cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Hepatitis B Virus DNA with a Paper Electrochemical Sensor

Here we show that a simple paper-based electrochemical sensor, fabricated by paper folding, is able to detect a 30-base nucleotide sequence characteristic of DNA from the hepatitis B virus (HBV) with a detection limit of 85 pM. This device is based on design principles we have reported previously for detecting proteins via a metalloimmunoassay. It has four desirable attributes. First, its design combines simple origami (paper folding) assembly, the open structure of a hollow-channel paper analytical device to accommodate micrometer-scale particles, and a convenient slip layer for timing incubation steps. Second, two stages of amplification are achieved: silver nanoparticle labels provide a maximum amplification factor of 250 000 and magnetic microbeads, which are mobile solid-phase supports for the capture probes, are concentrated at a detection electrode and provide an additional ∼25-fold amplification. Third, there are no enzymes or antibodies used in the assay, thereby increasing its speed, stability, and robustness. Fourth, only a single sample incubation step is required before detection is initiated.
When the Classroom Mimics Reality: A Simulation in International Trade and Relations

Students participate in an international trade simulation in which they are "born" into a country and must produce and sell goods to survive. Countries, ranging in economic power from the United States and Japan to Ethiopia and Somalia, are endowed with a level of raw materials commensurate with their national income, and must produce at a level sufficient to maintain both their population and environmental quality. As a result of this interaction, students discover that there is a reason why poor nations remain poor, and why international relations are so problematic. Students also see firsthand the economic effects of the production process, such as the declining use of labor and increased use of capital in producing a country's output.
Dynamic dispersion compensator using MEMS-actuated microdisk resonators

A novel dynamic dispersion compensator has been realized using MEMS microdisks with variable power-coupling ratio. The coupling is controlled by varying waveguide-disk spacing. A group velocity dispersion tuning range of 400 ps/nm has been achieved experimentally.
Spectral components of BL Lac objects and other compact extragalactic radio sources

The average X-ray spectra, and the levels of X-ray luminosity relative to the luminosity in lower-energy radiation, are discussed for 3 classes of compact flat-spectrum radio sources: (a) radio-selected BL Lac objects, (b), Highly Polarized QSOs, and (c) QSOs with lower polarization. The conclusions are as follows. First, the X-ray spectra do not support a unified ‘Blazar’ class made from HPQs and radio-selected BL Lac Objects — the BL Lac objects have a mean X-ray spectral energy index, α, of ≈ 1.0, whereas both QSO classes have α ≈ 0.5. Second, the QSOs display an X-ray-luminosity `excess' over average extrapolations from lower energies. Third, the radio-selected BL Lac objects are, on average, consistent in 2 keV luminosity with an extrapolation from lower energies, but the average measured X-ray spectrum is flatter than this extrapolation would suggest.
A resource synchronization protocol for dynamic scheduling real-time CORBA

In 1989, the Object Management Group (OMG) formed a Real-Time Special Interest Group (RT SIG) with the goal of extending the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) standard with real-time specifications. The most recent effort attempts to meet the requirements of dynamic distributed real-time systems. In such systems, one of the requirements is resource access synchronization for tasks with end-to-end timing constraints under dynamic scheduling. The paper proposes a resource synchronization protocol that meets the requirements of the dynamic distributed realtime system specified by the Dynamic Scheduling Real-Time CORBA (DSRT CORBA). The proposed protocol can be applied to both Earliest Deadline First (EDF) and Least Laxity First (LLF) dynamic scheduling algorithms, allows distributed nested critical sections, and avoids unnecessary runtime overhead.
Direct Costs in Chapter 11 Bankruptcies

This paper makes the first attempt at a comprehensive and general assessment of chapter 11 costs. The findings are based on a random sample of 118 case files from six federal judicial districts. The data was collected by hand through reading of individual files. We find that chapter 11 costs appear to be of a relatively low magnitude. In the median chapter 11 case, costs consumed 4.7% of distributions to all creditors or, stated alternatively, 3.5% of total assets listed at filing. The paper also informs a theoretical debate about the efficiency of secured credit. Our results suggest that secured credit can create efficiencies by lowering chapter 11 costs. Unsecured creditors also appeared to be receiving significant recoveries. At the same time, we also find evidence that secured credit may result in wealth transfer that decrease firm value. From a bankruptcy-costs perspective, secured credit appears to be a net gain for the firm. We stop short, however, of an unqualified endorsement of secured credit. Although secured credit may lower chapter 11 costs, it also may have pernicious, unmeasured effects on firm value.
Star-Formation Histories of Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies

We present the results of a multi-wavelength observational study of actively starforming dwarf galaxies (also known as Blue Compact Dwarfs). We combine optical, infrared and H-alpha imaging with optical spectroscopy and HI data in an attempt to better understand the stellar population make-up and star-formation histories of this type of galaxy. In particular, we address the long-standing ambiguity concerning the source of the near-infrared flux in BCDs. We find in nearly all cases that there is clear evidence for an older population of stars. However, the currently active starburst often contributes a large fraction of the total near-infrared flux in the form of nebular continuum emission and/or light from hot main sequence stars.
Behavior Problems in Blind Children and Youth: A Prevalence Study.

