cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlled synthesis of reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanotube hybrids and their aqueous behavior

This paper reports the controlled synthesis of reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanotube (rGO-CNT) hybrids and their aqueous behavior. The CNTs were suspended in an aqueous dispersion of GO, and the GO-CNT hybrids were reduced in situ in a controlled fashion using nascent hydrogen. Several hybrids with oxygen content ranging from 26 to 2% were synthesized. The properties of the hybrids with low degree of reduction were closer to GO while those with high degree of reduction were closer to CNTs. Solubility, dispersibility, hydrophobicity, critical coagulation concentration (CCC value), and Zeta potential of the hybrids were studied and compared. Solubility of GO-CNT hybrid decreased from 6.2 to ~ 0 μg/ml after reducing oxygen content to 2%. Dispersibility of hybrids also decreased from 7.1 to 0.5 μg/ml after GO reduction. CCC value of hybrids in the presence of NaCl decreased from 16 in unreduced GO-CNT hybrid to 6 for one containing 7% oxygen, and equivalent decrease in the presence of MgCl2 was from 3 to 1. Additionally, as expected, the hydrophobicity of hybrids increased on reduction and the hydrophobicity index increased from − 3.2 to 7.4% as oxygen concentration decreased from 26 to 2%.
Nanopore Amplicon Sequencing Reveals Molecular Convergence and Local Adaptation of Rhodopsin in Great Lakes Salmonids.

Local adaptation can drive diversification of closely related species across environmental gradients and promote convergence of distantly related taxa that experience similar conditions. We examined a potential case of adaptation to novel visual environments in a species flock (Great Lakes salmonids, genus Coregonus) using a new amplicon genotyping protocol on the Oxford Nanopore Flongle and MinION. We sequenced five visual opsin genes for individuals of Coregonus artedi, Coregonus hoyi, Coregonus kiyi, and Coregonus zenithicus. Comparisons revealed species-specific differences in a key spectral tuning amino acid in rhodopsin (Tyr261Phe substitution), suggesting local adaptation of C. kiyi to the blue-shifted depths of Lake Superior. Ancestral state reconstruction demonstrates that parallel evolution and "toggling" at this amino acid residue has occurred several times across the fish tree of life, resulting in identical changes to the visual systems of distantly related taxa across replicated environmental gradients. Our results suggest that ecological differences and local adaptation to distinct visual environments are strong drivers of both evolutionary parallelism and diversification.
Individual differences in hormonal responsiveness to social encounters: Commentary on Félix et al., 2020 and review of pertinent issues.

The results of a recent study, Felix et al., 2020, give new information about the behavioral and endocrine correlates of individual differences in the potential for androgen response in male cichlid fish. We think the study raises issues that are pertinent to the study of hormones and competition in other species, particularly humans. Focusing mostly on androgen reactivity to social challenge, we emphasize the importance of inter-individual variability in physiology, personality, and motivation in studies of hormone responses to social encounters. Additionally, we give special attention to matters of "repeatability" and the timing of hormone sampling. We conclude with an appreciation of the value of comparative analysis in behavioral endocrinology.
Poverty in China as its Economy Nears High Income: Lessons from Japan, South Korea and the United States During Their Upper-Middle Income Transitions

This paper summarizes what developing countries that are on the cusp of high income can learn from the approaches to poverty reduction adopted by the United States, Japan and the Republic of Korea. China is almost as well-off today as the United States was in 1960, Japan in 1980, and South Korea in 2000, when they reached high-income. China’s poverty reduction strategy is quite different from the approaches adopted by these countries. Relatedly, China’s performance in reducing poverty rates—using developmentally appropriate standards such as the official definition of poverty adopted by the US in the 1960s—is considerably less impressive than widely believed.
Identification of the Forward Guidance and QE Surprises in the UK

Using intraday data, I separately identify the Bank of England's forward guidance and quantitative easing surprises during the effective lower bound period in the UK. Then, I estimate asset price responses to these unconventional monetary policies. I show that both surprises significantly move gilt yields and term premia on days of monetary policy announcements. However, their impact persists for only a few months. I further document that only forward guidance is effective in moving stock prices and their volatility. While both surprises influence the British pound, the impact of forward guidance persists for at least six months.
Greek Firms and EMU

Abstract The primary aim of this study is to contrast and identify differences in the ways by which SMEs and large firms have attempted to change their management practices in order to cope with the formidable challenges associated with competing in the EMU. Using survey data collected from leading Greek firms shortly before Greece's recent accession to the EMU, the study is an attempt to begin empirical work in this area by focusing on changes in competitive strategy, structure and management processes. The results indicate that both SMEs and large firms have initiated changes in all three dimensions. It seems, however, that the degree and direction of these responses depends on size; SMEs appear less able and/or less willing to implement change, perhaps because of size-related disadvantages.
Cost of Delays in Construction

