cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Faraday Rotation Observed in Filter Magnetograph Data

In this paper we analyze the effects of Faraday rotation on the azimuth of the transverse magnetic field from observations taken with the Marshall Space Flight Center's vector magnetograph for a simple sunspot observed on June 9, 1985. Vector magnetograms were obtained over the wavelength interval of 170 mA redward of line center of the Fe I 5250.22 A spectral line to 170 mA to the blue, in steps of 10 mA. These data were analyzed to produce the variation of the azimuth as a function of wavelength at each pixel over the field of vi ew of the sunspot. At selected locations in the sunspot, curves of the observed variation of azimuth with wavelength were compared with model calculations for the amount of Faraday rotation of the azimuth. From these comparisons we derived the amount of rotation as functions of bo th the magnitude and inclination of the sunspot's field and deduced the ranges of these field values for which Faraday rotation presents a significant problem in observations taken near the center of a spectral line.
Pain management at home in children with cancer: A daily diary study

Background With the transition of care of cancer patients from the hospital to the home setting, parents are largely responsible for children's pain management. Children's cancer pain is undermanaged, yet, there is little empirical data on the occurrence and management of cancer pain in the home setting. The purpose of the present study, therefore, was to employ a daily diary protocol to examine barriers to pain management of children's cancer pain by parents at home. Procedure Parent–child dyads were recruited from the Cancer Institute at a major children's hospital in Southern California. A total of 45 patient/parent pairs completed baseline data on demographic and personality characteristics, children's quality of life, and parental beliefs regarding analgesic use for children and then completed daily diaries of pain and analgesic administration for 14 consecutive days. Results Most children were reported to experience chronic pain while undergoing treatment for cancer, yet overall analgesic administration at home was low. Parents who reported misconceptions regarding analgesic use for children were less likely to administer pain medication to children. Children who were less shy, more social, or had lower quality of life were more likely to receive analgesics. Conclusions A significant proportion of children receiving outpatient treatment for cancer were rated as experiencing chronic pain and pain was not optimally managed in the home setting. Further understanding and addressing barriers to children's cancer pain management in the home setting will aid in alleviating unnecessary pain in this vulnerable patient population. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:1029–1033. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cronies or Capitalists? The Russian Bourgeoisie and the Bourgeois Revolution from 1850 to 1917 – By David Lockwood

This book is an analytical synthesis of well‐known secondary and primary sources (overwhelmingly in the English language) concerning political relations between the Russian merchantry and the state...
The reproductive status of nonbreeding group members in captive golden lion tamarin social groups

Reproductive activity is limited to only one female in many species of callitrichid primates (marmosets and tamarins): daughters and subordinate females do not produce offspring. A suppression of ovulatory cyclicity is responsible for the lack of reproductive activity in three species of callitrichids studied to date. This study evaluated the endocrine status of golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) housed as daughters or sons in family groups and of individuals housed in isosexual peer groups. Daughters 17 months of age and older and a subordinate female had high levels of estrogen excretion. Mean levels of estrogen excretion in these females were similar to those of nonpregnant, breeding adult females (17.14 ± 6.82 versus 11.93 ± 6.33 μg/mg creatinine, respectively). Estrogen profiles were similar to those of breeding adult females, with sinusoidal cycles in estrogen excretion. Younger daughters in family groups (10 and 12 months old) showed markedly lower levels of estrogen excretion (0.84 ± 0.58 μg/mg creatinine). Estrogen profiles lacked the sinusoidal nature of cycles in older daughters and breeding females, and elevations in estrogen excretion occurred frequently and remained elevated for 1 or 2 days. Plasma testosterone levels in males varied widely, but mean concentrations did not differ among males housed in different social conditions. These results suggest that older daughters and subordinate females may be capable of expressing normal ovarian function in the presence of a breeding adult female. This finding may account for two unusual observations in the lion tamarin: the high level of female-female aggression and the presence of groups in the wild with more than one actively breeding female.
Gonococcal arthritis of the temporomandibular joint.

Abstract Gonorrhea, though considered primarily a disease of the genitourinary tract, has the ability to cause widespread infection throughout the body. Gonococcal meningitis, pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, dermatoses, arthritis of the joints of the extremities, and perihepatitis have been reported frequently in the medical literature. However, gonococcal involvement of the temporomandibular joint has seldom been mentioned. One case of gonococcal arthritis of the temporomandibular joint is reported in this article. In view of the fact that we are presently in the midst of a gonorrhea epidemic, an awareness of this infectious process is definetely needed. The natural history, laboratory findings, radiographic changes, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and medical treatment are described in detail with a view to assisting in the diagnosis and management of this disorder.
Bone metastases: Pathogenesis, treatment, and rationale for use of resorption inhibitors

