cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of marginal and conditional probabilities of one verbal association upon concomitant acquisition of a second association

Summary The experiment reported in this paper involved concomitant presentation of two S-E 1 , S-E 2 verbal associations in a modified paired-associate procedure. (Responses of E 1 are termed A 1 and of E 2 are termed A 2 ). One association (S) had a constant S-E 1 , S-E 2 probability ratio of .70-.30 (π and 1-π, respectively). A fixed 60-trial sequence of the two responses was used. The second association (S′) varied in response probability ratio, .80-.20 (π′ and 1-π′, respectively), or .60-.40. Within each π′ condition, two groups with different conditional probability of responses were employed (High Alternation or Low Alternation). A greater frequency of A 1 responses was found when π′ = .80 as compared to the condition in which π′ = .60. In addition, A 1 -A 2 alternations were greater for π′ = .60 under the Low Alternation conditions. The A 1 and A 2 run lengths tended to be longer for π′ = .80 and Low Alternation conditions. In general, for alternation, run length, and negative recency data, the effect of the S′ association upon A 1 -A 2 sequential responding was similar to that of the S association. The data were discussed in terms of the difficulty of discrimination of the responseword sequences.
Metaphor and What is Said

: In this paper, I argue for an account of metaphorical content as what is said when a speaker utters a metaphor. First, I show that two other possibilities—the Gricean account of metaphor as implicature and the strictly semantic account developed by Josef Stern—face several serious problems. In their place, I propose an account that takes metaphorical content to cross-cut the semantic-pragmatic distinction. This requires re-thinking the notion of metaphorical content, as well as the relation between the metaphorical and the literal.
65.3: 3.1‐Inch Flexible Top‐Emitting AMOLED on Plastic Substrate Driven by Organic Thin Film Transistors

A 3.1-inch flexible active matrix OTFT-OLED display had been demonstrated on the plastic substrate with process temperature below 200°C. To realize the flexible AMOLED, we replace ITO by Ag and develop surface control method to achieve high uniformity OTFT array and the lifetime of half Id is over 5000hrs.
Oxygen sensitivity severely limits the replicative lifespan of murine fibroblasts

Most mammalian cells do not divide indefinitely, owing to a process termed replicative senescence. In human cells, replicative senescence is caused by telomere shortening, but murine cells senesce despite having long stable telomeres1. Here, we show that the phenotypes of senescent human fibroblasts and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) differ under standard culture conditions, which include 20% oxygen. MEFs did not senesce in physiological (3%) oxygen levels, but underwent a spontaneous event that allowed indefinite proliferation in 20% oxygen. The proliferation and cytogenetic profiles of DNA repair-deficient MEFs suggested that DNA damage limits MEF proliferation in 20% oxygen. Indeed, MEFs accumulated more DNA damage in 20% oxygen than 3% oxygen, and more damage than human fibroblasts in 20% oxygen. Our results identify oxygen sensitivity as a critical difference between mouse and human cells, explaining their proliferative differences in culture, and possibly their different rates of cancer and ageing.
Implementation Of Lanczos Algorithms on Vector Computers

We report on two recent studies [17],[18] in which the Lanczos algorithm was transported to a vector machine. The results suggest that our present implementations cannot exploit the full power of Class VI machines, nor even half of it. Yet the nature of the Lanczos algorithm lends itself to vectorization.
An Iterative Unconditionally Stable LOD–FDTD Method

We present an iterative, unconditionally stable locally-one-dimensional (LOD) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method based on the use of an iterative fixed-point correction to reduce the splitting error. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the gain in accuracy of the proposed method versus the conventional LOD-FDTD method and the improved computational efficiency versus the iterative alternating-direction-implicit (ADI)-FDTD method.
Correlation of Visco-Elastic Properties of Large Arteries with Microscopic Structure: V. EFFECTS OF SINUSOIDAL FORCINGS AT LOW AND AT RESONANCE FREQUENCIES

Nine aortas from recently killed dogs were sectioned into 21 or more ring segments supported horizontally on two hooks in Ringer9s solution. One hook oscillated sinusoidally from .01 to 21 Hz to stretch the segments 1.2% in excess of 4 or more mean strain levels from 5 to 100%. The segments were kept at 4 temperature levels (0°, 20°, 37°, 60°C). The other hook was coupled to a force transducer. At frequencies below 1 Hz, the force registered was sinusoidal with the same frequency as the stretch which it led, unless the specimen contained demonstrably contracted smooth muscle; then the stress was nonlinear and lagged behind the strain at frequencies below .05 Hz. As frequencies rose above 1 Hz, the force amplitude rose to a maximum, resonating at frequency ω r , which was higher at higher initial strains. Concurrently the phase shift increased to 90° at another frequency ω 90 . When ω 90 = ω r , viscous losses were negligible, a fact confirmed by other data in this and other studies and generally implicating collagen. When ω 90 > ω r , viscous losses were appreciable, in agreement with other measurements and implicating either muscle or elastin. These two wall components could be distinguished from each other by responses to drugs and to changes in temperature. Absolute dynamic modulus, storage modulus, loss modulus, phase shift, and loss angle measured from stress-strain loops compared favorably with similar measurements published for other visco-elastic materials and with viscous and elastic constants obtained from stress-relaxation experiments on aorta.
How Well Do Researchers Report their Measures? an Evaluation of Measurementin Published Educational Research

