cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teleconnections of the ENSO and South Korean precipitation patterns

Summary The climatic relationship of the ENSO phenomena (El Nino/La Nina) and monthly precipitation patterns over South Korea is examined based on the composite and harmonic analysis. Three core regions, namely the Upper Region (UR), the Middle Region (MR), and the Lower Region (LR), were identified with a high level of the spatial coherence and temporal consistency rate, which represent the geographical extent and magnitude of the response of the ENSO forcing to the precipitation patterns. During the El Nino events, the February (+) to May (+), November (0) to April (+), and November (0) to May (+) wet period for UR, MR, and LR respectively, are the signal seasons having a high level of coherence and consistency. The spatial coherence rates of each region are 0.94, 0.98, and 0.98, and the temporal consistency rates are 0.80, 0.90, and 0.80 respectively. On the other hand, in case of the La Nina events, the October (0) to January (+), November (0) to May (+) dry period for UR and MR respectively, are the signal seasons showing a strong and consistent teleconnection. The spatial coherence rates of each region are 0.98, 0.96 and the temporal consistency rates are both 0.78. According to the comparative analyses for both extreme episodes, in three core regions, the El Nino/La Nina–precipitation relationships show the opposite sign, positive and negative precipitation anomalies respectively. Based on the results of annual cycle analysis, Mann–Whitney U hypothesis test and cross-correlation analysis, the wet anomalies during the warm event years, which prevail over the whole region, are more remarkable and significant than the dry departures during the cold event years. In conclusion, the climatic teleconnection between the extreme phase of SO and mid-latitude precipitation is identified over South Korea.
Commentary: non-HIV hypotheses must be studied more carefully

Patients with haemophilia treated with commercial factor VIII and zidovudine are at risk of developing AIDS defining immunodeficiency diseases like pneumonia, candidiasis, and toxoplasmosis but not Kaposi's sarcoma or dementia. Their risk of these diseases is proportional to their lifetime dosages of factor VIII and cytotoxic DNA chain terminators like zidovudine.*RF 1, 1a* Haemophilia specific AIDS diseases have been explained in terms of two hypotheses. A non-infectious hypothesis holds that the long term administration of immunosuppressive foreign proteins contaminating commercial factor VIII and zidovudine causes AIDS. An infectious hypothesis holds that HIV causes AIDS.1 ### Still no evidence for infection Based on inadequate tests, Sabin et al reject the foreign protein-zidovudine hypothesis.2 However, their data and those of others actually support the hypothesis. Sabin et al claim that HIV causes AIDS because all of their haemophilic patients had antibodies against the virus. But HIV cannot be enough for AIDS because six of their 17 HIV positive patients (table 2) remained healthy for 10 years. Likewise 12000 out of 15000 HIV positive American haemophilic patients have remained …
Can Refusals by Respondents be Decreased

Accuracy in consumer surveys can be influenced greatly by the degree to which the interviewer is “accepted” by the persons he seeks to question. Can the refusal rate be cut and the degree of accept...
Acoustic Study of a Sweeping Jet Actuator for Active Flow Control Applications

Active flow control for aircraft has been demonstrated to improve aerodynamic performance but generally introduces additional noise sources. This study presents measurements of the acoustic fields of sweeping jet actuators at full- and half-scale compared to the configuration recently demonstrated in ground- and flight-tests of a full-scale rudder. The effects of scale, flow rate, forward speed, and actuator synchronization state on tone and broadband noise directional power spectral density (PSD) levels are presented. The sweeping jet actuator PSD levels in the audio range increases as the second power of actuator flow rate. A fourth power variation of PSD level with flow rate is observed for a comparable non-sweeping actuator. These measurements will be used to develop noise source models for new aircraft configurations utilizing active flow control.
Conformational IgE epitopes of peanut allergens Ara h 2 and Ara h 6.

SummaryBackground Cross-linking of IgE antibody by specific epitopes on the surface of mast cells is a prerequisite for triggering symptoms of peanut allergy. IgE epitopes are frequently categorized as linear or conformational epitopes. Although linear IgE-binding epitopes of peanut allergens have been defined, little is known about conformational IgE-binding epitopes. Objective To identify clinically relevant conformational IgE epitopes of the two most important peanut allergens, Ara h 2 and Ara h 6, using phage peptide library. Methods A phage 12mer peptide library was screened with allergen-specific IgE from 4 peanut-allergic patients. Binding of the mimotopes to IgE from a total of 29 peanut-allergic subjects was measured by ELISA. The mimotope sequences were mapped on the surface areas of Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 using EpiSearch. Results Forty-one individual mimotopes were identified that specifically bind anti- Ara h 2/Ara h 6 IgE as well as rabbit anti-Ara h 2 and anti-Ara h 6 IgG. Sequence alignment showed that none of the mimotope sequences match a linear segment of the Ara h 2 or Ara h 6 sequences. EpiSearch analysis showed that all the mimotopes mapped to surface patches of Ara h 2 and Ara h 6. Eight of the mimotopes were recognized by more than 90% of the patients, suggesting immunodominance. Each patient had distinct IgE recognition patterns but the recognition frequency was not correlated to the concentration of peanut specific IgE or to clinical history. Conclusions The mimotopes identified in this study represent conformational epitopes. Identification of similar surface patches on Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 further underscores the similarities between these two potent allergens.
A temperature-controlled glove with non-invasive arterial pulse sensing for active neuro-vascular assessment

