cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Arrangement of Long Vertical Rods to Reduce Ground Resistance considering Their Shielding Effect

Grounding system is very important for the safety of the electric power grid, which should have small enough grounding resistance. Long vertical rods are usually used to reduce the grounding resistance of a grounding grid if it is impossible to increase the area of the grid. Although increasing the number and the length of the long vertical rods could make the grounding resistance smaller and smaller, the cost will increase greatly. What is more, due to the shielding effect among the rods, the effectiveness to reduce the grounding resistance will decrease if two vertical rods are too close to each other or the rods are too long. Therefore, the efficient way to use the long vertical rods is an interesting topic for engineers. In this paper, the shielding effect among the long vertical rods is discussed with the help of numerical calculation. The effect of the distance between two nearby rods and the depth of the rod on the shielding effect is analyzed in homogeneous soil and in two-layered soil with different reflection coefficients. The optimal parameter for the long vertical rod in different cases is put forward. The results may be a reference for the design of grounding grid.
Optimization of the Split-Spinach Aptamer for Monitoring Nanoparticle Assembly Involving Multiple Contiguous RNAs.

The fact that structural RNA motifs can direct RNAs to fold and self-assemble into predictable pre-defined structures is an attractive quality and driving force for RNA’s use in nanotechnology. RNA’s recognized diversity concerning cellular and synthetically selected functionalities, however, help explain why it continues to draw attention for new nano-applications. Herein, we report the modification of a bifurcated reporter system based on the previously documented Spinach aptamer/DFHBI fluorophore pair that affords the ability to confirm the assembly of contiguous RNA strands within the context of the previously reported multi-stranded RNA nanoring. Exploration of the sequence space associated with the base pairs flanking the aptamer core demonstrate that fluorescent feedback can be optimized to minimize the fluorescence associated with partially-assembled RNA nanorings. Finally, we demonstrate that the aptamer-integrated nanoring is capable of assembling directly from transcribed DNA in one pot.
Ripple Effect Analysis of Two-Stage Supply Chain Using Probabilistic Graphical Model

Supply chain disruptions are increasingly caused by growing global supply sourcing, complexity, and interconnectedness of supply chains (SCs). A key challenge in the context of supply chain disruption management is to control and monitor the ripple effect of SCs. The ripple effect occurs when the impact of disruption cannot be localized and propagates throughout the SC. Like the bullwhip effect, the ripple effect can negatively impact performance both upstream and downstream of SC entities. This work proposes a new methodology, based on a probabilistic graphical model, to analyze the ripple effect in a two-stage SC. The probabilistic graphical model developed is capable of capturing disruption propagation that can transfer from upstream suppliers to downstream end customer in an SC.
Structural Competency of Pre-health Students: Can a Single Course Lead to Meaningful Change?

Scholars within the medical sciences recently have called on undergraduate educators to incorporate the social sciences in order to teach pre-health students structural competencies – or the ability to articulate how social structures produce racial, ethnic, gender, class, and other disparities – in order to better serve these populations medically. Authors used a semester-long course to assess how experiential learning focused on the topic of structural inequities improves structural competency. In Fall 2018, 27 students completed a hands-on, experiential, course focused on structural factors and health disparities. The authors conducted a mixed-methods, pre-/post-test design to solicit data on students’ views on the reasons for high rates of obesity, gender pay disparities, and racial/ethnic housing segregation. Using systematic qualitative data analysis and statistical analysis of coded answers, the authors were able to detect pre-/post-test differences in the number of times students identified structural reasons for the disparities. Statistical analysis showed that students were able to identify an average of 4.63 structural reasons at pre-test, and that increased to 5.93 reasons at post-test (statically significant (p = 0.007)), indicating an increase in structural awareness after participation in the course. Qualitative analysis, using systematic methods of coding and a modified constant comparison method, demonstrated that students’ ability to articulate structural reasons for inequality greatly improved. This experiential learning course, while relatively short, was found to increase students’ ability to identify structural factors and articulate them with deeper understandings. Future curriculum development should consider incorporating experiential learning to promote structural competency, rather than a more traditional passive, content-delivery method of training.
Trends in the Proportions of Women Program Chairs, Moderators, and Speakers at American Society of Nephrology Kidney Week 2011–2019

Women are under-represented in academic medicine and at medical meetings ([1][1],[2][2]). Just as with research publications, speaking, chairing, and moderating sessions at medical conferences are considered measures of scholarly achievement. In nephrology, the representation of women faculty at
Abstract TP353: Long-term Outcomes in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Delayed Hospital Presentation

Background: Delays in medical care are known to be associated with worse outcomes in ischemic stroke, but outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and delayed presentation are uncle...
Understanding “Koreanness”: Racial Stratification and Colorism in Korea and Implications for Korean Multicultural Education

This paper explores the social construct of Koreanness and its implications. The first section reviews literature on Whiteness, and states that Koreanness shows many similarities to Whiteness in the United States. Next, drawing upon the framework of Bonilla-Silva, this paper argues that a tri-racial system is emerging in Korea, with Koreanness at its center. Then, the study examines how racism and colorism permeate Korean society and culture, with special attention to education. The paper concludes that Koreanness should be addressed in multicultural education in Korea: in teachers’ reflection of their identities, teacher education, instruction, and anti-racism curriculum.
Operative treatment for tricuspid valve endocarditis in a premature neonate.

