cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Support vector machine (SVM) classification of cognitive tasks based on electroencephalography (EEG) engagement index

AbstractHuman-system interaction may be improved by using proactive systems that detect, measure, and assess a user’s cognitive state in real time via diagnostic neurophysiological sensors and appropriate classification methods. The electroencephalography (EEG) task engagement index (TEI), a ratio of EEG power bands (beta/(alpha + theta)), may be used to track how cognitively engaged a person is in a task. In the present study, we performed statistical tests of significance on task engagement indices computed from EEG recorded from six healthy participants who performed five separate cognitive tasks. For all participants, we found a statistically significant difference in task engagement indices between the five cognitive tasks. Also, we used task engagement indices as inputs to support vector machines (SVMs) to allow identification and offline classification of cognitive engagement. We designed six separate multiclass SVMs to classify five cognitive tasks for the participants. The average classification ...
Deliberative polling for multistakeholder internet governance: considered judgments on access for the next billion

ABSTRACTMultistakeholder Internet governance aspires to fulfill democratic values in a process of dialogue producing results that can be considered for possible action. How can these goals be accomplished when the participants in these processes come from entities as varied as corporations, governments, civil society and academia drawn from countries all over the world? How can such a multistakeholder process embody democratic values? How can it be based on dialogue? What kinds of results can it produce? This article applies Deliberative Polling as a possible solution to this problem by using a stratified random sample of netizens, citizens of the Internet, drawn from all the relevant stakeholders of the Internet Governance Forum, engaged together in dialogue and with opinions collected in confidential questionnaires before and after deliberation. This pilot application focused on the topic of Internet access ‒ policy proposals to increase access for the next billion users. We believe it demonstrates the ...
Game-theoretic methods for locating camera towers and scheduling surveillance

We develop techniques to optimise the locations and surveillance scheduling of tower-mounted camera systems used by a military force in an urban setting. Using a game-theoretic foundation, we seek to minimise expected damage from attacks or other adversarial events (e.g., emplacements of improvised explosive devices). Assuming that at most one camera may surveil a single point of interest (POI) at any time, a mixed-integer program uses an additive-probability model to optimise the placement of towers, while allocating 'aggregate, normalised surveillance time' between cameras and POIs. Linear-programming-based column generation then creates a probability distribution for camera-to-POI assignments to define implementable schedules. We prove that such schedules must exist, making the additive probability model exact. Computational examples on realistically sized problems produce high-quality solutions quickly, with quality suffering only when the number of cameras available nears the number of POIs to be surveilled. We show that an alternative game-theoretic model may produce better solutions when such a situation arises.
Reduced functional connectivity between ventromedial prefrontal cortex and insula relates to longer corrected QT interval in HIV+ and HIV− individuals

Abstract Objective Prolongation of the QT interval, i.e., measure of the time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave, is a precursor to fatal cardiac arrhythmias commonly observed in individuals infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and is related to dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system. We investigated the relationship between QT interval length and resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), a core region of the brain that is involved with cardio-autonomic regulation. Method Eighteen HIV+ men on antiretroviral therapy and with no history of heart disease were compared with 26 HIV-negative control subjects who had similar demographic and cardio-metabolic characteristics. A seed-based rsFC analysis of the right and left VMPFC was performed at the individual subject level, and 2nd-level analyses were conducted to identify the following: group differences in connectivity, brain regions correlating with corrected (QTc) interval length before and after controlling for those group differences, and regions where seed-based rsFC correlates with CD4 count and QTc interval within HIV+ individuals. Results HIV-negative adults showed greater rsFC between the VMPFC seed regions and several default mode network structures. Across groups greater rsFC with the left anterior insula was associated with shorter QTc intervals, whereas right posterior insula connectivity with the VMPFC correlated with greater QTc intervals. HIV patients with lower CD4 counts and higher QTc intervals showed greater rsFC between the right VMPFC and the right posterior insula and dorsal cingulate gyrus. Conclusions This study demonstrates that QTc interval lengths are associated with distinct patterns of VMPFC rsFC with posterior and anterior insula. In HIV patients, longer QTc interval and lower CD4 count corresponded to weaker VMPFC connectivity with the dorsal striatrum. Significance A forebrain control mechanism may be implicated in the suppression of cardiovagal influence that confers risk for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in HIV+ individuals.
The effects of different processing conditions on biogenic amine formation and some qualitative properties in pastırma

