cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paleomagnetic data from the Caborca terrane, Mexico: Implications for Cordilleran tectonics and the Mojave-Sonora megashear hypothesis

Two ancient magnetizations have been isolated in rocks of the Caborca terrane, northwest Mexico. The characteristic magnetizations of Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic miogeoclinal shelf-strata, arc-derived Lower Jurassic marine strata, and Jurassic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks are of dual polarity and east-northeast declination (or south-south-west) and shallow inclination. Magnetizations in Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic miogeoclinal strata are interpreted as secondary (J*) and to be of similar age to those observed in Lower and Middle Jurassic rocks. Remanence acquisition is bracketed between about 190 and 160 Ma. The overall mean (D=15.0°, I=8.5°; n=38 sites; six localities; k=19.1, α95=5.5°) suggests a moderate to large clockwise rotation of 12 to 50° (depending on reference direction assumed) of the Caborca terrane, and rocks of the Sonoran segment of the Cordilleran volcanic arc, with respect to the North America craton. When compared with expected inclinations, observed values are not anomalously steep, arguing against statistically significant southward latitudinal displacement of the Caborca block after remanence acquisition. Late Cretaceous intrusions yield primary, dual-polarity steep inclination “K” magnetizations (D=341.4°, I=52.3°; n=10 sites; five localities; k=38.3, α95=7.9°) and have locally remagnetized Neoproterozoic and Jurassic strata. When present, secondary (K*) magnetizations in Neoproterozoic strata are of higher coercivity and higher unblocking temperature than the characteristic (J*) magnetization. Importantly, the regional internal consistency of data for Late Cretaceous intrusions suggests that effects of Tertiary tilt or rotation about a vertical axis over the broad region sampled (∼5000 km2) are not substantial. Late Cretaceous primary (K) magnetizations and secondary (K*) magnetizations yield a combined mean of D=348.1°, I=50.7° (N=10 localities; 47 sites; k=53.5, α95=6.7°), indicating at most small (<∼10°) clockwise rotation of the Caborca region with respect to the craton. Permissible post-Late Cretaceous latitudinal displacement is near or below the detection limit of paleomagnetism (<∼300 km). Limited data from Lower Cretaceous strata of the Bisbee Group (D=339.9°, I=47.9°; n=4 sites) suggest that the modest clockwise rotations inferred on the basis of J* magnetizations in Jurassic and older strata occurred in Jurassic time. Together, the lack of evidence for southward displacement, yet evidence for statistically significant clockwise rotation, and the overall similarity of Jurassic magnetizations in the Cordilleran arc with those of the Caborca block, despite the fact that some of them are clearly secondary, are not consistent with the Mojave-Sonora megashear hypothesis of Late Jurassic left-lateral strike-slip motion of the crust of northern Mexico.
Chronic cor pulmonale as a complication of fibrocystic disease of the pancreas

Abstract There have been presented two cases of fibrocystic disease of the pancreas with associated chronic cor pulmonale and right ventricular failure, studied at autopsy. The difficulties in the diagnosis and the importance of the recognition of chronic cor pulmonale in the infant have been emphasized. Although the benefit from cardiac therapy in this condition may be limited, it should not be withheld or inadequately administered.
Evidence that the entire Golgi apparatus cycles in interphase HeLa cells: sensitivity of Golgi matrix proteins to an ER exit block.

We tested whether the entire Golgi apparatus is a dynamic structure in interphase mammalian cells by assessing the response of 12 different Golgi region proteins to an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit block. The proteins chosen spanned the Golgi apparatus and included both Golgi glycosyltransferases and putative matrix proteins. Protein exit from ER was blocked either by microinjection of a GTP-restricted Sar1p mutant protein in the presence of a protein synthesis inhibitor, or by plasmid-encoded expression of the same dominant negative Sar1p. All Golgi region proteins examined lost juxtanuclear Golgi apparatus–like distribution as scored by conventional and confocal fluorescence microscopy in response to an ER exit block, albeit with a differential dependence on Sar1p concentration. Redistribution of GalNAcT2 was more sensitive to low Sar1pdn concentrations than giantin or GM130. Redistribution was most rapid for p27, COPI, and p115. Giantin, GM130, and GalNAcT2 relocated with approximately equal kinetics. Distinct ER accumulation could be demonstrated for all integral membrane proteins. ER-accumulated Golgi region proteins were functional. Photobleaching experiments indicated that Golgi-to-ER protein cycling occurred in the absence of any ER exit block. We conclude that the entire Golgi apparatus is a dynamic structure and suggest that most, if not all, Golgi region–integral membrane proteins cycle through ER in interphase cells.
ROLE OF MUSCLE PROTEINASES IN MAINTENANCE OF MUSCLE INTEGRITY AND MASS

