cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIFFERENTIAL ACQUISITION OF AN INSTRUMENTAL RESPONSE IN ALBINO AND HOODED RATS

The present experiment investigated hooded-albino strain differences in acqu~s~tion of an instrumental task (bar pressing) with two levels of sucrose reinforcement (8% 3and 32% by weight in water). The Hooded Group contained 12 Long-Evans female rats and the Albino Group 12 Sprague-Dawley female rats. All Ss were experimentally naive and approximately the same age (140 ro 160 days). One week prior to the start of the experiment Ss were placed on a 23-hr. food deprivation schedule. Eight liquid reinforcement boxes, previously described (Marx & Pieper, 1962), were used for bar-press (BP) training. Operant BP rate was observed in all Ss during 10-min. sessions over the first three days. Equating for differences in operant rate, we randomly assigned Ss of each strain to either a 32% or 8% sucrose reinforcement group. The next three days consisted of magazine training with the bar removed. Each minute during the 10-min. session, E manually operated the magazine, thus delivering a total of 10 .lo-ml. reinforcements of the appropriate concentration to each S. Following this, BP training using a continuous reinforcement schedule was instituted for 18 days. The albino strain demonsrrated the higher over-all BP rate irrespective of reinforcement concentration. Analysis of vzriance of the daily BP totals indicated the main effects of Srrain and Trials to be reliable (F = 10.37, p < .01, df = 1/20; F = 7.05, p < .01, df = 17/320), as was the interaction of Strain by Trials (F = 2.56, p < .01, df = 17/320). Neither the main effect of Concentration nor any of its interactions was statistically reliable (F < 1.00 in all cases). The BP plot for the albinos was curvilinear, FIG. 1. Mean number of bar presses m 50
Observations of neutral winds in the polar cap during northward IMF

Initial models of the horizontal neutral wind flow in the thermosphere above the polar cap indicated that the wind flowed across the polar regions away from the midafternoon pressure bulge (KOHL and KING, 1967). These calculations did not take into account any high latitude heating due to charged particle precipitation resulting in horizontal winds that always displayed an anti-sunward component. Observations of the polar horizontal neutral wind field by the Dynamics Explorer 2 (DE-Z) satellite provided new insight regarding the effects of aurora1 processes on the neutral wind flow (KILLEEN et al., 1982). These data sets clearly indicated the presence of a two component wind field superimposed upon the predicted flow associated with the pressure bulge. A strong antisunward flow over the polar cap was observed with return flows both in the evening and in the morning sectors. The two cells thus formed describe a clockwise rotation in the dusk sector when viewed from above, and a counter clockwise rotation in the dawn sector. The twin cell structure is similar to the empirically derived convection patterns of HEPPNER (1977) and HEPPNER and MAYNARD (1987) for the high latitude electric field. Here, the electric field models are shown with a dependency based on the interplanetary magnetic field (IMP) B). and B_ components. The horizontal motion of the neutral atoms and molecules in the polar thermosphere, particularly during solar maximum conditions, is controlled to some degree by the motion of the ions which are required to follow the direction of the electric field. At high latitudes. some of the momentum of the plasma drift is transferred to the neutral constituents through the ion drag
Polyaromatic Ether-Ketones and Ether-Keto-Sulfones Having Various Hydrophilic Groups,

Abstract : Polyaromatic ether-ketones and polyaromatic ether-keo-sulfones were sulfonated by suspending the polymer powders in dichloroethane containing liquid sulfur trioxide and trialkyl phosphate at room temperature. It was found that more than one sulfonic group can be introduced per each repeating unit of the polymers without degradation. The sulfonated polymers were soluable in various organic solvents, and solubility and mechanical properties depended on the initial molecular weight of polymers as well as the degrees of sulfonation. Strong films can be cast from their dimethylformamide solutions.
Utility as applied to small satellite risk based decision-making

Small satellites bring new capabilities to space-based missions. They offer users the capability of having less expensive satellites that may provide users with information as single entities or as constellations. The ability to have a satellite that may be launched for opportunistic missions must be balanced against the risks associated with the more COTS based components often used in such satellites. However, the savings achieved by using COTS can very quickly be offset by the expense of validating the reliability of the components using conventional larger satellite concepts. Therefore, there needs to be a new paradigm that assesses risk for small satellites that is congruent with the costs and responsiveness of small satellites. This paper proposes the use of the economic quantity of utility as this measure.
The Philosophical Case for Open Theism

The goal of this paper is to defend open theism vis-a-vis its main competitors within the family of broadly classical theisms, namely, theological determinism and the various forms of non-open free-will theism, such as Molinism and Ockhamism. After isolating two core theses over which open theists and their opponents differ, I argue for the open theist position on both points. Specifically, I argue against theological determinists that there are future contingents. And I argue against non-open free-will theists that future contingency is incompatible with the future’s being epistemically settled for God. This paper is a follow-up to the author’s Rhoda (Religious Studies, 2008) which was delivered during the APA Pacific 2007 Mini-Conference on Models of God.
Collective fineness of stock prices and efficiency of financial markets

