cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applied Mathematical Model for Turbulent Boundary Layers

We present a complete analytical model for mean velocity profile in turbulent boundary layers. The model integrates the conventional log-wake law and the Barenblatt power (scaling) law in the intermediate region so that it includes the effects of the Reynolds number. Furthermore, it includes the effects of the wall and the boundary layer edge so that the model can describe the entire turbulent boundary layer mean velocity profile analytically. The model has been confirmed with recent laboratory experimental data of Osterlund. Introduction The mean velocity profile in turbulent boundary layers is usually described by the log law or the log-wake law (Coles 1956). Barenblatt et al. (2002, 2004) challenged this conventional argument and triggered hot debates on this classical subject. They claimed that the mean flow in wall-bounded turbulent flow has a persistent dependence on the Reynolds number, and that the well known logarithmic law of the wall is invalid. They believed that a Reynolds number dependent power (scaling) law better describes velocity profiles in wall-bounded flows. In particular, zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer flows follow two sharply separated power laws (Barenblatt et al. 2002). Others (Osterlund et al. 2000, Zanoun et al. 2003, Bushmann and Gad-El-Hak 2003) defended the classical logarithmic law by doing experiments and various analyses. All the discussions are limited to the overlap layer. Our studies (Guo and Julien 2003, Guo et al. 2005) showed that both the conventional log-wake law and the Barenblatt power law have merits and weaknesses. Both laws are intermediate asymptote and are not valid near the wall and near the boundary layer edge, except that Barenblatt's two power laws (Barenblatt et al. 2002) are not smoothly connected. Nevertheless, the log-wake law is simpler, and the power law includes the effects of the Reynolds number and is more realistic. Integrating the conventional log-wake law and the Barenblatt power law and considering the effects of the wall and the upper boundary layer edge, we in this paper propose an applied mathematical model for zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers. Referring to Fig. 1, we divide a boundary layer flow into two regions: the inner and Copyright ASCE 2006 World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2006 outer regions; or five layers: the laminar sublayer, the transition layer, the overlap layer, the wake layer, and the layer of the upper boundary layer edge. We first introduce the laws in the inner and the outer regions, respectively. We then match them to result in a complete velocity profile model that satisfies all physical requirements. 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 yu * /ν u/ u * laminar layer transition layer overlap layer wake layer edge layer Inner region
Degassing Processes and Chemistry

Degassing of volatile-bearing solids requires addition of energy in order to liberate the volatile elements from various compounds contained within the (initially) meteoritic rocks. There are two main sources of this energy: 1) that associated with the kinetic energy of impacting bodies and 2) heat from within the Earth, either in shallow, hydrothermal settings or in more deep-seated magmatic settings. The former energy source is most important for larger objects which arrive at the solid surface retaining most of their velocity. The latter become important for solid materials that survive passage through the atmosphere and impact at the surface. These surviving fragments may be heated during the Hadean equivalent of subduction (whatever that might entail), probably under hydrothermal conditions at shallow depth, or during magmagenesis in the upper mantle. The conditions of impact for larger objects, and the probable compositions of the impacting material, suggest production and maintenance of a strongly reducing atmosphere from an initial but short-lived high temperature phase, followed by a longer period of relatively low temperature atmospheric processing. The overall result is the formation of reduced carbon and nitrogen compounds that rain out into the primordial (recondensed) ocean not long after the impact. The hydrothermal processing of meteoritic “survivors” takes place under conditions of temperature, hydration and pressure conducive to the initial formation of methane and ammonia, which are then processed in the atmosphere into additional higher molecular weight organics, which also rain out into the ocean. The material that ends up in the magmagenic zone, where silicate melts are produced in the upper mantle, will initially be processed with some amount of meteoritic iron present, leading to the formation and release of additional reduced gases as well as some more oxidized gases. These will enter the atmosphere resulting from the first two processes, leading to still more production of reduced CHNO compounds. The result is an ocean enriched in reduced organic compounds similar to what would be expected from the Miller-Urey experiment. The atmosphere would be maintained as a largely reduced entity, although the reduced gases would be unstable to photochemical processing. Undoubtedly some carbon dioxide would have been produced and be present in the atmosphere as well.
Operation Mode Optimization for a 600 MW Steam Turbine Unit

Among all the factors influencing steam turbine efficiency,the way to improve the efficiency by changing operation mode of the unit has been studied,which is believed to be an effective one.By analyzing actual operation data and applying optimized operation mode simultaneously considering load and valve point,the optimal sliding pressure curves and optimal operation mode were obtained for a 600 MW steam turbine unit.The sliding pressure curves,compared with previous ones,are more accurate and agree better with actual operation conditions,therefore are beneficial to efficiency improvement of the unit.
Systematically Quantitative Evaluation and Security Control Measures for the Urban Ecological Security Degree of Suzhou,in China in Recent 10 Years

