cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association Between Patient Social Risk and Physician Performance Scores in the First Year of the Merit-based Incentive Payment System

Importance The US Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) is a major Medicare value-based payment program aimed at improving quality and reducing costs. Little is known about how physicians’ performance varies by social risk of their patients. Objective To determine the relationship between patient social risk and physicians’ scores in the first year of MIPS. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional study of physicians participating in MIPS in 2017. Exposures Physicians in the highest quintile of proportion of dually eligible patients served; physicians in the 3 middle quintiles; and physicians in the lowest quintile. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the 2017 composite MIPS score (range, 0-100; higher scores indicate better performance). Payment rates were adjusted –4% to 4% based on scores. Results The final sample included 284 544 physicians (76.1% men, 60.1% with ≥20 years in practice, 11.9% in rural location, 26.8% hospital-based, and 24.6% in primary care). The mean composite MIPS score was 73.3. Physicians in the highest risk quintile cared for 52.0% of dually eligible patients; those in the 3 middle risk quintiles, 21.8%; and those in the lowest risk quintile, 6.6%. After adjusting for medical complexity, the mean MIPS score for physicians in the highest risk quintile (64.7) was lower relative to scores for physicians in the middle 3 (75.4) and lowest (75.9) risk quintiles (difference for highest vs middle 3, –10.7 [95% CI, –11.0 to –10.4]; highest vs lowest, –11.2 [95% CI, –11.6 to –10.8];P Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional analysis of physicians who participated in the first year of the Medicare MIPS program, physicians with the highest proportion of patients dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid had significantly lower MIPS scores compared with other physicians. Further research is needed to understand the reasons underlying the differences in physician MIPS scores by levels of patient social risk.
Ideology and Risk Focus: Conservatism and Opinion‐Writing In the U.S. Supreme Court

Neuroscience proffers evidence that self‐described conservatives have stronger fear responses and aversion to risk than self‐described liberals. Combined with studies showing that judicial ideology drives the content of Supreme Court majority opinions, I argue that conservatism is linked to risk focus in Supreme Court majority opinions. I use the Language Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software on a sample of Supreme Court majority opinions, and find that conservative opinions score higher on the LIWC dimension called Risk Focus than liberal opinions. This effect is enhanced in criminal procedural cases. If conservative judges’ perceptions of risk are inflated, and if such perceptions are reflected in the binding opinions that they author, then such opinions’ heightened sense of risk may influence the perceptions of risk of lower‐court judges, which may in turn affect their decision‐making in such important areas as sentencing and convictions. Such a pattern raises important questions for the thousands of lower‐court decisions which impact the basic liberties of American citizens. Objective To determine whether judicial ideology affects the focus on risk of Supreme Court opinions. Methods Original, random sampling of 1200‐1300 Court opinions; use of LIWC software to analyze risk focus of each opinion; regression analysis of ideology on risk focus. Results As ideology becomes more conservative, the Court's opinions demonstrate increased evidence of focus on risk. This effect is pronounced in criminal procedure cases. Conclusion The theory is supported. Increasingly conservative Court opinions demonstrate an increased focus on risk.
SARS-COV-2 transmission rate is low when following a COVID+ patient in the operating room.

Acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection for uninfected patients undergoing surgical procedures following a COVID positive (COVID+) patient is of significant concern, both for patients seeking medical care in hospital settings and for management of surgical services during pandemic times. Using data identifying all COVID+ surgical patients during the initial pandemic peak in New York City (March 15 to May 15, 2020), we analyzed the rate of postoperative symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID negative (COVID−) patients undergoing surgery in the same operating room within 48 h, thus determining nosocomial symptomatic infection rate attributable to COVID operating room exposure. Five COVID− patients directly followed a COVID+ patient, while 19 patients were exposed to COVID+ operating rooms within 24 h. By 48 h, 21 additional patients were exposed. No exposed patients acquired symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection postoperatively. With implementation of infection prevention and control procedures in the operating room under local pandemic conditions, our findings suggest that the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection, when following a COVID+ patient in the same operating room, is very low.
Characteristics of Successful Health Alliance Strategies: Evidence From Rural Healthcare Experiences.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The formation of regional strategic alliances continues to be a well-evidenced response to a varying array of market forces that are challenging the ability of healthcare institutions to realize their missions. Organizations that serve rural communities especially feel pressure to initiate the formation of these collaborative arrangements.In response to concerns of Pennsylvania legislators regarding the impact of these alliances on rural healthcare entities, the Center for Rural Pennsylvania funded a study of outcomes of regional strategic alliances involving rural healthcare institutions. Although the research focused on outcomes, the data also revealed organizational characteristics and patterns of decisions and actions that separated rural healthcare institutions with greater alliance outcome success from their peers serving other rural communities. Strategic leadership and interorganizational management expertise serve as the foundation for decisions and actions beginning before an active search for an alliance and culminating with the achievement of alliance goals. Commitments to collaborative leadership, purposeful partnership, coordination, and progress thematically represent the series of critical decisions and actions collectively required to achieve strategic alliance success. The case of the Laurel Health System illustrates these commitments.Although the findings are based on an intensive review of regional strategic alliances involving rural healthcare institutions, the lessons presented here are transferable to community healthcare organizations regardless of location.
Enhancing Great Lakes coastal ecosystems research by initiating engagement between scientists and decision-makers