Current evidence indicates that, of the thirteen known lysosomal peptide hydrolases, only seven, cathepsins A, B, C, D, H, L, and lysosomal carboxypeptidase B are located inside skeletal muscle cells. Only one of the reported neutral and alkaline proteases is located inside skeletal muscle cells', this neutral protease is the Ca2+-dependent proteinase, CAF. With the possible exception of cathepsin N, which can degrade collagen, it seems probable that any protease that contributes to postmortem tenderization needs to be located inside muscle cells. Because very little degradation of myosin or actin occurs in postmortem muscle, most of the small amount of proteolytic degradation of the myofibrillar proteins that occurs during postmortem storage must be due to CAF, which is unique in being unable to degrade myosin and actin. It is not certain that postmortem proteolysis by CAF causes increased tenderness; some recently discovered actin-fragmenting proteins could be involved.
The Neolithic refrigerator on a Friday night: How many people are coming to dinner and just what should I do with the slimy veggies in the back of the fridge?

The prehistoric development of food storage represents a major evolutionary transition, one potentially more important than the initial domestication of plants. Researchers, however, have yet to really deal with some of the critical practical questions related to the materiality of food storage and decision-making. Drawing upon experimental research this paper seeks to identify and model some of the critical interconnections between anticipated food loss due to spoilage, storage decision-making and the need for people to store food for multiple years. Building on this foundation, and echoing ethnographic, ethnoarchaeological and archaeological research, this study argues that the concept of storage and surplus is underdeveloped and that in many cases the storage practices of prehistoric sedentary people do not reflect a food surplus so much as normal storage. Turning to a case study of changing Near Eastern Neolithic grain storage practices, this research argues that from the Natufian through Neolithic periods people increasingly relied upon cultivated domesticated plants and food storage. This required people to expand their use of preexisting technology, such as plaster for lining storage features, to store sufficient amounts of food to overcome seasonal shortages, potential crop failures and minimise food spoilage due to a range of biological agents. Tracking shifts through time, the results of this study suggest that it is only with increased scale of food storage in the later stages of the Neolithic that we may see a materialization of a food surplus.
Globally Optimal Grouping for Symmetric Boundaries

Many natural and man-made structures have a boundary that shows certain level of bilateral symmetry, a property that has been used to solve many computer-vision tasks. In this paper, we present a new grouping method for detecting closed boundaries with symmetry. We first construct a new type of grouping token in the form of a symmetric trapezoid, with which we can flexibly incorporate various boundary and region information into a unified grouping cost function. Particularly, this grouping cost function integrates Gestalt laws of proximity, closure, and continuity, besides the desirable boundary symmetry. We then develop a graph algorithm to find the boundary that minimizes this grouping cost function in a globally optimal fashion. Finally, we test this method by some experiments on a set of natural and medical images.
Shoji and Related Architectural Elements: Their Structure, Applications, and Adaptations

Shoji. translucent paper panels, have been one of Japan's architectural features popularly adopted in American homes and buildings. They are made of a simple skeleton of thin wooden strips arranged in various rectangular patterns and framed by wider strips, over which rice paper is usually pasted. Today, shoji are well known as flexible screens which can be used as sliding doors, windows, room dividers, or space enclosures. They complement any decor, adding simple beauty and illumination to a room. In this article, the basic structure of shoji and related architectural elements are reviewed. Modern applications of shoji and American adaptations also are investigated.
Literacy and Learning in Health Care

The relationship between literacy and health outcomes are well documented in adult medicine, yet specific causal pathways are not entirely clear. Despite an incomplete understanding of the problem, numerous interventions have already been implemented with variable success. Many of those who proposed earlier strategies assumed the problem to originate from reading difficulties only. Given the timely need for more effective interventions, it is of increasing importance to reconsider the meaning of health literacy to advance our conceptual understanding of the problem and how best to respond. One potentially effective approach might involve recognizing the known associations between a larger set of cognitive and psychosocial abilities with functional literacy skills. Here we review the current health literacy definition and literature and draw on relevant research from the fields of education, cognitive science, and psychology. In this framework, a research agenda is proposed that considers an individual's "health-learning capacity," which refers to the broad constellation of cognitive and psychosocial skills from which patients or family members must draw to effectively promote, protect, and manage their own or a child's health. This new, related concept will lead, ideally, to more effective ways of thinking about health literacy interventions, including the design of health-education materials, instructional strategies, and the delivery of health care services to support patients and families across the life span.
Supervisory control of discrete-event systems: neural representation

The author studies the feasibility of solving a class of planning problems of discrete-event systems using neural (parallel) computation. Specifically, he presents a neural representation of supervisory controllers of discrete-event systems. An example is given to illustrate the application of the proposed representation to the problem of planning sensorless object manipulation strategies. >
The Impact of Targeted Therapy on Management of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Trends in Systemic Therapy and Cytoreductive Nephrectomy Utilization

