cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for SiO 2 -NaCl complexing in H 2 O-NaCl solutions at high pressure and temperature

Experimental studies reveal complex dissolution behavior of quartz in aqueous NaCl solutions at high temperature and pressure, involving variation from salting-in to salting-out that changes with temperature, pressure, and salt concentration. The behavior is not explainable by traditional electrostatic theory. An alternative hypothesis appeals to complexing of SiO2 with NaCl and can explain the observations. However, the hypothesis of complexing, as previously applied, is inadequate in several respects: it neglects polymerization of solute silica, regards the SiO2-NaCl hybrid complex(es) as anhydrous, which seems unlikely, and invokes an incorrect stoichiometry of the hydrated silica monomer, now known to be Si(OH)42H2O. These neglected features can be incorporated into the complexing model in a revised formulation based on a simple thermodynamic analysis using existing quartz solubility data. The analysis leads to a quasi-ideal solution model with silica monomers, dimers, and two distinct hydrous SiO2-NaCl hybrid complexes with overall NaCl:H2O = 1:6, one Na-bearing and one Cl-bearing. Their (equal) molar concentrations (Xhc) are governed by a pressure- and temperature-dependent equilibrium constant, Khc ¼ X 2=ðaNacla 62OÞ, where aNacl and aH2O are the respective activities of the solvent components. The stability of the hybrid complexes (i.e., their concentration) is very sensitive to H2O activity. The entire set of experimental quartz-solubility data at 700°C, 1–15 kbar, is reproduced with high fidelity by the expression logKhc ¼� 4:585 þ 0:2691P � 2:023 � 10 � 3 P 2 (P is pressure in kbar), including the transition from low-pressure salting-in to high pressure salting-out. The results indicate that hybrid SiO2-NaCl complexes are the main hosts for dissolved silica at NaCl concentrations greater than 6 wt%, which are likely common in crustal fluids. At higher temperatures, approaching the critical end point in the system SiO2-H2O, the model becomes progressively inaccurate, probably because polymers higher than the dimer become significant as SiO2 concentration
Very-low frequency signals (2–10 kHz) received at Palmer Station, Antarctica, from the 21.4 km dipole antenna at Siple Station, 1400 km distant

Abstract Radio signals transmitted from the unique experimental VLF transmitter at Siple Station (76°S, 84°W), Antarctica, as well as VLF signals from communication and navigation systems and waves that propagate in the ionosphere and magnetosphere in the whistler mode, are regularly received and analysed at Palmer Station (65°S, 64°W), Antarctica. The amplitude and polarization properties of the Siple signals are predicted using a ray optics analysis. The amplitude of the signal received from Siple varies with frequency; observed nulls in the signal spectrum, where thesignal amplitude/alls 5–10 dB below what might be expected, are explained by the ray analysis. The amplitude spectrum is observed to be very sensitive to ionospheric conditions. Whereas the arrival bearings of signals from VLF transmitters other than Siple are found to be within 5° of their expected values, which is consistent with their expected vertical polarization and the operation of the DF system, an approximately 90° anomaly in the apparent arrival bearing of the signals from Siple is attributed to the essentially horizontal polarization of the received signal. The anomaly is found to be consistent with the theory of operation of the DF system. Occasional anomalies greater than 90° are explained in terms of a combination of polarization error and a smaller multi-path error. Siple two-hop signals and whistlers propagating on a common magnetospheric path showed arrival bearings and other properties consistent with a path end point within 200km of Siple. This suggests that these signals were received at Palmer with essentially vertical polarization.
Advice nursing practice: on the quality of the evidence.

Objective: The primary objective was to review the research regarding advice nursing practice to determine the content areas investigated and the quality of the evidence. Methods: A systematic review of advice nursing research was done in electronic databases, reference lists, and the literature identified by experts (N = 527). After deletion of duplicates and clinical and theoretical articles, full text reviews were done on 62 studies. Results: Eight thematic content areas were identified: delivery and continuity of care to populations, appropriateness of advice given, patient/provider satisfaction, disposition/utilization after calls, reason for calling, cost analysis, process of decision-making, and documentation. The most frequently investigated subject was delivery/continuity of care (n = 16). Implications: For certain chronic disease populations, interventions using telephone advice for social support, education, and symptom management improve clinical outcomes. Availability and use of protocols and guidelines do not guarantee standardized care or ensure that appropriate advice will be given. Consumer satisfaction with advice nursing is high, and appears to be related to the intervention component of the nursing process. The priority for future research should be given to those studies that describe the character and suitable dose of the nursing intervention that is advice nursing.
Avian Trypanosome Division; A Light and Electron Microscope Study1

SYNOPSIS. A magpie isolate of Trypanosoma avium was studied using cultured epimastigotes and trypomastigotes from experimentally infected canaries. Apparent signs of division (double nuclei, flagella, and kinetoplasts) were observed in trypomastigote forms with the light microscope. Three or 4 flagella were seen within a single flagellar pocket in epimastigotes by electron microscopy. It is suggested that apparently dividing trypomastigotes are actually blocked in the process of division.
Statistics of conducting clinical trials for children with brain tumors.

