cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling depth from motion parallax with the motion/pursuit ratio.

The perception of unambiguous scaled depth from motion parallax relies on both retinal image motion and an extra-retinal pursuit eye movement signal. The motion/pursuit ratio represents a dynamic geometric model linking these two proximal cues to the ratio of depth to viewing distance. An important step in understanding the visual mechanisms serving the perception of depth from motion parallax is to determine the relationship between these stimulus parameters and empirically determined perceived depth magnitude. Observers compared perceived depth magnitude of dynamic motion parallax stimuli to static binocular disparity comparison stimuli at three different viewing distances, in both head-moving and head-stationary conditions. A stereo-viewing system provided ocular separation for stereo stimuli and monocular viewing of parallax stimuli. For each motion parallax stimulus, a point of subjective equality was estimated for the amount of binocular disparity that generates the equivalent magnitude of perceived depth from motion parallax. Similar to previous results, perceived depth from motion parallax had significant foreshortening. Head-moving conditions produced even greater foreshortening due to the differences in the compensatory eye movement signal. An empirical version of motion/pursuit law, termed the empirical motion/pursuit ratio, which models perceived depth magnitude from these stimulus parameters, is proposed.
Nocturnal sleep, daytime sleepiness and fatigue in fibromyalgia patients compared to rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy controls: A preliminary study

Abstract Objective Fibromyalgia (FM) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are pain disorders, both of which are associated with complaints of sleep disturbance, non-refreshing sleep, and daytime sleepiness and fatigue. Given the putative differential central versus peripheral nervous system involvement in these disorders, subjective and objective measures of nocturnal sleep, daytime sleepiness, fatigue and pain were compared between patient groups and to healthy controls (HC). Methods Fifty women (18 with FM, 16 with RA, and 16 HC) completed an 8 h nocturnal polysomnogram (NPSG), Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) the following day, and self-reports of sleepiness, fatigue, and pain. Results FM and RA patients were similar to each other and had less total sleep time than HC, primarily due to more wake after sleep onset. In an analysis of sleep and wake bouts, both patient groups had longer duration of wake bouts than HC. Nocturnal sleep was judged to be non-restorative for both patient groups. Although reporting the greatest subjective sleepiness and fatigue, FM patients had less objective (MSLT) daytime sleepiness than HC, whereas RA patients were intermediate in objective sleepiness. Unlike the RA and HC, FM patients also showed no association between their subjective and objective sleepiness. Conclusions Women with FM have similar nocturnal sleep disturbance as those with RA, but FM patients report greater self-rated daytime sleepiness and fatigue than RA and HC, which did not correspond to the relatively low level of objectively determined daytime sleepiness of FM patients. These findings suggest a generalized hyperarousal state in FM.
Media manipulation in the Sanlu milk contamination crisis

Abstract This study analyzes crisis communication strategies in a transitioning media environment, specifically, Sanlu Group's crisis communication strategies during a quality control crisis in China. Analysis reveals Sanlu manipulated its relationships with local Chinese government and media to reduce media coverage and online searches regarding the contamination of infant milk formula. The case provides evidence that media can be pressured into manipulating information flow through both traditional and online media and suggests a need for additional research on crisis communication in transitioning media environments.
Nanotechnology: New Tools to Address Old Problems

This paper outlines cement and concrete properties that challenge engineers and discusses the benefits that could be derived from changes in the smallest structure of cementitious and other concret...
Psychiatric assessment of penile implant recipient preliminary study

Twenty-four post-penile implantation patients and 13 partners, who had not been subjected to formal psychiatric screening prior to surgery, were given psychiatric follow-up by interview in order to evaluate postoperative psychologic adjustment in a "natural" control group. No subject had spontaneous complaints. One subject appeared to have poor psychologic adjustment, but from the remaining participants there was elicted only minor or no concerns. Two patients and partners found their expectations exceeded. It is preliminarily concluded that penile implantation is a psychologically safe procedure and that extensive routine psychiatric screening is unwarranted. Further studies to confirm this conclusion are proposed.
Successes and failures of shallow-water interpretations of Voyager wind data.

Studying the dynamics of Jupiter’s atmosphere is a rewarding experience, in part because the planet’s cloud-top circulations are easy to track from space, the jet streams flow in straight lines eastward or westward, and there is enough room for the vortices to usually keep out of each other’s way. Earth, in contrast, is a planet with global circulations that are not easy to track from space, with jet streams that make wide, fluctuating arcs as they negotiate mountain ranges, and with vortices that are constantly jostling against each other in a cramped environment. But we know a great deal more about the vertical structure of Earth’s atmosphere than of Jupiter’s. In order to make headway on the Jovian problem, researchers have turned to the shallow-water model as a guide to interpreting the Voyager wind data. The shallow-water model matches the character of the data because it combines high-resolution horizontal dynamics with low-resolution vertical structure, but there is no guarantee that it captures the character of Jupiter’s atmosphere itself. Remarkably, the model does well at reproducing the Great Red Spot, and it has revealed that Jupiter is clever about how it manages its vorticity by arranging its zonal winds to be neutrally stable with respect to Arnol’d’s second stability theorem. We discuss reasons why the shallow-water model works for Jupiter and point out the limitations that are motivating researchers to develop more realistic models.
The ups and downs of child care: Variations in child care quality and exposure across the early years ☆

