cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the factors that influence the adsorption of anionic PFAS on conventional and emerging adsorbents in aquatic matrices.

Abstract Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have raised great concern due to their ubiquity in aquatic environments, and adsorption technologies are among the most promising treatment solutions. This study investigated the key factors that influence the adsorption of anionic PFASs on conventional and emerging adsorbents. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the removal of 20 target PFASs at environmentally relevant concentrations by three different activated carbon (AC) materials and two different β-cyclodextrin polymers (CDPs). Experiments were conducted in Milli-Q water and in groundwater. Major physical properties of the adsorbents were measured, along with general water chemistry parameters for each groundwater sample. Principal component analysis (PCA) was subsequently employed to extract the important associations from the multivariate dataset. The distinct performances of ACs and CDPs were attributed to their different surface chemistry and the distinct nature of their adsorption binding sites. Hydrophobic interactions dominated PFAS adsorption onto ACs while CDPs mostly attracted anionic PFASs via favorable electrostatic interactions. ACs of a smaller average particle size performed better, with our data pointing to an increased external specific surface area as the likely reason. pH and the concentration of cations were the primary contributors to adsorption inhibition in groundwater. Higher pH values limit anionic PFAS adsorption by deprotonating the functional groups on adsorbent surfaces. The elevated levels of cations in some groundwater samples limited the effects of attractive electrostatic interactions. Knowledge of PFAS adsorption mechanisms gained from this study can be used to design more efficient adsorbents and to predict their performance under a range of environmental scenarios.
Forced savings and political malinvestment: an application of steve horwitz’s microfoundations and macroeconomics

Steven Horwitz’s book, Microfoundations and Macroeconomics has been at the center of the post-crisis revival of Austrian business cycle theory. Much of the work that has been done on this topic has either extended or refined Horwitz’s framework. This paper’s aim is more modest. In it, I apply Horwitz’s framework to the Confederate monetary experience during the U.S. Civil War. While there was an excess supply of money, I do not find any evidence that it generated a credit boom - quite the contrary. That said, there is evidence of forced savings, which the state and Confederate governments used to fund large-scale investment projects, among other things. While this is not malinvestment in the traditional sense, I argue that allocating credit in response to political incentives is unlikely to result in a sustainable capital structure. This finding points to the need to incorporate the notions of forced savings and malinvestment into a broader political-economy perspective.
Iron chelation may harm patients with COVID-19.

Not applicable. Abobaker A (2020) Can iron chelation as an adjunct treatment of COVID-19 improve the clinical outcome? Eur J Clin Pharmacol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-020-02942-9 Liu W, Li H (2020) COVID-19:Attacks the 1-beta chain of hemoglobin and captures the porphyrin to inhibit human heme metabolism. Available from: https://chemrxivorg/articles/COVID-19_Disease_ORF8_and_Surface_Glycoprotein_Inhibit_Heme_Metabolism_by_Binding_to_Porphyrin/11938173 Accessed 7 Apr 2020. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.11938173.v8 Turi JL, Yang FM, Garrick MD, Piantadosi CA, Ghio AJ (2004) The iron cycle and oxidative stress in the lung. Free Radic Biol Med 36(7):850–857 Article Google Scholar Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Xia Ja YT, Zhang X, Zhang L (2020) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 395(10223):507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7 Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Ganz T (2019) Anemia of inflammation. N Engl J Med 381(12):1148–1157. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1804281 Article PubMed Google Scholar Herbert V, Jayatilleke E, Shaw S, Rosman AS, Giardina P, Grady RW, Bowman B, Gunter EW (1997) Serum ferritin iron, a new test, measures human body iron stores unconfounded by inflammation. Stem Cells 15(4):291–296. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.150291 Article PubMed Google Scholar Download references MDG’s research is supported by a grant from the US NIH (grant R01DK109717). Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Michael D. Garrick Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Michael D. Garrick US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Andrew J. Ghio You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar Not applicable. Correspondence to Michael D. Garrick. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Not applicable. Not applicable. Not applicable. Not applicable. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and Permissions Garrick, M.D., Ghio, A.J. Iron chelation may harm patients with COVID-19. Eur J Clin Pharmacol (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-020-02987-w Download citation Received: 10 July 2020 Accepted: 27 August 2020 Published: 01 September 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-020-02987-w
Reliability of diaphragmatic motor-evoked potentials induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive technique to assess neural impulse conduction along the cortico-diaphragmatic pathway. The reliability of diaphragm motor-evoked potentials ...
Resident as Preceptor: An Ambulatory Internal Medicine Curriculum for Third-Year Resident Precepting.

Introduction The role of outpatient preceptor is a core component of many careers within internal medicine (both general internal medicine and subspecialty practice), yet opportunities to learn and...
Monitoring Misinformation on Twitter During Crisis Events: A Machine Learning Approach.

