cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Full-scale engine tests of bulk absorber acoustic inlet treatment

Three different densities of Keviar bulk absorber fan inlet treatment were tested on a YF 102 turbofan engine. This bulk absorber material may have potential for flight application. Farfield noise measurements were made and the attenuation properties of the three treatment densities were compared. In addition, the best bulk treatment was compared to the best single degree of freedom, SDOF (honeycomb and perforated cover sheet) treatment from another investigation. Although the density was varied over a large range, (3 to 1) the effect on attenuation was small. The highest density treatment, 11.8 lb/cubic ft., had a somewhat broader attenuation bandwidth. The comparison of the best bulk and SDOF treatments showed the bulk to have a much greater attenuation bandwidth. At the design frequency both types of treatment had almost equal performance.
A multistate semiclassical orbital treatment of heavy-particle collisions with application to HH2 rotational transitions

Abstract A new semiclassical description of elastic and inelastic scattering in heavy-particle collisions is developed. The treatment includes appropriate trajectories determined from a certain optical potential designed so as to couple the response of the internal structure to the orbit for the relative motion. The procedure is applied to various rotational transitions in HH 2 collisions at 0.5–1.5 eV and yields results remarkably close to recent quantal calculations.
In-vivo response to free electron laser incision of the rabbit cornea.

Background and Objective We analyzed the in vivo ocular response to corneal incisions made by Medical Free Electron Laser (MFEL) as a function of scan rate and incision depth. Additionally, we compared biomicroscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and light microscopy as ocular response diagnostic tools. Study Design/Materials and Methods Rabbit corneas were incised with pulsed MFEL radiation at 2.94 μm wavelength, scalpel incisions or focal cautery treatment were used as controls. The MFEL beam scan rate ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 mm/second. Ocular effects were monitored for 2 hours postoperatively using OCT and slit lamp examination. Ocular tissue was fixed for light microscopic examination. Results Anterior chamber fibrin formation correlated with MFEL incision depth. Slower scan rates resulted in deeper incisions and greater fibrin formation. OCT was better than slit lamp biomicroscopy at identifying fibrin attachments. OCT and light microscopy proved to be excellent companion technologies. Conclusions Deep corneal incisions in the rabbit produced by the MFEL resulted in fibrin formation in the anterior chamber. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:44–52, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mesquite rhizobia isolated from the Sonoran Desert: Competitiveness and survival in soil

Abstract The competitiveness of a mesquite Rhizobium (AZ-M1) and its ability to survive in desert soils was compared to a selected commercial strain (31A5). In a greenhouse study, the native isolate out-competed strain 31A5 in nodule occupancy, when applied as a mixed inoculant to seed germinated and grown in sand culture, and irrigated with N-free nutrients. A high incidence of nodule double occupancy was found when double strain inoculants were used. The survival rate of the two strains was tested in three desert soils in a controlled laboratory study. The desert strain AZ-M1 grew and survived in all the soils for 1 month. The commercial strain 31A5, did not grow, and the population decreased in 14 days from 10 8 cells g −1 dry soil to below 10 4 cells g −1 . Both strains survived to a lesser extent in a saline-sodic soil. A significant morphological change from a rod to a coccus was observed 2 days after strain 31A5 had been introduced into the desert soils.
Pseudophrynaminol: A potent noncompetitive blocker of nicotinic receptor-channels

(+/-)-Pseudophrynaminol inhibited carbamylcholine-elicited sodium-22 influx with an IC50 value of about 0.3 microM in both rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells (ganglionic-type nicotinic receptor) and human medulloblastoma TE671 cells (neuromuscular-type nicotinic receptor). The inhibition in both cell lines appeared to be noncompetitive in nature. In rat cerebral cortical membranes, pseudophrynaminol had only low affinity (Ki 35 microM) for the agonist site on central nicotinic receptors at which [3H]nicotine binds. Pseudophrynaminol, at 10 microM, had marginal effects on a variety of other central receptors, and even at 100 microM inhibited batrachotoxin-elicited sodium-22 influx in a synaptoneurosomal preparation by only 40%. It had no effect at 30 microM on acetylcholinesterase and was a weak inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase. Thus, pseudophrynaminol appears to be a potent, rather specific, noncompetitive inhibitor of ganglionic and neuromuscular nicotinic receptor-channels.
Large-deflection computation of the plastica☆

Abstract A nonlinear finite element method is presented for the computation of the large deflection of an inextensible rod bent beyond the linear elastic range of its material. An orthogonal trajectory accession method is used to trace the displacement-load curves for a rod flexed by an axial force, a circular ring crushed by diametrical forces, a C-ring opened by an end force, and a column collapsing under its own weight.
Locked plating: Clinical indications

