cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-performance anion-exchange chromatography of oligonucleotides

This paper presents techniques for the preparation and use of support materials for the resolution of oligonucleotides by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Methodology for both static and in situ surface modification of silica using polyethylenimine is outlined with emphasis on the contribution of stationary phase thickness and silica type in resolution and selectivity. Short columns (5.0 × 0.41 cm I.D.) are capable of fractionating both oligonucleotide homologues up to 35 bases in chain length and various nucleoside-5′-mono-, di- and triphosphates. Gradient rate is discussed in terms of resolution vs. separation time.
Seeing the Invisible: Embedding Tests in Code That Cannot be Modified

The difficulty of characterizing and observing valid software behavior during testing can be very difficult in flight systems. To address this issue, we evaluated several approaches to increasing test observability on the Shuttle Abort Flight Management (SAFM) system. To increase test observability, we added probes into the running system to evaluate the internal state and analyze test data. To minimize the impact of the instrumentation and reduce manual effort, we used Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) tools to instrument the source code. We developed and elicited a spectrum of properties, from generic to application specific properties, to be monitored via the instrumentation. To evaluate additional approaches, SAFM was ported to Linux, enabling the use of gcov for measuring test coverage, Valgrind for looking for memory usage errors, and libraries for finding non-normal floating point values. An in-house C++ source code scanning tool was also used to identify violations of SAFM coding standards, and other potentially problematic C++ constructs. Using these approaches with the existing test data sets, we were able to verify several important properties, confirm several problems and identify some previously unidentified issues.
Estimating basin-wide hydraulic parameters of a semi-arid mountainous watershed by recession-flow analysis

Insufficient sub-surface hydraulic data from watersheds often hinders design of water resources structures. This is particularly true in developing countries and in watersheds with low population densities because well-drilling to obtain the hydraulic data is expensive. The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of ‘Brutsaert’ recession flow analysis to steeper and more arid watersheds than those that were previously used. Using daily streamflow data (1962 ‐ 1992), a modified version of the analysis was used to estimate the subsurface hydraulic parameters of four semi-arid, mountainous watersheds (204 ‐ 764 km 2 ) near Oaxaca, Mexico. In this analysis, a dimensionless recession curve (DRC) was translated to best-fit observed recession flow (Q) data. The basin-wide hydraulic parameters were directly related to the magnitude of the translation used to fit the DRC to the data. One unique aspect of this study was too few high flow data to confidently fit the DRC to the data via previously published protocols. We, thus, proposed using three different approaches for translating the DRC in order to establish a range for the hydraulic parameters. Our analyses predicted a narrow range of basin-wide hydraulic parameters that were near regionally measured values and consistent within commonly published values for similar geology, suggesting that the Brutsaert method is applicable to arid, mountainous basins like those used here. This method potentially provides a costeffective alternative to traditional geohydrological field methods for determining groundwater parameters. q 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Femtosecond laser induced magnetization dynamics in single nanomagnets

Here, we present magnetization dynamics measurements in 150nm thick Ni magnets with diameters from 5mum to 125nm by optical pump-probe technique. To the best of our knowledge this is the first ever report of magnetization dynamics study of single nanomagnets down to 125nm by the time-resolved magneto-optical technique. The combination of novel cavity enhancement of magneto-optical Kerr effect and 100 fs laser pulsewidth has allowed us to study the dynamics with a unique 100fs time resolution and 100nm spatial sensitivity.
The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in diabetes and obesity

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor, which upon activation with various natural and synthetic ligands, stimulates the transcription of genes responsible for growth and differentiation of adipocytes. Furthermore, PPARγ is the receptor for the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones, which are commonly used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Rare inactivating mutations of the gene encoding PPARγ are associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension, whereas a rare gain of function mutation causes extreme obesity. A common polymorphism (Pro12Ala) of the adipose tissue-specific 2 isoform is associated with increased insulin sensitivity and decreased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. These findings indicate a central role of PPARγ in fat cell biology and in the pathophysiology of obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance.
Mink Lung Cells and Mixed Mink Lung and A549 Cells for Rapid Detection of Influenza Virus and Other Respiratory Viruses

Mink lung cells were more sensitive than the commonly used MDCK or pRhMK cells for rapid detection of influenza virus A from clinical specimens. Mixed Mv1Lu and A549 cells in a single shell vial were synergistic for detection of influenza virus A and were as sensitive as individual cells for detection of other respiratory viruses.
Anomalies of the penis

Abstract Anomalies of the penis occur with regularity and cause much anxiety for parents of affected children. If left untreated, these problems may not only result in long-term physical sequelae, but also in poor psychosocial adjustment. This article describes the more commonly seen anomalies of the penis and their evaluation and treatment.
Hardness variability in commercial technologies

