cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absence and Presence: Interpreting Moral Exclusion in the Jewish Museum Berlin

This chapter describes research conducted in a museum that interprets injustice that occurred more than seven decades ago. From the vantage of the present, it looks back on the Third Reich, a period when the National Socialist Party (“Nazis”) gained adherents, power, and sought to exterminate Jews and other groups they denigrated as “life unworthy of life” (lebensunwertes Leben). Combining psychological theory with historical background, this chapter examines how museum professionals present this period that legitimated and then carried out a genocide of enormous proportions, The Holocaust. By examining how the Jewish Museum Berlin describes the Third Reich to the public, this chapter offers insight into representations of moral exclusion to engage museum visitors in reflecting on past injustice within their society. The museum’s approach offers scholars of injustice an understanding of the representation of moral exclusion designed to reach people in the present so that they can better understand the past, the dynamics of moral exclusion, and its import for present social relations.
Remnant trees and the conservation of biodiversity in Costa Rican pastures

Remnant trees may play an important role in conserving biodiversity within agricultural systems because they provide habitats and resources that are otherwise absent from agricultural landscapes. In order to determine the potential importance of remnant trees for conservation, we surveyed the density and species composition of remnant trees occurring in pastures of 24 dairy farms near Monteverde, Costa Rica. In addition, we conducted interviews with farmers to determine why they leave trees in pastures and how they manage them. In our survey of 237 ha of pastures, we counted 5583 trees of 190 species (mean density of 25 trees/ha). Primary forest trees accounted for 57% of all of the species and 33% of tree individuals. Over 90% of the species are known to provide food for forest birds and other animals. In addition, many of the species are important locally for humans as sources of timber (37%), firewood (36%) or fence posts (20%). Farmers mentioned 19 reasons for leaving trees in pastures. Of these, shade for cattle, timber, fruits for birds and fence posts were most commonly cited. Most farmers were well aware of both the economic and ecological benefits of pasture trees, and were interested in the possibility of increasing tree cover within their pastures. Although the current densities and richness of pasture trees in Monteverde are high, the size distribution indicates that diversity will decrease substantially in future years, both because farmers are harvesting trees and because saplings of primary forest trees are scarce within the pastures.
A 106dB SNR hybrid oversampling ADC for digital audio

A /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ ADC with a CT 1/sup st/-stage is presented. A hybrid tuning circuit adjusts the RC time constant to compensate for process, supply, and sampling rate variations. The ISI of the feedback DAC is eliminated by an RTZ scheme applied to the error current of the CT integrator. The ADC achieves 106dB SNR, -97dB THD+N, occupies 0.82mm/sup 2/ in a 0.35/spl mu/m CMOS process and dissipates 18mW.
On the Selection of Finite Element Models for Control Design

The purpose of this paper is to show that the modal cost method of weighting the importance of the open loop modes will provide a useful criteria in the selection of finite element models to be used in control system design for flexible structures. The conventional cubic beam element, which is known to have good convergence characteristics for system natural frequencies, may not be the best approach to modeling structures for control design purposes. For beam-like structures, a quintic beam element is shown to be more efficient than a cubic beam element for the convergence of the open loop modal costs; where efficiency is measured by the accuracy of the computed natural frequencies and system costs for a given number of degrees of freedom. A more important result involves the closed loop performance of the optimal regulator designed using the finite element models. In particular, it is shown that when the output is the rotation rate of a point on the beam and the input is a torque at one end, the quintic beam element is significantly more efficient than the cubic beam element. This suggests that control objectives will affect modeling decisions and that modal cost analysis may help provide a unified criteria for the selection of finite element models for control design.
Automated Interpretation of Protein Subcellular Location Patterns

Proteomics is a major current focus of biomedical research, and location proteomics is the important branch of proteomics that systematically studies the subcellular distributions for all proteins expressed in a given cell type. Fluorescence microscopy of labeled proteins is currently the main methodology to obtain location information. Traditionally, microscope images are analyzed by visual inspection, which suffers from inefficiency and inconsistency. Automated and objective interpretation approaches are therefore needed for location proteomics. In this article, we briefly review recent advances in automated imaging interpretation tools, including supervised classification (which assigns location pattern labels to previously unseen images), unsupervised clustering (which groups proteins based on the similarity among their subcellular distributions), and additional statistical tools that can aid cell and molecular biologists who use microscopy in their work.
Phosphorylation of the human vitamin D receptor by protein kinase C. Biochemical and functional evaluation of the serine 51 recognition site.

