cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization and partial characterization of an aldehydic component in tropocollagen.

1. An alternative simplified procedure is described for the isolation of a 30-residue peptide obtained by digestion with collagenase of carp swim bladder tropocollagen (ichthyocol). The peptide contains an aldehydic component as a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. The aldehyde dinitrophenylhydrazone is present in stoichiometric proportion to the amino acids in the peptide. 2. This peptide is shown to be devoid of free terminal amino groups by lack of reactivity with ninhydrin or phenylisothiocyanate. Since it is prepared by treatment with collagenase and yet devoid of any terminal α-amino group including that of a glycine residue, the peptide most likely arises from a blocked amino-terminal position of a tropocollagen chain. 3. The aldehyde-bearing component most likely is not bound to any of the following amino acid side chains for the reasons given: (a) to side chain carboxyl groups of glutamyl or aspartyl residues in ester linkage, since treatment with aqueous hydrazine does not release the dinitrophenylhydrazone from the peptide; (b) to the hydroxyl group of a serine residue by means of a glycosidic-like attachment, since mild treatment with NaOH does not promote β elimination in the serine; (c) to side chains of either threonine, hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline, lysine, arginine, or histidine, since residues of these are not present in the peptide; (d) to the hydroxyl side chain of a tyrosine residue, since this amino acid, while present in the aldehyde-dinitrophenylhydrazone-peptide obtained following digestion with collagenase, is absent from the aldehyde-dinitrophenylhydrazone-peptide obtained by further digestion with Pronase. 4. The peptide obtained with collagenase is cleaved further into at least seven peptides which have been partially characterized. A yellow heptapeptide containing the aldehydic component as a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivative is also without free amino groups, and this locates the aldehyde-bearing component within 7 residues of a blocked amino terminus of a tropocollagen chain. 5. Ultraviolet absorption spectra of derivatives of the aldehyde component, and its tendency to undergo acid-catalyzed α,β-dehydration to α,β-unsaturated aldehyde derivatives, suggest that its first 3 carbon atoms are involved in a β-hydroxyaldehyde structure. The aldehyde-bearing component must contain an additional functional group with which it makes covalent attachment to the protein. 6. It is suggested that the aldehyde component, by virtue of its chemical nature, reactivity, stoichiometry, and location in the protein, may be involved in the maturation and cross-linking of soluble tropocollagen to form insoluble mature tissue collagen.
Inherited Retinal Diseases: Vertebrate Animal Models

Animal models are powerful tools with which to investigate the aetiology of human retinal degenerations, especially retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and allied diseases. Gene defects identified in some animal models were later discovered in orthologous genes in human RP families. Keywords: retinitis pigmentosa; animal models; transgenes; gene knockout; retinal degeneration; phototransduction; visual cycle
Southern District Association News

(1945). Southern District Association News. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 342-344.
Nonlinear optics of liquid crystalline materials

Abstract Liquid crystals occupy an important niche in nonlinear optics as a result of their unique physical and optical properties. Besides their broadband birefringence and transparency, abilities to self-assemble into various crystalline phases and to conform to various flexible forms and shapes, liquid crystals are compatible with almost all other optoelectronic materials and technology platforms. In both isotropic and ordered phases, liquid crystals possess extraordinarily large optical nonlinearities that stretch over multiple time scales. To date, almost all conceivable nonlinear optical phenomena have been observed in a very broad spectrum spanning the entire visible to infrared and beyond. In this review, we present a self-contained complete discussion of the optical nonlinearities of liquid crystals, and a thorough review of a wide range of nonlinear optical processes and phenomena enabled by these unique properties. Starting with a brief historical account of the development of nonlinear optical studies of the mesophases of liquid crystals, we then review various liquid crystalline materials and structures, and their nonlinear optical properties. Emphasis is placed on the nematic phase, which best exemplifies the dual nature of liquid crystals, although frequent references to other phases are also made. We also delve into recent work on novel structures such as photonic crystals, metamaterials and nanostructures and their special characteristics and emergent properties. The mechanisms and complex nonlocal dynamics of optical nonlinearities associated with laser induced director axis reorientation, thermal, density, and order parameter fluctuations, space charge field formation and photorefractivity are critically reviewed as a foundation for the discussions of various nonlinear optical processes detailed in this paper.
The impact of medication use on symptom burden in older patients with multiple medical morbidities

