cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seismicity and neotectonics of West Antarctica

[1] Newly discovered earthquakes in West Antarctica provide the first documentation of seismicity in the region. The data presented here indicate that the ice sheet does not suppress seismicity as has been previously proposed. However, the observed earthquake pattern suggests the West Antarctic rift system is no longer actively extending.
Tau and α-Synuclein Pathology in Amygdala of Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex Patients of Guam

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS/PDC) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of Chamorro residents of Guam and the Mariana Islands, characterized by abundant neuron loss and tau neurofibrillary pathology similar to that observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A variety of neurodegenerative diseases with tau pathology including ALS/PDC also have α-synuclein positive pathology, primarily in the amygdala. We further characterized the tau and α-synuclein pathology in the amygdala of a large series of 30 Chamorros using immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques. Tau pathology was readily detected in both affected and unaffected Chamorros. In contrast, α-synuclein pathology was detected in 37% of patients with PDC but not detected in Chamorros without PDC or AD. The α-synuclein aggregates often co-localized within neurons harboring neurofibrillary tangles suggesting a possible interaction between the two proteins. Tau and α-synuclein pathology within the amygdala is biochemically similar to that observed in AD and synucleinopathies, respectively. Thus, the amygdala may be selectively vulnerable to developing both tau and α-synuclein pathology or tau pathology may predispose it to synuclein aggregation. Furthermore, in PDC, tau and α-synuclein pathology occurs independent of β-amyloid deposition in amygdala thereby implicating the aggregation of these molecules in the severe neurodegeneration frequently observed in this location.
Parabolic oxidation of metals

Abstract A new parabolic law for the kinetics of growth of coherent oxide films on metal crystals is presented which is applicable in the thick-film limit where approximate space-charge neutrality becomes a reasonable assumption.
Batho's correction factor combined with scatter summation.

In dose calculations for external beams, Batho’s correction factor applies to internal heterogeneities that cover the entire cross section of the beam. This study examines the possibility of combining Batho’s correction factor with a scatter summation method, akin to that of Day, for heterogeneities that cover only part of the beam and for arbitrarily located points. The results of such calculations for beams of 60Coγ photons are compared to Monte Carlo calculations by Webb and Fox and experimental data by Sontag. It is concluded that the technique, with some exceptions, yields results that are superior to the simple Batho correction factor.
Comparison theorems for viscosity solutions of a system of quasivariational inequalities with application to optimal control with switching costs

In this paper we prove a comparison principle between a viscosity sub- and supersolution for a system of quasivariational inequalities and apply it to show that a continuous lower value vector function of an optimal switching-cost control problem is characterized as the minimal, nonnegative, continuous, viscosity supersolution of the SQVI.
Effect of Escherichia coli hemolysin on permeability of erythrocyte membranes to calcium

The extracellular hemolysin produced by porcine strains of E. coli effects a marked increase in the calcium permeability of erythrocyte membranes. This hemolysin promotes both calcium efflux from either calcium-loaded erythrocytes or erythrocyte ghosts and calcium accumulation during the pre-lytic period. Erythrocyte membrane calcium permeability was determined using either the radioisotope 45Ca or a calcium electrode. When similar concentrations of erythrocytes (35% packed cell volume) were treated with increasing amounts of hemolysin there was an increase in both the rate and the extent of calcium accumulation by the erythrocytes. These increases were due to increased numbers of erythrocytes becoming permeable to calcium as hemolysin concentrations increased, rather than increasing amounts of calcium being accumulated by individual erythrocytes. Hemolysins produced by porcine strains of E. coli from five geographical areas all increased calcium permeability of erythrocyte membranes.
Autonomous-Statistical Explanations and Natural Selection

AbstractShapiro and Sober ([2007]) claim that Walsh, Ariew, Lewens, and Matthen (henceforth WALM) give a mistaken, a priori defense of natural selection and drift as epiphenomenal. Contrary to Shap...
Magnetic resonance imaging of vasa praevia.

A 34 year old primigravid woman had an ultrasound examination at 20 weeks of gestation that showed a complete placenta praevia. Follow up transvaginal sonography at 24 weeks of gestation revealed echolucent linear structures overlying the cervix, suggesting a vasa praevia. The placenta appeared to have two lobes, with vessels running over the cervix between them. Pulsed Doppler demonstrated a fetal pulse rate of 140 beats per minute in these vessels. We decided to perform magnetic resonance imaging on the patient in order to determine whether vasa praevia could be diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging, and also to see whether magnetic resonance imaging could add any further information beyond that which we already had with ultrasound and Doppler. We obtained approval from our Institutional Review Board to perform a magnetic resonance imaging on the patient for further evaluation of the vasa praevia. The patient was counselled, and informed consent was obtained. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging revealed three areas of signal void overlying the cervix (Fig. 1). Using two-dimensional time-of-flight sequences, flow was demonstrated through these structures. There was flow through two vessels in one direction (Fig. 2A), and flow through the third vessel in the opposite direction (Fig. 2B), consistent with the expected directions of flow in the umbilical arteries and the vein. The placenta was shown to have an accessory lobe, and these vessels ran between the lobes. The woman was hospitalised in the third trimester and was delivered by elective caesarean section at 351⁄2 weeks of gestation. The diagnosis of vasa praevia was confirmed at delivery; the placenta had two lobes, with communicating vessels running over the cervix between them. The live male infant had Apgar scores of 8 and 9, and was discharged home eight days later. The infant is doing well at 10 months of age.
Stability of a rod with a spiral axis under combined loading