We have reported previously that the human vitamin D receptor (hVDR) is selectively phosphorylated by protein kinase C-beta (PKC-beta), in vitro, on a serine residue in the sequence RRS51MKRK, which is located between the two zinc fingers of hVDR and is potentially important to its transacting function (Hsieh, J.-C., Jurutka, P.W., Galligan, M.A., Terpening, C.M., Haussler, C.A., Samuels, D.S., Shimizu, Y., Shimizu, N., and Haussler, M.R. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 9315-9319). In the present experiments we evaluated this phosphorylation event using a series of hVDR mutants in which serine 51 or its flanking residues were modified. Alteration of serine 51 to a non-phosphorylatable residue resulted in an approximately 60% reduction in basal hVDR phosphorylation in intact cells but did not diminish 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated phosphorylation. Such mutations also abolished subsequent phosphorylation of immunoprecipitated hVDR by purified PKC-beta, in vitro, as did replacement of basic residues on either side of serine 51. Mutation of serine 51 to glycine (S51G) or to aspartic acid (S51D), as well as altering the basic residues flanking serine 51, abolished the interaction of hVDR with the vitamin D-responsive element (VDRE) as monitored by gel mobility shift analysis. Thus, we conclude that unmodified serine 51 and its surrounding basic residues are crucial not only for PKC-beta substrate recognition but also for the optimal VDRE binding of native hVDR. In transactivation assays, S51G and S51D possessed only 35 and 10% of wild-type hVDR activity, respectively. Mutation of serine 51 to threonine (S51T) restored phosphorylation by PKC-beta, in vitro, to about 40% of wild-type and transactivation to 45% of that of wild-type hVDR. Alteration of serine 51 to alanine, which is the residue in the corresponding position of the glucocorticoid, progesterone, mineral-ocorticoid, and androgen receptors, eliminated PKC-beta phosphorylation but completely preserved the specific DNA binding activity and transactivation capacity of hVDR. Thus, phosphorylation of hVDR at serine 51 is not required for either VDRE binding or transactivation. Finally, incubation of Escherichia coli-expressed hVDR with PKC-beta elicits marked phosphorylation of the receptor and significantly inhibits its ability to complex with the VDRE. We therefore speculate that posttranslational modification of hVDR at serine 51 may constitute a negative regulatory loop which could be operative when target cells are subject to PKC activation events.
Design of Safety Vest Detonators

An attempt was made to evaluate the performance of SCUBA divers in pulling the detonator knob on the diver's personal flotation device while treading water. Three shapes, three sizes, and three positions of the detonator knob were tested to determine their effects on the time it took divers to activate the emergency detonator. Three different glove conditions were also tested (bare hands, cotton gloves, and three-fingered mitts). The size, position, and glove type made a statistically significant difference in the time it took the diver to activate the detonator on the diver's personal flotation device, while the different shapes of the detonator knob did not show any significance. The results indicate that detonator knobs should be at least 51 mm in diameter and located on the middle portion of the vest.
Genetic and Cellular Basis for Acetylcholine Inhibition of Caenorhabditis elegans Egg-Laying Behavior

Egg-laying behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans is activated by signaling through the G-protein Gρq and inhibited by signaling through a second G-protein, Gρo. Activation of egg laying depends on the serotonergic hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSNs), but the neurotransmitter(s) and cell(s) that signal to inhibit egg laying are not known. Mutants for G-protein signaling genes have well characterized defects in egg laying. Here we present an analysis of mutants for other genes reported to lack inhibition of egg laying. Of the nine strongest, six have morphological defects in the ventral-type C (VC) neurons, which synapse onto both the HSNs and the egg-laying muscles and are thus the third cell type comprising the egg-laying system. Laser-ablating VC neurons could also disrupt the inhibition of egg laying. The remaining three mutants (unc-4, cha-1, and unc-17) are defective for synthesis or packaging of acetylcholine in the VCs. The egg-laying defects of unc-4, cha-1, and unc-17 were rescued by VC-specific expression of the corresponding cDNAs. In addition, increasing synaptic acetylcholine by reducing acetylcholinesterase activity, with either mutations or the inhibitor aldicarb, decreased egg laying. Finally, we found that a knock-out for the HSN-expressed receptor G-protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor 2 (GAR-2) shows a partial defect in the inhibition of egg laying and fails to respond to aldicarb. Our results show that acetylcholine released from the VC neurons inhibits egg-laying behavior. This inhibition may be caused, in part, by acetylcholine signaling onto the HSN presynaptic terminals, via GAR-2, to inhibit neurotransmitter release.
The CNO Cycles

Since the independent suggestions in 1938 of Bethe (1939) and von Weiszacker (1938) that captures of protons by carbon and nitrogen isotopes were the source of energy generation in stars, the CNO cycles have developed into what might be considered by some a many-cycled monster rivalling the many-headed Hydra, However, those of us who are researchers in nucleosynthesis have found the reactions of the CNO nuclei a fertile field. I wish in this short paper to present the many reactions that may occur and to tell you what dependable rates we are able to make available.
Bloxham receives Macelwane Medal

The James B. Macelwane Medal for significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by a young scientist of outstanding ability was presented to Jeremy Bloxham at the 1994 AGU Fall Meeting Meeting Honors Ceremony on December 7, 1994, in San Francisco. The award citation and Bloxham's response are given here.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Liquid/Vapor Interface of Aqueous Ethanol Solutions as a Function of Concentration

