cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation of stable DNA replication in rapidly growing Escherichia coli at the time of entry to stationary phase

The conditions are described in which DNA replication can occur, in the absence of protein synthesis, in wild-type Escherichia coli cells. Chromosome replication, which is normally inhibited by addition of chloramphenicol, becomes resistant to this drug after nutritional shiftup, e.g. from minimal medium to Luria broth. This replication activity appears transiently when nutritionally upshifted cells enter stationary phase. The activity strictly requires recA+, but it is independent of recB+ and dnaA+. It can occur in the absence of concomitant transcription. Activation of the replication does not result from induction of the SOS response. As the characteristics of this DNA replication resemble those of the previously characterized stable DNA replication, it is termed nutritional shiftup-activatable stable DNA replication, nSDR. Possible mechanisms of the activation of nSDR in rapidly growing cells at the time of entry to stationary phase are discussed.
Solid Propellant Pulsed Plasma Propulsion System Design

Fundamental definitions, a few semiempirical correlations of experimental data, and two design constraints of solid propellant-pulsed plasma thrusters are used to illustrate the design analysis of such an electric propulsion system. The semiempirical relations presented have been generated from thruster data covering impulse bits extending from 2.7 dyne-sec (6/i Ib-sec) to 31 mN-sec (7 mlb-sec) and a specific impulse up to 5100 sec. They are descriptive to within about 8%.
Opioid receptors and legal highs: Salvia divinorum and Kratom.

Salvia divinorum and Mitragyna speciosa (“Kratom”), two unscheduled dietary supplements whose active agents are opioid receptor agonists, have discrete psychoactive effects that have contributed to...
A coordinated reachability analysis method for modular verification of asynchronous designs

Divide-and-conquer is essential to address state explosion in model checking. Traditionally, an over-approximate context is required when verifying each individual component in a system. This may cause state explosion for the intermediate results as well as inefficiency for abstraction refinement. This paper presents an opposite approach, a coordinated reachability analysis method, that constructs state space of each component from an under-approximate context gradually until a counter-example is found or a fix-point in state space is reached. This method has an additional advantage in that counter-examples, if there are any, can be found much earlier leading to faster verification. Furthermore, this modular verification framework does not require complex compositional reasoning rules. The experimental results indicate that this method is promising.
Eliminating Inconsistencies in Simulation and Treatment Planning Orders in Radiation Therapy

Purpose To identify deficiencies with simulation and treatment planning orders and to develop corrective measures to improve safety and quality. Methods and Materials At Washington University, the DMAIIC formalism is used for process management, whereby the process is understood as comprising Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Implement, and Control activities. Two complementary tools were used to provide quantitative assessments: failure modes and effects analysis and reported event data. The events were classified by the user according to severity. The event rates (ie, number of events divided by the number of opportunities to generate an event) related to simulation and treatment plan orders were determined. Results We analyzed event data from the period 2008-2009 to design an intelligent SIMulation and treatment PLanning Electronic (SIMPLE) order system. Before implementation of SIMPLE, event rates of 0.16 (420 of 2558) for a group of physicians that were subsequently used as a pilot group and 0.13 (787 of 6023) for all physicians were obtained. An interdisciplinary group evaluated and decided to replace the Microsoft Word-based form with a Web-based order system. This order system has mandatory fields and context-sensitive logic, an ability to create templates, and enables an automated process for communication of orders through an enterprise management system. After the implementation of the SIMPLE order, the event rate decreased to 0.09 (96 of 1001) for the pilot group and to 0.06 (145 of 2140) for all physicians ( P Conclusions There was a dramatic reduction in the total and the number of potentially severe events through use of the SIMPLE system. In addition, the order process has become more efficient and reliable.
La enseñanza de la Ética de la Empresa

The teaching of business in a business school is discussed, with special reference to the possibility of both learning and changing ethical abilities (virtues), the need of ethics in business, how to teach business ethics, and the contents of the course.
Harvesting capital gains and losses

Monte Carlo simulations are used to demonstrate that a very attractive tax-based trading strategy is to realize all capital losses, using excess losses to offset realized gains to rebalance the portfolio. This strategy increases the mean and median return by taking advantage of the tax-deductibility of losses, and mitigates risk by allowing low-cost portfolio rebalancing. This portfolio rebalancing also restarts the basis and time clock, thereby planting the seeds for a future harvesting of capital losses that can be deducted from income and used to rebalance the portfolio perpetually. © 2008 Academy of Financial Services. All rights reserved. JEL classifications: G11; H24
Video Data Hiding for Managing Privacy Information in Surveillance Systems

From copyright protection to error concealment, video data hiding has found usage in a great number of applications. In this work, we introduce the detailed framework of using data hiding for privacy information preservation in a video surveillance environment. To protect the privacy of individuals in a surveillance video, the images of selected individuals need to be erased, blurred, or re-rendered. Such video modifications, however, destroy the authenticity of the surveillance video. We propose a new rate-distortion-based compression-domain video data hiding algorithm for the purpose of storing that privacy information. Using this algorithm, we can safeguard the original video as we can reverse the modification process if proper authorization can be established. The proposed data hiding algorithm embeds the privacy information in optimal locations that minimize the perceptual distortion and bandwidth expansion due to the embedding of privacy data in the compressed domain. Both reversible and irreversible embedding techniques are considered within the proposed framework and extensive experiments are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the techniques.
The Next Frontier: National Development, Political Change, and the Death Penalty in Asia

