cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent progress of neuroimaging studies on sleeping brain

Although sleep is a familiar phenomenon, its functions are yet to be elucidated. Understanding these functions of sleep is an important focus area in neuroscience. Electroencephalography (EEG) has been the predominantly used method in human sleep research but does not provide detailed spatial information about brain activation during sleep. To supplement the spatial information provided by this method, researchers have started using a combination of EEG and various advanced neuroimaging techniques that have been recently developed, including positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this paper, we will review the recent progress in sleep studies, especially studies that have used such advanced neuroimaging techniques. First, we will briefly introduce several neuroimaging techniques available for use in sleep studies. Next, we will review the spatiotemporal brain activation patterns during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the dynamics of functional connectivity during sleep, and the consolidation of learning and memory during sleep; studies on the neural correlates of dreams, which have not yet been identified, will also be discussed. Lastly, possible directions for future research in this area will be discussed.
Thymic, gonadal, and endocrine relationships in gilts and boars administered porcine somatotropin.

We hypothesized that much of the positive effect of porcine somatotropin (pST) on the immune system would be offset by the pST/IGF stimulation of gonadal function and that there would be negative effects on thymic weight and function from increased androgens in males. Male and female hogs (78 boars, 90 gilts) representing three genetic lines (lean, obese, and crossbred meat type) received 0, 2, or 4 mg of recombinant pST/d via implant for 42 d. Blood samples were collected on 0, 7, 14, 28, and 42 d of the trial for changes in pST, IGF-I, IGF-II, thymosin β4, dehydroepiandrosterone/dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA/DHEASO 4 ), and testosterone concentrations. Thymic, splenic, gonadal, and adrenal weights were collected at slaughter (d 42). Thymic weights increased with dose of pST in both sexes (P <.01), but splenic weights were unaltered. Adrenal weights increased with dose of pST ( P <.01), but gonadal weights showed no response to pST in either sex or any line. Overall, concentrations of pST, IGF, and thymosin β4 increased with dose of pST. Serum testosterone concentrations in boars declined with dose of pST in lean and obese lines, and DHEA/ DHEASO 4 declined in all lines with pST treatment. Testicular testosterone concentrations were not different among lines or doses of pST, indicating no stimulatory effect of increased pST/IGF-I on Leydig cell function. Although pST and its effects through increased circulating IGF are thought to be overall stimulants of growth and protein accretion, the actions on the tissues of the immune system (thymus/spleen) and steroidogenic tissues (adrenal/gonadal) can be selective. Increases in thymic weights and thymosin β4 concentrations from pST treatment in boars were partially due to the pST-induced decline in circulatory androgens, and the responses found in this in vivo model do not support pST/IGF effects documented in in vitro systems on Leydig cell function.
Characteristics of a SAR11 strain grown in batch and continuous culture

In this study, a strain of SAR11 subgroup IIIa (termed HIMB114) isolated from the tropical Pacific Ocean was grown in seawater-based batch and continuous culture in order to quantify cellular features and metabolism relevant to SAR11 ecology. We report the first direct measurements of cellular elemental quotas for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for SAR11: 1.4 +/- 0.9 fg N and 0.44 +/- 0.01 fg P, respectively, that were consistent with the small size of HIMB114 cells (average volume of 0.09 µm 3 ). However, the mean carbon (C) cellular quota of 50 +/- 47 fg C was anomalously high, but variable. Rates of phosphate (PO 4 3- ) uptake measured from both batch and continuous cultures were exceptionally slow: in chemostats growing at 0.3 d -1 , HIMB114 took up 1.1 +/- 0.3 amol P cell -1 d -1 , suggesting that 4 3- assimilation. The mean rate of leucine incorporation, a measure of bacterial production, during late log phase growth of batch HIMB114 cultures was 0.042 +/- 0.02 amol Leu cell -1 h -1 . While only weakly correlated with changes in specific growth rates, the onset of stationary phase resulted in decreases in cell-specific leucine incorporation that were proportional to changes in growth rate. Rates of cellular production, respiratory oxygen consumption, and changes in total organic C concentrations constrained cellular growth efficiencies to 13 +/- 4%. Hence, despite the small, streamlined genome and diminutively sized cells, SAR11 strain HIMB114 appears to grow at efficiencies similar to naturally occurring bacterioplankton communities.
Long term performance of gravel base course layers in asphalt pavements

Abstract This research investigated the performance of base layer aggregates in HMA pavements using laboratory tests (standard compaction, particle size analysis, Atterberg Limits, sodium sulfate soundness, Micro-Deval abrasion, absorption, specific gravity, and soaked CBR) on existing base layer materials as well as pavement surface visual and automated distress surveys. The purpose of this research was to investigate potential degradation of aggregate bases, strength variations over time, and the likely causes for both. Analysis of laboratory and field test results indicated significant variability in the properties and characteristics of base layer aggregate materials in various pavement test sections. Based on the results of the laboratory and field tests, the research team believes that the long-term performance of the base layer aggregates impacted the overall pavement performance of the corresponding test sections. While base aggregate materials in general did not exhibit severe degradation or disintegration – as demonstrated by laboratory tests – nor significant contamination from subgrade, the performance of such materials was lower compared with typical crushed stone materials.
EFFECT OF THE COW'S BODY CONDITION AND STAGE OF LACTATION ON DEVELOPMENT OF MILK RANCIDITY1

An objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between body condition of the dairy cow and susceptibility of milk to rancidity. Initial milk samples were obtained from 166 cows in Spring, 1969, and all animals were retested after an interval of two months. Additional observations included the effects of stage of lactation, level of milk production, and herd effects. Each cow was evaluated for body condition, at the times when milk samples were obtained, by a method based on measures of weight and skeletal size and by a subjective scoring system. Spontaneous rancidity of the milk fat was allowed to develop upon storage for 48 hr; and induced rancidity was brought about by controlled agitation. As measured by acid degree values (ADV) the treatments imposed on the milk samples were successful in simulating development of spontaneous and induced lipolysis of the milk fat. However, the magnitude of the ADV was not related to body condition score. It is concluded that in well-fed herds, such as ...
Reproductive bioenergetics within the summer and winter generations of Euchaeta norvegica (Copepoda)

The predatory copepod Euchaeta norvegica from Korsfjorden, western Norway, has a half-year life cycle. Egg sacs produced by the winter generation are heavier on average than those produced by the summer generation. This is probably determined by the supply of food during the breeding period rather than by the average weight of mature females at the beginning of the breeding period. Measurements on individuals from a Swedish fjord show that the respiratory rate is relatively low and stable over the year. Bioenergetic budgets for the period prior to and during breeding reveal pronounced differences between individuals from the summer and winter generation, the latter being the more efficient at converting energy from a lower trophic level. It is suggested that the most important environmental factor governing this is the abundance of prey organisms.
Analysis of Liquid Ensembles for Enhancing the Performance and Accuracy of Liquid State Machines.

Liquid state machine (LSM), a bio-inspired computing model consisting of the input sparsely connected to a randomly interlinked reservoir (or liquid) of spiking neurons followed by a readout layer, finds utility in a range of applications varying from robot control and sequence generation to action, speech, and image recognition. LSMs stand out among other Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architectures due to their simplistic structure and lower training complexity. Plethora of recent efforts have been focused towards mimicking certain characteristics of biological systems to enhance the performance of modern artificial neural networks. It has been shown that biological neurons are more likely to be connected to other neurons in the close proximity, and tend to be disconnected as the neurons are spatially far apart. Inspired by this, we propose a group of locally connected neuron reservoirs, or an ensemble of liquids approach, for LSMs. We analyze how the segmentation of a single large liquid to create an ensemble of multiple smaller liquids affects the latency and accuracy of an LSM. In our analysis, we quantify the ability of the proposed ensemble approach to provide an improved representation of the input using the Separation Property (SP) and Approximation Property (AP). Our results illustrate that the ensemble approach enhances class discrimination (quantified as the ratio between the SP and AP), leading to better accuracy in speech and image recognition tasks, when compared to a single large liquid. Furthermore, we obtain performance benefits in terms of improved inference time and reduced memory requirements, due to lowered number of connections and the freedom to parallelize the liquid evaluation process.
Fast Frequency-Agile Real-Time Optimization of High-Power Tuning Network for Cognitive Radar Applications

This paper describes the fast real-time frequency agility and reconfiguration of a 90 W high-power evanescent-mode resonant cavity tuner using an advanced actuator design. Measurement results demonstrating reconfiguration between three different operating frequencies within the radar S-band allocation are presented. Reconfiguration optimization times are decreased by a factor of ten compared to previous state-of-the-art results. The reconfiguration results in improved radar detection range and spectral compliance following operating-frequency changes. This approach is expected to be useful in frequency-agile cognitive radar spectrum sharing applications.
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 Art Gallery

The work exhibited in the SIGGRAPH 2010 Art Gallery investigates the polysensory nature of human experience in a technologically enhanced environment. The exhibition explores the permeable membrane of the techno-human interface, where we engage an array of tools to materialize and visualize artifacts of creative expression. Integral to the work is human haptic interaction, involving the "viewer" and/or the artist through a unique physical interface. Our sensory systems, like the aesthetic experiences they ascertain, operate simultaneously on several channels. Touch, for example, is not a binary system, but a complex structure of multiple sensory mechanisms, synthesizing such information as pressure, temperature, hardness, vibration, and weight. This sensory amalgamation is exploratory in nature, developing haptic awareness through the active combination of kinesthetic and tactual evidence. An object brought to the hand cannot be described like the one explored by the fingers. While the initial focus of the exhibition was on the sense of touch, the jury felt it was relevant to extend the breadth of sense experience. Therefore, the selected works include a range of sensory involvement, including scent and audio interactions. Some works are more solely focused on bodily presence, while others address the virtual hand in the machine. Overall, the multi-layered polysensory experience of the artwork has become the dynamic focus, forcing vision to share the pedestal of privilege with other sense modalities.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy: Are Neuroradiologists Prepared?

