cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The shape of the Fermi surface

Abstract We show that in the surface region, where the matter density falls off, the local momentum distribution of a many Fermion system becomes anisotropic. The local Fermi surface has a predominantly prolate shape, with its long axis normal to the surface in both spherical and semi-infinite many Fermion systems. We determine the dependence of the smooth and of the fluctuating contributions of the momentum anisotropy as functions of particle number.
Understanding U.S. public support for domestic climate change policies

Abstract In the U.S., public support for federal, state and local efforts to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) continues to be a crucial element of the political viability of these proposals. We present a detailed analysis of the reasons given by the general public of Michigan and Virginia for supporting or rejecting a number of policies that could be implemented to meet GHG reductions. The data allow us to analyze the relationships between reasons provided by respondents, social psychological and demographic characteristics, and policy support. This analysis can provide policymakers pragmatic guidance in (1) developing tactics to engage the public that build on current concerns about climate change policies and (2) crafting and communicating policies that garner support from various segments of the public. This analysis also raises theoretical questions regarding the relationship between public discourse on environmental issues and the formation of public policy support. We suggest that future efforts to understand the U.S. dynamics of public support for climate change policies could benefit from understanding the public discursive and the reasoning processes that underlie public opinion formation.
Phospholipid, ester-linked fatty acid profiles as reproducible assays for changes in prokaryotic community structure of estuarine sediments

Phospholipid, ester-linked fatty acid profiles showed changes in benthic prokaryotic community structure reflecting culture manipulations that were both quantitative and statistically significant. Fatty acid structures, including the position and cis/ trans geometry of double bonds, were chemically verified by GC/MS after appropriate derivatization. The fatty acid profiles of independent flasks showed reproducible shifts when manipulated identically and significant differences when manipulated with different treatments. The absence of polyunsaturated fatty acids indicated that the consortia were predominantly prokaryotic. The prokaryotic consortia of different treatments could be differentiated by the proportions of cyclopropyl fatty acids and the proportions and geometry of monounsaturated fatty acids.
PROTECTIVE ACTION BY THIOURACIL AGAINST THE ACUTE TOXICITY IN MICE OF O-ETHYL O-(4-NITROPHENYL) PHENYLPHOSPHONOTHIOATE (EPN).

Abstract Pretreatment with thiouracil provided significant protection to mice treated subsequently with the organophosphorus insecticide EPN. Uracil did not share the protective properties of thiouracil. Although other mechanisms are possible, the protective action of thiouracil is explained best by the working hypothesis that the oxidative desulfuration of thiouracil to form uracil interferes with a similar desulfuration of EPN and the formation of its pharmacologically active oxygen reaction product. Thiouracil also afforded some protection to mice against the acute toxicity of parathion. On the other hand, it had no protective action against the acute toxicity of the irreversible anticholinesterase compound, 217 AO. Treatment of mice with the metabolic inhibitor SKF 525A enhanced the lethal actions of EPN.
Temperature-dependent transduction characteristics of piezoelectric composite materials

Measurements of the temperature dependence of the elastic and dielectric properties of two NTK composite materials are described. The elastic properties were measured using three different techniques which covered different ranges of frequency. The results, with possibly one exception, are shown to be consistent with each other, and can be related to a large extent to the theory of viscoelasticity by applying the principle of time-temperature superposition. The results show that the same form (Arrhenius) of shift function applies to both dielectric and elastic properties of the materials. The magnitudes of the dielectric and elastic shifts were virtually identical for one type of material but different for the other. >
A Redundant Strapdown Inertial Reference Unit (SIRU)

The hardware and software mechanization of the SIRU redundant strapdown system is described. Six gyroscope and six accelerometer modules are arranged with their input axes in a unique symmetrical pattern that corresponds to the array of normals to the faces of a dodecahedron. This configuration enables optimal data processing with self-contained failure isolation for up to two out of six of either instrument module type, and continued operation with as many as three out of six failures. Each instrument module is a prealigned normalized assembly that contains its own torque-to-balance electronics, temperature controller, etc. The modular features provide enhanced system maintainability. Redundant hardware concepts are applied in the supporting instrumental package electronics (dual-power supplies, triple-redundant clocks, etc.). The degree of redundancy use in the Electronics Assembly is based upon the relative reliability of the individual circuits and circuit isolation concepts. The system has been mechanized so that satisfactory operation is achieved with a variety of electronic and instrument degradation or catastrophic failures and is free from the possibility of a system failure resulting from a single-point failure mechanism. Descriptions of the software data processing and failure isolation algorithms are presented with an itemization of the system's computational real-time and memory requirements.
Excitatory amino acid binding sites in the caudate nucleus and frontal cortex of Huntington's disease.

