cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect on Verticillium Wilt of Strawberries of Plant Spacing, Fertilizer Application and Defoliation

SUMMARY The incidence of verticillium wilt in strawberries was markedly affected not only by cultivar, but by plant spacing, defoliation in the previous year, and fertilizer application. It is suggested that a closer study of these and other components of the environment might lead to a more satisfactory means of control than is at present available.
Calculation of the surface segregation of Ni-Cu alloys with the use of the embedded-atom method

The surface composition of Ni-Cu alloys has been calculated as a function of atomic layer, crystal face, and bulk composition at a temperature of 800 K. The results show that the composition varies nonmonotonically near the surface with the surface layer strongly enriched in Cu while the near-surface layers are enriched in Ni. The calculations use the embedded-atom method [M. S. Daw and M. I. Baskes, Phys. Rev. B 29, 6443 (1984)] in conjunction with Monte Carlo computer simulations. The embedding functions and pair interactions needed to describe Ni-Cu alloys are developed and applied to the calculation of bulk energies, lattice constants, and short-range order. The heats of segregation are computed for the dilute limit, and the composition profile is obtained for the (100), (110), and (111) surfaces for a variety of bulk compositions. The results are found to be in accord with experimental data.
Direct optimal control and costate estimation using least square method

In this paper, we present a direct method to solve optimal control problems based on the least square formulation of the state dynamics. In this approach, we approximate the state and control variables in a finite dimensional Hilbert space. We impose the state dynamics as a weighted integral formulation based on the least square method to solve initial value problems. We analyze the resulting nonlinear programming problem to derive a set of conditions under which the costates of the optimal control problem can be estimated from the associated Karush-Kuhn-Tucker multipliers. We present numerical examples to demonstrate the applicability of the present method.
Skin toxicities associated with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors

The use of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors in several epithelial tumors has increased considerably in recent years. Currently, they are approved in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer and head and neck cancer. Skin toxicity is a class-specific side effect that is typically manifested as a papulopustular rash in the majority (45-100%) of patients receiving EGFR inhibitors. The skin toxicity is related to the inhibition of EGFR in the skin, which is crucial for the normal development and physiology of the epidermis. Although rarely life-threatening, skin toxicity may cause significant physical and psycho-social discomfort. Nevertheless, the presence and severity of skin rash is associated with improved clinical efficacy in patients receiving EGFR inhibitors. The goal of managing EGFR inhibitor-associated skin toxicity is to minimize the detrimental effects of the rash on patients' quality of life and treatment course without antagonizing the clinical efficacy of EGFR inhibitors. There is currently no evidence-based treatment guideline to prevent or treat the EGFR inhibitor-associated skin toxicities. Expert panels recommend a proactive, multidisciplinary approach that includes patient education and the use of a grade-based treatment algorithm. Elucidation of the mechanisms of EGFR inhibitor-associated skin toxicity and development of mechanism-based novel therapies are urgently needed. Preclinical data suggest topical application of a potent phosphatase inhibitor menadione (Vitamin K3) can rescue the inhibition of EGFR and downstream signaling molecules in the skin of mice receiving systemic EGFR inhibitor erlotinib or cetuximab. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study has been initiated to evaluate the clinical efficacy of menadione topical cream, in the treatment or prevention of EGFR inhibitor-induced skin toxicity.
MR arthrography of the shoulder.

Direct MR arthrography is an imaging examination that combines the injection of a saline or dilute gadolinium solution into an articulation, followed by MR imaging of that articulation. By distending the joint, intraarticular structures are optimally visualized, and capsular integrity can be assessed by noting the distribution of fluid within the joint. Though this imaging technique has been increasingly used to evaluate pathology in several articulations, it is the glenohumeral joint that has been most frequently interrogated by MR arthrography. To date, the primary indications for MR arthrography of the glenohumeral joint include the evaluation of undersurface and intrasubstance pathology of the rotator cuff, the identification of capsulolabral pathology and intraarticular bodies, and the assessment of the postoperative status of the shoulder, specifically the integrity of capsulolabral repairs and rotator cuff repair [1–15]. Though arthrography introduces an invasive component to the imaging evaluation of the shoulder, it is an established method for optimizing diagnostic accuracy in a region fraught with challenging anatomic variations and complex pathology. Arthrography of the glenohumeral joint is well tolerated by most patients and has proven to be useful when considering treatment planning [16] .I t is most accurate and precise when internal derangement is suspected based on clinical history, symptomatology, and physical exam findings. This article focuses on the technical approach for MR arthrography of the glenohumeral joint and reviews the anatomy, anatomic variants, and pathology for which visualization is optimized by this imaging technique.
Pulmonary resection in metastatic carcinoma.

