cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering on uniform transition-metal films: toward a versatile adsorbate vibrational strategy for solid-nonvacuum interfaces?

Procedures are outlined for the electrodeposition of ultrathin films of Pt-group transition metals onto gold that provide intense surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for adsorbates bound to the overlayers yet (unlike earlier reports) are sufficiently “pinhole-free” to avoid significant spectral and chemical interferences from the underlying substrate. Constant-current electrodeposition of Pd, Rh, Pt, and Ir from perchloric acid and/or phosphate electrolytes yields essentially layer-by-layer growth, so that near-ideal pinhole-free electrochemical and spectral characteristics are achieved for film thickness of ∼2 monolayers or more. The desired film uniformity is diagnosed from the voltammetric oxide formation−removal behavior and, especially, from the absence of the characteristic C−O stretching (νCO) SERS band at 2110−2120 cm-1 due to CO binding to Au surface sites. Carbon monoxide is also employed as a surface environment-sensitive adsorbate to probe the electrochemical SERS characteristics as a fun...
Characterization of a novel ultra low refractive index material for biosensor application

Nanoporous materials can provide significant benefits to the field of biosensors. Their size and porous structure makes them an ideal tool for improving sensor performance. This study characterized a novel ultra low index of refraction nanoporous organosilicate (NPO) material for use as an optical platform for fluorescence-based optical biosensors. While serving as the low index cladding material, the novel coating based on organosilicate nanoparticles also provides an opportunity for a high surface area coating that can be utilized for immobilizing biological probes. Biological molecules were immobilized onto NPO, which was spin-coated on silicon and glass substrates. The biological molecule was composed of Protein A conjugated to AlexaFluor 546 fluorophore and then immobilized onto the NPO substrate via silanization. Sample analysis consisted of spectrofluorometry, FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurement and ellipsometry. The results showed the presence of emission peaks at 574 nm, indicating that the immobilization of Protein A to the NPO material is possible. When compared to Si and glass substrates not coated with NPO, the results showed a 100X and 10X increase in packing density with the NPO coated films respectively. Ellipsometric analysis, FT-IR, contact angle, and SEM imaging of the surface immobilized NPO films suggested that while the surface modifications did induce some damage, it did not incur significant changes to its unique characteristics, i.e., pore structure, wettability and index of refraction. It was concluded that NPO films would be a viable sensor substrate to enhance sensitivity and improve sensor performance.
Electronic structure of photo-degraded polypropylene ultrathin films

Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy were used to study the electronic structure of photo-degraded ultra thin films of polypropylene. The films were exposed to a zero-order of synchrotron radiation light that led to degradation in the polypropylene chemical structure. UPS experimental results revealed the formation of carbon double bonds in the photo-degraded thin films. This formation was further confirmed with molecular orbital calculation and NEXAFS spectroscopy.
Disruption of the brain growth spurt in adolescent rats by chronic phenobarbital administration.

Abstract Postweanling rats received daily injections of either 60 mg/kg phenobarbital, 15 mg/kg phenobarbital, or the drug vehicle from their postnatal days 25 through 39. Even though there were no differences among the groups in body weight, the group receiving 60 mg/kg phenobarbital had significantly smaller whole brain weights and larger liver weights than the other groups. These data suggest that, (i) brain growth may be vulnerable to disruption even in its late stages and (ii) barbiturates may constitute a threat to normal brain growth.
Effects of Implant Stiffness, Shape, and Medialization Depth on the Acoustic Outcomes of Medialization Laryngoplasty

Summary Objective Medialization laryngoplasty is commonly used to treat glottic insufficiency. In this study, we investigated the effects of implant stiffness (Young modulus), medialization depth, and implant medial surface shape on acoustic outcomes. Study Design Basic science study using ex vivo laryngeal phonation model. Methods In an ex vivo human larynx phonation model, bilateral medialization laryngoplasties were performed with implants of varying stiffness, medial surface shape (rectangular, divergent, and convergent), and varying depths of medialization. The subglottal pressure, the flow rate, and the outside sound were measured as the implant parameters were varied. Results Medialization through the use of implants generally improved the harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR) and the number of harmonics excited in the outside sound spectra. The degree of acoustic improvement depended on the implant insertion depth, stiffness, and to a lesser degree implant shape. Varying implant insertion depth led to large variations in phonation for stiff implants, but had much smaller effects for soft implants. Conclusions Implants with stiffness comparable to vocal folds provided more consistent improvement in acoustic outcomes across different implant conditions. Further investigations are required to better understand the underlying mechanisms.
Vascular compression is the cause of trigeminal neuralgia

