cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital imaging data on CD-R: a time trap for orthopaedic surgeons in outpatient clinics

Abstract Purpose X-rays are presented on CD-Rs in a digital format with increasing frequency. This technique is potentially more time-consuming for the clinician compared to conventional pictures. Methods Ten sets of six X-rays for each case were prepared in both the conventional way and in digital format on CD-R. The order was randomised. Time in seconds was measured for six experienced orthopaedic residents to present the most recent a.p. view out of a given set. As a precondition, the computer was turned on and the same viewing software was used for all digital sets. The results were compared using a non-linked Student’s t-test (significance level P = 0.05). Results The presentation of conventional X-rays required 21 s (±7.5 s) and of digital X-rays 90 s (±27 s), respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion In spite of ideal conditions, digital X-rays on CD-R need significantly more time in the orthopaedic clinic. In major centres, patients present with different software and software in other languages, which...
Gamma-ray lasers?

Abstract This paper reviews the essential requirements for observing stimulated emission of recoilles gamma radiation, categorizes and discusses the difficulties attending various proposals for creating an ultrashort-wave radiation source based on the Mossbauer effect.
Distribution and cycling of dimethylsulfide, dimethylsulfoniopropionate, and dimethylsulfoxide during spring and early summer in the Southern Ocean south of New Zealand

Concentrations of total dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPt) and its degradation products, dissolved dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSOd), were measured in surface waters along three transects between 49 to 76°S latitude (November 2003 & 2005 and December 2004) in the New Zealand sector of the Southern Ocean. Most water samples were collected from the ship’s underway pump system, and concentrations of DMSPt, DMS and DMSOd obtained with this method showed excellent agreement with Niskin bottle-collected samples. Dissolved DMSP (DMSPd), on the other hand, was significantly higher in pump samples. Biological consumption rates for DMSPd and DMS were also measured in Niskin-collected surface waters at selected stations. Concentrations of DMSPt (12 to 52 nM) and DMS (0.6 to 3.2 nM) were moderate in open waters north of the seasonal sea ice (north of 63°S), and very low ( 80% (65 – 73°S; November transects). High concentrations of DMSPt (up to 95 nM) and DMS (up to 30 nM), and high DMS:DMSPt ratios, were observed on the northern boundaries of the seasonal sea ice (63 to 68°S) and in the northern Ross Sea (74 – 76°S). Surface water DMSOd concentrations were variable (1 – 55 nM), but generally higher in ice melt zones and the northern Ross Sea, especially in summer (December 2004). Rates of biological DMS and DMSPd consumption were elevated in ice melt zones, but were generally quite low (<1 nMDMSd−1 and<2.5nMDMSPd d−1), except in the Ross Sea polynya where consumption rates reached 7 nM DMS d−1 and 13 nM DMSPd d−1. This data set provides much needed information regarding the distribution and cycling of DMSP, DMS and DMSO in a poorly studied area of the Southern Ocean. Our findings show that areas of ice melt and the northern Ross Sea are zones of elevated DMS concentrations and sea-air fluxes and also rapid cycling of DMSP and DMS.
The Day of the Week Does Not Affect the Adenoma Detection Rate

The role of operator fatigue on adenoma detection rate (ADR) is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine if fatigue towards the end of the week affects the ADR. A retrospective chart review of consecutive colonoscopies was done at a tertiary care teaching institution. Patients 45 years of age or older undergoing screening or surveillance colonoscopy from June 2007 to August 2010 were included in the study. A total of 3,085 patients were included in the study, with an overall 31 % ADR. ADR was between 31 and 32 % throughout the week, with no statistically significant variation (p = 0.8697). The total number of adenomas and advanced adenomas was also similar throughout the week (p = 0.8, p = 0.59, respectively). ADR is not influenced by the day of the week in which a colonoscopy is performed.
Calculation of fission observables through event-by-event simulation

The increased interest in more exclusive fission observables has demanded more detailed models. We present here a new computational model, $\mathrm{FREYA}$, that aims to meet this need by producing large samples of complete fission events from which any observable of interest can then be extracted consistently, including arbitrary correlations. The various model assumptions are described and the potential utility of the model is illustrated by means of several novel correlation observables.
Copolyesters: 5. Poly(butylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate-co-adipate)s with different molecular weights

Abstract The copolyesters of 1,4-butanediol, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and adipic acid with different molecular weights were prepared by melt polycondensation in the presence of a monocarboxylic acid which was benzoic acid, p -phenylbenzoic acid or stearic acid. Both p -phenylbenzoic acid and stearic acid were successful in controlling the molecular weight predictably. T g decreased as the molecular weight of the copolyesters decreased. The decrease in T g due to decrease in molecular weight was more significant for the copolyesters with stearate end group (SA series) than p -phenylbenzoate end group (PBA series). The Brookfield melt viscosity was found to decrease significantly as the molecular weight decreased. The copolyesters were used as hot melt adhesives. It was found that the lap shear strength increased as the molecular weight increased and levelled off as intrinsic viscosity reached above 0.6 dl/g.
Concentration quenching of the Tb3+ ion fluorescence in Y3Al5O12 crystals

