cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fosfomycin resistance protein (FosA) is a manganese metalloglutathione transferase related to glyoxalase I and the extradiol dioxygenases.

The enzyme conferring resistance to the antibiotic fosfomycin [(1R,2S)-1,2-epoxypropylphosphonic acid] originally reported by Suarez and co-workers [Arca, P., Hardisson, C., & Suarez, J. E. (1990) ...
Learning angles through movement: Critical actions for developing understanding in an embodied activity

Abstract Angle instruction often begins with familiar, real-world examples of angles, but the transition to more abstract ideas can be challenging. In this study, we examine 20 third and fourth grade students completing a body-based angle task in a motion-controlled learning environment using the Kinect for Windows. We present overall pre- and post-test results, showing that the task enhanced learners’ developing ideas about angles, and we describe two case studies of individual students, looking in detail at the role the body plays in the learning process. We found that the development of a strong connection between the body and the abstract representation of angle was instrumental to learning, as was exploring the space and making connections to personal experiences. The implications of these findings for developing body-based tasks are discussed.
Modeling and simulation of microbial survival during treatments with a dissipating lethal chemical agent

Abstract In chemical preservation or disinfection by agents such as sulfite, chlorine, ozone and hydrogen dioxide, the effective agent's concentration diminishes with time as a result of reactivity, instability or evaporation. If it can be assumed that the momentary inactivation rate of the targeted microorganism only or primarily depends on the momentary agent concentration and survival ratio, then, theoretically, it is possible to estimate the survival curve during a treatment with a dissipating agent from inactivation data obtained under a set of constant agent concentrations, provided that both the survival parameters and the dissipation pattern can be expressed algebraically. This can be done by solving, numerically, a cumbersome differential equation, whose coefficients are terms which describe the changes in the survival parameters as a result of the agent dissipation. Solutions of this differential equation, obtained for hypothetical microorganisms treated with hypothetical dissipating agents are shown in the form of survival curves plotted on semi logarithmic coordinates. They demonstrate how the agent's decay pattern can affect the survival ratio and how the response of different organisms to the same treatment can be compared. A survival curve generated by the proposed model presents a theoretical limiting case. Whether it is also a satisfactory estimate of the actual response of organisms to a given chemical treatment remains to be demonstrated experimentally. In practice, the agent dissipation can be accompanied by regular or random fluctuations. But since the concentration cannot increase spontaneously, the dissipating rate must always be smaller or equal to zero. A mathematical model of such dissipation patterns was developed, and used to reveal the theoretical effects of the oscillations on the shape of microbial survival curves. A similar model was developed for scenarios in which the agent is periodically replenished.
Lattice dynamics with indirect ionic interactions.

Lattice dynamics are calculated for KCl, KBr, RbCl, and AgBr. The following short-range forces are included: first-neighbor direct, deformation dipole, and indirect ionic interactions. The indirect ionic interactions are a model of three-body forces. A least-squares fit of the theory to the experimental results provides numerical values for the three-body forces. They are quite large for the Ag{sup +} ion.
Variables in Palauan syntax

The analysis of unbounded dependencies in terms of Wh-movement lies at the heart of generative grammar. The components of this analysis are central concepts of the theory: the trace theory of movement rules, the Subjacency Condition, the ECP and recoverability, and the ordering of abstract levels of representation. One of the strengths of this analysis is that it has been found to apply consistently over a wide range of languages. However, it is this generality which poses a challenge to linguists analyzing unbounded dependencies in unfamiliar languages: one needs to maintain a characterization that appears to have universal validity, while giving the special properties of the language one is des- cribing their due weight in the analysis. In this paper I will describe the grammar of unbounded dependencies in an Austronesian language, Palauan, whose syntax at first appears to have quite unusual properties. First, although Palauan can be analyzed as having no syntactic Wh-movement, it has the full range of unbounded dependencies at S-structure. Second, though these dependencies involve the use both of gaps and resumptive pronouns, the distribution of gap and pronoun is unrelated either to island constraints or to the type of clause in which the binding takes place. Finally, though all the structures in question are base generated, they contain evidence that the variable, gap or pronoun, is bound to its antecedent at S-structure. This paper will attempt to show that most Of these phenomena can be accommodated within Government-Binding Theory (GB), while still allowing the special nature of Palauan grammar to emerge. Those phenomena that remain unaccounted for will be seen to be suggestive of parametric variation, and I will propose a way in which the theory might be adjusted to account for the Palauan facts.
Reviewing the literature: A comparison of traditional methods with meta-analysis.