T he focus article by Dr. Jannetta documents in admirable detail the difficulty that an outstanding medical idea occasionally encounters before acceptance. Among antecedents are the role of cholesterol in atherosclerosis, which is about 100 years old; vaccination for smallpox, more than 200 years in complete implementation; and the pernicious effects of tobacco smoking, alluded to by King James I, almost 400 years ago. By contrast, the recognition of arterial compression as a source of trigeminal neuralgia has gone acceptably smooth. It was first advanced by Dandy in 1929, and championed by Gardner more than 30 years later in 1962, but so ineffective were the efforts of these admitted giants in neurosurgery in promulgating this highly significant discovery, that Jannetta, as a young resident and fledgling neurosurgeon, had not even heard of their contributions. The idea was thus not transmitted but born again in his 1966 discovery. Vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve, at its root entry zone into the brainstem is now almost universally acknowledged by neurosurgeons the world over as the major cause of trigeminal neuralgia. Microvascular decompression at this zone, without any division of the nerve, pioneered by Jannetta and Rand, is now widely accepted as an appropriate (but not the only effective) treatment for the condition. The concepts of vascular compression and microvascular decompression, first published in the Journal of Neurosurgery, in 1967, were next taken up in the French literature in 1970, in an Indian publication in 1976,
Predicting Women's Intentions to Leave Abusive Relationships: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior1

A theoretically derived decision-making model was applied to predict women's intentions to remain in or to terminate physically abusive relationships with male partners. Participants were 48 women residing in a shelter for battered women who responded to questionnaires assessing the components of the theory of planned behavior. Data provided support for the model. Specifically, women were found to have greater intentions to leave the relationships if they held positive attitudes toward leaving and believed they were in control of leaving the relationship. Normative beliefs were not predictive of intentions to leave. Empirically based suggestions for increasing the effectiveness of interventions are discussed.
Size consistency in the dilute helium gas electronic structure

Abstract A new formula for correcting a double-excitation Cl result for the effects of higher excitations is suggested. The correct form of the effective hamiltonian for a coupled-electron-pair-approximation is discussed for a dilute gas of helium atoms.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of PEM dehydration and gas manifold flooding during continuous fuel cell operation

Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was employed for visualizing water inside a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell during 11.4 h of continuous operation with a constant load. Two-dimensional images acquired every 128 s revealed the formation of a dehydration front that propagated slowly over the surface of the fuel cell membrane—starting from gas inlets and progressing toward gas outlets. After traversing the entire PEM surface, channels in the gas manifold began to flood on the cathode side. To establish a qualitative understanding of these observations, acquired images were correlated to the current output and the operating characteristics of the fuel cell. Results demonstrate the power of MRI for visualizing changing water distributions during PEM fuel cell operation, and highlight its potential utility for studying the causes of cell failure and/or strategies of water management.
Observation of laser-induced inelastic collisions

We describe two new experiments which demonstrate laser-induced inelastic collisions. Energy was stored in the Sr $5p^{1}P^{o}$ state and selectively transferred both to the Ca $4{p}^{2}^{1}S$ and $5d^{1}D$ states. The collision cross sections maximized at the interatomic wavelengths of 4977 and 4711 \AA{}, respectively, and had a half-power width of about 14 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Combined FLIM and reflectance confocal microscopy for epithelial imaging

Current methods for detection of oral cancer lack the ability to delineate between normal and precancerous tissue with adequate sensitivity and specificity. The usual diagnostic mechanism involves visual inspection and palpation followed by tissue biopsy and histopathology, a process both invasive and time-intensive. A more sensitive and objective screening method can greatly facilitate the overall process of detection of early cancer. To this end, we present a multimodal imaging system with fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) for wide field of view guidance and reflectance confocal microscopy for sub-cellular resolution imaging of epithelial tissue. Moving from a 12 x 12 mm 2 field of view with 157 im lateral resolution using FLIM to 275 x 200 μm 2 with lateral resolution of 2.2 μm using confocal microscopy, hamster cheek pouch model is imaged both in vivo and ex vivo. The results indicate that our dual modality imaging system can identify and distinguish between different tissue features, and, therefore, can potentially serve as a guide in early oral cancer detection..
Electrical impedance changes in many sites of brain in paradoxical sleep, anesthesia, and activity

The electrical impedance of a part of brain approximately l-mm dimensions was measured with a four-electrode, very low current method in 6I male rats. The testing frequency was usually only 1000 Hz, and only the magnitude of impedance was measured. Impedance increased in paradoxical sleep in 42 of the 61 sites and decreased at three sites in the pons. The greatest changes were in subiculum and presubiculum with changes usually more than 10% and up to 25300/o. Intermediate changes of 2-10s were found in parasubiculum and entorhinal cortex. Most other changes were less than 4%, and there is a suggestion of greater changes in the pretectal area. All sites with changes greater than 4% were within 1 mm of a pial or ependymal surface. During anesthesia with pentobarbital in 23 rats impedance increased in two, eight showed no change, and 13 decreased. During unrestrained spontaneous activity in a small familiar cage the impedance usually became either more variable or decreased generally to a maximum of l-100/0, or both, but at a single site the response was not always the same. No tests beyond simple observation were used, and with this limited basis no clearer relation of impedance to behavior than simply to motor activity was apparent. In a change from quiet arousal to slow-wave sleep, or vice versa, there were no impedance changes. But at all sites activity usually had an effect. This was particularly marked in entorhinal cortex-parasubiculum and brain stem. Almost no other impedance changes were seen than of these three types. Impedance changes in brain are thus widespread and occur frequently in tne usual behavior of rats. These results generally corroborate and expand the results of the Adey-Kado group with a different method with some advantages.
Isolation and characterization of canine advanced preantral and early antral follicles

