cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vertical distribution and metabolism in Antarctic mesopelagic fishes

Abstract 1. 1. Vertical distributions, oxygen consumption rates and activities of intermidiary metabolic enzymes were examined in several species of Antarctic mesopelagic fishes as part pf the AMERIEZ (Antarctic Marine Ecosystem Research at the Ice Edge Zone) program to study ice-edge biology in the Scotia-Weddell Sea region. 2. 2. Sixteen mesopelagic fish species were captured, nine in sufficient numbers to determine their vertical distribution. Seven of the nine exhibited a diel vertical migration. 3. 3. Oxygen consumption rates (VO2) declined with increasing depth of occurence and ranged from 0.159 μl O2/mg wet weight/hr in a fish living at the surface to 0.016 μl O2/mg wet weight/hr in a fish living at 500 m. 4. 4. Activities in white skeletal muscle of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cutrate synthase (CS), representing the anaerobic and aerobic pathways of intermediary metabolism, declined in a similar manner to oxygen consumption rate with depth. 5. 5. Comparison of Antarctic and California mesopelagic fishes reveals a similar VO2 at normal habitat temperature. When extrapolated to the same temperature Antarctic fishes show the elevated VO2 commonly called “cold adaptatio”. 6. 6. Cold adaptation is reflected in the activity of the aerobic pathway (CS) but not in the anaerobic (LDH).
The platelet PlA2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) D allele polymorphisms and the risk of recurrent events after acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Chromosome 17q21-23 harbors genes for platelet glycoprotein IIIa and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which are polymorphic for alleles PlA2 and ACE “D.” These alleles have been independently and often associated with ischemic coronary artery disease (CAD). We sought to determine if the PlA2 and ACE D polymorphisms were risk factors for recurrent coronary events. In the Cholesterol And Recurrent Events (CARE) trial, 4,159 men and women with documented myocardial infarction (MI) were randomized to receive either placebo or pravastatin, and were followed prospectively for 5 years. PlA and ACE genotypes were determined in 767 patients: 385 cases who had experienced a recurrent primary event (death due to coronary disease or nonfatal MI), and 382 age- and gender-matched controls. In patients receiving placebo, the PlA1,A2 genotype conferred a relative risk (RR) of 1.38 (confidence intervals [CI] 1.04 to 1.83; p = 0.028; adjusted RR = 1.32, CI = 0.99 to 1.76; p = 0.058]) for the primary end point. Compared with the placebo group, pravastatin reduced the excess RR of coronary disease death and recurrent MI in the PlA1,A2 patient population by 31% (p = 0.06). The ACE D allele appeared to have modestly additive effects on the PlA1,A2 risk. Among the PlA1,A2 patients, pravastatin had little effect on the risk of recurrent events with the ACE II genotype, but reduced the adjusted RR from 1.42 (placebo) to 0.58 for ACE ID patients, and from 1.56 (placebo) to 0.83 for ACE DD. The PlA1,A2 genotype was associated with an excess of recurrent coronary events in patients after MI who did not receive pravastatin, and the ACE D allele added to this risk. These data suggest that it would be important to perform a larger study to address the potential role of these genotypes in therapeutic decision making.
A targeted approach to miRNA target identification.

A targeted mass spectrometry method, selected reaction monitoring, is applied to validate predicted microRNA targets in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Truth and Intentionality: An Ethnographic Critique

Questions of intentionality and truth are constant worries in the daily work of constructing hypotheses about the intellectual focus and social behavior of the people ethnographers study. The very process of doing ethnography often implies asking ourselves and others questions regarding possible motivations, beliefs, explanations, and consequences of actions. It is around notions of truth and intentionality, and their relation to responsibility, that we are likely to "feel different" from the people we live with and study. And it is through the discussion of these dimensions that we come to define the uniqueness of others' ways of being-in-the-world. When we look for traces of these interpretive processes in anthropological writings, however, we find little information or discussion. Ethnographies rarely give us the amount of detail needed to assess exactly how truth was defined, agency represented, intentions taken into consideration, or responsibilities assessed. At best, we are given summaries of some of these processes, but-as lamented by dialogical anthropologists (cf. Tedlock 1983) and cognitive anthropologists (cf. Sperber 1985)-the inferential processes remain hidden, and the data on which generalizations are based are not available for scrutiny. At the same time, such analytical concepts as truth, interpretation, and intentionality are hardly discussed in the ethnographic literature. The relationship between people, their thoughts, and their actions is a major topic of ethnographic description, but anthropologists tend to avoid philosophical discussions about such relationships. Confronted with what they consider too abstract and culturally deprived characterizations of human thought and human action, most ethnographers tend to stay away from debates about philosophy of mind or philosophy of language. Thus, for instance, the enthusiasm with which many anthropologists greeted the publication of Austin's (1962) work on speech as social action faded in the face of subsequent failure by contemporary philosophers of language to engage in the analysis of socioculturally situated speech exchanges and by the anthropologists' reluctance to extend their discussions to philosophical debates in the humanities or in the cognitive sciences. The more recent interest among cultural and linguistic anthropologists in Vygotsky's (1978) work on the social origins of cognitive processes
The Design of High Power LED Headlamp

