cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Alignment of Technology and Primary Source Use Within a History Classroom

Many researchers in the social studies have supported the use of primary sources in history classrooms as a support for historical inquiry. Although primary sources have become accessible via the Internet, simply using digital primary sources, does not automatically translate into historical thinking or technology best practice. Consequently, an evaluation matrix was constructed for one study to gauge the fidelity of primary source use according to three domains, curriculum content, instructional processes, and student products or outcomes. In this article, the researchers provide background information on the development of the evaluation matrix, present the instrument, and evaluate its effectiveness in categorizing both primary source and technology usage.
Clinical characteristics of children with cochlear nerve dysplasias.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To describe the clinical and audiometric characteristics of children with cochlear nerve dysplasia (CND). Study Design: Retrospective chart review of clinical database of children with inner ear anomalies treated at a tertiary care children's hospital. Methods: Institutional review board–approved retrospective review from June 30, 2006, to July 1, 2011; 18 children were identified with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of CND defined as a cochlear nerve 50% smaller than the adjacent facial nerve. Results: Of the 18 patients, nine were girls and nine were boys. Average age at time of MRI diagnosis of CND was 4.6 years. Twelve children had cochlear nerve aplasia, and six had hypoplasia. Three were affected bilaterally: two with aplasia and one with hypoplasia. Unilateral dysplasia was found in 15 children; of these, 60% occurred on the left side. Other inner ear anomalies were found in 50%, including all patients with bilateral CND. Severe-to-profound hearing loss was found in the involved ear(s) in 14 of 18 patients, including all bilateral patients. Of the 18 patients tested, 13 (72%) had an audiometric profile of auditory neuropathy/dys-synchrony syndrome (auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder [ANSD]). Comorbid conditions were present in 56% of patients. Two patients were syndromic. Family history of hearing loss was present in 11% of patients. Conclusions: Many patients with CND have ANSD, and more than half have comorbidities. Approximately half of affected patients have other inner ear anomalies in the involved ears. Unilateral CND may be more common on the left side. Laryngoscope, 2013
Chronic Daily Headache, Medication Overuse, and Obesity in Children and Adolescents

Obesity and headaches are common in children and adults. Adult studies suggest obesity is a risk factor for chronic daily headache and increased migraine frequency and severity. Pediatric studies have suggested a relationship between obesity, increasing headache frequency, and disability. The authors retrospectively evaluated 925 children from their Pediatric Headache Clinic between July 2004 and July 2008, assessing headache frequency, medication overuse, and body mass index compared to population-based norms. The pediatric headache group as a whole had a greater percentage of overweight than the general population. This was also true with the subgroup of patients with chronic tension-type headache, although the numbers were small. Data did not show increased incidence of overweight in children with medication overuse or chronic migraine. This contrasts with adult data, which have suggested a closer link between chronic migraine and obesity and have not supported a link with chronic tension-type headache.
Remarks on the analytic hierarchy process

The analytic hierarchy process AHP is flawed as a procedure for ranking alternatives in that the rankings produced by this procedure are arbitrary. This paper provides a brief review of several areas of operational difficulty with the AHP, and then focuses on the arbitrary rankings that occur when the principle of hierarchic composition is assumed. This principle requires that the weights on the higher levels of a hierarchy can be determined independently of the weights on the lower levels. Virtually all of the published examples of the use of the AHP to evaluate alternatives relative to a set of criteria have assumed this principle. The key to correcting this flaw is the synthesis of the AHP with the concepts of multiattribute utility theory.
Percent Of Cancer in the Biopsy Set Predicts Pathological Findings After Prostatectomy

Purpose: The ability to use pretreatment variables to identify patients with organ confined prostate cancer continues to challenge physicians. We examined information available preoperatively, including prostate needle biopsy, clinical stage and preoperative prostate specific antigen (PSA), and evaluated these data based on pathological variables after radical retropubic prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We reviewed results in 135 consecutive patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy at a single institution. Needle biopsy information, such as the number of cores, percent of tumor per biopsy set, laterality of positive cores and Gleason sum, were compared with pathological data on the radical retropubic prostatectomy specimen, including pathological stage, Gleason sum and tumor volume. Clinical data, including biopsy information and pathological findings, were compared using univariate and multivariate models.Results: Overall total PSA, percent of tumor in the biopsy and bilateral positive...
Rate Coefficients for the Reactions of Hydroxyl Radicals with Methane and Deuterated Methanes