Abstract This study was designed to develop preantral follicle isolation and classification protocols for the domestic dog as a model for endangered canids. Ovary donors were grouped by age, size, breed purity, ovary weight and ovary status. Ovaries were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 digestion protocols: A) digestion and follicle isolation on the day of spaying; B) storage at 4°C for 18 to 24 h prior to digestion and follicle isolation; C) digestion on the day of spaying, then incubation at 4°C for 18 h prior to follicle isolation. Minced tissue was placed in a collagenase/DNase solution at 37°C for 1 h. Follicles were classified by oocyte size and opaqueness and by size and appearance of the granulosa cell layers. Preantral follicles contained small, pale oocytes. Preantral follicles containing grown oocytes with dense cytoplasmic lipid were designated as advanced preantral. Only advanced preantral and early antral follicles were examined and classified further. Group 1 follicles had incomplete or absent granulosa layers, Group 2 follicles had several intact granulosa layers, while Group 3 were vesicular (early antral) follicles. Misshapen or pale grown oocytes were classified as degenerated. The percentage of intact germinal vesicles (GV) was recorded for each Group. Digestion Protocol B produced the lowest percentage of degenerated follicles (P
Cyclofuslon and stereopsis

O'Shea and Crassini (1982) refer, that Nagel (1868) initiated about the existence of cyclovergent eye movements should be considered settled in the light of objective data. This debate lasted so long because the difficulty of measuring torsional eye movements prompted past investigators to utilize subjective techniques to distinguish between the motor and nonmotor components. We no longer have to do thatl
Design of a reduced order observer for optimal decentralized control of HVDC systems

The authors present a novel approach to the design of decentralized optimal controls for integrated power systems. The approach involves the decomposition of the integrated system into interconnected subsystems and the independent control of each subsystem, considering the interactions at the interconnection points as unknown disturbances. The design of a reduced-order observer, capable of reconstructing the inaccessible states of the system and the unknown disturbances, and the integration of this observer into the overall control loop are presented. As an example, an optimal current regulator for HVDC system is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. >
Reverse bifurcations in a unimodal queueing model

Abstract We present a family of unimodal maps, arising from a simple queueing model, which exhibits reverse bifurcations. We compare and contrast this with bifurcations occurring in the well-known logistic family of unimodal quadratic maps. Throughout this study, graphics generated via numerical simulations provide key insights.
In vivo evaluation of monopolar intravascular PO2 electrodes.

Summary: Ten intravascular electrodes were evaluated on ten rabbits. The mean stabilization time of 118 ± 52 min was excessively long for clinical use. The in vitro cal factor was not reproducible nor accurate. The differences between the PO2 values measured by the electrode and those obtained from intermittent blood samples were within ±10 mm Hg during the first 12 hr using the in vivo calibration after electrode stabilization. After 12 hr, the electrode PO2 values using the in vitro cal factor or based upon the in vivo calibration were increased significantly indicating a possible membrane rupture. This occured more rapidly in the animal experiments than in the in vitro studies using a tonometer, suggesting that continuous flow and pressure changes inside of the aorta contribute greatly to mechanical breakage of the membrane. Histologic evaluation indicated the electrode catheter system was thrombogenic at the level of the electrode tip and this thrombogenicity was primarily related to intimal injury caused by the electrode tip movement as a result of flow and pressure changes inside the aorta. Speculation: In the present configuration, this system is not ready for clinical use due to an excessively long stabilization time, need for frequent recalibrations, and possible injury to the blood vessel wall.
Laboratory Studies of In Situ Coal Gasification

Experiments conducted by the University of New Mexico demonstrate the ability to operate a laboratory simulation of in situ gasification. The combustion equipment and procedures developed allow the monitoring of temperature profiles and the measurement of gas composition. Although the data collected to date do not represent a true simulation, the information can be applied to modeling techniques for calculating process behavior. Modifications in the reactor train should enable more direct comparisons with field tests.
Galapagos Gore, NazCoPac Triple Junction and Carnegie/Cocos Ridges

In this article a solution is offered to the problem of the Galapagos “gore”, a triangular region in the equatorial eastern Pacific which includes within its boundaries the Galapagos Islands.
Free radical attenuation prevents thrombosis and enables photochemical inhibition of vein graft intimal hyperplasia.