Abstract The concentration quenching of the Tb 3+ ion fluorescence has been measured in Y 3 Al 5 O 12 . Although no fluorescence is observed in Tb 3 Al 5 O 12 , energy may be transferred from the Tb 3+ ion to Eu 3+ impurity ions in this crystal.
A biomechanical model of wound contraction and scar formation

We propose a biomechanical model for investigating wound contraction mechanism and resulting scarring. Extracellular matrix is modeled as fiber-reinforced anisotropic soft tissue, with its elastic properties dynamically changing with the density and orientation of collagen fibers. Collagen fibers are deposited by fibroblasts infiltrating the wound space, and are dynamically aligned with both migrating fibroblasts and tissue residing tension field. Our new 2D hybrid agent-based model provides a comprehensive platform for examining the mechanobiology in wound contraction and scar formation. Simulation results are consistent with experimental observations and are able to reveal the effects of wound morphology and mechanical environment on contraction patterns. Our model results support the hypothesis that scar formation is the product of collagen fiber synthesis and alignment in the presence of the tensile stress field generated by a wound contraction process.
Specific “arming” of normal lymph‐node cells by sera from tumor‐bearing mice

Lymph-node cells of non-sensitized mice were “armed” (i.e. made specifically cytotoxic) by exposure in vivo to passively transferred sera from tumor-bearing mice. Four hours after an intraperitoneal injection of antitumor serum, the lymph nodes were removed from recipient mice and the activity of the lymph-node cells was tested on tumor cells in an in vitro microcytotoxicity test. Specific cytotoxicity was demonstrated to the respective target tumors (Moloney virus or 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma) carried by the tumor-bearing serum donors.
Genetic structure of natural populations of the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens

Genetic variation is described at 15 loci in 2 neotenic and 12 nonneotenic populations of red-spotted newts. Though high levels of genetic similarity (I=0.990) were found among all populations, allele frequencies at six of the eight most polymorphic loci show significant heterogeneity across populations. Change in allele frequencies at two of these loci (Pep-2 and Ldh-1) is significantly correlated with latitude. Interspecific homologies are established for newt peptidases based on substrate specificities and lactate dehydrogenases based on tissue distribution, thermal stability, and kinetic properties. Nonneotenic populations are highly variable (H=0.157) and neotenic populations are only slightly, but significantly, less variable (H=0.120). The high levels of heterozygosity detected in nonneotenic populations may result from large effective population size and/or environmental heterogeneity. The unexpectedly high heterozygosity values obtained for the neotenic populations may indicate adult dispersal or the presence of some previously undetected red efts at these localities. In any case, a major change in life history has apparently had little effect on the genetic structure of these populations.
High current electrostatic deflector and scanner

Abstract We have designed a high current electrostatic scanner-deflector. The scanner includes electron gates to confine the space-charge-unneutralized region to the immediate vicinity of the scanner. The remaining beam divergence due to space charge has been compensated for by the inherent focusing property of the scanner. Since this latter effect depends on the scanner length, a design may be created for a wide range of perveances. Such a scanner was successfully tested for 2 mA, 40 kV, 75 As + ion beam. This demonstrates the capability of scanning ion beam more than 10 times as intense as those normally scanned.
Site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids 33-44 of the common alpha-subunit reveals different structural requirements for heterodimer expression among the glycoprotein hormones and suggests that cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate production and growth promotion are potentially dissociable functions of human thyrotropin.

Amino acid residues 33-44 of the common alpha-subunit of the glycoprotein hormones have been implicated in heterodimerization as well as high affinity receptor binding of human (h) CG. In the present study, we compared the role of specific amino acids within this region for glycoprotein hormone heterodimer formation, using a transient transfection system to coexpress different mutant alpha-subunit constructs with the beta-subunit of either hTSH, hCG, or hFSH. Our results identified a crucial role for alpha Pro38 in the heterodimer expression of hTSH as well as hFSH, similiar to what had been described for hCG. In contrast, alpha Ala38, which had been critical for hCG, was not essential for hTSH heterodimer expression and less important for hFSH, whereas alpha Phe33 and alpha Arg35 appeared uniquely important for hFSH. Furthermore, we assessed the role of these residues for bioactivity and receptor binding of hTSH. Mutation of the surface-exposed residues alpha Arg42-Ser43-Lys44, which form part of a uniqu...
Hospitality operators' understanding of service: a qualitative approach