The results of a survey designed to determine the percentage of construction cost spent for delays due to governmental regulations is presented. In addition, the corresponding average time delay is tabulated. Questionnaires were sent to all consultants appearing on The ENR 500 Consultants Compilation and to those organizations listed in The Ohio Directory. The data indicates that 30.3% of the overall yearly construction cost of projects in which The ENR 500 consultants are involved is spent for construction delays. The associated time delay due to governmental regulations is 29.9 months. The corresponding figures for The Ohio Directory consultants are 29.3% and 25.0 months, respectively.
Lenses, Apertures, and Resolution

Electron lenses are the magnetic equivalent of the glass lenses in an optical microscope and, to a large extent, we can draw comparisons between the two. For example, the behavior of all the lenses in a TEM can be approximated to the action of a convex (converging) glass lens on monochromatic light. The lens is basically used to do two things: either take all the rays emanating from a point in an object and recreate a point in an image, or focus parallel rays to a point in the focal plane of the lens.
Viral exanthems and enanthems.

Time Was when measles, rubella, scarlet fever, and the "fourth disease" were the infections to he considered when dealing with puzzling rashes. Events in the past generation have changed the problem considerably and complicated it to an extraordinary degree. This is due largely to the discovery in the late 19409s and early 19509s of several whole new families of viruses, including the Coxsackie, echo-, and adenoviruses. In the subsequent two decades the pathogenic potential and diverse clinical associations of these agents, which number close to 100, have gradually emerged. One of the most striking features has been an uncovering of an etiologic relationship to the so-called "summer exanthems."l,2
Information Agents for Mobile and Embedded Devices

The pervasive computing environments of the near future will involve the interactions, coordination and cooperation of numerous, casually accessible, and often invisible computing devices. These devices, whether carried on our person or embedded in our homes, businesses and classrooms, will connect via wireless and wired links to one another and to the global networking infrastructure. The result will be a networking milieu with a new level of openness. The localized and dynamic nature of their interactions raises many new issues that draw on and challenge the disciplines of agents, distributed systems, and security. This paper describes recent work by the UMBC Ebiquity research group which addresses some of these issues. This research was supported in part by the NIST Advanced Technology Program, DARPA contract F30602-97-1-0215, and NSF grants CCR0070802 and IIS9875433.
The Doctrines of Specification and Accession: Potential Bases for Legal Ownership through Labor?:

This paper explores the viability of the doctrines of accession and specification as potential sources of a historical-legal basis for ownership rights accruing to labor by recognizing its unique capacity to create value. Focusing on examples from American case law, the origin and development of these doctrines are documented. The changes in these doctrines, from their first appearance in the early civiI law or Code of Justinian to the present, often reflect the historic changes in the composition of products, the legal relationship between labor and capital and the changes in the dominant mode of production. The purpose of this inquiry is to determine if a legal rationale exists which justifies collective ownership of the means of production.
Numerical Modeling of Tsunami Generation by Subaerial and Submerged Landslides

A mathematical model is derived to describe the generation and propagation of water waves by a submarine landslide in two horizontal dimensions (2HD). The model consists of a depth-integrated continuity equation and a vector momentum equation, in which the ground movement is the forcing function. These equations include high nonlinear, but weak frequency dispersion effects. The model is capable of describing wave propagation from relatively deep water to shallow water. These Boussinesq-type equations are coupled with a moving boundary algorithm, allowing for the prediction of wave runup along the shoreline. The numerical model is able to accurately simulate the tsunamis generated by subaerial slides, as is shown by comparison with an analytical solution. A variety of 2HD slide setups will be run, including both submerged and subaerial slides. The maximum vertical thickness of the slide, as well as the length to width ratio are varied for a number of different slopes, and the results will be discussed.
Fusion Breeding: An Old, New Strategic Opportunity for Fusion

This article reviews the case for fusion breeding that the author has made over more than the last 15 years. It shows that even stipulating maximum success or ITER or NIF, pure fusion is nowhere near ready to provide economical power. Fusion breeding, using a device like one or both of these machines just might. A new direction for the American MFE base program is proposed. Fusion breeding could be a short cut which could cut out decades and decades from the development of pure fusion. Fusion breeding allows a midcentury power source, one which is carbon free, sustainable, economical, environmentally sound and have litte or no proliferation risk.
A Review of “Searching for the just city; Debates in urban theory and practice”

This edited volume is an important investigation of the philosophical, theoretical, and practical pathways planners traverse in order to enhance urban justice and equity. The challenge addressed th...
CHEMICAL PACEMAKERS : PART I. CATALYTIC BRAIN IRON. PART II. ACTIVATION ENERGIES OF CHEMICAL PACEMAKERS.