The stability of a rod on elastic supports under a uniform radial load and opposing forces applied to the generatrices of a cylindrical surface, which contains the rod's spiral axis, is examined.
Continua whose hyperspace and suspension are homeomorphic

Abstract Let X be a (nonempty metric) continuum. By the hyperspace of X we mean C ( X )={ A : A is a nonempty subcontinuum of X } with the Hausdorff metric. The suspension S ( X ) of X is the quotient space (X×[-1, +1]) R , where X ×[-1, +1] is the cartesian product of X and the closed interval [-1, +1] and R is the equivalence relation given by: ( x 1 , t 1 ) R ( x 2 , t 2 ) if and only if t 1 = t 2 =+1, t 1 = t 2 =-1, or x 1 = x 2 and t 1 = t 2 . It is shown that the arc is the only finitely-dimensional continuum whose hyperspace and suspension are homeomorphic.
Defect-free sintering of two material powder injection molded components Part I Experimental investigations

Two material powder injection molding (PIM) is a recently developed method to manufacture functionally graded components. This paper describes an experimental technique to determine the suitability of two materials to be combined via PIM. This is accomplished by comparing the individual shrinkage versus temperature behavior of the candidate systems. The concepts are validated by two material PIM, sintering, and subsequent microstructural observation. Two materials are compatible for two material powder injection molding provided they form a metallurgical bond and the sintering response of one material mimics the other. An extensive difference in sintering shrinkage, especially during the initial stage of sintering, results in defects such as cracks and delamination. Success of these concepts is elucidated by two material PIM of tool steel and boron doped austenitic stainless steel.
Immunology of reproduction

Immunobiology of Trobophlast. (Clinical and Experimental Immunoreproduction, 1.) Edited by R. G. Edwards, C. W. S. Howe and M. H. Johnson. Pp. x + 284. (Cambridge University: Cambridge, London and New York, August 1975.) £6.
The Politics of Desire and Possibility in Urban Playwriting: (Re)reading and (Re)writing the Script.

In this article, the author analyses scripts written by incarcerated girls in playwriting and performance workshops conducted in regional youth detention centres and performed by formerly incarcerated girls in a programme called “Girl Time” in an urban American southeastern city. Through a close reading and analysis of characters, plots and settings, the author argues that this catalogue of plays collected over a 5-year period (2006–2011) embodies the ways in which incarcerated girls – primarily African American and ages 14–17 – used playwriting as a tool to navigate “betwixt and between” lives that are a result of being entangled in the juvenile justice system. The author ultimately argues that these “urban playwrights” articulate a desire that focuses on possible lives beyond detainment and incarceration.
Simultaneous extraction of β-endorphin and Leu- and met-enkephalins from human and rat plasma

Abstract A simple, rapid and reliable procedure is described to simultaneously concentrate and purify β-endorphin, leu- and met-enkephalins from small volumes of human and rat plasma before radioimmunoassay is performed. It uses C 18 Sep-Pak reverse phase cartridges. The effectiveness of different protease inhibitors in preventing degradation of opiates by plasma and different solvent systems for eluting opiates is also evaluated.
Comparative effectiveness of the hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors boceprevir and telaprevir in a large U.S. cohort.

Summary Background Limited data exist on the effectiveness of boceprevir and telaprevir in routine practice. Aim To assess the comparative effectiveness of boceprevir and telaprevir regimens. Methods In this observational, intent-to-treat cohort analysis of hepatitis C genotype 1-infected veterans initiated on peginterferon/ribavirin and boceprevir (n = 661) or telaprevir (n = 198), we determined sustained virological response (SVR), treatment discontinuation rates and adverse haematological events. Inverse probability-of-treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to estimate the effect of one drug over the other, with matched pairs and unweighted logistic regression on the entire cohort for comparison. Results Of 835 veterans, SVR occurred in 50% and 52% receiving boceprevir- and telaprevir-based treatment, respectively (P = 0.72). No significant differences occurred among subgroups: cirrhotics (37% vs. 39%, P = 0.94), null responders (23% vs. 18%, P = 0.81), partial responders (39% vs. 58%, P = 0.15) and relapsers (60% vs. 77%, P = 0.11). Early discontinuation rates for boceprevir and telaprevir, respectively, were 31% and 28% by week 24 (P = 0.46) and 54% and 45% by 48 weeks (in those completing at least 28 weeks) (P = 0.14). Choice of telaprevir over boceprevir was significantly associated with SVR in multivariate models (IPTW OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.10–2.25, P = 0.01; matched-pairs OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.23–3.00, P = 0.004; unweighted OR: 1.50 95% CI: 1.05–2.14, P = 0.02). Rates of haematological adverse events in boceprevir- and telaprevir-treated patients were as follows: anaemia 59% vs. 51%, P = 0.30, thrombocytopenia 41% vs. 48%, P = 0.26, neutropenia 41% vs. 27%, P = 0.04. Conclusions Sustained virological response was more likely with telaprevir-based regimens compared with boceprevir-based regimens in routine medical practice, after accounting for patient differences. Early discontinuation and haematological events, however, were similar.
Ecological principles, biodiversity, and the electric utility industry

