cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coverage, context and targeted prevention: optimising our impact

Development of efficacious interventions is only the first step in achieving population level impact. Efficacious interventions impact infection levels in the population only if they are implemented at the right scale. Coverage must be prioritised across subpopulations based on the diversity and clustering of infections and risk in society, and expanded rapidly without delay. It is important to prioritise those who are most likely to transmit infection first.
How Far Out Must We Go to Get into the Hubble Flow

The answer, we shall see, must be z equals 3—if the expansion is flat, matter-dominated, hence slow. I show that gravitational lenses are the best hope for definitely getting out into the Hubble flow and hence for measuring the true values of the cosmological parameters. The source of one known lens system, B1422+231, is definitely in the Hubble flow.
Pharmacologic Interventions for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence and Withdrawal

This article discusses current pharmacologic methods in the treatment of heroin dependence and withdrawal. Methadone hydrochloride, the most commonly used opiate agonist, is used for both withdrawal and maintenance therapy. However, it produces dependence and withdrawal results upon abrupt discontinuation. Other opiate agonists including L-alpha acetyl methadyl (LAAM) and propoxyphene napsylate have been used for both withdrawal and maintenance therapy. LAAM is currently available only as an investigational agent and propoxyphene is easily accessible but has been associated with hallucinations and dysphoria at high doses. Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists decrease opiate withdrawal symptoms by decreasing the central adrenergic hyperarousal that is associated with withdrawal. Clonidine effectively attenuates but does not totally eliminate withdrawal symptoms. Other alpha 2-adrenergic agonists (e.g., lofexidine hydrochloride, guanfacine hydrochloride, and guanabenz) have undergone only preliminary investigations. Although alpha 2 agonists effectively decrease most withdrawal symptoms they often cause hypotension. Buprenorphine hydrochloride is a partial opiate agonist that shows some promise in the treatment of the heroin-dependent population. It attenuates opiate craving and causes only minimal withdrawal upon abrupt discontinuation. Because it is well accepted by the heroin-dependent population, however, it may ultimately become an abused substance. Naltrexone is a potent, orally acting opiate antagonist that blocks all opiate-agonist effects and causes no euphoria. Unfortunately, it has not been well accepted by the heroin-dependent population. Scant research has been conducted concerning the use of adjunctive medications during opioid withdrawal.
Jam Resistance Of The Bimodal Optical Computer

The use of the Bimodal Optical Computer (BOC) in determining the weights for an adaptive phased array radar is introduced. Interference canceling is presented for two cases: first assuming the direction of the jammer is known, secondly no a priori information is assumed. Effect of the jammers on the array pattern is shown for up to four jammers.
Optimizing Anemia Management in Hospitalized Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

Objective:To review available literature on the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who require hospitalization and to provide recommendations for ESA use in this setting.Data Sources:Primary articles were identified by English-language MEDLINE search (1966–October 2008) using the MeSH headings: kidney failure (chronic), anemia, erythropoietin, darbepoetin, hospitalization, and hematinics. Relevant data presented at recent nephrology scientific meetings (2004–October 2008) were also identified.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Identified studies were reviewed and information regarding hospitalization, ESA use, and patient outcomes was evaluated.Data Synthesis:Studies demonstrate that hospitalized patients with ESRD usually experience a decline in hemoglobin values. Contributing factors include infection, inflammation, and untreated iron deficiency. ESAs are used inconsistently during hospitalization, with less than 50% of hospitalized patients ...
Ideology and Practice of Deinstitutionalization.

This article compares the history and current status of deinstitution-alization efforts for the mentally ill, criminal offenders, and the aged in need of long-term care. Evidence from other articles in this issue, and elsewhere, suggests that similar ideologies of deinstitutionalization have guided thinking for all three groups but that practices have diverged. Only the mentally ill have moved out of institutions in large numbers, and, for all three groups, many “alternatives” differ little from institutions. Society regards all three groups negatively, but with differences that are reflected in treatment goals. Effective technologies for community treatment are available for the mentally ill, and methods for preventing institutionalization are available for the aged, but few members of even these groups receive such services. The divergence between ideology and practice for the three groups highlights both the constructive force of ideology in guiding policy and research, and its capacity to distort common perceptions of practice.
Trophic omnivory across a productivity gradient: intraguild predation theory and the structure and strength of species interactions

