cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A lumped parameter model of mechanically mediated acute and long-term adaptations of contractility and geometry in lymphatics for characterization of lymphedema

A primary purpose of the lymphatic system is to transport fluid from peripheral tissues to the central venous system in order to maintain tissue-fluid balance. Failure to perform this task results in lymphedema marked by swelling of the affected limb as well as geometric remodeling and reduced contractility of the affected lymphatic vessels. The mechanical environment has been implicated in the regulation of lymphatic contractility, but it is unknown how changes in the mechanical environment are related to loss of contractile function and remodeling of the tissue. The purpose of this paper was to introduce a new theoretical framework for acute and long-term adaptations of lymphatic vessels to changes in mechanical loading. This theoretical framework combines a simplified version of a published lumped parameter model for lymphangion function and lymph transport, a published microstructurally motivated constitutive model for the active and passive mechanical behavior of isolated rat thoracic ducts, and novel models for acute mechanically mediated vasoreactive adaptations and long-term volumetric growth to simulate changes in muscle contractility and geometry of a single isolated rat thoracic duct in response to a sustained elevation in afterload. The illustrative examples highlight the potential role of the mechanical environment in the acute maintenance of contractility and long-term geometric remodeling, presumably aimed at meeting fluid flow demands while also maintaining mechanical homeostasis. Results demonstrate that contractility may adapt in response to shear stress to meet fluid flow demands and show that pressure-induced long-term geometric remodeling may attenuate these adaptations and reduce fluid flow. The modeling framework and illustrative simulations help suggest relevant experiments that are necessary to accurately quantify and predict the acute and long-term adaptations of lymphangions to altered mechanical loading.
Miniaturization in Photoacoustic Tomography

Several novel concepts of miniaturization in photoacoustic tomography (PAT) will be presented. These miniaturizations can drastically extend the utility of PAT to allow, for example, fabrication of a small endoscope, realization of compact microscopy, and functional imaging of freely moving animals.
Study on the Time Series Analysis and Prediction Model of Incidence Trend of Influenza- like Illness in Changsha

Objective To forecast the incidence trend of influenza- like illness( ILI) in Changsha by using autoregressive integrated moving average( ARIMA) model. Methods The surveillance data of daily reports of influenza- like illness from 1st week,2006 to 10th week,2013 were collected,Time series analysis was made and the prediction model was established. The data of the early 364 weeks were used to establish the model and those of the later 10 weeks were used to evaluate the prediction efficiency of the model. Results The regression coefficient of the model ARIMA( 1,0,0) established from the surveillance data has statistical significance( P 0. 05). Analysis of white- noise residual of model showed that the the minimum Box- Ljung value of the autocorrelation function was 20. 155( P 0. 05) and the residual was randomized difference. The model ARIMA( 1,0, 0) basesd on the data of the 1st- 364th week had good performance in prediction. The actual values all fell within the 95%CI of the predicted values,and the coincidence rate was up to 100%. The predicted values of ILI% in Changsha from the 11th to 16th week,2013 were 2. 28%( 95% CI: 0. 00%- 6. 21%),2. 31%( 95% CI: 0. 00%- 6. 26%),2. 33%( 95% CI: 0. 00%- 6. 30%),2. 35%( 95%CI: 0. 00%- 6. 33%),2. 36%( 95% CI: 0. 00%- 6. 35%) and 2. 38%( 95% CI: 0. 00%- 6. 37%), respectively. Conclusions ARIMA model can well simulate the incidence trend of influenza- like illness in Changsha.
Contributorship and Partial Inclusion: A Communicative Perspective

Organizational communication theory and research tends to assume the practices of organizational “members” are relevant to the study of organizational phenomena, without reflecting on how those members were identified in the first place. This issue is particularly relevant to perspectives that view communication as constitutive of organizations because they may take the very object they seek to explain—the organization—as the starting point when identifying pertinent informants. We provide a communicational perspective of organizational membership by starting from communicative events, instead of individuals. Ethnomethodology’s notions of accounts and sanctions are useful in recognizing the interactionally performed nature of membership. We extend ethnomethodology’s intuition by viewing membership—which we reframe as contributorship—as being achieved through the contribution of actions to the organization.
Isomorphisms between Diffeomorphism Groups

In his “Erlanger Programme” (1872) [87], Klein defined a geometry of a set X as the study of thoses properties of “figures” (subsets of X) which remain invariant under a group G(X) of transformations of X. Here let us quote Greenberg’s beautiful book [66] on “Euclidean and non Euclidean Geometries,” p. 213 Invariance and groups are the unifying concepts in Klein’s Erlanger Programme. Groups of transformations had been used in geometry for many years, but Klein’s originality consisted in reversing the roles, in making the group the primary object of interest and letting it operate on variuous geometries, looking for invariants. Klein proposed to translate geometric problems in projective geometry into algebraic problems in invariant theory.
Multi-scale ecological filters shape the crayfish microbiome