In order to systematically quantitatively evaluate the urban ecological security degree of Suzhou as well as find out the reasons,the principal component analysis was chosen as the method and based on P-S-R model so as to make an evaluation index system for the urban ecological security degree of Suzhou.The urban ecological security degree of Suzhou in 2004 — 2013 was quantitatively evaluated,and divided into five levels:ideal,well,warning,poor and serious according to the evaluation results.The results showed that the comprehensive score values of the urban ecological security degree of Suzhou in 2004 —2013 were as follow:-4.280 11(poor),-2.837 17(poor),-1.519 46(warning),0.416 034(warning),1.146 289(well),1.501 843(well),0.850 822(warning),0.827 805(warning),1.579 483(well),2.314 454(well).Above all,the urban ecological security degree of Suzhou was rising overall in 2004 —2013.
First multipoint in situ observations of electron microbursts: Initial results from the NSF FIREBIRD II mission

We present initial dual spacecraft observations that for the first time both constrain the spatial scale size and provide spectral properties at medium energies of electron microbursts. We explore individual microburst events that occurred on 2 February 2015 using simultaneous observations made by the twin CubeSats which comprise the National Science Foundation (NSF) Focused Investigations of Relativistic Electron Bursts: Intensity, Range, and Dynamics (FIREBIRD II). During these microburst events, the two identically instrumented FIREBIRD II CubeSats were separated by as little as 11 km while traversing electron precipitation regions in low-Earth orbit. These coincident microburst events map to size scales >120 km at the equator. Given the prevalence of coincident and noncoincident events we conclude that this is of the same order of magnitude as that of the spatial scale size of electron microburst, an unknown property that is critical for quantifying their overall role in radiation belt dynamics. Finally, we present measurements of electron microbursts showing that precipitation often occurs simultaneously across a broad energy range spanning 200 keV to 1 MeV, a new form of empirical evidence that provides additional insights into the physics of microburst generation mechanisms.
The Problem of Community

Both freedom and equality give expression to the demand that community rests on a voluntary basis—freedom being set in juxtaposition to a form of organization that relies heavily on coercion and equality being in set in juxtaposition to a form of order in which various arbitrary restrictions and exclusions are incorporated. The difficulty in a reliance on freedom and equality is to be found in the failure to specify the anarchic effects of these values, unless the principles in terms of which they are to be limited are made equally clear. One cannot take them out of the social context in which man finds himself—always and eternally. For this social context will always impose limitations on the operation of freedom and equality. I have tried to show the grievous limitations of any reliance on these values in the abstract in my paper on Goldwater (who seems to think a meaningful political philosophy can be built around the concept of “freedom”) and Tannenbaum (who makes a similar mistake with regard to the concept of “equality”). The deficiency of this abstract monism has become most clear—and tragically so—in the encounter of the liberal tradition with world politics.
Elucidation of the Molecular Machinery in Photosynthetic Light Harvesting

In photosynthetic light harvesting, absorbed energy migrates through a protein network to reach a dedicated location for conversion to chemical energy. In higher plants, this energy flow is efficient, directional, and regulated. The regulatory response involves complex and complicated multi-timescale processes that safely dissipate excess energy, thus protecting the system against deleterious photoproducts. We explore the mechanisms behind this photoprotective process in the major light-harvesting protein from green plants (LHCII). By characterizing the conformational states and dynamics of individual proteins, we identify the extent of energy dissipation in single LHCII proteins and how the extent of dissipation changes in response to pH and carotenoid composition, two components known to play a role in photoprotection. From this information, we explore how individual complexes contribute to the balance between efficiency and adaptability in photosynthetic light harvesting.
On a new tool in artificial intelligence research: an associate memory, parallel processing language, AMPPL-II

One of the remarkable things about human information processing is the way we store and retrieve information. The human associative memory is a device that has been only rather crudely approximated with computers inflexibility, self-modifiability, and complexity of associations. In this paper, we descria computer language, AMPPL-II, which stimulates a machine with an extensive, variables size associative memory and parallel processing capability. It was to be made fairly machine-independent and is, therfore, embedded in a high-level algerabic language. The version outlined here is built as an extension of SLIP (Symmetric List Processing Language), itself being embedded in FORTRAN IV. The expected range of applicability of AMPPL-II covers a rather wide area. Candides in the non-numerical field are game playing, picture processing and image identification, encoding-decoding, simulation of cognitive behavior, multikey information retrieval, language analysis, sorting, merging, collating, query systems, and so on. Numerical applications would be matrix calculations, solution of partial differential equations, computation of auto- and cross-correlation functions, signal correction, etc. Stimulated by this language, new computational techniques and algorithms may, hopefully, be developed. These, on one hand, and technological advances, on the other, may render the hardware implementaion of an AMPPL-like machine economical.
Distinguishing pediatric and adolescent renal cell carcinoma from other renal malignancies