1. Iron spicules found in the brains of general paretic patients are formed from endogenous brain iron normally present in another form. This supports our earlier view that the µ value of 16,000 obtained in advanced paretics for alpha brain wave frequencies as a measure of cortical respiration comes about from the slowing of an iron catalyzed link in cortical respiration such as would result from the reduction of available cytochrome and its oxidase, thus making this step a chemical pacemaker. 2. To test the basic theory of chemical pacemakers, a study was made of the succinate-fumarate enzyme system containing succino-dehydrogenase and cytochrome-cytochrome oxidase acting sequentially. 3. The µ value for the unpoisoned system is 11,200 ± 200 calories. 4. According to theory, the addition of a critical amount of cyanide known to be a specific poison of the cytochrome-cytochrome oxidase system (and not of the dehydrogenase) should shift the µ cleanly to 16,000 calories, and it does. 5. According to theory, selenite, a specific poison for the dehydrogenase, should stop all respiration without shifting the µ. This also is found to be the case. 6. The theory also predicts that if the µ is shifted from 11,000 ± to 16,000 ± by cyanide, the subsequent addition of a critical amount of selenite should shift the µ back again to 11,000 ± calories, and this is found to occur. 7. It is concluded that approximately 11,000 calories is the energy of activation of the succino-dehydrogenase-catalyzed step and 16,000 calories is that for the cytochrome-cytochrome oxidase-catalyzed step. These two values are encountered more frequently than any others in physiological systems. It is to be recalled that a shift of µ for alpha brain wave frequencies from 11,000 to 16,000 calories occurs in the course of advancing syphilitic brain infection and is accompanied by a change in form of brain iron.
Brain Capillary Tissue Plasminogen Activator in a Diabetes Stroke Model

Background and Purpose Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is normally expressed in rat brain capillaries. This study examines the expression of TPA in brain capillaries of diabetic rats in relation to focal ischemic brain injury. Methods Diabetes type 1 was induced by streptozotocin for 7 days. Acute hyperglycemia was induced by 50% dextrose. Expression of TPA in brain capillaries was determined by Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses. Focal stroke was produced by 1 hour of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion. Physiological variables and cerebral blood flow were monitored during occlusion and within 1 hour of reperfusion. Neurological and neuropathologic examinations were performed after 24 hours of reperfusion. Results All rats developed comparable hyperglycemia (≈15 mmol/L). A complete depletion of TPA protein and 6.5-fold decrease in TPA mRNA were found in brain capillaries of diabetic rats, in contrast to normal TPA capillary levels in hyperglycemic rats. T...
Pattern-integrated interference [Invited]

Pattern-integrated interference (PII) is described as a logical progression starting from the primary precursors of interference and holography. PII produces, in a single-exposure step, a periodic interference pattern with preselected periods absent. These blocked periods, for example, can form the nonperiodic functional elements of a photonic-crystal device or the circuit elements in a periodic-layout-design semiconductor chip. Various possible system configurations for PII are presented and compared. Example PII-produced intensity patterns for a photonic-crystal microresonator filter and an optical switch are simulated and discussed.
Phase-Only Transmit Beam Broadening for Improved Radar Search Performance

The operational value of applying transmit beam broadening in radar search is considered. Test cases are established to evaluate search radar performance with beam broadening and without beam broadening, and also for different beam broadening arrangements. The test cases are evaluated according to search occupancy and probability of detection performance. The advantage of beam broadening for a horizon search fence is demonstrated; this approach extends to generic search fence design, and is particularly advantageous for broadening factors of 3:1 or higher.
Supplementary optimality properties of gradient-restoration algorithms for optimal control problems

In this paper, sequential gradient-restoration algorithms for optimal control problems are considered, and attention is focused on the gradient phase. It is shown that the Lagrange multipliers associated with the gradient phase not only solve the auxiliary minimization problem of the gradient phase, but are also endowed with a supplementary optimality property: they minimize the error in the optimality conditions, subject to the multiplier differential equations and boundary conditions, for given state, control, and parameter.
Use of sporothecae by phoretic Tarsonemus mites to transport ascospores of coniferous bluestain fungi

Certain female Tarsonemus mites, like their host bark beetles, carry a specific fungus upon which the mites feed, inside a special morphological, spore-carrying structure called a sporotheca. The sporotheca is similar to the mycangium described for bark beetles, but differs in that no gland cells are present and the fungal spores do not multiply in the structure. So far, the phenomenon has been observed only in North America and China where the phoretic hosts of the mites are Dendroctonus and Ips .
Asynaptic expression of the adult nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in long-term cultures of mammalian myotubes

