cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retribution and Revenge

Retribution and revenge, two highly related concepts, are arguably the oldest, most basic and most pervasive justice reactions associated with human social life. While scholarship about retribution and revenge has tended to focus on criminal justice, empirical evidence indicates that retribution is important in other matters related to law. For example, medical malpractice, discrimination, and a panoply of civil lawsuits can be primarily fueled by a desire for retribution. Retributive motives can appear at the core of intractable business disputes and other commercial disagreements. In this article, Professor Vidmar develops a conceptual framework to study retribution as a psychological and social phenomenon. He explores a number of conceptual issues, including how a social science approach differs from legal and philosophical approaches. His discussion explores the sociological and psychological functions that punishment serves. Separate sections of the article discuss the cognitive dynamics of retribution and its emotional/behavioral aspects as well. The article raises important questions about retribution. Are reactions different if the justice is dispensed by the victim, by neutral authorities, or by "acts of fate" (or God)? What are the consequences when nothing happens to the perpetrator? How does excessive punishment of the offender or remorse affect retributive reactions? The author's insight raises important implications for legal and other settings in which punishment is administered.
Motivational Interviewing in Groups, by Christopher C. Wagner and Karen S. Ingersoll

It can probably be safely assumed that most social workers and other health care professionals are familiar with, and perhaps utilize, motivational interviewing techniques in their practices with i...
Transfection of genes encoding the T cell receptor-associated CD3 complex into COS cells results in assembly of the macromolecular structure.

The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) consists of a disulfide-linked TCR-alpha/beta heterodimer that is both structurally and functionally associated with a set of four non-covalently linked membrane proteins termed CD3-gamma, -delta, -epsilon, and -zeta. An additional protein described recently, CD3-omega, has been suggested to play a role in assembly of the CD3 complex on the basis of its transient association with the CD3 proteins early during biosynthesis. Association of all the proteins seems to be a prerequisite for intracellular transport, since mutants lacking either the TCR-alpha or -beta protein do not express the CD3 complex on the cell surface. CD3-cDNAs were transfected into COS cells in order to study the protein-protein interactions ruling the assembly of the CD3 macromolecular structure. CD3-delta-epsilon, CD3-gamma-epsilon, and CD3-gamma-delta-epsilon intermediates could be detected. These data indicated that a CD3 core structure could be formed in the absence of the other members of the complex (CD3-zeta, -omega, TCR-alpha, and -beta). Both the individual CD3 chains and the assembled CD3.gamma.delta.epsilon complexes could not be detected on the cellular surface but in an intracellular compartment, probably the endoplasmic reticulum or the cis Golgi. The transfection experiments allowed us to identify the 25-kDa member of the murine CD3 complex as CD3-epsilon m. Furthermore, a 23-kDa glycoprotein seen upon metabolic labeling of human T cells was shown to be an immature form of the CD3-gamma h protein.
Adaptive Control of a Nonlinear Prototypical Wing Section with Reduced Order Observer

This paper treats the question of control of an aeroelastic system with unknown parameters using output feedback. The equations of motion of the chosen aeroelastic system describe the plunge and pitch motion of a wing. A single trailing edge flap is used for the purpose of control, and plunge displacement and pitch angle are measured for feedback. Using a canonical representation of the aeroelastic system, reduced order filters are designed to obtain the unmeasured state variables. Then based on a backstepping design technique, adaptive control laws for the trajectory control of the pitch angle and the plunge displacement are derived. In the closed-loop system, the state vector is shown to converge asymptotically to zero. Simulation results are presented which show that regulation and trajectory following are accomplished in the closed-loop system in spite of large uncertainties in the structural and aerodynamic parameters of the model.
Two dimensional incremental parsing for image compression

The one-dimensional incremental parsing rule, which is used in the Lempel-Ziv universal compression, is extended to that of two dimension in this paper. And its three essential component schemes, a hierarchical structure for two-dimensional source coding, dictionary augmentation, and maximum decimation matching, are addressed. To design an approximate pattern matching algorithm, two types of distortion functions, local average distortion and local minimax distortion, with noise visibility thresholds are given. We have compared our algorithm to existing lossy data compression algorithms based on pattern matching schemes, and demonstrated its superiority both in minimizing signal distortion and in maximizing perceptual quality.
Substratal Influence in Saramaccan Serial Verb Constructions

Bickerton's bioprogram hypothesis uses serial verbs as a primary demonstration that Saramaccan represents the closest approximation to Universal Grammar extant, judging from the fact that speakers of mutually unintelligible West African languages formulated it with little contact with European languages. Closer examination of Saramaccan and its substrate languages suggests, however, that the creole is a prime demonstration of substrate influence. The uniformity of serials across the substrate languages can be shown to have provided the opportunity for compromise between the small differences in the constructions in forming the language, according to perceptual saliency relative to the languages involved. A survey of serializing language families shows that serials in Saramaccan are most similar to those in its substrate, while a survey of creoles around the world shows that serials appear in creoles with similar substrates and almost never in those with nonserializing substrates. Furthermore, the explanation of serials as compensation for missing categories in Saramaccan is belied by an evaluation of this argument as applied to prepositions, which shows that the Saramaccan system mirrors that of its substrate with limited accommodations to its superstrate.
The utility of security standards

