cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The t‐U‐V‐J model in cuprates: Strengths of the interactions

The t-U-V-J model fits together three major parts of the superconductivity puzzle of the cuprite compounds: (i) it describes the opening of a d-wave pairing gap, (ii) it is consistent with the fact that the basic pairing mechanism arises from the antiferromagnetic exchange correlations, and (iii) it takes into account the charge fluctuations associated with double occupancy of a site which play an essential role in doped systems. The strengths of the interactions U, V and J in YBa2Cu3O6.7 and La2-xSrxCuO4 (x = 0.16) samples are obtained by requiring quantitative consistency between the angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements, the sharp collective mode at the antiferromagnetic wave vector QAF=(π,π), and the observed inelastic neutron scattering resonance (INSR) positions of the incommensurate peaks at wave vectors Qδ = ((1 ± δ)π,π) and Qδ = (π(1 ± δ)π).
Structure–Activity Relationship Studies on the Mosquito Toxicity and Biting Deterrency of Callicarpenal Derivatives

Abstract : Callicarpenal (=13,14,15,16-tetranorclerod-3-en-12-al=[(1S,2R,4aR,8aR)-1,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,2,4a,5-tetramethylnaphthalen-1-yl]acetaldehyde; 1) has previously demonstrated significant mosquito bite-deterring activity against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi in addition to repellent activity against host-seeking nymphs of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis. In the present study, structural modifications were performed on callicarpenal (1) in an effort to understand the functional groups necessary for maintaining and/or increasing its activity and to possibly lead to more effective insect control agents. All modifications in this study targeted the C(12) aldehyde or the C(3) alkene functionalities or combinations thereof. Mosquito biting deterrency appeared to be influenced most by C(3) alkene modification as evidenced by catalytic hydrogenation that resulted in a compound having significantly less effectiveness than 1 at a test amount of 25 nmol/cm2. Oxidation and/or reduction of the C(12) aldehyde did not diminish mosquito biting deterrency, but, at the same time, none of the modifications were more effective than 1 in deterring mosquito biting. Toxicities of synthesized compounds towards Ae. aegypti ranged from an LD50 value of 2.36 to 40.11 mg per mosquito. Similarly, LD95 values ranged from a low of 5.59 to a high of 104.9 mg.
Determination of transport parameters for InP device simulations in n+n+ structures

Abstract Phenomenological transport parameters in n-InP are derived from large scale, ensemble Monte Carlo particle simulations. These parameters are required in efficient numerical methods used to solve “hydrodynamic-like” transport formulations which govern various physical models of bulk, unipolar InP devices. For an equivalent single-valley conduction band, a set of transport parameters in n-InP at 300 K is calculated from the Monte Carlo data. An example of the use of these parameters in a numerical simulation code is provided.
Evaluation of isolated rib lesions with radionuclide-guided biopsy.

Background Isolated rib lesions detected on bone scanning can pose a diagnostic challenge, particularly in patients with a known primary cancer. The purpose of our study was to assess the diagnostic value of radionuclide-guided rib biopsy with an intraoperative gamma probe. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of 10 patients who underwent an intraoperative gamma probe-guided rib biopsy. Rib defects were identified by radionuclide bone scan. Patients received an intravenous dose of technetium 99m methylene diphosphonate within 6 hours before surgery. The approximate location of the rib defect was scanned with a hand-held gamma probe intraoperatively; an excisional rib biopsy was performed in the area with the highest tracer activity. Results Median age was 54 years (range, 40 to 83) and median body mass index was 32.5 (range, 23 to 52). Seven patients had a known primary extraosseous cancer and 3 patients had no history of cancer. Seven patients had pain at the time of initial evaluation. The median operative time was 45 minutes, median operative blood loss was 25 mL, and median length of stay was 1 day. Complications occurred in 2 patients: a pneumothorax that did not require treatment and a delayed hemothorax that required tube thoracostomy. Rib biopsy was accurate in all 10 patients; metastatic disease was found in 5 of 7 cancer patients. Pain improved or resolved in 4 patients. Conclusions The evaluation of isolated rib lesions using radionuclide-guided rib biopsy with an intraoperative hand-held gamma probe is accurate and potentially therapeutic. Thoracic surgeons and oncologists should be aware of this approach.
Photoinduced Inactivation of Protein Kinase C by Dequalinium Identifies the RACK-1-binding Domain as a Recognition Site

