cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estrogen receptor β sustains epithelial differentiation by regulating prolyl hydroxylase 2 transcription

Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) promotes the degradation of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), which contributes to the ability of this hormone receptor to sustain the differentiation of epithelial and carcinoma cells. Although the loss of ERβ and consequent HIF-1 activation occur in prostate cancer with profound consequences, the mechanism by which ERβ promotes the degradation of HIF-1α is unknown. We report that ERβ regulates the ligand (3β-adiol)-dependent transcription of prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) also known as Egl nine homolog 1 (EGLN1), a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that hydroxylates HIF-1α and targets it for recognition by the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor and consequent degradation. ERβ promotes PHD2 transcription by interacting with a unique estrogen response element in the 5′ UTR of the PHD2 gene that functions as an enhancer. PHD2 itself is critical for maintaining epithelial differentiation. Loss of PHD2 expression or inhibition of its function results in dedifferentiation with characteristics of an epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and exogenous PHD2 expression in dedifferentiated cells can restore an epithelial phenotype. Moreover, expression of HIF-1α in cells that express PHD2 does not induce dedifferentiation but expression of HIF-1α containing mutations in the proline residues that are hydroxylated by PHD2 induces dedifferentiation. These data describe a unique mechanism for the regulation of HIF-1α stability that involves ERβ-mediated transcriptional regulation of PHD2 and they highlight an unexpected role for PHD2 in maintaining epithelial differentiation.
A commodity hierarchy model of the rental housing market

Abstract This paper presents and analyzes a theoretical model of the rental housing market which addresses the durable-good nature and the heterogeneous nature of housing, while focusing on the quality distribution of housing units. Units of different qualities are viewed as distinct substitute commodities. New construction rates, deterioration rates, rental prices, and stocks are considered to be endogenous. Equilibrium concepts are introduced; both the long-run and short-run equilibria are shown to exist and to be unique. Comparative static results are established. The model's utility is demonstrated by its application to the analysis of several housing market programs.
Platelet transfusions from single donors

As a consequence of the increasingly intensive therapy administered to patients with leukemia and other types of cancer, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of platelet transfusions in th...
Glycocalicin levels in the plasma of HIV+ patients: An indicator of platelet turnover

Glycocalicin (GC) is the carbohydrate-rich portion of platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib(alpha) that can be cleaved from circulating platelets by proteases. The plasma GC level is an indicator of platelet turnover. Using an ELISA for GC, we assayed the plasma of 20 normal children (age 6 to 13 years), 50 HIV+ children (ages 4 to 18 years), 32 normal adults (ages 21 to 53 years), and 50 HIV+ adults (ages 24 to 66 years). The results were adjusted for individual platelet counts to give GC indexes (GCI). The normal children and the normal adults had significantly different GCI distributions (P = .002). In both normal and HIV+ individuals the GCI decreased with increasing platelet count (-.73 100,000/microL. Neither the GCI nor the platelet count was correlated with viral load. The platelet count, however, was weakly correlated with the CD4 count in both children (r = .31) and adults (r = .30) infected with HIV. Also, the CD4 count was weakly and inversely correlated with GCI in HIV+ adults (r = -.34) and in children (r = -.24). We conclude that increased GCI and, by implication, increased platelet turnover is a relatively common feature of advanced HIV disease. Furthermore, GCI may be elevated in HIV+ patients even with a platelet count >100,000/microL, suggesting increased platelet turnover before thrombocytopenia develops.
An Arizona Clam Dig, Carnelian-Replaced Clams From the Petrified Forest Area, Apache County, Arizona

10.1080/00357529.2011.636265-F0001 Figure 1. The author's son Chris looking for carnelian-replaced clams in badlands typical of the Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle Formation near Petrified Fo...
Ethnicity and Practice

A perusal of the contents of any social science journal will indicate that ethnicity has been a popular topic during the past two decades. Yet despite the volume of material produced, this period has not seen a notable increase in theoretical sophistication in the field (Drummond 1983:803; Young 1983). For the most part students of ethnicity remain mired in antique arguments about motivation that obscure as much as they illuminate. The following discussion attempts to break through some entrenched conceptual blinders by drawing on the theory of practice outlined by Pierre Bourdieu (1977). This theory avoids the explanatory gaps and fallacious reasoning and at the same time allows richer interpretations of ethnic phenomena, individual and collective, than do conventional models of ethnicity. Since individual and collective expressions of ethnicity have elicited divergent theoretical treatments, the practice theory of ethnicity promises to give new unity to a fragmented field of study.
Etiology of muscular spasms during general anesthesia