Abstract To determine whether synaptic contact is required to express adult-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (A-AChR) in developing mammalian muscle, we have examined single-channel AChR activity in primary muscle cultures maintained for up to 29 days. A-AChRs were first expressed after day 12 in culture (CD12), during a period characterized by the accumulation of embryonic acetylcholine receptors (E-AChR). The highest rate of A-AChR expression was observed between CD15 and 19, during a period of maximal E-AChR accumulation. Although the level of A-AChR expression between individual patches was quite variable during this period, A-AChRs accounted for up to 40% of the events produced by receptors expressed over a 3-day interval. Between CD19 and 29, the density of E-AChRs diminished while the expression of A-AChRs per patch continued to increase but at a lower rate than that observed between CD15 and 19. In 25–29-day cultures. 70.6% of patches exhibited both E-AChR and A-AChR activity, and the percentage of A-AChR events per patch ranged between 0 and 47% with a mean of 11.7 ± 3.2%. These results demonstrate that endogenous muscle mechanisms promote developmental increases in the expression of A-AChRs in myotubes that have no history of synaptic contact. This conclusion suggests that synaptic imprinting at developing junctions is mediated in part by endogenous muscle mechanisms, and does not require direct neurotrophic activation of ϵ mRNA transcription.
Localized Soil Management in Fertilizer Injection Zone to Reduce Nitrate Leaching

Nitrogen fertilization of row crops in humid regions can result in leaching of NO 3 , which represents an inefficient use of resources and may result in environmental degradation. A localized compaction and doming (LCD) fertilizer injector was developed to alter the physical properties of soil surrounding knife-injected N. Injection by LCD includes smearing macropores below the injection slot, formation of a localized compacted soil layer over the injected N, and formation of a surface dome to cover the compacted soil layer and the fertilizer band. The LCD injector was tested, along with a conventional knife injector (without a covering disk), to evaluate its effect on leaching by determining NO 3 and Br tracer redistribution after NO 3 fertilizer injection. Chemical distributions were determined by intensive soil sampling to 0.8 m below the soil surface. In a second experiment, corn (Zea mays L.) yield response to both N injectors was evaluated. Four fertilization rates (67, 112, 157, and 202 kg N ha -1 of UAN [urea-ammonium nitrate]) were used to define yield response. During seasons when rainfall was below average, neither NO 3 redistribution nor crop yield showed a response to fertilizer injection technique. During a growing season with above-average rainfall, 26 kg ha -1 more NO 3 and 25 kg ha -1 more Br remained in the top 0.8 m of soil when LCD-injected. LCD injection increased crop yield approximately 0.48 Mg ha -1 over injection by the conventional knife method during an above-average rainfall season, indicating that one-fifth of the conventional knife-applied N was lost prior to crop uptake during the wet year. These findings suggest that the LCD injector may be effective at reducing leaching losses during growing seasons when rainfall is abundant.
Morality and the practice of psychotherapy

The morality of psychotherapy is challenged in terms of its effects on patients, their families, and the community. This paper discusses the issue of moral neutrality in therapy, the distinction between real and neurotic guilt, and offers suggestions as to how moral discourse might be incorporated in therapy.
ANOMALOUS ELECTRON MOBILITY AND COMPLEX NEGATIVE ION FORMATION IN LOW- TEMPERATURE HELIUM VAPOR

Experimental evidence that slow electrons injected into helium vapor do not travel between collisions as free electrons but form heavy complexes with helium atoms was obtained from mobility data. A mobility four orders of magnitude lower than expected from kinetic theory assuming free electrons was observed in the saturated vapor. The mobility rises rapidly as the gas pressure is lowered below the saturated vapor pressure. It is interpretable in terms of a thermodynamic instability of the complex, but is not consistent with the possibility of observing the transport of an impurity negative ion. (L.N.N.)
Agency audits and congressional oversight: The impact of state tax burdens on GAO audit requests

The results presented above provide fairly substantial empirical support for Niskanen's argument that levels of taxation are related to the supply of oversight among legislators. Although the probit model estimated was not overwhelmingly useful in accounting for the observed variance, state tax shares were significantly related to oversight measured in terms of audit requests. Indeed, as the findings indicate, the taxation-oversight relationship remains across both Republicans and Democrats and differing levels of legislative seniority.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF A RABBIT RESPIRATORY INFECTION : III. NASAL FLORA OF LABORATORY RABBITS.

The bacteria constituting the nasal flora of rabbits at The Rockefeller Institute may be enumerated as follows in the order of their frequency: (1) Micrococcus catarrhalis group, 80 per cent; (2) Bacterium lepisepticum, 70 per cent; (3) Gram-negative cocci which ferment dextrose, lactose, saccharose, maltose, and mannite, but not salicin and Bacillus bronchisepticus, 40 per cent; (4) Staphylococci, streptococci, and various intestinal bacilli which probably are localized at the external nares, 10 per cent. Bacterium lepisepticum is the predominating organism in the nasal passages of the rabbits affected with snuffles.
The Effect of a Pedagogy of Curriculum Infusion on Nursing Student Well-Being and Intent to Improve the Quality of Nursing Care

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine if a pedagogy of curriculum infusion promotes nursing student well-being and intent to address quality care indicators of Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) and American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Methods: This mixed-method experimental design study is based on 86 students’ experiences with curriculum infusion as an intervention in two undergraduate nursing courses from August to December 2011. Student reflections, case analyses, and narrative evaluations were examined. Findings: Studentsexperiencingcurriculuminfusiondemonstratedintention toprovidequalitycareasevidencedbycaseanalysisandpersonalreflections. Conclusion: Studentsacknowledgedtheimportanceofself-careanddemonstratedintentiontoprovidequalitynursingcareinfiveofthesixQSENcompetencies.Educatorsmustbemindfultoeducatethewholestudent.
Cyclic AMP and calcium exchange in a cellular slime mold.