With the continuous development of LED(Light-Emitting Diode) manufacturing technology, the high power white LED is gradually applied in the field of all kinds of lighting .But with working time increasing of LED chips, their junctions temperature continue increasing, which lead to decrease light-emitting efficiency and reliability of LED chip, and even be failure. According to the serious heating of LED chip, this paper has been designed a fin-type aluminum radiator panels using Pro/E software. A LED constant current drive circuit is designed by using LTC3783 chip. With the ANSYS software, thermal analysis was carried out on the fin-type aluminum radiator panels, and eventually the mode of high power LED headlamps is determined. The stability of the LED constant current drive circuit is verified through experiments. The LED headlamps of 90W worked for ten hours, and the results of the experiments showed that the LED chip junctions temperature measured are less than 75°Cso we can solve heat dissipation of high power LED headlamps effectively.
Statistical mechanics of microemulsions

At low surfactant concentrations, an oil–water microemulsion may be represented as two immiscible continuum fluids, oil and water, dispersed in one another so as to form two interpenetrating, multiply connected regions, with the surfactant adsorbed at the interface between them. Scriven1 has pointed out that as the oil/water ratio is increased, three types of structure will evolve in succession: starting from the oil-in-water emulsion to be expected at low oil content, there should be a smooth transition to a bicontinuous structure, in which neither phase can be said to surround the other, followed by a second transition to a water-in-oil emulsion when the oil content is sufficiently high. It seems likely, as Scriven suggests, that the phase diagrams reported for microemulsion systems involve all of these structures. Here we propose a statistical mechanical model for microemulsions, based on a simple procedure for generating random two-fluid geometries. Over certain ranges of the model parameters, the resulting free energy-composition surface shows regions where a bicontinuous phase may coexist with an oil-in-water and a water-in-oil emulsion; such three-phase equilibria have been observed experimentally2. Our calculations also suggest a possible explanation of the very low interfacial tensions sometimes found between microemulsion phases.
Two-dimensional optical processing using one-dimensional input devices

Two-dimensional optical processing architectures that are implemented with one-dimensional input spatial light modulators are reviewed. The advanced state of the art of available one-dimensional devices and the flexibility that exists in the design of two-dimensional architectures with one-dimensional transducers leads to the implementation of the most powerful and versatile optical processors. Signal and image processing architectures of this type are discussed.
The Effect of Seed Grants on Surgical Ethics Education and Research

METHODS: Two anonymous internet surveys were sent to grant recipients, one immediately following the grant period in 2011 focusing on immediate feedback about the grant, and one in 2014 focusing on accomplishments and challenges after the grant period. Responses were tabulated and common themes were identified. RESULTS: The response rates of the 2011 and 2014 surveys were 25/40 (62.5%), and 23/40 (57.5%, still active), respectively. The majority of responders were Attending Physicians (18/23, 60.9%); residents and fellows also submitted responses. Grants were identified as beneficial to beginning or expanding institutional ethics training programs by all respondents, and most found the grant beneficial to their career development (19/23, 86.4%). The majority of grants were used to develop ethics curricula for students or housestaff (18/23, 81.8%), though many also pursued ethics research (10/23, 45.5%). A minority of respondents (3/23, 13.6%) received further funding for ethics research or education following their grant. Challenges described include lack of interest from other faculty and difficulty continuing programs due to funding.
Freezing and melting of hydrogen confined in nanoporous silica

Thermodynamic properties of condensed hydrogen in geometric confinement remain poorly understood. Here, we use relaxation calorimetry to study solidification and melting of H2 in a series of Vycor-type nanoporous silica glasses with interconnected pores with average diameters in a wide range of ?100?3000??. We find that the depression of freezing and melting temperatures for this quantum system follows the classical Gibbs?Thomson-like behavior, scaling inversely with the pore size when correlated to pore diameters measured directly by electron microscopy, rather than conventional gas sorption techniques. The shapes of pore size distributions derived from hydrogen thermoporometry are, however, more complex than those measured by gas sorption. The ratio between temperatures of the depression of freezing and melting suggests that the actual pore geometry in Vycor-type nanoporous glasses deviates from cylindrical.
Solution structure of the tissue-type plasminogen activator kringle 2 domain complexed to 6-aminohexanoic acid an antifibrinolytic drug.