PART I: ISSUES AND METHODS 1. Asia and the Future of Capital Punishment 2. Varieties of Capital Punishment in Contemporary Asia PART II: NATIONAL PROFILES 3. Development without Abolition: Japan in the 21st Century 4. A Lesson Learned: Capital Punishment in the Philippines 5. The Vanguard: The Death Penalty and Political Change in South Korea 6. The Other China: Capital Punishment in Taiwan 7. The Political Origins of Chinese Death Penalty Exceptionalism PART III: LESSONS AND PROSPECTS 8. Lessons from Asia 9. The Pace of Change in Asia Appendix A: Capital Punishment in the Hermit Kingdom of North Korea Appendix B: One Country, Two Systems: Death Penalty Policy in Hong Kong and Macao Appendix C: China Lite? The Death Penalty in Vietnam Appendix D: Death Sentences and Executions in Thailand Appendix E: The Death Penalty in Singapore Appendix F: The Death Penalty in India Appendix G: State-Killing in Asia: On the Relationship between Judicial and Extra-Judicial Executions Notes
Evidence of hydrolytic route for anaerobic cyanide degradation.

Products observed during anaerobic cyanide transformation are consistent with a hydrolytic pathway (HCN + H2O HCONH2 + H2O HCOOH + NH3). Formate, the most frequently observed product, was generally converted to bicarbonate. Formamide was rapidly hydrolyzed to formate upon exposure to the anaerobic consortium but was not detected as an intermediate of cyanide transformation.
Plasma B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels Are Associated With Early Cardiac Dysfunction After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— Serum B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is elevated after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), as well as in the setting of congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction. The aim of this study was to prospectively quantify the relationship between BNP levels and cardiac outcomes after SAH. Methods— Plasma was collected for BNP measurements as soon as possible after enrollment; a mean of 5±4 days after SAH symptom onset. On days 1, 3, and 6 after enrollment, troponin I (cTi) was measured and 2-dimensional echocardiography was performed. The following cardiac variables were collected and treated dichotomously: left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA), diastolic dysfunction, pulmonary edema, and cTi. Results— There were 57 subjects. The median BNP level was 141 pg/mL (range, 0.8 to 3330 pg/mL). Higher mean BNP levels were present in those with RWMA (550 versus 261 pg/mL; P=0.012), diastolic dysfunction (360 versus 44; P=0.011), pulmonary edema...
New cancer targets emerging from studies of the Von Hippel‐Lindau tumor suppressor protein

Inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) causes the most common form of kidney cancer. pVHL is part of a complex that polyubiquitinates the alpha subunit of the heterodimeric transcription factor HIF. In the presence of oxygen, HIF1α is prolyl hydroxylated by EglN1 (also called PHD2); this modification recruits pVHL, which then targets HIF1α for proteasomal degradation. In hypoxic or pVHL-defective cells, HIF1α accumulates, binds to HIF1β, and transcriptionally activates genes such as VEGF. VEGF inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors, which indirectly affect HIF, are now approved for the treatment of kidney cancer. EglN1 is a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase; such enzymes can be inhibited with drug-like small molecules and EglN1 inhibitors are currently being tested for the treatment of anemia. EglN2 (PHD1) and EglN3 (PHD3), which are EglN1 paralogs, appear to play HIF-independent roles in cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively, and are garnering interest as potential cancer targets. A number of JmjC-containing proteins, including RBP2 and PLU-1, are 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that demethylate histones. Preclinical data suggest that inhibition of RBP2 or PLU-1 would suppress tumor growth.
Cyclooxygenase-2-derived E prostaglandins down-regulate matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in fibroblast-like synoviocytes via inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation.

We examined the regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production by mitogen-activated protein kinases and cyclooxygenases (COXs) in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSCs). IL-1β and TNF-α stimulated FLSC extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation as well as MMP-1 and -13 release. Pharmacologic inhibitors of ERK inhibited MMP-1, but not MMP-13 expression. Whereas millimolar salicylates inhibited both ERK and MMP-1, nonsalicylate COX and selective COX-2 inhibitors enhanced stimulated MMP-1 release. Addition of exogenous PGE 1 or PGE 2 inhibited MMP-1, reversed the effects of COX inhibitors, and inhibited ERK activation, suggesting that COX-2 activity tonically inhibits MMP-1 production via ERK inhibition by E PGs. Exposure of FLSCs to nonselective COX and selective COX-2 inhibitors in the absence of stimulation resulted in up-regulation of MMP-1 expression in an ERK-dependent manner. Moreover, COX inhibition sufficient to reduce PGE levels increased ERK activity. Our data indicate that: 1) ERK activation mediates MMP-1 but not MMP-13 release from FLSCs, 2) COX-2-derived E PGs inhibit MMP-1 release from FLSCs via inhibition of ERK, and 3) COX inhibitors, by attenuating PGE inhibition of ERK, enhance the release of MMP-1 by FLSC.
Left atrial volume as an index of left atrial size: a population-based study.