I N 1880, Humphrey first noted muscuIar activity of a trembIing yet rhythmic type occurring during the administration of ether by inhaIation. During the years of the WorId War this manifestation was reported by several observers.l~3~6~Q*37~‘8,‘Q The condition is known as “ether cIonus” or “ether rigor”; it usuaIIy occurs in the course of induction of anesthesia; the tremor frequently is limited to the Iower Iimbs and ceases as anesthesia deepens. In 1916, Mytinger reported his experiences in anesthetizing IOO patients suffering from idiopathic epiIepsy. Epileptiform convuIsions occurred frequentIy in the stage of induction of anesthesia. In rgzz, Patch reported 2 caSes in which epiIeptiform convuIsions occurred in the course of anesthesia, in onIy one of which was epiIepsy known to be a factor. Both patients recovered. It is in this group of individuals who do not have epiIepsy that we are particuIarIy interested at this time. In 1927 WiIson, anesthetist at Manchester Royai Infirmary, reported 4 cases in which “ether” convuIsions were fataI in 1926. Pinson, on the same date, reported 15 cases in which convulsions occurred in the course of genera1 anesthesia, in nine years experience, incIuding I 1,000 administrations. FoIIowing the appearance of these articles, 12 more cases appeared in the Iiterature in 1927, 13~21~23~24~28~34~38~45~48~53~70~84 g in
Effective field theory for a heavy Majorana fermion

We formulate an effective theory for systems containing a heavy Majorana fermion, such as bound states of a long-lived gluino. This ``Majorana HQET'' has the same degrees of freedom as the well-studied Dirac HQET. It respects an emergent $\mathrm{U}(1)$ symmetry despite the fundamental absence of a $\mathrm{U}(1)$ for Majorana fermions. Reparametrization invariance works identically in the two HQETs. Remarkably, while a Dirac HQET may or may not be charge conjugation symmetric, a charge conjugation symmetry emerges in all Majorana HQETs, potentially offering low energy probes to distinguish the two theories.
PTEN regulates fibroblast elimination during collagen matrix contraction.

During tissue repair, excess fibroblasts are eliminated by apoptosis. This physiologic process limits fibrosis and restores normal anatomic patterns. Replicating physiologic apoptosis associated with tissue repair, fibroblasts incorporated into type I collagen matrices undergo apoptosis in response to collagen matrix contraction. In this in vitro model of wound repair, fibroblasts first attach to collagen via α2β1 integrin. This provides a survival signal via activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signal pathway. However, during subsequent collagen matrix contraction, the level of phosphorylated Akt progressively declines, triggering apoptosis. The mechanism underlying the fall in phosphorylated Akt is incompletely understood. Here we show that PTEN phosphatase becomes activated during collagen matrix contraction and is responsible for antagonizing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and promoting a decline in phosphorylated Akt and fibroblast apoptosis in response to collagen contraction. PTEN null fibroblasts displayed enhanced levels of phosphorylated Akt and were resistant to collagen matrix contraction-induced apoptosis. Reconstitution of PTEN in PTEN null cells conferred susceptibility to apoptosis in response to contraction of collagen matrices. Consistent with this, knockdown of PTEN in PTEN+/+ embryonic fibroblasts by small interfering RNA augmented Akt activity and suppressed apoptosis in contractile collagen matrices. Furthermore, inhibition of Akt activity restored the sensitivity of PTEN null cells to collagen contraction-induced apoptosis, indicating that the mechanism by which PTEN alters fibroblast viability is through modulation of phosphorylated Akt levels. Our work suggests that collagen matrix contraction activates PTEN by a mechanism involving cytoskeletal disassembly. Our studies indicate a key role for PTEN in regulating fibroblast viability during tissue repair.
Evidence that most of the dopamine β-hydroxylase is not membrane bound in purified large dense cored noradrenergic vesicles

Abstract The compartmentalization of dopamine β-hydroxylase was studied in a purified fraction of large, dense-cored noradrenergic vesicles from bovine splenic nerve. A correlative biochemical and morphological approach was used to evaluate physical methods designed to produce more efficient vesicle lysis than has been accomplished previously with freeze-thawing, hypo-osmotic shocks or incubation at 37°C, all of which are relatively ineffective. Of the seven purely physical techniques tested, only those which subjected the vesicles to high pressures followed by rapid decompression produced effective lysis, unmasking of latent enzyme activity, and release of enzyme into the soluble phase. Based on results with the French Press, the best estimate for the percentage of dopamine β-hydroxylase which can be released into the soluble phase is 55–70% of the total enzyme activity produced by the addition of 0.05% v/v Triton X-100. This includes two-thirds of the enzyme which was originally in a latent form. The enzyme is considered to occur primarily, if not entirely, in a granular complex in the vesicle matrix. About one-third is thought to be oriented specifically at the inner surface of the vesicle membrane and is active enzymatically. Physical rupture of the vesicles causes redistribution of partially depleted vesicles and free matrix granules containing dopamine β-hydroxylase activity into less dense zones of a sucrose-D 2 O density gradient. After French Press treatment, 30% of the enzyme lost from the heavy vesicle peak is found in the region of the light vesicle peak which is thought to be the equilibrium density of the smaller vesicles characteristic of nerve terminals. The data indicate that much more dopamine β-hydroxylase is potentially available for release from the large, dense-cored vesicles upon nerve stimulation than previously has been believed. This will affect interpretations of exocytotic release from the two vesicle populations in noradrenergic varicosities and will have a bearing on the origin of circulating dopamine β-hydroxylase in response to physiological stress and pharmacological intervention, as well as in neurological diseases.
Coleman-Weinberg phase transition in extended Higgs models.

