cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shared Spectrum Allocation via Pathloss Estimation in Crowdsensed Shared Spectrum Systems

The RF spectrum is a natural resource in great demand. The research community has addressed this unabated increase in demand via development of shared spectrum paradigms, wherein the spectrum is made available to unlicensed users (secondaries) as long as they do not interfere with the transmission of licensed incumbents (primaries). In this paradigm, typically a centralized entity (spectrum manager) is responsible for allocation of spectrum bands to a requesting SU, based on known parameters of the primaries and channel state. Optimal power allocation is important for efficient management of spectrum.In this work, we consider a crowdsourced architecture of the shared spectrum paradigm, wherein the spectrum is monitored by a large number of inexpensive spectrum sensors deployed in the area of interest. In this context, we propose a spectrum allocation algorithm that is based on estimation of path loss from the sensing reports of these spectrum sensors. Such an architecture obviates the need to assume a propagation model, but requires design of accurate estimation techniques. We consider various possible estimation schemes involving splitting of aggregate power received at each sensor and multiple interpolation schemes. We evaluate the performance of our proposed schemes with respect to the optimal allocation, and observe that allocation using the best of our methods is close to the optimal.
Library resource sharing and the Medical Library Center of New York

The creation of the Medical Library Center of New York (MLCNY) was a significant contribution to the history of health sciences librarianship as a model for cooperative, democratic, and practical solutions to the issues of storage and resource sharing. The MLCNY’s founding director, Erich Meyerhoff, was a key figure in the successful start-up and ongoing operations of the center, which operated from 1960–2003 and served the greater New York area and beyond. This essay traces the evolution of the center including the creation of the Union Catalog of Medical Periodicals and the demise of the center occasioned by changes in scholarly publishing, technology, and constituent needs.
The National Foreclosure Mitigation Counseling Program (NFMC) and Spanish-Speaking Immigrants: A Case Study

The National Foreclosure Mitigation Counseling Program was a consumer-level response to the 2008 foreclosure crisis. Evaluations of the NFMC argued its effectiveness across groups, yet little work ...
Mechanical properties of sp3-bonded carbon and boron nitride 2D membranes: A first principles study

Abstract Transverse compression and chemical passivation of few graphene or hexagonal boron nitride layers have been shown to be viable means to form ultrathin membranes rich in sp 3 bonds exhibiting intriguing mechanical behaviors. Here, density functional theory calculations are used to calculate second- and third-order elastic constants, as well as ideal breaking strengths of both layered and sp 3 -bonded arbon and boron nitride films. The sp 3 -bonded membranes consist of two or three planes of both existing and new in silico-designed bulk structures of carbon and boron nitride, and have either both, one, or none of the surfaces passivated with hydrogen. This study shows that carbon and boron nitride membranes rich in sp 3 bonds exhibit mechanical properties and ideal breaking strengths that compete with those of sp 2 -bonded layered films, and that there is a plethora of plausible stable structures of such sp 3 -bonded membranes, showing diverse electronic properties, and longitudinal and transverse mechanical behaviors. This study also suggests that by controlling thickness of the film and by tuning chemistry of the supporting substrate, transverse compression of layered carbon or hexagonal boron nitride films could lead to the formation of stable sp 3 -bonded 2D materials exposing clean surfaces, and therefore transferable, and exhibiting intriguing anisotropic mechanical and electronic properties.
Studying the Role of Gas Bubbles on Air-Sea Gas Transfer Using Computer Models

Oceanic gas bubbles, the building blocks of whitecaps, play important roles in air-sea gas transfer at moderate to high wind speed when wave breaking and bubble formation are frequent. This review focuses on the development of computer models, usually constrained by laboratory and field observation, to improve the qualitative and quantitative understanding of bubble-mediated air-sea gas transfer. The construction of bubble models, the coupling of bubble models with other ocean models, examples of their application and major findings from existing bubble modeling studies are discussed and summarized.
Extent of Prior Lung Irradiation and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients With a Cancer History

Abstract Purpose There have been nearly 200,000 deaths worldwide so far from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by a coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. Cancer history appears to be a poor prognostic factor for COVID-19 patients, although the reasons for this are unclear. In this report, we assess whether extent of prior lung irradiation is a risk factor for death as a result of COVID-19 infection. Methods and Materials Patients who tested positive for COVID-19 between March 14 and April 15, 2020, at our institution and who previously received radiation therapy for cancer in our department were included in this analysis. Patient characteristics and metrics describing the extent of lung irradiation were tabulated. Cox regression models were used to identify predictors of death after COVID-19 diagnosis. A logistic model was used to characterize the association between mean lung radiation therapy dose and 14-day mortality risk after COVID-19 diagnosis. Results For the study, 107 patients met the inclusion criteria. With a median follow-up of 7 days from COVID-19 diagnosis for surviving patients, 24 deaths have been observed. The actuarial survival rate 14 days after COVID-19 testing is 66%. Increasing mean lung dose (hazard ratio [HR] per Gy = 1.1, P = .002), lung cancer diagnosis (HR = 3.0, P = .034), and receiving radiation therapy between 1 month and 1 year before COVID-19 testing (HR = 3.4, P = .013) were associated with increased risk of death. Our survival model demonstrates a near linear relationship between mortality risk after COVID-19 diagnosis and mean lung radiation therapy dose. Conclusions COVID-19 patients with a history of radiation therapy for cancer have a poor prognosis, and mortality risk appears to be associated with extent of lung irradiation. Validation of these findings will be critical as the COVID-19 pandemic continues.
Shear thickening in highly viscous granular suspensions