Abstract Background On average, older adults have more medical morbidities and consume a greater number of prescribed medications than their younger counterparts. However, the independent impact of greater medication use on symptom burden is not clear. Objective To determine to what extent there is: (1) an association between medical morbidity and symptom burden; and/or (2) an association between medication use and symptom burden. Materials and methods We performed a cross-sectional study, including one-on-one surveys of patients and medical record reviews, at a Veterans' Affairs primary care clinic in Connecticut, involving 159 community-dwelling males age >65 years, who were seen at routine appointments during the 5-month study period. The most commonly reported symptoms associated with adverse drug events were considered, and severity of symptoms was reported according to a Likert scale. Symptom burden was calculated as the sum of “severe and very severe” symptoms across all symptom categories. Linear regression and Chi-square analyses were performed to assess the bivariate associations between symptom burden and medications and between symptom burden and medical morbidities. Results On average, participants had 2.6 ± 1.4 medical morbidities, were prescribed 7.9 ± 2.8 medications, and reported 0.70 ± 1.2 severe or very severe symptoms. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a direct association between medical morbidities and symptom burden (slope = 0.38, r 2 = 0.17, p r 2 = 0.06, p = 0.002). When considered in a multiple regression model, medical morbidity continued to be a significant predictor of symptom burden ( p p = 0.52). Conclusion Medical morbidity contributes significantly to symptom burden, and use of additional medications does not allay or contribute to this effect.
Use of the Means/Ends Test to Evaluate Public School Dress-Code Policies

The purpose of this article is to explain how a means/ends test can be adapted for the school environment. Public school officials can use a means/ends test to document an analysis of whether dress-code policies will be effective in diminishing risks to the health, safety, or morality of the school population. Elements of policy evaluation—ends, means, and relations—and four main sources of information—authority, statistical or observational analysis, deduction, and sensitivity analysis—were used to illustrate how to analyze dress-code policies. Five components of good policy analysis—validity, usefulness, feasibility, originality, and importance—framed an evaluation of this approach.
Growth of MgO films with high secondary electron emission on Al-Mg alloys

We have identified the processes which take place during the formation of MgO layers on the surface of Al-1% Mg alloys by measuring surface composition, electron multiplication, and Mg evaporation. An initial layer of Al2O3 on the alloy plays a vital role in this process: it acts as a sink for Mg, and prevents the inward diffusion of O2 during the heating, thereby localizing the MgO formation on the outer surface. The Mg concentration in the Al2O3 layer increases about 20-fold over its original value, and the Al2O3 is partially reduced. For a given temperature and pressure of oxygen, the MgO growth rate depends on the thickness and crystallinity of the Al2O3. Electron multiplication factors 5 of 10 to 15 are obtained; part of the secondary electrons originate in the underlying Al2O3 layer.
Are nonparaphilic sexual addictions a variant of obsessive-compulsive disorder? A pilot study

Nonparaphilic sexual addictions (NPSAs), which are characterized by repetitive sexual thoughts and behaviors, have been proposed as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder. In the present study we examined the functional differences in repetitive sexual thoughts and compulsive behaviors between patients with OCD (n = 6) and with NPSAs (n = 6). Compared to patients with NPSAs, those with OCD reported significantly more fear and avoidance related to their sexual thoughts. Individuals with NPSAs reported higher levels of sexual arousal associated with their thoughts and a greater degree of sexual pleasure from performing compulsive behaviors. These preliminary findings challenge the notion that NPSAs are related to OCD. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for treatment using cognitive-behavioral procedures.
In-situ spectrophotometric pH measurements: the effect of pressure on thymol blue protonation and absorbance characteristics

Abstract Previous studies of the indicator thymol blue in seawater have characterized the temperature and salinity dependence of thymol blue protonation and molar absorbance. In this work, observations of thymol blue absorbance in synthetic solutions and natural seawater between 0- and 900-bar gauge pressure have been used to calculate the influence of pressure on absorbance ratios and the p K 2 for the equilibrium HI − ⇌H + +I 2− (where I denotes thymol blue). The influence of pressure on indicator absorbance ratios is small but significant. The molar volume change and compressibility for the thymol blue dissociation reaction at 25°C in seawater are: Δ V i =−17.2 8 ±0.1 cm 3 mol −1 and Δ κ =(−38±4)×10 −4 cm 3 mol −1 bar −1 . The pressure dependence of p K 2 at 25°C is given as log K 2 P K 2 0 =+[2.99(±0.02)×10 −4 ]×P−[3.3(±0.3)×10 −8 ]×P 2 , where K 2 P and K 2 0 are the dissociation constants for HI − at a gauge pressure P (bars) and atmospheric pressure, respectively. The influence of pressure on thymol blue absorbance ratios ( e i ) in the expression pH= p K 2 +log( R − e 1 )/( e 2 − Re 3 ) are given as e 1 =0.0035, e 2 =2.386−(2.7×10 −6 )× P , and e 3 =0.139+(6.6×10 −6 )× P . This indicator calibration in conjunction with previous studies of thymol blue equilibria at atmospheric pressure allows in-situ spectrophotometric measurements of seawater pH throughout the oceanic water column.
Dual action ectoparasite vaccine targeting 'exposed' and 'concealed' antigens

Blood-feeding ectoparasites, such as mosquitoes, sandflies and ticks, transmit many disease agents. Their control relies on large-scale, repeated use of chemical pesticides. An alternative, targeted and environmentally friendly approach is to develop anti-ectoparasite vaccines. We describe a vaccine to control ticks that targets an 'exposed' tick saliva antigen and cross-reacts with 'concealed' tick midgut antigens. Ticks feeding on immunised animals induced a cutaneous inflammatory response and increased antibody titer, while engorged ticks died following damage to their midgut. This dual action, acting at the feeding site and in the midgut, offers a self-sustaining strategy for ectoparasite control boosted by natural infestations.
Theory of cyclotron-resonance line shape for an electron-phonon system.

