cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Not all Sicca is Sjögren's and not all Sjögren's is Sicca.

Symptoms of dry eyes or dry mouth, otherwise known as sicca symptoms, are not always present in patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS). Approximately 20% of patients with SS do not have sicca symptoms. An unusual case of a patient presenting with complete left-sided facial hemiparesis, a history of partial bilateral sensorineural hearing loss who was found to have elevated antinuclear antibody (ANA) with high titer positive SSA/Ro antibody, evidence of bilateral parotitis on imaging and absence of sicca symptoms, prompted us to perform a literature review. Twelve case reports relating facial nerve palsy and Sjogren's were found and only one described a similar constellation of features of unilateral facial weakness and otalgia. Management of facial nerve palsy related to Sjogren's is unclear but pharmacological agents have included corticosteroids, intravenous immune globulin (IVIG), cyclophosphamide, and plasmapheresis. This case report describes a patient whose facial nerve palsy is attributed to SS, explores peripheral and central nervous system involvement in SS, and provides some recommended treatments.
Questions Genetic Counselors Ask

When individuals come in for counseling they seldom know fully what is available from genetic counseling or which questions are appropriate to a genetic counseling session. Nevertheless, by asking individuals what they want and expect from genetic counseling, the counselor obtains a starting point from which the issues can be clarified. It is important to remember that many people, as they learn more about the disorder and the options available to them, change what they want and expect from genetic counseling. For example, one mother of a short-statured child expressed how her perception was changing: “I mean he’s seemed so healthy and normal, and then to be sitting there and talking like he’s dying and like he’s really ill. How come he doesn’t act it?”
A deterministic algorithm for summarizing asynchronous streams over a sliding window

We consider the problem of maintaining aggregates over recent elements of a massive data stream. Motivated by applications involving network data, we consider asynchronous data streams, where the observed order of data may be different from the order in which the data was generated. The set of recent elements is modeled as a sliding timestamp window of the stream, whose elements are changing continuously with time. We present the first deterministic algorithms for maintaining a small space summary of elements in a sliding timestamp window of an asynchronous data stream. The summary can return approximate answers for the following fundamental aggregates: basic count, the number of elements within the sliding window, and sum, the sum of all element values within the sliding window. For basic counting, the space taken by our summary is O(logW ċ log B ċ (log W + log B)/Ɛ) bits, where B is an upper bound on the value of the basic count, W is an upper bound on the width of the timestamp window, and Ɛ is the desired relative error. Our algorithms are based on a novel data structure called splittable histogram. Prior to this work, randomized algorithms were known for this problem, which provide weaker guarantees than those provided by our deterministic algorithms.
Adapting XP to an Academic Environment by Phasing-In Practices

Extreme Programming (XP) is an agile software development methodology that was originally devised for application in an industrial setting. This report presents our experience using an approach to “scale-down” XP so that it can be successfully employed in an academic setting; specifically, an upper-level software engineering course. The approach avoids overburdening students by using a series of projects that phase-in some experience with nearly all of the XP practices.
Rings: Basic theory

Chapters 2, 3, 4, and 5 compose the part of the book devoted to rings. In Chapter 2 the basic structure of the ring is explored using set theoretic concepts in such a manner that we can stress analogies when developing other algebraic structures. In Chapter 3 we develop the natural number system and the integers, and in Chapter 4 we use the natural number system and the integers in a further study of rings including a development of the rational numbers. Chapter 5 treats the ring of polynomials, some special rings, and factorization, field extensions, and complex numbers.
Off-shell string physics from conformal field theory

Abstract The subject of off-shell conformal field theory is developed and is used to produce the off-shell amplitudes of string field theory. The method is also applied to the reparametrization ghosts.
Inspiring Progress: Religions' Contributions to Sustainable Development, by Gary T. Gardner

Gardner provides an interdisciplinary examination of environmental problems, current practices, and possible future actions for a universal ethical way of thinking and living. Within the less than ...
Respiratory ecology of macroinvertebrates in a swamp-river system of east Africa

Hypoxia (oxygen scarcity) is widespread in tropical freshwaters, particularly in dense swamps, and may be an important factor structuring benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Macroinvertebrates show a diversity of respiratory modes ranging from atmospheric breathing to tracheal gill breathing, and these adaptations affect their ability to use hypoxic water. The objectives of this study were to (a) describe the benthic macroinvertebrate community from ten swamp and river sites in Kibale National Park, Uganda, (b) determine the degree to which dissolved oxygen explains variation in abundance of respiratory groups (taxa with a similar respiratory mode) among sites, and (c) test for significant seasonal variation in the abundance of the numerically dominant respiratory groups. Macroinvertebrates from monthly collections over a two-year period were identified to the lowest taxonomic level necessary to place them in functional respiratory groups. Across all sites, both the relative and absolute abundance of atmospheric breathers (e.g., pulmonate snails and nepids) and mantle/ctenidia breathers (primarily fingernail clams) were negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen, while the abundance of tracheal gill breathers (e.g., anisopterans and zygopterans) was positively correlated with dissolved oxygen. We did not detect significant seasonal trends in catch per unit effort of numerically dominant respiratory groups. Dissolved oxygen concentration was a good predictor of the abundance of some respiratory groups and may be a key factor in maintaining the structure and diversity of these assemblages.
674PHYPERTHERMIC INTRAPERITONEAL CHEMOTERAPY (HIPEC) AND CYTOREDUCTIVE SURGERY FOR SYNCHRONOUS PERITONEAL CARCINOMATOSIS (PC) FROM GASTRIC CANCER (GC) : RESULTS FROM A SINGLE CENTER EXPERIENCE

ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of this retrospective study was to asses the early- and long-term outcomes of patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by combined cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC for PC arising from GC. Methods: We reviewed all cases of patients treated for PC from GC (any histology) in our institution from 2008 to 2012. Exclusion criteria were presence of visceral or extra-abddominal metatasis, poor performance status (ECOG > 2) and PCI score (Sugerbaker's Peritoneal Cancer Index) > 12 at diagnostic pre-treatment laparoscopy. The identified patients were first treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (4 cycles of docetaxel 75mg/m2, cisplatin 75mg/m2 and 5-FU 300mg/m2) and then proceeded to cytoreductive surgery (including gastrectomy) combined with HIPEC (oxaliplatin 360mg/m2, 5-FU 400mg/m2 and leucovorin 20mg/m2). Adjuvant treatment was only conducted in cases of positive microscopic margins after surgery. Patients demographics were recorded. Major endpoints considered were short- and long-term survival, as well as morbidity and mortality of surgery. Overall survival, recurrence-free survival and cancer-specific survival were calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimators. Surgical morbidity was recorded using Clavien-Dindo classification. The study was approved by Ethics Committee of Geneva University Hospital. Results: 16 patients were included (male to female ratio 1:1). Mean age at surgery was 48.8 (+/- 8.7). All patients were operated by the senior author and considered free of macroscopic disease after surgery (completeness of cytoreduction CC0). Mean PCI score was 6 (+/- 4.3). 5 patients (31%) had positive margins at histopathological evaluation and 4 received adjuvant radiotherapy. Surgical complications were as follows : 1 Clavien 5 (death, 6.3%) and 1 Clavien 3b (6.3%). After a median follow-up of 17.5 months (2-63), median overall survival was 21 months (2-63), median recurrence-free survivall was 23 months (13-60) and median cancer-specific survival was 34 months. Conclusions: Combined neoadjuvant and cytoreductive surgery associated with HIPEC is a feasible and safe protocol with acceptable mobidity and mortality in experienced centers. Considering the fact that the median overall survival in GC patients with PC is 9-10 months, this combined treatment allows to achieve better outcomes for selected patients. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Extraorbital skull base idiopathic pseudotumor.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The term idiopathic pseudotumor (IP) refers to a nonspecific, nonneoplastic inflammatory process without identifiable local or systemic causes, which is one of the most common causes of intraorbital space-occupying lesions. Occasionally, orbital pseudotumors may extend to other areas of the skull base. Rarely, pseudotumors may present as a skull base mass with no involvement of the orbit. The ophthalmology literature has detailed reviews of IP as an intraorbital space-occupying lesion, but lesions involving only the skull base and sparing the orbit are rare in the literature. We present a review of our experience with six patients with extraorbital skull base pseudotumor and a review of the relevant literature. Method: Retrospective case study. Results: We treated six patients with extraorbital skull base pseudotumor between 1996 and 2004. Four patients had lesions in the pterygopalatine and/or infratemporal fossae, and two patients had lesions in the superior aspect of the parapharyngeal space. Five patients had excellent initial response to steroids. Two of the pseudotumors recurred. One patient partially responded to steroids and is currently stable with limited disease. Our literature review demonstrated 16 previously published reports of IP of the skull base sparing the orbit. Conclusions: A well-documented intraorbital lesion, inflammatory pseudotumor may present outside the orbit. Treatment of IP of the skull base is controversial and may involve corticosteroids or surgical resection, or both. Other chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy may be considered in steroid-resistant patients. Pathological subtype, ease and safety of resection, safety of high-dose corticosteroid use, the surgeon's comfort, and the patient's preference must be included in the decision-making process for treatment.
Toward resolving an earthquake ground motion mystery in west Seattle, Washington State : Shallow seismic focusing may cause anomalous chimney damage

[1] A shallow bedrock fold imaged by a 1.3-km long high-resolution shear-wave seismic reflection profile in west Seattle focuses seismic waves arriving from the south. This focusing may cause a pocket of amplified ground shaking and the anomalous chimney damage observed in earthquakes of 1949, 1965 and 2001. The 200-m bedrock fold at ∼300-m depth is caused by deformation across an inferred fault within the Seattle fault zone. Ground motion simulations, using the imaged geologic structure and northward-propagating north-dipping plane wave sources, predict a peak horizontal acceleration pattern that matches that observed in strong motion records of the 2001 Nisqually event. Additionally, a pocket of chimney damage reported for both the 1965 and the 2001 earthquakes generally coincides with a zone of simulated amplification caused by focusing. This study further demonstrates the significant impact shallow (<1km) crustal structures can have on earthquake ground-motion variability.
CARBON-FLUORINE BOND CLEAVAGE BY ZIRCONIUM METAL HYDRIDE COMPLEXES

