cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finding useful items and links in social and agent networks

In this talk, I will overview our recent work addressing the problem of locating useful items and trading partners within large-scale social and agentorganized networks. In agent-organized networks (AONs), agents have a limited number of collaboration partners at any time, represented by edges in a network of agent nodes. Agents have to learn to estimate the utility of current trading partners and rewire edges, i.e., change partners to improve profitability.We show that an exponentially decaying exploration scheme produces similar utilities with much less rewiring costs compared to a previously proposed randompartner selection scheme within a production and exchange economy. We analyze the observed performance and demonstrate the robustness of our proposed rewiring scheme in a more realistic model of the economy that incorporate minimum trade volumes and storage capacities. We have developed a Social Network-based Item Recommendation (SNIR) system consisting of agents that utilizes the connections of a user in the social network to search for items of interest posted by peers. Our approach enables a focused mining of the huge number of items available in the social network to generate targeted recommendations that can improve the precision of the result returned from a user's query. We have implemented the SNIR agent-based framework in Flickr, a photo-sharing social network, for searching and recommendation of photos by using tag lists as search queries. We discuss the architecture of our system, motivate the searching and referral schemes used, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the SNIR approach by presenting representative results.
STUDIES ON PERMEABILITY OF MEMBRANES : I. INTRODUCTION AND THE DIFFUSION OF IONS ACROSS THE DRIED COLLODION MEMBRANE.

The theoretical aspects of the problem of sieve-like membranes are developed. The method of preparing the dried collodion membrane is described, and the method of defining the property of a particular membrane is given. It consists of the measurement of the Co P, that is the P.D. between an 0.1 and an 0.01 M KCl solution separated by the membrane. Co P is in the best dried membranes 50 to 53 millvolts, the theoretically possible maximum value being 55 millivolts. Diffusion experiments have been carried out with several arrangements, one of which is, for example, the diffusion of 0.1 M KNO(3) against 0.1 M NaCl across the membrane. The amount of K(+) diffusing after a certain period was in membranes with a sufficiently high Co P (about 50 millivolts or more) on the average ten times as much as the amount of diffused Cl(-). In membranes with a lower Co P the ratio was much smaller, down almost to the proportion of 1:1 which holds for the mobility of these two ions in a free aqueous solution. When higher concentrations were used, e.g. 0.5 M solution, the difference of the rate of diffusion for K(+) and Cl(-) was much smaller even in the best membranes, corresponding to the fact that the P.D. of two KCl solutions whose concentrations are 10:1 is much smaller in higher ranges of concentration than in lower ones. These observations are confirmed by experiments arranged in other ways. It has been shown that, in general, the diffusion of an anion is much slower than the one of a cation across the dried collodion membrane. The ratio of the two diffusion coefficients would be expected to be calculable in connection with the potential difference of such a membrane when interposed between these solutions. The next problem is to show in how far this can be confirmed quantitatively.
Efficacy of Interpretation Bias Modification in Depressed Adolescents and Young Adults

This study evaluated the efficacy of a four-session Cognitive Bias Modification-Interpretation program for 45 depressed adolescents and young adults (14–21 years old; 12 males, 33 females; Beck Depressive Inventory, Second Edition ≥14) randomized to an active intervention condition (repeated exposure to positive outcomes of depression-relevant ambiguous scenarios; n = 23) or a control condition (n = 22). Both conditions experienced reductions on a Test of Interpretation Bias at post-treatment, with no significant between-group differences. When limited to those with negative bias at baseline, the intervention group showed greater improvement in interpretation bias at mid- and post-treatment. In addition, the intervention group overall had greater improvements in self-reported negative cognitions than the control group at post-intervention and two-week follow-up. However, there were no differences between groups in depression or anxiety symptom change. Potential factors contributing to mixed findings are discussed.
Zinc and plant respiration.

Dufrenoy and Reed1, in their study of coacervation in hypoplastic cells, demonstrated some important correlations with the respiratory activities in vacuoles, and they also suggested that a similar correlation between dwarfed shoots and coacervation was shown as the result of zinc deficiency in apricots and walnuts2. However, the effect of zinc on the respiration of plants has not hitherto been described. It is possible to determine the relationship between zinc and respiration by direct measurements of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide evolution by the normal and zinc-deficient plants.
Uniform Band Intensities in Fluorescent Dye Terminator Sequencing

Abstract The use of Cyanine dye (CyTM 5 and Cy5.5) labeled dideoxy terminators with Thermo SequenaseTM DNA polymerase in DNA sequencing provides uniform band intensity, improved sequence read-length, and accuracy. It also greatly improves the ability to detect single base heterozygotes with dye-terminator sequencing method.
Production of lactic acid from hemicellulose extracts by Bacillus coagulans MXL-9