Pastirma, a Turkish dry-cured meat product, was cured at two different temperatures (4 or 10 °C) with two different curing agents (150 mg/kg NaNO2 or 300 mg/kg KNO3). The aim of this research was to determine the effects of these factors on biogenic amine content and other qualitative properties (pH, aw, color, residual nitrite, TBARS, NPN-M, microbiological properties). Residual nitrite was below 10 mg/kg in all samples. Both the curing agent and temperature were found to have a very significant effect on the TBARS value, and the curing agent had a significant effect on the NPN-M content. Curing at 10 °C increased the L* value; the use of nitrate increased the a* value. The use of nitrite had a negative effect on the growth of lactic acid bacteria. Micrococcus/Staphylococcus showed good growth in the presence of nitrate. In all samples, Enterobacteriaceae counts were below detectable levels. Neither temperature nor curing agent had significant effects on the amounts of tryptamine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, or spermine. There were very significant effects of temperature on the amount of putrescine and of the curing agent on the amount of spermidine.
Development of a Trimodal Contrast Agent for Acoustic and Magnetic Particle Imaging of Stem Cells

Stem cell therapy has the potential to improve tissue remodeling and repair. For cardiac stem cell therapy, methods to improve the injection and tracking of stem cells may help to increase patient outcomes. Here we describe a multimodal approach that combines ultrasound imaging, photoacoustic imaging, and magnetic particle imaging (MPI). Ultrasound imaging offers real-time guidance, photoacoustic imaging offers enhanced contrast, and MPI offers high-contrast, deep-tissue imaging. This work was facilitated by a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based iron oxide nanobubble labeled with 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide (DiR) as a trimodal contrast agent. The PLGA coating facilitated the ultrasound signal, the DiR increased the photoacoustic signal, and the iron oxide facilitated the MPI signal. We confirmed that cell metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and migration were not adversely affected by cell treatment with nanobubbles. The nanobubble-labeled cells were inj...
Simulation of active cylindrical and planar millimeter-wave imaging systems

The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is engaged in the development of next-generation active cylindrical and planar millimeter-wave imaging systems that strive to have higher resolution and improved image fidelity relative to currently deployed systems. The principal method to evaluate the performance of potential imaging system designs has been to emulate them using single-channel radar transceivers that were raster-scanned using x-y scanners for planar scans, or an x-y scanner coupled to a turntable for cylindrical scans. This method has several drawbacks, including the necessity of having an available millimeter-wave transceiver and limiting scanning configurations to quasi-monostatic, uniformly sampled configurations. Modern designs may incorporate sparse, multi-static, sampling strategies, and may deviate from uniform sampling schemes. High-performance computers now allow realistic simulation of many imaging configurations, eliminating the need for such laboratory scanning to evaluate potential designs. In this paper, the use of a commercially-available shooting-and-bouncing-rays simulator for these applications is described and demonstrated with a number of imaging results.
Tricuspid Valve Replacement in Patients with Functioning Transvenous Pacemaker Lead

Conservative approach prevents removal of a working pacing system and obligatory implant of a new system.
Shear Banding in Cross-Anisotropic Sand Tests with Stress Rotation

Shear banding in Santa Monica Beach sand deposited by dry pluviation in hollow cylinder specimens is studied in drained torsion shear tests with rotation of principal stress directions. Each test was conducted with the same, constant inside and outside confining pressure, σr, thus tying the value of \(b = ({\sigma }_{\mathit{2}} - {\sigma }_{\mathit{3}})/({\sigma }_{\mathit{1}} - {\sigma }_{\mathit{3}})\) to the inclination, β, of the major principal stress. Shear bands can develop freely without significant restraint for soft rubber membranes. Strain localization and shear banding were observed in the hollow cylinder specimens, and this created failure conditions in plane strain and in tests with higher b-values. The results indicate the influence of the cross-anisotropic fabric on the stress-strain behavior, on the shear band inclination and on the shape of the failure surface.
Causality in Dual Faceted Linearization of Nolnlinear Dynamical Systems

Dual Faceted Linearization (DFL) is an emerging methodology for recasting a nonlinear dynamical system in an augmented state space where the system behaves more linearly. While the original system is highly nonlinear when represented with independent state variables, the system can be described as a linear dynamical system in a larger space with additional variables, termed Auxiliary Variables. A caveat of DFL, however, is that Auxiliary Variables may depend on input variables, leading to non-causal state equations containing the time derivative of input variables. Here, we a) examine when an anti-causal problem occurs, and b) how the problem can be mitigated. Analysis based on graphical physical modeling theory, Bond Graphs, reveals that all the Auxiliary Variables associated with nonlinear energy storage elements are causal. Auxiliary Variables become anti-causal only for systems containing nonlinear damping elements through which inputs propagate. To eliminate the influence of inputs, revised Auxiliary Variables are introduced, and their causal state equations are obtained. A few numerical examples verify the results and demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Latinx Mental Health in the Mexican Consulate: Addressing Barriers Through Social Good:

Objectives:This article examines an innovative mental health program in the largest Mexican consulate in the United States guided by a social good organizing framework and an intersectionality lens...
Bioinformatic inspired nanoparticles engineered for enhanced delivery to the bone.

e14637Background: We have engineered a programmable-bioinspired nanoparticle (P-BiNP) delivery system to simultaneously target the bone and increase uptake in homotypic tumor cells by coating polym...
Long-Term Sustainability of Timely Emergency Department Analgesia for Fractures: A Time Series Study.