Meta-analysis is the name given to a set of techniques for reviewing research in which the data from different studies are statistically combined. Meta-analysts have criticized the more traditional qualitative methods of review on three principal grounds: (1) that relevant information is ignored in favor of a simplistic box count of the number of studies in which a particular relationship is and is not statistically significant; (2) that the sample of studies for review often contains important biases; and (3) that box counts ignore statistical interactions. Our discussion suggests that these criticisms are not intrinsic to qualitative reviews, but rather represent poor practices by reviewers using traditional methods. Moreover, although meta-analysis has some advantages, it is not without its unique limitations. Our comparison of both methods is applied to the qualitative literature review of Zuckerman (1979) and the meta-analysis of Arkin, Cooper, and Kolditz (1980) which reached different conclusions about the “existence” of self-serving attributions in studies of interpersonal influence.
Synaptic fine structure and the termination of corticospinal fibers in the lateral basal region of the cat spinal cord.

The lateral basal region (LBR) of the spinal cord gray matter (Rexed's laminae IV-VII) by physiologic and anatomic criteria is the major terminal zone for the corticospinal (CS) tract in the cat. The neurons in this area are medium-sized with abundant spines on their dendrites. Axon terminals on the dendrites and somata of these neurons form synapses easily classified as asymmetric with spheroid vesicles and symmetric with flattened vesicles. There are rare exceptions to this. In a systematic count of terminals, 82% have spheroid and 18% flattened vesicles. The majority of all terminals are on dendrites (84.9%) and a minority on somata (14.1%). Less than 1% are axoaxonic. Degeneration of the corticospinal tract was produced by transecting one hemisphere of our experimental cats. Its termination in the lower cervical cord was studied for 17 hours to 7 days after surgery. Vesicle depletion and clumping and dense polymembranous inclusions were the most common forms of degeneration. Filamentous proliferation in the terminals was also prominent; dark degeneration, however, was infrequent. The percent of degenerating CS terminals in the LBR was the following: 17 hours – 2.2%, 36 hours – 4.19%, 2 days – 10.3%, 3 days – 8.4%, 4 days – 6.9%, 7 days – 10.25%; 84.8% of degenerating CS terminals were axodendritic and 15.2% axosomatic.
Belief Q-Sort, Allport-Vernon Study of Values and Religion:

Openness to change, a higher order construct suggested by Rogers' concept of the fully functioning person (Rogers, 1959), led to the prediction of differences in certain values between those who accept change and those who desire a high degree of order, certainty, and knowledge of future events. We propose that individuals who oppose change in themselves and in society will conform (to a significantly greater degree than those who do accept change) to the stereotyped expectation that an individual show greater economic and religious interests and be less concerned with aesthetic and theoretical interests. The Allport-Vernon Scale of Values ( Allport, Vernon, & Lindzey, 195 1 ) provides a measure of these four value orientations, in addition to social and political values. The Belief Q-sort (Pyron, 1959) attempts to measure attitude toward change, a high score indicating acceptance of change and reliance upon self, while a low score indicates the opposite. The 48 statements of Form B of the Belief Q-sort were given to a group of 5s. From the 64 low and 64 high scores, half of each subgroup being male and half female, only the highest and lowest 25% were selected for study. Scores were combined as there were no significant sex differences. Since high and low Belief Q-sort levels were confounded with two religious denominations, Jewish and Catholic, for analysis these two religious groups were separated from the Protestants. Fifteen Jews were in the high group and only TABLE 1 COMPARISON OF MEAN SCORES ON SWDY OF VALUES§ FOR FOUR GROUPS
Reversible Quantum Confinement of Polarons by Reaction of Protonated Emeraldine with Nitric Oxide

Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical, adds to green emeraldine acid, a polyradical and a one-dimensional polaronic conductor. As more NO is added, the segments through which protons and their associated unpaired electrons move, i.e., the polarons, are progressively shortened. This confinement of polarons is observed as a spectral progression from the parent green emeraldine acid, with an absorption maximum at 875 nm, to a series of blue polymers, their absorption maxima shifting progressively while decreasing in intensity with NO uptake to 670 nm, then turning colorless, with only a faint residual absorption at λ max = 625 nm for the end member of the series which is insulating and no longer shows a voltammetric wave. The sequence is reversed in dilute HCl where the colorless and insulating polymer releases nitric oxide, the polaron is deconfined and the voltammetric wave reappears.
Osteoclast-stimulating factor interacts with the spinal muscular atrophy gene product to stimulate osteoclast formation.