Bacillus coagulans MXL-9 was found capable of growing on pre-pulping hemicellulose extracts, utilizing all of the principle monosugars found in woody biomass. This organism is a moderate thermophile isolated from compost for its pentose-utilizing capabilities. It was found to have high tolerance for inhibitors such as acetic acid and sodium, which are present in pre-pulping hemicellulose extracts. Fermentation of 20 g/l xylose in the presence of 30 g/l acetic acid required a longer lag phase but overall lactic acid yield was not diminished. Similarly, fermentation of xylose in the presence of 20 g/l sodium increased the lag time but did not affect overall product yield, though 30 g/l sodium proved completely inhibitory. Fermentation of hot water-extracted Siberian larch containing 45 g/l total monosaccharides, mainly galactose and arabinose, produced 33 g/l lactic acid in 60 h and completely consumed all sugars. Small amounts of co-products were formed, including acetic acid, formic acid, and ethanol. Hemicellulose extract formed during autohydrolysis of mixed hardwoods contained mainly xylose and was converted into lactic acid with a 94% yield. Green liquor-extracted hardwood hemicellulose containing 10 g/l acetic acid and 6 g/l sodium was also completely converted into lactic acid at a 72% yield. The Bacillus coagulans MXL-9 strain was found to be well suited to production of lactic acid from lignocellulosic biomass due to its compatibility with conditions favorable to industrial enzymes and its ability to withstand inhibitors while rapidly consuming all pentose and hexose sugars of interest at high product yields.
Percolative fragmentation and spontaneous agglomeration

Abstract Captive particle imaging experiments were performed on over 200 coal and char particles in the pulverized size range from four coals of various rank at oxygen concentration from 3–19 mol-% and at gas temperatures of about 1250 K. Despite wide variations in single-particle behavior, the data set reveals two clear trends that provide new information on the nature of char combustion. First, the low-rank coal chars are observed to maintain their high reactivity through the late stages of combustion, thus avoiding the near-extinction events and long burnout tails observed for bituminous coal chars. Secondly, percolative fragmentation in the late stages of combustion is a rare event under these conditions. Some particles reach a percolation threshold late in combustion, but typically undergo spontaneous agglomeration rather than liberation of the incipient fragments. It is concluded that percolative fragmentation behavior in the pulverized size range is determined not only by solid-phase connectivity, but also by a real competition between disruptive and cohesive forces present at the time of formation of the colloidal-sized incipient fragments.
Optimization of Magnetization Transfer Experiments for Kinetic Rate Measurements

A framework is developed for optimizing magnetization transfer experiments for measuring first-order rate constants of a two-component exchange network. In the analysis the spin-lattice relaxation time of the nonsaturated resonance is assumed to be known. However, we demonstrate that our work can also be applied to cases in which the spin-lattice relaxation time falls within a physiologically reasonable range for this parameter. We provide an algorithm for the parameters permitting the experimenter to optimize the selection of measurement times in order to control the error in a worst-case scenario. In addition, we compare the performance of the time-dependent saturation experiment with an inversion experiment in this framework, finding that the former always leads to a more effective design.
Detecting acoustic emission in the presence of hydraulic noise

Abstract The acoustic emission produced as metals deform and fracture can be used to monitor the integrity of nuclear reactor pressure boundaries, as long as the emission data can be separated from background noise. Tests have shown that a sensing system using shear-wave sensors in the frequency range 1.5–2.5MHz can detect acoustic emission in the presence of turbulent flow and cavitation noise, and at distances of at least 3ft (1m) from the signal source. Further work is needed to improve the sensing technique, establish the maximum distance at which an emission signal can be reliably detected, and adapt the technique for practical use.
The Evaluation of Simulation in a Baccalaureate Nursing Program

Abstract Background A public university acquired 4 high-fidelity simulators for integration into the undergraduate nursing curriculum. The purpose of this study was to assess learning after using the simulators in a laboratory setting in one nursing course. Method Students evaluated 4 simulation experiences for active learning, fidelity, and student satisfaction and confidence. An analysis of variance was completed with SPSS to determine the effectiveness of the simulation experiences. Results The results of the evaluation demonstrate that fidelity is valued by students. Simulations that used role-playing integrated with communication techniques were scored highest by the students. The students were satisfied with the simulation experience and scores of self-confidence increased with every simulation experience. Conclusions Simulation was successfully added to a medical-surgical class to enhance the clinical experience.
Nonmanipulability in two dimensions

Abstract We prove that continuous, anonymous, strategyproof social choice functions in two dimensions for Type I preferences are coordinatewise median functions m(x 1 ,…,x 1 ,a 1 ,…,a n−1 ) . These are efficient only if the a 1 are ±∞ in equal numbers. For three or more dimensions, efficiency is not possible.
Stability of homogeneous deformations in nonlinear elasticity

The stability of homogeneous deformations of a compressible, elastic body of cylindrical shape is studied. Two types of boundary conditions are considered: one in which the displacements on the bases are controlled and one in which the displacements on the lateral surface are controlled. As particular examples, the stability conditions for uniaxial tension and simple shear are examined.
How does glibenclamide lower plasma glucose concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes

Twelve patients with Type 2 diabetes and uncontrolled hyperglycaemia, never before treated with anti-diabetic drugs, were studied before and after several months of glibenclamide therapy. Fasting plasma glucose fell significantly (p<0.01) from 12.5±1.1 (mean±SE) to 8.3±0.4 mmol−1 with glibenclamide therapy, as did glycosylated haemoglobin (from 12.0±0.9 to 8.4±0.7%). The improvement in blood glucose control was accompanied by an increase in postprandial plasma insulin concentration measured hourly from 0800 to 1600 h (p<0.001). Over the same period, plasma NEFA and lactate levels were significantly (p<0.001) lower after treatment with glibenclamide. Mean (±SE) insulin-mediated glucose metabolic clearance rate was evaluated during glucose clamp studies, and was significantly higher (p<0.001) after glibenclamide therapy at steady-state insulin levels of ˜ 10 mU I−1 (53±3 vs 38±2 ml m−2 min−1) and ˜70 mU I−1 (78±9 vs 55±6 ml m−2 min−1). Hepatic glucose production was also lower following glibenclamide treatment at both the lower (56±5 vs 68±5 mg m−2 min−1) and higher (22±4 vs 32±6 mg m−2 min−1) insulin levels. Although all metabolic variables measured appeared to improve in association with the administration of glibenclamide, the only statistically significant correlations with the decrease in plasma glucose concentration were the increase in integrated plasma insulin concentration (r=-0.64, p<0.02) and the decrease in integrated plasma NEFA concentration (r=0.68, p<0.01). Based upon these findings we propose that the increase in ambient insulin level was primarily responsible for the decline in plasma glucose level following glibenclamide therapy, possibly by lowering plasma NEFA concentrations.
High-performance liquid chromatography: applications to organometallic and metal coordination compounds

Abstract A review of the applications of high-performance liquid chromatography to organometallic compounds and metal coordination complexes since 1969 is presented. The review covers high-performance liquid chromatographic separations which have been reported for arene metal carbonyls, cyclopentadienyl metal carbonyls, dicyclopentadienyl complexes, metal cluster complexes, metallocarboranes, cyclopentadienyl-cycloolefin complexes, alkyl and aryl complexes and organopolymetallic compounds. The second part of the review summarizes separations of metal coordination compounds, including complexes of the following ligand types: β-diketonates, β-ketoamines, hydrazones, semicarbazones, dithiocarbamates, dithiozonates, bipyridines, phenanthrolines, 8-hydroxyquinolates, EDTA, ethylenediamines, amino acids, carbonates, camphorates, diphosphonates, crown ethers and porphyrins.
Seismic excitation by space shuttles

Shock waves generated by the space shuttles Columbia (August 13, 1989), Atlantis (April 11, 1991) and Discovery (September 18, 1991) on their return to Edwards Air Force Base, California, were recorded by TERRAscope (Caltech's broadband seismic network), the Caltech-U.S.G.S Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN), and the University of Southern California (USC) Los Angeles Basin Seismic Network. The spatial pattern of the arrival limes exhibits hyperbolic shock fronts from which the path, velocity and altitude of the space shuttle could be determined. The shock wave was acoustically coupled to the ground, converted to a seismic wave, and recorded clearly at the broadband TERRAscope stations. The acoustic coupling occurred very differently depending on the conditions of the Earth's surface surrounding the station. For a seismic station located on hard bedrock, the shock wave (N wave) was clearly recorded with little distortion. Aside from the N wave, very little acoustic coupling of the shock wave energy to the ground occurred at these sites. The observed N wave record was used to estimate the overpressure of the shock wave accurately; a pressure change of 0.5 to 2.2 mbars was obtained. For a seismic station located close to the ocean or soft sedimentary basins, a significant amount of shock wave energy was transferred to the ground through acoustic coupling of the shock wave and the oceanic Rayleigh wave. A distinct topography such as a mountain range was found effective to couple the shock wave energy to the ground. Shock wave energy was also coupled to the ground very effectively through large man made structures such as high rise buildings and offshore oil drilling platforms. For the space shuttle Columbia, in particular, a distinct pulse having a period of about 2 to 3 seconds was observed, 12.5 s before the shock wave, with a broadband seismograph in Pasadena. This pulse was probably excited by the high rise buildings in downtown Los Angeles which were simultaneously hit by the space shuttle shock waves. The proximity of the natural periods of the high rise buildings and the modal periods of the Los Angeles basin enabled efficient energy transfer from shock wave to seismic wave.
Realtime operation and harmonic analysis of isolated and non-isolated hybrid DC microgrid

In this paper, real-time operation and harmonic analysis of isolated and non-isolated DC microgrid including hybrid energy sources and various loading schemes is investigated. The proposed microgrid is supplied by an internal generator and via AC grid, while a supercapacitor bank, as power buffer, fulfills the high power requirement of the DC grid. An energy management algorithm based on the master-slave control is proposed, in which the supercapacitor bank, as the master, control the DC bus voltage while the other units are working in current control to share the required power. Different operation mode based on various power sharing patterns is defined and the experimental test is carried out for both isolated and non-isolated DC grid. Results show that the proposed energy management algorithm properly shares power and control the voltage. Moreover, the isolation of the DC microgrid highly effect on the harmonic content of the current depending on the power sharing pattern.
A type B feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus nidulans with broad pH applicability.

