cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combinatorial domain swaps provide insights into the rules of fungal polyketide synthase programming and the rational synthesis of non-native aromatic products.

Polyketide natural products encompass a structurally and functionally diverse family of molecules ranging from those of pharmaceutical importance to environmental toxins adversely affecting plant and animal health. Apart from the giant, modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) best exemplified by the trio of DEBS proteins that synthesize in an “assembly line” manner the macrocyclic core of the antibiotic erythromycin,[1, 2] all other classes of PKSs function iteratively, in which a basis set of catalytic domains is re-used a fixed, or “programmed”, number of times. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) and PKS enzymes similarly use acyl-CoA precursors, tether intermediates as thioesters, and catalyze two-carbon chain extensions by decarboxylative (thio)Claisen reactions with malonyl units, but differ by the extent of β-carbon processing. At one extreme are the FASs where a starter unit, typically acetyl, is extended and stepwise reductions and dehydration occur at every β-carbonyl to generate saturated fatty acid products.[3] At the other extreme are the fungal non-reducing polyketide synthases (NR-PKSs) in which the same chain extension machinery acts, but no modifications occur to afford now a poly-β-ketone intermediate that by intramolecular aldol reaction(s) cyclizes to aromatic products (Figure 1).[4, 5]
Alternative Splicing of the High Affinity cAMP-Specific Phosphodiesterase (PDE7A) mRNA in Human Skeletal Muscle and Heart

Abstract To further our understanding of the structure and function of phosphodiesterases of the newly identified family of high affinity cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases (PDE7), we identified and characterized the isozyme expressed in human skeletal muscle and the protein product of the previously isolated isozyme HCP1 (designated HSPDE7A1). We report the isolation of a cDNA encoding the full-length skeletal muscle isoform of human PDE7A (HSPDE7A2). The DNA sequence of this skeletal muscle cDNA indicates thatPDE7A2 is a novel 5′ splice variant of PDE7Aencoding an isoform with a novel, hydrophobic N terminus. The 456-amino acid PDE7A2 protein is detected on Western blots as a band with an apparent mobility of 50 kDa. PDE7A2 is a high affinity cAMP-specific PDE (K m = 0.1 μm), which is localized to particulate cellular fractions. The PDE7A1 (HCP1) isozyme is detected on Western blots as a band with an apparent mobility of 57 kDa, demonstrating that the previously isolated HCP1cDNA encodes the full-length PDE7A1 protein. The even distribution of PDE7A mRNA among fetal tissues and the relative abundance of its two mRNAs strongly suggest that the expression ofPDE7A is regulated throughout development.
Experimental investigation of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy in the dog.

The susceptibility of type I and type II fibers in forelimb and hind limb muscles to glucocorticoid-induced morphometric, histochemical, and ultrastructural changes was investigated in adult dogs treated 3 to 28 days with prednisolone (4 mg/kg/day). Mild morphologic alterations that included focal fiber necrosis, phagocytosis and subsarcolemmal masses occurred after 1 week of glucocorticoid administration. Type II fibers became angular and atrophic after 2 weeks of treatment. Glucocorticoid administration over a 28-day period resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in both mean fiber diameters and atrophy factors in vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, anterior tibialis, and the long head of triceps brachii muscles. Ultrastructural alterations in biceps femoris muscle samples included a sequential increase in number and size of intermyofibrillar vacuoles, a small increase in sarcoplasmic glycogen deposition, a dilatation of the sarcotubular system, and an increased subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondrial aggregation. These results are very similar to those reported in glucocorticoid-induced atrophy in other species, including man, and in hyperadrenocorticism in the dog.
Susceptibility of mitochondria from endotoxin-resistant mice to lipopolysaccharide.

SummaryLiver cells from normal C3H/HeDub mice have reduced activities of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.38), and adenylate kinase (EC 2.7.4.3) after being exposed to 10μg Escherichia coli 0127:B8 lipopolysaccharide (Westphal preparation) per milliliter of culture medium lacking serum for 2 hr at 37°C. Liver cells from endotoxin-refractory mice, whether rendered resistant by prior treatment with LPS, or from the genetically resistant C3H/HeJ mouse, exhibited normal mitochondrial activity after being exposed to LPS. Isolated mitochondria from endotoxin susceptible and endotoxin-refractory mice were sensitive to LPS indicating that resistance is a cellular and not an organellar attribute.
Large-Scale Integrated Silicon Photonic Circuits for Optical Phased Arrays

We present several optical phased arrays enabled by state-of-the-art large-scale silicon photonic integration which could find potential applications in optical switching, optical communications, light detection and ranging, and holography.
A Methodology for Using Simulation to Optimize Emergency Mass Vaccination Parameters

For any preparedness plan to be effective it must be put to test or verified. Simulation methodology shows high potential for studying disaster and mass vaccination preparedness. Unlike physical drills, simulation models are less expensive, take less time to be conducted, and are well suited for testing alternative solutions. The decision makers can modify and analyze the model in order to test and evaluate numerous scenarios and operating parameters. In this paper, we offer a systematic approach that can be used with simulation analysis by practitioners to develop operating decisions for emergency preparedness in general and mass vaccination clinics in particular. An actual mass vaccination center in a county health department of a southern state is used to illustrate the proposed methodology.
Recent advances in the development of peptide nucleic acid as a gene-targeted drug