The Behavior Problem Checklist (Quay & Peterson, 1979) was completed by classroom teachers for 104 children and youth (64 boys and 40 girls) at a state residential school for the blind to determine the prevalence of problem behavior. Results were compared to earlier studies of behavior problems of nonhandicapped children and of two groups of hearing-impaired children, one living at home and attending a community program and a second group attending a state residential school. Results were more similar to those obtained with the hearing-impaired children in the residential setting than to either the nonhandicapped or the hearing-impaired living at home. Comparisons by sex failed to find statistically significant differences.
Retrieval of color and form during suppression of temporal cortex with cold.

Abstract Five cryodes were implanted on each side over the dorsal aspect of inferotemporal cortex (TEd) of three monkeys. They were trained on a form discrimination and three color discriminations. Suppression of TEd with cold disrupted retrieval of the color, but not the form discriminations. The animals could find the colors in a background of shifting values of gray, indicating that the suppression did not reduce their color perception to gray. They initially had great difficulty matching red to red and green to green, although that recovered with experience. The animals tended to respond to one or the other of the colors, indicating that they could perceive and discriminate them, but, either lost information about the correct stimulus, or something from past experience was interferring with performance. We suggested that cooling TEd suppresses new and recent learning of color discriminations, but it does not suppress some previous experience that intrudes upon performance of new tasks. TEd might contain episodic information about colors necessary for performance of the immediate task.
Endomyocardial fibrosis and intracardiac thrombus occurring in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome.

Case Report A 59-year-old woman was examined to investigate weakness, fatigue, and abdominal pain. Clinical examination revealed vitiligo, raised jugular venous pressure, bilateral pleural effusion, splenomegaly, and mild peripheral edema. Laboratory studies showed an absolute eosinophilia level of 10%, thrombocytopenia, and abnormally elevated liver enzyme levels. A triphasic abdominal CT scan (not shown) revealed a nonenhancing thrombus in both ventricular cavities, a small pericardial effusion, and bilateral pleural effusion. Cardiac MRI was requested to exclude the presence of a pericardial mass suggested by the findings of transthoracic echocardiography performed on the same day as the CT. ECG-gated cardiac MRI was performed on a 1.5-T scanner (Sonata, Siemens). Multiple sequences were obtained, including singleshot and retrospective gated balanced gradient-echo (true fast imaging with steady-state precession [FISP]) cine; fat-suppressed HASTE; unenhanced and enhanced T1weighted gradient-echo; and delayed, enhanced viability (inversion recovery prepared turbo fast low-angle shot) obtained after a 10min delay following IV administration of double-dose gadolinium (0.2 mmol/kg). No pericardial mass was identified. The endocardium of both ventricles was more intense than the deeper myocardium on true FISP (Fig. 1A) and HASTE (Fig. 1B) sequences and showed intense linear hyperenhancement on the delayed viability sequences (Fig. 1C). Extensive nonenhancing thrombus was present in both ventricles (Fig. 1D). Both right and left ventricles showed qualitatively normal function on cine sequences, with no regional or global wall motion abnormalities. Large bilateral pleural effusions and a small pericardial effusion were present. After cardiac MRI, coronary angiography was performed and found no significant coronary artery disease in any vessel. Ventriculography revealed apical obliteration of both ventricles. A right ventricular biopsy was also performed; however, pathologic examination of the obtained specimens revealed mainly thrombus with some necrotic tissue. Despite the biopsy results, a diagnosis of endomyocardial fibrosis secondary to IHES was made on the basis of the imaging, clinical, and laboratory findings. The MRI findings of increased signal intensity and contrast enhancement not corresponding to a vascular territory involving the endocardium of both ventricles, together with the unremarkable coronary angiography findings, excluded prior infarction from coexistent ischemic heart disease. Because Loeffler’s syndrome more commonly affects the left ventricle in isolation, this syndrome was considered less likely than IHES. Unfortunately, despite corticosteroid and hydroxyurea therapy, the patient’s condition continued to decline and she died from septicemia 4 weeks after initial presentation.
Reduced phosphorus concentration effects on tribological performance of passenger car engine oils

