cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Horrid Mysteries of Cl Cl 26: A Tale of Mothers and Daughters

Claire Clairmont (1798–1879), her journals and letters brilliantly edited, is in no danger of being lost to history. However, a significant quantity of her writing remains only partially published, autobiographical memoranda and (apparently) copies of letters that she prepared in the 1870s at the urging of E. J. Trelawny. These manuscripts, 159 pages in total, are catalogued as Cl Cl 26 in the Pforzheimer Collection at the New York Public Library. Extracts, with warnings to readers not to trust these papers, have appeared in biographies and editions; they narrate some of the most dramatic and painful episodes of Clairmont’s life: her 1814 elopement with Mary Godwin and P. B. Shelley; the suicides of Harriet Shelley and Frances Imlay Godwin; the life and death of Allegra, her daughter by Byron, who died aged five. In the aggregate they are repetitive, incoherent, untruthful, and deeply informed by anger at Byron and Shelley. Perhaps the most mysterious component of Cl Cl 26 is a series of letters purporting to be from Clairmont’s mother, Mary Jane Godwin, to Margaret Moore, Lady Mount Cashell, in childhood Mary Wollstonecraft’s pupil and in adulthood a friend of the Shelleys and Clairmont’s special protector. Like Clairmont, both these women gave birth to daughters out of wedlock. The letters, concerned with the 1814 elopement and its aftermath, contain details found nowhere else. Clairmont tells Trelawny that she was given them by Lady Mount Cashell on Clairmont’s last visit to her in Pisa in 1832. Comprised of two sets of drafts, they survive only in the copies in Clairmont’s hand and contain errors pointing to composition much later than 1814. Nonetheless, most editors have accepted that Mary Jane Godwin did indeed write the letters and that her daughter then doctored them. Andrew Stott has suggested in an unpublished essay that Clairmont simply wrote them herself. In this article I follow the implications of this idea, first by reviewing Claire Clairmont’s life to understand why, in its evening, she might have impersonated her mother and by proxy her mother’s supposed correspondent, in writing this version of the decisive events of her youth; and second, to explore where this, her most fully realized work of fiction, might have come from. If we accept her as the sole author, we gain a new view of her: Clairmont as a writer. We know from her journals and letters that she tried intermittently to write fiction; she did publish one short story. She was keenly aware that writing was the family business and that she had not come up to scratch. We may see, then, in these letters, a final effort to tell her story. Much of the work of this article will be to attend to her inflections as she writes and rewrites, and to learn from the physical evidence offered by the manuscripts. With or without originals, in her work on this project Claire Clairmont would have felt herself, aged seventy-seven, sheltered again by the only two women whom she had ever experienced as protectors.
A Comparative Case Study of the Charleston Museum during its First Formative 150 Years

Founded in 1773 in the South Carolina colony, three years prior to American independence, the Charleston Museum was established as the first museum in what would become the United States. Originall...
Synthetic chemistry in water: applications to peptide synthesis and nitro-group reductions

Amide bond formation and aromatic/heteroaromatic nitro-group reductions represent two of the most commonly used transformations in organic synthesis. Unfortunately, such processes can be especially wasteful and hence environmentally harmful, and may present safety hazards as well, given the reaction conditions involved. The two protocols herein describe alternative technologies that offer solutions to these issues. Polypeptides can now be made in water at ambient temperatures using small amounts of the designer surfactant TPGS-750-M, thereby eliminating the use of organic solvents as the reaction medium. Likewise, a safe, inexpensive and efficient procedure is outlined for nitro-group reductions, using industrial iron in the form of carbonyl iron powder (CIP), an inexpensive item of commerce. The peptide synthesis will typically take, overall, 3-4 h for a simple coupling and 8 h for a two-step deprotection/coupling process. The workup usually consists of a simple extraction and acidic/basic aqueous washings. The nitro reduction procedure will typically take 6-8 h to complete, including setup, reaction time and workup.
Sporting dissent: Colin Kaepernick, NFL activism, and media framing contests:

In August 2016, Colin Kaepernick, a quarterback on the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League, sat in protest during the national anthem. He made it clear that his stance was a politic...
Should We Listen or Read? Modality Effects in Implicit and Explicit Knowledge

We examined the role of modality in learning second language (L2) grammar and forming implicit (unconscious) and explicit (conscious) knowledge. To this end, we isolated the effects of the physical medium of input (i.e., aural or visual) from those of the presentation method (i.e., word-by-word or simultaneous). We also explored the role of test modality in L2 performance, by including L2 knowledge tests in both aural and visual modes. Native English speakers engaged in meaning-focused integrated practice of 3 German syntactic rules. In Experiment 1, learners were given aural or visual word-by-word (rapid serial visual presentation; RSVP) input and in Experiment 2, they were given aural or natural written input. We found evidence of learning across all 4 groups, but different types of resultant knowledge. In particular, learners gained explicit knowledge in all input modalities, yet only those trained with natural written input also developed robust implicit knowledge. We conclude that the permanence of visual input may be a critical advantage for beginning learners to develop implicit knowledge of word order rules. Support in the form of written materials can ease the cognitive burden on beginning learners, with better outcomes as a result.
The Poverty of Disaster: Debt and Insecurity in Eighteenth-Century Britain