The present study describes how much and in what ways the authors of articles fail to include adequate information about data collection. The instrumentation reported in 220 articles from 22 randomly selected journals was coded and tabulated using a scheme based on criteria from current research textbooks that are consistent with American Educational Research Association/American Psychological Association/National Council on Measurement in Education (AERA/APA/NCME) standards. Results suggest that the quality of measurement reporting continues to be a problem. Eight of the most common reporting failures are identified. It is recommended that journal editors and referees more thoughtfully consider the quality of measurement reporting when reviewing and editing submitted articles.
Last things first: Karl Barth's theological exegesis of 1 Corinthians in The Resurrection of the Dead

Retrieving Karl Barth's theological exegesis of 1 Corinthians is essential both for historical reasons (it sheds important light on the crucial period between the Romerbrief and the early Gottingen lectures on dogmatics) and for theological reasons: the bodily resurrection of Jesus Christ was the starting point of Barth's theology. This paper addresses historical concerns about the development of Barth's thought by locating his work on 1 Corinthians in recent discussions by David Ford and Bruce McCormack. As to theological issues, it defends Barth's exegesis of 1 Corinthians against those NT scholars who claimed that Barth's reading of Paul was determined by his own theological concerns and could therefore tell us nothing about Pauline theology. In fact, the opposite is the case: Barth's reading of 1 Corinthians remains exegetically interesting today (while those of his contemporaries do not) because he took the historical Paul seriously as a pastor and understood the pastoral implications of Paul's theological argument for the resurrection of the dead. Barth's ‘theological exegesis’ enabled him to hear the theologian Paul and protected him against the historicizing tendencies of the NT scholars of his day.
Properties of maximally dominating faults

We study properties of a subset of single stuck-at faults defined based on dominance relations and referred to as maximally dominating faults. These faults were shown to be effective in n-detection test generation and in diagnosis. The properties described here can be useful in additional applications. We suggest two such applications. The first is weighted random pattern generation using three weights, 0, 0.5 and 1. The second application is static test compaction that drops unnecessary tests from a given test set in order to reduce its size.
The geothermal analog of pumped storage for electrical demand load following

A six-day cyclic load-following experiment, conducted in July 1995 at the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Fenton Hill hot dry rock (HDR) test site in north-central New Mexico, has verified that an HDR geothermal reservoir has the capability for a significant, and very rapid, increase in thermal power output upon demand. The objective of the load-following experiment was to study the behavior of the Fenton Hill HDR reservoir in a high-production-backpressure (2200 psi) baseload operating condition when there was superimposed a demand for significantly increased power production for a four-hour period each day. In initial tests of this concept, an enhanced thermal power output of 65% for a period of 4 hours each day was obtained. This enhanced power output was obtained from a level of baseload operation that was within only a few percent of the previously determined optimum steady-state reservoir operating conditions. The principal objection to cycling the production from any geothermal reservoir has been the temperature cycling induced in the production wellbore. However, in this present method of surging the production flow, the temperature excursions were limited to only about 19/spl deg/F. The demonstration of this load-following capability could greatly increase interest in HDR geothermal systems by electric utilities because providing for surges in electric power demand is one of their major concerns at present.
Cardiology clinic follow-up did not decrease return visits to the ED for chest pain patients.

Abstract Background We initiated a program to rapidly rule out myocardial infarction and make an appointment (with no co-payment) with a cardiologist within 72 hours for patients with low-risk chest pain. Objective The objectives of this study were to determine if the rate of return emergency department (ED) visits for chest pain decreased among patients who kept their appointments and to evaluate factors that impacted clinic no-show rates. Methods The study was conducted at a safety net facility with 65 000 adult patient visits per year. This study was a retrospective review of patients with chest pain discharged from the ED with a scheduled cardiology clinic appointment between October 2008 and December 2009. We compared those who kept their clinic appointment with those who did not for repeat ED visits for 6 months after the study period. Multivariate analysis evaluated factors associated with keeping appointments. Results Of 381 patients, 265 (70%) kept their appointments. Show rates did not differ based on age, sex, race, or language. Patients with commercial insurance were more likely to keep appointments than Medicare, Medicaid, and uninsured (OR, 51.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.53-1041.64; P = .010). The 116 no-show patients averaged 0.39 return ED visits (95% CI, 0.15-0.63), and the 265 patients who kept their appointments averaged 0.28 (95% CI, 0.17-0.39). Two hundred twenty-nine patients who kept their appointment had no return ED visits, but 36 patients had 74 return ED visits. There was no difference in return ED visits between the 18 who had diagnostic cardiac testing (mean, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.60-3.06) and the 18 who did not (mean, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.20-2.36; P = .251). Conclusions This program did not reduce repeat ED visits. Patients with insurance were more likely to keep follow-up appointments.
Study of verb classes in African American english