Even though intracranial tumors are the second most common neoplasm in childhood, controlled trials for children with brain tumors are unusually difficult to conduct. The major hindrance to these studies appears to be a lack of numbers in each of the histologic subtypes and a lack of an effective collaborative effort among neurosurgeons, neurologists, radiotherapists, and pediatric oncologists, all of whom have some degree of responsibility for the primary care of these children. Improved communication between the Children's Cancer Study Group and the Pediatric Oncology Group, as well as the disciplines mentioned above, could result in significant advances in the understanding and treatment of children with brain tumors. Cancer 56: 1894-1896, 1985.
The effect of the hydrolysis reaction upon the rate of absorption of chlorine into water

The rate of absorption of chlorine into water was studied in a short wetted-wall column. This absorption system is characterized by a liquid phase chemical reaction occurring simultaneously with the absorption process, and thus the absorption coeffiecient is greater than in the case of physical absorption. The ratio of the absorption coefficient accompanied by the hydrolysis reaction to the physical absorption coefficient varied from 1.3 to 3, depending on the chlorine partial pressure and the liquid flow rate. Penetration-theory solutions for absorption accompanied by the hydrolysis reaction were obtained by the use of an IBM-709 digital computer. Excellent agreement between the experimental and computed results was obtained on the assumption that the forward rate constant for the hydrolysis reaction was 13.7 sec.−1 at 25°C. This value compared favorably with the published results of kinetic studies of the hydrolysis reaction.
A note on labeled symmetric graphs

By using the known results of groups and graphs, we determine the number of labeled symmetric graphs with a prime number of vertices.
Computational Statistical Methods for Social Network Models

We review the broad range of recent statistical work in social network models, with emphasis on computational aspects of these methods. Particular focus is applied to exponential-family random graph models (ERGM) and latent variable models for data on complete networks observed at a single time point, though we also briefly review many methods for incompletely observed networks and networks observed at multiple time points. Although we mention far more modeling techniques than we can possibly cover in depth, we provide numerous citations to current literature. We illustrate several of the methods on a small, well-known network dataset, Sampson's monks, providing code where possible so that these analyses may be duplicated.
Left ventricular end-diastolic volume from ejection fraction and stroke volume in pigs during IVC occlusion.

Abstract Background. Real-time measurement of left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), combined with left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), would allow continuous measurement of intraoperative diastolic function. In pursuit of this goal, we examined stroke volume divided by ejection fraction for calculation of LVEDV sv/ef . Methods. Five anesthetized pigs underwent median sternotomy and pericardiotomy. A transit-time ultrasonic flow probe on the ascending aorta provided cardiac output. A micromanometer provided LV end-diastolic pressure. End-diastolic and end-systolic areas were measured from LV short-axis cross sections to obtain ejection fraction. LVEDV sv/ef was calculated during IVC occlusion. Steady-state LVEDV echo was determined using a three-plane echocardiography model. LVEDV echo was used to validate steady-state LVEDA in each experiment. Results. Correlation coefficients for linear and pressure–volume relation analyses ranged from 0.46 to 0.99. The two methods for measuring LVEDV generated compliance curves with an overall reliability coefficient of 0.84. Conclusions. The LVEDV sv/ef method may facilitate real-time determination of LV compliance.
Phosphoproteomic analyses reveal signaling pathways that facilitate lytic gammaherpesvirus replication.

Lytic gammaherpesvirus (GHV) replication facilitates the establishment of lifelong latent infection, which places the infected host at risk for numerous cancers. As obligate intracellular parasites, GHVs must control and usurp cellular signaling pathways in order to successfully replicate, disseminate to stable latency reservoirs in the host, and prevent immune-mediated clearance. To facilitate a systems-level understanding of phosphorylation-dependent signaling events directed by GHVs during lytic replication, we utilized label-free quantitative mass spectrometry to interrogate the lytic replication cycle of murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV68). Compared to controls, MHV68 infection regulated by 2-fold or greater ca. 86% of identified phosphopeptides – a regulatory scale not previously observed in phosphoproteomic evaluations of discrete signal-inducing stimuli. Network analyses demonstrated that the infection-associated induction or repression of specific cellular proteins globally altered the flow of information through the host phosphoprotein network, yielding major changes to functional protein clusters and ontologically associated proteins. A series of orthogonal bioinformatics analyses revealed that MAPK and CDK-related signaling events were overrepresented in the infection-associated phosphoproteome and identified 155 host proteins, such as the transcription factor c-Jun, as putative downstream targets. Importantly, functional tests of bioinformatics-based predictions confirmed ERK1/2 and CDK1/2 as kinases that facilitate MHV68 replication and also demonstrated the importance of c-Jun. Finally, a transposon-mutant virus screen identified the MHV68 cyclin D ortholog as a viral protein that contributes to the prominent MAPK/CDK signature of the infection-associated phosphoproteome. Together, these analyses enhance an understanding of how GHVs reorganize and usurp intracellular signaling networks to facilitate infection and replication.
Safety and environmental issues of fusion

Abstract Substantial studies of the safety and environmental potential of fusion energy began a little over 20 years ago. The most recent review, by a Euratom study group, has evaluated the environmental and economic potential of fusion. The present paper is based primarily on this Euratom review, but also compares the Euratom results with, and draws on the extensive work done by the ESECOM, whose study was carried out in the USA over a period of several years.
Protein mediated magnetic coupling between lactate and water protons.