This paper describes a method for analyzing systems security using a soft systems engineering approach. It uses a systems engineering modeling tool to demonstrate systemic attributes of security that are common across systems. It describes how the approach is being used to model security standards.
Hepatitis C disease among injection drug users : knowledge, perceived risk and willingness to receive treatment

We surveyed 306 former injection drug users receiving methadone maintenance treatment in 1997-1998 in Providence, RI regarding, (1) knowledge of hepatitis C transmission; (2) the concordance of self-knowledge of hepatitis C virus (HCV) status versus actual status; (3) perceived risk of cirrhosis; and (4) willingness to receive therapy for hepatitis C. The seroprevalence of HCV was 87%. While 77% of participants knew that HCV could be sexually transmitted, 30% did not know that condoms are protective against transmission. Thirty of 45 persons who reported they were HCV seronegative were actually seropositive; 51 of 62 persons (82%) who reported they had never been HCV tested or did not know their HCV status were serologically HCV-positive. Over half of respondents (53%) would "definitely" or "probably" use interferon therapy for viral hepatitis when informed of the risks and benefits of treatment. We found significant gaps in knowledge about HCV among IDUs. Serologic confirmation of HCV status is important among drug users, as self-report of HCV infection is often unreliable. This population, with its high prevalence of HCV, may be interested in treatments that include interferon.
Complementation between N-terminal Saccharomyces cerevisiae mre11 alleles in DNA repair and telomere length maintenance.

Abstract In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Mre11p, Rad50p, and Xrs2p function as a multiprotein complex that has a central role in several DNA repair mechanisms. Though Mre11p has both single-stranded and double-stranded 3′–5′ exonuclease activity in vitro, null mutants of MRE11 , RAD50 , and XRS2 exhibit reduced 5′–3′ resection of HO -induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) in vivo. In this study, we analyzed four mre11 mutants harboring changes in the N-terminus of Mre11p where the four phosphoesterase motifs specify the in vitro nuclease activities of Mre11p and its homologues. We find that the 5′–3′ resection defects in vivo do not correlate with several mitotic phenotypes: non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), telomere length maintenance, and adaptation to the DNA damage-inducible G2/M checkpoint. Overexpression of the 5′–3′ exonuclease Exo1p in a mre11 Δ strain partially increased 5′–3′ resection and partially suppressed both methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) hypersensitivity and adaptation phenotypes, but did not affect telomere length or NHEJ. Surprisingly, the co-expression of two alleles, mre11 - 58S and mre11 - N113S , each of which confers MMS hypersensitivity and short telomeres, can fully complement the MMS sensitivity and shortened telomere length of mre11 Δ cells. We propose that at least two separate activities associated with the N-terminus of Mre11p are required for its mitotic function.
Role of newer medications for bipolar disorder

The quest for additional effective therapies for bipolar study commenced in the 1960s, even before regulatory approval of lithium. This was driven by the recognition that patient response to lithium varied from excellent to poor ; thus, significant numbers of patients faced its frequent adverse effects and risks without sustaining any benefit. These needed advances have been slowed by the unusual difficulties of studying bipolar disorder in controlled, rigorously designed protocols. These difficulties are reviewed both from the perspective of their effects on research and on clinical practice. In addition, the results of two blinded, placebo-controlled studies of divalproex in the treatment of acute mania are compared with results from earlier open and comparator studies. The comparisons indicate that open-study results with divalproex and other forms of valproic acid have yielded results quite similar to those observed under rigorous study conditions. Whereas substantial evidence exists regarding the efficacy of divalproex and carbamazepine and their roles in treating patients with bipolar disorder, studies evaluating other putative mood-stabilizing agents and antidepressants in bipolar disorder are few in number and inconsistent in results. With few exceptions, studies of these latter drugs do not provide clear guidelines for treatment.
Preliminary evidence for fractionation of stable chlorine isotopes in ore-forming hydrothermal systems

Chloride from fluid inclusions in hydrothermal minerals is found to have variable and distinctive {delta}{sup 37}Cl values spanning the range -1.1 0/{per thousand} to +0.8 {per thousand}. In Mississippi Valley-type deposits of Tennessee, brines of high (>0{per thousand}) and low (near -1{per thousand}) {delta}{sup 37}Cl are present. High {delta}{sup 37}Cl brines may be saline formation waters, but low {delta}{sup 37}Cl brines remain unexplained. In porphyry copper deposits, both high {delta}{sup 37}Cl (0.8{per thousand}, 0.3{per thousand}) and low {delta}{sup 37}Cl (-1.1{per thousand}, 0.7{per thousand}) hypersaline brines of probable magmatic origin occur. High-salinity magmatic brines with low {delta}{sup 37}Cl values contrast isotopically with high {delta}{sup 37}Cl, less concentrated brines responsible for quartz-sericite-pyrite assemblages.
Picture analysis applied to biomedicine