Infective endocarditis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, especially with the increasing use of indwelling catheters in critically ill children. Surgical ex...
Composite Hybrid Energy Storage System utilizing Capacitive Coupling for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

An innovative architecture is presented that combines energy-dense and power-dense battery packs through a supercapacitor that provides capacitive coupling and a low-power DC-DC converter that provides energy balancing. A sizing algorithm is developed to optimize the design of such systems for plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles (PHEVs and BEVs). The proposed composite architecture extends vehicle range and battery lifetime by fully utilizing the capabilities of energy-dense and power-dense battery chemistries. A power-dense battery is coupled to an energy-dense battery using a small supercapacitor module that naturally distributes the system current between the two packs, requiring no additional contactors or full-power processing DC-DC converters. The proposed algorithm provides a tool for designing the composite architecture to achieve maximum weight reduction under given conditions for both ideal and practical scenarios. A design example is provided based on a PHEV with 68-mile range using the US06 drive cycle. The design achieved a 42% weight reduction when compared to a similar design with a conventional single chemistry battery system. Experimental results of a 1.5 kW, 0.2 kWh small-scale prototype with 25 Ah NMC and 2.9 Ah LTO battery cells and a 30 F supercapacitor verify the natural distribution of system current between the energy-dense and power-dense packs.
What Is the Future of Immunotherapy in Ovarian Cancer

Over the past several years, significant progress has been made in the treatment of gynecologic cancers. However, continued improvements to existing therapies, as well as development of novel approaches to treat these diseases, will be necessary to further reduce mortality. With increasing evidence that ovarian cancer in particular is immunogenic, there is a good reason to investigate the potential of immunotherapies. Recent success in a number of immunotherapy clinical trials targeting other tumor types has laid the groundwork necessary to begin using similar therapies against ovarian and other gynecologic cancers. Here we review past experience and future opportunities for immunotherapy in ovarian cancer, with a focus on vaccines and adoptive T-cell therapy, as well as several nonspecific immunomodulators available for immediate clinical testing.
Geotechnical engineering practice for collapsible soils

Conditions in arid and semi-arid climates favor the formation of the most problematic collapsible soils. The mechanisms that account for almost all naturally occurring collapsible soil deposits are debris flows, rapid alluvial depositions, and wind-blown deposits (loess). Collapsible soils are moisture sensitive in that increase in moisture content is the primary triggering mechanism for the volume reduction of these soils. One result of urbanization in arid regions is an increase in soil moisture content. Therefore, the impact of development-induced changes in surface and groundwater regimes on the engineering performance of moisture sensitive arid soils, including collapsible soils, becomes a critical issue for continued sustainable population expansion into arid regions.
Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Phenols Breakthrough from GAC Adsorbers

This study demonstrates that molecular oxygen plays an important role in the adsorption of organic compounds from water by activated carbon. It was determined that the adsorptive capacity of granular activated carbon (GAC) for o-cresol can increase by almost 200% as a result of the presence of molecular oxygen in the test environment (oxic conditions). This increase in adsorptive capacity is not due to biological activity but can be totally attributed to the polymerization of o-cresol on the carbon surface under oxic conditions. The rate of adsorbate polymerization is such that the presence of molecular oxygen does not influence adsorption kinetics during the first 12 hours of adsorbent-adsorbate contact. However, the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the feed to a GAC adsorber can significantly influence the breakthrough of adsorbate. As the concentration of dissolved oxygen increased, more of this increased capacity is utilized during the early phase of breakthrough and, consequently, initial breakthrough is delayed. This phenomenon might completely change the existing procedures for the design and operation of GAC adsorbers in that it provides a competitive edge for adsorption as a treatment technology in water purification.
Artificial enzymes. The importance of being selective.