Abstract There is considerable policy interest in understanding the role of child care in children’s development. Yet little research has examined whether individual children experience changes in child care quality across their early years, and less has included children’s varying levels of exposure to care in analyses of child care trajectories. Using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care, this study seeks to fill these gaps by studying the non-maternal care experiences of children whose mothers work at some point during their early years. We find that few of these children experience continuously high-quality care or continuously low-quality care. Instead, many children experience changes in child care quality. Children from low socioeconomic status families are more likely to experience low-quality care than children who are never poor, but children who are never poor are more likely to have child care histories that include both low- and high-quality care arrangements. We discuss the implications of our findings for studies of selection into low-quality child care arrangements and the effects of child care quality on children’s development.
Leptin and reproductive function

Adipose tissue plays a dynamic role in whole-body energy homeostasis by acting as an endocrine organ. Collective evidence indicates a strong link between neural influences and adipocyte expression and secretion of leptin. Developmental changes in these relationships are considered important for pubertal transition in reproductive function. Leptin augments secretion of gonadotropin hormones, which are essential for initiation and maintenance of normal reproductive function, by acting centrally at the hypothalamus to regulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal activity and secretion. The effects of leptin on GnRH are mediated through interneuronal pathways involving neuropeptide-Y, proopiomelanocortin and kisspeptin. Increased infertility associated with diet induced obesity or central leptin resistance are likely mediated through the kisspeptin-GnRH pathway. Furthermore, Leptin regulates reproductive function by altering the sensitivity of the pituitary gland to GnRH and acting at the ovary to regulate follicular and luteal steroidogenesis. Thus leptin serves as a putative signal that links metabolic status with the reproductive axis. The intent of this review is to examine the biological role of leptin with energy metabolism, and reproduction.
SSME (service science, management and engineering) - propelling the development of modern service industry

The global economy is changing. Service industry will be an important driving force for sustainable economy and a major solution to the serious employment issue. Meanwhile, service industry is transforming caused by globalization, IT and cross industry integration, etc. Therefore, modern service industry is proposed. Although lots of countries advocated the promotion modern service industry, there is still lacking large-scale booming of new service practices. Based on many years - research and experiences gained from practices, Dr. Ding points out formalized know how generation should be strengthened to accelerate SSME development and build modern service industry. Some examples are illustrated to show this outside in approach. Furthermore, a new view of research, education and practice evolution is proposed, which will be important to the success of SSME.
Rehabilitation of Geriatric Patients

Objective To describe the role of geriatric rehabilitation, the methods of practice, and the mechanisms underlying integrated care in rehabilitation medicine. Design We reviewed the rehabilitation-related medical literature and outlined an approach to the evaluation of impairment in older patients and subsequent rehabilitation planning. Results For optimal rehabilitation of geriatric patients, knowledge of general principles of rehabilitation and key areas affecting the elderly population is important. A rehabilitation program will be most successful if a team approach—including a physician, rehabilitation nurse, physical therapist, occupational therapist, psychologist, medical social worker, and recreational therapist—is used. Attention should be paid to special considerations in older patients (such as the presence of comorbid conditions) and potential barriers to care in order to maximize benefit. Conclusion Rehabilitation of elderly patients can assist in preserving functional independence and improving the quality of life. Assessment and management in an individual patient ate best performed by a team approach.
Effect of the thermal environment on the efficiency of packed columns in supercritical fluid chromatography

Abstract When a packed column is operated at temperatures and pressures near the critical point in supercritical fluid chromatography, the thermal environment in which it is placed has a significant impact on retention and efficiency. We measured the retention factors, plate heights, and related parameters for elution of a test mixture of alkylbenzenes with 5% methanol/95% carbon dioxide mobile phase on a 250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d. column packed with 5-micron Luna-C18 particles. Separations were performed at outlet pressures from 100 to 150 bar and a column oven temperature of 323 K. For a bare column thermostated with convective air, significant efficiency losses were observed for outlet pressures equal to or less than 120 bar. These large efficiency losses are attributed to radial temperature gradients. Addition of foam insulation resulted in significant improvements in efficiency. Operating the column in still air using a commercially available column heater provided the best overall performance, with no measurable efficiency loss over the entire range of pressures studied. A reduced plate height of 1.88 was obtained at an optimum flow rate of 3.0 mL/min at 100 bar outlet pressure and with the temperature of the incoming mobile phase set approximately 2.3 K above the temperature of the column oven. Retention time repeatability for all three thermal conditions was equal to or less than 0.5% RSD. These results demonstrate that it is possible to perform fast, efficient separations with excellent repeatability using SFC under near-critical conditions if the thermal environment is optimized to minimize the generation of radial temperature gradients.
C. Wright Mills's Friendly Critique of Service Learning and an Innovative Response: Cross-Institutional Collaborations for Community-Based Research