Abstract A disconnect between scientific research and environmental management communities can be a detriment to both. In the case of Great Lakes coastal ecosystems, which are inherently complex and subject to uncertain effects of future climatic, environmental, and anthropogenic drivers, greater collaboration could be beneficial to their sustainability. We capture the challenges and opportunities identified by a scientist/decision-maker co-production workshop focused on the future environmental quality of Great Lakes coastal wetlands. We explain our path through the stakeholder workshop process, our challenges in translating meeting outcomes into actionable items, and lessons learned to bridge gaps between scientists and decision-makers. Additionally, we determine topics and directions identified by decision-makers that can be modeled with existing technologies and others that require further research. These topics may be incorporated into future research efforts and could serve as a shortlist of research priorities that were identified by decision-makers working with coastal wetland issues. Based on lessons learned during and after the workshop, we provide suggestions for bridging the gap between researchers and decision-makers, including sustained engagement between these groups and improved interaction through the beginning, duration, and end of research and/or management efforts.
Contractual mechanisms of investor protection in non-listed limited liability companies

This empirical study analyzes the operating agreements of almost 300 non-listed LLCs formed in Delaware to establish the demand for freedom of contract in LLC governance and to examine the practice of investor rights in non-listed LLCs.
The Acari Hypothesis, II: Interspecies Operability of Pattern Recognition Receptors

Hypersensitivity to galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal) is an informative example of a pathologic IgE-mediated process. By way of their saliva, ticks are able to sensitize humans to tick dietary elements that express α-gal. Mites, which along with ticks constitute the phyletic subclass Acari, feed on proteinaceous foodstuffs that represent most, if not all, human allergens. Given: (1) the gross nature of the pathophysiological reactions of allergy, especially anaphylaxis, (2) the allergenicity of acarian foodstuffs, and (3) the relatedness of ticks and mites, it has been hypothesized that human-acarian interactions are cardinal to the pathogenesis of allergy. In this report, a means by which such interactions contribute to that pathogenesis is proposed.
Recruitment into a Clinical Trial of People Living with Uncontrolled HIV Infection Who Inject Drugs: a Site Case Report from the CTN 67 CHOICES Study

CHOICES was an open-label, randomized, comparative effectiveness trial of office-based extended-release naltrexone versus treatment as usual in people with untreated opioid use disorder and HIV. This study explored facilitators to recruitment in Miami, a successful recruiting site in the national trial. The mixed-methods study included quantitative surveys of randomized participants, medical record abstraction, and qualitative interviews with study staff. Miami recruited 47 (40.5%) of 116 randomized participants in the six-site national trial. In-depth interviews of study staff (n = 6) revealed that Miami had a recruitment approach consisting of street level outreach and a close relationship with the local syringe services program (SSP). Partnership with a local SSP provided access to people living with HIV who inject drugs in Miami. SSPs’ fundamental trust within the community of people who inject drugs can be leveraged in studies aiming to improve health outcomes in this underserved and high-priority population.
6 – A Small-Strain Viscoplasticity Theory Based on Overstress

This chapter focuses on the viscoplasticity theory based on overstress (VBO) for small strain, isotropy, and isochoric inelastic deformation. VBO is a unified theory without a yield surface representing a solid. The total strain rate is the sum of the elastic and inelastic strain rates. The inelastic strain rate is an increasing function of the overstress, the difference between the stress and the equilibrium stress, which is a state variable of the theory. The overstress is a measure of rate dependence. The purpose of the kinematic stress, a second state variable, is to model work hardening (softening) in monotonic loading. The isotropic stress or rate independent stress, the third state variable, is constant for cyclic neutral behavior. For cyclic hardening or softening, a growth law is needed. It also changes when high homologous temperature behavior is modeled. Asymptotic solutions for constant strain rate exist and are useful in the identification of rate-dependent and rate-independent contributions to the stress.
Exposure therapy and post-traumatic stress disorder