I read with interest the Practice Vignette by Valand et al with regard to neurotoxicity of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T) therapy for hematologic cancers.[1][1] The authors concluded that brain MR imaging is unremarkable in mild forms of neurotoxicity and only demonstrates nonspecific
Scientific Discussions as a Method of Bibliography Development (shown by an example of 1950-1960’s)

The article describes the controversial situation of the national bibliography in the middle of 20th century and considers the basic concepts suggested during the theoretical discussion. Also it highlights the influence of social and political factors on the science development and the importance of discussion in the improving of the bibliography theory.
Use of Serum Cystatin C versus Creatinine for Estimation of Renal Function and Valganciclovir Dosing in Heart Transplant Recipients

Purpose Creatinine clearance (CrCl) is the accepted clinical standard for the assessment of renal function and dosing of renally-excreted medications such as valganciclovir (VGC) among heart transplant (HT) pts. Cystatin C (CysC) has recently shown superiority to serum creatinine (sCr) for the estimation of renal function in advanced diseases. We hypothesize that CysC-estimated glomerular filtration rate (Cys-eGFR) more accurately guides VGC dosing than CrCL, and thereby may prevents drug overdosing and leukopenia in HT pts. Methods Pts transplanted between 11/2016 and 4/2019 who received VGC for CMV prophylaxis were included. eGFR was assessed using CrCl and CysC-eGFR as a time-varying covariate at 1-,3-, and 6-months post-HT. The primary endpoint was rate of leukopenia (WBC Results 119 samples were available in 58 pts (age 54±13 y, 20% female). Based on CrCl, VGC was inappropriately dosed in 43 samples: 21 underdosed, 22 overdosed. Based on CysC-eGFR, VGC was inappropriately dosed in 62 samples: 12 underdosed, 50 overdosed (Figure 1). 32 episodes of leukopenia were observed in 27 pts within 1-month of sampling. Half (n=16) of the events occurred in samples with VGC overdosed by CysC-eGFR. In adjusted models, CysC but not sCr was associated with a significant 1.48 times greater odds of leukopenia (per 0.3 mg/L CysC 95%CI 1.05-2.08; OR per 0.3 mg/dL sCr 1.17, 95%CI 0.78-1.73.) Conclusion CysC-eGFR may more accurately estimate VGC dosing compared to CrCL thereby resulting in lower rates of leukopenia after HT.
Reaction mechanism, energetics, and kinetics of the water-assisted thioformaldehyde + ˙OH reaction and the fate of its product radical under tropospheric conditions

The reactions of thioformaldehyde (H2CS) with OH radicals and assisted by a single water molecule have been investigated using high level ab initio quantum chemistry calculations. The H2CS + ˙OH reaction can in principle proceed through: (1) abstraction, and (2) addition pathways. The barrier height for the addition reaction in the absence of a catalyst was found to be -0.8 kcal mol-1, relative to the separated reactants, which has a ∼1.0 kcal mol-1 lower barrier than the abstraction channel. The H2CS + ˙OH reaction assisted by a single water molecule reduces the barrier heights significantly for both the addition and abstraction channels, to -5.5 and -6.7 kcal mol-1 respectively, compared to the un-catalyzed H2CS + ˙OH reaction. These values suggest that water lowers the barriers by ∼6.0 kcal mol-1 for both reaction paths. The rate constants for the H2CSH2O + ˙OH and OHH2O + H2CS bimolecular reaction channels were calculated using Canonical Variational Transition state theory (CVT) in conjunction with the Small Curvature Tunneling (SCT) method over the atmospherically relevant temperatures between 200 and 400 K. Rate constants for the H2CS + ˙OH reaction paths for comparison with the H2CS + ˙OH + H2O reaction in the same temperature range were also computed. The results suggest that the rate of the H2CS + ˙OH + H2O reaction is slower than that of the H2CS + ˙OH reaction by ∼1-4 orders of magnitude in the temperatures between 200 and 400 K. For example, at 300 K, the rates of the H2CS + ˙OH + H2O and H2CS + ˙OH reactions were found to be 2.2 × 10-8 s-1 and 6.4 × 10-6 s-1, respectively, calculated using [OH] = 1.0 × 106 molecules cm-3, and [H2O] = 8.2 × 1017 molecules cm-3 (300 K, RH 100%) atmospheric conditions. Electronic structure calculations on the H2C(OH)S˙ product in the presence of 3O2 were also performed. The results show that H2CS is removed from the atmosphere primarily by reacting with ˙OH and O2 to form thioformic acid, HO2, formaldehyde, and SO2 as the main end products.
Re-entrant solid behavior of 3D-printable epoxy inks

Transient creep testing was used to differentiate the printability of block copolymer (BCP) containing epoxy inks for direct ink writing (DIW). Poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide) (P123) BCPs were shown to form disordered micelles at 20 wt% in a 3D-printable epoxy ink. Oscillatory amplitude sweeps identified no obvious difference in the rheological properties of the inks; however, the P123 inks required less pressure to print quality parts. By contrast, transient creep testing identified significant differences and showed that the P123 ink had a lower apparent yield stress and a lower time-dependent decrease in the shear rate. Additionally, both inks showed re-entrant solid behavior. This behavior manifests in printing as a material that initially flows well, but the material flow eventually stops. The transient creep results correlate well with the printing results. We propose that studying the time-dependent flow properties using transient creep testing is critical for the evaluation of DIW inks.
Interfacial modeling of flattened CNT composites with cyanate ester and PEEK polymers