Abstract 1,1′-Decamethylenebis-4-aminoquinaldinium diiodide (DECA; dequalinium) is an anti-tumor agent and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor whose mechanism of action with PKC is unknown. This study reports that with human PKCα, DECA exhibited competitive inhibition (K i = 11.5 ± 5 μm) with respect to RACK-1 (receptor for activatedC kinase-1), an adaptor protein that has been proposed to bind activated PKC following translocation (Ron, D., Luo, J., and Mochly-Rosen, D. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 24180–24187). When exposed to UV light, DECA covalently modified and irreversibly inhibited PKC (α or β), with IC50 = 7–18 μm. UV/DECA treatment of synthetic peptides modeled after the RACK-1-binding site in the C2 region of PKCβ induced modification of Ser218-Leu-Asn-Pro-Glu-Trp-Asn-Glu-Thr226, but not of a control peptide. This modification occurred at a tryptophan residue (Trp223) that is conserved in all conventional PKC isoforms. In overlay assays with native RACK-1 that had been immobilized on nitrocellulose, UV-treated control PKCα bound well to RACK-1, whereas UV/DECA-inactivated PKCα had reduced binding activity. The significance of these findings is shown with adenocarcinoma cells, which, when pretreated with 10 μmDECA and UV light, exhibited diminished 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced PKCα translocation. Overall, this work identifies DECA as a tool that prevents PKC translocation by inhibiting formation of the PKC·RACK-1 complex.
A computer program for randomizing toxicity bioassays

Abstract A short program, written in Applesoft (tm) BASIC, is presented which randomly assigns concentrations of toxic substance to containers prior to performing a toxicity bioassay. The program also calculates the amount of stock solution to add to each container, in a static bioassay, in order to obtain the desired test concentration. The program will run unaltered on Apple II computers and should be easily modified to run on most other microcomputers using a similar version of BASIC.
Outcomes of fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction treated with vesicoamniotic shunt: A single-institution experience

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this manuscript was to examine the outcomes of patients with lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) treated with vesicoamniotic shunt (VAS) to improve the quality of prenatal consultation and therapy. Methods The medical records of all patients diagnosed with LUTO at our center between January 2004 and March 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. Results Of 14 male fetuses with LUTO, all with characteristic ultrasound findings, 11 underwent intervention. One patient received vesicocentesis alone, while 10 had VAS. Two fetuses additionally underwent cystoscopy (one with attempted valve ablation), and two had peritoneoamniotic shunts. Of 16 total VAS, 13 were placed successfully, 8 dislodged (median 7days), and 1 obstructed (84days). Two fetuses suffered in utero demise, and two have unknown outcomes. LUTO was confirmed in six of eight live-born fetuses. One patient died in the neonatal period, while seven survived. All six available at follow-up (median 3.7years), had significant genitourinary morbidity. Five patients had chronic kidney disease, but only one has required dialysis and transplant. Three had respiratory insufficiency, and one required a tracheostomy. Conclusion Despite significant perinatal and long-term morbidity, VAS offers patients faced with a poor prognosis an improved chance of survival. Our results underscore the need for further research into the diagnosis and treatment of LUTO.
Migration of Birds as an Indicator of Broad-Scale Environmental Condition

The migration of Neotropical birds may provide a robust measure of changing environmental condition along the migratory route. I review previous work on assessing broad-scale stopover quality in the eastern United States and discuss how future research can aid regional environmental assessment. Scientists can quantify how environmental changes affect the migratory system, and then monitor for those effects on migrant abundance from year to year. The cyclical nature of migration provides a constant re-evaluation of habitat quality and spatial distribution by migrant birds. Avian monitoring programs can detect changes in migrant abundance. Migrating birds may thus provide a living sensor of environmental change, enabling broad-scale environmental assessments to detect and address habitat degradation early on, allowing local managers to prioritize restoration efforts accordingly. Understanding the environmental factors driving stopover selection, and how birds move between stopovers during migration, is an important first step.
Immunological differences of deoxyribonucleoproteins from white blood cells of normal and leukaemic human beings.

EXPERIMENTS were performed to determine: (a) whether deoxyribonucleoproteins from normal and leukaemic leucocytes react immunologically with their related control sera, or whether they cross-react with them; (b) whether they are capable of inducing formation of antibodies in rabbits; (c) whether normal deoxyribonucleoproteins cross-react with sera of rabbits immunized with leukaemic deoxyribonucleoproteins and vice versa.
Geometric flow properties of the germanate analog of forsterite

Analysis of patterns of preferred orientations and optical determinations of slip systems in Mg2GeO4 olivine experimentally deformed at temperatures from 1100 to 1300°C indicate that it is similar to natural olivine in its geometrical flow properties. The deformation-induced preferred orientation consists of a [010] maximum parallel to the axis of compression, a [100] maximum in the σ2 = σ3 plane and little or no preferred orientation of [001]. Measurements of the orientation of kink-band boundaries indicate slip occurs parallel to [100] in the range of 1100–1300°C. Slip parallel to [0011 is rare, predominating in only one run. The similarity of these geometrical aspects of deformation affords support to the supposition that the strength of the spinal phase relative to the olivine phase in the germanate might be similar to that for the corresponding isostructural silicate phases. When further data on the strength of Mg2GeO4 olivine and spinel becomes available this supposition can be used to estimate the strength of Mg2SiO4 spinel from that already available for olivine.
Advances in hepatocyte transplantation: a myth becomes reality