We experimentally investigate shear thickening in dense granular suspensions under oscillatory shear. Directly imaging the suspension-air interface, we observe dilation beyond a critical strain and the end of shear thickening as the maximum confining stress is reached and the contact line moves. Analyzing the shear profile, we extract the viscosity contributions due to hydrodynamics , dilation and sedimentation . While governs the shear thinning regime, and together determine the shear thickening behavior. As the suspending liquid's viscosity varies from 10 to 1000 cSt, is found to compete with and soften the discontinuous nature of shear thickening.
Academic Motivation in Introductory Business Analytics Courses: A Bayesian Approach

The MUSIC (eMpowerment, Usefulness, Success, Interest, Caring) Model of Academic motivation was developed to help instructors promote student motivation in the classroom. This study examines relati...
Founders’ Education, Social Capital, and their Interplay in the Intensity of New-venture Internationalization

While research acknowledges the benefits of founders’ education and social capital for the international intensity of new ventures, the interplay between the two is less understood. Are the effects...
PL18 Minority stress and the health of LGBT populations

Minority stress theory describes how prejudice and stigma against LGBTQ people leads excess stress--both institutional and interpersonal--and, in turn, to adverse health outcomes. Social changes over the past 70 years in the United States have led to many changes in law and social attitudes toward LGBTQ people. In this presentation I will examine the impact of minority stress historically and today. I will report on results from two innovative U.S. national probability samples--Generations and TransPop--of lesbian, bisexual, gay, and other sexual minorities (www.generationsstudy.com) and transgender adults (www.transpop.org). These studies cover topics related to identity and coming out, gender transition, exposure to chronic stress, life events, and everyday discrimination, and mental and physical health outcomes. We also examine current level of affiliation of LGBTQ people with the LGBTQ community--something that has been a key feature for delivering services and public health information to LGBTQ people at least since the 1980s. Results show that while we see many positive changes in society and, especially legal protections in the United States, these changes have not resulted in corresponding marked reduction in the experience of minority stress among LGBTQ people and have not reduced markers of poor health such as depression and suicidality. I will discuss the significance of these findings for public policy and future research in LGBTQ populations.
Transformative experiences, rational decisions and shark attacks

How can we make rational decisions that involve transformative experiences, that is, experiences that can radically change our core preferences? L. A. Paul ([2014]. Transformative Experience. Oxfor...
Use of continuous glucose monitoring in obesity research: A scoping review

Abstract Background This scoping review provides a timely synthesis of the use of continuous glucose monitoring in obesity research with considerations to adherence to continuous glucose monitor devices and metrics most frequently reported. Methods This scoping review was conducted adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist. Eligible studies (n = 31) evaluated continuous glucose monitor use in research on participants, of all ages, with overweight or obesity. Results Reviewed studies varied in duration from one to 84 days (mean: 8.74 d, SD 15.2, range 1–84 d) with 889 participants total (range: 11–118 participants). Across all studies, the mean percent continuous glucose monitor wear time (actual/intended wear time in days) was 92% (numerator – mean: 266.1 d, SD: 452, range: 9–1596 d/denominator – mean: 271.6 d, SD: 451.5, range: 9–1596 d). Continuous glucose monitoring was utilized to provide biofeedback (n = 2, 6%), monitor dietary adherence (n = 2, 6%), and assess glycemic variability (n = 29, 93%). The most common variability metrics reported were standard deviation (n = 19, 62%), area under the curve (n = 12, 39%), and glycemic range (n = 12, 39%). Conclusions Available evidence suggests that continuous glucose monitoring is a well-tolerated and versatile tool for obesity research in pediatric and adult patients. Future investigation is needed to substantiate the feasibility and utility of continuous glucose monitors in obesity research and maximize comparability across studies.
Mimicking Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Importance of Differential Diagnosis

