cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of a β -endorphin-like peptide in cultured human placental cells

In the pituitary, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- and β-endorphin-related peptides are post-translationally derived from a common precursor glycoprotein1,2. ACTH- and β-endorphin-like peptides have been demonstrated in human placental extracts by radioimmunoassay (RIA), bioassay and opioid radioreceptor assay3–7. Recently, we have shown that short-term cultured human placental trophoblastic cells synthesize a high molecular weight glycoprotein(s) physicochemically similar to the pituitary common precursor molecule; ACTH(9–15)- and β-endorphin(1–9)-like fragments were detected in a tryptic digest of this precursor. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that radiolabel disappeared from the molecule and accumulated in smaller molecular species having either ACTH or β-endorphin antigenic determinants8. We now report the use of re verse-phase HPLC to resolve the tryptic fragments of one component of β-endorphin-like peptide synthesized in placental cells, and show that it is comparable to synthetic human β-endorphin. The two reverse-phase HPLC systems used resolved all tryptic fragments of human β-endorphin (βh-endorphin) with differing selectivities, thus providing two unique ‘fingerprints’, in analogy to conventional two-dimensional peptide analysis. The fact that identical maps were obtained for βh-endorphin and the placental peptide in both systems, provides strong evidence that they are structurally identical.
Influence of analyte overloading on retention in gas-liquid chromatography: a molecular simulation view.

In an attempt to elucidate the molecular basis for concentration (isotherm) effects on retention in gas−liquid chromatography, configurational-bias Monte Carlo simulations in the Gibbs ensemble were carried out to investigate changes in analyte partitioning caused by overloading a model chromatographic system with either an alkane or an alcohol. Squalane was used as the stationary-phase material, and the analytes included n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, 1-butanol, and 1-pentanol. Three systems were studied that differed in the mobile-phase composition: (i) a helium vapor, (ii) a n-hexane vapor, and (iii) a 1-pentanol-saturated helium vapor. While the amount of helium that partitions into the stationary phase is very small, both n-hexane and 1-pentanol partition strongly into and thereby swell the stationary phase. Although the swelling of the stationary phase leads to a reduction in the partition coefficients for the alkane solutes for both the n-hexane- and 1-pentanol-swollen stationary phases, the effe...
X-linked muscular dystrophy.

X-linked muscular dystrophy has been separated into two types that are generally considered to be distinct entities. We have investigated three families with X-linked muscular dystrophy who demonstrate remarkable intrafamilial variability. In one family 2 brothers with a benign type had a maternal uncle who was affected with the Duchenne type. In another family, 4 members had the benign type but a fifth was much more severely affected than in the classic Duchenne dystrophy; therefore the presence of an “aggressive form” is proposed. A third family also had both benign and severe types. A search of the literature revealed families in which the severe and benign types coexisted. The genetic determinants of this heterogeneity are not yet known. Clinical similarities between bening and severe types of X-linked muscular dystrophy and the presence of families with both types suggest that the two are intimately related.
Tectonics of Tharsis Dorsa on Mars

The tectonics of the Tharsis and adjoining areas is considered to be associated with the convection in the Martian mantle. Convection and mantle plume have been responsible for the primary uplift and volcanism of the Tharsis area. The radial compressional forces generated by the tendency for downslope movement of surface strata, vertical volcanic intrusions and traction of mantle spreading beneath Tharsis were transmitted through the lithosphere to form peripheral mare ridge zones. The locations of mare ridges were thus mainly controlled by the Tharsis-radial compression. The load-induced stresses then contributed on further ridge formation over an extended period of time by the isostatic readjustment which was reponsible for long-term stresses in the adjoining areas. Extrusions, changes in internal temperature and possible phase changes may also have caused changes in mantle volume giving rise to additional compressional forces and crustal deformations.
NAD(P)H Oxidases Regulate HIF-2α Protein Expression

Biallelic inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene (VHL) is linked to the development of hereditary and sporadic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In the absence of VHL, the α subunits of heterodimeric hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF-1α and HIF-2α) are stabilized. Reactive oxygen species, generated by NAD(P)H oxidases, are involved in signaling cascades of malignant growth. We show that in VHL-deficient cells p22phox, Nox4 protein levels and NADPH-dependent superoxide generation are increased. Reintroduction of VHL into the VHL-deficient cells down-regulates the expression of p22phox and NADPH-dependent superoxide generation. Inhibition of the 26 S proteasome in VHL-expressing cells increased p22phox protein levels, which correlated with an increase of NADPH-dependent superoxide generation. We also show that p22phox co-immunoprecipitates with VHL in vivo. Moreover, p22phox is a target of ubiquitination. Importantly, in VHL-deficient cells, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), an inhibitor of Nox oxidases, decreased the expression of HIF-2α. Down-regulation of Nox1, Nox4, and p22phox expression by small interfering RNA also decreased HIF-2α protein expression and inhibited Akt and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, suggesting that a translational mechanism is involved in maintaining HIF-2α in VHL-deficient cells. Colony formation by RCC 786-O in soft agar was markedly inhibited by DPI. Moreover, DPI significantly inhibited RCC 786-O tumor formation in athymic mice. Collectively, the data demonstrate that VHL protein exerts its tumor suppressor action, at least partially, via inhibition of p22phox-based Nox4/Nox1 NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species generation.
Interaction of Zinc with Transition-Metal Surfaces: Electronic and Chemical Perturbations Induced by Bimetallic Bonding