Huntington’s disease is a dominantly inherited, progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing marked pathology in the basal ganglia. The pathophysiology of the selective neuronal death is as yet unknown, but evidence suggests that the neurotoxicity may result from endogenous substances acting at excitatory amino acid receptors. Previous data have shown a selective decrease in binding to one class of glutamate receptors, the N-methyh-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the putamen of Huntington’s disease. The present study was undertaken to determine the relative density of binding to all of the currently defined subpopulations of excitatory amino acid receptors in the caudate nuclei and frontal cortex of patients with Huntington’s disease and of control subjects, using quantitative in vitro autoradiography. NMDA, MK-801, glycine, kainate, and cr-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor binding were all decreased to a similar extent (50-60%). Binding to the metabotropic quisqualate receptor and to the non-NMDA, nonkainate, nonquisqualate (NNKQ) site was decreased nonsignificantly by 3 1 % arid 26%, respectively. Autoradiograms of NMDA, MK-80 1, AMPA, kainate, metabotropic, and NNKQ receptors in caudates revealed an inhomogeneous pattern of binding that is different from the binding pattern seen in control caudates. Binding to all receptor subtypes was the same in the frontal cortex from Huntington’s disease patients and control subjects. The data suggest that no single excitatory amino acid receptor is selectively decreased in the caudate of Huntington’s disease. Dure LS IV, Young AB, Penney JB. Excitatory amino acid-binding sites in the caudate nucleus and frontal cortex of Huntington’s disease. Ann Neurol 1991;30:785-793
Sex-Ratio Meiotic Drive and Y-Linked Resistance in Drosophila affinis

Genetic elements that cheat Mendelian segregation by biasing transmission in their favor gain a significant fitness benefit. Several examples of sex-ratio meiotic drive, where one sex chromosome biases its own transmission at the cost of the opposite sex chromosome, exist in animals and plants. While the distorting sex chromosome gains a significant advantage by biasing sex ratio, the autosomes, and especially the opposite sex chromosome, experience strong selection to resist this transmission bias. In most well-studied sex-ratio meiotic drive systems, autosomal and/or Y-linked resistance has been identified. We specifically surveyed for Y-linked resistance to sex-ratio meiotic drive in Drosophila affinis by scoring the sex ratio of offspring sired by males with a driving X and one of several Y chromosomes. Two distinct types of resistance were identified: a restoration to 50/50 sex ratios and a complete reversal of sex ratio to all sons. We confirmed that fathers siring all sons lacked a Y chromosome, consistent with previously published work. Considerable variation in Y-chromosome morphology exists in D. affinis, but we showed that morphology does not appear to be associated with resistance to sex-ratio meiotic drive. We then used two X chromosomes (driving and standard) and three Y chromosomes (susceptible, resistant, and lacking) to examine fertility effects of all possible combinations. We find that both the driving X and resistant and lacking Y have significant fertility defects manifested in microscopic examination of testes and a 48-hr sperm depletion assay. Maintenance of variation in this sex-ratio meiotic drive system, including both the X-linked distorter and the Y-resistant effects, appear to be mediated by a complex interaction between fertility fitness and transmission dynamics.
CAMAC Instrumentation System - Introduction and General Description

The CAMAC instrumentation system developed by the ESONE Committee of European laboratories has been endorsed by the U. S. AEC NIM Committee as a dataway system complementary to the NIM (Nuclear Instrument Module) system. CAMAC is described in a general way in this introductory paper which is followed by papers that discuss the system in greater detail. This paper is an updated version of the introductory paper that appeared in the April 1971 IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.
PREVENTION OF THROMBOEMBOLISM IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

New insights into atrial physiology based on observations using transesophageal echocardiography are presented. The approach to anticoagulation of patients with both acute and chronic atrial fibrillation is reviewed within the context of the results of the major multicenter trials. These have provided some useful risk stratification guidelines for therapy. Presently available data suggest that the role of transesophageal echocardiography as a precardioversion screen is promising but requires further definition through clinical trials.
Individualism versus Community in Africa? The Case of Botswana

This short note provides one answer to an anomaly that has perplexed many an observer of rural development in sub-Saharan Africa: How is it possible that two deeply-rooted values in some African societies – the people's sense of individualism and their sense of community – have persisted through time when they seem to work against each other?
Asymmetric physical layer design for high-speed wireless digital communications

High data rates and portability are conflicting requirements in the design of reliable indoor wireless data communication systems. Asymmetric system design addresses this problem by exploiting the major differences in the availability of resources (i.e., energy, space) that exist between base stations and portable units. Such an approach seeks to concentrate most of the signal processing tasks involved in the operation of the two-way wireless link at the base station. This paper presents and discusses the implications of a set of techniques for asymmetric physical layer system design based on the use of channel precoding for forward transmission. System performance is assessed via simulations using a realistic time-varying channel model. Simplified two-way antenna diversity implemented exclusively at the base station and the key issue of automatic gain control at the receive side of the precoded link are also addressed and evaluated. Simulation results confirm that the adoption of these techniques enables reliable digital communication at a data rate of 20 Mbit/s on both links while significantly reducing the power consumption of the portable unit.
Cholinesterase inhibitors: A new class of psychotropic compounds.