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the posttraumatic disorders and its treatment through exposure therapy. Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are extremely common types of mental disorders. Findings from the national comorbidity survey indicate that 60.7% of men and 51.2% of women have experienced some events of sufficient intensity to potentially elicit symptoms of PTSD. Among those exposed to trauma, 8.2% of men and 20.4% of women develop PTSD. PTSD is among the most prevalent disorders, and it has powerful consequences for those affected. For this reason, it is particularly important to identify effective treatments. PTSD is composed of five diagnostic criteria. (1) The individual must have experienced, witnessed, or confronted one or more traumatic events. (2) The response to the trauma must have involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror. (3) The event must be persistently experienced through distressing memories, dreams, or flashbacks, and exposure to reminders of the trauma produces distress and physiologically arousal.(4) Efforts are made to avoid trauma-related thoughts, feelings, sensations, places, or people. Avoidance strategies may be either direct or indirect. (5) After the trauma, there is a persistent increase in physiological arousal. Examples of hyperarousal include difficulty falling/staying asleep, irritability, difficulty concentrating, hypervigilance, or an exaggerated startle reflex.
Miscellaneous Structure Types

Light-frame construction, pole buildings, and timber bridges were introduced in Chapter 1 but essentially ignored thereafter. Each of these deserves further attention, so this chapter covers them in greater detail. It also introduces the subject of wood foundations. Design features of the other principal building types (heavy timber, and post and beam) have already been discussed.
Health issue commodity promotion: Impacts on US edible vegetable oil demand

Abstract Analysis of monthly data for January 1980 through December 1990 provides evidence that an American Soybean Association (ASA) promotional campaign focusing negative attention on the health issue of tropical oils induced structural change in US domestic consumption of edible palm and coconut oils. Evidence strongly suggests that the decline in tropical oil imports and consumption can be attributed to processor changes in inputs resulting from perceived consumer responses to the ASA health issues campaign. The study found prices of tropical oils to be insignificant in determining short-run soybean and cottonseed oil demand. Conversely, such domestic commodity promotion campaigns may have devastating s hort-term impacts on imports, which in turn are significant to the exports of a small number of producing countries. If the perceived negative attributes are less serious than implied, counter-promotion may diminish consumers' concerns over time or create new product markets, and declining tropical oil imports might be only temporarily affected.
Evaluating the performance of prosthetic heart valves: transvalvular pressure drop vs. vortex ring formation number

Heart valve replacement surgery is the second most common heart operation worldwide. This surgery is often the result of congenital disorders, valve malfunctioning, and heart failure. Although prosthetic heart valves have evolved since the first heart valve replacement surgery, prosthetic heart valves still do not come close to the performance of natural and healthy heart valves. A prominent performance metric used by the FDA to evaluate prosthetic heart valves is transvalvular pressure drop. Through in-vitro experimentation, this paper showcases the value of also using vortex ring formation number as a metric of prosthetic heart valve performance because it offers deeper insight into the performance of not only the prosthetic heart valve but the performance of the heart itself. The Vortex Ring Formation Number is an index used to quantify how optimal the vortex ring is in the heart. Vortex rings naturally form when the fluid shear layers shed past the tips of the heart valve leaflets. If the vortex ring formation number is outside of the optimal range, it results in negative effects to the heart. Herein, we evaluate three prosthetic heart valves and compare vortex ring formation numbers across a variety of simulated heart conditions, healthy and diseased. Vortex ring formation number shows great promise in differentiating prosthetic heart valve performance and provides deeper insight into how well the heart is performing. We propose for vortex ring formation number to become a standard performance metric for the Food and Drug Administration approved prosthetic heart valves.
The Role of the OECD and EU Conventions in Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials

The OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (the OECD Convention) obligates signatory nations to make bribery of foreign public officials a criminal act on an extraterritorial basis. The purposes of this article are to describe the nature and consequences of bribery, outline the major provisions of the OECD Convention, and analyze its role in promoting transparency and accountability in international business. While the OECD Convention is not expected to totally eliminate the seeking or taking of bribes, there are hopes that a uniform set of rules will curtail corrupt behavior, as long as those rules are both enforceable and enforced.
Coordinated control of two robot arms

A computer control structure has been designed and implemented to enable two robot arms to function in a coordinated manner. One algorithm has been derived and implemented but not tested for a closed-loop configuration. Errors for the open-loop operation are given in the report.
A water vapor profiling technique using combined simple DIAL and columnar microwave measurements

Describes recent technological advances that enable the efficient measurement of atmospheric water vapour profiles. In particular eye safe visible and near IR lidars that use GaAlAs are considered. The possibility is investigated of calibrating the lidar when the molecular cross-section is unknown by making use of auxiliary information in the form of microwave radiometry derived column water vapour amount. >
Antenna design via current control of antenna currents using theory of Characteristic Modes