Abstract Flattened carbon nanotubes (flCNTs) are a promising form of composite material reinforcement because of their capacity for self-assembly and packing efficiency, which could ultimately lead to improved thermo-mechanical properties relative to current state-of-the-art composite materials. An important material design parameter for composite materials is the choice of polymer matrix, as characteristics of the reinforcement/polymer interface can have a significant effect on the bulk-level properties. Because flCNT-based composites are too expensive to develop via experimental trail-and-error approaches, the goal of this research is to use computational methods to drive their design via efficient polymer selection. Molecular dynamics modeling is used to predict the flCNT/polymer interface properties for a thermoplastic resin (polyether ether ketone - PEEK), and two thermosetting resins (fluorinated and non-fluorinated cyanate esters). For each polymer system, the interfacial interaction energy, flCNT shearing friction, and the transverse tension strength is predicted. While the PEEK and non-fluorinated cyanate esters demonstrate superior interaction energies (23.1% and 11.4% higher, respectively) compared to the fluorinated cyanate ester, the fluorinated cyanate ester has a significantly higher resistance to shearing with the flCNT surface (125% higher than PEEK and non-fluorinated cyanate ester). In pull-apart transverse tension simulations, the non-fluorinated cyanate ester system demonstrates the highest peak strength (8.53% higher than PEEK and fluorinated cyanate ester), while the fluorinated cyanate ester exhibits the highest toughness and stiffness (12.8% and 4.89% higher, respectively, than PEEK and non-fluorinated cyanate ester). Given equal weight, these predictions show that the fluorinated cyanate ester demonstrates the best overall compatibility with flCNTs.
Milestone Studies in Breast Cancer Surgery

There have been a number of landmark trials that have revolutionized the surgical management of breast cancer. We review studies that provided the foundation for the movement from radical mastectomy to breast-conserving surgery and that have transformed the management of the axilla from axillary dissection to sentinel node biopsy. Indeed, over the last several decades, there has been a progressive movement toward minimizing the extent of surgical intervention in breast cancer management, with greater integration of a multidisciplinary approach including medical and radiation oncology. A number of advances have been made to optimize margin clearance, improve postoperative cosmetic outcomes, and minimize morbidity; we review the evidence to support these techniques. Finally, we provide a glimpse into ongoing studies that are poised to disrupt the practice of breast cancer surgery even further going forward.
Characterization of the indoor far-field aerosol transmission in a model commercial office building

Abstract As businesses gradually reopen and employees return to work, the potential spread of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants through airborne transmission via the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems of commercial building raises concerns. Since the general practice in commercial buildings is to use low-efficiency air filters and given that indoor air is generally recycled, the degree to which cross-zone aerosol transmission occurs is of interest. To quantify the cross-zone aerosol transmission, experiments were conducted using a synthetic test aerosol in the five zones on the first floor of a model commercial office building at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Because the synthetic aerosol was tagged with fluorescent salt, the aerosol generated from the source zone can be distinguished from the background aerosols due to its unique fluorescent signal. Data from cross-zone campaigns showed that submicron-aerosol transmission was higher than the micron aerosols. In campaigns with doors closed, the submicron aerosol transmission was less than 16% and less than 11% for micron aerosol transmission. Opening the interior doors that connecting different zones can significantly enhance the aerosol transmission for zones at the close proximity to the source, but has less impact on those farther away.
Critical Ionization Effect in Interstellar Clouds

The concept of a critical ionization velocity (CIV) was first introduced by Alfven (1942, 1954) as a component of his theory for the formation of the solar system. If a neutral gas and magnetized plasma are in relative motion, a rapid ionization of the neutrals takes place if the kinetic energy of the neutrals relative to the plasma exceeds the ionization potential eV i of the neutrals.
Tumor Vascularity Is Not a Prognostic Factor for Malignant Melanoma of the Skin

Tumor vascularity has been proposed as a prognostic indicator for a number of solid tumors. Although a correlation between microvessel number and metastatic behavior has also been suggested for cutaneous melanoma, the small number of cases studied to date allows one to draw only preliminary conclusions. In this study, we have assessed tumor vascularity in cutaneous melanoma by comparing 60 cases of metastasizing and non-metastasizing tumors matched for tumor thickness, age, sex, and anatomic site. Ulex europaeus agglutinin I appeared to be the most suitable vascular marker for this study. Our results indicate that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with regard to tumor vascularity. Even after identifying 15 cases of thin ( < 1.0 mm thick) melanoma, there was no significant difference in the number of microvessels between metastasizing and non-metastasizing tumors. Comparison of patterns of vascular microarchitecture also failed to discriminate between the two groups. Thus, our results indicate that tumor vascularity may not be an independent prognostic factor for cutaneous melanoma.
Compiling Bayesian networks into neural networks