Objectives To determine the long-term sustainability and unintended consequences of a quality improvement project to improve the timeliness of intravenous (IV) opioid administration to patients with long-bone extremity fractures within a dynamic pediatric emergency department. Methods A retrospective study of patients with long-bone extremity fractures was conducted using electronic medical record data from 2007 to 2014. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients receiving timely IV opioids. Control charts and time series models were used to determine if changes in the clinical microenvironment were associated with shifts in the outcome measure. Unintended consequences included patients receiving potentially avoidable IVs and use of the quality improvement process for patients without long-bone extremity fractures. Results Improved timeliness of IV opioids was sustained. The type of physician who staffed the process and optimization of faculty staffing hours were associated with a 9.6% decrease and 11.8% increase in timely IV opioids, respectively. Implementation of the IV opioid process was not associated with increased placement of potentially avoidable IVs. Of patients receiving the IV opioid process, 22% did not have a long-bone extremity fracture, of whom 91% were diagnosed with a different painful injury. Conclusion Sustainability of IV opioid timeliness was robust, despite changes in the clinical microenvironment. Changes in physician staffing and responsibilities in a pediatric emergency department may be especially important to consider when planning future improvement initiatives. Our findings support the importance of higher reliability interventions, such as identification and utilization of existing patterns of behavior, as high yield for sustaining outcomes.
Chloramination of iodide-containing waters: Formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts and toxicity correlation with total organic halides of treated waters

Abstract The formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) in drinking waters is of a concern due to their higher cyto- and genotoxicity than their chlorinated and brominated analogues. This study investigated the formation of I-DBPs under chloramination conditions using preformed chloramine and associated cyto- and geno-toxicities obtained with Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell assay. Cyto- and geno-toxicity of the samples were also calculated using DBP toxicity index values and correlated with total organic halide (TOX) formation. In low iodide (I-) (0.32 μM, 40 μg L−1) water, increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of selected waters from 0.1 to 0.25 mg L−1 increased the formation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs), while further increases from 0.25 to 4 mg L−1 produced an opposite trend. In high iodide water (3.2 μM, 400 μg L−1), increasing DOC from 0.5 to 4 mg L−1 gradually increased the I-THM formation, while a decrease was observed at 5.4 mg L−1 DOC. Iodoform was the most influenced species from the changes in DOC concentration. While increasing the initial iodide concentration from 0 to 5 μM increased the formation of iodoform, it did not make any considerable impact on the formation of other I-THMs. The measured cytotoxicity of samples was significantly correlated with increasing DOC concentration. Unknown TOCl and TOI showed a high correlation with measured cytotoxicity, while calculated total organic chlorine (TOCl) and total organic iodine (TOI) did not correlate. The comparison of measured and calculated cytotoxicity values showed that the calculated values do not always represent the overall cytotoxicity, since the formation of unknown DBPs are not taken into consideration during the toxicity calculations.
Control of doxorubicin-induced, reactive oxygen-related apoptosis by glutathione peroxidase 1 in cardiac fibroblasts.

Reactive oxygen formation plays a mechanistic role in the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent that remains an important component of treatment programs for breast cancer and hematopoietic malignancies. To examine the role of doxorubicin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in drug-related cardiac apoptosis, murine embryonic fibroblast cell lines were derived from the hearts of glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx-1) knockout mice. Cells from homozygous Gpx-1 knockout mice and parental animals were propagated with (Se+) and without (Se-) 100 nM sodium selenite. Activity levels of the peroxide detoxifying selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) were marginally detectable (<1.6 nmol/min/mg) in fibroblasts from homozygous knockout animals whether or not cells were supplemented with selenium. GSHPx activity in Se- cells from parental murine fibroblasts was also <1.6 nmol/min/mg, whereas GSHPx levels in Se+ parental murine fibroblasts were 12.9 ± 2.7 nmol/min/mg (mean ± SE; P < 0.05). Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and reduced glutathione activities did not differ amongst the four cell lines. Reactive oxygen production increased from 908 ± 122 (arbitrary units) for untreated control cells to 1668 ± 54 following exposure to 1 μM doxorubicin for 24 h in parental fibroblasts not supplemented with selenium (P < 0.03); reactive oxygen formation in doxorubicin-treated parental fibroblasts propagated in selenium was 996 ± 69 (P = not significant compared to untreated control cells). Reactive oxygen levels in homozygous Gpx-1 knockout fibroblasts, irrespective of selenium supplementation status, were increased and equivalent to that in selenium deficient wild type fibroblasts. When cardiac fibroblasts were exposed to doxorubicin (0.05 μM) for 96 h and examined for cell cycle alterations by flow cytometry, and apoptosis by TUNEL assay, marked G2 arrest and TUNEL positivity were observed in knockout fibroblasts in the presence or absence of supplemental selenium, and in parental fibroblasts propagated without selenium. Parental fibroblasts propagated with selenium and exposed to the same concentration of doxorubicin demonstrated modest TUNEL positivity and substantially diminished amounts of low molecular weight DNA. These results were replicated in cardiac fibroblasts exposed to doxorubicin (1-2 μM) for 2 h (to mimic clinical drug dosing schedules) and examined 96 h following initiation of drug exposure. Doxorubicin uptake in cardiac fibroblasts was similar irrespective of the mRNA expression level or activity of GSHPx. These experiments suggest that the intracellular levels of doxorubicin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) are modulated by GSHPx and play an important role in doxorubicin-related apoptosis and altered cell cycle progression in murine cardiac fibroblasts.
Restrictive eating, but not binge eating or purging, predicts suicidal ideation in adolescents and young adults with low-weight eating disorders.