Molecular dynamics computer simulations are utilized to study the structural and thermodynamic properties of the liquid/vapor interface of aqueous ethanol solutions as a function of concentration. In addition, the free energy profile for inserting a single ethanol molecule into a 0.059 mole fraction aqueous ethanol solution is calculated using statistical mechanical perturbation theory. The calculated free energy for solvation of an ethanol molecule in the bulk solution, the surface tension as a function of ethanol concentration, and the average orientation of ethanol molecules at the solution/vapor interface are in agreement with the corresponding experimental data. The calculated equilibrium free-energy profile, however, exhibits a barrier to solvation that is considerably smaller than that predicted by the resistance model for mass accommodation.
A vertical waveguide-to-suspended stripline transition

A vertical E-plane waveguide-to-suspended stripline transition in the Ku band using a single dielectric substrate is presented. Inserting a resonator into the waveguide eliminates the need for a quarter-wave back-short. Using stacked patches as the resonator and increasing the separation between the resonator and the ground improve the bandwidth. A low transmission loss of 0.25 dB at 13.8 GHz and a 10-dB return loss bandwidth of 10% are achieved in simulation.
An empirical investigation of risk classes: Are common proxies valid?

Abstract This article constructs observed corporate risk classes and evaluates the accuracy of commonly used industry and broader-than-industry groups as proxies. Observed risk classes, both systematic and idiosyncratic, are obtained using cluster analysis to group firms according to their risk profiles, determined with a simple LFM. Comparison tests between the common proxies and the observed risk classes shew that neither the industry nor the broader proxies correspond to systematic risk classes, but that certain broader-than-industry groups may provide reasonable approximations for idiosyncratic risk classes. The analysis of the observed risk classes indicates that industry specific effects are inherent in both idiosyncratic and systematic risk.
Some blood minerals and hormones in cows fed variable mineral levels and ionic balance.

Abstract Eighty multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to eight treatments in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design to examine changes in serum parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, Ca, P, Mg, K, and Cl under two levels of dietary Ca and P with two anion-cation balances. Factor levels were low and high Ca (51 vs. 115 g/d), P (38 vs. 52 g/d), and cationic:anionic balance (23 vs. –8 meq). Cows were offered a TMR and an experimental mineral supplement to adjust mineral and anion-cation levels. Caudal vein blood samples were collected every 2 d from d –10 to +10 from calving. Serum K was lower for low Ca and high P compared with high Ca and low P treatments. Neither hormones nor the minerals examined in serum showed treatment effects. Cows of higher parity consumed less supplement and had lower serum Ca and P. All serum variables except calcitonin showed day to day variations. Both Ca and P decreased around parturition, whereas parathyroid hormone and Mg increased. Anionic diets did not differ from cationic diets regarding serum parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, Ca, P, Mg, K, Cl, or Na.
The influence of gender and culture on Generation Y consumer decision making styles

The purpose of this study is to compare the decision making styles of Generation Y consumers in a previously planned economy country (Poland) and a country identified as a capitalist market driven country (United States). This study also examined gender and culture as predictors of consumer decision making styles (CDMS). The usability of the Jackson and Lee (2010). CDMS instrument was also analyzed. Data were collected from members of Generation Y in two countries: USA and Poland. The study confirmed the 5-factor solution of Jackson and Lee (2010). The CDMS supported in the study are characterized as enjoyment, shopping aversion, price consciousness, quality consciousness and brand consciousness. The results suggest that CDMS vary between cultures and genders, thus it is essential for marketers and consumer behaviorists to consider them separately. Differences were found between cultures in enjoyment, shopping aversion, price consciousness and quality consciousness CDMS. Genders show divergence between en...
Steam stripping of lard

The rate of steam stripping of free fatty acids from lard can be evaluated in terms of a rate·constant K defined by Equations 5 and 6. Reproducible results were realized for many different batches of leaf and prime steam lards. The effects of temperature, total pressure, and steam rate were evaluated, thus making possible the calculation of stripping rate constants on a comparable basis. Comparable values of the rate constant K have been compared for conditions with and without the use of mechanical agitation with a flat-blade mixing impeller. Use of the rotating mixing impeller showed substantial increases (30 to 50%) in the reaction rate constant, over those obtained with steam sparging without the mixer. Accordingly the use of this type mixer should result, in large savings of steam for stripping and for maintaining the necessary vacuum by the steam jet condenser.
Risky shift or confused subjects

(1977). Risky Shift or Confused Subjects? The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 101, No. 2, pp. 311-312.
Optimal design and operation of a C3MR refrigeration system for natural gas liquefaction

Abstract LNG liquefaction is an energy-intensive process. Energy efficiency is the major concern in LNG liquefaction process design and operation. In this paper, a new methodology for LNG liquefaction synthesis targeting energy consumption minimization is presented. It is based on thermodynamic analysis, mathematical programming, and rigorous simulation. The procedure for MINLP (mixed-integer non-linear programming) model development and simplification is described in detail. LINDOGlobal solver in GAMS is employed to solve the MINLP problem and the optimization results are further validated through rigorous simulations. Based on the development, the optimal design and operational conditions for LNG liquefaction process can be simultaneously achieved. A C3MR LNG liquefaction process is employed to demonstrate the efficacy of the developed methodology. Comprehensive thermodynamic analysis is also conducted to give insights of the optimization results.
A pair of van der Pol oscillators coupled by fractional derivatives

