cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reliability and Validity Evidence for Achievement Goal Models in High School Physical Education Settings

Although empirical research in academic areas provides support for both a 3-factor as well as a 4-factor achievement goal model, both models were proposed and tested with a collegiate sample. Little is known about the generalizability of either model with high school level samples. This study was designed to examine whether the 3-factor model (Mastery Goals, Performance-Approach Goals, and Performance-Avoidance Goals) or the 4-factor model (Mastery-Approach Goals, Mastery-Avoidance Goals, Performance-Approach Goals, and Performance-Avoidance Goals) is appropriate in high school physical education settings. The factorial validity of the models and internal consistency reliability were tested with confirmatory factor analysis, invariance testing, and tests of internal consistency across 2 samples. The results reveal that the items from the 4-factor achievement goal model can produce internally consistent and valid scores for high school students in physical education settings; the 4-factor model provides a ...
Toward the development of an infectious cDNA clone of a human enteric coronavirus.

respiratory, digestive, neurological, and immune-mediated diseases in human and animals. The outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 was caused by SARS-CoV, which is most closely related to group II CoV, especially the bovine CoV (BCoV). Although the exact origin of SARS-CoV remains to be identified, the fact that similar SARS-CoV has been repeatedly isolated in wild animals, including civet cat, raccoon dog, and badges, strongly suggests that SARS-CoV originates from animals. It was postulated that SARS-CoV is a zoonotic pathogen. Ironically, the zoonotic nature of CoV had been documented long before the outbreak of SARS. In 1994, Zhang et al., reported the isolation of a human enteric CoV (HECoV) from a 6-year old child with
Care Seeking Patterns Among Women Who Have Experienced Gender-Based Violence in Afghanistan

This study explored patterns of abuse and care seeking among women victims of gender-based violence (GBV) in Afghanistan. Individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 Afghan women (M age = 19 years) living in a shelter for victims of GBV. Interviews were analyzed thematically. Participants reported experiencing multiple forms of abuse. The majority received medical treatment for abuse-related health concerns. However, less than half reported abuse to health care providers or were asked by health care providers about the context of their injuries. Strategies to improve health care responses to GBV are needed to ensure safety and support for Afghan women.
A Mother’s Gift: Congenital Transmission of Trypanosoma and Leishmania Species

Kinetoplastids Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agents of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) and Chagas’ disease (CD), respectively, can both be transmitted vertically in utero from mother to infant [1]. Congenital infection can be either asymptomatic infection or overt, symptomatic infection [2]. Dogs are a primary domestic reservoir associated with human CD in certain endemic areas and with human ZVL where L. infantum infection predominates. CD, or American Trypanosomiasis, is endemic in 21 countries within the Americas, where classical transmission is via reduviid bugs. Dogs can present with clinical CD. Although rarer, vertical transmission of CD has been reported in dogs. L. infantum (syn. L. chagasi) is one of the Leishmania species causing visceral leishmaniasis (VL). L. donovani, another causative agent of VL and predominantly a human pathogen, has not demonstrated vertical transmission, but this is an understudied area. L. infantum is endemic in the Americas and the Mediterranean region, with primary transmission by sand fly. Although both Lutzomyia shannoni and Lu. anthophora, present in North America, are potential vectors for Leishmania spp. [3], sand fly transmission of L. infantum in North America has not been confirmed. VL is not endemic in North American human populations, but it is endemic in hunting dogs due to vertical transmission of L. infantum [4,5].
Experience and experiments in CS1

In the Fall semester of 1998, our Computer Science Department instituted some major changes in CS1. We wanted our students to become more active participants in the learning process, hence we decided that we must include some kind of closed lab component in CS1. Because of various constraints, we knew we would have to incorporate that lab component into our regular course. In addition to completely changing our teaching methodology for CS1, we also decided to change the programming language from Turbo Pascal to C++. Now a year later, we think we know what we did right, what did not work like we thought it would, and what to do to make CS1 more effective this year and in the future.
Salaries and compensation practices in public health, environmental, and agricultural laboratories: findings from a 2010 national survey.

Context The public health, environmental, and agricultural laboratory (PHEAL) workforce is a key component of the public health infrastructure. The national laboratory workforce faces an ongoing challenge of recruitment and retention of workers often related to pay and other compensation issues. Objective To collect information on laboratory salaries and laboratory compensation practices using a national compensation survey targeting the PHEAL workforce. Participants Seventy-three of 109 (67%) PHEAL directors in the 50 states and District of Columbia collectively employ 3723/4830 (77%) PHEAL employees in the United States. Methods A standardized survey was developed and administered in 2010. Compensation data were compiled by job classification, geographic region, laboratory gross operating budget size, laboratory staff size, and laboratory type. Results Laboratory staff size ranged from 3 to 327 individuals (mean = 74 and median = 51). Median base salaries were lowest in the Southwest and South and highest in the Mountain and Pacific regions. Mean and median laboratory gross operating budgets for all participating PHEALs were $8 609 238 and $5 671 500, respectively. Extra cash compensation, used by 8 of 60 (13.3%) PHEALs, was more likely to go to a scientist-manager or scientist-supervisor. Conclusions In 2010, a standardized national compensation survey of technical and scientific public health employees working in 73 PHEALs was effective in collecting previously unavailable data about laboratory salaries, laboratory budgets, and payroll practices. Laboratory salaries varied by geographic region and there was an uneven distribution of extra cash compensation among job classifications. The compensation data collected may be useful in characterizing and improving laboratory salary structures and practices to better support workforce recruitment and retention.
Interprofessional Conflict and Repair: A Study of Boundary Work in the Hospital