Objective: This article reviews evidence indicating that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have psychotropic properties. Method: The author reviewed the English-language literature pertinent to the response of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease and related conditions to cholinergic agents. Results: The cholinergic system originates in the basal forebrain and projects diffusely to the cerebral cortex; the limbic and paralimbic regions receive the most abundant cholinergic projections. The basal forebrain nuclei are positioned at the interface of the limbic system and cerebral cortex, where they play a role in mediating emotional responses. The basal forebrain nuclei are atrophic in Alzheimer’s disease, leading to a widespread cholinergic deficit. The cholinergic disturbance may contribute to neuropsychiatric manifestations of the disease. The treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors reduces neuropsychiatric symptoms, particularly apathy and visual hallucinations. In some studies, a variety of other neuropsychiatric symptoms have been reported to respond to treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Response profiles vary among acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Conclusions: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have psychotropic effects and may play an important role in controlling neuropsychiatric and behavioral disturbances in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. These agents also may contribute to the management of other disorders with cholinergic system abnormalities and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The beneficial response is most likely mediated through limbic cholinergic structures. (Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:4‐15)
The tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 regulates focal adhesion kinase to promote EGF-induced lamellipodia persistence and cell migration.

The Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase2 (SHP2) is a positive effector of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) signaling. Furthermore, SHP2 is known to promote cell migration and invasiveness, key steps in cancer metastasis. To date, however, the mechanism by which SHP2 regulates cell movement is not fully understood. In the current report, a new role for SHP2 in regulating cell migration has been suggested. We show that SHP2 mediates lamellipodia persistence and cell polarity to promote directional cell migration in the MDA-MB231 and the MDA-MB468 basal-like and triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. We further show that SHP2 modulates the activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) by dephosphorylating pTyr397, the autophosphorylation site that primes FAK function. Because hyperactivation of FAK is known to counter the maturation of nascent focal complexes to focal adhesions, we propose that one of the mechanisms by which SHP2 promotes lamellipodia persistence is by downregulating FAK activity through dephosphorylation of pTyr397. The finding that inhibition of FAK activity partially restores epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced lamellipodia persistence and cell migration in SHP2-silenced cells supports our proposition that SHP2 promotes growth-factor-induced cell movement by acting, at least in part, on FAK. However, the effect of SHP2 inhibition in non-stimulated cells seems FAK independent since there was no significant difference between the control and the SHP2-silenced cells in pY397-FAK levels. Also, FAK inhibition did not rescue golgi orientation defects in SHP2-silenced cells, suggesting that SHP2 acts through other mechanisms to promote cell polarity.
The hyaluronic acid inhibitor 4-methylumbelliferone is an NSMase2 activator—role of Ceramide in MU anti-tumor activity

Increased synthesis of hyaluronic acid (HA) is often associated with increased metastatic potential and invasivity of tumor cells. 4-Methylumbelliferone (MU) is an inhibitor of HA synthesis, and has been studied as a potential anti-tumor drug to inhibit the growth of primary tumors and distant metastasis of tumor cells. Although several studies reported that the anticancer effects of MU are mediated by inhibition of HA signaling, the mechanism still needs to be clarified. In a previous study we demonstrated the regulation of HA synthesis by ceramide, and now show how MU activated neutral sphingomyelinase2 (NSMase2) generates ceramides and mediates MU induced inhibition of HA synthesis, cell migration and invasion, and apoptosis of tumor cells. Using a HA enriched mouse oligodendroglioma cell line G26-24 we found that MU elevated the activity of NSMase2 and increased ceramide levels, which in turn increased phosphatase PP2A activity. Further, the activated PP2A reduced phosphorylation of Akt, decreased activities of HA synthase2 (HAS2) and calpains, and inhibited both the synthesis of HA, and the migration and invasion of G26-24 tumor cells. In addition, MU mediated ceramide stimulated activation of p53 and caspase-3, reduced SIRT1 expression and decreased G26-24 viability. The mechanism of the MU anticancer therefore initially involves NSMase2/ceramide/PP2A/AKT/HAS2/caspase-3/p53/SIRT1 and the calpain signaling pathway, suggesting that ceramides play a key role in the ability of a tumor to become aggressively metastatic and grow.
Hairy cell leukemia: A diagnosis by endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration

Endosonography (EUS) guided FNA is a relatively new imaging modality which is increasingly used for sampling deep-seated lymph nodes in the diagnosis and staging of various malignancies, both primary as well as metastatic. It is also useful for staging of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as well as diagnosing recurrence. The diagnosis of leukemia on FNA samples from deep-seated lymphadenopathy poses an even greater challenge. Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an uncommon, but distinct, lympho-proliferative disorder of B cell origin. It usually affects the spleen and bone marrow and uncommonly involves lymph nodes. There are only a few cases reported where HCL was diagnosed on FNA specimens.
On the Reference Length and Mode Mixity for a Bimaterial Interface

We investigate properties that govern interfacial fracture within the framework of linear elastic fracture mechanics, including interfacial fracture toughness, mode mixity, and the associated reference length. The reference length describes the arbitrary location where the mode mixity is evaluated, ahead of the crack tip, in a bimaterial system. A method for establishing a reference length that is fixed for a given bimaterial system is proposed. This is referred to as the "characteristic reference length, " with the associated "characteristic mode mixity." The proposed method is illustrated with an experimental investigation, utilizing a four-point bend test of a bimaterial system.
Student Self-Assessment in Dental Hygiene Education: A Cornerstone of Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving

Self-assessment is an integral component of learning and developing decision making and critical thinking skills in the practice of dental hygiene. Dental hygienists must think critically and develop problem-solving strategies during their formal education to ensure lifelong quality and ongoing development of their personal knowledge and skill as related to providing comprehensive, evidence-based patient care. The primary focus of this qualitative investigation was to obtain undergraduate dental hygiene students’ perceptions of and experiences with self-assessment. The sample consisted of an intact undergraduate dental hygiene class of seventeen students in their final semester of a two-year, entry-level dental hygiene program at a community college in the southeast United States. Data for this research were obtained from three sources: 1) a program-designed self-assessment survey assignment, 2) in-depth interviews with four second-year dental hygiene students, and 3) program-designed clinical competence evaluation forms. Inductive data analysis revealed that the majority of students perceived that they had no prior experience with self-assessment in any prerequisite coursework and thus felt unprepared for its use in the dental hygiene program. As they matriculated in the program, students began to see the advantages of self-assessment in clinical practice. Programmatic orientation to self-assessment may therefore be beneficial due to the varying backgrounds of students entering dental hygiene programs.
Do Sunscreens Increase Risk of Melanoma in Populations Residing at Higher Latitudes

Background Sunscreens may allow overexposure to ultraviolet A (UVA) in fair-skinned persons and prevent symptoms of sunburn, but their benefits for the prevention of melanoma are uncertain. Methods A PubMed search was performed that identified all known studies of the association of sunscreen use with melanoma risk during 1966-2007. A total of 18 studies were identified, of which 17 met criteria for inclusion in the analysis. Of these, 10 were conducted at latitudes >40° from the equator and 7 at ≤40°. Data were pooled for all latitudes combined and also according to these latitude strata. The association of skin pigmentation and latitude with odds ratios was estimated using linear regression. Results Overall, there was no statistically significant effect of use of sunscreens on risk of melanoma (odds ratio 1.2, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.9–1.6; p for heterogeneity 40° from the equator, the odds ratio was 1.6 (95% C.I. 1.3–1.9; p for heterogeneity = 0.006), whereas it was 0.7 at ≤40° (95% C.I. 0.4–1.0; p for heterogeneity = 0.0002). Conclusions Use of common sunscreen formulations that absorb UVB almost completely, but transmit large quantities of UVA, may contribute to risk of melanoma in populations at latitudes >40°.
Federal Financial Management Reform and The Chief Financial Officers Act

This study analyzes the development of financial management reform in the federal government. A series of reform initiatives culminated in passage of the Chief Financial Officers (CFO) Act that prescribes a wide spectrum of changes in federal accounting, budgeting, and financial reporting. The CFO Act may well be the most significant executive branch federal financial management reform since the adoption of the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921.
Nonlinear Supply Contracts, Exclusive Dealing, and Equilibrium Market Foreclosure

We examine how the feasibility of both nonlinear pricing and exclusive dealing arrangementsaffectincentivesfor marketforeclosurewhen two manufacturers contract with a retail monopolist. Surprisingly, we find that although market foreclosure equilibria exist, they are Pareto-dominated (from each manufacturer’ s perspective) by all nonforeclosure equilibria. If one believes that Paretodominated equilibria are unlikely to arise, then the difference between our results and those of Mathewson and Winter (1987), who do not allow for nonlinear pricing, suggests an ironic twist on the notion that quantity discounts and other kinds of nonlinear pricing can provide an additional way for a manufacturer to foreclose a rival. By providing a manufacturer with increased flexibility (beyond linear pricing) to extract a retailer’ s surplus, nonlinear pricing may instead have the effect of reducing the incidence of observed market foreclosure.
A PML utilizing k-vector information as applied to the whistler mode in a magnetized plasma

The perfectly matched layer (PML) in its most current form has shortcomings in certain cases involving propagation in anisotropic media, such as the whistler mode in a magnetized plasma, for which the vector component normal to the PML of the group velocity vector and the k-vector are anti-parallel with each other. We present a new type of PML that utilizes information on the k-vector direction by applying relevant spatial derivatives to the PML update equations. Derived expressions for the numerical reflection coefficient are used to quantify the performance of the PML for any incident angle. Numerical reflection calculations as well as time domain calculations are performed for whistler mode propagation in a magnetized plasma. We demonstrate the stability of the new PML and find that for the reflection coefficient Gamma, values of up to -40 dB can be realized
Cytological identification of the chromosomes involved in Searle's translocation and the location of the centromere in the X chromosome of the mouse.

