cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of geomechanical modeling in the measurement and understanding of geophysical data collected during carbon sequestration

Abstract As fluids are injected into a reservoir, the pore fluid pressure changes in space and time. These changes induce a mechanical response to the reservoir fractures, which in turn induces cha...
Blood, Sweat, Tears: A Visible Muslim Woman Law Professor's View on Degenerative Racism, Misogyny, and (Internal) Islamophobia from Preeclampsia and Presumed Incompetent to Pandemic Tenure

Visible Muslim women are accustomed to erasure and censure for simply existing. From E.M. Forrester’s A Passage to India, the Orientalist summer reading I endured in high school to the incessant online attacks on U.S. Congresswoman Ilhan Omar, the hatred has no end and no bounds. From classical literature, popular press, law, everyday conversations, and social media rampages, visible Muslim women are scrutinized even though they are a part of a vast global population. This paper examines the perspective for deep thought and the impetus for change that the pandemic parenting experience offered me. Being around my children and at their beck and call 24/7 allowed me to see the world more through their eyes. The subtle bigotry and insensitivities that I experienced pre-pandemic intensified, because not only did I want to survive, I wanted my children to grow in a world free from hate. Sitting around and ignoring the slights would not be possible. Free from daily microaggressions and constant commuting, but saddled with intensive childcare, cooking, cleaning, and sanitizing responsibilities, I developed a keener awareness for the degenerative biases I faced in the periphery of my pre-pandemic life. Being a pandemic academic parent empowered me to confront systemic racism, misogyny and internal Islamophobia. My only goals were to stay alive, be authentic, and stop self-censuring. If it all went to hell in a handbasket, so be it. I survived 2020. Over 1.64 million people did not survive the coronavirus. This is my journey from a shy little girl in Central Florida to motherhood and the faculty tenure vote put in perspective by the pandemic.
Ocular Symptoms in COVID-19 infection: A Survey Study

Purpose : Ocular findings have been reported in association with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite these reports, less is known on the frequency, spectrum and duration of associated ocular symptoms and their onset in the disease course. The purpose of this study is to systematically characterize ocular symptoms in participants with COVID-19 infection. Methods : An online Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) survey designed to characterize ocular symptoms was developed and the study information distributed to NIH employees who had tested positive for SARS-CoV-19.The survey was also advertised to the public through social media and patient recruitment mailing lists. All responses were anonymous, and participants were asked to consent to completing the survey, confirm a positive SARS-CoV PCR test and that they were 18 years of age or older. This study was approved as exempt by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of IRB Operations. Results : Following exclusion of ineligible participants and incomplete responses, 181 (20.4% male and 79.0% female) complete survey responses were included for analysis including from hospitalized (9.9%) and non-hospitalized (90.1%) respondents as well NIH employees (27.1%). Ocular symptoms were reported by 77.9% of participants (mean number of ocular symptoms per participant: 2.19+/- 2.36). The most commonly reported ocular symptoms were light sensitivity 28.1%, itchy eyes (26.0%), tearing (25.4%), eye redness (24.9%), mucous discharge (20.1%), foreign body sensation (17.1%), and new onset floaters (15.4%). With the exception of itchy eyes, no significant differences in eye symptoms were found between age groups. The onset of ocular symptoms occurred mostly frequently at the same time as systemic symptoms (53.8%) compared to before (18.9%) and after systemic symptoms (27.3%). Notably, 10.6% of respondents with ocular symptoms sought medical attention by an eye care professional and 21.2% reported eye symptoms lasting ≥14 days. Conclusions : Our results show that the majority of survey respondents experienced ocular symptoms though only a minority required ophthalmic examination and our study is likely biased towards respondents with eye symptoms. Consistent with other reports, ocular surface related symptoms were more common and vision affecting symptoms were rare. Further work is needed to identify the sequalae of ocular symptoms associated with SARS-COV-2.
Representation Learning via Quantum Neural Tangent Kernels.

Variational quantum circuits are used in quantum machine learning and variational quantum simulation tasks. Designing good variational circuits or predicting how well they perform for given learning or optimization tasks is still unclear. Here we discuss these problems, analyzing variational quantum circuits using the theory of neural tangent kernels. We define quantum neural tangent kernels, and derive dynamical equations for their associated loss function in optimization and learning tasks. We analytically solve the dynamics in the frozen limit, or lazy training regime, where variational angles change slowly and a linear perturbation is good enough. We extend the analysis to a dynamical setting, including quadratic corrections in the variational angles. We then consider hybrid quantum-classical architecture and define a large-width limit for hybrid kernels, showing that a hybrid quantum-classical neural network can be approximately Gaussian. The results presented here show limits for which analytical understandings of the training dynamics for variational quantum circuits, used for quantum machine learning and optimization problems, are possible. These analytical results are supported by numerical simulations of quantum machine learning experiments.
FABRICATION OF TANTALUM FUEL CONTAINERS FOR THE LAMPRE I MOLTEN PLUTONIUM REACTOR

