cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creativity as a Matter of Choice: Prior Experience and Task Instruction as Boundary Conditions for the Positive Effect of Choice on Creativity

This study investigates the effects of prior experience, task instruction, and choice on creative performance. Although extant research suggests that giving people choice in how they approach a task could enhance creative performance, we propose that this view needs to be circumscribed. Specifically, we argue that when choice is administered during problem solving by varying the number of available resources, the high combinatorial flexibility conferred by a large choice set of resources can be overwhelming. Through two experiments, we found that only individuals with high prior experience in the task domain and given explicit instruction to be creative produced more creative outcomes when given more choice. When either of these two conditions is not met (i.e., low prior experience or given non-creativity instruction), more choice did not lead to more creative performance. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Higher Order Modes In Acoustic Logging While Drilling

Summary In multipole acoustic logging while drilling (LWD), the fundamental modes dominate recorded waveforms. Higher order modes may also appear and complicate the processing of LWD data. In dipole LWD measurements, the dipole tool mode is often not well separated from the flexural mode. This makes the shear wave measurement more difficult. We conducted theoretical and numerical analysis on dipole LWD logging responses. We found that hexapole mode may be present in the dipole waveforms. Laboratory dipole data show the presence of hexapole mode, which asymptotes to the formation shear wave velocity. This observation supports our conclusion. We may make use of these higher order modes for accurate determination of formation shear wave velocity.
Optimal correction problem of a multidimensional stochastic system

Abstract We consider a stochastic dynamic system which is governed by a multidimensional diffusion process with constant drift and diffusion coefficients. The correction corresponds to an additive input which is under control. There is no limit on the rate of input into the system. The objective is to minimize the expected cumulative cost associated with the position of the system and the amount of control exerted. It is proved that Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman's equation of the problem has a solution, which corresponds to the optimal cost of the problem. An existence of optimal policy is proved.
Quantum critical metals in $d=3+1$ dimensions

We study the problem of disorder-free metals in the vicinity of a quantum critical point in $d=3+1$ dimensions. We begin with perturbation theory in the Yukawa coupling between the electrons and undamped bosons (order-parameter fluctuations) and show that the perturbation expansion breaks down below energy scales where the bosons get substantially Landau damped. Above this scale, however, we find a regime in which low-energy fermions obtain an imaginary self-energy that varies linearly with frequency, realizing the ``marginal Fermi liquid'' phenomenology [Varma et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 1996 (1989)]. We discuss a large-$N$ theory in which the marginal Fermi liquid behavior is enhanced while the role of Landau damping is suppressed, and show that quasiparticles obtain a decay rate parametrically larger than their energy.
The Importance of Drug Scheduling in Cancer Chemotherapy: Etoposide as an Example

Etoposide is a drug whose antineoplastic activity is dependent on the schedule of drug administration. This article reviews the rationale for a prolonged schedule of etoposide administration and the therapeutic results of use of such a schedule in the treatment of cancer. The pharmacology of etoposide is also reviewed, with particular attention paid to the pharmacokinetics of oral etoposide and etoposide plasma concentrations associated with cytotoxicity.
Planning for human-robot interaction using time-state aggregated POMDPs

In order to interact successfully in social situations, a robot must be able to observe others’ actions and base its own behavior on its beliefs about their intentions. Many interactions take place in dynamic environments, and the outcomes of people’s or the robot’s actions may be time-dependent. In this paper, such interactions are modeled as a POMDP with a time index as part of the state, resulting in a fully Markov model with a potentially very large state space. The complexity of finding even an approximate solution often limits POMDP’s practical applicability for large problems. This difficulty is addressed through the development of an algorithm for aggregating states in POMDPs with a time-indexed state space. States that represent the same physical configuration of the environment at different times are chosen to be combined using reward-based metrics, preserving the structure of the original model while producing a smaller model that is faster to solve. We demonstrate that solving the aggregated model produces a policy with performance comparable to the policy from the original model. The example domains used are a simulated elevator-riding task and a simulated driving task based on data collected from human drivers.
Inhibition of Friend leukemia virus splenomegaly by an acetylenic carbamate.

SummaryThe compound, 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-phenyl-2-propynyl N-cyclohexylcarbamate (FPPC), was shown to be a specific inhibitor of Friend leukemia virus splenomegaly in vivo. The compound was almost equally effective when administered orally or by injection. Although FPPC suppressed virus multiplication, complete eradication was not observed under the dose schedules used. Virus multiplication during relapse could be inhibited by further FPPC treatment.
Fission-Induced Inertial Confinement Hot Fusion and Cold Fusion with Electrolysis