Formulas for the linewidth and line shift associated with cyclotron-resonance power-absorption spectral lines are obtained for an electron-phonon system from a self-consistent equation for a self-energy in the case of weak incoherent and strong coherent scattering limits by using the resolvent superoperator method.
Using Metacognitive Skills: The Quality Audit Tool

The authors describe a strategy used to teach clinical reasoning skills to novice diagnosticians. The strategy proposed is the Quality Audit Tool, an instrument designed to help novices use metacognitive skills to critique diagnostic statements and care plans. The Quality Audit Tool has eight frames (Diagnostic Statement, Diagnostic Cues, Functional Relationship, Outcome, Etiology, Nursing Orders, Evaluation, and Clinical Judgment); each frame has a content and process focus. Conducting a Quality Audit enables the novice diagnostician to understand relationships among the parts of a nursing diagnosis, recognize the metacognitive skills used in clinical reasoning, and evaluate knowledge and clinical reasoning against a set of standards.
Attenuated total reflection at a metal-salt interface

Abstract The attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique has been used to follow the reaction of films of Ag with films of KCl in air at room temperature. An intermediate mixed layer develops between salt and metal as metal diffuses into salt. Apparent growth rates are as low as 0.2 nm/h. The experimental results indicate that water plays a crucial role in such a reaction. The ATR technique is shown to be very sensitive to processes taking place at the interface.
Perioperative and late clinical outcomes of percutaneous transluminal stentings of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries over the past decade

Background Several authorities have proposed stenting of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA)/celiac artery (CA) as the primary treatment for patients with chronic mesenteric ischemia. However, most of these reports had small samples and short follow-up periods. Methods Eighty-three patients were treated over a 10-year period. Clinical follow-up and duplex ultrasound exams were done to evaluate long-term patency. We used our newly validated duplex criteria to detect ≥70% in-stent stenosis of the SMA and CA. A Kaplan-Meier life-table analysis was used to estimate freedom from in-stent stenosis and late symptom and survival rates. Results Fifty-four SMA and 51 CA stents were analyzed. The initial technical and clinical success rates were 97% and 96%, respectively, with 2% procedure morbidity and 2% mortality. The primary late clinical success rate was 59%, and the late ≥70% in-stent stenosis rate was 51% at a mean follow-up of 31 months (range, 1-124). Freedom from late recurrent symptoms at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years was 83, 77, 70, 70, and 65%, respectively. Survival rates at the same intervals were 88%, 82%, 70%, 64%, and 51%. Primary patency rates for the whole series were 69%, 48%, 39%, 28%, and 19% at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively. Assisted primary patency rates for the whole series were 80%, 61%, 54%, 43%, and 34% at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively. Primary patency rates for the SMA at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years were 71%, 47%, 37%, 28%, and 18%, respectively; and assisted primary rates were 82%, 64%, 57%, 45%, and 32%, respectively. Primary patency rates for the CA were 68%, 50%, 40%, 29%, and 21%; and assisted primary rates were 79%, 58%, 52%, 42%, and 36% for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively. There were no significant differences in either primary or assisted primary patency between the SMA and CA ( P = .7729 and .8169). A secondary intervention was carried out in 30% of the series. Freedom from ≥70% in-stent stenosis for the SMA was 82%, 65%, 56%, 42%, and 34%, and that for the CA was 73%, 59%, 48%, 34%, and 25%, at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively. Conclusions Stenting of SMA/CA stenosis has high technical/early clinical success rates with a satisfactory late clinical outcome; however, it is associated with high rates of late in-stent stenosis and intervention.
Practicing What We Teach: A Former President's Take on His Own Discipline

While the prudential value of sociology is often ignored (or dismissed), there are evident benefits to those occupying administrative positions, particularly in adjudicating truth claims and making difficult judgments with limited data. Another attendant benefit might be self-awareness, especially regarding one's limitations; however, such awareness seems to be employed more sparingly, both within and outside of the discipline.
Ethnicity and the use of outpatient mental health services in a national insured population.

OBJECTIVES. Factors affecting ethnic differences in the use of outpatient mental health services are analyzed in an insured, nonpoor population to determine if lower use by Blacks and Hispanics persists when socioeconomic and other factors are controlled. METHODS. To identify significant predictors of the probability and amount of use, insurance claims data for a population of 1.2 million federal employees insured by Blue Cross/Blue Shield in 1983 were analyzed with the Andersen and Newman model of health service utilization. Logistic and ordinary least squares regression models were estimated for each ethnic group. RESULTS. Blacks and Hispanics had lower probabilities and amounts of use when compared with Whites after controlling for a number of variables. CONCLUSIONS. Since ethnic differences in the use of outpatient mental health services exist even in an insured, nonpoor population, factors other than lower socioeconomic status or insurance coverage--for example, cultural or attitudinal factors and se...
On ethical locations: the good death in Thailand, where ethics sit in places.