As shown in the previous article, locked plating stabilizes fractures differently than conventional plating using different mechanical principles. Although the blade plate is a form of a locked plate and has been around for years, locked plating in its present form offers the surgeon another device to treat fractures. The growth of different types of locked plates has been phenomenal but has increased the confusion over the indications for its use. Armed with the knowledge of the biomechanics of locked plating detailed in the previous article, the surgeon answered the question of why use locked plates and now can investigate when to use locked plates. Although many clinical articles support the use of locked plates, a randomized comparison with conventional plates does not exist. Despite this inadequacy in literature, the author believes that many clinical situations exist where patients have benefited from locked plating.
A Case Study: Impact of International Liberalization on the Indian Economy

This paper, using the Solow growth model looks at the impact of liberalization on India's economic growth. Additionally, using empirical data, it analyzes the patterns, processes, and characteristics of India's economic growth. The Solow model explains the long run economic growth via the change in the Solow residuals. This paper defines the Solow residual as International trade. This paper will show that International trade and fewer regulations on exports and imports have ignited high economic growth in India. After the late 1980s, India saw an immense increase in international trade. Led by low tariff rates, India saw a hike in exports and imports and more importantly, foreign investments. With the backing of facts and figures, this paper will show that India has actually benefited in terms of economic growth from international trade. With liberalization, India has not only had success in the macro level, but it has also impacted people in terms of per capita income in the micro level. This paper is broken down into 4 sections. The first section gives an introduction to India and its relevance to the Solow model. The second section explores the theoretical framework of the Solow model. The third section uses the empirical data to examine the impact of liberalization on India (pre and post reformation). Finally, the fourth section is the analysis and conclusion section which compares India to other South Asian counties and gives policy recommendation.
Absolute rate constant for the reaction of atomic hydrogen with acetylene over an extended pressure and temperature range

The technique of flash photolysis coupled with time resolved detection of H via resonance fluorescence has been used to obtain absolute rate parameters for the reaction of atomic hydrogen with acetylene, i.e., H+C2H2?C2H3* (1); C2H3*+M→C2H3+M (2). The rate constant for the reaction is strongly pressure dependent and was measured over the pressure range 10 to 700 torr. The reaction was also studied as a function of temperature over the range 193 to 400 °K and the high pressure limit of the rate constant at each temperature was used to obtain the Arrhenius expression k1= (9.63±0.60) ×10−12 exp(−2430±30/1.987T) cm3 molecule−1⋅sec−1. The present results are compared with those of previous studies.
Diet and blood pressure: applying the evidence to clinical practice.

Case 1 Ms Jones is a 54-year-old African-American woman with no major medical problems. You have documented that her average blood pressure (BP) for the last 2 visits is 138/88 mm Hg. Today, her BP is 140/90 mm Hg. She reports a family history of hypertension and is concerned about how she should manage her increasing BP. She states that she would like to avoid medication if possible. She asks you what the most reasonable approach is to lowering her high-normal BP without medication. Is there one dietary intervention that is better for hypertensive African Americans? Is there any benefit in instituting dietary modification now, although her BP is bnormalQ? Which dietary behavior change should be instituted initially? Can 2 separate interventions be instituted and be more beneficial than one alone?
Economic Planning: The Proposals and the Literature

I. Rough Classification of the Proposals, 104.— Planning of Public Works, 104.— Monetary and Credit Control, 105.— Disaccordance between Production and Distribution, 106.— Reorganization of Industry, 107. — II. Proposals from Business. Donham, 108.—Javits, 109.— The Swope Plan and its discussion, 109.— Crowther, 112.— III. Proposals for Social Control from non-business quarters; Loucks, Lorwin, Person, Clark, 113.— Soule, Chase, Beard, 117.— IV. Concluding Comments, 119.
Predicting failures with developer networks and social network analysis

Software fails and fixing it is expensive. Research in failure prediction has been highly successful at modeling software failures. Few models, however, consider the key cause of failures in software: people. Understanding the structure of developer collaboration could explain a lot about the reliability of the final product. We examine this collaboration structure with the developer network derived from code churn information that can predict failures at the file level. We conducted a case study involving a mature Nortel networking product of over three million lines of code. Failure prediction models were developed using test and post-release failure data from two releases, then validated against a subsequent release. One model's prioritization revealed 58% of the failures in 20% of the files compared with the optimal prioritization that would have found 61% in 20% of the files, indicating that a significant correlation exists between file-based developer network metrics and failures.
Borderline versus other personality disorders in the eating disorders: Clinical description

The authors compared eating-disordered patients with borderline personality disorder to those patients with other personality disorders or none at all. Borderline subjects differed from other personality disorders in several ways; most notably their histories of sexual abuse, self-mutilation, suicide gestures, and perceived hostile parental relationships
Changes in Pluto's atmosphere

New findings that Pluto's atmosphere has changed dramatically over the past 14 years make a stronger case for exploring the planet, according to Marc Buie of the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. Data from a recent Pluto occultation indicate that the planet's atmosphere has cooled by 20–55°F since an earlier observed occultation in 1988, Buie and James Elliot of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge announced on 14 August.
A dual-polarized slot antenna for millimeter waves