Intraguild predation theory centres on two predictions: (i) for an omnivore and an intermediate predator (IG-prey) to coexist on shared resources, the IG-prey must be the superior resource competitor, and (ii) increasing resource productivity causes the IG-prey's equilibrium abundance to decline. I tested these predictions with a series of species-rich food webs along New Zealand's rocky shores, focusing on two predatory whelks, Haustrum haustorium, a trophic omnivore, and Haustrum scobina, the IG-prey. In contrast to theory, the IG-prey's abundance increased with productivity. Furthermore, feeding rates and allometric considerations indicate a competitive advantage for the omnivore when non-shared prey are considered, despite the IG-prey's superiority for shared prey. Nevertheless, clear and regular cross-gradient changes in network structure and interaction strengths were observed that challenge the assumptions of current theory. These insights suggest that the consideration of consumer-dependent functional responses, non-equilibrium dynamics, the dynamic nature of prey choice and non-trophic interactions among basal prey will be fruitful avenues for theoretical development.
Do pediatric patients with trauma in Florida have reduced mortality rates when treated in designated trauma centers

Abstract Objective The purposes of the study were to compare the survival associated with treatment of seriously injured patients with pediatric trauma in Florida at designated trauma centers (DTCs) with nontrauma center (NCs) acute care hospitals and to evaluate differences in mortality between designated pediatric and nonpediatric trauma centers. Methods Trauma-related inpatient hospital discharge records from 1995 to 2004 were analyzed for children aged from 0 to 19 years. Age, sex, ethnicity, injury mechanism, discharge diagnoses, and severity as defined by the International Classification Injury Severity Score were analyzed, using mortality during hospitalization as the outcome measure. Children with central nervous system, spine, torso, and vascular injuries and burns were evaluated. Instrumental variable analysis was used to control for triage bias, and mortality was compared by probabilistic regression and bivariate probit modeling. Children treated at a DTC were compared with those treated at a nontrauma center. Within the population treated at a DTC, those treated at a DTC with pediatric capability were compared with those treated at a DTC without additional pediatric capability. Models were analyzed for children aged 0 to 19 years and 0 to 15 years. Results For the 27,313 patients between ages 0 and 19 years, treatment in DTCs was associated with a 3.15% reduction in the probability of mortality ( P P Conclusions Optimal care of the seriously injured child requires both the extensive and immediate resources of a DTC as well as pediatric-specific specialty support.
What's So Special about Specialized Courts? The State and Social Change in Salt Lake City's Domestic Violence Court

The nationwide growth in specialized or problem-solving courts, including drug courts, community courts, mental health courts, and domestic violence courts, among others, raises questions about the role of the state with respect to social change. According to social control theories of the state, especially theories of technocratic or rationalized justice, law is increasingly about efficiency, speed, and effectiveness. Specialized courts, however, take on a social problem approach to crime, seeking to address crime's “root causes” within the individual, the society, and the larger culture in ways more characteristic of social movements. Are specialized courts about social control or social change? This study examines state action in a specialized court in domestic violence in order to examine this question. I focus on a domestic violence court that arose in February 1997 and four years later employed full-time judges, prosecuting and defense attorneys, and numerous other staff to handle all misdemeanor domestic violence cases in Salt Lake County, Utah. I ask how legal, political, and community officials justify the court and its operation in order to examine some important issues about the role of the state and social change. Ultimately, I suggest that my findings about the complementary roles of social control and social change within domestic violence courts have implications not only for critical theories of technocratic justice and for the battered women's movement but also for democratic theories of the state.
The Role of Running Involvement in Creating Self-Sufficiency for Homeless Individuals Through a Community-Based Running Program

The current study investigated the role of running involvement in helping improve the lives of a homeless population through an examination of a community-based program that utilizes running as a means to promote self-sufficiency. Data collected from 148 individuals before and after their participation in the program for one month revealed participants increased their psychological involvement in running. A regression analysis further indicated that the participants’ perceived self-sufficiency from participating in the program was significantly explained by the extent of their increase in running involvement. These findings highlight the role of enhanced involvement in sport, in particular in the form of running, in creating important psychological benefits for homeless individuals, and provide theoretical implications for the literature on sport-for-development.
Implicit-Solvent Coarse-Grained Simulation with a Fluctuating Interface Reveals a Molecular Mechanism for Peptoid Monolayer Buckling

Peptoid polymers form extended two-dimensional nanostructures via an interface-mediated assembly process: the amphiphilic peptoids first adsorb to an air–water interface as a monolayer, then buckle and collapse into free-floating bilayer nanosheets when the interface is compressed. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanism of monolayer buckling by developing a method for incorporating interface fluctuations into an implicit-solvent coarse-grained model. Representing the interface with a triangular mesh controlled by surface tension and surfactant adsorption, we predict the direction of buckling for peptoids with a segregated arrangement of charged side chains and predict that peptoids with with an alternating charge pattern should buckle less easily than peptoids with a segregated charge pattern.
The Role of the Mantle Wedge

The upper mantle is considered parental to most terrestrial magmas with basalt being the typical offspring. However, Poldevaart (1955) and subsequently others proposed that the addition of water, such as that lost from subducted ocean crust during dehydration, would cause the progeny to become, instead, orogenic andesite. This proposal, like that discussed in the preceding chapter, provides a clear link between plate tectonics and andesite genesis, yet is oversimplified at best.
Large-Scale Computational Screening of Binary Intermetallics for Membrane-Based Hydrogen Separation

Hydrogen separation using metal membranes offers significant energetic, technological, and economic advantages over conventional separation processes, resulting in extensive efforts to develop favorable membrane materials. Intermetallics are stoichiometric compounds of two or more metals that form an ordered structure. This work exhibits a systematic search for intermetallic membrane materials for hydrogen separation from potential candidates using density functional theory (DFT)-based methods to quantitatively predict solubility, diffusivity, and permeability. Geometric correlations were used to significantly decrease the number of calculations performed without compromising on the accuracy of the predictions. In this work, 1001 intermetallic structures were screened, and eight materials, MnTi, MgZn2, PtTl2, FeHf2, HfTa, NiTi, TiV, and Fe2Y, were identified as potential candidates for hydrogen separation membranes based on the calculated hydrogen permeability. This work, in addition to identifying novel ...
10 – WAVE PROPAGATION SHM WITH PWAS

This chapter deals with the use of piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) to detect structural damage using wave propagation techniques. This application of PWAS technology builds on the wealth of knowledge accumulated in the conventional nondestructive inspection (NDI), nondestructive testing (NDT), and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) fields. The main difference between our approach and conventional NDE is that our approach used permanently attached unobtrusive, minimally intrusive PWAS transducers. whereas the conventional NDE approach uses relatively large and expensive conventional ultrasonic transducers. For this reason, we see our approach as leading to an emerging new technology: embedded ultrasonic NDE . The embedded ultrasonic NDE will facilitate on-demand interrogation of the structure to determine its current state of health and predict the remaining life.
COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ARTHROGRAPHY, RADIOGRAPHY, ULTRASONOGRAPHY, AND ARTHROSCOPY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF FEMOROTIBIAL JOINT DISEASE IN WESTERN PERFORMANCE HORSES

The femorotibial joints are a common source of lameness in Western performance horses. The objective of this prospective study was to compare the radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomographic arthrography (CTA), and arthroscopy findings in horses with lameness localized to the femorotibial joints. Twenty-five stifles in 24 horses were included and were evaluated with all four of these diagnostic methods. Defects detected in femorotibial joint structures were compared between diagnostic methods using a McNemar's test to evaluate for disagreement. Cranial medial meniscotibial desmopathy was most detected on arthroscopy (in 14/25 cases) and was only detected on ultrasonography in three out of 11 (27.3%) arthroscopically observed cases, but was detected on CTA in nine out of 12 (75%) arthroscopically observed cases. Medial meniscal injury located on the craniolateral border was most detected on arthroscopy (n = 9) and was detected on CTA in five cases, but on ultrasonography in 0 cases. Detection of articular cartilage defects on the medial femoral condyle was most detected with arthroscopy (24/25, 96% cases) and was also detected on CTA in 12/20 (60%) cases with a significant disagreement identified between modalities (P = 0.02). Cranial and caudal cruciate ligament defects were detected on CTA in 6/22 (27.3%) and 7/19 (36.8%) cases, respectively, and with arthroscopy in 3/25 (12%) and 2/25 (8%) cases, respectively. The use of CTA detected more defects in the cruciate ligaments, proximal tibia, and ligament entheses than the other diagnostic methods, but was not reliable for detection of articular cartilage damage on the medial femoral condyle.
Storage pool deficiency in cattle with the Chédiak-Higashi syndrome results from an absence of dense granule precursors in their megakaryocytes.

Platelets from cattle with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) have a storage pool deficiency and virtual absence of platelet dense granules. Megakaryocytes (MKs) from five control (n = 135) and five CHS (n = 133) cattle were evaluated using standard transmission electron microscopy. Osmiophilic dense granules were not observed in control or CHS MKs. In MKs from normal cattle, clear vesicles of 200- to 650-nm diameter bounded by a sharp membrane were observed. They were easily differentiated from the demarcation membrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, and alpha granules. The clear vesicles were virtually absent in MKs from CHS cattle at all stages of maturation. MKs in bone marrow samples from two control (n = 91) and two CHS (n = 61) cattle that had been processed for the uranaffin reaction were also evaluated. The clear vesicles were replaced by uranaffin-positive granules in MKs from control cattle, but positive uranaffin granules were not observed in CHS MKs. These findings indicate that the platelet dense granule storage pool deficiency in CHS cattle results from an anatomic absence of dense granule precursors in maturing and mature CHS MKs.
The Influence of Stroke on Visual Illusion Magnitude

AbstractIn an attempt to resolve contradictory reports about the effect of rightversus left-hemisphere damage on perception of the Mueller-Lyer illusion, the present study examined judgments of stroke patients using this and several other visual illusions. The results provide some indication of abnormal perception of the Mueller-Lyer by patients with left-hemisphere damage. But the overall magnitude of illusion was normal in both groups of patients. It is possible that stroke damage did not affect the brain areas that are responsible for “gestalt” synthesis. However other recent studies using the Mueller-Lyer suggest that actual or incipient eye movements play an important role in the perception of this illusion, and under some conditions of testing, it is the activity of the left hemisphere that determines illusion magnitude.
City Power: Urban Governance in a Global Age: Introduction - Cities, Capital, and Constitutions

Reigning theories of urban power suggest that in a world dominated by footloose transnational capital, cities have little capacity to effect social change. City Power challenges this conventional wisdom, arguing that cities can and should pursue aims other than making themselves attractive to global capital. Using the municipal living wage movement as an example, the book explains why cities are well-positioned to address issues like income inequality and how our institutions can be designed to allow them to do so. The book should be of special interest to scholars of cities, federalism, state and local government, urban politics, economic development, and progressive social welfare policy.
DSM-5 Trichotillomania: Perception of Adults With Trichotillomania After Psychosocial Treatment

Objective: Trichotillomania (TTM) is associated with significant embarrassment and is viewed negatively by others. A potentially important outcome variable that is often overlooked in treatment for TTM is appearance and social perception. Method: The present study tested whether participants in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of psychotherapy for TTM are viewed more positively by others. All participants in the trial were photographed at baseline and posttreatment. Three treatment responders and three treatment nonresponders were selected randomly for the present study. Several healthy controls were also photographed in a similar manner. Undergraduate college students (N = 245) assessed whether they would reject the person socially, whether the individual has a psychological or medical problem, and attractiveness. Results: Individuals with TTM were viewed more negatively than healthy controls at baseline, but treatment responders showed positive improvements on all perceptions relative to nonresponder...
Isotopes of Stable Elements

The development of mass spectrographs in the 1920s was instrumental in the identification of multiple stable isotopes in many elements. The discovery of all stable isotopes including isotopes discovered by other detection techniques are described in the chapter.
Viral exanthems: An update on laboratory testing of the adult patient

Although classic viral exanthems of childhood are well described, they are rarely differentiated in adults. Laboratory techniques for viral identification have advanced without substantial literature to suggest how a dermatologist ought to conduct a cost-effective and diagnostic viral panel. Certain clinical features such as petechiae, vesicles, and dusky macular or morbilliform exanthems point strongly toward a viral exanthem. Differentiation of drug and viral causes of morbilliform eruptions has proven difficult. It is possible that with further diagnostic refinement that unnecessary and fruitless workups of an exanthem and unneeded discontinuation of drugs can be avoided. We review viral exanthems based on clinical features and discuss the available and optimal laboratory techniques to assist the dermatologist in a targeted workup.
Conducting a metering assessment to identify submetering needs at a manufacturing facility

Abstract Submetering the energy consumption of processes, systems, or equipment at a manufacturing facility can provide insight into the energy efficiency and productivity of its operations. With the growth of the “Big Data” market and increasing number of submetering options, collecting data is not a challenge; collecting data that can result in actionable information leading to energy savings is a challenge. Further, as manufacturing is in the midst of the smart manufacturing and industrial analytics revolution, developing optimal submetering strategies is of increasing importance, especially if submeters are being installed as a retrofit to an existing facility/process. In particular, small to midsized manufacturing (SMM) facilities will require technical assistance to fully avail of submeter data and join the smart manufacturing revolution. This paper presents a metering assessment as a method to identify the optimal use of submeters and applications of the collected data at a manufacturing facility. The metering assessment consists of temporarily submetering energy uses to identify future metering needs. The metering assessment involves gathering data on an energy use(s) over a finite length of time, conducting analysis of the data to better understand energy consumption characteristics of the energy uses, and developing an optimal permanent submetering strategy. Through the metering assessment, a facility can better identify uses for submetered data before installing permanent submeters, thereby limiting the collection of extraneous data. Further, the facility can avail of smart manufacturing opportunities by installing submeters as a retrofit and using the collected energy data to inform operational decisions in real-time. The benefits of conducting a metering assessment are presented using an example from a SMM metal tube manufacturing facility. The results from a metering assessment conducted at the facility resolved outstanding operational issues while also identifying where permanent submetering could improve productivity. Through applying the metering assessment at an SMM facility and identifying uses of submeter data, this paper illustrates the type of technical assistance required to bring the benefits of smart manufacturing and industrial analytics to SMM facilities.
Are All Full-Order Dynamic Compensators Observer Based? [Lecture Notes]

Linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) control theory states that the optimal compensator for a linear plant with white, Gaussian process and sensor noise and with suitable stabilizability and detectability assumptions is given by an observer-based compensator. The observerbased structure of the compensator reflects the separation principle, wherein an optimal state estimate is fed back by an optimal static full-state-feedback control law and where the observer and regulator gains are determined independently [1]-[3]. This result implies that every full-order dynamic compensator that is not observer based must be suboptimal in the sense of LQG control.
St. Vitus’s Women of Color: Dancing with Hegel

ABSTRACTIn the first section of this essay, I offer a brief overview of Hegel’s dozen or so mentions of dance in his Lectures on Aesthetics, focusing on the tension between Hegel’s denigration of dance as an “imperfect art” and his characterization of dance as a potential threat to the other arts. In the second section, I turn to an insightful essay from Hans-Christian Lucas on Hegel’s “Anthropology,” focusing on his argument that the Anthropology’s crucial final sections (importantly connected to “magic” and “animal magnetism”) threaten to undermine Hegel’s entire philosophy. And in the final section, I offer my own reading of the Anthropology, connecting the threads of my previous two sections. More specifically, I attempt to show that Hegel has in effect quarantined dance in what he terms “the dark regions” of madness in “The Feeling Soul.” Overall, I suggest that this quarantining is ultimately as problematic for Hegel as it has been for dance. Because without dance, complete with its associations wit...
Symbolic Simulation Based Techniques for Debugging Discrete Control Programs

Abstract Symbolic Simulation-Based Debugger (SSBD) is a new tool for debugging discrete control programs interactively. Given the control program and a partial model of the plant, SSBD finds the set of all possible causes for an observed transient behavior using symbolic simulation. The SSBD procedure is described in detail for a Boolean representation of relay ladder logic (RLL). A more general graph-based data and control flow representation of discrete control programs is introduced as to enable analysis of control programs using difficult-to-analyze features such as conditional jumps, looping, and temporary variables.
Mathematical modeling of spatiotemporal protein localization patterns in C. crescentus bacteria: A mechanism for asymmetric FtsZ ring positioning

Abstract We examine the localization patterns of ParA, ParB, PopZ, and MipZ, which are key division proteins in C. crescentus bacteria. While Par and PopZ proteins have been implicated in the physical segregation of the replicated chromosome, MipZ dimers control the placement of the cell division plane by preventing FtsZ proteins from assembling into a Z-ring. MipZ proteins generate bipolar gradients that are sensitive to Par protein localization, however, it is not understood how the MipZ gradient is shaped so as to allow for the correct Z-ring placement during asymmetric cell division in C. crescentus . In this paper, we develop and analyze a mathematical model that incorporates the known interactions between Par, PopZ, and MipZ proteins and use it to test mechanisms for MipZ gradient formation. Using our model, we show that gradient-dependent ParB advection velocities in conjunction with a ParA polar recycling mechanism are sufficient to maintain a robust new pole-directed ParA dimer gradient during segregation. A “saturation of binding site” hypothesis limiting access of ParA and MipZ to the ParB complex is then necessary and sufficient to generate time-averaged bipolar MipZ protein gradients with minima that are skewed toward ParA gradient peaks at the new pole, in agreement with data. By analyzing reduced versions of the model, we show the existence of oscillatory ParA localization regimes provided that cytoplasmic PopZ oligomers interact with ParA and ParA is over-expressed. We use our model to study mechanisms by which these protein patterns may simultaneously direct proper chromosome segregation and division site placement in C. crescentus .
Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol level and risk of death: let’s avoid the extremes

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the major cause of death worldwide, with dyslipidemia as a well-known primary target and modifiable risk factor (1). Numerous observational studies found that the risk of CVD and mortality is inversely associated with serum levels of HDL-C in several patient populations including those with and without CVD (2). Thus, a consensus has formed over the past few decades that low serum HDL-C levels can serve as a marker of risk for adverse events whereas increasing concentrations of HDL can be considered protective. In addition, major efforts were undertaken to devise strategies aimed at increasing serum HDL-C concentrations as a means for reducing CVD and thereby overall mortality. However, several large randomized clinical trials using pharmacologic agents such as niacin and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors to increase serum HDL-C levels were not proven to be effective in reducing the risk of mortality (3-5).
Synthesis and structures of aluminum ion-pair complexes that act as L- and racemic-lactide ring opening polymerization initiators

Abstract Seven aluminum ion-pair complexes (1–7) were synthesized by reaction of NNO Schiff base ketoimines with differing substituents with tris(2,6-dimethylphenoxy) aluminum dimer in an inert atmosphere glovebox at room temperature. The complexes were characterized with 1H, 13C, and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, absorbance spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Furthermore, the dinuclear nature of the complexes was elucidated with single crystal X-ray crystallography and 27Al NMR. The ion-pair complexes consisted of a bis-ligating homoleptic ketoiminate with octahedral coordination as an aluminum cation complex and a tetrahedral aluminum anion complex of 2,6-dimethylphenoxide. Each ion-pair was used to initiate the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of L- and rac-lactide to poly-lactic acid (PLA) in toluene at 100 °C at a 100:1 [LA]:[ion-pair] ratio. Proton NMR spectra showed percentage conversions of monomer to polymer of 96–99% in 18 h. The isolated polymeric materials were determined to have moderate molecular weights with low to moderate polydispersity index values using gel permeation chromatography. The bis-ligated aluminum cation and tetraphenoxide aluminate anions of 1 were isolated into separate compounds (8 and 9) with unreactive counter ions, and each yielded low molecular weight PLA under the polymerization conditions. Thus, lactide polymerization appeared to require both ion-pair components to yield the moderately high molecular weight PLA, and this was investigated spectroscopically.
Relationship between Alcoholism and Crime over the Life Course

Two facts have colored perceptions of the role alcohol plays in producing crimes. First, the rise of modern criminology accompanied movement toward the prohibition of drinking alcoholic beverages. Second, drinking often accompanies criminal incidents either because crimes occur where victims are drinking or because criminals had been drinking at the time they committed crimes.
Studies with Dark Avoidance and Scotophobin

Stability of scotophobin, 5,11-deamidoscotophobin and N-acetyl 5,11-deamidoscotophobin is compared using micro-dansylation followed by chromatographic analysis.
YBa2Cu3O7−δ Thin Film Flux Transformers Made by Wet Etching

We have fabricated and tested multiturn input coils for SQUIDs. All levels were patterned by wet etching. Electrical measurements on these structures showed Tc(R = 0) > 77 K for 5, 10, and 20-turn coils. Flux transformers in the form of gradiometers were coupled to YBa2Cu3O7−δ dc SQUIDs and operated above 77 K.
Master or Comrade: Empowerment Theories and Applications in Parent Organizations of LAUSD

Within the service area of the Los Angeles Unified School District, dozens of parent organizations operate, utilizing compelling words like empower, transformation and revolution throughout their mission statements in a district that is facing increasing dropout rates and decreasing college preparatory programs according to the California Department of Education. Central to the research is the understanding that the leadership models employed by the parent organizations directly impacts the parents’ involvement and effectiveness of the organization. This research applies the empowerment and social justice evaluation theories of Freire, Martens, and Gramsci to examine the alignment between the ideology and practice of the parent organizations that serve largely African-American and Latino populations to determine why participation in these organizations has not resulted in the large scale transformation in the public school system sought by the engaged members. The methodologies used include case studies and data analysis of two prominent South Los Angeles organizations examining the materials, websites, organizational transparency and community resources to determine the roles of minority parents in the leadership, democratic principles and equity within the organizations.
Electrical impedance of the labellar taste hair of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala MG.

The impedance characteristics (resistance and phase angle) were measured of the labellar taste hair of Calliphora erythrocephala by recording the values between the base and tip of intact and tip-amputated hairs of young and old flies.
Hans-Georg Gadamer on Praxis and Hermeneutical Understanding

(2011). Hans-Georg Gadamer on Praxis and Hermeneutical Understanding. Comparative Literature: East & West: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 27-42.
Confidence Intervals of the Mann-Whitney Parameter that are Compatible with the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test

For the two-sample problem, the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney (WMW) test is used frequently: it is simple to explain (a permutation test on the difference in mean ranks), it handles continuous or ordinal responses, it can be implemented for large or small samples, it is robust to outliers, it requires few assumptions, and it is efficient in many cases. Unfortunately, the WMW test is rarely presented with an effect estimate and confidence interval. A natural effect parameter associated with this test is the Mann-Whitney parameter, φ = Pr[ X<Y ] + 0.5 Pr[X = Y ]. Ideally, we desire confidence intervals on φ that are compatible with the WMW test, meaning the test rejects at level α if and only if the 100(1 - α)% confidence interval on the Mann-Whitney parameter excludes 1/2. Existing confidence interval procedures on φ are not compatible with the usual asymptotic implementation of the WMW test that uses a continuity correction nor are they compatible with exact WMW tests. We develop compatible confidence interval procedures for the asymptotic WMW tests and confidence interval procedures for some exact WMW tests that appear to be compatible. We discuss assumptions and interpretation of the resulting tests and confidence intervals. We provide the wmwTest function of the asht R package to calculate all of the developed confidence intervals.
The effect of odor and color on chemical cooling

Abstract Chemesthesis, along with taste and olfaction, is a primary component of flavor that engages the trigeminal system through specific chemical binding. For instance, many gums or confectionaries incorporate chemical cooling agents, such as Wilkinson Sword (WS) compounds, to create the sensation of coldness. The current study was designed to evaluate crossmodal associations of color and aroma with the chemesthetic perception of cooling. A “minty” and non-odorized set of confectionary stimuli, colored green, blue or white, with moderate cooling properties (with WS-3) were used in this study. In the first session, participants were randomly presented a stimulus and asked to rate several attributes including its cooling intensity on a generalized Labeled Magnitude Scale (gLMS). In the second session, the same participants were asked to relate cooling levels to different colors and which color relates to the “minty” odor. Additionally, open-ended reasons were given for association choices. Appearance and odor influenced the intensity of cooling sensation. In particular, the odorized and blue samples were rated as cooler than the non-odorized and other colored samples, respectively. The follow-up session confirms blue as a color associated with cooling properties, especially cool objects/abstract concepts. Meanwhile, odor’s enhancement on cooling sensation may be more perceptual in nature through affective matching from enhanced flavor.
Representable E-theory for Co(X)-algebras

Let X be a locally compact space, and let A and B be Co(X)-algebras. We define the notion of an asymptotic Co(X)-morphism from A to B and construct representable E-theory groups RE(X;A,B). These are the universal groups on the category of separable Co(X)-algebras that are Co(X)-stable, Co(X)-homotopy-invariant, and half-exact. If A is RKK(X)-nuclear, these groups are naturally isomorphic to Kasparov's representable KK-theory groups RKK(X;A,B). Applications and examples are also discussed.
Math Instructional Practices in General Education Classrooms With and Without Students With High-Incidence Disabilities:

This study compares mathematics instructional practices in classrooms that do and do not contain students with high-incidence disabilities (HIDs). To do so, we examined a national data set of respo...
Shunt Failure-The First 30 Days.

BACKGROUND Incontrovertible predictors of shunt malfunction remain elusive. OBJECTIVE To determine predictors of shunt failure within 30 d of index surgery. METHODS This was a single-center retrospective cohort study from January 2010 through November 2016. Using a ventricular shunt surgery research database, clinical and procedural variables were procured. An "index surgery" was defined as implantation of a new shunt or revision or augmentation of an existing shunt system. The primary outcome was shunt failure of any kind within the first 30 days of index surgery. Bivariate models were created, followed by a final multivariable logistic regression model using a backward-forward selection procedure. RESULTS Our dataset contained 655 unique patients with a total of 1206 operations. The median age for the cohort at the time of first shunt surgery was 4.6 yr (range, 0-28; first and third quartile, .37 and 11.8, respectively). The 30-day failure rates were 12.4% when analyzing the first-index operation only (81/655), and 15.7% when analyzing all-index operations (189/1206). Small or slit ventricles at the time of index surgery and prior ventricular shunt operations were found to be significant covariates in both the "first-index" (P < .01 and P = .05, respectively) and "all-index" (P = .02 and P < .01, respectively) multivariable models. Intraventricular hemorrhage at the time of index surgery was an additional predictor in the all-index model (P = .01). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that only 3 variables are predictive of 30-day shunt failure when following established variable selection procedures, 2 of which are potentially under direct control of the surgeon.
Developing targeted HIV risk predictors for young black men who have sex with men: a two-city comparative study

HIV burden in the United States is geographically and demographically heterogeneous. While efforts over the last few decades have reduced HIV incidence, young black men who have sex with men (YBMSM...
Pion-Electroproduction from Single Nucleons

We are currently examining pion-electroproduction from various nuclei. To do so, we are employing the formalism developed by L.M. Saunders1 which treats electroproduction and photoproduction on the same footing. This formalism neatly divides the problem into single nucleon production amplitudes, standard nuclear physics, and pion-nucleus interactions in the final state. Thus, it was natural to begin by looking at the single particle production amplitudes.
Delayed-Phase Enhancement for Evaluation of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma on Computed Tomography: A Prospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND Radiologic assessment of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) on computed tomography (CT) imaging can be limited by similar attenuations of MPM and adjacent tissues. This can result in inaccuracies in defining the presence and extent of pleural tumor burden. We hypothesized that increasing the time delay for pleural enhancement will optimize discrimination between MPM and noncancerous tissues on CT. Here we conduct a prospective observational study to determine the optimal time delay for imaging MPM on CT. PATIENTS AND METHODS Adult MPM patients (n = 15) were enrolled in this prospective exploratory imaging trial. Patients with < 1 cm MPM thickness, prior pleurectomy, pleurodesis, pleural radiotherapy, or antiangiogenic therapy were excluded. All patients underwent a dynamically-enhanced CT with multiple time delays (0 - 10 minutes) after intravenous contrast administration. Tumor tissue attenuation was measured at each phase of enhancement. A qualitative assessment of tumor enhancement kinetics was also performed. The optimal phase of enhancement based on qualitative lesion conspicuity and quantitative tumor enhancement was then compared. RESULTS MPM tumor enhancement was quantitatively and qualitatively increased at time delays beyond the conventional time delay for thoracic CT imaging (40-60 seconds). Patient tumor enhancement kinetics, displayed as the fraction of maximal tumor tissue attenuation as a function of time, revealed an optimal time delay of 230 to 300 seconds after intravenous contrast administration. There was an association between degree of tumor enhancement and subjective lesion conspicuity. CONCLUSION Optimal MPM contrast enhancement occurs at a later phase than typically acquired with conventional thoracic CT imaging.
Numerically efficient density-matrix technique for modeling electronic transport in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers

We present a numerically efficient density-matrix model applicable to mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers. The model is based on a Markovian master equation for the density matrix that includes in-plane dynamics, preserves positivity of the density matrix and does not rely on phenomenologically introduced dephasing times. Nonparabolicity in the band structure is accounted for with a three-band $${\bf k}\cdot {\bf p}$$ model, which includes the conduction, light-hole, and spin-orbit split-off bands. We compare the model to experimental results for QCLs based on lattice-matched as well as strain-balanced InGaAs/InAlAs heterostructures grown on InP. We find that our density-matrix model is in quantitative agreement with experiment up to threshold and is capable of reproducing results obtained using the more computationally expensive nonequilibrium Green’s function formalism. We compare our density-matrix model to a semiclassical model where off-diagonal elements of the density matrix are ignored. We find that the semiclassical model overestimates the threshold current density by 29% for a 8.5- $$\upmu $$ m-QCL based on a lattice-matched heterostructure and 40% for a 4.6- $$\upmu $$ m-QCL based on a strain-balanced heterostructure, demonstrating the need to include off-diagonal density-matrix elements for accurate description of mid-infrared QCLs.
Children’s Eating Behavior in Context: Family Systems and Broader Ecological Influences

The research in this volume illustrates how children’s eating behaviors, attitudes, and food experiences are shaped by contextual factors, ranging from microlevel influences (e.g., family mealtime interactions) to macrolevel influences on families (e.g., economic systems). This concluding chapter features a synthesis of the research presented in the volume, guided by a family systems framework and Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model to address eating and weight-related health concerns. Finally, this concluding chapter outlines future directions to advance understanding of the intersection of families and food to prevent weight-related health concerns, including utilizing interdisciplinary research, innovative methods, and examining sociocultural processes related to eating behaviors and attitudes.
Bayesian inference of dependent kappa for binary ratings

In medical and social science research, reliability of testing methods measured through inter- and intraobserver agreement is critical in disease diagnosis. Often comparison of agreement across multiple testing methods is sought in situations where testing is carried out on the same experimental units rendering the outcomes to be correlated. In this article, we first developed a Bayesian method for comparing dependent agreement measures under a grouped data setting. Simulation studies showed that the proposed methodology outperforms the competing methods in terms of power, while maintaining a decent type I error rate. We further developed a Bayesian joint model for comparing dependent agreement measures adjusting for subject and rater-level heterogeneity. Simulation studies indicate that our model outperforms a competing method that is used in this context. The developed methodology was implemented on a key measure on a dichotomous rating scale from a study with six raters evaluating three classification methods for chest radiographs for pneumoconiosis developed by the International Labor Office.
Electronic Structure of Interfaces between Crystalline and Amorphous Tetrahedrally Coordinated Semiconductors

We have generated an atomic-scale model of the (001) interface between amorphous and crystalline tetrahedrally-coordinated semiconductors. The construction is based on original computer algorithms which transform random and ordered close-packed lattices into corresponding covalent networks. Calculations of the electronic density of states indicate the presence of gap states in the amorphous region and near the interface. These gap states arise from structural imperfections, primarily dangling bonds, which occur naturally in this fully computer-generated model, as do voids and lattice distortions. The spatial extent of the interface is a few atomic layers.
Chloral Hydrate, Electroneurodiagnostic Technologists, and Pediatric Patients

ABSTRACT:Chloral hydrate is one of the most frequently used sedatives in electroneurodiagnostic laboratories. Frequently, the technologists are responsible for administering it. They must, therefore, be trained to give it safely. This paper explores many of the issues involved in the safe use of chloral hydrate. The sedative dose in pediatrics is 25 mg/kg and no more than 1 gm should be given daily. Children should be monitored carefully while they are sedated and should not leave the hospital or clinic until awake. Parents must be given complete instructions on continued care until the sedation has completely worn off.