cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disruptive Innovation – From Paradox to Prediction to Practice

The search for the root of Disruptive Innovation, although charged with intrigue, has remained an enigma since emerging from the work of Clay Christensen over two decades ago. Oft cited reasons for this include the "cherry picked" nature of the research and the persistent inability to predict the likely outcome of conditions which exhibit Disruptive potential. Through the use of a heuristic most commonly used in goal-seeking, a "cherry picked" initial solution was iteratively modified and gradually transformed into one reflecting characteristics most commonly found in the displacement of dominant paradigms, while at the same time eliminating those which most often confound the matter. The results lead to a far clearer understanding of not just how the process works, but where and at what one needs to look to more effectively predict and even cost effectively practice Disruptive Innovation as a deliberate strategy.
Free-Particle Schrödinger Equation: Wave Packets

The Schrodinger equation is the fundamental equation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. As with any equation in physics, its validity relies on experimental verification of the predictions of the equation. So far, it appears that there are no experiments that are inconsistent with quantum mechanics. As you shall see, it is not always easy to test the predictions of the Schrodinger equation. In other words, mapping out the probability distribution associated with a quantum system can represent a formidable task. Moreover, quantum mechanics is far from a complete theory since it does not address the dynamic evolution of the wave function when a measurement is made. Nevertheless, the success of the Schrodinger equation in describing the wave nature of matter and the energy level structure of atoms, molecules, and solids is beyond question.
A judgment and decision‐making model for plant behavior

Recently plant biologists have documented that plants, like animals, engage in many activities that can be considered as behaviors, although plant biologists currently lack a conceptual framework to understand these processes. Borrowing the well-established framework developed by psychologists, we propose that plant behaviors can be constructively modeled by identifying four distinct components: (1) a cue or stimulus that provides information, (2) a judgment whereby the plant perceives and processes this informative cue, (3) a decision whereby the plant chooses among several options based on their relative costs and benefits, and (4) action. Judgment for plants can be determined empirically by monitoring signaling associated with electrical, calcium, or hormonal fluxes. Decision-making can be evaluated empirically by monitoring gene expression or differential allocation of resources. We provide examples of the utility of this judgment and decision-making framework by considering cases in which plants either successfully or unsuccessfully induced resistance against attacking herbivores. Separating judgment from decision-making suggests new analytical paradigms (i.e., Bayesian methods for judgment and economic utility models for decision-making). Following this framework, we propose an experimental approach to plant behavior that explicitly manipulates the stimuli provided to plants, uses plants that vary in sensory abilities, and examines how environmental context affects plant responses. The concepts and approaches that follow from the judgment and decision-making framework can shape how we study and understand plant-herbivore interactions, biological invasions, plant responses to climate change, and the susceptibility of plants to evolutionary traps.
Topics in Module Theory

This chapter will be concerned with collecting a number of results and constructions concerning modules over (primarily) noncommutative rings that will be needed to study group representation theory in Chapter 8.
Two Aspects of Choice

Consider the following situation. Someone gets the chance to sell a well-done forgery (say, of a famous painting) in the guise of an original. First let us describe the moral aspect of this situation. Suppose the would-be seller has a traditional value system. The truth is the positive pole for him and lying is negative, so that the seller faces a choice between two alternative: to tell the truth ‘+ ’ or to conceal the truth ‘−’.
Bioaerosols and Public Health

There is an increasing emphasis on the recycling of municipal and agricultural wastes around the world using processes such as composting. Theoretically, composting should result in the reduction or total destruction of microbial pathogens. However, variabilities associated with the process can result in improper temperatures and moisture conditions with the result that the final product can harbor pathogenic microorganisms. Though there is a significant amount of information on the occurrence of fungal spores around composting facilities, information regarding other human pathogens such as viruses and bacteria are almost nonexistent. This is particularly significant considering that many communities around the world are considering using municipal biosolids as feed material in large-scale composting operations. Biosolids contain large numbers of potentially pathogenic organisms and the re-growth of Salmonella spp. in composted biosolids is a possibility. Mechanical agitation of biosolids material in open windrows will result in the aerosolization of microbial pathogens, and bioaerosols around composting operations that involve municipal biosolids need to be appropriately monitored to determine the possible health risks. There are, however, some significant impediments to determining these risks accurately. These include availability of efficient portable samplers, analytical methodologies for specific pathogens, and mathematical models to quantitate the risks.
Seasonal Metabolic Variation in Birds: Functional and Mechanistic Correlates

