cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Miniemulsion polymerization of styrene using the oil-soluble initiator AMBN

The Mettler RC1 calorimeter was used to measure the rate of polymerization of conventional emulsion, homogenized emulsion, and miniemulsion polymerizations of styrene initiated with 2,2′-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile). It was noted that the rate of polymerization significantly increased as the surface area of the monomer droplets increased. This was taken as strong evidence that in the miniemulsion and homogenized emulsion polymerizations, the fraction of the initiator soluble in the oil phase was responsible for single radical generation. The partitioning of AMBN at 70 °C was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography to be 134 parts in the oil : 1 part in the water. Predissolving polystyrene in the miniemulsion prior to homogenization resulted in an enhancement in the rate of polymerization, although to a lesser extent than what has been previously noted for parallel miniemulsion polymerizations initiated with potassium persulfate. It was also noted that the method of addition of the oil-soluble initiator (either predissolved in the monomer prior to homogenization or dissolved in a small separate phase of monomer and added directly to the reactor) has a measurable effect on the kinetics in the miniemulsion polymerization of styrene. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 4449–4457, 1999
Three-dimensional mathematical model of the human spine structure.

A method is presented for constructing discrete-parameter type three-dimensional mathematical models and governing equations of motion of the spine structure. The anatomic structure is represented by any combination of rigid bodies, springs, and dashpots in space. These are positioned, orientated, and connected in a manner to represent the true mechanical function of the structure. The rigid bodies are of any shape and have 6 degrees-of-freedom, allowing three-dimensional motion. The springs and dashpots may have up to twenty-one stiffness and damping coefficients respectively to precisely represent the three-dimensional coupled behavior. The method is straightforward and simple to apply. The governing equations are in the matrix form and are easily generated and solved by computer techniques.
The critical spirituality of Paulo Freire

Starting from the premise that Paulo Freire’s capacity for hope in the face of personal struggle and exile issued from his spirituality, this paper examines Freire’s spirituality through the lens of Michael Dantley’s concept of critical spirituality. The concept of spirituality as discussed in the literature is explored, followed by an explication of Dantley’s concept of critical spirituality, which is an integration of critical theory and African-American spirituality as articulated by Cornel West and others. After briefly reviewing Freire’s religious and cultural background, the paper compares Dantley and Freire in terms of their perspectives on hope, conversion to or solidarity with the oppressed and prophetic vision. The paper concludes by offering four implications of Freire’s critical spirituality for educators seeking to work for social change.
Kinetics of Morphological Development in Elastomer Modified Silica Xerogels

Abstract Acid-catalyzed, sol-gel chemistry is used to incorporate polysiloxane elastomers in ceramic gels in order to prevent pore collapse on drying. These rubber-modified, ceramic gels can lead to low-density nano-porous materials for uses such as thermal insulation. The morphological mechanisms by which these materials are toughened by elastomers is the focus of this paper. Structural development in these multiphase systems involves a complex interplay between nano-scale hydrolysis/condensation reactions and colloidal to macroscopic phase separation and network formation. The interplay between these morphological features as a function of reaction time is studied using microscopy as well as small-angle x-ray and light scattering. The initial reaction mixture is phase-separated on a micron scale due to the immiscibility of poly-siloxanes and water. At an early stage of the sol-gel reaction, mass-fractal domains in the nano-scale develop, while micron-scale phase-separated domains are diminished. Near th...
Ecology, law, and the ‘Marine Revolution’

Abstract The attainment of a world-wide high standard of living depends upon vastly increased resource exploitation, including the seas. Man's exploitive activities heretofore have simplified environments, reducing their stability and leading to ecosystem collapse (Fig. 1). Ecosystem ecology is rarely definitive; however, laws by which Man regulates his activities should be subject to change according to ecosystem reality. Many historically-developed modes of human activity make little sense ecologically. What we may call the ‘Marine Revolution’ follows the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions as a significant change in Man's relationship with his environment. Advanced technology for ocean research and development are becoming available, but cultural and legal frameworks for regulation have not matured. A major problem in the development of a marine tradition whereby Man will not destroy marine ecosystems lies in the application of ecological ‘laws’ to our activities at sea. The uses of the seas are for fisheries, minerals, and mining, for furthering military interests, and for recreation. Science and technology are advanced for all of these, while conservation attempts to integrate them wisely. Legal regimes for regulation stem mainly from the four Geneva Conventions which formalize a three-and-a-half-centuries-old history of marine law. These Conventions themselves emphasize that marine law needs modification along new lines. Debate intensifies over regimes of res nullius (belonging to no one) versus res communis (property of the community) for ocean exploitation. This paper concludes that exploitive ‘conquest’ can no longer serve as a guide for Man's use of the sea. An emphasis must be given to marine ecosystems and to the role of the marine ecologist in the oceanological debate. In the past, provincialism and tradition have stood in the way of international control of ocean-resource use. Should an over-riding consideration be given to ecology and to internationalism, the Marine Revolution will affect Man's future life far more beneficially than a mere evaluation of resources alone would indicate.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF DRIVING SIMULATION