Purpose – The purpose of this research was to begin to answer the question “Can a person as an employee, an individual or a leader be pre‐disposed to deliver service?”.Design/methodology/approach – To answer this question the research began exploring service from the provider's perspective to better understand how it is understood and how the need to serve is developed. This study used an interpretive phenomenological approach and collected data through semi‐structured interviews. Purposeful sampling produced hospitality management operators as participants. The focus of the interviews was their understanding of service, and how one develops a need to serve others. An editing style of data analysis was conducted.Findings – Findings included an understanding of how hospitality operators view service, including necessary external and internal attributes. Additionally, a basic understanding of how the need to serve develops in service providers was garnered from the data collected.Practical implications – Sp...
Note on the theory of mass behavior

A differential equation has been derived by A. Rapoport,Bull. Math. Biophysics,14, 159 (1952), giving the time course of the fraction of the population who have performed a given act. The general solution of this equation is obtained, some properties of the solution are deduced, and a special case presented in detail.
Ethics and Ethos: Writing an Effective Newspaper Ombudsman Position

Ombudsmen are profoundly a part of the ethos of newspaper journalism. In this essay, I argue that Daniel Okrent's tenure as the public editor of The New York Times provides American journalism and individual ombudsmen a model by which to meet part of the ethical standard Meyers (2000) posits. I assume that individual ombudsmen should assert moral authority in the position through a persuasive use of rhetorical ethos. The ethical appeals of Okrent and Michael Getler, ombudsman at the Washington Post, were compared. Despite structural and institutional similarities in the positions, Okrent's ethical appeal fits Meyers' model and Getler's does not.
Specific, limited tryptic modification of wheat-germ fructose-bisphosphate aldolase subunits: destruction of catalytic activity but not of ability to establish precise subunit-subunit recognition

We have been using the glycolytic enzyme fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate lyase, EC 4.1.2.13) as a model system to investigate the assembly of oligomeric enzymes. In the present work, we investigate the effect of specific, limited tryptic modification on the properties of aldolase isolated from wheat germ. The wheat-germ enzyme was selected, since several aldolases isolated from animal sources were not readily susceptible to the specific tryptic modification seen with this plant enzyme. We will show that: Low levels of trypsin cause a first-order inactivation of wheat-germ aldolase activity which is associated with a fairly specific cleavage of the enzyme which reduces its subunit molecular weight from 41000 to 39000. The proteolytic modification is greatly inhibited in the presence of the aldolase substrate, fructose bisphosphate. The intact and modified enzymes appear to have similar surface changes, as judged by their behavior during electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels under non-denaturing conditions. The modified aldolase is not specifically eluted from phosphocellulose columns by fructose bisphosphate under the conditions used in the affinity chromatographic isolation of the intact enzyme, suggesting that the modified enzyme may no longer be able to bind substrate. Although enzymatically inactive, the modified aldolase subunits are able to refold and reassociate into tetrameric combinations following unfolding of the subunits by treatment at low pH; thus, this specific proteolytic modification does not interfere with the ability of wheat-germ aldolase subunits to refold and to establish precise subunit-subunit recognition in vitro.
Introducing desktop publishing to a university community: an exposition

Our User Services group recently began investigating the feasibility of using desktop publishing for creating internal and end-user documentation. Our interest and excitement grew with each new advertisement and after seeing demonstrations at various local computer stores. We had long been using a series of custom grown programs and PC-Write for creating our newsletter and other documentation and looked forward to the versatility and time savings desktop publishing had to offer.We then received a demonstration copy of a low-end desktop publishing program. As we worked with this program and continued our research, we learned that using a desktop publishing system is more than just learning to use new hardware and software. To make our published material effective, we also needed to become familiar with and develop a basic understanding of the terminology and application of principles used in the worlds of typography, graphic design, and publishing. Since we were also seeing signs of growing interest in desktop publishing around the campus, we became concerned that departments might buy desktop publishing systems without understanding the extra time and experience they would need to develop in these areas. Even though we were new at desktop publishing ourselves, we felt the rest of the campus could benefit from our discoveries. We decided to hold a campus event to present basic information about desktop publishing. We would include demonstrations of hardware and software, but also be sure to tell of the complexities involved in desktop publishing. This would help our users become more informed so they could decide whether desktop publishing would serve their needs better than their present method of publication.This paper describes the planning, implementation, and evaluation of a Desktop Publishing Exposition at the University of Wisconsin - La Crosse. Planning the event included arranging for exhibitors, a speaker, and a meeting room, organizing an advertising campaign, creating the handout, and developing methods to evaluate the success of the exposition. We invited local computer dealers to exhibit desktop publishing hardware and software, distributed a handout on the terminology associated with computers, typography, design, and publishing, and had a guest speaker conduct a one-hour noon session on how desktop publishing is currently used on campus by the Audiovisual Graphics department. Although we were unsure at first how well attended the exposition would be, the hard work and cooperation of many individuals helped make the exposition successful beyond our expectations. We reached a large and very diverse group of departments and individuals. We hope this success will allow us to conduct similar topic-oriented events in the future.
The Predicted Ensemble of Low‐Energy Conformations of Human Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 5 and the Binding of Antagonists

