cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One Model to Infuse the Law in Teacher Education

Abstract This article entails an in-depth case study of one journey to implement and institutionalize an undergraduate law course for elementary and secondary teacher education majors. To provide a context for this case study, the initial section reviews research pertaining to the need for such instruction, as well as commentary on models that have been proposed. Next addressed are the steps taken to launch an undergraduate school law course and to establish its place in the teacher preparation program at a large Midwestern university. This includes a thick description of the course's design, content, and instructional strategies. The final sections explore some benefits of the course and challenges ahead.
Estimating very high resolution urban surface temperature using a spectral unmixing and thermal mixing approach

Abstract Land surface temperature (LST) plays a critical role in characterizing energy exchanges of the Earth's surface and atmosphere. Recent advances in thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing technology enable the emergence of airborne very-high-resolution (VHR) TIR sensors to identify detailed LST distribution for environmental, geological and urban applications. However, the usage of airborne VHR TIR data may be limited by its high cost, long acquisition period, extensive data processing, etc. A cost-effective alternative could be VHR LST estimation. We proposed a physically based method, referred to as the VHR spectral unmixing and thermal mixing (VHR-SUTM) approach, to estimate LST at the meter level. Particularly, considering both spectral and thermal properties, spectral unmixing was employed to estimate fractional urban compositions for a comprehensive representation of heterogeneous urban surfaces. Further, VHR LST was modeled as a summation of the thermal features of representative urban compositions weighted by their respective abundances. Results suggest a high agreement between the resampled VHR LST estimates and the retrieved LSTs. With relatively high estimation accuracy (RMSE of 2.02 K and MAE of 1.51 K), the VHR-SUTM technique could serve as a promising and practical method for various applications in urban and environment studies.
Identification and genetic control of rabbit haptoglobin allotypes

Rabbits were immunized with haptoglobin preparations isolated from rabbit serum by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, followed by 55–60% ammonium sulfate precipitation and zone electrophoresis in a starch block. Immunochemical analysis by the Ouchterlony method distinguished two antigenically different genetic variants, i.e., allotypes. Both allotypes were identified as haptoglobins by their electrophoretic mobility in the α-globulin region and by their binding with hemoglobin as revealed by benzidine stain for peroxidase activity. The progeny data of 253 rabbits with all possible six matings indicated that the two allotypes are controlled by allelic genes at an autosomal locus. Pedigree analysis indicated that this haptoglobin locus, designated Hph, is not closely linked to the Lpq low-density lipoprotein locus, the Mtz α2-macroglobulin locus, or the a heavy-chain and b light-chain immunoglobulin loci.
Rheumatologic manifestations of malignancy

The relationship between rheumatologic syndromes and cancer covers a very broad array of both common and distinctly rare manifestations. This discussion has outlined some of the known relationships that do exist. A high index of suspicion by both the primary care physician and subspecialist will enhance the probability of detecting cancer in the patient who may present with rheumatologic complaints.
Household-level determinants of survey nonresponse

A theoretical framework is presented that addresses the influence of household-level factors on survey cooperation.
Egypt: Stable, but for How Long?

Hosni Mubarak appears poised to rule for another decade. The present, narrow base of support, however, is unlikely to be viable in the long term. The challenge is whether the system has the durability to survive an economic downturn, social unrest, or both.
Microwave measurements of carbon monoxide on titan.

The ratio of the flux density of Titan was measured in two 200-megahertz bands, one centered on the (1-0) rotation line of carbon monoxide at 115.3 gigahertz and the other 2600 megahertz lower. The measurements were made with a complex-correlation technique on the new millimeter-wavelength interferometer at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory, Big Pine, California. The excess flux in the carbon monoxide band is interpreted as a strong detection of carbon monoxide and a mixing ratio, assumed constant, of 6 x 10^(-5). The brightness temperature of Titan at 112.6 gigahertz is 69 ± 10 kelvins, consistent with atmospheric emission from just below the tropopause.
Husbands' versus wives' fertility goals and use of contraception: the influence of gender context in five Asian countries.

Using data from Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, we explore how gender context influences (1) husband-wife concordance in the demand for children and (2) the impact of each spouse’s fertility preferences on contraceptive use. We also explore whether the husband’s pronatalism can explain the wife’s unmet need for contraception. The results suggest that gender context has little net effect on couples’ concordance, but influences the relative weight of husbands’ and wives’ preferences in determining contraceptive use. Analysis of women’s unmet need for contraception suggests that the husbands’ pronatalism contributes to wives’ unmet need, but only to a relatively small degree, especially in settings where unmet need is high. This is the case because the proportion of couples with differing fertility goals is small in most communities.
Acute and late outcome after use of 2.5-mm intracoronary stents in small (< 2.5 mm) coronary arteries.

