cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Governing relations between people and things: Citizenship, territory, and the political economy of petroleum in Ecuador

Abstract Ecuador is the fifth largest producer of petroleum in Latin America. Petroleum has brought prosperity to many Ecuadorians, effectively becoming the nation's most important natural resource. It also has inspired intense political mobilizations. While the best known of these are led by Amazonian indigenous peoples, petroleum has also generated other important but not as well-recognized mobilizations. This paper focuses on the political mobilization of Amazonian agricultural settlers and petroleum workers in relation to petroleum. While these actors do not share common livelihood or cultural struggles, the discourses that frame their mobilizations in relation to petroleum have common elements. Their dissatisfaction with the political economy of petroleum in the 1990s and 2000s, for example, generated high profile protests and civil unrest that centered not on stopping production, but on demanding a more ‘responsible management’ of petroleum by the state. The paper brings together political economy, mechanisms of subject formation, and the material qualities of petroleum to explore how petroleum production in Ecuador has shaped common views on citizenship among these actors that center on petroleum as a site of regulation of social life.
Camouflage-Collar Crime: An Examination of Wildlife Crime and Characteristics of Offenders in Florida

Fish and wildlife crime is an understudied area of criminology and criminal justice and when it is the focus of research, studies tend to be characterized by small samples and a lack of multivariate analyses. This study examines the nature and extent of cited fish and wildlife offenses and characteristics of offenders through quantitative analysis of 15,657 incidents of cited fish and wildlife offenses in Florida. The results indicate that a viable typology of wildlife crime is emergent and that there are important racial and ethnic differences across types of wildlife offenses.
Toxicogenomic profiling of chemically exposed humans in risk assessment

Gene-environment interactions contribute to complex disease development. The environmental contribution, in particular low-level and prevalent environmental exposures, may constitute much of the risk and contribute substantially to disease. Systematic risk evaluation of the majority of human chemical exposures, has not been conducted and is a goal of regulatory agencies in the U.S. and worldwide. With the recent recognition that toxicological approaches more predictive of effects in humans are required for risk assessment, in vitro human cell line data as well as animal data are being used to identify toxicity mechanisms that can be translated into biomarkers relevant to human exposure studies. In this review, we discuss how data from toxicogenomic studies of exposed human populations can inform risk assessment, by generating biomarkers of exposure, early effect, and/or susceptibility, elucidating mechanisms of action underlying exposure-related disease, and detecting response at low doses. Good experimental design incorporating precise, individual exposure measurements, phenotypic anchors (pre-disease or traditional toxicological markers), and a range of relevant exposure levels, is necessary. Further, toxicogenomic studies need to be designed with sufficient power to detect true effects of the exposure. As more studies are performed and incorporated into databases such as the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) and Chemical Effects in Biological Systems (CEBS), data can be mined for classification of newly tested chemicals (hazard identification), and, for investigating the dose-response, and inter-relationship among genes, environment and disease in a systems biology approach (risk characterization).
Incorporating Geographic Correlation When Sampling a Transportation Network

Estimating characteristics of motor vehicles and their occupants based on sampling road segments and vehicles on those road segments is inherently a statistical sampling problem. An important aspect to sampling transportation networks that has not been previously examined in detail is addressed here; it incorporates the correlation between road segments in a traffic network into the sampling design. An approach for estimating the correlation between links in a transportation network is described, and a recommended approach for incorporating this correlation into the sampling design is presented. Also, the implementation and evaluation of these approaches relative to simple random sampling without replacement is illustrated by using four sampling scenarios typically encountered when sampling a transportation network.
Predicting Risk of Motor Vehicle Collisions in Patients with Glaucoma: A Longitudinal Study

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ability of longitudinal Useful Field of View (UFOV) and simulated driving measurements to predict future occurrence of motor vehicle collision (MVC) in drivers with glaucoma. DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: 117 drivers with glaucoma followed for an average of 2.1 ± 0.5 years. METHODS: All subjects had standard automated perimetry (SAP), UFOV, driving simulator, and cognitive assessment obtained at baseline and every 6 months during follow-up. The driving simulator evaluated reaction times to high and low contrast peripheral divided attention stimuli presented while negotiating a winding country road, with central driving task performance assessed as "curve coherence". Drivers with MVC during follow-up were identified from Department of Motor Vehicle records. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival models were used to evaluate the ability of driving simulator and UFOV to predict MVC over time, adjusting for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Mean age at baseline was 64.5 ± 12.6 years. 11 of 117 (9.4%) drivers had a MVC during follow-up. In the multivariable models, low contrast reaction time was significantly predictive of MVC, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.19 per 1 SD slower reaction time (95% CI, 1.30 to 3.69; P = 0.003). UFOV divided attention was also significantly predictive of MVC with a HR of 1.98 per 1 SD worse (95% CI, 1.10 to 3.57; P = 0.022). Global SAP visual field indices in the better or worse eye were not predictive of MVC. The longitudinal model including driving simulator performance was a better predictor of MVC compared to UFOV (R2 = 0.41 vs R2 = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal divided attention metrics on the UFOV test and during simulated driving were significantly predictive of risk of MVC in glaucoma patients. These findings may help improve the understanding of factors associated with driving impairment related to glaucoma. Language: en
Stability of emotion-modulated startle during short and long picture presentation.

