cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The mutagenic propeeties of hexachloroacetone in short-term bacterial mutagen assay systems

Abstract Hexachloroacetone, CCl3-CO-CCl3, reverts the Ames strains TA98 and TA-100 but not the non-plasmid strains TA1537, TA1535 and TA1538. In the absence of solvent, the number of revertant colonies is 5 times the spontaneous reversion rate for TA100 and 10 times the spontaneous reversion rate for TA98 with 26 mg hexachloroacetone per plate. This effect is seen in the absence of rat liver microsomes. In dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution a more complicated pattern is seen. In DMSO solution cooled between 18 and 20°C, the maximum number of revertants is similar to that found in the absence of DMSO, but only 1.75 mg hexachloroacetone per plate is needed. When DMSO solution of hexachloroacetone is warmed above 20°C, a yellow color develops and the solution becomes more toxic to the test bacteria. The maximum number of revertants is then produced at about 0.5 mg hexachloroacetone per plate. Hexachloroacetone is found to be active, without microsomal activation, in the E. coli WP-2 and E. coli rec-BC test systems. Hexachloroacetone readily reacts with water in DMSO solutions to form the non-mutagenic hexachloroacetone hydrate.
Primary ideal theory for quadratic Jordan algebras

Abstract The notion of a primary ideal was originally introduced in the study of noetherian rings, i.e., commutative associative rings with unity which have the maximum condition on ideals. In more recent years, this notion has been carried over to noncommutative associative rings and nonassociative rings (see [3]). In this paper, we shall give a definition and basic properties for (inner) primary ideals in a quadratic Jordan algebra based on the concept of prime ideals in Jordan algebras as discussed in [10]. We then give a necessary and sufficient condition for those algebras in which the well-known Lasker-Noether decomposition theorem holds. Finally, the analog of the tertiary ideal is discussed, and we show that in any quadratic Jordan algebra which has the maximum condition on ideals, all ideals can be represented as a finite intersection of tertiary ideals.
Fabrication of axially-doped silicon nanowire tunnel FETs and characterization of tunneling current

Recent interest in low-power electronics has sparked considerable interested in gate-controlled tunneling-based transistors (TFETs), which have demonstrated inverse subthreshold slopes (S) better than the MOSFET limit of 60 mV/dec.1 While the natural progression of these devices to nanoscale dimensions promises improved performance23, there is a lack of experimental data regarding the physics of tunneling at reduced dimensions. Here we present a TFET fabricated from an individual axially-doped p+-n-n+ Si nanowire in a device layout that enables the study of tunneling physics as the wire dimensions are scaled to the 1D transport regime.
The Failed Operation for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: The Difficulty of Diagnosis and Management

In 225 patients requiring reoperation for recurrent thoracic outlet syndrome, "pseudorecurrences" were noted in 43 patients not relieved of symptoms after the initial operation. Such recurrences were associated with technical errors at the initial operation including resection of the second rib instead of the first, resection of the first with a cervical rib left in place, or resection of a cervical rib with an abnormal first rib left. True recurrences occurred in 182 patients, 154 of whom had a substantial piece of rib remaining from the initial procedure. Indications for reoperation included persistent pain, ulnar nerve conduction velocity of 60 m/sec or less (normal, 72 to 82 m/sec), and failure of appropriate physical therapy. Reoperation involved neurolysis of the brachial plexus, decompression of the vessels, and dorsal sympathectomy performed through a posterior thoracoplasty incision. One hundred seventy-seven patients (79%) had improvement, 32 (14%) had moderate improvement, and 16 (7%) were either considered failures or had recurrent scarring.
Seume's Knowledge of English Literature

(1954). Seume's Knowledge of English Literature. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 249-272.
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Femoral Osteolysis Developed after the Hip Replacement

골용해와 관련하여 다양한 용어들이 일부 혼용되고 있 고, 이들 중 일부는 치료에 있어 중요하므로 논문의 일관성 유지와 개념 정립을 위해 먼저 용어를 정리해 보고자 한다. 골용해는 삽입물-골 또는 시멘트와 골 사이에 국소적 (focal) 혹은 급속히 팽창하는(expanding) 방사선 골음영 의 감소로 정의한다. 이는 다양한 스펙트럼을 갖는데, 단 순 방사선 사진상 고정이 양호한 삽입물 주위의 저음영 (radiolucency)의 형태부터 광범위한(expansive) 골결손 의 양상으로 나타날 수도 있으며 심한 경우 삽입물의 불안 정성(instability)을 야기할 수도 있다. 이와 같이 고정이 양호한 삽입물 주위로 새로이 나타난 방사선 저음영이 진 행하여 역학적 불안정성이 나타나는 경우를‘무균성 이완 (aseptic loosening)’이라고 하는 반면, 방사선 저음영이 빨리 진행하지만 이완을 유발할 수도 있고 하지 않을 수도 있는 상태를“골용해(osteolysis)”라 한다. 따라서 두 용 어는 무관한 용어가 아니라 동일 생물학적 현상을 가지고 있으나 양상이 다소 상이한 방사선 소견으로, 무균성 이 완을 2 mm이상의 방사선 저음영을 가진“선상 골용해” 로, 삽입물 주위에 큰 부채모양(scalloped) 또는 풍선모양 (balloon-like)의 골병변을“국소적(focal)”또는“팽창성 의(expansile)”의 골용해로 흔히 혼용하기도 한다. Submitted: March 31, 2010 1st revision: May 24, 2010 2nd revision: June 15, 2010 3nd revision: June 21, 2010 Final acceptance: June 22, 2010
Social factors and responses to racial discrimination

