cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundary Layer Solutions in Elastic Solids

Circumferential shear deformation in an annular domain is studied for a large class of incompressible isotropic elastic materials. It is demonstrated that large strains are confined in a region adjacent to a boundary, in analogy to the boundary layer phenomenon in fluid mechanics. The size of this region is quantified. An approximate solution technique for the deformation of nonlinear elastic solids, proposed by Rajagopal [7], is further studied. In this solution, akin to the boundary layer approximation in classical fluid mechanics, the full nonlinear problem is solved in a relatively small region of large strain, while the linearized problem is solved in the remaining region. Error estimates for the approximate solution are obtained.
ACHIEVING MANAGERIAL VALUES THROUGH GREEN PROCUREMENT

This article examines green procurement in relation to classic managerial values of public administration in the United States, including effectiveness, efficiency, and economy. The article considers these relations from two frames. First, the article examines green procurement as an administrative tool, that is, as an approach to acquiring the goods and services needed by public organizations and officials to accomplish their respective missions. Second, the article considers green procurement as a policy tool for promoting environmental quality objectives. The article draws on a broad but largely anecdotal body of international evidence on green procurement to argue that in both instances green procurement can accomplish managerial values.
Managing Phototherapy-Induced Burn

Phototoxic reaction is a common side effect of phototherapy. The optimal management of a phototoxic reaction should take place long before such a reaction happens. This means that every patient who starts phototherapy should be told ahead of time that he/she might eventually experience a “sunburn” type reaction as a natural consequence of dosimetry titration. Burn should be treated with topical corticosteroids until the phototoxic reaction is completely resolved with no residual erythema and symptoms. When restarting phototherapy treatments, the dose should be reduced to the highest dose tolerated that did not produce the phototoxic reaction.
Evaluation of the Parent‐Report Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits in a Sample of Children Recruited from Intimate Partner Violence Services: A Multidimensional Rasch Analysis

Objective Our study applied multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) to compare structural models of the parent-report version of the Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits (ICU; English and North American Spanish translations). Method A total of 291 maternal caregivers were recruited from community-based domestic violence services and reported on their children (77.9% ethnic minority; 47% female), who ranged in age from 7 to 12 years (mean = 9.07, standard deviation = 1.64). We compared 9 models that were based on prior psychometric evaluations of the ICU. Results MIRT analyses indicated that a revised 18-item version comprising 2 factors (callous–unemotional and empathic–prosocial) was more suitable for our sample. Differential item functioning was found for several items across ethnic and language groups, but not for child gender or age. Evidence of construct validity was found. Conclusion We recommend continued research and revisions to the ICU to better assess the presence of callous–unemotional traits in community samples of school-age children.
Endothelial-Dependent Relaxations in Atherosclerotic Human Coronary Arteries

Nitric oxide (NO) has recently been implicated to be the mediator of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in animal tissues. We have studied whether this mediator plays a role in endothelial function in the human coronary circulation. In addition, we have examined if atherosclerosis affects the ability of the coronary endothelium to release NO under either stimulated or basal conditions.
CCND1 Mutations Increase Protein Stability and Promote Ibrutinib Resistance in Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) represents 6-8% of non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma with a median survival of 3-5 years. CyclinD1 (CCND1) chromosomal translocation t(11;14) is the hallmark of this neoplasm, which leads to its deregulated expression. Recent knock down studies of CCND1 in MCL have shown that its role is not only limited to promote cell cycle progression but also for maintaining genomic stability. Knock down of CCND1 results in increased DNA damage in MCL cells and makes them more susceptible to chemotherapy. However, CCND1 is not only prone to frequent translocation but also to somatic mutations. Genomic studies have identified recurring somatic mutations in the coding region of CCND1 in approximately 30% of MCL cases. The hot spot of these mutations is concentrated in exon 1 of CCND1. However, the functional consequence of these mutations is not known. We generated the most common CCND1 mutations (E36K, Y44D or C47S) by site directed mutagenesis and overexpressed these mutants in JEKO-1, UPN-1 or Z-138 MCL cell lines. Here, we show that these single mutations, as compared to the wild type (WT), increased CCND1 protein levels in MCL cell lines and primary tumors. Mechanistically, mutations Y44D or C47S increase the stability of CCND1 protein through attenuation of threonine-286 phosphorylation, which is a prerequisite for export of CCND1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, followed by proteolysis through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. But the two mutants have stronger affinity to interact with the threonine-286 phosphorylating enzyme glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta ,whereas interaction with cyclin-dependent kinase 4 remains unaffected. Furthermore we observed that these two mutants are preferentially localized in the nucleus compared to WT, as determined by cell fractionation and immunofluorescence assays. In order to understand the relevance of stable CCND1 protein in MCL, we studied the response of WT or mutant CCND1-expressing MCL cell lines to ibrutinib, an FDA- approved Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for MCL treatment. We observed that forced expression of WT or mutant CCND1 increased the resistance of JEKO-1 cells to ibrutinib. The Y44D mutation sustained the resistance to ibrutinib at supraphysiologic concentrations (5-10 μM). Furthermore, primary MCL tumors with CCND1 mutations expressed a more stable protein and were resistant to ibrutinib than WT cases. These findings uncover new mechanisms for MCL cells to increase CCND1 protein level through somatic mutations, which may provide a survival advantage to the lymphoma cells in developing resistance against the emerging ibrutinib therapy. Disclosures Pillai:Trillium Therapeutics: Research Funding. Pham:Vyripharm Biopharmaceuticals: Research Funding.
Imagining against the nation state: radical singularity and transnationalism in Nuruddin Farah’s Maps