Abstract The solution structure of a recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator kringle 2 domain, complexed with the antifibrinolytic drug 6-aminohexanoic acid (6-AHA) was determined via 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and dynamical simulated annealing calculations. The structure determination is based on 610 intramolecular kringle 2 and 14 intermolecular kringle 2-6-AHA interproton distance restraints, as well as on 82 torsion angle restraints. Three sets of simulated annealing structures were computed from three different classes of starting structures: (1) random conformations devoid of disulfide bridges; (2) random conformations that contain correct disulfide bonds; and (3) a folded conformation modeled after the homologous prothrombin kringle 1 X-ray crystallographic structure. All three sets of structures are well defined, with averaged atomic root-meansquare deviations between individual structures and mean set structures of 0·77, 0·99 and 0·70 A for backbone atoms, and 1·36, 1·55 and 1·41 A for all atoms, respectively. Kringle 2 is an oblate ellipsoid with overall dimensions of approximately 34 A × 30 A × 17 A. It exhibits a compact globular conformation characterized by a number of turns and loop elements as well as by one right-handed α-helix and five (1 extended and 4 rudimentary) antiparallel β-sheets. The extended β-sheet exhibits a right-handed twist. Close van der Waals' contacts between the Cys22-Cys63 and Cys51-Cys75 disulfide bridges and the central hydrophobic core composed of the Trp25, Leu46, His48a and Trp62 sidechains are among the distinguishing features of the kringle 2 fold. The binding site for 6-AHA appears as a rather exposed cleft with a negatively charged locus defined by the Asp55 and Asp57 side-chains, and with an aromatic pocket structured by the Tyr36, Trp62, His64 and Trp72 side-chains. The Trp62 and His64 rings line the back surface of the pocket, while the Tyr36 and Trp72 rings confine it from two sides. The Trp62 and Trp72 indole rings conform a V-shaped groove. The methyl groups of Va135 also contribute lipophilic character to the ligand-interacting surface. It is suggested that the positively charged side-chains of Lys34 and, potentially, Arg69 may favor interactions with the carboxylate group of the ligand. The Trp25 and Tyr74 aromatic rings, although conserved elements of the binding site structure, seem not to undergo direct contacts with the ligand.
Selecting technologies for assessment.

This article describes criteria used by several organizations to select technologies for assessment and the factors that are common to most lists of criteria. It presents a framework or model (called TAPSS) that relates the most important factors. The model can be used to estimate the expected impact of an assessment on health and economic outcomes for a population. It incorporates information on such factors as the health and economic importance of the disease addressed by the technology, the expected impact of the technology on health and economic outcomes, variations in the technology's current use, and factors affecting the production and reception of an assessment. The article includes an example of an application of the method—screening for maple syrup urine disease.
Assessment of recombinants that arise from the use of a TMV-based transient expression vector.

A potential use of virus-based transient expression vectors is the large-scale production of commercial specialty products, which would require the inoculation of many acres of plants with the viral vector. However, there are several concerns about the widespread use of virus-based vectors. Among these are the spread of the engineered virus to susceptible plants and the generation and persistence of recombinant viruses in the environment. Using a Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based transient gene expression vector, 30B, which expresses the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (30B-GFP), we describe the predominant types of hybrid viruses that developed in plants. In general, the recombinants deleted the foreign gene and repeated sequences, retaining only those sequences required for optimal replication and movement. In pathogenicity studies and challenge experiments designed to make a comparative assessment of the competitiveness of the recombinants with the parent virus, the recombinants had reduced vigor and were less competitive and pathogenic than TMV, a virus which is already present in the areas where tobacco is grown.
Hypnosis for postpolio syndrome & Type-A behavior.

Abstract Many of the hundreds of thousands of survivors of polio are now developing postpolio syndrome. Symptoms include progressive muscle weakness, fatigue, decreased endurance, joint and muscle pain, weight gain, respiratory difficulties, and sleep disturbance, often precipitated or exacerbated by a Type-A Personality pattern. A postpolio patient with Type-A Personality was taught self-hypnosis as a vital component of treatment. Pre-post testing included the Profile of Mood States, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the State-Trait Anger Inventory, and the Personal Orientation Inventory; the patient's spouse was interviewed during the follow-up. At the 6-month follow-up, improvements were documented in pain level, depression, self-regard, self-acceptance, capacity for intimate contact, time competence (living in the present), confusion, anxiety, insomnia, and in trait and state anger. Only a mild improvement occurred in fatigue, and no improvement was found in weight control. Follow-up at 12 months con...
Light absorption by phytoplankton and chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the drainage basin and estuary of the Neuse River, North Carolina (U.S.A.)