C. Wright Mills would be a friendly critic of service learning, acknowledging its benefits for providing students with experiential learning opportunities to connect personal troubles with social issues. Yet he would be critical of service-learning practices that perpetuate institutional power inequalities and that do not advance the social change objectives of community-based organizations. We offer an innovative approach that helps to address some of these concerns which, when used in conjunction with “best practices” of service learning, has the potential to make a greater impact on the community than most service-learning projects. This paper highlights how two sociology programs in two urban universities—a large, elite university and a smaller, minority-serving university—have completed significant community-based research projects by having classes of students at both universities work on projects both consecutively and simultaneously across several semesters to complete substantial research project...
Visible persistence decay rates for schizophrenics and substance abusers

Abstract Information-processing deficits are consistently reported for schizophrenics. The findings from the majority of psychophysical tasks indicate that the deficit is specific to schizophrenics and thus may represent a marker for schizophrenia. The present study evaluated for specificity of impairment by including controls using methadone. A two-pulse forced choice information- processing task that required the detection of a line or a blank-field during an interstimulus interval (ISI) indexed efficiency of processing (i.e., visible persistence). There were 19 schizophrenic, 9 schizoaffective, 8 depressed, 12 on methadone, and 12 normal subjects. The visual stimuli were low and high spatial frequency gratings. Either a line of equivalent width to those of the gratings or a blank field was presented during the ISI. The gratings were presented for 150 msec prior to and following an ISI of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 350 msec. The results support previous findings for impaired processing during a 90–150 msec interval for schizophrenics. Also, the methadone-using controls were not significantly different from schizophrenics. Normal and depressed controls' profiles did not differ from each other, however, they were significantly different from the other groups. The results support an early information-processing deficit in schizophrenic individuals and may implicate dysregulation of dopaminergic neuromodulation.
A practical method for rescuing desired hybridomas during monoclonal antibody production

We present a practical method for the rescue of previously stable hybridoma clones which increases the proportion of desired cells in the population before cloning by limiting dilution. When the antibody activity of a culture supernatant was lower than that previously obtained, a precloning distribution at a density of 10 cells per microtiter well greatly improved the chances of obtaining a single active clone by subsequent limiting dilution. The Poisson distribution model was used to evaluate the method. Probabilities calculated clearly demonstrate the advantage of this precloning distribution step when attempting to isolate a hybridoma cell line that is relatively rare in a population.
A simple method for reduction of non-specific fluorescence.

Cette technique pour la reduction de la fluorescence non-specifique utilise diverses methodes communes en une serie speciale. Premierement, les anticorps fluorescents sont adsorbes avec la poudre du foie. Suivant la centrifugation, une colonne de Sephadex-25 est utilisee pour separer la fluoresceine libre. La methode contraire donne une fluorescence non-specifique qui ressemble a celle obtenue avec une seule adsorption ou Sephadex filtration.
Transtrigonal, supramucosal reimplantation of the ureter: an experimental study and report of cases

Transtrigonal, supramucosal reimplantation of the ureter was studied in experimental animals and performed in two patients as an alternative to Cohen's procedure. In seven dogs no submucosal tunnel was created. The ureter was dissected and advanced along a transtrigonal mucosal incision and then fixed to the incised mucosa. The ureteric orifice was separately fixed at the depth of the muscularis mucosae. Three months after the operation, cystographies revealed no vesicoureteral reflux. On re-operation, regenerated bladder mucosa covered the reimplanted ureter. The ureteric meatus was normal. No stenosis was detected on catheterization of the ureter. Following removal of the bladder along with the adjacent parts of the ureters, histological examinations revealed no abnormalities. Two children with refluxing ureters were also subjected to the same operation. Cystographies in the 5th postoperative month revealed no reflux. DTPA renograms and intravenous pyelographies were normal. Endoscopy demonstrated rapid regeneration of the urothelium over the reimplanted ureters to create the same effect as a submucosal tunnel. Supramucosal reimplantation was easier and less time-consuming with comparable results to the standard procedure.
Inhibition by actinomycin D of the induction of tryptophan pyrrolase by hydrocortisone