The rate coefficients for the reaction of OH with CH3D (k1), CH2D2 (k2), CHD3 (k3), CD4 (k4), and CH4 (k5) as well as that of OD with CH4 (k6) have been measured using the pulsed photolytic production of OH followed by its detection via pulsed laser induced fluorescence. k1−k4 and k6 were measured between ∼220 and ∼415 K, while k5 was measured down to 195 K. The measured rate coefficients do not strictly obey the Arrhenius expression. However, below 298 K, they can be represented by the expressions (in cm3 molecule-1 s-1): k1 = (3.11 ± 0.44) × 10-12 exp[−(1910 ± 70)/T]; k2 = (2.3 ± 1.2) × 10-12 exp[−(1930 ± 250)/T]; k3 = (1.46 ± 0.22) × 10-12 exp[−(1970 ± 70)/T]; k4 = (1.00 ± 0.22) × 10-12 exp[−(2100 ± 120)/T]; k5 = (1.88 ± 0.11) × 10-12 exp[−(1695 ± 30)/T]; k6 = (1.68 ± 0.12) × 10-12 exp[−(1640 ± 40)/T]. The obtained values of the rate coefficients and kinetic isotope effects are compared with values previously measured or calculated by other groups. The atmospheric implications of this data are briefly...
Impact of an EHR-Based Diabetes Management Form on Quality and Outcomes of Diabetes Care in Primary Care Practices

Health information technology shows promise for improving chronic disease care. This study assessed the impact of a diabetes management form (DMF), accessible within an electronic health record. Fr...
A vision for embedded software

In this paper we describe a vision for the future evolution of Embedded SW (ESW) design methodologies as part of overall Embedded Systems (ES) development. Fundamentally, we believe that the way in which embedded SW is developed today must change radically. The key steps are: first, to link embedded software upwards in the abstraction layers to system functionality; and second, to link embedded software to the programmable platforms that support it. This will provide the much-needed means to verify whether the constraints posed on Embedded Systems are met. We envisage an optimised, automated, transparent and mathematically correct flow from product specification through to implementation for SW-dominated products implemented with highly programmable platforms.
Adolescent Neighborhood Quality Predicts Adult dACC Response to Social Exclusion

Neuroimaging studies using the social-exclusion paradigm Cyberball indicate increased dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and right insula activity as a function of exclusion. However, comparatively less work has been done on how social status factors may moderate this finding. This study used the Cyberball paradigm with 85 (45 females) socio-economically diverse participants from a larger longitudinal sample. We tested whether neighborhood quality during adolescence would predict subsequent neural responding to social exclusion in young adulthood. Given previous behavioral studies indicating greater social vigilance and negative evaluation as a function of lower status, we expected that lower adolescent neighborhood quality would predict greater dACC activity during exclusion at young adulthood. Our findings indicate that young adults who lived in low-quality neighborhoods in adolescence showed greater dACC activity to social exclusion than those who lived in higher quality neighborhoods. Lower neighborhood quality also predicted greater prefrontal activation in the superior frontal gyrus, dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and the middle frontal gyrus, possibly indicating greater regulatory effort. Finally, this effect was not driven by subsequent ratings of distress during exclusion. In sum, adolescent neighborhood quality appears to potentiate neural responses to social exclusion in young adulthood, effects that are independent of felt distress.
A simple model for calculating tsunami flow speed from tsunami deposits

Abstract This paper presents a simple model for tsunami sedimentation that can be applied to calculate tsunami flow speed from the thickness and grain size of a tsunami deposit (the inverse problem). For sandy tsunami deposits where grain size and thickness vary gradually in the direction of transport, tsunami sediment transport is modeled as a steady, spatially uniform process. The amount of sediment in suspension is assumed to be in equilibrium with the steady portion of the long period, slowing varying uprush portion of the tsunami. Spatial flow deceleration is assumed to be small and not to contribute significantly to the tsunami deposit. Tsunami deposits are formed from sediment settling from the water column when flow speeds on land go to zero everywhere at the time of maximum tsunami inundation. There is little erosion of the deposit by return flow because it is a slow flow and is concentrated in topographic lows. Variations in grain size of the deposit are found to have more effect on calculated tsunami flow speed than deposit thickness. The model is tested using field data collected at Arop, Papua New Guinea soon after the 1998 tsunami. Speed estimates of 14 m/s at 200 m inland from the shoreline compare favorably with those from a 1-D inundation model and from application of Bernoulli's principle to water levels on buildings left standing after the tsunami. As evidence that the model is applicable to some sandy tsunami deposits, the model reproduces the observed normal grading and vertical variation in sorting and skewness of a deposit formed by the 1998 tsunami.
Severe or multiple rejection episodes are associated with early recurrence of hepatitis C after orthotopic liver transplantation