The influence of seasonal changes in temperature and climate on metabolic rates in birds has been a topic of interest to ornithologists and ecophysiologists for decades (e.g., Hart 1962; Dawson 1958; Miller 1939). Because metabolic rates increase linearly with temperature in endotherms outside the thermal neutral zone, comparisons of metabolic rates among seasons or species require standardized measurements of metabolic rates. The most common of these standardized metabolic rates used for comparisons of energetics among seasons or species is basal, or resting, metabolic rate. It often serves as a baseline for comparisons of metabolic costs of activities within species, and for comparisons of the “rate of living” among species or species groups (e.g., Wiersma et al. 2007a; White et al. 2007; McKechnie et al. 2006; McKechnie and Wolf 2004; Trevelyan et al. 1990; McNab 1988; Bennett and Harvey 1987; Kersten and Piersma 1987). Theoretically, basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimum metabolic rate required for maintenance in endotherms. BMR is measured within the thermal neutral zone under postabsorptive digestive conditions during the resting phase of the daily cycle on resting, nongrowing, nonreproductive animals (McNab 1997). It is doubtful whether truly BMRs can ever be achieved in the laboratory, so the term resting metabolic rate (RMR) is often used to refer to such measurements, even when the standard conditions for BMR have been met. Here, I will revert to the standard terminology and consider BMR as the metabolic rate measured under the standard conditions listed above, recognizing that this may not, in fact, represent truly basal rates.
Discovery of India(s): Resisting the National Biography

ABSTRACTThe four essays in this special issue focus their attention on excavating particular strands within Indian historiography that look askance at the existing schools of thought be they nationalist, Marxist, or subaltern. However, this is not a project of recovering the forgotten or arranging these events into a long shelf of fragments that disrupt the unified history of the nation-state; rather it is a project of discovering various moments that went into the making of India-projects that were elite but forgotten; projects that were for the forgotten peoples of India, but ironically remembered only by a handful elites, projects that speak of the European, but not the colonial, entanglements in the making of the thirties and forties and, finally, these projects unearth some of the conservative energies and impetus locked within our master- and counter-narratives of state-formation, liberalism, nationalism and democratic republic. The essays return to the biography of the nation, to resist not simply ...
Digital Media Use Associated with ADHD Symptom Development Among Adolescents.

High school students who reported a high frequency (many times per day) of digital media use (e.g., social networking, streaming movies or music, texting) were significantly more likely to self-report symptoms of ADHD over two years of follow-up (10% higher symptom reporting rate).
Causal deviance and the ascription of intent and blame

Research indicates that actors who intentionally bring about harmful consequences are blamed more for their actions than those who do so unintentionally. However, in many instances of harmful behav...
Effect of Trace Mineral Injection and Optaflexx on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Cattle

Utilizing a trace mineral (TM) injection approximately 90 d prior to harvest may improve growth performance and carcass characteristics when the β-agonist Optaflexx is not used. This may provide a unique opportunity for TM injection to be used in natural programs, to avoid the use of β-agonists, but still maintain high rates of growth. However, using a TM-injection only 28 d prior to harvest appears to have no additional benefit, and may decrease carcass quality.
Social and emotional resources inventory: further development of a comprehensive self-report measure of protective factors, The

Childhood trauma has been associated with negative life outcomes including poor emotional adjustment in adulthood, low educational and professional attainment, and all manner of psychopathology. Ho...
The Paradox of China’s Sustainability

If a civilization thrives by modifying, exploiting, and damaging its environment—and has done so for several millennia—does it make sense to call it a “sustainable” one? With its claims to be one of the oldest civilizations in world history and a rising superpower in the twenty-first century, China is a paradoxical case. Not only are China’s aspirations for sustainable development at odds with its current status as one of the world’s worst polluters, but the expansion of Chinese-style settlements and croplands has historically been a major driver of environmental transformation and degradation on the eastern Eurasian landmass. As China’s environment continues to be altered in the twenty-first century, “ecological civilization” (shengtai wenming) has emerged as an ideological framework for the type of sustainable development that China’s political leadership envisions for the country. Incorporated into the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China in 2018, “ecological civilization” is the newest among five guiding principles for China’s development in the post-Mao era. To address the potentialities of China’s "ecological civilization," we should first recognize the paradoxical nature of Chinese interactions with the environment. This chapter offers a critical survey of key positions on China’s history, culture, and environment to illuminate what scholars perceive to be the paradox of China’s sustainability.
The role of power for non-state armed groups in cities: marginalised spaces and transitions from armed conflict

The concept of power provides a useful analytical framework through which to analyse the political relationships between non-state armed groups, marginalised territories and populations in cities. ...
Management and treatment