We have recently identified and cloned an intracellular peptide termed osteoclast-stimulating factor (OSF) that increases osteoclast (OCL) formation and bone resorption through a cellular signal transduction cascade, possibly through its interaction with c-Src or related family members. To further identify participants in the OSF signaling cascade, we used yeast two-hybrid screening withSaccharomyces cerevisiae, and we found that the 40-kDa spinal muscular atrophy disease-determining gene product, survival motor neuron (SMN), interacts with the OSF-Src homology 3 domain. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of SMN mRNA expression in cells of the OCL lineage demonstrates that expression of the exon 7 splice variant of SMN is restricted to mature OCLs, whereas the unspliced transcript was expressed in OCL precursors as well as mature OCLs. Treatment of murine bone marrow cultures with conditioned media (5% (v/v)) from 293 cells transiently expressing the SMN cDNA significantly increased OCL formation, compared with treatment with conditioned media from mock-transfected cells. Furthermore, OCL-stimulatory activity by OSF or SMN was abolished by antisense constructs to SMN or OSF, respectively. These data confirm the participation of SMN in the OSF-enhanced expression of an OCL stimulator. OSF-SMN interaction may provide more insights into novel cellular signaling mechanisms that may play an important role in congenital bone fractures associated with type I spinal muscular atrophy disease.
Deletion of a Conserved Tetrapeptide, PPGP, in P450 2C2 Results in Loss of Enzymatic Activity without a Change in Its Cellular Location

The sequence proline-proline-glycine-proline is highly conserved in cytochrome P450 families 1 and 2, and similar proline rich sequences are found in other cytochromes P450. Since this sequence immediately follows the NH2-terminal hydrophobic membrane insertion signal, it potentially could function as a signal either for retention of cytochrome P450 in the endoplasmic reticulum or for its correct orientation in the membrane. To test this possibility, DNA sequence coding for this tetrapeptide was deleted from cytochrome P450 2C2 cDNA. Translation of the mutated mRNA in a reticulocyte cell-free system containing canine microsomal membranes resulted in the insertion of the protein into the membrane with a topology indistinguishable from that of normal cytochrome P450 2C2. The mutated protein was expressed in COS1 cells and its distribution, assayed by immunofluorescence, was similar to that of cytochrome P450 2C2. Furthermore, if a short peptide containing a potential glycosylation site was fused to the N-terminus of the mutant protein, the new hybrid protein was glycosylated in COS1 cells and the carbohydrate moiety remained sensitive to cleavage by endoglycosidase H. These results indicate that the protein was inserted and retained in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Pulse-chase studies showed that the mutated protein was degraded about four times as fast as cytochrome P450 2C2. In contrast to cytochrome P450 2C2, no (omega-1) hydroxylase activity was detected in COS1 cells expressing the mutated protein at similar steady-state levels as the wild-type protein. These results indicate that, although the conserved PPGP tetrapeptide is not required for cellular localization of cytochrome P450 in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, its deletion decreases the stability of the protein and abolishes enzymatic activity.
Progressive Changes in Starch Gel Electrophoretic Patterns of Chicken Muscle Proteins During “Aging” Post‐Mortem

SUMMARY Proteins extracted from chicken muscle during post-mortem aging in the cold were examined by starch gel electrophoresis. Myofibrillar proteins, extracted and analyzed in concentrated urea, revealed no detectable, consistent change during the two-day aging period. Myogen proteins, extracted by vigorous homogenization in dilute buffer, also remained unchanged in white muscles, but an additional electropboretic component, possibly derived from myglobin, slowly appeared in red muscle extracts; the delay in its development suggests a secondary relation with tenderizing processes. Important constituents of myogen were lacking in “sacroplasmic” proteins extracted from breast muscle, pre-rigor or in-rigor, with gentle homogenization in 0.44M sucrose solution. Such “sarcoplasmic” preparations could not be obtained effectively by the same method from red muscle with higher content of stroma. Some of the myogen components absent from “sarcoplasm” gradually reappeared as tenderization proceeded; the time required to achieve rigor and to complete tenderization varied with the bird, but the observed changes were consistent. Yields of total and protein nitrogen from fresh, rigor, and aged breast musele were in agreement with the electrophoretic data. It is suggested that the additional components obtained in “sarcoplasm” of tenderized muscle reflect soluble proteins escaping into the extract because of the breakdown of intracellular barriers or subcellular particles. These components may include enzymes instrumental in initiating changes of the myofibril, ultimately evident in tenderization.
A DYNAMIC PROCEDURE FOR THE OPTIMAL SEQUENCING OF PLANT EQUIPMENT PART II: VALIDATION AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Abstract This paper presents a rigorous simulation-based analysis of the Dynamic Chiller Sequencing (DCS) strategy for controlling HVAC equipment. The effects of many factors affecting the cooling load in a building as well as several parameters of the DCS procedure have been systematically explored to identify those which have the greatest impact on DCS performance. The ability of DCS to reduce energy costs relative to heuristic strategies typical of those found in conventional building control systems is also assessed.
Does context influence the shape of a perceptual scale

Effects of backgroun reflectance on the shapes of scales of lightness were investigated in two experiments. In Experiment I, 25 Ss compared similaritiesofpairs ofgray chips that were viewed against black, gray. or white backgrounds. In Experiment 2, 33 Ss positioned a series of gray chips, viewed against a white, gray. or black background, so that the distances between successive chips represented the perceived differences in lightness between them. The results of both studies indicated that scale shape was influenced by background. The nature of the effect was that interstimulus differences in the region of a background were enhanced relative to interstimulus differences far from a background.
Restricted feeding does not modify discriminative stimulus effects of morphine in the rat.

