cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How to Choose a Working Model for Measuring the Statistical Evidence About a Regression Parameter

Summary Consider using a likelihood ratio to measure the strength of statistical evidence for one hypothesis over another. Recent work has shown that when the model is correctly specified, the likelihood ratio is seldom misleading. But when the model is not, misleading evidence may be observed quite frequently. Here we consider how to choose a working regression model so that the statistical evidence is correctly represented as often as it would be under the true model. We argue that the criteria for choosing a working model should be how often it correctly represents the statistical evidence about the object of interest (regression coefficient in the true model). We see that misleading evidence about the object of interest is more likely to be observed when the working model is chosen according to other criteria (e.g., parsimony or predictive accuracy).
The flexibility of case grammar representations: a porting procedure for natural language interfaces

Abstract While case grammars have frequently been used to implement natural language interfaces to various sorts of systems, there has been little agreement over what precisely the different cases ought to be, or exactly where the semantic boundaries between different cases ought to be drawn. As a result, the domain specific decisions taken in the implementation of a case based natural language interface can result in a system which is very difficult to modify to meet the demands of a different application domain. This paper describes an approach to analysing the case grammar structures used for particular domains and utilizing these analyses to facilitate the porting of case based natural language interfaces from existing domains to new ones. The analysis is based on the assumption that there is not a single correct set of cases that is applicable across all of language and world knowledge, but rather that a set of basic cases is transformed somewhat by the semantic requirements encountered in any particular domain. A type hierarchy of cases is developed consisting of three levels of generality. The lowest, most specific, level of the hierarchy consists of a domain specific mapping of the general cases dictated by the semantic requirements of the domain. The analysis procedure consists of explicating the mappings for the two domains and comparing them in order to discover the necessary shifts in representation required to capture the shifts in domain semantics.
Developmental changes in taste responses from glossopharyngeal nerve in sheep and comparisons with chorda tympani responses

To learn whether there are developmental changes in salt and acid taste responses from the posterior tongue, we recorded from the glossopharyngeal nerve, which innervates taste buds in circumvallate papillae, in sheep fetuses, lambs and adults. Multifiber responses to NH4Cl, KCl, NaCl, LiCl, citric and hydrochloric acids were expressed as ratios, relative to responses for two standard chemicals, NH4Cl and KCl. Response ratios for NaCl and LiCl, relative to either standard, increased during development, but the magnitude of the change was small. KCl elicited very large magnitude responses, relative to NH4Cl, in the youngest fetuses, and then decreased by 50% in stimulating effectiveness. Relative responses to both acids also decreased developmentally. The general shapes of KCl response-concentration functions did not change throughout development; however, in the youngest fetuses, the NH4Cl response-concentration function was not similar to that in older animals. These developmental changes are different than those for responses from anterior tongue taste buds recorded from the chorda tympani nerve. Anterior tongue responses to NaCl and LiCl change most substantially and those to KCl change very little; acid responses do not change. The developmental differences for anterior versus posterior tongue responses suggest that membrane composition and maturational changes of taste buds in the two locations are not the same. Response-concentration functions from both tongue areas support the proposition that specific membrane components interacting with various salts are added during development.
Dynamics of metropolitan growth and unemployment.

Abstract This paper presents a demand-oriented model of metropolitan growth with explicit regard to urban unemployment and spatial growth. After deriving an aggregate production function from an equilibrium pattern of production in space, we introduce some dynamic adjustment processes of capital, population, and the wage rate through time, and carry out dynamic and comparative static analyses in order to examine the long-run behavior of unemployment, income, and population in response to exogenous demand growth for output. It is shown that when the rate of demand growth increases, the unemployment rate may decrease or increase, according as the rate of nominal wage increase is relatively insensitive or sensitive to the rate of price increase in the metropolitan economy.
The potential usefulness of biological markers in risk assessment.

Substantial data have been generated during the last 5 years in experimental systems and human populations which shed light on the potential usefulness of biological markers in human cancer risk as...
Computed diffusion contribution in the complex blood oxygenation‐level dependent fMRI signal

Diffusion is a ubiquitous phenomenon in blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), but it cannot be completely separated out from BOLD signals experimentally or theoretically. Nevertheless, it is possible to numerically characterize the diffusion-only contribution by Monte Carlo simulation and signal analysis. The simulation was carried out for a variety of parameter settings of cortical vasculature (vessel radii = [2, 16] micron) and field strength (B0 = [0.18, 12.9] T). A cortical voxel was simulated in a cube of size 320 × 320 × 320 micron3 filled with a random vascular network. Diffusion-present and diffusion-absent signals were calculated by intravoxel dephasing (via switching on and off the diffusion coefficients) for a range of echo times TE = [0, 60] ms. Given a pair of diffusion-present and diffusion-absent complex signals, the diffusion-only contribution was calculated by two signal analysis models: multiplication and addition. Statistics were rendered through multiple random realizations for each vasculature setting. Simulations suggest that diffusion contributes to BOLD signal (for setting of vessel radius = 3 micron, B0 = 3 T, TE = 30 ms) by a signal amplitude decay rate change of 0.8 Hz (multiplication model) or by a signal amplitude change percentage of 5% (addition model). Overall, this contribution is maximal amid a large range of field strengths, diminishing toward low and high fields. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 40A: 128–145, 2012.
THE TEMPERING EFFECT OF DETERMINISM IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM: A RESPONSE TO RYCHLAK AND RYCHLAK"

