cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ESTROGEN EXCRETION IN OVARIEOTOMIZED WOMEN RECEIVING ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN

Increased urinary estrogen excretion was observed in each of 9 ovarieetomized but otherwise normal women receiving large doses of ACTH for three days. Increases were modest, reaching only the lower limits of the range for normal women of reproductive age, even when treatment was prolonged for thirteen days. No increase in estrogen excretion occurred in 3 women receiving large doses of hydrocortisone. It is concluded that the enhanced estrogen excretion occurring in women receiving ACTH is due to direct stimulation of adrenal estrogen excretion rather than a conversion of adrenal steroids to estrogen or an effect of the adrenal steroids on the kidney causing enhanced excretion of estrogens.
Responding to Hidden Abuse: A Role for Social Work in Reforming Mental Health Systems

Clients in a state-funded intensive case management program, most of whom were identified as heavy users of acute care and psychiatric emergency rooms, had undetected brutal life experiences: 50 percent were adult children of alcoholics, and many were sexually and physically abused as children or adults. None had been asked about or appropriately treated for these aspects of their background. Statistical analysis indicated high levels of correlation between exposure to alcohol abuse in the family, physical or sexual abuse, repeated hospitalization, and contemporary suffering. Social work can use this and related data to make mental health systems more responsive to clients' needs at both the clinical and systems levels.
Risk of High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion in HIV-Infected Adolescents

Background. The risk of developing the human papillomavirus (HPV)- associated precancer high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSL) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adolescents is unknown. We examined the risk of developing HSIL among adolescents with and without HIV infection. Methods. HIV-infected (n = 172) and -uninfected (n = 84) girls aged 13-18 years who were participating in a multicenter study of primarily horizontally acquired HIV infections in adolescents (Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Health Care) and who did not have HSIL on cytologic examination at study entry or at the first follow-up visit were followed at 6-month intervals. HIV-uninfected girls were recruited for comparison in a 2:1 ratio (HIV infected:HIV uninfected) The primary outcome was cytologic diagnosis of HSIL confirmed by expert review. Results. Incidence of HSIL by the end of follow-up was higher for HIV-infected girls than for HIV-uninfected girls (21.5% vs. 4.8% respectively). In multivariate analysis use of hormonal (either estrogen/progesterone oral combination or medroxyprogesterone acetate intramuscular) contraceptives high cervical mucous concentrations of interleukin (IL)-12 a positive HPV test and persistent low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) were significantly associated with the development of HSIL. Conclusions. The incidence of HSIL was alarmingly high in HIV-infected adolescent girls. However when other predictors were considered in multivariate analysis HIV status was not retained in the model. The heightened risk for HSIL associated with persistent LSIL underscores the need to closely monitor HIV-infected adolescents with LSIL. The risk for HSIL associated with high concentrations of IL-12 may be suggestive of a local immune dysregulation. The role of hormonal contraception as a risk factor deserves further investigation. (authors)
Segmentation of vowel-initial words is facilitated by function words

Within the first year of life, infants learn to segment words from fluent speech. Previous research has shown that infants at 0;7·5 can segment consonant-initial words, yet the ability to segment vowel-initial words does not emerge until the age of 1;1-1;4 (0;11 in some restricted cases). In five experiments, we show that infants aged 0;11 but not 0;8 are able to segment vowel-initial words that immediately follow the function word the [ði], while ruling out a bottom-up, phonotactic account of these results. Thus, function words facilitate the segmentation of vowel-initial words that appear sentence-medially for infants aged 0;11.
Comparison of Abdominal Region Components with Abdominal Fat in Broiler Chickens

Abstract At cloacal depth of 35 mm, caliper measurements were made between the cloaca and abdominal surface on left and right sides of 51 males and 69 females at 50 days of age. Broilers were weighed, killed, and frozen intact the following day. After thawing and dissection, abdominal skin thickness, leaf fat thickness, and leaf and gizzard fat weights were obtained. For the following, male data are presented first and female data second. Mean abdominal skin thickness was 2.02 mm for both sexes, and leaf fat thickness was 3.09 and 4.14 mm. Mean abdominal thickness measurements on live broilers were 4.30 and 5.35 mm. Correlation coefficients between abdominal fat weight and abdominal skin thickness were .46 and .05, leaf fat thickness .66 and .61, and abdominal thickness .62 and .50. Correlations between percentage abdominal fat of live weight and abdominal skin thickness were .37 and −.01, leaf fat thickness .64 for both sexes, and abdominal thickness .63 and .54. Correlations of abdominal thickness with leaf fat thickness were .65 and .45. These correlation coefficients indicate that measuring thickness of the abdominal region does measure the thickness of leaf fat in prediction of abdominal fat in male and female broilers.
A method to synchronize high-intensity, focused ultrasound with an arbitrary ultrasound imager

Ultrasound imaging is useful for monitoring high-intensity, focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy; however, interference on the ultrasound image, caused by HIFU excitation, must be avoided. A method to synchronize HIFU excitation with ultrasound imaging is described here. Synchronization was tested with two unmodified, commercial imagers and two tissue phantoms
Clinical features of brain motor control and influence in upper motor neuron dysfunction.