In Coleman-Weinberg symmetry breaking, all dimensionful parameters vanish and the symmetry is broken by loop corrections. Before Coleman-Weinberg symmetry breaking in the standard model was experimentally ruled out, it had already been excluded on cosmological grounds. In this Brief Report, the cosmological analysis is carried out for Coleman-Weinberg models with extended Higgs sectors, which are not experimentally ruled out, and general constraints on such models are given.
Whose jurisdiction over the US commercial satellite industry? Factors affecting international security and competition

Abstract Within a global economy, export controls play a large role in hindering the proliferation of high technology. A company operating in a country that operates under more strict export controls than others is at a serious disadvantage in competing. This has been the case for commercial satellite (comsat) manufacturers in the USA since 1999, when Congress redefined comsats and all technologies associated with them from a dual-use export under the jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce to a munitions export that falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of State. Following this, there was a drastic drop in the market share of US comsat manufacturers in comparison to European manufacturers, who continued to define satellites as a dual-use technology. This paper examines the various factors that have affected US industry competitiveness and tackles the question of whether or not it continues to make sense to keep comsats under the more restrictive International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) controls. To accomplish this, comsats are subjected to a litmus test created by George Zaphiriou in 1992 to determine whether a technology should be placed under ITAR controls.
TRICHOPHYTON ASTHMA: SENSITISATION OF BRONCHI AND UPPER AIRWAYS TO DERMATOPHYTE ANTIGEN

12 adult patients with perennial asthma and chronic skin infection were found to have immediate hypersensitivity to Trichophyton spp. 10 patients were tested by bronchial provocation and gave immediate bronchial reactions to an extract of T tonsurans. Double-blind, placebo-controlled nasal challenge of 8 patients demonstrated that the upper airways of these patients were also sensitive to this dermatophyte antigen. In addition to perennial asthma most of the patients had persistent eosinophilia and chronic rhinosinusitis. The results suggest that absorption of fungal antigen can give rise to IgE antibody production, sensitisation of the airways, and symptomatic asthma and rhinosinusitis. Several patients had many of the features of late onset or "intrinsic" asthma.
Nitrate and Phosphate Leaching under Turfgrass Fertilized with a Squid-based Organic Fertilizer

Consumer demand for cleaned squid generates a substantial amount of waste that must be properly disposed of, creating an economic burden on processors. A potential solution to this problem involves converting squid by-products into an organic fertilizer, for which there is growing demand. Because fertilizer application to lawns can increase the risk of nutrient contamination of groundwater, we quantified leaching of NO3–N and PO4–P from perennial ryegrass turf (Lolium perenne L.) amended with two types of fertilizer: squid-based (SQ) and synthetic (SY). Field plots were established on an Enfield silt loam, and liquid (L) and granular (G) fertilizer formulations of squid and synthetic fertilizers were applied at 0, 48, 146, and 292 kg N ha−1 year−1. Levels of NO3–N and PO4–P in soil pore water from a depth of 60 cm were determined periodically during the growing season in 2008 and 2009. Pore water NO3–N levels were not significantly different among fertilizer type or formulation within an application rate throughout the course of the study. The concentration of NO3–N remained below the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg L−1 until midSeptember 2009, when values above the MCL were observed for SQG at all application rates, and for SYL at the high application rate. Annual mass losses of NO3–N were below the estimated inputs (10 kg N ha−1 year−1) from atmospheric deposition except for the SQG and SYL treatments applied at 292 kg N ha−1 year−1, which had losses of 13.2 and 14.9 kg N ha−1 year−1, respectively. Pore water PO4–P levels ranged from 0 to 1.5 mg P L−1 and were not significantly different among fertilizer type or formulation within an application rate. Our results indicate that N and P losses from turf amended with squid-based fertilizer do not differ from those amended with synthetic fertilizers or unfertilized turf. Although organic in nature, squid-based fertilizer does not appear to be more—or less—environmentally benign than synthetic fertilizers.
Aminophylline reduces hypoxic ventilatory depression without increasing catecholamines

Aminophylline reduces hypoxic ventilatory depression in newborn piglets and can enhance the release of catecholamines (CATs), which in turn may stimulate ventilation. To determine if the effect of aminophylline on ventilation was due to the release of CATs, we measured plasma CATs and ventilation in two groups of spontaneously breathing newborn piglets less than 4 days old, treated with either aminophylline (n = 7) or normal saline solution (n = 6) during both normoxia and hypoxia. The piglets were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and intubated, and the femoral artery was catheterized. Epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured before and 30 minutes after treatment with aminophylline (15 mg/kg) or normal saline. The animals were exposed to 10% oxygen and the CATs again measured after 5 minutes of hypoxia. Respiratory rate, expiratory flow integrated to minute ventilation (VE), heart rate, and blood pressure were continuously recorded. CATs were assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Treatment with aminophylline during normoxia was associated with an increase in tidal volume. During hypoxia, treatment with aminophylline prevented a fall in VE and respiratory rate seen in the normal saline group. Epinephrine and norepinephrine increased during hypoxia, but there was no difference between the groups at 5 minutes. In our model the increase in CATs observed during hypoxia was not enhanced by aminophylline. This is consistent with the hypothesis that some mechanism other than catecholamine release is responsible for the effect of aminophylline in reducing neonatal hypoxic respiratory depression.
Solving more linear complementarity problems with Murty's Bard-type algorithm

