cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary investigation into a neural net theory of color vision.

This paper reports results of an investigation of the problem of vertebrate color vision by means of a theoretical model, which, although it uses one kind of receptor, can be adapted to a multireceptor concept. It is assumed (1) that the time constant of the change of the receptor potential conveys the color information of the stimulus, whereas the magnitude of the potential is correlated with stimulus intensity and (2) that a group of cells, tentatively identified as ganglion cells, are associated with each receptor field. These cells fire only if the time constant falls within a certain range. Thus, the visual spectrum is divided into regions and the information is transmitted to the central nervous system. Wave length discrimination in the theoretical model is accomplished by one kind of retinal neural nets that are biased differentially. An analog computer was used in this initial phase of the investigation. Care has been taken to ensure that the model satisfies current anatomical and physiological knowledge. It has produced results similar to Granit's (1955) spectral sensitivity and Kelly's (1961) amplitude sensitivity curves. The model, which will predict “subjective color phenomena” at appropriate frequencies, has raised questions amenable to psychophysiological techniques.
Zero-Inventory Conditions for a Two-Part-Type Make-to-Stock Production System

We consider the dynamic scheduling of a two-part-type make-to-stock production system using the model of Wein [12]. Exogenous demand for each part type is met from finished goods inventory; unmet demand is backordered. The control policy determines which part type, if any, to produce at each moment; complete flexibility is assumed. The objective is to minimize average holding and backorder costs. For exponentially distributed interarrival and production times, necessary and sufficient conditions are found for a zero-inventory policy to be optimal. This result indicates the economic and production conditions under which a simple make-to-order control is optimal. Weaker results are given for the case of general production times.
Efficacy of a pilot-scale wastewater treatment plant upon a commercial aquaculture effluent: I. Solids and carbonaceous compounds

Abstract A pilot-scale wastewater treatment station was built and operated at a commercial recirculating aquaculture facility in order to initiate, characterize and optimize the operation of a treatment strategy for effluent recovery and reuse. The treatment train consisted of sedimentation, denitrification, ozonation, trickling filter treatment, and chemical flocculation. The study consisted of four different sets of treatment conditions, differentiated by alternative use of 6 or 4 lpm flow and recycling rates, ozone doses between 36.6 and 82.5 mg O 3 /l water, and 6- or 9-min ozonation time. The effects of treatment on solids and dissolved organic compounds are reported here. Over 70% of solids were removed by sedimentation under all experimental conditions. At the end of treatment, up to 99% of TSS was removed due to the combined action of ozonation and chemical flocculation. COD removal was not significantly different among experimental conditions by sedimentation (59.2–62.7%, p > 0.05), but was positively correlated with ozone dose (slope = 0.452, r 2 = 0.99), yielding total COD removal η (CODt) of 19.8–40.7%. Of these amounts, 60.4–66.5% of COD was removed with foam, while the balance was mineralized. The ozone reactivity was 83.7% at a dose of 82.5 mg O 3 /l water. The ozone consumption coefficient Y (O 3 /CODox) for COD oxidized was 1.92–2.23 g/g O 3 COD and 0.70–0.78 g O 3 /g COD when total COD removed was considered. Overall, 87.9–92.4% of COD was removed by the treatment train, to an average of 44 mg/l at the highest ozone dose, a value 3.3–3.9 times less than in fish tanks. Under the same conditions, cBOD 5 was reduced by 88%, 3.8–4.1 times less than in fish tanks. The water’s biodegradability was increased by over 20%. DOC did not change significantly through the treatment train, and fluctuated through the system due to methanol addition to support denitrification. Work with the pilot station showed that the treatment strategy employed could support effective recovery and recycling of aquaculture effluent, although salts and refractory organics may accumulate in the system.
Electronic Commerce and Digital Libraries

In this chapter we discuss digital libraries from an electronic commerce perspective. The focus is on what the two have in common. The first section is an introduction which discuses some of the impacts that digital libraries and electronic commerce have had on our lives. The second section discusses common driving forces behind the two. The next section discusses common challenges, with an emphasis on the digital library perspective. The fourth section discusses several common issues, in particular, social, legal, quality, security and economic issues that both digital libraries and electronic commerce must address. The discussion in the fourth section primarily presents a digital library perspective, although the issues are important to both digital libraries and electronic commerce. Finally, the chapter closes with a conclusion.
Enduring Bonds of Place: Personhood and the Loss of Home

This chapter seeks to examine not only the regional problems of population disruption in South-Eastern Europe, but also to set our concerns in an overall perspective, namely that of global migration. Nostalgia is not asynchronic; it needs to be related to the overall context of modernity, and indeed of post-modernity. In order to react appropriately to these contemporary demographic upheavals, we need to exercise empathy and imagine ourselves into the perceptions of people whose thinking about their place is rather different from our own. We are called upon to enter imaginatively into the degree of disruption experienced by individuals removed from the place where these relationships are the essence of being.
A Graph-theoretic Framework for Electric Power Distribution System Service Restoration