Division of Neurosurgery, Center for Neurophysiology and Restorative Neurology, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, USA Spinal Cord Injury Research and Restorative Neurology, Crawford Research Institute, Shepherd Center, Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Emory University School of nta, G edicine, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, 2020 Peachtree Rd NW, Atla
Typical noise exposure in daily life

AbstractObjective: Identify the distribution of typical noise levels present in daily life and identify factors associated with average sound levels. Design: This was an observational study. Study sample: Participants (N = 286) were 20 to 68 year old men and women, drawn from the general population of Kalamazoo County, Michigan. A total of 73 000 person-hours of noise monitoring were conducted. Results: Median overall daily average levels were 79 and 77 dBLeqA,8,equiv , with average levels exceeding EPA recommended levels for 70% of participants. Median levels were similar between the hours of 9 a.m. and 9 p.m., and varied little across days of the week. Gender, occupational classification, and history of occupational noise exposure were related to average noise levels, but age, educational attainment, and non-occupational noise exposures were not. Conclusions: A large portion of the general population is exposed to noise levels that could result in long-term adverse effects on hearing. Gender and occupat...
Does the dynamic time consistency model of inflation explain cross-country differences in inflations dynamics?

Abstract Dynamic time consistency models of monetary policy imply that the size of the inflationary response to price shocks and the persistence of inflation is inversely related to factors that enhance the central bank’s ability to commit to low average inflation. Hence these models predict that the dynamics of inflation vary over time and across countries in response to changes in measures of political support for low inflation. We find support for this hypothesis in data from eighteen OECD countries over the period 1961–94. However, political variables account for only a small fraction of the variation in inflation dynamics across countries.
Akt pathway is hypoactivated by synergistic actions of diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia resulting in advanced coronary artery disease

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process leading to enhanced cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and vasa vasorum (VV) neovascularization. While both diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypercholesterolemi...
Selection of key community descriptors for community-orientated primary care.

Conclusions. These results suggest that one part of a COPC community assessment can be done by selecting very few indicators. The distribution of indicators of age and income explains the variability of most of the health related indicators studied. These factors are stable over time and location. A community assessment should include indicators which, at a minimum, provide information on these two factors.
Metastable Phases in Rapidly Solidified Aluminum-Rich Al-Fe Alloys

Aluminum-rich Al-Fe binary alloys up to and including Al3Fe were prepared by melt spinning in order to study the metastable phase structure and its transformation following heat treatment. Transmission electron microscopy and nuclear gamma-ray resonance were utilized in the study. The rapidly solidified structure was found to contain up to three metastable phases. One of the phases, with a composition and a gamma-ray resonance spectrum appropriate for Al6Fe, has either a globular or a cellular morphology upon quenching.
Isolation Precautions for Visitors

Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / FirstView Article / April 2015, pp 1 12 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2015.67, Published online: 10 April 2015 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0899823X15000677 How to cite this article: L. Silvia Munoz-Price, David B. Banach, Gonzalo Bearman, Jane M. Gould, Surbhi Leekha, Daniel J. Morgan, Tara N. Palmore, Mark E. Rupp, David J. Weber and Timothy L. Wiemken Isolation Precautions for Visitors. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, Available on CJO 2015 doi:10.1017/ice.2015.67 Request Permissions : Click here
The hmsHFRS Operon of Xenorhabdus nematophila Is Required for Biofilm Attachment to Caenorhabditis elegans

The bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila is an insect pathogen and an obligate symbiont of the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. X. nematophila makes a biofilm that adheres to the head of the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a capability X. nematophila shares with the biofilms made by Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. As in Yersinia spp., the X. nematophila biofilm requires a 4-gene operon, hmsHFRS. Also like its Yersinia counterparts, the X. nematophila biofilm is bound by the lectin wheat germ agglutinin, suggesting that β-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine or N-acetylneuraminic acid is a component of the extracellular matrix. C. elegans mutants with aberrant surfaces that do not permit Yersinia biofilm attachment also are resistant to X. nematophila biofilms. An X. nematophila hmsH mutant that failed to make biofilms on C. elegans had no detectable defect in symbiotic association with S. carpocapsae, nor was virulence reduced against the insect Manduca sexta.
Thrombosis of Bioprosthetic Valves: Can We Afford to Ignore It?∗

Over the 5 decades that bioprosthetic valves (BPVs) have been commonly implanted, the frequency of superimposed thrombosis has been thought to be negligible [(1)][1]. Thus, early echocardiographic follow-up of patients with BPVs has been sparse, and chronic anticoagulation was mostly avoided. After
The crossroads of inflammation, fibrosis, and arrhythmia following myocardial infarction

