cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extrinsic attitudinal pleasure

I argue for an alternative interpretation of some of the examples Fred Feldman uses to establish his theory of happiness. According to Feldman, the examples show that certain utterances of the form “S is pleased/glad that P” and “S is displeased/sad that P” should be interpreted as expressions of extrinsic attitudinal pleasure and displeasure and hence must be excluded from the aggregative sum of attitudinal pleasure and displeasure that constitutes happiness. I develop a new interpretation of Feldman’s examples. My interpretation is plausible in its own right. Moreover, it is significant within the context of the debate. It allows the attitudinal hedonist to preserve the initial understanding of happiness that Feldman believes is open to counterexample: that happiness is the sum of attitudinal pleasure minus attitudinal displeasure and that all attitudinal pleasure and displeasure counts equally in the aggregation that constitutes happiness.
Nanoscale building blocks for the development of novel proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

We propose a new type of sulfonated aromatic polyarylenes as candidate building blocks for proton exchange membranes. Density functional theory calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations suggest that desulfonation is limited at high temperatures, owing to the strong aryl−SO3H bond induced by the electron-deficient aromatic ring, and that the proposed polymers exhibit good thermomechanical stability due to the robust aromatic main-chain repeating unit. Simulations also emphasize the importance of the Grotthuss-type mechanism, with interconversion between Eigen (H9O4+) and Zundel cations (H5O2+) as limiting structures, for the hydrated proton transport in the vicinity of the sulfonic acid groups.
Experimental study of natural convection in a horizontal cylinder with different end temperatures

The phenomenon of natural convection in a horizontal pipe with different end temperature was studied experimentally in a cylindrical cavity with the ratio (diameter)(length) = 0.112. The Rayleigh number based on diameter was in the range 108 < Ra < 1010. It was concluded that in this range the natural convection mechanism departs considerably from the pattern known in the limit Ra → 0. Specifically, the end-to-end heat transfer is effected via two thin horizontal jets, the upper (warm) jet proceeding along the top of the cylinder toward the cold end and the lower (cold) jet advancing along the bottom in the opposite direction. The region sandwiched between the two jets is filled with nearly stagnant fluid. In this region the temperature varies linearly with depth. In each vertical cross-section, the top-bottom temperature difference is of the same order of magnitude as the end-to-end temperature difference. The Nusselt number for end-to-end heat transfer was shown to vary weakly with the Rayleigh number.
Black Coring in Structural Clay Products

The formation and removal of black cores in structural clay products was studied to provide the industry with a broader understanding of this defect. Analytical procedures indicated that carbonaceous matter was responsible for the formation of black cores, but the properties of the core were actually dependent on the state of oxidation of the iron. For the removal of black cores, time, temperature, and kiln atmosphere were varied to find the optimum conditions for core oxidation. Such conditions were found at higher temperatures than were usually recommended and with more excess air than was heretofore thought necessary. Ammonium compounds were incorporated into clay bodies to assist in core oxidation. The action of these reagents was found to be more mechanical than chemical. Ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide increased the porosity of the ware in such a way as to allow a better penetration of oxygen into the center. These additions greatly accelerated the oxidation of clay products, but they did not substitute for atmospheric oxygen. The experiments conducted indicated the importance of cooling as an oxidation period.
Acid‐Catalyzed Conversion of Sugars and Furfurals in an Ionic‐Liquid Phase

The reactivity of monosaccharides, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) in the presence of a Bronsted acid (added as H(2)SO(4)) in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMImCl) is investigated at 120 °C. Fructose is converted much faster than mannose, glucose, and xylose and yields HMF with high selectivity, even in the absence of acid. Conversion of mannose, glucose, and xylose involves more complex reaction networks. Only small amounts of furfural and HMF are converted in the absence of other reactants but both compounds are consumed when monosaccharides and their degradation products are present. Acid-catalyzed degradation reactions also lead to the formation of solid residues (humins).
Noise as a mesoscopic probe of the colossal magnetoresistance effect

Epitaxial thin films and bulk crystals of the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) material La 2/3 Ca 1/3 MnO 3 (LCMO) exhibit large discrete equilibrium resistance fluctuations in the region of phase space where the magnetoresistance effects are strongest. Strongly inhomogeneous current paths allow us to observe the random telegraph signals of individual mesoscopic regions of material fluctuating between the paramagnetic-semiconductor phase and the ferromagnetic-conductor phase. Temperature and field dependences of the Boltzmann factors of individual fluctuators yield measurements of the magnetic moment and entropy differences between these phases, and of the fluctuator volumes. These measurements provide some of the first quantitative thermodynamic information about the locally-homogeneous CMR phase transition in an otherwise strongly inhomogeneous system. Careful analysis of the field- and temperature-dependences allows us to discriminate between fluctuations across the (first-order) CMR phase boundary and fluctuations of magnetic domain orientation deep in the ferromagnetic state. Similar measurements of the closely-related CMR material La 2/3 Sr 1/3 MnO 3 (LSMO) show almost no noise associated with the CMR transition, consistent with a second-order phase transition in this material.
Mechanism of Oxidative Stress-Induced ASK1-Catalyzed MKK6 Phosphorylation

Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that responds to a plethora of stress-inducing signals. In turn, activation of ASK1 is associated with a number of human pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disease, inflammation, and heart failure. In response to oxidative stress, ASK1 activates the cell death-associated p38 MAPK pathway by phosphorylating MKK6. Here, we investigated the regulation of oxidative stress-induced ASK1-catalyzed phosphorylation of MKK6. MKK6 phosphorylation levels increased immediately after H(2)O(2) treatment in intact cells and decreased following treatment for 30 min. When expressed in HEK293T cells, ASK1 was reproducibly purified within a high-molecular mass complex ( approximately 1500 kDa) known as the ASK1 signalosome. Measurement of the in vitro kinetic parameters revealed that the catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) of ASK1 was 4000-fold greater in cells treated with H(2)O(2) for 3 min than in untreated cells. Interestingly, although the K(m(ATP)) values were found to be unchanged, the K(m(MKK6)) was dramatically decreased ( approximately 1000-fold). The increased affinity was specific for MKK6 and short-lived, as the K(m(MKK6)) returned to basal levels 30 min after treatment. Consistently, endogenous MKK6 was found within the ASK1 signalosome in intact cells and in addition copurified with ASK1 following treatment for 3 min. In contrast, proteins modulating ASK1 activity and degradation were found to interact with the ASK1 signalosome once MKK6 activation was completed. Taken together, these data suggest that oxidative stress rapidly increases ASK1 catalytic efficiency for MKK6 phosphorylation by increasing MKK6 binding affinity within the ASK1 signalosome prior to induction of inactivation and degradation of the complex.
Controversies in the treatment of cervical spine dislocations

Abstract Background context Cervical spine dislocations represent an area of great controversy among spine surgeons. Purpose The purpose of this review is to present the specific areas of controversy and to provide a review of the literature. Study design A case of cervical spine dislocation is presented to illustrate the major controversies related to the treatment of cervical spine dislocations. Methods A review of the literature is presented regarding the major controversial aspects of the treatment of cervical spine dislocations. Results The major areas of controversy include the choice of imaging, closed versus open reduction and surgical approach. Conclusions Guidelines for the management of cervical spine dislocations are presented based on evidence-based medicine.
(111) Surface tensions of III–V compounds and their relationship to spontaneous bending of thin crystals

Abstract A general equation is derived to evaluate actual surface tension differences between two opposite faces of any crystal wafer from spontaneous bending data. The surface tension difference between the {111} and {111} surfaces of InSb is found to be approximately 1 × 10 3 dyne/cm based on spontaneous bending measurements. A theoretical model is developed for calculating surface tensions of {111} A and B faces of any III–V crystal in terms of bending and stretching force constants, or directly in terms of elastic constants, with calculated results presented for InSb, GaAs, InAs, GaSb and AlSb. The theoretical values of surface tensions for {111} and {111} faces in InSb are approximately —600 and + 300 dyne/cm respectively, with a net difference between these surfaces of ~ 1 × 10 3 dyne/cm. The specific surface free energies of {111}, {110} and {;100}; planes of several III–V compounds are also calculated in the present paper.
"Light" reading: targeting tryptophans in cyclic nucleotide-gated channels.

Our knowledge of the crystal structures of two related ligand binding domains (Weber and Steitz 1987; Su et al. 1995) and a related K+ channel pore–forming region (Doyle et al. 1998), together with detailed knowledge of function, makes cyclic nucleotide–gated (CNG) channels a unique model system for studying allostery in proteins. Already, we have learned much about the molecular basis for ligand specificity (Varnum et al. 1995), how subunits interact (Gordon and Zagotta 1995c; Liu et al. 1998; Shammat and Gordon 1999), and the features that distinguish one subfamily of CNG channel subunits from the next (Goulding et al. 1994; Gordon and Zagotta 1995b).
Protease‐activated kinase II as the mediator of epidermal growth factor‐stimulated phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6

Abstract Epidermal growth factor stimulates phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in serum-starved Swiss 3T3 cells, leading to the formation of highly phosphorylated derivatives containing 4–5 phosphates. Two-dimensional analysis of tryptic phosphopeptides of S6 shows an identical pattern to the ones obtained previously in other cells in response to insulin and the tumor promoting phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate. This suggests a common intracellular mediator of S6 phosphorylation by different growth promoting agents. It is proposed that the potential mediator of this phosphorylation is the Ca 2+ -independent, cAMP-independent protein kinase, protease activated kinase II, as shown by the extent of phosphorylation and the tryptic phosphopeptide maps of S6 with highly purified enzyme [(1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 13998-14002].
Structural modifications increase the insecticidal activity of ryanodine