Abstract Recent literature exploring the efficiency properties of options has examined the conditions under which incomplete financial markets would be equivalent to the Arrow-Debreu model. A usual assumption made in establishing such an equivalence is that some security price is ‘fine’ on the state space. This assumption is relaxed. Under more realistic assumptions it is shown that any portfolio is fine and options written on it can bring about complete markets.
SELF-STABILIZING MAXIMAL k-DEPENDENT SETS IN LINEAR TIME

In a graph or network G=(V,E), a set S⊆V is k-dependent if no node in S has more than k neighbors in S. We show that for each k≥0 there is a self-stabilizing algorithm that identifies a maximal k-dependent set, and stabilizes in O(kn) moves, where n is the number of nodes. An interesting by-product of our paper is the new result that in any graph there exists a set that is both maximal k-dependent and minimal (k+1)-dominating. The set selected by our algorithm, in fact, has this property.
Soot Carbon and Excess Fine Potassium: Long-Range Transport of Combustion-Derived Aerosols

During a cruise from Hamburg to Montevideo, aerosol samples representing air masses from Europe, the Sahara, tropical Africa, South America, and open oceanic regions were collected. They showed significant amounts of soot carbon over large areas of the remote Atlantic, often similar to concentrations in rural continental areas. Back-trajectories and the ratios of soot carbon to total fine (less than 1.7 micrometers in diameter) carbon and of excess fine potassium (the portion not attributable to soil dust or sea salt) to soot carbon indicate that biomass burning in tropical regions is an important source of soot carbon to the world atmosphere. The ratio of excess potassium to soot carbon in the fine fraction of aerosols is proposed as an indicator of the relative contributions of biomass and fossil-fuel burning to soot carbon aerosols. The ratio of soot carbon to fine carbon suggests that most of the particulate organic carbon over the Atlantic is of continental origin.
A combined FEM and three-dimensional asymptotic solution based analysis on stress concentration/intensity around elliptical/circular cylinder shaped surface flaws in stretched plates

Abstract C 0 -type triangular “layered” plate elements, formulated on the assumptions of transverse inextensibility and layer-wise constant shear-angle theory (LCST) are employed to investigate the weakening effects of localized elliptical (circular being a special case) cylindrical surface flaws in isotropic plates. Numerical results indicate severe transverse shear deformation in the vicinity of a surface flaw boundary. In addition, a recently developed asymptotic solution to the problem pertaining to the stress fields in the neighborhood of the circumferential corner line or line of intersection of a circular cylindrical external part-through open hole and an interior surface of an isotropic plate, subjected to far-field extension (mode I), in-plane shear (mode II) loadings, is presented. Most importantly, the effects of stress singularity in the neighborhood of the circumferential re-entrant corner lines of the elliptical/circular cylindrical surface flaws, weakening plates, are numerically assessed, because of their role in crack initiation.
Effects of the 1997 Bonnet Carré Spillway Opening on Infaunal Macroinvertebrates in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana

Abstract The Bonnet Carre Spillway was constructed in 1931 to divert floodwater from the Mississippi River into Lake Pontchartrain, an oligohaline estuary near New Orleans, Louisiana. The spillway was opened from March 17 through April 18, 1997. Infaunal macroinvertebrate population, surface and bottom salinity, and dissolved oxygen data were examined to determine the effects of this diversion. These data were obtained from November 1996 through November 1998 from five sites on an east-to-west transect across Lake Pontchartrain. A community composed of oligohaline taxa persisted during the freshwater period, but changes in dominance, and to a lesser extent composition, occurred over time and among sites. There was a pronounced spatial effect related to the distance of the sites from the spillway and from tidal passes. Based on decreases in species diversity (H′), abundance, and the number of taxa, it appears that the opening had a deleterious impact on the benthos. The cause of these changes cannot be att...
Plasmonic nano-bubble cavity probed by cathodoluminescence

We present cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging of nanoscale air bubble trapped in between thin amorphous silicon layer and silver. Interestingly, multiple fringes due to enhanced luminescence with strong dependence on the air gap are observed.
Aerosol, Cloud Reflectivity and Climate.

Abstract Changes in aerosol concentrations could imply changes in cloud condensation nuclei concentrations, which could in turn affect cloud optical properties. Calculations made with a one-dimensional radiative-convective model show that this can be a significant mechanism for climate change.
Iterative algorithms and software for solving large sparse linear systems

The paper is concerned with iterative algorithms for solving systems of linear algebraic equations where the coefficient matrix is large and sparse. Such systems often arise in the numerical solution of partial differential equations by finite difference or finite element methods. The algorithms considered include a basic iterative method, an acceleration procedure for speeding up the convergence of the basic iterative method and an adaptive procedure for determining any necessary iteration parameters. Algorithms are described both for the case where the coefficient matrix is symmetric and positive definite and for the nonsymmetrizable case. The ITPACK Project was established by the Center for Numerical Analysis at The University of Texas in 1974. The object of ITPACK was the study of iterative algorithms, using both theoretical and experimental methods. Several software packages are described which have been developed as part of the ITPACK project for carrying out experimental studies with a variety of algorithms over a wide range of problems. Recent work on the use of advanced computer architectures is briefly discussed.
Interpreting genomic data via entropic dissection

