cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model of employment outcomes illustrating the effect of the structure of information on the level and distribution of income

Abstract We present a model of how employers use information about workers to make salary and job placement decisions when they have imperfect information about workers' ability. Job placement decisions are important because workers are more productive if they work at jobs appropriate to their ability.
At-sea and on-shore cycles of juvenile steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) derived from satellite dive recorders : A comparison between declining and increasing populations

Abstract We calculated the durations of time on-shore and at-sea for juvenile Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) using satellite dive recorders deployed between 2000 and 2002, and compared two genetically distinct populations; one increasing (eastern stock; n=42) and one that experienced an 80% decline in population since the mid-1970s (western stock; n=89). Data represented 24-h periods divided into 72 20-min increments indicating whether an animal was on-shore (dry) or at-sea (wet). Time apportioned between land and sea was described on a per-trip basis (rather than a 24-h cycle) and durations ranged from 20 min to several days. We tested differences in the durations of on-shore and at-sea events among sex, geographic region, year, and age at capture using mixed-effects models. Animal identifier was included as a random effect to account for repeated measures on the same individual. Sea lions from the eastern Aleutian Islands, central Aleutian Islands, and central Gulf of Alaska hauled out just after sunrise, and departure times coincided with dusk. For Prince William Sound and Southeast Alaska animals, arrivals and departures occurred throughout the day and were not related to crepuscular period. Mean duration on-shore did not differ among sex, region, year or age, and was unrelated to previous trip duration. This may suggest a minimum rest period for juvenile Steller sea lions or that dependant animals are maximizing their time on-shore suckling. Time spent at-sea varied among individuals from both populations and development of maternal independence, inferred from significant increases in time spent at sea, occurred approximately 10 months later in individuals from Prince William Sound and Southeast Alaska than in the other regions, suggesting environmental and developmental differences among regions.
Dimension vs. genus: A surface realization of the little k-cubes and an $E_{∞}$ operad

We define a new E∞ operad based on surfaces with foliations which contains Ek suboperads. We construct CW models for these operads and provide applications of these models by giving actions on Hochschild complexes (thus making contact with string topology), by giving explicit cell representatives for the Dyer-Lashof-Cohen operations for the 2-cubes and by constructing new Ω spectra. The underlying novel principle is that we can trade genus in the surface representation vs. the dimension k of the little k-cubes. Introduction. The fact [Ka1] that the cacti operad introduced in [V] has an E2 suboperad has been instrumental for the considerations of string topology [CS, S]. In terms of algebraic actions this particular E2 operad has been useful in describing actions on the Hochschild cochains of an associative algebra [Ka2]. All these considerations have some form of physical 1+1 dimensional field theoretical inspiration or interpretation, which for a mathematician essentially means that one is dealing with maps of surfaces. In particular the E2 structure of the little discs and cacti is at home in such a 2-dimensional geometry. In this context, the natural question arises if the higher order Ek operads can also be realized on surfaces. According to the yoga of string theory, two dimensional structures should be enough. In particular one should be able to describe higher dimensional objects, like branes, with strings. In our setting this translates to the expectation that there should be surface realizations for Ek operads. The fulfillment of this expectation is exactly what we accomplish. The novel feature is that these surfaces are of arbitrary genus and not only of genus zero. Now, as soon as one introduces genus into an operadic structure, 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 55P48; Secondary 55P35, 16E40, 18D50, 32G15.
Study on Consumer Awareness of Green Marketing Strategies and its impact on Environment Safety

Green revolution, environmental protection, sustainable life style/growth, protecting the earth has become a natural phenomenon in our day to day life.Green marketing efforts are also with the objective of making living of human being comfortable by reducing carbon emission and global warming. To promote green environment, the Indian Government has banned thin plastic bags which cause pollution. Also local municipal authorities insist on separating dry and wet garbage and they have provided separate dry and wet dustbins to consumers. Local municipal authorities stated that the consumers' response has been good. 5 retailers were contacted to know consumers' response to ban on thin plastic bags by Government. Retailers have stopped giving thin plastic bags and the consumers have resisted this change. In order to study consumer awareness and the impact of green marketing strategies, a market survey was carried out by the researcher in Pune city. Market survey results reveal that the impact of green marketing strategies is more on young, educated male consumers.
Nonassociative algebras related to Hamiltonian operators in the formal calculus of variations

Abstract The main result in this paper is the classification of simple Novikov algebras A with a maximal subalgebra H such that A H has a finite-dimensional irreducible H-submodule. A second result deals with the extension of Hamiltonian operators.
Representations of degree three for semisimple Hopf algebras

Abstract Let H be a cosemisimple Hopf algebra over an algebraically closed field. It is shown that if H has a simple subcoalgebra of dimension 9 and has no simple subcoalgebras of even dimension, then H contains either a grouplike element of order 2 or 3, or a family of simple subcoalgebras whose dimensions are the squares of each positive odd integer. In particular, if H is odd dimensional, then its dimension is divisible by 3.
Motivations for men and women's intimate partner violence perpetration: a comprehensive review

