cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformational stability, structural parameters and vibrational assignment from variable temperature infrared spectra of xenon and krypton solutions and ab initio calculations of ethylisocyanate

Abstract Variable temperature (−55 to −155 °C) studies of the infrared spectra (400–3500 cm−1) of ethylisocyanate, CH3CH2NCO, dissolved in liquid xenon and krypton have been recorded. Additionally the infrared spectra of the gas and solid have been re-investigated. These spectroscopic data indicate two conformers in the fluid states which are the cis and trans forms with a large proportion of molecules in the gas phase at ambient temperature in the excited states of the NCO torsional mode which has a very low barrier to conformational interchange. Variable temperature (−110 to −155 °C) studies of krypton solutions were carried out and by using two conformer pairs, an enthalpy difference of 100 ± 4 cm−1 (1.20 ± 0.05 kJ/mol) was obtained with the cis conformer the more stable form. To aid in the analyses of the vibrational and rotational spectra, ab initio calculations have been carried out by the perturbation method to the second order (MP2) with full electron correlation using a variety of basis sets up to 6-311+G(2df,2pd) and cc-PVQZ. With the basis sets 6-311+G(2d,2p) and larger, the barrier at the cis position ranged from a low value of 11 cm−1 to a high value of 31 cm−1 with a value of 19 cm−1 from the largest basis set of cc-PVQZ. Thus, the gauche well is probably so shallow that it does not contain a bound vibrational state. This results in the cis conformer as the most stable form which is consistent with the experimental rotational and vibrational data. The predicted energy difference from these calculations between the cis conformer and the transitional-state skew form is ∼100 cm−1 which is consistent with the assigned microwave lines for four excited states of the NCO torsion. Density functional theory calculation by the B3LYP method with many of the same basis sets provided little information. By utilizing the previously reported microwave rotational constants with the structural parameters predicted by the ab initio MP2(full)/6-311+G(d,p) calculations, adjusted r0 structural parameters have been obtained for the cis form. The determined heavy atom parameters are: r(C N) = 1.211(5), r(C O) = 1.167(5), r(C N) = 1.448(5), r(C C) = 1.516(5) A for the distances and angles of ∠CCN = 112.6(5), ∠CNC = 137.5(5), ∠NCO = 172.9(5)°. The centrifugal distortion constants, dipole moments, conformational stability, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities and Raman activities have been predicted from ab initio calculations and compared to experimental quantities when available. These results are compared to the corresponding quantities of some similar molecules.
The Relationship between Electrophoretic Mobility and Polyelectrolyte Charge

Many textbooks state that the electrophoretic mobility of a polyelectrolyte is proportional to its effective charge divided by its frictional coefficient. We have tested this relationship by analyzing the mobilities of single- and double-stranded DNA molecules containing the same number of bases or base pairs and different numbers of negatively charged phosphate linkers. Small organic molecules containing different numbers of charged residues were also analyzed,using data taken from the literature. In each case, the free solution mobilities of the charge variants of a given molecule were divided by the mobility of the charge variant with the highest number of charged residues, measured under the same conditions. The mobility ratios were then plotted as a function of the fractional charge of each molecule. The results indicate that the fractional mobilities of polyelectrolytes of the same size are proportional to the logarithm of the fractional charge, not the first power of the charge as commonly assumed. The Manning theory of DNA electrophoresis and electrophoretic theories based on the zeta potential both predict a logarithmic dependence of the mobility on charge density. The experimental mobility ratios will be compared with the predictions of these two theories.
Fabrication of an epoxy based multi-layer bio-fluidic dermal patch

A multi-layer fabrication process using SU8 has been demonstrated for the realization of a robust dermal patch, called the Bio-Fluidic Integrable Transdermal (B-FIT) Microsystem. This device, which is worn in contact with the skin, samples and measures concentrations of bio-molecules such as glucose. The functional substructures of the device include fluidic reservoirs and capillaries, a micro heater element, and a calorimetric detection membrane. The heater elements are used to thermally ablate tiny pores through the surface layer of dead skin, allowing for easy diffusion of normally trapped bio-molecules to the skin surface. The capillaries and fluid containing reservoirs assist in the transport of bio-molecules from the skin surface to the detection patch situated on top of the device. The device offers the advantages of design flexibility, simplicity of fabrication and the integration of metals with polymers. Highly aligned structures and good adhesion between metals and cured SU8 layers have been achieved. A promising dry release process using Teflon has been developed for the removal of the device from a supporting glass substrate used during fabrication. This paper presents the wafer-scale fabrication and characterization of prototype B-FIT devices.
Accurate estimation and modeling of total chip leakage considering inter- & intra-die process variations

In this paper we propose an accurate estimation and modeling of total circuit leakage distribution, considering both inter- and intra-die variations (variation in L, T/sub ox/ and random dopant fluctuation). Since, the total leakage in a circuit depends on leakage in a transistor, integration of transistors in a logic gate, and the gate topology in a circuit block, we model the total circuit leakage distribution at all levels of circuit design, while taking the different correlations among transistors, logic gates, circuit topology, and input vectors into account. The proposed model accurately estimates both statistical information (mean and variance) and the shape of the leakage distribution. We have verified the model using Monte Carlo simulation using devices of 50nm effective length and analyzed the results to enumerate the effect of different process parameters on individual components of total leakage.
Influenza vaccination and antiviral therapy: is there a role for concurrent administration in the institutionalised elderly?