The synthetic field of conservation biology uses principles derived from many different disciplines to address biodiversity issues. Many of these principles have come from ecology, and two simple ones that seem to relate to many issues involving the utility industry are: (1) “Everything is interconnected” (and should usually stay that way), and (2) “We can never do merely one thing.” The first principle can be applied to both the biotic and physical environments that are impacted by industrial activities. Habitat fragmentation and the loss of physical and biotic connectedness that results are frequently associated with transmission rights-of-way. These problems can be reduced—or even turned into conservation benefits—by careful planning and creative management. The second principle applies to the utility industry's programs to deal with carbon released by burning fossil fuels. Ecological knowledge can allow these programs to contribute to the preservation of biodiversity in addition to addressing a pollution problem. Without careful ecological analyses, industry could easily create new problems while implementing solutions to old ones.
A neuromodulator of synaptic transmission acts on the secretory apparatus as well as on ion channels

THE mechanisms that underlie synaptic plasticity have been largely inferred from electrophysiological studies performed at sites remote from synaptic terminals. Thus the mechanisms involved in plasticity at the secretory sites have remained ill-defined. We have now used somatic synapses of cultured Helisoma neurones1–3 to directly assess presynaptic ion conductances and study the secre-tory apparatus. At these synapses we determined the actions of a modulatory neuropeptide, Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFa), on the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Using voltage- and calcium-clamp techniques, we have demonstrated that FMRFa causes a presynaptic inhibition of ACh release by (1) reducing the magnitude of the voltage-dependent calcium current, and (2) regulating the secretory apparatus. The photolabile calcium cage, nitr-5 (refs 3–8), was dialysed into the presynaptic cell. In response to ultraviolet light, calcium was released from nitr-5 and ACh secretion was stimulated. Under conditions of constant inter-nal calcium, FMRFa reduced the rate of ACh release. Thus we conclude that FMRFa reduces the influx of calcium during the action potential and decreases the sensitivity of the secretory apparatus to elevated internal calcium, thereby contributing to a presynaptic inhibition of transmitter release.
Reactions of Families To The Child With Cystic Fibrosis

The purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate the nature of behavior patterns of families, especially siblings of children with cystic fibrosis. Special attention was given to changes in behaviors of the siblings following the diagnosis of CF. Orem's self-care theory was used as the framework to describe the data and potential methods of assistance. Twenty-five siblings from fourteen different families consented to be interviewed. The mean age was 9.78 years. The data revealed considerable changes in family activities which represented interruption in the universal self-care requisite for solitude and social interaction. Family vacations involving travel were reduced because of anxieties relating to possible crises and adequacy of medical assistance while traveling. The findings revealed a serious lack of nursing involvement with these families. Most of the care was given by physicians and social workers who saw the families only in the clinic setting. The applications of five methods of assistance are described as suggestions for nursing involvement.
Quantifying System-Level Benefits from Distributed Solar and Energy Storage

AbstractMicrogeneration using solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is one of the fastest growing applications of solar energy in the United States. Its success has been partly fueled by the availability of net metering by electric utilities. However, with increasing solar PV penetration, the availability of net metering is likely to be capped. Households would then need to rely on distributed storage to capture the full benefits of their installed PV systems. Although studies of these storage systems to assess their benefits to the individual household have been examined in literature, the systemwide benefits have yet to be fully examined. In this study, the utility level benefits of distributed PV systems coupled with electricity storage are quantified. The goal is to provide an estimate of these benefits so that these savings can potentially be translated into incentives to drive more PV investment. An agent-based residential electricity demand model is combined with a stochastic programming unit commitment ...
Parental Nativity Affects Children’s Health and Access to Care