Abstract Tumors in bone are usually metastatic, with breast, prostate, and lung tumors accounting for more than 80 percent of clinically manifest lesions. Untreated, such metastases can produce the symptoms that most concern cancer patients-pain, pathologic fractures, and paralysis through epidural cord compression. Recent advances in the understanding of the metastatic cascade and the regulation of bone formation and resorption provide unique therapeutic approaches for prevention and treatment of these lesions. This article reviews the prevalence, distribution, diagnosis, and treatment of metastatic cancer in the skeleton, as well as the processes involved in the development of such metastases, the local mediators responsible for some of the destructive changes in bone, and their pathologic results. In addition to considering some of the conventional therapeutic approaches, a rationale for the use of bone resorption inhibitors, such as the diphosphonates (bisphosphonates), is presented for the prevention and amelioration of the pathologic consequences of skeletal metastases.
Contact structure in thermodynamic theory

Abstract We study the contact structure of thermodynamic phase space where the manifold of equilibrium states of any thermodynamic system is represented by some Legendre submanifold. We show that the contact form Θ and its associated covariant derivative allow the construction of a vector field Xƒ corresponding to every function ƒ defined on phase space. Xƒ preserves a Legendre submanifold L , iff ƒ vanishes on L . An Xƒ which preserves L may be interpreted as a process of the system represented by L . Else, Xƒ carries L into the one-parameter family of Legendre submanifols L t. Such Xƒ generate laws of corresponding states and can be used to obtain information about lesser known systems. Examples of both kinds of Xƒ's are discussed.
Correlating Particle Hardness with Powder Compaction Performance

Assessing particle mechanical properties of pharmaceutical materials quickly and with little material can be very important to early stages of pharmaceutical research. In this study, a wide range of pharmaceutical materials were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation. A significant amount of particle hardness and elastic modulus data were provided. Moreover, powder compact mechanical properties of these materials were investigated in order to build correlation between the particle hardness and powder compaction performance. It was found that the materials with very low or high particle hardness most likely exhibit poor compaction performance while the materials with medium particle hardness usually have good compaction behavior. Additionally, the results from this study enriched Hiestand's special case concept on particle hardness and powder compaction performance. This study suggests that the use of AFM nanoindentation can help to screen mechanical properties of pharmaceutical materials at early development stages of pharmaceutical research.
The Important Role of the Gut in Initiating the Hyperdynamic Response during Early Sepsis

Abstract Background. Although the initial response to sepsis includes a hyperdynamic phase and although the increased hepatic perfusion in early sepsis is due solely to the increased portal blood flow, it remains unknown whether the gut plays an important role in producing such a response. Materials and methods. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats underwent a complete enterectomy (ER) before being subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP; the cecum was excised from the removed gut and stitched to the posterior peritoneum in ER groups) or sham operation. At 2 h after CLP (i.e., the early, hyperdynamic phase of sepsis), cardiac output and heart performance (±dP/dtmax), as well as hepatic and renal blood flow, were measured. Systemic and regional oxygen delivery (DO2) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were also determined. Results. Cardiac output, heart performance, organ blood flow, as well as DO2 and VO2, increased significantly 2 h after CLP. ER prior to the onset of sepsis, however, prevented the elevation of those parameters. ER in sham animals did not alter the measured parameters with the exception that portal blood flow decreased by 85% and hepatic arterial blood flow increased by 368%, resulting in no significant reduction in hepatic DO2 and VO2. There were no changes in circulating blood volume among groups, indicating that the effect of ER on hemodynamics after CLP was not due to alterations in blood volume. Conclusion. Since ER immediately before the onset of sepsis prevents the increase in cardiac output and regional hemodynamics, the gut appears to play an important role in producing the hyperdynamic response during the early stage of polymicrobial sepsis.
Long-term semantic priming of propositions representing general knowledge

Abstract Six experiments investigated semantic priming of individual propositions that reflect common knowledge. Participants performed a sentence-completion task in which each sentence expressed a single proposition, and the same or similar proposition was expressed in prime-target sentence pairs that shared no words. The primary goal was to evaluate the degree to which long-lasting facilitation in primed target sentences reflected memory for abstract proposition meaning versus memory for the operations used to construct proposition meaning and select a response. Priming effects persisted over delays exceeding 15 min, were not attributable to explicit memory processes, did not depend on either repeated syntactic structure or response decision, and were greater than facilitation attributable to priming individual word meanings. In total, the evidence provides initial support for operation-independent, long-term semantic priming of propositions outside the context of connected discourse. This extends the empirical evidence for long-lasting facilitation that theories of semantic priming must explain.
Hodgkin lymphoma: pathology, pathogenesis, and a plethora of potential prognostic predictors