The application of digital image processing techniques to medical problems has been under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, since 1966. The initial research concentrated on medical X-ray films and include (1) image restoration, i.e., using digital techniques to retrieve information partially lost in the imaging system which generated the pictures, (2) image enhancement to emphasize features or remove useless data, and (3) image mensuration to provide more quantitative measurements and analyses than are available through visual inspection techniques. From the initial concern with X-ray image processing, this research in image processing as applied to biomedicine has been expanded to include a system for the automated analysis of images from light and electron microscopes. The Automated Light Microscope System (ALMS), around which the chromosome analysis system has been developed, allows direct scanning of specimen images into a computer for subsequent analysis. The applications of digital image processing to biomedicine at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory encompass 15 separate research projects. The areas selected for discussion in this paper give some indication of the types of picture analysis that are being performed. The current trend in biomedical image processing is toward more human interaction in the research setting.
Effect of Placental Transfusion on the Blood Volume and Clinical Outcome of Infants Born by Cesarean Section

Delay in cord clamping up to 30 to 40 seconds is feasible and should be practiced in preterm and term infants born by cesarean section. In term infants, this maneuver may decrease iron deficiency anemia at 6 months of age. Premature infants may have a higher blood volume and hematocrit initially requiring fewer transfusions. They also have a decreased incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage. The effect of compounding factors, such as maternal blood pressure, uterine contraction, medications, bleeding, and their effects on the infant's immediate and long-term outcome are unclear.
Formation of Reactive Drug Metabolites as a Basis of Drug Action and Toxicity

Most drugs are converted by diverse reactions to various metabolites before they are eliminated from the body. Many of these metabolites cause pharmacologic or toxicologic effects, some of which may differ from those of the parent drug. Some metabolites are chemically inert and, therefore, exert their effects by combining reversibly with specific receptor sites in target organs. But some drug metabolites are chemically reactive and exert their effects by combining covalently with various macromolecules in tissues. The formation of chemically reactive metabolites is important because they frequently cause a number of different toxicities, including tumorogenesis, mutagenesis, tissue necrosis, and hypersensitivity reactions. For example, my colleagues have discovered that the liver necrosis caused by halogenated benzene derivatives, paracetamol, furosemide, and isoniazid is mediated by chemically reactive metabolites of these substances. In assessing the effects of various treatments that alter drug metabolism on the magnitude of covalent binding, we have found it useful to think of the incidence of toxicity as the product of several ratios, i.e., Incidence = Dose AB …. MP. When the foreign compound is converted directly to a chemically reactive metabolite, (A) is the proportion of the dose that is converted to the reactive metabolite, (B) is the proportion of the reactive metabolite that becomes covalently bound, (M) is the proportion of the covalently bound metabolite that combines with “target macromolecules”, and (P) is the probability that a given amount of covalently bound metabolite attached to target macromolecule will result in toxicity. With this concept it becomes evident that the magnitude of covalent binding depends on the rate of formation of the reactive metabolite, on the rate at which the parent drug is eliminated from the body by other processes, on the rate at which the reactive metabolite is covalently bound, and on the rate at which it is inactivated by other processes.
Colonoscopy: quality indicators

Effective endoscopic screening for colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the few preventable cancers, is dependent on the adequate detection and removal of potentially precancerous lesions. However, observed variation in colonoscopy performance in practice and outcomes has highlighted the need for consistent quality measures. Quality indicators or measures are tools that help to quantify health-care processes and can aid in providing high-quality health care. The primary colonoscopy quality indicator is the adenoma detection rate (ADR), which is defined as the proportion of an endoscopist's screening colonoscopies in which one or more adenomas have been detected. The risk of post-colonoscopy CRC is inversely correlated with an endoscopist's ADR. However, ADR is dependent on other quality measures, including cecal intubation rates, withdrawal times, and quality of bowel preparation. Achieving suggested benchmarks for these other quality measures will aid the endoscopist in achieving the recently updated ADR benchmark of 25% in their practice. In addition, beyond ensuring adequate ADRs, endoscopists should have high compliance rates with guideline-recommended and evidence-based screening and surveillance intervals. Compliance with quality measures will ensure effective and safe CRC prevention and better patient outcomes.
La doctrina socialista y el público en Una mujer por caminos de España de María Martínez Sierra

Una mujer por caminos de Espana, publicada en 1952 en su exilio argentino, es uno de los seis textos que Maria Martinez Sierra firmo con su nombre. El resto, casi ochenta obras que incluyen teatro,...
The role of van der Waals interactions in the adsorption of noble gases on metal surfaces