Copper deficiency is a rare nutritional deficiency with hematological manifestations that mimic those found in myelodysplastic syndrome, a hematological malignancy incurable without allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone marrow biopsy findings and peripheral blood counts are oftentimes insufficient to differentiate the two conditions. Moreover, the symptoms of copper deficiency can arise years after the surgery, making diagnosis a challenge. In patients with new-onset pancytopenia, copper deficiency must be considered on the differential, especially in the setting of known risk factors such as bariatric surgery, zinc supplementation, and celiac disease. Herein, we present a case of a 61-year-old female with a remote history of gastric bypass being evaluated for MDS in the context of progressive pancytopenia and new-onset paresthesias. The patient was found to have low serum copper and ceruloplasmin. Copper supplementation largely resolved the hematological abnormalities, but the limb paresthesias remain. This case highlights the need to identify copper deficiency early and distinguish it from MDS in order to prevent permanent neurological deficits and catastrophic response should the patient undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Remote sensing reveals multi-decadal losses of tree cover in California driven by increasing fire disturbance and climate stress

Forests provide natural climate solutions for sequestering carbon and mitigating climate change yet are threatened by increasing temperatures and disturbance. Accurate information on vegetation dynamics is lacking in some regions with forest carbon offset programs and dense forests like California. To address this, we combined remote sensing observations with geospatial databases to develop annual maps of vegetation cover (tree, shrub, herbaceous) and disturbance type (fires, harvest, and forest die-off) in California at 30 m resolution from 1985 to 2021. California lost 3783 km2 of its tree cover area (5.5% relative to initial cover). Early gains in tree cover area were more than offset by fire-driven declines, resulting in greater shrub and herbaceous cover area. Fires and tree cover area loss occurred where temperatures were high or increasing, whereas tree cover gain occurred in cooler areas. Disturbance and warming are threatening the integrity of Californias forests and its carbon offsets program. TeaserClimate and disturbance-driven tree cover loss challenges the viability of forests as natural climate solutions in California
CEO Duality and Corporate Stewardship: Evidence from Takeovers

Many scholars have been quick to criticize the merits of CEO duality, a situation where a company's Chief Executive Officer is also the Chairman of the Board, by claiming that CEO duality undermines the board's ability to effectively monitor and constrain self-interested CEOs. These criticisms are often based on empirical studies that use firm outcomes — aggregate performance measures — as proxies to evaluate the merits of an incentive structure such as duality on the behavior of CEOs. In this paper, I construct a more direct measure of CEO behavior by gathering information submitted by companies to the Securities and Exchange Commission. The novel variable I introduce in this paper measures how aggressively a CEO whose company is being sold negotiates with a prospective buyer during the pre-announcement sale process. I find that dual CEOs act in the interest of their shareholders by bargaining 16.1% more aggressively in takeover negotiations than do single role CEOs. The paper’s main finding is consistent with the view that top managers, when given higher levels of responsibility, act as good corporate stewards on behalf of their respective firms and shareholders.
Adaptive OFDMa scheme for spectrum and power allocation

The paper presents a new approach of optimal spectrum and power allocation for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation schemes. The algorithm is implemented using a parallel processing method, where each transmitted bit will minimize its cost functions, by choosing the spectrum and powers that suit better the interference pattern. The optimization problem is treated as a constrained problem, for which the optimal spectrum and power are designed based on modified gradient approach. The convergence of the algorithm was discussed. A conventional correlator implemented at the receiver part will provide immunity to perturbing interference for the optimal spectrum and power allocation. The validity of our system was confirmed by simulation.
The Double-Edged Sword of Women's Organizing: Poverty and the Emergence of Racial and Class Differences in Women's Policy Priorities

Abstract This article empirically examines how, if at all, women's prioritization of poverty issues has been conditioned by their class and/or race over time. Cross-sectional survey data collected from 1960 through 2000 was stacked to create a longitudinal research design. The survey data included open-ended questions assessing what issues respondents considered most important for the nation. Results indicate that class and racial differences among women are not inevitable when it comes to prioritizing poverty. These group cleavages emerge as significant precisely as more affluent women, and white women, disproportionately enjoyed the benefits won by second-wave organizing. The political ramifications of organizing's “double-edged sword” are discussed for public policy and women's activism.
Some Special Features of the Current Financial Policy and a Review of Taxation Regulatory Documents Issued in the Period of July-August 2013

It is impressive what the Supreme Arbitration (Commercial) Court of the Russian Federation (the SAC of Russia) managed to achieve in order to adapt Russia’s law enforcement practices to a free-market environment against general uncertainty regarding the state financial policy. First of all, measures to establish relationship between the Russian legislation and international practices in the context of economic and financial regulation are worth mentioning. In the period under review, the SAC of Russia followed up the issues which are relevant for the benefit of Russia’s budget. The SAC of Russia managed to successfully develop decisions, which are universal from the international law point of view, on making Russian regulations applicable to Russian and foreign parties to legal proceedings.
Importance of groundwater sulfate to acidification in the Goose River watershed, Maine