Objective To describe the dissemination of targeted therapy and its impact on rates of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CNx) and among privately insured patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Patients and Methods All mRCC patients aged Results Among the 610 patients, 535 (87.7%) and 43 (7.1%) patients received targeted or immunotherapy alone, whereas 32 patients (5.2%) received both. A total of 145 patients (23.8%) underwent CNx. From 2004 to 2010, the annual rate of targeted therapy utilization increased markedly (from 10% to 98.2%; P P P = .045). Independent predictors receipt of CNx on multivariate analysis included age >55 years (odds ratio, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.66-0.96; P = .02) and female gender (odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.99; P = .04). Notably, the predicted probability of CNx decreased between the early and late period among patients irrespective of age, gender, targeted therapy, or number of systemic therapies ( P Conclusion During this study period, targeted therapy has largely supplanted the use of immunotherapy among privately insured patients with mRCC treated with systemic therapy, whereas rates of CNx have declined steadily since 2005.
Integrated crop/livestock systems research: Practical research considerations

There are many reasons for the paucity of integrated crop/livestock research and associated publications. Integrated/crop livestock experiments that involve adequate treatments and replications, as perceived by both crop and animal scientists, require large numbers of hectares, many animals, considerable labor to conduct the research, substantial financial resources, and a commitment by Federal and State Research Agencies to fund such long-term research projects. To be truly integrated, crop/livestock research must be multidisciplinary, involving scientists of diverse training and experience with expertise to address various aspects of the research problem, and scientists must function as a cohesive unit or team. The prevailing attitude that all experimental data must be statistically analyzed to be of any value is also a detriment to integrated research. Statistical analyses of these projects may be quite challenging and require new or unusual approaches. Related to the prevailing need for statistical analysis is also the need for scientists to publish senior authored publications for career advancement. Conducting integrated research may not facilitate scientists' publishing the number and quality of publications required for them to meet these criteria. A further obstacle to integrated research alluded to above, involves the many experimental design compromises that must be made by cooperating scientists. Crop and soil scientists for example, use many treatments and replications with small plots, while animal scientists, by necessity, have experiments that involve relatively large numbers of hectares and animal numbers with relatively few treatments and replications. It is therefore extremely difficult to initiate such projects given these inherent differences in crop versus livestock research protocol, as well as to design effective experiments that will provide publishable data. Making compromises on the many factors relevant to integrated crop/livestock research while designing experiments that will provide solutions to pertinent producer problems as well as useful data that can be statistically analyzed and published is, therefore, extremely difficult.
Targeted serum metabolite profiling of nucleosides in esophageal adenocarcinoma

Nucleosides are indicators of the whole-body turnover of transfer RNA. Based on the activity of cancer cells these molecules could potentially be used as cancer biomarkers, and several studies have determined that the metabolic levels of nucleosides are significantly altered in cancer patients compared to control groups. Here we report a targeted metabolite investigation of serum nucleosides in esophageal adenocarcinoma specimens. We quantified eight nucleosides using high-performance liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC/TQMS) and determined that the metabolic levels of 1-methyladenosine (p <2.14 × 10−7), N2,N2-dimethylguanosine (p <2.78 × 10−7), N2-methylguanosine (p <2.48 × 10−6) and cytidine (p <6.98 × 10−4) were significantly elevated while the concentration of uridine (p <3.74 × 10−3) was significantly lowered in serum samples from cancer patients compared to those of control group. Our results suggest that nucleosides could potentially serve as useful biomarkers to identify esophageal adenocarcinoma. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DD2: Spart Intelligenz! (März 2005)

Die PISA-Studien haben ergeben, dass es bald zu wenig Intelligenz in Deutschland gibt, wenn weiterhin die Produktion der Intelligenz in den Schulen so schlecht lauft. Die Produktionsstatten der Intelligenz mussen also dramatisch verbessert werden, wenn der Bedarf in der Zukunft gedeckt werden soll. Wir mussen in Intelligenz und Wissen investieren!
OWA aggregation over a continuous interval argument with applications to decision making

We briefly describe the ordered weighted average (OWA) operator. We discuss its role in decision making under uncertainty. We provide an extension of the OWA operator to the case in which our argument is a continuous valued interval rather than a finite set of values. We look at some examples of this type of aggregation. We show how it can be used in some tasks that arise in decision making. We consider the extension of the continuous interval argument OWA operator to the more general case in which the argument values have importance weights. We use this to introduce the idea of an attitudinal-based expected value associated with a continuous random variable.
Decentralized Optimization Method for Water Allocation Management in the Yellow River Basin