ABSTRACT We examined the impact of gender and religious affiliation on willingness to confront racial discrimination committed by three categories of persons, authority figures, strangers, and peers. American students were presented scenarios in which discrimination occurred and expressed their degree of willingness to challenge the discrimination. Women expressed more willingness than men, and nonfundamentalists were more likely than fundamentalists to challenge discrimination. Nonfundamentalists were, in particular, more willing than fundamentalists to confront authority figures engaging in discrimination. All respondents were most likely to confront a stranger and least likely to challenge a peer.
A model of surface diffusion on solids

A theoretical model is developed for the surface diffusion of adsorbed spherically symmetric molecules along a locally planar solid surface. The model is based upon the assumption of short-range attractive and repulsive forces exerted by the surface on a molecule proximate to it. This results in the existence of a large number of molecules (compared with that existing in the bulk fluid, far from the surface) at that distance γm from the surface at which these opposing forces offset each other. This position corresponds to the minimum point in the potential energy-distance curve. It is demonstrated that the surface diffusivity Da is numerically equal to the value, at ym, of that component of the position-specific bulk diffusion tensor lying parallel to the surface. The analysis applies only for low surface coverages, where molecule/wall interactions predominate over molecule/molecule interactions. The result holds for all regimes—including the viscous-continuum regime (pertaining to the movement of Brownian “macromolecules” suspended in an inert solvent), and the Knudsen regime. Calculations of Ds are brought to complete fruition only for Brownian “molecules,” where existing low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamic theory provides the requisite wall-effect correction to the Stokes law particle mobility. The same distance parameter ym entering into the surface diffusivity also enters into the computation of both the equilibrium adsorption coefficient K (in the linear, “Henry's law” region) and the corresponding molar heat of adsorption ΔH. By eliminating the microscopic molecular parameter ym between these quantities, several purely macroscopic correlations ensue among Ds and K or ΔH. The functional form of these correlations is insensitive to the precise details governing the structure of the potential energy function. One of the resulting correlations has already been empirically proposed in the literature (1,2) for the Knudsen regime. Our analysis provides a rationale for this correlation, and thereby suggests how its accuracy may be improved.
Self-other rating agreement in mentoring: Meeting protégé expectations for development and career advancement

This study used Atwater and Yammarino’s (1997) self-other rating agreement process model to examine whether mentor-protege agreement regarding mentor transformational leadership would influence mentoring functions (i.e., psychosocial support and career development) and protege outcomes (i.e., career satisfaction, job satisfaction, desired aspirations, enacted aspirations). Mentors in 217 mentor-protege dyads were classified as over-estimators, under-estimators, in-agreement/poor, or in-agreement/good based on the difference between mentor's self-rating and protege’s rating of mentor’s transformational leadership. Results of multivariate analysis of covariance indicated that proteges in over-estimator dyads reported the lowest levels of psychosocial support and career satisfaction. Proteges in under-estimator dyads reported higher levels of psychosocial support, career development, and enacted aspirations than in-agreement/poor and over-estimator dyads. Proteges in in-agreement/good dyads reported higher l...
A reusable rocket engine intelligent control

An intelligent control system for reusable space propulsion systems for future launch vehicles is described. The system description includes a framework for the design. The framework consists of an execution level with high-speed control and diagnostics, and a coordination level which marries expert system concepts with traditional control. A comparison is made between air breathing and rocket engine control concepts to assess the relative levels of development and to determine the applicability of air breathing control concepts to future reusable rocket engine systems.
Long-distance signaling via presynaptic glutamate transporters.

Glutamate transporters have long been thought to help terminate the synaptic response through neurotransmitter binding and reuptake, but a new report in this issue identifies a role for their anionic current in information transmission in the retina.
Can a fluoroscopic estimation of pharyngeal constriction predict aspiration

BackgroundThe pharyngeal constriction ratio is a ratio of pharyngeal area measured in lateral fluoroscopic view at the point of maximum pharyngeal constriction during the swallow to the pharyngeal area measured with the bolus held in the oral cavity. We hypothesize that the PCR may represent a surrogate measure of pharyngeal strength.ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between the PCR and aspiration.Study Design and SettingData from a computerized clinical database of individuals undergoing a videofluoroscopic swallow evaluation at a tertiary academic swallowing center was acquired.ResultsTwo hundred sixty videofluoroscopic studies were abstracted. The mean PCR was 0.32 (± 0.02) for individuals who aspirated and 0.20 (± 0.02) for individuals who did not (P < 0.001). In a multiple logistic regression analysis, the PCR was significantly associated with the prevalence of aspiration (P < 0.01). Individuals with a PCR greater than 0.25 were 3 times more likely to aspirate (95% CI = 1.7, 5.1).ConclusionsTh...
Effects of CO2 enrichment on soluble amino acids and organic acids in barley primary leaves as a function of age, photoperiod and chlorosis