The proliferative capacity of the liver is vividly captured in the Greek myth of Prometheus. Having stolen fire and tricked Zeus, Prometheus was chained to a rock and sentenced to have his liver eaten each day by an eagle. Because his liver re-grew nightly, he could endure the same punishment endlessly. Although the myth exaggerates the rate at which normal liver mass can be reconstituted, this organ indeed possesses a remarkable ability to regenerate following partial resection until it attains its original size. Increasing the rate of liver regeneration to Promethean levels would offer intriguing therapeutic possibilities, especially as the mechanisms that regulate the normal process are becoming better understood. The study by Karnezis et al. in this issue of the JCI (1) suggests that a hepatocyte with enhanced growth potential may not be too fanciful, particularly with the technological advances in genetic engineering that we have witnessed this past decade.
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is required for the expression of contextual but not auditory freezing in rats with basolateral amygdala lesions

Previous data suggest that overtraining can overcome fear conditioning deficits in rats with lesions of the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA). We have previously shown that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) is essential for the acquisition and expression of conditional fear to both contextual and auditory conditioned stimuli (CSs) after overtraining. This provides strong evidence that the CEA can compensate for the loss of the BLA. Another brain area that may compensate for the loss of the BLA is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). We explored this possibility by examining the consequences of lesions or reversible inactivation of the BNST on the expression of overtrained fear in rats with BLA lesions. We demonstrate that lesions or inactivation of the BNST block the expression of freezing to the conditioning context, but not to an auditory conditional stimulus. These results reveal that the BNST has a critical role in the expression of contextual fear, but not fear to an auditory CS, and is therefore not the essential locus of compensation for fear learning in the absence of the BLA.
Characterization of silicon nanocrystals and photoluminescence quenching in solution

Abstract Weblike aggregates of coalesced Si nanocrystals are prepared by the Laser Vaporization-Controlled Condensation (LVCC) method. Upon excitation with visible or UV light, the Si nanocrystals show red photoluminescence whose multiexponential time decays are characterized by lifetimes that range from 20–80 μs, depending on the emission wavelength. This red emission can be quenched with electron acceptors like 1,4-dinitrobenzene and WO 3 nanoparticles. The quenching rate constants obtained from a Stern- Volmer analysis are 7.65 × 10 6 (Ms) −1 and 14.1 × 10 6 (Ms) −1 for 1,4-dinitrobenzene and WO 3 nanoparticles, respectively. The quenching mechanism appears to proceed via an electron transfer from the CB band of the Si nanocrystals to the quenchers.
Reduction of epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation by activated mullerian inhibiting substance is vanadate-sensitive☆☆☆

The carboxy-terminal domain of recombinant human Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) inhibits cellular proliferation in vitro and decreases epidermal growth factor (EGF)-dependent phosphorylation of the EGF receptor. Proteolytically cleaved and undissociated MIS is more potent than carboxy-terminal MIS alone, supporting a functional role for the amino-terminal region of the molecule. MIS does not block EGF binding to the EGF receptor, thus, MIS reduction of EGF receptor phosphorylation must occur distal to receptor ligand binding. The effect of proteolytically cleaved MIS on reduction of EGF receptor phosphorylation in membrane preparations is decreased by a specific phosphatase inhibitor, vanadate, thus implicating a membrane phosphatase in this MIS action at the EGF receptor.
Surgical techniques to correct nonanatomic femoral tunnels

Abstract Successful revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction requires a highly motivated patient with realisticgoals and thoughtful preoperative planning. Numerous factors may cause graft failure. Causes of failure that are attributable to the femoral tunnel are discussed. The technical aspects of general revision ACL surgery including improving visualization, hardware removal, graft removal, graft selection, and fixation techniques are presented. Special techniques with alternatives are described to help the surgeon avoid pitfalls and successfully revise nonanatomical femoral tunnels.
Gatekeeping in the Practicum

Abstract Gatekeeping is a process in professional education designed to ensure that those who graduate are capable of interacting with clients, colleagues, and the community in an ethical and competent manner. Field instructors and clinical supervisors, as partners in the educational process, carry gatekeeping responsibilities as well as teaching and mentoring and yet receive little training for this critical function. The framework presented in this paper offers field instructors and supervisors a systematic way of preparing for gatekeeping. It also provides guidance to professional programs for developing training. The framework addresses macro, mezzo and micro level gatekeeping knowledge and skills related to the practicum.
Comment on “The macroeconomic consequences of terrorism”

Blomberg, Hess and Orphanides (henceforth referred to as BHO) have taken on the enormous task of combining data from several existing sources to construct a new data set that is rich with information on various forms of conflict, including but not limited to terrorism, and on standard macroeconomic variables across both countries and time. Of course, in the post-September 11th era, studying the consequences of terrorism is of immediate interest to policymakers and the general public. However, the applicability of this new panel data set is much broader in scope—for example, in testing recent theories linking institutions which mediate conflict to measures of economic performance such as economic growth, development, and the variability of economic outcomes. The central aim of BHO in this paper is slightly more modest, but nonetheless important—namely, to identify some ‘‘basic facts’’ about terrorism, and to characterize its effects, as separate from the effects of internal and external conflict, on aggregate economic activity. As their analysis involves a new data set, the issues of variable and model selection are very important. Indeed, BHO invest much effort to fit various models to these data and to consider different data subsets and model specifications. And, their efforts yield some fairly reasonable results: ARTICLE IN PRESS
VLSI Design of a Large-Number Multiplier for Fully Homomorphic Encryption

