cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overlay mark performance: a simulation study

The overlay budgets in leading-edge processes are expected to shrink below 20nm within the next 12-24 months. The demand for ever higher accuracies of overlay metrology for the 65nm node and below drive the development and design of new optical metrology solutions. In this work, we present new results as a continuation of the work we have previously reported on an overlay metrology simulation platform, capable of simulating the entire overlay measurement process. The simulation platform is used for modeling both the optical effects of the overlay metrology tool and the target process and design related effects on the overlay metrology performance. Using this simulation platform we have modeled target proximity effects limiting target size reduction, and process variation effects on overlay performance.
Changes in Biochemical and Bacteriological Quality of Grass Prawn during Transportation by Icing and Oxygenating

Live grass prawns (Penaeus monodon) were iced or oxygenated in cold water and examined for changes in biochemical and bacterial quality during transportation from the farm to the processing plant. The biochemical quality of oxygenated prawns as assessed by volatile base nitrogen (VB-N), extractable nitrogen (AA-N), VB-N/AA-N ratio, K-value, water-holding capacity and sensory results, was superior to that of iced prawn. No distinct differences in inosine 5′-mono-phosphate (IMP) ratio, nucleotides profile and bacterial contamination between iced and oxygenated samples were observed.
Unexpected Beneficial Effects of Arsenic on Corn Roots Grown in Culture

Corn (Zea mays) roots were grown in culture on modified Strullu-Roman medium in two separate experiments. Roots were exposed to one of four treatments combining arsenic (100 µ gL −1 or 0.0 µ gL −1 ) and phosphorous (4.8 mg L −1 or 0.0 mg L −1 ). The cultures were allowed to grow for 18 days or 21 days before they were used for quantitative measurement of root mass, root length, number of branches, and branch length. Results indicate roots grown in medium lacking phosphate but containing arsenic were longer and had greater mass than roots grown in medium with only phosphate. The data presented here suggest that arsenic at low levels might be beneficial for root development.
Signaling through C/EBP Homologous Protein and Death Receptor 5 and Calpain Activation Differentially Regulate THP-1 Cell Maturation-Dependent Apoptosis Induced by Shiga Toxin Type 1

Shiga toxins (Stxs) induce apoptosis via activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in many cell types. Toxin-mediated activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response was shown to be instrumental in initiating apoptosis in THP-1 myeloid leukemia cells. THP-1 cells responded to Shiga toxin type 1 (Stx1) in a cell maturation-dependent manner, undergoing rapid apoptosis in the undifferentiated state but reduced and delayed apoptosis in differentiated cells. The onset of apoptosis was associated with calpain activation and changes in expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), Bcl-2 family members, and death receptor 5 (DR5). Ligation of DR5 by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) activates the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. We show here that expression of TRAIL and DR5 is increased by Stx1 treatment. Addition of exogenous TRAIL enhances, and anti-TRAIL antibodies inhibit, Stx1-induced apoptosis of THP-1 cells. Silencing of CHOP or DR5 expression selectively prevented caspase activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and Stx1-induced apoptosis of macrophage-like THP-1 cells. In contrast, the rapid kinetics of apoptosis induction in monocytic THP-1 cells correlated with rates of calpain cleavage. The results suggest that CHOP-DR5 signaling and calpain activation differentially contribute to cell maturation-dependent Stx1-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of these signaling pathways may protect cells from Stx cytotoxicity.
Sex-specific associations of magnetic resonance imaging-derived intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat areas with conventional anthropometric indices. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Accurate measurement of central fat patterning is difficult to obtain by conventional anthropometry. Direct measurement of intra-abdominal fat area by magnetic resonance imaging, while accurate, is impractical for large-scale observational studies. This report examines the sex-specific associations of conventional anthropometric indices with intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat areas measured by magnetic resonance imaging. A total of 157 volunteers (97 men and 60 women) aged 48-68 years of predominately white ethnicity had intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat areas measured as part of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist : hip ratio, and subscapular skinfold thickness were measured or calculated by a standardized protocol. On average, women had a lower intra-abdominal fat area than men (109.5 cm2 vs. 152.9 cm2) but a higher mean subcutaneous fat area (287.8 cm2 vs. 214.6 cm2). After adjustment for age, intra-abdominal fat area was quadratically associated with body mass index, waist circumference, weight, and subscapular skinfold thickness in men; in women, these associations were best modeled by a positive linear equation. Waist : hip ratio was linearly related to intra-abdominal fat area in both sexes. In general, anthropometric measures predicted lower percentages of the total variance in intra-abdominal fat area for men than for women. For subcutaneous fat area, all anthropometric indices were linearly associated and predicted more of the variance in subcutaneous fat area than in intra-abdominal fat area. These results indicate that among men, greater intra-abdominal fat deposition rates occur at relatively low body weights and fat is more uniformly deposited at higher weights. Women appear to deposit intra-abdominal fat at a constant rate as they gain weight, even after menopause. The authors conclude that when waist circumference or body mass index is used as a surrogate for intra-abdominal fat area in men, a quadratic term should be included in the analysis as a predictor variable. Subcutaneous fat area can be estimated well by linear measures commonly employed in epidemiologic studies.
Steady-state intrapulmonary concentrations of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and azithromycin in older adults.