Eighteenth-century Britain is often understood as a time of commercial success, economic growth, and improving living standards. Yet during this period, tens of thousands of men and women were imprisoned for failing to pay their debts. The Poverty of Disaster tells their stories, focusing on the experiences of the middle classes who enjoyed opportunities for success on one hand, but who also faced the prospect of downward social mobility. Tawny Paul examines the role that debt insecurity played within society and the fragility of the credit relations that underpinned commercial activity, livelihood, and social status. She demonstrates how, for the middle classes, insecurity took economic, social, and embodied forms. It shaped the work that people did, their social status, their sense of self, their bodily autonomy, and their relationships with others. In an era of growing debt and the squeeze of the middle class, The Poverty of Disaster offers a new history of capitalism and takes a long view of the financial insecurities that plague our own uncertain times.
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY MONITORED BY QUANTITATIVE SHORT WAVELENGTH FUNDUS AUTOFLUORESCENCE IN A CASE OF BARIATRIC SURGERY.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Bariatric surgery is recognized as a treatment option for obesity. However, the cost-efficiency of screening for serum vitamin A and the effectiveness of its oral supplementation in these patients remain unclear. Here, we report a case in which vitamin A and carotenoid deficiency after bariatric surgery were monitored by noninvasive quantitative fundus autofluorescence imaging. METHODS Case report. RESULTS A 62-year-old man presented with a history of progressive night blindness. He had duodenal switch surgery 13 years earlier. One year before the initial visit, he had begun oral supplements of vitamins A. Short wavelength fundus autofluorescence images acquired for quantitative fundus autofluorescence revealed an intensity that was lower than the healthy-eye range. Scotopic rod-specific full-field electroretinograms were extinguished. These findings were consistent with vitamin A deficiency. The patient was given intramuscular vitamin A injections. At follow-up, quantitative fundus autofluorescence improved, ERG increased to normal, but macular pigment was unchanged. CONCLUSION Oral vitamin A supplementation may not be sufficient after mal-absorptive surgery and a quantitative and noninvasive short wavelength fundus autofluorescence imaging technique may be useful to monitor the status of vitamin A and the carotenoids comprising macular pigment in the retina.
A co-simulation, optimization, control approach for traffic light control with truck priority

Abstract Under certain conditions giving priority to trucks at signalized intersections will benefit all vehicles because of elimination of extra delays associated with stop and go trucks due to their size and slow deceleration and acceleration rates. In this paper, we develop, analyse and evaluate a traffic light control system for signalized intersections that takes into account the differences in dynamics and characteristics between trucks and passenger vehicles. The proposed traffic light control system combines simulation-based optimization techniques timing the baseline traffic signals and model-based active strategy giving priority to trucks when it is to the benefit of all vehicles involved. In order to overcome the computational constraints of the simulation-based approach, a multiple agent-based solution utilizing multiple simulators has been proposed for large scale road network applications. The evaluation results show consistent improvements in reducing the truck traffic delays (5% to 10%) and the number of truck stops without delaying passenger vehicles whose travel time and number of stops have also been reduced. The reductions of vehicle delays and number of stops lead to reduction in emission levels and fuel consumption for both trucks and passenger vehicles.
Jacques Lacan and Louis Althusser: Return to Freud?

This chapter explores Jacques Lacan’s equivocal relationships to Catholicism and Judaism and to Freud and his followers. Lacan claimed that his approach represented a “return to Freud,” but it was nothing of the kind. Instead, Lacan frequently distorted or ignored the plain meaning of Freud’s texts, superimposing his own ideas on them, and then attributing his ideas retroactively to Freud. He shared this rhetorical strategy with Alexandre Kojeve, and with other second- and third-generation analysts I term crypto-revisionists, who insist loudly on their fidelity to Freud while deviating dramatically from his theories of human development. Furthermore, Lacan’s polemics with the Freudian faithful in the International Psychoanalytic Association are riddled with traces of theological anti-Semitism and Catholic triumphalism. Louis Althusser read Freud through a Lacanian prism, contending that psychoanalysis could only be a “science” if it was detached from clinical practice.
Monitoring of Respiration by Means of an Additively Manufactured Barium Titanate-based Hygroscopic Sensor