A general and practical understanding of the processes that drive microbiome assembly and structure are paramount to understanding organismal biology, health, and evolution. In this study of stream-dwelling crayfish, we conceptualized colonization of microbial symbionts as a series of ecological filters that operate at the environment, host, and host microsite levels, and identified key ecological processes at each level. A survey of Cambarus sciotensis in western Virginia, USA, showed that the local environment and host microsites interact to create complex patterns of microbial diversity and composition. An in situ experiment confirmed a prevailing effect of host microsite on microbial composition, and also showed that an ectosymbiotic worm (Annelida; Branchiobdellida) which feeds on biofilms and other symbionts had significant effects on microbial composition of the host carapace, but not gills. Bacterial communities of the carapace were taxonomically rich and even, and correlated with microbial communities of the ambient environment. Conversely, communities on gills were less diverse and dominated by two taxa with potential functional significance: Comamonadaceae and Chitinophagaceae. The bacterial communities of the gills appear to be tightly coupled to host biology, and those of the carapace are mostly determined by environmental context. Our work provides the first characterization of the crayfish microbiome and shows how multi-scale and experimental studies of symbiont community assembly provide valuable insights into how the animal microbiome is structured under conditions of natural complexity. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that metazoan symbiont taxa, i.e., the branchiobdellidans, can alter microbiome assembly and structure.
An Algorithm for Fast Segmentation of Color Images

A new algorithm for real-time segmentation of color images is presented. The algorithm is based on a palettized representation of the image and consists of the following steps: down-sampling the lattice upon which the image pixels are defined, blurring the image through low-pass filtering in order to average colors lying in almost uniform regions, exploiting the well-established and fast methods for color quantization in order to compute color clusters in the RGB space. Computer simulation results of the proposed method are included.
Changes in pulsatility and resistance indices of cerebral arteriovenous malformation feeder arteries after embolization and surgery.

AbstractObjectives: Embolization reduces flow in cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) before surgical resection, but changes in pulsatility and resistance indices (PI, RI) are unknown. Here, we measure PI, RI in AVM arterial feeders before and after embolization/surgery.Methods: Records of patients who underwent AVM embolization and surgical resection at our institution between 2007 and 2014 and had PI, RI, and flows obtained using quantitative magnetic resonance angiography were retrospectively reviewed. PI = [(systolic − diastolic flow velocity)/mean flow velocity] and RI = [(systolic − diastolic flow velocity)/systolic flow velocity]. Hemodynamic parameters were compared between the feeder and contralateral artery before and after embolization/surgery.Results: 38 patients were included (6 embolization only, 24 embolization and surgery, 8 surgery only). After embolization, flow volume rates within feeders decreased significantly (p < 0.001) to match flows in their contralateral counterparts (p = ...
X-Ray Microanalysis and Free Calcium Measurements in Cultured Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocytes

The response of cardiac myocytes to changes in calcium homeostasis is thought to be an important factor in cardiac myocyte injury under various conditions of ischemia, hypoxia and reperfusion injury (Allen and Orchard, 1983; Barry et al., 1987; Buja et al., 1985; Farber, 1982; Jennings and Reiner, 1981; Nayler, 1981). During the past several years advances in cryofixation, data collection and interpretation of electron beam excited x-ray microanalysis have been developed in our laboratory (Hagler et al., 1979; Hagler et al., 1983; Hagler and Buja, 1986). The use of x-ray microanalysis techniques have been important in understanding changes in total elemental content on a compartment by compartment and a cell by cell basis (Wendt-Gallitelli and Jacob, 1982; Wendt-Gallitelli and Wolburg, 1984; Wheeler-Clark and Tormey, 1987; Somlyo et al., 1985). A model of hypoxic and ischemic injury in our laboratory has been a primary culture of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (Buja et al., 1985). Observations will be presented in this paper from this cultured cell model to make general points about biological x-ray microanalysis. The data analysis schemes which we have devised to look at a changing population of cells will be illustrated from this work. We will also present some data on intracellular free calcium measurements and their correlation with x-ray microanalysis measurements in this model.
Development of a Micronized Meniscus Extracellular Matrix Scaffold for Potential Augmentation of Meniscal Repair and Regeneration.