The main purpose of this review article was to collect and summarize all available papers that reported empirical data related to men's and women's motivations for IPV. To facilitate direct gender comparisons, the motives reported in each obtained study were coded by the current authors into seven broad categories: (a) power/control, (b) self-defense, (c) expression of negative emotion (i.e., anger), (d) communication difficulties, (e) retaliation, (f) jealousy, and (g) other. Across the 75 samples (located in 74 articles) that were reviewed and coded for this study, 24 contained samples of only women (32%), 6 samples consisted of only men (8%), and 46 samples used both women and men (62%). Power/control and self-defense were commonly measured motivations (76% and 61%, respectively). However, using violence as an expression of negative emotion (63%), communication difficulties (48%), retaliation (60%), or because of jealousy (49%) were also commonly assessed motives. In 62% of the samples, at least one other type of motive was also measured. Only 18 of the located study samples (24%) included data that allowed for a direct gender comparison of men's and women's reported motivations. Many of these studies did not subject their data to statistical analyses. Among those that did, very few gender-specific motives for perpetration emerged. These results should be viewed with caution, however, because many methodological and measurement challenges exist in this field. There was also considerable heterogeneity across papers making direct gender comparisons problematic.
Spin delocalization in the lowest triplet state of benzophenone

Abstract Ring atom hyperfine structure has been observed in the optically-detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectra of the lowest triplet states of 4,4′-difluoro- and 4,4′-dibromobenzophenone in a single crystal host at liquid helium temperatures. An analysis of this structure and its angular dependence yields a lower limit of 0.10 for the normalized π-orbital spin density in each of the para ring positions. These results, together with the demonstrated sensitivity of the zero-field splitting parameters to halogen substituents in the 4 and 4′ positions, suggest that a significant amount of spin density resides on the phenyl rings in the 3 (n,π * ) state of benzophenone.
Educational achievement and pain disability among women with chronic pelvic pain

Abstract Objective: This study examined the relationship of level of educational (LOE) achievement to pain experience, affective disturbance, and perceived disability among women with chronic pelvic pain presenting for pain treatment. Methods: 187 patients completed a battery of self-report inventories assessing pain, psychological status, and functional ability. Educational attainment was stratified across five levels from “less than high school” to “graduate/professional school.” Results: Significant inverse associations were found between lower educational achievement and more severe pain, somatic preoccupation, emotional suffering and guardedness, and functional impairment. No differences were obtained across the groups for age, duration of pain, or symptoms of depression. Conclusions: These data provide support for the importance of socioeconomic factors, particularly LOE, in furthering our understanding of the morbidity observed among women suffering chronic pelvic pain.
Secondary organic aerosol formation initiated from reactions between ozone and surface-sorbed squalene

Abstract Previous research has shown that ozone reactions on surface-sorbed d -limonene can promote gas phase secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation indoors. In this work, we conducted 13 steady state chamber experiments to measure the SOA formation entirely initiated by ozone reactions with squalene sorbed to glass, at chamber ozone of 57–500 ppb for two relative humidity (RH) conditions of 21% and 51%, in the absence of seed particles. Squalene is a nonvolatile compound that is a component of human skin oil and prevalent on indoor surfaces and in settled dust due to desquamation. The size distributions, mass and number secondary emission rates (SER), aerosol mass fractions (AMF), and aerosol number fractions (ANF) of formed SOA were quantified. The surface AMF and ANF are defined as the change in SOA mass or number formed, respectively, per ozone mass consumed by ozone–squalene reactions. All experiments but one exhibited nucleation and mass formation. Mass formation was relatively small in magnitude and increased with ozone, most notably for the RH = 51% experiments. The surface AMF was a function of the chamber aerosol concentration, and a multi-product model was fit using the ‘volatility basis set’ framework. Number formation was relatively strong at low ozone and low RH conditions. Though we cannot extrapolate our results because experiments were conducted at high air exchange rates, we speculate that this process may enhance particle number more than mass concentrations indoors.
Internal State Distributions of Molecules Scattering and Desorbing from Surfaces

Abstract In this paper some recent applications of state specific detection techniques to studies of molecules interacting with surfaces are reviewed. We concentrate on the direct inelastic scattering of NO from Ag(111). Coupling of translational to rotational motion is found to be a dominant energy transfer channel while vibrational excitation has a very small probability. Measured rotational state distributions exhibit several interesting features including rotational rainbows and rotational allignment. Quantum mechanical calculations on a simple model of the scattering provide a semi-quantitative description of the results and allow information on the interaction potentials to be derived. State specific measurements of molecules thermally desorbing from surfaces are also briefly discussed.
Thermal stability of the K+ channel tetramer: cation interactions and the conserved threonine residue at the innermost site (S4) of the KcsA selectivity filter.