The linear complementarity problem (M|q) is to findw andz inR n such thatw−Mz=q,w≥0,z≥0,w t z=0, givenM inR n×n andq in . Murty's Bard-type algorithm for solving LCP is modeled as a digraph. Murty's original convergence proof considered allq inR n andM inR n×n , aP-matrix. We show how to solve more LCP's by restricting the set ofq vectors and enlarging the class ofM matrices beyondP-matrices. The effect is that the graph contains an embedded graph of the type considered by Stickney and Watson wheneverM is a matrix containing a principal submatrix which is aP-matrix. Examples are presented which show what can happen when the hypotheses are further weakened.
Behavior Segmentation in a Dyadic Situation

A study was conducted to investigate the generality of behavioral segmentation phenomena that have been observed in single-actor situations to dyadic situations. Changes in subjects' segmentation strategies via instructional manipulations and across time were found. The generality of the feature change hypothesis from single-actor situations to dyadic-actor situations was addressed.
Interfacial forces are modified by the growth of surface nanostructures.

Nanostructures formed by chemical reaction can modify the interfacial forces present in aqueous solution near a surface. This study uses force-volume microscopyto explore this phenomenon for the growth of manganese oxide nanostructures on rhodochrosite. The interfacial forces above the oxide nanostructures are dominated by electrostatic repulsion for probe-surface separations greater than ca. 2 nm but are overtaken by van der Waals attraction for shorter distances. Across the investigated pH range 5.0-9.7, the maximum repulsive force occurs 2.4 (+/-1.1) nm above the oxide nanostructures. The magnitude of the repulsive force decreases from pH 5.0 to 6.5, reaches its minimum at 6.5, and then increases steadily up to pH 9.7. Specifically, fmax(pN) = 23(+/-4)[6.8(+/-2.1) - pH] for pH or = 6.5. This dependence indicates that oxide nanostructures have a point of zero charge in the pH range 6-7. In comparison to the nanostructures, the rhodochrosite substrate induces only small interfacial forces in the same pH range, suggesting a neutral or weakly charged surface. The quantitative mapping of interfacial forces, along with the associated influencing factors such as pH or growth of nanostructures, provides a basis for more sophisticated and accurate modeling of processes affecting contaminant immobilization and bacterial attachment on mineral surfaces under natural conditions.
Two Routines for Use in CAI Language Programs.

Computer-assisted language instruction tends to be limited by the disparity between the inflexibility of mechanical devices and the complexity of natural languages and their writing systems. For example, while there are usually many ways of expressing a given concept in a language, it is simpler to program the computer to accept only one of them. Thus one has the choice of either controlling the student responses such that there is only one possible correct answer or programming a number of different answers into the computer, any one of which will be acceptable. Neither solution, however, alleviates a problem more frequently encountered in language programs: the inability of a computer to distinguish between inconsequential and substantive errors. Minor typing mistakes-the simple omission of a period at the end of a sentence or the addition of an extra space between two words-are usually enough to make an otherwise correct answer be marked wrong. One solution has been to limit the student's response to oneor two-word replies, never giving him a chance to form entire sentences or even to deal with verbs in context with prepositions. On the other hand, programs asking for longer replies risk frustrating students by marking them wrong if they forget a punctuation mark or type lowercase letters when the program accepts only capital letters. Indeed, with this sort of a program, sooner or later such an error will be made and, given the potential hostility that "the perversity of inanimate objects" can cause, inflexible insistence on an exact answer does little to endear the machine to the student. To overcome these difficulties, two subroutines described in this article have been put into programs used in teaching French at Dartmouth. The first handles the problem of simple, insignificant typing errors and also permits the same programs to be run on different kinds of input-output devices: the Model 37 teletype, which handles accents and lowercase letters, and the more common Models 33 and 35, which handle neither. The second routine examines incorrect answers to determine whether they are close to the desired response or not. When a student knows his first effort was almost right, he can use that information on a subsequent attempt and often correct his own errors, a sounder pedagogical practice than simply telling him the correct answer. In short, these two routines attempt to "humanize" the computer, to let it distinguish between different degrees of error in student answers. In the first subroutine, before a student response is compared to the correct answer, both are first altered so that mixed uppercase and lowercase letters are all made capitals,
Obesity and Peritoneal Surface Disease: Outcomes after Cytoreductive Surgery with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Appendiceal and Colon Primary Tumors