Human somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (hSSTR5) regulates cell proliferation and hormone secretion. However, the identification of effective therapeutic small-molecule ligands is impeded because experimental structures are not available for any SSTR subtypes. Here, we predict the ensemble of low-energy 3D structures of hSSTR5 using a modified GPCR Ensemble of Structures in Membrane BiLayer Environment (GEnSeMBLE) complete sampling computational method. We find that this conformational ensemble displays most interhelical interactions conserved in class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) plus seven additional interactions (e.g., Y2.43–D3.49, T3.38–S4.53, K5.64–Y3.51) likely conserved among SSTRs. We then predicted the binding sites for a series of five known antagonists, leading to predicted binding energies consistent with experimental results reported in the literature. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of 50 ns in explicit water and lipid retained the predicted ligand-bound structure and formed new interaction patterns (e.g. R3.50–T6.34) consistent with the inactive μ-opioid receptor X-ray structure. We suggest more than six mutations for experimental validation of our prediction. The final predicted receptor conformations and antagonist binding sites provide valuable insights for designing new small-molecule drugs targeting SSTRs.
Accounting, economic development and financial reporting: the case of three pre-Civil War US railroads:

This study examines three leading US railroads during the years before the Civil War. Although these were private corporations, various governments assisted the railroads. Governmental involvement ...
Robot Vision For Machine Part Recognition

Most industrial applications of computer vision can be categorized into two groups. They are (1) visual inspection and (2) machine parts recognition. There are several review articles for automatic visual inspection [1,30,31]. This paper gives a brief review of robot vision system for machine part recognition. A robot vision system for machine parts recognition contains four sub-systems: (1) sensing, (2) segmentation, (3) description, and (4) recognition. A block diagram of such a system is shown in Fig. 1.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multiscale Thermal Modeling Methodology for Thermoelectrically Cooled Electronic Cabinets

A multiscale thermal modeling methodology is reported for multienclosure electronic cabinets incorporating thermoelectric cooling. A multilayer compact model for a thermoelectric module is used in combination with a reduced-order fluid flow model for a single enclosure, constructed using proper orthogonal decomposition with a flux-matching technique. A reduction by an order of magnitude of 105 in the degrees of freedom of the system, with an accuracy better than 92%, is achieved. An entire cabinet consisting of multiple enclosures is modeled by combining the compact subsystem models, with an estimation error of less than 10%.
Spirituality vis-à-vis Muslim Filipino families: Implications for social work intervention

• Summary: Although social work literature acknowledges spirituality, Islamic spirituality has been neglected as a practice resource.• Findings: Among the various Muslim populations, Islamic spirituality was found to be fundamental. The psychological well-being of Filipino Muslims is thus contingent upon access to said spirituality. It is not compulsory that social workers endorse client belief systems, but they should acknowledge such systems as critical to the client’s frame of reference as in the case of Juvy.• Applications: Toward the end of her first semester at a Christian college, Juvy became increasingly overwhelmed with stress. The Islamic support system applied by the social worker resulted in a therapeutic experience which significantly reduced the client’s level of stress. Thus, it is essential for social workers to become informed about Islamic spirituality vis-a-vis Filipinos and other Muslim clientele.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Attachment, and Intimate Partner Violence in a Military Sample: A Preliminary Analysis

Contemporary military service members and their families face unique stressors that impact the quality of romantic relationships. With divorce rates among military couples on the rise, the authors focused on the relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder, intimate partner violence, and attachment style. Subjects consisted of 20 heterosexual couples, where the male was the service member. Researchers used a series of path models to determine if a link existed between these variables. Results highlight the important role of spouses in the service members' experience of posttraumatic stress disorder, intimate partner violence, and attachment. Implications for research and working with military couples are discussed.
Preference relations, transitivity and the reciprocal property

Abstract Theories that attempt to represent decision makers' preferences are usually based on the axiom of transitivity. On the other hand, Saaty's Eigenvalue Method of deriving ratio scales from pairwise comparisons is based on the assumption that the numerical preferences satisfy the reciprocal property. We show that this property cannot be derived from the usual set of axioms used to obtain order preserving value functions, but that they in turn are consequences of the reciprocal property.
Angiotensin-induced contraction of the cat nictitating membrane.

