cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agenda Setting and African American Women in State Legislatures

SUMMARY Political scientists have, in recent years, uncovered substantial evidence that political representation in the United States is influenced by gender and race, yet generally examine the effects of gender entirely separate from the effects of race. In this article, we explore the agenda-setting behavior of African American female state legislators. We find that African American women do respond to both women's interests and black interests. We also find that while the sponsorship of black interest measures by African American women (or other legislators) is not influenced by the proportion of African Americans within the chamber, African American women are less likely to sponsor women's interest measures in legislatures with a relatively high proportion of women present. We conclude that because of their focus on multiple groups, black women occupy a unique place in representation, and that their choices are influenced by the institutional context in which they work.
A technical comment: Analysis of ‘examination of “global atmospheric temperature monitoring with satellite microwave measurements”’

The potential for residual hydrometeor contamination effects in the global temperature time series produced by Spencer and Christy from MSU channel 2 (MSU2) data has been addressed by Prabhakara et al. (1995, 1996). They use tropical oceanic MSU channel l (MSU1) data to estimate the hydrometeor effects on MSU2. We present several lines of evidence to show that their technique greatly overestimates the hydrometeor effects on MSU2. This overestimation is due to the faulty assumption that the hydrometeors that cause MSU1 warming are the same as (or always exist with) the hydrometeors that cause cooling in MSU2. Instead, the hydrometeors responsible for MSU1 warming are liquid phase, while those responsible for MSU2 cooling are large ice particles. Because liquid phase clouds are much more widespread than the large-ice portions of deep convective systems, their method greatly overestimates the areal coverage of contaminated tropical MSU2 data. In addition, we show that the convective screening procedure of Spencer and Christy removes the negative correlation between MSU1 and MSU2 their conclusions rest upon. Radiosonde validation of monthly tropical MSU2 anomalies over the tropical West Pacific also support these conclusions.
Grief in Comparison: Use of Social Comparison Among Cold Case Homicide Survivors

The current qualitative study examines the use of social comparison among cold case homicide survivors as a method of defining their grief. Twenty-four cold case homicide survivors completed in-depth interviews about the trauma of living with an unsolved homicide. Survivors compared themselves to individuals coping with non-homicidal deaths and fellow homicide survivors. Results indicate survivors of unsolved homicides utilize downward elevation, lateral comparison, and upward contacts in their journey of grief and coping. The direction and type of comparison can have both positive and negative effects on the survivors' views of self and progress made towards emotional recovery. Implications are discussed.
Enhanced vulnerability to distraction does not account for working memory capacity reduction in people with schizophrenia.

article i nfo Although working memory impairment has been well-documented among people with schizophrenia (PSZ), the underlying mechanism of this impairment remains unknown. The present study was conducted in a large sample of PSZ and healthy control subjects (HCS) to test the hypothesis that one putative mechanism - vulnerability to distraction from task-irrelevant stimuli - (1) can account for working memory impairment among PSZ, and (2) is associated with other neurocognitive and clinical variables that are highly predictive of functional outcome in schizophrenia. Participants (127 PSZ and 124 HCS) completed a visual change detection task in which a distractor stimulus (mask) was presented on half of the trials during the delay period between sample and test array. PSZ lost proportionately more information from working memory than did HCS, but this effect was small (Cohen's d = 0.36-0.38), and large differences between groups in working memory capacity remained when differences in distractibility were factored out. Furthermore, vulnerability to distraction was not strongly associated with any clinical or cognitive variables of interest. These results suggest that, although PSZ may be somewhat more susceptible to distraction than HCS, this impairment is unlikely to be a significant factor accounting for the robust capacity deficits observed in this population.
Oxygen-total carbon dioxide correlation in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

Observed variations in dissolved oxygen and in total carbon dioxide were found to be consistent with the organic decomposition model ofRedfield, Ketchum, andRichards (1963), if the effects on the total carbon dioxide of processes other than decomposition are compensated for.
The Influence of the National truth® Campaign on Smoking Initiation

Background States and national organizations spend millions annually on antismoking campaigns aimed at youth. Much of the evidence for their effectiveness is based on cross-sectional studies. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a prominent national youth smoking-prevention campaign in the U.S. known as truth ® that was launched in February 2000. Methods A nationally representative cohort of 8904 adolescents aged 12–17 years who were interviewed annually from 1997 to 2004 was analyzed in 2008. A quasi-experimental design was used to relate changes in smoking initiation to variable levels of exposure to antismoking messages over time and across 210 media markets in the U.S. A discrete-time hazard model was used to quantify the influence of media market delivery of TV commercials on smoking initiation, controlling for confounding influences. Based on the results of the hazard model, the number of youth nationally who were prevented from smoking from 2000 through 2004 was estimated. Results Exposure to the truth campaign is associated with a decreased risk of smoking initiation (relative risk=0.80, p =0.001). Through 2004, approximately 450,000 adolescents were prevented from trying smoking nationwide. Factors negatively associated with initiation include African-American race (relative risk=0.44, p p p p Conclusions The current study strengthens the available evidence for antismoking campaigns as a viable strategy for preventing youth smoking.
Temperature-sensitive revertants.