The autosome in Searle's X-autosome translocation has been shown to be chromosome 16. The breakpoint in chromosome 16 is slightly proximal to the middle and in the X is slightly distal to the middle.—Available evidence indicates that either Linkage Group XV or Linkage Group XIX is carried on chromosome 16.—The centromere of the X chromosome is at the spf end of the linkage group.
The maze of Zea: I. Chloroplast SSRs and evolution.

The evolution of Zea and, especially, the domestication of maize have undergone multifaceted assessment for many decades. New analyses have often demonstrated inconsistencies that prompted new thinking. Reexamination of chloroplast microsatellite data from a broad sampling of Zea reveals clear phenetic patterns, notably: 1) The various teosinte taxa are related to each other as expected; 2) Chloroplasts of the tested maize landraces form two very different groups; 3) Mexican annual teosintes are closely linked to only one maize group. These and other results are supported by a wide range of older studies. The latter two patterns deserve careful consideration because they contradict the model that a Mexican annual teosinte was domesticated, then evolved to all present maizes. They do not contradict the model that a small, domesticated maize was greatly changed by introgression, probably by a teosinte in section Luxuriantes of Zea. The introgression probably also led to great evolutionary acceleration, several important bottlenecks and the enormous diversity of modern maize. These chloroplast microsatellite relationships have various implications and deserve careful attention in designing future studies (see discussion).
Comparison of spintronics and nanoelectronics for information processing

To date, electronics uses electron charge as a state variable which is often represented as voltage or current. In this representation of state variable in today?s electronics, carriers in electronics devices work independently even to a few and single electron cases. As the scaling continues to reduce the feature size, power dissipation and variability become two major challenges among others as identified in ITRS. This paper presents the exposition that spintronics as a collective effect may be favorably used as state variables in the near future information processing beyond conventional electronics for room temperature. An example is presented to compare electronics and spintronics in terms of variability, quantum and thermal fluctuations. This example shows the benefit of scaling to smaller sizes in the case of spintronics (nanomagnetics), which will have a much reduced variability problem as compared with today?s electronics. Finally, spin wave bus is used to illustrate the potential use as a state variable for logic application. Prototype logic devices using the spin wave bus concept have been demonstrated. The requirements and benchmarks for choosing a state variable are also discussed in terms of its interaction strength for the energy efficiency.
Tool Localization in 3D Ultrasound Images

Real-time three-dimensional ultrasound has been demonstrated as a viable tool for guiding surgical procedures [1]. This visualization technique may enable a range of new minimally invasive techniques in cardiac and fetal surgery. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that instruments such as endoscopic graspers when immersed in liquids display artifacts and irregularities that make it difficult to determine the tool’s location, orientation, and geometry (Figure 1a). In addition, the instrument’s shape can appear incomplete due to its orientation or obstacles in the field. Since the geometry and properties of these instruments are known a priori, it is feasible to combine this information with the ultrasound image data to locate and render an enhanced representation of the instrument. This paper introduces a preliminary study of enhancing tool display in three-dimensional ultrasound, focusing on the relationship between the tissue and instrument.
Prevalence and risk factors of asthma and wheezing among US adults: an analysis of the NHANES III data

The prevalence of asthma has been on the increase in the USA and worldwide. To understand the worsening epidemiological trends of asthma, this study analysed the data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) to determine the prevalence and risk factors for asthma and wheezing among US adults. This analysis used data from 18,825 US adults aged > or = 20 yrs who had participated in the NHANES III project. After excluding subjects with physician-diagnosed emphysema, a total of 18,393 subjects were included in the final analysis. The prevalence of current asthma (asthma) was 4.5% and the prevalence of wheezing in the previous 12 months (wheezing) was 16.4%. Mexican-Americans exhibited the lowest prevalence of asthma when compared with other race/ethnic groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that Mexican-Americans were less likely to report asthma when compared to non-Hispanic whites. Low education level, female sex, current and past smoking status, pet ownership, lifetime diagnosis of physician-diagnosed hay fever and obesity were all significantly associated with asthma and/or wheezing. No significant effect of indoor air pollutants, as derived from the use of household heating/cooking appliances, on asthma and wheezing was observed in this study. In conclusion, this study observed racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of asthma and wheezing and identified several important risk factors that may contribute to development and/or exacerbation of asthma and wheezing. Contrary to earlier reports, the proxy measures of indoor air pollution used in this study were not found to be associated with increased risk of asthma and wheezing.
Biodegradable thermoset shape‐memory polymer developed from poly(β‐amino ester) networks