Adsorption of noble gases on metal surfaces is determined by weak interactions. We applied two versions of the nonlocal van der Waals density functional (vdW-DF) to compute adsorption energies of Ar, Kr, and Xe on Pt(111), Pd(111), Cu(111), and Cu(110) metal surfaces. We compared our results with data obtained using other density functional approaches, including the semiempirical vdW-corrected DFT-D2. The vdW-DF results show considerable improvements in the description of adsorption energies and equilibrium distances over other DFT based methods, giving good agreement with experiments. We also calculated perpendicular vibrational energies for noble gases on the metal surfaces using vdW-DF data and found excellent agreement with available experimental results. Our vdW-DF calculations show that adsorption of noble gases on low-coordination sites is energetically favored over high-coordination sites, but only by a few meV. Analysis of the two-dimensional potential energy surface shows that the high-coordination sites are local maxima on the two-dimensional potential energy surface and therefore unlikely to be observed in experiments; this provides an explanation of the experimental observations. The DFT-D2 approach with the standard parameterization was found to overestimate the dispersion interactions, and to give the wrong adsorption site preference for four of the nine systems we studied.
Tunneling mechanism in electron transfer. A view from the Feynman's path integral approach

Abstract The Feynman's path integral approach is used to analyze the quantum tunneling mechanism in electron-transfer reactions. A transition function W T ( x ) is derived in terms of the reaction coordinate, displaying multi-phonon tunneling transitions. This method offers better insights and improves our understanding of the tunneling mechanism. It provides a smooth connection between the high-temperature classical regime and the low-temperature quantum tunneling regime.
Strategies to Facilitate Lifestyle Change Associated with Diabetes Mellitus

Purpose: To critically examine the literature about strategies and factors that influence lifestyle change in people with diabetes mellitus. Method: This integrative literature review included an extensive search of published literature about strategies to facilitate lifestyle change related to diabetes mellitus. Articles reviewed were empirical studies focused on lifestyle change and were published between 1985 and 1999. Meta-analyses and relevant reviews of the literature were also included. Over 90 articles were initially identified, 72 met the specified criteria and could be categorized according to a theoretical framework or a broad topic area. Findings: Studies were clustered into the categories of educational, behavioral, cultural, and health beliefs that influence or are barriers to lifestyle change. Studies indicate that positive outcomes are associated with diabetes education programs that focus on self-management, emphasize behavioral strategies, and provide culturally relevant information. Conclusions: Theoretically grounded research in diabetes care is imperative for the future. Expansion of research methods, continued methodological rigor of studies, and instrument development would contribute to knowledge development in diabetes care. Research priorities are proposed.
Shaping Ability of Three ProFile Rotary Instrumentation Techniques in Simulated Resin Root Canals

The aim of this study was to compare the shaping ability of three ProFile rotary instrumentation techniques and a conventional step-back method in simulated root canals. Prevalence of canal aberrations, change in working length, and preparation time were measured. A total of 48 composite images were made from pre- and postcanal scanned images using Corel Photopaint 8.0 and then the amount of coronal substance the instruments removed was also calculated two-dimensionally on digitized images with the Brain C software to compare the enlarging efficiency. There were no significant differences between the three rotary groups in preparation time, change in working length, and the incidence of aberrations (p > 0.05). The amount of coronal substance the instruments removed in the ProFile .04 taper group was significantly smaller than the other three groups (p
"Behavioral despair" test predicts stress ulcer in WKY rats.

Abstract Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and Wistar rats were exposed to Porsolt's forced-swimming test of “behavioral despair.” In addition to floating time, which was the measure of despair, headshakes, bobbing, diving and struggling time were also recorded. Rats were subsequently exposed to the activity stress (A-S) ulcer procedure. Wistar rats had the highest struggling time scores and the fewest A-S ulcers. WKY rats were judged as more depressed and their ulcer severity scores were significantly greater as compared to SHR and Wistar rats. In addition, a within strains analysis revealed that WKY rats with high despair scores also had the most severe stress-ulcer scores. These data suggested that stress-ulcer disease may be more prevalent in animals which are prone to depression as defined by the Porsolt test. The value of WKY rats as an animal model to study the relationship between depression and stress ulcer is discussed.
Does backward masking by visual noise stop stimulus processing

The identification of one, two, and four random letters was studied under three procedures: (1) backward masking by a visual noise; (2) concurrent masking by a visual noise; and (3) no masking. With backward masking the number of letters correctly identified was independent of the number presented. Direct judgments of the duration, brightness, contrast, sharpness, and texture of the letters were also made. Under backward masking the letters appeared to be on for a very brief duration, but with high apparent contrast. The results indicate that backward masking impairs identification by interrupting the stimulus processing, not by degrading the stimulus input.
A Jeffersonian vision of nurturing talent and creativity: toward a more equitable and productive gifted education