Abstract The effect of actinomycin D on the course of induction of tryptophan pyrrolase by hydrocortisone sodium succinate has been investigated in normal male Sprague-Dawley rats. In contrast to work reported in the literature, actinomycin D did not enhance tryptophan pyrrolase activity when administered during the course of hydrocortisone induction of the enzyme. It was either without effect, or was inhibitory. This finding is in agreement with current concepts on the mechanism of action of actinomycin D, and makes unnecessary the postulation of a repressor operative at the level of mRNA translation for the control of this enzyme.
Effects of group socialization procedures on the social interactions of preschool children

We investigated the effects of group socialization procedures on the social behavior of preschool children in two studies. Group socialization procedures consisted of teachers using antecedent and consequent events to promote social interaction during children's games. During intervention, teachers discussed friendship with the children and then prompted and praised child-child social responding within the context of games. Children's social behavior was assessed during two sessions, group game periods (i.e., intervention sessions) and nonintervention play periods (i.e., generalization sessions). In both studies, a multiple baseline design across two target children and peers in their respective group was used to evaluate the effects of group socialization procedures. During group game periods, after intervention, target children increased their rates of both prompted and unprompted social interactions with peers. Also, in nonintervention play periods, target children improved both the rate and the duration of their social responding with peers. Results indicated that group socialization procedures were a practical and effective method for improving young children's social interaction during both structured games and unstructured play activities.
A functional analysis of the spacer of V(D)J recombination signal sequences.

During lymphocyte development, V(D)J recombination assembles antigen receptor genes from component V, D, and J gene segments. These gene segments are flanked by a recombination signal sequence (RSS), which serves as the binding site for the recombination machinery. The murine Jβ2.6 gene segment is a recombinationally inactive pseudogene, but examination of its RSS reveals no obvious reason for its failure to recombine. Mutagenesis of the Jβ2.6 RSS demonstrates that the sequences of the heptamer, nonamer, and spacer are all important. Strikingly, changes solely in the spacer sequence can result in dramatic differences in the level of recombination. The subsequent analysis of a library of more than 4,000 spacer variants revealed that spacer residues of particular functional importance are correlated with their degree of conservation. Biochemical assays indicate distinct cooperation between the spacer and heptamer/nonamer along each step of the reaction pathway. The results suggest that the spacer serves not only to ensure the appropriate distance between the heptamer and nonamer but also regulates RSS activity by providing additional RAG:RSS interaction surfaces. We conclude that while RSSs are defined by a “digital” requirement for absolutely conserved nucleotides, the quality of RSS function is determined in an “analog” manner by numerous complex interactions between the RAG proteins and the less-well conserved nucleotides in the heptamer, the nonamer, and, importantly, the spacer. Those modulatory effects are accurately predicted by a new computational algorithm for “RSS information content.” The interplay between such binary and multiplicative modes of interactions provides a general model for analyzing protein–DNA interactions in various biological systems.
Effects of anions and cations on oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions on platinum electrodes

Abstract The effects of the addition 10 −4 −10 −1 M of various anions and cations to i N H 2 S0 4 or I M NaOH solutions on oxygen-reduction at pre-anodized and pre-cathodized platinum electrodes were examined by measuring coulombic efficiency for formation of hydrogen peroxide (calculated on the basis of O 2 +H 2 O + 2 e → OOH − + OH − ) and also by current-potential curves. In I M NaOH, oxygen was reduced to hydrogen peroxide with an efficiency of almost 100% at the pre-anodized electrode. However, in the presence of Ba 2+ ,Sr 2+ , and Ca 2+ in I M NaOH, the efficiency decreased to 10–15% with increasing concentration of the ions. In I N H 2 S0 4 , oxygen was reduced mainly to water and the coulombic efficiency for hydrogen peroxide formation was only 10–20%, but in the presence of Cl − and Br − ions this efficiency increased to 50–60%. Current-potential curves indicated that overpotential of the oxygen reduction at the platinum electrodes increased in the presence of Ba 2+ , Sr 2+ , and Ca 2+ ions in I M NaOH, and in the presence of Cl − and Br − ions in I N H 2 SO 4 . Catalytic activity of the platinum electrodes for hydrogen peroxide decomposition in I M NaOH and I N H 2 S0 4 with and without the addition of the anions and cations was also measured. These results are discussed on the basis of ion-exchange adsorption of cations and anions on. the oxide-covered platinum electrodes. It is concluded that the oxygen reduction on platinum is not one process, but at least two processes including O 2 + H 2 O + 2 e → OOH − +OH − in alkaline solution and O 2 + 2 H + + 2 e → H 2 O 2 in acid solution, and the proportion of hydrogen peroxide formation depends on the surface condition of the electrode, such as presence of oxide film and/or adsorption of anions and cations. Oxide films and/or adsorbed oxygen which exist on the platinum electrodes were summarized and a voltammetric study of a special oxide film formed on an excessively anodized platinum, electrode was described. Overpotential of oxygen evolution on other metals and graphite as well as on Pt in I M NaOH increased by l590 mV when Ba 2+ , Sr 2+ , or Ca 2+ ions were added to the electrolyte.
Laser speckle contrast imaging for the quantitative assessment of flow