Phosphorus is present in engine oils in the form of the antiwear and antioxidation additive zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP). Its effects on wear and friction were studied at different temperatures using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). The electrically insulating tribofilm formation was measured using an electrical contact resistance (ECR) technique. The wear and friction performance of a fully formulated fresh oil containing 0.05 wt% phosphorus was compared with the corresponding used oil drained from a vehicle. The results show that the wear performance of fresh oils having phosphorus concentration from 0.02 to 0.1 wt% is very similar. Further reduction of phosphorus concentration below 0.02 wt% leads to high wear. The coefficient of friction increases with increased phosphorus concentration at temperatures above 80°C but decreases with increased phosphorus concentration at temperatures below 80°C. The used oil and the fresh 0 wt% P oil running on the original fresh steel surface exhibit hi...
Percentile regression analysis of correlated antibody responses

Antibody responses following vaccination usually are analysed by comparing geometric mean concentrations across levels of relevant covariates and by comparing the proportions of vaccinees responding. In the regression setting, the analyses are done on log-transformed concentrations, estimating geometric mean responses conditional on a vector of covariates. More detailed analyses examining the relationship of covariates to different parts of the response distribution may be performed through the application of asymmetric least squares estimation of regression percentiles. We present a method for accounting for correlation in percentile regression analyses of longitudinal antibody response data. We illustrate the procedures with measles antibody response data from Haitian children who participated in a randomized trial of high titre vaccines. The strongest dose and strain effects were seen in the low end of the antibody concentration distributions.
A framework for pricing government e-services

Governments are in the early stages of providing constituents with information and services online over the Internet. E-government service decisions should be rooted in solid finance principles, such as efficiency, equity and revenue adequacy. Pricing decisions should be tailored to meet the demands of particular constituent groups and the revenue needs of government. By so doing, governments can more quickly and broadly expand online service delivery and increase the net benefits to stakeholders. By segmenting e-services into government-to-citizen (G2C) and government-to-business (G2B) transactions and applying different pricing schedules for e-services with different demand elasticity's, governments can increase overall consumer surplus, while generating additional revenue.
The Effect of Analogy Instruction on Young Children's Metaphor Comprehension.

Analogies and metaphors are creative and powerful tools for assimilating new information and fitting it into one's existing knowledge base. This study explored the role of analogy in enhancing the ability of young gifted children to paraphrase metaphors. It was hypothesized that gifted children's ability to interpret metaphoric language would be improved by analogy instruction. A modeling procedure was used to highlight the parallelism constraint of analogy solution, namely the requirement that one rule governs the relationship between terms in both pairs of a four term analogy. A puppet model solved picture analogies and used parallel explanations for its answers. Children who were instructed in analogies solved more analogies correctly and offered more parallel explanations than those who did not have analogy instruction. Also, they correctly interpreted more metaphors in a second phase of the study. Enhancing children's ability to understand and learn from analogies and metaphors has useful and varied ...
Mobile Learning: Designing a Socio-Technical Model to Empower Learning in Higher Education

Mobile learning is a rapidly developing mode for teaching and learning to deliver content to learners. Additionally, mobile learning can aid both formal learning in traditional classrooms and informal settings outside classes. This paper explains how the mobility of learners can contribute to the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, and experiences, and further investigates how to design an effective model. This study also explores activities in which students can use mobile devices to facilitate their learning. Additionally, there are many factors that affect students’ learning outcomes. In this paper, researcher investigates how to design an effective socio-technical model by integrating cultural difference to maximize the benefits of mobile learning. The potential outcome of doing this research is a mobile learning success model, which includes different aspects of using mobile learning in higher education.
Byzantine history and the discourse of the Russian political/intellectual underground

Abstract Historical subjects often seem to be unrelated to current political discourse still could be often politicized in present-day Russia. And Internet discussions on these historical subjects could well provide insight into the views of the various segments of the country's population. These Internet discussions become especially important sources when one tries to look into the minds of the Russian underground, those who have practically no legal outlet for presenting their views. For this reason, the movie The Death of the Byzantine Empire, shown in the very end of the Putin presidency, is especially important. The movie, created the Orthodox priest Tikhon Shevkunov, (presumably Putin's confessor) made clear references to contemporary Russia. In the view of the producer, the Byzantine Empire was strong when it followed its autocratic tradition and was attached to Orthodoxy. The movie generated extensive discussions, including among those who belong to Russia's political and intellectual fringe. Quite a few of them were neo-pagans; for them, Christianity, including Orthodox Christianity, was Russia's curse. For them, it was an Asian creed foreign to Aryan Russians. The fact that it was accepted by Russians implied that Russians had been subjugated by an alien, Asiatic, force. Many of these neo-pagans were quite pessimistic in regard to the country's future; and, indeed, their response indicates the deep alienation of quite a few Russians, which hardly bodes well for the country's future.
Beneficial use of biosolids: Progress in controlling metals