We describe the high-pressure deployment of 2.5-mm stents in small (< 2.5 mm) coronary vessels. Forty-three lesions in 40 patients were treated. The mean reference vessel diameter was 2.3 +/- 0.2 mm. The mean % luminal stenosis was 90 +/- 9. The mean lesion length was 11. 7 +/- 9.1 mm. Sixteen lesions were pretreated with rotational atherectomy, and the remainder with PTCA. The rate of successful stent deployment was 41/43 (95%). The mean postintervention % stenosis was -1 +/- 10. There were no in-hospital deaths or procedure-related Q-wave MI. The patients were followed for a mean of 18 months. Eight patients (or 21%) developed recurrent chest pain and/or angiographically proven restenosis. One patient (3%) developed intermediate restenosis. Twenty-nine patients (or 76%) either remain symptom-free or have patent target sites on repeat angiography. It appears that reasonable acute and long-term results can be achieved with 2.5-mm stents in small coronary arteries using high-pressure deployment techniques. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 49:121-126, 2000.
Bisphosphonate induced osteonecrosis of the mandible

Abstract Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the mandible has been recently described. Since the diagnosis is confirmed by imaging rather than biopsy and treatment response is monitored by imaging, radiologists need to know this new entity. We present a case of a 64-year-old female patient who was on chronic bisphosphonate therapy for osteoporosis developed osteonecrosis of the mandible which was confirmed by multi-detector CT and review the updated literature for radiologists.
Temperature programmed desorption-FTIR investigation of C1–C5 primary alcohols adsorbed on γ-alumina

Abstract Temperature programmed desorption (TPD)-FTIR was used to investigate the products chemical reactions produced when methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, and 1-pentanol desorp from γ-alumina into vacuum at elevated temperatures. Methanol and dimethyl ether desorbed for methanol and the alcohol, the ether, and the 1-alkene desorbed from the C 2 –C 5 alcohols clearly indicating that some chemical reactions had occurred before the compounds desorbed. The mass of ether produced per gram of alumina decreased and the mass of alkene produced per gram of alumina increased as the number of carbons in the alcohol increased. The activation energies for the production of the ether and the alkene were identical within experimental error for the C 2 –C 5 alcohols. With the exception of the formation of dipropyl ether, the activation energies found for the desorption of the reaction products agreed with the activation energies reported from kinetic measurements for the C 1 –C 3 alcohols. PM 3 calculations indicated that the preferred mode of bonding for undissociated methanol was the Lewis acid interaction between the oxygen in the methanol and the aluminum on the model surface. Bonding to neighboring Lewis acid–base sites had the lowest reaction enthalpy when the methanol dissociated into methoxy radicals and hydrogen atoms while adsorbed on the surface.
Brain lithium levels and effects on cognition and mood in geriatric bipolar disorder: a lithium-7 magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

Objectives: The authors investigated the relationship between brain lithium, serum lithium and age in adult subjects treated with lithium. In addition, the authors investigated the association between brain lithium and serum lithium with frontal lobe functioning and mood in a subgroup of older subjects. Design: Cross-sectional assessment. Setting: McLean Hospital's Geriatric Psychiatry Research Program and Brain Imaging Center; The Division of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine. Participants: Twenty-six subjects, 20 to 85 years, with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition–TR bipolar disorder (BD), currently treated with lithium. Measurements: All subjects had measurements of mood (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HDRS] and Young Mania Rating Scale) and serum and brain lithium levels. Brain lithium levels were assessed using lithium Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Ten subjects older than 50 years also had assessments of frontal lobe functioning (Stroop, Trails A and B, Wis. Card Sorting Task). Results: Brain lithium levels correlated with serum lithium levels for the group as a whole. However, this relationship was not present for the group of subjects older than 50. For these older subjects elevations in brain (but not serum) lithium levels were associated with frontal lobe dysfunction and higher HDRS scores. The higher HDRS were associated with increased somatic symptoms. Conclusion: Frontal lobe dysfunction and elevated depression symptoms correlating with higher brain lithium levels supports conservative dosing recommendations in bipolar older adults. The absence of a predictable relationship between serum and brain lithium makes specific individual predictions about the “ideal” lithium serum level in an older adult with BD difficult.
Mutations that increase the affinity of a translational repressor for RNA

The coat protein of the RNA bacteriophage MS2 is a specific RNA binding protein that represses translation of the viral replicase gene during the infection cycle. As an approach to characterizing the RNA-binding site of coat protein we have isolated a series of coat mutants that suppress the effects of a mutation in the translational operator. Each of the mutants exhibits a super-repressor phenotype, more tightly repressing both the mutant and wild-type operators than does the wild-type protein. The variant coat proteins were purified and subjected to filter binding assays to determine their affinities for the mutant and wild-type operators. Each protein binds the operators from 3 to 7.5-fold more tightly than normal coat protein. The amino acid substitutions seem to extend the normal binding site by introducing new interactions with RNA.
Contending with violence: female prostitutes' strategic responses on the streets