Abstract An experiment was performed to determine if the discriminative stimulus effects of morphine are modified by mild food deprivation, a condition that increases drug-reinforced behavior. Rats were trained to discriminate between SC injections of saline and morphine (3.0 mg/kg) in a discrete-trial shock-avoidance procedure. Stimulus generalization curves for morphine were then determined on three occasions by a cumulative-dosing procedure: before, during and after the body weight of the rats had been reduced to 86–87% of normal by restricted feeding. Food deprivation had little or no effect on the morphine genearlization curve. Despite a close relationship between the reinforcing and discriminative stimulus properties of opioid drugs, stimulus control of behavior by morphine was not modified by a condition that enhances opioid-reinforced behavior.
The attraction of moths (Trichoplusia ni) to infrared radiation

Abstract It has been suggested that infrared radiations are involved in the long distance assembly of male moths to females. To test this possibility, infrared signals with spectral contents associated with the sex pheromone were presented to tethered cabbage looper moths ( Trichoplusia ni ) in a wind tunnel in combination with airborne sex pheromone molecules. The infrared radiations failed to elicit the olfactory response.
The fluvial geochemistry of the rivers of Eastern Siberia: III. Tributaries of the Lena and Anabar draining the basement terrain of the Siberian Craton and the Trans-Baikal Highlands

The conventional view of the climatic influence on weathering is that weathering rates are strongly temperature-dependent due to the near-exponential relationship (Clausius-Clapeyron) between temperature and the saturation vapor pressure of water, and hence precipitation and runoff. This is a central theme in the Earth “thermostat” model, i.e., weathering of aluminosilicate rocks on continents acts through the greenhouse effect as a negative feedback on atmospheric CO2. However, there is very little direct field evidence to support this hypothesis. To remedy the lack of systematic geochemical data for cold high latitude rivers as compared to the tropics, large, pristine drainages of Eastern Siberia have been studied. Here, data from basement terrains of the Siberian Craton are reported. The low Si to total cation ratios suggest a superficially weathered system. The total dissolved solids flux of 0.39 × 106 mol/km2/yr and the CO2 uptake flux of 149 × 103 mol/km2/yr are similar to those of the tropical cratonic systems and the collisional/accretionary zone of northeastern Siberia, but about a factor of 3 lower than for the orogenic zones of the western Americas at both low and high latitudes. The lack of systematic climatic effects on the solute and CO2 fluxes is ascribed to the unique non-glacial frost shattering processes which continuously expose fresh rock surfaces and, thus, overcome the effect of temperature inhibition on high-latitude shields and to the lateritic cover that seals in the weathering front away from the weathering agents on the tropical shields. No primary climatic effects on weathering rates on the present Earth were detected.
Effects of neuroprotective dose of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on hypoxia-induced expression of c-fos and hsp70 mRNA in neonatal rat cerebrocortical slices

Abstract In situ hybridization (ISH) measurements of c-fos and hsp70 expression were made in brain slice studies of hypoxia, with or without fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) pretreatment. Each experiment used eighty 350 μm thick cerebrocortical slices, obtained from twenty 7-day old rats. Thirty minute periods of hypoxia were followed by 8 h of hyperoxic perfusion. Slices were removed at eight predetermined times, and processed for ISH and immunohistochemistry. In three of six hypoxia experiments, slices were pretreated for 60 min with 2 mM FBP, a condition known to maintain ATP level in brain slices during hypoxia. In three other hypoxia experiments slices received no pretreatment. In two control experiments slices were perfused for 11.5 h without hypoxia. In control experiments, hsp70 mRNA was barely detectable in slices at all times, although moderate c-fos mRNA expression occurred at 1 h after decapitation. Hypoxia produced a modest but statistically significant increase in c-fos mRNA and hsp70 mRNA induction 4 h following reoxygenation. At all times after hypoxia, FBP pretreatment reduced expression of c-fos and hsp70 mRNA. The absence of hsp70 mRNA in control slices suggests that intracellular protein denaturation was minimal in this preparation. In slices made hypoxic, the decrease in c-fos and hsp70 mRNA caused by FBP pretreatment suggests ameliorated progression towards injury. Immunohistochemistry showed no HSP70 protein at any time following hypoxia, with or without FBP pretreatment, presumably due to delayed HSP70 protein synthesis, or to a block in translation, as observed in vivo in other studies.
Compensation mechanisms in n+-GaAs doped with sulphur