This article attempts to address the question of how to make gifted education more equitable and productive by shifting priorities to talent development for all rather than confining itself to the “gifted.” I first present an overview of political and ethical considerations in selecting a few for talent or creativity development. I then argue for a form of meritocracy in education for the purpose of producing talents, leaders, and frontier explorers that is different from what is often perceived as “elitist” and that is viable and important for the common good as well as for the individuals involved. I then discuss how we can negotiate and balance priorities of equity, excellence, and diversity. In light of this form of meritocracy, I suggest that the Talent Development Paradigm be adopted as a promising alternative to the Gifted Child Paradigm for the future of gifted education.
Role of sampling errors in the specification of x-ray mirror surfaces

The effects of topographic finish errors on the quality of the image formed by a simple focusing mirror and the performance of different laboratory roughness-measuring instruments can be described in terms of a common formalism involving statistical operators or 'estimators'. In effect, conventional finish specifications and the test measurements used to ensure compliance with them, are stated in terms of the average values of these estimators. Int his paper we calculate correction factors to be applied to such average- based specifications and test measurements to account for the fluctuation effects inherent in the statistical nature of the processes considered.
First synthesis of simple optically active selenoxides

Abstract Simple optically active selenoxides (5-11 %e.e.) were prepared using a kinetic resolution procedure and were demonstrated to be configurationally unstable as a result of acid catalyzed achiral hydrate formation.
Measuring team situation awareness in decentralized command and control environments

Decentralized command and control settings like those found in the military are rife with complexity and change. These settings typically involve dozens, if not hundreds to thousands, of heterogeneous players coordinating in a distributed fashion in a dynamically networked battlefield laden with sensor data, intelligence reports, communications, and plans emanating from many different perspectives. Consider the concept of team situation awareness in this setting. What does it mean for a team to be aware of a situation or, more importantly, of a critical change in a situation? Is it sufficient or necessary for all individuals on the team to be independently aware? Or is there some more holistic awareness that emerges as team members interact? We re-examine the concept of team situation awareness in decentralized systems beyond an individual-oriented knowledge-based construct by considering it as a team interaction-based phenomenon. A theoretical framework for a process-based measure called ‘coordinated awa...
Production of nanoscale particles and nanorods of SiC from sorghum leaves

Abstract Microwave processing and conventional furnace heating of dried sorghum leaves at temperatures in excess of 1400 °C in either vacuum or inert atmosphere produced nanoscale particles and nanorods of silicon carbide (SiC). This simple and fast method of producing SiC nanoparticles from sorghum leaves, an agriculture waste, expands on the varied approaches designed toward the mass production of SiC nanoparticles that are potentially pertinent for electronics, optics, biotechnology and structural material applications. Using X-ray diffraction it was found that the processed samples consisted of β (3C)-SiC phase, which was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of nanorods along [1 1 1] direction with the presence of stacking faults orthogonal to this direction. The presence of 6H/4H-SiC stacking faults in the 3C phase is explained in terms of their total formation energies. The nanostructures described here can lead to nanoscale optics in the mid-IR such as surface phonon polariton resonators, mid-IR metamaterials, chemical and molecular sensors, nanoscale electronics and high tensile strength filaments for structural composite materials.
Bridging the divide between laboratory and "real world" in stuttering.

Summary.--Stutterers stutter significantly less in the laboratory and the clinic than in everyday speaking situations. This paper reviews pertinent literature to show that, in the outside world, stutterers have a stake in what they say and therefore message content and interpersonal dynamics command attention-relegating speech-motor planning and execution to an automatic, memory-based process called speech concatenation. In the laboratory and the clinic, content of communication and interpersonal dynamics are less important, allowing stutterers to concentrate on the motor planning of articulation and prosody. Evidence reviewed here suggests that speech construction (real time preparation of an utterance motor plan) is incompatible with stuttering. Evidence also suggests that a slight delay in retrieving motor plans from memory during speech concatenation is the immediate source of stuttering. After a comprehensive review of research on attempts to increase stuttering experimentauy, Young (1985) came to a startling conclusion: "Although a wide variety of experimental factors quickly and readily reduces or eliminates stuttering, the overwhelming conclusion from the research just reviewed is that stuttering is not easily increased or changed at all in the laboratory above the control levels" (p. 291). The conclusion is startling because it appears to be completely opposite to what happens in the real world. Nearly every stutterer can list many situations that cause increased stuttering. The stutterers also appear to stutter less in the speech clinic than in the outside world, a fact that enormously complicates the measurement of treatment outcome. Ingham and Cordes (1999), while addressing the issues related to the efficacy of stuttering treatment, stated that ('. . . measures of speech performance in clinic conditions may have neither relevance nor resemblance to measures of speech performance in nonclinic conditions . . ." (p. 213). Young's conclusion about the scarcity of experimental manipulations that would increase stuttering stands in stark contrast to many factors that can be easily manipulated in the laboratory to reduce or eliminate stuttering. There are many speaking conditions, including slowed speech, whispering, singing, lipped speech (mouthing words without voice), syllable-timed speech (speaking in time to slow beats), masking noise (presentation of masking noise to reduce or eliminate auditory feedback), speaking in a dialect dif
The broiler chicken as a model for immunotoxicity assessment. 1. Standardization of in vitro immunological assays.