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a non-ionic mimic of DNA that binds to complementary DNA and RNA sequences with high affinity and selectivity. Targeting of single-stranded RNA leads to antisense effects, whereas PNAs directed toward double-stranded DNA exhibit antigene properties. Recent advances in cell uptake and in antisense and antigene effects in biological systems are summarised in this review. In addition to traditional targets, namely genomic DNA and messenger RNA, applications for PNA as a bacteriocidal antibiotic, for regulating splice site selection and as a telomerase inhibitor are described.
Ant versus Fungus versus Mutualism: Ant‐Cultivar Conflict and the Deconstruction of the Attine Ant‐Fungus Symbiosis

A century of research on fungus-growing ants (Attini, Formicidae) has ignored the cultivated fungi as passive domesticates and viewed the attine fungicultural symbiosis as an integrated unit dominated by the evolutionary interests of the ant farmers. This article takes a different perspective and explores first the evolutionary interests and leverages of the fungal cultivars, then dissects eight potential evolutionary conflicts between ants and cultivars. Three types of ant-cultivar conflict are examined in depth. First, ant-cultivar conflict over the ant sex ratio is predicted because the cultivars are dispersed by female foundresses but not by males; cultivars thus may be selected to bias the ant sex ratio toward females. Second, ant-cultivar conflict over fungal sexual reproduction exists if the fungi are able to escape from the symbiosis and live independently, as is implied by phylogenetic analyses of the fungi; this conflict is exacerbated in colonies that experience queen death or senescence. A literature review reveals that sexual fruiting of attine cultivars is more common than has been traditionally realized and often occurs in moribund colonies. Third, the routine transplanting of fungal mycelium by ants could generate, through sensory-biased symbiont choice, selection favoring fungal features that increase the likelihood of transplantation within nests (symbiont drive) but that are detrimental to the survival of the whole colony. A balanced perspective incorporating both ant and fungal interests emerges as a more appropriate framework than the traditional myrmicocentric perspective. Indeed, the attine symbiosis offers unique experimental opportunities (cultivar switch experiments) to unravel the evolutionary dynamics of conflict and cooperation between ant and fungal partners.
The effects of ancrod anticoagulation on renal function in sheep.

Abstract An alternative to heparinization for systemic anticoagulation is the use of ancrod, an agent that renders blood incoagulable by removing circulating fibrinogen. Ancrod-induced factors that might alter renal function include changes in blood pressure, blood viscosity, plasma oncotic pressure, and the possibility of embolization of fibrin polymers to the renal vasculature. The effect of ancrod anticoagulation on renal function was studied in sheep by measuring inulin, p -aminohippurate, and osmolar clearances before and after defibrinogenation with ancrod. No adverse effects on renal function were demonstrated.
Variance minimization for constrained discounted continuous-time MDPs with exponentially distributed stopping times

This paper deals with minimization of the variances of the total discounted costs for constrained Continuous-Time Markov Decision Processes (CTMDPs). The costs consist of cumulative costs incurred between jumps and instant costs incurred at jump epochs. We interpret discounting as an exponentially distributed stopping time. According to existing theory, for the expected total discounted costs optimal policies exist in the forms of randomized stationary and switching stationary policies. While the former is typically unique, the latter forms a finite set whose number of elements grows exponentially with the number of constraints. This paper investigates the problem when the process stops immediately after the first jump. For costs up to the first jump we provide an index for selection of actions by switching stationary policies and show that the indexed switching policy achieves a smaller variance than the randomized stationary policy. For problems without instant costs, the indexed switching policy achieves the minimum variance of costs up to the first jump among all the equivalent switching policies.
Specific headache phenomena: their frequency and coincidence.

SYNOPSIS The correlation of specific headache attack characteristics derived from a standardized questionnaire was studied in a consecutive series of 392 patients attending a headache clinic. In patients reporting headache with aura such attacks tended to be infrequent, and the percentage of their headache attacks that were preceded by aura varied widely, many cases having very low percentages. Paresthesias as auras were uncommon and rarely occurred without visual aura. Unilateral headaches were associated with nausea to widely varying degrees. Most patients reported both unilateral headache and headache with tension characteristics. Definite history of hypertension was significantly correlated specifically with migraine with aura (classic migraine).
Phase signatures in acoustic-seismic landmine detection