It is estimated that 37 % of the U.S. population is obese. It is unknown how obesity influences the operative and survival outcomes of cytoreductive surgery (CRS)/hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) procedures. A retrospective analysis of a prospective database of 1,000 procedures was performed. Type of malignancy, performance status, resection status, hospital and intensive care unit stay, comorbidities, morbidity, mortality, and survival were reviewed. A total of 246 patients with body mass index (BMI) of >30 kg/m2 underwent 272 CRS/HIPEC procedures. Ninety-five (38.6 %) were severely obese (BMI > 35 kg/m2). A total of 135 (49.6 %) procedures were performed for appendiceal and 60 (22.1 %) for colon cancer. Median follow-up was 52 months. Both major and minor morbidity were similar for obese and non-obese patients. The 30-day mortality rates for obese and non-obese patients were 1.5 and 2.5 %, respectively. Median intensive care unit and hospital stay were 1 and 9 days, regardless of BMI. The 30-day readmission rate was similar between obese and non-obese patients (24.8 vs. 19.4 %, p = 0.11). Median survival for low-grade appendiceal cancer (LGA) was 76 months for obese patients and 107 months for non-obese patients (p = 0.32). Survival was worse for severely obese patients (median survival 54 months) versus non-obese patients with LGA (p = 0.04). Survival was similar for obese and non-obese patients with peritoneal surface disease (PSD) from colon cancer or high-grade appendiceal cancer. Obesity does not influence postoperative morbidity or mortality of patients with PSD, regardless of primary tumor. Severe obesity is associated with decreased long-term survival only in patients with LGA primary disease; however, application of CRS/HIPEC still offers meaningful prolongation of life. Obesity should not be considered a contraindication for CRS/HIPEC procedures.
Hole Drilling by Octopus

Octopus bimaculoides and O. bimaculatus can drill holes in the shells of their molluscan prey, through which they appear to inject a paralyzing venom.
A survey of digital signal processing education

The objective of this paper is to suggest a more rigorous and complete DSP curriculum that will meet corporate needs to produce "industry ready" DSP engineers from the ranks of students with undergraduate degrees. A study of many digital signal processing (DSP) curriculums across the world was conducted to determine the level of DSP theory, application, and lab exercise activity that was currently being offered to engineering students. Curriculum guidelines on DSP from the ACM/IEEE Joint Task Force on Computer Engineering Education were examined to help guide the development of an "ideal" DSP curriculum.
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (Prepared Under the Auspices of the American Schools of Oriental Research), edited by Eric M. Meters, Oxford University Press, New York

Like many of the endeavors by The Oxford University Press in the history of archaeology, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East is one of the most important compendium's of information comprising the history of Near Eastern Archaeology in recent time. Eric M. Meyers (Professor of Religion and Archaeology, Duke University), the Editor in Chief of the volume series, has done a masterful job of bringing together of wide variety of site information and biographical synposes of Near Eastern archaeolo­gists into a series of five volumes which are not only "user friendly" but "worth their weight in gold" for scholars and interested readers of the history of Near Eastern Archaeology. The wealth of information at the fingertips of the prospective researcher or interested reader is enormous. Although vast in its scope, the user of the volumes will find it easily accessible and of true value as a research tool.
Determinants of Electoral Support for Anti-Gay Marriage Constitutional Amendments: An Examination of Ballot Issues in California and Florida

Between 1998 and 2006, twenty-seven states amended their constitutions to prohibit same sex marriage. The 2008 elections again saw three states with ballot measures aimed at banning gay marriage. This study examines the determinants of support for those measures in California and Florida, and includes a similar measure placed on the primary election ballot in California in 2000. Support is measured as the county-wide vote in favor of each gay marriage ban. A number of hypotheses are explored that examine the urban/rural nature of each county, as well as the political and demographic characteristics of county residents. It is suggested that states may be best viewed as relatively independent groupings of diverse subcultures, rather than as homogenous populations with a single political culture. The findings reported here indicate that a host of demographic, political and religious differences within each state influence residents’ votes on gay marriage bans.
A Fully Vectorized Code for Nonequilibrium Rf Glow Discharge Fluid Modeling and Its Parallel Processing On a Cray X-Mp

Nonequilibrium, self-consistent radio frequency rf glow discharge simulations are described. The fluid transport is solved by a more accurate flux-corrected transport MAFCT algorithm. A staggered-mesh method is used for the arrangement for discretizing the variables used in the fluid model. Vectorization and multitasking methods are used to optimize the compu tation time required by the simulation. Consequently, the simulation code is fully vectorized, and the speedup ratio between the original code and the fully vectorized code approaches 11.7. Moreover, the multi tasking has a speedup ratio of 1.988 on the two- processor CRAY X-MP/24. The simulation results are compared with other model results to demonstrate the advantage of MAFCT. These results are also compared with experimental results. A better understanding of rf discharge mechanisms is accomplished through the use of a CRAY X-MP supercomputer, which provides a solution within a reasonable turnaround time.
Behavioral Treatment of Trichotillomania and Trichophagia in a 29-Month-Old Girl