[1] The role of groundwater sulfate discharge to ponds and streams within the Goose River basin (33.3 km2) is examined. While airborne sulfate deposition has declined, acidity in surface waters locally remains elevated. Monthly SO42− analyses (1999–2002) of wet deposition and surface waters are reported, and a sulfate budget for six catchments of the Goose River watershed, Maine is calculated. Groundwater values from different bedrock types are beneficial in identifying groundwater source(s) of sulfate in surface waters and discriminating them from atmospheric sulfate deposition. The variability of proposed sulfide oxidation among certain local chalcophile rocks and the depth of aeration in these sheared granitoids are elucidated from and data. Cosmogenic residence times estimate new atmospheric SO42− deposition in the catchments and production of SO42− from water-rock interactions among some fractured granitoids.
On a pattern of reflexive operator spaces

A linear subspace M is a separating subspace for an operator space S if the only member of S annihilating M is 0. It is proved in this paper that if S has a strictly separating vector x and a separating subspace M satisfying Sx ∩ [SM ] = {0}, then S is reflexive. Applying this to finite dimensional S leads to more results on reflexivity. For example, if dim S = n, and every nonzero operator in S has rank > n2, then S is reflexive.
Linear Quantum Measurements

Linear response theory describes quantum measurement with an arbitrary detector weakly coupled to a measured system. This description produces generic quantitative relation characterizing the detector that is analogous to the fluctuation-dissipation theorem for equilibrium systems. The detector characteristic obtained in this way shows how effective is the trade-off between the back-action dephasing and information acquisition by the detector.
Conservation Tillage Systems

“Conservation tillage is not a panacea, but it is one of the best ways yet found to meet our national priorities of soil and water conservation” (Meyers, 1983). These words by the former chief of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) Soil Conservation Service corroborate the attitude of many persons regarding the potentials of this practice for conserving soil and water resources, not only in the United States, but also in many other countries throughout the world.
Megaproyectos de transporte: Instituciones, política y gestión técnica de recursos

Este documento presenta una serie practicas y experiencias en grandes proyectos de infraestructura que el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo BID ha presenciado en la region. Con este proposito, se contextualiza que es un megaproyecto, la importancia de la comunidad donde este se construye y la relacion que se genera entre ellos. Asi mismo, se ahonda en las experiencias regionales, en la capacidad requerida para la ejecucion de los grandes proyectos y las necesidades que genera. Por, ultimo, se hace referencia a los elementos de preparacion de un proyecto, los tipos de cambios naturales que surgen en el momento de su ejecucion y como estos ultimos se pueden prever. Se termina enfatizando en algunos proyectos en el area regional cuyas experiencias valiosas valen la pena ser tenidas en cuenta.
Human CST promotes telomere duplex replication and general replication restart after fork stalling

Mammalian CST (CTC1-STN1-TEN1) associates with telomeres and depletion of CTC1 or STN1 causes telomere defects. However, the function of mammalian CST remains poorly understood. We show here that depletion of CST subunits leads to both telomeric and non-telomeric phenotypes associated with DNA replication defects. Stable knockdown of CTC1 or STN1 increases the incidence of anaphase bridges and multi-telomeric signals, indicating genomic and telomeric instability. STN1 knockdown also delays replication through the telomere indicating a role in replication fork passage through this natural barrier. Furthermore, we find that STN1 plays a novel role in genome-wide replication restart after hydroxyurea (HU)-induced replication fork stalling. STN1 depletion leads to reduced EdU incorporation after HU release. However, most forks rapidly resume replication, indicating replisome integrity is largely intact and STN1 depletion has little effect on fork restart. Instead, STN1 depletion leads to a decrease in new origin firing. Our findings suggest that CST rescues stalled replication forks during conditions of replication stress, such as those found at natural replication barriers, likely by facilitating dormant origin firing.
A Feasibility Study of Methodological Issues and Short-Term Outcomes in Seriously Injured Older Adults

BACKGROUND: For any given traumatic injury, older adults experience a longer hospitalization, more complications, and higher mortality than do younger patients. OBJECTIVES: To prospectively identify problems in designing follow-up studies in seriously injured older adults without head injury and to examine outcomes after serious trauma in older adults who were sent to a level I trauma center. METHODS: A short-term descriptive follow-up design was used in which each patient served as his or her baseline. Eligible patients had injuries that required admission to an intensive care unit, a hospital length of stay longer than 72 hours, or surgery. Patients with isolated hip fractures, central nervous system injuries, and burn injuries were excluded. Data were collected by using standardized instruments during the acute hospital stay and 3 months after discharge from the hospital. RESULTS: During a representative 2-month period, 21% of a potential 77 subjects died in the hospital, 44% had cognitive impairment that precluded participation, and 17% declined to participate. Twenty older adults (mean age 73.5 years) who were injured in motor vehicle crashes (45%), falls (35%), or pedestrian accidents (15%) or who had gunshot wounds (5%) were enrolled. Ten percent died after discharge. Levels of physical disability at 3 months after discharge were higher than those before the injury (score on Sickness Impact Profile physical subscale 24.5 vs 10.9, P = .02), and psychological distress (Impact of Event Scale score 20.9) remained elevated. CONCLUSION: Mortality, disability, and posttraumatic psychological distress after discharge are problems in seriously injured older adults.
Preparation of a Mesquite (Prosopis spp.) Pod Enhanced Protein Reduced Fiber Fraction