Cyclic AMP is known to be an effective chemotactic agent for amebae of the cellular slime mold D. discoideum. A large amount of information from experiments on metazoa suggested that one cellular effect of cyclic AMP might be to alter the permeability of the cell membrane to Calcium or Sodium ions. On the basis of this information experiments were designed to test the effect of cyclic AMP on outflow of labeled Calcium or Sodium ions from amebae of D. discoideum. It was found that addition of cyclic AMP at 10−4M resulted in a large increase of Ca45 outflow from cells at the pre-aggregative or aggregative stage of development. No effect was found on Na22 outflow. It is suggested that this effect on Calcium permeability of the membrane is related to the chemotactic influence of ATP by some action on the contractile mechanism for ameboid movement. The phenomenon may be distinct from the enzyme inductive activity of cyclic AMP known for bacteria, and perhaps occurring in the cellular slime molds as well.
On polynomial functions from Z n to Z m

Abstract We define the concept of a polynomial function from Z n to Z m , which is a generalization of the well-known polynomial function from Z n to Z m . We obtain a necessary and sufficient condition on n and m for all functions from Z n to Z m to be polynomial functions. Then we present canonical representations and the counting formula for the polynomial functions from Z n to Z m . Further, we give an answer to the following problem: How to determine whether a given function from Z n to Z m is a polynomial function, and how to obtain a polynomial to represent a polynomial function?
Ultrastructural analysis of membrane development during Bacillus thuringiensis sporulation.

The development of forespore membrane in Bacillus thuringiensis was studied using freeze—fracturing and serial-sectioning techniques. Our data support the view that vesicular mesosomes are real structures intimately involved in membrane elaboration. Vesicular mesosomes were associated with the initiation and development of the forespore septum. Upon completion of the septum, engulfment of the incipient forespore commenced. Engulfment also was accompanied by mesosomal activity at the junction of the engulfment membranes and the plasma membrane. The engulfment membranes always maintained an orientation consistent with that of the plasma membrane when viewed with freeze-fracture, i.e., the C face (the intracellular membrane surface; opposite side of the A face) was always in contact with the cytoplasm while the D face (the extracellular membrane surface; opposite side of the B face) was always in contact with the external environment. Forespore development was complete when the engulfment membranes detached from the plasma membrane and transformed into the inner and outer membranes.
Simulation modeling and resource management

Simulation models are becoming increasingly important as tools for synthesizing and applying information in almost all aspects of land management. They are particulary valuable for predicting and comparing outcomes of alternative decisions and assumptions. Models also permit managers to consider and integrate the potential influences of a large number of variables.
Adherence to treatment guidelines for ovarian cancer as a measure of quality care.

multivariable survival analysis, nonadherence to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline care was associated with decreased disease-specific survival (hazard ratio [HR] 1.33, 95% CI 1.26–1.41). Both low-volume hospitals (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01–1.16) and low-volume physicians (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.09–1.28) were associated with decreased disease-specific survival after adjusting for National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline– adherent care. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for treatment of ovarian cancer is correlated with improved survival and may be a useful process measure of quality cancer care. Ovarian cancer case volume correlates with a higher likelihood of recommended care and improved survival and may be a useful structural quality measure. Increased efforts to concentrate ovarian cancer care are warranted.
Tiered Hospital Networks

ABSTRACT: As a result of rising health care costs, health plans are experimenting with insurance products that shift greater financial responsibility for medical care to consumers and create incent...
Jet impingement cooling of a discretely heated portion of a protruding pedestal with a single round air jet

Abstract The influence of a protruding pedestal on impinging jet heat transfer is investigated. A discretely heated portion of a protruding pedestal is exposed to a single circular impinging air jet with Re =10,000–30,000. Jet exit diameters of 3.5, 9.5 and 21 mm are positioned at jet exit-to-surface distances of 2–5 diameters. The nondimensional heat transfer over the discretely heated portion of the pedestal is compared to a flat plate design to gauge the effects of Reynolds number, jet diameter and jet exit-surface spacing. In all cases, the presence of the protruding pedestal downstream is found to increase heat transfer.
Federation: Boosting per-thread performance of throughput-oriented manycore architectures

Manycore architectures designed for parallel workloads are likely to use simple, highly multithreaded, in-order cores. This maximizes throughput, but only with enough threads to keep hardware utilized. For applications or phases with more limited parallelism, we describe creating an out-of-order processor on-the-fly, by federating two neighboring in-order cores. We reuse the large register file in the multithreaded cores to implement some out-of-order structures and reengineer other large, associative structures into simpler lookup tables. The resulting federated core provides twice the single-thread performance of the underlying in-order core, allowing the architecture to efficiently support a wider range of parallelism.
The chronology of Mercury's geological and geophysical evolution: The vulcanoid hypothesis

