cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MORPHOLOGY OF INORGANIC-ORGANIC HYBRID MATERIALS DERIVED FROM TRIETHOXYSILYLATED DIETHYLENETRIAMINE AND TETRAMETHOXYSILANE

Triethoxysilylated diethylenetriamine (f-DETA) and its mixtures with tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) have been hydrolyzed and condensed to form abrasion resistant coatings for optical plastics such as bisphenol-A polycarbonate and CR39. In this paper, the influences of the pH and water concentration on the morphology of gels derived from f-DETA alone (f-DETA100) or equal weights of f-DETA and TMOS (f-DETA50TMOS50) were studied. For the f-DETA50TMOS50 system, with an equivalent ratio (r) of water to alkoxysilane (OH/SiOR) of 4.4, sol-gel reactions at pH 0–2 often led to a particulate gel structure. However, if the reaction was carried out pH 4–5, the resulting gel often had a uniform compact structure although some particulate features were found on the surface. For the f-DETA100 system at pH 0–2, as r increased from zero, the resulting f-DETA gels exhibited a morphological transition from a monolithic uniform structure, to a porous particulate structure, and then to a compact fine particulate structure. A simil...
SNUPI: sensor nodes utilizing powerline infrastructure

A persistent concern of wireless sensors is the power consumption required for communication, which presents a significant adoption hurdle for practical ubiquitous computing applications. This work explores the use of the home powerline as a large distributed antenna capable of receiving signals from ultra-low-power wireless sensor nodes and thus allowing nodes to be detected at ranges that are otherwise impractical with traditional over-the-air reception. We present the design and implementation of small ultra-low-power 27 MHz sensor nodes that transmit their data by coupling over the powerline to a single receiver attached to the powerline in the home. We demonstrate the ability of our general purpose wireless sensor nodes to provide whole-home coverage while consuming less than 1 mW of power when transmitting (65 ¼W consumed in our custom CMOS transmitter). This is the lowest power transmitter to date compared to those found in traditional whole-home wireless systems.
View planning and automated data acquisition for three-dimensional modeling of complex sites

Constructing highly detailed three-dimensional (3-D) models of large complex sites using range scanners can be a time-consuming manual process. One of the main drawbacks is determining where to place the scanner to obtain complete coverage of a site. We have developed a system for automatic view planning called VuePlan. When combined with our mobile robot, AVENUE, we have a system that is capable of modeling large-scale environments with minimal human intervention throughout both the planning and acquisition phases. The system proceeds in two distinct stages. In the initial phase, the system is given a two-dimensional site footprint with which it plans a minimal set of sufficient and properly constrained covering views. We then use a 3-D laser scanner to take scans at each of these views. When this planning system is combined with our mobile robot it automatically computes and executes a tour of these viewing locations and acquires them with the robot's onboard laser scanner. These initial scans serve as an approximate 3-D model of the site. The planning software then enters a second phase in which it updates this model by using a voxel-based occupancy procedure to plan the next best view (NBV). This NBV is acquired, and further NBVs are sequentially computed and acquired until an accurate and complete 3-D model is obtained. A simulator tool that we developed has allowed us to test our entire view planning algorithm on simulated sites. We have also successfully used our two-phase system to construct precise 3-D models of real-world sites located in New York City: Uris Hall on the campus of Columbia University and Fort Jay on Governors Island. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Materials Exposed to an Experimental, Atmospheric Fluidized-Bed Combustor

A joint materials test program developed by the Institute for Mining and Minerals Research (IMMR) and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) involved studying the postexposure mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of candidate structural materials in an experimental, atmospheric fluidized-bed combustor (AFBC). This combustor was operated by Accurex Corporation at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, under the direction of TVA. The materials studied were Type 304ss, Type 310ss, and INCOLOY® alloy 800 * in the form of disc coupons with and without crevice configurations. Type 304ss was also used for mechanical property measurements. The alloys were exposed to the combustor environment at ∼840 ‡C for approximately 330 hours. The ranking of alloys in terms of decreasing weight loss was found to be: (1) Type 304ss, (2) Type 310ss, and (3) INCOLOY alloy 800. The presence of tight crevices did not enhance the corrosion rate. In addition, the corrosion rates, based on the weight loss (typically 1 to 6 mpy), indicated that the alloys performed reasonably well when considering materials wastage. However, optical microscopy observations showed intergranular corrosion penetration as deep as 50 Μm in INCOLOY alloy 800 coupons and in the Type 304ss tensile specimens. The mechanical properties of the exposed Type 304ss were inferior to those of the unexposed alloy. A comparison of the data obtained from the combustor-exposed 304ss tensile samples with data from control samples exposed in vacuum to a similar thermal history indicated that the chemistry of the AFBC environment did not play a major role in the observed degradation of the mechanical properties.
The Decomposition Products of Anorthite Attacked by Pure Water at Elevated Temperatures and Pressure