Distribution system restoration (DSR) aims at restoring the service after a fault to the maximum number of customers while ensuring the satisfaction of critical system operating constraints. DSR is essentially a system reconfiguration approach that entails determining a combination of open and closed switches to obtain a new radial network topology that optimizes certain performance criteria related to service restoration. Given the combinatorial nature of the associated search problem, the existing literature either use heuristic methods or present non-linear mixed integer models for DSR, both computationally intensive for a large distribution system. This paper presents a graph-theoretic distribution system restoration strategy that maximizes the restored load by formulating the restoration problem as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) while incorporating critical system connectivity and operating constraints. The novelty lies in variable selection and transformation that help incorporate integer decision variable with the continuous power flow variables. Simulation results presented using IEEE-37 node distribution system and a 1069-node multi-feeder test case demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Interferometric Detection of Pinned Interactions in Bismuth-Substituted Iron Garnet

The utilization of a bismuth-substituted iron garnet as a magnetooptic Faraday rotator (MOFR) has been reported for all-optical networking purposes as well as for other applications. Our measurements and observations demonstrate that the MOFR saturates once a significantly large magnetic field (>225 G) is applied. After the applied magnetic field enters the saturation region, the material’s magnetic domains can become pinned at intermediate levels of magnetization. Pinning in this form has not been reported nor well studied for this application. In this paper, a method to detect and describe anomalous pinning in terms of Faraday rotation is presented. Measurements on the changes in the state of polarization that a pinned material produces are examined. This paper will also present practical methods for unpinning the MOFR material, which are traditionally considered to be challenging.
Abstract TMP7: Not All mTICI 2b Are Made Equal: Balancing the Risks and Benefits of the Ideal Reperfusion Target in Endovascular Stroke Therapy

Introduction: The standard reperfusion target for thrombectomy trials has been modified TICI (mTICI) 2b-3 (≥50% ischemic territory). Recently, full reperfusion (mTICI 2c-3) has been recommended as ...
Parental depression moderates the relationships of cortisol and testosterone with children's symptoms

Abstract Background Previous research on the hormone-symptom relationship in children suggests that certain hormone patterns may be associated with symptoms, but only under certain circumstances. Having a parent with a history of depression may be one circumstance under which dysregulated hormone patterns are especially associated with emotional and behavioral symptoms in children. The current study sought to explore these relationships in a community sample of 389 9-year-old children. Methods Children's salivary cortisol and testosterone levels were collected at home over three consecutive days; parental psychiatric histories were assessed using semi-structured diagnostic interviews; and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms were rated by the child's mother. Results Having two parents with a history of depression moderated the associations of reduced total daily cortisol output with higher externalizing scores, as well as the association of reduced testosterone with higher internalizing scores. A maternal history of depression, on the other hand, moderated the relationship between higher cortisol awakening response and higher internalizing scores. Furthermore, lower daily cortisol output was associated with higher internalizing scores among girls, but not boys, with two parents with a history depression. Limitations Limitations include the cross-sectional nature of the current analyses, as well as the limited racial, ethnic, and geographical diversity of the sample. Conclusions Taken together, the current results suggest that the relationship between hormones and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children may vary as a function of parental depression and child sex, knowledge that may inform intervention efforts aimed at preventing psychopathology in children whose parents have a history of depression.
Role of Nrf2 and NQO1 in the attenuation of oxygen-mediated pulmonary toxicity by sulforaphane

Background Hyperoxia contributes to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). NrF2-mediated induction of NADPH Quinone oxydoreductase enzyme (NQO1) is known to protect the tissues from hyperoxic injury. Sulforaphane is a potent inducer of NrF2 and NQO1, and has been shown to improve cell survival under hyperoxic conditions. Objective To test the hypothesis that human pulmonary cells carrying specific SNPs on the human Nrf2 and NQO1 genes will display decreased inducibility by sulforaphane. Design/Methods: H441 cells …
Invisible Invariants Are Neither.

The method of Invisible Invariants was conceived to verify properties of parameterized systems, for any instantiation, in one fell swoop. Given a deductive proof rule for the desired property, the method calls for two steps: (1) An heuristic to generate the hypothesis of the proof rule, and (2) a method to validate the premises of the proof rule once an hypothesis is generated.
4 – Musical Scales

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on musical scales. Of the perceptual dimensions used in music, pitch is unique in having a scale dividing it fairly rigidly into discrete steps. The-temporal continuum is divided into discrete beats, but the duration of the beat changes with tempo. Timbre is multidimensional, and all its dimensions admit of more or less continuous variation. Pitch alone is organized into discrete steps. This is true in almost all the cultures of the world. Beyond providing a measure of melodic motion, the scale provides a cognitive framework that facilitates the remembering of the pitches of a melody. This is especially important in non-literate cultures where the human memory is the only vehicle by which melodies are preserved. Without culturally established scales, the reproduction of tunes and their transmission from generation to generation is a haphazard affair. The pitch categories of a musical scale serve the same kind of psychological function as do discrete categories used in the recoding of many types of messages communicated across noisy channels.
The importance of psychology for shaping legal cannabis regulation