Social media has been increasingly utilized to spread breaking news and risk communications during disasters of all magnitudes. Unfortunately, due to the unmoderated nature of social media platforms such as Twitter, rumors and misinformation are able to propagate widely. Given this, a surfeit of research has studied false rumor diffusion on Twitter, especially during natural disasters. Within this domain, studies have also focused on the misinformation control efforts from government organizations and other major agencies. A prodigious gap in research exists in studying the monitoring of misinformation on social media platforms in times of disasters and other crisis events. Such studies would offer organizations and agencies new tools and ideologies to monitor misinformation on platforms such as Twitter, and make informed decisions on whether or not to use their resources in order to debunk. In this work, we fill the research gap by developing a machine learning framework to predict the veracity of tweets that are spread during crisis events. The tweets are tracked based on the veracity of their content as either true, false, or neutral. We conduct four separate studies, and the results suggest that our framework is capable of tracking multiple cases of misinformation simultaneously, with F 1 scores exceeding 87%. In the case of tracking a single case of misinformation, our framework reaches an F 1 score of 83%. We collect and drive the algorithms with 15,952 misinformation-related tweets from the Boston Marathon bombing (2013), Manchester Arena bombing (2017), Hurricane Harvey (2017), Hurricane Irma (2017), and the Hawaii ballistic missile false alert (2018). This article provides novel insights on how to efficiently monitor misinformation that is spread during disasters.
Derivation and Characterization of an inositol phosphate-independent HIV-1

Abstract A critical step in the HIV-1 replication cycle is the assembly of Gag proteins to form virions at the plasma membrane. Virion assembly and maturation is facilitated by the cellular polyanion inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), which is proposed to stabilize both the immature Gag lattice and the mature capsid lattice by binding to rings of primary amines at the center of Gag or capsid protein (CA) hexamers. The amino acids comprising these rings are critical for proper virion formation and their substitution results in assembly deficits or impaired infectiousness. To better understand the nature of the deficits that accompany IP6-deficiency, we passaged HIV-1 mutants that had substitutions in IP6-coordinating residues to select for compensatory mutations. We found a mutation, a threonine to isoleucine substitution at position 371 (T371I) in Gag, that restored replication competence to an IP6-binding-deficient HIV-1 mutant. Notably, unlike wild-type HIV-1, the assembly and infectiousness of resulting virus was not impaired when IP6 biosynthetic enzymes were genetically ablated. Surprisingly, we also found that the maturation inhibitor Bevirimat (BVM) could restore the assembly and replication of an IP6-binding deficient mutant. Moreover, using BVM-dependent mutants we were able to image the BVM-inducible assembly of individual HIV-1 particles assembly in living cells. Overall these results suggest that IP6-Gag and Gag-Gag contacts are finely tuned to generate a Gag lattice of optimal stability, and that under certain conditions BVM can functionally replace IP6. Author Summary A key step in HIV-1 replication is the assembly of virions that are released from the infected cell. Previous work has suggested that a small molecule called IP6 is critical role in this process, promoting both HIV-1 assembly and the stability of mature fully infectious virions. Since IP6 is required for multiple steps in HIV-1 assembly and maturation, it is a candidate for the development of anti-retroviral therapies. Here, we identify an HIV-1 mutant that replicates independently of IP6, and show that a different small molecule can functionally substitute for IP6 under certain conditions. These findings suggest that IP6 regulates the stability of protein interactions during virion assembly and that the precise degree stability of these interactions is finely tuned and important for generating infectious virions. Finally, our work identifies an inducible virion assembly system that can be utilized to visualize HIV-1 assembly events using live cell microscopy.
Accuracy of caregiver identification of demands for children with escape-maintained challenging behavior.

Abstract Background Although stimulus preference assessments are widely used to identify reinforcers and to inform positive reinforcement conditions in a functional analysis (FA), direct assessments of potential negative reinforcers are not as commonly employed. Demands are often selected from caregiver report alone. Aims The purpose of the current study is to (a) replicate the Demand Assessment for Individuals with Severe Disabilities (DAISD) indirect assessment interview for caregivers to identify demands that may evoke challenging behavior; (b), compare the correspondence of the DAISD in relation to an established direct assessment, the demand latency assessment (DLA); and (c) evaluate if the demands that caregivers identify as the most aversive are more likely to evoke challenging behavior and identify an escape function in an FA than those demands caregivers identify as least aversive and replicate validation of the DLA. Methods and procedures This study evaluated caregiver accuracy at identifying demands most likely to evoke escape-maintained challenging behavior for four children with developmental disabilities. Caregiver-informed aversiveness hierarchies from the DAISD were compared to child-informed aversiveness hierarchies from the DLA. Functional analyses included separate escape conditions with DAISD and DLA most and least aversive demands. Outcomes and results Although all caregivers identified at least eight demands, caregivers’ accuracy with demand aversiveness was variable as indicated by (a) a false negative FA outcome for one of four participants with the caregiver-nominated most aversive demand; (b) higher rates of challenging behavior with the caregiver-nominated least aversive demand than most aversive for three of four participants; and (c) lack of a strong positive rank order correlation between caregiver- and child-hierarchies for all participants (range, −0.76 to .48). Compliance was not a strong predictive variable of challenging behavior with either assessment. Conclusions and implications Results indicate that the DAISD interview is useful at identifying multiple demands presented in the natural environment, but should be followed up with direct assessment to determine demand aversiveness rather than used for caregivers to rank demand aversiveness.
A survey of guidance, navigation, and control systems for autonomous multi-rotor small unmanned aerial systems