This article is about boundary work and the accomplishment of work among various groups claiming professional status at the bedside in the hospital. The author analyzes qualitative data from 110 in-depth interviews and participant observation with physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, social workers, and occupational, physical, and speech therapists. The findings show how work roles, and hence occupational boundaries, are flexible and malleable. Practitioners usually cross these boundaries within reason, and thus boundary work engenders ironic dualities; it generates both conflict and cooperation, questioning and affirmation, and that is why most reasonable work role transgressions do not fundamentally undermine the social order of the hospital. Boundary work provides insights on the dynamic nature of professionalism as the outcome of a negotiated order that reveals itself at the ideological and behavioral levels. Understanding how and why boundary work is done also has policy implications at the wo...
Hamiltonian Spectra of Trees.

Let G be a connected graph, and let d(u, v) denote the distance between vertices u and v in G. For any cyclic ordering π of V (G), π = (v1, v2, · · · , vn, vn+1) where vn+1 = v1, let d(π) = n ∑ i=1 d(vi, vi+1). The set of possible values of d(π) over all cyclic orderings π of V (G) is called the Hamiltonian spectrum of G. We determine the Hamiltonian spectrum for any tree.
The Background of Discourse Analysis: A New Paradigm in Social Psychology

This article traces the historical developments that lead up to Discursive Social Psychology, eventually resulting in the Hermeneutic–Dialectic Mode. A critical differentiation between Logical Empiricism (LE) and Hermeneutic–Dialectics (HD) is drawn to emphasize the subjective nature of the latter. While HD is not the only approach to Discursive Social Psychology, its subjective nature makes it possible to more deeply explore human behavior.
Comparison of Vector Efficiency of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) From the Northeast and Upper Midwest of the United States for the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia mayonii

Borrelia mayonii, a recently recognized species within the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, has been detected in host-seeking Ixodes scapularis Say ticks and found to be associated with Lyme disease in the Upper Midwest. This spirochete has, to date, not been documented from the Northeast, but we previously demonstrated that I. scapularis ticks originating from Connecticut are capable of serving as a vector of B. mayonii In this follow-up study, we compared the vector efficiency for B. mayonii (strain MN14-1420) of I. scapularis ticks originating from Minnesota in the Upper Midwest and Connecticut in the Northeast. CD-1 outbred white mice previously infected with B. mayonii via tick bite were exposed to simultaneous feeding by Minnesota and Connecticut larvae contained within separate feeding capsules. We found no difference in the ability of Minnesota and Connecticut larvae to acquire B. mayonii from infected mice and pass spirochetes to the nymphal stage (overall nymphal infection rates of 11.6 and 13.3%, respectively). Moreover, the efficiency of transmission of B. mayonii by single infected nymphs was similar for the Minnesota and Connecticut ticks (33 and 44%, respectively). We conclude that the examined I. scapularis ticks from the Upper Midwest and Northeast did not differ in their efficiency as vectors for B. mayonii.
A 4fJ/bit delay-hardened physically unclonable function circuit with selective bit destabilization in 14nm tri-gate CMOS

A 1024-bit delay-hardened physically unclonable function (PUF) array is fabricated in 14nm tri-gate CMOS, targeted for on-die secure generation of a full-entropy 128bit key. Differential clock delay injection, selective destabilization of unstable bits and temporal-majority-voting (TMV) based winnowing enable 1.7× higher post-burn-in BER improvement, 50% reduction in dark-bit induced bit-errors and worst-case BER of 1.46%. Spectral analysis of unstable PUF bits show significant 1/f noise impacts below 500MHz. In-situ field aging with write feedback improves bit stability by up to 48%.
A highly manufacturable trench isolation process for deep submicron DRAMs

A simple Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) process is proposed for deep sub-micron DRAM applications. The features of this STI flow are tapered trench sidewalls, a slight trench reoxidation, a vertical B field implant, a CMP-only planarization, and disposable oxide spacers to smooth the trench corners. The scalability of this process makes it suitable for 256 Mb to 4 Gb DRAM generations. >
Clinical bone response to dental implant materials

Clinical bone response to surgically placed dental implants at the time of or soon after insertion (preosseointegration) relates to biomechanical factors. This would include surgical insertion technique, such as drilling and nondrilling approaches, bone quality factors, including bone density, and use of adjacent graft material and device capabilities related to implant force generation upon placement as part of early- and late-stage healing biocompatibility. Each of these three aspects is strategically applied to obtain initial primary stability, which must persist through the demineralization phase of bone injury, permitting implants depending on the surface topography to remain passive long enough for bone modeling to progress to a unifying callus and then onto load responsive (maintenance) osseointegration.
Treating PTSD and Borderline Personality Disorder