This paper presents the design of a power- and area-efficient high-speed 768000-bit multiplier, based on fast Fourier transform multiplication for fully homomorphic encryption operations. A memory-based in-place architecture is presented for the FFT processor that performs 64000-point finite-field FFT operations using a radix-16 computing unit and 16 dual-port SRAMs. By adopting a special prime as the base of the finite field, the radix-16 calculations are simplified to requiring only additions and shift operations. A two-stage carry-look-ahead scheme is employed to resolve carries and obtain the multiplication result. The multiplier design is validated by comparing its results with the GNU Multiple Precision (GMP) arithmetic library. The proposed design has been synthesized using 90-nm process technology with an estimated die area of 45.3 mm 2 . At 200 MHz, the large-number multiplier offers roughly twice the performance of a previous implementation on an NVIDIA C2050 graphics processor unit and is 29 times faster than the Xeon X5650 CPU, while at the same time consuming a modest 0.97 W.
Reverse Diel Vertical Migration: An Escape from Invertebrate Predators

The marine copepod Pseudocalanus sp. exhibits an unusual reverse diel vertical migration in Dabob Bay, Washington, concurrently with a normal vertical migration by nocturnal invertebrate predators. Reduced spatial overlap with predators appears to decrease mortality rate of adult female Pseudocalanus. A life table analysis suggests that the demographic disadvantage associated with daily migration across a thermal gradient can be overcome if mortality is reduced by as little as 16 percent.
Context-dependent control of alternative splicing by RNA-binding proteins

Sequence-specific RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) bind to pre-mRNA to control alternative splicing, but it is not yet possible to read the 'splicing code' that dictates splicing regulation on the basis of genome sequence. Each alternative splicing event is controlled by multiple RBPs, the combined action of which creates a distribution of alternatively spliced products in a given cell type. As each cell type expresses a distinct array of RBPs, the interpretation of regulatory information on a given RNA target is exceedingly dependent on the cell type. RBPs also control each other's functions at many levels, including by mutual modulation of their binding activities on specific regulatory RNA elements. In this Review, we describe some of the emerging rules that govern the highly context-dependent and combinatorial nature of alternative splicing regulation.
Docked Secretory Vesicles Undergo Ca2+-activated Exocytosis in a Cell-free System

Abstract The Ca2+-activated fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane responsible for regulated neurotransmitter and hormone secretion has previously been studied in permeable neuroendocrine cells, where requirements for ATP and cytosolic proteins were identified. As reported here, Ca2+-activated fusion mechanisms are also preserved following cell homogenization. The release of norepinephrine (NE) and other vesicle constituents from a PC12 cell membrane fraction was activated by micromolar Ca2+ (EC50 ∼ 3 μm) and exhibited a dependence upon MgATP and cytosol. Ca2+-dependent NE release was inhibited by botulinum neurotoxins and by CAPS (Ca2+-dependent activator protein for secretion) antibody implying that syntaxin, synaptobrevin, SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa), and CAPS are required for regulated exocytosis in this system. The exocytosis-competent membrane fraction consisted of rapidly sedimenting dense core vesicles associated with plasma membrane fragments. Free vesicles did not release NE either in the absence or presence of plasma membranes, indicating that only docked vesicles were competent for exocytosis under the reconstitution conditions used. A cell-free system for Ca2+-activated fusion will facilitate studies on the roles of essential proteins such as syntaxin, synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, and CAPS that act at post-docking steps in the regulated exocytotic pathway.
Evolution of taste and solitary chemoreceptor cell systems.

Vertebrates possess four distinct chemosensory systems distinguishable on the basis of structure, innervation and utilization: olfaction, taste, solitary chemoreceptor cells (SCC) and the common chemi
THE CONTRIBUTION OF HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION IN PRESERVING GENOME INTEGRITY IN MAMMALIAN CELLS

Although it is clear that mammalian somatic cells possess the enzymatic machinery to perform homologous recombination of DNA molecules, the importance of this process in mitigating DNA damage has been uncertain. An initial genetic framework for studying homologous recombinational repair (HRR) has come from identifying relevant genes by homology or by their ability to correct mutants whose phenotypes are suggestive of recombinational defects. While yeast has been an invaluable guide, higher eukaryotes diverge in the details and complexity of HRR. For eliminating DSBs, HRR and end-joining pathways share the burden, with HRR contributing critically during S and G2 phases. It is likely that the removal of interstrand cross-links is absolutely dependent on efficient HRR, as suggested by the extraordinary sensitivity of the ercc1, xpf/ercc4, xrcc2, and xrcc3 mutants to cross-linking chemicals. Similarly, chromosome stability in untreated cells requires intact HRR, which may eliminate DSBs arising during DNA replication and thereby prevent chromosome aberrations. Complex regulation of HRR by cell cycle checkpoint and surveillance functions is suggested not only by direct interactions between human Rad51 and p53, c-Abl, and BRCA2, but also by very high recombination rates in p53-deficient cells.
Structural characteristics of grain boundaries in superconducting Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/Ca/sub 1/Cu/sub 2/O/sub x/ fibers