The radiation hardness of commercial floating gate 256 K E/sup 2/PROMs from a single diffusion lot was observed to vary between 5 to 25 krad(Si) when irradiated at a low dose rate of 64 mrad(Si)/s. Additional variations in EEPROM hardness were found to depend on bias condition and failure mode (i.e., inability to read or write the memory), as well as the foundry at which the part was manufactured. This variability is related to system requirements, and it is shown that hardness level and variability affect the allowable mode of operation for EEPROMs in space applications. The radiation hardness of commercial 1-Mbit CMOS SRAMs from Micron, Hitachi, and Sony irradiated at 147 rad(Si)/s was approximately 12, 13, and 19 krad(Si), respectively. These failure levels appear to be related to increases in leakage current during irradiation. Hardness of SRAMs from each manufacturer varied by less than 20%, but differences between manufacturers are significant. The qualified manufacturer's list approach to radiation hardness assurance is suggested as a way to reduce variability and to improve the hardness level of commercial technologies. >
Computer Content Analysis of “Day-Old” Newspapers: A Feasibility Study

A PREVIOUS study (DeWeese, 1976) demonstrated the technological feasibility of large-scale computer content analysis of media. The study did not reveal if "day-old" newspapers could be analyzed on a continuing basis. It did reveal a need for reducing the cost (1) of obtaining text in computer-readable (electronic) form and (2) of processing text for and during analysis. One alternative for significantly lowering the cost of obtaining computer-readable text is to make an electronic copy at the time that it is initially electronically created. In August 1973, General Motors Research Laboratories entered a letter-of-agreement with the Detroit News. The letter provided for the Research Laboratories to explore the possibliity of obtaining "day-old" newspapers in computer-readable form. Various approaches were considered for electronically capturing the text created at the News. One approach was finally selected based on its low cost potential and its general applicability for computer composed printed media. The process consists of four stages: mini-computer, processing programs, content analysis programs, and data manipulation programs. For all stages, data are kept in electronic form and operations are performed by computer under the control of a researcher.
Sequential Reliable-Inference for Rapid Detection of Human Actions

We present a probabilistic reliable-inference framework to address the issue of rapid-and-reliable detection of human actions. The approach determines the shortest video exposure needed for low-latency recognition by sequentially evaluating a series of posterior class ratios to find the earliest reliable decision point. Results are presented for a set of people walking, running, and standing at different styles and multiple viewpoints, and compared to an alternative ML approach.
Stability of ripple-assisted neutral beam injection against loss-cone modes

Aspects of the stability of the toroidal field ripple-assisted neutral beam injection scheme proposed by Jassby and Goldston are considered. It is found that beams sufficiently peaked in perpendicular energy are unstable to the generation of loss-cone modes – specifically, lower hybrid waves propagating nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field and driven unstable by the perpendicular velocity space anisotropy-free energy. In the infinite-medium theory, the beam density threshold is intolerably small. However, radial convection of energy provides an important additional source of damping. The resulting threshold may be tolerable if the beam temperature is sufficiently high. Even if the linear stability condition is violated, it is shown that quasilinear diffusion will produce broadening quite rapidly (several e-foldings), with small saturated field amplitudes.
Olivine and pyroxene from the mantle of asteroid 4 Vesta

a b s t r a c t A number of meteorites contain evidence that rocky bodies formed and differentiated early in our solar system's history, and similar bodies likely contributed material to form the planets. These differentiated rocky bodies are expected to have mantles dominated by Mg-rich olivine, but direct evidence for such mantles beyond our own planet has been elusive. Here, we identify olivine fragments (Mg# = 80-92) in howardite meteorites. These Mg-rich olivine fragments do not correspond to an established lithology in the howardite-eucrite-diogenite (HED) meteorites, which are thought to be from the asteroid 4 Vesta; their occurrence in howardite breccias, combined with diagnostic oxygen three-isotope signatures and minor element chemistry, indicates they are vestan. The major element chemistry of these Mg- rich olivines suggests that they formed as mantle residues, in crustal layered intrusions, or in Mg-rich basalts. The trace element chemistry of these Mg-rich olivines supports an origin as mantle samples, but other formation scenarios could be possible. Interpreted as mantle samples, the range of Mg-rich olivine compositions indicates that Vesta's structure differs from that predicted by conventional models: Vesta has a chemically heterogeneous mantle that feeds serial magmatism. The range of olivine major element chemistries is consistent with models of an incompletely melted mantle such as in the model proposed by Wilson and Keil (2013) rather than a whole-mantle magma ocean for Vesta. Trace element chemistries of Mg-rich pyroxenes (Mg# = 85-92) provide support that some of these pyroxenes may represent initial
High performance capillary electrophoresis of calmodulin

The electrophoretic properties of purified calmodulin were investigated. High performance capillary electrophoresis of this Ca2+(-)binding protein in free solution at pH 2.5 resulted in an elution of a single peak with a retention time of approximately 4.7 min. Addition of [ethylene-bis(oxyethylenenitrilo]) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) to the protein prior to capillary electrophoresis completely abolished this electrophoretic profile. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of calmodulin under denaturing and nondenaturing conditions also revealed a single polypeptide band. However, the relative electrophoretic mobilities of this protein could vary, depending on the presence or absence of Ca2+. The pI of calmodulin was estimated to be 3.7 by using isoelectric focusing techniques. Analysis of this acidic protein by high performance capillary electrophoresis at pH 8.0 revealed that it could be resolved into two major and one minor polypeptide peaks, regardless of the presence or absence of Ca2+. These findings suggest that capillary electrophoresis at near physiological pH may differentiate the microheterogeneity of calmodulin.
The glycoalkaloid content of some edible solanaceous fruits and potato products