We consider the stability of the in-phase and out-of-phase modes of a pair of fractionally-coupled van der Pol oscillators: 1 2 where D α x is the order α derivative of x(t), and 0<α<1. We use a two-variable perturbation method on the system’s corresponding variational equations to derive expressions for the transition curves separating regions of stability from instability in the α, γ parameter plane. The perturbation results are validated with numerics and through direct comparison with known results in the limiting cases of α=0 and α=1, where the fractional coupling reduces to position coupling and velocity coupling, respectively.
Integral-equation-based analysis of transient scattering from periodic perfectly conducting structures

A marching-on-in-time algorithm for solving a time-domain electric field integral equation pertinent to the analysis of plane-wave scattering from doubly periodic, perfectly conducting bodies is presented. For obliquely incident waves, a classically constructed marching-on-in-time solver leads to a non-causal system of equations that requires knowledge of future current values to solve for present ones. Here, time-shifted temporal basis functions and a bandlimited extrapolation procedure that mitigate and eliminate the non-causal nature of the marching-on-in-time system of equations are introduced. The validity and effectiveness of the resulting algorithm are demonstrated through a number of examples.
Social bases of power and control mechanisms among prisoners in a prison organization

This research examines the social bases of power and control mechanisms among prisoners in a maximum security correctional facility for males. A qualitative research design was employed to assess the forms of power among inmates. The data suggests that the prisoner social world revolves around the interaction of many types of power. The kinds of power exhibited among prisoners were: coercive, referent, providing of resources, legitimate, and expert. Additionally, we offer some discussion on how an understanding of these social bases of power have implications for the prison environment and future research.
Variation in exemptions to school immunization requirements among New York State private and public schools.

Abstract Background and objectives School immunization requirements have ensured high vaccination rates and have helped to control vaccine-preventable diseases. However, vaccine exemptions have increased in the last decade. This study compared New York State private versus public schools with respect to medical and religious exemption rates. Methods This retrospective study utilizes New York State Department of Health Immunization Survey data from the 2003 through 2012 academic years. Schools were categorized as private or public, the former further categorized by religious affiliation. Rates of medical and religious vaccine exemptions were compared by school category. Results From 2003 to 2012, religious exemptions increased in private and public schools from 0.63% to 1.35% and 0.17% to 0.29% (Spearman's R : 0.89 and 0.81), respectively. Among private schools, increases in religious exemption rates during the study period were observed in Catholic/Eastern Orthodox, Protestant/Other Christian, Jewish, and secular schools (Spearman's R = 0.66, 0.99, 0.89, and 0.93), respectively. Exemption rate ratios in private schools compared to public schools were 1.39 (95% CI 1.15–1.68) for medical and 3.94 (95% CI: 3.20–4.86) for religious exemptions. Among private school students, all school types except for Catholic/Eastern Orthodox and Episcopal affiliates were more likely to report religious exemptions compared to children in public schools. Conclusions Medical and religious exemption rates increased over time and higher rates were observed among New York State private schools compared to public schools. Low exemption rates are critical to minimize disease outbreaks in the schools and their community.
Mid-Infrared Tunable Dual-Frequency Cross Polarization Converters Using Graphene-Based L-Shaped Nanoslot Array

In this paper, we proposed a novel dual-frequency cross polarization converter that can simultaneously work at two frequencies in the reflection mode, which is constructed of an L-shaped perforated graphene sheet printed on a dielectric material backed by a gold ground plane. For the normal incidence, the optical rotation at these two working frequencies originates from the simultaneous excitation of both eigenmodes that are characterized as the results of the localized surface plasmon resonances. Moreover, by merely varying the Fermi energy of the graphene, both working frequencies can be tuned within a large frequency range, which suggests numerous potential optical applications.
Regulation of histone H3 phosphorylation at serine 10 in PTTH-stimulated prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori

A complex signaling network appears to be involved in prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in insect prothoracic glands (PGs). In the present study, we investigated the localization of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in PTTH-stimulated PGs in Bombyx mori. The nuclear effect of PTTH was further studied by examining phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10. Results showed that in PTTH-stimulated PGs, higher phosphorylated ERK was detected in nuclear fraction compared to that in cytosolic fraction. PTTH treatment in vitro appears to rapidly enhance the transcriptional activation-associated histone H3 phosphorylation at serine 10. PTTH stimulated histone H3 phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. Injection of PTTH into day-6 last instar larvae greatly increased histone H3 phosphorylation, verifying the in vitro effect. The stimulation of histone H3 phosphorylation by PTTH appears to be developmentally regulated. PTTH-stimulated histone H3 phosphorylation was greatly reduced in Ca2+-free saline or by pretreatment with a potent and specific inhibitor of phospholipase C (PLC), U73122. When PGs were treated with agents that directly elevate the intracellular Ca2+ concentration (either A23187 or thapsigargin), a greatly increase in histone H3 phosphorylation at serine 10 was observed, indicating Ca2+-dependency of histone H3 phosphorylation stimulated by PTTH. In addition, PTTH-stimulated histone H3 phosphorylation was partially reduced by U0126, a specific mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, indicating the involvement of ERK. However, pretreatment with LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, did not inhibit PTTH-stimulated histone H3 phosphorylation, implying that PI3K signaling is not related to PTTH-stimulated histone H3 phosphorylation. Taken together, these results suggest that PTTH-stimulated histone H3 phosphorylation at serine 10 is mediated by Ca2+/ERK signaling in B. mori PGs.
The effect of hydrostatic pressure on respiratory electron transport system activity in marine zooplankton

Abstract The pressure dependence of the respiratory electron transport system (ETS) activity was investigated in four species of zooplankton from Puget Sound and in mixed populations of zooplankton from the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean. The Puget Sound zooplankton showed no significant pressure effect between 1 and 100 atm, the maximum range of pressure these organisms are likely to encounter in nature. The mixed zooplankton, from both epipelagic and bathypelagic waters, showed no significant pressure effect at 265 atm.
Objectives and Progress on Ground Vibration Testing for the Ares Projects

Integrated vehicle ground vibration testing (IVGVT) will be a vital component for ensuring the safety of NASA s next generation of exploration vehicles to send human beings to the Moon and beyond. A ground vibration test (GVT) measures the fundamental dynamic characteristics of launch vehicles during various phases of flight. The Ares Flight & Integrated Test Office (FITO) will be conducting the IVGVT for the Ares I crew launch vehicle at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) from 2012 to 2014 using Test Stand (TS) 4550. MSFC conducted similar GVT for the Saturn V and Space Shuttle vehicles. FITO will perform the IVGVT on the Ares I crew launch vehicle, which will lift the Orion crew exploration vehicle to low Earth orbit, and the Ares V cargo launch vehicle, which can launch the lunar lander into orbit and send the combined Orion/lander vehicles toward the Moon. Ares V consists of a six-engine core stage with two solid rocket boosters and an Earth departure stage (EDS). The same engine will power the EDS and the Ares I second stage. The current plan is to test six configurations in three unique test positions inside TS 4550. Four Ares I second stage test configurations will be tested in Position 3, consisting of the Upper Stage and Orion crew module in four nominal conditions: J-2X engine ignition, post Launch Abort System (LAS) jettison, critical slosh mass, and J-2X burn-out. Position 2 consists of the entire launch stack at first stage burn-out (using empty first stage segments). Position 1 represents the entire launch stack at lift-off (using inert first stage segments). Because of long disuse, TS 4550 is being repaired and modified for reactivation to conduct the Ares I IVGVT. The Shuttle-era platforms have been removed and are being replaced with mast climbers that provide ready access to the test articles and can be moved easily to support different positions within the test stand. Two new cranes will help move test articles at the test stand and at the Redstone Arsenal rail-head where first stage segments will be received in late 2010. The electrical system for TS 4550 also will be upgraded. The Hydraulic Support Systems (HDSs) used for Saturn and Shuttle are being disassembled and evaluated for use during IVGVT. Analyses indicate that the 45-year-old HDSs can be refurbished to support the Ares I IVGT. An alternate concept for a pneumatic suspension system is also being explored. A decision on which suspension system configuration to use for IVGVT will be made in 2010.
Phase diagram of three-dimensional dynamical triangulations with a boundary

Abstract We use Monte Carlo simulation to study the phase diagram of three-dimensional dynamical triangulations with a boundary. Three phases are indentified and characterized. One of these phases is a new, boundary dominated phase; a simple argument is presented to explain its existence. First-order transitions are shown to occur along the critical lines separating phases.
Line overlap measurement for the photopumping of X-ray lasing transitions between n = 3 and n = 2 autoionizing states of lithium-like Al

Abstract We performed a detailed measurement of the Kβ spectrum of He-like Al 11+ , including the dielectronic satellite spectrum excited by the KLM resonances, and comparisons with theoretical predictions from multi-configuration Dirac-Fock calculations are made. We investigated the possibility of a line overlap between the (1s 2 2s) J= 1 2 –(1s2s3p) J= 3 2 transition in Li- like Al 10+ and the (2s 2 2p 6 ) J=0 –(2s 2 2p 5 1 2 3s) J=1 transition in Ne-like Rb 27+ , situated near 1826 eV, to examine their s uitability for use in a photopumped X-ray laser scheme. In this scheme with lasing at 46 A, the Rb 27+ line pumps the Al 10+ upper lasing level. The measured difference in the line energies is 0.7 ± 0.1 eV or 380 ppm.
Application of the imaginary time step method to the solution of the static Hartree-Fock problem