Hydroxylating enzymes, such as cytochrome P-450, are immensely important biologically — they mediate the selective insertion of oxygen into the C-H bonds of unreactive molecules such as steroids and prostaglandins, creating key intermediates in the synthesis of drugs and hormones. An artificial P-450 has been designed which shows a high level of positional selectivity in modifying its substrate steroid. Moreover, the reaction exhibits true catalytic turnover of the substrate. Both are attributes necessary for an effective artificial enzyme.
The use of the carbon dioxide laser in the therapy of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Abstract 131 patients with biopsy-proved cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were treated with carbon dioxide laser beam therapy. A continuous mode of application of the beam with ablation of the transformation zone to 7 mm was the method of treatment. An overall cure rate of 87% was achieved. Depth of ablation, involvement of the endocervical canal, and destruction of the entire transformation zone seem to be the only factors influencing the success rate.
Sensory retraining: burden in daily life related to altered sensation after orthognathic surgery, a randomized clinical trial

To cite this article: C Phillips, SH Kim, M Tucker, TA Turvey: Sensory retraining: burden in daily life related to altered sensation after orthognathic surgery, a randomized clinical trial Orthod Craniofac Res 2010;13:169–178 Structured Abstract Authors – Phillips C, Kim SH, Tucker M, Turvey TA Objective – Assess the long-term effect of sensory retraining exercises, age, gender, type of surgery, and pre-surgical psychological distress on patients’ perception of the interference related to altered sensation 2 years after orthognathic surgery. Setting and Sample Population – A total of 186 subjects with a developmental dentofacial disharmony were enrolled in a multicenter randomized clinical trial: one center was a community-based practice and the other a university-based center. Methods and Materials – Subjects were randomly allocated to two groups: standard of care mouth opening exercises after BSSO or a progressive series of sensory retraining facial exercises in addition to the opening exercises. At 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery, subjects scored unusual feelings on the face, numbness, and loss of lip sensitivity from ‘no problem (1)’ to ‘serious problem (7)’. A marginal proportional odds model was fit for each of the ordinal outcomes. Results – Up to 2 years after surgery, the opening exercise only group had a higher likelihood of reporting interference in daily activities related to numbness and loss of lip sensitivity than the sensory retraining exercise group. The difference between the two groups was relatively constant. Older subjects and those with elevated psychological distress before surgery reported higher burdens related to unusual facial feelings, numbness, and loss of lip sensitivity (p < 0.02). Conclusion – The positive effect of sensory retraining facial exercises observed after surgery is maintained over time. Clinicians should consider the patient’s age and psychological well-being prior to providing pre-surgical counseling regarding the impact on daily life of persistent altered sensation following a mandibular osteotomy.
Blood transfusion and 30-day readmission rate in adult patients hospitalized with sickle cell disease crisis

Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) patients hospitalized with vaso-occlusive pain crisis tend to have prolonged length of stay (LOS) and high 30-day readmission rates. We investigated the associations of demographic characteristics, comorbidities and blood transfusion during hospitalization with these outcomes.
Chromian spinel as a petrogenetic indicator in abyssal and alpine-type peridotites and spatially associated lavas

The composition of chromian spinel in alpine-type peridotites has a large reciprocal range of Cr and Al, with increasing Cr# (Cr/(Cr+Al)) reflecting increasing degrees of partial melting in the mantle. Using spinel compositions, alpine-type peridotites can be divided into three groups. Type I peridotites and associated volcanic rocks contain spinels with Cr# 0.60, and Type II peridotites and volcanics are a transitional group and contain spinels spanning the full range of spinel compositions in Type I and Type II peridotites. Spinels in abyssal peridotites lie entirely within the Type I spinel field, making ophiolites with Type I alpine-type peridotites the most likely candidates for sections of ocean lithosphere formed at a midocean ridge. The only modern analogs for Type III peridotites and associated volcanic rocks are found in arc-related volcanic and intrusive rocks, continental intrusive assemblages, and oceanic plateau basalts. We infer a sub-volcanic arc petrogenesis for most Type III alpine-type peridotites. Type II alpine-type peridotites apparently reflect composite origins, such as the formation of an island-arc on ocean crust, resulting in large variations in the degree and provenance of melting over relatively short distances. The essential difference between Type I and Type III peridotites appears to be the presence or absence of diopside in the residue at the end of melting.
High-throughput baggage scanning employing x-ray diffraction for accurate explosives detection

X-ray systems dominate the installed base of airport baggage scanning systems for explosives detection. The majority are conveyer systems with projection line scanners. These systems can achieve a high throughput but exhibit a high false positive rate and require significant operator involvement. Systems employing computed tomography (CT) are currently being installed at a rapid rate. These can provide good discrimination of levels of xray absorption coefficient and can largely circumvent superimposition effects. Nonetheless CT measures only x-ray absorption coefficient per voxel which does not provide a means of specific material identification resulting in many false positives, and it is relatively straightforward to configure explosive materials so that they are undetectable by CT systems. Diffraction-based x-ray systems present a solution to this problem. They detect and measure atomic layer spacings in crystalline and microcrystalline materials with high sensitivity. This provides a means of specific material identification. The majority of explosive compounds are well crystallized solids at room temperature. X-ray diffraction systems using both conventional wavelength-dispersive diffraction and fixed-angle, multi-wavelength diffraction for improved throughput are described. Large-area, flat-panel x-ray detector technology coupled with an extended x-ray source will permit a full 3D volumetric x-ray diffraction scan of a bag in a single pass, (patent pending).
Demonstration of the Proarrhythmic Preconditioning of Single Premature Extrastimuli by Use of the Magnitude, Phase, and Distribution of Repolarization Alternans

