cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children and adults learn family-resemblance categories analytically

3 experiments examined the modes of processing used by children and adults in learning family-resemblance categories. The materials were cartoon faces (Experiments 1 and 2) and bugs (Experiment 3) divided into categories that possessed no single defining attributes, but rather several characteristic attributes that were each partially predictive of category membership. The categories were structured so that a holistic mode of processing in which the individual did not selectively weight any given attributes could have led to success. Nevertheless, preschoolers (Experiments 2 and 3), first and third graders (Experiment 1), and adult college students (all experiments) all exhibited primarily analytic modes of learning that consisted of single- and dual-attribute approaches. Although the proportion of analytic learners among the preschoolers was lower than among the adults in Experiment 3, in no case were holistic modes of learning evident. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for young children's apparent relative success in learning natural categories. It is suggested that children's success in learning real-world categories may be based, in part, on an interaction between a basically analytic processing style and natural category structures that provide many partially informative attributes.
The Family Point of View, Family Social Capital, and Firm Performance An Exploratory Test

Based on the social capital, conflict, and ethics literatures, this study introduces a new concept, the family point of view, and provides theoretical arguments resulting in the following hypothese...
Scanning Polarization Force Microscopy: a Technique for Studies of Wetting Phenomena At the Nanometer Scale

We describe a technique developed recently based on the use of electrostatic forces in the atomic force microscope (AFM) to image liquid films and droplets. The technique, named scanning polarization force microscopy (SPFM), is a truly non-contact technique where the tip scans the surface at a height of a few hundred angstroms, which is sufficient to minimize perturbation of the liquid film. The resolution of the technique is a few hundred angstroms horizontally and one angstrom vertically. The information provided by SPFM includes topography, contact potential, and dielectric (frequency dependent) mapping. After a brief introduction to basic wetting concepts, we describe the technique and illustrate with several examples its potential applications.
The Autophagic Response to Radiation: Relevance for Radiation Sensitization in Cancer Therapy

Radiation almost uniformly promotes autophagy in tumor cells. While radiation-induced autophagy often serves as a protective function in cell culture studies, it is currently uncertain to what extent autophagy might be induced by radiation in human malignancies; it is furthermore unknown whether autophagy induced by radiation can or should be suppressed for therapeutic benefit. Current clinical trials combining chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation therapy with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine as autophagy inhibitors may be premature without the benefit of stratification to identify patients whose malignancies might be susceptible to autophagy inhibition as a therapeutic strategy. In addition, there are also concerns as to whether chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, the agents currently in use, have the capacity to suppress autophagy when administered systemically at tolerable doses. Finally, any agent that actually has the appropriate pharmacokinetic profile to function as a systemic autophagy inhibitor may collaterally disrupt the homeostatic function of autophagy in normal cells.
Investigation of the sequence and length dependence for cell-penetrating prenylated peptides.

Cell penetrating peptides are useful delivery tools for introducing molecules of interest into cells. A new class of cell penetrating molecules has been recently reported—cell penetrating, prenylated peptides. In this study a series of such peptides was synthesized to examine the relationship between peptide sequence and level of peptide internalization and to probe their mechanism of internalization. This study revealed that prenylated peptides internalize via a non-endocytotic pathway regardless of sequence. Sequence length and identity was found to play a role in peptide uptake but prenylated sequences as short as two amino acids were found to exhibit significant cell penetrating properties.
Mechanism of reversible 99mTc-sestamibi perfusion defects during pharmacologically induced vasodilatation

Reversible perfusion defects on 99mTc-sestamibi imaging during hyperemia are thought to occur due to myocardial blood flow (MBF) “mismatch” between regions with and without stenosis. We have recent...
Akt Induces β-Cell Proliferation by Regulating Cyclin D1, Cyclin D2, and p21 Levels and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-4 Activity

Proliferation is the major component for maintenance of beta-cell mass in adult animals. Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt-kinase pathway is a critical regulator of beta-cell mass. Pancreatic beta-cell overexpression of constitutively active Akt in mice (caAkt(Tg)) resulted in marked expansion of beta-cell mass by increase in beta-cell proliferation and size. The current studies provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in beta-cell proliferation by Akt. Proliferation of beta-cells in caAkt(Tg) was associated with increased cyclin D1, cyclin D2, and p21 levels and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (cdk4) activity. To determine the role of cdk4 in beta-cell proliferation induced by Akt, we generated caAkt(Tg) mice that were homozygous, heterozygous, or nullizygous for cdk4. The results of these studies showed that deletion of one cdk4 allele significantly reduced beta-cell expansion in caAkt(Tg) mice by decreased proliferation. CaAkt(Tg) mice deficient in cdk4 developed beta-cell failure and diabetes. These experiments suggest that Akt induces beta-cell proliferation in a cdk4-dependent manner by regulation of cyclin D1, cyclin D2, and p21 levels. These data also indicate that alteration in levels of these cell cycle components could affect the maintenance of beta-cell mass in basal states and the adaptation of beta-cells to pathological states resulting in diabetes.
A lower confidence limit for the number of signals