The management of large river basins, such as the Yellow River Basin (YRB) in China, is complicated by distributed, localized decision processes and by mechanisms that coordinate local decisions and manage basin-level issues. Since 1998, the Yellow River Conservancy Commission (YRCC) has launched the Unified Water Flow Regulation (UWFR) as a centralized controlling mechanism that enforces an upper limit on water withdrawals (water use permits) for eight provinces located in the basin. The implementation of UWFR has maintained a prescribed minimum flow in the downstream channel and avoided the flow cutoff events that occurred every year between 1972 and 1998. This study attempts to explore the socioeconomic and environmental consequences of the regulation and test plans to improve water allocation management in the YRB. A decentralized optimization is combined with a multipleagent system (MAS) framework for the YRB, in which water users, reservoirs, and downstream ecological zones are defined as agents. This method iteratively determines water prices for each water use agent in the context of water market. The proposed water market scenario shows possible improvements of UWFR with respect to social, economic, and environmental objectives. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000199. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: River basins; Optimization; Water supply; Pricing; China; Water allocation policy. Author keywords: River basin management; Multiple agent system (MAS); Disaggregated optimization; Water price; Water market; Yellow River Basin.
ADDITIONS TO THE CHADRONIAN MAMMALIAN FAUNA, FLORISSANT FORMATION, FLORISSANT FOSSIL BEDS NATIONAL MONUMENT, COLORADO

ABTRACT New discoveries in the latest Eocene-aged Florissant Formation in Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, Colorado more than double the known diversity of fossil mammals from this rock unit, and provide a window into a diverse micromammal fauna that lived near Lake Florissant. Taxa first recorded here from the Florissant Formation include the lipotyphlans Centetodon magnus and Domnina cf. D. thompsoni, the lagomorph Megalagus brachyodon, and rodents Pelycomys, Eutypomys parvus, Ischyromys cf. I typus, I. cf. I. douglassi, and Adjidaumo minimus, all represented by dental material. We also describe isolated teeth of the artiodactyl Leptomeryx and the brontothere Megacerops. The mammalian fauna corroborates the Chadronian (latest Eocene) age of the Florissant Formation determined by others; Megalagus brachyodon suggests an age no older than Middle Chadronian. Several taxa reported here represent geographic range extensions. Eutypomys parvus is extended southeastward from southwestern Montana; range...
Learning integrated symbolic and continuous action models for continuous domains

Long-living autonomous agents must be able to learn to perform competently in novel environments. One important aspect of competence is the ability to plan, which entails the ability to learn models of the agent's own actions and their effects on the environment. In this paper we describe an approach to learn action models of environments with continuous-valued spatial states and realistic physics consisting of multiple interacting rigid objects. In such environments, we hypothesize that objects exhibit multiple qualitatively distinct behaviors we call modes, conditioned on their spatial relationships to each other. We argue that action models that explicitly represent these modes using a combination of symbolic spatial relationships and continuous metric information learn faster, generalize better, and make more accurate predictions than models that only use metric information. We present a method to learn action models with piecewise linear modes conditioned on a combination of first order Horn clauses that test symbolic spatial predicates and continuous classifiers. We empirically demonstrate that our method learns more accurate and more general models of a physics simulation than a method that learns a single function (locally weighted regression).
Organizational Legacy and the Internal Dynamics of Clusters: The U.S. Human Biotherapeutics Industry, 1976–2002

Using data on the human biotherapeutics industry in the United States from the period 1976 through 2002, the authors explore the organizational origins of entrepreneurs to understand the location and size of industry clusters. Specifically, they examine the effect that different types of organizational legacy—defined as the organization in which the entrepreneurs were previously employed—have on the entry of new firms. The study reveals that regional resources influence the location of industry clusters but that concentrations of entrepreneurs who hail from the same population exert an important, differentiating influence and define a local culture that affects the propensity for information-sharing and collaboration. This research shows that the largest impact on local entry stems from a concentration of founders with prior experience in organizations that are more networked than hierarchical.
Sandia Verification and Validation Challenge Problem: A PCMM-Based Approach to Assessing Prediction Credibility

The process of verification and validation can be resource intensive. From the computational model perspective, the resource demand typically arises from long simulation run times on multiple cores coupled with the need to characterize and propagate uncertainties. In addition, predictive computations performed for safety and reliability analyses have similar resource requirements. For this reason, there is a tradeoff between the time required to complete the requisite studies and the fidelity or accuracy of the results that can be obtained. At a high level, our approach is cast within a validation hierarchy that provides a framework in which we perform sensitivity analysis, model calibration, model validation, and prediction. The evidence gathered as part of these activities is mapped into the Predictive Capability Maturity Model to assess credibility of the model used for the reliability predictions. With regard to specific technical aspects of our analysis, we employ surrogate-based methods, primarily based on polynomial chaos expansions and Gaussian processes, for model calibration, sensitivity analysis, and uncertainty quantification in order to reduce the number of simulations that must be done. The goal is to tip the tradeoff balance to improving accuracy without increasing the computational demands.
On the Base Pressure Resulting from the Interaction of a Supersonic External Stream with a Sonic or Subsonic Jet