The addition of zinc can induce significant changes in the chemical and catalytic properties of a transition-metal surface. The properties of a series of bimetallic surfaces that combine Zn with Rh or group 10 elements (TM = Ni, Pd, or Pt) have been examined using thermal desorption mass spectroscopy, core- and valence-level photoemission, CO chemisorption, and ab initio self-consistent-field calculations. The deposition of Zn on Rh(111) or polycrystalline surfaces of group 10 metals leads to the formation of alloys. These surface alloys decompose at high temperatures: 600−800 K, ZnNi; 650−850 K, ZnRh; 750−950 K, ZnPt; 850−1000 K, ZnPd. In the alloys, the core levels and valence d band of the transition metals exhibit positive binding energy shifts, while negative shifts are observed for the Zn 2p levels and 3d band. For CO/ZnRh and CO/ZnTM surfaces, the CO adsorption bond is weaker than for CO/Rh and CO/TM surfaces: 1−2 kcal/mol on ZnNi; 4−5 kcal/mol on ZnRh; 4−8 kcal/mol on ZnPt; and 12−16 kcal/mol on...
Vibrational spectral studies of tetramethylenesulfoxide complexes of lanthanide nitrates

Abstract The syntheses and physical properties of crystalline lanthanide complexes, La(TMSO)4− (NO3)3 (TMSO = tetramethylene sulphoxide), Ln2(TMSO)7(NO3)6 (Ln = Nd, Sm) and Ln2(TMSO)6− (NO3)6 (Ln = Gd, Dy, Er, Yb) are reported. The i.r. spectra, molar conductivities, molecular weights and X-ray powder patterns are also included. The i.r. spectra indicate that, in all cases, co-ordination occurs through the oxygen atom of TMSO, and all nitrate groups are co-ordinated in the solid state. The co-ordination number is believed to be eight and the nitrate co-ordination changes from predominantly monodentate to predominantly bidentate across the period.
Alcohol consumption, bone density, and hip fracture among older adults: the cardiovascular health study

Previous studies have found inconsistent relationships of alcohol consumption with risk of hip fracture, and the importance of bone mineral density and risk of falls in mediating such a relationship has not been determined. As part of the Cardiovascular Health Study, a population-based cohort study of adults aged 65 years and older from four U.S. communities, 5,865 participants reported their use of beer, wine, and liquor yearly. We identified cases of hip fracture unrelated to malignancy or motor vehicle accidents using hospitalization discharge diagnoses. A subgroup of 1,567 participants in two communities underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans to assess bone mineral density. A total of 412 cases of hip fracture occurred during an average of 12 years of follow-up. There was a significant U-shaped relationship between alcohol intake and risk of hip fracture (p quadratic 0.02). Compared with long-term abstainers, the adjusted hazard ratios for hip fracture were 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61–1.00) among consumers of up to 14 drinks per week and 1.18 (95% CI, 0.77–1.81) among consumers of 14 or more drinks per week. Alcohol intake was associated with bone mineral density of the total hip and femoral neck in a stepwise manner, with approximately 5% (95% CI, 1%–9%) higher bone density among consumers of 14 or more drinks per week than among abstainers. These relationships were all similar among men and women. Among older adults, moderate alcohol consumption has a U-shaped relationship with risk of hip fracture, but a graded positive relationship with bone mineral density at the hip.
Budgeting nursing workload for required minimum data set assessments.

Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of an instrument used to measure nursing workload of federally mandated assessments. Specifically, the instrument measures the nursing workload of the resident assessment instrument the mandated assessment tool used in nursing facilities. Background It is imperative that nursing managers and nurse executives in health care organizations have a process to budget Registered Nurse full-time equivalents required for federally mandated assessments. Methods The sample (N = 48) included nursing facility minimum data set Coordinators. Reliability and validity scores of the nursing workload instrument are calculated using Pearson correlation coefficients (r). Results The nursing workload instrument demonstrated reliability and validity. Total nursing workload to complete the minimum data set for nursing facilities is summarized. Conclusion The results provide support for a reliable and valid instrument to measure nursing workload for standardized minimum data set assessments.
Labor productivity and farm size in English agriculture before mechanization: A note

