cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chitosan supplementation does not affect fat absorption in healthy males fed a high-fat diet, a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: The use of dietary supplements, especially those for weight control, is increasing. Advertising claims for some of these supplements may give consumers unrealistic expectations. For example, it is claimed that the supplement chitosan can block the absorption of up to 120 g of dietary fat per day. OBJECTIVE: To test the effect of a chitosan supplement used as directed, on the absorption of dietary fat. DESIGN: Seven healthy male volunteers with average age 28, range 23–30, average body mass index (BMI) 26, range 23–31, maintained a high fat intake (>120 g/day) for 12 days. On days 6–9, chitosan was taken as directed by the manufacturer prior to meals and snacks and totaled 15 capsules or 5.25 g of chitosan daily. A charcoal marker was consumed on days 2, 6 and 10 to mark the baseline and supplement periods. All feces were collected on days 2–12, and were divided based on the appearance of charcoal in the feces. Fecal fat content corresponding to the four baseline and four chitosan-supplemented days was measured. RESULTS: Average dietary fat intake did not differ between baseline (135±5 g), and chitosan (135±3 g) periods. Fecal fat excretion did not differ between the two periods (6.9±1.0 g/day baseline; 6.8±0.4 g/day chitosan). The fecal fat content as a percentage of fat consumed did not differ (5.1±0.7% baseline, 5.0±0.3% chitosan). Fecal mass did not differ (176±26 g/day baseline, 182±14 g/day chitosan). CONCLUSION: Consumption of this chitosan supplement did not increase fecal fat content and therefore did not block fat absorption.
Investigating the Underlying Structure and Stability of Problem Behaviors Across Adolescence

Data collected as part of the Projects on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) were used to examine (1) the underlying structure of adolescent problem behavior, (2) continuity and change in patterns of problem behaviors across mid to late adolescence and (3) the risk and protective factors related to observed patterns of behavior. The data used in this study were taken from Waves 2 and 3 of Cohorts 12 and 15 of PHDCN (n = 1,124). The results suggested that a 4-class categorical model (i.e., latent class analysis) best represents the pattern of responses to behavioral items used to measure delinquency, substance use, and risky sexual practices. The analyses revealed patterns of stability, escalation, and de-escalation, as well as differential risk across the four groups. Implications for understanding problem behaviors and prevention and intervention strategy are discussed.
The Bounded Transportation Problem

The bounded transportation problem is an extension and generalization of the classical transportation problem. The mathematics, primal solutional techniques, dual interpretation, the “more for less...
Kinetics of Bromochloramine Formation and Decomposition

Batch experiments were performed to study the kinetics of bromochloramine formation and decomposition from the reaction of monochloramine and bromide ion. The effects of pH, initial monochloramine and bromide ion concentrations, phosphate buffer concentration, and excess ammonia were evaluated. Results showed that the monochloramine decay rate increased with decreasing pH and increasing bromide ion concentration, and the concentration of bromochloramine increased to a maximum before decreasing gradually. The maximum bromochloramine concentration reached was found to decrease with increasing phosphate and ammonia concentrations. Previous models in the literature were not able to capture the decay of bromochloramine, and therefore we proposed an extended model consisting of reactions for monochloramine autodecomposition, the decay of bromamines in the presence of bromide, bromochloramine formation, and bromochloramine decomposition. Reaction rate constants were obtained through least-squares fitting to 11 data sets representing the effect of pH, bromide, monochloramine, phosphate, and excess ammonia. The reaction rate constants were then used to predict monochloramine and bromochloramine concentration profiles for all experimental conditions tested. In general, the modeled lines were found to provide good agreement with the experimental data under most conditions tested, with deviations occurring at low pH and high bromide concentrations.
Interpolation Methods for Inlet Distortion Determination

Inlet flow distortion is a major factor in inlet design; distortion indicates the amount of fluctuation in a flow and translates directly into the breadth of the engine’s operating envelope. ARP1420 is the standard governing inlet distortion testing which gives guidance on how to collect total pressure data at the engine face but is silent on how that data should be analyzed. This work utilizes a data set obtained by NASA in 1979 that was instrumented with 320 probes. The goal is to investigate how selecting a 40 probe subset from the 320 probe data set and interpolating back to 320 points affects the final distortion index. Interpolation methods investigated are bilinear, spline, and Kriging in Cartesian space as well as angular in polar space. Polar methods show better visual results, but the distortion index is hardly affected by the interpolation method except for Kriging which is not suited for this application.
Meshless Aeroelastic Simulations of Aircraft with Large Control Surface Deflections