Female street prostitutes often work within environments where violence is a prominent feature of daily life. Consequently, they experience high rates of physical and sexual assault. While scholars debate whether they are victims or empowered agents, we find neither category accurately captures their experiences with work-related violence. Drawing on interviews and informal conversations with 17 female street prostitutes, we illustrate they engage in four nuanced types of strategies in response to violence, which are shaped by the options available to them. We also find each type has an external or internal foci that holds implications for their own criminality.
Have you had a tetanus booster in the last 10 years? Sensitivity and specificity of the question

Abstract Objective To evaluate the accuracy of patients’ recall of their last Tetanus/Diphtheria (Td) booster in the setting of employee health clinics known for high immunization rates and good documentation of vaccine status. Methods Five hundred and seventy-two patients of an employee health clinic answered a written questionnaire about whether they have had a Td booster in the last 10 years. Answers were compared with patients’ charts as the gold standard. Results The sensitivity of the question is 92.4% (95% CI 89.0–95.0) and specificity is 26.5% (95% CI 12.9–44.4). Positive predictive value is 92.6% (95% CI 89.3–95.2) and negative predictive value is 25.7% (95% CI 12.5–43.3). Age and gender do not affect the accuracy of recall. Conclusion A positive answer to this question is highly reliable whereas a negative answer is unreliable. Practice implications In the setting of employee health clinics, when patients affirm the receipt of a Td booster within the previous 10 years, it is quite likely that they are up to date and do not require re-administration of the vaccine. Any other answer to this question (No, I do not know) is unreliable and a booster should be recommended if not contraindicated.
Recent advances in solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell technology with low platinum loading electrodes

Abstract The Gemini Space program demonstrated the first major application of fuel cell systems. Solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells were used as auxiliary pow
Adiponectin and arterial stiffness in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study

Persons with type 1 diabetes are at increased risk of developing vascular disease. Adiponectin concentrations may play an intermediate role in this process. We sought to determine whether adiponectin is correlated with vascular stiffness in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Plasma adiponectin, pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx-75), and brachial distensibility (BrachD) were collected in 225 adolescents. Outcomes were evaluated by sex, and regression models were used to determine whether adiponectin was an independent determinant of arterial stiffness. Males had lower adiponectin levels and stiffer vessels (lower BrachD, p < 0.01) than females. Unadjusted correlations revealed that adiponectin was correlated with BrachD (p < 0.01) but not PWV and AIx-75. After adjustment, adiponectin was not a significant predictor of BrachD. The most consistent predictors of increased stiffness were age, male sex, blood pressure, obesity, and total cholesterol (p < 0.05). Adiponectin's contributions to arterial stiffness appear to be masked by other cardiovascular risk factors in persons with type 1 diabetes.
Numerical simulations of trapped slow magnetosonic waves in solar coronal plumes

Abstract Recent observations of polar plumes in the southern solar coronal hole by the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) on board the SOHO spacecraft show signatures of quasi-periodic compressional waves. Here, we present the results of a nonlinear, 2D MHD simulation of the slow magnetosonic waves in plumes for typical coronal conditions consistent with observations. Our numerical simulations confirm the interpretation of the observed intensity fluctuations as propagating slow magnetosonic waves. On March 7 1996 DeForest and Gurman (1998) detected quasi-periodic intensity variations of 10–20% in the EIT Fe IX and X line emission at 171A that propagate outward in several polar plumes at 75–150 km s−1 with a period of 10–15 minutes. The observed propagation velocity agrees well with the expected sound velocity inside the plumes. The lower phase speed in the plumes than in the ambient plasma leads to partial trapping of the slow magnetosonic waves in the plumes. The slow magnetosonic waves may contribute to the heating of the lower corona by compressive dissipation.
A STUDY OF THE MORPHOLOGY AND THE TIME OF CLOSURE OF THE PALATE IN THE ALBINO RAT.

Abstract The closure and fusion of the palate in the Sprague-Dawley rat is described morphologically and the spatial relationship of the tongue to the palatine shelves is emphasized. Chronologic age is not a consistent predictor of the state of the palate during closure. Of the morphologic features investigated, the measurement of the developing forepaw is an improvement over chronologic age in predicting the development of the palate. The mandible undergoes a differential growth spurt before the palate closes and fuses.
Congenital primary cerebral angiosarcoma: CT, US, and MR findings.