Abstract This article presents a description of two classes of verbs, auxiliaries and aspectual markers, in African American English. The auxiliaries be, do, and have can bear negation, move to the front of the sentence in yes/no questions, and delete in yes/no questions. The aspectual markers be, BIN , done, and be done do not undergo such processes, but they assign aspectual meaning to the sentences in which they occur. The discussion of the verb classes in this article focuses on patterns of the auxiliary system as a whole, and highlights the generalization that speakers of the dialect make when they use this system. The description shows that the language system is rule governed, and it also presents some meaning differences between forms in African American English and Standard American English.
Comparing Centralized and Distributed Approaches for Operational Impact Analysis in Enterprise Systems

Enterprises have become increasingly dependent on information technology capabilities (e.g. secure remote access for mobile users) to support their business objectives. Consequently, determining which users are affected by component failures remains a very important and challenging problem. Analyzing operational impact requires an understanding of how the system components are inter-dependent, and when the components are actually employed by the system users. Our approach collects monitoring data from the end systems. Data mining and analysis are used to infer system dependency topologies and usage patterns. We compare centralized, partially distributed, and fully distributed implementation approaches using computers connected to a campus-wide system. The results show that distributed approaches can be used to minimize the amount of data transmitted between systems, without significantly reducing the overall quality of the impact analysis. These distributed approaches will support efficient and scalable impact assessment in modern enterprise systems.
The Electoral College after Census 2010 and 2020: The Political Impact of Population Growth and Redistribution

The combined effects of an aging population, domestic migration, and the geographically heterogeneous effects of foreign immigration are producing politically significant changes in the distribution of the American population. Using statistical projections of state populations in the 2010 and 2020 US Censuses combined with statewide estimates of the normal vote based on the last five presidential elections (1992–2008), I show that by 2024 Republican presidential candidates will receive a net benefit of at least eight electoral votes due to the declining population of the Northeast and upper Midwest relative to the rapidly-growing Sun Belt. Democratic presidential candidates will find it increasingly difficult to win elections without having some success in the South and Southwest as Barack Obama did in 2008 but many previous candidates failed to do. While migration will also benefit some solid Democratic states such as California, on balance Republican presidential candidates are poised to benefit from the status of Sun Belt states as magnets for both foreign immigration and domestic migration from a retirement cohort of unprecedented size.
Split-Path Fused Floating Point Multiply Accumulate (FPMAC)

Floating point multiply-accumulate (FPMAC) unitis the backbone of modern processors and is a key circuit determining the frequency, power and area of microprocessors. FPMAC unit is used extensively in contemporary client microprocessors, further proliferated with ISA support for instructions like AVX and SSE and also extensively used in server processors employed for engineering and scientific applications. Consequently design of FPMAC is of vital consideration since it dominates the power and performance tradeoff decisions in such systems. In this work we demonstrate a novel FPMAC design which focuses on optimal computations in the critical path and therefore making it the fastest FPMAC design as of today in literature. The design is based on the premise of isolating and optimizing the critical path computation in FPMAC operation. In this work we have three key innovations to create a novel double precision FPMAC with least ever gate stages in the timing critical path: a) Splitting near and far paths based on the exponent difference (d=Exy-Ez = {-2, -1, 0, 1} is near path and the rest is far path), b) Early injection of the accumulate add for near path into the Wallace tree for eliminating a 3:2compressor from near path critical logic, exploiting the small alignment shifts in near path and sparse Wallace tree for 53 bit mantissa multiplication, c) Combined round and accumulate add for eliminating the completion adder from multiplier giving both timing and power benefits. Our design by premise of splitting consumes lesser power for each operation where only the required logic for each case is switching. Splitting the paths also provides tremendous opportunities for clock or power gating the unused portion (nearly 15-20%) of the logic gates purely based on the exponent difference signals. We also demonstrate the support for all rounding modes to adhere to IEEE standard for double precision FPMAC which is critical for employment of this design in contemporary processor families. The demonstrated design outperforms the best known silicon implementation of IBM Power6 [6] by 14% in timing while having similar area and giving additional power benefits due to split handling. The design is also compared to best known timing design from Lang et al. [5] and outperforms it by 7% while being 30% smaller in area than it.
Structural Insights into RNA Recognition by RIG-I