AbstractNuruddin Farah’s Maps deploys cross-ethnic relationships in its imagination of a radical transnational singularity. This article argues that the thoughts and memories of Askar and Misra, the protagonists who form an unconventional family in the narrative, about their selves, corporeality and belonging contribute to the creation of a singular imagination that challenges the divisive nationalisms of the Somalis and Ethiopians.
Interacting Oppressions: Teaching Social Work Content on Women of Color

Women of color stand at a critical juncture, subject to the interactions of racism and sexism in every arena of their lives. Yet, social work educators most often present issues of race and gender separately, drawing upon two distinct bodies of literature. The author reviews the existing literature on women of color, focusing on five dominant themes that address interactions among race, gender, and other factors in the lives of women of color. Several curriculum models are described that offer approaches to teaching material on women of color to social workers. She then suggests the use of the case example as an effective method for conveying this material. A specific case example, African American mothers of disabled children, is used to address each of the five themes presented in the literature review. Specific pedagogical techniques are suggested for using the case example approach and the five themes in class.
Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale-2nd Edition-Parent Version (DBRS-II-P): A Study of Reliability and Validity

ABSTRACTThe Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale-2nd Edition-Parent Version (DBRS-II-P) screens for distractibility, hyperactivity, oppositionality, conduct problems, and anxiety. This study presents initial information regarding reliability and validity of this instrument with 4 samples of mothers and fathers of students 7 to 17 years old. Structural aspects of validity indicated a marginal to adequate fit of the data to the 5-factor model; external aspects of validity were excellent. Reliability of Inattention and Hyperactive subscales were good for a screening test.
Incorporation of Selected Antimicrobial Small Molecule Compounds into Tapioca Starch and the Effects on Thickness, Moisture, and Oxygen Mass Transfer, and Mechanical Properties of the Films

The incorporation of antimicrobial small molecule compounds (JA-144, TH-4, and TH-8) into tapioca starch is investigated as well as their influence on thickness, moisture uptake, gas permeation, morphology, thermal and the mechanical properties of the tapioca films. Unlike TH-4 and TH-8, JA-144 increases in thickness, moisture uptake and gas permeation of the films, when compared with the control film (without antimicrobials). The melt temperature of the control is reduced from 122.63 to 119.84 °C by JA-144, while TH-4 and TH-8 increases them to 126.49 °C and 130.68 °C, respectively. For JA-144, the X-ray diffraction show no significant crystallinity change, unlike TH-4 and TH-8 that show distinct crystallinity peaks. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis show that JA-144 has little effect on the glass transition temperature and storage modulus, while TH-4 and TH-8 increase storage modulus and the glass transition temperature. Thus, JA-144 increases flexibility and moisture uptake, but lowers the gas barrier. However, TH-4 and TH-8 augment the stiffness and gas barrier properties.
The 14-3-3 Protein Homolog ArtA Regulates Development and Secondary Metabolism in the Opportunistic Plant Pathogen Aspergillus flavus.

The opportunistic plant pathogenic fungus Aspergillus flavus produces carcinogenic mycotoxins termed aflatoxins (AFs). Aflatoxin contamination of agriculturally important crops such as maize, peanut, sorghum and tree nuts is responsible for serious adverse health and economic impacts worldwide. In order to identify possible genetic targets to reduce AF contamination, we have characterized the artA gene, encoding a putative 14-3-3 homolog in A. flavus . The artA deletion mutant presents a slight decrease in vegetative growth and alterations in morphological development and secondary metabolism. Specifically, artA affects conidiation, and this effect is influenced by the type of substrate and culture condition. In addition, normal levels of artA are required for sclerotial development. Importantly, artA negatively regulates AF production as well as the concomitant expression of genes in the AF gene cluster. An increase in AF is also observed in seeds infected with the A. flavus strain lacking artA . Furthermore, the expression of other secondary metabolite genes is also artA -dependent, including genes in the cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and ustiloxin gene clusters, in this agriculturally important fungus. Importance In the current study, an artA homolog was characterized in the agriculturally and medically important fungus Aspergillus flavus; specifically, its possible role governing sporulation, formation of resistant structures, and secondary metabolism. The highly conserved 14-3-3 artA is necessary for normal fungal morphogenesis in an environment-dependent manner, affecting the balance between production of conidiophores and the formation of resistant structures that are necessary for the dissemination and survival of this opportunistic pathogen. This study reports a 14-3-3 protein affecting secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi. Importantly, artA regulates the biosynthesis of the potent carcinogenic compound AFB1 as well as the production of other secondary metabolites.
Process-oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL) in computer science: tutorial presentation

