cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soft decision capacity of M-ary PPM with photon counting in the presence of timing jitter spillover

Photon-counting combined with M-ary PPM is practically the most efficient means for implementing freespace optical communications. Data rates are limited by the speed of the counting devices. We calculate here the performance with soft decision coding that one can expect for speeds so fast that device-limiting timing jitter is the primary source of measurement error.
The Roles of CO2 and Orbital Forcing in Driving Southern Hemispheric Temperature Variations during the Last 21 000 Yr

Abstract Transient climate model simulations covering the last 21 000 yr reveal that orbitally driven insolation changes in the Southern Hemisphere, combined with a rise in atmospheric pCO2, were sufficient to jump-start the deglacial warming around Antarctica without direct Northern Hemispheric triggers. Analyses of sensitivity experiments forced with only one external forcing component (greenhouse gases, ice-sheet forcing, or orbital forcing) demonstrate that austral spring insolation changes triggered an early retreat of Southern Ocean sea ice starting around 19–18 ka BP. The associated sea ice–albedo feedback and the subsequent increase of atmospheric CO2 concentrations helped to further accelerate the deglacial warming in the Southern Hemisphere. Implications for the interpretation of Southern Hemispheric paleoproxy records are discussed.
Introducing computer concepts to novices by “practical” immersion

Many of us who teach introductory computing courses to nonmajors have seen instances where former students in such courses return to campus some years later exclaiming that now they see the light – where computers were once uninteresting to them, the machines are so much used and useful on the job that now these alumni are fascinated with them. In an attempt to capture at least a portion of that element of the job environment that stimulates interest in computing and computers, we have designed a course that immerses the student in a fairly sophisticated computing environment wherein students use computers not only for exercises outside class, but for virtually everything related to the class. They use it for note-taking, for in-class demonstrations, for class discussions, for handing in and returning homework and tests, and for outside projects. In short, the student, like the employee on the job, is forced to become comfortable with the computer as an everyday necessity.
Growth inhibition of foodborne pathogens by Oenococcus oeni.

: To explore the possibility of using Oenococcus oeni to inhibit foodborne pathogens, and to characterize antimicrobial compounds produced by O. oeni, 24 strains of O. oeni were tested for their ability to inhibit growth of foodborne pathogens, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes by using the spot-on-lawn method. Of the 24 strains, 17 strains were able to inhibit all 3 pathogens in this study. Proteases, catalase, and buffer solutions were used for determining the type of inhibitory compounds produced from 4 selected strains with stronger inhibitory activity. Antimicrobial activity of 2 strains against the pathogens was completely inactivated by buffer solution, and other 2 strains against E. coli O157:H7 were partially removed. The antimicrobial compound was not sensitive to selected proteases and catalase. Practical Application: There is little information available about using O. oeni for human pathogens control. The results of this study revealed such discovery and potential applications for pathogen control.
Enzymatic Glycoprotein Synthesis: Preparation of Ribonuclease Glycoforms via Enzymatic Glycopeptide Condensation and Glycosylation

In order to study the effects carbohydrates have on glycoprotein structure and function, it is imperative to be able to synthesize the appropriate natural and non-natural glycoprotein variants in a single form. Because the available in vivo techniques provide only heterogeneous mixtures of different glycoforms, enzymatic in vitro methodologies have been pursued. Using the N-glycoprotein RNase B as a model system, the oligosaccharide was removed leaving only the N-acetylglucosamine as a “tag” to the site of glycosylation. Glycosyltransferases were then used to build a unique carbohydrate moiety. A new RNase glycoform containing the branched oligosaccharide, sialyl Lewis X or the Hg derivative, was synthesized enzymatically to demonstrate the feasibility of the method. In addition, the monoglycosylated protein was digested into several smaller pieces by subtilisin BPN‘. These fragments were religated by subtilisin 8397 to the full length RNase by addition of glycerol; this method points to a new chemical-en...
Using system simulation to model the impact of human error in a maritime system

Human error is cited as the predominant cause of transportation accidents. This paper describes the modeling of human error related accident event sequences in a risk assessment of maritime oil transportation in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The risk analysts were confronted with incomplete and misleading data that made it difficult to use theoretical frameworks. They were required, therefore, to make significant modeling assumptions in order to produce valid and useful results. A two stage human error framwork was developed for the Prince William Sound Risk Assessment based on interviews with maritime experts. Conditional probabilities implied by this framework were elicited from system experts (tanker masters, mates, engineers, and state pilots) and used within a dynamic simulation to produce the risk analysis base case results discussed. The ability to quantify the effectiveness of proposed risk reduction interventions aimed at reducing human and organizational error were limited by the level of detail described by the taxonomy of human error.
Teachers' Use of Curriculum Knowledge.