Abstract In this article, I use ethnographic data on end-of-life care in Northern Thailand to address the relationship between ethics and place. My analysis is based on fieldwork conducted in 2007–2008, consisting of twenty in-depth oral life-histories of dying patients; ninety-five interviews with patients, family members and caretakers; fifty-four interviews with providers, administrators, civil society leaders and other key informants; as well as participant-observation of care of patients at the deathbed. In Northern Thailand, many feel that it is ethical to withdraw life support in the home, but unethical to withdraw it in the hospital. This is because the place of death is partly responsible for the quality of rebirth. Hospitals, on one hand, are powerful for saving lives; but as places to die, they are amoral, dangerous, devoid of ceremonial history and haunted by spirits. Homes, on the other hand, are optimal for dying because they are imbued with moral power from a history of beneficial ceremony and family living. Hospitalized patients at the edge of death are often rushed home by ambulance to withdraw life support in the more ethical place. I argue that the two places can be considered different ethical locations, because each is inhabited by a unique ethical framework governing withdrawal of life support. This concept has implications for the contemporary globalization of bioethics and for understanding practices that arise around ethically charged decisions.
The Joys and Sorrows of Diversity: Changes in the Historical Profession in the Last Half Century

The evolution of the historical profession in the United States in the last 50 years provides much reason both for celebration and sorrow. An unprecedented amount of scholarship and teaching is being devoted to regions outside of the traditional American concentration on itself and Europe. New subjects of study—gender, race and ethnicity—have developed. At the same time, political correctness has both narrowed and distorted enquiry. Traditional fields demanding great intellectual rigor, such as intellectual and economic history, are in decline. Even worse, education about Western civilization and the Enlightenment has come to be treated with increasing disdain at colleges and universities. There has instead been a considerable expansion of cultural and women’s studies, including women’s and gender history. These have contributed greatly to the holy trinity of gender, race and class that seems to dominate history departments today. Affirmative action hiring for greater racial, ethnic and gender “diversity” has had an equally great effect on the historical profession. Many of those who were hired preferentially on the basis of past and present discrimination (either real or imagined) continue to emphasize that theme in their research and teaching, since it is their chief claim to professional legitimacy. As a purely intellectual movement, oppression studies cannot last. Any school that leaves out too much about the past is not something to hold serious minds for long. But since it in a small way supports a nationally based political spoils system of racial and ethnic preferences upon which the futures of many politicians rest, it might be expected to have a long life. This is one of the greatest challenges facing historical scholarship today. Even this pales into insignificance in the face of the looming changes in liberal arts education. History is in the process of being reduced from a requirement to an elective on many campuses. This is part of a national trend to move away from the acquisition of knowledge in favor of more broadly based skills. In this way history will suffer the same sorry fate as so much of traditional education in America.
Low cost coatings for flat plate solar collectors

Low cost, optically efficient, selective coatings are required for the flat plate collectors envisioned for solar heating and cooling applications. Plated coatings and paint coatings are two attractive types of coatings for this application. Black nickel (NiSZnS), black chrome (CrOx) and black iron (FeOx) were found to be attractive plated coatings from the standpoint of optical efficiency, durability and cost. Black nickel with α = 0.95 and e = 0.07 had the best optical properties. Black chrome, which showed only minor degradation after 192 h exposure to the MIL-STD-810B humidity test, had the best durability. Black iron, with an estimated materials cost of 5 ft−2, had the lowest cost. Paint coatings are potentially the lowest cost selective coating. The materials cost for a selective paint coating would be about 0.5 ft−2. However, paints lack the optical efficiency of the plated coatings. The best optical performance achieved with a paint coating was α = 0.90 and e = 0.30.
On K-line central reversals

Solar atmosphere vertical temperature and density distribution measurements, using spatially averaged H and K resonance line profiles central reversals
Causes and Consequences of Public Attitudes toward Abortion: A Review and Research Agenda

This article provides a critical review of empirical research on attitudes toward abortion among mass publics in the United States, with a view toward suggesting promising avenues for future research. We identify three such themes: Accounting for pro-life movement among mass attitudes in recent years, when the composition of the U.S. population would seem to trend in a pro-choice direction; explaining the sources of party polarization of the abortion issue; and anticipating changes in abortion attitudes which might result from public debate over human cloning.
All‐Printed Stretchable Electrochemical Devices

The fabrication and characterization of all-printed, inexpensive, stretchable electrochemical devices is described. These devices are based on specially engineered inks that can withstand severe tensile strain, as high as 100%, without any significant effect on their electrochemical properties. Such stretchable electrochemical devices should be attractive for diverse sensing and energy applications.
BMP Signaling Is Required for RUNX2-Dependent Induction of the Osteoblast Phenotype

RUNX2 expression in mesenchymal cells induces osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. BMP blocking agents were used to show that RUNX2-dependent osteoblast differentiation and transactivation activity both require BMP signaling and, further, that RUNX2 enhances the responsiveness of cells to BMPs. Introduction BMPs and the RUNX2 transcription factor are both able to stimulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. BMPs function by activating SMAD proteins and other signal transduction pathways to stimulate expression of many target genes including RUNX2. In contrast, RUNX2 induces osteoblast-specific gene expression by directly binding to enhancer regions in target genes. In this study, we examine the interdependence of these two factors in controlling osteoblast differentiation in mesenchymal progenitor cells.
Constitutional and Judicial Foundations in Criminal Forensic Neuropsychology