Unobtrusive respiration monitoring is critical for a number of applications such as monitoring of sleep apnea and changes in respiration rate. Wearable, flexible sensors provide increased comfort and versatility over traditional rigid sensors. Recent advances in additive manufacturing, such as printed electronics, allow miniaturization of sensors and implementation onto flexible, unobtrusive substrates. In this paper we present implementation and validation of a printed co-doped barium titanate capacitive sensor that is highly sensitive to water vapor as an unobtrusive breathing sensor. This attribute allows the sensor to identify inhalation/exhalation cycles, detect apnea conditions and hyperventilation, and report respiration rate. The 2x4mm sensor demonstrated capacitance changes of up to 1000% during breathing, while placed directly under the nostrils. In addition, we demonstrate that the sensor increases capacitance from 175pF in ambient conditions up to 225pF (almost 30%) during breathing at a distance of 30cm while sampled at 200Hz. We demonstrated viability of this printed sensor for both wearable monitoring and ambient sensing applications.
Models for regional heartwater epidemiology in a variable environment.

LEVINS, R. 2000. Models for regional heartwater epidemiology in a variable environment. Onderste­ poort Journal of Veterinary Research, 67:163-165 A model of the epidemic dynamics of heartwater within a cattle production unit was presented by Yonow et al. (1998). Here, the model is expanded to a reg ion consisting of several farms to study the effect of environmental variability on control strategies. We have shown that: • In a region , where the environment of each farm is modelled with constant epidemiologic param­ eter values, while the between-farm parameter values differ, regional variation in the removal rate of infected cattle increases the average fraction of infected cattle across the region , while regional variation in the transmission rate of infection from ticks to cattle decreases the average fraction of infected cattle, thereby requiring control measures that keep the removal rate uniform and the transmission rate variable. • In a region, where in addition to regional variation between farms, the epidemiologic parameters of each farm are time-variant, then temporal variation in both the transmission rate and removal rate increases the average fraction of infected cattle across the region , thereby requiring control measures that keep both parameters uniform.
Design and Validation of a Lower-Limb Haptic Rehabilitation Robot

Present robots for investigating lower-limb motor control and rehabilitation focus on gait training. An alternative approach is to focus on restoring precursor abilities such as motor adaptation and volitional movement, as is common in upper-limb robotic therapy. Here we describe NOTTABIKE, a one degree-of-freedom rehabilitation robot designed to probe and promote these underlying capabilities. A recumbent exercise cycle platform is powered with a servomotor and instrumented with angular encoders, force-torque sensing pedals, and a wireless EMG system. Virtual environments ranging from spring-mass-damper systems to novel foot-to-crank mechanical laws present variants of leg-reaching and pedaling tasks that challenge perception, cognition, motion planning, and motor control systems. This paper characterizes the dynamic performance and haptic rendering accuracy of NOTTABIKE and presents an example motor adaptation task to illustrate its use. Torque and velocity mode controllers showed near unity magnitude ratio and phase loss less than 60 degrees up to 10 Hz. Spring rendering demonstrated 1% mean error in stiffness, and damper rendering performed comparably at 2.5%. Virtual mass rendering was less accurate but successful in varying perceived mass. NOTTABIKE will be used to study lower-limb motor adaptation in intact and impaired persons and to develop rehabilitation protocols that promote volitional movement recovery.
Characterization of a novel, low-cost, scalable vaporized hydrogen peroxide system for sterilization of N95 respirators and other COVID-19 related personal protective equipment.

Abstract Due to the virulence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen responsible for the respiratory disease termed COVID-19, there has been a significant increase in demand for surgical masks and N95 respirators in medical clinics as well as within communities operating during the COVID-19 epidemic. Thus, community members, business owners, and even medical personnel have resorted to alternative methods for sterilizing face coverings and N95 respirators for reuse. While significant work has shown that vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) can be used to sterilize N95 respirators, the cost and installation time for these sterilization systems limit their accessibility. To this end, we have designed and constructed a novel, cost-effective, and scalable VHP system that can be used to sterilize N95 respirators and other face coverings for clinical and community applications. N95 respirators inoculated with P22 bacteriophage showed a greater than 6-log10 reduction in viral load when sterilized in the VHP system for one 60-minute cycle. Further, N95 respirators treated with 20 cycles in this VHP system showed comparable filtration efficiency to untreated N95 respirators in a 50 to 200 nanometer particulate challenge filtration test. While a 23% average increase in water droplet roll-off time was observed for N95 respirators treated with 5 cycles in the sterilization, no breakdown in fluid resistance was detected. These data suggest that our VHP system is effective in sterilizing N95 respirators and other polypropylene masks for reuse. Relating to the present epidemic, deployment of this system reduces the risk of COVID-19 community transmission while conserving monetary resources otherwise spent on the continuous purchase of disposable N95 respirators and other face coverings. In summary, this novel, scientifically validated sterilization system can be easily built at a low cost and implemented in a wide range of settings.
Radiation, Robotics, and Reconstructive Options in Spine Tumor Surgery