The glycoalkaloid contents of three edible solanaceous fruits (aubergine, red and green peppers) have been found to be less than 10 mg 100 g−1 fresh weight. Commercial potato products, such as potato crisps, chips and tinned new potatoes, have been found to contain similar low levels which are within those accepted as safe by breeders of commercial potatoes.
Water sources and controls on water-loss rates of epigeous ectomycorrhizal fungal sporocarps during summer drought.

Summary • Access to deeper soil water and water-conserving traits should reduce water stress for ectomycorrhizal fungi, permitting function during drought. Here, we explored whether epigeous fruiting of ectomycorrhizal fungi during drought was facilitated by access to deep soil water, how much water was lost from sporocarps, and how sporocarp surface to volume ratios affected water-loss rates.  We used oxygen stable isotope analysis of water combined with modeling of water sources used by ectomycorrhizal fungi; measured sporocarp water loss using a transient porometer, and related water loss to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and sporocarp morphology.  In drier soils sporocarps likely derived a significant portion (25–80%) of their water from deep (> 30 cm) or hydraulically lifted water. Amanita muscaria had water-loss rates over twice those of Suillus sp., Boletus edulis, Tricholoma spp. and Russula albonigra. Vapor pressure deficit was an excellent predictor of water-loss rates for individual mushrooms. Sporocarp surface to volume ratios explained much of the variation among mushrooms in the slope of VPD–water loss relationships.  Access to deeper soil water might be a significant driver of ectomycorrhizal symbiotic function, sporocarp distribution, fruiting habit and morphology. Sporocarp morphology can affect water-loss rates and hence influences fungal ability to fruit during summer drought.
Comment on “Methodological Innovations From the Sociology of Emotions – Methodological Advances”:

Historically, the sociology of emotion has been relatively long on theory and short on methods. This collection of articles seeks to remedy this by introducing new ways to capture the four factors of emotion, as articulated by Thoits (1989): meaning, expression, label, and physiology. As a group, these studies reify existing dichotomies in the literature—that is, emotional experience versus emotional expression—and seek to reconcile them. Additionally, they all champion the use of mixed methods—either simultaneously or sequentially—adopting some combination of direct or indirect observation, subjective understanding/experience, and physiological change. Using examples drawn for their own research, the authors provide new ways to capture emotion that will carry emotion scholars into the next four decades of research.
Protandry, mating systems, and sex expression in the federally endangered Ptilimnium nodosum (apiaceae)1

Abstract Knowledge of plant mating system attributes is essential to the conservation of endangered species. The purpose of this study was to examine the functional consequences and conservation implications of protandry, andromonoecy, and mating patterns in the critically endangered and clonal plant, Ptilimnium nodosum. We conducted intra- and interfloral phenological observations to quantify opportunities for geitonogamy and calculated floral sex ratios of sequentially blooming umbel orders. We also provide information on P. nodosum's mating system. Flowers are self-compatible, but strong intrafloral protandry precludes autonomous selfing (< 1% seed set). Weak interfloral protandry combined with vegetative reproduction, however, provided multiple opportunities for geitonogamy which characteristically decreased with umbel order. Although low, mean seed set was comparable among open pollinated (25%), manually outcrossed (26%), and geitonogamously selfed (21%) pollination treatments, suggesting a mixed-mat...
TRANSFECTOMAS PROVIDE ANTIBODIES WITH NOVEL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS

The importance of antibodies in providing specific protection against disease has long been recognized. Antibodies can neutralize the effects of bacterial toxins, such as those causing tetanus and diptheria, can facilitate the killing of pathogenic bacteria, and can protect against viral infection of cells. The ability to specifically immunize and provide protection against infectious disease has had a major impact on public health. Indeed a coordinated program of immunization has led to the complete elimination of smallpox. It is perhaps fitting that smallpox should be the first disease to be eradicated in such a manner, because it was Jenner’s work with this disease which can be considered to have been the beginning of modern immunology.
When New Governance Fails