Study objective: To determine the steady-state, extracellular, and intracellular pulmonary disposition of moxifloxacin (MXF), levofloxacin (LEVO), and azithromycin (AZI) relative to that of the plasma over a 24-h dosing interval. Design: Randomized, multicenter, open-label investigation. Patients: Forty-seven older adults (mean [ SD] age, 62 13 years) undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy. Interventions: Oral administration of MXF, 400 mg, LEVO, 500 mg daily for five doses, or AZI, 500 mg for one dose, then 250 mg daily for four doses. BAL and venipuncture were completed at 4, 8, 12, or 24 h following the administration of the last dose. Measurements and results: Steady-state MXF, LEVO, and AZI concentrations were determined in the plasma, epithelial lining fluid (ELF), and alveolar macrophages (AMs). The concentrations of all three agents were greatest in the AMs followed by the ELF compared to the plasma. Plasma concentrations were similar to those previously reported with these agents. The mean ELF concentrations at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h were as follows: MXF, 11.7 11.9, 7.8 5.1, 10.5 3.7, and 5.7 6.3 g/mL, respectively; LEVO, 15.2 4.5, 10.2 6.7, 6.9 4.4, and 2.9 1.7 g/mL, respectively; and AZI, 0.6 0.4, 0.7 0.4, 0.9 0.5, and 0.9 0.7 g/mL, respectively. The AM concentrations at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h were as follows: MXF, 47.7 47.6, 123.3 126.4, 26.2 19.4, and 32.8 16.5 g/mL, respectively; LEVO, 28.5 30.2, 26.1 15.7, 28.3 12.6, and 8.2 6.1 g/mL, respectively; and AZI, 71.8 50.1, 73.8 75.3, 155.9 81.3, and 205.2 256.3 g/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The intrapulmonary concentrations of MXF, LEV, and AZI were superior to those obtained in the plasma. The AM concentrations of all agents studied were more than adequate relative to the minimum concentration required to inhibit 90% of the organism population (MIC90) of the common intracellular pathogens (< 1 g/mL). These data indicate that attainable extracellular concentrations of AZI are insufficient to reliably eradicate Streptococcus pneumoniae, based on the agent’s current minimum inhibitory concentration profile, whereas the mean concentrations of MXF and LEVO in the ELF exceed the MIC90 of the S pneumoniae population. Moreover, MXF concentrations exceeded the S pneumoniae susceptibility breakpoint (1.0 g/mL) at all time points, while 2 of 15 concentrations (13%) failed to maintain LEVO concentrations above the breakpoint (2.0 g/mL) throughout the dosing interval. (CHEST 2004; 125:965–973) Abbreviations: AM alveolar macrophage; AUC area under the concentration-time curve; AZI azithromycin; CARTI community-acquired respiratory tract infection; %CV percentage coefficient of variation; ELF epithelial lining fluid; HPLC high performance liquid chromatography; LEVO levofloxacin; MIC minimum inhibitory concentration; MIC90 minimum concentration required to inhibit 90% of the organism population; MXF moxifloxacin
Fiber Longitudinal Measurements for Predicting White Speck Contents of Dyed Cotton Fabrics

Fiber Image Analysis System (FIAS)2 was developed to provide an automatic method for measuring cotton maturity from fiber snippets or cross-sections. An uncombed cotton bundle is chopped and sprayed on a microscopic slide. The snippets are imaged sequentially on a microscope and measured with customized image analysis software. Cotton maturity is assessed from fiber width variability (convolution) and intensity (translucency) of fiber ribbons. The highly translucent fibers are labeled by the system as ‘dead’ fiber. Dead fibers are the main source of nep formation, causing dye defects, known as white specks, in finished fabrics. This work compared the fiber longitudinal measurements with white speck data of 16 different cottons, and studied the possibility of establishing a predictive equation for white speck contents from bale fiber samples. The main advantages of using the longitudinal FIAS test are that it can more readily detect dead and immature fibers and takes much less time in preparing sample slid...
SUPPLY‐SIDE MULTIREGIONAL INPUT‐OUTPUT MODELS*

ABSTRACT This paper introduces a new class of supply-side multiregional input-output (MRIO) models and provides the necessary and sufficient conditions on the regional trade matrices that ensure that a generalized supply-side model will be convergent. The paper also introduces a new version of the row coefficient model, conceived as the “mirror image” of the Chenery-Moses demand-side column coefficient MRIO model. Given that the conventional supply-side input-output model has been shown to perform equally as well as the demand side model in forecasting exercises, the supply-side MRIO model is expected to be of value for policy and planning purposes. Moreover, this model is of potential theoretical value for a broad synthesis of demand-side and supply-side MRIO models.
Epidemiology and Long-term Clinical and Biologic Risk Factors for Pneumonia in Community-Dwelling Older Americans: Analysis of Three Cohorts