We propose a multi-step procedure for constructing a lower confidence limit for the number of signals present. We derive the probability of a correct estimation, P(CE), and the least favorable configuration (LFC) for our procedure. Under LFC, the P(CE) attains its minimum over the parameter space of all eigenvalues. Therefore a minimum sample size can be determined in order to implement our procedure with a guaranteed probability requirement.
The Influence of Specific Phospholipids on the Interaction of Hexokinase with the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

: Repeated washing of a brain mitochondrial fraction results in a progressive decrease in the proportion of mitochondrially bound hexokinase that can be solubilized during a subsequent incubation with glucose-6-phosphate (glucose-6-P). Phospholipids removed during the washing procedure can be added back to washed mitochondria, resulting in enhancement of the solubilization by glucose-6-P. Column and thin-layer chromatographic methods have been used to isolate and identify active phospholipids. Additional studies were performed with purified lipids obtained commercially. Both lysophospholipids and acidic phospholipids were active in enhancing solubilization of hexokinase by glucose-6-P. Phospho-inositides, particularly diphosphoinositide, were quite effective, raising the possibility that the actively metabolized phosphoinositides may be involved in regulation of hexokinase binding in vivo.
Application of the Laguerre Deconvolution Method for Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy to the Characterization of Atherosclerotic Plaques

This study investigates the ability of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) to detect inflammation in atherosclerotic lesion, a key feature of plaque vulnerability. A total of 348 TR-LIFS measurements were taken from carotid plaques of 30 patients, and subsequently analyzed using the Laguerre deconvolution technique. The investigated spots were classified as early, fibrotic/calcified or inflamed lesions. A stepwise linear discriminant analysis algorithm was developed using spectral and TR features (normalized intensity values and Laguerre expansion coefficients at discrete emission wavelengths, respectively). Features from only three emission wavelengths (390, 450 and 500 nm) were used in the classifier. The inflamed lesions were discriminated with sensitivity > 80% and specificity >90 %, when the Laguerre expansion coefficients were included in the feature space. These results indicate that TR-LIFS information derived from the Laguerre expansion coefficients at few selected emission wavelengths can discriminate inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques. We believe that TR-LIFS derived Laguerre expansion coefficients can provide a valuable additional dimension for the detection of vulnerable plaques
Effect of Economic Stress on Perceived Clothing Deprivation Among High School Students

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of economic stress on perceived clothing deprivation among high school students. Questionnaires were completed by 336 ninth through twelfth grade students who were enrolled in home economics classes at six high schools. The students were 13 to 20 years of age; 82% were female. The clothing deprivation measure consisted of 27 items based on measures developed by previous researchers. Factor analysis generated two factors from the 27 items which were used as the two dependent variables in subsequent analyses: F1, Inability to Buy; and F2, Clothing Deprivation Relative to Peers. The students were divided into four groups according to reported level of economic stress. Results indicated that economic stress had a significant overall effect on perceived clothing deprivation. Univariate F tests revealed significant effects for both clothing deprivation factors. Post hoc tests indicated that for F1, the lowest economic stress group perceived less cl...
Digitally programmable decibel-linear CMOS VGA for low-power mixed-signal applications

A new technique for realizing CMOS digitally-controlled decibel-linear variable gain amplifier (VGA) circuits is described. CMOS VGA circuits employing the proposed technique are then given. Besides being effective and simple to use from a system point of view, the VGA circuits offer a stable gain characteristic with precise gain control that is achievable without component spreading. The VGA provides a 25 dB gain control range per stage, with 0.55 dB gain steps and a gain error of less than 0.5 dB. It can also be digitally reconfigured to give a 60 dB gain control range with 6 dB gain steps. The VGA circuit provides digital offset trimming, processes voltage or current input signals and operates in a fully differential configuration. Simulation and experimental results are provided.
The Multibasic Cleavage Site of the Hemagglutinin of Highly Pathogenic A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) Avian Influenza Virus Acts as a Virulence Factor in a Host-Specific Manner in Mammals