We describe a new dual-polarized slot antenna to be used with quad-optical devices such as superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixers at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. The radiation and impedance characteristics of the antenna were obtained from a moment-method calculation. The antenna has an excellent radiation pattern, a low impedance, wide bandwidth, and low cross polarization.
Monolithically integrated low-power phototransceivers for optoelectronic parallel sensing and processing applications

A low-power GaAs-based monolithically integrated phototransceiver, consisting of a high-gain heterojunction phototransistor (WPT) and a microcavity light-emitting diode (MCLED) or a low-threshold vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), is demonstrated. The HPT and MCLED/VCSEL are grown by molecular-beam epitaxy in a single step. The phototransistor exhibits a responsivity of 60 A/W at an input power of 1 /spl mu/W. The input and output wavelengths are 850 and 980 nm, respectively. The MCLED-based phototransceiver exhibits an optical gain of 7 dB and power dissipation of 400 /spl mu/W for an input power of 1.5 /spl mu/W. The small signal modulation bandwidth is 80 MHz. On the other hand, the VCSEL-based phototransceiver exhibits an optical gain of 10 dB and power dissipation of 760 /spl mu/W for an input power of 2.5 /spl mu/W.
Electromagnetic Modeling of Transmissions through an In Situ Gasified Coal Seam

As an aid in the design of an electromagnetic system for the measurement of the overall width of the gasified section of an underground (in situ) coal gasification process, an analytical model has been developed that will predict the electromagnetic field transmitted through the gasified portion of the coal seam. The gasified and ambient (ungasified) coal media have been modeled electrically as being lossy, surrounded above and below by relatively high-conducting overburden and underburden. Vertical electric and horizontal magnetic dipoles have been investigated utilizing a geometrical optics formulation. Indications from the frequency responses of the transmission monitoring scheme are that the system is capable of measuring the width of the in situ gasification process with reasonable accuracy.
Dominance of bacterial metabolism in oligotrophic relative to eutrophic waters

Heterotrophic bacteria are a key component driving biogeochemical processes in aquatic ecosystems. In 1998, we examined the role of heterotrophic bacteria by quantifying plankton biomass and bacterial and planktonic respiration across a trophic gradient in several small Minnesota lakes as well as Lake Superior. The contribution of bacteria (<1- µm fraction) to total planktonic respiration ranged from ~10 to 90%, with the highest contribution occurring in the most oligotrophic waters. The bacterial size fraction constituted a substantial reservoir of planktonic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (14-58%, 10-49%, and 14-48%, respectively), being higher in oligotrophic than in eutrophic waters. However, we saw no clear evidence for the selective enrichment of either nitrogen or phosphorus in the bacteria size fraction relative to total plankton. Carbon : nitrogen and carbon : phosphorus ratios in both the total particulate matter and <1- µm fractions were similar and above Redfield values in oligotrophic waters, but approached them in eutrophic waters. Carbon-based bacterial growth efficiencies (BGE) were variable (4-40%) but were lowest in oligotrophic systems and increased in eutrophic systems. BGE varied negatively with carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus ratios, suggesting increased maintenance costs in low-nutrient waters. In oligotrophic waters most of the organic matter is dissolved, supporting a predominantly microbial food web, whereas in eutrophic waters there is an increased abundance of particulate organic matter supporting a food web consisting of larger autotrophs and phagotrophic heterotrophs.
Going Beyond Text: A Hybrid Image-Text Approach for Measuring Word Relatedness

Traditional approaches to semantic relatedness are often restricted to text-based methods, which typically disregard other multimodal knowledge sources. In this paper, we propose a novel image-based metric to estimate the relatedness of words, and demonstrate the promise of this method through comparative evaluations on three standard datasets. We also show that a hybrid image-text approach can lead to improvements in word relatedness, confirming the applicability of visual cues as a possible orthogonal information source.
Compact garbage collection tables