Abstract This chapter discusses different therapies available for treating nocturia, ranging from different types of lifestyle and behavioral modifications which should be used as first-line therapy, to drug therapy, phototherapy, interventional approaches, and surgery. This chapter describes desmopressin (the only drug approved by the FDA for the treat nocturia) and its combination with drugs generally used to treat lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). It also describes other drugs, and their combination, frequently used to treat nocturia in the clinic, and the evidence (or the lack of evidence) of their effectiveness for nocturia. Finally, this chapter describes the 2019 International Continence Society (ICS) guidelines on the treatment of nocturia.
Dietetic Students’ Perceived Facilitators, Barriers and Perceptions of Working with Older Adults: Implications for Curriculum Development

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore dietetic students’ facilitators, barriers, and perceptions of working with older adults.Method: A purposive sampling method was used to conduct i...
A Fractographic Analysis of Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V by Electron Beam Melting: Effects of Powder Reuse

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is being rapidly adopted in the aerospace and biomedical industries. Powder bed fusion AM processes are leading this trend. To maximize process economy, excess “unmelted” powder retrieved from the build chamber is used in subsequent build cycles. The metal properties and component reliability could undergo degradation with powder reuse. This study investigates the effects of powder reuse on fracture surface characteristics of Ti6Al4V specimens fabricated by electron beam melting AM over 30 sequential build cycles. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the changes in fracture surface features of tensile failures with powder reuse. Macroscopically, slant fractures were most common in early builds, which transitioned to orthogonal fracture surfaces with poorly defined shear lips with increasing reuse. Regardless of the build number, the fracture origins were consistently from the as-built surfaces. Microscopically, ductile features such as micro-void coalescence were evident throughout the 30 build cycles. However, increasing flute content with reuse suggests that rising oxygen levels causes solution strengthening and limits the participation of active slip systems. These results highlight the importance of surface roughness and powder oxidation to metal performance in AM, and the evolution of fractographic features with powder reuse.
Production of 1-octanol in Escherichia coli by a high flux thioesterase route.

Abstract 1-octanol is a valuable molecule in the chemical industry, where it is used as a plasticizer, as a precursor in the production of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), and as a growth inhibitor of tobacco plant suckers. Due to the low availability of eight-carbon acyl chains in natural lipid feedstocks and the selectivity challenges in petrochemical routes to medium-chain fatty alcohols,1-octanol sells for the highest price among the fatty alcohol products. As an alternative, metabolic engineers have pursued sustainable 1-octanol production via engineered microbes. Here, we report demonstration of gram per liter titers in the model bacterium Escherichia coli via the development of a pathway composed of a thioesterase, an acyl-CoA synthetase, and an acyl-CoA reductase. In addition, the impact of deleting fermentative pathways was explored E. coli K12 MG1655 strain for production of octanoic acid, a key octanol precursor. In order to overcome metabolic flux barriers, bioprospecting experiments were performed to identify acyl-CoA synthetases with high activity towards octanoic acid and acyl-CoA reductases with high activity to produce 1-octanol from octanoyl-CoA. Titration of expression of key pathway enzymes was performed and a strain with the full pathway integrated on the chromosome was created. The final strain produced 1-octanol at 1.3 g/L titer and a >90% C8 specificity from glycerol. In addition to the metabolic engineering efforts, this work addressed some of the technical challenges that arise when quantifying 1-octanol produced from cultures grown under fully aerobic conditions where evaporation and stripping are prevalent.
Assessment of hepatic pyruvate carboxylase activity using hyperpolarized [1-13 C]-l-lactate.

Purpose To evaluate the utility of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]-l-lactate to detect hepatic pyruvate carboxylase activity in vivo under fed and fasted conditions. Methods [1-13 C]-labeled sodium L-lactate was polarized using a dynamic nuclear polarizer. Polarization level and the T1 were measured in vitro in a 3 Telsa MR scanner. Two groups of healthy rats (fasted vs. fed) were prepared for in vivo studies. Each rat was anesthetized and intravenously injected with 60-mM hyperpolarized [1-13 C]-l-lactate, immediately followed by dynamic acquisition of 13 C (carbon-13) MR spectra from the liver at 3 Tesla. The dosage-dependence of the 13 C-products was also investigated by performing another injection of an equal volume of 30-mM hyperpolarized [1-13 C]-l-lactate. Results T1 and liquid polarization level of [1-13 C]-l-lactate were estimated as 67.8 s and 40.0%, respectively. [1-13 C]pyruvate and [1-13 C]alanine, [13 C]bicarbonate ( HCO 3 - ) and [1-13 C]aspartate were produced from hyperpolarized [1-13 C]-l-lactate in rat liver. Smaller HCO 3 - and larger aspartate were measured in the fed group compared to the fasted group. Pyruvate and alanine production were increased in proportion to the lactate concentration, whereas the amount of HCO 3 - and aspartate production was consistent between 30-mM and 60-mM lactate injections. Conclusion This study demonstrates that a unique biomarker of pyruvate carboxylase flux, the appearance of [1-13 C]aspartate from [1-13 C]-l-lactate, is sensitive to nutritional state and may be monitored in vivo at 3 Tesla. Because [13 C] HCO 3 - is largely produced by pyruvate dehydrogenase flux, these results suggest that the ratio of [1-13 C]aspartate and [13 C] HCO 3 - (aspartate/ HCO 3 - ) reflects the saturable pyruvate carboxylase/pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme activities.
Do remittances reduce women’s acceptance of domestic violence? Evidence from Pakistan

