cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 34 Equilibrium theory in infinite dimensional spaces

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the account of the extension of the classical general equilibrium model to an infinite dimensional setting. The classical finite dimensional theory, the commodity space is the canonical finite dimensional linear space R n . By contrast, there is no canonical infinite dimensional linear space. Different economic applications require models involving different infinite dimensional linear spaces. The mathematical discipline of functional analysis has already been well developed as a tool for the abstract study of linear spaces. The chapter follows the methodology of functional analysis and attacks the existence problem. Advantage of this method is that it yields general results, capable of application in a wide variety of specific models. An important line of research in classical general equilibrium theory has been the relationship of the core to the set of competitive allocations. In the infinite dimensional setting, an extensive body of work has been developed, which centers around the infinite-dimensional version of the Debreu–Scarf core convergence theorem.
Efficient phagosomal maturation and degradation of Plasmodium‐infected erythrocytes by dendritic cells and macrophages

SUMMARY Dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages phagocytose pathogens and degrade them in their phagosomes to allow for proper presentation of foreign antigens to other cells of the immune system. The Plasmodium parasite, causative agent of malaria, infects RBC that are phagocytosed by DC and macrophages during the course of infection. Under specific conditions, the functionality of these cells can be affected by phagocytosis of Plasmodium-infected RBC. We investigated whether phagosomal maturation and degradation of Plasmodium yoelii-infected RBC in phagosomes is affected in DC and macrophages. We show that recruitment of the phagolysosomal marker Lamp-1 and of MHC-II, as well as acidification of phagosomes, was achieved in a timely manner. Using P. yoelii-infected RBC labelled with a fluorescent dye or transgenic green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing parasites, we found a gradual, rapid decrease in the phagosome fluorescence signal, indicating that P. yoelii-infected RBC are efficiently degraded in macrophages and DC. We also observed that pre-incubation of DC with infected RBC did not affect phagosomal maturation of newly internalized P. yoeliiinfected RBC. In conclusion, after phagocytosis, Plasmodium-infected RBC are degraded by DC and macrophages, suggesting that the process of phagosomal maturation is effectively completed in malaria.
Successful recruitment of healthy African American men to genomic studies from high-volume community health fairs: implications for future genomic research in minority populations.

BACKGROUND: Study of genomic data obtained from patient biospecimens is frequent in research of subjects with prostate and other epithelial malignancies. Understanding of the characteristics of healthy men who participate in genomic research is limited. METHODS: Patients were identified through the Prostate Cancer Genetic Risk Evaluation of SNPs Study and the Indiana University Cancer Biomarker Study, 2 population-based biomarker and cohort studies. Between 2006 and 2010, healthy Caucasian (n = 774) and healthy African American (n = 381) men were recruited and enrolled at high-volume free community health fairs. Each participant completed a demographic questionnaire and provided a blood sample for genomic research investigations. Frequency differences between demographic features of healthy African American and Caucasian men were compared and analyzed by 2-sample t test and multivariate logistic regression after adjusting potential confounding variables with significance at the P < .05 level. Features examined included: age, body mass index (BMI), income, education, marital status, tobacco, alcohol, family history, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, and prior prostate cancer screening history. RESULTS: Significant differences between healthy Caucasian and African American men participating in genomic research included: marital status (married, 69% Caucasian vs 46% African American, P< < .001), mean age (years, 58 Caucasian vs 54 African American, P < .001), mean BMI (kg/m2, 30.9 Caucasian vs 32.3 African American, P = .004), annual income (P = .038), education (P = .002), and mean PSA (ng/mL, 1.2 Caucasian vs 2.0 African American, P = .005). CONCLUSIONS: Significant demographic differences exist between healthy Caucasian and African American men choosing to participate in genomic research. These differences may be important in designing genomic research study recruitment strategies. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Tartaric Acid Metabolism VI. CRYSTALLINE OXALOGLYCOLATE REDUCTIVE DECARBOXYLASE

Abstract Oxaloglycolate reductive decarboxylase catalyzes the formation of d-glycerate from dihydroxyfumarate and TPNH or DPNH. The keto form of dihydroxyfumarate, oxaloglycolate, is presumed to be the actual substrate. The enzyme also catalyzes the formation of d-glycerate from hydroxypyruvate and of glycolate from glyoxylate; both reactions require reduced pyridine nucleotide. The enzyme has been obtained in a homogeneous state and has a molecular weight of 63,000.
Compressible elastomeric aerogels of hexagonal boron nitride and single-walled carbon nanotubes

