cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Near-Infrared Spectral Survey of Planetary Nebulae

We have completed a near-infrared spectral survey of more than 40 planetary nebulae (PN). The data were obtained using the KSPEC spectrometer on the University of Hawaii 2.2m telescope on Mauna Kea. KSPEC is a cross-dispersed spectrograph that provides simultaneous sampling of the 1.1 – 2.4 μm range at a resolution of approximately 700. We used a 1×7 arcsec slit and a slit-viewing camera with a second NICMOS3 detector operating in the K-band for positioning and tracking of the source. The survey sample consists of compact IR-bright PN with a range of ages and morphological classifications. For many PN in the survey, spectra of several positions, such as the central star and one or more positions in the nebula, were obtained. There are many spectral features of interest within this wavelength range, such as HI recombination lines, emission lines of He I, Fe I, O I, and [Fe II]; molecules such as H2, CN, C2, and CO; and continuum emission from the central star and hot dust in the nebula. A typical spectrum is shown in Figure 1. Emission from H2 was detected for the first time in several PN, including NGC 40, NGC 7026, M 1-92, and Vy 2-2. The survey data will be used to compare the properties of the sample PN, including H2 excitation mechanisms (shocks versus excitation by UV photons) and temperatures, and to correlate the properties with morphology class and age.
An In-Situ Multipass UV-Absorption Ozone Sensor Designed for Stratospheric Applications

A balloon-borne, in situ ozone sensor designed for stratospheric use has participated in a balloon ozone intercomparison campaign. (BOIC). Instrumental performance, judged according to pre- and post-flight laboratory calibrations and in-flight diagnostics, was excellent. Systematic differences with other in situ instruments were small, but nevertheless well beyond that expected, based on signal-to-noise considerations alone. Gondola effects are considered and the advisability of laboratory intercalibrations is discussed, as a means of further understanding the flight performance of all the in situ UV absorption instruments.
Shimura Varieties and the Mumford-Tate conjecture, part I

We prove the Mumford-Tate conjecture for those abelian varieties over number fields, whose simple factors of their adjoint Mumford-Tate groups have over R certain (products of) non-compact factors. In particular, we prove this conjecture for the orthogonal case (Bn and D R n Shimura types). We construct embeddings of Shimura varieties of (whose adjoints are of prescribed abelian type) into unitary Shimura varieties. We also prove two general theorems involving Frobenius tori of abelian varieties over number fields.
Producing Immigrant Victims’ “Right” to Legal Status and the Management of Legal Uncertainty

This article investigates how lawyers manage legal and bureaucratic uncertainties associated with humanitarian immigration law by examining their representation of undocumented crime victims petitioning for U Visa status. Immigration attorneys craft dual narratives to persuade adjudicators that their clients qualify for and deserve this new legal status, but representing migrants well creates moral dilemmas. I explore how lawyers elicit and script narratives of “clean” victimhood to demonstrate that their clients qualify for U Visa standing. Next I argue that attorneys construct narratives articulating migrants’ civic engagement to position their clients as contributing members of society who deserve legal status. The final section illustrates how the production of these narratives generates a range of professional and ethical dilemmas for lawyers. This examination of how law is developed within a confining legal framework that is at the same time not totally institutionalized extends the “law in action” paradigm, which has been animated primarily by analyses of how legal actors tailor the idiosyncratic details of discrete cases to match existing precedents.
Students Advise Fortune 500 Company: Designing a Problem-Based Learning Community

This article describes the process of planning and implementing a problem-based learning community. Business and communication students from a large university in the Western United States competed in teams to solve an authentic business problem posed by a Fortune 500 company. The company's willingness to adopt some of their recommendations testified to the professional quality of their final product. This experience gave students an opportunity to apply communication concepts to a business problem. They learned how to make vital connections between theory and practice and between shared knowledge and shared knowing. In the process, students grew personally and professionally.
Analysis of duration of response: A problem of oncology trials

Comparing response durations between treatment groups in a randomized clinical trial can be inappropriate and give misleading results concerning the relative durability of responses. Due to patient variability, the treatment producing more responses will usually also have responsive patients of poorer prognosis. A treatment that increases the probability and duration of a response can appear to produce responses of shorter duration based on an analysis of duration of response. Alternative procedures are discussed.
Comparative effects of endrin on hepatic lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, and nitric oxide production by peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6J and DBA/2 mice