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe and complex psychological disorder characterized by pervasive emotion dysregulation, unstable relationships, impulsive behavior, and recurrent suicidal and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). PTSD is one of the most common co-occurring disorders among individuals with BPD, with comorbidity rates ranging from approximately 30 % in community samples (Grant et al. 2008; Pagura et al. 2010) to 50 % in clinical samples (Harned et al. 2010; Zanarini et al. 1998). There are several theoretical models to explain the high comorbidity between BPD and PTSD. Some models focus on the common etiological factors between the two disorders. For example, childhood abuse has been implicated in the development of both BPD and PTSD (Widom 1999; Widom et al. 2009). Other models propose that PTSD mediates the relationship between trauma exposure and BPD criterion behaviors. For example, PTSD symptoms of reexperiencing and avoidance/numbing have been found to mediate the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and NSSI (Weierich and Nock 2008). Finally, some models suggest a reciprocal relationship such that each disorder functions to maintain the other. For example, PTSD has been shown to exacerbate BPD criterion behaviors, such as emotion dysregulation, suicide attempts, and NSSI (Pagura et al. 2010; Harned et al. 2010; Marshall-Berenz et al. 2011) and to decrease the likelihood of achieving diagnostic remission from BPD over 6 and 10 years of naturalistic follow-up (Zanarini et al. 2004, 2006). Conversely, BPD is associated with high experiential avoidance (Iverson et al. 2012), which is likely to maintain PTSD (Shenk et al. 2014). Given the multiple and complex relationships between PTSD and BPD suggested by these models, successful treatment of both disorders is likely necessary to achieve optimal outcomes for individuals with this comorbidity. In this chapter, we will review research on treatment approaches for individuals with PTSD and BPD, discuss common challenges that arise during trauma-focused treatment with this population, and present a case example.
A novel procedure for introducing large sheet-type surgical material with a self-expanding origami structure using a slim trocar (chevron pleats procedure)

Background Large sheet-type surgical materials (e.g., absorbable hemostat, adhesion barrier membranes, and flat surgical mesh) are difficult to introduce into a corporeal cavity using a 5-mm trocar; however, laparoscopic surgeries that use mainly 5-mm trocars are increasing. Furthermore, it is necessary not only to introduce but also to secure the applied surgical material and expand it from the original surgical site. To address these challenges, we developed a novel procedure for introducing such surgical materials into a corporeal cavity using a 5-mm trocar and a self-expanding origami structure, called the “chevron pleats procedure (CPP)”.
PENINGKATAN KUALITAS PEMBELAJARAN DENGAN MODEL KOOPERATIF TIPE THINK PAIR SHARE PADA MAHASISWA PKK FT UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MAKASSAR

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (Classroom action research), bertujuan mengetahui peningkatan kualitas pembelajaran mahasiswa pada mata kuliah pengetahuan bahan makanan dengan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe think pair share. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa semester 2 ( dua ) kelas B Jurusan Pendidikan Kesejahteraan Keluarga, dengan jumlah mahasiswa 42 orang. Lokasi penelitian di Fakultas Teknik Universitas Negeri Makassar. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakuakan dengan cara sebagai berikut: 1) Data mengenai kualitas belajar di kumpulkan pada saat pelaksanaan tindakan dengan menggunakan lembar observasi. 2) Data mengenai hasil belajar mahasiswa diambil pada saat tes evaluasi. Selanjutnya analisis data dilakukan sesuai dengan kecenderungan yang terjadi pada setiap siklus dengan menggunakan penilaian secara verbal (aktivitas serta sikap yang teramati atau diambil dari data observasi dan evaluasi). Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe think pair share (PKTPS) dapat meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran setelah mahasiswa diberi prakondisi yang memadai sehingga memiliki kesiapan materi yang cukup untuk berdiskusi. Kegiatan ini diberikan dalam bentuk pemberian tugas bacaan kelompok atau individual satu minggu sebelum perkuliahan. Setelah melewati dua siklus tindakan kelas model PKTPS dipandang cukup memadai dalam upaya meningkatkan kualitas belajar mahasiswa adalah (1) apersepsi, (2) tutorial dan orientasi permasalahan pembelajaran, (3) diskusi kelompok untuk pemecahan masalah pada Lembar Kegiatan Mahasiswa (LKM), dengan tahapan think atau berpikir (secara individu) selanjutnya tahappair atau berpasangan (berdiskusi dengan pasangannya) kemudian share ( bergabung dengan pasangan lain dalam kelompoknya) membentuk kelompok berempat atau berenam. Kemudian kelompok ini mendiskusikan tugas-tugas yang belum diselesaikan atau hal-hal yang belum dipahami ketika diskusi, kemudian menetapkan hasil akhir jawaban kelompoknya (4) diskusi kelas dan klarifikasi serta (5) penutup pembelajaran. Kata kunci: Kualitas Pembelajaran, Model think pair share
MR efficiency using automated MRI-desktop eProtocol