Beneficial use of wastewater and its by-products is receiving increasing attention. The objective is to maximize the resource value and minimize the need to consider disposal only. While not always possible, more opportunities for such uses are being pursued. One aspect of this effort is the beneficial use of biosolids or, as it long has been known, sludge. Even the change in terminology reflects the effort to consider these materials as potential resources. While the new term may reflect more an effort to make such materials acceptable to the public from a psychological basis, efforts to assure the material is acceptable based on health risks by minimizing hazards from organisms and chemicals are prerequisite. Among the contaminants of concern are several elements. In the mid 1970s (designated 1975) and during the last several years (designated 1993), samples of wastewater solids were collected from 22 publicly owned wastewater treatment facilities (POTWs), all with pretreatment programs, in Massachusetts. These samples were analyzed for seven metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn). While there are several potentially confounding factors such as differences in sampling and analytical methods, the fact that the mean concentrations of all seven of the metals monitored decreased during the interval 1975–1993 when the two sets of data (126 and 54 samples respectively) were collected suggests that pretreatment and pollution prevention efforts have contributed to improving the quality of biosolids.
Generating complementary gray-level images for object recognition experiments using Gabor wavelet decomposition

We present a software image processing methodology to generate complementary gray-scale images for visual perception experiments examining the interaction between the spatial localization and orientation sensitivity of visual perception. Specifically, our system is able to selectively mask or unmask specific resolutions, positions, and/or orientations of an input gray-level image using Gabor wavelet decomposition. The resulting representations are then combined to obtain partially reconstructed images for novel psychophysical experimentations.
Composite propellant combustion

Temperature measurements in gaseous reaction zone near surface of burning composite solid propellant, using modified line reversal pyrometer
The effects of histamine, pyrilamine, cimetidine, and ranitidine on secretion of lingual lipase and amylase from rat von Ebner's glands

Minced von Ebner's glands of rat tongue were incubatedin vitro with histamine and histamine receptor antagonists. At various time intervals, media and homogenates of the tissue were assayed for lingual lipase and amylase activity and percentage secretion calculated. Histamine elicited moderate secretion (≈10%) of lingual lipase and amylase. In contrast, pyrilamine, and H1 receptor antagonist, elicited>60% secretion. There were statistically significant differences between the percentage secretion of lingual lipase and amylase for basal secretion, as well as for histmine-and pyrilamine-evoked secretion of lingual lipase and amylase for basal secretion, as well as for histamine-and pyrilamine-evoked secretion above basal. The H2 receptor inhibitors, cimetidine and ranitidine, stimulated secretion of only amylase, but not lingual lipase. When combined with histamine, these antagonists partially inhibited only the secretion of histamine-evoked lingual lipase, but not amylase. The differences in percentage secretion between the two enzymes indicate that exocytosis may not be the only process involved in protein secretion. The anomalous effects of the H1 and H2 receptor antagonists necessitate a more detailed characterization of the receptors of von Ebner's glands.
The rhetoric of science

(1976). The rhetoric of science. Western Speech Communication: Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 226-235.
THE EFFECT OF AFFECT: DECISION MAKING IN THE EMOTIONAL CONTEXT OF HEALTH CARE

For many years, cognitive science assumed that rational actors would make objectively normative decisions given the time and information they had available. However, research has shown that emotion and value-based judgments can fundamentally change the way decisions are considered and evaluated. This is a greater challenge in the health care domain, particularly the emergency room where life and death decisions are made frequently and uncertainty makes optimal decision making impossible. This presentation will present medical professionals with self-awareness of how emotions may affect their own decision making and administrators with insights into how to develop safer and more error resilient processes and procedures for their Emergency Room environments.
A novel reaction system involving BaS and BaSO4 for converting SO2 to elemental sulfur without generating pollutants: Part I. Feasibility and kinetics of SO2 reduction with BaS

Abstract A thermodynamic and experimental investigation to develop a new process for converting sulfur dioxide to elemental sulfur by a two-step process involving barium sulfide and barium sulfate has been carried out. In this process, the starting raw material barium sulfate is reduced by a suitable reducing agent to produce barium sulfide, which is used to reduce sulfur dioxide to elemental sulfur vapor and regenerate barium sulfate. The results indicate that the BaS– SO 2 reaction produces mainly sulfur vapor and solid barium sulfate and that the products from the BaSO 4 – H 2 reaction are mainly water vapor and barium sulfide. In this Part I, results on the kinetics of the BaS– SO 2 reaction are presented. The experiments were carried out at temperatures between 850 and 1000 ∘ C and sulfur dioxide partial pressures between 4 and 43 kPa by the use of a thermogravimetric analysis technique. The rate of this reaction was demonstrated by the conversion of 40% freshly produced barium sulfide in 10 min at 1000 ∘ C under a sulfur dioxide partial pressure of 8.7 kPa. The reactivity increased somewhat during the first three cycles, but remained largely unchanged thereafter. This characteristic is important because the solids must be reusable for repeated cycles to avoid generating secondary pollutants. A pore-blocking model was found to fit the reaction rate. The reaction was essentially independent of sulfur dioxide partial pressure between 4.3 and 43 kPa and has an activation energy value of 170 kJ/mol (40.8 kcal/mol). The reduction kinetics of barium sulfate with hydrogen gas is reported in Part II.
A 'BPS' expansion for B and D mesons