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) encompasses 2 unique clinicopathologic entities, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) (∼95% of cases) and nodular lymphocyte predominant HL (∼5% of cases). Both subtypes demonstrate a paucity of surreptitious (in CHL) neoplastic B cells within a background of reactive inflammatory cells underscoring both the relatedness of these 2 entities to each other, as well as their distinction from other types of lymphoid neoplasia. Clinically, they are primarily nodal diseases that disseminate in a predictable manner to contiguous nodal regions. The biology of HL as a whole, as well as the genetic and pathologic features that distinguish CHL from nodular lymphocyte predominant HL and other lymphomas has been the subject of a wealth of investigation in recent decades. The aim of this review is to detail the pathologic features of HL and to highlight the recent insights into its molecular basis and the myriad prognostic markers being described.
THE LEADING SECTOR DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF INSTITUTIONAL REFORM: A REINTERPRETATION

The Leading Sector interpretation of development originates from the observation that all multisectoral economies exhibit a certain degree of intersectoral interdependence, through either the incomes generated in each sector and the corresponding final demand for other products, or through interindustry relations. The sectors in such an economy grow at different rates, as determined by the product of the appropriate income elasticities of demand and the overall growth rate, the latter factor being the weighted sum of the sectoral rates. However in a stagnant economy, as opposed to a dynamic one, even the fastest growing sectors are undynamic. To increase the overall growth rate, the foremost proponents of the leading strategy— Hirschman and Currie—recommend an increase in the growth rate of a few, key, potentially dynamic sectors; then the rest of the economy will be pulled along through the intersectoral relations.
A review of irradiation effects on LWR core internal materials – IASCC susceptibility and crack growth rates of austenitic stainless steels

Austenitic stainless steels (SSs) are used extensively as structural alloys in the internal components of light water reactor (LWR) pressure vessels because of their relatively high strength, ductility, and fracture toughness. However, exposure to neutron irradiation for extended periods changes the microstructure (radiation hardening) and microchemistry (radiation-induced segregation) of these steels, and degrades their fracture properties. Irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) is another degradation process that affects LWR internal components exposed to neutron radiation. The existing data on irradiated austenitic SSs were reviewed to evaluate the effects of key parameters such as material composition, irradiation dose, and water chemistry on IASCC susceptibility and crack growth rates of these materials in LWR environments. The significance of microstructural and microchemistry changes in the material on IASCC susceptibility is also discussed. The results are used to determine (a) the threshold fluence for IASCC and (b) the disposition curves for cyclic and IASCC growth rates for irradiated SSs in LWR environments.
Solution Conformation of the Anti-HIV-Active Compound (S,S)-Isodideoxyadenosine

In the design of novel dideoxynucleosides with anti-HIV activity, a variety of structure–activity correlations are being investigated, including the correlation of activity with conformation of the active compounds in solution. Using multiple 1-D and 2-D NMR techniques and computational analyses, the preferred conformation in solution of the anti-HIV active compound (S,S)-isodideoxyadenosine was determined. These studies showed that there are two preferred conformations of the carbohydrate moiety in solution. Almost 58% of the population is in the northern conformation (P = −43.3°, 1T2) of the pseudo-rotation cycle and 42% is in the southern hemisphere (P = 197.9°, 3E). The x-ray crystallographic data showed that the compound crystallized out in the 10T conformation (P = 108°). In addition, the NMR studies confirmed the anti conformation of the base about the ‘glycosidic’ bond and gave information on the orientation of the hydroxymethyl group [pγ+ = 0.49 (gg) with the remaining 51% being part γt(ap) and part γ].
Fractal analysis of rubber wear surfaces and debris

The wear surface and debris of three rubber compounds (NR, PBD and NR/PBD/SBR), worn on a modified blade abrader, were fractal. The fractal dimension of the wear surface was: (1) limited to a finite range, and if the wear mechanism remained the same; (2) independent of the wear load; and (3) the basis for creating a master fractal plot by a shift factor that (4) decreased linearly with wear load. The fractal dimension of wear was determined on the basis of profilometer traces and showed that the wear load affected the scale of the wear process. The fractal dimension of the debris also increased with the wear load and is thought to be a function of the agglomeration mechanism during wear.
Nonparametric estimation of the age of a Galton-Watson branching process

SUMMARY Some properties are developed for some nonparametric estimators of the age of a GaltonWatson branching process. A Monte-Carlo simulation shows that these estimators compare favourably with a parametric estimator studied earlier by Stigler (1970).
The examination of LWR irradiated fuel assemblies using simple ion chamber techniques

Abstract The application of ion chambers and proportional chambers to the nondestructive examination of irradiated LWR fuel assemblies is discussed. Axial activity profile measurements are compared with the gamma-ray profiles obtained from a germanium detector. A discussion of the use of these simple devices as a complementary technique to the more complicated gamma spectroscopy is given as well as the feasibility of using these devices in a stand-alone mode for consistency checks on the burnups of irradiated LWR fuel assemblies. Emphasis is placed on the simplicity, accuracy, and time-saving aspects of these devices.
Targeting therapy in psoriatic arthritis