MRI protocols are instruction sheets that radiology technologists use in routine clinical practice for guidance (e.g., slice position, acquisition parameters etc.). In Mayo Clinic Arizona (MCA), there are over 900 MR protocols (ranging across neuro, body, cardiac, breast etc.) which makes maintaining and updating the protocol instructions a labor intensive effort. The task is even more challenging given different vendors (Siemens, GE etc.). This is a universal problem faced by all the hospitals and/or medical research institutions. To increase the efficiency of the MR practice, we designed and implemented a web-based platform (eProtocol) to automate the management of MRI protocols. It is built upon a database that automatically extracts protocol information from DICOM compliant images and provides a user-friendly interface to the technologists to create, edit and update the protocols. Advanced operations such as protocol migrations from scanner to scanner and capability to upload Multimedia content were also implemented. To the best of our knowledge, eProtocol is the first MR protocol automated management tool used clinically. It is expected that this platform will significantly improve the radiology operations efficiency including better image quality and exam consistency, fewer repeat examinations and less acquisition errors. These protocols instructions will be readily available to the technologists during scans. In addition, this web-based platform can be extended to other imaging modalities such as CT, Mammography, and Interventional Radiology and different vendors for imaging protocol management.
Heme oxygenase-1 mitigates ferroptosis in renal proximal tubule cells

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of regulated nonapoptotic cell death, which contributes to damage in models of acute kidney injury (AKI). Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a cytoprotective enzyme in...
A four-part working bibliography of neuroethics: Part 4 - Ethical issues in clinical and social applications of neuroscience

As a discipline, neuroethics addresses a range of questions and issues generated by basic neuroscientific research (inclusive of studies of putative neurobiological processes involved in moral and ethical cognition and behavior), and its use and meanings in the clinical and social spheres. Here, we present Part 4 of a four-part bibliography of the neuroethics literature focusing on clinical and social applications of neuroscience, to include: the treatment-enhancement discourse; issues arising in neurology, psychiatry, and pain care; neuroethics education and training; neuroethics and the law; neuroethics and policy and political issues; international neuroethics; and discourses addressing "trans-" and "post-" humanity. To complete a systematic survey of the literature, 19 databases and 4 individual open-access journals were employed. Searches were conducted using the indexing language of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). A Python code was used to eliminate duplications in the final bibliography. When taken with Parts 1-3, this bibliography aims to provide a listing of international peerreviewed papers, books, and book chapters published from 2002 through 2016. While seeking to be as comprehensive as possible, it may be that some works were inadvertently and unintentionally not included. We therefore invite commentary from the field to afford completeness and contribute to this bibliography as a participatory work-in-progress.
Pastimes: the context of contemporary leisure, (6th edition)

After incorporating Ruth V. Russell’s Pastimes: The context of contemporary leisure over the years into my courses, I was excited to review the sixth edition. This textbook has served as the corner...
GRANDEZA E LIMITES DA FILOSOFIA PRÁTICA DE KANT

O presente trabalho destaca o grande valor da filosofia pratica kantiana, que se constitui, sem duvida, num marco na historia da reflexao etica ocidental. Num segundo momento, o autor apresenta algumas criticas a determinadas posicoes kantianas, destacando, no entanto, que uma reflexao etica adequada para 0 nosso tempo tera, necessariamente, de levar em consideracao a fundamentacao metafisica da Etica defendida por Kant.
Statutes to combat elder abuse in nursing homes.

The Nursing Home Reform Act and the Elder Justice Act were enacted to address abuse of elderly patients in nursing homes.
In Vitro Angiogenesis Assay: Endothelial Migration, Proliferation, and Tube Formation

Basic in vitro angiogenesis assays conducted on endothelial cells of various origin are critically important in allowing us to identify mechanisms responsible for modulation of vascularization during pathological events and disease. In this chapter, we review methods for and measurement of proliferation, migration and tube-like structure formation in cerebral endothelial cultures. Alternative protocols, materials required to conduct these assays, and example results are also provided. Accurate reproducibility of these assays is highly important and therefore we have provided a section on trouble shooting near to the end. The assays are applicable to endothelial cells of any origin with minor modifications and optimizations.
Caudals and Calyces: The Curious Case of a Consumed Chiapan Colubroid

Abstract A new genus and species of colubroid snake is described from the isolated highlands of western Chiapas. This enigmatic little snake possesses a unique suite of characters that defies placi...
Differences in Substance Use Disparities Across Age Groups in a National Cross-Sectional Survey of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults.

Abstract Purpose: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults have elevated rates of substance use (SU) relative to heterosexual adults, yet the extent to which these disparities vary across age groups...
United States' neighborhood park use and physical activity over two years: The National Study of Neighborhood Parks.

