cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical activity and central adiposity in a cohort of African-American adults

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is known as an independent predictor of cardiometabolic risk and all-cause mortality, while increased physical activity has been shown to improve cardiometabolic risk. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether or not there is an association between objectively-measured physical activity and VAT in a community-based cohort of African-American adults, a population at higher-than-average risk for cardiometabolic diseases. Free-living physical activity was quantified using accelerometry while VAT and abdominal subcutaneous fat were estimated using dual x-ray absorptiometry in a cohort of African Americans, ages 30–50 years, enrolled in the Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the degree of association comparing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), vigorous activity, and sedentary behavior with measures of central adiposity including VAT, subcutaneous fat, and waist circumference. A total of 271 individuals with complete data were included in the analyses. Women, on average, had significantly more VAT and abdominal subcutaneous fat than men. There were statistically significant inverse univariate correlations between MVPA and measures of abdominal adiposity (−0.30, p < 0.001) and activity counts and adiposity (−0.31, p < 0.001) among both sexes. These significant associations remained after controlling for age, sex, and smoking status; neither alcohol consumption nor employment status were associated with abdominal adiposity. Time in sedentary behavior was not meaningfully associated with central adiposity in either sex (women: −0.02, p = 0.79; men: −0.21, p = 0.04). To our knowledge, this study is the first to identify significant inverse associations between MVPA and measures of central adiposity among African American adults from a community-based cohort using an objective measure of physical activity and a validated quantitative imaging technique.
The Responsible Inclusion of Students Receiving Special Education Services for Emotional Disturbance: Unraveling the Practice to Research Gap:

The majority of students receiving special education services for emotional disturbance (ED) receive a significant amount of instruction in general education classrooms, which emphasizes curriculums based on college and career readiness standards. In turn, those teachers who provide instruction to students with ED in inclusive settings are responsible for using evidence-based practices (EBPs) for those teaching situations in which they exist to meet free appropriate public education (FAPE) mandates. However, the identification of EBPs is a necessary pre-condition to eventual school adoption and teacher use of such practices. In this investigation, we completed a synthesis of syntheses to (a) determine the degree to which academic intervention research has focused on students with ED in general education classrooms and (b) identify practices that are effective at improving the academic performance of students with ED in these settings. Overall, few studies were identified. Of those studies identified, half did not disaggregate outcomes for students with ED. A quality indicator coding based on the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) design standards revealed that no studies with disaggregated outcomes permitted causal inferences. Implications for school practice and areas for future research are discussed.
Nonlinear Pressure Terms and Alongwind Response

Current procedures for estimating a long wind response on structures are based upon the assumption that the fluctuations about the mean of the wind pressures are proportional to the fluctuations about the mean of the wind speeds. Preliminary time-domain calculations have been reported. Which suggest that the errors inherent in this assumption may, in certain cases, be significant. The extent to which this is the case is investigated herein for building heights and terrain roughness conditions covering the range of interest in structural design.
Acute ischemic stroke thrombolysis with tenecteplase: An institutional experience from South India.

Objective: Outcome assessment of intravenous (IV) thrombolysis with tenecteplase in acute ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods: We consecutively enrolled acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent IV thrombolysis with tenecteplase from October 2016 to May 2017. Primary clinical efficacy outcome was defined as an improvement in the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of ≥4 points at 24 h (h). Secondary clinical efficacy outcome was the favorable outcome on modified Rankin scale at 90 days defined as a score of 0 or 1. The safety endpoints were death rate at 90 days and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH). Results: Mean NIHSS scores at baseline and 24 h were 13 (±3.81) and 9.29 (±5.74), respectively, the difference being statistically significant (P = 0.016). In this study, nine patients (64%) met the primary clinical efficacy outcome and eleven (78.5%) patients met the secondary clinical efficacy outcome. Only 1 (7%) patient developed SICH and additionally, aspiration pneumonia with subsequent death. Conclusion: This study confirms the efficacy and safety of tenecteplase for stroke thrombolysis in our clinical setting. Tenecteplase appears to be a suitable option for stroke thrombolysis in resource-limited settings, considering its cost-effectiveness, and ease of administration.
Learning from mistakes in New Zealand hospitals: what else do we need besides "no-fault"?