Abstract We analyze consequences of the approximation μπ2−μG2⪡μπ2 (a ‘BPS’ limit) for B and D mesons. It is shown that neglecting perturbative effects many power corrections would vanish to all orders in 1/mQ, in particular, those violating heavy flavor symmetry. Among them are corrections to B→D formfactors. A number of relations receive corrections only to second order expanding around the BPS limit to any order in 1/mQ, including both f+ and f− at zero recoil. This allows an accurate evaluation of F + for B→D lν . Its perturbative renormalization is computed analytically in the required Wilsonian scheme, yielding the dominant 3% enhancement.
Vibrational angular momentum as an approximate constant of motion

The time dependence of the vibrational angular momentum in the resonant Henon-Heiles Hamiltonian is approximated in closed form using Birkhoff-Gustavson perturbation theory. An energy threshold is found to separate two drastically differing regimes.
Approximate mean absorption coefficients in the spectrum of water vapor between 10 and 22 microns at elevated temperatures

Abstract Mean absorption coefficients are calculated for the short wavelength wing (10–22 microns) of the pure rotation spectrum of water vapor at elevated temperatures (400–1200°K). Benedict's low temperature tabulations of spectral line intensities based on asymmetric rigid rotor approximation have been extended up to 1200°K. These calculations incorporate corrections due to first-order centrifugal stretching and the enhanced population of the first vibration level. Comparison with the available experimental measurements of absorption coefficients at 500°K by Varanasi and the spectral emissivity measurements of Ludwig et al . at 590°K, 850°K, 1040°K and 1640°K shows that our computations are in good agreement up to 1200°K and are, therefore, useful between 400°K and 1200°K.
On the role of infections in neonatal mortality

Summary Carefully conducted postmortem studies in relatively large series of stillborn fetuses and of infants dying in the neonatal period indicate that infection is a much more frequent primary cause of death than is indicated by vital statistics. Furthermore, in an even greater number of infants whose primary cause of death is attributed to some other disturbance, infection is present exerting a variable role as a contributory cause of death. Further reduction in perinatal mortality resulting from infection should be a distinct possibility and could be responsible for a significant decrease in the total mortality rate in this age group. It is evident that attention to a variety of factors is essential for the reduction of deaths due to infection in the perinatal period and that reliance mainly on antibiotic prophylaxis or therapy is not sufficient. These factors include improvements in the nutrition, hygiene, and health of the pregnant woman, a decrease in the incidence of premature births, a high index of suspicion of the possible presence of infection in infants born after premature rupture of amniotic membranes or prolonged or traumatic labors, and a return to rigid isolation techniques within maternity wards and nurseries. The roles of natural and artifically induced immunity deserve continued and increased investigation. At the moment it is clear that the premature infant is deprived of immune factors from the mother which significantly reduce his capacity to compete with infection.
Two-photon FLIM-FRET microscopy for protein localization

Intensity based FRET visualizes protein molecules in living cells and tissues. Lifetime techniques, however, will demonstrate the dynamic functional activity of the protein molecules, because its signal does not depend on changes in fluorophore concentration or excitation intensity. If a laser pulse excites a large number of similar molecules with a similar local environment, and as long as no energy is transferred to another molecule, the lifetime is the “natural fluorescence lifetime”. If energy is transferred, however, the actual fluorescence lifetime is less than the natural lifetime, because an additional path for de-excitation is present. With the occurrence of FRET, strong energy transfer results in extreme quenching of the donor fluorescence and a decrease in the fluorescence lifetime. In this paper we will explain the development of the two-photon FLIM-FRET microscopy with our existing multiphoton microscopy and demonstrate the change in donor lifetime by photobleaching the acceptor molecules in living cells.
Forage Yield and Quality of Six Annual Medicago Species in the North-Central USA