An impact extrusion procedure was developed to fabricate a tantalum container approximately 9 in. long, 0.375 in. ID, 20 to 30 mils in wall thickness, and closed at one end. A solid slug was given five impact steps to form a thick-walled cup. The cup was ironed through six stages to the final shape. The material used initially was powder metallurgy tantalum, high purity, electron-beam melted tantalum and tartalum containing 0.1 wt% tungsten was used in later work. Aluminum bronze dies and a cold beeswax lubricant were used to prevent galling between the tools and the tantalum. Thirty to forty tons were required to form the metal in the impact extrusion steps. Draw force needed in the ironing operation ranged from 600 to 3600 lb. The Ta + 0.1 wt% tungsten alloy consistently required greater impact extrusion and draw pressures than were required by the high purity metal. The investigation showed that heat treating procedures had a considerable effect on the surface finish by controlling the grain size in the metal. In general, tantalum was round to form satisfactorily in both the impact extrusion and ironing procedures. (auth)
Effect of Dietary Linoleic Acid, Vitamin E and Ethoxyquin on Fertility of Male Chickens

Adult male chickens were fed diets low in linoleic acid, vitamin E and ethoxyquin or high in linoleic acid with or without added vitamin E or ethoxyquin for 25 weeks. Fertilizing capacity and sperm concentration of semen were adversely affected with males fed the high linoleic acid diet without vitamin E or ethoxyquin. The addition of vitamin E or ethoxyquin to the high linoleic acid diet overcame these adverse effects. The low linoleic acid diet without vitamin E and ethoxyquin had no adverse effect on fertilizing capacity and concentration of semen. No differences were evident for males fed any of the diets as far as semen volume, hatchability of fertile eggs, body or testes weights or feed consumption were concerned. During the 26th and 27th weeks increasing the number of sperm inseminated failed to improve fertility of the males fed the diet high in linoleic acid without vitamin E. The results indicate that diets high in linoleic acid but without vitamin E affect fertilizing capac ity as well as the number of sperm produced. Adamstone and Card ( 1) reported testicular degeneration resulting after a vita min E-deficient diet was fed to Rhode Island Red males for a 2-year period. Al though no differences were observed at one year, an adverse effect on fertilizing capacity was noted with a limited number of males after 2 years. More recently Machlin et al. (2) reported adverse effects on fertility as well as egg production of White Leghorn layers fed diets low in vitamin E but containing a high level of linoleic acid. They showed that lowered fertility and egg production were overcome by addition of vitamin E or ethoxyquin to the diet. In the absence of the high level of linoleic acid as well as vitamin E and ethoxyquin no adverse effects on fertility or egg production could be observed during the 6 weeks of their experiment. The relationship of vitamin E to linoleic acid metabolism has been reviewed by Scott (3). Evidence is cited indicating that vitamin E functions as a biological antioxidant that protects against encephalomalacia in chicks by preventing the breakdown of linoleic acid to 12-oxo-cis-9-octadecenoic (keto) acid. Whether or not the same relationship exists with adult poultry has not been established, but the data re ported with layers (2) suggest such a pos sibility. In view of a previous interest in the area of nutrition as related to male fertility (4), the present experiment was undertaken to determine whether linoleic acid would ex ert a detrimental effect on fertilizing ca pacity of adult male chickens fed diets with or without vitamin E or ethoxyquin.
Power-law shot noise model for the ultrasound RF echo

We model the radio-frequency (RF) ultrasound echo by a shot noise process with narrow-band power-law filter function. As a consequence, the in-phase and quadrature components of the return signal are shown to exhibit 1/f/sup /spl beta// type spectral behavior. The envelope also exhibits this type of spectral behavior but with a different exponent. The model parameters, namely the rate of the point process and the power-law exponent, are related to tissue density and attenuation, respectively. Since these tissue characteristics change due to disease, estimates of the model parameters are investigated as potential tissue characterization features. We validate our claims based on clinical ultrasound images.
Analysis of Fourier volume rendering

The Fourier volume rendering technique, operating in the frequency domain, has a significant computational efficiency advantage over spatial domain rendering, especially for data acquired in MR Imaging. The key operation in this rendering procedure involves a frequency domain resampling and filtering scheme for extracting a 2D plane from the 3D spectrum. With the appropriate selection and design of these interpolation filters, the dominant artifacts, ghost replicas, are reduced to a minimum without any increase in computational cost. The rendering results from using an optimal interpolation filter are compared with those from using other interpolation techniques such as linear and high resolution cubic splines.
Dissipation of Currents in Ionized Media

The destruction of electron drifts by instabilities is analyzed. The fastest stable drift is calculated (drift energy $0.9kT$) and the energy of a faster drift is found to be dissipated into instabilities within, typically, 30 plasma periods. The growth of a local disturbance in this process is shown to take place without effective propagation. The "turbulent" flow pattern created, eventually, under nonlinear conditions is calculated numerically, demonstrating the tendency towards randomization of the initial drift energy. The effect stops "runaway" in about 100 plasma periods after which there is "heating" by "collective collisions" instead.
Polymorphic metabolism of mephenytoin in man: pharmacokinetic interaction with a co-regulated substrate, mephobarbital.