Garbage collection tables for finding pointers on the stack can be represented in 20-25% of the space previously reported. Live pointer information is often the same at many call sites because there are few pointers live across most call sites. This allows live pointer information to be represented compactly by a small index into a table of descriptions of pointer locations. The mapping from program counter values to those small indexes can be represented compactly using several techniques. The techniques a assign numbers to call sites and use those numbers to index an array of small indexes. One technique is to represent an array of return addresses by using a two-level table with 16-bit off-sets. Another technique is to use a sparse array of return addresses and interpolate the exact number via disassembly of the executable code.
Estrogen and estrogen plus progestin act directly on the mammary gland to increase proliferation in a postmenopausal mouse model.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with ovarian hormones is an important therapeutic modality for postmenopausal women. However, a negative side effect of HRT is an increased risk of breast cancer. Surgical induction of menopause by ovariectomy (OVX) in mice is an experimental model that may provide insights into the effects of hormone replacement therapy on the human breast. We have developed a mouse model of early and late postmenopausal states to investigate the effects of HRT on the normal mammary gland. The purpose of this study was to determine if HRT-induced proliferation was due to the direct action of the hormones on the mammary gland, or mediated systemically by hormones or growth factors produced elsewhere in the body. Estrogen (E) or E plus the synthetic progestin, R5020, were implanted directly into the mammary glands of early (1 week post OVX) and late (5 week post OVX) postmenopausal mice instead of administration by injection. We report that responses of early and late postmenopausal mice to implanted hormones were the same as those observed previously with systemically administered hormones. Implanted E conferred an enhanced proliferative response in the late postmenopausal gland characterized morphologically by enlarged duct ends. E+R5020 implants induced similar degrees of cell proliferation in both postmenopausal states but the morphological responses differed. Ductal sidebranching was observed in early postmenopausal mice, whereas duct end enlargement was observed in late postmenopausal mice. The differences in morphological response to E+R5020 in 5 week post OVX were associated with an inability of E to induce progesterone receptors (PR) in the late postmenopausal gland. The responses of the late postmenopausal glands to E and E+P were very similar to that observed previously in immature pubertal glands in ovary-intact mice. In pubertal mice, PR cannot be induced by E unless the mammary gland is pre-treated with EGF-containing implants. Similarly, herein pre-treatment of the late postmenopausal mammary gland with EGF-containing implants restored PR induction by E. Thus, EGF may determine the sensitivity of the mammary gland to E and E+P in late postmenopause and at puberty. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gender, Control, and Marital Commitment

This research examines the relationship between gender, controlling one's spouse, and the effect this control has on staying married as expressed in marital commitment. The authors examine structural and cultural views as a way of theoretically understanding the relationship between gender, control, and commitment. The results suggest that both theoretical processes may be operating. The expectations tied to men's and women's structural positions and the control that these positions imply for interaction (the structural view), as well as what control means for men and women and the responses that follow from this meaning (the cultural view), appear to be simultaneously operating in marital interaction. These results suggest that cultural meanings and social structural meanings coalesce to produce predictable outcomes for commitment in marriage.
Body mass index bias in defining obesity of diverse young adults: the Training Intervention and Genetics of Exercise Response (TIGER) Study

The BMI cut-score used to define overweight and obesity was derived primarily using data from Caucasian men and women. The present study evaluated the racial/ethnic bias of BMI to estimate the adiposity of young men and women (aged 17-35 years) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) determination of percentage body fat (DXA-BF%) as the referent standard. The samples were 806 women and 509 men who were tested from one to three times over 9 months providing 1300 observations for women and 820 observations for men. Linear mixed models (LMM) regression showed that with age and BMI controlled, DXA-BF% of African-American (AA) men and women, Asian-Indian men and women, Hispanic women and Asian women significantly differed from non-Hispanic white (NHW) men and women. For the same BMI of NHW women, the DXA-BF% of AA women was 1.76 % lower, but higher for Hispanic (1.65 %), Asian (2.65 %) and Asian-Indian (5.98 %) women. For the same BMI of NHW men, DXA-BF% of AA men was 4.59 % lower and 4.29 % higher for Asian-Indian men. Using the recommended BMI cut-scores to define overweight and obesity systematically overestimated overweight and obesity prevalence for AA men and women, and underestimated prevalence for Asian-Indian men and women, Asian women and Hispanic women. The present study extends the generalisability of research documenting the racial/ethnic bias of the universal overweight and obesity BMI cut-scores.
Methane oxidation associated with mid-depth methane maxima in the Southern California Bight

Methan e concentration in the water column of the Southern California Bight exhibits two or more maxima. In the upper water column, a subsurface concentration maximum is often observed, usually near the bottom of the euphoric zone. Deeper maxima are often detected, well below the euphotic zone and separated from the sediments, which suggests an advective source from continental slope sediments. We measured methane concentrations and oxidation rates in an attempt to quantify the biological loss term for methane throughout the water column in the Santa Monica Basin, one of the semi-enclosed basins in the Southern California Borderland. The study site was in the central basin at a water depth of 900 m, which was sampled several times over 4 years, and an offshore transect of three stations, which was sampled once. Layers of methane rich water were detected in the mid water column (500-800 m depth) at the deeper stations, with concen- trations exceeding those found in the subsurface maximum. Oxidation rates in these layers greatly exceeded rates associated with the subsurface maximum and represented turnover times on the order of a few months. The source of the methane at mid-depth is probably advection from petroliferous sediments in the margin of the borderland, rather than diffusion from underlying anoxic sediments in the basin. Relatively rapid oxidation rates and resulting turnover rates at depth imply the presence of a community adapted for the utilization of methane as a carbon source, a community which is not found in surface waters.
The Social Democrats of Scholarship: Austrian Imperial Peripheries and the Making of a Progressive Science of Nationality, 1885–1903

