cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra: A Visual Approach

Some version of the statement of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra first appeared early in the 17th century in the writings of several mathematicians, including Peter Roth, Albert Girard, and Rene Descartes. The first proof of the Fundamental Theorem was published by Jean Le Rond d’Alembert in 1746 [2], but his proof was not very rigorous. Carl Friedrich Gauss is often credited with producing the first correct proof in his doctoral dissertation of 1799 [15], although this proof also had gaps. (For a comparison of these two proofs, see [26, pp. 195–200].) Today there are many known proofs of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, including proofs using methods of algebra, analysis, and topology. (The references include many papers and books containing proofs of the Fundamental Theorem; [14] alone contains 11 proofs.) Our focus in this paper will be on the use of pictures to see why the theorem is true. Of course, if we want to use pictures to display the behavior of polynomials defined on the complex numbers, we are immediately faced with a difficulty: the complex numbers are two-dimensional, so it appears that a graph of a complex-valued function on the complex numbers will require four dimensions. Our solution to this problem will be to use color to represent some dimensions. We begin by assigning a color to every number in the complex plane. Figure 1 is a picture of the complex plane in which every point has been assigned a different color. The origin is colored black. Traveling counterclockwise around a circle centered at the origin, we go through the colors of a standard color wheel: red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, magenta, and back to red. Points near the origin have dark colors, with the color assigned to a complex number z approaching black as z approaches 0. Points far from the origin are light, with the color of z approaching white as |z| approaches infinity. Every complex number has a different color in this picture, so a complex number can be uniquely specified by giving its color. We can now use this color scheme to draw a picture of a function f : C → C as follows: we simply color each point z in the complex plane with the color corresponding to the value of f(z). From such a picture, we can read off the value of f(z), for any complex number z, by determining the color of the point z in the picture, and then consulting Figure 1 to see what complex number is represented by that color.
Friendships and Social Behavior

This chapter discusses the scientific study of the social lives of mentally retarded individuals, particularly those who live and work in group settings. Social behavior and social relationships are central elements in all theories of human adaptation. By definition, mentally retarded individuals lack the adaptive behavior skills demonstrated by nonretarded agemates in their culture.1 One of the key questions we will address is: To what extent does social behavior contribute to the adaptive strategies and adaptive success of mentally retarded persons? Before exploring the available data sources, we need to acknowledge the complexities inherent in investigating social skills, social interactions, and social relationships. Social behavior is at once a correlate, cause, and consequence of many things. Moreover, social behavior is seldom constant over time or across settings, and alternative methods of inquiry often yield divergent pictures of the same individuals.2,3 Yet despite these fundamental problems, investigators have made important advances in our understanding of the social lives of retarded citizens. We will highlight these advances and propose a conceptual framework to guide further scientific exploration of social adaptation.
Assessing Organizational Readiness for Electronic Health Record Adoption in Long-Term Care Facilities

Methods to support long-term care (LTC) providers to successfully implement electronic health records (EHR) are vital as they move to leverage the potential for improvements in quality, efficiency, and effectiveness through EHRs. This article reports the development of a readiness assessment tool to allow LTC facilities to measure their capacity for successful EHR implementation. The LTC Readiness Assessment Tool for EHR Implementation was developed through a literature review and qualitative study to establish content validity, followed by the current study to assess the tool's internal reliability. The tool was mailed to administrators or directors of nursing at 600 LTC facilities in Texas with instructions for survey completion. Ninety-three surveys were returned. Item means ranged from 2.72 to 5.07 on a 7-point scale (1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree), with the category of state regulatory support receiving the lowest mean and physical plant requirements receiving the highest. Internal reliability was supported with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.95.
DNA BASE COMPOSITION AS AN INDEX TO EVOLUTIONARY AFFINITIES IN MARINE BACTERIA

Speculation regarding the validity of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base composition as an index to evolutionary affinity led to a study of DNA from marine bacteria. The marine bacteria used in this study were selected on the basis of characters presumed to be under polygenic control rather than single-gene control. The first criteria for selection were that the organisms be gram-negative rods. They also had to have an absolute requirement for seawater as indicated by their ability to grow on 100% seawater plus peptone agar, and their inability to grow on 20% seawater plus 80% distilled water plus peptone after several transfers. Interest in the evolutionary affinities of marine bacteria was generated by the narrow range of variability in base composition of the enteric group in the data compiled bySueoka (1961). The rationale involved in anticipating similarity of base ratios in this group of taxonomically diverse marine bacteria is as follows: Present-day bacterial genera have base ratios ranging from 25 mole per cent guanine + cytosine (G + C) to about 72 mole per cent G + C. It seems likely that primordial aquatic bacteria may have possessed base ratios covering a range similar to this. Such primordial organisms undoubtedly would have comprised both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. During the course of geological time, the salinity of the sea increased. This would have exerted a stringent selective effect on the organisms, and perhaps only a limited number (one or two) of the original types could exhibit the characteristics of obligate marine bacteria by the criteria used here.
The Doctor's Dilemma — What Is “Appropriate” Care?