The criticism on the usage of Bayesian Networks in expert systems was centered around the claim that the use of probability requires a massive amount of data in the form of conditional probabilities. This paper shows that given information easily obtained from experts, the dependence model and some observations, the conditional probabilities can be estimated using backpropagation, such that during training the Bayesian characteristic of the network is preserved. Applying the Occam's razor principal results in defining a partial order among neural network structures. Experiments show that for the Multiplexer problem, the network compiled from the more succinct causal model generalized better than the one compiled from the less succinct model.
Dyadic Green's Function Microstrip Circulator Theory for Inhomogeneous Ferrite with and without Penetrable Walls

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on canonically shaped circulators—namely, those with circular symmetry. Great advantage may be taken of mathematical physics tools when restricting the problems examined to canonically shaped objects, such as those with circular symmetry. For electromagnetic circulators, many actual devices possess some degree of circular symmetry, so symmetry restrictions are not unrealistic. As one moves further and further away from simple objects which are symmetrical, (like a circle in a two-dimensional model or a circular cylinder in a three-dimensional model) the ability to derive explicit dyadic Green's functions becomes more difficult. Finally, when the complexity is increased to the extent when the circulator puck (composed of ferrite anisotropic material) is surrounded by layers of substrate material and layers of superstrate material, with radially changing composition, all that is reasonable to seek is an implicit Green's function, which retains some of the features originally employed to find the simpler explicit Green's function, and new aspects found in the mode-matching method. Adding in the mode-matching technique with its variable number of matching modes seems to irrevocably eliminate the ability to solve for explicit dyadic Green's function elements. Systems of equations or equivalently, matrices in matrix equations contain the properties of the environment external to the puck and the manner in which the outlying areas interface with the puck itself. But what is lost in acquiring the field solutions through explicit dyadic Green's functions is gained in treating much more complicated surrounding environments, which still retain circular symmetry.
Comprehensive country energy assessments using the MARKAL-MACRO model

A number of comprehensive country energy assessments were performed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The assessments provided a framework for analyzing the impacts of various national strategies for meeting energy requirements. These analyses considered the total energy framework. Economics, energy supply, national resources, energy use, environmental impacts, technologies, energy efficiencies, and sociopolitical impacts were some of the factors addressed. National policy makers identified the various strategies to examine. The results of the analyses were provided to the national policy makers to support their decision making. Almost 20 years have passed since these assessments were performed. There have been major changes in energy supply and use, technologies, economics, available resources, and environmental concerns. The availability of improved computer modeling, i.e., MARKAL-MACRO, and improved data collection methods and databases now permit such assessments to be performed in a more sophisticated manner to provide state of the art support to policy makers. The MARKAL-MACRO model was developed to support strategic energy planning. It is widely used in the international community for integrating analyses of environmental options, such as reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. It was used to perform the analyses in the least cost energy strategy study for the Energy Policy act of 1992. Improvements continue to be made to MARKAL-MACRO and its capabilities extended. A methodology to conduct country energy assessments using MARKAL-MACRO is discussed.
Towards a Combined Grouping and Aggregation Algorithm for Fast Query Processing in Columnar Databases with GPUs

Column-store in-memory databases have received a lot of attention because of their fast query processing response times on modern multi-core machines. Among different database operations, group by/aggregate is an important and potentially costly operation. Moreover, sort-based and hash-based algorithms are the most common ways of processing group by/aggregate queries. While sort-based algorithms are used in traditional Data Base Management Systems (DBMS), hash based algorithms can be applied for faster query processing in new columnar databases. Besides, Graphical Processing Units (GPU) can be utilized as fast, high bandwidth co-processors to improve the query processing performance of columnar databases. The focus of this article is on the prototype for group by/aggregate operations that we created to exploit GPUs. We show different hash based algorithms to improve the performance of group by/aggregate operations on GPU. One of the parameters that affect the performance of the group by/aggregate algorithm is the number of groups and hashing algorithm. We show that we can get up to 7.6x improvement in kernel performance compared to a multi-core CPU implementation when we use a partitioned multi-level hash algorithm using GPU shared and global memories.
The Reaction of Clean Li Surfaces with Small Molecules in Ultrahigh Vacuum II. Water

The creation of clean Li surfaces by vapor deposition and their subsequent interaction with oxygen have been studied by a combination of ellipsometry and Auger electron spectroscopy in ultrahigh vacuum. The ellipsometric parameters {Delta} and {Psi} for Li thin films vapor-deposited on a Ni substrate were monotonic functions of the film thickness, and in reasonable agreement with theoretical values calculated for dense (nonporous) films. The clean Li surface is very reactive toward oxygen, with essentially a sticking coefficient of unity at the initial stage of oxidation at 5 {times} 10{sup {minus}8} Torr O{sub 2}. Oxidation of the entire film (75 {angstrom} maximum) into Li{sub 2}O proceeded with an approximately unit reaction probability. A model of oxidation with in-plane contraction of the oxide film (continuously exposing fresh Li) is proposed to explain both the high rate of reaction and the observed variation of {Delta} and {Psi} with time of exposure to O{sub 2}.
Body-composition assessment in infancy: air-displacement plethysmography compared with a reference 4-compartment model