Influenza vaccination is estimated to be 50-68% efficacious in preventing pneumonia, hospitalisation or death in nursing home residents. Large culture-proven outbreaks may occur despite high resident vaccination rates. There is, therefore, a significant role for concurrent administration of influenza vaccination and antiviral therapy. The use of antiviral treatment and chemoprophylaxis requires community reporting of viral isolates, and contingency plans for rapid case identification and application of antiviral therapy. Clinicians must react quickly to control a highly infectious seasonal pathogen that may strike as an explosive outbreak. This situation is unique in geriatric practice. Current antiviral treatment should be administered within 48 hours of symptom onset, and is more efficacious if administered within 12 hours. In the case of an explosive institutional outbreak, a 1-day delay in prophylaxis may allow infection of many residents with a potentially fatal illness. Influenza must be differentiated from other respiratory viruses or syndromes. Grouped rapid diagnostic tests can aid laboratory confirmation. Antiviral agents include the M(2) inhibitors, amantadine and rimantadine, active against influenza A, and the neuraminidase inhibitors, zanamivir and oseltamivir, active against influenza A and B. In our experience, influenza B illness is as severe as influenza A. All agents have similar efficacy as treatment and prophylaxis against sensitive strains. When M(2) inhibitors are used simultaneously within an enclosed space (i.e. household or nursing home) as both treatment and prophylaxis, resistant strains may emerge that limit prophylactic efficacy. When M(2) inhibitors are administered to suspected cases (residents or staff) in institutions, precautions against secretion are especially important to diminish the risk of transmission of resistant virus. Rimantadine has been shown to have significantly fewer CNS adverse events compared with amantadine. Amantadine and oseltamivir require dosage adjustment in those with renal impairment. Oseltamivir, rimantadine and amantadine are administered by mouth, while zanamivir is administered by oral inhalation in a lactose powder. The labelling advises caution in the use of zanamivir in those with underlying airway disease. Pooled analysis of studies in patients given zanamivir indicate that individuals over the age of 50 years (at high risk for complications) and those severely symptomatic at presentation, tend to benefit most from early treatment. Neuraminidase inhibitors also diminish the need for antibacterials to treat secondary complications. An institutional programme to control influenza should include vaccination, and contingency plans for clinical surveillance, specimen processing and the rapid application of antiviral treatment and prophylaxis.
Moderate vagal withdrawal in 3.5-year-old children is associated with optimal performance on executive function tasks

Vagal tone (measured via respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RSA) and vagal withdrawal (measured by decreases in RSA) have been identified as physiological measures of self-regulation, but little is known how they may relate to the regulation of cognitive activity as measured through executive function (EF) tasks. We expected that baseline measures of vagal tone, thought to be an indicator of attention, would correlate with EF performance. We also predicted that vagal withdrawal would allow for the reorientation of attention that is needed to succeed on EF tasks, but too much withdrawal would be detrimental. RSA measured at baseline was indeed related to EF performance in 220 3.5-year-old children, and those who exhibited a moderate decrease in RSA during the EF tasks outperformed children whose RSA decreased by too little or too much. These findings implicate vagal tone withdrawal as a psychophysiological measure of higher cognitive processes, most likely substantiated through increases in the levels of focused attention.
Transport of high current, relativistic electron beams using active-wire B Θ cell techniques

The high-current, relativistic electron beam (10–20kA, 5MeV, 40ns) of the SuperIBEX accelerator is transported from its diode to an experimental chamber along a wire that has an externally driven current flowing in the same direction as the electron beam current. The magnetic field from the wire current both guides the beam and smears out coherent radial beam oscillations. The wire cell is used to damp the initial radial motion to decrease the growth of the resistive hose instability in the air propagation region following the wire cell. Experimental parameters varied in this study include wire cell current (I w b ) and cell gas pressure (full atmospheric pressure or vacuum). The effects of these parameters on the cell transport efficiency (I out /I in ) beam pulse length (t p ), and beam radial profile (Ib(r, t)) were measured with an array of diagnostics. The beam spatial profile was measured optically using Cerenkov light generated as it passed through a thin FEP teflon foil at the cell exit using an ultra-fast, 4 channel framing camera and one or more streak cameras. Electrical measurements included non-interceptive beam position monitors at the input and exit of the wire cell and a 5-element, segmented, concentric Faraday collector which could be mounted to intercept the beam. The results of this experiment are compared with theory and numerical simulations.
Performance Evaluation of an Ultra-Fast Pipeline Scheduler for Next-Generation Networks