Background—We hypothesized that single premature extrastimuli (S2) insufficient to induce reentry produce proarrhythmic effects (proarrhythmic preconditioning) that are measurable by use of the magnitude, phase, and temporal distribution of repolarization alternans (RPA; alternate-beat fluctuations in ECG repolarization). Methods and Results—Before programmed electrical stimulation (PES), surface ECG leads I, aVF, and V1 were recorded in 30 patients during simultaneous atrial and ventricular pacing at 500 ms with S2 coupling intervals (CIs) decreasing from 400 to 240 ms in 20-ms steps. We determined RPA magnitude (Valt) as the 0.5-cycle/beat peak after spectral decomposition of consecutive STU intervals over 64 beats immediately preceding and following each S2, RPA phase reversals as discontinuities in the even/odd phase of STU alternation, and RPA distribution as the time point of median RPA magnitude within repolarization. Eighteen patients were induced into ventricular tachycardia (VT), whereas 12 were...
Embryonic cell death patterns associated with nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia

The offspring of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to nitrofen on gestational day 9.5 develop left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Twenty-four hours after treatment, on day 10.5, supravital staining with Nile blue sulfate and histological examination showed bilateral excessive cell death in cervical somites 2 through 4. After 48 hours, on day 11.5, cell death was absent in the cervical somites but was apparent in the mesoderm adjacent to the somites in the septum transversum and in the developing sympathetic ganglia adjacent to the dorsal aortae. Cell death was not apparent in the foregut or lung primordia on either day 10.5 or 11.5. The incidence of nitrofen-exposed embryos with such patterns of cell death closely paralleled that of left-sided CDH in similarly treated day 21.5 fetuses. Control animals treated with olive oil had normal programmed cell death patterns in the regions of interest and had no evidence of CDH on day 21.5. It is possible that these patterns of excessive cell death early in gestation may play a role in the genesis of diaphragmatic hernia. Mesoderm derived from cervical somites 3 through 5 contributes to the diaphragmatic anlage and forms the major portion of the muscle of the diaphragm. Because nitrofen damages mesodermal cell populations in cervical somites 2 through 4 and in the mesenchyme adjacent to the septum transversum 24 to 48 hours after administration, the authors propose that damage to these populations may reduce progenitor cells needed to populate the diaphragmatic anlage, thereby hindering pleuro-peritoneal canal closure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Will OLED displays challenge liquid crystal displays in notebook computer applications

In spite of impressive gains in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology, many hurdles remain before OLED displays will challenge liquid crystal displays in notebook computer applications. Foremost is an increase in external quantum efficiency to at least 7.5% in conjunction with a fill factor of at least 65%. In addition, the red and blue points of the color gamut need to be improved for efficient and long-lived organic electroluminescent materials. Finally, an OLED display, as does any emissive display, faces special problems in avoiding ghost images in a windows environment.
Creating a three-parent child: an educational paradigm for the responsible conduct of research

The field of assisted reproduction is renowned for its remarkable advances and constant pushing forward of research boundaries in an effort to offer innovative and effective methods for enhancing fertility. Accompanying these advances, however, are physiological, psychological, and bioethical consequences that must be considered. These concomitant advances and consequences make assisted reproduction an excellent educational paradigm for inculcating responsible conduct in both research and clinical practice. Ultimately, responsible conduct rests on the ethical researcher and clinician. Here, we present the as-yet unapproved, contentious assisted reproductive technology of mitochondrial replacement transfer (MRT) as an ideal educational platform to foster the responsible conduct of research by advancing dialogue among multi-disciplinary scholars, researchers, and students. Using a likely future case, we present the basic science, legal, and ethical considerations, and the pedagogical principles and strategies for using MRT as an effective educational paradigm. Society will benefit when the ethical issues inherent in creating children with three genetic parents as well as germline interference are discussed across multiple academic levels that include researchers, legal experts, bioethicists, and government-appointed commissions. Furthermore, undergraduate and graduate students should be included because they will likely determine the ethical fates of these biotechnologies. While emerging assisted reproduction technologies such as MRT are highly complex and will take years to be readily available for patients in need, now is the time to consider their scientific, legal, ethical, and cultural/religious implications for ensuring the responsible conduct of research.
Plasma or ion carburizing of several steels

Several carburizing steels, AISI 1020, 4620 and 8620, were plasma carburized in a 5vol.%CH4-95vol.%H2 gas mixture at a total pressure of 10 Torr in the temperature range 850 – 1025 °C for various times. In order to reduce the carbon concentration at the surface to an acceptable level, the plasma carburizing stage was followed by a diffusion anneal step. The effects of process variables, time and temperature were examined by using microhardness depth correlations, optical metallography and transmission electron microscopy. The carburized depths were found to be linearly dependent on the square root of the carburizing time for all three steels investigated. The activation energies for plasma carburizing were calculated for AISI 1020, 4620 and 8620 steels as 15 700 cal mol-1, 12 800 cal mol-1 and 11 500 cal mol-1 respectively.
Plasticity of initially textured hexagonal polycrystals at high homologous temperatures: application to titanium