Recurrent hepatitis C causes significant morbidity after liver transplantation. Because immunosuppression is associated with enhanced viral replication, we postulated that clinical recurrence of the disease may be associated with augmented immunosuppression for rejection. In 96 patients with hepatitis C who received liver transplants, we recorded the interval from transplantation to recurrence, the episodes of steroid-resistant rejection (SRR) requiring OKT3, the number of rejection episodes, and the use of OKT3 induction. Recurrence was diagnosed based on elevated transaminases and characteristic histology. Hepatitis C recurred in 43 of 96 patients. Fifteen of 21 patients (71.4%) who previously had SRR had recurrence, versus 28 of 75 patients (37.3%) who either had no SRR (72 patients) or had it after recurrence was diagnosed (3 patients) (P <.01). Mean time to recurrence was 127 ± 31 days in the 15 patients who had had SRR versus 246 ± 42 days in the other 28 patients (P = .02). Recurrence and number of rejection episodes were clearly associated: 6 of 33 patients (18.2%) with no rejection had recurrence (P < .05), versus 11 of 26 patients (42.3%) with one rejection episode (P < .05) and 26 of 37 (70.2%) with more than 1 episode (P < .05). OKT3 induction was used in 15 patients; 9 of 15 patients had recurrence (ns) at 337 ± 95 days. Of 72 patients who initially received triple immunosuppression, 30 patients had recurrence at 186 ± 25 days (P = .05). Nine patients received primary FK506; 4 had recurrence at 68 ± 14 days. SRR requiring OKT3 is associated with a higher incidence and earlier presentation of recurrent hepatitis C. Multiple rejection episodes are also associated with a higher recurrence rate. Induction immunotherapy, by reducing the rate of early rejection, may delay the clinical recurrence of hepatitis C.
Randomized Controlled Trials in Evidence-Based Mental Health Care: Getting the Right Answer to the Right Question

The purpose of clinical research is to answer this question: Would a new treatment, when added to the existing range of treatment options available in practice, help patients? Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)--in particular, double-blind RCTs--have important methodological advantages over observational studies for addressing this question. These advantages, however, come at a price. RCTs compare treatments using a particular allocation rule for assigning patients to treatments (random assignment) that does not mimic real-world practice. "Favorable" results from an RCT indicating that a new treatment is superior to existing treatments are neither necessary nor sufficient for establishing a "yes" answer to the question posed above. Modeled on an experimental design, RCTs are expensive in time and money and must compare simple differences in treatments. Findings have a high internal validity but may not address the needs of the field, particularly where treatment is complex and rapidly evolving. Design of clinical research needs to take account of the way treatments are allocated in actual practice and include flexible designs to answer important questions most effectively.
Body composition and hormonal adaptations associated with forskolin consumption in overweight and obese men.

GODARD, MICHAEL P., BRAD A. JOHNSON, AND SCOTT R. RICHMOND. Body composition and hormonal adaptations associated with forskolin consumption in overweight and obese men. Obes Res. 2005;13:1335–1343. Objective: This study examined the effect of forskolin on body composition, testosterone, metabolic rate, and blood pressure in overweight and obese (BMI 26 kg/m 2 ) men. Research Methods and Procedure: Thirty subjects (forskolin, n 15; placebo, n 15) were studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study for 12 weeks. Results: Forskolin was shown to elicit favorable changes in body composition by significantly decreasing body fat percentage (BF%) and fat mass (FM) as determined by DXA compared with the placebo group (p 0.05). Additionally, forskolin administration resulted in a change in bone mass for the 12-week trial compared with the placebo group (p 0.05). There was a trend toward a significant increase for lean body mass in the forskolin group compared with the placebo group (p 0.097). Serum free testosterone levels were significantly increased in the forskolin group compared with the placebo group (p 0.05). The actual change in serum total testosterone concentration was not significantly different among groups, but it increased 16.77 33.77% in the forskolin group compared with a decrease of 1.08 18.35% in the placebo group. Discussion: Oral ingestion of forskolin (250 mg of 10% forskolin extract twice a day) for a 12-week period was shown to favorably alter body composition while concurrently increasing bone mass and serum free testosterone levels in overweight and obese men. The results indicate that forskolin is a possible therapeutic agent for the management and treatment of obesity.
Planning Theory and Practice: Bridging the Gap

There is increasing evidence that plan ning theory has been inadequate in recent years. Not only does it fail to guide prac tice, it contributes to cognitive dissonance and alienation among practitioners. Plan ning schools agree on no body of litera ture and ideas to count as planning theory. Planning is like a paradigm "in crisis," in that theory does not mesh with experience. Moreover, neither of the two main candidates for the prime exemplar for planning practice—the master plan model or the policy analysis model — is acceptable enough to provide coherence to the field
Stabilization of inter-subsystem oscillations in interconnected systems

HORs (high-order residues) are used to classify and stabilize intersubsystem modes through local controllers in interconnected systems. Completely decentralized controllers might not be effective in damping these interarea modes. Under such situations, communication links between subsystems become necessary. A four-generator, 32-state-variable, power system example is given to illustrate the proposed approach. >
Adrenal and Pituitary Insufficiency in the Neonate

Adrenal and pituitary deficiency can present catastrophically with shock and cardiopulmonary arrest or gradually with lethargy and failure to thrive. Lifesaving treatment is safe and simple, and timely recognition of the disorder minimizes the likelihood of death or permanent brain injury from hypoglycemia and hypothyroidism. This article reviews the major causes and clinical presentations of adrenal and pituitary deficiency states in the newborn period as well as evaluation of pituitary and adrenal function and the principles of endocrine replacement therapy.
Tactile feedback in a computer mouse