Reasons for the clinical neuropsychologist to acquire basic working knowledge in the areas of constitutional provisions and judicial interpretation are presented. Several U.S. Constitutional Amendments and landmark U.S. Supreme Court decisions are presented in an attempt to provide the neuropsychologist practicing in the criminal forensic area with a foundation from which to competently interact with the legal system. Areas reviewed include criminal competencies (confess, plead, stand trial), insanity, death penalty law, dangerousness, and professional issues.
The effect of tocopherol and dimethyl sulfoxide on focal edema and lipid peroxidation induced by isocortical injection of ferrous chloride.

Abstract Addition of iron salts to suspensions of subcellular organelles or polyunsaturated fatty acids results in the formation of oxidative free radicals with subsequent initiation of lipid peroxidation. Pretreatment of rats with anti-oxidants prevents peroxidation following isocortical ferrous chloride injection, and increases the rate of resolution of iron-induced focal edema. In this experiment, treatment of rats at the time of injection of 5 μl of 100 mM FeCl2 with tocopherol and DMSO caused decreased formation of brain peroxidation at the injection site, as measured by formation of MDA. Tocopherol failed to change the quantity of tissue fluid accumulation. However, DMSO alone, or combined with tocopherol, hastened the resolution of brain edema. Tocopherol may terminate peroxidation reactions by donation of a phenolic hydrogen, forming a quinone of tocopherol. DMSO has many pharmacologic effects; however, inhibition of initiation reactions by scavenging hydroxyl radicals, and direct and indirect effects on focal edema accumulation may account for our observations.
Fertilization rates in superovulated and spontaneously ovulating mares.

Abstract Embryo recovery per ovulation has been shown to be lower in superovulated mares than in untreated controls. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine whether follicles stimulated with superovulatory treatment ovulate or luteinize without ovulation, 2) determine fertilization rates of oocytes in oviducts of superovulated and control mares, and 3) evaluate viability of early stage embryos from superovulated and control mares when cultured in equine oviductal cell-conditioned medium. Cyclic mares were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups (n=14 per group) on the day of ovulation (Day 0): Group 1 received 40 mg of equine pituitary extract (EPE; i.m.) daily beginning on Day 5 after ovulation; mares assigned to Group 2 served as untreated controls. All mares were given 10 mg PGF 2α on Day 5 and Day 6, and 3,300 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were administered intravenously once mares developed 2 follicles ≥35 mm in diameter (Group 1) or 1 follicle ≥35 mm in diameter (Group 2). Mares in estrus were inseminated daily with 1 × 10 9 progressively motile spermatozoa once a ≥35 mm follicle was obtained. Two days after the last ovulation the ovaries and oviducts were removed. Ovaries were examined for ovulatory tracts to confirm ovulation, while the oviducts were trimmed and flushed with Dulbeccos PBS + 10% FCS to recover fertilized oocytes. All fertilized oocytes (embryos) recovered were cultured in vitro for 5 d using TCM-199 conditioned with equine oviductal cells. Ninety-two percent of the CL's from EPE mares resulted from ovulations compared with 94% for mares in the control group (P>0.05). The percentages of ovulations resulting in embryos were 57.1 and 62.5% for EPE-treated and control mares, respectively (P>0.05). Eighty-eight (Group 1) and 91% (Group 2) of the freshly ovulated oocytes recovered were fertilized (P>0.05). After 5 d of culture, 46.4 and 40.0% of the embryos from EPE-treated and control mares developed to the morula or early blastocyst stage (P>0.05). In summary, the CL's formed in superovulated mares were from ovulations not luteinizations. Although embryo recovery was less than expected, fertilization rates and embryo development were similar (P>0.05) between superovulated and control mares.
Sensitization of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Initiated by Reductive Quenching of Molecular Excited States

An alternative mechanism for dye sensitization of wide bandgap semiconductors has been realized: reductive quenching of the dye excited state(s) followed by thermal interfacial electron transfer. The processes were identified using nanosecond-time-resolved absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies after selective excitation of Ru(deeb)(bpy)2(PF6)2, where bpy is 2,2‘-bipyridine and deeb is 4,4‘-(COOC2H5)2-2,2‘-bipyridine, sensitizers anchored to a nanocrystalline (anatase) TiO2 film immersed in a 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate acetonitrile solution with phenothiazine electron donors. With the electrolyte changed to 0.1 M lithium perchlorate, this same assembly undergoes the generally accepted mechanism for dye sensitization: the sensitizer excited state(s) transfer an electron to the semiconductor and is subsequently reduced by the phenothiazine donor.
Limitations and potential uses of census-based data on ethnicity in a diverse community.