Intracellular RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs, including RIG-I, MDA-5, and LGP2) recognize viral RNAs as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate an antiviral immune response. To understand the molecular basis of this process, we determined the crystal structure of RIG-I in complex with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The dsRNA is sheathed within a network of protein domains that include a conserved “helicase” domain (regions HEL1 and HEL2), a specialized insertion domain (HEL2i), and a C-terminal regulatory domain (CTD). A V-shaped pincer connects HEL2 and the CTD by gripping an α-helical shaft that extends from HEL1. In this way, the pincer coordinates functions of all the domains and couples RNA binding with ATP hydrolysis. RIG-I falls within the Dicer-RIG-I clade of the superfamily 2 helicases, and this structure reveals complex interplay between motor domains, accessory mechanical domains, and RNA that has implications for understanding the nanomechanical function of this protein family and other ATPases more broadly.
Developing Students as Future Researchers Using QSEN Competencies as a Framework

MonsivaisRobinsonPurpose This article discusses the development of students as future researchers within the context of carrying out an R-15-funded research project, and demonstrates the application of selected competencies from the Quality and Safety Education for Nursing project as a project framework. Operationally, the project had two parallel tracks; the first track was the research project itself, and the second track was the development of researchers through carrying out the research project. Objectives of the project The objectives of the research project were to (a) translate project documents into Spanish, (b) test the acceptability of the intervention in a Hispanic population along the Unites States–Mexico border, and (c) assess the feasibility of conducting a trial of the intervention in the same population. Method Development of future researchers was guided by selected pre-licensure Quality and Safety Education for Nursing competencies, which created a transparent link among research, education, and practice. Conclusion This framework is extremely useful for educators and research mentors who have the opportunity to mentor and develop students as researchers. MonsivaisRobinson
An integrative genomics approach for mapping the emerging genetic susceptibility landscape of triple-negative breast cancer

Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have achieved great success in identifying common genetics variants associated with increased risk for developing breast cancer. More recently, advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have made possible identification of mutations associated with breast cancer. However, to date, the information generated by GWAS and NGS has not been maximally leveraged and integrated with gene expression data to identify biomarkers associated with the most aggressive subset of breast cancer: the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here we present results from an integrative genomics approach that combines GWAS and sequence information with gene expression data to identify functionally related genes and biological pathways enriched for expression-associated genetic loci and mutations associated with TNBC using publicly available data.
Retrospectives in a software engineering project course: Getting students to get the most from a project experience

Project retrospectives are an established “best practice” in software process improvement. As a tool for learning how to perform better as a development organization, retrospectives may provide an additional learning opportunity for students in software engineering project courses. This paper describes a project retrospective approach that has been adapted to the academic setting. Academic project retrospectives not only provide students with the opportunity to reflect on their project performance, it gives the instructor additional information on improving the delivery, management, and learning outcomes. Key elements and suggestions f or improvements of the retrospective are described.
Simultaneous reduction of arsenic(V) and uranium(VI) by mackinawite: role of uranyl arsenate precipitate formation.

Uranium (U) and arsenic (As) often occur together naturally and, as a result, can be co-contaminants at sites of uranium mining and processing, yet few studies have examined the simultaneous redox dynamics of U and As. This study examines the influence of arsenate (As(V)) on the reduction of uranyl (U(VI)) by the redox-active mineral mackinawite (FeS). As(V) was added to systems containing 47 or 470 μM U(VI) at concentrations ranging from 0 to 640 μM. In the absence of As(V), U was completely removed from solution and fully reduced to nano-uraninite (nano-UO2). While the addition of As(V) did not reduce U uptake, at As(V) concentrations above 320 μM, the reduction of U(VI) was limited due to the formation of a trogerite-like uranyl arsenate precipitate. The presence of U also significantly inhibited As(V) reduction. While less U(VI) reduction to nano-UO2 may take place in systems with high As(V) concentrations, formation of trogerite-like mineral phases may be an acceptable reclamation end point due to th...
The Supreme Courts Decision On The Affordable Care Act: Abrogating Article III Of The Constitution

In National Federation of Independent Business v. Katherine Sebelius, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Case No. 11393, the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed most of the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA). In holding the ACA as valid (constitutional), Chief Justice Roberts reasoned that the taxing power in the U.S. Constitution was the reason that the law was enforceable. Although a strong dissent on such reasoning was written by four other Justices, Roberts also wrote that laws are entrusted to our nations elected leaders, who can be thrown out of office if the people disagree with them. [1] Roberts also wrote that the Commerce Clause in the U.S. Constitution did not give Congress authority to pass the ACA. Moreover, Congress could not impose unfunded mandates on the States to expand Medicaid. In so writing, Roberts disposed of the chief arguments of those in favor of the law and provided a bone to those who opposed it. But, by then holding that Congress taxing power was sufficient to uphold the law, Roberts ignored the Federal Anti-Injunction statute and called into question the ability of the Supreme Court to hold a law passed by Congress entirely unconstitutional. By writing that, in effect, the Court should defer to Acts of Congress, Roberts attempted a finesse first exercised by Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison in 1803. While it may seem as if he intended to demonstrate the same legal adroitness of Marbury, instead he deferred to the wishes of Congress, going through legal gymnastics to uphold a law that many scholars saw as indefensible, and damaged the power of the Supreme Court given to it in Article III immeasurably.
Distribution in the Grafting Density of End-Functionalized Polymer Chains Adsorbed onto Nanoparticle Surfaces