Abstract There is an emerging interdisciplinary literature that explores the transformation of prevailing gender norms as communities experience emigration and associated inflows of remittances. This paper focuses on a key gender norm, namely, women’s perception of experiencing domestic violence. Specifically, we investigate the impact of household access to remittance income on attitudes held by women in the household regarding the acceptability of domestic violence. Using data from a Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey conducted in the Punjab province of Pakistan in 2014, we isolate the causal impact of remittance income by employing a matching estimator to construct counterfactuals that allow us to compare women from otherwise identical households who differ solely in their access to remittances. Our results indicate that women in households with access to remittances are less likely to accept domestic violence than women in comparable households without remittance income, though there is considerable heterogeneity once we differentiate between different contexts for DV. Interestingly, the result persists even when we distinguish between transnational and domestic remittances, access to either type of transfer reducing the acceptance of domestic violence by comparable magnitudes. This suggests the operation of mechanisms other than the transnational diffusion of gender norms that has typically been emphasized in the literature.
Qujing (取经) as policy mobility with Chinese characteristics: A case study of ultralow-energy building policy in China:

This article introduces the concept and practice of qujing as a Chinese state-organized form of policy mobility. The term qujing originates in the journey of a Tang Dynasty monk Xuanzang who brough...
A Dilemma for the Teacher Educator: Navigating the 21st Century Literacy Landscape

Twenty first century scholars argue that literate persons must encode and decode across a multiplicity of sociocultural contexts and sign systems. Print no longer dominates the 21st century literacy landscape, but images, sound, and other modal texts share equal importance. In this chapter, I introduce the teacher educator’s dilemma of deciding which literacies to teach. There is a disconnect between the many literacies proposed by scholars and what is actually valued in pre-K-12 schools and taught in teacher education. The profusion of literacies can overwhelm teachers, teacher educators, and students who may confuse and conflate overlapping literacy constructs. I focus on some of the literacies most frequently encountered when working with practitioners by examining literacies included in the What’s Hot report published by the International Literacy Association during the 21st century. Literacies included in the report are defined and examined for the contributions they make to addressing the goals of 21st century literacy learning.
Real-Time Characterization of Data Access Correlations

Efficient and accurate detection of data access correlations can provide various storage system optimizations. However, existing offline detection techniques are costly in terms of computation and memory, and they rely on previously recorded disk I/O traces, thus wasting additional storage space and causing further I/O. Moreover, due to their offline nature, they are inadequate for allowing automatic optimizations. In this paper, we propose a real-time data access characterization framework that eliminates the drawbacks of offline analysis with a slight compromise in accuracy. The proposed framework continuously monitors I/O requests and forms correlations by applying single-pass data analysis techniques and maintaining a synopsis data structure to efficiently characterize access behavior in various dimensions including spatial locality, temporal locality, and frequency. Our evaluation using synthetic and real world storage workloads indicates that the proposed framework can detect over 90% of data access correlations in real-time, using limited memory. The proposed framework is crucial for enabling future self-optimizing storage systems that can automatically react to I/O bottlenecks.
A Rest Quality Metric Using a Cluster-Based Analysis of Accelerometer Data and Correlation With Digital Medicine Ingestion Data: Algorithm Development.

Background: Adherence to medication regimens and patient rest are two important factors in the well-being of patients with serious mental illness. Both of these behaviors are traditionally difficult to record objectively in unsupervised populations. Objective: A digital medicine system that provides objective time-stamped medication ingestion records was used by patients with serious mental illness. Accelerometer data from the digital medicine system was used to assess rest quality and thus allow for investigation into correlations between rest and medication ingestion. Methods: Longest daily rest periods were identified and then evaluated using a k-means clustering algorithm and distance metric to quantify the relative quality of patient rest during these periods. This accelerometer-derived quality-of-rest metric, along with other accepted metrics of rest quality, such as duration and start time of the longest rest periods, was compared to the objective medication ingestion records. Overall medication adherence classification based on rest features was not performed due to a lack of patients with poor adherence in the sample population. Results: Explorations of the relationship between these rest metrics and ingestion did seem to indicate that patients with poor adherence experienced relatively low quality of rest; however, patients with better adherence did not necessarily exhibit consistent rest quality. This sample did not contain sufficient patients with poor adherence to draw more robust correlations between rest quality and ingestion behavior. The correlation of temporal outliers in these rest metrics with daily outliers in ingestion time was also explored. Conclusions: This result demonstrates the ability of digital medicine systems to quantify patient rest quality, providing a framework for further work to expand the participant population, compare these rest metrics to gold-standard sleep measurements, and correlate these digital medicine biomarkers with objective medication ingestion data.
An unusual case of multiple grouped non-familial trichoepitheliomas