The Internet protocol (IP) plays a dominant role in current networking technologies and the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology provides tremendous bandwidth. The IP-over-WDM is becoming the right choice for next-generation Internet networks where optical burst switches (OBS) is a promising technique to bridge the gap between IP and WDM. However, traditional OBS scheduling algorithms either have low computational complexity with high burst dropping probability or high computational complexity with low burst dropping probability. A critical design issue in OBS is how to reduce burst dropping probability as a result of resource contention using a high performance scheduling algorithm. In this paper, we present an ultra-fast scheduler which integrates the merits of both low computational complexity and low burst dropping probability. The key idea is to maintain all scheduled data bursts and void intervals in a binary representation. Then, fast hardware logic operations are performed to schedule incoming data bursts without the need to traverse and search all scheduled bursts in all channels. The new approach provides an effective optical burst switching for variable-length bursts with low computational complexity compared to existing scheduling algorithms.
Size-Dependent Mechanisms Influencing First-Year Growth and Winter Survival of Stocked Striped Bass in a Virginia Mainstream Reservoir

Abstract To explain the limited stocking success of fingerling striped bass Morone saxatilis in Smith Mountain Lake, Virginia, we examined the relationship between size-selective winter survival and length-dependent patterns in growth, food habits, prey fish availability, and lipid energy reserves during the first year of life in two successive years from 1994 to 1996. Length distributions of striped bass were unimodal at the time of stocking, and growth remained positive for all fish during both growing seasons. By the fall of both years, a bimodal length distribution had developed within the age-0 cohort, which then consisted of small-mode ( 180 mm) fish. The differential growth was attributed to size-dependent differences in prey consumption and diet quality. Small-mode striped bass maintained a mixed diet of invertebrates and small cyprinids, whereas fish in the larger mode were strictly piscivorous, consuming only age-0 alewives Alosa pseudoharengus. The disparity in food hab...
Using Color Compatibility for Assessing Image Realism

Why does placing an object from one photograph into another often make the colors of that object suddenly look wrong? One possibility is that humans prefer distributions of colors that are often found in nature; that is, we find pleasing these color combinations that we see often. Another possibility is that humans simply prefer colors to be consistent within an image, regardless of what they are. In this paper, we explore some of these issues by studying the color statistics of a large dataset of natural images, and by looking at differences in color distribution in realistic and unrealistic images. We apply our findings to two problems: 1) classifying composite images into realistic vs. non- realistic, and 2) recoloring image regions for realistic compositing.
Identity and Origin of an Egg Inclusion (A Type of Meat Spot)

Helbacka and Swanson (1958) cite and present evidence that most meat spots in shell eggs are of an origin other than de­ generated blood. That the origin of meat spots is obscure is not suprising in view of their amorphous nature and the consequent difficulty of identifying them with an ana­ tomical site. Observations incidental to other studies that revealed the identity and probable origin of an inclusion re­ garded as a large meat spot are reported herein. MATERIAL AND METHODS Subjects were White Rocks and a lesser number of White Rock X Single Comb White Leghorn crosses, more than one-half of which had been inoculated with Myco­ plasma gallisepticum. Many females laid at a high rate after inoculation or following recovery and were indistinguishable from normal uninoculated controls. Hundreds of eggs, mostly from inoculated subjects but including controls, were broken out for cul­ ture of the vitelline membrane. Shell mem­ branes and meat spots were also of interest, so a good many of each of these were cul­ tured in broth. Subsequently, while exam­ ining the cultures it was noted that a few meat spots unrolled and were membraneous in structure. Since the unrolling was a physical process, physiological saline solu­ tion was later substituted for broth if iden­ tification was the only objective.
Estradiol as an antioxidant: incompatible with its physiological concentrations and function.

Abstract Estradiol has been documented to inhibit the oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL). We show that physiological concentrations of estradiol do not inhibit the oxidation of LDL by copper. LDL samples isolated from a) premenopausal and postmenopausal women and from b) women at different time periods during their menstrual cycle, who differ vastly in plasma estradiol levels, were also oxidized at the same rates by copper. In contrast, LDL samples isolated from c) women who were hyperstimulated during in vitro fertilization (IVF), with estradiol concentrations above 2000 pg/ml, were resistant to oxidation by copper. However, these LDL samples were also oxidized at a higher rate by peroxidases. More importantly, subjects with high estradiol levels also showed an increase in myeloperoxidase (MPO) protein in the plasma. Based on these results, we conclude that at physiologic concentrations, it is unlikely that estradiol could act as an antioxidant. In fact, the ability of estradiol to induce MPO and become a prooxidant might instead suggest that MPO-mediated oxidative clearance of LDL from plasma by liver might favorably influence the outcome of atherosclerosis. —Santanam, N., R. Shern-Brewer, R. McClatchey, P. Z. Castellano, A. A. Murphy, S. Voelkel, and S. Parthasarathy. Estradiol as an antioxidant: incompatible with its physiological concentrations and function. J. Lipid Res. 1998. 39: 2111–2118.
Effects of digestible lysine intake level on Cobb 500 broiler breeder hen reproductive performance