How do teachers use curriculum knowledge when implementing an innovative curriculum model? In what ways does their knowledge assist them? How can we assess their understanding? What factors support or impede teachers' use of curriculum knowledge in school improvement? This study sought to assess how teachers used their knowledge of curriculum during the implementation of a nontraditional model of curriculum approach. Curriculum knowledge was broadly defined as the ability to apply theoretical principles and behaviors associated with planning, implementing, and evaluating the curriculum (Behar, 1994), in differentiating instruction (oyce, Weil, & Showers, 1993), and in enhancing the capacity for responsiveness to the social context and dynamics of the student classroom milieu. In an effort to untrack the high school curriculum, a small rural southeastern high school faculty grouped honors and regular students into heterogeneous classes. The researchers examined teachers' ability to differentiate curriculum and instruction in this context. This initiative addressed isues regarding educational equity and equality that have simulated national concern. More specifically, this research project was designed as a response to several factors, including: a national call for increased collaboration between practitioners and universities, a challenge to provide educational opportunity and achieve educational equity, and an imperative to respond to the changing demographic context
Angular-momentum limitations in the high-spin gamma-decay of medium-mass evaporation residues

Gamma-ray multiplicity measurements in coincidence with mass-separated evaporation residues are reported for the reaction 28Si+54Fe. The bombarding energy dependence [75 ⩽ El (28Si) ⩽ 145MeV] of the average gamma-ray multiplicity shows a saturation for the heaviest observed masses (80 and 79). Complementary information from partial-cross-section measurements, performed in the same energy range, is analyzed in the framework of the statistical model. A consistent description of both data sets suggests an enhanced alpha competition in the decay of the compound nucleus 28Zr. The use of deformation-dependent optical-model transmission coefficients in statistical-model calculations at very high angular momenta is considered.
Cellular-level mass spectrometry imaging using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) by oversampling

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) allows for the direct and simultaneous analysis of the spatial distribution of molecular species from sample surfaces such as tissue sections. One of the goals of MSI is monitoring the distribution of compounds at the cellular resolution in order to gain insights about the biology that occurs at this spatial level. Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) imaging of cervical tissue sections was performed using a spot-to-spot distance of 10 μm by utilizing the method of oversampling, where the target plate is moved by a distance that is less than the desorption radius of the laser. In addition to high spatial resolution, high mass accuracy (±1 ppm) and high mass resolving power (140,000 at m/z = 200) were achieved by coupling the IR-MALDESI imaging source to a hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Ion maps of cholesterol in tissues were generated from voxels containing <1 cell, on average. Additionally, the challenges of imaging at the cellular level in terms of loss of sensitivity and longer analysis time are discussed.
LH-stimulated progesterone biosynthesis in washed minced luteal tissue preparations.

A method for rapidly preparing an LH-sensitive, washed, minced bovine luteal tissue preparation has been developed. The preparation responds to ng quantities of LH, and progesterone synthesis stimulated by LH added in vitro compares favorably with that obtained with sliced preparations. Covariance analysis was used to correct for a time effect on the tissue, a procedure that reduced the standard error of the mean and resulted in marked improvement in the indices of precision. Comparisons of high and low tissue weights (185 vs. 75 mg/flask) demonstrated that good precision was obtained with low tissue weights, a result which makes it possible to conduct larger in vitro experiments with a single corpus luteum. (Endocrinology 84: 451, 1969)
Technology and transformation in the American electric utility industry

Preface Acknowledgment of financial support Introduction Part I. Progress and Culture: 1. Managerial and technological foundations 2. Establishment of a management culture 3. Manufacturers and technological progress before World War II 4. Postwar strategies of utilities and manufacturers 5. Utilities' role in technological progress 6. The mid-1960s: at the pinnacle of success Part II. Stasis: 7. Technical limits to progress in the 1960s and 1970s 8. Design deficiencies and faulty technology 9. Maelstroms and management malaise 10. Criticisms of utility research and development 11. The mid-1970s: near the bottom Part III. Accommodating Stasis: 12. Understanding values: the basis for a new consensus 13. The search for new technology Part IV. Conclusion: 14. History and the management of technology Appendices Bibliographic note Notes Index.
Use of preventive care services among Latino subgroups.