Early childhood trichotillomania (TTM) has often been considered to be benign. However, untreated early childhood TTM can have significant negative physical and psychological consequences. This report describes the behavioral treatment of a 29-month-old girl with TTM. Treatment consisted of 14 daily sessions of behavioral intervention, followed by 3 consecutive days of follow-up treatment conducted 7 weeks after the end of initial treatment. The hair pulling was addressed by using reinforcers for not pulling, provided at intervals of increasing length. At the end of initial treatment, the hair pulling improved significantly. At follow-up, although some of the initial treatment gains were reduced, the patient maintained significant improvement compared with baseline.
Workforce cross-training decisions in field service systems with two job types

When job types are heterogeneous in a multi-server service system, pooling servers to reduce system delay requires cross-training. Managers should balance a reduction in customer waiting time with high service costs and possibly reduced server efficiency due to cross-training. In a field service system with two job types and a fixed number of servers, the determination of the mix of dedicated and cross-trained servers is a critical managerial decision. We were motivated by a real field service situation to study a model where the objective is to minimize the sum of the average service costs and the customer delay costs per unit time. We use simulation to investigate the impact of various system parameters such as the number of servers, server utilization, and server efficiency on the optimal workforce mix.
Retrieving information across multiple, related domains based on user query and feedback: application to patent laws and regulations

In this paper, we present a framework that can process user query for retrieval of information from documents of different properties across multiple domains, with specific application to patent laws and regulations. A case example is given to demonstrate how results from multiple domain searches can be combined using ontology and cross referencing. A user feedback mechanism is also discussed in this paper.
Technoscience, anaerobic digester technology and the dairy industry: factors influencing North Country New York dairy farmer views on alternative energy technology.

Structural change in the US dairy industry toward fewer and very large farms has fueled interest and government funding of research into the feasibility of constructing anaerobic digesters (ADs) on large operations as a waste management strategy. Some groups opposed to increasing scale and concentration in the livestock sectors, including dairy, also oppose ADs because of the connection with larger scale operations and the potential for facilitating increased concentration in agricultural production. But the connection between AD technology and large scale is a social construction promoted by its incorporation into the debates over agricultural industrialization. The technology per se is essentially scale neutral and its scale-implications are artifacts of design choices, as is seen by its successful application to both very small farms around the world and large-scale agricultural enterprises in the USA. Using a survey of dairy farmers in New York, we find that interest in AD technology occurs at all farm sizes; and that factors other than farm size are important in determining interest in the technology. We conclude that the technoscientific question raised by these findings is: will applications to, and interest by, smaller dairy farmer operators result in shifts in policy and funding priorities toward more diverse agricultural research agendas regarding AD technology?
Time domain electromagnetic analysis of a via in a multilayer computer chip package

A methodology for deriving an equivalent circuit of a via in a multilayer computer chip package using a time-domain full-wave solution of Maxwell's equations is presented. The approach is general and its applicability is limited by the ability of the circuit simulator to model frequency-dependent elements. To accurately model the curved geometry, the nonorthogonal FDTD (finite-difference time-domain) algorithm is employed instead of the conventional FDTD method because it provides a piecewise-linear model of curved surfaces, and, with a variable mesh density, it can represent complicated structures without an excessive number of unknowns. The nonorthogonal FDTD results were validated with measurements, and an equivalent circuit model was developed from the results. >
Uniform and Selective Deuteration in Two-Dimensional NMR of Proteins

CONTENTS PERSPECTIVES AND OVERVIEW ..... . . . . . . .. 243 SPECTRAL ENHANCEMENT BY DEUTERA TION . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 245 Spectral Editing... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 245 Resolution and Sensitivity Enhancement . . . . . . . 249 ENHANCEMENT OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS BY DEUTERATION ..... ... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 8 Size Limitations in Protein NMR Structural Analysis 25 8 Benefits of Deuteration in Structural Analysis ........ . . . . ... . . . ... . ... . ........ 260 t'UTURIi DIRECTIONS OF PROTIiIN DEUTERA TION .... 263
A Biosynthetic Enzyme Worms Its Way out of a Conserved Mechanism

Like many promising drug targets, phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase is part of a pathway that is present in a pathogen but not in mammalian hosts. In this issue of Structure , Lee and Jez describe a structure of this phospholipid biosynthesis enzyme from a parasitic nematode and reveal a reconfigured active site.
The Risks and Opportunities of the IEP Requirements Under IDEA '97:

The new Individualized Education Program (IEP) requirements in the 1997 Amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA '97) have significant implications for both general and special education teachers. Although they create increased opportunities for collaboration, they also create new risks of backlash. The micromanagement by the federal government reflected in them is problematic. Whether the expectations of the new requirements can be realized depends on many factors, including the energy and good will of IEP team members. This article analyzes the IEP changes and their implications for the effective delivery of special education and related services.
Evaluation of macromolecular electron-density map quality using the correlation of local r.m.s. density