Objective To examine the effect of parental nativity on child health and access to health care. Data Source The 2002 National Survey of America’s Families. Results Among US children, 14% have foreign-born parents; 5% have one foreign- and one native-born parent (“mixed-nativity”). In multivariate logistic regression analyses, children with foreign-born parents were less likely than children with US-born parents to be perceived in “very good” or “excellent health” [OR = 0.68; 95% CI (0.56–0.82)] and to have a usual health care site [OR = 0.52 (0.38–0.69)]; having mixed-nativity parents is associated with better perceived child health. These effects persisted for minority, but not white, children. Regardless of race and ethnicity, non-citizen children have worse access to care. Conclusion Efforts to improve children of immigrants’ health and access to care should focus on families in which both parents are immigrants, particularly those who are ethnic or racial minorities. Efforts to increase use of health services should focus on non-citizen children.
Starvation Injury after Gastric Reduction for Obesity

Gastric reduction operations are designed to control body weight by establishing a small, meal-size juxtaesophageal, gastric pouch that empties into the jejunum (gastric bypass) or the larger portion of the stomach (gastroplasty). If the outlet of the pouch is too small, a patient may be limited to ingesting clear liquids. Vomiting then occurs if heavier liquids or normal foods are taken. An occasional patient has difficulty eating properly and vomits even though the pouch volume and outlet are of optimum size. For a patient who reports vomiting, a distinction must be made between episodic improper eating and uncontrolled starvation. Three types of starvation injury are described: (1) sudden death from protein malnutrition; (2) refeeding syndrome; and (3) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. The mechanisms of the development, manifestations, prevention, and treatment of these complications are explained. Surgeons who treat severe obesity should be aware of these complications and be prepared to manage patients who have uncontrolled vomiting so that such complications either do not develop or are recognized and treated as early as possible before serious and irreversible injury occurs.
Isolation of the fourth component of guinea pig complement and its single polypeptide chain precursor from plasma.

Abstract Guinea pig C4 (C4gp)§ was isolated from plasma by polyethyleneglycol-4000 (PEG-4000) precipitation, lysine-Sepharose affinity chromatography removal of plasminogen and plasmin, DEAE-Sephacel, SP-Sephadex chromatography, and Sepharose CL-6B gel filtration. Both phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) were present in all Chromatographie buffers, and each C4 pooled concentrate was made 0.5 mM in DFP. The overall yield for three consecutive preparations averaged 3.1% of the initial plasma hemolytic C4 activity and the average specific activity rose to 139,223 U/mg, representing an average purification factor of 157-fold. The preparation of C4 gave a single band on Ouchterlony analysis with antiserum to guinea pig serum or to purified C4. Analytical alkaline discontinuous gel electrophoresis revealed a dominant protein band and functional C4 eluted from replicate gels in this region. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of unreduced C4 gave a mol. wt of 200,000, whereas SDS-PAGE of reduced and alkylated C4 demonstrated subunits of 93,000, 75,000 and 33,000 mol. wt as well as a small amount of non-reducible 200,000 mol. wt material. Elution of the 200,000 mol. wt material recognized by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions revealed antigenic relatedness to either the α- or β-chain of C4, suggesting that it represents a pro-C4 single chain polypeptide.
Spectroscopic remote sensing of the distribution and persistence of oil from the Deepwater Horizon spill in Barataria Bay marshes

Abstract We applied a spectroscopic analysis to Airborne Visible/InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data collected from low and medium altitudes during and after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill to delineate the distribution of oil-damaged canopies in the marshes of Barataria Bay, Louisiana. Spectral feature analysis compared the AVIRIS data to reference spectra of oiled marsh by using absorption features centered near 1.7 and 2.3 μm, which arise from C H bonds in oil. AVIRIS-derived maps of oiled shorelines from the individual dates of July 31, September 14, and October 4, 2010, were 89.3%, 89.8%, and 90.6% accurate, respectively. A composite map at 3.5 m grid spacing, accumulated from the three dates, was 93.4% accurate in detecting oiled shorelines. The composite map had 100% accuracy for detecting damaged plant canopy in oiled areas that extended more than 1.2 m into the marsh. Spatial resampling of the AVIRIS data to 30 m reduced the accuracy to 73.6% overall. However, detection accuracy remained high for oiled canopies that extended more than 4 m into the marsh (23 of 28 field reference points with oil were detected). Spectral resampling of the 3.5 m AVIRIS data to Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) spectral response greatly reduced the detection of oil spectral signatures. With spatial resampling of simulated Landsat ETM data to 30 m, oil signatures were not detected. Overall, ~ 40 km of coastline, marsh comprised mainly of Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus , were found to be oiled in narrow zones at the shorelines. Zones of oiled canopies reached on average 11 m into the marsh, with a maximum reach of 21 m. The field and airborne data showed that, in many areas, weathered oil persisted in the marsh from the first field survey, July 10, to the latest airborne survey, October 4, 2010. The results demonstrate the applicability of high spatial resolution imaging spectrometer data to identifying contaminants in the environment for use in evaluating ecosystem disturbance and response.
Re-Envisioning the Professional Doctorate for Educational Leadership and Higher Education Leadership: Vanderbilt University's Peabody College Ed.D. Program.