SUMMARY 1. We examined the absorption of solar radiation by phytoplankton and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) taking into account riparian shading in the rivers, reservoirs, swamps of the Neuse River Estuary and its drainage basin. 2. In the streams, CDOM typically absorbed 55 and 64% of photons in the spectral range of 400–700 nm (photosynthetically active radiation, PAR) and 500–600 nm, respectively. The large proportion of photons absorbed by CDOM indicates high potential for abiotic photochemial reactions in the 500–600 nm region. 3. Despite the high concentration of nutrients, phytoplankton contributed little (2%) to the total absorption of PAR in the streams. Small (<30 m wide) streams typically received only 7% of incident PAR that impinged onto the more exposed reservoirs and estuary. Riparian shading and the low contribution of phytoplankton to the total absorption resulted in conditions where phytoplankton absorbed nearly two orders of magnitude less PAR in the streams than in the estuary and reservoirs. 4. The results indicated that riparian shading and non-algal absorbing components can significantly restrict phytoplankton production in nutrient-rich streams with a high concentration of CDOM flowing throughout forested catchments.
Network costs and the regulation of wholesale competition in electric power

We characterize the cost function for electric power transmission. It is complex and non-linear, exhibiting scale economies over its range. The social planning problem for network transmission expansion is illustrated with a simple numerical example. The regulatory problem for joint generation and transmission cost minimization is addressed. It is shown that information asymmetries about the transmission cost function can lead to coordination losses when there is competition in the generation segment. We parametrize the tradeoff between potential coordination losses in transmission planning and benefits of competition and examine some potential alternatives for improved regulation of the transmission planning process.
Validity of the Test of Infant Motor Performance for discriminating among infants with varying risk for poor motor outcome

Abstract Objective: The objective was to assess the ability of the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) to discriminate among infants with varying degrees of risk for motor developmental morbidity on the basis of perinatal medical complications. Study design: Ninety-eight infants were tested weekly with the TIMP until 4 months of age. Comparisons were made among 5 groups of infants: (1) term infants without significant medical problems (low risk); (2) infants born prematurely with no significant medical problems (medium risk); (3) infants born at Results: Infants in the low- and medium-risk groups did not differ from each other but were significantly better performers than infants in the high-risk groups. Infants with brain insults performed significantly less well than all other infants, both in absolute level of performance and in developmental slope across time. Performance by black infants averaged 2 points higher than that of other infants. Conclusions: The TIMP can discriminate among infants with differing risks for motor developmental delay. (J Pediatr 2001;139: 546-51)
Platelets: is aspirin sufficient or must we know how to pronounce abciximab?

Although vascular disease may present with symptoms that are representative of a focal exacerbation of atherosclerosis, it is inherently a systemic disease. Consequently, vascular surgeons must be capable of recommending to their patients pharmacologic approaches that will decrease future risk of cardiovascular-related morbidity and death. Antiplatelet treatments, in particular, have been shown to reduce future cerebrovascular and coronary events. Moreover, these medications have utility in maintaining peripheral vessel and graft patency after surgical bypass, endarterectomy, or percutaneous translumenal angioplasty. The future of optimal antiplatelet therapy will consist of strategies that block multiple platelet activation pathways simultaneously. Moreover, the use of directed antiplatelet medications promises more effective control of platelet physiology with a concomitant increase in safety. The authors review herein current recommendations for the use of aspirin, thienopyridines, and GP llb/llla inhibitors in patients with peripheral vascular disease.
SU‐FF‐T‐227: A Method for Intra‐Fractional Beam Range Control in Proton Therapy Treatment

Purpose: Range uncertainty in proton therapy is a recognized concern. For some treatment sites, e.g., prostate, liver/pancreas, beam range in patient may change daily due to variations in patient setup and anatomical configurations. We propose a strategy for intra‐fractional range control based on in‐vivo range verification and retroactive correction. Method and Materials: A protontreatment field contains a series of spread‐out Bragg peaks (SOBP) weighted to produce a dose distribution uniform in depth over the target volume. While the convention is to deliver all the peaks with their full weights in a single sequence, we want to split the delivery into two or more subsequences each containing only part of the weight for each peak. The first one or two subsequences can be used to detect the beam range in patient, and the remaining subsequences will be delivered with, if necessary, adjusted beam energies and weights to retroactively correct the overall beam range so that the total dose distribution for the treatment session is as prescribed for the target volume and critical organs nearby. Range detection can be achieved by point dose measurements and by manipulating the partial weights of the subsequences to “encode” the beam range information into the dose distributions. Specifically, “sloped” SOBP depth dose distributions were created and dose ratios between oppositely “sloped” subsequences were used to determine the water equivalent pathlengths to the dosimeter locations. Results: “Sloped” SOBP distributions were produced with sufficient accuracy in a passive‐scattering beam delivery system. Phantom tests with ion chamber showed millimeter accuracy in range determination. Treatment planning exercises were performed for prostate cases to illustrate the range control strategy. Conclusion: A method for intra‐fractional beam range control in protontreatment has been explored with encouraging results.
The epidemiology of reoperation after flexor pulley reconstruction.