Conventional theoretical estimates for deuterium-deuterium (D-D) fusion can not explain tritium production and excess heat generation above that due to the electrode reaction observed by Fleischman, Pons, and Hawkins (FPH) [1] and others [2–5] in their electrolysis experiments with a palladium cathode immersed in heavy water (with 0.1M LiOD), since the estimated D-D fusion cross-sections and rates are too small at room temperature. Recent experimental results indicate that the extrapolation method is not valid at low energies. Plausible nuclear theory explanations are discussed. Experimental measurements of the D-D fusion cross-sections and branching ratios at very low energies are suggested. In order to explain the FPH effect, a surface reaction mechanism is proposed for the cold D-D fusion with electrolysis. Experimental tests of the proposed mechanism for cold fusion are discussed. Other nuclear reactions involving neutron-induced reaction processes, which may occur subsequent to and concurrent with the D-D fusion, are also discussed.
An Improved Oceanic Rainfall Retrieval Algorithm and Results from Seawinds

This paper describes the development of an oceanic rainfall retrieval algorithm that combines both the simultaneous active (radar backscatter) and passive (microwave brightness temperatures) observations from the SeaWinds scatterometer on the QuikSCAT satellite. The retrieval algorithm is statistically based, and has been developed using collocated measurements from SeaWinds, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) rain rates, and the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) wind fields. The rain is retrieved on a wind vector cell (WVC) measurement grid that has a spatial resolution of 25 km. Due to its broad swath coverage, SeaWinds affords additional independent sampling of the oceanic rainfall, which may contribute to NASA's future Global Precipitation Mission. Results emphasize the powerful rain detection capabilities of the SeaWinds retrieval algorithm.
Risk of malignancy associated with head and neck CT in children: a systematic review.

ObjectiveTo perform a systematic review to evaluate the risk of malignancy associated with computed tomography (CT) of the head and/or neck in infants, children, and adolescents.Data SourcesPubmed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were assessed from the date of their inception to January 2014. Additionally, manual searches of bibliographies were performed and topic experts were contacted.Review MethodsData were obtained from studies measuring or estimating the risks of malignancy associated with radiation from head and/or neck CT in pediatric populations according to an a priori protocol. Two independent evaluators corroborated the extracted data.ResultsThere were 16 criterion-meeting studies that included data from n = 858,815 patients. The radiation-related risk of malignancy was estimated using primary patient data for both the exposure and outcome in a minority of studies, with most analyses utilizing mathematical modeling techniques. The data regarding otolaryngology-specific studies were limited and...
Characterization of relapses in adult idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.

The objective of the current report was to determine the relapse rates and characterize the nature of relapses during the disease course of adult patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). A retrospective cohort study of 53 medical records of patients with polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), connective tissue disease (CTD)-associated myositis, and malignancy-associated myositis at an academic rheumatology center was performed. Medical records were reviewed to determine clinical presentation, initial treatment, and clinical follow-up, with an emphasis on relapses. Relapses were defined as a sustained elevation in serum creatine kinase (CK) levels in the absence of an alternative etiology. Patients were followed for an average of 65±43 months. All patients received corticosteroids, and 35 patients received additional immunosuppressive medications as part of their initial treatment. Serum CK levels normalized in 51 patients, and muscle strength normalized in 43 patients. Biochemical relapse was observed in 33 patients (65%). Patients with PM and CTD-associated myositis had a higher relapse rate compared to DM and malignancy-associated myositis patients. Multiple relapses were observed in 17 patients. Relapses tended to occur within the first 2 years after treatment initiation and during the tapering phase of treatment. No risk factors were unequivocally identified, although advanced age and increased duration of symptoms prior to treatment initiation had nonsignificant associations with increased risk of relapse. In conclusion, initial treatment of IIM results in a high rate of normalization of serum CK and muscle weakness. However, physicians should be aware of the high rate of relapse in patients with IIM.
RXLR-Mediated Entry of Phytophthora sojae Effector Avr1b into Soybean Cells Does Not Require Pathogen-Encoded Machinery

Effector proteins secreted by oomycete and fungal pathogens have been inferred to enter host cells, where they interact with host resistance gene products. Using the effector protein Avr1b of Phytophthora sojae, an oomycete pathogen of soybean (Glycine max), we show that a pair of sequence motifs, RXLR and dEER, plus surrounding sequences, are both necessary and sufficient to deliver the protein into plant cells. Particle bombardment experiments demonstrate that these motifs function in the absence of the pathogen, indicating that no additional pathogen-encoded machinery is required for effector protein entry into host cells. Furthermore, fusion of the Avr1b RXLR-dEER domain to green fluorescent protein (GFP) allows GFP to enter soybean root cells autonomously. The conclusion that RXLR and dEER serve to transduce oomycete effectors into host cells indicates that the >370 RXLR-dEER-containing proteins encoded in the genome sequence of P. sojae are candidate effectors. We further show that the RXLR and dEER motifs can be replaced by the closely related erythrocyte targeting signals found in effector proteins of Plasmodium, the protozoan that causes malaria in humans. Mutational analysis of the RXLR motif shows that the required residues are very similar in the motifs of Plasmodium and Phytophthora. Thus, the machinery of the hosts (soybean and human) targeted by the effectors may be very ancient.
Forward-scattering corrected extinction by nonspherical particles.