Different patterns of cannabis use can be traced directly back to different interactions between 2 types of variables: pharmacological and environmental. As legal cannabis expands in the U.S. and around the world, state and national regulatory agencies are gaining control over these variables. Specifically, regulatory agencies are increasingly capable of altering (a) the pharmacological properties of cannabis products and (b) the way these products are distributed to the population. Consequently, cannabis regulatory agencies are in a unique position to use evidence from psychological science to alter cannabis consumption patterns in ways that mitigate potential harm to public health. However, most state-level legal cannabis regulatory systems in the U.S. are not yet evidence-based or public health-oriented. This applied review and commentary draws on evidence from the psychological science literature to help regulators better understand the types of behaviors they must address and guide empirically supported regulation of THC-laden cannabis, whether used putatively for medical or recreational reasons. This review is organized into 3 parts that correspond to the 3 primary agents within the cannabis regulation ecosystem: (a) the cannabis consumer, (b) the cannabis industry, and (c) the cannabis regulatory agency. Within this structure, the review addresses critical psychological variables that drive cannabis consumer and industry behaviors and discusses how regulatory agencies can use this information to protect public health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Contribution of Risk from Human Failures in PRA Models

Large industrial facilities, such as commercial nuclear power plants, still require human operators to respond to abnormal conditions. Failures of these operators to perform the appropriate actions can lead to significant consequences. Human failure events (HFEs) are modeled in probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) models for these plants to consider the consequences of these failed actions. These PRA models explicitly consider various types of failures, including failures to align equipment prior to an event, which leaves that equipment unavailable to respond, and failures of human actions after the abnormal event that are designed to mitigate the event.
Identification of 3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethylpyridine-4(1H)-thione as a metal-binding motif for the inhibition of botulinum neurotoxin A.

Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) is an important therapeutic target owing to its extremely potent nature, but also has potential use as a biowarfare agent. Currently, no therapeutic exists to reverse the long-lasting paralysis caused by BoNT/A. Herein, we describe the identification of 3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethylpyridine-4(1H)-thione (3,4-HOPTO) as a metal binding warhead for the inhibition of BoNT/A1. An initial screen of 96 metal binding fragments identified three derivatives containing the 3,4-HOPTO scaffold to inhibit the BoNT/A1 light chain (LC) at >95% at 1 mM. Additional screening of a 3,4-HOPTO sub-library identified structure–activity relationships (SARs) between N-substituted 3,4-HOPTO derivatives and the BoNT/A1 LC. Subsequent synthesis was conducted to improve on inhibitory potency – achieving low μM biochemical IC50 values. Representative compounds were evaluated in a cellular-based assay and showed promising μM activity.
PQ:PMMA Holographic Wavelength Division Multiplexing Filters For Use in Monocular Passive Ranging and Free Space Optical Communications

We demonstrate the use of angle multiplexed holograms for wavelength division multiplexing in free space optical communications, with application to absorption based monocular passive ranging using three simultaneous and superimposed spectral filters.
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Trends, Outcomes, and Predictions From a 15-Year Perspective of a Single Neurocritical Care Unit.

Background Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is associated with disproportionally high mortality and long-term neurological sequelae. Management of patients with aSAH has changed markedly over the years, leading to improvements in outcome. Objective To describe trends in aSAH care and outcome in a high-volume single center 15-yr cohort. Methods All new admissions diagnosed with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) to our tertiary neuro-intensive care unit between 2002 and 2016 were reviewed. Trend analysis was performed to assess temporal changes and a step-wise regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with outcomes. Results Out of 3970 admissions of patients with SAH, 2475 patients proved to have a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Over the years of the study, patient acuity increased by Hunt & Hess (H&H) grade and related complications. Endovascular therapies became more prevalent over the years, and were correlated with better outcome. Functional outcome overall improved, yet the main effect was noted in the low- and intermediate-grade patients. Several parameters were associated with poor functional outcome, including long-term mechanical ventilation (odds ratio 11.99, CI 95% [7.15-20.63]), acute kidney injury (3.55 [1.64-8.24]), pneumonia (2.89 [1.89-4.42]), hydrocephalus (1.80 [1.24-2.63]) diabetes mellitus (1.71 [1.04-2.84]), seizures (1.69 [1.07-2.70], H&H (1.67 [1.45-1.94]), and age (1.06 [1.05-1.07]), while endovascular approach to treat the aneurysm, compared with clip-ligation, had a positive effect (0.35 [0.25-0.48]). Conclusion This large, single referral center, retrospective analysis reveals important trends in the treatment of aSAH. It also demonstrates that despite improvement in functional outcome over the years, systemic complications remain a significant risk factor for poor prognosis. The historic H&H determination of outcome is less valid with today's improved care.
Probing anomalous right--handed current in Z b bbar vertex