Decellularized scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) hold promise for repair and regeneration of the meniscus, given the potential for ECM-based biomaterials to aid in stem cell recruitment, infiltration, and differentiation. The objectives of this study were to decellularize canine menisci to fabricate a micronized, ECM-derived scaffold and to determine the cytocompatibility and repair potential of the scaffold ex vivo. Menisci were decellularized with a combination of physical agitation and chemical treatments. For scaffold fabrication, decellularized menisci were cryoground into a powder and the size and morphology of the ECM particles were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Histologic and biochemical analyses of the scaffold confirmed effective decellularization with loss of proteoglycan from the tissue but no significant reduction in collagen content. When washed effectively, the decellularized scaffold was cytocompatible to meniscal fibrochondrocytes, synoviocytes, and whole me...
Preparing Highly Qualified Teachers for Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders: The Impact of NCLB and IDEA

No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) require that by 2005–2006 all teachers be highly qualified, a designation that for the ...
A New Bloom Filter Structure for Searchable Encryption Schemes

We propose a new Bloom filter structure for searchable encryption schemes in which a large Bloom filter is treated as (replaced with) two smaller ones for the search index. False positive is one inherent drawback of Bloom filter. We formulate the false positive rates for one regular large Bloom filter, and then derive the false positive rate for the two smaller ones. With examples, we show how the new scheme cuts down the false positive rate and the size of Bloom filter to a balanced point that fulfills the user requirements and increases the efficiency of the structure.
MultiScale Impact Assessment

This chapter demonstrates the need for multiscale modeling of ozone and other air quality impacts stemming from emissions from the oil and gas industry. This need is illustrated in the context of possible ozone nonattainment in the metropolitan region of San Antonio, Texas due to oil and gas development in the Eagle Ford Shale (EFS). The conclusions of a coarse-grid regional air quality modeling study are discussed, along with results from a micro-scale ozone impact assessment using the HARC chemical transport model (CTM). Suggestions are provided on how micro-scale and regional modeling approaches can be blended in future ozone attainment demonstrations beyond the use of computationally intensive nested grids. These include the parameterization of micro-scale influences through artificial source terms in regional models and pattern recognition methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
Treatment of multifocal central nervous system AIDS-related Epstein Barr virus-associated malignant myopericytoma with bevacizumab

Abstract A 31 year-old man with HIV and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) status-post RIPE regimen presented with cough and throbbing headaches. Laboratory results were remarkable for a CD4 count of 2 kcells/L and a viral load of 2.7 million copies/mL. MRI of the brain reported multiple lobulated and cystic intracranial lesions associated with the dura that had thick rinds of enhancement. CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis demonstrated axillary and inguinal lymphadenopathy, a mass within the right pelvis thought to represent necrotic lymph nodes, prominence of the right psoas muscle, a cystic nodule in the liver, and a right adrenal lesion. The patient was started on dexamethasone, RIPE therapy, and empiric antimicrobial therapy. He subsequently underwent stealth-guided brain biopsy and open craniotomy. Pathology returned a tissue diagnosis of an AIDS related EBV-associated smooth muscle tumor (EBV-SMT) best categorized as a malignant myopericytoma. Following surgery, the patient began additional anti-retroviral therapy for HIV and was discharged. Despite treatment, three to four months following discharge the patient's symptoms progressed and he was found to have developed a severe bilateral homonymous hemianopsia. Repeat MRI demonstrated tumor growth and the patient subsequently received whole brain radiation along with sirolimus and pomalidomide. Approximately two months following radiation therapy the patient had increasing headaches along with nausea and vomiting. Repeat MRI was consistent with radiation arrested tumor growth but did not show any decrease in size of his intracranial lesions. Therapy with bevacizumab was initiated and he had marked improvement of his visual field deficits. The patient has since completed 20 cycles of treatment with bevacizumab and is currently 17 months post his initial diagnosis. Repeat imaging has demonstrated decreasing size of his lesions and no new lesions have developed.
Complex Vascular Malformations

Vascular malformations are comprised of localized abnormal vascular channels that are the result of errors in vascular development. Vascular malformations may cause significant morbidity from local invasion, functional compromise, pain, or associated hematologic abnormalities. Although clinical findings are useful for diagnosis, imaging is often necessary to confirm diagnosis, assess the extent of disease, and guide appropriate treatments. For patients with extensive or complex disease, a multidisciplinary approach is often the best approach to management.
Roadside habitat impacts insect traffic mortality

Paved roadways, spanning 6.6 million kilometres across the continental United States, are often bordered by natural or restored habitats and could provide opportunities for pollinator conservation. Because insects are frequently killed by auto traffic, roadside habitats may be ecological traps that kill more pollinators than they produce. Here we compare insect traffic mortality when roadsides are bordered by woodlots, meadows, or lawns. We also compare study sites with and without restored medians to examine the impact of creating habitat that can only be accessed by crossing traffic. We confined our study to high speed roads (70–90 km h−1) with heavy traffic volume. Both habitat type and the presence of a vegetated median affect vehicle strikes fatal to insects. Insect mortality in general, and its effect on bees and butterflies in particular, was consistently lower when roads were bordered by woodlots than when they were bordered by lawn or meadows. Which roadside habitats were associated with the highest insect mortality depended on the taxon in question and the presence or absence of a vegetated median. Butterfly and dragonfly mortality was highest on roads with meadow medians, while bee mortality was highest on roadsides with lawn medians. Across most site comparisons, vegetated medians significantly elevated fatal insect-vehicle strikes. Regardless of the habitat bordering roadsides, insect mortality was unacceptably high for areas being considered for conservation. We suggest four research directions that may lead to reduced insect mortality in roadside habitats.
Bacterial Dysbiosis Associates with Functional Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Changes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Spondyloarthritis