Escalating health care costs threaten the viability of the economy, forcing physicians to reexamine the choices they make in caring for patients. How can a commitment to cost-effective care be reconciled with a fundamental principle of primacy of patient welfare?
Improvement of Restorer Line of Rice Common Wild Rice Brown Planthopper Resistant Resoures

Brown planthopper(BPH,Nilaparvata lugens Stl) is one of main insect pests of rice(Oryza sativa L.).The most scientific and safest measure of breeding BPH resistant cultivars is identification and using BPH resistance genes.In this study,HS204 that carries a dominant gene for resistance to BPH was used as the resistance donor,and the restorer lines Minghui 65,582,and MR were used as the recurrent parent.By means of backcrossing,seedling detection,and selection of agronomic traits at adult stage,the gene for resistance to BPH was transferred into the recurrent parent,resulting in 45 homozygous resistant lines.The combining ability,grain quality,and other agronomic traits were also improved accordingly.
Adaptive Leadership as a Facilitator of Public Engagement on Environmental Sustainability Issues

At the time of writing, state governments have rapidly escalated their response to the problem of climate change. The governors and state legislatures are developing a wide variety of bills and exe...
Malignant Catecholamine-Secreting Carotid Body Paraganglioma:

The second known case of a malignant catecholamine-secreting (DA)-secreting carotid body paraganglioma is presented. Dopamine synthesis and secretion can be increased in malignant tumors derived from neural crest cells. Whether this is true, in addition, for extra-adrenal paragangliomas is not yet clear. Malignant paragangliomas of the carotid body and larynx, although rare, frequently have been accompanied by increased catecholamine secretion. Malignant catecholamine-secreting carotid body paragangliomas are best treated by composite resection (internal carotid artery and neck dissection), with special attention being given to measures preventing severe hypertension and arrhythmias in the perioperative period.
Aligning perceptions of mistreatment among incoming medical trainees

Abstract Background Learner mistreatment has been a long-standing example of unprofessional behavior in medical training. Alignment of perceptions of professional behavior is a critical component of developing a defined organizational culture. Clinical vignettes addressing learner mistreatment can help to achieve this goal. Our aim was to determine whether using clinical vignettes to address learner mistreatment during onboarding can reduce variability in the perceptions of mistreatment. Materials and methods External experts in the field of labor and employment relations embedded in the clinical learning environment identified six thematic areas of potential mistreatment. Corresponding clinical case vignettes were developed and presented to incoming trainees during the onboarding process, followed by facilitated discussion. Perceptions of mistreatment before and after discussion were assessed on a Likert scale, with results compared using F -test and t -test. Results There were 145 participants. Most participants reported previously witnessing or experiencing episodes of mistreatment before matriculation (84%), with the majority reporting multiple events. The most common offenders were faculty (57%), residents/fellows (49%), and nurses (33%). Only 10% of incoming trainees reported a previous incident of mistreatment. Postintervention scores demonstrated decreased variability ( P P Conclusions Mistreatment remains a prevalent phenomenon in medical training involving a wide cross-section of healthcare providers. Trainees arrive with discordant definitions of mistreatment. Alignment of individuals' definitions can be achieved through the use of carefully crafted clinical vignettes and facilitated discussion.
On Davis’s “Pragmatic Platonism”

(added by editor). A comparison is made between Martin Davis’s realism in mathematics and the forms of mathematical realism defended by Hilary Putnam. Both reject the idea that mathematics should be interpreted as referring to immaterial objects belonging to a “second plane of reality” and put emphasis on the use of quasi-empirical arguments in mathematics. The author defends Hellman’s use of the formalism of modal logic to explicate his own modal realism.
A Zynq-based testbed for the experimental benchmarking of algorithms competing in cryptographic contests

Hardware performance evaluation of candidates competing in cryptographic contests, such as SHA-3 and CAE-SAR, is very important for ranking their suitability for standardization. One of the most essential performance metrics is the throughput, which highly depends on the algorithm, hardware implementation architecture, coding style, and options of tools. The maximum throughput is calculated based on the maximum clock frequency supported by each algorithm. A common way of determining the maximum clock frequency is static timing analysis provided by the CAD toolsets such as Xilinx ISE, Xilinx Vivado, and Altera Quartus Prime. In this project, we have developed a universal testbed, which is capable of measuring the maximum clock frequency experimentally, using a prototyping board. We are targeting cryptographic hardware cores, such as implementations of SHA-3 candidates. Our testbed is designed using a Zynq platform and takes advantage of software/hardware co-design. It supports two separate clock domains, one for a hardware module under test, and the other for the communication between an ARM core and hardware accelerator. We measured the maximum clock frequency and the execution time of 12 Round 2 SHA-3 candidates experimentally on ZedBoard and compared the results with the frequencies reported by Xilinx Vivado. Our results indicate that depending on the characteristics of each algorithm, we may achieve either much higher or the same experimental frequency than the results reported by the tools using static timing analysis. This behavior is then further analyzed, and the relevant conclusions drawn.
Sigma 2-Agonist CB-64D Induces Apoptosis in Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Cells: Association with Decreased Akt Expression.