Operating on tumors of the spine presents the surgeon with unique challenges. Among those are challenges in obtaining the appropriate oncologic resection, which includes use of preoperative and intraoperative imaging modalities. Traditionally, radiographs and intraoperative fluoroscopy have been heavily utilized, but at the cost of radiation exposure to the surgeon and patient that varies with numerous factors. More recently, advanced intraoperative imaging has allowed better visualization of tumors and margins during complex resections, as well as less radiation to the surgeon, who can typically step out of the room for an intraoperative CT scan. Finally, the introduction of navigation and now robotics into spinal surgery has opened the door to increasingly complex tumor resections with what we hope to be decreasing difficulty and decreasing rates of complications. As technology advances, care must be taken to also continue training surgeons in the anatomically grounded, freehand technique of instrumenting the spine. This will not only optimize patient safety but also allow surgeons to critically evaluate and optimize how new technology is used as it emerges.
Estimated glomerular filtration rate is a prognosticator of adverse outcomes after primary total knee arthroplasty among patients with chronic kidney disease and glomerular hyperfiltration

Abstract Background The goals of this study were: (1) to test whether patients with an Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) that is higher or lower than population-based standards have an increased risk of 30-day mortality, return to the operating room, readmission, non-home discharge, any complication, major complications, and minor complications after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA); and (2) to find out whether there is a significant non-linear relationship between eGFR and those same variables. Methods A total of 168,919 primary TKAs were identified using The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2016. The following outcomes were assessed at 30 days: mortality, return to the operating room, readmission, non-home discharge, any complication, major complications, and minor complications. Results Multivariate binomial logistical regression found that patients with hyperfiltration had higher rates of readmission (P Patients with an eGFR less than 60 (stage 3 chronic kidney disease or higher) had increased odds of mortality (P Conclusion Low eGFR and hyperfiltration may be associated with elevated risk of 30-day adverse events. GFR can be used as a risk stratification tool to counseling patients with particular attention paid to those with a GFR
Bisexuality and Health Care.

Using data from the fourth wave of the National Study of Adolescent Health, this paper offers a preliminary investigation of factors implicated in the physical and mental health of bisexual individ...
Glottic Keratosis: Significance and Identification of Laryngoscopic Findings:

ObjectiveGlottic keratosis poses a challenge because a decision to biopsy must weigh the likelihood of dysplasia and cancer against the voice outcome after biopsy. We determined the significance of...
Subsurface Irrigation System Analysis and Design

By considering the phenomena of subsurface irrigation as a case of two-dimensional infiltration, a method is developed for analyzing the water distribution pattern in the soil profile from a subirrigation pipe placed on a barrier. Equations of soil-water movement were used to establish the design criteria of the discharge, the burial depth and the spacing of the subsurface irrigation system. A numerical example is given to show the procedures of the proposed method for subsurface irrigation system analysis and design.
African American Women's Health: An Examination of Resource Needs, Context, and Public Policy over the Life Course

AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN’S HEALTH: AN EXAMINATION OF RESOURCE NEEDS, CONTEXT, AND POLICY OVER THE LIFE COURSE By: Cynthia Iris Newbille, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010. Major Director: Kevin W. Allison, Ph.D., Professor Department of Psychology, L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs African American women die at an earlier age and at higher rates from preventable and/or treatable diseases than their European American counterparts. Notwithstanding epidemiology’s successful identification of proximal, individually-based risk factors (such as diet, exercise, and smoking), and research supporting our understanding of differential rates of metabolic conditions (e.g., high blood pressure, stroke), African American women’s poor health outcomes persist. Grounded in an ecological and life course framework, the current study examined both proximal and distal contexts as a backdrop for understanding individual life course pathways that impact urban African American women’s health outcomes, with a focused examination of Black women’s experience of and risks for metabolic disorders (e.g., heart disease, diabetes and obesity).
The Multiplayer Classroom: Designing Coursework as a Game

Discover how to engage your students and raise their grades and attendance in your classroom. THE MULTIPLAYER CLASSROOM: DESIGNING COURSEWORK AS A GAME is your detailed guide to designing any structured learning experience as a game. Written for professional educators or those learning to be educators, here are the tools to engage and excite students by using principles learned in the development of popular video games. Suitable for use in the classroom or the boardroom, the book features a reader-friendly style that introduces game concepts and vocabulary in a logical way. You don't need any experience making games or even playing games to use this book. Yet, you will learn how to create multiplayer games for any age on any subject. Bring your classroom into the 21st century!
An Efficient Minimum-Time Robot Path Planning under Realistic Conditions