A non-invasive, active neuro-vascular assessment system was developed using a modified temperature-controlled glove and feedback techniques. The glove incorporates local heating and cooling of the hand using multi-point skin temperature measurements as feedback, and thereby induces local and central mechanisms involved in thermoregulation. Electrocardiogram (ECG), photoplethysmogram (PPG) and non-invasive finger-cuff based blood pressure (BP) measurements were used to monitor electrophysiology and hemodynamic changes in response to temperature modulation. Then, the triggered neuro-vascular mechanisms associated with thermoregulation were quantified by extracting parameters from the measured waveforms, specifically heart rate variability (HRV), vascular tone, and BP. The system was tested on six young, healthy individuals with no history of microvascular diseases. During heating, vasodilation, decrease in systolic BP, and a decrease in parasympathetic tone were observed, while during cooling, vasoconstriction and increased BP were observed. While such changes are expected physiologically using passive experiments, the ability to modulate the physiology non-invasively with a controlled, quantitative, and inexpensive instrument can potentially enable serial assessments of neuro-vascular control outside of clinical settings.
Non-Deprotonative Primary and Secondary Amination of (Hetero)Arylmetals

Herein we disclose a novel method for the facile transfer of primary (−NH2) and secondary amino groups (−NHR) to heteroaryl- as well as arylcuprates at low temperature without the need for precious metal catalysts, ligands, excess reagents, protecting and/or directing groups. This one-pot transformation allows unprecedented functional group tolerance and it is well-suited for the amination of electron-rich, electron-deficient as well as structurally complex (hetero)arylmetals. In some of the cases, only catalytic amounts of a copper(I) salt is required.
Second-career science teachers’ classroom conceptions of science and engineering practices examined through the lens of their professional histories

ABSTRACTScience standards in the U.S. have shifted to emphasise science and engineering process skills (i.e. specific practices within inquiry) to a greater extent than previous standards’ emphases on broad representations of inquiry. This study examined the alignment between second-career science teachers’ personal histories with the latter and examined the extent to which they viewed that history as a factor in their teaching. Four, second-career science teachers with professional backgrounds in engineering, environmental, industrial, and research and development careers participated. Through the examination of participants’ methodological and contextual histories in science and engineering, little evidence of conflict with teaching was found. They generally exemplified the agency and motivation of a second-career teacher–scientist that has been found elsewhere [Gilbert, A. (2011). There and back again: Exploring teacher attrition and mobility with two transitioning science teachers. Journal of Science ...
Targeting Inflammation in Coronary Artery Disease

For more than 20 years, our understanding of the biology of atherosclerosis has incorporated the so-called inflammatory hypothesis.1,2 Inflammatory cells and signals drive the healing response to vascular injury, allowing the initiation and growth of atherosclerotic plaque. Inflammatory reactions probably increase plaque instability, possibly resulting in plaque rupture, fissuring, or erosion and setting up the substrate for the thrombotic response that causes myocardial damage or infarction. Yet, no strictly antiinflammatory drugs are used to treat patients with coronary artery disease. Effective cardiovascular drugs with antiinflammatory effects, such as aspirin and statins, predominantly exert therapeutic benefits by means of mechanisms other . . .
Overview of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation offers the best chance for cure in many hematologic malignancies. Key decisions include patient selection, donor and graft source, conditioning regimen, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. Transplant is risky; only one-third survive long term. Complications include relapse, GVHD, infection, and end-organ dysfunction. Expanding indications for transplantation, advancing upper age limits, and improvements in patient care have resulted in increasing numbers of transplant survivors. These patients may suffer substantial long-term health consequences and require intensive follow-up. Future directions include graft engineering and cellular therapy, optimizing donor selection, sensitive disease assessments and/or maintenance therapies, and improvements in care.
Research Ethics in Critical Care Medicine

Research in critical care medicine is founded on the trust of our patients and their families. In order to understand the integrity of this mutually responsible relationship, it is important to review the foundations upon which it is built. Two core questions define our understanding of the importance between the patient’s expectations and our inherent clinical responsibilities. It is equally important to recognise that much of what has become today’s accepted critical care practice derives from uncontrolled clinical experimentation that each of us perform in the context of providing optimal patient care. Therefore it is important to understand the founding principles of the ethical considerations of patient care and research in the intensive care unit (ICU): Where do the principles come from and what do we learn from their application?
Faculty Development for Teaching Faculty in Psychiatry: Where We Are and What We Need.