Background Previous studies demonstrate a clear gap in access and receipt of preventive care between Latinos and non-Latino whites. Most of this work, however, pools Latinos together when they compare different racial and ethnic groups. There is currently no information about the consistency of preventive care utilization across major Latino subgroups. Purpose This study tests for three bundles of preventive care services to analyze the main determinants of adult preventive care receipt among the largest subgroups of U.S. Latinos and non-Latino whites. It also examines the contribution of observed and unobserved factors in explaining differences in the provision of preventive care services. Methods The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the National Health Interview Survey from 2000 to 2006 were merged in 2009. The sample consisted of 28,781 Latinos and 78,979 non-Latino whites. This study compared disparities in the receipt of adult preventive care services and separately examined differences in the provision of the most cost-effective preventive services. Multivariate models adjust for confounding factors. The decomposition technique was used to parse out differences into observed and unobserved components. Results Latinos of Mexican and Central/South American origin are much less likely to receive guideline-recommended preventive care services than non-Latino whites and other Latino subgroups. Larger disparities were observed for the most cost-effective preventive care services: smoking-cessation advice, colorectal cancer screening, and influenza vaccination. Observed factors accounted for a larger share of disparities across measures (33%–100%), with lack of health insurance coverage and not having a usual source of care as the largest and most consistent factors explaining disparities. Conclusions Health insurance coverage expansion and more integration of Latinos into primary care practices can substantially reduce disparities in the receipt of preventive care services. Preventive care initiatives should prioritize the availability of cost-effective services among Latinos of Mexican and Central/South American heritage.
Estimating soil salinity from saturated soil-paste electrical conductivity

A method is presented for estimating the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil-paste extract (EC,) from measurement of the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil-paste (EC,) and estimated saturated soil-paste water content (SP), for purposes of soil salinity appraisal. The method is suitable for both field and laboratory applications. Empirical relations are provided to estimate values of several parameters required for the method. The appropriateness of the method was tested using, two groups of soil samples, one of which varied widely in geographical sources and parent materials, in addition to texture and salinity. The method estimated the soil salinities very accurately (r’ > 0.9; slope = 1.0; intercept
The impact of medical therapy on hemorrhagic complications following coronary artery bypass grafting.

The treatment of acute myocardial infarction (MI) has evolved steadily over the past decade to include interventional modalities designed to restore blood flow to ischemically threatened myocardium. At present, intravenous thrombolytic therapy is the most widely used form of treatment given its availability, ease of administration, and proved efficacy. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is also utilized in the early stages of MI and may have a distinct role in the setting of failed thrombolytic therapy "salvage PTCA" and cardiogenic shock. Emergent cardiac surgery, primarily bypass grafting but occasionally valve replacement as well, may be required for patients in whom (1) thrombolytic therapy fails or reocclusion occurs, (2) PTCA fails, (3) anatomy is unsuitable for PTCA, or (4) mechanical defects are correctable surgically. Of major concern, however, is the potential for hemorrhagic complications in surgical patients in whom (1) ongoing fibrinolytic activity is present or (2) hemostatic function is impaired.
Bacterial Fauna of the Tarsal Tufts of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

Abstract The tarsal region of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is an important source of socially significant odors. Because the tarsal provides a suitable environment for microbial growth, we identified bacterial species recovered from the tarsal tufts of 120 hunter-harvested deer to determine if differences occurred between the sexes or among age classes that could be important in odor production. Females tended to have a lower abundance of bacteria on the tarsal tufts (P = 0.06). Bacterial abundance did not differ among age classes of males, and an increase in tarsal staining did not correlate with greater bacterial abundance. Of the 62 species of bacteria identified, Hafnia alvei was recovered most commonly, occurring on 29% of the tarsal tufts. Bacillus was the most common genus isolated, occurring on 91% of the tarsal tufts. Bacterial composition differed among individuals, consistent with the hypothesis that odor production may result from bacterial action on urinary products.
Determination of Calcium and Magnesium in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Using Stoichiometric Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame

Abstract A highly sensitive technique is reported for the determination of calcium and magnesium contents in demoisturized, defatted and
HLA-A,B COMPATIBILITY IN PARENTS OF OFFSPRING WITH NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS OR COUPLES EXPERIENCING INVOLUNTARY FETAL WASTAGE

Abstract To test the contribution of a putative human analogue of the murine T locus to neural-tube defects (N.T.D.) and involuntary fetal wastage, HLA-A, B compatibility between husband and wife was studied in a group of 77 couples with known obstetric histories. The frequency of sharing of HLA-A,B antigens was significantly higher in 13 couples with recurrent fetal loss at one gestational age and in 11 couples whose offspring had had a lethal N.T.D. than in 17 couples with three or more normal pregnancies. The extent of HLA compatibility—that is, the number of antigens shared by husbands and wives—was significantly higher in 16 couples with one spontaneous abortion, 23 couples with recurrent spontaneous abortions, and 21 couples with N.T.D. offspring than in controls. These data are consistent with a contribution of a locus in or near the HLA complex to N.T.D. and involuntary fetal wastage.
Comparing cross-national student performance on TIMSS using different test items

Abstract The question addressed in this chapter is how “fair” the TIMSS tests were to the various participating countries. The Test-Curriculum Matching Analysis (TCMA) method was used to investigate how results might have changed if different subsets of TIMSS items were considered. The method computes the average proportion correct for each country on each selection of appropriate items. The results of the TCMA is a square matrix, with the rows representing the various results for each country and the columns representing the different items sets deemed appropriate for each country. The results suggested that the relative positions of the countries changed very little as a result of the item selection.
The comparative ethnography of educational projects: youth and adult literacy programmes in Brazil