Trichoepitheliomas (TEs) are benign and rare adnexal hamartomas of the pilosebaceous units. Trichoepitheliomas could occur in the setting of an underlying genetic disorder with multiple TEs or as solitary non-hereditary TEs. We report a healthy 32-year-old woman with sporadic multiple clustered and non-segmental TEs without positive family history. There have been two other cases reported in the literature that had non-familial multiple TEs, one was facially disfiguring and the other was in a segmental pattern. Our case has been the only one reported in the English literature which has sporadic, multiple TEs clustered unilaterally and non-segmentally on the trunk.
Three-month protocol biopsies do not detect subclinical rejection in pediatric kidney transplant recipients at a single center

Abstract Background Subacute allograft rejection (SAR) results in chronic allograft nephropathy and decreased allograft survival. Protocol biopsies (PB) are performed in many top centers to identify SAR. Our study aimed to evaluate the rate of SAR detected in PB at our single center. Methods Retrospective review of 38 pediatric patients (pts) who received a kidney allograft from April 2014 through January 2018. Induction immunosuppression consisted of basiliximab (n = 25). High risk pts received antithymocyte globulin (n = 13). Tacrolimus-based triple drug maintenance immunosuppression was used. PBs were performed 3–6 months after transplant. Pathology was evaluated by trained pathologists and classified using Banff criteria. Results Thirty-eight pts were included. Five pts underwent biopsy before 3 months due to elevated creatinine or BK viremia. Thirty-three pts underwent PB 12–23 weeks after transplant. Six pts had elevated creatinine at the time of PB; only 1/6 biopsies showed acute rejection. Of the remaining 27 PBs, only 1/27 showed acute rejection. The total rejection rate at 6 months post-transplant was 5.26%, with a SAR rate of 3.7%. Conclusions These findings do not substantiate early PB at our institution. Our study suggests that perhaps later time points for PB when immunosuppressive meds are at their lowest levels or use of novel biomarkers as an initial screen for biopsy in patients at risk for SAR would be more informative.
A Powerful Pathway-Based Adaptive Test for Genetic Association with Common or Rare Variants

In spite of the success of genome-wide association studies (GWASs), only a small proportion of heritability for each complex trait has been explained by identified genetic variants, mainly SNPs. Likely reasons include genetic heterogeneity (i.e., multiple causal genetic variants) and small effect sizes of causal variants, for which pathway analysis has been proposed as a promising alternative to the standard single-SNP-based analysis. A pathway contains a set of functionally related genes, each of which includes multiple SNPs. Here we propose a pathway-based test that is adaptive at both the gene and SNP levels, thus maintaining high power across a wide range of situations with varying numbers of the genes and SNPs associated with a trait. The proposed method is applicable to both common variants and rare variants and can incorporate biological knowledge on SNPs and genes to boost statistical power. We use extensively simulated data and a WTCCC GWAS dataset to compare our proposal with several existing pathway-based and SNP-set-based tests, demonstrating its promising performance and its potential use in practice.
Súil Eile: An Irish Perspective on the Mass Media and Globalization

A controversy is brewing in Ireland that has brought the relationship between technology, global mass media corporations, and nation-states to the fore—“The Sky Sell-out.”2 The debate was sparked when British Sky Broadcasting Ltd. (BSkyB), a satellite television company owned by Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation, bought the rights to Ireland’s qualifying games for the European football championship that heretofore were available free to Irish audiences on terrestrial television. In the aftermath of the World Cup euphoria, many felt cheated by the Football Association of Ireland (FAI), which chose to sell the rights to a company that only reaches 25 percent of Irish television viewers. Suddenly, everyone is talking about who owns the rights to national sports events, why our national terrestrial television station cannot afford to buy these rights, why a foreign-owned company bought them, and what national and European laws exist to prevent such a thing from occurring. For some people, the BSkyB/FAI deal is simply a commercial transaction in line with Ireland’s (and Europe’s) free trade policies and an example of how new technologies are leading to social change, about which we can do nothing. But for many, the transmission of a national sports event is more than a mere commodity; it is a matter of national cultural sovereignty and communications democracy. What irate fans are pointing to, in the numerous newspaper and television pieces, is in line with what many media scholars believe and many European politicians have been arguing—that the mass media play an important role in society not just as economic entities, but also as creators and disseminators of symbolic content that is reflective and constitutive of distinct communities. They argue that the mass media and the goods they produce must be regulated in the public interest. This theoretical position, which has a long history, is increasingly challenged by mass media companies who employ new technologies to operate in multiple jurisdictions and outside the remit of national regulations.
PUB-2-SUB: A Content-Based Publish/Subscribe Framework for Cooperative P2P Networks