Dealing with changing geometries is one of the key issues faced by most aeroelastic codes. Finite element codes face the problem of modeling large control surface deflections due to mesh shearing at places where the control surface meets the fixed part of the wing. We present a meshless approach to the aeroelastic simulation of aircraft involving large control surface deflections. The Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM) is combined with Streamline Upwind Petrov Galerkin (SUPG) to discretize the flow. The problem of imposing the essential boundary conditions in meshless methods is addressed by introducing a transition layer towards a projected solution on the structural surface. Our method allows us to deal with arbitrary relative motions of structural elements such as flaps and control surfaces. We illustrate the benefits of our approach with a two dimensional simulation of an airfoil.
Initial Value Problem Report of Workshop A3

The logical distinction between intensive and extensive definitions finds an amusing reflection in the rather different ways in which contributions are solicited for a scientific meeting and in which the outcome of the meeting is reported in conference proceedings. While the instructions to participants describe what they ought to talk about, the proceedings summarize what they actually did talk about. In this spirit, the present report is purely extensive. It is not intended to impose on the reader my ideas about what is the contemporary worldwide status of the initial value problem and Hamiltonian formulation of the general theory of relativity, and even less my ideas about what this status ought to be. It is simply a brief summary of what happened in the two afternoon sessions devoted to the workshop. Anyone interested in details should go to the original papers by the participants.
To surpass coronary luminology with interventional physiology

Interventional physiology, as much as anatomic parameters, ultimately determine the functional status and well being of a patient. Although technical improvements in equipment and more clinical studies are needed, the current experience indicates that interventional physiology has moved from a research tool to clinical adjunct. A physiologic approach complements coronary interventions and has important clinical and economic implications for patients undergoing invasive treatment of coronary artery disease.
Anticipated Emotions about Unintended Pregnancy in Relationship Context: Are Latinas Really Happier?

This study examined differences in women's anticipated emotional orientations toward unintended pregnancy by relationship status and race and ethnicity. Data from a prospective survey of 437 women aged 18 to 44 years who intended no more children for at least 2 years were analyzed along with 27 in-depth interviews among a diverse subsample. Cohabiting women and women in romantic relationships not living together were less likely to profess happiness (odds ratio = 0.42, p < .05, odds ratio = 0.25, p < .01, respectively), even when partners' intentions and feelings were controlled. The most prominent factor underlying negative feelings was partners' anticipated lack of engagement with the emotional, physical, and financial toll of unintended childbearing. Contrary to conventional wisdom regarding the “Hispanic paradox,” foreign-born and U.S.-born Latinas were no more likely to profess happiness than non-Hispanic Whites or Blacks. Moreover, foreign-born Latinas whose survey responses indicated happiness often revealed highly negative feelings at in-depth interview, citing pressure to conform to sociocultural norms surrounding motherhood and abortion.
A model identification technique to characterize the low frequency behaviour of surrogate explosive materials

The mechanical response of energetic materials, especially those used in improvised explosive devices, is of great interest to improve understanding of how mechanical excitations may lead to improved detection or detonation. The materials are comprised of crystals embedded into a binder. Microstructural modelling can give insight into the interactions between the binder and the crystals and thus the mechanisms that may lead to material heating and but there needs to be validation of these models and they also require estimates of constituent material properties. Addressing these issues, nonlinear viscoelastic models of the low frequency behavior of a surrogate material-mass system undergoing base excitation have been constructed, and experimental data have been collected and used to estimate the order of components in the system model and the parameters in the model. The estimation technique is described and examples of its application to both simulated and experimental data are given. From the estimated system model the material properties are extracted. Material properties are estimated for a variety of materials and the effect of aging on the estimated material properties is shown.
Antecedent longitudinal changes in body mass index are associated with diurnal cortisol curve features: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis

Abstract Context Prior studies have shown a cross-sectional association between body mass index (BMI) and salivary diurnal cortisol profile features (cortisol features); however, to our knowledge prior population-based studies have not examined the longitudinal association of body-mass index (BMI) with cortisol features. Objective To examine the association of (1) prior annual BMI percent change over 7 years with cortisol features, (2) baseline cortisol features with subsequent change in BMI over 6 years and (3) the association of change in cortisol features with change in BMI over 6 years. Design Longitudinal study. Setting Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Stress I & II Studies (2004–2006 & 2010–2012). Participants 1685 ethnically diverse men and women attended either MESA Stress exam (mean age 65 ± 10 years at MESA Stress I; mean age 69 ± 9 years at MESA Stress II). Outcome Measures Log-transformed cortisol features including wake-up cortisol, cortisol awakening response, early decline slope (30 min to 2 h post-awakening), late decline slope (2 h post-awakening to bedtime), bedtime, and total area under the curve (AUC) cortisol. Results Over 7 years, following multivariable adjustment, (1) a 1% higher prior annual BMI % increase was associated with a 2.9% (95% CI: − 5.0%, − 0.8%) and 3.0% (95% CI: − 4.7%, − 1.4%) lower current wake-up and total AUC cortisol, respectively; (2) there was no significant association between baseline cortisol features and subsequent change in BMI and (3) among participants with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 , flattening of the late decline slope was associated with increases in BMI (every 1-unit increase late decline slope were associated with a 12.9% increase (95%CI: − 1%, 26.8%) in BMI, respectively). Conclusions We found a significant association between prior annual BMI % change and cortisol features, but no significant association between baseline cortisol features and subsequent change in BMI. In participants with obesity increases in BMI were associated with less pronounced declined. Collectively, our results suggest that greater adiposity may lead to a blunted diurnal cortisol profile.
Revision and application of the LINKAGES model to simulate forest growth in central hardwood landscapes in response to climate change