This article elaborates the concept of educational projects, a term that signifies consistent constellations of institutions, financial resources, social actors, ideologies, theories of knowledge and attendant pedagogies that shape local cultural practices of schooling. The article demonstrates the utility of the concept of educational projects for comparative and international educational studies by examining competing educational projects in Brazilian literacy programmes for youth and adults. In conclusion, the article argues that the concept of educational projects provides a theoretically rich comparative tool for the field of comparative and international education.
Novel Natriuretic Peptides: New Compounds and New Approaches

The natriuretic peptides (NPs) are a group of structurally similar yet genetically distinct peptides that have diverse actions in cardiovascular, renal, and endocrine homeostasis. Since the discovery of atrial natriuretic peptide in 1981, the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance of NPs have been studied extensively in relation to heart failure. Indeed, it now is understood that a hallmark of heart failure is the activation of the cardiac endocrine system, in particular the natriuretic peptide family including atrial natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide. Currently, the only approved therapeutic application for NPs is the intravenous treatment of acute decompensated heart failure. However, in recent years there has been considerable research aimed at creating novel NPs and administering them via novel routes. This review focuses on the novel NPs that have been created and on novel approaches for their administration.
Is conventional debriefing adequate? An ethical issue in consumer research

Issues relating to ethics are infrequently addressed in the marketing literature. One area in which there might be ethical concerns is debriefing. In an experiment, when false information is provided by the researcher to subjects, those false beliefs can persist despite conventional debriefing. The persistence of false beliefs has ethical implications, of which consumer researchers should be aware. Anexplicit debriefing involving a formal discussion of the belief perseverance phenomenon is proposed as an alternative to conventional approaches. This is tested in three separate studies, including a partial replication of Ross, Lepper, and Hubbard (1975) as well as two extensions to marketing situations. Implications for corrective advertising are also discussed.
Preventing Severe Underachievement and Developing Achievement Motivation

Abstract The success of the Cupertino Program for Underachieving Gifted Students in the primary grades has informed us regarding the classroom conditions that may foster or prevent early school failure by our brightest and most creative youngsters. Analyses of the children's perceptions of their prior school experiences suggested controllable forces in classrooms that shape patterns of underachievement; without appropriate curricular programming, teacher guidance, and peer relationships, gifted children often learn to underachieve. Through applying our understanding of the motivational dynamics affecting the behavior of gifted children in school, we can design early educational programs that will motivate full participation and high academic achievement; that is, the principal rationale for providing appropriate gifted education in early childhood.
On selecting rollback points for error recovery

Abstract In a concurrent processing system with recovery blocks, the occurrence of a fault in one process can contaminate the data used by other processes because of interprocess communications. One of the effective techniques to deal with faults in such a system is rollback and recovery with global checkpoints. In global checkpointing, N ( N > 1) checkpoints are maintained, since the faults may not be detected on occurrence. The time required for rollback and recovery depends on the number of checkpoints maintained, the intercheckpoint interval, and the way checkpoints are selected for rollback. This paper discusses the problem of checkpoint selection. A generalized formulation for checkpoint selection is given from which three different schemes are derived. Each scheme is shown to have a smaller expected cost of recovery and a larger optimal checkpoint interval than rolling back to the most recent checkpoint.
Speechreading Enhancement by Voice Fundamental Frequency

Recognition of words in sentences of known topic was measured in normally hearing adults via speechreading alone and speechreading supplemented with auditory presentation of signals intended to convey variations of voice fundamental frequency (Fo) over time. Three signals were used: (a) the low-pass filtered output of an electroglottograph (unprocessed Fo), (b) a constant amplitude sine wave whose instantaneous frequency was intended to equal that of Fo (processed Fo), and (c) the same sine wave restricted to a small number of discrete frequency steps (quantized Fo). As the number of steps in the quantized Fo contours increased from 1 to 12, the speechreading enhancement effect increased. The quantized Fo contour with 12 steps was as effective as the processed Fo contour (without quantization), but this processed contour was significantly less effective than the unprocessed electroglottograph signal. The results show that the auditory Fo speechreading enhancement effect is sensitive to the errors introduc...
Knowledge and use of fluoride among Indiana dental professionals.