Abstract Objectives We studied left atrial volume (LAV) as an index of atrial size. Background Increased left atrial dimension (LAD) measured by M-mode echocardiography is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation, stroke, and death. Methods A random sample of residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, age ≥45 years (n = 2,042) underwent Doppler echocardiography with assessment of LAD and LAV. A subgroup of the population (n = 767) with no cardiovascular disease and normal systolic and diastolic function was used to develop reference ranges for LAD and LAV. In the total population, the prevalence of left atrial enlargement and the association between cardiovascular disease and left atrial size as determined by both indexes were assessed. Results In the normal subgroup, both indexes were associated with gender and body size, thus models controlling for body size were used to determine gender-specific reference ranges for LAD and LAV. In the total population, left atrial enlargement was common, with a prevalence of 18% (men) and 12% (women) using LAD/body surface area (BSA) and of 16% (men and women) using LAV/BSA. The agreement between the indexes was only fair (kappa = 0.53). Adjusting for age and gender, LAV/BSA was more strongly associated with the presence of cardiovascular diseases than LAD/BSA. Conclusions We described a simple technique of measuring LAV, examined methods for indexing LAV, and described its normal range in a large, healthy reference cohort. Further, we find that in the community, left atrial enlargement is common and reflects the burden of cardiovascular disease.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF STRATOSPHERIC DIFFUSION BY LARGE-SCALE MIXING1,,2

Abstract The assumption is commonly made in stratospheric diffusion studies that the large-scale eddy flux of various properties obeys the Fickian law which requires that the flux in a coordinate direction is proportional to and in the direction of the gradient. Measurements of eddy fluxes of ozone and sensible heat reveal, however, that the law is violated in the lower stratosphere where the meridional fluxes are countergradient at most latitudes. Use is made of the mixing length hypothesis to derive a more general expression for the large-scale eddy flux which is able to account for the phenomenon of countergradient flux. It is found that the critical parameter in determining whether the horizontal flux is in the gradient or countergradient direction is the ratio of the mean slope of the mixing path (or surface) to the mean slope of the isopleths of the property being considered. A procedure is outlined for evaluating the coefficients needed to solve the derived diffusion equation. Although exact soluti...
Shareholder Rights, Managerial Incentives, and Firm Value

This paper investigates interactions between two central corporate governance mechanisms: shareholder rights and managerial ownership. I find that the effect of managerial ownership on firm value crucially depends on shareholder rights. Managerial ownership enhances firm value when shareholder rights are strong, but reduces firm value when shareholder rights are weak. Announcement returns of manager share purchases in the open market are also lower for firms with weak shareholder rights. Furthermore, firms with weak shareholder rights have significantly lower managerial ownership. My findings suggest that shareholder rights and managerial ownership are complementary governance mechanisms.
Insertion of Retrotransposons at Chromosome Ends: Adaptive Response to Chromosome Maintenance.

The telomerase complex is a specialized reverse transcriptase that inserts tandem DNA arrays at the linear chromosome ends and contributes to the protection of the genetic information in eukaryotic genomes. Telomerases are phylogenetically related to retrotransposons, encoding also the reverse transcriptase activity required for the amplification of their sequences throughout the genome. Intriguingly the telomerase gene is lost from the drosophila genome and tandem retrotransposons replace telomeric sequences at the chromosome extremities. This observation suggests the versatility of reverse transcriptase activity in counteracting the chromosome shortening associated with genome replication and that retrotransposons can provide this activity in case of a dysfunctional telomerase. In this review paper, we describe the major classes of retroelements present in eukaryotic genomes in order to point out the differences and similarities with the telomerase complex. In a second part, we discuss the insertion of retroelements at the ends of chromosomes as an adaptive response for dysfunctional telomeres.
Legal Pathways to Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Under Section 115 of the Clean Air Act

Under President Barack Obama the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has promulgated a series of greenhouse gas emissions regulations, initiating the necessary national response to climate change. However, the United States will need to find other ways to reduce GHG emissions if it is to live up to its international emissions reduction pledges, and to ultimately lead the way to a zero-carbon energy future. This paper argues that the success of the recent climate negotiations in Paris provides a strong basis for invoking a powerful tool available to help achieve the country’s climate change goals: Section 115 of the Clean Air Act, titled “International Air Pollution.” This provision authorizes EPA to require states to address emissions that contribute to air pollution endangering public health or welfare in other countries, if the other countries provide the U.S. with reciprocal protections. The language of Section 115 does not limit the agency to regulating a particular source-type, or a given industrial or economic sector. Rather, it grants EPA and the states broad latitude to address international air pollution comprehensively through the Clean Air Act’s State Implementation Plan process, increasing administrative efficiency and reducing burdens on regulated companies. EPA and the states could use the provision to establish an economy-wide, market-based approach for reducing GHG emissions. Such a program would provide one of the most effective and efficient means to address climate change pollution in the United States.
Cutaneous Larva Migrans