Resection of pulmonary metastases in osteogenic sarcoma has been reported by us to result In a five-year survival rate of 27 percent. A later report of surgical management of pulmonary metastases from all types of sarcomas showed a five-year survival rate of 26 percent. This report reviews the experience with 188 patients treated surgically for pulmonary metastasis from a variety of carcinomas, demonstrating that a similar rate of survival is obtainable by surgical excision of these metastases. A total of 188 patients underwent 242 thoractomies for metastatic pulmonary carcinomas. The most frequent sites of origin were the colon, melanoma, breast, and testicular carcinoma. Surgical treatment of these metastases is justified when the following criteria are adhered to: (1) primary site controlled or controllable; (2) no extrapulmonary metastatic sites demonstrable; (3) good surgical risk; and (4) no effective treatment available by nonsurgical means.
BOMB CARBON-14 IN HUMAN BEINGS

The concentration of bomb-produced radiocarbon in human beings will lag behind the rising concentration in average atmospheric CO 2 . Measurements on human materials suggest a lag of about 1 year for both breath CO 2 and blood, with the suggestion of a somewhat higher value for lung tissue. These results are in reasonable agreement with predictions based on independent evidence.
Drug interactions in epilepsy care: perspective on the newer generation antiepileptic drugs

Pharmacokinetic interactions involving the antiepileptic drugs have long been considered to be an unavoidable component of epilepsy treatment. Many of the 'older' generation of antiepileptic drugs, including carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbital, are recognized to cause hepatic induction of drug-metabolizing enzyme systems, such as the cytochrome P450 and UDP-gluculronyltransferase. Such interactions are not uncommonly implicated in resulting in clinically significant treatment complications. During the latter half of 1990s, a number of new antiepileptic drugs have become available to clinicians. Generally speaking, a common feature of these 'newer' generation medications are improved pharmacokinetic characteristics, including an improved drug interaction profile. The aim of this review is to summarize the data, both experimental and clinical, regarding pharmacokinetic interactions with the newer antiepileptic drugs.
Computational implementation of the conditional logistic regression in model in the analysis of epidemiologic matched studies

Adaptation of a BMDP packaged program for the proportional hazards survival models to the analysis of an epidemiologic matched study is discussed and illustrated with numerical examples.
DNA synthesis during the development of the chick cornea.

The frequency and pattern of DNA synthesis were analysed autoradiographically in the developing chick cornea. Each cellular population was studied in time-sequence fashion from the time of its appearance until hatching. There is a sharp drop in the synthetic index (number of labeled cells/total number of cells) in the anterior corneal epithelium soon after its formation, corresponding in time to the secretion of extracellular matrix material by this tissue. A similar decrease does not occur in adjacent tissues. Continuous labeling experiments show that about 20% of the corneal cells are not in the proliferative pool at this time while 100% of the cells in the underlying lens epithelium and the surrounding head epidermis and head mesenchyme are labeled. Cell cycle measurements indicate that the proliferative kinetics of both the corneal epithelium and the head epidermis are similar at this time even though the percentage of labeled cells in each region differs. The formation of the corneal endothelium and the movement of fibroblasts into the stromal region are events which involve extensive cellular migration. Labeled cells are observed at all stages of both endothelial and stromal fibroblast migration, indicating that DNA synthesis occurs during the course of cellular migration in the developing cornea.
Endoscopic anterior maxillotomy: infratemporal fossa via transnasal approach.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To evaluate our initial experience with a novel technique, endoscopic anterior maxillotomy (EAM), for improved access to the anterior-lateral skull base. Clinical and radioanatomic data are presented to describe and define this novel technique. Study Design: Case series. Methods: Surgical patients with lesions of the pterygopalatine fossa, infratemporal fossa, and anterior-lateral maxilla treated from 2006 to 2008 are reviewed. Demographic data and surgical technique are presented. A radioanatomic analysis pre- and post-EAM is performed to describe increased access. Matched-paired analysis was performed for statistical evaluation. Results: Thirty-two patients had surgical treatment of anterior-lateral skull base lesions. EAM was utilized in 16 cases. Fifty-six percent extended lateral to V2 and 56% extended posterior to the maxillary sinus. Complete resection was achieved in 11 patients. There was one unplanned subtotal resection. Radioanatomic measurements demonstrated an increase in the radius of surgical access to the ipsilateral skull base using the EAM when compared with both standard transnasal techniques (33.1° vs. 14.8°; P < .0001) and extended approaches removing the nasolacrimal duct (33.1° vs. 23.5°; P < .001). Similar findings were noted for lateral access to the contralateral skull base. Conclusions: Endoscopic anterior maxillotomy is a novel technical addition to the skull base surgeon's armamentarium. Radioanatomic analysis demonstrates a significant improvement in access to the anterolateral skull base. Laryngoscope, 2011
A wide angle low coherence interferometry based eye length optometer

