cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage after streptokinase administration for acute myocardial infarction

Fibrinolytic drug therapy has markedly reduced morbidity and mortality from acute myocardial infarction. As with any other drug therapy, however, benefits are maximal when patients at higher risk for complications can be identified and treatment decisions modified to reduce the chance of adverse events. Streptokinase, a commonly used and inexpensive thrombolytic, is known to cause both bleeding and immunologic complications, and coexistent conditions predisposing to either are considered relative or absolute contraindications to its use. We report an unusual case of immune-mediated diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage following streptokinase administration for acute myocardial infarction in a patient with pulmonary infection and concurrent cutaneous infection. We propose that these infections constitute additional risk factors and may be used to identify patients at higher risk of this complication from streptokinase.
A Comprehensive Literature Review Defining Self-Mutilation and Occupational Therapy Intervention Approaches

Abstract This paper provides an in-depth look at self-mutilation. While the presence of self-mutilation is well known, effective treatment strategies have been studied inadequately, and they are poorly recognized in many mental health settings. Therapists may treat patients who self-mutilate and never realize the importance of the self-mutilation act in treatment settings. The detrimental coping strategies and lack of emotional regulation seen in those people who self-mutilate often affect the person's home, work, and social occupations. A discussion of self-mutilation in general is presented in the first half of this paper, including: (1) definition, (2) incidence, (3) types, and (4) characteristics. The second half focuses on contemporary treatments, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and sensory integration.
Approaches to 100 Gbit/sq. in. recording density

A recording density of 10 Gbit/sq. in. is being pursued by a number of companies and universities in the National Storage Industry Consortium. It is widely accepted that this goal will be achieved in the laboratory within a few years. In this paper approaches to achieving 100 Gbit/sq. in. storage densities are considered. A major obstacle to continued scaling of magnetic recording to higher densities is that as the bit size is reduced, the grain size in the magnetic media must be reduced in order that media noise does not become so large that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) degrades sufficiently to make detection impossible. At 100 Gbit/sq. in., the bit size is only 0.006 square micrometers, which, in order to achieve 30 dB SNR, requires a grain size of about 2.5 nm. Such small grains are subject to thermal instability, and the recorded information will degrade over time unless the magnetic anisotropy of the materials used is increased significantly, or the media thickness is made much larger than expected on the basis of scaling today's longitudinal media thickness.
Antarctic sediment chronology by programmed‐temperature pyrolysis: Methodology and data treatment

[1] We report a detailed programmed-temperature pyrolysis/combustion methodology for radiocarbon (14C) dating of Antarctic sub-ice shelf sediments. The method targets the autochthonous organic component in sediments that contain a distribution of acid-insoluble organic components from several sources of different ages. The approach has improved sediment chronology in organic-rich sediments proximal to Antarctic ice shelves by yielding maximum age constraints significantly younger than bulk radiocarbon dates from the same sediment horizons. The method proves adequate in determining isotope ratios of the pre-aged carbon end-member; however, the isotopic compositions of the low-temperature measurements indicate that no samples completely avoided mixing with some proportion of pre-aged organic material. Dating the unresolved but desired young end-member must rely on indirect methods, but a simple mixing model cannot be developed without knowledge of the sedimentation rate or comparable constraints. A mathematical approach allowing for multiple mixing components yields a maximum likelihood age, a first-order approximation of the relative proportion of the autochthonous component, and the temperature at which allochthonous carbon begins to volatilize and mix with the autochthonous component. It is likely that our estimation of the cutoff temperature will be improved with knowledge of the pyrolysis kinetics of the major components. Chronology is improved relative to bulk acid-insoluble organic material ages from nine temperature interval dates down to two, but incorporation of inherently more pre-aged carbon in the first division becomes more apparent with fewer and larger temperature intervals.
Adjudicating Rights-Based Constitutional Claims: The Morality of Human Rights and the Power of Judicial Review