Following reports on improved test–retest reliability of emotion-modulated startle during a 6-s picture presentation when different pictures are presented at each assessment (Larson et al., 2000) and data suggesting that brief picture presentations also elicit affective blink modulation (Codispoti, Bradley, & Lang, 2001), we assessed test–retest reliability of blink modulation during brief picture presentations. At two acoustic startle sessions (4 weeks apart) subjects viewed different IAPS pictures for either 6 s (long group) or 300 ms (short), with emotion modulation assessed at three different points in time during and following picture viewing. Group ANOVAs revealed emotion modulation for both short and long groups. In addition, comparable and, in some cases, greater stability of emotion modulation was found for short compared to long picture presentations. Stability was generally low for individual probe times for both groups.
Experimental simulation of stochastic stream response to thermal inputs and application of spectral analysis techniques

Abstract Experimental data on stream temperature were collected using a laboratory model by super-imposing cyclic and continuous non-cyclic thermal discharges (steam was used as the thermal discharge) on the inherently noisy signals of the stream. The resulting data measured at two different points along the stream were processed by spectral analysis. Flow rate and position of measurement were found to play important roles in drawing information from the data. The cyclic nature of the periodic thermal discharge could be observable in the autocorrelation and power spectrum.
Thirty-Degree Prone Positioning Board for Children with Gastroesophageal Reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) or chalasia in infants can be defined simply as the regurgitation of gastric contents from the abdominal stomach into the thoracic esophagus.1 Chief among its clinical manifestations is recurrent emesis during and after feedings.1,2 This symptom is present in up to 95 percent of reported cases.2 In addition, any or all of the following disorders may be present: anemia, failure to thrive, nocturnal wheeze or cough, recurrent pneumonia because of aspiration, recurrent bronchitis, near-miss sudden infant death syndrome, and abnormal head positioning (Sandifer syndrome).1,2 An important aspect of the treatment regimen for these patients is positioning during and after feeding. Numerous reports in the literature suggest an upright posture in an infant seat at 45 to 60 degrees after feeding will decrease the incidence of GER.3 Other references suggest a prone posture at 30 degrees after feeding will also decrease the incidence of GER in infants.2,4,5
An Immunologic Approach to Contraception: Localization of Antiembryo and Antizona Pellucida Serum during Mouse Preimplantation Development *

Rabbit antisera were developed to mouse preimplantation eggs at 3 developmental stages: 1) to the unfertilized just ovulated cumulusoocyte mass; 2) to morulae; and 3) to uterine blastocyst. Unabsorbed antisera and antisera absorbed with whole mouse serum were characterized against homologous and heterologous embryonic antigen and against whole mouse serum by immunoelectrophoresis by in vitro embryo culture and by fluorescent antibody methods. In fluorescent antibody studies each antiserum localized slightly on ooplasm at homologous stages and strongly on the zona pellucida at all ovarian and preimplantation stages. Embryos died when cultured in media containing antiembryo sera. The possiblity that antizona pellucida serum could be developed as a contraceptive antibody in instances of single coitus was discussed. Also it was suggested that the zona pellucida may be usable as a reproduction-specific antigen for direct contraceptive immunization of the female.
The Wages of Ubiquity in Trademark Law