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes typically possess multiple basic amino acids around the cleavage site (MBS) of their hemagglutinin (HA) protein, a recognized virulence motif in poultry. To determine the importance of the H5 HA MBS as a virulence factor in mammals, recombinant wild-type HPAI A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) viruses that possessed (H5N1) or lacked (ΔH5N1) the H5 HA MBS were generated and evaluated for their virulence in BALB/c mice, ferrets, and African green monkeys (AGMs) (Chlorocebus aethiops). The presence of the H5 HA MBS was associated with lethality, significantly higher virus titers in the respiratory tract, virus dissemination to extrapulmonary organs, lymphopenia, significantly elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and inflammation in the lungs of mice and ferrets. In AGMs, neither H5N1 nor ΔH5N1 virus was lethal and neither caused clinical symptoms. The H5 HA MBS was associated with mild enhancement of replication and delayed virus clearance. Thus, the contribution of H5 HA MBS to the virulence of the HPAI H5N1 virus varies among mammalian hosts and is most significant in mice and ferrets and less remarkable in nonhuman primates.
Direct measurement of clathrin-coated vesicle formation using a cell-free assay

Factors controlling the last stages of clathrin-coated vesicle formation were investigated using an assay allowing direct measurement of the detachment of these vesicles from the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes from cultured cells surface-labelled with 125I-alpha2-macroglobulin (a ligand that preferentially associates with clathrin-coated pits) were isolated by sonication of cells attached to a poly-L-lysine-coated substratum and incubated in the presence of nucleotide(s) +/- cytosol. A significant proportion of the membrane-associated radioactivity was released into the incubation medium in sedimentable form (14x10(6)g). The nucleotide and ligand specificities of this process together with the results of a series of biochemical, morphological and gradient analyses, led to the conclusion that measurement of the released sedimentable radioactivity provides a direct estimate of the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles from clathrin-coated pits. A morphological analysis of quick-frozen replicas of these membranes indicated that only the last stages of clathrin-coated vesicle formation were studied in the assay. Taking advantage of this cell-free system, we demonstrate that membrane-associated cytosolic factors and GTP-binding proteins, noteably dynamin, play a crucial role. Moreover, although these events can occur in the absence of ATP and Ca2+, optimal conditions for the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles require the presence of ATP, GTP and cytosol.
Information Sources and Indicators for the Assessment of Journal Reputation and Impact

ABSTRACTThis guide describes several information sources that can be used to assist faculty interested in quantitative and qualitative assessments of journal reputation and scholarly impact: Journal Citation Reports, Eigenfactor, Google Scholar Metrics, Elsevier Journal Metrics, Excellence in Research for Australia, Cabell’s International, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Beall’s List. It also introduces the indicators most often used to represent citation impact: impact factor, article influence score, eigenfactor, h5-index, source normalized impact per paper, impact per publication, and SCImago journal rank. Methods of assessing the influence of individual articles are also presented, along with strategies for the identification of predatory or low-quality journals.
Capturing the Captivity: African Americans Among the Puritans

A century before Phillis Wheatley published Poems on Various Subjects (1773), the British colonies had given birth to a "simple indigenous American prose" form: the Indian captivity (Carleton 176). Straightforward accounts of the capture, trials, and eventual liberation of Anglophone settlers, these narratives provided early colonists with their first native genre. Pamphlets celebrating the heartrending trials, exploits, and Christian forbearance of women like Mary Rowlandson or Elizabeth Hanson went through numerous editions, delivering a message that both entertained and enlightened their avid readers. As Phillips Carleton has said, to contemporary audiences these "read to pieces" stories were as heroic as Icelandic sagas (170,180). By the end of the eighteenth century, African Americans had discovered the utility of this earliest of American forms. As had their Puritan predecessors, "captivated" blacks like Briton Hammon and John Marrant told the story of their encounters with frightening, Godless attackers, torture, and death. Such genre-bound narratives, whether penned by black or white American, were designed to engage the reader in the narrator's own experience of captivity (and/or conversion), and as such served specific purposes. Both sets of narrators desired to impress their audience with their appreciation of and direct experience with the supreme being; both tales were designed to elicit sympathy for their bondage in the grasp of alien, incomprehensible captors. For African American storytellers and their white amanuenses, a signal importance of the narratives lay in their similarity to the pamphlets and broadsides that had appeared before.1 Yet unlike their immediate literary models, African Americans shared "non-white" status with their captors. That irony infuses the ordeals of these colonial African American Christians with a unexpressed and unacknowledged racial ambiguity. Still another paradox resounds in their adoption of a Puritan genre. As readers and writers alike moved away from the devout atmosphere of colonial New England, a divergence of intent arose between
Radial-tangential anisotropy of crowding in the early visual areas.