[This piece has been superseded by Michael J. Perry, "A Theory of Judicial Review" (2016), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2624978.]I have recently argued, in my new book and elsewhere, that both capital punishment and excluding same-sex couples from civil marriage violate the constitutional law of the United States. See Perry, Human Rights in the Constitutional Law of the United States (Cambridge University Press, 2013). Of course, any argument about the constitutionality of capital punishment or of excluding same-sex couples from civil marriage — or of any other law or public policy — necessarily relies on a particular understanding of how the judiciary should go about determining (1) whether a right claimed to be a constitutional right has constitutional status and, if so, (2) whether the challenged government action violates the right. What understanding do my arguments rely on — my arguments about capital punishment and same-sex marriage? I address that question in this paper.This paper began partly as a reflection on Mark Tushnet’s distinction between what he calls “pseudo-Thayerian review” and “true Thayerian review.” According to Tushnet, “[p]seudo-Thayerian review occurs when the courts ask, ‘Did the legislature make a clear error in determining — if it did — that the legislation was consistent with the Constitution as we interpret it?’ In this version, the courts make an independent judgment about what the Constitution means, and then ask whether a rational legislature could believe that the statute at issue was consistent with the Constitution so interpreted. In pseudo-Thayerian review, that is, the courts have the final (or only) say on what the Constitution means. True Thayerian review, in contrast, give the (rational) legislature a role in constitutional interpretation. The truly Thayerian court asks, ‘Putting aside our own views about what the Constitution means, could a rational legislature believe that the statute in question is consistent with some reasonable interpretation of the Constitution — again, even if that interpretation is not one that we ourselves would adopt?’” Tushnet’s distinction between “pseudo-Thayerian review” and “true Thayerian review” is too simple to do justice to the complex question of judicial deference. Or so, at least, I contend in this paper.As the title of this paper indicates, my principal concern here is the adjudication of constitutional claims based on rights norms, as distinct from the adjudication of constitutional claims based on structural norms — based, that is, on either federalism norms or separation-of-powers norms.I have recently posted two related papers to SSRN: Why Capital Punishment Violates the Constitutional Law of the United States (2013), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2340682; David C. Baum Memorial Lecture: Why Excluding Same-Sex Couples from Civil Marriage Violates the Constitutional Law of the United States (2014), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2352516.
Replication of bacteriophage M13: IV. Synthesis of M13-specific DNA in the presence of chloramphenicol

Abstract At two hours after infection of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage M13 the addition of either 10 or 30 μg chloramphenicol per ml. leads to the immediate cessation of single-stranded DNA synthesis. Labeling of the double-stranded RF ‡ DNA of M13 is stimulated initially by these concentrations of chloramphenicol and is only slightly reduced by ten minutes after adding chloramphenicol. Both strands of the RF become labeled in the presence of chloramphenicol, suggesting their formation by the replication of pre-existent RF molecules. Upon removal of chloramphenicol, the labeled RF serves as a material precursor of single standed DNA. In addition, up to one-third of the single strands produced are of the complementary type and are circular. All of the DNA contained in the phage particles released following the removal of chloramphenicol is of the usual viral type.
The Mechanism for Frequency Downshift in Nonlinear Wave Evolution

Abstract It has long been recognized that the frequency downshift in the wave field evolution is a consequence of nonlinear wave-wave interactions and that the frequency downshift is also necessary for the wind wave field to grow. Yet the detailed mechanism for the frequency change is still unknown: Is the process continuous and gradual? Or, is the frequency of a wave train varying gradually and continuously? Recently, Huang et al. (1995) found that the frequency downshift for a narrow band wave train is through wave fusion, an event described as two waves merging to form one wave, or n waves merging to form n—1 waves. The process was seen tobe local, abrupt, and discrete. Such an event cannot be studied by the traditional Fourier analysis. Using a Hilbert transform to produce the phase-amplitude diagram and the Hilbert Spectrum, we found that in addition to the narrow band waves, the wave fusion event could occur in finite band widths and wind wave fields as well; and it is indeed the mechanism responsible for the frequency downshift in nonlinear wave evolution in general. Specifically, the frequency downshift is an accumulation of wave fusion events, which is also the same phenomena of the “lost crest” observed by Lake and Yuen (1978), and the “crest pairing” observed by Ramamonjiarisoa and Mollo-Christensen (1979). We have made quantitative measure of this fusion through Hilbert analysis techniques. Other than the fusion process, the local frequency can have small variations due to the amplitude modulations. Because of the abrupt and discrete localized variations of wave frequency, a new paradigm is needed to describe the nonlinear wave evolution processes.
EFFECT OF CARBON SOURCES ON FORMATION OF α-AMYLASE BY BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS

Welker, N. E. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio) and L. Leon Campbell. Effect of carbon sources on formation of α-amylase by Bacillus stearothermophilus. J. Bacteriol. 86:681–686. 1963.—A chemically defined medium was devised for use in α-amylase induction studies. The addition of 0.1% casein hydrolysate to the chemically defined medium permitted growth on fructose, and with glucose, sucrose, maltose, starch, and glycerol it shortened the lag period and increased both the growth rate and the total enzyme produced. Growth did not occur when gluconate, acetate, or succinate were used as carbon sources. α-Amylase was produced during the logarithmic phase of growth; the amount produced was inversely proportional to the rate of growth. The poorer the carbon source for growth (glycerol, k = 0.24; glucose, k = 0.26; sucrose, k = 0.42), the higher was the amount of enzyme produced (glycerol, 109 units/ml; glucose, 103 units/ml; sucrose, 45 units/ml). Cells grown on technical-grade maltose (k = 0.26) or starch (k = 0.42) did not conform to this relationship in that unusually large amounts of α-amylase were produced (362 and 225 units/ml, respectively). Cells grown on fructose or sucrose had the same growth rate (k = 0.42), but smaller amounts of α-amylase were produced on fructose (fructose, 0 to 4 units/ml; sucrose, 45 units/ml). An intracellular α-amylase was not detected in Bacillus stearothermophilus.
Genotoxic exposure is associated with alterations in glucose uptake and metabolism.

