cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attention and Cognitive Deficits in Learning-Disabled Students

This research investigated two procedures which, according to previous research, facilitate the acquisition of concepts among normal children: (a) the selection and sequence of positive and negative examples and (b) analytic assistance during concept learning. Each of two experiments involved elementary grade, learning-disabled students and included an initial study followed by a replication in a different region of the country. Training and testing were conducted with individual students.The purpose of Experiment 1 was to determine the effect of including minimally different positive and negative examples in a concept learning set among learning-disabled students. The results indicated that the inclusion of these examples did not facilitate the concept acquisition of learning-disabled students. Experiment 2 was to determine the degree to which learning-disabled students benefit from a simple strategy when learning to draw inferences. The results indicated that exposure to a strategy actually hindered the...
Implementation of an Acuity Adaptable Patient Care Unit is Associated with Improved Outcomes after Major Pulmonary Resections

Background Many centers have adapted an Acuity Adaptable Cardiothoracic Unit (AACU) to fast track cardiac surgery patients, yet few data exist on the impact of such a unit on general thoracic surgery outcomes. We examined the effects of implementing an Acuity Adaptable Cardiothoracic Unit on patients undergoing major pulmonary resections. Methods We reviewed data from an IRB-approved, prospective thoracic surgery database for patients during the 3-y periods pre- and post-adoption of an Acuity Adaptable Cardiothoracic Unit. As surrogate endpoints to quality and cost, we examined length of stay, place of discharge, readmission rate, and 30-d mortality during these two time periods. Results A total of 488 patients underwent major pulmonary resections (416 lobectomies, 72 pneumonectomies) in this 6-y time period. Patients cared for in the AACU model had a shorter length of stay (LOS) compared with patients in a traditional ICU/general care model. The mean and median LOS for patients in the AACU model was 4.2 ± 0.3 d and 3 d, and for the traditional ICU/general care model these were 7.8 ± 1.2 d and 5 d, respectively ( P P = 0.392) and 30-d mortality was 0.49 (95% CI = 0.14, 1.68, P = 0.205) for patients in the AACU model compared with patients in the traditional ICU/general care unit. Conclusions Implementation of an Acuity Adaptable Cardiothoracic Unit is associated with reduced length of hospital stay in patients undergoing major lung resections, without increased risk of readmission or 30-d mortality. Future studies will evaluate post-operative events unique to an AACU model.
Effects of the Combination of Metyrapone and Oxazepam on Cocaine and Food Self-administration in Rats

For several years, our laboratory has investigated the role for the HPA axis in cocaine reinforcement. Two classes of drugs that we have studied include corticosterone synthesis inhibitors (e.g., metyrapone) and benzodiazepine receptor agonists (e.g., oxazepam). In the experiments described in this manuscript, we tested the effects of various doses of metyrapone and oxazepam against several doses of self-administered cocaine. Behavioral, endocrine and pharmacokinetic measures of the effects of the combination of metyrapone and oxazepam on cocaine reward are presented. Combinations of metyrapone and oxazepam at doses that produced no observable effects when administered separately significantly reduced cocaine self-administration without affecting food-maintained responding during the same sessions. Changes in pharmacokinetics or endocrine function do not appear to mediate these effects, suggesting a central mechanism of action. Therefore, although these drugs produce their effects through distinct mechanisms, an additive effect on cocaine self-administration is obtained when these drugs are administered together, suggesting that combinations of low doses of metyrapone and oxazepam may be useful in reducing cocaine seeking with a reduced incidence of unwanted side effects and a decreased potential for abuse.
Col11a1 Regulates Bone Microarchitecture during Embryonic Development

Collagen XI alpha 1 (Col11a1) is an extracellular matrix molecule required for embryonic development with a role in both nucleating the formation of fibrils and regulating the diameter of heterotypic fibrils during collagen fibrillar assembly. Although found in many different tissues throughout the vertebrate body, Col11a1 plays an essential role in endochondral ossification. To further understand the function of Col11a1 in the process of bone formation, we compared skeletal mineralization in wild-type (WT) mice and Col11a1-deficient mice using X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) and histology. Changes in trabecular bone microstructure were observed and are presented here. Additionally, changes to the periosteal bone collar of developing long bones were observed and resulted in an increase in thickness in the case of Col11a1-deficient mice compared to WT littermates. Vertebral bodies were incompletely formed in the absence of Col11a1. The data demonstrate that Col11a1 depletion results in alteration to newly-formed bone and is consistent with a role for Col11a1 in mineralization. These findings indicate that expression of Col11a1 in the growth plate and perichondrium is essential for trabecular bone and bone collar formation during endochondral ossification. The observed changes to mineralized tissues further define the function of Col11a1.
Entangled Bodies: Jews, Bedouins, and the Making of the Secular Israeli

