cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Power Management for CMP Systems in Data-Intensive Environment

The emerging data-intensive applications of today are comprised of non-uniform CPU and I/O intensive workloads, thus imposing a requirement to consider both CPU and I/O effects in the power management strategies. Only scaling down the processor's frequency based on its busy/idle ratio cannot fully exploit opportunities of saving power. Our experiments show that besides the busy and idle status, each processor may also have I/O wait phases waiting for I/O operations to complete. During this period, the completion time is decided by the I/O subsystem rather than the CPU thus scaling the processor to a lower frequency will not affect the performance but save more power. In addition, the CPU's reaction to the I/O operations may be significantly affected by several factors, such as I/O type (sync or unsync), instruction/job level parallelism, it cannot be accurately modeled via physics laws like mechanical or chemical systems. In this paper, we propose a novel power management scheme called MAR (modeless, adaptive, rule-based) in multiprocessor systems to minimize the CPU power consumption under performance constraints. By using richer feedback factors, e.g. the I/O wait, MAR is able to accurately describe the relationships among core frequencies, performance and power consumption. We adopt a modeless control model to reduce the complexity of system modeling. MAR is designed for CMP (Chip Multi Processor) systems by employing multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) theory and per core level DVFS (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling). Our extensive experiments on a physical test bed demonstrate that, for the SPEC benchmark and data-intensive (TPC-C) benchmark, the efficiency of MAR is 93.6-96.2\% accurate to the ideal power saving strategy calculated off-line. Compared with baseline solutions, MAR could save 22.5-32.5\% more power while keeping the comparable performance loss of about 1.8-2.9\%. In addition, simulation results show the efficiency of our design for various CMP configurations.
toca-1 is in a Novel Pathway that Functions in Parallel with a SUN-KASH Nuclear Envelope Bridge to Move Nuclei in Caenorhabditis elegans

Moving the nucleus to an intracellular location is critical to many fundamental cell and developmental processes, including cell migration, differentiation, fertilization, and establishment of cellular polarity. Bridges of SUN and KASH proteins span the nuclear envelope and mediate many nuclear positioning events, but other pathways function independently through poorly characterized mechanisms. To identify and characterize novel mechanisms of nuclear migration, we conducted a nonbiased forward genetic screen for mutations that enhanced the nuclear migration defect of unc-84 , which encodes a SUN protein. In Caenorhabditis elegans larvae, failure of hypodermal P-cell nuclear migration results in uncoordinated and egg-laying–defective animals. The process of P-cell nuclear migration in unc-84 null animals is temperature sensitive; at 25° migration fails in unc-84 mutants, but at 15° the migration occurs normally. We hypothesized that an additional pathway functions in parallel to the unc-84 pathway to move P-cell nuclei at 15°. In support of our hypothesis, forward genetic screens isolated eight emu ( e nhancer of the nuclear m igration defect of u nc-84 ) mutations that disrupt nuclear migration only in a null unc-84 background. The yc20 mutant was determined to carry a mutation in the toca-1 gene. TOCA-1 functions to move P-cell nuclei in a cell-autonomous manner. TOCA-1 is conserved in humans, where it functions to nucleate and organize actin during endocytosis. Therefore, we have uncovered a player in a previously unknown, likely actin-dependent, pathway that functions to move nuclei in parallel to SUN-KASH bridges. The other emu mutations potentially represent other components of this novel pathway.
Replication of Sugarscape Using MASON

The purpose of this research was to replicate the Sugarscape model (Eptstein and Axtell 1996) and simulation outcomes as described in Growing Artificial Societies (GAS). Sugarscape is a classic agent-based model and contemporary simulation toolkits usually only have a very simple replication of a few core rules. There is scant evidence of significant replication of the rules and simulation outcomes; code supplied with Repast, Swarm, and NetLogo implement a minority of the rules in Sugarscape. In particular, the standard Repast distribution only implements Growback, Movement, and Replacement. Sugarscape implementations in these toolkits are clearly provided only as basic demonstrations of how wellknown social models might be implemented, rather than complete achievements of scientific replication.
Generation of arbitrarily shaped picosecond optical pulses using an integrated electrooptic waveguide modulator

We have produced complex software adjustable laser pulse shapes with ∼10-ps resolution, and pulse energies up to 100 μJ for spectroscopic applications. The key devices are a high damage threshold electrooptic directional coupler and a GaAs circuit for synthesizing arbitrarily shaped microwave pulses.
The Role of Phenytoin in the Treatment of Localization Related Epilepsy: An International Internet-Based Survey of Neurologists and Epileptologists