Recent observations suggest that growth factor withdrawal can promote cell death in part through modulation of basic cellular bioenergetic pathways, including inhibition of glucose uptake and glycolytic metabolism. Whether DNA damage-initiated cell death pathways also involve bioenergetic deregulation has not been studied previously. Subtractive suppressive hybridization was used to identify changes in gene expression in murine cells after exposure to genotoxic stimuli, including cisplatin, etoposide, and γ-radiation. Among the genes identified in this screen were several that regulate glycolytic metabolism. Enzymes that catalyze key regulatory steps of glycolysis, including hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase, appeared to be coordinately down-regulated by genotoxic exposure. Northern blotting confirmed that these changes in gene expression occur within 4 h of exposure to several DNA-damaging agents. Genotoxic exposure was found to similarly inhibit expression of both glut-1 and glut-3, genes that encode critical regulators of glucose uptake. Direct measurement of glycolytic rate and of oxygen consumption confirmed that genotoxic exposure resulted in suppression of both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism. Many of these metabolic changes mimic those observed after growth factor withdrawal. Together, these observations suggest that multiple apoptotic triggers, including growth factor withdrawal and genotoxic exposure, suppress cellular bioenergetic pathways. Mitochondrial responses to the resulting rapid decrease in metabolic substrates may play an important role in initiation of apoptotic cell death.
Evaluating the Contemporaneity of Households at the Eden‐Farson site

Archaeologists often rely on absolute dating methods, but the standard deviations associated with these approaches often leave us wondering what to make of spatially related archaeological units, such as adjacent sites, clusters of features or regional-scale investigations. This issue is particularly relevant to the Shoshone Protohistoric site of Eden-Farson located in southwest Wyoming. The campsite consists of at least 11 discrete excavation units and is associated with a successful communal game drive of over 156 pronghorn. Yet the sheer number of pronghorn and the ambiguous nature of the near-surface cultural deposits have left researchers debating whether it represents a single occupation associated with a single successful game drive. Using a multivariate refit model, I have performed a bilateral refit analysis to identify links between the excavation units. Strong evidence for contemporaneity of Eden-Farson excavation units comes from 38 linkages between 10 of the 11 proveniences. Coeval occupation of the separate houses also allows for an analysis of food-sharing behaviours. With the last game drive occurring in the 1870s, the Eden-Farson site provides a rare opportunity to examine the social organisation of communal hunting. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noncoercive Perturbed Densely Defined Operators and Application to Parabolic Problems

Let be a real locally uniformly convex reflexive separable Banach space with locally uniformly convex dual space . Let be maximal monotone and quasibounded generalized pseudomonotone such that there exists a real reflexive separable Banach space , dense and continuously embedded in . Assume, further, that there exists such that d for all and . New surjectivity results are given for noncoercive, not everywhere defined, and possibly unbounded operators of the type . A partial positive answer for Nirenberg's problem on surjectivity of expansive mapping is provided. Leray-Schauder degree is applied employing the method of elliptic superregularization. A new characterization of linear maximal monotone operator is given as a result of surjectivity of , where is of type with respect to . These results improve the corresponding theory for noncoercive and not everywhere defined operators of pseudomonotone type. In the last section, an example is provided addressing existence of weak solution in of a nonlinear parabolic problem of the type ,&#x2009;&#x2009;; ,&#x2009;&#x2009;; ,&#x2009;&#x2009;, where , is a nonempty, bounded, and open subset of , &#x2009;&#x2009; satisfies certain growth conditions, and , , and is the conjugate exponent of .
Effects of resistance training on selected indexes of immune function in elderly women

Women aged 67–84 yr were randomly assigned to either resistance exercise (RE,n = 15) or control group (C,n = 14). RE group completed 10 wk of resistance training, whereas C group maintained normal ...
Percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol rhizolysis in the management of trigeminal neuralgia

Sixty patients with trigeminal neuralgia or atypical facial pain were followed for an average of 1 year after percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol rhizolysis. The procedure was initially effective in relieving pain in 80% of the patients with typical trigeminal neuralgia and symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia secondary to multiple sclerosis. However, life-table analysis indicated that 50% of this group had persistence or recurrence of pain within 18 months after the operation. Percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol rhizolysis was ineffective in relieving atypical trigeminal neuralgia or atypical facial pain. Minor complications occurred in 23% of patients, and major morbidity was seen in 1.6%. Facial sensory loss which persisted for more than 1 month was found in 72% of patients, corneal hypesthesia occurred in 15%, and an additional 7% had corneal anesthesia. The data indicate that the success of percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol rhizolysis in relieving trigeminal neuralgia is directly related to the production of facial sensory loss.
Providing Introductory Psychology Students Access to Online Lecture Notes: The Relationship of Note Use to Performance and Class Attendance