Lightweight porous ceramic materials that can recover their shapes after mechanical deformation have numerous applications. However, these types of materials tend to be highly fragile and often crack when compressed. Here, we report on the fabrication and characterization of highly porous, freestanding composites of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) of density 13-15 mg mL(-1), which corresponds to a volume fraction of 0.009, that were mechanically robust and recovered their original shape even after uniaxially compressing them by more than 50%. We made these porous elastomeric composites using a solution based assembly process that involved first shaping SWCNTs into porous networks of density ∼7 mg mL(-1) (volume fraction ∼0.005) followed by coatings of SWCNT networks with 6-8 mg mL(-1) of h-BN (volume fraction ∼0.003-0.004). The h-BN coating strengthened the underlying SWCNT networks, likely via reinforcement of the nodes between the SWCNTs, resulting in an increase in Young's modulus by ∼100% compared to that of SWCNT networks alone. Surprisingly, SWCNT networks, which were initially highly fragile, became elastomeric after h-BN coating, even though porous structures solely from h-BN are very brittle. Our fabrication approach preserves the morphology of the underlying networks, allowing for fabrication of various shapes and sizes of porous composites of h-BN and SWCNTs. Finally, our fabrication scheme is robust and facile for the preparation of porous composites of diverse ceramic materials and SWCNTs using the appropriate ceramic-precursor.
Hegemonic Masculinity on the Sidelines of Sport

Nearly a quarter of a century old, the concept of hegemonic masculinity as developed by R. W. Connell remains both influential and contested among gender scholars. In this essay, we use our research on coed cheerleading in the United States as a springboard to explore the bounds and limits of hegemonic masculinity as both cultural script and analytic construct. Cheerleading constitutes a public stage for ‘doing gender’ in ways that highlight normative, taken-for-granted notions of gender difference; consequently, we use cheerleading as a vehicle for asking under what circumstances and to what degree heterosexuality remains central to the enactment of hegemonic masculinity, which reflects a larger question about the flexibility of the concept and its openness to contestation and change. Building on the work of Connell and others, we stress the need for relational analyses of gender when studying both masculinities and femininities, as well as the importance of linking individual-level data to broader structures of gendered power and inequality.
Functional Capacity Evaluation

An automobile mechanic experiences sharp radiating pain down his leg while working over the engine of a small British sports car. He has just finished a course of acute care physical therapy, and his physician is wondering if he is ready to return to work. A licensed practical nurse applies for a job at a nursing home. Her prospective employer offers her the job but wonders if she has the physical abilities to meet the job demands. A steel worker with postpolio syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis finds that with each passing month he is having increasing difficulty completing his physical work responsibilities. He is wondering if it is finally time to apply for disability. An injured construction worker has just entered a five-week course of work conditioning and work simulation. His therapist needs to set work-related goals for the program. All of these individuals could benefit from an objective, reliable, and valid functional capacity evaluation (FCE).
Making Meaning through Multicultural Initiatives

This chapter discusses assessment and evaluation of multicultural initiatives by exploring two efforts implemented at a small, liberal arts college.
Reconstructing and deconstructing dark energy

The acceleration of the expansion of the universe, ascribed to a dark energy, is one of the most intriguing discoveries in science. In addition to precise, systematics controlled data, clear, robust interpretation of the observations is required to reveal the nature of dark energy. Even for the simplest question: is the data consistent with the cosmological constant? there are important subtleties in the reconstruction of the dark energy properties. We discuss the roles of analysis both in terms of the Hubble expansion rate or dark energy density {rho}DE(z) and in terms of the dark energy equation of state w(z), arguing that each has its carefully defined place. Fitting the density is best for learning about the density, but using it to probe the equation of state can lead to instability and bias.
Insulin stimulates p70 S6 kinase in the nucleus of cells.

Abstract Insulin action on both cytoplasmic and nuclear processes is dependent on activation of p70 S6 kinase (p70 S6K ). In CHO cells expressing human insulin receptors, Western blotting revealed the presence of p70 S6K in the cell nucleus at a level of about 32 % of that in the cytoplasm. Following insulin treatment, there was a retardation in mobility nuclear p70 S6K in SDS-PAGE indicative of a change in phosphorylation of the enzyme, but no change in the amount of enzyme. Stimulation was maximal after 10 min of insulin treatment and decreased gradually at 30 min. There was also a rapid doubling of nuclear p70 S6K activity in immunocomplex assays followed by a return to baseline by 30 min. Simultaneously, insulin stimulated cytoplasmic p70 S6K by almost 10-fold at 10 min, and activity remained high up to 30 min. Tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) and fetal calf serum also stimulated nuclear p70 S6K as judged by gel mobility shift. TPA also promoted a decrease in cytosolic p70 S6K and an increase in nuclear enzyme suggestive of translocation of the enzyme. Rapamycin, a selective inhibitor of p70 S6K , and the casein kinase II inhibitor DRB blocked insulin-stimulated nuclear and cytosolic p70 S6K . Thus, nuclear p70 S6K is regulated by insulin, serum and TPA. The insulin effect is downstream of rapamycin and DRB-sensitive targets and occurs without translocation of the enzyme.
A method for estimation of cranial capacity from cephalometric roentgenograms.

