cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and separation of secreted platelet proteins by isoelectric focusing. Evidence that low-affinity platelet factor 4 is converted to beta-thromboglobulin by limited proteolysis.

Low-affinity platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin are low molecular weight platelet secretory proteins that have common antigenic determinants. Four amino acids (Asn-Leu-Ala-Lys) at the amino terminus of beta-thromboglobulin are deleted, but the remaining sequences of the two peptides appear to be identical. Low-affinity platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin have respective isoelectric points at pH 8.0 and at pH 7.0. Identification, quantitation, and separation of both proteins was achieved by a method combining preparative isoelectric focusing and specific radioimmunoassay with anti-low-affinity platelet factor 4 antibody. It has been determined that the supernate processes immediately after platelet aggregation induced by ionophore A23187 or thrombin contains approximately 80% low-affinity platelet factor 4, 8% beta-thromboglobulin, and 12% highly cationic immunoreactive material (platelet basic protein). Experimental evidence suggests that low- affinity platelet factor 4 is originally secreted by platelets and then converted to beta-thromboglobulin by a platelet-derived, heat-labile protease that is inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride.
Chapter 20 Rockonomics: The Economics of Popular Music

Abstract This chapter considers economic issues and trends in the rock and roll industry, broadly defined. The analysis focuses on concert revenues, the main source of performers' income. Issues considered include: price measurement; concert price acceleration in the 1990s; the increased concentration of revenue among performers; reasons for the secondary ticket market; methods for ranking performers; copyright protection; and technological change.
Structural properties of minimax policies for a class of differential games arising in nonlinear H/sup /spl infin//-control and filtering

This paper introduces, in precise mathematical terms, two properties that nonlinear minimax controller problems might possess, namely the certainty equivalence and generalized certainty equivalence. The certainty equivalence is a generalization of the one introduced earlier by the authors (1990, 1991), which applies to problems where the "worst-case disturbance" may not be unique (but the worst-case state trajectory is). The generalized certainty equivalence, on the other hand, extends this to accommodate nonunique worst-case state trajectories, and leads to the construction of controllers that guarantee a bounded upper value for the underlying game. The paper also shows that for a large class of games (and under certain conditions) certainty-equivalent (as well as generalized certainty-equivalent) controllers admit (infinite-dimensional) estimator (Kalman-filter) structures, where the estimator gain depends on the state of the estimator. These results are then applied to the nonlinear minimax filtering problem, which is treated here as a special case of the general control problem. >
Constraints on extension-related plutonism from modeling of the Colorado River gravity high

The Colorado River gravity high is a positive gravity anomaly coincident in location with the Colorado River extensional corridor, a zone of extreme middle Tertiary crustal extension in the southern Basin and Range. The high extends for ≈150 km along the west side of the Colorado River and has a magnitude of 10–20 mGal above the regional level. The source of this gravity high has previously been interpreted as either mafic intrusion or dense material added to the middle crust via lateral flow during extension. Detailed modeling of the gravity high is now possible due to acquisition of new gravity data that thoroughly define the shape of the anomaly at and around its highest point. The peak of the high is 20 mGal higher than the ambient level of the anomaly, and is in the southern Sacramento Mountains, California. A small (≈50 km 2 ) middle Tertiary pluton composed of mixed and mingled diorite and granite crops out in the southern Sacramento Mountains at the location of the peak of the gravity high. Surface density measurements indicate that the Miocene diorite has the highest density in this area: a maximum density of 2.91 g/cm 3 and a mean density (including measurements of mingled diorite and granite) of 2.75 g/cm 3 . This pluton is interpreted to be the minor surface expression of a larger, deeper source for the Colorado River gravity high. Forward modeling of the Bouguer gravity data is based on surface structure and density contrasts documented by recent geologic mapping and on interpretations of the deeper levels of the crust from the seismic experiments of PACE, CALCRUST, and COCORP. Interpretation of a regional profile crossing the peak of the gravity high yielded several possibilities, from which one preferred model was chosen on the basis of geologic data. The preferred model is that of intrusion of mantle-derived melt which acquired an upward-decreasing density distribution due to mixing and mingling with magma derived from the continental crust. The magma conduit is linked through the entire crust and shows no sign of offset or “decapitation” by a detachment fault system. In three dimensions, the Colorado River gravity high can be interpreted as the geophysical signature of an ≈150-km-long, 10- to 20-km-wide zone of intrusion into the area of maximum crustal extension. The magmatic contribution to extension in this region was primarily in the form of large, subvertical, dike-like intrusions, rather than sill-like or horizontally distributed underplated material. The inflated lower-middle crust, interpreted from seismic data, may be due to either (1) lateral material flow into the zone of maximum extension, which mixed and mingled with intrusions from the mantle, or (2) ponding of some intruded material between the lower and middle crust. In either case, the ultimate cause of the gravity high is intrusion of mantle-derived melt incorporated with melt derived from continental crust, which is now exposed as mixed and mingled granite and diorite in the southern Sacramento Mountains.
From Affectivity to Bodily Emanation: An Introduction to the Human Vibe