Abstract Objective Photodynamic therapy (PDT) inhibits post-interventional stenosis in balloon-injured arteries, but causes thrombosis when applied to vein grafts. This may result from added free radicals produced during the hypoxia-reperfusion injury of vein graft implantation. The purposes of this study were to determine whether a free radical scavenger could inhibit vein graft thrombosis, enabling PDT to inhibit intimal hyperplasia; and to investigate the role of neutrophils, also a source of radicals, in this setting. Methods Jugular vein bypass grafts of the common carotid artery were performed in rats. PDT was administered in situ to the vein graft and artery in the presence or absence of deferoxamine (DFX), an OH − scavenger. Results PDT alone induced thrombosis in all untreated vein grafts. DFX administration or inhibition of neutrophil adhesion to the graft prevented PDT-induced vein graft thrombosis. Moreover, DFX given together with PDT significantly decreased vein graft intimal hyperplasia (0.010 mm 2 ± 0.005 mm 2 ; P 2 ± 0.009 mm 2 ) or untreated control animals (0.112 ± 0.007 mm 2 ). Conclusions OH − radicals and neutrophils both have key roles in PDT-induced vein graft thrombosis. By inhibiting free radical production or neutrophil adhesion to the graft, adequate PDT can be administered for successful inhibition of vein graft intimal hyperplasia.
A pre-satiety sequence in rats drinking sucrose solutions

Food-deprived rats were given intermittent access or, in a replication, continuous access to a 20% sucrose solution. Both drinking and nondrinking behaviors were recorded. During the ensuing drinking bout, latency of lapping after snout apposition, and duration of lapping bouts, did not change. Approaches to the sipper tube usually eventuated in lapping, though aborted approaches increased in frequency late in the session. Drinking was interrupted by nondrinking behaviors which appeared in a characteristic rostro-caudal sequence: partial head withdrawal from the drinking aperture, then full head withdrawal, then movements of the front paws, then movement of the hind paws with full-body locomotion. All these behavioral changes occurred before there was any appreciable reduction in rate of lapping.
Entropy of a nonequilibrium system

Three definitions of entropy for a nonequilibrium system of particles, driven homogeneously by external forces and thermostatted homogeneously by a feedback mechanism, are discussed. The first is proposed to be S(t)=-k〈ln${f}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}$〉, i.e., the nonequilibrium ensemble average of the logarithm of the thermostatted equilibrium distribution function ${f}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}$. We show here, for a specific example, namely, the Nos\'e-Hoover thermostat, that the entropy so defined reduces properly to the equilibrium result when the external forces are turned off, that this entropy behaves correctly when the thermostat is turned off, and that the thermostatted steady state is achievable. A reasonable alternative definition from information theory, namely replacing ${f}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}$ by the nonequilibrium distribution function f, is shown to give incorrect results. If, however, the distribution function f is coarse grained in time to give f\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}, then the resulting coarse-grained information-theory entropy, like the first definition, satisfies the requirements of the nonequilibrium entropy, with the added advantage of being easier to interpret in terms of the number of accessible states. Additional implications are discussed.
Enzymatic activities in tissues of teleosts

Abstract 1. 1. In five species of teleosts hepatic activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were extremely high, indicating an active pentose shunt. 2. 2. Other enzyme parameters in these fish were not remarkable. 3. 3. In lower vertebrates the liver may be a major site of fatty acid synthesis and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
Broadcasts of Deliberative Polls: Aspirations and Effects

Every face-to-face Deliberative Poll (DP) to date has been the subject of a television broadcast. We consider these broadcasts a helpful adjunct to the design – a way of motivating both the random sample and the policy experts and policy makers to attend, of educating the broader public about the issues, and, perhaps, of nudging public opinion in the direction of the results. In ‘Rickety Bridges’, John Parkinson examines just one of these broadcasts, Channel 4's on the DP on the future of Britain's National Health Service (NHS) in 1998. Applying his coding of the contents to other DP broadcasts might or might not yield similar results, but we are happy to assume, for argument's sake, that it would. If DP broadcasts are generally doing what he describes the NHS DP broadcast as doing, they are doing pretty well, at least as far as the distribution of coverage is concerned. It is Parkinson's notion of what they should be doing that is mistaken. As a result, his critique is fundamentally misguided.THE AIMS OF DP BROADCASTSParkinson's critique rests on an inappropriate standard. His central claim is that Channel 4's broadcast of the NHS DP did not replicate the participants' experience. Of course it did not. No broadcast could ever give viewers the same experience they would have if they were actually part of the DP's on-site, weekend-long deliberations. The broadcast in that case would have to be weekend-long, and there would actually have to be multiple broadcasts – as many as there are participants – since every participant's experience is different.
Endoscopic placement of self-expandable metal stents for malignant colonic obstruction: long-term outcomes and complication factors

