cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extent of surgery and survival in early lung carcinoma

BACKGROUND With the advent of minimally invasive surgical techniques, a determination of the efficacy of limited resection in Stage IA nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) must be determined. The critical question is whether the probability of cure is equivalent with limited resection and with standard lobectomy. DATA ANALYSIS The results of three independent reports are analyzed. The only randomized trial is that of the Lung Cancer Study Group, in which 247 patients with peripheral Stage IA lesions were randomized to lobectomy or limited resection. The results indicate that recurrence rate and lung carcinoma mortality rates are higher among those undergoing limited resection. In another nonrandomized series, which involved 218 consecutive Stage IA patients, there was a significantly inferior survival rates among those undergoing limited resection compared with lobectomy. The third study is a retrospective analysis involving 244 Stage I patients treated at the Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH). This trial shows that limited resection is inferior to anatomic resection in both Stage IA and Stage IB NSCLC. Indeed, the importance of complete resection is underscored by the finding that Stage IA patients undergoing limited resection were significantly less likely to be cured that Stage IB patients undergoing lobectomy. Accordingly, the BWH trial supports the conclusion that the extent of surgical resection is more powerful determinant of survival than natural history of disease in Stage I NSCLC. Cumulatively, the results of these three trials show that among patients with Stage I NSCLC, limited resection is inferior to lobectomy with regard to the probability of producing cure. CONCLUSIONS The finding that limited resection is inferior to lobectomy has relevance to the hypothesis that chest X-ray screening may lead to the identification of clinically unimportant lung carcinomas, which have been termed pseudotumors. This hypothesis, known as overdiagnosis, is the only alternative to the conclusion from four existing randomized trials that chest X-ray screening leads to an improvement in lung cancer cure rates. However, if extent of surgical resection is the major determinant of survival in Stage IA NSCLC, then these lesions must be clinically important. These findings support the conclusion that chest X-ray screening does not lead to the detection of Stage IA pseudotumors of the lung. Accordingly, current public policy calling for no routine screening for the early detection of lung cancer must be reconsidered. Cancer 2000;89:2432–7. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Interactive visualization of hyperspectral images on a hyperbolic disk

Visualization of the high-dimensional data set that makes up hyperspectral images necessitates a dimensionality reduction approach to make that data useful to a human analyst. The expression of spectral data as color images, individual pixel spectra plots, principal component images, and 2D/3D scatter plots of a subset of the data are a few examples of common techniques. However, these approaches leave the user with little ability to intuit knowledge of the full N-dimensional spectral data space or to directly or easily interact with that data. In this work, we look at developing an interactive, intuitive visualization and analysis tool based on using a Poincare disk as a window into that high dimensional space. The Poincare disk represents an infinite, two-dimensional hyperbolic space such that distances and areas increase exponentially as you move farther from the center of the disk. By projecting N-dimensional data into this space using a non-linear, yet relative distance metric preserving projection (such as the Sammon projection), we can simultaneously view the entire data set while maintaining natural clustering and spacing. The disk also provides a means to interact with the data; the user is presented with a "fish-eye" view of the space which can be navigated and manipulated with a mouse to "zoom" into clusters of data and to select spectral data points. By coupling this interaction with a synchronous view of the data as a spatial RGB image and the ability to examine individual pixel spectra, the user has full control over the data set for classification, analysis, and instructive use.
Loss tangent and complex modulus estimated by acoustic radiation force creep and shear wave dispersion

Elasticity imaging methods have been used to study tissue mechanical properties and have demonstrated that tissue elasticity changes with disease state. In current shear wave elasticity imaging methods typically only shear wave speed is measured and rheological models, e.g. Kelvin–Voigt, Maxwell and Standard Linear Solid, are used to solve for tissue mechanical properties such as the shear viscoelastic complex modulus. This paper presents a method to quantify viscoelastic material properties in a model-independent way by estimating the complex shear elastic modulus over a wide frequency range using time-dependent creep response induced by acoustic radiation force. This radiation force induced creep method uses a conversion formula that is the analytic solution of a constitutive equation. The proposed method in combination with shearwave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry is used to measure the complex modulus so that knowledge of the applied radiation force magnitude is not necessary. The conversion formula is shown to be sensitive to sampling frequency and the first reliable measure in time according to numerical simulations using the Kelvin–Voigt model creep strain and compliance. Representative model-free shear complex moduli from homogeneous tissue mimicking phantoms and one excised swine kidney were obtained. This work proposes a novel model-free ultrasound-based elasticity method that does not require a rheological model with associated fitting requirements.
Circular Polarization of Internal Bremsstrahlung