Cutaneous larva migrans is a common skin pathology that occurs in people who have recently visited tropical or subtropical climates. Given the ubiquity of this condition, the podiatric physician may encounter cutaneous larva migrans during clinical practice and should be cognizant of the presenting signs and typical patient history given in these cases. We describe the case of a 62-year-old man who presented with a pruritic, erythematous, serpiginous lesion on the dorsum of his left foot after having vacationed in Florida for several weeks. The patient was treated successfully with oral thiabendazole, 500 mg after meals 4 times daily for 5 days. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(3): 291–294, 2005)
Update on Otitis Media Part 2. Treatment

Currently the treatment of choice for OM is an oral antimicrobial agent, but selecting a specific agent should include consideration of efficacy, adverse effect profile, compliance, and cost. The use of adjunctive medications like decongestants for specific subtypes of OM has been debated in the literature, but efficacy has not been proven. As knowledge about the pathogenesis of OM is further refined, new treatment modalities for OM will be introduced. Because pharmacists are involved daily with pediatric patients who experience OM, they have an important role in making sure that patients receive appropriate therapy. A patient's profile should be checked for allergies and concurrent medications when a prescription for an antimicrobial agent is presented for a child with OM. The parents should be counseled about the administration, storage, and general product use as well as potential adverse effects, duration of use, and the need for compliance. An administration device for drug delivery like an oral syringe should be provided. Parents need advice from the pharmacist in making sure their children receive the best possible pharmaceutical care.
Responses of cortisol and prolactin to sexual excitement and stress in stallions and geldings.

Sexual stimulation induces rapid secretion of cortisol and prolactin (PRL) in stallions. Experiment 1 was designated to determine whether stallions associated location and(or) procedure with previous sexual stimulation in that location. After a control period on d 1, four stallions were exposed to an estrous mare for 5 min on d 2. On d 3, 4, 5, and 6, the same procedure was followed with no mare present. Concentrations of PRL and cortisol increased (P less than .05) after mare exposure on d 2 but did not vary (P greater than .05) on d 1, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In Exp. 2, six stallions were used to determine the short-term effects of 1) sexual stimulation, 2) acute physical exercise, 3) restraint via a twitch (twitching), 4) epinephrine administration, and 5) no stimulation on plasma concentrations of PRL and cortisol. Stallions received one treatment per day separated by 2 d of no treatment. Concentrations of cortisol increased (P less than .05) within 10 min after sexual stimulation, exercise, twitching, and epinephrine administration but not during control bleedings. Concentrations of PRL increased (P less than .05) immediately after sexual stimulation, exercise, and twitching but not after epinephrine administration or during control bleeding. In Exp. 3, the same five treatments were administered to six geldings. Concentrations of cortisol increased (P less than .05) after epinephrine administration, exercise, and twitching but not after sexual stimulation or during control bleedings. Concentrations of PRL increased (P less than .05) after exercise and sexual stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Detection and quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 using molecular DNA/RNA technology.

The direct detection and quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are becoming increasingly important for diagnosis and viral load determinations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Traditional molecular-based assays such as Southern, Northern, and in situ hybridization have had limited application in this area due to the relatively low number of proviral copies per cell, the low percentage of infected cells, and transcriptional dormancy in many of the infected cells. Recent technological advances in polymerase chain reaction assays promise a number of useful applications in the clinical research and clinical laboratory setting
Compatibility and Stability of Linezolid Injection Admixed with Three Cephalosporin Antibiotics

Objective: To evaluate the physical compatibility and chemical stability of linezolid (Zyvox—Pharmacia) 200 mg/100 mL admixed with cefazolin sodium 1 gram, ceftazidime 2 grams, and ceftriaxone sodium 1 gram for 7 days at 4°C and 23°C. Design: Controlled experimental trial. Setting: Laboratory. Interventions: The test samples were prepared by adding the required amount of the cephalosporin antibiotic to bags of linezolid injection 200 mg/100 mL. Main Outcome Measures: Physical stability and chemical, stability based on drug concentrations initially and after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days of storage at 4°C and 23°C protected from light. Results: Allot the linezolid admixtures with cephalosporins were clear when viewed in normal fluorescent room light and with a Tyndall beam. Measured turbidity and particulate content were low and exhibited little change. The cefazolin sodium-containing samples were colorless throughout the study. The admixtures with ceftazidime and ceftriaxone sodium had a slight yellow tinge initially, and the room temperature samples became a frank yellow color after 5 days. The refrigerated samples did not change color. High-perfor-I mance liquid chromatography analysis found little or no loss of linezolid in any sample stored at either temperature throughout the I study. Cefazolin sodium and ceftazidime in the linezolid admixtures at 4°C remained stable for 7 days, but at 23°C cefazolin sodium was stable for 3 days and ceftazidime for only 24 hours before cephalosporin decomposition exceeded 10%. Ceftriaxone sodium was less stable in the admixtures; 10% loss occurred in 3 days at 4°C and more than 20% loss occurred in 24 hours at 23°C. Conclusion: Admixtures of linezolid 200 mg/100 mL with cefazolin sodium 1 gram and ceftazidime 2 grams were physically compatible and chemically stable for at least 7 days stored at 4°C protected from light and for 3 days and 1 day, respectively, at 23°C protected from light. Admixtures of linezolid with ceftriaxone sodium 1 gram exhibited a rapid rate of cephalosporin loss at 23°C, which precludes admixture of the two drugs.
The Slender Man Who Loved Me