Interest in eye growth regulation has burgeoned with the rise in myopia prevalence world-wide. Eye length and eye shape are fundamental metrics for related research, but current in vivo measurement techniques are generally limited to the optical axis of the eye. We describe a high resolution, time domain low coherence interferometry based optometer for measuring the eye length of small animals over a wide field of view. The system is based upon a Michelson interferometer using a superluminescent diode as a source, including a sample arm and a reference arm. The sample arm is split into two paths by a polarisation beam splitter; one focuses the light on the cornea and the other focuses the light on the retina. This method has a high efficiency of detection for reflections from both surfaces. The reference arm contains a custom high speed linear motor with 25 mm stroke and equipped with a precision displacement encoder. Light reflected from the cornea and the retina is combined with the reference beam to generate low coherence interferograms. Two galvo scanners are employed to steer the light to different angles so that the eye length over a field of view of 20° × 20° can be measured. The system has an axial resolution of 6.8 μm (in air) and the motor provides accurate movement, allowing for precise and repeatable measurement of coherence peak positions. Example scans from a tree shrew are presented.
Personhood, culture and family therapy

This paper argues that ideas about personhood and relationships vary cross-culturally and that although it is not always obvious or easy to discover, this variation is particularly salient to family therapy. This argument is supported by a dual definition of culture emphasizing both continuity of cultural themes (generative aspect) and the reconstitution, redefinition and change of such themes through interaction and communication (interactive aspect). The effectiveness of interventions which are isomorphic with ideas which families themselves hold about personhood is demonstrated through work with two families, one Punjabi and one Bangladeshi.
Optimality and Almost Sure Convergence of Adaptive IIR Filters with Output Error Recursion

We consider the almost sure convergence of the adaptive IIR filter based on the output error method. It is rigorously shown that the algorithm is globally stable, parameter estimation is consistent, and perfect noise cancellation is achieved in the presence of nonstationary colored noise. Due to the complexity of the analysis, we consider the scalar case, i.e., a one-pole IIR filter.
VIP/PACAP receptor mediation of cutaneous active vasodilation during heat stress in humans.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is implicated in cutaneous active vasodilation in humans. VIP and the closely related pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) act through several ...
Recognition of internal cleavage sites by retroviral RNases H

The RNase H activity of reverse transcriptase is essential to complete retroviral replication. Many studies have characterized how reverse transcriptase associates with recessed and exposed DNA 3' ends or RNA 5' ends to position the RNase H domain for cleavage, but little is known about how a nick might affect RNase H cleavages, or how RNase H carries out internal cleavages, which do not require positioning by a nucleic acid end. We have addressed these issues using model hybrid substrates and the reverse transcriptases of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Our results show that a nick separating an upstream RNA and a downstream RNA annealed to DNA is essentially ignored by RNase H, indicating that the RNA 5' end at a nick is not sufficient to position 5' end-directed cleavages. Cleavage sites that are located close to the 5' end of the downstream RNA are not recognized in the absence of the upstream RNA, and the 5' ends of the shorter upstream RNAs enhance cleavage at these sites. The recognition of an internal cleavage site depends on local sequence features found both upstream and downstream of the cleavage site, designated as the -1/+1 position. By analyzing the nucleotide frequencies in the sequence surrounding strong internal cleavage sites, preferred nucleotides have been identified in the flanking sequences spanning positions -14 to +1 for HIV-1 and -11 to +1 for M-MuLV. These data reveal that general degradation of the retroviral genome after minus-strand synthesis can occur through sequence-specific cleavages.
Does gene flow destroy phylogenetic signal? The performance of three methods for estimating species phylogenies in the presence of gene flow

Incomplete lineage sorting has been documented across a diverse set of taxa ranging from song birds to conifers. Such patterns are expected theoretically for species characterized by certain life history characteristics (e.g. long generation times) and those influenced by certain historical demographic events (e.g. recent divergences). A number of methods to estimate the underlying species phylogeny from a set of gene trees have been proposed and shown to be effective when incomplete lineage sorting has occurred. The further effects of gene flow on those methods, however, remain to be investigated. Here, we focus on the performance of three methods of species tree inference, ESP-COAL, minimizing deep coalescence (MDC), and concatenation, when incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow jointly confound the relationship between gene and species trees. Performance was investigated using Monte Carlo coalescent simulations under four models (n-island, stepping stone, parapatric, and allopatric) and three magnitudes of gene flow (N(e)m=0.01, 0.10, 1.00). Although results varied by the model and magnitude of gene flow, methods incorporating aspects of the coalescent process (ESP-COAL and MDC) performed well, with probabilities of identifying the correct species tree topology typically increasing to greater than 0.75 when five more loci are sampled. The only exceptions to that pattern included gene flow at moderate to high magnitudes under the n-island and stepping stone models. Concatenation performs poorly relative to the other methods. We extend these results to a discussion of the importance of species and population phylogenies to the fields of molecular systematics and phylogeography using an empirical example from Rhododendron.
A critical evaluation of mass isotopomer distribution analysis of gluconeogenesis in vivo.