An approach for designing antennas using the concept of current control and reactive loading is presented. This scheme is based on a modal analysis referred to as Characteristic Modes (CM) which is used to obtain physical insight about the antenna's behavior and to modify/improve the antenna's currents to achieve the desired goals. The scheme could be applied to obtain wideband impedance and radiation pattern behavior; however, the reactive loads may exhibit a non-foster behavior which requires active devices. If the wideband condition is relaxed, the technique can be applied to design multiband antennas for various applications where the loads can be foster (lumped elements). The technique was applied to a Universal Serial Bus (USB) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) antennas and yielded a much improved antenna performance.
Force-Regulated In Situ TCR–Peptide-Bound MHC Class II Kinetics Determine Functions of CD4+ T Cells

We have recently shown that two-dimensional (2D) and force-regulated kinetics of TCR-peptide-bound MHC class I (pMHC-I) interactions predict responses of CD8(+) T cells. To test whether these findings are applicable to CD4(+) T cells, we analyzed the in situ 3.L2 TCR-pMHC-II interactions for a well-characterized panel of altered peptide ligands on the T cell surface using the adhesion frequency assay with a micropipette and the thermal fluctuation and force-clamp assays with a biomembrane force probe. We found that the 2D effective TCR-pMHC-II affinity and off-rate correlate with, but better predict the T cell response than, the corresponding measurements with the surface plasmon resonance in three dimensions. The 2D affinity of the CD4 for MHC-II was very low, approaching the detection limit, making it one to two orders of magnitude lower than the affinity of CD8 for MHC-I. In addition, the signal-dependent cooperation between TCR and coreceptor for pMHC binding previously observed for CD8 was not observed for CD4. Interestingly, force elicited TCR-pMHC-II catch-slip bonds for agonists but slip-only bonds for antagonists, thereby amplifying the power of discrimination between altered peptide ligands. These results show that the force-regulated 2D binding kinetics of the 3.L2 TCR for pMHC-II determine functions of CD4(+) T cells.
Measuring RNA:DNA ratios in individual Acartia tonsa (Copepoda)

Acartia tonsa Dana is a dominant copepod in coastal waters and is therefore an important link in the food web between microplankton and higher trophic levels. RNA:DNA ratios have been used to describe growth and nutritional condition of field-collected copepods and to show strong correlation between RNA:DNA ratios and group egg production (EP). A method was developed using a sensitive, nucleic acid-specific fluorescent dye, and automated microplate fluorometer to measure DNA, RNA, and the RNA:DNA ratio of individual A. tonsa. DNA, RNA, and RNA:DNA ratios and EP were all significantly higher in copepods fed Thalassiosira sp. compared to starved copepods. There was a general trend toward an increase in RNA:DNA ratios with increase in EP, but due to the high degree of variation in both RNA:DNA ratios and EP among individual copepods there was no significant correlation between RNA:DNA ratios and EP. Significant differences in RNA:DNA ratios between fed (7.2) and starved (3.3) copepods were found after 2 days. This assay may be applied to other species of copepods sampled in the field to provide an index of the health of planktonic food webs.
Hysteresis in the sorption and desorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants by soils and sediments: 1. A comparative analysis of experimental protocols

Abstract Sorption and desorption equilibria were measured for an organic contaminant probe, phenanthrene, and five EPA reference soils and sediments to evaluate the existence and extent of apparent isotherm hysteresis. Three different experimental protocols were tested to assess their relative potentials for introduction of artifact. The results reveal that: i) all systems studied exhibit apparent sorption–desorption hysteresis; ii) the three protocols tested yield significantly different degrees of apparent hysteresis; iii) principal sources of artifact are solute losses to reactor components and failure to achieve equilibrium sorption conditions; iv) isotherm nonlinearity elevates the potential for introduction of artifacts in the quantification of desorption hysteresis; and v) little if any `solids effect' was observed. A single-cycle decant-refill batch reactor technique employing sealed and resealed glass ampules was found to involve minimal potential for introduction of artifacts. The general suitability of the procedure is confirmed in additional studies described in the companion paper of this two-part series.
Recrystallization of (001) oriented gold films into (111) orientation

Abstract During annealing of (001) oriented single crystal gold films the anisotropy of the surface energy caused a transformation of the films into polycrystalline (111) films. The observations suggest an oriented nucleation mechanism which is connected with twins in the (001) matrix. Two distinct orientation relationships were observed. They do not correspond to special orientations with high densities of coincidence sites, but they can be interpreted as relationships with low densities of coincidence sites which are compatible with a dominant tendency to form (111) surfaces.
Family food fights