The effectiveness of tactile feedback is studied in conveying screen information to the user is studied. An existing mouse design was modified to include a piezoelectric transducer which presents vibrations to the tip of the index finger when the cursor arrives at a screen target. To test the hypothesis that tactile feedback would effect a more efficient use of the mouse, a preliminary study was undertaken using a computer program which sequentially places targets randomly about the screen, with targets being assigned either tactile feedback or no feedback. One group in the study operated under conditions of normal visibility while a second group operated under conditions of reduced visibility. The results, with 2470 trials and 19 subjects indicate that, under conditions of reduced visibility, tactile feedback decreases response time by 0.10 seconds. It is concluded that despite this modest time gain, tactile feedback promises to be a useful modality for conveying screen information, especially in cases of visual impairment. >
Extraction of uranium from aqueous solutions by using ionic liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide in conjunction.

Uranyl ions (UO2)2+ in aqueous nitric acid solutions can be extracted into supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) via an imidazolium-based ionic liquid using tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP) as a complexing agent. The transfer of uranium from the ionic liquid to the supercritical fluid phase was monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy using a high-pressure fiberoptic cell. The form of the uranyl complex extracted into the supercritical CO2 phase was found to be UO2(NO3)2(TBP)2. The extraction results were confirmed by UV/Vis spectroscopy and by neutron activation analysis. This technique could potentially be used to extract other actinides for applications in the field of nuclear waste management.
Super-parameterization in ocean modeling: Application to deep convection

Abstract We explore the efficacy of “super parameterization” (SP) in ocean modeling in which local 2-d non-hydrostatic plume-resolving fine-grained (FG) models are embedded at each vertical column of a coarse-grained (CG) hydrostatic model. A general multi-scale algorithm is described in which tendencies from the FG models are projected onto the CG model which in turn constrains the average state of the FG models, coupling the two models together. The approach is tested in the context of models of open ocean deep convection and compared with a pure hydrostatic, coarse resolution model using convective adjustment (HYD) and a full 3-d non-hydrostatic plume-resolving simulation (NH). The SP model is found to be greatly superior to HYD at much less computational cost than the fully non-hydrostatic calculation.
Prospective Association Between Inflammatory Markers and Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification in Adults With and Without Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE The role of inflammation in the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes is unclear. We examined the association of inflammation and progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC)—a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis—in adults with and without type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A nested case-control study was performed within the prospective cohort of the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes (CACTI) study. Participants underwent two CAC measurements, ∼2.5 years apart. Case subjects ( n = 204) were those with significant progression of CAC. Control subjects ( n = 258) were frequency-matched to case subjects on diabetes status, sex, age, and baseline CAC status. Inflammatory marker assessments were performed on stored blood samples from baseline. A principal components analysis (PCA) was performed and a composite score derived from that analysis. The composite score was constructed by assigning a value of 1 for each PCA component where at least one of the markers exceeded the 75th percentile (range 0–4). Conditional logistic regression was used for the matching strategy. RESULTS The first two components of the PCA were modestly (odds ratio [OR] 1.38 [95% CI 1.08–1.77]; 1.27 [1.02–1.59], respectively) associated with CAC progression after adjustment for other risk factors. The composite score was more strongly associated with CAC progression for those with elevated markers in three or four of the principal components compared with those with none. CONCLUSIONS Measures of inflammation were associated with progression of CAC in a population of adults with and without type 1 diabetes.
Separate Spectra of the Components of the Low-Mass BinariesRoss 614A,B and L722–22A,B

The Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph has been used to acquire separate spectra of each of the component stars in the binaries Ross 614A,B (Gl 234A,B) and L72222A,B (GJ 1005). Spectral types have been determined for each: M4.0 V, M5.5 V, M3.5 V, and M5.0 V, respectively, relative to a series of ground-based CCD spectra, in the 6500-8000 A u region. The four members of the two binaries form a narrow locus in the spectral type-mass plane, from 0.18 to 0.08 M, and reaching 0.08 M, near spectral type M6.0. Both binaries are believed to be members of a relatively young disk population. Their masses and newly determined spectra imply that the apparently single M dwarf stars, of a similar population and with spectral types of M6, are likely to be near, or less massive than, 0.08 M,. Presumably, dwarf M7, M8, and M9 stars of a similar age and population are in a declining mass sequence and thus should reach well below the theoretical main-sequence mass limit of 0.08 M, and by current theory are substellar or "brown dwarf" objects.
Natural killer cells expanded on membrane-bound IL15 or IL21 activate different miRNA transcriptional profiles with functional consequences