Raw, extruded (alone and a 50/50 blend with soybeans) or toasted mesquite (Prosopis spp.) pods were passed 1 and 4 times through an Alpine pin mill, and the resulting ground products separated into different sieve fractions. Protein concentration and recovery were maximum, and fiber content minimum, in the fines. Maximum protein concentration and recovery were obtained in both extrusion runs; of the remaining two runs, toasted pods gave higher protein recovery, but lower protein concentration in the fines, than raw pods.
Research Ethics I: Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR)—Historical and Contemporary Issues Pertaining to Human and Animal Experimentation

Purpose In this series of articles—Research Ethics I, Research Ethics II, and Research Ethics III—the authors provide a comprehensive review of the 9 core domains for the responsible conduct of res...
Future potential of targeted component analysis by multidimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract Multidimensional liquid chromatography (MDLC) may be used in either (i) the profiling mode where it is the objective to fractionate all components in a mixture or (ii) the targeted component mode in which it is the objective to determine specific analytes. This paper focuses on targeted component analysis from complex mixtures, addressing the critical operations of analyte selection and transport from the first to the second dimension. Although the physical operation of switching a component into the second dimension with computer controlled valving is simple, it is shown that changes in analyte retention time and peak width with column age and fouling are a serious problem. The analyte moves out of the preselected time window for valve switching and quantitation is compromised in the second dimension. It is proposed that a solution to the “drifting peak” phenomenon in targeted component analysis is to use binary mobility elution in the first dimension. Binary mobility refers to those systems, such as affinity chromatography, in which analyte mobility is generally either 0 or 1 relative to mobile phase velocity. Coupling these binary changes in analyte mobility in the first dimension with valve switching eliminates the “drifting peak” phenomenon. In addition, it is shown that a wide time window may be used in affinity separations without compromising the separation or accumulating contaminants. Several cases are described in which immunosorbents were used with reversed phase columns to provide quantitative targeted component analyses from complex mixtures.
Chemically robust conjugated polymer platform for thin-film sensors

Abstract To examine chemically robust thin conjugated polymer films for use as optical and conductometric sensors, we graft polythiophene and two alkyl-based derivatives to optically transparent substrates. Though structurally contrasting to other film deposition techniques, grafted polythiophene films preserve their documented absorption, luminescence and electrical properties. Photoluminescence intensities are sensitive to trace amounts of iron and iodine in solution with reasonable Stern–Volmer constants and downward sloping Stern–Volmer plots characteristic to thin-film sensors. Rising conductivities indicate chemical doping is responsible for photoluminescence quenching. We vary reaction times and solvents to optimize desired properties and produce robust polythiophene films, verified by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, that are uniform across the substrate with thicknesses ranging from 20 to 200 nm and controllable levels of surface roughness. Due to steric effects, polythiophene and poly(3-methylthiophene) films exhibit the highest conductivities while poly(3-hexylthiophene) films exhibit greater photoluminescence efficiencies. These platforms show promise as thin films for in-solution sensing.
Biochemical and biophysical comparison of two mucins from human submandibular-sublingual saliva

Abstract A high-molecular-weight mucin-glycoprotein (MG1) was isolated from human submandibular-sublingual saliva and was comprised of 14.9% protein, 29.0% N-acetylglucosamine, 9.4% N-acetylgalactosamine, 10.5% fucose, 24.2% galactose, 0.9% mannose, 4.0% N-acetylneuraminic acid, and 7.0% sulfate. Carbohydrate units were O-glycosidically linked and ranged in size from 4 to 16 residues. The biophysical properties of MG1 were compared to those of a smaller mucin (MG2) also isolated from submandibular-sublingual saliva.Fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated that MG1 bound both 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) and N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPNA) in stable hydrophobic binding sites (melting temperature, 47 ± 2 °C), whereas MG2 did not bind these hydrophobic probes. These hydrophobic domains occurred on nonglycosylated or naked portions of MG1 since Pronase treatment eliminated ANS binding. Reduction of disulfide bridges in MG1 increased the number of available hydrophobic binding sites. High ionic strength (0 to 2 m NaCl) had no effect on ligand binding, whereas lowering pH (9 to 2) increased ANS binding without affecting NPNA complexation. Circular dichroism (CD) data suggested that MG1's carbohydrate chains dominated its spectrum. In contrast, the peptide backbone dominated the CD spectrum of MG2. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that human submandibular-sublingual saliva contains two structurally distinct mucins.
Chindia in the context of emerging cultural and media powers