Abstract This survey paper presents a holistic perspective on the state-of-the-art in the design of guidance, navigation, and control systems for autonomous multi-rotor small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS). By citing more than 300 publications, this work recalls fundamental results that enabled the design of these systems, describes some of the latest advances, and compares the performance of several techniques. This paper also lists some techniques that, although already employed by different classes of mobile robots, have not been employed yet on sUAS, but may lead to satisfactory results. Furthermore, this publication highlights some limitations in the theoretical and technological solutions underlying existing guidance, navigation, and control systems for sUAS and places special emphasis on some of the most relevant gaps that hinder the integration of these three systems. In light of the surveyed results, this paper provides recommendations for macro-research areas that would improve the overall quality of autopilots for autonomous sUAS and would facilitate the transition of existing results from sUAS to larger autonomous aircraft for payload delivery and commercial transportation.
Brief cognitive training interventions in young adulthood promote long-term resilience to drug-seeking behavior

Environmental stress and deprivation increase vulnerability to substance use disorders in humans and promote drug-seeking behavior in animal models. In contrast, experiences of mastery and stability may shape neural circuitry in ways that build resilience to future challenges. Cognitive training offers a potential intervention for reducing vulnerability in the face of environmental stress or deprivation. Here, we test the hypothesis that brief cognitive training can promote long-term resilience to one measure of drug-seeking behavior, cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP), in mice. In young adulthood, mice underwent cognitive training, received rewards while exploring a training arena (i.e. yoked control), or remained in their home cages. Beginning 4 weeks after cessation of training, we conditioned mice in a CPP paradigm and then tested them weekly for CPP maintenance or daily for CPP extinction. We found that a brief 9-day cognitive training protocol reduced maintenance of cocaine CPP when compared to standard housed and yoked conditions. This beneficial effect persisted long after cessation of the training, as mice remained in their home cages for 4 weeks between training and cocaine exposure. When mice were tested for CPP on a daily extinction schedule, we found that all trained and yoked groups that left their home cages to receive rewards in a training arena showed significant extinction of CPP, while mice kept in standard housing for the same period did not extinguish CPP. These data suggest that in early adulthood, deprivation may confer vulnerability to drug-seeking behavior and that brief interventions may promote long-term resilience.
Distressing Mother–Adolescent Relations and Psychological Well-Being in Low Income African American Families: Moderating Effects of Demanding Kin Relations

This study examined whether demanding relations with extended family moderated the association of distressing mother–adolescent relations with poorer social and psychological functioning. Participants were one hundred-thirty, low-income, African American mother–adolescent dyads. For mothers distressing mother–adolescent relations and demanding relations with extended family were linked to decrease in mother’s optimism and increase in depressive symptoms. Distressing mother–adolescent relations were also linked to increase in mother’s negative interpersonal relations. Distressing mother–adolescent relations were linked to decrease in adolescent’s self-esteem. Demanding kin relations exacerbated the link between distressing mother–adolescent relations and decrease in mother’s optimism. Demanding kin relations also exacerbated the link between distressing mother–adolescent relations and increase in adolescent’s problem behavior. Findings were discussed in terms of the need for more research on social networks of at-risk families.
SIIA: A Knowledge-Based Assistant for the Saft Ultrasonic Inspection System

SIIA(b) is a knowledge-based system designed to assist in making the operation of the Synthetic Aperture Focussing Technique (SAFT) Ultrasonic Inspection System more reliable and efficient [1]. This paper reports on our effort to develop a prototype version of SIIA to demonstrate the feasibility of using knowledge-based systems in nondestructive evaluation (NDE).
Planning the Megacity: Jakarta in the Twentieth Century

Not only is Jakarta the largest metropolitan area in Southeast Asia, it is the also one of the most dynamic, though beset with most of the urban problems experienced in twentieth century Southeast ...
Adenosine stimulation of uphill adenine transport in L1210 leukemia cells. Evidence for a novel countertransport mechanism

the presence of these bases within the intracellular compartment produces an uphill flow of adenine into the cell (countertrans- port). On the other hand, a very interesting phenome- non is observed when ATP-depleted cells are exposed simultaneously to extracellular adenosine and C3H]ad- enine in that there is a sustained uphill flow of
Insulin-like effects of trypsin on fat cells. Localization of the metabolic steps and the cellular site affected by the enzyme.