A calculation is made of the circular polarization of the internal bramsstrahlung in allowed $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay with the most general $\ensuremath{\beta}$-interaction. The polarization is found to rise from zero at the low-energy end of the spectrum to a maximum value at the high-energy end. This maximum value depends critically on the relative magnitudes of the coupling constants in the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-interaction. With the two-component neutrino theory and only the scalar and tensor interactions present, the polarization is complete at the high-energy end of the spectrum. Plots have been made, with this $\ensuremath{\beta}$-coupling, of the Born approximation result for the circular polarization as a function of photon energy for ${\mathrm{S}}^{35}$ and ${\mathrm{P}}^{32}$. The effects of the nuclear Coulomb field on the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectrum and polarization are discussed.
Pneumatosis Cystoides Coli

A 25-year-old woman presented with recurrent abdominal pain that had first developed 10 years earlier. She had mild tenderness in the left upper quadrant. Laboratory tests showed no significant abnormalities.
Failure of l-Tryptophan to Stimulate Prolactin Secretion in Man

The effect of oral L-tryptophan (90 mg/kg BW) on prolactin secretion in eight normal women studied either in the early or late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle was compared to the effect of a placebo alone. Plasma prolactin levels were measured before and at frequent intervals over a period of 240 min after the administration of the amino acid or placebo. Plasma free L-tryptophan concentrations were determined prior to and 60 min after ingestion of the amino acid in two of the women. Despite a 25-fold increase in plasma free L-tryptophan levels following the administration of this amino acid, the prolactin response to L-tryptophan was not significantly different from a placebo.
Hormone-specific defect in insulin regulation of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-adenosine triphosphatase activity in kidney membranes from streptozocin non-insulin-dependent diabetic rats.

Abstract The plasma membrane enzyme (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ )-adenosine triphosphatase [(Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ )-ATPase] is hormonally regulated, and may participate in Ca 2+ signaling by removing excess Ca 2+ from the cell. Insulin increases ATPase activity in kidney cortical basolateral membranes (BLM) from normal rats, but fails to do so in membranes from insulin-resistant non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) rats. To investigate mechanisms of insulin regulation of ATPase and to evaluate whether the loss of this regulation in diabetes is hormone-specific and depends on blood glucose levels, (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ )-ATPase function and its hormonal regulation were studied in kidney BLM from rats with mild and severe NIDDM. K m values for ATP and Ca 2+ affinity of the ATPase were similar in diabetic and control rats, but the maximal velocity (Vmax) of the enzyme was higher in diabetic groups. Insulin, the protein kinase C (PKC) stimulator 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) all increased the ATPase activity in BLM from controls by increasing the enzyme's affinity for Ca 2+ . A protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor (H 8 in low concentrations) abolished cAMP and PTH effects, but not those of insulin, whereas the PKC inhibitors (sphingosine and high concentrations of H 8 ) did abolish the effects of insulin. Stimulations of ATPase activity by insulin and by PTH and cAMP were additive. Insulin and TPA lost their stimulatory effects on ATPase in BLM from rats with either mild or severe NIDDM, but PTH and cAMP maintained their stimulatory effects in these membranes. The data show [1] (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ )-ATPase activity is increased in NIDDM, and a hormone-specific loss of insulin stimulation of ATPase occurs; (2) these defects are not dependent on the level of glycemia; and (3) the stimulatory effects of insulin on the ATPase may be mediated in part via PKC. We suggest that the hormone-specific defect in insulin regulation of ATPase seen in the NIDDM rats may contribute to their insulin resistance.
Adjusting for losses to follow-up in sample size determination for cohort studies

Abstract In any study involving long-term follow-up, it is usually the case that the information on endpoints is incomplete for some subjects. These ‘losses to follow-up’ can be caused by patients' moving, records being lost, etc. Loss to follow-up has to be distinguished from noncompliance and from end of study censoring. It is important to anticipate losses to follow-up and to adjust the sample size calculations accordingly, at the design stage of the study. The end-point and the occurrence of loss to follow-up are competing events. Sample sizes based on competing risk theory are therefore obtained, and compared to various approximations appearing in the literature. A table is given for certain values of α and β. Sample sizes for other levels of significance or power can be obtained via multiplication by a constant.
Increased N availability in grassland soils modifies their microbial communities and decreases the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Abstract Two complementary studies were performed to examine (1) the effect of 18 years of nitrogen (N) fertilization, and (2) the effects of N fertilization during one growing season on soil microbial community composition and soil resource availability in a grassland ecosystem. N was added at three different rates: 0, 5.44, and 27.2 g N m−2 y−1. In both studies, Schizachyrium scoparium was the dominant plant species before N treatments were applied. Soil microbial communities from each experiment were characterized using fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. Discriminant analysis of the FAMEs separated the three N fertilizer treatments in both experiments, indicating shifts in the composition of the microbial communities. In general, plots that received N fertilizer at low or high application rates for 18 years showed increased proportions of bacterial FAMEs and decreased fungal FAMEs. In particular, control plots contained a significantly higher proportion of fungal FAMEs C18:1(cis9) and C18:2(cis9,12) and of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) FAME, C16:1(cis11), than both of the N addition treatment plots. A significant negative effect of N fertilization on the AMF FAME, C16:1(cis11), was measured in the short-term experiment. Our results indicate that high rates of anthropogenic N deposition can lead to significant changes in the composition of soil microbial communities over short periods and can even disrupt the relationship between AMF and plants.
The development of sensors for manufacturing automation