Purpose We used a statewide database to determine the incidence of pulley reconstruction and to evaluate the influence of demographics on reoperation. We hypothesized that age, insurance status, and concomitant nerve or tendon procedure would influence the likelihood of reoperation. Methods We used the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System ambulatory surgery database from New York, which represents all outpatient surgery in the state. Patients who had flexor pulley reconstruction from 1998 to 2009 were identified using Current Procedural Terminology 4 codes. Subsequent surgery records for these patients were identified through 2010, allowing at least 1 year follow-up. Concomitant nerve procedure and flexor tendon repair/reconstruction were identified. The type and timing of subsequent procedures, including tenolysis and repeat pulley reconstruction, were recorded. Univariate statistics were calculated to compare age, sex, and payer type between patients with and without reoperation. A multivariable, logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association of the demographics with the chances of having reoperation. Results There were 623 patients who had flexor pulley reconstruction from 1998 to 2009. The incidence of pulley reconstruction was 0.27 per 100,000 persons, with an annual frequency of 52 procedures. There were 39 (6%) reoperations. There was no difference in age, concomitant nerve or tendon repair, or workers' compensation between patients with and without reoperation. Regression modeling showed a higher likelihood among men of having reoperation. Conclusions Flexor pulley reconstructions are rare. One-quarter of surgeons performed only one flexor pulley reconstruction over a 12-year period. The 6% reoperation rate is similar to our previous findings for flexor tendon repair using similar methodology. Our report provides information that may be useful in counseling patients. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic II.
High-resolution, low-power time synchronization an oxymoron no more

We present Virtual High-resolution Time (VHT), a power-proportional time-keeping service that offers a baseline power draw of a low-speed clock (e.g. 32 kHz crystal), but provides the time resolution that only a higher frequency clock could offer (e.g. 8 MHz crystal), and scales essentially linearly with access (i.e. the "reading" and "writing" of the clock). We achieve this performance by revisiting a basic assumption in the design of time-keeping systems -- that to achieve a given time-stamping resolution, a free-running timebase of equivalent frequency is needed. We show that this assumption is false and argue that the dependence is not on usage (i.e. whether on or off) but rather on access (i.e. reading and writing). Therefore, it is possible to duty cycle the free-running timebase itself, and augment it with a lower-frequency, temperature-compensated one, which achieves comparable resolution, at a fraction of the power, for typical workloads. The key technical challenge lies in duty cycling the fast clock and synchronizing the fast and slow clocks. To assess the viability of the approach, we explore how VHT could be implemented on several different platform architectures, and to study the power/performance tradeoff, we characterize VHT on one particular architecture in detail. Our results show power-proportional operation with a 10x improvement in average power and a synchronization accuracy exceeding 1 μs at duty cycles below 0.1%.
The beginnings of tool use by infants and toddlers.

Children (aged 9, 14, 19, and 24 months) were encouraged to use tools to achieve a demonstrated goal. Each tool was most efficiently applied when held by the handle with the thumb toward the head of the tool in a radial grip. The tools were presented at midline and oriented to the left and right on alternating trials, so the children who managed to grasp a tool in both orientations with the radial grip demonstrated planning of actions in advance. The tools included a spoon, hairbrush, toy hammer, and magnet; the goals were to feed one's self, feed another, brush one's hair, brush another's hair, hit pegs, and retrieve metal objects. Children were found to use more radial grips with the self-directed tools (i.e., hairbrush-to-self and spoon-to-self), indicating that they could plan their actions better when directed toward the self than toward an external goal.
Effect of organic fertilizer on heterotrophs and autotrophs: implications for water quality management

Alfalfa meal as a source of organic fertilizer was used in a series of pond, enclosure and laboratory experiments to determine its effect on bacteria, algae and water quality. Bacteria and flagellate algae were increased, whereas nonflagellate algae were not significantly affected by organic loadings. Bacterial and algal turnover rates we re 1.9-2.7 times daily and 0.18-0.22 times daily at 20-25oC, respectively. Oxygen consumption rates were enhanced by increasing organic input or temperature. Dissolved oxygen in ponds with organic fertilizer was significantly lower than that in ponds without organic input. Because of low N and P content and high oxygen consumption, organic fertilizer alone is unlikely to provide adequate nutrients for algae and sufficient oxygen for fish. To stimulate the growth of food organisms for fish in aquaculture ponds, a combined use of inorganic and organic fertilizer is recommended, but the amount of organic fertilizer should be determined with care to avoid water quality deterioration. The amount of 10mg alfalfa 1−1 wk−1 is considered the upper safety limit for organic fertilization. The nitrogen and phosphorus ratio should be kept weekly at 20:1 by weight to promote the development of food organisms in ponds.
HREM image simulations for small particle catalysts on crystalline supports

Summary The imaging conditions for electron microscope studies of supported ultrafine particle catalysts have been investigated by multislice simulations. Images of Pt and ReO4 particles ranging from 0·4 to 2·3 nm in size were simulated in both plan view and profile view with a rutile (TiO2) support. It was shown that particle visibility varied greatly with the objective lens defocus. Optimum defocus was not favourable for supported particles in plan view since the ultrafine supported particles were least visible at this defocus. Underfocusing, especially at defoci corresponding to half-spacing fringes in the TiO2 support, led to improved visibility and resolution of the supported particles. Although the structure and shape of supported ultrafine particles should be resolved better with a 400-kV high-resolution electron microscope, their detectability is poorer than with a 200-kV instrument. An ReO4 cluster should be detectable at 200 kV on TiO2 supports up to 5 nm in thickness, whereas it is only likely to be detectable at 400 kV on supports up to 3 nm in thickness. The simulations confirmed that optimum defocus is most favourable for imaging supported particles in profile view. Atomic information for particles as small as a 13-atom Pt cuboctahedral cluster should be resolvable with a 400-kV instrument. The crystalline Ti monolayer observed on surfaces of Pt particles, which could explain the mechanism known as SMSI, was simulated as an example of profile imaging.
The mechanics and muscular control of constriction in gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) and a king snake (Lampropeltis getula)