Background Self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) are used for colonic obstruction palliatively and preoperatively. Objective Determine long-term efficacy, incidence of complications, and risk factors of SEMS placement for colonic obstruction. Design Retrospective review of SEMSs placed for malignant colorectal obstruction from 1999 to 2008. Setting Tertiary-care center. Patients This study involved 168 patients who underwent SEMS placement for palliation and 65 patients who underwent SEMS placement as a "bridge to surgery." Intervention Colonic SEMS placement. Main Outcome Measurements Stricture location, stent-induced complications, time to adverse events, need for reintervention. Results Technical and immediate clinical success rates were 96% and 99% in the palliative group and 95% and 98% in the preoperative group. Forty-one patients (24.4%) in the palliative group had complications including perforation (9%), occlusion (9%), migration (5%), and erosion/ulcer (2%). Mean stent patency was 145 days in the palliative group. One hundred eight of 122 patients (88.5%) were free of obstruction from implantation until death. Preoperatively placed stents remained in situ for a mean of 25.4 days and remained patent until surgery in 73.8% of patients. Complications were present preoperatively in 23.1% of patients; 94% underwent elective colectomy. Univariate analysis identified males, complete obstruction, stent diameter ≤22 mm, stricture dilation during SEMS insertion, and operator experience as significant risk factors for complication. In the palliative group, intraluminal lesions (27% vs 19%), bevacizumab (35% vs 23%), and distal colon placement of the stent (27% vs 13%) were also associated with higher complication rates as compared to extraluminal lesions, patients not treated with bevacizumab, and stents in the proximal colon, respectively. Bevacizumab therapy nearly tripled the risk of perforation. Limitations Retrospective analysis, single institution. Conclusion Colorectal SEMS placement is relatively safe and effective but with a complication rate of nearly 25%. Patient characteristics and technical variables appear to affect the outcome of SEMS therapy.
Qualitative Research Methods: A Review of Major Stages, Data Analysis Techniques, and Quality Controls.

This review examines the basic tenets of qualitative or naturalistic methods in terms of their original grounding in the basic social sciences and their value to library and information science research. Examination of the five key points provides the understanding needed to move from contemplation to use of these methods: the research problem, data gathering, content analysis, theory development, and validity techniques. The past 50 years have seen a strong development of the theories and techniques associated with the naturalistic paradigm and qualitative research methods. Scholars in the field of library and information science (LIS) make increasing use of this approach to address certain research questions. Raya Fidel’s excellent “guided tour through the world of such research” (Fidel, 1993, p. 220) provides an invaluable context for scholars considering the use of these methods. Through the following review the basic tenets of those methods will be examined in terms of their original grounding in the basic social sciences and their value to LIS research in particular. Given the vast scope of thii topic, certain parameters must be set. First, this review is expected to be of particular value to those readers who are knowledgeable regarding general research principles but more interested than experienced in the application of qualitative methods. Second, this review is selective rather than exhaustive. Those methods, theories, and authors that most illustrate the perspective of qualitative work for this audience have been covered. Together, these choices for this audience might support the active exploration of thii research approach. In virtually every area of LIS research, from system design to user education evaluation, the concatenation of factors that finally lead a user to an interaction with some part of an information system is increasingly complex. Naturalistic work seeks out all aspects of that complexity on the grounds that they are essential to understanding the behavior of which they are a part. “It is difficult to imagine a human activity that is context-free” (Lincoln & Guba, 1985, p. 114). The flexibility and sensitivity of the human instrument are critical to the effort to understand this complexity.
The utility of linguistic rules in opinion mining

Online product reviews are one of the important opinion sources on the Web. This paper studies the problem of determining the semantic orientations (positive or negative) of opinions expressed on product features in reviews. Most existing approaches use a set of opinion words for the purpose. However, the semantic orientations of many words are context dependent. In this paper, we propose to use some linguistic rules to deal with the problem together with a new opinion aggregation function. Extensive experiments show that these rules and the function are highly effective. A system, called Opinion Observer, has also been built.
T cell tolerance and self/nonself discrimination.

T cell tolerance to self antigens is at least partly a reflection of clonal deletion of immature T cells in the thymus. Although it is well accepted that intrathymic tolerance is primarily a reflection of T cell contact with bone-marrow (BM)-derived antigen-presented cells (APC), evidence is presented that thymic epithelial cells (TEC) can contribute to tolerance induction. Studies with thymocytes from BM chimeras suggest that selective contact with antigen on TEC induces clonal deletion of a subset of high-affinity T cells; these cells are primarily responsible for in vivo effector functions such as allograft rejection and induction of lethal graft-versus-host disease. Intrathymic contact with TEC fails to delete the typical low-affinity T cells which mediate cytotoxic responses in vitro when cultured with lymphokines. Deletion of these low-affinity T cells appears to require contact with BM-derived APC. Despite the evidence that self tolerance involves clonal deletion in the thymus, it is often stated t...
Genome-wide gene expression profiling in Arabidopsis thaliana reveals new targets of abscisic acid and largely impaired gene regulation in the abi1-1 mutant.