A method of estimating cranial capacity of either living subjects or cadavers or dry skulls has been developed and tested. This method requires a lateral and a frontal (A-P) cephalogram. The area of the projection of the cranial cavity on the lateral cephalogram, AL, is determined by use of a planimeter and the breadth, b, is determined by direct measurement of its projection on the frontal cephalogram. These data are applied to a formula, V = KALb, where K is a constant which has been determined by tests of a similar population of skulls of known volume. Ten or 12 skulls should be sufficient for the purpose of determining K. The method is simple and direct, and offers accuracy and reliability as good or better than the best methods presently employed.
The sociocognitive model of dissociative identity disorder: A reexamination of the evidence.

According to the sociocognitive model of dissociative identity disorder (DID; formerly, multiple personality disorder), DID is not a valid psychiatric disorder of postlraumatic origin; rather, it is a creation of psychotherapy and the media. Support for the model was recently presented by N. P. Spanos (1994). In this article, the author reexamines the evidence for the model and concludes that it is based on numerous false assumptions about the psychopathology, assessment, and treatment of DID. Most recent research on the dissociative disorders does not support {and in fact disconnrms) the sociocognitive model, and many inferences drawn from previous research appear unwarranted. No reason exists to doubt the connection between DID and childhood trauma. Treatment recommendations that follow from the sociocognitive model may be harmful because they involve ignoring the posttraumatic symptomatology of persons with DID. Within the dissociative disorders field and much of mainstream psychiatry and psychology, dissociative identity disorder (DID; formerly, multiple personality disorder [ MPD]') is conceptualized as being a posttraumatic condition resulting from overwhelming childhood experiences, usually severe child abuse. According to this model, the dissociative response to earlier trauma is a creative survival strategy that helped the individual cope with the overwhelming trauma. Alter personalities (alters) are conceptualized as dissociated aspects of an individual's whole personality. Treatment based on this conceptualization focuses largely on resolving the emotional, behavioral, and cognitive effects of the trauma; reducing conflict among dissociated ego states; and ultimately achieving an integration of the total personality. For years, there has been a vocal group of researchers and clinicians who have suggested that the posttraumatic conceptualization of DID is incorrect and that the disorder may instead represent an iatrogenic artifact of psychotherapy (Aldridge-Morris, 1989;Chodoff, 1987;McHugh, 1993; Merskey, 1992; Simpson, 1988; Spanos, 1994; Spanos, Weekes, & Bertrand, 1985). According to this sociocognitive model (Spanos, 1994), psychotherapists play the most critical role in the development of the condition by suggesting and legitimizing the concept of multiplicity, creating the symptomatology through hypnosis, and then shaping the patient's behavior through differential reinforcement. The media have also hypothetically led to the increased creation of the disorder by the presentation of cases such as Eve (Thigpen & Cleckley, 1957) and Sybil (Schreiber. 1973), which have legitimized the con
Cenozoic evolution of Neotethys and implications for the causes of plate motions

Africa-North America-Eurasia plate circuit rotations, combined with Red Sea rotations and new estimates of crustal shortening in Iran define the Cenozoic history of the Neotethyan ocean between Arabia and Eurasia. The new constraints indicate that Arabia-Eurasia convergence has been fairly constant at 2 to 3 cm/yr since 56 Ma with slowing of Africa-Eurasia motion to <1 cm/yr near 25 Ma, coeval with the opening of the Red Sea. Ocean closure occurred no later than 10 Ma, and could have occurred prior to this time only if a large amount of continental lithosphere was subducted, suggesting that slowing of Africa significantly predated the Arabia-Eurasia collision. These kinematics imply that Africa's disconnection with the negative buoyancy of the downgoing slab of lithosphere beneath southern Eurasia slowed its motion. The slow, steady rate of northward subduction since 56 Ma contrasts with strongly variable rates of magma production in the Urumieh-Dokhtar arc, implying magma production rate in continental arcs is not linked to subduction rate.
Pulsed laser positive ion desorption from a model hydrated inorganic crystal (CaHPO4·2H2O) at 248 nm

Abstract We examine the laser-induced positive ion emission of a typical, wide band gap, hydrated inorganic single crystal, CaHPO 4 ·2H 2 O (brushite), at 248 nm (KrF excimer) in vacuum. As-grown brushite is quite resistant to laser damage and yields little ion emission at fluences below 1 J/cm 2 . In the presence of surface damage by abrasion or heating-induced transformations, intense laser-induced ion emission appears at lower fluences. The ion energy and fluence dependence are consistent with a defect mediated, multiple photon emission mechanism. In particular, the transport of hydrated Ca + to the surface, followed by adsorption at anion defects (and removal of water by evaporation), can provide an ideal environment for ion emission. The implications with regard to the UV laser ablation of hydrated environmental and biological minerals are discussed.
Melding kin structure and demography to elucidate source and sink habitats in fragmented landscapes