Recent trials with emerging biologic agents, especially anti-TNF agents, in patients with psoriatic arthritis have shown excellent results in their ability to improve symptoms and signs of both joint and skin disease. Also, for the first time, inhibition of disease progression, as measured radiographically, has been demonstrated. These observations have helped pave the way to a broader use of biologics in psoriasis in general, as well as providing further support for their broader use in inflammatory arthritis conditions. These benefits must be weighed against the issue of cost, weighing patient benefits and inhibition of disease progression on one hand versus allocation of limited resources on the other. Comprehensive health economic analyses are being developed to aid our ability to see the full benefit of these more effective treatments on patient function, productivity and quality of life in the context of society as a whole.
Keloids demonstrate high-level epidermal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor

Abstract Background Keloids are a major cause of morbidity, and arise after operation, injury, or cutaneous infection. Clinically, keloids differ from hypertrophic scars in that they grow beyond the original borders of the injury. Keloids occur most commonly for patients of African and Asian descent, and treatment options are multiple, indicating that there is no entirely satisfactory treatment for keloids. Angiogenesis inhibition has been shown to be effective in treatment of malignancy in both animal models and human beings. Objective We sought to determine whether keloids produce the potent angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Methods We performed in situ hybridization for VEGF on keloid tissue and normal skin. Results Our study demonstrated abundant production of VEGF in keloids and, surprisingly, the major source of VEGF was the overlying epidermis. Conclusions Our results suggest that the overlying epidermis is the major source of keloid angiogenesis. These findings demonstrate that keloids are angiogenic lesions. Topical antiangiogenic therapy, directed at either down-regulating epidermal VEGF or inhibiting keratinocyte-derived VEGF activity on its endothelial receptors, may be useful in the treatment of keloids.
Extensible input handling in the subArctic toolkit

The subArctic user interface toolkit has extensibility as one of its central goals. It seeks not only to supply a powerful library of reusable interactive objects, but also make it easy to create new, unusual, and highly customized interactions tailored to the needs of particular interfaces or task domains. A central part of this extensibility is the input model used by the toolkit. The subArctic input model provides standard reusable components that implement many typical input handling patterns for the programmer, allows inputs to be handled in very flexible ways, and allows the details of how inputs are handled to be modified to meet custom needs. This paper will consider the structure and operation of the subArctic input handling mechanism. It will demonstrate the flexibility of the system through a series of examples, illustrating techniques that it enables - many of which would be very difficult to implement in most toolkits.
Height Loss and Osteoporosis of the Hip

Abstract Osteoporosis of the hip is associated with hip fracture, a devastating outcome on both an individual and aggregate basis. Height loss is a frequent manifestation of vertebral osteoporosis and is simple to evaluate in the clinical setting. The goal of this study was to determine whether height loss is significantly associated with low bone mineral density at the femur, using a retrospective review of cross-sectional data from 2108 women referred for a bone density scan. Collected data included self-reported maximum adult height, current height, and total hip bone mineral density, along with other demographic and risk factor information. We then investigated the relationship between height loss and osteoporosis using multinomial logistic regression modeling. We found that height loss of 2 in. or more is a highly significant predictor of osteoporosis at the hip. In particular, the odds women had osteoporosis at the hip, as determined by total hip bone mineral density, increased 4.4 times (95% confidence interval, 2.6–7.4) if the women had lost ≥2 but
Service Utilization in High-Crime Communities: Consumer Views on Supports and Barriers:

This study uses qualitative methods to investigate perceived supports and barriers to social and health service utilization among minorities residing in high-crime and violent communities. Focus groups were conducted with African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanics/Latinos (N = 64) who reside in these communities within a moderately sized Midwestern city. Both convergent and divergent themes were identified across the groups. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.
Relations of Change in Condition Severity and School Self-Concept To Change in Achievement-Related Behavior in Children with Asthma or Epilepsy.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine, in children with either asthma or epilepsy, the relation of gender, change in condition severity, and change in school self-concept to change in teachers' ratings of academic-related behavior. Children with asthma n = 110 and children with epilepsy n = 117 were assessed at two times, 4 years apart, with the Adaptive Functioning section of the Teacher Report Form (TRF) of the Child Behavior Checklist and the School Self-Concept subscale of the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale for Children. Overall, children with asthma improved more than the children with epilepsy. Change in condition severity was significantly related to Academic Performance for children with epilepsy, with those having high severity at both times doing less well. For the children with asthma, change in condition severity was related to changes in Academic Performance, Happy, Learning, and Total Adaptive Functioning. School Self-Concept was related to changes in Working Hard, Happy, Behaving Appropriately, Learning, and Total Adaptive Functioning only for children with epilepsy. With the exception of children with high-severity epilepsy over time, the majority of the children were near the population mean in achievement-related behavior at follow-up.
Constant Envelope OFDM with Channel Coding