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays important regulatory roles in many plant developmental processes including seed dormancy, germination, growth, and stomatal movements. These physiological responses to ABA are in large part brought about by changes in gene expression. To study genome-wide ABA-responsive gene expression we applied massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) to samples from Arabidopsis thaliana wildtype (WT) and abi1-1 mutant seedlings. We identified 1354 genes that are either up- or downregulated following ABA treatment of WT seedlings. Among these ABA-responsive genes, many encode signal transduction components. In addition, we identified novel ABA-responsive gene families including those encoding ribosomal proteins and proteins involved in regulated proteolysis. In the ABA-insensitive mutant abi1-1, ABA regulation of about 84.5% and 6.9% of the identified genes was impaired or strongly diminished, respectively; however, 8.6% of the genes remained appropriately regulated. Compared to other methods of gene expression analysis, the high sensitivity and specificity of MPSS allowed us to identify a large number of ABA-responsive genes in WT Arabidopsis thaliana. The database given in our supplementary material (http://jcs.biologists.org/supplemental) provides researchers with the opportunity to rapidly assess whether genes of interest may be regulated by ABA. Regulation of the majority of the genes by ABA was impaired in the ABA-insensitive mutant abi1-1. However, a subset of genes continued to be appropriately regulated by ABA, which suggests the presence of at least two ABA signaling pathways, only one of which is blocked in abi1-1.
Dynamic contact-free continuous-wave diffuse optical tomography system for the detection of vascular dynamics within the foot

We present a dynamic contact-free continuous-wave diffuse optical tomography system for the detection and monitoring of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the foot. Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is the narrowing of the functional area of the artery generally due to atherosclerosis. It affects between 8-12 million people in the United States and if untreated this can lead to ulceration, gangrene and ultimately amputation. Contact-Free imaging is highly desirable, due to the presence of ulcerations and gangrene in many patients affected by PAD. The system uses an electron multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) camera for detection to achieve a dynamic range of 86 dB with a frame rate of 1 Hz using 20 collimated source fibers and 2 wavelengths. We present first clinical results showing 3D images of total hemoglobin changes in response to a dynamic thigh cuff.
Acceptor Pincer Chemistry of Ruthenium: Catalytic Alkane Dehydrogenation by (CF3PCP)Ru(cod)(H)

The synthesis and reactivity of a series of Ru(II) complexes based on the strongly π-accepting pincer ligand 1,3-C6H3(CH2P(CF3)2)2 (CF3PCP) is reported. Thermolysis of [Ru(cod)(η3-2-methylallyl)2] with CF3PCPH under H2 affords a mixture of the three complexes (μ-CF3PCPH)Ru(H)(μ-H)(μ-η6,κ3-CF3PCP)Ru(H), [(CF3PCP)Ru(H)]2(μ-CF3PCPH)2, and (CF3PCP)Ru(cod)H, which were structurally characterized and individually prepared in moderate yields. (CF3PCP)Ru(cod)H reacts with (C2F5)2PCH2CH2P(C2F5)2 (dfepe) to give (CF3PCP)Ru(dfepe)H. (CF3PCP)Ru(cod)H is moderately active as an alkane dehydrogenation catalyst. Thermolysis in 1:1 mixtures of cyclooctane and tert-butylethylene at 150 and 200 °C resulted in initial rates of 180 and 1000 turnovers h–1 of cyclooctene, respectively. Acceptorless dehydrogenation of cyclooctane also occurs, with an initial rate of 14 turnovers h–1. The decrease of catalyst activity over time was found to be due to thermal catalyst decomposition rather than product inhibition by cyclooctene.
The role of carbohydrate reserves in the growth, resilience, and persistence of cabbage palm seedlings (Sabal palmetto).

Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex Schultes (cabbage palm) is an arborescent palm common in many plant communities throughout Florida, U.S.A., and the Caribbean. Although its seedlings grow very slowly in forest understories, they survive damage and defoliation well, and the species may increase in dominance following disturbances such as fire, logging, and hurricanes. We investigated the potential importance of total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) pools in the ability of cabbage palm seedlings to recover from the loss of aboveground tissue such as that caused by fire, grazing, or shallow burial by storm debris. TNC concentrations in belowground organs of seedlings from a forest understory were high, and TNC pools were sufficient to theoretically replace >50% of a seedling's canopy. The largest fraction of the belowground TNC pool was in stem tissue, where TNC in unclipped plants accounted for 26-54% of stem dry mass. Experimental reduction of TNC pools by repeated defoliation slowed seedling regrowth, and seedlings with inherently smaller pools (smaller seedlings) suffered higher mortality after repeated defoliation than did larger seedlings. Although regrowth and recovery after the loss of aboveground tissue was related to the size of the TNC pool in belowground organs, even the smallest seedlings with the smallest pools had sufficient stores to withstand at least two defoliations at frequent (7-week) intervals. Large belowground TNC pools in S. palmetto seedlings appear to enable them to survive all but the most frequent defoliations (e.g., frequent grazing or mowing). Allocation of resources to these stores, however, may contribute to the slow growth rates of S. palmetto seedlings in natural communities.
Investigating more powerful discrimination tests with consumers: effects of memory and response bias