Abstract Background and aim : Sigma (σ) receptors are expressed at high density in a variety of tumor cell types, with an increased expression of σ2-subtype in rapidly proliferating tumors. CB-64D is a recently developed sigma agonist, showing a higher affinity for σ2- receptor subtype. We evaluated the cytotoxic activity of CB-64D in the extensively characterized Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) cell lines DB, RL, and Ramos. Materials and methods : Human DB, RL (both derived from patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma), and Ramos (Burkitt's lymphoma) cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of CB-64D for various periods of time. Cells were harvested and stained with Annexin-V and PI and apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Expression of caspases, Akt and Bcl-2 was determined by Western blotting. Results : CB-64D induced apoptosis in all NHL cells tested in both a time- and dose- dependent manner. Apoptosis was detected as early as 3 hours (7.5%) and reached its maximum at 12 hours (75%). As little as 5 μM CB-64D was able to induce apoptosis and maximum effects were noted with 40 μM CB-64D. To investigate the mechanisms responsible for the observed apoptosis, expression of caspases, Bcl-2, and Akt was evaluated. Western blot experiments revealed that CB-64D induced the expression of activated caspases 3, 8, and 9. Inhibitors of both caspase 3 and caspase 8 significantly decreased CB-64D-induced apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis was not associated with changes in Bcl-2 levels. In contrast, CB-64D induced a major decrease of Akt as determined by Western blot. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that Akt mRNA was not affected by CB-64D suggesting that the decreased expression of Akt was controlled at the post-transcriptional level. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 failed to prevent CB-64D-induced Akt down-modulation suggesting that the decreased expression of Akt is not due to proteasome degradation. Conclusions : Our data demonstrate that the σ2-agonist CB-64D has a potent anti-lymphoma activity. CB-64D directly induces apoptosis through caspase-dependent mechanisms. Our data also show that CB-64D-induced apoptosis is associated with a decreased Akt expression that is controlled at the post-transcriptional level. The present results warrant the exploration of CB-64D in a pre-clinical model.
A method to remove irregular frequencies and log singularity evaluation in wave-body interaction problems

The removal of the irregular frequency effect is important in wave-body interaction problems, especially for multi-body cases. This paper mainly discusses the extended boundary condition method. To reach a higher accuracy, the singularity resulting from the Green function needs special care. Specifically, analytical integral methods are proposed to treat the log singularity. Finally, results with and without irregular frequency removal are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. The major contribution of this paper is that we provide a different formula from the previous for the extended boundary condition method and propose four methods to evaluate the log singularity in the wave Green function at the internal free surface. The efficiency and application range of each method are discussed. These methods are proposed for the irregular frequency problem and can be used in a general problem when the integral of the log singularity is of interest.
High Speed Trains Geotechnics: What is a Tolerable Bump? ☆

Abstract The problem of the bump at the transition between the embankment and the bridge is an important concern for railways and highways. These bumps can lead to a rough riding surface which creates discomfort at high speed and high maintenance costs. The current study addresses the problem for High Speed Trains (HST). One reason for the development of a bump is the difference in stiffness between the compacted soil embankment and the bridge typically resting on deep foundations. A 4-D finite element model, developed in LS-DYNA, was used to simulate the effect of this difference in stiffness at the transition between the embankment and the bridge. The modulus of the embankment is varied from 5 MPa for a very soft embankment to 120 MPa for a very stiff embankment. The bridge is considered to be rigid by comparison. This study will show that the dynamic amplification factor, DAF, defined as the ratio of the maximum dynamic rail/wheel impact force to the static load on the wheel, changes dramatically with the embankment modulus and train speeds.
Catchment, morphometric, and water quality characteristics differ between reservoirs and naturally formed lakes on a latitudinal gradient in the conterminous United States

AbstractConstructed lakes and impoundments (reservoirs) likely exhibit substantial differences in their physics, chemistry, and biology from naturally formed lakes; however, because reservoirs and natural lakes generally have different latitudinal distributions, less is known about quantitative, generalized differences between the 2 waterbody types. We compared a suite of limnological variables among 1033 reservoirs and natural lakes across multiple size classes on a latitudinal gradient in the conterminous United States. In general, reservoirs had significantly greater perimeters, catchment areas, and catchment area:surface area ratios than natural lakes. Interestingly, several lakeshore land use, morphometric, and water quality response variables exhibited significant interactions between waterbody type and latitude. Southern reservoirs were deeper and had higher proportions of forested land and less agriculture and developed land use in their lakeshore than southern natural lakes, whereas northern rese...
Technology Transfer in the Tropics

It is generally acknowledged that the lot of resource-poor farmers in underdeveloped countries can be improved only by better technology transfer. There is, however, less agreement on how this tran...
Perception of Discrimination in Employment and Health in Refugees and Immigrants.