Abstract The mechanism of the insulin-like action of trypsin was studied. When fat cells were exposed to trypsin (1 mg per ml) for 15 sec, glucose metabolism in the cells was stimulated. This stimulation (like that by insulin) was inhibited by phloretin or 3-O-methyl-d-glucose. By the above treatment with trypsin, cellular lipolysis induced by epinephrine was blocked to a large extent, but that induced by caffeine was only partially inhibited. These effects of trypsin on lipolysis were similar to those of insulin at a low concentration (20 to 30 microunits per ml). Trypsin (like insulin) did not inhibit lipolysis induced by N6, O2'-dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. When fat cells treated with trypsin were incubated with buffer for a few hours after inactivation of the enzyme, the cells had recovered from the insulin-like effects of the enzyme. The recovery was not significantly inhibited by cycloheximide. The "recovered" cells were less sensitive to both insulin and trypsin as compared with untreated fat cells. This decrease in sensitivity was partially prevented when a large dose of insulin was added to the incubation medium prior to the trypsin treatment. These data were consistent with an assumption that trypsin (a) interacts initially with the insulin receptor site of fat cells, (b) activates the receptor to produce the metabolic responses characteristic of insulin, and (c) eventually modifies the receptor to render the cells less sensitive than normal to both insulin and trypsin.
A Theory of Taxing Sovereign Wealth

Sovereign wealth funds enjoy an exemption from tax under section 892 of the tax code. This anachronistic provision offers an unconditional tax exemption when a foreign sovereign earns income from non-commercial activities in the United States. The provision, which was first enacted in 1917, reflects an expansive view of the international law doctrine of sovereign immunity that the United States (and other countries) discarded fifty years ago in other contexts. The Treasury regulations accompanying section 892 define non-commercial activity broadly, encompassing both traditional portfolio investing and more aggressive, strategic equity investments. Because section 892 was not written with sovereign wealth funds in mind, the policy rationale for this generous tax treatment has not been closely examined before. This Article provides a framework for analyzing the taxation of sovereign wealth. I start from a baseline norm of "sovereign tax neutrality," which would treat the investment income of foreign sovereigns no better and no worse than private investors' income. Nor would it favor any specific nation over another. Whether we should depart from this norm depends on several factors, including the external costs and benefits created by sovereign wealth investment, whether tax or other regulatory instruments are superior methods of attracting investment or addressing harms, and which domestic political institutions are best suited to implement foreign policy. I then consider whether we should impose an excise tax that would discourage sovereign wealth fund investments in the equity of U.S. companies. If desired, the tax could be designed to complement nontax economic and foreign policy goals by discouraging investments by funds that fail to comply with best practices for transparency and accountability. The case for repealing the existing tax subsidy is strong. We should tax sovereign wealth funds as if they were private foreign corporations; there is no compelling reason to subsidize sovereign wealth. My analysis also shows that imposing a special excise tax may not be the optimal regulatory instrument for managing the special risks posed by sovereign wealth funds, although a carefully-designed tax would be more effective than the status quo.
Ionic and Nucleotide Cofactor Requirements for Uptake of [3H]-Norepinephrine by Rat Brain Synaptic Vesicle Preparations

Norepinephrine uptake into a crude preparation of rat brain synaptic vesicles showed a marked dependence on Mg 2+ concentration. Mn 2+ or Co + could substitute for Mg 2+ , but displayed lower affinities. Zn 2+ , Ni 2+ and Ca 2+ stimulated uptake only slightly and other divalent cations were ineffective. ATP, GTP and UTP produced stimulation of norepinephrine uptake, but only ATP was fully effective. ADP and AMP inhibited the ATP-induced stimulation. The irreversible inhibitor of ATPases, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), blocked norepinephrine uptake; the effect was enhanced by pre-incubation of the vesicle preparation with NEM prior to addition of the cofactors and the enhancement was partially prevented by addition of ATP-Mg 2+ during the pre-incubation. Replacement of K + by Na + in the medium did not alter norepinephrine uptake, but Li + inhibited uptake by competing with Mg 2+ . The use of hypertonic medium inhibited uptake, while hypotonic medium markedly enhanced only the nonspecific uptake component (not ATP or Mg 2+ -dependent, not reserpine-sensitive). The similarities of these data to those obtained with adrenomedullary or peripheral nerve vesicles validate the historical use of the peripheral preparations as models of central nervous system vesicles, and the simple and sensitive technique utilized in this study affords direct detailed evaluation of the effects of in vivo drug administration on neurotransmitter storage in the brains of small animals.
MCell Model of Presynaptic Calcium Dynamics Predicts the Structural Correlates of Short-term Synaptic Plasticity