In this Article, Professor Stadler argues that an originalist construction of trademark dilution law requires those who would allege dilution to show that their marks have what Frank Schechter termed uniqueness - that is, that those marks not only are highly distinctive, but also have been associated in the public mind with a particular product or product class. To date, the trademark community has assumed that only third parties can dilute. Professor Stadler argues, however, that a trademark owner destroys the uniqueness of its own mark, thus committing what she terms the sin of ubiquity, when that trademark owner disturbs the association between its mark and the product or product class with which the public identifies that mark. Thus, when trademark owners engage in brand extension, when they task their marks with identifying a conglomerate instead of what Schechter termed a particular product, those marks become ubiquitous. Ubiquity destroys uniqueness. Without uniqueness, there can be no dilution by third parties. Thus, when it comes to dilution protection, Professor Stadler concludes that ubiquitous marks need not apply.
Bronchoscopic interventions in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In the past few years, there have been exciting developments in bronchoscopic efforts at attaining lung volume reduction (LVR), given real and perceived risks of surgical LVR. The purpose of this review is to discuss these techniques, with special emphasis on what we have learnt in the past 1-2 years. RECENT FINDINGS: Bronchoscopic techniques can be broadly classified as one-way valves, which allow air to exit but not enter, thus reducing air trapping; airway bypass stents, which create an extra-anatomical pathway for air to exit; biologic and polymeric substances, which seal the emphysematous lung, eventually collapsing it; bronchial thermal vapor ablation, which causes thermal damage and thus achieves LVR; and endobronchial elastic coils, which mechanically cause LVR. The specific role of these is being defined by recent publications. The central role of collateral ventilation in choosing amongst these procedures is now established, as it has become clear that in the presence of collateral ventilation, valves provide only modest benefit, if any at all. Thus it is of interest that the other modalities which are independent of collateral ventilation are being studied further. SUMMARY: Though the preliminary results are quite encouraging, further trials need to be done before these procedures can be adopted in daily practice.
American High School Physical Training of Reserve Forces process

The field investigations,surveys,case studies and interviews were adopted to analyze the American primary and secondary reserve sports talents cultivation process.U.S.school sports occupy a higher position in the whole education system.Combining education and sport is a notable feature of U.S.school sports reserve personnel training,the strict enrollment regulations to ensure all-round development and cultural qualities of the student athletes and athletic performance.Strong interest in youth sports,school student athletes with a good education and training management promotes the sustainable development of the level of competitive sports in the United States and continues to increase.Large-scale cultivation of the powerful social sports club for the training of reserve forces of the United States sports provides strong support school sports teams with complementary social sports club and sports talented guarantee.
METHOD STUDY OF THE THERMAL LIGHT AND ITS AGE MEASUREMENT

Uhe Thermal Light (TL) age of the quartz was usually used for the measurement of age in domestic research work, here, the calcite as the mineral was tested and studied the TL measurement of age, the TL age of the sampling tested was half million years. From the time domain, it maybe is the last one thermal event age.
On Li Bai's Resentment and Vulgarity

LI Bai's personality is usually associated with "flowing grace"because of his elegant poems.Yet from LI Bai's personal experiences and poetic creation,it is obvious that he lived in resentment and was even vugar because of his failure in achieving his life ambition.
Clinical examination of fish in private collections.

Pet fish practice is a rapidly evolving area of exotic pet practice. Some clinically significant physiologic differences between fish and higher vertebrates include ectothermy, respiration, and osmoregulation. Clinical evaluation should include a thorough medical history, water quality analysis, and external examination including gill and skin biopsy. Fish can be restrained for physical examination and biopsy either manually or chemically. Preventive health care programs should be based on the principles of water quality management, nutritional management, sanitation, and quarantine. The economic investment in livestock, tanks, and related equipment makes payment for veterinary service a reasonable option for many fish owners.
Enhancing the Usability of Climate Information and Models Through Stakeholder Engagement

As the impacts of climate change intensify, environmental scientists and earth system modelers are rapidly advancing our understanding of the complex dynamics of climate change. Although large quantities of high-quality climate data and climate science information are now publicly available, the usability of this information to policy-makers and other nonacademic decision-makers is limited. It is widely recognized that novel approaches to increasing the usability of climate science information and enhancing its influence in decision-making are needed. This chapter reports on a regional climate change impacts modeling project called BioEarth funded by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and based at Washington State University, which is attempting to bridge the gap climate science usability gap. We consider the lessons learned in the course of BioEarth’s stakeholder engagement efforts and reflect on how those insights may contribute to other initiatives seeking to develop and communicate useable climate science information. Lessons from BioEarth may be applicable to USDA’s recently established Regional Climate Hubs, which are envisioned as internet-based centers that will deliver climate change data and analyses to farmers, ranchers, and forest landowners. This research contributes to the emerging field of policy informatics by exploring mechanisms by which climate science data and models can become more usable to decision-makers.
The Structured Interview Exercise