Motivated by $-2 \sigma$ deviation from the Standard Model prediction for the forward--backward asymmetry of $Z \to b \bar{b}$ decay in the LEP data, we explore the anomalous couplings of $Z b \bar{b}$ vertex through the electroweak precision test extended by including $A_{FB}^b$. We introduce a new variable $\epsilon'_b$ to measure the anomalous right-handed coupling in $Z b \bar{b}$ vertex. Implications of our analysis on the nonuniversal contact interactions are studied and the left-right model is also considered as a possible origin of the anomalous right-handed couplings.
Imitation or Improvement? The Evolution of Shareholder Derivative Litigation in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia

Shareholder derivative litigation is a target of constant criticism within the United States (U.S.). Many scholars advocate for its abolition and others propose strict limitations on its use. If shareholder derivative litigation were universally disfavored, one would expect countries to be abandoning such litigation through legislative enactments or judicial rulings. Instead, many countries are expanding shareholder derivative litigation. This Article compares the shareholder derivative action as developed in the U.S. with such actions in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. The U.S. has the most recognized and frequent uses of shareholder derivative actions, whereas such actions are rare in the United Kingdom. Yet, the U.S., a former English colony, originally imported the shareholder derivative device and other aspects of its legal system from England. This Article compares the very different paths that shareholder derivative litigation has taken in these two countries. It specifically examines the significance of the United Kingdom’s recent transition to a statutorily-authorized shareholder derivative action that resembles such statutes in many U.S. states. Similar to the U.S., Canada and Australia were once English colonies and their legal systems are also rooted in English legal traditions. Canada and Australia are also now authorizing shareholder derivative actions through adoption of laws comparable to those of many U.S. states. This Article considers the reasons prompting such changes and their potential ramifications. While critics of shareholder derivative litigation in the U.S. appear to have been largely ignored, other countries are adopting statutes that resemble those of many U.S. states. Scholars, courts, and legislatures in the U.S. must focus on reforming the perceived deficiencies of shareholder derivative actions to influence the future contours of such litigation globally.
Vascular tortuosity in endovascular mechanical thrombectomy

Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy effectively removes occlusive thrombi from the arterial lumen; however, there is little literature supporting the relevance of vascular geometry on surgical outcomes. Critical vessel characteristics including the degree of angulation and tortuosity influence the ability to advance stent retriever devices toward the site of occlusion. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the impact of carotid artery catheter pathway accessibility on the thrombectomy outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. Traditional imaging modalities generate incomplete pictures of the vascular tortuosity and are prone to clinical judgment errors. Recent three-dimensional computed tomography angiography image analysis techniques circumvent these limitations to calculate accurate tortuosity and angulation measurements. These novel images facilitate classifying common anatomical variant patients into groups that may be treated with specially designed catheter devices. Importantly, this image analysis method reveals significant angulation in the common carotid artery and extracranial internal carotid artery that correlates with delays in reaching the occlusion site. Increased age, which is associated with increased risk of stroke, also increases the incidence of severe tortuosity. The semi-automated measurements technique also demonstrate that full 360° arterial loops are present in nearly 3% of catheter pathways and that the overall degree of angulation differs bilaterally. In this review, we examine the utility of this novel image analysis procedure and evaluate the recent literature relevant to neuroendovascular thrombectomy in AIS patients. Three literature databases - PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were queried for original articles investigating both preclinical and clinical thrombectomy applications.
Revisioning: African-American Women and Nonprofit Leadership

African-American women represent an untapped resource and bring with them transformational characteristics and resilience that are vital to the increasingly complex world of nonprofit leadership. This sector will lose 75% of its leaders soon with the retirement of baby boomers. It is crucial that nonprofits consider the next chapter in leadership. This paper is based on a mixed-methods study of the leadership styles and resilience of African-American women leaders in nonprofit organizations. Including these women in the leadership pool makes sense to the future and continuing success of nonprofit organizations. Subscribe to JNEL
Comparison of transradial and transfemoral access for the Woven EndoBridge embolization of intracranial aneurysms: A single-center experience.