This paper is focused on the content-based publish/subscribe service and our problem is to devise an efficient mechanism that enables this service in any given P2P network of cooperative nodes. Most techniques require some overlay structuralization added on top of the network. We propose a solution called PUB-2-SUB which works with any unstructured network topology. In addition, multiple independent publish/subscribe applications can run simultaneously on a single instance of PUB-2-SUB. We show that this mechanism is efficient in terms of both costs and time. Our theoretical findings are complemented by a simulation-based evaluation.
Multiaxial Deformations and Stress Analyses

When a structure is subjected to uniaxial tension, the transverse dimensions decrease (the structure undergoes lateral contractions) while simultaneously elongating in the direction of the applied load. This was illustrated in the previous chapter through the phenomenon called necking. For stresses within the proportionality limit, the results of uniaxial tension and compression experiments suggest that the ratio of deformations occurring in the axial and lateral directions is constant. For a given material, this constant is called the Poisson’s ratio and is commonly denoted by the symbol ν (nu): $$ \nu =-\frac{\mathrm{Lateral}\ \mathrm{strain}}{\mathrm{Axial}\ \mathrm{strain}}. $$ Consider the rectangular bar with dimensions a, b, and c shown in Fig. 14.1. To be able to differentiate strains involved in different directions, a rectangular coordinate system is adopted. The bar is subjected to tensile forces of magnitude F x in the x direction that induces a tensile stress σ x (Fig. 14.2). Assuming that this stress is uniformly distributed over the cross-sectional area (A = ab) of the bar, its magnitude can be determined using: $$ {\sigma}_x=\frac{F_x}{A}. $$ Under the effect of F x , the bar elongates in the x direction, and contracts in the y and z directions. If the elastic modulus E of the bar material is known and the deformations involved are within the proportionality limit, then the stress and strain in the x direction are related through the Hooke’s law: $$ {\epsilon}_x=\frac{\sigma_x}{E}. $$ Equation (14.2) yields the unit deformation of the bar in the direction of the applied forces. Strains in the lateral directions can now be determined by utilizing the definition of the Poisson’s ratio. If ϵ y and ϵ z are unit contractions in the y and z directions due to the uniaxial loading in the x direction, then: $$ \nu =-\frac{\epsilon_y}{\epsilon_x}=-\frac{\epsilon_z}{\epsilon_x}. $$ In other words, if the Poisson’s ratio of the bar material is known, then the strains in the lateral directions can be determined: $$ {\epsilon}_y={\epsilon}_z=-\nu {\epsilon}_x=-\nu \frac{\sigma_x}{E}. $$ The minus signs in Eqs. (14.3) and (14.4) indicate a decrease in the lateral dimensions when there is an increase in the axial dimension. Strains ϵ y and ϵ z are negative when ϵ x is positive, which is the case for tensile loading. These equations are also valid for compressive loading in the x direction for which σ x and ϵ x are negative, and ϵ y and ϵ z are positive.
The effect of anharmonicity on the spectral shape of linear chains

The spectral shape of a non-linear Lennard-Jones chain is studied using various orders of perturbation theory. We include self-consistent phonon and bubble diagram effects and emphasize the importance of the sum rule. The double-peaked structure that we find in our spectral distributions, which survives the higher-order corrections included in this paper, is discussed. We make a comparison of our results with those obtained using molecular dynamics and the Zwanzig - Mori continued-fraction (moments) method.
Finite element of the heat conduction equation with temperature dependent coefficients

Abstract A finite element formulation is derived for the equation of heat conduction with temperature dependent conductivity and heat capacity. The derivation of the finite element model is based on a variational formulation of the heat conduction equation which, together with generalized coordinates, yields an equation of similar form to Lagrange's equation in mechanics. The obtained equation is of special interest for applying the finite element method to solve problems with temperature-dependent properties.
Hesperomeryx, a New Artiodactyl from the Sespe Eocene, California.

