cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Costs and benefits of routine histopathological examination of hammertoe specimens.

Background:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cost and benefit of routinely submitting hammertoe specimens for histopathological examination. We hypothesized that such examination rarely shows a new diagnosis and seldom alters postoperative care.Materials and Methods:Three hundred and fourteen proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and 37 extensor tendon specimens from 187 consecutive hammertoe correction surgeries were submitted by 2 surgeons for histopathological examination between January 2009 and December 2011. Each patient’s chart was reviewed to determine whether the histopathological examination revealed a diagnosis other than degenerative joint or degenerative tendon and whether subsequent patient management was altered. The total reimbursements for professional charges were calculated using the average reimbursement from common insurance providers for two Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes: 88304 (soft tissue examination) and 88311 (decalcification).Results:Almost all of the spe...
Tailoring the crystal structure of individual silicon nanowires by polarized laser annealing

We study the effect of polarized laser annealing on the crystalline structure of individual crystalline?amorphous core?shell silicon nanowires (NWs) using Raman spectroscopy. The crystalline fraction of the annealed spot increases dramatically from 0 to 0.93 with increasing incident laser power. We observe Raman lineshape narrowing and frequency hardening upon laser annealing due to the growth of the crystalline core, which is confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The anti-Stokes:Stokes Raman intensity ratio is used to determine the local heating temperature caused by the intense focused laser, which exhibits a strong polarization dependence in Si NWs. The most efficient annealing occurs when the laser polarization is aligned along the axis of the NWs, which results in an amorphous?crystalline interface less than 0.5? ?m in length. This paper demonstrates a new approach to control the crystal structure of NWs on the sub-micron length scale.
Local control and financing of education: a perspective from the American state judiciary

Abstract Throughout the course of American history, the idea that governance of education is and should be local has retained a prominent position in American culture. In fact, however, the degree to which education is actually controlled locally has eroded steadily throughout the 20th century. Thus local control of education in the United States today is more myth than reality. Nevertheless, the American judiciary continues to justify its decisions concerning educational governance on the grounds of local control. In recent years, many American states have become embroiled in controversy concerning the financing of school systems. Most states fund education through a combination of local, state and Federal taxes. Yet state and Federal aid is seldom sufficient to overcome disparities in wealth between rich and poor districts, with the result that wealthy districts are able to provide better educational programs at lower cost to taxpayers than their less fortunate counterparts. In 1973, the United States Supreme Court addressed the school financing issue in San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez. In Rodriguez, the Court rejected a challenge to the Texas school financing system. Plaintiffs had charged that the Texas system violated the equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment by permitting inter-district disparities in wealth and educational programs. The Court's rejection of this argument was based largely on its observation of the importance of local control in educational governance. In the nearly two decades since the Rodriguez decision, lawsuits involving school financing have been decided by the supreme courts of more than half of the States. Each state-level decisions is based on interpretation of the appropriate state constitution and because each state constitution differs from the others, different courts obtained different results. Many of the decisions hinged on the local control issue, although both the definition and the interpretation of local control differed widely from state to state. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the state court decisions involving local control in school financing, with the intent of developing a more comprehensive interpretation of how local control arguments are used as justification by the judiciary to uphold state policy.
Detection of several electronically metastable atomic states by gas phase EPR

Abstract Several atomic metastable species including N(2D 5 2 ), N(2D 3 2 ), N(2P 3 2 ), O(1D2), Ne(3P2), Ar(3P2), Kr(3P2 and Xe(3P2) have been detected by gas phase electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in a discharge-flow system. Spectra and absolute concentration are presented.
Experimental and Numerical Simulation of Tensile Behavior and Failure of Titanium Alloys Under Simulated SPF Post-Processing Conditions

Three titanium alloys were tested in tension after simulated SPF exposure to three different temperatures and subject to three different post-processing methods. This paper presents an experimental analysis and numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of post processed and as exposed titanium material. Stress versus strain curves, necking behavior and final fracture results were simulated using finite element modeling techniques and correlated to the experimental results. The simulations were able to predict experimental results in most cases.
The effects of layering in ferroelectric Si-doped HfO2 thin films

Atomic layer deposited Si-doped HfO2 thin films approximately 10 nm thick are deposited with various Si-dopant concentrations and distributions. The ferroelectric behavior of the HfO2 thin films are shown to be dependent on both the Si mol. % and the distribution of Si-dopants. Metal-ferroelectric-insulator-semiconductor capacitors are shown to exhibit a tunable remanent polarization through the adjustment of the Si-dopant distribution at a constant Si concentration. Inhomogeneous layering of Si-dopants within the thin films effectively lowers the remanent polarization. A pinched hysteresis loop is observed for higher Si-dopant concentrations and found to be dependent on the Si layering distribution.
A Braid Representation and Corresponding Closed Braid Invariant

In [5] Xiao Song Lin shows that “traceless” representations of a braid group into SU(2) counted with appropriate sign gives one half of the signature of the associated knot. This is done with a skein technique, comparing the behavior of the representations and the sign of the Conway polynomial of the knot evaluated at 2i. These results appear somewhat mysterious. In this paper, we present a representation of the braid group into SL(2n,Z) where n+1 is the number of strands of the braid. This matrix arises naturally from considering the two-fold branched cover of a ball containing the braid. The lower right n×n block is basically the reduced Brauer representation evaluated at –1 while the lower left n×n block of this matrix has special significance. The absolute value of the determinant of this block corresponds to the determinant of the corresponding closed braid. If one defines C(η) to be the determinant of this block normalized properly one gets an invariant of the corresponding closed braid which is equal to the Conway polynomial of the corresponding closed braid evaluated at 2i. Therefore, one can use a skein technique to compute the signature of the knot from C(η). Since the absolute value of the Conway polynomial evaluated at 2i is the order of the homology of the two-fold branched cover of a link, C(η) also contains this homological information. It will be shown in [6] that the lower left n×n block is a presentation matrix of the first homology of the two-fold cover. This homology matrix is related to the traceless representations of Xiao Song Lin that come from the homology of the two-fold branched cover.
Malapportionment and Public Policy in the States

C OMMENTATORS ON STATE POLICY have often implied that malapportionment seriously affects the policy choices of state legislatures. In the literature on state politics it is frequently argued that there are important policy differences between urban and rural constituencies and that malapportionment, by over-representing rural interests, grants them a real advantage in policy-making.' It is also frequently predicted that reapportionment on a population basis will bring about noticeable shifts in many state policies.2 Malapportionment of state legislatures has been successfully challenged on the grounds that it denies to the citizens equal protection of the laws.3 This challenge was essentially a normative one, stemming from deeply held values about political equality.4 The merits of of this type of challenge do not lend themselves to empirical verification. However, statements about the effect of malapportionment on public policy, and predictions about the policy consequences of reapportionment, can be tested empirically. Such tests, of course, in no way reflect upon the moral quality of the proposition "as nearly
An Investigation of the Effects of Microstructure on Fatigue Crack Growth in Ti-6242

Surface and subsurface crack nucleation and growth mechanisms are elucidated for equiaxed (microstructure 1), elongated (microstructure 2), and colony (microstructure 3) microstructures of Ti6242. Prominent cleavage facets, indicative of a Stroh-type dislocation-pile phenomenon characterize the nucleation sites. Beachmarking and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques are used to study fatigue crack growth rates and crack shape evolution in the short and long crack regimes. The studies reveal that surface crack growth rate data are generally comparable to the through-crack growth rate data in the long crack growth regime. However, the depth crack growth rates are somewhat slower than the through-crack growth rates. Surface crack evolution profiles are shown to exhibit a tendency towards Preferred Propagation Paths (PPPs). However, the magnitudes of the aspect ratios along the PPPs are different from those reported for square or rectangular cross sections subjected to cyclic tension or bending loads. Finally, the measured crack lengths and aspect ratios are compared with predictions obtained from a fracture mechanics model.
Numerical approaches to solid-state convection in planetary bodies

Abstract Numerical methods suitable for the calculation of finite-amplitude thermal convection in planetary interiors are reviewed. Three methods of approach are described and compared; namely, finite-difference, finite-element and spectral procedures. Application of each approach to three-dimensional solid-state convection with complex rheology is examined. Finite-difference methods have enjoyed some success to date. However, future developments are likely to favor finite-element methods when rheology and boundaries are complex, and spectral methods when accuracy is paramount and rheology and boundaries are simple.
Green Tea and Cancer Prevention

Extracts of green tea and green tea polyphenols have exhibited inhibitory effects against the formation and development of tumors at different organ sites in animals. These include animal models for skin, lung, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestine, colon, liver, pancreas, bladder, mammary gland, and prostate cancers. In addition to suppressing cell proliferation, promoting apoptosis, and modulating signaling transduction, green tea polyphenols, especially (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, also inhibit cell invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. This article reviews data on the cancer preventive activities of green tea polyphenols, possible mechanisms involved, and the relationship between green tea consumption and human cancer risk.
Atmospheric Science: Volcanic rain shift

The distribution of dust particles in the stratosphere affects the location of the tropical rainband. The possible implications of this for geoengineering — by injection of particles — need to be taken into account before implementation.
Membrane proteins: Through thick and thin

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is regulated by changes in the host lipid bilayer composition and has been studied extensively to elucidate the relative importance of specific lipid-protein interactions versus more general nonspecific bilayer-protein interactions in the regulation of membrane protein function. Experiments reported in this issue provide strong support for the importance of lipid bilayer physical properties and lipid bilayer–membrane protein hydrophobic mismatch in the regulation of nAChR function.
Flow-induced morphological instabilities: The rotating disc

The morphological stability of a rotating and solidifying disk is investigated under the assumption that delta, the thickness of the viscous boundary layer, is much larger than delta(c), the thickness of the solute boundary layer. It is found that axisymmetric disturbances with wavelengths comparable to delta respond to nonparallel flow effects and have stability characteristics quite different from disturbances in a parallel flow. These long waves are unstable because of the nonparallel flow and would decay without it. This analysis thus identifies a new mechanism of morphological change induced by flow.
Software evolution in practice for the U.S. Department of Energy. Experience report

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) maintains the nation's supply of special nuclear material. Each year the DOE spends tens of millions of dollars safeguarding this material. As part of this defense program, the DOE has funded Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to develop and evolve the Argus security system, which provides sophisticated access control and intrusion detection capabilities to some of the Department's facilities. Changes in security and computer technologies impose continuous changes to system requirements. This paper examines the software engineering evolving-changing security system. >
The measurement and use of operational flexibility in the loading of Flexible Manufacturing Systems

Abstract Flexibility has been recognized as a key aspect of a firm's response to competitive markets. However, no accepted measures of flexibility exist that would allow firms to evaluate FMS planning policies. In this paper, three measures of operational flexibility are derived to represent the ability of an FMS to respond to external and internal disturbances given a production plan. These flexibility measures are then used to evaluate tool loading and part routing decisions. A minimum-cost tool loading and part routing policy is derived, modeled, and statistically tested against a maximum-production-rate policy. The minimum-cost policy resulted in inventory levels being lowered by as much as 43% while routing flexibility increases by as much as 11% without statistically affecting capacity flexibility or the planned makespan.
Geochemical roots of autotrophic carbon fixation: Hydrothermal experiments in the system citric acid, H 2 O-(FeS)-(NiS)

Recent theories have proposed that life arose from primitive hydrothermal environments employ- ing chemical reactions analogous to the reductive citrate cycle (RCC) as the primary pathway for carbon fixation. This chemistry is presumed to have developed as a natural consequence of the intrinsic geochemistry of the young, prebiotic, Earth. There has been no experimental evidence, however, demonstrating that there exists a natural pathway into such a cycle. Toward this end, the results of hydrothermal experiments involving citric acid are used as a method of deducing such a pathway. Homocatalytic reactions observed in the citric acid-H2O experiments encompass many of the reactions found in modern metabolic systems, i.e., hydration- dehydration, retro-Aldol, decarboxylation, hydrogenation, and isomerization reactions. Three principal de- composition pathways operate to degrade citric acid under thermal and aquathermal conditions. It is concluded that the acid catalyzed decarboxylation pathway, leading ultimately to propene and CO2, may provide the most promise for reaction network reversal under natural hydrothermal conditions. Increased pressure is shown to accelerate the principal decarboxylation reactions under strictly hydrothermal conditions. The effect of forcing the pH via the addition of NaOH reveals that the decarboxylation pathway operates even up to intermediate pH levels. The potential for network reversal (the conversion of propene and CO2 up to a tricarboxylic acid) is demonstrated via the Koch (hydrocarboxylation) reaction promoted heterocatalytically with NiS in the presence of a source of CO. Specifically, an olefin (1-nonene) is converted to a monocar- boxylic acid; methacrylic acid is converted to the dicarboxylic acid, methylsuccinic acid; and the dicarboxylic acid, itaconic acid, is converted into the tricarboxylic acid, hydroaconitic acid. A number of interesting sulfur-containing products are also formed that may provide for additional reaction. The intrinsic catalytic qualities of FeS and NiS are also explored in the absence of CO. It was shown that the addition of NiS has a minimal effect in the product distribution, whereas the addition of FeS leads to the formation of hydrogenated and sulfur-containing products (thioethers). These results point to a simple hydrothermal redox pathway for citric acid synthesis that may have provided a geochemical ignition point for the reductive citrate cycle. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd 1. INTRODUCTION
Faith versus Trust: The Influence of Situational Experience on Perceived Signal Credibility, and a Distinction between Constructs

In this paper, operators' cognitive appraisal of sensor-based alarm systems is examined. To date, researchers have followed an inductive approach to alarm reactions, proposing trust-based theories to account for variability in alarm reactions. Deductive reasoning has likewise led researchers to collect data in support of various theories. Existing theoretical frameworks assume a common precursor to operator belief systems: firsthand experience with alarm systems. However, humans are frequently exposed to signals with which they have limited knowledge. The construct of alarm “faith” is proposed to account for initial differences in alarm responding prior to experience. Implications of the constructual distinction between faith and trust are discussed with consideration given to task training applications.
Recognizing Knots Using Simulated Annealing

This paper describes the development and implementation of an algorithm which uses simulated annealing to recognize knots by minimizing an energy function defined over all knots. A knot is represented by a piecewise linear curve and the vertices of this curve are perturbed using simulated annealing to minimize the energy. Moving one line segment through another line segment is prohibited. The resulting minimum energy configuration is defined to be the canonical form. The algorithm is then tested with two different types of energy over a collection of complex knots.
Guided subwavelength optical mode with slow group velocity supported by a periodic plasmonic waveguide

We introduce a periodic plasmonic waveguiding structure which supports a guided subwavelength optical mode with slow group velocity at a tunable wavelength range and with a tunable slowdown factor. The structure consists of a metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) waveguide side-coupled to a periodic array of MDM stub resonators. Both the MDM waveguide and MDM stub resonators have deep subwavelength widths. We show that such a structure supports a guided optical mode with slow group velocity. The wavelength range in which slow light propagation is achieved can be tuned by adjusting the MDM stub resonator length and the periodicity of the structure. We also show that the slowdown factor increases as the periodicity of the structure decreases, and that light can be slowed down by several orders of magnitude. We find that there is a tradeoff between the slowdown factor and the propagation length of the supported optical mode. In addition, for a given slowdown factor and operating wavelength, the propagation length of the optical mode in the periodic plasmonic waveguide is much larger than the propagation length of the mode supported by a conventional MDM waveguide, in which the slowdown factor can be tuned by adjusting the dielectric layer width. Finally, we show that light can be coupled efficiently from a conventional MDM waveguide to such a periodic plasmonic waveguide. Such slow-light plasmonic waveguides could be potentially used in nonlinear and sensing applications. We use a characteristic impedance model and transmission line theory to account for their behavior.
Astronomical gamma ray telescopes in the pair production regime

Abstract Most of the gamma ray telescopes used up to now for energies above about 50 MeV have been very similar in design. Anticipated requirements for future telescopes will probably necessitate the use of a considerable amount of new technology.
Genetics of Hyperuricemia and Gout: Implications for the Present and Future

Gout is the most common inflammatory arthropathy and occurs in the setting of elevated serum urate levels. Gout is also known to be associated with multiple comorbidities including cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome. Recent advances in research have increased our understanding and improved our knowledge of the pathophysiology of gout. Genome-wide association studies have permitted the identification of several new and common genetic factors that contribute to hyperuricemia and gout. Most of these are involved with the renal urate transport system (the uric acid transportasome), generally considered the most influential regulator of serum urate homeostasis. Thus far, SCL22A12, SCL2A9, and GLUT9 have been found to have the greatest variation and most influence on serum urate levels. However, genetics are only a part of the explanation in the development of hyperuricemia and gout. As results have been mixed, the role of known urate influential genes in gout's associated comorbidities remains unclear. Regardless, GWAS findings have expanded our understanding of the pathophysiology of hyperuricemia and gout, and will likely play a role in the development of future therapies and treatment of this ancient disease.
Lessons from laboratory experiments on reconnection

Abstract Magnetic reconnection has been studied in a laboratory experiment designed to model the basic two-dimensional neutral sheet configuration. However, the focus has been put on the inner region of the neutral sheet where the ions are effectively unmagnetized and MHD concepts are violated. In this parameter regime driven reconnection is governed by the fast dynamics of electrons. In true neutral sheets (B z ⋍ 0) the current is carried by electrons. Thin current sheets (Δz ≳ c/ω pe ) rapidly form multiple X and 0 points due to the onset of the collisionless electron tearing mode. Magnetic energy is transported along the separator at the speed of whistler waves rather than Alfven waves. Due to space charge separation the reconnection electric field E y is, in general, not constant along the separator but localized near boundaries, nonuniformities in density and magnetic fields which limit the current I y . This leads to localized particle acceleration, formation of anisotropic velocity distributions and instabilities. Reconnection and energization can be spatially separated which shows the importance of investigating both the global current system as well as critical local plasma properties. Experiments of current sheet disruptions are performed which demonstrate the processes of magnetic energy storage, transport, conversion and dissipation. Double layers and shock waves can be produced by current disruptions. The laboratory experiments show new dynamic features of reconnection processes not considered in MHD models yet relevant to narrow current sheets or the center of thick sheets.
Radiant heat transfer to gas-solids mixtures

Abstract An experimental study was made of the simultaneous convective and radiative heating of nitrogen, seeded with 24 mμ carbon particles. Application of the Deissler equation4 to experimental data resulted in the determination of effective extinction cross-sections for the carbon. Values obtained are in good agreement with those previously calculated via the Mie theory.1,15
Caudal Cruciate Ligament Rupture A Retrospective Analysis of 14 Dogs

Fourteen dogs were presented with caudal cruciate ligament (CaCL) rupture without concurrent cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture. The history usually included moderate to severe trauma. Presenting signs included lameness, positive drawer sign, and additional orthopedic injuries. A final diagnosis of CaCL rupture was made during surgical exploration of the joint in 12 of the dogs. In nine of the dogs, this diagnosis was not included in the preoperative differential diagnoses, and seven of the dogs were misdiagnosed as sustaining CrCL rupture. Methods of treatment included intracapsular and extracapsular stabilization. Follow-up time ranged from 3 weeks to 7 years. Function of the limbs was good regardless of surgical procedure chosen and did not appear to depend upon stifle stability.
Laboratory transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by the tick Hyalomma truncatum

Abstract : Epizootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus (Alphavirus, family Togaviridae) cause serious disease in horses and humans throughout the 'New World' tropics and subtropics (WALTON & GRATSON, 1989). Although various mosquito species serve as vectors of this virus during epizootics, recent experimental evidence has indicated that ticks may be involved in the maintenance cycle (LINTHICUM et.al., 1992). With the rapid expansion of air between the Americas and Africa and Europe the potential for importation of VEE virus into the 'Old World' poses a threat to immunologically naive human and equine population
Efficient voxel navigation for proton therapy dose calculation in TOPAS and Geant4

A key task within all Monte Carlo particle transport codes is 'navigation', the calculation to determine at each particle step what volume the particle may be leaving and what volume the particle may be entering. Navigation should be optimized to the specific geometry at hand. For patient dose calculation, this geometry generally involves voxelized computed tomography (CT) data. We investigated the efficiency of navigation algorithms on currently available voxel geometry parameterizations in the Monte Carlo simulation package Geant4: G4VPVParameterisation, G4VNestedParameterisation and G4PhantomParameterisation, the last with and without boundary skipping, a method where neighboring voxels with the same Hounsfield unit are combined into one larger voxel. A fourth parameterization approach (MGHParameterization), developed in-house before the latter two parameterizations became available in Geant4, was also included in this study. All simulations were performed using TOPAS, a tool for particle simulations layered on top of Geant4. Runtime comparisons were made on three distinct patient CT data sets: a head and neck, a liver and a prostate patient. We included an additional version of these three patients where all voxels, including the air voxels outside of the patient, were uniformly set to water in the runtime study. The G4VPVParameterisation offers two optimization options. One option has a 60-150 times slower simulation speed. The other is compatible in speed but requires 15-19 times more memory compared to the other parameterizations. We found the average CPU time used for the simulation relative to G4VNestedParameterisation to be 1.014 for G4PhantomParameterisation without boundary skipping and 1.015 for MGHParameterization. The average runtime ratio for G4PhantomParameterisation with and without boundary skipping for our heterogeneous data was equal to 0.97: 1. The calculated dose distributions agreed with the reference distribution for all but the G4PhantomParameterisation with boundary skipping for the head and neck patient. The maximum memory usage ranged from 0.8 to 1.8 GB depending on the CT volume independent of parameterizations, except for the 15-19 times greater memory usage with the G4VPVParameterisation when using the option with a higher simulation speed. The G4VNestedParameterisation was selected as the preferred choice for the patient geometries and treatment plans studied.
Partial orchidectomy for malignancy with consideration of carcinoma in situ.

Background: This article reports partial orchidectomy for malignant tumour in a solitary testis and discusses the common occurrence of carcinoma in situ (CIS) in the non-tumour part of a testis containing malignant tumour, or in 5% of the contralateral testis when malignant tumour is found in one testis. Method: Ultrasound of the testis gave the appearance of a 21-mm germ cell tumour in the lower pole of a solitary testis in a 20-year-old man. Chest X-ray was clear, and blood testis tumour markers were negative. Semen was collected and stored under liquid nitrogen freezing. The testis was explored through a groin incision and then the palpable tumour together with a margin of normal-looking testis was excised. Results: Histology showed embryonal carcinoma with no CIS in the adjacent normal testis tissue that had been excised with the tumour. At 93 months postoperatively, computed tomography scans of the chest and abdomen were negative, as were blood testis tumour markers, and the patient is potent. Ultrasound shows a testis of normal size and consistency. Conclusion: Partial orchidectomy was practical in this case, but CIS is common in the non-tumour part of any testis containing germ cell tumour and should be searched for histologically. In a man with two testes, one containing a germ cell tumour, CIS is found in 5% of the contralateral testes. Testis CIS leads to invasive carcinoma within 5 years in 50% of cases. When CIS is present, local radiation therapy is recommended by Heidenreich et al.; this retains potency but destroys fertility. Some are treating with chemotherapy CIS or germ cell primary tumours other than teratoma, in an attempt to preserve both potency and fertility.
MICROMORPHOLOGY OF A SMALL DINOFLAGELLATE PROROCENTRUM MARIAE-LEBOURIAE (PARKE & BALLATINE) COMB. NOV.1,2,3

SUMMARY The surface structures of the bivalvate dinoflagellate Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae are described in detail. It has an almost spheroidal shape in face-view, a compressed saucer-shape in side view, with a distinct striated band at the edge of the cell. Its surface is covered with small spines in a regular pattern, with 450 nm distance between pairs. The spines are 100–120 nm wide and 200–300 nm long. There are 600–700 spines on each valve. At the anterior cell end, one of the values has a V-shaped depression which contains a specialized structure accommodating the 2 flagellar pores. The flagellar pores are-enclosed by 8 small, thick plates held together and to the values by sutures. The flagellar pore area consists of 2 distinct structures: an apical collar possessing a curved forked plate and a larger structure composed of an unbranched, plate. There are 2 flagellar canals located between the flagellar pore plates. Beneath each flagellar canal lies a row of 11 microtubules. A row of microtubules forming a microtubular cylinder is situated adjacent to the oblong flagellar canal near a simple pusule. The microtubular cylinder encircles electron dense bodies. The bases of the longitudinal and transverse flagella appear to lie at an angle to each other. The above features are illustrated with transmission and scanning electron micrographs.
Chemoreception in the feeding behaviour of adult American alligators, Alligator mississippiensis

Etude du role de la chimioreception dans le comportement alimentaire de l'alligator americain. Les animaux ont le choix entre un sac ne contenant que du papier ou un sac contenant de la viande de boeuf ou de la viande de ragondin (Myocastor coypus) ou de la viande de serpent a sonnette (Crotalus atrox) ou un extrait de viande de ragondin. A noter que le ragondin est leur nourriture habituelle
Albany/FELIX : a parallel, scalable and robust, finite element, first-order Stokes approximation ice sheet solver built for advanced analysis

Abstract. This paper describes a new parallel, scalable and robust finite element based solver for the first-order Stokes momentum balance equations for ice flow. The solver, known as Albany/FELIX, is constructed using the component-based approach to building application codes, in which mature, modular libraries developed as a part of the Trilinos project are combined using abstract interfaces and template-based generic programming, resulting in a final code with access to dozens of algorithmic and advanced analysis capabilities. Following an overview of the relevant partial differential equations and boundary conditions, the numerical methods chosen to discretize the ice flow equations are described, along with their implementation. The results of several verification studies of the model accuracy are presented using (1) new test cases for simplified two-dimensional (2-D) versions of the governing equations derived using the method of manufactured solutions, and (2) canonical ice sheet modeling benchmarks. Model accuracy and convergence with respect to mesh resolution are then studied on problems involving a realistic Greenland ice sheet geometry discretized using hexahedral and tetrahedral meshes. Also explored as a part of this study is the effect of vertical mesh resolution on the solution accuracy and solver performance. The robustness and scalability of our solver on these problems is demonstrated. Lastly, we show that good scalability can be achieved by preconditioning the iterative linear solver using a new algebraic multilevel preconditioner, constructed based on the idea of semi-coarsening.
Phase transitions for N-electron atoms at the large-dimension limit

Symmetry breaking of electronic structure configurations for N-electron atoms in weak magnetic and electric fields at the large-dimension limit is described in terms of standard phase transitions. This symmetry breaking, which leads to ionization, is completely analogous to phase transitions and critical phenomena in statistical mechanics. This analogy is shown by allowing the nuclear charge to play a role analogous to temperature in statistical mechanics. For the exact solution of N-electron atoms at the large-dimension limit, the symmetry breaking is shown to be a first-order phase transition. For the special case of two-electron atoms, the first-order transition shows a triple point where three phases with different symmetry coexist. Treatment of the Hartree-Fock solution reveals a different kind of symmetry breaking where second-order phase transitions exist for N=2. We show that Hartree-Fock two-electron atoms in a weak external electric field exhibit a critical point with mean field critical exponents (\ensuremath{\mathrm{B}}=, \ensuremath{\alpha}=${0}_{\mathrm{dis}}$, \ensuremath{\delta}=3, and \ensuremath{\gamma}=1).
True polar wander during the Permo^Triassic

The apparent polar wander path for the Pangea supercontinent is about 35° long for the interval of 295-205Ma, which means that in that interval Pangea rotated over an angle of 35° with respect to the rotation axis about an Euler pole located at the equator. If the rest of the world, largely comprised of the Panthalassa Ocean, rotated about the same Euler pole in the same sense as Pangea, then a good case can be made that true polar wander occurred during the Permo-Triassic. In contrast, if the Panthalassa Ocean moved in a sense opposite to that of Pangea, then true polar wander is not likely to have occured. In the latter case, convergence between Panthalassa and Pangea would have led to subduction of large amounts of ocean crust under the leading edge of Pangea. We have examined the geology of Pangea's leading edge for evidence of such subduction, in the form of Permo-Triassic plutonism, andesitic volcanism and deformation. No such evidence was generally found, except for areas very close to the Euler pole in the western U.S.A. and in displaced terranes that also were in near-equatorial paleolatitudes at the time. We conclude that true polar wander has most likely occurred during the Permo^Triassic at a rate of about 0.4 per million years. 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ultrastructure of a colonial radiolarian Collozoum inerme and a cytochemical determination of the role of its zooxanthellae

Abstract Collozoum inerme (Muller) is a colonial Radiolarian containing numerous cells bound in a common gelatinous matrix. The cells do not possess a skeleton as observed in many unicellular Radiolaria, but the cytoplasmic organization is similar. The cells are multinucleate and a complex system of cellular processes containing mitochondria, Golgi, and numerous vacuoles radiate out from the nuclear region. The endoplasm is connected to the ectoplasm across a double membrane boundary by thin cytoplasmic strands called fusules whose structure resemble those in unicellular Radiolaria. The ectoplasm contains a lacy network of vacuoles containing an osmiophilic substance. Rhizopodia emerge from the ectoplasmic sheath. Some are thin and densely granular. Larger diameter rhizopodia, containing less dense cytoplasm, sequester the zooxanthellae which present a typical dinoflagellate fine structure. Some of the zooxanthellae are apparently cultivated since they are sometimes observed dividing and persist in large numbers when colonies are cultivated under illumination for several weeks in the laboratory. However, colonies maintained in the dark have a decline in number of zooxanthellae and light microscopic examination shows they are being drawn into the ectoplasm of the radiolarian cells. Electron microscopic examination of zooxanthellae drawn into the ectoplasm sheath indicates they are digested. C. inerme is a remarkable example of a simple cellular aggregate that has exploited its colonial habit to culture algae and use them as food thus possibly enhancing the viability of the colony.
Handbook of Remotivation Therapy

Dyer JA, Stotts ML, eds. Binghamton, NY 13904-1580, The Haworth Clinical Practice Press, 2005, paperback, 170 pp, ISBN: 0-7890-2471-3, $24.95. What is remotivation therapy? The purpose of this short anthology is to enlighten readers about the birth, growth, decline, and gradual reemergence of this mental health therapy technique. The book targets mental health care professionals, but makes the case that remotivation therapy techniques are useful for anyone or any organization that takes care of people. According to the book, “remotivation is a technique of simple group therapy, objective in nature, used with a group of patients in an effort to reach the ‘unwounded’ areas of each patient’s personality and to get them thinking about reality in relation to themselves. Remotivation differs from other therapies because it focuses on the patients’ abilities rather than disabilities” (p 13). Remotivation therapy was started in the 1940s by Dorothy Hoskins Smith, who used rhythm and poetry to engage clients who are …
Drug Wanting: Behavioral Sensitization and Relapse to Drug-Seeking Behavior

Repeated exposure to drugs of abuse enhances the motor-stimulant response to these drugs, a phenomenon termed behavioral sensitization. Animals that are extinguished from self-administration training readily relapse to drug, conditioned cue, or stress priming. The involvement of sensitization in reinstated drug-seeking behavior remains controversial. This review describes sensitization and reinstated drug seeking as behavioral events, and the neural circuitry, neurochemistry, and neuropharmacology underlying both behavioral models will be described, compared, and contrasted. It seems that although sensitization and reinstatement involve overlapping circuitry and neurotransmitter and receptor systems, the role of sensitization in reinstatement remains ill-defined. Nevertheless, it is argued that sensitization remains a useful model for determining the neural basis of addiction, and an example is provided in which data from sensitization studies led to potential pharmacotherapies that have been tested in animal models of relapse and in human addicts.
How CS majors select a specialization

As CS becomes a larger field, many undergraduate programs are giving students greater freedom in the classes that make up their degree. This study looks at the process by which students within the CS major choose to specialize in some area. In this study we interviewed student advisors, graduated CS students, and students currently in the undergraduate process about their view of CS and how they make decisions. The interviews were analyzed with grounded theory approach. The analysis presents four forces that affect student decision making. One, students often use the amount they enjoy individual classes as a sign of how well they fit with a particular specialization. Two, students often do not research, so they select specializations based on misconceptions. Three, students often rely on the curriculum to protect against poor educational choices. Four, students usually do not have a personal vision for what they hope to do with a Computer Science degree.
Determination of Haplotypes from Single DNA Molecules: A Method for Single- Molecule Barcoding

Determining the haplotypes in a diploid individual is a major technical challenge in genetic studies of human complex traits. Here we report a method of molecular haplotyping by directly imaging multiple polymorphic sites on individual DNA molecules simultaneously. DNA fragments amplified by long-range PCR were labeled with fluorescent dyes at each polymorphic site using a modified gap-filled padlock probe ligation approach. The labeled DNA molecules were then stretched into linear form on a functionalized glass surface and imaged with multicolor total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. By determining the colors and positions of the fluorescent labels with respect to the backbone at polymorphic sites, the haplotype can be inferred accurately, in a manner similar to reading a barcode, even when the DNA fragments are not fully labeled. The feasibility of this technology is demonstrated by the determination of the haplotype of a 9.3-kbp DNA fragment containing four SNPs.
An Alternative Model of Transformational Leadership

Bass's model of transformational leadership has generated much research. While most of the studies to date have provided basic support for the model, major conceptual and methodological problems that cast doubt on the validity of its theoretical constructs remain. In this paper, I propose an alternative model of transformational leadership that addresses the problems in Bass's model. Specifically, I suggest that the four transformational components proposed by Bass and his colleagues should be replaced by two of the most central constructs in “new leadership” research—charisma and vision. The alternative model proposed in this article classifies leaders into four mutually exclusive categories based on their level of charisma and their ability to generate visions: visionary charismatic leaders (transformational), non-visionary charismatic leaders, non-charismatic visionary leaders, and non-visionary non-charismatic leaders (the last three categories of leaders are all non-transformational). The efficacy an...
Immunohistology of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta and pityriasis lichenoides chronica. Evidence for their interrelationship with lymphomatoid papulosis.

Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta and pityriasis lichenoides chronica are idiopathic, papular eruptions that exhibit certain clinicopathologic similarities to each other and to lymphomatoid papulosis. In order to determine if these disorders are also similar immunologically, we studied the immunopathology of five biopsy specimens from three cases of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta and three biopsy specimens from three cases of pityriasis lichenoides chronica. We then compared them to our prior immunohistologic study of nine cases of lymphomatoid papulosis. Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta and pityriasis lichenoides chronica both exhibited a dermal and epidermal infiltrate of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells expressing activation antigens. These were admixed with numerous macrophages. The lesional epidermis was diffusely human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-DR + and contained decreased CDl + dendritic cells. Endothelial cells were also HLA-DR + . Cells bearing the phenotypes of B cells, follicular dendritic cells, or natural killer/killer cells were essentially absent. Except for the lack of large atypical cells, the results resembled those described previously for lymphomatoid papulosis. These findings indicate that pityriasis lichenoides chronica, pityriasis Iichenoides et varioliformis acuta, and lymphomatoid papulosis share several immunohistologic features. Together with certain clinicopathologic similarities, they are consistent with the hypothesis that these three disorders are interrelated.
Comparison of objective and subjective assessments of sleep time in subjects with bipolar disorder.

Abstract Introduction Sleep disturbance is a core feature of bipolar disorder. To date there are a limited number of studies that compare subjective and objective measures of sleep in populations of subjects with mood disorders. This study evaluated the relationship between subjective and objective measurements of total sleep time (TST) in a bipolar type I disorder (BD I) population. Methods Thirty-nine subjects diagnosed with BD I participated in the study. Mood symptoms were assessed via YMRS and IDS-30-C. Subjects wore an actigraph device and maintained a sleep diary for seven consecutive days. Differences between TST as estimated via sleep diaries and actigraphy were calculated. Results Objective and subjective measures of TST were significantly correlated ( r =0.5151, p =0.0008). Secondary analysis revealed that the severity of depressive symptoms did correlate to this discrepancy ( t =2.65, p =0.01). Limitations The impact that medications have on the accuracy of TST reported was not investigated. Also, sleep diaries may have acted to prompt subjects to pay closer attention to their sleep habits and therefore more accurately report TST than in the average clinical setting. Conclusion The results of the current study demonstrate a significant correlation between the estimation of TST as measured objectively via actigraphy and subjectively via sleep diaries in BD patients. Mood symptomotology might impact the accuracy of TST reported. Further study is warranted.
Public information for solitary foragers: timber rattlesnakes use conspecific chemical cues to select ambush sites

Many animals use public information (PI) gathered from conspecifics to assess the quality of potential foraging locations. To date, research on this phenomenon has focused almost exclusively on social foragers that live in groups and monitor nearby individuals. PI is potentially available to solitary foragers as well, in the form of cues (such as chemical cues) that persist in the environment after conspecifics are no longer present. In this study, I examined the response of a solitary sit-and-wait predator, the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), to chemical cues from conspecifics that had recently fed as opposed to those that had been deprived of food. Experiments with a T-maze indicated that timber rattlesnakes always follow conspecific chemical trails out of the maze, regardless of whether or not the individual leaving the trail had recently fed. However, an enclosure choice test found that individuals are more likely to select ambush sites in areas with chemical cues from conspecifics that had recently fed. These results indicate that snakes may use conspecific chemical cues not only to find mates, shelter sites, and hibernacula but also profitable food patches. Additionally, this study highlights the possibility that other solitary foragers may use PI to guide their foraging behavior.