Phenytoin (PHT) has been the most widely used medication to treat both partial and generalized seizures. However, over the past twenty years, a variety of new compounds have been released with comparable efficacy, fewer adverse effects, and more predictable pharmacokinetic properties. We surveyed neurologists and epileptologists to determine current practice patterns relating to the use of PHT using an online survey instrument. A total of 200 responses were obtained though response rates for each survey question varied. Of the respondents, 78.1% were epilepsy specialists; 60% were adult practitioners; and the remainder saw either, only children or both adults and children. For new onset partial seizures only 10 respondents said PHT would be their first or second choice, while 45% reported that they would not consider PHT. This study shows that in the era of newer medications, the role of PHT has been placed in the category of a reserve medication in intractable epilepsy.
Rapid Prototyping of an Aircraft Model in an Object-Oriented Simulation

A team was created to participate in the Mars Scout Opportunity. Trade studies determined that an aircraft provided the best opportunity to complete the science objectives of the team. A high fidelity six degree of freedom flight simulation was required to provide credible evidence that the aircraft design fulfilled mission objectives and to support the aircraft design process by providing performance evaluations. The team created the simulation using the Langley Standard Real-Time Simulation in C++ (LaSRS++) application framework. A rapid prototyping approach was necessary because the team had only three months to both develop the aircraft simulation model and evaluate aircraft performance as the design and mission parameters matured. The design of LaSRS++ enabled rapid-prototyping in several ways. First, the framework allowed component models to be designed, implemented, unit-tested, and integrated quickly. Next, the framework provides a highly reusable infrastructure that allowed developers to maximize code reuse while concentrating on aircraft and mission specific features. Finally, the framework reduces risk by providing reusable components that allow developers to build a quality product with a compressed testing cycle that relies heavily on unit testing of new components.
Do margins matter? The prognostic significance of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens.

AbstractPurpose: The prognostic significance of positive surgical margins (PSM) in radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens remains unclear. While most studies have concluded that a PSM is an independent adverse prognostic factor, others report that surgical margin status has no effect on prognosis. One reason for these discordant conclusions is the variable number of patients with a PSM who receive adjuvant therapy and the differing statistical methods used to account for the effects of the time course of adjuvant treatment on recurrence. We evaluated the prognostic significance of PSMs using multiple methods of analysis accounting for patients who received adjuvant therapy.Materials and Methods: We analyzed 1,389 consecutive patients with clinical stage T1–3 prostate cancer treated with RP by 2 surgeons from 1983 to 2000. Of 179 patients with a PSM, 37 received adjuvant therapy (AT), 29 radiation therapy and 8 received hormonal therapy. Because the method used to account for men receiving AT can affect the ...
ASTER- and field-based observations at Bezymianny Volcano: Focus on the 11 May 2007 pyroclastic flow deposit

Abstract Bezymianny (Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia) is an active stratovolcano, characterized by a summit lava dome and overlapping pyroclastic flow (PF) deposits to the southeast. Three explosive eruptions (24 December 2006, 11 May 2007, and 14 October 2007) generated PFs that were dominated by juvenile material and were emplaced primarily due to column collapse. Following this, a gravitational lava flow front collapse event generated block and ash flow on 5 November 2007. Moderate spatial resolution data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument were collected between October 2006 and December 2007 to assist in post-eruption monitoring and interpretation of the volcanological processes that produced the PF deposits. Using multitemporal ASTER thermal infrared (TIR) data, three periods of increased activity were observed that coincided with each eruption and subsequent activity. During a field campaign in August 2007, the May 2007 PF deposit was investigated in detail. Eight ASTER TIR pixels (90 m spatial resolution) were selected from the 30 June 2007 ASTER TIR image, seven of which were accessible in the field. Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) image and thermocouple data over these areas were collected to observe thermal heterogeneities with distance along the PF deposit. Although synchronous ASTER data were not possible at the time of fieldwork due to cloud cover, a field survey of blocks versus ash in each pixel was carried out to investigate thermal and textural variation with distance from the vent and to provide preliminary field results. Based on the field-derived temperature data and surface block percentages, the May 2007 PF deposit was more block-rich in the medial portion of the flow surface, but more ash-dominated at the PF terminus region, which promoted more rapid cooling. We present multitemporal ASTER data spanning a 14 month period and highlight ground-based observations acquired within the same period of eruptive and dome-growth activity. These data collectively provide thermal radiative and emissivity information on an actively changing explosive volcanic system and specifically documents changes over recently-emplaced and cooling PF deposits.
Lithospheric and asthenospheric contributions to shear-wave splitting observations in the southeastern United States