Objective This study examined the relationship between eating-disorder behaviors-including restrictive eating, binge eating, and purging-and suicidal ideation. We hypothesized that restrictive eating would significantly predict suicidal ideation, beyond the effects of binge eating/purging. Methods Participants were 82 adolescents and young adults with low-weight eating disorders. We conducted a hierarchical logistic regression, with binge eating and purging in Step 1 and restrictive eating in Step 2, to predict suicidal ideation. Results Step 1 was significant (p = .01) and explained 20% variance in suicidal ideation; neither binge eating nor purging significantly predicted suicidal ideation. Adding restrictive eating in Step 2 significantly improved the model (ΔR2 = .07, p = .009). This final model explained 27% of the variance, and restrictive eating (but not binge eating/purging) significantly predicted suicidal ideation (p = .02). Discussion Restrictive eating is associated with suicidal ideation in youth with low-weight eating disorders, beyond the effects of other eating-disorder behaviors. Although healthcare providers may be more likely to screen for suicidality in patients with binge eating and purging, our findings indicate clinicians should regularly assess suicide and self-injury in patients with restrictive eating. Future research examining how individuals progress from suicidal ideation to suicidal attempts can further enhance our understanding of suicide in eating disorders.
The Ocean Shall Unloose the Bonds of Things

There will come an age, in the far-off years when the Ocean shall unloose the bonds of things, when the whole, broad earth shall be revealed, and when Tethys shall disclose new worlds Thule will not be the Limit of the Land. Seneca, Medea In retelling the Greek legend of Medea, Seneca “the Philosopher,” writing during Rome's Augustan age, foretold that Tethys, the wife of Oceanus, would disclose new worlds. He was referring to maritime exploration and distant seafaring. In the story Medea , “a force more evil than the sea” had been brought into the Greek world by way of the first overseas voyage. This raised the question that Seneca wanted discussed: would civilized man be better off with or without the winds of the sea? “Now has the sea grown tame,” wrote Seneca in Medea , “…every small skiff roams at will on the deep.” As far as Seneca was concerned, it would only get worse: “The ocean shall unloose the bonds of things.” In Seneca's Stoic vision, this future age of discovery would be a cataclysm of moral pollution and decline. “For no purpose did a wise god divide the lands with estranging Ocean,” wrote Horace, “if our impious ships nevertheless race across waters [that] should be left untouched; recklessly braving all, the human race rushes through forbidden sin.” What was so threatening? “What of the fact,” asked Seneca, “that the winds have allowed all peoples to traffic with one another and has mixed races from disparate locales?”
Sustainability evaluation of CdTe PV: An update

Abstract Cadmium Telluride thin-film photovoltaics (CdTe PV) have succeeded in producing electricity at grid-parity costs in sunny regions, with particular application in large solar facilities, totaling 25 GW since the start of commercial production in 2002. A rigorous sustainability evaluation is appropriate, in view of this drastic growth in CdTe PV production and deployment. This paper provides an update of a 2004 article by the leading author, on the life cycle impact of cadmium in CdTe PV and expands it to resource recovery and up-normal events. Thus, we analyze the environmental sustainability of CdTe PV in manufacturing, product use, and end-of-life management, and critically review recent studies on CdTe risks associated with large PV power plants, with special focus on potential failures during extreme events. We substantiate that module manufacturing by the current leader in commercial CdTe PV production, does not pose sustainability concerns because their Cd management program is extensive and sufficiently protects workers from Cd exposure, as evidenced by worker biomonitoring data. During product use, we identified and evaluated impacts during fires and extreme weather conditions, based on experimental data, worst-case modeling, and historical events. Based on credible data and corollary evidence we determined that there are not environmental impacts during normal conditions and that environmental impact risks are minimal during conceivable extreme conditions. Regarding end-of-life management of CdTe PV, recycling is the preferred management option for minimizing potential environmental impacts in comparison to landfill disposal or incineration, while providing semiconductor materials for future CdTe PV manufacturing.
Size-specific Advantage in Shelter Competition between the Mountain Madtom and Crayfishes