Objectives: This study assessed the knowledge of Indiana dentists and dental hygienists about fluoride’s predominant mode of action and their protocols for the use of fluoride for dental caries prevention. Methods: In 2000, questionnaires were mailed to 6,681 Indiana dentists and hygienists prior to the 2001 release of recommendations for the use of fluoride by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In 2005, the questionnaires were again sent to Indiana dental professionals to assess changes in knowledge and protocols. In addition, a 10 percent sample of Illinois dentists and hygienists were surveyed to determine the similarity of Indiana and Illinois responses. Results: Questionnaires were anonymously completed and returned. In 2000, a minority of Indiana health professionals (17 percent) correctly identified that remineralization was fluoride’s predominant mode of action. There was a significant increase in Indiana respondents correctly identifying this predominant mode of action between 2000 and 2005 (17 percent versus 25 percent, respectively, P < 0.0001). Fourteen percent of Illinois respondents answered correctly in 2005. Preeruptive incorporation of fluoride into enamel was the most frequently cited incorrect response (IN 2000, 79 percent; IN 2005, 71 percent; IL 2005, 82 percent). Some protocols for use of fluoride products reflected inadequate understanding of fluoride’s predominant posteruptive mode of action. Conclusions: The majority of dental professionals surveyed were unaware of the current understanding of fluoride’s predominant posteruptive mode of action through remineralization of incipient carious lesions. Additional research is indicated to assess fluoride knowledge and protocols of dental professionals nationwide. Educational efforts are needed to promote the appropriate use of fluoride.
Colonic necrosis complicating pancreatitis

Bowel necrosis is an uncommon complication of pancreatitis. Two patients are reported who developed ileocecal and descending colon changes as a result of ischemia following severe pancreatitis. Arteriography in one patient confirmed the presence of intraluminal thrombi.
The effects of carotid body hypocapnia on ventilation in goats.

Abstract This study was designed to examine the influence of carotid body (CB) hypocapnia on ventilation by selectively perfusing the CB through an extracorporeal circuit in 19 goats. When Pcb CO 2 was decreased from normocapnic levels in 14 awake goats ( Δ Pcb CO 2 = 10.9 Torr), Pa CO 2 increased 5.6 Torr ( P P 2 was not changed by CB hypocapnia in 5 of these goats, but the response was shifted to the right. During CB hypocapnia, ventilatory instability, including apnea, was observed in 4 of 14 goats; this irregular breathing continued at elevated levels of Pa CO 2 . In 5 anesthetized goats, CB hypocapnia ( Δ Pcb CO 2 = 18.0Torr) decreased VE by 70% in the intact state, but produced no significant ventilatory depression after CB denervation. We conclude that CB hypocapnia depresses ventillation in both awake and anesthetized goats mostly through CB chemoreceptor effects, and suggest that this hypoventilation may predispose to ventilatory instability in some animals.
Further Evaluation of Fluoride Dating by Ion Selective Electrode Analysis

Fluoride dating by ion selective electrode (ISE) analysis is a viable relative dating technique for dense cortical bone from archaeological sites. The fluoride content of cortical bone and rate of absorption is directly related to the porosity and microstructure of the sample and post-depositional environmental variables including the CaF2 content of the bedrock, soil, and changes in groundwater levels, flow rates, and chemical composition. Dense diaphyseal cortical bone from homogenous sediment contexts exposed to consistent groundwater chemistry through time is the best sample for fluoride dating by the ISE technique. Teeth should not be used as samples for fluoride dating because differences in the porosity and permeability of enamel can produce wide variations in composition.
LEAD INHIBITION OF CHLOROPHYCEAN MICROALGAE1

SUMMARY The effects of lead on the growth of 9 microalgae representing 4 chlorophycean genera were investigated in axenic laboratory cultures. Variations in sensitivity to lead existed among the algae tested with availability of phosphate often limiting growth. Under conditions in which phosphate was growth limiting at pH 6.2, Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick, C. ellipsoidea Gerneck, C. vulgaris Beij. Scenedesmus sp. (IUCC 1591).Sc. Obtusiusculus Chodat and Selenastrum capricornutum Printz first showed toxicity at 0.5 mg·l−1 pb. Two planktonic Scenedesmus spp. And an Ankistrodesmus sp. Were more tolerant, developing toxicity at 1 mg· l−1 Pb. The relationship of phosphate supply to Pb toxicity was investigated with S. capricornutum and Sc. Obtusiusculus. Al pH 8.0, Selenastrum developed toxicity at 3 mg·l−1 pb either with or without phosphate. When phosphate supply was growth-limiting, 6 times as much pb (i.e., 3 vs. 0.5 mg l−1 was required to demonstrate toxicity with Selenastrum at pH 8.0 as opposed to pH 6.2 Sc. Obtusiusculus was inhibited at 0.5 mg· l−1 pb in phosphate-limiting medium and developed toxicity at 1 mg·l−1 in media containing phosphate. Control of colonial morphology with Sc. Obtusiusculus was inhibited. Phosphate availability as well as pH would seem to be important factors determining lead toxicity with some algae.
Development efficiency in electrophotography

Two measures of development efficiency are defined for dual-component electrophotographic development systems based on the known physics of development. For the insulative magnetic brush development system, the efficiency measures the strength of the electric field as seen by toner particles. Experimentally it is shown that it is closely equal to the dielectric constant of the mix. Theoretical questions raised by this result are discussed. For the conductive magnetic brush development system, the efficiency is unity for an infinitely conductive system are decreases as the conductivity decreases. Therefore it is a measure of developer degradation. >
Action Alters Shape Categories