The relationships among the frequency of access to online lecture notes, examination performance, and class attendance were investigated. Data on use of online notes were gathered from the log maintained by the server and from student responses to a questionnaire. Students who made any attempt to access online notes viewed notes associated with 74% of classes and most notes were viewed during the period of time corresponding to the delivery of lectures in class rather than the time period immediately before examinations. While students did indicate that access to notes was a factor in missing class, students who viewed online performed better on course examinations. Access to notes was associated with several different reasons for class absences. Of the reasons for missing class, only the frequency of absences associated with competing academic activities was related to examination performance.
Early repolarization and sudden cardiac arrest: theme or variation on a theme?

The association between early repolarization patterns on electrocardiograms and risk of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation reported by Haissaguerre et al. raises questions about the generally held concept that early repolarization is a benign electrocardiographic pattern. Although the association reported is strong enough to suggest validity, the data do not permit distinction between the following two possibilities: that early repolarization is a single pathophysiological entity with variable expression, or that early repolarization is a nonspecific electrocardiographic pattern that might be associated with specific high-risk or low-risk entities. Until prospective population data are available, physicians should continue to view this common electrocardiographic variant as generally benign. Careful attention should, however, be paid to patients with early repolarization and J-point elevations of more than 2 mm, especially those with otherwise unexplained arrhythmias or a family history of unexplained sudden death.
A Catalog of Temperatures and Red Cousins Photometry for the Hyades

Using Hyades photometry published by Mendoza and other authors, Pinsonneault et al. have recently concluded that Cousins V - I photometry published by Taylor & Joner is not on the Cousins system. Extensive tests of the Taylor-Joner photometry and other pertinent results are therefore performed in this paper. It is found that in part, the Pinsonneault et al. conclusion rests on (1) a systematic error in Mendoza's (R - I)J photometry and (2) a small error in an approximate Johnson-to-Cousins transformation published by Bessell. For the Taylor-Joner values of (V - R)C, it is found that there are possible (though not definite) differences of several mmag with other results. However, the Taylor-Joner values of (R - I)C data are supported at the 1 mmag level. Using the (R - I)C data and other published results, an (R - I)C catalog is assembled for 146 Hyades stars with spectral types earlier than about K5. For single stars with multiple contributing data, the rms errors of the catalog entries are less than 4.4 mmag. Temperatures on the Di Benedetto angular-diameter scale are also given in the catalog and are used to help update published analyses of high-dispersion values of [Fe/H] for the Hyades. The best current mean Hyades value of [Fe/H] is found to be +0.103 ± 0.008 dex and is essentially unchanged from its previous value. In addition to these numerical results, recommendations are made about improving attitudes and practices that are pertinent to issues like those raised by Pinsonneault et al.
Length Separation of Zwitterion-Functionalized Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes by GPC

The length-fractionation of shortened (250 to 25 nm), zwitterion-functionalized, single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been demonstrated via gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The UV−Vis spectrum of each fraction indicates an apparent “solubilization”, as evident by the direct observation of all predicted optically allowed interband transitions between the mirror image spikes in the density of states of both metallic and semiconducting SWNTs with various tube diameters. As evident by the presence or absence of the 270 nm, π-plasmon absorption, this “solubilization” is a dynamic process and leads to re-aggregation if left undisturbed for a couple of weeks or upon dissociation of the pendant octadecylamine groups. This non-destructive and highly versatile separation methodology opens up an array of possible applications for shortened SWNTs in nanostructured devices.
Is there a future for a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine

Multiple attempts to develop a vaccine to prevent Staphylococcus aureus infections have failed. To date, all have been based upon the development of opsonic antibodies. New information suggests that cell mediated immunity may be critical for protection against S. aureus infections. The arm of the immune system that provides the protection contains the Th17/IL-17 axis. Th17 cells release IL-17, which are important for mobilization and activation of neutrophils. Naturally, antibodies aid the neutrophils in the uptake and killing of staphylococci, but immune globulin does not seem to be sufficient to afford protection. New approaches that focus on Th17/IL-17 may allow for the development of a successful S. aureus vaccine.
Inhibition of Trypanosoma brucei gene expression by RNA interference using an integratable vector with opposing T7 promoters