Abstract This paper is a brief history of the development of sensors for metal cutting machines. It summarizes the main problems of industry, the main areas of sensor research and the resolution of problems in industry during the last years. Mass production and batch manufacturing are treated separately, since the problems in these two areas appear to be quite different at any given time. It seems from this study that there is not a good correlation between the major research efforts and the main problems of industry. No major industrial applications have come from the popular research topics, and the successful, high-impact sensors have come from elsewhere. It appears that the communication between manufacturers and researchers could be improved to the benefit of both sides.
Dissociative states presenting as an eating disorder.

Abstract Two cases are described in which dissociation was the underlying mechanism for the anorexic, bulimic, and purging symptomatology. The relationship between dissociation and eating disorders is discussed, and the literature pertaining to this subject is reviewed. It is suggested that patients with eating disorder, who are hypnotizable and show an underlying dissociation mechanism, may represent a special subgroup that responds favorably to hypnotherapeutic interventions. The importance of early detection of dissociative phenomena is emphasized for selecting proper treatment.
A high-frequency silicon optomechanical oscillator with an ultralow threshold

We demonstrate a compact silicon optomechanical oscillator with a large intrinsic mechanical frequency-Q product of 4.32X10^12 Hz. It is able to operate at a high frequency of 1.294 GHz with an ultralow threshold of 3.56 uW in the air.
Adsorption studies of thermal stability of SBA-16 mesoporous silicas

Abstract Cage-like ordered mesoporous silicas, SBA-16, and ethane-silicas with cubic (Im3m) and (Fm3m) symmetry groups were synthesized with addition of sodium chloride by using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as silica precursor, 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTESE) as bridged silsesquioxane and poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer Pluronic F127 (EO106PO70EO106) as template at low acid concentrations. The resulting samples were subjected to extraction in order to remove the polymeric template. The as-synthesized and extracted materials were calcined in the range of 350–900 °C to determine their thermal stability. Based on the XRD analysis and nitrogen adsorption data such as the BET specific surface area, volume of primary mesopores, pore wall thickness and pore size distributions, the SBA-16 silicas exhibit relatively high thermal stability because their mesostructural ordering was retained even up to 900 °C. However, an increase in the calcination temperature tended to decrease significantly the BET surface area, volumes of primary and complementary pores, and to less extent the pore size and pore wall thickness due to the structural shrinkage. Furthermore, the as synthesized samples subjected to a short extraction with acidic ethanol solution possessed even better thermal stability. On the other hand, calcination at 550 °C of ethane-silicas caused a complete removal of the ethane bridging groups from the periodic mesoporous organosilicas and their calcination above 800 °C led to the partial collapse of the structure.
Professional Politics and the Concepts of Family Therapy, Family Consultation, and Systems Consultation

At a time when an increasing number of professionals are calling themselves "family therapists," many teachers and theorists in this field are troubled that the term "family therapy" no longer adequately characterizes the concepts or activities of the field. Recently, clinical, political, and economic circumstances have emerged that suggest the need for alternatives to the role of "family therapist." By adding the roles of family consultant and systems consultant, we can open up new options for ourselves and our clients. During initial contacts with families, agencies, and other professionals, we can heighten our therapeutic potential by proceeding with consultative stocktaking, not starting with therapy. Family consultation also can assist in redirecting therapy when a new problem or an impasse develops, in focusing on competency rather than on pathology, and in engaging constructively with families that have a physically or mentally ill member.
Nucleotide recognition seouence at the cleavage site of Haemophilus aegyptius II (Hae II) restriction endonuclease

Abstract We have determined the nucleotide sequence recognized by the restriction endonuclease Hae II from Haemophilus aegyptius which cleaves the simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA at a single specific site. By using terminal radioactive labeling of the cleavage site at both the 5′ and 3′-ends we have deduced the recognition sequence, with elements of a two-fold rotational symmetry. The endonuclease produces staggered ends with protruding 3′-terminated single-strands, four nucleotides in length. In plasmid RSF 2124 DNA, which contains multiple Hae II cleavage sites, it was observed that the 5th nucleotide from the 3′ terminus is either a pdA or a pdG, indicating alternating recognition sequences.
Radical formation and deformation in poly-p-(2-hydroxyethoxy) benzoic acid fibers

Radical generation during tensile deformation of poly-p-(2-hydroxyethoxy) benzoic acid (PEOB) fibers was studied by electron spin resonance techniques under various stretching conditions. Primary phenoxy radicals were detected at room temperature, indicating main-chain rupture during mechanical loading. The kinetics of phenoxy radical formation were observed at constant strain, constant load, constant strain-rate, and in constant load rate experiments. The effect of strain rate on the radical formation was found to be larger in this sample than was observed in Nylon 6. These results coupled with other experimental observations have yielded information on a basic structural model and improved insight into the basic molecular mechanism responsible for deformation and fracture.
Contextual factors in the development of state wildlife management regimes in the United States of America