Abstract A crystal-plasticity-based constitutive model for the large deformation of polycrystalline materials with hexagonal crystal structure deforming by crystallographic slip at high homologous temperatures has been developed. The constitutive model has been implemented in a finite-element program. In our finite-element model of a polycrystal, each element represents one crystal, and a set of crystal orientations which approximate the initial crystallographic texture of the hexagonal material are assigned to the elements. The macroscopic stress–strain responses are calculated as volume averages over the entire aggregate. Nominally homogeneous experiments in simple tension, simple compression, plane-strain compression and thin-walled tubular torsion have been conducted on initially textured commercially pure titanium at 750°C, and the resulting macroscopic stress–strain response and evolution in crystallographic texture have been measured. Numerical experiments were conducted, and matched to the data from the simple tension and compression experiments to determine the operative slip systems and the material parameters in the constitutive model. Using this information, the predictions of the stress–strain response and texture evolution for plane-strain compression and thin-walled tubular torsion are shown to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimental measurements.
Properties of the 12C(γ, 3α) reaction below 21.5 MeV

Abstract The cross-section for the photodisintegration of 12 C yielding alpha particle has been measured by studying 768 events in nuclear emulsions exposed to 21.5 MeV bremsstrahlung filtered by 86.2 cm of graphite or by 41.9 cm of aluminium. The value of the cross-section integrated up to 20.5 MeV is 0.82±0.03 MeV·mb. The shape of the cross-section indicates resonances and suggests six energy regions for study. Of the total events, 103 could be attributed to breakup via the ground state of 8 Be and 557 to breakup via the first-excited state of 8 Be. The cross-section for the remaining 108 events, not definitely attributable to breakup via either 8 Be state, does not resemble the cross-section for either the ground-state or the first-excited state events. The angular distribution of the first alpha particle with respect to the photon for the 77 ground-state events produced by 12 C excitation of less than 14.3 MeV, indicates that both E2 and E1 interactions are taking place. The modes of interaction which gave the predicted alpha-energy distributions in the best agreement with the data for the first-excited state events by C 12 excitation regions are 0.25 M1 and 0.75 E1 for 12.2–14.2 MeV, 0.8 E1 and 0.2 E2 for 14.3–16.3 MeV, 0.4 E2 and 0.6 M1 for 16.4–17.9 MeV, 0.88 M1 and 0.12 E2 for 18.0–19.5 MeV and all E1 for 19.6–21.8 MeV.
Clinical and biologic correlates of insulin binding by leukemia lymphoblasts

The percentage of total 125I-labeled insulin specifically bound to lymphoblasts was measured in 46 children with leukemia. Among 35 children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), specific insulin binding ranged from 0.09 to 14.8% per 10(6) blasts. A lower level of insulin binding was correlated with T-cell surface markers (P less than 0.003), higher hemoglobin level (P less than 0.005), presence of a mediastinal mass (P less than 0.01), lower glucocorticoid receptor level (P less than 0.02), higher platelet count (P less than 0.04), age less than 2 or greater than 10 yr (P less than 0.05), white blood cell count greater than or equal to 100 X 10(3)/mm3 (P less than 0.06) and higher labeling index (P less than 0.07). It was not correlated with the presence of central-nervous-system disease, FAB classification, or sex. With a follow-up of 24 to 33 + months, insulin binding was not correlated with treatment outcome. Six patients with relapsed ALL and three with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia showed insulin binding levels similar to those in newly diagnosed ALL patients. Blasts from one patient with B-cell ALL and one with chronic myelogenous leukemia were characterized by lower insulin binding, while lymphoblasts from a patient with T-cell lymphoma bound insulin at marginally detectable levels. In vitro studies with IM-9, NALM-1 and NALM-16 cell lines showed that changes in insulin binding caused by dexamethasone treatment were not correlated with hormone-induced cell death. Although study of insulin binding by malignant lymphoid cells may be important in understanding the biology of leukemic cells, it does not appear to have any obvious clinical utility.
Bergin’s Rule: Syntactic diachrony and discourse strategy

Bergin’s Rule constructions, whereby verbs in Old Irish occur in other than normal clause-initial position and with ‘conjunct’ flexion in simplex verbs and ‘prototonic’ stress in compound verbs, has traditionally been viewed as evidence for the language’s prehistoric clausal configuration, usually considered to be SOV or, more recently, V2. Others view the construction as entirely artificial, i.e., as not reflecting any historical reality, perhaps based on Latin models. This paper demonstrates that the difficult evidence emphatically does not support a V2 analysis, but is otherwise indeterminate. The conjunct flexion of simplex verbs and the prototonic stress of compound verbs used in the construction is also diagnostic of the fact that it is not simply the result of scrambling the normal VSO clausal configuration of Old Irish, but represents vestiges of real syntax.
Off-shell behavior of the crossed nucleon pole in pion-nucleus scattering