AIM to obtain a more in-depth understanding of some of the key factors influencing medical error reporting behaviours of doctors in New Zealand. METHODS A cross-sectional anonymous survey of 292 doctors in North Island was conducted over a period of 4 months. RESULTS 128 doctors completed the survey (45% response rate). The results of the study suggest that (overall) most doctors feel they should report the occurrence of medical errors to both the patient and the hospital when they are anticipating major adverse events (long term/serious complications or mortality). However, when they are anticipating minor complications, not every doctor feels that they should report the error(s). This study also shows that doctors feel more comfortable to report errors to the patient than to report to the hospital (79% vs 21%). Furthermore, doctors selected the fear of losing patient's trust and the threat of public outcry most frequently as the most important reasons for their reluctance to report. Lastly, 86% of surveyed doctors felt that reporting the occurrence of errors to patients will decrease the likelihood of complaints being filed against them. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that to learn from most of the mistakes, we need to have a system that not only facilitates the reporting of major errors but also encourages the reporting of minor ones. To mitigate the effects of key factors that prevent error reporting, we may benefit from making changes to how doctors are trained and how media reacts to the occurrence of errors in New Zealand hospitals.
The Evolution of the Regulatory Response to Products of Recombinant DNA Technology

Safety and efficacy have always been the primary concerns of the FDA when dealing with new products. These concerns are magnified when a new, untested technology is producing the new products. To date, the products produced by recombinant DNA technology for use as pharmaceuticals in humans have been proteins. Although the biomedical community now has extensive experience in isolating and characterizing proteins, the proof that a protein is pure does not imply that the same protein will be safe or effective when injected into a person. However, before a protein can be proven safe and effective, proof is needed to show that the product has the desired structure and function and herein lies the first stage of the analytical challenge of safe pharmaceuticals.
Thermal and disorder fluctuations in anisotropic superconducting Nd 1.85 Ce 0.15 CuO 4 − x epitaxial films

The anisotropic vortex transport properties of c-axis-oriented ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ superconducting epitaxial films are found consistent with a dislocation-mediated second-order vortex-solid melting transition. The anisotropic critical exponents and the electronic mass ratio are determined from the scaling of the current-voltage characteristics. The nucleation energy of vortex dislocations due to both thermal and disorder fluctuations and its relation to the vortex elastic moduli is inferred from our experiments.
Oxidative Cyclization Protocol for the Preparation of Energetic 3-Amino-5- R-1,2,4-oxadiazoles.

An efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of energetic 3-amino-5-R-1,2,4-oxadiazoles via iodobenzene diacetate (IBD)-mediated oxidative cyclization in high yields at ambient temperature. Compound 1c has a graphite-like structure, which has seldom been reported in bicyclic compounds. The reaction of 3-amino-5-R-1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives with hydrazine monohydrate in THF gives products that are a function of the substituent. Energetic performance calculations show detonation properties superior to TNT with concomitant lower impact and friction sensitivities.
Building Theories for Hospitality Discipline: An Attempt to Describe and Elaborate Required Processes and Procedures:

Considering the need, the primary intent of this study is to spur contemplation related to building theories that specifically pertain to the hospitality discipline. A review of process required fo...
Signal Processing in the Crayfish Optic Lobe: Contrast, Motion and Polarization Vision

Between 1952 and 1978, C.A.G. Wiersma and several coworkers surveyed the integrative properties of the neurons in the decapod optic tract. A comparative analysis of lobsters, crayfish, and crabs (summarized in Wiersma et al. 1982) revealed a sophisticated, parallel distributed information pathway. In each species, all or most of the visual field is simultaneously analyzed by multiple classes of interneurons. Thus, contrast polarity, and local and global motion are assessed across the panoramic visual space at multiple loci defined by the visual receptive fields. Several neuron classes (e.g., sustaining fibers) were discovered in each species, and the members of each class are uniquely distinguished by their receptive fields. The number of neurons in each class is small (e.g., there are 14 sustaining fibers in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii) and their receptive fields overlap extensively. There are several types of motion detectors, sustaining and dimming fibers, cells that track moving objects (seeing fibers) and space constant fibers with visual receptive fields modulated by signals from the statocysts.
Without a Profession: The Politics of Being and Becoming and American Imam

Current and recent history has seen an intense struggle over Islam’s essence and sources of authority, as well as increasing national tensions over national religion and the idea of an “American Islam.” Her work integrates scholarship on authority, theology, and religious freedom to illuminate the imam’s contested image in U.S., as well as how the struggle among various stakeholders (e.g., Muslims, politicians, and law enforcement) is shaping the profession. Central to her work with imams is an inquiry into how religion is built, who contributes to a national religious construction, and what are the local and international implications on principles like religious freedom.Khalil’s study is based on over three years of qualitative research in nearly a dozen American cities. Analyzing the results of participant observation, hundreds of interviews, and site visits to aspiring Islamic seminaries, she examines how efforts to shape the profession and mold the figure of these imams are inherently intertwined with various government arms, among them federal law enforcement, state authorizing boards, and foreign policies. She argues that ministry is a necessary path to nationalizing a faith, and that its regulation complicates our understanding of religious freedom. The increasing emergence of Islamic seminaries helps define the borders of other authoritative professions, such as those of a scholar or a jurist, narrowing, by professional elimination, the occupational expectations and the public’s understanding of the American imam.Her dissertation examines the lives of American imams to show how this profession is being formed at the junction of three influences: government regulations impacting ministers, pastoral norms, and the Muslim scholarly tradition to affirm a(n often mutually welcome) latent mosque–state partnership. Beyond the state, normative figurations of religious leadership as clergy also inform and shape the imam’s figure to one that is a professional parallel in terms of authority and performance. Examining these contexts highlights the role of the state and bureaucratic procedures in the localized emergence of religious and professional categories like that of American Islam and the American imam. Ultimately, Khalil’s work shows that religions are neither shaped in vacuums nor are their leaders immune to the normative processes, forms, and influences present where they try to take root.
Communicating Commitment: A Relationship-Protection Account of Dyadic Displays on Social Media:

People often make their romantic relationships visible to others through dyadic displays (DDs). Yet, their reasons for doing so are not well-understood. We proposed and tested a relationship-protection account of DD use, focusing on a social media environment. We predicted that relationship-protection motivation would predict DDs and that DDs would serve a relationship-protective function. In Study 1, a correlational study of romantically involved Facebook users, relationship-protection motivation positively predicted DD use on Facebook even when controlling for feelings of interconnectedness. Relationship-protection motivation also mediated effects of relationship satisfaction and commitment on DD use. In Study 2, participants perceived a target whose Facebook profile we experimentally manipulated to include DDs (vs. not) as more likely to be in a high-quality relationship and less receptive to romantic advances from others, with implications for participants' interest in affiliating with the target. Our findings support a relationship-protection account of DD use on social media.
Loop Ileostomy Creation and Closure

This chapter describes the technical aspects of loop ileostomy creation and closure including patient positioning, instrumentation, type of incision, and approach and steps of the procedures. The authors also offer pearls and pitfalls.
Method to Overcome Inefficiencies in Site-Directed Mutagenesis of A/T-Rich DNA

Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) is an invaluable technique that enables the manipulation of DNA and therefore the primary structure and function of any encoded gene products. Commercial protocols for SDM have been optimized for Escherichia coli and mean A/T content but may hinder generation of desired products using other templates. Mutagenesis of A/T-rich DNA is often hindered by low oligodeoxynucleotide (oligo)-annealing temperatures, requiring oligos longer than manufacturer protocol recommendations. However, longer oligos can result in primer dimer formation and decreased SDM efficiencies. Commercially available kits proved inefficient at generating AT-rich mutants. We sought to generate a modified protocol that generated SDM products detectable using gel electrophoresis and that did not require an apparent limit on oligo length.
Edvertisements: Adding Microlearning to Social News Feeds and Websites.

Many long-term goals, such as learning a language, require people to regularly practice every day to achieve mastery. At the same time, people regularly surf the web and read social news feeds in their spare time. We have built a browser extension that teaches vocabulary to users in the context of Facebook feeds and arbitrary websites, by showing users interactive quizzes they can answer without leaving the website. On Facebook, the quizzes show up as part of the news feed, while on other sites, the quizzes appear where advertisements normally would. In our user study, we examined the effectiveness of inserting microlearning tasks into social news feeds. We compared vocabulary learning rates when we inserted interactive quizzes into feeds, versus inserting links that lead them to a website where they could do the quizzes. Our results suggest that users engage with and learn from our embedded quizzes, and engagement increases when the quizzes can be done directly within their feeds.
Clinicopathological differences in attached versus loose infarcted epiploic appendages: an analysis of 52 cases.

Background Epiploic appendages are fatty peritoneal structures on the external surface of the colon that can infarct and become necrotic in situ or autoamputate. Aims To describe clinicopathological features of infarcted epiploic appendages (IEAs). Methods We reviewed 52 IEAs from 49 patients, recording numerous clinical and pathological characteristics, which were compared across attached and loose IEAs. Results Twenty-seven IEAs were attached, and 23 were loose; location was unclear in 2. Most were incidental; 3 attached cases caused ‘appendagitis’. Most (31, 60%) had a classic ‘egg-like’ appearance. Common findings included fat necrosis (84%), calcification (67%) and fibrosis (58%). Attached cases had a larger mean size (1.8 cm vs 1.3 cm, p=0.030) and were more often haemorrhagic (37% vs 4%, p=0.0064) and inflamed (67% vs 13%, p=0.0002). Loose cases were more often necrotic (100% vs 74%, p=0.011). Conclusions IEAs have different morphology whether they remain attached to peritoneum or become necrotic and detached. Attached cases may cause symptoms.
Real-world comorbidities of atopic dermatitis in the pediatric ambulatory population in the United States