Abstract S-doped GaAs, grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy, has been characterized from the viewpoint of compensation. Hall-effect and photoluminescence data at 10 K, in conjunction with secondary ion mass spectrometry and double crystal X-ray diffraction measurements, have been used to understand dopant-behavior with increasing concentration levels. It is shown that the compensation ration in S: GaAs increase with the doping level, from about 0.5 (rm N A − / N D + ) for an electron concentration level of 10 17 cm −3 to 0.91 at 3.8×10 18 cm -3 , and is also a weak function of the V/III ratio and the growth rate. these results are explained using thermodynamic considerations for dopant-incorporation in GaAs. The unexpected absence of strain in heavily-doped S: GaAs is shown to be consistent with the presence, in sufficient concentration, of a complex involving the donor and an adjacent V Ga . The results for S: GaAs are in agreement with the observation of superdilation in Te: GaAs.
The relation of multiple-schedule behavioral contrast to deprivation, time in session, and within-session changes in responding.

Pigeons’ keypecking was reinforced by food on baseline schedules of multiple variable interval (VI)x VIx and on contrast schedules of multiple VIx VIy. Deprivation of food was varied by maintaining subjects at 75%, 85%, and 95% (±2%) of their free-feeding weights. Positive and negative behavioral contrast were observed. The size of the contrast was not systematically altered by changes in deprivation. Positive and negative contrast were both larger later in the session than they were earlier. Withinsession decreases in responding were steeper for the baseline than for the contrast schedules for positive contrast. Within-session decreases were steeper for the contrast than for the baseline schedules for negative contrast. These results were predicted by the idea that different amounts of habituation to the reinforcer during the baseline and contrast schedules contribute to behavioral contrast. The results show that contrast occurs under conditions that reduce the effect of the following component. The results support the assumption that positive and negative contrast are produced by symmetrical theoretical variables.
Differential requirements for survivin in hematopoietic cell development.

Although erythroid cells and megakaryocytes arise from a common progenitor, their terminal maturation follows very different paths; erythroid cells undergo cell-cycle exit and enucleation, whereas megakaryocytes continue to progress through the cell cycle but skip late stages of mitosis to become polyploid cells. In our efforts to identify genes that participate in this process, we discovered that survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family that also has an essential role in cytokinesis, is differentially expressed during erythroid versus megakaryocyte development. Erythroid cells express survivin throughout their maturation, whereas megakaryocytes express ≈4-fold lower levels of survivin mRNA and no detectable protein. To investigate the role of survivin in these lineages, we overexpressed or knocked down survivin from mouse bone marrow cells and then examined erythroid and megakaryocyte development. These studies revealed that overexpression of survivin antagonized megakaryocyte growth, maturation, and polyploidization but had no effect on erythroid development. This block in polyploidization was accompanied by increased expression of p21 and decreased expression of megakaryocyte genes such as von Willebrand factor and β1-tubulin. In contrast, a reduction in survivin expression interfered with the formation of erythroid cells but not megakaryocytes. Last, consistent with the requirement for survivin in the survival of proliferating cells, survivin-deficient hematopoietic progenitors failed to give rise to either erythroid or megakaryocytic colonies. Together, these studies show that whereas survivin expression is essential for megakaryocyte and erythroid progenitors, its down-regulation is required for terminal differentiation of megakaryocytes.
Heterogeneous Structure of Stem Cells Dynamics: Statistical Models and Quantitative Predictions

Understanding stem cell (SC) population dynamics is essential for developing models that can be used in basic science and medicine, to aid in predicting cells fate. These models can be used as tools e.g. in studying patho-physiological events at the cellular and tissue level, predicting (mal)functions along the developmental course, and personalized regenerative medicine. Using time-lapsed imaging and statistical tools, we show that the dynamics of SC populations involve a heterogeneous structure consisting of multiple sub-population behaviors. Using non-Gaussian statistical approaches, we identify the co-existence of fast and slow dividing subpopulations, and quiescent cells, in stem cells from three species. The mathematical analysis also shows that, instead of developing independently, SCs exhibit a time-dependent fractal behavior as they interact with each other through molecular and tactile signals. These findings suggest that more sophisticated models of SC dynamics should view SC populations as a collective and avoid the simplifying homogeneity assumption by accounting for the presence of more than one dividing sub-population, and their multi-fractal characteristics.
Numerical simulation of the nonlinear optical response of bacteriorhodopsin

The numerical simulation of the nonlinear optical behavior of bacteriorhodopsin in a solution of water is described. Relationships for the intensity dependent absorption coefficient and index of refraction are developed and used in the numerical simulation of bacteriorhodopsin as an optical limiter and as defocussing element for laser pulses in the picosecond regime. The algorithm is a transient finite volume method that is coupled with a 'ray model' of the radiation which simultaneously solves the heat transfer and Maxwell's equations. The nonlinear behavior of the material is included in this analysis using a modified Euler predictor-corrector integration technique. Calculated power limiting and z-scan curves are in qualitative agreement with experiments. These results indicate that the code can be used to investigate and optimize optical systems which use the nonlinear behavior of bacteriorhodopsin.
Effect of catalyst preparation conditions on the performance of eggshell cobalt/SiO2 catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