The ultimate objective of laser speckle flowmetry is to infer flow velocity from observed speckle contrast. Since introduction of this concept over 25 years ago, a variety of researchers have demonstrated such a qualitative relationship (between speckle contrast and flow velocity), but a quantitative relationship has proven elusive. A fundamental reason for this failure to demonstrate a convincing quantitative relationship is that the underlying mathematics describing LSCA is identical to that of quasi-elastic light scatter (QLS). As a result, it is commonly (and erroneously) assumed that the requirements for the data acquisition, the model linking the scatter dynamics to the speckle fluctuation, and the data processing are the same as well. Here we discuss some of our recent advances towards achieving quantitative velocity estimates from laser speckle contrast measurements. This concept is free of any assumptions relating scatterer dynamics to light fluctuations and is compatible with accepted data acquisition methods, but uses an entirely new data processing scheme. Results are demonstrated with a murine model.
Fisk-Tait equation for spin-3/2 particles

It is shown that the recently proposed Fisk-Tait spin-/sup 3///sub 2/ equation which remains causal even when interactions are introduced is a ''barnacled'' wave equation and when the barnacles are eliminated, the resulting equation is the same as Hurley's ''doubled'' spin-/sup 3///sub 2/ theory with 4(2s + 1) independent components. The Fisk-Tait equation has therefore the undesirable features of Hurley's equation, viz., parity doubling and negative energy.
Statement of principles for health care journalists.

Many journalism organizations have published codes of ethics in recent years. The Association of Newspaper Editors, for example, lists 47 different codes on its website. But an organization of heal...
Exercise assessment in infants after cardiac transplantation

Abstract Background Few data describe exercise performance after cardiac transplantation during infancy. The aim of this study was to compare the cardiorespiratory response to exercise in healthy subjects with that of subjects who had undergone heart transplantation during infancy to treat hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Methods Subjects (24 heart transplant recipients and 25 healthy controls) exercised on a treadmill using pediatric ramp protocols. We measured heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and metabolic data. Median age at transplantation was 20 days (range, 4 to 97 days). Age of recipients at exercise testing was 9.7 ± 2.3 years and in healthy subjects was 10.5 ± 1.4 years ( p = not significant [NS]). Results Exercise duration was similar in both groups (10.3 ± 2.0 minutes in recipients vs 11.1 ± 1.5 minutes in healthy subjects, ( p = NS). Heart rate at rest was greater in recipients (94 ± 15 beats per minute [bpm] vs 85 ± 11 bpm, p = 0.02). Peak HR also was less in the recipient group (158 ± 15 bpm vs 189 ± 12 bpm, p p p 2 in recipients and 6.1 ± 1.7 ml/beat/m 2 in healthy subjects ( p = NS). Conclusions Overall, children who undergo cardiac transplantation in infancy have exercise capacities within the normal range. These recipients have a decreased heart rate reserve that may account for the differences in peak oxygen consumption when compared with healthy subjects.
Construction of a directed hammerhead ribozyme library: towards the identification of optimal target sites for antisense-mediated gene inhibition

Antisense-mediated gene inhibition uses short complementary DNA or RNA oligonucleotides to block expression of any mRNA of interest. A key parameter in the success or failure of an antisense therapy is the identification of a suitable target site on the chosen mRNA. Ultimately, the accessibility of the target to the antisense agent determines target suitability. Since accessibility is a function of many complex factors, it is currently beyond our ability to predict. Consequently, identification of the most effective target(s) requires examination of every site. Towards this goal, we describe a method to construct directed ribozyme libraries against any chosen mRNA. The library contains nearly equal amounts of ribozymes targeting every site on the chosen transcript and the library only contains ribozymes capable of binding to that transcript. Expression of the ribozyme library in cultured cells should allow identification of optimal target sites under natural conditions, subject to the complexities of a fully functional cell. Optimal target sites identified in this manner should be the most effective sites for therapeutic intervention.
Pushing Anthropology Past the Posts: Critical notes on cultural anthropology and cultural studies as influenced by postmodernism and existentialism

This article suggests that a critical analysis of postmodem and existentialist underpinnings reveals common political and ethical problems. These problems have an unsettling legacy in contemporary cultural anthro pology and cultural studies, especially for many of those who see themselves at the cutting edge of critically reflexive representations. Against this back ground, perspectives grounded in critical humanism are better at exposing and grappling with these problems, as well as facilitating better ethnographic documentation.
Synthesis and conformational studies of a transmembrane domain from a diverged microsomal Δ12-desaturase