Abstract The magnetic coupling between methyl lactate protons and water protons in samples of cross-linked bovine serum albumin (BSA) is studied. Cross-relaxation spectroscopy shows efficient magnetization transfer from immobilized BSA to both water and methyl lactate protons. Transient and steady-state NOE experiments reveal a negative intermolecular NOE between methyl lactate and water protons. Lactate is indirectly detected by selectively saturating the methyl lactate protons and measuring the decrease in water proton magnetization. Indirect detection of methyl lactate protons is an order of magnitude more sensitive than direct detection in these model systems. Lactate was indirectly imaged, via the water proton resonance, with 1.1-μl voxels in 2 min. Immobilized BSA reduces the intermolecular correlation time between water and lactate protons into the spin-diffusion limit where the NOE is negative. Possible molecular mechanisms for this coupling and applications to in vivo spectroscopy are discussed.
P19 Cysthionine-β-synthetase inhibition in combination with standard-chemotherapy decreases colorectal cancer metastasis to the liver

Over two-thirds of colorectal cancer patients will develop liver metastases. The current standard-of-care is treatment with the chemotherapeutic agents 5-flurouracil alone or in combination with oxaliplatin (OX) or irinotecan; however, these drugs are often ineffective. We have previously demonstrated that CBS is selectively upregulated in colorectal cancer cells and stimulates hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S)-mediated cell migration and invasion in vitro , processes that define the metastatic phenotype. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether CBS inhibition with aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) alone or in combination with OX reduced liver metastases in vivo . Human HCT116 colon cancer cells, which express high levels of CBS, were transfected with a luciferase reporter gene. Cells were injected into the cecal submucosa of athymic nude mice. Mice were treated either with vehicle, AOAA (SQ QOD at 9 mg/kg), OX (IP Qwk at 10 mg/kg) or AOAA plus OX (N = 6 per group) for 3 weeks. In vivo metastasis was measured (photons/s) using the IVIS Spectrum Imaging System. Post-harvest, liver metastases were visually counted on serial H& E stained sections and quantified using a weighted scale based on the number of cells within each metastatic focus. In vivo imaging revealed a significant decrease in luciferase activity in the AOAA plus OX group when compared to either AOAA or OX alone ( p = 0.04 and 0.008, respectively). Histological quantification of liver metastasis confirmed the in vivo findings. In conclusion, our data indicate that CBS inhibition enhances the efficacy of OX in reducing metastatic tumor burden.
Strain imaging in echocardiography: methods and clinical applications

Echocardiography is the most common diagnostic method for assessing cardiac functions. However, echocardiographic measures are subjective, semi-quantitative, and relatively insensitive when detecting subtle perturbations in contractility. Furthermore, early detection of abnormalities is crucial and may often influence treatments and establish prognosis. Echocardiographic- and Doppler-derived strain and strain rate imaging are relatively newer and more comprehensive techniques. They characterize the mechanics of myocardial contraction and relaxation (deformation imaging) more precisely and find applications in many cardiac pathologies. They are especially useful for assessing longitudinal myocardial deformation, which is otherwise difficult to assess using standard echocardiographic visual inspection. This review describes the fundamental concepts of strain imaging derived from tissue Doppler and two-dimensional speckle tracking and investigates how these methods can be incorporated into echocardiographic examinations and highlights their clinical applications. The considerable potentiality of imaging modalities for numerous cardiac conditions is thereby shown.
Parametric Study of a Thermosyphon Loop Pressure Drop Model

A closed loop two-phase thermosyphon has been modeled based on earlier experimental and numerical studies by Mukherjee and Mudawar [1, 2]. Unlike conventional thermosyphons in which the heat dissipating device is submerged in a pool of liquid coolant, the current system uses a flow boiling arrangement. The advantage is that for a given boiling surface area, the critical heat flux (CHF) can be increased. Parametric studies with respect to adiabatic section flow areas, boiler section flow area, and system height were performed. The maximum practical heat flux that is attainable is predicted, as well as other flow parameters such as mass flow rate, flow velocities and fluid quality existing the boiler. Performance enhancements relative to the original system, may be possible by introducing a divergent cross sectional area in the boiler section that increases the system mass flow rate. It can also, however, reduce the flow velocity in certain sections of the boiler, tending to reduce the boiler CHF. Experimental studies are recommended to determine if an actual improvement can be realized.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
TH‐D‐350‐02: Implementation of An Electronic IMRT QA Process in a Network Comprised of Independent Treatment Planning, R&V, and Delivery Systems