The toxicity of ryanodine (1) and 9,21-didehydroryanodine (2) (the principal active ingredients of the botanical insecticide ryania) to adult female house flies (Musca domestica L.) is attributable to binding to the ryanodine receptor (ryr) and thereby disrupting the Ca 2+ -release channel. These ryanoids, assayed in house flies with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) to suppress cytochrome P450-dependent detoxification, give injected KD 50 values of 0.07-0.11 μg g -1 , injected LD 50 values of 0.39-0.45 μg g -1 and topical LD 50 values of 12-50 μg g -1 . They inhibit the [ 3 H]ryanodine binding site of house fly and rabbit muscle with IC 50 values of 3-10 nM. This study examines the effect of structure on potency, with 15 variants of the cyclohexane substituents, two 4,6-cyclic boron and two methylated derivatives, and four modifications of the isopropyl and ester substituents. The most effective compound examined was 10-deoxy-2 (3) which was more potent than 2 by 2-4-fold on injection and 29-fold applied topically following PBO (LD 50 0.41 μg g -1 ). Additional high-potency compounds were 10-oxo-1 and the cyclohexane variants with lactam, 21-nor-9-oxo and 21-nor-10-deoxy substituents. Other modifications usually reduced toxicity. The injected knockdown potency of the ester ryanoids was generally related to their effectiveness in competing with [ 3 H]ryanodine at the ryr of rabbit skeletal muscle. Two non-ester ryanoids, ryanodol and 9,21-didehydroryanodol, were found to be more toxic than predicted from their potency at the ryr and may therefore act in a different manner such as at a K + channel, as suggested by Usherwood and Vais. Clearly ryanoids are challenging prototypes for a potential new generation of insecticides.
Monte Carlo analysis of sedimentation experiments

High resolution analysis approaches for sedimentation experiments have recently been developed that promise to provide a detailed description of heterogeneous samples by identifying both shape and molecular weight distributions. In this study, we describe the effect experimental noise has on the accuracy and precision of such determinations and offer a stochastic Monte Carlo approach, which reliably quantifies the effect of noise by determining the confidence intervals for the parameters that describe each solute. As a result, we can now predict reliable confidence intervals for determined parameters. We also explore the effect of various experimental parameters on the confidence intervals and provide suggestions for improving the statistics by applying a few practical rules for the design of sedimentation experiments.
The Effect of Planning Horizon on the Effectiveness of What-If Analysis

Abstract Although what-if analysis is among the most popular decision support methods, empirical evidence indicates that it does not predictably improve decision making. This suggests that the effectiveness of what-if analysis is, in part, contingent on characteristics of what-if models. However, extremely little research has been conducted to identify and assess these characteristics. A between-subjects experiment was conducted to determine the effect of one potentially critical characteristic of what-if tools used for planning: the planning horizon reflected in the model. The authors hypothesized that the “temporal framing” embodied by what-if models with different planning horizons would result in differential effects on short-run and long-run performance. The hypothesis was supported: subjects provided a multi-period what-if model performed significantly better in the long-run than those provided a one-period model. In addition, both what-if groups out-performed the control group, but only in the short-run. Surprisingly, the control group out-performed both what-if groups in the long-run. These results suggest that the effectiveness of what-if analysis is contingent on subtle, yet fundamental, characteristics of what-if models. Future research that identifies other key characteristics will help provide modelers with specific, practical guidelines for effective model construction.
Structural Changes in Glassy Polycarbonate Due to Cyclic Loading

Glassy polycarbonate was subjected to cyclic stresses and the changes in its structure were studied by DSC, positronium annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), and small and medium angle X-ray scattering. Upon increased exposure to cyclic loading, the enthalpy overshoot near T g increased in a manner similar to increasing physical aging. However, the “hole” size as revealed by PALS increased, unlike physical aging. SAXS reveals an increase in the short range order and the amplitude of density fluctuation. These results can be explained in a consistent manner. We conclude that mechanical loading does cause changes in the glassy structure.
Adaptive landscapes and protein evolution

The principles governing protein evolution under strong selection are important because of the recent history of evolved resistance to insecticides, antibiotics, and vaccines. One experimental approach focuses on studies of mutant proteins and all combinations of mutant sites that could possibly be intermediates in the evolutionary pathway to resistance. In organisms carrying each of the engineered proteins, a measure of protein function or a proxy for fitness is estimated. The correspondence between protein sequence and fitness is widely known as a fitness landscape or adaptive landscape. Here, we examine some empirical fitness landscapes and compare them with simulated landscapes in which the fitnesses are randomly assigned. We find that mutant sites in real proteins show significantly more additivity than those obtained from random simulations. The high degree of additivity is reflected in a summary statistic for adaptive landscapes known as the “roughness,” which for the actual proteins so far examined lies in the smallest 0.5% tail of random landscapes.
Polymer opto-mechanical transducer for abnormal cell contraction diagnostics