Background Preventing pneumonia requires better understanding of incidence, mortality, and long-term clinical and biologic risk factors, particularly in younger individuals. Methods This was a cohort study in three population-based cohorts of community-dwelling individuals. A derivation cohort (n = 16,260) was used to determine incidence and survival and develop a risk prediction model. The prediction model was validated in two cohorts (n = 8,495). The primary outcome was 10-year risk of pneumonia hospitalization. Results The crude and age-adjusted incidences of pneumonia were 6.71 and 9.43 cases/1,000 person-years (10-year risk was 6.15%). The 30-day and 1-year mortality were 16.5% and 31.5%. Although age was the most important risk factor (range of crude incidence rates, 1.69-39.13 cases/1,000 person-years for each 5-year increment from 45-85 years), 38% of pneumonia cases occurred in adults Conclusions Pneumonia hospitalization is common and associated with high mortality, even in younger healthy adults. Long-term risk of pneumonia can be predicted in community-dwelling adults with a simple clinical risk prediction model.
Security in the 21st Century: Examining the Link Between Online Social Network Activity, Privacy, and Interpersonal Victimization

In the last decade, online social networking websites have become immensely popular worldwide, with the number of users growing exponentially. With a social network account, users can post an array of personal information and link their profile to those of other users, forming virtual communities. In the last few years, security and protection of private information posted on social networking sites has piqued the interest of researchers. Generally, the focus of this research has been limited to describing the type of information posted by users, with few studies examining the relationship between users' adoption of security measures for their social networking sites and negative online experiences, such as online interpersonal victimization. Our examination of the relationship between users' online social network activity, online social network security, and online interpersonal victimization found that users who engaged in risky online behaviors, such as opening numerous social network accounts and addi...
Urodynamic evaluation of the older adult: bench to bedside

Urologic disease is extremely prevalent in the geriatric population. Symptoms of urinary frequency, dysuria, retention, and urinary incontinence can have a significant impact on a patient’s mental or physical health. The underlying pathophysiology that causes urinary symptoms is varied. Patients who have obstructive and those who have nonobstructive voiding on urodynamics were found to have similar American Urologic Association (AUA) symptom scores [1]. Diagnostic evaluation of urologic disease begins with a good history, physical examination, urinalysis, and urine culture. A voiding diary often is helpful and should be a part of the standard urologic work-up. At what point is it pertinent to expand the urologic work-up to include checking a postvoid residual (PVR) or performing urodynamic examination or cystoscopy? In those patients with hematuria or recurrent urinary tract infections, imaging of the kidneys and cystoscopy are the first initial steps in a complete evaluation. Once malignancy or stone disease is ruled out, checking residuals and urodynamic evaluation is appropriate. Checking the PVR and uroflow examination (see later discussion) is a rapid way to initiate a urologic evaluation. Classifying patients into those who have a high versus normal residual urine volume and those who exhibit a normal versus abnormal voiding pattern helps to streamline therapy. High urinary residual volumes may be the result either of poor detrusor muscle contractility or increased urethral resistance. Both disorders are classified as failure to empty. Those patients who have urinary frequency or urinary incontinence and a low PVR have disorders of urinary storage. Storage problems can result from disorders of bladder compliance, involuntary bladder contractions, bladder hypersensitivity, or bladder outlet abnormalities. The bladder outlet can suffer because of lack of support, fibrosis, or neurologic insult.
Immune activation promotes depression 1 month after diffuse brain injury: a role for primed microglia.

Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with a higher incidence of depression. The majority of individuals who suffer a TBI are juveniles and young adults, and thus, the risk of a lifetime of depressive complications is a significant concern. The etiology of increased TBI-associated depression is unclear but may be inflammatory-related with increased brain sensitivity to secondary inflammatory challenges (e.g., stressors, infection, and injury). Methods Adult male BALB/c mice received a sham ( n = 52) or midline fluid percussion injury (TBI; n = 57). Neuroinflammation, motor coordination (rotarod), and depressive behaviors (social withdrawal, immobility in the tail suspension test, and anhedonia) were assessed 4 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, 7 days, or 30 days later. Moreover, 30 days after surgery, sham and TBI mice received a peripheral injection of saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and microglia activation and behavior were determined. Results Diffuse TBI caused inflammation, peripheral cell recruitment, and microglia activation immediately after injury coinciding with motor coordination deficits. These transient events resolved within 7 days. Nonetheless, 30 days post-TBI a population of deramified and major histocompatibility complex II + (primed) microglia were detected. After a peripheral LPS challenge, the inflammatory cytokine response in primed microglia of TBI mice was exaggerated compared with microglia of controls. Furthermore, this LPS-induced microglia reactivity 30 days after TBI was associated with the onset of depressive-like behavior. Conclusions These results implicate a primed and immune-reactive microglial population as a possible triggering mechanism for the development of depressive complications after TBI.
Demo: A complete framework for programming event-driven, self-reconfigurable low power wireless networks

We present a complete framework to design and deploy adaptive low power wireless networks. The framework consists of Fennec Fox, a four-layer network protocol stack, and Swift Fox, a high-level programming language. At run-time, Fennec Fox dynamically reconfigures services running on the network protocol stack layers using a library of modules optimizing a layer's performance with respect to some metric (delay, power consumption, etc.). While network reconfiguration is triggered by sensing or timer events, policies specifying how a network should be reconfigured when given events occur are programmed in Swift Fox at design time. We discuss a network that reconfigures its communication services to support 3 scenarios and that was tested on mica2, intelMote2, and telosB architectures, the last one requiring 21KB of ROM and 2KB of RAM.
Understanding the First Year Teacher: Implications for Induction Programs.