This essay investigates a particular form of “affection” that has been neglected by the phenomenological tradition. This particular phenomenon is often referred to as the vibe, vibrations, or some variation thereof. This essay rearticulates “the vibe” as bodily emanation: human beings emanate feeling that is experienced by and through our bodies. My study of bodily emanation begins with Edmund Husserl’s notion of affectivity and then moves to Eugene T. Gendlin’s notion of the sentient body. This discussion enables my own argument: Our bodies do not simply respond to the world in a sentient fashion, but also solicit sentience from one another. This solicitation of sentience is the basis of bodily emanation. I explicate bodily emanation through two realms of experience: the pre-conscious and the conscious. The first realm designates the manner in which our bodies summon emanation from one another in a continuous, multilateral fashion. Such preconscious solicitation precedes our conscious control and recognition. The second realm designates our ability to project willfully and direct particular vibes for particular purposes. This latter realm is what most people think of when they refer to “the vibe.” In general, this essay provides a detailed account of a particular phenomenon that most of us experience, but which we do not fully consider.
Pinning a Face on the Electoral College: A Survey of the Class of 2000

chosen for their party service and/or their financial contributions. Beyond this impressionistic understanding, a great vacuum of knowledge exists. This essay seeks to address the seemingly simple question of who serve as electors. Although our system has been in place for over 200 years, few scholars (if any) have attempted to systematically answer this question. Through a mail survey of the 2000 Electoral College, we provide the first snapshot of the 2000 presidential electors. This analysis provides an understanding of who actually selects the president of the United States.
Hydrogen effects in CVD: Selective etching and metastable phases

Abstract We present a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of the mechanism of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of Ge on Si(111)-7 × 7 from GeH 4 and Ge 2 H 6 , and compare with results obtained by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). We show that, depending on the growth conditions, the presence of hydrogen in CVD can produce two important effects: (a) the hydrogen can act as a site-selective “etchant”, rendering substrate atoms labile, and (b) it can lead to the generation of new, metastable structures not produced by MBE deposition. Explanations for the above effects are proposed.
Why Most American Universities Have Given up on Human Purpose and Meaning: A Critical Exploration of the Historical Story.

Recent scholarship claims that American colleges and universities give less and less attention to the meaning of life. In this article we critically evaluate the historical arguments for this claim, focusing primarily on the account given by Anthony Kronman. We argue that Kronman’s history proves particularly problematic if one wants to understand the reasons for American higher education’s treatment of matters of meaning and purpose. His historical analysis of the rise of secular humanism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, followed by its decline over the last half century, is missing key components. Because of these missing elements, his prescription to return to the golden age of secular humanism is ultimately misguided.
User involvement during information systems development: a comparison of analyst and user perceptions of system acceptance

Abstract A sample of 150 users and analysts from multiple organizations and many system projects provided field questionnaire data to test hypotheses about the differences in their perceptions of user involvement (UI) and system acceptance. The Franz and Robey [Franz, C.R., Robey, D., 1986. Organizational context, user involvement, and the usefulness of information systems. Decision Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 329–356.] instrument was used for data collection and factor analyzed, resulting in more focused and specific measures. Analysis of the data showed that users and analysts did not agree on the user's involvement nor did they agree on their perceptions of the acceptability of the system to the user. Relationships of self-ratings of UI with system usage and system acceptance by the user demonstrated high correlations, which were attributed to the narrow focus of the UI and system acceptance measures rather than the original more global measure. Analyst perceptions of UI showed no correlation with a user's perceptions of system acceptance.
Nanoparticle Shape Anisotropy Dictates the Collective Behavior of Surface-Bound Ligands

We report on the modification of the properties of surface-confined ligands in nanoparticle systems through the introduction of shape anisotropy. Specifically, triangular gold nanoprisms, densely functionalized with oligonucleotide ligands, hybridize to complementary particles with an affinity that is several million times higher than that of spherical nanoparticle conjugates functionalized with the same amount of DNA. In addition, they exhibit association rates that are 2 orders of magnitude greater than those of their spherical counterparts. This phenomenon stems from the ability of the flat, extended facets of nonspherical nanoparticles to (1) support more numerous ligand interactions through greater surface contact with complementary particles, (2) increase the effective local concentration of terminal DNA nucleotides that mediate hybridization, and (3) relieve the conformational stresses imposed on nanoparticle-bound ligands participating in interactions between curved surfaces. Finally, these same t...
Racial Differences in Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke among Children