The utility of acoustic-to-seismic coupling systems for landmine detection has been clearly established. In this approach, laser Doppler vibrometers (LDV) are used to measure the different responses to acoustic excitation in ground regions with and without buried landmines. Currently, for most applications, only the magnitude of the surface velocity is investigated and used to construct recognition algorithms. Recently, we introduced phase-based features in the classification scheme, significantly lowering false alarm rates at given detection probabilities. In this paper, we present modeling equations that explain the phase features for ground areas both with and without buried landmines from the perspective of harmonic oscillator models. We also describe the image processing techniques applied to velocity data collected in the time domain with a moving LDV array. The observed signatures are also compared with the prediction of the models described. We also construct classifiers with only magnitude information and both magnitude and phase information for this time-domain data set. Classification results indicate that we can combine magnitude and phase features to improve the detection of buried mines while reducing false alarms. We also find that using phase information improves the distinction between ground regions with buried landmines or man-made clutter objects.
Esophageal Plug and Fasting Effects on Particle Size Distribution and Quality of Extrusa from Grass Pastures

Experiments were conducted to investigate the use of an esophageal plug and the influence of a 16-h fast, prior to collection, on the particle size distribution and quality of masticated forage. Extrusa was freeze-dried and sieved into seven size-classes, and the weight of masticate in each class was determined. The proportions of large (>1.7 mm), medium (0.5-1.7 mm), and small (<0.5 mm) particles and the mean and median particle sizes were analyzed. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) were also determined
Synthesis and characterization of poly(N-acyl or N-aroyl ethylenimines) containing various pendant functional groups. II. Copolymers with pendant hydroxyl groups

Poly(N-acylethylenimines) with hydroxyl groups randomly attached to the end of the side chains were synthesized from decenyl/heptyl oxazoline random copolymers. The terminal olefin groups in the polymer side chains react quantitatively with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) in THF solvent. The hydroborated polymers can be oxidized and transformed to the polymers with (SINGLE BOND)OH in their side chains. The polymer backbone is very stable in the hydroboration and oxidation reaction environment. The polymers were named as DH-OH or DM(m/n)-OH, where m and n represent the calculated numbers of monomers with and without the (SINGLE BOND)OH group, respectively. The DH(m/n)-OH copolymers were studied by DSC, wide-angle x-ray diffraction, contact angle measurement, and FT–IR. They are crystalline and show birefringence. In polymers with high concentration of hydroxyl groups, the (SINGLE BOND)OH groups promote polymer crystallization due to their strong interactions. They have very high ΔH of fusion, sharp crystallization peaks, and small supercoolings. Wide-angle x-ray diffraction study of these polymers demonstrated that their alkyl side chains are not fully extended in crystalline domain as those in the DH copolymers. Data from advancing water/ethanol mixture contact angle measurement indicates that most of the (SINGLE BOND)OH groups in the copolymers are buried and the polymer surface is mainly composed of methyl or methylene group. FT–IR study in the carbonyl stretching region proves that the (SINGLE BOND)OH groups can bend back and form hydrogen bonding with the carbonyl groups in the polymer backbone. Though the DH–OH polymers show basically a hydrocarbon surface in a normal environment, both receding water contact angle and peel strength measurements demonstrate that the polymer surfaces can reorganize when they are in contact with a polar liquid. The buried (SINGLE BOND)OH groups can be “pulled” out by polar agents such as water or tape adhesive. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Use of a psychodynamic life narrative in the treatment of depression in the physically ill

Abstract Depression, unlike grief, is a maladaptive response to the crisis of illness. This crisis has certain characteristics: (a) psychic disequilibrium with confusion and uncertainty; (b) regression with intensified transferences; and (c) a tendency to examine the trajectory of one's life. This situation makes the patient not only more vulnerable but also more responsive to intervention. These characteristic reactions of illness can be considered in designing a therapeutic maneuver to treat depression. Three cases are used for illustration. In each case a depressed patient was presented a statement that placed his physical illness in the context of his life trajectory and demonstrated the psychodynamic logic of his depression. We call this intervention a “psychodynamic life narrative.” The therapeutic effect of such a narrative and the type of patient most likely to benefit from such an intervention are discussed.
A phenomenological equation for NMR motional narrowing in solids

Abstract An equation is postulated for NMR motional narrowing in solids which is based on the concept of two possible states for each ion: excited and nonexcited. The excited state corresponds to thermal activation. The equation can be obtained from the Bloch equations. It does not explicitly involve a jumping frequency or correlation time, and it is shown that results calculated using the equation should not be distorted by a distribution of correlation times. The derivation of the equation does not require knowledge of an autocorrelation factor or of the frequency spectrum of microscopically varying local fields. It provides a relation for NMR line width vs temperature which reduces to the Redfield equation in the extreme high-temperature range, but which also yields apparently meaningful results throughout the entire temperature range of motional narrowing. The utility of the equation in handling experimental data is demonstrated with examples of motional narrowing in crystals and glasses. The results provide a guideline for determining the nature of the motion (long-range or short-range) causing narrowing of the NMR line. Comparisons are made with other methods for analyzing motional narrowing data.
Effects of exposure to heavy particles on a behavior mediated by the dopaminergic system.