Background A better understanding of the associations of early infant nutrition and growth with adult health requires accurate assessment of body composition in infancy. Objective This study evaluated the performance of an infant-sized air-displacement plethysmograph (PEA POD Infant Body Composition System) for the measurement of body composition in infants. Design Healthy infants (n = 49; age: 1.7-23.0 wk; weight: 2.7-7.1 kg) were examined with the PEA POD system. Reference values for percentage body fat (%BF) were obtained from a 4-compartment (4-C) body-composition model, which was based on measurements of total body water, bone mineral content, and total body potassium. Results Mean (+/- SD) reproducibility of %BF values obtained with the PEA POD system was 0.4 +/- 1.3%. Mean %BF obtained with the PEA POD system (16.9 +/- 6.5%) did not differ significantly from that obtained with the 4-C model (16.3 +/- 7.2%), and the regression between %BF for the 4-C model and that for the PEA POD system (R2 = 0.73, SEE = 3.7%BF) did not deviate significantly from the line of identity (y = x). Conclusions The PEA POD system provided a reliable, accurate, and immediate assessment of %BF in infants. Because of its ease of use, good precision, minimum safety concerns, and bedside accessibility, the PEA POD system is highly suitable for monitoring changes in body composition during infant growth in both the research and clinical settings.
Friendship and Being: Election and Trinitarian Freedom in Moltmann and Barth

This article constructs two responses to Moltmann's critique of Barth's doctrine of divine freedom in Trinity and the Kingdom, a first on the basis of Barth's programmatic treatment of divine freedom in II/1 of the Church Dogmatics and a second on the basis of Bruce McCormack's reading of Barth's doctrine of election. It shows why the Barth of II/1 must dismiss Moltmann's concern for the priority of God's loving relationship to the world while Barth as interpreted by McCormack can accommodate it. Finally it observes the significance of this twofold defense for mapping Barth onto the terrain of modern theology.
Development of an Improved Devitrifiable Fuel Cell Sealing Glass: II. Crystallization Behavior and Structures of Crystalline Phases

The crystallization behavior of the BCAS-type sealants presented in Part I of this series was studied using in situ diffraction and by quantitative diffraction after annealing for 12 or 200 h in air. The baseline sealant, EG9207, is surface nucleated and a kinetics analysis provides the activation energy for crystallization as 281(21) kJ mol -1 . EG9207 crystallizes fully in several minutes at 900°C, while the PNNL G18 composition and several of the new sealants require between 2 and 12 h to crystallize fully. Two phases encountered as crystallization products, Ba 1.4 Ca 1.52 SiO 4 and Ba 0.48 Ca 1.52 SiO 4 , were isolated and the crystal structures were solved using ab initio simulated annealing methods from powder X-ray diffraction data. The two materials crystallize in the Pnma (62) and P3m1(164) space groups, respectively, and Ba 0.48 Ca 1.52 SiO 4 undergoes a slow phase transition between -900 and 1140°C. The structures of Sr 5 Ta 4 O 15 , Ba 3 Ta 5 O 15 , and Ba 2 MgSi 2 O 7 , were also solved and refined from powder X-ray data using isostructural compounds. The thermal expansion of each phase was measured using in situ diffraction from room temperature to 1300°C. The two silicates have large thermal expansion coefficients (RT-900°C), 13.0 for Ba 1.4 Ca 1.52 SiO 4 and 13.9 ppm/K for Ba 0.48 Ca 1.52 SiO 4 . The CTE values for Ba 3 Ta 5 O 15 , and Ba 2 MgSi 2 O 7 , and Sr 5 Ta 4 O 15 , are 7.0, 8.2, and 10.2 ppm/K (RT-900°C), respectively.
Kinetics of Surface-Induced Dissociation of N(CH3)4+ and N(CD3)4+ Using Silicon Nanoparticle Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization and Laser Desorption/Ionization

The implementation of surface-induced dissociation (SID) to study the fast dissociation kinetics (sub-microsecond dissociation) of peptides in a MALDI TOF instrument has been reported previously. Silicon nanoparticle assisted laser desorption/ionization (SPALDI) now allows the study of small molecule dissociation kinetics for ions formed with low initial source internal energy and without MALDI matrix interference. The dissociation kinetics of N(CH3)4+ and N(CD3)4+ were chosen for investigation because the dissociation mechanisms of N(CH3)4+ have been studied extensively, providing well-characterized systems to investigate by collision with a surface. With changes in laboratory collision energy, changes in fragmentation timescale and dominant fragment ions were observed, verifying that these ions dissociate via unimolecular decay. At lower collision energies, methyl radical (CH3) loss with a sub-microsecond dissociation rate is dominant, but consecutive H loss after CH3 loss becomes dominant at higher collision energies. These observations are consistent with the known dissociation pathways. The dissociation rate of CH3 loss from N(CH3)4+ formed by SPALDI and dissociated by an SID lab collision energy of 15 eV corresponds to log k = 8.1, a value achieved by laser desorption ionization (LDI) and SID at 5 eV. The results obtained with SPALDI SID and LDI SID confirm that (1) the dissociation follows unimolecular decay as predicted by RRKM calculations; (2) the SPALDI process deposits less initial energy than LDI, which has advantages for kinetics studies; and (3) fluorinated self-assembled monolayers convert about 18% of laboratory collision energy into internal energy. SID TOF experiments combined with SPALDI and peak shape analysis enable the measurement of dissociation rates for fast dissociation of small molecules.
Inseparability in recursive copies