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among U.S. children. Despite African-American children's having a lower reported exposure to tobacco compared to whites, they suffer disproportionately from tobacco-related illnesses and have higher levels of serum cotinine than white children. The goal of this study was to test whether African-American children have higher levels of serum and hair cotinine, after accounting for ETS exposure and various housing characteristics. We investigated the level of cotinine in both hair and serum in a sample of 222 children with asthma. Using a previously validated survey for adult smokers, we assessed each child's exposure to ETS. We collected detailed information on the primary residence, including home volume, ventilation, and overall home configuration. Despite a lower reported ETS exposure, African-American children had higher mean levels of serum cotinine (1.41 ng/mL vs. 0.97 ng/mL; p = 0.03) and hair cotinine (0.25 ng/mg vs. 0.07 ng/mg; p < 0.001) compared with white children. After adjusting for ETS exposure, housing size, and other demographic characteristics, serum and hair cotinine levels remained significantly higher in African-American children (ss = 0.34, p = 0.03) than in white children (ss = 1.06, p < 0.001). Housing volume was significantly associated with both serum and hair cotinine but did not fully explain the race difference. Our results demonstrate that, despite a lower reported exposure to ETS, African-American children with asthma had significantly higher levels of both serum and hair cotinine than did white children. Identifying causes and consequences of increased cotinine may help explain the striking differences in tobacco-related illnesses.
Handguns, Gun Control Laws and Firearm Violence

This paper explores the relationship between access to handguns, gun control laws, and the incidence of violence associated with firearms. Utilizing F.B.I. data, census materials, vital statistics and Harris and Gallup surveys in a multiple regression statistical framework, gun control laws have no significant effect on rates of violence beyond what can be attributed to background social conditions. This lack of effect may be due to the laws not effectively controlling access to firearms. The data supported this contention. Finally, differential access to handguns seems to have no effect on rates of violent crime and firearms accidents, another reason why gun control laws are ineffective.
Thoracoscopic staging of esophageal cancer: a prospective, multiinstitutional trial

Background. Lymph node metastasis has been shown to be an important prognosticator in esophageal cancer. A prospective, multiinstitutional study of thoracoscopic lymph node staging in patients with biopsy-proven esophageal cancer was undertaken at University of Maryland, Medical University of South Carolina, and Brigham and Women's Hospital. Methods. Forty-nine patients underwent thoracoscopic staging between September 1991 and August 1993. Five procedures were incomplete due to adhesions. Preoperative computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, esophageal ultrasound, and bronchoscopy were performed. After our initial experience with the left side of the chest, thoracoscopic staging was done through the right side of the chest unless specific indications dictated otherwise. Beginning in January 1993 routine laparoscopic/mini-laparotomy lymph node staging of the celiac axis was performed. Results. Satisfactory thoracoscopic lymph node staging was achieved in 44 patients (95%). Of 33 patients undergoing esophageal resection, 29 were correctly staged (88%). Since initiating concomitant laparoscopic lymph node staging, we have correctly staged all of the last 9 patients with regard to celiac lymph nodes as well. Information regarding T status obtained at thoracoscopy was as follows: 3 patients were correctly "downstaged" to T3 despite preoperative noninvasive tests suggesting T4. In 2 patients thoracoscopy correctly predicted T4 invasion, whereas in 2 patients, thoracoscopy missed T4 lesions. Conclusions. Thoracoscopy is a valuable tool for staging intrathoracic tumors. Preoperative staging of esophageal cancer may allow better allocation of adjuvant therapy. This pilot study suggests that thoracoscopic staging can correctly predict thoracic lymph node status with high accuracy and aid in better defining T status.
On the regularity of the solution of the n-dimensional Minkowski problem

where xi are the coordinate functions on S". Minkowski then asked the converse of the problem. Namely, given a positive function K defined on S" satisfying the above integral conditions, can we find a closed strictly convex hypersurface whose curvature function is given by K? Minkowski solved the problem in the category of polyhedrons. Then A. D. Alexandrov and others solved the problem in general. However, this last solution does not provide any information about the regularity of the (unique) convex hypersurface even if we assume K is smooth. In the two-dimensional case, H. Lewy was the first one who proved that if K is analytic, the solution to the Minkowski problem is also analytic. Around 1953, A. V. Pogorelov [9] and L. Nirenberg [6] solved the regularity problem in the smooth category independently. Their methods were quite different and restricted only to two dimensions. The method of Pogorelov was to show that the (unique) generalized solution of Alexandrov is smooth. This depends on the solvability and regularity of the Dirichlet problem of the two-dimensional Monge-Ampkre equation. The method of L. Nirenberg was to use the continuity method to produce a smooth solution directly. This depends on a priori estimates which are available only for elliptic equations of two variables.
Depression of Thyrotropin Releasing Factor Induction of Thyrotropin Release by Thyroxine in Small Doses