A hypothetical protein AN1772.2 of Aspergillus nidulans was found to have a 56% identity with a known type C ferulic acid esterase (FAE) from Talaromyces stipitatus. In addition, it contained a 13-amino acid conserved region flanking the characteristic G-X-S-X-G motif of a serine esterase, suggesting a FAE function for the protein. The putative FAE was successfully cloned from the genomic DNA and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recombinant protein exhibited high FAE activities. Therefore, its function as an FAE was unequivocally determined. About 86% of the enzyme activity was found in the growth medium, indicating that the native signal peptide was effective in the yeast expression system. The recombinant FAE was purified to its homogeneity, and subsequently characterized. The FAE is stable over an unusually wide range of pH (4.0–9.5), has a pH optimum of 7.0, and a temperature optimum of 45°C. A substrate specificity profiling reveals that the enzyme is a type B FAE, despite its strong sequence homology with type C FAEs, raising an interesting question on the role of the conserved region in substrate specificity.
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in a 31-year-old woman presenting as biventricular heart failure with restrictive features

A 31-year-old woman presented with dyspnea and left-sided chest discomfort and was found to have biventricular heart failure with impaired ventricular filling. Clinically, she was thought to have restrictive cardiomyopathy or constrictive pericarditis. Transmission electron microscopy of myocardial tissue unexpectedly revealed crosshatched, curvilinear, and fingerprint depositions, which were characteristic for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Cardiac involvement by this inherited disorder is discussed in light of the findings in this patient and in 15 other reported cases.
A field study of chemotactic responses of the marine mud snail,Nassarius obsoletus

Chemotactic responses of the salt marsh mud snailNassarius obsoktus were tested in the field, to the introduction of a crushed conspecific and to the sympatric gastropodLittorina littorea and the bivalveModiolus demissus. The snails responded with burial and escape to the conspecific stimulus, with strong attraction and feeding toM. demissus, and with attraction and feeding toL. littorea. In blank tests, the numbers of snails fluctuated only slightly during half-hour observation periods. An alarm substance appears to be liberated from woundedN. obsoletus which causes rapid disappearance of conspecific snails in an area of up to 50 cm radius.
The case of the sitting corpse. Accident or homicide

Discussed are the unusual position of a body at a death scene and plausible mechanisms responsible for this positioning. Language: en
Quantifying Plasticization and Melting Behavior of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) in Supercritical CO2 Utilizing a Linear Variable Differential Transformer

Supercritical CO2 plasticization of semicrystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was investigated by measuring linear dilation as a function of temperature (75−130 °C) and pressure (138−670 bar) using a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). The robustness of the LVDT technique allows the study of CO2 plasticization at high temperatures (to Tm) and pressures. Experiments at constant temperature (varying pressure) and constant pressure (varying temperature) were performed. With constant temperature experiments below 100 °C, dilation increased up to 414 bar, while at higher pressures, the change of dilation with pressure attenuated. At higher temperatures (≥117 °C), dilation increased almost linearly with pressure through the experimental range. Constant pressure experiments were carried out to assess the effect of CO2 pressure on Tm. With increasing pressure, Tm decreased to a minimum of 135 °C at 483 bar (ΔTm = 23 °C). Above 483 bar, hydrostatic effects override plasticization and Tm increas...
Establishing normal nerve conduction values- lumbrical and interosseous responses.

OBJECTIVE The importance of normative peripheral nerve data is increasing due to the advances in medical implantation, microsurgical suturing, and tubulization repair techniques. Because the median and ulnar nerves are often affected, their normal values must be reliable. The objective of this study was to create a larger database of normative values for the first and second lumbrical responses. The differences between the second lumbrical response and the interosseous response were also studied. BACKGROUND The available literature is lacking in sample size and rigor, preventing reliable interpretations of normal values. METHODS One hundred ninety-six asymptomatic subjects without risk factors for neuropathy were recruited and tested. Stimulations were performed with recording at the first lumbrical, second lumbrical, and interosseous muscles. RESULTS Mean latency to the first lumbrical was 3.6 +/- 0.4 ms. Mean amplitude was 2.5 +/- 2.0 mV. The mean difference between latencies to the first lumbrical and second lumbrical was 0.1 +/- 0.3 ms, with the second lumbrical usually being the larger value. The mean difference between latencies to the abductor pollicic brevis (APB) and the first lumbrical was 0.2 +/- 0.4 ms, with the APB latency usually being the larger value. Mean latency to the second lumbrical was 3.7 +/- 0.4 ms and to the interosseous was 3.1 +/- 0.3 ms. Mean amplitude to the second lumbrical was 3.0 +/- 2.0 mV and to the interosseous was 6.9 +/- 2.3 mV. The mean difference between latencies to the second lumbrical and interosseous was 0.4 +/- 0.4 ms, with the second lumbrical usually being the larger value. The upper limit of normal increase of latency of the second lumbrical over the interosseous was 1.2 ms. The upper limit of normal increase of latency in subjects for which the interosseous latency exceeded the second lumbrical was 0.2 ms. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a large normative database for nerve conduction studies to the first and second lumbricals, as well as to the second interosseous muscle.
Solid solution in the SrBi2Ta2O9 -Bi3TiNbO9 system