In this paper, we describe the observations made of first year teachers in a collaborative induction program sponsored by a college of education and a school district. The novice special and elementary educators were observed to pass through five microphases of development during their first year. These included (a) order/time filling, (b) timing, planning, and management, (c) experimentation, (d) long range planning, and (e) focus on students. Each of these micro-phases is described as they apply to special education teachers, and implications for induction year programs are discussed.
Archaeological survey, paleogeography, and the search for Late Pleistocene Paleocoastal peoples of Santa Rosa Island, California

AbstractThe northern Pacific Coast is an important area for understanding human colonization of the Americas, but Late Pleistocene coastal sites are rare and interglacial sea level rise has inundated the continental shelf and the primary areas where Paleocoastal archaeological sites are likely to occur. Here we outline a terrestrial archaeological survey project designed to identify Paleocoastal sites on Santa Rosa Island, California. Using reconstructions of ancient shorelines and paleogeography, we predicted that sites might be found where lithic resources, freshwater springs, caves or rockshelters, and strategic vistas drew Paleocoastal peoples into the island interior. We identified nine new Paleocoastal sites, including four radiocarbon dated to >11,000 cal b.p. that are among the oldest sites on North America’s Pacific coast. Our targeted survey demonstrates an important technique for investigating island and coastal settings where sea level rise remains a significant challenge for locating early sites.
Searching for a shadow biosphere on Earth as a test of the 'cosmic imperative'.

Estimates for the number of communicating civilizations in the galaxy, based on the so-called Drake equation, are meaningless without a plausible estimate for the probability that life will emerge ...
Union Wages and Union Decline: Evidence from the Construction Industry

Two well-documented empirical findings are that unionized employees typically receive substantially higher compensation than their non-union counterparts and that union representation in the United States has declined over time. Some observers have hypothesized a causal link between these two phenomena: the achievement of a union wage premium, they argue, hastened union decline both by reducing union firms' economic competitiveness and by inducing employers to adopt various union avoidance strategies. Using data from the Current Population Survey and the Census Bureau's Census of Construction, the authors test this hypothesis for the construction industry. Even in estimations that allow for a lagged response and incorporate a variety of controls, they find no evidence that high union/nonunion wage ratios in construction in the 1970s or 1980s resulted in lower union membership in 2000.
The Effects of Marital Conflict and Marital Disruption on Depressive Affect: A Comparison Between Women In and Out of Poverty*

Objectives. We examine the independent and interactive effects of marital conflict and marital disruption on women's depressive affect and how these effects vary by family's poverty status. Methods. We use the OLS regression and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test the hypothesized relationships. Results. The results showed that marital conflict and marital disruption each predicts subsequent depression after controlling for the initial level of depression and other antecedent variables. The effect of marital conflict on depression is stronger among women in poverty than those out of poverty. Furthermore, among women in poverty, marital conflict followed by marital breakup is related to a heightened level of depression, whereas among women financially better off, there is a reduction in the level of depressive affect. Conclusions. These findings point to the importance of a family's economic condition and its impact on the interrelationships among marital processes and women's psychological health.
The error complexity of strategies in infinite executions

The basic theory of semantic communication in infinite executions introduced in Chapter 6 suffers from some of the same defects as the theory for finite executions from Chapter 2: namely, as discussed in Chapter 4, in that setting, the universal strategies we constructed suffered from an exponential overhead (in the length of the target strategy) in their running time, and we saw that such overhead was unavoidable in general. In the present chapter, we consider the analogous overhead in the number of errors incurred by a universal strategy in infinite executions. We will see that this overhead is also, in general, unavoidable by a similar argument. Again, similar to the developments of Chapter 4, we wish to lay down some natural conditions under which the overhead incurred by our generic constructions can be avoided. We will see that when the user strategies are assumed to come from some class of sufficiently simple strategies, there exist universal strategies that only incur a number of errors that is polynomial in the length of the description of the relevant user strategy. In fact, it turns out that the problem of constructing such a universal user for multi-session goal in which each session is a single round and a sensing function that provides immediate feedback is precisely the problem of learning the class of concepts corresponding to the class of strategies in the on-line learning model introduced by Bārzdiņs and Freivalds (1972) and investigated by Littlestone (1988). Thus, each solution to the on-line learning problem for a concept class yields a generic construction of a universal user from a sensing function that is viable with the corresponding class of strategies, and vice-versa. The reverse connection, together with the lower bounds of Section 4.4 suggest limits to the power of universal users based on the kind of sensing we have discussed thus far. We will observe that some natural kinds of feedback allow the construction of universal users for richer user strategies, and we suggest the exploration of such feedback as a next step towards the construction of universal users of suitable efficiency for real problems.
Multimodal Broadband Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation (MM-BB-V-SFG) Spectrometer and Microscope