Abstract We have studied the effect of angiotensin on nictitating membranes of spinal and pentobarbital-anesthetized cats in vivo and in vitro. In all preparations, angiotensin caused dose-related contractions. In vivo, the contractile effect was very weak, rarely more than 5% of maximum, and was demonstrated best by injecting the angiotensin intra-arterially toward the nictitating membrane so that it by passed the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion. Contractions produced in this way by 0.3–2 μg/kg were not inhibited by removal of the ganglion or the ipsilateral eyeball or by intravenous injection of phentolamine (2mg/kg), atropine (0.5 mg/kg), or gallamine (3 mg/kg). In vitro, angiotensin's contractile effect was stronger, sometimes more than 20% of maximum, but again was not inhibited by phentolamine (3 × 10 -7 g/ml), atropine (3 × 10 -8 g/ml), or methyl atropine (3 × 10 -8 g/ml). Therefore, we conclude that angiotensin can exert a contractile effect upon the nictitating membrane that is independent of both adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms.
Skyrmions and their interactions using the Atiyah-Manton construction

Abstract The Atiyah-Manton (AM) construction based on instantons is used to construct skyrmions. For baryon number one, an analytic form for the skyrmion is obtained that compares well with the exact solution. For baryon number two, we study skyrmion interactions and distortion as a function of relative distance and orientation. From this we project out a nucleon-nucleon interaction. We find the principal features of the nuclear force but still no intermediate-range attraction. We compare the AM construction with the product ansatz.
The 2007 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry Presented to Klaus Biemann, Ph.D., of The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts

Abstract Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to measure mass and the structure of complex organic compounds. Mass spectrometry had its origins in J.J. Thomson's vacuum tube, with which, in the early part of the 20th century, the existence of electrons and "positive rays" was demonstrated. Thomson, the physicist, observed in his book "Rays of Positive Electricity and Their Application to Chemical Analysis" that the new technique could be used profitably by chemists to analyze chemicals. Despite this far-sighted observation, the primary application of mass spectrometry remained in the realm of physics; the technique was used to discover a number of isotopes, to determine the relative abundance of the isotopes, and to measure their "exact masses", i.e. atomic masses, with high precision. America’s entry into WWII moved mass spectrometry out of the physics laboratory into industrial settings. War-time needs included using mass spectrometry for the analyses of petroleum distillates: determination of high octane fuels; analyses of synthetic rubbers for vehicles, planes and other uses.
Control of a Projectile Smart Fin Using an Inverse Dynamics-Based Fuzzy Logic Controller

The objective of this paper is to explore a method for the design of fuzzy logic controller for a smart fin used to control the pitch and yaw attitudes of a subsonic projectile during flight. Piezoelectric actuators are an attractive alternative to hydraulic actuators commonly used in this application due to their simplicity. The proposed cantilever-shaped actuator can be fully enclosed within the hollow fin with one end fixed to the rotation axle of the fin while the other end is pinned at the trailing edge of the fin. The paper includes a dynamic model of the system based on the finite element approach. The model includes external moment due to aerodynamic effects. This paper presents a novel approach for automatically creating fuzzy logic controllers for the fin. This approach uses the inverse dynamics of the smart fin system to determine the ranges of the variables of the controllers. Simulation results show that the proposed controller can successfully drive smart fin under various operating conditions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Novel Method for Moisture Susceptibility and Rutting Evaluation Using Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test

The Hamburg wheel tracking test (HWTT) has been widely used as a standard laboratory test to evaluate the moisture susceptibility and rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures. The stripping inflection point and the rut depth at a certain number of load cycles are two common parameters obtained from the test. Although these parameters have been widely adopted by several transportation agencies, the accuracy and variability in characterizing mixture properties of these parameters have been questioned. In this study, a novel method to analyze the HWTT results is introduced and three new parameters are proposed to measure the moisture susceptibility and rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures. The new parameters are compared against the current ones to assess their capability to discriminate between three types of asphalt mixtures with different performance results in the HWTT. Significant advantages in characterizing mixture resistance to stripping and rutting are demonstrated by the new parameters. In addition...
COX-(2) overexpression in sinonasal inverted papilloma.

Background Inverted papilloma (IP) is a benign, but locally aggressive neoplasm of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The mainstay of treatment of IP is surgical resection, but high rates of tumor recurrence have been reported. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been found to be overexpressed in many tumors and has been used successfully as a therapeutic target. The goal of this study is to highlight COX-2 expression in IP. Methods Immunohistochemistry for COX-2 was performed on IP samples obtained during surgical resection between January 2012 and June 2013. The intensity of staining was evaluated by 2 head and neck pathologists blinded to the clinical features and outcomes. A positive stain was defined as having 10% or more of tumor cells exhibiting immunoreactivity. Results The study includes 13 tumor samples from 7 females and 6 males. Mean age was 54.5 (range, 18–81) years. Tumor locations included: nasal septum (1), ethmoid (3), sphenoid (4), and maxillary (5) sinuses. No tumors demonstrated malignancy or dysplasia. Five (38%) of the 13 IP samples stained strongly positive for COX-2, and 3 of 13 (23%) stained weakly positive. There were no clinical differences in patients that stained strongly or weakly for COX-2. Conclusion COX-2 overexpression was identified in 62% of cases of IP in this study, and strongly positive in 38% of cases. Larger studies are necessary to identify the true incidence of COX-2 expression for this tumor. Pharmaceuticals targeting COX-2 may eventually provide an additional therapeutic option for select cases of recurrent or unresectable IP.
Weight Loss in the Nursing Home