A Faculty Development Task Force surveyed the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training membership to assess faculty development for graduate medical education faculty in psychiatry departments and barriers to seeking graduate medical education careers. An anonymous Survey Monkey survey was emailed to 722 American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training members. The survey included questions about demographics, the current state of faculty development offerings within the respondent’s psychiatry department and institution, and potential American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training faculty development programming. Two open-response questions targeted unmet faculty development needs and barriers to seeking a career in graduate medical education. Results were analyzed as frequencies and open-ended questions were coded by two independent coders. We limited our analysis to general psychiatry program director responses for questions regarding faculty development activities in an attempt to avoid multiple responses from a single department. Response rates were 21.0% overall and 30.4% for general program directors. General program directors reported that the most common existing departmental faculty development activities were educational grand rounds (58.7%), teaching workshops (55.6%), and funding for external conference attendance (52.4%). Of all survey respondents, 48.1% expressed the need for more protected time, 37.5% teaching skills workshops, and 16.3% mentorship. Lack of funding (56.9%) and time (53.9%) as well as excessive clinical demands (28.4%) were identified as the main barriers to seeking a career in graduate medical education. Despite increasing faculty development efforts in psychiatry departments and institutions, real and significant unmet faculty development needs remain. Protected time remains a significant unmet need of teaching faculty which requires careful attention by departmental leadership.
A DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION PRECONDITIONING FOR AN INVERSE VOLUME SCATTERING PROBLEM.

We propose domain decomposition preconditioners for the solution of an integral equation formulation of the acoustic forward and inverse scattering problems. We study both forward and inverse volume problems and propose preconditioning techniques to accelerate the iterative solvers. For the forward scattering problem, we extend the domain decomposition based preconditioning techniques presented for partial differential equations in "A restricted additive Schwarz preconditioner for general sparse linear systems", SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 21 (1999), pp. 792--797, to integral equations. We combine this domain decomposition preconditioner with a low-rank correction, which is easy to construct, forming a new preconditioner. For the inverse scattering problem, we use the forward problem preconditioner as a building block for constructing a preconditioner for the Gauss-Newton Hessian. We present numerical results that demonstrate the performance of both preconditioning strategies.
Thrombocytopenia Preceding Urosepsis in an Otherwise Asymptomatic Patient After Bilateral Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery.

Introduction and Background: Urosepsis is commonly predicted by the systematic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria. We report a case of urosepsis preceded only by thrombocytopenia. Case ...
The role of blood pressure and hypertension in dementia

Abstract Hypertension represents a highly prevalent and modifiable risk factor that has been consistently associated with neurodegenerative brain changes and cognitive decline in human and animal studies. Midlife elevations in blood pressure appear to be most strongly associated with late-life cognitive impairment, dementia, and structural brain abnormalities. It is less clear how late-life blood pressure relates to dementia, as some, but not all, studies show protective effects of elevated blood pressure during late life. Although few studies have tested this hypothesis directly, there is some indication that persons with hypertension during midlife who then go on to have low blood pressure levels as older adults have especially poor neurocognitive outcomes. Several pathways have been identified through which elevated blood pressure is thought to adversely affect brain health in general and promote Alzheimer's disease more specifically. Such findings have led to the development of randomized clinical trials to test the neuroprotective effects of antihypertensive agents.
Heart Rate–Induced Myocardial Ca2+ Retention and Left Ventricular Volume Loss in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

Background Increases in heart rate are thought to result in incomplete left ventricular (LV) relaxation and elevated filling pressures in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fractio...
How does the removal of federal subsidies affect investment in coastal protection infrastructure