The formation of a complete series of solid solutions in the SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 -Bi 3 TiNbO 9 system with a general formula of (SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 ) 1-x (Bi 3 TiNbO 9 ) x has been confirmed. X-ray diffraction was used to study the gradual change in diffraction patterns and lattice parameters with the change of the x value. Curie temperatures for all compositions of the solid solution vary linearly as a function of the x value. The sintering behavior of the single phase powders of the solid solution was studied. It has been found that with the increase of x value the relative density and average grain size of sintered bodies are increased. The microstructure of the solid solution materials was investigated by using atomic force microscopy. It is suggested that the major mechanism for the sintering and grain growth of the solid solution is solid state diffusion.
The Statistical Analysis Techniques to Support the NGNP Fuel Performance Experiments

Abstract This paper describes the development and application of statistical analysis techniques to support the Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) experimental program on Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) fuel performance. The experiments conducted in the Idaho National Laboratory’s Advanced Test Reactor employ fuel compacts placed in a graphite cylinder shrouded by a steel capsule. The tests are instrumented with thermocouples embedded in graphite blocks and the target quantity (fuel temperature) is regulated by the He–Ne gas mixture that fills the gap volume. Three techniques for statistical analysis, namely control charting, correlation analysis, and regression analysis, are implemented in the NGNP Data Management and Analysis System for automated processing and qualification of the AGR measured data. The neutronic and thermal code simulation results are used for comparative scrutiny. The ultimate objective of this work includes (a) a multi-faceted system for data monitoring and data accuracy testing, (b) identification of possible modes of diagnostics deterioration and changes in experimental conditions, (c) qualification of data for use in code validation, and (d) identification and use of data trends to support effective control of test conditions with respect to the test target. Analysis results and examples given in the paper show the three statistical analysis techniques providing a complementary capability to warn of thermocouple failures. It also suggests that the regression analysis models relating calculated fuel temperatures and thermocouple readings can enable online regulation of experimental parameters (i.e. gas mixture content), to effectively maintain the fuel temperature within a given range.
(D-Ala 6, Des-Gly-NH 2 10)-LH-RH-ethylamide: a new analogue with unusually high LH-RH-FSH-RH activity.

The LH-RH/FSH-RH activity of [DAla6, Des-Gly-NH2 10]-LH-RH-ethylamide and [DAla6]- LH-RH was compared with that of LH-RH in immature male rats by determining serum LH and FSH levels at various time intervals after a subcutaneous injection of 50 ng of each compound. When LrJ and FSH levels 30 min after injection were used as a measure of activity of the compound, LH-RH and FSH-RH activity of both [D-Ala6, Des- Gly-NH2 10] LH-RH-ethylamide and [D-Ala6]-LH-RH was approximately 2 times greater than that of LHRH. However, when the integrated levels of LH and FSH over a 6-hr period after the injection were used as the measurement of the response, the LH-RH activities of [D-Ala6,Des-Gly-NH2 10]-LH-RH-ethylamide and [D-Ala6]-LH-RH were, respectively, 31 and 7 times greater, and FSH-RH activities were 9 and 3 times greater than that of LH-RH. [D-Ala8, Des-Gly-NH2 I0]-LH-RH-ethylamide appears to be the LH-RH analogue with the greatest LH-RH/FSH-RH activity yet reported. (Endocrinology95:1174, 1974)
Iminodicarboxylic acids in the Murchison meteorite: Evidence of Strecker reactions

Abstract α-Amino acids and α-hydroxy acids are well known constituents of several carbonaceous meteorites. One proposed mechanism of their formation is the reactions of CN−, NH3, aldehydes and ketones in aqueous solution, a Strecker-like synthesis. Iminodicarboxylic acids, relatively unusual in molecular structure, are significant by-products of laboratory Strecker syntheses of α-amino acids. It is therefore notable that an analogous suite of imino acids has not been reported in CM2 chondrites where amino and hydroxy acids are abundant. In this work, aqueous extracts of the Murchison meteorite were examined for the presence of imino acids; GC-MS and HPLC molecular analyses revealed a complex suite of such acids. With the exception of one of the seven-carbon members, all of the C4 through C7 imino acids were observed in Murchison. These observations suggest that the Strecker synthesis made, at least, some contribution to the formation of extraterrestrial amino acids.
The influence of morphology on the dielectric and dynamic mechanical behavior of a linear low‐density polyethylene

The dielectric and viscoelastic relaxation behavior of linear low-density polyethylene has been investigated. All three usual relaxation regions occur; however, the α process is more dominant than in conventional low-density polyethylene made dielectrically active through the introduction of carbonyl groups. The observed behavior is very sensitive to orientation and morphology. There are significant differences between oriented samples (stretching or extrusion) and a single-crystal texture specimen. Effects are caused by dipolar orientation and dipolar immobilization, the relative importance of each effect varying with specimen preparation. Active dipolar groups are not carbonyls, or any common organic species, but appear to be due to chain ends having residual dipoles caused by the catalyst used in synthesis.
From software sensitivity to software dynamics: performance metrics for real-time software architectures