New Governance scholars have responded to critiques of rights-based, state-centered, top-down strategies by turning toward flexible, collaborative public-private partnerships and by locating lawyers as problem solvers rather than as traditional advocates. Intervening in a variety of substantive fields, these scholars often position New Governance as an ambitious project that seeks to usher in a new paradigm of public problem solving. This Article pulls back on the enthusiastic embrace of New Governance, instead situating it as a contingent model of cause lawyering that complements, rather than replaces, previous advocacy models, including rights-claiming litigation. To do so, this Article draws out professional and representational objections to New Governance. First, New Governance scholars often neglect cause lawyers, treat lawyers like other institutional actors, or priovide insufficiently concrete lawyer roles. Accordingly, lawyers might resist New Governance practice based on their professional identities. Next, the process-oriented focus of New Governance theory poses representational issues for lawyers working on behalf of marginalized constituents. New Governance process might merely reinscribe existing power dynamics and render challenges to outcomes more difficult. As a counterbalance to the overabundance of success stories in the New Governance literature, this Article locates these professional and representational objections in accounts of New Governance failure drawn from the identity-based domains of sexual orientation, gender, and religion. These stories of New Governance failure reveal challenges facing New Governance theory and begin to expose conditions conducive to New Governance practice. At the same time, they suggest the continued relevance of rights-claiming, court-centered strategies.
Truth Telling and Deception in the Internet Society

It is argued that mass deployment and use of high-capacity electronic communication has caused the breakdown of a human institution so elementary that nobody in the past bothered to make laws protecting it: the everyday give-and-take of speech. It has done this by vastly increasing people’s power to deceive without, at the same time, increasing their power to detect deception. The reason the imbalance is so problematic is that speech is an economic act, something done by the speaker to achieve some gain or personal benefit and involving exchange of value with the listener. Speech is therefore not inherently truthful. It becomes truthful, if at all, only when the speaker is afraid of being branded as a liar or a fool if found out, but, at the same time, not too afraid to speak out in the first place. Modern electronic means have provided speakers with a huge arsenal of tools to evade personal responsibility for what they say, thus badly unbalancing the economics of speech. Fortunately, the cure is simple: one need only create institutions that circumscribe this power in just the right amount so as to restore balance. In this paper I describe experiments I have conducted in creating such institutions using cohorts of students in coursework. I have found that a carefully crafted electronic interface that enforces the right amount of transparency, together with a small amount of human intervention, can have a startlingly positive effect on behavior. No policing is required. Creativity and intellectual cooperation bloom automatically and massively when healthy economic interactions among the people in the cohort are restored.
Elevated Autism Spectrum Disorder Traits in Young Children with OCD

Studies have shown a high prevalence of autistic spectrum traits in both children and adults with psychiatric disorders; however the prevalence rate has not yet been investigated in young children with OCD. The aim of the current study was to (1) determine whether ASD traits indicated by the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) were elevated in young children with OCD who do not have a specific ASD diagnosis and (2) determine if ASD traits were associated with OCD severity. Participants (N = 127) were children ages 5–8 years enrolled in the pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder treatment study for young children (POTS Jr.). Results indicated that the SRS showed elevated autistic traits in the sample and was associated with OCD severity whereas the SCQ did not indicate heightened ASD symptoms. Implications of these results are discussed.
American Indian Tribes Enter the New Millennium [Book Review of Pevar's 'The Rights of Indians and Tribes']

Professor Wildenthal reviews Stephen L. Pevar's book, "The Rights of Indians and Tribes" (Southern Illinois University Press, 3d ed. 2002). The review praises the timeliness and usefulness of this third edition of Pevar's book, a popular and well-regarded overview of Indian tribal and individual rights (part of a series sponsored by the American Civil Liberties Union).Pevar's book pointedly critiques recent Supreme Court decisions, and expresses sound and judicious views on several important issues, while clearly identifying and distinguishing such useful normative discussions from its excellent descriptive analysis of prevailing doctrines.The review suggests that the book could perhaps have discussed Indian gaming issues in more depth, but generally finds it an extremely valuable contribution to the literature on Indian sovereignty and Native American rights.
Nesting population origins of leatherback turtles caught as bycatch in the U.S. pelagic longline fishery

Fisheries that operate at large spatial scales and with high intensity have the potential to impact highly migratory species, and it is important to characterize threats to specific breeding populations of these species. We used many-to-many mixed-stock analysis (MSA) (n = 408) and microsatellite assignment testing (n = 397) to determine source populations for leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) caught as bycatch in the U.S. pelagic longline fishery from 2002 to 2012 in the western North Atlantic. Within the United States, we had bycatch samples from the majority of statistical fishing areas: Gulf of Mexico (GOM), Northeast Distant (NED), Caribbean (CAR), Florida East Coast (FEC), Mid Atlantic Bight (MAB), Northeast Coastal (NEC), South Atlantic Bight (SAB) and Sargasso (SAR). We determined the proportions of turtles from each of nine nesting stocks in the Atlantic in each of the sampled areas. These nesting stocks included Brazil, Costa Rica, Florida, Trinidad, French Guiana, St. Croix, Ghana, Gabon, and South Africa. The MSA revealed that the NED had a lower relative proportion of turtles from Costa Rica than other areas and that the GOM had the highest relative proportion of turtles from Costa Rica. No turtles were assigned to the African rookeries, lending further evidence that turtles from that region forage elsewhere and therefore may not be affected by western North Atlantic fisheries. This work contributes to the ongoing assessment of threats to leatherback turtles in the Regional Management Unit (RMU) of the western North Atlantic, and draws attention to the disproportionate number of turtles from Costa Rica being caught in the Gulf of Mexico; Costa Rica is one of the only populations in the northern Atlantic that is not experiencing significant increases in nest numbers. This approach should be useful in determining population-specific threats to other highly migratory protected species that may depend on segregated foraging areas either within or among species.
Graphite Nanoplatelet Enabled Embeddable Fiber Sensor for in Situ Curing Monitoring and Structural Health Monitoring of Polymeric Composites