Purpose: The purpose of our study is to implement an electronic method to perform and analyzeIMRT QA using the ASi imager in a network comprised of independent treatment planning, R&V, and delivery systems. Method and Materials: A verification plan was generated in the treatment planning system using the actual treatment plan of a patient. After exporting the treatment fields to the R&V system, the fields were delivered in the QA mode with the ASi imager deployed. The resulting dosimetric images are automatically stored in a DicomRT format in the treatment console PC. The grey scale images are subsequently pushed to the R&V system. The measured images are then transferred electronically to the planning system and imported into the QA plan in the dosimetry work space for further analysis. The screen shots of the gamma evaluation and isodose comparison are imported into the R&V system as a word document to be reviewed prior to initiation of patient treatment. The calculated images can also be sent as a grey scale image to the R&V system to be compared with the measured dose represented as a gray scale image.Results/Discussion: Our department does not have an integrated planning, R&V, and delivery system. In spite of this, we are able to fully integrate a paperless and filmless IMRT QA mechanism. This process enables the QA process to be more efficient and the QA document can be directly attached electronically to its specific patient chart in the R&V system. The calculated and the measured grey scale images can be viewed electronically side by side to analyze the density differences and ensure proper dose delivery to patients. Conclusion: In the absence of an integrated planning, verifying, and delivery system, we have shown that it is nonetheless possible to develop a completely electronic IMRT QA process.
Bronchoalveolar Lavage in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Infiltrates in Patients with Acute Leukemia

The utility of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in determining the causative agent of pulmonary infiltrates in patients with acute leukemia is not known. We retrospectively evaluated the diagnostic yield of BAL in 22 adults with acute leukemia and compared the results with those at autopsy performed within three weeks of BAL. All patients had neutropenia and thrombocytopenia at the time of BAL, were receiving broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, and 15 were also receiving amphotericin B before BAL. The median interval between the detection of pulmonary infiltrates and BAL was seven days (range, 0 to 23 days); the median interval between BAL and autopsy was nine days (range, 1 to 20 days). The diagnostic yield of BAL was 15 percent (3 of 20 specific diseases); all three were Candida pneumonia. The sensitivity of BAL was 75 percent and its specificity 100 percent, for Candida pneumonia. BAL did not result in a specific diagnosis for the 17 remaining diseases, nine of which were Aspergillus pneumonia. In seven patients in whom autopsy was performed within 72 hours of BAL, lavage results correlated with those of autopsy in only one who had Candida pneumonia. All BAL cultures were falsely positive, except in four cases of Candida pneumonia. The therapeutic regimen was not modified according to the BAL results in any of the 22 patients. There were no major complications associated with the procedure. (Chest 1988; 94:745-49)
Lifting the Dusty Veil with Near- and Mid-Infrared Photometry. II. A Large-Scale Study of the Galactic Infrared Extinction Law

We combine near-infrared (Two Micron All Sky Survey) and mid-infrared (Spitzer-IRAC) photometry to characterize the IR extinction law (1.2-8 mum) over nearly 150 deg. of contiguous Milky Way midplane longitude. The relative extinctions in five passbands across these wavelength and longitude ranges are derived by calculating color excess ratios for G and K giant red clump stars in contiguous midplane regions and deriving the wavelength dependence of extinction in each one. Strong, monotonic variations in the extinction law shape are found as a function of angle from the Galactic center, symmetric on either side of it. These longitudinal variations persist even when dense interstellar regions, known a priori to have a shallower extinction curve, are removed. The increasingly steep extinction curves toward the outer Galaxy indicate a steady decrease in the absolute-to-selective extinction ratio (R{sub V} ) and in the mean dust grain size at greater Galactocentric angles. We note an increasing strength of the 8 mum extinction inflection at high Galactocentric angles and, using theoretical dust models, show that this behavior is consistent with the trend in R{sub V} . Along several lines of sight where the solution is most feasible, A {sub l}ambda/A{sub K{sub s}} as a functionmore » of Galactic radius (R {sub GC}) is estimated and shown to have a Galactic radial dependence. Our analyses suggest that the observed relationship between extinction curve shape and Galactic longitude is due to an intrinsic dependence of the extinction law on Galactocentric radius.« less
Mutations in the Hinge of a Dynamic Loop Broadly Influence Functional Properties of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