Taking Israel's National Health Insurance Law as a point of entry, in this article I probe how notions of equality and citizenship, secularism, and religion become entangled in the experience of Negev/Naqab Bedouins, who are Palestinian citizens of Israel. Drawing on ethnographic and archival research, I show how Jewish citizens have come to represent the secular and modern citizens in the region, while Bedouins, although mandated and claimed by policy and providers to be the 'same' and 'equal,' are always already imagined and characterized as other. Universal health care and the daily manner in which biomedicine is practiced in southern Israel provides an avenue for examining the Jewish valences medicine carries in southern Israel, Israel's boundaries of inclusion, and the connection between biomedicine and secularism.
The Effects of Wet Brewers Grain1Levels on Finishing Steer Performance

Abstract Sixty-four mixed breed steers were blocked on weight, randomly assigned to four treatments, and placed in individual pens. Treatments included finishing diets containing on a dry matter basis: 1) 8% corn silage (CS), 2) 8% wet brewers grain (WBG),3) 16% WBG, and 4) 24% WBG. Feed intake washigher (P
Best Practices for Analyzing EMRs Used in Non-Traditional Settings

The research presented in this paper focuses on best practice analyses for a non-traditional electronic medical record (EMR) application. CampDoc, an electronic medical records system specifically designed for day and overnight camps as well as small care facilities (e.g. daycare centers) was examined. Over 12, 000 camps operate in America, looking after 11, 000, 000 people each year making them a unique application for EMRs (American Camping Association, 2012). The analysts' goals were to improve upon the user experience within CampDoc by increasing the ease of use and the clarity of content via human factors techniques. Specific emphasis was placed on understanding and designing for users who might not possess medical training and identifying how medicine is practiced in non-traditional medical settings.
Activity and expression of the Na+/H+ exchanger in human endothelial cells cultured in high glucose.

Establishing whether high ambient glucose affects the plasma membrane Na+/H+ exchanger is relevant to understanding the adverse effects of high glucose on cell replication and the mechanisms of the increased exchanger activity encountered in diabetic patients with nephropathy. In 8 primary and 15 first-passage isolates of human endothelial cells cultured in 30 mmol/l glucose for 8.7±2.3 and 15.8±2.3 days, respectively, we determined Na+/H+ exchanger activity and mRNA levels. Activity was determined by measuring 22Na+ influx in the presence or absence of dimethylamiloride (DMA) after intracellular acidification. We also measured fibronectin mRNA because fibronectin provides signals for cell replication through the Na+/H+ antiporter. Control cells grown in 5 mmol/l glucose showed at morphologic confluency a total Na+ influx (in nmol · mg protein-1 · min-1) of 10.1±3.2 in primary and 11.7±2.2 in first subculture, which was reduced to 5.3±0.3 in the presence of DMA. Paired cultures exposed to 30 mmol/l glucose and exhibiting pHi and cell densities identical to controls showed in both primary and first subculture a reduction in total Na+ influx (A = -0.98±0.93 nmol · mg protein-1 · min-1 p < 0.005) whereas DMA-resistant Na+ influx was identical to that of control. Neither chronic hypertonicity nor acute exposure to high glucose mimicked the effects of chronic high glucose. The level of the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE-1) mRNA was unchanged by high glucose whereas fibronectin mRNA levels were increased 1.5-fold. These studies indicate that in endothelial cells exposed to elevated ambient glucose the regulation of the Na+/H+ exchanger is altered at the post-transcriptional level; decreased activity of the antiporter is concomitant with fibronectin overexpression and may contribute to the decreased replication caused by high glucose.
Amyloid-forming proteins alter the local mechanical properties of lipid membranes.

A diverse number of diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and type 2 diabetes, are characterized by the formation of fibrillar protein aggregates termed amyloids. The precise mechanism by which aggregates are toxic remains unclear; however, these proteins have been shown to interact strongly with lipid membranes. We investigated morphological and mechanical changes in model lipid bilayers exposed to amyloid-forming proteins by reconstructing the tapping forces associated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging in solution. Tip/sample tapping forces contain information regarding mechanical properties of surfaces. Interpretation of the mechanical changes in the bilayers was aided by numerical simulations of the entire AFM experiment. Amyloid-forming proteins disrupted distinct regions of the bilayer morphology, and these regions were associated with decreased Young’s modulus and adhesive properties. These changes in bilayer mechanical properties upon exposure to amyloid-forming p...
Cocaine blockade of the acetylcholine positive inotropic response in ventricular myocardium.

SummaryIn isolated cat heart preparations, ACh in doses of 10-4 g elicits a positive inotropic response. This response is blocked by cocaine. It appears that the blockade of the response by cocaine is similar to cocaine blockade of the response to indirect acting amines, e.g., tyramine. This is further evidence that the positive inotropic effect of ACh in ventricular myocardium is mediated by NE release.
Regulation of sodium iodide symporter expression/function and generation of Nisluc-YFP/WT knock-in mouse.