This article describes the process by which the faculty of the Department of Leadership, Policy and Organizations at Vanderbilt University's Peabody College conceived and implemented a new doctoral program designed for senior education practitioners. The authors describe the organizational context in which decisions were made. Next, they explain the theoretical and philosophical underpinnings of the revised degree program. Then, specifics of the program curriculum and delivery are detailed. Finally, the article explores how the reconceptualized program is differentiated from the traditional research doctorate. At Vanderbilt, the Ed.D. is designed for mid-career professionals with an orientation to practice who seek a terminal degree and career advancement within their organizations. It is oriented toward solving problems of practice and takes as its goal placement of graduates into senior leadership positions within educational organizations.
Selective initiation of replication at origin sequences of the rDNA molecule of Physarum polycephalum using synchronous plasmodial extracts

A cell-free system using synchronous plasmodial extracts initiates replication selectively on the 60 kb rDNA palindrome of Physarum polycephalum. Preferential labeling of rDNA fragments by nuclear extracts, in which elongation is limited, indicates that initiation occurs at two positions corresponding to in vivo origins of replication estimated by electron microscopy. Both nuclear and whole plasmodial extracts initiate selectively within a plasmid, pPHR21, containing one of these origins. In this plasmid bubbles expand bidirectionally and generate DpnI-resistant DNA. Extracts made at prophase or early S phase, times when the nucleolus is disorganized, are most active in pPHR21 replication. Mapping positions of replication bubbles locates the initiation point in a 3.2 kb BstEII fragment at the upstream border of a series of 31 bp repeats 2.4 kb from the initiation point for ribosomal gene transcription.
Nonreciprocal subwavelength optical nanoantennas

Summary form only given. Optical nanoantennas have recently become an active field of research, offering a number of potential applications, including sensing, lasing, photovoltaics, and medical treatment. The functionality of an antenna is determined by the ability of a dynamic tuning of its radiation pattern, i.e. active beam steering, and on the ability to differentiate between transmitted and received signals. At microwave frequencies these conditions are achieved by the use of complex electronic and modular systems, for example, with the help of phase array antennas, or by applying signal processing tools. However, at optical frequencies such as visible, IR and THz wavelengths these well known techniques are not readily applicable. Furthermore, it is highly desirable to keep optical antenna dimensions below the subwavelength limit. Utilizing material response in optical nanoantenna engineering might provide additional degrees of freedom. In particular, magneto-optical materials provide additional nonreciprocal coupling between electric field components and can be tuned by an applied magnetic field.
Millimeter Wave CARM Amplifier Experiment

A high power, 140 GHz, cyclotron autoresonance maser (or CARM) amplifier is under development at the Plasma Fusion Center at M.I.T. Theory, simulations, and the experimental design are discussed. The experiment will employ a high voltage (450 - 700 kV) Pierce-type beam and a helical wiggler to produce the required electron beam. The initial experiment will be carried out using a 450 kV electron gun; the second phase of the experimental program will employ a 700 kV electron gun. First experimental operation is anticipated shortly. The details of the experimental design and theoretical analysis will be presented.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects on life history variables and population dynamics following maternal metal exposure in the live-bearing fish Gambusia affinis

This study investigated the effect of maternal copper and maternal cadmium exposure on life history variables and population dynamics in a live-bearing fish species. Gravid females were exposed to copper, cadmium, or background metal levels (control); maternal transfer of the metals was previously demonstrated using the exact same design. Each female’s first brood, born after the exposure, was subdivided into two groups. One group was raised in the laboratory, to assess time-to and size-at sexual maturity, reproductive output and other life history variables. Offspring from the other group were used to start four mesocosm populations for each treatment. These populations were sampled monthly, for about 18 months, to assess population dynamics. For the laboratory-reared fish, offspring of copper-exposed females reached sexual maturity at a smaller size than did offspring from the other treatments. Maternal copper exposure and maternal cadmium exposure both resulted in fewer broods and an increase in gestation time. No impacts were detected for brood size, inter-brood interval, time-to-sexual-maturity, or life span. In the greenhouse population study, no effect of maternal copper or cadmium exposure was evident for population parameters, other than that the relative abundance of juveniles and/or newborns was reduced in populations established with offspring of the exposed females. This study provided evidence that a short-term metal exposure of gravid females can negatively affect their offspring’s life history variables and potentially influence population dynamics in a life-bearing fish species.
Formulation of a ΔV minimization problem in heliocentric space incorporating finite powered-flight times

Abstract A method for minimizing the Δv required for interplanetary missions in heliocentric space is presented. The method is developed by decomposing the orbital transfer into three phases; an initial powered-flight phase, an intermediate free-flight phase, and a terminal powered-flight phase. The free-flight phase is governed by standard two-body orbital mechanics, and the appropriate equations are presented. Assumptions are made regarding the nature of the powered-flight phases, and the results are examined to check the validity of the assumptions. Preliminary results obtained from the optimization code are also presented.
Art in Transportation: Multimodal Overview