MicroRNA (miRNA) are non-coding regulatory RNA that are key posttranscriptional regulatory machinery of cells. miRNA play important role in several physiological functions during embryonic development, differentiation, cancer progression as well as hematopoiesis, and regulation of immune responses. miRNA regulate development of various immune cells including T and Natural killer (NK) cells. Owing to significant interest in adoptive immunotherapy, numerous methods for expanding NK cells have been developed in recent years. We have previously developed a robust platform for ex-vivo expansion of human NK cells using K562 expressing membrane-bound IL21 (K562.mbIL21). The study of the role of miRNA in NK cells biology is an emerging area of research in development, homeostasis and immune responses. However, the role and effect of expansion of NK cells on miRNA and consequent impact on post-transcriptional regulation of protein expression in expanded NK cells remain to be studied. In this study we investigated the role of distinctive miRNA expression profiles that could influence post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, and consequently differential protein expression in NK cells expanded on K562.mbIL21 platform compared to primary unexpanded NK cells. We had previously shown that K562.mbIL21 platform enables significantly higher expansion of NK cells compared to K562 expressing membrane bound IL15 (K562 mbIL15), therefore in this study we also compared miRNA expression profiles of NK cells expanded on K562.mbIL15 and K562.mbIL21. We used primary protein and miRNA obtained from, human NK cells derived from 4 healthy donors, Pre and post-expansion on K562.mbIL15 and K562.mbIL21 platforms. miRNA expression profiles were analyzed using Nanostring's nCounter. Initial screening of our dataset revealed 13 miRNAs that are differentially expressed by at least 16 folds between fresh and expanded NK cells or mbIL15 and mbIL21. Comparison between the mbIL15 and mbIL21 expanded cells revealed differential expression of miRNAs critical for regulation of cell cycle proteins as well as key cytokines (TNF-a and interferon-g) such as miR-124-3p and miR 146a-5p (76x and 32x lower in mbIL21 expanded cells respectively). Also, analysis of protein expression by RPPA revealed upregulation of cell cycle proteins cyclin D1 and AMPK, and downregulation of pro-apoptotic protein Bim in mbIL21 expanded NK cells compared with mbIL15 and/or primary unexpanded cells. We are currently correlating miRNA expression and proteomic profiles of expanded and unexpanded cells to identify possible targets of miRNA regulation and subsequently study specific roles of these miRNA in this expansion system by overexpression o/blockade of target miRNA.
Coronary Artery Disease and Its Risk Factors: Leveraging Shared Genetics to Discover Novel Biology.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the world-wide leading cause of death not only in high-income countries but also increasingly in developing countries.1 Although death rates from CAD have decreased in most high- and middle-income countries in the past 2 decades, there are worrying signs of a lessening trend in the United States,2 and the dramatic increases of world-wide obesity3 and diabetes mellitus1 prevalences emphasize the need for improved preventive and therapeutic strategies to battle these major public health problems. Human genetic studies can offer leads toward such improved strategies, both by providing better ways of identifying individuals at increased risk for CAD (risk stratification) and by informing the scientific community about novel biology, pathways, and potential targets for development of the next generation of pharmaceutical drugs. Article, see p 83 In this issue of Circulation Research , LeBlanc et al4 have applied an innovative statistical approach to existing large-scale meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of CAD and risk factors for CAD to enable discovery of novel disease loci.4 By combining results on association of CAD loci from the Coronary Artery Disease Genome Wide Replication and Meta-Analysis (CARDIoGRAM) plus The Coronary Artery Disease (C4D) Consortium (CARDIoGRAMplusC4D)5 with results on CAD risk factors from other consortia, they report 67 novel CAD loci, of which 42 were not previously reported using a traditional, unconditional false discovery rate. In addition, they provide eQTL (expression quantitative trait loci) evidence for 32 of these 67 loci, and ingenuity pathway analysis of these associations shows enrichment of pathways involved in inflammation and lipid metabolism. By using this novel approach of combining publically available meta-analyses of GWAS, they show a large extent of shared genetic determinants between these cardiovascular risk factors and CAD. This underlines the shared polygeneticity of these …
Allelopathic properties ofPolygonella myriophylla : Field evidence and bioassays.

Polygonella myriophylla is a perennial shrub endemic to the Florida scrub. Striking bare zones surround maturePolygonella stands. Quantitative measurements of root distribution show that fewPolygonella roots extend into the bare zones, supporting the hypothesis that the bare zones result from chemical interference byPolygonella with the growth of other species. Bioassays of soils collected biweekly for one year from beneathPolygonella, the bare zone, and adjacent grassed areas confirm that the germination and growth of grasses is reduced inPolygonella soil and soil from the surrounding bare zone. Compared to adjacent grassed area soil, the average germination of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) was 71% inPolygonella soil and 81% in bare zone soil, and average shoot dry weight was 48% inPolygonella soil and 81% in bare zone soil. Seasonal variation in the inhibition of grass germination and growth was not pronounced.
Evaluation of Far-Field Sound With Open Surface Corrections to Lighthill's Equation