The effects of exposure to heavy particles on behaviors mediated by the central nervous system (CNS) are qualitatively different than the effects produced by exposure to other types of radiation. One behavior mediated by the CNS is the amphetamine-induced taste aversion, which is produced by pairing a novel tasting solution with injection of amphetamine. When the conditioning day is three days following irradiation, exposing rats to low doses of 56Fe particles (600 MeV/n or 1 GeV/n) eliminates the taste aversion produced by injection of amphetamine, which is dependent upon the integrity of the central dopaminergic system, but has no effect on the aversion produced by injection of lithium chloride which is mediated by the gastrointestinal system. In contrast to the effects obtained using heavy particles, exposing rats to 60Co gamma rays or to fission spectrum neutrons has no selective effect upon the acquisition of either amphetamine- or lithium chloride-induced taste aversions. When the conditioning day occurs four months following exposure to 1 GeV/n 56Fe particles, there is an enhancement of the amphetamine-induced taste aversion. The implications of these findings for approaches to risk assessment are considered.
Competitive learning vector quantization with evolution strategies for image compression

We present a competitive learning vector quantization with evolution strategies for image compression. This technique embeds evolution strategies (ES) into the standard competitive learning vector quantization algorithm (CLVQ). After each iteration during the CLVQ training process, the so-far generated codebook is adjusted by the embedded ES through its recombination, mutation, and selection process. The proposed algorithm can efficiently overcome CLVQ's problems of under-utilization of neurons and initial codebook dependency. The embedding of ES greatly increases the algorithm's capability to avoid local minimums, leading to a global optimization. Experimental results demonstrate that it can obtain significant improvement over CLVQ and other comparable algorithms in image compression applications, especially when it involves larger codebooks.
Weak effects in e±e± → e±e±

Abstract The prediction for the cross section of e±e± → e±e± is given, assuming one photon and Wo exchange. Pure Wo terms and transverse and longitudinal beam polarizations are included.
Expression of the chromosomal mouse β maj -globin gene cloned in SV40

The complete chromosomal mouse βmaj-globin gene, including its intervening and flanking sequences, has been cloned in the monkey virus SV40. The mouse gene is transcribed, processed and translated in infected monkey kidney cells to yield mouse βmaj-globin.
Inhaled nitric oxide in premature infants with the respiratory distress syndrome.

background Inhaled nitric oxide improves gas exchange, decreases pulmonary vascular lability, and reduces pulmonary inflammation. We hypothesized that the use of inhaled nitric oxide would decrease the incidence of chronic lung disease and death in premature infants with the respiratory distress syndrome. methods We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effect of inhaled nitric oxide during the first week of life on the incidence of chronic lung disease and death in premature infants (less than 34 weeks’ gestation) who were undergoing mechanical ventilation for the respiratory distress syndrome. Infants were randomly assigned to receive inhaled nitric oxide (10 ppm on day 1, followed by 5 ppm for six days) or inhaled oxygen placebo for seven days. We further randomly assigned the infants in each group to receive intermittent mandatory or high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. results A total of 207 premature infants were enrolled. In the group given inhaled nitric oxide, 51 infants (48.6 percent) died or had chronic lung disease, as compared with 65 infants (63.7 percent) in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.76; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.60 to 0.97; P=0.03). There was no significant difference between the nitric oxide and placebo groups in the overall incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia (33.3 percent and 38.2 percent, respectively), but the group given inhaled nitric oxide had a lower incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia (12.4 percent vs. 23.5 percent; relative risk, 0.53; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.28 to 0.98; P = 0.04). The type of ventilation had no significant effect on the outcome. conclusions The use of inhaled nitric oxide in premature infants with the respiratory distress syndrome decreases the incidence of chronic lung disease and death.
Low-power behavioral synthesis optimization using multiple precision arithmetic

Many modern multimedia applications such as image and video processing are characterized by a unique combination of arithmetic and computational features: fixed-point arithmetic, a variety of short data types, high degree of instruction-level parallelism, strict timing constraints, and high computational requirements. Computationally intensive algorithms usually boost device's power dissipation which is often key to the efficiency of many communications and multimedia applications. Although recently virtually all general-purpose processors have been equipped with multiprecision operations, the current generation of behavioral synthesis tools for application-specific systems does not utilize this power/performance optimization paradigm. In this paper, we explore the potential of using multiple precision arithmetic units to effectively support synthesis of low-power application-specific integrated circuits. We propose a new architectural scheme for collaborate addition of sets of variable precision data. We have developed a novel resource allocation and computation assignment methodology for a set of multiple precision arithmetic units. The optimization algorithms explore the trade-off of allocating low-width bus structures and executing multiple-cycle operations. Experimental results indicate strong advantages of the proposed approach.
The “Jeans swindle”

The century-old Jeans dispersion relation enjoys the questionable reputation that it cannot be derived in a mathematically clean manner-as a matter of principle. For that reason Jeans' 'derivation' of his result has become known by the (in)famous sobriquet ''the Jeans swindle.'' The present paper rectifies the situation by giving just such a mathematically clean derivation of Jeans' dispersion relation, via a static universe with cosmological constant. The derivation not merely vindicates Jeans' analysis, it also produces proper nonlinear evolution equations which allow one to study the evolution beyond the linear regime studied by Jeans.
Molecular genetics of the P-450 superfamily.