Congenital primary intracranial angiosarcoma (CAS) is an exceptionally rare tumor [1–6]. To our knowledge the imaging features of intracranial angiosarcomas have only been briefly mentioned in the neuropathologic literature [4–6]. To our knowledge, only one case of CAS has been reported [3]. We present a case of a pathologically proven CAS found in a neonate.
The Role of the “Outsider” in Quasi-Legislative Systems: The Potential Utility of a Legislative Model

As periodic stock–taking efforts would indicate, 1 students of international organizations have become increasingly sophisticated in the methods and techniques used for assessing the dynamics of international efforts at cooperation, and the impact of these efforts on the general stream of international politics. Nowhere has this been more true than in attempts by scholars to come to grips with the political processes acted out in the General Assembly of the United Nations. To para–phrase Keohane, 2 we have come to witness a change of focus from a somewhat static description of structures, rules and regulations, to analyses of patterns of voting behavior (and correlates thereof) to, finally, systematic analyses of patterns of interactions leading to votes and resolutions.
Radiative corrections to νμ + N → μ− + X and their effect on the determination of ϱ2 and sin2θW

Abstract We study the O(α) corrections to σ T ( ν μ + N → μ − + X). The coefficient of the leading O( α ln m Z ) contribution is given by a general theorem as in the case of β decay, while the energy scale accompanying m Z in the argument of the logarithm as well as mass singularities and non-logarithmic terms are obtained by a detailed quark-parton model calculation. The effect of muon mass singularities, when there is an experimental vut in the low range of the y distribution, is also investigated. Combining these new results with our previous analysis of σ T ( ν μ + N → ν μ + X), we calculate theSU(2) L × U(1) parameter ϱ ( ν μ ;h) 2 and evaluate the effect of the O(α) corrections on the determination of sin 2 θ W exp from deep inelastic ν μ scattering. Applying these corrections to existing data, we obtain the weigthed average sin 2 θ W exp = 0.216 ± 0.010 ± 0.004. This value when used in conjuction with our previous analysis of the W ± and Z 0 masses provides the predictions m W = 83.0 −2.8 +3.0 GeV and m Z = 93.8 −2.4 +2.5 GeV. For the weak interaction angle defined by modified minimal subtraction we find sin 2 θ W ( m W ) = 0.215 ± 0.010 ± 0.004, which is in very good agreement with the SU(5) prediction we have recently given.
Understanding dopamine and reinforcement learning: The dopamine reward prediction error hypothesis

A number of recent advances have been achieved in the study of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Understanding these advances and how they relate to one another requires a deep understanding of the computational models that serve as an explanatory framework and guide ongoing experimental inquiry. This intertwining of theory and experiment now suggests very clearly that the phasic activity of the midbrain dopamine neurons provides a global mechanism for synaptic modification. These synaptic modifications, in turn, provide the mechanistic underpinning for a specific class of reinforcement learning mechanisms that now seem to underlie much of human and animal behavior. This review describes both the critical empirical findings that are at the root of this conclusion and the fantastic theoretical advances from which this conclusion is drawn.
Glass-gel-coated single-mode-fibre coupler with programmable power splitting ratio

The power splitting ratio of a glass-gel-coated coupler can be programmed over a large range by controlling the curing temperature of the glass gel.
Opportunities for multimedia transmission on Dimetra

The TETRA standard supports communication of simultaneous voice and data. This brings significant benefits to both public safety and business users in that it enables a range of multimedia applications to be integrated with voice services. This paper presents an overview of multimedia applications which could be supported by TETRA systems, based on interviews with potential users. Some of the key technical and user issues associated with these applications are discussed. The paper goes on to describe Motorola's experimental multimedia over Dimetra transmission system, Solar, and discusses user evaluation of the system. Following this, alternative configurations and solutions for communication of multimedia information via Dimetra are covered, including wireless to fixed solutions and multicasting by use of H.323. Finally, the paper concludes with comments about possible future multimedia developments as applied to Dimetra. (6 pages)
iWarp multicomputer with an embedded switching network

Abstract This brief describes the iWarp multicomputer architecture. The two components of each iWarp cell, a 20 MFLOPS and 20 MIPS computation agent and a 320 Mbyte s−1 communication agent for interfacing with other cells, can operate independently, but their location on a single chip allows for tight coupling. A variety of communication methods are supported by iWarp.
Collective Bargaining in the Future: A Study of Administrator Attitudes.

The move to embrace the mechanism of collective bargaining in the resolution of employer/employee conflict has been dramatic in higher education and dominant in that move has been the large proportion of campuses that are community colleges. This study of administrator attitudes toward collective bargaining in a locale that has not had the traditions of the organized trade labor movement was completed because the majority of U.S. community colleges have not instituted the formalized negotiations process at this time. Most community colleges find themselves, however, in an environment where they do not have bargaining, yet varying pressures both internal and external to their campuses and to their personnel require knowledge upon which the most facilitative institutional action can be based. Several personal and institutional factors relating to the day when collective bargaining might become formalized on one's own campus were analyzed statistically in this study of 122 community college chancellors, pres...
Low-frequency sonophoresis: ultrastructural basis for stratum corneum permeability assessed using quantum dots.