Transmembrane domains of the acyl-coenzyme A and acyl phosphatidylcholine-utilizing desaturases may control interactions with electron transport domains, be involved in substrate specificity and/or serve as a structural foundation for the enzyme. To experimentally define these domains and as a prelude to detailed NMR studies, a segment of the microsomal Delta(12)-desaturase/acetylenase CREP-1 predicted to contain the amino-proximate transmembrane domain TM-A was chemically synthesized. A modified 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl procedure was used that ensured complete deprotections at each homologation and the peptide was purified in good yield by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Conformational studies of the hydrophobic peptide TM-A demonstrated its strong propensity for folding into an alpha-helical secondary structure. The helical content was 58-65% in aqueous solutions containing 40-80% 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, a lipomimetic solvent, and was maximal at low temperatures. The peptide assumed a largely helical character when incorporated into phospholipid bilayers and detergent micelles. Experimental evidence is in agreement with neural network predictions that a transmembrane domain exists between residues R-44 and I-67 in this diverged Delta(12)-desaturase.
Protein Density and Its Influence on Metabolite Concentration and Nitrogen Retention by Holstein Cows in Late Gestation

Multiparous Holstein cows in late gestation were used in a completely randomized design to test the effects of prepartum protein supply on prepartum N balance, blood metabolite and hormone concentrations, and postpartum intake and milk production. Cows were assigned to one of three isocaloric diets that differed in amount of total dietary crude protein (CP) (10.6, 12.7, or 14.5% of dry matter) but not in CP degradability or solubility. All diets contained the following ingredients: corn silage, chopped grass hay, ground corn, soybean meal, expeller soybean meal, minerals, and vitamins. Following parturition, all cows were offered a similar diet. Nitrogen balance was measured on d 12 to 7 prior to the expected calving date. Cows were bled on d 5 prior to the expected calving date from just prior to feeding to 8 h postfeeding. As dietary CP increased, plasma glucose concentrations increased linearly, but no change was detected in plasma nonesterified fatty acids or serum insulin concentrations. Nitrogen intake, apparent and true digestibilities, fecal and urinary concentrations, and N balance increased as the concentration of dietary protein increased. The efficiency of absorbed protein utilization decreased as protein intake increased. No change in postpartum intake or milk production was observed. An increase in N retention in late gestation cows that were in a positive N balance did not increase postpartum milk production.
Exchange reactions in the living cationic polymerization of alkenes

Living cationic polymerization of alkenes is discussed in terms of rapid dynamic equilibration between carbenium ions and either covalent species or onium ions. Rates of exchange between these species have strong effect on polydispersities of the synthesized polymers. In the discussed living systems, rates of exchange are faster than rates of propagation. Propagation proceeds via classic carbocationic mechanism.
Transplantable canine glioma model for use in experimental neuro-oncology.

The need for a large animal tumor model in experimental neuro-oncology led us to re-evaluate and to modify the transplantable canine glioma of Wodinsky and Walker. Successive passages of the original tumor brei were made in purebred beagles, from beagle to mongrel, and between various mongrel strains until an intracerebral injection of 0.1 cc on Days 1 to 3 of life produced a 93% incidence of tumor take in all breeds. The mean survival was 13.5 +/- 1.9 days after injection (range, 10 to 19 days) in 10 litters. The tumor was invariably fatal and possessed many of the histological characteristics of human glioblastoma (i.e., capillary proliferation, pseudopallisading, frequent mitotic figures, and multinucleated giant cells). The animals were large enough to be scanned on the Pfizer 450 scanner, and the tumors were visualized in vivo as typical "ring" lesions after the injection of contrast agent. Intravital staining with Evans blue outlined the areas of contrast enhancement observed in the same tumors by computed tomography. The apparent defect in the blood-brain barrier could be explained in part by the absence of endothelial tight junctions on electron microscopy. Stability in the histology and activity of the tumor could be demonstrated after more than 14 months of storage at -70 degrees C. The transplantable canine glioma model has many advantages including low cost, reproducible morphology, a short survival time, and relative safety for the investigator. The large size of the animal preparation allows the use of complex surgical instrumentation and radiographic study, as well as repeated sampling of cerebrospinal and other fluids.
Muscle fiber types and functional demands in feeding mechanisms of fishes.

Profiles of muscle fiber types and pharyngeal jaw dentition vary in accordance with trophic demands and skeletal organization in teleost fishes. Carnivorous, omnivorous, and molluscivorous members of the ecologically analogous Cichlidae and Centrarchidae were compared in terms of their pharyngeal jaw anatomy and branchial muscle histochemistry. The two families differed greatly in patterns of tooth form, wear, and replacement. Four muscle fiber type patterns were discoverd: (1) single fiber, (2) zoned, (3) mosaic, and (4) zoned-mosaic. Multiple fiber type muscles were more prevalent in fishes that masticate tough foods with their pharyngeal jaws. Such muscles were also more prevalent in cichlids than in centrarchids. It appears that muscles with multiple fiber types in lower vertebrates are, as a rule, compartmentalized, whereas in higher vertebrates, multiple fiber type muscles are a musaic matrix. The occurrence of mosaic patterns in some fish branchial muscles, however, suggests that mosaic muscles are initially single fiber type muscles exposed to complex functional demands, such as food preparation. Furthermore, it is plausible that the evolutionary replacement of the lower vertebrate zoning pattern by the higher vertebrate mosaic matrix is directly related to the effects of gravity, a force more influential on terrestrial than on aquatic organisms.
Effect of territory on frog-killing by rats.