Constriction of prey by gopher snakes Pituophis melanoleucus and king snakes Lampropeltis getula is highly variable in posture, muscular activity and force exertion. These snakes typically use lateral bends of the anterior trunk to wind the body into a vertical coil around the prey. Three common constriction postures are fully encircling loops that form a coil, partially encircling loops, and non-encircling loops that pinion the prey. Initial tightening of a coil occurs by winding or pressing the loops tighter to reduce the diameter of the coil. The epaxial muscles are highly active during striking and coil formation and intermittently active during sustained constriction. These results refute the hypothesis of a mechanical constraint on constriction in snakes with elongate epaxial muscles. Constricting gopher and king snakes can detect muscular, ventilatory and circulatory movements in rodent prey. In response to simulated heartbeats or ventilation in mice, the snakes twitch visibly, recruit epaxial muscle activity, and increase constriction pressure temporarily, but then quickly relax. Muscular activity and constriction pressure are increased most and sustained longest in response to muscular struggling in prey. Although muscle activity and pressure exertion are intermittent, the constriction posture is maintained until the prey has been completely still for several seconds; thus, a snake can reapply pressure in response to any circulatory, ventilatory or muscular movement by the prey. The pressures of 6.1‐30.9 kPa (46‐232 mm Hg) exerted on small mammal prey by constricting snakes range from about half to over twice a mouse’s systolic blood pressure, and are probably 10 times larger than the venous pressure. These high pressures probably kill mammalian prey by inducing immediate circulatory and cardiac arrest, rather than by suffocation alone.
Creative coping: A cognitive-behavioral group for borderline personality disorder

Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) pose major therapeutic challenges to mental health professionals. Effective and practical treatment of the patient with BPD is needed in short-term inpatient settings, and psychiatric nurses are in a unique position to implement innovative treatment strategies for the borderline patient. The Creative Coping Group is a practice model designed by psychiatric nurses for patients with BPD, using a cognitive-behavioral framework. It is a group therapy intervention based on Linehan's Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) that addresses the ineffective coping of patients with BPD that results in chronic suicidal behavior. Linehan's framework focuses on deficits in emotional control, interpersonal effectiveness, and distress tolerance. The objective of the group sessions is to foster insight and awareness into symptoms, feelings, and behaviors through psychoeducation, group exercises, discussion, and homework assignments.
Maintaining variance and k-medians over data stream windows

The sliding window model is useful for discounting stale data in data stream applications. In this model, data elements arrive continually and only the most recent N elements are used when answering queries. We present a novel technique for solving two important and related problems in the sliding window model---maintaining variance and maintaining a k--median clustering. Our solution to the problem of maintaining variance provides a continually updated estimate of the variance of the last N values in a data stream with relative error of at most e using O(1/e2 log N) memory. We present a constant-factor approximation algorithm which maintains an approximate k--median solution for the last N data points using O(k/τ4 N2τ log2N) memory, where τ
Production-quality video over broadband networks: a system description and two interactive applications

The Washington University MultiMedia eXplorer (MMX) is a complete, host-independent multimedia system capable of transmitting and receiving JPEG-compressed video, CD-quality audio, and high-resolution radiographic images over the Washington University broadband ATM network. If the host is equipped with an ATM interface card, normal network traffic can be supported via an ATM extension port on the MMX. The major components of the MMX are an ATMizer and three multimedia channels. The ATMizer implements the host interface, the interface to the ATM network, and the interface to the three multimedia channels. This paper describes the architecture of the MMX, the software used with the system, and two applications that have been developed to demonstrate the capability of broadband ATM networks for multimedia applications. >
Problems and issues affecting the U.S. depository library program and the GPO: The librarians' manifesto

Abstract Decreasing federal funds, potentially conflicting legislative initiatives, and the introduction of electronic products and services as primary mediums for dissemination of government information have intensified many longstanding problems with the U.S. Depository Library Program (DLP). In addition, virtually every aspect of the DLP, from the definition of a government document to the role of the private sector in the production and distribution of government information. is being reexamined. In this paper, a group of practicing documents librarians explore these issues and offer a variety of options for their resolution. They also take a critical look at the U.S. Government Printing Office and suggest how, in an ideal environment, it might be reorganized to better meet the needs of libraries as well as the producers and users of government information.
Medical orders for life-sustaining treatment: is it time yet?