Loop 52-72 of porcine fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase may play a central role in the mechanism of catalysis and allosteric inhibition by AMP. The loop pivots between different conformational states about a hinge located at residues 50 and 51. The insertion of proline separately at positions 50 and 51 reduces k(cat) by up to 3-fold, with no effect on the K(m) for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The K(a) for Mg(2+) in the Lys(50) --> Pro mutant increases approximately 15-fold, whereas that for the Ala(51) --> Pro mutant is unchanged. Although these mutants retain wild-type binding affinity for AMP and the fluorescent AMP analog 2'(3')-O-(trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-monophosphate, the K(i) for AMP increases 8000- and 280-fold in the position 50 and 51 mutants, respectively. In fact, the mutation Lys(50) --> Pro changes the mechanism of AMP inhibition with respect to Mg(2+) from competitive to noncompetitive and abolishes K(+) activation. The K(i) for fructose 2,6-bisphosphate increases approximately 20- and 30-fold in the Lys(50) --> Pro and Ala(51) --> Pro mutants, respectively. Fluorescence from a tryptophan introduced by the mutation of Tyr(57) suggests an altered conformational state for Loop 52-72 due to the proline at position 50. Evidently, the Pro(50) mutant binds AMP with high affinity at the allosteric site, but the mechanism of allosteric regulation of catalysis has been disabled.
Negative refraction and nonlinearities in photonic bandgap nanostructures

Recent important advances in subwavelength nanostructures offer extraordinary control over the properties of light. We can now manipulate the propagation, storage, and generation of light, as well as practically prescribe light-matter interaction based on first-principles. Photonic crystals, in particular, offer the unique ability for arbitrary control of dispersion as well as ultrahigh quality factor ( Q ) and modal volume ( V m ) nanocavities. In this talk, we will present, to our knowledge, the first near-field experimental observations of near-infrared subwavelength imaging in negative refraction photonic crystals, as well as discuss our efforts in enhanced nonlinearities in photonic crystal nanocavities.
Modeling and interpreting D / H ratios in tree rings: A test case of white pine in the northeastern United States

Abstract D H ratios of cellulose nitrate in white pine ( Pinus strobus L.) from a site in southeastern New York have been used to test a model for isotopic fractionation in tree rings. Both intra-ring (six samples per year) and inter-ring samples were collected. All of the parameters currently thought to influence D H ratios in tree rings were also measured: D H ratios in source water and air vapor, temperature, and humidity. The model incorporates leaf water fractionation and fractionation during photosynthesis. In the context of the model, D H ratios in tree rings respond most strongly to changes in D H ratios of source water. This is due to negative feedback pairs which cancel the impacts of other variables. Potential effects of changes in humidity are canceled by accompanying changes in the D H ratio of air vapor. The net biological fractionation factor is apparently a function of temperature. Its change with temperature cancels the change with temperature of the phase change fractionation. The model predicts a relationship between cellulose nitrate and source water D H ratios which fits very well with the data. This predicted relationship is not applicable to all areas, however, as it depends partly on the relationship between D H ratios in air vapor and relative humidity, which can vary with location. Despite the success of the model, a less complicated model in which re-equilibration of starches with source water negates the effects of leaf water and biochemical fractionations is also compatible with the data.
Cellular precipitation and discontinuous coarsening of cellular precipitate in an Al-29 at.% Zn alloy

Abstract The morphology and growth kinetics of cellular precipitation and discontinuous coarsening of the cellular precipitate in an Al-29 at.% Zn alloy have been investigated at temperatures ranging from 323 to 523 K (50 to 250°C) by light microscopy, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. At all aging temperatures the alloy was observed to decompose completely by a cellular precipitation reaction which resulted in a fine lamellar structure of aluminium rich and zinc rich solid solutions. The first cell lamellar structure was then decomposed at all aging temperatures by a second cellular or discontinuous coarsening reaction. The discontinuous coarsening reaction occurred at a much slower rate than the first cellular reaction and resulted in a much coarser lamellar structure. Lattice parameter measurements showed the aluminum rich phase in the cellular precipitate to have a composition far from equilibrium while that in the product of discontinuous coarsening was close to equilibrium. Analysis of the growth kinetics of both the cellular precipitation and the discontinuous coarsening suggested that they were controlled by grain boundary diffusivity.
Inhibitory effects of aminoglutethimide and isoxazole on progesterone production and deciduoma formation in rats.

The administration of aminoglutethimide (Elipten; 3-ethyl-3-(p-aminophenyl)2,6-dioxopiperidine) to prepubertal rats made pseudopregnant and induced to form deciduoma resulted in a significant reduction of ovarian and serum pregnenolone, progesterone, and 20α-dihydroprogesterone (20α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one) levels, indicating that aminoglutethimide lowered steroid production by inhibiting the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, cytochrome P-450cscc. The administration of isoxazole [17β-hydroxy-4,4,17α-trimethylandrost-5-eno-(2,3-d)isoxazole], on the other hand, resulted in an increase in both serum and tissue pregnenolone levels and in decreased serum and tissue progesterone and 20α-dihydroprogesterone levels. Through decreased specific enzyme activity, ovarian Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was implicated as the locus of isoxazole inhibition. After aminoglutethimide and isoxazole treatments and ovariectomy, uterine weights were significantly decreased, and a correlation between the magnitude of t...
Tropic Constructions of the Self