SUMMARY A study was conducted to examine the reproductive parameters of Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens fed different daily consumption levels of digestible Lys (mg/hen per day). In total, 240 Cobb 500 broiler breeder pullets and 40 cockerels, 20 wk of age, were obtained from a commercial black-out rearing house and placed in individual cages. A common breeder diet (16% CP, 3.0% Ca, 0.65% digestible Lys) was fed from 20 to 24 wk of age. Experimental diets were fed from 24 to 42 wk of age. The treatment 1 diet was corn and soybean meal based and formulated to a digestible Lys intake of 1,000 mg/hen per day. The remaining 3 treatments consisted of a diet composed primarily of corn and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and had 3 different levels of digestible Lys intake: 1,000 (DDGS-1,000), 800 (DDGS-800), and 600 (DDGS-600) mg/hen per day. The study was a completely randomized design, and each treatment was replicated 6 times. Each replicate consisted of a group of 10 hens. Hens were artificially inseminated on wk 25, 30, 35, and 41 with 50 μL of undiluted semen obtained from the Cobb 500 roosters. Hen-day egg production and egg weight were observed to be similar among all treatments. Fertility parameters were unaffected by the digestible Lys intake levels fed. Additionally, hatchability was unaffected, likely because early dead, middle dead, late dead, contaminated, and pipped eggs were similar for all treatments. Feeding digestible Lys below 1,000 mg/hen per day did not affect broiler breeder reproductive performance; therefore, Lys may be in dietary surplus concentrations for commercial breeders under current practical conditions.
A SURVEY OF INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT PRACTICES BY I/O PSYCHOLOGISTS

Individual assessment, defined as one psychologist making an assessment decision for a personnel-related purpose about one individual, was the focus of a survey of a segment of the Division of Industrial and Organizational Psychology of the American Psychological Association. A response rate of 31.6% was obtained. The responses of 163 individuals who conduct individual assessment to questions about their practices and of 153 individuals who do not conduct individual assessment to questions concerning their attitudes toward individual assessment were examined. Findings regarding what types of assessment are typically conducted, how methods are chosen, what methods are typically used, how findings are relayed to client organizations and assessees, and how practices are evaluated are reported. Implications for training and practice as well as areas for research are discussed.
Behavioral Considerations In Financial Decisions: Betting Against The Spread In Sports

People often choose intuitive rather than equally valid non-intuitive alternatives. This research suggests that these intuitive biases arise because intuitions often spring to mind with subjective ease, and the subjective ease leads people to hold their intuitions with high confidence. An investigation of predictions against point spreads found that people predicted intuitive options (favorites) more often than equally valid (or even more valid) non-intuitive alternatives (underdogs). Critically, though, this effect was largely determined by people’s confidence in their intuitions (intuitive confidence). Across a naturalistic sample, it is found that decreasing intuitive confidence reduced or eliminated intuitive biases. This finding indicates that intuitive biases are not inevitable but rather predictably determined by a contextual variable that affects intuitive confidence.
X-Ray Generators

There are many types of X-ray generators sold commercially. The following are some of the more common features that should be considered when selecting a particular generator for a particular purpose. All the companies listed below supply generators and should be consulted for specific details.
The good, the bad, and the ugly: Contemporary options for biventricular support.

From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Disclosures: Author has nothing to disclose with regard to commercial support. Received for publication Oct 22, 2015; accepted for publication Oct 22, 2015; available ahead of print Nov 19, 2015. Address for reprints: David L. Joyce, MD, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St, SW, Rochester, Minn (E-mail: joyce.david1@mayo.edu). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016;151:536-7 0022-5223/$36.00 Copyright 2016 by The American Association for Thoracic Surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.10.085
A review of the outcomes of patients with anal cancer enrolled in the Hurley Cancer Registry: 1987-2004

e15131 Background: This paper describes the outcomes of patients with anal cancer enrolled in the Hurley Cancer Registry. Methods: Retrospective registry and chart review study. The Hurley cancer r...
La evolución del análisis de políticas en Estados Unidos: cuatro fuentes de demanda