Abnormal cell contractile behavior is hallmark of cardiovascular diseases. Any study of single cell contractility requires a way to quantify mechanical forces in a precise, dynamic and reproducible manner with high fidelity and accuracy. A variety of cell-substrate mapping methods have been developed, such as bead tracking, wrinkle counting, and micro post bending, etc. All rely on tracking individual sensing units and deriving forces from their displacements. This paper presented a high sensitivity opto-mechanical transducer for real time cell contraction study. The structure consists of micro fabricated polymer sensor arrays that served as diffraction moire grating lines and grids for supporting cells. Through carrier fringe analysis, the phase changes on moire patterns with cell culture can provide real-time mapping of cell traction forces evolution without measuring the distortions on the substrates.
The peroxisome: a new cytoplasmic organelle

The name ‘peroxisome’ designates a special type of cytoplasmic organelle characterized by the association of one or more oxidases which produce hydrogen peroxide with catalase which destroys the hydrogen peroxide. Early work on peroxisomes has been reviewed by de Duve & Baudhuin (1966). The present paper summarizes recent advances in this field.
Analytical dynamic tire model

Modeling of tire friction is one of the central problems for vehicle control systems design. LuGre-type dynamic tire model has been proposed and well discussed in previous studies, because it offers a compact form of dynamic model that is convenient in advanced control studies. It has been successfully used in tire slip control design and vehicle state estimation problems. In this article, a concept of time-constrained Stribeck effect is introduced to interpret the mechanism of the LuGre friction model in predicting tire friction characteristics. A modified two-dimensional (2D) dynamic LuGre friction model is introduced to make it compatible with the governing theorem in the steady state. An analytical 2D modified LuGre-type dynamic tire model is developed, in which some fundamental limitations of classical LuGre models are eliminated. The main modifications involve a change in the structure of the 2D LuGre friction model, introduction of load-dependent parameters in 1D and 2D tire models, and a changed s...
Post-colonia/Post-dittatura

This essay focuses on two questions. On a general level: the relevance of postcolonial studies, after Twentieth century's second half, in the historical processes and the political cultures of the global South - concentrating on the exploration of the Argentinian position related to its Latin American regional context. More specifically, the article stresses the comparative perspective's importance to analyze the tension between postcolony/postdictatorship and the democratic transition. These questions are read within contemporary violent processes of primitive accumulation of capital, with its specific death's technologies.
Is the Development Industry Taking Care of Business? - Why We Need Accountability in Communication for Social Justice

The development industry works to promote strategic programs for the public good, yet the trend toward privatization may be shifting accountability toward the values of profitable corporations at the expense of improving human lives. Instead, a communication for social justice orientation reminds us of the importance of equality and human rights. Accountability in advocacy requires thoughtful reflection on establishing appropriate goals and assessment strategies that are resonant with a social justice rather than a corporate framework.
A survey of the castor oil content, seed weight and seed-coat colour on the United States Department of Agriculture germplasm collection

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an important non-edible oilseed crop that can potentially be used as feedstock for biodiesel production. There are 1033 accessions in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) castor germplasm collection. The range of oil content in these accessions has never been surveyed. For exploiting castor as a feedstock for biodiesel production, the entire USDA castor collection was procured from the National Plant Germplasm System (Germplasm Resources Information Network) and the oil content was measured with nuclear magnetic resonance. The variation of oil content among all castor accessions ranged from 37.2 to 60.6% with an average of 48.2%. One hundred seed weights were determined and seed-coat colour was also recorded from each accession. One hundred seed weight ranged from 10.1 to 73.3 g with an average of 28.3 g. There was a significant correlation between seed weight and oil content but the correlation value was low (r ¼ 0.1572, P , 0.0001). Fifty accessions with a wide range of oil content were selected to be field grown for further evaluation. The results obtained from this survey will be useful for castor breeders seeking germplasm accessions with high oil content in the collection.
Continuous Toxicity Monitoring in Phase II Trials in Oncology

The goal of a phase II trial in oncology is to evaluate the efficacy of a new therapy. The dose investigated in a phase II trial is usually an estimate of a maximum-tolerated dose obtained in a preceding phase I trial. Because this estimate is imprecise, stopping rules for toxicity are used in many phase II trials. We give recommendations on how to construct stopping rules to monitor toxicity continuously. A table is provided from which Pocock stopping boundaries can be easily obtained for a range of toxicity rates and sample sizes. Estimation of the probability of toxicity and response is also discussed.
Optimizing Hydrogen and Methane Production from a MixALCO Process-Derived Sludge by Thermo-chemical Means