Crowding, the inability to recognize an individual object in clutter (Bouma H. Nature 226: 177–178, 1970), is considered a major impediment to object recognition in peripheral vision. Despite its significance, the cortical loci of crowding are not well understood. In particular, the role of the primary visual cortex (V1) remains unclear. Here we utilize a diagnostic feature of crowding to identify the earliest cortical locus of crowding. Controlling for other factors, radially arranged flankers induce more crowding than tangentially arranged ones (Toet A, Levi DM. Vision Res 32: 1349–1357, 1992). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure the change in mean blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response due to the addition of a middle letter between a pair of radially or tangentially arranged flankers. Consistent with the previous finding that crowding is associated with a reduced BOLD response [Millin R, Arman AC, Chung ST, Tjan BS. Cereb Cortex (July 5, 2013). doi:10.1093/cercor/bht159], we found that the BOLD signal evoked by the middle letter depended on the arrangement of the flankers: less BOLD response was associated with adding the middle letter between radially arranged flankers compared with adding it between tangentially arranged flankers. This anisotropy in BOLD response was present as early as V1 and remained significant in downstream areas. The effect was observed while subjects' attention was diverted away from the testing stimuli. Contrast detection threshold for the middle letter was unaffected by flanker arrangement, ruling out surround suppression of contrast response as a major factor in the observed BOLD anisotropy. Our findings support the view that V1 contributes to crowding.
Stability of Transition Front Solutions in Multidimensional Cahn–Hilliard Systems

We consider nonlinear stability for planar transition front solutions \(\bar{u} (x_1)\) arising in multidimensional (i.e., \(x\in {\mathbb {R}}^n\)) Cahn–Hilliard systems. In previous work, the author has established conditions under which such waves are spectrally and linearly stable, and in this analysis, it is shown that spectral stability implies nonlinear stability for such systems.
Litter Size and Weight Gain of Neonatal Guinea Pigs

The relationship between litter size and weight gain of neonatal guinea pigs was examined in 13 litters with a total of 34 offspring. The diets of the mothers were supplemented with 1% calcium glutonate. Without exception the larger the litter the smaller the weight gain of the piglets.
Assumption of "North-to-South Water Transfer" in Guangxi

Assumptions of water transfer mode,water supplement mode and water supply system mode for the south-east region of Guangxi which has water shortage problem and problems existed are discussed based on the nature condition,the distribution and direction of water resource in Guangxi.
Polymorphism of Myf6 gene and its correlation with meat quality traits in Bamei sheep and Small fat-tail sheep

Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism( PCR- SSCP) method was used to determine the polymorphism of myf6 gene in 102 Bamei sheep and 56 Small fat-tail sheep,the correlation between Myf6 gene and meat quality traits were analyzed in both breeds.Two genotypes were identified as AA and AB.The genotype frequencies were 0.63,0.37 in Bamei sheep and 0.38,0.62 in Small fat-tail sheep.Allele frequencies of A,B were 0.81,0.19 and 0.69,0.31 respectively.Polymorphism information content was 0.26 and 0.34 respectively.There was no significant difference between AA and AB genotype in meat traits in Bamei sheep.In Small fat-tail sheep,redness value had significant difference between AA and AB genotype in the Longissimus lumborum muscle( p 0.05).
Classifying Idiomatic and Literal Expressions Using Vector Space Representations

We describe an algorithm for automatic classification of idiomatic and literal expressions. Our starting point is that idioms and literal expressions occur in different contexts. Idioms tend to violate cohesive ties in local contexts, while literals are expected to fit in. Our goal is to capture this intuition using a vector representation of words. We propose two approaches: (1) Compute inner product of context word vectors with the vector representing a target expression. Since literal vectors predict well local contexts, their inner product with contexts should be larger than idiomatic ones, thereby telling apart literals from idioms; and (2) Compute literal and idiomatic scatter (covariance) matrices from local contexts in word vector space. Since the scatter matrices represent context distributions, we can then measure the difference between the distributions using the Frobenius norm. We provide experimental results validating the proposed techniques.
On Classification of Graph Streams.

In this paper, we will examine the problem of classification of massive graph streams. The problem of classification has been widely studied in the database and data mining community. The graph domain poses significant challenges because of the structural nature of the data. The stream scenario is even more challenging, and has not been very well studied in the literature. This is because the underlying graphs can be scanned only once in the stream setting, and it is difficult to extract the relevant structural information from the graphs. In many practical applications, the graphs may be defined over a very large set of nodes. The massive domain size of the underlying graph makes it difficult to learn summary structural information for the classification problem, and particularly so in the case of data streams. In order to address these challenges, we proposed a probabilistic approach for constructing an “in-memory” summary of the underlying structural data. This summary determines the discriminative patterns in the underlying graph with the use of a 2-dimensional hashing scheme. We provide probabilistic bounds on the quality of the patterns determined by the process, and experimentally demonstrate the quality on a number of real data sets.
Similarities in the Etiology of Alcohol Use Among Native American and Non-Native Young Women.