Interacting effects of TRF and thyroxine were studied by intrapituitary infusion of hypothalamic extracts in rats pretreated with thyroxine (T4) at doses ranging from 1 to 12 μg/100 g. Depression of TRF responses by T4 was linearly related to log T4 dose over this range. Three μg T4/100 g sc 2–4 hr before TRF doubled the PBI and depressed TRF responses by 74%. Twelve μg T4/100 g iv < 1 hr before TRF completely suppressed the response to TRF. The results indicate that at physiological levels T4 can act on the pituitary to inhibit TSH release due to TRF stimulation. (Endocrinology 85: 67, 1969)
STUDIES ON HUMAN ANTIBODIES : III. AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF FOUR ANTIBODIES FROM ONE INDIVIDUAL

Antilevan, antidextran, antiteichoic acid, anti-"A" and normal gammaG, all isolated from a single human, as well as pooled gammaG and gammaM, were analyzed for amino acid content. Differences ranging from 7 to 32 residues were found among these antibodies in glycine, valine, leucine, tyrosine, arginine, lysine, and threonine content. These conspicuous differences in amino acid composition were not correlated with the Gm type of these antibodies. Hydroxylysine was found in two of the four antibodies, antidextran and antiteichoic acid, and in gammaM- immunoglobulin. No hydroxylysine was found in gammaG- globulins. These findings probably account for discrepancies in the literature concerning the occurrence of this residue in antibody protein.
Epidemiological, Clinical, and Neuropathological Study of Apolipoprotein E Genotype in Alzheimer's Disease

Our studies of the APOE genotype in AD confirm a strong association of the epsilon 4 allele with development of AD and a decreased risk associated with epsilon 2. From a clinical/neuropathological perspective, the major effects of APOE epsilon 4 are to lower the age of onset and to increase the amount of A beta deposit in the brain. Neither rate of progression nor number of neurofibrillary tangles were affected. We also carried out a longitudinal population-based assessment of the APOE genotype to determine the risk for developing cognitive impairment of someone in the general population based on APOE genotype. APOE epsilon 4 carried about 1.4-fold increased risk, and APOE epsilon 2 about 1.7-fold decreased risk. Thus, inheritance of APOE epsilon 4 is a major biological risk factor for AD, but it has limited utility as a prognostic indicator for development of dementia in an individual.
On Information Systems Complexity and Vulnerability

ABSTRACT: This study examines the relationship between information systems complexity and information systems vulnerability from the perspective of the enhanced internal controls after Sarbanes-Oxley. It is conjectured that the increased statutory and regulatory requirements on more stringent internal controls increase information systems complexity and, therefore, increase information systems vulnerability. This study hypothesizes that the increased information systems complexity also increases information systems vulnerability even though the overall internal control is improved. The results of the empirical tests support the hypotheses.
Terms and techniques: New approach to hot-start polymerase chain reaction using Taq DNA polymerase antibody☆

The purpose of this study was to optimize the conditions for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The most common problem with conventional PCR is the presence of nonspecific products and primer-dimers formation, which could be due to several factors such as annealing temperature, primer concentration, and Taq DNA polymerase activity during setup of the PCR. Recently, a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (TaqStart) that blocks Taq DNA Polymerase activity has been developed. In the present study, we determined the effects of Taq DNA polymerase monoclonal antibody (TaqStart antibody) and other parameters, such as annealing temperature and oligonucleotide primer concentrations, on the specificity of PCR products. The results of these experiments suggest that TaqStart antibody inhibits nonspecific products and primer-dimers formation by blocking Taq DNA polymerase activity until the reaction components are heated in the thermal cycler (hot start). Other factors such as annealing temperature, oligonucleotide primer concentration, and magnesium concentration are equally important for specificity of PCR products.
Children’s Critical Thinking: A Model for Its Analysis and Two Examples

AbstractWe proposed a model of “self-directed critical thinking” that comprises two different, interrelated, and equal components, one cognitive and the other motivational. The cognitive component is differentiated into three elements-task definition, strategy formulation, and monitoring the processes of thinking. These elements, in turn, help the thinker to engage in specific actions of inspecting relevant information, organizing, and using it to solve problems. The motivational component of the model stresses the thinker’s spontaneity and independence. The model also recognizes the importance in critical thinking of the child’s present store of general information. We used examples from existing protocols, as well as hypothetical ideal protocols, to illustrate the operation of the model.
Forecasting Housing Prices under Different Market Segmentation Assumptions

Three types of market segmentation strategies are available to estimate hedonic housing price models—i.e. no segmentation, segmentation by using statistical clustering methods and segmentation by using a priori information. This research tests the hypothesis of Tiebout theory that individual residential decision-making is determined by equilibrium provision of local public goods in accord with the tastes and preferences of residents, thereby sorting their housing locations into optimal sub-markets. Forecasting accuracies of eight sub-market segmentation strategies and two forecast-combining methods are examined by using housing sales data from Knox County, Tennessee, USA. The results provide empirical support for Tiebout theory of optimal housing sub-market location in that boundaries drawn using a priori information from local government jurisdictions, school districts and expert opinions are more closely aligned with the equilibrium provision of local public goods than boundaries drawn by statistical cl...
Please: executable specifications for incremental software development