This exercise, developed for use in an undergraduate human resource management course, prepares students to create, conduct and participate in a structured employment interview. Working from an O*NET position description, students identify situational and behavioral employment interviewing questions designed to assess job applicants' qualifications for the position. Anchored evaluation criteria are developed for each question and students participate in mock interviews. Students receive peer feedback on the quality of their interview questions and evaluation criteria as well as feedback on their performance in a mock interview. A brief review of relevant research on structured interviewing is included along with teaching notes, handouts, student reactions, and exercise instructions.
Abstract 15897: Superior Efficacy of Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation Over Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy for Maintaining Sinus Rhythm: Meta-Analysis of 12 Randomized Controlled Trials with 1694 Patients

Introduction: There is debate regarding the ideal rhythm-control strategy for maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We report a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing catheter ablation with antiarrhythmic drug therapy (ADT) to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with AF. Methods: We searched Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for RCTs comparing catheter ablation vs. ADT for AF. Random-effects models were used to estimate the primary outcome of atrial tachyarrhythmia (AT) recurrence and secondary outcomes of major adverse events and death during follow-up. Results: A total of 12 RCTs (1694 patients) were included. Catheter ablation was associated with lower risk of AT recurrence as compared to ADT (26.5% vs. 69.1%, pooled risk ratio 0.36, 95% CI 0.28-0.47, p Conclusions: Catheter ablation is safer and more efficacious than ADT to maintain sinus rhythm and therefore should be the preferred treatment strategy for rhythm-control in selected patients with symptomatic AF. Figure 1: Meta-analysis of catheter ablation vs. antiarrhythmic drug therapy (ADT) for atrial fibrillation - relative risk of atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence during follow-up.
Overclaiming is Criminal

For some time patent law has been criticized for a flood of bad patents. Patents of questionable validity are being issued with broad often-nebulous boundaries. A majority of the blame for these bad patents has fallen on the shoulders of the Patent and Trademark Office (PTO). Bad patents exist, so the argument goes, because the PTO has improperly issued them. In response the PTO has launched a major initiative to improve patent quality. Our singular focus on the PTO though threatens to overlook the other major player responsible for patent quality – patent applicants. Currently patent applicants are not seen as having any particular duty to seek only good patents. Today applicants can seek excessively broad claims if they want to. It is the PTO’s job to police against such excessive claims. This article shows this prevalent practice of overclaiming is dangerously mistaken. Though not generally appreciated, the patent statute includes powerful features that put a significant duty on applicants and their patent attorneys to file only properly sized patent claims. As shown, applicants have a duty to file claims that do not exceed their invention. And though it likely comes as a surprise to much of the patent bar, that duty is enforced by criminal sanctions. Simply put, willful overclaiming is criminal; it is a felony.
Emergence of a Professional Practice

Knapp and Hulbert describe the origins of ghostwriting in ancient Greece and Rome, Eastern civilizations, and the Elizabethan era. They then examine more recent developments, focusing on the growth of public relations practice in the twentieth century and describing the behind-the-scenes roles of public relations professionals who draft speeches, books, and other communications for their clients. Knapp and Hulbert then consider ghostwriting in view of the ethics codes of major professional societies, and reflect on the ways in which the practice has developed due to necessity in a communication-driven world. The authors conclude by offering reflections on the chapter through the lens of the ethical framework introduced in Chap. 1.
A Curriculum Model Featuring Oral Communication Instruction and Practice

Good oral communication skills are essential for success in the workplace. Burge [3] recently highlighted the need to create a curriculum-wide program emphasizing communication skills. We have implemented a curriculum that provides communication skills instruction and practice at each level of the computer science major. Here we present a description of the coursework emphasizing formal presentation and small group communication skills. We also share findings from a survey of alumni showing their perception of communication preparation. Even in our program that provides significant opportunities for communication skill development, the majority of alumni felt that additional instruction should be integrated into the major curriculum.
Comparison of real-world and certification emission rates for light duty gasoline vehicles.