Abstract In [7] and [8], it is established that given any abstract countable structure S and a relation R on S, then as long as S has a recursive copy satisfying extra decidability conditions, R will be ∑0α on every recursive copy of S iff R is definable in L S by a special type of infinitary formula, a ∑rα(p) formula. We generalize the typ e of constructions of these papers to produce conditions under which, given two disjoint relations R1 and R2 on S, there is a recursive copy of S in which R1 and R2 are 0α inseparable. We then apply these theorems to specific everyday structures such as linear orderings, boolean algebras andvector spaces.
Molecular cloning and characterization of the STA2 glucoamylase gene of Saccharomyces diastaticus.

The Saccharomyces diastaticus structural gene STA2, encoding an extracellular glucoamylase (1,4-α-d-glucan glycohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.3.), has been cloned by complementation of a stao strain. A genomic library was initially constructed from a STA2 yeast strain in the yeast Escherichia coli shuttle cosmid vector pYCl. The Sta+ complementing function was further delimited to an 8.3 kb BglII fragment whose restriction map was found to be similar to related genomic regions of STA1 and STA3. Fusions of several DNA fragments derived from the 8.3 kb BglII fragment with a truncated E. coli β-galactosidase gene resulted in two overlapping fragments that could direct the production of large fusion proteins in E. coli. These fusion proteins were immunoprecipitable by anti-glucoamylase II antibodies, confirming that the Sta+ complementing fusion was due to the expression of a gene that coded for a yeast glucoamylase. Measurements of the STA1, STA2 and STA3 RNA transcripts by RNA-DNA hybridization using an internal fragment of the cloned STA2 gene as the probe indicated that a common transcript of 2.5 kb is produced by each of the STA genes. Integrative disruption of the STA2 gene through homologous recombination was achieved by transforming a STA2 yeast strain to Sta− using an in vitro constructed donor DNA fragment that has the URA3 gene inserted within the coding region of the cloned glucoamylase gene. This was confirmed by tetrad analysis of crosses between strains carrying a disrupted STA2 and a functional STA2. Southern blot analysis using BamHI digested genomic DNA from 15 tetrads demonstrated consistent co-segregation and Mendelian inheritance of the Sta− phenotype with STA2::URA3. These data further confirm that the cloned DNA that showed Sta+ complementing activity carries a functional STA2 gene that encodes the yeast extracellular glucoamylase II.
Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase activity by synthetic peptides derived from the HIV-1 HXB2 Pol region of the viral genome.

Abstract Peptides deriving from the HIV-1 HXB2 Pol gene sequence were evaluated for inhibitory activity against wild-type (WT) and mutant HIV-1 integrase (IN). The most potent peptide corresponding to a region on the reverse transcriptase (RT) subunit of the Pol polyprotein showed IC50 value of 5 and 2 μM for 3′-processing and strand transfer, respectively. These peptides, and their analogs, may potentially be used in the elucidation of structural and functional epitopes of IN involved in protein–protein and protein–small molecule interactions.
Molecular studies of cytoplasmic male sterility in maize

A few extra genes that are not found in the mitochondria of other organisms are encoded by plant mitochondrial genomes. Current evidence suggests that the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) trait of maize is due to mitochondrial gene mutations. In the sterile maize (CMS-T) a unique mitochondrial gene, designated urf /13-T, appears to cause CMS and susceptibility to the fungal pathogen Helminthosporium maydis race T, and its pathotoxin, T-toxin. The urf 13-T gene encodes a 13 kDa polypeptide that is located in the mitochondrial membrane. In CMS-T two nuclear restorer genes, Rf 1 and Rf 2, countermand the CMS trait and restore viable pollen production. The Rf 1 locus appears to contribute to pollen restoration by reducing the expression of the 13 kDa protein. The function of the Rf 2 gene is unknown. T-toxin and the insecticide methomyl inhibit respiration of mitochondria from CMS-T but not from other maize cytoplasms. When the urf 13-T gene is transformed into E. coli cells and expressed, bacterial respiration is inhibited by both T-toxin and methomyl. Respiration is not inhibited by these compounds in the absence of the 13 kDa protein or with a truncated version of the protein. These studies indicate that the 13 kDa protein is responsible for conferring sensitivity to T-toxin and methomyl. The male-sterile cytoplasm, CMS-C, contains mutations of the mitochondrial genes atp 9, atp 6 and cox II. These mutations have resulted from rearrangements involving portions of mitochondrial genes and chloroplast DNA. One of these gene mutations may be responsible for CMS; however, we currently have no evidence confirming this possibility. Nevertheless, it is clear that different factors cause male sterility in CMS-T and CMS-C because the urf 13-T gene is only found in CMS-T.
Autoregressive moving average modeling for finger tapping with an external stimulus.