This paper studies the application of convolutional coding to Constant Envelope Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CE-OFDM). The noise at the output of the phase demodulator (in the CE-OFDM receiver) is shown to be approximately Gaussian at high SNR and relatively low modulation indices. This allows the use of the conventional metric in the Viterbi decoding algorithm. A bound on the performance of convolutionally coded CE-OFDM is derived and is plotted along side the performance curves obtained through simulation. Both the cases with and without a phase unwrapper are studied. The phase unwrapper results in large bursts of errors at moderate to high modulation indices due to cycle slips. Such burst errors overwhelm the convolutional code and render it useless. Fewer burst errors are generated in the absence of a phase unwrapper. Further adding a simple interleaver is beneficial to counter the burst errors. It is shown that channel coding with interleaving provides good performance for CE-OFDM for low to moderate modulation indices while correcting burst errors due to phase wrapping.
Masses of orbitally excited baryons in large Nc QCD

The authors present the first phenomenological study of the masses of orbitally excited baryons in large N{sub c} QCD. Restricting here to the nonstrange sector of the L=1 baryons, the 1/N{sub c} expansion is used to order and select a basis of effective operators that spans the nine observables (seven masses and two mixing angles). Fits are performed using subsets of the complete set of nine operators, including corrections up to O(1/N{sub c}) where leading order is N{sub c}{sup 1}. This study shows that the 1/N{sub c} expansion provides an excellent framework for analyzing the mass spectrum, and uncovers a new hierarchy of operator contributions.
Enhancement of succinate oxidation in lung and liver mitochondria of tuberculous mice.

Abstract Succinate oxidation in relation to tuberculous infection in mice was studied by enzymic assay of lung and liver mitochondria, freed of biochemically significant contents of tubercle bacilli. It was found that there was a statistically significant enhancement over the normal values of both succinic dehydrogenase and succinic oxidase activities in the lung and liver mitochondria of tuberculous mice. The curves of enhanced enzymic activities, plotted as a function of time after initial infection, parallel the growth curve of tubercle bacilli in the lungs of tuberculous mice, and hence underline the close relationship of this enzymic phenomenon to the development of fatal tuberculous infection in mice. The contradiction between these results and those reported in the literature implicating depression of succinic dehydrogenase in tissues of tuberculous animals are explained (a) on the basis of different assay systems used (the PMS assay used in this study being highly reactive and specific for succinic dehydrogenase), and (b) on the basis of imbalances in the electron transport chain induced by tuberculous infection which could conceivably result in low NAD-linked dehydrogenase activity, consistent with reports in the literature, and high flavin-linked dehydrogenase activity as in the case of succinic dehydrogenase in this study.
An introduction to large scale buoyant energy storage technology

With increasing use of intermittent renewable energy sources, the importance of large scale energy storage has become apparent. This paper identifies a novel method of using large buoyant elements to store energy deep under the surface of the ocean and the research plan to move it towards commercialization. A prototype design and test methodology is introduced as well as a large scale optimization methodology that will serve to streamline the integration of such a system into Hawaii's island-grid infrastructure.
Relative replication fitness of efavirenz-resistant mutants of HIV-1: correlation with frequency during clinical therapy and evidence of compensation for the reduced fitness of K103N + L100I by the nucleoside resistance mutation L74V

Efavirenz resistance during HIV-1 treatment failure is usually associated with the reverse transcriptase mutation K103N. L100I, V108I, or P225H can emerge after K103N and increase its level of efavirenz resistance. K103N + L100I is the most drug-resistant of the double mutants but is the least common clinically. We hypothesized that differences in replication efficiency, or fitness, influence the relative frequencies of these secondary efavirenz resistance mutations in clinical isolates. We measured fitness of each secondary mutant introduced into HIVNL4-3, alone and in combination with K103N, using growth competition assays in H9 cells. In the absence of efavirenz, the fitness of V108I was indistinguishable from wild type. K103N, L100I, and P225H were minimally, but consistently, less fit than wild type. K103N + L100I had a greater reduction in fitness and was less fit than K103N + V108I and K103N + P225H. The fitness defect of K103N + L100I relative to K103N was completely compensated for by the addition of the nucleoside resistance mutation L74V. In the presence of efavirenz, L100I was less fit than K103N, and K103N + L100I was more fit than K103N + V108I. Our studies suggest the primary driving force behind the selection of secondary efavirenz resistance mutations is the acquisition of higher levels of drug resistance, but the specific secondary mutations to emerge are those with the least cost in terms of replication efficiency. In addition, nucleoside and NNRTI resistance mutations can interact to affect HIV replication efficiency; these interactions may influence which mutations emerge during treatment failure. These studies have important implications for the design of more durable NNRTI–nucleoside combination regimens.
Non-axial Muscle Stress and Stiffness