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the sensitivity of four discrimination methods when they were performed by consumers. In Experiment I, the influence of memory in the duo-trio method was studied. Three versions of the duo-trio method with different memory requirements were considered. Calculated d′ values indicated a higher sensitivity for the duo-trio with the reference tasted between the two test samples (DTM), illustrating the importance of memory in sensory discrimination testing. In Experiment 2, four discrimination tests were compared: the triangle, the DTM, the same–different and the dual-pair tests. The dual-pair test was predicted to increase the d′ value of the same–different test by eliminating the large response bias variations between consumers. Results indicated no significant differences in d′ among the protocols. Thus the dual-pair method was not able to improve the sample discrimination ability of the same–different test.
The effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor on motor dysfunction in wobbler mouse motor neuron disease.

Ciliary neurotrophic factor is the first neurotrophic factor to show survival-promoting effects in developing motor neurons in vitro, in ovo, and in vivo. In the present study we tested the effects of recombinant rat or human ciliary neurotrophic factor in the wobbler mouse model of motor neuron disease. Mice received 1 mg/kg of the factor or a vehicle solution subcutaneously three times a week for 4 weeks, after the disease was diagnosed between the ages of 3 and 4 weeks. Although treatment with rat ciliary neurotrophic factor (n=6) resulted in delayed weight gain (p<0.001), grip strength normalized to body weight in the factor-treated mice was significantly greater (p<0.02) and declined at a slower rate (p<0.05) compared to that in vehicle-treated animals
Rural development strategies and their health and nutrition-mediated effects on fertility: a review of the literature.

Abstract In this review of literature sources from several relevant disciplines, the author attempts to examine the support for theoretical linkages between rural development strategies, on the one hand, and the possible effects of these strategies on fertility rates. Nutrition and health status of women and children are interposed as intermediate effects. Development strategies are classified according to their objectives, whether to promote community participation, to increase agricultural production and productivity, to extend services to populations or, finally, to raise income. In terms of possible fertility outcomes, strategies emphasizing extension of services, especially health and nutrition services, are viewed as most effective. Community participation is essential but not sufficient for the process. Increasing agricultural production and productivity appears to depend for its effectiveness on how equitably aenefits are distributed, whether food production is increased as part of the program, and whether health, nutrition and family planning are specific components. Raising income, finally, is effective only if food and services are equitably distributed.
Early Evolution of Phyllocarid Arthropods: Phylogeny and Systematics of Cambrian-Devonian Archaeostracans

A phylogenetic analysis and review of Paleozoic phyllocarid systematics is presented using morphology-based characters from Cambrian to modern taxa. The resulting cladograms of the Phyllocarida suggest that the suborder Ceratiocaridina as traditionally defined (families Ceratiocarididae and Caryocarididae) is paraphyletic. Caryocarididae is subsequently elevated to subordinal rank with the erection of Caryocaridina n. suborder, resulting in two monophyletic suborders. Haplocaris n. gen. is erected to contain Caryocarididae taxa without triangular spine-like projections of the anterior telson margin. Emended diagnoses, quantified with morphometrics where appropriate, are integrated into this analysis, and result in synonymy of many Cambrian—Silurian caryocaridids and ceratiocaridids with pre-existing taxa. Two representatives of the Leptostraca are included in this analysis. A visual key of well-established representatives of the Ceratiocaridina is presented and suggestions are offered that will help to improve the long-term stability of the Archaeostraca.
Accurate determination of the charge state distribution in a well characterized highly ionized Au plasma

Abstract The density, temperature and charge state distribution are accurately determined in a highly ionized non-LTE Au sample. Laser heated Au microdots buried in a thin Be foil, reach temperatures of 2 keV and ionize into the M-shell. During expansion, the tamped Au samples remain uniform and in near steady-state ionization equilibrium. The electron temperature is measured with time and space resolved Thomson scattering while the density is determined from time-gated X-ray imaging the expanded Au sample. The charge state distribution is obtained from analysis of emission measurements of Au 5f–3d transition arrays in the wavelength range 3.3–3.9 A, allowing the average charge to be determined to within ∼1% accuracy.
Visible and invisible effects of hurricanes on forest ecosystems: an international review