My interest in this topic was sparked by preliminary research on middle class parents’ struggles with their ‘picky eater’ children over getting them to eat. Besides narrating the way the dinner table became battleground with their own children, many parents also recalled their own childhood family meals. I was truly unprepared and shocked at the waves of angst and pain which emerged from peoples narratives. From this very narrow focus on family struggles, I expand the discussion to the larger question of why people in developed countries are eating fewer home-cooked meals, dinging together less often, and eating more ready-cooked and fast food. This is a response to Sidney Mintz’ recent challenge to food scholars to think seriously about why industrial food has had such a broad historical appeal, despite its dire health consequences and poor gustatory quality. I suggest that various kinds of convenience foods have the potential to solve social problems at the dinner table and prevent food fighting. People may know quite well that the food they are eating is unhealthy and relatively tasteless, but for many that is a price they willingly pay, faced with the alternatives.
Using simulations of solar surface convection as boundary conditions on global simulations

Direct numerical simulations of convective stellar envelopes, are divided between two different physical regimes, that are rather difficult to reconcile — at least with the computational power of present-day computers. This paper outlines an attempt at bridging the gap between surface and interior simulations of convection.
Singing Warriors: Popular Songs in Wartime

Lors des guerres du 20 eme siecle, les soldats americains et anglais etaient encourages grâce a la musique et aux chants populaires qui valorisaient le patriotisme et le sentiment national. Les chansons populaires furent aussi a l'origine du decouragement lors de la guerre du Vietnam, les dirigeants ne parvenant a court-circuiter les mass-media et la colere de la population
Civilian rectal trauma: A changing perspective ☆

Abstract Background: Recently the Organ Injury Scaling Committee of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma developed a Rectal Injury Scaling System (RISS). Little data exist regarding its clinical utility. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 45 patients with rectal injuries to assess the impact of the RISS on patient management and outcome. We compared RISS grade I patients (group I, partial-thickness injury) with patients with grades 2, 3, and 4 injuries (group II, full-thickness injury). Results: Group II underwent distal rectal washout and repair of the injury twice as often and had a significantly higher rate of diversion of the fecal stream. This was associated with a 3-fold increase in complications. The only complications in group I were in patients managed with diversion of the fecal stream and distal rectal washout. Conclusions: Our data suggest that aggressive surgical management for RISS grade I injury may not be necessary. Implementation of therapy based on the RISS may improve outcomes of civilian rectal trauma. (Surgery 1999;126:693-700.)
Increased mercury in forest soils under elevated carbon dioxide

Fossil fuel combustion is the primary anthropogenic source of both CO2 and Hg to the atmosphere. On a global scale, most Hg that enters ecosystems is derived from atmospheric Hg that deposits onto the land surface. Increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 may affect Hg deposition to terrestrial systems and storage in soils through CO2-mediated changes in plant and soil properties. We show, using free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments, that soil Hg concentrations are almost 30% greater under elevated atmospheric CO2 in two temperate forests. There were no direct CO2 effects, however, on litterfall, throughfall or stemflow Hg inputs. Soil Hg was positively correlated with percent soil organic matter (SOM), suggesting that CO2-mediated changes in SOM have influenced soil Hg concentrations. Through its impacts on SOM, elevated atmospheric CO2 may increase the Hg storage capacity of soils and modulate the movement of Hg through the biosphere. Such effects of rising CO2, ones that transcend the typically studied effects on C and nutrient cycling, are an important next phase for research on global environmental change.
Geographical variability in the pericentric inversion system of the grasshopper Trimerotropis pseudofasciata

Island and mainland populations of Trimerotropis pseudofasciata from California were compared with respect to the nature and extent of their percentric inversion systems. Island populations generally have more chromosomes polymorphic for centromere position than mainland populations and a considerably higher percentage of the genome in these island populations is in a structurally heterozygous state. Thus, although geographically peripheral, the islands provide habitats capable of supporting denser and more chromosomally polymorphic populations than the mainland. Chiasmata are generally localized to terminal positions in all classes of chromosomes and do not occur in the inverted regions of inversion heterozygotes. Chiasma frequency is highest in inversion homozygotes. It is hypothesized that the inversion system in T. pseudofasciata serves the dual synergistic function of preserving allelic sequences in the inversion region intact through inversion heterozygosity and limiting the generation of variability in regions outside the inversion by increasing terminal chiasmata. Additionally, it is argued that it is the gene sequence on only the inversion chromosome that is important in Trimerotropis. This condition contrasts with the “co-adapted” pattern seen in Drosophila where the gene sequences on both chromosomes in the inversion heterozygote are simultaneously important.
Introduction: Planned Change in Perspective