Measured extinction of light by particles, especially those much larger than the wavelength of the light illuminating them, must be corrected for forward-scattered light collected by the detector. Near-forward scattering by arbitrary nonspherical particles is, according to Fraunhofer diffraction theory, more sharply peaked than that by spheres of equal projected area. The difference between scattering by a nonspherical particle and that by an equal-area sphere is greater the more diffusely the particle's projected area is distributed about its centroid. Snowflakes are an example of large atmospheric particles that are often highly nonspherical. Calculations of the forward-scattering correction to extinction by ice needles have been made under the assumption that they can be approximated as randomly oriented prolate spheroids (aspect ratio 10:1). The correction factor can be as much as 20% less than that for equal-area spheres depending on the detector's acceptance angle and the wavelength. Randomly oriented oblate spheroids scatter more nearly like equal-area spheres.
Role of tyrosine kinase and p44/42 MAPK in D2-like receptor-mediated stimulation of Na+, K+-ATPase in kidney

Our laboratory has shown that dopamine D2-like receptor activation causes stimulation of Na+, K+-ATPase (NKA) activity in the proximal tubules of the rat kidney. The present study was designed to i...
What drives Herbeck? Schizophrenia, immediacy, and the poetic process

A poem by the Austrian schizophrenic Ernst Herbeck (1920-91) is examined and evaluated in view of his considerable success as a poet. It is argued that the text’s circumstances of production and Herbeck’s cognitive deficiencies leave little room for creativity, let alone genius. The poem ‘Weihnachten 1967’ is characterized by a peculiar line-by-line approach that is explained in terms of the immediacy hypothesis, according to which schizophrenics’ actions are triggered by the immediate environment (Salzinger et al., 1970). Speech acts may be triggered by preceding words or phrases, leading to an appearance of incohesion. In the case discussed here, the poet takes cues for the extension of his text from the preceding lines only. Depending on their success, he either develops or evades the topic found there, or he attempts to repair a mistake by suggesting a re-analysis in the new line. The obscure and partly private connections within the poem are traced and explained in terms of conceptual frames (Fillmor...
Differential Associations and Definitions: A Panel Study of Youthful Drinking Behavior

This article reports on a test of selected elements of social learning theory, using a panel of public school students residing in a small southwestern city. Specifically, the drinking habits of 373 middle school and 282 high school students were examined at Time 1 and Time 2, as were changes in their attitudes, orientations, and patterns of drinking. We evaluated the assertions of social learning theory's proponents concerning its processual aspects. The results were largely consistent with the principles of social learning, although the drug-related messages conveyed by both parents and significant-other adults played only
Endothelial Cells Support the Growth of Prostate Tissue in Vivo.

The development of the murine prostate depends on reciprocal signals between the stroma and epithelium (1,2). The importance of stromal signals has been shown in prostate reconstitution experiments in which combinations of dissociated prostate epithelial cells and undifferentiated urogenital sinus mesenchyme are inoculated under the renal capsule where they form a prostate-like organ (3-5). The urogenital sinus mesenchyme is required for formation of prostate-like structures. The stromal cells presumably provide appropriate signals that stimulate the epithelial cells to grow and organize into functional prostatic structures. In addition, the prostate stroma appears to regulate differentiation of prostate epithelium. When UGM is implanted under the renal capsule together with bladder or urethral epithelium, it directs these epithelia to develop into prostate tissue (6,7). These differentiative and organizing signals also appear to be present to some extent in mature prostate stroma (8). Prostate smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and even adipocytes support the development of prostate-like tissues when co-inoculated under the renal capsule with prostate epithelial cells (9-11. Another potential stromal source of signals to the prostatic epithelium is the endothelium of the blood vessels, but the ability of vascular endothelium to support prostatic epithelial growth has not been investigated. There is ample evidence that there is a link between growth or regression of prostatic epithelium and prostatic blood vessels (12). During the involution of the prostate after castration of rats, blood vessels and epithelium regressed in parallel (13). Apoptosis of the epithelial cells correlated with apoptosis of the endothelial cells (14,15). Similarly, in castrated animals that were administered testosterone, increased DNA synthesis was observed in both prostate epithelial cells and prostate capillary endothelial cells after a one day lag (13,14). The labeling of the epithelial cells followed the same kinetics as the labeling of endothelial cells. Moreover, inhibition of vascular growth in castrated animals administered testosterone prevented the regeneration of the prostate and inhibited prostate epithelial proliferation (16,17). Together, these observations suggest that in the prostate epithelial growth is tightly coupled to vascular growth. Considering the close relation between prostatic vascular growth and prostatic epithelial growth, it is likely that prostatic endothelial cells also contribute to prostatic epithelial growth. However, possible contribution of signals from the endothelium have not been investigated. Here we show that endothelial cells contribute to prostate epithelial growth and development.
Cell migration requires both ion translocation and cytoskeletal anchoring by the Na-H exchanger NHE1