Shelter is a crucial component to many species' survival, and when shelter becomes limited, resulting competition can have negative effects on growth and survival. In Little Chucky Creek, a tributa...
Impact of arithmetic automaticity on students' success in second-semester general chemistry

Completion of a first-semester chemistry (Chem I) course lays the foundation for understanding second-semester chemistry (Chem II) topics. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of basic arithmetic skills on students’ Chem II success in understanding mathematics-grounded concepts (e.g., solutions and aqueous reactions, kinetics, equilibrium, acids and bases, solubility and equilibria, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and nuclear chemistry). Previous studies suggest a strong correlation between arithmetic preparation and performance in general chemistry courses, though few have focused on the second-semester course. In this investigation, researchers from six higher-education institutions in Texas, USA of different sizes and with student bodies of different diversities have collaborated to determine whether the Math-Up Skills Test (MUST) is able to reliably identify at-risk students from a population of n = 1599 at the beginning of a Chem II course.
Psychological and relational factors in ESRD hemodialysis treatment in an underserved community.

Abstract Objective The researchers investigated the association of depression with treatment adherence, and examined the possible moderating roles of social support and of the physician-patient working alliance (PPWA) on treatment adherence, satisfaction with treatment, and quality of life. Methods The current study sampled ninety-five patients with End Stage Renal Disease who were receiving outpatient hemodialysis (HD) treatment. Results Findings indicated that higher levels of depression were significantly associated with lower ratings of adherence, quality of life, and social support. In contrast, higher levels of social support and of the PPWA were significantly associated with higher ratings of adherence, satisfaction with treatment, and quality of life. Analyses of moderation showed no effect for PPWA between depression and adherence, satisfaction, or quality of life; however, there was a significant moderation effect for social support. Conclusion There are mild but significant associations between PPWA and social support. Positive associations between the PPWA and social support on adherence, satisfaction, and quality of life indicate that each one, PPWA and social support, plays its own role on patients’ experiences of and behavior in treatment. Affective social support significantly limits the negative influence of depression on adherence. Practice Implications Assessment of depression and social support is essential in hemodialysis treatment.
A Linear Algebraic Approach to Model Parallelism in Deep Learning.

Training deep neural networks (DNNs) in large-cluster computing environments is increasingly necessary, as networks grow in size and complexity. Local memory and processing limitations require robust data and model parallelism for crossing compute node boundaries. We propose a linear-algebraic approach to model parallelism in deep learning, which allows parallel distribution of any tensor in the DNN. Rather than rely on automatic differentiation tools, which do not universally support distributed memory parallelism models, we show that parallel data movement operations, e.g., broadcast, sum-reduce, and halo exchange, are linear operators, and by defining the relevant spaces and inner products, we manually develop the adjoint, or backward, operators required for gradient-based training of DNNs. We build distributed DNN layers using these parallel primitives, composed with sequential layer implementations, and demonstrate their application by building and training a distributed DNN using DistDL, a PyTorch and MPI-based distributed deep learning toolkit.
Endoskopische Diagnostik und Therapie des Magenkarzinoms

Goldstandard zur Diagnostik von Magenkarzinomen ist die Osophagogastroduodenoskopie (OGD). Subtile Unterschiede in der Oberflachenstruktur der Schleimhaut unterscheiden das Fruhkarzinom des Magens von gesunder Schleimhaut. Dies kann den Endoskopiker vor grose Herausforderungen stellen. Mithilfe der Paris-Klassifikation fur gastrointestinale Neoplasien kann eine erste Einschatzung anhand der Morphologie erfolgen. Strukturverstarkungstechniken der Endoskope und die Chromoendoskopie erleichtern Detektion und Aussagen bezuglich der lateralen Ausdehnung. Um exakte Eindringtiefe, Grading und lymphovaskulare Infiltration zu ermitteln, dient die endoskopische Resektion (ER). Hierbei soll eine R0-Resektion en bloc angestrebt werden. Bisher war die ER auf die „Leitlinienkriterien“ beschrankt. Die endoskopische Submukosadissektion (ESD) erlaubt auch die Resektion groserer Lasionen en bloc. Nachdem Subgruppen von Magenfruhkarzinomen definiert werden konnten, welche auserhalb der „Leitlinienkriterien“ kein erhohtes Lymphknotenmetastasenrisiko aufweisen, wurden die „erweiterten Kriterien“ in die deutsche Leitlinie integriert. Bei weiteren Risikofaktoren in Zusammenhang mit erhohtem Lymphknotenmetastasenrisiko wie Durchmesser >2 cm, Vernarbung, Einsenkungen, Submukosainvasion und Lymphgefasinvasion sollte eine operative Therapie der ESD vorgezogen werden. Mittlerweile hat sich die endoskopische Submukosadissektion als Mittel der Wahl zur Therapie von Magenfruhkarzinomen etabliert. Nach Resektion sind endoskopische und ggf. bildgebende Kontrollen notwendig. Bei R1-Resektion soll eine Nachresektion bzw. Operation erfolgen. Der Nachweis von Helicobacter pylori bei Vorliegen eines Magenfruhkarzinoms erfordert immer eine Eradikation.
Minding the Gap: Lacking Technology Inquiries for Designing Instruction to Retain STEM Majors