Low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS) has been well documented to enhance the permeability of skin to macromolecular drugs via induction of localized transport regions. However, the organizational details of epidermis, specifically stratum corneum (SC), during sonophoresis are beyond the resolution limit of common histo-optical microscopy tools, which fail to reveal any notable structural alterations in these regions at a submicroscopic scale. Here we report, using quantum dots (QDs) as a tracer and confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (with OsO4 and RuO4 post-fixation) as visualization methods, on LFS-induced permeation pathways in the SC. QDs (20 nm diameter) penetrated well beyond the SC. TEM revealed that ultrasound significantly increased the frequency of occurrence of the otherwise scattered and separated lacunar spaces in the SC. A significant increase in lacunar dimensions was observed when 1% w/v sodium lauryl sulfate was added to the coupling medium. These studies show that LFS induces dilatation and higher connectivity of voids in the SC, possibly leading to formation of a three-dimensional porous network, which is capable of transporting QDs as well as macromolecules across the SC. This contention is consistent with previously conceived theoretical mechanistic understanding of LFS-induced enhanced transport across the skin.
Advanced Ovarian Carcinoma Presenting with a Cerebrovascular Accident

Ovarian carcinoma usually presents in an indolent manner, most often nonspecifically with complaints of abdominal pain or swelling, bloating, constipation, anorexia, early satiety, and evidence of ascites. We present a case of ovarian cancer with a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) as the presenting symptom, with minimal classic presenting signs and symptoms. The patient is a 43-year-old female with no cardiovascular risk factors who presented with a left parietal lobe infarct and advanced ovarian carcinoma. The patient underwent an extensive workup for the etiology of her CVA and possible hypercoagulation syndrome and eventually had surgical treatment. Ovarian carcinoma with a thromboembolic event as the initial presenting symptom is extremely rare. Although this patient did not appear to have hypercoagulability, consideration of this diagnosis should be given to patients presenting in this manner.
Transitioning from Texas Gyratory Compactor to Superpave Gyratory Compactor

The Strategic Highway Research Program expended great effort in developing the Superpave® gyratory compactor (SGC) as a modern, technologically advanced tool for the design of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) paving mixtures and for preparation of realistic test specimens for laboratory evaluation. Since the widely accepted SGC was designed to produce specimens similar to actual pavement layers and since the current series of Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) HMA paving mixtures have demonstrated acceptable performance, TxDOT wished to replace the Texas gyratory compactor (TGC) with the SGC for the design of its current repertoire of dense-graded mixtures. In the first phase of this study, the authors developed a specification for the number of design gyrations with the SGC to achieve the same optimum asphalt content (OAC) as that obtained with the TGC. However, on the basis of past experience, review of the literature, and feedback from TxDOT, the design OAC was considered to be too low; mixtures that may be susceptible to fatigue cracking resulted. To mitigate this problem, the authors revised the specification for use of the SGC so that the resulting mixtures had an increased OAC. This revision was done by comparing the rutting resistance of HMA mixtures designed at different numbers of gyrations with the Hamburg wheel-tracking device and then selecting the lowest number of gyrations that did not compromise rutting resistance of the mixture. Results show that it is possible to select a considerably lower number of design gyrations with the SGC without a significant decrease in rutting performance of the mixtures.
Modeling the photolysis of ammonium dinitramide in natural waters

Photolytic rate constants for the novel energetic compoundammonium dinitramide(ADNweredetermined in order to understand the fate of ADN in natural bodies of water. Quantum yields were measured between 290 and 400 nm using a lamp system, and these values were combined with absorption of light in a water column to model photolysis rates as a function of depth. The validity of this model was tested in field trials in Onondaga Lake, Syracuse, New York, USA. For a summertime irradiation, half-lives ranged from ∼6 min at the surface to —15 years at a depth of 2 m. The predicted and observed degradation rates of ADN were sufficiently similar to justify use of this simple model. It was also found that the degradation of ADN is not enhanced to any measurable degree by sensitized photoreactions in humic solutions. Thus, the photodegradation of ADN can be predicted throughout the water column of a body of water.
Habitat Complexity, Brain, and Behavior

More complex brains and behaviors have arisen repeatedly throughout both vertebrate and invertebrate evolution. The challenge is to tease apart the forces underlying such change. In this review, I sho
The Urge to Merge

The weather should warm up in a few months. If the economy does the same, will companies again feel the urge to merge? © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two-terminal molecular memories from solution-deposited C60 films in vertical silicon nanogaps.