Abstract The contribution of the nucleon-pole piece of the pion-nucleon amplitude to the pion-nucleus optical potential is examined. Straightforward calculations of diagrams which are intermediate between Goldstone and Feynman diagrams produce simple results with well-behaved physical implications. In particular, the direct S-channel nucleon pole contributes to one-body true absorption while the crossed U-channel pole has a novel off-shell behavior and does not contribute to pion true absorption.
Recent Scholarship on Aquinas

Books reviewed in this article: John Bowlin, Contingency and Fortune in Aquinas's Ethics John I. Jenkins, C.S.C., Knowledge and Faith in Thomas Aquinas John Milbank and Catherine Pickstock, Truth in Aquinas
Multitemporal analysis of urban reflectance

Abstract Spatial and temporal changes in urban reflectance have a strong influence on energy flux through the urban environment. Optical sensors on operational satellites provide self-consistent time series of urban reflectance variations, but quantitative analyses are complicated by spectral heterogeneity at sensor instantaneous field of view (IFOV) scales and by temporal changes in illumination and atmospheric conditions. These complications can be minimized by combining a multitemporal radiometric rectification with a physically based reflectance analysis. Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) provides a physically based approach to quantifying spatial and temporal changes in spectrally heterogeneous urban reflectance. Multitemporal analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery of the New York metropolitan area suggests that urban reflectance can be described with a three-component linear mixture model spanned by high albedo, low albedo, and vegetation endmembers. The topology of the spectral mixing space indicates that mixing fractions are well constrained for the vegetation endmember and that nonlinear mixing occurs primarily between the high and low albedo endmembers. Selection of pseudoinvariant (PIV) image endmembers allows radiometric rectification of multitemporal imagery to a common set of endmembers, thereby minimizing variations in radiance that are unrelated to changes in surface reflectance. Inversion of the three-component linear mixture model for the New York metro area produces robust, consistent fraction estimates for different combinations of rectifications and inversion constraints. Temporal variation of the presumed invariant endmember sites provides a measure of uncertainty for the endmember fraction estimates. The resulting vegetation fraction estimates agree with high-resolution reference measurements to within 10% for a 1996 midsummer validation and PIV endmember fraction estimates vary by less than 7% over the course of the 1996 growing season. In contrast, intraurban spatial variations in vegetation fraction span several tens of percent, suggesting that the measured changes significantly exceed the uncertainty of the estimates. These results suggest that Landsat TM imagery may be used to monitor seasonal to interannual variations in urban reflectance and vegetation abundance.
A simple and enantioselective synthesis of (+)-biotin

Abstract An enantioselective and stereospecific synthesis of the important vitamin (+)-biotin in 12 steps from L-cystine dimethyl ester is recorded.
Spatially and temporally distributed modeling of landslide susceptibility

Mapping of landslide susceptibility in forested watersheds is important for management decisions. In forested watersheds, especially in mountainous areas, the spatial distribution of relevant parameters for landslide prediction is often unavailable. This paper presents a GIS-based modeling approach that includes representation of the uncertainty and variability inherent in parameters. In this approach, grid-based tools are used to integrate the Soil Moisture Routing (SMR) model and infinite slope model with probabilistic analysis. The SMR model is a daily water balance model that simulates the hydrology of forested watersheds by combining climate data, a digital elevation model, soil, and land use data. The infinite slope model is used for slope stability analysis and determining the factor of safety for a slope. Monte Carlo simulation is used to incorporate the variability of input parameters and account for uncertainties associated with the evaluation of landslide susceptibility. This integrated approach of dynamic slope stability analysis was applied to the 72-km2 Pete King watershed located in the Clearwater National Forest in north-central Idaho, USA, where landslides have occurred. A 30-year simulation was performed beginning with the existing vegetation covers that represented the watershed during the landslide year. Comparison of the GIS-based approach with existing models (FSmet and SHALSTAB) showed better precision of landslides based on the ratio of correctly identified landslides to susceptible areas. Analysis of landslide susceptibility showed that (1) the proportion of susceptible and non-susceptible cells changes spatially and temporally, (2) changed cells were a function of effective precipitation and soil storage amount, and (3) cell stability increased over time especially for clear-cut areas as root strength increased and vegetation transitioned to regenerated forest. Our modeling results showed that landslide susceptibility is strongly influenced by natural processes and human activities in space and time; while results from simulated outputs show the potential for decision-making in effective forest planning by using various management scenarios and controlling factors that influence landslide susceptibility. Such a process-based tool could be used to deal with real-dynamic systems to help decision-makers to answer complex landslide susceptibility questions.
Quantitative analysis of a successful public hydrogen station