Annual medics (Medicago spp.) have been extensively used as winter annual forage and green manure crops in Mediterranean regions, but their potential use in the north-central USA has not been evaluated. Our objective was to determine the summer and fall forage yield and forage quality of spring- and summer-seeded annual medics. Twelve commercial annual medic cultivars from Australia (representing five species) and 'George' black medic (M. lupulina L.), 'Nitro' alfalfa (M. saliva L.), and 'Arlington' red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were seeded in spring and summer at Rosemount and Morris, MN, in 1991 and at St. Paul and Becker, MN, in 1992. Forage yields were taken at a single harvest in summer (when most medics were reproductive) from spring-seeded stands and in the fall first frost (0°C) from summer-seeded stands. Forage yields of spring and summer-seeded annual medics ranged from 1.2 to 5.7 and 0.5 to 5.5 Mg ha -1 , respectively, depending on location and species. Barrel medic (M, truncatula Gaertn.), snail medic [M. scutellata (L.) Mill.], and burr medic (M. palymolpha L.) cultivars were among the highest yielding, while Nitro alfalfa, George black medic, and Arlington red clover were consistently among the lowest yielding forage species. George black medic, Harbinger strand medic (M. littoralis Rohde ex Loisel.), and Kelson snail medic were among the highest in forage crude protein (CP) concentration for both summer and fall harvests. Forage fiber concentrations of all annual medics except Sava snail medic were equal to or lower than those in Nitro alfalfa. Our results indicate that annual medics have the potential for producing high yields of quality forage in the north-central USA and might be used as short-season annual crops for harvest in fall and summer when traditional forage supplies are inadequate.
Prediction modeling of physiological responses and human performance in the heat

Abstract Over the last two decades, our laboratory has been establishing the data base and developing a series of predictive equations for deep body temperature, heart rate and sweat loss responses of clothed soldiers performing physical work at various environmental extremes. Individual predictive equations for rectal temperature, heart rate and sweat loss as a function of the physical work intensity, environmental conditions and particular clothing ensemble have been published in the open literature. In addition, important modifying factors such as energy expenditure, state of heat acclimation and solar heat load have been evaluated and appropriate predictive equations developed. Currently, we have developed a comprehensive model which is programmed on a Hewlett-Packard 41 CV hand held calculator. The primary physiological inputs are deep body (rectal) temperature and sweat loss while the predicted outputs are the expected physical work-rest cycle, the maximum single physical work time if appropriate, and the associated water requirements. This paper presents the mathematical basis employed in the development of the various individual predictive equations of our heat stress model. In addition, our current heat stress prediction model as programmed on the HP 41 CV is discussed from the standpoint of propriety in meeting the Army's needs and therefore assisting in military mission accomplishment.
Separation and identification of 3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavanone and related compounds by thin-layer chromatography

Abstract Attempts have been made to find a simple, rapid and inexpensive method based on TLC for the separation of 3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavanone from the closely related compound 3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone. On commercially available TLC sheets no less than eighteen solvents were tried. Using an UV light source (3660 A, 2540 A) for detecting the extent of separation of these two compounds, it has been found that a majority of these solvents do not completely or only partially separate these compounds. Among the solvents tried, water at a pH of 4.8–5.0 appears to give a sharp and rapid separation. The average RF values calculated from many thin-layer chromatograms were found to be 0.05 for 3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavoneand 0.66 for 3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavanone. The penta-acetate of the flavanone has been prepared from the 3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavanone using acetic anhydride and catalyzed by pyridine. The separation procedure described can also be used for the separation of the penta-acetate from its parent substance. This procedure could be used not only for ascertaining the presence of the 3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavanone and 3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone but could also be used for reaction kinetic studies involving numerous substances or conditions that may catalyze this reaction. For confirmation of these compounds, the TLC spots were eluted and collected on a capillary after the separation and X-ray diffraction experiments were performed. X-ray diffraction patterns of the compounds are presented.
A pH sensor constructed with two types of optical fibers: the configuration and the initial results

Abstract A fiber-optic-based pH sensor using phenol red as the indicator is described. This pH sensor employs two different optical fibers, one a hard polymer-cladded silica core and one a fluorinated acrylic-cladded methyl-methacrylate core, and is constructed in a single-path device that increases the signal level and simplifies the signal processing and the replacement of the dye. The sensor performs reasonably well over the pH range 6.0–8.0 in terms of the sensitivity and reproducibility. The sensor shows a response time of 2–5 min and can operate for up to seven days with periodic calibrations. The major limiting factor in the sensor's operational life is the deterioration of the membrane and thus the leakage of phenol red from the gel matrix.
A simple, rapid synthesis of caffeine‐1,7‐13CH3

This paper describes a simple, rapid synthesis of caffeine-1,7-13CH3 produced by the reaction of iodomethane-13C with 3-methylxanthine. The synthesis is complete in one day, requires only the most rudimentary laboratory equipment, and is amenable to large scale synthesis. Overall yield after product isolation is 82%, and the product is of 99% chemical purity and 99% isotopic purity.
Specifying interaction surfaces using interaction maps

Defining how 3D models respond to user actions is a crucial step in building an interactive 3D world. Unfortunately, existing tools make it difficult for interaction designers to assign responses to any part of a 3D model that is not a pre-defined group of polygons. This restriction is particularly problematic for image-based models and models where the texture map contains most of the detail. We overcome this restriction by allowing designers to specify a model's interaction surfaces (parts that can respond to events) by painting them onto the model. Designers capture the painted areas by saving them as a 2D interaction map. An interaction map is similar to a traditional texture, but its painted regions specify interaction surfaces instead of appearance. We allow designers to name interaction surfaces and assign them responses to events both statically and at run-time. In addition, designers can modify the size and shape of interaction surfaces at run-time and can pass parameters to surfaces' responses by encoding them in the model's interaction map.
Scalable low-cost fabrication of disposable paper sensors for DNA detection.