Among the several artiodactyls collected in the Upper Sespe Eocene, the new subgenus here described, is clearly the most abundant type. In the fauna recorded at Locality 180 this form exceeds in number all other species; its representation, as a matter of fact, is greater than that of all other individuals combined. No less than 100 individuals are known on the basis of teeth, fragmentary jaws and scattered skeletal elements. While some variation is to be noted, a surprising constancy in structural features characterizes the collection as a whole. For this reason all specimens belonging to this type are referred to as single species.
Ego‐involvement, self‐monitoring, and conformity in small groups: A communicative analysis

This investigation compared social judgment theory and the construct self‐monitoring as explanations of conformity behavior in small groups. Highly ego‐involved discussants communicated with greater emotionality and dominance and with less reasonableness than their low ego‐involved counterparts; but, the impact of ego‐involvement was partially mediated by self‐monitoring.
Paraspectral molecular pairs

Abstract A paraspectral pair of molecules is defined: if x is an eigenvalue of the one-electron hamiltonian of one member of the pair (the parent) then x and - x are eigenvalues of the other (the duplex). A graph-theoretical construction leads to a unique, connected alternant duplex of every connected nonalternant molecule. Corresponding bond orders of parent and duplex are identical.
Isolated spermatozoa as indicators of mutations transmitted to progeny

Spermatozoa comprise a large and homogeneous population of cells that may serve as an alternative to resource-intensive assays of transmissible mutations based on progeny. To evaluate mutagenic responses in spermatozoa derived from germ cells exposed to a mutagen at different stages of spermatogenesis, we compared cII mutant frequencies (MFs) in spermatozoa collected from male lambda transgenic medaka exposed to ethylnitrosourea (ENU) as either post-meiotic or pre-meiotic germ cells. cII MFs in spermatozoa exposed to ENU as spermatogonial stem cells were induced significantly, 9-fold, compared to controls, whereas, cII MFs in spermatozoa exposed as spermatozoa/late spermatids were not elevated. To directly compare responses in spermatozoa with those in progeny, we analyzed cII MFs directly in spermatozoa and in the offspring produced from identical sperm samples of ENU-exposed males. cII MFs in isolated spermatozoa exposed to ENU as post-meiotic germ cells were not significantly elevated, whereas 11-30% of the progeny derived from the identically exposed germ cells exhibited significantly elevated cII MFs, approximately 2-fold to >130-fold, compared to controls. The contradictory responses between spermatozoa and progeny analyses can be attributed to induced pre-mutational lesions that remain intact in spermatozoa but were not detected as mutations. Progeny analyses, by contrast, revealed mutant individuals with elevated cII mutant frequencies because persistent DNA damage in the spermatozoa was fixed as mutations in cells of the early stage embryo. Spermatozoa exposed to a mutagen as spermatogonial stem cells can provide an efficient means to detect the portion of transmissible mutations that were fixed as mutations in spermatozoa. The caveat is that direct analyses of mutations in spermatozoa excludes the contribution of mutations that arise from post-fertilization processes in cells of early stage embryos, and therefore may underestimate the actual frequency of mutant offspring.
Mechanisms of hyperpnea induced by isoproterenol.

Abstract We injected boluses of isoproterenol (2 to 3 μg) into the inferior vena cava to determine the effects on phrenic activity, end-tidal PCO2, arterial pressure and aortic flow in anesthetized cerebrate and unanesthetized decerebrate cells. We studied both spontaneously breathing animals and those paralyzed and servo-ventilated to keep end-tidal PCO2 constant. Isoproterenol caused an increase of respiratory output within a few seconds if carotid bodies were intact; recordings of the carotid sinus nerves showed that the response was due to activation of carotid body chemoreceptors. After denervation of both carotid bodies isoproterenol still caused a late (approximately 16 sec) but smaller increase of respiratory output, which persisted after section of vagi and thoracic (T1–5) dorsal roots. We conclude that the major effect of isoproterenol on respiration is through its excitatory action on the carotid bodies. There is another small, late facilitatory effect, of uncertain mechanism but not caused by peripheral chemoreceptors, by other receptors in the heart and lungs or by a change in PaCO2 acting on the central chemoreceptors.
The Chinese Struggle for Civil Rights in 19th-century America: The Unusual Case of Baldwin v. Franks

In its October term 1882, the United States Supreme Court handed down a decision which aborted federal efforts to deal with anti-black violence in the states of the old Confederacy. At issue in the case of United States v. Harris was the constitutionality of a federal statute, Section 5519 of the Revised Statutes of the United States of 1874, which made it a crime for private persons to conspire to deprive other individuals of the equal protection of the laws. A group of white Tennesseeans had been convicted under the statute for assaulting and badly beating a group of black criminal defendants in the custody of local authorities. The court held that there was no foundation in the Constitution for the federal law and voided it, thus overturning the convictions. The 14th Amendment, the purported basis for the statute, was aimed, according to the court, at state action and did not empower Congress to legislate against purely private conduct. It was the same line of reasoning that would lead the court in its following term, in the celebrated Civil Rights Cases, to declare unconstitutional Section 1 of the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which established civil and criminal penalties for racially motivated interference with anyone's full and equal enjoyment of public accommodations and conveyances.
Receiving System Design for the Arraying of Independently Steerable Antennas