Since the emergence of high-throughput genome sequencing platforms and more recently the next-generation platforms, the genome databases are growing at an astronomical rate. Tremendous efforts have been invested in recent years in understanding intriguing complexities beneath the vast ocean of genomic data. This is apparent in the spurt of computational methods for interpreting these data in the past few years. Genomic data interpretation is notoriously difficult, partly owing to the inherent heterogeneities appearing at different scales. Methods developed to interpret these data often suffer from their inability to adequately measure the underlying heterogeneities and thus lead to confounding results. Here, we present an information entropy-based approach that unravels the distinctive patterns underlying genomic data efficiently and thus is applicable in addressing a variety of biological problems. We show the robustness and consistency of the proposed methodology in addressing three different biological problems of significance--identification of alien DNAs in bacterial genomes, detection of structural variants in cancer cell lines and alignment-free genome comparison.
Reversed-phase HPLC separation of human serum employing a novel saw-tooth gradient: toward multidimensional proteome analysis

A novel reversed-phase (RP-) HPLC gradient profile applicable to multidimensional separations of complex protein mixtures is reported. This gradient profile elutes small numbers of proteins from the RP-HPLC column in discrete intervals while minimizing the amount of band broadening between elution intervals and maintaining constant flow through the HPLC column. Eluting the proteins in discrete intervals eases the instrumental requirements necessary for performing multidimensional separations and can be used to aid in the collection of well-defined fractions. The saw-tooth gradient was applied to the successful isolation of albumin from less abundant proteins in whole human serum and provides adequate separation of proteins in a low-molecular weight (LMW) fraction of human serum with resolution comparable to that achieved using a typical linear gradient profile.
Two-sample Dvoretzky–Kiefer–Wolfowitz inequalities

Abstract The Dvoretzky–Kiefer–Wolfowitz (DKW) inequality says that if F n is an empirical distribution function for variables i.i.d. with a distribution function F , and K n is the Kolmogorov statistic n sup x | ( F n − F ) ( x ) | , then there is a constant C such that for any M > 0 , Pr ( K n > M ) ≤ C exp ( − 2 M 2 ) . Massart proved that one can take C = 2 (DKWM inequality), which is sharp for F continuous. We consider the analogous Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic for the two-sample case and show that for m = n , the DKW inequality holds for n ≥ n 0 for some C depending on n 0 , with C = 2 if and only if n 0 ≥ 458 . The DKWM inequality fails for the three pairs ( m , n ) with 1 ≤ m n ≤ 3 . We found by computer search that the inequality always holds for n ≥ 4 if 1 ≤ m n ≤ 200 , and further for n = 2 m if 101 ≤ m ≤ 300 . We conjecture that the DKWM inequality holds for all pairs m ≤ n with the 457 + 3 = 460 exceptions mentioned.
The Influence of Triad Nations' Environments on Price-Quality Product Strategies and MNC Performance

Is there a relationship between home-country competitive advantages, MNC price/quality product strategies, and firm performance? A cross-national contingency framework is developed, identifying three “regional stereotypes” of price/quality relationships, fueled by history and consumer perceptions, which appear to result in superior MNC performance. Findings indicate that the “stereotypes'” influences have diminished over time (as MNCs shift from home country advantages to global firm-specific advantages). However, Triad MNCs that use these product strategies (Japan [superior value], EU [premium] and U.S. [economy]) still, on average, demonstrate superior performance.
Pathogenesis of spinal cord injury induced edema and neuropathic pain: expression of multiple isoforms of wnk1

Background Neuropathic pain (NP) is a common occurrence following spinal cord injury (SCI). Identification of specific molecular pathways that are involved in pain syndromes has become a major priority in current SCI research. We have investigated the role of a cation-dependent chloride transporter, Cl-regulatory protein Na+-K+-Cl- 1 (NKCC1), phosphorylation profile of NKCC1 and its specific involvement in neuropathic pain following contusion SCI (cSCI) using a rat model. Administration of the NKCC1 inhibitor bumetanide (BU) increases the mean hindpaw withdrawal latency time (WLT), thermal hyperalgesia (TH) following cSCI. These results demonstrate implication of NKCC1 co-transporter and BUin SCI-induced neuropathic pain. The with-no-lysine (K)–1 (WNK1) kinase has been shown to be an important regulator of NKCC1 phosphorylation in many systems, including nocioception. Mutations in a neuronal-specific exon of WNK1 (HSN2) was identified in patients that have hereditary sensory neuropathy type II (HSANII) also implicates WNK1 in nocioception, such that these patients have loss of perception to pain, touch and heat. In our ongoing research we proposed two studies utilizing our contusion SCI (cSCI) NP model of rat.
Angular Momentum of Primary Products Formed in the Spontaneous Fission of Cf 252