Abstract The broiler chicken was developed as an alternative animal model to laboratory rodents for immunotoxicologic assessment. In vivo treatment with 100–200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CY) was used as a known immunosuppressive treatment to standardize the assay systems. Protocols for assessing specific immunological functions were developed in specific pathogen-free (SPF) broilers to measure lymphocyte blastogenesis to T-cell (concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin) and B-cell ( Staphylococcus aureus cells) mitogens, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to tuberculin, natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), and serum antibody titers to SRBC. CY was an effective immunosuppressant in the broiler system for assessment of lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogenic stimulation, DTH reactivity, and the antibody response to SRBC as assessed by PFC and serum antibody titers. NK cytotoxicity was not altered on a cellular level following treatment with CY at a dose that produced greater than 75% depletion of spleen cellularity. However, under these conditions, it must be assumed that the capacity of CY-treated birds to mediate NK effector functions would be reduced. These results demonstrate the applicability of the broiler chicken as an animal model for immunotoxicity testing.
Detecting cross talk between two halves of a phospholipid bilayer.

One of the most challenging questions that relates to the structure and function of biological membranes is whether the two halves of the bilayer “talk” to each other. In this letter, we show how the pertubation of the lateral organization of one leaflet of a fluid phospholipid bilayer by an external agent also alters the lateral organization of the adjoining leaflet. In addition, we show that the energy involved in such “cross talk” corresponds to ca. 100 cal/mol of phospholipid. These findings provide a basis for expecting similar cross talk to exist in cell membranes.
The dissociation properties of native C1

Abstract The first component of human complement (C1) readily dissociates under physiologic conditions into two subunits - C1q and C1r2C1s2. The equilibrium constant for this reaction has been determined for native C1 in fresh normal human serum by hemolytic titration. Standard technology was modified to simulate physiologic conditions. Furthermore, assays were carried out at numerous poncentrations of sensitized erythrocytes, thereby allowing the calculation of the percent of associated C1 at different total C1 concentration. Increased C1 dissociation was observed with dilution. From these data, an association constant of 4.5 × 108 M−1 was calculated for native C1. Thus in normal human serum approximately ten percent of the C1 is present as free C1q and C1r2C1s2.
Pulmonary clearance of intratracheally administered 63Ni3S2 in strain A/J mice.

Abstract The pulmonary clearance of particulate 63Ni3S2 was evaluated in strain A J mice following the intratracheal instillation of 3 μCi of 63Ni3S2 (1.66 μm, mass median diameter). Lung and tissue burdens were determined from serially sacrificed animals using scintillation counting techniques. Lung clearance over the 35-day observation period could be separated into two distinct components with initial and final phase biological half-times corresponding to 1.2 and 12.4 days, respectively. Radioactivity was detected in the blood, liver, kidney, and femur within 4 hr, and was eliminated at rates comparable to that in the lung. Excretion involved primarily urinary (60% of dose eliminated) but also fecal (40% of dose eliminated) pathways. The data are consistent with the relatively rapid translocation, solubilization, and elimination of particulate 63Ni3S2 from the body.
Sensory and multisensory representations within the cat rostral suprasylvian cortex

Because the posterior limb of the rostral suprasylvian sulcus (RSp) of the cat resides in close proximity to representations of the somatosensory, auditory, and visual modalities, the surrounding cortices would be expected to be a region where a high degree of multisensory convergence and integration is found. The present experiments tested this notion by using anatomical and electrophysiological methods. Tracer injections into somatosensory, auditory, and visual cortical areas almost all produced terminal labeling within the RSp, albeit at different locations and in different proportions. Inputs from somatosensory cortices primarily targeted the inner portion of the anterior RSp; inputs from auditory cortices generally filled the outer portion of the middle and posterior RSp; inputs from visual cortices terminated in the inner portion of the posterior RSp. These projections did not have sharp borders but often overlapped one another, thereby providing a substrate for multisensory convergence. Electrophysiological recordings confirmed this anatomical organization as well as identifying the presence of multisensory (bimodal) neurons in the areas of overlap between representations. Curiously, however, the proportion of bimodal neurons was only 24% of the neurons sampled in this region, and the majority of these did not show multisensory interactions when combined-modality stimuli were presented. In summary, these experiments indicate that the RSp is primarily auditory in nature, but this representation could be further subdivided into an outer sulcal anterior auditory field (sAAF) and an inner field of the rostral suprasylvian sulcus (FRS).
Reactions of Trimethylaluminum with Secondary Arsines: Synthesis and Characterization of Phenyl(trimethylsilylmethyl)arsine, Ph(Me3SiCH2)AsH, and the X-Ray Crystal Structures of the Trimers, Me2AlAsPh2!3.(C7H8)2 and Me2AlAs(CH2SiMe3)Ph3.