A method of solution of the static Hartree-Fock problem is proposed. The method, based upon the extension of the method of solution of the time-dependent Hartree-Fock problem to imaginary time, promises to be more efficient, and applicable to more complex systems than previously proposed numerical methods.
The Relationship Between Reasons for Activity and Older Adult Well-Being

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between activity and older adult well-being by examining the reasons for older adult activity as moderators of the relationship. A sample...
Innovative practices for engineering professional development courses

Many universities require engineering majors to take some form of a professional development course. Generally, the goal of these courses is to prepare students for the engineering profession. Another important aspect of these courses is to provide a mechanism to satisfy accreditation criteria on student outcomes that are difficult to implement in other technical courses. At the University of Oklahoma, most engineering disciplines take the course titled: ENGR 2002 - Professional Development. Historically, this course was effective in satisfying accreditation requirements on student outcomes, but was not well received by the students. Details of the reasons for this dissatisfaction and changes made in the re-design of this course are discussed in this paper. The new version of ENGR 2002 includes many innovative practices in team-based learning and peer learning that are shared in this paper. All of the vital elements of the four projects included in the course are provided to support others who would like to implement similar projects. Course surveys, completed by 148 students, were used as the primary assessment method. Additionally, standard course evaluations were used to compare this course to other engineering courses and show improvement from the previous version of ENGR 2002. Many student comments are included in the paper to show their reaction to different aspects of the course. One student made a comment that echoed our sentiments regarding the teaching of this course for the first time in the fall 2012 semester: “from being in this class it is noticeable that people need to take it to work on public speaking skills or working with groups.” From our experience, many students grow a great deal in terms of communication effectiveness and ability to function on a multi-disciplinary team as a result of this course, and we believe these skills are essential to become a great engineer.
Fructose production by immobilizedArthrobacter cells

ImmobilizedArthrobacter cells (NRRL-B-3728) were used for continuous isomerization of glucose to fructose in a bioreactor system. The system utilized stationary phase (55h) cells (2.2×109 CFU/ml saline) immobilized onto K-carrageenan (3% w/v) beads [cells were heated at 65°C for 10 min to inactivate endogenous proteolytic enzymes]. Immobilized-cell preparations were hardened using three different glutaraldehyde systems. Glutaraldehyde (0.2 M) treated-immobilized cells (pH 7.0, 5°C for 30 min) exhibited good gel strength and high glucose isomerase activities. Maximal bioreactor isomerization of 44% was achieved when a buffered feedstock containing 40% glucose was fed into the column (60°C) at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The biological half-life of glucose isomerase activities in this system was 400 h. Scanning electron microscopy revealed large numbers of cells distributed within the beads. A thin layer surrounding the beads following glutaraldehyde treatment was mainly due to cross-linking reactions between cell proteins and glutaraldehyde. This layer prevented leaking of cells during continuous isomerization reaction.
A simple model of the Arctic Ocean response to annular atmospheric modes

[1] A dynamical mechanism is described that modulates the tilt of the sea-surface height and pycnocline depth between the central Arctic and the continental shelves. A simple analytical model is presented, forced with idealized zonal winds over an idealized, 2-layer, cylinder representing the Arctic Ocean. Ekman transports are linked to sea-surface and pycnocline tilt anomalies and basin-scale circulation in response to an annular wind anomaly. We compare the results to tide gauge data, as well as results from a more realistic numerical simulation and find that the model explains a major fraction of the interannual-to-decade scale sea-surface height anomalies at Arctic coastal tide gauges. The analytical model indicates, for example, that on the order of 10 cm of the observed rise of about 18 cm in coastal Arctic sea-surface height between about 1985 and 1993 was probably a response to increased Westerly winds associated with a strong positive phase of the Northern Annular Mode of atmospheric variability. The pycnocline depth anomaly time series from the model is used to calculate implied changes in the outflow of relatively fresh Polar Water to the North Atlantic. The comparisons indicate that the Ekman transport mechanism is important to changes in the export of buoyancy from the Arctic Ocean on seasonal, interannual, and decadal timescales.
1617-nm Er:YAG Laser with Direct Resonant Laser Diode Pumping

We report what is believed to be the first demonstration of direct resonant diode pumping of 1.6-μm Er3+-doped bulk solid-state laser. Photon conversion efficiency is limited by cavity losses in these initial experiments.
Partial duality and Bollobás and Riordan's ribbon graph polynomial

Recently S. Chmutov introduced a generalization of the dual of a ribbon graph (or equivalently an embedded graph) and proved a relation between Bollobas and Riordan's ribbon graph polynomial of a ribbon graph and of its generalized duals. Here I show that the duality relation satisfied by the ribbon graph polynomial can be understood in terms of knot theory and I give a simple proof of the relation which used the homfly polynomial of a knot.
The role of matrix molecular weight in rubber toughened nylon 6 blends: 2. Room temperature Izod impact toughness