To what extent and in what ways did the intellectual climate of Austria’s often ethnolinguistically heterogeneous borderlands contribute to the formation, institutionalization and diffusion of emerging social scientific discourses during the final decades of the 19th century? Investigating the intellectual exchange between two early proponents of folklore studies (Volkskunde)—the Slavonian-German-Jewish Friedrich Salomon Krauss (1859–1938) and Bukovinian-German Raimund Friedrich Kaindl (1866–1930)—this paper argues that imperial peripheries, while traditionally overlooked as sites of knowledge production, in fact played a pivotal role in the development of an important brand of “progressive” social scientific research, one defined by a critical stance toward the prevailing historicist paradigms of the time. These self-described “social democrats of scholarship” collaborated, both formally and informally, on a number of related theoretical projects aimed at disrupting the exclusionary narratives of the academic establishment and re-focusing scholarly attention on the sociological, rather than historical, character of ethnonational difference. In this way, the nationalities question spurred, both in the center and at the margins of the monarchy, the development of new sciences of nationality intended to sustain Austria’s imperial structure.
Molecular genetics: a language to be learnt

Evolution and Variation of Multigene Families. Lecture Notes in Biomathe-mattes, Vol.37. By Tomoko Ohta. Pp.131. (Springer-Verlag: 1980.) Pbk DM 19.50, $11.50.
Copper speciation in San Francisco Bay: A novel approach using multiple analytical windows

Abstract Dissolved copper speciation and total dissolved copper concentrations were determined at six San Francisco Bay sites in January and March of 2003. Multiple analytical windows were incorporated into an established competitive ligand exchange-adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE-ACSV) method, which employs salicylaldoxime (SA) as the added competitive ligand for speciation analyses. The titration results were integrated into [CuT*] versus log [Cu2+] plots, combining data from each of the different competing ligand concentrations and providing a powerful approach to visually interpret the variation in [Cu2+] as the natural Cu-binding ligands in the sample are titrated over a wide range of [CuT]. In addition, the data for different analytical windows were interpreted with Langmuir and Scatchard linearization techniques to estimate natural Cu-binding ligand concentrations [Li] and conditional stability constants KCuLi,Cu2+cond. All results indicate that ambient ligand concentrations exceed total dissolved copper concentrations at each site, with dissolved copper greater than 99.9% complexed by the strong copper-binding L1 ligand class. The [Cu2+] does not exceed 10−13 M at any site, a concentration sufficiently below the toxicity threshold for microorganisms. Thus, the excess of strong Cu-binding ligands appears to effectively buffer free Cu2+ at low concentrations and the existing levels of copper do not impair San Francisco Bay.
Nuclear import time and transport efficiency depend on importin β concentration

Although many components and reaction steps necessary for bidirectional transport across the nuclear envelope (NE) have been characterized, the mechanism and control of cargo migration through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) remain poorly understood. Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy was used to track the movement of cargos before, during, and after their interactions with NPCs. At low importin β concentrations, about half of the signal-dependent cargos that interacted with an NPC were translocated across the NE, indicating a nuclear import efficiency of ∼50%. At high importin β concentrations, the import efficiency increased to ∼80% and the transit speed increased approximately sevenfold. The transit speed and import efficiency of a signal-independent cargo was also increased by high importin β concentrations. These results demonstrate that maximum nucleocytoplasmic transport velocities can be modulated by at least ∼10-fold by the importin β concentration and therefore suggest a potential mechanism for regulating the speed of cargo traffic across the NE.
Survey of available software-safety analysis techniques

A survey is presented of the various software safety analysis techniques and methodologies. The techniques include software fault trees, sneak circuit analysis, nuclear safety cross-check analysis (NSCCA) and Petri nets. The author defines each technique as it applies to software safety and the utility of each model and its applicability based on system complexity. >
Novel Broad Spectrum Inhibitors Targeting the Flavivirus Methyltransferase.

The flavivirus methyltransferase (MTase) is an essential enzyme that sequentially methylates the N7 and 2’-O positions of the viral RNA cap, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) as a methyl donor. We report here that small molecule compounds, which putatively bind to the SAM-binding site of flavivirus MTase and inhibit its function, were identified by using virtual screening. In vitro methylation experiments demonstrated significant MTase inhibition by 13 of these compounds, with the most potent compound displaying sub-micromolar inhibitory activity. The most active compounds showed broad spectrum activity against the MTase proteins of multiple flaviviruses. Two of these compounds also exhibited low cytotoxicity and effectively inhibited viral replication in cell-based assays, providing further structural insight into flavivirus MTase inhibition.
Representativeness and managing catastrophe risk

The representative heuristic causes individuals to underweight prior probabilities and overweight posterior probabilities. We examine the effect of the representative heuristic on the demand for insurance and participation in mitigation activities. Pre-disaster, the representative heuristic leads to lower demand for insurance, even for a subsidized policy; indeed zero coverage may be optimal for a subsidized policy. After a disaster occurs, the heuristic causes individuals to demand more insurance than those not subject to the heuristic, even if policies are unfairly priced. We depict the subsidization needed prior to a disaster to induce individuals to purchase insurance and show the level of unfair pricing that can be tolerated post-disaster. Similarly, the heuristic causes individuals to have a lower willingness to pay for mitigation activities pre-disaster, relative to an individual not subject to the heuristic. Post-disaster the heuristic causes willingness to pay for mitigation to be higher.
What Does the Bond Market Know