Abstract About 50% of a series of non-temperature-sensitive, spontaneously revertable auxotrophs of Escherichia coli showed temperature-sensitive revertants when the selection was at 25° rather than at 37°. This procedure provides a simple device to select temperature-sensitive mutants.
An interim reference model for the middle atmosphere water vapor distribution

Nimbus 7 LIMS data are used to determine monthly and seasonal zonal mean reference stratospheric profiles over selected latitude bands, and other ground and airborne microwave data are combined with the LIMS data to construct an interim reference profile from the tropopause to 80 km for the midlatitude region averaged over the winter and spring periods. The present profiles indicate the presence of a hygropause near 50 mb pressure in the tropics, a relatively constant mixing ratio distribution with a height of 4.7-5 ppmv in the midlatitude and high latitude stratosphere, and a decrease in the midlatitude mesosphere to 1 ppmv at about 80 km.
O- and m-Benzenedicarbaldehyde.

o-Benzene­dicarb­aldehyde (systematic name: benzene-1,2-dicarb­aldehyde), C8H6O2, exhibits a weak intramolecular hydrogen bond between an aldehyde H atom and the O atom of the adjacent aldehyde group, with a C⋯O distance of 2.852 (2) A. m-Benzene­dicarb­aldehyde (systematic name: benzene-1,3-dicarb­aldehyde), C8H6O2, occurs as two different isomorphs. In all three crystals, there are intermolecular C—­H⋯O contacts involving both aldehyde and ring H atoms.
Choice reaction time to single digits, spelled numbers, "right" and "wrong" arithmetic problems and short sentences.

Average RT to single number stimuli were found to differ significantly, with the shorter RTs being evoked by 1, 2, 6, and 9. The relationship was most marked when the numbers were presented visually as digits but held also when the numbers were printed as words. RT for classification of simple three-digit addition and subtraction problems as correctly or incorrectly added or subtracted was shortest for correct additions and about equal for incorrect additions and correct and incorrect subtractions, implying a difference in processing of these forms of information. Similarly, dubitably false sentences were more slowly classified as “true” or “false” than were indubitably false sentences and either dubitably or indubitably true sentences.
The State of the Standard Diversion

A fecal or urinary diversion is frequently recommended for a variety of patient conditions. This article will review some of the history of stoma creation, discuss current practices in stoma care, and summarize the current literature regarding stomal complications. Outcomes of fecal and urinary diversion procedures will be depicted, and postoperative quality of life will be described. An update of current ostomy equipment will be presented, along with the crucial role of the WOC nurse in stoma care rehabilitation. Areas for future research in the ongoing drive for evidence-based practice will be highlighted.
WE‐A‐220‐01: Current Status of HIFU Therapy for Treatment of Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Abdomen, Pelvis and Bone

High‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a noninvasive method currently being investigated to treat certain primary solid tumors, metastatic disease, and enhance drug delivery. The field of medicine is evolving towards increasing use of noninvasive and minimally invasive therapies such as HIFU. The application of HIFU for tumor therapy has recently been gaining momentum due to advances in imaging technology such as magnetic resonance thermometry and advanced ultrasound imaging techniques that permit real‐time monitoring of HIFU treatment effects. Currently, several commercially available HIFU devices are manufactured worldwide for treatment of a wide variety of both benign and malignant tumors including uterine fibroids, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer,livertumors, thyroid tumors and other solid tumors that are accessible to ultrasound energy. Although HIFU technology has been used clinically since the 1950's it remains a new therapeutic technology requiring further laboratory and clinical evaluation. This presentation provides an overview of the current status of clinical applications of HIFU for benign and malignant tumors within the abdomen and pelvis as well as treatment of bone metastasis. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the mechanisms that HIFU induces a biologic effect 2. Understand the current limitations of ultrasound and MR‐guided HIFU therapy 3. Understand the anatomic requisites and limitations for HIFU therapy
Influence of vitamins A and C on corticosterone and carbohydrate metabolism in chickens.