RNA interference is a powerful method for inhibition of gene expression in Trypanosoma brucei(Ngo, H., Tschudi, C., Gull, K., and Ullu, E. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 14687–14692). Here we describe a vector (pZJM) for in vivo tetracycline-inducible synthesis of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in stably transformed cells. The dsRNA is synthesized from opposing T7 promoters. We tested the vector with genes involved in processes such as kinetoplast DNA replication, mitochondrial mRNA synthesis, glycosyl phosphatidylinositol biosynthesis, glycosome biogenesis, and polyamine biosynthesis. In most cases the induction of dsRNA caused specific and dramatic loss of the appropriate mRNA, and in many cases there was growth inhibition or cell death. One striking phenotype was the loss of kinetoplast DNA after interference with expression of a topoisomerase II. The gene being analyzed by this procedure need not even be fully sequenced. In fact, many of the genes we tested were derived from partial sequences in the T. brucei genome data base that were identified by homology with known proteins. It takes as little as 3 weeks from identification of a gene sequence in the data base to the appearance of a phenotype.
Charge-transfer metal-insulator transitions in the spin- 1 2 Falicov-Kimball model

The spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ Falicov-Kimball model is solved exactly on an infinite-coordination-number Bethe lattice in the thermodynamic limit. This model is a paradigm for a charge-transfer metal-insulator transition, where the occupancy of localized and delocalized electronic orbitals rapidly changes at the metal-insulator transition (rather than the character of the electronic states changing from insulating to metallic as in a Mott-Hubbard transition). The exact solution displays both continuous and discontinuous (first-order) transitions.
The Lithographic Performance and Contamination Resistance of a New Family of Chemically Amplified DUV Photoresists

A new contamination resistant 248nm DUV resist (ESCAP-E) has been developed to alleviate the difficulties encountered with the environmental contamination sensitivity of chemically amplified DUV photoresists. The formulation and processing of ESCAP-I; have been designed to permit thermal annealing of resist films to reduce the free volume and diffusivity of airborne contaminants into the resist film. The resist formulation is robust enough to permit post exposure bake delays of up to four hours without change or reduction of resist lithographic performance. The lithographic performance evaluated on 0.50NA 248nm steppers indicates linearity to 0.25μm, excellent exposure latitude and depth of focus.
Photoperiod and social cues influence the medial amygdala but not the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the Siberian hamster

We investigated whether the posterodorsal nucleus of the medial amygdala (MePD) and the posteromedial nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTpm) undergo structural changes in response to photoperiod or social environment in the Siberian hamster, a seasonally breeding rodent. Adult male hamsters were either kept in long days (LD; 15:9 h light:dark) from birth or were transferred at 12-16 weeks of age to short days (SD; 8:16) and housed with a male conspecific for 11 weeks. Other males were transferred to SD but were housed with an unrelated female conspecific from LD. Males transferred to SD without a female cagemate displayed testicular regression, but males transferred to SD with a female cagemate did not. The regional volume and average soma size of the BSTpm and the MePD were estimated using Nissl-stained brain sections. Neither photoperiod nor social condition modified either of the BSTpm measures. Among males housed in same-sex groups, the average soma size in the MePD was significantly smaller in SD males than in LD males. Cohabitation with a female resulted in MePD volumes indistinguishable from LD males. These results indicate that the MePD, a nucleus implicated in socio-sexual behavior, can respond to photoperiodic as well as to social cues.
Fibrosis of two: Epithelial cell-fibroblast interactions in pulmonary fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by the progressive and ultimately fatal accumulation of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix in the lung that distorts its architecture and compromises its function. IPF is now thought to result from wound-healing processes that, although initiated to protect the host from injurious environmental stimuli, lead to pathological fibrosis due to these processes becoming aberrant or over-exuberant. Although the environmental stimuli that trigger IPF remain to be identified, recent evidence suggests that they initially injure the alveolar epithelium. Repetitive cycles of epithelial injury and resultant alveolar epithelial cell death provoke the migration, proliferation, activation and myofibroblast differentiation of fibroblasts, causing the accumulation of these cells and the extracellular matrix that they synthesize. In turn, these activated fibroblasts induce further alveolar epithelial cell injury and death, thereby creating a vicious cycle of pro-fibrotic epithelial cell-fibroblast interactions. Though other cell types certainly make important contributions, we focus here on the "pas de deux" (steps of two), or perhaps more appropriate to IPF pathogenesis, the "folie a deux" (madness of two) of epithelial cells and fibroblasts that drives the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. We describe the signaling molecules that mediate the interactions of these cell types in their "fibrosis of two", including transforming growth factor-β, connective tissue growth factor, sonic hedgehog, prostaglandin E2, angiotensin II and reactive oxygen species. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fibrosis: Translation of basic research to human disease.
The regulatory subunit of adenylate cyclase interacts with cytoskeletal components

The adenylate cyclase system, which mediates cellular responses to a variety of hormones and neurotransmitters, contains at least three plasma membrane-associated proteins: the hormone receptor, the regulatory or guanyl nucleotide-binding unit (G unit) and the catalytic moiety. Activation of the enzyme after binding of hormone to the receptor involves binding of GTP to the G unit1. Activation can be enhanced by increasing the fluidity of the membrane with unsaturated fatty acids2 with the local anaesthetic prilocaine3, and perhaps, in vivo, by phospholipid methylation4. Disruption of microtubules increases localized mobility of membrane proteins in a manner similar to that of unsaturated fatty acids5 and can enhance cyclic AMP accumulation in intact leukocytes6–9. We therefore decided to investigate whether there is a direct interaction between micro-tubules and adenylate cyclase. We show here that colchicine, vinblastine and cis- unsaturated fatty acids enhance G unit-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase, implying that microtubules or tubulin are involved in the attachment of the G unit to the membrane.
Effect of stage of gestation during contamination on storage and excretion of dieldrin by dairy heifers.