This chapter describes stories that seem to break with the standard formula and functions of the Slender Man stories as housed on sites like Creepypasta, Slender Man-related subreddits, and Fanfiction.net. Often, these are abstracted in the form of fan fiction or parody, or used to represent certain marginalized viewpoints, such as through romanticizing or eroticizing the horror character. The telling of these stories imparts to their creators new media literacies, and the perception of their legitimacy is considered in terms of the culture of the communities that created them.
A Reference Model Based Patient Management System: Opportunities and Challenges

Object oriented design (OOD) and hierarchical layered architecture are the dominant paradigms for building computer-based applications. The biological system deviates significantly from these paradigms, while adding self-adaptability as a paradigm that is worthy of emulation in the computer domain. Biological system components may be considered to be nearly decomposable, but not modular; further, the top-down command and control, the bottom-up information flow, and the fully submissive & reactive lower levels, as envisioned with a layered architecture, is replaced in biology with overlapping and self-aware/adaptive/intelligent layers. These differences pose challenges in integrating seamlessly computer and biological systems. A seamless system could help build personalized computer-based patient management systems for optimal management of chronic conditions such as Diabetes and Hypertension. The lower levels of sensing, data acquisition, data processing, and state detection would be based on the biological system while the higher levels of health assessment, prognostics, and advisory generation, generally the domain of medical personnel, could be substantially supplemented by a computer based expert system. With a better appreciation of the two domains, decisions made at the higher levels (in the computer domain) would be tempered with adaptive strategies that comprehend the adaptive and partially-reactive responses of the lower levels (of the biological system) for maximum benefit to the patient. This requires a seamless model that integrates the computer and biological domains. In this paper, we present our attempts at building such a seamless model for integration of computer and biological systems. We used OPD (object process diagrams) to build a systems biology OOD hierarchy at lower levels. The scope of this paper is limited to mapping glucose metabolism to an object oriented model, which is a prerequisite to building a viable multi-layer model.
Third phase inversion, red oil formation, and multinuclear speciation of tetravalent cerium in the tri-n-butyl phosphate–n-dodecane solvent extraction system

The extraction of tetravalent cerium, Ce(IV), from aqueous nitric acid with tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in n-dodecane was studied by varying the aqueous, initial cerium(IV) concentration, [Ce4+]aq,...
Orientation-dependent properties of epitaxially strained perovskite oxide thin films: Insights from first-principles calculations

The structural properties, energetics, and polarizations of perovskite-based thin-film oxide systems are computed as a function of biaxial strain state and epitaxial orientation, employing an automated computational workflow based on density functional theory. A total of 14 compositions are considered, of the form $\mathit{AB}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, with $A$ = Ba, K, Na, Pb, and Sr and $B$ = Hf, Sn, Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta, and V site cations chosen to yield tolerance factors with values ranging between 0.95 and 1.1. Three biaxial strain states corresponding to epitaxial growth of (100)-, (110)-, and (111)-oriented films are considered, with misfit strains ranging between $\ensuremath{-}4%$ to 4%. Results are presented for the series of perovskite-derived phases, and their corresponding symmetries, which are energetically favorable as a function of misfit strain, along with their corresponding equilibrium atomic positions, lattice parameters, and electric polarizations. The results demonstrate robust trends of in-plane polarization enhancement under tensile strain for all epitaxial orientations, and out-of-plane polarization enhancement with compression for the (100)- and (110)-oriented films. Strains corresponding to the (111)-growth orientation lead to a wider variety of out-of-plane polarization behavior, with ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ showing anomalous diminishing polarization with compression. Epitaxial orientation is shown to have a strong effect on the nature of strain-induced phase transitions, with (100)-oriented systems tending to have smooth, second-order transitions and (110)- and (111)-oriented systems more commonly exhibiting first-order transitions. The significance of this effect for device applications is discussed, and a number of systems are identified as potentially interesting for ferroelectric thin-film applications based on energetic stability and polarization behavior. Analysis of polarization behavior across different orientations reveals distinct groups into which compositions can be organized, some of which have polarization dependencies on misfit strain that have not been reported previously.
Ray Modes in Random Gap Systems