Unemployment is associated with poor health among refugees and immigrants; however, the degree to which discrimination in employment contributes to poor health remains unclear because of methodological limitations. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate factors associated with perceived discrimination, ethnicity and migration status, and their implication on health (self-rated health & depression). Perceived discrimination was investigated in 273 Iraqi skilled-workers, refugees and immigrants, who are members of a professional scientific organization. It was hypothesized that unemployment, ethnicity (Arab), and migration status (refugee) would be associated with perceived discrimination. Additionally, it was hypothesized that participants who endorse discrimination are more likely to report poor health. Results reveal that more individuals who were unemployed (46.4%), reported perceived discrimination (X2 (1, N=273) =6.63, p<.05), however, when linear regression modeling was applied, age [OR=1.36], gender [OR=2.13], and ethnicity [OR=2.15], not migration status became significant predictors of discrimination. With respect to health, age [OR=2.25], length of residency [OR.93], language skills [OR=3.00], and perception of discrimination [OR=2.12] were predictors of SRH, while ethnicity [OR=3.93], age [OR=1.39], and discrimination [OR=3.26] were significant predictors of depression. Notably, perceived discrimination was a predictor in both health variables. In conclusion, there appears to be a link between discrimination and health in a homogenous refugee and immigrant sample.
Clinical Features of Chronic Active Hepatitis

The clinical features of chronic active hepatitis (CAH) are familiar to most physicians. Similar symptoms, physical findings, and laboratory abnormalities are found in virtually all forms of acute and chronic liver disease. The diagnosis of CAH is possible only if these nonspecific features are clustered into characteristic patterns. The mettle of the clinician is measured by the ability to recognize these patterns.
The impact of junk food marketing regulations on food sales: an ecological study.

Objective To evaluate the impact of junk food broadcast marketing policies on nationwide junk food sales and identify policy characteristics effective in reducing sales. Methods Country policy data (n = 79) were categorized in a thorough literature review and analysed using a repeated measures design against data on food sales per capita. Study conducted in United States, 2017. Results Countries with junk food broadcast marketing policies saw a decrease in junk food sales per capita after implementation, while those without said policies saw an increase (p = 0.013). Countries with statutory policies saw a decrease in sales per capita, while those with only self-regulation saw an increase (p = 0.004). Audience restrictions (p = 0.024) and standardized nutrition criteria (p = 0.008) were policy characteristics significantly associated with a decrease in sales per capita. Conclusions Utilizing a novel approach to evaluate junk food broadcast marketing policies, the study demonstrated that countries with statutory policies saw a significant decrease in junk food sales per capita not seen in countries with no or only self-regulatory policies. To effectively reduce exposure to child-targeted junk food marketing, governments should establish strong, comprehensive statutory regulations. Additionally, countries that implement junk food marketing policies can use food sales data to track policy effectiveness.
IRS-Protein Scaffolds and Insulin/IGF Action in Central and Peripheral Tissues

Publisher Summary The investigation of the insulin signaling cascade has revealed a broad physiologic role that extends far beyond the classical insulin target tissues—liver, muscle, and fat. The insulin-like signaling system is integrated throughout the body to coordinate systemic growth and development with peripheral and central nutrient homeostasis, fertility, and lifespan. Dysregulated insulin signaling is associated with a cohort of common systemic disorders, including obesity and dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease and hypertension, infertility, and neurodegeneration. The insulin receptor substrates proteins—mainly Irs1 and Irs2—coordinate insulin and insulin-like growth factor signals in all tissues. The insulin-like signaling cascade through Irs2 is critical for β-cell growth, function, and survival, so similar signaling cascades coordinate insulin secretion and action. The IRS-proteins are adapter molecules that link the insulin-like receptors to common downstream signaling cascades. Recent studies reveal a variety of factors secreted from adipose tissue that inhibit insulin signaling. The tools now available to probe the insulin-like signaling cascades in healthy and diabetic tissues provide a rational platform to develop new strategies to treat insulin resistance and prevent its progression to Type 2 diabetes and neurodegeneration. Future work must better resolve the network of insulin responses that are generated in various tissues, because too much insulin action might also shorten lives.
Effect of Microstructural Damage on Ultrasonic Velocity and Elastic Moduli of Partially Stabilized Zirconia