Abstract 1. Endrin is a polyhalogenated cyclic hydrocarbon which produces hepatic and neurologic toxicity. In order to further assess the mechanism of toxicity ofendrin, the dose-dependent effects of endrin on hepatic lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, and nitric oxide (NO) production by peritoneal exudate cells (primarily macrophages) were investigated in C57BL/6J and DBA/2 mice which vary at the Ah receptor genetic locus. C57BL/6J mice are dioxin-responsive, while DBA/2 mice are dioxin-insensitive. 2. Mice of both strains were treated with 0, 1, 2 or 4 mg endrin kg −1 as a single oral dose in corn oil, and the animals were killed 24 hr post-treatment. At doses of 1,2 and 4 mg endrin kg −1 in C57BL/6J mice, hepatic mitochondrial lipid peroxidation increased 1.2-, 2.2- and 3.2-fold, respectively, and 1.8-, 2.3- and 3.5-fold with microsomes, respectively. At these same doses in DBA/2 mice, hepatic mitochondrial lipid peroxidation increased 1.3-, 2.0- and 2.6-fold, respectively, and 1.5-, 1.9- and 2.5-fold with microsomes, respectively. 3. Increases of 2.3-, 2.4- and 4.9-fold were observed in hepatic DNA damage (elution constants) in C57BL/6J mice at doses of 1, 2 and 4 mg endrin kg −1 , respectively, while at these same three doses, increases of 1.9-, 2.1- and 2.3-fold were observed for DBA/2 mice, respectively. 4. Nitric oxide production by peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6J increased by 1.3-, 1.7- and 2.0-fold with doses of 1, 2 and 4 mg endrin kg −1 , respectively, while in macrophages from DBA/2 mice at these same doses, increases of 1.7-, 1.7- and 1.8-fold, respectively, were observed. 5. The results indicate that the responsiveness of peritoneal macrophages with respect to both DNA damage and nitric oxide production are more dose-dependent in C57BL/6J mice as compared to DBA/2 mice, while similar results are observed with the lipid peroxidation of hepatic mitochondria and microsomes of the two mouse strains. The results suggest that the toxicity of endrin is less reliant on a mechanism which may involve the Ah receptor system as compared to dioxins as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD).
Power-translation invariance in discrete groups—A characterization of finite Hamiltonian groups

Abstract The primary result of this paper is the resolution of the question: Which non-Abelian discrete groups G satisfy (for some n >1) | (aS) n |=| S n | for all S G and a ∈ G , (A n ) where |*| denotes the counting measure and S n ={ s 1 … s n : s i ∈ S , 1≤ i ≤ n }? We prove that a discrete group G satisfies (A n ) for some integer n >1 iff G is a finite Hamiltonian group. Furthermore, if γ denotes the invariant defined for finite Abelian groups introduced in [1] and H is any finite Hamiltonian group, then H satisfies (A n ) iff γ( H′ )≥ n , where H′ denotes the unique (up to isomorphism) maximal Abelian subgroup of H . In the course of this development a number of results concerning finite Hamiltonian groups are obtained. We conclude with a section on related conditions as well as a discussion of the general locally compact case.
Bicultural Effectiveness Training (BET): An Experimental Test of an Intervention Modality for Families Experiencing Intergenerational/Intercultural Conflict:

This study compares the efficacy of Bicultural Effectiveness Training (BET), a new intervention modality, and Structural Family Therapy (SFT), an established treatment approach. Cuban American fami...
Measurement of mitochondrial respiration in trophoblast culture

Pregnancy is a state of oxidative stress, which becomes exaggerated under pathological conditions, such as preeclampsia, IUGR, diabetes and obesity, where placental mitochondrial dysfunction is observed. The majority of investigations utilize isolated mitochondria when measuring mitochondrial activity in placenta. However, this does not provide a complete physiological readout of mitochondrial function. This technical note describes a method to measure respiratory function in intact primary syncytiotrophoblast from human term placenta.
Retinal artery occlusion: associated systemic and ophthalmic abnormalities.

Objective To investigate systematically the various associated systemic and ophthalmic abnormalities in different types of retinal artery occlusion (RAO). Design Cohort study. Participants We included 439 consecutive untreated patients (499 eyes) with RAO first seen in our clinic from 1973 to 2000. Methods At first visit, all patients underwent detailed ophthalmic and medical history, and comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation. Visual evaluation was done by recording visual acuity, using the Snellen visual acuity chart, and visual fields with a Goldmann perimeter. Initially they also had carotid Doppler/angiography and echocardiography. The same ophthalmic evaluation was performed at each follow-up visit. Main Outcome Measures Demographic features, associated systemic and ophthalmic abnormalities, and sources of emboli in various types of RAO. Results We classified RAO into central (CRAO) and branch (BRAO) artery occlusion. In both nonarteritic (NA) CRAO and BRAO, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular accidents were significantly higher compared with the prevalence of these conditions in the matched US population (all P P = 0.001) with NA-CRAO and for women with BRAO ( P = 0.02). Ipsilateral internal carotid artery had ≥50% stenosis in 31% of NA-CRAO patients and 30% of BRAO, and plaques in 71% of NA-CRAO and 66% of BRAO. An abnormal echocardiogram with an embolic source was seen in 52% of NA-CRAO and 42% of BRAO. Neovascular glaucoma developed in only 2.5% of NA-CRAO eyes. Conclusions This study showed that, in CRAO as well as BRAO, the prevalence of various cardiovascular diseases and smoking was significantly higher compared with the prevalence of these conditions in the matched US population. Embolism is the most common cause of CRAO and BRAO; plaque in the carotid artery is usually the source of embolism and less commonly the aortic and/or mitral valve. The presence of plaques in the carotid artery is generally of much greater importance than the degree of stenosis in the artery. Contrary to the prevalent misconception, we found no cause-and-effect relationship between CRAO and neovascular glaucoma. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
Development of hemidesmosomes: an intramembranous view