Dysbiosis occurs in spondyloarthritis (SpA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), subdivided into Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). The immunologic consequences of dysbiosis have not been defined. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are T cells within the intestinal epithelium that are in close contact with bacteria, and as such, are likely to be modulated by dysbiosis. We correlated IELs with resident bacteria in SpA, IBD, and controls. Subjects with biopsy-proven IBD (N=10 with CD and 7 with UC), SpA fulfilling ASAS criteria (N=5), and healthy controls (N=15) were evaluated for fecal microbiome by 16S rRNA sequencing and IELs from colon biopsies analyzed by flow cytometry and ELSIA. Subjects with SpA had significantly lower numbers of IELs compared to controls (p=0.03). Subjects with CD had significantly increased IL-17A, (p=0.03) and IFN-γ (p
Automatic Control of Chemical Processes

Modern strategies for the automation of chemical processes are surveyed with an emphasis on control algorithms that incorporate a mathematical model of the system to be controlled. This approach can be advantageous when simpler classical feedback methods fail to provide adequate control.
The ABCs of designing campus portals

This chapter discusses the fundamental design requirements for building Internet portals, in particular building portals for educational institutions or so-called "campus portals." The focus of the chapter is on understanding portals and their design requirements from both functional and technical perspectives for educational applications. It is meant to offer understanding and to share know-how and experience with those who are involved in various aspects of the design, development or implementation of portal projects.
NEURAL NETWORK EVOLUTION USING EXPEDITED GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR MEDICAL IMAGE DENOISING

Convolutional neural networks offer state-of-the-art performance for medical image denoising. However, their architectures are manually designed for different noise types. The realistic noise in medical images is usually mixed and complicated, and sometimes unknown, leading to challenges in creating effective denoising neural networks. In this paper, we present a Genetic Algorithm (GA)-based network evolution approach to search for the fittest genes to optimize network structures. We expedite the evolutionary process through an experience-based greedy exploration strategy and transfer learning. The experimental results on computed tomography perfusion (CTP) images denoising demonstrate the capability of the method to select the fittest genes for building high-performance networks, named EvoNets, and our results compare favorably with state-of-the-art methods.
Stress rapidly suppresses in vivo LH pulses and increases activation of RFRP-3 neurons in male mice

Restraint stress is a psychosocial stressor that suppresses reproductive status, including LH pulsatile secretion, but the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying this inhibition remains unclear. Reproductive neural populations upstream of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, such as kisspeptin, neurokinin B and RFRP-3 (GnIH) neurons, are possible targets for psychosocial stress to inhibit LH pulses, but this has not been well examined, especially in mice in which prior technical limitations prevented assessment of in vivo LH pulse secretion dynamics. Here, we examined whether one-time acute restraint stress alters in vivo LH pulsatility and reproductive neural populations in male mice, and what the time-course is for such alterations. We found that endogenous LH pulses in castrated male mice are robustly and rapidly suppressed by one-time, acute restraint stress, with suppression observed as quickly as 12–18 min. This rapid LH suppression parallels with increased in vivo corticosterone levels within 15 min of restraint stress. Although Kiss1, Tac2 and Rfrp gene expression in the hypothalamus did not significantly change after 90 or 180 min restraint stress, arcuate Kiss1 neural activation was significantly decreased after 180 min. Interestingly, hypothalamic Rfrp neuronal activation was strongly increased at early times after restraint stress initiation, but was attenuated to levels lower than controls by 180 min of restraint stress. Thus, the male neuroendocrine reproductive axis is quite sensitive to short-term stress exposure, with significantly decreased pulsatile LH secretion and increased hypothalamic Rfrp neuronal activation occurring rapidly, within minutes, and decreased Kiss1 neuronal activation also occurring after longer stress durations.
A Flexible Copper Based Electrochemical Sensor Using Laser-Assisted Patterning Process

A novel impedance based electrochemical sensor was fabricated on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film to detect various bio/chemicals. The flexible electrochemical sensor was developed using a thin metallic copper foil tape (electrodes) and PET (substrate). The copper tape was attached to the PET substrate and a two-electrode device configuration, including the working and circular electrodes, was created by patterning and cutting the copper on the PET substrate using a laser-assisted patterning process. The capability of the fabricated sensor was investigated by performing electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for the detection of a heavy metal: cadmium sulfide (CdS). An impedance change of 69.9±3.4%, 77.8±2.1 %, 92.1±1.0% and 99.5±0.2% was obtained as the concentration of the CdS increased from 100 pM to 100 nM to 100 f.1M to 100 mM, respectively. The EIS based response demonstrated the detection capability of the sensor for concentrations as low as picomolar (pM) levels and was also able to successfully distinguish among varying concentrations (pico, nano, micro and milli) of CdS. The fabrication of the sensor and its EIS based response towards CdS has been analyzed and is presented in this paper.
Transient elastography reliably estimates liver fibrosis in autoimmune hepatitis.