Abstract U.S. light duty vehicles are subject to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standards. Emission compliance is determined by certification testing of selected emissions from representative vehicles on standard driving cycles using chassis dynamometers. Test results are also used in many emission inventories. The dynamometer based emission rates are adjusted to provide the certification levels (CL), which must be lower than the standards for compliance. Although standard driving cycles are based on specific observations of real-world driving, they are not necessarily real-world representative. A systematic comparison of the real-world emission rates of U.S. light duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) versus CL, and emission standards has not been previously reported. The purpose of this work is to compare regulatory limits (both CLs and emission standards) and the real-world emissions of LDGVs. The sensitivity of the comparisons to cold start emission was assessed. Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) were used to measure hot stabilized exhaust emissions of 122 LDGVs on a specified 110 mile test route. Cold start emissions were measured with PEMS for a selected vehicle sample of 32 vehicles. Emissions were measured for carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). For each vehicle, a Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) modal emission rate model was developed. The VSP modal rates were weighted by the standard driving cycles and real-world driving cycles to estimate the respective cycle average emission rates (CAERs). Measured vehicles were matched with certification test vehicles for comparison. For systematic trends in comparison, vehicles were classified into four groups based on the Tier 1 and Tier 2 emission regulation, and the vehicle type such as passenger car and passenger truck. Depending on the cycle-pollutant and the vehicle groups, hot stabilized CAERs are on average either statistically significantly higher than or significantly not different from the CLs, with the exception of CO on the US06 cycle, for which real-world rates are lower than CLs. Compared to the emission standards, hot stabilized CAERs are on average significantly lower. However, comparisons of CAERs and standards are sensitive to cold start emissions. For some combinations of pollutants and vehicle groups, cold start inclusive CAERs are higher than the corresponding CLs and as high as the standards. The CLs, which are based on standard driving cycles, tend to underestimate real-world emission rates. Therefore, emission inventory estimates using certification test results are potentially underestimated.
Examining methods to estimate static body sway from the Kinect V2.0 skeletal data: implications for clinical rehabilitation

Static body sway is a clinically relevant activity parameter, used to assess postural balance, across a wide spectrum of patient populations. We have examined static body sway using two different segmental total body center of mass (TBCM) estimation methods, the Generator of Body Data III (GEBOD) and Winter's method, using Microsoft Kinect skeletal data. Twenty subjects were recruited through an IRB study and asked to perform three trials of single leg stance with their eyes closed, with positioning based on the Balance Error Scoring System. A force plate system was used to estimate the ground truth data for comparison. Results show that both GEBOD and Winter's method performed similar in estimating anterior-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) body sway. The results also show highly correlated measurements by the two TBCM estimation methods when compared with the force plate system (mean RMSE value of 10.18 mm square in AP and 8.00 mm square in ML direction). Ordinary Least Square (OLS) linear regressions were performed to improve body sway results obtained from the two methods. Improved sway range values obtained from the simple regression method was able to reduce the estimation errors by 50% (~ 10 mm in both AP and ML body sway). The two static body sway estimation methods were found reliable for obtaining body sway. Thus, the inexpensive, portable Kinect V2.0 can be used for clinical measurements.
Terry Stops and Frisks: The Troubling Use of Common Sense in a World of Empirical Data

The investigative detention doctrine first announced in Terry v. Ohio and amplified over the past fifty years has been much analyzed, praised, and criticized from a number of perspectives. Significantly, however, over this time period commentators have only occasionally questioned the Supreme Court’s “common sense” judgments regarding the factors sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion for stops and frisks. For years, the Court has provided no empirical basis for its judgments, due in large part to the lack of reliable data. Now, with the emergence of comprehensive data on these police practices, much can be learned about the predictive power of suspect conduct and other predicates for law enforcement interventions. And what has been learned calls into question a number of factors that have been credited over many years. No observer of the legal system can fail to notice the growing role of data and empirical analysis in the courts. A disparate set of cases have turned in large part on rigorously analyzed data. Yet this trend has not taken root in an important set of cases involving the widely used practice of stop-and-frisk. When stop-and-frisk practices become the subject of litigation, courts generally either have no data to review or have failed to engage in empirical analysis of the data that are available and which could be used to test the claims of reasonable suspicion. Rather, the courts invoke the conventional wisdom that as a matter of common sense certain conduct, for example, furtive movement, flight, bulges in clothing, and suspect location, indicates criminal conduct. We have no argument with common sense propositions; we have no aversion to clear, straightforward thinking. But what this phrase often reflects is a set of unexamined (even if widely held) assumptions. The proliferation of data on these basic questions provides the means for empirical analysis, and it is our argument that courts should do so in assessing reasonable suspicion factors in the same manner that they have engaged in empirical judgments, using both big and targeted data, in other areas.
POMDP and MOMDP solutions for structural life-cycle cost minimization under partial and mixed observability

Scheduling of inspection and maintenance policies during the life-cycle of operating infrastructure necessitates optimization of long-term objectives in stochastic environments. Modern answers to t...
17p13.3 quadruplication: A prenatal and postpartum clinical characterization of a copy number variant