There are conflicting reports concerning the reliability of mass isotopomer distribution analysis (MIDA) for estimating the contribution of gluconeogenesis to total glucose production (f) during [1...
Interfirm Cooperation and Customer Orientation

Abstract This article examines the implications of interfirm cooperation for a firm’s level of customer orientation. Drawing on research in marketing, organizational theory, and economics, the authors suggest that firms engaged in cooperative alliances with competitors will become less customer oriented over time. Using longitudinal survey data, the authors find that firms in alliances dominated by competitors experience a significant decrease in their level of customer orientation. In contrast, the authors do not observe this type of decrease for firms in alliances dominated by channel members. Moreover, the authors find that both behavioral and structural mechanisms influence the relationship between alliance type and customer orientation. Behaviorally, firms in competitor-dominated alliances with weak relational ties with their collaborators exhibit a greater decrease in customer orientation compared with firms with strong ties with their collaborators. Structurally, firms that collaborate with competi...
Diminished size–weight illusion in anorexia nervosa: evidence for visuo-proprioceptive integration deficit

Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) experience pronounced body image distortion in combination with a pernicious desire to maintain a dangerously low body weight. Relatively little is known, however, about the mechanism underlying body image distortion in AN. Despite having normal visual perception, individuals with AN both feel and see themselves as large-bodied and show deficits in interoception and haptic perception, suggesting a potential deficit in visual and tactile integration. The size-weight illusion (SWI) arises when two objects of equal weight but different sizes are held. Typical individuals experience a strong and robust illusion that the smaller object feels much heavier than the larger object because of an implicit assumption that weight scales with size. The current study compared the strength of the SWI in individuals with AN to healthy control participants. Individuals with AN exhibited a markedly reduced SWI relative to controls, even though their ability to discriminate weight was unaffected. Because the SWI is strongly modulated by visual appearance, we believe our finding reflects decreased integration of visual and proprioceptive information in anorexia. This finding may explain the puzzling observation that visual perception of the body in a mirror does not correct an AN patient's distorted body image. We speculate that methods to correct visuo-proprioceptive integration in constructing body image may help rehabilitate patients' judgments of size and weight regarding their own bodies. We also suggest that a dysfunction in interactions between inferior parietal lobule (concerned with body image), insula, and hypothalamus may underlie AN.
Monitoring of the Stanford Linac Microbunches' Position

A new hardware has been developed to measure the trajectory of microbunches along the Stanford Linac. To be suitable for the operation of the SLAC Single Pass Collider, the bunches absolute position must be kept within ±100 microns of the accelerator center, and the acquisition of this measurement must be made along the machine in a snapshot fashion. Typically, the position of three bunches will be monitored during subsequent shots; we expect a minimum charge of 109 particles per bunch and a time spacing between bunches of 50 nanoseconds. The mechanics of the position detectors is described as well as the general system organization and the calibration of various components.
Things are tough all over: Race, ethnicity, class and school discipline

Across the USA, schools have dramatically altered how they respond to school crime in recent decades, with a growing police presence and increased levels of punishments. Based on a cultural reproduction approach to understanding how students are socialized within schools, one would expect that these increasingly law-and-order-centered shifts would be disproportionately focused in schools with mostly racial and ethnic minorities and low-income youth, relative to schools with mostly white middle-class youth. To address this issue, I consider data from observations and interviews at four high schools with varying student demographics in two states. I find that although there certainly are discrepancies between schools that a cultural reproduction approach would lead one to predict, there are also substantial similarities. Students at all four schools are exposed to punitive, rule-based policies, though the effects of these similar policies are unequally distributed. Practices that were once reserved primarily for schools hosting poor students and students of color are now implemented in mostly white middle-class schools as well.
Accelerated disease progression in prostate cancer and bone metastases with platelet-derived growth factor receptor inhibition: observations with tandutinib

Background Activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor (p-PDGFR) is frequently expressed in bone metastases of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Phase II study of tandutinib was conducted to assess the effects of a continuously administered highly potent PDGFR inhibitor in this disease state.
Second-harmonic spectroscopy of Si nanocrystals embedded in silica

Extending previous second-harmonic generation (SHG) single-wavelength studies [1] of Si nanocrystals (NCs) embedded in fused silica, we implement spectroscopic cross-polarized two-beam SHG (XP2-SHG) by employing an optical parametric amplifier as a source of widely tunable (1.6 ≤ Eph ≤ 2.4 eV) femtosecond pulses. Subsequent isolation of the SH signal produced by the NCs yields the oscillator strength and phase of their nonlinear response. We obtain a broad resonance between bulk Si E1 and E2 critical points. Possible explanations for the spectroscopic result are discussed. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Isotope‐Coded Affinity Tags with Tunable Reactivities for Protein Footprinting