Despite myriad efforts focused on improving the efficacy of STEM pipelines, inadequate and inequitable access to innovative STEM learning experiences persists across diverse demographics, especially when considering technology’s role in teaching. This reality translates into persistent gaps in the workforce and charges researchers and practitioners to consider drivers and barriers to change in this field. This chapter argues that we can contribute to research that helps transform STEM education in more equitable and inclusive ways by increasing focus on culturally relevant scientific practices (Brown, J Res Sci Teach 54:1143–1173, 2017) and addressing how new technologies and professional development programs can be leveraged to help design learning experiences that engage students agentively. Building on a foundation of research on scaffolding, assessment, and asset-based pedagogies, we are charged to consider how technologic learning designs may make innovative learning available to some but not all, as well as how they fit into existing contexts and, principally, how they might improve learning for diverse students.
Left-sided carotid arteries have a higher prevalence of intraplaque hemorrhage than right-sided: An asymmetric conundrum.

PurposeTo assess whether an asymmetry exists in the prevalence of carotid artery intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) between right- and left-sided arteries.Materials and methodsThe records of all patients...
The Cognitive Correlates of Aspect and the English Present Perfect

The English Present Perfect (PrP) conveys the notion of perfect aspect in the syntactic representation of an event. However, when aspectual systems are viewed from a cross-linguistic perspective, it is seen that the perfect parameter interacts with a perfective parameter to distinguish several underlying event structures. It is argued that variation along the perfect and perfective parameters in the temporal domain can be explained using cognitive principles that have correlates in the spatial domain. Using this analysis, it is proposed that the PrP is a polysemous form with two possible cognitive representations, sometimes coded differently in languages, and that it combines componentially with other aspectual and tense forms of English. A third cognitive representation is argued to attach to the PrP, but to be a consequence of lexical aspect or a formal perfective component. Finally, no convincing evidence is seen for non-componential (idiomatic) reading of the PrP.
NIA-AA Alzheimer's Disease Framework: Clinical Characterization of Stages.

BACKGROUND To operationalize the National Institute on Aging - Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) Research Framework for Alzheimer's Disease 6-stage continuum of clinical progression for persons with abnormal amyloid. METHODS The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging is a population-based longitudinal study of aging and cognitive impairment in Olmsted County, Minnesota. We evaluated persons without dementia having 3 consecutive clinical visits. Measures for cross-sectional categories included objective cognitive impairment (OBJ) and function (FXN). Measures for change included subjective cognitive impairment (SCD), objective cognitive change (ΔOBJ), and new onset of neurobehavioral symptoms (ΔNBS). We calculated frequencies of the stages using different cutoff points and assessed stability of the stages over 15 months. RESULTS Among 243 abnormal amyloid participants, the frequencies of the stages varied with age: 66 to 90% were classified as stage 1 at age 50 but at age 80, 24 to 36% were stage 1, 32 to 47% were stage 2, 18 to 27% were stage 3, 1 to 3% were stage 4 to 6, and 3 to 9% were indeterminate. Most stage 2 participants were classified as stage 2 because of abnormal ΔOBJ only (44-59%), whereas 11 to 21% had SCD only, and 9 to 13% had ΔNBS only. Short-term stability varied by stage and OBJ cutoff points but the most notable changes were seen in stage 2 with 38 to 63% remaining stable, 4 to 13% worsening, and 24 to 41% improving (moving to stage 1). INTERPRETATION The frequency of the stages varied by age and the precise membership fluctuated by the parameters used to define the stages. The staging framework may require revisions before it can be adopted for clinical trials. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:1145-1156.
Alpha lipoic acid attenuates evoked and spontaneous pain following surgical skin incision in rats

Our previous studies have implicated CaV3.2 isoform of T-type Ca2+ channels (T-channels) in the development of postsurgical pain. We have also previously established that different T-channel antago...
Early Contributors to Healthy Arterial Aging Versus Premature Atherosclerosis in Young Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study.