The zirconium hydride dimer [Cp2ZrH2]2 reacts with C6F6 at ambient temperature to give Cp2Zr(C6F5)F as the major product along with Cp2ZrF2, C6F5H and H2. Neither the reaction rate nor the product ratio is affected by changes in H2 pressure or the concentration of C6F6. The reaction follows zero-order kinetics. The new compound Cp2Zr(C6F5)F has been structurally characterized. [Cp2ZrH2]2 reacts with C6F5H to give Cp2Zr(p-C6F4H)F, Cp2ZrF2, C6F4H2, and H2. The zirconium hydride Cp3ZrH has been structurally characterized and also reacts with C6F6. The products of the reaction are CpH, Cp2Zr(C6F5)F, C6F5H, Cp2ZrF2, Cp4Zr, and Cp3ZrF. The reaction rate is first order in [Cp3ZrH] and [C6F6], but the product ratio is unaffected by the concentration of C6F6. Possible mechanisms of these reactions are discussed.
Is the derivative a function? If so, how do students talk about it?

This study explores how calculus students talk about the derivative as a function based on the concepts of function at a point and function on an interval. Twelve Calculus I students took a survey and explained their solution process during interviews. The analysis of students’ discourse with the commognitive lens focusing on their use of words and visuals showed that most students did not appreciate the derivative at a point as a number and the derivative function as a function. Moreover, one of the common descriptions of the derivative as a tangent line implies that they considered the ‘derivative’ as a point-specific object but also a (linear) function defined on an interval. This description was closely related to their use of the word, ‘derivative’ for both ‘the derivative function’ and ‘the derivative at a point.’
A Chebyshev matrix method for the spatial modes of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation

The Chebyshev matrix collocation method is applied to obtain the spatial modes of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation for Poiseuille flow and the Blausius boundary layer. The problem is linearized by the companion matrix technique for semi-infinite domain using a mapping transformation. The method can be easily adapted to problems with different boundary conditions requiring different transformations.
Use of direct surveys in the surveillance of occupational illness and injury

The ultimate goal of any public health endeavor is to develop and implement interventions that improve some aspect or modify some determinant of the health and wellbeing of a population. Successfully achieving this goal requires an accurate assessment of the current status of the problem being addressed, identification of appropriate targets for intervention, and the ability to evaluate results of interventions once they have been introduced. Surveillance plays an important role in this process.' Within the context of occupational health surveillance as described in the preceding paper by Baker, Honchar, and Fine, direct surveys have become increasingly important. A direct survey is defined as the systematic collection of information (whether by questionnaire, examination, or a combination of the two) in a well-defined, firsthand manner from participants selected through a specific sampling procedure to be representative of a larger population. Although this discussion will refer in particular to large, nationwide surveys that are conducted by governmental agencies on a periodic basis, the principles transfer directly to smaller-scale efforts performed by other organizations, including private employers. Direct surveys are effective methods of obtaining surveillance data for many work-related conditions or adverse health events. This is particularly true for conditions that: produce considerable morbidity but little or no mortality (e.g., noise-induced hearing loss, occupational dermatitis, and repetitive trauma disorders); and/or may not be easily recognized as work-related or unambiguously attributed to the workplace (e.g., neurotoxic disorders or non-pneumoconiotic, chronic lung disorders).
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN REHABILITATION OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN SYNDROMES: Interdisciplinary Team Approach

Traditional medical treatment of neuropathic pain, such as nerve blocks, nerve ablation, and medication management, is only partially successful in eliminating or significantly reducing the degree of pain the patient suffers. Clinicians recognize the sometimes limited effectiveness of these interventions and the significant impairment, disability, and life disruption that many patients suffer as a result of unremitting pain. Interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary pain management programs have been developed to address the associated emotional, social, and vocational sequelae of chronic pain. It is hoped that these management programs help the patient to learn to cope more effectively with pain and to maintain as high a functional level as possible. In this article, goals and treatment strategies of such programs are reviewed, effectiveness in helping the patient to manage pain is assessed, and changes in the current treatment of neuropathic pain syndromes to further enhance patient care are suggested.
Rhythmic neuronal activity in tissue culture.

Les enregistrements electriques non-perturbants des neurones maintenus en culture, ont montre des decharges spontanees prototypes des aires du systeme nerveux central desquelles les groupes de cellules cultivees avaient ete obtenues. Les groupes de neurones dont les enregistrements figurent ci-dessus, ont ete extraits du telencephale, mesencephale, cervelet, et des tubercules quadrijumeaux de souris nouveau-nees. Seuls les neurones provenant du telencephale n'ont pas produit de decharge electrique rhythmique.
Four Wave Mixing With Gain Using Liquid Crystal Films

The extraordinarily large thermal and orientational nonlinearities of nematic liquid crystal is studied in the context of amplified reflection in four wave mixing. Greater than 100% reflection in wavefront conjugation can be obtained.
Wolves, moose, and the allometry of population cycles.