Four demands have driven the development of policy analysis in the United States. First, reformers have sought evidence to support their efforts. Beginning with the municipal bureaus of the Progressive Era, advocacy groups have sought supportive policy analysis, eventually resulting in the current proliferation of ideologically differentiated think tanks that produce policy research. Second, politicians have recognized the need for specialized expertise to address pressing problems. Third, the growing scope and complexity of government, both at the federal and state levels, have led to a demand for information to support routine decision processes. Fourth, politicians have sought to discipline their own (and especially others’) future actions by mandating that analyses routinely be applied to certain classes of decisions.
Nanoparticle-Based Therapies for Wound Biofilm Infection: Opportunities and Challenges

Clinical data from human chronic wounds implicates biofilm formation with the onset of wound chronicity. Despite the development of novel antimicrobial agents, the cost and complexity of treating chronic wound infections associated with biofilms remain a serious challenge, which necessitates the development of new and alternative approaches for effective anti-biofilm treatment. Recent advancement in nanotechnology for developing a new class of nanoparticles that exhibit unique chemical and physical properties holds promise for the treatment of biofilm infections. Over the last decade, nanoparticle-based approaches against wound biofilm infection have been directed toward developing nanoparticles with intrinsic antimicrobial properties, utilizing nanoparticles for controlled antimicrobials delivery, and applying nanoparticles for antibacterial hyperthermia therapy. In addition, a strategy to functionalize nanoparticles towards enhanced penetration through the biofilm matrix has been receiving considerable interest recently by means of achieving an efficient targeting to the bacterial cells within biofilm matrix. This review summarizes and highlights the recent development of these nanoparticle-based approaches as potential therapeutics for controlling wound biofilm infection, along with current challenges that need to be overcome for their successful clinical translation.
Breast striae after cosmetic augmentation.

Background: Breast augmentation is the most popular cosmetic surgery procedure in the United States. Postoperative striae is a known but incompletely understood complication of breast augmentation. Objectives: The authors investigated their own patient population to discern risk factors for new-onset striae after cosmetic breast augmentation. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed for patients who underwent primary breast augmentation from 2005 to 2012 in a single-surgeon practice. Initial chart review revealed that only patients aged ≤25 years exhibited new striae; therefore, only patients from this age group were included. Potential risk factors examined included age, body mass index (BMI), oral contraceptive use, time of last menstrual period (LMP), parity, smoking and alcohol status, diabetes mellitus, and personal history of striae. Implant and surgical factors examined included implant material (silicone vs saline), volume, and location (submuscular vs subglandular placement) and the site of incision. Results: Of the 549 patients included in the study, 17 (3.10%) had new-onset striae, observed at a mean of 58 days postoperatively. The risk of striae was statistically significantly higher ( P 14 days before surgery (9.24 times), and had a history of striae (6.11 times). There was a strong correlation between new-onset breast striae and implant size, as well as BMI ( P = .07). Conclusions: There is a strong correlation between new-onset striae and hormone levels, genetic factors, and tissue stretch components in patients who undergo cosmetic breast augmentation. This information can be utilized to better educate patients about this potential complication. Level of Evidence: 4 ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Transition To Java Using Alice 3 (Abstract Only)

This workshop, designed for pre-AP, Introduction to Programming, Programming for non-majors, and CS1 Java courses, will introduce the tools in Alice 3 that are specifically designed to support a transition to Java and will provide experience with the software, a new textbook, and the available course materials. The workshop offers hands-on experience in programming with Alice 3 and Java, together. Participants will see how to use Alice 3 to build virtual worlds and how to transfer these programs into a Java IDE. The workshop will also explore curricular design and implementation. Alice 3 uses built-in tools including a Java language display that dynamically updates and displays the Java syntax as students build their Alice project, and a plugin for a Java IDE that allows students to start their projects in Alice and then continue their work by writing Java code. These tools allow students to develop animations and simple games using objects in a truly object-oriented style.
Effects & Tests of Welding Residual Stress

There will be residual stress after the welding of metal structure.The residual stress has effect upon the strength and performance weldments' structure.Therefore it would be meaningful to understand the characteristics of welding residual stress and to know how to test it.The characteristics of welding residual stress and the principle of blind-hole measurement method are introduced. The factors effecting test results are analyzed,and other methods to measure residual stress are introduced.
Analysis of Rabies in Guangzhou From 1997 to 2005

Objective To analysis the dynamic condition of rabies in Guangzhon in order to provide a basis for formulating an effective controlling measure.Methods Retrospective analysis of rabies in Guangzhou between 1997 to 2005 was performed.Information included in this analysis included epidemiological data,disease distribution,and the incubation period.Results There were 18 cases of rabies in Guangzhou between 1997 to 2005.From 1997 and 2000,the disease occurrence was mainly in Huadu district.From 2002 to 2004,the occurrence was mainly in Zengcheng city.In 2005,the disease incidence increased rapidly to 9 cases in several districts.The peak of incidence was in autumn and winter.Most of the affected individuals are females.Conclusion A high density of dogs,increasing people injured by dogs,inappropriate treatment and the limited health knowledge in general public were the major causes of the outbreak of rabies.Strengthening of the education in general public,managing the dogs and increasing the vaccination rate of dogs are the focus of our work in the future.
The Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Solitary Metastasis