Background Early identification of healthy arterial aging versus premature atherosclerosis is important for optimal atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk stratification and prevention. We sou...
Imaging of Cancer γ-Secretase Activity Using an Inhibitor-Based PET Probe.

Purpose: Abnormal Notch signaling promotes cancer cell growth and tumor progression in various cancers. Targeting γ-secretase, a pivotal regulator in the Notch pathway, has yielded numerous γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) for clinical investigation in the last 2 decades. However, GSIs have demonstrated minimal success in clinical trials in part due to the lack of specific and precise tools to assess γ-secretase activity and its inhibition in vivo. Experimental Design: We designed an imaging probe based on GSI Semagacestat structure and synthesized the radioiodine-labeled analogues [131I]- or [124I]-PN67 from corresponding trimethyl-tin precursors. Both membrane- and cell-based ligand-binding assays were performed using [131I]-PN67 to determine the binding affinity and specificity for γ-secretase in vitro. Moreover, we evaluated [124I]-PN67 by PET imaging in mammary tumor and glioblastoma mouse models. Results: The probe was synthesized through iodo-destannylation using chloramine-T as an oxidant with a high labeling yield and efficiency. In vitro binding results demonstrate the high specificity of this probe and its ability for target replacement study by clinical GSIs. PET imaging studies demonstrated a significant (P Conclusions: [124I]-PN67 is a novel PET imaging agent that enables assessment of γ-secretase activity and target engagement of clinical GSIs.
Sports, Brand America and U.S. public diplomacy during the presidency of Donald Trump

During Donald Trump’s chaotic presidency, the intersections between sports and society transcended from the American context into a global one. While Trump’s rhetoric and policies caused divisions in the United States and abroad, they also provoked counter-reactions from different stakeholders in American sports that led to long-overdue needed structural change and even diplomatic achievement when bidding for international events. The article explores, discusses, and analyzes the roles of sports in Brand America and in U.S. public diplomacy during Trump’s time in the White House. The article is significant as it furthers the discussion on future trends in sports, nation branding, public diplomacy, and country image, and on the place of the United States in the international system of a changing world.
Fluorine-18 labeling of 1-cinnamyl imidazopyridinium derivative for preparation of a potential PET tracer of the neuropeptide S receptor

1570 Objectives The neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR) is a G-protein coupled receptor that is activated by its cognate peptide agonist neuropeptide S (NPS). Central administration of NPS has been shown to modulate arousal, sleep/wakefulness, anxiety in rodent models. A class of imidazopyridines have been developed as NPSR antagonists through a drug discovery program. We have developed the synthesis of a new fluorine-18 radiolabeled analog of the lead compound in order to study its biological behavior using positron emission tomography (PET). Methods Fluorine-18 labeling at the para position of the benzylidene ring of a 1-cinnamyl imidazopyridine derivative was achieved in two steps. The first step was the preparation of [18F](E)-(3-bromoprop-1-en-1-yl)benzene (1) and the second step was the coupling of compound 1 with the core imidazopyridine (2, Scheme 1). The final compound (3) was obtained after semi-preparative HPLC purification. Results The identity of the [18F]1-cinnamyl imidazopyridinium derivative was confirmed by comparison of its HPLC retention time (4.2 min) with the authentic nonradioactive standard. The overall radiochemical yield of the product starting from the radiofluorination of cinnamaldehyde was 3-11% (uncorrected, n = 6) in a 150 min radiosynthesis time. Conclusions We have successfully synthesized a [18F]1-cinnamyl imidazopyridinium derivative bromide using the new radiolabeled synthon [18F](E)-(3-bromoprop-1-en-1-yl)benzene. Research Support This work was funded by the intramural program of the National Institutes of Health
Robust, automated processing of IR thermography for quantitative boundary-layer transition measurements

A technique for automated, quantitative, global boundary-layer transition detection using IR thermography is developed. Transition data are rigorously mapped onto model coordinates in an automated fashion on moving targets. Statistical analysis of transition data that is robust to environmental contamination is presented.
The North American Pleistocene overkill hypothesis and the re-wilding debate.

The conservation agenda to re-wild North America may or may not be realistic in terms of political ecology. However, it represents a real conservation recommendation to re-wild North America with the extant megafauna most closely related to those that became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene. The recommendation is based on the presumption that society bears an ethical responsibility to re-wild because humans caused the extinctions. However, the extent to which Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions were the result of overkill is hotly debated. As a result, the ethical imperative for North American re-wilding should be questioned. It will not be questioned unless members of the conservation community read the extensive archaeological and geological literature concerning the North American Pleistocene extinctions. Overlooking the assumptions underlying this particular recommendation is costly to conservation science and to archaeology because it represents an over-simplified, unwieldy and troubling fusion of the two.
Localization of a ς70 Binding Site on the N Terminus of the Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase β′ Subunit