Aim of the study Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) may result in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. While the gold standard for staging fibrosis is biopsy, transient elastography (TE) represents a non-invasive alternative. TE has been validated in several chronic liver diseases, but no data exist to establish an association between histologic fibrosis on biopsy and TE liver stiffness measurements among a United States cohort of AIH patients. Material and methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 53 AIH patients who received TE assessment and liver biopsy. Histologic fibrosis was classified as advanced (F3-F4) or mild/moderate (F0-F2). Liver stiffness by TE was measured in kilopascals (kPa). We performed a score test for trend to test the association between histologic fibrosis stage and increasing TE kPa categories. Analyses incorporated probe type (medium or extra-large) and body mass index (BMI). Linear regression was used to generate predicted associations between median kPa and histologic fibrosis score with the medium probe. Results The cohort was primarily female (83%) with median age 56.3 years. Increasing kPa category was associated with worsening fibrosis stage when using the medium probe (p = 0.04), but not the extra-large probe (p = 0.40). BMI, however, differed between these groups (median 25.8 vs. 33.1, respectively, p < 0.001). In adjusted linear regression, increasing median kPa corresponded well to worsening fibrosis stage (p = 0.003). Conclusions In a United States AIH cohort, increasing TE kPa measurements are associated with worsening histologic fibrosis staging. While medium probe performance was superior to the extra-large probe, significant variation in BMI between groups may explain this difference.
Normative Uncertainty without Theories

How should an agent act under normative uncertainty? We might extend the orthodox theory of rational choice to the case of uncertainty between competing normative theories. But this requires that t...
Global description of β - decay with the axially deformed Skyrme finite-amplitude method: Extension to odd-mass and odd-odd nuclei

Accurate modeling of $r$-process nucleosynthesis requires reliable calculations for $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of nuclei far from stability. The quasiparticle random-phase approximation (QRPA) has been widely used, but deformation and odd numbers of protons and/or neutrons introduce challenges. The authors explain and apply novel advances in the QRPA that address these challenges, providing an enhanced tool for describing astrophysically important decays.
Postoperative Narcotic use After Ambulatory Gynecologic Surgery

Objective: This article describes the average number of narcotics used after common ambulatory gynecologic surgeries and describes provider prescribing patterns. Materials and Methods: This was a p...
Autophagy, apoptosis, and neurodevelopmental genes might underlie selective brain region vulnerability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Large-scale brain imaging studies by the ENIGMA Consortium identified structural changes associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is not clear why some brain regions are impaired and others spared by the etiological risks for ADHD. We hypothesized that spatial variation in brain cell organization and/or pathway expression levels contribute to selective brain region vulnerability (SBRV) in ADHD. In this study, we used the largest available collection of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results from the ADHD ENIGMA Consortium (subcortical MRI n = 3242; cortical MRI n = 4180) along with high-resolution postmortem brain microarray data from Allen Brain Atlas (donors n = 6) from 22 brain regions to investigate our SBRV hypothesis. We performed deconvolution of the bulk transcriptomic data to determine abundances of neuronal and nonneuronal cells in the brain. We assessed the relationships between gene-set expression levels, cell abundance, and standardized effect sizes representing regional changes in brain sizes in cases of ADHD. Our analysis yielded significant correlations between apoptosis, autophagy, and neurodevelopment genes with smaller brain sizes in ADHD, along with associations to regional abundances of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The lack of enrichment of common genetic risk variants for ADHD within implicated gene sets suggests an environmental etiology to these differences. This work provides novel mechanistic clues about SBRV in ADHD.
Modeling short-chain branched polyethylenes in dilute solution under variable solvent quality conditions: Basic configurational properties

Abstract We perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a coarse-grained model of linear low-density polyethylenes (LLDPEs) having short-chain branching in an implicit solvent and calculate basic configurational properties (radius of gyration R g , hydrodynamic radius R h , and intrinsic viscosity [ η ] ) using the path-integration program ZENO. Solvent quality effects in our model are accounted for through the introduction of an attractive polymer-polymer interaction potential with solvent quality “strength” λ that is tuned from a “good” solvent limit, where the inter-polymer interactions are purely repulsive, to a “very poor” solvent regime, where the polymers collapse due to their self-attractive intermolecular interactions. We also identify a compensation condition or “θ point” in our model between these limits, where the polymers are “ideal” in the sense in which attractive interactions effectively nullify inter-polymer repulsions so that the chains behave akin to Gaussian polymer chains in their average conformational properties. In order to compare with experiments performed under variable solvent conditions, we define a dimensionless measure of excluded volume interaction parameter δ in terms of the mass scaling exponent ν for R g or ν h for R h , which can be determined from both experiment and simulation. We illustrate our variable solvent approach to estimate polymer solution properties in the case of polyethylenes (PEs) and evaluate the δ value that corresponds to the experimental solvent conditions. Our combined use of MD and ZENO allows for the numerical estimation of polymer solution properties for polymers having general monomer structures and solvent qualities in a computationally tractable fashion and should be useful as a general computational tool for polymer structural characterization.
An analysis of HRP-filled basket cell axons in the cat's cerebellum. I. Morphometry and configuration.