Abstract The United States lacks surveillance to monitor park use and conditions. The purpose of this study was to use the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) as a surveillance tool to describe the conditions, user characteristics, and physical activity of a national sample of neighborhood parks at two time points. Using a stratified multistage sampling strategy, a representative sample of 174 neighborhood parks in 25 major United States' cities were selected. During 2014 and 2016, park-related use, conditions, and physical activity were assessed using SOPARC in 169 parks. Overall, 74,106 park users were observed at baseline and 69,150 park users were observed two years later (p = 0.37). There were persistent disparities in park use by gender and age, with disproportionately more male than female users in each age group (child, teenager, adult, older adult). Older adults used the park less than other age groups. Almost two-thirds of park users were observed being sedentary (61.9% in 2014, 60.7% in 2016), followed by moderate (30.8%, 32.0%) and vigorous (7.3%, 7.3%) activity. Empty target areas increased over two years (75.3%, 77.6%; p = 0.01) and those that were equipped (2.6%, 1.2%; p = 0.0003), accessible (95.4%, 94.3%; p = 0.01), and organized (2.6%, 1.7%; p = 0.01) decreased. Areas that were usable (97.5%, 97.4%) or provided supervised activities (2.0%, 2.4%) did not change significantly. The findings demonstrate the value of SOPARC as a surveillance tool, identify user groups under represented at parks, and suggest an opportunity to encourage more park-based physical activity among park visitors.
Regulatory Elements in the Promoter of the H-2Dd Class I Gene

Murine class I antigen expression undergoes modulation during development and adult life. Early embryonic cells do not transcribe detectable amounts of class I and β2 microglobulin mRNA and express little, if any, H-2 antigens (1,2). In contrast, adult cells express class I mRNA constitutively and ubiquitously but the relative basal level of class I antigen expression varies on different cells and tissues (reviewed in 3). The quantity of various class I antigens expressed undergoes additional changes upon exposure to agents such as type I and type Ilinterferons and tumor necrosis factor (4–6). Since quantitative variation in class I protein expression can influence the acquisition of tolerance, MHC restriction, and the efficiency of cell-mediated immune responses we were interested in identifying and characterizing the DNA elements and trans-acting factors which are important for the regulation of class I gene expression. This information may be eventually applied for therapeutic purposes to modulate class I protein levels and to affect the immune response in vivo.
Abstract P2029: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1-Estradiol Metabolite 2-Methoxyestradiol Protects Against Angiotensin II-induced Hypertension By Inhibiting CYP4A1 Expression 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid (20-HETE) Production In The Female Mice

Previously we reported that angiotensin (Ang) II-induced hypertension is mediated by group IV cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) activation resulting in arachidonic acid (AA) release, and generat...
Applications of Operator-Interpolation Theory

Interpolation spaces are useful technical tools. They allow one to bridge between known results, yielding new results that could not be obtained directly. They also provide a concept of fractional-order derivatives, extending the definition of the Sobolev spaces used so far. Such extensions allow one to measure more precisely, for example, the regularity of solutions to elliptic boundary value problems.
Clustering of Online Social Network Graphs

In this chapter we briefly introduce graph models of online social networks and clustering of online social network graphs. We discuss graph models of online social networks and properties of Laplacian matrices. We focus on graph partitioning with eigenvectors of Laplacian matrices. We also present a clustering method based on higher-order organizations of graphs. Finally, we present spectral co-clustering with bipartite graphs.
Regional Differences in the Structure of Juglans nigra Phytobiome Reflect Geographical Differences in Thousand Cankers Disease Severity

Thousand cankers disease threatens Juglans nigra (Eastern Black Walnut) in urban and natural landscapes. Incidence and severity of thousand cankers disease is higher in the host’s introduced range ...
Multi-Format Contrastive Learning of Audio Representations

Recent advances suggest the advantage of multi-modal training in comparison with single-modal methods. In contrast to this view, in our work we find that similar gain can be obtained from training with different formats of a single modality. In particular, we investigate the use of the contrastive learning framework to learn audio representations by maximizing the agreement between the raw audio and its spectral representation. We find a significant gain using this multi-format strategy against the single-format counterparts. Moreover, on the downstream AudioSet and ESC-50 classification task, our audio-only approach achieves new state-of-the-art results with a mean average precision of 0.376 and an accuracy of 90.5%, respectively.
Relationships among Soil Texture, Burrow Depth and Diameter, and Body Mass of Baird's Pocket Gopher (Geomys breviceps)

Baird's pocket gopher (Geomys breviceps) is a subterranean rodent native to the southern United States. Little is known about their burrow dimensions or how their burrows relate to body size and soil texture. This information is valuable since G. breviceps is the main diet item of the Louisiana pine snake (Pituophis ruthveni), recently listed federally as Threatened, and additional insight on the natural history of G. breviceps could aid in its management. The objectives of this research were to measure burrow depths, burrow diameters, and body masses of G. breviceps in Louisiana to describe them and to determine if any relationships exist between these variables and soil texture. Measurements of burrow depth and diameter and body mass of G. breviceps were collected at three sites in Louisiana along with soil samples. Burrow depth and diameter were not related to soil texture. Body mass differed significantly among the three sample sites and was positively related to burrow diameter. Further, smaller individuals were found exclusively in soils with higher percentages of sand, whereas larger individuals occurred in all soil textures.
Comparison of ceftiofur crystalline free acid to tilmicosin for metaphylactic treatment of calves at risk for bovine respiratory disease