We have developed a simple model to quantify the role of curvature on the surface composition of polymer–nanoparticle hybrids formed as a result of the adsorption of end-functionalized homopolymer chains onto spherical nanoparticles in dilute polymer solutions. The analytic model incorporates relevant contributions from changes in the translational and conformational entropies of the polymer chains, and the enthalpy gained during adsorption, to derive an expression for the distribution of the grafting density as a function of nanoparticle curvature and solution properties of the end-adsorbing chains. Our model predicts that the grafting density distribution is Gaussian. The mean grafting density is found to increase with increasing nanoparticle curvature and polymer concentration. However, the degree of polydispersity in the grafting density is also found to increase with curvature, suggesting the near impossibility of synthesizing monodispersed polymer-tethered nanoparticle hybrids via the grafting-to te...
Apple Maggot Trap and Attractant Studies

Investigations of 2 basic traps and 60 different attractants for the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), were conducted in neglected apple orchards in Door County, Wisconsin, during 1961 and 1962. A yellow sticky-board type trap with attached bait jar was the most effective trap and Staley's Insecticide Bait No. 2® (a protein hydrolysate) was the best bait attractant, followed by full-strength household ammonia. A mature darkred Winesap apple was more effective than any of the bait or chemical attractants on the basis of unit area of trapping surface, cost, maintenance, and case of operation. Red was the most attractive color. Deadline® was an efficient tacky substance for coating the yellow sticky-board and Winesap apple to trap the adults.
The Arithmetic of Jehan Adam, 1475 a.d.

(1926). The Arithmetic of Jehan Adam, 1475 a.d. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 24-28.
New Materials and Functions - Novel Fibre Materials and Fabrication Methods

Recent advances in the fabrication of optical fibres have opened the door to a myriad of novel compositions, hence performance attributes. This paper highlights compositions and characteristics of novel molten core-derived silica-based fibres.
Architecting Rapid Growth in Space Logistics Capabilities

This paper describes how the United States can develop, deploy, and operate an integrated, commercial-based, space logistics infrastructure to undertake its transition into a true spacefaring nation. The paper first addresses historical examples and the benefits arising from building new logistics infrastructure. It relates this experience to the advantages that building an integrated space logistics infrastructure would have on human space operations and the growth of other Government and commercial space enterprises. The paper continues with a description of an example space logistics architecture and its logistics functions that would provide basic spacefaring capabilities. The paper then describes example systems, comprising this architecture, which would provide safe and routine access to and from space for passengers and cargo, mobility within the Earth-Moon system for passengers and cargo, and in-space logistical facilities and services. Special attention is given to achieving near-term reusable space access. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the commercial space logistics services and suppliers could be established and organized through a n ew federal space logistics corporation that would contract for commercial logistical services for Government space operations while also supporting commercial space operations.
Parameter study of VAD single-mode fiber for a 1.55-µm transmission PUBLIC

VAD single-mode fibers with varied parameters were fabricated. Using these fibers, the transmission characteristics and sensitivity to the distortion force were measured and compared. The experiment clarified that dispersion depends on the fiber parameters. However, high N.A. design dispersion-shifted fiber incurs only a slightly increased transmission loss. Optical loss increases due to bending and lateral force were also measured. The dispersion-shifted fiber showed increased stability against these distortion forces, promising good performance during the cabling process.
Model Analysis of Students' Self-regulated Learning Simulation System

With the deepening of education reform,how to build a talent training system in line with the training objectives,and foster the high-quality student with innovative spirit and practical ability,becomes the key issue of personnel training.Based on recent theoretical research about talent training and self-regulated learning of students,the paper built a simulation model of the talent training with multi-agent simulation technology,and achieved the simulation system development of student self-regulated learning by JADE multi-agent development platform.The simulation results explained the learning curve of students' self-regulated learning under the conditions of different cognizance level,different self-regulated ability and learning strategy,demonstrated the effectiveness of the simulation model,and provided complementary information for teachers and schools to develop talent training strategies.
Dynamic underactuated flying-walking (DUCK) robot