The behavior of anorthite under the test conditions is similar to that of other feldspars and quartz. The solubility of anorthite in pure water was measured at 300 bars pressure between 200° and 350°C. Under these conditions, anorthite not only partially dissolves, but also disintegrates by shedding small particles of crystalline material which forms, with matter in true solution, a nonhomogeneous suspension. Two zeolites (afwillite and xonotlite) develop at the higher temperatures. Their stability is determined by the CaO:SiO2 ratio of the solution. The anorthite fragments react with the solution. They maintain their identity although their composition and structure gradually change over a wide temperature range. Possibly the zeolites inherit their structure from the altered anorthite. It is almost certain that xonotlite inherits its structure from afwillite.
Carbon monoxide exposure potentiates high-frequency auditory threshold shifts induced by noise.

Abstract Hypoxia has long been hypothesized to play a role in noise-induced hearing loss and the disruption of auditory function by asphyxiation has been repeatedly demonstrated. Recent data, however, suggest that the cochlea is resistant to less extreme hypoxic events. The current report describes the combined effects of noise and hypoxia on a measure of auditory function, in an effort to clarify the role of hypoxia in hearing loss. Exposure to 1200 parts per million of carbon monoxide in air for 90 min preceding and 120 min concurrent with exposure to a broad-band noise at 110 dBA produced high-frequency threshold shifts of greater magnitude than those produced by exposure to noise alone. An equivalent carbon monoxide exposure in a ‘quiet’ environment did not produce any change in auditory detection thresholds. The potentiation of noise-induced threshold shifts by carbon monoxide provides additional support for the hypothesized role of metabolic exhaustion or bloodflow impairment in noise-induced hearing loss. It also suggests a possible interpretation of clinical findings of auditory impairment associated with carbon monoxide exposure.
Stewardship: Choosing Service Over Self-Interest

The article reviews the book “Stewardship: Choosing Service Over Self-Interest,” by Peter Block.
The surgeon and acts of civilian terrorism: blast injuries.

his quote reflects America’s commitment to freedom nd the implied sacrifices necessary to preserve those reedoms. Recently, much time has been spent on trying o appreciate the threat of terrorism that challenges those reedoms in today’s world. As defined by the Federal ureau of Investigation, terrorism is “the unlawful use of orce and violence against persons or property to intimdate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or ny segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social bjectives.” The two major goals of terrorists, which est serve their ends of destroying the most fundamental alues and infrastructure of societies, are the maximizing f casualty generation and maximizing the lethality of hose casualties. Pivotal to all terrorist activities, as defined by Paul R illar in his book entitled Terrorism and US Foreign Polcy, are the strong political motivations of the individual erpetrators. Arnold complements Pillar’s assumpions in the reference to “racial tribalism,” which decribes the banding together of single ethnic and cultural roups to replace existing political structures with one ased on their own cultural groups and ethical and culural homogeneity. Terrorist activities are best distinguished from those of ecognized engagements of war by the blatant lack of ompliance with the laws that are codified in the Geneva onvention, specifically, by targeting noncombatants in ivilian clothes, and taking, mistreating, and killing hos-
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of SiC-TiB2 Composite Prepared by Pressureless Sintering

SiC-TiB2 composite was prepared at 2298 K by using pressureless sintering. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the SiC-TiB2 composite were investigated. The SiC-TiB2 composite with 5 mass % B4C-C showed the optimized comprehensive properties. The volume density, hardness, flexural strength and fracture toughness of that were 3.43 g/cm3, 18.5 GPa, 353 MPa and 4.67 MPa•m1/2, respectively. The excessive B4C-C content might decrease the mechanical properties of the composite.
THE NATURE AND TIMING OF THE MIDDLE DEVONIAN KAČÁK BIOEVENTS IN THE MARCELLUS SUBGROUP OF THE APPALACHIAN BASIN

ABSTRACT Intervals of faunal turnover in the fossil record are often preserved at unconformities, suggesting that their apparent abruptness is an artifact of geologic discontinuities. A detailed investigation of the Middle Devonian Kacak Bioevents of the Appalachian Basin focused on stratigraphically complete sections of eastern New York State to further elucidate the nature and timing of faunal turnover where not cloaked by an unconformity. The Lower Kacak Bioevent is fairly well constrained to the lower portion of the East Berne Member of the Mount Marion Formation. The Upper Kacak Bioevent is less well constrained to within the middle to upper East Berne Member, however. A thorough dissection of the East Berne Member has yielded the more precise timing of the initial Hamilton Fauna incursion, occurring at the level of the thin, fossiliferous, Dave Elliot Bed (DEB). The occurrence of the goniatite Tornoceras aff. mesopleuron below the DEB constrains the Hamilton incursion to the earliest Givetian age. T...
Neutrophils in innate host defense against Staphylococcus aureus infections