The possibility that constraints on Mercury's chronology can be relaxed through reference to a Mercury-specific bombarding population of planetesimals interior to its orbit, and therefore only occasionally encountering the planet at times of secular perturbations, is investigated. While such vulcanoids may have been a significant source of early cratering, those in the pertinent orbits are depleted by mutual collisions and can therefore only furnish a modest extension of the heavy bombardment period. A search is conducted for vulcanoids further within Mercury's orbit; evidence that Mercury's intercrater plains are of volcanic origin is discussed.
Delinquent Careers A Test of the Career Escalation Model

In the treatment of status offenders, the espousal of a medical therapeutic model has led to the development of diversion programs designed to offset a progressive career escalation from petty to serious delinquent acts. Using the offense histories of 1200 juveniles, transition probabilities were created to test for offense specialization and offense escalation. Controlling for age, sex, and race or ethnicity, the career transition configurations were reflective of homogeneous, number-independent Markov processes. The implications of these findings run counter to many popular assumptions of delinquency causation and treatment and challenge the basic tenets of many status offender programs.
FLUENCE TO ABSORBED DOSE, EFFECTIVE DOSE AND GRAY EQUIVALENT CONVERSION COEFFICIENTS FOR IRON NUCLEI FROM 10 MeV TO 1 TeV, CALCULATED USING MONTE CARLO RADIATION TRANSPORT CODE MCNPX 2.7.A

Conversion coefficients have been calculated for fluence-to-absorbed dose, fluence-to-effective dose and fluence-to-gray equivalent for isotropic exposure of an adult male and an adult female to (56)Fe(26+) in the energy range of 10 MeV to 1 TeV (0.01-1000 GeV). The coefficients were calculated using Monte Carlo transport code MCNPX 2.7.A and BodyBuilder 1.3 anthropomorphic phantoms modified to allow calculation of effective dose using tissues and tissue weighting factors from either the 1990 or 2007 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and gray equivalent to selected tissues as recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Calculations using ICRP 2007 recommendations result in fluence-to-effective dose conversion coefficients that are almost identical at most energies to those calculated using ICRP 1990 recommendations.
Studies in Leptosphaeria. Transfer of Leptosphaeria opuntiae to Montagnula (Ascomycetes)

A collection of Leptosphaeria opuntiae, obtained in pure culture, produced the pycnidial anamorph Hendersonia opuntiae, which confirms a previous speculation that the two were connected. Two new combinations, Montagnula opuntiae and Sclerostagonospora opuntiae are proposed and the two states are redescribed and re-illustrated.
An octakis-intercalating molecule.

Abstract Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of a polyintercalator with eight potential intercalating l,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide (NDI) units linked in a head-to-tail arrangement via a peptide linker. UV spectroscopy and viscometry measurements indicated the molecule binds to double-stranded DNA with all eight NDI units intercalated simultaneously. Competition dialysis and DNAse 1 footprinting studies revealed a preference for GC-rich regions of DNA, and circular dichroism studies revealed significant distortion of B-form DNA upon binding. Our so-called ‘octamer’ represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first intercalator that binds as an octakis -intercalator, capable of spanning at least 16 base pairs of DNA.
Effect of Glass Lubricant Behavior on the Surface Quality of Extrudates in Glass-Lubricated Hot Extrusion

Abstract In glass lubricated hot extrusion, the behavior of the glass lubricant is quite sensitive to process conditions and die design. The use of improper conditions can lead to surface defects. The typical thickness of the glass film is very small (∼ 40 microns), making measurement difficult and numerical analysis of lubricant behavior impractical. A mathematical model for glass lubrication is presented which enables an analysis of the effects of processing conditions on the thickness, flow stability and supply of lubricant over the stroke of the extrusion press. Correlations are drawn between predictions of lubricant thickness and flow stability and experimental observations of extrudate surface quality. Thus, this model can be used in the determination of optimum operating conditions for glass lubricated hot extrusion.
Severe calcification does not affect long-term outcome of mitral valve repair