The source-sink model undoubtedly is one of the most established paradigms for associating variance in population dynamics with heterogeneity in habitat quality. However, despite extensive theoretical support by the scientific community, the majority of studies seeking empirical validation for this model have lacked sufficient data to distinguish source and sink habitats, particularly for large or secretive mammals. Using relatively long-term mark-recapture and genetic data for a generalist mesopredator within a fragmented agricultural ecosystem, we show that use of a two-stage approach incorporating both genetic and demographic data can be a powerful tool for evaluating the population structure of organisms occupying complex ecological systems. We further demonstrate that a strong concordance exists between demographic attributes and underlying genetic expectations, suggesting evaluation of fine-scale genetic patterns alone may provide valuable insights into the population dynamics of species. These data...
Structure and Innovation

The particular set of cultural attributes inherent within a given society heavily influences the technological sourcing of that society. Culture alone is insufficient to explain the differences seen between societies in their ability to source technological innovations. External forces such as the political and economic structure that surrounds the culture have considerable influence over a society's eventual innovative potential. This paper examines these structural influences and makes propositions about selected attributes' effects upon a society's innate ability to source technological innovations.
On the determination of higher order terms of singular elastic stress fields near corners

In two-dimensional elasticity stresses at reentrant corners exhibit singular behavior. The stress field is of the form $$\sigma = \Sigma {\rm K}_\iota r^{\lambda _2 - 1} f_i (\theta ;\lambda _i )$$ , where (r, ?) are polar coordinates centered at the tip of the corner, andf i (?;? i are smooth functions. For practical use of this series the eigenvalues? i (which are generally complex numbers) are required in order of ascending real part. The problem then is to find the roots of a transcendental equation (eigenequation) in the complex plane and arranged in order of ascending real part. A theorem is proved on the number, location and nature of the roots of this equation with the real part in fixed intervals of length ?. Excellent initial estimates of the real part of the complex roots become available, and so are bounds, within which single real roots exist. This enables the determination of any number of roots in ascending order of real part. The critical angles at which the eigenvalues change nature are also determined. It is shown that for certain cases and for the symmetric mode of deformation, the eigenvalue ?=1 does not represent a rigid body rotation, therefore it has to be included in the series representation of the stresses. The coefficientsK i can be determined by recently developed extraction techniques, thus allowing complete determination of the elastic field and enabling its correlation with experimental data on brittle fracture, crack initiation, plastic zone estimation etc.
Modeling and simulation of failure tolerance in scale free networks

Random Graph (RG) model is based on the notion that statistically all nodes have identical connectivity pattern. Given n nodes and k randomly distributed edges (kL n-1)/2) leading to a bell shaped distribution with a mean=k/n. Actual measurements performed on large networks showed that connectivity behavior follows a power law distribution instead. This distribution causes large networks to exhibit the behavior of preferential attachment to nodes with high degree. Furthermore, this behavior of preferential attachment is exhibited by networks of varying sizes, from thousands of nodes to billions of nodes, leading to a scale free graph (SFG) model. This paper analyzes the effects of multiple failures on networks modeled as RGs and SFGs by measuring network fragmentation and diameter as a function of the number of failures. We also propose a new routing technique, called the Redundant Array of Inexpensive Links (RAIL) that makes connectivity inherently tolerant to multiple failures.
Aerosol Deposition in the Extrathoracic Region

The extrathoracic region, including the nasal and oral passages, pharynx, and larynx, is the entrance to the human respiratory tract and the first line of defense against inhaled air pollutants. Estimates of regional deposition in the thoracic region are based on data obtained with human volunteers, and that data showed great variability in the magnitude of deposition under similar experimental conditions. In the past decade, studies with physical casts and computational fluid dynamic simulation have improved upon the understanding of deposition mechanisms and have shown some association of aerosol deposition with airway geometry. This information has been analyzed to improve deposition equations, which incorporate characteristic airway dimensions to address intersubject variability of deposition during nasal breathing. Deposition in the nasal and oral airways is dominated by the inertial mechanism for particles >0.5 mum and by the diffusion mechanism for particles <0.5 mum. Deposition data from adult and child nasal airway casts with detailed geometric data can be expressed as E(n) = 1 - exp(-110 Stk), where the Stokes number is a function of the aerodynamic diameter (d(a)), flow rate (Q), and the characteristic nasal airway dimension, the minimum cross-sectional area (A(min)). In vivo data for each human volunteer follow the equation when the appropriate value of A(min) is used. For the diffusion deposition, in vivo deposition data for ultrafine particles and in vivo and cast data for radon progeny were used to derive the following deposition: En=1-exp(-0.355Sf4.14D0.5Q-0.28), where S(f) is the normalized surface area in the turbinate region of the nasal airway, and D is the diffusion coefficient. The constant is not significantly different for inspiratory deposition than for expiratory deposition. By using the appropriate characteristic dimension, S(f), one can predict the variability of in vivo nasal deposition fairly well. Similar equations for impaction and diffusion deposition were obtained for deposition during oral breathing. However, the equations did not include airway dimensions for intersubject variability, because the data set did not have airway dimension measurements. Further studies with characteristic airway dimensions for oral deposition are needed. These equations could be used in lung deposition models to improve estimates of extrathoracic deposition and intersubject variability.
The Effects of Various Comfort Food on Heart Coherence in Adults