Do smaller, less liquid markets help predict prices in more liquid related markets? Using TRACE data for 2002-08 for 1,167 bonds issued by 442 firms, we find that a decline of 10% over three months of a firm’s bonds is associated with an ensuing decline of 3% to 6% in its stock. Bond price increases do not have a similar effect. Possible explanations for the lead of bond prices over stocks include the focus of bond analysts on negative news, the use of credit-default swaps as venues for informed trading, and the incomplete adjustment of stock prices to new information.
The metaphysics of velocity

Some authors have recently arguedthat an object’s velocity is logicallyindependent of its locations throughout time.Their aim is to deny the Russellianview that motion is merely a change oflocation, and to promote a rival account onwhich the connection between velocities andtrajectories is provided by the laws ofnature. I defend the Russellian view of motionagainst these attacks.
Evidence for Bombus occidentalis (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Populations in the Olympic Peninsula, the Palouse Prairie, and Forests of Northern Idaho

Since the mid-1990s, Bombus occidentalis (Green) has declined from being one of the most common to one of the rarest bumble bee species in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Although its conservation status is unresolved, a petition to list this species as endangered or threatened was recently submitted to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. To shed light on the conservation situation and inform the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service decision, we report on the detection and abundance of B. occidentalis following bumble bee collection between 2012 and 2014 across the Pacific Northwest. Collection occurred from the San Juan Islands and Olympic peninsula east to northern Idaho and northeastern Oregon, excluding the arid region in central Washington. B. occidentalis was observed at 23 collection sites out of a total of 234. With the exception of three sites on the Olympic peninsula, all of these were in the southeastern portion of the collection range.
Semantic description of medical image findings: structured learning approach.

Computer Aided Diagnosis (CADx) systems are designed to assist doctors in medical image interpretation. However, a CADx is often thought of as a "black box" whose diagnostic decision is not intelligible to a radiologist. Therefore, a system that uses semantic image interpretation, and mimics human image analysis, has clear benefits. We propose a new method for automatic textual description of medical image findings, such as lesions in medical images. The method performs joint estimation of semantic features of lesions from image measurements. We formalize this problem as learning to map a set of diverse medical image measurements to a set of semantic descriptor values. We use a structured learning framework to model individual semantic descriptors and their relationships. The parameters of the model are efficiently learned using the Structured Support Vector Machine (SSVM). The proposed approach generates radiological lexicon descriptors used to make a diagnosis of various diseases. This can help radiologists easily understand a diagnosis recommendation made by an automatic system, such as CADx. We apply the proposed method to publicly available and to proprietary breast and brain imaging datasets, and show that our method generates more accurate descriptions, as compared to other alternative approaches.
The Influence of Nursing Unit Characteristics on RN Vacancies in Specialized Hospice and Palliative Care

The nursing shortage is projected to intensify in the United States. Organizations providing specialized hospice and palliative care will be particularly hard hit. The purpose of our study was to examine the influence of the nursing unit on registered nurse (RN) vacancies and test the moderating role of recruitment strategies in perinatal hospices. We estimated the association between the nursing unit and RN vacancies and tested the interaction effects of recruitment strategies (signing bonus and recruitment bonus). Our findings showed that increasing RN unit size and nursing leadership directly affected vacancies and that recruitment bonuses had stronger influence on reducing vacancies than signing bonuses. The findings offer critical insights for hospice administrators in attracting nurses among specialized hospice and palliative care providers.
Accreditation Guidelines for Prerequisite Course Work

This article presents a brief history of medical technology accreditation and outlines the accreditation standards for prerequisite course work.
Shock-induced interface instability in viscous fluids and metals

We present analytic expressions for the amplitude of perturbations at the interface of two viscous fluids or two metals subjected to a shock. We derive a scaling law by collapsing this eight-parameter problem into two (three) nondimensional variables in the linear (nonlinear) regime. We propose a correspondence principle between viscosity and strength, and a method for measuring viscosity at high pressure and temperature as an alternative to the ``Sakharov method.''
Aerosol–Stratocumulus–Radiation Interactions over the Southeast Pacific: Implications to the Underlying Air–Sea Coupling