The selectivity filter of most K+ channels contains a highly conserved Thr residue that uniquely forms the S4 binding site for K+ by dual coordination with the backbone carbonyl oxygen and side chain hydroxyl of the same residue. This study examines the effect of mutations of Thr75 in the S4 site of the KcsA K+ channel on the cation dependence of the thermal stability of the tetramer, a phenomenon that reflects the structural role of cations in the filter. Conservative mutations of Thr75 destabilize the tetramer and alter its temperature dependence. Replacement of Thr with Ala or Cys lowers the apparent affinity of K+, Rb+, and Cs+ for tetramer stabilization by factors ranging from 4- to 14-fold. These same mutations lower the apparent affinity of Ba2+ by ∼103- or ∼104-fold for Ala and Cys substitution, respectively, consistent with the known preference of the S4 site for Ba2+. In contrast, substitution of Ala or Cys at T75 anomalously enhances the ability of Na+ to stabilize the tetramer, suggesting that...
Ionizing Radiation Effects on Various Commercial NMOS Microprocessors

Recent results of ionizing radiation tests indicate that popular commercial NMOS microprocessors are very vulnerable to total ionizing dose. Samples of five device types from six manufacturers were dynamically exposed to Co 60 irradiation. Failure thresholds as low as 1000 Rads (Si) were observed and the entire sample population was dead after exposure to 3000 Rads (Si). The predominant failure mode is the failure to respond to control commands and is caused by shifts in the threshold voltage. Experimental devices made with 700 A° hardened gate oxide raised the failure threshold to 104 Rads (Si). Dynamic irradiation of microprocessor systems yielded failures consistent with the biased static irradiation results.
Lp85 calpain is an enzymatically active rodent-specific isozyme of lens Lp82.

Purposes. To clone and sequence the cDNA for Lp85 calpain from young rat lens, and to test for Lp85 protein expression and proteolytic activity. Methods. RT-PCR and molecular cloning were performed on total RNA from 12 day-old rats. Lp85 protein expression was visualized by immunoblotting using a specific antibody developed to the unique peptide sequence in Lp85. Proteolytic activity was assessed by casein zymography. Transient expression of Lp85 and previously characterized lens-specific calpain Lp82 were separately performed in mammalian COS-7 cells. Results. The 2410-bp cDNA for rat lens Lp85 encoded a protein of 737 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 85.0 kDa and a predicted pI of 5.67. The amino acid sequence of Lp85 was identical to Lp82 except for an insert region of 28 amino acids in domain IV of the calcium-binding region. mRNA and protein for Lp85 were present only in rat and mouse lenses and not in other tissues or species. Lp85 protein concentrations were highest in the ...
An Ethical Exploration of Free Expression and the Problem of Hate Speech

The traditional Western notion of freedom of expression has been criticized in recent years by critical race theorists who argue that this ethos ignores the gross power imbalance between the users of hate speech and their victims. These claims have in turn produced a counterattack by those who hew to the classical libertarian model of free speech. This article examines the arguments put forth by both proponents of the libertarian model of free expression and critical race theorists. By providing a historical analysis of the competing ethical models behind these arguments and the ramifications of each approach toward hate speech, this article attempts to provide a useful and practical model for approaching the problem of hateful messages in modern society.
Study of the knocking propensity of 2,5-dimethylfuran–gasoline and ethanol–gasoline blends

Abstract Measurements of the knocking propensity of two biofuels blended at low levels with a gasoline fuel were performed in a single-cylinder direction-injection research engine at three load conditions. Blends tested included three blends containing 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) blended by volume with gasoline at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. A blend of 10% DMF/10% ethanol with a balance of gasoline was also tested. The knocking propensity of the blends using the potential advanced biofuel were compared to the performance of E10 and gasoline. Knocking intensity was quantified using in-cylinder pressure measurements. A comparison of the improvement in the knock-limited spark advance (KLSA) relative to the baseline gasoline was performed for the fuels tested, where the knock limit was defined as the spark crank angle where more than 10% of the cycles knock with a knocking intensity greater than 100 kPa. All of the blends using either DMF or ethanol showed improvement in the KLSA relative to the baseline gasoline fuel. The blend with 10% ethanol and 10% DMF showed the best performance for the fuels tested and gave an improvement in the KLSA of 7 crank angle degrees at the full load condition. Ethanol showed a greater ability to reduce knocking tendency than DMF for the same volumetric blend percentage. The higher autoignition resistance of the ethanol blends is hypothesized to be due at least in part to the higher latent heat of vaporization reducing the in-cylinder temperature.
Using TIGGE Data to Diagnose Initial Perturbations and Their Growth for Tropical Cyclone Ensemble Forecasts

Abstract Ensemble initial perturbations around Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) produced by ECMWF, NCEP, and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) ensembles are compared using The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) data, and the dynamical mechanisms of perturbation growth associated with the tropical cyclone (TC) motion are investigated for the ECMWF and NCEP ensembles. In the comparison, it is found that the vertical and horizontal distributions of initial perturbations as well as the amplitude are quite different among the three NWP centers before, during, and after the recurvature of Sinlaku. In addition, it turns out that those variations cause a difference in the TC motion not only at the initial time but also during the subsequent forecast period. The ECMWF ensemble exhibits relatively large perturbation growth, which results from 1) the baroclinic energy conversion in a vortex, 2) the baroclinic energy conversion associated with the mid...
A very large antenna for the 1.8 MHz band