Background Increasing evidence has suggested the systemic nature of atopic dermatitis (AD), a common inflammatory skin condition in children. However, comprehensive analyses of real-world comorbidities in pediatric AD are limited. Objective To characterize comorbidity burden in patients with AD aged Methods The MarketScan commercial claims database was queried from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2017. Age- and sex-matched analyses were used to compare patients with AD with general population controls. Results A total of 86,969 pediatric patients with AD and 116,564 matched controls were identified. Increased anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 1.20) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (OR, 1.11) were noted in patients with AD. In addition to dermatologic/allergic diseases, AD was also associated with infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (OR, 3.76), and autoimmune conditions, including vitiligo (OR, 2.98) and alopecia areata (OR, 4.32). Pediatric patients with AD had higher likelihoods of lymphoid/hematologic malignancies (OR, 1.94), ocular disorders (OR, 1.37-2.02), metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.61), and obesity (OR, 1.81). For all the ORs mentioned above, P was Limitations Retrospective analysis of health care claims data. Conclusions AD in pediatric patients was associated with a wide range of psychologic and systemic comorbidities. Increased awareness can help minimize its negative effects on the quality of life and prevent long-term health consequences in young patients with AD.
Stroke Hospitalizations Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic Among Medicare Beneficiaries in the United States.

Background and Purpose: Emergency department visits and hospitalizations for stroke declined significantly following declaration of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a national emergency on Ma...
Extending Conventional Flow Analysis to Deal with Array References

Traditional optimization-oriented flow analysis provides methods for solving a wide assortment of problems (e.g., forward and backward problems; problems with confluence operators of union, intersection, etc.). Traditional methods deal extremely well with scalar variables because it is easy to determine whether or not two scalar variable references refer to the same memory location(s). Traditional methods, on the other hand, deal with references to array variables by ignoring the fact that they are array variables, i.e., by treating them as though they were references to scalar variables; the reason is, of course, that it is more difficult to determine whether two references to the same array variable refer to the same memory location(s). Using methods derived from the field of array subscript analysis, we have developed methods for the enhancement of the flow analysis of code containing array references. In the present paper we present some elementary results which are useful in solving flow problems which require must kill information, problems such as ud-chaining, du-chaining, and live variable analysis. In a later paper we will show how the principles underlying these results may be extended to the solution of problems requiring must not kill information, problems such as global common subexpressions.
A taxonomy of parallel prefix networks

Parallel prefix networks are widely used in high-performance adders. Networks in the literature represent tradeoffs between number of logic levels, fanout, and wiring tracks. This paper presents a three-dimensional taxonomy that not only describes the tradeoffs in existing parallel prefix networks but also points to a family of new networks. Adders using these networks are compared using the method of logical effort. The new architecture is competitive in latency and area for some technologies.
The Politics of Shareholder Voting

Economic theory that suggests that under-performing boards of directors should be fearful of an ouster vote by shareholders under-appreciates the complexity of shareholder voting decisions. Skill at enhancing firm value has less to do with whether directors win votes and stay at the helm of public companies than previous commentators have acknowledged. Instead, like an incumbent politician, managers of some of the largest US firms tend to stay in charge of the firm because they understand - and take advantage of - the political dynamics of corporate voting. Thus, this Article presents a competing theory of shareholder voting decisions that suggests that the process of arriving at a voting decision for shareholders in corporate elections is not dissimilar from how citizens vote in political elections. Next, the Article presents the evidence. Using a hand-collected dataset from recent elections for board seats, the Article compares the explanatory power of a standard economic variable (long-term stock price returns) and a political variable (money spent on campaigning) on election outcomes. Based on the data, directors’ ability to enhance firm value (as measured by stock price returns) is not significantly related to whether they win re-election. Rather, the likelihood of being returned to office appears to be a function of typical election politics - how much was spent by challengers to put on a campaign. These findings have at least two considerable implications. First, the theory that shareholder voting may be politicized helps point the way to how the SEC ought to craft reforms - and, just as important, how not to craft them. Recent SEC reforms have the laudable goals of creating conduits for shareholders to participate in firm affairs, get shareholder-nominated candidates elected to the board, and discipline incumbent managers. However, the results of this study suggest that these reforms will not achieve the stated goals. Second, the evidence and theory about shareholder voting presented here has significant implications for understanding mergers and acquisitions, particularly hostile acquisitions.
An Asymptotic Perturbation Method for Nonlinear Optimal Control Problems

A quasianalytica l method is presented for solving nonlinear, open-loop, optimal control problems. The approach combines a simple analytical, straightforward expansion from perturbation methods with powerful numerical algorithms (due to Ward and Van Loan) to solve a series of nonhomogeneous, linear, optimal control problems. In the past, the only recourse for solving such nonlinear problems relied almost exclusively on iterative numerical methods, whereas the asymptotic perturbation approach may produce accurate solutions to nonlinear problems without iteration. The nonlinear state and costate equations are derived from the optimal control formulation and expanded in a power series in terms of a small parameter contained either explicitly in the equations or implicitly in the boundary conditions. Each order of the expansion is shown to be governed by a nonhomogeneous, ordinary differential equation. Representing the generally nonintegrable, nonhomogeneous terms by a finite Fourier series, efficient matrix exponential algorithms are then used to solve the system at each order, where the order of the expansion is extended to achieve the appropriate precision. The asymptotic perturbation method is broadly applicable to weakly nonlinear optimal control problems, including the higher-order systems frequently encountered in aerospace vehicle dynamics and control. A number of numerical examples demonstrating the perturbation approach are included.
Water relations of cotton plants under nitrogen deficiency