The simultaneous dosing of two drugs with co-regulated genetic polymorphisms determined by a single cytochrome P-450 isozyme could result in competitive inhibition of metabolism. We investigated this hypothesis in vivo by studying the interaction of mephobarbital and mephenytoin in eight normal subjects with wide variability in S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylation. Each received oral racemic mephenytoin (100 mg) alone and, on a separate occasion, 1 hour after oral racemic mephobarbital (200 mg). After mephenytoin dosing alone, the 8-hour urinary enantiomeric (R/S) ratio indicated one poor (PM), one intermediate (IM), and six extensive (EM) metabolizers. Total intrinsic clearance of S-mephenytoin varied more than 100-fold, whereas the range for R-mephenytoin was only twofold. The urinary R/S ratio correlated (r = 0.92) with the enantiomeric ratio of the plasma AUCs over the same period, indicating no stereoselectivity in renal clearance. When mephenytoin was taken in the presence of mephobarbital, peak levels and AUC of S-mephenytoin increased while those of the R-enantiomer remained unchanged. Accordingly, the R/S ratios in both plasma and urine were reduced, with the change rank order-related to the control value of the total intrinsic clearance of S-mephenytoin (i.e., greatest in the most extensive EM). Thus the urinary R/S ratio can be used as a measure of the enantiomeric ratio of the plasma concentrations over the same time period of collection. Moreover, this ratio may be used to detect drug interactions that involve the cytochrome P-450 isozyme(s) responsible for the polymorphic 4-hydroxylation of mephenytoin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Family Violence As a Cause of Crime: Rethinking Our Priorities

Although we have known for some time that the victims of child abuse are more likely to grow up to be delinquent and more recently that even the bystanders to family violence have similar tendencie...
Diversity and structure of genes of the α family of mouse T-cell antigen receptor

We have analysed 19 complementary DNA clones encoding the a-chain of the T-cell antigen receptor derived from thymic transcripts, and find that 15 of them contain partial or complete variable (Vα) genes. Seven of these genes cross-hybridize to over 40 germline Vα gene segments in Southern blot analyses. Of the 19 joining (Jα) sequences examined, 18 seem to be encoded by distinct gene segments, hence the repertoire of Jα gene segments is much larger than those of the immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor β-chain gene families. We suggest that the variable domains of immunoglobulins and T-cell antigen receptors are similar in structure.
ATTENDANCE PROBABILITIES OF PARTICIPANTS IN A HUMAN EXPERIMENT

This study investigated how different prompting strategies affected the attendance probabilities of 60 undergraduate students participating in an experiment. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: no prompt, phone-message prompt, or phone-voice prompt. Analysis showed that participants in the no-prompt condition attended the study at a rate of 50%. Participants who received a phone-message prompt attended at a rate of 55%, while participants who received a phone-voice prompt attended at a rate of 100%.
Mass-specific scattering cross sections of suspended sediments and aggregates: theoretical limits and applications

The spectral mass-specific scattering cross section σ[PIM](λ) is most important for the remote sensing inversion of the concentration of suspended mineral matter in the coastal ocean. This optical parameter is also important in optical theory and therefore the theoretical limits of this parameter are important. There are differing reports in the literature on the magnitude of σ[PIM](λ) and its spectral slope in different coastal ocean systems. To account for and predict these differences, I have applied a model of the size distribution of primary suspended mineral particles and aggregates of these particles to theoretical calculations of σ[PIM](λ). I utilized a model of mineral particle aggregates by Khelifa and Hill [Khelifa, A. and P.S. Hill, J. Hydraul. Res. 44, 390 (2006)] and Latimer's optical model of aggregates [Latimer, P., Appl. Opt. 24, 3231, (1985)]. I have been able to account for the variations in magnitude and spectral slope of σ[PIM](λ). This analysis will apply to not only inverting the concentration of suspended mineral matter but also provides the basis for inverting the processes of coagulation and aggregation of primary mineral particles in determining sedimentation rates, budgets, etc.
Effects of concrete properties and nutrients on fungal colonization and fouling

Abstract This study describes the fouling of concrete surfaces by diverse fungal genera under controlled laboratory conditions. A circulating flow-through chamber was designed for testing the effects of different concrete compositions and exogenously added nutrients on fungal colonization and fouling. Fungal strains belonging to the genera Alternaria , Cladosporium , Epicoccum , Fusarium , Mucor , Penicillium , Pestalotiopsis , and Trichoderma were cultured directly from visibly fouled concrete structures and used individually and in a mix to inoculate mortar tiles varying in cement composition, supplementary cementitious material additions, water-to-cement ratio, and surface roughness. A strong positive relationship was observed between tile water-to-cement ratio and the amount of biofouling. In addition, cement containing photocatalytic titanium dioxide and exposed to artificial sunlight strongly inhibited fungal colonization and fouling. Mortar tiles coated with form-release oil and incubated with sterile rainwater were also capable of supporting fungal colonization. Our results indicate that the fouling of concrete surfaces by fungi can be influenced by variations in concrete composition variations and available nutrients.
Nickel(II), copper(II), and cobalt(II) solid-state structures formed through hydrogen bonding with ditopic heteroscorpionate ligands