Optimal healing of damaged tissue following myocardial infarction (MI) requires a coordinated cellular response that can be divided into three phases: inflammatory, proliferative/reparative, and maturation. The inflammatory phase, characterized by rapid influx of cytokines, chemokines, and immune cells, is critical to the removal of damaged tissue. The onset of the proliferative/reparative phase is marked by increased proliferation of myofibroblasts and secretion of collagen to replace dead tissue. Lastly, crosslinking of collagen fibers and apoptosis of immune cells marks the maturation phase. Excessive inflammation or fibrosis has been linked to increased incidence of arrhythmia and other MI-related pathologies. This review describes the roles of inflammation and fibrosis in arrhythmogenesis and prospective therapies for anti-arrhythmic treatment.
Graphene in perovskite solar cells: device design, characterization and implementation

Conversion of light energy directly into electricity by solar cell devices represents one of the most promising options for highly scalable renewable power. Tremendous effort has been directed at improving photovoltaic (PV) conversion efficiencies, resulting in dramatic device performance increases over the past two decades for novel, cost-effective PV systems. Nevertheless, performance issues related to device stability, scalability, and flexibility prevent these novel designs from achieving their market potential. For mechanically flexible architectures, integration of new materials such as graphene-derived nanomaterials (i.e. graphene/graphite oxide and their modified analogs with other nanocarbons and carbon nanotubes) may be necessary to enhance alternatives to silicon-based PV systems. Among the diverse solar technologies, perovskite solar cells—most notably organometal halides—have stood out from the crowd with solar efficiencies over 20% and potential for highly scalable manufacturing. Here, we review the use of graphene and graphene-derived nanomaterials in new designs of perovskite solar cells associated with organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites utilized as light-harvesting layers, outlining design perspectives, device characterization, and performance. Recent efforts to clarify stability issues and efficiency control mechanisms are also briefly discussed, and we provide some perspective on the currently available literature and future research directions in the field.
Drepanothrips reuteri on Thompson Seedless Grapes

The grape thrips Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel, was not abundant in the primary bloom clusters of Thompson Seedless grapes and was not associated with scarred fruit. It was the only thrips abundant on Thompson Seedless foliage. Leaves that were infested with the grape thrips grew distorted. The population in the foliage may have been regulated by the type of interrow ground treatment, irrigation method, and type of rootstock, when these cultural practices had a direct effect on the vigor of the vines. Growing vines appeared to support greater populations of thrips. When the number of grape thrips was compared on leaves in different positions along the cane, most of the thrips were found on the young foliage near the growing end. The grape thrips was a chronic inhabitant of the foliage and existed in such low endemic numbers that control of the species was considered unnecessary.
Direct Evaluation of Natural Enemies of the Southwestern Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Texas Corn

The effect of natural enemies on survival of southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella (Dyar), eggs and larvae was measured in Texas High Plains corn using exclusion cages. Orius insidiosus (Say) and spiders were the most abundant predators on corn plants. Predation of corn borer eggs was uncommon and insignificant. Survival of first-generation larvae in whorl stage corn where predators were excluded was significantly greater than survival on plants accessible to predators in two of three years. Survival of second-generation larvae on tassel stage corn was significantly greater during both years on caged plants (excluding predators). However, during the second generation, mortality of first and second instars was replaceable by cannibalism among mature, prediapause larvae. Egg and larval parasites were not observed.
Genetic Control of Compatibility in Myxarium Nucleatum

Sexuality of Myxarium nucleatum Wallr. [: Exidia nucleata (Schw). Burt.] was studied by Barnett (1937). He paired 11 monosporous isolates in all possible combinations. With the exception of a few matings, all the isolates could be divided into two mating types. The low percentage of basidiospore germination, the slow growth rate of the mycelia, and the two strains that did not conform to the normal basidiomycete mating pattern made it difficult for Barnett to interpret his results. He stated that, "It is not possible to tell from these results whether these groups represent three sexual phases of a quadripolar species, or whether Exidia nucleata is typically bipolar and that cultures 25 and 30 were merely irregular in their compatibility." He seemed to favor the latter interpretation. Barnett's (1937) studies demonstrated that this species is heterothallic; however, the type of heterothallism was not established. Because of the lack of information 1181
Effect of antigonadotrophic serum on testes of A-strain mice treated with estrogen.