After a decade of dramatic population fluctuations, protected populations of wolves and moose in Isle Royale National Park in Lake Superior returned in 1983 to the levels observed in the 19509s. Inherent lags in this predator-prey system and the strong recovery of the moose population following a wolf population crash suggest that these populations may continue to cycle with a period length of about 38 (95 percent confidence interval, ±13) years. Such a long-term cycle is consistent with the proposal that period length of herbivore population cycles will characteristically scale according to the fourth root of body mass, a basic allometric relation linking physiological cycles to population processes.
Maximum principle for Volterra integral equations with controlled delay time

Optimal control problems are considered for a special class of nonlinear Volterra integral equations with unknown functions in the limits of integration. The equations describe the renewal of age-dependent capital equipment under technological change. A dual system and a maximum principle are established for such problems.
1835 HYPEROXIA AND PHAGOCYTIC FUNCTION IN NEONATAL LUNG

Hyperoxia and its effects on lung phagocyte function were tested by exposing rabbits to a FiO2-0.95+ or 0.21 for 2, 4, and 7 days after birth. In vitro oxidative metabolism of lung phagocytes, obtained by lavage, was studied by polarographic measurement of O2 consumption±1mM cyanide. In vivo pulmonary clearance was ascertained by comparing the numbers of viable Staphylococcus aureus in the left lung at 0 and 6 hours after aerosol infection, and bacterial ingestion was measured by histologic examination of the right lung. Lavage effluents contained >94% alveolar macrophages (AM) through 4 days of exposure. After 7 days, the mean number of granulocytes in lavages of O2-exposed animals rose to 77% and the group's cumulative mortality increased to 20% vs 4% in control litters. The mean clearance of S. aureus by control was 63, 60, and 72% at 2, 4, and 7 days vs O2-exposed newborns which killed 64, 19 and 26% of the inhaled bacteria at those ages(p<0.02 O2 vs control at 4 days). Impaired killing was not due solely to decreased ingestion because the mean numbers of intracellular bacteria exceeded 60% at 6 hr after infection in every O2 and control group. At 4 days, O2-exposed AM had lower basal and stimulated mitochondrial O2 consumption (0.8±0.2 and 1.6±0.3 nmol O2 consumed/106AM/min, x±SEM, n = 6) vs control AM (1.7±0.2 and 2.9±0.3, n = 6, p<0.02). Hyperoxia alters phagocytic killing of inhaled S. aureus by neonatal AM and is associated with diminished mitochondrial O2 consumption. Granulocytes become a secondary lung defense after hyperoxia induces bactericidal dysfunction in the newborn AM.
Metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy of II–VI materials for visible light emitters

Abstract The metalorganic vapor phase epitaxial (MOVPE) growth of II–VI compounds for visible light-emitting structures is complicated by a variety of growth chemistry, defect, and doping issues. While MOVPE has been successful in the growth of individual layers required in such structures, MOVPE has lagged behind molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) in the formation of working devices. The choice of the specific heterojunction systems utilized in the device structure can have a strong impact on the utility of MOVPE in the eventual formation of II–VI visible light emitters. The current stage of development of MOVPE for these applications is reviewed in the paper, with emphasis on the development of suitable growth and doping technologies.
Some biochemical effects of 2-ethylamino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole

Abstract It has previously been demonstrated (Kaplan et a 4 ), that the injection of large doses of nicotinamide results in a ten-fold increase in the diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN) content of the liver of mice. The current report shows that the nicotinamide antagonist 2-ethylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole (EAT) does not behave as a competitive inhibitor of nicotinamide in the induced synthesis of DPN in vivo . A high dose of EAT (500 mg/kg) inhibited DPN.synthesis from a high dose of nicotinamide (500 mg/kg) by 30 per cent. However, with a low dose of nicotinamide (125 mg/kg), stimulation of DPN.synthesis was as high as 70 per cent. With or without low doses of nicotinamide, EAT increased the incorporation of formate- 14 C and of glycine-2- 14 C into acid-soluble liver-adenine. Evidence was obtained that EAT may interfere with the urinary excretion of nicotinamide. The relation of this effect to the above observations is discussed.
A new method for the artificial raising of infant rats: The palate cannula

Abstract Chronic removal of infant rats from their mother prior to the onset of weaning is complicated by the fact that young rats do not easily suckle from an artificial nipple. Thus, a method of artificial raising is advantageous for developmental investigations of nutrition or ingestive behaviors during the suckling period. The intragastric cannula has become a popular method for this purpose. However, for many studies, it would be advantageous if the diet could be administered to the mouth and actually swallowed by the young rat. We developed a new cannulation procedure which accomplishes these goals. Infant rats were removed from their mother on postnatal day 13 and fitted with a cannula that opened into the oral cavity through the hard palate. Liquid diet was administered by an infusion pump through the cannula for the subsequent 5 days. Growth was assessed by daily measures of body and organ weight. The results indicate that from postnatal day 13 on, the palate cannula can allow the continuation of normal growth patterns and eliminates certain complicating factors associated with other forms of artifical raising.
Strategies for Intranasal Delivery of Therapeutics for the Prevention and Treatment of NeuroAIDS