Edwards & Steins (The Role of Contextual Factors in Common Pool Resource Analysis. Paper presented to 7th Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Vancouver, British Columbia, June 1998) developed an analytic framework for multiple-use common pool resource (CPR) regimes that emphasizes the importance of contextual factors. As a preliminary application of the framework, this paper ‘backsolves’ from outcomes to underlying contextual factors, and identifies primary cultural factors that occur in the development of American state wildlife management agencies. The factors are then placed into five categories: physical, political, economic, legal and scientific. The resulting examination of the management regime clarifies changes in agencies’ action strategies, and potential patterns of interaction, as they respond to new institutional pressures from recreation and conservation interests. The paper concludes with four important research directions that have emerged from the discussion. (1) Are contextual factors better expressed as a matrix (network/decision tree/hierarchy) rather than a list? (2) To what extent do spatial factors influence contextual factors? (3) How do contextual factors affect decisions at the three levels of institutional choice: constitutional, collective and operational? (4) How can we develop a structured research agenda that examines increasingly complex CPRs as we refine the analytic framework?
Dimethoate and dimethoate oxygen analog in mangoes

Mise au point d'une technique de spectrometrie de masse pour la differenciation entre le dimethoate et son produit de degradation par oxydation enzymatique, l'oxymethoate qui est nettement plus toxique que l'insecticide lui-meme ; application de cette technique a la surveillance de lots de mangues importees
Continuum Tamm-Dancoff-Approximation calculations of the escape widths of the Gamow-Teller resonance in 208Bi

Abstract The proton escape widths of the Gamow-Teller resonance and the isobaric analog state in 208 Bi are calculated by solving the charge-exchange continuum Tamm-Dancoff equations. For the Gamow-Teller resonance the spreading contribution to the width is taken into account by the imaginary part of the optical potential. The calculated escape widths are in agreement with measurements obtained from a recent 208 Pb ( 3 He ,tp) 208 Bi experiment.
Pediatric Robot-Assisted Pyeloplasty

The emergence of robot-assisted surgical technology has permitted application of laparoscopic pyeloplasty to the pediatric age group to a much wider degree than previously possible. The challenging learning curve for conventional laparoscopic pyeloplasty, particularly in infants, has hindered its widespread application. Robot-assisted pyeloplasty in children has been clearly shown to provide an equally effective, safe, and reasonably efficient means to repair ureteropelvic junction obstruction with more rapid hospital discharge and less postoperative analgesic requirements. Precise port placement, adjusted to the child's anatomy and size, delicate anastomosis, and use of postoperative stent appear to be important elements for successful repair. The procedure has become reproducible and in some centers is exclusively used over open repair. The specific procedural steps are detailed and the potential limitations and complications are reviewed, as well as the limited available data in the literature.
Studies on the β-galactosidase isolated from Escherichia coli ML 308. I. The effect of some ions on enzymic activity☆

Abstract The effects of magnesium, sedium and potassium ions on the activity of β-galactosidase have been studied in detail. It has been found that the ionic effects vary with substrate. When ortho nitrophenyl β- d -galactoside is the substrate both magnesium and sodium ions must be present to obtain the maximum catalytic rate. When lactose is the substrate potassium ion is most effective.
Abstract 585: Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma with ultrasound and microbubble mediated gene therapy

Background: Ultrasound contrast agents are gas-filled microbubbles (MB) that can be induced to vibrate or cavitate in an ultrasound field. When the MB are loaded with genes and systemically injected, ultrasound-targeted MB destruction (UTMD) has been shown to facilitate focused delivery and transduction of genes to the target site. An experimental model of mouse squamous cell carcinoma was used to test the hypothesis that delivery of a suicide gene via UTMD would slow tumor growth. Methods: Lipid based perfluorobutane gas-filled MBs (2 μm diameter) were synthesized incorporating a cationic phospholipid to enable loading with DNA (100 ug per 109 MB). DNA loading was confirmed using electrophoresis and DNAseI challenge. Primary cultured mouse squamous carcinoma cells were subcutaneously injected into mice. 3-5 days after cell injection, mice were intravenously infused over 30 min with MB (5 × 108) loaded with plasmids containing reporter genes GFP (n = 3) or luciferase (n = 6). During MB infusion, ultrasound (1.3MHz) was intermittently delivered using a clinical scanner at high acoustic power, with simultaneous ultrasound imaging used to confirm MB destruction within the tumor. To assess the therapeutic potential of the system, tumors were allowed to grow to 100 µl, and MB (5 × 108) loaded with plasmid containing either the suicide gene thymidine kinase (TK) (n = 6) or GFP control (n = 6) was given to separate groups of mice along with ultrasound treatment. Gancyclovir was administered 3 days after UTMD and tumors were serially measured until they were 2ml in volume, after which animals were euthanized and tissue harvested for histology. Results: UTMD-mediated delivery of reporter genes resulted in tumor expression of luciferase (1568 RLU/min/mg) and GFP ( Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 585.
Modulation of learning and hippocampal, neuronal plasticity by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