The papers of this Symposium share a common theme—planned change—seen in a variety of contexts and from different points of view. Three papers deal with contemporary American society; two with societies in other parts of the world. We made an effort to consider planned change in unusual contexts, and think we have succeeded to some degree. Variety, rather than consensus, was sought; in fact, we felt that the less planning we did on a subject of this kind, the more change—or at least innovation—would take place. My Introduction has no direct relationship to the other papers. It represents an attempt to look at planned change from the most general anthropological perspective: as an ideal, an attitude, and a practice in our contemporary Western culture. As such, it will stand on its own feet and will be considered by one of the commentators.
Teaching database concepts with seed

This paper describes a course in database design taught at Baylor, including a course catalog overview, course outline, related SEED assignments, team oriented term projects, and finally, student reactions to the course.
Internal modification for cutting transparent glass using femtosecond Bessel beams

Taking advantage of the nonlinear laser-material interaction, femtosecond lasers can process transparent materials internally on micro- or nanoscales, whose applications include fabrication of micro-opti- cal waveguides and fluidics, as well as stealth dicing of glass, ceramics, and semiconductor materials. A femtosecond Bessel beam has a long invariant transverse intensity profile up to several millimeters with a width of a few microns. Such characteristics allow the materials process- ing to be completed without moving the beam focusing points as in the case of the Gaussian beam. An experimental femtosecond Bessel beam microprocessing system is built up to investigate the glass internal modification characteristics, such as the width variation and aspect ratios of modification areas. The residual stresses in the irradiated area of glass after modification are also studied using micro Raman spectrum. Finally, an application to thin glass panel cutting is demonstrated by the process of internal modification and breaking. The glass panel is well cut with the chipping on the breaking edge <1 μm. © 2014 Society of Photo-Optical
A procedure for the formulation of bulk transfer coefficients over water

A method suitable for predicting bulk transfer coefficients appropriate to any reasonable height of measurement in the atmospheric surface boundary layer and incorporating the effects of atmospheric stability is based on the assumption that eddy and molecular diffusivities are additive near a water surface. This assumption is supported in the case of sensible heat, by results obtained over Lake Michigan and over an industrial cooling pond at Dresden, Illinois, as well as by published measurements made over Lake Flevo, Holland. The verification appears to extend to wind speeds in the range 10–15 m s−1. The results permit evaluation of transfer coefficients applicable in the demanding situations of inland lakes and artificial cooling ponds.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Translating the Competencies for Counseling with Transgender Clients into Counseling Practice, Research, and Advocacy

This article introduces the Special Issue of the Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling on Counseling Competency with Transgender Clients. The purpose of the special issue is to explore how counselors may use the ACA Competencies for Counseling with Transgender Clients in research, practice, advocacy, training, and supervision. A brief overview of the articles included in the special issue is provided, and the implications for the use of the counseling competencies with transgender clients are discussed.
Is a “color effect” demonstrated for hair analysis of carbamazepine?

Psillakis et al. have reported on the concentration of carbamazepine recovered from hair samples collected from patients receiving this anti-seizure medication under medical supervision and determined that their was a high correlation between dose and quantitation of recovered analyte. The analyte was identified by two techniques, FPIA (Abbott TDx) and HPLC and the correlation was high for both procedures. In the literature on hair analysis some have suggested that analyte concentration in hair is critically dependent on hair color. In reporting their data Psillakis et al. reported the hair color of each patient but made no attempt to analyze their results in relation to color. This article performs a secondary analysis of the Psillakis et al. data in order to determine whether there is a hair color effect discernible in the recovery of carbamazepine from hair. Analysis of this data set for both the FPIA and HPLC by one-way analysis of variance fails to identify a color effect at p = .05. Weighting the data for per-patient dosage values fails to discern a color effect. Examination of all possible two-color comparisons also fails to identify a statistically significant effect for any subset of combinations. These data suggest that carbamazepine does not exhibit a color effect when using either FPIA or HPLC assay methods.
Methodology for defect impact studies under conditions of low sampling statistics

A methodology is described which determines the kill rate of defects based on electrical testing using a short loop yield monitoring under conditions of low statistics. The results provide a quantitative means to rank the importance of defects as well as the effectiveness of the inspection strategy. Electrical test results form specifically designed test patterns for interconnect structures and correlated with optical defect inspection data to quantify the kill rates of various defects. A unique and important features of the approach is the use of deliberately introduced defects to study the impact at specific process points. The use of controlled defect inspection at each process step allows an improved statical analysis for low coverage inspection plans. The wafers are optically process step allows an improved statistical analysis for low coverage inspection plans. The wafers are optically inspected at all process steps and reviewed with an automated SEM. The defects are tracked and a defect Pareto is established. The defect management system provides direct correlations between electrical fails and optical defects. It appears that particles that occur at early stages in the process have an enhanced impact because of a potential size amplification effect. With the impact quantified, optimized inspection and defect reduction plans can be implemented.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Memory for Faces and Schema Theory