Abstract Shoreline armoring, which involves the installation of hardened structures to protect coastal property, dramatically alters shoreline composition and resulting ecological functions. Accelerating hazard threats to growing coastal communities compounds this problem, creating demand for more armoring. We examine whether designation by the U.S. Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA) – enacted to disincentivize urban development on hazardous coastal barriers – is associated with lower propensities to armor shorelines. In designated areas, CBRA removes access to federally-subsidized flood insurance, infrastructure subsidies, and disaster assistance. Using logistic regression modeling, we examine armoring at the parcel scale across the State of Florida (USA), controlling for CBRA designation, land use, and local population density. Our findings reveal a significant negative relationship between CBRA designation and the odds of armoring, particularly for residential and vacant properties. As coastal areas grapple with increasing impacts from coastal hazards, removal of public subsidies may be an effective non-regulatory method for maintaining the ecological and protective benefits of natural shorelines.
Activities of daily living and working memory in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Most children with ADHD have impaired working memory abilities. These working memory deficits predict impairments in activities of daily living (ADLs) for adults with ADHD. However, our understandi...
Prepubertal and adult male rats differ in the degree and pattern of stress reactive neurons in brain regions that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Abstract The hormonal stress response, mediated by the hypothalamic–pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, shows greater responsiveness to various stressors in prepubertal compared to adult animals. Though the implications of this age-related change are unclear, this heightened reactivity might contribute to the increase in stress-related dysfunctions observed during adolescence. Interestingly, prepubertal animals show greater stress-induced neural activation compared to adults in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), the area responsible for initiating the hormonal stress response. Thus, it is possible that direct afferents to the PVN, such as the anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (aBST), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), posterior BST (pBST), medial preoptic area (MPOA), and dorsomedial nucleus (DMN), contribute to this age-dependent change in reactivity. To investigate these possibilities, two separate experiments were conducted in prepubertal (30 days old) and adult (70 days old) male rats using the retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold (FG), and FOS immunohistochemistry to study neural connectivity and activation, respectively. Though there was no difference in the number or size of FG-positive cells in the PVN afferents we examined, we found a significantly greater number of stress-induced FOS-like-positive cells in the aBST and significantly fewer in the DMN in prepubertal compared to adult animals. Together these data suggest that functional, instead of structural, changes in nuclei that project to the PVN may lead to the greater PVN stress responsiveness observed prior to adolescence. Furthermore, these data indicate that nuclei known to directly modulate HPA stress responsiveness show differential activation patterns before and after adolescent development.
Rapid imaging of deep-tissue motion with parallelized diffuse correlation spectroscopy

We present a highly parallelized approach to diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) using a 32 × 32 single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array, which allows imaging dynamic scattering events buried deep within tissue phantom at a 2.5Hz frame rate without requiring any scanning or instrument movement.
Encounters with Mammalian Cells: Survival Strategies of Candida Species

This chapter reviews the changes in cellular physiology that follow contact with host cells and the impact of these changes on the host-pathogen interaction. The focus is on Candida albicans, for the simple reason that the vast majority of the published research is on this species. The chapter focuses on the interaction between Candida cells and the most important and relevant mammalian cell types. Reflecting the scope of available literature, the chapter concentrates on Candida interactions with neutrophils and macrophages. Stress responses include reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and superoxide dismutases (SODs). The chapter focuses on the effectors and their roles in mediating the interaction with host cells. Invasion and endocytosis are terms primarily used to describe the internalization of Candida into normally nonphagocytic cells, mostly endothelial and epithelial cells. A surprising finding from the analysis of macrophagephagocytosed cells was the role of carbon starvation, which represented nearly two-thirds of the genes whose expression changed. The adhesion between Candida cells and phagocytes is primarily driven by receptors on the mammalian cell that recognize carbohydrate moieties on the cell wall, though there are some fungal proteins that mediate adhesion as well.
Coping with Difficult Situations

This chapter presents the use of a strategic solution focused therapy in coping with difficult situations. It suggests that clients may not need to wait to eliminate all uncertainty and discomfort from their lives to make things better. Understandably, the clients, who face painful and complicated life situations, frequently hope that psychotherapy will eliminate the painful feelings, the uncomfortable circumstances, and the uncertainty they face. Often therapy cannot fulfill that hope. When the goal appears to be unattainable, the therapist's task is to manage the situation and to attempt to transform unattainable goals to achievable solutions. The use of “coping questions” and the limitations of therapy are also addressed. A number of techniques that are used in strategic solution focused therapy can help clients to “realize the possible.” Many of these solutions attempt to decrease the client's sense of powerlessness, some emphasize the inability of the therapist to eliminate uncertainty and difficult situations, and others redirect client efforts along different paths. The same principles and procedures utilized in any strategic solution focused work are applicable, when the client appears to have an unattainable goal. Problem clarification may be particularly important here, as the therapist attempts to define a workable problem.
Institutional Mechanisms for Converting Sporadic Agency Decisions into Systematic Risk Management Strategies

The explosive growth of federal responsibility for risk management in health and safety areas is generally well known. Table 1 illustrates the broad statutory responsibilities of three major federal agencies,1 the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), and the Environment Protection Agency (EPA), none of which existed before 1970. An estimate2 of the work load imposed by OSHA, CPSC, and EPA on the federal appellate judiciary3 is given in Table 2. In the case of the Courts of Appeal, no less than 1.3% of all cases with a published opinion involved OSHA, CPSC, or EPA. In view of the enormous controversy surrounding the passage of the laws administered by these agencies, it is perhaps not surprising that these three agencies would account for such a comparatively large share of the appellate work load so soon after their creation. Moreover, the percentages by themselves underestimate the amount of work involved because, at least in the cases involving challenges to standards, the courts have had to review massive4 records containing highly technical information from the fields of medicine, toxicology, engineering, and economics. Quite clearly, risk management problems have had a major impact on both the executive and judicial branches.
Statistical, Identifiable and Iconic Victims and Perpetrators