The influence of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on learning process in mice and on neuronal excitability of the hippocampal tissue obtained from stimulated animals were investigated. While the stimulation with rTMS at higher frequency (15 Hz) improved animals' performance in novel object recognition test (NOR), lower frequency (1 and 8 Hz) impaired the memory. The effect was observed when evaluated immediately after rTMS exposure and declined with time. In parallel to the results of behavioral test, there was a significant enhancement of the synaptic efficiency expressed as of the long-term potentiation (LTP) recorded from hippocampal slices prepared from the animals exposed to 15 Hz rTMS. The stimulation with 1 and 8 Hz had no influence on the magnitude of LTP. Our results demonstrate that rTMS modifies mechanisms involved in memory formation. The effects of rTMS in vivo are preserved and expressed in the hippocampus tested in vitro.
Quantification of polysaccharides fixed to Gram stained slides using lactophenol cotton blue and digital image processing

Dark blue rings and circles emerged when the non-specific polysaccharide stain lactophenol cotton blue was added to Gram stained slides. The dark blue staining is attributable to the presence of capsular polysaccharides and bacterial slime associated with clumps of Gram-negative bacteria. Since all bacterial cells are glycosylated and concentrate polysaccharides from the media, the majority of cells stain light blue. The contrast between dark and light staining is sufficient to enable a digital image processing thresholding technique to be quantitative with little background noise. Prior to the addition of lactophenol cotton blue, the Gram-stained slides appeared unremarkable, lacking ubiquitous clumps or stained polysaccharides. Adding lactophenol cotton blue to Gram stained slides is a quick and inexpensive way to screen cell cultures for bacterial slime, clumps and biofilms that are invisible using the Gram stain alone. The presence of cell clumping provides a possible explanation of the presence of persisters and paradoxical points observed in Virtual Colony Count antimicrobial assays, and suggests a phenotypic resistance mechanism to antimicrobial peptides involving capsular polysaccharides.
EIGENVALUES AND MAGNETISM OF ELECTRONS ON AN ARTIFICIAL MOLECULE

We discuss the spontaneous magnetism of electrons constrained to the corners of a square plaquette, with a view to applications in molecular physics and nanotechnology. The special cases of three or five electrons have a ground-state level-crossing in strong-coupling, U > 18t, where the ground-state of maximal spin (S = 3/2) overtakes that of minimum spin (S = 1/2).
The Myth of Samson: Omnipotence, Alienation and Destructive Narcissism

The Myth of Samson is analyzed as a cautionary tale about the destructive consequences of believing that one's special endowments create invincibility. Samson's heroic and destructive fate is examined first in reference to David Grossman's book Lion's Honey (2005). His catastrophic demise and resurrection is then explored as a signifier of the biblical injunctions to worship the abiding and ultimate power of God lest one succumb to the hubris of narcissistic self-inflation and be punished for this transgression against belief that all life and death issues from the deity.
Cross-linking and lipid efflux properties of apoA-I mutants suggest direct association between apoA-I helices and ABCA1.

To explore the functional interactions between apoA-I and ABCA1, we correlated the cross-linking properties of several apoA-I mutants with their ability to promote cholesterol efflux. In a competitive cross-linking assay, amino-terminal deletion and double amino- and carboxy-terminal deletion mutants of apoA-I competed effectively the cross-linking of WT 125I-apoA-I to ABCA1, while the carboxy-terminal deletion mutant apoA-I[Δ(220−243)] competed poorly. Direct cross-linking of WT apoA-I, amino-terminal, and double deletion mutants of apoA-I to ABCA1 showed similar apparent Kd values (49−74 nM), whereas the apparent Kd values of the carboxy-terminal deletion mutants apoA-I[Δ(185−243)] and apoA-I[Δ(220−243)] were increased 3-fold. Analysis of several internal deletions and point mutants of apoA-I showed that apoA-I[Δ(61−78)], apoA-I[Δ(89−99)], apoA-I[Δ(136−143)], apoA-I[Δ(144−165)], apoA-I[D102A/D103A], apoA-I[E125K/E128K/K133E/E139K], apoA-I[L141R], apoA-I[R160V/H162A], and WT apoA-I had similar ABCA1-medi...
Increase in pancreatic amylase mediated by glucocorticoid.