The purpose of this study was to develop a degradable thermoset shape-memory polymer from poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE) networks. PBAE was chosen to be the crosslinker as it is biodegradable and has been projected as a potential material for biomedical applications. The low glass transition temperature of PBAE was increased to a biomedically relevant range using methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate as the linear chain builders. The thermo-mechanical properties of the networks were tailored such that they exhibited onset of glass transition temperature in between the room temperature (22 °C) and the body temperature (37 °C). Free-strain recovery tests under heating and isothermal conditions were performed to quantify shape-memory behavior. Testing showed that sampled programmed at 10 °C initiated deformation recovery at a lower temperature and a faster rate as compared to programming at 60 °C. Higher thermal conductivity of water enabled the samples to recover faster in water than in air. Samples with higher PBAE crosslinking densities exhibited higher normalized mass loss under regular and accelerated conditions. The amount of water absorption in the networks also increased with the crosslinker concentration independent of the testing conditions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
After vagotomy atropine suppresses gastrin release by food.

Changes in serum gastrin in response to feeding a meal of beef liver (15 g kg−1) were studied in 5 gastric fistula dogs with and without administration of atropine sulfate (0.2 mg kg−1 intravenously). The studies were repeated after a truncal vagotomy that abolished acid secretion in response to 2-deoxyglucose. Before vagotomy atropine had little effect on the gastrin response to a meal. After vagotomy the gastrin response to feeding was greatly enhanced, but now atropine depressed the gastrin response at all times after the meal. It is concluded that vagotomy enhances the serum gastrin response to feeding and that atropine counteracts this enhancement.
Three lines of personality development: A conceptual itinerary

Abstract. The paper outlines a new and broadly inclusive conceptual itinerary for the scientific study of personality development across the human life course. From the standpoint of the person as a social actor, a first line of development runs from the temperament dimensions observed in infancy through the establishment of adult personality traits, tracking a movement toward greater elaboration and regulation of the person’s socio-emotional performance style. A second line of development traces continuity and change in the motivated agent, running from the child’s consolidation of theory of mind, through an age 5–7 shift, to the articulation in adolescence and adulthood of life goals and values. From the perspective of the autobiographical author, a third line of personality development runs from the sharing of episodic memories between preschool children and their parents to the emergence of autobiographical reasoning skills in adolescence, ultimately resulting in the construction of an integrative lif...
A Utopian Proposal for Changing the World

This chapter briefly characterizes some of the practical consequences of Deutsch’s work on cooperation-competition and conflict resolution. It then presents a utopian proposal for changing the world. One of its emphases is on the development of a world community.
Do Pesticide Sellers Make Farmers Sick? Health, Information, and Adoption of Technology in Bangladesh

We study the impact of supply-side and demand-side pesticide regulations on the adoption of health technologies and health outcomes in Bangladesh. We use a unique dataset that spans the chain from where farmers obtain information and which precautionary tools (i.e., masks, gloves) they use to subsequent health outcomes after spraying. In contrast to previous studies, we find that information from pesticide sellers increases the adoption of precautionary tools and subsequently improves health outcomes.We also find that there is substantial social learning from peers that act as key knowledge multipliers.
Somatostatin and Diabetes

Somatostatin may act as a local regulator of endocrine and exocrine secretion and as a peptidergic neurotransmitter rather than as a classical circulating hormone. The possible physiologic role of its secretion in the regulation of islet A and B cell function, and particularly its significance in nutrient homeostasis and diabetes, are discussed.
Temporal span of bone accumulations at Olduvai Gorge and implications for early hominid foraging behavior

Bones of mammals exhibit progressive stages of weathering during their time of subaerial exposure. Consequently, the study of bone weathering in fossil assemblages may help to assess the period represented by an accumulation of bones. Stages of bone decomposition due to subaerial weathering have been identified in assemblages of fossil macromammals from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. A modern bone assemblage collected by spotted hyenas is used to devise a method for recognizing attritional accumulations of bones from weathering characteristics. This method, which involves study of long bone diaphyses, is applied to Plio-Pleistocene faunal assemblages from Olduvai, 1.70-1.85 ma old. Previous work indicates that early hominids had an important role in the collection of fauna at five of the six sites studied. It is shown that animal bones were accumulated at each site over a period of probably 5-10 yr or more. The length of this period, along with other taphonomic evidence, suggests that the processes of bone aggre- gation at these sites differed from those at the short-term campsites of modern, tropical hunter-gatherers.
THE CYTOPLASMIC DOMAINS OF COMPLEMENT REGULATORY PROTEIN CD46 INTERACT WITH MULTIPLE KINASES IN MACROPHAGES