Abstract The extent of scale economies in labor utilization in English agriculture before mechanization are investigated using the 1851 Population Census. Contrary to the work of Allen (1988, Explorations in Economic History 25, 117–146), who uses information from Arthur Young's tours circa 1770, it is found that scale economies were of limited significance. Consequently scale economies will explain little of the growth of labor productivity in English agriculture before mechanization, or of the high labor productivity of English agriculture compared to the rest of Europe.
Drought Monitoring and Assessment: Remote Sensing and Modeling Approaches for the Famine Early Warning Systems Network

Abstract Drought monitoring is an essential component of drought risk management. It is usually carried out using drought indices/indicators that are continuous functions of rainfall and other hydrometeorological variables. This chapter presents a few examples of how remote sensing and hydrologic modeling techniques are being used to generate a suite of drought monitoring indicators at dekadal (10-day), monthly, seasonal, and annual time scales for several selected regions around the world. Satellite-based rainfall estimates are being used to produce drought indicators such as standardized precipitation index, dryness indicators, and start of season analysis. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index is being used to monitor vegetation condition. Several satellite data products are combined using agrohydrologic models to produce multiple short- and long-term indicators of droughts. All the data sets are being produced and updated in near-real time to provide information about the onset, progression, extent, and intensity of drought conditions. The data and products produced are available for download from the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) data portal at http://earlywarning.usgs.gov . The availability of timely information and products support the decision-making processes in drought-related hazard assessment, monitoring, and management with the FEWS NET. The drought-hazard monitoring approach perfected by the U.S. Geological Survey for FEWS NET through the integration of satellite data and hydrologic modeling can form the basis for similar decision support systems. Such systems can operationally produce reliable and useful regional information that is relevant for local, district-level decision making.
Managing for Value: Organizational Strategy in For-Profit, Nonprofit, and Governmental Organizations

All organizations benefit from developing a strategy. The most well-developed strategy models come from the private sector and focus on markets, customers, and competition. Yet, these models fail to take account of two crucially important features of nonprofit organizations: (a) the value produced by nonprofit organizations lies in the achievement of social purposes rather than in generating revenues; and (b) nonprofit organizations receive revenues from sources other than customer purchases. An alternative strategy model developed for governmental managers focuses the attention on three key issues: public value to be created, sources of legitimacy and support, and operational capacity to deliver the value. This alternative strategy model resonates powerfully with the experience of nonprofit managers precisely because it focuses attention on social purposes and on the ways in which society as a whole might be mobilized to achieve them.
Neurologic indications for therapeutic plasma exchange: 2011 update.

Neurologists commonly use therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE, also known as plasmapheresis or therapeutic apheresis) to treat a number of conditions. This concise review examines the most common neurologic indications for therapeutic plasma exchange. It focuses on Guillain-Barre syndrome and myasthenia gravis and also the role of TPE in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, paraproteinemic polyneuropathy, and Sydenham's chorea. As with any treatment, the proven efficacy, cost, side effects, and availability must be considered before initiation of therapy.
The changing nature of eclampsia: A five year experience

DENA GOFFMAN, LISA NATHAN, CYNTHIA CHAZOTTE, IRWIN MERKATZ, DAVID GARRY, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Bronx, New York OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation of eclampsia over the last five years and compare antepartum/intrapartum eclampsia (A/IE) with late postpartum eclampsia (LPE). STUDY DESIGN: The study population consisted of 34 consecutive women diagnosed with eclampsia in our 3 hospital system between 2001 and 2006. Data extracted from the records included demographics, symptoms, timing of seizures, management, and birth outcomes. Women were divided based on when eclampsia occurred and LPE was defined as O48 h post delivery. The study was approved by the IRB and statistics performed with a P value !.05 considered significant. RESULTS: The rate of eclampsia was 0.9/1000 deliveries. Sixteen (47%) women had A/IE, 18 (53%) women had LPE, and there were no immediate postpartum eclamptic women. The groups were similar for age, parity, ethnicity, gestational age, mode of delivery, and complications. Symptoms preceding eclampsia occurred in 13 (81%) A/IE women and in 17 (94%) LPE women (p=.26). The birth weight in the A/IE group was lower compared to the LPE group (2175G963 vs 3011G556 g; p=.01). Eleven (61%) women in the LPE group had not been previously diagnosed with preeclampsia (PRE). The table below compares LPE women with and without prior preeclampsia. CONCLUSION: While A/IE and LPE have similar clinical presentations, the majority of eclampsia now occurs in the late postpartum period without antecedent clinically recognizable preeclampsia. Identifying this subset of women remains a major challenge.
Albinism of potato spindle tuber viroid-infected Rutgers tomato in continuous light

Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) caused albinism in the new growth of Rutgers tomato under continuous light. The albinism response was obtained with 4 isolates causing severe symptoms in tomato and with 1 mild isolate which is normally symptomless.
Ambient temperature synthesis of fine metal particles in montmorillonite clay and their magnetic properties

Abstract Nanostructured, amorphous metallic particles containing some boron have been produced at ambient temperatures in the montmorillonite clay matrix by a reduction of the ion-exchanged M2+-montmorillonite (M = Fe, Co and Ni) with sodium borohydride. The products have been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, chemical analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy and SQUID magnetometer measurements. The Ni-B particles are 10–30 nm in size while the Co-B and Fe-B particles are 50–200 nm. The Co and Ni systems exhibit superparamagnetic behavior, while the Fe system shows ferromagnetism. The differences in magnetic properties among the three systems are explained on the basis of the changes in magnetic anisotropy energy that arise from compositional inhomogeneities; the compositional inhomo geneities are related to the ease with which the three M2+ ions can be reduced.
Amino acids in carbonaceous meteorites: biotic or abiotic?

Carbonaceous meteorites are relics of ancient parent bodies from the time of formation of our solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago. They contain many of the organic compounds (e.g. amino acids) that are considered the building blocks of life. Experiments that attempt to simulate the synthesis of amino acids from inorganic precursors results in racemates. However, we have observed that several of the common protein amino acids in carbonaceous meteorites are non-racemeic, exhibiting an L-enantiomer excess typical of life. Stable isotope analysis of the individual amino acid enantiomers confirms that this L-excess is extraterrestrial, rather than contamination subsequent to impact. It has generally been assumed that these amino acids were formed by abiotic processes and were initially racemic, with subsequent partial destruction of their respective D-enantiomers by abiotic processes. However, the alternative scenario, i.e. the L-excess being a relic of ancient life, is largely ignored. Here we address this possibility based on the distributions, stereochemistry and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of the amino acids in carbonaceous meteorites.
Action learning versus strategy learning

This article seeks to ascertain whether the strategy-learning model of Hanaki, Sethi, Erev, and Peterhansl (2003) better accounts for observed behavior than do the various action-learning models. It does so by measuring the goodness-of-fit of the models' predictions against published experimental results for such games as Coordination, Prisoner's Dilemma, and Chicken. The fit is measured via the mean squared deviation (MSD) between the observed behavior and the one predicted by the model. The results show that, for Chicken, the strategy-learning model fits the observed data much better than do the action-learning models. The best action-learning model, on the other hand, fits the observed data well in Coordination. Overall, the strength of the strategy-learning model is best shown in games where alternations between the two stage-game Nash equilibria are often observed in the laboratory experiments.
Psychiatry malpractice and administrative inquiries of alleged physician misconduct.

Practicing psychiatrists facing allegations of substandard practice may confront a broad range of types of adjudication and sanctions. Although some rare allegations refer to criminal behavior or to intentional negligence, the vast majority do not. Most often psychiatrists are faced with defending their conduct against claims of malpractice in civil court or in an administrative inquiry conducted by a state or other healthcare agency that has oversight authority over the physician. Claims of psychiatric malpractice may allege a broad range of physician misconduct (Figs. 1 and 2) reflecting both that mental health care is a complex process, not a tightly circumscribed event, and that the survival of litigation may be enhanced by casting a wide net of alleged wrongdoing. Insurance data of the frequency and costs of administrative adjudication of psychiatrists was not available. Many psychiatrists have been introduced to basic concepts that govern how the law intersects with clinical practice and then results in liability exposure for the practitioner. Even general familiarity with these issues can be helpful, given the degree to which laws and regulations have come to govern mental health practice. Examination of liability considerations in diverse areas of practice, such as collaboration with and supervision of other mental health professionals, serves to sharpen the understanding of the nuances of the legal expectations of the professional’s duty in differing clinical circumstances. The rules governing testimony as an expert as opposed to a fact witness and the basic principles of court and licensing board proceedings are essential concepts for psychiatrists who choose to participate as experts in the adjudicatory process. Though not providing health care for a patient, forensic psychiatrists
A Comparative Analysis of US Toll Policy