Abstract The amylase activity of the pancreas in young adult rats is increased by pharmacological doses of glucocorticoid. The increase in the enzyme activity is qualitatively proportional to the dosage. Cycloheximide precludes the glucocorticoid-mediated increase in the enzyme, but insulin has little effect on the enzyme in nondiabetic animals. After the first day of glucocorticoid treatment, the increase in amylase activity is significant but the blood sugar level remains unchanged. These results suggest that the increase in pancreatic amylase is caused by a direct action of glucocorticoid on the pancreatic tissue similar to the effect of the steroids on liver enzymes.
Cadmium-109 and Methyl Mercury-203 Metabolism, Tissue Distribution, and Secretion into Milk of Cows

Abstract Metabolism of cadmium-109 and methyl mercury-203 was studied in six lactating Jersey cows for 14 days following single tracer oral doses. Most of the cadmium-109 was excreted in feces with only .05% in urine. When the cows were killed 14 to 16 days after dosing, kidney and liver had highest cadmium-109. About .75% of the cadmium-109 was retained in the body with 34% of this in gastrointestinal tract and contents, 32% in liver, and 10% in kidney. In fetal tissues highest cadmium-109 was in kidney, tibia, and liver whereas fetal liver had highest methyl mercury-203. Apparent methyl mercury-203 absorption was 59% with 1.1% in urine. Highest concentration was in kidney, followed by liver, skeletal muscles, heart, smooth muscle, spleen, lung, brain, ovaries, and pancreas. Of total body mercury-203, muscle had about 72% and liver 7%. In 14 days, only .17% of mercury-203 dose was secreted into milk. Cadmium-109 in milk was below detectable limits of .00008% of the dose/day. Feed of cattle kept for meat should be protected from methyl mercury, at least near slaughter. Milk is protected from methyl mercury. In sharp contrast to zinc, little of the ingested cadmium appears in muscle or milk.
Reproduction of Pratylenchus Penetrans On Root Tissues Grown On Three Media 1)

The differing growth of excised roots and callus from eleven crop plants on various culture media is reported. The suitability of these cultures for rearing Pratylenchus penetrans axenically is discussed.
Regulation of islet hormone release and gastric emptying by endogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 after glucose ingestion.

Background: Exogenous administration of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 improves glucose tolerance by stimulation of insulin secretion, inhibition of glucagon secretion, and delay of gastric emptying. It is not known which of these effects is involved in the action of endogenous GLP-1 to control blood glucose. To determine the role of endogenous GLP-1 on islet cell function and gastric emptying independent of variable glycemia, we clamped blood glucose before and during glucose ingestion with and without GLP-1 receptor blockade with exendin-[9–39] (Ex-9). Methods: There were 10 healthy subjects that participated in two experiments each, one a control and one with infusion of 750 pm/kg · min Ex-9. Subjects consumed 75 g oral glucose solution mixed with d-xylose and 13C-glucose while their blood glucose levels were held fixed at approximately 8.9 mmol/liter. Results: Plasma insulin levels during hyperglycemia alone were similar in the two studies (control, 282.5 ± 42 vs. Ex-9, 263.8 ± 59 pmol/liter) but were ...
The Nature of Leadership: The Chinese Communists, 1930–1945

The twentieth anniversary of the assumption of state power by the JL Chinese Communists is a convenient occasion to take stock of the many dramatic events that have taken place since that first day in October of 1949, when Mao Tse-tung proclaimed the new People's Republic of China. The anniversary, however, is more than a fortuitous product of the Western calendar. It lies close to one of those convulsive periods that have jolted China from time to time and have caused major changes in the Chinese state and society. The creation of the People's Republic twenty years ago was one such period. The Great Leap Forward of the late fifties was another, and the recent Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution may have been a third. Each of these events has substantially reshaped the state or society or both. From a historical point of view, the next major event that may well come shortly after the twentieth anniversary is the death of Mao Tse-tung and other co-founders of the Communist state. This anniversary, therefore, offers an opportunity to reassess the record of the Chinese Communists since 1949 with a view toward understanding the setting and the problems that the post-Mao leadership will soon inherit.
Are Mindful Parents More Authoritative and Less Authoritarian? An Analysis of Clinic-Referred Mothers

Forty clinic-referred mothers completed questionnaires describing their children’s problems, the mothers’ parenting styles, and their everyday mindfulness. Psychometric analyses of the questionnaires showed mother reports to be internally consistent, except for one of the parenting style scales (i.e., permissive style). We dropped the scale and analyzed intercorrelations between the remaining two scales, the mindfulness measure and the child problem measure. Results showed the authoritative and authoritarian scales were not correlated, and each scale covaried with measures of mindfulness and child problems. Regression analyses revealed two pathways between mothers’ mindfulness and child problems. Both pathways showed parenting styles to mediate the connections between mothers’ mindfulness and their perceptions of child problems. We speculated on the nature of the mediating process.
The Anabaptists and Minor Sects in the Reformation

Parallel with the main current of the Protestant Reformation there ran from the very beginning another powerful current which has always received far less consideration from historians than it deserves. Some have supposed it to be a mis-guided, if not a monstrous, undertaking. Others have considered it one more among the many “lost causes” about which history is more or less silent. Neither of these positions is, however, quite tenable. It was, like Bunker Hill in the American Revolution, “a battle lost but a cause won,” since nearly everything which these minor reformers aimed at has since been achieved or is on the way to achievement.
Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in children