Weight loss in the nursing home represents a sentinel event. Sullivan et al showed that continued weight loss was associated with increased mortality compared to weight stability or weight gain. Numerous other studies have suggested that weight loss is associated with increased mortality. Weight loss is associated with an increased propensity for elderly women to have a hip fracture. Weight loss is a cardinal feature of frailty. Despite this large epidemiological database attesting to the poor outcomes associated with weight loss, there are minimal intervention studies demonstrating a salutary effect of reversal of weight loss. The Cochrane meta-analysis has supported the concept that feeding older persons with malnutrition has a small positive effect. The reasons for the lack of convincing interventional data are multifactorial, including no large-scale studies and that the causes of weight loss are multifactorial. Just providing food is an insufficient approach as in many cases altered absorption or metabolism will make this a thankless task. The causes of weight loss are listed in Table 1. The 4 major causes of weight loss in older persons are anorexia, cachexia, sarcopenia, and dehydration. Only in the case of anorexia is increased food intake likely to reverse weight loss. However, even with anorexia, there are many causes of weight loss and failure to treat the underlying cause will often negate any positive effect feeding may have. The major reversible causes of weight loss are easily remembered by the mnemonic Meals-on-Wheels (Table 2). Studies in nursing homes and in community-dwelling older persons have shown that depression is the most common cause of anorexia and weight loss in older persons. Depression is associated with increased mortality and morbidity and is undertreated and underdiagnosed, particularly in African Americans. Therefore, providing food to a person whose major problem is depression is unlikely to improve his or her outcome. Thus, while a physiological anorexia of aging occurs in all older persons, as a result of alterations in smell and taste, altered gastric emptying, increased satiating hormones such as cholecystokinin and leptin, and alterations in central nervous system function, it is usually underlying diseases that result in the
Bayesian range-based estimation of stochastic volatility models

Abstract Alizadeh, Brandt, and Diebold [2002. Journal of Finance 57, 1047–1091] propose estimating stochastic volatility models by quasi-maximum likelihood using data on the daily range of the log asset price process. We suggest a related Bayesian procedure that delivers exact likelihood based inferences. Our approach also incorporates data on the daily return and accommodates a nonzero drift. We illustrate through a Monte Carlo experiment that quasi-maximum likelihood using range data alone is remarkably close to exact likelihood based inferences using both range and return data.
Association of AKI with Adverse Outcomes in Burned Military Casualties

Design,settings, participants,& measurementsPatients evacuated fromIraq and Afghanistan to a burn unit were examined. AKI was classified by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) and Risk-Injury-Failure-Loss-End Stage (RIFLE) schemas. Age, sex, percentage of total body surface area burned (TBSA), percentage of fullthickness burn, inhalation injury, and injury severity score were recorded. Additional data that could be associated with poor outcomes were recorded for patients with TBSA $20%. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with morbidity and mortality. Results AKI prevalence rates by the RIFLE and AKIN criteria were 23.8% and 29.9%, respectively. After logistic regression,RIFLEcategoriesofrisk(oddsratio[OR],15.34;95%confidenceinterval[CI],1.75–134;P=0.01),injury (OR, 46.28; 95% CI, 5.02–427; P,0.001), and failure (OR, 126; 95% CI, 13.39–.999; P,0.001); AKIN-2 (OR, 23.70; 95% CI, 2.32–242; P=0.008); and AKIN-3 (OR, 130; 95% CI, 13.38–.999; P,0.001) were significantly associated with death. AKIN-3, injury, and failure remained signifi cant in the subset of patients with$20% TBSA. There was also a strong interaction between TBSA and the stage of AKI with respect to ventilator and intensive care unit days.
Studies of neurotransmitter chemistry of central nervous system neurons in primary tissue culture

Primary tissue culture methods have been applied to various areas of the central nervous system, including cerebral cortex, spinal cord, cerebellum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum, mesencephalon, lower brain stem and retina. Experimental studies in vitro involving central neurotransmission are discussed here. Information gleaned from such studies impacts on neurotransmitter identification, neuronal development, patterns of receptor distribution, peptidergic transmission, transmitter metabolism, synaptogenesis and the regulation of synaptic development.
The effect of substrate temperature on the morphology of diamond films grown under acetylene-lean and acetylene-rich conditions