A disordered photonic crystal with spectral degeneracies in the form of Dirac nodes is considered. Disorder can create a random gap at the Dirac nodes, which leads to the formation of random edge modes. We study the distribution of these edge modes and find from symmetry considerations that the discrete anisotropy of the photonic crystal is spontaneously broken for the propagation of photons from a local photon source. This effect can be understood as the spontaneous creation of a ray mode or as the creation of a one-dimensional waveguide in a two-dimensional photonic crystal through strong random scattering. The phenomenon must be distinguished from Anderson localization of photons in a single band crystal and can be considered as angular localization, since it creates geometric states rather than confining the photons to an area of the size of the localization length. The propagation of the photon intensity is described by a Fokker-Planck equation, whose drift term is determined by the spectrum of the photonic crystal near the Dirac node.
The Making of Black Lives Matter: a response

In January 2015, I was privileged and fortunate to have my first large-scale opportunity to publish what we in my discipline refer to as “public philosophy”. On 18 January 2015, “The Stone”, the Ne...
Long-duration (>4 weeks) continuous renal replacement therapy in critical illness.

Introduction Decreased pediatric survival has been reported with long-duration (>4 weeks) continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), though the practice has not been well-described. Methods Retrospective chart review in a children's hospital of all patients treated with CRRT over 2 years (2003-4), including those who underwent long (group 1) and shorter duration (group 2) therapy. Results We identified 39 patients: median age was 6 years (range: 0.3-23; 7 were infants), median PRISM III score was 16 (range: 4-35), and the most frequent primary diagnosis was a stem cell transplant (in 12 out of 39). At continuous renal replacement therapy initiation, almost all patients (38 out of 39) had multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, most (35 out of 39) were being treated with at least one inotrope or vasopressor, and median fluid overload was 18% (range: 1-43%). Survival was poor (38%). Groups 1 (n = 7) and 2 (n = 32) had similar age (p = 0.44), PRISM III score (p = 0.61), and stem cell transplant diagnosis (p = 0.65). At CRRT initiation, the incidence of multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (p=0.18), inotrope or vasopressor treatment (p = 0.56), and fluid overload severity (p = 0.71) were similar. Those in group 1 had a longer mean CRRT as well as persistent cardiovascular dysfunction limiting the utility of intermittent dialysis. Survival was similar between groups (p = 1). Conclusions Critically-ill patients treated with long and shorter duration CRRT had a similar survival rate.
X Rays as Probes of Electrochemical Interfaces

The study of the structure of the electrode/electrolyte (or more generally the solid/electrolyte) interface1,2 represents a problem of both fundamental and practical importance in electrochemistry and many other interfacial disciplines since its properties greatly affect (and often control) reactivity. Its importance relates to a broad range of problems including corrosion, catalysis, fuel cells, the potential and ionic gradients at charged interfaces including colloids and biological membranes, and many others. This problem has, until recently, proved very elusive to experimental study due to the difficulty of applying structure-sensitive techniques to the study of surfaces in contact with a condensed phase. Thus, most of our knowledge of the structure of the electrode/solution interface is based on indirect evidence which relies primarily on theoretical models to explain thermodynamic, spectroscopic, and kinetic data.
BRAIN ASCORBIC ACID LEVELS: MICE AND RATS SELECTED FOR DIFERENCES IN ACUTE REACTTONS TO ETHANOL

There are variations of ascorbic acid levels in different brain areas of mice and rats. However, there are no differences in ascorbic acid levels between lines of mice selectively bred for differences in ethanol sensitivity for 25 generations. Thus, it is unlikely that brain ascorbic acid plays a significant role in the acute sedative effects of ethanol in these mice. Studies with in bred strains of mice known to differ in ethanol preference, acute sensitivity and withdrawal sensitivity also failed to reveal any differences in brain ascorbic acid levels. There were differences in ascorbic acid content between selectively bred lines of rats in various brain areas at generation five of selection.
Quadro de controle reprodutivo no manejo da propriedade leiteira

Abstract – Reproductive management by recording herd data enables the identification of failures, allowing corrective measures to be taken. The purpose of this note is to present the Breeding Wheel control framework, both in physical and virtual form, for the management of small dairy farms and to explain its functioning. The Wheel allows each cow to be categorized according to its productive phase, facilitating the visualization of the animal in the herd and the care procedures that must be taken in each phase, which makes it possible to alert the producer to possible reproductive problems. The framework is accessible and applicable to the reality of small dairy farms in Santa Catarina.
Quizalofop-p-ethyl Mixed with Synthetic Auxin and ACCase-Inhibiting Herbicides for Weed Management in Rice Production

A study was conducted near Crowley, Louisiana, to evaluate the efficacy of quizalofop-p-ethyl mixed with different synthetic auxin and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides for barnyardgrass and weedy rice control in rice production systems. Quizalofop was applied at 0 or 120 g ai·ha−1 mixed with 2,4-D at 1336 g ai·ha−1, triclopyr at 282 g ai·ha−1, quinclorac at 420 g ai·ha−1, cyhalofop-butyl at 314 g ai·ha−1, or fenoxaprop-p-ethyl at 122 g ai·ha−1. Cyhalofop, fenoxaprop, 2,4-D, quinclorac, and triclopyr antagonized quizalofop for barnyardgrass control at 14 days after treatment (DAT). At 28 DAT, an antagonistic response persisted for barnyardgrass control, except when cyhalofop was mixed with quizalofop, which indicated a neutral response. Red rice, CLXL-745, and CL-111 control decreased due to antagonism of quizalofop when mixed with 2,4-D. However, quinclorac, triclopyr, cyhalofop, or fenoxaprop mixed with quizalofop resulted in a neutral response for red rice, CLXL-745, and CL-111 control at 28 DAT.
Controlled experiments support the role of function in the evolution of the North American copper tool repertoire