Hemidesmosomes of the skin are adhesive structures involved in the anchoring of the epidermis to structures of the basement membrane and the underlying dermis. The plasma membrane of the basal cells is an integral component of hemidesmosomes. This freeze fracture study shows the intramembranous changes that occur during hemidesmosome formation in the epidermis during human embryonic/fetal development. The first indication of hemidesmosomes is the presence of groups of intramembranous particles on the E fracture face of basal cells. Each group of intramembranous particles represents a hemidesmosome. With progressive development the number of intramembranous particles per hemidesmosome and the number of hemidesmosomes increases. Concomitant with these changes the plasma membrane bows toward the dermis at the hemidesmosome sites. The distribution of hemidesmosomes in the plane of the basal plasma membrane is non-uniform with the majority found in the center. The outline of the hemidesmosomes is variable although the elongate shape is the most common.
Distribution and characterization of cyclo(His-Pro)-like immunoreactivity in the rat gastrointestinal tract

Abstract The distribution of cyclo(His-Pro), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and pyroglutamate aminopeptidase activity was examined in the rat gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Cyclo(His-Pro)-like immunoreactivity was present in the following order of distribution (fmoles/mg protein): caecum > colon = jejunum = ileum > stomach = duodenum = rectum, and was immunologically and chromatographically identical with the authentic cyclo(His-Pro). Cyclo(His-Pro) concentrations showed significantly positive correlations with TRH concentrations, but not with pyroglutamate aminopeptidase activities, in most tissues of the GI tract, suggesting a precursor role of TRH for gut cyclo(His-Pro). These data suggest that cyclo(His-Pro) may be involved in regulating rat GI functions.
Exploring Concentration Response in HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis to Optimize Clinical Care and Trial Design

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis trials with antiretroviral drugs have been variably successful. Even trials demonstrating the best efficacy leave room for improvement. Pharmacological data illuminate several sources of outcome variability, especially the impact of poor adherence, which is critical to manage PrEP in the clinic and to develop the next generation of PrEP candidates.
Progressive tool-wear mechanisms and their effects on chip-curl/chip-form in machining with grooved tools: an extended application of the equivalent toolface (ET) model

Abstract Chip-form/chip-breakability and tool-wear/tool-life are two important aspects commonly considered in evaluating the performance of a machining process. The advent of new grooved tools with complex chip-groove geometry has required a better understanding of the curling behavior of the chip for effective curling and breaking of the chip. This paper presents a methodology for modeling chip-curl in machining with progressively worn grooved tools from measured cutting forces by using the equivalent toolface (ET) model. The ET is an imaginary flat toolface formed by effective inclination and rake angles to represent a grooved tool. This is achieved by iteratively changing the effective angles to match the flat-faced forces, calculated from a predictive cutting force model, with the measured grooved tool forces. The variation of the ET orientations resulting from the combinations of the effective angles shows a good correlation with the chip-curl ratio (ratio of up-curl to side-curl calculated from the twist angle), defined to indicate the curling pattern of chip. In this paper, this methodology is extended to correlate chip curling when machining with progressive tool-wear mechanisms in grooved tools. Experiments have been performed to measure the cutting forces at varying stages of progressive tool-wear, and chips are collected for a range of cutting conditions. The anticipated chip-curl/chip-forms and the associated dominant tool-wear patterns from the use of the predictive ET model are correlated well with the experimental observations.
40-Gbit/s all-optical circulating shift register with an inverter

We report what is believed to be the first demonstration of an all-optical circulating shift register using an ultrafast nonlinear interferometer with a polarization-insensitive semiconductor optical amplifier as the nonlinear switching element. The device operates at 40 Gbits/s, to our knowledge the highest speed demonstrated to date. Also, the demonstration proves the cascadability of the ultrafast nonlinear interferometric switch.
Discovery of a New, Disjunct Population of a Narrowly Distributed Salamander (Taricha rivularis) in California Presents Conservation Challenges

Abstract A newly discovered population of Red-bellied Newts (Taricha rivularis) in the Stevens Creek watershed in Santa Clara County, California, represents a significant southerly range extension of this species, by approximately 130 km from the nearest records in Sonoma County, California. To investigate the origin of this population we sequenced two mitochondrial genes (ND1, cytochrome b) and one nuclear exon (POMC) from the Santa Clara County population and from the main portion of the range including Sonoma, Mendocino, and Humboldt Counties. Phylogenetic relationships, historical demography, and genetic diversity were used to infer the origin of the newly discovered population and to elucidate the evolutionary history of the species. This species exhibits the lowest genetic diversity of any salamander in coastal California, and we infer unique signatures of population expansion not found in sympatrically occurring salamander species. The newly discovered population, characterized by a ubiquitous mtDN...
A preferred approach to the linearization of turbulent boundary-layer equations