This paper considers the problem of arraying independently steerable antennas for use in deep-space communications systems. It describes the basic design of a receiver capable of utilizing all the signal power received on a number of antennas without requiring that the signals be phase coherent. The results of this study indicate that, for very large aperture systems, the array approach offers both economical and technical advantages over the single-reflector approach.
Referring Discovery Tasks to Special Masters: Is Rule 53 a Source of Authority and Restrictions

The author concludes that federal judges who want to appoint special masters to perform duties related to civil discovery may not look to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for authority to do so. By examining the historical backdrop against which the original rules were written, as well as the minutes of the proceedings of the first Advisory Committee, Brazil demonstrates that neither Rule 53 nor any other rule was designed to grant federal trial courts power to assign pretrial discovery tasks to special masters. In fact, the evidence the author marshalls shows that the original Advisory Committee explicitly rejected the idea that the Federal Rules should authorize even a limited role for special masters in connection with discovery depositions. Finding no authority for such appointments in the Federal Rules, the author turns to the judiciary's “inherent power.” Drawing principles from the seminal Supreme Court opinion in this area, Brazil infers that in some circumstances the courts' inherent authority is a sufficient premise for delegating discovery tasks to special masters. Noting that the reported cases contain no clear guidelines about when or how federal judges should use this authority in making pretrial appointments, Brazil concludes by calling for a new federal rule covering this important subject.
Chromosome fragility and psychopathology in obligate female carriers of the fragile X chromosome

• The relationship between fragility (the percentage of cells exhibiting the fragile X chromosome abnormality) and psychopathological conditions was investigated in a sample of 40 obligate female carriers of the fragile X chromosome. Subjects were categorized by those with positive fragility greater than 0% (n =19) and those with 0% fragility (n = 21). Compared with women with 0% fragility, it was expected that women with positive fragility would have a higher likelihood of manifesting a spectrum of social and psychological disability previously shown to be associated with fragile X syndrome in women. It was also expected that within the group with positive fragility, degree of fragility would be related to severity of symptoms. Results partially supported the hypotheses: women with fragility over 0% were more likely to be assigned a diagnosis of schizotypal features, were rated higher on symptoms associated with the schizophrenia spectrum, and scored lower on IQ, level of healthiest functioning, education, and socioeconomic status than women with 0% fragility. Subsequent comparisons with a control group indicated that the group with 0% fragility and normal controls did not differ on these variables. Within the group with positive fragility, increasing fragility was related to greater severity of symptoms and lower IQ, education, socioeconomic status, and levels of adaptive functioning, as predicted. Contrary to expectations, positive fragility was not associated with proportion of affective disorder diagnoses or ratings on affective disorder symptoms. The results of the study provide evidence that degree of fragility is a potentially important predictor of psychopathology among women with normal IQ who are carriers of the fragile X chromosome abnormality.
Discovery of a potent and selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6.

A pharmacological approach to inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (Cdk4/6) using highly selective small molecule inhibitors has the potential to provide novel cancer therapies for clinical use. Achieving high levels of selectivity for Cdk4/6, versus other ATP-dependent kinases, presents a significant challenge. The pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one template provides an effective platform for the inhibition of a broad cross-section of kinases, including Cdks. It is now demonstrated that the modification of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-ones to include a 2-aminopyridine side chain at the C2-position provides inhibitors with exquisite selectivity for Cdk4/6 in vitro. This selectivity profile is recapitulated in cells where the most selective inhibitors create a G1 block at concentrations up to 100-fold the IC50 for cell proliferation. On the basis of its selectivity profile and pharmacokinetic profile, compound 43 (PD 0332991) was identified as a drug candidate for the treatment of cancer.
Relationship between Serum Levels of Sex Hormones and Progression of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Postmenopausal Women

Background: Postmenopausal hormone therapy has been examined extensively in relation to cardiovascular disease. However, research relating serum levels of sex hormones to cardiovascular disease is sparse, and the results are inconclusive. Methods: We measured sex hormones in longitudinally collected samples of 180 postmenopausal women, 91 randomized to 17β-estradiol and 89 to placebo, in the Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial. Repeated measures of sex hormone levels were tested for an association with carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), which was also assessed longitudinally over 2 yr. Results: In all women, changes in serum estrone (P = 0.02), total estradiol (P = 0.01), free estradiol (P = 0.02), and SHBG (P = 0.005) were significantly inversely associated with CIMT progression, controlling for age and body mass index. All the estrogen compounds and SHBG were significantly inversely related with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and positively associated with high-density li...