New complexes of nickel(II), copper(II), and cobalt(II) derived from bidentate coordinating heteroscorpionate ligands, (4-carboxyphenyl)bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane, (L4c) and (3-carboxyphenyl)bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane, (L3c) have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, IR, elemental analysis and UV-vis spectroscopy. By adjusting the reaction conditions the coordination modes of the ligands can be controlled. Solid-state interactions utilizing the strong hydrogen bonding capabilities of protonated and uncoordinated carboxylate groups can be the result of these changed reaction conditions. Finally the different orientation of the carboxylate groups in the ligands L3c and L4c also affect the overall coordination modes and the nature of the solid-state interactions in these systems.
The Corporate Side of the Blogosphere: Examining the Variations of Design and Engagement Among Fortune 500 Blogs

Using design and communication principles, this study uses a content analysis design to evaluate all active blogs from the 2011 Fortune 500 list (n = 125). The results indicate that corporate America has only modestly incorporated the dialogic principles into their blogs. Current corporate blogs are well-designed as far as making them searchable and easy to navigate; however, the blogs are mostly being used to provide information in a one-way manner rather than creating an open dialogue with consumers. While blogging can enhance relationships with stakeholders, corporate communicators must strive to develop legitimate conversations with their blog readers.
Clinical pharmacology-physiology conference: Magnesium deficiency in the elderly

Magnesium deficiency in the elderly cannot be ignored given the frequent occurrence of conditions such as lower intake of magnesium, diabetes mellitus and use of multiple drugs associated with magnesium wasting. The clinical presentation of hypomagnesemia is nonspecific and requires an adequate clinical assessment in conjunction with the measurement of serum magnesium and in some cases physiological assessments of renal excretion of the cation. The treatment of hypomagnesemia in the elderly is not different from other adults but should take into consideration the known age-related decline in renal function. Our patient was counseled regarding diet, alcohol and control of diabetes. His magnesium balance was corrected by decreasing the dose of diuretic and by receiving adequate magnesium supplementation.
ClinicalTrials.gov as a data source for semi-automated point-of-care trial eligibility screening.

Background: Implementing semi-automated processes to efficiently match patients to clinical trials at the point of care requires both detailed patient data and authoritative information about open studies. Objective: To evaluate the utility of the ClinicalTrials.gov registry as a data source for semi-automated trial eligibility screening. Methods: Eligibility criteria and metadata for 437 trials open for recruitment in four different clinical domains were identified in ClinicalTrials.gov. Trials were evaluated for up to date recruitment status and eligibility criteria were evaluated for obstacles to automated interpretation. Finally, phone or email outreach to coordinators at a subset of the trials was made to assess the accuracy of contact details and recruitment status. Results: 24% (104 of 437) of trials declaring on open recruitment status list a study completion date in the past, indicating out of date records. Substantial barriers to automated eligibility interpretation in free form text are present in 81% to up to 94% of all trials. We were unable to contact coordinators at 31% (45 of 146) of the trials in the subset, either by phone or by email. Only 53% (74 of 146) would confirm that they were still recruiting patients. Conclusion: Because ClinicalTrials.gov has entries on most US and many international trials, the registry could be repurposed as a comprehensive trial matching data source. Semi-automated point of care recruitment would be facilitated by matching the registry’s eligibility criteria against clinical data from electronic health records. But the current entries fall short. Ultimately, improved techniques in natural language processing will facilitate semi-automated complex matching. As immediate next steps, we recommend augmenting ClinicalTrials.gov data entry forms to capture key eligibility criteria in a simple, structured format.
Anisotropic Charge Transport and Spin−Spin Interactions in K+(Cryptand [2.2.2]) Electride

Single-crystal conductivity measurements of the electride K+(cryptand[2.2.2])e- show pronounced anisotropy. Conductivity of the sheetlike crystals is 10−30 times greater in the “easy” than in the “hard” in-plane direction and 105−106 times greater than that perpendicular to the plane. The magnetic susceptibility is well-described by the alternating linear chain Heisenberg antiferromagnetic model. Both phenomena are consistent with the structure, which has very open pseudo-1D channels that connect large dumbbell-shaped two-electron cavities to form a chain of coupled electron spins. Slightly smaller channels interconnect these chains to form a 2D network of channels and cavities. The proposed conductivity mechanism is the random 2D hopping of hole defects that are highly mobile down the open 1D chain. They undergo activated transport to adjacent chains as a result of defect sites (such as K-) in the primary chain.
PERCEPTIONS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAINING, EXPERIENCE, AND ATHLETIC TALENT FOR ACHIEVEMENT IN SPORTS '

Ratings by 97 NCAA Division I athletes showed belief that successful athletes benefit more from training and experience and athletic talent than less successful athletes.
The ferric-ferrous ratio of natural silicate liquids equilibrated in air