Abstract Day-old Single Comb White Leghorn chicks were randomly allotted to one of the following rations: control, control + 150 p.p.m. ascorbic acid, vitamin A-deficient or vitamin A-deficient + 150 p.p.m. ascorbic acid. Vitamin A-deficient chickens were significantly lighter (P
Patterns of lactate and sorbitol dehydrogenase gene expression during the development of interspecific Rasbora hybrids

The expression of alleles encoding the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; EC 1.1.1.27) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH; EC 1.1.1.14) was investigated in the redtail rasbora (Rasbora borapetensis), the eyespot rasbora (R. dorsiocellata), and in their reciprocal hybrids, by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The spatial and temporal expression of LDH and SDH isozymes in Rasbora is consistent with those reported for other teleosts. The asynchronous delay in appearance of isozymes of paternal and maternal LDH-C and SDH-A subunit composition is in keeping with observed effects of gene regulatory divergence where alleles of maternal origin interact more effectively with maternal cytoplasmic regulatory factors than do alleles of paternal origin.
Effects of First Dimension Eluent Composition in Two-dimensional Liquid Chromatography

Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC) has received a great deal of attention during the past few years because of its extraordinary resolving power. The biggest advantage of this technique is that very high peak capacities can be generated in a relatively short time. Numerous approaches to maximize the peak capacity in LC×LC have been employed. In this work we investigate the impact of the first dimension mobile phase on selectivity. LC×LC has several potential advantages over one-dimensional LC (1DLC) in that unconventional solvents, at least in reversed-phase LC, can be used. For example, solvents which strongly adsorb in the UV in the first dimension are not problematic in LC×LC. This so because the UV detector is placed after the second dimensional column, as pulses of the first dimension eluent arrive at the second dimensional column, they elute well before the solutes of interest and therefore do not interfere at all with detection of solute peaks. So far, the most widely used solvents in reversed-phase 1DLC are methanol and acetonitrile. However, the "UV advantage" of 2DLC allows us to employ UV active solvents, such as acetone. We compare their differential selectivities to that of acetonitrile for the separation of 23 indole acetic acids of interest in plant biology. We also apply them to the separation of a maize seed extract, a very complex sample. In both sample sets, mobile phase composition can be an important parameter to increase the orthogonality of the two dimensions and thus, to increase the effective peak capacity of LC×LC.
LHRH and mating behavior: Sexual receptivity versus sexual preference

Abstract Sexual behavior and sexual preference measurements were obtained from ovariectomized female rats treated with estrogen, estrogen and progesterone, or estrogen followed by third ventricular infusion of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) or saline. The lorosis-to-mount ratio and the occurence of receptive and proceptive behaviors were scored to assess total sexual receptivity. Sexual preference was determined by placing the test female in the center of a four-winged choice box apparatus in which each of the outer wings contained one of the following incentive animals: a sexually active male (SM), a castrate male (CM), a female in proestrus (PF), and an ovariectomized female (OF). Time spent in close proximity to the incentive animals was measured as an index of sexual preference. Estrogen and progesterone treatment resulted in high sexual receptivity and a marked preference for SM. Estrogen alone or in combination with saline also produced a significant preference for SM. Animals treated with estrogen and LHRH exhibited high levels of sexual receptivity compared to estrogen saline treated controls, but no enhancement of preference for SM was detected. The results indicate that fractionation of sexual receptivity and sexual motivation occurs following estrogen-LHRH treatment.
Composite Forecasting: An Integrated Approach and Optimality Reconsidered

This article shows when the theoretical Lagrange multiplier solution for combining forecasts has a regression representation. This solution is not optimal in general because it imposes a restriction on an otherwise more general linear form. The optimal linear predictor based on N forecasts is presented. This predictor is or is not a regression function depending on whether the latter function is linear. I also show that the Lagrange multiplier solution may often be nearly optimal. Hence, when estimating a composite forecast, the restriction imposed by this solution may prove useful. This observation is supported in an empirical example.
A reverse engineering model for C programs

Abstract This paper presents a reverse engineering model for C programs. It consists of structural and functionality views of programs. The structural view shows relations among structural elements such as code blocks and variables. It includes code block hierarchy, data flow, control flow (paths), and call graph relations. The functionality view provides a hierarchical outline of functionalities of a given program. It consists of a functionality hierarchy, which provides the hierarchical description of the code. The model also supports both structural and functionality slicing and ripple effect analyses: The maintainer locates the code blocks to be modified within the functionality hierarchy. This slices out a set of paths that use the code blocks, which in turn provide all the variables used or modified within them. An object-oriented design is used to implement this model in a UNIX (AT&T) environment. The tool, written in Objective-C (Step-Stone), provides many other useful features. For example, given a variable, it can provide all the possible code blocks, paths that use or modify that variable. It also allows the maintainer to expand or contract various levels of code blocks to simplify the path analysis.
NPT Monte Carlo calculation of isotherms for the Lennard-Jones fluid