BackgroundTransradial access has been adopted more commonly in the neuroendovascular field. However, the experience of using this access for the Woven EndoBridge embolization of intracranial aneury...
Isolation and characterization of mutants with deletions in dnaQ, the gene for the editing subunit of DNA polymerase III in Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract dnaQ (mutD) encodes the editing exonuclease subunit (epsilon) of DNA polymerase III. Previously described mutations in dnaQ include dominant and recessive mutator alleles as well as leaky temperature-sensitive alleles. We describe the properties of strains bearing null mutations (deletion-substitution alleles) of this gene. Null mutants exhibited a growth defect as well as elevated spontaneous mutation. As a consequence of the poor growth of dnaQ mutants and their high mutation rate, these strains were replaced within single colonies by derivatives carrying an extragenic suppressor mutation that compensated the growth defect but apparently not the mutator effect. Sixteen independently derived suppressors mapped in the vicinity of dnaE, the gene for the polymerization subunit (alpha) of DNA polymerase III, and one suppressor that was sequenced encoded an altered alpha polypeptide. Partially purified DNA polymerase III containing this altered alpha subunit was active in polymerization assays. In addition to their dependence on a suppressor mutation affecting alpha, dnaQ mutants strictly required DNA polymerase I for viability. We argue from these data that in the absence of epsilon, DNA replication falters unless secondary mechanisms, including genetically coded alteration in the intrinsic replication capacity of alpha and increased use of DNA polymerase I, come into play. Thus, epsilon plays a role in DNA replication distinct from its known role in controlling spontaneous mutation frequency.
The Magnetic Susceptibility of Oxidized and Reduced Ferredoxins from Spinach and Parsley and the High Potential Protein from Chromatium

Abstract We have measured the magnetic susceptibility of the iron-sulfur proteins, ferredoxin from both spinach and parsley, and high potential protein from Chromatium in the oxidized and reduced state. Over the temperature range 1.4-201° K the oxidized plant proteins are either totally diamagnetic or exhibit trace paramagnetism. The reduced proteins are strongly paramagnetic with a susceptibility appropriate for a single unpaired electron per molecule of protein. The protein from Chromatium is strongly paramagnetic in the oxidized state, again with 1 unpaired electron per molecule of protein. The reduced protein is essentially diamagnetic.
Fast Parallel Montgomery Binary Exponentiation Algorithm Using Canonical- Signed-Digit Recoding Technique

In this paper, a new parallel Montgomery binary exponentiation algorithm was proposed. This algorithm is based on the Montgomery modular reduction technique, binary method, common-multiplicand-multiplication (CMM) algorithm, and the canonical-signed-digit recoding (CSD) technique. By using the CMM algorithm of computing the common part from two modular multiplications, the same common part in two modular multiplications can be computed once rather twice, we can thus improve the efficiency of the binary exponentiation algorithm by decreasing the number of modular multiplications. Furthermore, by using the proposed parallel CMM-CSD Montgomery binary exponentiation algorithm, the total number of single-precision multiplications can be reduced by about 66.7% and 30% as compared with the original Montgomery algorithm and the Ha-Moon's improved Montgomery algorithm, respectively.
Regulation of interferon-gamma during innate and adaptive immune responses.

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is crucial for immunity against intracellular pathogens and for tumor control. However, aberrant IFN-gamma expression has been associated with a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This cytokine is produced predominantly by natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells as part of the innate immune response, and by Th1 CD4 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector T cells once antigen-specific immunity develops. Herein, we briefly review the functions of IFN-gamma, the cells that produce it, the cell extrinsic signals that induce its production and influence the differentiation of naive T cells into IFN-gamma-producing effector T cells, and the signaling pathways and transcription factors that facilitate, induce, or repress production of this cytokine. We then review and discuss recent insights regarding the molecular regulation of IFN-gamma, focusing on work that has led to the identification and characterization of distal regulatory elements and epigenetic modifications with the IFN-gamma locus (Ifng) that govern its expression. The epigenetic modifications and three-dimensional structure of the Ifng locus in naive CD4 T cells, and the modifications they undergo as these cells differentiate into effector T cells, suggest a model whereby the chromatin architecture of Ifng is poised to facilitate either rapid opening or silencing during Th1 or Th2 differentiation, respectively.
The regulation of CD5 expression in murine T cells

CD5 is a pan-T cell surface marker that is also present on a subset of B cells, B-1a cells.Functional and developmental subsets of T cells express characteristic CD5 levels that vary over roughly a 30-fold range. Previous investigators have cloned a 1.7 Kb fragment containing the CD5 promoter and showed that it can confer similar lymphocyte-specific expression pattern as observed for endogenous CD5 expression. We further characterize the CD5 promoter and identify minimal and regulatory regions on the CD5 promoter. Using a luciferase reporter system, we show that a 43 bp region on the CD5 promoter regulates CD5 expression in resting mouse thymoma EL4 T cells and that an Ets binding site within the 43 bp region mediates the CD5 expression. In addition, we show that Ets-1, a member of the Ets family of transcription factors, recognizes the Ets binding site in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). This Ets binding site is directly responsible for the increase in reporter activity when co-transfected with increasing amounts of Ets-1 expression plasmid. We also identify two additional evolutionarily-conserved regions in the CD5 promoter (CD5X and CD5Y) and demonstrate the respective roles of the each region in the regulation of CD5 transcription. Our studies define a minimal and regulatory promoter for CD5 and show that the CD5 expression level in T cells is at least partially dependent on the level of Ets-1 protein. Based on the findings in this report, we propose a model of CD5 transcriptional regulation in T cells.
Effect of the magnetic field applied during cooling on magnetic hysteresis in the low‐temperature phase of magnetite: First‐order reversal curve (FORC) analysis