The mixALCO process collects and ferments heterogeneous organic waste materials into a mixture of alcohols. Considerable amounts of sludge rich in lignin and hemi-cellulose and dead bacteria are generated in this process. We have successfully used the response surface method (R.S.M.) as a statistical experimental design technique to optimize the pyrolytic production of hydrogen and methane for downstream use in the mixALCO process. With feedrate (lb of feed/minute) – modeled as auger R.P.M.- and temperature (degree Celsius) as main effect variables, only temperature appeared to be the significant variable determining gas production. Maximum hydrogen and methane volumetric yields of 45.4 and 20.0 % respectively were obtained at 750 and 770 C. The only oxide of carbon produced was carbon monoxide and energy efficiency decreased from 68.6 % at 630 to 43.4 % at 770 C. Irrespective of the efficiency, the process leaves no energy footprint.
System-level energy-efficient dynamic task scheduling

Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) is a well-known low power design technique that reduces the processor energy by slowing down the DVS processor and stretching the task execution time. But in a DVS system consisting of a DVS processor and multiple devices, slowing down the processor increases the device energy consumption and thereby the system-level energy consumption. In this paper, we present dynamic task scheduling algorithms for periodic tasks that minimize the system-level energy (CPU energy + device standby energy). The algorithms use a combination of (i) optimal speed setting, which is the speed that minimizes the system energy for a specific task, and (ii) limited preemption which reduces the numbers of possible preemptions. For the case when the CPU power and device power are comparable, these algorithms achieve up to 43% energy savings compared to [1], but only up to 12% over the non-DVS scheduling. If the device power is large compared to the CPU power, we show that DVS should not be employed.
Effect of calcium channel antagonists on cocaine-induced malignant arrhythmias: protection against ventricular fibrillation

It is increasingly apparent that cocaine can provoke lethal cardiac events, including ventricular fibrillation (VF). Cocaine-induced accumulation of intracellular calcium could contribute significantly to the development of these lethal arrhythmias. In order to test this hypothesis, a 2-min coronary occlusion was initiated during the last minute of exercise in instrumented mongrel dogs. Twenty-eight animals were selected in which this test failed to induce ventricular arrhythmias. The test was repeated after cocaine HCl (1.0 mg/kg). Cocaine significantly (P < .01) increased heart rate, left ventricular pressure and d(left ventricular pressure)/dt maximum, and elicited VF in 21 animals. The cocaine exercise+ischemia test was repeated in the animals that developed VF after the pretreatment with the following calcium channel antagonists: diltiazem (n = 8, 1.0 mg/kg), flunarizine (n = 7, 2.5 mg/kg), magnesium sulfate (n = 7, 100 mg/kg), nifedipine (n = 7 100 micrograms/kg), Ro 40-5967 (n = 7, 1.0 mg/kg) and verapamil (n = 6, 250 micrograms/kg). Diltiazem, flunarizine, nifedipine, Ro 40-5967 and verapamil completely suppressed cocaine-induced VF, whereas magnesium prevented VF in five of seven animals. Many of the calcium channel antagonists attenuated the heart rate and systolic pressure increases provoked by cocaine, as well as the heart rate increase induced by the ischemia. Heart rate was therefore matched to the cocaine values by ventricular pacing (verapamil+pace, n = 5), whereas the pressure increases were prevented by nitroprusside (n = 4). Even with heart rate held constant, verapamil prevented VF, whereas nitroprusside failed to protect any animal. Thus, myocardial calcium entry may play a critical role in cocaine-induced VF, whereas calcium antagonists can prevent these malignant arrhythmias independently of their vascular action.
The use of gabapentin in pediatric patients with neuropathic pain

Summary The lack of randomized prospective studies ofgabapentin in the pediatric population reflects the obstacles in executing clinical trials in this age group. Thus, the decision to employ gabapentin in off-label use for pain management will be up to physicians who feel the benefits justify the use of this novel antiepileptic drug. The use of gabapentin for neuropathic pain in children appears to have no greater risk than that experienced in the adult population; however, clinical trials are needed to validate the safety and efficacy of this agent in treating pediatric neuropathic pain. Drug tolerance is good with limited adverse effects. Nonetheless, the impact of psychostimulation and behavioral changes reported warrant further investigation. The risks and benefits must be weighed on a case-by-case basis, and a history of behavioral problems should be sought. A better formulation that allows easy titration and administration of gabapentin by weight is desirable. The use of antidepressants in the management ofneuropathic pain has better validation and continues to be the pharmacological choice of treatment. The side effects of dry mouth, sedation, and lethargy from the most frequently used antidepressants can make daily activities of school and play difficult for children. Gabapentin, with its low incidence of adverse effects, may be ideal as first-line pharmacological therapy in pediatric neuropathic pain. Multicenter pediatric studies are needed to validate and empower the existing prescribing practices of gabapentin for neuropathic pain in children.
Some Hypotheses on Surging Glaciers

Glacier surges can result when an ice dam, which is above the equilibrium length of the glacier, breaks from the forces of the excess ice that builds up behind the dam. It is shown that the high velocities of flow of surging glaciers cannot be due to the normal pseudo-plastic flow of glacier ice. Rather, the high velocities must result from a combination of sliding on the glacier bed and a fluidized block (or powder) flow resulting from melt water around the ice blocks in the interior and at the base of the ice mass. Various calculations are made to show the feasibility of the mechanisms proposed. The predictions are in line with the available observations on surging glaciers.
New Elaphomyces species (Elaphomycetaceae, Eurotiales, Ascomycota) from Guyana