Nitrogen deficiency in cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.) increased the threshold water potentials for both stomatal closure and leaf senescence (defined as loss of chlorophyll and protein) during drought. These studies attempted to answer two questions: (1) What is the basis for the N/water interaction on senescence? (2) Is there a direct relationship between stomatal closure and senescence? Young and old leaves from N-deficient and N-sufficient plants maintained their relative sensitivities to water stress when excised leaf discs were floated on solutions of polyethylene glycol in dim light. In this leaf disc system, both leaf aging and N deficiency increased the threshold water potential for senescence. Leaf aging and N deficiency also decreased the concentration of exogenous abscisic acid necessary to initiate senescence in discs. A role for cytokinins in controlling senescence could not be clearly shown. In young leaves of both N-deficient and N-sufficient plants, stomata closed at water potentials much higher than those causing senescence. During leaf aging, the water potentials causing senescence increased more than those causing stomatal closure. The two processes thus occurred at about the same potentials in the oldest leaves. These data argue against a general cause-and-effect relationship between stomatal closure and senescence. Rather, each process apparently responded independently to absicsic acid accumulated during drought.
Conceptual foundations for The Theory of Constraints

A number of companies credit their enculturation of The Theory of Constraints (TOC) as the reason for significant improvements. Ties are discussed between the literature, the traditional models it has spawned, and the characteristics that underlie and explain the rational embodied in TOC. Literature supports for the theoretical basis of TOC exist in (1) system theory, (2) metrics, and (3) culture-based change management. The three are important to a process of successful long-term improvement. An overview of a TOC-based model embodies the new approach.
Inhibition by Chloramphenicol rowth o in Escherichia coli

Inhibition of protein synthesis by chloramphenicol has been studied in intact cells of Escherichia coli at 37° and at 0°. The drug has no effect upon the association of ribosomes and messenger RNA, and no preferential effect upon the initiation of new protein chains or upon chain termination and detachment from ribosomes. The primary action of the drug is to block the addition of new residues to the growing nascent protein chains, which remain attached to the ribosomes. There appears to be no selective blockade of the addition of any particular amino acid, nor is there preferential inhibition of the synthesis of any particular kind of protein. Chloramphenicol is bound to ribosomes at 0°in the same concentration range in which it produces a graded inhibition of protein synthesis. A possible mechanism is proposed, whereby chloramphenicol might act by competing with the carboxy-terminal amino acid of the growing chain of nascent protein (attached to transfer-RNA) for a stereospecific locus associated with one of the transfer-RNA binding sites on the ribosome. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to Mrs. Louise I. Lowney for expert assistance in various phases of this investigation, and to Joel B. Kirschbaum for carrying out incorporation experiments with several amino acids. These studies were supported by research grant CA02797 from the National Cancer Institute and training grant GM322 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, U.S. Public Health Service.
Location but not amount of stimulus occlusion influences the stability of visuo-motor coordination

The current study examined whether the amount and location of available movement information influenced the stability of visuomotor coordination. Participants coordinated a handheld pendulum with an oscillating visual stimulus in an inphase and antiphase manner. The effects of occluding different amounts of phase at different phase locations were examined. Occluding the 0°/180° phase locations (end-points) significantly increased the variability of the visuomotor coordination. The amount of occlusion had little or no affect on the stability of the coordination. We concluded that the end-points of a visual rhythm are privileged and provide access to movement information that ensures stable coordination. The results are discussed with respect to the proposal of Bingham (Ecol Psychol 16:45–43, 2004) and Wilson et al. (Exp Brain Res 165:351–361, 2005) that the relevant information for rhythmic visual coordination is relative direction information.
Leibniz on Embodiment and the Moral Order

Interrogeant avec S. Foucher le dualisme faible de Leibniz qui consiste a reconnaitre que l'âme ne peut vivre sans le corps, l'A. se propose de montrer, au-dela des reponses apportees en termes d'imperfection et d'individualite, que l'incarnation est une condition de l'ordre moral des substances creees. Examinant la distinction que Leibniz etablit entre l'identite metaphysique et l'identite morale, l'A. souligne la necessite pour les agents moraux d'avoir un corps qui facilite la communication et l'interaction entre les monades, qu'elles soient ou non membres d'une communaute morale
Fiber DNA studies of premeiotic mouse spermatogenesis