The Na/I symporter (NIS) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates active iodide uptake into thyroid follicular cells. NIS-mediated iodide uptake in thyroid cells is the basis for targeted radionuclide imaging and treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinomas and their metastases. Furthermore, NIS expression is found in many human breast tumors, suggesting that NIS-based radionuclide imaging and therapy may also be of use in these patients. However, functional cell surface NIS expression is often low in breast cancer, making it important to uncover signaling pathways that can upregulate it at several levels, from gene transcription to post-translational processing and cell surface trafficking. In this study, we investigated the NIS regulation by MEK (MAPK/ERK kinase) signaling in human breast cancer cells. We found that MEK inhibition decreased both all-trans retinoic acid (tRA)/hydrocortisone (H) induced endogenous NIS expression level as well as the exogenous NIS expression level in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The decrease of NIS protein level by MEK inhibition was not accompanied by a decrease in NIS mRNA level or a decrease in export of NIS mRNA from the nucleus 25 to cytoplasm. The decrease of NIS protein levels by MEK inhibition was effectively prevented by lysosome inhibitors but not by proteosome inhibitors. This effect of MEK inhibition was not restricted to tRA/H-treated MCF-7 cells, as the phenomenon occurred in three human breast cancer cell lines expressing exogenous NIS. Interestingly, NIS expression was closely correlated with MEK/ERK activation in a tissue microarray composed of 31 human breast tumors. Taken together, MEK activation appears to play an important role in maintaining NIS protein stability in human breast cancers.
Resource dynamic pricing strategy based on utility in cloud computing

In this article,the content style of Service Level Agreement(SLA)is expanded and an improved performance management mechanism of SLA is proposed,which are based on SLA content monitoring and analysis of user evaluation.Accordingly,a new pricing management framework is established and a resource dynamic pricing strategy is proposed based on utility.Experiment results show that the proposed pricing strategy maximally meets the demand for the SLA negotiation,which saves users' cost and maximizes users' satisfaction.
Abstract A12: Microenvironmental Interleukin-6 induced activation of STAT3 signaling in medulloblastoma: Implications for molecular pathology and therapy

Aberrant activation of Janus kinase (JAK) / signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 pathway has been implicated in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis which make it a potential therapeutic target in human malignancies. In vitro STAT3 inhibition exhibited anti-tumor effect in medulloblastoma (MB) cell lines; however, little has been reported about the mechanisms of STAT3 activation in medulloblastoma (MB). We found that STAT3 was constitutively activated in both medulloblastoma patient samples and 3 mice models that were clinically classified as SHH subgroup, Group 3 and Group 4 in pediatric MB patients. By using PCR arrays we investigated the early expression profile of local cytokines in host cerebellum during MB pathogenesis and found increased IL17B, IL6 and TNFα in the microenvironment of MB mice models. In vitro cytokine stimulation assay indicated that IL6 was the major activator of STAT3 in D283 MB cells. Confocal immunofluorescence staining of different cell components in the cerebellum in D283 xenografts showed that the endothelial cells and Purkinje cells were the two major sources of IL6 secretion. Our data provides molecular and cellular clue for the activation of STAT3 signaling during MB tumorigenesis and might help to develop more effective therapeutic targets for STAT3 blockade in MB. Citation Format: Shuang Yan, Sampurna Chatterjee, Trupti Vardam, Shuji Kitahara, Tai Hato, Sylvie Roberge, Vasileios Askoxylakis, Mark Duquette, Dai Fukumura, Lei Xu, Rakesh Jain. Microenvironmental Interleukin-6 induced activation of STAT3 signaling in medulloblastoma: Implications for molecular pathology and therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research: From Mechanisms and Models to Treatment and Survivorship; 2015 Nov 9-12; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(5 Suppl):Abstract nr A12.
Cerebral radioprotective effects of high-dose pentobarbital evaluated in an animal radiosurgery model

Because pentobarbital has been shown to reduce cerebral toxicity to single-fraction whole brain irradiation in a rat model, we sought to evaluate its cerebral radioprotective effects for stereotactic radiosurgery. We hypothesized that concurrent high-dose pentobarbital anaesthesia (50 mg kg-1) during irradiation could delay or prevent the onset of radiation necrosis within the radiosurgical volume. Six rats were placed in pentobarbital or control groups, irradiated, and then evaluated at different intervals (60, 100, 150, 365 days; total = 48 animals studied). All rats had 100 Gy radiosurgery to the right frontal brain region (a threshold dose for focal necrosis at 90 days). The radioprotective effects of pentobarbital were compared to ketamine anaesthesia (control) and evaluated for observed focal necrosis, size of necrotic lesion, blood vessel alterations, and to changes in cell nuclei. There was no difference between groups in the numbers of rats with necrosis at 100 days (p = 0.72), at 150 days (p = 0.77), or at 365 days (p = 0.77); no necrosis was observed in either group at 60 days. There was no difference in the size of the necrotic lesion at 100 days (p = 1.0), at 150 days (p = 0.39), or at 365 days (p = 0.07). There was no difference between groups in observed blood vessel changes or nuclear changes at any time interval (p > 0.6). There was no animal morbidity related to radiosurgery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Angels and Loners: An Examination of Abstainer Subtypes