Basket cell axons terminate directly on the Purkinje cell body in the mammalian cerebellum and thus are in a position to have a direct influence on this neuron. In the present study, individual basket cells were intracellularly filled with horseradish peroxidase and the morphological characteristics and distribution of their axons were analyzed and quantified. The horizontally directed axon of basket cells preferentially distributes toward one side of the cell body, and is usually directed toward the base of the folium. In their course, the axons give rise to three types of axonal specializations including descending collaterals that form the complex endings around the axon hillocks and somata of Purkinje cells (i.e. the pinceau), beaded tendrils that arise from the descending collaterals and distribute to the Purkinje cell and upper granule cell layer, and beaded tendrils that arise directly from the horizontal axon to enter the molecular layer. In some respects, basket cells comprise a heterogeneous population of neurons on the basis of the length of their axon, as well as the number, distribution, and morphological characteristics of the axonal collaterals. The major finding of this study is that a single basket cell does not form a pinceau around the axon hillock of every Purkinje cell located along the course of its horizontal axon. Further, the pinceaux that are formed vary in their complexity. These findings suggest that the classic concept of off-beam inhibition mediated by basket cells is more complex than previously described.
Development of a Cadaveric Multiport Model of Posterior Circulation Aneurysm Clipping for Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Residents

Posterior circulation aneurysms are difficult to treat with the current methods of coiling and clipping. To address limitations in training, we developed a cadaveric model to train learners on endoscopic clipping of posterior circulation aneurysms. An endoscopic transclival approach (ETA) and a transorbital precaruncular approach (TOPA) to successfully access and clip aneurysms of the posterior circulation are described. The model has flexibility in that a colored silicone compound can be injected into the cadaveric vessels for the purpose of training learners on vascular anatomy. The other option is that the model could be connected to a vascular perfusion pump allowing real-time appreciation of a pulsatile or ruptured aneurysm. This cadaveric model is the first of its kind for training of endoscopic clipping of posterior circulation aneurysms. Learners will develop proficiency in endoscopic skills, appropriate dissection, and appreciation for relative anatomy while developing an algorithm that can be employed in a real operative arena. Going forward, various clinical scenarios can be developed to enhance the realism, allow learners from different specialties to work together, and emphasize the importance of teamwork and effective communication.
Chains of evidence from correlations to causal molecules in microbiome-linked diseases.

Human-associated microorganisms play a vital role in human health, and microbial imbalance has been linked to a wide range of disease states. In this Review, we explore recent efforts to progress from correlative studies that identify microorganisms associated with human disease to experiments that establish causal relationships between microbial products and host phenotypes. We propose that successful efforts to uncover phenotypes often follow a chain of evidence that proceeds from (1) association studies; to (2) observations in germ-free animals and antibiotic-treated animals and humans; to (3) fecal microbiota transplants (FMTs); to (4) identification of strains; and then (5) molecules that elicit a phenotype. Using this experimental ‘funnel’ as our guide, we explore how the microbiota contributes to metabolic disorders and hypertension, infections, and neurological conditions. We discuss the potential to use FMTs and microbiota-inspired therapies to treat human disease as well as the limitations of these approaches. This Review article explores how uncovering phenotypes linked to the human microbiome often progresses from correlative studies to studies in germ-free animals and fecal microbiota transplants and, finally, to identification of strains and molecules.
Astrocyte-derived microparticles initiate a neuroinflammatory cycle due to carbon monoxide poisoning