The technique of fiber DNA measurement was used to study the possibility that the lengthening of the DNA "S" phase previously reported for mouse premeiotic spermatogonia was due to a reduced number of initiation sites. The mean replicon size of neonatal mouse preleptotene cells was similar to sizes reported for adult mouse somatic cells. A slow rate of DNA chain growth was observed in all cells from day 1 through days 10-12 of age. It was felt that the meiotic entry in male mouse germ cells may involve a slower replication fork rate and other factors which increased the time between activation and replication of replicon families.
Responding to Silent Spring: Scientists, Popular Science Communication, and Environmental Policy in the Kennedy Years

The history of an important federal report on U.S. pesticide policy shows how it was influenced by publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring and concurrent public and political reaction to the book. The case provides interesting examples of communication among scientists, government policy makers, politicians, federal agencies, and industry.
Effects of Nutrients and Non-algal Turbidity on Blue-green Algal Biomass in Four North Carolina Reservoirs

ABSTRACT An analysis of data from four turbid North Carolina reservoirs showed that both the summer mean biomass and relative biomass of planktonic blue-green algae (Cyanophyta/Cyanobacteria) are frequently lower than would be predicted by models developed from natural north temperate lakes. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the growth of blue-green algae in these reservoirs is reduced in the presence of high concentrations of non-algal turbidity.
Neural induction and antero-posterior patterning in the amphibian embryo: past, present and future

Neural induction and patterning in competent ectoderm occurs during gastrula and early neurula stages in response to signals from dorsal mesoderm. The earliest views of antero-posterior (A-P) patterning were modified beginning in the 1930s, as complexities concerning the timing of the pattern-forming process and potential sources of the patterning signals were revealed. In the 1950s and 1960s several different models for A-P patterning were proposed, all of which, however, bear a number of similarities, including a two-component system for generating A-P axial information in the embryo. Early attempts to identify neural-inducing molecules were largely unsuccessful due to technical limitations in biochemical analyses and concerns about assaying neural responses. The advent of modern molecular genetic technology has permitted more precise tests of a number of classic observations about the timing of A-P patterning and the sources of patterning signals. While some early observations have been confirmed, a number of new concepts have emerged in recent years, particularly concerning the source of patterning signals in the embryo. Striking progress has been made in identifying putative neural-inducing molecules, and recent experiments have begun to suggest how these might contribute to A-P patterning. While the successes in recent years have been revealing, many of the classic issues concerning neural induction and patterning remain essentially as they were when first defined many decades ago. The power of modern molecular genetics, however, should permit many of these issues to be significantly clarified in the decades to come.
A biomechanical comparison of screw and wire fixation with and without polymethylmethacrylate re-enforcement for acetabular osteotomy stabilization in dogs.

Objective— Compare the biomechanical characteristics of screw and wire fixation with and without polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) re-enforcement for acetabular osteotomy stabilization in dogs. Animals— Pelves removed from 8 adult mixed breed dogs weighing between 25 and 30 kg. Procedure— The pubic symphysis of each pelvis was split and a central transverse acetabular osteotomy was performed. One hemipelvis from each dog was stabilized with the composite fixation (interfragmentary Kirschner wire, two screws and a figure-of-eight orthopedic wire with PMMA). The contralateral hemipelves was stabilized with an interfragmentary Kirschner wire, two screws, and a figure-of-eight orthopedic wire without PMMA. All hemipelves were tested in bending by using a materials testing machine at a cross head speed of 5 mm/min. An extensometer was placed on the dorsomedial surface of the hemipelves centered over acetabular osteotomy to record distraction of the osteotomy during loading. A load/deformation curve and a load/distraction curve was produced for each hemipelvis. The slope for the initial linear portion of the load/deformation curve and the load/distraction curve, yield load and maximum load sustained were compared between repair groups using a paired t-test with P < .05 considered significant. Results— The slope of the load/deformation curve was significantly greater (P= .001) for hemipelves stabilized with the composite fixation (mean ± SD: 69 ± 18 N/mm) compared with hemipelves stabilized without PMMA (mean ± SD: 39 ± 8 N/mm). There was no significant difference (P= .593) between repair groups in the slope of the load/distraction curves as measured on the extensometer. Yield load was significantly greater (P= .0002) for hemipelves stabilized with the composite fixation (mean ± SD: 184 ± 25 N) compared to hemipelves stabilized without PMMA (mean ± SD: 74 ± 12 N). Maximum load sustained was also significantly greater (P= .013) for hemipelves stabilized with the composite fixation (mean ± SD: 396 ± 71 N) compared to hemipelves stabilized without PMMA (mean ± SD: 265 ± 94 N). Failure of hemipelves stabilized with the composite fixation occurred primarily by ventrolateral bending of the cranial and caudal pelvic segments at the osteotomy site. Failure of hemipelves stabilized without PMMA occurred by ventrolateral bending of the cranial and caudal pelvic segments at the osteotomy site with pronounced concurrent ventrolateral rotation of the cranial pelvic segment. Conclusion— PMMA improves the mechanical characteristics of acetabular fracture fixation, at least in part by neutralization of rotational forces. The results of this study justify use of PMMA as a component of the composite fixation when repairing acetabular fractures.
Patterned expression of Purkinje cell glutamate transporters controls synaptic plasticity