For many aeroacoustic applications, using Lighthill’s volume integral with incomplete knowledge of the acoustic sources outside the computational domain can lead to sizable errors in the prediction of the far eld sound. In this study, we develop surface integral correction terms from the Ffowcs Williams & Hawkings equation which can help cancel the erroneous sound from the truncation of the volume integration. Two model problems, a convecting vortex disturbance and a convecting entropy disturbance, illustrate the eectiveness of the surface integral corrections. Results for the model problems are obtained using asymptotic analysis and full nonlinear computations. Using the \frozen gust" assumption for the convecting disturbances, we also investigate a surface correction term which can replace the volume integral.
Automatic Pixel Geo-Registration for Aerial Systems - An integrated approach

Geo-registration is the technique of mapping the pixel co-ordinates from images to geocoordinates. Generally, this is achieved by adjusting and aligning the input images with a standard reference image. Geo-registration helps aerial systems in target detection, target tracking as well as exploration. For aerial systems, the information from the cameras may be inaccurate as the parameters of registration between them may not be known precisely. So, simultaneously reflning the registration parameters and performing geo-registration is a huge challenge. In this paper, we propose a solution based on image segmentation and image registration in order to automatically perform pixel geo-registration. The solution is generic and can be applied to any form of image-based sensing across a variety of modalities. In our approach, images are flrst segmented using the active contour methodology and geometric partial difierential equations (PDEs) based on curve and surface evolution theory. Region-based active contours are the preferred model for registration applications as they are able to utilize more image data in the simultaneous registration and segmentation process. The features extracted after the segmentation are more robust to scene changes than the traditional pixel-to-pixel image registration techniques. Since segmentation may be aided by the solution of registration and vice-versa, it is natural to couple the problems and solve them jointly. Our focus has been to combine segmentation speciflcally with image registration in a joint, simultaneous framework where both problems are solved together with continuous and constant feedback rather than solving one problem in isolation and then using the results of the flrst solution to solve the second problem. We develop an integrated iterative approach to unify the techniques of image registration and image segmentation to provide a robust solution for pixel geo-registration. The geo-registration algorithm is currently being incorporated into a simulator framework with visualization for depicting the terrain using 3D graphics.
Pathogenesis of ethanol-induced fatty liver: III. In vivo and in vitro effects of ethanol on hepatic fatty acid metabolism in rat

Addition of ethanol to rat liver slices enhanced triglyceride, phospholipid, and fatty acid synthesis from acetate-1-C14 and pyruvate-2-C14 by liver slices. The type of fatty acid synthesized (i.e., primarily saturated) was not altered by the presence of ethanol. These effects of ethanol on liver slices are probably not germane to the induction of fatty liver, since they were not observed after ethanol administration to the intact animal. The fatty acids accumulating in the liver after oral administration of ethanol consisted primarily of unsaturated fatty acids similar to those found in adipose tissue; the incorporation of circulating free fatty acids into hepatic triglycerides was increased. Also, the amount and rate of triglyceride formation from saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were significantly increased in liver homogenates and microsomes after ethanol administration but not upon in vitro addition of ethanol to liver slices. In view of the differences between the in vitro and in vivo effects of ethanol, experiments based solely on the action of ethanol in vitro must be interpreted with caution in elucidating the pathogenesis of the ethanol-induced fatty liver.
Society memberships: to join or not to join

Janyne Ste Marie explores why indexers choose or do not choose to join their respective indexing society and identifies what are perceived as the key actual benefits and the desired benefits of membership.
The Subjectivist View II

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , by Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922–1996), descended upon us like a whirlwind; it utterly transformed pivotal issues in the history and philosophy of science, especially in the field of methodology. Just a list of the terms Kuhn introduced – pre-paradigm, paradigm, normal science and puzzle solving, anomaly, crisis, revolutionary change, incommensurability, textbook-derived tradition – tells by now an old and familiar story. I have little to add to that story – not directly, anyway. This is not because that story led to settled conclusions; hardly any book of any significance does that, let alone Kuhn's book. Rather, what I want to do, in this chapter, is to use some of Kuhn's intriguing concepts and theories in order to fashion out of them – something Kuhn himself never did – a theory of group rationality. My hope is that this will lead to a reexamination of his beguiling texts, for this reason: Kuhn's distinctive subjectivist view of group rationality offers a unique – startling, truth to tell – view of the philosophical landscape. In Section I, I turn my attention to Kuhn's subjectivist view and discuss the role of five key values in scientific decision making and the impact of these values on the group of scientists. In Section II, I delineate how the group makes transitions to various stages that are epistemically interesting and how the group effectively distributes the epistemic risks among its individual members.
Race Politics in Britain and France: Race Frames and Race Policymaking in Britain and France