We report the Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) structures of interresponse interval and interstimulus interval in rhythmic finger tapping and how tapping schemes arise from these structures. Th...
Corning 7972 ULE material for segmented and large monolithic mirror blanks

Ultra-Low Expansion (ULE®) glass has been and continues to be a significant material for astronomical applications. With a nominal composition of 7 wt. %TiO2 in SiO2, Corning Code 7972 ULE® has a mean room temperature coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 0 ± 30 ppb/°C with a typical CTE range of less than 15 ppb/°C, properties vital to the manufacture of high resolution optics requiring extreme thermal stability. Combined with lightweighting techniques developed at Corning during the past 30 years, ULE® has been successfully employed for numerous monolithic and lightweight mirror applications including the 2.4 meter Hubble Space Telescope lightweight primary mirror, the Airborne Laser (ABL) primary mirrors, and most recently the Discovery Channel Telescope 4 meter mirror blank. ULE® maintains its strong candidacy for future ELT applications. Recent challenges in mirror surface specifications and the development of alternative material choices calls for a comparison with ULE®. The objective of this article is to review ULE® properties and manufacturing capabilities, and to compare relevant material properties to those of alternative material options, thus allowing designers to properly execute material selection. Finally, recent development efforts directed toward improving ULE® will be discussed.
The red muscle morphology of the thresher sharks (family Alopiidae).

SUMMARY A more medial and anterior position of the red aerobic myotomal muscle (RM) and the presence of a vascular counter-current heat exchange system provide the functional elements that facilitate regional RM endothermy in tunas, lamnid sharks and the common thresher shark ( Alopias vulpinus ). The convergent RM morphology among all species capable of RM endothermy suggests that RM position is a strong predictor of fish endothermic capacity. The present study investigated the comparative RM morphology of the other two thresher shark species (bigeye thresher, Alopias superciliosus , and the pelagic thresher, Alopias pelagicus ), for which there is no information regarding their capacity for RM endothermy, and compared these data with published works on A. vulpinus . The digitization of transverse sections along the body of A. superciliosus and A. pelagicus enabled quantification of the relative amount of RM and the position and placement of the RM along the body. The RM in both A. superciliosus and A. pelagicus is positioned subcutaneously, along the lateral edges of the myotomes, and is distributed relatively evenly over the trunk of the body. The position of maximum RM area is at 50% fork length ( FL ) for A. superciliosus and at 75% FL for A. pelagicus . The amount of RM (mean ± s.e.m.) is 2.31±0.11% and 3.01±0.10% in A. superciliosus and A. pelagicus , respectively. When compared with A. vulpinus , all three alopiid sharks have a similar amount of RM. However, A. superciliosus and A. pelagicus differ from A. vulpinus in that they do not possess the medial and anterior RM arrangement that would likely facilitate metabolic heat conservation (RM endothermy).
Evaluations of Science Laboratory Data: The Role of Computer-Presented Information

The present study examines how students currently evaluate information acquired in the science laboratory, especially computer-presented information. We examine the effect of the use of microcomputer-based laboratory and of an explicit instruction on students' critical evaluation skills. Finally we contrast the activities in a science laboratory with current thinking about epistemology in the philosophy of science.
America’s Democracy Colleges: The Civic Engagement of Community College Students

This study explored the civic engagement of current two- and four-year students to explore whether differences exist between the groups and what may explain the differences. Using binary logistic regression and Ordinary Least Squares regression it was found that community-based engagement was lower for two- than four-year students, though community-based engagement increased as two-year students spent more time on campus, measured by enrolling full-time, living on campus, and working on campus. For political protests, two-year students were similar to four-year students, but when they spent more time on campus they were more likely to participate in political protests. For discussing politics, time spent on campus did not explain the differences between two- and four-year students. These findings indicate that while community college students arrive at college predisposed to lower rates of engagement than four-year students, these differences may be reduced by spending more time in educational settings by...
Community-based service learning in the engaged university.

Abstract The engaged university expands the concept of service learning to include a redesigned approach to teaching, research, and service functions that leads to a productive involvement with communities. This article describes an ongoing community partnership that models the best-practice aspects of the engaged university. Nurs Outlook 2002;50:67-71.
Tangled1: A Microtubule Binding Protein Required for the Spatial Control of Cytokinesis in Maize

Spatial control of cytokinesis in plant cells depends on guidance of the cytokinetic apparatus, the phragmoplast, to a cortical “division site” established before mitosis. Previously, we showed that the Tangled1 (Tan1) gene of maize is required for this process during maize leaf development (Cleary, A.L., and L.G. Smith. 1998. Plant Cell. 10:1875–1888.). Here, we show that the Tan1 gene is expressed in dividing cells and encodes a highly basic protein that can directly bind to microtubules (MTs). Moreover, proteins recognized by anti-TAN1 antibodies are preferentially associated with the MT-containing cytoskeletal structures that are misoriented in dividing cells of tan1 mutants. These results suggest that TAN1 protein participates in the orientation of cytoskeletal structures in dividing cells through an association with MTs.