Glutamate transporters are responsible for clearing synaptically released glutamate from the extracellular space. If expressed at high enough densities, transporters can prevent activation of extrasynaptic receptors by rapidly lowering glutamate concentrations to insignificant levels. We find that synaptic activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors expressed by Purkinje cells is prevented in regions of rat cerebellum where the density of the glutamate transporter EAAT4 is high. The consequences of metabotropic receptor stimulation, including activation of a depolarizing conductance, cannabinoid-mediated presynaptic inhibition and long-term depression, are also limited in Purkinje cells expressing high levels of EAAT4. We conclude that neuronal uptake sites must be overwhelmed by glutamate to activate perisynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors. Regional differences in glutamate transporter expression affect the degree of metabotropic glutamate receptor activation and therefore regulate synaptic plasticity.
Determinants of optimal results after ileoanal anastomosis: anal proximity and motility patterns of the ileal reservoir.

End results after ileoanal anastomosis with a proximal ileal reservoir range from defecatory frequency to obstruction. To define the physiological (reservoir compliance, motility) and anatomical (reservoir design, anal proximity) determinants of the varying clinical outcome, we placed an S-shaped (SS-R) or double-barreled (DB-R) reservoir in comtinuity with the anus in dogs, either directly or via 2-cm or 6-cm ileal conduits.
Representation of three-dimensional object similarity in human vision

Outline shape carries a substantial part of the information present in an object view, and is more economical than classical representations such as geon-structural-descriptions or multiple-views. We demonstrate the utility of silhouette representations for a variety of visual tasks, ranging from basic-level categorization to finding the best view of an object. All these tasks necessitate the computation of silhouette similarity. We present an algorithm for estimating silhouette similarity and apply it to a number of simple but realistic vision problems.
Determination of plasma-thiocyanate binding and the Donnan ratio under simulated physiological conditions.

Abstract A rapid equilibrium dialysis method utilizing radioactive tracers has been presented as a means of determining thiocyanate-protein binding and the Donnan factor in rabbit plasma under physiological conditions. The data obtained from this study allow simple and accurate computation of free thiocyanate in rabbit plasma at concentration levels commonly utilized in the laboratory.
Anti-malarial effect of interferon inducers at different stages of development of Plasmodium berghei in the mouse.

THREE interferon inducers, statolon1, Newcastle disease virus2 (NDV) and a double stranded copolymer of poly-riboinosinic acid and polyribocytidylic acid3, protect mice against a protozoal infection, Plasmodium berghei malaria4. Our object has been to study the protective effect of interferon inducers at different stages of development of P. berghei in mice.
Philanthropic endowments in general internal medicine.

We performed two surveys to uncover the status of philanthropic endowments in general internal medicine divisions. The initial survey of U.S. medical school departments of medicine found that only 14.1% of general internal medicine divisions hold endowments versus 21.9% of all other divisions, and that endowment sources for general medicine are atypical. The second survey of successfully endowed divisions found that sympathetic administrators and active pursuit of endowments were associated with endowment success. Aggressive pursuit of endowments, publicizing successes of general medicine, and consideration of endowment sources noted in this study are recommended to improve philanthropic contributions to general internal medicine.
Electrocardiographic Changes in Ethylene Glycol Poisoning

ConclusionsBradycardia which was sometimes preceded by tachycardia developed in dogs poisoned with ethylene glycol. The cardiac arrhythmia of both immature and mature dogs were both regular and irregular in character. The regular alteration of rhythm was caused by an exaggerated sinus arrhythmia. The irregularity of cardiac rhythm of pups was caused by sino-auricular block, whereas, in adult dogs, it was caused not only by sino-auricular block but also by nodal and ventricular extra-systoles. A partial A-V block developed in only one of the 4 adult dogs and in this instance it did not occur until 2 hours before death. x/trio-ventricular block, therefore, appeared to be an exception rather than a rule in ethylene glycol poisoning. The deep S waves and the displacement and curvature of the S-T segment combined with a diphasic T wave were constant findings in the electrocardiograms of adult dogs after the developmeent of toxic symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning. Similar S-T changes occurred in pups but mu...
Open reduction of carpal dislocations: indications and operative techniques.