Abstract In the US, there is a long tradition of toll roads, beginning with the Lancaster Turnpike that was built at the end of the 18th century connecting Philadelphia and Lancaster. There are currently more than 300 toll facilities in the US, which is probably the largest number of toll facilities in the world. These facilities represent a wide range of conditions, from hypercongested facilities in large metropolitan areas such as New York City to toll highways in rural areas. The toll structures are equally diverse, ranging from multi-tier price structures with frequent user, carpool, and time of day discounts; to simpler structures in which the only differentiation is made on the basis of the number of axles per vehicle. The toll rates are typically set by the agencies that operate or own the toll facilities. The rules or formulas by which these tolls are determined are not generally available to the public, though it is safe to say that toll decisions are made taking into account technical considerations, as well as the all important criterion of political acceptability. However, data on toll rates and how they change by vehicle types and by some other attributes are readily available. The overall objective of this paper is to analyze the toll data from various facilities across the US to gain insight into the overall factors affecting the tolls. A more specific objective is to assess—though in a rather approximate fashion—if the tolls by vehicle type, relative to each other, are appropriate and consistent with economic theory. This is achieved by comparing tolls to approximate indicators of road space consumption and pavement deterioration. The literature review confirmed that this is the first time such research has been conducted which is an important first step toward an analysis of the efficiency of current toll policies. The analyses in this paper are based on a random sample of all toll facilities across the US. The toll dataset, which include toll rates for passenger cars, busses, and three different truck types, is assembled mainly from the available information on the web sites of various toll agencies. After cleaning the data, the authors used econometric modeling to estimate a set of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models that express tolls as functions of independent variables. Three families of models were estimated: linear models, models based on expansions of Taylor series, and models based on piece-wise linear approximations to non-linear effects. The resulting models were analyzed to identify the salient features of current toll policies towards different vehicle types.
Biomechanics of mandibular distractor orientation: An animal model analysis

Abstract Purpose: Previous reports suggest that device orientation may be one of the most important parameters affecting the successful application of osteodistraction. However, only computer models or cadaver mandibles have been used to investigate the biomechanical effects of device orientation during mandibular distraction osteogenesis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare two different device orientations during bilateral mandibular osteodistraction in an animal model. Materials and Methods: Fifteen skeletally mature beagle dogs underwent 10 mm of bilateral mandibular lengthening by intraoral distraction osteogenesis. The dogs were divided into two groups based on the orientation of the distraction device relative to the mandible when viewed occlusally: either parallel to the body of the mandible (group I) or parallel to the axis of distraction (group II). The effects of device orientation during osteodistraction were then analyzed clinically, radiographically, and by dental cast measurements. Results: Distractors oriented parallel to the body of the mandible caused an increase in the anterior width of the proximal mandibular segments. This lateral displacement of the proximal segments led to several clinical complications, including screw fixation failure and bone resorption under the fixation plates. These effects were minimized when the device was oriented parallel to the axis of distraction. Conclusions: Device orientation plays an important role when applying distraction osteogenesis in a clinical setting. Although other intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect the success of osteodistraction, the devices should be oriented parallel to the axis of distraction to minimize adverse biomechanical effects during bilateral mandibular lengthening.
Fosphenytoin in infants of extremely low birth weight

Abstract Fosphenytoin, a phosphorylated prodrug of phenytoin, is useful for acute seizures, is given by parenteral administration, and has few cardiac and local irritation adverse effects. There is limited experience in the administration of this new agent to newborns, and concern has been raised regarding the conversion of the prodrug to phenytoin. In two low–birth-weight infants, it was observed that fosphenytoin was converted adequately with varying effects on seizure control.
Back to the future: ribonuclease A.

Pancreatic ribonuclease A (EC 3.1.27.5, RNase) is, perhaps, the best-studied enzyme of the 20th century. It was isolated by Rene Dubos, crystallized by Moses Kunitz, sequenced by Stanford Moore and William Stein, and synthesized in the laboratory of Bruce Merrifield, all at the Rockefeller Institute/University. It has proven to be an excellent model system for many different types of experiments, both as an enzyme and as a well-characterized protein for biophysical studies. Of major significance was the demonstration by Chris Anfinsen at NIH that the primary sequence of RNase encoded the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme. Many other prominent protein chemists/enzymologists have utilized RNase as a dominant theme in their research. In this review, the history of RNase and its offspring, RNase S (S-protein/S-peptide), will be considered, especially the work in the Merrifield group, as a preface to preliminary data and proposed experiments addressing topics of current interest. These include entropy–enthalpy compensation, entropy of ligand binding, the impact of protein modification on thermal stability, and the role of protein dynamics in enzyme action. In continuing to use RNase as a prototypical enzyme, we stand on the shoulders of the giants of protein chemistry to survey the future. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 259–277, 2008. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Commentary: Investment and Dispute Resolution

FIRST OF all, I am a law professor rather than a practitioner. So, many of my comments will be more general and will avoid advice regarding how you should do things. In our scenario, we saw a case where we have an ICC arbitration clause with Local Power and the Province of Punt. That, too, would have been an arbitration with a sovereign raising somewhat different problems than the kinds of problems that come up under the BIT. I will not say anything more about it, but will mention simply that it is a more familiar type of arbitration clause. It is interesting that in our scenario there was no reliance on the BIT when the investment was made. The BIT was not in existence. We assume that there are certain things the investor and lawyer should mink about and that the lawyers should be thinking about when such a major investment is being made. Certainly, the possibility of arbitration is among these issues for the lawyers. However, one wonders how often the businesspeople who are making the decision as to whether the investment will be made really worry about many of these things. If they relied on the possibility of arbitration at all in this investment, they relied …
Distinguishing adults of Bracon cephi and Bracon lissogaster (Hymenoptera : Braconidae), parasitoids of the wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera : Cephidae)

