cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competitive Tradition: Intellectual Property and New Millennial Craft

In 2006, Peru's government awarded an intellectual property (IP) title known as a denomination of origin to the traditional ceramics made by artisans in the northern town of Chulucanas. The move was celebrated by the state as a culturally sensitive strategy for regional development that promised to preserve cultural tradition and heritage and to provide a model for future economic development strategies among other native populations across the country. This study explores the means by which rural and native communities – once framed as economically marginal actors and potential liabilities for the nation-state – are selectively transformed into new agents of cultural innovation under contemporary IP-based development plans. Based on interviews with participants and planners of Chulucanas' IP-based development initiative, this research highlights how local accounts question the state's claims to use IP to pursue a national “export culture” and promote rural producers' global “competitivity” while simultaneously protecting local, collectively held production techniques.
Neighborhood factors related to the likelihood of successful informal social control efforts

Abstract Purpose To expand conceptualizations of informal social control in social disorganization and collective efficacy theories to include responses to informal social control, and to examine neighborhood level predictors of responses to informal social control. Methods The study uses surveys of approximately 2300 residents across 66 neighborhoods, supplemented with census data at the block group level. Results Neighborhood mobility decreased the odds of positive responses to informal social control, measured as both “giving in” and “talking it out” when you have a disagreement with your neighbor. Disadvantage was found to decrease only the odds of “giving in.” Neighborhood level measures of social cohesion and faith in the police were also found to increase the odds of responding positively to informal social control efforts. In contrast, social ties were not found to significantly affect the likelihood of positive responses to informal social control. Conclusions The findings from this study broaden support of collective efficacy theory and concepts related to efficacious neighborhoods. While previous studies have raised questions about the measurement of informal social control, the findings in this paper offer support to earlier studies by providing a different approach to the conceptualization and measurement of informal social control.
Statistics for mathematical properties of maps between time series embeddings.

We develop a set of statistics which are intended to characterize in terms of probabilities or confidence levels whether two data sets are related by a mapping with certain mathematical properties. Given these statistics we can ask how confident we can be that the mapping is continuous, injective, differentiable, or has a differentiable inverse. The intended use is for experimental or numerical situations in which multiple time series are generated and one wants to know what relation exists among them, but the mapping between them is unknown or intractable. Examples of applications are testing filtered chaotic data for continuity and differentiability, testing two data sets for synchronization (in the most general sense), testing one data set for determinism forward and backward in time, and determining when transformations on two- or three-dimensional images are well behaved (diffeomorphisms). We test the statistics on several of these cases and show that they are useful for characterizing relations between data sets and for shedding light on phenomena which occur when data are transformed, for example, a dimension increase on filtering a chaotic data set.
Selective inhibition of RNA polyadenylation by Ara-ATP in vitro: A possible mechanism for antiviral action of Ara-A

Abstract Ara-ATP, a structural analog of ATP, inhibited the initial polyadenylation of RNA catalyzed by chromatin-associated poly(A) polymerase at concentrations as low as 1 μM. The poly(A) chain elongation reaction catalyzed by enzyme in the nuclear sap fraction was less sensitive to inhibition by the nucleotide. Chromatin-associated RNA synthesis was not affected by Ara-ATP at concentrations as high as 200 μM. Ara-ATP inhibited both chromatin-associated and nuclear sap poly(A) polymerase activities in a manner competitive with ATP, the calculated KiAra-ATP being 4 μM for the former reaction and 60 μM for the latter reaction. The remarkable sensitivity of the initial polyadenylation reaction to low levels of Ara-ATP in , vitro , coupled with a complete lack of inhibition of RNA synthesis, suggest that the posttranscriptional addition of poly(A) to mRNA may be the primary target for the action of Ara-A in , vivo .
Unexpected abundance of coenzyme F(420)-dependent enzymes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other actinobacteria

Regimens targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), require long courses of treatment and a combination of three or more drugs. An increase in drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis demonstrates the need for additional TB-specific drugs. A notable feature of M. tuberculosis is coenzyme F420, which is distributed sporadically and sparsely among prokaryotes. This distribution allows for comparative genomics-based investigations. Phylogenetic profiling (comparison of differential gene content) based on F420 biosynthesis nominated many actinobacterial proteins as candidate F420-dependent enzymes. Three such families dominated the results: the luciferase-like monooxygenase (LLM), pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate oxidase (PPOX), and deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase (DDN) families. The DDN family was determined to be limited to F420-producing species. The LLM and PPOX families were observed in F420-producing species as well as species lacking F420 but were particularly numerous in many actinobacterial species, including M. tuberculosis. Partitioning the LLM and PPOX families based on an organism's ability to make F420 allowed the application of the SIMBAL (sites inferred by metabolic background assertion labeling) profiling method to identify F420-correlated subsequences. These regions were found to correspond to flavonoid cofactor binding sites. Significantly, these results showed that M. tuberculosis carries at least 28 separate F420-dependent enzymes, most of unknown function, and a paucity of flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-dependent proteins in these families. While prevalent in mycobacteria, markers of F420 biosynthesis appeared to be absent from the normal human gut flora. These findings suggest that M. tuberculosis relies heavily on coenzyme F420 for its redox reactions. This dependence and the cofactor's rarity may make F420-related proteins promising drug targets.
Point and Interval Estimation, From One-Order Statistic, of the Location Parameter of an Extreme-Value Distribution with Known Scale Parameter and of the Scale Parameter of a Weibull Distribution with Known Shape Parameter