We draw out implications of the identifiable victim effect - the greater sympathy shown toward identifiable than statistical victims - for public finance. We first review research showing (1) that people respond more strongly to identifiable than statistical victims even when identification provides absolutely no information about the victims, (2) that the identifiable victim effect is a special case of a more general tendency to react more strongly to identifiable others whether they evoke sympathy or other emotions, and (3) that identifiability influences behavior via the emotional reactions it evokes. Next, we discuss the normative status of the effect, noting that, contrary to the usual assumption that people overreact to identifiable victims, identifiability can shift people's responses in a normatively desirable direction if people are otherwise insufficiently sympathetic toward statistical victims. Finally, we examine implications of the identifiable victim effect for public finance. We show that the identifiable victim effect can influence the popularity of different policies, for example, naturally favoring hidden taxes over those whose incidence is more easily assessed, since a hidden tax has no identifiable victims. Identifiable other effects also influence public discourse, with much of the debate about government spending and taxation being driven by vivid exemplars - iconic victims and perpetrators - rather than any rational calculation of costs and benefits.
Cyberbullying: A literature review of its relationship to adolescent depression and current intervention strategies

ABSTRACTThe focus of this literature review examines interventions for 12–18-year-old adolescents experiencing depressive symptoms as a consequence of cyberbullying. Findings reveal a positive correlation between cyberbullying and depressive symptomology, but only a few interventions treat this problem. This review reinforces the urgent need for the creation of additional evidence-based intervention programs.
Long-Term Pressure Effects on Shear Modulus of Soils

Long-term resonant-column tests were performed on seven air-dry soils to determine their small-strain dynamic behavior under confining pressures maintained for durations up to 803 days. Test results indicate that: (1) The shear modulus of air-dry soils at constant confining pressure increases with time; (2) the shear modulus after 2 years can be predicted within 15% from 2-day tests; (3) the time-dependent increase in modulus increases with decreasing particle size; (4) the time-dependent increase in density under a constant pressure accounts for only 0-15% of the total time-dependent modulus increase; (5) continuous low amplitude vibration (shearing strain less than 0.00001) has no measurable effect on the soils tested over and above the time-dependent modulus increase; and (6) a 10-psi step increase in pressure may destroy up to 15% of the time-dependent modulus accumulated with time in clay, but does not influence sand or silt.
Quality-control plan for intravenous admixture programs. I: Visual inspection of solutions and environmental testing

Two components of a model quality-control plan for intravenous admixture services--a 100% visual inspection and an environmental testing program--were developed and evaluated in two hospitals. Visual inspections are recorded by technicians on two forms that detail the types of solution, container, and device defects that should be checked. One form covers stock solutions and supplies, and the other covers prepared solutions. The environmental testing program uses two forms to record performance and results of routine microbial monitoring. The detailed quality-control forms are presented. Procedures for handling defective items and contamination problems are discussed. Evaluation of the visual and environmental plans showed they provided a systematic, workable, and modest-cost method of assuring and documenting conditions in an i.v. admixture service. To assure competent preparation, use and distribution of high-quality i.v. solutions, both components of the quality-control system must be performed on a routine basis.
How Reasonable Is the Reasonable Man?: Police and Excessive Force

The authority of the police to use force represents one of the most misunderstood powers granted to representatives of government. Police officers are authorized to use both psychological and physical force to apprehend criminals and solve crimes.' This Article focuses on issues of physical force. After a brief introduction and a review of current legal issues in the use of force, this Article presents an assessment of current police policy development. After establishing the fundamental foundation for the use of force, the Article discusses "reasonableness" and the unrealistic expectation which is placed on police to understand, interpret, and follow vague "reasonableness" guidelines. Until the expectations and limitations on the use of force are clarified, in behavioral terms, police officers will be required to adhere to the vague standards of the "reasonable person."
Primer ID Informs Next-Generation Sequencing Platforms and Reveals Preexisting Drug Resistance Mutations in the HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Coding Domain.