The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), has been the most economically important insect pest of wheat in the northern Great Plains since cultivation began (Weiss and Morrill 1992). The wheat stem sawfly was first reported from wild grasses where populations were often highly parasitized by a number of parasitoids, including Bracon (= Microbracon) cephi (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (Criddle 1923; Ainslie 1929). A similar species, Bracon lissogaster Muesebeck, was later reported to also attack C. cinctus larvae (Muesebeck 1953; Somsen and Luginbill 1956). These parasitoids are now prevalent in wheat in some regions of Montana (Morrill et al. 1994, 1998; Morrill 1997). The life histories and phenologies of these sympatric idiobiont ectoparasitoids are similar. The ability to distinguish B. cephi from B. lissogaster is essential in elucidating their effects on populations of C. cinctus. We examined 159 females and 123 males of B. cephi from Chouteau, Hill, Stillwater, Teton, and Toole counties in Montana; Burke, Burleigh, Rolette, and Williams counties in North Dakota; Rock County in Minnesota; and southem Alberta (Rockyford and Consort). The 254 females and 215 males of B. lissogaster examined were from Chouteau, Hill, Teton, and Toole counties in Montana. Holotypes were compared to verify identifications.
Effect of bariatric surgery on cardiometabolic risk in elderly patients: A population-based study

Aim Obesity is a major cardiovascular (CV) risk factor. Bariatric surgery (BSx) is an approved therapeutic alternative for class II–III obesity, but little evidence focuses on older adults. We assessed the effect of BSx on cardiometabolic variables and long-term CV risk in older adults. Methods We carried out a population-based, observational study from 1990–2009, of 40 consecutive elderly (age ≥60 years) residents of Olmsted County, MN, USA, with class II–III obesity treated with BSx at a University-based, academic health center. Data were obtained from the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined using American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) criteria (increased triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein, increased blood pressure, increased glucose and body mass index as a modified measure of obesity instead of waist circumference). Change in CV risk factors, MetS prevalence, and impact on predicted CV risk using the Framingham risk score was ascertained at 1 year postoperatively and assessed statistically. Results Mean age and body mass index were 64.4 ± 3.7 and 45.0 ± 6.3 kg/m2, respectively, and 28 out of 40 (70%) were women. One participant died during the 11-month study period after BSx from respiratory complications related to BSx, and one participant died at 2 years. Percentage of excess weight loss decreased by 57.5% at 1 year. Prevalence 1 year after BSx decreased for diabetes (57.5% to 22.5%; P < 0.03), hypertension 87.5% to 73.7% (P = 0.003), dyslipidemia (80% to 42.5%; P < 0.001) and sleep apnea (62.5% to 23.7%; P < 0.001).MetS prevalence decreased from 80% to 45% (P < 0.002). Baseline risk was 14.1%, which changed at follow up at 8.2%. Conclusions In older adults, BSx induces considerable weight loss, improves CV risk factors, decreases MetS prevalence and is an effective treatment in this population. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; ●●: ●●–●●.
A new robust nonlinear feedback design for a class of uncertain systems

Presents a robust tracking control scheme for a class of nonlinear uncertain systems. The control algorithm is developed based on a fuzzy model representation of uncertain systems previously introduced by the author. The fuzzy set-based model, developed for control purposes, describes system dynamics via fuzzy differential equations, thereby accommodating system uncertainty in a tractable way. The asymptotic tracking problem is formulated for a family of desired trajectories and the fuzzy model-based tracking controller is systematically designed without imposing restrictive structural conditions on system uncertainties. This fact puts the proposed fuzzy control scheme in advantage over existing control techniques, in that it can be applied to a wider range of physical systems.
Optimal control of stationary, low Mach number, highly nonisothermal, viscous flows

An optimal control problem for a model for stationary, low Mach number, highly nonisothermal, viscous flows is considered. The control problem involves the minimization of a measure of the distance between the velocity field and a given target velocity field. The existence of solutions of a boundary value problem for the model equations is established as is the existence of solutions of the optimal control problem. Then, a derivation of an optimality system, i.e. , a boundary value problem from which the optimal control and state may be determined, is given.
Random Numbers Demonstrate the Frequency of Type I Errors: Three Spreadsheets for Class Instruction.