Summary1. Male A-strain mice treated simultaneously with estrogen and normal rabbit serum developed extensive interstitial cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Animals receiving an antigonadotrophic serum prepared by injecting a crude sheep pituitary extract into rabbits failed to show the same intensive interstitial cell changes. 2. These results have been interpreted as indicating that the effect of the excessive ICSH, presumed to be elicited from the pituitary gland under the influence of estrogen, has been nullified by the antigonado-trophic serum. The consequent suppression of the interstitial cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which normally occurs in this strain of mice when treated with estrogen, provides further evidence that the pituitary gland participates in growth and development of interstitial cell tumors. The possibility that the antiserum exerts an aspecific toxic effect is considered.
Forbidden transitions in the 48 Ca(d,p) 49 Ca reaction

In a measurement of the angular distribution of proton groups from the $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}(d, p)^{49}\mathrm{Ca}$ reaction at ${E}_{d}=20$ MeV, particular emphasis is placed on the observation of seven weak transitions to states below 5 MeV excitation. These distributions are analyzed using distorted-wave Born-approximation (DWBA) parameters fixed by fitting, at ${E}_{d}=13.0, 16.0, \mathrm{and} 19.3$ MeV, the angular distributions of the elastically scattered deuterons and the protons populating the single-particle $2{p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$, $2{p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, and $1{f}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ states. The DWBA model also fits the ($d, p$) data of other investigators at ${E}_{d}=7.0 \mathrm{and} 10.0$ MeV. The same model is then applied to the seven weak transitions, for which earlier data are available at 7.5 and 10.0 MeV in addition to the new ${E}_{d}=20$ MeV data. New partial angular distributions at 9.0 MeV are helpful in resolving some discrepancies. For three of the weak transitions, older $l$ assignments are confirmed, for two of them new $l$ assignments are made, and for two transitions the observed behavior is incompatible with any reasonable DWBA model. All seven transitions can be explained as populating 2p-1h states formed by coupling a neutron to excited states of the $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ core.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}(d, p)$, ${E}_{d}=9, 13, 16, 19.3, 20$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{p}, \ensuremath{\theta})$; deduced levels, $J$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $l$, spectroscopic factors. Enriched target.
Emulation and Analysis of Large Grounding System

Traditional calculation of large grounding system is complex and abstract.Result is not intuitive enough and requires further process.With CDEGS package,this paper establishes soil models and grounding system models in actual situation.On the distribution of different soil,CDEGS package can calculate parameters of grounding system of any shape and structure when single-phase grounding fault occurs.CDEGS package can display results with intuitive graph,export safety evaluation report,provide recommendations for improvement as well as checking transformation if unsatisfactory situation exists in grounding grid.
Temperature effects on ischemic and hypoxic renal proximal tubular injury.

UNLABELLED Body temperature (T) profoundly alters the severity of ischemic acute renal failure. Therefore, the present study evaluated T effects on: (a) in vitro proximal tubular cell killing during hypoxia/reoxygenation to assess when it exacerbates injury; (b) renal ATP losses and metabolic rate (O2 consumption) during hemorrhagic shock (55-60 mm Hg); and (c) membrane deacylation (assessed by free fatty acid, FFA, release) to determine if T modifies this pathway of ischemic renal damage. Hypoxic cell kill (45 minutes) was 20 +/- 1% 47 +/- 4%, and 61 +/- 2% at 32 degrees C, 37 degrees C, and 40 degrees C respectively (by lactate dehydrogenase release; p less than 0.001). During reoxygenation (15 minutes), minimal lactate dehydrogenase was released, irrespective of T. ATP decrements during shock were profoundly T dependent (% loss of ATP; 15%, 30%, 58% at 32.5 degrees C, 37 degrees C, and 39.5 degrees C, respectively; p less than 0.001), reflecting T-dependent increments in renal metabolic rate, not decreased O2 delivery (arterial O2 content; renal blood flow). ATP losses during shock correlated with the extent of S3 proximal tubular morphologic damage. O2 deprivation dramatically increased FFA levels both in vivo and in vitro but the increments were only slightly T dependent. In vitro, % lactate dehydrogenase release and FFA levels did not significantly correlate and bovine serum albumin, a FFA binder, conferred no protection. CONCLUSIONS (a) T dramatically accentuates hypoxic, not reoxygenation, injury; (b) changes in membrane deacylation do not appear to underlie this effect; and (c) T has a profound impact on renal ATP losses during shock, thereby affecting the severity of ischemic renal damage.
Pharmacogenetics in Oral Antithrombotic Therapy

Certain antithrombotic drugs exhibit high patient-to-patient variability that significantly impacts the safety and efficacy of therapy. Pharmacogenetics offers the possibility of tailoring drug treatment to patients based on individual genotypes, and this type of testing has been recommended for 2 oral antithrombotic agents, warfarin and clopidogrel, to influence use and guide dosing. Limited studies have identified polymorphisms that affect the metabolism and activity of newer oral antithrombotic drugs, without clear evidence of the clinical relevance of such polymorphisms. This article provides an overview of the current status of pharmacogenetics in oral antithrombotic therapy.
Pervasive Energy Monitoring and Control Through Low-Bandwidth Power Line Communication