Facilitation and depression at synapses can be regulated by the ultra-structure of the synapse. We used the MCell program to perform realistic 3D Monte Carlo simulations of the molecular interactions that regulate transmitter release in a model CA3-CA1 hippocampal synapse. The relatively simple geometry of a hippocampal synapse compared to Calyx of Held allows a quantitative analysis of activity-dependent local calcium profiles at the active zone. Experimentally measurable synaptic variables such as the release probability and the global calcium response were used by the model to predict the structural parameters of the synapse. Tight spatial coupling between voltage gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and the neurotransmitter release complex promoted fast and temporally precise signalling at synapses. This coupling, however, limited the range of facilitation. Since more VGCCs were necessary to maintain release probability for longer coupling distances (up to a few hundred nanometers) it produced an augmented ‘global’ calcium response in the bouton. The resulting elevated residual calcium could open intracellular calcium stores, cause calcium buffers to saturate and trigger an overall increase in paired pulse ratio. These results were robust to the choice of model parameters and remain valid for a wide variety of neurons. In addition we simulated calcium florescence signals that can be directly compared to measurements with calcium dyes. This model may be extended to explore the molecular mechanisms involved in short-term synaptic plasticity observed in behavioural experiments.
Electrochemical performance of polypyrrole/silver vanadium oxide composite cathodes in lithium primary batteries

Polypyrrole (PPy)/silver vanadium oxide (SVO) composite cathode materials were synthesized by polymerizing pyrrole onto the surface of pure SVO particles. Electrochemical characterization was carried out by performing galvanostatic discharge, pulse discharge and ac-impedance experiments. The composite electrode exhibited better performance than pristine SVO in all the experiments. The composite electrodes yielded a higher discharge capacity and a better pulse discharge capability when compared to the pristine SVO electrode. The pulse discharge and ac-impedance studies indicated that PPy forms an effective conductive network on the SVO surface and thereby reduces the particle-to-particle contact resistance and facilitates the interfacial charge transfer kinetics. To determine the thermal stability of the composite cathode, galvanostatic discharge and ac-impedance experiments were performed at different temperatures. The capacity increased with temperature due to enhanced charge transfer kinetics and low mass transfer limitations. The peak capacity was obtained at 60 °C, after which the performance degraded with any further increase in temperature.
Reversing life-threatening cardiac glycoside intoxication with digoxin immune Fab

Summary Our patient's condition remained stable, and she was admitted to the telementryunit. Three days later she had no symptoms of toxicity and her EKG was completely normal. She was discharged with a prescription for bisoprolol (Zebeta), a β-adrenergic blocking agent that selectivel blocks stimulation of β 1 receptors within cardiac muscle. In addition, a psychiatric referral for stress reduction therapy was made.
Physician perception of irritable bowel syndrome diagnosis and management in female and male patients

Physician perception of irritable bowel syndrome diagnosis and management in female and male patients
A pilot study of balloon dilation in an animal model resulting in cricoid cartilage fracture: Implications for the stenotic pediatric airway

Objective: Endoscopic balloon dilation is increasingly popular as primary therapy for infants with subglottic stenosis. We aim to determine the maximum balloon diameter and pressure where no fracture of the cricoid would occur, minimum balloon size and pressures where a gross fracture of the cricoid occurs, and location of these fractures. We tested these objectives by performing balloon dilation in laryngotracheal complexes of eight euthanized adult male New Zealand white rabbits, with airway characteristics similar to a 3- to 9-month-old infant. Methods: Subglottic airway diameter of each specimen was determined using endotracheal tubes (Cotton-Myer grading system). Preexistent subglottic disease was excluded by rigid endoscopy. Serial dilation with balloon catheters was performed, employing incremental balloon sizes and pressures, to determine balloon size and pressure, which resulted in a cricoid fracture. Locations of gross fractures were validated by two independent observers. Results: Airway diameter of all specimens was 5.4 mm (size 4.0 endotracheal tube). Four of the seven cricoid cartilages exhibited gross fractures. Dilation with balloon diameters less than 6.0 mm failed to induce a fracture despite maximal inflation to 16.0 atmospheres. The minimum balloon size required to create a fracture was 7.0 mm, at a pressure of 6.0 atmospheres. All fractures occurred at the anterior lamina of cricoid ring. Conclusions: No fractures occurred when balloon dilation was performed with a balloon 0.6 mm or smaller than the measured subglottic diameter. Fractures of the cricoid occurred when balloon dilation was performed with a balloon 1.6 mm or larger than the subglottic diameter. Laryngoscope, 2010
Port automata and the algebra of concurrent processes