The strength of a magnetic field applied during cooling through the Verwey transition can control the low-temperature (LT) magnetic hysteresis properties of magnetite. This effect is investigated using the first-order reversal curve (FORC) technique. LT FORC distributions were measured at 20 K from four polycrystalline samples after cooling from 300 K in zero magnetic field or in the presence of a magnetic field (HFC) from a 0.01 to 1.5 T range. The samples represented nearly single-domain (SD), pseudo-single-domain (PSD), and multidomain (MD) magnetic hysteresis behavior. The LT FORC distributions measured from PSD magnetite after zero field cooling are characterized by two distinct maxima located almost symmetrically with respect to the zero interaction field (Hu = 0) axis on a FORC diagram. Application of an intermediate magnetic field (10 mT to 50 mT) during cooling results in a shift of the peaks to near symmetry with respect to the Hu = HFC line. The manifestation of the field-controlled offset of FORC distribution strongly depends on the direction of the field HFC; the effect is best expressed when a FORC diagram is measured parallel or antiparallel to the cooling field direction. For HFC > 100 mT, the upper peak disappears, and the LT FORC distribution becomes single-peaked and symmetrical with respect to the Hu = 0 axis. In contrast, no correlation between HFC and features of FORC distributions is observed for SD and MD magnetite. These experimental results provide further support to a phenomenological model which suggests that magnetic hysteresis behavior of monoclinic magnetite is controlled by an intrinsic interplay between the magnetic and crystallographic twin domain structures.
Bringing Organizations Back In: Perspectives on Service-Learning, Community Partnership and Democratic Thinking in a Voter Engagement Project

The potential of service-learning to foster democratic thinking is often unrealized. The absence of political learning in service-learning has been a subject of particular concern. Drawing on student reflections, pre- and post-test surveys and the perspectives of two faculty members and a community organizer, this article examines the ways in which a year-long, interdisciplinary voter engagement service-learning partnership between a community-based organization and a public university promoted democratic thinking and democratic action. The project helped students understand issues of inequality situated in voting rights, race and class; strengthened relationships between the community and university; and contributed to voter participation. Students came to see organizations, activism and public policy as important antidotes to political inequality. We argue that partnerships with advocacy groups to support political change constitute an important aspect of educating for democracy; these collaborative endeavors challenge views of politics that negate the importance of government, political participation and collective action. Keywords: democratic thinking, voting, organizational partnerships, inequality
SOLID SOLUTION MODEL FOR INTERSTELLAR DUST GRAINS AND THEIR ORGANICS

We present a dust grain model based on the fundamental principle of solid solutions. The model is applicable to the mineral (silicate) component of the dust in the interstellar medium (ISM). We show that nanometer-sized mineral grains,which condense inthe gas-rich outflowof late-stage stars or expandinggas shellsofsupernova explosions,do notconsistof justhighmeltingpointoxidesorsilicates. Insteadtheyformsolidsolutionswithgas-phasecomponents H2O, CO, and CO2 that are omnipresent in environments where the grains condense. Through a series of thermodynamically well-understood solid-state processes, these solid solutions beco me ‘‘parents’’ of organic matter that precipitates inside the grains. Thus, the mineral dust grains and their organics become part of the same thermodynamicallydefinedsolidphaseand,hence,physicallyinseparable.Thismodelcanaccountformanyastronomical observations,whichnopriormodelcanadequatelyaddress,specifically:(1)OrganicsinthediffuseISMareidentified
Absorption of (14)C-Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) from Soils through Excised Human Skin.

ABSTRACTCyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), a compound used widely in bursting-type munitions, is a concern for the U.S. Department of Defense because it has been detected in soil and groundwater at military installations. Dermal absorption of 14C-RDX from acetone solutions and from two different soils was studied using excised human skin (from surgery) in flow-through diffusion cells. RDX in acetone (10 μL) or in soils (10 mg) was applied to the epidermal surface of the skin (0.64 cm2) and allowed to transverse the skin and become dissolved in a reservoir of receptor fluid that was maintained in contact with the dermal surface. The reservoir was of the flow-through type and receptor fluid was pumped at a rate of 1.5 mL/h. Receptor fluid was collected every 6 h for 24 h. Because the bioavailability of a chemical from soils depends on soil composition, dermal absorption of 14C-RDX from both a low-carbon (1.9%) and a high-carbon (9.5%) soil was assessed. At the conclusion of the experiment, the RDX remaini...
Physical map of the Clostridium difficile chromosome