used in the construction of the self in the human sciences, in the humanities, and in culture and the political and social context within which the specific strategies arise and are maintained. Three specific tropic strategies are identified – reductionist, structuralist, humanist/anti-humanist. These are shown to rely upon three of the master tropes identified by Kenneth Burke. Two specific contextual factors are shown to nurture the use of one or another tropic strategy. One of these is the overarching historic trend of the disembeddedness of the world. The other factor consists of the lived social realities within bureaucratic and institutional settings. It is argued that there are many forces promoting reductionist strategies, including the overall disembedding of the world, however many of these forces also foster competing and contradictory strategies. [Article copies available for a fee from The Transformative Studies Institute. E-mail address: journal@transformativestudies.org Website: http://www.transformativestudies.org ©2010 by The Transformative Studies Institute. All rights reserved.]
Transcriptional Dysregulation in Down Syndrome: Predictions for Altered Protein Complex Stoichiometries and Post-translational Modifications, and Consequences for Learning/Behavior Genes ELK, CREB, and the Estrogen and Glucocorticoid Receptors

The phenotype of Down syndrome, trisomy of chromosome 21, is hypothesized to be produced by the increased expression due to gene dosage of normal chromosome 21 genes. Chromosome 21 encodes a number of proteins that, based on experimental evidence or domain composition, are classed as transcription factors or their co-regulators. Other chromosome 21 proteins contribute to post-translational modification of transcription factors, including their phosphorylation, dephosphorylation and sumoylation. Several of these chromosome 21 proteins and the pathways in which they function have overlapping transcription factor specificities. Thus, altered stoichiometry in complexes and altered levels of activation of individual transcription factors may contribute to the Down syndrome phenotype by perturbation of downstream gene expression. Here we review recent data on four chromosome 21 proteins: NRIP1, GABPA, DYRK1A and SUMO3. We discuss the implications for activation of ELK, CREB, C/EBP alpha, beta estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors, and for expression of BDNF. Each of these proteins is relevant to learning, behavior and/or development and therefore perturbation of their activation may contribute to the Down syndrome phenotype.
Management of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome: A Urology Perspective

Management of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is individualized for each patient. All patients benefit from education and self-care advice. Patients with Hunner lesions usually respond well to fulguration or triamcinolone injection, which can be repeated when the symptoms and lesions recur. For patients without Hunner lesions, numerous treatment options are available. The tiers of the American Urological Association Guidelines present these options in an orderly progression, balancing the benefits, risks, and burdens. Along with specific IC/BPS treatments, it is also important to have resources for stress reduction, pain management, and treatment of comorbid conditions.
Energy conservation policies in the OECD did they make a difference

Abstract In 1985, homes, services, automobiles, truck freight, air passenger traffic, other transport, and manufacturing in the OECD used 47 million bbl/day of oil equivalent (mb/doe), or 105 000 PJ 1 Between 1972 and 1985, however, energy use per unit of activity in each of these sectors in the OECD fell significantly. If these energy intensities, by sector, had been frozen at their 1972 values, 1985 end-use would have been close to 64 mb/doe, or 143 000 PJ, at the rates of activity that prevailed in each sector in 1985. 2 The difference yields a saving of 17 mb/doe. The corresponding oil savings in this period amount to close to 12 mb/doe, including substitution by other fuels. In this paper it is suggested that most of these savings will not reverse in the near time with lower oil prices; only a small part was caused by energy conservation policies.
Orientation dependence of the solid/liquid interfacial free energy in binary systems

Abstract A first-order theory of compositional segregation at solid/liquid interfaces, based on a pair-bonded, lattice-liquid interfacial model, has been applied to predict the effect of segregation on the orientation dependence of the interfacial free energy in binary metallic systems. The results show that the sharpness of the cusps in the gamma plot is reduced due to preferential segregation at layer edges as compared to layer faces, and cusps may be eliminated under certain conditions. The reduction in cusp sharpness is the greatest when the composition difference of the solid and liquid phases is large and the solutions are appreciably non-ideal. The relative reduction of sharpness due to segregation is less pronounced for cusps which are sharper in the unsegregated condition, so segregation tends to smooth the form of the gamma plot. Graphical results are presented for calculation of segregational anisotropy effects in general systems.
“Consensual hallucination”: Cyberspace and the creation of an interpretive community