This paper derives a one-order statistic estimator ?mn b for the location parameter of the (first) extreme-value distribution of smallest values with cumulative distribution function F(x;u,b) = 1 - exp {-exp[(x-u)/b]} using the minimum-variance unbiased one-order statistic estimator for the scale parameter of an exponential distribution, as was done in an earlier paper for the scale parameter of a Weibull distribution. It is shown that exact confidence bounds, based on one-order statistic, can be easily derived for the location parameter of the extreme-value distribution and for the scale parameter of the Weibull distribution, using exact confidence bounds for the scale parameter of the exponential distribution. The estimator for u is shown to be b ln cmn + xmn, where xmn is the mth order statistic from an ordered sample of size n from the extreme-value distribution with scale parameter b and Cmn is the coefficient for a one-order statistic estimator of the scale parameter of an exponential distribution. Values of the factor cmn, which have previously viously been tabulated for n = 1(1)20, are given for n = 21(1)40. The ratios of the mean-square-errors of the maximum-likelihood estimators based on m order statistics to those of the one-order statistic estimators for the location parameter of the extreme-value distribution and the scale parameter of the Weibull distribution are investigated by Monte Carlo methods. The use of the table and related tables is discussed and illustrated by numerical examples.
A Unified Trajectory Tiling Approach to High Quality Speech Rendering

It is technically challenging to make a machine talk as naturally as a human so as to facilitate “frictionless” interactions between machine and human. We propose a trajectory tiling-based approach to high-quality speech rendering, where speech parameter trajectories, extracted from natural, processed, or synthesized speech, are used to guide the search for the best sequence of waveform “tiles” stored in a pre-recorded speech database. We test the proposed unified algorithm in both Text-To-Speech (TTS) synthesis and cross-lingual voice transformation applications. Experimental results show that the proposed trajectory tiling approach can render speech which is both natural and highly intelligible. The perceived high quality of rendered speech is also confirmed in both objective and subjective evaluations.
Comment on Yushina's denial of the existence of Fröhlich nonthermal excitations

Abstract Solutions of the Frohlich rate equations exist which correspond to nonthermal excitations at high energy flux, even though Yushina's condition for cancellation of some of the nonlinear terms is satisfied.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE : I. IS THE LYTIC PRINCIPLE VOLATILE?

The lytic principle concerned in the phenomenon of transmissible lysis is not volatile. The results which have been taken to indicate volatility are, in our opinion, to be attributed to the transfer to the distillate of minute droplets of the original active filtrate.
A comparison between the connections of the amygdala and hippocampus with the basal forebrain in the macaque.

Autoradiographic experiments indicated that the amygdala projects to divisions Ch3 and Ch4 of the basal forebrain (nomenclature from Mesulam et al. 1983) and the olfactory tubercle. The heaviest of these amygdaloid outputs arose from the lateral basal, accessory basal, central, and medial amygdaloid nuclei, each with a slightly different pattern of distribution from that of the other. Injections of the retrograde tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the amygdala revealed dense reciprocal projections arising from region Ch4, especially from subdivisions Ch4al, Ch4iv, and Ch4p. The other basal forebrain regions, by contrast, provided very little input to the amygdala. Hippocampal efferents terminated densely in the medial (Ch1), lateral and dorsal septum, and in region Ch2. Hippocampal efferents terminated less densely in restricted portions of the olfactory tubercle and in Ch4. Experiments in which the fornix was transected showed that all of these hippocampal projections to the basal forebrain ran through the fornix. The hippocampal output to the septum, which was the heaviest projection of those examined, appears to have a crude topographic arrangement. Little overlap was observed between the terminal zones of the amygdaloid and hippocampal projections to the basal forebrain, indicating yet again the independence of the amygdaloid and hippocampal systems that has been demonstrated in other regions of the forebrain, such as the thalamus and cerebral cortex.
Free vibration of prebuckled and postbuckled plates with delamination

Abstract Free vibrations relative to the static prebuckled and postbuckled states for delaminated homogeneous plates have been investigated. A constrained model is used to analyze vibrations in prebuckled states and a free model is used to analyze vibrations in postbuckled states. The characteristics of vibrations in these two states are quite different. In the prebuckled region, the vibration modes are in-phase global natural modes. However, in postbuckled states, there are three distinct types of vibration modes—near-local mode, near-global mode and general mixed mode. It is also found that the vibration characteristics have been influenced significantly by delamination for plates with long and thin delaminations.
The impact of prehistoric agriculture and land occupation on natural vegetation.