The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing rapidly, with increasingly sophisticated networking, sensing, and actuation functions embedded into everyday devices. One important IoT application is managing a building’s energy usage by monitoring and controlling its electrical devices. Many existing IoT-enabled devices operate through low-cost and convenient power line networks, using protocols such as X10 and Insteon for communication. However, as these technologies have traditionally targeted low-bandwidth device control, they are often not readily suited to higher bandwidth uses such as continuous energy monitoring. In this paper, we consider the challenge of leveraging existing low-bandwidth power line communication networks for energy monitoring, and present several techniques that enable reliable and high-resolution monitoring in such networks. As a case study, we consider the popular Insteon protocol and show that intelligent polling and event detection methods can reduce the bandwidth requirements and undetected power events in a real-world Insteon network by 50% or more versus naive methods. Our techniques have been employed in a real IoT-enabled smart home, which has collected much of the data publicly released in the UMass Smart* energy dataset.
Investigating Coexistence Between Trout and Long-Toed Salamanders and the Indirect Effects of Fish Predators

In many, formerly fishless lakes in western North America, trout have been introduced for recreational fishing, replacing native amphibians as top predators. Trout are associated with reducing the abundance of amphibians and have extirpated populations of long-toed salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum). Salamanders and trout may coexist in some lakes, as larvae often are able to alter foraging behavior, use of open water, and time in refugia in response to predatory cues. However, salamanders are still subject to attacks and may have different body morphology in environments with fish. We sought to estimate minimum population sizes of long-toed salamanders, as well as investigate indirect effects of fish on salamander morphology. We sampled lakes with and without fish in northwestern Montana during the summers of 2012 and 2013. We caught salamander larvae using minnow traps, took several body measurements, and compared capture rates and morphological measurements between lakes with and without fish. Preliminary results suggest that more salamanders were captured per trap in lakes with fish (1.8 salamanders/trap, 95% CI = 1.3-2.4), compared to lakes without fish (0.58 salamanders/trap, 0.36-0.81), which could reflect higher population sizes or increased use of traps as refugia. However, salamanders in lakes with fish were smaller: they weighed less, had shorter snout-vent lengths, and had shorter and narrower tails. Even if salamanders are more abundant in lakes with fish, growth may be reduced. Further research into the coexistence of long-toed salamanders and trout may aid in developing conservation strategies for these and other amphibians affected by novel predators.
Plasmonic Vertically Coupled Complementary Antennas for Dual-Mode Infrared Molecule Sensing

Here we report an infrared plasmonic nanosensor for label-free, sensitive, specific, and quantitative identification of nanometer-sized molecules. The device design is based on vertically coupled complementary antennas (VCCAs) with densely patterned hot-spots. The elevated metallic nanobars and complementary nanoslits in the substrate strongly couple at vertical nanogaps between them, resulting in dual-mode sensing dependent on the light polarization parallel or perpendicular to the nanobars. We demonstrate experimentally that a monolayer of octadecanethiol (ODT) molecules (thickness 2.5 nm) leads to significant antenna resonance wavelength shift over 136 nm in the parallel mode, corresponding to 7.5 nm for each carbon atom in the molecular chain or 54 nm for each nanometer in analyte thickness. Additionally, all four characteristic vibrational fingerprint signals, including the weak CH3 modes, are clearly delineated experimentally in both sensing modes. Such a dual-mode sensing with a broad wavelength de...
Using Selective Redundancy to Eliminate the Seductive Details Effect

The seductive details effect occurs when adding interesting, but extraneous, details to a lesson impairs learning of the lesson's key information. Although instructors could simply remove such interesting details, prior research suggests that interest can be a powerful motivating factor for learning. In the present research, we attempted to recruit the motivational benefits of seductive details without eliciting their detrimental effects by manipulating the redundancy between narrated and on-screen verbal information within a multimedia lesson. We presented 69 college students with different instructional videos, one in which key facts were presented with on-screen text slightly different from the narration, while seductive details were presented with on-screen text that was identical to the narration. We eliminated the seductive details effect for these participants, indicating that partial redundancy can be used as a means by which interesting details can be included in a lesson without detracting from the learning of key facts.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Self-Regulated Strategy Development to Support Curriculum-Based Homework: A Case Study

There are multiple aspects of language to consider when treating language and literacy impairments in school-age children. Therefore, it is important for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to unde...
LAMB WAVE PROPAGATION IN THERMALLY DAMAGED COMPOSITES

The use of composites in primary and secondary structures of aerospace vehicles is important for increased performance with little weight penalty. Determining the response to thermal damage is necessary for a complete understanding of the total use environment of these materials. The objective of the research presented here is to provide a method of quantifying the amount of thermal damage in composite materials. Components which have non-visible damage, but have degraded performance on the order of several percent, are of interest. At this level of damage the safety margin designed into the structure may be compromised.
Invertebrate swimming: integrating internal and external mechanics.