AbstractBetween 1950 and 1970, 44 patients (2.5 per cent) with renal cell carcinoma and a solitary metastatic lesion were treated at our clinic. Generally, treatment was aggressive, involving nephrectomy and excision of the metastatic lesion when possible. Patients presenting with the primary and metastatic lesion at the same time did not do as well as patients who presented with metastasis after nephrectomy. An operation for the metastatic lesion seemed to offer the best results in patients who presented with the solitary metastatic lesion after nephrectomy. The prognosis was uniformly poor in patients presenting with the primary and secondary lesion together, regardless of the mode of therapy. However, an operation seemed to be better marginally and did produce an occasional long-term survival.
Nonfreezing Water Structuration in Heteroprotein Coacervates

Surface-bound water in protein solutions has been identified with a reduction in its freezing point. We studied the presence of such nonfreezing water (NFW) in various protein–polyelectrolyte, micelle–polyelectrolyte, and protein–protein (heteroprotein) coacervates, along with appropriate concentrated solutions of macromolecules alone, finding up to 15% w/w NFW for the heteroprotein coacervate of lactoferrin (LF) and β-lactoglobulin (BLG). The level of NFW is always higher in coacervates than in the control (single macromolecule) systems, particularly for protein-containing coacervates: a coacervate of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) showed a ratio of NFW/protein twice that of BSA alone (0.6 vs 0.3), with a similarly high ratio for LF-BLG coacervate. These results are attributed to the maximization of water–protein contacts, structural features that reflect the mode of sample assembly, as they are not seen in a noncoacervated LF-BLG solution with identical c...
The Theory of Parallels

The concept of parallel lines has led to both the most fruitful and the most frustrating developments in plane geometry. Euclid (c. 330–275 B.C.) defined two segments to be parallel if no matter how far they are extended in both directions, they never meet. Note that he was interested in segments rather than lines. This follows the general preference of the time for finite objects. The idea of never meeting is, however, infinite in nature. How then does one determine if two lines are parallel?
Permeable Boundaries in Organizational Learning

The nature of the organizational boundary is investigated in the context of organizational learning. Boundary permeability is defined and hypotheses relating it to performance are tested computationally using data from 5,500 artificial organizations. We find that matching boundary permeability to the environment predicts both agent and organization survival.
A smooth transition from field emission to a self-sustained plasma in microscale electrode gaps at atmospheric pressure

We report on a smooth and reversible transition through gas breakdown in electrode gaps less than 5 μm at atmospheric pressure. This behavior is in stark contrast to the abrupt breakdown that occurs in larger electrode gaps at atmospheric pressure, and results from field emission, which produces electrons that contribute to ionization processes.
Human Orbitofrontal Cortex Represents a Cognitive Map of State Space

Summary Although the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been studied intensely for decades, its precise functions have remained elusive. We recently hypothesized that the OFC contains a "cognitive map" of task space in which the current state of the task is represented, and this representation is especially critical for behavior when states are unobservable from sensory input. To test this idea, we apply pattern-classification techniques to neuroimaging data from humans performing a decision-making task with 16 states. We show that unobservable task states can be decoded from activity in OFC, and decoding accuracy is related to task performance and the occurrence of individual behavioral errors. Moreover, similarity between the neural representations of consecutive states correlates with behavioral accuracy in corresponding state transitions. These results support the idea that OFC represents a cognitive map of task space and establish the feasibility of decoding state representations in humans using non-invasive neuroimaging.
The porous media's effect on the permeation of elastic (soft) particles

Abstract To further the ability to design membranes for separation/fractionation of deformable particles (such as, cells, liposomes, vesicles, and droplets in emulsions and oil-water suspensions), we have developed a 2-d multiscale computational approach to study how the pressure drops and bulk flow within the depth of a porous "membrane" influences the mobility of an immiscible droplet through that structure. We use a combination of the extended finite element method to describe the creeping fluid flow (Re ~ 0) inside a portion of a filtration membrane with an embedded fluid droplet, coupled with a particle method that interpolates the droplet's interfacial position, as well as, the corresponding velocity and pressure fields using least square fitting. We calculated how the combination of several model 2-d porous network domain geometries (pore size and distribution), and a soft particle's deformation-related property (surface tension), influences the particles' velocity relative to the bulk fluid flux (aka sieving) in model porous domains made up of circular obstacles. The focus in this paper is on the scaling relationship between the particle's properties, the geometry of the system, and the overall droplet's sieving through a periodic domain. We present first the case of a droplet permeating through an individual pore to determine its critical pressure. Then, the base case of a single pore and droplet is extended to include arrays of obstacles (creating a porous network domain) with different droplet volume fraction. In this case, the applied trans-domain pressure gradient is not the same pressure drop each droplet experiences when it needs to deform in order to pass between obstacles (a pore throat), which results in a non-intuitive motion. These cases can provide a set of scaling rules to guide membrane design for droplet separation purposes.
L A T E X tips for the academic