Staphylococcus aureus has been an important human pathogen throughout history and is currently a leading cause of bacterial infections worldwide. S. aureus has the unique ability to cause a continuum of diseases, ranging from minor skin infections to fatal necrotizing pneumonia. Moreover, the emergence of highly virulent, drug-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus in both healthcare and community settings is a major therapeutic concern. Neutrophils are the most prominent cellular component of the innate immune system and provide an essential primary defense against bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus. Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to sites of infection where they bind and ingest invading S. aureus, and this process triggers potent oxidative and non-oxidative antimicrobial killing mechanisms that serve to limit pathogen survival and dissemination. S. aureus has evolved numerous mechanisms to evade host defense strategies employed by neutrophils, including the ability to modulate normal neutrophil turnover, a process critical to the resolution of acute inflammation. Here we provide an overview of the role of neutrophils in host defense against bacterial pathogens and discuss strategies employed by S. aureus to circumvent neutrophil function.
Investigation of a Duplex Stainless Steel as Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Bipolar Plate Material

Duplex 2205 stainless steel was investigated in a simulated polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) environment; stable passive films formed quickly under these conditions. The interfacial contact resistance (ICR) values for 2205 steel with the air-formed film were identical to those for 349 and lower than those for AISI446 steel. The ICR values for the passive film formed in a simulated PEMFC anode environment were lower than those for the passive film formed in the cathode environment, but both were higher than those for air-formed film. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that the passive films were mainly Cr 2 O 3 while the air-formed film was composed of Fe-oxides and Cr 2 O 3 . An estimate of the thickness of the surface films was made.
Robust control of individual nuclear spins in diamond

Isolated nuclear spins provide a promising building block for quantum information science, motivating development of techniques to characterize, control, and detect them in suitable systems. Working with the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond, we demonstrate robust initialization, manipulation, and readout of individual $^{13}\text{C}$, $^{15}\text{N}$, and $^{14}\text{N}$ nuclear spins and identify a mechanism to extend our results to arbitrary magnetic field environments. These techniques enable precise characterization of nuclear-spin hyperfine parameters and coherence properties and may pave the way for nuclear-spin-based quantum information architectures in diamond.
A new method for determining liver microsomal cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase

A method is described to determine the mass of 7alpha-hydroxy cholesterol synthetized in vitro by liver microsomes without the use of a radioactive substrate.
Observation of anti-stokes fluorescence cooling in thulium-doped glass

We report the first observation of anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling in a thulium-doped solid with pump excitation at $1.82\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}l\ensuremath{\lambda}l1.97\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. At a pump wavelength of $1.9\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ and incident average power of $\ensuremath{\sim}3\mathrm{W}$, a ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}$:ZBLANP ( ${\mathrm{ZrF}}_{4}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{BaF}}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{LaF}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{AlF}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{NaF}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{PbF}}_{2}$) sample cooled to $\ensuremath{-}1.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ from room temperature for a single pass of the pump beam. This corresponds to an absorbed pump power of $\ensuremath{\sim}40\mathrm{mW}$ and a peak temperature change per absorbed power of $\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{W}$ from room temperature.
Partitioning and mapping B-spline surface fitting algorithm into fixed-size VLSI arrays

A method of solving the uniform bicubic B-spline surface fitting algorithm is proposed which introduces parallelism in a way that may be effectively exploited by a suitable parallel architecture. This method is based on the observation that a tensor product spline surface fitting problem can be split into two spline curve fitting problems and each of these problems can be realized by a macropipeline of fixed size VLSI arrays. In fact, the heart of curve fitting problem consists of a block tridiagonal linear system. Based on the state-of-art electronic and packaging technologies, the size of VLSI arithmetic devices is limited due to the bounded chip area and I/O packaging constraints. A modular approach to achieve VLSI matrix arithmetic solution for the block tridiagonal linear system is amenable from the viewpoints of feasibility and applicability. A matrix partitioning approach is presented to overcome those technological constraints imposed by the number of I/O pins. A block tridiagonal linear system of size mn is then divided into m simple tridiagonal systems of size n and n simple tridiagonal systems of size m by the Dc Boor partitioning theorem. Each of the simple tridiagonal linear systems could be partitioned and mappied into a series of two fixed size primitive VLSI matrix arithmetic arrays including L-U decomposer and triangular system solver. The L-U decomposer and triangular system solver could be realized by a hex-connected processor array and an inverse perfect shuffle machine respectively. It would be shown that a B-spline surface fitting problem for a grid of mn points can be solved by m hex-connected processor arrays having 4 processors, m inverse perfect shuffle machines having n processors and n inverse perfect shuffle machines having m processors in (3(m+n)+2({logzn1 +flog2n)+4J units of time.
Hyperfine electron affinities of molecular oxygen