Prenatal genetic testing has advanced rapidly in the past decade. However, not all results, including variants, are well understood. We report the finding of a 2.5-Mb gene region quadruplication of Chromosome 17p13.3. This region is well characterized for the deletion leading to Miller-Dieker syndrome but has an unclear replication phenotype. Invasive testing performed after ultrasound abnormalities were seen revealed the quadruplication sequence as well as a short segment (850 kb) with x5 copy number variation. This region has previously been reported in a collection of duplications with shared phenotype; our quadruplication suggests similarities in phenotype. This raises the hypothesis of a potential spectrum or copy number variant-based phenotype.
Phototropin 1 is required for high-fluence blue-light-mediated mRNA destabilization

Irradiation of etiolated wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings with a single pulse of blue (B) light with a total fluence equal to that of 1 min of sunlight causes the destabilization of nuclear-encoded Lhcb transcripts. Transcript destabilization is not observed in phototropin1 (phot1, formerly nph1) mutant seedlings, indicating that phot1 is likely the photoreceptor mediating this response. Destabilization is also absent in nph3 mutants, but occurs normally in nph4 mutants. The rates of Lhcb transcription and B low-fluence-induced Lhcb transcript accumulation are normal in phot1 seedlings, confirming that phot1 regulates destabilization, not a change in transcription. A similar pattern of regulation is observed for the chloroplast-encoded rbcL transcript. The lack of destabilization of a second chloroplast encoded transcript, psbD, indicates that the phot1/B-high-fluence system does not result in a general destabilization of all chloroplast transcripts. Localized sequence similarity between the Lhcb 5′-UTR and the rbcL 3′-UTR suggests a similar mechanism of destabilization even though the two transcripts are located in different sub-cellular compartments. The high-fluence threshold of phot1-mediated RNA destabilization contrasts with the low-fluence threshold required for phot1-directed first-positive phototropic curvature. This study indicates that phot1, like phytochrome, can discriminate between several fluence ranges and direct responses in specific tissues or different sub-cellular compartments.
Modular Action Language ${\cal ALM}$

The field of knowledge representation experienced substantial progress in representing dynamic domains during the last decades. Action languages were created to describe transition diagrams in a mathematically accurate and concise manner. Solutions for the frame, ramification and qualification problems were discovered. We now have a good understanding of how to describe effects of actions and action executability conditions. However, the issue of describing objects of dynamic domains, including actions and fluents, remains almost unaddressed. The traditional approach, in which such objects are represented as constants or terms, doesn't allow for an elaboration tolerant and scalable represention of action properties. In previous action languages it is impossible to describe objects of the domain in terms of other, already defined, objects. This and similar features can be achieved by adding modularity to action languages. This would enable programmers to create libraries of knowledge about dynamic domains.
The rural municipalities of 1787: the nobility, seigneurial regime and revolutionary politics

ABSTRACTIn 1787, the French monarchy invited rural residents to elect municipalites. These village administrations formed the lowest rung of a broader reform bringing the landed classes into provincial assemblies. The king and his ministers sought to enlist the support of royal subjects for fiscal reform. The monarchy’s archives regarding the rural municipalities bear directly on debates about the privileged orders in the origins of the Revolution. Nobles took part by the Enlightenment. They provoked the crisis of the regime in resisting royal policies in 1787 and 1788. The nobles nevertheless opposed the rural municipalities. They regarded the village elections as subversive of the jurisdictional rights of lords on which the monarchy was based. The rural municipalities thus represented a confrontation between the liberal ideals of many nobles and their underlying attachment to the political hierarchy of the old regime. As a result of this confrontation, a number of nobles became willing to attenuate the ...
Soil health indicators as affected by diverse forage species and mixtures in semi-arid pastures.