Global climate change impacts forest growth and methods of modeling those impacts at the landscape scale are needed to forecast future forest species composition change and abundance. Changes in forest landscapes will affect ecosystem processes and services such as succession and disturbance, wildlife habitat, and production of forest products at regional, landscape and global scales. LINKAGES 2.2 was revised to create LINKAGES 3.0 and used it to evaluate tree species growth potential and total biomass production under alternative climate scenarios. This information is needed to understand species potential under future climate and to parameterize forest landscape models (FLMs) used to evaluate forest succession under climate change. We simulated total tree biomass and responses of individual tree species in each of the 74 ecological subsections across the central hardwood region of the United States under current climate and projected climate at the end of the century from two general circulation models and two representative greenhouse gas concentration pathways. Forest composition and abundance varied by ecological subsection with more dramatic changes occurring with greater changes in temperature and precipitation and on soils with lower water holding capacity. Biomass production across the region followed patterns of soil quality. Linkages 3.0 predicted realistic responses to soil and climate gradients and its application was a useful approach for considering growth potential and maximum growing space under future climates. We suggest Linkages 3.0 can also can used to inform parameter estimates in FLMs such as species establishment and maximum growing space.
Chemokines in the skin.

In lost few years, focus hos shifted from cytokines which have pleiotropic biologic properties to chemokines with target cell selective activity. The separation has led frequently espoused proposition that chemokines are involved in the pathogenesis of disease having specific infiltrates and point to possible role in chronic skin diseases. Depending upon the structure these chemokines are divided into three subfamilies, two major subfamilies: CXC and CC, and one putative subfamily C with only one member known as tymphotactin. A recent insight into chemokine physiology comes from demonstration of interaction between chemokines and their cloned receptors. These chemokine receptors are members of the transmembrane spanning (7-TMS), G-protein- coupled receptor family, So for CXC chemokine receptors and seven CC receptors have been cloned. Recently, the importance of selective chemoattractant activity of chemokines has been overshadowed by chemokine receptors emerging as new forgets for anti- HIV therapy as the connection between chemokines and HIV-1 had been established. Among the CXC chemokine receptors, CXCR4, and among the CC chemokines receptors, CCR1, CCR2b, CCR3, and CCR5 have been implicated as HIV-1 coreceptors.
Abstract 3380: Loss of immunorecognition of selected molecules during long-term storage of paraffin blocks

Introduction: Archival paraffin blocks frequently are touted as a resource for studies in translational research; however, there are few studies of the stability of immunorecognition in paraffin blocks after long term storage. Previously, we reported that immunorecognition of Bcl-2 and mutated p53 was stable in blocks stored for 10 years, but recent observations of decreases in immunorecognition of several molecules in paraffin blocks stored over 10 years necessitated additional studies. Because molecules in tumors are quite variable, it was decided that normal tissues not associated with disease processes as well as related cancers and uninvolved tissues should be studied. Methods: The immunorecognition of multiple molecules in fallopian tubes removed for fertility, in papillary serous adenocarcinomas (PSAC) and in uninvolved fallopian tubes associated with PSAC were evaluated. Multi-age (year) blocks from 2014 to 1976 were constructed and the following antigens were studied: smooth muscle actin (SMA, Thermo Fischer, MS-113-P, 1A4, 0.026 μg/mL, AR pH 9) in arteries; E-cadherin (E-CAD, Thermo Fischer, RM-2100-S, EP700Y, dilution 1:200, AR pH 9) in ciliated and separately secretory cells of relatively normal and uninvolved fallopian tubes and the cells of PSAC; vimentin (VIM, Thermo Fischer, RM-9120-S, SP20, dilution 1:500, AR pH 9), in endothelial cells; □-tubulin (GTUB, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, SC-17788, D-10, 0.028 μg/mL, AR pH 9) in ciliated cells of normal and uninvolved fallopian tubes, and cytokeratins, 18 (Cyk18, Epitomics, 1433-1, dilution 1:200, AR pH 9), and AE1/AE3 (Millipore, MAB3412, 4 μg/mL, AR pH 9) in ciliated and separately secretory cells of normal and uninvolved fallopian tubes. These molecules were stained in the multi-year blocks and were evaluated by a pathologist without knowledge of block age. Results: Consistently, in normal fallopian tubes, the antigens, SMA, VIM, GTUB and E-CAD, were relatively stable for at least 10 years, (i.e., Conclusion: This study indicates that investigators using archival paraffin blocks that have been stored for over 10 years should determine if immunorecognition of each molecule being studied is stable; otherwise, based on immunohistochemical results, incorrect, biased conclusions may be reached. Citation Format: Dennis Otali, Victoria R. Maston, Denise K. Oelschlager, William E. Grizzle. Loss of immunorecognition of selected molecules during long-term storage of paraffin blocks. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3380. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3380
10 – Implications of Commodity Theory for Value Change1