Abstract Responses of soluble amino acids and organic acids to either ambient (36 Pa) or elevated (100 Pa) CO 2 treatments were determined using barley primary leaves ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Brant). Total soluble amino acids were increased 33% by CO 2 enrichment 9 days after sowing (DAS), but a decrease relative to the ambient CO 2 treatment was observed with increasing leaf age. Marked declines of glutamine and asparagine were observed under CO 2 enrichment, both diurnally and with advancing leaf age. Consequently, total soluble amino acids were 59% lower in the elevated compared to the ambient CO 2 treatment 17 DAS. It was likely that chlorosis in response to CO 2 enrichment negatively impacted soluble amino acid levels in older barley primary leaves. In contrast to the ambient CO 2 treatment, glutamine and most other soluble amino acids decreased as much as 60% during the latter half of a 12 h photoperiod in primary leaves of 13-day-old seedlings grown under enhanced CO 2 . Malate was decreased about 9 percent by CO 2 enrichment and citrate and succinate were increased by similar amounts when measured 9 and 13 DAS. Malate accumulation was also decreased about 20% by CO 2 enrichment on a diurnal basis. The onset of CO 2 -dependent leaf yellowing had much less of an effect on organic acids than on soluble amino acids. This above results emphasized the sensitivity of N metabolism to CO 2 enrichment in barley. Increased levels of citrate and succinate in response to CO 2 enrichment suggested that the tricarboxylic acid cycle was upregulated in barley by CO 2 enrichment. In summary, organic and amino acid levels in barley primary leaves were dynamic and were altered by age, diurnally and in response to CO 2 enrichment.
Mind Games: The Mental Representation of Conflict

Perception and misperception play a pivotal role in conflict and negotiation. We introduce a framework that explains how people think about their outcome interdependence in conflict and negotiation and how their views shape their behavior. Seven studies show that people's mental representations of conflict are predictably constrained to a small set of possibilities with important behavioral and social consequences. Studies 1 and 2 found that, when prompted to represent a conflict in matrix form, more than 70% of the people created 1 of 4 archetypal mixed-motive games (out of 576 possibilities): Maximizing Difference, Assurance, Chicken, and Prisoner's Dilemma. Study 3 demonstrated that these mental representations relate in predictable ways to negotiators' fixed-pie perceptions. Studies 4-6 showed that these mental representations shape individuals' behavior and interactions with others, including cooperation, perspective taking, and use of deception in negotiation, and through them, conflict's outcomes. Study 7 found that the games that people think they are playing influence how their counterparts see them, as well as their counterparts' negotiation expectations. Overall, the findings document noteworthy regularities in people's mental representations of outcome interdependence in conflict and illustrate that 4 archetypal games can encapsulate fundamental psychological processes that emerge repeatedly in conflict and negotiation.
Molecular Theranostics: A Primer for the Imaging Professional

OBJECTIVE. A theranostic system integrates some form of diagnostic testing to determine the presence of a molecular target for which a specific drug is intended. Molecular imaging serves this diagnostic function and provides powerful means for noninvasively detecting disease. We briefly review the paradigms rooted in nuclear medicine and highlight recent advances in this field. We also explore how nanometer-sized complexes, called nanomedicines, present an excellent theranostic platform applicable to both drug discovery and clinical use. CONCLUSION. For imagers, molecular theranostics represents a powerful emerging platform that intimately couples targeted therapeatic entities with noninvasive imaging that yields information on the presence of defined molecular targets before, during, and after cognate therapy.
Effects of Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Students' Adjustment to College

Background & Aims Successful adjustment to college is required for academic success. We investigated whether inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) activity affects this adjustment process. Methods We created an online survey that included a Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ), a general quality of life survey (SF-12), a disease-specific short IBD quality of life survey (SIBDQ), and disease activity indices. Undergraduate students across the United States were recruited via social media. Results Surveys were completed by 65 students with Crohn's disease (CD), 28 with ulcerative colitis, and 214 healthy students (controls). Disease-specific quality of life (SIBDQ results) correlated with IBD disease activity (rho = –0.79; P 0001). High college adjustment scores (SACQ results) were associated with high SIBDQ scores. Students with IBD had lower mean SACQ scores than controls (307 vs 290; P .0001). There was a modest inverse correlation between CD activity and SACQ (rho = –0.24; P .04). Disease activity in students with CD was associated strongly with their self-reported ability to keep up with academic work ( P .0089) and confidence in their ability to meet future academic challenges ( P .0015). Students with active IBD reported feeling as if they were not academically successful ( P .018), and students with ulcerative colitis reported irregular class attendance ( P .043). Conclusions Students with IBD do not adjust to college as well as healthy students. Disease activity affects their adjustment and attitudes about academics—especially among students with CD. Successful adjustment is important for academic success, affecting graduation rates and future economic success. Strategies to increase disease control and provide social and emotional support during college could improve adjustment to college and academic performance, and increase patients' potential.
Hierarchy of scalar hysteresis models for magnetic recording media