AbstractRecently, Chen et al. used a combination of observations and WRF simulations to illustrate that the anthropogenic aerosol–cloud microphysics–radiation interactions over the southeast Pacific can potentially reduce the excessive shortwave radiation reaching the sea surface, a common bias identified in CMIP5 models. Here, with the aid of a mixed-layer ocean, the authors further study the implications of the shortwave radiation reduction to the underlying air–sea coupling, focusing on the SST sensitivity to the changes. Results show that responses of the air–sea coupling include two negative feedbacks (a large decrease in the latent heat flux and a small decrease in the sensible heat flux, both associated with the surface cooling) and a positive feedback (an increase in the cloud cover, caused by the increase in the relative humidity within the boundary layer, especially during the daytime). The 0.1°C (W m−2)−1 SST sensitivity is about half that documented in CMIP5 models. In addition, an effective d...
Selectivity of polyethyleneimines on DNA nanoparticle preparation and gene transport

Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is an excellent non-viral agent to transport nucleic acids to cells. We studied the ability of 22 kDa linear, 25 kDa linear and 25 kDa branched PEIs to transfect breast cancer cells (MCF-7, T-47D and SK-BR-3), using a plasmid with luciferase reporter gene. Cells were treated with DNA• PEI complex at different N/P ratios. Cells were harvested, lysed and tested using luciferase assay. Among different PEIs, 22 kDa linear PEI was the most efficient, followed by 25 kDa linear and 25 kDa branched PEIs. Low molecular weight (600 Da, 1.2 kDa and 10 kDa) PEIs were not effective in transporting DNA. Biophysical studies showed no significant difference in DNA nanoparticle size. Confocal microscopy showed DNA at the edge of cellular nucleus when 25 kDa branched PEI was used in transfection. DNA was dispersed within the cell with 22 kDa linear PEI. The lower transfection efficiency of 25 kDa branched PEI might be due to its inability to dissociate DNA within the cell.
Web Teaching System Based on B/S

By using ASP and ADO. a web teaching system is designed with Browser/Server mode, which consists of student registration on web, classes on web, questionnaire on line and mail boxes of teachers and students, customers studying the courses, random extracting test questions, marking in time, checking the record and correcting personal information through interaction.
Evidence for a humoral regulation of erythropoiesis; studies on a patient with polycythemia secondary to regional hypoxia.

Data obtained from a patient with polycythemia secondary to a patent ductus arteriosus with reverse flow, have been presented. Oxygen saturation and tension of brachial arterial blood and sternal bone marrow were within normal limits, while those of the iliac marrow and femoral arterial blood were reduced. The presence of polycythemia under such circumstances is thought to exclude a primary cerebral or pituitary mechanism. Similarly, the presence of hypercellularity and normoblastic hyperplasia in normally oxygenated areas of the bone marrow argue against a direct effect of lowered O2 content or pO2 on germinal erythroid cells. These observations are compatible with a humoral regulation of erythropoiesis in the hypoxic state.
How does the keystone state compare nationally

Census Bureau reports were used to develop data for "average" dental establishments in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania with comparison to national averages. The need to monitor dental establishment activities beyond the confines of one's own practice is emphasized.
Longer in vivo survival of CD59- and decay-accelerating factor-almost normal positive and partly positive erythrocytes in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria as compared with negative erythrocytes: a demonstration by differential centrifugation and flow cytometry.

Three populations of erythrocytes have been shown by flow cytometric analysis on complement regulatory proteins: CD59 and decay-accelerating factor (DAF) on erythrocytes in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). CD59 and DAF in PNH may be completely deficient in CD59- and DAF- negative erythrocytes, they may be decreased varyingly in partly positive erythrocytes, and they may be approximately normal in almost normal positive erythrocytes. Control erythrocytes are always CD59- and DAF-normal positive. CD59- and DAF-negative erythrocytes have been shown to be most sensitive to complement lysis in vitro. However, it has not yet been elucidated whether CD59- and DAF-almost normal positive and partly positive erythrocytes in a patient have a longer in vivo survival than negative erythrocytes. Blood from controls and PNH patients was separated in five fractions by differential centrifugation. CD59 and DAF on the fractionated erythrocytes were determined by flow cytometry using specific antibodies. Ratios of CD59- and DAF-almost normal positive and partly positive cells to negative erythrocytes were increased progressively from the top fraction to the bottom. The erythrocytes in the top fraction are younger and reticulocyte-rich, while those in the bottom are older and reticulocyte- poor. Hence, the present results indicate that CD59- and DAF-partly positive erythrocytes as well as almost normal positive erythrocytes in patients may have a longer in vivo survival than negative erythrocytes.
Intrapartum hydramnios at term and perinatal outcome.