Intranasal drug administration is a noninvasive method of bypassing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to deliver neurotrophins and other therapeutic agents to the brain and spinal cord. This method allows drugs that do not cross the BBB to be delivered to the central nervous system (CNS) and eliminates the need for systemic delivery, thereby reducing unwanted systemic side effects. Delivery from the nose to the CNS occurs within minutes along both the olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways. Intranasal delivery occurs by an extracellular route and does not require that drugs bind to any receptor or undergo axonal transport. Intranasal delivery also targets the nasal associated lymphatic tissues (NALT) and deep cervical lymph nodes. In addition, intranasally administered therapeutics are observed at high levels in the blood vessel walls and perivascular spaces of the cerebrovasculature. Using this intranasal method in animal models, researchers have successfully reduced stroke damage, reversed Alzheimer's neurodegeneration, reduced anxiety, improved memory, stimulated cerebral neurogenesis, and treated brain tumors. In humans, intranasal insulin has been shown to improve memory in normal adults and patients with Alzheimer's disease. Intranasal delivery strategies that can be employed to treat and prevent NeuroAIDS include: (1) target antiretrovirals to reach HIV that harbors in the CNS; (2) target therapeutics to protect neurons in the CNS; (3) modulate the neuroimmune function of moncyte/macrophages by targeting the lymphatics, perivascular spaces of the cerebrovasculature, and the CNS; and (4) improve memory and cognitive function by targeting therapeutics to the CNS.
Ritualized combat as an indicator of intrasexual selection effects on male life history evolution.

Trade-offs between survival, growth, current reproduction, and future reproduction influence life history evolution, leading to adaptive timing of investment in various strategies. If engagement in costly intrasexual contests to gain better access to mates is an important form of male reproductive investment, then the expression of characters that promote success in this process should be influenced by their fitness effects across the lifespan. To test this prediction, the ages at which human (Homo sapiens) males exhibit the greatest investment in morphological, behavioral, and physiological characters associated with intrasexual competition was estimated by examining the ages at which males succeed in a form of ritualized combat. The average age of international boxing champions was in the latter half of the twenties, and titles were held for about 2 years on average. Thus, peak investment in traits that enhance intrasexual competition abilities appears to coincide with ages at which males have highest reproductive success. Additionally, larger males reached peak probability of success in this ritualized combat at ages about 2.6 years greater than smaller males. Because body size is highly heritable and there is strong positive assortative mating relative to this character among humans, this may indicate a polymorphic set of reproductive strategies produced through maintenance of coadapted gene complexes. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Expression of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor α1-subunit mRNA and [3H]flunitrazepam binding sites during postnatal development of the mouse cerebellum

Previous studies have shown that the alpha subunit of the GABAA receptor contains the flunitrazepam binding site. In the present study, in situ hybridization and receptor autoradiography were used to examine the temporal and spatial relationships between alpha 1 subunit mRNA and [3H]flunitrazepam binding sites in the developing mouse cerebellum. A [35S]cRNA probe was used to study the expression of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor alpha 1 subunit mRNA by in situ hybridization. At postnatal day (P) 1, a diffuse band of labeling was observed in the molecular/Purkinje cell layer; subsequently, this band became progressively more concentrated and restricted to the interface between the granular and molecular layers. By P5-P7, high intensity labeling was clearly associated with Purkinje cells. Clusters of grains became visible over basket and stellate cells in the molecular layer between P11 and P13; the internal granule cell layer and the deep cerebellar nuclei showed an increasingly strong hybridization signal during postnatal development. The external germinal layer was devoid of labeling throughout its existence. The developmental distribution of [3H]flunitrazepam binding sites was studied by receptor autoradiography. Cerebellar labeling was detectable at birth, with the highest levels present over the deep cerebellar nuclei, and relatively low levels equally distributed over the molecular and Purkinje cell layers. Cerebellar cortical grain density increased gradually during postnatal weeks 1 and 2, with the molecular, Purkinje and granule cell layers remaining essentially equally labeled. Between P11 and P15, the labeling over the molecular layer increased dramatically, reaching the high adult levels by P20. As with the in situ hybridization studies, there was a complete absence of [3H]flunitrazepam binding sites in the external germinal layer throughout development. These results indicate that, in the Purkinje cell, the production of mRNA and the synthesis of the alpha 1 subunit occur prior to the formation of afferent inhibitory synapses, suggesting that GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor expression precedes, and is independent of GABAergic synaptic input.
Evolutionary steps toward a distributed operating system: theory and implementation