An efficient procedure for solving the fully linearized form of the boundary-layer equations is described for turbulent flows. The procedure makes use of the so-called bordering algorithm and is applicable to problems in which the structure of the linearized system of equations deviates from the block triagonal matrix form which may be caused by boundary conditions.
Modified radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Abstract A significant modification of the traditional radical retropubic prostatectomy is presented. A logical stepwise surgical sequence is discussed in detail. The technique described provides excellent visualization, early ligation of vascular and lymphatic channels, decreased intraoperative blood loss, and a tension-free vesicourethral anastomosis.
THE WATER-SOLUBLE EXTRACT OF CHICORY REDUCES CHOLESTEROL UPTAKE IN GUT-PERFUSED RATS

Abstract The direct action of soluble fiber analogs (chicory water-soluble extract and inulin) on the intestinal absorption of cholesterol was investigated in gut-perfused rats. After equilibrium, both jejunal and ileal segments were simultaneously perfused with an isotonic electrolyte solution (pH 7.4) containing cholesterol (2 mmol/L) and chicory water-soluble extract (chicory extract) or inulin (10 g/L). Each test or control solution was perfused in random sequence, with perfusion times of 30 min. Chicory extract significantly decreased cholesterol absorption by 30% (P
Properties of methane clouds on Titan: Results from microphysical modeling

[1] Observations indicate methane in Titan's atmosphere may be both highly supersaturated and condensed in clouds. In this paper, we present simulations of methane clouds which show that supersaturation and condensation can be compatible given certain conditions. Cloud formation is limited by lack of suitable nuclei as it is for terrestrial cirrus. The simulations suggest much of the troposphere contains optically thin clouds composed of methane which have formed on ethane coated cores. Optically thick methane clouds form in regions where atmospheric dynamics pushes the supersaturation beyond a threshold value. Horizontal quasi-barotropic motions are more likely to drive the supersaturation creating these clouds than are vertical motions.
Optimal Operation of Independent Storage Systems in Energy and Reserve Markets With High Wind Penetration

In this paper, we consider a scenario where a group of investor-owned independently-operated storage units seek to offer energy and reserve in the day-ahead market and energy in the hour-ahead market. We are particularly interested in the case where a significant portion of the power generated in the grid is from wind and other intermittent renewable energy resources. In this regard, we formulate a stochastic programming framework to choose optimal energy and reserve bids for the storage units that takes into account the fluctuating nature of the market prices due to the randomness in the renewable power generation availability. We show that the formulated stochastic program can be converted to a convex optimization problem to be solved efficiently. Our simulation results also show that our design can assure profitability of the private investment on storage units. We also investigate the impact of various design parameters, such as the size and location of the storage unit on increasing the profit.
Polymerization of phenylacetylene by an olefin metathesis catalyst

A test of the proposed mechanism of polymerization of acetylenes by metal carbene compounds was carried out. Using the Re(CO)5Cl/C2H5AlCl2 olefin metathesis catalyst, the metathesis of 1,7-octadiene was interrupted by the addition of phenylacetylene. The polymer isolated contained the required C7 fragment of the 1,7-octadiene as the end group on polyphenylacetylene.
A fixed point theorem for a family of nonexpansive mappings

Let E be a separated, locally convex topological vector space and F a commutative family of nonexpansive mappings defined on a quasi-complete convex (not necessarily bounded) subset X of E. In this paper, it is proved that if one of the mappings in F is condensing with a bounded range then the family F has a common fixed point in X. This result improves several well-known results and supplements a recent result of E. Tarafdar (Bull. Austral. Math. Soc. 13 (1975), 241–254) for such mappings.
Short Pulse X-Ray Diffraction Studies Of Shocked And Annealed Crystals Using The Janus Research Laser

When a crystal is annealed or shocked the spacing of the interatomic planes is altered, and a measurement of the lattice spacing can yield information on the temperature or compression respectively. We have used the JANUS research laser at LLNL to perform such measurements of transiently strained crystals. JANUS is a two-beam laser system, with separate synchronized oscillators for each beam. One beam of the laser, containing 10 - 100 J of 1.06..mu..m light in a pulse of 1 ns FWHM, was found to a 3.9 cm diameter spot on the surface of silicon crystal; the crystal was either annealed or shock-compressed, depending on the absence or presence of a variety of thin coatings applied to the crystal surface. At some time during or after the perturbing pulse, the second synchronous but delayed laser beam, containing /approximately/10 J of 0.53..mu..m light in a pulse of 100 ps (FWHM), was focused to a 40..mu..m diameter spot onto a separate target containing calcium, potassium, and chlorine. Thus, a short pulse of the helium-like line radiation of these atoms was produced, and this radiation was Bragg diffracted from the surface of the strained crystal. Measurements of the change in Bragg angle, caused bymore » thermal expansion or shock compression, gives a direct measurement of one component of the strain within the crystal. A single laser shot gives recordable x-ray levels. A number of shots at different irradiances and delay times gave information about the lattice spacing as a function of time. The potential applications of such results is discussed. 10 refs., 6 figs.« less
Morphology and Polarity of GaN Single Crystals Synthesized by the Na Flux Method