We demonstrate here two-terminal, charge-based memory from C60 films inside vertical 7 nm silicon nanogap devices. This testbed structure eliminated the possibility of metal migration in the nanostructure because the two electrodes are made solely of silicon; hence, the often troublesome and confusing possibility of filamentary metal formation is obviated. Saturated solutions of C60 in toluene, mesitylene, and 1-methylnaphthalene were each used to deposit these films at elevated temperatures. Electrical I−V measurements reveal a high yield (67%) of devices demonstrating bipolar, switchable hysteresis from both the mesitylene- and 1-methylnaphthalene-deposited devices, while the toluene-grafted devices display no such behavior. Pulse-based memory measurements of switching devices indicate high ON/OFF ratios (maximum ∼1500), good stability (>100 cycles without device degradation) for molecular devices, and low operating currents (∼10−11 A) in room temperature testing.
Thymic extracts and lymphokine-containing supernatant fluids stimulate the pituitary-adrenal axis, but not cerebral catecholamine or indoleamine metabolism.

Abstract Injection of thymosin fraction 5 (TF5) or the supernatant fluid from concanavalin Astimulated rat spleen cells into mice significantly increased plasma concentrations of corticosterone at 1 or 3 h. However, measurement of the concentrations of the catecholamines, norepinephrine and dopamine, the indoleamine, serotonin, and their major metabolites, in prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, nucleus accumbens, septum, caudate-putamen, hypothalamus, and brain stem did not indicate any statistically significant changes. Nor was there any alteration in splenic norepinephrine content. These data suggest that TF5 and lymphokines do not cause a generalized stress response, but rather a selective activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis, probably by causing release of adrenocorticophic hormone from the pituitary. There was no evidence that the corticotropin-releasing activity of TF5 was related to an effect on hypothalamic biogenic amines. These data are discussed in the light of previous results obtained with lymphokine-containing supernatant fluids.
Synaptic connections of dentate granule cells and hilar neurons: results of paired intracellular recordings and intracellular horseradish peroxidase injections.

Abstract Simultaneous intracellular recordings were made in the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampal slices, from pairs of the following cell types: granule cells, interneurons located in the granule cell layer, hilar interneurons, and spiny hilar “mossy cells”. Granule cells were found to have strong excitatory effects on mossy cells and interneurons. Interneurons inhibited granule cells as well as other interneurons. No synaptic connections from mossy cells onto other cell types were found, within the confines of the slice, using intracellular recording methods. However, at the ultrastructural level, axon terminals of horseradish peroxidase-filled mossy cells were found making synaptic contacts in the hilus on dendrites of interneurons. These studies provide the first step towards determining the functional interactions of the various cell types in the fascia dentata.
Expression of insulin-like growth factor I stimulates normal somatic growth in growth hormone-deficient transgenic mice.

A line of transgenic mice expressing insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) under the control of the mouse metallothionien- 1 promoter was crossed to a line of dwarf transgenic mice lacking GH expressing cells that were genetically ablated by diphtheria toxin expression. Mice generated from this cross that carry both transgenes express IGF-I in the absence of GH. These mice grew larger than their GH-deficient transgenic littermates and exhibited weight and linear growth indistinguishable from that of their nontransgenic siblings. These results confirm the suspected role of IGF-I in mediating GH’s stimulation of somatic growth, including that of long bones, and illustrates the essential role of GH and IGF-I in the modulation of postnatal growth. Analysis of differences in organ growth among these mice, however, suggests that GH and IGF-I also have growth promoting actions that are independent of one another; GH appears to be necessary for the attainment of normal liver size, while IGF-I can stimulate brain g...
Device for Measuring Blood Pressure in the Unanesthetized Rat

SummaryA device for measuring blood pressure in the aorta of the unanesthetized rat is described. It is simple and permits an unlimited number of readings over a long observation period.
Does Multicultural Education Improve Students’ Racial Attitudes? Implications for Closing the Achievement Gap

The effects of multicultural education on the racial attitudes of students in prekindergarten through twelfth grade are examined in this meta-analysis. Multicultural education was operationalized f...
Childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia with a preleukemic phase: report of an associated translocation and review of the literature.

A fourteen month old boy presented with hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia. An extensive evaluation, including bone marrow aspiration and biopsies of both liver and lymph nodes, revealed a polyclonal B cell proliferation consistent with a reactive process, with no evidence of leukemia. After receiving transfusions of red cells and platelets, his blood counts recovered. Five weeks later, he returned with an elevated white blood count and bone marrow findings diagnostic of acute lymphocytic leukemia. The leukemic blasts contained a novel chromosomal translocation, t(5; 14) (q34;q12). We describe the clinical, immunophenotypic and cytogenetic features of this case, review the literature of acute lymphocytic leukemia associated with a preleukemic phase, and discuss the relationship of this clinical entity to the Sq-abnormality associated with myelodysplasia.
Families of long‐term cancer survivors: health maintenance advocacy and practice