Abstract ‘WW-B.Dahl’ Old World bluestem [OWB, Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz) S.T. Blake] is a persistent pasture grass in the semi-arid Texas High Plains. Some growers are transitioning their irrigated continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) land to dryland or low-irrigation production of WW-B.Dahl owing to diminished water supply. This grass strongly deters soil-dwelling ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), presumably via release of unidentified phytochemical repellants in the soil. Our aim was to determine whether the inhibitory effects of OWB extend to soil microbial community structure and function in relation to other adapted forages. We compared soil chemical and microbial properties in a Pullman clay-loam soil for OWB relative to OWB-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), alfalfa, and native mixed-grass pastures at 0–5 cm and 10–15 cm depth in June and December of 2016. The pastures ranged in age from 7 to 17 yr. Most measurements of organic forms of C and N showed greatest amounts in OWB-alfalfa; however, not always significantly. Enzyme activities linked to C, N, and S transformations were greatest (P ≤ 0.03) with OWB-alfalfa. This trend was similar for alkaline phosphatase activity, involved in P cycling, but not always significantly. Soil organic C in OWB was 1.2–1.4 fold greater than in the native mix depending on soil depth and sampling date, whereas SOC in OWB-alfalfa was 1.4–1.6 fold greater than in the native mix. Enzyme activities and microbial biomass N (MBN) were likewise greater in OWB and OWB-alfalfa than in the native mix, likely because the latter received no irrigation or N inputs. The microbial community structure demonstrated greater total FAMEs, bacterial markers for Gram+, Gram−, and actinomycetes in OWB-alfalfa compared to OWB, alfalfa, and native mix. Similar results were found in fungal markers for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and saprophytic fungi. Protozoan indicators were found only in December, of which the native mix had the highest levels in the 0–5 cm depth. In general, selected soil properties, soil microbial biomass, community and enzyme activities were greater in December than in June except AMF, which was greater in June. The stimulating effect of OWB growing with alfalfa on the soil microbial community suggested this forage combination as favorable for soil health in relation to OWB, alfalfa alone, and native mixed-grass pastures. The previously reported inhibitory effect of OWB on soil-dwelling ants did not carry over to a depressing effect on the soil microbial component.
Clinical Reasoning: A 35-year-old woman with diplopia, ataxia, and altered mental status

A 35-year-old Pacific Islander with a history of type II diabetes mellitus presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with complaints of an intermittent sense of imbalance, left-sided paresthesias of the face and extremities, and difficulty moving her eyes that had been occurring for about 1 day. She was previously in good health; however, she and other family members had had mild upper respiratory symptoms within the last 2 weeks. Due to her intermittent symptom pattern and normal neurologic examination, the patient's symptoms were initially believed to be psychogenic in nature. Over the next 24 hours, the patient developed new symptoms of horizontal diplopia, ataxia, and dysarthria. Upon her second evaluation in the ED that following day, the patient was admitted to the medical floor without a clear diagnosis. During her first hospital night, the patient gradually became obtunded and was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU).
Integrating Matrix Method for Determining the Natural Vibrations of a Rotating, Unsymmetrical Beam with Application to Twisted Propeller Blades

A numerical method is Presented for determining the natural vibration frequencies, and the corresponding mode shapes, of a rotating cantilever beam which has a nonuniform, unsymmetrical cross section. Two coupled fourth-order differential equations of motion with variable coefficients are derived which govern the motion of such a beam having deformations in two directions. Through the development and utilization of the integrating matrix, the solution of the differential equations is obtained in the form of an eigenvalue problem. The solutions to the eigenvalue problem are determined by an iteration method based upon a special orthogonality relationship which is derived. Numerical examples, including an application to a twisted propeller blade, are presented with the results of the integrating matrix solutions being compared to exact solutions and experimental data.
DO PRODUCT BANS HELP CONSUMERS? QUESTIONING THE ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS OF DODD-FRANK MORTGAGE REGULATION

The system of residential mortgage contact regulation enacted by the 2010 Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 has been justified as necessary to prevent lenders from exploiting consumer misperception and impatience through the sale of complex mortgage contracts with back-loaded or postponed charges, fees and penalties. Among other things, Dodd Frank creates a regulatory regime under which complex mortgages are penalized, amounting to de facto regulatory restrictions on such contracts. While behavioral law and economics scholars and regulatory practitioners have criticized complex mortgages as exploiting consumer misperception and impatience, such scholars and practitioners have neither advocated nor rigorously analyzed the costs of Dodd Frank style contract restrictions. Drawing on a large body of both theoretical and empirical work in neoclassical (rather than behavioral) financial economics, this article argues that while some consumers undoubtedly did fail to understand such complex mortgages, the terms of those mortgages had a solid economic rationale and made welfare-increasing mortgage credit available to consumers when it otherwise would not have been available. By severely discouraging complex mortgages from being written, Dodd Frank and regulations promulgated thereunder by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau have priced out of the mortgage market entire groups of potential homeowners – including younger people, minorities and the self-employed. Welfare losses to such people from restricting contractual freedom are very real, and must be balanced against the benefits to those consumers who are arguably protected against ex ante undesirable mortgage contracts and to others in society arguably harmed when mortgages default. A policy of minimizing such harms by speeding and lowering the cost of recovery from mortgage contract failure is argued to be superior to policies, such as Dodd Frank’s mortgage contract restrictions, designed to prevent such failures by mandating or manipulating private contractual choice.
A delayed and acute hemolytic transfusion reaction mediated by anti-c in a patient with variant RH alleles.