(1970). Effect of Territory on Frog-Killing by Rats. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 179-184.
Clinical Characteristics and Service Utilization Patterns of Clients with Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders in Public Residential Detoxification Settings

Little is known about the treatment needs of clients found in residential detoxification programs who have comorbid schizophrenia-spectrum and substance use disorders. This study (N = 166) compares the service use patterns of comorbid detoxification clients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (CDT-S) to two other client groups: (1) comorbid detoxification clients with other mental health disorders (CDT-O), and (2) comorbid clients in residential mental health facilities with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (CMH-S). Results show that CDT-S clients were much less likely to receive subsequent mental health treatment than CMH-S clients. Findings indicate that detoxification programs may be important settings in which to identify clients with schizophrenia who have unmet mental health treatment needs.
Eptifibatide and Cirrhosis: Rethinking GPIIb-IIIa Inhibitors for Acute Coronary Syndrome in the Setting of Liver Dysfunction

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) inhibitors, such as eptifibatide, are routinely used in the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) prior to or during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). While numerous studies have demonstrated improved clinical outcomes with eptifibatide use, adverse effects including thrombocytopenia have also been noted. For this reason, patients with baseline thrombocytopenia or liver disease should be cautiously evaluated prior to drug administration. Here we report a case of acute profound and prolonged eptifibatide-induced thrombocytopenia in a patient with cirrhotic liver dysfunction. We propose and discuss the need for a risk stratification tool to be established for identifying which patients with ACS in the setting of chronic liver disease receive GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors.
Gene-Centric Analysis of Serum Cotinine Levels in African and European American Populations

To date, most genetic association studies of tobacco use have been conducted in European American subjects using the phenotype of smoking quantity (cigarettes per day). However, smoking quantity is a very imprecise measure of exposure to tobacco smoke constituents. Analyses of alternate phenotypes and populations may improve our understanding of tobacco addiction genetics. Cotinine is the major metabolite of nicotine, and measuring serum cotinine levels in smokers provides a more objective measure of nicotine dose than smoking quantity. Previous genetic association studies of serum cotinine have focused on individual genes. We conducted a genetic association study of the biomarker in African American (N=365) and European American (N=315) subjects from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study using a chip containing densely-spaced tag SNPs in ∼2100 genes. We found that rs11187065, located in the non-coding region (intron 1) of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), was the most strongly associated SNP (p=8.91 × 10−6) in the African American cohort, whereas rs11763963, located on chromosome 7 outside of a gene transcript, was the most strongly associated SNP in European Americans (p=1.53 × 10−6). We then evaluated how the top variant association in each population performed in the other group. We found that the association of rs11187065 in IDE was also associated with the phenotype in European Americans (p=0.044). Our top SNP association in European Americans, rs11763963 was non-polymorphic in our African American sample. It has been previously shown that psychostimulant self-administration is reduced in animals with lower insulin because of interference with dopamine transmission in the brain reward centers. Our finding provides a platform for further investigation of this, or additional mechanisms, involving the relationship between insulin and self-administered nicotine dose.
Analysis and Optimization of Thermal Stratification and Self-Pressurization Effects in Liquid Hydrogen Storage Systems - Part 2: Model Results and Conclusions

Three models capable of predicting the phenomena of thermal stratification and self-pressurization in liquid hydrogen storage systems were presented in Part 1 of this paper. In order to be able to evaluate the performance of the different pressure rise models, the results are compared with experimental data obtained from different tests conducted in the NASA-Lewis Research Center
Side bets and reciprocity as determinants of organizational commitment among correctional officers

Abstract Organizational commitment is a particularly salient characteristic of the prison work climate due to the stressful working conditions and high rate of turnover among correctional officers nationwide, yet little is known about the factors that predict the level of organizational commitment among officers. Becker's (1960) side-bets hypothesis predicts greater commitment among those who develop additional investments in the job that would be lost with a change of jobs, and the reciprocity hypothesis predicts greater commitment among those who feel they are well treated, supported, and respected by the organization. This study used a sample of 546 correctional officers to examine the relative effects of side bets and reciprocity on two components of organizational commitment—affective commitment and continuance commitment. The results of a multivariate OLS regression analysis indicated that reciprocity had a greater effect than side bets on affective commitment but that side bets had a greater effect than reciprocity on continuance commitment. These findings, which provide partial support for the side-bet hypothesis and strong support for the reciprocity hypothesis, are discussed in terms of the link between organizational commitment and other work-related behaviors.
Ribosomal proteins of hamster, mouse and hybrid cells