Membrane cofactor protein (CD46), which normally protects autologous cells from complement lysis, is the human cell receptor for measles virus (MV). Interaction between MV and CD46 on monocytes can lead to suppression of monocyte activation. We have investigated the interaction between the cytoplasmic sequences of CD46 and kinases in a mouse macrophage cell line. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins bearing the Cyt1 or Cyt2 alternative cytoplasmic domain of CD46 associate with macrophage kinase activity, which phosphorylates multiple proteins co-purified with the GST fusion proteins. Association with the macrophage kinase activity correlates with tyrosine phosphorylation of the CD46 cytoplasmic domains. Removing the CD46 sequences or introducing a frame-shift mutation abrogates the association with macrophage kinase activity. Renaturation studies reveal multiple kinases with apparent molecular mass of 82, 79, 58, and 50/49 kDa, which associate specifically with both CD46 cytoplasmic domains. Alanine substitutions at a juxtamembrane Tyr-X-X-Leu motif in the Cyt1 domain completely abrogate the association with macrophage kinases and tyrosine phosphorylation of Cyt1; but similar substitutions in the Cyt2 domain only partially reduce the association with kinases and tyrosine phosphorylation of Cyt2. These results reveal a specific interaction between complement regulatory protein CD46 and macrophage kinases. These findings may provide an important clue for understanding immune modulation by MV.
Tube Thoracostomy (Chest Tube)

The placement of a chest tube is frequently a life-saving intervention. This chapter will describe the indications and procedure for placing a chest tube in the adult patient. We will also discuss the potential complications of this invasive procedure.
Answerer against Questioner

The beginning of the preceding chapter explained briefly the roles of answerer and questioner in dialectical debates in Ancient Greece and in university disputations. Two additional remarks in the eighth book of Aristotle’s Topics help to explain Swift’s attitude as answerer in his writings. One is advice on the four ways an answerer prevents a questioner from working his argument to a conclusion: (1) he can demolish the point which produces the falsehood in the questioner’s argument; (2) he can ignore the questioner’s argument and without demolishing it attack the questioner himself; (3) he can object to the manner in which the questions are asked (or in which the argument is advanced), if the questioner is pursuing badly the conclusion he is trying to secure; and (4) he can make an objection which would take the questioner more time to respond to than time is allowed for the discussion.
A multicultural experience: Community college students create a library in a Mexican village

Creation par des etudiants du Semihole Community College (Sanford, Floride) d'une bibliotheque dans un village mexicain
The promise of cyborg intelligence

Yu et al. (2016) demonstrated that algorithms designed to find efficient routes in standard mazes can be integrated with the natural processes controlling rat navigation and spatial choices, and they pointed out the promise of such “cyborg intelligence” for biorobotic applications. Here, we briefly describe Yu et al.’s work, explore its relevance to the study of comparative cognition, and indicate how work involving cyborg intelligence would benefit from interdisciplinary collaboration between behavioral scientists and engineers.
Systematic lossy forward error protection for error-resilient digital video broadcasting

We present a novel scheme for error-resilient digital video broadcasting,using the Wyner-Ziv coding paradigm. We apply the general framework of systematic lossy source-channel coding to generate a supplementary bitstream that can correct transmission errors in the decoded video waveform up to a certain residual distortion. The systematic portion consists of a conventional MPEG-coded bitstream, which is transmitted over the error-prone channel without forward error correction.The supplementary bitstream is a low rate representation of the transmitted video sequence generated using Wyner-Ziv encoding. We use the conventionally decoded error-concealed MPEG video sequence as side information to decode the Wyner-Ziv bits. The decoder combines the error-prone side information and the Wyner-Ziv description to yield an improved decoded video signal. Our results indicate that, over a large range of channel error probabilities, this scheme yields superior video quality when compared with traditional forward error correction techniques employed in digital video broadcasting.
Apollonius Dyscolus and Herodian

Apollonius and Herodian were the most influential grammarians of the 2nd century a.d., exemplifying the art of grammar for later authors. They conceived language as a system governed by rules and maintained the systematicity of grammar both by establishing rules and by showing how apparent irregularities could be explained as arising from rules according to defined patterns of corruption. Both wrote on the grammar of Greek prose and poetry generally, but Herodian also wrote specialized works giving an account of problems in the text of Homer. Some of Apollonius' works survive, most importantly his Syntax, and are especially important since they allow us to follow his reasoning. Herodian's major works, exhaustive and voluminous, were early excerpted and survive only in extracts.
Sexuality in Families: The (Re-) Creation of Sexual Culture