Abstract We hypothesized that carbon monoxide (CO) establishes an inflammatory cycle mediated by microparticles (MPs). Mice exposed to a CO protocol (1000 ppm for 40 min and then 3000 ppm for 20 min) that causes neuroinflammation exhibit NF-κB activation in astrocytes leading to generation of MPs expressing thrombospondin-1(TSP-1) that collect in deep cervical lymph nodes draining the brain glymphatic system. TSP-1 bearing MPs gain access to the blood stream where they activate neutrophils to generate a new family of MPs, and also stimulate endothelial cells as documented by leakage of intravenous 2000 kDa dextran. At the brain microvasculature, neutrophil and MPs sequestration, and myeloperoxidase activity result in elevations of the p65 subunit of NF-κB, serine 536 phosphorylated p65, CD36, and loss of astrocyte aquaporin-4 that persist for at least 7 days. Knock-out mice lacking the CD36 membrane receptor are resistant to all CO inflammatory changes. Events triggered by CO are recapitulated in naive wild type mice injected with cervical node MPs from CO-exposed mice, but not control mice. All MPs-mediated events are inhibited with a NF-κB inhibitor, a myeloperoxidase inhibitor, or anti-TSP-1 antibodies. We conclude that astrocyte-derived MPs expressing TSP-1 establish a feed-forward neuroinflammatory cycle involving endothelial CD36-to-astrocyte NF-κB crosstalk. As there is currently no treatment for CO-induced neurological sequelae, these findings pose several possible sites for therapeutic interventions.
Applications and Routing Management of Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we first describe some current and future applications of sensor networks. We present the conceptual framework of distributed routing strategies for wireless sensor networks. We show that under reasonable assumptions, this routing scheme guarantees ‘ shortest path property’ which is quite desirable for sensor networks. We then discuss how this framework can be used to support distributed applications for sensor nodes acting as mobile devices. These schemes work well in low mobility conditions. We also discuss the performance of these heuristics.
Bidding in Sequential Auctions: 'Catalogue' vs. 'Order of Sale' Effects

This paper investigates bidding patterns in sequential auctions using data from a sale of rare books by a non-profit institution. The data has features of a field experiment: Lots were arranged in alphabetical order and the reserve was set non-strategically. Further, half the bids were placed by mail-in bidders for whom the auction was simultaneous in a temporal sense. The nature of the data allows us to distinguish between the effects induced by the sequential nature of the catalogue from those induced by the sequential nature of the sale. We estimate trends in the probability of sale, number of submitted bids, expected prices, and price variability separately for mail-in and floor bidders. We document the existence of distinct 'catalogue' effects on bidding trends and determine their causes. We demonstrate that these catalogue effects also influence floor bidder behavior. Taken together, our results show that (i) as the auction progresses, bidders become more aggressive in competing for some lots, but become disinterested in others, and (ii) bidding patterns in sequential auctions are a composite of 'catalogue' and 'order of sale' effects. The catalogue effects are of non-strategic nature, while the order-of-sale effects are possibly due to strategic behavior. Finally, we derive a theoretical model that is consistent with the empirical findings.
Pharmacologic sex hormones in pregnancy in relation to offspring obesity

Objective To assess the association between in utero exposure to either diethylstilbestrol (DES) or an oral contraceptive in pregnancy and offspring obesity.
The effect of specific glycosidase treatment on the responsiveness of lymphocytes. I. Response of human lymphocytes to concanavalin-A.

Abstract The effect of glycosidases in altering the ability of Concanavalin-A to bind to and induce blast transformation of human peripheral lymphocytes was examined. Neuraminidase greatly enhanced thymidine incorporation while α-mannosidase was found to diminish mitotic responsiveness. β-galactosidase and β-hexosaminidase potentiated the mannosidase effect. No correlation between changes in cell binding and stimulation or diminution of DNA synthesis was found. These changes were compared to those noted in phytohemagglutinin-P-stimulated, enzyme-treated lymphocytes. Possible explanations for the cited observations are offered.
Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease

Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease / , Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease / , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
Simulators for imaging interferometry in space

An important step in the development of new concepts for imaging interferometry in space is to obtain a clear view of the imaging capabilities of the concept array for the intended set of target sources. This view needs to include an accurate rendition of the shape of the final point spread function, a photometrically accurate computation of the final images after restoration, and an evaluation of the image dynamic range for a realistic set of target image structures and brightness levels. An imaging simulator which provides for these features is a useful tool for the exploration of parameter space, and can support and help to guide the development phase of new space imaging interferometer concepts. The accomplishments and limitations of ground-based synthesis imaging both at radio and optical wavelengths provide the reference for an evaluation of the expected contributions from new space mission concepts. This paper presents a general framework for imaging simulators, both in Michelson and in Fizeau modes, and discusses briefly several implementations which we have created over the past few years. The first of these was designed to simulate the imaging capabilities of the (Michelson) Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) at optical wavelengths, and a version has recently been completed for the (Fizeau) Stellar Imager (SI) Optical/UV interferometer concept; these two simulators are described in more detail elsewhere in this session. We are also developing simulators for an imaging mode of the Mid-IR interferometer version of the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF-IR), for the Submillimeter Probe for the Evolution of Cosmic Structure (SPECS, and its precursor mission SPIRIT), and for the Mid-IR concept system Fourier-Kelvin Stellar Interferometer (FKSI).
Burying as a species-specific defensive reaction: Differential performance of rats, mice, guinea pigs, and hamsters