The isotherms of the Lennard-Jones fluid have been calculated by NPT Monte Carlo computer simulation. Empirical coefficients were determined for a truncated virial equation of state fitted to our data. Spinodal points were located for each temperature. For reduced temperatures less than 0·90, we succeeded in temporarily isolating clusters during the gas-to-liquid transition. Density profiles were calculated for clusters at and above the spinodal pressures. The clusters above the spinodal pressure had liquid-like densities at their centres and were identified as critical condensation clusters. The clusters at the spinode increased in size with temperature and had densities roughly half as dense as the equilibrium liquid at their centres.
“Bring the Sociologist Back in” To Graduate Statistics. A Response to “The Sociology of Teaching Graduate Statistics”:

are going. Although most of this reflection appears to focus on substantive matters, Timothy Patrick Moran is right in arguing that our gaze ought to extend to how we teach graduate statistics. After all, the long arm of quantitative analysis has wrapped itself firmly around graduate education. There surely are not many graduate programs, even ones that emphasize qualitative research, that do not either require or strongly encourage students to take a course or two in statistics.
Autonomous land navigation in a structured environment

A hardware system and software developed to perform autonomous navigation of a land vehicle in a structured environment is described. The vehicle used for development and testing of the system was the Jeep Cherokee Mobile Robotics Testbed Vehicle. Since obstacle detection and avoidance have not yet been incorporated into the system, a structured environment is postulated that presumes that the paths to be traversed are free of obstacles. The system performs path planning and execution based on maps constructed using the vehicle's onboard navigation system and mapmaker. The system software, hardware, and performance data are discussed. >
A teacher’s reflections on her actions to improve her female students’ self-efficacy toward science

This 4th-grade teacher engaged in an action research project to help her focus on implementing specific teaching strategies geared toward increasing girls’ self-efficacy toward science. She provided her female students with experiences to improve their beliefs that they could be scientists. She maintained a detailed journal of her reflections on her practice to track her developing teaching approach and her impressions of how her students’ self-efficacy changed. The teacher researcher found that through the action research project and her reflections, she was able to make a positive impact on her female students’ self-efficacy, and she was able to become a more thoughtful, reactive teacher.
Before and After Elective Test Scores for Pediatric Residents in Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Cardiology, Developmental Pediatrics, and Pediatric Neurology 1923

Before and After Elective Test Scores for Pediatric Residents in Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Cardiology, Developmental Pediatrics, and Pediatric Neurology 1923
Visual cue alternation and bodily equilibrium in squirrel monkeys.

Bodily equilibrium maintenance ability in squirrel monkeys was behaviorally (squirrel monkey rail test) examined before and after the administration of cyclopentolate hydrochloride and homatropine eye drops. The maximum ability of dynamic equilibrium maintenance declined significantly (statistically) after the administration of cyclopentolate hydrochloride eye drops; however, homatropine eye drops failed to produce any significant change in performance. In the squirrel monkey, the temporary and partial alteration of the visual cue will affect his equilibrium performance when a physically advanced task is required.
Analyzing large-scale conservation interventions with Bayesian hierarchical models: a case study of supplementing threatened Pacific salmon.

Myriad human activities increasingly threaten the existence of many species. A variety of conservation interventions such as habitat restoration, protected areas, and captive breeding have been used to prevent extinctions. Evaluating the effectiveness of these interventions requires appropriate statistical methods, given the quantity and quality of available data. Historically, analysis of variance has been used with some form of predetermined before-after control-impact design to estimate the effects of large-scale experiments or conservation interventions. However, ad hoc retrospective study designs or the presence of random effects at multiple scales may preclude the use of these tools. We evaluated the effects of a large-scale supplementation program on the density of adult Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the Snake River basin in the northwestern United States currently listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. We analyzed 43 years of data from 22 populations, accounting for random effects across time and space using a form of Bayesian hierarchical time-series model common in analyses of financial markets. We found that varying degrees of supplementation over a period of 25 years increased the density of natural-origin adults, on average, by 0–8% relative to nonsupplementation years. Thirty-nine of the 43 year effects were at least two times larger in magnitude than the mean supplementation effect, suggesting common environmental variables play a more important role in driving interannual variability in adult density. Additional residual variation in density varied considerably across the region, but there was no systematic difference between supplemented and reference populations. Our results demonstrate the power of hierarchical Bayesian models to detect the diffuse effects of management interventions and to quantitatively describe the variability of intervention success. Nevertheless, our study could not address whether ecological factors (e.g., competition) were more important than genetic considerations (e.g., inbreeding depression) in determining the response to supplementation.
D X Ala3 analog of elastin polypentapeptide. An elastomer with an increased young's modulus.

The polypentapeptide , H(L X Val1-L X Pro2-D X Ala3-L X Val4- Gly5 )n Val-OMe which is the D X Ala3 analog of the elastomeric polypentapeptide (PPP) of elastin, (L X Val1-L X Pro2-Gly3-L X Val4- Gly5 )n, has been synthesized. Its conformation is compared to that of the PPP and found to be similar with a somewhat stabilized beta-turn. The D X Ala3 analog coacervates to form a more cohesive viscoelastic material and the coacervate when cross-linked by gamma-irradiation exhibits an approximate doubling of the Young's modulus of elasticity. These results are discussed in connection with other related analogs of the polypentapeptide of elastin, which are non-elastomeric, and found to be consistent with a proposed conformationally based librational entropy mechanism of elasticity.
Effects of microtopography on mycorrhizal infection in Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) Mills.)