Zirconia toughened ceramics, such as magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ), have received considerable attention due to their high strength and fracture toughness [1]. These properties are a consequence of stress-induced microstructural changes which inhibit crack propagation and provide a degree of ‘damage tolerance1 not common to other ceramic materials. Ultrasonic testing can aid in the characterization of microstructural changes associated with transformation plasticity [2]. The present paper presents measurements of ultrasonic velocity as a function of microstructural damage in Mg-PSZ loaded in compression at high strain rates. Observed changes in elastic moduli are compared to a model of a solid containing randomly distributed penny-shaped microcracks which are all oriented parallel to the axis of compression.
- Discontinuous Galerkin methods for equations with divergence-free solutions: preliminary results

Publisher Summary Discontinuous Galerkin methods using a locally divergence-free polynomial basis is very effective for solving the Maxwell equations. This chapter describes the study and preliminary results on developing the Discontinuous Galerkin methods for partial differential equations with divergence-free solutions. The preliminary results are obtained for the two-dimensional linear Maxwell equations. After a final projection into a globally divergence-free subspace, the numerical solution maintains (k+l)th order accuracy in L2 and L∞ norms and (2k+l)th order accuracy after post-processing. This implies that the original solution without the final projection is already very accurate both in L2 and L∞ norms and in divergence error, for the removal of the latter does not increase the former. The size of the numerical divergence is measured. Some representative example of the computational results obtained is also summarized in the chapter.
How instructions shape aversive learning: higher order knowledge, reversal learning, and the role of the amygdala

Decades of work have focused on how instructions and higher-order knowledge shape aversive learning. In recent years, new experimental and analytic strategies including contingency reversals and computational models allow researchers to test interactions and dissociations between instructed knowledge and feedback-driven learning. New work in human and animal models indicates that instructions and higher order knowledge shape both aversive and appetitive learning in most brain systems involved in value-based learning, including the striatum and orbitofrontal cortex. In contrast, findings in human models suggest that the right amygdala continues to respond to aversive reinforcement, irrespective of instruction. I will review evidence from human and animal models and propose paths forward to understand the amygdala’s contribution to instructed aversive learning.
Review: In cardiac arrest, adrenaline improves survival to hospital admission and to discharge

Source Citation Finn J, Jacobs I, Williams TA, Gates S, Perkins GD. Adrenaline and vasopressin for cardiac arrest. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;1:CD003179. 30653257
Decreasing postoperative opioid prescriptions in ambulatory extended recovery patients.

6621Background: Over-prescription of opioids after surgery contributes to the opioid abuse epidemic. Optimum post-operative opioid dosing is not defined. We evaluated prescribing patterns among dif...
CHANGES IN RESTING SALIVARY TESTOSTERONE, CORTISOL AND INTERLEUKIN-6 AS BIOMARKERS OF OVERTRAINING.

Background. Overtraining (OVT) is a concern for many athletes. Immunological (increased interleukin-6 [IL-6]) and hormonal (increased cortisol [C], decreased free testosterone [fT]) biomarkers have been analyzed during training to detect OVT development. Methods. This study determined if resting levels of salivary IL-6, T, and C change during a pre-season resistance training (RT) program in 20 Division I American football players (mean ± SD: age = 19.1 ± 1.1 years; height = 185.4 ± 6.7 cm; mass = 102.0 ± 22.2 kg; body fat = 14.7 ± 7.6%). 1RM squat, bench press and Olympic-style clean, IL-6, C and T were assessed at baseline (WK1), week 4 (WK4), week 6 (WK6) along with psychological status (PS) to determine affective state. Results. 1RM (bench press: 121.6 ± 36.3 kg vs. 127.4 ± 35.9 kg, squat: 187.2 ± 30.2 kg, 190.9 ± 28.1 kg, clean: 116.8 ± 14.6 kg, vs. 119.2 ± 14.5 kg), IL-6 (1.42 ± 1.77 pg/mL vs. 5.60 ± 12.57 pg/mL) and C (2.57 ± 2.46 nmol/L vs. 5.33 ± 4.94) increased significantly from WK1 to WK6 ( p < .05), fT decreased significantly (417.44 ± 83.63 pmol/L vs. 341.10 ± 87.79 pmol/L) from WK1 to WK6 (p < .05). PS was minimally affected during the study. Significant biomarker changes were detected, but no OVT was induced (i.e. performance improved).Conclusion. Therefore, directional changes in these biomarkers may not be sufficiently reflective of OVT in RT programs.Keywords: stress, hormones, biomarkers, anabolic-catabolic
Age-dependent autophagy induction after injury promotes axon regeneration by limiting NOTCH