Purpose Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents a small proportion of renal malignancies early in life. Distinguishing RCC from other malignancies is important as treatment strategies may differ. We analyze the Surveillance Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to identify predictive factors of RCC in the pediatric population with renal tumors. Methods We queried SEER to identify patients from ages 0 to 19 diagnosed with a renal malignancy between 1973 and 2013. Cases were sorted using histology and site codes. Age-adjusted standardized incidence rates (SIR) were calculated. We compared differences in characteristics between cancer types. A logistic regression model and a nomogram were created to identify predictors of RCC. Results A total of 3,670 patients were identified, of which 281 (7.7%) were diagnosed with RCC. The SIR of RCC increased with age. After age 12, RCC was found in >50% of all newly diagnosed cases. On multivariate analysis, RCC was associated with smaller tumor size (P < 0.001), increasing age (P < 0.001), black race (P < 0.001), and localized stage (P < 0.001). The nomogram predicted RCC pathology with a concordance index of 0.965. Conclusions RCC in childhood and adolescence is relatively uncommon; however, it accounts for >50% of renal malignancies after age 12. For every year of increasing age, the odds of having an RCC diagnosis are increased by 50%. The odds of a renal tumor being RCC are increased in black children, those with localized disease, and those with smaller tumors. In these specific populations, RCC should be favored in the differential diagnosis of the renal mass.
Trascendiendo la arquitectura o arquitectura trascendente

In this paper, the promises and perils of buildings seeking transcendence are evaluated. After a short discussion on the aesthetic and ethical modes of employing architecture to transcend, the conversation moves into the ambiguity of the term transcending. Considering this expression certainly lends itself rather easily for a nuanced and profound discussion. For who or what is doing the transcending? And exactly what is that being transcended? This vagueness is not just a semantic artifact of the word transcending but perhaps born out of the (at least phenomenological) reality of transcendental architectural experiences. For sure, it forbids closure, secures humility, and encourages new interpretations, even of the ones already concocted. This article is a re-elaboration of the chapter introducing the book Transcending Architecture. Contemporary Views on Sacred Space by the author and published by CUA Press (Washington DC, 2015).
Phagocytic Cell Functions in Diabetes Mellitus

The mechanisms by which the patient with diabetes mellitus demonstrates increased susceptibility to infections have aroused much interest. Consideration of possible de fects has been divided into two major areas. In the first, potential abnormalities of the T- and/or B-cell system and their effects upon immunological functions in the diabetic patient have been probed. These studies are extensive and are reviewed elsewhere in this text (Chapter 11). The second group of studies has concerned a different component of the host defense system; the phagocytic cell lines. Although more contemporary in terms of active investigation, a sizable literature now exists through which investigators have implicated primary granulocyte dysfunctions as (a) major contributing factor(s) to infection in the diabetic host (Bagade, 1976). In this chapter, I will review the evidence for possible phagocytic dysfunction as a primary or major secondary cause of infections in the diabetic patient. These studies will then be summarized with reference to the limitations of in vitro assays of phagocyte function.
Fetal stem cell and gene therapy

Advances in our understanding of stem cells, gene editing, prenatal imaging and fetal interventions have opened up new opportunities for the treatment of congenital diseases either through in-utero stem cell transplantation or in-utero gene therapy. Improvements in ultrasound-guided access to the fetal vasculature have also enhanced the safety and efficacy of cell delivery. The fetal environment offers accessible stem cell niches, localized cell populations with large proliferative potential, and an immune system that is able to acquire donor-specific tolerance. In-utero therapy seeks to take advantage of these factors and has the potential to cure diseases prior to the onset of symptoms, a strategy that offers substantial social and economic benefits. In this article, we examine previous studies in animal models as well as clinical attempts at in-utero therapy. We also discuss the barriers to successful in-utero therapy and future strategies for overcoming these obstacles.
A hybrid fluctuating hydrodynamics and kinetic Monte Carlo method for modeling chemically-powered nanoscale motion

We present a stochastic multiscale method for modeling heterogeneous catalysis at the nanoscale. The system is decomposed into the fluid domain and the catalyst-fluid interface. We implemented the fluctuating hydrodynamics framework to model the diffusion of the chemical species in the fluid domain, and the chemical master equation to describe the catalytic activity at the interface. The coupling between the domains occurs simultaneously. Using a simple one-dimensional (1D) linear model, we showed that the predictions of our scheme are in excellent agreement with deterministic simulations. The method was specifically developed to model the spatially asymmetric catalysis on the surface of self-propelled nanoswimmers. Numerical simulations showed that our approach can estimate the uncertainty in the swimming velocity resulting from inherent stochastic nature of the chemical reactions at the catalytic interface. Although the method has been applied to simple 1D and 2D models, it can be generalized to handle different geometries and more sophisticated chemical reactions. Therefore, it can serve as a practical mathematical tool to study how the efficiency of chemically powered nanomachines is affected by the interplay between structural complexity, nonlinear reactivity, and nonequilibrium fluctuations.
Three-Dimensional Modeling of Active Muscle Tissue: The Why, The How, and The Future