Abstract Theoretical hyperfine valence electron affinities of O 2 are identified in thermal, electron impact, photon and electrochemical data. The ranges of the 162 values are: (eV) 72-[X 2 Π, 1.030(2) to 1.100(2): C 2 Π, 0.410(2) to 0.480(2); d 4 Π, 0.228 to 0.342; f 4 Π, 0.128 to 0.242]; 36-[b 4 Δ, 0.685 to 0.917; A 2 Δ, 0.541 to 0.611]; 54-[a 4 Σ, 0.920 to 0.990; e 4 Σ, 0.215 to 0.285; b 4 Σ, 0.710 to 0.780; B 2 Σ, 0.495 to 0.545; D 2 Σ, 0.395 to 0.445; E 2 Σ, 0.335 to 0.385]. These demonstrate the existence of 162 bonding and 162 antibonding hyperfine states dissociating to the lowest limits. Multiple long range Efimov-like states with electron affinities less than 0.10 eV are also identified.
The relationship between body iron stores and blood and urine cadmium concentrations in US never-smoking, non-pregnant women aged 20–49 years

Abstract Background Cadmium is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant associated with increased risk of leading causes of mortality and morbidity in women, including breast cancer and osteoporosis. Iron deficiency increases absorption of dietary cadmium, rendering women, who tend to have lower iron stores than men, more susceptible to cadmium uptake. We used body iron, a measure that incorporates both serum ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor, as recommended by the World Health Organization, to evaluate the relationships between iron status and urine and blood cadmium. Methods Serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, urine and blood cadmium values in never-smoking, non-pregnant, non-lactating, non-menopausal women aged 20–49 years ( n= 599) were obtained from the 2003–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Body iron was calculated from serum ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor, and iron deficiency defined as body iron Results Per incremental (mg/kg) increase in body iron, urine cadmium decreased by 0.003 μg/g creatinine and blood cadmium decreased by 0.014 μg/L. Iron deficiency was associated with 0.044 μg/g creatinine greater urine cadmium (95% CI=0.020, 0.069) and 0.162 μg/L greater blood cadmium (95% CI=0.132, 0.193). Conclusions Iron deficiency is a risk factor for increased blood and urine cadmium among never-smoking, pre-menopausal, non-pregnant US women, independent of age, race, poverty, body mass index and parity. Expanding programs to detect and correct iron deficiency among non-pregnant women merits consideration as a potential means to reduce the risk of cadmium associated diseases.
Two ways culture is produced

Abstract This has been written in response to the editors' question, ‘how did you get into the sociology of culture and how do you see what you have done?’ The answer is that in trying to be what was then called an industrial sociologist, I stumbled on ‘culture’, a word that wasn't then being employed in a useful way. With others I tried to make something out of it that a wide range of serious sociologists could use in finding their own way. The strategic idea was to turn from culture as ‘normative values’ or ‘abstract norms’ and view it as ‘expressive symbols’. This paper shows the origins of the observation that culture in this sense is produced and explores how that idea moved from a focus on the institutionalized culture industry worlds to the auto-production that takes place as individuals and collectivies adopt expressive symbols and, in recombining them, make them the source of their identity.
Creativity research: implications for teaching, learning and thinking

Creativity has become a hot topic in academic circles, although it has only recently gained credibility as a legitimate subject for research. This paper highlights findings from a variety of research approaches (including psychometrics, cognitive psychology, historiometrics, biology, and contextual studies) with relevance to teaching and learning. Special emphasis is placed on ways to frame research as a creative endeavor.
Effect of postacute rehabilitation setting on mental and emotional health among persons with dysvascular amputations.

Objective To examine the effect of postacute rehabilitation settings on depression and emotional and social functioning among patients undergoing major lower extremity dysvascular amputations. Design A population-based, prospective cohort study. Setting Two racially diverse metropolitan areas (Baltimore, Maryland, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin). Patients Persons undergoing major amputation. Methods Data were collected from medical records and patient interviews during acute hospitalization, and 6-month postamputation data were analyzed with use of multivariate regression techniques. Main Outcome Measures Multivariate regressions were used to examine the independent effect of postacute rehabilitation setting on the probability of experiencing depression, low mental health, low social functioning, and low emotional role functioning 6 months postindex amputation, while controlling for preamputation functioning and an array of potential confounders, including pre-existing medical conditions, sociodemographic characteristics, baseline health, and functional status described previously. Results Of the 297 patients participating in the study, 43.4% received most of their inpatient postacute care at an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF), 32% at a skilled nursing facility (SNF), and 24.6% were discharged home with no inpatient rehabilitation. Even after we adjusted for preamputation characteristics and potential selection bias into the postacute care setting, patients receiving postacute care at an IRF were significantly less likely than those receiving postacute care at an SNF or home to experience depressive symptoms. Patients receiving care at IRFs were also less likely to report low emotional functioning than their counterparts receiving postamputation care at home or in an SNF. Patients in IRFs also reported better social functioning than did those who received postacute care in SNFs. Conclusions This study showed an association between reduction in depressive symptoms and emotional suffering and management after lower limb amputation on an inpatient rehabilitation unit. These results add to the growing body of literature suggesting better outcomes for persons with vascular-related amputations who receive care at an IRF relative to other postacute care settings.
A multiport network synthesis using a matrix continued fraction