This paper describes three spreadsheet exercises demonstrating the nature and frequency of type I errors using random number generation. The exercises are designed specifically to address issues related to testing multiple relations using correlation (Demonstration I), t tests varying in sample size (Demonstration II) and multiple comparisons using analysis of variance (Demonstration III). These demonstrations highlight the purpose and application of hypothesis testing and teach students the dangers of data dredging and a posteriori hypothesis generation.
Submersible-operated porewater sampler for permeable sediments

A sampler was developed to collect porewater from permeable (sandy) sediments during manned-submersible operations. The sampler uses vacuum (or atmospheric-pressure) reservoirs to draw porewater into a sediment probe and then into inline sample loops. The sampler is relatively inexpensive, easy to construct, and selfcontained, operating without an external power supply. The sample-loop/reservoir system (without the probe) can also be used to sample wells or other apparatus installed in or on the seafloor, and would be comparatively easy to automate. In addition, the sampler should be adaptable to SCUBA diving operations (including rebreather or mixed-gas diving). The sampler was used with Pisces submersibles to determine dissolved chemical profiles in sandy sediments inside and outside the extensive deepwater meadows of macroalgae offshore of the main Hawaiian Islands. The sampler collected porewater (to 25 cm sediment depth) from sites at 40-200 m water depth. Porewater inorganic nutrient concentrations were comparable with those in nearshore permeable sediments, but showed distinct differences between a vegetated and an unvegetated site.
Voltage- and stage-development uncoupling of Rohon-Beard neurones during embryonic development of Xenopus tadpoles

1. Electrical coupling of Rohon-Beard neurones in the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis has been studied from the time of closure of the neural tube (stage 20, 22h after fertilization of the egg) to the free swimming tadpole (stage 49, 12d old). Pairs of cells were examined by impaling both simultaneously with single micro-electrodes having current-passing and voltage-recording capabilities.2. At the earliest time studied (stage 20), before Ca(2+) action potentials are detected, cells are electrically coupled. Coupling coefficients as high as 0.6 can be recorded. Tests with small hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current pulses demonstrate that the coupling does not show rectification.3. The coupling is voltage-dependent: depolarization or hyperpolarization of one cell with respect to another, above a threshold, causes relative uncoupling of the cells. The coupling coefficient falls to approximately 10% of its initial value when the difference in potential between the two cell bodies is approximately 75 mV. Cells usually become recoupled at the termination of the current pulse. Other, unidentified cells in the spinal cords of the same embryos show coupling that is not voltage-dependent.4. Voltage-dependent uncoupling and recoupling persist when cells are depolarized by high K(+), and in the presence of 30 mM-Co(2+), suggesting that chemical synapses are not involved. They are also unaffected by addition of Rb(+), Cs(+) or TEA(+) to the extracellular solution, elevated levels of Ca(2+), or replacement of Na(+) with Tris or Cl(-) with isethionate, suggesting that conductance changes in the surface membrane, such as anomalous rectification, are not responsible.5. Lowering the intracellular pH with CO(2)-HCO(3) (-) buffered saline does not abolish electrical coupling but appears to eliminate its voltage dependence.6. Slightly later (e.g. stage 21), cells that do not yet produce Ca(2+) action potentials while coupled will do so when their input resistance is increased by uncoupling them from their neighbours.7. Later still (e.g. stage 23), cells make Ca(2+) action potentials while coupled, and an action potential in one cell can trigger an action potential in other cells to which it is coupled. Ca(2+) action potentials that do not bring other coupled cells to threshold for impulse initiation can transiently reduce the strength of coupling. Repetitive firing of these Ca(2+) action potentials at a low frequency does not cause permanent uncoupling of the cells.8. Rohon-Beard neurones become electrically uncoupled about stage 25 (early tail-bud, 28h old). Coupling disappears around the time of appearance of the Na(+) component of the action potential, although coupling that is voltage-dependent or independent can still be seen between other, unidentified cells. No electrical coupling of Rohon-Beard cells was detected at later stages of development.
Characterizing the Hemodynamic Response: Effects of Presentation Rate, Sampling Procedure, and the Possibility of Ordering Brain Activity Based on Relative Timing