This tutorial will introduce participants to process-oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL) in computer science. POGIL has been developed, and validated over the last 15 years, primarily in chemistry education. In POGIL, teams of learners (typically 3--5) work on scripted inquiry activities and investigations designed to help them construct their own knowledge, often by modeling the original processes of discovery and research. Teams follow processes with specific roles, steps, and reports that encourage individual responsibility and meta-cognition. Multiple studies have examined the effectiveness of POGIL, and generally find that POGIL significantly improves student performance, particularly for average and below-average students.
Carcinogenic Hazards from Arsenic and Metal Containing Drugs

Among the numerous non-radioactive metalloids and metals and their inorganic and organic compounds used in the modern industrial economy some have displayed carcinogenic properties when introduced into man and/or animals by various routes (table I). While the bulk of the evidence incriminating some of these chemicals as human carcinogens has been obtained from studies of occupational cancer hazards, arsenicals have elicited cancers in man also when employed as drugs. For the other members of this group of carcinogens (cobalt, selenium, zinc, iron, lead, nickel, chromium), cancerous effects from their use in medicinal preparations and in prosthetic implants have remained so far only suspected of possible sequelae. The experimental evidence incriminating gold and mercury as experimental carcinogens is at present rather tenuous, while it is dubious or absent for other medicinally used metals, such as silver, copper, thallium, bismuth, gold, aluminium, tantalum, molybdenum, cadmium, and manganese.
Acclimation of Photosynthesis to the Environment

Photosynthesis occurs via the same basic mechanism across plant species. However, in response to the wide variety of environmental conditions under which plants grow, emphasis can be placed on one component process or another, for instance light gathering in shaded environments or electron transport and Calvin cycle activity in full sun-exposed environments. Additionally, the capacity for photosynthesis appears to be closely regulated such that it is balanced with the requirement for photosynthate on a whole plant level.
Expression of the 55-kD/64-kD corneal keratins in ocular surface epithelium.

According to the concept of keratin pairing defined by tissue coexpression, a 55-kD/64-kD keratin pair is a marker of "corneal-type" differentiation. Intermediate filament (IF)-enriched preparations from guinea pig and bovine corneal epithelium were analyzed, and a rabbit antiserum was generated against a 55-kD polypeptide enriched in these preparations. This antiserum generated a typical IF-like pattern in cultured bovine corneal epithelial cells. Immunofluorescence microscopic analysis of frozen sections of guinea pig and bovine tissue revealed that the 55-kD antiserum labeled corneal and limbal epithelium. In addition, the antiserum stained a subpopulation of peripheral limbal cells that were distributed in both basal and suprabasal layers of the epithelium. The monoclonal antibody AE5 was used to investigate the distribution of the 64-kD polypeptide in guinea pig and bovine tissue. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that AE5 antibodies recognized a 64-kD polypeptide in guinea pig cornea, but recognized a 66-kD polypeptide in bovine cornea. Immunofluorescence microscopic analysis of guinea pig tissue revealed that AE5 antibodies labeled suprabasal layers of corneal and limbal epithelium. In contrast, in the bovine eye, AE5 antibodies generated staining in all layers of corneal epithelium, in suprabasal layers of limbal epithelium, and in groups of cells in the peripheral limbal epithelium. We discuss the possibility that the ocular epithelial cells recognized by either the 55-kD or the 64-kD antibodies in the peripheral limbus may play a role in the reepithelialization of the cornea after wounding. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:448-456,1990
Zooming in on Cadherin-23: Structural Diversity and Potential Mechanisms of Inherited Deafness.

Summary Cadherin-23 (CDH23) is an essential component of hair-cell tip links, fine filaments that mediate inner-ear mechanotransduction. The extracellular domain of CDH23 forms about three-fourths of the tip link with 27 extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats that are structurally similar but not identical to each other. Calcium (Ca2+) coordination at the EC linker regions is key for tip-link elasticity and function. There are ∼116 sites in CDH23 affected by deafness-causing mutations, many of which alter conserved Ca2+-binding residues. Here we present crystal structures showing 18 CDH23 EC repeats, including the most and least conserved, a fragment carrying disease mutations, and EC repeats with non-canonical Ca2+-binding motif sequences and unusual secondary structure. Complementary experiments show deafness mutations' effects on stability and affinity for Ca2+. Additionally, a model of nine contiguous CDH23 EC repeats reveals helicity and potential parallel dimerization faces. Overall, our studies provide detailed structural insight into CDH23 function in mechanotransduction.
Spain and Islam Once More: Fundamentalism in Sainte Thérèse d’Avila