In the wide gamut of… problems of every society, there is then, a common dominant element throughout–one pervasive, inescapable, inevitable fact: scarcity . That is the starting point of our analysis, and behavioral consequences stemming directly or indirectly from it is our subject matter.
Роль коррекции состояния желудочно-кишечного тракта в повышении эффективности лечения и профилактики патологии кожи

В статье отмечена роль алиментарного фактора как в формировании нарушений в функционировании желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ), так и в сохранении, защите, а при необходимости восстановлении здоровья человека. Представлены данные о связи функциональных и патологических изменений в ЖКТ с патологией кожных покровов, что вызывает необходимость коррекции питания и состояния ЖКТ как адекватных клинических усилий в комплексной терапии патологии кожи. Дан критический анализ места и роли гидроколонотерапии в восстановлении функциональной активности ЖКТ и гомеостаза организма в целом. Подчеркивается, что гидроколонотерапия, как любая другая физиотерапевтическая процедура, не может быть единственным средством ни лечения, ни его сопровождения, ни тем более панацеей, как иногда недобросовестно ее подают. Проанализированы усилия по устранению дисбаланса кишечного микробиоценоза как фактора эндоэкологии кишечника, в том числе с использованием пробиотиков и пре-биотиков в жидких композициях, что вызывало позитивные эффекты со стороны кожных покровов. Представлен анализ литературных данных по теме, сделано заключение о необходимости дальнейших научных исследований, касающихся достоинств и рисков гидроколонотерапии, в том числе как профилактической процедуры, и ее места в терапевтической и хирургической практике.
Propellant-Optimal Powered Descent Guidance

The problem of guiding a rocket-powered vehicle to land on a planet (or the Moon) with pinpoint precision and minimum propellant usage is the focus of this work. Three related but different version...
The Effect of OnabotulinumtoxinA on Aura Frequency and Severity in Patients With Hemiplegic Migraine: Case Series of 11 Patients.

Background OnabotulinumtoxinA has been demonstrated to be effective for the preventive treatment of headache in individuals with chronic migraine and has been approved and recommended for this patient population. While the therapeutic effect of onabotulinumtoxinA on migraine headache is well documented, there is limited information on the effect of onabotulinumtoxinA on migraine aura. Objective Given the prolonged and often debilitating nature of aura in patients with hemiplegic migraine, our group sought to examine the effect of onabotulinumtoxinA on aura frequency and severity in this specific subset of migraine patients. Methods All clinical notes from July 1, 1994 to December 1, 2017 at our institution were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients diagnosed with hemiplegic migraine who received at least one set of onabotulinumtoxinA injections. Thirty-four patients were identified; and of those, 23 were excluded due to incomplete documentation regarding aura symptoms at follow-up visits. The clinical notes of the remaining 11 patients (4 with familial hemiplegic migraine [FHM] and 7 with sporadic hemiplegic migraine [SHM]) were reviewed, and the frequency and description of their headaches and aura before and after receiving onabotulinumtoxinA were recorded. Results Nine of the 11 patients in our series noted a decrease in the frequency, severity, and/or duration of their aura after receiving onabotulinumtoxinA. Of the 2 non-responders, one was FHM and one was SHM. Of the 9 that noticed improved aura symptoms, 6 described a "wearing off" effect of onabotulinumtoxinA around week 9 or 10 of the 12-week cycle, with subsequent improvement after the next round. Conclusion For 9 of 11 patients with hemiplegic migraine, onabotulinumtoxinA was helpful not only in reducing the frequency and severity of headaches but also in reducing the frequency and severity of the aura. In this manuscript, we speculate on potential pathophysiologic mechanisms that could have contributed to this effect.
Comparison of Patient-reported Outcomes After External Beam Radiation Therapy and Combined External Beam With Low-dose-rate Brachytherapy Boost in Men With Localized Prostate Cancer.