Abstract Sequencing of a bulk polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product to identify drug resistance mutations informs antiretroviral therapy selection but has limited sensitivity for minority variants. Alternatively, deep sequencing is capable of detecting minority variants but is subject to sequencing errors and PCR resampling due to low input templates. We screened for resistance mutations among 184 HIV-1-infected, therapy-naive subjects using the 454 sequencing platform to sequence two amplicons spanning HIV-1 reverse transcriptase codons 34–245. Samples from 19 subjects were also analyzed using the MiSeq sequencing platform for comparison. Errors and PCR resampling were addressed by tagging each HIV-1 RNA template copy (i.e., cDNA) with a unique sequence tag (Primer ID), allowing a consensus sequence to be constructed for each original template from resampled sequences. In control reactions, Primer ID reduced 454 and MiSeq errors from 71 to 2.6 and from 24 to 1.2 errors/10,000 nucleotides, respectively....
Regrowth patterns and rosette attributes contribute to the differential compensatory responses of Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes to apical damage

A plant's compensatory performance refers to its ability to maintain or increase its reproductive output following damage. The ability of a plant to compensate depends on numerous factors including the type, severity, frequency and timing of damage, the environmental conditions and the plant's genotype. Upon apical damage, a cascade of hormonal and genetic responses often produces dramatic changes in a plant's growth, development, architecture and physiology. All else being equal, this response is largely dependent on a plant's genotype, with different regrowth patterns displayed by different genotypes of a given species. In this study, we compare the architectural and growth patterns of two Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes following apical damage. Specifically, we characterise regrowth patterns of the genotypes Columbia-4 and Landsberg erecta, which typically differ in their compensation to apical meristem removal. We report that Landsberg erecta suffered reductions in the number of stems produced, maximum elongation rate, a delay in reaching this rate, lower average rosette quality throughout the growing period, and ultimately, less aboveground dry biomass and seed production when damaged compared to undamaged control plants. Columbia-4 had no reductions in any of these measures and maintained larger rosette area when clipped relative to when unclipped. Based on the apparent influence of the rosette on these genotypes' compensatory performances, we performed a rosette removal experiment, which confirmed that the rosette contributes to compensatory performance. This study provides a novel characterisation of regrowth patterns following apical damage, with insights into those measures having the largest effect on plant performance.
Adding procedures and pointers to the ALVIS algorithm visualization software: a preliminary design

Since the late 1990s, we have been developing ALVIS, a new breed of algorithm visualization software that supports a novel, "studio based" approach to teaching introductory programming. In this approach, students, working in pairs, use the ALVIS software to construct their own algorithmic solutions to appropriate algorithm design problems. ALVIS automatically generates accompanying algorithm visualizations, which students can augment with their own visual and storytelling elements prior to presenting them to their peers and instructor for feedback and discussion. We believe the pedagogical value of this approach rests in students' active engagement in constructing and subsequently discussing their algorithmic solutions. Previous versions of the ALVIS software have enabled students to create only single-procedure, array iterative algorithms. We describe here our preliminary work toward expanding ALVIS so that it supports parameterized procedures and pointers. Our ultimate aim is to explore the pedagogical value of using ALVIS as the basis of an entire "studio based" introductory programming course for students without prior programming experience.
High-resolution proton NMR studies of intracellular metabolites in yeast using 13C decoupling☆

Abstract The resolution and specificity of 1 H NMR in studies of yeast cellular metabolism were increased by feeding a 13 C-labeled substrate and observing 1 H difference spectra in the presence and absence of 13 C decoupling fields. [2- 13 C]Acetate was utilized as a respiratory substrate in an aerobic suspension of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The broad cellular background proton resonances are removed by the technique, leaving only signals from the protons of the substrate, or its metabolites, that are coupled to 13 C. Spectra of the yeast suspension after acetate feeding show the disappearance of label from the acetate pool and the subsequent appearance of 13 C in glutamate C 3 and C 4 and in aspartate C 3 . These results are in accord with the known fluxes of metabolites. Selective single-frequency 13 C decoupling was used to provide assignments for the difference signals. The limitations on single-frequency decoupling coming from finite decoupling fields are investigated. The technique shows a potential for application in a wide variety of systems where the resolution of the 13 C spectrum may be combined with the sensitivity for proton detection to observe metabolites that have been previously unobservable.
An Estimate of Eros's Porosity and Implications for Internal Structure

Abstract Earth-based spectral measurements and NEAR Shoemaker magnetometer, X-ray, and near-infrared spectrometer data are all consistent with Eros having a bulk composition and mineralogy similar to ordinary chondrite meteorites (OC). By comparing the bulk density of 433 Eros (2.67±0.03 g/cm 3 ) with that of OCs (3.40 g/cm 3 ), we estimate the total porosity of the asteroid to be 21–33%. Macro (or structural) porosity, best estimated to be ∼20%, is constrained to be between 6 and 33%. We conclude that Eros is a heavily fractured body, but we find no evidence that it was ever catastrophically disrupted and reaccumulated into a rubble pile.
Maruo Suehiro's ‘Planet of the Jap’: Revanchist Fantasy or War Critique?