A graphite nanoplatelet (GNP) thin film enabled 1D fiber sensor (GNP-FibSen) was fabricated by a continuous roll-to-roll spray coating process, characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy and evaluated by coupled electrical–mechanical tensile testing. The neat GNP-FibSen sensor shows very high gauge sensitivity with a gauge factor of ∼17. By embedding the sensor in fiberglass prepreg laminate parts, the dual functionalities of the GNP-FibSen sensor were demonstrated. In the manufacturing process, the resistance change of the embedded sensor provides valuable local resin curing information. After the manufacturing process, the same sensor is able to map the strain/stress states and detect the failure of the host composite. The superior durability of the embedded GNP-FibSen sensor has been demonstrated through 10 000 cycles of coupled electromechanical tests.
Biomimetic hydrogels with immobilized ephrinA1 for therapeutic angiogenesis.

The formation of a microvasculature is regulated in large part by cell–cell interactions. Ephrins and their Eph receptors mediate cell adhesion, repulsion, and migration, all critical processes in angiogenesis.(1) Here we use a covalently immobilized ephrinA1, conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol), to induce vessel formation both in vitro and in vivo in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) tubulogenesis in matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive hydrogels was visualized from 6 h to 7 days in response to three different concentrations of PEG-ephrinA1. The deposition of extracellular matrix proteins collagen IV and laminin that stabilize tubule formation were imaged, quantified, and found to be dependent on PEG-ephrinA1 concentration. To confirm the importance of the EphA2–ephrinA1 interaction in tubule formation, soluble EphA2 was used to disrupt the EphA2–ephrinA1 interaction between a coculture of HUVEC and human brain vascular pericyte cells. HUVECs ...
The ROCK (AST-1) Wing: Design, Experiment and Computation

: -. A transonic wing has been studied experimentally in an effort validate the computational tools used in wing design. Pressure sensitive paint and oil flow interferometry were used to obtain pressures and skin friction for test cases ranging from attached to separated flow. Computations have been performed with the Spalart-Allmaras and SST turbulence models. These Scalar eddy viscosity models predict the magnitude and direction of wall shear well for the attached flow cases. Both models underpredict the extent of separation once separation occurs, resulting in inaccurate lift and moment predictions.
A Crisis in the Middle Ages

Pope Gregory VII. had pronounced excommunication upon Henry IV., Emperor of Germany, and divided the German princes. The latter held a meeting, at which it was resolved that Gregory should be invited to Augsburg to hear, in an assembly of the princes, all the charges against their emperor, after which the final decision of the case should be left to the pope. But if Henry, by any fault of his own, remained under excommunication a year, he should be considered incapable of ruling forever. Meanwhile he was to live in a private capacity.
Simulation of Earthquake Liquefaction Response on Parallel Computers

This paper presents a parallel nonlinear finite element program, ParCYCLIC, which is designed for the analysis of cyclic seismically-induced liquefaction problems. Key elements of the computational strategy employed in ParCYCLIC include the deployment of an automatic domain decomposer, the use of the multilevel nested dissection algorithm for the ordering of finite element nodes, and the development of a parallel sparse direct solver. Simulation results of grid models and a centrifuge test model using ParCYCLIC are presented. Performance results show that ParCYCLIC is efficiently scalable to a large number of processors.
Ganglion-Specific Patterns of Diabetes-Modulated Gene Expression Are Established in Prevertebral and Paravertebral Sympathetic Ganglia Prior to the Development of Neuroaxonal Dystrophy

In both humans and animal models, diabetic sympathetic autonomic neuropathy is associated with the selective development of markedly enlarged distal axons and nerve terminals (neuroaxonal dystrophy, NAD). NAD occurs in the prevertebral superior mesenteric and celiac ganglia (SMG-CG), but not in the paravertebral superior cervical ganglion (SCG). To identify molecular differences between these ganglia that may explain their selective vulnerability to NAD, we have examined global gene expression patterns in control and diabetic rat sympathetic ganglia before and after the onset of structural evidence of NAD. As predicted, major differences in transcriptional profiles exist between SCG and SMG-CG in normal young adult animals including, but not limited to, known differences in neurotransmitter-related gene expression. Gene expression patterns of diabetic SMG-CG and SCG, prior to the development of NAD lesions, also differ from their age-matched non-diabetic counterparts. However, diabetes has ganglion-specific effects on gene expression; of approximately 110 transcripts that were differentially expressed between diabetic and control sympathetic ganglia, only 5 were differentially expressed as a result of diabetes in both SCG and SMG-CG. Genes involving synapse and mitochondrial structure and function, oxidative stress, and glycolysis were highly represented in the differentially expressed gene set. Differences in the number of synapse-related gene alterations in diabetic SMG-CG (18 genes) versus SCG (2 genes) prior to the onset of NAD may also well explain the selective development of NAD in the SMG-CG. These results provide support for the specificity of diabetes-modulated gene expression for selected neuronal subpopulations of sympathetic noradrenergic neurons.
OPTICAL DETECTION AND SPECTROSCOPY OF SINGLE MOLECULES IN SOLIDS