Etude biochimique et pharmacologique de la famille des cytochromes P-450: sequence primaire, evolution biologique, expression genique, structure des genes, domaines de regulation
Sensitizer-induced conformational changes in lens crystallin. II: Photodynamic action of riboflavin on bovine α-crystallin

— Photolysis of α-crystallin in the presence of riboflavin under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions causes a rapid decrease in Trp emission; photooxidation most likely occurs via non-covalent complex formation between the sensitizer molecule and the substrate. However, the change in the tertiary structure of the protein, as manifested in the near-UV CD, is very different between aerobic and anaerobic photolysis. Riboflavin-sensitized reaction under aerobic condition causes a major change in the microenvironments of thiol groups as well as in the near-UV CD, whereas under anaerobic condition the change in the near-UV CD is much less and SH-group environments remain unaltered. The sensitizer in this photoinduced change in conformation of the protein is very selective and specific.
Survival of Solanum tuberosum suspension cultures to –14°C: The mode of action of proline

Normally suspension cultures of potato, Solanum tuberosum, can survive only to a freezing temperature of –2°C. The treated cultures were able to survive at much lower freezing temperature after the addition of l-proline of 0.43 M or more to the suspension medium and treatment for 1.5 h. Cultures could survive to -14°C with 0.87 M proline treatment. Treatments with higher concentration than 0.87 M resulted in no additional freezing survival. Microscopical observations of the treated cultures before freezing showed that proline induced plasmolysis, which was initiated at the 0.43 M level and reached maximum at 0.87 M. The mode of action of proline, appears to be due to the removal of excessive intracellular water by the osmotic gradient. Sucrose at about the same concentration acted in the same way as proline. The cryoprotective role of proline and sucrose is discussed in relation to the action of the permeant dimethylsulfoxide.
An instantaneous kinematic wave theory of diverging traffic

Diverging junctions are an important type of bottlenecks, which can reduce capacities and initiate and propagate traffic congestion in a road network. In this paper, we propose a kinematic wave theory for modeling dynamics of non-cooperative diverging traffic, in which traffic dynamics of vehicles to one direction are assumed to be independent of those to other directions instantaneously. During a short time interval, the kinematic wave model of diverging traffic is decoupled into a number of nonlinear resonant systems. From analytical solutions to the Riemann problem of a decoupled system, a new definition of partial traffic demand is introduced, so that diverging flows can be easily computed with the supply-demand method. Then a Cell Transmission Model is proposed to solve the kinematic wave model of diverging traffic by taking into account of the interactions among different traffic streams. Simulation results demonstrate that vehicles follow the First-In-First-Out principle in the long run, and the model converges when we decrease the cell and time-step sizes. In addition, it is shown that traffic streams to different directions segregate in a selfish manner, and the total throughput of a diverging junction is not maximized as in existing diverge models. In the future, more theoretical and empirical studies are needed for a better understanding of this and other diverge models.
X-ray diffraction study of kamacite from iron meteorites

X ray diffraction studies of kamacite /alpha-iron/ from iron meteorites indicating shock induced alteration and unstable polymorph influence
RADIAL ELECTRIC FIELD IN A REFLEX DISCHARGE

The radial potential distribution in a hot-cathode reflex discharge is computed, and a scaling law is obtained. Time averaged properties of the discharge are considered. Diagrams of typical radial profiles and the idealized geometry and principal particle currents in the discharge are presented. (L.N.N.)
Notes on the 1902 eruption of Santa María volcano, Guatemala

The first historic activity of Santa Maria volcano, Guatemala constituted one of the ten largest historic eruptions in the world, producing 5.5 km3 of debris. In hindsight, the six-month period before the October 1902 eruption was one of extremely abnormal seismicity in all of western Guatemala. The pyroclastis from the eruption were scattered widely over Western Guatemala and Southern Mexico and also caused world-wide atmospheric effects. The volcanics produced were of andesitic-dacitic composition, but there was wide variation from place to place in the sampled material — a fact apparently chiefly attributable to atmospheric-fractionation. There was apparently a change in chemistry of ash during the two-day eruption as well, the first, most voluminous ash was pumicious and white; later ash was finer, denser, darker, and slightly less silicious. The kinetic energy/thermal energy partition is determined to be similar to the value derived for Krakatoa,E k/E th ≅ 5.0 %. The thermal energy of the eruption was estimated at 4.2×1025 ergs. The explosion crater left on Santa Maria’s southwest flank after the eruption had a volume equal to less than 0.5 km3, a small fraction of the volume of material erupted. The two-day 1902 blast has greatly overshadowed subsequent activity; extrusion of the Santiaguito dome, which has occurred since 1922 in the explosion crater, has produced about 0.7 km3 of dacite lava and 1.6×1025 ergs of thermal energy in 48 years of activity.
The Heinrich Hoffmann photo archive: ‘Price vs United States’ (United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, 20 November, 1995)

(1997). The Heinrich Hoffmann photo archive: ‘Price vs United States’ (United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, 20 November, 1995). Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 261-262.
Infrared investigation of the reactions of rhodiumcarbonyl halides and carbon monoxide at elevated pressures

Abstract Infrared spectral results at elevated carbon monoxide pressures suggest that rhodiumdicarbonyl halides and carbon monoxide exist in an equilibrium with the corresponding rhodiumtricarbonyl halides.
Cognitive Scientists Prefer Theories and Testable Principles With Teeth

Alexander, Schallert, and Reynolds (2009/this issue) proposed a definition and landscape of learning that included 9 principles and 4 dimensions (what, who, where, when). This commentary reflects on the utility of this definition and 4-dimensional landscape from the standpoint of educational psychologists who have a cognitive science perspective. Their analysis has practical value in positioning different research programs in the landscape, planning research road maps, and identifying the scope of research efforts. However, it is argued that the learning definition is underspecified and that the learning landscape is both cumbersome and insufficiently constrained. Cognitive scientists are more likely to be inspired by theories and testable principles that have more teeth.
Effect of irradiation on the surface of Pluto

The surface of Pluto is exposed to cosmic ray particles which slowly alter the reflectance of the condensed methane and the UV absorbed in the atmosphere may produce precipitates. Depending on the rates of the competing regolith processes and the rate of replenishment of the methane the surface can appear bright, 'red', or 'dark'. Here, the relevant laboratory data show that, in the absence of any local particle precipitation, the amount of darkening occurring in one orbit is small.
N-Acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline inhibits ET-1-induced collagen production by preserving Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 activity in cardiac fibroblasts

N–Acetyl–seryl–aspartyl–lysyl–proline (Ac-SDKP) inhibits endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced activation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p44/42 MAPK) and collagen production in cultured rat cardiac fibroblasts (RCFs). However, we do not know whether its inhibitory effect on p44/42 MAPK is due to the altered activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), which in turn downregulate the p44/42 MAPK signaling pathway. The activity of Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2) is downregulated by ET-1 in RCFs; thus, we hypothesized that Ac-SDKP inhibits ET-1-stimulated collagen production in part by preserving SHP-2 activity and thereby inhibiting p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation. When we stimulated RCFs with ET-1 in the presence or absence of Ac-SDKP, we found that (a) PTP activity was reduced by ET-1 and (b) this effect was counteracted by Ac-SDKP in a dose-dependent fashion. Next, we extracted SHP-2 from RCF lysates by immunoprecipitation and determined that (a) ET-1 inhibited SHP-2 by 40 % and (b) this effect was prevented by Ac-SDKP. However, Ac-SDKP failed to inhibit ET-1-induced p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation in RCFs treated with SHP-2 short hairpin RNA (shRNA); in contrast, in cells transfected with control shRNA, Ac-SDKP’s inhibitory effect on ET-1-induced p44/42 MAPK activation remained intact. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of Ac-SDKP on ET-1-stimulated collagen production was blunted in cells treated with the SHP-1/2 inhibitor NSC-87877. Thus, we concluded that the inhibitory effect of Ac-SDKP on ET-1-stimulated collagen production by RCFs is mediated in part by preserving SHP-2 activity and thereby preventing p44/42 MAPK activation. Ac-SDKP or its analogs could represent a new therapeutic tool to treat fibrotic diseases in the cardiovascular system.
Late Cenozoic turbidite and contourite deposition in the southern Brazil Basin

Abstract Piston and giant gravity cores, together with 3.5 kHz and seismic profiles, reveal a complex pattern of dispersal of bioclastic calcareous turbidites in the southern Brazil Basin. Extensive canyons up to 500 m deep dissect the steep north flank of the Rio Grande Rise, and serve as conduits for turbidity currents which have eroded modern sediments as well as outcrops of Tertiary and late Cretaceous strata. The resulting turbidites are up to several meters thick in channel axes, and commonly several cm thick at distances up to hundreds of km from the canyon source region. Individual turbidity currents were apparently sufficiently strong to transport fine-grained components several hundred meters upslope and several hundred km laterally across the Brazil Basin. The lithology of both proximal and distal turbidites, their presence well below the modern CCD, and the lack of correspondence between their presence and that of displaced Antarctic diatoms, verifies that these calcareous deposits are not products of episodic Antarctic Bottom Water flow, but originated from a shallow-water source area. The late Pleistocene and Holocene witnessed major turbidity current episodes at intervals on the order of 50,000 yrs, with at least two episodes coinciding approximately with interglacials following Terminations I and II. Sediments older than isotopic stage 8 (∼275,000 yrs B.P.) include thinly-laminated “contourites”. We interpret these units as intervals of normal pelagic sedimentation which were subsequently reworked under the influence of AABW pulses. Episodes of intensified AABW flow may have immediately preceded the onset of major glacial episodes, extending corrosive eastward-flowing AABW to relatively shallow depths (4200—4300 m) along the north flank of the Rio Grande Rise. The undercutting of outcropping strata by chemical dissolution at the base of the faulted north flank has probably played a critical role in the initiation of canyon-cutting. Episodic slumping due to oversteepening and the generation of debris flows progressively enlarged the canyons upslope in a dendritic pattern and gradually extended the canyons to shallower elevations on the Rise. Vertical crustal displacements associated with the Rio Grande Fracture Zone have controlled the pathway of AABW in the southern Brazil Basin, and accentuated the steep relief on the north flank of the Rise. These two processes have been essential conditions for the extensive canyon cutting and subsequent dispersal of carbonate turbidites over the Brazil Basin.
Treatment of methadone-maintained patients with adult ADHD: Double-blind comparison of methylphenidate, bupropion and placebo

The purpose of this double-blind, three-arm, 12-week trial was to compare the efficacy of sustained-release methylphenidate or sustained-release bupropion to placebo in treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. The randomized sample consisted of 98 methadone-maintained patients who were predominately male (57%) and 40% Caucasian, 40% Hispanic and 20% African American. All participants met DSM-IV criteria for adult ADHD, with 53% meeting DSM-IV criteria for cocaine dependence/abuse. In addition to medication and treatment as usual at a methadone program, individuals received weekly individual cognitive behavioral treatment. Other than current employment status, there were no significant demographic differences across the three treatment groups. Seventy percent completed the 12-week trial. There were no differences in retention rate based on treatment group. A reduction in ADHD symptoms using the adult ADHD rating scale was observed in all three groups, but there were no significant differences in outcome between treatments. The placebo response rate was high, with 46% of the placebo group self-reporting substantial improvement in their ADHD symptoms (>30% reduction in adult ADHD rating scale). Using other ADHD outcome measures, the placebo response and medication response rates were substantially lower. There was no evidence of misuse of medication or worsening of cocaine use among those randomized to methylphenidate. Taken together, sustained-release methylphenidate or sustained-release bupropion did not provide a clear advantage over placebo in reducing ADHD symptoms or additional cocaine use in methadone-maintained patients.
Diffusion effects in chemically amplified deep-UV resists

Evidence from simulation linewidth measurements is presented which suggests that a type II diffusion front is moving through positive tone t-BOC material during post exposure bake. A steady increase in linespace of 50 nm/min is observed in IBM APEX-E and even faster rates can be found in Apex-M. The converse is observed in negative resist systems, which evidence slower linewidth dependencies. The simultaneous reaction and 3D deprotection dependent diffusion simulation was carried out with a massively parallel approach. In addition, two-dimensional diffusion effects were studied with a test structure obtained with a super resolution phase shift mask.
Polymerization of olefins through heterogeneous catalysis. III. Polymer particle modelling with an analysis of intraparticle heat and mass transfer effects

Propylene and ethylene polymerization in liquid and gas media are described by a multigrain particle model. Intraparticle heat and mass transfer effects are investigated for a range of catalyst activities. For slurry polymerization, intraparticle mass transfer effects may be significant at both the macroparticle and microparticle level; however, for normal gas phase polymerization, microparticle mass transfer effects appear more likely to be important. Intraparticle temperature gradients would appear to be negligible under most normal operating conditions.
Effects of doxycycline on mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis and cartilage repair

Summary Objective Strategies to improve cartilage repair tissue quality after bone marrow cell-based procedures may reduce later development of osteoarthritis. Doxycycline is inexpensive, well-tolerated, and has been shown to reduce matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) and osteoarthritis progression. This study tests the hypotheses that doxycycline reduces MMP, enhances chondrogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC), and improves in vivo cartilage repair. Design Ninety hMSC pellets were cultured in chondrogenic media with either 0-, 1- or 2-μg/mL doxycycline. Pellets were evaluated with stereomicroscopy, proteoglycan assay, qRT-PCR, and histology. Osteochondral defects (OCDs) were created in the trochlear grooves of 24-Sprague-Dawley rats treated with/without oral doxycycline. Rats were sacrificed at 12-weeks and repair tissues were examined grossly and histologically. Results hMSC pellets with 1-μg/mL ( P = 0.014) and 2-μg/mL ( P = 0.002) doxycycline had larger areas than pellets without doxycycline. hMSC pellets with 2-μg/mL doxycycline showed reduced mmp -13 mRNA ( P = 0.010) and protein at 21-days. Proteoglycan, DNA contents, and mRNA expressions of chondrogenic genes were similar ( P > 0.05). For the in vivo study, while the histological scores were similar between the two groups ( P = 0.116), the gross scores of the OCD repair tissues in doxycycline-treated rats were higher at 12-weeks ( P = 0.017), reflective of improved repair quality. The doxycycline-treated repairs also showed lower MMP-13 protein ( P = 0.029). Conclusions This study shows that doxycycline improves hMSC chondrogenesis and decreases MMP-13 in pellet cultures and within rat OCDs. Doxycycline exerted no negative effect on multiple measures of chondrogenesis and cartilage repair. These data support potential use of doxycycline to improve cartilage repair to delay the onset of osteoarthritis.
Spanish for Special Purposes: Communication Strategies for Teachers in Bilingual Education.

: Teaching the elementary curriculum in a bilingual classroom requires the ability to use Spanish technical vocabulary in math, science, art, music, and social studies. The course, Communication Strategies for Bilingual Teachers, gives student teachers in bilingual education the opportunity to learn technical vocabulary and develop teaching skills in Spanish. Science experiments, art projects, and playing musical instruments all figure as classroom activities. A desciption of the rationale and development of the course with sample activities to illustrate the format of the class is the focus of this report.
Education abroad for students with disabilities: Expanding access

This chapter focuses on the key support services and advising procedures that institutions of higher education should have in place for students with disabilities as they participate in education abroad opportunities.
Measurement of the g-factor of the 3− octopole vibrational state in 208Pb

Abstract The nuclear g -factor of the collective 3 − level at 2615 KeV in 208 Pb ahs been measured by the perturbed angular correlation technique. The result of g (3 − ) = 0.58 ± 0.14 confirms the strongly collective character of the state.
Inhibitory characteristics of the mycotoxin penicillic acid on (Na+-K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase.

Abstract Penicillic acid, a cardioactive mycotoxin produced by various Penicillium molds, is a potent and selective inhibitor of membrane (Na + -K + )-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). A broad range of inhibition of activity by the toxin was demonstrated with a half-maximal concentration equal to 1.8 × 10 −8 M. Inhibition was time and pH dependent and complete after 20–30 min preincubation within a narrow range of physiological pH. Kinetic evaluation of cationic substrate activation of (Na + -K +) -ATPase indicated competitive inhibition with regard to Na + concentration and noncompetitive inhibition with regard to K + concentration. Also K + -dependent p -nitrophenyl phosphatase activity was not significantly altered by penicillic acid, and uncompetitive inhibition with regard to ATP activation of the enzyme was demonstrated. Preliminary binding studies indicated that inhibition of ATPase activity could be partially restored by repeated washing and by incubation with dithiothreitol and cysteine. Penicillic acid (high concentrations) impaired [ 3 H]ouabain binding to membrane preparations but this effect was noncompetitive, indicating different sites of action for the two inhibitors. A significant linear correlation between reactive enzyme sulfhydryl content [SH] and ATPase activity in the presence of varying concentrations of toxin also was noted. It is postulated that penicillic acid inhibition of (Na + -K + ) -ATPase occurs via critically accessible membrane thiol receptors regulating Na + -dependent phosphorylation of the transport enzyme.
Laser spectroscopy of ion-size effects on point-defect equilibria in PbF 2 :Eu 3+

Recent experiments have suggested a change occurs in the type of defects present in ${\mathrm{PbF}}_{2}$ when trivalent lanthanide ions larger than gadolinium are doped in the crystals. Site-selective spectroscopy has been used to study ${\mathrm{PbF}}_{2}$:${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ as an example of such a system. It is found that the types of defects and the behavior of the site distribution are very similar to those of the smaller ions. In particular, there is no evidence for an electron-compensated site. It is found that there are only two important sites at low concentrations, a cubic site and a single-pair site. The single-pair site is shown to correlate with the dielectric relaxation peak observed for ${\mathrm{PbF}}_{2}$:${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$. Clustering becomes important at higher concentrations. There is extensive dissociation of the locally compensated defect sites near the superionic transition temperature that is direct evidence for the importance of strain interactions causing large nonideality corrections in the defect equilibria. The nonidealities also may prevent one from using unique values for the site association energies.
Elements between the protein-coding regions of the adjacent β4 and α3 acetylcholine receptor genes direct neuron-specific expression in the central nervous system

The expression patterns of three clustered neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) subunit genes ordered beta 4, alpha 3, and alpha 5 overlap extensively in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) but only partially in the central nervous system (CNS). We have begun to investigate cell type-specific cis elements regulating these genes by analyzing in both cell culture and transgenic mice, a 2.8-kb fragment (-2732/+47) containing the alpha 3 promoter region, the beta 4/alpha 3 intergenic region, and a portion of the beta 4 3'-untranslated exon. The -2732/+47 fragment is preferentially active in PC12 cells relative to nonneural cell lines. Deletion analysis revealed a cell type-specific positive transcriptional element positioned in the beta 4 3'-untranslated exon. The positive element is likely to be an enhancer and not a second alpha 3 promoter, because no alpha 3 exons are present in this region. Having shown in cell culture that cell-type specific cis elements are positioned between the beta 4 and alpha 3 coding regions, we investigated the activity of -2732/+47 in vivo. Transgenic mice were generated, which carry the lacZ gene fused downstream of -2732/+47. Expression of the lacZ transgene is restricted to neurons of the CNS; no expression was detected in the PNS or in nonneural tissues. LacZ-positive cells were detected virtually exclusively in a subset of CNS nuclei that transcribe the endogenous alpha 3 gene. Some overlap was seen with the beta 4 gene, but nearly none with the alpha 5 gene. Our results demonstrate that cis elements positioned between the alpha 3 and beta 4 coding regions are important for establishing part of the restricted CNS patterns of beta 4, alpha 3, and alpha 5 gene transcription.