ABSTRACTScholars speculate that there may be both prosocial and antisocial modes of abstention; however, few attempts have been made to examine this idea empirically. Using a pooled sample from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, group-based trajectory analysis is presented to identify adolescents who abstain from marijuana, vandalism, violence, and theft during their teenage years, and latent class analysis is used to examine within-group heterogeneity among abstainers. A subset of abstainers report weak peer integration, psycho-emotional instability, worse academic performance, and more conflict with their parents. Implications of findings are discussed.
Lost in Translation: The Gap in Scientific Advancements and Clinical Application.

The evolution of medicine and medical technology hinges on the successful translation of basic science research from the bench to clinical implementation at the bedside. Born out of the increasing need to facilitate the transfer of scientific knowledge to patients, translational research has emerged. Significant leaps in improving global health such as antibiotics, vaccinations, and cancer therapies have all seen successes under this paradigm yet today it has become increasingly difficult to realize this ideal scenario. As hospital revenue demand increase, and financial support declines, clinician protected research time has been limited. Researchers, likewise, have been forced to abandon time and resource consuming translational research to focus on publication generating work to maintain funding and professional advancement. Compared to the surge in scientific innovation and new fields of science have surged, realization of transformational scientific findings in device development and materials sciences has significantly lagged behind. Herein, we describe: how the current scientific paradigm struggles in the new health-care landscape; the obstacles met by translational researchers; and solutions, both public and private, to overcoming those obstacles. We must rethink the old dogma of academia and reinvent the traditional pathways of research in order to truly impact the health-care arena and ultimately those that matter most: the patient.
The Problem of Will and Its Development in Childhood

As in our previous lectures, we will begin today with a schematic historical introduction to the contemporary state of the problem of will in psychology. It is widely known that the attempt to interpret and develop the problem of will on a theoretical level and the attempt to analyze its manifestations in the adult and child have moved in two directions, that characteristic of heteronomous theories and that characteristic of autonomous theories.
Cancer Detection by Site

This chapter discusses those sites of cancer for which early detection techniques have been developed. The relative importance of each site in various countries is indicated in terms of its morbidity and mortality and the outcome of treatment is measured in terms of the five-year survival. Throughout the chapter it is to be understood that every lump and node, not obviously inflammatory, will be biopsied.
Clinical decision-making and intuition: A task analysis of 44 experienced counsellors

Background Clinical decision-making and intuition are important concepts to counsellors. However, our understanding of clinical decision-making and intuition, that is the process whereby clinicians make sound therapeutic judgements, is not well understood and thus is an underrepresented area of research in counselling. Aim The purpose of this study was to better understand the development of clinical decision-making and intuition and how it is utilised during therapeutic encounters. Methodology This study used Q-Methodology to explore the responses of 44 experienced clinicians to a set of standardised clinical scenarios. Findings The results suggested that experienced clinicians clustered into a single, common-factor response, which the researchers assert is the factor of intuition. Implications The implications from the study's findings include that (a) the study's methodology shows promise for developing more advanced research designs that measure the influence of clinical decision-making and intuition on client outcomes and (b) the resulting single common factor suggests that experienced clinicians eventually transcend the confines of any single theoretical perspective.
AB1000 Evaluation of The Presence and Frequency of Neuropathic Pain Component in Myofascial Pain Syndrome

Background Neuropathic Pain Component in Myofascial Pain Syndrome is very imoprtant in the grups of aged between 20–50 years which is neck or upper back region. It was evalueyted by using specific diagnostic crtiteria, visual analog scale (VAS) and Neck Pain and Disability Index (NPDI) Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the presence and incidence of neuropathic pain in myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) and to detect factors that may be related to neuropathic pain Methods 112 patients with MPS in their neck or upper back region (aged between 20–50 years) and 62 age, gender and body mass index matched, healthy controls were included in the study. The existence of MPS was evaluated using specific diagnostic crtiteria. Pain assessment was made by visual analog scale (VAS). Neck Pain and Disability Index (NPDI) was used for the evaluation of the disability depends on neck and upper back pain. The existence of neuropathic pain component in both trigger point and referred pain regions was assessed with Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS), painDETECT and Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) questionnaires. Results Mean ages of the patients with MPS was 33.4±8.0 years and controls was 33.5±8.4 years (p>0.05). The mean VAS score for pain and the mean NPDI values were significantly higher in the patients group (5.9±1.0 and 35.7±28.3, respectively, p Conclusions In this study, the existence of neuropathic component was determined in both trigger point and referred pain regions of patients with MPS. Neuropathic component was more prominent in the referred pain area. Central pain mechanisms may be responsible for this result. Further studies with more patients are needed to confirm our results. We think that, it is important to consider neuropathic component in the treatment of MPS. Disclosure of Interest None declared
The Social Landscape of Intractable Offending Among African-American Males in Marginalized Contexts