Julia Kristeva's Teresa, My Love: An Imagined Life of the Saint of Avila confronts us with the contemporary problem of violent forms of fundamentalism, especially Islamic, as it recreates the life of Saint Theresa. The novel's psychoanalytic perspective engages our emotions and sensations, and is also therapeutic for author and reader. But most of all, it engages our thinking and deals in depth with this compelling, timely issue.
Ketogenic therapies for lymphedema

Lymphedema, a condition of fluid retention and tissue swelling, is currently incurable and is treated primarily with physical therapy. Studies in mice reveal that intake of a ketogenic diet or exogenous ketone bodies may alleviate lymphedema by increasing the formation of lymphatic vessels, which can drain excess lymph fluid.
Generic and flexible defaults for verified, law-abiding type-class instances

Dependently typed languages allow programmers to state and prove type class laws by simply encoding the laws as class methods. But writing implementations of these methods frequently give way to large amounts of routine, boilerplate code, and depending on the law involved, the size of these proofs can grow superlinearly with the size of the datatypes involved. We present a technique for automating away large swaths of this boilerplate by leveraging datatype-generic programming. We observe that any algebraic data type has an equivalent representation type that is composed of simpler, smaller types that are simpler to prove theorems over. By constructing an isomorphism between a datatype and its representation type, we derive proofs for the original datatype by reusing the corresponding proof over the representation type. Our work is designed to be general-purpose and does not require advanced automation techniques such as tactic systems. As evidence for this claim, we implement these ideas in a Haskell library that defines generic, canonical implementations of the methods and proof obligations for classes in the standard base library.
Transient enhancement of p53 activity protects from radiation-induced gastrointestinal toxicity

Gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome is a serious side effect and dose-limiting toxicity observed in patients undergoing lower-abdominal radiotherapy. Previous mouse studies show that p53 gene dosage determines susceptibility to GI syndrome development. However, the translational relevance of p53 activity has not been addressed. Here, we used a knock-in mouse in which the p53-Mdm2 negative feedback loop is genetically disrupted. These mice retain biallelic p53 and thus, normal basal p53 levels and activity. However, due to the lack of p53-mediated Mdm2 transcription, irradiated Mdm2 P2/P2 mice exhibit enhanced acute p53 activity, which protects them from GI failure. Intestinal crypt cells residing in the +4 and higher positions exhibit decreased apoptosis, increased p21 expression, and hyperproliferation to reinstate intestinal integrity. Correspondingly, pharmacological augmentation of p53 activity in wild-type mice with an Mdm2 inhibitor protects against GI toxicity without affecting therapeutic outcome. Our results suggest that transient disruption of the p53-Mdm2 interaction to enhance p53 activity could be a viable prophylactic strategy for alleviating GI syndrome in patients undergoing radiotherapy.
Leadership and the power of resentment/ressentiment:

This paper examines the emotion of resentment and the French version of it, ressentiment. It shows why resentment is an effective way for leaders to cultivate followers who are loyal to them even w...
Discovery of single-atom alloy catalysts for CO2-to-methanol reaction by density functional theory calculations

Abstract The transformations of CO2 molecules into valuable products are of increasing interest due to the negative impact of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on global warming. The CO2-to-methanol hydrogenation is an economically profitable reaction of carbon fixation, but it still steps away from widespread industrialization because of the lack of efficient and selective catalysts. Recently, single-atom alloy (SAA) catalysts have been developed to work remarkably in CO2 hydrogenation reactions. Doping isolated single atoms into metallic catalyst can dramatically alter the catalytic performance of the host. We have performed a screening discovery on Ru and 6 RuX (X = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ir and Pt) SAAs using density functional theory (DFT) computations. We considered 13 possible elementary reactions in 4 possible reaction pathways on Ru and all RuX surfaces. In the computed mechanisms, we found that the formation of *H2COOH and *HCOO intermediates plays a critical role in determining catalysts’ activities. Doping Co and Pt isolated single atoms into Ru surface can thermodynamically and kinetically facilitate these intermediates formation processes, eventually promoting the production of methanol. The combination of weak binding and enhanced charge redistribution on RuCo and RuPt surfaces give them improved catalytic activities over pure Ru. This work will ultimately facilitate the discovery and development of SAAs for CO2 to methanol, serving as guidance to experiments and theoreticians alike.
Follow Me Too: Determinants of Transitive Tie Formation on Twitter:

Transitivity, defined as the tendency for node A to be connected to node B given that A is connected to node X and X is connected to B, has been found to be a strong predictor of tie formation in v...
Efficacy of high-dose intralesional triamcinolone for hidradenitis suppurativa.