Abstract Thirty-one pregnant Holstein heifers were contaminated for 60 days with 0.1 mg/kg body weight of dieldrin beginning either 60, 120, or 180 days prepartum. During contamination and decontamination, samples of milk, external body fat, feces, and urine were analyzed for 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octa-hydro-1,4-endo-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene (HEOD) to determine storage and excretory pathways. Greater (P About 2.5% of the daily intake was excreted as unchanged HEOD in the feces during contamination, and traces in urine. The presence of HEOD in feces 30 days after contamination ceased indicates metabolic origin and recycling.
Proteins Secreted via the Type II Secretion System: Smart Strategies of Vibrio cholerae to Maintain Fitness in Different Ecological Niches

Many Gram-negative bacteria use the type II secretion (T2S) pathway to deliver proteins that contribute to disease in humans, animals, and plants [1]. Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera, utilizes the T2S system for translocation of at least 19 proteins, including the large hexameric protein cholera toxin (Table S1) [1], [2]. The release of cholera toxin is predominantly responsible for the voluminous diarrhea in afflicted patients. The T2S machinery consists of 12 Eps (extracellular protein secretion) proteins and prepilin peptidase PilD. The secretion of the T2S substrates (exoproteins, cargo proteins) is a two-step process including their translocation via the inner membrane by the Sec or Tat pathway and subsequent transport of folded and/or oligomeric cargo proteins by the T2S into the extracellular milieu. The structure and function of the individual constituents of the T2S machinery in V. cholerae have been addressed in many elegant studies and recently reviewed [1]. This review focuses rather on the T2S substrates, highlighting their importance in V. cholerae pathophysiology, functional interactions, and mechanisms regulating their expression.
Study of the mechanism of fast diffusion of cobalt in thorium by diffusion and internal friction measurements

The activation energy for diffusion,Qd, of cobalt in fcc thorium was determined to be 83.7±4 kJ/mol from chemical diffusion measurements between 900 °C and 1332 °C. An internal friction peak associated with cobalt was identified in thorium at 45°C, and the activation energy for relaxation,QR, was found to be 76.0±1.5 kJ/mol by a frequency variation technique. The nearly equal values forQD andQR eliminate the interstitial-vacancy pair mechanism for fast diffusion in this system. The host-solute diplon and substitutional-interstitial (S-I) pair models for fast diffusion are considered, however, and preference is given to the latter mechanism for cobalt in thorium.
Reporting epileptic drivers to licensing authorities is unnecessary and counterproductive.

Abstract [Lee W, Wolfe T, Shreeve S. Reporting epileptic drivers to licensing authorities is unnecessary and counterproductive. Ann Emerg Med. June 2002;39:656-659.]
Photoredox reactions in pigmented bilayer lipid membranes.

Bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) formed from chloroplast extract and oxidized cholesterol in the presence of water-soluble dyes have been investigated. The two experimental systems described are: (1) the photoactive compound is incorporated into the BLM-forming solution, and (2) the photoactive substance is introduced to one side of the solution bathing the BLM. In the first system of Fe3+/Chloroplast BLM/Ascorbic acid, for example, a photovoltage of nearly 300 mV has been observed when an external voltage is imposed. In the second system of Fe3+, Fe2+/oxidized cholesterol BLM/chlorophyllin, the photoresponse can exceed 350 mV under applied field conditions. The results of these experiments are interpreted in terms of redox reactions across the pigmented BLM where one side of the BLM biface is reducing and the other side oxidizing.
The role of shadows in directional training and homing of pigeons, Columba livia

Some of the hypotheses of how homing pigeons are able to find their way home would require them to make precise measurements of the location of the sun. The purpose of this study was to determine if homing pigeons can measure the altitude and azimuth of a light source accurately enough to use the hypothesized navigational systems. Also the specific cues the pigeons used for the discriminations were analyzed. A psychophysical technique in which the pigeon controls the movement of the light (or of itself) toward or away from a trained direction was used. The ability to perform this task gives evidence on how accurately homing pigeons can measure the location of a light source such as the sun. Five pigeons were trained and tested. They were able to discriminate differences of as little as 3.4° in azimuth of the light source; 8° in altitude. It was determined that shadow patterns in the apparatus were used in all the discriminations. The role shadows may have played in the directional training done in the past, and the role shadows may play in the natural homing process of pigeons are discussed.
Sassena — X-ray and neutron scattering calculated from molecular dynamics trajectories using massively parallel computers☆