It has recently been shown that the standard deviation of local r.m.s. electron density is a good indicator of the presence of distinct regions of solvent and protein in macromolecular electron-density maps [Terwilliger & Berendzen (1999). Acta Cryst. D55, 501–505]. Here, it is demonstrated that a complementary measure, the correlation of local r.m.s. density in adjacent regions on the unit cell, is also a good measure of the presence of distinct solvent and protein regions. The correlation of local r.m.s. density is essentially a measure of how contiguous the solvent (and protein) regions are in the electron-density map. This statistic can be calculated in real space or in reciprocal space and has potential uses in evaluation of heavy-atom solutions in the MIR and MAD methods as well as for evaluation of trial phase sets in ab initio phasing procedures.
Fungal degradation of wood: initial proteomic analysis of extracellular proteins of Phanerochaete chrysosporium grown on oak substrate

Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis was used to separate the extracellular proteins produced by the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Solid-substrate cultures grown on red oak wood chips yielded extracellular protein preparations which were not suitable for 2-D gel analysis. However, pre-washing the wood chips with water helped decrease the amount of brown material which caused smearing on the acidic side of the isoelectric focusing gel. The 2-D gels from these wood-grown cultures revealed more than 45 protein spots. These spots were subjected to in-gel digestion with trypsin followed by either peptide fingerprint analysis by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) or by liquid chromatography (LC)/MS/MS sequencing. Data from both methods were analyzed by Protein Prospector and the local P. chrysosporium annotated database. MALDI-TOF/MS only identified two proteins out of 25 analyzed. This was most likely due to problems associated with glycosylation. Protein sequencing by LC/MS/MS of the same 25 proteins resulted in identification of 16 proteins. Most of the proteins identified act on either cellulose or hemicellulose or their hydrolysis products. Thus far no lignin peroxidase, Mn peroxidase or laccases have been detected.
In Vitro Cultivation of Microphallus turgidus (Trematoda: Microphallidae) from Metacercaria to Ovigerous Adult with Continuation of the Life Cycle in the Laboratory

Abstract In vitro cultivation of trematodes would aid studies on the basic biology of the parasites and the development of chemotherapies and vaccines. Our goal was to measure the in vitro survival and maturation of metacercariae of Microphallus turgidus under different culture conditions. Metacercariae of M. turgidus from grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) were excysted and cultured in humidified air at 37 C in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 20% calf, chicken, or horse serum. Deposition of eggs was greatest in media containing horse or calf serum. Worms survived longest at 37 C, but did not produce greater numbers of eggs than worms cultured in RPMI-1640–supplemented horse serum at 42 C. Most eggs deposited in vitro (>80%) were normal in shape and, after incubation for 10 days at 30 C in brackish water, approximately 30% of them contained miracidia. Eighteen percent of hydrobiid snails (Spurwinkia salsa) fed these eggs shed cercariae 5–6 wk later. The cercariae were infective to grass shrimp (Palaemon...
L-Band Circularly Polarized Small Aperture Thin Textured Patch Antenna

An ultra thin L-band textured patch antenna is proposed with a 12.5% impedance bandwidth centered at 1.6 GHz. The antenna can cover several bands, including two satellite L bands at 1.525-1.560 GHz (uplink) and 1.625-1.660 GHz (downlink). It employs quadrature feeding for circular polarization and its textured design on the thin substrate (<lambda/40 at 1.6 GHz, epsivr=18) was generated via genetic algorithms optimization. The overall patch is less than lambda/3timeslambda/3 in aperture (including ground plane) and it delivers a remarkably constant simulated 4.2 dBi gain.
CASE STUDY: Effect of pen change on milk yield by dairy cows in 2 commercial herds

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of pen change on daily milk yield by dairy cows over the first 10 d after changing pens. The study was conducted during the fall/winter months of 2010/2011 in 2 Wisconsin dairy herds. Study cows were randomly assigned to either treatment (M) or control (NM). On d 0, the M cows were switched between study pens, whereas NM cows remained in their original pen throughout the study. Daily milk weights for M and NM were analyzed for 10 d before d 0 and 10 d after d 0 using PROC MIXED of SAS with parity, treatment, day, and treatment × day interaction as fixed effects and cow within treatment as a random effect. For herd A, n = 154 and 152 for M and NM, respectively. Herd A least squares means for average daily milk yield were 32.0 and 32.4 kg/d per cow for M and NM, respectively. For herd B, n = 137 and 142 for M and NM, respectively. Herd B least squares means for average daily milk yield were 49.3 and 49.4 kg/d per cow for M and NM, respectively. The least squares means for M and NM groups did not differ by least significant difference test for any day within a herd. Moving groups of animals between pens did not have deleterious effects on milk yield.
The Market for Lawyers Revisited

This paper examines the changes in the market for lawyers in the United States over several decades. Reviewing data from 1981 through 2012, we find that the quality of entrants to this market, as measured by the rate of attrition from law schools and mean scores on the Multistate Bar Exam, is highly responsive to the demand for legal services. Analyzing earnings of lawyers, we find that females earn substantially less than males, Blacks earn less than those of other ethnic backgrounds, and the disparity increases over the life cycle. There is also evidence that because of the decline of entrants to the profession, the share of older lawyers has increased, reducing the premium paid for experience. Finally, we examine the trend in inequality in lawyers' earnings, and find that it has increased substantially over the period of our data.
Qigong Exercise in Patients With Fibromyalgia Two Cases