Abstract Archaeologists have attributed the decline of North American utilitarian copper tools to changes in demography and social complexity during the Archaic to Woodland transition, ca. 3000 B.P. However, not all utilitarian copper tools disappeared: the copper awl persisted. Given that the copper tool types that disappeared, such as projectile points and knives, have been experimentally shown to be functionally inferior to their non-copper counterparts, we tested whether the copper awl persisted because it was functionally superior to those made of bone. Using replicated copper and bone awls in a controlled punching experiment that utilized an Instron Universal Materials Tester, we demonstrate that copper awls require significantly less force to punch through leather relative to bone awls. These results strongly support the hypothesis that tool function played an important role in the evolution of the North American copper tool repertoire 3000 B.P.
Deletion of Pleiotrophin in LepR+ Perivascular Cells Depletes Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Abstract Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a heparin binding growth factor which is expressed by bone marrow vascular endothelial cells (BM ECs) and perivascular stromal cells. Treatment of murine or human HSCs ex vivo promotes HSC expansion (Nat Med. 2010 Apr;16(4):475-82) and constitutive deletion of PTN depletes LT-HSCs in steady state and markedly impairs HSC regeneration following myeloablation (Cell Rep. 2012 Oct 25;2(4):964-75; JCI. 2014;18(7):1123-1129). Here, we sought to determine which BM microenvironment cell is responsible for PTN-mediated maintenance of the HSC pool. Utilizing the Cre-loxP system, we deleted PTN from VE-cadherin+ ECs, leptin receptor+ (lepR+) perivascular stromal cells, osteocalcin+ osteoblasts, and vav1+ hematopoietic cells and examined the effects on hematopoiesis. We observed no differences in steady state hematopoiesis or HSC content as measured by long-term competitive repopulation assays in mice lacking PTN expression in osteocalcin+ cells, vav1+ hematopoietic cells or VE-cadherin+ BM ECs. However, deletion of PTN from lepR+ BM perivascular cells caused a significant decrease in BM c-kit+sca-1+lin- cells (KSL cells) and BM SLAM+KSL HSCs, and colony forming cell (CFC) content compared to PTN+/+ controls (*p = 0.04, 0.04, and 0.001, respectively). Importantly, deletion of PTN in lepR+ cells, caused a significant reduction in long-term HSC content as measured by primary and secondary competitive repopulation assays (*P Download : Download high-res image (117KB) Download : Download full-size image Download : Download high-res image (111KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Conclusion: A Dark Turn and Other Manifestations

While this book has focused on the way that contemporary writers have used multiple versions to create a literature that is more inclusive of different experiences, the conclusion looks to the way that post-truth has disingenuously borrowed from and built on postmodernism in order to create something that may look like post-postmodernism on the surface, but has very different aims. This section also indicates other avenues of research.
Devoid Clutter Capture and Filling (DeCCaF) to Compensate for Intra-CPI Spectral Notch Variation

Cognitive spectral notching of FM noise waveforms on transmit has been experimentally shown to be an effective means with which to avoid in-band interference. However, to contend with dynamic interference the transmit notch may be required to move during the coherent processing interval (CPI), which introduces a nonstationarity effect that results in increased residual clutter after cancellation. It was recently shown that optimal mismatched filtering (MMF) can partially mitigate this degradation while maintaining the necessary spectral notch for interference mitigation.Here a new approach to compensate for this nonstationarity is proposed that borrows the missing portion of the clutter (due to notching) from another pulsed response for which the notch is in a different location. By using this borrowed response to fill in the notched clutter, subsequent clutter cancellation largely avoids the nonstationarity effect so that the corresponding residue is reduced. It is shown using measured data that the combination of this clutter filling approach with notched MMFs realizes clutter cancellation performance on par with full-band random waveforms that do not possess spectral notching.
Pubertal timing and body mass: Genes involved

Abstract The timing of puberty and measures of body mass (specifically body mass index [BMI]) are linked, because reproduction necessitates adequate energy stores and metabolic function. Genetic association studies of the normal distribution of BMI and pubertal timing have unveiled hundreds of loci across the genome associated with these traits, many of which are associated with both BMI and puberty. Although some studies have postulated that lipid excess leads to reproductive aberrations, the modest overlap between genetic effects influencing normal variation in these traits implies that their underlying molecular mechanisms are intertwined, even under normal physiological conditions. Overlapping loci point toward genes involved in both central and peripheral regulatory mechanisms of energy homeostasis, with many common loci falling near genes implicated in monogenic forms of aberrant pubertal development and/or obesity.
“A distant mirror”: Sensemaking in the era of Trump

Sensemaking is an ongoing act of constructing a reality to be interpreted. While numerous articles have explored the notion of sensemaking in organizations, far fewer have examined it through the e...
Gpr125 identifies myoepithelial progenitors at tips of lacrimal ducts and is essential for tear film.