Results of chemical analyses of glasses produced in 46 melting experiments in air at 1,350° C and 1,450° C on rocks ranging in composition from nephelinite to rhyolite have been combined with other published data to obtain an empirical equation relating in \((X_{{\text{Fe}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}_{\text{3}} }^{{\text{liq}}} /X_{{\text{FeO}}}^{{\text{liq}}} )\) to T, \(\ln f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \) and bulk composition. The whole set of experimental data range over 1,200–1,450° C and oxygen fugacities of 10−9.00 to 10−0.69 bars, respectively. The standard errors of temperature and \(\log _{10} f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \) predictions from this equation are 52° C and 0.5 units, respectively, for 186 experiments.
Who Is Sicker: Patients—or Residents? Residents' Distress and the Care of Patients

Is burnout in residents a malignant disease? Do exhaustion, cynicism, and ineffectiveness start small, then grow, spread, and harm? If burnout in residents and other health professionals has been a...
General practitioner distribution and population dynamics: Munich, 1950–1990

The problem of variable geographic distribution of physicians appears to be universal and intransigent. There is growing evidence from several developed countries of primary physicians avoiding areas in large cities increasingly populated by poor and ethnic minorities. This paper extends the research to Germany. Here, the changing population structure of Munich from 1950 through 1990, characterized by a large influx of foreign guestworkers, is illustrated. Selected changes in the medical care system and the role of the general practitioner pertinent to the question of supply and distribution are also discussed. Within this context, the geographic distribution of general practitioners' offices is examined for possible response to the concentration of foreigners in Districts within the City. In the aggregate, the distribution of general practitioners follows the geographic trends of the general population during the study period. However, geographic distribution of general practitioners varies widely on a District by District assessment. Though the exception, in several Districts there are indications that general practitioners may be avoiding locating offices in areas characterized by high density of foreign populations. This paper also draws attention to the importance of investigative scale to conclusions relating general practitioner distribution to spatial-temporal population trends.
Asymptotic considerations for transverse bending of orthotropic sheardeformable plates

Departing from the known reduction of the sixth order linear theory problem of orthotropic shear deformable plates to two simultaneous third-order equations for the deflectionw and for a stress function variableJ we are concerned with the asymptotic decomposition ofw andJ into interior and edge zone solution contributions, and with the derivation of sequential boundary value problems for the leading terms of these two types of contributions, in generalization of known results for isotropic plates for which the decomposition is exact rather than asymptotic. Application of the general results to the solution of a specific problem is shown to be associated with a transverse shear stress resultant concentration factor which tends to infinity in the limit of absent transverse sheardeformability.
The Harvard group scale of hypnotic susceptibility as a predictor of nonhypnotic suggestibility.

Abstract A behavioral measure of nonhypnotic suggestibility (the Suggested Syllables Test) was developed. The measure required that Ss determine the identity of tachistoscopically presented nonsense syllables when, unknown to Ss, no syllables were present. Responses to the Suggested Syllables Test were determined for 111 Ss (56 males and 55 females) who had been previously screened using the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A) of Shor and E. Orne (1962). It was found that Ss who had scored low on HGSHS:A reported perceiving the suggested syllables significantly (p<.001) less frequently than did Ss with either medium or high HGSHS:A scores.
Transaminative metabolism of α-amino-n-butyrate in rats☆

alpha-Amino-n-butyrate metabolism was studied in a rt tissue homogenate system using L-[1-14C] alpha-amino-n-butyrate. Transamination was found to be the major route in the liver for the metabolism of L-alpha-amino-n-butyrate based on 44.8 mumoles/g/h of [1-14-C] alpha-ketobutyrate formed in the presence of pyruvate versus 1.2 mumoles/g/h without pyruvate. The pH optimum for the reaction was 9.2. The abilities of other alpha-keto acids to act as a cosubstrate relative to pyruvate were (%): pyruvate, 100; alpha-ketobutyrate, 80; alpha-keto-gamma-methiolbutyrate, 15; phenylpyruvate, 14; alpha-ketoglutarate, p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and the alpha-keto analogs of the branched-chain amino acids, all less than 10. The apparent Km for alpha-amino-n-butyrate in the liver homogenate was approximately 38 mM and the Km for pyruvate was 5 mM. Kidney was found to have about twice the activity as liver. Activities in brain, heart, diaphragm, muscle and small intestine were negligible. With the exception of serine, no other added amino acids could compete effectively with alpha-amino-n-butyrate for transamination in the rat liver homogenate system. Activity in rat liver was inhibited by aminooxyacetic acid and cycloserine. These results indicate that alpha-amino-n-butyrate is metabolized primarily by a transaminase reaction with pyruvate which occurs almost exclusively in liver and kidney.
Pathophysiology of proteinuria in immune glomerular injury.