Directed cell movement is a multi-step process requiring an initial spatial polarization that is established by asymmetric stimulation of Rho GTPases, phosphoinositides (PIs), and actin polymerization. We report that the Na-H exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1), a ubiquitously expressed plasma membrane ion exchanger, is necessary for establishing polarity in migrating fibroblasts. In fibroblasts, NHE1 is predominantly localized in lamellipodia, where it functions as a plasma membrane anchor for actin filaments by its direct binding of ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins. Migration in a wounding assay was impaired in fibroblasts expressing NHE1 with mutations that independently disrupt ERM binding and cytoskeletal anchoring or ion transport. Disrupting either function of NHE1 impaired polarity, as indicated by loss of directionality, mislocalization of the Golgi apparatus away from the orientation of the wound edge, and inhibition of PI signaling. Both functions of NHE1 were also required for remodeling of focal adhesions. Most notably, lack of ion transport inhibited de-adhesion, resulting in trailing edges that failed to retract. These findings indicate that by regulating asymmetric signals that establish polarity and by coordinating focal adhesion remodeling at the cell front and rear, cytoskeletal anchoring by NHE1 and its localized activity in lamellipodia act cooperatively to integrate cues for directed migration.
Simulating targets near a curved Earth

Most dynamic models for target tracking are derived for a flat Earth. When simulating the trajectories of targets over long ranges, the curvature of the Earth can become important. This paper demonstrates how most nonlinear, 3D, continuous-time, flat-Earth dynamic models can be easily adapted for use on a curved Earth without incorrectly spiraling into the poles as is typical of previous techniques. The algorithm is demonstrated with non-maneuvering and spiraling dynamic models.
Building a Middle-Range Theory of Adaptive Spirituality

The purpose of this article is to describe a Roy adaptation model based- research abstraction, the findings of which were synthesized into a middle-range theory (MRT) of adaptive spirituality. The published literature yielded 21 empirical studies that investigated religion/spirituality. Quantitative results supported the influence of spirituality on quality of life, psychosocial adjustment, well-being, adaptive coping, and the self-concept mode. Qualitative findings showed the importance of spiritual expressions, values, and beliefs in adapting to chronic illness, bereavement, death, and other life transitions. These findings were abstracted into six theoretical statements, a conceptual definition of adaptive spirituality, and three hypotheses for future testing.
STAGING OF A HYPERSONIC VEHICLE: NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS USING DYNAMIC UNSTRUCTURED MESHES

Prior research had shown that the dynamic unstructured mesh technique (DUT) could simulate an unsteady flow around single or multiple bodies, which are engaged in either a prescribed or an aerodynamically determined relative motion. In addition, some recent algorithmic improvements have largely alleviated most of the efficiency concerns that existed before. The present paper reports a demonstration of DUT by simulating the separation of an air-breathing hypersonic research vehicle from its booster vehicle. These very high-speed flows with strong shocks, however, required a modified flux-vector splitting method with a limiter to improve the numerical stability. The simulations were performed on a workstation with two-degreesof-freedom dynamic motion on the longitudinal symmetry plane of the vehicle. The results demonstrated the dependence of the unsteady forces and moments on the mutual interference. Further, they indicated that the impact of the interference was a function of the flight Mach number. Finally, this proof-ofconcept investigation could suggest that the numerical simulations, if performed on the actual vehicle configuration with the realistic conditions, could provide most of the information needed to reduce the matrix of the flight tests.
Skills and Tools for Better Practice Management

In a rapidly changing health-care environment, every practice must continually improve, adapt, or otherwise change to thrive or, at the least, survive. Since the authors first outlined this project, Medicare payments for immunohistochemical stains, both technical and particularly professional components, have been slashed; reference-based pricing seems to have grown; on-the-fly modifications to the Affordable Care Act have been made; the healthcare.gov website fiasco has occurred; and while the sustainable growth rate threat has been repealed, Congress has set the framework for Medicare payment schemes to drive changes in how physicians work through the merit-based incentive payment system. So what has been the effect on practices, how should practices respond, and, perhaps more importantly, what is coming next and how should practices prepare? In this chapter, we explore “tools of the trade” in practice management.
Ion channels in action potential generation.