Efficacy of metaphylactic ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CCFA) or tilmicosin phosphate (TIL) on performance and health of newly received calves at risk for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was compared. Crossbred bull (n=39) and steer (n=264) calves (initial BW=464 +/- 27.7 lb (211 +/- 12.6 kg)) were received on 3 dates. Calves were stratified to pens by castrate status and BW. Pens were assigned randomly to single-dose antimicrobial metaphylaxis: (1) CCFA or (2) TIL. No differences (P greater than or equal to 0.23) in average daily gain were observed between metaphylactic treatments. Morbidity (calves treated atleast once for BRD) rates were 19.9 and 15.1% (P=0.13) for calves in the CCFA and TIL groups, respectively. Calves treated for clinical BRD after metaphylactic treatment with CCFA were 2.09 (95% confidence interval=(1.01, 4.32)) times more likely to be retreated once for BRD. Similarly, cattle treated for BRD after metaphylactic treatment with CCFA were 5.63 (95% confidence interval=(1.43, 22.19)) times more likely to be retreated twice for BRD. Antibiotic cost was $5.61/calf lower in the TIL group compared to calves in the CCFA group (P less than or equal to 0.05). Based on these results, metaphylactic treatment with TIL was more cost-effective and efficacious in reducing subsequent antibiotic treatments than CCFA.
Restricting access to florbetapir: Medicare coverage criteria for diagnostics and drugs are inconsistent.

Medicare’s decision to restrict coverage of florbetapir, a diagnostic agent for Alzheimer’s disease, exemplifies an inconsistent approach to technology evaluation. Joshua Cohen and colleagues call for consistency
How Are Ethical Principles Known

This chapter is about moral epistemology. The chapter begins with considerations the prospects of a priori or armchair ethics. Next, the nature of inductive reasoning is considered, attending to the role induction plays in morality. After some general discussion of the different types of induction in Aristotle’s work, we see that one specific type, what has been called “intuitive induction,” is helpful for seeing how we come to know basic moral principles. The final sections of this chapter focus on Aristotle’s foundationalism and how it might apply to his ethics.
Deep-Sea Geomicrobiology

The rapid development and growth of geomicrobiology can partially be attributed to discoveries in the last several decades of unique extremophiles present in many different harsh environments that play key roles in the biogeochemistry that occurs in these environments. The development of new technologies and experimental approaches in geomicrobiology and in the studies of extremophiles has spawned a revolution that will surely have profound social and economic impact now and in the future. The chapter focuses on the piezophilic members of the extremophiles, with an emphasis on geomicrobiological considerations. The deep sea in general is an oligotrophic environment, except in areas of cold seeps and hydrothermal vents. The pressure-induced changes in fatty acid composition are comparable to those induced by temperature changes and that homeoviscous adaptation of membrane lipids occurs in piezophilic bacteria in response to pressure. The majority of the fatty acids were unsaturated, with one, five, or six double bonds. The biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids was significantly inhibited (10 to 37%) by the addition of cerulenin, whereas the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) increased two to four times. Lipids and stable carbon isotopes preserved in lipids have proven to be excellent biosignatures applied to deep-sea geomicrobiology. Fatty acid compositions of piezophilic bacteria are discussed in this chapter.
The ISU Compost Facility after Eight Years

The University Compost Facility has completed 10 full years of operation. The facility is managed by the ISU Research Farms and has a separate revolving account that receives fees and sales and pays expenses. The facility is designed to be self-supporting, i.e. not receive allocations for its operations. It is located at 52274 260th Street, Ames, Iowa.
Two-Photon spectroscopy in InSb at high magnetic fields

High resolution two-photon magneto-absorption (TPMA) spectra for n-InSb have been investigated for magnetic fields up to 15 T using cw C02 lasers and photoconductivity techniques. A modified Pidgeon-Brown energy band model using spherical and nonspherical selection rules is used to interpret the data. Anisotropic effects are observed for the first time in the TPMA photoconductive spectra. TPMA structure is also observed for the first time in the photovoltaic response.
Greater decision-making competence is associated with greater expected-value sensitivity, but not overall risk taking: an examination of concurrent validity

Decision-making competence reflects individual differences in the susceptibility to decision-making errors, measured using tasks common from behavioral decision research (e.g., framing effects, under/overconfidence, following decision rules). Prior research demonstrates that those with higher decision-making competence report lower incidence of health-risking and antisocial behaviors, but there has been less focus on intermediate mechanisms that may impact real-world decisions, and, in particular, those implicated by normative models. Here we test the associations between measures of youth decision-making competence (Y-DMC) and one such mechanism, the degree to which individuals make choices consistent with maximizing expected value (EV). Using a task involving hypothetical gambles, we find that greater EV sensitivity is associated with greater Y-DMC. Higher Y-DMC scores are associated with (a) choosing risky options when expected value favors those options and (b) avoiding risky options when expected value favors a certain option. This relationship is stronger for gambles that involved potential losses. The results suggest that Y-DMC captures decision processes consistent with standard normative evaluations of risky decisions.
Protein and glucose metabolism during isolated closed-head injury