Uncharged dextrans of graded size (28–60 A) were used to evaluate glomerular barrier size selectivity in 13 nephrotic patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. Transglomerular sieving was e
Do We Understand Museum Air Conditioning

Stresses the need to consider the following criteria in the planning of the proper climatic environment in a museum: ample capacity and flexibility in the air conditioning system; Optimally designed storage; 24 hours operation of the system; Constancy and uniformity of conditions within prescribed areas; And purity of air throughout the building. -- ICCROM
Analytical model of deeply-scaled thyristors for memory applications

In this paper we propose an analytical model for the static operation of thyristor, aiming at clarifying the basic physics involved in the switching from the low-conductance to the high-conductance state of the device. Modeling results are compared to TCAD numerical simulations, showing that the analytical calculations can nicely reproduce the main features of the current-voltage device characteristics.
Mathematical models of the Earth's magnetic field

Abstract Palaeomagnetic data for the last 107 y show that the geomagnetic field had been almost dipolar, that the reversals of polarity took place in a manner described by the Bernoulli trials, and that the distribution of palaeointensities is of normal type both for normal and reversed polarities. Properties of mathematical models which satisfy these observational facts are discussed. The model proposed by Cox is found to be inconsistent with the palaeointensity data. An example of simple mathematical models which do not contradict the palaeomagnetic informations is given. The model is composed of tens of dipoles in the core, with equal moments and directions either parallel or antiparallel to the rotational axis. The state of the geomagnetic field changes as direction inversion takes place in each dipole in a stochastic manner.
The suspensory muscle of the duodenum

or Iigament, of the duodenum and to attempt to deduce the probable effect of this attachment and the contraction of the muscle upon the size of the angIe at the duodenojejuna1 hexure. IncidentaIIy, we have attempted to determine if there is a considerable percentage of cases in which muscIe fibers can be demonstrated in this structure. Some chnicians have contended that this structure is attached directIy to the Aexure and as a result of this attachment, the size of the angIe at the Aexure is decreased during contraction of the muscIe and movement of the gut, with consequent tendency toward causing partiaI obstruction at this point. muscle of duodenum; B, duodenojejunal Aexure.
Abnormal expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) in neocortex in Rett syndrome

Immunocytochemical evaluations of the neocortex of three classical Rett syndrome (RS) individuals revealed a selective abnormality in the expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2). MAP-2 immunoreactivity (ir) was reduced throughout the neocortex of all three RS cases with a reversal of the normal pattern of more intense staining in deep cortical layers. This anomaly was selective for MAP-2 because nonphosphorylated neurofilament (SMI-32) labeling of deep pyramidal neurons and calbindin (CaBP)-stained GABAergic cells remained unchanged. Moreover, MAP-2 ir was virtually undetected in white matter while GABAergic and, particularly, peptidergic (neuropeptide Y: NPY) profiles were easily recognized. These results demonstrate a marked disruption of a major cytoskeletal component in neocortex in RS which seems to affect, predominantly, pyramidal projection and white matter neurons. MAP-2 expression appears early in neuronal maturation of the neocortex, particularly in the subplate region, the future superficial white matter, suggesting that these reported abnormalities in RS represent a developmental disturbance. Considering that MAP-2 expression is regulated by several neurotransmitter systems in adult cerebral cortex, particularly dopaminergic and cholinergic afferents that are deficient in RS, these neurochemical alterations could be related to this anomalous MAP-2 expression.
Intracellular events in plant tissues produced by gas microbubbles at ultrasonic frequencies

Experiments have been carried out with two arrangements to determine the influence of gas bubbles on interactions between ultrasound and biological cells and tissues. Biological test objects included monocotyledons, dicotyledons, and lower‐order plants. One arrangement makes use of a tapered Mason horn at 85 kHz. In some experiments, a gas bubble of near‐resonant size is formed by electrolysis or trapped in a small recess drilled in the tip of the horn. When the bubble is set into oscillation in the vicinity of plant cells in which contents are free to move, patterns of microeddying and particle rotation are observed in some of the cells. These are similar to motions reported previously for cells whose boundaries are set into vibration by other means. In other experiments, the bubbles under investigation exist inside the plant tissue, formed of intracellular gas. When sound passes through the tissue, movements occur preferentially in cells adjacent to these intracellular bubbles. In the second arrangement, cells or tissues are sonated at a frequency of 1 MHz while under view with optical microscopy. With Elodea, it is found that if the sound level is raised somewhat above the threshold for generalized cavitation, some of the cells appear to trap bubbles of gas. After this has occurred, microstreaming motions and rotations occur in cells adjacent to the captured bubbles. Motion pictures will be shown to illustrate findings.
Stimulation of nitrous oxide production resulted from soil fumigation with chloropicrin

Abstract Agricultural soils are a major source of the atmospheric greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). Agronomic practices such as tillage and fertilizer applications can significantly affect the production and consumption of N2O because of alteration in soil physical, chemical, and biochemical activities. Soil fumigation is an agronomic practice used to control soil-borne disease pathogens, weeds, plant-parasitic nematodes, and fungi. The strong impact of fumigants on soil microorganisms can indirectly affect the production and/or consumption of N2O and would potentially alter net emissions from agricultural soils. Laboratory incubation and field soil fumigation studies were conducted to determine the potential impact of soil fumigation on the dynamics of N2O production. Laboratory soil incubations showed an eight-fold increase in the production rate of N2O as a consequence of chloropicrin (CP) fumigation. This stimulation effect was confirmed by a seven-fold increase in N2O emission rates in field plots following CP fumigation. The mechanism of N2O production appeared to be microbial related; however, additional work is needed to fully elucidate the pathways.
A suggested method for the resolution of Scatchard plots.