Paleoecological and paleoethnobotanical evidence from Europe and North America indicates that prehistoric human populations affected the biota by: (1) changing the dominance structure within forest communities; (2) extending or truncating the distributional ranges of both woody and herbaceous plant species; (3) providing opportunities for invasion of ruderals into disturbed areas, with their subsequent population expansions as they became weeds; and (4) changing the pattern of the landscape mosaic, especially the proportion of forested to nonforested land.
The role of the displacement-time waveform in the determination of Heckel behaviour under dynamic conditions in a compaction simulator and a fully-instrumented rotary tablet machine.

— The Heckel equation has been used widely to characterize the compression behaviour of pharmaceutical powders, yet very little attention has been paid to the role of the displacement-time profile used to generate this relationship. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare selected standard waveforms with actual and theoretical tablet press waveforms in the Heckel analysis of representative formulations under dynamic conditions in a compaction simulator and to compare such data with that determined on the same formulation using an actual fully-instrumented rotary tablet press. Increased tableting rate and different programmed displacement-time waveforms with the same gross punch-speed changed the Heckel behaviour of all formulations. The results of this study suggest the pressure-volume relationship determined during powder-bed compression is affected by the instantaneous punch-speed profile of the displacement-time waveform for all materials studied, even though they deform by different mechanisms. It appears that the instantaneous punch-speed profile of the particular displacement-time waveform is a confounding factor of Heckel analysis. Compaction simulators programmed to deliver saw-toothed displacement-time traces have the advantage of constant punch-speed and may be a better choice for characterizing a formulation by Heckel indices and the strain-rate sensitivity index. On the other hand, they also carry the liability of not being a realistic representation of tableting on a rotary tablet press.
Remarks on the upper bound theorem

Two new relatives of the Upper Bound Theorem are established. The first is a variant of the Strong Upper Bound Theorem for even-dimensional simplicial spheres. The second is an Upper Bound Theorem for odd-dimensional simplicial manifolds admitting a free involution.
Breastfeeding promotion for the employed mother

Increasing numbers of mothers are returning to work during the first year of their infant's life. Maternal employment has been associated with decreased duration of breastfeeding. Breast milk remains the optimal source of infant nutrition, yet only 50% of families choose breastfeeding for their newborns. Clinicians in pediatrics are well positioned to promote the specific benefits to mother and baby that breastfeeding provides through advocacy, education, and support with regard to breastfeeding and employment. Anticipatory guidance specifics such as feeding patterns, guidelines for pumping and storing breast milk, and information regarding available resources are clinical knowledge areas that pediatric health care providers must have to increase breastfeeding rates and duration among women who return to the work force after the birth of their baby.
High Density Plasma in a High Pressure Hydrogen Capillary Discharge

Summary form only given. Measurements of electron plasma density generated in a hydrogen-filled hollow cathode capillary discharge are reported. The capillary is made of borosilicate glass. Halpha line and Hbeta line stark broadening are used to diagnose the plasma density. A 60 KV peak voltage, 75 ns pulse was applied, which was in excess of the breakdown voltage of the high pressure (>1 atm) hydrogen capillary. Preliminary results indicate that ap1019 cm-3 electron density can be obtained. The dependence of the plasma density on the capillary length; the capillary diameter; the gas pressure; the electrode geometry; and the discharge V-I characteristics are presented, and potential applications to plasma wakefield accelerators are also discussed.
Defining and assessing engineering ethics

The motivation of the special session was to allow engineering educators and researchers to experience two different instruments intended to assess ethical reasoning-one which measures general moral reasoning, and one that is situated in the engineering context-so they can identify the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are specific to engineering. This will inform how we teach and assess engineering ethics, and equip educators with tools for using these instruments as part of the student learning. The special session format will allow for discussion and debate on the relevance of the approach and appropriateness for our own classrooms.
Is hsp70 the cellular thermometer

Abstract Cells respond to an increase in temperature by incucing the synthesis of the heat shock proteins, which are a small set of evolutionarily conserved proteins. We review the evidence leading us to suggest that the free pool of one of these proteins, hsp70, serves as a cellular thermometer that regulates the expression of all heat shock proteins.
A Note on the Crystallography of d-Propoxyphene Hydrochloride *