Abstract Purpose Information on ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and social class has value in epidemiologic research and in measurement of the quality of health care but it is difficult to obtain for large populations. This evaluation assessed the potential usefulness of ethnicity data based on address geocoding to the 2000 census. Methods We compared ethnicity based on the geocoding data with ethnicity from hospitalization records and birth certificates of a large health maintenance organization. Results Of 117,209 members with black ethnicity recorded at the time of a hospitalization, the mean percentage of blacks in their geocoded block was only 37%. Among the 62,661 individuals recorded as Asian at the time of a hospitalization, the mean percentage of Asians in their geocoded block was only 24%. Among the 47,328 individuals who lived in a census block that had 50% or more blacks, 81% were recorded as black at the time of a hospitalization. Among the 24,424 individuals who lived in a census block that had 50% or more Asians, 38% were recorded as being Asian at the time of a hospitalization. Conclusions In our population, information on ethnicity derived from geocoding at the block level cannot be used to infer the ethnicity of Asian or black individuals.
Lysine Biosynthesis in Streptomyces lipmanii: Implications in Antibiotic Biosynthesis

Streptomyces lipmanii produces two beta-lactam antibiotics, penicillin N and 7-(5-amino-5-carboxyvaleramido)-7-methoxycephalosporanic acid. Both antibiotics contain alpha-aminoadipic acid side chains. In similar antibiotics produced by certain fungi, the alpha-aminoadipoyl moiety is derived from an intermediate in lysine biosynthesis. Our findings indicate, however, that in S. lipmanii, lysine is synthesized via alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid-an entirely different biosynthetic route. This finding suggests not only a unique mechanism for the derivation of alpha-aminoadipate, but also that the system may be particularly amenable to genetic manipulation.
Monitoring of pH and PCO2 in children using the Paratrend 7 in a peripheral vein.

Purpose To determine the accuracy of the Paratrend 7 monitor inserted into a peripheral vein in providing continuous measurements of PCO2 and pH in children with respiratory failure.
Pity, Anger, and Guilt An Attributional Analysis

Three basic dimensions of causality, which represent the underlying properties of causes, have been identified: locus, stability, and controllability. Evidence was presented that these dimensions are linked with feelings of pity, anger, and guilt. Two experiments were conducted; one asked participants to recall situations in which pity, anger, and guilt were experienced, while the other examined ratings of pity and anger as a function of the a priori classification of given causes of events. It was found that uncontrollable causes of negative events gave rise to pity, independent of the locus of the cause. For both anger and guilt, the associated cause was perceived as controllable and internal to the target of the emotion. Stable causes influenced the magnitude, rather than the direction, of emotions. It was contended that causal thoughts often precede and determine the experiences of pit, anger, and guilt.
Excited-state dynamics in 8-hydroxyquinoline dimers

Abstract Electronic excitation of the 8-hydroxyquinoline dimer in cyclohexane induces a transient electronic absorption at wavelengths from 400 to 530 nm with a 1.7±0.2-ps single exponential decay. The similarity between 8-hydroxyquinoline and 7-azaindole, a widely studied excited-state proton transfer system, suggests that the decay reflects the excited-state proton transfer. Measurements on the deuterated dimer show no kinetic isotope effect, which is consistent with previous studies concluding that the proton transfer in 8-hydroxyquinoline is barrierless. These results suggest that excited-state proton transfer takes only a few picoseconds in 8-hydroxyquinoline dimers.
Platinum-catalyzed combustion of DOC in sealed tubes for stable isotopic analysis

Abstract Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in water samples can be freeze dried and combusted to CO 2 at 580°C in sealed, evacuated tubes for carbon isotopic analysis. Dissolved platinum catalyst is added to promote combustion, and CuO is used as an oxidant. Freshwater DOC samples from Massachusetts ponds and rivers have δ 13 C values of −26 to −31‰, and values for surface seawater from Woods Hole Harbor and the Gulf of Maine are −21 to −24‰.
The influence of local price and availability on parents' choice of child care

The striking variation in patterns of child care usage across states reflects differences in family characteristics, but may also reflect exogenous differences in local child care markets. Type of care selected will be influenced by the availability, cost, and accessibility of supply in the child care market as well as by family and child characteristics and cultural preferences. This study contributes to the growing literature on parental demand for child care by using a recent detailed data set from the state of Minnesota. We link household-level data on child care usage and family characteristics with county-level data on average provider rates and availability by type of care in order to estimate multinomial logit models analyzing the family, child, and market characteristics that predict type of care. Our analysis shows that using a relative or friend to care for a child is largely determined by availability, and choice of family care providers is most responsive to price for employed mothers. The types of care chosen by mothers who are not in the paid labor force differ substantially from the choices of employed mothers, and their use of center care is influenced by the prices of both center and family providers. Attitudes towards relative care are also shown to influence type of care chosen.
Evaluation of the Leeds prognostic score for severe head injury