SYSTEM ANALYSIS PROCEDURES AS APPLIED TO DRIVING SIMULATORS MUST ACCOMPLISH SEVERAL BASIC TASKS: (1) IDENTIFY THE SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND INTERACTIONS THAT ARE TO BE SIMULATED, (2) SPECIFY THE DEGREE OF SIMULATION OF EACH COMPONENT IN THE SYSTEM (IN THIS CASE, THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE AUTOMOBILE AND THE ENVIRONMENT ARE TO BE REPRODUCED BY THE SIMULATOR MUST BE ADEQUATELY ESTABLISHED), (3) THE INPUT AND OUTPUT TO THE SIMULATOR, PLUS THE PROCESS OF INTRODUCING VARIABILITY AND MEASURING THE RESPONSE TO IT, MUST BE SUBJECTED TO CAREFUL ANALYSIS,AND (4) THE SIMULATION PROCESS REQUIRES THAT A MAJOR PORTION OF ANY DRIVER-RELATED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS BE DEVOTED TO AN EXAMINATION OF EACH COMPONENT IN THE SYSTEM, ITS INPUT, FUNCTIONING, AND RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS. THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF THE DRIVING SITUATION WERE ANALYZED FROM A SYSTEMS POINT OF VIEW. IN ORDER TO SUMMARIZE SOME EXISTING SIMULATION ATTEMPTS, THE PARTICULAR FOCUS OF EACH STUDY WITH RESPECT TO THE COMPONENT OR METHOD OF HANDLING A COMPONENT, WAS UTILIZED. THE DRIVING SIMULATION LITERATURE WAS REVIEWED TO PROVIDE AN INTERGRATED CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD. THE BASIC COMPONENT RELATIONS WERE EXPLORED AND THE PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF SIMULATION WERE THEN ANALYZED. THESE PRIMARY FUNCTIONS WERE: (1) THE INTRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL VARIATION INTO THE SYSTEM, (2) THE REPRESENTATION OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM, (3) THE MEASUREMENT OF COMPONENT RESPONSE, AND (4) THE MEASUREMENT OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCE.
Unilateral deficits induced in rats by MPP+ are markedly reduced by an N-terminal peptide fragment of dopamine-releasing protein.

Dopamine-releasing protein (DARP) is a novel factor involved in the function and development of catecholaminergic systems. To test whether a peptide synthesized from the N-terminus of DARP (DARP-36aa) ameliorates deficits in nigrostriatal dopamine, rats were unilaterally lesioned with MPP+, 1 day before administration of DARP-36aa began. Striatal delivery of 1 μg DARP-36aa daily for 10 days elevated striatal dopamine (P < 0.01) and and reduced amphetamine-induced rotations (P < 0.05) relative to controls, both indicating the protection or restoration of dopaminergic function.
SIMULTANEOUS‐EQUATIONS BIAS AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION FUNCTION ESTIMATION

During the twenty years or so since some early estimations of production functions in agriculture there has been considerable discussion of many of the technical problems associated with such estimation. Although the simultaneous nature of production decisions, leading to the determination of input levels in the production function, was pointed out early in the piece by Marschak and Andrews, little attention has been paid to this aspect of the problem until comparatively recently. The only systematic treatment of these problems is that of Hoch, although there appeared recently in the Economic Record an extended controversy between Konijn and Soper. The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate that when the profit maximisation conditions are cast in a slightly different form, Hoch's conclusions concerning the existence of simultaneous equations bias cannot be sustained, although there is similarity of assumptions throughout. The treatment initially will be in terms of farms producing a single output. However, the examination of the simultaneous equation problem will be extended to the multiple output case where it will be shown that problems of an entirely different nature arise. The Cobb-Douglas form of production function will be adhered to throughout.
'Looking like a bad person': vocabulary of motives and narrative analysis in a story of nursing collegiality.

Collegiality among nurses is necessary for the accomplishment of the tasks of care, for safety and quality improvement and for professional self-regulation. Nurses, especially in hospitals, are more likely to work in groups than other professionals, yet those relationships have not been well explored. Bullying, intimidation and fear are frequently identified, while respectful disagreements are rarely described. In this paper, a single story by a nurse about her conversational conflict with another nurse is given a close reading. I use the ‘triadic line’ of William Carlos Williams to format an extended excerpt of interview text, in order to make visible the rhythms and organization of spoken language. Mills' concept of a ‘vocabulary of motives’ is used to examine the rhetorical strategies deployed by each nurse. Finally, I analyze the narrative structure of the story, highlighting the ways that moral certainty and uncertainty function to involve the reader in the story, and the complex role of virtue in nursing discourse.
Dissociation dynamics of diatomic molecules in intense laser fields: A scheme for the selection of relevant adiabatic potential curves

We investigated the nuclear dynamics of diatomic molecular ions in intense laser fields by analyzing their fragment kinetic-energy release (KER) spectra as a function of the pump-probe delay $\ensuremath{\tau}$. Within the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation, we calculated ab initio adiabatic potential-energy curves and their electric dipole couplings, using the quantum chemistry code gamess. By comparing simulated KER spectra as a function of either $\ensuremath{\tau}$ or the vibrational quantum-beat frequency for the nuclear dynamics on both individual and dipole-coupled BO potential curves with measured spectra, we developed a scheme for identifying electronic states that are relevant for the dissociation dynamics. We applied this scheme to investigate the nuclear dynamics in O${}_{2}$${}^{+}$ ions that are produced by ionization of neutral O${}_{2}$ molecules in an ultrashort infrared (IR) pump pulse and dissociate due to the dipole coupling of molecular potential curves in a delayed IR probe laser field.
Sensing Free Surface of Arc Weld Pool Using Specular Reflection: Principle and Analysis:

The weld pool surface provides important information for understanding arc welding processes. In this study, a novel vision sensor is proposed to measure the three-dimensional shape of the free weld pool surface. A pulsed laser is projected on to the weld pool through a specific grid. Specular reflection from the pool surface is sensed using a high shutter speed camera. The three-dimensional weld pool surface shape is clearly shown by the specular reflection. To determine the shape of the pool surface, an image processing technology has been developed to extract the skeleton of the specular reflection from the acquired image. The imaging principle is analysed to determine the correlation between the reflection and the weld pool surface. If the weld pool surface is known, the corresponding specular reflection can be directly calculated using the imaging model which is derived based on the reflection law. However, no explicit models can be obtained to determine the weld pool surface using the reflection and...
Selective Type II (Inducible) Nitric Oxide Synthase Antagonists Attenuate Shear Stress-Induced Pulmonary Vasodilation in the Late Gestation Ovine Fetus† 1727

Type II (inducible) nitric oxide synthase (NOS II) is present in the fetal lung and modulates basal pulmonary vascular tone in the late gestation fetal lamb. To determine whether NOS II contributes to nitric oxide (NO) activity in response to shear stress-induced pulmonary vasodilation, we studied the response of two selective NOS II antagonists, aminoguanidine (AG) and S-ethylisothiourea (EIT), and a non selective NOS antagonist, nitro-L-arginine(L-NA), on pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) during acute partial compression of the ductus arteriosus (DA) in 10 chronically prepared fetal lambs (mean age 132 ± 2 days; term, 147 days). At surgery, catheters were placed in the left pulmonary artery (LPA) for selective drug infusion, and in the main pulmonary artery (PAP), aorta (Ao), left atrium (LAP), and amniotic cavity for pressure measurements. An ultrasonic flow transducer was placed on the LPA to measure blood flow (Q). PVR in the left lung was calculated as PAP-LAP/Q. An inflatable occluder was placed around the DA for compression. After at least 72 hours of recovery from surgery, normal saline(control), AG (120 mg), EIT (0.12 mg), and L-NA (20 mg) were infused in random order into the LPA over 10 minutes. On alternate days, the DA was compressed to increase PAP 12-15 mmHg above baseline values for 30 minutes. In comparison with the 50% reduction in PVR in controls, AG and EIT reduced the fall in PVR, and L-NA paradoxically increased PVR. Table
Palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes with polypyridylbenzene ligands

Abstract The ligands 1,3-bis(3-pyridyl)benzene (1), 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)benzene (2) and 1,3,5-tris(4-pyridyl)benzene (3) have been prepared by Stille coupling of 3- or 4-trimethylstannylpyridine with the appropriate bromoarene. Ligands 1 and 2 react with [M(OTf)2(dppp)] (M=Pd, Pt) to produce the dipalladium- or diplatinum-containing macrocycles [M2(μ-1)2(dppp)2](OTf)4 or [M2(μ-2)2(dppp)2](OTf)4. These have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and, in the case of [Pd2(μ-1)2(dppp)2](OTf)4, by X-ray crystallography. The molecular structure of the [Pd2(μ-1)2(dppp)2]4+ cation reveals a shallow arrangement of the aromatic rings, with the palladium atoms lying above and below. The tridentate ligand 3 reacts with [Pd(OTf)2(dppp)] to produce a trimetallic species of the form [Pd3(μ3-3)2(dppp)3](OTf)6.
Intermittency and the Organization of Turbulence in the Near-Neutral Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Abstract Aircraft data from the JASIN Experiment have been used to examine the role that intermittency plays in turbulent transfer in the near-neutral marine atmospheric boundary layer. Conditional sampling, using the time-varying dissipation rate as an indicator, was the technique chosen for studying the dimensions of observed bursts of dissipation and their relation to the turbulent transfer. Burst fractional area coverage, γ, showed significant height variability in the surface layer, from a value of 0.45 near the surface decreasing to a constant value of about 0.30 above Z=0.2Zi. It was shown that γ is quite sensitive in the surface layer to the height of measurement and to the surface roughness (scaling with u2*/gZ), while being independent of heat flux. The plume model of Frisch provided an estimate of the physical dimensions of the bursts. Their area varied little with height and corresponded to an average diameter of 140 m, but the number density decreased with height. The regions of high turbulen...
Empathetic Responses and Attitudes about Older Adults: How Experience with the Aging Game Measures Up

This study aimed to assess the impact of pre-professional education on students' knowledge and attitudes about aging, including the option of a simulated learning activity. Using a mixed design, groups of nursing and nutrition students (n = 127) were randomly assigned to experience the Aging Game. Pre- and posttest observations included measures of anxiety, attitude and empathy. In the Aging Game, students played the role of an elderly adult with common physical disabilities during various scenarios and then reflected on the experience. As a result, students became more familiar with what being an older adult felt like, and increased understanding and empathy.
Improving software quality from the requirements specification

The first stage of software development, functional requirements specification, is considered the most important stage in the software lifecycle. Requirements constructed in this stage affect all other stages of the lifecycle, and thus affect software quality. We provide a method for determining how functional requirements affect software quality. To do so, we utilize a functional modeling framework that includes a controlled language for requirements specification and assess software qualities. Then we apply an information entropy metric to measure the significance of each software requirement. Using this method the designer can identify which requirements, when implemented, will most affect software quality.
Indistinguishability of Photons Produced by Raman Scattering

The quantum indistinguishability of photons produced by Raman scattering in the presence of excited-state dephasing is analyzed. Increasing the laser detuning can help significantly if the noise correlation timescale falls within a certain window.
Effects of γ-interferon on major histocompatibility complex antigen expression and lymphocytic infiltration in the 9L gliosarcoma brain tumor model: implications for strategies of immunotherapy

Effects of gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) on immune parameters in the 9L gliosarcoma model were examined. IFN-gamma increased class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression in 9L cells in vitro. In vivo, intratumor injections of IFN-gamma led to increased numbers of inflammatory cells within the tumor and class II+ mononuclear phagocytes at its periphery, and increased MHC class I or II expression by endothelial and ependymal cells. Class I expression in 9L cells themselves was not increased. This suggests that there may be inhibition of class I induction in vivo for certain cell types, for which immunotherapies based on non-MHC restricted mechanisms may be more effective.
Notable: an annotation system for networked handheld devices

This paper describes Notable, an annotation system for networked handheld devices. Notable's key features are its separation of the annotation platform from the reading platform and its use of search to link annotations and documents. We outline the scenario that inspired this system, then describe its interaction design, architecture, and prototype implementation.
The effect of proactive electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on the Kamin effect

Three groups of 30 rats were given a series of ECSs, pseudoECSs, or no treatment prior to training to a criterion of three avoidance responses. Ten animals in each group were tested for retention by retraining after 0, 1, or 24 h. Results indicated that ECS facilitated original learning and prevented the decrement in retention at the 1-h interval, the Kamin effect, shown by the pseudoECS and no-treatment groups. The effects of proactive ECS treatments are similar to those obtained with d-amphetamine and scopolamine. The results were interpreted as supporting a cholinergic basis for the Kamin effect.
Scaling Factor Inconsistencies in Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay

The modern theory of neutrinoless double beta decay includes a scaling factor that has often been treated inconsistently in the literature. The nuclear contribution to the decay half-life can be suppressed by 15%-20% when scaling factors are mismatched. Correspondingly, is overestimated.
Experimental Validation of Numerical Simulations for an Acoustic Liner in Grazing Flow

A coordinated experimental and numerical simulation effort is carried out to improve our understanding of the physics of acoustic liners in a grazing flow as well our computational aeroacoustics (CAA) method prediction capability. A numerical simulation code based on advanced CAA methods is developed. In a parallel effort, experiments are performed using the Grazing Flow Impedance Tube at the NASA Langley Research Center. In the experiment, a liner is installed in the upper wall of a rectangular flow duct with a 2 inch by 2.5 inch cross section. Spatial distribution of sound pressure levels and relative phases are measured on the wall opposite the liner in the presence of a Mach 0.3 grazing flow. The computer code is validated by comparing computed results with experimental measurements. Good agreements are found. The numerical simulation code is then used to investigate the physical properties of the acoustic liner. It is shown that an acoustic liner can produce self-noise in the presence of a grazing flow and that a feedback acoustic resonance mechanism is responsible for the generation of this liner self-noise. In addition, the same mechanism also creates additional liner drag. An estimate, based on numerical simulation data, indicates that for a resonant liner with a 10% open area ratio, the drag increase would be about 4% of the turbulent boundary layer drag over a flat wall.
C2O(X 3Σ−): absolute reaction rates measured by laser induced fluoresence

Abstract Absolute rate constants are reported for reactions of C2O( X − 3Σ−) under pseudo-first-order decay conditions. C2O is generated by laser photodissociation of C3O2 at 266 nm, and detected by dye-laser induced fluorescence on the A − 3Πi- X − 3Σ− transition. Rate constants of (433 ± 12), (3.30 ± 0.12) and (1.12 ± 0.05) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 are reported for reactions with NO, O2 and isobutene. The NO value is approximate due to an apparent dark reaction between NO and C3O2. Upper limits of 1 × 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 are reported for reactions with H2, CO2, C3H2 and C2H4. The C2O + C3O2 reaction does not follow pseudo-first-order decay kinetics. Two explanations are proposed to explain this observation. Results are compared with previous relative rate measurements and are discussed in terms of their relevance to combustion chemistry.
Development and use of molecular diagnostic tools to determine trophic links and interspecific interactions in aphid–parasitoid communities in Hawaii

Abstract There has been much debate regarding the impact of parasitoid competition and hyperparasitism on the successful biological control of aphid pests. Difficulty in the evaluation of interspecific interactions and trophic links using conventional rearing and dissection methods has prevented a deeper understanding of such relationships. The analysis of trophic links in the parasitoid community associated with the melon aphid ( Aphis gossypii ) in Hawaii provides a unique opportunity to assess complex interactions that occur in a system where all of the aphids and parasitoids have been introduced. Here, we developed and applied multiplex PCR assays to investigate the occurrence of in-host competition between parasitoids and/or hyperparasitoids on melon aphids collected from fields of Colocasia esculenta . To fully document the parasitoid–hyperparasitoid community within A. gossypii , both live and mummified aphids were examined. A total of 818 live and 245 mummified aphids were analyzed using the multiplex assays, with congruent rearing of over 600 mummified aphids serving as a basis for qualitative comparisons in terms of species composition and trophic linkages. The rearing and the DNA methods showed similar trends, with sharp declines in one parasitoid species followed by sharp increases in another during the course of the season. Molecular analyses revealed that hyperparasitism and multiparasitism of live aphids is remarkably low, whereas hyperparasitism of mummified aphids was extraordinarily high in both rearing and molecular analyses. In comparison to reared samples, molecular analysis of the parasitoid community was more complete and permitted the identification of previously unknown or unconfirmed trophic linkages. The potential of this approach in future studies on the biological control of aphids in Hawaii, particularly in light of new parasitoid introductions, is discussed.
Energy efficiency and energy savings

Abstract Technical energy conservation, in which energy is saved by producing the same goods and services at higher efficiency, is contrasted with energy savings produced by shifting end uses from more to less energy intensive activities. It is shown that the former is considerably more effective in saving energy. The general theory is confirmed by the use of concrete examples.
Elevated Deoxycholic Acid and Idiopathic Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis: A Case Report With 48 Months of Follow-up

Recurrent pancreatitis is a potentially life-threatening condition with a well-established differential diagnosis. In a significant number of cases, no explanation exists. This case report documents one patient with a clear pattern of recurrent acute pancreatitis and no identifiable cause despite great effort. After 7 years of recurrent symptoms, she was found to have marked elevation of fecal deoxycholic acid (DCA), a secondary bile acid used to precipitate pancreatitis in animal models. This report documents cessation of symptoms/hospitalizations with normalization of her fecal DCA levels. This secondary bile acid is easily measured in stool. Needed now is an observational study of fecal DCA levels in patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis.
The Nonlinear Meshless Local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) Method from the Nonlinear Regular Local Boundary Integral Equation

The meshless local Petrov-Galerkin approach based on a regular local boundary integral equation is successfully extended to solve nonlinear boundary value problems. The present method is truly meshless, as no mesh connectivity is needed for interpolating the solution variables and for integrating the weak form. Compared to the original MLPG method, the present method does not need the derivatives of the shape functions in constructing the stiffness matrix for those nodes with no displacement specified on their local boundaries. Numerical examples show that high rates of convergence with mesh refinement are achievable, and the computational results are quite accurate.
Increased optical resolution from a sampled wavefront.

A holographic arrangement is suggested for obtaining samples or patches of the wavefront scattered from a laser illuminated object. Each sample is a hologram formed by using a specular reflection from the object to generate an internal reference. This arrangement permits the use of very short laser pulses having only a few meters of coherence length. The use of polarization filtering enables one to eliminate the specular reflections in the reconstruction.
Thermal analysis of phase transformation kinetics in α-Al2O3 seeded boehmite and γ-Al2O3

Abstract The effect of α-Al 2 O 3 seeding on the transformation kinetics of high purity commercial boehmite and γ-Al 2 O 3 was investigated. The effect of seed size, powder purity, sample homogeneity, and sample density on the transformation kinetics are discussed. The temperature and activation energy of the θ to α-Al 2 O 3 phase transformation decreases for boehmite and γ-Al 2 O 3 powders with an appropriate addition of α-Al 2 O 3 seed particles. For 5 wt.% seeded (2×10 15 seeds/cm 3 γ-Al 2 O 3 ) boehmite samples, the transformation temperature and activation energy were decreased by 85°C and 115 kJ/mol, respectively, compared to unseeded boehmite. For 5 wt.% seeded γ-Al 2 O 3 samples, the transformation temperature and activation energy were decreased by 75°C and 170 kJ/mol, respectively, compared to unseeded γ-Al 2 O 3 .
Black homicide in a midsize southern city, 1980–1989

This study examined homicides from 1980–1989 in a midsize southern city (Chattanooga, Tennessee). More specifically, the study examined the homicide rate as it related to age, gender, and race of both the victim and offender, as well as the type of weapon used.
MANAGING N INPUTS AND THE EFFECT ON N LOSSES FOLLOWING EXCRETION IN OPEN-DIRT FEEDLOTS IN NEBRASKA

Nutrition will play an important role in meeting the environmental challenges of beef cattle feedlots. Nutritionists are continually refining protein requirements, and have recently adopted a new metabolizable protein (MP) system to more efficiently use nitrogen (N) and allow more accurate diet formulation. Protein requirements vary by animal age and weight during the finishing period. Our hypothesis was that formulating diets with the MP system would decrease N inputs and lead to decreased excretion and losses. Comparing industry average diets (13.5% crude protein) to phase-fed diets formulated to not exceed MP requirements decreased N inputs by 10 to 20% for calves and yearlings without affecting average daily gain. Decreasing inputs led to a concomitant decrease in N excretion (12 to 21%) and losses (15 to 33%) in open-dirt feedlot pens. N losses are variable with time of year, with averages of 60 to 70% of excreted N lost during the summer months and 40% lost during the November to May feeding periods. Protein requirements are being refined continually as more research data are collected. However, formulation to meet protein requirements, but not exceed them, is an important nutritional management option for feedlots to become sustainable.
Inhaled insulin forms toxic pulmonary amyloid aggregates

It is well known that interfaces, such as polar-nonpolar or liquid-air, play a key role in triggering protein aggregation in vitro, in particular the aggregation of peptides and proteins with the predisposition of misfolding and aggregation. Here we show that the interface present in the lungs predisposes the lungs to form aggregation of inhaled insulin. Insulin inhalers were introduced, and a large number of diabetic patients have used them. Although inhalers were safe and effective, decreases in pulmonary capacity have been reported in response to inhaled insulin. We hypothesize that the lung air-tissue interface provides a template for the aggregation of inhaled insulin. Our studies were designed to investigate the harmful potential that inhaled insulin has in pulmonary tissue in vivo, through an amyloid formation mechanism. Our data demonstrate that inhaled insulin rapidly forms amyloid in the lungs causing a significant reduction in pulmonary air flow. Our studies exemplify the importance that interfaces play in protein aggregation in vivo, illustrating the potential aggregation of inhaled proteins and the formation of amyloid deposits in the lungs. These insulin deposits resemble the amyloid structures implicated in protein misfolding disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and could as well be deleterious in nature.
Excessive Long-Time Deflections of Prestressed Box Girders. I: Record-Span Bridge in Palau and Other Paradigms

The segmental prestressed concrete box girder of Koror-Babeldaob (KB) Bridge in Palau, which had a record span of 241 m (791 ft), presents a striking paradigm of serviceability loss because of excessive multidecade deflections. The data required for analysis have recently been released and are here exploited to show how the analysis and design could be improved. Erected segmentally in 1977, this girder developed a midspan deflection of 1.61 m (5.3 ft) compared with the design camber after 18 years, and it collapsed in 1996 as a consequence of remedial prestressing, after a 3-month delay. Compared with three-dimensional analysis, the traditional beam-type analysis of box girder deflections is found to have errors up to 20%, although greater errors are likely for bridges with higher box-width-to-span ratios than the KB Bridge. However, even three-dimensional finite-element analysis with step-by-step time integration cannot explain the observed deflections when the current American Concrete Institute, Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Comite Euro-International du Beton (or Comite Euro- International du Beton—Federation internationale de la precontrainte), and Gardner and Lockman prediction models for creep and shrinkage are used. These models give 18-year deflection estimates that are 50-77% lower than measured and yield unrealistic shapes of the deflection history. They also predict the 18-year prestress loss to be 46-56% lower than the measured mean prestress loss, which was 50%. Model B3, which is the only theoretically based model, underestimates the 18-year deflection by 42% and gives a prestress loss of 40% when the default parameter values are used. However, in Model B3, several input parameters are adjustable and if they are adjusted according to the long-time laboratory tests of Brooks, a close fit of all the measurements is obtained. For early deflections and their extrapolation, it is important that Model B3 can capture realistically the differences in the rates of shrinkage and drying creep caused by the differences in the thickness of the walls of the cross section. The differences in temperature and possible cracking of the top slab also need to be taken into account. Other paradigms on which data have recently been released are four bridges in Japan and one in the Czech Republic. Their excessive deflections can also be explained. The detailed method of analysis and the lessons learned are presented in Part II. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X .0000487. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Creep; Shrinkage; Box girders; Serviceability; Deflection; Span bridges. Author keywords: Prestressed box girder; Bridges; Segmental erection; Shear lag; Design standards; Concrete; Relaxation.
Measurement of Mechanical Behavior of High Lead Lead-Tin Solder Joints Subjected to Thermal Cycling

Failures in electronic packages under thermal fatigue usually result from cracking in solder joints due to creep/fatigue crack growth. Understanding the stress/strain behavior of such solder joints is the first step in characterizing their fracture behavior. A specimen has been developed to determine the stress/strain hysteresis response of 90Pb/10Sn solder joints under cyclic thermal loadings. Simple and special techniques have been developed to fabricate solder joints with relatively high melting points, such as 90Pb/10Sn. Four high-temperature strain gages are mounted on the specimen to measure mechanical strains which provide the basis for determining the shear stress and strain in the solder. A special Wheatstone bridge has been designed to improve the specimen sensitivity, e.g., 20 μe/MPa in the test. Shear stresses in the solder as low as 0.5 MPa can be resolved accurately. The specimen was subjected to thermal cycling between 40°C to 140°C, with 10°C/min ramp rate and 10 minute hold times, in a thermal chamber developed in-house. Excellent experimental results have been obtained for 90Pb/10Sn solder joints in that detailed characteristics of stress relaxation and strain creep as a function of temperature were captured. The specimen developed is not only suitable for use in studying the constitutive response of soft solder alloys and other joining materials, such as adhesives, but can serve as a thermal fatigue specimen to study the fracture behavior.
Graphene radio frequency devices on flexible substrate

Graphene is a very promising candidate for applications in flexible electronics due to its high carrier mobility and mechanical flexibility. In this paper, we present results on graphene RF devices fabricated on polyimide substrates with cutoff frequencies as high as 10 GHz. Excellent channel mobility and current saturation are observed in graphene long channel devices on polyimide. Graphene devices on polyimide also show very good temperature stability from 4.4 K to 400 K and excellent mechanical flexibility up to a bending radius of 1 mm. These demonstrated properties make graphene an excellent candidate for flexible wireless applications.
Cdc42 coordinates proliferation, polarity, migration, and differentiation of small intestinal epithelial cells in mice.

Background & Aims Cdc42 is a Rho GTPase that regulates diverse cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and polarity. In the intestinal epithelium, a balance among these events maintains homeostasis. We used genetic techniques to investigate the role of Cdc42 in intestinal homeostasis and its mechanisms. Methods We disrupted Cdc42 specifically in intestinal epithelial cells by creating Cdc42flox/flox-villin-Cre+ and Cdc42flox/flox-Rosa26-CreER+ mice. We collected intestinal and other tissues, and analyzed their cellular, molecular, morphologic, and physiologic features, compared with the respective heterozygous mice. Results In all mutant mice studied, the intestinal epithelium had gross hyperplasia, crypt enlargement, microvilli inclusion, and abnormal epithelial permeability. Cdc42 deficiency resulted in defective Paneth cell differentiation and localization without affecting the differentiation of other cell lineages. In mutant intestinal crypts, proliferating stem and progenitor cells increased, compared with control mice, resulting in increased crypt depth. Cdc42 deficiency increased migration of stem and progenitor cells along the villi, caused a mild defect in the apical junction orientation, and impaired intestinal epithelium polarity, which can contribute to the observed defective intestinal permeability. The intestinal epithelium of the Cdc42flox/flox-villin-Cre+ and Cdc42flox/flox-Rosa26-CreER+ mice appeared similar to that of patients with microvillus inclusion disease. In the digestive track, loss of Cdc42 also resulted in crypt hyperplasia in the colon, but not the stomach. Conclusions Cdc42 regulates proliferation, polarity, migration, and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells in mice and maintains intestine epithelial barrier and homeostasis. Defects in Cdc42 signaling could be associated with microvillus inclusion disease.
EFFECT OF CARCASS WEIGHT AND FAT THICKNESS OF LAMB CARCASSES ON SURFACE BACTERIA COUNTS

Microbial studies were conducted to determine the rate of build-up of surface bacteria during chilling and holding on carcasses of 141 lambs. Samples were obtained using the swab technique. Initial bacterial load was determined on hot carcasses. Chilled carcasses were sampled at 24 hr and after 4 and 7 days post slaughter. Bacterial counts indicated substantial reduction in numbers during chilling, at -2.2 °C for 24 hr from 6.4 × 103 to 5.1 × 102/cm2 for the total aerobic count on light lamb carcasses. Reduction in numbers of total aerobes during 24-hr chilling was not as great for heavy lamb carcasses, from 5.1 × 103 to 1.7 × 103/cm2 Numbers of phychrotrophic organisms after 4 and 7 days appear to be related to the thickness of fat cover. Carcasses having 0.36 cm or less of fat cover had significantly (P < 0.05) higher psychrophilic counts. No Salmonella were isolated and numbers of Clostridium perfringens in both groups of lamb carcasses were low.
A trichotomy: Interactions of factors prolonging sequential and concurrent mental processes in stochastic discrete mental (PERT) networks

Abstract Suppose the mental processes required for performing a task are partially ordered, so that some pairs of processes are sequential and some are concurrent. Then they can be represented in a directed acyclic network, a PERT network. Suppose the duration of each process is a nonnegative random variable. Suppose two experimental factors are available, each selectively prolonging a different process by adding a nonnegative random variable to its duration. Sternberg (1969) pointed out that if all the processes are in series, the factors will have additive effects on reaction time. Here we show that if the factors affect concurrent processes, the factors will have subadditive effects. Subadditive effects are also possible if the prolonged processes are sequential, but in a Wheatstone bridge. If the PERT network has no subnetwork homeomorphic to a Wheatstone bridge, then ineractions between factors prolonging sequential processes will be nonnegative, and in practice will often be positive. The results are illustrated in a detailed analysis of a particular network, the Embellished Wheatstone Bridge.
The Poverty of Theistic Cosmology

Philosophers have postulated the existence of God to explain (I) why any contingent objects exist at all rather than nothing contingent, and (II) why the fundamental laws of nature and basic facts of the world are exactly what they are. Therefore, we ask: (a) Does (I) pose a well-conceived question which calls for an answer? and (b) Can God's presumed will (or intention) provide a cogent explanation of the basic laws and facts of the world, as claimed by (II)? We shall address both (a) and (b). To the extent that they yield an unfavourable verdict, the afore-stated reasons for postulating the existence of God are undermined. As for question (I), in 1714, G. W. Leibniz posed the Primordial Existential Question (hereafter 'PEQ'): 'Why is there something contingent at all, rather than just nothing contingent?' This question has two major presuppositions: (I) A state of affairs in which nothing contingent exists is indeed genuinely possible ('the Null Possibility'), the notion of nothingness being both intelligible and free from contradiction; and (2) De jure, there should be nothing contingent at all, and indeed there would be nothing contingent in the absence of an overriding external cause (or reason), because that state of affairs is 'most natural' or 'normal'. The putative world containing nothing contingent is the so-called 'Null World'. As for (1), the logical robustness of the Null Possibility of there being nothing contingent needs to be demonstrated. But even if the Null Possibility is demonstrably genuine, there is an issue: Does that possibility require us to explain why it is not actualized by the Null World, which contains nothing contingent? And, as for (2), it originated as a corollary of the distinctly Christian precept (going back to the second century) that the very existence of any and every contingent entity is utterly dependent on God at any and all times. Like (1), (2) calls for scrutiny. Clearly, if either of these presuppositions of Leibniz's P
LOROXANTHIN, A PHYLOGENETICALLY USEFUL CHARACTER IN CHLAMYDOMONAS AND OTHER CHLOROPHYCEAN FLAGELLATES1

The distribution of loroxanthin in chlorophycean flagellates is consistent with their phylogeny as inferred from molecular and organismal characters. Although polarity of this character cannot yet be determined, if the absence of loroxanthin is plesiomorphic for chlorophycean flagellates, the presence of loroxanthin defines a clade that includes the Euchlamydomonas morphological group, two other species of Chlamydomonas, C. asymmetrica and C. oblonga, and Gonium pectorale. A subsequent reversal to loroxanthin absence is apomorphic for the more complex volvocacean taxa. These results suggest that loroxanthin distribution will be useful for resolving phylogenetic questions in green algae.
The protective role of enteral IgA supplementation in neonatal gut origin sepsis.

Preterm infants and infants unable to breast feed are particularly susceptible to gut origin sepsis. Many studies have shown the benefits of breast milk in decreasing the incidence of bacterial infections in neonates. Little in vivo work has focused on prevention of neonatal gut origin sepsis with breast milk components. The aim of this study was to determine whether supplementation of a standard neonatal formula with exogenous, luminally administered, human secretory IgA protects against gut origin sepsis in a newborn rabbit model. Sixty New Zealand white rabbit pups were delivered by cesarean section 1 day preterm and divided into two groups--the IgA group (n = 26) and the non-IgA group (n = 34). Animals were gavage-fed a standard artificial formula (KMR) twice daily. The IgA group was supplemented on days 3 and 4 with 6.25 mg/kg of human secretory IgA. The non-IgA group received an equal volume of saline. On the evening of day 3, the animals were orally challenged with Escherichia coli K100. The quantity of bacteria that colonized the cecum was similar in the two groups. The quantity of bacteria that translocated to the mesenteric lymph node, liver, and spleen was significantly lower in the IgA group (P < .05). The incidence of translocation to the organs was also significantly lower in the IgA group (P < .05). The exogenous secretory IgA showed specificity to E coli K100 by ELISA. These data show that neonatal formula supplemented with human secretory IgA decreases the incidence and quantity of bacterial translocation of E coli K100 in a neonatal rabbit model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Verbalizable knowledge of certain speech articulations

Normal Ss' verbalizable knowledge of articulator positions for selected speech sounds was probed by using a battery of yes/no questions. Answers showed that 91 college students had substantial knowledge of those articulations which are either visible and/or productive of strong tactile sensation that can be used during the sub-vocal articulation Ss performed before answering the questions.
VACATION DISCREPANCY: A LEISURE MOTIVATION APPROACH

This study commented on Utecht and Aldag's (1989) vacation-discrepancy study. We adapted Beard and Ragheb's 1983 leisure motivation scale to the study of vacations. Using a person's vacation as a frame of reference, prevacation expectations and postvacation satisfactions were studied in a convenience sample of 40 working adults and 146 college students. High (.80 and above) coefficient alphas were observed for the Beard and Ragheb scales of Intellectual, Social, Competence/Mastery, and Stimulus Avoidance as well as two additional motivation scales of Thrill-seeking and Work advantages. Difference-score reliabilities were estimated for the case where a discrepancy measure is formed for pre- versus postvacation referents; these were .80 or higher for all six measures. Results were discussed in terms of applying leisure constructs and measures to vacation research as well as the psychometric adequacy of the individual scale and discrepancy measures.
Efficient Presentation of Grammar

Often in second language teaching an instructor is obligated to use a certain textbook or materials. If the text is deficient, there are definite steps which can be taken to streamline the use of the materials without rejecting the majority of the text. The study suggests that through rearrangement and deletion of grammatical items, a more useful and native-like language can be presented. Criteria for inclusion and early appearance in the sequencing are frequency of occurrence in the native language, ease of acquisition of the morphology and syntax, and most useful skill and style for the learner. Items which appear earlier in the syllabus are reentered throughout the course in new and meaningful contexts.