British and French race policies have evolved from their fragmentary postwar form into relatively well-developed institutions today. They have not, however, proceeded smoothly, nor have they followed identical paths. Multiple subplots and unexpected twists and turns have marked the history of race policies in these two countries, from Labour's about-face on immigration policies in the 1960s to France's shifting rules that let Parliament place antiracism on the official agenda in 1990. Moreover, in spite of similarities in numbers and percentages of ethnic minorities, each country struck out in a substantially different race policy direction. Closely examining the historical record has unveiled details about how and why leaders in each country chose their race relations and antiracism structures. Tracking the evolution of race policies in Britain and France also makes it possible to examine and to assess theoretical approaches to the study of comparative public policymaking. Chapter 1 outlined the power-interest, problem-solving, and institutional perspectives on policymaking, and suggested that each served to illuminate the policymaking process. It also focused on frames, arguing that mainstream views of policymaking downplayed the role of such ideational variables in accounts of policy choices. Chapters 2 through 6 drew on these theoretical schools of thought to help analyze the construction of race institutions in Britain and France. This chapter, in turn, uses the empirical material to evaluate the theoretical perspectives themselves, with special emphasis placed on the role of frames in policy analysis.
Antecedents of organizational and community embeddedness: The roles of support, psychological safety, and need to belong

Summary Defining embeddedness as a psychological construct that influences individuals to stay, we draw on conservation of resources theory to develop and test a model of the influence of contextual social support resources on both organizational and community forms of embeddedness. In addition to the direct relationship between support and embeddedness, we also assess the mediating influence of organizational and community psychological safety and the moderating impact of need to belong. Using a multisource sample of employees and coworkers (N = 165), we found support for most of the hypotheses. Social support resources emanating from the organization and the community were positively associated with embeddedness in each domain, and psychological safety mediated these relationships. We also found that need to belong was an important boundary condition in the determination of organizational embeddedness. We discuss the theoretical contributions and practical implications of our findings.
Homeostatic Functions of BCL-2 Proteins beyond Apoptosis

Since its introduction in 1930 by physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon, the concept of homeostasis remains the cardinal tenet of biologic regulation. Cells have evolved a highly integrated network of control mechanisms, including positive and negative feedback loops, to safeguard homeostasis in face of a wide range of stimuli. Such control mechanisms ultimately orchestrate cell death, division and repair in a manner concordant with cellular energy and ionic balance to achieve proper biologic fitness. The interdependence of these homeostatic pathways is also evidenced by shared control points that decode intra- and extracellular cues into defined effector responses.
The Threat of a Reward-Driven Adversarial Artificial General Intelligence

Once introduced, Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) will undoubtedly become humanity’s most transformative technological force. However, the nature of such a force is unclear with many contemplating scenarios in which this novel form of intelligence will find humans an inevitable adversary. In this chapter, we argue that if one is to consider reinforcement learning principles as foundations for AGI, then an adversarial relationship with humans is in fact inevitable. We further conjecture that deep learning architectures for perception in concern with reinforcement learning for decision making pave a possible path for future AGI technology and raise the primary ethical and societal questions to be addressed if humanity is to evade catastrophic clashing with these AGI beings.
Adult Attitudes and Practices Regarding Smoking Restrictions and Child Tobacco Smoke Exposure: 2000 to 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Since 2000, tobacco control efforts have greatly increased state and local protections from childhood tobacco smoke exposure. The objective of this study is to examine changes in attitudes and practices regarding smoking bans in multiple public and private settings from 2000 to 2015, as well as to examine the changes in pediatrician and family practitioner screening and counseling for tobacco smoke exposure. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the annual Social Climate Survey of Tobacco Control were analyzed. RESULTS: The majority of adults, 69.3%, reported household smoking restrictions in 2000, and these restrictions increased to 79.5% through 2015 ( P P CONCLUSIONS: Despite dramatic progress since 2000, these trend data reveal potential areas where child health care clinicians might focus effort at the family and community level to accelerate the protection of children from tobacco smoke exposure.
Problematic eating behaviors predict outcomes after bariatric surgery

There are no clear psychosocial predictors of weight loss following bariatric surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether preoperative problematic eating behaviors predict weight loss outcomes following bariatric surgery. Clinical records were utilized to examine outcomes of 101 patients who completed a pre-surgical psychosocial evaluation and underwent gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy. Information analyzed included binge eating history and scores from the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Yale Food Addiction Scale, and Emotional Eating Scale. Measures of weight loss 1 year post-surgery were compared to pre-surgical assessments. One-year follow-up data were available for 60 patients. Patients with higher levels of eating in response to anger/frustration (p = .02), anxiety (p = .01), or depression (p = .05) were more likely to miss the 1-year follow-up appointment. Eating in response to anger/frustration and depression were related to poorer weight loss outcomes. There was a trend for binge eating to predict greater %EWL (p = .06). A higher number of food addiction symptoms increased the likelihood that patients would experience less weight loss (p = .01). Psychiatric symptoms were not related to weight loss outcomes. Patients who endorsed higher levels of pre-surgical emotional eating and food addiction symptoms had poorer weight loss 1 year post-surgery. Providers should consider screening patients for these behaviors during the pre-surgical psychosocial evaluation which would allow opportunities for psychotherapy and potential improvement in weight loss outcomes. Future research should examine which interventions are successful at improving problematic eating behaviors.
Periclinal Cambial Divisions