Molecular structure-function studies have identified the two key regions—the voltage sensor and pore—of the sodium and potassium channels responsible for the action potential in nerve axon. Mutational analysis has focused on the amino acids that are most important in each region. Similar studies in myocytes and nerve cell bodies are now being pursued.
TREATMENT OF COMPOSITE TISSUE LOSS FOLLOWING HAND AND FOREARM TRAUMA

Restoration of satisfactory function following composite tissue loss in the hand and forearm requires reconstruction of soft tissue defect, nerve and tendon injury, and skeletal fixation when fracture occurs. Microsurgical techniques often are required, but single-donor composite tissue transfers seldom are necessary. Reconstructive strategy requires careful planning. Decision-making principles and surgical alternatives are discussed at the end of the article.
New Experimental Realization of a Quantum Eraser Based on Downconversion

The concept of a quantum eraser, which was introduced by Scully and Druhl1, rests on the relationship between coherence and the indistinguishability of the different photon path(s) in an interference experiment.2–4 Interference effects disappear whenever it is possible, at least in principle, to identify the path of the photons. But if the path information could be erased in some way, the interference should reappear. Several possible forms of quantum eraser have already been described.5,6 We report on a variant of these based on parametric downconversion.
Ring Species and Speciation

A ring species is a monophyletic group whose range has expanded around a geographic barrier producing a ring-shaped distribution. Populations that make up the ring should be contiguous and without barriers to gene flow except at one location where two reproductively isolated populations co-occur. Ring species that meet this definition provide an opportunity for studying how speciation occurs through the gradual accrual of differences leading to reproductive isolation. However, few if any of the species that have a ring-shaped distribution meet these requirements. The most studied species, greenish warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides and Ensatina eschscholtzii salamanders, fail to exhibit all of the characteristics of a strict ring species. However, the study of species with ring distributions has provided information about the processes that cause population divergence through time, and the use of new genomics and modelling tools could provide valuable insights into how geographic speciation, with or without adaptive divergence, could occur. Key Concepts Few organisms exhibit all of the requirements to be considered a true ring species. Ring species are helpful tools that can be used to help elucidate evolutionary processes. The preponderance of terrestrial and temperate ring species may be an ascertainment bias. New methods in genomics and modelling will provide answers to questions about ring species formation and the processes of speciation. Species from a wide range of taxa, other than birds and mammals, are now being examined as possible ring species. Keywords: speciation; geographic variation; geographic speciation; Ensatina; greenish warbler; slipper spurge
If We Build it, Will They Come? The Housing Stock and the Socioeconomic Integration of Elementary Schools

Children from poor families achieve more academically if they are enrolled in schools that are socioeconomically integrated, but low-income students are increasingly attending schools characterized by high concentrations of poverty. Providing more housing opportunities for low-income families within the attendance zones of middle- and high-income schools has the potential to reverse this trend, but the link between the housing stock and the socioeconomic segregation of public schools has not been addressed in the existing literature. Using a panel of elementary schools in Florida, we show that increasing the stock of rental and affordable housing units in middle- and high-income neighborhoods has an important effect on the number of poor children attending these schools. Our results also reveal the types of housing units that have the largest impacts.
Challenges and opportunities in chemical functionalization of semiconductor surfaces

Abstract The field of chemical functionalization of semiconductor surfaces has developed tremendously over the last several decades. Since silicon occupied the main portion of the industrial applications of semiconductors, understanding its surface chemistry at a molecular level is very advanced. This particular field has also benefited from combining the work on well-defined clean silicon surfaces in vacuum, well-characterized chemically-passivated surfaces in ambient, and current and potential applications of the resulting interfaces. This article will use this work to build a generalized evaluation of the developments in surface chemical functionalization, specifically addressing organic functionalization of semiconductors, and consider the challenges and opportunities for further evolution of the field.
Genome Expression Profiling of the First Hematopoietic Progenitors of the Mouse Embryo.

Abstract 2536 Poster Board II-513 The transcriptional networks that regulate lineage commitment and expansion of the earliest hematopoietic progenitors in the mammalian embryo have not been well studied, due to a lack of methods for isolating these cells. We have begun to address this problem by purifying the first hematopoietic-committed progenitors in the mouse embryo based on expression of a human e-globin::H2B-EGFP transgene that is expressed exclusively within the primitive erythroid (EryP) lineage, as early as embryonic day (E) 7.5. EryP are the first lineage-specific cell type to form in the embryo. They arise in large numbers from yolk sac-derived progenitors at the end of gastrulation, enter the circulation as nucleated cells soon thereafter, and continue to mature in a stepwise, synchronous fashion until they enucleate. The early and lineage specific expression of the GFP reporter allowed us to isolate not only circulating EryP (E9.5-E11.5) but also a population from dispersed E7.5-8.5 embryos that is enriched in EryP progenitors. Genome expression profiling allowed us to define the transcriptome from each stage of development and revealed highly dynamic changes during the progression from progenitor to maturing erythroblast. Hierarchical clustering analysis was used to organize genes on the basis of overall similarity in expression patterns; six major cluster patterns were identified. Genes within these clusters comprised distinct functional classes. For example, particularly prominent increases in expression were detected for genes involved in ribosome biogenesis, translation, chromosome condensation, and autophagy. Genes that were downregulated included those involved in DNA replication, cell cycle, and nucleolar and organelle biogenesis. We have focused on the emergence of EryP in the yolk sac. Expression of Gata2 is high in the progenitor population at E7.5 and decreases dramatically by E8.5. In contrast, Gata1, Scl, and Eklf are all upregulated during maturation of EryP progenitors, suggesting that these transcription factors have distinct functions during primitive erythropoiesis. Consistent with expression of the GFP reporter as early as E7.5, we find that endogenous mouse embryonic globin genes are also expressed at this stage. Therefore, globin gene expression is an early feature of EryP development. Analysis of promoters of differentially expressed genes allowed us to identify candidate transcriptional regulators, some of which have not previously been implicated in erythroid development. This is the first lineage specific transcription profiling of a differentiating hematopoietic cell type in the early mouse embryo. While we have focused on the development of EryP, insights from this study should have broader relevance to the definitive erythroid lineage. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Immunoglobulin Variable Region Family Usage and Outcomes of Patients with Systemic Light Chain Amyloidosis