Patients with isolated closed-head injuries are characterized by excessive nitrogen loss, hyperglycemia, and increased caloric demand. However, the relative contributions of specific metabolic events such as protein breakdown and synthesis or glucose production and utilization to the physiological changes prevalent during isolated closed-head injury remains unestablished. By use of isotopic dilutions of L-[1-13C]leucine and D-[3-3H]glucose, components of protein and glucose metabolism were examined in patients with isolated closed-head injury (n = 7). Normal overnight-fasted volunteers (n = 8) were also studied as a reference point for comparison. Despite prevailing hyperinsulinemia (29 +/- 5 microU/ml), head-injured patients had elevated plasma leucine concentrations (183 +/- 22 vs. 144 +/- 8 mumol/l), whole body proteolysis (331 +/- 44 vs. 150 +/- 7 mg.kg-1.h-1), protein synthesis (248 +/- 38 vs. 126 +/- 11 mg.kg-1.h-1), and amino acid oxidation (84 +/- 11 vs. 23 +/- 3 mg.kg-1.h-1). Therefore nitrogen loss normally associated with isolated closed-head injury is primarily due to an increase in the rate of whole body proteolysis, with a greater proportion of the resultant amino acids being oxidized for energy. Furthermore, head-injured patients were hyperglycemic (6.7 +/- 0.3 mumol/l) with increased rates of glucose turnover (an estimate of production and utilization) compared with the controls (4.0 +/- 0.7 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.2 mg.kg-1.min-1). Hence, these data suggest that head injury, even in the absence of peripheral trauma, induces a physiological state of accelerated metabolism associated with resistance to insulin action.
Solar Radiation, Black Bodies, Heat Budget, and Radiation Balance

The sun is the battery that drives processes on earth, including evaporation, transpiration, and the ascent of water in plants. Therefore, it is essential to understand the sun's energy. The chapter studies solar radiation and the laws associated with a black body, because the sun can be considered to be a black body. It calculates the heat budget at the surface of the earth and defines the radiation balance. A comparison of solar and terrestrial radiation is given in the chapter. All materials at temperatures above absolute zero are continually emitting radiation. As the temperature of a solid is increased, the energy radiated from the solid increases rapidly. The amount of radiant power emitted by a solid depends significantly on the character of the surface of the solid. In beginning, the discussion of radiation is helpful to define a “perfect radiator,” whose rate of radiation is the maximum possible for its temperature. Such a maximum rate exists can be shown by considering the inverse process, absorption. The radiation balance consists of two radiation streams of different spectral ranges. There is a short-wavelength part only as long as the sun shines, that is, during the daytime.
Photoreversible Chain Extension of Poly(ethylene glycol)

Coumarin containing poly(ethylene glycol) monols and diols were prepared in a telechelic fashion using quantitative end group esterification. The coumarin modified poly(ethylene glycol) monols and diols were solution cast into films (1 to 15μm) and chain extended via the dimenrization of the coumarin derivatives with UVA (>300 nm) light irradiation. The coumarin-modified PEG diol doubled in molecular weight, and the molecular weight distribution increased from 1.17 to 2.75 upon exposure to 110 J.cm -2 of UVA light. The chain extended poly(ethylene glycol)s were subsequently converted to their original molecular weight via the photocleavage reaction of the coumarin dimer at 254 nm with less than 2 J.cm -2 . The photoreversible chain length modulation was monitored utilizing GPC, DSC and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Polishing technique for titanium

A polishing technique for Ti is described which employs 600A type 1060 Nalcoag colloidal silica on a 450 Universal pitch lop.(AIP)
Current models of decagonal atomic structure

Abstract In this brief review, structure models (several proposed by others, and some of the author's) of decagonal aluminum-transition metal phases are presented in a uniform fashion a tiling decorations. I discuss the ways in which clusters may be placed on tilings, and the consequences for the space group. Finally, the models are compared in light of various criteria including simplicity, density, good local environments, and lattice constants.
On the extent of asymptotic stability for output variables by Liapunov's direct method

For the determination of the extent of asymptotic stability by Liapunov's direct method, La Salle's theorem is extensively applied. This article presents required extensions to La Salle's result to determine regions of attraction for output variables of dynamic systems, even if the attracting set in the state space is unbounded.
Comparative properties of purified cytochrome P-448 from β-naphthoflavone treated rats and rainbow trout

1. Cytochrome P-448 from β-naphthoflavone treated rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) liver was purified and compared to purified P-448 from β-naphthoflavone treated rats (Rattus rattus) and purified P-450 from phenobarbital induced rats. 2. The two P-448 forms had similar spectral properties, substrate specificity, sensitivity to inhibitors and regioselectivity in the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene and testosterone. 3. Rat and trout P-448 differed in apparent monomeric mol. wt (Mr) by at least 2000 daltons, and did not share identical antigenic determinants. Both rat and trout P-448 were shown to be quite different from rat P-450 using all of the above criteria for distinguishing multiple forms.
Spectroscopic constants and potential energy curves for TaH

Abstract Spectroscopic constants and potential energy curves of 21 electronic states of the diatomic TaH are computed using complete active space multiconfiguration self-consistent field (CASSCF) followed by second-order configuration interaction (SOCI) calculations. In addition spin-orbit effects were included using the relativistic configuration interaction method (RCI). The ground state of TaH was found to be a 0 + state, which is a mixture of 5 Δ(0 + ), 5 Π(0 + ), 3 Σ − (0 + ), and 3 Π(0 + ). The spin-orbit effects were found to be significant for TaH. Several spectroscopic transitions are predicted for TaH none of which is observed.
Dissemination and Adoption of Efficacious Parenting Intervention Programs