Clostridium difficile is a causative agent in antibiotically induced diarrhea and pseudomembraneous colitis. The ability of strains of C. difficile to cause disease depends upon the presence of two toxin genes and their corresponding proteins, designated toxin A and toxin B. Previous studies conducted in this laboratory indicated that toxigenic strains of C. difficile possess both toxin genes, whereas non-toxigenic strains do not. Likewise, the studies showed that toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of C. difficile differ significantly in chromosomal organization by ribotype analysis. Therefore, the chromosomal organization of a reference strain was investigated. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis was utilized to generate a physical map of the chromosome of the toxigenic Clostridium difficile strain ATCC 43594. Restriction digestions of whole chromosomes with the enzymes NruI and SacII generated consistent macrofragment profiles. NruI digestion resulted in 14 discernible bands containing 16 fragments of DNA. SacII digestions resulted in 14 discernible bands containing 15 fragments of DNA. Restriction digestions with both SacII and NruI resulted in 21 discernible bands containing 31 fragments of DNA. Probing of single and double digests with an extensive set of NruI and SacII single- and double-digest bands clarified the location of individual fragments in relation to one another, resulting in a restriction map of the chromosome. PCR-generated probes of five loci of C. difficile were used to map the location of seven genes on the chromosome. Finally, the addition of all fragments from NruI, SacII and NruI/SacII digestions resulted in an approximate chromosome size of 4.4 Mb.
Propagator matrices as matrices of power's series. II. It's relationship with HF's stability problem and alternative solutions

Some non-singlet quasi-instabilities (QIs) cases that arise in the calculation of NMR-J parameters are analyzed within response theory. The relationship between ‘very close to zero’ eigenvalues of the principal propagator and the rate of convergency for specific coupling pathways is shown by a power series implemented to calculate the principal propagator matrix. A natural criterion for the analysis of the stability problem emerges from that series. This is more general and accurate compared with previous proposals. Its relationship with p-type molecular orbitals is given. We present an alternative scheme to minimize the effects of non-singlet QIs in such a way that the NMR-J parameters become close to the best theoretical calculations for H2CX (X ¼ CH2, NH and O). q 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
METHODOLOGY FOR AN INSTRUMENTED GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS1

(1963). METHODOLOGY FOR AN INSTRUMENTED GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS1. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 194-203.
Maintaining a nonproliferation regime

Three-and-a-half decades have passed since the energy of the atom was used in warfare. Yet rather than nuclear doom, the world has seen a surprising nuclear stability thus far. Equally remarkable is the fact that over the same period nuclear technology has spread to more than two score nations, yet only a small fraction have chosen to develop nuclear weaponry. A third notable point has been the development of an international nonproliferation regime—a set of rules, norms, and institutions, which haltingly and albeit imperfectly, has discouraged the proliferation of nuclear weapons capability.The wrong policies in the 1980s—i.e., policies that put the United States in an overly rigid position on the nuclear fuel cycle or which lower the priority the United States gives to the issue in security terms—could still sacrifice the current modest success in regime maintenance. Unfortunately, there is no simple solution to the political problem of proliferation. But given the difficulty of constructing international institutions in a world of sovereign states, and the risks attendant upon their collapse, political wisdom begins with efforts to maintain the existing regime with its presumption against proliferation.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Trace Metals from Solid and Liquid Materials for Analytical Applications.

Metal ions in solid and liquid materials can be extracted by supercritical CO 2 containing a suitable ligand. Bis(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamate is an effective ligand for the extraction of transition metals and non-metals in supercritical CO 2 . Fluorinated β-diketones and tributyl phosphate in supercritical CO 2 exhibit a positive synergistic extraction for the lanthanides and actinides from solid and liquid samples. Triazole containing crown ethers can also be used for selective extraction of heavy metals in supercritical CO 2
Residential Location, Housing Demand and Labour Supply Decisions of One- and Two-Earner Households: The Case of Bogota, Colombia

This paper is concerned with the simultaneous determination of housing consumption, residential location and the labour supply decisions of one-earner and two-earner households. The model is applied to the city of Bogota, Colombia. It finds that housing consumption and location as well as labour supply decisions vary across gender and household type. The paper suggests that married women who work in the labour market have the burden of a long journey-to-work and a probable heavy share of household responsibilities; their well-being is further eroded by lower wages and compensatingly long hours of work.
How Therapists Harm Marriages and What We Can Do About It

Abstract Two dangers now face married people who seek therapy as individuals or as couples. The first danger is individually trained therapists who are incompetent in working with couples. The second is therapists, whether competent or not, whose individualistic value orientation leads them to undermine marital commitment when the marriage causes distress for an individual. In our consumer culture, some therapists follow the cultural script that regards marriage as a lifestyle to be abandoned if it is not working for either of its customers. We need a searching discussion in the field about how to address our complicity in unnecessary divorces, and a series of reforms to improve how marital problems are treated in clinical practice.
Omega experiments and preparation for direct-drive ignition on NIF