Background Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of hair follicles characterized by recurrent, painful nodules, abscesses, and sinus tracts ("tunnels") typically refractory to treatment. This debilitating condition results in poor quality of life due to high disease burden. Intralesional triamcinolone (ILTAC) is a standard of care for acute inflammation and drainage associated with HS; however, the optimal therapeutic dose has not been determined. We investigated the utility of high-dose ILTAC 20 mg/ml (ILTAC-20) or 40 mg/ml (ILTAC-40), for inflammatory lesions of HS. Methods A retrospective chart review and telephone questionnaire included HS patients treated with high-dose ILTAC-20 or ILTAC-40 between April and December 2018. Patients with Hurley stages I-III were included. Data were obtained from electronic medical records and telephone interviews. A short questionnaire pertained to satisfaction with therapy, changes of disease state, and modifications in quality of life. Results Of 54 patients interviewed, the average age was 36.9 ± 11.6 years; 36 (66.7%) were female. Forty patients (76.9%) were very satisfied (n = 19) or satisfied (n = 21) with high-dose ILTAC therapy. Fifty patients (92.6%) demonstrated improvements in disease state, and 41 patients (75.9%) experienced enhanced quality of life. Forty-four patients (86.3%) were amenable to additional injections of high-dose ILTAC, if clinically indicated. No adverse effects of therapy were reported. Conclusions The majority of patients reported improvements in disease state, quality of life, and overall satisfaction after administration of high-dose ILTAC (20-40 mg/ml). These findings support the use of high-dose ILTAC for acute lesions of HS.
Morphological study of electrospun polycarbonates as a function of the solvent and processing voltage

Unlike conventional spin methods, electrospinning is capable of yielding fibers with sub-micron range diameters and high specific surface areas. In this study a Bisphenol-A polycarbonate was electrospun using two solvents: Chloroform and a 1:1 mixture of Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and Dimethylformamide (DMF). The morphological features of the electrospun polycarbonate fibers have been studied as a function of the solvent used and also as a function of the processing voltage. The studies were conducted using the SEM, TEM and Scion image analysis program. The results indicate that the morphological features of the fiber such as fiber diameter, diameter-distribution, internal structure and the Bead density variation with voltage are dependent on the solvent used. Electrospun polycarbonate fibers also exhibit a “Raisin like” puckered structure. However, such a feature is independent of the solvent used, and could enhance the functional efficiency of an electrospun material when used in an area-based application. In addition, studies on crazing of bulk polycarbonate and the surface features of electrospun polycarbonate fibers have been conducted. Results indicate that crazing of bulk polycarbonate results in surface damage and features that are also seen on the surface of electrospun polycarbonates.
Comparison of surgical fixation and non-operative management in patients with traumatic sternum fracture

The incidence of sternal fractures in blunt trauma patients lies between 3 and 7%. The role, timing and indications for surgical management are not well delineated and remain controversial for patients undergoing surgical stabilization of sternum fracture (SSSF). We sought to identify the national rate of SSSF in patients with a sternum fracture hypothesizing patients undergoing SSSF will have a decreased rate of mortality and complications. The Trauma Quality Improvement Program (2015–2016) was queried for patients with sternum fracture. Propensity scores were calculated to match patients undergoing SSSF to patients managed non-operatively in a 1:2 ratio using demographic data. From 9460 patients with a sternum fracture, 114 (1.2%) underwent SSSF. After propensity-matching, 112 SSSF patients were compared to 224 patients undergoing non-operative management (NOM). There were no differences in matched characteristics (all p > 0.05). Compared to patients undergoing NOM, patients undergoing SSSF had an increased median length of stay (LOS) (16 vs. 7 days, p < 0.001), ICU LOS (9.5 vs. 5.5 days, p = 0.016) and ventilator days (8 vs. 5, p = 0.035). The SSSF group had a similar rate of ARDS (2.7% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.80), pneumonia (1.8% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.48) and unplanned intubation (8.9% vs. 5.8%, p = 0.29) but a lower mortality rate (2.7% vs. 11.2%, p = 0.008). Just over 1% of patients with sternum fracture underwent SSSF in a national analysis. Patients undergoing SSSF had an increased LOS and similar rate of all measured pulmonary complications, however a lower mortality rate compared to patients managed non-operatively.
Students as Partners. Implementation of Climate Change Education Within the Harvard Graduate School of Education

This chapter notes the efforts of implementing a climate change curriculum within the Harvard Graduate School of Education that helps to build competencies for potential leaders in different education sectors so that they can collaboratively combat climate change. Literature points out the fruitful and productive partnerships of grassroots initiatives with large scale institutions and/or government organizations. The authors explore the conception of a climate change curriculum with explicit content knowledge and thoughtful pedagogy, designed by students and supported by faculty. The authors examine the design elements of the curriculum and then specify the implementation process of a curriculum at the Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE). The authors draw out the limitations and implications of “students as partners” in the co-creation of learning and teaching in the field of sustainable development education within higher education institutions.
Quantifying mechanisms of cognition with an experiment and modeling ecosystem

