cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A thermally sensitive energy-absorbing composite functionalized by nanoporous carbon

A polypropylene-matrix composite material functionalized by nanoporous particulates was produced. When the temperature is relatively low, the matrix dominates the system behavior. When the temperature is relatively high, with a sufficiently large external pressure the polymer phase can be intruded into the nanopores, providing an energy absorption mechanism.
Čerenkov Counter Measurement of Multiply Charged Cosmic Rays

Measurements have been made on the charge spectrum of cosmic rays at geomagnetic latitude 41\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The value 88\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8 particles/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ sec sterad was found for the primary alpha-particle flux. For the flux of nuclei with $6l~Zl~8$ the value 7.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7 particles/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ sec sterad was found, and for the $Zg~9$ flux, the value 4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2. It is most probable that all of the Li, Be, B nuclei observed were secondary. The experiment sets an upper limit 0.25 on the abundance of primary Li, Be, B relative to the medium elements ($6l~Zl~10$).The data were obtained during balloon flights at a level of 16 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Events selected by a Geiger counter telescope were measured with a \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov detector, and a record was kept of the pulse heights. When the pulse was greater than two relativistic protons would produce, a cloud chamber above the \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov detector was triggered. In that way 394 events were photographed. As often as not, the photographs showed the track of a multiply charged particle traversing the telescope unaccompanied. The corresponding pulse height then served to determine the particle's charge.
Morphological and local mechanical surface characterization of ballistic fibers via AFM

As-received morphologies, defect structures, and contact moduli of Kevlar KM2 Plus and three other ballistic fibers varying in chemistry and processing, were observed and compared using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and instrumented nanoindentation (NI) techniques. Surface features and defects were defined and measured for each fiber chemistry: p-phenylene terephthalamides (PPTA including KM2 Plus and Twaron), co-polymer aramid (AuTx), and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE including Dyneema). Although a multitude of surface defects were observed in each fiber, the types of defects were similar from one fiber type to another. It was found that surface defects generally map to a more compliant local modulus value. Contact modulus values were compared with NI elastic modulus values to demonstrate validity for the AFM technique. Challenges and limitations of the AFM technique for cataloging defects are discussed. This study is the first which attempts to outline the various morphologies found on several fiber surfaces. These local property studies will enable future comparisons with single filament and bulk fiber properties. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40880.
Regional localization on the human X of DNA segments cloned from flow sorted chromosomes

Fluorescence activated sorting of chromosomes from 49,XXXXY human lymphoblasts has been used to obtain DNA enriched for the human X. This DNA was cloned in lambda phage Charon 21A to obtain a library of approximately 60,000 pfu. Phage inserts free of human highly repeated DNA sequences are localized to different regions of the human X by two independent hybridization analyses. The first utilized comparative hybridization to rodent-human hybrid cell DNA samples containing all or known portions of the human X, while the second was based on hybridization dosage to DNA samples from human cell lines differing in the number of X chromosomes or X chromosome segments. Of five unique sequence inserts tested, three were X chromosome specific and were localized to regions Xpter leads to Xcen, Xql leads to Xq22 and Xq24 leads to Xqter, respectively. The library presented here represents a highly enriched source of human X chromosome-specific DNA sequences.
Leonhard Euler: The First St. Petersburg Years (1727–1741)

Abstract After reconstructing his tutorial with Johann Bernoulli, this article principally investigates the personality and work of Leonhard Euler during his first St. Petersburg years. It explores the groundwork for his fecund research program in number theory, mechanics, and infinitary analysis as well as his contributions to music theory, cartography, and naval science. This article disputes Condorcet's thesis that Euler virtually ignored practice for theory. It next probes his thorough response to Newtonian mechanics and his preliminary opposition to Newtonian optics and Leibniz–Wolffian philosophy. Its closing section details his negotiations with Frederick II to move to Berlin. Apres avoir reconstruit ses cours individuels avec Johann Bernoulli, cet article traite essentiellement du personnage et de l'oeuvre de Leonhard Euler pendant ses premieres annees a St. Petersbourg. Il explore les travaux de base de son programme de recherche sur la theorie des nombres, l'analyse infinie, et la mecanique, ainsi que les resultats de la musique, la cartographie, et la science navale. Cet article attaque la these de Condorcet dont Euler ignorait virtuellement la pratique en faveur de la theorie. Cette analyse montre ses recherches approfondies sur la mecanique newtonienne et son opposition preliminaire a la theorie newtonienne de l'optique et a la philosophie Leibniz–Wolffienne. Dans la section finale, l'article traite en detail les relations d'Euler avec Frederic II lors de son sejour a Berlin. Nach der Beschreibung seines Tutorials mit Johann Bernoulli untersucht dieser Artikel hauptsachlich die Personlichkeit und das Werk Leonhard Eulers wahrend seiner ersten Peters_burger Jahre. Diese stellt eine grundlegenden Phase fur Eulers Forschungen in Zahlentheorie, Mechanik, und Infinitesimalrechnung dar, sowie auch fur seine Beitrage zur Musiktheorie, Kartographie und Nautik. Dieser Artikel kritisiert Condorcets These, wonach Euler die Praxis gegenuber der Theorie weitgehend vernachlassigte. Eulers eigehende Untersuchungen zur Newtonschen Mechanik wie auch seine deutliche Opposition zur Newtonschen Optik und zur Leibniz-Wolffschen Philosophie werden auch thematisiert. Das abschliesende Kapitel berichtet uber Eulers Verhandlungen mit Friedrich II uber seinen Umzug nach Berlin.
Skilled perception in Go: Deducing memory structures from inter-response times