According to the Leeds scale for identifying severely head injured patients, death can be predicted with certainty within 12 hours of admission if a patient has a score higher than 13. The withdrawal of treatment from such patients has considerable moral and legal implications. Therefore, to test the reliability of the Leeds scale, it was applied to two patient populations with severe head injuries (479 retrospectively, 131 prospectively). In both groups the scale failed to predict mortality with 100% accuracy: in the first group, 16 of 23 (69.6%) of the patients with a score of more than 13 (and therefore predicted to die) died, and 380 (83.3%) of 456 patients with scores of 13 or less survived; the data for the second group are 6/10 (60%) and 98/121 (81%), respectively. The findings suggest that the Leeds prediction model is not infallible and should be applied cautiously when making decisions about the early termination of care in severely head injured patients.
Support of expert and novice teachers within a technology enhanced problem-based learning unit: a case study

Problem-based learning requires teachers to assume non-traditional roles focused on guiding students in the active exploration of a complex learning environment. Scaffolds may represent one means for supporting teachers in this unfamiliar role. This case study examined the role of scaffolds as supports for two sixth-grade teachers unfamiliar with PBL methods one a novice and the other an expert, as they implemented "Up, Up & Away!", a hypermedia, problem-based learning unit. Results of this study suggest the novice teacher was largely unsuccessful at recognising the value of the scaffolds embedded in the "Up, Up & Away!" teacher's guide. His students displayed both poor achievement and attitudes towards their experiences with the unit. In contrast, the expert teacher recognised the need to support her instruction in the unfamiliar environment problem-based learning represented. Her students achieved a high degree of success and reported positive attitudes towards the unit.
Maintaining Consistency between Self-Serving Beliefs and Available Data: A Bias in Information Evaluation

It was hypothesized that individuals evaluate data relevant to outcome attributions in a manner that enables them to maintain logical consistency between the available evidence and their self-serving attributions for the outcome. Subjects were led to succeed or fail on a bogus social sensitivity test and then were given information concerning two studies, one of which concluded that the test was valid and the other that the test was not valid. As predicted, success subjects evaluated the high-validity conclusion study more favorably and the low-validity conclusion study less favorably than did failure subjects. Furthermore, exposure to the mixed evidence after the performance feedback led to increased selt-ratings of social sensitivity among success subjects, but had no effect on failure subjects. The implications of these results for understanding how individuals generate and maintain self-serving beliefs were discussed.
Thin-layer microcalorimetric studies of oxygen and carbon monoxide binding to hemoglobin and myoglobin.

Abstract A thin-layer gas-solution microcalorimeter has been developed to study the binding reactions of gaseous ligands with ligand binding macromolecules. We have measured the enthalpy of binding oxygen and carbon monoxide to horse myoglobin, human hemoglobin A o and sperm whale myoglobin in phosphate buffer at pH 7.6, with the enzyme reducing system of Hayashi [1]. Reactions of human hemoglobin were also done under various buffer conditions in order to elucidate the Bohr effect. These binding reactions were found not to exhibit a detectable enthalpy change over the temperature range of 10°C to 25°C. The enzyme reducing system was shown to react with oxygen in a manner that releases a substantial amount of heat. This problem was corrected by using a minimum amount and by placing the buffer and enzyme system in the referen ce cell effectively canceling the oxygen enzyme reaction heat as well as the heat of gas dissolution. It was also demonstrated that glucose-6-phosphate, one of the reducing system components, in 50 m M concentrations can influence the heat of binding oxygen and carbon monoxide to hemoglobin. This effect was shown to be absent in the myoglobins and also with hemoglobin at glucose-6-phosphate concentrations less than 5 m M .
Laser-based fabrication of microfluidic components and systems

Diffuser micro-pumps are commonly fabricated with the standard lithography techniques using silicon as the base material. The important components of this kind of micro-pump are flow directing diffusers and a moving diaphragm. Different diffuser designs show various flow rates and pump efficiency. In this work, polymer is used as its base material instead of silicon. Polymer is cost-effective and relatively easy to be machined with an Excimer laser. Moreover, the flexibility of the material gives a much better performance compared with the silicon based micro-pumps. The measured flow rate of this pump is 10 to 20 times higher than that of the silicon based micro-pumps. In addition, the performance of the diffuser polymer micro-pump is simulated with FLUENT and the calculated result at low frequency is in good agreement with the experimental result.
Regulation of Activity in the Hypothalamo-Pituitary- Adrenal Axis Is Integral to a Larger Hypothalamic System that Determines Caloric Flow*

We have previously reported that there are diurnal rhythms in the magnitude of ACTH responses to stressors and in the sensitivity of stress-induced ACTH responses to facilitation induced by prior stress and to corticosterone (B) feedback induced by exogenous B. In all cases ACTH was more responsive in the morning than in the evening in nocturnally feeding rats. We have also shown in adrenalectomized rats that an overnight fast reduces ACTH responses to restraint in the morning compared with rats fed ad libitum, and we have shown that calorie-containing gavage during the fast increases the amplitude of ACTH responses to restraint in fasted rats. Therefore, this diurnal rhythm is not associated with B feedback and is associated with calories. In these studies we asked whether young, male intact rats that were deprived of food overnight had: 1) hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses during the fasting period; 2) altered basal activity in the HPA axis; 3) altered responsivity of ACTH to restraint; and 4) altered sensitivity of restraint-induced ACTH responses to facilitation or B feedback. Our results show that food deprivation: 1) induces marked ACTH and B responses during the fast that mirrors the pattern of food intake in fed rats, with an approximately 3-h lag; 2) results in essentially no change in basal ACTH in the morning; 3) reduces ACTH responsivity to stress in the morning; and 4) reduces ACTH responsivity to prior stress-induced facilitation and exogenous B-induced feedback. We conclude that: 1) the HPA axis serves as a default pathway to feeding when food is not available; 2) the diurnal rhythms in restraint-induced ACTH secretion are determined by food intake; and 3) the HPA axis is integral to a larger hypothalamic system that mediates energy flow.
Secretion of Iodide by the Nasal Gland of Birds