The matrix continued fractions of three Cauer matrix forms are applied to the synthesis of two-element kind multiport networks given their driving-point immittance matrices. The network realizations of these forms as presented in this paper are canonical.
Evaluation of the phase-matching properties of nonlinear optical materials in the powder form

We describe an experimental technique for evaluating the phase-matching properties of nonlinear optical materials in powder form. The short wavelength phase-matching cutoff can be measured for new materials in a form readily available. We also selected, through this technique, three materials useful for device applications.
Equivalent helper functions of human "naive" and "memory" CD4+ T cells for the generation of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Cells comprising the CD4+ T-cell population are heterogeneous with regard to function, maturation, and the expression of membrane molecules such as the CD45RA antigen. Previous analyses of the CD4+ subsets defined by CD45RA antigen expression have shown that the ability to provide help for antibody production is restricted to cells within the CD4+CD45RA− subset. In the present studies, we have examined the ability of “naive” CD4+CD45RA+ cells and “memory” CD4+CD45RA− cells to provide help for the generation of alloreactive CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. When purified CD4+CD45RA+ or CD4+CD45RA− cells were cultured with autologous CD8+ cells and allogeneic E-stimulator cells, both subsets were consistently able to provide help for CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell development. In contrast, the ability to provide help for antibody production was restricted to cells in the CD4+CD45RA− subset. Differences in the mechanisms of the helper functions for these two systems were also identified. Whereas exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) could replace the help provided by either CD4+ subset for cytotoxic T-cell generation, IL-2 had only minimal effects on immunoglobulin production. Thus, our studies highlight the contrasting cellular requirements and mechanisms involved in “help” for B-cell differentiation versus cytotoxic T-lymphocyte generation, and they show that the helper/inducer functions of human CD4+ cells are not mediated solely by the CD4+CD45RA− subset.
Issues in American psychiatry reflected in remarks of APA presidents, 1844-1994.

Objective: The author reviewed the history of American psychiatry for the first 150 years of the American Psychiatric Association's existencece (1844-1994) as reflected in remarks of the association's presidents. Methods: Presidential addresses or remarks from alternative sources were located for the 120 presidents who served the association between 1844 and 1994. Results: The presidents' remarks on six topics—psychiatric practice, etiology of mental illness, public mental hospitals, alternatives to state hospitals (deinstitutionalization), biologic treatments, and fiscal issues were sampled and arranged chronologically. Conclusions: American psychiatry's history—its innovations, cyclical repetitions, and self-assessments—can be gleaned from this form of data. The presidents' remarks appear to refute the claim that organized American psychiatry has been negligent in criticizing itself.
A CALCULUS PROJECT THAT REALLY MAKES CENTS

ABSTRACT This article describes a calculus project that exposes students to the concept of retirement annuities in both the saving and withdrawal phases, via revenue streams represented by integrals. Students use modeling skills to solve several related problems as the assumptions of the original problem are changed, and the project requires them to use a computer algebra system to carry out computations that they could not otherwise perform. Students' methods and results are also examined.
Peroxynitrite: a potential initiator of lipid oxidation in food

Peroxynitrite is formed from the nearly diffusion limited reaction between nitric oxide and superoxide. This reactive nitrogen species has received intense interest in the biomedical field as an initiator of potentially harmful oxidation reactions. Peroxynitrite can also be viewed as an important pro-oxidant that affects food quality. Since most biological tissues used for foods contain systems that produce both nitric oxide and superoxide, conditions that enhance or suppress the formation of these precursors will influence the formation of peroxynitrite. The complex oxidative chemistry of peroxynitrite involves direct reactions with cellular constituents such as antioxidants, production of reactive species capable of initiating lipid oxidation, and catalyst-dependent nitration reactions which may redirect the reactivity of peroxynitrite to favor protein oxidations. Thus, peroxynitrite reactions in food may be deleterious, leading to a decline of quality parameters such as flavor, color, and functional properties.
Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on prostaglandin-E2 production by cultured corneal stromal cells.

Abstract We examined the effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the release of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) by rabbit corneal stromal cells in culture. Considerable amounts of PGE 2 were present in the media of control corneal cultures following 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hr of incubation. Irradiation with UV-A (320–400 nm) for 30 min resulted in more than a 50% increase in PGE 2 release. Dexamethasone inhibited PGE 2 release by corneal stromal cells. It was, however, ineffective in protecting the cells from the UV-induced release of PGE 2 .
The relationship between gene dosage, gene expression, and sex in Drosophila

In Drosophila, the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to sets of other chromosomes initiates a series of events which result in sexual differentiation. In addition, this ratio establishes dosage compensation, a mechanism which equalizes the products of X-linked genes in males and females. The present review discusses possible genetic entities responsible for the interpretation of chromosomal sex and subsequent sex-mediated regulation during development.
Anomalous Atrioventricular Excitation Produced by Catheterization of the Normal Human Heart