Optical detection and spectroscopy of single ions in vacuum confined in electromagnetic traps1 has led to novel measurements that test our understanding of quantum physics. The detection and spectroscopy of a single absorber in a solid (single-molecule detection, or SMD) would provide a useful tool for the study of local host-absorber interactions where the absorbing center is at rest, confined by the host lattice, and where the norn1al averaging over many "equivalent" centers is removed.
Is Isolated Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol a Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor? New Insights From the Framingham Offspring Study

Background—Although the inverse association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been long established, it remains unclear whether low HDL-C remains a CVD risk factor when levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) are not elevated. This is a timely issue because recent studies have questioned whether HDL-C is truly an independent predictor of CVD. Methods and Results—3590 men and women from the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort without known CVD were followed between 1987 and 2011. Low HDL-C (<40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women) was defined as isolated if TG and LDL-C were both low (<100 mg/dL). We also examined higher thresholds for TG (150 mg/dL) and LDL-C (130 mg/dL) and compared low versus high HDL-C phenotypes using logistic regression analysis to assess association with CVD. Compared with isolated low HDL-C, CVD risks were higher when low HDL-C was accompanied by LDL-C ≥100 mg/dL and TG <100 mg/...
On Criterion of Consent Investigation

A basic question in the research on consent investigation is to distinguish the consent investigation and compulsory investigation,which is also the core of the principle of consent investigation and the legality of compulsory investigation.On the criterion of consent investigation,Japanese scholars hold different opinions such as theories on physical force,right infringement,comprehensive estimation etc.In American,the regulation of consent investigation defines "consent",which is a necessary supplement to the Japanese theories.The criterion of consent investigation shall be established by taking into account both the subject and object factors.
2008 APSA Teaching and Learning Track Summaries—Track Four: Teaching Research Methods

A diverse group of 25 faculty and graduate students participated in the 2008 Teaching Research Methods (TRM) track. Participants represented a range of institutions—public and private, urban and rural, domestic and international, large research universities and teaching colleges. Presentations provided evidence of the heterogeneity in methods instruction and of pedagogical innovations in course design and delivery. The discussion in this year's meeting echoed and built upon prior meetings, reflecting the workshop format and participation of several track members in successive TLC meetings. The recommendations formulated by the track will be discussed following a brief summary of the presentations and discussion.
Abstract B07: Mcl-1-mediated resistance to ABT-263 is combated by mTOR inhibition in luminal breast cancers

In the context of cancer, the intrinsic apoptotic pathway is exploited to favor tumor cell survival through overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members (Bcl-A1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-w and Mcl-1). We investigated targeting of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins in a panel of human luminal breast cancer cell lines. Use of ABT-263, the Bcl-2/Bcl-xL/Bcl-w inhibitor, induced transient tumor cell killing and decreased tumor cell growth in only 1 of 4 cell lines in three dimensional (3D) cultures. Mcl-1 expression and activity were rapidly upregulated upon ABT-263 treatment, highlighting the compensatory nature of Mcl-1. In luminal breast cancers, Mcl-1 was the most frequently amplified anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member according to The Cancer Genome Atlas, while nearly 80% of the luminal breast tumor epithelium was positive for Mcl-1 in a tissue microarray. Thus, we hypothesized that Mcl-1 may be a dominant tumor cell survival factor in luminal breast cancers. Use of the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) to target Mcl-1 indirectly decreased tumor cell growth and increased tumor cell killing in 3 of 4 cell lines, as well as WAP-Myc luminal mammary tumors, demonstrating the effectiveness of Mcl-1 as a therapeutic target in breast cancers. While Mcl-1 inhibition alone did not affect growth of T47D cells, robust growth inhibition and tumor cell killing were seen in all cell lines upon inhibition of Mcl-1 using RAD001 or a EIF4 complex inhibitor (4E1RCat) in combination with ABT-263, suggesting that the induction of Mcl-1 upon ABT-263 treatment may be supported by increased cap-dependent translation. These results demonstrate that the sensitivity of luminal breast cancers to ABT-263 is enhanced by Mcl-1 inhibition, warranting further investigation into inhibition of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, in particular Mcl-1, as a clinical strategy to improve survival of patients with luminal breast cancers. Citation Format: Michelle M. Williams, Linus Lee, Meghan M. Morrison, Courtney McKernan, Violeta Sanchez, Donna Hicks, Thomas Stricker, Rebecca S. Cook. Mcl-1-mediated resistance to ABT-263 is combated by mTOR inhibition in luminal breast cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research; Oct 17-20, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(2_Suppl):Abstract nr B07.
Laceration of a mitral papillary muscle and the aortic root as a result of blunt trauma to the chest: Case report and review of the literature