Abstract The Izod impact strength of blends of nylon 6 with maleated and non-maleated styrene-hydrogenated butadiene-styrene triblock copolymers, SEBS, and ethylene/propylene random copolymers, EPR, is influenced by the molecular weight of the nylon 6 phase, the rubber particle size, and rubber type. The upper and lower particle size limits for super-toughening were found to be dependent on the polyamide molecular weight and rubber type. The SEBS type elastomers produce blends that have higher toughness over a broader range of rubber particle sizes than the EPR/EPR-g-MA mixtures. The effect of nylon 6 molecular weight on the room temperature Izod impact strength of these blends depends on how the comparison is made; however, generally higher levels of toughness can be obtained from the higher molecular weight nylon 6 materials.
Expression of GRP and its receptor is associated with improved survival in patients with colon cancer

Epithelial cells lining the adult human colon do not normally express gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) or its receptor (GRPR), but both can be up regulated post malignant transformation. However, controversy exists as to the contribution these proteins make to tumor cell behavior once present. Since GRPR activation promotes proliferation, it has been assumed that their aberrant expression promotes colon cancer (CC) growth and progression. Yet we have contended that when expressed, GRP/GRPR benefits the host since in vitro studies demonstrate they enhance tumor cell attachment to the extracellular matrix and promote CC cytolysis by natural killer lymphocytes. Thus the aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of aberrant GRP/GRPR expression on patient survival. To do this we identified all CC diagnosed at a single institution from 1998 to 2002 that were classified as AJCC stage II or III (n = 88); of these 50 (57%) had sufficient tissues remaining for study. GRP/GRPR expression and natural killer cell density were determined immunohistochemically at the leading edge of each CC, and survival assessed by Kaplan Meier analysis. Expression of high levels of GRPR alone, or both GRP and GRPR, was associated with delayed CC recurrence (14.1-17.0 months, respectfully; P = 0.005) and increased survival (10.1-13.1 months, respectfully; P = 0.0124). CC expressing GRP/GRPR were associated with significantly fewer lymph node metastases than tumors not expressing these proteins, and contained significantly more CD16 + natural killer cells, than tumors not expressing these proteins. These findings demonstrate that patients whose CC express GRPR are associated with a survival advantage as compared to those whose CC do not express these proteins.
Growth of surface-breaching normal faults as a three-dimensional fracturing process

Structures along the Hopena normal fault of the Koae fault system (KFS) on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, provide a record of fault propagation in three dimensions. This fault displays (1) a breached monocline along the scarp; (2) a belt of discontinuous echelon fractures along the scarp and past its end; (3) a belt of discontinuous fractures on the footwall; (4) buckles at the base of the scarp; and (5) a belt of discontinuous fractures on the hangingwall that converges towards the end of the fault trace. Solid mechanics analyses show that this ensemble can be accounted for by the tipline of a normal fault propagating up towards the surface (accompanied by antithetic fracturing), then intersecting it and propagating laterally. Normal fault propagation down from the surface cannot account for the observed structures. Lateral slip occurs along some fractures as a result of local stress changes associated with fault propagation. Discontinuous fractures at the surface form early above a blind normal fault and continue to develop as a normal fault propagates laterally. Linkage of the fractures to the fault produces a fault with an irregular trace. The discontinuous, irregular character of normal fault traces over a broad range of scale is an inevitable consequence of three-dimensional fault growth.
Agave contact dermatitis.

Agave americanais a low-growing thick-leaved subtropical plant used largely for ornamental purposes in the southwestern United States. The sap within the plant leaves contains calcium oxalate crystals, acrid oils, saponins, and other compounds. Despite widespread use and exposure to these irritants,
Efficacy of systemic insecticide seed treatments for protection of early-growth-stage snap beans from bean leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) foliar feeding

Abstract The efficacy of two systemic, insecticidal seed treatments, imidacloprid (Gaucho®) and thiamethoxam (Cruiser®), were evaluated for control of the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), on early-growth-stage snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., over multiple planting dates (2002–2003) in southern Minnesota, US. A new foliar damage rating scale was developed for quantifying the efficacy of control tactics for protecting snap beans from C. trifurcata feeding. Both insecticide seed treatments provided a high level of C. trifurcata control, as measured by significant differences in foliar damage ratings, compared to the untreated plots, for all planting dates tested. Foliar damage ratings for thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were generally superior to the chlorpyrifos (Lorsban®) seed treatment when C. trifurcata pressure was high. In addition, for early planting dates, some seed treatments were as effective as foliar applications of bifenthrin (Capture®) for protecting yield. Based on economic risk analysis for eight planting dates, over 2 years, thiamethoxam appeared to be the most consistent seed treatment for C. trifurcata control. This conclusion is based on thiamethoxam providing significant improvements in damage ratings compared to chlorpyrifos, the highest economic returns per hectare, and economic variability levels (as measured by SD of adjusted gross returns) that were similar to those of imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos. The overall performance of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid for snap beans is discussed within the context of improving C. trifurcata management programs for growers in the Midwestern US.
The roles of inducer and catabolite repressor in the synthesis of β-galactosidase by Escherichia coli