Macroautophagy/autophagy is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis through the degradation of organelles and proteins. It also has a prominent role in modulating aging. However, the role of autophagy in the neuronal response to axon injury and axon regeneration, particularly in the context of aging, remains largely unknown. Our candidate genetic screen for axon regeneration regulators has identified genes in the autophagy pathway. Using a reporter that monitors autophagosomes and autolysosomes, we were able to monitor the dynamics of autophagy during axon regeneration. In response to axon injury, there was a significant increase in the number of autophagic vesicles. Injury-triggered autophagy activation and axon regeneration capacity undergo an age-dependent decline, and autophagy-activating agents partially rescued these declines. We found that DLK-1 was both required and sufficient for injury-induced autophagy activation. Autophagic vesicles co-localized with the NOTCH4 ortholog, LIN-12 receptor, a previously identified inhibitor of axon regeneration. Epistasis analyses indicate that LIN-12 might be a target of autophagy in axon regeneration. Together, our data suggest that DLK-mediated injury signaling can activate autophagy, which might limit the level of LIN-12 and NOTCH proteins to promote axon regeneration. Our findings reveal that autophagy activation can promote axon regeneration in neurons that lack maximal regrowth capacity, providing a promising therapeutic strategy for axon injury. Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ALs: autolysosomes; APs: autophagosomes; ARF-6: ADP-Ribosylation Factor related 6; ATG-9: AuTophaGy (yeast Atg homolog) 9; ATG9A: autophagy related 9A; BA1: bafilomycin A1; BEC-1: BEClin (human autophagy) homolog; BECN1: beclin 1; C. elegans: Caenorhabditis elegans; CEBP-1: C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein) homolog; CNS: central nervous system; DLK-1: Dual-Leucine zipper Kinase; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DRG: dorsal root ganglion; FOS: Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit; GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HDA-3: Histone DeAcetylase; IP3: inositol trisphosphate; ITR-1: Inositol Triphosphate Receptor; KLF-2: Kruppel-Like Factor (zinc finger protein) 2; LGG-1: LC3, GABARAP and GATE-16 family; MAK-2: MAP kinase Activated protein Kinase; MAP kinase: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MKK-4: mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 4; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NGM: nematode growth medium; NICD: Notch intracellular domain; NOTCH: notch receptor; PLM: posterior lateral microtubule; PMK-3: P38 Map kinase family; PNS: peripheral nervous system; SCG10: superior cervical ganglion protein 10; SCI: spinal cord injury; UNC-51: UNCoordinated 51; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; wnd: wallenda.
Stimulation of Fibronectin Matrix Assembly by Lysine Acetylation

Diabetic nephropathy, a devastating consequence of diabetes mellitus, is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) that disrupts the kidney's filtration apparatus. Elevated glucose levels increase the deposition of a fibronectin (FN) matrix by mesangial cells, the primary matrix-producing cells of the kidney, and also increase acetyl-CoA leading to higher levels of lysine acetylation. Here, we investigated the connection between acetylation and the ECM and show that treatment of mesangial cells with deacetylase inhibitors increases both acetylation and FN matrix assembly compared to untreated cells. The matrix effects were linked to lysine 794 (K794) in the β1 integrin cytoplasmic domain based on studies of cells expressing acetylated (K794Q) and non-acetylated (K794R) mimetics. β1(K794Q) cells assembled significantly more FN matrix than wildtype β1 cells, while the non-acetylated β1(K794R) form was inactive. We show that mutation of K794 affects FN assembly by stimulating integrin-FN binding activity and cell contractility. Wildtype and β1(K794Q) cells but not β1(K794R) cells further increased their FN matrix when stimulated with deacetylase inhibitors indicating that increased acetylation on other proteins is required for maximum FN assembly. Thus, lysine acetylation provides a mechanism for glucose-induced fibrosis by up-regulation of FN matrix assembly.
Secure Quantized Sequential Detection in the Internet of Things with Eavesdroppers

We consider sequential detection based on one-bit quantized data in the Internet of Things (IoT) with an eavesdropper. A lightweight physical-layer encryption algorithm, called stochastic encryption, is employed as a counter measure that flips the quantization bits at each IoT sensor according to certain probabilities, and the flipping probabilities are only known to the legitimate cloud (LC) but not the eavesdropping cloud (EC). Due to the optimality of the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT), the LC employs the SPRT for sequential detection whereas the EC employs a mismatched SPRT (MSPRT). We characterize the asymptotic performance of the MSPRT in terms of the expected sample size as a function of the vanishing error probabilities. We show that every symmetric stochastic encryption is ineffective in the sense that it leads to the same expected sample size at the LC and EC when the LC and EC have the same detection accuracy. Next, in the asymptotic regime of small detection error probabilities, we show that every stochastic encryption degrades the performance of the EC to a greater extent in the sense that the expected sample size required at the EC is no fewer than that is required at the LC. Moreover, the optimal stochastic encryption is derived in the sense of maximizing the difference between the expected sample sizes required at the EC and LC.
The digital clinic: Implementing technology and augmenting care for mental health.