The correlation between morphology and polarity was investigated for GaN single crystals synthesized by the Na flux method. The polarity was identified by using anomalous X-ray dispersion. Colorless transparent prismatic single crystals were classified into three types. The first had a smooth basal plane face and no hexagonal pyramidal faces, the second had smooth pyramidal faces, and the third had a rough basal plane face and rough pyramidal faces. The prismatic crystals with smooth surfaces had N-polarity and grew in the −c direction, whereas the crystals having rough surfaces had Ga-polarity and grew in the +c direction. In colorless transparent platelet single crystals, one side of the basal planes had a mirror smooth surface, while the other side had many step edges and hexagonal pits. The smooth basal plane and the rough basal plane were the (0001) N-face and (0001) Ga-face, respectively. Black pyramidal crystals had a smooth (0001) basal plane face corresponding to the Ga-face.
Titanium bis(alkylamido)phenylborane complexes

Abstract The bis(tert-butylamido)phenylborane ligand [tBuNBPhNtBu], may be delivered to titanium from its dilithio salt. Complexes containing a single chelating boradiamido ligand, [tBuNBPhNtBu]TiX2, (X=NMe2 (1), Cl (2), Bn (3)), have been prepared and characterized by 1H and 11B NMR, and single crystal X-ray structure analysis (2,3).
(NH)6 The amino-analog of cyclohexane: a laboratory for the understanding of lone-pair effects on molecular geometry

Abstract The 13 symmetrically distinct conformations of chair-N6H6 are investigated with self-consistent field (SCF) methods, using minimum (STO-3G), double zeta (DZ) and double zeta plus polarization (DZP) basis sets. The DZP-SCF energies of these conformations cover a range of 37.0 kcal mol−1, the lowest in energy being the conformation with all hydrogens axial. Analytic SCF second-derivative methods with a DZP basis set reveal each of the 13 conformations to be a local energy minimum. The cyclic N6H6 system is exploited for the information it reveals concerning the steric requirements of lone pairs in amino-type systems. Geometrical parameters and relative energies are seen to correlate with the placement of such lone pairs. Specifically, bond lengths and torsional angles distort so as to achieve greater separation between lone pairs. These trends are quantified in general rules of thumb for estimating the energies of these types of molecules. The reliability of the DZP-SCF method is discussed.
Strain-related collagen gene expression in human osteoblast-like cells

The gene expression of cells in the musculoskeletal system, such as in bone, cartilage, ligament and tendon, is profoundly affected by mechanical loading. Previous studies have demonstrated that the expression of many genes, including collagen types I and III, are affected by mechanical strain in diverse cell types, such as human osteoblast-like SaOs-2 cells. However, whether the effect of mechanical loading on collagen gene expression is strain-related remains unclear. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between mechanical strain and the gene expression of collagen types I and III in SaOs-2 cells. A Flexercell cellular mechanical loading system was used to subject SaOs-2 cells to equibiaxial cyclic tensile stress at a rate of 0.5 Hz with various strains of 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5% for 24 h. The relative amount of mRNA of both collagen I and collagen III increased at 5% strain compared with that of the control. As the strain increased, the relative amount of mRNA of collagen I remained stable at strain levels up to 12.5%. However, the mRNA for collagen III began to drop when the strain was greater than 5%, until a 10% strain was reached. From the application of a 10% strain through the maximum loading of a 12.5% strain, the relative amount of collagen III mRNA remained stable at amounts lower than that of the control. Thus, the gene expression of collagen types I and III responds differentially to mechanical strain at various magnitudes.
Dependence of physical interpretations on the choice of electromagnetic gauge

The principle of gauge invariance requires that the values of physically measurable quantities will be preserved upon changing the gauge in which electromagnetic quantities are expressed. It is emphasized here that physical interpretations do not depend only on laboratory measurables, but also upon other quantities that are altered by a gauge transformation. It is shown by a variety of simple examples that different gauges can lead to major changes in physical interpretations even though the electromagnetic fields are unaltered. The usual hypothesis that the radiation gauge (also known as the Coulomb gauge) is the “physical” gauge, in the sense that it meets the expectations of a laboratory interpretation, is supported by the various cases considered.
Comparative study of astrocytes and mononuclear leukocytes reacting to brain trauma in mice.

Abstract The techniques of [3H]-thymidine radioautography and Cajal's gold stain for astrocytes were employed to compare the behavior of astrocytes and mononuclear leukocytes during repair of brain injury. In animals injected with [3H]-thymidine 1 day before inducing brain injury, large numbers of labeled mononuclear leukocytes were seen in the corpus callosum and cortical gray matter in the wound area at subsequent time intervals. Uninjured hemispheres showed a low frequency of labeled cells. The size of the population of labeled cells fluctuated with time and with type of injury (stab injury or tumor allograft), but was always much larger than the astrocyte population at the injury site. When the labeled cells were classified as to nuclear type, the subgrops also fluctuated with time and with the type of injury. In contrast, the gold-stained cell population remained stable with time and with both types of injury. There was no evidence of either deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis or migration. Injured hemispheres of animals injected with [3H]-thymidine as juveniles showed no migration of labeled cells to the region of hypertrophied astrocytes alongside a tumor transplant. Thus, the body's main cellular defense against brain injury appeared to be migration of mononuclear leukocytes into the wound area. Astrocytic response was limited to hypertrophy of those astrocytes already located near the wound.
Isoproterenol decreases leptin expression in adipose tissue of obese humans.