Elaphomyces compleximurus sp. nov. and E. digitatus sp. nov. are described from the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. Macromorphological, micro- morphological, habitat and DNA sequence data are provided for each new species. This is the first report of Elaphomyces ascomata associated with ectomycor- rhizal members of the Fabaceae and also for the genus from the lowland South American tropics.
Target-Date Fund Use Over Time

The use of target-date funds (TDFs) in 401(k) plans has increased rapidly in recent years. The percentage of all 401(k) plan participants using TDFs increased from 25 percent in 2007 to 31 percent in 2008. One of the reasons for this growth is that TDFs have been a popular choice for the default fund when 401(k) plans have an auto-enrollment feature. Consequently, use of these funds has been found to more likely occur among younger participants, participants with lower account balances, and participants with shorter tenure at their current job, as new workers are the most likely to be auto-enrolled in their employer’s 401(k) plan. This paper examines the persistence of use in TDFs among those who were using these funds in 2007. Therefore, the percentage of participants who remain in these plans is determined, as well as the percentage of participants who added TDFs among those not already using them in 2007. The analysis is focused on 401(k) participants who were in plans that offered TDFs in 2007 to see whether they remained in TDFs, moved out of TDFs, or moved into TDFs if they were not already using them. The PDF for the above title, published in the July 2010 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another July 2010 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “The Early Retiree Reinsurance Program: $5 Billion Will Last About Two Years.”
Ethical Issues and the Non-Lawyer Employee

Lawyers rely on all sorts of assistance in practicing law. Law offices teem with paralegals, secretarial assistants, runners, investigators, student law clerks and such. Two questions often arise regarding these nonlawyer employees. First, for purposes of ethics, to what extent is the lawyer responsible for the actions of the nonlawyer employees? Secondly, can nonlawyer employees create conflict of interest problems for the employing attorney?
Gene-sized DNA molecules of the macronuclei in three species of hypotrichs: Size distributions and absence of nicks

Macronuclear DNAs from three related hypotrichous ciliated protozoans were compared by agarose gel electrophoresis. Each was shown to be composed of DNA duplexes that yielded a unique pattern of bands overlying a continuous distribution of DNA sizes ranging from ∼400 bp to ∼20,000 bp. By EM, the number average molecular sizes for doublestranded DNA were 2,200 bp for Oxytricha sp., 2,514 bp for Stylonychia pustulata and 1,836 bp for Euplotes aediculatus. Contrary to previous reports we present evidence that the macronuclear DNAs in each of these three organisms lack single-stranded interruptions.
Gatekeepers: The Milwaukee Field Experiment in the Employment Application Process

Criminal history and race have been prominent figures in the research of discrimination in the labor market. Initially there was a heavy reliance on statistical analysis of employment data as an indicator of bias in employment. The use of field experiments that use audits conducted by testers applying for entry-level positions has become an important resource in the examination of discrimination in the labor force. The testers are matched on all characteristics, but race. In the present study, evidence of discrimination relied heavily on a comparison of callbacks for entry-level positions of Black male and White male testers based on their race and criminal history. Testers were required to participate in debriefings and maintain a diary of all of their interactions during the application process. Three themes emerged from the diaries and debriefings of the testers: (a) the application process was influenced by a “gatekeeper,” (b) racism was evident, and (c) an emotional effect was noted on both testers.
Ac Susceptibility Studies of the High Tc Superconductors: Dissipative Effects in La2.xSrxCuO4-Y and YBa2Cu3O7-Y Systems

We have studied the variation of dissipative effects with doping in the high Tc superconductors La2-xSrxCuO4-y and YBa2Cu3O7-y by studying the lossy component of ac susceptibility as a function of temperature. We find relatively strong excess losses at low temperature in both systems, which indicate stronger flux creep at grain boundaries, in lower level doped ceramic samples produced by a similar process. This effect is more significant in the La2-xSrxCuO4-y (214) system than in the YBa2Cu3O7-y(123) system. We suggest that the microscopic mechanisms of weakening of the order parameter in the grain boundaries may be different in the two systems. In the 214 system, as the charge carrier density in the CuO2 planes is reduced, the spatial fluctuation of the order parameter in the CuO2 planes is enhanced. In the 123 system, the initial removal of O from the sample, which weakens the coupling between planes and increases the spatial fluctuation of the order parameter between CuO2 planes. The grain boundaries are degraded in both systems. The degradation in the 214 samples is more significant than in the 123 samples.
Design thinking

Design thinking is the newest fashion for finding better solutions to problems. Combining it with computational thinking offers some real possibilities for improving software design.
Elliptical reflector in strong chiral medium supporting PPV and NPV simultaneously