Abstract Increasing both access to and quality of mental healthcare is a global priority. One solution is to integrate technologies such as smartphone apps and sensors directly into care. Acknowledging many prior attempts and barriers, we introduce the Digital Clinic which is an already functioning clinic using smartphone apps to augment and extend care today at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) in Boston, Massachusetts. In this piece, we outline the theoretical foundation of the Digital Clinic and its emphasis on the therapeutic alliance, measurement-based care, and shared decision making. We explore both workflow and engagement challenges as well as solutions including a new care team member, the Digital Navigator, and the customization of technology. Acknowledging that the Digital Clinic is an evolving program, we offer details on our implementation in order to allow others to replicate, expand on, and improve these initial efforts.
Coupled transmission and distribution simulations to assess distributed generation response to power system faults

Abstract The historical simulation approach of aggregating distributed generation (DG) with load for transmission simulations is proving inadequate at capturing these DG dynamics. Presented is a methodology that uses interfacing data sets to couple disparate simulations in an iterative manner. This methodology was implemented with a Positive Sequence Load Flow (PSLF) dynamic model of the Western Interconnection with 9 GW of DG. A transmission fault leading to a fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR) is analyzed with this iterative coupled simulation method, with more than 120 substation voltage profiles extracted, representing more than 4 GW of DG, and simulated in OpenDSS to capture the ride-through dynamics. OpenDSS simulations of feeders populated with photovoltaic DG and associated time-dependent tripping and momentary cessation criteria based on the IEEE 1547 standard are performed. Coupled simulation results show significant differences in DG responses, as well as overall system responses, between single PSLF and the coupled simulations.
The Utility of Virtual Reality Simulation in Cataract Surgery Training: A Systematic Review

Introduction Cataract surgery is a fundamental intraocular procedure with a steep learning curve. Virtual reality simulation offers opportunity to streamline this aspect of ophthalmic education by exposing trainees to operative techniques in a controlled setting. Materials and Methods A systematic review of the PubMed database was conducted through December 2019 for English language studies reporting on use of virtual reality simulation in cataract surgery training to assess usefulness. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were examined for pertinent data: study design, number of subjects and live cases, simulator model, training regimen, surgical skills assessed, and overall outcomes. Results Of the 41 analyzed studies, 15 investigated the impact of virtual reality simulation-based training on performance in live surgery or wet laboratories; 20 used simulation as a device for direct assessment of operative proficiency; 6 explored simulation-based training's effect on performance in simulated surgery. Thirty-seven studies employed an iteration of the Eyesi simulator, though methodologies varied widely with a few randomized trials available. The literature endorsed validity of simulator-based assessment and benefits of structured training on live complication rates, operative times, and self- and faculty-perceived competency, particularly in novice surgeons. Discussion The literature surrounding simulation in cataract surgery training is characterized by significant heterogeneity in design. However, most works describe advantages that may outweigh the costs of implementation into training curricula. Collaborative efforts at establishing a structured, proficiency-based cataract surgery curriculum built around virtual reality and wet laboratory simulation have the potential to improve outcomes and enhance future surgical training.
Endogenous Distribution Friction and Monetary Policy

We examine the quantitative importance of endogenous distribution frictions using a dynamic multi-sector model motivated by Corsetti and Dedola (2005). Our benchmark model features distribution frictions that depend on the state of the economy and predicts counter-cyclical distribution margins, which is consistent with the empirical evidence from Brazilian fuel price data. Estimating an augmented model with price and wage rigidities, we attribute the lion's share of such countercyclicality to productivity shocks arising from the service sector. From a policy perspective, we find the endogenous distribution friction significantly amplifies money neutrality as the distribution cost dampens the consumption response to a monetary policy shock. Our counterfactual analyses demonstrate that a model with exogenous distribution frictions cannot replicate this result.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children with Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria Infection: a Case Report and Review of the Literature

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common childhood malignancy. Infection is the most common complication during chemotherapy. However, patient who has acute lymphoblastic leukemia with Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria infection is uncommon, especially in children. We report a 15-year-old male with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who responded well to treatment but was infected by Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria. He immediately received active anti-infective treatment, but eventually died on the fourth day. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients with Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria infection progress rapidly, with a high mortality and poor prognosis. We should pay attention to Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria infection in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Disentangling Standard Model EFT operators with future low-energy parity-violating electron scattering experiments

We study the potential of future parity-violating electron scattering (PVES) data to probe the parameter space of the Standard Model effective field theory. We contrast the constraints derived from Drell-Yan data taken at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with projections of the planned PVES experiments SoLID and P2. We show that the PVES data can complement the bounds set by the LHC data in the dimension-six operator space since it probes different combinations of operators than Drell-Yan. The lower characteristic energy of P2 and SoLID also helps disentangle effects of dimension-six and dimension-eight operators that are difficult to resolve with LHC Drell-Yan data alone.
On the Transition of Social Interaction from In-Person to Online: Predicting Changes in Social Media Usage of College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic based on Pre-COVID-19 On-Campus Colocation