The mechanism of the induction of β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli at 30°C was investigated by separating the phase of enzyme induction from the phase of enzyme production. This separation was accomplished by removing the inducer by filtration after 3 to 4 min of contact with the cells, that is before enzyme had been formed; the cells then produced the enzyme in inducer-free medium at an exponentially declining rate for approximately 10 min. It was found that interference with the synthesis of normal RNA by 5-fluorouracil during the phase of enzyme induction largely prevents the subsequent production of normal enzyme and causes the formation of an altered protein serologically related to β-galactosidase; on the other hand, such an interference with RNA synthesis during the phase of enzyme production does not affect the formation of the enzyme by previously induced cells. Conversely, interference with protein synthesis by starvation for an amino acid or by chloramphenicol during the phase of induction does not prevent the subsequent production of normal enzyme; but such an interference with protein synthesis during the phase of enzyme production inhibits the formation of the enzyme by previously induced cells to the same extent as that of other protein. These results indicate that during the induction phase a messenger RNA specific for β-galactosidase is produced which directs the subsequent synthesis of the enzyme in the inducer-free medium. No additional β-galactosidase messenger RNA is formed after removal of the inducer and that present in the cell decays exponentially with a half-life of approximately 2·5 min. The rate of this decay is independent of the rate of protein synthesis or the rate of energy metabolism. An excess of intracellular catabolites, produced either by the rapid catabolism of glucose or by the restriction of protein synthesis in the presence of a utilizable energy source, inhibits the induction of the enzyme but does not affect the production of the enzyme by previously induced cells. Apparently, the catabolite repressor inhibits and the inducer stimulates the synthesis of the unstable messenger RNA specific for β-galactosidase.
Spectroscopic studies of Congo red binding to RNA polymerase

Abstract The azo dye Congo Red has a high affinity for nucleotide-binding enzymes. We have studied the binding of Congo Red to RNA polymerase by circular dichroism (CD) and difference absorption spectroscopy, steady-state kinetics, and nitrocellulose filter-binding. Induced CD shows that a large number of Congo Red molecules bind to the holoenzyme. CD also demonstrates that the core enzyme at low ionic strengths has a distinctive Congo Red binding site which is not present in the holoenzyme, nor in the core enzyme at higher ionic strengths or in the pressece of poly(dT). CD studies indicate that Congo Red can readily displace double-stranded polynucleotides (T7 DNA or poly[d(A-T)]) from RNA polymerase. Single-stranded DNA (poly(dT) and T7 DNA in open complexes) is not displaced from RNA polymerase except at high Congo Red concentrations. Both kinetics and nitrocellulose filter-binding measurements support this conclusion. Difference spectra indicate that the bound Congo Red molecules undergo stacking. We postulate that RNA polymerase binds Congo Red in a region with which a segment of DNA normally interacts, and that Congo Red is a potent inhibitor because the stacked dye has a polyanionic character.
Femtosecond pulse shaping by dynamic holograms in photorefractive multiple quantum wells

Femtosecond pulses can be shaped in the time domain by diffraction from dynamic holograms in a photorefractive multiple quantum well placed inside a Fourier pulse shaper. We present several examples of shaped pulses obtained by controlling the amplitude or the phase of the hologram writing beams, which modifies the complex spectrum of the femtosecond output.
Statistical tests for comparing possibly misspecified and nonnested models

Abstract Model selection criteria (MSC) involves selecting the model with the best estimated goodness-of-fit to the data generating process. Following the method of Vuong (1989), a large sample Model Selection Test (MST), is introduced that can be used in conjunction with most existing MSC procedures to decide if the estimated goodness-of-fit for one model is significantly different from the estimated goodness-of-fit for another model. The MST extends the classical generalized likelihood ratio test, is valid in the presence of model misspecification, and is applicable to situations involving nonnested probability models. Simulation studies designed to illustrate the concept of the MST and its conservative decision rule (relative to the MSC method) are also presented.
A theoretical and experimental evaluation of a novel radial-flow hollow fiber reactor for mammalian cell culture

A hollow fiber perfusion reactor constructed from pairs of concentric fibers forming a thin annular space is analyzed theoretically in terms of mass transfer resistances, and is shown experimentally to support the growth of an anchorage-dependent cell line in high-density culture. Hollow fiber perfusion reactors described in the literature typically employ a perfusion pathlength much greater than the distance that could be supported by diffusion alone, and analyses of these reactors typically incorporate the assumption of uniform perfusion throughout the cell mass despite many reported observations of inhomogeneous cell growth in perfusion reactors. The mathematical model developed for the annular reactor predicts that the metabolism of oxygen, carbon substrates, and proteins by anchorage-dependent cells can be supported by the reactor even in the absence of perfusion. The implications of nonuniform cell growth in perfusion reactors in general is discussed in terms of nutrient distribution. In the second part of the paper, the growth and metabolism of the mouse adrenal tumor line Y-1 in flask culture and in the annular reactor are compared. The reactor is shown to be a promising means for culturing anchorage-dependent cells at high density.