Finite-element modeling of active skeletal muscle tissue presents a challenging set of problems. Muscle tissue is anisotropic, highly nonlinear, and quasi-compressible. It exhibits time-varying active stress generation, undergoes large deformations, and has highly complicated shapes, and interactions with several surrounding hard and soft tissues. Despite all these modeling challenges, the applications of muscle modeling are endless, and therefore 3D muscle modeling is a fruitful area of research investigation. The goals of this chapter are to: (i) illustrate the need for finite-element muscle modeling, (ii) provide a programmatic description of the key steps involved in creating 3D models, performing simulations, and generating insights from 3D models, and (iii) describe specific challenges and areas of opportunity for future innovations in the field of 3D modeling of active muscle tissue.
Electroencephalography and delirium in the postoperative period

Delirium commonly manifests in the postoperative period as a clinical syndrome resulting from acute brain dysfunction or encephalopathy. Delirium is characterized by acute and often fluctuating changes in attention and cognition. Emergence delirium typically presents and resolves within minutes to hours after termination of general anaesthesia. Postoperative delirium hours to days after an invasive procedure can herald poor outcomes. Easily recognized when patients are hyperactive or agitated, delirium often evades diagnosis as it most frequently presents with hypoactivity and somnolence. EEG offers objective measurements to complement clinical assessment of this complex fluctuating disorder. Although EEG features of delirium in the postoperative period remain incompletely characterized, a shift of EEG power into low frequencies is a typical finding shared among encephalopathies that manifest with delirium. In aggregate, existing data suggest that serial or continuous EEG in the postoperative period facilitates monitoring of delirium development and severity and assists in detecting epileptic aetiologies. Future studies are needed to clarify the precise EEG features that can reliably predict or diagnose delirium in the postoperative period, and to provide mechanistic insights into this pathologically diverse neurological disorder.
A stable two-electron-donating phenothiazine for application in nonaqueous redox flow batteries

Stable electron-donating organic compounds are of interest for numerous applications that require reversible electron-transfer reactions. Although many organic compounds are stable one-electron donors, removing a second electron from a small molecule to form its dication usually leads to rapid decomposition. For cost-effective electrochemical energy storage utilizing organic charge-storage species, the creation of high-capacity materials requires stabilizing more charge whilst keeping molecular weights low. Here we report the simple modification of N-ethylphenothiazine, which is only stable as a radical cation (not as a dication), and demonstrate that introducing electron-donating methoxy groups para to nitrogen leads to dramatically improved stability of the doubly oxidized (dication) state. Our results reveal that this derivative is more stable than an analogous compound with substituents that do not allow for further charge delocalization, rendering it a promising scaffold for developing atom-efficient, two-electron donors.
HIV-related oral manifestations in two cohorts of women in San Francisco.

The goals of this study were to compare the prevalence of oral lesions in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HIV-negative women, and to determine the association of oral lesions with route of HIV transmission and with level of immunosuppression in infected women. As part of a prospective 4-year study, oral examinations and blood tests were performed, at 6-month intervals, on 176 HIV-infected women and on 117 HIV-negative women at risk for HIV infection. We evaluated participants for the following oral conditions: hairy leukoplakia, candidiasis, ulcers, warts, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and parotid enlargement. As previously reported in men, the prevalence of oral lesions was significantly higher among HIV-infected (22%) than HIV-negative women (3%) [odds ratio (OR) = 8.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8, 23.5], particularly candidiasis (14%) and hairy leukoplakia (10%). Among HIV-infected women with CD4 cell count nadir > or = 200 cells/microliters, the prevalence of hairy leukoplakia was higher among those infected heterosexually than among injection drug users (OR = 5.5; 95% CI: 1.5; 19). The OR for the association between oral lesions and CD4 cell count nadir ( 500 cells/microliters) was 8.9 (95% CI: 2.6, 30), indicating a strong positive association with level of immunosuppression.
The Development of a Catholic School Leadership Program at Saint Louis University

The development of a new Catholic leadership degree program at Saint Louis University was directly impacted by the Danforth Foundation, which funded a program for the preparation of public school administrators for the city of St. Louis. The lessons learned through this program over the past five years and the presence of a cooperative preparation program for Catholic school principals with the Archdiocese of St. Louis formed the basis for the development of this new program. This article provides a brief review of the program and explains the use of cohorts for the preparation of Catholic school leaders.
Wealthy, urban, educated. Who is represented in population surveys of women’s menstrual hygiene management?

Inadequate menstrual hygiene presents a barrier to women's dignity and health. Recent attention to this marginalised challenge has resulted in the first national assessments of menstrual practices. Intuitively, surveys require women to have had a recent menses to be eligible. This study seeks to determine if there are demographic differences between women who are eligible and ineligible to answer questions about their menstrual hygiene during these assessments. Secondary analyses were undertaken on nationally or state representative data collected by the Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 survey programme across eight countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Niger, Nigeria, and Uganda). Female respondents were included in the study and compared on whether they had a menstrual period within the past three months and thus were eligible to answer questions regarding menstrual practices. On average, 29% of surveyed women across samples were ineligible to be asked menstrual hygiene questions. Higher levels of education, wealth, and urban residence were associated with higher odds of eligibility. Young and unmarried women were also more likely to be eligible. Demographic differences between eligible and ineligible women were consistent across all countries. Wealthy, urban, and educated women are more likely to be eligible to answer survey questions about menstrual hygiene. While population surveys may be representative of menstruating women, proportions of menstrual hygiene practices reported underrepresent the experiences of more vulnerable groups. These groups are likely to have greater struggles with menstrual hygiene when they are menstruating.
Suspended pavement systems as opportunities for subsurface bioretention

Abstract Trees supply numerous ecosystem services to the urban environment, including mitigating the urban heat island, improving air quality, and providing habitat for wildlife. However, due to the structural stability requirements of infrastructure such as sidewalks, roadways, and parking areas, urban soils are commonly characterized by high compaction levels, low porosity, and nutrient deficiency, often to the detriment of urban tree health. By transmitting surface loads to a compacted subbase, suspended pavement systems create a matrix of uncompacted soil that promotes tree health through increased root access to oxygen, water, and nutrients. Recently, interest has grown in making suspended pavement systems multi-functional by designing them to act as subsurface bioretention practices in ultra-urban areas where space may be limited due to concentrated development and high land costs. Despite this interest, only one study has tested suspended pavement systems in this application. Further, the study utilized lined installations to allow a controlled water quality assessment; however, this negated the ability to fully quantify runoff reduction. Two unlined suspended pavement systems designed to function as subsurface bioretention practices were installed in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, in 2015 and monitored over 27-months. During that period, over 99% of runoff volumes were reduced by the free-drained north system, which completely captured runoff from 79% of storms. The underdrained south system reduced influent runoff by over 88% and captured all runoff from 83% of events during the study. Influent TSS concentrations were significantly reduced by the south suspended pavement system, though no other significant differences between influent and effluent pollutant concentrations were observed, presumably due to low influent concentrations. This study demonstrates the viability of field-scale suspended pavement systems in a stormwater management application and illustrates the hydrologic and pollutant removal capabilities of these systems to manage urban stormwater runoff.
Abstract P441: Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Detects Diabetes at Early Stages

Introduction: Diabetes is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and one of the leading causes of death in the USA. The progression to type 2 diabetes, as the major type, is kno...
Targeted radiation: Specificity and deescalation

Abstract The identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) as a unique risk factor for development of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) marked a paradigm shift in the understanding and treatment of the disease. HPV-associated OSPCC is an entirely distinct disease entity with markedly improved prognosis compared with HPV-negative OSPCC. In the context of the morbidity associated with treatment of OPSCC and the improved prognosis among patients with HPV-associated OPSCC, attempts have been made to identify which patients could potentially benefit from further deescalated treatment. This has led to numerous trials of deescalated therapy including radiation dose reduction in the definitive and adjuvant settings, systemic therapy modification (substitution of chemotherapy for less toxic regimens or biologic agents, reduction in chemotherapy dose, and elimination of concurrent systemic therapy altogether), response-driven treatment deintensification after induction therapy, RT target volume reduction, and replacing RT with minimally invasive surgery. Despite these efforts, there remains no consensus treatment paradigm specific to patients with HPV-associated OPSCC. Enrollment of all eligible patients in any of the several ongoing clinical trials described earlier is highly encouraged, and through these efforts, such a rational guideline may be established.
Self-centering of the Cook Celect inferior vena cava filter

A patient who underwent placement of an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter before total knee arthroplasty with a history of venous thromboembolism following knee replacement 10 years prior. Difficulty releasing the filter during delivery resulted in approximately 17° of medial tilt of the filter apex. Follow-up computed tomography after arthroplasty 4 months after placement demonstrated that the filter self-centered in the IVC with subsequent straightforward retrieval.
HDR-Like Image Generation to Mitigate Adverse Wound Illumination Using Deep Bi-directional Retinex and Exposure Fusion

Periodic assessment is necessary to evaluate the healing prog-ress of chronic wounds. Image analyses using computer vision algorithms have recently emerged as a viable alternative that has been demonstrated by prior work. However, the performance of such image analysis methods degrade on captured in adverse illumination, which is common in many indoor environments. To mitigate these lighting problems, High Dynamic Range (HDR) image enhancement techniques can be used to mitigate over- and under-exposure issues and preserve the details of scenes captured in non-ideal illumination. In this paper, we address over- and under-exposure simultaneously using a deep learning-based bi-directional illumination enhancement network that is able to generate over- and under-exposed images that are then fused into a final image with enhanced illumination. In rigorous evaluations using metrics including structure similarity, peak signal-noise ratio and changes in segmentation accuracy, our proposed method outperformed the state-of-the-art (SSIM scores \(0.76\pm 0.04\)/\(0.69\pm 0.08\) on bright/dark images, PSNR scores \(28.60\pm 0.70\) on dark images and DSC scores \(0.76\pm 0.09\)/\(0.74\pm 0.09\) on bright/dark images).
Explanatoriness and Evidence: A Reply to McCain and Poston

We argue elsewhere that explanatoriness is evidentially irrelevant (Roche and Sober 2013). Let H be some hypothesis, O some observation, and E the proposition that H would explain O if H and O were true. Then O screens-off E from H: Pr(H | O & E) = Pr(H | O). This thesis, hereafter "SOT" (short for "Screening-Off Thesis"), is defended by appeal to a representative case. The case concerns smoking and lung cancer. McCain and Poston grant that SOT holds in cases, like our case concerning smoking and lung cancer, that involve frequency data. However, McCain and Poston contend that there is a wider sense of evidential relevance—wider than the sense at play in SOT—on which explanatoriness is evidentially relevant even in cases involving frequency data. This is their main point, but they also contend that SOT does not hold in certain cases not involving frequency data. We reply to each of these points and conclude with some general remarks on screening-off as a test of evidential relevance.
Kodak Shoes? Milbank Tweed?

This brief article describes how one large law firm brought an action against another non-legal company, disputing its use of the name Milbank as trademark infringement, and how the large law firm lost. Also included are some basic explanations of trademark law in regard to how this case was decided.
Adaptive blind deconvolution of MIMO channels using higher-order statistics

This paper is concerned with the problem of adaptive deconvolution and estimation of the matrix impulse response function of a multiple-input multiple-output system given only the measurements of the vector output of the system. The system is assumed to be driven by a spatially and temporally i.i.d. non-Gaussian vector sequence (which is not observed). An iterative, inverse filter criteria based approach was previously developed using the third-order and/or fourth-order normalised cumulants of the inverse filtered data at zero-lag. The approach was input-iterative, i.e. the inputs were extracted and removed one-by-one. The matrix impulse response was then obtained by cross-correlating the extracted inputs with the observed outputs. In this paper an adaptive implementation of the above approach is developed using a stochastic gradient approach. Simulation examples are presented to illustrate the proposed approach.
The Dangerous Passion (Why Jealousy is as Necessary as Love and Sex)

Why do men and women cheat on each other? How do men really feel when their partners have sex with other men? What worries women more -- men who turn to other women for love or men who simply want sexual variety in their lives? Can the jealousy husbands and wives experience over real or imagined infidelities be cured? Should it be? In this surprising and engaging exploration of men's and women's darker passions, David Buss, acclaimed author of "The Evolution of Desire," reveals that both men and women are actually designed for jealousy. Drawing on experiments, surveys, and interviews conducted in thirty-seven countries on six continents, as well as insights from recent discoveries in biology, anthropology, and psychology, Buss discovers that the evolutionary origins of our sexual desires still shape our passions today. According to Buss, more men than women want to have sex with multiple partners. Furthermore, women who cheat on their husbands do so when they are most likely to conceive, but have sex with their spouses when they are least likely to conceive. These findings show that evolutionary tendencies to acquire better genes through different partners still lurk beneath modern sexual behavior. To counteract these desires to stray -- and to strengthen the bonds between partners -- jealousy evolved as an early detection system of infidelity in the ancient and mysterious ritual of mating. Buss takes us on a fascinating journey through many cultures, from pre-historic to the present, to show the profound evolutionary effect jealousy has had on all of us. Only with a healthy balance of jealousy and trust can we be certain of a mate's commitment, devotion, and true love.
CD3-epsilon overexpressed in prothymocytes acts as an oncogene.

Upon engagement of the T cell receptor for antigen, its associated CD3 proteins recruit signal transduction molecules, which in turn regulate T lymphocyte proliferation, apoptosis, and thymocyte development. Because some signal transducing molecules recruited by CD3-e, i.e., p56lck and p59fyn, are oncogenic and since we previously found that overexpression of CD3-e transgenes causes a block in T lymphocyte and NK cell development, we tested the hypothesis that aberrant CD3-e signaling leads both to abnormal T lymphocyte death and lymphomagenesis. Ten independently derived transgenic mouse lines were generated with four different genomic CD3-e constructs. Mice either homozygous or hemizygous for each transgene were analyzed for an arrest in T lymphocyte development and for the occurrence of T cell lymphomas. Aggressive clonal T cell lymphomas developed at very high frequencies in seven mouse lines with intermediate levels of copies of CD3-e derived transgenes. However, these lymphomas were not found when high copy numbers of CD3-e transgenes caused a complete block in early thymic development or when a transgene was used in which the exons coding for the CD3-e protein were deleted. Analyses of a series of double mutant mice, tgCD3-e × RAG-2null, indicated that lymphomagenesis was initiated in lineage-committed prothymocytes, i.e., before rearrangement of the T cell receptor genes. In addition, the transgene coding for the CD3-e cytoplasmic domain and its transmembrane region induced a T cell differentiation signal in premalignant tgCD3-e × RAG-2null mice. The nonenzymatic CD3-e protein acted as a potent oncogene when overexpressed early in T lymphocyte development. Lymphomagenesis was dependent on signal transduction events initiated by the cytoplasmic domain of CD3-e.
AUREOMYCIN IN THE TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL INFECTIONS WITH H. INFLUENZAE, TYPE B