The presence and intensity of mycorrhizal infection in wetland trees has received relatively little attention. We report here a study of mycorrhizal infection in Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides), a member of the Cupressaceae, which forms monospecific stands in swamps throughout the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North America. The trees grow on the tops of elevated hummocks, but the fine roots extend along the sides of the hummocks to the flooded hollows. Roots from all microtopographic positions on the hummocks are colonized by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM). In addition to arbuscules and vesicles, occasional hyphal coils are observed within the cortex cells. However, frequencies of occurrence of vesicles and arbuscles are significantly higher on the tops and sides than at the bottoms of the hummocks. These differences correspond to higher concentrations of acetylglucosamine in the roots at these positions. Frequencies of all mycorrhizal structures (arbuscles, vesicles and hyphae) in roots at the base of the hummocks are very low. These results suggest that mycorrhizal colonization in wetland trees is greater in aerobic microsites, a finding in accord with results from studies of both herbaceous wetland plants and other wetland trees.
Pollination biology of the Galápagos endemic, Tournefortia rufo‐sericea (Boraginaceae)

Tournefortia rufo-sericea is an endemic member of the Galapagos angiosperm flora. Although not uncommon within the archipelago, its status is presently listed as vulnerable and, as such, a complete knowledge of its pollination biology may prove useful in preventing its decline. Pollination experiments, flower-visitor observations, nectar and fluorescence studies, as well as pollen : ovule ratio and pollen size studies were included in this investigation. The small, white flowers of this species set fruit via open pollination (81%), autonomous self-pollination (80%), diurnal pollination (80%), and nocturnal pollination (85%). Ants are the most common visitor to the flowers of this species, primarily during the day, whereas beetles and moths make visits at night. A small amount of nectar is presumably produced, as moths are often seen probing the corollas. Experiments with fluorescent dust did not support interflower pollen movement. The pollen : ovule ratio was 4972 : 1, which suggests xenogamy, and the mean pollen size was 21 µm. Despite the pollen : ovule ratio, it appears that this species exhibits a breeding strategy of facultative autogamy, in which the majority of flowers set fruit via autonomous self-pollination, but limited outcrossing may occur when pollinators are available. Conservation efforts for T. rufo-sericea should focus on the control or eradication of exotic species. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 153, 21–31.
UDel: Extending Reference Generation to Multiple Entities

We report on an attempt to extend a reference generation system, originally designed only for main subjects, to generate references for multiple entities in a single document. This endeavor yielded three separate systems: one utilizing the original classifier, another with a retrained classifier, and a third taking advantage of new data to improve the identification of interfering antecedents. Each subsequent system improved upon the results of the previous iteration.
Processing of the Fibrillin-1 Carboxyl-terminal Domain

To investigate the processing and general properties of the fibrillin-1 carboxyl-terminal domain, three protein expression constructs have been developed as follows: one without the domain, one with the domain, and one with a mutation near the putative proteolytic processing site. The constructs have been expressed in two eukaryotic model systems, baculoviral and CHO-K1. Post-translational modifications that normally occur in fibrillin-1, including glycosylation, signal peptide cleavage, and carboxyl-terminal processing, occur in the three constructs in both cell systems. Amino-terminal sequencing of secreted protein revealed leader sequence processing at two sites, a primary site between Gly-24/Ala-25 and a secondary site of Ala-27/Asn-28. Processing of the carboxyl-terminal domain could be observed by migration differences in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was evident in both mammalian and insect cells. Immunological identification by Western blotting confirmed the loss of the expected region. The failure of both cell systems to process the mutant construct shows that the multi-basic sequence is the site of proteolytic processing. Cleavage of the fibrillin-1 carboxyl-terminal domain occurred intracellularly in CHO-K1 cells in an early secretory pathway compartment as demonstrated by studies with secretion blocking agents. This finding, taken with the multi-basic nature of the cleavage site and observed calcium sensitivity of cleavage, suggests that the processing enzyme is a secretory pathway resident furin-like protease.
Tribal Anthropology in Public Policy Formation

: PJ Puntenney is contributing editor of “Views on Policy,” the AAA Committee on Public Policy column in Anthropology News.
Functional Overlap but Lack of Complete Cross-Complementation of Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli YidC Orthologs