Nearly all adolescents engage in minor forms of misbehavior and crime, and the majority of them desist from such behaviors in the transition to adulthood. For some adolescents, however, early forms of misbehavior and crime portend a life course marked by persistent offending, criminal justice encounters, and extreme disadvantage. This chapter emphasizes that understanding the sometimes intractable links between adolescent misbehavior and life courses requires stepping outside traditional developmental and life-course approaches to explore how social, cultural, and penal landscapes shape the everyday experiences, identities, and behaviors of those most vulnerable to life courses characterized by offending and incarceration. We focus particular attention on how the unprecedented move from social welfare inclusion to social control exclusion over the past several decades has shaped life trajectories of the African-American males in marginalized communities most vulnerable to continuity in offending over the life course.
Will I get fat? 22-year weight trajectories of individuals with eating disorders.

Objective For some, fat phobia or fear of uncontrollable weight gain is diagnostic of eating disorders, often inhibiting treatment engagement and predicting symptom relapse. Prior research has reported weight changes at infrequent or long intervals, but rate, shape, and magnitude of long-term changes remain unknown. Our study examined 22-year longitudinal trajectories of body mass index (BMI) in women with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Method Participants were followed over 10 years (N = 225) and at 22-year follow-up (N = 175). Using latent growth curves, we examined: (1) shape and rate of intra-individual BMI change over 10 years; (2) predictors of BMI change over 10 years, (3) 22-year BMI outcomes; and (4) BMI changes over 10 years as predictors of 22-year BMI. Results The best-fitting model captured overall intra-individual rates of BMI change in three intervals, showing moderate rate of BMI increase from intake to year 2, modest increase from year 2 to 5, and plateau from year 5 to 10. At 22 years, 14% were underweight, 69% were normal weight, and only 17% were overweight or obese. Greater increases from intake to year 2 predicted higher BMI at 22 years (β = 0.43, p < 0.01) and were predicted by intake diagnosis of AN-restricting (β = 0.31, p < 0.01) or AN-binge eating/purging (β = 0.29, p < 0.01). Discussion BMI increased most rapidly during earlier years of the study for those with lower weight at study intake (i. e., AN) and plateaued over time, settling in the normal range for most. Psychoeducation about expected BMI trajectory may challenge patients' long-term fat phobic predictions.
Evaluation of Soil Function Following Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons—a Review of Current Remediation Techniques

Management of lands contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) continues to evolve, as project goals may be shifting from contaminant reduction to ecosystem restoration. Restoring soil function is vital to overall ecosystem recovery, as soils perform numerous processes that are inhibited by PHC contamination. The purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of various remediation strategies on soil properties and evaluate how those effects relate to soil functions. All remediation techniques alter soil function, and the extent of alteration is based on project-specific operational parameters. Broadly, most techniques alter soil organic matter (SOM) content and soil pH, which are important variables associated with many soil processes. Additionally, recent technological advances have made the characterization of soil microbial communities and activities more accessible, so the field continues to gain knowledge on how remediation strategies affect soil microorganisms that are vital in nutrient cycling and waste management. This review identified soil properties and functions that are likely to be affected by each strategy and that should be monitored following successful remediation. The extent of changes in soil properties is dictated by specific implementation of remediation methods, so general comparisons between methods may not be appropriate. While important variables like SOM and pH are valuable indicators of soil function, the dynamic relationships between all soil properties should not be overlooked following soil remediation. Thus, future research on soil remediation should strive to assess changes in how soils function, in addition to contaminant removal efficiency.
Intractable Blepharospasm Treated with Bilateral Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation.

Background: Blepharospasm can be present as an isolated dystonia or in conjunction with other forms of cranial dystonia, causing significant disability. Case Report: We report a case of a 69-year-old male with craniocervical dystonia, manifesting primarily as incapacitating blepharospasm refractory to medical treatments. He underwent bilateral globus pallidus (GP) deep brain stimulation (DBS) with complete resolution of his blepharospasm and sustained benefit at 12 months postoperatively. Discussion: This case illustrates successful treatment of blepharospasm with pallidal stimulation. GP-DBS should be considered a reasonable therapeutic option for intractable blepharospasm.
Ferdinandy, György. 2016. Fekete karácsony (‘Black Christmas’). Budapest: Fókusz Egyesület/Magyar Napló Kiadó. 203 pp. Photos.

Ferdinandy, Gyorgy. 2016. Fekete karacsony (‘Black Christmas’). Budapest: Fokusz Egyesulet/Magyar Naplo Kiado. 203 pp. Photos.
Use of Human Neurons Derived via Cellular Reprogramming Methods to Study Host-Parasite Interactions of Toxoplasma gondii in Neurons.