Abstract The effect of substrate temperature on the morphology of diamond films grown by chemical vapor deposition is examined. Under some conditions increasing substrate temperature causes the film morphology to shift from {100} toward {111} faceting, whereas under other conditions exactly the opposite trend is observed. It is found that the factor that differentiates these two regimes is the abundance of acetylene relative to C1 radicals (mainly CH3 and in some cases C) at the growth surface. This conclusion is reached by comparing two new sets of experiments, in which diamond films were deposited using an RF thermal plasma operating at either 200 or 700 Torr, with each other as well as with other results in the literature for several different growth environments.
A bench top experimental model of bubble transport in multiple arteriole bifurcations

Motivated by a novel gas embolotherapy technique, a bench top vascular bifurcation model is used to investigate the splitting of long bubbles in a series of liquid-filled bifurcations. The developmental gas embolotherapy technique aims to treat cancer by infarcting tumors with gas emboli that are formed by selective acoustic vaporization of ∼6 μm, intravascular, perfluorcarbon droplets. The resulting gas bubbles are large enough to extend through several vessel bifurcations. The current bench top experiments examine the effects of gravity and flow on bubble transport through multiple bifurcations. The effect of gravity is varied by changing the roll angle of the bifurcating network about its parent tube. Splitting at each bifurcation is nearly even when the roll angle is zero. It is demonstrated that bubbles can either stick at one of the second bifurcations or in the second generation daughter tubes, even though the flow rate in the parent tube is constant. The findings of this work indicate that both gravity and flow are important in determining the bubble transport, and suggest that a treatment strategy that includes multiple doses may be effective in delivering emboli to vessels not occluded by the initial dose.
Passing, Traveling and Reality: Social Constructionism and the Metaphysics of Race

Among race theorists, the view that race is a social construction is widespread. While the term 'social construction' is sometimes intended to mean merely that race does not (as once believed) constitute a robust, biological natural kind, it often labels the stronger position that race is real, but not a biological kind. For example, Charles Mills (1998) writes that, "the task of those working on race is to put race in quotes, 'race', while still insisting that nevertheless, it exists (and moves people)"(xiv, italics his). It is to "make a plausible social ontology neither essentialist, innate, nor transhistorical, but real enough for all that" (xiv). Racial constructionism, thus conceived, is a metaphysical position that contrasts both with the view that race is an important biological kind (racial naturalism) and with the more recent claim that race does not exist (racial skepticism). The desire for a constructionist metaphysics of race emerges against the background of a cluster of normative disputes, including:
The Effect of a Fish Medication on Argulus japonicus, a Crustacean Parasite of Fish

ABSTRACT The effect on Argulus japonicus of Furan-2, a medication for fish, was tested in three trials. In each trial, survival of A. japonicus treated with Furan-2 was as high or higher than that of the controls. It is possible that Furan-2 inhibits microorganisms that otherwise would attack A. japonicus stressed by handling and held without food. When fish and Argulus must be confined together in the laboratory, it may be possible to use Furan-2 to treat the fish for pathogens without harm to the Argulus.
Determination of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator Protein Concentration and Subcellular Localization in Hepatic and Nonhepatic Cell Culture Lines: Development of Quantitative Western Blotting Protocols for Calculation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator Protein in Total Cell Lysates

Western blot analysis was used to determine the concentration of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) protein and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in 11 mammalian cell culture lines derived from hepatic and nonhepatic tissues. The strategy was to first use Western blot analysis to determine the expression of ARNT or AHR in each cell line relative to its concentration in murine wild-type Hepa-1c1c7 (Hepa-1) cells. Actual ARNT and AHR concentrations in known amounts of total cell lysates were then determined by generating a standard curve with defined amounts of a highly purified ARNT or AHR protein and performing regression analysis. The results show that the level of ARNT expression in each of the cell lines is similar and represents approximately 0.001-0.002% of total cellular protein. The range of expression was only approximately 3-fold with wild-type Hepa-1 cells expressing the highest level of ARNT (33,000/cell) and canine kidney cells (MDCK line) expressing 14,000 ARNT molecules/cell. In contrast, the concentration of AHR varied by 65-fold over the different cell lines with the wild-type Hepa-1 expressing 323,000 AHR/cell and rat hepatoma cells (H4IIE) expressing 4700. The ratio of AHR to ARNT ranged from 0.3 in H4IIE cells to 10 in the Hepa-1 line with the majority of cells expressing 1-5 times more AHR than ARNT protein. Immunocytochemical staining of each cell line showed that ARNT was exclusively localized to the nuclear compartment and that a conserved nuclear localization signal mapped to the NH-terminal portion of the protein.
Correlators in W N minimal model revisited

In this paper, we study a class of sphere and torus correlation functions in the W N minimal model. In particular, we show that a large class of exact sphere three-point functions of W N primaries, derived using affine Toda theory, exhibit large N factorization. This allows us to identify some fundamental particles and their bound states in the holographic dual, including light states. We also derive the torus two-point function of basic primaries, by directly constructing the relevant conformal blocks. The result can then be analytically continued to give the Lorentzian thermal two-point functions.
Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection in an Urban Population: Low Eligibility for Interferon Treatment

One hundred eighty human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients were prospectively evaluated for suitability for interferon and ribavirin therapy. Of the 149 patients with chronic HCV infection who completed the evaluation, 44 (30%) were eligible for treatment and 105 (70%) were ineligible, with the main barriers being missed clinic visits, active psychiatric illness, active drug or alcohol use, decompensated liver disease, or medical illness.
Optoelectronic architecture for associative memory applicable to 2-D pattern comparison.