Pandemics significantly impact human daily life. People throughout the world adhere to safety protocols (e.g., social distancing and self-quarantining). As a result, they willingly keep distance from workplace, friends and even family. In such circumstances, in-person social interactions may be substituted with virtual ones via online channels, such as, Instagram and Snapchat. To get insights into this phenomenon, we study a group of undergraduate students before and after the start of COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, we track N=102 undergraduate students on a small college campus prior to the pandemic using mobile sensing from phones and assign semantic labels to each location they visit on campus where they study, socialize and live. By leveraging their colocation network at these various semantically labeled places on campus, we find that colocations at certain places that possibly proxy higher in-person social interactions (e.g., dormitories, gyms and Greek houses) show significant predictive capability in identifying the individuals’ change in social media usage during the pandemic period. We show that we can predict student’s change in social media usage during COVID-19 with an F1 score of 0.73 purely from the in-person colocation data generated prior to the pandemic.
Surgical pulmonary embolectomy on VA-ECMO

Abstract Surgical pulmonary embolectomy is a procedure that is often used to rescue patients with massive pulmonary embolism (PE) and circulatory collapse that have failed or may not be ideal candidates for other systemic and endovascular treatment modalities. This procedure typically involves a sternotomy and the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), which requires full systemic anticoagulation. Here, we report the case of a surgical pulmonary embolectomy performed on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) rather than CPB to minimize systemic anticoagulation. The patient had suffered a cardiac arrest due to a saddle PE and required VA-ECMO which was complicated by a concomitant intracranial hemorrhage. The patient tolerated the surgical pulmonary embolectomy performed on VA-ECMO without procedure-related complications, and the ECMO support did not substantially complicate the technical performance of the procedure. In contrast to surgical pulmonary embolectomy performed on CPB, greater attention must be paid to volume status when performing the procedure on VA-ECMO since there is no blood reservoir. This case suggests cardiopulmonary support on ECMO as a viable strategy for surgical embolectomy in patients with unstable PEs in whom thrombolysis or full systemic anticoagulation are contraindicated.
Significant Enhancement of PEDOT Thin Film Adhesion to Inorganic Solid Substrates with EDOT-Acid

With its high conductivity, tunable surface morphology, relatively soft mechanical response, high chemical stability, and excellent biocompatibility, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has become a promising coating material for a variety of electronic biomedical devices. However, the relatively poor adhesion of PEDOT to inorganic metallic and semiconducting substrates still poses challenges for long-term applications. Here, we report that 2,3-dihydrothieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxine-2-carboxylic acid (EDOT-acid) significantly improves the adhesion between PEDOT thin films and inorganic solid electrodes. EDOT-acid molecules were chemically bonded onto activated oxide substrates via the chemisorption of the carboxylic groups. PEDOT was then polymerized onto the EDOT-acid modified substrates, forming covalently bonded coatings. The adsorption of EDOT-acid onto the electrode surfaces was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spect...
Strategies to Reduce the Risk of Building Collapse in Developing Countries

In developing countries, poor quality construction has led to spontaneous building collapse and, during earthquakes, to major disasters. While reliable building codes are widely used in design, builders in developing countries often fail to meet acceptable standards. Structural defects are frequently identified too late, often after catastrophic collapse. In Kenya, more than eighty people have been killed, an over 290 injured, by collapsed buildings, since 2006. However, Kenya is not an exception. Throughout the world, in particular in countries with developing economies and growing populations, thousands of dangerously weak buildings will be built, and millions of people will be exposed to unnecessarily higher risks for generations. This research aims at contributing towards finding solutions to this problem by: 1) demonstrating that, in Kenya, many buildings are approved for occupation based on false material strength data produced by ineffective quality-control methods; 2) engaging the help of experts in Kenyan construction to list and ranked probable causes and plausible solutions to the problem of unsafe construction practices in Kenya; 3) presenting a method and a simulation model to estimate the damages in Nairobi (or other cities in Africa) in case of and earthquake, which can be used by policy makers when evaluating alternative policy interventions; and 4) proposing a strategy that combines the enforcement of quality reporting for construction, the open publication of the reports, the diffusion of non-destructive testing in construction, a risk communication program, and internet forums to help educate and provide guidance to the public in good construction practices.
Frequency of Adverse Systemic Reactions after Fluorescein Angiography: Results of a Prospective Study

Intravenous fluorescein angiography is a commonly performed and extraordinarily valuable diagnostic procedure. The frequency of adverse reactions after angiography has varied considerably in previous reports. In a prospective study of 2789 angiographic procedures in 2025 patients, the authors found that the percentage of adverse reactions depended strongly on the patient's angiographic history. Overall, adverse reactions followed 4.8% of the angiographic procedures. These reactions included nausea (2.9%), vomiting (1.2%), flushing/itching/hives (0.5%), and other reactions (dyspnea, syncope, excessive sneezing) (0.2%). No cases of anaphylaxis, myocardial infarction, pulmonary edema, or seizures occurred. The percentage of reactions was 1.8% for patients who had had previous angiography without ever having had an adverse reaction. In contrast, the percentage of reactions was 48.6% for patients who had had an adverse reaction to angiography previously.