Controlled integration of features that enhance the analytical performance of a sensor chip is a challenging task in the development of paper sensors. A critical issue in the fabrication of low-cost biosensor chips is the activation of the device surface in a reliable and controllable manner compatible with large-scale production. Here, we report stable, well-adherent, and repeatable site-selective deposition of bioreactive amine functionalities and biorepellant polyethylene glycol-like (PEG) functionalities on paper sensors by aerosol-assisted, atmospheric-pressure, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. This approach requires only 20 s of deposition time, compared to previous reports on cellulose functionalization, which takes hours. A detailed analysis of the near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and its sensitivity to the local electronic structure of the carbon and nitrogen functionalities. σ*, π*, and Rydberg transitions in C and N K-edges are presented. Application of the plasma-pr...
The display of personality in expressive movement

Abstract This study examined the interrelationships among certain personality traits, expressive behaviors, and naive judgments of personality. One hundred forty-nine subjects completed a variety of self-report personality measures and submitted handwriting samples. A subset of these subjects was videotaped in two separate situations. A number of expressive cues were coded from both the handwriting samples and the videotape segments. Groups of naive judges also rated handwriting samples and videotaped subjects on selected personality dimensions. The results indicated that specific personality traits, particularly extraversion, would be detected from naive observation of expressive behavior from both the videotaped expressive behavior and from handwriting samples. However, we were unable to uncover many of the specific behavioral cues that mediated the relationship between assessed personality and naive personality judgments. This research continues the investigation of the relationships between personality and expressive behavior—an area of research that is more than 50 years old, but one that has been much neglected.
Late results of treated childhood hypothyroidism

Summary 1. The original status and progress of two children with thyroid deficiency, onset approximately at one year and two months, respectively, are presented. They have been followed, under treatment from approximate ages of four to eighteen years, and two to eleven years. 2. Both children had at the beginning the appearance and build characteristic of thyroid deficiency and a significant retardation in height, bony development, and mental development. 3. The most striking similarity in the two records is the complete restitution of osseus development in both children. This finding is in agreement with the results of other authors. Canelo and Lisser and Price record significant advances in bone age under treatment; similarly 9 out of 13 of Nobel's patients had normal bone ages at the end of the observation period. 4. Contrasts between the two are: the older girl has developed a nicely proportioned body with quite a delicate face, but she has remained permanently dwarfed, and her intellect has not developed beyond the ten-year six-month level. The younger one, on the other hand, has retained her thick-set build but has compensated completely in height and mentality.
A thirty year look at the nuclear science programs at the American Museum of Science and Energy

The American Museum of Science and Energy has been involved in nuclear science education since it opened in 1949. For a period between the mid-1950's and the early 1980's, a series of traveling exhibits and demonstrations provided the nation with programs about basic nuclear science and peaceful applications of atomic energy. The Museum itself continues educating its visitors about nuclear science via audio-visuals, interactive exhibitry and live demonstrations and classes.
Respiratory responses of humans exposed to an aerosol–gas pollutant mixture: Multivariate contrast of a complex atmosphere to clean air and sodium chloride aerosol controls

Data from a group of 20 subjects with normal baseline pulmonary function, who were exposed for 2 h to a test atmosphere containing a complex mixture of pollutants, have been contrasted with data from two other groups exposed to presumably non-toxic control atmospheres. Group 1 was exposed to clean air, group 2 was exposed to clean air containing sodium chloride aerosol at 270 micrograms m-3, and group 3 was exposed to the complex atmosphere containing sodium chloride (332 micrograms m-3) and zinc ammonium sulfate (23 micrograms m-3) aerosols plus nitrogen dioxide (0.5 ppm) and sulfur dioxide (0.5 ppm). These atmospheres (ranked according to the presumed relative toxicities of the components; clean air = 0, sodium chloride = 1, complex mixture = 2) were contrasted using multiple regression and partial correlation analyses. The effects of exposure to the complex gas-aerosol mixture on forced expiratory performance were not significantly different from those observed in subjects exposed to clean air or to sodium chloride aerosol.
The influence of housing condition on autotomy following dorsal rhizotomy in rats

Abstract Forty-four male rats were subjected to unilateral intradural section of dorsal roots T13-L6. Of these, 10 were housed alone and 34 were housed with female rats. Each of the 10 animals housed alone self-mutilated to an extreme degree, with 7 cannibalizing the denervated limb. Only one of the animals housed with a female showed any sign of self-biting, and this was a minor, isolated incident. These results are discussed with particular reference to dorsal rhizotomy in rats serving as a model of chronic pain.
Distribution of chlorine in quartz determined by neutron beam focusing prompt gamma activation analysis and micro x-ray fluorescence