This article describes a large 1.8 MHz antenna system that generates significantly more forward gain than that produced by commonly-used phased-vertical arrays. It provides coverage of all four azimuthal quadrants, along with a choice of four elevation angles, which may be selected at the turn of a switch.
High-fidelity acoustic-emission sensor/preamplifier subsystems: modeling and experiments

A computer model is used to evaluate the suitability of five piezoelectric materials for use in broadband (10 kHz-2 MHz) acoustic-emission (AE) 'point' sensors. The computer model accounts for the effects of the electrical loading of the piezoelectric material by the input impedance of the preamplifier and the mechanical loading by the specimen and backing materials. The model predictions are compared with results of measurements, which are normalized using the NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 'conical' transducer. The effects of selecting different piezoelectric materials and transducer configurations are evaluated experimentally and analytically. It is shown that materials exhibiting the highest dielectric constant are best suited for high-performance AE sensor applications. >
A Catalogue of Human Saliva Proteins Identified by Free Flow Electrophoresis-based Peptide Separation and Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Human saliva has great potential for clinical disease diagnostics. Constructing a comprehensive catalogue of saliva proteins using proteomic approaches is a necessary first step to identifying potential protein biomarkers of disease. However, because of the challenge presented in cataloguing saliva proteins with widely varying abundance, new proteomic approaches are needed. To this end, we used a newly developed approach coupling peptide separation using free flow electrophoresis with linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry to identify proteins in whole human saliva. We identified 437 proteins with high confidence (false positive rate below 1%), producing the largest catalogue of proteins from a single saliva sample to date and providing new information on the composition and potential diagnostic utility of this fluid. The statistically validated, transparently presented, and annotated dataset provides a model for presenting large scale proteomic data of this type, which should facilitate better dissemination and easier comparisons of proteomic datasets from future studies in saliva.
Future developments and applications of biomaterials: an overview.

It is recommended that the emphasis of biomaterials research and development for the future should be to achieve improved reliability. Use of increasing numbers of implants per year coupled with decreasing long term (> 5 years) success rates are resulting in progressively larger numbers of reparative implant operations. This trend can be altered by emphasizing three areas of RD 2) Investigate mechanisms of interfacial reactions so that long term responses of the host-implant can be predicted; 3) Develop long term predictive relationships for biomaterials reliability based upon interfacial reactions, biomechanics, fracture mechanics, fatigue testing, and retrieval analysis.Brief examples of efforts to develop understanding in these three areas are described using bioglass coated metal and bioglass coated alumina implants.
Flux of free fatty acids among host tissues, ascites fluid, and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.

The role of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) in the transport of fatty acids from host tissues to Ehrlich ascites carci- noma in mice was studied. (9,10-3H)Palmitate complexed to mouse serum (albumin) was injected either intraperitoneally or intravenously into unanesthetized tumor-bearing mice. The in- corporation of radioactivity into tumor extracellular fluid FFA, tumor cell FFA, neutral lipid, phospholipid, water-soluble mate- rial in cells and fluid, plasma FFA, host carcass total lipid fatty acids, and water-soluble (i.e., nonlipid) material was measured. In addition, the quantity of fatty acid in each of the above lipid fractions was determined. The data were analyzed by multicom- partmental analysis (SAAM) using a digital computer, and frac- tional rate constants of FA movement within and out of the host-tumor system were calculated. These rate constants and pool size measurements were used to estimate the corresponding fluxes. Although FFA in the tumor's extracellular fluid were re- placed rapidly, almost none of the newly formed fluid FFA was derived from plasma FFA. Moreover, the transfer of FFA from the tumor extracellular fluid FFA to plasma FFA was virtually negligible. We suggest that the net amount of FFA required to replace the fluid FFA utilized for tumor energy and growth may be derived from direct transfer of FFA from host tissues to the ascitic fluid and that plasma FFA is not an intermediate in this transport process. The transport of FFA from the host to tumor cell lipids through the tumor extracellular fluid was about 26- fold greater than that required to account for net lipid accumu- lation during growth.
Characterisation of lower temperature sintered zinc-doped barium calcium niobate proton conducting electrolytes

The densification of Ba3Ca1.18Nb1.82O8.73 (BCN18) at 1325 °C has been improved by the addition of ZnO, resulting in the new proton conducting material, Ba3(Ca1.18Nb1.70Zn0.12)O8.55 (BCNZ18). As for Ba3Ca1.18Nb1.82O8.73, Ba3(Ca1.18Nb1.70Zn0.12)O8.55 is found to be a mixed conductor; with both electronic and ionic conductivity under different atmospheres. By increasing the sintered density of Ba3(Ca1.18Nb1.70Zn0.12)O8.55, the total conductivity has increased by decreasing the grain boundary contribution. Once the sample is hydrated under wet 5% H2/Ar, Ba3(Ca1.18Nb1.70Zn0.12)O8.55 behaves as a pure ionic conductor below 550 °C, due mainly to proton conduction. At 500 °C the value of conductivity measured for Ba3(Ca1.18Nb1.70Zn0.12)O8.55 under 5% H2/Ar was 7.32 × 10−4 S cm−1. Overall, this material has shown to be a promising electrolyte material for high temperature electrochemical devices.
Cooperation and Competition in Chinese and American Children