This paper presents the relationship between the various Preisach-based scalar hysteresis models. The statistics of the interaction field computed by these models, the hierarchy of these models, and the corresponding parametric identification techniques are discussed. This enables the design engineer to determine which of the models provides sufficient detail, yet is simple enough, to characterize the aspect of hysteresis that is of particular interest.
Dynamically refocused Rayleigh laser beacons for atmospheric tomography

We report initial results from a prototype system to generate multiple Rayleigh laser guide stars for adaptive optics from a single pulsed laser at 354 nm wavelength. A 3.2 mW laser pulsed at 630 Hz was used to project three beams on the sky simultaneously, each pulsed at 210 Hz. A spinning mirror was used to direct the pulses in three directions at the vertices of an equilateral triangle 90 arcsec across. Laser pulses were triggered by a synchronising electrical pulse from the motor. Dynamic focusing optics in the receiving telescope will in future be used to hold such beacons from more powerful lasers in focus over a height range of many kilometers. Multiple beacons can be used to derive tomographic information on the vertical distribution of the aberration. We show initial analytical and numerical work on how the unique features of refocused Rayleigh beacons can improve the tomographic wavefront measurement for multi-conjugate adaptive optics.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ZENO CANNOT BE CAUGHT ON HIS OWN RACETRACK

MR. MooR is quite right in his Note "Has Lee Finally Caught Zeno?" (MIND, July 1968) that I do not refute Zeno (MIND, October 1965), but he missed the point of my paper: I do not try to refute Zeno. I said " Grant Zeno his way of putting the arguments and his conclusions are inescapable." The arguments show that the assumption that continuity can be analyzed in terms of infinite divisibility leads to unacceptable conclusions. Today, continuity is analysed differently, but the result is not to refute Zeno, it is simply to by-pass him. Again, Moor is quite right in thinking the analysis must start with continuities, but he is quite wrong in thinking that the interpretation of the series 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 . .. as lengths or distances changes anything in the argument. This series, no matter whether interpreted as points or lengths, is denumerable. The elements of a continuum are neither denumerable nor discrete: they are infinite classes each having no last member. Hence, the above series is not a continuum. Dedekind's analysis of continuity is preferred today because it clarifies the relation between rational and irrational numbers (whether they be interpreted algebraically or geometrically as incommensurables) without inadequacy or paradox. I interpret the philosophical " lesson " of this to be: philosophical analysis should also start with a continuum, not with discrete parts. Mr. Van Valen, in his Note " Zeno and Continuity " (MIND, same issue) also seems to think that my purpose was to resolve Zeno's antinomies. He invokes mathematical techniques, but I admitted that " Mathematical techniques are adequate to deal with the situations. . . " They have been since Newton and Leibniz. Van Valen complains that Zeno and much of current philosophical discussion fail to grasp the concept of limit, but the very point at issue is ignored by the concept of limit. What is the justification of substituting the limit for a convergent series because the difference between the two can be made smaller than any pre-assigned quantity? Is this not a ruse to cover saying that if one can make a quantity small enough, he can play that it is not there? (The rules of this game can be stated so as not to lead to logical contradiction.) That two convergent series can be shown to be identical does not answer this question. I do not understand Van Valen's statement that " it is not necessary to invoke the continuum." Zeno did not invoke the continuum, he started with it and showed that it cannot be explained as a summation of discrete parts. My paper added verbiage, but the point was essentially the same.
Fresh-Frozen Plasma and Platelet Transfusions Are Associated With Development of Acute Lung Injury in Critically Ill Medical Patients

Background Transfusion has long been identified as a risk factor for acute lung injury (ALI)/ARDS. No study has formally evaluated the transfusion of specific blood products as a risk factor for ALI/ARDS in critically ill medical patients. Method In this single-center retrospective cohort study, 841 consecutive critically ill patients were studied for the development of ALI/ARDS. Patients who received blood product transfusions were compared with those who did not, in univariate and multivariate propensity analyses. Results Two hundred ninety-eight patients (35%) received blood transfusions. Transfused patients were older (mean [± SD] age, 67 ± 17 years vs 62 ± 19 years; p ie , > 10 U of blood transfused within 24 h), of whom 13 also received fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) and 11 received platelet transfusions. When adjusted for the probability of transfusion and other ALI/ARDS risk factors, any transfusion was associated with the development of ALI/ARDS (odds ratio [OR], 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24 to 3.75). Among those patients receiving individual blood products, ALI/ARDS was more likely to develop in patients who received FFP transfusions (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.29 to 4.74) and platelet transfusions (OR, 3.89; 95% CI, 1.36 to 11.52) than in those who received only RBC transfusions (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.79 to 2.43). Conclusion Transfusion is associated with an increased risk of the development of ALI/ARDS in critically ill medical patients. The risk is higher with transfusions of plasma-rich blood products, FFP, and platelets, than with RBCs.
On the structure of proteoglycan core