Abstract A generalization is developed of the classic two-state Huxley cross-bridge model to account for non-axial active stress and stiffness. The main ingredients of the model are: (i) a relation between the general three-dimensional deformation of an element of muscle and the deformations of the cross-bridges that assumes macroscopic deformation is transmitted to the myofibrils, (ii) radial as well as axial cross-bridge stiffness, and (iii) variations of the attachment and detachment rates with lateral filament spacing. The theory leads to a generalized Huxley rate equation on the bond-distribution function,n(ς, θ,t), of the form where theDijare the components of the relative velocity gradient and ρ andnare functions of the polar angle, θ, and time that describe, respectively, the deformation of the myofilament lattice and the distribution of accessible actin sites (both of these functions can be calculated from the macroscopic deformation). Explicit expressions, in terms ofn, are derived for the nine components of the active stress tensor, and the 21 non-vanishing components of the active stiffness tensor; the active stress tensor is found to be unsymmetric. The theory predicts that in general non-axial deformations will modify active axial stress and stiffness, and also give rise to non-axial (e.g., shearing) components. Under most circumstances the magnitudes of the non-axial stress and stiffness components will be small compared with the axial and, further, the effects of non-axial deformation rates will be small compared with those of the axial rate. Large transverse deformations may, however, greatly reduce the axial force and stiffness. The theory suggests a significant mechanical role for the non-contractile proteins in muscle, namely that of equilibrating the unsymmetric active stresses. Some simple applications of the theory are provided to illustrate its physical content.
The human apolipoprotein B-100 gene: A highly polymorphic gene that maps to the short arm of chromosome 2

Using a cloned cDNA of apolipoprotein B-100 as hydridization probe, we have found high frequence polymorphisms in the apoB-100 gene involving sites for the restriction enzymes EcoRI, BamHI, and HindIII. The major EcoRI polymorphisms involved a 17 kb vs 15 kb variant. The incidence of the various phenotypes was estimated. In addition, other complex polymorphisms involving MspI and TaqI sites were also noted. [32P]-labeled apoB-100 cDNA was used as a probe in chromosome mapping studies to detect the human apoB-100 structural gene sequence in human-Chinese hamster and human-mouse cell hybrids. Southern blot analysis of 14 hybrids localized the gene to the short arm of human chromosome 2.
An observation of age-related asymmetry in the complexity of verbal mediator components

College-age and elderly subjects were required to give verbal mediators for consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) pairs varying in associability level, where associability was defined as the scaled likelihood of a CVC pair’s yielding a verbal mediator. The complexity of each elaboration of each of the components of the pairs was then determined to investigate potential differences in mediator formation between the two groups of subjects. In agreement with previous findings, the younger subjects tended to elaborate the stimulus term more than the response term. However, the elderly subjects elaborated the response term significantly more, and there was a trend for this to occur more with low-associability pairs.
Foilized pouches can prevent the transmission of HIV from mother to child using multi-drug therapies

Children can become HIV positive (HIV+) from their mother during home birth. If the infant ingests antiretroviral (ARV), medications immediately after birth, the risk of transmission can be dramatically reduced. We have previously proposed the use of foilized, polyethylene-lined pouches to store ARV’s. Using the pouch, the mother receives the medication at an antenatal care visit, months before delivery, and if she delivers at home, tears open the pouch and drips the medication into her child’s mouth. In this work, we extend the use of the pouch to store a modern ARV, Lamivudine (3TC), often used in multi-drug regimens. Under laboratory conditions, pouches were filled with 3TC and stored at 25?C/60% relative humidity (RH) for twelve months. We found that the 3TC was stable throughout the year (maximum 5.6% of labeled concentration change). The preservatives were somewhat degraded by the act of repackaging the medicine, but sufficient preservatives remained to maintain the medication. The same impurities were identified in the 3TC stored in the pouches and the samples removed from the bottles indicating that the pouches do not introduce new impurities (impurities that are not already introduced by the bottle). We conclude that the pouch can preserve this modern ARV for up to twelve months.
Biological and immunological characterization of a simian rotavirus SA11 variant with an altered genome segment 4.

Abstract We have studied a variant virus isolated from a stock of SA11 virus ( H. G. Pereira, R. S. Azeredo, A. M. Fialho, and M. N. P. Vidal, 1984. J. Gen. Virol. 65, 815–818 ). This virus, designated 4F, was initially identified by its faster electrophoretic mobility for genome segment 4. The variant was analyzed to determine if the altered electrophoretic mobility of genome segment 4 could be correlated with phenotypic changes. Comparison of our standard laboratory SA11 virus (clone 3) with the 4F variant showed the following: (i) The 4F variant possesses a viral hemagglutinin (VP4) with a higher apparent molecular weight than clone 3. (ii) The 4F variant produces large plaques when assayed in vitro , as compared to clone 3. (iii) The 4F variant produces plaques in the absence of proteolytic enzymes, whereas clone 3 does not. (iv) The 4F variant reacts with serotype-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to VP7, but fails to react with several neutralizing anti-VP4 monoclonal antibodies generated to SA11 clone 3. (v) The 4F variant grows to a higher titer and is more stable than clone 3. (vi) The 4F variant produces a VP4 that appears to be more susceptible to cleavage by trypsin than is the VP4 of clone 3. Further analyses with the 4F variant may lead to an understanding of the molecular basis for these altered phenotypes that appear to be related, at least in part, to the product of genome segment 4.
Isolating the components of very-short-term visual memory