The high-frequency electromagnetic waves reflected from a perfect electric conductor (PEC) elliptical surface placed in homogeneous, reciprocal, and isotropic medium with high value of chirality parameter are analyzed. Negative phase velocity (NPV) and positive phase velocity (PPV) can be obtained by properly adjusting the value of chirality parameter. For the value of only PPV can propagate in the elliptical reflector and out of this range both PPV and NPV are supported by the elliptical reflector in chiral medium. The line plots are given which illustrate the reflected waves at different values of chirality parameter .
Habitat quality and nest-box occupancy by five species of oak woodland birds

ABSTRACT Habitat quality can have important consequences for avian communities through impacts on survival and annual reproductive success. However, habitat quality is often hard to measure, leading to the use of occupancy as a proxy. We compared habitat use of 5 avian species that used nest boxes in the oak woodlands of central coastal California, USA, to determine which habitat characteristics best predicted box occupancy. We focused on the relationship between habitat characteristics and occupancy for five species—Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens), House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), Oak Titmouse (Baeolophus inornatus), Violet-green Swallow (Tachycineta thalassina), and Western Bluebird (Sialia mexicana)—for which we had 12 consecutive years of data on nest boxes spread over a 700 ha study area. We also examined whether the physical habitat characteristics and box occupancy rates were good predictors of reproductive success, to infer whether they were useful indicators of habitat quality. The...
Bispectral analysis as a tool to investigate dynamics of cardiorespiratory physiology.

Introduction: Recent studies show that cardiorespiratory variables are nonlinearly coupled. In the present study, we tested the feasibility of using bispectral analysis to estimate changes in nonlinear phase coupling. Methods: We stimulated chemo- and baro-reflexes by switching inspired gas between air and air with 5% CO 2 added during supine and 70° head-up tilt. Bispectra were estimated using Fourier transform of the triple cumulant and were integrated between 0.04 and 0.3 Hz. Variables analyzed included cardiac RR intervals, systolic BP (SBP), tidal volume (VT), end tidal pressure of CO 2 (PETCO 2 ) and mean cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFM). Data were collected in 30 healthy adults who were then grouped according to whether they become presyncopal (PS) during tilt or remained normal with no signs or symptoms of presyncope (NPS). Results: Six subjects (20%) developed presyncope. During tilt with room air breathing, phase coupling in RR, SBP, and between RR-SBP and RR-VT was lower in PS than in NPS, while phase coupling between CBFM-SBP was higher. In contrast, during tilt with 5% inhaled CO 2 , phase coupling between CBFM-PETCO 2 was lower for PS than for NPS. Discussion: Perturbations to baro- and chemo-reflexes led to changes in nonlinear phase coupling that were altered in presyncope. Although physiological interpretation of changes in phase coupling are less than clear at this time, our results show that such nonlinear indexes may provide a helpful perspective in understanding the complex phenomenon of orthostatically mediated syncope.
Environmentally Sound, Cost Effective Technology for Recycling Mixed Plastic and Rubber Waste

(1997). Environmentally Sound, Cost Effective Technology for Recycling Mixed Plastic and Rubber Waste. Materials Technology: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 3-4.
The lived experience of African American informal caregivers of a family member with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias

The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the lived experience of African-American informal caregivers of family members with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD) in a home environment. Using a qualitative, phenomenological approach, a purposive sample of 16 African-American informal caregivers completed an in-depth interview that lasted from 30 to 60 minutes. Four themes emerged: (a) a sense of obligation, (b) an arduous journey, (c) sentinel events, and (d) faith in God. Findings indicated that caregivers needed to be well-informed concerning the demands of caregiving and needed more assistance with the task of delivering care. Informal caregivers lacked support, knowledge, and guidance. Implications for the discipline of nursing include emphasis on family assessment, teaching, awareness of resources, and collaboration with healthcare teams.
César Vallejo, poeta de hogar y de fogón

El presente articulo se centra en la casa de la infancia y la madre en la obra de Cesar Abraham Vallejo Mendoza. Para el autor de Trilce , el hogar fue un espacio intimo que evoco en su obra y el vate va a cantar constantemente a la vivienda. La casa natal es irremplazable y representa para el su espacio anorado y, aunque se encuentre lejos, lo recrea a menudo. Esta brinda paz, calor humano, afecto, y Vallejo esta muy adherido a ella. En su poesia se encuentran ejes esenciales que forman parte del mundo cotidiano de su obra: a) la casa de la infancia y b) la madre como eje central del hogar, elementos sustanciales para entender el hogar natal como microcosmos del fogon global. Abstract: This article focuses on the childhood home and mother in the work of the Peruvian poet Cesar Abraham Vallejo Mendoza. For the author of Trilce , home was an intimate space that the poet evoked in his work and would constantly sing to housing. The childhood home is irreplaceable, and for him it represents the nostalgic space which even if he is away, he often recreates it. This brings peace, human warmth, affection and Vallejo is much attached to it. In Vallejo, there are essential priorities, which are included in the everyday world of his work: a) The childhood home, and b) the mother as the core of that home. They are substantial elements for understanding the homeland as a microcosm of the global hearth. Keywords: Cesar Vallejo; domestic spaces; mother; childhood home; domus DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3682.9685
Introduction to de Finetti (1937) Foresight: Its Logical Laws, Its Subjective Sources

De Finetti’s paper, “La prevision … “ has had a major impact not only for statisticians, but also for mathematicians and philosophers. It is a fundamental paper in statistics and one of the few which possess this multidisciplinary character.
Combination Therapy With Vancomycin and Ceftaroline for Refractory Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Case Series.