This paper describes the development of a flying and walking robot, called the dynamic underactuated flying-walking (DUCK) robot. The DUCK robot combines a high-mobility flying platform, such as a quadcopter (quadrotor helicopter), with passive-dynamic legs to create a versatile system that can fly and walk. One of the advantages of passive-dynamic legs for walking is that additional actuators are not needed for terrestrial locomotion. Herein, a mathematical model is presented and simulations are used to help design a prototype robot. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of combining an aerial platform with passive-dynamic legs to create an effective flying and walking robot. In particular, two modes of walking are demonstrated: (1) passive walking down inclined surfaces for low-energy terrestrial locomotion, and (2) active (powered) walking by leveraging the capabilities of the flying platform, where thrust from the quadcopter's rotors enables the DUCK robot to take steps and walk on flat surfaces or up inclined surfaces.
New Improved Bounds for K l 3 Parameters

New exact bounds for derivatives of ${K}_{l3}$ decay form factors ${f}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}(t)$ are obtained, provided that $\ensuremath{\Delta}(0)$, the propagator of the divergence of the strangeness-changing current at zero momentum, is known. Several estimates of $\ensuremath{\Delta}(0)$ are discussed, along with their experimental implications.
The Sweet Path to Metabolic Demise: Fructose and Lipid Synthesis

Epidemiological studies link fructose consumption with metabolic disease, an association attributable in part to fructose-mediated lipogenesis. The mechanisms governing fructose-induced lipogenesis and disease remain debated. Acutely, fructose increases de novo lipogenesis through the efficient and uninhibited action of ketohexokinase and aldolase B which yields substrates for fatty-acid synthesis. Chronic fructose consumption further enhances the capacity for hepatic fructose metabolism by activating several key transcription factors (i.e., SREBP1c and ChREBP) which augment the expression of lipogenic enzymes, increasing lipogenesis and further compounding hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis. Hepatic insulin resistance develops from diacylglycerol–PKCɛ-mediated impairment of insulin signaling and possibly additional mechanisms. Initiatives that decrease fructose consumption and therapies that block fructose-mediated lipogenesis will be necessary to avert future metabolic pandemics.
The Philosophy of William James: The Will to Believe

The previous three chapters presented a sympathetic exposition of James's Master Syllogism. For it to work, we must not only be able to believe intentionally but do so freely in James's libertarian sense. James argued that we cannot determine on evidential grounds whether or not our wills possess such contra-causal freedom to determine the manner in which we are conscious, thus determining what we believe, which in turn will determine how we act. What justification, then, could we have for believing that we are free in this sense? James's answer is that we could have a pragmatic justification based on the desirable consequences of so believing. Whereas an evidential or, more generally, epistemic justification presents arguments directed at establishing the truth of the proposition believed, a pragmatic justification is directed at establishing the desirable consequences of believing this proposition. This chapter explores James's attempt to give a pragmatic justification for believing that our wills are free, as well as for believing other propositions that are of great importance to us, such as that God exists. James's term for a pragmatic justification is a “will-to-believe” justification. The basic idea is that one is justified in believing, or getting oneself to believe, an evidentially undecidable proposition when doing so will have desirable consequences, that is, maximize desire–satisfaction over desire–dissatisfaction. The qualification “or get ourselves to believe” will be dropped hereafter for the sake of brevity.
Biogeographic Patterns and Ice Age Events

Paleogeographic patterns of continents provide a framework for explaining the present disjunct distributions of many organisms. Continental drift is exceedingly important in providing an explanation for the North American/ European, South American/Australasian and South American/African intercontinental disjunctions. Continental drift theory, however, cannot be appropriately applied to every disjunction. Two other major intercontinental disjunctions are the eastern Asian/eastern North American and the less extensive temperate North American/temperate South American disjunctions. How did the floras of these now widely separated areas become established?
Weakened All Weekend

This case discusses the complex pharmacodynamic interaction between vecuronium and amikacin resulting in increased neuromuscular blockade.
Physics and Texture

This chapter discusses the branches of physics that are relevant to texture, mainly rheology and physical properties of materials. Rheology is the study of the deformation and flow of matter. Its principles can be applied to any kind of material ranging from mobile fluids, to plastics, from to foods and beverages. . There is a large number of practicing rheologists, and it is not surprising to find that the field of rheology is well developed and thriving. Most of the rheological concepts and instruments were developed for nonfood products and the food rheologist; while borrowing freely from conventional rheological theory and some of the properties of both solids and liquids, and measuring and specifying their properties is sometimes difficult. Rheology is divided into two parts: deformation usually applies to materials that are predominantly solid-like in nature and flow usually applies to materials that are predominantly fluid-like in nature. The most important elements in both deformation and flow are the fundamental quantities of distance, time, and mass.
A novel schedule of accelerated partial breast radiation using intensity-modulated radiation therapy in elderly patients: survival and toxicity analysis of a prospective clinical trial.