During the withdrawal of a catheter-electrode through the right ventricle of 2 normal subjects the electrogram displayed briefly a short P-R interval and an aberrant QRS. In the simultaneously recorded standard lead, the phenomenon simulated what is seen in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The findings are presented in support of the physiologic, rather than anatomic, explanation for anomalous atrioventricular excitation.
The Ariel I Satellite

The Ariel I satellite (figure 1, plate 9) is an integrated scientific laboratory specifically designed to obtain knowledge of the ionosphere and its complex relationship to the Sun. This scientific laboratory in space is completely self-contained and apart from a single command function operates independently of external control. There are no opportunities to repair or adjust the instrumentation in this laboratory once the rocket leaves the launching pad. Think of being unable to service your car, adjust your television set, have your washing machine repaired, for a period of a year. How many items in everyday use would be operative after one year with no maintenance? I will give data on Ariel’s performance later in my discussion. Let us now turn our attention to the components that go into making this laboratory in space. First, we shall look at the electronics, then briefly at the structure and associated hardware.
Attributes of broiler breeder males characterized by low and high sperm mobility

Abstract The attributes of broiler breeder males characterized by sperm mobility phenotype were studied in replicate experiments. Low and high phenotypes were observed in the first experiment over a 10-wk interval. Average straight line velocity differed between phenotypes (P
Language Production in Children With and At Risk for Delay: Mediating Role of Parenting Skills

The current study examined the effect of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), a parent-training intervention for child behavior problems, on child language production. Participants were 46 children (ages 20–70 months) with externalizing behavior problems and with or at risk for developmental delay. Parent–child dyads were randomly assigned to a waitlist control or immediate treatment group. Parenting skills learned during PCIT (i.e., “do skills”) and children's word tokens and word types were measured at baseline and 4 months later. Findings suggest an indirect effect of parent do skills on the relation between group and child word types, such that more parent do skills predicted more child word types for families receiving PCIT. The present study found that mothers' use of child-directed skills played an important role in the growth and improvement of child language. Results suggest that parent-training interventions targeting child behavior problems may also foster child language production.
IC layout and manufacturability: critical links and design flow implications

We assess the prospects for new tools and flows in the interface between layout design and manufacturability. We begin with a review of classic elements of this interface, then focus on more recently critical issues: (i) layout design for reduced CMP variability; (ii) layout design for PSM; and (iii) layout design for OPC. Our discussion highlights the many ways in which layout affords effective means of optimizing manufacturability, as well as opportunities for research and development.
Design and fabrication of prototype 6×6 cm2 microchannel plate photodetector with bialkali photocathode for fast timing applications

Abstract Planar microchannel plate-based photodetectors with a bialkali photocathode are able to achieve photon detection with very good time and position resolution. A 6×6 cm 2 photodetector production facility was designed and built at Argonne National Laboratory. Small form-factor MCP-based photodetectors completely constructed out of glass were designed and prototypes were successfully fabricated. Knudsen effusion cells were incorporated in the photocathode growth chamber to achieve uniform and high quantum efficiency photocathodes. The thin film uniformity was simulated and measured for an antimony film deposition, showing uniformity of better than 10%. Several prototype devices with bialkali photocathodes have been fabricated with the described system and their characteristics were evaluated in the large signal (multi-PE) limit. A typical prototype device exhibits time-of-flight resolution of ~27 psec and differential time resolution of ~9 psec, corresponding to spatial resolution of ~0.65 mm.
Choline kinase activity in the developing rat spinal cord: differential development of hemicholinium-3 sensitive and insensitive activity.

— Choline kinase (ATP:cholinephosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.32) activity was measured in preparations of lumbar spinal cord from rats ranging in development from 12 days of gestation to 46 days of age. The enzyme activity was measured with a radiochemical assay procedure suitable for whole tissue preparations which are rich in ATP-metabolizing enzymes. Total choline kinase activity was further differentiated into hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) sensitive and HC-3 insensitive components. The specific activity of choline kinase (unhibited) increased 3-fold during the prenatal period and subsequently decreased to relatively low levels by birth. There was no significant change in choline kinase activity throughout the postnatal period. The ontogenetic patterns for the HC-3 sensitive and HC-3 insensitive components of choline kinase activity had transient peaks in activity during the prenatal period; however, these peaks in specific activity for the 2 components were 2–3 days out of phase temporally. HC-3 insensitive activity reached a peak at 18 days of gestation while the HC-3 sensitive activity peaked at 2CL21 days of gestation. In the 10-day-old rat, the apparent choline Km values were 0.56 and 0.16 MM for the total activity, 0.58 and 0.13 mM for the HC-3 insensitive activity, and 0.47 for the HC-3 sensitive activity.
Microvascular supply in relation to fiber metabolic type in mixed skeletal muscles of rabbits