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used to study grain morphology and grain boundaries in superconducting Bi/sub 2/Sr/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub x/ fibers produced by gas-jet fiberization. The narrowest fibers are composed of chains of platelets of about 52*3*0.2 mu m/sup 3/ oriented such that the long direction in each platelet is primarily parallel to the fiber axis. Each platelet has one crystallographic orientation. with the c-axis corresponding to the thin direction. These crystallites commonly join via large-angle
Heat capacity studies of phase transitions in langbeinites. II: K2Mg2(SO4)3

Heat capacity measurements have been made on a synthetic sample of langbeinite, K2Mg2(SO4)3, from 13 to 342 K in an adiabatic calorimeter. Three phase transitions, at 51.0, 54.9 and 63.8 K, have been observed in this material. Our study is the first to report the existence of such phase transitions in K2Mg2(S04)3 and disputes predictions that none would take place below 77 K. Two models which have been proposed to explain the transition in potassium langbeinites are discussed in light of these results.
A surveillance system for bovine abortion.

Abstract A computer-based on-farm surveillance system of dairy cow abortion was presented as a means of improving diagnosis and knowledge of bovine abortion. Abortion was defined as fetal death between 42 and 260 days of gestation. Three measures of abortion were used: abortion density, estimated proportion aborting and age-specific hazard of fetal death. All three measures considered changes in the size of populations at risk due to censoring and abortion. Secular and seasonal rates and the testing of hypotheses concerning abortion were illustrated with data from seven California dairies that used on-farm computers. Potential biases and other considerations in abortion surveillance were discussed.
THE MITOTIC BEHAVIOR OF CHROMOSOMES IN ECHINODERM EGGS FOLLOWING INCORPORATION OF BROMODEOXYURIDINE.

Abstract 1. 1. When eggs of the sand-dollar Dendraster excentricus are cultured in concentrations of bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR) above 1 × 10− M, cleavage produces a disordered mass of cells, but a blastula is not formed. The effect is completely antagonized by an adequate concentration of thymidine. 2. 2. The developmental abnormality is attributed to a disturbance of the separation of sister chromosomes at anaphase. Chromosome bridges are formed, which persist as the cleavage furrow divides the cytoplasm. As the interphase nucleus is organized from the two bridged groups of chromosomes, it takes the apparent form of a single nucleus extending through the furrow as a nuclear bridge. At the next prophase, the chromosomes in the bridges recondense in extended form in which they came out of the previous division. The original bridges are broken at this next division, as new bridges form through the new furrows. The developmental abnormalities are attributed to the abnormalities of the distribution of chromosomes. 3. 3. In eggs of several species of sea urchins, the nuclear bridges are not formed as a rule, and early development to the blastula stage is normal. 4. 4. Hypotheses relating the chromosome separation to the properties of DNA which has incorporated BUDR are considered.
Polarization-independent Beam Splitter Based on Light Reflection by a Uniaxial Crystal Surface, and an Immersion Method for Determining the Crystal's Principal Refractive Indices

Abstract Light travelling in an isotropic medium of refractive index n and incident on a uniaxial crystal whose optic axis is parallel to the surface and to the plane of incidence is reflected without a change of polarization when n = N g = (N o N e)1/2, where N o and N e are the crystal's ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices. This is true for all incident polarization states and at all angles of incidence and can be used to design a new polarization-independent beam splitter. For a positive uniaxial crystal (N e > N o), total internal reflection occurs at and above a critical angle equal to arcsin (N o/N e)1/2, so that the incident light beam is deflected without attenuation or change of polarization. When n = N g the reflectance at normal incidence for unpolarized or circularly polarized incident light is a minimum: R 0min = (Na - Ng)/(Na + Ng), where N a = ½(N o + N e). This suggests a liquid immersion method in which n and R 0min determine N g and N a, hence N o and N e of the crystal.
Finned tube performance evaluation with nanofluids and conventional heat transfer fluids

The performance of hydronic finned-tube heating units with nanofluids is compared to their performance with a conventional heat transfer fluid comprised of 60% ethylene glycol and 40% water, by mass (60% EG) using a mathematical model. The nanofluids modeled are comprised of either CuO or Al2O3 nanoparticles dispersed in the 60% EG solution. The finned tube configuration modeled is similar to that commonly found in building heating systems. The model employs correlations for nanoparticle thermophysical properties and heat transfer that have been previously documented in the literature. The analyses indicate that finned tube heating performance is enhanced by employing nanofluids as a heat transfer medium. The model predicts an 11.6% increase in finned-tube heating output under certain conditions with the 4% Al2O3/60% EG nanofluid and an 8.7% increase with the 4% CuO/60% EG nanofluid compared to heating output with the base fluid. The model predicts that pumping power required for a given heating output with a given finned tube geometry is reduced with both the Al2O3/60% EG and the CuO/60% EG nanofluids compared to the base fluid. The finned tube with 4% Al2O3/60% EG has the lowest liquid pumping power at a given heating output of all the fluids modeled.
Diffusion weighted MRI and tractography for evaluating peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration.