Although there have been major strides toward uncovering the neurobehavioral mechanisms involved in cognitive functions like memory and decision making, methods for measuring behavior and accessing latent processes through computational means remain limited. To this end, we have created SUPREME (Sensing to Understanding and Prediction Realized via an Experiment and Modeling Ecosystem): a toolbox for comprehensive cognitive assessment, provided by a combination of construct-targeted tasks and corresponding computational models. SUPREME includes four tasks, each developed symbiotically with a mechanistic model, which together provide quantified assessments of perception, cognitive control, declarative memory, reward valuation, and frustrative nonreward. In this study, we provide validation analyses for each task using two sessions of data from a cohort of cognitively normal participants (N = 65). Measures of test-retest reliability (r: 0.58–0.75), stability of individual differences (ρ: 0.56–0.70), and internal consistency (α: 0.80–0.86) support the validity of our tasks. After fitting the models to data from individual subjects, we demonstrate each model’s ability to capture observed patterns of behavioral results across task conditions. Our computational approaches allow us to decompose behavior into cognitively interpretable subprocesses, which we can compare both within and between participants. We discuss potential future applications of SUPREME, including clinical assessments, longitudinal tracking of cognitive functions, and insight into compensatory mechanisms.
Factors associated with utilization of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in charlson comorbidity zero non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients.

ABSTRACT Background: Guideline-based best practice treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) involves neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy (NACRC). Prior studies have shown that a minority of patients receive NACRC and older age and renal function are drivers of non-receipt of NACRC. This study investigates treatment rates and factors associated with not receiving NACRC in MIBC patients with lower comorbidity status most likely to be candidates for NACRC. Materials and Methods: Retrospective United States National Cancer Database analysis from 2006 to 2015 of MIBC patients with Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) of zero. Analysis of NACRC treatment trends in higher CCI patients was also performed. Results: 15.561 MIBC patients met inclusion criteria. 1.507 (9.7%) received NACRC within 9 months of diagnosis. NACRC increased over time (15.0% in 2015 compared to 3.6% in 2006). Higher NACRC was noted in females, cT3 or cT4 cancer, later year of diagnosis, and academic facility treatment. Lower utilization was noted for blacks and NACRC decreased with increasing age and CCI. Only 16.9% of patients aged 23-62 in the lowest age quartile with muscle invasive bladder cancer and CCI of 0 received NACRC. Conclusions: Although utilization is increasing, receipt of NACRC remains low even in populations most likely to be candidates. Further study should continue to elucidate barriers to utilization of NACRC.
Identification of distinct clinical subphenotypes in critically ill patients with COVID-19.

Background Subphenotypes have been identified in patients with sepsis and ARDS and are associated with different outcomes and responses to therapies. Research Question Can unique subphenotypes be identified among critically ill patients with COVID-19? Study Design and Methods Using data from a multicenter cohort study that enrolled critically ill patients with COVID-19 from 67 hospitals across the United States, we randomly divided centers into discovery and replication cohorts. We used latent class analysis independently in each cohort to identify subphenotypes based on clinical and laboratory variables. We then analyzed the associations of subphenotypes with 28-day mortality. Results Latent class analysis identified four subphenotypes (SP) with consistent characteristics across the discovery (45 centers; n = 2,188) and replication (22 centers; n = 1,112) cohorts. SP1 was characterized by shock, acidemia, and multiorgan dysfunction, including acute kidney injury treated with renal replacement therapy. SP2 was characterized by high C-reactive protein, early need for mechanical ventilation, and the highest rate of ARDS. SP3 showed the highest burden of chronic diseases, whereas SP4 demonstrated limited chronic disease burden and mild physiologic abnormalities. Twenty-eight-day mortality in the discovery cohort ranged from 20.6% (SP4) to 52.9% (SP1). Mortality across subphenotypes remained different after adjustment for demographics, comorbidities, organ dysfunction and illness severity, regional and hospital factors. Compared with SP4, the relative risks were as follows: SP1, 1.67 (95% CI, 1.36-2.03); SP2, 1.39 (95% CI, 1.17-1.65); and SP3, 1.39 (95% CI, 1.15-1.67). Findings were similar in the replication cohort. Interpretation We identified four subphenotypes of COVID-19 critical illness with distinct patterns of clinical and laboratory characteristics, comorbidity burden, and mortality.
False Confessions and Subverted Agency

In the criminal legal system, confessions have long been considered the ‘gold standard’ in evidence. An immediate problem arises for this gold standard, however, when the prevalence of false confessions is taken into account. In this paper, I take a close look at false confessions in connection with the phenomenon of testimonial injustice. I show that false confessions provide a unique and compelling challenge to the current conceptual tools used to understand this epistemic wrong. In particular, I argue that we cannot make sense of the unjust ways in which false confessions function in our criminal legal system by focusing exclusively on speakers getting less credibility than they deserve. I conclude that the way we conceive of testimonial injustice requires a significant expansion to include what I call agential testimonial injustice – where an unwarranted credibility excess is afforded to speakers when their epistemic agency has been denied or subverted in the obtaining of their testimony.
Ultrafast relaxation dynamics of semiconducting carbon nanotube exciton polaritons