The hypothesis that Chinese children would be more cooperative than American children was tested in a group of 76 Chinese children and 76 American children by use of the Social Values Task, a game-like choice task where each child selects a number of tokens for him- or herself and an unspecified other. Six patterns of outcome preferences are possible. Chinese children gave equality responses most often, followed by group enhancement responses, whereas American children gave individualistic and competitive responses more frequently.
Relationships among Faculty, Peer, and Self-Evaluations of Applied Performances

This study is the second in a series examining relationships among faculty, peer, and self-evaluations of applied music end-of-semester performances. At three locations, college and university voice, percussion, woodwind, brass, and stringed instrument instructors rated undergraduate performances. Later, the performers rated the same set of performances (one of which was their own) on videotape. Ranging from .23 to .93, total score faculty interjudge reliability was mixed. Total score interjudge reliability among student (peer) panels was more consistent (.83-. 89). Most category score reliabilities were acceptable, although there was a wide range. Consistent with results of the first investigation, correlations between faculty and peer evaluations generally were high, ranging from .61 (p < .10) to .98 (p < .01). Also consistent with results of the first investigation, self-evaluation correlated poorly with both faculty and peer evaluation. No significant differences in self-evaluation were found among pe...
Contractile dysfunction in hypertrophied hearts with deficient insulin receptor signaling: possible role of reduced capillary density

Diabetics have worse outcomes than nondiabetics after a variety of cardiac insults. We tested the hypothesis that impaired insulin receptor signaling in myocytes worsens cardiac remodeling and function following injury, even in the absence of hyperglycemia. Mice with cardiomyocyte-restricted knock out of the insulin receptor (CIRKO) and wild type (WT) mice were treated with isoproterenol (ISO) for 2 or 5 days. Heart rates and cardiac mass increased comparably following ISO in WT and CIRKO mice. After 5 days, WT hearts were hyperdynamic by echocardiographic and left ventricular pressure measurements. However, CIRKO hearts had a blunted increase in contractility and relaxation following ISO. Interestingly, single myocytes isolated from both CIRKO ISO and WT ISO hearts had increased cellular shortening with prolonged time to peak shortening vs. respective shams. Thus, loss of myocytes or extramyocyte factors, rather than intrinsic dysfunction of surviving myocytes, caused the blunted inotropic response in ISO treated CIRKO hearts. Indeed, CIRKO ISO mice had increased troponin release after 2 days and greater interstitial and sub-endocardial fibrosis at 5 days than did ISO WT. Apoptosis assessed by TUNEL and caspase staining was increased in CIRKO ISO compared to WT ISO hearts; however, very few of the apoptotic nuclei were clearly in cardiac myocytes. After 5 days of ISO treatment, VEGF expression was increased in WT but not in CIRKO hearts. In keeping with this finding, capillary density was reduced in CIRKO ISO relative to WT ISO. Basal expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha was lower in CIRKO vs. WT hearts and may explain the blunted VEGF response. Thus, absence of insulin receptor signaling in the cardiac myocyte worsens catecholamine-mediated myocardial injury, at least in part, via mechanisms that tend to impair myocardial blood flow and increase ischemic injury.
Differences between individuals with and without experience with assault in identifying facial signs of imminent aggression

In real-world law enforcement encounters, a seemingly docile situation can turn violent in a matter of seconds. Being able to identify the signs of imminent aggression or violence may be extremely important in keeping safe those in harm's way. In the current study university student observers were shown an array of 12 facial expressions that included target images for two types of assault - premeditated assault and a loss of impulse control assault - and some distractors. The target images were created based on consultation with individuals who had experienced incidences of physical assault, aggression, and/or violence. The observers were split into two groups - those who had experience with physical assault and those who did not. The group with experience selected the target images as those preceding assault; the group with no experience did not. These findings provide continuing evidence that reliable facial signs of imminent aggression may exist, and if so that people in harm's way can be trained to identify those signs before they happen.
America in the Modern World: The Transcendence of United States Hegemony

Theories of imperialism imperialism and the Unites States the superpowers - politics, economics and survival the capitalist powers - discord and harmony America and the Third World the 1960s - the acme of American power Nixon and Carter - responses to decline Reagan and the resurgence of America in the 1980s America in the 1990s - dangers and opportunities.
Post-adjudicatory assessment of youth