Abstract Reliable hydrogen fueling stations will be required for the successful commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. An evolving hydrogen fueling station has been in operation in Irvine, California since 2003, with nearly five years of operation in its current form. The usage of the station has increased from just 1000 kg dispensed in 2007 to over 8000 kg dispensed in 2011 due to greater numbers of fuel cell vehicles in the area. The station regularly operates beyond its design capacity of 25 kg/day and enables fuel cell vehicles to exceed future carbon reduction goals today. Current limitations include a cost of hydrogen of $15 per kg, net electrical consumption of 5 kWh per kg dispensed, and a need for faster back-to-back vehicle refueling.
The solar water heater industry in South Florida - History and projections

Abstract Solar water heaters were a commercial success because they offered homeowners a system for heating water which was economically superior to either electric or gas units. In 1938 a solar user could recover his initial investment from fuel cost savings in less than 2 yr and anticipate a seemingly endless supply of free hot water. By the early 1950s, however, three primary forces combined to reduce the industry to a few firms whose principal solar activity was the repair or replacement of water storage tanks. (1) The rapid decline in electricity rates along with the increasing first cost of installing a solar unit reversed the economic advantage of the solar approach. (2) The widely held opinion that solar systems would last indefinitely was abruptly altered when the water storage tanks began to develop leaks. Tank failures often caused considerable damage and became increasingly costly to repair. (3) The emergence of the large scale builder-developer largely removed the choice of hot water system from the individual homeowner. In his efforts to be first-cost competitive, the developer installed the less expensive conventional hot water unit rather than the solar unit. Recent developments in energy prices and availability, however, have produced an economic environment more promising to a resurgence of solar water heating. Under certain potentially realistic first-cost estimates and projected fuel price increases, a strong economic argument in favor of solar water heaters can be made. Further, homeowner attitudes toward solar units are generally positive and receptive to considering the solar alternatives.
Atheism and Secularity. Volume 1: Issues, Concepts, and Definitions; Volume 2: Global Expressions

Edited by Phil Zuckerman. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2010. xii + 281; xii + 233 pp. $104.95 hardcover. Even though scholars such as Glenn Vernon and Colin Campbell laid the foundations for the stu...
Ruthenium Complexes that Break the Rules: Structural Features Controlling Dual Emission

A family of heteroleptic RuII coordination complexes containing substituted 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) ligands with extended conjugation was found to exhibit two simultaneously emissive excited states at room temperature in fluid solution. These systems demonstrate a breakdown of the standard nonradiative decay pathways that normally lead to a single, dominant, lowest energy emissive excited state in RuII complexes and most other chromophores. The structural requirements for dual emission were explored through the synthesis and characterization of isomeric systems. Two features were found to be primarily responsible for resolvable dual emission. Extended conjugation at the 4-position of the 1,10-phenanthroline ligand was identified as an essential feature, and asymmetry in the phenanthroline ligand substitutions appears to greatly facilitate the production of these two nonequilibrated emissive states. Additional complexes were studied which displayed “tunable” emissive characteristics for the two excited ...
The practice of psychotherapy and spiritual direction

The author compares and contrasts insight-oriented psychotherapy, supportive psychotherapy, and spiritual direction in relation to goals and methods; management of resistance, transference, and countertransference; and selection criteria. The enhancement of spiritual formation through insight-oriented psychotherapy and supportive psychotherapy is also discussed.
Thermal conductivity of disordered harmonic solids.

As a crystal is disordered, a point may be reached where the typical mean free path of phonons is so short that the wavelength and mean free path are no longer sharp concepts, and the textbook phonon-gas model for thermal conductivity breaks down. This paper proposes an alternate theory for the disordered regime, and the subsequent paper implements the theory for a realistic model of amorphous silicon. The idea is that the dominant scattering is correctly described by a harmonic Hamiltonian, which is, in principle, transformable into a one-body problem of decoupled oscillators. From this the thermal conductivity can be exactly calculated by an analog of the Kubo-Greenwood formula for electrical conductivity of disordered metals. Anderson localization is correctly contained in this theory; localized states contribute no currents in harmonic approximation. What is required is an atomistic model with a large unit cell and periodic boundary conditions (to avoid undesired surface effects). The linear size of the model should be larger than the mean free paths of the dominant phonons. A Kubo formula and then a Kubo-Greenwood-type formula are derived for this problem. A ``mode diffusivity'' ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{i}}$ for the ith exact oscillator state is defined. The heat is carried by off-diagonal elements of the heat current operator, which have a nonzero contribution because the temperature gradient introduces nonzero off-diagonal elements of the density matrix 〈${\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{i}}^{\mathrm{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}}$${\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{j}}$〉. An effort is made to interpret these results physically. Schemes for implementing this formalism are discussed.
COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF UVA AND UVB ON CULTURED RABBIT LENS