This paper describes two spatially resolved analytical techniques for chlorine distribution analysis in high-purity quartz glass. The first, prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA), to which most of this paper is devoted, is emphasized because a new neutron focusing technique has made this study feasible. Despite the low concentration of chlorine, the neutron absorption cross section for Cl is about 200 times greater than for Si, making Cl in Si an ideal system for PGAA. The second technique described is micro-x-ray fluorescence using a laboratory-based spectrometer. The results from each technique and their ability to quantify low levels of chlorine (400–1800 μg Cl/g SiO2) are described.
Bovine Milk Orotic Acid: Variability and Significance for Human Nutrition

Abstract Bovine milk, the main source of orotic acid in the human diet, contains approximately 80 ng orotic acid per milliliter, .1% of the fat-free solids. Orotic acid is virtually the only component in the acid-soluble nucleotide fraction of bovine milk. Variation is considerable in the concentration of orotic acid from dairy cows. This is primarily attributable to cow-to-cow variation. A secondary factor is stage of lactation; orotic acid is low in colostrum, increases for 10 wk, and remains constant through most of the rest of lactation; upon cessation of milking, orotic acid in lacteal secretions decrease within 6 wk to the low content of colostrum. Orotic acid at 1% in the diet leads to severely fatty livers in rats; more than .1% is necessary to induce the effect. Furthermore, rats appear to be unique in their susceptibility to fatty livers induced by orotic acid. Mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, chicks, dogs, pigs, and monkeys do not respond similarly to diets with 1% orotic acid. The lack of susceptibility in mice is in part due to increased urinary excretion of dietary orotic acid. The basis for the absence of response in other species has not been examined. While research is required, the evidence does not suggest that orotic acid in milk poses a serious problem to human consumers.
Anti-interferon globulin inhibits macrophage phagocytic enhancement in vivo by tilorone or Newcastle disease virus.

Abstract Administration of the interferon inducers tilorone or Newcastle disease virus to mice enhances the in vitro uptake of opsonized erythrocytes (EA) by peritoneal macrophages. To evaluate the role of induced interferon (IF) in the macrophage stimulation, sheep anti-IF, or control globulins were given to mice prior to and after the administration of the inducers. Both IF titers and uptake of EA by macrophages were reduced by anti-IF but not by control globulin. In contrast, phagocytic stimulation by a lipopolysaccharide, a weak IF inducer, was unaffected by the anti-IF globulin. The results indicate that endogenously generated type I IF may participate in the control of macrophage function in vivo.
A phase II trial of 17-(Allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in patients with papillary and clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

The aim of this study was to determine the antitumor activity of 17-(Allylamino)-17-demethoxyge-ldanamycin (17-AAG), a heat shock protein 90(hsp90) inhibitor in patients with metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) or metastatic clear cell RCC. Eligible patients were divided into 2 cohorts based on histological subtype: papillary or clear cell RCC. All patients had advanced RCC with measurable disease, a Karnofsky performance status of at least 70, and no evidence of brain metastases. Twelve patients with clear cell RCC and 8 patients with papillary RCC were treated with 17-AAG on this phase II trial. 17-AAG was given intravenously at 220 mg/m2 twice weekly for 2 weeks followed by a week of rest. Cycle length was 21 days. No patient in either cohort achieved a complete or partial response. Toxicities included elevated liver function tests, optic neuritis, dyspnea, fatigue, and gastrointestinal side effects. Six of the 20 patients required dose reduction. At the dose and schedule used in this trial, 17-AAG did not achieve objective response in the treatment of clear cell or papillary renal cell carcinoma patients.
Ecology of Karez irrigation: a case of Pakistan

Though hard to construct, difficult to maintain, and yet limited in scope, the karez irrigation system has been an integral part of agricultural landscape in Baluchistan province of Pakistan for the last 2500 years, if not earlier. The irrigation system is well adjusted with the social and political institutions in Baluchistan and synchronizes with the local economies.
Feedback Stabilization of a Class of Unstable Nonholonomic Systems

This paper considers the design of nonlinear stabilizing controllers for a class of systems which exhibit unstable rolling dynamics or shimmy. Such systems can be used, for example, to approximate the complex dynamics of an aircraft landing gear structure. The controllers are designed using the well-known nonlinear control technique known as feedback linearization and some recent results pertaining to stability of hybrid systems. We consider three models of a system exhibiting shimmy, each progressively more sophisticated than the other and in each case we derive the controllers that stabilize the system. An interesting conclusion of this study is that the models that are more complex can be stabilized with simpler controllers.