Rychlak and Rychlak call attention to an important tension between the behavioral sciences and the legal system as they discuss the clash between the deterministic assumptions of many behavioral scientists who serve as expert witnesses and the assumptions of the Law that human beings possess free will. The authors establish an ambitious goal for their paper: They seek nothing less than “to correct this disparity between the assumptions of the legal profession and the social sciences.” Quickly, we find it is the scientists who need all the correction, but the authors hope that with theoretical clarifications scientists will be able to do “what the Law expects of them without sacrificing scientific integrity.” Presumably then, scientists who are determinists, could forego their assumptions and accept the assumptions of the Law that humans have free will. The task that Rychlak and Rychlak have set for themselves is clear enough, but careful reading of their paper raises doubts about whether they accomplish their mission to challenge those behavioral scientists who identify with the determinist camp. It is not just the arguments themselves that raise doubts about the persuasiveness of the paper, it is the spirit and style in which they are offered. For example, the authors cite no less an authority than Justice Cardozo to underscore the idea that the Law is “guided by a robust common sense which assumes the freedom of the will as a working hypothesis in the solution of its problems.” Later, the authority of the Congress of the United States is invoked in the statement “in this society we believe that people act according to their own free will.” After citing such legal and legislative authority, Rychlak and Rychlak then say “Yet oddly enough, the predominant view of human behavior held to in psychology and psychiatry detracts from this very belief in free will among human beings.” A reasoned argument should give due credit to the position of the adversary, especially if the adversary is important enough to stimulate work on a major scholarly paper. To suggest that it is odd that psychologists and psychiatrists challenge the theory of free will is somewhat akin to the ad hominem claim that those who reject teleological explanations are committed to a 17th century conception of science (Rychlak, 1983). The failure to credit the opposition is also illustrated in a statement in the
Biosynthesis of a central intermediate in hydrogen sulfide metabolism by a novel human sulfurtransferase and its yeast ortholog.

Human sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) catalyzes the conversion of H2S to thiosulfate, the first step in mammalian H2S metabolism. SQOR’s inability to produce the glutathione persulfide (GSS–) substrate for sulfur dioxygenase (SDO) suggested that a thiosulfate:glutathione sulfurtransferase (TST) was required to provide the missing link between the SQOR and SDO reactions. Although TST could be purified from yeast, attempts to isolate the mammalian enzyme were not successful. We used bioinformatic approaches to identify genes likely to encode human TST (TSTD1) and its yeast ortholog (RDL1). Recombinant TSTD1 and RDL1 catalyze a predicted thiosulfate-dependent conversion of glutathione to GSS–. Both enzymes contain a rhodanese homology domain and a single catalytically essential cysteine, which is converted to cysteine persulfide upon reaction with thiosulfate. GSS– is a potent inhibitor of TSTD1 and RDL1, as judged by initial rate accelerations and ≥25-fold lower Km values for glutathione observed in t...
The home visit.

The home visit has become a integral part of treatment programs for a large number of patients at the Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital. It is especially useful for elderly patients, who represent a considerable share of the caseload, and has proven to be most beneficial for those individuals who are returning home to live alone or be alone part of the day. At Spaulding the hyome visit is most often conducted by an occupational and physical therapist team who follow a specific evaluation protocol examining the patient's home environment vis-a-vis anticipated functional status at discharge. Recommendations and suggestions for both use patterns and possible structural changes follow. In order to both evaluate the process and the results of home visits a chart audit was conducted from which various ways have been discovered to improve the value of this treatment activity and thereby enhance a patient's quality of life after discharge.
On the definition of pH

Resume Certaines suggestions anterieures concernant la definition du pH aux basses et aux hautes forces ioniques sont examinees plus avant et comparees a certains aspects du rapport sur la standardisation du pH par BATES ET GUGGENHETM.
The Effects of Different Cooking Oils on Flavor and Color of Fried Chicken Breading Material

Abstract THE color and flavor of fried chicken breading material depends on several factors including: (a) cooking time and temperature, (b) composition of the breading material, and (c) composition and characteristics of the cooking oil. Hale and Goodwin (1968) found no difference in breading color and flavor when chicken parts were precooked by microwave energy or autoclaving before being breaded and browned by deep fat frying as compared to conventional deep fat frying. Hanson and Fletcher (1963) showed that the thickening agent used in batters for fried chicken had pronounced effects on color and flavor, and blends of several different thickeners could be used to get the desired final products. One would assume that the cooking oil should have a pronounced effect on color and flavor of the breading material. As an oil is heated the color and flavor changes (Jacobson, 1967). This should be reflected in the color and flavor…
Porous optical fibers for high-sensitivity ammonia-vapor sensors.