Challenges in understanding design for locomotion in any swimming animal revolve around the complex interactions between the mechanics of fluid motions around an animal and the mechanics of internal force production. The former is governed by force-velocity relationships that arise from fluid motion, whereas the latter is governed by force-velocity relationships of both active (e.g. muscle) and passive tissues. In reality, all such relationships must be satisfied simultaneously in any swimming creature. Towards this end, I combine traditional analyses of muscle contractility, soft tissue mechanics and hydrodynamic models to examine how organism morphology, muscle physiology and mode of propulsion interact to affect swimming performance. This combination involves a solution to a set of equations that describe the relevant internal and external mechanics. The solution has the unique benefit of providing predictions for both body and propulsor kinematics. Such predictions are examined for a variety swimming animals and are compared with existing kinematic data. Armed with such an approach, I re-examine traditional scaling arguments to show that classical approaches that neglect internal mechanics predict swimming performance relationships that may not be physiologically feasible.
The chips are in: enhancing sports through RFID technology

This article examines the applications of RFID technology in the world of sport. It provides the reader with an overview of RFID and its uses in business. The article looks at how RFID can be employed in the games themselves, in sports venues and in sports memorabilia as a means of enhancing the value, enjoyment and security of sports. The author concludes by discussing the importance of this technology for sports marketing and research.
A combinatorial interpretation of the bijection of Goulden and Yong

Abstract We define a dual of a graph, generalizing the definition of Goulden et al. (2002), which only applies to trees; then we reprove their main result using our new definition. We in fact give two characterizations of the dual: a graph-theoretic one and an algebraic one, showing that they are in fact the same, and are also the same (on trees) as the topological dual developed by Goulden and Yong. Goulden and Yong use their dual to define a bijection between the vertex labeled trees and the factorizations of the permutation ( n , … , 1 ) into n − 1 transpositions, showing that their bijection has a particular structural property. We give a combinatorial, non-topological, proof of their result, using our dual.
Setting expected timelines of fished population recovery for the adaptive management of a marine protected area network.

Adaptive management of marine protected areas (MPAs) requires developing methods to evaluate whether monitoring data indicate that they are performing as expected. Modeling the expected responses of targeted species to an MPA network, with a clear timeline for those expectations, can aid in the development of a monitoring program that efficiently evaluates expectations over appropriate time frames. Here, we describe the expected trajectories in abundance and biomass following MPA implementation for populations of 19 nearshore fishery species in California. To capture the process of filling in the age structure truncated by fishing, we used age-structured population models with stochastic larval recruitment to predict responses to MPA implementation. We implemented both demographically open (high larval immigration) and closed (high self-recruitment) populations to model the range of possible trajectories as they depend on recruitment dynamics. From these simulations, we quantified the time scales over which anticipated increases in abundance and biomass inside MPAs would become statistically detectable. Predicted population biomass responses range from little change, for species with low fishing rates, to increasing by a factor of nearly seven, for species with high fishing rates before MPA establishment. Increases in biomass following MPA implementation are usually greater in both magnitude and statistical detectability than increases in abundance. For most species, increases in abundance would not begin to become detectable for at least 10 years after implementation. Overall, these results inform potential indicator metrics (biomass), potential indicator species (those with a high fishing : natural mortality ratio), and time frame (>10 yr) for MPA monitoring assessment as part of the adaptive management process.
Extreme environmental forcing on the container ship SS El Faro

The sinking of the cargo ship SS El Faro is investigated by providing a comprehensive analysis of the wind, wave and ocean currents associated with Hurricane Joaquin. Using state-of-the-art reanaly...
Assessing disinfection byproduct risks for algal impacted surface waters and the effects of peracetic acid pre-oxidation

This study assessed the disinfection byproduct (DBP) risks of algal impacted surface waters and the effects of peracetic acid (PAA) pre-oxidation on DBP risks. Authentic samples from three eutrophic lakes were collected over a 13-week period during the algal bloom season. The formation of 11 DBPs (four trihalomethanes, four haloacetonitriles, two haloketones, and trichloronitromethane) in these samples was assessed under uniform formation conditions (UFC) approximating drinking water disinfection. Trihalomethanes formed in the greatest abundance (90–370 μg L−1), followed by haloacetonitriles (6.5–87 μg L−1), haloketones (0.4–11.4 μg L−1), and trichloronitromethane (0.3–9.7 μg L−1). Total chlorophyll, a common indicator of algal activity, was not found to correlate with DBP yields. On the other hand, the yields of trichloronitromethane and haloacetonitriles correlated with nitrite/nitrate concentrations and DON concentrations in the samples, respectively. PAA pre-oxidation reduced the formation of trihalomethanes in the subsequent UFC tests in 80% of the samples, but promoted the formation of haloacetonitriles and trichloronitromethane in 70% and 50% of the samples, respectively. Analyses of DOC, DON, SUVA, and fluorescence excitation–emission matrices suggest that PAA pre-oxidation can alter the DBP precursors of a sample through the release of high haloacetonitrile/trichloronitromethane-yielding organic matter from algal cells and the oxidative transformation of existing and newly released dissolved organic matter. The results of this study, obtained from authentic surface water samples, suggest that mixed organic matter dynamics is an important consideration for the DBP risks of algal-impacted waters.
Colonial Period (1750–1819)