In this paper, we have developed a method for minimum-time path planning in joint space subject to realistic constraints. This method differs from others in that: (i) an absolute path deviation at each corner point of the path can be specified, (ii) local upper bounds on joint accelerations are derived from the arm dynamics so as to nearly fully utilize robot's capabilities, and (iii) a set of Local optimization problems--one at every local corner point--are employed to replace the global minimum-time problem, thus making the minimum-time path planning problem simpler. As a demonstrative example, we have applied the method to the path planning of the first three joints of the Unimation PUMA 600 series manipulator. The example has indeed shown significant improvements in the total traveling time in addition to the computational simplicity obtained from the decomposition of the global problem into a set of local problems.
Isochoric p-ρ-T measurements for binary refrigerant mixtures containing difluoromethane (R32), pentafluoroethane (R125), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a), and 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R143a) from 200 to 400 K at pressures to 35 MPa

The p–ρ–T relationships were measured for binary refrigerant mixtures by an isochoric method with gravimetric determinations of the amount of substance. Temperatures ranged from 200 to 400 K, while pressures extended up to 35 MPa. Measurements were conducted on compressed gas and liquid samples with the following mole fraction compositions: 0.4997 R32+0.5003 R134a, 0.3288 R32+0.6712 R134a, 0.4996 R32+0.5004 R125, 0.5001 R125+0.4999 R134a, and 0.5000 R125+0.5000 R143a. Most published p–ρ–T data are in good agreement with this study. The uncertainty is 0.03 K for temperature and is 0.01% for pressure at p>3 MPa and 0.05% at p<3 MPa. The principal source of uncertainty is the cell volume (∼28.5 cm3), with a standard uncertainty of 0.003 cm3. When all components of experimental uncertainty are considered, the expanded relative uncertainty (with a coverage factor k=2 and, thus, a two-standard deviation estimate) of the density measurements is estimated to be 0.05%.
Newer laboratory aids in the differential diagnosis of acute pericarditis; with particular emphasis upon the value of the fibrinogen polymerization test.

Abstract 1. (1) The present report concerns itself with comparative studies of the fibrinogen polymerization test, and several acute phase reactants such as the CRP, ESR, and plasma fibrinogen concentration, and also the ASO titer. These were followed serially in patients with idiopathic, rheumatic and presumably tuberculous pericarditis and also in cases of atypical myocardial infarction. 2. (2) A consistently positive F.P. test indicated the presence, and mirrored the course, of rheumatic and idiopathic pericarditis, while it was negative in tuberculous pericarditis. Of the acute phase reactants only the ESR was abnormal to a comparable degree in all conditions studied. It seems, therefore, that the F.P. test can serve as a valuable aid in the diagnosis of idiopathic pericarditis. 3. (3) In contrast to all nonspecific acute phase reactants the F.P. test appears not to be suppressed by salicylates or steroid therapy but reflects the activity of the disease and thus provides a useful criterion for the efficacy of therapy. 4. (4) The F.P. test appears, furthermore, of value for the differential diagnosis between atypical myocardial infarction and acute non-specific pericarditis, particularly, when used concomitantly with the SGO-transaminase or serum aldolase tests.
Blueberry Production in Georgia

Abstract Georgia's blueberry industry has experienced exponential growth during the past four decades, and the state now ranks third in acreage and between fourth and fifth in total production of cultivated blueberries in the United States. This impressive growth was sustained by the development and commercialization of well-adapted rabbiteye blueberry cultivars (1950s and 1960s), the founding of the Georgia Blueberry Association and establishment of the first large-scale commercial plantings and packinghouse facilities by pioneering producers (1970s), access to national and international marketing channels (1980s and 1990s), and the development of a new southern highbush blueberry industry (mid-1990s). More recent trends include increased production for the fresh-market, establishment of high-density plantings of southern highbush cultivars in pine bark, and improved management of pests and horticultural production problems such as spring freezes, droughts, and low fruit set. Given the anticipated increa...
From Abstraction to Reality: Integrating Drama Management into a Playable Game Experience

Often, video game designers must choose between creating a restrictive, linear experience and designing an open world with many different story lines that fail to form a tightly crafted narrative arc. A drama manager (DM) can provide a solution to this dilemma. A DM monitors an interactive experience, such as a computer game, and intervenes to shape the global experience so that it satisfies the author’s expressive goals without decreasing a player’s interactive agency. Previous work with declarative optimization-based drama management (DODM) has focused on simulated player studies in abstract game worlds. In this paper, we present the integration of DODM into a real-time adventurestyle dungeon game called EMPath. We describe the game world as well as the modifications that had to be made to the DM as the result of integrating with a concrete, playable experience. These changes include the development of new story evaluation features, improving drama management move refiners and creating a new player model. We also describe the results of a play test comparing player experiences with the drama manager on and off.
Transformational Leadership: Managing the Twenty-First Century Sales Force