We present observations of both null and non-null SKS splitting from temporary deployments across the southeastern United States in order to evaluate the relative contributions of lithospheric deformation and asthenospheric flow to regional anisotropy. Data for this study come from four temporary broadband seismic deployments: the Appalachian Seismic Transect (AST), the Test Experiment for Eastern North America (TEENA), the South Carolina Earth Physics Project (SCEPP), and the Florida to Edmonton Array (FLED). In general, we find fast directions aligned roughly parallel to absolute plate motion of the North American plate (APM) within and west of the Southern Appalachians, whereas to the southeast, we find a broad area dominated by complex splitting patterns consisting of well-constrained null splitting measurements over a range of backazimuths along with a very small number of resolved non-null measurements. This change in splitting patterns is consistent with a transition from drag induced asthenospheric flow beneath the older sections of the North American continent to vertical or incoherent mantle flow, likely in combination with complex lithospheric anisotropy, beneath the younger accreted terranes to the southeast. In addition to these general patterns, we find a number of non-null splitting measurements that are not aligned with APM, but are instead aligned with prominent magnetic anomalies that may correspond to ancient continental suture zones or faults. This would suggest that in these areas, a strongly anisotropic (but localized) lithospheric fabric dominates over any ambient asthenospheric anisotropic signature. In areas with generally strong APM parallel splitting, this would imply a thick sheared mantle lithosphere whose deformation-induced anisotropy is strong enough to overprint the anisotropy induced by APM, and is aligned with the shallower crustal structures responsible for generating the observed magnetic anomalies. In the southeastern areas dominated by null splitting measurements, there may be no strong signature from asthenospheric anisotropy to override, but a substantial lithospheric thickness is still required to generate the magnitude of the observed SKS splitting ( � 1 s). More data are required to verify these results, but future datasets including data from USArray may be able to exploit the correlations between null and non-null SKS splitting measurements and magnetic lineaments to better constrain the provenance of the regional anisotropic signature.
Reaching Out to Latino Families of English Language Learners. by David Campos, Rocío Delgado, and Mary Esther Soto Huerta

It is an undeniable fact that we live in an era where questions of cultural and linguistic assimilation have taken center stage in the media as well as in policy circles. Latinos stand at the foref...
Dynamics of Poverty among Niger Delta Women: An Empirical Assessment

This study examines the dynamics of poverty among the Niger Delta women of Nigeria with particular reference to the Isoko’s, Ijaws, and the Itsekeri ethnic nationalities. The data for the study were obtained from field survey of 450 households from three Local Government Areas of the study. The results obtained from the study shows that there is the existence of a widespread of poverty among the women of the area even when there is obvious oil companies’ economic activities. The study also shows that despite the various government policies and programs aimed at alleviating poverty, a greater proportion of women in the area do not benefit from such programs. The paper concluded by suggesting that the government should pursue a policy aimed at targeting the women of the study area and that the establishment of empowerment programs/ skill acquisition centers for women will be of immense benefit.
Statuevision: Glasgow

Statuevision is an interactive public projection performance that engages citizens in conversations about urban histories. Statuevision: Glasgow invites participants to explore Glasgow's history through its iconic statues and monuments. This performance employs interactive technologies that enable participants to animate three-dimensional renderings of the cities statues while learning about the lives of the figures.
Minimally invasive ivor lewis esophagectomy after induction therapy yields similar early outcomes to surgery alone.

Objective : Although considered an integral part of treatment for regionally advanced esophageal cancer, there is conflicting literature regarding the effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on esophagectomy. The objectives of this study are to examine the effect of neoadjuvant therapy in regard to perioperative parameters, morbidity, and short-term mortality in patients undergoing a minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy (MIE). Methods : This is a retrospective review of 39 patients undergoing MIE for esophageal cancer during 2007-2010. Results : Of the 39 patients, 14 (36%) did not receive neoadjuvant therapy (NCR) and 25 (64%) did receive either chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy (CR). On comparing NCR vs CR, there was no difference in operative time (361 vs 362 minutes; P = 0.94) or estimated blood loss (233 vs 190 mL; P = 0.06). All patients underwent an R0 resection, and there was no difference in the mean number of lymph nodes harvested (NCR 21.5 vs CR 21.6; P = 0.95). Both groups had mean intensive care unit stay of 1 day (P = 0.7), and there was no difference in length of stay (NCR 7.4 vs CR 8.2 days; P = 0.38). There were no deaths or anastomotic leaks in either group. The incidence of complications in the NCR group was 21% (3/14) while in the CR group was 48% (12/25). Complications were not associated with neoadjuvant therapy [CR vs NCR: odds ratio = 3.44 (0.72-16.38); P = 0.121], even after adjusting for comorbidities and age. Conclusions : MIE can be performed safely following neoadjuvant therapy with similar perioperative results, morbidity, and short-term mortality when compared with MIE alone. Longer follow-up is required for oncologic validity.
Cardiac Output Determination by Thermodilution Technique: The Method of Choice in Low Flow States

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the thermodilution technique of determining cardiac output in low flow states. We compared the simultaneous determinations attained by the thermodilution method to those made by microsphere dilution and electromagnetic flow transducer methods. Measurements were carried out in five awake miniature swine (10-14 kg) by means of chronically implanted ascending aortic flow transducer and left atrial catheters. A Swan—Ganz thermodilution catheter and a femoral arterial catheter were placed on the morning of the study. Four simultaneous cardiac output determinations were carried out in each animal using the three techniques. The first two measurements were made during normotension and the last two during graded, stable hypovolemic shock (mean arterial pressure, 75 and 50 mm Hg). In addition, 34 simultaneous measurements of cardiac output were carried out using thermodilution and flow transducer methods. No significant difference occurred among ...
Mechanisms of substrate preference for oxidative metabolism during early myocardial reperfusion

We previously reported in working swine hearts a preferred use of fatty acids during early myocardial reperfusion. The purpose of these studies was to test whether this pattern of substrate oxidation was the result of excess energy demands during mechanical recovery. Two groups of pig hearts (n = 15) were compared. Both received Intralipid with heparin (serum fatty acids, 1.02 +/- 0.05 mumol/ml) to ensure preferred substrate availability and both received [2-14C]pyruvate to monitor myocardial use of a carbohydrate substrate. In one group (n = 8) oxfenicine was administered to suppress fatty acid utilization. Left anterior descending (LAD) coronary flow was maintained at aerobic levels for 30 min, reduced by 60% for 45 min, and restored to aerobic levels for a final 50 min. Ischemia caused the expected decreased in global and regional mechanical performance. Recovery in motion during reflow was less in oxfenicine-treated hearts (73 vs. 32% decrease in systolic shortening from aerobic values in treated and control hearts, P less than or equal to 0.01 and P less than or equal to 0.05, respectively). Pyruvate oxidation declined dramatically in both groups during ischemia but recovered disparately. In control hearts CO2 production remained depressed during reperfusion (NS from ischemic values), whereas in treated hearts it increased 5.5-fold (but did not exceed aerobic values). Tissue levels of acetyl CoA and acetylcarnitine were not statistically different between perfusion beds (aerobic vs. reperfusion) within groups. Oxfenicine reduced levels of acetyl carnitine in both perfusion beds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Making of a Monster: King John in fiction from Bale to the Victorians☆

Abstract The modern reputation of Magna Carta is built upon series of contingencies and myths. The present paper explores various ways in which Victorian writers, taking their lead from Sir Walter Scott, transformed the image of King John and with it popular understanding of the purpose and effects of what John was obliged to do at Runnymede.
O-010 mobile stroke treatment unit and golden hour of thrombolysis for emergent large vessel occlusion: initial experience

Introduction “Golden hour” of thrombolysis, defined as initiation of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) within 60 min of stroke symptom onset, has shown beneficial outcomes with recovery and favorable discharges. The mobile stroke treatment unit (MSTU) has shown reduction in time to thrombolysis and also captures more patients within the “golden hour” window. Historically, IV tPA recanalization rates for emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) strokes have been low. We present our initial experience of ELVO strokes treated in the MSTU within the “golden hour”. Methods We reviewed our MSTU registry to identity ischemic stroke patients with ELVO and treated with IV tPA. Demographics, clinical and imaging data for the patients were collected. Results During the initial 32 weeks in service the MSTU had 743 dispatches and transported 195 patients. Eight patients met inclusion criteria, of which 5 patients received IV tPA in under 60 min from symptom onset. All the 5 patients were males with a median age of 76 [interquartile ranges (IQR) 73–77]. Median national institute of health stroke scale (NIHSS) at initial presentation was 16 (IQR 16–19) with median time of symptom onset to IV tPA 51 min (IQR 46–56). Initial vascular imaging identified 2 patients with proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, 1 distal MCA occlusion, 1 carotid terminus and 1 basilar apex occlusion. Four patients underwent angiogram for thrombectomy and 1 had follow up MRA. Of these only 1 patient required mechanical thrombectomy while others had spontaneous recanalization with 3 showing thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) 2b grade of reperfusion and one having TICI 3 reperfusion. Median time from IV tPA to angiogram/MRA was 90 min (IQR 80–101). Median discharge NIHSS was 1 (IQR 0–3). Conclusion Our initial data shows that MSTU may be able to improve IV tPA recanalization rates for ELVO strokes as it is able to procure more patients in the “golden hour”. Disclosures R. Cerejo: None. A. Taqui: None. A. Itrat: None. S. John: None. K. Uchino: None. G. Toth: None. P. Rasmussen: None. M. Hussain: None.
Hypotheses concerning the Eastern European Jewish family.

(1950). Hypotheses Concerning the Eastern European Jewish Family. Psychiatry: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 447-464.
The Mediating Role of Self-compassion in Student Psychological Health

Objective Self-compassion is an adaptive emotion-regulation strategy characterised by self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness. This cross-sectional study examined the mediating role of self-compassion in student psychological health. Method An international sample of 306 tertiary students completed measures of self-compassion, well-being (satisfaction with life, flourishing, and positive affect), and distress (stress, negative affect, burnout, and depression). Results Correlational analyses indicated that higher self-compassion was associated with higher well-being and lower distress. A series of multiple regression analyses indicated that self-compassion mediated the relationships between stress and depression, negative affect and depression, burnout and depression, and aggregate distress and aggregate well-being. Conclusion Overall, the findings suggest that self-compassion may be a useful addition to interventions aimed at mitigating student distress and improving student well-being.
Malignant Vesical Tumors Following Spinal Cord Injury

We present 11 male patients with spinal cord injury and neurogenic bladder disease in whom malignant vesical tumors developed. The incidence of these tumors in our spinal cord injury unit was 2.3 per cent. We investigated retrospectively the clinical, endoscopic and radiographic diagnoses, and analyzed the treatment. The most common presenting symptoms were recurrent urinary infections, hematuria and stone disease. Two patients presented with abdominal symptomatology (a large abdominopelvic mass and peritonitis). Endoscopic evaluation was nonspecific in 8 patients (72 per cent). Squamous cell carcinoma was present in 9 patients (81 per cent). One patient had pure transitional cell carcinoma, and 1 had mixed squamous and transitional cell cancer. Cytology was of no value in these patients. The presence of local invasion and bulky disease suggests that ultrasonography or computerized tomography of the abdomen and pelvis should be included during followup. Radical cystoprostatectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy is the recommended therapy for localized disease. The presence of active or recurrent urethral disease in 55 per cent of the patients indicated that urethrectomy also should be performed.
Positive beliefs about mental illness: Associations with sex, age, diagnosis, and clinical outcomes

Abstract Background Beliefs about mental illness affect how individuals cope with their symptoms. Positive beliefs about mental illness (PBMI) refer to perceptions of positive attributes individuals may identify in their illness, such as beneficial consequences, enhanced creativity or cognition, or growth through adversity. Methods The present study developed and tested a brief measure of PBMI in 332 adults presenting for partial hospitalization with a variety of acute psychiatric conditions. Results Results indicated that older individuals and women had lower levels of PBMI than others, while individuals with bipolar disorder had higher levels of PBMI than others. PBMI significantly increased over the course of brief standard treatment. Baseline levels of PBMI, as well as changes in PBMI over the course of treatment, were associated with clinical outcomes including, but not limited to, depression and well-being. A diagnosis of bipolar disorder moderated the relationship between PBMI and only one clinical outcome, emotional lability. Increases in PBMI during treatment were associated with reduced emotional lability only in participants without bipolar disorder. Limitations Our findings are limited by the naturalistic study design. In addition, the lack of ethnoracial diversity in our sample limits the generalization of results. Conclusions Our results suggest that PBMI are a distinct set of beliefs that meaningfully relate to demographic characteristics, diagnostic characteristics, and clinical outcomes. Future research should examine the mechanisms through which PBMI and outcomes are related, as well as determine whether interventions designed to address PBMI (and perhaps tailored for different diagnostic groups) have clinical utility.
Two dimensional sections of miscibility gaps : the rose geometry

Ded sections a deux dimensions a travers des lacunes de miscibilite multiphasee peuvent avoir des frontieres de phases en forme de «rose». Le nombre de phases en equilibre dans la rose et le nombre de cotee de la region centrale de la rose determinent ceux des «petales» et des intersections dans la figure. Ils determinent aussi le nombre de courbes fermees et de boucles qui sont contenues dans le diagramme topologique de la rose
ASCT2 (SLC1A5) is an EGFR-associated protein that can be co-targeted by cetuximab to sensitize cancer cells to ROS-induced apoptosis

Therapeutic targeting of ASCT2, a glutamine transporter that plays a major role in glutamine uptake in cancer cells, is challenging because ASCT2 also has a biological role in normal tissues. In this study, we report our novel finding that ASCT2 is physically associated in a molecular complex with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is often overexpressed in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Furthermore, we found that ASCT2 can be co-targeted by cetuximab, an EGFR antibody approved for treating metastatic HNSCC. We demonstrated that cetuximab downregulated ASCT2 in an EGFR expression-dependent manner via cetuximab-mediated EGFR endocytosis. Downregulation of ASCT2 by cetuximab led to decreased intracellular uptake of glutamine and subsequently a decreased glutathione level. Cetuximab thereby sensitized HNSCC cells to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced apoptosis and, importantly, it is independent of effective inhibition of EGFR downstream signaling by cetuximab. In contrast, knockdown of EGFR by siRNA or inhibition of EGFR kinase with gefitinib, an EGFR kinase inhibitor, failed to sensitize HNSCC cells to ROS-induced apoptosis. Our findings support a novel therapeutic strategy for EGFR-overexpressing and cetuximab-resistant cancers by combining cetuximab with an oxidative therapy.
J. S. Bach: First appointments 1703–8

In [January] 1703 he went to Weimar, and became a musician of the Court there. ( Obituary ) What the series of events was during 1702 can be only partly reconstructed, but it seems that Bach completed two years at senior school, visited Hamburg either during or shortly after them or both, heard the French players of Celle, at some point returned to Thuringia, by July 1702 was applying to become organist at the Jacobikirche (St James's Church), Sangerhausen, and instead went into service at the court in Weimar six months later. When exactly in 1702 he left Luneburg is unrecorded but probably as the school year ended at Easter, when he was just seventeen. Nor is it recorded whether he was moved to return to Thuringia through penury, professional disappointment (no job in Luneburg or Hamburg) or love of homeland, as the Obituary said. (On this, see also Postscript.) Perhaps he went temporarily to his brother in Ohrdruf again, or sister Marie Salome in Erfurt, both of whom were by now better circumstanced. The order of events would be rather the reverse of the flute-virtuoso J. J. Quantz's, who records that at much the same age, he set his sights on Dresden or Berlin, metropolitan capitals in which he could hear better things than he could at home (1755, 202). Similarly, Handel, having briefly became organist at home in 1702 and been introduced to many styles of music by his teacher, went off to Hamburg, launched on his many-sided career.
Humoral Immunity in Invertebrates

This chapter discusses humoral immunity in invertebrates. Although immunity in invertebrates and antibody synthesis in vertebrates share one common feature, both are produced or initiated in response to an encounter with a soluble or paniculate antigen; after synthesis occurs, the foreign material, or antigen, is sequestered or eliminated. The other feature they share in common is that substances are synthesized by both, these being antibodies, agglutinins, lysins, etc. Antibody synthesis seems to be an attribute peculiar to vertebrates, although invertebrates synthesize humoral substances that may be the cell surface receptor of the antigen. Unlike vertebrate antibody that has been described, naturally occurring and induced substances of invertebrates have not been clearly distinguished and defined, as the conceptual and more often the technical approaches to understanding humoral synthesis in invertebrates are still limited. A definition of adaptive immunity that encompasses both vertebrates and invertebrates assumes that an animal should reach a stage in which characteristics are altered after antigen presentation, antigens should induce the formation of a humoral component, and the antigen should also become sequestered by the component.
A hot topic: the genetics of adaptation to geothermal vents in Mimulus guttatus.

Identifying the individual loci and mutations that underlie adaptation to extreme environments has long been a goal of evolutionary biology. However, finding the genes that underlie adaptive traits is difficult for several reasons. First, because many traits and genes evolve simultaneously as populations diverge, it is difficult to disentangle adaptation from neutral demographic processes. Second, finding the individual loci involved in any trait is challenging given the respective limitations of quantitative and population genetic methods. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Hendrick et al. (2016) overcome these difficulties and determine the genetic basis of microgeographic adaptation between geothermal vent and nonthermal populations of Mimulus guttatus in Yellowstone National Park. The authors accomplish this by combining population and quantitative genetic techniques, a powerful, but labour-intensive, strategy for identifying individual causative adaptive loci that few studies have used (Stinchcombe & Hoekstra 2008). In a previous common garden experiment (Lekberg et al. 2012), thermal M. guttatus populations were found to differ from their closely related nonthermal neighbours in various adaptive phenotypes including trichome density. Hendrick et al. (2016) combine quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, population genomic scans for selection and admixture mapping to identify a single genetic locus underlying differences in trichome density between thermal and nonthermal M. guttatus. The candidate gene, R2R3 MYB, is homologous to genes involved in trichome development across flowering plants. The major trichome QTL, Tr14, is also involved in trichome density differences in an independent M. guttatus population comparison (Holeski et al. 2010) making this an example of parallel genetic evolution.
The Electrical Double Layer on Silver Iodide

Over the past few years considerable theoretical advances have been made in developing an understanding of the problems of colloid stability. In order to test the various models, it is essential to have colloidal dispersions well defined in terms of particle size, shape, charge, and other characteristics. Until recently, essentially the only such systems have been the monodispersed organic latexes consisting of spherical particles in micron and sub-micron sizes.
Effectively Maintained Inequality in U.S. Postsecondary Progress: The Importance of Institutional Reach

In this analysis, I evaluate how socioeconomic status (SES) directly shapes the probability that students with similar academic achievements complete key transitions in the U.S. postsecondary system. I develop the concept of institutional reach to illuminate the maintenance of socioeconomic differences across successive forward transitions via institutions of varying selectivity in this postsecondary system. Both low- and high-SES students with high academic achievements display a greater probability of moving forward through the system. However, high-SES students are more likely to do so by attending more selective institutions at entry and, consequently, are more likely to complete a bachelor’s degree at such institutions. In other words, high-SES students have greater institutional reach given similar academic achievements. Greater protection from low achievements and greater boosts from high achievements are both important for maintaining high-SES students’ advantage.
Novel function of a dynein light chain in actin assembly during clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