Family is the context in which meanings of sexuality are initially learned: our understandings of sexuality, as well as our attitudes and values about sexuality, are influenced by our familial experiences in childhood and across the life course. Likewise, our understandings of “family” are grounded in our ideas and beliefs about sexuality. Thus, sexuality is basic to family life; it is a multifaceted concept with intra-psychic, interpersonal, and socio-cultural meanings rooted in family. In this chapter, we review social science literature on sexuality in family life, considering the ways that sexual culture gets created and re-created in families across generations. A family life course perspective provides a guide for understanding the sexual socialization of children, adolescents, and adults in multiple family contexts. We give explicit attention to gender, culture, class, and race in our synthesis of prior work, and consider social learning theory, symbolic interaction, and queer theory as important contributors in recent decades to understanding sexuality in families. Our goal is to describe a “positive” vision of sexuality for families—a “sex education” that embraces sexuality as a natural, healthy dimension of personal development and family relationships across the life span.
Little Free Libraries: an examination of micro-urbanist interventions

AbstractMicro-urban interventions at the smallest scales represent a challenge for planners concerned with social justice and urban theory. This paper seeks to contribute to the understanding of micro-urbanism through an exploration of the Little Free Library phenomenon. Two case studies in Madison, Wisconsin and Santa Ana, California provide data for a combined quantitative and qualitative analysis that together support a complicated view of the phenomenon and offer insights into urban theory. In particular, the article proposes that Little Free Libraries represent micro-urbanist actions, which can be analyzed according to a theoretical terrain that often blurs the boundaries between “do-it-yourself,” tactical, and guerrilla urbanism. Our research supports the view that micro-urban interventions can take on different forms as either a grassroots contribution to resolving urban problems or a bottom-up effort reinforcing existing and developing spatial inequities.
Low Rates of Retention Into Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Surveillance Program After Initial HCC Screening.

Goals:To evaluate rates and predictors of retention into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance beyond initial screening among underserved cirrhosis patients.Background:Although initial HCC screening among cirrhosis patients remains low, few studies have evaluated retention to HCC surveillance
Purity in Early Judaism: Current Issues and Questions:

The study of purity has become a crucial undertaking in the scholarly quest to understand the social and theological dimensions of early Judaism and the texts that early Jews both formed and were formed by. This article surveys scholarly literature on purity in ancient and early Judaism, in order to identify and address four areas of critical inquiry that ought to be taken into consideration when questions about purity arise in the study of early Jewish writings: (1) the conceptualization of purity as a symbolic system; (2) the distinction between kinds of purity (ritual, moral, and genealogical); (3) the relation of purity to the temple and, more broadly, to space; and (4) the function of purity to construct and maintain social identity. Attention to these critical issues promises to give clarity, direction and depth to scholarship on purity in early Judaism.
Diagnostic Tests and Studies

Diagnostic tests and studies often provide essential clinical data necessary to arrive at the correct diagnosis of various oral pathological conditions. In many cases, negative findings are just as revealing as positive findings. The most important considerations are when, why, and how to order certain studies, how to interpret the results, and what to do with the information obtained. This chapter emphasizes a rational approach to the utilization and interpretation of culture, imaging, and tissue-based diagnostic studies for the evaluation of patients with oral pathological conditions.
Waves and Streams of Symbolization: Notes on the Development of Symbolic Capacities in Young Children

The ability to communicate with symbols is certainly a principal hallmark of being a human being. Some of the symbols which we employ, like words and pictures, are very familiar and have been investigated. Others, like music, bodily gestures, or telegraphic codes, are equally powerful if less often noted. Certain symbols, such as paintings, convey meaning in themselves, while many others achieve their full potency only when they have been organized into symbol systems. These diverse symbol systems, in turn can be used to refer, to denote, or to express various kinds of moods, sentiments, and tensions.
Plasma PLP as Indicator of Nutrition Status: Relationship to Tissue Vitamin B-6 Content and Hepatic Metabolism

In assessment of nutritional status, diagnostic indicators should correlate in a well-defined manner not only with tissue content but also with the functional adequacy of the substance in question. Ideally, they would measure undernutrition as well as storage capacity. It is fortunate in the instance of vitamin B-6 that both the storage and the coenzyme (functional) forms are the same compounds, viz., the phosphorylated derivatives, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP). These coenzyme forms are interconvertible via transamination reactions, but different tissues and body fluid compartments contain different amounts and ratios of PLP and PMP, presumedly reflecting regional peculiarities and dependence for the function of certain PLP-specific enzymes and binding proteins. Accordingly, if plasma PLP concentration is to serve as a diagnostic indicator, its relationship to the PLP (and PMP) content of tissues and to the activities of representative PLP-dependent enzymes must be delineated under conditions of both vitamin B-6 deficiency and excess. Furthermore, because the liver is the principal, if not the sole, organ that supplies blood plasma with PLP (1), the dependence of PLP and other B-6 vitamers in plasma upon hepatic metabolism needs to be understood. This communication summarizes recent studies from our laboratory and those of others that address these issues.