The measured intensities of intraband cascading transitions in the ground-state bands of 21 high-yield even-even fission products have been analyzed by two methods to determine the magnitude of the intrinsic angular momentum of the primary products formed in the spontaneous fission of $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$. The first method was to quantitatively compare the intensities of the intraband transitions observed in fission with those reported in the literature for in-beam (particle, $\mathrm{xn}$) reactions for which the primary angular-momentum distribution was determined by optical-model calculations. The second method was based on a simple statistical-model analysis of the angular momentum distribution throughout the neutron evaporation and the pre-ground-state-band $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray transition phases of the deexcitation process. The two methods gave reasonably similar results, with the former method yielding a somewhat larger primary angular momentum for the fragments. The general conclusions from the statistical-model analysis are that: (1) The average angular momentum of the products is $\overline{l}\ensuremath{\approx}(7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2)\ensuremath{\hbar}$; (2) the heavy fission products have $\ensuremath{\approx}20%$ greater angular momentum than the light products; (3) the more symmetric the mass division the lower the initial angular momentum; and (4) there are only small changes in angular momentum [$\ensuremath{\sim}(1\ensuremath{-}2)\ensuremath{\hbar}$] with changes in fragment kinetic energy. An important feature of these results is that the fragment angular momentum does not correlate with the number of neutrons evaporated by the fragment. Additional measurements have been made to study the angular distribution of individual prompt $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays. In all observed cases the ${2}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{0}^{+}$ ground-state transitions were forward-peaked with respect to the fission axis, and this is consistent with the assumption that the angular momentum is aligned in a plane perpendicular to the direction of fission. The results are discussed in terms of a quasistatistical model in which the neck width at scission is approximately constant.
RacerGISOnline: Enhancing Learning in Marketing Classes with Web-Based Business GIS.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offer geospatial analytical tools with great potential for applications in marketing decision making. However, for various reasons, the rate of adoption of these tools in academic marketing programs has lagged behind that of marketing practitioners. RacerGISOnline is an innovative approach to integrating these tools into several courses in the marketing curriculum while avoiding the problems that have constrained adoption. This paper describes that system, its implementation, and evaluation at a regional comprehensive university, as well as its potential for implementation in other marketing departments.
A modified Landau-Teller model for vibrational relaxation of small molecular ions

Abstract We report a new interpretation of vibrational relaxation of molecular ions based on a modified Landau-Teller model. Distorted wave calculations show the relaxation to be dominated by repulsive forces. The ion-induced-dipole forces alter the steepness of the repulsive force and increase the effective collision energy. Incorporating these modifications into the Landau-Teller model correctly predicts the observed dependence of the cross sections on collision energy.
Analytic spatial and temporal temperature profile in a finite laser rod with input laser pulses.

In this communication, we present an analytic expression of the thermal load in a cylindrical laser rod. We consider a pump beam with Gaussian temporal and spatial profile, which permits, using superposition of the single pulse solution, an explicit calculation of the optical path length difference across the radial direction of the rod and of the transient thermal focal length changes for a variable pump repetition rate and pulse width. We have chosen to model Ti:A_l2O_3 as a specific example, however our solution is completely general and can be applied to any materials with cylindrical geometry employing a stable laser cavity design.
Where do Americans live abroad

This article examines the factors that influence emigration of U.S. citizens. Data from a 1993 survey administered by the U.S. Department of State as part of an evacuation requirements report form the basis for the empirical analysis. The empirical analysis explains the distribution of U.S. citizens residing in 65 foreign countries in terms of economic and political characteristics of the foreign states. The study finds that U.S. citizens are more likely to reside in rich and close countries than in distant and poor countries and that the foreign countrys ties to the U.S. immigrant population and the use of the English language are important determinants of where Americans settle abroad. Political conditions and U.S. military presence also influence the choice of foreign residence. (EXCERPT)
Problems and pitfalls in the evaluation of thoracic aortic dissection by computed tomography.

Several conditions can lead to either false positive or false negative diagnoses of aortic dissection by computed tomography (CT) with intravenous administration of contrast medium. Insufficient contrast enhancement may cause intimal flaps to be missed, leading to a false negative diagnosis. False positive diagnoses result when extraaortic structures (e.g., mediastinal veins, pericardium, thickened pleura, and lung) are mistaken for false channels in the aorta. Superimposition of structures in thick CT slices may cause intimal calcifications to appear displaced. Streak artifacts across the descending aorta can resemble double aortic channels or intimal flaps. Fusiform aneurysms with thrombus are often hard to distinguish from thrombosed dissections by CT as well as by aortography.
Modeling organelle transport in branching dendrites with a variable cross-sectional area

The purpose of this paper is to develop a method for calculating organelle transport in dendrites with a non-uniform cross-sectional area that depends on the distance from the neuron soma. The model is based on modified Smith–Simmons equations governing molecular motor-assisted organelle transport. The developed method is then applied to simulating organelle transport in branching dendrites with two particular microtubule (MT) orientations reported from experiments. It is found that the rate of organelle transport toward a dendrite’s growth cone heavily depends on the MT orientation, and since there is experimental evidence that the MT orientation in a particular region of a dendrite may depend on the dendrite’s developmental stage, the obtained results suggest that a rearrangement of the MT structure may depend on the amount of organelles needed at the growth cone.
Review of Congenital Mitral Valve Stenosis: Analysis, Repair Techniques and Outcomes