This paper outlines an approach and presents preliminary results to describe behavior of real-time software architectures using concepts from dynamical systems. The basic idea is to change deadlines by decreasing them within certain range and take measurements on the number of missed deadlines and the total time by which the deadlines have been missed. A resulting curve, illustrating the dependence between the missed deadlines and their decrease, characterizes system dynamics. It can be approximated by a straight line or an exponential shape, from which certain dynamic parameters can be calculated.
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome and idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome is a severe childhood epilepsy syndrome characterised by the diagnostic triad of a slow spike and wave pattern on electroencephalogram, multiple seizure types and developmental delay. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a syndrome characterised by raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the absence of an intracranial mass lesion or ventricular dilatation and often headache. We present the first reported case of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome associated with symptomatic idiopathic intracranial hypertension in a 15 year old male, requiring cerebrospinal fluid diversion by means of ventriculoperitoneal shunting.
Crosstalk in Passive Matrix Polymer LED Displays

Passive matrix displays based on polymer and organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) suffer from crosstalk, the emission of light from pixels other than those selected. This article explores the topic of crosstalk both with an approximate but analytic model and by means of more exact circuit simulation in order to explain the causes of crosstalk and to quantify the consequences. We conclude that crosstalk has implications for display power consumption.
Anti-idiotypic immunity and autoimmunity: III. Investigations in human autoimmune thyroiditis.

Abstract We have recently shown that autoantibodies to thyrogloubulin from rats with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis share idiotypic determinants and can be characterized using heterologous anti-idiotypic antibodies. We have also shown that cross-reacting idiotypic determinants are present on autoantibodies to rat thyroglobulin from rats with experimentally induced autoimmune thyroiditis as well as on antibodies to rat thyroglobulin from animals of various strains and species. In the present paper we report that anti-idiotypic antibodies have been obtained in rabbits immunized with purified human autoantibodies against thyroglobulin. We also confirm the finding that both human and rat autoantibodies to thyroglobulin partially cross-react with heterologous thyroglobulin.
(d,He 3 ) Reaction on the Chlorine Isotopes at 23.35 MeV

Levels in ${\mathrm{S}}^{36}$ and ${\mathrm{S}}^{34}$ up to about 8-MeV excitation energy have been studied with the ($d,{\mathrm{He}}^{3}$) reactions on ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{37}$ and ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{35}$, respectively. Spectroscopic factors have been extracted for four states in ${\mathrm{S}}^{36}$ and ten states ${\mathrm{S}}^{34}$. The levels at 4.58 MeV in ${\mathrm{S}}^{36}$ and 4.09 MeV in ${\mathrm{S}}^{34}$ may be the ${1}^{+}$ states that shell-model calculations predict at 5.75 and 4.97 MeV, respectively. Considerable ${d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ strength is seen to the states between 4.71 and 8.0 MeV in ${\mathrm{S}}^{34}$, but very little is observed in much the same region of excitation in ${\mathrm{S}}^{36}$.
Development of the drinking deficit to hypertonic saline in rats after abdominal vagotomy.

Abstract After abdominal vagotomy, rats drink significantly less water in response to hypertonic saline. The drinking deficit could be due to the disconnection of vagal afferent fibers from a peripheral receptor stimulated by hypertonic saline or the loss of a more complex, tonic, fascilitatory function. The loss of the phasic afferent fiber function should appear immediately after vagotomy, but the loss of the tonic function might take more time to develop. We attempted to distinguish between these two possibilities by preparing 5 different groups of vagotomized rats that were each tested with 1 M NaCl (1% BW) at one of five postoperative days—2, 4, 7, 14 or 21 days. The drinking response was significantly decreased from preoperative intake in the groups tested on postoperative days 7, 14, and 21, but not in the groups tested on postoperative days 2 and 4. Since the drinking deficit is not present 2 and 4 days after vagotomy, the effect of vagotomy is not the result of lesioning afferent fibers that mediate a peripheral phasic stimulation elicited by hypertonic saline. The postoperative delay of at least 7 days for the deficit to appear suggests that the effect of vagotomy is the loss of some more complex neurological function that is necessary for a normal drinking response. The nature of this lost function is unknown.
Towards thermally robust homogeneous catalysts: Re, Ir and W complexes of the highly thermally stable ligand, tri-2-pyridylamine

Abstract The ligand tri-2-pyridylamine (tripyuam ( 1 )), which was expected to be highly resistant to thermal degradation, forms a variety of stable complexes with rhenium, tungsten and iridium. Reaction of 1 with ReCl 3 ) (benzil), WCl 4 (PPh 3 ) 2 and (NH 4 )IrCl 6 yields the chloride complexes ReCl 3 (tripyam) ( 2 ), WCl 4 (tripyam) ( 3 ) and IrCl 3 (tripyam) ( 4 ), respectively. In addition, the first tripyam supported hydride, [IrH 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 ( η 2 -tripyam)]BF 4 , ( 5 ), was synthesized by reaction of 1 with dihydride [IrH 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 (acetone) 2 ]BF 4 . The principal characteristic of 2, 4 and 5 is their very high thermal stability: they survive thermolysis at temperatures up to 270°C. Finally, the high oxidation state complexes [ReO 3 (tripyam)]ReO 4 ( 6 ) and [ReO(OCH 2 CH 2 O) (PPh 3 ) (tripyam)]Cl ( 7 ) were also synthesized.
Stability of dendritic arrays.