Fundamental to our understanding of biological systems is the ability to define interaction surfaces and conformational changes in dynamic protein complexes, yet this objective remains a challenge. Protein footprinting is a powerful solution to this problem. Methods such as hydrogen-deuterium exchange[1] limited proteolysis,[2] and radiolytic cleavage[3] assess changes in protein surface exposure by measuring the susceptibility of the polypeptide backbone to modification. A complementary approach is to use side-chain modification. Because of their unique nucleophilicity, cysteine (Cys) residues at select positions can report on solvent accessibility and local chemical environment.[4] The reactivity of a Cys residue can be measured to define interaction surfaces at individual amino acid resolution. Moreover, methods have been developed for rapid generation of a library of Cys variants for a protein of interest.[4a]
Promoting Active Learning: Student-Led Data Gathering in Undergraduate Statistics.

Scholarship on teaching undergraduates increasingly emphasizes the benefits of providing students with an active role in their education whereby instructors are more aptly described as facilitators...
Methodology for simulated power analysis attacks on AES

This paper presents detailed methodology for performing simulated Power Analysis Attacks (PAAs) on gate level models of cryptographic components with Synopsys design tools. First the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) hardware model is developed for the experiment using VHDL. The model is then synthesized with Synopsys DesignCompiler and the 130-nm CMOS standard cell library. Simulated instantaneous power consumption waveforms are generated with Synopsys PrimeTime PX. Results are analyzed and successful single and multiple-bit Differential Power Analysis (DPA) attacks are performed on the waveforms. The AES hardware model did not implement any DPA countermeasure techniques.
Using the Partitioning Principle to Adaptively Design Dose-Response Studies

An adaptive two-stage design is proposed for dose-response studies to find the minimum effective dose. The procedure is conducted in a stepwise fashion based on the partition testing principle with familywise error rate controlled strongly. We examine a wide dose range vs. a placebo in the first stage. Then an interim analysis is conducted with potential modification of design features of the experiment. Ineffective and/or unsafe dose treatments are terminated, and selected doses are further investigated in the second stage. Inference is based on a pre-chosen conditional error function. Several conditional error functions are discussed and compared.
THE PACE OF ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTED SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA MARSHES

Ecological attributes were measured along a chronosequence of 1- to 28-yr- old, constructed Spartina alterniflora marshes to identify trajectories and rates of ecosystem development of wetland structure and function. Attributes related to biological productivity and diversity (Spartina, epiphytic and sediment algae, benthic invertebrates), soil devel- opment (sediment deposition, organic C, N, P, organic matter quality), and microbial pro- cesses (C mineralization) were compared among eight constructed marshes and eight paired natural reference marshes. Most ecological attributes developed in a predictable manner over time, and most achieved equivalence to natural marshes 5-15 yr after marsh construc- tion. An exception was soil organic C and N pools (0-30 cm) that, after 28 yr, were significantly lower in constructed marshes. Development of habitat structure (Spartina stem height and density) and biodiversity (algae and invertebrates) developed concurrently with functional characteristics such as biomass, chlorophylla, and invertebrate density. Processes related to hydrology, sediment deposition and soil C and N accumulation, developed almost instantaneously with the establishment of Spartina, and young (1- to 3-yr-old), constructed marshes trapped sediment and sequestered N at higher rates than comparable reference marshes. Development of heterotrophic activity (C mineralization, invertebrate density) was strongly linked to surface (0-10 cm) soil organic C content. Ecosystem development of constructed (and natural) salt marshes depended on a minimum of 100 g N/m 2 (0.05- 0.1% N) to support emergent vegetation and 1000 g C/m 2 (0.5-1% C) to sustain the het-
Fixed precision sampling plans for white apple leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on apple.

Constant precision sampling plans for the white apple leafhopper, Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee, were developed so that it could be used as an indicator species for system stability as new integrated pest management programs without broad-spectrum pesticides are developed. Taylor’s power law was used to model the relationship between the mean and the variance, and Green’s constant precision sequential sample equation was used to develop sampling plans. Bootstrap simulations of the sampling plans showed greater precision (D = 0.25) than the desired precision (Do = 0.3), particularly at low mean population densities. We found that by adjusting the Do value in Green’s equation to 0.4, we were able to reduce the average sample number by 25% and provided an average D = 0.31. The sampling plan described allows T. pomaria to be used as reasonable indicator species of agroecosystem stability in Washington apple orchards.
Conceptualizing Transition: The Role of Metaphor in Describing the Experience of Change at Midlife