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite, with approximately one-third of the worlds’ population chronically infected. In chronically infected individuals, the parasite resides in tissue cysts in neurons in the brain. The chronic infection in immunocompetant individuals has traditionally been considered to be asymptomatic, but increasing evidence indicates that chronic infection is associated with diverse neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, cryptogenic epilepsy, and Parkinson’s Disease. The mechanisms by which the parasite exerts affects on behavior and other neuronal functions are not understood. Human neurons derived from cellular reprogramming methods offer the opportunity to develop better human neuronal models to study T. gondii in neurons. Results from two studies using human neurons derived via cellular reprogramming methods indicate these human neuronal models provide better in vitro models to study the effects of T. gondii on neurons and neurological functions. In this review, an overview of the current neural reprogramming methods will be given, followed by a summary of the studies using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons and induced neurons (iNs) to study T. gondii in neurons. The potential of these neural reprogramming methods for further study of the host-parasite interactions of T. gondii in neurons will be discussed.
Doing the math: A simple approach to topical timolol dosing for infantile hemangiomas

Topical timolol maleate has recently gained popularity as a treatment for superficial infantile hemangiomas, but calculating a safe dose of timolol can be time consuming, which may limit the medication's use in fast-paced clinical environments. This report offers a simplified calculation of the maximum daily safe dosage as 1 drop of medication per kilogram of body weight.
Background and Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Neutropenia

Autoimmune neutropenia is estimated to occur in at least 1 in 100,000 children. The majority of patients are affected during the first 2 years of life, with resolution by age 5. Primary autoimmune neutropenia of infancy may present at the time of an acute infection or incidentally when a complete blood count is obtained for another reason. The neutropenia is a result of peripheral destruction due to autoantibody production against antigens on the neutrophil surface, most commonly human neutrophil antigen 1 on the neutrophil immunoglobulin receptor FcγRIIIb. Antibodies often remit within 18–24 months from the time of diagnosis. Most children experience a benign course with limited increased risk of infections. In contrast, secondary autoimmune neutropenia may present at any age with a more variable clinical course. Patients with the latter may have pan-FcγRIIIb autoantibodies and should undergo investigation for other autoimmune or primary immune system disorders.
What's in a deep model?: a characterization of knowledge depth in intelligent safety systems

While one can characterize deep and shallow models at a high level of abstraction and contrast their relative merits in a general way, this provides little direction for knowledge engineering. In particular, the field lacks a clear definition of 'knowledge depth' and lacks guidelines regarding the appropriate depth of models for a given application, in this paper we provide a very simple operational definition of knowledge depth' and use it to examine the opportunities for varying depth in Intelligent safety systems. The paper illustrates a domain-independent mode of analysis for examining progressively deeper models of expertise, and sketches some domain-specific guidelines for constructing intelligent safety systems. We draw upon examples from the domains of nuclear reactor management, chemical plant control, and management of computer installation operations.
Evolution of a Numerical Model for Simulating Long-Period Wave Behavior in Ocean-Estuarine Systems

Numerical modeling of water-wave behavior has progressed rapidly in the last several years and is now generally recognized as a useful tool capable of providing solutions to many coastal engineering problems. This paper discusses the evolution of a numerical hydrodynamic model including its applications to a variety of problems in which long-wave theory is valid. To achieve a solution to the governing equations, finite difference techniques are employed on a stretched rectilinear grid system. The most recent version of the model permits a selection of solution schemes. Choices include both implicit and explicit formulations written in terms of velocity or transport dependent variables. The model predicts vertically integrated flow patterns as well as the distribution of water surface elevations. Code features include the treatment of regions which are inundated during a part of the computational cycle, subgrid barrier effects, variable grid, and a variety of permissible boundary conditions and external forcing functions. Reproduction of secondary flow effects is an important aspect for a hydrodynamic model. Discussion of methods which are appropriate for treating the nonlinear terms in the governing equations (terms which cause secondary flow effects) is given. Direction of future code developments also is discussed.
Paul Bremer at the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq

Since becoming the President's envoy responsible for post-war Iraq, Paul Bremer endured many sleepless nights, struggling with the decision of how to hand over sovereignty to the Iraqi people. Despite daily assassination attempts, tribal warfare, growing violence, and political pressure--at home in Washington, D.C. and abroad--the CPA undertook the difficult task of handing over power to an Iraqi civil society which was simultaneously being rebuilt from the ground up.Learning Objective:Diagnose the leadership strategies employed in a crisis situation and decide how to move forward in the process of transferring sovereignty.
INTERFERONS AND NATURAL KILLER CELLS: INTERACTING SYSTEMS OF NON-SPECIFIC HOST DEFENSE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses interferons (IFN) that play a complex modulatory role in the regulation of the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells. Monocytes and lymphocytes, possibly including the NK cells, may produce IFN under conditions that would seem to require NK cell activity in vivo, for example, virus infection and tumor invasion. IFN treatment of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) rapidly boosts their spontaneous cytotoxicity. Experiments were performed, in which the spontaneous cytotoxicity of human PBL was abrogated either by mixing unlabeled target cells with PBL or by absorption–elution of PBL from K562 target cells. The results do not exclude the possibility that each NK cell may lyse more than one target cell, but after one or more cycles of lysis in the absence of IFN, NK cell cytotoxic ability is exhausted. It appears that IFN, in addition to increasing the cytotoxic efficiency of NK cells in lysing target cells and also possibly endowing inactive pre-NK cells with cytotoxic ability, can reverse the inactivation of NK cells because of interaction with target cells or immune complexes.
Management of a Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Using a Talent Stent Graft

The Talent thoracic stent graft system is composed of a self-expanding serpentineshaped nitinol endoskeleton inlaid in a woven polyester graft. The Talent has a longitudinal support bar throughout the length of the endograft, which provides column strength while maintaining device flexibility to accommodate tortuous vessels. Individual stents are secured to the graft with suture. Between individual stents is an unsupported graft to allow for flexibility. The proximal end of this stent graft is made in two configurations, which include either a serrated (open web configuration) or an open bare stent segment (FreeFlo configuration). The bare stent FreeFlo configuration allows device implantation across the orifice of the left subclavian or common carotid artery while maintaining antegrade blood flow. A similar bare wire configuration is also available in the distal stent graft, which permits the uncovered device to anchor across the celiac artery.
Risk Factors for Blood Transfusion with Neck Dissection.

ObjectivesTo identify risk factors of perioperative blood transfusions (PBTs) for neck dissection and identify the association of PBTs with other postoperative outcomes.MethodsThis is a retrospecti...
New Evidence Of The Nexus Between Neighborhood Violence, Perceptions Of Danger, And Child Health.

Neighborhood characteristics have been associated with various facets of children’s health. This study explored whether adverse neighborhood conditions—particularly violence exposure and perception...
The Effect of Interaction and Design Participation on Teenagers’ Attitudes towards Social Robots

Understanding people’s attitudes towards robots and how those attitudes are affected by exposure to robots is essential to the effective design and development of social robots. Although researchers have been studying attitudes towards robots among adults and even children for more than a decade, little has been explored assessing attitudes among teens–a highly vulnerable population that presents unique opportunities and challenges for social robots. Our work aims to close this gap. In this paper we present findings from several participatory robot interaction and design sessions with 136 teenagers who completed a modified version of the Negative Attitudes Towards Robots Scale (NARS) before participation in a robot interaction. Our data reveal that most teens are 1) highly optimistic about the helpfulness of robots, 2) do not feel nervous talking with a robot, but also 3) do not trust a robot with their data. Ninety teens also completed a post-interaction survey and reported a significant change in the motional attitudes subscale of the NARS. We discuss the implications of our findings on the design of social robots for teens.
An fMRI study of English and Spanish word reading in bilingual adults

Abstract Reading relies on a left-lateralized brain system, including occipito-temporal (OTC), temporo-parietal, and inferior frontal (IFC) cortices. Neuroimaging studies have investigated whether activation in these cortices is modulated by a language’s orthographic depth (consistency of grapheme-to-phoneme conversion). In Spanish-English bilinguals, some but not all studies have reported activation differences between the two languages during reading. Here, we studied Spanish-English early bilingual adults living in the United States (N = 25; 17 females, 8 males). We examined local activity, functional connectivity, and spatially distributed activity patterns during English and Spanish word reading. We found overlap in local activity for the two languages in the left IFC, but no differences in activation between them and few differences in functional connectivity (none of which were in pairs of regions known to be involved in reading); yet, there were spatially distributed patterns of brain activity that differentiate English and Spanish in regions of bilateral cerebellum/left OTC, the left superior occipital gyrus, the left IFC, and the left medial frontal gyrus. Overall, we found no evidence for differences in local activation or functional connectivity during English versus Spanish word processing in regions known to be involved in reading, yet we found brain-based evidence that Spanish-English bilinguals distinguish between the two languages.
Deep Neural Network Acceleration in Non-Volatile Memory: A Digital Approach

Latest algorithmic development has brought competitive classification accuracy for neural networks despite constraining the network parameters to ternary or binary representations. These findings show significant optimization opportunities to replace computationally-intensive convolution operations (based on multiplication) with more efficient and less complex operations such as addition. In hardware implementation domain, processing-in-memory architecture is becoming a promising solution to alleviate enormous energy-hungry data communication between memory and processing units, bringing considerable improvement for system performance and energy efficiency while running such large networks. In this paper, we review several of our recent works regarding Processing-in-Memory (PIM) accelerator based on Magnetic Random Access Memory computational sub-arrays to accelerate the inference mode of quantized neural networks using digital non-volatile memory rather than using analog crossbar operation. In this way, we investigate the performance of two distinct in-memory addition schemes compared to other digital methods based on processing-in-DRAM/GPU/ASIC design to tackle DNN power and memory wall bottleneck.
Putting It All Together: Themes in the Psychological Research on Women Who Sell Sex