Abstract In this article, we examine the impact of solvent and calcination conditions, during catalyst preparation, on the performance of eggshell catalysts. Eggshell profile of silica supported cobalt catalysts provides a means to control selectivity in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis reactions. Solvents such as water and alcohol attach to the silanol groups on the silica gel surface and compete with metal salts during ion exchange and adsorption. The solution properties impact the metal dispersion and interaction with the metal support. The calcination conditions (static versus dynamic, oxidizing versus reducing atmosphere) also have an impact on metal dispersion and support interaction. Ethanol proved to be a better solvent for enhancing the dispersion due to its surface wetting pattern while direct reduction in dynamic hydrogen provided gradual decomposition of the cobalt precursor thus reducing agglomeration. The use of water as a solvent and a static air environment during calcination led to lower dispersion. Nitrogen physisorption experiments showed that under favorable conditions, synthesized eggshell catalyst retains most of the original support surface area. Surface elemental composition using XPS indicate that the effect of solvent was stronger than the calcination environment in determining catalyst dispersion. This result was also confirmed by hydrogen chemisorption studies. TPR results suggested that back reaction of calcination product (especially H2O) and the agglomeration were competing phenomena in a static oxidizing environment. However, hydrogen chemisorption indicated that metal agglomeration was far more significant than the back reaction in static air atmosphere. Catalyst activity and selectivity were tested in a fixed bed (FBR) reactor fitted with GC and FTIR analyzers. The eggshell catalyst demonstrated high activity as expected; however, selectivity of CO2 in our fixed bed catalytic reactor was higher than usual. The distribution of liquid hydrocarbon was in the narrow range of diesel and aviation fuel.
How do graduate students manage their electronic information collections?: Investigating management activities and practices

As the amount of information people need to handle grows rapidly, it becomes more critical to efficiently manage information. To better understand the personal information management (PIM) process, this study examined key tasks and activities involved in managing a personal collection of electronic documents. Interviews were conducted with twelve doctoral students and data were analyzed qualitatively. The study helped identify management activities in three main tasks – collecting, organizing, and storing, and three types (A, B, and C) of organizing/managing information collections.
Patterns of circadian activity rhythms and their relationships with fatigue and anxiety/depression in women treated with breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of circadian activity rhythms and their relationship with fatigue, anxiety/depression, and demographic/medical variables in women receiving breast cancer adjuvant therapy treatments (Tx) at three times within a randomized clinical trial (RCT) designed to improve sleep and modify fatigue.
Stable isotope enrichment in laboratory ant colonies: effects of colony age, metamorphosis, diet, and fat storage

Ecologists use stable isotopes to infer diets and trophic levels of animals in food webs, yet some assumptions underlying these inferences have not been thoroughly tested. We used laboratory-reared colonies of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Solenopsidini) to test the effects of metamorphosis, diet, and lipid storage on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios. Effects of metamorphosis were examined in ant colonies maintained on a control diet of domestic crickets and sucrose solution. Effects of a diet shift were evaluated by adding a tuna supplement to select colonies. Effects of lipid content on stable isotopes were tested by treating worker ants with polar and non-polar solvents. δ13C and δ15N values of larvae, pupae, and workers were measured by mass spectrometry on whole-animal preparations. We found a significant effect of colony age on δ13C, but not δ15N; larvae, pupae, and workers collected at 75 days were slightly depleted in 13C relative to collections at 15 days (Δδ13C = −0.27‰). Metamorphosis had a significant effect on δ15N, but not δ13C; tissues of each successive developmental stage were increasingly enriched in 15N (pupae, +0.5‰; workers, +1.4‰). Availability of tuna resulted in further shifts of about +0.6‰ in isotope ratios for all developmental stages. Removing fat with organic solvents had no effect on δ13C, but treatment with a non-polar solvent resulted in enriched δ15N values of +0.37‰. Identifying regular patterns of isotopic enrichment as described here should improve the utility of stable isotopes in diet studies of insects. Our study suggests that researchers using 15N enrichment to assess trophic levels of an organism at different sites need to take care not to standardize with immature insect herbivores or predators at one site and mature ones at another. Similar problems may also exist when standardizing with holometabolous insects at one site and spiders or hemimetabolous insects at another site.
Branchial Na+K+-ATPase inhibition in a freshwater euryhaline teleost, tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), during short-term exposure to toluene or naphthalene: Influence of salinity