The post-adjudicatory evaluation serves to assess the child in association with review of all available collateral information. The referral for this type of evaluation typically comes from the court, possibly probation, or any of the involved attorneys. Consistency in the evaluation, knowledge of available community resources, and expertise in juvenile delinquency, in the context of a developmental framework, are all necessary so that appropriate interventions can be put into place. The post-adjudicatory, or dispositional, stage is considered the most critical decision-making component of juvenile court. An understanding of local and available facilities is important, including wraparound services, residential programs, and community-based services that can be included within the wraparound interventions. It is important to identify one's role within the evaluation, and for the youth to realize that the purpose of the assessment is not for treatment, nor is it confidential.
DaReL: a portable data redistribution library for distributed-memory machines

Run-time data redistribution can be performed between algorithm phases when a different data decomposition is expected to deliver increased performance for a subsequent phase of computation. Redistribution, however, represents increased program overhead as algorithm computation is interrupted while data are exchanged among processor memories. A number of data parallel Fortran languages support run-time data redistribution primitives. We propose a portable data redistribution library, DaReL, specifically for High Performance Fortran (HPF). DaReL supports multi-dimensional data redistribution for HPF's regular distribution patterns, BLOCK, CYCLIC, and *. Data exchange is performed with MPI primitives, facilitating DaReL's portability among distributed memory platforms that utilize the emerging message passing standard. We present an overview of DaReL's design and performance results on an IBM SP-1. >
Stochastic models for cell motion and taxis

Certain biological experiments investigating cell motion result in time lapse video microscopy data which may be modeled using stochastic differential equations. These models suggest statistics for quantifying experimental results and testing relevant hypotheses, and carry implications for the qualitative behavior of cells and for underlying biophysical mechanisms. Directional cell motion in response to a stimulus, termed taxis, has previously been modeled at a phenomenological level using the Keller-Segel diffusion equation. The Keller-Segel model cannot distinguish certain modes of taxis, and this motivates the introduction of a richer class of models which is nevertheless still amenable to statistical analysis. A state space model formulation is used to link models proposed for cell velocity to observed data. Sequential Monte Carlo methods enable parameter estimation via maximum likelihood for a range of applicable models. One particular experimental situation, involving the effect of an electric field on cell behavior, is considered in detail. In this case, an Ornstein- Uhlenbeck model for cell velocity is found to compare favorably with a nonlinear diffusion model.
Virus-Encoded MicroRNAs Facilitate Gammaherpesvirus Latency and Pathogenesis In Vivo

ABSTRACT Gammaherpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, or HHV-8), and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68, γHV68, or MuHV-4), are B cell-tropic pathogens that each encode at least 12 microRNAs (miRNAs). It is predicted that these regulatory RNAs facilitate infection by suppressing host target genes involved in a wide range of key cellular pathways. However, the precise contribution that gammaherpesvirus miRNAs make to viral life cycle and pathogenesis in vivo is unknown. MHV68 infection of mice provides a highly useful system to dissect the function of specific viral elements in the context of both asymptomatic infection and disease. Here, we report (i) analysis of in vitro and in vivo MHV68 miRNA expression, (ii) generation of an MHV68 miRNA mutant with reduced expression of all 14 pre-miRNA stem-loops, and (iii) comprehensive phenotypic characterization of the miRNA mutant virus in vivo . The profile of MHV68 miRNAs detected in infected cell lines varied with cell type and did not fully recapitulate the profile from cells latently infected in vivo . The miRNA mutant virus, MHV68.Zt6, underwent normal lytic replication in vitro and in vivo , demonstrating that the MHV68 miRNAs are dispensable for acute replication. During chronic infection, MHV68.Zt6 was attenuated for latency establishment, including a specific defect in memory B cells. Finally, MHV68.Zt6 displayed a striking attenuation in the development of lethal pneumonia in mice deficient in IFN-γ. These data indicate that the MHV68 miRNAs may facilitate virus-driven maturation of infected B cells and implicate the miRNAs as a critical determinant of gammaherpesvirus-associated disease. IMPORTANCE Gammaherpesviruses such as EBV and KSHV are widespread pathogens that establish lifelong infections and are associated with the development of numerous types of diseases, including cancer. Gammaherpesviruses encode many small noncoding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs). It is predicted that gammaherpesvirus miRNAs facilitate infection and disease by suppressing host target transcripts involved in a wide range of key cellular pathways; however, the precise contribution that these regulatory RNAs make to in vivo virus infection and pathogenesis is unknown. Here, we generated a mutated form of murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV68) to dissect the function of gammaherpesvirus miRNAs in vivo . We demonstrate that the MHV68 miRNAs were dispensable for short-term virus replication but were important for establishment of lifelong infection in the key virus reservoir of memory B cells. Moreover, the MHV68 miRNAs were essential for the development of virus-associated pneumonia, implicating them as a critical component of gammaherpesvirus-associated disease.
Somatostatin receptors and autoimmune-mediated diabetes