Abstract We have been analyzing what could be considered to be structural ribosomal proteins, that is, those that remain with the ribosome when it has been subjected to centrifugation through 1.75 M sucrose, treatment with puromycin and KCl, and centrifugation through 0.5 M KCl and sucrose. By two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, a mouse-specific protein and a Syrian hamster-specific protein are detected, using liver or cultured cell lines. With liquid scintillation counting after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, it is possible to estimate the proportion of species-specific ribosomal protein in a mouse-hamster somatic cell hybrid.
Factors modulating expression of Renilla luciferase from control plasmids used in luciferase reporter gene assays

The Renilla luciferase gene is commonly used as an internal control in luciferase-based reporter gene assays to normalize the values of the experimental reporter gene for variations that could be caused by transfection efficiency and sample handling. Various plasmids encoding Renilla luciferase under different promoter constructs are commercially available. The validity of the use of Renilla luciferase as an internal control is based on the assumption that it is constitutively expressed in transfected cells and that its constitutive expression is not modulated by experimental factors that could result in either the upregulation or the downregulation of the amounts of the enzyme produced. During the past ten years, a number of reports have appeared that identified a variety of conditions that could alter the basal constitutive expression of Renilla luciferase. The use of Renilla luciferase in those circumstances would not be valid and an alternative way of normalization would be necessary. This review covers the factors that have been reported thus far as modulating the expression of Renilla luciferase from plasmid constructs.
The Ownership Structure of Property Rights: Theory and Empirical Evidence of Restaurant Franchising

This study examines the ownership structure of restaurant franchising by comparing and contrasting capital market and agency explanations. The primary emphasis is placed on evaluation of these competing theories based on empirical data related to the major determinants of ownership structure that concerns restaurant franchising systems. Comprehensive data from specific individual restau rant franchisors are used in this study. In contrast to previous conjectures made in hospitality literature, this study finds that the choice of organizational form (company ownership versus franchising) is largely influenced by agency costs.
Grain size reduction in granular flows of spheres - The effects of critical impact energy

Methods employed to derive recent kinetic theories for rapid noncomminuting granular flows are extended to homogeneous flows in which a fraction of the repeated collisions produce tiny fractures on the particles' peripheries and gradually reduce their effective diameters. The theory consists of balance equations for mass, momentum, and energy, as well as constitutive relations for the presence tensor and collisional rates of mass and energy lost. The work of Richman and Chou (1989) is improved by incorporating into the constitutive theory the critical impact energy below which no mass loss occurs in a binary collision. The theory is applied to granular shear flows and, for fixed shear rates, predicts the time variations of the solid fraction granular temperature, and induced stresses, as well as their extreme sensitivities to small changes in the critical impact energy.
26 Deletion of Chromosome No. 18 (Long Arm). A New Syndrome

Four unrelated examples of partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome No. 18 have been briefly reported by us (Lancet ii: 641 [1966]). These patients have now been studied in detail. The typical features of this syndrome are mental retardation, short stature, impaired hearing with atretic or narrow ear canals, prominent antihelix, mild microcephaly, typical facies manifested by prominent forehead—perioral areas and deep set eyes, proximal implantation of the thumbs, increased number of whorl fingerprint patterns, hypotonia, vertical tali, fundoscopic anomalies and asymptomatic congenital heart anomalies. Relatives of three of the patients had normal chromosomes. The father and two siblings of the fourth patient had one metacentric No. 18, interpreted as a pericentric inversion. The deletion in this last patient probably arose by a crossover in the father between the metacentric and the normal No. 18 (‘aneusomy by recombination’). These four patients represent partial monosomy No. 18 but nonetheless the findings are not obviously the antithesis of the trisomy 18 syndrome. The retardation and morbidity associated with this chromosome disorder are less severe than those found with the usual autosomal trisomies. Since survival does not seem to be affected by this disorder, these patients will likely be found among older children. (SPR)
Comparison among four psychophysical procedures used in lateralization

Psychometrie functions were obtained from two listeners in four psychophysical tasks. The tasks were lateralization procedures in which Os were asked to make discriminations of interaural temporal differences of a 250-Hz tone. The four tasks were: a single-interval yes-no task, a single-interval left-right task, a two-alternative forced-choice task, and a two-interval same-different task. The theory of signal detection provides predictions relating the performances obtained in these four procedures. These predictions could not be verified in this experiment when it was assumed that the Os were listening to changes in lateral position produced by the interaural temporal difference. The data were, however, consistent with the assumption that Os use lateral motion as a cue for detection in two-interval tasks and lateral position as a cue in single-interval tasks.