Clathrin- and actin-mediated endocytosis is essential in eukaryotic cells. In this study, we demonstrate that Tda2 is a novel protein of the endocytic machinery necessary for normal internalization of native cargo in yeast. Tda2 has not been classified in any protein family. Unexpectedly, solving the crystal structure of Tda2 revealed it belongs to the dynein light chain family. However, Tda2 works independently of the dynein motor complex and microtubules. Tda2 forms a tight complex with the polyproline motif–rich protein Aim21, which interacts physically with the SH3 domain of the Arp2/3 complex regulator Bbc1. The Tda2–Aim21 complex localizes to endocytic sites in a Bbc1- and filamentous actin–dependent manner. Importantly, the Tda2–Aim21 complex interacts directly with and facilitates the recruitment of actin-capping protein, revealing barbed-end filament capping at endocytic sites to be a regulated event. Thus, we have uncovered a new layer of regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by a member of a conserved protein family that has not been previously associated with a function in endocytosis.
An Introduction to Isometric Group Actions with Applications to Spaces with Curvature Bounded from Below

We present a three part survey of previous and recent results in the theory of isometric group actions with applications to spaces with curvature bounded below. The first part consists of a review of basic material on isometric group actions. The second part covers the classical theorem of Hsiang and Kleiner about positively curved four manifolds admitting an isometric circle action. The third section covers recent joint work of the author with Galaz-Garcia on the structure of cohomogeneity one Alexandrov spaces.
Dimensions of register variation: The linguistic bases of cross-linguistic register comparisons: a detailed quantitative comparison of English and Somali registers

Introduction One of the key issues in cross-linguistic register analyses is choosing the units of analysis and determining to what extent they are actually comparable. This is relevant both to the registers chosen for analysis and to the linguistic characteristics considered. In the present chapter, these issues are illustrated through a detailed comparison of English and Somali registers. Throughout the analyses in this book, a quantitative, distributional approach is adopted to describe the linguistic characteristics of registers. These distributional patterns are interpreted functionally, based on previous research which shows that the preferred linguistic forms of a register are those that are best suited functionally to the situational demands of the variety (see, e.g., Chafe 1982; Finegan 1982; Ferguson 1983; Janda 1985; Biber 1988). For example, the situational demands of conversation are very different from those of an academic paper, and therefore the characteristic linguistic forms of these registers will be markedly different. Thus, consider the relative frequencies of first-person pronouns, second-person pronouns, and nouns in these two registers, presented in table 4.1. Both first- and second-person pronouns are tied directly to the communicative situation in their meaning: first-person pronouns are used to refer to an actively ‘involved’ addressor, while second-person pronouns require a specific addressee in order to be felicitous. In contrast, nouns generally refer to third-person entities and can refer to either concrete objects or abstract concepts; nouns are the primary bearers of referential meaning in a text (apart from deictic, pronominal references to the immediate physical context).
Profiling of Protein O-GlcNAcylation in Murine CD8+ Effector- and Memory-like T Cells

During an acute infection, antigenic stimulation leads to activation, expansion, and differentiation of naive CD8+ T cells, first into cytotoxic effector cells and eventually into long-lived memory cells. T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) detect antigens on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the form of antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I)-encoded molecules and initiate TCR signal transduction network. This process is mediated by phosphorylation of many intracellular signaling proteins. Protein O-GlcNAc modification is another post-translational modification involved in this process, which often has either reciprocal or synergistic roles with phosphorylation. In this study, using a chemoenzymatic glycan labeling technique and proteomics analysis, we compared protein O-GlcNAcylation of murine effector and memory-like CD8+ T cells differentiated in vitro. By quantitative proteomics analysis, we identified 445 proteins that are significantly regulated in either effector- or me...
Medicolegal Death Scene Investigations After Natural Disaster- and Weather-Related Events: A Review of the Literature.

BackgroundThe number of disaster-related deaths recorded by vital statistics departments often differs from that reported by other agencies, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administr...
Complete Genome Sequences of Three Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Strains Isolated from Botswana

We report here the first whole-genome sequences for 3 strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (112N, 113N, and 114N) isolated in Africa. Samples of this opportunistic pathogen were collected from nasal swabs obtained from healthy carrier dogs in Botswana. The sequence information will facilitate spatial phylogenetic comparisons of staphylococcal species and other bacteria at the genome level.
Ethics of Care: Enlightening the Role of Rights in Global Bioethics