The spectrum of congenital mitral valve stenosis (MS) consists of a complex of defects that result in obstruction to left ventricular inflow. This spectrum includes patients with underdeveloped left heart structures (Fig. 1) to those with isolated congenital MS. The specific mitral valve defects can further be divided into categories based on the relationship to the mitral valve annulus including valvar, supravalvar and subvalvar components. Clinically, these patients present based on the degree of obstruction, associated mitral regurgitation, secondary pulmonary hypertension, associated lung disease and/or associated cardiac lesions. There are a number of factors that contribute to the successful outcomes in these patients including pre-operative imaging, aggressive surgical techniques and peri-operative management.
Development of a synovial cyst following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

The use of bone-patellar tendon-bone allograft or autograft in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is an accepted method of repair of the ACL-deficient knee with few complications. We report an unusual complication associated with this technique, the development of synovial fistula and cyst associated with the use of nonabsorbable suture material.
Probing electron delays in above-threshold ionization

Recent experiments have revealed attosecond delays in the emission of electrons from atoms ionized by extreme UV light, offering a glimpse into the ultrafast nature of light-induced electron dynamics. In this work, we extend these measurements to the strong-field above-threshold ionization (ATI) regime, by measuring delays in the photoemission of electrons from argon in the presence of an intense laser field. We probe the ATI process with a weak coherent reference, at half the laser frequency. The interfering ionization signal reveals the relative spectral phase of adjacent ATI channels, with an equivalent resolution of a few attoseconds. These relative delays depend on the strong field, and approach zero at higher intensity. Our phase measurements of ATI electrons show how strong fields alter ionization dynamics in atoms.
Influence of seeding rate and row spacing on cuphea seed yield in the Northern Corn Belt

Abstract Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. X C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton; PSR23) is a new oilseed crop adapted to temperate climates that provides a rich source of medium-chain triglycerides. Although prior research indicated cuphea seed yield is not greatly affected by row spacing due to its indeterminate growth, little is known about optimum seeding rate. The present study was designed to test effects of varying seeding rate with row spacing on seed yield. Seed was sown at rates of 4.5, 9.0, and 13.4 kg ha−1 in 380, 560, and 740 mm spaced rows in west central Minnesota during 2002 and 2003. Seeding rate did have a significant effect on seed yield and harvest index in 2002, but not in 2003. In 2002, yield under the 9.0 kg ha−1 rate was 47 and 19% greater than the highest and lowest seeding rates, respectively. The interaction of row spacing and seeding rate was generally not significant. Cuphea does have good yield plasticity over a range of row spacing and seeding rates. However, results generally indicated that a seeding rate of around 9.0 kg ha−1 is near optimum for PSR23 cuphea production and that row spacing less than 740 mm tended to favor greater seed and biomass yields.
Modeling the REA Enterprise Ontology with a Domain Specific Language

ABSTRACT: Developing a domain specific language (DSL) to express business policies requires modeling tools for eliciting, applying, and maintaining the knowledge of business experts. This study defines a DSL meta-model and prototype to create visual business models that conform to the Resource, Event, Agent-Enterprise Ontology (REA-EO). The meta-model specifies REA-EO modeling components, and the prototype provides a visual interface to design operational and policy-level models. Code-generation templates then transform design models into executable code that supports business applications. The study describes the capabilities of the prototype and validates its use in the context of a business case. Data Availability: The paper's software modeling prototype and its companion code-generation templates are available for research purposes as open-source Visual Studio extensions and are available by contacting the author.
A recursive nonstationary MAP displacement vector field estimation algorithm

A recursive model-based algorithm for obtaining the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of the displacement vector field (DVF) from successive image frames of an image sequence is presented. To model the DVF, we develop a nonstationary vector field model called the vector coupled Gauss-Markov (VCGM) model. The VCGM model consists of two levels: an upper level, which is made up of several submodels with various characteristics, and a lower level or line process, which governs the transitions between the submodels. A detailed line process is proposed. The VCGM model is well suited for estimating the DVF since the resulting estimates preserve the boundaries between the differently moving areas in an image sequence. A Kalman type estimator results, followed by a decision criterion for choosing the appropriate line process. Several experiments demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm with respect to prediction error, interpolation error, and robustness to noise. >
Child Development and Neuroscience

Although developmental psychology and developmental neuroscience share interests in common problems (e.g., the nature of thought, emotion, consciousness), there has been little cross-fertilization between these disciplines. To facilitate such communication, we discuss 2 major advances in the developmental brain sciences that have potentially profound implications for under standing behavioral development. The first concerns neuroimaging, and the second concerns the molecular and cellular events that give rise to the developing brain and the myriad ways in which the brain is modified by both positive and negative life experiences. Recurring themes are that (1) critical, new knowledge of behavioral development can be achieved by considering the neurobiological mechanisms that guide and influence child development, and (2) these neurobiological mechanisms are in turn influenced by behavior.
Borate mineral assemblages in the system Na2OCaOMgOB2O3H2O