Massively parallel computers now permit the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of multi-million atom systems on time scales up to the microsecond. However, the subsequent analysis of the resulting simulation trajectories has now become a high performance computing problem in itself. Here, we present software for calculating X-ray and neutron scattering intensities from MD simulation data that scales well on massively parallel supercomputers. The calculation and data staging schemes used maximize the degree of parallelism and minimize the IO bandwidth requirements. The strong scaling tested on the Jaguar Petaflop Cray XT5 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory exhibits virtually linear scaling up to 7000 cores for most benchmark systems. Since both MPI and thread parallelism is supported, the software is flexible enough to cover scaling demands for different types of scattering calculations. The result is a high performance tool capable of unifying large-scale supercomputing and a wide variety of neutron/synchrotron technology.
The formations of blood islands in dissociated-reaggregated chick embryo yolk sac cells.

Abstract The role of cellular interactions in formation and differentiation of the blood islands of the chick embryo was examined. If the area opaca vasculosa (AOV) of the yolk sac is dissociated to single cells and reaggregated, foci of erythroblasts develop in the cultured reaggregates. Histological analysis of the development of the foci suggests they arise from groups of precursor cells which have associated during the culture period, i.e., “sorting out” occurs. Cells marked with 3 H-thymidine in their DNA were mixed with unmarked cells; the coaggregates show that most foci are composed of both marked and unmarked cells, directly showing sorting out does occur. Dissociated cells were also mixed with cells coming from the area opaca anterior to the head fold; cells from the latter region have no erythropoietic potentialities. By varying the proportion of the two sources of cells, a dilution of the erythroblast precursors can be carried out. As the precursors are diluted, the number of erythroblastic foci, and their size, decreases. When the dilution of precursor cells exceeds ten-fold, very few foci develop, although small groups of erythroblast are present. This result also demonstrates that several cells cooperate to establish an artificial blood island, the erythroblastic focus. These results also suggest that while an individual precursor can form erythroblasts, sorting out and grouping of precursor cells provides a synergism favorable to differentiation of typical blood islands.
Isolation and characterization of Enterobacter cloacae capable of metabolizing asparagine

A gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium capable of utilizing L-asparagine as its sole source of carbon and nitrogen was isolated from soil and identified as Enterobacter cloacae. An intracellularly expressed L-asparaginase was detected and it deaminated L-asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis of a cell-free asparaginase reaction mixture indicated that 2.8 mM L-asparagine was hydrolyzed to 2.2 and 2.8 mM aspartic acid and ammonia, respectively, within 20 min of incubation. High asparaginase activity was found in cells cultured on L-fructose, D-galactose, saccharose, or maltose, and in cells cultured on L-asparagine as the sole nitrogen source. The pH and temperature optimum of L-asparaginase was 8.5 and 37-42 degrees C, respectively. The half-life of the enzyme at 30 degrees C and 37 degrees C was 10 and 8 h, respectively.
Numerical Study of Some Unstably Stratified Boundary-Layer Flows over a Valley at Moderate Richardson Number.

Abstract A two-dimensional numerical model is utilized to investigate steady-state, three-dimensional turbulent flow over a valley under unstable thermal stratifications. An eddy viscosity turbulence model is employed, in which the mixing length is a function of distance to the surface, shears of the mean velocity components, and a stability parameter involving Monin-Obukhov length. Three case studies are presented to show the effect of various surface temperature distributions on flow at bulk Richardson numbers in the vicinity of minus one. At such numbers the thermal effects of topography are of the same scale as the dynamic effects. Variables examined for each of the cases include the potential temperature and vorticity over the valley as well as the surface heat flux and shear stress. In addition, the shape and magnitude of the wind speed profiles over the two valley slopes are presented and discussed. Baroclinicity and thermally enhanced turbulent mixing are seen to play important roles. In all three...
Three-Dimensional Electrophysiological Imaging of the Intact Canine Left Ventricle Using a Noncontact Multielectrode Cavitary Probe: Study of Sinus, Paced, and Spontaneous Premature Beats

Background—The feasibility of measuring cavitary electrograms using a noncontact probe and reconstructing endocardial surface electrograms and activation sequences during paced beats was previously demonstrated in the isolated canine left ventricle (LV). The objective of the present study was to develop and test a high-resolution, three-dimensional, endocardial electrophysiological imaging technique that simultaneously reconstructs endocardial surface electrograms and their corresponding activation sequences during normal and abnormal beats with the use of cavitary electrograms measured with a noncontact multielectrode probe in the intact canine LV. Methods and Results—A 128-electrode probe was inserted into the intact canine LV. Probe unipolar electrograms were simultaneously acquired during sinus, artificially paced, and spontaneous premature beats. Representative endocardial electrograms were measured directly using eight needle electrodes (the “gold standard”). A probe-cavity realistic, three-dimensio...
Topography between the entorhinal cortex and the dentate septotemporal axis in rats: I. Medial and intermediate entorhinal projecting cells.