In today's more diverse sales organizations, sales managers face important interpersonal challenges to achieving high-quality relationships, which result in better performance within their sales force. In this article, it is argued that cultural distance can negatively influence sales manager and sales subordinate relationships. The quality of these relationships ultimately influences the level of effort that sales subordinates exert toward achieving organizational sales goals. However, despite the potential obstacle of cultural distance, sales managers can utilize transformational leadership as a means to mitigate its adverse effects on one-to-one relationships with members of the sales force.
Relationship Discovery Ontology in Asymmetric Warfare

Nowadays, with battles increasingly being fought in urban theaters, enemy combatants can include not only the military but also pseudo-military forces and the civilian population. Given the new battlespace and the realities of the Information Age, military intelligence needs to be processed in new ways in order “to know the enemy”. Just as data models and information systems such as the Joint Consultation Command & Control Information Exchange Data Model and the Blue Force Situational Awareness System provide support for the traditional military, novel information systems that capture enemy force and command structure must be built and utilized to achieve information superiority in asymmetric warfare. An information system with a core of the relationships among humans, relationships among organizations, and relationships among humans and organizations is postulated to improve the commander's understanding of enemy presence in his area of operations. Accordingly, this paper develops a relationship discovery ontology from basic modeling principles and then presents a prototype system built on the Protege ontology engine. The prototype, populated with synthesized but representative human intelligence messages, has been used to demonstrate that a commander may obtain actionable intelligence to capture adversaries and preempt potential enemy attacks. The author validated the ontology model by comparison with concepts from other technologies, by mapping human intelligence messages to model concepts and properties, and by demonstrating the functionality of the prototype.
Luke’s Good News to the Poor: Ambiguities and Challenges

The gospel of Luke has been called a “gospel of the poor.” It contains more references to the poor than the other gospels and gives particular importance to concern for the poor. The inaugural preaching of Jesus in the synagogue at Nazareth in Lk. 4:16–30 introduces the ministry of Jesus as a fulfillment of the prophecy of Isaiah (Lk. 4:18–19; cf. Is. 61:1–2; 58:6). Jesus is the one anointed and sent by God to proclaim good news to the poor. This characterization of the ministry of Jesus is echoed in Lk. 7:22 (par Mt. 11:5) which gives Jesus’ reply to the question of the messengers of John the Baptist: “Go and tell John what you have seen and heard: the blind regain their sight, the lame walk, lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, the poor have the good news proclaimed to them.”
Core Outcomes Measures for Inguinal Hernia Repair

Abstract Background: Demands on the medical profession to develop performance measures and demonstrate cost-effectiveness make it imperative that a uniform approach to the measurement of outcomes for common conditions be adopted. We report here on patient acceptance, response rates, and utility of a new set of core outcomes measures for patients with inguinal hernia (IH), which incorporates patient reporting of outcomes. Methods: Beginning in March 1994, a convenience sample of patients scheduled for IH repair completed a series of questionnaires addressing a range of patient case mix and outcomes dimensions, including demographics, comorbid conditions, SF-36 health status (Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short-form health survey), and condition-specific questions, expectations, and responses to the surgical experience before and after operation. Surgical data were abstracted from the medical records. Results: One hundred three patients were entered in the study; 63 completed 2-month reports and 44 completed 6-month reports. Acceptance of the study and response rates were excellent. Differences in health status associated with IH have been identified in two SF-36 domains, and changes in function after repair noted in several others, supporting the applicability of this measure. Outcomes may also differ by type of hernia and type of repair performed. Conclusions: A core outcomes measurement set for IH that encompasses demographics, comorbidities, health status, expectations, utilization, and condition-specific data provides a portrait of patient outcomes that is useful to providers and patients, and combined with cost and satisfaction data, it can be used for benchmarking and improving surgical care.
Seismicity of the Atlantis Massif detachment fault, 30°N at the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge

[1] At the oceanic core complex that forms the Atlantis Massif at 30°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, slip along the detachment fault for the last 1.5–2 Ma has brought lower crust and mantle rocks to the seafloor. Hydroacoustic data collected between 1999 and 2003 suggest that seismicity occurred near the top of the Massif, mostly on the southeastern section, while detected seismicity along the adjacent ridge axis was sparse. In 2005, five short-period ocean bottom seismographs (OBS) were deployed on and around the Massif as a pilot experiment to help constrain the distribution of seismicity in this region. Analysis of six months of OBS data indicates that, in contrast to the results of the earlier hydroacoustic study, the vast majority of the seismicity is located within the axial valley. During the OBS deployment, and within the array, seismicity was primarily composed of a relatively constant background rate and two large aftershock sequences that included 5 teleseismic events with magnitudes between 4.0 and 4.5. The aftershock sequences were located on the western side of the axial valley adjacent to the Atlantis Massif and close to the ridge-transform intersection. They follow Omori's law, and constitute more than half of the detected earthquakes. The OBS data also indicate a low but persistent level of seismicity associated with active faulting within the Atlantis Massif in the same region as the hydroacoustically detected seismicity. Within the Massif, the data indicate a north-south striking normal fault, and a left-lateral, strike-slip fault near a prominent, transform-parallel, north-facing scarp. Both features could be explained by changes in the stress field at the inside corner associated with weak coupling on the Atlantis transform. Alternatively, the normal faulting within the Massif might indicate deformation of the detachment surface as it rolls over to near horizontal from an initial dip of about 60° beneath the axis, and the strike-slip events may indicate transform-parallel movement on adjacent detachment surfaces.
Highly uniform and reproducible vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Summary form only given. Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technology is increasingly recognized as a superior platform for growth of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) because of its high throughput, low surface defect density, continuous compositional grading control, and the flexibility for materials and dopant choices. In this paper, we show that it is also capable of extremely high wafer uniformity and run-to-run reproducibility.
Right Ventricular Failure Following Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantatation; the Myth Is in the Management

Purpose Right ventricular failure (RVF) following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation remains a controversial complication. Many institutions report high rates of RVF after LVAD implantation, and have sought to predict RHF preoperatively so that they are able to support the right heart post operatively, often using a temporary right ventricular assist device. We describe our methods to minimize RVF post LVAD implantation at this institution. Methods and Materials We retrospectively analyzed LVAD recipients implanted at our institution between July 2006 through August 2012. Clinical outcomes were examined. RVF was defined as inotropic use greater than 7 days post operatively, the use of right ventricular mechanical support, and pulmonary vasodilator usage. Results 130 LVADs were implanted during the period from July 2006 to August 2012, 107 male and 23 female patients. The mean age was 60 ± 11, and total duration of support was 349 days, ± 348. There were 113 Thoratec® HeartMate II LVAD’s implanted, and 17 HeartWare® LVAD’s implanted. Of the 130 patients evaluated, 12 developed RVF following LVAD (9%). Mean pre operative CVP was measured at 14 ± 7 and mean right ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI ) was 0.522 ± 0.32. 20 out of 130 patients were considered to have severe TVR. 95% of the patients were supported with inotropic support preoperatively. We found that the only significant predictor of post operative right heart failure was that of elevated CVP, with p = 0.28. No patients required RVAD support post operatively. Conclusions In our experience, patient selection and pre, intra, and post operative management of the right heart is likely the most essential aspect in preventing RHF in the LVAD population of patients. Paramount for this type of therapy to continue to be a viable treatment option for end stage heart failure patients is the ability to maintain low complication rates post implantation; not just for optimal patient quality of life, but for economic sustainability.
Trade and transboundary pollution: quantifying the effects of trade liberalization on CO2 emissions

I consider a multi-country trade model in which a subset of firms emit transboundary pollution as a by-product of production. Consumers are harmed by these emissions, creating a role for government intervention. Theoretically, the effects of trade liberalization on the level of pollution and aggregate welfare are ambiguous – they depend on values of country-specific pollution disutility parameters. I use real-world data to estimate trade costs and to recover values for these disutility parameters that are consistent with the Nash–Walras equilibrium predicted by the model. In counterfactual exercises, I investigate the effects of changing trade costs on the aggregate level and distribution of pollution as well as the welfare of each country. These experiments suggest concern regarding the effect further trade liberalization has on the level of firm-generated pollution and that agreements like the Kyoto Protocol can be effective even when governments behave strategically.
On the relation between NDVI, fractional vegetation cover, and leaf area index

Abstract We use a simple radiative transfer model with vegetation, soil, and atmospheric components to illustrate how the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), and fractional vegetation cover are dependent. In particular, we suggest that LAI and fractional vegetation cover may not be independent quantitites, at least when the former is defined without regard to the presence of bare patches between plants, and that the customary variation of LAI with NDVI can be explained as resulting from a variation in fractional vegetation cover. The following points are made: i) Fractional vegetation cover and LAI are not entirely independent quantities, depending on how LAI is defined. Care must be taken in using LAI and fractional vegetation cover independently in a model because the former may partially take account of the latter; ii) A scaled NDVI taken between the limits of minimum (bare soil) and miximum fractional vegetation cover is insenstive to atmospheric correction for both clear and hazy conditions, at least for viewing angles less than about 20 degrees from nadir; iii) A simple relation between scaled NDVI and fractional vegetation cover, previously described in the literature, is further confirmed by the .simulations; iv) The sensitive dependence of LAI on NDVI when the former is below a value of about 2–4 may be viewed as being due to the variation in the bare soil component.
Cutting edge: the etiology of autoimmune thyroid diseases