This essay aims to put the relationship of China and India – Chindia – in the context of other emerging cultural and media powers in a somewhat, but far from completely, transformed world or global system. It examines their globalization in terms of Appadurai’s (1990) set of landscapes and of asymmetrical interdependence (Straubhaar, 1991). It explores their relations with the existing core powers, with each other, and with other less developed nations and cultures.
Growth and differentiation in hydra. II. The effect of temperature on budding in Hydra littoralis

Hydra littoralis acclimates to 5°, 10°, 15° and 21° C. After acclimation, animals actively initiate and drop buds. The relationship between budding rate of acclimated hydras and temperature in the 5° to 21° range is direct but non-linear. The temperature coefficient for bud development is much greater than for bud initiation at low temperature. The size (dry weight) of individual buds and adults increases with decreasing temperature; animals acclimated to 5° are more than twice as large as animals acclimated to 21°. Hydras subjected to an abrupt temperature rise show a temporary overshoot in budding rate as compared to controls already acclimated to the higher temperature. The budding rate of hydras subjected to an abrupt temperature drop is temporarily depressed severely as compared to the rate of controls already acclimated to the lower temperature.
Deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization betweenSpiroplasma citri and the corn stunt spiroplasma

The DNA base composition of the R8-A2 strain ofSpiroplasma citri and the I-747 and E strains of corn stunt spiroplasma was determined, by using the thermal denaturation temperature (Tm), to be 26.8, 26.3, and 26.0 mol% (G+C), respectively. By the simple hybridization method, a measurement of the relative binding of homologous or heterologous labeled DNA to unlabeled, DNA-immobilized, nitrocellulose membrane, a homology of 56–60% was demonstrated betweenS. citri and two strains of corn stunt spiroplasma. A relatively higher DNA homology (66–71% between these two organisms was obtained in teh competition experiment, a measurement of the relative ability of homologous or heterologous competitor DNA to block the formation of homologous DNA-DNA duplex.
Multiple CD-SEM matching for 0.18-μm lines/spaces at different exposure conditions

CD-SEMs are used within ASML for evaluating the imaging performance of Stepper and Step and Scan systems. This implies measuring a large number of focus exposure matrices and inter/intra-field CD measurements on different CD-SEMs. Therefore the CD-SEMs in ASML are matched through focus. The matching procedure is done on three steps. First, all CD- SEMs are checked for stability. Then the magnification factor for each of the individual CD-SEMs is checked in order to make sure that he tool is set up correctly. Finally, the CD measurements are matched through focus and multiple exposure energies. In this paper, we will show that the CD-SEMs of different vendors can be matched using photoresist features, through focus within 5 nm for 0.18 micrometers features. This matching includes different orientations and densities using only one correction offset.
Syntheses of some analogs of a possible intermediate formed in the thymidylate synthetase reaction

The syntheses of a number of analogs of a possible intermediate formed in the thymidylate synthetase reaction are described. These consist of a number of 5-arylaminomethyluracils (X) and N-methyl-N-[1,-(2′-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)thyminyl]-p-aminobenzoyl glutamic acid (XXb).
Controlling Acculturation: A Potawatomi Strategy for Avoiding Removal

AbstractIt was not until recently that the focus of archaeological and historical studies has taken attention off the disappearance of Native American culture and focused on evidence that demonstrates multiple strategies used by various Native American groups to sustain themselves in Euro-American society during and after initial European contact. These contemporary analyses demonstrate that while the recognition of power relations within contact relationships is critical to interpreting the views of Native Americans towards Euro-American goods, it is also necessary to note that in the effort to avoid assimilation and removal, these goods often took on significance beyond their utilitarian functions. This article draws from these new theories in an attempt to argue how evidence uncovered from archaeological investigations of three Potawatomi sites in the Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois region reveal significant evidence of how varying ways of viewing commodities led to differing forms of resistance among ...
Politics and the Suboptimal Provision of Counterterror

I present a model of interactions between voters, a government, and a terrorist organization. The model focuses on a previously unexplored conceptualization of counterterrorism as divided into tactic-specific observable and general unobservable tactics. When there is divergence between voters and government preferences, strategic substitution among different modes of attack by terrorists and agency problems between the voters and government create a situation in which the politically optimal counterterrorism strategy pursued by the government in response to electoral and institutional incentives is quite different from the security maximizing counterterrorism strategy. In particular, in response to electoral pressure, the government allocates resources to observable counterterror in excess of the social optimum. This problem is particularly severe when governments put great weight on rent-seeking or care less about counterterror than do voters and when terrorists have a large set of tactics from which to choose. Voters can decrease the magnitude of the agency problem by increasing the benefits of reelection by, for example, slackening requirements for nonsecurity related public goods. I have received valuable comments and advice from Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, Randy Calvert, Martin Cripps, James Fearon, Amanda Friedenberg, Robert Powell, Matthew Stephenson, and Barbara Walter. I thank the Weidenbaum Center on the Economy, Government, and Public Policy at Washington University for financial support.
Recurrent Pulmonary Embolization Following Implantation of Transvenous Pacemaker