The objective of this study was to compare the intrapartum outcome among laboring patients with hydramnios (amniotic fluid index > or = 24.0 cm) versus those with adequate fluid (amniotic fluid index > 5.0 and or = 4000 gm), shoulder dystocia, cesarean section for fetal distress or cephalopelvic disproportion, Apgar score, and neonatal malformations were noted in each of the 299 subjects. Umbilical arterial blood gas was analyzed in 189 patients. In this study, 22 women with hydramnios had a significantly higher risk of delivering a macrosomic fetus than the 277 patients with a normal index (36.3% vs 13.7%; p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in the incidence of shoulder dystocia, cesarean section for cephalopelvic disproportion, or fetal distress, Apgar scores < 7 at 1 and 5 minutes, fetal acidosis, or neonatal anomalies. We conclude that hydramnios during the intrapartum period in patients at term is significantly associated with delivery of a macrosomic fetus, but not with delivery of a compromised neonate.
Inhibition of Sickle Erythrocyte Adhesion to Immobilized Thrombospondin by von Willebrand Factor Under Dynamic Flow Conditions

Sickle red blood cell (RBC) adhesion to the blood vessel wall is hypothesized to be the initiating event in the periodic vaso-occlusive episodes that characterize sickle cell disease (SCD). Thrombospondin-1 (TSP) and von Willebrand factor (vWF ) have each been implicated in the adhesion of sickle RBC to vascular endothelial cells (EC) and subendothelial matrices. To better understand the contributions of each of these adhesive glycoproteins, we examined the adhesion of sickle RBC to immobilized TSP and vWF using a parallel plate flow chamber. Under postcapillary venular shear stress (1 dyne/cm2), sickle RBC adhered preferentially to TSP. To explore potential interactive effects of vWF and TSP, we examined sickle RBC adhesion to mixtures of these proteins. Whether the proteins were first combined in solution or sequentially applied to the slide, the presence of vWF inhibited the binding of sickle RBC to TSP. The inhibition of adhesion by vWF was shown to be the result of specific and saturable binding of vWF to TSP. Furthermore, vWF in solution at normal plasma levels also inhibited RBC adhesion to immobilized TSP. These data indicate that sickle RBC adhesion in vivo may be significantly influenced by the relative concentrations of TSP and vWF in the vascular wall.
Are Bone Bruise Characteristics and Articular Cartilage Pathology Associated with Inferior Outcomes 2 and 6 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

ObjectiveTo determine (1) if bone bruise characteristics seen on magnetic resonance imaging are associated with patient-reported outcomes prior to and following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and (2) if the combined presence of bone bruises with articular cartilage pathology results in inferior 2- or 6-year outcomes.DesignBone bruise volume and severity were measured on 81 patients’ preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in the medial and lateral femoral condyle (MFC, LFC) and medial and lateral tibial plateau (MTP, LTP) using the Costa-Paz classification and a modified version of Roemer and Bohndorf’s technique. The relationships between bone bruise volume and severity with Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores were assessed, and pre- and postoperative KOOS and IKDC scores were compared between those with bone bruises either with or without combined local articular cartilage pathology.ResultsAll 81 patients had a bone ...
A three-dimensional neural spheroid model for capillary-like network formation

Abstract Background In vitro three-dimensional neural spheroid models have an in vivo -like cell density, and have the potential to reduce animal usage and increase experimental throughput. The aim of this study was to establish a spheroid model to study the formation of capillary-like networks in a three-dimensional environment that incorporates both neuronal and glial cell types, and does not require exogenous vasculogenic growth factors. New method We created self-assembled, scaffold-free cellular spheroids using primary-derived postnatal rodent cortex as a cell source. The interactions between relevant neural cell types, basement membrane proteins, and endothelial cells were characterized by immunohistochemistry. Transmission electron microscopy was used to determine if endothelial network structures had lumens. Results Endothelial cells within cortical spheroids assembled into capillary-like networks with lumens. Networks were surrounded by basement membrane proteins, including laminin, fibronectin and collagen IV, as well as key neurovascular cell types. Comparison with existing method(s) Existing in vitro models of the cortical neurovascular environment study monolayers of endothelial cells, either on transwell inserts or coating cellular spheroids. These models are not well suited to study vasculogenesis, a process hallmarked by endothelial cell cord formation and subsequent lumenization. Conclusions The neural spheroid is a new model to study the formation of endothelial cell capillary-like structures in vitro within a high cell density three-dimensional environment that contains both neuronal and glial populations. This model can be applied to investigate vascular assembly in healthy or disease states, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, or neurodegenerative disorders.
Diurnal and seasonal variability of Uranus's magnetosphere

In order to study the coupling mechanism between the solar wind and the magnetosphere, we use a numerical model to simulate the global magnetosphere and to predict potential favorable reconnection locations. We propose that a “switch-like” magnetosphere exists at Uranus in both equinox and solstice seasons, where the planetary rotation drives the interchange between an open magnetosphere and a closed magnetosphere each Uranus day. This periodic reconnection is predicted to occur upstream of the magnetopause, with a frequency that corresponds to the planetary rotation (once per 17.24 h). The locations of the bow shock and magnetopause in our model are validated against measurements made by Voyager 2. In examining the evolution of the magnetic field configuration along with that of high plasma beta regions, which in combination indicate where the system is favorable for reconnection, we found that the reconnection that occurs is highly dependent on the rotation of the planetary magnetic field in both equinox and solstice seasons. These periodic reconnection events in our simulation support our hypothesis of a periodic “switch-like” magnetosphere at Uranus.