I t is shown that the two-dimensional base pressure problems relating to base bleed into the wake of blunt-trailing-edge airfoils, or the interaction between an external supersonic or sonic slipstream with a sonic or subsonic jet stream of a jet engine, can be calculated by theoretical considerations. Constant-pressure, isoenergetic, turbulent mixing between the streams and the stagnant fluid in the wake is assumed. The theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Mesoporous Silica Nanomaterials Applications in Catalysis

Mesoporous silica materials benefit from unique features that have attracted substantial interest for their use as catalyst-immobilization matrices. These features include high surface area, chemical, thermal, and mechanical stability, highly uniform pore distribution and tunable pore size, high adsorption capacity, and an ordered porous network for free diffusion of substrates and reaction products. Solid supported catalysts are of great interests in both academic and industrial arenas due to their recyclability, enhanced catalytic reactivity, and selectivity. Inorganic, organic end enzymatic catalysis fields have been revolutionized by introduction of mesoporous silica nanomaterials as support due to dramatic increase of contact area and thus contributing to overall reaction yield [1-4]. Furthermore, mesoporous silica offers the opportunity of multifunctionalization and therefore, multiple catalyst immobilizations. The ability to sequester selectively molecules buy their functionality makes mesoporous silica catalyst championing high selectivities. This editorial will highlight the most important achievements in the field of mesoporous silica-supported catalysis. The first mesoporous silica material was first reported as early as 1971, where a material described as low-bulk density silica was obtained from hydrolyzing and condensing tetraethoxysilicate (TEOS) in the presence of cationic surfactants [5]. This result did not gain much attention at the time it was published because the porosity and structural properties were not reported. It was not until 1992 that the chemistry society started to realize the potential of this field, when scientists in oil giant Mobil Corporation laboratories published a series of ordered mesoporous materials (M41S) with pore sizes ranging from 1.5-10 nm. The variant called MCM-41 with 1000 m 2 g -1 and pore volumes up to 1 cm 3 g -1 , has been comprehensively studied and widely applied in many fields such as drug delivery, biosensors and catalysis [6-12]. The morphological transformations that lead to converting bulk MCM-41 mesoporous silica to functionalized mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs) by Lin’s group represented a step forward toward increasing control of kinetics in catalytic reactions occurring in functionalized MSN [10]. The first report of utilizing mesoporous silica in polymer synthesis catalysts initiated by Aida’s group in Japan, has opened new avenues toward modern solid-supported catalysis. The authors reported crystalline nanofibers of linear polyethylene with an ultrahigh molecular weight (6,200,000) and a diameter of 30 to 50 nanometers, formed by the polymerization of ethylene with mesoporous silica fiber–supported titanocene, with methylalumoxane as a cocatalyst. Small-angle x-ray scattering analysis indicated that the polyethylene fibers consist predominantly of extended-chain crystals. The Science article highlighted the potential utility of the honeycomb-like porous framework as an extruder for nanofabrication of polymeric materials [13].
Ten-year risk of false positive screening mammograms and clinical breast examinations.

Background The cumulative risk of a false positive result of a breast-cancer screening test is unknown. Methods We performed a 10-year retrospective cohort study of breast-cancer screening and diagnostic evaluations among 2400 women who were 40 to 69 years old at study entry. Mammograms or clinical breast examinations that were interpreted as indeterminate, aroused a suspicion of cancer, or prompted recommendations for additional workup in women in whom breast cancer was not diagnosed within the next year were considered to be false positive tests. Results A total of 9762 screening mammograms and 10,905 screening clinical breast examinations were performed, for a median of 4 mammograms and 5 clinical breast examinations per woman over the 10-year period. Of the women who were screened, 23.8 percent had at least one false positive mammogram, 13.4 percent had at least one false positive breast examination, and 31.7 percent had at least one false positive result for either test. The estimated cumulative risk...
A reliable data aggregation mechanism with Homomorphic Encryption in Smart Grid AMI networks

One of the most common methods to preserve consumers' private data is using secure in-network data aggregation. The security can be provided through the emerging fully (FHE) or partial (PHE) homomorphic encryption techniques. However, an FHE aggregation scheme generates significantly big-size data when compared to traditional encryption methods. The overhead is compounded in hierarchical networks such as Smart Grid Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) as data packets are routed towards the core of the AMI networking infrastructure from the smart meters. In this paper, we first investigate the feasibility and performance of FHE aggregation in AMI networks utilizing the reliable data transport protocol, TCP. Then, we introduce the packet reassembly problem. To address this challenge, we propose a novel packet reassembly mechanism for TCP. We evaluated the effectiveness of our proposed mechanism using both PHE and FHE-based aggregation approaches in AMI in terms throughput and end-to-end delay on an 802.11s-based wireless mesh network by using the ns-3 network simulator. The results indicate significant gains in terms of delay and bandwidth usage with the proposed mechanism.
Surveillance on the antibody levels of the students before and after vaccination with influenza A(H1N1) vaccines in Shunyi district of Beijing