Objective:As the aging population faces complex end-of-life issues, we studied the intervals between long-term care admission and advance directive completion, and between completion and death. We also sought to determine the interdisciplinary team's compliance with documented wishes.Method:A cross-sectional study of 182 long-term care residents in two facilities with and without completed medical orders for life-sustaining treatment (MOLST) in the New York Metropolitan area was conducted. Demographic variables included: gender, age, ethnicity, and diagnosis. Measures included: admission date, MOLST execution date, and date of death. Resident advance directive documentation was compared with clinical intervention at time of death, including intubation and mechanical ventilation.Results:Of the residents studied, 68.7% were female, 91% were Caucasian and 91.8% were ≥ 65 years of age (mean age: 83). The median time from admission to MOLST signing was 48 days. Median time from admission to MOLST signing for Caucasians was 21 days; for non-Caucasians was 229 days. Fifty-two percent of MOLST were signed by children, and 24% by residents. Of those with signed forms, 25% signed on day of admission, 37% signed within 7 days, and 47% signed within 21 days. Only 3% of residents died the day their MOLST was signed, whereas 12% died within a week, and 22% died within 30 days. Finally, among the 68 subjects who signed a MOLST and died, 87% had their wishes met.Significance of results:In this era of growing time constraints and increased regulations, medical directors of long-term care facilities and those team members caring for residents urgently need a clear and simple approach to the goals of care for their residents. The MOLST is an ideal tool in caring for older adults at the end of life, providing concrete guidance, not only with regard to do not resuscitate (DNR) and do not intubate (DNI) orders, but also for practical approaches to daily care for the interdisciplinary team.
Smoke Alarm Tests May Not Adequately Indicate Smoke Alarm Function

Smoke alarms are one of the most promoted prevention strategies to reduce residential fire deaths, and they can reduce residential fire deaths by half. Smoke alarm function can be measured by two tests: the smoke alarm button test and the chemical smoke test. Using results from a randomized trial of smoke alarms, we compared smoke alarm response to the button test and the smoke test. The smoke alarms found in the study homes at baseline were tested, as well as study alarms placed into homes as part of the randomized trial. Study alarms were tested at 12 and 42 months postinstallation. The proportion of alarms that passed the button test but not the smoke test ranged from 0.5 to 5.8% of alarms; this result was found most frequently among ionization alarms with zinc or alkaline batteries. These alarms would indicate to the owner (through the button test) that the smoke alarm was working, but the alarm would not actually respond in the case of a fire (as demonstrated by failing the smoke test). The proportion of alarms that passed the smoke test but not the button test ranged from 1.0 to 3.0%. These alarms would appear nonfunctional to the owner (because the button test failed), even though the alarm would operate in response to a fire (as demonstrated by passing the smoke test). The general public is not aware of the potential for inaccuracy in smoke alarm tests, and burn professionals can advocate for enhanced testing methods. The optimal test to determine smoke alarm function is the chemical smoke test. Language: en
Relative free energy of binding and binding mode calculations of HIV‐1 RT inhibitors based on dock‐MM‐PB/GS

Tetrahydroimidazo-[4,5,l-jk][1,4]-benzodiazepin-2-(1H)-one (TIBO) derivatives are important nonnucleoside human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI). Several TIBO derivatives have shown high potency to inhibit reverse transcriptase (RT) and one (Tivirapine) has entered into clinical trials. The free energy of binding (FEB) is a numerical way to express the binding affinity of a ligand to its receptor and has been applied in screening candidates in rational drug design. In this work, the FEB of 42 TIBOs in RT was studied. Relative FEB is expressed in the form of a linear combination of vdW, electrostatic, solvation, and nonpolar solvation energy terms. The predicted FEB activity of the TIBOs studied has a good correlation (r2 = 0.8680, q2 = 0.8298) with respect to the experimental activity (pIC50). Based on the data reported here, the Finite Difference Poisson Boltzmann with a Gaussian Smooth Dielectric Constant Function method (PB/GS) solvation energy term is very important in predicting the binding affinity of TIBOs in RT. In summary, the Dock-Molecular Mechanics (MM)-PB/GS method is a promising technique in predicting ligand/receptor binding affinity and it can be used to screen relatively large sets of molecules in a reasonable amount of computer time. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
(n-6) and (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and the Aging Brain: Food for Thought

Over the last decade, the role of dietary PUFA in growth, development, and cognitive function in the infant has been a topic at numerous national and international meetings. Only recently has the role of PUFA been more seriously examined as they relate to the aging brain. In fact, a search of the literature reveals very few randomized control trials exploring this research area. However, the literature reveals growing mechanistic evidence that cognitive function of the aging brain can be preserved, or loss of function can be diminished with docosahexaenoic acid, a long-chain (n-3) PUFA. Furthermore, no symposia have taken a serious look at the impact of (n-6) PUFA on the brain, in particular arachidonic acid (AA), the most highly concentrated (n-6) PUFA in the brain. This symposium explores the role of AA metabolism in the brain as it relates to neurological mood disorders. To that end, this symposium was designed to highlight the potential effects of dietary PUFA on the adult brain, an important issue given the growing elderly population in this country and the growing problems with neurological disorders (dementia, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, bipolar disorders, etc.).
Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Color of Jellies