Abstract he significant known hydrated borate mineral assemblages (principally of the western United States) in the system Na2OCaOz.sbnd;MgOB2O3H2O are expressible in three ternary composition diagrams. Phase rule interpretation of the diagrams is consistent with observation, if the activity of H2O is generally considered to be determined by the geologic environment. The absence of conflicting tie-lines on a diagram indicates that the several mineral assemblages of the diagram were formed under relatively narrow ranges of temperature and pressure. The known structural as well as empirical formulas for the minerals are listed, and the more recent (since 1960) crystal structure findings are discussed briefly. Schematic Gibbs free energy-composition diagrams based on known solubility-temperature relations in the systems Na2B4O7-H2O and Na2B4O7-NaCl-H2O, are highly useful in the interpretation and prediction of the stability relations in these systems; in particular these diagrams indicate clearly that tincalconite, although geologically important, is everywhere a metastable phase. Crystal-chemical considerations indicate that the same thermodynamic and kinetic behavior observed in the Na2B4O7-H2O system will hold in the Ca2B6O11-H2O system. This conclusion is confirmed by the petrologic evidence. The chemical relations among the mineral assemblages of a ternary diagram are expressed by a schematic “activity-activity” diagram. These activity-activity diagrams permit the tracing-out of the paragenetic sequences as a function of changing cation and H2O activities.
Social Work and Evaluation Why You Might be Interested in the American Evaluation Association Social Work Topical Interest Group

With increased pressure on programs to evaluate outcomes, the issue of evaluation in social work has never been so topical. In response to these pressures, there has been a growing interest in evidence-based practice and strategies for the evaluation of social work programs. The American Evaluation Association (AEA) is an international professional association devoted to the application and exploration of evaluation in all its forms. With members around the globe and across all professions, the AEA is a source of vibrant discussion, information, resources, and policy analysis. The Social Work Topical Interest Group of the AEA is focused on the particular experiences, needs, and pressures of evaluation in our profession, and is dedicated to helping develop solid practices, and promoting the overall contribution of social work to program evaluation, providing a forum for scholarship, networking, and methodological support that is specific to our profession.
Evaluation of Metals in a Defined Medium for Pichia pastoris Expressing Recombinant β-Galactosidase

Culture growth and recombinant protein yield of the Pichia pastoris GS115 methanol utilization positive system were studied in response to the types and levels of metals present in the growth medium and the supplemental salts typically used for these fermentations. Magnesium and zinc were both required to support cell growth but at significantly reduced levels compared to the control. However, supplementation with calcium, cobalt, iron, manganese, iodine, boron, and molybdenum were not required to sustain cell mass. When the medium was reformulated with only zinc and magnesium, the cells grew to 12-15 generations, which are expected for high cell density fed-batch fermentations. Product yields of the recombinant protein beta-galactosidase were significantly influenced by the trace metal concentrations. By using response surface and full factorial designs, maximum protein yield occurred when the concentration of zinc salt was limited to the level necessary only to support cell mass while protein yield positively correlated to increasing levels of the remaining trace metal salts. These studies are the first to show that excess trace metals must be optimized when developing P. pastoris based fed-batch fermentations.
DIMENSIONALITY ANALYSIS OF CBAL™ WRITING TESTS

The Cognitively Based Assessment of, for, and as Learning (CBAL™) research initiative is aimed at developing an innovative approach to K-12 assessment based on cognitive competency models. Because the choice of scoring and equating approaches depends on test dimensionality, the dimensional structure of CBAL tests must be understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dimensionality of 4 CBAL Grade 8 writing tests. Each of the 4 tests focused on one of the following writing genres: persuasive letter/memorandum, research-based report (pamphlet), persuasive essay, and literature essay. Dimensionality was investigated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The results show multidimensionality and support subscore structures and bifactor task models for all 4 tests.
Atrial natriuretic peptide and cGMP inhibit Na+/H+ antiporter in vascular smooth muscle cells in culture

Atrial natriuretic peptide and cGMP inhibit Na + /H + antiporter in vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. The aim of the present paper was to study the mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the sustained contraction phase of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Specifically, the potential role of ANP on the Na + /H + antiporter and Na + transport systems was investigated. Both ANP and 8-bromo cGMP inhibited 22 Na + uptake and decreased intracellular Na ([Na + ] i ) in VSMC, an effect that was mimicked by the specific Na + /H + antiporter inhibitor, hexamethylen amiloride (HMA). The effect of ANP was not additive with HMA, therefore suggesting that both inhibit the same 22 Na + transport pathway. On the other hand, the inhibition of 22 Na + accumulation by ANP was additive with the inhibition by furosemide or bumetanide, thus suggesting that both drugs act on different Na + exchange systems. In HEPES-buffered medium, ANP, cGMP, and HMA significantly inhibited the AVP-induced intracellular alkalinization, an effect which was associated with significant inhibition of the AVP-induced shape change. In bicarbonate buffered medium, ANP and cGMP decreased the pH level below the baseline after application of AVP, and an inhibition by ANP and cGMP of AVP-induced VSMC shape change was also observed. The recovery of cellular pH after three different types of acid load, namely, ammonium chloride pulse, nigericin clamp and lowering of extracellular pH, was significantly decreased by ANP and cGMP. Taken together, these results indicate that ANP/cGMP inhibit the activity of the Na + /H + antiporter in VSMC, either in hormone- or pH-stimulated conditions.
Irreversible inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase of trypanosoma bru cei bru cei by S-adenosylmethionine analogues