Two experiments show that action alters the shape categories formed by 2-year-olds. Experiment 1 shows that moving an object horizontally (or vertically) defines the horizontal (or vertical) axis as the main axis of elongation and systematically changes the range of shapes seen as similar. Experiment 2 shows that moving an object symmetrically (or asymmetrically) also alters shape categories. Previous work has shown marked developmental changes in object recognition between 1 and 3 years of age. These results suggest a role for action in this developmental process.
An interpretive study of food, snack and beverage advertisements in rural and urban El Salvador

Globalization and increased marketing of non-nutritious foods and beverages are driving a nutrition transition in developing countries, adversely affecting the health of vulnerable populations. This is a visual interpretive study of food, snack, and beverage advertisements (ads) in rural and urban El Salvador to discern the strategies and messages used to promote consumption of highly processed, commercialized products. Digital photographs of billboard and wall advertisements recorded a convenience sample of 100 advertisements, including 53 from rural areas and 47 from urban areas in El Salvador. Advertisements were coded for location, type of product, visual details, placement and context. Qualitative methods were used to identify common themes used to appeal to consumers. Advertisements depicted “modern” fast foods, processed snacks and sugary beverages. Overall, the most prominent themes were: Cheap Price, Fast, Large Size, and Modern. Other themes used frequently in combination with these were Refreshment, Sports/Nationalism, Sex and Gender Roles, Fun/Happy Feelings, Family, Friendship and Community, and Health. In rural areas, beverage and snack food ads with the themes of cheap price, fast, and large size tended to predominate; in urban areas, ads for fast food restaurants and the theme of modernity tended to be more prominent. The advertisements represented a pervasive bombardment of the public with both explicit and subliminal messages to increase consumerism and shift dietary patterns to processed foods and beverages that are low in micronutrients and high in carbohydrates, sugar, fat and salt—dietary changes that are increasing rates of child and adult diseases including tooth decay, obesity, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Global food and beverage industries must be held accountable for the adverse public health effects of their products, especially in low-middle income countries where there are fewer resources to prevent and treat the health consequences. In addition, public health and governmental authorities should learn from the advertising strategies to promote social marketing of public health messages, and enact and enforce regulations to limit the advertisement and sale of unhealthy products, particularly for children in and around schools. This will create healthier social norms and environments for the entire population.
Complete mathematical analysis of ripple current as a function of the modulation index for direct indirect and bus clamped space vector modulation techniques [motor drives]

A detailed mathematical analysis was performed to estimate the current ripple as a function of modulation index for direct indirect and bus clamped methods of space vector modulation. The results, both experimental and simulated, show that for a modulation index above 0.45 the direct-indirect method progressively gives lesser current ripple and becomes almost half at around a modulation index of 1. For an intelligent drive, with the optimizing criterion as current ripple, this helps in dynamically switching between bus clamped and direct-indirect methods.
A comparison of observed (Haloe) and modeled (CCM2) methane and stratospheric water vapor

Recent measurements (21 September–15 October 1992) of methane and water vapor by the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) are compared with model results for the same season from a troposphere-middle atmosphere version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model (CCM2). Several important features of the two constituent fields are well reproduced by the CCM2, despite the use of simplified methane photochemistry in the CCM2 and some notable differences between the model's zonal mean circulation and climatology. Observed features simulated by the model include the following: 1) subsidence over a deep layer in the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex; 2) widespread dehydration in the polar vortex; 3) existence of a region of low water vapor mixing ratios extending from the Antarctic into the Northern Hemisphere tropics, which suggests that Antarctic dehydration contributes to midlatitude and tropical dryness in the stratosphere.
Increasing the energy efficiency of pipelined circuits via slack redistribution

Technology scaling and rising clock frequencies have made active and leakage power and power density major concerns. Traditional power-reduction techniques, such as dynamic voltage scaling, multi-VDD, gated-VDD, and multi-threshold designs, exploit the slack available in non-critical operations/modes and non-critical areas of the circuit. This limits the amount of power reduction when the circuit is balanced or the critical path dominates the power consumption. We present a systematic technique in which time borrowing (TB) (or slack passing) is used to enhance the effectiveness of such traditional low-power techniques that exploit the timing characteristics of a circuit. This is in addition to TB done for performance or even when TB opportunities for performance do not exist. We also propose non-uniform TB, in which not all primary output gates of a pipeline stage borrow equal amounts of time, to reduce power when TB for performance cannot be done. Two ways to distribute slack for low-power operation in a pipeline circuit are discussed and the effectiveness of TB for low-power is demonstrated using a high-performance 32-bit enhanced multiple output domino logic adder and an 8 x 8 Wallace tree multiplier. Slack redistribution improves the energy savings obtained using traditional low-power techniques as follows: maximum 22% and average 19% extra active energy savings for the adder and maximum 45% and average 37% extra sub-threshold leakage power savings for the multiplier.
Longitudinal noninvasive monitoring of transcription factor activation in cardiovascular regulatory nuclei using bioluminescence imaging.