Generally speaking, distributed operating system (DOS) designers seem more concerned with resource sharing, global file system transparency, and implementation methodology. We feel that a DOS may provide the platform for linear speedup of applications if performance considerations are given highest priority in the design of the DOS. Work has been underway to test the implementation of such a DOS design in the MINIX environment.
Politics and health: A neglected area of research

One of the more surprising features of the literature on public health and on health policy research in Europe and North America is the scarcity of references on the impact of political variables on health policy and on health outcomes. One can find in this literature a growing number of articles that focus on the social and cultural determinants of health, but very few indeed on the political determinants of health. This is remarkable, because one would have thought that in societies claiming to be democratic, public-health scholars and public-health analysts would study how the various instruments (such as political parties) through which people express their wants and needs shape public policies that affect the health of populations. There have been studies on the impact of health policy on health, but very few on the impact of politics on health policy and/or on health outcomes. This silence on the relationship between politics and health is particularly surprising for a profession in which one of its founders, Rudolf Virchow, wrote that ‘ Medicine is a social science and politics nothing but medicine on a grand scale’ .1 The awareness that health depends on political as well as social, economic and cultural forces is well-established in the public-health tradition. Thus it is paradoxical that the scholarly literature on public health has such a limited number of references on this subject. Why is this so? The answer is a complex one. One explanation is that the public-health field is dominated by professionals trained in medicine and biology rather than in the social sciences. Epidemiologists and statisticians tend to dominate the field of public-health research. To them, politics seems to be very shaky and risky ground, something to be avoided. Political science is frequently seen as more politics than science. In my early …
Listening to Neglected Voices: Hmong and Public Lands in Minnesota and Wisconsin

Natural resource managers need to understand the cultures and concerns of ethnic minority communities in order to serve them effectively. The Hmong are an Asian ethnic group that is heavily involved in natural resource-related activities but has been largely overlooked by social scientists. We conducted a series of five focus groups with Hmong Americans in Minnesota and Wisconsin, exploring their experiences and perspectives on public lands. Our participants revealed deep cultural and personal connections with the natural world and the importance of public lands to many Hmong. But we also heard about profound problems and concerns. Perceptions of racism, discrimination, and harassment from public land managers and other agency personnel, recreationists, and private landowners are common. Participants had many suggestions for improvement and insights regarding the special needs of new refugees who arrived in the United States in recent years.
On input-output linearization of discrete-time nonlinear systems

Abstract We consider a nonlinear discrete-time system of the form Σ: x(t+1)=f(x(t), u(t)), y(t) =h(x(t)), where x ϵ RN, u ϵ Rm, y ϵ Rq and f and h are analytic. Necessary and sufficient conditions for local input-output linearizability are given. We show that these conditions are also sufficient for a formal solution to the global input-output linearization problem. Finally, we show that zeros at infinity of ϵ can be obtained by the structure algorithm for locally input-output linearizable systems.
Enhancing schools' capacity to support children in poverty: an ecological model of school-based mental health services.

School based mental health services for children in poverty can capitalize on schools’ inherent capacity to support development and bridge home and neighborhood ecologies. We propose an ecological model informed by public health and organizational theories to refocus school based services in poor communities on the core function of schools to promote learning. We describe how coalescing mental health resources around school goals includes a focus on universal programming, mobilizing indigenous school and community resources, and supporting core teaching technologies. We suggest an iterative research–practice approach to program adaptation and implementation as a means toward advancing science and developing healthy children.
A new technique for obtaining (p,n) angular distributions

Abstract A somewhat novel technique has been developed to obtain angular distributions for (p,n) reactions populating isobaric analog states (IAS) when they decay by proton emission (p). It entails obtaining neutron time-of-flight spectra measured relative to p events rather than to the periodic structure of the beam. This technique is found to significantly simplify experimental arrangements for time-of-flight measurements.
Selected-area GaAs epitaxial growth on Si free from detrimental sidewall interactions

The growth of GaAs on patterned Si trenches is essential for the realization of planarized monolithic co-integration of GaAs and Si devices. The patterned boundary regions also provide lateral sinks for stresses and defect propagation so long as the undesirable sidewall growth interactions are suppressed. In this study, we developed a cantilever patterning mask structure, with feature sizes ranging from 1.5 to 100 μm using overhung SiO2 masks sitting on top of 3-μm-tall undercutting poly-Si patterns. The Si growth surface is protected and unetched. Patterned molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) grown GaAs layers are then prepared with complete elimination of sidewall interactions. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) results show there are reduced-defect areas in the regions 2 to 3 μm from the pattern edges compared to blanket grown areas. Combining the near-edge defect-reduction feature with other defect-reduction schemes incorporated during growth, patterned GaAs with sizes of 10 μm or under exhibits significant material quality improvements compared to blanket layer growth under the same conditions.
Identification of minimal enhancer elements sufficient for Pax3 expression in neural crest and implication of Tead2 as a regulator of Pax3.