The clinical applications of thallium-201 scintigraphy are less well defined in children than in adults. However, the published data indicate several potential applications including assessment of: 1) deficit in left ventricular myocardial perfusion, 2) early right ventricular volume or pressure overload, or both, and 3) the right ventricle in both cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart disease. In this report, the applications of thallium imaging to pediatric diseases are described and the advantages and disadvantages of the procedure are enumerated.
Practitioners’ learning and school reform: lessons from ‘extension with parallel block scheduling‘ 1

This paper documents local practitioners'divergent understandings of the purpose of one language arts innovation‐Extension with Parallel Block Scheduling. This study posits that the strikingly different lessons they learned from the innovation grew out of a potent legacy of past policy and the active and underspecified climate of current instructional policy. Further, both the structural features of the innovation itself and the lack of shared discourse across the district impeded practitioners’ ability to construct shared meanings. The author speculates how the innovation might have provided opportunities for practitioners to learn from their divergent understandings in order to deepen and enact reformed language arts 1. Work on this paper was supported by the Education Policy and Practice Study (EPPS, which is funded in part by Michigan State University, and by grants from the Pew Charitable Trust (Grant No. 91‐04343‐000); Carnegie Corporation of New York (Grant No. B 5638); the National Science Foundat...
Gene silencing: Shrinking the black box of RNAi

The mysterious mechanism whereby the mere presence of double-stranded RNA can inactivate specific genes is yielding its secrets. Recent results identifying cellular components required for RNAi in Caenorhabditis elegans indicate that the mechanism is conserved, ancient and may provide a defense against selfish DNA.
Cultural Values and Social Planning: A Control Theory Approach to Satisfying a Social Welfare Criterion

. A method of social planning is presented which can be used to fulfill a social welfare criterion with normative values. The purpose is to show how a social welfare model which includes cultural norms can be optimized using classical control theory. Current literature stresses the importance of incorporating social indicators in welfare economics. Given a social welfare function which actively includes a hierarchy of cultural values, control theory can be used to set social policy to reach social goals. The approach is to define a set of desired cultural norms at some future time and then determine the social policy necessary to reach this state. Control theory is used to find the social plan consistent with attaining the set of desired values.
Allometric Analysis of Relative Humerus Width and Olecranon Length in Some Unspecialized Burrowing Mammals

Regression and allometric analysis show that ground squirrels and other unspecialized burrowers have relatively greater humerus widths and olecranon process lengths as compared to scansorial and relatively unspecialized ambulatory rodents of similar size. If the increase in relative width due to the need for support is similar in all three groups, then the greater humerus width (16 per cent greater) seen in burrowers is due to the need for extra strength to resist environmental loads occurring while digging. Proof for this statement is derived from accurate predictions of humerus widths and olecranon process lengths for mammals of similar size that are distantly related, but with burrowing habits. The increase in relative widths of humeri due to size was considerably less than theoretical considerations would require. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
Quantitation of the insect electroantennogram: Measurement of sensillar contributions, elimination of background potentials, and relationship to olfactory sensation

Abstract A quantitative study of the electroantennogram (EAG) of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) response to sex pheromone has provided new information about the physiological basis of the EAG and its relationship to behaviour. Procedures were developed that selectively stimulated defined numbers of sensilla and eliminated extraneous olfactory stimuli. The results show that the EAG is linearly proportional to the number of antennal sensilla stimulated and clarify interpretation of the blank response. Studies with calibrated dispensers indicate that the EAG is related to pheromone concentration by a power function frequently associated with quantitative measures of electrophysiological and behavioural responses in other animals. Based on correlations between the EAG, behaviour, and single-neurone responses, a model is presented that interrelates these three parameters as different indicators of a single quantitative process in the central nervous system.
Is there a health promotion and protection foundation to the practice of acute care nurse practitioners

Currently, debate continues regarding defining the role of nurse practitioners in the acute care setting. Health maintenance, health promotion, disease prevention, and health restoration are central goals of nurse practitioner care. Some question the degree (if any) to which acute care nurse practitioners regard health promotion as a basis for their practice. In this article, the concept of health promotion and protection is explored, with application to patients in the acute care setting; and the extent to which acute care nurse practitioners support such practices is examined.
The cytology of the normal parathyroid glands of man and Virginia deer; a light and electron microscopic study with morphologic evidence of secretory activity.