Summary A model, using schema theory, is offered to explain inferior recognition memory for “foreign” faces. Support for this interpretation is derived from a variety of studies (total N = 671 males and females ages three years through adult): the development of facial schemata, comparative efficiency of own-race face recognition with other-race recognition, correlation between own-race and other-race recognition performance measures, and inverted face recognition.
Design of Two-Dimensional Wind Tunnel Contractions

Design charts for 2-D wind tunnel contractions have been developed using inviscid flow analysis, in which a one-parameter family of wall shapes, based on two cubic arcs, was investigated in detail. The design chart parameters are the maximum wall pressure coefficients at the inlet (as an indicator of the danger of separation at the inlet end) and at the exit (which is related to the exit velocity non-uniformity as well as to separation). For any choice of these two parameters the charts yield the shape parameter and the nozzle length for this particular family of shapes. The charts may be used to design nozzles with no flow separation and with any desired exit velocity uniformity. When the two pressure coefficients are chosen so that separation at both ends is just avoided, the exit boundary layer thickness should be near its minimum. Simple working forms of Stratford’s separation criteria are suggested for the prediction of separation. The results of this study are compared to those obtained earlier for axisymmetric geometries.
The Paradox of Not Voting: A Decision Theoretic Analysis*

Various analysts have noted that the decision to vote in mass elections is difficult to justify from the standpoint of an expected utility maximization model. Put simply, the probability that a citizen's vote will affect the outcome is so small that the expected gains from voting are outweighed by the costs in time and effort. Such analyses treat rational behavior as synonymous with expected utility maximization. In this paper we show that an alternative criterion for decision making under uncertainty, minimax regret, specifies voting under quite general conditions. Both two and three candidate plurality elections are considered. Interestingly, a minimax regret decision maker never votes for his second choice in a three candidate election, whereas expected utility maximizers clearly may. Thus, the model proposed has implications for candidate choice as well as turnout.
Virtual nonviolence? Civil disobedience and political violence in the information age

Nonviolent civil disobedience is a vital and protected form of political communication in modern constitutional democracies. Reviews the idea of both demonstrating its continued relevance, and providing a basis for considering its uses as an information‐age strategy of radical activism. The novelty of the forms of speech and action possible in cyberspace make it difficult to compare these new methods of expression easily. Whether in cyberspace or the real world, civil disobedience has historically specific connotations that should be sustained because the concept has special relevance to the political theory and practice of constitutional democracy. Civil disobedience is a unique means of political expression that is used to provoke democratic deliberation about important questions of just law and policy. Among the significant problems that new forms of radical political practice in cyberspace introduce is that their practitioners and advocates neglect the need to distinguish between violence and nonviolence. Examines that problem and others that are central to considering theoretical and political implications of radical activism in general, and civil disobedience in particular, in cyberspace.
Inadvertent use of chlorhexidine instead of balanced salt solution for intraocular irrigation

In three consecutive cataract operations, chlorhexidine was inadvertently used as an intraocular irrigating solution as a result of inattentiveness of an assistant. In two of the three patients, corneal endothelium damage was so severe that penetrating keratoplasty had to be performed. Further effects included pronounced iris atrophy, anterior chamber applanation, and a retrocorneal membrane. In one case, an increase in intraocular pressure developed. No effects were observed in the retina or optic nerve. Inadvertently using chlorhexidine for intraocular irrigation has far-reaching consequences for the affected eye and is recognizable by streak formation in the anterior chamber when intraocular infusion is initiated. To avoid such mistakes, the markings of the two bottles should be of different colors.
Reflections on the history of scepticism

Suite a la journee R. Popkin organisee par le Centre Alexandre Koyre, le Centre d'etudes en rhetorique, philosophie et histoire des idees (CERPHI) et la Fondation Pour la Science- Centre international de synthese, en janvier 1997, l'A. presente, sous la forme d'un article inedit, quelques reflexions sur l'histoire du scepticisme issues de ses recherches en histoire de la philosophie et de ses multiples rencontres avec la pensee europeenne, lors de sejours a Paris dans les annees 1950. Defendant la these d'une redecouverte des textes de Sextus Empiricus lors de la crise sceptique du XVI e siecle, l'A. repere dans le relativisme postmoderne contemporain une forme de scepticisme irrationnel (nihilisme), a la fois theologique et naturaliste, qui n'a plus rien a voir avec l'engagement dialectique du scepticisme et du dogmatisme
Unitals in the code of the Hughes plane