Crystallization from ethyl acetate resulted in orthorhombic prisms elongated parallel to the b axis. The crystals showed the prism { 110) and the orthodome { 101). Measurements of the-interfacial angles gave the following results: 110 > I10 (polar) 94" 18' (optical), 93" 58' (X-ray); 101 > 101 (polar) 86" 03' (optical), 86" 10' (X-ray). The X-ray powder diffraction data were obtained using copper radiation and nickel filter with a camera 114.6 mm. in diameter. A wavelength value of 1.5405 A was used in the calculations. The indexing of the powder pattern was done on the basis of single crystal rotation patterns around both the b and c axes. On heating, d-propoxyphene hydrochloride melts in the range 168-171". The melt does not crystallize on cooling.
The role of magnetic resonance imaging in scaphoid fractures

Fractures of the scaphoid are the most common surgically treated carpal fracture, and early diagnosis is critical to minimize complications including osteonecrosis. If the initial radiographs after the injury are inconclusive, early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides an immediate diagnosis to allow for proper management. This has been shown to be cost effective both in direct measureable costs and likely in difficult-to-measure indirect costs related to lost productivity. In the cases in which no scaphoid fracture is present, MRI provides alternate diagnoses such as identification of other fractures (eg, other carpals and distal radius), osseous contusions, and soft tissue injuries (preferably ≥ 1.5T). When MRI is contraindicated, computed tomography (CT) is a reasonable alternative after the initial and repeat negative radiographs. MRI is the best imaging modality for assessing osteonecrosis of the proximal pole in a scaphoid nonunion. Unfortunately, the most useful imaging sequences remain controversial. My institution relies on the noncontrast T1-weighted images for the primary diagnosis of osteonecrosis with dynamic contrast enhancement used in a supplemental fashion.
Deja vu all over again: rapid enumeration of Legionella pneumophila in water.

Delgado-Viscogliosi and colleagues recently reported a rapid method for detecting viable Legionella pneumophila in water using immunofluorescence microscopy (1). Carl Fliermans and colleagues reported a similar assay in this journal 24 years ago (3) and later reported an assay for viability using a tetrazolium dye (4). Both the papers published in the 1980s and the recently published paper reported that the immunofluorescence microscopy method detected greater numbers of bacterial cells than did culture, and both argued that the greater sensitivity of the microscopic method was probably due to poor culture recovery of the Legionella bacteria. Another possibility for this poor correlation is nonspecificity of the antibodies used. A number of clinical and environmental bacteria, many of which are deposited at the ATCC, cross-react with L. pneumophila polyvalent antibodies (2). The immunofluorescence microscopy enumeration method was in vogue for a number of years in the 1980s but fell out of favor due to the poor correlation between viable counts and the microscopic method. It is not clear to me that adding an assay for viability will improve the utility of this assay method, but knowing that the antibodies used do not cross-react with known cross-reacting strains would be useful information. It would be of importance for Delgado-Viscogliosi and colleagues to test their antibodies against the known cross-reacting bacteria deposited at ATCC, as well as to acknowledge the seminal work on this method by Fliermans and colleagues.
Failure Analysis of Foreign Materials in Electronic Packaging Assembly

Failure analysis on FM in electronic packaging assembly has always been a very challenging job. In this paper, various analysis methods including composition identification, configuration imaging and commonality study were applied to FM characterization. Several real cases were discussed in terms of FM sources. For instance, a short failure in flip chip package was found to be induced by Sn bridge along Si dust that contaminated bump array during wafer saw process; and a typical case of FM left by human contacting showed spots containing high C, O around Na, K, Cl crystals, with special FM location and pattern being observed
Are structural features of word meaning reflected in judgments of semantic similarity and difference

Abstract Several current linguistic theories suggest that the meaning of words includes a syntactic organization similar or identical to the syntactic/semantic organization of sentences. The author proposes a model of the structure of complex words that includes structural components analogous to Fillmore's (1968) “cases” as well as “core meanings” that allow an organization of the internal lexicon by shared meaning content into fields. Hypotheses concerning the proposed model, which is contrasted to a purely associationistic model of lexical organization, are tested using the traditional psycholinguistic methods of investigation of word-sorting tasks and judgments of similarity and difference in meaning that have been assumed to directly reflect the internal lexicons of language users. The results of the experiments, contrasting the saliency of meaning content and meaning structure for linguistically-naive language users, indicate that meaning content is a more salient basis for judgments of similarity and difference than is meaning structure under certain restricted conditions. A post-hoc interpretation of the findings, based in part on the written comments of the participants in the experiments who were asked to explain the bases for their solutions to the word-sorting tasks and for their judgments of similarity and difference, includes the postulation of interference by processing strategies. Thus, it is concluded that both the organization of the internal lexicon and processing strategies are reflected in judgments of similarity and difference by naive language users.
Work, Play, and Power: Masculine Culture on the Automotive Shop Floor, 1930-1960