In addition to a study of drug resistant skills amongunderstudied adolescents in Mexico, this issueincludes three articles on parenting interventionprograms. These studies go beyond whether or notparenting programs work to include speciﬁc factorsrelated to their efﬁcacy. Together, this compilation ofarticles spans geography (Australia, Europe, and theUnited States), settings (community, daycare centers,and primary healthcare facilities), and interventions(Triple P: Positive Parenting Program and PACE:Parenting our Children to Excellence). In addition,these studies use a range of state-of-the-art analytictechniques and methodology including HierarchalLinear Modeling, Structural Equation Modeling, andtechnique utilization.Through research and clinical evidence, we knowhow critically important parenting practices are in thedevelopment of a healthy child. Children who growup in families characterized by positive affectiverelationships where adaptive behaviors are supportedand maladaptive behaviors are discouraged generallyexhibit better psychosocial outcomes than youthraised in less functional households. We also knowthat parenting intervention programs can and do work(Eyeberg et al. 2008; Sandler et al. 2011). Theirshort- and long-term beneﬁts include decreased riskof child abuse and participation in risky behaviors,improved academic performance, and improvedmental health, to name a few. However, like manyefﬁcacious programs designed to promote publichealth, dissemination, adoption, and utilizationremain a struggle. Moreover, increased understandingof how parenting prevention programs affect change,who they work for, and what conditions are optimalfor implementation would advance the ﬁeld.Begal and Dumas examine the efﬁcacy of a group-administered behavioral intervention program (i.e.,PACE) administered to parents of preschoolersrecruited from daycare centers. Their hypothesis thathigher levels of parental engagement in the interven-tion (i.e., session attendance, quality participation)would predict better parent and child outcomes isgenerally supported. Speciﬁcally, more activelyengaged parents evidenced less stress and moresatisfactionthanlessengagedparents.Further,activelyengaged high-risk parents had less stress, more satis-faction, and a lower risk of child abuse potential thantheir less engaged high-risk counterparts.The remaining two studies in this issue examinefactors related to the uptake of and engagement inanother behaviorally oriented parenting interventionprogram (i.e., Triple P: Positive Parenting Program).Because of the low participation and high attritionrates of community-based parent training programs,Eisner and Meidert sought to examine factorsimportant to participation at each stage of engage-ment. Interestingly, they found that parents who were
Size distribution of Ni precipitates in Ag-Ni alloys determined by maximum entropy analysis of ultra-high field magnetization curves

Supersaturated Ag-Ni solutions containing 10 at.% Ni are produced by electron-beam co-evaporation onto cold glass substrates. Upon annealing the Ni precipitates and coarsens. The magnetization of samples annealed to various temperatures is measured at room temperature in a vibrating sample magnetometer. Samples annealed up to 650 K show superparamagnetic behavior. The size distribution of the superparamagnetic Ni particles is extracted from the magnetization curve by applying the maximum entropy method in which the magnetization is modeled as a weighted superposition of Langevin functions. When a particle-size-dependent spontaneous magnetization term is incorporated into the model, the portion of the particle size distribution below 4000 /spl Aring//sup 3/ is altered significantly.
Unconventional gains from trade

Abstract Unconventional gains from trade are defined as the nonmarket benefits of bilateral agreements that are secured through preferential trade treatment. They arise because (1) nonmarket benefits traditionally are purchased in a hidden manner, partly because of conflicts between governments and populations, and (2) preferential trade treatment is a reasonable way of covert purchase. The optimal strategy for the economy receiving nonmarket benefits when making marginal trade decisions involves choosing between world-market terms of trade and marginal barter terms of trade inclusive of external benefits.
An examination of the product-catalyzed reaction of trimethylgallium with arsine

The reaction of (CH3)3Ga with AsH3 at 203°C and 259°C has been examined over the product surfaces which were (CH3)3- GaAsH3-x where the average values of x were 1.1 and 2.2 203°C and 259°C respectively. The surface reaction (catalyzed by the product surface) forming (CH3)2GaAsH2 occurred on the surface between adsorbed molecules of (CH3)3Ga and ASH3. The surface coverages of the reactants (gas pressures between 18 and 36 mmHg) were clearly less than monomolecular and for AsH3 possibly as low as 0.01. For AsH3 at a surface coverage of 0.12, adsorption data were consistent with AsH 3 bound to the surface as a mobile film. The formation of GaAs via CH4 elimination from (CH3)2GaAsH2 or CH3GaAsH was hindered by deposition of films of (CH3)3-x GaAsH3-x even at 420°C. This was most significant for formation of GaAs (or even CH3GaAsH) from (CH3)2-GaAsH2 formed at 203°C and then heated at 420°C. The product surfaces also served as a catalyst for decomposition of AsH3 to form H2 and decomposition of (CH3)3Ga to form CH4.