Five new or returning midlife university students were asked to provide metaphors describing their experience of midlife change, change indicated by their attending university at this point in their lives. Five resulting portraits (S. Lawrence-Lightfoot & J. H. Davis, 1997) were created, based on participant-invoked metaphors: personal rebellion against colonization, stage productions, collection and accumulation, journey home, and alchemy and metamorphosis. The portraits indicate that even from within widely divergent metaphoric conceptualizations, the respondents all find midlife to be an active, positive, and hopeful period of life. For them midlife is decidedly neither crisis nor dull plateau. Further, given the richness of the metaphor use, the study demonstrates the desirability of listening carefully to and moreover expressly soliciting metaphoric usage, in order to more fully understand people's inner realities. Finally, the portraits reveal that the participants' metaphoric conceptions are deeply imbedded in their lives, past and current, and as such identify life themes.
Stochastic Forecasting of Algae Blooms in Lakes

We consider the development of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in a lake with uncertain nutrients inflow. To quantify the impact of this uncertainty on predictions of the concentrations of various algae groups, we explore two alternative approaches based on the Fokker–Planck equation and PDF methods. Both approaches quantify predictive uncertainty by deriving deterministic equations for joint probability density functions of the algae concentrations. As an example, we study the impact of uncertain initial concentration and inflow–outflow ratio on the evolution of cyanobacteria (the blue-green algae).
Pyrosmalite-(Fe), Fe(8)Si(6)O(15)(OH,Cl)(10).

Pyrosmalite-(Fe), ideally FeII8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10 [refined composition in this study: Fe8Si6O15(OH0.814Cl0.186)10·0.45H2O, octa­iron(II) hexa­silicate deca­(chloride/hydroxide) 0.45-hydrate], is a phyllosilicate mineral and a member of the pyrosmalite series (Fe,Mn)8Si6O15(OH,Cl)10, which includes pyrosmalite-(Mn), as well as friedelite and mcgillite, two polytypes of pyrosmalite-(Mn). This study presents the first structure determination of pyrosmalite-(Fe) based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction data from a natural sample from Burguillos del Cerro, Badajos, Spain. Pyrosmalite-(Fe) is isotypic with pyrosmalite-(Mn) and its structure is characterized by a stacking of brucite-type layers of FeO6-octa­hedra alternating with sheets of SiO4 tetra­hedra along [001]. These sheets consist of 12-, six- and four-membered rings of tetra­hedra in a 1:2:3 ratio. In contrast to previous studies on pyrosmalite-(Mn), which all assumed that Cl and one of the four OH-groups occupy the same site, our data on pyrosmalite-(Fe) revealed a split-site structure model with Cl and OH occupying distinct sites. Furthermore, our study appears to suggest the presence of disordered structural water in pyrosmalite-(Fe), consistent with infrared spectroscopic data measured from the same sample. Weak hydrogen bonding between the ordered OH-groups that are part of the brucite-type layers and the terminal silicate O atoms is present.
On Abstraction and Ambiguity

Spatial thinking ranges from the concrete—moving through space, moving things in space—to the abstract—moving through conceptual spaces, moving ideas in conceptual spaces. Both concrete and abstract spaces can be frozen and externalized in objects, maps, and diagrams, which in turn can be moved through and manipulated, in the mind or in the world. Creating representations of space, real or metaphoric, in the mind or outside of it, requires abstraction, and consequent ambiguity. Ambiguity enables the multiplicity of interpretations that are the foundation of creative thought. Space, action, and abstraction are inextricably interlinked: spraction.
A next generation CMOS-compatible GaN-on-Si transistors for high efficiency energy systems

CMOS-compatible 100 V / 650 V enhancement-mode high electron mobility transistors (E-HEMTs) and 650 V depletion-mode MISFET (D-MISFET) are fabricated on 6-inch GaN-on-Si wafers. These devices show excellent power converter switching performances. Both 100 V and 650 V E-HEMTs had passed industrial reliability qualifications. The importance of bulk leakage, interface quality and gate trapping in dynamic on-resistance is figured out. The device with optimized processes shows a significant reduction of the dynamic on-resistance degradation.
Black Lives Movement Can Improve Justice System

This op-ed piece argues that because the criminal justice system's loss of moral credibility contributes to increased criminality and because blacks are disproportionately the victims of crimes, especially violent crimes, the most valuable contribution that the Black Lives Matter movement can make is not to tear down the system’s reputation but rather to propose and support reforms that will build it up, thereby improving its crime-control effectiveness and reducing black victimization.
Confounding Experimenter Effects in Conceptual Tempo Research: Methodological Note