Objective:To observe the antibody levels of the students before and after vaccination with influenza A(H1N1) vaccines in Shunyi district of Beijing,to provide a scientific evidence for making the prevention and control strategies of influenza A(H1N1) by related departments.Methods: Students were randomly selected from 4 towns and streets to monitor the antibody levels before and after vaccination of influenza A(H1N1) vaccine.Results: Before immunization,the positive rate of influenza A(H1N1) antibody in 46 serum specimens was 58.70%(27/46),which had no difference with that of population in Beijing(P0.05).The reciprocal geometric mean antibody titers(GMRT) was 41.2,the seroconversion rate was 78.26%,the GMRT was 380.55 after vaccination,there was no significant difference in the positive rate after immunization between different sexes(χ2=0.00,P0.05) and seroconversion rate between primary and secondary school students(χ2=0.049,P0.05).The antibody titer was 9 times increasing.Conclusion: The incidence of influenza A(H1N1) in students in Shunyi District was more than 1/2,the incidence was unrelated to sex but related to age,higher in secondary students than that of the primary school students.The vaccination was necessary means to control the influenza A(H1N1) in school.
A framework for priority effects

History of species arrival can influence plant community assembly. In this issue of the Journal of Vegetation Science, Sarneel et al. show that the strength of such historical contingency, or priority effects, varies with soil moisture in riparian plants. We discuss this study within a theoretical framework describing how and when priority effects occur via destabilizing and equalizing mechanisms.
Optical data storage technology: a review

Optical storage is a rapidly developing field which offers the potential for data storage densities well beyond the current capabilities of magnetic storage. Recent developments in the design and optimization of optical storage systems and media will be discussed, and a comparison with future improvements in magnetic disk storage will be made.
Ultrasound Techniques in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Ultrasound is a frontline tool for evaluating, diagnosing, and monitoring rheumatoid arthritis. This article looks at the typical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis on ultrasound, and why ultrasound is a useful tool in evaluating patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The sonographic manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis are seen much earlier than those on radiographs. Recent scoring systems by the American College of Rheumatology and the European League Against Rheumatism have provided a standardized system of grading and diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis based on ultrasound findings. These scoring systems are useful in aiding treatment decisions to improve diagnosis in cases of clinical uncertainty. Rheumatoid arthritis is a debilitating disease, which should be diagnosed and treated early to prevent permanent disabling arthritis. Ultrasound is a useful and relatively inexpensive tool that aids in the diagnosis and evaluation of the disease. Ultrasound is very sensitive for detecting the early manifestations of synovitis and erosion, which will be occult on radiographs. It is important to recognize the imaging manifestations of the disease to diagnosis, grade, and guide treatment.
Effect of Regioregularity on Charge Transport and Structural and Excitonic Coherence in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Nanowires

This study explores the role of very small changes in poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) regioregularity on the physical and electronic properties of P3HT nanowires. Due to a high level of synthetic control, we are able to isolate the effects of regioregularity from those of polymer molecular weight and dispersity for the first time. A series of P3HTs with regioregularities from 96 to 99%, similar molecular weights, and low dispersities are synthesized. The charge transport properties of these polymers, along with a Soxhlet extracted 93% regioregular P3HT purchased from Rieke metals, are investigated in both thin film and nanowire transistors. The resulting structural characteristics are examined by atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction, and the optical characteristics are explored by UV–vis absorption. It is found that increasing the P3HT regioregularity results in improved charge transport characteristics, with an increase in mobility by a factor of 4 for the regioregularities examined. The ...
Fresh and Frozen Tissue-Engineered Three-Dimensional Bone-Ligament-Bone Constructs for Sheep Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair Following a 2-Year Implantation

Abstract Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) often require surgical reconstruction utilizing tendon grafts to restore knee function and stability. Some current graft options for ACL repair are associated with poor long-term outcomes. Our laboratory has fabricated tissue-engineered bone–ligament–bone (BLB) constructs that demonstrate native ligament regeneration and advancement toward native ACL mechanical properties in a sheep ACL reconstruction model. Prior work has shown that freezing BLBs as a method of preservation resulted in similar outcomes compared with fresh BLBs after 6-month implantation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy of fresh and frozen BLBs. We hypothesized that both fresh and frozen BLBs would show continued regeneration of structural and functional properties toward those of native ACL after a 2-year implantation. Following removal of the native ACL, fresh (n = 2) and frozen (n = 2) BLBs were implanted arthroscopically. After 2 years of recove...
Joint stability after canine cranial cruciate ligament graft reconstruction varies among femoral fixation sites.