In recent decades interest in incorporating art into transportation facilities has increased. Proponents suggest that art is appropriate for inclusion in many modes of transportation and that transportation facilities serve as an ideal venue for art, allowing the public to appreciate art during daily life, be it during a commute, recreational trip, or community festival. This paper provides an introduction to art and transportation, for public transportation as well as other surface transportation modes, including roadway, pedestrian, and bicycle facilities. A brief history of transportation art and public art is presented, as well as legislation that enables local agencies to leverage federal funds and support the integration of art into transportation projects. Examples of art in transportation for multiple modes are presented that illustrate the wide range of possibilities across the country.
Mnemonic Schemes in the New History of Memory

Books reviewed in this article: The Memory of the Modern By Matt K. Matsuda Landscape and Memory By Simon Schama
Use of seeded Nd:YAG lasers for high-resolution spectroscopy.

The frequency tuning and stabilization of a novel long-pulse seeded Nd:YAG laser is described. The laser frequency was stabilized to ±8 MHz by locking it to an iodine absorption. A Doppler-free experiment shows the laser linewidth to be in good agreement with the Fourier transform limit of 10 MHz. Molecular hyperfine frequencies and parameters were determined for three I2 absorption lines. The use of this laser as a pump and a cw probe amplifier for coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy is illustrated by a scan of the 2ν2Q-branch transition in CO2, and the instrumental resolution is found to be 43 ± 15 MHz.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of the flagellar hook from Caulobacter crescentus.

Abstract The structure of the bacterial flagellar hook produced by a mutant of Caulobacter crescentus was studied by electron microscopy, optical diffraction, and digital image processing techniques. The helical surface lattice of the hook is defined by a single, right-handed genetic helix having a pitch of about 23 A, an axial rise per subunit of 4 A and an azimuthal angle between subunits of 64·5 °. The lattice is also characterized by intersecting families of 5-start, 6-start and long-pitch 11-start helices. These helical parameters are remarkably similar to those determined for the flagellar filaments from several strains of gram-negative bacteria. The technique of three-dimensional image reconstruction (DeRosier & Klug, 1968) was applied to nine of the better preserved specimens and the diffraction data from five of these were correlated and averaged and used to generate an average three-dimensional model of the hook. The pattern of density modulations in the three-dimensional model is suggestive of an elongated, curved shape for the hook subunit (100 A × 25 A × 25 A). The subunits are situated in the lattice of the polyhook such that their long axes are tilted about 45 ° with respect to the hook axis. The subunits appear to make contact with each other along the 6-start helices at a radius of 80 A and also along the 11-start helices at a radius of 65 A. Few structural features are revealed at radii between 15 a and 45 A and, therefore, we are unable to decide to what extent the hook subunits extend into this region. The most striking characteristic of the model is the presence of deep, broad, continuous 6-start helical grooves extending from an inner radius of about 50 A to the perimeter of the particle at 105 A radius. Normal hooks usually appear curved in electron micrographs and sometimes so are the mutant hooks; the prominent 6-start grooves appear to allow for bending with minimal distortion of matter in the outer regions of the hook. A round stain-filled channel about 25 A in diameter runs down the center of the polyhook. Such a channel supports a model for flagellar assembly in which flagellin subunits travel through the interior of the flagellum to the growing distal end of the filament.
Evidence for the existence of a large molecular weight protein in human pituitary tissue having follicle stimulating hormone activity.

A large molecular weight protein fraction was isolated during purification of follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH) from acetone preserved human pituitary glands. This large molceular weight fraction, F-l, was not retarded by Sephadex G-100 as was hFSH, nor did it penetrate 7.% acrylamide gel upon electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate as did hFSH. There was no evidence of dissociation of F-l into smaller molecular weight fractions upon its refiltration through Sephadex G-100 or upon electrophoresis, suggesting F-l was not an aggregate of smaller size proteins. Fraction F-l stimulated ovarian growth in rats, inhibited binding of 125I-hFSH to rat testes membranes and cross-reacted with antiserum to hFSH, hFSH-alpha subunit and hFSH-beta subunit as determined by radioimmunoassay. Based on gel filtration experiments, it seemed unlikely that immunologic activity against subunit antisera could be attributed to contamination of F-l by free FSH subunits. The membrane binding activity of F-l decreased after incu...
Physicians' professional responsibility to improve the quality of care.