RICCI, MATTHEW R. AND SUSAN K. FRIED. Isoproterenol decreases leptin expression in adipose tissue of obese humans. Obes Res. Objective: We investigated the effects of the non-selective β-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (Iso), on leptin expression in human adipose tissue. Research Methods and Procedures: Subcutaneous (SQ) and omental adipose (OM) tissue taken during surgery from 12 morbidly obese subjects (10 women and 2 men) were cultured for up to 24 hours with insulin (7 nM) and/or dexamethasone (25 nM), a synthetic glucocorticoid, in the presence or absence of isoproterenol (10 μM). Adipose tissue was also acutely incubated for 3 hours in media alone with or without isoproterenol. Leptin secretion and leptin mRNA abundance were measured. Results: Iso acutely decreased leptin release by −30% (vs. no hormone controls) in fragments of OM and SQ adipose tissue. In 24-hour culture, addition of Iso (in the presence of insulin) resulted in lower leptin accumulation in the medium (−20–30%) and leptin mRNA levels (−40–50%) from both tissue depots. Culture with insulin and dexamethasone increased leptin expression vs. insulin alone. Addition of Iso with insulin and dexamethasone decreased media leptin (−40–60%) and leptin mRNA levels were lower (−65%) in Iso-treated adipose tissue from both depots after 24 hours. Iso effects were not detectable after 5 hours of culture. Discussion: We conclude that stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors may modulate leptin expression in human adipose tissue by two mechanisms: an acute effect on leptin release and a longer-term antagonism of stimulatory effects of insulin and dexamethasone on leptin mRNA expression. These mechanisms may contribute to the decline in serum leptin that occurs during fasting.
A local lymph-node assay validation study of a structure-activity relationship model for contact allergens

A structure-activity relationship model for prediction of contact allergenic potential of chemicals had previously been developed. The model had been shown to be able to classify known allergens and non-allergens using data on physicochemical and reactivity parameters of functional groups by discriminant two-value multiple regression analysis. To investigate the model, six selected chemicals which had not been previously investigated for allergenicity were studied with both the model and a murine local lymph-node assay. The same compounds were predicted to be allergens (3-bromo-2-coumaranone, 1-nitrocyclohexene and α-acryloyloxy-β, β-dimethyl-β-butyrolactone) and non-allergens (1-carbethoxy-4-piperidone, 6,7-dimethoxy-2-tetralone and 9-acetylanthracene) by both the model and the local lymph-node assay.
Camping tourism in the Smoky Mountains

Abstract Keith Stephens, Professor of Marketing, Myron Leonard and Donald Smolder, of Western Carolina University, have carried out a survey of campsite owners in Western North Carolina, USA, with a view to determining the factors involved in camping tourism. The results of the study are used to form the basis for several marketing recommendations aimed at enhancing the attractiveness of the camping product to encourage increasing numbers of tourists who will also take longer holidays.
Functional clauses and sentence segmentation.

In two experiments subjects listened to a sentence containing a brief tone, then wrote out the sentence and marked the location of the tone. The experimental sentences were biclausal with the tone ...
Spatial and spectral interpretation of a bright filament in the Cygnus Loop

A comparison is made of optical and UV line intensities and spatial and spectral optical line profiles of a well-defined Cygnus Loop filament with theoretical models. It is found that the sharp filament is due to the tangency to the line of sight of a large, thick sheet of emitting gas. The emitting region associated with the spur is very deep, and there is substantial gradient in shock velocity along the filament. Severe incompleteness of the recombination zone is found at the high-velocity end, and resonance scattering in the emitting region attenuates C IV and other resonance lines, as expected. There is evidence for depletion of Si and Fe relative to other elements. Nonthermal pressure apparently dominates the recombination zone of the filament. New techniques are introduced for determining the completeness of a shock and for determining the preshock density without recourse to the standard density diangostic line ratios.
Informal Home Care for Frail Black Elderly

Inadequate financial resources to cover the cost of long-term care services is common among chronically disabled elderly. For many elderly, particularly Blacks, family caregivers are the primary source of long-term care, including medical services and all types of informal assistance. Using national data from Mathematica Policy Researchers' National Long Term Care Demonstration Project, this article identifies descriptive and unique characteristics of informal caregivers to the frail Black elderly. The analysis indicates a fundamental role of nonimmediate family members in the care of Black elderly. The employment status, living arrangements, education, and marital status of the caregiver, as well as the disability level of the elderly care recipient are key factors that influence the number of hours of informal care provided. Extensive hours spent in providing informal care are associated with a reduction in leisure time and physical and emotional strain for caregivers. The article concludes with policy ...
Binding of Nickel and Copper to Fish Gills Predicts Toxicity When Water Hardness Varies, But Free-Ion Activity Does Not