The Escherichia coli genome encodes genes for seven different sigma subunit species while only having single genes for the alpha, beta, and beta' subunits that make up the RNA polymerase core enzyme. The various sigma factors compete for binding to the core enzyme, upon which they confer promoter DNA-specific transcription initiation to the polymerase. We have mapped a major interaction site between one of the sigma species, sigma70, and beta'. Using far-Western blotting analysis of chemically cleaved and genetically engineered protein fragments, we have identified a N-terminal fragment of beta' (residues 60-309) that could bind sigma70. We were able to more precisely map the interaction domain to amino acid residues 260-309 of beta' using nickel nitrilotriacetic acid co-immobilization assays.
Global optimization of ordinary differential equations models

Abstract This paper contains a study of the global optimization of mathematical models described by ordinary differential equations. It is shown that recently developed terrain methods can be used with direct numerical integration to find minima, saddle points and other important problem solving information for ordinary differential equations models. Necessary partial derivative information can be computed as a by-product of the integration. A parameter estimation example for a power law rate model for hydrogen production in fuel cell applications is used to illustrate the optimization methodology.
Fermentative Conversion of Cellulose to Acetic Acid and Cellulolytic Enzyme Production by a Bacterial Mixed Culture Obtained from Sewage Sludge

A simple procedure that uses a cellulose-enriched culture started from sewage sludge was developed for producing cellulolytic enzymes and converting cellulose to acetic acid rather than CH4 and CO2. In this procedure, the culture which converts cellulose to CH4 and CO2 was mixed with a synthetic medium and cellulose and heated to 80°C for 15 min before incubation. The end products formed were acetic acid, propionic acid, CO2, and traces of ethanol and H2. Supernatants from 6- to 10-day-old cultures contained 16 to 36 mM acetic acid. Cellulolytic enzymes in the supernatant were stable at 2°C under aerobic conditions for up to 4 weeks and had the ability to hydrolyze carboxymethyl cellulose, a microcystalline cellulose, cellobiose, xylan, and filter paper to reducing sugars.
Emergency contraception: legal consequences of medical classification.

Pharmacists with religious or ethical objections to prescribing emergency contraception won the latest round in the fight over conscience clauses in a case that could have broader implications for attempts to restrict access to contraception. In Stormans Inc. v. Selecky a federal District Court in Washington State granted an injunction to block the enforcement of regulations that would have forbidden pharmacists to refuse to dispense emergency contraception on the grounds of religious or ethical objections. In its decision the court applied Supreme Court abortion precedent without explicitly ruling whether emergency contraception should be legally categorized as a form of abortion or as contraception. However the legal status of emergency contraception affects the strength of the defendants claims that the law was justified on the grounds of preventing sex discrimination. In neglecting to rule one way or the other the court not only failed to adequately consider the sex discrimination claim but also may have opened the door to more restrictive regulation on contraceptives generally. (excerpt)
Plasma Waves and Instabilities

An account is given of the waves and instabilities occurring at collisionless shocks, with attention to the mechanisms responsible for the generation of these waves. The transition region of the shock usually involves an abrupt broadband burst of electrostatic noise that extends from below the lower hybrid resonance to near the electron plasma frequency, and by a broadband burst of whistler mode EM noise below the electron cyclotron frequency. Electrostatic lower hybrid waves are also noted. Upstream of the shock, electron plasma oscillations, ion acoustic waves, and intense ULF MHD waves are often observed. The region downstream of the shock is usually very chaotic; electrostatic waves often extend long distances into the downstream region, together with whistler mode emissions.
XBRL-Enabled, Excel or PDF? The Effects of Exclusive Technology Choice on the Analysis of Financial Information

U.S. adoption of search-facilitating technology has been slow and several constituencies question whether investors will choose to use the XBRL-formatted information the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is now requiring companies to provide. Unlike prior research, we use an exclusive choice experimental design to examine (1) which reporting technology nonprofessional investors will choose to complete a financial analysis task (XBRL-enabled, portable document file, or spreadsheet) and (2) why they choose the specific technology.We found 66 percent of nonprofessional investor proxies chose to use XBRL-enabled technology, while 34 percent chose spreadsheets. Participants who chose XBRL-enabled technology perceived it reduces the time required to complete the task (i.e., increases task efficiency) while participants who chose spreadsheets indicated their technology choice was driven by amount of prior experience with that technology. Our findings have implications for the technology choice literature, regulators mandating or considering mandating XBRL-based reporting, and XBRL-enabled technology adoption.
Interleukin‐27 inhibits human osteoclastogenesis by abrogating RANKL‐mediated induction of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 and suppressing proximal RANK signaling

Objective IL-27 has stimulatory and regulatory immune functions and is expressed in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. We investigated the effects of IL-27 on human osteoclastogenesis to determine whether IL-27 can stimulate or attenuate osteoclast-mediated bone resorption that is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis.