cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood Spot Incidence in Chicken Eggs and Vitamin A Level of the Diet

Abstract THE occurrence of blood spots in eggs of the domestic fowl has been considered generally to be caused by genetic and environmental factors. A suggestion that diet might be associated with the incidence of blood spots in chicken eggs was noted at this Station (Bearse and Miller, 1940) when in experiments on vitamin A requirements of laying hens, diets with a low level of this vitamin produced eggs with numerous small blood spots. The occurrence of increased blood spots was attributed to a possible vitamin K deficiency because of low levels of alfalfa in the rations fed. Many nutritional factors have been studied to determine their effect on production of blood spots in eggs [Nalbandov and Card, 1944, 1947; Denton, 1947; Carver and Henderson, 1948; Sauter et al., 1952]. While some of these investigations showed a beneficial effect from grass range, dried cereal grass, and fresh cut and dehydrated alfalfa, …
Mesh width influences prey retention in spider orb webs

Orb-weaving spiders depend upon the sticky capture spirals of webs to retain insects long enough to be captured. However, insects often escape from orb webs before the spiders can attack them. Therefore, the architectures of orb webs likely reflect strong selective pressure to increase retention times of insects. We experimentally increased the mesh width of one side of an orb web while maintaining the original mesh width on the other side as a control, and then tested the effect of this manipulation on the retention times of four different taxa of insects. We found evidence that increased mesh width of Argiope aurantia orb webs resulted in a general reduction in the retention times of insects. However, retention times for different taxa of insects were not predicted by any one specific morphological or flight characteristic. The influence of mesh width on the retention times of insects is very complex, but our results suggest that mesh width can act to selectively favor the capture of certain taxa of insect prey over others. This effect may help to explain both species level differences in web-building behaviors and variation in the architectures of webs spun by individual spiders on different days.
Japanese Imperialism and Aggression: Reconsiderations. II

Taiheiyō sensō e no michi: kaisen gaikō-shi [The Road to the Pacific War: A Diplomatic History before the War], edited by Nihon Kokusai Seiji Gakkai Taiheiyo Sensō Gen‘in Kenkyūbu [The Japan Association of International Relations, the Committee to Study the Origins of the Pacific War] (Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun Sha, 1962–3): Vol. I: Manshū jihen zen‘ya [The Eve of the Manchurian Incident] xii, 498. Appendixes, Index. 650 yen. Vol. II: Manshū jihen [The Manchurian Incident] viii, 435. Appendixes, Index. 650 yen. Vol. III: Nit-Chū sensō: jō [The Sino-Japanese War: I] x, 404. Appendixes, Index. 650 yen. Vol. IV: Nit-Chū sensō: ge [The Sino-Japanese War: II] viii, 426. Appendixes, Index. 650 yen. Vol. V: Sangoku dōmei, Nis-So chūritsu jyōyaku [The Axis Alliance, the Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Treaty] vi, 393. Appendixes, Index. 650 yen. Vol. VI: Nampō shinshutsu [The Southward Advance] x, 437. Appendixes, Index. 650 yen. Vol. VII: Nichi-Bei kaisen [The Outbreak of War between Japan and the United States] x, 493. Appendixes, Index. 650 yen.
Magnetic field modeling of a reconfigurable cavity-backed slot antenna

This paper investigates the nonuniformity of the applied magnetic field and presents the comparison between the measured field, finite element method data, and the analytical formulation obtained by solving Biot-Savart's equation.
Promoting Sun Safety Among US Postal Service Letter Carriers: Impact of a 2-Year Intervention

Objectives. We examined whether US Postal Service letter carriers who received a sun safety intervention would wear wide-brim hats and sunscreen significantly more often than those who did not receive the intervention.Methods. We used a 2-group randomized design with 2662 evaluation cohort participants from 70 US postal stations. Evaluations were conducted at baseline, 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years. Questionnaire items assessed occupational use of sun-screen and wide-brim hats. The 2-year sun safety intervention included the provision of wide-brim hats, accessible sunscreen, reminders, and 6 educational sessions.Results. At the 3-month follow-up evaluations, the odds ratio (OR) for regular sun-screen use was 2.8 times higher among the intervention group than among the control group (95% confidence interval [CI]=2.2, 3.5); at the 2-year follow-up evaluations, the rate was still significantly higher (OR=2.0; 95% CI=1.6, 2.6). Intervention group participants also had significantly higher rates of hat use, wi...
A New Particle Filter Tracking Algorithm For DOA Sensor Systems

In this paper, we present new a bearings-only tracking algorithm based on particle filtering (PF) and a state-space discretization technique for DOA sensor systems. The discretization stage is used to generate the proposal distribution used in the PF algorithm. More specifically, we first partition the state space into finite cells, and use the cell centers to represent the "discretized" state space. Next, we calculate the weight for each cell based on the target initial distribution, and then propagate only a small number of cell center, whose weights are above certain threshold, through the target dynamic system. At each iteration, the cells with large weights represent the high probability area in the target distribution. The samples (or particles) are drawn from this area, which is served as the proposal distribution in the new particle filter. We apply this algorithm to a bearings-only tracking problem. As shown in the theory and indicated by our simulations, this proposal renders more support from the true posterior distribution, thereby significantly improves the estimation accuracy compared to particle filter algorithms.
Christian Origins and Religious Studies

This essay reflects on the relationship between the study of the origins of Christianity and the discipline of Religious Studies in conversation with William Arnal’s “What Branches Grow out of this Stony Rubbish? Christian Origins and the Study of Religion,” published in Studies in Religion / Sciences Religieuses in 2010. Extending Arnal’s call for specialists in the New Testament and early Christianity to engage Religious Studies, it explores a reorientation of perspective, towards the aim of a doubled lens from and upon both Christian Origins and Religious Studies. Particularly promising may be the interrogation of ancient and modern practices of periodization and category-creation, especially as they intersect with imperial and anti-imperial discourses about “origins,” knowledge, and power.
Findings on the suitability of 802.11 for highly mobile broadband networks

As the world becomes increasingly dependent on dynamic and up-to-the-moment information, we recognize that broadband networks must be able to convey this information timely and wirelessly, to and from users in motion. Varieties of 802.11 compliant equipment and other types of broadband wireless equipment have been proposed for, and in some areas, being used to meet this need. There have been questions about the suitability of 802.11-based equipment for broadband networks that have to operate at vehicular speeds. Prior literature in the field has illustrated some of the problems, but is generally short on specific results from testing. At our facility, we have a wireless networking testbed that includes 802.11-based equipment, as well as equipment supporting other protocols. We conducted mobile connectivity and throughput experiments at different rates of speed to examine how 802.11-based equipment performs in the mobile broadband wireless network role. We also conducted the same experiments using Motorola's Mesh-Enabled Architecture. This paper presents those results. After summarizing the previous work by others in this area, we describe the layout of the wireless testbed, the structure of the experiments and how the experiments were conducted. Next, we present and analyze the results of the experiments, and finally offer our conclusions.
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders before and during the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: differences in rates, nature, and predictors

Combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) has greatly reduced medical morbidity and mortality with HIV infection, but high rates of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) continue to be reported. Because large HIV-infected (HIV+) and uninfected (HIV−) groups have not been studied with similar methods in the pre-CART and CART eras, it is unclear whether CART has changed the prevalence, nature, and clinical correlates of HAND. We used comparable methods of subject screening and assessments to classify neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in large groups of HIV + and HIV − participants from the pre-CART era (1988–1995; N = 857) and CART era (2000–2007; N = 937). Impairment rate increased with successive disease stages (CDC stages A, B, and C) in both eras: 25%, 42%, and 52% in pre-CART era and 36%, 40%, and 45% in CART era. In the medically asymptomatic stage (CDC-A), NCI was significantly more common in the CART era. Low nadir CD4 predicted NCI in both eras, whereas degree of current immunosuppression, estimated duration of infection, and viral suppression in CSF (on treatment) were related to impairment only pre-CART. Pattern of NCI also differed: pre-CART had more impairment in motor skills, cognitive speed, and verbal fluency, whereas CART era involved more memory (learning) and executive function impairment. High rates of mild NCI persist at all stages of HIV infection, despite improved viral suppression and immune reconstitution with CART. The consistent association of NCI with nadir CD4 across eras suggests that earlier treatment to prevent severe immunosuppression may also help prevent HAND. Clinical trials targeting HAND prevention should specifically examine timing of ART initiation.
An analysis of the symmetries in electron microscope images of a sloping dislocation and its application as a method for dislocation characterization

The conditions are established under which a sloping dislocation in a thin-foil crystal may produce a symmetric dynamical contrast electron microscopic image. The contrast symmetries are deduced purely by geometrical considerations from the criteria of Howie and Whelan, and Pogany and Turner. This analysis is, in fact, the basis of a new approach for characterizing dislocation parameters. Unlike the computer simulated picture method of Head this method does not necessitate resort to the digital computer. Furthermore, the symmetric nature of a diffraction contrast image is shown to be invariant of the degree of elastic anisotropy. On a etabli les conditions sous lesquelles une dislocation inclinee dans un crystal en forme de lame mince peut produire une image de contraste dynamique et symetrique dans le microscope electronique. On deduit les symetries par des considerations d'ordre purement geometrique, selon les criteres de Howie et Whelan, et Pogany et Turner. En effet, cette analyse fournit les elements essentiels d'une nouvelle methode pour caracteriser les parametres de dislocation. Cette methode se distingue de celle de Head, qui emploi une image simulle par ordinateur. En outre on montre que le caractere symetrique d'une image de contraste par diffraction reste invariant par rapport au degre d'anisotropie elastique.
Les programmes de l’Association for Psychological Science (APS) pour l’enseignement de la psychologie scientifique

Resume L’Association for Psychological Science (APS) soutient l’enseignement de la science psychologique et considere que cet enseignement a un role central dans la promotion, la protection et le progres scientifique en psychologie concernant la recherche, la pratique, l’enseignement et l’amelioration du bien-etre humain. Les initiatives pedagogiques d’APS comprennent : mise a disposition gratuite des salles de classe et l’acces aux articles de recherches dans un but pedagogique, une serie d’articles pour apprendre a presenter les resultats scientifiques en cours, a sponsoriser et a animer des conferences au sujet de l’enseignement de la science psychologique, notamment le fameux « Teaching Institute » au rendez-vous annuel d’APS et le co-sponsoring du National Institute on the Teaching of Psychology (NITOP) ; l’association accorde des subventions pour le developpement des ressources pedagogiques a cree un poste d’attache d’enseignement, et met un soutien financier et technique a la disposition des organisations afin qu’elles mettent l’accent sur l’enseignement de la science psychologique. Grand nombre de ces activites sont soutenues par l’APS Fund for Teaching and Public Understanding of Psychological Science, crees grâce a une dotation de la Fondation David et Carol Myers. De plus, une composante centrale de l’APS Wikipedia Initiative est d’impliquer les etudiants et les enseignants dans le developpement d’informations conceptuelles precises et de qualite, dans des resultats de recherche et des methodes de la psychologie scientifique.
Human Cytomegalovirus Inhibition by Cardiac Glycosides: Evidence for Involvement of the hERG Gene

Infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) continues to be a major threat for pregnant women and the immunocompromised population. Although several anti-HCMV therapies are available, the development of new anti-HCMV agents is highly desired. There is growing interest in identifying compounds that might inhibit HCMV by modulating the cellular milieu. Interest in cardiac glycosides (CG), used in patients with congestive heart failure, has increased because of their established anticancer and their suggested antiviral activities. We report that the several CG--digoxin, digitoxin, and ouabain--are potent inhibitors of HCMV at nM concentrations. HCMV inhibition occurred prior to DNA replication, but following binding to its cellular receptors. The levels of immediate early, early, and late viral proteins and cellular NF-κB were significantly reduced in CG-treated cells. The activity of CG in infected cells correlated with the expression of the potassium channel gene, hERG. CMV infection upregulated hERG, whereas CG significantly downregulated its expression. Infection with mouse CMV upregulated mouse ERG (mERG), but treatment with CG did not inhibit virus replication or mERG transcription. These findings suggest that CG may inhibit HCMV by modulating human cellular targets associated with hERG and that these compounds should be studied for their antiviral activities.
A multivariate model of early reading acquisition.

How similar are the cognitive and linguistic profiles of those children who easily learn to read? How similar are the profiles of those children who have difficulty learning to read? Do the profiles of successful and less successful readers vary among children 5–10 years of age? These were the questions that guided this study. Six core profiles were identified on four fluid reasoning to comprehension knowledge constructs previously found to be both theoretically and empirically linked to children's reading acquisition: auditory processing, crystallized ability, processing speed, and short-term memory. Cluster analysis was used to develop this taxonomy and the six-cluster solution was supported through cross-validation. The internal and external validity of the resulting profiles was favorable, suggesting homogeneous within-cluster membership and clear separation among the six core profiles. A summary of the defining characteristics for each profile is provided. The performance of children comprising different profiles was investigated on four external reading outcomes. These comparisons were conducted for each of the six age groups comprising the sample (i.e., 5–10 years) to assess whether the importance of certain score configurations varied as a function of the reading tasks required of children learning to read and those who are already readers. Results indicated that certain profiles were associated with greater success on external measures of reading achievement than other profiles. Trends across ages and differences among age groups are described.
Effects of Praziquantel on Different Developmental Stages of Schistosoma mansoni in Vitro and in Vivo

To discern whether stage-specific resistance of Schistosoma mansoni to praziquantel occurs in vitro, we determined minimal effective concentrations (MECs) of drug needed to increase motor activity, produce contraction and/or paralysis, and cause tegumental vesiculation of developmental stages from day 0 to day 42 of S. mansoni. Recovery of these stages from exposure to praziquantel in vitro was also evaluated. MECs of praziquantel inducing increased motor activity and muscular contraction or paralysis or both were 0.005-0.01 micrograms/ml, irrespective of the stage examined. However, day-3 lung forms were more resistant than other stages when either drug-induced tegumental vesiculation (MEC, 1 microgram/ml) or recovery from drug exposure was tested. Three-day infections with S. mansoni in CF1 mice were also less responsive to praziquantel treatment than were infections of shorter or longer duration. The concentrations of praziquantel and periods of drug exposure causing gross tegumental damage to S. mansoni in vitro correlated with the peak serum levels and time course of unchanged praziquantel associated with reduction of worm burden in vivo. Thus, stage-specific resistance of S. mansoni to praziquantel does occur in vitro and correlates better with the tegumental than the muscular action of the drug.
Investigation of logistic regression as a discriminant of software quality

Investigates the possibility that logistic regression functions (LRFs), when used in combination with Boolean discriminant functions (BDFs), which we had previously developed, would improve the quality classification ability of BDFs when used alone; this was found to be the case. When the union of a BDF and LRF was used to classify quality, the predictive accuracy of quality and inspection cost was improved over that of using either function alone for the Space Shuttle. Also, the LRFs proved useful for ranking the quality of modules in a build. The significance of these results is that very high-quality classification accuracy (1.25% error) can be obtained while reducing the inspection cost incurred in achieving high quality. This is particularly important for safety-critical systems. Because the methods are general and not particular to the Shuttle, they could be applied to other domains. A key part of the LRF development was a method for identifying the critical value (i.e. threshold) that could discriminate between high and low quality, and at the same time constrain the cost of inspection to a reasonable value.
HYDROGEN CHEMISORPTION ON Pt SINGLE CRYSTAL SURFACES IN ACIDIC SOLUTIONS

Hydrogen chemisorption from dilute acidic solution onto Pt single crystal surfaces was examined using an electrochemical cell directly coupled to LEED/Auger analytical system. No pre-anodization was used prior to observing hydrogen adsorption by cyclic voltammetry so that clean surfaces having the ordered structures indicated by LEED were studied. The problem of contributions from non-ordered parts of the electrode like support wires and edges was solved by using a gold evaporation masking technique. The specific contribution of atomic imperfections to the voltammetry curve was deduced from the ordered and countable imperfections occurring on high Miller index single crystal surfaces that have a stepped structure. The H-Pt bond energy was found to be structure sensitive, and sensitive both to local site geometry and long range order in the surface. The bond strength was found to vary systematically: n(111) × (100) > (100) >n(111) × (111) > (110) > (111). Distinct states for hydrogen at steps versus hydrogen on terraces could be distinguished. The (110) surface is shown to be a (111) vicinal, probably the [3(111) × 2(111)] microfacetted surface. The zero coverage heat of adsorption on the well-ordered (111) surface (48 kJmol) in solutions is the same as the value reported by Ertl and co-workers for adsorption on a (111) surface in vacuum. Adsorption isotherms for hydrogen on the (111) and (100) surfaces are adequately fit by the classical model for immobile adsorption at single sites with nearest neighbor repulsive interaction.
GRK5-Mediated Exacerbation of Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy Involves Facilitation of Nuclear NFAT Activity

Rationale:G protein–coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) acting in the cardiomyocyte regulate important signaling events that control cardiac function. Both GRK2 and GRK5, the predominant GRKs expressed in the heart, have been shown to be upregulated in failing human myocardium. Although the canonical role of GRKs is to desensitize G protein–coupled receptors via phosphorylation, it has been demonstrated that GRK5, unlike GRK2, can reside in the nucleus of myocytes and exert G protein–coupled receptor–independent effects that promote maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Objective:To explore novel mechanisms by which GRK5 acting in the nucleus of cardiomyocytes participates in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Methods and Results:In this study, we have found that GRK5-mediated pathological cardiac hypertrophy involves the activation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) because GRK5 causes enhancement of NFAT-mediated hypertrophic gene transcription. Transgenic mice with cardiomyocyte-...
Distributed consensus in semi-synchronous systems

The Distributed consensus problem assumes that all processors in the system have some initial values; the goal is to make all non-faulty processors agree on one of these values. This paper investigates the time needed to reach consensus in a partially synchronous model with omission failures. In this model, the processors have no direct knowledge about time, but the time between consecutive steps of each processor is always between two known constants c/sub 1/ and c/sub 2/; the ratio C=/sup c2///sub c1/ measures the timing uncertainty in the system. Moreover, messages are delivered within time d. This paper provides an improved protocol for the above problem. When the majority of the processors are fault-free, the protocol achieves consensus in time 3( phi +1)d+Cd, where phi is the actual number of faults in a specific execution of the protocol. This allows an increase in efficiency up to 25% over the existing protocol which requires time 4( phi +1)d+Cd. >
The syndrome of degenerative calcific aortic stenosis: prevalence of multiple pathophysiologic disorders in association with valvular stenosis and their implications.

Background: We hypothesized that degenerative calcific aortic stenosis (DCAS) is a syndrome influenced by factors beyond aortic valve stenosis (AS). The aim of this study was to assess how frequently DCAS is complicated by increased vascular load, systolic and/or diastolic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, and comorbid disorders. Methods: In 215 consecutive patients > 60 years of age with severe and moderate AS, we analyzed systemic arterial compliance, global hemodynamic load, LV ejection fraction (EF), the presence of diastolic dysfunction, and other valvular or systemic disorders. Results: A total of 164 patients had severe AS and 51 had moderate AS. In patients with severe AS, the prevalence of increased vascular load was 42%; LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction was present in 27% and 42%; other valve diseases in 23%; and comorbid disorders in 82%. In the moderate AS group, abnormal vascular load was found in 52%; LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction was prevalent in 26% and 31%; other valve diseases in 17%; and comorbid disorders in 78% patients. More than half the patients in both groups had symptoms. In both severe and moderate AS groups, the prevalence of increased vascular load and systolic dysfunction was higher in the symptomatic group. Conclusion: Considerable number of patients with DCAS have abnormal vascular load, abnormal LV function, and significant coexisting disorders. These could influence the total pathophysiologic burden on the heart and symptom expression. Thus, DCAS should not be considered just as valvular stenosis, but a syndrome of DCAS because of the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of various factors associated with it.
Navigating time and space: how Americans with disabilities use time and transportation

AbstractInadequate transportation poses a major barrier to participation for people with disabilities. Most research on the relationship between transportation and participation has relied upon small-scale studies, which are not nationally representative. National time use surveys offer a means of investigating the impact of transportation on participation on a larger scale. We used 2008–2011 data from the American Time Use Survey to investigate how people with mobility impairments managed time throughout daily activities and how transportation use was associated with time use, and compared these results to people without impairments. The study sample included 32,642 respondents between the ages of 18 and 65. Time use among people with and without impairment was generally similar, with the exception of major differences in watching television and working. Regression analyses suggest that lack of transportation impacts time use more than impairment. Further, even when accounting for the effect of transport...
URBANIZATION IN INDONESIA: APPLICATION AND EXTENSION OF A MODEL SUGGESTED BY TOLLEY

The purpose of this paper is to develop a demoeconomic model that explains historic urbanization in terms of the level of productivity in Indonesia. We first examine an economic model of urbanization proposed by Tolley and apply it to the Indonesian case. The model performs well for the country as a whole, but not for the major islands separately because it excludes interisland migration. In the second part of the paper, an extension of Tolley's model that includes demographic variables is offered and again applied to the Indonesian data, permitting estimates to be made of the components of the interisland migration.
COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH FRACTURES OF THE PELVIS.

Almost two thirds of pelvic fractures are complicated by a wide variety of other fractures and injuries to soft tissues. Each patient must be carefully scrutinized to find all fractures and other injuries. It is useful to classify pelvic fractures into groups, since the most serious injuries are seen primarily with bilateral fractures of the pubic rami, central dislocation of the hip, and fractures of the hemipelvis. Hemorrhage, either intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal, is the most frequent cause of death associated with pelvic fractures. Intraperitoneal hemorrhage is best managed by direct surgical intervention at laparotomy. Intrapelvic retroperitoneal hemorrhage is best managed by rapid and continuing blood replacement and by immediate external stabilization of the pelvic fractures. Various other rare complications of pelvic fractures are discussed briefly.
Several Issues in Civil Engineering Education

The reduction in the breadth and depth of coverage in a typical bachelor’s degree program in civil engineering, the rise in competing bachelor’s degree programs in civil engineering technology, the push for “professional” programs that are less than they seem, jointly and severally, could result in future practicing civil engineers less competent than those of today. Several actions by ASCE could counteract these trends and could increase the competence of tomorrow’s practitioners.
Higher education in Indonesia: Contemporary challenges in governance, access, and quality

This chapter presents the development of Indonesian higher education since its origins to current challenges in the fields of governance, autonomy, access, equity, quality, and internationalization. Indonesia has a massive and diversified tertiary education system, including experiments in community colleges and online programs. The higher educational system remains mainly centralized, with the exception of some reforms toward financial autonomy. Insufficient public funding hinders the capacity to provide adequate teaching, research, and facilities among other aspects. The consequential rise in student fees contributes to an overrepresentation of students from Java, urban centers, and higher social classes.
Evaluation of a μCT-based electro-anatomical cochlear implant model

Cochlear implants (CIs) are considered standard treatment for patients who experience sensory-based hearing loss. Although these devices have been remarkably successful at restoring hearing, it is rare to achieve natural fidelity, and many patients experience poor outcomes. Previous studies have shown that outcomes can be improved when optimizing CI processor settings using an estimation of the CI's neural activation patterns found by detecting the distance between the CI electrodes and the nerves they stimulate in pre- and post-implantation CT images. We call this method Image-Guided CI Programming (IGCIP). More comprehensive electro-anatomical models (EAMs) might better estimate neural activation patterns than using a distance-based estimate, potentially leading to selecting further optimized CI settings. Our goal in this study is to investigate whether μCT-based EAMs can accurately estimate neural stimulation patterns. For this purpose, we have constructed EAMs of N=9 specimens. We analyzed the sensitivity of our model to design parameters such as field-of-view, resolution, and tissue resistivity. Our results show that our model is stable to parameter changes. To evaluate the utility of patient-specific modeling, we quantify the difference in estimated neural activation patterns across specimens for identically located electrodes. The average computed coefficient of variation (COV) across specimens is 0.186, suggesting patient-specific models are necessary and that the accuracy of a generic model would be insufficient. Our results suggest that development of in vivo patient-specific EAMs could lead to better methods for selecting CI settings, which would ultimately lead to better hearing outcomes with CIs.
Mixed acinar-endocrine carcinoma of the pancreas: new clinical and pathological features in a contemporary series.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to characterize the novel clinical and pathological features of mixed acinar-endocrine carcinoma of the pancreas.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of medical records and surgical pathology specimens of patients with a diagnosis of mixed acinar-endocrine
Ready or Not? How Citizens and Public Officials Perceive Risk and Preparedness

The more prepared people are, the less harm they will suffer when disaster strikes. Yet anecdotal and empirical evidence shows that people overestimate their preparedness and are underprepared. While a robust literature has matured around hazards, risk, and vulnerability, and disaster policy, politics, and management, the literature about individual preparedness is much more limited and inconsistent. We know little about why people prepare (or why they do not), and what would make them prepare more. As a result, public managers are at a loss about how to design effective preparedness programs. In this paper, we survey the literature on preparedness to crystallize the gaps in our understanding of when and how citizens react to the threat of disaster. We then examine and compare the views of risk and preparedness held by individuals and government officials drawing on insights from a 4-year study that involved three national surveys and intensive studies in two communities. We use this analysis to address t...
The effects of overtraining on a reversal and nonreversal shift

Children, 12–13 years old, were given criterion or overtraining on a modified card sorting test, then transferred to a reversal or nonreversal shift. Type of shift was found to be significant, while degree of training had no significant effect. While the results of reversal ease are interpreted in terms of the operation of a dimension-specific mediator, the failure to find an ORE is accounted for in terms of the S’s age, motivation, as well as prior experience in learning tasks.
Chlorination at 1-Position of Six and Five-Membered 2-Oxocyloalkanecarboxylates

A convenient method for the preparation of methyl 1-chloro-2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate (2a), which appears to be a versatile intermediate in organic syntheses, is described. Methyl 2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate (1a) was chlorinated with sulfuryl chloride under mild conditions to give 1-chloro-2-oxoester (2a) in an excellent yield. Analogous compounds (2b) and (4) were also prepared by the same chlorination of 2-oxoesters (1b) and (3), respectively.
A time-varying effect model for studying gender differences in health behavior

This study proposes a time-varying effect model that can be used to characterize gender-specific trajectories of health behaviors and conduct hypothesis testing for gender differences. The motivating examples demonstrate that the proposed model is applicable to not only multi-wave longitudinal studies but also short-term studies that involve intensive data collection. The simulation study shows that the accuracy of estimation of trajectory functions improves as the sample size and the number of time points increase. In terms of the performance of the hypothesis testing, the type I error rates are close to their corresponding significance levels under all combinations of sample size and number of time points. Furthermore, the power increases as the alternative hypothesis deviates more from the null hypothesis, and the rate of this increasing trend is higher when the sample size and the number of time points are larger.
Neutral mechanical alignment: Is it Necessary?

The cause of dissatisfaction following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains elusive. Much attention has been focused on static mechanical alignment as a basis for surgical success and optimising outcomes. More recently, research on both normal and osteoarthritic knees, as well as kinematically aligned TKAs, has suggested that other specific and dynamic factors may be more important than a generic target of 0 ± 3o of a neutral axis. Consideration of these other variables is necessary to understand ideal targets and move beyond generic results.
Analysis of the Main Factors Affecting the Low-voltage Power-line Carrier Communication

The decision on technical scheme of the low-voltage power-line carrier communication should be based on the testing data with comparability.Through selection of a typical meter-reading area and setting different company's product under the same environment,the main factors,such as signal testing method,carrier frequency,network algorith etc.,which can affect carrier communication quality,are tested and analyzed.Structure of testing system and testing consequence are introduced.The analysis of testing result provides the reference to the scheme selection of the LV power-line carrier communication.
Nα-ACYLAMINOACYL-PEPTIDE HYDROLASE: SPECIFICITY AND USE TO UNBLOCK N-ACETYLATED PROTEINS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the key aspects of the enzyme specificity and describes a method for fragmenting acetylated proteins, blocking the newly generated N-termini by succinylation before unblocking with hydrolase and seqencing the N-terminal peptide. The N-terminal acetyl amino acid can be identified by the treatment of the hydrolase digest with acylase I and amino acid analysis. Acylaminoacyl-peptide hydrolase from rabbit muscle can be used to unblock the N-terminus of N-acetylated proteins for sequencing, after converting hydrolaseresistant intact proteins to hydrolase-susceptible peptides and blocking all the new N-termini by succinylation. After fragmentation of the blocked proteins with proteases or cyanogen bromide and succinylation, the large excess of succinate can be removed by ether extraction and the total peptide mixture subjected to hydrolase digestion in the same reaction tube. Sequencing an aliquot of the digest yields the original N-terminal sequence starting with residue 2 as the only unblocked sequence. Treating the remainder of the hydrolase digest with acylase will cause the hydrolysis of the acetylamino acid and permit the identification of the N-terminal amino acid by amino acid analysis.
Fundamentals of Waveguides

Many of the properties of dielectric waveguides can be discussed in a general way without solving any difficult transcendental equations or concentrating on specific cases. In this chapter we will consider many of the fundamental characteristics of propagation in waveguides which will be important in integrated optics. We will start from the simplest possible case, and progressively add more sophistication. It is anticipated that sufficient fundamentals are presented here to allow a basic understanding of all of integrated optics.
Anomalous transport properties of N i 2 M n 1 − x C r x Ga Heusler alloys at the martensite-austenite phase transition

The martensite-austenite phase transition in a series of $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{i}}_{2}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{r}}_{x}\mathrm{Ga}$ Heusler alloys has been investigated by x-ray diffraction, dc magnetization, and electrical resistivity measurements. With increasing Cr concentration, the martensitic phase transformation shifts to higher temperature while the ferromagnetic transition shifts to lower temperature. For $xl0.5$, the martensitic transformation occurs in a ferromagnetic state, while for $xg0.5$, the transition occurs in a paramagnetic state. The Cr doping results in a reconstruction of the electronic structure, particularly, near the Fermi level, which is indicated in the resistivity data where a systematic jumplike anomaly is observed in the vicinity of the martensite-austenite phase transformation. With increasing Cr concentration, the magnitude of the jump in resistivity changes dramatically from less than $1%$ to nearly $18%$ The results are discussed considering the fundamental interactions in Heusler alloys.
Ghost Cities of China: The Story of Cities without People in the World's Most Populated Country

GHOST CITIES OF CHINA: The Story of Cities without People in the World's Most Populated Country. By Wade Shepard. xii and 218 pp.; map, bibliog. London, U.K.: Zed Books, 2015. $19.76 (paper), isbn ...
Redesigning care to lower episode costs in bone marrow transplantation.

16Background: Increased scrutiny over costs of cancer care has led to the introduction of episode-based payment by federal and commercial insurers. National average billed charges for autologous and allogeneic transplant episodes of care are approximately $375K and $925K, respectively. Through comprehensive analysis of claims data, we identified leading drivers of cost in BMT episodes (which span 30 days before transplant through 60-100 days post-transplant) and cost reduction opportunities. By redesigning care delivery, we can reduce post-transplant admissions and potentially improve the health and patient experience for this population. Methods: From September 1, 2013 – February 28, 2015, SHC performed 221 allogeneic and 241 autologous transplants. We analyzed internal claims data to map costs of BMT episodes, including pre-transplant, transplant (index), and post-transplant phases of care using standardized cost categories including room accommodations, medications, medical and surgical supplies, imagi...
Electropolishing and Chemical Polishing

(1954). Electropolishing and Chemical Polishing. Transactions of the IMF: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 292-300.
Monoaminergic integration of diet and social signals in the brains of juvenile spadefoot toads

ABSTRACT Social behavior often includes the production of species-specific signals (e.g. mating calls or visual displays) that evoke context-dependent behavioral responses from conspecifics. Monoamines are important neuromodulators that have been implicated in context-dependent social behavior, yet we know little about the development of monoaminergic systems and whether they mediate the effects of early life experiences on adult behavior. We examined the effects of diet and social signals on monoamines early in development in the plains spadefoot toad ( Spea bombifrons ), a species in which diet affects the developmental emergence of species recognition and body condition affects the expression of adult mating preferences. To do so, we manipulated the diet of juveniles for 6 weeks following metamorphosis and collected their brains 40 min following the presentation of either a conspecific or a heterospecific call. We measured levels of monoamines and their metabolites using high pressure liquid chromatography from tissue punches of the auditory midbrain (i.e. torus semicircularis), hypothalamus and preoptic area. We found that call type affected dopamine and noradrenaline signaling in the auditory midbrain and that diet affected dopamine and serotonin in the hypothalamus. In the preoptic area, we detected an interaction between diet and call type, indicating that diet modulates how the preoptic area integrates social information. Our results suggest that the responsiveness of monoamine systems varies across the brain and highlight preoptic dopamine and noradrenaline as candidates for mediating effects of early diet experience on later expression of social preferences.
Towards Fundamental Science of Cyber Security

Terms like “Science of Cyber” or “Cyber Science” have been appearing in literature with growing frequency, and influential organizations initiated research initiatives toward developing such a science even though it is not clearly defined. We propose to define the domain of the science of cyber security by noting the most salient artifact within cyber security—malicious software—and defining the domain as comprised of phenomena that involve malicious software (as well as legitimate software and protocols used maliciously) used to compel a computing device or a network of computing devices to perform actions desired by the perpetrator of malicious software (the attacker) and generally contrary to the intent (the policy) of the legitimate owner or operator (the defender) of the computing device(s). We further define the science of cyber security as the study of relations—preferably expressed as theoretically-grounded models—between attributes, structures and dynamics of: violations of cyber security policy; the network of computing devices under attack; the defenders’ tools and techniques; and the attackers’ tools and techniques where malicious software plays the central role. We offer a simple formalism of these key objects within cyber science and systematically derive a classification of primary problem classes within cyber science.
RNA-seq of serial kidney biopsies obtained during progression of chronic kidney disease from dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy

Dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy (XLHN) have a glomerular basement membrane defect that leads to progressive juvenile-onset renal failure. Their disease is analogous to Alport syndrome in humans, and they also serve as a good model of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the gene expression profile that affects progression in this disease has only been partially characterized. To help fill this gap, we used RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), over-represented pathways, and upstream regulators that contribute to kidney disease progression. Total RNA from kidney biopsies was isolated at 3 clinical time points from 3 males with rapidly-progressing CKD, 3 males with slowly-progressing CKD, and 2 age-matched controls. We identified 70 DEGs by comparing rapid and slow groups at specific time points. Based on time course analysis, 1,947 DEGs were identified over the 3 time points revealing upregulation of inflammatory pathways: integrin signaling, T cell activation, and chemokine and cytokine signaling pathways. T cell infiltration was verified by immunohistochemistry. TGF-β1 was identified as the primary upstream regulator. These results provide new insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease progression in XLHN, and the identified DEGs can be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets translatable to all CKDs.
TTIP: contentious market regulation

AbstractBased on the extensive literature in the area of historical institutionalism and regulation, this article embarks on the discussion about the concept of contentious market regulation and argues that the negotiations for a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) are emblematic of a new generation of trade liberalization. Since the negotiations started, however, the TTIP has faced the main challenge has been how to bridge the gap between the initial consensus for boosting transatlantic economic growth through trade and the increasing contestation conveyed by several actors during the negotiation process. The article finds four main factors defining the interaction between the array of players involved in the TTIP negotiation process. First, the resilience of negotiators and regulators to efficiently advance the transatlantic agenda by adapting to new demands (investment court), finding alternatives to internal resistances (federal means of liberalizing public procurement), and continui...
Casualties of context? Risk of cognitive, behavioral and physical health difficulties among children living in high-incarceration neighborhoods

We examined if residence in high-incarceration neighborhoods is associated with risk of cognitive, behavioral and physical health problems for young children net of individual-level parental incarceration status. We used regression analysis and linked data from Year 9 of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study and zip code level information on neighborhood prison admission rates from Justice Atlas of Sentencing and Corrections in 2008. Neighborhood incarceration rates appear to have some independent and negative associations with child cognitive outcomes. For behavioral outcomes, individual-level parental incarceration appears to be the most meaningful. For child physical health outcomes as indicated by BMI percentages and overall good health, neither neighborhood incarceration rates nor individual-level parental incarceration experiences show persistent significant associations. Living in a neighborhood with high incarceration may threaten children’s health and wellbeing, suggesting that mass incarceration feeds into a system of inequality that extends beyond those who experience individual-level parental incarceration by exerting a broader public health impact.
Methods for Bioassays of Tobacco Smoke

Cigarette smoking has been associated with a number of diseases in man. In most cases this relationship has required a. long period of exposure and the incidence of disease is dependent upon the number of cigarettes consumed. Attempts to interrupt a sequence between smoking and disease have presented us with a. series of very complex problems, most of which have not yet been solved. First of all it is unlikely that any single constituent of cigarette smoke could account for all of the conditions which develop in a group of heavy cigarette smokers. Many separate assay procedures will be required to determine effects of cigarette design on the delivery of potentially hazardous agents in the smoke, and these procedures are not available today. I think it is fair to say that although no fully satisfying laboratory model of the various diseases is available, the models for carcinogenesis offer promise that something positive can be achieved in this area.