A simple optoelectronic architecture is defined with capabilities of matching a test image (1-D or 2-D) with stored images. It is shown that if a test image and a complementary stored image together with complementary test image and stored image are compared optically, the emerging light intensity is minimum for the best match (i.e., shortest Hemming distance). This allows the suggested architecture to do efficient parallel comparison and to point out the best matched test image. If the image is presented in a two color scheme (say red–blue) and the memory images are stored in the complimentary color scheme transparency (i.e., blue–red), then a white light source allows comparison and detection of best matched image without the need for a separate set of complimentary images. A time-varying light intensity (or a time-varying thresholding voltage) source and an integrating-threshold device which switches its state when light input falls below a threshold value are two ingredients, which are used to select the best match in parallel. Grey level detection can also be implemented by the scheme. The architecture is also ideally suited to finding the closeness of match of two images.
West Nile Virus-Induced Interferon Production Is Mediated by the Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase PKR

Cells carry a variety of molecules, referred to as pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are able to sense invading pathogens. Interaction of PRRs with viral compounds instigates a signaling pathway(s), resulting in the activation of genes, including those for type I interferon (IFN), which are critical for an effective antiviral response. Here we demonstrate that the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase PKR, which has been shown to function as a PRR in cells treated with the dsRNA mimetic poly(I:C), serves as a PRR in West Nile virus (WNV)-infected cells. Evidence for PKR's role as a PRR was obtained from both human and murine cells. Using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we demonstrated that PKR gene knockout, posttranscriptional gene silencing of PKR mRNA using small interfering RNA (siRNA), and chemical inhibition of PKR function all interfered with IFN synthesis following WNV infection. In three different human cell lines, siRNA knockdown and chemical inhibition of PKR blocked WNV-induced IFN synthesis. Using the same approaches, we demonstrated that PKR was not necessary for Sendai virus-induced IFN synthesis, suggesting that PKR is particularly important for recognition of WNV infection. Taken together, our data suggest that PKR could serve as a PRR for recognition of WNV infection.
Aggregate Demand and Endogenous Growth: a Generalized Keynes-Kaldor Model of Economic Growth

This paper presents a generalized Keynes-Kaldor growth model which incorporates both the Cambridge theory of income distribution and endogenous technical change. Within the model, the rate of aggregate demand growth affects both the level of aggregate demand and the rate of output growth. However, demand growth management can only be used to shift the economy from low to high growth equilibria, and cannot produce continuous adjustments in the equilibrium rate of growth. This reveals that management of the growth trajectory is a qualitatively different problematic from management of the level of output. Lastly, the model highlights ambiguities regarding the adjustment dynamics of demand growth.
CINCH: a cooperatively designed marking interface for 3D pathway selection

To disentangle and analyze neural pathways estimated from magnetic resonance imaging data, scientists need an interface to select 3D pathways. Broad adoption of such an interface requires the use of commodity input devices such as mice and pens, but these devices offer only two degrees of freedom. CINCH solves this problem by providing a marking interface for 3D pathway selection. CINCH interprets pen strokes as pathway selections in 3D using a marking language designed together with scientists. Its bimanual interface employs a pen and a trackball (see Figure 1), allowing alternating selections and scene rotations without changes of mode. CINCH was evaluated by observing four scientists using the tool over a period of three weeks as part of their normal work activity. Event logs and interviews revealed dramatic improvements in both the speed and quality of scientists' everyday work, and a set of principles that should inform the design of future 3D marking interfaces. More broadly, CINCH demonstrates the value of the iterative, participatory design process that catalyzed its evolution.
A NOTE ON BAYESIAN DETECTION OF CHANGE-POINTS WITH AN EXPECTED MISS CRITERION *

A process X is observed continuously in time; it behaves like Brownian motion with drift, which changes from zero to a known constant ϑ>0 at some time τ that is not directly observable. It is important to detect this change when it happens, and we attempt to do so by selecting a stopping rule T* that minimizes the “expected miss” E|T−τ| over all stopping rules T. Assuming that τ has an exponential distribution with known parameter λ>0 and is independent of the driving Brownian motion, we show that the optimal rule T* is to declare that the change has occurred, at the first time t for which