Purpose To compare patient-reported disease-specific functional outcomes after external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and EBRT combined with low-dose-rate brachytherapy prostate boost (EB-LDR) among men with localized prostate cancer. Methods and Materials The prospective, population-based Comparative Effectiveness Analysis of Surgery and Radiation study enrolled men with localized prostate cancer in 2011 to 2012. The 26-item Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite measured patient-reported disease-specific function at baseline and at 6, 12, and 36 months. Higher domain scores indicate better function. Minimal clinically important difference was defined as 6 for urinary incontinence, 5 for urinary irritative function, 4 for bowel function, 12 for sexual function, and 4 for hormonal function. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were fit to estimate the effect of treatment on patient-reported outcomes. Results Five-hundred seventy-eight men received EBRT and 109 received EB-LDR. Median patient age was 69 years, and 70% had intermediate- or high-risk disease. Men in the EB-LDR group were younger (P .05). On multivariable analyses, men receiving EB-LDR reported worse urinary irritative function at 6 months (adjusted mean difference [AMD] −14.4, P Conclusions Men treated with EB-LDR report worse bowel function at 1 year and worse urinary irritative function through 3 years compared with men treated with EBRT alone. These side effect profiles should be discussed with patients when considering EB-LDR versus EBRT treatment.
Arctic Sea Ice Variability During the Last Half Century

Observational data and modeling results are analyzed to describe changes in the Arctic sea ice cover during the last half century. Accelerated melt of sea ice cover is reported during the late 1990s and 2000s both based on satellite observations of sea ice extent and model simulations of sea ice thickness. The observed and modeled changes are in qualitative agreement but model results imply higher rate of ice thickness decline compared to sea ice extent. Possible causes of variability in sea ice cover include increased surface air temperatures, changes in atmospheric circulation and changes in the absorption of incoming radiative flux. However, atmospheric forcings, such as the Arctic Oscillation (AO), explain less than half of the total variance in Arctic sea ice cover. Model results analyzed in the Greenland Sea as well as observations in the western Arctic Ocean indicate that oceanic forcing might be an important overlooked factor in driving recent sea ice melt. The main oceanic processes relevant to variability of sea ice cover include advection of heat and melting of sea ice in marginal ice zones and at the ice-ocean interface downstream of the warm water paths. Such changes have potential significant ramifications to the entire pan-Arctic region, including the physical environment, regional ecosystems, native communities, and use of the region for commercial exploration and transportation. Continued studies including in situ and remote sensing observations and modeling are critical to advancing the knowledge of Arctic climate change and predicting scenarios of future change.
Stereo and Specular Reflection

The problem of accurate depth estimation using stereo in the presence of specular reflection is addressed. Specular reflection, a fundamental and ubiquitous reflection mechanism, is viewpoint dependent and can cause large intensity differences at corresponding points, resulting in significant depth errors. We analyze the physics of specular reflection and the geometry of stereopsis which lead to a relationship between stereo vergence, surface roughness, and the likelihood of a correct match. Given a lower bound on surface roughness, an optimal binocular stereo configuration can be determined which maximizes precision in depth estimation despite specular reflection. However, surface roughness is difficult to estimate in unstructured environments. Therefore, trinocular configurations, independent of surface roughness are determined such that at each scene point visible to all sensors, at least one stereo pair can produce correct depth. We have developed a simple algorithm to reconstruct depth from the multiple stereo pairs.
Reconsidering Realism on Rights

International Realism is widely interpreted as hostile to international human rights. “Realist” thinkers like Henry Kissinger, Kenneth Waltz, and Danilo Zolo are typically relied on in order to discredit attempts to defend and better institutionalize human rights. In fact, major “classical” Realists (e.g., E.H. Carr, Hans Morgenthau, Reinhold Niebuhr) cautiously defended emerging conceptions of international human rights. Their views overlao in revealing ways with contemporary Cosmopolitanism. Like many contemporary Cosmopolitans, they sympathized with ambitious models of global legal and political order. Despite this overlap, mid-century Realism can be employed to developed a sympathetic yet powerful critique of Cosmopolitanism, which sometimes closes its eyes to power inequality on the global scale and the many dilemmas raised by inequality for the attempt to achieve a normatively acceptable institutionalization of human rights.
Does a rat free a trapped rat due to empathy or for sociality