Based on a biotic-ligand model (BLM), we hypothesized that the concentration of a transition metal bound to fish gills ([Mgill]) will be a constant predictor of mortality, whereas a free-ion activity model is generally interpreted to imply that the chemical activity of the aquo (“free”) ion of the metal will be a constant predictor of mortality. In laboratory tests, measured [Nigill] and calculated [Cugill] were constant predictors of acute toxicity of Ni and Cu to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) when water hardness varied up to 10-fold, whereas total aqueous concentrations and free-ion activities of Ni and Cu were not. Thus, the BLM, which simultaneously accounts for (a) metal speciation in the exposure water and (b) competitive binding of transition-metal ions and other cations to biotic ligands predicts acute toxicity better than does free-ion activity of Ni or Cu. Adopting a biotic-ligand modeling approach could help establish a more defensible, mechanistic basis for regulating aqueous discharge...
Navigating the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Regulatory Science Initiative: An Imperative for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine Advocates

On February 24, 2010, two days before the U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) workshop referenced in the second of the two above quotes, FDA, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health, launched its Advancing Regulatory Science initiative (ARSI)—the program envisioned in Commissioner Hamburg's August 2009 remarks in the first of the two above quotes [101]. Eight months later, speaking at the National Press Club, Commissioner Hamburg presented the case for a $25 million budget request for ARSI, and FDA simultaneously released a white paper describing regulatory science achievements already accomplished [102]. The first in this list was the development 6 years earlier of a method based on gene biomarkers for assessing the “stemness” of the cells comprising treatments derived from certain stem cell lines. Demonstrating the absence from such treatments of undifferentiated stem cells could potentially mitigate the risk of adverse side effects [3]. That this achievement was the first to be highlighted by the FDA to exemplify the value of regulatory science underscores an imperative for advocates of stem cell-derived regenerative medicine: they must become adept navigators of regulatory science.
Temperature dependence of egg laying in Aplysia brasiliana and A.californica

The temperature dependence of egg laying was examined in winter-caughtAplysia. Cold-waterAplysia californica and warm-waterA. brasiliana were individually housed in the same large aquarium for 16 days at 15°C, and then for 16 days at 20°C. Initially, the majority of theA. californica were not reproductively mature (as determined by injections of atrial gland extracts) whereas all of theA. brasiliana were reproductively mature. When the temperature was increased from 15 to 20°C, both species showed a marked increase in the frequency of egg laying. At both temperatures,A. brasiliana laid eggs more frequently but produced smaller egg masses thanA. californica. We conclude that increased egg laying inA. californica was attibutable both to facilitation of oogenesis in previously reproductively immature animals and to increased activity of the bag cells which release an egg-laying hormone. Increased egg laying inA. brasiliana was attributable primarily to increased bag cell activity.
Soft X-ray microscopy

Abstract Soft X-ray microscopy is under development in a number of laboratories, primarily for biological applications. Synchrotron radiation, especially because of its brightness and tunability plays a crucial role in this work. We review the motivation for using soft X-rays in biological imaging, and discuss the approaches and techniques in use. In addition we attempt a look into the future, especially in connection with three dimensional imaging and applications in surface science.
Pressure sensitive “silica geothermometer” determined from quartz solubility experiments at 250 °C

Abstract Experimentally reversed quartz solubilities at 250°C and at 250, 500 and 1000 bars yield values of the logarithm of the molality of aqueous silica of −2.126, −2.087 and −2.038, respectively. Extrapolation of quartz solubility to the saturation pressure of water at 250°C results in a log molality of aqueous silica of-2.168. These solubility determinations and analyses of fluid pressures in geothermal systems indicate that pressure is significant when calculating quartz equilibrium temperatures from silica concentrations in waters of deep thermal reservoirs. The results of this investigation, combined with other reported quartz solubility measurements, yielded a pressure-sensitive “silica geothermometer” for fluids that have undergone adiabatic steam loss of t°C = 874 − 0.156P (log m Si(OH) 4 · 2H 2 O ) 2 + 411 log m Si(OH 4 · 2H 2 O + 51 (log m Si (OH) 4 · 2H 2 O ) 2 where P is the fluid pressure in bars and mSi(OH)4 · 2H2O represents the molality of aqueous silica measured in surface samples. The geothermometer is applicable to solutions in equilibrium with quartz from 180°C to 340°C and fluid pressures from H2O saturation to 500 bars.
Space-time adaptive processing for improved estimation of preictal seizure activity