This article uses worker grievances to explore masculine culture on the shop floor of American automobile factories. It begins with a general discussion of late nineteenth-century working-class masculine culture—the rough culture of laborers and the respectable culture of skilled craftsmen. It then postulates a twentieth-century blending of these two male traditions with the rise of the mass production worker. After raising questions about traditional notions of time and work discipline, it suggests that illicit male behavior loosened the tight managerial control of the workplace. Most of the article explores auto worker grievances and discusses the fundamental elements of masculine culture—malingering, horseplay, gambling, fighting, output restriction, and contesting managerial authority.
Ballooning characteristics in density fluctuations observed with the 2 MeV heavy ion beam probe on the TEXT-U tokamak

Heavy ion beam probe measurements of the interior of the TEXT-U tokamak plasma have been used to discover a density fluctuation spectrum that exhibits poloidal asymmetry with ballooning characteristics. The asymmetry was eliminated at the smallest radii during the electron cyclotron heating phase, which has a flatter density profile and a higher electron temperature
Mortality is the only relevant outcome in ARDS: yes

When designing a clinical trial, investigators make several fundamental decisions that impact the feasibility to conduct the study in a timely fashion, and the significance and generalizability of the results. In 2009, the United States National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) convened a workshop entitled “Beyond Mortality: Future Clinical Research in Acute Lung Injury” to examine specific issues related to the conduct of clinical trials including the selection of outcome variables (1). Relevant to this pro-con debate, this panel of experts concluded that mortality continues to be the most critical outcome in ARDS clinical trials (1). Despite these recommendations, many ARDS clinical trials continue to use non-mortality variables as their primary outcome. In this pro/com debate, I present four reasons and provide supporting evidence for why mortality should be the preferred primary outcome variable for ARDS clinical trials. 1. Therapies have been identified that improve ARDS mortality A recent review of 146 critical care clinical trials concluded that many studies are powered to identify likely unrealistic treatment effects, particularly when using mortality as the primary outcome variable (2). For the 40 clinical trials that used mortality as the primary outcome, only four (10%) were positive. Similarly, the ARDS literature is filled with clinical trials of promising therapies that eventually yielded negative results. However, some ARDS clinical trials of ARDS have demonstrated mortality benefits including: low tidal volume ventilation, higher amounts of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), early neuromuscular blockade, and prone positioning (3,4,5,6,7,8). These positive ARDS clinical trials demonstrate several important points. First, there are interventions that actually can reduce the mortality in ARDS patients. Second, not all ARDS clinical trials require extremely large sample sizes. The Amato lung protective ventilation study and the Talmor PEEP titration study were both positive studies with samples sizes of less than 100 (4,8). Other times, meta-analysis of several clinical trials are necessary to demonstrate a positive treatment effect (5). Third, it is essential to enroll patients that will most likely respond to the invention. By including heterogeneous patients with either hypoxemic acute respiratory failure or patients with less severe ARDS, the initial prone positioning studies were potentially destined to yield negative results (9,10). The recent Proseva prone positioning study narrowed their inclusion criteria to include patients who were most likely to respond to the intervention; those with severe hypoxemia (6). This restriction in the inclusion criteria is one potential reason why the study identified a positive effect of prone positioning on ARDS mortality. Previous prone positioning studies may have also been negative because of an inadequate duration in the prone position (9,10).
Physical properties of liquid edible oils

Literature values of density, viscosity, adiabatic expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, specific heat (constant pressure), ultrasonic velocity, and ultrasonic attenuation coefficient are compiled for a range of food oils and water at 20°C, and a series of empirical equations are suggested to calculate the temperature dependency of these parameters. The importance of these data to the application of ultrasonic particle-sizing instruments to food emulsions is discussed.
Radical democratic schooling on the ground: pedagogical ideals and realities in a Sudbury school

Sudbury schools, which originated in the USA in the 1960s, are radical alternatives to traditional public schooling that promote egalitarian relationships between children and adults. Given that the Sudbury model has been largely overlooked in educational anthropology, this paper presents findings from a 1.5-year critical ethnographic study of a Sudbury school in California. In analysing participant interactions within the school's ‘democratic’ decision-making group, the paper presents evidence of an informal power structure that privileged older age, male gender and greater experience over youth, female gender and novicehood in determining whose voices wielded power. In doing so, the article provides an illustrative example of how theoretically democratic settings are edited to meet realities on the ground.
On the regional variation of heat flow, geotherms, and lithospheric thickness☆