This report evaluates whether a rat releasing a trapped rat from a restraint tube is better explained as due to its empathic motivation or to the pursuit of social contact. In the first condition, each of six rats chose in an E maze between entering an empty goal box vs. entering a goal box where its entrance caused a rat trapped in a restraint tube to be released. Rats preferred the goal box with the trapped rat over the empty goal box. In the second condition, these rats chose between releasing a restraint-tube-trapped rat in one goal box and another rat in the second goal box that was not locked into its restraint tube. Rats showed no preference between alternatives. In the third condition, rats chose between a goal box containing a rat with an open restraint tube and an empty goal box. Rats preferred the rat with the open restraint tube over the empty goal box. These results support attributing the response of releasing a rat from a restraint tube to the reinforcing power of social contact (Silberberg et al., 2014) rather than interpreting this response as empathically motivated (Ben-Ami Bartal et al., 2011).
Transition to practice experiences of first- and second-career nurses: A mixed-methods study.

Aims and objectives To explore the transition to nursing practice experiences of first- and second-career nursing students. Background To address the nursing shortage, alternative educational programmes have been increasingly developed and implemented with to help individuals with prior career experiences transition into a career in nursing (second-career nurses). However, we know little about the transition to practice experiences of second-career nurses. Design This mixed-methods study utilised qualitative interviews with nurses who had completed a year of practice and a longitudinal survey of nurses' perceptions of stress, coping and burnout throughout their first year of nursing practice. Methods Qualitative data (n = 15) were analysed using latent thematic analysis and following COREQ guidelines. Descriptive and effect size analysis of quantitative data (n = 122) was conducted in order to assess for significant differences across time points. Results The thematic analysis identified three themes: Stressors and Coping, Prevalence of Burnout and Presenteeism, and Difficulty Describing Nursing's Role. The quantitative findings showed that participants' self-compassion decreased over their first year of practice. Levels of stress, presenteeism and burnout increased by the year mark. These increases were meaningfully significant between time points. Conclusions Differences in the stressors and coping of first- and second-career nurses should be considered in developing transition to practice programmes for new nurses. Increasing rates of stress, burnout and presenteeism highlight the ongoing need to address these issues. Improving the nurse work environment may aid in the transition to nursing practice of both first- and second-career nurses. Relevance to clinical practice First- and second-career nurses have increasing rates of stress, burnout and presenteeism that need to be addressed. However, there are differences in stressors and coping between first- and second-career nurses.
One HbA1c Measurement Does Not Tell the Whole Story – 5 Case Studies

Hemoglobin A1c is produced by an interaction between intracellular glucose and hemoglobin. This is a dynamic process, because glucose values vary and RBCS have a limited lifespan. Hemoglobin A1c testing is performed to monitor glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus. The ADA recommends testing HbA1c twice a year in patients with good control, and more often in patients who do not meet their goals. MLS/CLS students are required to have an understanding of the relationship between HbA1c, plasma glucose and time. Case studies are valuable teaching tools to illustrate the dynamic nature of HbA1c formation. This work shows 4 months of serial HbA1c and glucose measurements in 5 individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A stepwise increase or decrease of HbA1c is seen in subjects who have a change in their glycemic control, illustrating why one HbA1c result does not tell the whole story. ABBREVIATIONS:eAG - estimated average glucose, ADA - American Diabetes Association, HbA1c - Hemoglobin A1c
The Effect of Tibial Slope on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Matched Case-Control Study Including 317 Revisions:

Objectives:There is evidence the slope of the tibial plateau may play a role in need for revision following ACL reconstruction (ACLR), however, previous studies are limited by small sample sizes, r...
Migratory Timing and Rates of Chinook Salmon Bound for the Kwethluk and Kisaralik Rivers

Abstract Detailed information regarding migratory behavior (i.e., phenology and rate of travel) of specific Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. substocks can be used to design management strategies fo...
Motor and sensory rehabilitation of the lower lip

The lower lip serves pivotal functional and aesthetic roles in the face. Palsy of lower lip musculature may result in oral incompetence, articulation difficulties, and impairment of facial expression. Loss of lower lip sensation may result in unrecognized trauma, sialorrhea, and social embarrassment. Herein, we review therapeutic approaches to lower lip reanimation and sensory neurotization.
A View to the Future: Opportunities and Challenges for Food and Nutrition Sustainability

The challenges to achieving sustainability in food and nutrition are daunting. The present paper summarizes 3 individual papers that are part of this special collection. The lynchpin for synthesizing the papers is sustainability and food systems. Within each of these domains are embedded a myriad of factors, each of which are essential for the sustainable transformation of food systems. Controversies surrounding the concepts of a healthy diet, sustainable agricultural production, and maximizing the dietary impacts of food environments are discussed and evaluated in the context of the current food and nutrition landscape.
Network Centrality, Measures of