Oxa/YidC/Alb family proteins are chaperones involved in membrane protein insertion and assembly. Streptococcus mutans has two YidC paralogs. Elimination of yidC2, but not yidC1, results in stress sensitivity with decreased membrane-associated F1Fo ATPase activity and an inability to initiate growth at low pH or high salt concentrations (A. Hasona, P. J. Crowley, C. M. Levesque, R. W. Mair, D. G. Cvitkovitch, A. S. Bleiweis, and L. J. Brady, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:17466-17471, 2005). We now show that Escherichia coli YidC complements for acid tolerance, and partially for salt tolerance, in S. mutans lacking yidC2 and that S. mutans YidC1 or YidC2 complements growth in liquid medium, restores the proton motive force, and functions to assemble the F1Fo ATPase in a previously engineered E. coli YidC depletion strain (J. C. Samuelson, M. Chen, F. Jiang, I. Moller, M. Wiedmann, A. Kuhn, G. J. Phillips, and R. E. Dalbey, Nature 406:637-641, 2000). Both YidC1 and YidC2 also promote membrane insertion of known YidC substrates in E. coli; however, complete membrane integrity is not fully replicated, as evidenced by induction of phage shock protein A. While both function to rescue E. coli growth in broth, a different result is observed on agar plates: growth of the YidC depletion strain is largely restored by 247YidC2, a hybrid S. mutans YidC2 fused to the YidC targeting region, but not by a similar chimera, 247YidC1, nor by YidC1 or YidC2. Simultaneous expression of YidC1 and YidC2 improves complementation on plates. This study demonstrates functional redundancy between YidC orthologs in gram-negative and gram-positive organisms but also highlights differences in their activity depending on growth conditions and species background, suggesting that the complete functional spectrum of each is optimized for the specific bacteria and environment in which they reside.
Relation of Ejection Fraction and Inducible Ventricular Tachycardia to Mode of Death in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease An Analysis of Patients Enrolled in the Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial

Background— Fifty percent of deaths in patients with coronary disease occur suddenly. Although many factors correlate with increased mortality, there is little information regarding the influence of these factors on mode of death. As such, optimum methods to determine patients most likely to benefit from implantable defibrillator therapy are unclear. Methods and Results— We analyzed the relation of ejection fraction and inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmias to mode of death in all 1791 patients enrolled in the Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial who did not receive antiarrhythmic therapy. Total mortality and arrhythmic deaths/cardiac arrests occurred more frequently in patients with ejection fraction <30% than in those with ejection fraction of 30% to 40%. The percentage of deaths classified as arrhythmic was similar in patients with ejection fraction <30% or ≥30%. The relative contribution of arrhythmic events to total mortality was significantly higher in patients with inducible tachyarrhythmia (...
Anti-brain antisera bind primarily to non-t cells in mouse bone marrow.

Anti-brain heteroantisera are widely employed for the delineation of T lymphocytes in lymphomyeloid organs despite compelling evidence demonstrating the cross reactivity of such reagents with unrelated hemopoietic cells. The experiments described in the paper utilized absorptions of a fluoresceinated goat anti-rat brain antiserum with thymocytes or nude bone marrow cells to determine the validity of using such an antiserum to identify T cells in the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow of CBA/J mice. Thymocyte absorption of this fluoresceinated antiserum removed virtually all of the staining of thymus, lymph node, and spleen cells by this reagent. In contrast, the percentage of labeled marrow cells was unchanged by thymocyte absorption of the anti-rat brain antiserum, although the staining could be eliminated by absorption with nude bone marrow. These results suggest that anti-brain antisera can be employed as dependable T-cell probes with suspensions of the thymus or peripheral lymphoid organs. However, the vast majority of marrow cells staining with the anti-brain antisera are not T cells. Therefore, anti-brain antisera should not be utilized to discern T lymphocytes in this tissue unless additional absorptions (with nude marrow) or special controls are performed.
The enactive mind, or from actions to cognition: lessons from autism

Normative-IQ individuals with autism are capable of solving explicit social cognitive problems at a level that is not matched by their ability to meet the demands of everyday social situations. The magnitude of this discrepancy is now being documented through newer techniques such as eye tracking, which allows us to see and measure how individuals with autism search for meaning when presented with naturalistic social scenes. This paper offers an approach to social cognitive development intended to address the above discrepancy, which is considered a key element for any understanding of the pathophysiology of autism. This approach, called the enactive mind (EM), originates from the emerging work on 'embodied cognitive science', a neuroscience framework that views cognition as bodily experiences accrued as a result of an organism's adaptive actions upon salient aspects of the surrounding environment. The EM approach offers a developmental hypothesis of autism in which the process of acquisition of embodied social cognition is derailed early on, as a result of reduced salience of social stimuli and concomitant enactment of socially irrelevant aspects of the environment.
Correlates of exercise maintenance among people with mobility impairments.