Objective:This study examined social- and individual- level factors associated with alcohol use among young women and tested whether differences exist between Native American and non-Native young women.Method:School-based surveys were conducted among 952 young women (ages 14–19) attending four high schools within the tribal jurisdictional service area of the Cherokee Nation in northeastern Oklahoma. Structural equation modeling using Mplus was used to assess the direct and indirect effects of social- and individual-level factors on subsequent alcohol use among Native and non-Native young women.Results:We found no differences in the level of risk and protective factors among Native and non-Native young women. Among Native and non-Native young women, alcohol access, parental communication, and best friends’ alcohol use had statistically significant direct and/or indirect effects on alcohol use. Indirect effects were mediated through alcohol expectancies and norms. A history of alcohol problems by an adult i...
Economic Burden Associated with Hospitalization for Radiation Cystitis: Results from a Statewide Inpatient Database

Abstract Introduction Radiation cystitis is associated with a significant burden to patients and the health care system. However, the regional burden of treatment and its associated costs remains poorly described. We assessed the health care costs and need for intervention among patients admitted to the hospital with radiation cystitis. Methods Using data from the Ohio Hospital Association we identified patients admitted with a diagnosis of radiation cystitis from 2009 to 2013. The primary outcome was the adjusted inpatient cost (adjusted to 2013 U.S. dollars) associated with in-hospital treatment of radiation cystitis. Secondary outcomes included percentage of patients requiring endoscopic urological procedures, blood transfusions and nephrostomy tubes. We used a generalized estimating equation model to determine in-hospital costs. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with requiring an invasive procedure. Results We identified 1,111 patients admitted to Ohio hospitals between 2009 and 2013 with a diagnosis of radiation cystitis. Mean patient age (±SD) was 73.9 (±12.5) years. Median length of stay was 4 days (IQR 3–8). The adjusted median cost of hospitalization per admission in 2013 for these patients was $7,151 (IQR $4,251–$16,569). Overall 28.9% of patients required blood transfusions, 34.4% required endourological procedures and 3.4% required nephrostomy tubes. The odds of undergoing an invasive procedure were associated with increasing length of stay, need for blood transfusion and male gender. Conclusions This study is the first population based study to our knowledge to assess the treatment burden and health care costs from radiation cystitis. A diagnosis of radiation cystitis carries with it a significant economic and treatment associated burden.
Potential gains from expanding regional electricity trade in South Asia

Abstract The South Asia region is lagging behind many regions in regional electricity trading despite the huge potential for trade. Using an electricity system optimization model, this study quantifies the benefits of unrestricted cross-border electricity trade in South Asia during the 2015–2040 period. The study finds that the unrestricted electricity trade provision would save US$226 billion (US$9 billion per year) of electricity supply costs over the period (~ $100 billion when discounted at 5% rate). The ratio of benefits, in the form of reduction of fuel and other operating costs, to increased costs of generation and interconnection investment would be more than 5:1. The provision would reduce regional power sector carbon dioxide emissions by 8%, mainly through substitution of coal-based generation with hydro-based generation, although regional emissions would be well above current levels absent other policy interventions because of rapidly growing demand. To achieve these benefits, the region would need to add 95 GW of new cross-border transmission interconnection capacity; but at the same time it would avoid 36 GW of additional interconnection capacity between the regional grids within India.
Leveraging Large Corpora Using Internet Search for Question Answering

In this experiment, we measure the potential contribution of internet search to question answering. The task is to correctly answer Jeopardy! questions, and for doing so we use our existing question answering system, "Watsonsim", the architecture of which follows the original IBM Watson. We compare the answering precision and recall with and without internet search data from Microsoft's Bing. To accommodate the new sources we included several additional procedures, in particular merging candidate answers with similar meaning, and removing any candidate answers which are forbidden. The experiments show the potential of the internet search to improve question answering in terms of both the accuracy and recall: the top rank accuracy increased by around 14%, reaching 20% precision, compared to only 6% precision when using local search, and the recall improved by 20%, reaching 52%, up from 32% using only local search engines. Tweaks to better handle web results later raised top-rank accuracy an additional 21%, reaching 41% precision, and raised recall by another 19%, to reach 71% recall. The overall conclusion of our experiments was to show that in question answering, a network enabled system can compensate for a smaller corpus and provide reasonably good answers.
Hydrogel Patches on Live Cells through Surface-Mediated Polymerization.

Many naturally occurring cells possess an intrinsic ability to cross biological barriers that block conventional drug delivery, and these cells offer a possible mode of active transport across the blood–brain barrier or into the core of tumor masses. While many technologies for the formation of complete, nanoparticle-loaded coatings on cells exist, a complete coating on the cell surface would disrupt the interaction of cells with their environments. To address this issue, cell surface patches that partially cover cell surfaces might provide a superior approach for cell-mediated therapeutic delivery. The goal of this study is to establish a simplified approach to producing polymeric patches of arbitrary shapes on a live cell via surface-mediated photopolymerization. Cell surfaces were nonspecifically labeled with eosin, and polyethylene (glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) coatings were directed to specific sites using 530 nm irradiation through a chrome-coated photomask. These coatings may entrap drug-loaded or im...
Pediatric Motility Disorders