A broadband sum frequency generation (BB-SFG) spectrometer with multimodal (MM) capabilities was constructed, which could be routinely reconfigured for tabletop experiments in reflection, transmission, and total internal reflection (TIR) geometries, as well as microscopic imaging. The system was constructed using a Ti:sapphire amplifier (800 nm, pulse width = 85 fs, repetition rate = 2 kHz), an optical parameter amplification (OPA) system for production of broadband IR pulses tunable between 1000 and 4000 cm(-1), and two Fabry-Perot etalons arranged in series for production of narrowband 800 nm pulses. The key feature allowing the MM operation was the nearly collinear alignment of the visible (fixed, 800 nm) and infrared (tunable, 1000-4000 cm(-1)) pulses which were spatially separated. Physical insights discussed in this paper include the comparison of spectral bandwidth produced with 40 and 85 fs pump beams, the improvement of spectral resolution using etalons, the SFG probe volume in bulk analysis, the normalization of SFG signals, the stitching of multiple spectral segments, and the operation in different modes for air/liquid and adsorbate/solid interfaces, bulk samples, as well as spectral imaging combined with principle component analysis (PCA). The SFG spectral features obtained with the MM-BB-SFG system were compared with those obtained with picosecond-scanning-SFG system and high-resolution BB-SFG system (HR-BB-SFG) for dimethyl sulfoxide, α-pinene, and various samples containing cellulose (purified commercial products, Cladophora cell wall, cotton and flax fibers, and onion epidermis cell wall).
The Perfect Process Is the Enemy of the Good Tax: Tax's Exceptional Regulatory Process

Many courts and academics critique existing tax exceptionalism or the ability of the federal income tax to be created, applied, or interpreted differently from other laws. Critics have successfully complained that the Treasury Department, and the IRS as a bureau of the Department, issues guidance implementing the Internal Revenue Code using different processes from those required by the Administrative Procedure Act. At the same time, courts are increasing the level of deference given to this guidance to conform to that given other agencies. This article responds to these critics by urging they re-focus their attention on the objectives of administrative law and comparisons to other agencies’ procedures as opposed to limiting their assessment to the APA. Moreover, this article examines some risks of forcing procedural uniformity on the tax system. First, the agency would risk being inundated with information to comply with the APA. The agency could be captured by those submitting information, be forced to reduce the amount of guidance it issues, and be thwarted in its ability to accomplish other agency directives. Second, pushing the agency to develop ex ante regulations responsive to the most vocal commentators, most likely those seeking tax reduction, threatens established heuristics implementing the complicated Internal Revenue Code. To satisfy the APA’s procedures risks minimizing the agency’s use of its expertise to carry out its congressional-established mission.
Rates of Li diffusion in garnet: Coupled transport of Li and Y+REEs

Numerical simulation of stranded diffusion profiles in partially resorbed garnet crystals from the aureole of the Makhavinekh Lake Pluton (Labrador, Canada) yields quantitative rates of intracrystalline diffusion for Li in garnet. Diffusion coefficients for Li at 700–900 °C and 0.53 GPa are 0.5–1.5 log10 units lower than those for divalent cations in the same samples, and match those for Y and Yb. This correspondence likely stems from coupled substitution of Li and Y (or REE) ions in the garnet structure: the requirement of local electroneutrality limits Li mobility to be no faster than that of Y+REEs. Because of this coupling, Li zoning in garnet is retained to comparatively high temperatures, making garnet a valuable monitor of the behavior of Li in deep crustal systems.
What is the optimal strategy for colon cancer surveillance in patients with ulcerative colitis

In view of the increased risk, these patients need to undergo colonoscopy on a regular basis—and fairly frequently.
Effect of divalent cation ionophore (A 23187) on renal handling of phosphorus