Abstract Core protein from bovine nasal proteoglycan has been obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage and by removal of most of the glycosaminoglycan side chains by hydrogen fluoride treatment. Amino acid analysis of the cyanogen bromide fragment shows it to consist mainly of proline, serine, glycine and glutamic acid (glutamine). End-group analyses of the fragment and HF stripped core reveal and N-terminal residue to be valine in each case. The stripped core has been subjected to sequencing and some sequential information is presented. Based upon the amino acid analysis, sequence information and other properties, conformation analysis indicates that the most likely conformation is that of a flexible extended chain containing β-turns. The existence of a common N-terminal residue indicates that it is the C-terminal region which lies in the region of the hyaluronic acid backbone in intact proteoglycan. Furthermore, enzymatic cleavage of core protein which occurs in proteoglycan turnover, aging and degenerative diseases, probably does not occur by a stepwise cleavage from the N terminus of proteoglycan but by a more drastic degradation process.
Society Of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers 1987 Technical Symposium Southeast Optics, Electro-Optics, And Sensors

Traditional training methods usually provide for alternating free practice trials with demonstrations of ideal or desired performance. Current work at the University of Central Florida's Human Factors Laboratory has tested the feasibility of simultaneously coupling direct practice with exposure to a proficient model's behavior. By optically superimposing a videotape of a model's execution of the task on the student's video terminal during training, subjects can practice complex skills such as an aircraft carrier launch and approach to landing by mimicking the altitude, pitch and roll demonstrated by the model. Results suggest that coupling direct practice with simultaneous exposure to the modeled demonstrations yields the same level of proficiency with a 33% savings in training time.
Characterization of metastable phases in a rapidly solidified Nb-22Si alloy

Samples of Nb-22at.%Si have been rapidly solidified by means of melt-spinning. The resulting ribbons have been characterized using analytical transmission electron microscopy, the crystal structures of the various phases being determined by selected area diffraction techniques and convergent beam electron diffraction. The melt-spun ribbons were found to vary in thickness. In the case of thin ribbons, the microstructure was found to consist of an amorphous phase (of composition ≈ 22Si); where this phase appeared to have crystallized, metastable particles of Nb3Si possessing the A15 crystal structure were identified. In general, the Si content of the thick ribbons was found to be higher than that of the thin material, and either an amorphous phase was observed or equiaxed grains of the stable (high temperature) tetragonal phase Nb3Si together with a small second phase located at the grain boundaries, thought to be α-Nb. A mechanism for the formation of these various microstructures is presented, and an explanation for the variation in thickness and composition of the ribbons is offered.
GeoIRIS: Geospatial Information Retrieval and Indexing System—Content Mining, Semantics Modeling, and Complex Queries

Searching for relevant knowledge across heterogeneous geospatial databases requires an extensive knowledge of the semantic meaning of images, a keen eye for visual patterns, and efficient strategies for collecting and analyzing data with minimal human intervention. In this paper, we present our recently developed content-based multimodal Geospatial Information Retrieval and Indexing System (GeoIRIS) which includes automatic feature extraction, visual content mining from large-scale image databases, and high-dimensional database indexing for fast retrieval. Using these underpinnings, we have developed techniques for complex queries that merge information from heterogeneous geospatial databases, retrievals of objects based on shape and visual characteristics, analysis of multiobject relationships for the retrieval of objects in specific spatial configurations, and semantic models to link low-level image features with high-level visual descriptors. GeoIRIS brings this diverse set of technologies together into a coherent system with an aim of allowing image analysts to more rapidly identify relevant imagery. GeoIRIS is able to answer analysts' questions in seconds, such as "given a query image, show me database satellite images that have similar objects and spatial relationship that are within a certain radius of a landmark."
Rethinking the Role of Elite Private Schools in a Neoliberal Era: An Example from Chile.

Neoliberalism has brought a privatization trend that has deeply affected the structure of the educational system of countries. While public schools lag behind, new forms of private schooling have arisen creating different forms of inequality. Nonetheless, in Chile the major inequality exists between schools attended by low and middle income students and those schools that have traditionally served students coming from the economic elite of the country. In a period when Chilean educational policies do not mention this issue at all, this article presents an example from a traditional private school in Chile that helps both to pay attention to this phenomenon as well as to seek ways to address the consequences brought about by the logic of the privatization wave that affects the educational system.
The effect of the activation function of the back propagation algorithm

The effect is investigated of the activation function (the node nonlinearity) on the performance of the backpropagation algorithm in training a multilayer perceptron. Simulations for a two-layer neural net with two input nodes, a single output node, and eight nodes in the hidden layer are presented. The main conclusion presented is that the universally accepted smoothness condition for the nonlinearity is not necessary for the proper functioning of the algorithm. >
The Development of Defense Mechanisms