Abstract The inhibition of branchial Na + K + -ATPase activity in tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus , during short-term exposure to toluene or naphthalene at their lethal concentrations was more extensive in salt water than in fresh water. This effect of salinity was seen in fish preacclimated to salt water of 35‰ S before the hydrocarbon exposure at the same salinity, as well as in freshwater acclimated fish exposed to the pollutants in salt water of 20‰ S. The pollution-stressed fish showed a reduced ability to increase the activity of this enzyme on subsequent transfer to salt water of 20‰ S. This greater enzyme inhibition in salt water probably contributed to the higher pollutant-induced mortality in these fish. Significant ( p in vitro inhibition by a relatively high concentration of 10μM of toluene, or naphthalene, was observed in the enzyme activity from both freshwater- and saltwater-acclimated tilapia.
Socialization and Caring for Hospitalized African-and Mexican-American Children

This article is based on the premise that African-and Mexican-American children's responses to health and illness are rooted in their socialization into group perspectives that have been shaped by particular social and economic realities. Nurses are expected to provide care to African-and Mexican-American children, even though nurses may not have been educated to understand the effect of socialized perspectives on their practices. The purposes of this article are to highlight how differences in perspectives and ideologies create misunderstanding and to provide nurses with some examples of how their behavior might be interpreted by African-and Mexican-American children. The major practice implications center around the points that the motivations for African-and Mexican-American children's behavior may be different from those of European-American children, even though the observable behaviors may be similar and the children of these two groups may bring additional socialized fears and anxieties to the hosp...
Activators of photoluminescence in calcite: evidence from high-resolution, laser-excited luminescence spectroscopy

Abstract Laser-excited luminescence spectroscopy of a red-algal, biogenic calcite and a synthetic Mn-calcite can make the distinction between organic and trace-element activators of photoluminescence. Organic-activated photoluminescence in biogenic calcite is characterized by significant peak shifts and increasing intensity with shorter-wavelength excitation and by significant decreases in intensity after heating to ⩾ 400°C. In contrast, Mn-activated photoluminescence shows no peak shift, greatest intensity under green excitation and limited changes after heating. Examination of samples with a high-sensitivity spectrometer using several wavelengths of exciting light is necessary for identification of photoluminescence activators.
Adaptive lock-free maps: purely-functional to scalable

Purely functional data structures stored inside a mutable variable provide an excellent concurrent data structure—obviously correct, cheap to create, and supporting snapshots. They are not, however, scalable. We provide a way to retain the benefits of these pure-in-a-box data structures while dynamically converting to a more scalable lock-free data structure under contention. Our solution scales to any pair of pure and lock-free container types with key/value set semantics, while retaining lock-freedom. We demonstrate the principle in action on two very different platforms: first in the Glasgow Haskell Compiler and second in Java. To this end we extend GHC to support lock-free data structures and introduce a new approach for safe CAS in a lazy language.
An Atom-Economic and Selective Ruthenium-Catalyzed Redox Isomerization of Propargylic Alcohols. An Efficient Strategy for the Synthesis of Leukotrienes

Catalytic ruthenium complexes in conjunction with an indium cocatalyst and Bronsted acid isomerize primary and secondary propargylic alcohols in good yields to provide trans enals and enones exclusively. Readily available indenylbis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium chloride, in the presence of indium triflate and camphorsulfonic acid, gives the best turnover numbers and reactivity with the broadest range of substrates. Deuterium labeling experiments suggest that the process occurs through propargylic hydride migration followed by protic cleavage of the resultant vinylruthenium intermediate. Application of this method to the synthesis of leukotriene B4 demonstrates its utility and extraordinary selectivity.
228 Cases of Cochlear Implant Receiver-Stimulator Placement in a Tight Subperiosteal Pocket without Fixation:

Objectives(1) To investigate the outcomes of cochlear implant receiver-stimulator (RS) placement using a tight subperiosteal pocket technique without device fixation and (2) to compare the efficiency of this approach with the traditional bony well and trough technique.Study DesignCase series with planned chart review.SettingSingle tertiary academic referral center.Subjects and MethodsAll cochlear implant surgeries utilizing a tight subperiosteal pocket without additional fixation or use of a bone well were identified retrospectively. Revision cases were only included if the tight subperiosteal pocket technique was used during the initial surgery. Patients with less than 6 months of postoperative follow-up were excluded. Primary outcome measures included RS migration, flap complications, device failure, and percentage reduction in operative time.ResultsTwo hundred twenty-eight cases (average age 45.3 years) met inclusion criterion and were analyzed. At a mean follow-up of 18.1 months, no patient experience...
News over the Wires: The Telegraph and the Flow of Public Information in America, 1844-1897