Jellies, prepared from strawberry, blackberry, apple and orange juice, were fortified with ascorbic acid at 0, 35, and 70 mg/100 mL. After storage at room temperature, the jellies were sampled at intervals up to 32 wk for color measurement. The ascorbic acid did produce lighter products as shown by higher Hunter L values. The hues were shifted towards the yellow as shown by higher theta values. The ascorbic acid was well retained in the jellies. Whether the lightness and hue changes are desirable is probably a matter of individual preference.
The Stealth distributed scheduler

The justification, design, and performance of the Stealth distributed scheduler is discussed. The goal of Stealth is to exploit the unused computing capacity of a workstation-based distributed system (WDS) without undermining the predictability in quality of service that a WDS provides to workstation owners. It is shown that the liberal approach taken by the Stealth distributed scheduler is a promising method of exploiting the vast quantity of unused computing capacity typically present in a WDS, while preserving predictability of service for workstation owners. >
Sport and Spirituality: An Introduction

Jim Parry, Simon Robinson, Nick Watson and Mark Nesti, Sport and Spirituality: An Introduction. London: Routledge, 2007. Pp. 280 $47.50 (pb). ISBN 978-0-415-404839 In September 2007 the first inter...
On efficient “time travel” in Gödel spacetime

Here we show that there exist closed timelike curves in Godel spacetime with total acceleration less than \({2\pi\sqrt{9+6\sqrt{3}}}\). This settles a question posed by Malament (J Math Phys 26:774–777, 1985; J Math Phys 28:2427–2430, 1987).
Monosodium glutamate: effect of plasma and breast milk amino acid levels in lactating women.

SummaryRecent studies describing the occurrence of specific neurotoxic effects in suckling animals of several species following oral or subcutaneous administration of large quantities of monosodium glutamate have raised questions regarding the safety of monosodium glutamate as a food additive for pregnant and lactating women. Plasma and breast milk free amino acid levels were measured in lactating women following ingestion of a single 6 g load of monosodium glutamate administered with either water or Slender. Small increases in plasma glutamate, aspartate and alanine levels were noted. However, little change was noted in breast milk amino acid levels. These data indicate that little, if any, of the administered load is concentrated in the milk.
Getting into shape: epidermal morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos.

Summary The change in shape of the C. elegans embryo from an ovoid ball of cells into a worm-shaped larva is driven by three events within the cells of the hypodermis (epidermis): (1) intercalation of two rows of dorsal cells, (2) enclosure of the ventral surface by hypodermis, and (3) elongation of the embryo. While the behavior of the hypodermal cells involved in each of these processes differs dramatically, it is clear that F-actin and microtubules have essential functions in each of these processes, whereas contraction of actomyosin structures appears to be involved specifically in elongation. Molecular analysis of these processes is revealing components specific to C. elegans as well as components found in other systems. Since C. elegans hypodermal cells demonstrate dramatically different behaviors during intercalation, enclosure and elongation, the study of cytoskeletal dynamics in these processes may reveal both unique and conserved activities during distinct epithelial morphogenetic movements. BioEssays
Sucrose Breakdown in Relation to Fruit Growth of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia)

This study was aimed at investigating the contribution of the enzymatic-non-enzymatic sucrose catabolizing system of developing acidic lime fruit in providing the necessary carbon to support the observed rates of growth and development
The CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A selectively increases monoaminergic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex: implications for therapeutic actions

1. In order to explore potential therapeutic implications of cannabinoid antagonists, the effects of the prototypical cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A on monoamine efflux from the medial prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens of the rat were investigated by in vivo microdialysis. 2. SR141716A moderately increased serotonin efflux and concentrations of its metabolite 5-HIAA, both in the medial prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens, and increased norepinephrine, dopamine and their metabolites in the medial prefrontal cortex. In contrast, it had no effect on norepinephrine, dopamine and their metabolites in the nucleus accumbens. 3. At the same doses, SR141716A increased acetylcholine efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex, in agreement with previous studies; contrary to the effects in cortex, SR141716A had no effect on acetylcholine efflux in the nucleus accumbens. 4. The efficacy of SR141716A in the psychostimulant-induced hyperlocomotion and the forced swimming paradigms was also explored in mice. SR141716A attenuated phenylcyclidine- and d-amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, without affecting locomotor activity when administered alone, and decreased immobility in the forced swimming test. 5. These results suggest that the cortical selectivity in the release of catecholamines, dopamine in particular, induced by the cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A, its procholinergic properties, together with its mild stimulatory effects on serotonin and norepinephrine efflux make similar compounds unique candidates for the treatment of psychosis, affective and cognitive disorders.