Strong light-matter coupling results in new eigenstates called polaritons which share properties of both light and matter and provide a useful way of modifying electronic energies. The energies of the new eigenstates depend on the concentration of molecules in the cavity. In this work, we change the concentration of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in a Fabry-Perot cavity and achieve a maximum Rabi splitting of 4000 cm-1. The effects of concentration are studied with Transient Reflection (TR) spectroscopy, and we find that transfer rates between polariton states are enhanced by two orders of magnitude when their energy differences are resonant with the CNT G-band phonon energy of 1580 cm-1. The G-band phonon mode is also known to be important for exciton transfer between CNTs. The relaxation times of the system closely resemble those of CNTs outside of a cavity (~ 5 ps) which we attribute to the short lifetime of the cavity modes. The short-lived cavity modes cause the effects of the phonon mode resonances to be observed through peak intensities rather than kinetic traces. These results show that the G-band phonon mode is important for increasing excitation density in CNT polariton devices.
Evaluation of physiological drug resistance of cancer chemotherapy

3804 Introduction: Inadequate tumor vascularization and/or anti-vascular effects of cancer chemotherapy contribute to anticancer drugs’ failure. We pursued physiological drug resistance of cancer chemotherapy in mouse breast cancer models using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Methods: All animal experiments were conducted according to the institutional guidelines. Anesthetized SCID mice with orthotopic MCF-7 breast cancer were immobilized in the probe and maintained under gas anesthesia (Isoflurane 0.5%, 1 l/min). 13C-Labeled-temozolomide ([13C]TMZ) or temozolomide (TMZ: Temodar® capsule), alkylating agent, was used as a model drug. Two hundred microliter of [13C]TMZ (50 mM)/dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin (100 mM) inclusion complex was infused into the mouse via an i.p. catheter. Three-dimensional indirect 1H/13C MRSI was performed with an 8x8x8 matrix for a 16 mm isotropic field of view. During 3D map acquisition, a total of 400 μl of inclusion complex was injected. After completing 13C studies, a GdDTPA bolus was administered and 3D isotropic gradient echo imaging (TE/TR = 15/200 ms) was performed. Tumor growth inhibitory effect of TMZ was evaluated in vivo after oral administration. Plasma and intratumoral concentration of TMZ was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro P-glycoprotein expression and vascular endotherial growth factors (VEGF) expression of MCF-7 cells were also examined by the exposure of TMZ to the cell culture, and detected by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Effect of TMZ chemotherapy on tumor vasculature was evaluated by dynamic MRI with macromolecular contrast agent. Vascular volume (VV) and permeability surface area (PS) of tumor were defined for control and treated tumors. Results & Discussion: TMZ showed growth inhibitory effect at the primary stage of chemotherapy, but cancer volume was gradually increased at the later stage. VV and PS of cancer were decreased during TMZ chemotherapy for 5 weeks (2 mg/kg/day × 2 doses/week). The concentration of TMZ in the tumor was decreased at the latter stages of chemotherapy, but was not significantly different (p > 0.05). Flow cytometry showed that MCF-7 cells did not express P-glycoproteins during TMZ chemotherapy in this dosing regime. VEGF expression of MCF-7 was suppressed by TMZ at a dose of 50 μg/ml, suggesting one possible mechanism of the anti-vascular TMZ effect within the tumor. Conclusion: This functional MRI study demonstrated that TMZ chemotherapy decreased VV and PS of tumor, suggesting chemotherapy may induce physiological drug resistance by restricting drug delivery to the tumor. HPLC, flow cytometry, and VEGF quantification studies supported the findings from the functional MRI. Acknowledgements: We acknowledge support from NIH RO1 CA097310.
Searching for Replacement Classes.

Software developers must often replace existing components in their systems to adapt to evolving environments or tooling. While traditional code search systems are effective at retrieving components with related functionality, it is much more challenging to retrieve components that can be used to directly replace existing functionality, as replacements must account for more fundamental program properties such as type compatibility. To address this problem, we introduce ClassFinder, a system which given a query class Q, and a search corpus S, returns a ranked subset of classes that can replace Q and its functionality. ClassFinder produces afield and method mapping between the classes that can provide useful hints to a developer and can be used to effectively refine the ranking of candidate replacement classes. Our technique leverages the complementary strengths of a distributed embeddings-based search and type-based analysis, using the former to prune down candidates for an optimization-based approach based on the latter. ClassFinder retrieves replacement classes, along with a type-aware field/method mapping between classes. We evaluate ClassFinder on a search space of ~600thousand open sourceJava classes. Querying ClassFinder with 24 known Java classes provided meaningful replacement classes and mappings, in many cases producing complete mappings with functionally identical replacement classes.
Design and reporting characteristics of clinical trials investigating sedation practices in the paediatric intensive care unit: a scoping review by SCEPTER (Sedation Consortium on Endpoints and Procedures for Treatment, Education and Research).