Direct-drive laser-fusion ignition experiments rely on detailed understanding and control of irradiation uniformity, the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, and target fabrication. LLE is investigating various theoretical aspects of a direct-drive NIF ignition target based on an 'all-DT' design: a spherical target of approximately 3.5-mm diameter, 1 to 2 micrometers of CH wall thickness, and an approximately 350-micrometers DT-ice layer near the triple point of DT. OMEGA experiments are designed to address the critical issues related to direct-drive laser fusion and to provide the necessary data to validate the predictive capability of LLE computer codes. The cryogenic targets planned for OMEGA are hydrodynamically equivalent to those planned for the NIF. The current experimental studies on OMEGA address all of the essential components of direct- drive laser fusion: irradiation uniformity and laser imprinting, Rayleigh-Taylor growth and saturation, compressed core performance and shell-fuel mixing, laser- plasma interactions and their effect on target performance, and cryogenic target fabrication and handling.
Technology and tank maintenance: An AI-based diagnostic system for the Abrams tank

Abstract The U.S. Army holds title to one of the most envied weapon systems developed—the Abrams main battle tank (MBT). Militarily, this weapon represents the epitome of lethality and survivability on today's modern battlefield. To combat difficulties associated with maintaining this sophisticated weapon, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and the U.S. Army Ordnance Center and School (OC&S) combined technologies from artificial intelligence with Army tank maintenance doctrine to develop an expert diagnostic system to assist Abrams' mechanics. The system, known as turbine engine diagnostics (TED), targets the mechanic's ability to effectively and efficiently diagnose and repair the Abram's engine and transmission. The OC&S estimates that TED will save over $8 million annually by enhancing the Abrams mechanic's troubleshooting capabilities. Limited fielding of TED began in July 1994 to 60 National Guard units in 30 states. Active units of the U.S. Army will receive TED in fiscal year 1996. This paper examines the relevant background, development issues, system overview, test results, and future efforts surrounding the TED project.
Fast retrieval of isolated visual shapes

Similarity-based retrieval from databases of isolated visual shapes has become an important information retrieval problem. The goal of the current work is to achieve high retrieval speed with reasonable retrieval effectiveness, and support for partial and occluded shape queries. In the proposed method, histograms of local shape parts are coded as index vectors. To increase retrieval accuracy, a rich set of parts at all scales of the shape is used; specifically, the parts are defined as connected sequences of regions in curvature scale space. To increase efficiency, structural indexing is used to compare the index vectors of the query and database shapes. In experimental evaluations, the method retrieved at least one similar shape in the top three retrieved items 99-100% of the time, depending on the database. Average retrieval times ranged from 0.7 ms on a 131-shape database to 7 ms on a 1310-shape database. The method is thus suitable for fast, approximate shape retrieval in comparison with more accurate but more costly structural matching.
A study and benchmark of DNcon: a method for protein residue-residue contact prediction using deep networks

Background: In recent years, the use and importance of predicted protein residue-residue contacts has grown considerably with demonstrated applications such as drug design, protein tertiary structure prediction and model quality assessment. Nevertheless, reported accuracies in the range of 25-35% stubbornly remain the norm for sequence based, long range contact predictions on hard targets. This is in spite of a prolonged effort on behalf of the community to improve the performance of residue-residue contact prediction. A thorough study of the quality of current residue-residue contact predictions and the evaluation metrics used as well as an analysis of current methods is needed to stimulate further advancement in contact prediction and its application. Such a study will better explain the quality and nature of residue-residue contact predictions generated by current methods and as a result lead to better use of this contact information. Results: We evaluated several sequence based residue-residue contact predictors that participated in the tenth Critical Assessment of protein Structure Prediction (CASP) experiment. The evaluation was performed using standard assessment techniques such as those used by the official CASP assessors as well as two novel evaluation metrics (i.e., cluster accuracy and cluster count). An in-depth analysis revealed that while most residue-residue contact predictions generated are not accurate at the residue level, there is quite a strong contact signal present when allowing for less than residue level precision. Our residue-residue contact predictor, DNcon, performed particularly well achieving an accuracy of 66% for the top L/10 long range contacts when evaluated in a neighbourhood of size 2. The coverage of residue-residue contact areas was also greater with DNcon when compared to other methods. We also provide an analysis of DNcon with respect to its underlying architecture and features used for classification. Conclusions: Our novel evaluation metrics demonstrate that current residue-residue contact predictions do contain a strong contact signal and are of better quality than standard evaluation metrics indicate. Our method, DNcon, is a robust, state-of-the-art residue-residue sequence based contact predictor and excelled under a number of evaluation schemes. It is available as a web service at http://iris.rnet.missouri.edu/dncon/.