"News Over the Wires" tells the story of the development of the news wire service as a business operation strategically positioned between the telegraph industry and the press. This unique history of telegraphic news gathering and news flow evaluates the effect of the innovative technology on the evolution of the concept of news and journalistic practices. It also addresses problems of technological innovation and diffusion. Menahem Blondheim's main concern, however, is the development of oligopoly in business and the control revolution in American society. He traces the discovery of timely news as a commodity, presenting a lively and detailed account of the emergence of the New York Associated Press (AP) as the first private sector national monopoly in the United States, and Western Union as the first industrial one. The book assembles, in a narrative parade of personalities and episodes, a wide-ranging body of primary sources, many of them previously untapped. It reconstructs the career of AP's maverick manager, Daniel H. Craig, and highlights his achievements as one of the most creative and effective, if least appreciated, of America's great system builders. The Associated Press and Western Union provide a novel perspective on processes of modernization and national integration in America. "News Over the Wires" demonstrates the significance of the monopolistic structure of the news business and its important impact on economic development, on the political process, and on social integration in general.
Progress in the Study of System Stability

In the second part of this paper and in the appendices attention is given to simplified methods of treating the problem of system stability. Methods are recorded which have been found useful in making many system studies. These methods have had considerable verification by tests both on a model system and on large operating systems and have been simplified to such an extent that many operating companies are now finding it to their advantage to undertake the work of making careful studies of their own systems, just as they now make short circuit studies which formerly were thought too difficult and too highly theoretical. The first part of the paper gives some comments and conclusions of the authors and their colleagues as a result of many such system studies as well as studies involving more detailed methods, and also as the result of practical experience through contact with various operating companies. Some of these comments are based directly on an example which is given in detail in Appendix I.
Colocalization of synaptophysin with transferrin receptors: implications for synaptic vesicle biogenesis.

We have reported previously that the synaptic vesicle (SV) protein synaptophysin, when expressed in fibroblastic CHO cells, accumulates in a population of recycling microvesicles. Based on preliminary immunofluorescence observations, we had suggested that synaptophysin is targeted to the preexisting population of microvesicles that recycle transferrin (Johnston, P. A., P. L. Cameron, H. Stukenbrok, R. Jahn, P. De Camilli, and T. C. Sudhof. 1989. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 8:2863-2872). In contrast to our results, another group reported that expression of synaptophysin in cells which normally do not express SV proteins results in the generation of a novel population of microvesicles (Leube, R. E., B. Wiedenmann, and W. W. Franke. 1989. Cell. 59:433-446). We report here a series of morphological and biochemical studies conclusively demonstrating that synaptophysin and transferrin receptors are indeed colocalized on the same vesicles in transfected CHO cells. These observations prompted us to investigate whether an overlap between the distribution of the two proteins also occurs in endocrine cell lines that endogenously express synaptophysin and other SV proteins. We have found that endocrine cell lines contain two pools of membranes positive for synaptophysin and other SV proteins. One of the two pools also contains transferrin receptors and migrates faster during velocity centrifugation. The other pool is devoid of transferrin receptors and corresponds to vesicles with the same sedimentation characteristics as SVs. These findings suggest that in transfected CHO cells and in endocrine cell lines, synaptophysin follows the same endocytic pathway as transferrin receptors but that in endocrine cells, at some point along this pathway, synaptophysin is sorted away from the recycling receptors into a specialized vesicle population. Finally, using immunofluorescent analyses, we found an overlap between the distribution of synaptophysin and transferrin receptors in the dendrites of hippocampal neurons in primary cultures before synapse formation. Axons were enriched in synaptophysin immunoreactivity but did not contain detectable levels of transferrin receptor immunoreactivity. These results suggest that SVs may have evolved from, as well as coexist with, a constitutively recycling vesicular organelle found in all cells.
Internet 2 Distributed Storage Infrastructure

Abstract The Internet 2 (I2) endeavor has made great strides towards the enhancement of educational and research collaboration among it members. An advanced communication and system infrastructure has been created by the various I2 initiatives. The Distributed Storage Infrastructure (DSI) project is another example of the I2 efforts to enable remote collaboration among the research and educational community. This effort extends the domain of a distributed high-speed computing environment to enable seamless resource sharing and access. The DSI effort has developed a flexible infrastructure that supports the sharing of educational content to disperse locations. Specific DSI characteristics include a focus on minimizing the cost of data sharing and an approach to policy-based resource management.
Standard english, normativity and the cox committee report

Abstract This article seeks to establish the status of linguistic rules in relation to their use in educational contexts. A distinction is drawn between descriptive and normative use of linguistic rules and the logical primacy of the normative is argued for in understanding how children come to learn their native language. Normativity is itself to be classified in terms of correctness and appropriateness and it is argued that the teaching of Standard English in both written and spoken forms, although it should be prescriptive in nature, should also be in terms of appropriateness rather than correctness. The view that the alleged correctness of Standard English can be justified in terms of logic is criticised, and the case for teaching it as an appropriate variant on pragmatic and practical grounds is defended. Finally, it is shown that although the Cox Committee understood the importance of the distinction between normative and descriptive use of rules of language farly well, that distinction is frequentl...