Abstract PLEASE is an executable specification language that supports software development by incremental refinement. PLEASE is part of the ENCOMPASS environment that provides automated support for all aspects of the development process. In ENCOMPASS, software components are first specified using a combination of conventional programming languages and predicate logic. These abstract components are then incrementally redefined into components in an implementation language. Each refinement is verified before another is applied; therefore, the final components produced by the development satisfy the original specifications. PLEASE allows a procedure or function to be specified using pre- and post-conditions, a data type to have an invariant, and an implementation to be completely annotated. PLEASE specifications may be used in proofs of correctness; they may also be transformed into prototypes which use Prolog to “execute” pre- and post-conditions. We believe the early production of executable prototypes will enhance the development process.
Co-expression of angiogenic markers and associations with prognosis in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to explore the co-expression and prognostic relevance of thrombospondin-1 (THBS-1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR-1) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Methods Frozen tumor specimens with defined p53 status were obtained from 67 patients with previously untreated advanced-stage EOC who participated in a Gynecologic Oncology Group specimen-banking protocol and a phase III treatment protocol. Relative expression of the angiogenic markers was quantified by immunoblot analysis and categorized at the median angiogenic marker/actin ratio. p -values are provided as an indication of confidence in the results and to prioritize further testing. Results An association was observed between categorized VEGF and p53 overexpression ( p =0.022), and between VEGFR-1 and race ( p =0.027) or histologic subtype ( p =0.007). Unadjusted Cox regression analyses indicated that high compared with low THBS-1, but not VEGF or VEGFR-1, was associated with an increased risk of disease progression (hazard ratio [HR]=2.19; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.29–3.71; p =0.004) and death (HR=1.93; 95% CI=1.12–3.32; p =0.018) whereas bFGF was associated with a reduced risk of disease progression (HR=0.60; 95% CI=0.36–0.99; p =0.046) and death (HR=0.54; 95% CI=0.32–0.93; p =0.026). After adjusting for prognostic factors including clinical characteristics and p53 overexpression, THBS-1 but not bFGF, VEGF or VEGFR-1 was associated with progression-free and overall survival. Conclusions These data suggest that high THBS-1 is an independent predictor of worse progression-free and overall survival in women with advanced-stage EOC. A larger prospective study is warranted for validation of these findings.
A counterintuitive example of computer paging

A counterexample is exhibited to a natural conjecture concerning the optimal way to group records into pages in the independent reference model of computer paging (an organization is said to be optimal if the “least recently used” miss ratio is minimized).
A Requirement for Catalase in Tyrosine Metabolism : the Oxidation of p -Hydroxy-phenylpyruvic Acid to Homogentisic Acid

IN this communication evidence is presented that catalase is required in one of the steps of tyrosine metabolism, namely, the conversion of p-hydroxy-phenylpyruvic acid to homogentisic acid. This oxidation requires two protein fractions which have been separated and partially purified from dog liver by treatment with organic solvents followed by fractionation with ammonium sulphate1. Fraction A is precipitated by 0.40–0.55 saturated ammonium sulphate; fraction B by 0.60–0.75 saturated ammonium sulphate.
A Social Attitude Scale: Evidence on Reliability and Validity

A social attitude scale was administered to samples in 4 states. Item and factor analyses indicated that the scale's 2 subscales, liberalism and conservatism, are reliable and valid measures which ...
Understanding the biochemical activities of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in the nucleus

Nuclear extracts (NE), capable of carrying out splicing of pre-mRNA, contain galectin-1 and galectin-3. NE depleted of galectins-1 and -3 concomitantly lose their splicing activity. The activity of the galectin-depleted extract can be reconstituted by the addition of either galectin-1 or galectin-3. These results suggest that galectins-1 and -3 serve as redundant splicing factors. Consistent with this notion, immunofluorescence staining showed that both galectins yielded a diffuse nucleoplasmic distribution, matching that of nascent transcripts and consistent with the hypothesis that bulk transcription and pre-mRNA processing occur throughout the nucleoplasm. Under some conditions, the galectins could be found in speckled structures and nuclear bodies but the prevailing thought is that these represent sites of storage and recycling rather than sites of action. Galectin-1 and galectin-3 bind directly to Gemin4, a component of the SMN core complex, which plays multiple roles in ribonucleoprotein assembly, including the biogenesis, delivery, and recycling of snRNPs to the spliceosome. Thus, galectin-1 and galectin-3 constitute a part of an interacting dynamic network of many factors involved in the splicing and transport of mRNA.
Norwegian Scabies in a Patient with AIDS