Research on cancer and aging has addressed health maintenance issues for older adults in long-term cancer survivorship, but not their family members. The current study focused on two aspects of health maintenance for families: advocacy and practice. Regression analyses explored the effects of demographic characteristics and perceptions during diagnoses and treatments on family members' health maintenance in long-term survivorship. Family members were acting as health maintenance advocates for their surviving relatives. Advocacy was related to being a caregiver during diagnosis and treatment. In terms of their own health, family members were practicing a high number of health maintenance activities. Practice was associated with being a caregiver during diagnosis and treatment and with being older and White. Implications for interventions and future research with family members are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2 and 4-bit DC-18 GHz microstrip MEMS distributed phase shifters

Two and four-bit wideband distributed microstrip phase shifters have been developed on a 21 mil (533 /spl mu/m) silicon substrate for DC-18 GHz operation. Presented here is the first demonstration of microstrip distributed MEMS transmission line (DMTL) designs, periodically loaded by MEMS varactors in series with a fixed value microstrip radial stub. The two-bit design results in a reflection coefficient less than -10 dB,an average insertion loss of -2.8 dB, and a maximum phase shift of 262/spl deg/ at 16 GHz. The four-bit design results in a reflection coefficient less than -9 dB, an average insertion loss of -3.0 dB, and a maximum phase shift of 333/spl deg/ at 16 GHz.
Outage Minimization and Rate Allocation for the Multiuser Gaussian Interference Channels With Successive Group Decoding

We consider a memoryless Gaussian interference channel (GIC) where K single-antenna users communicate with their respective receivers using Gaussian codebooks. Each receiver employs a successive group decoder with a specified complexity constraint, to decode its designated user. It is aware of the coding schemes employed by all other users and may choose to decode some or all of them only if it deems that doing so will aid the decoding of its desired user. For a GIC with predetermined rates for all transmitters, we obtain the minimum outage probability decoding strategy at each receiver which satisfies the imposed complexity constraint and reveals the optimal subset of interferers that must be decoded along with the desired user. We then consider the rate allocation problem over the GIC under successive group decoding and design a sequential rate allocation algorithm which yields a Pareto-optimal rate allocation, and two parallel rate allocation algorithms which yield the symmetric fair rate allocation and the max-min fair rate allocation, respectively. Remarkably, even though the proposed decoding and rate allocation algorithms use ldquogreedyrdquo or myopic subroutines, they achieve globally optimal solutions. Finally, we also propose rate allocation algorithms for a cognitive radio system.
Luminescence of cathodochromic sodalite

A bright green luminescence at 5250 A is reported for cathodochromic sodalite powders under ultraviolet excitation. This emission is observed in germanium-doped sodalite samples in which the halogen ion is either Cl, Br, or I and under certain conditions in germanium-free bromine sodalite. These powders constitute a new class of materials which allow the construction of cathodochromic CRT's whose images can be viewed in either high or low ambient light.
Comparison and discussion of some theories of the equilibrium electrical double layer in liquid electrolytes

Abstract Much past work on equilibrium properties of the electrical double layer is discussed. Particular attention is given to attempts to explain the differential capacitance of the double layer, with and without specific adsorption. Many theories of the inner and outer parts of the double layer are discussed, including continuum, discrete, and lattice gas models. It is concluded that although adequate theories of the diffuse part of the double layer exist, none available so far is entirely adequate for the inner layer because of the strong lateral interactions present in it.
Dissociation between diffusion MR tractography density and strength in epilepsy patients with hippocampal sclerosis

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is hypothesized to involve derangement of long-range limbic connectivity, but in vivo evidence is lacking. We used diffusion tractography to investigate the relationship between hippocampal atrophy and connectivity in MTLE patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Atrophy was correlated with relatively decreased connectivity density but increased connectivity strength, suggesting that HS is accompanied by relatively sparse but strong connections as measured by diffusion anisotropy.
Persistence of zoonotic pathogens in surface soil treated with different rates of liquid pig manure

Zoonotic pathogens found in land-applied livestock manure may persist in the soil and be transported by runoff into surface waters, contributing to degradation of water quality. Manure management approaches that reduce the risk of water quality impairment need to be identified. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of manure application rate on the persistence of manure-borne pathogens in the soil-runoff mixing zone. Swine manure inoculated with Salmonella anatum was land-applied at four different rates and mechanically incorporated. After manure application, 2 cm deep soil samples were collected over time to evaluate the survival of S. anatum, fecal coliform bacteria and coliphages (somatic and male-specific phages). Pathogen numbers increased in soil as a result of manure application. There was a rapid decline in numbers of Salmonella, fecal coliform bacteria, and male-specific coliphages in the runoff mixing zone with persistence between 6 and 10 days. Somatic coliphages were more persistent, with survival up to 143 days, including survival over winter. Somatic coliphages may be a better indicator of the risk of enteric viruses in the environment than the use of traditional bacterial indicators like fecal coliforms. Manure application rate was correlated positively with the persistence of somatic coliphages but did not relate to survival of indicator organisms with short survival times. Controlling manure application rate may be a means to reduce the risk of some pathogens moving with runoff.
Amorphous Si/SiOx/SiO2 nanocomposites via facile scalable synthesis as anode materials for Li-ion batteries with long cycling life