Purpose: This paper describes correlates of exercise maintenance in a sample of adults with mobility impairments. Understanding processes that promote exercise is important if one is to increase access to exercise for people with disabilities. Method: A model of variables predicting 6-month maintenance of regular exercise was examined, using data from a selfadministered questionnaire given to a community sample of 113 adults with long-term mobility impairments. Descriptive analyses and logistic regression were used. Results: Logistic regression showed that people with lower motivational barriers and higher exercise self-efficacy had a higher probability of exercise maintenance. Demographic characteristics and disability-related and environmental barriers did not differentiate between those who did and did not continue to exercise. Conclusions: Long-term sustained exercise by people with mobility impairments might be promoted by efforts to increase motivation to exercise: involve health professionals as on...
Numerical Modeling of Turbulent, Parallel, Round Jets

Although extensive research has been conducted for turbulent single and offset wall jets, relatively little research has been conducted for turbulent parallel jets. Relevant applications include burners, boilers, film cooling, fuel-injection, heating and air-conditioning systems, and designs for pollutant exhaust stacks. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the use of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes, k-epsilon, numerical simulations to predict the three-dimensional evolution of twin, isothermal, turbulent, round jets at a Reynold's number (based on jet diameter d and jet exit velocity Ue) of 25,000. Comparisons with existing experimental literature are conducted with respect to the stream wise turbulence intensity. Further, the stream-wise distance to the combined point is evaluated, along with integrations of stream wise momentum flux. This research will offer an enhanced understanding of parallel jet flow interaction in terms of flow entrainment, as well as provide insights into the sensitivity of the numerical results to variations of inlet turbulence.
Idiopathic Aplastic Anemia in a Dog

A case of idiopathic aplastic anemia in a dog was characterized by pancytopenia and bone marrow aplasia. Erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E) were not detected in bone marrow culture. Addition of the dog's serum to CFU-E culture from control dogs failed to suppress colony formation, suggesting that humorally-mediated suppression at the CFU-E level was not a cause of the aplastic anemia.
Extracting information from tag collisions

In this paper, we develop techniques to extract information from communication collisions involving passive UHF RFID tags. Our goal is to extract information that can enhance the performance of existing anti-collision protocols. Present RFID anti-collision protocols detect a collision at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer; however, the physical layer signal received during collisions is discarded. This signal contains valuable information, such as the number of tags communicating, that can be used in the anti-collision algorithms. Collecting and utilizing this currently discarded information would provide performance improvements to existing protocols and provide insights that can be used to guide the development of future protocols.We analyzed communication collisions from ISO 18000-6C compliant tags in their response to a Query command. Our techniques enabled us to reliably identify the exact number of tags in the collided slot for up to 4 tags communicating in that slot and the existence of at least 5 tags communicating in a slot with more than 4 tags communicating in that slot.
Health Behaviors and Pharmacotherapy

OBJECTIVE:To review factors related to health beliefs and behavior that affect treatment adherence, and to suggest behavioral strategies for improving adherence.DATA SOURCES:We conducted MEDLINE and PSYHLIT (January 1966–October 1997) searches of English-language literature pertaining to behavioral medicine and health behavior as they relate to treatment adherence. Additional articles from these sources and reference texts were identified.DATA EXTRACTION:All articles and chapters identified were considered. The most pertinent information, as judged by the authors, was selected for discussion.DATA SYNTHESIS:Health care is moving into an era of disease management, and practitioners will be called upon to help patients change health-related behaviors and to improve adherence to treatment. Fundamental to this new paradigm of practice is an understanding of behavior, its relationship to health, and methods by which it can be altered. Current concepts of health behavior have been heavily influenced by social le...
Sensor fusion using Dempster-Shafer theory II: static weighting and Kalman filter-like dynamic weighting

Context sensing for context-aware HCI challenges traditional sensor fusion methods with its requirements for (1) adaptability to a constantly changing sensor suite and (2) sensing quality commensurate with human perception. We build this paper on two IMTC2002 papers, where the Dempster-Shafer "theory of evidence" was shown to be a practical approach to implementing the sensor fusion system architecture. The implementation example involved fusing video and audio sensors to find and track a meeting participant's focus-of-attention. An extended Dempster-Shafer approach, incorporating weights representative of sensor precision, was newly suggested. In the present paper we examine the weighting mechanism in more detail; especially as the key point of this paper, we further extend the weighting idea by allowing the sensor-reliability-based weights to change over time. We will show that our novel idea - in a manner resembling Kalman filtering remnance effects that allow the weights to evolve in response to the evolution of dynamic factors can improve sensor fusion accuracy as well as better handle the evolving environments in which the system operates.
Analysis-synthesis systems with time-varying filter bank structures

The concept of time-varying filter bank structures and their design are considered. In such structures, the analysis filter banks and the corresponding reconstruction filter banks are changed with time. The reconstruction problem is studied and it is shown that perfect reconstruction can be achieved. Both general and periodically time-varying structures are considered. A time-domain formulation of the time-varying structures is presented. Based on this formulation, a design approach is presented. The design approach is illustrated in the context of a complete design example. >
Optimal discharge and recharge control of battery-powered energy-aware systems

Motivated by the increasing dependence of many systems (such as wireless devices) on battery energy, we study the problem of optimally controlling how to discharge and recharge a non-ideal battery so as to maximize the work it can perform over a given time period and still maintain a desired final energy level. Modeling a battery as a dynamic system, we adopt a Kinetic Battery Model (KBM) and formulate an optimal control problem under the constraint that discharging and recharging cannot occur at the same time. The solution is shown to be of bang-bang type with the property that the battery is always in recharging mode during the last part of the interval. When the length of the time interval exceeds a critical value, we also show that the optimal policy includes chattering, which motivates seeking ways to prevent such behavior. Numerical results are included to illustrate our analysis.
The effects of early hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the development of the rat cerebellar cortex. II. Synaptogenesis in the molecular layer.