Effect of divalent cation ionophore (A 23187) on renal handling of phosphorus. To evaluate the effect of an increase in intracellular calcium on renal handling of phosphorus, calcium ionophore, which facilitates passive entry of calcium into cytosol, was given i.v. to four groups of rats: group 1, animals with intact parathyroid glands; group 2, parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats; group 3, PTX animals receiving i.v. parathyroid hormone (PTH); and group 4, PTX animals pretreated with i.v. ionophore, then given i.v. PTH. During the administration of ionophore in group 1, serum calcium (S ca ) decreased from 8.7 ± 0.2 (mean ±SEM) to 7.5 ± 0.2mg/100 ml (P P /C In ) decreased from 0.110 ± 0.020 to 0.019 ± 0.006 (P cAMP ) decreased from 131 ± 23 to 46 ± 16 pmoles/min (P ca decreased from 6.5 ± 0.2 to 5.7 ± 0.2mg/100 ml (P P /C In nor U cAMP were altered. In group 2, during the administration of ionophore, C P /Cm decreased from 0.43 ± 0.05 to 0.19 ± 0.04 (P cAMP decreased from 254 ± 20 to 159 ± 11 (P P /C In was reduced from 0.19 ± 0.009 to 0.044 ± 0.012 (P cAMP suggests that this effect could be mediated through inhibition of PTH-dependent formation of cAMP, possibly resulting from the ionophore-induced increase in intracellular calcium in renal tubular cells. Effet d'un ionophore des cations divalents (A 23187) sur le comportement renal vis a vis du phosphate. Afin d'evaluer l'effet de l'augmentation du calcium intracellulaire sur le comportement renal vis a vis du phosphore, on a donne a quatre groupes de rats un ionophore de calcium qui facilite l'entree passive de ce cation dans le cytosol. Le groupe 1 est compose d'animaux dont les parathyroides sont intactes, le groupe 2 d'animaux parathyroidectomises (PTX), le groupe 3 d'animaux PTX recevant de l'hormone parathyroidienne (PTH) par voie intra-veineuse et le groupe 4 d'animaux pre-traites par l'ionophore qui recoivent de la PTH. Au cours de l'administration de l'ionophore au groupe 1, le calcium sereique (S Ca ) diminue de 8,7 ± 0,2 (m ±SEM) a 7,5 ± 0,2mg/100 ml (P P /C In ) diminue de 0,110 ± 0,020 a 0,019 ± 0,006 (P cAMP ) diminue de 131 ± 23 a 46 ± 16 pmoles/min (P ca diminue de 6,5 ± 0,2 a 5,7 ± 0,2 mg/100 ml (P P /C In ni U cAMP ne sont modifies. Dans le groupe 3, au cours de l'administration de l'ionophore, C P /C In diminue de 254 ± 20 a 159 ± 11 (P P /C In diminue de 0,19 ± 0,009 a 0,004 ± 0,012 (P ca de 6,5 ± 0,3 a 5,1 ± 0,3 mg/100 ml (P cAMP suggere que cet effet peut avoir pour mediateur l'inhibition de la formation d'AMP cyclique dependante de la PTH, consequence de l'augmentation du calcium intracellulaire dans les cellules tubulaires renales, induite par l'ionophore.
The Behavior of the Larvae of Cotinis Nitida Burmeister. (Coleoptera)

The larvae of Cotinis nitida Burmeister, the green June beetle or fig-eater, is easily distinguished from other grubs by its peculiar habit of creeping upon its dorsal surface. It makes burrows which often open to the surface. Davis[*][1], working in Illinois, found that grubs of this species came to the entrances of their burrows or even crawled upon the surface of ground when the soil was covered with water. [1]: #fn-1
Meta-Analysis of Diet Composition and Potential Conflict of Wild Horses with Livestock and Wild Ungulates on Western Rangelands of North America☆

Abstract Wild horse (Equus ferus caballus) management in western North America is an escalating concern for ecological integrity on these landscapes. Identifying potential diet overlap among horses, livestock, and wildlife will inform management decisions to optimize multiple interests. To understand dietary relationships, we conducted a quantitative synthesis of microhistological fecal studies for wild horse, beef cattle ( Bos spp.), domestic sheep (Ovis aries), elk (Cervus elaphus), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) diet composition on western rangelands of North America. Our search yielded 60 studies from 14 states, 1 Canadian province, and 2 Mexican states with 392 unique species-season samples. We summarized plant species into graminoid, forb, and browse functional groups. For wild horses, seasonal diet composition means for graminoids (77−89%), forbs (4−15%), and browse (3−10%) did not vary seasonally for any plant group ( P ≤ 0.05). Univariate analyses and the calculation of effect sizes corroborated our finding that graminoid composition explained the potential overlap of wild horses with cattle regardless of season, with sheep and elk in the spring, with sheep in the summer, and with elk in the fall and winter. Although data indicate wild horse diets are primarily composed of graminoids, several studies reported unusual, regionally specific shifts in response to winter snow that limited graminoid accessibility, leading to higher browse composition. Season, plant composition, and ungulate assemblage may all influence dietary competition between wild horses and other large ungulate sharing western North American rangelands; however, the low and nonsignificant heterogeneity values at alpha 0.01 for cattle:horse effect size comparisons suggest that cattle and horses respond to regional and seasonal variation similarly—a result not observed for other ungulate:horse comparisons. Our meta-analysis provides a robust data set for evaluations of diet composition for wild horses, livestock, and wildlife, whereas no empirical studies have assessed all species together.
Investigation of Noise on Female workers' Health in a Textile Mill