ABSTRACT It is proposed that defense mechanisms may be characterized as forming a hierarchy, from least to most complex, and that the lowest level defenses emerge early in life, while the more complex defenses emerge later in development Three defenses–Denial, Projection and Identification–were chosen to test this assumption A method for assessing the use of these defenses in Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories was developed and validated in a study of four age groups preschool, elementary school, early adolescent, and late adolescent The results of the study were consistent with the prediction Denial was used most frequently by preschool children, and decreased in use thereafter Identification was used minimally by preschool children but increased steadily through adolescence The use of Projection was most frequent in the two middle age groups Some evidence for sex differences, based on the internal/external orientation of the defense, also was found
‘A Railway to the Moon’: The post-histories of a Sri Lankan railway line*

This paper takes as its subject the 1905 opening and 1990 closure of the Northern Railway Line, the major Sri Lankan railway which ran the length of the island from south to north. It argues that it can been seen as a social compact in which the life of the individual, the community, and the state became integrally intertwined. It focuses on two dimensions of what the Northern Railway Line enabled in Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon): first, a physical and symbolic representation of stateness, and, secondly, the pursuit of mundane everyday life. These are embedded within Sri Lanka's landscapes and histories of colonial and post-colonial rule, and the ethnic conflict, riots, and war which inextricably shaped the railway's journeys and passengers. Railways are more often thought of as large-scale, high-tech artefacts rather than the smaller everyday technologies that are the themes of other papers in this special issue. However, this paper highlights the ways in which railways also make particular kinds of everyday life possible and how, in being woven into routine daily and weekly journeys, the Northern Railway Line came to intertwine the changing circumstances and histories of its mainly Tamil passengers within an increasingly ethnicized national landscape. In the aftermath of its closure, the railway has now come to symbolize a desire for a return to the normalcy of the past, an aspiration to an everyday experience that younger generations have never had, and which has, in consequence, become a potent force. . . . the Northern Railway Line to be opened tomorrow would be a great boon to the Jaffnese in and out of Jaffna. . . it has become possible to travel to Jaffna in a single day. . . At last the railway which was characterized as a ‘tantalising vision’ by a previous Governor and ‘a railway to the moon’, by a quondam Colonial Secretary, has become a fait accompli.1This line has been completely destroyed between Vavuniya and Kankesanthurai (KKS) a track length of 160km. . . The Northern Railway Line is the main line connecting Colombo with Jaffna. . . the third largest town in Sri Lanka prior to the conflict and the Northern Railway Line was in high demand from both passengers and freight. There is a great sentiment amongst the people of the north for restoration.2
Surgically-induced astigmatism following single-site phacotrabeculectomy, phacotrabeculotomy and advanced non-penetrating phacotrabeculectomy.

We study surgically-induced astigmatism following three kinds of glaucoma surgeries combined with cataract surgery with 6 months of follow-up. The mean surgically-induced astigmatism at 6 months postoperatively was 1.92 ± 1.87 diopters in phacotrabeculectomy (n = 45), 0.72 ± 0.40 diopters in advanced non-penetrating phacotrabeculectomy (n = 40) and 0.76 ± 0.47 diopters in phacotrabeculotomy (n = 49), which appeared to be stabilized by 3 months. Each group revealed a tendency of “with the wound” induced astigmatism. Phacotrabeculectomy could induce greater surgically-induced astigmatism than advanced non-penetrating phacotrabeculectomy and phacotrabeculotomy.
Social networking for successful utilization of technology

This study investigates the impact that managerial networking knowledge has on the successful use of technologies in firms. A survey primarily of chief executive officers and vice presidents of 30 small manufacturing companies in a tristate region of the Midwest USA was conducted to determine the role that managerial networking knowledge has on (1) the overall number of technologies that a firm introduces and (2) the success rate of technology introduction as measured through usage and overall satisfaction. A mathematical model is constructed and used to analyze the effect of networking knowledge on the probability that an appropriate technology is chosen and used to increase the firm's value. The results of both the survey and the analysis show that managerial competence, defined as networking knowledge, is a critical success factor in technology utilization. >
Euglycemia: A psychological study

A questionnaire study of 197 insulin-dependent diabetics which was supplemented by individual interviews with fourteen of the respondents suggests that few diabetics maintain tight control. Most maintain the level of control at which they are most physically or psychologically comfortable. However, tight control is feasible for the average diabetic. The main factors which impede tight control are difficulty coping with stresses of daily living, eating to satisfy emotional needs, discomfort at euglycemic levels, and fear of hypoglycemia. Re-regulation must therefore employ temporary reduction of life stress, some impediment to snacking, support through the discomfort of altering blood sugar level, and careful monitoring to avoid severe hypoglycemia. A specific type of hospital experience and/or involvement in an outpatient educational and treatment milieu are possible avenues to provide these necessary factors.
NEURAL REGULATION OF ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL PROLACTIN SECRETION IN TETRAPODS: INDICATIONS FROM IN VITRO STUDIES.