Abstract Purpose Although vancomycin has been the mainstay of therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, its effectiveness has been challenged. Combination therapy may be used for patients with persistent MRSA bacteremia refractory to initial therapy. Studies have reported in vitro synergy between vancomycin and ceftaroline; however, clinical experience with this therapy is limited. Here, we report our experience with 5 cases of vancomycin-refractory MRSA bacteremia treated with the combination of vancomycin and ceftaroline. Methods Between January 2014 and August 2016, 5 patients were identified who received vancomycin and ceftaroline combination therapy due to persistent bacteremia or deterioration of their clinical status on vancomycin alone (despite a vancomycin MIC within the susceptible range). Findings Five patients presented with MRSA bacteremia secondary to endocarditis (n = 2), epidural abscess (n = 2), or left iliopsoas abscess (n = 1). Four of the 5 patients experienced microbiologic cure, and 1 patient transitioned to palliative care. Implications This case series serves to describe additional clinical experience with vancomycin and ceftaroline combination therapy. This combination may be considered when vancomycin monotherapy does not lead to microbiological and/or clinical improvement in patients with metastatic MRSA bacteremia. Additional studies are warranted to further define its role in salvage therapy for persistent MRSA bacteremia.
Do Psychiatric Disorders or Measures of Distress Moderate Response to Postpartum Relapse Prevention Interventions

Introduction Most women who quit smoking during pregnancy will relapse postpartum. Interventions for sustained postpartum abstinence can benefit from understanding prenatal characteristics associated with treatment response. Given that individuals with psychiatric disorders or elevated depressive symptoms have difficulty quitting smoking and that increases in depressive symptoms prenatally are common, we examined the relevance of psychiatric diagnoses, prenatal depressive symptoms, and stress to postpartum relapse prevention intervention response. Methods Pregnant women (N = 300) who quit smoking during pregnancy received intervention (with specialized focus on mood, weight, and stress [STARTS] or a comparison [SUPPORT]) to prevent postpartum relapse. As previously published, nearly one-third and one-quarter of women achieved biochemically-confirmed sustained abstinence at 24- and 52-weeks postpartum, with no difference in abstinence rates between the interventions. Women completed psychiatric interviews and questionnaires during pregnancy. Smoking was assessed in pregnancy, and 24- and 52-weeks postpartum. Results Psychiatric disorders did not predict sustained abstinence or treatment response. However, treatment response was moderated by end-of-pregnancy depressive symptoms (χ2 = 9.98, p = .002) and stress (χ2 = 6.90, p = .01) at 24- and 52-weeks postpartum and remained significant after including covariates. Women with low distress achieved higher abstinence rates in SUPPORT than in STARTS (37% vs. 19% for depressive symptoms; 36% vs. 19% for stress), with no difference for women with high symptoms. Conclusions Prenatal depressive symptoms and stress predicted differential treatment efficacy in women with low symptoms, not in women with high symptoms. Diagnostic history did not predict treatment differences. Future research to address prenatal distress may help tailor postpartum relapse prevention interventions. Implications We examined prenatal history of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric distress as moderators of response to postpartum smoking relapse prevention intervention that either included or did not include added content on mood, stress, and weight concerns. For women with lower psychiatric distress, the added focus is not necessary, as these women achieved greater sustained abstinence in the less-intensive treatment. Understanding which women need which level of care to sustain abstinence can help allocate resources for all postpartum former smokers. These findings underscore the importance of perinatal symptom monitoring and promoting behavioral health more broadly in pregnant and postpartum women.
When Personal Tracking Becomes Social: Examining the Use of Instagram for Healthy Eating

Many people appropriate social media and online communities in their pursuit of personal health goals, such as healthy eating or increased physical activity. However, people struggle with impression management, and with reaching the right audiences when they share health information on these platforms. Instagram, a popular photo-based social media platform, has attracted many people who post and share their food photos. We aim to inform the design of tools to support healthy behaviors by understanding how people appropriate Instagram to track and share food data, the benefits they obtain from doing so, and the challenges they encounter. We interviewed 16 women who consistently record and share what they eat on Instagram. Participants tracked to support themselves and others in their pursuit of healthy eating goals. They sought social support for their own tracking and healthy behaviors and strove to provide that support for others. People adapted their personal tracking practices to better receive and give this support. Applying these results to the design of health tracking tools has the potential to help people better access social support.