Detection of precursory, seizure-related activity in electroencephalograms (EEG) is a clinically important and difficult problem in the field of epilepsy. Seizure detection methods often aim to identify specific features and correlations between preictal EEG signals that differentiate them from interictal/nonictal signals. Typically, these methods use information from nonictal EEGs to establish detection thresholds, and do not otherwise incorporate their characteristics into the detection. A space-time adaptive approach is proposed to improve detection of seizure-related preictal activity in scalp EEG, using multiple patient-specific baseline signals to optimize the estimate of the baseline covariance matrix. A simplified model of the preictal EEG is assumed, which describes this signal as a linear superposition of seizure-related activity and baseline activity (treated as an interference signal). It is shown that when an improved estimate of the baseline covariance is included in the preictal detector, the true positive rate increases significantly and also the false positive rate decreases significantly.
A comparative appraisal of adsorption of citrate on whewellite seed crystals

Abstract Adsorption of citrate by whewellite was examined with three different techniques: solution depletion, seeded crystal growth inhibition, and microelectrophoresis (zeta potential). Comparison of the results from the three techniques indicates that at the concentrations giving 50% coverage or 50% inhibition, there was reasonable agreement if the adsorbate was assumed to be trivalent citrate.
Gaussian deconvolution via differentiation

Suppose that ϕ is a Gaussian density and that g = f * ϕ, where * denotes convolution. From observations with density g, one wishes to estimate f. We analyze an estimate which is a linear combination of estimates of derivatives of g and show that this estimate converges in an L2 norm at a rate which is compatible with the pointwise optimal rate established by Fan (1991). Soit ϕ la densite d'une loi gaussienne et g = f * ϕ ou * denote la convolution. A partir d'observations suivant la densite g on desire faire l'estimation def. Un estimateur ayant la forme d'une combinaison lineaire d'estimateurs des derivees de g est etudie. On montre que cet estimateur converge, suivant la norme 2, a un taux compatible avec la taux pontuel optimal etabli par Fan (1991).
Application of solar max ACRIM data to analysis of solar-driven climatic variability on Earth

Climatic change caused by solar variability has been proposed for at least a century, but could not be assessed reliably in the past because the uncertainty in solar irradiance measured from the Earth's surface is too large. Now satellite measurements by such instruments as the Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM) permit a preliminary assessment. The satellite data exhibit irradiance variations over a spectrum of shorter timescales, but the first 5-yr overall trend indicates slightly decreasing luminosity. The global temperature response to monthly-mean ACRIM-measured fluctuations from 1980–1984 was computed from the NYU 1D transient climate model - which includes thermal inertia effects of the world oceans - starting from an assumed pre-existing steady state, and the results compared with observations of recent global temperature trends. The modeled surface temperature evolution exhibited a complex history-dependent behavior whose fluctuations were an order of magnitude smaller than observed, primarily owing to oceanic thermal damping. Thus solar variability appears unlikely to have been an important factor in global-scale climate change over this period. The possibility of using the measurements to develop simple correlations for irradiance with longer term solar activity observable from the surface, and therefore to analyze historical effects, was considered, but is not supported by the satellite data. However, we have used a model of solar irradiance variation with time (Schatten, 1988), covering the period 1976–1997 in order to assess our model's response to forcing whose fluctuation timescale is comparable to the thermal relaxation time of the upper ocean. Continuous monitoring of solar flux by space-based instruments over timescales of 20 yr or more, comparable to timescales for thermal relaxation of the oceans, and of the solar cycle itself, is probably needed to resolve issues of long-term solar variation effects on climate.
Cyclic voltammetry and RBS study of paint components

Heavy metals and metalloid ions are found in environmental matrices. The most toxic are lead, cadmium and mercury. These three heavy metals have no biological function and are toxic at all concentrations. Lead is one of the most insidious heavy metals and is introduced into the environment by many different means. It persists in both urban and rural settings, being found in paint chips, pottery, crystal and pharmaceutical and nutritional products. The analysis of heavy elements such as lead in soil is of particular importance [W.T. Sturges, R.M. Harrison, Sci. Total Environ. 44 (3) (1985) 225; M.L. Lepow, L. Bruckman, M. Gillette, S. Markowitz, R. Robino, J. Kapish, Environ. Res. 10 (3) (1975) 415; A.E. Daniels, J.R. Kominsky, P.J. Clark, J. Hazard. Mater. B 87 (2001) 117; G. Hutter, D. Moshman, J. Hazard. Mater. 40 (1995) 1]. In preparing the methods for lead detection in paint, we have used Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) in order to study the type and amount of heavy metal content in paint samples collected at various sites in the historic campus at A&M University (AAMU). We will show the results of our study with emphasis on comparison of what we learned about presence of lead in paints using our ion beam methods compared with the analysis of lead in paints using cyclic voltammetry.
Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of a Bose System of Hard Spheres and Its Low-Temperature Properties

It is shown that the pseudopotential method can be used for an explicit calculation of the first few terms in an expansion in power of ${(\ensuremath{\rho}{a}^{3})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ of the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenfunctions of a system of Bose particles with hard-sphere interaction. The low-temperature properties of the system are discussed.
Stable reduction of X0(p 3 )

We determine the stable models of the modular curves X 0. p 3 / for primes p 13. An essential ingredient is the close relationship between the deformation theories of elliptic curves and formal groups, which was established in the Woods Hole notes of 1964. This enables us to apply results of Hopkins and Gross in our analysis of the supersingular locus.