Pollack, H.N. and Chapman, D.S., 1977. On the regional variation of heat flow, geotherms, and lithospheric thickness. Tectonophysics, 38: 279-296. Geotherm families in which surface heat flow is the principal independent variable have been constructed for continental and oceanic lithospheres. The continental model is characterized by geotherms in which surface heat flow is in equilibrium with heat flowing into the lithosphere at its base plus heat generated by radioactive decay within the lithosphere. The model accommodates the regional variation of the surface heat flow with proportional variations in the radioactivity of the surficial enriched zone and in the deeper heat flow. The proportionality is dictated by a new and general linear relationship between reduced heat flow and mean heat flow for a region (o* r 0.6 ifo), which enables both q* and the mean heat production of the enriched zone to be estimated from knowledge of the mean surface heat flow of a province. The oceanic model is characterized by the transient cooling of a semi-infinite medium with an initial temperature gradient and some near-surface radiogenic heat production. The model yields a heat flow in satisfactory agreement with observations in the oldest ocean basins. The depth at which both the oceanic and continental geotherms reach -0.85 of the melting temperature is shown to be a consistent estimator of the depth to the top of the low-velocity channel, or the thickness of the high-velocity lid overlying the channel. We identify the lid as synonymous with the lithosphere, and produce a global map of lithospheric thickness based on the regional variation of surface heat flow. The lithosphere is less than 100 km thick over most of the globe, but thickens appreciably and becomes more viscous beneath the Precambrian shields and platforms, regions of low heat flow. These characteristics of shields are consistent with recently reported models of the driving mechanisms of the plate system, which require greater retarding forces beneath plates with large continental areas.
Link Asymmetry in Virtual MISO-based Networks

Cooperative transmission (CT), in which spatially separated wireless nodes collaborate to form a virtual antenna array or virtual multiple-input-single-output (VMISO) link, is an effective technique to enhance the system performance by spatial diversity. In this paper, we study the link asymmetry issue of the VMISO links between two neighboring CT clusters, which can be used to design higher-layer CT algorithms such as routing and medium access control (MAC). While many authors simplify analysis on CT-based networks with co-located approximation that ignores disparate path losses in VMISO links by assuming co-located cooperators, this paper studies the impact of disparate path losses on link asymmetry by allowing the relay locations to be random. We identify two main factors of the VMISO link asymmetry, which do not appear in the conventional SISO-based networks: exclusive signal detection only at a single node and path-loss disparity. The link asymmetry level is evaluated by using the correlation and the ratio of two signal powers in the forward and reverse directions, which presents the distinct characteristics of the VMISO links compared to the conventional SISO links. Moreover, the simulation results show how the VMISO link asymmetry changes depending on various system parameters.
The competitive effects of partial equity interests and joint ventures

Abstract Antitrust authorities should consider the trade-off between enhanced efficiency and reduced competition in cases of partial ownership. This paper examines the competitive effects side of that trade-off in the context of a modified Cournot model. We show that, in markets where entry is difficult, partial ownership arrangements could result in less output and higher prices than otherwise, even if the ownership shares are relatively small. These effects arise solely because these arrangements link the fortunes of actual or potential competitors, producing a positive correlation among their profits. In this sense, the effects are purely structural: they arise not because of increased opportunities for collusion or changes in the concentration of control, but because the linking of profits reduces each firm's incentive to compete. Since these links internalize free rider problems associated with policing collusion and investing in entry deterrence, however, they could also enhance cartel stability and profitability.
Cumulation and Anti-dumping: A Challenge to Competition

Competition policy emerged as an important area of interest during the later stages of Uruguay Round negotiations. The task of establishing competition policy is complicated by the fact that there already are trade statutes---antidumping, countervailing duty, safeguard actions---that relate to issues of competition. Interestingly, the existing trade statutes often seemed designed to reduce the effect of foreign competition on domestic producers. The tension between the existing trade statutes and competition policy is most probably most clearly evidenced by antidumping law, the most widely used trade statute. In this paper I will concentrate on how one specific amendment, the cumulation provision, clearly makes AD an anti-competitive law and exemplifies the challenges that face those policy-makers who hope to move toward to an economically justified competition policy. Evidence will show that cumulation has led to more multiple petition filings and to smaller competitors being named. I will also argue that cumulation has changed the outcome (from negative to affirmative) in dozens, and possibly hundreds, of cases. Given all of these effects, cumulation should be viewed as a significant obstacle to those interested in assimilating AD law into the broader notion of competition policy.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Prevention and treatment of thrombosis associated with central venous catheters in cancer patients

Central venous catheters (CVC) play an essential role in the management of cancer patients. Venous thrombosis is a common complication of CVC. The incidence of CVC-associated venous thromboembolism (CVC-VTE) is 1.7 per 1000 catheter days. Risk factors for CVC-VTE include the patient’s underlying cancer, a history of previous thrombotic events and the location and type of CVC. Anticoagulant prophylaxis is not effective for CVC-VTE. Anticoagulation alone is the preferred initial treatment for CVC-VTE. CVC removal may be considered in refractory cases or when anticoagulation is contraindicated. Thrombolytic therapy is reserved for patients with limb-threatening thrombosis or thrombosis unresponsive to conventional treatment. Anticoagulation should be continued for at least 3 months or as long as the CVC is present.
The Conflict between Blacks and the Police in the Urban South, 1865–1900

(1976). The Conflict between Blacks and the Police in the Urban South, 1865–1900. The Historian: Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 62-75.
Print media coverage of environmental causation of breast cancer