Retrograde tracing experiments were performed to clarify the topographic projection from medial (area 28m) and intermediate (area 28i) divisions of the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus. Pipets filled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were positioned by electrophysiologic guidance at one of several septotemporal (S-T) levels in the dentate molecular layer of anesthetized rats; the tracer was expelled iontophoretically to minimize its spread. Retrograde labeling of neurons within areas 28m and 28i was analyzed in relation to cytoarchitectonic as well as spatial features of the region (obtained by histologic reconstruction). Regardless of the S-T level, ejections of HRP which were confined to the dentate gyrus labeled only layer II neurons of each area. Following septal pole ejections, labeled neurons were located in the posterolateral, extreme posterior, and postermedial parts of both areas 28m and 28i. Mid S-T ejections produced not only a ventral, but also an anteromedial, shift in the location of entorhinal projection cells; no cells were labeled posterolaterally. After temporal dentate ejections labeled neurons occupied the most anteromedial part of these entorhinal areas. For both areas, but especially for area 28i, convergence of entorhinal efferents upon a single S-T level in the dentate gyrus occurred from neurons which lay in a dorsoventral (i. e., frontal), and to a lesser extent a rostrocaudal, plane. The efferent axes of both areas 28m and 28i thus appear to be curved and are therefore best described in three dimensions. The entorhinal axes begin in a posterodorsolateral location, wrap around the posterior cortical convexity, and end in an anteroventromedial position. The results provide a useful map for in situ exploration of entrohinodentate connections in the rat, emphasize the parallel innervation of the dentate gyrus by distinct entorhinal fiber systems, and reflect the importance of the S-T axis as a framework for interpreting hippocampal organization.
Discriminating the helical forms of peptides by NMR and molecular dynamics simulation.

The HNCO NMR pulse sequence was applied to three selectively labeled 15N and 13C isotopic homologues of the peptide Ac-WAAAH(AAARA)3A-NH2 to probe directly for hydrogen bonds between residues 8 and 11 (characteristic of a 310-helix), 8 and 12 (α-helix), and 8 and 13 (π-helix). The experiments demonstrate conclusively, and in agreement with circular dichroism studies, that the center of the peptide is α-helical; there is no discernible 310- or π-helix at these specific positions. Molecular dynamics simulations of the preceding peptide and Ac-(AAAAK)3A-NH2 in water using the potential energy parameter set CHARMM22/CMAP correctly yield an α-helix, in contrast to simulations with the set CHARMM22, which result in a π-helix.
Reactivity and regioselectivity in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azides to strained alkynes and alkenes: a computational study.

The transition states and activation barriers of the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azides with cycloalkynes and cycloalkenes were explored using B3LYP density functional theory (DFT) and spin component scaled SCS-MP2 methods. A survey of benzyl azide cycloadditions to substituted cyclooctynes (OMe, Cl, F, CN) showed that fluorine substitution has the most dramatic effect on reactivity. Azide cycloadditions to 3-substituted cyclooctynes prefer 1,5-addition regiochemistry in the gas phase, but CPCM solvation abolishes the regioselectivity preference, in accord with experiments in solution. The activation energies for phenyl azide addition to cycloalkynes decrease considerably as the ring size is decreased (cyclononyne ΔG⧧ = 29.2 kcal/mol, cyclohexyne ΔG⧧ = 14.1 kcal/mol). The origin of this trend is explained by the distortion/interaction model. Cycloalkynes are predicted to be significantly more reactive dipolarophiles than cycloalkenes. The activation barriers for the cycloadditions of phenyl azide and pi...
Phenomenological investigations for understanding spectral and polarimetric signatures of landmines

Georgia Tech is in the second year of a Multi-University Research Initiative designed to study the impact of environmental processes on optical signatures. In particular, this program is conducting phenomenological studies on hyperspectral and polarimetric signatures of various target classes in the visible and infrared wavebands. Initial research studies have focused on landmines and the impact of various environmental factors and processes (e.g., subsurface processes) on the resultant spectral infrared signatures. A variety of approaches have been employed in this research to gain a better understanding of the impact of the environment on the spectral and polarimetric characteristics of soil and landmine signatures. These approaches include theoretical analyses, physics-based signature modeling, field measurements, and laboratory studies. Results from these studies will be presented that underscore the importance of incorporating the subsurface processes into the signature analyses. The results of these analyses have been propagated to algorithm developers to permit the creation of more robust processing techniques based on these physical analyses and models. This paper will present an overview of the program, a review of the research investigations initiated over the past year, and a summary of the results from these initial investigations.