Effects on lens physiology of UVB and UVA used separately and sequentially were investigated using 4 week old rabbit lenses in organ culture. Narrowband UVB at 0.3 J/cm2 = joules/lens (1 h exposure) has little effect on sodium and calcium concentrations in the lens interior or transparency of lenses subsequently cultured for 20 h after a 1 h exposure. With an incident energy of 3 J/cm2 of broadband UVB (295-330 nm), lenses become opaque and slightly swollen with significant ion imbalances during culture over a 1 day period. In contrast, lenses exposed to approximately 6-24 J/cm2 of UVA (330-400 nm) remain transparent after 1 day of culture. Extended culture up to 4 days reveals no signs of opacification. Ion homeostasis and normal lens hydration are also maintained in UVA-irradiated lenses. The presence of 95% oxygen during UVA irradiation is also without effect. Broadband UVA irradiation is damaging, however, if lenses are first exposed to subthreshold doses of narrowband UVB (307 +/- 5 nm) irradiation, viz. 0.3 J/cm2. Thus, sequential UVB/UVA irradiation at subthreshold doses causes impaired active cation transport and accumulation of sodium and calcium accompanying lens opacification.
Advantage of underweight

Exposure measurements made during a diagnostic radiological study revealed that heavy set patients pay a higher price in absorbed dose than lighter people.
Second-line therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract Carcinogenesis is a complex pathological process induced by abnormalities in the genome, cell-cycle dysregulation, loss of the programmed cell death process, and upregulation of oncogenic pathways associated with proliferation, migration, and survival, among others. Despite recent advances in molecular and tumor biology in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the introduction of several targeted agents, the disease continues to have a dismal survival. Nonetheless, the future looks promising; conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens in combination with targeted agents have shown better response rates and survival than those seen in the past. These targeted agents have the advantage of blocking or inhibiting specific pathways necessary for tumor growth, proliferation, and metastases, without significantly affecting quality of life by having an acceptable toxicity profile. Thus, these novel agents harbor a hope in the treatment of NSCLC and many other malignant diseases when they can be used either in combination with other chemotherapy drugs in several lines of treatment or as a single agent in maintenance therapy until progression of disease, or even more attractively, in combination with other targeted agents themselves. In this review, we discuss second-line treatments for patients who have NSCLC, including targeted agents and their development in this specific setting as part of our armamentarium in lung cancer.
Social Class, Reported Parental Behavior and Delinquency Status.

Summary.-Earlier studies on the etiology of delinquents have been concerned with social delinquenq (offenses committed with others) and solitary delinquency (offenses committed alone) as related to social class. Other studies have considered reported parental behavior as an influence on type of delinquency. The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of social class on reported parental behavior as a significant factor in social and solitary delinquency status. It was concluded, contrary to previous research, that social class cannot be considered a significant factor in differentiating social and solitary delinquents. Reported parental behavior of delinquents, as measured in chis study, was also not highly related to social class. The findings do lend sup porc to earlier research suggesting that solitary and social delinquents vary in etiology of their delinquency. A review of the literature generally suggests that the etiology of delinquency is different for social delinquents (offenses committed in the company of others) and solitary delinquents (offenses committed alone). Ranclolph, et al. (1961) compared solitary and social male delinquents and reported that most solitary delinquents came from "ostensibly normal middle-class homes" and demonstrated a rather extreme degree of psychological disturbance as measured by the MMPI. Social male delinquents, on the other hand, were generally found to be from lower-class homes in high delinquency areas and showed "few evidences" of psychopathology as measured by the MMPI. Johnson, as reported by Brigham, et al. (1967) found recidivism was higher among solitary than social delinquents, despite solitary delinquents' supposed cultural advantages "presumably because their delinquency was a symptom of a deeper, more underlying disorder." Contrastingly, Craig and Budd (1966) suggest that "the solitary offender appears to be less rigidly involved in anti-social acting-out" while the social delinquent "is likely to be more firmly entrenched in criminality." Roe and Siegelman (1963), in a factor analysis of scores on their Parent Child Relations Questionnaire (PCR) which is based upon reported parental behavior, found that Factor L-R (Love-Rejecting) varies consistently with social class for both mothers and fathers and that Factor 0-C (Over-concern) varies as a function of social class for fathers. Brigham, et al. ( 1967) employed a revised Roe and Siegelman PCR to differentiate between reported maternal and paternal behaviors of solitary and social delinquents. These authors conclude that, as compared to social delinquents, solitary delinquents report more maternal behaviors
Polarographic Analysis for Cadmium, Zinc, and Lead in Glass

The cadmium, zinc, and lead content in glass can be rapidly estimated with a polarograph. These analyses usually can be carried out without making chemical separations, since interfering elements are seldom found in common glass compositions. The mean difference in absolute per cent between chemical and polarographic results for a series of thirteen glasses containing cadmium and/or zinc and for a series of twelve lead glasses is approximately 0.3% for PbO, 0.05% for CdO, and 0.1% for ZnO.