Some surgeons have suggested that the presence of severe calcification in the mitral valve annulus or leaflets precludes successful repair. Our institution has attempted to repair these calcified valves when good annular and leaflet mobility could be achieved by annular debridement and leaflet resection. From June 1979 through June 1993 558 mitral valve repairs were performed using Carpentier's techniques. When calcified valves were encountered, these techniques were modified to include annular debridement and mechanical leaflet decalcification. Calcification was identified preoperatively in 49 patients (8.8%) by either left ventricular fluoroscopy or echocardiography and was debrided in 64 patients (11.5%). This included 24 annular debridements, 28 leaflet debridements, and 12 annular and leaflet debridements. Patient ages ranged from 13 to 83 years (mean age, 62.3 years), and 25 patients (39.1%, 25/64) had concomitant cardiac procedures. Operative mortality was 6.2% (4/64) overall and 2.6% (1/39) for isolated mitral valve repairs. Calcium debridement was performed in 19.3% (23/119) of patients with a rheumatic cause compared with 9.3% (41/439) of the nonrheumatic patients (p < 0.01). Long-term follow-up revealed the necessity for reoperation in 7.8% (5/64) in patients with calcium debridement as compared with 7.7% (38/494) with no debridement (p = not significant). Cumulative freedom from reoperation at 10 years was 83.3% for all patients, 88.1% for debrided patients, and 82.6% for nondebrided patients (p = not significant). Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that the presence of rheumatic disease significantly increased the risk of reoperation (odds ratio = 3.28; p < 0.001), whereas calcium debridement had no significant effect. These results demonstrate that when good annulus and leaflet motion can be achieved in calcified mitral valves, calcium debridement allows durable repairs.
Research Notes: Passive Integrated Transponder Tags as Markers for Chicks

Abstract Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags have been used to mark a variety of organisms and have potential for marking poultry chicks. We examined the effects of PIT tags subcutaneously implanted in 3- and 7-d-old Leghorn chicks and found no significant differences over 40 d in survival or rate of daily body mass gain among tagged chicks and controls. The PIT-tagged birds were not more susceptible to pecking by other chicks than controls. No birds died, but 1 of 20 chicks lost its tag during the study. We believe that PIT tags provide a viable technique for marking individual juvenile birds, if tag loss can be reduced. Costs may be prohibitive in studies involving large numbers of birds.
Structure of atmosphere RFe2 compounds using EXAFS

Abstract The structures of amorphous DyFe2, TbFe2 and HoFe2 have been investigated using the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The rare earth environment changes dramatically in going from the crystalline to amorphous form while the iron environment remains approximately the same.
Human rated Delta IV Heavy Constellation architecture impacts

This paper summarizes the findings of several assessments of the technical, cost, and schedule feasibility of replacing the Ares I with a human-rated evolved expendable launch vehicle (EELV), and its first-order effects on the overall Constellation architecture. 12The paper examines if an EELV, specifically the Delta IV Heavy (Delta IV H), could serve the crew launch function, and if so, determine the impacts to the launch vehicle, production, and launch-base processing, and fabrication. Also included is an assessment of the effects on the Constellation architecture elements of replacing Ares I with a humanrated version of Delta IV H (HR Delta IV H), estimates of the associated cost and schedule (including impacts to Ares V cost and development time), and identification of impacts on national security space (NSS) if NASA utilizes an HR Delta IV H for low Earth orbit (LEO) human missions.
Mitochondria and caspases in induced apoptosis in human luteinized granulosa cells.

Apoptosis occurs as a physiologic process in the ovarian life cycle. Staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor, is reported to induce apoptosis. Here, we hypothesize that staurosporine will induce apoptosis in human luteinized granulosa cells and that mitochondria and the caspase cascade participate in this process. Luteinized granulosa cells isolated from in vitro fertilization patients were treated with staurosporine. Microscopy revealed that staurosporine treatment resulted in cells exhibiting evidence of apoptosis, including cell detachment, loss of cell processes, membrane shrinkage, and formation of apoptotic bodies. In the staurosporine-treated cells, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy showed a decrease in the mitochondrial cardiolipin levels. Western analysis showed cleavage of caspase-9, an initiator caspase, of caspase-3, an executioner caspase, and of a caspase substrate, poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) in staurosporine-treated cells. These data support our hypothesis and that this is the first demonstration of the involvement of mitochondria and of cleavage of caspases in human luteinized granulosa cell apoptosis. This may serve as a useful model to delineate the mechanism of apoptosis in the ovary, such as corpus luteum regression.
On the Role of Words and Phrases in Automatic Text Analysis

One of the most crucial operations in automatic information retrieval is the assignment to written texts and documents of appropriate identifiers, capable of representing information content for search and retrieval purposes. This operation known as automatic indexing normally consists in assigning to the documents either single terms, or more specific entities such as phrases, or more general entities such as term classes. A model, known as discrimination value analysis is introduced which assigns an appropriate role in the indexing operation to the terms, term phrases, and thesaurus classes. The model is used to determine effectiveness criteria for the content identifiers and to generate useful indexing policies. Experimental evidence is given to validate the theory.
A new theoretical description for anomalous birefringence of phase-separated glasses

Abstract Theoretical relationships between anomalous birefringence and microstructure of phase-separated glasses are proposed based on light scattering by particles and self-consistent effective-medium theory. A phase-separated and stretched glass generally has positive anomalous birefringence because the positive birefringence produced by form anisotropy of the secondary phase particles is larger than the negative birefringence produced by the distribution anisotropy of the particles. A postpulling heat-treated glass has negative birefringence because the form anisotropy decays and the distribution anisotropy remains. The magnitude of the anomalous birefringence increasesin particle size, particle size distribution variance, volume fraction of secondary phase, and uniaxial load. Results obtained by the theoretical model are consistent with available experimental results.
A study of NASA's vision for the future of air travel