A new porous glass optical fiber has been developed for use as a sensor for the detection of ammonia vapors at low concentrations. The porous structure that remains after selective heat treatment, phase separation, and chemical leaching of a borosilicate glass imparts a high surface area to the fiber core. Ammonia vapors permeating into the porous zone, which is pretreated with a reversible pH dye indicator, produce a spectral change in transmission. The resulting pH change is measured by in-line optical absorbance and is proportional to the ambient-ammonia concentration. Ammonia-vapor concentrations as low as 0.7 part in 106 have been detected.
A MODULATOR FOR DISCRETE TRAINS OF PULSES.

Abstract A circuit is described which provides a means of modulating trains of pulses of duration from 1 msec up to 1.5 sec. This device was especially designed for use with Grass Instruments Co. stimulators so that only one stimulator is needed for generating trains of pulses. In addition, there is a neon multivibrator which controls the repetition rate and also can delay the turn-on of the modulator from the beginning pulse of the multivibrator. The circuits and power supply are contained on the chassis and the controls are mounted on the front panel of the stimulator.
Evidence that stress per se has a role in the precipitation and natural history of depressive illness

Evidence that stress per se has a role in the precipitation and natural history of depressive illness
Contact Work in Child-Centered Play Therapy: A Case Study

In this study, a case study approach (N = 1) was employed to investigate the process of change in child-centered play therapy for a child with an intellectual disability. A task analytic method was...
The incorporation of [14C]glycine into the subunits of collagens from normal and lathyritic animals

Abstract The incorporation of [ 14 C]glycine into the subunits of skin collagen was followed in normal and lathyritic rats. Label appears first and at the same rate in the primary subunits, α1 and α2, and later in β1 and β2. This is explained by the fact that β1 and β2 are derived from α1 and α2 by intramolecular crosslinking. In lathyritic animals the formation of β1 and β2 is markedly reduced though the synthesis of collagen proceeds. This defect is evident long before the appearance of the gross symptoms of lathyrism. The results are consistent with the suggestion that the lack of intramolecular crosslinks affects the integrity of connective tissue through a loss of fibril stability resulting in the gross symptoms characteristic of lathyrism.
Imagery spatial performance throughput correction methodology

This paper illustrates the pros and cons of a methodology that used test bars for throughput signal equalization. We also introduce a special test equipment (STE) plate scale for spatial measurement, which is recommended not only for its performance, but also for simplicity of implementation. The line spread function (LSF) is a classical figure of merit used to derive the modulation transfer function (MTF) of an imaging sensor. The test requires that a uniform light source be used to project test bars into the sensor via an integrating sphere to construct LSF curve. However, source uniformity through the test bars is not easily achieved. Test results will be adversely affected in cases where either the integrating sphere provides less than 100 percent uniformity in temporal brightness for the various wavelength applications, or where the test bars have been physically warped (on a scale of microns) due to supplier producibility variation. To effectively utilize the existing STE, Raytheon applied a test-bar throughput signal equalization method to correct for the light source and/or test bar dimensional non-uniformity errors during the spatial performance evaluation. The successful approach compensated for the STE limitations without incurring expenditures for new custom-made equipment.
DNA Probes for the Identification of Coxiella burnetii Strains

Isolation of Coxiella Burnetii in the standard laboratory setting is hazardous; therefore most diagnoses are based on retrospective detection of a rising antibody titer to C. burnetti. As a result, this disease is usually undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Methods for the rapid detection of C. burnetti have now been developed that utilize specific hybridization of labeled DNA probes to nucleic acid in clinical samples. One method detects the presence of C. burnetii 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA); another uses plasmid sequences. We have developed a probe that detects C. burnetii and one that differentiates between Coxiella strains capable of causing chronic disease and those that cause the acute form. Using these probes, C. burnetii can be identified in blood, urine, and tissue samples. The plasmid-derived probes detect as few as 10(4) organisms and less than 1 ng of Coxiella DNA. A third method differentiates between chronic (endocarditis-causing) strains and those that cause acute Q fever. This method uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in which the target regions of DNA are amplified by iterative cycles of Taq I DNA polymerase chain extension to produce up to a 10(6) amplification of the target sequences. When Southern blotting is used in conjunction with PCR, the test detects as few as 2-9 C. burnetti cells.
Stress-restress: Effects on ACTH and fast feedback