Depression of cellular and humoral immunity can result in an overwhelming infection with the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Infections in which the densities of mites are very high are known as Norwegian, or crusted, scabies. Cases of Norwegian scabies have been reported sporadically in patients with AIDS, but the appearance of the rash on these patients can be very misleading because of the diffuse papular or psoriasiform presentation. Such patients may readily transmit scabies to others. Since the disease is curable, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any persistent papular or psoriasiform rash on a patient with AIDS.
Explaining spring-in in filament wound carbon fiber/epoxy composites

Filament wound curved composite parts which are autoclave cured tend to exhibit "spring-in," a permanent deformation due to residual stresses (Stover, 1993). Spring-in is the tendency of a circular part to reduce it's radius of curvature upon radial cutting. The causes of spring-in and the associated residual stresses must be understood to ensure dimensional accuracy and safety of the final cured part. The purpose of this paper is to isolate and quantify the principle causes of spring-in in filament wound unidirectional autoclave cured carbon fiber/epoxy composite hoops.This paper first explores the causes of spring-in as given in the literature: through thickness inhomogeneity (Radford, 1993), part compaction (Meink, 1998), and anisotropy with initial curvature (Kollar, 1992). Next, the development of the residual stress profile through the fabrication and cure process is given along with the governing equations for the spring-in phenomenon. Finally, an experimental procedure is developed to obtain the r...
Nanoscale Polymer Electrolytes: Ultrathin Electrodeposited Poly(Phenylene Oxide) with Solid-State Ionic Conductivity

Incorporating ions within electrodeposited polymer dielectric films creates ultrathin solid electrolytes on a length scale (<50 nm) that bridges molecular electronics and conventional electrochemical devices. Electrooxidation of phenol in basic acetonitrile generates electrodeposited nanoscale (21 ± 2 nm), pinhole-free poly(phenylene oxide), PPO, films on indium−tin-oxide substrates. Solid-state electrical measurements using top electrode contacts (vapor-deposited Au, liquid Hg, or liquid Ga−In eutectic) confirm that these PPO films are electronically insulating (7 ± 2 × 10-12 S cm-1) with a high dielectric strength (1.7 ± 0.1 × 106 V cm-1). The insulating film is converted to an ultrathin solid polymer electrolyte by soaking in a solution of LiClO4−propylene carbonate and then heating under vacuum to remove solvent. Atomic force microscopy establishes that the salt-impregnated film is thicker (43 ± 10 nm) than the as-prepared PPO film. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements suggest minimal re...
Minority Representation and the Drawing of City Council Districts

Despite advances in understanding the impacts of at-large versus district systems of representation at the local level, little is known about how local governments deal with minority populations wh...
Comparative study of maximum power point tracking algorithms

Maximum power point trackers (MPPTs) play an important role in photovoltaic (PV) power systems because they maximize the power output from a PV system for a given set of conditions, and therefore maximize the array efficiency. Thus, an MPPT can minimize the overall system cost. MPPTs find and maintain operation at the maximum power point, using an MPPT algorithm. Many such algorithms have been proposed. However, one particular algorithm, the perturb-and-observe (P&O) method, claimed by many in the literature to be inferior to others, continues to be by far the most widely used method in commercial PV MPPTs. Part of the reason for this is that the published comparisons between methods do not include an experimental comparison between multiple algorithms with all algorithms optimized and a standardized MPPT hardware. This paper provides such a comparison. MPPT algorithm performance is quantified through the MPPT efficiency. In this work, results are obtained for three optimized algorithms, using a microprocessor-controlled MPPT operating from a PV array and also a PV array simulator. It is found that the P&O method, when properly optimized, can have MPPT efficiencies well in excess of 97%, and is highly competitive against other MPPT algorithms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Helix−Coil Kinetics: Folding Time Scales for Helical Peptides from a Sequential Kinetic Model

In this paper we describe the development of a simple model for peptide helix folding kinetics. This model is based upon a master equation treatment of the evolution of kinetic states describing th...
Putting curry-howard to work

The Curry-Howard isomorphism states that types are propositions and that programs are proofs. This allows programmers to state and enforce invariants of programs by using types. Unfortunately, the type systems of today's functional languages cannot directly express interesting properties of programs. To alleviate this problem, we propose the addition of three new features to functional programming languages such as Haskell: Generalized Algebraic Datatypes, Extensible Kind Systems, and the generation, propagation, and discharging of Static Propositions. These three new features are backward compatible with existing features, and combine to enable a new programming paradigm for functional programmers. This paradigm makes it possible to state and enforce interesting properties of programs using the type system, and it does this in manner that leaves intact the functional programming style, known and loved by functional programmers everywhere.
Memory Expansion Hardware for PDP11 Computers