Pediatric gastrointestinal motility disorders are a heterogeneous group of enteric nervous system disorders that continue to cause difficulties in children. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatments of the most common disorders of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon will be discussed to understand the interplay between motility and sensory functions and the effect on gastrointestinal motility. Much remains unanswered in the pathogenesis of the majority intestinal motility disorders. Research has started to explore targeted gene mutations as potential causes of congenital motility disorders, which may be able to help better predict outcomes. An understanding of the relationship between the enteric nervous system the gastrointestinal tract, in combination with advancements in motility studies, technology, and gene therapies, will help point towards potential for novel therapies.
Effect of benzedrine on activity

Records of the spontaneous activity of animals were accumulated over a period of 15 days during which a medium dose of benzedrine was ingested daily. These records were compared with similar records of two control periods of the same length, one preceding and one following the benzedrine test period. The significant differences between the control and test periods definitely illustrate the activating properties of benzedrine. A difference of approximately 20 per cent between the relative variability of the control periods and the test period indicates that benzedrine tends to reduce relative variability. Evidence obtained indicated the probability that no tolerance was built up to the drug.
A case report and review of thoracic spinal angiolipoma.

BACKGROUND While it is a rare entity, spinal angiolipomas are well-defined benign tumors that have been described sporadically in the literature starting from the late 1800s. Composed of mature lipomatous and angiomatous elements, these tumors manifest neurological symptoms due to progressive spinal cord or root compression. We present a case of a thoracic spinal angiolipoma and review the relevant literature. CASE DESCRIPTION A 68-year-old male with ongoing bilateral lower extremity weakness was found on enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to have an extradural mass in the thoracic spine causing cord compression. A T4-T8 laminectomy and complete excision of the epidural mass resulted in reversal of the patient's neurological symptoms. Histopathology identified the mass as a thoracic spinal angiolipoma. CONCLUSION Given its uncommon occurrence and excellent prognosis, our report serves as a reminder to always consider spinal angiolipoma in the differential diagnosis of epidural masses.
The Pancreas Can Take the Cold: Lower Waitlist Times Through Importation.

Abstract Background Our center has used a strategy of pancreas importation owing to long regional waitlist times. Here we assess the clinical outcomes and financial considerations of this strategy. Methods This was a retrospective observational cohort study of patients who received a pancreas transplant at Montefiore Medical Center (MMC) from 2014 to 2017 (n = 28). Clinical parameters, including hemoglobin A1c and complications, were analyzed. The cohort was compared with United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Region 9 with the use of the UNOS/Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database. Cost analysis of length of stay (LOS), standard acquisition (SAC) fees, and transportation was performed with the use of internal financial data. Results Pancreas importation resulted in significantly shorter simultaneous pancreas kidney transplant waitlist times compared with Region 9: 518 days vs 1001 days (P = .038). In addition, postoperative complications and 1-year HbA1c did not differ between groups: local 6.30% vs import 6.17% (P = .87). Patients receiving local pancreata stayed an average of 9.2 days compared with 11 days for the import group (P = .36). As such, pancreas importation was associated with higher mean charges ($445,968) compared with local pancreas recipients ($325,470). Conclusions Long waitlist times in Region 9 have encouraged our center's adoption of pancreas importation to address the needs of our patient population. This practice has resulted in a reduction of waitlist times by an average of 483 days. Understandably, centers have long been wary of importation owing to perceived risk in clinical outcomes. In our single-center experience, we have demonstrated equivalent postoperative glucose control and graft survival. Importantly, there does appear to be increased costs associated with importation, which are mainly driven by LOS. Curiously, importation from regions with lower SAC fees has the potential to offset costs related to transportation expenses. Notwithstanding these findings, pancreas importation does have the potential to lessen the financial societal burden through reduction in waitlist times.
Regulation of human Nfu activity in Fe‐S cluster delivery—characterization of the interaction between Nfu and the HSPA9/Hsc20 chaperone complex

Iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis is a complex, but highly regulated process that involves de novo cluster formation from iron and sulfide ions on a scaffold protein, and subsequent delivery to final targets via a series of Fe-S cluster-binding carrier proteins. The process of cluster release from the scaffold/carrier for transfer to the target proteins may be mediated by a dedicated Fe-S cluster chaperone system. In human cells, the chaperones include heat shock protein HSPA9 and the J-type chaperone Hsc20. While the role of chaperones has been somewhat clarified in yeast and bacterial systems, many questions remain over their functional roles in cluster delivery and interactions with a variety of human Fe-S cluster proteins. One such protein, Nfu, has recently been recognized as a potential interaction partner of the chaperone complex. Herein, we examined the ability of human Nfu to function as a carrier by interacting with the human chaperone complex. Human Nfu is shown to bind to both chaperone proteins with binding affinities similar to those observed for IscU binding to the homologous HSPA9 and Hsc20, while Nfu can also stimulate the ATPase activity of HSPA9. Additionally, the chaperone complex was able to promote Nfu function by enhancing the second-order rate constants for Fe-S cluster transfer to target proteins and providing directionality in cluster transfer from Nfu by eliminating promiscuous transfer reactions. Together, these data support a hypothesis in which Nfu can serve as an alternative carrier protein for chaperone-mediated cluster release and delivery in Fe-S cluster biogenesis and trafficking.
Neuromodulatory Drugs for the Radical Prostatectomy Patient