There has been some opposition concerning acceptability of care as an ethic. Allmark, for example, argues that, in itself, care is “morally neutral,” except when “it is for the right things and expressed in the right way.” Thus, in his own words, “‘Caring’ ethics assumes wrongly that caring is good … ‘caring’ ethicists take the fact that care-related terms are used to express moral judgment to imply that care is itself a good, or the good. This inference is both invalid and false.” According to Allmark, therefore, the whole concept of care ethics is fallacious and empty of substance. He argues, “mutatis mutandis, a caring person, is not someone who cares indiscriminately. She is someone who cares in the core sense about the things she ought to care about, and to the right degree.” Only then such a person can claim that her care is morally evaluable and justifiable as good or bad. In sum, Allmark contends that “focusing on care as a moral quality in itself, something it is not, the ethics of care can tell us nothing of what those right things (the objects of care) are.” However, this book assumes acceptability of care as a valid ethic which has been globally recognized and which cannot be ignored or sidelined.
Core Concepts and Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis

Acid–base homeostasis constitutes one of the most fundamental biologic processes vital to survival of all life-forms. Derangements acid–base balance can result from a variety of causes and can exert multiple effects on many organs. Metabolic acidosis is a state of excess accumulation of acid in the body due to excess production, reduced excretion, or a combination of both. In this chapter, we summarize some basic acid–base chemistry and biology for the clinician, highlights how to utilize simple laboratory findings to approach metabolic acidosis, and finally discuss the evidence that supports the various treatment protocols and controversies in metabolic acidosis.
Localization of Affinity Lable within the Primary Structure of γ2 Chain from Guinea Pig IgG(2)

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses localization of affinity lable within the primary structure of 72 chain from guinea pig IgG(2). The chapter explains that the entire γ2 chain from IgG(2) derived from Strain 13 guinea pigs can be accounted for by a set of fragments obtained using CNBr to cleave at methionine residues. Five of these fragments, Clb, Clc, C3, C4, and C5, account for the carboxyl-terminal 303 residues of the γ2 chain. The octadecapeptide, C5, is C terminal because it is the only one which lacks a homoserine residue. The other four fragments were aligned by means of tryptic peptides containing a methionine residue. The chapter describes that these peptides, isolated from a tryptic digest of whole γ2 chain, overlap the four relevant cleavage points of CNBr. The 303 residues comprising the carboxyl-terminal part of γ2 chain form a single sequence which differs equally from corresponding homologous amino acid sequences reported for rabbit and human IgG.
WATER SECURITY AND THE THREATS FROM BIOLOGICAL AGENTS OF CONCERN

Water safety has always been of the highest priority however communities and the water industry are now engaging in how to develop a specific program for water security. In particular, research is needed on new analytical methods which can address water contaminants of concern and an improved understanding of the risks. There are a number of disease causing microorganisms which have characteristics that would facilitate their use as agents for terrorist type of activities or as biological weapons. The prevention and control of these potential biological agents of concern (BAC) requires an understanding of the ways bacteria, viruses and parasites are spread. The scientific mathematical calculations support an amount in grams depending on where the contamination takes place.
Nutritional status dictates the rate and mode of intestinal epithelial stem cell proliferation

The intestinal epithelium plays an integral role in digestion and immune function. Maintenance of the epithelium is driven by continuous proliferation of stem cells localized near the base of the c...
Defining a Willingness-to-transplant Threshold in an Era of Organ Scarcity: Simultaneous Liver-kidney Transplant as a Case Example.

Background Organ scarcity continues in solid organ transplantation, such that the availability of organs limits the number of people able to benefit from transplantation. Medical advancements in managing end-stage organ disease have led to an increasing demand for multiorgan transplant, wherein a patient with multiorgan disease receives >1 organ from the same donor. Current allocation schemes give priority to multiorgan recipients compared with single-organ transplant recipients, which raise ethical questions regarding equity and utility. Methods We use simultaneous liver and kidney (SLK) transplant, a type of multiorgan transplant, as a case study to examine the tension between equity and utility in multiorgan allocation. We adapt the health economics willingness-to-pay threshold to a solid organ transplant setting by coining a new metric: the willingness-to-transplant (WTT) threshold. Results We demonstrate how the WTT threshold can be used to evaluate different SLK allocation strategies by synthesizing utility and equity perspectives. Conclusions We submit that this new framework enables us to distill the question of SLK allocation down to: what is the minimum amount of benefit we require from a deceased donor kidney to allocate it for a particular indication? Addressing the above question will prove helpful to devising a rational system of SLK allocation and is applicable to other transplant settings.
Pervasive Human Computing

Systems involving human computation often rely on computation being distributed spatially and temporally, enabling large-scale human-driven information processing. This distribution suggests that human computation systems may be effectively supported with pervasive computing technologies, which aim to invisibly embed networked computation in everyday life. In this chapter, I consider previous work at the intersection of human computing and pervasive computing, focusing on how human computation has been deployed through mobile platforms and how localized humans can act as computer-based sensors. I suggest a number of questions for guiding future research, framed around the question of: “in what ways does the situatedness enabled by pervasive systems influence human computation?” In addition, I discuss how the pervasive computing lens of “seamless” interaction highlights issues in human computation systems of rendering both computers and computation users invisible; this lens suggests further considerations in developing pervasive human computation systems.