Physicians have long recognized a professional responsibility to improve the quality of care. However, that responsibility should be evolving in light of developments in both the science of quality improvement and the ethical base of professionalism. Over the last 30 years, quality science has moved from static/structural measures to a much more sophisticated set of outcome and process issues. It has also self-consciously integrated notions of continuous improvement. The ethical base of professionalism is also more dynamic, today emphasizing the policy activist attributes of so-called civic professionalism. The combination of modern quality measurement/improvement and activist professionalism is a virtual call to arms for the profession to advocate care that is systematically better. Recent developments in the domain of quality dealing with medical errors can be used to illustrate this synergy, and provide a set of mandates for the new professional commitment to quality. Acad. Med. 2002;77:973‐980.
Qualitative Data Analysis: Challenges and Dilemmas Related to Theory and Method

The purpose of this article is to initiate a discussion of the struggles and challenges we encountered as we developed a method of analysis for a particular qualitative study. We present our thinking process showing the questions that arose, the theoretical ideas on which we relied, and the decisions we made at crucial junctures. Portions from several theoretical frames used as the basis for the analysis are presented and include Polkinghorne's (1995) narrative inquiry, Glaser and Strauss's (1967) and Charmaz's (2000) grounded theory, Riessman's (1990b) mixed approach to analysis, and Rosaldo's (1989) ideas on reflexivity. Examples from the study are used to illustrate points in the analysis.
Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Signal Transduction Blocks Follicle Progression but Does Not Necessarily Disrupt Vascular Development in Perinatal Rat Ovaries

We hypothesized that vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) angiogenic isoforms and their receptors, FLT1 and KDR, regulate follicular progression in the perinatal rat ovary. Each VEGFA angiogenic isoform has unique functions (based on its exons) that affect diffusibility, cell migration, branching, and development of large vessels. The Vegfa angiogenic isoforms (Vegfa_120, Vegfa_164, and Vegfa_188) were detected in developing rat ovaries, and quantitative RT-PCR determined that Vegfa_120 and Vegfa_164 mRNA was more abundant after birth, while Vegfa_188 mRNA was highest at Embryonic Day 16. VEGFA and its receptors were localized to pregranulosa and granulosa cells of all follicle stages and to theca cells of advanced-stage follicles. To determine the role of VEGFA in developing ovaries, Postnatal Day 3/4 rat ovaries were cultured with 8 μM VEGFR-TKI, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks FLT1 and KDR. Ovaries treated with VEGFR-TKI had vascular development reduced by 94% (P < 0.0001), with more primordial follicles (stage 0), fewer early primary, transitional, and secondary follicles (stages 1, 3, and 4, respectively), and greater total follicle numbers compared with control ovaries (P < 0.005). V1, an inhibitor specific for KDR, was utilized to determine the effects of only KDR inhibition. Treatment with 30 μM V1 had no effect on vascular density; however, treated ovaries had fewer early primary, transitional, and secondary follicles and more primary follicles (stage 2) compared with control ovaries (P < 0.05). We conclude that VEGFA may be involved in primordial follicle activation and in follicle maturation and survival, which are regulated through vascular-dependent and vascular-independent mechanisms.
Comments by the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association on the COSO request for comments on Internal Control over External Financial Reporting: Compendium of Approaches and Examples

SUMMARY: On September 18, 2012, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) solicited public comments on its exposure draft of the document entitled Internal Control over External Financial Reporting: Compendium of Approaches and Examples (Compendium). According to COSO's press release, the Compendium is part of its project to update the Internal Control—Integrated Framework (Framework) and is meant to “assist users when applying the Framework to external financial reporting objectives.” The 63-day comment period ended on November 20, 2012. This commentary summarizes the contributors' views on this exposure draft (the exposure draft and other related information can be accessed at: http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cfodirect/publications/in-brief/2012-43-coso-releases-internal-control-compendium-for-public.jhtml and the associated updated Framework. Comments are separated into two sections: general comments, and comments in response to specific questions posed by COSO in its request...
Redundant Via Insertion in Restricted Topology Layouts

In this paper, the authors describe the application of redundant via insertion (RV) to the restricted topologies proposed for gridded and alternating phase shift mask layouts. Adding redundant vias has been shown to improve the yield and reliability of designs. The paper shows that it is possible to successfully add redundant vias, provided that the gridded layer is adjacent to a layer that can receive the additional layout complexity of the off-direction routing necessary to add additional vias. The authors compare a static method for via insertion that does not move existing wires with a dynamic method that shifts wires to make space for additional vias
Knowledge of Head and Neck Cancer Among Medical Students at 2 Chicago Universities

Objective To assess the knowledge of first- (M1) and fourth- (M4) year medical students regarding head and neck cancer (HNC) risk factors, signs, symptoms, and frequency; designated oral screening recommendations; head and neck physical examination techniques; and medical school curriculum on this subject. Design Cross-sectional cohort study using a survey questionnaire. Setting Two metropolitan-area medical schools in Chicago, Illinois. Participants Of 601 M1 and M4 medical students, 304 completed the survey. Main Outcome Measures Percentage of medical students from 2 classes at 2 different universities who knew baseline knowledge about HNC. Results The response rate was approximately 50% for each class from each university. The M1 students from the 2 institutions differed on identifying a lump in the neck and voice changes among the signs and symptoms associated with HNC and American Cancer Society examination recommendations. The M4 students did not differ between the 2 schools and were more knowledgeable than the M1 students on risk factors, signs, symptoms, most frequent histologic type, American Cancer Society recommendations, and common subsites of HNC. Curricular experiences, as expected, varied between M1 and M4 students. Conclusions This study demonstrates an increase in knowledge about HNC in M4 students compared with M1 students. Yet, graduating students are still deficient regarding certain risk factors, oral screening guidelines, head and neck examination techniques, and medical school curriculum. Further efforts should be aimed at expanding head and neck education for medical students.
Active-Matrix Amorphous-Silicon TFTs Arrays at 180 $^circhboxC$ on Clear Plastic and Glass Substrates for Organic Light-Emitting Displays