Very-short-term visual memory has often been measured with partial report, which uses attentional cues to measure performance as a function of cue delay. The resulting cue-delay effect is often accounted for by a limited ability to transfer information between a high-capacity and a low-capacity store. According to this transfer hypothesis, the performance measured in a typical partial report experiment results from a mixture of two components: information about the tested stimuli is transferred both before and after the cue. In the present experiment, the two components were isolated as follows. Observers attended and memorized a particular object in a multiple-object display. This display was followed by an auditory cue that indicated which of the stimuli would be tested. The critical comparison was between a stay condition, in which the auditory cue indicated the already attended object, and a switch condition, in which the auditory cue indicated a different object. The stay versus switch manipulation had a large effect. The stay condition had little cue-delay effect, whereas the switch condition yielded the usual cue-delay effect. This difference demonstrates the existence of multiple components in the processing and/or memory underlying partial report experiments.
Simple impurity embedded in a spherical jellium: Approximations of density functional theory compared to quantum Monte Carlo benchmarks

We study the electronic structure of a spherical jellium in the presence of a central Gaussian impurity. We test how well the resulting inhomogeneity effects beyond spherical jellium are reproduced by several approximations of density functional theory (DFT). Four rungs of Perdew's ladder of DFT functionals, namely, local density approximation, generalized gradient approximation (GGA), meta-GGA, and orbital-dependent hybrid functionals are compared against our quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) benchmarks. We identify several distinct transitions in the ground state of the system as the electronic occupation changes between delocalized and localized states. We examine the parameter space of realistic densities ($1\ensuremath{\leqslant}{r}_{s}\ensuremath{\leqslant}5$) and moderate depths of the Gaussian impurity ($Zl7$). The selected 18-electron system (with closed-shell ground state) presents $1d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2s$ transitions, while the 30-electron system (with open-shell ground state) exhibits $1f\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2p$ transitions. For the former system, the accuracy for the transitions is clearly improving with increasing sophistication of functionals with meta-GGA and hybrid functionals having only small deviations from QMC. However, for the latter system, we find much larger differences for the underlying transitions between our pool of DFT functionals and QMC. We attribute these failures to an insufficiently accurate treatment of exchange by these functionals. Additionally, we amplify the inhomogeneity effects by creating the system with spherical shell, which leads to even larger errors in DFT approximations.
Evidence for the bulk nature of self-assembled monolayer surface of fluorinated alkyl thiol from hyperthermal energy ion-surface collisions

Abstract Kinetic energy distributions of fragment ions from hyperthermal energy collisions of CF 3 + ions with a self-assembled monolayer surface of fluorinated alkyl thiol on gold substrate and a LiF surface (vapor deposited on titanium substrate) have been measured as a function of scattering angle and fragment ion mass. These distributions for the thiol surface show two energetically and angularly distinct pathways for the dissociation of CF 3 + ions while those from LiF show only one peak. A plot of the velocities of the fragment ions as a Newton diagram for these two processes clearly demonstrates that one process is due to the collision of ions with a fraction of the molecular chain of the monolayer surface molecule with scattering over a broader angular range while the other process is due to collision of the projectile ions with the monolayer surface acting as a bulk surface with fragment ions scattering close to the surface parallel and resembles the Newton diagram from the LiF surface.
TUNNELING DYNAMICS OF SQUEEZED STATES IN A POTENTIAL WELL

WKB calculations have revealed that tunneling dynamics of localized wave packets in simple potential wells depend sensitively on the degree of squeezing of the wave function. Squeezed states are shown to tunnel more slowly in general than eigenstates of the well and states which are initially localized near the bottom of a well have much lower tunneling rates than states localized at the sides of the well. The dependence of tunneling time on energy also exhibits steps related to quasi-bound-state energies in a complex way. Additionally, modulations in the tunneling probability correlate with the motion of the squeezed wave packet in the well. These results have implications both for the dynamics of squeezed radiation fields and squeezed matter states, and examples of applications to controlled vibrational-state chemistry, ultralow-noise measurements of weak signals with Josephson junctions, and optical crystals are discussed.
Subkilometer Martian volcanoes: Properties and possible terrestrial analogs

Kilometer to subkilometer cones with large central craters are the most numerous volcanic structures in the northern plains of Mars. Based on examination of more than 12,000 high resolution Viking Orbiter images, most of these very small cones are located in parts of Eastern Acidalia and Utopia-Isidis-Elysium Planitia. Measurements of base and pit diameter for some 2000 well-resolved features show small variations in the histogram of base diameters between and within regions but remarkable similarity in the distribution of crater/cone diameter ratios. This suggests that the small cones had a similar origin with only minor variations in local conditions. The Acidalia cones are generally larger, more widely distributed, and occur on a greater variety of terrains than those in Utopia-Isidis-Elysium. Based on morphology, distribution, and the crater/cone ratio histograms, the smallest Martian cones may be similar to Icelandic pseudocraters. Somewhat larger, steeper cones with smaller crater/cone ratios which also occur in Eastern Acidalia may be analogs of terrestrial cinder cones.
Platelet activating factor receptor blockade alone or in combination with leukotriene synthesis inhibition does not ameliorate α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced hepatotoxicity

Alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) is a cholangiolitic hepatotoxicant that causes periportal edema, hepatic parenchymal and biliary epithelial cell necrosis, and cholestasis in the rat. A hallmark of ANIT hepatotoxicity is periportal inflammation that includes neutrophil infiltration. Neutrophils are requisite for the expression of ANIT-induced liver injury; however, the mechanism(s) of neutrophil accumulation in the liver and the role of these cells in ANIT hepatotoxicity is incompletely understood. Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a proinflammatory agent that is both a chemoattractant for and an activator of neutrophils. Therefore, we evaluated the role of PAF in ANIT-induced liver injury. Rats were treated with the PAF receptor antagonist, WEB 2086 (WEB), to determine if it afforded protection from ANIT hepatotoxicity. In a separate study, a combination of WEB and the leukotriene synthesis inhibitor, Zileuton (ZIL), was used to address the possible interaction of PAF and leukotrienes in ANIT-induced liver injury. Treatment of rats with WEB, alone or in combination with Zileuton, did not attenuate ANIT-induced liver injury as assessed by increases in plasma alanine aminotransferase or gamma-glutamyl transferase activities. In addition, neither treatment ameliorated ANIT-induced cholestasis assessed as increased plasma bilirubin concentration. These results suggest that PAF, alone or in combination with products of 5-lipoxygenase, does not contribute to ANIT-induced liver injury.
Alternative methods of constructing strict weak orders from interval orders

Letn stimuli be linearly ordered by a physical attribute. Consider an individual's “more than” relation based on perceived attribute values. Assuming that the individual's relation agrees with the linear order and is an interval order, the paper examines the extent to which ordered pairs in the linear order but not in the interval order (due to nondetection of “small” differences) can be correctly identified on the basis of the interval order alone. Different methods of constructing strict weak orders from interval orders are compared by the degree of agreement with the underlying linear order.
The Columbia History of American Poetry

Introduction, Jay Parini. Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, Francis Murphy. Early African American Poetry, Carolivia Herron. The Epic in the Nineteenth Century, John McWilliams. Longfellow in the Aftermath of Modernism, Dana Gioia. The Transcendentalist Poets, Lawrence Buell. Emily Dickinson, Cynthia Griffin Wolff. Walt Whitman, Donald Pease. Edgar Allan Poe, Jeffrey Meyers. Lowell, Teasedale, Wylie, Millay, and Bogan, Jeanne Larsen. Women Poets and the Emergence of Modernism, Margaret Dickie. Robert Frost and the Poetry of Survival, Jay Parini. Ezra Pound's Imagist Aesthetics: Lustra to Mauberley, J.T. Barbarese. T.S. Eliot, William Pritchard. Marianne Moore and Elizabeth Bishop, Jeredith Merrin. Wallace Stevens, Helen Vendler. William Carlos Williams, Christopher MacGowan. Hart Crane's Difficult Passage, T Barbarese. The Poetry of the Harlem Renaissance, Arnold Rampersad. Warren, with Ransom and Tate, Patricia Wallace. American Auden, Claude J. Summers. The Twentieth-Century Long Poem, Lynn Keller. Public Music, W.S. Di Piero. Beat Poetry and the San Francisco Poetry Renaissance, Ann Charters. John Berryman, Theodore Roethke and the Elegy, Lea Baechler. What Was Confessional Poetry?, Diane Wood Middlebrook. The Postconfessional Lyric, Gregory Orr. The Black Arts Poets, William W Cook. Nature's Refrain in American Poetry, John Elder. Native American Poetry, Lucy Maddox. James Merrill and John Ashbery, John Shoptaw. The Visionary Poetics of Philip Levine and Charles Wright, Edward Hirsch.
Full-pose calibration of a robot manipulator using a coordinate-measuring machine

The work reported in this article addresses the kinematic calibration of a robot manipulator using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) which is able to obtain the full pose of the end-effector. A kinematic model is developed for the manipulator, its relationship to the world coordinate frame and the tool. The derivation of the tool pose from experimental measurements is discussed, as is the identification methodology. A complete simulation of the experiment is performed, allowing the observation strategy to be defined. The experimental work is described together with the parameter identification and accuracy verification. The principal conclusion is that the method is able to calibrate the robot successfully, with a resulting accuracy approaching that of its repeatability.
On the Evolution of Bass‐Bluegill Stocking Policies and Management Recommendations

(1962). On the Evolution of Bass-Bluegill Stocking Policies and Management Recommendations. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 99-111.