Significant progress has been made in our understanding of the mechanisms leading to autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). For the first time, we are beginning to unravel these mechanisms at the molecular level. AITD, including Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), are common autoimmune diseases affecting the thyroid. They have a complex etiology that involves genetic and environmental influences. Seven genes have been shown to contribute to the etiology of AITD. The first AITD gene discovered, HLA-DR3, is associated with both GD and HT. More recently, this association was dissected at the molecular level when it was shown that substitution of the neutral amino acids Ala or Gln with arginine at position beta 74 in the HLA-DR peptide binding pocket is the specific sequence change causing AITD. Non-MHC genes that confer susceptibility to AITD can be classified into two groups: (1) immune-regulatory genes (e.g., CD40, CTLA-4, and PTPN22); (2) thyroid-specific genes—thyroglobulin and TSH receptor genes. These genes interact with environmental factors, such as infection, likely through epigenetic mechanisms to trigger disease. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on disease susceptibility and modulation by environmental factors.
Serotonin and co-localized peptides: Effects on spinal motoneuron excitability☆

Abstract Iontophoretically applied serotonin (5HT), substance P (SP), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and proctolin all enhanced spinal motoneuron activity evoked by glutamate in urethane-anesthetized rats. 5HT and SP produced more consistent facilitation of excitability both within and between motoneurons than did TRH and proctolin which failed to facilitate several motorneurons. It is concluded that 5TH, SP, TRH and proctolin, which appear to co-exist in various combinations in ventral horn terminals near spinal motoneurons, have complimentary effects on motoneuron excitability.
Prediction Techniques for Three-Dimensional Shock-Wave/Turbulent Boundary-Layer Interactions

The design of efficient flight vehicles for sustained operation at high Mach numbers requires the understanding of the aerodynamic heating generated in interfering flowfields. The three-dimensional shockwave/turbulent boundary-layer interaction is typical of such flowfields and is one that produces severe localized heating. The Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory has conducted an extensive experimental investigation into such interactions. This investigation began with a simple fin/flat-plate model through which a substantial data base was obtained for Mach numbers of 3 to 6 and Reynolds numbers of 1.5x 106 to 28.0 x 106/ft. The study then was extended to a fin/ogive-cylinder model. This paper presents the correlation of peak aerodynamic heating in the interaction region as derived from the fin/plate model and the methods by which the correlation is applied to the missile configuration at arbitrary pitch and roll attitudes. This paper also documents the observed effects of boundary-laye r tripping on peak heating levels. It was found that the process of tripping significantly reduces the peak heating magnitude. The implications of this on experimental and vehicle design are yet to be explored. Nomenclature M = Mach number np = exponent in peak pressure correlation nst = coefficient in peak heating correlation P = pressure St = Stanton number X = distance in direction of freestream Y = distance normal to freestream Z = distance normal to model surface aF = fin deflection angle aM - missile model angle of attack /? = missile fin roll angle d = boundary-layer thickness at fin apex 6 = fin shock-wave angle = angle to the peak heating location \l/ = inviscid streamline turning angle Subscripts
Morgenbesser’s Coin, Counterfactuals, and Causal Versus Probabilistic Independence

It is widely held that, as Morgenbesser’s case is usually taken to show, considerations of causal or probabilistic dependence should enter into the evaluation of counterfactuals. This paper challenges that idea. I present a modified version of Morgenbesser’s case and show how probabilistic approaches to counterfactuals are in serious trouble. Specifically, I show how probabilistic approaches run into a dilemma in characterizing probabilistic independence. The modified case also illustrates a difficulty in defining causal independence. I close with a suggestion for a strategy to handle this difficulty.
Gender effects for student perception of the classroom psychosocial environment

A future shortage of science teachers has been predicted, and since women are presently underrepresented in the sciences, they are a good potential source for future science teachers. Unfortunately women appear to become less interested in science as they continue in school. Because the classroom psychosocial environment has been shown to be related to learning outcomes, it may contribute to women's lack of interest in sciences. This study compared the classroom environments perceived by fourth grade, seventh grade and high school boys and girls in classes taught by males and females to determine if any perceptual differences existed. The three, two factor MANOVAS (teacher gender by student gender) showed no differences for fourth grade students, one for seventh grade students and three for high school students. The seventh grade boys and girls perceived classes taught by females as having more friction than classes taught by males and high school boys and girls perceived classes taught by females as being more difficult than classes taught by males. Further, for the high school students it appears that classes are perceived more favorably when the opposite genders are combined. These perceptual differences combined with role modeling may contribute to the lack of women in science. More research is necessary to determine causal relationships.