Aureomycin, in doses of 20 mg./kg. body weight, was as effective in the treatment of mice infected with H. influenzae, type B, as streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin, and more effective than polymyxin or Q-19. Two infants with H. influenzae, type B, meningitis were treated successfully with aureomycin and sulfadiazine. Spinal fluid cultures became negative and marked clinical improvement occurred within 48 hours. Both patients went on to complete recovery. Three children were treated with aureomycin alone. Although their response to treatment was not so rapid as that of the infants treated with aureomycin and sulfadiazine, rccovery was assured within four to seven days and subsequently there were no evidences of residual damage. No serious toxic reactions to aureomycin were apparent. A sixth patient, desperately ill on admission, succumbed within 36 hours in spite of adequate treatment with combined aureomycin and sulfadiazine.
The Strategic Restructuring of US Hospitals

The US health care industry has experienced dramatic economic, social and technological changes since the late 1970s. These changes have reshaped the structure and function of inpatient hospitals and continue to drive their evolution into the 1990s. Examines the causes and effects of these changes on major for‐profit hospital firms, and suggests viable strategies for them to compete in the future.
Shape complementarity at the hemoglobin alpha 1 beta 1 subunit interface.

A computational method for attempting to predict protein complexes from the coordinates of the individual proteins has been developed. It is based on matching complementary patterns of knobs and holes. The computer algorithm correctly and uniquely predicts the association of the alpha and beta subunits to form the αβ dimer corresponding to the α1β1 interface in the hemoglobin tetramer. It fails to correctly dock trypsin inhibitor onto trypsin. Nevertheless, this lone success is still a significant advance over previous protein-docking algorithms. The method is also important because it introduces several ways to measure the shape of protein surface regions.
Gene Expression Phenotype in Heterozygous Carriers of Ataxia Telangiectasia

The defining characteristic of recessive diseases is the absence of a phenotype in the heterozygous carriers. Nonetheless, subtle manifestations may be detectable by new methods, such as expression profiling. Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a typical recessive disease, and individual carriers cannot be reliably identified. As a group, however, carriers of an AT disease allele have been reported to have a phenotype that distinguishes them from normal control individuals: increased radiosensitivity and risk of cancer. We show here that the phenotype is also detectable, in lymphoblastoid cells from AT carriers, as changes in expression level of many genes. The differences are manifested both in baseline expression levels and in response to ionizing radiation. Our findings show that carriers of a recessive disease may have an "expression phenotype." In the particular case of AT, this suggests a new approach to the identification of carriers and enhances understanding of their increased cancer risk. More generally, we demonstrate that genomic technologies offer the opportunity to identify and study unaffected carriers, who are hundreds of times more common than affected patients.
The Faber polynomials for circular lunes

Abstract We study the Faber polynomials F n ( z ) generated by a circular lune symmetric about both axes with vertices at the points z = ± α (0 α ≤ 2) and exterior angle απ. An explicit expression of F n ( z ) was obtained by computing the coefficients via a Cauchy integral formula. We also illustrate the location of the zeros of Faber polynomial and of its derivative. Our results include a circle and a segment as special cases when α = 1, 2, respectively.
Parental Methamphetamine Use and Manufacture: Child and Familial Outcomes.

The children of methamphetamine (MA) users and manufacturers are at high risk of neglect and abuse and physical harm from exposure to the drug and the chemicals used to produce it. This study is the first to document the epidemiology of children removed from home-based MA labs and their familial outcomes. Analyses are predominantly descriptive for 99 cases of drug-endangered children recorded from 2001–2003 in Los Angeles County. Neglect was substantiated in 93% of the cases; 97% of the cases resulted in child protective services detainment. Eighty percent had a documented medical diagnosis, most often related to exposure to MA manufacture.
MYELOFIBROSIS ASSOCIATED WITH PROMINENT PERIOSTEAL BONE APPOSITION REPORT OF TWO CASES