Recent attacks on measures used to assess conceptual tempo in children have pointed out a number of problems adhering in the techniques developed by Kagan and his colleagues (Kagan, Rosman, Day, Albert, & Phillips, 1964), including statistical, theoretical, and empirical issues (e.g., Block, Block, & Harrington, 1974). One point which seems to have escaped scrutiny is a possible confound resulting from differences among experimenters. The standard procedure in assessing conceptual tempo is to obtain latencies of response using a stop-watch and then to pool all subjects' data and perform a median split on latencies (and subsequently, on accuracy scores). For this technique to result in meaningful groups, before pooling one ought to perform a preliminary check for group differences between subjects run by different experimenters (even assuming random assignment). Unfortunately, if such tests have been performed, they are seldom mentioned in reports of conceptual tempo. Indeed, although acknowledgements in footnotes suggest that multiple experimenters are often employed, the acrual numbers of experimenters are infrequently reported, and one must conclude that data have typically been pooled without the requisite check. Experimenter differences are found on many tasks (e.g., Ammons & Ammons, 1970) but are particularly likely to arise in the absence of instrumentation for measuring latencies-the "personal equation" problem in which individual differences were first considered (Anastasi, 1958, pp. 4-5). The empirical status of these differences on the tasks used to assess conceptual tempo must be determined by further research, but it certainly can be said that researchers working in this area are obligated to justify their failure to test for such differences prior to pooling data (which amounts to accepting implicitly the null hypothesis).
Reasonable link of The Application and Operation of Penalty Regulations in "Cosmetic Health Supervision Regulations"

This paper is aimed to explore reasonable link of the application and operation of penalty regulations in "Cosmetic Health Supervision Regulations". With the principles of keeping the continuity and stability of the jural administration on cosmetics health, facing to the new public health issues produced by the rapid development of cosmetics enterprises, the scope of the application of the "Cosmetic Health Supervision Regulations" should be adjusted and the surveillance should be strengthened to make it complied with relative laws and regulations, and to normatively implement the health administration. Provisions of sections of penalty regulations in the present "Cosmetic Health Supervision Regulations" are lack of Operability and proper deterrent. To build the socialistic health legal system with Chinese characteristic, health reform and health legal construction should be strengthened to make health legal theory continuously improve in practice.
A Review of Basic Science Issues in Low Back Pain

This review article is based on a workshop, "New Horizons in Low Back Pain" that was held in November 1995 in San Diego, California. The current article follows the 1995 workshop format of a series of three case study models. Three classical clinical profiles were presented for consideration: lumbar radiculopathy, idiopathic (degenerative disk) low back pain, and degenerative stenosis. This article summarizes the basic science perspectives that were presented and discussed on each topic.
Treatment with or without plasma exchange for patients with acquired thrombotic microangiopathy not associated with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency: a propensity score-matched study.

BACKGROUND Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a proven treatment for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) characterized by severe ADAMTS13 deficiency, but the efficacy of TPE in suspected TTP with an ADAMTS13 activity level of more than 10% remains controversial. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a propensity score (PS)-matched study of 186 adult patients included in the Harvard Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA) Research Collaborative registry who presented with TMA suggestive of TTP but an ADAMTS13 activity level of more than 10%. RESULTS Before matching, patients treated with TPE (n = 71) differed from untreated patients (n = 115) by several clinical measures. PS matching was performed to address clinical disparities between the two groups and resulted in a well-balanced cohort of 59 TPE-treated patients paired with 59 untreated controls, all of whom had TMA. After matching, we observed no significant difference in the primary outcome of 90-day survival between the treated and untreated groups (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44-1.77; p = 0.72). In-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.77; 95% CI, 0.34-1.75; p = 0.53) and the percentage of patients with platelet count recovery (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 0.77-3.26; p = 0.21) also did not differ significantly between the two matched groups. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that routine use of TPE in the diverse group of TMA patients without severe ADAMTS13 deficiency may not significantly improve outcomes.
Examining the Impact of Local Collaborative Tools on Urban Sustainability Efforts: Does the Managerial Environment Matter?

Collaborative management is thought to enhance policy implementation in urban settings by overcoming governmental fragmentation, creating greater goal consensus, increasing access to resources, and...
A process-oriented approach for documenting and gauging intercultural competence in translation

ABSTRACTThis article describes and contextualises how intercultural competence in translation can be empirically documented and assessed using a process-oriented dual methodology consisting of juxtaposed screen recording and think-aloud data. A discussion of how Byram’s (1997) triadic intercultural communicative competence model of knowledge, skills and attitudes maps onto directly observable translator behaviours is followed by the results of a small-scale pilot study, which exemplify how various facets of intercultural competence are manifest in contexts involving MA-level student translation of German culturemes into US English. Continuing in the spirit of previous behaviour-oriented approaches to empirically document intercultural competence in translation, this article foregrounds process-oriented training as a means by which to glean insight into learner strengths and weaknesses with the objective of fostering growth in this domain, thereby optimising a still largely elusive area within translation ...
Infection Prevention in Chronic Kidney Disease/Dialysis/Transplant