An amorphous-silicon thin-film transistor (TFT) process with a 180 degC maximum temperature using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition has been developed on both novel clear polymer and glass substrates. The gate leakage current, threshold voltage, mobility, and on/off ratio of the TFTs are comparable with those of standard TFTs on glass with deposition temperature of 300 degC-350 degC. Active-matrix pixel circuits for organic light-emitting displays (LEDs) on both glass and clear plastic substrates were fabricated with these TFTs. Leakage current in the switching TFT is low enough to allow data storage for video graphics array timings. The pixels provide suitable drive current for bright displays at a modest drive voltage. Test active matrices with integrated polymer LEDs on glass showed good pixel uniformity, behaved electrically as expected for the TFT characteristics, and were as bright as 1500 cd/m2
ASSESSING MIGRATION OF RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRDS (ARCHILOCHUS COLUBRIS) AT BROAD SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALES

ABSTRACT. Phenological patterns in birds appear to be temperature-dependent in part, and global temperatures are undergoing change. Many studies of bird phenology are conducted at broad temporal but local spatial scales, making it difficult to assess how temperature affects bird migration across landscapes. Recently, networks of “citizen science” volunteers have emerged whose collective efforts may improve phenology studies as biases associated with such efforts are recognized and addressed. We compared mean Rubythroated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) first arrival dates from Journey North (2001–2010) with data from the North American Bird Phenology Program (1880–1969). Ruby-throated Hummingbirds arrived earlier in the more recent period throughout the eastern United States; these advances, however, varied by latitude from 11.4 to 18.2 days, with less pronounced changes above 41°N. Warmer winter and spring temperatures in North American breeding grounds were correlated with earlier arrivals at lower l...
Explicit computation of gradient and nongradient contributions to optical forces in the discrete-dipole approximation

We present an efficient, discrete-dipole-approximation-based method for computing gradient and nongradient contributions to the optically induced force on neutral, polarizable particles in a field. We compare numerical data from this method with those generated using previously devised computational approaches for computing total forces. The agreement is generally adequate, and rounding error is the likely cause for differences among results obtained from the three methods. For both one- and two-sphere targets, nongradient forces generally make a nonnegligible contribution. For spheres, the gradient force often nearly cancels a component of the nongradient force, so that the radiation-pressure component is approximately equal to the net force. These results are contrary to the commonly assumed dominance of the gradient force for nanometer-sized particles.
Activation of a cryptic 5' splice site by U1 snRNA.

In the course of analyzing 59 splice site mutations in the second intron of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc2, we identified a cryptic 59 junction containing a nonconsensus nucleotide at position 12. An even more unusual feature of this cryptic 59 junction was its pattern of activation. By analyzing the profile of splicing products for an extensive series of cdc2 mutants in the presence and absence of compensatory U1 alleles, we have obtained evidence that the natural 59 splice site participates in activation of the cryptic 59 splice site, and that it does so via base pairing to U1 snRNA. Furthermore, the results of follow-up experiments strongly suggest that base pairing between U1 snRNA and the cryptic 59 junction itself plays a dominant role in its activation. Most remarkably, a mutant U1 can activate the cryptic 59 splice site even in the presence of a wild-type sequence at the natural 59 junction, providing unambiguous evidence that this snRNA redirects splicing via base pairing. Although previous work has demonstrated that U5 and U6 snRNAs can activate cryptic 59 splice sites through base pairing interactions, this is the first example in which U1 snRNA has been implicated in the final selection of a cryptic 59 junction.
Annotated Minimum Volume Sets for Nonparametric Anomaly Discovery

We consider an anomaly detection problem, wherein a combination of typical and anomalous data are observed and it is necessary to identify the anomalies in this particular dataset without recourse to labeled exemplars. We take as our goal to produce an annotated ranking of the observations, indicating the relative priority for each to be examined further as a possible anomaly, while making no assumptions on the distribution of typical data. We propose a framework in which each observation is linked to a corresponding minimum volume set and, implicitly adopting a hypothesis testing perspective, each set is associated with a test. An inherent ordering of these sets yields a natural ranking, while the association of each test with a false discovery rate yields an appropriate annotation. The combination of minimum volume set methods with false discovery rate principles, in the context of data contaminated by anomalies, is new and estimation of the key underlying quantities requires that a number of issues be addressed. We offer some solutions to the relevant estimation problems, and illustrate the proposed methodology on synthetic and computer network traffic data.