Introduction : AL amyloidosis is a very heterogeneous disease. Prognosis is a function of organ tropism, extent of organ damage, and ability of tissues to heal, the last of which relates both to hematologic response and intrinsic toxicity of the light chain. Using mass spectroscopy (MS) technology, we are able to distinguish immunoglobulin light chain variable gene family (IGVL) usage on clinical samples. The goal of this study was to evaluate if IGVL usage impacts patient outcomes in patients with light chain amyloidosis (AL). Methods : IGVL usage was determined by mass spectroscopy (MS) of amyloid in clinical tissue specimens of Mayo Clinic patients. Specimens were from fat pad (n=257), bone marrow (n=172), myocardium (n=113), gastrointestinal (n=58), kidney (n=20), lung (n=15), and nerve (n=5). For those cases for which the IGVL could not be identified--not otherwise specified (NOS)—but constant region could be identified as lambda or kappa, we assume that the amyloid consisted primarily of immunoglobulin light chain gene constant regions or variable genes with somatic mutations making them uninterpretable to our matching algorithms. The medical records from these 700 patients were abstracted for relevant clinical and laboratory data. Results : The baseline characteristics of patients are shown in table 1. Three hundred and thirty-two patients have died with a median follow-up of surviving patients of 38 months. The estimated median survival for the entire population is 59 months. Out of 700 patients, 214 (31%) achieved a CR or a VGPR, 432 (62%) were not evaluable (NE) for hematologic or organ response, and 54 (8%) achieved a PR or did not respond (NR). The distribution of IGVL cases is shown in table 2. Overall survival (OS) for the whole group was not different across different IGVLs on univariate analysis, but when corrected for hematologic response, outcomes differed significantly based on IGVL. Patients could be further assembled into two groups, based on risk for death on univariate analyses: an IGVL high risk, which included KV1, LV1, LV2, LV3, and LV6; and low risk, which included all other cases (Figure). In a multivariate model that included level of hematologic response (CR/VGPR versus PR/NR/NE) and IGVL, IGVL family was independently associated with overall survival (RR=1.5 (95% CI 1.2-1.9, p=0.008). The risk ratio for CR/VGPR was 0.28 (95% CI 0.20-0.38, p Conclusion : IGVL usage appears to have prognostic significance in patients who have not achieved VGPR or better to initial chemotherapy. 1 No IGVL family could be identified Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Micro-entrepreneurs, Dependent Contractors, and Instaserfs: Understanding Online Labor Platform Workforces

The rapidly growing number of people who find work via online labor platforms are not employees, nor do they necessarily fit traditional conceptualizations of independent contractors, freelancers, ...
Brachyury-targeting immunotherapy for chordomas: treatment with GI-6301, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast-based cancer vaccine

Introduction: Chordomas are slow growing rare tumors deriving from notochordal remnants, occurring in locations along the neuro-axis from the skull base to the sacro-coccygeal spine. Treatment incl...
Clinician Perceptions of 4 Hearing Protection Devices

Common equipment in the dental operatory generate cumulative noise at sufficient decibel levels that can damage hearing. Although noise exposure in the dental office is typically intermittent, dentists and other dental care providers have been shown to be at risk of hearing loss. This article provides dentist-generated insight to use when incorporating hearing protection devices during dental practice. Four hearing protection devices (HPDs) were provided to 15 dentists in randomized sequence for evaluation. Perceptions were gathered via questionnaires and analyzed to determine mean ratings and product preferences. Battery requirements of electronic HPDs were also examined. Qualitative assessments of the HPDs evaluated are presented, including dentist preferences and recommendations. There were statistically significant differences ( P ≤ 0.0031) among the HPDs in terms of ease of insertion, aesthetics, ability to hear while using a handpiece, and the openness of the ear. Battery life was not found to differ between the 2 electronic HPDs evaluated. Dentists most highly valued ease of hearing, ability to communicate, and comfort while wearing HPDs. The DI-15 High-Fidelity Electronic Earplugs HPD was ranked the highest, followed by Music PRO Electronic Earplugs. Battery longevity for these electronic HPDs was similar under all tested conditions studied. Knowledge Transfer Statement: Dentists should understand the potential ramifications of hearing loss and be aware that there are commercially available hearing protection products that preserve the ability to communicate with patients and coworkers.
Managerial Short-Termism, Turnover Policy, and the Dynamics of Incentives