The graphic retelling of history in popular manga, particularly in the work of Kobayashi Yoshinori, has garnered attention in light of the resurgent nationalism of postbubble Japan. This article analyzes the visual-verbal language of cult manga artist Maruo Suehiro's ‘Nihonjin no wakusei: Planet of the Jap’ (1985). While appearing to revel in a violent depiction of an alternative outcome to World War Two, this manga spans allusions to the Emperor Meiji, the postwar Self-Defense Forces, and the suicides of General Nogi and Mishima Yukio, and aims through its portrayal to critique the links among the Japanese wartime state, contemporary nationalism, fascism and violence. Maruo's consistent use of fascist imagery consciously invites a dangerous voyeurism of traumatic historical events. This is an intentionally political move that forces the reader to realize that complicity in such violent spectacles is a necessary step to critiquing the extreme aggression Maruo attributes to Japan.
A BIOCHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGIC STUDY OF MYELINATION AND DEMYELINATION : I. LIPIDE BIOSYNTHESIS IN VITRO BY NORMAL NERVOUS TISSUE

Samples of normal grey matter, white matter, and peripheral nerves obtained from rats were incubated in Warburg vessels with glucose and a labelled lipide precursor (acetate, phosphate, choline, glycerol, glucose). The total lipides were then extracted and their radioactivity measured. The preparations were compared with respect to dry weight, lipide content, O2 uptake, and ability to incorporate the various substrates into the lipides. Grey matter was found to be the least damaged by incubation, white matter the most. Damage to the tissue depressed lipogenesis to a greater extent than respiration. Five substrates were compared with respect to their degree of incorporation into the lipides of the various preparations. White matter, which had a greater oxygen uptake than peripheral nerves, showed the lowest degree of incorporation for most of the substrates studied. The results suggest that there are considerable quantitative differences in the metabolism of central and peripheral myelin. In the sciatic preparations, oxygen uptake and lipogenesis from acetate were found to decrease from the proximal to the distal end of the nerve. This finding may be relevant to the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathies. The growth and metabolic activity of peripheral nerves were studied in rats aged 1 to 500 days, and the biochemical and histological findings were correlated. The results indicated that the lipogenetic activity of the Schwann cell was lowest in the newborn animal, and reached its peak at about 20 days. Comparative data were also obtained from the cerebral cortex. The growth pattern of peripheral nerves was distinctly different from that of the brain. With respect to changes in tissue weight, respiration, and lipogenesis, growing peripheral nerve correlated with body weight, while the brain matured much more rapidly.
Robust output feedback stabilization of uncertain dynamic systems with bounded controllers

We propose a new class of infinitely many bounded output feedback controllers for uncertain dynamic systems with bounded uncertainties. No statistical information about the uncertainties is assumed. A variable structure systems approach is employed in the synthesis of the proposed output feedback controllers. The role of the system zeros in the output feedback stabilization using the variable structure approach is discussed. We show that the proposed controllers guarantee the practical stability of the closed-loop system and give estimates of the regions of practical stability.
Reply to Washburn

It is gracious of Washburn to come to the defense of Richard Leakey, and he is to be commended for chiding me on my excess of zeal. The errors to which I referred in my review are real enough, however, and cannot be attributed to my dogmatism or to my use of simplistic biometry on teeth and jaws. Finally, my initial suggestions concerning what came to be called "the single species hypothesis" were tentative at the outset (Brace 1969, 1971, 1973), and, following Richard Leakey's conclusive demonstration of the presence of two hominid taxa in the same early Pleistocene stratum (Leakey and Walker 1976), I incorporated the newer material and its implications in my subsequent treatments (Brace and Montagu 1977; Brace 1979 a, b; Brace, Nelson, Korn, and Brace 1979). The matter of editorial policy raised by Washburn requires some further comment. When I wrote the review, I was editor for physical anthropology for the American Anthropologist and charged with the processing of all manuscripts pertaining to that subfield. Articles generally are volunteered and in any case are evaluated by a panel of referees before decisions are made concerning suitability for publication. Book reviews, on the other hand, are requested by the editor from scholars whom he deems to be appropriate. The review then is subject to no more than the scrutiny of the editor and the editor-in-chief before it is
Effect of ultrasonic agitation in high-performance size-exclusion chromatography

Abstract A new effect on separation by liquid chromatography is reported. When the chromatographic column is used under ultrasonic agitation, peak widths typically increased while retention is unchanged. This is found to be general for a variety of compounds and chromatographic columns, and is reversible. Correlation with molecular diffusion coefficients is presented.
An expert system scheduler: some reflections on expert systems development