Previous investigations have shown that rats and some strains of mice, but not hamsters, selectively bury prods through which electric shocks are delivered. Rats also bury noxious foods, although this behavior has never been examined in other rodents. In the present study, albino rats and CF·l mice gave some evidence of burying spouts filled with Tabasco sauce, an intrinsically aversive liquid, or sweetened condensed milk to which a taste aversion was condi· tioned. Such spouts were never buried by Syrian golden hamsters or by English short·haired guinea pigs. These results suggest that burying sources of aversive stimulation is a species· specific reaction not evident in all rodents. Several recent studies have shown that rats will bury sources of aversive stimulation. Pinel and Treit (1978) reported that rats used bedding material to bury a shock prod but did not bury a similar prod not paired with electric shock. In addition to shock prods, other sources of aversive stimulation that have evoked burying include mousetraps, flashbulbs, and tubes that produce puffs of air (Terlecki, Pinel, & Treit, 1979). Burying has also been shown to occur in response to neutral stimuli, such as marbles, and to appetitive stimuli, such as food pellets (Poling, Cleary, & Monaghan, 1981). Whether burying of neutral and appetitive stimuli is fundamentally different from burying in response to aversive stimula­ tion remains unclear. Pinel and associates have proposed that burying in response to aversive stimulation is a defensive reaction, innate in rats (pinel & Treit, 1978; Wilkie, MacLennan, & Pinel, 1979). Earlier, Bolles (1970) described fleeing, fighting, and freezing as species-specific defensive reactions in rats_ According to him, rats that exhibited these responses to an aversive stimulus (e.g ., a predator) were more likely to have survived and reproduced than were rats that failed to do so, and thus species-specific defensive reactions developed through natural selection. The most convincing evidence that burying of aversive stimuli might have survival value in the natural environ· ment of rats comes from studies employing noxious food. Wilkie et a1. (1979) showed that rats would bury spouts filled with either an intrinsically bad·tasting liquid (Tabasco sauce) or a palatable liquid to which a taste aversion had been conditioned. Poling et a1. (1981)
Origins of the protein synthesis machinery: a genomics and structural perspective

The protein synthesis machinery is believed to have largely evolved before the last common ancestor of life on Earth as we know it. Thus, an understanding of ribosomal history will provide insight to the transition period between the last common ancestor and the RNA World. It is argued here that much of this history has been preserved in the primary sequences and three-dimensional structures of the various ribosomal components. In order to understand this history, it is necessary to identify timing insights that can provide clues to the relative age of various aspects of the ribosomal machinery. Such information can be obtained in a variety of ways. Several examples of how such information might be obtained are discussed. Finally, a tentative outline of the order of major events in ribosome history is presented.
Early Developments in Joint Action.

Joint action, critical to human social interaction and communication, has garnered increasing scholarly attention in many areas of inquiry, yet its development remains little explored. This paper reviews research on the growth of joint action over the first 2 years of life to show how children become progressively more able to engage deliberately, autonomously, and flexibly in joint action with adults and peers. It is suggested that a key mechanism underlying the dramatic changes in joint action over the second year of life is the ability to reflect consciously on oneself and one’s behavior and volition and correspondingly, on the behavior, goals, and intentions of others.
THE KRANZ SYNDROME IN THE GRAMINEAE AS INDICATED BY CARBON ISOTOPIC RATIOS

Ttie Kranz syndrome, as indicated by relatively high "3C/12C ratios is characteristic of 161/2 tribes and about '/2 of the species of the Gramineae. Data are given for 198 species from 129 genera and 47 tribes, and from at least 6 subfamilies of grasses. This information is correlated with data from the literature on anatomical and physiological characters of both Kranz and non-Kranz grasses. All subfamilies, tribes, and genera seem to be uniformly all Kranz or non-Kranz except the subfamily Panicoideae and the genus Palicurn which have both Kranz and non-Kranz species represented.
Performance of HgCdTe, InGaAs and quantum well GaAs/AlGaAs staring infrared focal plane arrays

The ability to hybridize various detector arrays in disparate technologies to an assortment of state-of-the-art silicon readouts has enabled direct comparison of key IR detector technologies including photovoltaic (PV) HgCdTe/Al2O3, PV HgCdTe/CdZnTe, PV InGaAs/InP, and the photoconductive (PC) GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well IR photodetector (QWIP). The staring focal plane arrays range in size from 64 X 64 to 1024 X 1024; we compare these IR detector technologies versus operating temperature and background flux via hybrid FPA test at operating temperatures from 32.5 K to room temperature and photon backgrounds from mid-105 to approximately equals 1017 photons/cm2-s. Several state-of-the-art IR FPAs are included: a 1.7 micrometers 128 X 128 InGaAs hybrid FPA with room temperature D of 1.5 X 1013 cm-Hz1/2/W and 195K D of 1.1 X 1015 cm-Hz1/2/W; a 3.2 micrometers 1024 X 1024 FPA for surveillance; a 4.6 micrometers 256 X 256 HgCdTe/Al2O3 FPA for imaging with BLIP NE(Delta) T of 2.8 mK at 95K; and a 9 micrometers 128 X 128 GaAs QWIP with 32.5 K D > 1014 cm-Hz1/2/W at 32.5K and 8 X 1010 cm-Hz1/2W at 62K.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.