As academics, we produce a wide variety of documents including class handouts, electronic slides for presentations, assignment write-ups, laboratory and reference materials, quizzes and exams. These documents have diverse typesetting needs, including complex mathematical notation, screen shots, code listings, algorithms expressed in pseudocode, figures involving discrete structures such as graphs and trees, and graphics images from a variety of sources. As longtime users of LATEX, we are convinced that "old school" techniques can be superior to what some perceive to be more modern approaches. As a document mark-up language, it continues to be well suited to typesetting documents for computer science --- now and well into the future. In this paper, we provide a glimpse of some of its possibilities, give a brief overview of how to accomplish some common typesetting tasks, and provide pointers to more in-depth references.
Etanercept-Induced Hypoglycemia in a Patient With Psoriatic Arthritis and Diabetes.

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis and inflammation involving the axial skeleton and/or peripheral joints. It is more likely to be associated with meta...
148 Mindfulness as a protective factor against suicidal ideation in emerging adults

Purpose Suicide is well known to be a leading cause of death among American youth, and interventions aimed at the reduction of such have been extensively researched. Less investigated, has been the potential protective nature of mindfulness and mindful behaviours such as observing, describing, awareness of inner experience, nonjudgment, and nonreactivity, against suicidal ideation. Methods Emerging adults (EAs; 18–25 years old) recruited from an urban emergency department (ED) completed a self-administered computer survey asking about depressive symptoms, trait mindfulness, and demographics. Logistic regressions were conducted in order to examine the relationships between suicidal ideation and mindfulness, depression, and demographic characteristics. Results The final sample, including 776 EAs, identified as 63% Male, 58% African American, and an average age of 21.5. Those with higher levels of overall mindfulness were less likely to have suicidal ideation (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93–0.99). In addition, those with a college education were less likely (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.16–0.94), and those identified as African American (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0–4.9) and with depression (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.5–2.7) more likely to contemplate suicide. When facets of mindfulness were examined, only nonjudgment was found to be related to a reduction in suicidal ideation (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82–0.98). Again, college was related to reduced risk (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.14–0.89), and depression increased (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.7–2.4) risk of suicidal ideation. Conclusions Findings indicate that overall mindfulness, and specifically the mindful behaviour of nonjudgment, led to a reduction in suicidal ideation. Having a college education also reduced suicidal ideation. Contributions Future interventions aimed at the reduction of suicidal ideation should consider including mindfulness, particularly in EAs, for whom the development of mindfulness could be particularly helpful in their ongoing brain development.
Narrating climate change as a rite of passage

Narrative tropes used to tell the climate change story shape ethical action. Hulme has given biblical descriptors to four metaphorical tropes commonly used to shape climate change narratives: lamenting Eden, presaging Apocalypse, building Babel, and celebrating Jubilee. I argue that the metaphor of rites of passage, illustrated paradigmatically by the biblical Exodus narrative, can serve as an overarching narrative metaphor for Hulme’s four tropes while better orienting readers to the ethical challenges of the Anthropocene. Rites of passage guide individuals and communities through significant transitions by focusing attention, orienting individual and collective efforts, and increasing the likelihood of reaching a desired future. Intentionally crafting the climate change story as a rite of passage can clarify how to respond adequately to the challenges of climate disruption. Moreover, linking the rites-of-passage narrative to the Exodus account amplifies the force of the resulting story. Even in secular and pluralistic contexts, stories that draw on religious narratives are compelling and, when read critically, can be adapted and retold to shape morally responsible action.
Diminished Dentate Gyrus Filtering of Cortical Input Leads to Enhanced Area Ca3 Excitability after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) disrupts hippocampal function and can lead to long-lasting episodic memory impairments. The encoding of episodic memories relies on spatial information processing within the hippocampus. As the primary entry point for spatial information into the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus is thought to function as a physiological gate, or filter, of afferent excitation before reaching downstream area Cornu Ammonis (CA3). Although injury has previously been shown to alter dentate gyrus network excitability, it is unknown whether mTBI affects dentate gyrus output to area CA3. In this study, we assessed hippocampal function, specifically the interaction between the dentate gyrus and CA3, using behavioral and electrophysiological techniques in ex vivo brain slices 1 week following mild lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI). Behaviorally, LFPI mice were found to be impaired in an object-place recognition task, indicating that spatial information processing in the hippocampus is disrupted. Extracellular recordings and voltage-sensitive dye imaging demonstrated that perforant path activation leads to the aberrant spread of excitation from the dentate gyrus into area CA3 along the mossy fiber pathway. These results suggest that after mTBI, the dentate gyrus has a diminished capacity to regulate cortical input into the hippocampus, leading to increased CA3 network excitability. The loss of the dentate filtering efficacy reveals a potential mechanism by which hippocampal-dependent spatial information processing is disrupted, and may contribute to memory dysfunction after mTBI.
Numerical and analytical modeling of bulk and surface generation recombination currents in InGaAs/InP SWIR photodiodes