Abstract A simple scheme is proposed for analysing Scatchard curves that represent the equilibrium binding of a ligand to a macromolecule containing two or more different kinds of binding sites. The principal merit of the proposal is the utilization of a least-squares fitting procedure that is linear. The method is illustrated by the consideration of previously published data representing ligand binding with bovine serum albumin and with IgM.
Tuberculosis presenting as a solitary splenic tumour

A 48-year-old male had suffered from body weight loss and general malaise for 2 months. Abdominal computed tomography showed a dilated intrahepatic duct with stones and a hypodense nodular mass in the spleen. A splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy were performed under the preoperative impression of a malignancy. Histological examination of the specimens revealed tuberculosis.
Interactions of synovial fluid immunoglobulins with chondrocytes.

Objective. To study the interaction of synovial fluid (SF) immunoglobulins with living chondrocytes, and to evaluate the relative contribution of type II collagen (CII) antibodies. Methods. SF of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and gout were incubated with isolated bovine articular chondrocytes. Ig binding was measured by flow cytometry and by quantitation with 125I-labeled anti-IgG and anti-IgM. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity was determined by 51Cr release. Immunoglobulin binding and cytotoxicity were compared between chondrocytes obtained from the superficial and from the deep cartilage zones. Results. Significantly greater IgG and IgM binding was found with RA SF compared with OA or gout SF. Chondrocytes bound more Ig than did fibroblasts. The relative contribution of anti-CII antibodies to Ig binding was studied following absorption of the SF with bovine CII, and by incubation with bacterial collagenase-treated chondrocytes. There was a small but significant reduction in IgG and IgM binding with SF samples that were positive for anti-CII. RA SF exhibited modest, but significantly greater complement-dependent cytotoxicity than OA SF. Gel chromatography fractionation indicated that IgM antibodies were responsible for the cytotoxic activity. Additional studies showed that SF IgM antibodies bound preferentially to, and killed chondrocytes obtained from, the superficial layers of cartilage. Conclusion. Anti-CII antibodies contained in RA SF represent one of many antibody specificities reacting with chondrocyte membrane antigens. Chondrocyte-reactive SF antibodies may play an important pathogenic role in the processes leading to irreversible cartilage damage in RA. These deleterious effects appear to be exerted particularly on chondrocytes located near the articular surface of cartilage.
Intramolecular photocycloaddition of 1,3-dienes with 2-pyridones

Abstract Intramolecular photocycloaddition of a 2-pyridone and an acyclic 1,3-diene leads to formation of an apparent [2 + 2] product. This is presumably formed by an initial [4 + 4] cycloaddition followed by Cope rearrangement of the highly strained product. The isolated 1,2-divinylcyclobutane undergoes a Cope rearrangement at 120 °C to give a polycyclic cyclooctadiene.
Helium scattering from O on Rh(111): scattering cross sections and adsorption kinetics

He diffraction and specular He scattering measurements of O on Rh(111) were made for Ts = 125−625 K and θo = 0.0−0.50 ML. For Ts > 450 K and θo < 0.21 ML, specular He scattering from the ORh(111) overlayer is well described by a model for disordered adsorbates, with a cross section of 62.6 A2 for 63 meV He. At higher coverages, these measurements reveal a complex relationship between coverage, temperature, and the ordered overlayer structures for ORh(111). In addition, adsorption isotherms presented here show second order Langmuir adsorption kinetics for O2 on Rh(111) and a sticking coefficient of about 5% for O2 on 525 K Rh(111).
Contrast perception in imaging systems

Abstract In all imaging systems, four basic factors govern the perception of detail: (1) the magnitude of the input contrast in the object being imaged, (2) the fidelity with which this contrast is displayed the image, (3) the statistical uncertainty associated with the contrast thus displayed, and (4) the observer's visual performance. If we consider a sinusoidal test distribution of input contrast C in and spatial frequency f, the output contrast C out is equal to C in M ( f ) where M ( f ) is the system MTF. This paper shows that the standard deviation σC out of this output contrast is given by the equation where I 0 is the average intensity of the test distribution, e is the fraction of the emitted photons that is absorbed in the imaging device, A is the area under the point spread function of the system (related inversely to the square of its spatial bandwidth) and τ is the time of exposure. The interpretation of the above equation has been confirmed experimentally. The quantity C out / σC out , as a measure of the signal-to-noise ratio of the system, takes into account all the basic nonsubjective parameters that govern contrast perception. Hence the term Contrast Perceptibility Function is proposed for its variation with spatial frequency.
The Most-Favored-Nation Policy in Relation to Trade Agreements.