Rapid-presentation event-related functional MRI (ER-fMRI) allows neuroimaging methods based on hemodynamics to employ behavioral task paradigms typical of cognitive settings. However, the sluggishness of the hemodynamic response and its variance provide constraints on how ER-fMRI can be applied. In a series of two studies, estimates of the hemodynamic response in or near the primary visual and motor cortices were compared across various paradigms and sampling procedures to determine the limits of ER-fMRI procedures and, more generally, to describe the behavior of the hemodynamic response. The temporal profile of the hemodynamic response was estimated across overlapping events by solving a set of linear equations within the general linear model. No assumptions about the shape were made in solving the equations. Following estimation of the temporal profile, the amplitude and timing were modeled using a gamma function. Results indicated that (1) within a region, for a given subject, estimation of the hemodynamic response is extremely stable for both amplitude (r(2) = 0.98) and time to peak (r(2) = 0.95), from one series of measurements to the next, and slightly less stable for estimation of time to onset (r(2) = 0.60). (2) As the trial presentation rate changed (from those spaced 20 s apart to temporally overlapping trials), the hemodynamic response amplitude showed a small, but significant, decrease. Trial onsets spaced (on average) 5 s apart showed a 17-25% reduction in amplitude compared to those spaced 20 s apart. Power analysis indicated that the increased number of trials at fast rates outweighs this decrease in amplitude if statistically reliable response detection is the goal. (3) Knowledge of the amplitude and timing of the hemodynamic response in one region failed to predict those properties in another region, even for within-subject comparisons. (4) Across subjects, the amplitude of the response showed no significant correlation with timing of the response, for either time-to-onset or time-to-peak estimates. (5) The within-region stability of the response was sufficient to allow offsets in the timing of the response to be detected that were under a second, placing event-related fMRI methods in a position to answer questions about the change in relative timing between regions.
Adrenocortical carcinoma: MR imaging appearance with current techniques

The purpose of the study was to define the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearance of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) with current MR techniques. Eight patients with ACC underwent high-field-strength MR imaging with the following sequences: axial T1-weighted gradient echo, fat-suppressed T1-weighted spin echo, fat-suppressed T2-weighted spin echo, and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted gradient echo and fat-suppressed T1-weighted spin echo. Postcontrast images were also acquired in the sagittal (six patients) and coronal (three patients) planes. Out-of-phase gradient-echo images were obtained in two patients. Lesion morphology, signal intensity features, and presence of metastatic disease were retrospectively evaluated. MR imaging features of ACC included internal hemorrhage (seven of eight patients), central necrosis (seven of eight), and peripheral enhancing nodules (seven of eight). Out-of-phase images in two of two patients demonstrated signal loss compared with in-phase images, which may be a common feature of these tumors. Liver metastases were present in four patients. Consistent MR features of ACC are identified.
Ethical Themes in the Antioch Mosaics

Students of the cultural history of the late Roman and Byzantine periods sometimes speculate as to what may have been the ordinary daily intellectual interests—the private store of detached thought and emotion—of the average educated men of those times. To us, the literary activity of those centuries seems a barren skeleton, picked bare by the sophists, an abhorrent thing in which we can find no real interest. The formal philosophy of the schools was a wild business whose fantastic flights seem to many of us today to be quite incredible and absurd. We can perhaps understand a little better the intellectual and political interest which attached to the theological controversies, though these often went to lengths which seem to us to be excessive. Private religious experience there was, of course, and there was an emotional outlet in Christian art which we can understand quite well. But even the total of these things will not perhaps satisfy our curiosity; whether rightly or wrongly, we find it difficult to understand that a man's life can have been made up of these things alone, and we wonder what a mind of at least some independence and vigor can have found as a basis for its individual existence.
Design for Fixturability (DFF) Methodology for Commodity Parts: A Case Study With Connecting Rod Designs

This paper presents a methodology called ‘Design for Fixturability’ (DFF). This methodology enables designers to perform manufacturability analysis of their product designs upfront into the design process. The DFF approach provides a mapping between parametric representation of a part design and fixturing capability of a facility and presents a methodology to evaluate the design with respect to the fixturing capabilities. The methodology is applicable to the mass-production commodity parts and part families, which typically require dedicated manufacturing facilities. A prototype DFF system for connecting rods of an automotive engine is developed. The system enables the designers to design the connecting rods by considering the fixturing (datums) capabilities of existing manufacturing facilities during the concept design stage, when design parameters are still not frozen. The DFF system analyzes the design with respect to fixturing capabilities of facilities and generates suggestions for the designer, to modify his design if required. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1481036#
A simple physiologic algorithm for managing hemodynamics using stroke volume and stroke volume variation: Physiologic optimization program

Intravascular volume status and volume responsiveness continue to be important questions for the management of critically ill or injured patients. Goal-directed hemodynamic therapy has been shown to be of benefit to patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, acute lung injury and adult respiratory distress syndrome, and for surgical patients in the operating room. Static measures of fluid status, central venous pressure (CVP), and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) are not useful in predicting volume responsiveness. Stroke volume variation and pulse pressure variation related to changes in stroke volume during positive pressure ventilation predict fluid responsiveness and represent an evolving practice for volume management in the intensive care unit (ICU) or operating room. Adoption of dynamic parameters for volume management has been inconsistent. This manuscript reviews some of the basic physiology regarding the use of stroke volume variation to predict fluid responsiveness in the ICU and operating room. A management algorithm using this physiology is proposed for the critically ill or injured in various settings.