Based on their personal experience with 49 carpal dislocations in 46 patients, the authors suggest the following in the management of the acute injury: (1) Dorsal trans-scaphoid perilunate dislocation. After closed reduction, if the scaphoid is not anatomically reduced, primary open reduction and internal fixation with Kirschner wires is advised. A volar (Russe-type) approach gives adequate exposure, and bone grafting probably is not necessary. Satisfactory results can be achieved if the operation is done anytime within 2 weeks of injury. (2) Dorsal perilunate and volar lunate dislocation. Since cineradiographic studies show clearly that the lunate dislocation is usually the end stage of a perilunate dislocation, these injuries are treated identically after the initial closed reduction. Indications for open reduction are rotary subluxation of the scaphoid or lunate instability (dorsiflexion instability or volar subluxation). A dorsal approach is adequate for scaphoid subluxation alone, but combined dorsal plus volar approaches should be used for volar subluxation of the lunate with rotary subluxation of the scaphoid. Best results are achieved with open reduction as soon after the injury as possible. Factors in this series which were associated with poorer results were volar dislocation of the proximal pole of the scaphoid with the lunate, severely comminuted radial styloid fractures, extensive osteochondral fractures of the carpal bones, and late open reduction of rotary scaphoid subluxation.
Carbohydrate analysis of fermentation broth by high-performance liquid chromatography utilizing solid-phase extraction

Abstract Nutrient information concerning the specific needs in fermentation broth is crucial to the potency and production of an antibiotic. Nutrient analysis of carbohydrate metabolism by HPLC is hindered by an array of fermentation broth interferences. These interferences can be effectively removed by solid-phase extraction. The fermentation broth was diluted with an equal amount of water and vortexed. The sample mixture was eluted through an activated Acell QMA solid-phase cartridge. The resultant eluent was diluted with an equal amount of a acetonitrile—ethanol (75:25) mixture, vortexed and filtered. The sample extract was chromatographed on a YMC polyamine column using refractive index detection. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile—water (75:25) at a flow-rate of 1 ml/min. Under these conditions, glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose were separated in less than 13 min with baseline resolution. This method is capable of monitoring the carbohydrate consumption and metabolism throughout the fermentation process.
Sol-Gel Preparation of Zinc Sulfide Using Organic Dithiols

Abstract Zinc sulfide is an important electro-optic material that is useful as an infrared window and, when doped, as a phosphor or as the basis for an LED. This paper presents a solution-based method for preparing the material through sol-gel processing. Ethanedithiol and zinc chloride were mixed and the resulting sol was heated in a three-step process, producing crystalline wurtzite. Analysis of the sol and its decomposition indicates the following reaction mechanism: n ZnC1 2 +HSCH 2 CH 2 SH→ –(ZnSCH 2 CH 2 S) n –+2 n HC1↑.
Predator avoidance as a function of flocking in the sexually dichromatic Hawaii akepa

Hypotheses for joining a mixed-species bird flock consider each species as a single unit. In sexually dichromatic birds, differential conspicuousness between the sexes may result in differences in vigilance for predators. Aspects of the predator avoidance and foraging enhancement hypotheses for the selective value of joining a mixed-species flock were assessed for the strongly sexually dichromatic Hawaii akepa (Loxops coccineus coccineus). There was support for the primary predictions of the predator avoidance hypothesis: vigilance levels decreased with increasing group size, and with membership in a flock, but only for brightly colored adult males. There was little support for the hypothesis that the primary benefit of joining a mixed-species flock is to enhance foraging efficiency through “local enhancement”.
Optimization of A Reverse Phase Ion-Pair Chromatographic Separation for Drugs of Forensic Interest Part I - Variables Effecting Capacity Factors

Abstract A study is presented employing approximately 50 drugs of forensic interest to determine the effect of stationary phase, water-methanol ratio, alkyl length and concentration of counter-ion and basicity of the compound chromatographed on capacity factors utilizing a reverse phase ion-pair separation. Microbondapak-C18, Microbendapak-Alkyl Phenyl and Microbondapak-CN are the columns examined. The mobile phases used contain water, methanol, acetic acid and an alkylsulfonate salt. Horvath's solvophobic theory is a useful model for explaining many of the chromatographic trends.
Pure gauge QCD on the Connection Machine

We have implemented pure gauge Quantum Chromo-dynamics (QCD) on the massively-parallel Connection Machine, in *Lisp. We describe our program in some detail, and give performance measurements for it. With no tuning or optimization, the code runs at approximately 500 to 1000 Mflops on a 64K CM-2, depending on the VP ratio.
Chronic antidepressant and clonidine treatment effects on conflict behavior in the rat

The present studies examined the effects of chronic treatment with several antidepressants and clonidine on conflict behavior. In daily ten-minute sessions, water-deprived rats were trained to drink from a tube which was occasionally electrified (0.25 or 0.5 mA). Electrification was signalled by a tone. Chronic desipramine (5 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.) or clonidine (40 micrograms/kg, b.i.d.) treatment resulted in time-dependent anticonflict effects, with a latency to onset of approximately 3-4 weeks. In contrast, chronic buproprion (up to 10 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.), mianserin (up to 10 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.) or trazodone (up to 40 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.) treatment resulted in at best only a weak anticonflict effect. The efficacy of these antidepressants and clonidine to increase punished responding when administered chronically correlates well with their efficacy as antipanic agents in man.