Pax3 is a transcription factor that is required by Pre-migratory neural crest cells give rise to the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, some vascular smooth muscle, and numerous other derivatives. These cells require the transcription factor Pax3, and both mice and humans with Pax3 deficiency exhibit neural crest-related developmental defects. Pax3 is also expressed in the dorsal neural tube, and by myogenic progenitors in the presomitic mesoderm and the hypaxial somites. Molecular pathways that regulate Pax3 expression in the roof plate probably represent early upstream signals in neural crest induction. We have identified an enhancer region in the Pax3 genomic locus that is sufficient to recapitulate expression in neural crest precursors in transgenic mice. We show that Tead2, a member of the Tead box family of transcription factors, binds to a neural crest enhancer and activates Pax3 expression. Tead2, and its co-activator YAP65, are co-expressed with Pax3 in the dorsal neural tube, and mutation of the Tead2 binding site in the context of Pax3 transgenic constructs abolishes neural expression. In addition, a Tead2-Engrailed fusion protein is able to repress retinoic acid-induced Pax3 expression in P19 cells and in vivo. These results suggest that Tead2 is an endogenous activator of Pax3 in neural crest.
Isoform, kinetic and immunochemical characterization of rodent liver α-l-Fucosidases

Abstract 1. 1. α- l -Fucosidase from hamster and six inbred mouse strains contains two to three unique basic isoelectric forms (above pI 7.0) in addition to the usual acidic and neutral isoforms from pI 4–7. Rat liver α- l -Fucosidase contains multiple isoforms between pI values of 4.0 and 7.3 whereas guinea pig liver α- l -Fucosidase exhibits a single, broad isoform at pI 5.3. 2. 2. All the α- l -fucosidases have similar KM values (0.05–0.12 mM) for 4-methylumbelliferyl-α- l -fucopyranoside, but pH-activity curves which are significantly different in optima and per cent of optimal activity in the acid region. 3. 3. Double-antibody immunoprecipitation experiments indicate that rodent liver α- l -fucosidase cross react to varying extents with polyclonal antibody against human liver α- l -fucosidase. 4. 4. Hamster, guinea pig and mouse liver α- l -fucosidase exhibit significantly less binding than human and rat liver fucosidases to the agarose-E-aminocaproylfucosamine affinity resin.
Carbon monoxide and soot emissions from liquid-fueled buoyant turbulent diffusion flames

Carbon monoxide concentrations, soot concentrations, and mixture fractions were measured in the fuel-lean (overfire) region of liquid-fueled buoyant turbulent diffusion flames burning in still air. Pool-fire configurations were studied with the liquids burning from horizontal round wicks, considering both sooting (toluene, benzene, n-heptane, and isopropanol) and nonsooting (methanol and ethanol) fuels. Flame heights and characteristic residence times also were measured, both for the turbulent flames and at the normal smoke point (for the sooting fuels). Carbon monoxide and soot generation factors (mass of CO or soot emitted per unit mass of fuel carbon burned) were uniform throughout the overfire region and were relatively independent of flame residence times (which were generally an order of magnitude longer than the normal smoke point residence times of the sooting fuels). Processes of carbon monoxide and soot emission for the nonalcobols are closely related, based on the good correlation between their emission factors: 0.37 kg CO/per kg soot with a standard deviation of 0.09. However, nonsooting methanol and ethanol/air flames still emitted low levels of CO so that there is a component of CO emissions that is not associated with soot.
Are US treasury bills underpriced in the primary market

Abstract Studies of securities markets have found that new issues of debt or equity tend to be underpriced in primary markets. We extend this research by examining the US Treasury bill market. The bill market provides an especially pure comparison of new and seasoned bill prices because when new bills are issued, identical securities are trading coincidentally in the secondary market. We find that it is cheaper to buy a bill in the primary market than to buy the same bill in the secondary market. We explain this ‘underpricing’ as a predictable consequence of auctiontheoretic and microstructural differences in the primary and secondary market mechanisms.
Program decomposition for pointer aliasing: a step toward practical analyses

Pointer aliasing analysis is crucial to compile-time analyses for languages with general-purpose pointer usage (such as C), but many aliasing methods have proven quite costly. We present a technique that partitions the statements of a program to allow separate, and therefore possibly different, pointer aliasing analysis methods to be used on independent parts of the program. This decomposition enables exploration of tradeoff between algorithm efficiency and precision. We also present a new, efficient flow-insensitive pointer aliasing algorithm, which is used together with an existing flow-sensitive aliasing algorithm in our experiments. We demonstrate our technique in the context of determining side effects and variable fetches through names containing pointer dereferences (Thru-deref MOD/REF). Initial empirical results using a combination of a flow-sensitive and a flow-insensitive aliasing analysis on the same program, demonstrate that the resulting analysis is much faster than solely using the flow-sensitive method, and obtains similar precision for the Thru-deref MOD/REF problems.
Do as I Say and as I've Done: Assignment Accountability for College Educators

Assessing the potential impact and utility of course assignments are often a matter of informed, yet personal judgment. Here, in this article, doing our own assignments before assigning them to students is explored as a quality assurance measure and as a means to ensure an empathetic and critical approach to developing course work.
Mutations induced by the carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid riddelliine in the liver cII gene of transgenic big blue rats.