A 44-year-old man developed recurrent pulmonary embolization after implantation of a permanent transvenous DVI pacemaker connected to polyurethane leads. Thrombus was found in the left innominate and subclavian veins around the pacemaker leads, but not in the right atrium or in the venous system of the pelvis and the lower extremities. The recurrence of pulmonary embolization followed discontinuation of treatment with Coumadin. This case demonstrates that lifelong anticoagulation is indicated in patients who have had pulmonary embolization and/or venous thrombosis around the pacemaker leads.
CHUK, a Conserved Helix-Loop-Helix Ubiquitous Kinase, Maps to Human Chromosome 10 and Mouse Chromosome 19

Abstract Helix-loop-helix proteins contain stretches of DNA that encode two amphipathic α-helices joined by a loop structure and are involved in protein dimerization and transcriptional regulation essential to a variety of cellular processes. CHUK, a newly described conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitos kinase, was mapped by somatic cell hybrid analyses to human Chr 10q24-q25. Chuk and a related sequence, Chuk-rs1, were mapped to mouse chromosomes 19 and 16, respectively, by a combination of somatic cell hybrid, recombinant inbred, and backcross analyses.
Electrically active defects in liquid phase epitaxial interfaces in the In0.53Ga0.47As/InP system

Abstract The electrical properties of liquid phase epitaxial interfaces in the lattice-matched In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As/InP system were studied using C − V profiling and capacitance transient spectroscopy. The measurements indicate a high density of acceptor-like electron traps about 0.10 eV below the conduction band in a highly localized region in the immediate vicinity of LPE n-In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As/N-InP isotype heterojunctions. The complete absence of these traps in the interface between two successively grown InP layers, and between two successively grown In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As layers indicates that the defects are formed during the initial stages of heteroepitaxy. Possible origins of this electron trap are discussed.
ON CONTINUUM MODELS OF DUCTILE FRACTURE.

Several fracture criteria are reviewed with respect to ductile fracture. It is suggested that both critical crack-tip displacement, 2Vc*, and critical fracture strain,∃*, criteria may describe the fracture of a ductile second phase rod in a ductile matrix. As a first approximation, this is experimentally verified by observations of ductile stainless steel fibres fracturing in an age-hardened aluminium matrix. For 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 volume fraction composites, the average fracture strains are calculated to be 1.15 as compared to a measured average of 0.93 while the average critical crack-tip displacement is calculated to be 0.50 mm as compared to an “observed” average of 0.40 mm. The statistical variation in the fracture strain was not sufficiently small to allow any choice between these proposed criteria. In fact, both the experimental and theoretical evidence point to the equivalency of these criteria as given by 2Vc*=π/*∃* where /* is the microstructural unit in front of the crack over which the strain is greater than or equal to∃*.
Temperature structure in the lower atmosphere of Venus: New results derived from pioneer Venus entry probe measurements

The Pioneer Venus Small-Probe Net Flux Radiometer temperature sensor and its calibration, the thermal model of the sensor head, the procedure for deriving atmospheric temperature from the sensor temperatures, and the new temperature results for each entry probe are reported. The new results are compared with those of the Small-Probe Atmospheric Structure experiment and with simple models of diurnal and latitudinal temperature contrasts. A dynamical inconsistency between these results and low-latitude measurements by the Sounder probe is described, and possible ways to resolve it are considered.
Atomic structures of 6HSiC (0001) and (0001̄) surfaces

Abstract We have studied the reconstructions of the 6HSiC (0001) and (0001) surfaces after annealing at 850–950°C under a Si flux using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). On both the Si-terminated (0001) and C-terminated (0001) surfaces, we observed a (3 × 3) reconstruction after annealing at 850°C, which changed to a (√3 × √3) reconstruction after further annealing at 950°C. We propose a model for the (3 × 3) surface with a 4 9 ML adatom-coverage. The (√3 × √3) surface has a 1 3 ML adato observations are consistent with previous LEED results. We also observed a new (9 × 9) reconstruction on the (0001) surface after further annealing the (3 × 3) surface at 900°C under a Si flux. When the (0001) surface was flashed to 1150°C without a Si flux, a graphitized surface with a (6 × 6) reconstruction was formed. The empty-state and filled-state images showed a contrast reversal. When Si was deposited in the (6 × 6) surface, the polarity of the contrast reversal was reversed, confirming the validity of our previous electronic structure calculations for this surface.
A 50-Year Follow-up of Childhood Plumbism: Hypertension, Renal Function, and Hemoglobin Levels Among Survivors