A periclinal division occurs by a tangentially oriented wall that usually, but not always, divides the cambial initial in two equal halves. Periclinal divisions are also referred to as additive divisions because they add new cells radially to the secondary body of the plant (Berlyn 1982, Metcalfe and Chalk 1983). The fact that cambial cells divide in this manner was recognized long before the true nature of the cambium itself was fully appreciated. Radlkofer (1858), for example, described the process in Cocculus laurifolius as active division in the radial direction that formed dividing walls parallel to the periphery of the stem.
The Massie (Honor Killing) Trials 1931-32

Two dramatic criminal trials, one for rape and one for murder and both involving multiple defendants, forever changed the nature of Hawaiian race relations and politics. Filled with twists and turns and unanswered questions, the trials have all the elements of a good mystery. The second of the so-called Massie Affair trials also closes out the courtroom career of America's greatest defense attorney, Clarence Darrow. No trials ever had a more significant effect on a state's history than those that shocked and shook Hawaii in 1931 and 1932.
Quinolinic acid-induced lesions of the rat striatum: Quantitative autoradiographic binding assessment

AbstractInjection of the excitatory amino-acid analog quinolinic acid into the striatum of rats produces neuropathological and neurochemical alterations that are reminiscent of those observed in Huntington/s disease. In the present study, we evaluated quinolinic acid-induced striatal changes using quantitative autoradiographic binding assays for [3H]MK-801-labeled NMOA receptors, [3H]SCH 23390-labeled dopamine 0 7 and [3 H]sulpiride-Iabeled dopamine O2 receptors, [3H]CGS 21680-labeled adenosine A2a receptors, [3H]mazindol-Iabeled dopamine uptake sites, [3H]hemicholinium-3-labeled high affinity choline uptake sites and [3H]PK 11195-labeled peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites, as markers of different cellular populations of the striatum. We found that decrease in [3H]MK 801 and [3H]SCH 23390 binding, and increase in [3H]PK 11195 binding were the most significant alterations induced by the intrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid. Concentrations of [3H]CGS 21680 and [3H]hemicholinium-3 bindings we...
Biotechnology: Trait Protection System

Should technology designed to stop growers from saving seed from industry developed, high yielding crops be adopted to protect intellectual property rights?
Ellipse to Hyperbola: “With This String I Thee Wed”

We introduce a string mechanism that traces both elliptic and hyperbolic arcs having the same foci. This suggests replacing each focus by a focal circle centered at that focus, a simple step that leads to new characteristic properties of central conics that also extend to the parabola. The classical description of an ellipse and hyperbola as the locus of a point whose sum or absolute difference of focal distances is constant, is generalized to a common bifocal property, in which the sum or absolute difference of the distances to the focal circles is constant. Surprisingly, each of the sum or difference can be constant on both the ellipse and hyperbola. When the radius of one focal circle is infinite, the bifocal property becomes a new property of the parabola. We also introduce special focal circles, called circular directrices, which provide equidistance properties for central conics analogous to the classical focus-directrix property of the parabola. Those familiar with paperfolding activities for constructing an ellipse or hyperbola using a circle as a guide, will be pleased to learn that the guiding circle is, in fact, a circular directrix.
The Philological Uncanny: Nineteenth-Century Jewish Readings of the Qur'an

Is the Qur'an a Jewish book? When Jews first began studying and analysing Qur'anic texts as students at German universities in the 1830s, they experienced what this essay calls a ‘philological unca...
Promoter-Enhancer Communication Occurs Primarily within Insulated Neighborhoods

Metazoan chromosomes are sequentially partitioned into topologically associating domains (TADs) and then into smaller sub-domains. One class of sub-domains, insulated neighborhoods, are proposed to spatially sequester and insulate the enclosed genes through self-association and chromatin looping. However, it has not been determined functionally whether promoter-enhancer interactions and gene regulation are broadly restricted to within these loops. Here, we employed published datasets from murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to identify insulated neighborhoods that confine promoter-enhancer interactions and demarcate gene regulatory regions. To directly address the functionality of these regions, we depleted estrogen-related receptor β (Esrrb), which binds the Mediator co-activator complex, to impair enhancers of genes within 222 insulated neighborhoods without causing mESC differentiation. Esrrb depletion reduces Mediator binding, promoter-enhancer looping, and expression of both nascent RNA and mRNA within the insulated neighborhoods without significantly affecting the flanking genes. Our data indicate that insulated neighborhoods represent functional regulons in mammalian genomes.