Measures of network centrality assess the importance of elements in arrays of relationships linking entities, such as persons, organizations, or documents. Important entities may have many contacts, be related to other important entities, be near other entities, or be positioned between others. Most centrality measures refer to entities, but some refer to relationships. Network-level centralization statistics measure variation in centrality across entities within a network. This article presents centrality measures for common forms of network data, including undirected binary networks, valued networks, directed networks, and two-mode networks of relationships that connect distinct types of entities.
Kodeks postępowania grupowego. Model dla państw prawa kontynentalnego ((The Class Action Code: A Model for Civil Law Countries))

La versione italiana di questo documento e disponibile al seguente link: http://ssrn.com/abstract=951889 A versao em portugues deste artigo pode ser encontrada em: http://ssrn.com/abstract=947207 La version francaise de cet article peut etre consultee a: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1406310 La version espanola de este articulo se puede encontrar en: http://ssrn.com/abstract=952455 The Dutch version of this article may be found in: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2235618 The Hungarian version of this article may be found in: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2365215 Российскую версию этой статьи можно найти в: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2365213 The Persian version of this article may be found in: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2553048 Polish Abstract: Autor proponuje przyjecie Kodeksu dzialania klasy w krajach prawa cywilnego. Proponowany kod modelu w znacznym stopniu reguluje wszystkie aspekty nowoczesnych dzialan klasowych, w tym stalego, adekwatności, wymagania wstepne, certyfikacja, zawiadomienie, dowod, rozliczenia, wyrok, res judicata, lis pendens, honoraria adwokackie, zabezpieczenie roszczen dzialania klasy, klasy powodztwo o odszkodowanie, obliczanie odszkodowania, dystrybucja nagrody, Fundusz na rzecz praw grupowych, pozwane powodztwa klasowe itp. Celem jest inspirowanie do stworzenia najlepszego mozliwego kodu dla garniturow klasowych, w świetle potrzeb i specyfiki krajow prawa cywilnego oraz miedzynarodowego doświadczenia w zakresie dzialan klasowych. Mimo ze wniosek koncentruje sie przede wszystkim na krajach prawa cywilnego, moze okazac sie przydatny rowniez krajom prawa wspolnego, rozwazając przyjecie lub ulepszenie zasad dzialania w klasie. English Abstract: This is the Polish translation of the proposal of the author's Class Action Code for civil law countries. The proposed Model Code extensively regulates all aspects of modern class actions, including standing, adequacy, prerequisites, certification, notice, proof, settlement, judgment, res judicata, lis pendens, attorney fees, injunctive class actions, class action for damages, calculation of damages, distribution of the award, fund for group rights, defendant class actions, etc. The objective is to inspire the creation of the best possible code for class action suits, in light of the needs and peculiarities of civil law countries and the international experience with class actions. Although the proposal is focused primarily on civil-law countries, it may also prove useful to common law countries considering the adoption or improvement of class action rules.
Are perioperative complications and clinical outcomes following reverse shoulder arthroplasty adversely affected by obesity? A systematic review

Abstract Purpose Obesity has been studied in relation to perioperative medical and surgical complications, as well as clinical outcomes following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA), with often inconsistent conclusions reached. The purpose of this systematic review is to synthesize the reported correlations between elevated body mass index (BMI) and both the complications and clinical outcomes following rTSA. Methods An extensive literature search of the PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases was conducted through March 2020. Clinical studies that specifically examined the relationship between BMI and perioperative complications and functional outcomes following rTSA were included. Public databases (NIS, ACS-NSQIP, PearlDiver, and statewide databases) were largely excluded from the analysis unless procedural codes allowed for differentiation between rTSA, anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA), and humeral head replacement. Results Nineteen studies were included in this systematic review—11 reported solely on perioperative complications, 2 solely on functional outcomes, and 6 on both complications and outcomes following rTSA. There was no association found between obesity and an increased risk for periprosthetic fracture, scapular stress fracture, periprosthetic infection, instability, overall complications, perioperative medical and surgical complications, mortality, extended length of stay (LOS), increased need for transfusion and likelihood of 90-day readmission. Obesity was associated with prolonged operative time, increased absolute hospital LOS, increased blood loss, higher hospital costs, lower risk for scapular notching, higher likelihood of discharge to a rehabilitation facility, and higher risk for revision surgery. Range of motion of the operative shoulder, pain, and patient-reported outcome measures have generally demonstrated significant improvement following rTSA. Conclusion Despite some conflicting results in the existing literature regarding the effect of BMI and complications following rTSA, obesity is not universally associated with increased perioperative complications. Range of motion and patient-reported functional outcomes can be expected to improve, even among patients with morbid obesity. Level of evidence Level IV; Review
The Birth of a Nation: Media and Racial Hate