Accurately documenting and quantifying peripheral nerve axonal degeneration and regeneration is critically important for clinical research in peripheral nerve disorders such as nerve trauma, peripheral neuropathy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Current strategies include clinical assessments and neurophysiological studies (including nerve conduction studies and electromyography (EMG)). However, the information provided by these strategies is limited in a number of ways.
Disparities in work-related injuries associated with worker compensation coverage status.

BACKGROUND: This exploratory study addresses patterns of injury in an emerging population of contingent workers who are not covered by either worker's compensation (WC) or health insurance. The primary purpose is to improve the information base regarding the entire population of uninsured, injured workers. Because Latino workers are over-represented in the uninsured group, we include additional characterization of their patterns of injury. Recent studies have found that worker compensation claims and reports address a shrinking proportion of occupational injury and exposure, and about two-thirds of occupational injuries are not captured in the U.S. national surveillance system. METHODS: Following the NEISS methodology, a work-relatedness indicator was retrieved for emergency department (ED) visits to an academic health center in fiscal year 2005. RESULTS: Twenty percent of self-declared work-related injuries were not associated with self-reported WC coverage. Parametric and non-parametric statistical analysis found several significant disparities in workers without WC. These disparities included a higher proportion of Latinos, workers under age 25, and construction workers. In the uninsured group, Latino workers had a higher proportion of moderate and severe injuries. Nearly all (92 percent) workers without WC also lacked health insurance. Injured low-income workers who lack access to both WC and employer-sponsored health insurance comprise an increasing percentage of the occupationally injured. Our exploratory study found this to be particularly true in high-risk populations. CONCLUSIONS: Work-relatedness indicators collected routinely in ED and outpatient settings should be incorporated into standard reporting systems to facilitate more accurate and comprehensive surveillance and better-targeted interventions. Language: en
Epidemiology of Fibrinogen

As evidence accumulates to implicate fibrinogen as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) it becomes important to characterize the levels and correlates of fibrinogen in diverse populations. Knowledge of the correlates of fibrinogen may help researchers to disentangle the independent contribution of elevated fibrinogen concentrations to CVD. Characterization of the normal range and possible determinants of fibrinogen concentrations, likewise, may aid CVD risk assessment and intervention research. Fibrinogen concentrations vary widely among populations and increase with age. Levels are consistently higher in women than men and rise after menopause. Smoking is the most important lifestyle correlate of fibrinogen. People with diabetes and hypertension have elevated fibrinogen levels, as do sedentary and obese individuals. Alcohol intake and oestrogen replacement therapy are associated with lower fibrinogen levels. Most other CVD risk factors are correlated positively with fibrinogen. Fibrinogen is clearly a marker of CVD risk. Yet, the strikingly non-specific pattern of higher fibrinogen with every CVD risk factor suggests that proving an independent causal role of fibrinogen will remain elusive in the absence of trials selectively lowering fibrinogen with the aim of reducing CVD.
AVAILABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF GPS AND AUGMENTATION ALTERNATIVES.

Acceptance of GPS as a sole-means navigation aid in the National Airspace System (NAS) will necessitate meeting stringent availability and continuity-of-service requirements that may be unachievable for GPS without augmentation. This paper compares availability characteristics for GPS and GPS augmented by barometric altimeter (baro)-aiding and/or geostationary satellites (GSs) with a GPS-like ranging capability. Availability is presented as the probability of achieving a specified performance level in terms of either horizontal/vertical dilution of precision (HDOP/VDOP) or user navigation error (UNE). Availability distributions are determined for users in the contiguous United States (CONUS), based on the planned operational GPS constellation and various GS deployments, with full consideration of operational probabilities for both GSs and GPS satellites. The impact of baro-aiding is included by parameterizing baro-altitude accuracy relative to GPS/GS pseudorange accuracy. The results are applied to assessment of GPS augmentation alternatives by comparing UNE performance with FAA accuracy requirements and integrity protection limits.
Computational Study of the Thermochemistry of C5H5+ Isomers: Which C5H5+ Isomer Is the Most Stable?

G2, G2(MP2), and G2(B3LYP/MP2/CC) calculations show the vinylcyclopropenyl cation 3 to be the lowest energy of the C5H5+ isomers. The calculated energy difference between the cyclopentadienyl cation 2 and the vinylcyclopropenyl cation 3 is very small (11.9 and 13.1 kJ mol-1 at G2 and G2(B3LYP/MP2/CC) levels, respectively), and higher level corrections used in G2, G2(MP2), and G2(B3LYP/MP2/CC) theories have a crucial effect upon it. Calculations using G2 theory without higher level corrections indicate that the cyclopentadienyl cation 2 is 0.2 kJ mol-1 more stable than the vinylcyclopropenyl cation 3. The calculated ΔHf298 values for 2 and 3 are 1090.6 and 1081.1 kJ mol-1, respectively. The disagreement of the calculated G2 ΔHf298(2) and ΔHf298(3) values with the experimental estimates of 1052 and 1012 kJ mol-1 leads to the suggestion that these experimental estimates need to be reexamined. The calculated electron affinity for the cation 2 (8.41 eV using G2 theory) is in excellent agreement with the experi...
Behavioral Thresholds for Force-Sensation Determined by an Integrated Video-Tracking and Force-Clamp System