We have developed two hardware methods to expand the data storage region of any UNIBUS PDP-11 program needing rapid random access to large data areas. The first, known as a "Bus Mirror", is a modified DEC DR-11-B (DECKit 11-D) wired to allow program controlled modification of any location on the PDP11's UNIBUS. It performs the reads and writes in a DMA mode, and does not require use of DEC's slow PLAS system directives. The second, known as "Dataspace Memory", is a modified Plessey memory board operating like the "Bus Mirror". It provides 64 kwords of additional storage on the UNIBUS, but invisible to the normal UNIBUS addressing scheme. This has given us a PDP 11/60 with 188 kwords of memory, with a design limit of 33 megawords.
Minimal dataset for Network Intrusion Detection Systems via MID-PCA: A hybrid approach

Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) monitor internet traffic to detect malicious activities. Unfortunately, the amount of data that must be analyzed by NIDS is too large. Several feature selection and feature extraction techniques have been proposed to reduce the size of data. Few are focused on finding exactly by how much the dataset should be reduced. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the finding of that finite amount of data required for successful intrusion detection. A new hybrid algorithm MID-PCA combining PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and mRMR (minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance — MID evaluation criteria) is proposed. PCA is first applied to the original dataset. Then, mRMR-MID is applied to the intermediary output to further reduce redundancy and maximize relevancy. An exhaustive evaluation of the MID-PCA algorithm is conducted with the KDD Cup'99, a used widely dataset in the network security community. MID-PCA performance was compared to that of PCA and mRMR using two classifiers namely J48 (C4.5) and BayesNet. Experimental results assert the effectiveness of the newly proposed algorithm MID-PCA for NIDS feature extraction compared with PCA and Mutual Information. The newly proposed MID-PCA shows better performance and classification accuracies with reduced datasets of only 4 dimensions for BayesNet (99.77%) and 6 dimensions for J48 (99.94%). This is an improvement over PCA which achieves similar classification accuracy with 12 principal components (twelve dimensions). An extension of this paper will conduct broader experiments using other datasets, then compare results to that of several well known feature reduction algorithms to confirm the superiority of MID-PCA.
Lumped parameter modeling of polymer gel for real-time control

Lumped parameter models of non-electrolyte and electrolyte polymer gel based on the energy method are presented. Emphasis is placed on developing model that is simple enough for real time control implementation, yet able to capture essential inter-domain energy coupling effect. The dynamics of quasistatic polymer gel system are translated to bond graph representation.
Preliminary prioritization based on partial order theory and R software for compositional complexes in landscape ecology, with applications to restoration, remediation, and enhancement

The present purpose is to provide convenient computational capability and visualizations for preliminary partial or progressive prioritization based largely on concepts of partial order theory and implemented in R software as illustrated in a context of conservation and sustainable stewardship across landscapes with ecosystem services as a complex multidimensional domain that must be placed in public and private perspective in pursuit of multi-resource management. Practical perspective is promoted by graphic visualization with local partial order modeling (LPOM) methods for screening of settings and scenarios involving interactions of ecosystem elements as evidenced by environmental indicators. ORDIT ordering and precedence plots arise from ascribed advantage as an outcome of a rating regime. Representative ranks constitute criteria drawn from the rank distribution for the case in question. Distal data are determined with regard to remediation and retention. Median mismatches reflect interplay of indicators appearing as isolated instances in plotting patterns. A suggested strategy to circumvent computational constraints is partitioning the pool of cases into collectives by clustering, pursuing classes of partitions, and then prioritizing in particular partitions. When prime prospects have been obtained, detailed determinations can be done with partial ordering procedures involving Hasse diagrams and similarly complex constructs that are difficult to apply with many cases and/or indicator criteria.
Social communication skills in persons with post-acute traumatic brain injury: Three perspectives

Objective: To describe social communication skills problems identified by individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) compared to significant other (SO) and clinician ratings; and associations between these skills and participation outcome measures.Design: Cohort study.Methods: Sixty individuals with TBI ≥ 1 year post-injury were administered measures of social communication, societal participation, social integration and life satisfaction. Clinicians and SOs rated the social communication skills of the subjects.Results: Subjects were able to identify social communication skills problems, associated with lower ratings of community integration and satisfaction with life. Males reported higher scores in social communication and social integration than females. SOs and clinicians identified more social skills problems than subjects.Conclusions: Persons with TBI experience social communication skills deficits, associated with decreased societal participation and life satisfaction. Further research is needed...
A simplified lower bound for context-free-language recognition

For on-line recognition of the words in an arbitrary linear context-free language, there are known tight bounds on the time required by a deterministic multitape Turing machine. In terms of word length n , the time need never be worse than some constant times n 2 , even if only one worktape is available; and there is a linear context-free language that requires at least time proportional to n 2 /log n , no matter how many worktapes are available. Using Kolmogorov's notion of descriptional complexity as a tool, we present a simple proof of the latter result.
Development of New InDel Marker to Detect Genotypes of Rf-1a Conferring Fertility Restoration of BT-Type Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Rice