[Objective] To understand the effect of noise on female workers' health.[Methods]403 workers with noise exposure conducted general health examination and hearing tests,Qualified AD 226 middle-diagnostic pure tone audiometry,which was made in Denmark,was adopted in hearing tests.[Results] Hearing loss in workers with long-term exposure to noise was very serious.Between different gender groups,the difference of abnormal electrocardiogram detection rate was significant(χ2=5.33,P0.05),abnormal detection rate of female was higher than that of male in blood routine examination(χ2=8.62,P0.01);the difference of abnormal electrocardiogram in female workers was significant between noise group and control group(χ2=4.09,P0.05);abnormal detection rate of blood routine examination in noise group was higher than that in control group(χ2=5.23,P0.05).[Conclusion]Textile noise can cause hearing loss,female workers' abnormal electrocardiogram changes and abnormal blood changes.
Fraternities, Dueling, and Student Honor

Soon after 19-year-old Ivan Belov arrived at St Petersburg University in the 1840s to begin his studies, he found himself in a student apartment, crowded with young men wearing orange, white, and black uniforms. At the sound of the command ‘Silentium!’ the chatter and laughter stopped abruptly, and the young men listened in silence as they were reminded of their collective responsibility to preserve their honor, ‘without blemish or reproach.’2
Foundational Operations for Maps

A complete algebra for maps includes both data types and operations over types. In this chapter, we introduce the three fundamental map operations, denoted the power operations for maps. The power operations are significant because all map operations can be expressed in terms of the three power operations. The power operations allow one to distinguish all regions in a spatial partition, distinguish all faces in all regions, and alter label values. Because regions in spatial partitions are defined based on their labels, this allows users to alter regions in a partition.
Treatment of a hypersaline brine, extracted from a potential CO2 sequestration site, and an industrial wastewater by membrane distillation and forward osmosis

Abstract Industrial-scale CO 2 geological sequestration in deep saline aquifers may require extraction of large volumes of hypersaline brine. We investigated different strategies for treatment of Mt. Simon brine (a hypersaline brine with total dissolved solids of ∼225,000 ppm, extracted from a potential CO 2 sequestration site in Illinois) and an industrial wastewater. The extracted brine was first subjected to a coagulation/filtration pretreatment and then treated directly by membrane distillation (MD), or used as a draw solution to harvest purified water from an industrial wastewater by the forward osmosis (FO) process. Results indicated that the pretreated brine could be treated directly by MD with a water flux of 38 kg/m 2 ·h and ∼40% water recovery. In simultaneous treatment of the wastewater and Mt. Simon brine using FO-MD, the Mt. Simon brine draw solution outperformed a 20% MgSO 4 draw solution by showing a higher osmotic pressure that resulted in a 60% higher water flux. However, the brine draw solution also showed a higher reverse salt flux. The treatment of wastewater by FO using the hypersaline brine as a draw solution, performed in multicycles by periodic flushing with deionized water, demonstrated a stable water flux and reduced the wastewater volume by ∼10 times. The treatment strategies investigated reduced the volume of industrial wastewater by ∼10 times and that of Mt. Simon brine by ∼2 times, and they generated a significant amount of usable water through direct and indirect treatment of the Mt. Simon brine by the MD process.
Comment on the South Atlantic’s Role in the Global Circulation

The role of the South Atlantic in the global climate system, specifically as it concerns the North Atlantic Deep Water driven thermohaline meridional overturning cell, has drawn much attention in recent years. I propose that the configuration of the continents bounding the South Atlantic, specifically the contrast in the southern extreme of South America and Africa relative to the maximum westerlies wind, allow the development of a salty Atlantic Ocean, preconditioning the region for production of North Atlantic Deep Water, whose positive feedbacks further energizes the process. Much of the low salinity upper layer water carried by the South Pacific Current towards the coast of Chile, turns northward into the subtropical South Pacific as the Peru Current. Pacific surface water that does flow through the Drake Passage tends to transverse the South Atlantic, picking up more freshwater enroute drawn from the evaporative regime of the South Atlantic subtropics, into the Indian Ocean. Only a small component of the South Atlantic Current turns northward into the Benguela Current. Warm, saline Indian Ocean thermocline water can slip along the southern rim of Africa into the South Atlantic to further increase Atlantic salinity.
Evidence for the Role of Inadequate Vitamin D in Asthma Severity Among Children

Asthma is the most common chronic pediatric medical condition in the United States and accounts for significant morbidity, particularly among minority and disadvantaged populations. Hypovitaminosis D is also highly prevalent throughout the developed world, and many of the risk factors for hypovitaminosis D and asthma are the same. Several recent observational studies have documented a correlation between asthma severity and vitamin D levels; however, there is no strong evidence for causality yet. Until trials of vitamin D supplementation among children with asthma are performed, the role of low levels of vitamin D in causing asthma morbidity will remain unclear.
"Dar"-ing to target CD38 in T-ALL.

In this issue of Blood, Bride et al show that CD38 is expressed on pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) at the time of diagnosis, after induction treatment, and at the time of relapse and that targeting CD38 with the monoclonal antibody daratumumab shows great efficacy in multiple patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of T-ALL.1
Lateral congenital anomalies of the pharyngeal apparatus: part I. Normal developmental anatomy (embryogenesis) for the surgeon.