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is produced by various SST-secreting cells throughout the body and acts as a neurotransmitter or paracrine/autocrine regulator in response to ions, nutrients, peptides hormones and neurotransmitters. SST is also widely distributed in the periphery to regulate the inflammatory and immune cells in response to hormones, growth factors, cytokines and other secretive molecules. SST peptides are considered the most important physiologic regulator of the islet cell, gastrointestinal cell and immune cell functions, and the importance of SST production levels has been implicated in several diseases including diabetes. The expression of SST receptors has also been found in T lymphocytes and primary immunologic organs. Interaction of SST and its receptors is also involved in T-cell proliferation and thymocyte selection. SSTR gene-ablated mice developed diabetes with morphologic, physiologic and immunologic alterations in the endocrine pancreas. Increased levels of mononuclear cell infiltration of the islets are associated with the increased levels of antigen-presenting cells located in the islets and peripancreatic lymph nodes. Increased levels of SST were also found in antigen-presenting cells and are associated with a significant increase of CD8 expression levels on CD4(+)/CD8(+) immature thymocytes. These findings highlight the crucial role of this neuroendocrine peptide and its receptors in regulating autoimmune functions.
Taphonomic Reworking and Stratal Organization of Tempestite Deposition

ABSTRACT Tempestite beds of the Ordovician Kope Formation of northern Kentucky provide an interesting subject for numerical simulation and stratigraphic analysis. Taphonomic characteristics of these shell-rich beds suggest that they were formed by multiple reworking and amalgamation events. If so, then storm-driven redepositional processes could have led to temporal condensation within the tempestite beds. Numerical simulation of tempestite formation indicates that storm-bed abundance is maximized by frequent, weak storm events, whereas shell degradation is increased by frequent, strong storms. Conversely, these stratigraphic and taphonomic parameters are insensitive to changes in storm intensity when such events are relatively uncommon. Additionally, the stratigraphic and taphonomic characteristics of tempestite formation are found to be largely insensitive to the abundance of shell material in the undisturbed shale. Lacunarity analysis of the vertical spacing of Kope Formation tempestite beds (grainstones and packstones) demonstrates stratal clustering. Such clustering was caused by either absolute or relative changes in storm intensity or frequency. Given the temporal scale of tempestite clustering within the Kope, changes in water depth across the shallow shelf--driven either by changes in sea level or sedimentation rate--is a likely mechanism by which such relative changes in storm processes occurred. Conversely, climatologic variability at the scale of tens to hundreds of thousands of years could drive absolute changes in storm intensity leading to stratigraphic clustering of tempestite beds.
Meta-analysis in Prevention Science

This chapter describes the fundamental elements of meta-analysis, with particular emphasis on its relevance to prevention science. The goal is to provide readers with a basic understanding of what a meta-analysis is, how to identify meta-analysis topics appropriate to prevention science, how to interpret results from meta-analysis, and how to identify some of the potential biases in meta-analysis; in short, our goal is to create intelligent consumers of meta-analysis. Armed with knowledge about some of the common ways that meta-analytic techniques can be used in prevention science research, we encourage readers interested in conducting a meta-analysis to seek more comprehensive resources on the statistical methods unique to this form of research (e.g., Borenstein, Hedges, Higgins, & Rothstein, 2009; Cooper, Hedges, & Valentine, 2009; Lipsey & Wilson, 2001).
Infraorbital nerve: a surgically relevant landmark for the pterygopalatine fossa, cavernous sinus, and anterolateral skull base in endoscopic transmaxillary approaches

OBJECTIVE Endoscopic transmaxillary approaches (ETMAs) address pathology of the anterolateral skull base, including the cavernous sinus, pterygopalatine fossa, and infratemporal fossa. This anatomically complex region contains branches of the trigeminal nerve and external carotid artery and is in proximity to the internal carotid artery. The authors postulated, on the basis of intraoperative observations, that the infraorbital nerve (ION) is a useful surgical landmark for navigating this region; therefore, they studied the anatomy of the ION and its relationships to critical neurovascular structures and the maxillary nerve (V2) encountered in ETMAs. METHODS Endoscopic anatomical dissections were performed bilaterally in 5 silicone-injected, formalin-fixed cadaveric heads (10 sides). Endonasal transmaxillary and direct transmaxillary (Caldwell-Luc) approaches were performed, and anatomical correlations were analyzed and documented. Stereotactic imaging of each specimen was performed to correlate landmarks and enable precise measurement of each segment. RESULTS The ION was readily identified in the roof of the maxillary sinus at the beginning of the surgical procedure in all specimens. Anatomical dissections of the ION and the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (V2) to the cavernous sinus suggested that the ION/V2 complex has 4 distinct segments that may have implications in endoscopic approaches: 1) Segment I, the cutaneous segment of the ION and its terminal branches (5-11 branches) to the face, distal to the infraorbital foramen; 2) Segment II, the orbitomaxillary segment of the ION within the infraorbital canal from the infraorbital foramen along the infraorbital groove (length 12 ± 3.2 mm); 3) Segment III, the pterygopalatine segment within the pterygopalatine fossa, which starts at the infraorbital groove to the foramen rotundum (13 ± 2.5 mm); and 4) Segment IV, the cavernous segment from the foramen rotundum to the trigeminal ganglion (15 ± 4.1 mm), which passes in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. The relationship of the ION/V2 complex to the contents of the cavernous sinus, carotid artery, and pterygopalatine fossa is described in the text. CONCLUSIONS The ION/V2 complex is an easily identifiable and potentially useful surgical landmark to the foramen rotundum, cavernous sinus, carotid artery, pterygopalatine fossa, and anterolateral skull base during ETMAs.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Urinary Tract Infection Recurrence