The constant harassment of Spanish shipping and coastal communities led Spain in 1750 to build Fort Santa Barbara in the village of San Juan Bautista on Robinson Crusoe Island. A colony of 100–200 people was established, which accelerated cutting of forests for lumber and firewood. In 1793 Spain and England achieved peace, which opened the islands to British (and American) ships and helped fuel the island economy. In 1811 Chile declared independence from Spain, but the royalists retook the country in 1814. Forty-two patriots from the independence movement were exiled to Robinson Crusoe Island, where they stayed until 1817 when Bernardo O’Higgins retook Chile. After word of the abundant fur seals on Alejandro Selkirk Island got back to New England sealers, an influx of ships from the U.S. (and also England) ensued, with at least 3,000,000 seals being harvested between 1792–1807. Another economic boom was the collection of sandalwood. Wood from these trees was sold to Chinese markets, where it was valued for incense, burial objects, and furniture. The one endemic species on Robinson Crusoe Island, Santalum fernandezianum, was heavily cut for sale to passing ships.
Anonymous versus public student feedback systems: metacognition and achievement with graduate learners

The aim of this repeated measures study was to examine an anonymous student feedback system (delivered using clickers) versus a public student feedback system (delivered using flashcards) on 52 graduate learners’ metacognition and academic achievement scores. Three dimensions of metacognition were examined in a large lecture setting, including Metacognitive Learning Device Attribution, Metacognitive Knowledge in Lectures, and Metacognitive Self-Regulation. Results indicated that Metacognitive Learning Device Attribution and Metacognitive Knowledge in Lectures were significantly higher in the anonymous feedback condition as hypothesized while, contrary to our hypothesis, difference in Metacognitive Self-Regulation was not significant. Also, academic achievement differences were highly significant in favor of the anonymous feedback condition. Effect sizes for the three significant dependent variables ranged from moderate to very large with the largest effect size found for academic achievement. Findings are discussed in terms of the existing literature and the study’s internal and external validity. Recommendations for future research are made.
Reinvestigating Catalytic Alcohol Dehydrogenation with an Iridium Dihydroxybipyridine Catalyst

The examined catalyst [Cp*Ir(H2O)(6,6′-dhbp)]2+ (1; 6,6′-dhbp = 6,6′-dihydroxy-2,2′-bipyridine) was reported in 2012 as a highly efficient (92% conversion) and selective catalyst for the conversion...
Escape!Bot: Child-Robot Interaction to Promote Creative Expression During Gameplay

Children's creativity plummets as they enter elementary school. Social interactions with peers and playful environments have been shown to foster creativity in children. Digital pedagogical tools often lack the creativity benefits of co-located social interaction with peers. In this work, we leverage a social embodied robot as a playful peer and designed Escape!Bot, a game involving child-robot co-play, where the robot is a social agent that scaffolds for creativity during gameplay. We aim to investigate the factorial extent to which the robot's embodiment (the co-presence of a peer-like social embodied agent), and scaffolding (the expression of creativity scaffolding behaviors by the social agent), influence children's creativity during gameplay. We contribute a novel social robotic interaction paradigm that aims to foster creative expression during gameplay.
A multifunctional nanoparticle as a prophylactic and therapeutic approach targeting respiratory syncytial virus

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) has been a major health concern globally for decades, yet no effective prophylactic or treatment regimen is available. The key viral proteins responsible for RSV pathology include the fusion protein (F), the immunomodulatory non-structural-protein 1 (NS1) and the phosphoprotein (P) involved in viral replication. Herein, we developed a novel shell-core multifunctional nanosystem with dual payload: a plasmid construct encoding for shRNAs against NS1 and P, and an anti-fusion peptide (HR2D). Anti-ICAM1 antibody conjugated on the nanoparticle (NP) surface is used to target RSV infected cells. Our data show the potential of this nanosystem as a prophylactic and/or a therapeutic regimen against RSV infection. Furthermore, therapy of RSV infected mice with this nanosystem, in addition to reducing viral load, modulated expression of Th2 and allergy-associated cytokines such as IL4, IL-13 and IL-17 indicating a direct role of this nanosystem in the mechanisms involved in the immunoregulation of disease pathogenesis.
Quantitative multiplexing in biological tissue using multispectral and fluorescence lifetime imaging