Abstract In constructing an expert system, the developers (i.e. the knowledge engineers) meet with a multitude of situations which may necessitate modification of development procedures, may affect project milestone schedules or which may influence final system implementation. In this paper, the authors outline their efforts in constructing an expert system scheduler for a major petrochemical company—with a focus on events and situations which can have profound effects on practical expert system development work. As will be noted, the problems encountered are not all that different from those faced in the development and implementation of any tool for (real-world) system automation.
Bulk defects in nano-crystalline and in non-crystalline HfO2-based thin film dielectrics

Abstract Defect states in the form of band edge electron and hole traps in HfO2 nano-crystalline films are qualitatively different in two different length scale regimes. For grain sizes > 3–4 nm, they are discrete band edge states associated with O-atom vacancies pinned and clustered at grain boundaries, whereas in as-deposited films, and films with a physical thickness of ~ 2 nm, they are band-tail defects with a density reduced by more than an order of magnitude. Defect states in non-crystalline high Si3N4 content Hf Si oxynitride alloys are qualitatively different than those in the either regime of nano-crystallinity, but instead are similar to those in SiO2, with densities 1012 cm− 2 in films with nano-grains > 3–4 nm.
Preventive intervention with a single pregnant patient. A case report.

A twenty-three-year-old single female in early pregnancy was referred to a psychiatrist because she was not willing to permit laboratory tests, nor a pelvic examination, to be done. Supportive and insight-oriented psychotherapy, explicit educational measures and enlisting supportive agencies in her local community were employed in her treatment. The patient was able to go through the gestation and delivery experiences successfully and ultimately to function as an adequate mother for her newborn infant.
Rock-water interactions in the Fenton Hill, new Mexico, hot dry rock geothermal systems I. fluid mixing and chemical geothermometry

Abstract The chemistry of fluids circulated through an artificially-stimulated, hot dry rock (HDR) fractured geothermal reservoir system in granitic rock is described in terms of mixing phenomena, geothermometry, and approach to saturation with reservoir rock minerals. Based on the similar dynamic behavior of Na + , K + , Li + , CI − , and B species and other isotopic evidence, the presence of a concentrated in-situ pore fluid was identified. Mixing and displacement of this in-situ fluid with meteoric make-up water is responsible for the observed behavior of the major dissolved species in the circulated fluid of this HDR system.
Theory of the spin liquid state of the Heisenberg antiferromagnet

We propose that the disordered state of a two-dimensional spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet is physically equivalent to the incompressible liquid state of the fractional quantum Hall system. The fractional quantum Hall state for bosons is shown to be an exact spin singlet and to possess a low variational energy for the near-neighbor Heisenberg model on a triangular lattice. Variational wave functions for neutral spin-1/2 excitations are constructed and shown to form an exact spin doublet. Variational energies of these states are calculated, and their spin density profiles are determined. We find that a localized spin-1/2 quaisparticle has a size comparable to a lattice bond length and an excitation energy \ensuremath{\Delta}=1.3J. The energy-momentum dispersion of quasiparticles and spin-1 collective modes, obtained variationally, supports the hypothesis that the spin liquid state has a finite energy gap. The 1/2 fractional statistics exhibited by the quasiparticle excitations is explicitly demonstrated.
Ceftazidime resistance in Hafnia alvei.

Two morphotypes of Hafnia alvei differed in their susceptibilities to beta-lactam antibiotics. Both produced an inducible Bush group 1 beta-lactamase. Hyperinducibility of this enzyme was associated with reduced susceptibility in one morphotype. Images
Does parameterization technique affect simulations of water fluxes

Predictions of water fluxes and properties, including runoff, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge, are useful for regional water management. These properties are usually estimated using distributed hydrologic models, which simulate the spatial distribution of hydrologic variables as well as streamflow dynamics. These models often have a large number of unknown parameters, which are typically estimated for grid cells by a calibration process.
Air quality impact and physicochemical aging of biomass burning aerosols during the 2007 San Diego wildfires

Intense wildfires burning >360000 acres in San Diego during October, 2007 provided a unique opportunity to study the impact of wildfires on local air quality and biomass burning aerosol (BBA) aging. The size-resolved mixing state of individual particles was measured in real-time with an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) for 10 days after the fires commenced. Particle concentrations were high county-wide due to the wildfires; 84% of 120-400 nm particles by number were identified as BBA, with particles <400 nm contributing to mass concentrations dangerous to public health, up to 148 μg/m(3). Evidence of potassium salts heterogeneously reacting with inorganic acids was observed with continuous high temporal resolution for the first time. Ten distinct chemical types shown as BBA factors were identified through positive matrix factorization coupled to single particle analysis, including particles comprised of potassium chloride and organic nitrogen during the beginning of the wildfires, ammonium nitrate and amines after an increase of relative humidity, and sulfate dominated when the air mass back trajectories passed through the Los Angeles port region. Understanding BBA aging processes and quantifying the size-resolved mass and number concentrations are important in determining the overall impact of wildfires on air quality, health, and climate.