Fibromyalgia syndrome presents with widespread chronic pain and other symptoms. Approaches in alternative medicine offer promising results in managing fibromyalgia symptoms. Qigong exercise is a mi...
Ha- ras and N- ras regulate MAPK activity by distinct mechanisms in vivo

The Ras GTPases function as molecular switches, regulating a multiplicity of biological events. However the contribution, if any, of a specific c-Ras isoform (Ha-, N-, or Ki-ras A or B) in the regulation of a given biological or biochemical process, is unknown. Murine C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts transformed with activated (G12V)Ha-ras or (Q61K)N-ras proliferate in serum-free media and have constitutive MAPK activity. The growth factor antagonist, suramin, inhibited the serum-independent proliferation of Ha-ras transformed fibroblasts, but not the serum-independent proliferation of N-ras transformed cells. The inhibition of cell proliferation was concomitant with the abrogation of the constitutive MAPK activity in the Ha-ras transformed fibroblasts. Analysis of the Ras-signalling complexes in immunoprecipitates from Ha-ras transformed cells revealed that Raf-1 co-immunoprecipitated with endogenous c-N-ras but not (G12V)Ha-ras. Pretreatment with suramin resulted in the loss of Raf-1 from c-N-ras immunoprecipitates. A c-N-ras antisense oligonucleotide, which down-regulated c-N-ras protein levels, abrogated the constitutive MAPK activity and serum-independent proliferation of (G12V)Ha-ras transformed cells. The data suggest that Raf-1 has a higher affinity for N-ras then Ha-ras in vivo, and c-N-ras function is required for the serum-independent proliferation of Ha-ras transformed cells.
Variability in Aster Yellows Infectivity of Local Populations of the Aster Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in Wisconsin

The aster yellows infectivity of aster leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes, populations collected from carrot fields at several locations in Wisconsin was determined weekly during two growing seasons to determine the need for control measures. Aster yellows infectivity of the collected insects varied both spatially among local populations and temporally through the season at each location, and was different each year.
Evaluation of a Dual-Mesh for Reconstruction of Diffuse Optical Tomography using NIRFAST

Diffuse Optical Tomography reconstruction is divided into coarse mesh for background region and finer mesh for target region using NIRFAST. The results show the spatial resolution of the reconstructed images and target shape are improved.
Lifestyle and Breast Cancer

Risk factors for breast cancer were addressed in Chap. 2; however, this can only explain about 40 % of all breast cancer cases [1]. It is known that lifestyle factors can influence the risk of breast cancer. 90 % of cancers are linked to environmental exposure so one strategy for controlling the rates of breast cancer would be through prevention. The fact that incidence rates differ between western and eastern countries also suggests an important role for environmental factors [1].
Saberes docentes e a docência na sociedade contemporânea: olhares discentes

On discussing the teaching knowledge, the central idea is that teachers articulate different types of knowledge in their pedagogical practice. Based on discussions by Pimenta, Tardif, Lessard and Lahaye, this paper analyzes the teaching knowledge considered necessary for the teacher's practice based on the conceptions of high school students from three schools (two of them from Brazil and one from Mozambique). Data were collected through questionnaire, workshops and field journal. The students' knowledge of the teaching profession is basic to reflect and plan their training process, because two of these three classes are directed towards the training of future teachers. The training process is a dialogical relationship between the several actors and their socio-historical, cultural and economic context. The study's findings indicate that, in addition to the knowledge already analyzed by Pimenta, Tardif, Lessard and Lahaye, there are two other types of knowledge: creative knowledge and humanization knowledge. The identification of such teaching knowledge contributes to enhance discussions in this area and gives importance to this study.
Efficient and secure template blinding for biometric authentication

Fingerprints as biometric authenticators are rapidly increasing in popularity, with fingerprint scanners available on many modern smartphones and laptops. Because these authenticators are non-revocable, special care must be taken to prevent leakage of the representative feature information of a user's fingerprint. While secure multiparty computation protocols have been designed to maintain fingerprint privacy during authentication, they do not protect the data stored on the authentication server. In this work, we develop a technique for blinding the stored biometric template such that the authentication server never observes biometric information in the clear, and cannot accidentally leak this information in the event of a breach. We show how our blinding technique can be combined with the privacy-preserving GSHADE protocol to privately compare biometric feature vectors using a variety of distance metrics with negligible overhead in computation time. We then construct a complete privacy-preserving remote fingerprint authentication system based on the Euclidean Distance metric, and show that a user can authenticate using privacy-preserving techniques in as little as 1.5 seconds. This work provides a template for designing low-cost blinding techniques for biometric authentication systems, and shows a practical use-case for secure multiparty computation protocols in remote authentication systems.