BACKGROUND: The Randomized Intervention for Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux (RIVUR) trial found that recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) with resistant organisms were more common in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis (TSP) arm. We describe factors associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) resistance of rUTIs in RIVUR. METHODS: Children aged 2 to 71 months with first or second UTI (index UTI) and grade I to IV vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) were randomized to TSP or placebo and followed for 2 years. Factors associated with TMP-SMX–resistant rUTI were evaluated. RESULTS: Among 571 included children, 48% were CONCLUSIONS: Although TMP-SMX resistance is more common among children treated with TSP versus placebo, resistance decreased over time. Among children treated with TSP, there was no significant difference in UTI recurrence between those with TMP-SMX–resistant index UTI versus TMP-SMX–susceptible UTI.
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal stability of (η6 :η1-C6H5CH2CH2PR2)Ru(CH3)2 (R = Cy, Ph, Et)

Several new arene−phosphine ligands were synthesized and used to prepare the following series of tethered dialkylruthenium(II) complexes: (η6:η1-C6H5CH2CH2PR2)Ru(CH3)2, where R = Cy (1), Ph (2), Et (3). The structures of complexes 1 and 2 were determined by X-ray diffraction. While complexes 1 and 2 were found to be more thermally stable than analogous nontethered analogues, complex 3 was found to decompose at room temperature. In preliminary studies, the use of complexes 1 and 2 as catalyst precursors for the polymerization of ethylene was examined.
Entomophthoramycosis: a neglected tropical mycosis

The term 'entomophthoramycosis' classically refers to infections caused by members of the order Entomophthorales. A new subphylum, Entomophthoramycota, has been created to include Basidiobolomycetes, Neozygitomycetes and Entomophthoramycetes. Basidiobolomycetes encompass Basidiobolus spp., while the Entomophthoramycetes include Conidiobolus spp. Conidiobolus spp. characteristically cause rhinofacial entomophthoramycosis in apparently immunocompetent hosts. Conidiobolus spp. may also cause disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients. Basidiobolus spp. more typically cause subcutaneous entomophthoramycosis of the limbs, buttocks, back and thorax in immunocompetent patients. While once considered to be rare, there is an increasing number of reported cases of gastrointestinal infection caused by Basidiobolus spp. worldwide in countries such as United States, Thailand, Australia, Iran, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. These cases have clinical presentations similar to those of inflammatory bowel diseases, particularly Crohn's disease. Retroperitoneal, pulmonary, nasal and disseminated basidiobolomycosis have also been reported. Histology of entomophthoramycosis may reveal the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon. Culture of infected tissue remains the definitive method of laboratory diagnosis. However, molecular methods with specific DNA probes and panfungal primers, as well as real time PCR, are increasingly used to detect and identify these organisms in tissue. Treatment largely consists of therapy with antifungal triazoles. Surgery plays a selective role in the management of entomophthoramycosis, depending upon location, organism and extent of the infection.
Architectures of nano-biointerfaces: relevance to future biosensing, environment and energy applications

We describe here a layer-by-layer LbL technology to generate multi-functional protein-based biointerfaces for construction of novel bioelectronic devices for biomedical, environment and energy applications. LbL is considered as an effective, simple and well suited technique for fabrication of unique functional biointerfaces. Upon combination of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, polyelectrolytes, proteins and various other biomolecules, system fabrication based on LbL creates new insights and concepts for development of novel sensor and energy technologies. We report here on flexibility and versatility of LbL technique to design the hybrid nanobio-catalytic architectures based on interactions of anionic and cationic biomolecular layers for multiple technological applications.
Investigation of pour point depression for lube oil isomerization

For isomerization of lube oil over domestic high-silicon zeo lite, the catalyst was prepared by impregnation method. The isomerizing reaction s of lube oil (150BS refined by furfural) at different temperature are investiga ted under the reaction condition, hydrogen pressure being 14.5～15.0 MPa, space velocity being 1.35 h -1 , H 2∶oil (volume ratio) being 350. Product pour points, liquid product yield, viscosity indexes, percentage by volume of distill ation cut were determined respectively. The results show that the bizeolite cata lyst has superior activity to the single zeolite catalyst in pour point depressi on, it's mass ratio (mordenite∶CDM-5∶Al 2O 3) is 55∶15∶30. The pour point of non-distilled product is -60 ℃. Mass fraction of Pt being 0.4%, that of F being 1.50%, the bifunctional catalysts prepared by tertiary ammonium exchange h ave better property of pour point depression. The reaction temperature should ra nge from 350 ℃ to 370 ℃, if the temperature is higher than that, cracking woul d be violent, isomerization not sufficient.