The ability to monitor transcription factor (TF) activation in the central nervous system (CNS) has the potential to provide novel information regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying a wide r...
Total Synthesis of Brevetoxin A: Part 3: Construction of GHIJ and BCDE Ring Systems

Pivotal intermediates in the total synthesis of brevetoxin A are the BCDE and the GHIJ ring systems. Several of the previously developed methodologies such as hydroxy epoxide cyclizations, hydroxy dithioketal cyclizations, and Pd-catalyzed coupling with bis(cyclic ketene acetal phosphates) were employed to achieve these synthetic goals.
Discussion of: Collusive Accounting Supervision and Economic Culture

ABSTRACT Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen 1991) and the GLOBE study (House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, and Gupta 2004), Cieslewicz (2016) examines accounting supervisors' intentions to influence and collude with their subordinates to manipulate accounting information. The influence of cultural variables of collectivism, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance on the research model is also examined. In addition to finding support for the Theory of Planned Behavior, the study finds that collectivism and power distance positively impact and uncertainty avoidance negatively impacts, accounting supervisors' intentions to engage in collusive supervision. In my comments below, I discuss some potential areas for improvement in research design, application of Theory of Planned Behavior, and conceptualization of culture at the individual level. I also discuss some potential research areas for researchers who aim to study accountants' behaviors and inculcate culture at different levels in the accounting ...
5‐Hz Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depression

Current treatment options for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) offer modest benefits, underscoring the need for new treatments. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) depolarizes neurons in a targeted brain region with magnetic fields typically pulsed at low (1 Hz) or high (10 Hz) frequency to relieve major depressive disorder (MDD). Prior work suggests an intermediate pulse frequency, 5 Hz, is also efficacious for treating comorbid depressive and anxiety symptoms. In this chart review study, we systematically examined the clinical and safety outcomes in 10 patients with comorbid MDD and PTSD syndromes who received 5-Hz rTMS therapy at the Providence VA Medical Center Neuromodulation Clinic. Self-report scales measured illness severity prior to treatment, after every 5 treatments, and upon completion of treatment. Results showed significant reduction in symptoms of PTSD (p = .003, effect size = 1.12, 8/10 with reliable change) and MDD (p = .005, effect size = 1.09, 6/10 with reliable change). Stimulation was well tolerated and there were no serious adverse events. These data indicate 5-Hz rTMS may be a useful option to treat these comorbid disorders. Larger, controlled trials are needed to confirm the benefits of 5-Hz protocols observed in this pilot study.
Relationship of Sunflower Plating Dates to Damage by Cylindrocopturus adspersus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in North Dakota

A 2-year (1978–1979) date of planting study with cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., showed that adult populations of a stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus LeConte, were higher on early-planted sunflower and decreased significantly ( P < 0.10) on later-planted sunflower. Damage to sunflower stalks by C. adspersus larvae decreased significantly ( P < 0.10) with each 2-week planting delay. Oil content showed a weak association with planting date. The earliest planted sunflower in 1979 had the highest seed weight, whereas data for 1978 showed that the second or third planting dates had the highest seed weight.
Experimental Study of K + → π 0 + e + + ν Decay

An analysis of 515 decays ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}+{e}^{+}+\ensuremath{\nu}$ in a Freon-filled bubble chamber is described. The events were kinematically overdetermined so that a complete reconstruction of each decay was possible. All decay configurations were detectable except for those with positron momentum less than 5 $\frac{\mathrm{MeV}}{c}$. The data are satisfactorily described by a pure vector interaction. The energy dependence of the vector form factor ${f}_{+}$ is given by $|{f}_{+}({q}^{2})|=|{f}_{+}(0)| \frac{{M}^{2}}{({M}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{q}^{2})}$, with $M={{810}_{\ensuremath{-}140}}^{+320}$ MeV, or equivalently, $|{f}_{+}({q}^{2})|=|{f}_{+}(0)|\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}[1+\ensuremath{\lambda}(\frac{{q}^{2}}{{{M}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{2}})]$, with $\ensuremath{\lambda}={{0.028}_{\ensuremath{-}0.014}}^{+0.013}$. In the Callan-Treiman relationship for ${K}_{l2}$ and ${K}_{l3}$ decays, this value of $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ leads to the prediction that $\ensuremath{\xi}=0.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 or \ensuremath{-}2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$. Upper limits for scalar and tensor currents are given. Systematic biases inherent in the heavy-liquid-chamber technique are discussed.
Freshman's Psychological Health Research in Local Universities