A group of 192 subjects with well-documented lead poisoning in 1930 to 1942 were identified in this pilot study. Thirty-five of 72 survivors traced to a Boston area address and 22 age-, sex-, race-, and neighborhood-matched controls were recruited into a clinical study. One matched subject with plumbism had grossly abnormal renal function and an elevated blood lead level of an unclear cause. Among the remaining 21 matched pairs, the risk of hypertension was significantly higher in subjects with plumbism (relative risk, 7.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 42.3). Mean adjusted creatinine clearance rates for subjects with plumbism, however, were significantly higher than those of controls and supranormal in comparison to rates predicted for sex and age. Subjects with plumbism had significantly lower hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit readings than the controls. Blood lead and serum creatinine levels were low for both groups. These results suggest that survivors of childhood lead poisoning have an increased risk of clinically significant hypertension developing in the setting of supranormal creatinine clearance rates.
WE‐C‐213AB‐03: Preparing for Part II of the ABR Radiotherapy Physics Exam

Attendees are taught an efficient organizational framework for Part II exam preparation that maximizes high‐yield active learning study activities and minimizes low‐yield study activities. This method is then combined with a productive group‐based study technique. The format and scope of the Part II ABR exam in radiotherapy physics is described, and the eligibility requirements are reviewed. High‐yield and low‐yield study activities are defined and examples are discussed in detail. A problem‐based strategy for limiting the scope of study material is described. A method for studying in groups by distributing delegable tasks among multiple group members and ensuring their completion is described. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the scope of material covered on Part II of the ABR radiotherapy physics exam and which references to study for the exam. 2. Be able to design and execute an efficient study plan that enables an active learning approach. 3. Learn to use group study techniques to enhance efficiency.
The path of a sound signal in Einstein and Einstein-Cartan theory of gravitation

Abstract The path equation of a sound signal in general relativity is studied, It is shown that the sound path deflects towards stronger gravitational fields and is expected to defect less in a medium with polarization than in one without it, using the Einstein-Cartan theory of gravitation.
Interfacial water structure: The electrical conductivity under hydrostatic pressure of particulate solids permeated with aqueous electrolyte solution

Abstract Comparison of the temperature and pressure dependencies of the relative electrical conductivity of aqueous 0·10 M KCl solutions and particulate solids permeated with these solutions shows that the water near an interface is structured, and that this structured region tends to exclude electrolyte thereby increasing the concentration of the solution at some greater distance from the interface—a conclusion confirmed by simple elution experiments. This water structure near interfaces is more stable with respect to both temperature and pressure and thus presumably different from the structure predominant in bulk liquid water. Two water structural forms are proposed; the one forms the substance of the Frank-Wen clusters and the hydration atmospheres of ions and charge sites; the second forms the substance of water structure near interfaces, the hydration atmosphere of hydrophobic groups and materials including the quaternary amine ions, and the hydration crust of the hydrophobic segments of biopolymers.
A compile-time granularity analysis algorithm and its performance evaluation

A major implementation problem with implicitly parallel languages, is that small grain size can lead to execution overheads and reduced performance. We present a new granularity-analysis scheme that produces estimators, at compile time, of the relative execution weight of each procedure invocation. These estimators can be cheaply evaluated at runtime to approximate the relative task granularities, enabling intelligent scheduling decisions. Our method seeks to balance tradeoffs between analysis complexity, estimator accuracy, and runtime overhead of evaluating the estimator. To this end, rather than analyze data size or dependencies, we introduceiteration parameters to handle recursive procedures. This simplification facilitates solving the recurrence equations that describe the granularity estimators, and reduces the runtime overhead of evaluating these estimators. The algorithm is described in the context of concurrent logic programming languages, although the concepts are applicable to functional languages in general. We show, for a benchmark suite, that the method accurately estimates cost. Multiprocessor simulation results quantify the advantage of dynamically scheduling tasks with the granularity information.
Quantitative analysis of six heterocyclic aromatic amines in mainstream cigarette smoke condensate using isotope dilution liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

Introduction Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) represent an important class of carcinogens in mainstream cigarette smoke. Accurate HAA quantification is challenging because of their relative low abundances and numerous chemical interferences that arise naturally from thousands of the constituents present in cigarette smoke. We have developed and validated a straightforward high-throughput method to quantify HAA levels in mainstream cigarette smoke and demonstrated the applicability by analyzing select research and domestic cigarette brands. Methods Machine-smoked cigarette condensate collected under both standard and intensive smoking regimens was examined. Mainstream smoke particulate from individual cigarettes trapped on a glass fiber filter pad was spiked with an appropriate internal standard solution and subsequently solvent extracted. The extract was quantitatively analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Results Method validation data showed excellent accuracy, reproducibility and high throughput; it is suitable for the routine analysis of HAAs in cigarette smoke condensate delivered under a wide of differing smoking conditions. The smoking machine deliveries of HAAs are strongly influenced by cigarettes' physical design, filler blend, and smoking regimen. Conclusions A quick and accurate method has been developed for the analysis of 6 HAAs in mainstream cigarette smoke condensate. Results provided a good mean to access the ranges of HAAs in commercial products and evaluate the relative contribution of cigarette design, filler blend, and smoking regimen on delivery. Such data are vital in helping provide exposure ranges for potential human exposure estimates.