Neurogenic erectile dysfunction remains a common complication of radical prostatectomy despite current modifications of the surgery, which include preservation of the cavernous nerves essential for autonomically nerve-regulated penile erection. An imperative exists to address this problem with the primary objective of rapidly restoring natural, medically unassisted erections. Neuromodulation is an exciting, innovative field of endeavor developed to meet this objective. With the acknowledgement that penile neuropathy is a major pathogenic basis for the complication, this field promotes neuroprotective and nerve regenerative strategies for facilitating cavernous nerve functional recovery. Several possibilities have been investigated at the preclinical level and in early clinical trials, directly relevant to this context, suggesting likely therapeutic directions to be developed further in the near future. Other possibilities are conjectured at this time to have likely utility in this clinical context, borrowing from concepts advanced in basic science and clinical medicine disciplines distinct from the neuro-urologic field. For moving this particular field forward, emphasis is given to elucidating the molecular basis of the pathologic injury associated with radical prostatectomy and characterizing the role of molecular effectors responsible for cavernous nerve injury and recovery. Such focused molecular neurobiologic investigation can be expected to reveal highly effective pharmacologic approaches to address the problem and maximize erectile function restoration following surgery.
Meatless meals and masculinity: How veg* men explain their plant-based diets

ABSTRACTScholars have found that assumed connections between meat eating and performances of masculinity are perpetuated across the American public sphere. However, food expectations and choices are constantly shifting and evolving over time. Recent cultural shifts in the middle and upper-middle class American foodscape that moralize “good” eating as choosing local, organic, and eco-conscious foods, prompts the questioning of their social effects for vegetarian and vegan men, who hold a previously-stigmatized consumption identity. This article analyzes qualitative interviews conducted with twenty vegan and vegetarian men in a semi-urban area of the southeastern United States to better understand how they conceptualize and explain their food consumption identities in relation to their broader identity practices. I find their performances of masculinity often defy the conventional feminization of meatless diets, while also upholding gendered binaries of emotion/rationality and current tropes of white, middl...
Copolymerization of CO and N2 to Extended CON2 Framework Solid at High Pressures

Synthesis of novel extended forms of nitrogen and nitrogen-rich materials has been a topic of interest in development of high-energy-density materials. Here, we present the formation of high-density (3.983 g/cm3) copolymer CON2, formed in crystalline form by laser heating of CO–N2 mixtures above 1700 K and 45 GPa—a substantially lower pressure–temperature condition than those required for converting pure nitrogen (above 110 GPa and 2000 K). It can be made even at lower pressures ∼20 GPa at ambient temperature for amorphous solid. According to the refined structure, the crystalline polymer is made of nitrogen-hybridized, eight-membered rings of singly bonded CON2 in a three-dimensional framework structure in the space group of P43, as one of the previously predicted structures. However, unlike the predicted structures, the present P43 solid converts back to e-N2-like and δ-N2-like molecular phases as pressure unloads to 20 and 10 GPa, respectively.
Learning back-clauses in SAT

In [3], SAT conflict analysis graphs were used to learn additional clauses, which we refer to as back-clauses. These clauses may be viewed as enabling the powerful notion of "probing": Back-clauses make inferences that would normally have to be deduced by setting a variable deliberately the other way and observing that unit propagation leads to a conflict. We show that short-cutting this process can in fact improve the performance of modern SAT solvers in theory and in practice. Based on out numerical results, it is suprising that back-clauses, proposed over a decade ago, are not yet part of standard clause-learning SAT solvers.
Anti-GAD-65 associated Progressive Encephalomyelitis with Rigidity and Myoclonus following West Nile Virus Encephalitis. (P5.404)