In order to develop students' psychological education better in universities,we used Psychological Health Diagnoses,to study 782 freshmen's mental health cocaly.The result is as follows:Firstly,4.7% students in cocal universities have mental problems.Secondly,girls have more mental problems than boys.Thirdly,college students are inferior to undergraduate ones.Lastly,students from countryside have less mental problems than students from cities.Local universities should take positive actions to develop students' psychological education.
Construction of human MCL1 vector and its expression in 293 cells

Objective To construct an eukaryotic expression vector containing human MCL1 gene and EGFP gene for gene therapy for senile deafness.Methods The eukaryotic pEGFP-MCL1 expression plasmid was constructed and identified using Gene recombination and restriction enzyme digestion and gene sequencing.Fluorescence microscopy was used to examination expression in 293 cells transfected by liposome.mRNA was tested using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),and Western Blot was used to detect MCL1 protein expression.Results The positive recombinant gene contained the MCL1 fragment with the same sequence as in the gene bank.Transfection into 293 cell was verified by green fluorescent staining and success in amplification of the MCL1 bands.The 40 kDa-sized protein was detected by Western Blot.Conclusions We successfully constructed the eukaryotic expression vector containing human full MCL1 and EGFP gene which expressed in mammalian 293 cell lines。
A new flow regime map and void fraction model based on the flow characterization of condensation

Abstract The paper presents flow characterization of condensation based on experiments with R134a in 6.1 mm inner diameter horizontal round tube. The paper presents flow visualizations and liquid film thickness measurements with mass fluxes from 50 to 200 kg m−2 s−1 and heat fluxes from 5 to 15 kW m−2, showing the effect of mass flux and heat flux on the onset of condensation, flow regime, film distribution and void fraction. All the measurements are taken at constant pressure of 1.319 MPa, which corresponds to a saturation temperature of 50 °C. The result of flow visualization reveals that the condensation always starts in the bulk superheated region, which is generally defined as the beginning of condensing superheated region, as annular flow and the flow regime is strongly affected by the mass flux, instead of the heat flux. Based on the flow visualization results and underlying physics in the condensing superheated region, a new diabatic flow regime map is proposed to better represent the physics and predict flow regimes in both the two-phase and the condensing superheated region. The range of prediction of the new flow regime map extends over quality one up to the onset of condensation and the early stages of condensation are strictly in annular flow regime. A film thickness measurement technique for round tube is described as well as results of calibration. The film thickness measurement demonstrates that void fraction drops below one in superheated region, which is not taken into account for most conventional void fraction models. In addition, both the mass flux and heat flux affect the void fraction by altering the onset of condensation, a new void fraction model is proposed to include this mechanism. Moreover, having information of film distribution provides an opportunity to more realistically model the film geometry inside of the tube.
Tidal and diel movement patterns of the Atlantic stingray (Dasyatis sabina) along a stream-order gradient

The behaviour of the Atlantic stingray (Dasyatis sabina) is affected by environmental cues, including time of day and tide. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether these cycles and differences in creek geomorphology affected presence and movement patterns of Atlantic stingrays near Savannah, GA, USA. Forty-five stingrays were tagged with Vemco coded-acoustic transmitters and passively tracked in two creek systems between December 2012 and December 2014. The geomorphology of the creeks was classified using the Horton stream-order concept, with the smallest tributaries assigned to the first order. Stingrays moved most at dusk (0.26±0.09 movements day–1), followed by night (0.23±0.09 movements day–1). Stingrays were found in deeper water during the cold season than during the warm season. Patterns in creek usage across tidal stages were nearly consistent across seasons. However, the diel pattern varied; stingrays utilised all creek orders throughout the diel cycle in the warm seasons, but entered only shallow creeks during the day in the cold season. Because presence and movements of stingrays were affected by tidal and diel cycles, these environmental factors could also affect their foraging patterns and their influence as an ecosystem engineer.
Focal Macular Laser

Focal laser photocoagulation was the first treatment proven effective for reducing diabetic macular edema established by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). The purpose of focal laser photocoagulation is to reduce the progression of diabetic macular edema and to stabilize visual function. Focal laser treatment is targeted at leaking microaneurysms identified by fluorescein angiography or by fundoscopic exam over areas of retinal thickening. Grid pattern photocoagulation can be applied over areas of diffuse leakage. Since the early 2000s, intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have revolutionized the management of diabetic macular edema. The treatment of diabetic macular edema often involves a multimodal approach combining the use of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections, with or without focal laser treatment, with or without intravitreal steroid injections.
New sources and sensors for mid- to far-IR optical sensing

The mid- to far-IR wavelength ranges offer unique opportunities to engineer a wide range of light matter interactions. We will present new optical and optoelectronic devices and materials leveraging these interactions for next generation optical systems.