A coding-theoretic characterization of a unital in the Hughes plane is provided, based on and extending the work of Blokhuis, Brouwer, and Wilbrink in PG(2,q2). It is shown that a Frobenius-invariant unital is contained in the p-code of the Hughes plane if and only if that unital is projectively equivalent to the Rosati unital. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dark matter detection with cryogenic detectors

Direct detection of dark matter in the form of Weakly-Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPS) is an active field of research. Cryogenic detectors have been in the forefront of the field, due to their exquisite ability to reject backgrounds from interactions of normal matter. In this paper, I describe the current status and future prospects for such experiments.
Effects of a Transitional Bilingual Education Program: Findings, Issues, and Next Steps

Abstract This study examined the effectiveness of a transitional Spanish–English bilingual program, Academic Language Acquisition (ALA), in enhancing K–5 students' English-language proficiency, as well as their English performance in academic subject areas, in comparison with the Structured English Immersion (SEI) process.1 An existing reading program, Success for All (SFA), served as a confounding influence because it had similar goals for reading development and included English-and Spanish-language curricula. Given 4 years of enrollment in their respective programs, ALA and SEI students, regardless of participation in SFA, were scoring on par with one another as a group. This phenomenon occurred with content-based tests (reading, mathematics, and language arts) and in the reading and listening and speaking portions of the California English Language Development Test, an English-language proficiency measure. The only statistically significant difference among student groups was that students in both ALA...
Wavelet modeling of priors on triangles

Parameters in statistical problems often live in a geometry of certain shape. For example, count probabilities in a multinomial distribution belong to a simplex. For these problems, Bayesian analysis needs to model priors satisfying certain constraints imposed by the geometry. This paper investigates modeling of priors on triangles by use of wavelets constructed specifically for triangles. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations show that our modeling is flexible and is superior to the commonly used Dirichlet prior.
Glutamate oxalate transaminase (GOT) genetics in Mus musculus: linkage, polymorphism, and phenotypes of the Got-2 and Got-1 loci.

A comparison of electrophoretic patterns of F1 and backcross progeny of two inbred strains of mice has revealed a new autosomal variant of the mitochondrial form of GOT. The loci controlling the production of the soluble and mitochondrial forms of GOT have been designated Got-1 and Got-2, respectively. The two alleles of the Got-2 locus have been designated Got-2 a and Got-2 b, which represent the slow- and fast-migrating electrophoretic forms. Twenty-seven inbred strains of mice have been classified for Got-2 a and Got-2 b. It has been demonstrated that the polymorphism of Got-2 is widely distributed in feral mice. Got-2 was shown to be linked to Es-1, and evidence is also presented for linkage between Got-2 and Es-2, Es-5, and oligosyndactyly (Os). The absence of linkage of Got-2 to seven other loci has also been demonstrated. GOT was expressed in vitro in cell lines derived from human and mouse tissues.
Stabilising inflation in Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia: How independence has affected macroeconomic policy outcomes

THE NATIONAL QUESTION, seen most of all in disagreement about the competencies of the federation versus the republics, and compounded by the emergence of the aggressive Milosevic regime in Serbia, brought about the break-up of Yugoslavia. Economic forces certainly played their role; resentments about the Federal Fund for Less Developed Regions, disputes over stabilisation policy, tariffs and wages brought out intense rivalry among Yugoslav republics and their constituent nationalities. And Yugoslavia's macroeconomic instability and falling living standards in the 1980s made it clear that the existing political arrangements were inadequate for the tasks of economic management. Still, it seems fair to say that the ending of Yugoslavia was less a rational economic choice than the triumph of national and political passions. It remains useful to ask about the economic effects of separation. Given the continuation of war and diplomatic turmoil in the region, it may be too early to address this question fully. I limit the task by limiting the sample of countries to Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia.1 The other two ex-Yugoslav states, Bosnia-Hercegovina and Federal Yugoslavia, are excluded because of the war in the former and the comprehensive economic sanctions on the latter. Rather than attempt to decide whether the new states will be economically better off than ex-Yugoslavia, this article looks only at initial efforts to create a stable macroeconomic environment, in particular to bring inflation under control. The premise is quite rudimentary: inflation of 20% or more a month is incompatible with satisfactory economic performance.2 What are the keys to combating inflation? Monetarist theory would argue that an independent, inflation-fighting central bank is the crucial institution, and that a tight monetary stance is the most crucial policy measure. This article takes a broader view, inspired by post-Keynesian thought, arguing that the creation of economic institutions and economic policies to mediate distributional conflict is central. Stabilisationoriented monetary policy and institutions are only one element of macroeconomic stability in this view; a degree of political consensus over fiscal matters, and