The in vitro prolactin-secreting capacities of adenohypophyses of Columba livia (pigeon) and Necturus maculosus (salamander) were compared with those of living and dead rat adenohypophyses over an eight-day culture period. The living rat adenohypophysis produced prolactin at a constantly high rate. The dead rat tissue showed no evidence of active prolactin secretion. The secretion rate of prolactin by the pigeon adenohypophysis decreased rapidly with time in vitro and closely resembled the performance of dead rat adenohypophysis. Necturus adenohypophysis showed a slight initial decrease in prolactin secretion rate, which then plateaued at a constantly low level. The effects of acid extracts of cerebral and hypothalamic tissues of Agelaius tricolor (blackbird) on prolactin secretion in vitro by Agelaius adenohypophysis were examined. The extract of cerebral tissue had no effect, but the hypothalamic extract increased prolactin secretion, indicating that the blackbird hypothalamus contains a stimulator of prolactin secretion. These results indicate that the neural mechanism which controls prolactin secretion in Columba and Agelaius is different from that which exists in rats and other laboratory mammals. No definite conclusions can be drawn regarding neural regulation of prolactin secretion in Necturus.
When women attack

The common assumption that female candidates on the campaign trail should not go on the attack, because such tactics contradict gender stereotypes, has not received consistent support. We argue that in some circumstances gender stereotypes will favor female politicians going negative. To test this proposition, this study examines how gender cues affect voter reactions to negative ads in the context of a political sex scandal, a context that should prime gender stereotypes that favor females. Using an online experiment involving a national sample of U.S. adults (N = 599), we manipulate the gender and partisan affiliation of a politician who attacks a male opponent caught in a sex scandal involving sexually suggestive texting to a female intern. Results show that in the context of a sex scandal, a female candidate going on the attack is evaluated more positively than a male. Moreover, while female participants viewed the female sponsor more favorably, sponsor gender had no effect on male participants. Partisanship also influenced candidate evaluations: the Democratic female candidate was evaluated more favorably than her Republican female counterpart.
Acute Amphotericin B Overdose

Objective:To report the clinical course of a woman with cryptococcal meningitis and no previous cardiac disease who developed a fatal cardiac arrhythmia after an acute overdose of amphotericin B and to review its toxicity.Case Summary:A 41-year-old woman with a history of proliferative glomerulonephritis from systemic lupus erythematosus was admitted with a diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. Liposomal amphotericin B was prescribed at the standard dose of 5 mg/kg/day; however, amphotericin B deoxycholate 5 mg/kg was inadvertently administered (usual dose of the deoxycholate formulation is 0.5–0.8 mg/kg/day). The patient developed cardiac arrhythmias, acute renal failure, and anemia. The medication error was noticed after she had received 2 doses of amphotericin B deoxycholate, and it was then discontinued. Despite treatment in the intensive care unit, the woman died on the sixth day after admission.Discussion:Amphotericin B deoxycholate has been reported to produce significant cardiac toxicity, with ven...
Low-back stresses when learning to use a materials handling device

This study examines the potential effect of short-term practice on low-back stresses during manual lifting and lowering of a 15 kg load, and while using two different types of materials handling devices (MHDs) to lift and lower a 40 kg load. The two MHDs used were an articulated balance arm and a pneumatic hoist. The expectation was that low-back dynamic moments, EMG measured torso muscle antagonism, and EMG predicted L4/L5 disc compression forces would rapidly decrease with practice, and that the manual lift-lower activities would be learned faster than the MHD-assisted exertions. Four naive male college age subjects performed 40 lift and lower exertions, both manually and with the two MHDs for a total of 24 experiments. Non-linear regressions of the peak and average low-back moments, EMGs and disc compression values revealed only small decreases in the values (from 2 to 14%) over the 40 trials, and it was only statistically significant for five of the 48 regressions. This would seem to indicate that if learning is present in these tasks it is going to be very slow learning, and thus future studies will need to include a much larger number of trials. The effects of MHDs on the learning rates when compared to manual lifting learning rates was not statistically significant. It was shown, however, that MHDs had a particularly beneficial effect on reducing L4/L5 compression forces during load lowering activities despite the MHD load being much heavier than the manual load. It also was found that the level of torso muscle co-contraction increased significantly (2-4 times) when MHD handling was involved compared to manual lifting and lowering.
Operational Aspects of Design Automation for the IBM 3081

The processes for design and release of LSI chips, thermal conduction modules (TCMs), and boards on the IBM 3081 Processor are highly automated, using the Engineering Design System. This paper describes the automated and manual operations involved in the process of design and release of the various packaging levels to Manufacturing for fabrication and test. The Engineering Design System (EDS) includes a data base of programs and rules for the operations involved in designing and documenting a product. The design system contains all rules, definitions, and programming requirements for system design and complete data transfer to Manufacturing and testing.
Injury and violence prevention: a primer