Abstract Gpr125, encoded by Adgra3, is an orphan adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (aGPCR) implicated in modulating Wnt signaling and planar polarity. Here we establish both physiological and pathological roles for Gpr125. We show that mice lacking Gpr125 or its signaling domains display an ocular phenotype with many hallmarks of human dry eye syndrome. These include squinting, abnormal lacrimation, mucus accumulation, swollen eyelids and inflammatory infiltration of lacrimal and meibomian glands. Utilizing a Gpr125-β-gal reporter and scRNAseq, we identify Gpr125 expression in a discrete population of cells located at the tips of migrating embryonic lacrimal ducts. By lineage tracing we show these cells function as progenitors of the adult lacrimal myoepithelium. Beyond defining an essential role for Gpr125 in tear film and identifying its utility as a marker of lacrimal progenitors, this study implicates Gpr125 in the etiology of blepharitis and dry eye syndrome, and defines novel animal models of these common maladies.
The Add Health psychopathy scale: Assessing its construct validity

Abstract Objectives This study examined the construct validity of a measure of psychopathy derived from Add Health data. Methods Two recruitment sites were used, resulting in 446 undergraduate participants in sample 1, and 332 undergraduate participants in sample 2. In addition to the measure from the Add Health data, participants completed three well-validated self-report measures of psychopathy, a measure of general personality, and measures of externalizing behaviors (e.g., crime and aggression). Results Factor analyses failed to confirm a one-factor solution consistent with the original Add Health measure; instead, a five-factor solution fit the data best. The Add Health measure failed to demonstrate convergent and criterion validity. Alternate coding and subscales showed some improvement; however, content and construct validity remained lacking. Conclusions The Add Health measure is not a valid measure of psychopathy and its continued use is not recommended.
Automated Marketing Research Using Online Customer Reviews

Abstract Market structure analysis is a basic pillar of marketing research. Classic challenges in marketing such as pricing, campaign management, brand positioning, and new product development are rooted in an analysis of product substitutes and complements inferred from market structure. In this article, the authors present a method to support the analysis and visualization of market structure by automatically eliciting product attributes and brand's relative positions from online customer reviews. First, the method uncovers attributes and attribute dimensions using the “voice of the consumer,” as reflected in customer reviews, rather than that of manufacturers. Second, the approach runs automatically. Third, the process supports rather than supplants managerial judgment by reinforcing or augmenting attributes and dimensions found through traditional surveys and focus groups. The authors test the approach on six years of customer reviews for digital cameras during a period of rapid market evolution. They...
Why halides enhance heterogeneous metal ion charge transfer reactions.

The reaction kinetics of many metal redox couples on electrode surfaces are enhanced in the presence of halides (i.e., Cl−, Br−, I−). Using first-principles metadynamics simulations, we show a correlation between calculated desorption barriers of V3+–anion complexes bound to graphite via an inner-sphere anion bridge and experimental V2+/V3+ kinetic measurements on edge plane pyrolytic graphite in H2SO4, HCl, and HI. We extend this analysis to V2+/V3+, Cr2+/Cr3+, and Cd0/Cd2+ reactions on a mercury electrode and demonstrate that reported kinetics in acidic electrolytes for these redox couples also correlate with the predicted desorption barriers of metal–anion complexes. Therefore, the desorption barrier of the metal–anion surface intermediate is a descriptor of kinetics for many metal redox couple/electrode combinations in the presence of halides. Knowledge of the metal–anion surface intermediates can guide the design of electrolytes and electrocatalysts with faster kinetics for redox reactions of relevance to energy and environmental applications.
Real-time, model-aided ranging for small scale operations in the Beaufort Sea, an ice-covered, double ducted environment

This talk will cover operational methods and results for vehicle navigation from the Ice Exercise in March 2020 (ICEX20), in the Beaufort Sea. For short range acoustic transmissions, the total ice cover and the double ducted environment co-create complex multipath uncertainty. We assumed that the horizontal group velocity between source and receiver was smoothly varying, and embedded a “Virtual Ocean” with a real-time ray tracing engine to predict the horizontal group velocity for range estimation. This model-aided psuedorange approach, which enabled a successful vehicle recovery, favored the least multipath possible such that psuedoranges tended to overestimate the GPS-derived range by roughly 10 m. In post-processing, we modify the group velocity estimation method to consider varying degrees of multipath and achieve a mean absolute error of roughly 4 plus or minus 4 meters, rivaling GPS performance. To our knowledge, these results are the first field experiment to demonstrate a real-time, model-based data processing to constrain ranging error for underwater navigation. [Work supported by ONR & the NDSEG fellowship.]