Objective: To present a case demonstrating progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) following West Nile Virus (WNV) encephalitis. Background: PERM is a rare, likely autoimmune process within the central nervous system, which is included on the stiff person syndrome spectrum. PERM is associated with several autoantibodies. The most common autoantibody within the disease spectrum is against glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform 65 (GAD-65). The clinical features of PERM include transient axial, truncal or limb spasms, encephalopathy, oculomotor dysfunction, autonomic dysfunction and upper and lower motor neuron dysfunction. A similar case of GAD-65 autoimmunity has been reported following WNV infection. Design/Methods: NA Results: We report a case of a 55 year old Caucasian woman with a recent history of West Nile Virus encephalitis who presented with three days of progressive body spasms, confusion and fevers. She had autonomic instability with labile blood pressure and intermittent diaphoresis. She was intubated for airway protection. On examination, she demonstrated a left gaze preference, axial and limb rigidity, diffuse hyperreflexia including a positive jaw jerk, Hoffman sign and a right Babinski. She had frequent neck, arm and leg spasms especially with stimulation. MRI of her brain and spine were normal. CSF studies found elevated protein (122 mg/dL) with pleocytosis (74 nucleated cells/mcl). Serum and CSF anti-GAD-65 antibodies were positive at 74.1 nmol/L and 3.92 nmol/L, respectively (ref. range Conclusions: This case presents an example of anti-GAD-65 associated PERM following a WNV encephalitis. Future studies are needed to evaluate a potential parainfections association between WNV infection and GAD-65 autoimmunity. Disclosure: Dr. Loeb has nothing to disclose. Dr. Devine has nothing to disclose. Dr. Perven has nothing to disclose.
Diagnosis and Management of Infantile Hemangiomas in the Neonate

Infantile hemangiomas (IH) are a common benign tumor of infancy, most being uncomplicated and not requiring therapy. Some IH may require treatment; the pediatric provider must be familiar with morphology, distribution, natural history, and associations of IH. Several treatment options are available for IH: current standard of care, oral propranolol. Other therapies include wound care; topical beta-blocker therapy for small, superficial, and uncomplicated IH; treatment of IH residua. In addition to functional compromise and other complications, potential for permanent deformity and eventual psychosocial stigmatization are important when considering the need for treatment of IH in a neonate or infant.
SemEval-2019 Task 3: EmoContext Contextual Emotion Detection in Text

In this paper, we present the SemEval-2019 Task 3 - EmoContext: Contextual Emotion Detection in Text. Lack of facial expressions and voice modulations make detecting emotions in text a challenging problem. For instance, as humans, on reading “Why don’t you ever text me!” we can either interpret it as a sad or angry emotion and the same ambiguity exists for machines. However, the context of dialogue can prove helpful in detection of the emotion. In this task, given a textual dialogue i.e. an utterance along with two previous turns of context, the goal was to infer the underlying emotion of the utterance by choosing from four emotion classes - Happy, Sad, Angry and Others. To facilitate the participation in this task, textual dialogues from user interaction with a conversational agent were taken and annotated for emotion classes after several data processing steps. A training data set of 30160 dialogues, and two evaluation data sets, Test1 and Test2, containing 2755 and 5509 dialogues respectively were released to the participants. A total of 311 teams made submissions to this task. The final leader-board was evaluated on Test2 data set, and the highest ranked submission achieved 79.59 micro-averaged F1 score. Our analysis of systems submitted to the task indicate that Bi-directional LSTM was the most common choice of neural architecture used, and most of the systems had the best performance for the Sad emotion class, and the worst for the Happy emotion class.
Other Midfoot Dislocations

While Lisfranc fracture-dislocations are the most common dislocations involving the midfoot, other isolated dislocations can occur. These injuries are far less common, especially those without significant concomitant fracture. Appropriate management is based on proper identification of the injury followed by appropriate treatment. Operative management is often required to obtain and maintain concentric, anatomic joint reduction. Fixation is required when instability persists. Soft tissue injuries must be addressed and they often impact timing of operative intervention. Knowledge of the anatomy as well at the joint function is necessary as mobile joints require temporary fixation. Fusion should be reserved for nonessential joints and salvage situations.
Potential for unintended consequences: The association between smoking and body mass index among public housing residents in Baltimore, MD.

Abstract The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) smokefree rule for public housing may prompt smokers to quit. Cessation, while desirable, can be associated with weight gain, and an excess burden of obesity already exists among public housing residents. Our objectives were to characterize the association between smoking and weight status prior to the policy implementation and to explore eating patterns. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of survey data collected in 2014–2015 from randomly selected households in two public housing developments in Baltimore, MD. Our independent variable was self-reported smoking status, and dependent variables were measured body mass index (BMI) and uncontrolled/emotional eating scores. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the associations. Respondents included 266 heads of household with mean age 44.5 (SD 12.4). A majority (63.2%) were current smokers. Seventy-five percent were overweight or obese, with mean BMI 32.6 kg/m2 (SD 10.1). In the adjusted regression models, the mean BMI of smokers was significantly lower than that of former/never smokers (31.7 kg/m2 vs. 34.2 kg/m2), and the mean uncontrolled eating score of smokers was significantly higher (24.4 vs 18.7). These results suggest that the new HUD smokefree rule has the potential to promote further weight gain among smokers prompted to quit, highlighting the need to simultaneously consider these two prevalent risk factors in the setting of policy changes.