I study managerial short-termism in a dynamic model of project development with hidden effort and imperfect observability of quality. The manager can complete the project faster by reducing quality. To preempt this behavior, the prin cipal makes payments contingent on long-term outcomes. I analyze the dynamics of the optimal contract and its implications for the level of managerial turnover. I show that optimal contracts might be stationary and entail no termination. In general, I show that the principal reduces the manager’s temptation to behave myopically by reducing the likelihood of termination and deferring compensation. The model predicts a negative relation between the rate of managerial turnover and the use of deferred compensation that is consistent with evidence of managerial compensation contracts. Received May 23, 2016; editorial decision May 27, 2017 by Editor Francesca Cornelli.
P238 Good concordance between predicted HLA typing from whole exome sequencing and actual HLA type

Aim HLA typing is performed for optimal donor selection in transplant, but also can be performed for other diverse purposes including pharmacogenomics, autoimmune diseases, and research purposes. Decreasing costs have resulted in increasing use of whole exome sequencing, both in research and clinical settings. The ability to obtain accurate HLA types from whole exome sequencing could result in decreased costs of clinical HLA typing as well as expanded research opportunities. Methods Exome sequencing was performed on blood samples from women with invasive breast cancer referred for neoadjuvant chemotherapy and enrolled in the Breast Cancer Genome-Guided Therapy Study (BEAUTY) at our institution. Whole exome data for a subset of 59 participants was filtered to include reads mapping to the HLA region and typed using the commercial software HLA Target (Omixon, Budapest, Hungary). Due to the limited availability of DNA, low to medium resolution SSO typing for HLA-A,B,C,DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 was performed on the blood samples. Results of the presumed alleles were compared with those predicted by the software. Results Of the 59 samples tested, 14 were unable to be analyzed in Omixon Target. Of the remaining 45 samples, 27 demonstrated concordance at the second field and seven at the first field. The remaining eleven samples were heterozygous at HLA-DQB1 or DQA1 by SSO but were reported to be homozygous by Target. Conclusions This pilot study demonstrated that reasonably concordant HLA typing results can be obtained from whole exome data after analyzing reads in the MHC region.
Abstract 19409: Noninvasive Peripheral Vascular Resistance Measured by a Polyvinylidene Fluoride Sensor Identifies Patterns of Oxygen Debt Repayment During Resuscitation After Hemorrhage

Introduction: Oxygen debt (O 2 D) is one of the main indicators for organ failure as a result of hemorrhage (Hem) and its repayment rate (RR) is critical during resuscitation (Res). Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) during Res may have a significant impact on the reperfusion of the ischemic tissue and repayment of O 2 D. We have used a novel portable Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) based sensor in the form of a ring to estimate PVR and to examine the O 2 D-RR. Hypothesis: Early PVR post-Res is correlated with O 2 D-RR and can be measured using the PVDF ring. Methods: Seven pigs underwent controlled Hem with a target O 2 D of 80 mL/kg and resuscitated with whole shed blood to restore their hemodynamic parameters. The PVDF sensor was placed on the distal forelimb and was used to estimate PVR based on a mechanical model that uses the pulse pressure obtained from blood pressure (BP) and the amount of artery expansion. It was normalized by the PVR at the end of Res or when the systolic-BP peaks, whichever took place first, to find the relative PVR (R-PVR). Results: The relative O 2 D-RR, defined as O 2 D-RR/(O 2 D + C) where C=50 mL/kg is a constant value avoiding inflation of the ratio for small O 2 D values, and R-PVR were measured and averaged every five minutes post-Res until O 2 D was fully repaid (figure). The O 2 D was repaid within 2 hours for all animals except one (shown in red) which had distinctly higher values of R-PVR. Moreover, three animals repaid their O 2 D in less than one hour while the others took longer. These two groups were separated by the average R-PVR values (log-transformed) in the first five minutes post-Res (p=0.028). Conclusion: The PVDF sensor can be used to estimate the PVR and may be capable of providing information helpful in guiding Res. The reduction in the PVR may indicate adequacy of administered fluid, resulting in the return of the vascular tone and improved perfusion of ischemic tissues, which might lead to quicker O 2 D repayment, recovery and reduced chance of organ failure.
Drawing patients closer: five gentlemen.