Purpose Several accelerated partial breast radiation (APBR) techniques have been investigated in patients with early-stage breast cancer (BC); however, the optimal treatment delivery techniques remain unclear. We evaluated the feasibility and toxicity of APBR delivered using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in elderly patients with stage I BC, using a novel fractionation schedule. Materials and methods Forty-two patients aged ≥65 years, with stage I BC who underwent breast conserving surgery were enrolled in a phase I/II study evaluating APBR using IMRT. Forty eligible patients received 40 Gy in 4 Gy daily fractions. Patients were assessed for treatment related toxicities, and cosmesis, before APBR, during, and after completion of the treatment. Results The median age was 73 years, median tumor size 0.8 cm and the median follow-up was 54 months. The 5-year locoregional control was 97.5% and overall survival 90%. Erythema and skin pigmentation was the most common acute adverse event, reported by 27 patients (69%). Twenty-six patients (65%) reported mild pain, rated 1-4/10. This improved at last follow-up to only 2 (15%). Overall the patient and physician reported worst late toxicities were lower than the baseline and at last follow-up, patients and physicians rated cosmesis as excellent/good in 93% and 86 %, respectively. Conclusion In this prospective trial, we observed an excellent rate of tumor control with daily APBR. The acceptable toxicity profile and cosmetic results of this study support the use of IMRT planned APBR with daily schedule in elderly patients with early stage BC.
CAN OLDER PATIENTS WITH SYMPTOMATIC SEVERE AORTIC STENOSIS UNDERGO EMERGENCY NON-CARDIAC SURGERY WITH AN ACCEPTABLE RISK?

Background: Risk stratification of elderly symptomatic severe aortic stenosis(AS) patients who need emergent non-cardiac surgery can be problematic. Our objective was to determine the outcome of patients with symptomatic severe AS who underwent emergent non-cardiac surgery without aortic valve
Oxidative Stress and Acute Hepatic Injury.

Abstract Reactive oxygen species have long been implicated in the pathophysiology of acute liver injury. However, the translation of these findings to the clinic and the development of therapeutic agents have been slow mainly due to the poor mechanistic understanding of the pathophysiology and the many indirect approaches used to characterize the role of oxidant stress in liver injury. The current review discusses in depth the sources of reactive oxygen, the oxidants involved and the impact of this oxidant stress in the mechanism of cell death in 3 different clinically relevant acute liver injury models.
Genre, Reception, and Adaptation in the “Twilight” Series, edited by Ann Morey: Ashgate, 2012. Repr. Routledge, 2016

Given the series’ massive popularity, whatever our opinion of Stephenie Meyer’s novels and the blockbuster films they have inspired, Ann Morey and her contributors convincingly argue the need for i...
Tangible User Interfaces and Contrasting Cases as a Preparation for Future Learning.

In this paper, we describe an experiment that compared the use of a Tangible User Interface (physical objects augmented with digital information) and a set of Contrasting Cases as a preparation for future learning. We carried out an experiment (N = 40) with a 2 × 2 design: the first factor compared traditional instruction (“Tell & Practice”) with a constructivist activity designed using the Preparation for Future Learning framework (PFL). The second factor contrasted state-of-the-art PFL learning activity (i.e., students studying Contrasting Cases) with an interactive tabletop featuring digitally enhanced manipulatives. In agreement with prior work, we found that dyads of students who followed the PFL activity achieved significantly higher learning gains compared to their peers who followed a traditional “Tell & Practice” instruction (large effect size). A similar effect was found in favor of the interactive tabletop compared to the Contrasting Cases (small-to-moderate effect size). We discuss implications for designing socio-constructivist activities using new computer interfaces.
HEATING PROBLEMS IN AN APARTMENT HOUSE IN GREECE- THE USE OF SOLAR ENERGY

ABSTRACT The objective of the project is to study the function of a Central heating system (CHS) in combination with high efficiency solar collectors for an apartment house in Athens, Greece. The meteorological data provide the necessary information for the environmental conditions of the existing apartment, and from the thermal losses analysis is found that the yearly offered heating (Kwh) is almost equal to the thermal losses. Finally, this paper concentrates on the simulation work of installing a Unit of Solar collectors, the limitations and assumptions, concluding that the Solar Unit in conjuction with the CHS can provide a reduction of fuel oil up to 70%, when the apartment is well insulated, but the economic feasibility of the system may be quite high.
Structural evolution of titanium dioxide during reduction in high-pressure hydrogen.