Abstract S -Adenosylmethionine analogues designed as active-site directed inhibitors were tested in vitro for their effects on S -adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) of Trypanosoma brucei brucei . These analogues contained a tertiary nitrogen atom in place of the sulfonium and had a side chain of variable length ending in a reactive group (hydrazino-, aminooxy-, hydrazido- or a methylnitrosourea). The hydrazino- derivatives were the most potent inhibitors with ic 50 values in the range of 40–100 nM. The most active compound ( ic 50 of 0.04 μM) was 5'-deoxy-5'-[(2-hydrazinoethyl)-methylamino] adenosine (MHZEA). Addition of MHZEA produced a time-dependent inactivation with an apparent K i , of 0.4 μM, and the enzyme half-life at a saturating concentration of MHZEA was 0.4 min. Increasing the length of the side chain or changing the methyl group attached to the nitrogen to an ethyl group reduced the potency. Replacement of the hydrazino moiety with an aminooxy group resulted in about a 30- to 35-fold decrease in inhibition potency. However, the relative order of activities of these aminooxy analogues was similar to that found in the hydrazino series with 5'-deoxy-5'-[(2-arninooxyethyl) methylamino]adenosine (MAOEA), which had an ic 50 of 1.3 μM, being the most active. The hydrazido analogs were even less effective with 5'-deoxy-5'-[(3-hydrazino-3-oxopropyl)-methylamino] adenosine, the best inhibitor, having an ic 50 , value of 8.7 μM. The methylnitrosourea derivatives were inactive. The inactivation of trypanosomal AdoMetDC with MHZEA or MAOEA was irreversible and was greatly stimulated by putrescine, a known activator of the enzyme, indicating that the compounds bind to the active site and form a covalent bond with the enzyme. These inhibitors may have considerable potential as chemotherapeutic agents against trypanosomiasis and other protozoal infections and may also be useful in studying the role of AdoMetDC in the regulation of polyamine levels in these organisms.
Direct Observation of Nonchaotic Multilevel Vibrational Energy Flow in Isolated Polyatomic Molecules

With picosecond spectroscopy and molecular beams it is shown that nonchaotic multilevel vibrational energy flow is present in large polyatomic molecules. This Letter reports on this novel observation and its probing of the fundamental process of energy redistribution in molecules.
The Humiliation Dynamic: An Overview

This paper describes what people experience and how they react when they feel humiliated. It discusses ways in which our society is humiliation-prone and emphasizes the ubiquitous nature of the humiliation dynamic in every-day life.
The Telephone Generator as an Electrofishing Tool

(1968). The Telephone Generator as an Electrofishing Tool. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 110-112.
Management policies for a regional blood bank.

This paper considers management strategies for the administration of a regional blood bank. The techniques of management science and mathematical inventory theory are applied to construct a model for the system, identify policy areas, and formulate management objectives. Two simulation models and data collected from both a regional and single hospital blood bank are used in the analysis. The results presented examine the interactions and savings associated with following optimal ordering, crossmatch, and issuing policies. Since each of these policies have an important effect on the number of shortages and outdates, they therefore influence optimal blood bank management. In addition, the question of centralized versus decentralized control is examined.
Evidence for cis-bis (2,4-Pentanedionato)dimethyltin(IV) in solution: A spectroscopic study

Abstract Infrared spectra of bis(2,4-pentanedionato)dimethyltin(IV), bis(tropolonato)-dimethyltin(IV), bis(8-quinolinolato)dimethyltin(IV) and their deuteriomethyl analogs have been obtained in carbon disulfide solution. As expected for a cis structure the oxinate shows two peaks at 517 and 529 cm 1 assignable to the symmetrical and antisymmetrical (CH 3 ) 2 Sn skeletal stretching vibrations, which shifts about 50 cm 1 to lower energies for the deuteriomethyl derivative. Solutions of the corresponding tropolonates and acetylacetonates have been shown to possess corresponding peaks which shifts in similar fashion. This indicates very strongly that a substantial amount of cis -bis(2,4-pentanedionato)dimethyltin(IV) is present in carbon disulfide solutions. However, the dimethyltin acetylacetonate spectra in contrast with the other spectra include a third stronger peak at 578 cm 1 which also shifts 50 cm upon deuteration. Since the peak is best assignable to the antisymmetrical stretching vibration of a linear (CH 3 ) 2 Sn moiety it is concluded that the dimethyltin acetylacetonate solutions are mixtures of cis and trans isomers.
A large-acceptance Bragg curve spectrometer with a longitudinal electric field and a segmented anode