Objective To quantify stability in cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficient canine stifles with hamstring grafts affixed at 3 femoral locations. Study Design Canine stifle motion study using a multi-cohort, repeated measures design. Sample Population 27 canine cadaver stifles. Methods Hamstring grafts (HG) were affixed at the gracilis-semitendinosus insertion and on the lateral femur (1) proximal trochlear ridge (TR), (2) craniodistal to fabella (F), or (3) condyle center (CC). Total, cranial, and caudal tibial translation and total, medial, and lateral angular displacement, with and without translational load, were quantified with the CrCL intact, transected, and reconstructed. Angular displacement was quantified from points on the distal femur and proximal tibia. Graft strain was calculated from tissue displacement measured at joint angles of 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120°. Results Tibial translation was lowest in F constructs, which also achieved the least difference in tibial translation from intact stifles. Tibial translation was lower in intact stifles than in CrCL transected or reconstructed stifles. Less angular displacement of the proximal tibia was detected in the medial than in the lateral direction, and tibial displacement was lower in the cranial than the caudal direction. Angular displacement was lowest in the F treatment group. F constructs had the lowest graft strain at joint angles greater than 30°. Conclusions Femoral fixation of a canine hamstring graft craniodistal to the lateral fabella conferred the best joint stability and lowest graft strain in vitro. No fixation method restored joint stability of the intact CrCL.
Determination and Validation of the Project for Educational Research That Scales (PERTS) Survey Factor Structure

This study used exploratory factor analysis to test the factor structure of the Project for Educational Research That Scales (PERTS) instrument. Research that reports the reliability, construct validity, and factor structure of the PERTS scale is useful for interpreting the results from the use of the widely distributed survey and for suggesting interventions to develop an academic mindset in the classroom. Correlations and exploratory factor analyses were performed using pre-existing data from a medium-sized, rural school district, in a large southwestern state of the U.S. as self-reports from a sample of 2,908 students, in grades 3 through 8, at three elementary and two middle schools. Results of the exploratory factor analysis confirmed the proposed four-factor structure. The PERTS survey demonstrated internal reliability on three of the four scales above the pre-determined indices of Cronbach’s alpha > .80, with the exception of the individual mindset scale with a Cronbach’s alpha of .772.
Fibrous Reinforcements for Composites

The fibrous form of matter is very common in nature. This is because matter in fibrous form is highly flexible and, thus, can be used to make complex and multifunctional parts (Chawla 1998a). Modern usage of synthetic fibers as reinforcement for polymers, metals, and ceramics to make composite materials can be traced to the use of glass fibers for reinforcement of polyester and epoxy thermoset matrix materials in the first half of the 20th century. High stiffness and HS fibers (organic and inorganic) came about in the second half of the 20th century, more appropriately in the last quarter of the 20th century. This can be attributed to advances in synthesis and processing as well as to an understanding of the importance of the processing–structure–property triad. This triad implies that the processing of a material into a fibrous form determines its microstructure, which determines the ultimate properties of the fiber.
The Road to Soweto: Julian Brown, The Road to Soweto: Resistance and the Uprising of 16 June 1976 (Martlesham, James Currey, 2016), xii + 204 pp., hardback, £25, ISBN 978-1-8470-1141-1; e-book, £19.99, ISBN 978-1-7820-4759-9.

The Soweto Uprising is an event that has been written about in great detail since its seemingly spontaneous eruption 40 years ago. Over that time, heated arguments have ensued over whether the Afri...
Neural Network Based Modeling and Optimization of Fed-Batch Bioreactors

Abstract Dynamic optimization and optimal control of fed-batch bioreactors depends on the availability of a good model of the process. In this paper, we propose a neural network based modeling scheme that captures the inherently non-linear dynamics of fed-batch bioreactor systems. This neural network based model is then used in conjunction with dynamic programming optimization to generate optimal control policies. The results of applying this method to two fed-batch bioreactor systems are presented and the results obtained arc shown to be in good agreement with prior work.
REWIMO: A Real-Time and Reliable Low-Power Wireless Mobile Network

Industrial applications and cyber-physical systems rely on real-time wireless networks to deliver data in a timely and reliable manner. However, existing solutions provide these guarantees only for stationary nodes. In this article, we present REWIMO, a solution for real-time and reliable communications in mobile networks. REWIMO has a two-tier architecture composed of (i) infrastructure nodes and (ii) mobile nodes that associate with infrastructure nodes as they move. REWIMO employs an on-join bandwidth reservation approach and benefits from a set of techniques to efficiently reserve bandwidth for each mobile node at the time of its admission and over its potential data forwarding paths. To ensure association of mobile nodes with infrastructure nodes over high-quality links, REWIMO uses the two-phase scheduling technique to coordinate neighbor discovery with data transmission. To mitigate the overhead of handling network dynamics, REWIMO employs an additive scheduling algorithm, which is capable of additive bandwidth reservation without modifying existing schedules. Compared to the algorithms used by static real-time wireless networks, the techniques and the algorithms employed by REWIMO result in a significant increase in real-time capacity, enhanced reliability, and considerably faster handling of network dynamics.
Exosomes Associated with Human Ovarian Tumors Harbor a Reversible Checkpoint of T-cell Responses