Neurosensory mechanotransduction, the conversion of a force stimulus to an electrical signal, is the fundamental process governing touch sensation. Understanding how the touch receptor neurons (TRNs) of Caenorhabditis elegans mediate this conversion can unravel how touch works. The classical method is to score its response to mechanical stimuli applied with an eyebrow hair or a micro-von Frey hair. However, both methods lack repeatability, precision and resolution. In particular, the sensitivity and resolution possible with micro-von Frey hairs is at least an order of magnitude larger than the threshold for activation of force-gated currents in TRNs in vivo. To overcome these issues, we developed a force clamp system capable of applying fixed loads with high force resolution (sub-nN), a fast response (1 kHz), and a large dynamic range (50 dB) to enable the quantitative evaluation of C. elegans touch. We developed a piezoresistive micro-cantilever force probe and integrated it with a piezoelectric actuator and a programmable real-time controller. We implemented a computer vision-based x-y tracking system in parallel with the force-clamp system, which allows the desired force to be applied precisely at a selected location on a moving C. elegans. We first measured the threshold for behavioral responses to touch is between 0.1 and 1 μN. We have confirmed that mutations affecting MEC-4, a subunit of the force-gated ion channel expressed in TRNs disrupt responses to stimuli applied to the animal's body, but not its nose. The effect of additional mutations that selectively disrupt distinct classes of mechanosensory neurons and body mechanics will be presented. This system is a powerful tool for determining force sensitivity in wild-type and mutant nematodes and provides a new method to understand how factors like body mechanics affect touch sensitivity in this tiny nematode.
Langatate and langasite microacoustic gyro sensors

Langasite and langatate materials are gaining in popularity for use in piezoelectric sensors because of their material properties. Both materials have similar crystal properties as the quartz crystal which is widely used in BAW applications such as resonators and a piezoelectric vibratory gyroscopes. Quartz, langasite, and langatate are trigonal class crystals belonging to the same point group 32. In this paper, we simulate and compare the gyro-characteristics of a piezoelectric doubled-ended tuning fork gyroscope using Comsol 4.2a software. Eigenfrequency analyses are performed to determine an optimal geometry of the gyroscope. Frequency response analyses are used to simulate the sensitivity of the gyroscope to angular velocity about the z-axis. The sensitivity of the quartz, langasite and langatate gyroscope are found to be 0.191 mV/(deg./s), 0.469 mV/(deg./s) and 0.784 mV/(deg./s), respectively. The results show that langasite and langatate crystal are more effective than quartz crystal for high precision piezoelectric gyroscopes.
Comparison of two reference black carbons using a planar PCB as a model sorbate

Abstract In studies assessing sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in natural systems, the choice of an appropriate reference black carbon, which can represent environmental black carbon (BC), is essential. This study compared isotherms of two commonly available and distinct reference BCs ( n -hexane soot (BCRM) and diesel particulate matter (SRM 2975)) and a natural sediment from a source with little black carbon (Lake Hartwell, SC) using 3,3′,4-trichlorobiphenyl (IUPAC #35) as a model sorbate. There was greater sorptivity for PCB-35 by BCRM than by SRM 2975. The observed differences in sorption between the two reference black carbons for PCB-35 may be ascribed to the different chemical characteristics of the black carbons. Differences in pore volume distribution at n -hexane soot because only C, H and O were measured. In contrast, SRM 2975 also contained N and S and a higher O% than BCRM. Compared to the low BC sediment, the two reference BCs had greater pore volume distributions, surface areas, total pore volumes and sorption. The observed n F (i.e., Freundlich exponent) values for PCB indicated greater linearity of the isotherms for the natural sediment than for the reference black carbons. For designing studies of sorption of HOCs in natural systems, in particular, when PCBs are contaminants of concern, results of this study can aid selection of the appropriate reference BCs.
Combination of low dose ethanol and caffeine protects brain from damage produced by focal ischemia in rats.