This book reviews empirical literature on a number of psychological concepts related to selling sex. The goals of the book and the boundaries of what is included can be found in Chap. 1. In brief, this book focuses on private, in-person, consensual sex acts exchanged between a cisgender woman and a paying customer. Research on men, minors, and victims of sex trafficking are deliberately excluded, unless otherwise noted. The review favors peer-reviewed sources of research and is most inclusive of comparative studies. Qualitative findings are used illustratively. In this final chapter, we review some of the key findings of the book, beginning with the idea that selling sex is a complex, multi-faceted phenomenon and we acknowledge that this makes it problematic to broadly generalize about the psychological motivations, experiences, and outcomes of women who sell sex. We explore themes around the question of whether selling sex is harmful to women. We acknowledge the limitations of our review and the existing literature and identify areas where there is both opportunity and need for additional research. We conclude with a call for researchers, mental health practitioners, and policy makers to use psychology both to further our understanding of sexual commerce and to ultimately improve the welfare of women impacted by this topic.
COVID-19 Case Mortality Rates Continue to Decline in Florida

We studied COVID-19 case mortality in Florida among four successive cohorts of persons at least 50 years of age, each of whom we followed for 28 to 48 days from date of diagnosis. The cohorts were separated by date of diagnosis into four nonoverlapping intervals: March 29 - April 18; April 29 - May 19; May 21 - June 10; and June 14 - July 4, 2020. Case mortality rates declined consistently and significantly over the course of the four intervals: 57% among those aged 50-59 years; 62% among those aged 60-69 years; 52% among those aged 70-79 years; and 34% among those aged 80 or more years. These findings were consistent with progressive improvements in the medical care of COVID-19 patients. We further studied case mortality by hospitalization status. The case mortality rate among hospitalized patients aged 60-69 years fell significantly from the first to the third interval. During the fourth interval, an apparent rise in mortality among hospitalized patients in the same age group was mirrored by a significant decline in mortality among those not hospitalized. These findings were consistent with the out-of-hospital treatment of some patients who would have previously been hospitalized.
Re)Framing Race in Civil Rights Lawyering

A review of Henry Louis Gates, Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow (Penguin Press, 2019). The Review proceeds in four parts. Part I parses Gates’s analysis of the rise of white supremacist ideology and the accompanying concept of the “Old Negro” during the Redemption era and the countervailing emergence of the concept of a “New Negro” culminating in the Harlem Renaissance. Part II examines the lawyering process as a rhetorical site for constructing racialized narratives and racially subordinating visions of client, group, and community identity through acts of representing, prosecuting, and defending people of color in civil rights, poverty law, and criminal cases. Part III evaluates the permissibility of racialized narratives and racially subordinating visions under what courts like to refer to as colorblind or race-neutral lawyering process traditions and legal ethics conventions, assessing their logic under naturalistic and necessitarian rationales borrowed from the science, literature, and symbolism of Jim Crow segregation excavated by Gates. A wide span of lawyers — criminal prosecutors and public defenders as well as civil rights and poverty lawyers — routinely craft such narratives and images in their work. Part IV puts forward an alternative set of race-conscious advocacy practices and ethics precepts infused by the antisubordination norms of racial dignity and equality garnered from the early black resistance movements documented by Gates for use in contemporary civil rights, poverty law, and criminal cases attacking legal, political, and economic systems of structural inequality.
Express Warranty as Contractual - The Need for a Clear Approach

This Article identifies and addresses, in a commercial context, the relevant issues that arise when a party learns (preperformance) that the other party's warranties are untrue.The author believes that all courts should adopt a contract approach to the creation and enforcement of express warranties in every context. There seems to be no rational basis to require for the creation of an express warranty, the additional factor of reliance when the warranty would otherwise be a part of the contract. For whether or not there is reliance, the party making the warranty is receiving from the other party the exchange it bargained for, that is, the price it bargained for in return for all of its promises in the agreement.When a buyer has precontract knowledge that a seller's warranty is not true, a court should use contract concepts to determine whether the warranty is a part of the contract, its meaning and the extent to which the buyer may recover for breach of the warranty. In so doing, it should apply the parol evidence rule when the agreement is in writing to the same extent that it would apply the rule with respect to any other term in the written agreement. Stated differently, in dealing with the impact of a buyer's precontract knowledge on the creation or meaning of an express warranty, a court should use a contract approach and resolve the issue in the same manner it would resolve any similar issue relating to any other term of the parties' agreement.