusion out of the alcohol reaction products. If this conversion can occur in the layers as they form, the diffusion paths are short and so the reaction rate should be much higher. The conversion of alkoxide to oxide also involves a large reduction in volume, which can be accommodated in elastomers but leads to distortion and cracking of thick, rigid parts. Again, conversion layer by layer may eliminate these effects. Here we describe the use of extrusion freeform fabrication to make bars of mineralized gel, of silicate glass and of methacrylate-silica hybrids. Glass parts can only be made if the shrinkage on hydrolysis is minimized by including a large fraction of glass powder. For the hybrids, solid bars crack during the hydrolysis of the alkoxide but open mesh structures can be formed without cracking. Both solid and mesh bars of mineralized gel can be formed. The mesh structures give good mechanical properties in each case, with up to 50 vol.% inorganic phase and bend strengths in the range from 50–100 MPa.
Chondroblastoma--the nature of the basic cell. A study by means of histochemistry, tissue culture, electron microscopy, and autoradiography.

The histogenesis of chondroblastoma is controversial; both cartilage cells and reticulohistiocytes have been proposed as the cell of origin. We have examined a humeral chondroblastoma histochemically and autoradiographically for mucopolysaccharide production and compared the tumor cells ultrastructurally with normal fetal and adult cartilage cells. The chondroblastoma cells produced sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides and ultrastructurally showed features of both fetal and adult cartilage cells. The relationship of the chondroblastoma cells to reticulohistiocytes has been examined, and we have concluded that origin of the tumor from reticulohistiocytes is unlikely and that the chondroblastoma is truly cartilaginous in origin. Since the term chondroblast is used so variably, we have attempted to define this cell functionally and morphologically. The implication that a chondroblastoma is made up of embryonic cells is questionable.
Interferon induction and utilization.

The interferon mechanism offers the hope for moderate to high level prophylactic immunity of broad antiviral spectrum but of relatively short duration. Economic and biological considerations offer little hope for utilization of exogenous interferon as a prophylactic or therapeutic substance, unless but a small part of the total molecule be found to carry the activity. The real promise for interferon application is in the administration of suitable inducers so as to cause the body to produce and distribute its own interferon. Certain ribonucleic acids (RNA's) offer hope for high level potency as inducers without adverse effect. The condition for interferon induction by ribonucleic acids appears to be double- or multistrandedness and freedom from inhibitors. These can be of biologic or synthetic origin. The mechanism of action of interferon is not fully understood but appears to fit into the Jacob-Monod model involving two phases: first, a derepression by the inducer to cause the cell to form interferon and second, a derepression by interferon to cause recipient cells to form the active substance which acts by preventing translation from viral messenger RNA. Double or multistranded RNA of viral or other origin appears to be unique to the cell and serves as the alert to it to produce interferon in phase 1. Greatest need for interferon is clearly for those diseases in which there is a multiplicity of immunologic types in excess of the numbers which could be put into a vaccine as, e.g., the common cold and enteric viruses. There might be some overall therapeutic benefit also if inducer were given early enough in infection. Special value for interferon induction might derive by administration in early life before the development of immunologic maturity, as a means for preventing infection with oncogenic or other viruses. Additionally, suitable inducers might be capable of interrupting the reinfection cycle in virus-dependent malignancies. The favorable outlook for interferon utilization must always be tempered with the realization that under certain as yet undiscovered situations, adverse rather than beneficial effects might result from indution of interferon. It is not impossible that in certain special circumstances, as in ordinary immunologic responses, it might be more beneficial to negate rather than to promote the effect.