The excellent photocatalytic properties of titanium oxide (TiO2) under ultraviolet light have long motivated the search for doping strategies capable of extending its photoactivity to the visible part of the spectrum. One approach is high-pressure and high-temperature hydrogenation, which results in reduced ‘black TiO2’ nanoparticles with a crystalline core and a disordered shell that absorbs visible light. Here we elucidate the formation mechanism and structural features of black TiO2 using first-principles-validated reactive force field molecular dynamics simulations of anatase TiO2 surfaces and nanoparticles at high temperature and under high hydrogen pressures. Simulations reveal that surface oxygen vacancies created upon reaction of H2 with surface oxygen atoms diffuse towards the bulk material but encounter a high barrier for subsurface migration on {001} facets of the nanoparticles, which initiates surface disordering. Besides confirming that the hydrogenated amorphous shell has a key role in the photoactivity of black TiO2, our results provide insight into the properties of the disordered surface layers that are observed on regular anatase nanocrystals under photocatalytic water-splitting conditions. The nature of structural disorder in photocatalytic black TiO2 is not known. Here, using simulations, it is shown that water formation drives surface reduction, with slowly migrating oxygen vacancies at the {001} facets resulting in the nucleation of disorder.
The Adsorption of Trichoderma reesei C30 Cellulase Protein to Protein Adsorbents: Application to Cellulase Recovery and Reuse

The adsorption of Trichoderma reesei C30 cellulase protein to DEAE-, CM-, Cibacron Blue- and concanavalin A-Kieselguhr-based supports (protein adsorbents termed Macrosorb) has been measured. The DEAE- and CM-Macrosorb possessed the greatest capacity for cellulase protein that was unaffected by 0.5 M glucose and minimally affected by 10% (v/v) ethanol. Adsorption of protein to DEAE-Macrosorb was measured at pH 3.5,5.0,6.0, and 7.0. At pH 3.5 and 7.0,25 and 76% of the protein contacted with the adsorbent was bound, respectively. Cellulase protein adsorbed on DEAE-Macrosorb at pH 7.0 was eluted by shaking the support in 10 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 3.5. The eluted protein was used together with an immobilized β-glucosidase to hydrolyze microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) to glucose. At the completion of hydrolysis, it was demonstrated that soluble protein could be readsorbed back onto the support and reused for further cellulose hydrolysis. Cellulase protein adsorbed on undigested cellulose could be partially desorbed by suspending the residue at pH 7.0 and recovered by addition of DEAE-Macrosorb.
Mode of action and use of plant growth retardants in reducing the effects of environmental stress on horticultural crops

Transient environmental stress can have a significant effect on the yield and quality of horticultural crops. In addition, the geographical range suitable for commercial crop production may be limited by an almost predictable seasonal occurrence of temperature or water stress at critical stages in crop development. For example, in fruit production in a temperate zone, flowering often begins prior to the average last frost date, and pollination and fruit set in grain crops often occurs during periods of consistently low rainfall. Moreover, vegetable transplants, targeted for the early market, frequently suffer from water stress as a result of root injury during planting, and chilling injury associated with an early planting date.
Evaluating quality in practice: A primer on peer review for nuclear medicine physicians

1257 Learning Objectives This educational exhibit aims to help readers understand: 1. why participation in a peer review program is increasingly mandatory for nuclear medicine physicians in the United States. 2. How selection of a peer review method may reflect differing prioritization among multiple peer review goals. 3. How special issues specific to nuclear medicine may arise in the implementation of a peer review program. In idealized terms, the practice of diagnostic imaging may be thought of as linking together a value chain that starts with a patient management question, involves image generation as an intermediate step, and ends with the communication of an image interpretation that accurately and maximally informs patient management. Quality assurance efforts in nuclear medicine have historically been focused on the earlier part of this value chain leading to image generation. Increasingly, however, nuclear medicine physicians are also expected to participate in peer review programs that involve evaluating the end product of each other’s work. This educational exhibit explains why peer review of diagnostic reports may be mandatory for many nuclear medicine physicians in the United States viz-a-viz an alphabet soup of regulation (eg, MIPPA, ACR, ICANL, FPPE, OPPE, MOC PPA). A goal-oriented model for understanding available peer review methods is next presented. The exhibit concludes by discussing potential special issues that may distinguish the peer review process in nuclear medicine relative to other areas of diagnostic imaging, including the role of residents and modality-specific image viewers.
Relationship of Interferon-γ to Cognitive Function in Midlife Women with Schizophrenia

Recent literature suggests that schizophrenia is linked to an abnormal response of the immune system. Interferon-γ is a cytokine that acts as a mediator between immune stimulation and the kynurenine pathway and may be related to cognitive abilities. The objectives of the present study are to determine if serum cytokines are correlated with cognitive function differently in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls. Fourteen midlife (30–70 year-old) females with DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 13 midlife control females were analyzed. Cytokines were collected from serum blood draws and analyzed at the Cytokine Core Lab at the University of Maryland, Baltimore. The RBANS, HVLT-R, and UPSA were performed to measure cognition and social performance. The results demonstrate a non-significant difference between interferon-γ levels in women with schizophrenia compared to controls, but this cytokine appears to correlate to cognitive abilities differently in these groups. There were several significant negative correlations between interferon-γ and cognition in midlife patients with schizophrenia, but only one in the midlife control group. The negative correlations between interferon-γ and cognition in patients with schizophrenia suggest the hypothesis that inflammation and the kynurenine pathway have important roles in this disorder.