Objectives To conduct a scoping review of sedation clinical trials in the paediatric intensive care setting and summarise key methodological elements. Design Scoping review. Data sources PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and grey references including ClinicalTrials.gov from database inception to 3 August 2021. Study selection All human trials in the English language related to sedation in paediatric critically ill patients were included. After title and abstract screening, full-text review was performed. 29 trials were eligible for final analysis. Data extraction A coding manual was developed and pretested. Trial characteristics were double extracted. Results The majority of trials were single centre (22/29, 75.9%), parallel group superiority (17/29, 58.6%), double-blinded (18/29, 62.1%) and conducted in an academic setting (29/29, 100.0%). Trial enrolment (≥90% planned sample size) was achieved in 65.5% of trials (19/29), and retention (≥90% enrolled subjects) in 72.4% of trials (21/29). Protocol violations were reported in nine trials (31.0%). The most commonly studied cohorts were mechanically ventilated patients (28/29, 96.6%) and postsurgical patients (11/29, 37.9%) with inclusion criteria for age ranging from 0±0.5 to 15.0±7.3 years (median±IQR). The median age of enrolled patients was 1.7 years (IQR=4.4 years). Patients excluded from trials were those with neurological impairment (21/29, 72.4%), complex disease (20/29, 69.0%) or receipt of neuromuscular blockade (10/29, 34.5%). Trials evaluated drugs/protocols for sedation management (20/29, 69.0%), weaning (3/29, 10.3%), daily interruption (3/29, 10.3%) or protocolisation (3/29, 10.3%). Primary outcome measures were heterogeneous, as were assessment instruments and follow-up durations. Conclusions There is substantial heterogeneity in methodological approach in clinical trials evaluating sedation in critically ill paediatric patients. These results provide a basis for the design of future clinical trials to improve the quality of trial data and aid in the development of sedation-related clinical guidelines.
Developmental Theories and the Challenge for the 21st Century

Copyright: © 2014 Katz RS. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Empirical research on developmental theories of crime first informed us that increase in social capital such as quality marriages, jobs or first time fatherhood would lead toward desistance, except among men who were substance abusers. However, the men in this notable work by Robert Sampson and John Laub were based on a cohort who came of age during World War two. While this seemed disheartening for those of us who hoped for social policies that might facilitate such attachment policies, at least in the United States where the incarceration mania continued until recently. Now new re-entry policies have begun to lead to de-carceration movements around the country. While this is laudable, job creation and treatment programs also must be created to facilitate successful reentry. The neighborhoods some of these form felons may not increase but rather decrease their social capital.
CLUSTERING IN BANACH SPACES

We extend the Hard and Fuzzy c-Means (HCMjFCM) c1ustering algorithms to the case where the (dis)similarity measure on pairs of numerical vectors includes two members of the Minkowski or p-norm family, viz., the p = 1 and p = 00 (or “sup“) norms. We note that a basic exchange algorithm due to Bobrowski can be used to find approximate critical points of the new objective functions. This method broadens the applications horizon of the FCM family by enabling users to match “discontinuous“ multidimensional numerical data structures with similarity measures which have nonhyperelliptical topologies. For example, data drawn from a mixture of uniform distributions have sharp or “boxy“ edges; the (p = 1 and p = 00) norms have open and closed sets that match these shapes. We illustrate the technique with a small artificial data set, and compare the results with the c-Means clustering solution produced using the Euclidean (inner product) norm.
Patterns, mechanisms, and functions of translation regulation in mammalian spermatogenic cells.

Translational regulation is a fundamental aspect of the atypical patterns of gene expression in mammalian meiotic and haploid spermatogenic cells. Every mRNA is at least partially translationally repressed in meiotic and haploid spermatogenic cells, but the extent of repression of individual mRNA species is regulated individually and varies greatly. Many mRNA species, such as protamine mRNAs, are stored in translationally repressed free-mRNPs in early haploid cells and translated actively in late haploid cells. However, translation does not regulate developmental expression of all mRNAs. Some mRNAs appear to be partially repressed for the entire period that the mRNA is expressed in meiotic and haploid cells, while other mRNAs, some of which are expressed at high levels, are almost totally inactivated in free-mRNPs and/or generate little or no protein. This distinctive phenomenon can be explained by the hypothesis that translational repression is used to prevent the potentionally deleterious effects of overproduction of proteins encoded by overexpressed mRNAs. Translational regulation also appears to be frequently altered by the widespread usage of alternative transcription start sites in spermatogenic cells. Many ubiquitously expressed genes generate novel transcripts in somatic spermatogenic cells containing elements, uORFs and secondary structure that are inhibitory to mRNA translation, while the ribosomal proten L32 mRNA lacks a repressive element that is present in somatic cells. Very little is known about the mechanisms that regulate mRNA translation in spermatogenic cells, largely because few labs have utilized in vivo genetic approaches, although there have been important insights into the repression and activation of protamine 1 mRNA, and the role of Y-box proteins and poly(A) lengthening in mRNA-specific translational activation mediated by the cytoplasmic poly(A) element binding protein and a testis-specific isoform of poly(A) polymerase. A very large literature by evolutionary biologists suggests that the atypical patterns of gene expression in spermatogenic cells are the consequence of the powerful and unusual selective pressures on male reproductive success.