Background: Some of the nutrients in food are precursors to neurotransmitters, accounting for its effects on mood. Heart coherence (HC), which relates to the optimal psycho-physiological conditions for human body functions, is affected by a person's emotional status. Objectives: (1) To determine the effects of various comfort food on HC and heart rate (HR) in adult females 20 to 50 years of age and (2) to evaluate if body mass index (BMI) has an effect on HC and HR when eating various comfort foods. Methods: The researcher obtained consent from participants after explaining the project. The subjects' height and weight were measured using standardized methods to calculate their BMI. Participants sat in a comfortable chair in a quiet area with a clipped earpiece to measure their heart rate variability (HRV), HR, and HC. Each participant was asked about their favorite comfort food (sweet vs salty). First, the participant imagined eating her favorite comfort food (IFCF) and then was asked to imagine her non-f...
Emerging from the Niche: DEFA's Afterlife in Unified Germany

The cinema of the GDR has seen a steep rise in popularity since German unification. DEFA is now a popular “brand,” with its films being omnipresent on television, in movie theaters, and on DVD, Blu-ray, and online streaming video. Reasons for this success are located in the current infrastructure of DEFA cinema. Since 1999, DEFA-Stiftung, Progress Filmverleih, and Icestorm Entertainment have (re-)introduced the GDR’s cinematic legacy to German culture, where audiences embrace the new media as reminders of a bygone time. (SH)
Tillage and farming system affect AM fungus populations, mycorrhizal formation, and nutrient uptake by winter wheat in a high-P soil

We conducted a field study at the Rodale Institute Experimental Farm, Kutztown, Pennsylvania, in a high-P soil to examine the interaction of farming system and tillage on the potential functioning of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Plots under conventional and low-input systems were either chisel-disked or no-tilled. Winter wheat was planted following the harvest of soybean, and shoots and roots were collected at tillering, jointing, heading, and ripening. Spores of AM fungi were isolated from soil collected at the beginning and end of the growing season. Spore populations and colonization of winter wheat roots by AM fungi were higher under low-input than conventional agriculture. Mycorrhizal fungus colonization occurred at low levels in the tillering stage and increased with plant development. Colonization during the jointing stage was higher in the low-input, no-tilled than in low-input, chisel-disked plots. Spore populations of the Glomus occultum- type group were more numerous in no-tilled than in tilled soil. The nutrient-use efficiency (g of plant biomass per g of plant N or P) of winter wheat depended on plant developmental stage, with a tendency for higher efficiency of the low-input plants at early growth stages, and of conventionally managed plants at more mature stages. Overall, plants grown in chisel-disked plots had higher N and P utilization efficiencies than plants grown in no-tilled plots. Final yield of grain was significantly greater in conventional than low-input plots, especially for no-till, despite the larger population of AM fungi .
Modelling US light pollution

This paper uses a unique US dataset to study the economic causes of light pollution at the local (county) level. Light pollution has been shown to have negative consequences for both wildlife and humans. Light pollution is a form of pollution commonly ignored by environmental professionals. Traditionally, light-pollution models focus on population-based explanations. This paper confirms the importance of population in understanding light pollution. However, the results highlight the importance of economic variables, especially local economic development, in explaining the existence and extent of light pollution. Estimated models show, for example, that local employment patterns, personal income, roads and energy use are all important explanatory variables. By highlighting the connections between light pollution and specific types of local economic activity, this paper provides policy makers with additional information that they can use to improve public policies intended to safeguard the environment and l...
Inhibitory Effects of Essential Oils for Controlling Phytophthora capsici

Bi, Y., Jiang, H., Hausbeck, M. K., and Hao, J. J. 2012. Inhibitory effects of essential oils for controlling Phytophthora capsici. Plant Dis. 96:797803. Essential oils (EOs) were studied in vitro and in vivo for inhibiting Phytophthora capsici. Mycelial growth of P. capsici was examined on EO-amended media or after exposing it to EO volatiles. The efficacy of EOs was determined by estimating the effective concentration for 50% inhibition of P. capsici mycelial growth (EC50). Among 14 tested commercial products, oregano, palmarosa, and red thyme EOs had the lowest EC50 values (<0.15 μg/ml) for inhibiting the production and germination of sporangia and zoospores, and mycelial growth of P. capsici. The EOs had the same range of effect on inhibiting some mutant P. capsici isolates resistant to fluopicolide and zoxamide. P. capsici population in soil was reduced by the three EOs. Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) fruit were protected against P. capsici infection when they were sprayed with red thyme (0.1 μg/ml) or oregano and palmarosa (0.2 μg/ml) EOs. Zucchini seedling emergence was affected by oregano, but not by red thyme. Zucchini seedlings survived in P. capsici– infested soil treated with red thyme at 0.1 μg/ml, while all of the nontreated seedlings died. These results taken together suggest that oregano, red thyme, and palmarosa EOs may be potential components for integrated management of P. capsici.
Learner-centered principles in teacher-centered practices?

Abstract In the study reported here, I compare Learner-Centered Battery (a questionnaire of students’ perceptions of the classroom) results and the observation and interview data gathered in one sixth-grade classroom noting first a discrepancy between the descriptions of the classroom that stems from each. I review this discrepancy, highlighting a need for triangulation using different types of data collection methods so as to better understand this particular classroom. Further, the analysis indicates that principles of a learner-centered perspective can be embedded within a traditional teacher-centered environment, at least for this particular classroom.
Effect of Relative Humidity on the Crystallization of Sol-gel Lanthanum Zirconium Oxide Films

The ambient relative humidity during the coating process significantly influences the crystallographic texture and microstructure of the films processed. Using Y2O3 coated biaxially textured Ni−5 atom % W substrates, we have determined that there is a threshold humidity level above which highly oriented LZO films can be processed. However, below the threshold level, a significant portion of the film grows with a random polycrystalline orientation.
Creep Behavior of Al-Si Die-Cast Alloys

Commercial, aluminum die-cast alloys are subject to long-term stresses leading to viscoelastic material responses resulting in inefficient engine operation and failure. Constant load creep tests were conducted on aluminum die-casting alloys: B-390, eutectic Al-Si and a 17% Si-Al alloys. Rupture occurred in the primary creep regime, with the eutectic alloy having the longest times to failure. Primary creep was modeled by J(t)=A +Bt n with A, B, and n dependent on stress. Poor creep performance is linked to the brittle fracture of the primary silicon phase as well as other casting defects.
Sublimation of vapor-deposited water ice below 170 K, and its dependence on growth conditions.

The sublimation of vapor-deposited ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O ice films was investigated between 60 and 170 K using a piezoelectric microbalance and a mass spectrometer. The films were grown in vacuum at substrate temperatures between 30 and 120 K and rates between 0.2 and 7 \ensuremath{\mu}m/h. Above 140 K, the sublimation rate did not depend on the growth conditions tested and yielded a sublimation energy of 0.45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 eV. Below 140 K, we found that fresh films have an enhanced sublimation rate, which decays in time and which depends on film thickness and growth temperatures. This is attributed to sublimation from regions containing amorphous ice, which transforms with time into the less volatile crystalline ice, with an activation energy of 0.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 eV. The finding of a dependence of sublimation and crystallization rates on growth conditions can explain large discrepancies in the data published during the last four decades.
Gas absorption accompanied by chemical reaction: A study of the absorption of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of monoethanolamine

Experiments were conducted on the absorption of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of monoethanolamine in a very short wetted-wall column. When the absorption was effected from pure carbon dioxide streams, the results conformed to a theoretical relation for absorption combined with very fast second-order reaction. This is in accordance with expectations based on the probable mechanism and rate of the reaction. The data indicate that there is no appreciable effect of nonequilibrium at the interface for this particular reaction system over the range of exposure times studied. When mixed gas streams were used, it was necessary to resort to empiricism to correlate the data, although the correlating expression arose from theoretical considerations.
Experimental and clinical observations on frostbite

Experimental ischemia by the classic frostbite rabbit ear model clearly defined the role of thromboxane as a mediator of progressive dermal ischemia in frostbite injuries. The therapeutic groups consisted of the antiprostanoids, methylprednisolone, and aspirin combined with anti-thromboxane agents Aloe vera and methimazole, while the control group received no therapy. Survival was measured by planimetry for all groups. No tissue survival was evident in the frostbite control group. Methimazole treatment allowed 34.3% survival, Aloe vera 28.2% survival, aspirin 22.5% survival, and methylprednisolone 17.5% survival. The data compare the results of a modified frostbite protocol using ibuprofen with therapeutic modalities used by other clinical services. Of 154 patients treated for frostbite from 1982 to 1985, 56 were treated with our frostbite protocol; 98 were treated with other modalities. Of the 56 protocol patients, 18 suffered 1st degree frostbite, 25, 2nd degree frostbite, and 13, 3rd degree frostbite. For all degrees of frostbite, 67.9% healed without tissue loss, 25.0% healed with partial tissue loss, and 7% required amputation (P less than .001). Of the patients not on protocol, 11 suffered 1st degree frostbite, 51, 2nd degree frostbite, and 36, 3rd degree frostbite. Of these, 32.7% healed without tissue loss, 34.6% healed with tissue loss, and 32.7% required amputation. The morbidity of progressive dermal ischemia in frostbite may be decreased by the therapeutic use of inhibitors of the arachidonic acid cascade.
Interactions of peptide mimics of hyaluronic acid with the receptor for hyaluronan mediated motility (RHAMM)

Using the hyaluronic acid (HA) binding region of the receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM) as a model, a molecular perspective for peptide mimicry of the natural ligand was established by comparing the interaction sites of HA and unnatural peptide-ligands to RHAMM. This was accomplished by obtaining a series of octapeptide-ligands through screening experiments that bound to the HA binding domains of RHAMM (amino acids 517-576) and could be displaced by HA. These molecules were computationally docked onto a three-dimensional NMR based model of RHAMM. The NMR model showed that RHAMM(517-576) was a set of three helices, two of which contained the HA binding domains (HABDs) flanking a central groove. The structure was stabilized by hydrophobic interactions from four pairs of Val and Ile side chains extending into the groove. The presence of solvent exposed, positively charged side chains spaced 11 A apart matched the spacing of negative charges on HA. Docking experiments using flexible natural and artificial ligands demonstrated that HA and peptide-mimetics preferentially bound to the second helix that contains HABD-2. Three salt bridges between HA carboxylates and Lys548, Lys553 and Lys560 and two hydrophobic interactions involving Val538 and Val559 were predicted to stabilize the RHAMM-HA complex. The high affinity peptides and HA utilized the same charged residues, with additional contacts to other basic residues. However, hydrophobic contacts do not contribute to affinity for peptide ligand-RHAMM complexes. These results offer insight into how selectivity is achieved in the binding of HA to RHAMM, and how peptide competitors may compete for binding with HA on a single hyaladherin.
Gamma-Irradiated Pink Bollworms: Attractiveness, Mating, and Longevity of Females

Mass-reared female moths of the Phoenix PPD strain of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), irradiated with doses of up to 40 krad were assessed for attractiveness in field traps, mating ability, and longevity. The data indicated that females irradiated with 10 or 25 krad were fully as attractive to native males as unirradiated females in the field. Hexalure (25 mg/trap) was more attractive to native males than 1–5 virgin females in the field. Although females irradiated with a sterilizing dose of 30 krad mated as frequently as unirradiated females, a significant reduction (30%) in their ability to receive sperm in their spermathecae occurred in single matings to unirradiated males. The longevity of males and females irradiated with 10 or 25 krad was not significantly different from unirradiated moths. The average LT50 and LT90 values for females held at 30°C were 20 and 24 days, respectively.
A Recursive Algorithm for Adaptive Estimation and Parameter Change Detection of Time Series Models

The discounted recursive least-squares concept of R. G. Brown's adaptive smoothing is extended to the Box-Jenkins models. The D.R.L.S. algorithm is derived for the autoregressive moving-average models. Two important applications of the D.R.L.S. for parameter change detection and adaptive forecasting are presented.
Human nature as a source of practical truth: Aristotelian–Thomistic realism and the practical science of nursing

Abstract This discussion is grounded in Aristotelian–Thomistic realism and takes the position that nursing is a practical science. As an exposition of the title statement, distinctions are made between opinion and truth, and the speculative, productive and practical sciences. Sources of opinion and truth are described and a discussion follows that truth can be achieved through knowing principles and causes of the natural kind behind phenomena. It is proposed that humans are the natural kind behind nursing phenomena. Thus, human nature provides proper principles (the truth) of nursing practice.
Radar Inlet Observing System (RIOS): Continuous remote sensing of waves, currents, and bathymetry at tidal inlets

Radar Inlet Observing System (RIOS) remotely senses waves, currents, and bathymetry at tidal inlets and river mouths. RIOS utilizes a 25kW X-band, coherent-on-receive radar to measure wave parameters at 3m resolution up to 3km radius from the antenna. Data acquisition and processing are fully automated and capable of hourly observations and web posting from a small, mobile trailer. Wave shoaling and breaking, obtained from the time series of radar spikes generated by the roughened surface of waves, are used to infer water depths and identify the position of shoals and channels. The ability of RIOS to measure wave orbital velocities (radial components) in order to determine mean surface currents is also investigated. Results from a field experiment at New River Inlet, North Carolina in April-May 2012 indicate RIOS accurately characterized the location and morphology of shoals and channels across the ebb tidal delta over a range of quiescent and storm conditions. The magnitude of RIOS-measured surface currents were substantially less than in-situ observations and showed great sensitivity to sea surface roughness.
Threshold voltage control in organic thin film transistors with dielectric layer modified by a genetically engineered polypeptide

Precise control over the threshold voltage of pentacene-based organic thin film transistors was achieved by inserting a genetically engineered quartz-binding polypeptide at the semiconductor-dielectric interface. A 30 V range was accessed with the same peptide by adjusting the pH of the solution for peptide assembly while leaving other device properties unaffected. Mobility of 0.1–0.2 cm2 V−1 s−1 and on/off current ratio of >106 could be achieved for all devices regardless of the presence of the neutral peptide or the peptide assembled in acidic or basic conditions. This shift in threshold voltages is explained by the generation of charged species and dipoles due to variation in assembling conditions. Controlling device characteristics such as threshold voltage is essential for integration of transistors into electronic circuits.
Assessment of kinetic modeling for lean H2/CH4/O2/diluent flames at high pressures

Abstract Experimental measurements of burning rates, analysis of key reactions and kinetic pathways, and modeling studies were performed for H2/CH4/O2/diluent flames spanning a wide range of fuel-lean conditions: equivalence ratios from 0.30 to 1.0, flame temperatures from 1400 to 1800 K, pressures from 1 to 25 atm, CH4 fuel fractions from 0 to 0.1. The experimental data show negative pressure dependence of burning rate at high-pressure, low-flame-temperature conditions for all equivalence ratios and with CH4 addition. Substantial differences are observed between literature model predictions and the experimental data as well as among model predictions themselves – up to a factor of four at high pressures. Similar to our previous work that demonstrated that none of the recent kinetic models reproduced the measured pressure dependence of the mass burning rate for all diluent concentrations and medium to high equivalence ratios, here it is demonstrated that none reproduce the measured pressure dependence for very low equivalence ratios. The effect of pressure on the kinetics of lean flames is largely driven by competition of both H + O2(+M) = HO2(+M) and HO2 + O/OH/HO2 with the main branching reactions, in contrast to rich mixtures that are largely driven by competition of both H + O2(+M) = HO2(+M) and HO2 + H with the main branching reactions. Methane addition is shown to influence the pressure dependence mainly through reactions of CH3 with H and HO2. Given the nature of the modeling problem for high-pressure flames, it appears that a rigorous solution to improving predictive capabilities will require both empirical adjustments of multiple rate constant parameters as well as improved characterization of the functional temperature and pressure dependence of certain highly sensitive reactions. Furthermore, many of the reactions responsible for uncertainties in the pressure dependence of H2/O2 flames at high pressures are shown to contribute significantly to uncertainties in the pressure dependence of flames of hydrocarbon fuels.
Tourism specialization and economic output in small islands

Purpose – This study aims to investigate growth differentials among small islands and the impact of tourism specialization on the growth and the economic performance of small islands. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on trade theory and uses data from a panel of small islands for 1995-2007. It applies panel regression and standard time series methods combined with a qualitative approach. Findings – Small islands experienced stronger basic patterns of growth than many developed countries, especially where economies of scale are not an issue. The findings further suggest that tourism specialization is not harmful to growth, and, in lieu of technological gaps and resource limitations, tourism specialization is a sound option. Size, a lack of complete sovereignty or independence and export orientation do not seem to affect the variance in the real per capita GDP at a greater degree. Finally, small islands may leverage returns to scale in global markets. Research limitations/implications – Whil...
A new alligatorid from the lower Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming and the origin of caimans

ABSTRACT Tsoabichi greenriverensis, tax. nov., is based on cranial and postcranial remains from the lower Eocene (Wasatchian) Green River Formation of Wyoming. Casts of additional material in private collections include the complete skeleton of an immature specimen. It has abrupt supratemporal fenestral rims, extensive supraoccipital exposure on the skull table, and bipartite ventral osteoderms. The nasals are reduced to a thin anterior process as they approach the external naris, and the rim of the naris extends beyond the dorsal surface of the snout as a thin crest. There was no ‘spectacle’ between the orbits, but there are three distinct craniocaudally elongate ridges between the orbits. The parietal extends to the posterior margin of the skull table on either side of the large V-shaped dorsal exposure of the supraoccipital. Some of the dorsal osteoderms are mediolaterally elongate and bear two dorsal keels. A close relationship with caimans is supported by a parsimony analysis, although its precise po...
Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis simulating orbital cellulitis.

Orbital swelling in patients with cancer can reflect neoplastic or infectious processes. Accurate diagnosis can be especially difficult in the face of associated fever and neutropenia. We treated a 30-year-old man undergoing induction chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia, who had fever of unknown origin and periorbital swelling suggestive of orbital cellulitis. However, the periorbital findings were more compatible with passive swelling and hemorrhage. A skin biopsy specimen demonstrated isolated neutrophilic inflammation and necrosis of the eccrine glands. Cultures of the tissue for bacteria and fungi were negative. Pertinent literature regarding eccrine-gland inflammatory disease was reviewed. This unusual entity, termed neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis , is most common in patients undergoing induction chemotherapy. Cases with infectious causes and cases in neutropenic patients have also been reported. No other patients, to our knowledge, with periocular involvement by neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis have been described. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis should be added to the differential diagnosis of cases of periocular hemorrhage and swelling in patients with cancer who receive chemotherapy.
Effect of surfactants on the formation, morphology, and surface property of synthesized SiO2 nanoparticles

Abstract This study investigated the effect of cationic, anionic (saturated and unsaturated), and nonionic surfactants on the formation, morphology, and surface properties of silica nanoparticles synthesized by the ammonium‐catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane in alcoholic media. Results indicate that at a relatively low surfactant concentration (1 × 10−3–1 × 10−6 M), cationic surfactants significantly affected the growth of silica particles as measured by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopic analyses. In contrast, the anionic and nonionic surfactants showed relatively minor effects in the low concentration range. The magnitude of negative zeta potential was reduced for silica colloids that were synthesized in the presence of cationic surfactant because of charge neutralization. The presence of anionic surfactants only slightly increased the negative zeta potential while the nonionic surfactant showed no obvious effects. At high surfactant concentrations (>1 × 10−3 M), catio...