Riddelliine is a naturally occurring pyrrolizidine alkaloid that forms a number of different mononucleotide and dinucleotide adducts in DNA. It is a rodent carcinogen and a potential human hazard via food contamination. To examine the mutagenicity of riddelliine, groups of six female transgenic Big Blue rats were gavaged with 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg riddelliine per kg body weight. The middle and high doses resulted in liver tumors in a previous carcinogenesis bioassay. The animals were treated 5 days a week for 12 weeks and sacrificed 1 day after the last treatment. The liver DNA was isolated for analysis of the mutant frequency (MF) in the transgenic cII gene, and the types of mutations were characterized by sequencing the mutants. A significant dose-dependent increase in MF was found, increasing from 30 × 10-6 in the control animals to 47, 55, and 103 × 10-6 in the low, middle, and high dose groups, respectively. Molecular analysis of the mutants indicated that there was a statistically significant differe...
Use of atomic absorption spectrometry for iron determinations in coals

Abstract Analyses of iron content of the hydrochloric and nitric acid extracts in the ASTM procedure for sulphur forms in coals can be accurately determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Sulphate ion and sulphuric acid were found not to interfere.
Managing the microcomputer memory to solve larger scale I.E. problems

Abstract Insight into the hardware organization of microcomputers, the operation of high level language interpreters, and assembly language programming provides for more efficient utilization of the limited memory of microcomputers. This makes the solution of larger scale industrial engineering problems on microcomputers possible. A sample procedure and the efficiency obtained are presented using the optimal assignment problem as a demonstration model.
The effects of repression-sensitization classification and stress on eyewitness recall

Groups of eyewitnesses to a mock crime were evaluated with Byrne’s Repression-Sensitization Scale and exposed to an episode that was neutral or stressful. In testing for recall of the perpetrator’s features, repressors and sensitizers did not differ in the control condition, but sensitizers showed recall significantly superior to that shown by repressors under stress conditions. Repressors nonetheless indicated higher confidence in their memory as eyewitnesses. The data support Byrne’s (1964) model of cognitive avoiding and cognitive approaching response styles.
Short- to Medium-Range Atomic Order and Crystallite Size of the Initial FeS Precipitate from Pair Distribution Function Analysis

Pair distribution function analysis (PDF) of X-ray diffraction data, collected at 11-IDC and 1-ID at the Advanced Photon Source, provides the atomic structure and primary crystallite size of FeS both freshly precipitated (FeSfresh) and aged (FeSaged). The short- to medium-range structure of both FeSfresh and FeSaged are nearly identical with that of highly crystalline (bulk) mackinawite. Attenuation in the observed range of structural coherence of the PDF for FeSfresh indicates an average crystallite size on the order of ∼2 nm. This range of structural coherence increased with aging of the sample under hydrothermal conditions due to growth of the individual crystallites, although the mechanism by which this growth occurs is not clear at present. Electron microscopic imaging confirms the presence of individual nanoscale crystallites and provides some insight into their aggregation behavior as larger clusters. The initial, fresh precipitate does not exhibit long-range atomic structure because it is nanocrys...
Analysis of HIV-1 viral infectivity factor-mediated proteasome-dependent depletion of APOBEC3G: correlating function and subcellular localization.

To study how HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) mediates proteasome-dependent depletion of host factor APOBEC3G, functional and nonfunctional Vif-APOBEC3G interactions were correlated with subcellular localization. APOBEC3G localized throughout the cytoplasm and co-localized with γ-tubulin, 20 S proteasome subunit, and ubiquitin at punctate cytoplasmic bodies that can be used to monitor the Vif-APOBEC3G interaction in the cell. Through immunostaining and live imaging, we showed that a substantial fraction of Vif localized to the nucleus, and this localization was impaired by deletion of amino acids 12-23. When co-expressed, Vif exhibited more pronounced localization to the cytoplasm and reduced the total cellular levels of APOBEC3G but rarely co-localized with APOBEC3G at cytoplasmic bodies. On the contrary, VifC114S, which is inactive but continues to interact with APOBEC3G, stably associated with APOBEC3G in the cytoplasm, resulting in complete co-localization at cytoplasmic bodies and a dose-dependent exclusion of VifC114S from the nucleus. Following proteasome inhibition, cytoplasmic APOBEC3G levels increased, and both proteins co-accumulated nonspecifically into a vimentin-encaged aggresome. Furthermore in the presence or absence of APOBEC3G, Vif localization was significantly altered by proteasome inhibition, suggesting that aberrant localization may also contribute to the loss of Vif function. Finally mutations at Vif Ile9 disrupted the ability of Vif or VifC114S to coimmunoprecipitate and to co-localize with APOBEC3G, suggesting that the N terminus of Vif mediates interactions with APOBEC3G. Taken together, these results demonstrate that cytoplasmic Vif-APOBEC3G interactions are required but are not sufficient for Vif to modulate APOBEC3G and can be monitored by co-localization in vivo.