The nasal gland of the gull can secrete a solution of sodium chloride about 5 to 6 times more concentrated than that found in blood plasma. The gland can also concentrate iodide to several times the plasma concentration, but chloride seems to be preferred in the secretory process. These experiments were undertaken in the hope that a particularly high iodide clearance could form the basis of a method for determining the blood flow to the gland. The results made this approach to blood flow measurements unfeasible.
Dissolution of nonaqueous phase liquid pools in anisotropic aquifers

A two-dimensional numerical transport model is developed to determine the effect of aquifer anisotropy and heterogeneity on mass transfer from a dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) pool. The appropriate steady state groundwater flow equation is solved implicitly whereas the equation describing the transport of a sorbing contaminant in a confined aquifer is solved by the alternating direction implicit method. Statistical anisotropy in the aquifer is introduced by two-dimensional, random log-normal hydraulic conductivity field realizations with different directional correlation lengths. Model simulations indicate that DNAPL pool dissolution is enhanced by increasing the mean log-transformed hydraulic conductivity, groundwater flow velocity, and/or anisotropy ratio. The variance of the log-transformed hydraulic conductivity distribution is shown to be inversely proportional to the average mass transfer coefficient.
Cardiac Arrhythmias Following Intravenous Nicotine: Experimental Study in Dogs.

BACKGROUND: Nicotine, the active agent in tobacco, is released into the circulation during cigarette smoking. It elevates plasma catecholamines, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure; produces coronary spasm; and increases myocardial work and oxygen demand with concomitant reduction in oxygen supply. This may generate cardiac arrhythmias that might contribute to an increased incidence of sudden death due to smoking. It is hypothesized that acute administration of nicotine will induce cardiac arrhythmias, and this experimental study was planned with an aim to assess arrhythmogenic activity as a result of acute administration of nicotine. METHODS: Nicotine was administered in different doses intravenously in 16 anesthesized dogs, and 52 experiments were carried out at weekly intervals. In each experiment, continuing anesthesia and after nicotine administration. They were scrutinized by two experienced electrocardiographers at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes. RESULTS: Data revealed nonsignificant arrhythmias with doses of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg of intravenous nicotine. The dose of 50 µg/kg induced supraventricular arrhythmias, atrioventricular junctional arrhythmias, and ventricular arrhythmias. Supraventricular bradycardia in 30 (83%; P 30 beats) in 12 experiments (33%; P <.005) proved significant. The dose of 100 µg/kg induced fatal ventricular flutter and ventricular fibrillation. The dog expired and experiments with that dose were not repeated. CONCLUSION: Data reveal dose-dependent arrhythmogenecity of nicotine in dogs. Smaller doses of nicotine did not produce significant arrhythmias. Higher doses, bioequivalent to smoking two standard cigarettes, may generate cardiac arrhythmias of simple to severe nature. Further work in human beings may confirm whether nicotine in cigarette smoke will generate similar cardiac arrhythmias especially in patients with autonomic imbalance and/or compromised and ischemic myocardium.
Biosynthesis of L-Ascorbic Acid in Chlorella Pyrenoidosa

Summary When Chlorella pyrenoidosa is incubated in 1 mM D-[1- 14 C]- or D-[6- 14 C]glucose in the dark for 3 h and in the light for 12 h labeled L-ascorbic acid is formed with about 90% of the 14 C-label in terminal positions, most of it remaining at the original site, C1 in the case of [1- 14 C] glucose-treated cells or C6 in the case of [6- 14 C] glucose-treated cells. Similar patterns of labeling are found in glucosyl residues of starch and hemicellulose. These results suggest a path of conversion from D-glucose to L-ascorbic acid that is ‘direct’, similar to that occurring in higher plants. Addition of 50 mM L-galactono1,4-lactone to glucose-free medium results in a significant increase in L-ascorbic acid content over that obtained with 50 mM D-glucose. Other potential precursors of L-ascorbic acid are less effective that D-glucose.
Human Leukemic Cells: In vitro Growth of Colonies Containing the Philadelphia (Ph1) Chromosome

Human leukemic cells with a marker (Philadelphia; Ph(1)) chromosome gave rise to granulocytic and mononuclear cell colonies when grown in vitro. All metaphases from a single colony were either Ph(1) positive or Ph(1) negative. No colonies contained a mixed cell population. This suggests that leukemic and normal cells exist simultaneously and that in vitro colonies are clonal in origin.