An approximate method for studying steady-state properties and linear stability of the dendritic arrays that are formed in directional solidification of alloys is proposed. This analysis is valid at high growth rates where the primary spacing between dendrites is larger than the velocity-dependent solutal diffusion length. A neutral stability boundary is computed and it is found that, in the situations where the results should be valid, the experimental data of Somboonsuk, et al. (1984) lie in the stable region, well away from the boundary.
Vitelliform Dystrophy in a 64-Year-Old Man

A 64-year-old white man had many large bilateral vitelliform-like lesions. A normal electroretinogram, abnormal elector-oculogram, and a pattern of blocked choroidal fluorescence were obtained. The yellowish appearance of the lesions progressed to absorption of yellow material and mottling with maintenance of relatively good visual acuity.
High Time Resolution Infrared Observations of the Crab Nebula Pulsar and the Pulsar Emission Mechanism

We present new, high signal-to-noise near-infrared observations of the Crab Nebula pulsar using the Solid State Photomultiplier instrument on the Multiple Mirror Telescope. Our observations cover the J (1.25 μm), H (1.65 μm), and K (2.2 μm) infrared wavebands and have 20 μs time resolution. Together with visible and UV observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope High-Speed Photometer, we have high time resolution observations covering over a decade in wavelength. We present the pulse profiles over this wavelength range, and we analyze the pulse shape as a function of wavelength, including the peak-to-peak phase separation, the peak full width half-maxima (FWHM), and the peak half-width half-maxima (HWHM). We also create both phase-averaged and phase-resolved color spectra of the pulsar emission. We find that the peak-to-peak phase separation shows a significant trend for an increase with wavelength, in rough agreement with models of the pulsar emission mechanism. The FWHM for peaks 1 and 2 also show a trend for increase with wavelength, again in qualitative agreement with the models. However, the HWHM for peaks 1 and 2 show significant differences in their wavelength dependences from the leading to trailing edges. This behavior is not predicted by current pulsar emission models, and the different wavelength dependences of the component HWHM values call into question the usefulness of FWHM measurements. Our spectral analyses show that the IR-UV dereddened phase-averaged color spectrum is essentially flat over more than a decade in frequency. This is in clear contrast to the X-ray and γ-ray regimes, where the spectrum is falling steeply. The color spectra of peaks 1 and 2 are also essentially flat, but the ratio of the two shows statistically significant variations from a constant value. Finally, the color spectra of peaks 1 and 2 show significant differences from the leading to trailing edges. As with the HWHM, this behavior is not predicted by current pulsar emission models.
Micromachined silicon diffraction gratings for infrared spectroscopy

Micromachined silicon gratings offer two great advantages to astronomical spectroscopy in the IR: (1) Photolithographic processing techniques permit the production of gratings with much larger groove constants than are possible with conventional wavelength coverage, despite the relatively small format of IR arrays. (2) One can use anisotropic etching to form gratings on dielectric wedges. By illuminating the grating through the dielectric, we can achieve higher spectral resolution for a given grating size or a smaller grating for a given desired resolution. We discuss the technical challenges involved in micromachining large grating grooves over large areas while holding positional accuracy to very tight tolerances. Manufacturing issues include material choices, surface preparation, and chemical and physical effects during processing. We also discuss our program for evaluation of the finished products, show result of measurements we have made on front-surface and immersion devices, and use these result to assess the potential of these devices for real-world astronomical applications.
Testing and Application of Surrogate Surfaces for Understanding Potential Gaseous Oxidized Mercury Dry Deposition

Currently there is no standard method for measurement of atmospheric mercury dry deposition. While all operationally defined forms of atmospheric mercury (elemental, oxidized, and particulate) can be dry deposited, oxidized forms are of concern due to high deposition velocities, water solubility, and reactivity. This paper describes the development of a surrogate surface for characterizing potential dry deposition of gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM). Laboratory tests showed that the surface collected HgCl2, HgBr2, and HgO with equal efficiency, and deposition was not significantly influenced by temperature, humidity, or ozone concentrations. Deposition of mercury to surfaces in field deployments was correlated with GOM concentrations (r2 = 0.84, p < 0.01, n = 326). Weekly mean GOM deposition velocities from surface deployments (1.1 ± 0.6 cm s−1) were higher than modeled values (0.4 ± 0.2 cm s−1) at four field sites, but were within the range reported for direct measurements. Although the surfaces do not sim...
A Functional Monte Carlo Method for k-Eigenvalue Problems.

In Monte Carlo simulations of k-eigenvalue problems for optically thick fissile systems with a high dominance ratio, the eigenfunction is often poorly estimated because of the undersampling of the ...
Habitats and Feeding Habits of Ocinebra erinacea

IT is well known that the rough-tingle, Ocinebra erinacea (= Murex), preys on oysters by eating them through a hole bored in the shell, and that it is also found abundantly in localities where oysters do not occur (Jeffreys, “British Conchology”, 4, p. 308). The food of this tingle must therefore vary in different localities. In 1927 I began experiments with the object of finding out whether Ocinebra, taken from a locality where oysters do not occur, or occur extremely rarely, for example, the shores of Plymouth Sound, would recognise and eat oysters. In this preliminary experiment I found to my surprise that Ocinebra from Plymouth Sound did not eat oysters, but forms which are recognised as the same species from the Fal Estuary (where oysters do occur) ate both West Mersea oysters and Plymouth barnacles readily. In July and October 1928 I began a fresh experiment and added small West Mersea (River Blackwater) oysters to each of the following dishes containing:
Application of the Hoch-Arpshofen model to the SiO2CaOMgOAl2O3 system