A case is presented of a steering wheel injury to the chest, in which the initial clue to significant cardiac injury was a new murmur and abnormal electrocardiogram. Precise preoperative echocardiographic evaluation revealed a combination of injuries consisting of (1) mitral incompetence secondary to partial laceration of a papillary muscle, (2) circumferential laceration of the aortic root contained by the adventitia, and (3) rupture of the pericardium. Operative correction of the mitral and aortic root lesions was performed 9 days after the injury. Twelve other cases of successful surgical correction of traumatic mitral incompetence are reviewed and compared.
A Novel Interdisciplinary Palliative Care Clinic for Advanced Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonian Syndromes (P6.278)

OBJECTIVE: We describe a novel interdisciplinary clinic for advanced Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and parkinsonian syndromes incorporating palliative care principles to improve quality of life. BACKGROUND: Management of late stage PD is difficult due to poor response to dopaminergic medications, severe disability and caregiver strain. Or clinic’s capacity is 3 new and 2 return patients on two half days per month at our tertiary academic center. Team comprises neurology providers, nurse coordinator, social worker, speech pathologist and physical therapist who communicate throughout the clinic to produce a unified care plan. DESIGN: Retrospective survey. RESULTS: Over 6 months we saw 22 new patients. Common reasons for referral were caregiver and family support (100[percnt]), complex symptom management (75[percnt]) and advance care planning documents (75[percnt]). Depression (78[percnt] CES-D>16), caregiver strain (11[percnt] MCSI>30) and symptom burden (median ESAS-PD=52.5) along with poor quality of life (median PDQ-39=89.5) were noted. A survey of clients showed high levels of satisfaction. The majority felt we addressed their most troublesome symptoms (>80[percnt]), included family in health care decisions (80[percnt]), provided community resources (80[percnt]), addressed caregivers’ emotional needs (>50[percnt]), discussed end-of-life care documents (75[percnt]), and provided care unavailable in our standard movement disorders clinic (75[percnt]). 90[percnt] felt the interdisciplinary structure was advantageous and would recommend the clinic to others. 6/7 referring neurologists agreed or strongly agreed that our clinic benefitted their patients and they were satisfied with the care provided. 7/7 agreed or strongly agreed they would refer more patients and they would recommend the clinic to their colleagues. We estimate we saved providers 1.5 hours coordinating care and communication between providers and saved patients 5.35 hours, 234 miles of driving and $135. CONCLUSIONS: This innovative clinic delivers high levels of patient and provider satisfaction along with time and money savings. We are pursuing further outcome studies to identify medical benefits. Disclosure: Dr. Tuck has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mann has nothing to disclose. Dr. Borcich has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wilhelm has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bryans has nothing to disclose. Dr. Carter has nothing to disclose.
Johnson’s Problem

Part 3 of this chapter was written at the time of the Viet Nam war. It was presented to meetings of the Peace Science Society in Rotterdam in 1972, and originally published as part of “A Dynamic Model of Present World Conflict” [Wolfson, 1973].
Echocardiographic phenotype in osteogenesis imperfecta varies with disease severity

Background and objectives Our purpose was to investigate cardiovascular abnormalities in children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Methods Two hundred children (100 OI, 100 matched volunteers) were prospectively studied. Aortic and left ventricular (LV) measurements were performed using transthoracic echocardiography. Patients were typed according to modified phenotypical Sillence classification as published in the Nosology and Classification of Genetic Skeletal disorders: 2015 Revision. Results Patients (age 9.6±4.1 years, body surface area 1.08±0.47 m2) consisted of OI types: 1 (n=44), 3/4 (n=54), 4 (n=1) and 15 (n=1). The 95% CIs for Z­score of aortic annulus, sinus, sinotubular junction and ascending aorta for OI were 0.43 to 0.73, 0.56 to 0.94, 0.28 to 0.70 and 0.78 to 1.24, respectively. In type 1, sinus, sinotubular junction and ascending aorta diameters were 2.29 cm, 1.81 cm and 2.05 cm, respectively, which did not differ compared with controls. The LV dimensions were larger in type 1. In type 3/4, aortic dimensions were larger than controls at all levels: annulus (1.61 vs 1.50 cm, p Conclusions Cardiovascular effects are identifiable in childhood even in mild forms of OI. Aortic dilation was the predominant finding, while valvular abnormalities were infrequent. Patients with more severe skeletal pathology (types 3/4) have more significant findings. Aortic and LV dilation in type 1 vs type 3/4 appears to differ based on the biochemical mechanism of disease.
Neural interfacing with the peripheral nervous system