Stanley Fish's theory of interpretive communities claims that groups of individuals who share the same interpretive frame, through socialization or other forms of common experience, will tend to read texts in a similar manner. Their experiences reinforce the textual interpretations they create and, in turn inform, shape and regulate any text they approach. We contend that these interpretive communities themselves coalesce around certain host tropes' that provide the interpretive frame and engender the creation and maintenance of these interpretive communities. Thus certain texts work upon a group of individuals to create a community just as the community works upon a text to create meaning. In his 1984 book Neuromancer, William Gibson's creation of the metaphor “cyberspace,” describing a compelling performative, embodied dimension of the computing experience, provided a “host trope” which enabled the cybertech community to coalesce, thrive, and progress within this powerful interpretive system. This essay...
Two Degree-of-Freedom Hysteresis Compensation for a Dynamic Mirror With Antagonistic Piezoelectric Stack Actuation

A methodology for designing a low-computation, high-bandwidth strategy for closed-loop control of a hysteretic system without a priori knowledge of the desired trajectory is presented. The resulting two degree-of-freedom hysteresis control strategy is applied to a dynamic mirror with antagonistic piezoelectric stack actuation. Hysteresis compensator is performed by a finite state machine switching polynomials for hysteresis inversion based on the input signal slope. Residual error after hysteresis compensation is corrected by an LQR feedback controller. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness of the hysteresis compensator and closed-loop system under the proposed hysteresis control strategy. For the triangular input signal tested, the closed-loop system achieves a 91.5% reduction in hysteresis uncertainty with 60 kHz sample rate.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Structure of the glycoprotein gene of sonchus yellow net virus, a plant rhabdovirus

The nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein (G) gene of sonchus yellow net virus (SYNV), a plant rhabdovirus, was determined from viral genomic and mRNA cDNA clones. The G cistron is 2045 nucleotides (nt) long and the G protein mRNA open reading frame (ORF), as determined from the cDNA sequence, contains 1896 nt and encodes a protein of 632 amino acids. Immunoblots with antibodies elecited against the purified glycoprotein from virus particles reacted with a fusion protein produced in Escherichia coli, indicating that the cloned ORF encodes the G protein. The 5' end of the G protein mRNA corresponds to nt 5111, relative to the 3' end of the viral (minus sense) genome, as determined by primer extension from mRNA isolated from infected plants, and extends to nt position 7155 on the genomic RNA. A 34-nt untranslated 5' leader sequence and a 115-nt untranslated 3' end flank the ORF on the mRNA. The gene junctions on either side of the G gene on the genomic RNA are identical to those previously described for other SYNV genes and are similar to sequences separating genes of animal rhabdoviruses. The predicted molecular weight of the G protein is 70,215 Da, a value less than the 77,000 Da estimated for the glycosylated G protein from virus particles. The deduced amino acid sequence of the SYNV G protein shares little direct relatedness with the G proteins of other rhabdoviruses, but appears to contain a similar signal sequence, a transmembrane anchor domain, and glycosylation signals. In addition, the SYNV G protein contains a putative nuclear targeting site near the carboxy terminus, which may be involved in transit to the nuclear membrane prior to morphogenesis.
A regression discontinuity analysis of graduation standards and their impact on students’ academic trajectories

Abstract In 2006, North Carolina put in place high school exit standards requiring students to pass a series of high-stakes exams across several years. I use a regression discontinuity (RD) approach to analyze whether passing or failing one of these exams (Algebra I) impacts a student's decision between choosing a more rigorous college-preparatory math curriculum and an easier ‘career’ track math curriculum. I find a 5 percentage point gap in the probability of selecting the rigorous curriculum between 9th grade students who just passed and those who just failed the exam. RD results across two years (one year in which the graduation standards were not in place) suggest that the discontinuity arose due to fewer students opting into the college track as a result of the exam results.
Functioning of the brain-stem auditory pathway in non-retarded autistic individuals

Functioning of auditory brain-stem pathways was examined in non-retarded autistic individuals (14-28 years of age). Functioning was assessed by recording ERPs (event-related brain potentials) generated by these auditory pathways. These ERPs were evoked by click stimuli and occurred within the first 8 msec following the onset of the click. To assess the ability of these early auditory pathways to process sensory stimuli of varying characteristics, we systematically varied click intensity, rate of stimulation, ear of stimulation, and polarity of clicks. The results show that non-retarded autistic individuals have normal functioning of the brain-stem auditory pathways which generate these ERPs: every autistic subject had normal ERPs. So, disorder in auditory brain-stem pathways which generate these ERPs is not necessary for autism to occur. The dysfunctioning neural systems directly responsible for autism in non-retarded individuals must be sought elsewhere. Ten of the autistic subjects in this study, whom we found to have normal auditory brain-stem ERPs, had previously been found to have abnormalities in longer latency cognitive ERP components (Courchesne et al. 1984, 1985). We conclude, therefore, that those abnormalities in longer latency components are not the downstream consequences of abnormalities in the structures generating the auditory brain-stem ERPs recorded in the present study.
Advanced Imaging for Space Science

Future NASA interferometric missions will realize high-resolution with less mass and volume compared to filled-apertures thus saving in cost over comparable filled-aperture systems. However, interferometeric aperture systems give reduced sensitivity requiring longer integration times to achieve a desired signal-to-noise ratio but is likely the only cost effective path forward for high-resolution space imaging.
OH concentrations from a general circulation model coupled with a tropospheric chemistry model