The reactions of trimethylaluminum with diphenylarsine, Ph2AsH, and phenyl[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]arsine, Ph(Me3SiCH2)AsH, in 1:1 mole ratios afford the trimeric compounds [Me2AlAsPh2]3·(C7H8)2 (1) and [Me2AlAs(CH2SiMe3)Ph]3 (2), respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 are the first Al−As six-membered-ring compounds to be structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, as well as by 1H and 13C solution NMR spectroscopy. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that trimer 1 is a toluate that crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, with a = 14.549(6) A, b = 22.838(7) A, c = 16.891(4) A, and β = 105.12(5)° for Z = 4. Trimer 2 crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1, and has two unique molecules in a unit cell with dimensions of a = 15.619(7) A, b = 17.487(6) A, c = 19.863(6) A, α = 94.86(3)°, β = 101.41(3)°, and γ = 113.34(3)° for Z = 4. The six-membered Al−As rings in both 1 and 2 occupy chair conformations, furnishing both trimers with structural characteristics similar...
ETHNICITY AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION: A COMPARISON BETWEEN ASIAN AND MEXICAN AMERICANS*

What is ethnicity and how does it matter for political participation? Previous research has shown that the participatory disparity of Asian Americans, as different from Latinos, cannot be explained with sociodemographic and group consciousness variables. Adopting the view of a growing body of scholars who think ethnicity is an evolving rather than a static phenomenon, this study proposes multidimensional measures of ethnicity for two immigrant groups. Reexamining part of the 1984 data set that contains a unique oversampling of Asian and Mexican Americans in California, it is found that the two groups, despite a huge socioeconomic gap, bear similar ethnicity and participation structures. For both groups, acculturation increases participation; attachment to homeland culture does not necessarily discourage participation; and the role of group consciousness is much more complex than previously conceived.
Primary Neoplasm in Vesical Diverticula: A Report of 12 Cases

SUMMARY— Twelve patients with primary carcinoma arising in a vesical diverticulum are presented. Treatment included diverticulectorny with or without post-operative irradiation and transurethral resection. Recurrences were detected in 6 patients and the disease-free survival rate was 8%.
Evaluation of stresses in NiNiO and CrCr2O3 during high temperature oxidation by in situ X-ray diffraction

Abstract A high temperature X-ray diffraction method based on the Laue (transmission) mode was developed to measure strains associated with the growth of an oxide scale on a metal. These growth strains in the attached oxide scale and metal substrate are determined simultaneously and in real time by the change in spacing of selected lattice planes relative to the unstrained lattice spacing at the same temperature. Thermally induced strains in both substrate and attached oxide can also be evaluated by monitoring the change in lattice spacing on cooling to room temperature. The method was tested by comparison with the known thermal expansivity of Au, Cr 2 O 3 and NiO and was applied to the growth of oxide scales on polycrystalline pure Cr and Ni. The results illustrate that both the growth and thermal stresses contribute significantly to the total residual stress. The evolution of these stresses during the oxidation period and subsequent cooling is complex, especially if stress relaxation occurs or if the oxide develops a microstructure. Because of this complexity, determination of the room temperature residual strains alone reveals little of the actual state of the system at the oxidation temperature.
Expression and affinity purification of recombinant bovine herpes virus-1 glycoproteins

A method is described for expressing bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) glycoproteins gI and gIII in eukaryotic cells. These cells are prepared by transfection with plasmids containing the BHV-1 glycoprotein genes. The BHV-1 glycoproteins from these expressing cells as well as from BHV-1 infected cells can be purified by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography. The BHV-1 expressing cells can be used as targets in immunologic assays and the affinity-purified glycoproteins are suitable for use in in vitro immunologic assays or as immunogens to induce virus neutralizing antibodies.
Increased Social Play Behavior, but Not Novelty-Induced Activity, in Juvenile Rats Treated with Glucocorticoids in Neonatal Life

Increased Social Play Behavior, but Not Novelty-Induced Activity, in Juvenile Rats Treated with Glucocorticoids in Neonatal Life
Publisher's Note: “Label-free electronic probing of nucleic acids and proteins at the nanoscale using the nanoneedle biosensor” [Biomicrofluidics 7, 044114 (2013)]

This article was originally published online on 6 August 2013 with incomplete and inaccurate information in Ref. 54. AIP Publishing apologizes for this error. All online versions of the article were corrected on 15 August 2013. Below is Ref. 54 as it should have appeared: “54R. Esfandyarpour, H. Esfandyarpour, M. Javanmard, J. S. Harris, and R. W. Davis, Electrical Detection of Protein Biomarkers Using Nanoneedle Biosensors (Cambridge University Press, 2012).”
Analysis of Microstructures in Cu-14.0%Al-3.9%Ni by Energy Minimization