Understanding the failure mechanisms in high performance detector arrays is critical for meeting the demands for a given application. For SWIR sensing, the detector requires the highest sensitivity possible to operate under photon-starved conditions. Using a 3D drift-diffusion model, we simulate the influence of heterointerface traps on the dark current in In0:53Ga0:47As / InP p-on-n planar heterojunction photodiodes. We calculate how the dark current changes with junction area, and show that it increases linearly with junction radius when the device is limited by surface recombination. An analytical model is developed to understand the geometric dependence of both bulk and surface generation/recombination currents. Finally, insight on mitigation strategies and possible impact on quantum efficiency are both discussed.
Use of principle component analysis to quantitatively score the equine metabolic syndrome phenotype in an Arabian horse population.

Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), like human metabolic syndrome, comprises a collection of clinical signs related to obesity, insulin dysregulation and susceptibility to secondary inflammatory disease. Although the secondary conditions resulting from EMS can be life-threatening, diagnosis is not straightforward and often complicated by the presence of other concurrent conditions like pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). In order to better characterize EMS, we sought to describe the variation within, and correlations between, typical physical and endocrine parameters for EMS. Utilizing an unsupervised statistical approach, we evaluated a population of Arabian horses using a physical examination including body measurements, as well as blood plasma insulin, leptin, ACTH, glucose, and lipid values. We investigated the relationships among these variables using principle component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering, and linear regression. Owner-assigned assessments of body condition were one full score (on a nine-point scale) lower than scores assigned by researchers, indicating differing perception of healthy equine body weight. Rotated PCA defined two factor scores explaining a total of 46.3% of variation within the dataset. Hierarchical clustering using these two factors revealed three groups corresponding well to traditional diagnostic categories of “Healthy”, “PPID-suspect”, and “EMS-suspect” based on the characteristics of each group. Proxies estimating up to 93.4% of the composite “EMS-suspect” and “PPID-suspect” scores were created using a reduced set of commonly used diagnostic variables, to facilitate application of these quantitative scores to horses of the Arabian breed in the field. Use of breed-specific, comprehensive physical and endocrinological variables combined in a single quantitative score may improve detection of horses at-risk for developing EMS, particularly in those lacking severe clinical signs. Quantification of EMS without the use of predetermined reference ranges provides an advantageous approach for future studies utilizing genomic or metabolomics approaches to improve understanding of the etiology behind this troubling condition.
MODEL FORMULATION OF FLEXIBLE MANIPULATOR ARMS

Abstract This paper presents several methods for the formulation of mathematical modles of flexible robot manipulators. The methods described are based on 1) lagrangian formulation in perturbation coordinates, 2) Ber onilli-Euler beam models, 3) finite element combined with component mode, 4) lumped parameter modeling and 5) hybrid multi-body system model with Ritz-Kautorovitch expansion.
Sensitivity of diet choices and environmental outcomes to a selective grazing algorithm

Abstract We modified the grazing module of the APEX simulation model to allow for selective grazing of plant species and dietary-specific excretion of urine and feces. To determine the sensitivity of these changes on nutrient flows, vegetation responses, and grazer diet, we simulated the conditions of a 20-year historic grazing treatment conducted in Kansas, United States of America. Simulated scenarios were a factorial of 2 grazer types (naive and selective) and 3 stocking densities (high, medium, low). Naive grazers represented model behavior before our modifications. Selective grazers selected forage species based on crude protein content, digestibility, and anti-quality factors. We found that the new selective grazing algorithm resulted in a change in grazer diet quality, nutrient excretion, and standing vegetation residue. The difference between selective and naive grazers varied over the course of the grazing season, with greatest differences occurring early in the year. C3 grasses were generally preferred in the spring, after which time C4 grasses were preferred until autumn. Simulated diet quality was relatively insensitive to stocking density, although stocking density did impact standing vegetation residue. Urinary and fecal N excretion varied seasonally and interacted with weather-induced plant water stress. The revised model’s ability to simulate differences in vegetation residue, diet quality, and nutrient excretion provide necessary building blocks to use or improve the model for the simulation of animal production, sediment erosion, water runoff, N and P runoff, and soil C accretion. The model’s performance might be improved by tracking individual plant components (e.g. leaves, stems, seeds, mast), albeit at the cost of greater input requirements.