Abstract The Hoch-Arpshofen model was applied to the SiO2-CaO-MgO-Al2O3 system. First the binary interaction coefficients, obtained from the six binary systems, were used to calculate the Gibbs energy of formation of the ternary compounds present in the four ternary systems; then the calculated activities of SiO2, CaO, and Al2O3 were compared with the measured activities. The calculated Gibbs energies of formation of anorthite, gehlenite, and cordierite agree with the measured energies; the measured enthalpies of formation of akermanite, diopside, merwinite, and monticellite must be multiplied by 0.568 ± 0.031 to obtain agreement. The Gibbs energy of formation of 3CaO-MgO-2Al2O3 was also calculated. The calculated activity data agree with some authors' measurements and not with others.
The effect of calcium on the maximum velocity of shortening in skinned skeletal muscle fibres of the rabbit.

The relationship between maximum shortening velocity (Vmax) and free calcium concentration has been studied in skinned single fibres from rabbit psoas and soleus muscles. At both 10 and 15° C,Vmax measured in the psoas fibres was found to decrease by 40% when the pCa (-log[Ca2+]) was increased from 5.49 (maximally activating) to 6.21. Further decreases inVmax were observed when the pCa was increased to 6.32.Vmax measured in soleus fibres at 15° C also decreased when the Ca2+ concentration was lowered, though the magnitude of this effect was slightly less than in the psoas fibres. Thus, a distinct effect of Ca2+ uponVmax has been shown to occur in mammalian skeletal muscle. The occurrence of this effect in both fast and slow muscle types may indicate that the underlying mechanism in the two cases is similar.
A Historical Analysis of Desegregation and Racism in a Racially Polarized Region Implications for the Historical Construct, a Diversity Problem, and Transforming Teacher Education Toward Culturally Relevant Pedagogy

This study chronicles the historical divisions of race and class between Detroit and its suburban neighbor as an explanation for current tensions in the communities and schools. This analysis poses implications for educational apartheid and stark disparities between urban and suburban boundaries and consequent discomfort among practitioners when urban children enroll in suburban schools. Ultimately, changing demography in historically affluent suburbs presents an argument for culturally responsive teacher preparation.
Glucagon and the Glucagon Receptor: Merrifield Years at the Interface of Chemistry and Biology

The glucagon signaling system is a good model to investigate the chemical and structural requirements that dictate the interaction between a peptide hormone and its membrane-bound receptor and the cascade of events that lead to a physiological response. Secreted by pancreatic A cells, the primary target organ of glucagon is the liver where, together with insulin, it plays a central role in the maintenance of normal circulating glucose levels critical to the survival of the organism. The impetus for studying how glucagon interacts with its receptor is to gain insight into the mechanism of glucagon action in normal physiology as well as in diabetes mellitus. The principal approach towards this goal is to design and synthesize analogues of glucagon that will bind with high affinity to the glucagon receptor but will not activate it. These peptide analogues are expected to be potent antagonists of the hormone and will provide insight into the role of glucagon in diabetes. A second complementary approach is to investigate structure-function relationships in the glucagon receptor by site-directed mutagenesis and the biochemical and pharmacological characterization of mutant receptors. These studies will provide information about the peptide-binding site in the receptor and the residues that dictate ligand selectivity. A stable mammalian cell line that expresses human glucagon receptor at high-levels has been developed and should provide receptor protein for structural studies. An interdisciplinary approach combining chemical synthesis, molecular biology and biophysical methods is crucial for the conception of three-dimensional receptor models to be used in the rational design of glucagon antagonists for the management of diabetes.
Evidence for Reduced 3β-ol-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity in Some Hirsute Women Thought to Have Poly cystic Ovary Syndrome*

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 3β-ol-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-ol) deficiency is usually lethal. A partial deficiency in 3β-ol has been suggested in some women presenting with androgen excess. In this study, 24 women were investigated who had hirsutism and oligomenorrhea and high serum Δ5 androgens compared to Δ4 androgens. Of these women, 9 had significantly elevated 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17 Preg) to 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17 Prog) ratios when compared to controls under basal conditions. On further testing of 9 women with ACTH, 4 had significantly elevated 17 Preg to 17 Prog ratios. Eight women had elevated ratios of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to androstenedione, 4 had elevations of androstenediol (Adiol) to testosterone (T), and 4 had abnormal 17 Preg to cortisol ratios. Only 3 women out of the original 24 selected for study had elevated ratios for all 4 different steroid pairs measured. 17 Prog was normal in these women with 3β-ol deficiency in contradistinction to the high levels ...
Application of elastic modeling to subsalt interpretation

Staggered grid finite difference elastic modeling is used to synthesize point-source responses to a two-dimensional subsurface model derived from three-dimensional preand post-stack depth migrated data volumes. The modeled data are then processed as if they were the result of a real field acquisition process. Comparisons between real data and synthetic responses provide additional confidence in validation of interpretations and drilling decisions.