The normal parathyroids of six humans and a Virginia deer were studied by light and electron microscopy. The parenchyma of the deer parathyroid is composed of uniform chief cells, which contained 100 to 400 mµ electron-opaque, membrane-limited granules, presumed to be secretory granules, in addition to the usual cytoplasmic organelles. Desmosomes are present between adjacent cells, and rare cilia are observed protruding from the chief cells into the intercellular space. The human parathyroids contain chief cells in two phases—active and inactive—as well as oxyphil cells. Active chief cells have a large Golgi apparatus, sparse glycogen, numerous secretory granules, and rare cilia. Inactive chief cells contain a small Golgi apparatus, abundant glycogen, and few secretory granules. Both forms have the usual cytoplasmic organelles and, between adjacent cells, desmosomes. Oxyphil cell cytoplasm is composed of tightly packed mitochondria and glycogen granules, with rare secretory granules. Cells with cytoplasmic characteristics intermediate between chief and oxyphil cells, possibly representing transitional cells, have been observed. Secretory granules of both man and deer are composed of 100 to 200 A particles and short rods, and the granules develop from prosecretory granules in the Golgi region of the cell. The human secretory granules are smaller and more variable in shape than those of the deer. The granules are iron and chrome alum hematoxylin-positive, argyrophilic, and aldehyde fuchsin-positive, permitting light microscopic identification. They are also found in the capillary endothelial cells of the parathyroid and in its surrounding connective tissue. The secretory granules of the parathyroid cells can thus be followed from their formation in the Golgi apparatus almost to their extrusion into the blood stream.
Metabolic sugar signal promotes Arabidopsis meristematic proliferation via G2

Most organs in higher plants are generated postembryonically from the meristems, which harbor continuously dividing stem cells throughout a plant's life cycle. In addition to developmental regulations, mitotic activities in the meristematic tissues are modulated by nutritional cues, including carbon source availability. Here we further analyze the relationship between the sugar signal and seedling meristem establishment, taking advantage of our previous observation that exogenously supplied metabolic sugars can rescue the meristem growth arrest phenotype of the Arabidopsis stip mutant seedlings. Our results show that metabolic sugars reactivate the stip meristems by activating the expression of key cell cycle regulators, and therefore, promoting G2 to M transition in Arabidopsis meristematic tissues. One of the early events in this process is the transcriptional repression of TSS, a genetic suppressor of the stip mutations, by sugar signals, suggesting that TSS may act as an integrator of developmental and nutritional signals in regulating meristematic proliferation. We also present evidence that metabolic sugar signals are required for the activation of mitotic entry during de novo meristem formation from G2 arrested cells. Our observations, together with the recent findings that nutrient deprivation leads to G2 arrest of animal germline stem cells, suggest that carbohydrate availability-regulated G2 to M transition may represent a common mechanism in stem cell division regulation in multicellular organisms.
Ionic composition of cerebrospinal fluid and aqueous humor of the dogfish, Squalus acanthias--II. Carbonic anhydrase activity and inhibition.

Abstract 1. 1. Carbonic anhydrase was found in red cells, choroid plexus and ciliary process of S. acanthias tissues in which its concentration and function have been described in the mammal. 2. 2. The enzyme was also found in gill and rectal gland of S. acanthias . The enzyme was absent in the lens and kidney, two sites where it occurs in high concentration in mammals. 3. 3. Acentazolamide was injected at a dose (30 mg/kg i.v.) which elecited over 99·9 per cent inhibition of carbonic anhydrase for about 4 days. 4. 4. The electrolytes in plasma, CSF and aqueous humor were measured. 5. 5. During this time the chief changes were: extreme respiratory acidosis in plasma; abolition of the normal Cl − excess in CSF; lowering of HCO 3 − and probably of Na + concentration in aqueous humor. 6. 6. These changes are typically observed in certain mammals, with significant modifications or quantitative variations.
The Contribution of Enteroinsular Hormones to the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The gastrointestinal hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), termed incretins, are essential regulators of normal glucose homeostasis. Research indicates that the incretin effect is impaired in type 2 diabetes, and this seems to be a consequence rather than a cause of type 2 diabetes. This review describes the defects in the incretin system seen in diabetic patients and discusses the potential roles of GIP and GLP-1 in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In addition, new information on clinical applications that exploit the enteroinsular axis to control blood glucose is discussed.
Influence of argon on field emission from CVD-grown in-plane single-walled carbon nanotube meshes

The influence of argon (Ar) on the growth of in-plane single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNTs) meshes using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was investigated in this study. The SWCNT samples were synthesized using a three-zone furnace (750°C-900°C-750°C) with a methane/hydrogen/argon mixture (total flow of 60 sccm). We verified that the use of argon influences the diameter distribution and the field emission properties of the resulting SWCNTs. The threshold voltage for electron emission was significantly decreased with higher argon concentration due to higher layer conductivity of the samples.
Factors associated with optimized tacrolimus dosing in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Objective The primary objective was to analyze the initial tacrolimus concentrations achieved in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients using the institutional dosing strategy of 1 mg IV daily initiated on day +5. The secondary objectives were to ascertain the tacrolimus dose, days of therapy, and dose changes necessary to achieve a therapeutic concentration, and to identify patient-specific factors that influence therapeutic dose. The relationships between the number of pre-therapeutic days and incidence of graft-versus-host disease and graft failure were delineated.