Restorer line breeding is an important approach to enhance the heterosis and improve the yields of japonica hybrid rice. To improve the selection efficiency of restorer lines for BT-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in japonica rice, a functional marker InDel-Rf-1a based on the difference of nucleotide sequence in Rf-1a locus between BT-type CMS lines and restorer lines was developed to detect the genotypes of different rice materials. Conventional indica rice varieties, restorer and maintainer lines without 574 bp deletion could restore the fertility for BT-type CMS in japonica rice. By contrast, most conventional japonica rice varieties except Aichi 106 and Yijing 12, with genotype of rf-1arf-1a showed the 574 bp deletion maintained sterility for BT-type CMS lines. To further verify the effect of genotyping detection in Rf-1a locus, this marker was also used to amplify the genomic DNA in different japonica rice restorer lines, CMS lines, hybrids and F2 segregation population, and three genotypes in Rf-1a locus could be distinguished distinctly. Therefore, the marker InDel-Rf-1a could be widely used for genetic identification and marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding japonica restorer lines.
The Combined Action Platoons: The U.S. Marines' Other War in Vietnam

Introduction History: Traditions Beginnings Expansions: 1966-67 Tet and 1968 1969: Build Up Just to Wind Down 1970-71: The End Impressions Civic Action/Community Development: Analysis Conclusions Appendix A & B Bibliography References Index
Prolegomena to a discourse

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to provide discursive background to a consideration of higher education's approach to online learning and set out the terms of engagement represented by the articles in this issue.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is in the form of a narrative surveying the state of the discourse on online learning and providing a brief introduction to each of the articles.Findings – The paper finds that history of online education has been compressed into a brief period, but it has already undergone several phases: from initial euphoria over the possibilities for expanded enrollments to a realization that online learning posed a new set of knotty pedagogical and institutional issues, to a current maturing phase. In this latter phase there is a pressing need for a public dialog that addresses the institutional challenges inherent in online education, and that provides examples of successful experiences and even specific guidelines for any institution or program involved with – or c...
Atomic supersymmetry, Rydberg wave packets, and radial squeezed states

We study radial wave packets produced by short-pulsed laser fields acting on Rydberg atoms, using analytical tools from supersymmetry-based quantum-defect theory. We begin with a time-dependent perturbative calculation for alkali-metal atoms, incorporating the atomic-excitation process. This provides insight into the general wave packet behavior and demonstrates agreement with conventional theory. We then obtain an alternative analytical description of a radial wave packet as a member of a particular family of squeezed states, which we call radial squeezed states. By construction, these have close to minimum uncertainty in the radial coordinates during the first pass through the outer apsidal point. The properties of radial squeezed states are investigated, and they are shown to provide a description of certain aspects of Rydberg atoms excited by short-pulsed laser fields. We derive expressions for the time evolution and the autocorrelation of the radial squeezed states, and we study numerically and analytically their behavior in several alkali-metal atoms. Full and fractional revivals are observed. Comparisons show agreement with other theoretical results and with experiment.
The fetal rat binding protein for insulin-like growth factors is expressed in the choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid of adult rats

The biological effects of the insulin-like growth factors, IGF-I and IGF-II, on their receptors are modulated by IGF-binding proteins. Recently, we isolated a cDNA clone for one member of the family of IGFbinding proteins, BP-3A, a 30 kilodalton (kDa) protein synthesized by the BRL-3A rat liver cell line. BP-3A is related to but distinct from two other cloned IGFbinding proteins, the human amniotic fluid binding protein and the glycosylated binding subunit of the 150 kDa IGF-binding protein complex in serum. It is expressed in multiple nonneural tissues and in serum in the fetal rat and decreases after birth, similar to the developmental pattern of IGF-II expression. IGF-I, IGF-II, and their receptors are expressed in brain. The present study examines the expression of BP-3A in the rat central nervous system. By Northern blot analysis, BP-3A mRNA is present at high levels in brain stem, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamus from 21-day gestation rats and, like IGF-II mRNA, persists in adult rat brain. The sit...
Tetrahydropterin-dependent amino acid hydroxylases.

▪ Abstract Phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and tryptophan hydroxylase constitute a small family of monooxygenases that utilize tetrahydropterins as substrates. When from eukaryotic sources, these enzymes are composed of a homologous catalytic domain to which are attached discrete N-terminal regulatory domains and short C-terminal tetramerization domains, whereas the bacterial enzymes lack the N-terminal and C-terminal domains. Each enzyme contains a single ferrous iron atom bound to two histidines and a glutamate. Recent mechanistic studies have begun to provide insights into the mechanisms of oxygen activation and hydroxylation. Although the hydroxylating intermediate in these enzymes has not been identified, the iron is likely to be involved. Reversible phosphorylation of serine residues in the regulatory domains affects the activities of all three enzymes. In addition, phenylalanine hydroxylase is allosterically regulated by its substrates, phenylalanine and tetrahydrobiopterin.