Although electrical stimulation has proven to be capable of restoring neuronal function in the damaged or injured nervous system, there are several limitations to this technique. The availability of electrodes capable of selective fascicle recruitment and physiological fiber diameter recruitment (from small to large) is crucial for the development of successful prostheses. Nerve cuff electrodes have several advantages over other methods since they can provide activation of multiple muscles groups from a single site. Current cuff electrodes are reshaping the nerve into round shapes and making it difficult to recruit selectively fibers in the center of the nerve. Yet two major problems have not yet found satisfactory solutions: 1) fascicle selectivity and fiber diameter selectivity. We present here a new design that reshapes the nerve into a flat configuration, the flat interface nerve electrode (FINE). This design can improve the ability of the electrode to selectively activate the various fascicles of the nerve. Experiments to measure this selectivity were carried out on the hypoglossal nerve and its three main branches. The ability to recruit various fascicles was estimated using a selectivity index (SI). The overall performance of the FINE, as defined by the selectivity index (SI), showed a high degree of selectivity at both the fascicular and muscular levels: 0.91 /spl plusmn/ 0.05 (n = 5) and 0.85 /spl plusmn/ 0.03 (n = 4), respectively. This flat interface design minimizes the maximum distance between each contact and the fibers. Computer simulation have shown that it is possible to reverse the recruitment order by using electrode arrays placed along the nerve. This model prediction was tested in the lateral gastrocnemius/soleus branch of the sciatic nerve in cats since these muscles are innervated by fibers with different diameters. A stimulus electrode was placed around LG nerve. Tendons of LG and soleus muscles were separated and attached to two independent force transducers. The recruitment curves generated by tripolar and array electrodes were compared. Tripolar stimulation recruited LG before soleus muscles as expected, whereas the electrode array fully activated soleus while activating only 50% of LG muscles. These results show that the electrode array is capable of reversing the recruitment order by manipulating the extracellular voltage along the nerve.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases Phosphorylate AML1 (RUNX1) and Regulate AML1 Transactivation.

Abstract The transcription factor AML1 (RUNX1) plays a critical role in normal hematopoiesis and in the development of leukemia. The phenotype generated by knockout of the AML1 gene demonstrates that AML1 is necessary for normal development of fetal hematopoietic cells. Conditional knockout of AML1 expression in adult bone marrow leads to lineage-specific effects on B- and T-cell maturation and pronounced inhibition of common lymphocyte progenitor production. In addition, the AML1-deficient adult mice exhibited inefficient platelet production and a mild myeloproliferative phenotype characterized by an increase in peripheral blood neutrophils, an increase in myeloid progenitor populations, and extramedullary hematopoiesis composed of maturing myeloid and erythroid elements. Previous studies have shown that phosphorylation of AML1, particularly at serines 276 and 303, can affect transcriptional activation. We have now shown that phosphorylation of AML1 serines 276 and 303 can be blocked in vivo by inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) Cdk1 and Cdk2. In addition, these two sites can be phosphorylated in vitro by purified, active Cdk1/cyclin B and Cdk2/cyclin A, but not by Cdk4/cyclin D. Mutation of AML1 serines 276 and 303 reduces AML1 activity during most phases of the cell cycle. In addition, mutation of serines 276 and 303 prevents phosphorylation from occurring at two nearby sites (serine 293 and threonine 300). Mutation of serine 293 and threonine 300 causes an increase of AML1 activity, especially in cells arrested in G2/M by treatment with nocodazole. Since Cdk phosphorylation can be stimulatory (serines 276 and 303) or inhibitory (serine 293, threonine 300), the interplay of Cdk phosphorylation at different sites might confer a very fine level of regulation of AML1 activity.
Leegin and the Economics of Resale Price Maintenance

When the U.S. Supreme Court overturned its century-old precedent that treated resale price maintenance (RPM) as a per se violation of the antitrust laws, it signaled approval for the vertical restraint’s widespread use. But the increased use of RPM occurred under a pre-existing rule that permitted RPM as long as no formal agreement over price was reached. This paper documents not only the increased use of RPM post Leegin but also the importance of avoiding the appearance of agreements to control resale prices. The paper then discusses how plaintiffs, previously enamored of claims of RPM, are now recasting vertical RPM arrangements as ancillary to horizontal agreements among distributors that are made effective though enforcement by producers.
Attracting and Retaining Tradespeople, an Evaluation of Influencers on Construction Workers in Two Different Trades in Texas

ABSTRACTThe shortage of workers across construction trades is a growing concern in the United States. This study collected the perceptions of 429 construction workers in two different trades to explore and contrast their perceptions and experiences in choosing and remaining in their trade. Worker perceptions were collected using open ended and Likert scale questions to explore the influencers on workers. While higher salaries were indicated as perhaps the single best means of attracting and retaining workers to these trades, the results suggest that money is not the only effective means to attract and retain workers, in both high and low skill construction trades. Resources for training as well as family and friends have a strong influence in career choice among construction workers. The results also indicate that while there is a level of consistency between different trades regarding what attracts and retains them, strategies should not simply be geared to construction in general, due to ethnic, skill-l...