Glucocorticoid secretion is tightly regulated by negative feedback. Glucocorticoid feedback has been found to be altered in depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While hyposensitive glucocorticoid feedback has been found in depression, hypersensitive or enhanced negative feedback was described in PTSD. Enhanced negative feedback, can be seen as a sensitization of the inhibitory elements of HPA axis, and stress-restress or time dependent sensitization (TDS) model, has been suggested as an animal model for PTSD. We have studied the effects of this model on the HPA axis to determine whether it will produce increased sensitivity to negative feedback as found in PTSD patients. Adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were exposed to a single session of prolonged stress (restraint followed by a forced swim and exposure to ether vapors) and briefly restressed 7 days later. The effects of single prolonged stress on plasma ACTH and corticosterone responses (0, 5, and 30 min) and on glucocorticoid fast feedback (cortisol vs. saline pretreatment) were assessed in two studies. Animals exposed to single prolonged stress showed enhanced negative feedback in comparison to naive animals (F = 4.6371, df = 3, p = .0107), but there was no difference in ACTH or corticosterone responses during the restress. Pretreatment with cortisol, in the first stress session, did not prevent the development of the enhanced fast feedback when restressed. This can be seen as a sensitization of the inhibitory elements of HPA axis, suggesting that stress-restress paradigm might serve as a good animal model for HPA abnormalities found in PTSD patients.
Spinal cord compression as a result of Rosai–Dorfman disease of the upper cervical spine in a child

Rosai–Dorfman disease is characterized by massive painless cervical lymphadenopathy, but can also include nasal obstruction, tonsillar enlargement, or hearing abnormalities. The disease occurs most often in the third and fourth decades. Most authors have suggested that it represents either an autoimmune disease or a reaction to an infectious agent that has yet to be discovered. Less than 50 cases of central nervous system involvement have been reported. We report a child with cervical spinal cord compression due to Rosai–Dorfman disease of the cervical spine. This disease has variable outcomes from relatively benign to insidious over decades. Our case is unusual in that the patient was a child and had involvement of the spine with resultant cord compression, a combination that has been reported rarely.
Effect of intermolecular orientation upon proton transfer within a polarizable medium.

Ab initio calculations are used to investigate the proton transfer process in bacteriorhodopsin. HN = CH2 serves as a small prototype of the Schiff base while HCOO- models its carboxylate-containing counterion and HO- the hydroxyl group of water of tyrosine, leading to the HCOO-.H+.NHCH2 and HO-.H+.NHCH2 complexes. In isolation, both complexes prefer a neutral pair configuration wherein the central proton is associated with the anion. However, the Schiff base may be protonated in the former complex, producing the HCOO-.+HNHCH2 ion pair, when there is a high degree of dielectric coupling with an external polarizable medium. Within a range of intermediate level coupling, the equilibrium position of the proton (on either the carboxylate or Schiff base) can be switched by suitable changes in the intermolecular angle. pK shift resulting from a 60 degrees reorientation are calculated to be some 5–12 pK U within the coupling range where proton transfers are possible. The energy barrier to proton transfer reinforces the ability of changes in angle and dielectric coupling to induce a proton transfer.
On the Simple N-Person Games of Timing with Random Termination

Abstract We consider an i-person marksmanship contest in which the first contestant to his target wins and the contest is to be terminated at a random time T with cdf H(t). The model is the simplest case where each player (i.e., constant) has one bullet and all players have equal accuracy. It will be shown how the information available to the players has influence on the equilibrium strategies and the equilibrium payoffs.
Hybrid ab Initio Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Calculations of Free Energy Surfaces for Enzymatic Reactions: The Nucleophilic Attack in Subtilisin

An effective approach for ab initio calculations of activation free energies of enzymatic reactions is developed and examined. This approach uses an empirical valence bond (EVB) potential surface as a reference potential for evaluating the free energies of a hybrid ab initio quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM(ai)/MM) potential surface. This procedure involves an automated calibration of the EVB potential using gas-phase ab initio calculations. In addition, strategies for treating the contact region of QM and MM atoms as well as enzyme and solvent environments are developed. Two levels of ab initio calculations are used in studying the QM atoms: the HF/4-31G method, which allows calculations on a large number of points while still giving accurate results, and the MP2/6-31+G* approach. The QM(ai)/MM method is implemented and examined by simulating the nucleophilic attack step in the catalytic reaction of subtilisin. It is found that the use of the EVB potential as a reference allows one to obtain th...
Diffusion through a stochastic web.