Given the growing concern with breast cancer as a largely unexplained and common illness of our time, we would expect considerable print media coverage. An accurate portrayal of breast cancer would also include a good amount of attention to the potential environmental factors since many women with breast cancer and activists are pointing to such potential causes. Our examination of daily newspapers, newsweeklies, science periodicals, and women’s magazines showed that there was little coverage of possible environmental causation. There was also scant attention paid to corporate and governmental responsibility. Articles often focused on individual responsibility for diet, age at birth of first child, and other personal behaviours. Articles also emphasised genetic causation, even though this explained only a small fraction of breast cancer incidence. These factors combine to place personal responsibility on women for preventing the disease. Despite gains in understanding possible environmental causation and much scientific dialogue about it, especially in light of the endocrine disrupter hypothesis, and despite growing social activism, the print media have not paid much attention to environmental causation of breast cancer. Because the media have significant influence over public understanding and social action, this lack of attention may hold back scientific and activist pursuit of environmental causes of breast cancer.
Optical down-sampling of wide-band microwave signals

Phase-encoded optical sampling allows radio-frequency and microwave signals to be directly down-converted and digitized with high linearity and greater than 60-dB (10-effective-bit) signal-to-noise ratio. Wide-band electrical signals can be processed using relatively low optical sampling rates provided that the instantaneous signal bandwidth is less than the Nyquist sampling bandwidth. We demonstrate the capabilities of this technique by using a 60-MS/s system to down-sample two different FM chirp signals: 1) a baseband (0-250 MHz) linear-chirp waveform and 2) a nonlinear-chirp waveform having a 10-GHz center frequency and a frequency excursion of 1 GHz. We characterize the frequency response of the technique and quantify the analog bandwidth limitation due to the optical pulse width. The 3-dB bandwidth imposed by a 30-ps sampling pulse is shown to be 10.4 GHz. We also investigate the impact of the pulse width on the linearity of the phase-encoded optical sampling technique when it is used to sample high-frequency signals.
Regional Differences in the Molecular Weight Profiles of Corticotropin and a-Melanotropin in the Hypothalamus

The molecular weight profiles of immunoreactive ACTH (ACTHi) and immunoreactive α-MSH (α-MSHi) were investigated in two regions of the hypothalamus: the region that is known to contain the perikarya of the ACTH/α-MSH neurons (medial basal hypothalamus) and a region that contains axons of these perikarya (preoptic anterior hypothalamus). Acetic acid extracts of the entire hypothalamus, medial basal hypothalamus, and preoptic anterior hypothalamus obtained from adult male rats were subjected to gel filtration under denaturing conditions. ACTHi and α-MSHi were quantified by RIA. The gel filtration profiles of ACTH in extracts of the entire hypothalamus were indicative of the presence of three molecular weight classes of ACTHi: big ACTH (mol wt, ≥9000), 5.7K ACTH (mol wt, ∼5700), and 4.5K ACTH (mol wt, ∼4500). The molecular weight profiles of ACTHi and the molar ratio of αMSH i to ACTHi in the medial basal hypothalamus and in the preoptic anterior hypothalamus differed markedly. Of the total ACTHi in the medi...
Pseudomembranes on colostomy.

An 85-year-old male nursing home resident presented with confusion and lethargy of 2 days' duration. His medical history was remarkable for chronic renal insufficiency; prostate cancer, for which irradiation had been given; rectosigmoid resection with Hartman pouch secondary to bowel obstruction; and multiple episodes of Clostridium difficile colitis in the past few months. On examination, the patient had a temperature of 38ΥC, heart rate of 107 beats/min, respirations of 19/min, blood pressure of 105/51 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation of 96% while breathing room air. Tenderness was noted in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, but the ostomy site was healed. Laboratory studies yielded a white blood cell count of 40.1 × 109/L, and the anion gap was 17 mEq/L. Intravenous antibiotic therapy was administered. A stool sample was positive for C difficile toxin. On day 2 of hospitalization, yellow pseudomembranes were visible on the patient's ostomy stump. His white blood cell count increased to 74.5 × 109/L, and his mental status was deteriorating. The treatment options were discussed with the patient's son, who decided on palliative care. Pseudomembranous colitis is an acute inflammatory disease of the colon associated with C difficile. It is most commonly caused by antibiotic therapy, which alters normal bacterial flora. Pseudomembranous colitis usually presents as profuse watery or mucoid foul-smelling stool with abdominal cramping and fever. The differential diagnoses are inflammatory bowel disease; ischemic colitis; malabsorption; bacterial colitis caused by Salmonella species, Campylobacter species, or Escherichia coli; and other causes of watery diarrhea such as Norwalk virus and Giardia. The diagnosis is most commonly made by stool assay for Clostridium toxin (95% sensitive) and other laboratory abnormalities, including elevated white blood cell count, fecal leukocytosis, decreased albumin level, and electrolyte imbalance. The drug of choice for pseudomembranous colitis is metronidazole; for repeated infection, vancomycin is the preferred treatment. Anti-diarrheal agents should be avoided if C difficile colitis is suspected.
Review of Tolvaptan's Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties and Drug Interactions