This paper documents the impact of popular media on racial hate by examining the first American blockbuster: 1915’s The Birth of a Nation, a fictional portrayal of the KKK’s founding rife with racist stereotypes. Exploiting the film’s five-year "roadshow", I find a sharp spike in lynchings and race riots coinciding with its arrival in a county. Instrumenting for roadshow destinations using the location of theaters prior to the movie's release, I show that the film significantly increased local Klan support in the 1920s. Roadshow counties continue to experience higher rates of hate crimes and hate groups a century later.
Improving Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Doctoral Computing Education

This panel brings together personnel from the University of Washington Seattle, the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and Google, who have helped shape the National Center for Women & Information Technology's (NCWIT) Extension Services for Graduate Programs (ES-Grad) a program designed to provide resources and strategies to enact systemic change in doctoral computing programs. Panelists will discuss barriers to recruiting and retaining more diverse students in doctoral computing education, as well as strategies and initiatives that can be replicated to foster equitable and inclusive PhD programs.
Two for the price of one: Concurrent learning of words and phonotactic regularities from continuous speech

To acquire the words of their language, learners face the challenge of tracking regularities at multiple levels of abstraction from continuous speech. In the current study, we examined adults' ability to track two types of regularities from a continuous artificial speech stream: the individual words in the speech stream (token level information), and a phonotactic pattern shared by a subset of those words (type level information). We additionally manipulated exposure time to the language to examine the relationship between the acquisition of these two regularities. Using a ratings test procedure, we found that adults can extract both the words in the language and their phonotactic patterns from continuous speech in as little as 3.5 minutes of listening time. Results from a 2AFC testing method provide converging evidence that adults rapidly learn both words and their phonotactic patterns. Together, the findings suggest that adults are capable of concurrently tracking regularities at multiple levels of abstraction from brief exposures to a continuous stream of speech.
On predicting reliability of modules using code coverage

The estimation of reliability of modules using code coverage is motivated by a two-phase method for estimating the quality of software using static structure and predicted quality estimates of component modules. A pilot experiment was conducted to investigate the accuracy of reliability estimates obtained from code coverage. The code coverage was measured using random testing. Three parameters that were varied are the size of programs, variations in operational profile, and the fault density. Results from this experiment were analyzed to understand how the accuracy of reliability estimates is affected by: (1) variation in fault density and (2) the size of programs. The results indicate that the degree of correlation between coverage and reliability has an inverse relationship with the fault density, and a direct relationship with program size.
TRPV4 links inflammatory signaling and neuroglial swelling.

A perennial challenge in neuroscience research has been to elucidate the role of astrocytes, the most numerous cell type in the CNS, at all levels of brain function from development and cognition t...
The network paradigm and the marketing organization

Constructs a new management agenda to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of the marketing organization for the future, reflecting certain key changes in the current marketing environment. Argues that these critical factors impacting on the marketing organization include accelerating both external environmental changes and internal organization developments. Raises many important questions relating to the survival and the future forms of the marketing organization and the implementation of the marketing process. Finds that a prime manifestation of these changes is the development of various types of network organizational forms to implement strategic alliances and inter‐organizational collaborations and partnerships. Proposes a structured approach to mapping the implications for the organization of such changes and the development of an organizational strategy that defines an appropriate role and form for the marketing organization and marketing processes in the corporation of the future.
Community science for biodiversity monitoring

Increasing the spatial scales and temporal frequencies at which species occurrences and locations are recorded is central to biodiversity informatics. There are not nearly enough trained scientists to do the job and remote sensing methods have severe limitations for most taxa. This project is trying to rapidly build communities of people (academic taxonomists, amateur natural historians, environmental educators, concerned citizens and students) and institutions (universities, environmental NGOs, governmental agencies and schools) to produce important scientific data about biodiversity. We are recording information about phenology to examine climate change, invasive species to document habitat disturbance and occurrences of common species such as ants for which there are no field guides. Building monitoring communities is made possible by digital technologies that permit four key advances: 1) high quality yet relatively inexpensive mini color field guides, 2) GPS spatial coordinates of individuals or populations, 3) electronic vouchers using digital cameras and 4) public digital libraries available over the Internet. This project has several strong benefits for the K-16 community. They will be gathering data in an authentic way for the entire scientific community, they will be directly involved in the scientific process as now required by many state and federal educational standards, and because of the direct contact with other species they are like to develop stronger appreciation of our essential dependence on Nature's goods and services.