A connected web of stochasticity can be generated by a mapping derived from a linear oscillator perturbed by a periodic \ensuremath{\delta} function. Such a stochastic web is useful for investigating global diffusion through a phase space in which the local diffusion within the web is nonuniform. An analytic expression for the global diffusion rate has been obtained using (1) the basic phase-space concept that the ergodic region is uniformly populated in the asymptotic limit, (2) a local calculation of the thickness of the stochastic web, and (3) the average local period for traversing a single mesh of the web. The results are compared with numerical computations of the diffusion rate and are found to be in good agreement. Although the linearity of the kicked oscillator leads to a connected grid in phase space, the diffusion rate, unlike Arnol'd diffusion, is related to that in two-dimensional phase space, with the diffusion coefficient ${D}_{\mathrm{web}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\equiv}}{L}_{\mathrm{rms}{}^{2}/\mathrm{T}}}$ scaling as ${K}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{3}$, where ${K}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ is a perturbation parameter. Discrepancies are discussed, and the effect of extrinsic stochasticity is briefly considered.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Ethnic Discrimination in Health Research

This paper presents the General Ethnic Discrimination Scale, an 18-item measure of perceived ethnic discrimination that can be used in health research with any ethnic group. The 1569 participants (half college students, half community adults) completed the General Ethnic Discrimination scale and measures of cigarette smoking and of psychiatric symptoms. Results revealed that the General Ethnic Discrimination subscales model the latent construct of perceived ethnic discrimination equally well for Blacks, Latinos, Asians, and Whites. Discrimination was strongly related to psychiatric symptoms and to current cigarette smoking for ethnic minorities and Whites alike, but such relationships were stronger for ethnic minorities. Minorities who experienced frequent discrimination were 2.3 times more likely than their low-discrimination counterparts to be smokers. This 5th grade reading-level scale takes 10 min to complete and has sufficient, initial psychometric integrity for use in clinical and community health studies.
Principles of urethral stricture repair

This manuscript outlines the important points in the evaluation and treatment of urethral stricture disease. The algorithms described within are not presented as strict guidelines but rather are intended to give a logical thought progression which incorporates the basic principles of urethral reconstruction. It is important to determine the therapeutic goal before applying these principles. There are basically two arms of consideration, the first is to attempt to cure the patient of urethral stricture disease and the second is to simply manage the patient's urethral stricture disease without intent of cure. Applying the current knowledge of anatomy with modern tissue transfer techniques will achieve a highly successful, single stage reconstruction in most patients. Although approaching urethral stricture disease with the intent to cure is preferred, management may not be unreasonable in certain cases. Some patients have entensive co-morbidities or may prefer a trial of conservative measures before definitive treatment is undertaken. If the goal established is urethral reconstruction, the gold standard is to perform a single stage pocedure that is highly successful and durable. Excision of the urethral stricture with primary anastomosis (EPA) represents this gold standard. However, ist application is limited by stricture location or length. An accurate evaluation of the stricture location, length, and associated spongiofibrosis is mandatory in forming viable options for repair. By exploiting the advantages of differing techniques, the proper course of action can be chosen which generally will solve even the most complex problem in one stage. The reconstructive surgeon come to the operative suite armed with the full knowledge and understanding of the principals and techniques which will result in a favorable outcome. It is not uncommon for intra-operative findings to guide the decision for the best alternative for urethral reconstruction. We also offer some helpful hints regarding positioning, sutures, exposure, and retractors.
Aerodynamic evaluation of crystalloid and colloid flush perfusion for lung preservation

To assess the effectiveness of pulmonary perfusion we evaluated the lung mechanics of 36 canine lungs in an isolated perfused working lung (IPWL) model. Four groups of lungs (n = 9 each) were preserved by pulmonary artery flushing with either high-potassium colloid (UW), high-potassium crystalloid (EuroCollins', EC), low-potassium crystalloid control (lactate), or low-potassium substrate-enhanced crystalloid (RPMI) followed by 130 ± 10 min of cold storage. Ventilation remained constant (TV 10 ml/kg at 14 breaths/min with 5 cm H2O PEEP). Assessed data included lung resistance (R), timed expiratory volume (EV0.3 sec as %TV), lung compliance (C), elastic work (Wel), and flow-resistive work (Wres). Immediately following storage, R and Wel were similar for all groups (16 ± 3 cm H2O/liter/sec and 149 ± 18 gm/min). UW preserved lungs were less compliant (1.5 ± 0.1 × 10−2 liter/cm H2O) and required more inspiratory work (Wres 5.8 ± 0.8 gm/min) compared to the low-potassium crystalloid (Lactate) group (2.0 ± 0.1 × 10−2 liter/cm H2O and 3.4 ± 0.6 gm/min, respectively, P < 0.05). For 3 hr of reperfusion, crystalloid lungs showed no significant change in R, C, Wel, or Wres. In contrast, R of the UW group increased significantly to 32 ± 5 and 40 ± 8 cmH2O/liter/sec at 1 and 3 hr, respectively. By 90 min, the latter lungs became less compliant (1.0 ± 0.1 × 10−2 liter/cm H2O) and required more work to accommodate the same TV (Wel 170 ± 8 vs 144 ± 8 gm/min at start) and to overcome expiratory flow resistance (Wres 9.8 ± 1.5 vs 5.8 ± 0.8 gm/min at start). From these data, it may be concluded that colloid-preserved lungs are stiffer, less compliant, and require greater amount of work, for the same TV to expand or to overcome flow possibly due to inadequate peribronchial preservation. Aerodynamic variables are easily measured, sensitive indicators of lung damage in the IPWL model.
Self-reported Pain Affects Quality of Life in Myasthenia Gravis.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune-mediated disease of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) transmission that is well recognized and is commonly seen by practicing neurologists. The pathophysiology of the disease has been well defined, and is secondary to inhibition of postsynaptic NMJ transmission by
Axonal neurofilament-H immunolabeling in the rabbit retina.