As an intern at the Royal Victoria Hospital (Montreal), I began keeping a diary in black and white–lined composition books, the kind we had in grade school. The pages are collages of photographs, newspaper clippings from The Star , The Gazette and La Presse , and sketches of patients with
The Shewan Fiscal-Territorial State

As the two restorationist emperors, Tewodros II and Yohannes IV, reached the limits of what can be done to reclaim the supreme authority of the post-Gondarine Crown, the regional kings of Shewa and Gojam, with ambitions to claim the emperorship, launched aggressive territorial expansions in the closing decades of the nineteenth century. By 1900, the central province of Shewa won the competition to become the seat of a much larger Ethiopian state under a remarkably restorationist Emperor Menelik II.
Aortic dissection presenting as ischemic limb.

With surgical repair and blood pressure control, the patient recovered and left the hospital 1 week later.
Effects of Thymic Peptides on Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function

A role for the thymus gland within the immune system is now well recognized. Recent investigations have convincingly demonstrated that the thymus really functions as an endocrine organ, secreting peptides which influence lymphoid tissue structure and function (Goldstein et al., 1981). However, studies from our laboratory also suggest that thymic peptides may play a broader role within the endocrine system and may function as modulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. In this brief review I shall attempt to delineate what we have learned about the apparent relationship between the thymus gland and other endocrine organs. I shall focus particularly on the effects of the thymus on the reproductive system but conclude by speculating about other possible functions for thymic peptides and suggest that the neuroendocrine and immune systems are tightly coupled and function together in a coordinated fashion.
Post-traumatic stress disorder and declarative memory functioning: a review

Declarative memory dysfunction is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This paper reviews this literature and presents two frameworks to explain the nature of this dysfunction: that memory deficits are a product of neurobiological abnormalities caused by PTSD and/or that pre-existing memory deficits serve as a risk factor for the development of PTSD following trauma exposure. Brain regions implicated in declarative memory deficits include the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and imaging and biochemistry studies as they relate to memory dysfunction are described. Prospective and twin studies provide support for a risk factor model.
Inhibition of microRNA-124-3p as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Gulf War Illness: Evaluation in a rat model.

Abstract Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic, multisymptom illness that continues to affect up to 30% of veterans deployed to the Persian Gulf during the 1990–1991 Gulf War. After nearly 30 years, useful treatments for GWI are lacking and underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in its pathobiology remain poorly understood, although exposures to pyridostigmine bromide (PB) and pesticides are consistently identified to be among the strongest risk factors. Alleviation of the broad range of symptoms manifested in GWI, which involve the central nervous system, the neuroendocrine system, and the immune system likely requires therapies that are able to activate and inactivate a large set of orchestrated genes. Previous work in our laboratory using an established rat model of GWI identified persistent elevation of microRNA-124-3p (miR-124) levels in the hippocampus whose numerous gene targets are involved in cognition-associated pathways and neuroendocrine function. This study aimed to investigate the broad effects of miR-124 inhibition in the brain 9 months after completion of a 28-day exposure regimen of PB, DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), permethrin, and mild stress by profiling the hippocampal expression of genes known to play a critical role in synaptic plasticity, glucocorticoid signaling, and neurogenesis. We determined that intracerebroventricular infusion of a miR-124 antisense oligonucleotide (miR-124 inhibitor; 0.05-0.5 nmol/day/28 days), but not a negative control oligonucleotide, into the lateral ventricle of the brain caused increased protein expression of multiple validated miR-124 targets and increased expression of downstream target genes important for cognition and neuroendocrine signaling in the hippocampus. Off-target cardiotoxic effects were revealed in GWI rats receiving 0.1 nmol/day as indicated by the detection in plasma of 5 highly elevated protein cardiac injury markers and 6 upregulated cardiac-enriched miRNAs in plasma exosomes determined by next-generation sequencing. Results from this study suggest that in vivo inhibition of miR-124 function in the hippocampus is a promising, novel therapeutic approach to improve cognition and neuroendocrine dysfunction in GWI. Additional preclinical studies in animal models to assess feasibility and safety by developing a practical, noninvasive drug delivery system to the brain and exploring potential adverse toxicologic effects of miR-124 inhibition are warranted.
Troy D. Zars: a personal tribute to a scientist, colleague, and friend.

I knew Troy for nearly 15 years, and in that time I don’t recall hearing any childhood stories like those in seemingly every personal statement I’ve read from aspiring scientists or medical student...
James Cone’s Liberative Pedagogy

James Cone is known primarily as the founder of Black liberation theology. Yet for those who were his students, his teaching was equally as powerful. Cone managed to mentor people, create dialogue, and foster collaboration, all around the common collective task of seeking justice and liberation through theological study and construction. These things made Cone such an effective teacher. His work existed on a continuum, in which the liberation of Black people, of all the oppressed, was a non-negotiable baseline. While he used “traditional” methods, primarily lecture and seminar formats, the purpose behind his teaching wasn’t traditional at all. And as a result, he has put in place a network of clergy, academics, and of many other vocations, who in one way or another are promulgating that commitment to liberation and justice quite literally throughout the world. This is one of several short essays presented by recent students at a public forum at Union Theological Seminary after his death in 2018.