Knowledge of the embryogenesis of the pharyngeal apparatus is the only means of understanding the "architecture" of the neck. The embryonic pharynx (which includes future oral and nasal cavities) is a much more extensive area than the adult pharynx. The main feature of the developing pharynx is a series of arches, internal pouches, and external clefts, which together comprise the pharyngeal apparatus. This structure is associated with other developing splanchna of the neck, e.g., the thyroid and parathyroid glands, tonsils, and thymus. Within each of the pharyngeal arches are the developing aortic arches and, specific for each arch, cranial nerves. The complex relations of the mesenchymal derivatives of arches (muscles, cartilage, bones) with the neurovascular bundles within each arch are presented and explained. The pharyngeal apparatus undergoes dramatic transformations: pouches and clefts disappear without interruption (interruption would produce gills and support the misnomer "branchial apparatus"). In addition, in the lateroventral neck, somites migrate to produce other muscles such as sternocleidomastoid and trapezius innervated by spinal nerves. Lateral congenital anomalies largely rely on persistence of a cleft/and or pouch or communication between the two. Their tracts have a "crooked" course among other entities generated by alterations that take place during embryogenesis.
Transport of Transmitter-Related Enzymes

Dramatic changes in the axonal transport of several enzymes involved in transmitter metabolism occur following axotomy (for an extensive review see Grafstein and Forman, 1980). Axonal transport of transmitter-related enzymes has generally been found to be reduced, as is nerve content of these enzymes. Similarly, the amount of enzyme activity present in the perikarya of the cells of origin of the damaged axons is decreased. As we shall see, there are exceptions to each of these statements. These changes are thought to reflect a change in emphasis in the neuronal economy from that of a functioning cell carrying out its essential role in the life of the organism to that of a convalescent invalid. Because the neuron has lost its efferent connections, the enzymes involved in transmitter metabolism are presumed to be, at least temporarily, useless, and the production of some of them in the perikaryon and their export from it are curtailed.
The Self-Reducibility Technique

A set S is sparse if it contains at most polynomially many elements at each length, i.e., $$ \left( {\exists \;polynomial\;p} \right)\left( {\forall n} \right)\left[ {||\{ x|x \in S \wedge |x| = n\} || \le p\left( n \right)} \right] $$ (1.1) .
Relationships: Discipleship that Promotes Another Kind of Life:

The acid test of the authentic Christ-following life is linked to a steady growth in compassionate caring validated by the way Christians care and value the ones closest to them. Ministers of spiri...
Convergence, commonality, and context in psychoanalytic supervision

What are the binding commonalities that demark and define any and all psychoanalytic supervision perspectives? What do we all do as psychoanalytic supervisors that practically matters? Furthermore,...
Assessing sustainability performance in the educational sector. A high school case study

Abstract This paper provides a detailed assessment of the environmental performance of a High school student in the city of Madrid, as well as the associated external costs. Life Cycle Assessment was used to evaluate the potential environmental impacts. Environmental external costs were also estimated using a simplified application of the impact pathway approach. The inventory of environmental loads included the consumption of resources in the school building operation and maintenance (O&M) activities, in the educational activities and in the transport activities. The activity of one student in one school year is the functional unit. The results showed that the emissions contributing to Climate Change are quantified in 461 kg CO2 eq·year −1 ·student −1 , being the transport responsible for the 69% of the total impact, the O&M of the school building for the 20% and the educational activities for the remaining 11%. According to the results, the O&M of the facilities is the largest contributor to ozone depletion and water resource depletion. The educational activity is the main contributor to human toxicity, freshwater eutrophication and ecotoxicity, land use and resource depletion. Transport activities are responsible for most of the impacts related to the exposure to particular matter, ionizing radiation, and those impacts related to photochemical ozone formation, acidification, and terrestrial and marine eutrophication. Furthermore, the quantification of the external costs showed that these costs could reach a value of 34 euro·year −1 ·student −1 being transport the main contributor with a 52% of the external costs.
A microfluidic patterned model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: applications to disease progression and zonation

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) affect 25% of the world population. NAFLD is predicted to soon become the main cause of liver morbidity and transplantation. The disease is characterized by a progressive increase of lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, which eventually induce fibrosis and inflammation, and can ultimately cause cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma. Here, we created a patterned model of NAFLD on a chip using free fatty acid gradients to recapitulate a spectrum of disease conditions in a single continuous liver tissue. We established the NAFLD progression via quantification of intracellular lipid accumulation and transcriptional levels of fatty acid transporters and NAFLD pathogenesis markers. We then used this platform to create oxygen driven steatosis zonation mimicking the sinusoidal lipid distribution on a single continuous tissue and showed that this fat zonation disappears under progressed steatosis, in agreement with in vivo observations and recent computational studies. While we focus on free fatty acids and oxygen as the drivers of NAFLD, the microfluidic platform here is extensible to simultaneous use of other drivers.