The virulent disease which has been attacking and crippling international trade, particularly since 1929, has manifested itself in two different forms. The one is mounting trade barriers, which tend to fence off nation from nation and thus effectively to check the flow of world trade. The other is the practice of discrimination, which nations are using in increasing degree to force markets out of the hands of their competitors or to gain political advantage of one kind or another. If economic stability is to be won and the peace of the world to be made secure, it is just as necessary to overcome the one as the other. The Trade Agreements Act was passed by Congress for the purpose "of expanding foreign markets for the products of the United States." It is clear that the accomplishment of this purpose necessitates a program with a two-fold objective. The program must seek, first, the reduction or elimination of excessive trade barriers; and second, the elimination of trade discriminations. These two objectives are interdependent and inseparable. Discriminations encourage mounting trade barriers in retaliation; mounting trade barriers frequently lead to discrimination. It is the combination and interaction of the two that has intensified and prolonged the world depression and that constantly stimulates international discord. This twofold objective is reflected in the form of each trade agreement. One part of the agreement consists of lists of precisely specified concessions given in exchange-tariff reductions or bindings, quota enlargements, more liberal exchange allotments, and the like, all making for a reduction in excessive trade barriers and thus for an increased flow of trade between the two countries, to the profit of both. The other part of the agreement, equally necessary and equally important, is an exchange of guarantees, each party to the other, that neither will discriminate against the trade of the other-in other words, that each will grant to the commerce of the other in every respect treatment no less favorable than that
Dietary Fat Composition Influences Tissue Lipid Profile and Gene Expression in Fischer-344 Rats

The AIN-76A diet causes fatty liver in rodents when fed for long periods of time. The aim of this study was to utilize fatty acid analysis and transcriptomics to investigate the effects of different fat sources in the AIN-76A diet on tissue lipid profiles and gene expression in male, weanling Fischer-344 rats. Animals were fed isocaloric diets that differed only in the fat source: (1) corn oil (CO) (2) anhydrous milk fat (AMF), and (3) AMF supplemented with 10% phospholipids from the milk fat globule membrane (AMF-MFGM). There were no differences in food intake, body weight, growth rate, or body fat composition among the groups, and the fatty acid compositions of red blood cells (RBC), plasma, muscle, and visceral adipose tissues reflected the dietary fat sources. Modifying the fat source resulted in 293 genes differentially regulated in skeletal muscle, 1,124 in adipose, and 831 in liver as determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Although tissue fatty acid profiles mostly reflected the diet, there were several quantitative differences in lipid classes in the liver and plasma. The AMF diet resulted in the highest level of hepatic triacylglycerols, but the lowest level in plasma. The CO diet resulted in significant accumulation of hepatic unesterified fatty acids and decreased DGAT expression and activity, a potential trigger for steatohepatitis. These results indicate that the fatty acid composition and presence of polar lipids in the AIN-76A diets have significant effects on lipid partitioning, gene expression, and potentially the development of liver pathology.
Stromal-Conditioned Medium Synergizes with Thrombopoietin in Stimulating Megakaryocytopoiesis

We previously demonstrated that stromal cells release a soluble factor(s) that enhances thrombopoietin (TPO)-induced megakaryocyte (MK) production. We have now further characterized this enhancing activity of human bone marrow stroma and have also analyzed the role of direct contact of stromal cells with human bone marrow CD34+ cells on MK production. The three- to sixfold stromal-enhancing activity of conditioned media is constitutive and is not influenced by the presence of TPO. The addition of interleukins 3, 6 (IL-3, IL-6), stem cell factor (SCF), and TPO at concentrations found in stroma to a stroma-free system only enhanced by 58% the TPO-stimulated MK production. No influence of heparan sulfates on MK production was observed. In co-cultures of CD34+ cells in direct contact with stromal cells, nonadherent and adherent MK, and proplatelet structures were observed, either in the absence or presence of TPO. Direct contact did not further improve the enhancing activity of stromal cells on MK production induced by TPO. We conclude that the stromal enhancement of MK production is neither accounted for by stromal TPO, IL-3, IL-6, and SCF activities nor modified by physical contact.
Formyl Phosphate: A Proposed Intermediate in the Reaction Catalyzed by Escherichia coli PurT GAR Transformylase†

The Escherichia coli purT encoded glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GAR transformylase) serves as an alternate enzyme in the production of formyl GAR for use in de novo purine biosynthesis. This enzyme differs from the previously known purN encoded enzyme in size, sequence, and substrates; ATP and formate are required as opposed to formyl tetrahydrofolate. Kinetic studies of the wild-type PurT enzyme described here demonstrate that formyl phosphate behaves as a chemically and kinetically competent intermediate. The requirement for ATP and GAR in these reactions is consistent with previous steady-state kinetic results, which demonstrated that all substrates must be bound before catalysis. Kinetic characterization of a mutant, which releases formyl phosphate into solution, and positional isotope exchange studies also support the assignment of formyl phosphate as a plausible intermediate.