Abstract A comprehensive general circulation model has been coupled with a tropospheric chemistry model (TCM) using “on-line” actinic flux calculation. The three-dimensional global distribution of OH was calculated and is presented in some detail. A 2-year integration generated a volume- and pressure-weighted global, tropospheric, annual mean OH concentration of 8.4×105 molecules/cm3. Over 70 gas phase reactions involving 28 chemical species were solved, using a two-step backward differentiation formula (BDF) combined with Gauss–Seidel iteration. The set of chemical equations was solved every model hour. “On-line” actinic flux calculation allows for photo-radiation feedback between the two model components. Local changes in clouds and radiatively active gas concentrations directly affect the availability of actinic flux which has a direct impact on photochemistry through the photolysis rate constant. The actinic flux was efficiently calculated in each grid cell every model hour by the delta-Eddington radiation scheme of the general circulation model. The spectral resolution of the radiation scheme was 5 nm between 200 and 400 nm, 2 nm between 245 and 350 nm, and 25 nm between 350 and 700 nm. This provided for accurate calculations in the photolytically active spectral regions of O3 and NO2.
P62 and the sequestosome, a novel mechanism for protein metabolism.

In addition to selecting proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome, ubiqitination appears to serve other regulatory functions, including for endosomal/lysosomal targeting, protein translocation, and enzyme modification. Currently, little is known how multiubiquitin chains are recognized by these cellular mechanisms. Within the 26S proteasome, one subunit (Mcb1/S5a) has been identified that has affinity for multiubiquitin chains and may function as a ubiquitin receptor. We recently found that a non-proteasomal protein p62 also preferentially binds multiubiquitin chains and forms a novel cytoplasmic structure “sequestosome” which serves as a storage place for ubiquitinated proteins. In the present manuscript, the role and regulation of p62 in relation to the sequestosomal function will be reviewed.
Prognostic Value of Pre- and Postoperative Cardiac Troponin I Measurement in Children Having Cardiac Surgery

The objective of this study was to determine if perioperative elevation of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) predicts mortality in infants and children after surgical correction of congenital heart defects. One hundred infants and children having open heart surgery were studied. Blood samples for cTnI analysis were collected before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after initiation of CPB. Demographic information, cardiac defect, repair performed, duration of CPB, complications, and outcome were recorded. Cardiac defects were categorized as atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), complex, and “other.” Baseline cTnI was significantly lower in survivors (mean 0.42 ng/ml, median 0.35 ng/ml) than in nonsurvivors (mean 1.89, median 1.30), p= 0.0001. Baseline cTnI was significantly higher in the HLHS group (mean 1.47, median 1.10) than in all other subgroups (mean 0.62, median 0.35), p≤ 0.009. There were no significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivors at the remaining sampling times. Children who died from cardiac failure (n = 2) were more likely to have 4 h cTnI >125 ng/ml compared to survivors (2 of 90). Within cardiac defect subgroups, 4 h cTnI was significantly higher in the complex group (mean = 53.51, median = 32.30) than in the ASD (mean = 23.84, median = 19.85) and other (mean = 21.59, median 21.50) subgroups. Perioperative measurement of cTnI identifies children within specific cardiac defect subgroups at risk of mortality after cardiac surgery. We speculate that detection of myocardial injury may decrease mortality and morbidity in children with complicated congenital cardiac lesions by leading to improvements in perioperative management.
T-invariant static Yang-Mills equations

Time-reversal invariance is considered for the Yang-Mills external-source problem. Constraints on the electric field and sources of invariant static solutions are found to result in simplified field equations resembling gauge models with smaller groups. A class of non-Coulomb solutions of the SU(2) equations is obtained numerically for a line charge source.
Genetics and breeding of oilseed crops

Breeding of oilseeds focuses on 3 prime objectives: 1) Selection and breeding needed for the introduction of an established oilseed crop to a new area; 2) oil quantity and quality; and 3) meal quantity and quality. One obvious way of increasing the quantity of both oil and meal is to increase yielding ability of cultivars. Oil content has been increased by reducing the thickness of the ovary wall, where the latter is part of the harvest, and/or the seed coat. Usually, increases in oil content achieved in this way are accompanied by an increase in protein content. Oil quality is measured primarily by fatty acid composition, the ideal fatty acid composition depending on the use of the oil. In rapeseed and mustard species the quality of the oil for edible use has been greatly improved by removing the erucic and eicosenoic acids. In sajflower 2 types of oil are available commercially, one with high levels (75–80%) of linoleic acid and another with high levels (75-80%) of oleic acid, the 2 types having different uses. An added component of oil quality is stability of fatty acid composition over a range of environments. Oilseed meals have been improved by increasing protein content, by changing the amino acid profile of the protein, and by reducing levels of toxic compounds.