Caffeine and ethanol are two commonly overused psychoactive dietary components. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of acute, chronic, oral (p.o.) and intravenous (i.v.) caffeine, ethanol and their combination on infarct volume following focal ischemia in rats. Rats received treatment either p.o. 3 h and 1 h before, or by i.v. infusion for 2.5 h beginning 30-180 min after, ischemia. There were six acute treatment groups. (1) oral dH2O (control); (2) oral caffeine (10 mg/kg); (3) oral ethanol (0.65 g/kg total); (4) oral ethanol plus caffeine; (5) intravenous saline; and (6) intravenous ethanol (0.65 g/kg) plus caffeine (10 mg/kg) in saline. A 7th group received oral ethanol plus caffeine for three weeks prior to ischemia. After 3 h of left MCA/CCA occlusion and 24 h reperfusion, infarct volume was determined. Control animal infarct volume was 102.4+/-42.0 mm3. Oral caffeine alone had no effect (122.4+/-30.2 mm3). Oral ethanol alone exacerbated infarct volume (177.2+/-27.8 mm3). Oral caffeine plus ethanol almost entirely eliminated the damage (17.89+/-10.41 mm3). When i.v. treatment with ethanol plus caffeine was initiated at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post-ischemia the infarct volume was reduced by 71.7%, 49.8%, 64.8% and 47.1%, respectively. Chronic daily oral ethanol plus caffeine prior to ischemia eliminated the neuroprotection seen with acute treatment. These studies indicate that ethanol, which by itself aggravates cerebral ischemia, and caffeine, when combined together immediately before or for 2 h after focal stroke, reduces ischemic damage.
Cytometric analysis of retinopathies in retinal trypsin digests

The objective of this work was to design an automated image cytometry tool for determination of various retinal vascular parameters including extraction of features that are relevant to postnatal retinal vascular development, and the progression of diabetic retinopathy. To confirm the utility and accuracy of the software, retinal trypsin digest from TSP1-/- and diabetic Akita/+; TSP1-/- mice were analyzed. TSP1 is a critical inhibitor of development of retinopathies and lack of TSP1 exacerbates progression of early diabetic retinopathies. Loss of vascular cells of and gain more acellular capillaries as two major signs of diabetic retinopathies were used to classify a retina as normal or injured. This software allows quantification and high throughput assessment of retinopathy changes associated with diabetes.
Use of dhea in a patient with advanced prostate cancer: A case report and review

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is being evaluated in the basic science laboratories as a potential treatment for adenocarcinomas, with some initial promise for success. However DHEA can be metabolically converted to androgenic compounds, possessing unwanted side effects. A patient with advanced prostate cancer with progressive symptomatology was treated with DHEA after other treatment regimens failed. Many of his symptoms improved on DHEA therapy, but his cancer also flared dramatically during treatment. His previous hormonally unresponsive cancer subsequently responded transiently to third-line hormonal therapy with diethylstilbestrol (DES). Adrenal precursor molecules such as DHEA may have significant therapeutic benefits in a number of diseases of the elderly, however their utility may be limited by potential androgenic side effects including endocrine epithelial cell growth. The development of analogue compounds with less conversion to androgenic metabolites should be considered, as molecules such as DHEA are more widely tested and utilized clinically.
Bypassing Transcription: A Shortcut in Cytokinin-Auxin Interactions

In this issue of Developmental Cell, Marhavý et al. (2011) uncover a transcription-independent molecular mechanism of interaction between auxin and cytokinin in the regulation of plant meristem function. By modulating endocytic trafficking of PIN1, cytokinin controls auxin flux and, therefore, auxin gradients.
The Magnetic Helicity Sign of Filament Chirality

A solar prominence has either dextral or sinistral chirality depending on its axial field direction. We determine the magnetic helicity sign of filaments using high-resolution observations performed by Transition Region And Coronal Explorer. At EUV wavelengths, filaments sometimes appear as mixtures of bright threads and dark threads. This characteristic has enabled us to discern overlying threads and underlying ones and to determine the sign of magnetic helicity based on the assumption that the helicity sign of two crossing thread segments is the same as that of the filament. Our results support the notion that dextral filaments have negative magnetic and that sinistral filaments have positive helicity.
Evaluation of bovine lactoferrin as a topical therapy for chemotherapy-induced mucositis in the golden Syrian hamster

Bovine lactoferrin was applied topically to the oral mucosa of Syrian hamsters and assessed for its ability to decrease the severity of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Results indicated that the chemotherapy agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) administered to hamsters on days 0 and 2 produced severe leukopenia between days 4 and 7 of the trial, and that severity of oral mucositis coincided with the suppressed immune state in these animals. Bovine lactoferrin applied continuously to oral wounds in hamsters induced by a combination of chemotherapy treatment and mild abrasion of the cheek pouch, failed to decrease the severity of mouth ulcers relative to a group receiving BSA as a control protein source. Hamster cheek pouches treated twice daily with lactoferrin had a significantly worse condition score between days 6 and 8, and days 12 and 13 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001), a higher ulcer score between days 6 and 15 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) and larger ulcer area between days 7 and 14 (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) compared to animals administered the control protein. Body weight changes between treatment and control groups showed no significant difference over the trial period. In contrast to the pre-study hypothesis, we report a detrimental effect from topical administration of bovine lactoferrin to the wounded oral mucosa of immunocompromised hamsters.
Detection and quantitative determination of anhydroglycoses by gas chromatography

Abstract A rapid method for detection and quantitative determination of several anhydroglycoses has been achieved by gas chromatography on an 8 ft. column packed with 5% XE-60. Quantitative determination of anhydroglycoses formed during vacuum pyrolysis of starch and of dextran was made directly on pyridine solutions of the pyrolysis products. The method is sensitive enough to detect less than 1% of i ,6-anhydro-β- d glucofuranose in pyrolysis products.