Tolvaptan is an arginine vasopressin (AVP) antagonist that acts to increase excretion of free water (aquaresis) in patients without introducing electrolyte abnormalities or worsening renal function. It works via blockade of vasopressin-2 receptors at the renal collecting duct. Since the approval of tolvaptan for the treatment of hypervolemic and euvolemic hyponatremia in 2009, new studies have been reported to better characterize its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of tolvaptan. This paper is a review of both these clinical studies, as well as previous literature, in order to help guide appropriate clinical use of tolvaptan in patients. With appropriate monitoring of serum sodium, tolvaptan may be safely dose escalated from 15 mg once daily to a maximum effective dose of 60 mg once daily for multiple days, to achieve optimal aqauretic effects. In terms of drug interactions, co-administration of moderate to potent CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers should be avoided. Tolvaptan should also be co-administered with caution and proper monitoring in the presence of P-glycoprotein substrate and strong inhibitors. Co-administration of tolvaptan with diuretic therapy did not appear to alter the aquaretic effect of tolvaptan; and was shown to be safe and well tolerated.
The Learning Organization: Foucauldian Gloom or Utopian Sunshine?

Based on Coopey’s critical review of the terms ‘Utopian sunshine’ and ‘Foucauldian gloom’ with regard to the learning organization (Coopey, 1998), this article explores the learning organization from two opposing perspectives. While researchers agree that the learning organization concept is an important one for organization science, two seemingly irreconcilable research communities are arguing about whether the learning organization is a dream or a nightmare for its members, particularly with regard to three critical dimensions: control, ideology and potentially painful employee experiences. The purpose of this article is to review and critically examine both the optimistic view of the learning organization as positive ideal and the more critical view of the learning organization as negative ideology. Based on this examination, the article aims to synthesize a new middle-ground perspective on the learning organization, referred to as the ‘fluorescent light’ view, incorporating elements from both optimist...
Sintering characteristics of nanocrystalline TiO2

The microstructural development of compacted nanocrystalline TiO2 powder was studied as a function of sintering temperature up to 1000°C. Grain growth was monitored using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The specific surface area and total porosity were determined quantitatively using the nitrogen adsorption BET. The density was measured by gravimetry using Archimedes principle. The green body density of compacted n-TiO2 with average grain size of 14 nm is as high as 75% of theoretical bulk density. Low temperature surface diffusion leads to the disappearance of small pores, while noticeable densification commences at 600°C and reaches near theoretical values at 900°C. Grain growth also begins at 600°C, accelerating rapidly by 1000°C. Hot isostatic pressing is observed to enhance densification while suppressing grain growth.
Spherical excision for moving black holes and summation by parts for axisymmetric systems

It is expected that the realization of a convergent and long-term stable numerical code for the simulation of a black hole inspiral collision will depend greatly upon the construction of stable algorithms capable of handling smooth and, most likely, time dependent boundaries. After deriving single grid, energy conserving discretizations for axisymmetric systems containing the axis of symmetry, we present a new excision method for moving black holes using multiple overlapping coordinate patches, such that each boundary is fixed with respect to at least one coordinate system. This multiple coordinate structure eliminates all need for extrapolation, a commonly used procedure for moving boundaries in numerical relativity. We demonstrate this excision method by evolving a massless Klein-Gordon scalar field around a boosted Schwarzschild black hole in axisymmetry. The excision boundary is defined by a spherical coordinate system comoving with the black hole. Our numerical experiments indicate that arbitrarily high boost velocities can be used without observing any sign of instability.
Temperature Dependence of High Frequency and Noise Performance of Sb-Heterostructure Millimeter-Wave Detectors

The temperature dependence of the microwave and noise performance of zero-bias Sb-heterostructure backward diodes for millimeter-wave detection have been investigated experimentally. Both the junction capacitance and junction resistance were found to decrease with decreasing temperature, while the intrinsic cutoff frequency and sensitivity are observed to increase as the temperature is lowered. A simple physical model that captures these effects is described. The directly measured voltage sensitivity at 50 GHz for a 2times2 mum 2 device increased from 3650 V/W at room temperature to 7190 V/W at 4.2 K. The measured noise equivalent power (NEP) decreased from 4.2 to 0.2 pW/Hz1/2 as the temperature was lowered from 298 K to 4.2 K when driven from a 50- Omega source. Based on the measured RF sensitivity, S-parameters, and noise spectrum, a NEP of 0.3 pW/Hz1/2 is projected for room-temperature operation at zero bias using a conjugately matched RF source