A monoclonal antibody directed at the multiphosphorylated epitope of axonal neurofilament-H (NF-H) was used to label axon-like fibers in the rabbit retina. NF-H-immunopositive fibers were found in the outer plexiform layer (OPL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and optic fiber layer (OFL). The morphological characteristics of the labeled processes identified those in the OPL as horizontal cell axons and axon terminals and fibers in the OFL as axons of ganglion cells. The NF-H-positive profiles in the OPL formed a subset of horizontal cell processes labeled for calbindin. In the IPL, NF-H-immunoreactive profiles lay at all levels but were detected most often in the middle strata, 2-4. Occasionally, we observed NF-H-immuoreactive processes emerging from the IPL and entering either the GCL or the inner nuclear layer (INL). The labeled fibers in the IPL were typically very thin, less than 1 microm in diameter, and could often be followed for over 1 mm as they ran laterally across the retina. Cell bodies were never labeled by the immunoserum. To identify the NF-H-immunopositive fibers in the IPL, standard immunocytochemical double-labeling techniques were applied, using antibodies directed against several neurotransmitters or modulators thought to be expressed by axon-bearing amacrine cells. The NF-H-positive processes in the IPL were found to correspond to those labeled for tyrosine hydroxylase, somatostatin, substance P, and NADPH diaphorase activity. However, the NF-H labels did not colocalize with those against the vasoactive intestinal peptide-associated protein PHM27. Our results indicate that putative axons in the retina possess the multiphosphorylated NF-H protein found within classic axons in the central nervous system. These results thus support the idea that certain subtypes of amacrine and horizontal cells maintain true axons in the mammalian retina.
Correlation energy of a model problem

Abstract A newly derived generalized moments expansion (GMX), based on the “ t -expansion” of Horn and Weinstein, is used to calculate the correlation energy of a model Hamiltonian representing N coupled one-dimensional harmonic oscillators. Comparisons are made with a related calculational scheme the canonical sequence method (CSM).
Reply to Comment on Linking Cure Process to Adhesive Bulk Strength by Differential Thermal Analysis

Abstract A Comment published in this issue and authored by B. C. Ennis refers extensively to one of our earlier papers entitled “Linking Cure Process to Adhesive Bulk Strength by Differential Thermal Analysis.” We are delighted to see that our work can capture the attention of scientists working in this area and stimulate them to write lengthy reviews. At the same time, however, we feel that this particular note, in various discussions, misinterprets our paper, and does not seem to contribute any new or substantial scientific information to the literature.
“I'm Sorry, Please Don't Hurt Me”: Effectiveness of Apologies on Aggression Control

ABSTRACT The author attempted to replicate Ohbuchi, Kameda, and Agarie's (1989) study which found that giving an apology, with or without harm removal, reduced aggressive responses among a sample of Japanese college women. The author found similiar results with a U.S. sample of college women. The results provide evidence for cross-cultural similiarity in the effectiveness of apologies in reducing aggressive responses.
Coastally trapped long waves in the Yellow Sea

Abstract The coastally trapped long-wave theory is adapted to a double shelf bottom topography in the development of a barotropic long-wave model for calculating wintertime wind-driven currents and sea level fluctuations in the Yellow Sea. The low frequency, free wave solutions consist of two infinite sets of modes, one set trapped to each side of the trough that separates the two plane shelves. The phase propagation of either set of waves depends upon the slopes of both shelves. Forced wave motions are considered for geostrophic winds calculated at 35°N, 125°E for the period of January–April 1986 for which point measurements of currents and sea level fluctuations are available. Comparison to these measurements shows that the model reproduces reasonably well upwind flow events in the trough that dominate the wind-driven wintertime regime. The anatomy of a typical event of this type shows that the Korea-side Kelvin wave is mainly responsible for the establishment of the downwind setup in sea level and in t...
Reconstruction of the tongue base