During the past few years, a new theory of martensite has been developed in which microstructure is predicted by energy minimization ([1, 2]). The theory is based on a crystallographic model, and the continuum theory is obtained from this model by using the Cauchy-Bom rule to relate atomic to macroscopic deformation. The theory treats the geometry of deformation exactly, regardless of the size of the transformation strain. The authors believe that this theory could be widely used by experts on martensite to analyze and predict microstructures. To illustrate one way the theory can be used, the authors take several of the commonly observed microstructures in CuAlNi and show how each of them can be obtained directly by energy minimization of a given energy function. In particular, we consider the austenite-martensite interface (the theory subsumes the crystallographic theory of martensite), the divided wedge, laminates of compound twins, layers within layers of Type II twins, and simple and complex twin crossings. In each of these cases the theory gives precise information on deformed geometry, orientation of interfaces, and volume fractions.
Spinal cord compression from traumatic anterior cervical pseudomeningoceles: Report of three cases

Pseudomeningoceles rarely develop after cervical trauma; in all reported cases the lesions have extended outside the spinal canal. The authors report the first known cases of anterior cervical pseudomeningoceles contained entirely within the spinal canal and causing cord compression and neurological injury. The authors retrospectively reviewed the cases of three patients with traumatic cervical spine injuries and concomitant compressive anterior pseudomeningoceles. The lesion was recognized in the first case when the patient's neurological status declined after he sustained a severe atlantoaxial injury; the pseudomeningocele was identified intraoperatively and decompressed. After the decompressive surgery, the patient's severe tetraparesis partially resolved. In the other two patients diagnoses of similar pseudomeningoceles were established by magnetic resonance imaging. Both patients were treated conservatively, and their mild to moderate hemiparesis due to the pseudomeningocele-induced compression abated. The high incidence of anterior cervical pseudomeningoceles seen at the authors' institution within a relatively brief period suggests that this lesion is not rare. The authors believe that it is important to recognize the compressive nature of these lesions and their potential to cause devastating neurological injury.
Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke The Likelihood of Being Helped Versus Harmed

See related article, pages 2279–2283 . Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) risk is the factor most likely to preclude tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) use by emergency physicians. Of the 40% of respondents to the American College of Emergency Physicians survey about tPA for acute ischemic stroke who would not use tPA in the ideal setting reported that this was attributable to SICH risk.1 From the same survey, we learned that in the respondents’ minds, the highest clinically acceptable mean risk of SICH was 3.4% (compared with 6.4% risk reported in the tPA arm of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS] trial). The American Academy of Emergency Medicine (AAEM) has created an educational tool entitled “tPA for Stroke—Potential Benefit, Risk, and Alternatives,” dated May 3, 2007, that was circulated to its membership.2 The document was designed to help emergency physicians inform patients and family members about the pros and cons of tPA for stroke in appropriate patients. The tool emphasizes how important it is for physicians to weigh the possibility of benefit (improved function at 3 months) against the possibility of harm (severe bleeding or death). The AAEM has produced an accompanying illustration to pictorially and quantitatively convey the probabilities of “good recovery,” “poor or no recovery,” and “brain bleed and death” with and without tPA in cohort of acute ischemic stroke patients. In reviewing the potential benefit, the illustration suggests that 8 of 18 stroke patients who receive tPA will have a good recovery by 3 months after the event. This is compared to 6 of 18 stroke patients who recover substantially with good outcome without tPA. Even more importantly, in reviewing the potential risk, the illustration suggests that bleeding into the brain, with high …
Perceived Barriers to Help-Seeking Among Parents of At-Risk Kindergarteners in Rural Communities

This study examined help-seeking and perceived barriers to children’s mental health service utilization in a large sample of parents living in rural communities who are at various stages in the help-seeking process. The goals were to (a) obtain a demographic profile of at-risk kindergarteners and their parents, (b) examine parent-reported help-seeking behaviors, and (c) assess barriers to mental health service use. Parent and teacher report of the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition, were used to screen children (N ¼ 597) at kindergarten entry and to identify their risk status. Parents also completed the Barriers to Participation Scale and reported the frequency of help-seeking behaviors related to their child’s problems. Using a cutoff score of 1.5 standard deviations above the mean, nearly half (51%) of children were identified as at-risk (76% low risk, 24% high risk) for emotional, behavioral, social, and adaptive problems. Barriers and help-seeking did not differ across parents of low and high risk children. Among parents of at-risk children, only 33% believed their child had a problem. Parents sought informal help more often than professional help; however, medical doctors and school staff were sought most among professionals. The majority of parents (61%) endorsed at least one barrier that would interfere with mental health service use. Results highlight the importance of early school mental health screening and the need for interventions to increase parent problem recognition and engagement in mental health service utilization.