The development of the molecular layer was studied in rats made hypo- and hyperthyroid at birth. The width and area of the molecular layer, packing density of granule cells in the internal granular layer, and synaptogenesis in the outer and inner halves of the molecular layer were determined. Hypothyroidism caused: (1) transient developmental retardation in width and area of the molecular layer, with normal levels being approached by 30 days, (2) a slight, but not significant, increase in packing density of granule cells, probably reflecting a reduction in glomeruli or synaptogenesis in the internal granular layer, as well as crowding produced by increased numbers of granule cells 20, (3) retardation of synaptogenesis in the molecular layer, especially in the outer half, as late as 55 days. This retardation was manifested by a decrease in the synaptic content of the Purkinje cell dendritic domain, and decreased size of the parallel fiber synaptic domain, resulting (along with the increase in granule cells) in a greater packing density of parallel fibers in the molecular layer. Hyperthyroidism caused: (1) an accelerated increase in width of the molecular layer from day 10 on, such that by 30 days the molecular layer was wider than in controls. This was accompanied by only a small, transient increase in the area of the molecular layer and a sharp leveling off by 15 days such that the area was greatly decreased by 30 days compared to controls. This was interpreted to mean that the length of the molecular layer was decreased in the sagittal plane, resulting in taller and narrower Purkinje cell dendritic trees. Possible reasons for this are discussed, (2) a significant decrease in packing density of granule cells, probably reflecting both the decrease in the number of granule cells 20 and an accelerated development of glomeruli, (3) an acceleration of synaptogenesis in the inner and outer halves of the molecular layer and an increase in the number of synaptic profiles/cell at 30 days. This probably is the result of accelerated growth of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree and the deficit in granule cells and basket cells described previously 20. Total synaptic profiles were decreased, however, due to the decreased sagittal length and area of the molecular layer. Thus it was shown that early hypo- and hyperthyroidism both cause a terminal deficit in total synaptic profiles in the rat cerebellar cortex, but for different reasons.
What, Why, and How: Surveying what consumers want in new mobile phones.

Worldwide sales of smartphones totaled 968 million units in 2013, a 42.3% increase when compared to 2012 statistics [1]. International Data Corporation predicted that this number will have risen to 1.2 billion units in 2014 and 1.7 billion units by 2018 [7]. These statistics distinctly reveal that copious existing smartphone users upgraded or bought new units in 2013. Therefore, smartphone users who upgraded their phones in 2013 were most likely not satisfied with their device, their smartphone stopped working properly, or a new smartphone arrived with appealing technological features, encouraging the replacement of the existing device. According to the manufacturer, the average life of a smartphone is five to seven years. However, the actual duration for which a smartphone is used is much fewer than that.
Infrasound Observations of the 2008 Explosive Eruptions of Okmok and Kasatochi Volcanoes, Alaska

[1] The recent explosive eruptions of Okmok and Kasatochi volcanoes provide an opportunity to use seismic, local infrasound, distant infrasound array, and remote sensing data in concert to better monitor volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc and to better understand the source processes. The eruption of Okmok Volcano began on 12 July 2008 and included a seismically active phase that lasted continuously for about 10 h. In contrast, the eruption of Kasatochi which began on 7 August 2008 consisted of five explosive events that lasted from 26 to 68 min each and had a cumulative duration of 3.4 h. Given the event times by local seismic stations, the corresponding infrasound signals were found in the data recorded by local infrasound sensors and by distant infrasound arrays. Signals from the Okmok eruption were detected by three International Monitoring System (IMS) arrays as far away as 4400 km; signals from the Kasatochi eruption were detected at greater distances up to 5200 km away by seven infrasound arrays including the ones that detected the event at Okmok Volcano. Back azimuth propagation and a simple acoustic wave propagation model in unison with known event times were used to confirm that the planar, acoustic signals recorded at the arrays had originated from the eruptions. The infrasound array data reflected the differences in eruption styles between Okmok and Kasatochi as the signals from Kasatochi were of shorter duration, of greater amplitude, and detected over greater distances. The infrasound array data were also able to distinguish between two types of tremor episodes that occurred at Kasatochi Volcano based on atmospheric disturbance.