Novel Si/SiOx/SiO2 nanocomposites were prepared via a facile and scalable wet synthesis. The amorphous structure, nanoscale particle size, and composition of the Si/SiOx/SiO2 material were characterized and its electrochemical performance as an anode for Li-ion batteries was evaluated. The material shows a stable cycling capacity of ∼600 mA h g−1 over 350 cycles with high coulombic efficiency of >99%.
A platform for the testing and validation of dynamic battery models

This paper presents a hardware platform designed to test and validate dynamic battery models for a variety of batteries. The operation of the platform is demonstrated for a valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery. Arbitrary current profiles can be applied to the battery allowing both charge and discharge. Additionally the platform is capable of performing tests autonomously over extended periods of time. This allows a wide range of testing capabilities including discharge, model derivation, and validation tests.
Making sense of autism: Progressive engagement with science among parents of young, recently diagnosed autistic children.

This exploratory study examines the significance of science to parents whose children were recently diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. It asks: (1) In what manner did science emerge in parents’ concerns and resources as they attempted to understand and advocate for their children? (2) Did some parents engage with science in a qualitatively deeper or more intense manner? Using longitudinal data from interviews and a novel data collection strategy called engagement mapping, it shows that parents asked questions and used resources that were strongly associated with science, but these were vastly outnumbered by “near-science” concerns and resources that mingled meanings from science and daily life. Several parents in the study wove together concerns and resources in an iterative pattern referred to here as progressive engagement with science.
Regulation of growth and toxicity of a mixotrophic microbe: implications for understanding range expansion in Prymnesium parvum

The rapid range expansion of the toxigenic marine haptophytic alga Prymnesium parvum in inland aquatic systems across the southern USA and beyond has prompted great interest in the ecology and evolution- ary biology of this invasive bloom-forming species. Researchers have speculated that increased toxicity and heterotrophy in suboptimal environments allow blooms to develop in these new inland habitats that seem to represent extremes relative to P. parvum's perceived optimal niche. We used a laboratory-based study to eluci- date the roles of salinity and nutrient availabilities in P. parvum growth and toxicity under environmental con- ditions representative of hypereutrophic reservoirs of the southwestern USA in which P. parvum blooms are now common. We found evidence that nutrient conditions favoring toxigenesis in P. parvum are suboptimal for growth and bloom formation, whereas conditions conducive to high growth rates are less favorable for toxigen- esis. In contrast, both growth and toxicity scaled positively with salinity. Taken in the context of the documented biogeography of P. parvum and that toxigenesis in P. parvum probably evolved in support of heterotrophic nutrient acquisition, our results suggest that P. parvum's apparent range expansion into and across the USA is driven by increasing availabilities of salty and nutrient-rich systems, rather than by its toxigenic abilities.
Validity of affect measurements in evaluating symptom reporting in athletes.

Identifying factors that improve the assessment of athletes’ psychological functioning is imperative to make proper returnto-play decisions following concussion. Prior research indicates that an individual’s affect is related to symptom reporting. The present study examines two novel methods of affect assessment in college athletes at baseline participating in a sports-concussion management program. A total of 256 athletes completed a neuropsychological baseline battery with measurements of psychological symptoms (BDI-Fast Screen, Post-Concussion Symptom Scale, and ImPact Total Symptom Score) and a measure of affective memory bias (the Affective Verbal Learning Test; AVLT). Examiners completed an observation-based rating of affect. Multivariate analysis of variance and w 2 analyses were conducted to examine the effect of affect on symptom reports. Examiners’ Affect Ratings were predictive of broad symptom reporting, while the performance based index of affect (Affective Verbal Learning Test, AVLT) was more predictive of depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that performance on the AVLT may be a useful indicator of self-reported depression in a collegiate athlete sample. Additionally, these results demonstrate that examiners’ behavioral assessments of affect are important in the assessment of psychological functioning in athletes. Continued work should focus on developing objective measures that are sensitive and valid for the evaluation of outcomes from concussion. (JINS, 2012, 18, 101–107)
Schizophrenia and the epigenetic hypothesis

Currently lacking is a comprehensive hypothesis that links each neurotransmitter/receptor system that can account for the varied role of each of these in terms of the altered brain circuitry observed in patients diagnosed with SZ. In this article, I attempt to do this by proposing that an epigenetic dysfunction that perturbs cortical GABA neuron transcription impacts both GABA and glutamate neurotransmitter signaling at the level of either presynaptic release (GABA) or postsynaptic hypo‐ function (glutamate). In many local circuits of the brain, glutamate regulates dopamine release and dopamine is currently thought to be downstream of the primary neurotransmitter deficit [2].