Abstract This paper presents results of a study that examined the premise that when considering the economic value of an individual's time, National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Small Airplane Transportation System (SATS) concept will be seen as an economical transportation mode of choice for the private, US citizen. Unit costs of acquiring, owning, and operating SATS aircraft configurations were derived from previous research that examined SATS life cycle costs (LCC). Trip-by-trip comparisons were then made to comparable airline alternatives. The economic value of time was estimated in accordance with accepted accounting and human resource practices. NASA's premise was supported. Before considering the value of time, SATS aircraft were generally competitive with the airlines. After considering the value of time, SATS emerged unambiguously as not only the more economical mode of travel, but on virtually every one of 200 trips created, the margin of superiority was large. On the other hand, it was not clear as to which one of four SATS aircraft configurations was the best SATS choice.
Visualization of redundancy resolution for kinematically redundant robots through the Jacobian null space

We present a unified formulation for the inverse kinematics of redundant arms, based on a special formulation of the null space of the Jacobian. By extending (appropriately re-scaling) previously used null space parameterizations, we obtain, in a unified fashion, the manipulability measure, the null space projector, and particular solutions for the joint velocities. We obtain the minimum norm pseudo-inverse solution as a projection from any particular solution, and the method provides an intuitive visualization of the self-motion. The result is a computationally efficient, consistent approach to computing redundant robot inverse kinematics.
Architectural Design and Development of a Hybrid Robotics Control System

The Symbolic and Sub-Symbolic Robotics Intelligence Control System is a hybrid robotic control architecture under development which is based on human behavior modeling concepts from cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence disciplines. It mixes high level symbolic production system processing with low level sub-symbolic processing of sensory data. This paper will detail the internal structures and algorithms used in SS-RICS over the last seven years of development. We will also discuss the ongoing development and future of the system.
Photonic bandgap disk laser

A two-dimensional photonic crystal defined hexagonal disk laser which relies on Bragg reflection rather than the total internal reflection as in traditional microdisk lasers is described. The devices are fabricated using a selective etch to form free standing membranes suspended in air. Room temperature lasing at 1650nm for a 150nm thick, ~15μm wide cavity fabricated in InP/GaAsP is demonstrated with pulsed optical pumping.
Helping Preservice Teachers Learn about Computers

Emphasis recently has been placed on the development of computer-related curriculum experiences for preservice teachers. Thompson relates the content and structure of a course of Iowa State University that helps teacher education students to view the computer as a means by which to access, organize, manipulate, and communicate informa tion. A summary of course outcomes and assessment measures indicates stu dent gains in skill objectives and a reduction in student self-assessed com puter anxiety.
Device Characteristics of GaInSb/AlGaSb Quantum Well Lasers Monolithically Grown on GaAs Substrates by Using an Interfacial Misfit Array

We report the device characteristics of GaInSb/AlGaSb quantum well (QW) lasers monolithically grown on GaAs substrates by using an interfacial misfit (IMF) array. The IMF array localized at the GaSb/GaAs interface can accommodate the 7.8% lattice mismatch between GaAs substrates and GaSb buffer layers, resulting in the formation of a GaSb buffer with a very low defect density on GaAs substrates. Top-top and top-bottom metal contact methods are applied to the Ga0.9In0.1Sb/GaSb QW edge-emitting lasers monolithically grown on GaAs substrates for characterizing current–voltage (I–V) and output power–current (L–I) curves. The potential drop at the IMF array of ~0.7 V is elucidated by comparing I–V characteristics with these two contact methods. L–I characteristics and electroluminescence spectra shows room-temperature lasing at 1.83 μm from a 1.25-mm-long top-top contact device containing six-layer Ga0.9In0.1Sb QWs with a threshold current density (J th) of 860 kA/cm2. This IMF technique will enable a wide range of lasing wavelengths from near- to mid-wavelength infrared regimes on a GaAs platform.
Transforming response time and errors to address tradeoffs in complex measures of processing speed

Abstract An experiment evaluated a transformation of response time (RT) into response rate adjusted for errors (RRAdj) for its ability to accommodate different speed–accuracy tradeoffs (SATs). Participants solved 2-step arithmetic problems under instructional conditions that emphasized speed versus accuracy of responding. RT and error variables were transformed using RRAdj and three additional computations to determine which better equated performance scores under the two tradeoff conditions. Effective adjustment for SAT strategy was evaluated by the equivalence of predictive relationships with other variables, regardless of SAT instructional set. Of the scoring computations compared, RRAdj alone equated performance in the tradeoff conditions, and it was optimized when accuracy was adjusted for guessing. Thus, in certain multistep cognitive tasks, incorporating RT and error data in the RRAdj computation could at least partially adjust for differing SAT strategies and embody additional meaningful variance compared to the commonly used RT for correct responses.