Carcinomas of the base of the tongue are extremely menacing. The paucity of pain fibers and redundant regional lymphatics in the tongue base often results in patients presenting with large primary tumors and cervical lymph node metastases. Frequently, patients presenting with a metastatic cervical lymph node will be found to have a base of tongue primary. Traditionally, these tumors have been treated by a combined modality approach of surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy. Combinations of brachytherapy with external beam radiotherapy and multidrug chemotherapy with either concurrent or sequential radiotherapy have also been used. In general, overall survival of patients with carcinoma of the base of the tongue is poor, with only 30% to 60% of patients achieving 5-year survival.
Association between symptoms of depression and anxiety with heart rate variability in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

Objective This study investigated whether depression and anxiety symptoms are associated with measures of autonomic nervous system dysfunction in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators who are at high risk of cardiac rhythm disturbances. Depression and anxiety are associated with autonomic nervous system dysfunction, which may promote the risk of malignant cardiac arrhythmias. Methods Patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) underwent ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring (n = 44, mean age = 62.1 +/- 9.3 years). Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory and anxiety was evaluated using the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. Heart rate variability was assessed using time (RMSSD, pNN50, and SDNN) and frequency domain measures derived from 24-hour R-R intervals. Multivariate models were adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking status. Results Defibrillator patients with elevated depression symptoms (n = 12) had significantly lower RMSSD (15.25 +/- 1.66 ms versus 24.97 +/- 2.44 ms, p = .002) and pNN50 (1.83 +/- 0.77 versus 5.61 +/- 1.04, p = .006) than defibrillator patients with low depression symptoms (n = 32). These associations remained significant after multivariate adjustment for covariates. ICD patients with high anxiety levels (n = 10) displayed lower RMSSD (p = .013), which became marginally significant when adjusting for covariates (p = .069). Conclusions Depression and anxiety in defibrillator patients are associated with autonomic nervous system dysfunction indices of reduced parasympathetic control. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction may partially explain the association between depression and anxiety with life-threatening cardiac outcomes in vulnerable patients.
Who Controls Succession in the Superintendency?: A Minority Perspective

For Hispanic women, the succession process is controlled by those who wish to bring order and stability to the district through ethnic representation. In a limited sample of 12, the majority of cases show that succession is controlled by school board members and former superintendents holding search committee membership.
Molecular landscape of modified histones in Drosophila heterochromatic genes and euchromatin-heterochromatin transition zones.

Constitutive heterochromatin is enriched in repetitive sequences and histone H3-methylated-at-lysine 9. Both components contribute to heterochromatin's ability to silence euchromatic genes. However, heterochromatin also harbors hundreds of expressed genes in organisms such as Drosophila. Recent studies have provided a detailed picture of sequence organization of D. melanogaster heterochromatin, but how histone modifications are associated with heterochromatic sequences at high resolution has not been described. Here, distributions of modified histones in the vicinity of heterochromatic genes of normal embryos and embryos homozygous for a chromosome rearrangement were characterized using chromatin immunoprecipitation and genome tiling arrays. We found that H3-di-methylated-at-lysine 9 (H3K9me2) was depleted at the 5′ ends but enriched throughout transcribed regions of heterochromatic genes. The profile was distinct from that of euchromatic genes and suggests that heterochromatic genes are integrated into, rather than insulated from, the H3K9me2-enriched domain. Moreover, the profile was only subtly affected by a Su(var)3–9 null mutation, implicating a histone methyltransferase other than SU(VAR)3–9 as responsible for most H3K9me2 associated with heterochromatic genes in embryos. On a chromosomal scale, we observed a sharp transition to the H3K9me2 domain, which coincided with increased retrotransposon density in the euchromatin-heterochromatin (eu-het) transition zones on the long chromosome arms. Thus, a certain density of retrotransposons, rather than specific boundary elements, may demarcate Drosophila pericentric heterochromatin. We also demonstrate that a chromosome rearrangement that created a new eu-het junction altered H3K9me2 distribution and induced new euchromatic sites of enrichment as far as several megabases away from the breakpoint. Taken together, the findings argue against simple classification of H3K9me as the definitive signature of silenced genes, and clarify roles of histone modifications and repetitive DNAs in heterochromatin. The results are also relevant for understanding the effects of chromosome aberrations and the megabase scale over which epigenetic position effects can operate in multicellular organisms.
Cytomorphometric analysis and surface ultrastructure of developing decidua.