Unintentional and intentional injuries cause a great deal of human suffering throughout the world. They exact a huge toll on societies in terms of mortality, years of potential life lost, disability, and health care costs. The good news is that great strides have been made in understanding the causes of injuries and how to prevent them. Using seat belts and car seats, installing air bags in cars, replacing dangerous playground equipment, enforcing drinking and driving laws are but a few examples of modifying behavior, products, and environments to reduce injury risk. This paper provides an overview of the science of injury control and selected examples of how professionals in the field of patient education and counseling can contribute to enhancing the safety of the public.
Combining shape and speckle tracking for deformation analysis in echocardiography using radial basis functions

The quantification of left ventricular motion can provide valuable information about cardiac function. Echocardiography provides a non-invasive, readily available method for generating real time images of the left ventricle. Two methods for myocardial deformation tracking that have been used are shape tracking and speckle tracking. These two methods provide complementary information. Shape tracking gives high accuracy on epi- and endocardial boundaries, with speckle tracking providing good displacements across the myocardium. The methods presented here combine the results of these two methods using multilevel radial basis functions. Ultrasound data was acquired on six canines, (three baseline and three post coronary occlusion). Calculated strain values showed significant differences between the baseline and post-occlusion datasets in the occluded regions, while the remote regions did not change much. For one baseline animal, comparison to tagged MRI strain values showed reasonable agreement.
A fast BK-type KCa current acts as a postsynaptic modulator of temporal selectivity for communication signals

Temporal patterns of spiking often convey behaviorally relevant information. Various synaptic mechanisms and intrinsic membrane properties can influence neuronal selectivity to temporal patterns of input. However, little is known about how synaptic mechanisms and intrinsic properties together determine the temporal selectivity of neuronal output. We tackled this question by recording from midbrain electrosensory neurons in mormyrid fish, in which the processing of temporal intervals between communication signals can be studied in a reduced in vitro preparation. Mormyrids communicate by varying interpulse intervals (IPIs) between electric pulses. Within the midbrain posterior exterolateral nucleus (ELp), the temporal patterns of afferent spike trains are filtered to establish single-neuron IPI tuning. We performed whole-cell recording from ELp neurons in a whole-brain preparation and examined the relationship between intrinsic excitability and IPI tuning. We found that spike frequency adaptation of ELp neurons was highly variable. Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) of strongly adapting (phasic) neurons were more sharply tuned to IPIs than weakly adapting (tonic) neurons. Further, the synaptic filtering of IPIs by tonic neurons was more faithfully converted into variation in spiking output, particularly at short IPIs. Pharmacological manipulation under current- and voltage-clamp revealed that tonic firing is mediated by a fast, large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) current (BK) that speeds up action potential repolarization. These results suggest that BK currents can shape the temporal filtering of sensory inputs by modifying both synaptic responses and PSP-to-spike conversion. Slow SK-type KCa currents have previously been implicated in temporal processing. Thus, both fast and slow KCa currents can fine-tune temporal selectivity.
Tracking Atmospheric Instabilities with the Kalman Filter. Part 1: Methodology and One-Layer Resultst

Abstract Sequential data assimilation schemes approaching true optimality for sizable atmospheric models are becoming a reality. The behavior of the Kalman filter (KF) under difficult conditions needs therefore to be understood. In this two-part paper we implement a KF for a two-dimensional shallow-water model, with one or two layers. The model is linearized about a basic flow that depends on latitude; this permits the one-layer (1-L) case to be barotropically unstable. Constant vertical shear in the two-layer (2-L) case induces baroclinic instability. A model-error covariance matrix for the KF simulations is constructed based on the hypothesis that an ensemble of slow modes dominates the errors. In the 1-L case, the system is stable for a meridionally constant basic flow. Assuming equipartition of energy in the construction of the model-error covariance matrix has a deleterious effect on the process of data assimilation in both the stable and unstable cases. Estimation errors are found to be smaller for ...
Probability Theory as Logic

At the 1988 workshop we called attention to the “Mind Projection Fallacy” which is present in all fields that use probability. Here we give a more complete discussion showing why probabilities need not correspond to physical causal influences, or “propensities” affecting mass phenomena. Probability theory is far more useful if we recognize that probabilities express fundamentally logical inferences pertaining to individual cases. We note several examples of the difference this makes in real applications.
Integration of Substance Abuse Treatment Organizations into Accountable Care Organizations: Results from a National Survey

To meet their aims of managing population health to improve the quality and cost of health care in the United States, accountable care organizations (ACOs) will need to focus on coordinating care for individuals with substance abuse disorders. The prevalence of these disorders is high, and these individuals often suffer from comorbid chronic medical and social conditions. This article examines the extent to which the nation’s fourteen thousand specialty substance abuse treatment (SAT) organizations, which have a daily census of more than 1 million patients, are contracting with ACOs across the country; we also examine factors associated with SAT organization involvement with ACOs. We draw on data from a recent (2014) nationally representative survey of executive directors and clinical supervisors from 635 SAT organizations. Results show that only 15 percent of these organizations had signed contracts with ACOs. Results from multivariate analyses show that directors’ perceptions of market competition, organizational ownership, and geographic location are significantly related to SATinvolvement with ACOs. We discuss implications for integrating the SAT specialty system with the mainstream health care system.