Myelofibrosis is a myeloproliferative disorder that is characterized by splenomegaly and bone marrow replacement by fibrous tissue. The predominant radiographic feature is osteosclerosis; however, in rare instances, periosteal bone apposition or periostitis is apparent in the metaphysis of the distal femura and proximal tibiae. It has been suggested that periostitis, when associated with fever and bone pain, is indicative of more aggressive disease. We report this unusual radiographic finding and its similar appearance to hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in two patients with myelofibrosis. In our patients, the presence of periosteal bone apposition did not correlate with increased disease aggressiveness.
Outcome of Patients After Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy: A Comparison of Prostate Cancer Diagnosed Using Extended Needle Biopsy Technique vs. Non-extended Needle Biopsy Technique

Objective: We evaluated the differences in pathologic findings and outcomes in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) for localized prostate cancer diagnosed by either extended or non-extended prostate needle biopsy techniques. Patients and Methods: Two hundred and seventy eight men with the diagnosis of localized prostate cancer using needle biopsies who underwent RRP were evaluated. Two study groups were identified: the first consisted of 123 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer by the use of extended needle biopsies (10 or more biopsy cores), and the second group consisted of 155 patients diagnosed with cancer by non-extended needle biopsies (9 or less biopsy cores). Median time of follow-up was 45 and 50 months, respectively. Biopsy and RRP specimen characteristics and outcome were compared between the two groups. Results: Patients in the extended biopsy group had a median of 12 biopsy cores Interquartile range (IQR, 10–13; range, 10–16) with a mean of 2.7 cores positive for can...
On convexified robust control synthesis

In this paper, we study a convexified robust control problem and its relation to gain-scheduling control. It reveals that the robust control synthesis condition becomes convex under a special plant structure. Moreover, for this class of robust control problems, the gain-scheduling control approach from scaled small-gain theorem will not provide any performance improvement over convexified robust controllers. Based on this observation, a convexified robust control synthesis framework with stringent performance and computational efficacy is proposed.
Depletion of substance P from rat primary sensory neurons by ATP, an implication of P2X receptor-mediated release of substance P.

Abstract Effects of ATP on substance P immunoreactivity were examined in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. We found that treatment of dorsal root ganglion neurons with ATP significantly depleted substance P immunoreactivity on the neurites and somata of the neurons. The effects of ATP were significantly inhibited by the purinergic P2 receptor antagonists suramin (30 μM) and pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulfonic acid (10 μM). We also showed that ATP-induced depletion of substance P immunoreactivity from dorsal root ganglion neurons depended on the entry of Ca 2+ . In a spinal cord slice preparation, we also found the internalization of neurokinin-1/substance P receptors in many dorsal horn neurons following the application of ATP or α,β-methylene-ATP. Together these results indicate that activation of P2X receptors may result in release of substance P from primary afferent neurons.
A survey of color spaces for shadow identification

We have surveyed the quality of different color spaces for the purpose of shadow edge detection. Knowing which edges in an image denote shadow edges and which are due to object boundaries or changes in surface reflectance has important applications in computer vision, mixed reality, and image relighting.
A study to examine the attitudes, knowledge, and utilization of CAM by primary care professional in West Texas.

Summary Objective This study examined the attitudes, knowledge, and utilization of CAM among primary care providers at two campuses of the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC). Design and setting A cross-sectional study design and a convenient sampling method were used. This study employed the questionnaire adapted from the Wahner-Roedler's study to survey participants in TTUHSC. Primary survey collection was conducted at the two campuses where all Family Medicine healthcare professionals were recruited. Main outcome measures We measured participants’ knowledge of, their familiarity and experience with, their attitudes towards and utilization of CAM. Results Of the 69 respondents, more than half (56.5%) were female and younger than 36 years. Overall, our study revealed a positive attitude towards CAM. More than 60% of the providers would like to refer a patient to a CAM practitioner and about 75% of them believed that incorporation of CAM therapies into the practice would have a positive impact. Providers were most familiar with and felt most comfortable counseling their patients about massage therapy and St. John's Wort among all CAM modalities. About 70% of the participants believed that the institution should offer proven CAM therapies to patients. Conclusions This study provides some preliminary findings that may lead to further exploration of healthcare professional's attitudes towards CAM.
Numerical and analytical solutions for the dynamic stability of edge cooled superconducting tapes using two dimensional variational principles

The dynamic stability of an edge cooled superconducting tape is a nonlinear, 3-D magnetothermal problem. In this analysis, a 2-D linearized version is solved using variational principles. To model the physical behavior of the conductor accurately, trial functions are carefully chosen subject to the exact boundary conditions and a numerical solution is obtained. This solution is compared to a recently obtained analytic solution and the 1-D solution obtained by H.R. Hart Jr. (1968). The 2-D analysis indicates that the finite thermal diffusion in the superconductor can play a significant role for w/sub o//d/sub SC/<100, where w/sub o/ is the half width of the tape and d/sub SC/ is the thickness of the superconductor.