Abstract Medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), tibialis anterior (TA), and soleus muscles (SO) of New Zealand White female rabbits were frozen, and serial sections were cut for histochemical demonstration of fiber types (succinic dehydrogenase and myofibrillar ATPase) and capillaries (alkaline phosphatase). Fibers were identified as fast white (αW), fast red (αR), and slow red (β). MG, LG, and TA contained all three types. Most SO had only β fibers, a few had a small proportion of αR. Capillary/fiber ratios for whole muscles or for individual fields of a single muscle increased with the number of red fibers (αR + β) present. Capillary fiber ratios for αR and β fibers in LG and TA were greater than for αW fibers in the same muscle, but in MG ratios were similar for all fiber types. In MG and LG the number of capillaries per αR or β fiber was less than for the all-β soleus; only in TA were comparable ratios observed. However, in all three mixed muscles, the αR fibers were smaller than the αW, and in MG and LG the β fibers were also smaller, and these size differences masked uniformly higher capillary densities (capillaries/mm 2 ) for αR and β fibers in mixed muscles. On the average, capillary densities for red fibers were twice those for white in the same muscles, and were comparable to densities in the all-red soleus. Estimated maximal oxygen uptakes for red and white fibers (based on data in the literature) are in the ratio of approximately five to one. If these estimates are valid, capillary supply to the white fibers in mixed muscles is excessive, or the supply to red fibers is deficient, in relation to their capacities for oxidative metabolism.
THE ROLE OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PEMATRIC RENAL PATIENTS (PTS)

Accurate assessment of cardiac function (CF), fluid status and pericardial effusion (PE) in children with renal failure is often difficult. The role of echocardiography in the management of these PTS was evaluated by analyzing 112 echograms (ECHO) obtained because of cardiopericardiac enlargement (CPE) on chest x-ray, cardiac murmur not attributable to anemia, changing fluid balance or possible bacterial endocarditis (BE) in 34 PTS. 12 PTS not requiring dialysis (NO DIAL) and 22 PTS on dialysis (DIAL) were studied. The CF and cardiac size were acceptable in all of the NO DIAL PTS and required no change in their therapy. However, 19/22 DIAL PTS had CPE. By ECHO 15/19 had left ventricular volume overload (LVVO) that was not clinically apparent, 5 had PE alone and 10 had LVVO and PE. Routine dialysis, antihypertensive drugs and diet restriction resulted in improvement of the clinical and ECHO findings in only 8. The remaining 11 PTS had persistent decreased CF on ECHO, with 6 requiring intensive ultrafiltration, 5 digoxin, and 1 of the 5 closure of an A-V fistula to improve CF and PE. One DIAL PT in whom an ECHO was done to rule out BE had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without evidence of vegetation. An ECHO in another PT with rapid deterioration revealed a large mitral valve vegetation that had developed in 30 days, identified as Candida albicans at autopsy. Hence, echocardiography provided valuable information about fluid status and CF, and significantly aided the clinician in caring for the children with renal failure.
Lymph Node Metastasis Predicts Disease Recurrence in a Single-Center Experience of 70 Stages 1–3 Appendix Cancers: A Retrospective Review

Background Previous reports on the surgical management of appendix cancer show high recurrence rates among patients initially presenting with localized disease. This study sought to characterize predictors of outcome among patients treated for stages 1–3 appendix cancer at the authors’ institution.
Design-for-Security vs. Design-for-Testability: A Case Study on DFT Chain in Cryptographic Circuits

Relying on a recently developed gate-level information assurance scheme, we formally analyze the security of design-for-test (DFT) scan chains, the industrial standard testing methods for fabricated chips and, for the first time, formally prove that a circuit with scan chain inserted can violate security properties. The same security assessment method is then applied to a built-in-self-test (BIST) structure where it is shown that even BIST structures can cause security vulnerabilities. To balance trustworthiness and testability, a new design-for-security (DFS) methodology is proposed which, through the modification of scan chain structure, can achieve high security without compromising the testability of the inserted scan structure. To support the task of secure scan chain insertion, a method of scan chain reshuffling is introduced. Using an AES encryption core as the testing platform, we elaborated the security assessment procedure as well as the DFS technique in balancing security and testability of cryptographic circuits.
The 2010 BP Gulf of Mexico oil spill: Implications for theory of organizational disaster

Abstract Focusing on the interaction of technology and organizational factors, the present paper examines the 2010 BP Gulf of Mexico oil spill for the purpose of developing a better understanding of the requirements for a theory of organizational disasters. Drawing from literature on organizational disasters, a model of “technology-embedded disasters” is developed and discussed. After outlining the events surrounding the oil spill disaster, the model is employed in analysis of the oil spill. The oil spill case is employed as a means of reflecting on the requirements for an improved model of organizational disaster.
Life-cycle uses of water in U.S. electricity generation