Children with renal disorders including chronic glomerular conditions, chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease, and kidney transplant recipients have a higher infection risk. This review covers infection prevention in this population, with a focus on vaccination strategies.
O4-06-07

null background. We are performing A ELISAs, immunoblotting, and immunohisto-chemistry on brains from these mice and their APP transgenic controls collected at 3, 6, and 13 months of age. Results: The absence of NEP results in: a) elevations in the TBS-, NP40-, and guanidine HCl-soluble pools of brain A ; b) marked elevations in hippocampal amyloid plaque burden; and c) a dramatic increase in amyloid angiopathy. We will report further on plasma A levels, A monomer, dimer, and oligomer levels, and the possibility of a NEP gene-dose response. Conclusions: The absence of endogenous NEP in human APP transgenic mice results in elevated levels of brain A , an increased amyloid plaque burden, and the development of amyloid angiopathy.
The Frobenius complexity of Hibi rings

Abstract We study the Frobenius complexity of Hibi rings over fields of characteristic p > 0 . In particular, for a certain class of Hibi rings (which we call ω ( − 1 ) -level), we compute the limit of the Frobenius complexity as p → ∞ .
The “sharing” economy: labor, inequality, and social connection on for-profit platforms

For social analysts, what has come to be called the “sharing economy” raises important questions. After a discussion of history and definitions, we focus on 3 areas of research in the for-profit segment, also called the platform economy: social connection, conditions for laborers, and inequalities. Although we find that some parts of the platform economy, particularly Airbnb, do foster social connection, there are also ways in which even shared hospitality is becoming more like conventional exchange. With respect to labor conditions, we find they vary across platforms and the degree to which workers are dependent on the platform to meet their basic needs. On inequality, there is mounting evidence that platforms are facilitating person-to-person discrimination by race. In addition, platforms are advantaging those who already have human capital or physical assets, in contrast to claims that they provide widespread opportunity or even advantage less privileged individuals.
Teaching exchange rate risk using London's Gherkin building: How investors were in (and out of) a pickle

In this teaching note, the authors use an iconic London building, the Gherkin, as a motivation to understand exchange rates, cross exchange rates, and unhedged exchange rate risk. The famous tower was constructed in the early 2000s by Swiss Re, an insurance company, and then sold to investors as part of a sale-leaseback deal in early 2007. Unfortunately, the purchase was funded by a consortium of lenders using multiple currencies and leaving owners open to exchange rate risk. While partially hedging interest payments, the owners did not hedge the loans' principal and ultimately loan-to-value limits caused the building to fall into bankruptcy despite being fully leased. Hopefully the storyline piques student interest and promotes a better understanding of a topic that frequently challenges students.
Anticancer activity of osmium(VI) nitrido complexes in patient-derived glioblastoma initiating cells and in vivo mouse models.

Abstract Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and lethal primary intrinsic brain tumor with a median patient survival of less than two years, even with the optimal standard of care, namely, surgical resection followed by radiotherapy with adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy. Long-term survival is extremely rare and there is a tremendous need for novel GBM therapies. Following our prior reports on the anticancer activity of osmium(VI) nitrido compounds and their effectiveness against cancer initiating cells, we investigated the efficacy of Os(VI) on GBM initiating cells in vitro and in vivo. Conventional MTT and 3D cytotoxicity assays revealed that patient-derived GBM models were sensitive to cisplatin, TMZ, and two Os(IV) derivatives. Rapid cell death occurred at low micromolar concentrations of the Os(IV) compounds. Cell cycle analysis, Os uptake studies, and cellular distribution experiments provided further insight into the anticancer properties of these compounds, indicating differential uptake for both compounds and a modest G2/M arrest after treatment. Moreover, in vivo experiments showed a significant increase in survival after a single intracranial chemotherapeutic injection, results that warrant further studies using this approach.
The Immune System in Pregnancy: A Unique Complexity

Placental immune response and its tropism for specific viruses and pathogens affect the outcome of the pregnant woman's susceptibility to and severity of certain infectious diseases. The generalization of pregnancy as a condition of immune suppression or increased risk is misleading and prevents the determination of adequate guidelines for treating pregnant women during pandemics. There is a need to evaluate the interaction of each specific pathogen with the fetal/placental unit and its responses to design the adequate prophylaxis or therapy. The complexity of the immunology of pregnancy and the focus, for many years, on the concept of immunology of pregnancy as an organ transplantation have complicated the field and delayed the development of new guidelines with clinical implications that could help to answer these and other relevant questions. Our challenge as scientists and clinicians interested in the field of reproductive immunology is to evaluate many of the 'classical concepts' to define new approaches for a better understanding of the immunology of pregnancy that will benefit mothers and fetuses in different clinical scenarios.
An opioid overdose curriculum for medical residents: Impact on naloxone prescribing, knowledge, and attitudes

Background: Despite escalating opioid overdose death rates, addiction medicine is underrepresented in residency curricula. Providing naloxone to at-risk patients, relatives, and first responders re...