We model a process—the unit of concurrent processing—as a port automaton, a certain type of nondeterministic sequential machine. We show how to compute the response of these automata, and study the properties of their port interconnections. We are motivated by the work of Milne and Milner, but eschew their use of domains, continuous functions, and power-domains. Instead we can use sets, maps and subsets by applying our theory of greatest fixpoints to the study of the response of nondeterministic machines.
A terrestrial organic matter depocenter on a high-energy margin: The Umpqua River system, Oregon

Abstract Small, mountainous river systems (SMRS) are now recognized to supply roughly half of the land-derived fine grained sediment and by inference associated bioactive constituents such as organic matter (OM), to the world oceans, yet there is an incomplete understanding of how that material is distributed on continental margins. This knowledge deficit stems, in part, from the small number of SMRS that have been studied. Herein, we present data on the grain size, OM content, and composition of surface sediments from 66 cores collected on the Umpqua River shelf and uppermost slope off the central Oregon coast. In comparison to northern California's Eel River, the Umpqua has over an order of magnitude lower sediment supply, but a similar energetic wave climate, thus sediment and associated OM was expected to be widely dispersed across the margin. Instead, both textural and compositional data indicate the existence of a well-defined depocenter in 80 m to 110 m water depth that stretches along margin for roughly 40 km. Centered ∼10 km north of the river, the depocenter is characterized by appreciably higher mud and organic carbon contents than surrounding shelf sediments. Moreover, sedimentary OM in the depocenter, especially within its inshore half, has multiple, unequivocal indicators (e.g., carbon:nitrogen, stable carbon isotope and lignin phenol compositions) of terrestrial origin. These seemingly paradoxical results – a high dispersal capacity margin fed by a low sediment yield river, but with a clearly defined depocenter – may be explained by invoking wave-supported gravity flows, such as what has been observed offshore the Eel and other high yield systems (e.g., Waiapu, New Zealand). Testing this conjecture must await in situ observations of this low yield SMRS.
Coimmobilization of Dehydrogenases and Their Cofactors in Electrochemical Biosensors

Enzyme-based reagentless biosensors were developed using the model system of glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and its nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactor (NAD+). The biosensors were prepared following an approach similar to the concept of molecular imprinting. To this end, the N1-carboxymethyl−NAD+ species were covalently attached to polyamino−saccharide chains of chitosan (CHIT) and allowed to interact with GDH in an aqueous solution. The bioaffinity interactions between the NAD+ and GDH were secured by cross-linking the system with the glutaric dialdehyde (GDI)-modified CHIT. Electron conductive films of such CHIT−NAD+−GDH−GDI−CHIT macrocomplexes (MC) were prepared on glassy carbon (GC) electrodes by adding carbon nanotubes (CNT) and evaporating water. Electrochemical analysis of the GC/CNT−MC electrodes revealed that, in contrast to the oxidase-based electrodes, they acted as oxygen-independent reagentless biosensors. The application of Nafion to such biosensors predictably improved their selectivity...
Counterterror intelligence operations and terror attacks

We present a formal model of an intelligence agency that must divide its resources between the collection and analysis of information pertaining to terror plots. The model highlights the negative consequences of queues which form when collection exceeds analytic capacity. We incorporate the response of a terrorist organization to the operating characteristics of the intelligence system it faces, and solve for equilibrium strategies for the intelligence system and terrorist organization. Our results demonstrate the importance of properly balancing resources between collection and analysis, and stand in contrast to the observed state of overcollection in US intelligence agencies.
Characterization of several ultraviolet–visible emission lines from a lead hollow-cathode lamp

The Fourier-transform spectra (0.015-cm−1 resolution) of the nonresonant 405.8-, 368.4-, and 364.0-nm lines and the resonant 283.3-nm line from a lead hollow-cathode lamp are reported. The splittings for the various isotopic and nuclear hyperfine transitions for all four lines are found to be consistent with previous measurements and assignments. At the recommended lamp operating current of 4 mA, all peak shapes within all four lines studied were satisfactorily fitted with Gaussian functions corresponding to the same Doppler temperature of 750 ± 30 K, indicating no significant self-absorption of the 283.3-nm resonant line. At a much-elevated lamp current the peaks for the nonresonant lines are increased in intensity and slightly broadened, whereas the peaks for the resonant line have approximately the same intensity as at 4 mA but are no longer Gaussian shaped.
Homozygous nonsense mutation in the insulin receptor gene of a patient with severe congenital insulin resistance: leprechaunism and the role of the insulin‐like growth factor receptor