CONCLUSIONS The Rh system is the most complex of the human blood groups. Of the 55 antigens that have been characterized, the system's principal antigens D, C, E, c, and e are responsible for the majority of clinically significant Rh antibodies. In the last few years, advancements in molecular testing have provided a wealth of information on the genetic diversity of the Rh locus. This case report describes a patient with variant RHD*DAR alleles inherited in conjunction with two compound heterozygote RHCE*ceEK/RHCE*ceAR alleles. The patient was previously alloimmunized to D, C, and E and possibly hrS. Further transfusion of D-C-E-K- RBCs resulted in a suspected acute hemolytic transfusion reaction and the subsequent identification of anti-c. Monocyte monolayer assay testing suggests clinical significance with a range of 29.5-38.5 percent reactive monocytes.
Chapter 5 – Natural Phenomena

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on approaches to modeling natural phenomena and covers the representation and animation of plants, water, and gases. Modeling and animating many of natural occurring phenomena is challenging. Most of the techniques discussed in this chapter still require research efforts. Plants exhibit both enormous complexity and a well-defined structure. Developments have been made in attaining both the aspect in plant models. However, work on plants interacting with the environment is the latest development. Water, smoke, clouds, and fire share an amorphous nature, which makes them difficult to model and animate. Approaches that incorporate a greater amount of physics have been developed recently for these phenomena. As processing power becomes cheaper, techniques such as computational fluid dynamics become more practical (and more desirable) tools for animating water and gas, but convenient controls for such models have yet to be developed. In modeling these phenomena for purposes of computer graphics, programmers always look forward simplifying assumptions to limit the computational complexity and model only those features of the physical processes, which are important visually.
Modeling a Musician Performing on a Digital Musical Instrument as a Communications Channel

A musician performing on a digital musical instrument is modeled as a feed-forward communications channel. A variety of statements are made on the mutual information of the signals flowing through the model. For example, data processing can only reduce or retain mutual information, not increase it. It is suggested that instrument designers should consider creating high-fidelity musical instruments that generally avoid discarding information. Noise and many-to-one mappings have a tendency to decrease the mutual information, potentially reducing the fidelity of a digital musical instrument. Also, musicians need to rehearse their performances in order to avoid making noisier gestures. Overall, it is hoped that this paper and other related papers by the authors can show how to quantify information processing in user interfaces for continuous control.
An Assessment of Health Priorities Among a Community Sample of Somali Adults

Somali immigrants are one of the largest African populations to resettle in the United States since 1990. There is an emerging literature base of disease-specific studies among Somali immigrants. However, we are aware of no studies on the health priorities for Somalis from the community's perspective. Somali adults in Minnesota completed a survey conducted by a community-based participatory research partnership on individual and community health priorities. Data were reported as counts and frequencies. 646 participants completed the survey. The most important health issues for individuals and their families were health behaviors (22.7%), diabetes (18.2%), and hypertension (14.4%), while those of the community were diabetes (22.5%), hypertension (18.8%) and weight (15.9%). This study found a significant overlap of health priorities among Somali individuals and their families compared to the community. These health priorities underscore the need to focus on non-communicable diseases among Somali immigrants.
Medial Meniscus Repair in Major League Soccer Players Results in Decreased Performance Metrics for One Year and Shortened Career Longevity.

Background The rate of medial meniscus tear (MMT) in professional soccer players is high. There are no studies on objective performance metrics following medial meniscus repair in these athletes. Purpose Examine the impact of MMT treated with surgical repair on performance metrics and career longevity in Major League Soccer (MLS) players. Methods MLS players who sustained an MMT between 1993 and 2019 were identified via publicly available databases. These players were each matched to 2 uninjured controls by debut date, experience, position, race, ethnicity, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Demographic data and performance metrics were then collected for both groups. Matches, minutes, goals, assists, shots, shots on target, duels, and duel percentage won are collectively referred to as performance metrics. Statistical analysis compared demographic distributions and performance metrics between the MMT and control groups. Results Thirty-three MLS players who had undergone medial meniscus repair were identified and matched to 66 controls. All performance metrics decreased in the MMT group when compared to their controls in the first year after injury. This difference remained significant even when the performance metrics were normalized with respect to time, indicating that the injured players both played less and were not as productive. At 2 years after injury, performance metrics returned to pre-injury levels and were equivalent to those of the healthy controls. Career length was found to be significantly different between the two groups at 8.81 ± 3.9 years for the MMT group and 12.63 ± 3.51 years for the control group (P < 0.001). Conclusion MLS players undergoing medial meniscus repair had decreased performance metrics in the first year after injury but returned to baseline levels of play at the second year after injury. Their careers were also shorter than those of their uninjured controls.