Abstract Hurricanes have visible and invisible effects on forests. The visible effects are dramatic, noticeable over the short-term and relatively well documented in the literature. Invisible effects are less understood as they require well-focused research both in the short- and long-term time scales. This review of the literature on hurricane effects focuses on the Neotropics and the temperate zone of North America. The material is organized according to a heuristic model that distinguishes between immediate effects (0 to 3 years), immediate responses (0 to 20 years), trajectories of responses (0 to 100 years) and long-term legacies (>100 years). It is suggested that the ecological role of hurricanes involves six principal effects: 1. they change the ecological space available to organisms; 2. they set organisms in motion; 3. they increase the heterogeneity of the landscape and the variability in ecosystem processes; 4. they rejuvenate the landscape and its ecosystems and redirect succession; 5. they shape forest structure, influence their species composition and diversity and regulate their function; and 6. they induce evolutionary change through natural selection and ecological creativity through self-organization. A new approach to hurricane research will study hurricanes at the same scale at which they operate (i.e., across latitudes and longitudes and over disturbed and undisturbed landscapes). This research will require networks of observation platforms located along expected hurricane paths to facilitate forest structure and functioning observations across gradients of hurricane frequency and intensity. This research will also require use of remote sensing and automated wireless technology, hardened to survive hurricane-strength winds and floods to assure real time measurements of the characteristics of hurricanes and ecosystem responses. No progress will be forthcoming in the understanding of hurricane effects if we do not learn to quantify objectively the energy dissipation of hurricanes on the full grid of affected forests as the hurricane passes over a landscape.
Online/offline (hybrid) consumers and the attention economy

Yoram (Jerry) Wind, Vijay Mahajan, & Robert Gunther. 2002. Convergence Marketing: Strategies for Reaching the New Hybrid Consumer. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 368 pages. ISBN 0-13065-075-7. Thomas H. Davenport & John C. Beck. 2001. The Attention Economy: Understanding the New Currency of Business. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. 272 pages. ISBN 1-57851-871-7.
Women in Paleontology in the United States 1840-1960

Women such as Cecelia Beaux did many of the drawings used by early American paleontologists to illustrate their reports, especially those produced for state surveys. Sketching was taught by schools for girls (e.g., Troy Female Seminary) and drawing was considered an appropriate genteel skill which women could display without being considered unfeminine. Nineteenth-century women also collected fossils as a hobby; some turned them over to men for description, but by the end of the century a few women — Carlotta Maury ventured into print, either in collaboration with male colleagues or as sole authors. Paleontology was taught as part of geology courses at the early women's colleges, notably Mount Holyoke. The advent of micropaleontology was a boon for women. New sciences have often been more receptive to female practitioners than well established fields, and micropaleontology fits this pattern. Women micropaleontologists, among them Esther Applin and Alva Ellisor, were hired by oil companies, belying the ste...
Quantification of Left Heart Volume and Systolic Output in Transposition of the Great Arteries

Left heart volume and output were calculated by using cineangiocardiograms from 64 studies in 44 patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA). The majority of patients who had an intact ventricular septum and were less than 6 months of age showed normal end-diastolic volumes (LVEDV) and systolic output (LVSO), while patients in this hemodynamic group more than 6 months of age had elevated volumes and outputs. The presence of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was associated with an increase in LVEDV and LVSO. Patients with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and no pulmonary stenosis (PS) had increased volumes and outputs with the average values for LVEDV and LVSO significantly greater for the VSD group than for the intact-septum group. Patients with a VSD and PS showed normal values for LVEDV and LVSO. The ejection fraction was normal in all patients. Left atrial maximal volume (LAMax) was normal in the majority of patients with an intact ventricular septum and no PDA, but was increased in patient...
Antibody Molecular Structure

The structural features of antibodies have been studied extensively over the years by many techniques, including electron microscopy, x-ray crystallography, and NMR. Consequently, a wealth of structural information is available for antibodies, alone and in complex with antigens ranging in size from small haptens to whole viruses. The knowledge gained from these studies has greatly facilitated the engineering of antibodies for use as human therapeutics.
Disordered Eating Among Asian/Asian American Women Racial and Cultural Factors as Correlates

Sociocultural models of eating disorders emphasize the role of internalization of media standards of beauty in eating pathology but rarely examine (a) how racial and cultural factors may be related to women of color’s tendency to endorse Western media beauty ideals or (b) these women’s risk of developing body dissatisfaction and disordered eating issues. This study of Asian/Asian American women (N = 587) investigated the roles of perceived racial discrimination, ethnic identity, and racial/ethnic teasing in relation to self-esteem, internalization of Western standards of beauty, and body dissatisfaction as predictors of disordered eating in a structural model. Results indicated that, when controlling for body mass, perceived racial discrimination, ethnic identity, and racial/ethnic teasing significantly predicted disordered eating and its correlate variables through direct and indirect links. The findings suggest racial and cultural factors may complement sociocultural models in understanding disordered e...