Water use by the electric power industry is attracting renewed interest as periods and zones of arid weather are increasingly encountered, and various regional energy-production scenarios are evaluated. However, there is a scarcity of data on upstream water factors and discrepancies of data from different sources. We reviewed previous studies of water use in electricity generation and used full-life cycle accounting to evaluate water demand factors, both withdrawal and consumption, for conventional- and renewable-electrical power plants. Our investigation showed that moving to technologies like photovoltaics and wind offers the best option for conserving our water supply. We also emphasize the importance of employing a transparent, balanced approach in accounting life-cycle water usages.
Comparison of Materials for an Integrated Thermal Protection System for Spacecraft Reentry

An integrated thermal protection system for spacecraft reentry based on a corrugated core sandwich panel concept fulfilling both thermal and structural functions is optimized for minimal mass. We seek the optimal dimensions and the best materials, but directly optimizing both continuous geometric parameters and discrete material choices is difficult. Accordingly the optimization problem is solved in two steps. In the first step, good candidatematerialsareselectedbasedmainlyontheirthermalperformance, obtainedfromasplineinterpolation of the maximum bottom face sheet temperature. Mild simplifying assumptions allowed a reduction of the number of variables in the interpolation to two nondimensional variables. In combination with a material database, this procedure allowed a graphical comparison and selection of candidate materials. In the second step, the geometry of the integrated thermal protection system panel is optimized for different combinations of the materials identified in step one. The optimization considers both thermal and structural constraints. The lightest panel employs aluminosilicate/Nextel 720 composites for the top face sheet and web corrugation and beryllium for the bottom face sheet. For the same thermal reentry environment, this design was found to be only about 40% heavier than a reference conventional thermal protection system that does not provide any structural load carrying capabilities.
Dynamic Rastering Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Measurements on Silver Nanorod Substrates:

Surface-enhanced Raman spectra of a thiol-modified biotin derivative on oblique-angle-deposited silver nanorod (AgNR) array substrates were measured using both static and rotating rastering methods. We find that the rotating rastering method has a strong tendency to decrease the point-to-point relative standard deviation (RSD) compared to static measurements as well as decrease the effects of cumulative excitation exposure. The AgNR substrates treated with the modified biotin typically demonstrate intra-substrate RSDs of <10%, with an average RSD of ∼3% when the rastering radius r=1 mm. The quantitative studies on the relationship between rastering radius, sampling area, and rastering frequency show that only the rastering radius appears to have significant effect on the measured RSD. Our results demonstrate that under the proper measurement and sample preparation conditions, the Ag nanorod substrates are very uniform.
Direct demonstration of superoxide anion production during the oxidation of reduced flavin and of its catalytic decomposition by erythrocuprein.

The oxidation of reduced flavins by molecular oxygen at neutral to alkaline pH produces substantial yields of the superoxide anion, O2•. This species is rapidly destroyed by catalytic quantities of the copper protein, erythrocuprein, and by stoichiometric quantities of ferricytochrome c.
Determinants of altered anxiety after abnormal maternal serum α-fetoprotein screening

Abstract With maternal serum ot-fetoprotein testing, large numbers of previously “low-risk” patients are now considered high risk and are offered genetic testing. Anecdotally, these patients have been perceived as more highly anxious than other second-trimester patients referred for genetic testing because of advanced maternal age. Thus we have studied patient demographics, true genetic risks, the perceptions of risk, and state (situational) and trait (constitutional) anxiety for these patients and their partners. Significantly increased state anxiety was noted for mothers as compared with fathers both in the group of women referred for testing because of maternal serum α-fetoprotein levels and in those. referred due to advanced maternal age. State anxiety was increased in the women referred for maternal serum ot-fetoprotein levels as compared with women referred for advanced maternal age. True genetic risks were comparable between the groups. Some critics have argued that maternal serum α-fetoprotein screening engenders unnecessary anxiety. Our data show that patients undergoing genetic testing due to maternal serum α-fetoprotein levels have higher state anxiety than women undergoing testing because of advanced maternal age, but that indication is much less a factor than are partner differences. Therefore, increased anxiety after abnormal maternal serum a-fetoprotein testing results cannot be reasonably used as an argument against such testing.
Navigation By Path Remembering

We present a scheme for navigation that does not rely on a detailed world map or a precise inertial guidance system. Our approach is based on a multiple-agent control system in which there are a variety of local navigation behaviors that run in parallel. These behaviors arbitrate among themselves to select the most applicable action in any given situation. Meanwhile, there is another process which watches for "choice points" -- places where it is possible to travel in one of several distinct directions -- and simply records the qualitative direction actually travelled at each point. Our representation of the robot's path is then a sequence of these choices which can be replayed in reverse to get the robot back to its starting location. An important point is that instead of attempting to build a complete internal map, we use the world as its own representation. Another feature is that the robot does not even care which algorithm(s) are employed to get it from one point to the next. The individual agents communicate through the world to the path rememberer by turning the robot.