A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and morphometric analysis of the topographical changes occurring in the uterine luminal epithelial layer in association with decidual tissue (DT) formation in guinea pigs was undertaken in order to elucidate the surface ultrastructural characteristics which occur during the process of endometrial differentiation. Experimentally induced decidua formation was promoted by mechanical stimulation of the antimesometrial luminal surface during the period of maximal uterine sensitivity to stromal differentiation. DT-associated remodeling of the uterine epithelial layer was subsequently examined by light and SE microscopic analysis for apical epithelial and luminal contour alterations associated with decidua growth. Cytological changes in the luminal surface associated with DT induction included sparse microvillus growth from the apical epithelial surface, accompanied by the appearance of prominent apical membrane surface protrusions and endometrial gland openings as compared with non-DT-stimulated control samples. Decidua surface growth was characterized by a short, sparse epithelial microvillus pattern present over a highly contoured luminal uterine surface on which contoured gland openings were both numerous and prominent. These surface modifications contrasted with the flat, non-decidualized luminal surface contour which was covered by distinct, microvilli-laden, apical cell membranes, and defined by prominent intercellular membrane borders. The uterine surface at the time of maximal DT formation (i.e. growth) closely resembled that of a uterine luminal surface undergoing apoptosis and subsequent cellular reabsorption, characterized by disrupted cell surface membranes, sparse microvillus surfaces and prominent epithelial contours reflecting stromal tissue and vasculature involution. These data indicate that the alterations in the uterine luminal surface associated with DT formation are reminiscent of the endometrial changes associated with the initiation of early placentation, and may be used as a model for the analysis of the role of epithelial cell surface modifications associated with the induction and support of interstitial blastocyst implantation and early decidua formation.
Stimulation by high external potassium of the sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers.

Single barnacle muscle fibers fromBalanus nubilus were used to study the effect of elevated external potassium concentration, [K] o , on Na efflux, membrane potential, and cyclic nucleotide levels. Elevation of [K] o causes a prompt, transient stimulation of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux. The minimal effective concentrations is ∼20mm. The membrane potential of ouabain-treated fibers bathed in 10mm Ca2+ artificial seawater (ASW) or in Ca2+-free ASW decreases approximately linearly with increasing logarithm of [K] o . The slope of the plot is slightly steeper for fibers bathed in Ca2+-free ASW. The magnitude of the stimulatory response of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux to 100mmK o depends on the external Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations, as well as on external pH, but is independent of external Mg2+ concentration. External application of 10−4 m verapamil virtually abolishes the response of the Na efflux to subsequent K-depolarization. Stabilization of myoplasmic-free Ca2+ by injection of 250mm EGTA before exposure of the fiber to 100mm K o leads to ∼60% reduction in the magnitude of the stimulation. Pre-injection of a pure inhibitor of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase reduces the response of the Na efflux to 100mm K o by ∼50%. Increasing intracellular ATP, by injection of 0.5m ATP-Na2 before elevation of [K] o , fails to prolong the duration of the stimulation of the Na efflux. Exposure of ouabain-treated, cannulated fibers to 100mm K o for time periods ranging from 30 sec to 10 min causes a small (∼60%), but significant, increase in the intracellular content of cyclic AMP with little change in the cyclic GMP level. These results are compatible with the view that the stimulatory response of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux to high K o is largely due to a fall in myoplasmicpCa resulting from activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and that an accompanying rise in internal cAMP accounts for a portion of this response.
A Note on Ethics Educational Interventions in an Undergraduate Auditing Course: Is there an ‘Enron’ Effect?

In light of recent accounting scandals and the ensuing “crisis in confidence” facing the public accounting profession, there is a new challenge to accounting educators: how to effectively incorporate ethics into accounting courses, and increase the moral reasoning abilities of their students. Providing accounting students with the ability to reason effectively with respect to moral dilemmas may help to minimize future judgment errors in accounting and auditing settings. This article describes several different educational interventions that were adopted in an undergraduate auditing course. Students' moral reasoning was assessed both at the beginning and the end of the course to determine whether their moral reasoning scores improved based on the interventions. This was done over two semesters: one occurring in 2001 (“pre‐Enron”), and one occurring in 2002 (“post‐Enron”). Accounting context‐specific scores were collected in both semesters (using Thorne's [2000] Accounting Ethical Dilemma Instrument [AEDI])...
The optimal selection of secondary indices is NP-complete

The problem of selecting secondary indices for a file so as to minimize the expected transaction cost was frequently analyzed before. We prove that it is NP-complete by reducing the MINIMUM SET COVER problem to it.
A New Technology for the Design and Manufacture of Two‐layer and Multilayer ‘Semi‐flexible’ Circuits for Automotive Applications

Insulated Metal Substrates (IMS) have been used in the automotive industry for a number of years. The popularity of this technology is due to the good thermal conductivity of the thin insulation material, which is more effective than convection cooling, and the high temperature performance of the adhesive used for under‐bonnet applications. This paper describes how IMS circuits can be designed and manufactured with two or more layers without using the traditional plating processes.