Severe congenital insulin resistance in the syndrome of leprechaunism is caused by mutations in the insulin receptor gene. We report a patient with leprechaunism who was homozygous for a mutation resulting in the absence of cell surface insulin receptors. To determine whether the receptor for Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is involved in the phenotype of leprechaunism, we studied the effect of insulin and of IGF-I on cells from this patient. The patient had a homozygous C → T substitution at base pair 8212 in exon 12 of the insulin receptor gene, creating a premature stop codon. This nonsense mutation is in the extracellular portion of the receptor and truncates the insulin receptor proximal to its transmembrane anchor, resulting in the absence of cell surface insulin receptors. This finding indicates that complete absence of the insulin receptor is compatible with life. Secondly, DNA synthesis was studied in skin derived fibroblasts in response to increasing concentrations of either insulin or Insulin-like growth factor -I (IGF-I), and was assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation. In this patient’s cells, both of these hormones increased 3H-thymidine incorporation, and the effect was blocked by α-IR3, a monoclonal antibody that blocks activation of the IGF-I receptor. These findings confirmed the absence of the insulin receptor and indicated that insulin acts here through activation of the IGF-I receptor. These data support the contention that the phenotypic and metabolic abnormalities of leprechaunism result from the combination of lack of insulin receptor action and over-activation by insulin of the type 1 IGF receptor.
A phenomenological understanding of successful stuttering management

The purpose of this investigation was to understand, from the perspective of the speaker, how seven adults have been able to successfully manage their stuttering. Individual experiences were obtained across the three temporal stages (past, transitional, and current). Recurring themes were identified across participants in order to develop an essential structure of the phenomena at each stage. The ability to make the transition from unsuccessful to successful management of stuttering was associated with six recurring themes of: (1) support, (2) successful therapy, (3) self therapy and behavioral change, (4) cognitive change, (5) utilization of personal experience, and (6) high levels of motivation/determination. Six recurring themes associated with past experiences, when stuttering was unsuccessfully managed, included: (1) gradual awareness, (2) negative reactions of listeners, (3) negative emotions, (4) restrictive lifestyle, (5) avoidance, and (6) inadequate therapy. The five recurring themes identified for the current situation where stuttering continues to be successfully managed were: (1) continued management, (2) self acceptance and fear reduction, (3) unrestricted interactions, (4) sense of freedom, (5) and optimism.
John Wayne’s World: transnational masculinity in the Fifties

In his study of one of American cinema’s icons of masculinity, Meeuf explores Wayne’s stardom in relation to changes in the global economy, politics, and gender roles. This approach distinguishes M...
Controlled Layer-by-Layer Formation of Ultrathin Oxide Films on Silver Island Films for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Measurement

Methods for the controlled deposition of ultrathin metal oxide layers onto silver island films for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements are reported. Two related deposition techniques are explored for thin film growth: a surface sol-gel method and atomic layer deposition. Both methods exhibit excellent control of the deposited film thickness to atomic level precision while conformally coating the complex structures found in silver island films. Coating of metal oxide films onto silver substrates provides a method for monitoring the distance dependence of SERS enhancements and offers a platform for exploring adsorption and interaction of analytes on dielectric surfaces. Analysis of the distance dependence of the Raman signal with increasing film thickness yields estimated silver particle sizes that are in agreement with microscopy, which is consistent with the layer-by-layer growth mechanism of uniform metal oxide films on the silver substrate. These methods can be easily extended to grow a variety of laminar or mixed metal oxide films for the exploration of interfacial phenomena.
The Asheville Project: Participants' Perceptions of Factors Contributing to the Success of a Patient Self-Management Diabetes Program

Objective To ascertain patients', providers', and managers' perceptions of the factors that contributed to the success of the Asheville Project. Design One-time focus groups of patients and diabetes care providers and individual interviews with managers involved in the project. Setting The City of Asheville and Mission-St. Joseph's Health System (MSJ), Asheville, N.C. Patients and Other Participants Twenty-one patients with diabetes who were employees of the two self-insured employers participating in the Asheville Project; four specially trained pharmacists who provided diabetes-related pharmaceutical care and one diabetes educator, all of whom received reimbursement for their services; six managers employed by the City of Asheville or MSJ who were involved in the project. Intervention A trained facilitator conducted four focus groups and six manager interviews in September 2001. Each session lasted 60 to 90 minutes, and the facilitator used a standard list of open-ended questions. The focus group sessions were recorded for subsequent analysis. Main Outcome Measures Perceptions of focus group participants and managers of how the Asheville Project enabled patients with diabetes to become more responsible and successful in self-managing their condition. Results Focus group participants and managers were enthusiastic about their experiences with the project. Patients valued the relationships they established with their pharmacist or diabetes educator; as a result of these providers' support, patients felt more in control of their lives and were healthier. The waived co-payments for diabetes medications and related supplies was the decisive incentive for getting many patients to enroll in the project. For the providers, the project was a source of professional growth and satisfaction. Managers felt the project helped them fulfill their healthcare responsibilities to their employees, reduced overall costs, enhanced their organizations' reputations in healthcare delivery, and resulted in less absenteeism. Conclusion Patients, providers, and managers in the Asheville Project believed that aligned incentives and community-based resources that provide health care services to patients with diabetes offer a practical, patient-empowering, and cost-effective solution to escalating health care costs.
Evidence for a basic level in event taxonomies.