Abstract A large-acceptance Bragg curve spectrometer with a longitudinal electron collection field and a segmented anode has been constructed and tested. The effects on the charge resolution of the entrance angle and entrance position of the incident particle have been studied. Simulations have been done in order to isolate the contribution to the overall detector performance of the signal-shaping electronics from that of the intrinsic design of the detector.
Quantitation of synergism of arabinosylcytosine and cladribine against the growth of arabinosylcytosine-resistant human lymphoid cells

This report presents a quantitative analysis of the synergistic interaction of arabinosylcytosine (araC) and cladribine (CdA) in human H9-lymphoid cell lines sensitive and resistant to araC (H9-araC cells). H9-araC cells obtained by cultivation of H9 cells in the presence of 0.5 μM arabinosylcytosine (araC) had lower deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) than the parental cell line. The IC50 values of araC and CdA calculated by using median-effect analysis and CalcuSyn software were: 0.55 μM and 1.16 μM for CdA and 0.0058 μM and 3.5 μM for araC in H9 and H9-araC cells, respectively. These values were reduced to 0.10 μM and 0.38 μM for CdA and to 0.004 μM and to 0.77 μM for araC when the drugs were used in combination. Computerized simulation of dose reduction index (DRI) indicated that at 50–99% growth inhibition levels, the doses of araC could be reduced by 2.0 to 11.9-fold and 2.9 to 5.3-fold and the doses of CdA by 5.9 and 183.7-fold and 3.1 to 164.8-fold in H9 and H9-araC cells, respectively, when the drugs are used in combination. Assessment by combination index (CI) analysis showed that the combination exhibited moderate to strong synergistic lympho-cytotoxic effects. CdA metabolic studies (influx and activation) in the presence of deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine, or araC suggested that CdA enters cells by a deoxyadenosine-inhibitable transport system, which is different than that of araC and deoxycytidine transport system. Thus, in addition to the known mechanisms, other mechanisms might be involved in the metabolism of CdA. The demonstration that araC and CdA combinations exert synergistic cytotoxicity even in the resistant cells raises hope that such a combination may be useful in tumors that were found resistant to these drugs.
Investigation on diffusion barrier properties of reactive sputter deposited TiAlxNyOz thin films for Cu metallization

Barrier properties of TiAlxNyOz films between electron-beam evaporated Cu thin films and thermally grown SiO2 substrates are investigated by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), electrical resistivity measurement and adhesion tests. The Cu/TiAlxNyOz/SiO2/Si samples are analyzed prior to and after vacuum anneals up to 800 °C for 1 h. Backscattering analysis indicates that the TiAlxNyOz thin films are formed by reactive sputtering technique using the TiAl alloy target, nitrogen flow and high substrate temperature (400 °C). Furthermore, Cu diffusion through TiAlxNyOz films does not occur even at high temperature (800 °C). XRD and electrical resistivity measurements show good thermal stability of Cu thin films annealed in vacuum at temperatures varying from 400 to 800 °C for 1 h. In addition, it is revealed by tape test that Cu thin films adhere to TiAlxNyOz films very well. Results show that Cu thin film on TiAlxNyOz can be used in the application of high temperature electronics due to its excellent high temperature properties.
Cytotoxicity from cultured cells: analysis of precursors involved in generation of human cells mediating natural and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Abstract Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes natural killer (NK) against K-562 and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against Chang cells, as measured in a 4-hr 51 Cr release assay, were both completely removed by depletion of Fc receptor-positive (FcR+) cells. After in vitro culture for 7 days, however, NK- and ADCC-like activities spontaneously regenerated. The nature of precursor cells was studied by examination of lymphocyte subpopulations required for generation of this cytotoxicity. After depletion of FcR+ cells from PBL, the following subpopulations were prepared: sheep erythrocyte rosette-forming cells (E+), surface membrane immunoglobulin-positive cells (SmIg+), and null cells (lacking E+, SmIg+, or FcR+ markers). Separate cell types or mixtures were cultured in vitro in medium containing 10% fetal calf serum for 7 days and then tested for NK and ADCC. Whereas unseparated FcR-depleted cells developed substantial cytotoxic activity, each of the subpopulations cultured alone was negative or had low activity. Addition of SmIg+ cells to other cell types had no effect; however, mixture of 80% E+ and 20% null cells resulted in optimal NK and ADCC. It is not presently clear which population the precursors were in. However, the requirement for proliferation by the null cell population but not by the E+ cells (as indicated by sensitivity to radiation and mitomycin C) suggested that the precursors for NK cells may be null cells.
Seismic Stability Analysis of Slopes Stabilized with EPS-Block Geofoam

The use of lightweight fill, such as EPS-block geofoam, is a slope stabilization procedure that can be used to reduce the weight of the sliding mass and, thereby, reduce the driving forces of the sliding mass. This paper proposes the use of the horizontal slice method (HSM) for seismic stability analysis of slopes stabilized or repaired with EPS-block geofoam.