The well-known red shift of fluorescence spectra in thick tissue causes significant cross-talk and inaccurate quantification of fluorophores using multispectral imaging (MSI). However, fluorescence lifetimes (FLT) are largely unaffected by tissue light propagation and results in superior quantitation accuracy. Here we present a systematic experimental comparison of quantitative MSI and FLT of multiple fluorescent molecules in tissue. In experiments using one or two fluorescence species in mixture with tissue autofluorescence, MSI showed significantly higher error rates (>20%) than FLT (<5%). These results show promise for in vivo FLT multiplexing based imaging of receptor expression in cancer and other diseases.
Seismic Imaging of the Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest Earthquake Rupture Zone From Data Recorded by Dense Linear Arrays

We analyze seismograms recorded by four arrays (B1-B4) with 100-m station spacing and apertures of 4-8 km that cross the surface rupture of the 2019 Mw7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake. The arrays extend f...
Assessing the Validity of Mojave Desert Lake Mohave and Silver Lake Projectile-Point Types

This study uses univariate and multivariate statistical analyses to assess whether Lake Mohave and Silver Lake projectile points from the Mojave Desert of western North America are statistically di...
Three tips for creating an online course for nontraditional student populations

In spring 2020, the University of Minnesota Erosion and Stormwater Management Certification Program temporarily ceased in‐person workshops due to the spread of COVID‐19. Twenty workshops were canceled, and the 1,233 attendees (all adult learners) were moved into asynchronous online course sections. These online workshops were the first remote courses that many of the attendees had ever attempted. Here, we provide tips for successfully creating online classes for nontraditional student populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Ecology & Evolution (20457758) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Miniature Multi-Ion Sensor Integrated With Artificial Neural Network

Low-cost, accurate monitoring of macronutrient ions in soils, plants, and water is highly desired to improve fertilizer management for maximum profitability and minimum negative environmental impacts. Traditional ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) suffer from interference from non-target ions. This paper reports the integration of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and a miniature sensor containing an array of three ISE-based sensing elements to improve accuracy of the sensor in detecting and quantifying target nitrate ( ${\mathrm {NO}}_{3}^{-}$ ), phosphate (H2 ${\mathrm {PO}}_{4}^{-}$ ), and potassium (K+) ions in the environment. The sensor outputs of ${\text{NO}}_{3}^{-}$ , H2 ${\text{PO}}_{4}^{-}$ , and K+ ion concentrations are used to train and optimize ANNs. The optimized neural networks are applied to classify and estimate concentrations of the target ions in the presence of interfering ions. The ANN-assisted array of sensing elements reduces cross-sensitivity between these elements. The present sensor is validated with measurements of ${\text{NO}}_{3}^{-}$ , $\text{H}_{2} {PO}_{4}^{-}$ , and K+ ions in soil solution, plant sap, and tile drainage water from crop fields.
Quantifying Inequality in Underreported Medical Conditions.

Estimating the prevalence of a medical condition, or the proportion of the population in which it occurs, is a fundamental problem in healthcare and public health. Accurate estimates of the relative prevalence across groups -- capturing, for example, that a condition affects women more frequently than men -- facilitate effective and equitable health policy which prioritizes groups who are disproportionately affected by a condition. However, it is difficult to estimate relative prevalence when a medical condition is underreported. In this work, we provide a method for accurately estimating the relative prevalence of underreported medical conditions, building upon the positive unlabeled learning framework. We show that under the commonly made covariate shift assumption -- i.e., that the probability of having a disease conditional on symptoms remains constant across groups -- we can recover the relative prevalence, even without restrictive assumptions commonly made in positive unlabeled learning and even if it is impossible to recover the absolute prevalence. We provide a suite of experiments on synthetic and real health data that demonstrate our method's ability to recover the relative prevalence more accurately than do baselines, and the method's robustness to plausible violations of the covariate shift assumption.
Charge Transport Affected by Energy Level Alignment in Perovskite Solar Cells

The electron transport layer is very critical to the device performance in perovskite solar cells. In this work, we use a solution-processed method to prepare uniform Zn2SnO4, SnO2, and ZnO thin films using very similar experimental conditions. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on different electron transporting layers are fabricated and compared. Three different energy level alignments produced by Zn2SnO4, SnO2, and ZnO are realized by the corresponding bandgap structures. Meanwhile, energy loss and driving force caused by the three materials are two important factors that affect charge transport. We use this system to test which factor is dominant in terms of charge transport and device performance. The optimal efficiency of PSCs based on Zn2SnO4 is 16.9%, which is much higher than SnO2 (13.4%) and ZnO (5.9%) prepared by a similar method. Therefore, we attribute the high efficiency to the reduced energy loss during charge transfer from the perovskite layer to Zn2SnO4. The large driving force of the PSC based on SnO2 and ZnO cannot achieve high efficiency. Therefore, energy loss is a dominant factor in the presence of a driving force. This work presents an understanding of the efficient charge transfer in the devices, which proposes a direction to optimize charge transfer in optoelectronic devices toward high efficiency.