Nano-sized membrane-encapsulated extracellular vesicles isolated from the ascites fluids of ovarian cancer patients are identified as exosomes based on their biophysical and compositional characteristics. We report here that T cells pulsed with these tumor-associated exosomes during TCR-dependent activation inhibit various activation endpoints including translocation of NFκB and NFAT into the nucleus, upregulation of CD69 and CD107a, production of cytokines, and cell proliferation. In addition, the activation of virus-specific CD8+ T cells that are stimulated with the cognate viral peptides presented in the context of class I MHC is also suppressed by the exosomes. The inhibition occurs without loss of cell viability and coincidentally with the binding and internalization of these exosomes. This exosome-mediated inhibition of T cells was transient and reversible: T cells exposed to exosomes can be reactivated once exosomes are removed. We conclude that tumor-associated exosomes are immunosuppressive and represent a therapeutic target, blockade of which would enhance the antitumor response of quiescent tumor-associated T cells and prevent the functional arrest of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells or chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(2); 236-47. ©2018 AACR.
Data quality challenges with missing values and mixed types in joint sequence analysis

The goal of this paper is to investigate the impact of missing values in categorical time series sequences on common data analysis tasks. Being able to more effectively identify patterns in socio-demographic longitudinal data is an important component in a number of social science settings. However, performing fundamental analytical operations, such as clustering for grouping these data based on similarity patterns, is challenging due to the categorical and multi-dimensional nature of the data, and their corruption by missing and inconsistent values. To study these data quality issues, we employ longitudinal sequence data representations, a similarity measure designed for categorical and longitudinal data, together with state-of-the art clustering methodologies reliant on hierarchical algorithms. The key to quantifying the similarity and difference among data records is a distance metric. Given the categorical nature of our data, we employ an “edit” type distance using Optimal Matching (OM). Because each data record has multiple variables of different types, we investigate the impact of mixing these variables in a single similarity measure. Between variables with binary values and those with multiple nominal values, we find that the ability to overcome missing data problems is harder in the nominal domain versus the binary domain. Additionally, artificial clusters introduced by the alignment of leading missing values can be resolved by tuning the missing value substitution cost parameter.
Liquid phase hydrodeoxygenation of anisole, 4-ethylphenol and benzofuran using Ni, Ru and Pd supported on USY zeolite

Abstract The objective of this work is to understand the role of metals on the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction pathways of three bio-oil model compounds. Ni, Ru and Pd were impregnated on USY zeolite, and the catalysts were characterized to determine metal reduction profile, surface concentration and nanoparticle size. Ru-USY and Pd-USY were completely reduced at a temperature below 450 °C, but Ni-USY still contained surface metal oxides after reduction. There was no indication of strong interactions between the metals and USY support. Anisole, 4-ethylphenol and benzofuran were used as bio-oil model compounds, in order to determine the effects of each metal on deoxygenation of methoxy-, phenol and furan functional groups, respectively. Pd-USY was the most effective HDO catalyst, exhibiting the highest turnover frequency for HDO of all three model compounds, in addition to and high selectivity to deoxygenated products. A mechanism was proposed for each model compound, and the kinetics of hydrogenation, dehydration, C C coupling and ring-opening reactions were determined.
Signals in the Frequency Domain

Interpreting signals in the time domain is intuitively grasped by most people as time plots are commonly encountered in everyday life. Time domain plots represent the variable of interest in the y-axis and time in the x-axis. Stock charts show the up and down trends of your investment’s value over time. Your electric company bill will show your power usage month-to-month over the course of the year. Signals in cardiology are also most commonly displayed in the time domain. ECG and blood pressure monitors, for example, continuously plot voltages or pressure vs. time.
Long Term Rearing of Cuttlefish in a Small Scale Facility

Cephalopods are arguably the most complex and fascinating aquatic invertebrate taxa. Except for a few well known exceptions, this group of organisms has been a challenge to study primarily due to difficulties in rearing and maintaining these animals in a small laboratory setting. Our knowledge about cephalopod rearing comes mainly from large marine centers, with much less known about small scale rearing facilities. This paper describes a bench top (ca. 450 litre) aquarium system that is relatively inexpensive, easy to maintain, and suitable for long term rearing of cuttlefish in the laboratory. This closed aquarium system uses artificial sea water and a biological filter to remove/recycle nitrogenous wastes. The simple design of this system can be easily replicated by inland researchers interested in studying cuttlefish but who have been thwarted by the lack of suitable housing facilities.
Of Whitehead’s and Russell’s Principia Mathematica

The aim of Principia Mathematica 1 was to formulate by means of the axiomatic method the findings of Frege in the symbolism suggested by Peano. It was the hope of its authors also to solve the paradoxes which the Aristotelian logic had not been able to solve. Originality is promoted by difficulties, as both this logical sequence and the one in physics from Newtonian mechanics to relativity theory dramatically exemplify. If the result of PM was to generate another set of problems, that indicates great progress in logical investigation.