Experts appear able to handle much larger amounts of specialized information than nonexperts, and handle it without an apparent superior memory capacity. This finding, based on research on chess players with chess information, was replicated on Go players with Go information. Assuming this superiority occurs because the experts process chunks of information through their limited capacities rather than individual elements, the question then becomes one of defining what the chunks are and how they are related. To this end, the technique of partitioning recall and reproduction data into chunks on the basis of inter-response times (IRTs) (introduced in their work on chess by Chase and Simon, 1973) was applied to the reproduction and recall of Go patterns by a Go Master and a Go beginner. Unlike its application in chess, no single IRT was able to produce consistent, veridical chunks for either Go player. Subsequent analysis of the underlying assumptions of the technique showed it to be limited to only those patterns that can be partitioned into a linear set of chunks, not nested chunks, and to situations in which retrieval and overt recall of each chunk is completed before retrieval of the next chunk. In a supplementary task, the Master Go player indicated that the Go patterns were not seen as linear chunks nor as strictly nested hierarchies, but rather as overlapping clusters. IRTs were found to be correlated with this structure, but were not reliable enough to reflect its details.
A SNAKE TOXIN INHIBITOR OF INWARD RECTIFIER POTASSIUM CHANNEL ROMK1

Mamba snake dendrotoxins have been used extensively in biochemical and physiological studies of K+ channels of the brain. Their known targets of inhibition have been limited to the family of voltage-gated K+ channels. We report the isolation of a dendrotoxin inhibitor of ROMK1, a channel belonging to the inward rectifier family of K+ channels. The inhibitory activity, fractionated to purity with FPLC and HPLC, is identical to a previously identified delta-dendrotoxin. To verify that delta-dendrotoxin blocks ROMK1 channels, a cDNA encoding the toxin was synthesized and recombinant toxin expressed in Escherichia coli. Electrophysiological recordings reveal that recombinant delta-dendrotoxin has a half-maximal inhibition constant (Kd) of 150 nM when applied to ROMK1 channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. That the delta-dendrotoxin binding site exists on separate K+ channel classes is shown by its high affinity for two of the voltage-gated family of channels, Kv1.1 (Kd < 0.1 nM) and Kv1.6 (Kd = 23 nM). Single amino acid substitutions in ROMK1 indicate that delta-dendrotoxin binds to the pore region of ROMK1 even though it does not completely block conduction through the pore. These results suggest that dendrotoxins inhibit K+ channels by recognizing the structurally conserved pore region of these channels.
Boronic Acid-Based Bipyridinium Salts as Tunable Receptors for Monosaccharides and α-Hydroxycarboxylates

Several novel diboronic acid-substituted bipyridinium salts were prepared and, using a fluorescent reporter dye, were tested for their ability to selectively bind various monosaccharides and α-hydroxycarboxylates in an aqueous medium. The fluorescence sensing mechanism relies on the formation of a ground-state charge-transfer complex between the dye and bipyridinium. An X-ray crystal structure of this complex is described herein. Glucose selectivity over fructose and galactose was achieved by designing the bipyridinium-based receptors to be capable of attaining a 1:1 receptor/substrate stoichiometry via cooperative diboronic acid binding.
Scattering of Short-Wave Groups by Submerged Horizontal Plate

A fully submerged horizontal plate has been suggested as a breakwater. With a proper design in the length, thickness, and submerged depth of the plate, most of the incoming short waves can indeed be reflected. The method of eigenfunction expansion is used to solve for the reflection and transmission of the short waves. The present results agreed with earlier experimental data and in the long-wave limit. If the incident wave is bichromatic, a second-order long wave train accompanies the wave groups. This long wave train is also scattered by the horizontal plate. It is shown there that the scattered long waves exist on both sides of the horizontal plate even when the short waves are completely reflected. The long waves may prove to be a bigger hazard than the short waves, because the wave period of the long wave (1–3 min) is closer to the natural frequency of coastal structures.
The Cognitive Control of Memory: Age Differences in the Neural Correlates of Successful Remembering and Intentional Forgetting

Successful memory encoding depends on the ability to intentionally encode relevant information (via differential encoding) and intentionally forget that which is irrelevant (via inhibition). Both cognitive processes have been shown to decline in aging and are theorized to underlie age-related deficits in the cognitive control of memory. The current study uses the Directed Forgetting paradigm in conjunction with fMRI to investigate age-related differences in both cognitive processes, with the specific aim of elucidating neural evidence supporting these theorized deficits. Results indicate relatively preserved differential encoding, with age differences consistent with previous models of age-related compensation (i.e., increased frontal and bilateral recruitment). Older adults did display noticeable differences in the recruitment of brain regions related to intentional forgetting, specifically exhibiting reduced activity in the right superior prefrontal cortex, a region shown to be critical to inhibitory processing. However, older adults exhibited increased reliance on processing in right inferior parietal lobe associated with successful forgetting. Activity in this region was negatively correlated with activity in the medial temporal lobe, suggesting a shift in the locus of inhibition compared to the frontally mediated inhibition observed in younger adults. Finally, while previous studies found intentional and incidental forgetting to be dissociable in younger adults, this differentiation appears to be reduced in older adults. The current results are the first to provide neural evidence for an age-related reduction in processes that support intentional forgetting.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF TP-AGB STARS TO THE MID-INFRARED COLORS OF NEARBY GALAXIES

We study the mid-infrared color space of 30 galaxies from the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey (SINGS) survey for which Sloan Digital Sky Survey data are also available. We construct two-color maps for each galaxy and compare them to results obtained from combining Maraston evolutionary synthesis models, galactic thermally pulsating asymptotic giant branch (TP-AGB) colors, and smooth star formation histories. For most of the SINGS sample, the spatially extended mid-IR emission seen by Spitzer in normal galaxies is consistent with our simple model in which circumstellar dust from TP-AGB stars dominates at 8 and 24 μm. There is a handful of exceptions that we identify as galaxies that have high star formation rates presumably with star formation histories that cannot be assumed to be smooth, or anemic galaxies, which were depleted of their H I at some point during their evolution and have very low ongoing star formation rates.
Study of absorption, translocation, and residue properties of 2,3,5‐triiodobenzoic acid in field‐grown soybeans

The synthesis of carboxyl- 14 C-2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid is described. The translocation, biological half-life, and residues remaining in the plant after application to field-grown soybeans are discussed.
Individual and Bivalent Vaccines Based on Alphavirus Replicons Protect Guinea Pigs against Infection with Lassa and Ebola Viruses

Lassa and Ebola viruses cause acute, often fatal, hemorrhagic fever diseases, for which no effective vaccines are currently available. Although lethal human disease outbreaks have been confined so far to sub-Saharan Africa, they also pose significant epidemiological concern worldwide as demonstrated by several instances of accidental importation of the viruses into North America and Europe. In the present study, we developed experimental individual vaccines for Lassa virus and bivalent vaccines for Lassa and Ebola viruses that are based on an RNA replicon vector derived from an attenuated strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. The Lassa and Ebola virus genes were expressed from recombinant replicon RNAs that also encoded the replicase function and were capable of efficient intracellular self-amplification. For vaccinations, the recombinant replicons were incorporated into virus-like replicon particles. Guinea pigs vaccinated with particles expressing Lassa virus nucleoprotein or glycoprotein genes were protected from lethal challenge with Lassa virus. Vaccination with particles expressing Ebola virus glycoprotein gene also protected the animals from lethal challenge with Ebola virus. In order to evaluate a single vaccine protecting against both Lassa and Ebola viruses, we developed dual-expression particles that expressed glycoprotein genes of both Ebola and Lassa viruses. Vaccination of guinea pigs with either dual-expression particles or with a mixture of particles expressing Ebola and Lassa virus glycoprotein genes protected the animals against challenges with Ebola and Lassa viruses. The results showed that immune responses can be induced against multiple vaccine antigens coexpressed from an alphavirus replicon and suggested the possibility of engineering multivalent vaccines based upon alphavirus vectors for arenaviruses, filoviruses, and possibly other emerging pathogens.
Effect of ethanol on cardiac β-adrenoceptors

Abstract Liquid diets are commonly used as vehicles for chronic administration of ethanol to rodents. After mice had consumed an ethanol-free liquid diet for either seven or eight days, the number of cardiac β-adrenoceptors and the maximum response of adenylate cyclase to isoproterenol were decreased. This change was associated with a decrease in the number of high-affinity agonist binding sites. When mice were fed ethanol in the liquid diet, there was a further decrease in the number of cardiac low-affinity agonist (isoproterenol) binding sites, but no further change in the biochemical response to isoproterenol. The data suggest that stress and/or nutritional factors can alter the number, the coupling and the function of cardiac β-adrenoceptors and that chronic ethanol ingestion enhances certain aspects of these changes.
Characterization of the plasmid DNAs of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata

Presence of extrachromosomal DNa in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata strain BH9 was shown by the appearance of a satellite band in a dye-buoyant density gradient. Radioactively labelled DNA was prepared from this satellite band and examined on a 5–20% sucrose gradient. Three radioactive peaks with sedimentation coefficients of 100 S, 94 S, and 58–64 S, respectively, were consistently observed. Analysis of these sedimentation coefficients suggested that there are two species of plasmid DNA with molecular sizes of 94×106 daltons (named pBH91) and 74×106 daltons (named pBH92). The 58–64 S peak is attributed to open circular molecules. DNAs from each peak of the sucrose gradient were examined by electronmicroscopy, and the results agree closely with those of the sucrose gradient analysis. Reassociation kinetics of the plasmid DNA was also followed. Addition of total DNA of strain BH9 increased the renaturation rate of the plasmid DNA. It was calculated from the magnitude of the increase that approximately 10% of the BH9 total DNA may hybridize with the plasmid sequences. DNA prepared from the gene transfer agent (GTA) produced by R. capsulata increases the renaturation rate of the plasmid to the same extent as total DNA isolated from the GTA producing strain, Y262.
Outlining a Dialogic Framework of Difference: How do Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees in India Constitute and Negotiate Difference?

Abstract This essay answers the call for intersectional examinations of difference constitution/negotiation. I outline a dialogic framework of difference, actively accomplished via communication in conjunction with material conditions of object, site and body. The essay draws from an ethnography with Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in India. It finds that the refugees use dialogic domains of segregation–assimilation, safety–risk, and agency–passivity to make sense of their tenuous social position as outsiders within. The project adds to our understanding of difference as multi-layered, simultaneously straddling agency/structure, and discourse/materiality.
Identification of the sites of binding of acetyl and malonyl groups to the pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase complex.

Abstract Peptic digestion of 14 C-acetyl-labeled pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase complex liberates three groups of radioactive peptides (designated A 2 , B 1 , and B 2 ). A similar treatment of 14 C-malonyl-labeled enzyme yields only two groups of radioactive peptides (A 2 and B 1 ). The present paper reports the results of experiments designed to provide information on the structures of the acetyl- and malonyl-binding sites on the fatty acid synthetase complex. Each of the peptides, labeled with radioactive acetyl or malonyl groups, was purified and then subjected to amino acid analysis. In addition, experiments were performed on the identity of the sites binding acetyl and malonyl groups to each of the peptides. Iodoacetamide selectively inhibits the binding of acetyl groups to the sites of binding on the A 2 and B 2 peptides and the binding of malonyl groups to the sites on the A 2 peptides; but it enhances the binding of acetyl and malonyl groups to the sites on the B 1 peptides. Hydroxylamine liberates these compounds from each peptide. However, the concentration of hydroxylamine required to release radioactive hydroxamates differs for the A 2 , B 1 and B 2 peptides. The acyl groups of acetyl- and malonyl-A 2 and acetyl-B 2 peptides were quantitatively cleaved from the peptides at lower concentrations (3 mg/ml) than were required to split acetyl and malonyl groups from B 1 peptides (30–100 mg/ml). Performic acid treatment liberated acetate and malonate from A 2 and B 2 peptides but it did not release these compounds when they were bound to B 1 peptides. These data suggest that sites on the A 2 and B 2 peptides bind acety] and malonyl groups through thioester linkage and that the site on the B 1 peptide binds these groups as more stable oxygen esters. 4′-Phosphopantetheine was identified as the site of binding of acetyl and malonyl groups in the A 2 peptides by formation of the S -carboxymethyl cysteamine derivative from acetyl- and malonyl-labeled A 2 peptides. Amino acid analyses showed the presence of cysteine in the B 2 peptide; threonine and serine were found in both acetyl- and malonyl-B 1 peptides. It is suggested that the B 2 site may be cysteine and that the B 1 site may be an aliphatic hydroxyamino acid.
A novel parameterization scheme for energy equations and its use to calculate the structure of protein molecules

A novel scheme for the parameterization of a type of "potential energy" function for protein molecules is introduced. The function is parameterized based on the known conformations of previously determined protein structures and their sequence similarity to a molecule whose conformation is to be calculated. Once parameterized, minima of the potential energy function can be located using a version of simulated annealing which has been previously shown to locate global and near-global minima with the given functional form. As a test problem, the potential was parameterized based on the known structures of the rubredoxins from Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, and Clostridium pasteurianum, which vary from 45 to 54 amino acids in length, and the sequence alignments of these molecules with the rubredoxin sequence from Desulfovibrio gigas. Since the Desulfovibrio gigas rubredeoxin conformation has also been determined, it is possible to check the accuracy of the results. Ten simulated-annealing runs from random starting conformations were performed. Seven of the 10 resultant conformations have an all-C alpha rms deviation from the crystallographically determined conformation of less than 1.7 A. For five of the structures, the rms deviation is less than 0.8 A. Four of the structures have conformations which are virtually identical to each other except for the position of the carboxy-terminal residue. This is also the conformation which is achieved if the determined crystal structure is minimized with the same potential. The all-C alpha rms difference between the crystal and minimized crystal structures is 0.6 A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Parallel-processing demonstrator with plug-on-top free-space interconnect optics

We report on the design, packaging and characterization of a parallel-processing demonstrator that uses compact "plug-on-top" optics modules for the MCM-to-MCM interconnects. The setup will demonstrate a radix-2-butterfly calculation distributed among six optically interconnected microprocessors.
Development of Children's Knowledge of Story Structure and Content

AbstractThis study investigated the development of intermediate-grade children's knowledge of both structural features and content of stories from a longitudinal perspective. At the beginning of both the fourth and sixth grades, 30 subjects told two stories and recalled two scrambled stories.Knowledge of structural features was determined mainly by stuctural complexity in story productions and by the degree to which scrambled stories were restructured into the canonical versions. Knowledge of story content was examined in the story productions by determining the amount and nature of conflict, characters' response to conflict, and conflict resolution, and by analyses of actions occurring in the stories.Two primary conclusions were drawn. First, children did acquire over the intermediate grades greater knowledge about structural complexity in stories. Second, there were few indications of growth in knowledge of content, either when conflict, response, and resolution were examined or when story actions were ...
The rocks of Mars, from far and near

Award of the Meteoritical Society-2001 H. Y. McSween, Jr: The Leonard Medal Address: The rocks of Mars, from far and near.
Elastoplastic Crack Propagation in a Transversely Loaded Unidirectional Composite

A finite element numerical analysis is developed to model crack initiation and subsequent propagation in a unidirectionally reinforced composite incorporating a matrix material exhibiting elastoplastic stress-strain response. A monotonic but otherwise arbitrary stress-strain curve is admissible, along with elastic unloading-reloading behavior. A simple crack representation model is utilized in place of a classical fracture mechanics approach, with octahedral shear stress-octahedral plastic shear strain being the governing criterion for both yielding and failure. Numerical results, which model a specific set of actual experimental data for a 40 volume percent boron/aluminum composite, are presented and discussed.
Application of finite element methods to thermohydrodynamic lubrication

A finite element formulation is presented for the equations governing the steady thermohydrodynamic behaviour of liquid lubricated bearings. This formulation permits application of the iterative solution scheme to bearings of arbitrary geometry. A generalized Reynolds equation resulting from the combination of the mass and momentum conservation equations is cast into variational form and used to derive general finite element equations. The method of weighted residuals with Galerkin's criterion is used to generate finite element matrix equations for the thermal energy equation. In addition to the finite element formulation, a discussion of appropriate finite difference techniques is also given for problems without complex geometry. As an example, the formulations are applied to obtain numerical solutions for a three-dimensional sector thrust bearing operating in the thermohydrodynamic regime. Pressure, velocity and temperature distributions are give, and the thermohydrodynamic solutions are compared with the results of classical isothermal theory.
Run-time monitoring with adjustable overhead using dataflow-guided filtering

Recent studies have proposed various parallel runtime monitoring techniques to improve the reliability, security, and debugging capabilities of computer systems. However, these run-time monitors can introduce large performance and energy overheads, especially for flexible systems that support a range of monitors. In this paper, we introduce a hardware dataflow tracking engine that enables adjustable overhead through partial monitoring. This allows a trade-off to be made between monitoring coverage and overhead. This dataflow engine can also be extended to filter out monitoring operations associated with null metadata in order to reduce overhead. Given this architecture, we investigate how the dropping decisions should be made for partial monitoring and show that there exist interesting policy decisions depending on the target application of partial monitoring. Our experimental results show that overhead can be reduced significantly by trading off coverage. For example, for monitoring techniques with average overheads of 2–6x, the proposed architecture is able to reduce overhead to 1.5x while still achieving 14–85% average coverage.
Differential Regulation of Glycolysis in Neonatal Versus Adult Cardiac Myocytes: The Role of Hexokinase Isoforms

In cardiac cells there is a dramatic switch at birth in metabolism from glycolysis to fatty acid utilization. This switch is paralleled by a switch between the two isoforms of hexokinase, HK1 and HK2, which phosphorylate glucose as the first step in glycolysis. HKI predominates in neonatal cardiac myocytes (NRVM) and HKII in adult cardiac myocytes. Using real time optical methods in isolated cells to study the function and localization of HKs, we found that NRVMs have a much higher glycolytic activity than adult cells. This increased activity is accompanied by stronger HK's interaction with mitochondria as judged by fusion of HK's with fluorescent proteins. In both cell types, all HKI is bound to mitochondria, while HKII distributes between the mitochondria and cytosol. Removal of extracellular glucose displaces HKII from mitochondria in adult cells, but not in NRVMs. The glycolytic inhibitor iodoacetate, which raises intracellular G6P levels, displaced HKII from the mitochondria in both adult and NRVMs but had no effect on HKI distribution. Based on these results, we attribute elevated glycolytic activity of NRVMs to their preferential expression HKI, whose intrinsically higher binding affinity for mitochondria directs glucose and G6P to glycolysis instead of glycogen formation. This in turn lowers G6P levels, facilitating the interaction of HKII with mitochondria. Since HK binding to mitochondria facilitates cardioprotection, this factor may also account, at least in part, for the greater resistance of NRVMs to ischemia/reperfusion injury compared to adult cardiac myocytes.
Microembolism infarcts lead to delayed changes in affective-like behaviors followed by spatial memory impairment.

Abstract Microvascular disease is defined by microvascular events including arterial wall thickening, microvascular lesions, and microembolic stroke. Characteristics of microvascular disease are observed in the vast majority of patients presenting with late-life depression, and changes in affective behavior may precede microvascular-associated changes in cognitive decline. The current study used a microsphere injection model to test the hypothesis that microembolism infarcts induce depressive-like behaviors in rodents. Further, the study sought to determine whether microembolism-induced changes in affective-like behavior preceded deficits in spatial memory. Microbeads were injected into the internal carotid artery to generate microembolic lesions and behavior was assessed at either a short recovery (SR) time point (4–6 days post-surgery) or long recovery (LR) time point (14–17 days post-surgery). A separate cohort of rats was used to assess spatial memory in the Barnes Maze at the LR time point and beyond (35 days post-surgery). Microembolism infarcts led to an increase in anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors at the LR, but not the SR, time point as evidenced by reduced time in the center of the open field, reduced consumption of a sucrose solution, increased latency to approach a novel female at 14 days and impaired spatial memory at 33 days. A thorough analysis of histological markers and lesion volume revealed that gross histological damage was not predictive of behavioral outcomes, suggesting that alterations in neuronal function may underlie behavioral deficits. Collectively, these data demonstrate that microembolism infarcts are sufficient to induce changes in affective-like behavior and these changes precede alterations in spatial memory.
Neurotransmitter-specific identification and characterization of neurons in the all-cone retina of Anolis carolinensis. II: Glutamate and aspartate.

Immunocytochemical and autoradiographic methods were used to identify neurons in the pure cone retina of the lizard (Anolis carolinensis) that are likely to employ glutamate (GLU) or aspartate (ASP) as a neurotransmitter. GLU immunocytochemistry demonstrated high levels of endogenous GLU in all cone types and numerous bipolar cells. Moderate GLU levels were found in horizontal and ganglion cells. Muller cells and most amacrine cells had very low GLU levels. GLU immunoreactivity (GLU-IR) in the cones was present from the inner segment to the synaptic pedicle. A large spherical cell type with moderate GLU-IR was identified in the proximal inner plexiform layer (IPL). These cells also contain ASP and have been tentatively identified as amacrine cells. Uptake of [3H]-L-GLU labeled all retinal layers. All cone types and Muller cells sequestered [3H]-D-ASP, a substrate specific for the GLU transporter. Anti-ASP labeling was observed in cones, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and cells in the ganglion cell layer. ASP immunoreactivity (ASP-IR) in the cones was confined to the inner segment. One ASP-containing pyriform amacrine cell subtype ramifying in IPL sublamina b was identified. Analysis of GLU-IR, ASP-IR, and GABA-IR on serial sections indicated that there were two distinct populations of horizontal cells in the Anolis retina: one containing GABA-IR, GLU-IR, and ASP-IR; and another type containing only GLU-IR and ASP-IR. Light GLU-IR was frequently found in GABA-containing amacrine cells but ASP-IR was not. The distinct distributions of GLU and ASP may indicate distinctly different roles for these amino acids. GLU, not ASP, is probably the major neurotransmitter in the cone-bipolar-ganglion cell pathway of the Anolis retina. Both GLU and ASP are present in horizontal cells and specific subpopulations of amacrine cells, but it is unclear if GLU or ASP have a neurotransmitter role in these cells.
Preventing Asteroid Earth Impacts With Laser Technology: Progress and Prospects

Presents an opinion to continue studying the development of a laser based active sensing system for detecting, characterizing and deflecting asteroids.
Palpebral Amelanotic Melanomas in F344 Rats

Spontaneous am elan otic melanomas in the eyelids ofF344 rats were found in one of 1/926 (0.11%) male and 5/925 (0.54%) female F344 rats that were used as control and treated animals in five different carcinogenicity studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program (Research Triangle Park, NC). These melanomas were grossly recognized as single, tan or white, well-circumscribed masses of the right or left eyelid. These melanomas primarily occurred in the dermis ofthe skin ofthe eyelids and consisted ofpoorly differentiated spindle cells characteristically arranged in interlacing fascicles. Rarely, epithelioid tumor cells were also observed, and these tumor cells showed a negative histochemical reaction for melanin. The epidermis and dermal­ epidermal junction were usually uninvolved. The diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma could only be established by electron microscopic examination. The most striking ultrastructural feature of the tumor cells was a large number of intracytoplasmic premelanosomes (stage II melanosomes without melanin), which nearly filled the cytoplasm of most tumor cells. Giant premelanosomes and melanophagosomes were also seen. The tumor cells did not possess the ultrastructural features characteristic of Schwann cells (thin, long cell processes and peri­ cytoplasmic basal laminae). The histologic and ultrastructural features of these palpebral tumors were similar to those of cutaneous amelanotic melanomas of the pinna in F344 rats.
Emerging patterns in overweight and obesity in Ecuador

Estudios epidemiologicos recientes han demostrado una elevada prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en ninos y adultos de Ecuador. Esto afecta a mas de la mitad de la poblacion, especialmente a las mujeres. Tambien se ha observado una alta tasa de personas con sindrome metabolico, una enfermedad asociada con el exceso de peso que incrementa el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular. Esos datos indican que en Ecuador esta en marcha una transicion nutricional -la sustitucion de dietas bajas en calorias principalmente de origen vegetal por dietas ricas en calorias con mas componentes de origen animal-, en la que las dietas urbanas se componen primordialmente de grasa, azucar y cereales refinados. Esta dieta puede explicar en parte la alta prevalencia encontrada de sobrepeso y obesidad. Las politicas internacionales que intensifican el comercio exterior y extienden el alcance de las corporaciones transnacionales de alimentos facilitan esta transicion nutricional al llevar nuevos productos alimenticios a los mercados en desarrollo. Los cambios en el crecimiento de la poblacion, la estructura por edades y la distribucion de los ingresos, asi como el aumento del grado de urbanizacion, tambien contribuyen a esta transicion al crear grandes plazas centralizadas de consumidores. Al disenar programas de intervencion en Ecuador se deben tener en cuenta tres caracteristicas de su poblacion, economia y geografia: 1) Ecuador mantiene estrechos lazos con los Estados Unidos de America y puede ser especialmente sensible a la influencia economica, industrial y cultural de ese pais; 2) la variada geografia ecuatoriana puede impedir la aplicacion de programas uniformes, ya que las diferencias regionales en la densidad de carreteras y los patrones climaticos influyen en la practica de ejercicios y la actividad fisica; y 3) Ecuador es el pais mas densamente poblado de America del Sur. Por consiguiente, y tomando en cuenta los exitos en este campo en otros paises en desarrollo, los esfuerzos en salud publica en Ecuador se pueden ver beneficiados por campanas en los medios masivos de comunicacion.
A low-power baseband receiver IC for frequency-hopped spread spectrum communications

A baseband receiver IC which will be incorporated into a low-power frequency-hopped spread spectrum (FH/SS) transceiver for 902-928 MHz ISM band applications is presented. The chip performs noncoherent binary/quaternary frequency shift keying (FSK) demodulation, equal-gain diversity combining of dual antenna branches, and symbol and frequency synchronization. The chip also accommodates variable data rates from 2 to 160 kb/s, programmable hop rates, and tunable bandwidth Loop filters. The core area of the 1-/spl mu/m CMOS chip is 3.9 mm/spl times/3.9 mm with a power consumption of 4.5 mW at 10 MHz from a 3-V supply. A baseband transceiver system utilizing this receiver chip for the prototype handset to demonstrate a point-to-point communication link is also described. Two XILINX FPGA chips were used to implement the remainder of the baseband transceiver functions, including frequency control logic for FSK modulation, acquisition control, data framing, symbol interleaving and deinterleaving, and interface control for data and voice.
One Kind of Freedom: Poverty Dynamics in Post-apartheid South Africa

Abstract A 1993 South African living standards survey documented the legacy of apartheid in the form high levels of inequality and human insecurity. Drawing on a 1998 re-survey of households in the 1993 study, this paper explores whether this legacy has been superseded, or whether apartheid's end has been only one kind of freedom that has left households in a poverty trap from which they cannot escape. After proposing a theoretically grounded dynamic poverty typology that distinguishes stochastic from structural poverty transitions, the paper goes on to estimate that significant numbers of the South African poor are potentially trapped in a structural poverty trap and lack the means to escape poverty over time.
Adaptive robust precision motion control of a flexible system with unmatched model uncertainties

Flexible systems which function under the influence of friction are very common in many applications such as flexible robot arms. The precision motion control of such systems is a difficult task because of the modelling difficulties involved in modelling friction and various flexible modes of the system. This paper presents the design of a nonlinear adaptive robust controller (ARC) to the precision motion control of a floating oscillator system under the influence of friction. This system consists of two masses moving on a track under the influence of friction and coupled by a spring. The floating oscillator acting under the influence of friction can be used to represent many applications such as hard disk drives and flexible robots where friction is present and the end effector position is to be controlled.
Magnet measurement facility for the 7-GeV Advanced Photon Source

A magnet measurement facility for semi-automatic measurement control and real-time data analysis has been developed to measure more than 1000 magnets for the Advance Photon Source (APS). One dipole and three rotating coil measurement systems and corresponding probe coils are described. >
Traveltimes of waves in three-dimensional random media

SUMMARY We present the results of a comprehensive numerical study of 3-D acoustic wave propagation in weakly heterogeneous random media. Finite-frequency traveltimes are measured by cross- correlation of a large suite of synthetic seismograms with the analytical pulse shape representing the response of the background homogeneous medium. The resulting 'ground-truth' traveltimes are systematically compared with the predictions of linearized ray theory and 3-D Born-Frechet (banana-doughnut) kernel theory. Ray-theoretical traveltimes can deviate markedly from the measured cross-correlation traveltimes whenever the characteristic scalelength of the 3-D heterogeneity is shorter than half of the maximum Fresnel zone width along the ray path, i.e. whenever a < 0.5(λL) 1/2 , where a is the heterogeneity correlation distance, λ is the dominant wavelength of the probing wave, and L is the propagation distance. Banana-doughnut theory has a considerably larger range of validity, at least down to a ≈ 0.1(λL) 1/2 in sufficiently weakly heterogeneous media, because it accounts explicitly for diffractive wave front healing and other finite-frequency wave propagation effects. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive numerical investiga- tion of the validity of both linearized ray theory and 3-D Born- Frechet kernel theory in weakly heterogeneous random media. We use a pseudospectral method to solve the 3-D acoustic wave equation in a suite of Gaussian and exponentially correlated random media, characterized by their root-mean-square slowness variation and their correlation scalelength. Finite-frequency traveltime shifts are mea- sured at a variety of source-receiver distances, by cross-correlation of the numerically computed synthetic seismograms with the cor- responding analytical response of the background homogeneous medium. This study extends the analyses of Nolet & Dahlen (2000) and Hung et al. (2001), who investigated the wave front healing effects downstream of an isolated, slow or fast, spherically sym- metric slowness anomaly using the parabolic approximation and the pseudospectral method, respectively. In a statistically homoge- neous random medium, the diffractive healing of wave front corru- gations produced by near-source slowness anomalies is continually being augmented by new corrugations produced by more distant anomalies, as the wave propagates away from the source. Because of this, a ray-theoretical skeptic might argue that conclusions based upon the study of a 'lonely bowling ball' are not pertinent to seis- mic wave propagation in the Earth's mantle. Spetzler & Snieder's (2001b) study of picked traveltimes of plane waves in 2-D random media shows that, for their case, Rytov scattering theory predicts traveltimes more accurately than ray theory. Similarly, we use our 'ground-truth' numerical results to place empirical constraints upon the validity of both linearized ray theory and 3-D Born-Frechet ker- nel theory in spatially extended 3-D random heterogeneous media.
Dynamic CPU management for real-time, middleware-based systems

Many real-world distributed, real-time, embedded (ORE) systems, such as multiagent military applications, are built using commercially available operating systems, middleware, and collections of pre-existing software. The complexity of these systems makes it difficult to ensure that they maintain high quality of service (QOS). At design time, the challenge is to introduce coordinated QOS controls into multiple software elements in a non-invasive manner. At run time, the system must adapt dynamically to maintain high QOS in the face of both expected events, such as application mode changes, and unexpected events, such as resource demands from other applications. We describe the design and implementation of a CPU broker for these types of ORE systems. The CPU broker mediates between multiple real-time tasks and the facilities of a real-time operating system: using feedback and other inputs, it adjusts allocations over tune to ensure that high application-level QOS is maintained. The broker connects to its monitored tasks in a non-invasive manner, is based on and integrated with industry-standard middleware, and implements an open architecture for new CPU management policies. Moreover, these features allow the broker to be easily combined with other QOS mechanisms and policies, as part of an overall end-to-end QOS management system. We describe our experience in applying the CPU Broker to a simulated DUE military system. Our results show that the broker connects to the system transparently and allows it to function in the face of run-time CPU resource contention.
Immunization with Reverse-Genetics–Produced H5N1 Influenza Vaccine Protects Ferrets against Homologous and Heterologous Challenge

BACKGROUND: Multiple cases of transmission of avian H5N1 influenza viruses to humans illustrate the urgent need for an efficacious, cross-protective vaccine. METHODS: Ferrets were immunized with inactivated whole-virus vaccine produced by reverse genetics with the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase genes of A/HK/213/03 virus. Ferrets received a single dose of vaccine (7 or 15 microg of HA) with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant or 2 doses (7 microg of HA each) without adjuvant and were challenged with 10(6) 50% egg infectious doses of A/HK/213/03, A/HK/156/97, or A/Vietnam/1203/04 virus. RESULTS: One or 2 doses of vaccine induced a protective antibody response to the vaccine strain. All immunization regimens completely protected ferrets from challenge with homologous wild-type A/HK/213/03 virus: no clinical signs of infection were observed, virus replication was significantly reduced (P<.05) and was restricted to the upper respiratory tract, and spread of virus to the brain was prevented. Importantly, all vaccinated ferrets were protected against lethal challenge with the highly pathogenic strain A/Vietnam/1203/04. The 2-dose schedule induced higher levels of antibodies that were cross-reactive to antigenically distinct H5N1 viruses. CONCLUSIONS: H5N1 vaccines may stimulate an immune response that is more cross-protective than what might be predicted by in vitro assays and, thus, hold potential for being stockpiled as "initial" pandemic vaccines.