The proposition that event taxonomies have a “basic” level was tested. In the first two tasks of the experiment, taxonomically related event categories were elicited. Nine taxonomies were constructed from subjects’ responses on these tasks. In the third task, subjects listed attributes for events categories from the three levels of abstraction of these taxonomies. A single, common level of abstraction (the basic level) was identified. Subjects listed significantly more attributes for basic categories than for superordinate categories, but not significantly more attributes for the lower, subordinate-level categories. Further analyses showed that basic and subordinate categories elicited a greater number of concrete and event-related features than action and personrelated features, and that superordinate categories showed the opposite trend. These findings are discussed in terms of general principles of categorization applied to events, objects, and scenes, and the particular characteristics of events.
MacBeath, J. (2014). Education and Schooling: Myth, Heresy, and Misconception. New York, NY: Routledge. 209 pp

Much of MacBeath's scholarship in the field of education centers on the notion of school self-evaluation, a process that MacBeath argues manifests itself through the stories students, teachers, and...
Marvelous Destruction: The Left-Leaning Satirical Magazines of 1905-1907

AbstractRussian artists and publicists created a symbolic language of revolution in left-leaning satirical magazines during and after the Revolution of 1905. They reversed the traditional association of the occult with rebellion and pictured tsarist officials as monsters, vampires, and demons. They stigmatized the old order and portrayed death as its murderous ally. They also evoked death as an instrument of revolution. This essay explores the imagery they used and the context in which they worked.
Wavelengths and energy levels of the K i isoelectronic sequence from copper to molybdenum

Seven lines in the K-like transition array 3p63d–3p53d2 were observed for each of the spectra Cu xi to Mo xxiv (except for Rb and Sr) in radiation from impurity-doped tokamak and laser-generated plasmas. Wavelengths in the range of 70–112 A, measured with an uncertainty of ±0.005 A, are given. These are compared with calculations obtained with the relativistic Hartree–Fock code of Cowan [ CowanR. D., The Theory of Atomic Structure and Spectra ( U. California Press, Berkeley, Calif., 1981)]. From these comparisons, predicted values for the wavelengths of Rb and Sr were obtained, with an uncertainty of ±0.01 A.
AJR teaching file: aortic valve abnormality in a woman with progressive shortness of breath.

Clinical History A 45-year-old woman presented with left-sided chest pain and progressive shortness of breath. Physical examination revealed a grade 3/6 decrescendo diastolic murmur at the left sternal border. A stress echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular size and function and no inducible ischemia. However, an aortic valve abnormality and aortic regurgitation were noted. Before the patient underwent aortic valve replacement for the treatment of aortic regurgitation, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and retrospectively gated 64-MDCT aortography were performed for detailed assessment of the abnormal aortic valve and evaluation of any other associated abnormalities of the aorta.
COMPARISON OF HABITAT USE BY ESTUARINE FISH ASSEMBLAGES IN THE ACADIAN AND VIRGINIAN ZOOGEOGRAPHIC PROVINCES

Comparison of the relative abundance of fish species from different life-history groups and their temporal patterns of estuarine habitat use from two estuaries north and south of Cape Cod indicates that the Cape acts as a zoogeographic boundary. Between April 1988 and December 1989, monthly seine and trawl samples were collected from nearshore, shallow-water marsh, and beach and deeper open-water habitats in Wells Harbor, Maine, and Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts. Forty-eight species and 80,341 individuals were collected from Waquoit Bay compared to 24 species and 22,561 individuals from Wells Harbor. Waquoit Bay had proportionally fewer resident species and more marine, nursery, and occasional species than Wells Harbor. Annual density and biomass values were greater across all habitats in Waquoit Bay, with the summer values from the marsh habitat an order of magnitude higher than comparable summer data from the Wells habitats. We suggest that marsh and beach habitats provide a nursery area for young-of-the-year fishes, while deeper, open-water habitats serve as a corridor for fishes moving to nearshore habitats or serve as a refuge during low tide.
The Parameters Sensitivity Analysis of Battery Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption Economy

This paper establishes mathematical model of energy consumption economy for constant speed driving and acceleration driving. According to the model, influence degree calculation formulas of parameter sensitivity of vehicle mass, mechanical efficiency of transmission system, rolling resistance coefficient and air resistance factor to energy consumption economy are proposed, and analysis of energy consumption economy parameter sensitivity on a kind of BEV is conducted.
A New Look at the Optimum Dimensions of Convective Spines

The optimum dimensions of spines of various profiles are reexamined by taking into account the profile curvature effects. Simple working formulas for the optimum dimensions are proposed. When the ratio of spine width to length, δ0/b0, is set equal to zero, the present results are reduced to the earlier findings which are obtained on the basis of employing the length-of-arc assumption.