cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Waste Composition in a Long Term Care Facility

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To determine the composition of wastes generated in a long term care facility. A waste stream analysis was conducted for seven consecutive days to quantify the wastes discarded in a long term care facility, and the results were compared with previous studies conducted in same facility. Weight, volume, and collapsed volume were determined for service waste, production food waste, and packaging waste. Packaging wastes were sorted into six categories: aluminum, metal can, paper, paperboard, plastic, and cardboard. A total of 1605 meals (232 meals/day) were served to residents in health care units and family dining room during the study period. The average waste generated per meal by weight and volume was 0.89 Ibs. and 1.46 gallons, respectively during current study (Period 3). The composition by weight of waste generated included: production, 38. 2%; service, 34.8%; and packaging waste, 27.0%. Packaging waste accounted for 88.4% of the total volume of waste and 77.2% of the total volume when collapsed. Significantly less production waste by weight (0.18 lbs./meal) and volume (0.12 gallons/meal) was generated in Period 2 than Period 1 (0.32 lbs./meal and 0.16 gallons/meal, respectively). Significantly more production waste by weight (0.34 lbs./meal) and service waste by volume (0.05 gallons/meal) were disposed of in this study. Cardboard, plastic, and paperboard were the possible recyclable materials generated in the long term care facility. When source reduction practices were initiated, significant decrease in production food waste was observed during Period 2. Knowledge of waste stream composition can assist other foodservice professionals and consulting dietitians in determining potential waste reduction activities and recycling opportunities in facilities in which they are employed. The effect of quantity, and type of waste generated should be considered when operational decisions are made relative market form of food, service delivery systems, menu choices, forecast demand, and production controls.
A Pilot Study of the Development of a Tool to Measure Instrumental and Intuitive Styles of Grieving

Recently, 2 patterns of grieving (intuitive and instrumental) were identified as 2 extremes on a continuum. One of these patterns (instrumental) challenged the grief work hypothesis and traditional views of grieving. This study sought to validate an instrument to identify these 2 patterns. Sixty-three volunteer participants were randomly assigned to two groups, each receiving both the Grief Experience Inventory and the Grief Pattern Inventory. It was hypothesized that: 1) the Grief Pattern Inventory would determine the intuitive and instrument patterns of grief; and 2) these 2 patterns would be correlated with the subscales on Grief Experience Inventory to further highlight the differences between the 2 patterns. The analyzed results were found to support both of the hypotheses.
Evaluation of Reinforcement Corrosion in Repaired Concrete Bridge Slabs—A Case Study

Abstract Results of a study of reinforcement corrosion in four repaired concrete slab sections taken from an old bridge are presented, as well as results measured on electrochemical cells. Significant evidence is provided to help the inspection engineer to interpret the corrosion survey data taking into account the specifics of the environmental conditions that prevailed during the survey. The measurements comprised half-cell potential, linear polarization, and concrete resistivity, which are known to be sensitive to the ambient environment, especially to oxygen and water in concrete. Some semi-destructive tests, including chloride concentration, chloride permeability, and carbonation depth, were also carried out to assist the analysis and to support the results of the nondestructive corrosion testing techniques. The concrete cover of the slab samples was later removed to assess the actual state of corrosion of the reinforcement and to compare it to the corrosion predicted from the corrosion surveys. This...
Crack path in single crystals

Abstract A two-dimisnsional analysis of crack propagation in anisotropic single crystal has revealed that the cleavage path depends on the shape of the γ-plot. Consequently, for a given notch plane the fracture path has been predicted to depend on the notch front orientation. The results of this study suggest that the fracture path depends not only on the level of resistance to fracture but also on the change of fracture energy with orientation. Furthermore, when a crack kinks into a minimum energy plane, it does not necessarily exhibit a lower fracture toughness than the case where crack follows a higher energy plane.
Activity, Aggression, and Habitat Use of Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) and Round Goby (Apollonia melanostoma) under Laboratory Conditions

Potential negative ecological interactions between ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus and round goby Apollonia melanostoma (formerly Neogobius melanostomus) might affect the colonization dynamics of these invasive species where they are sympatric in the Great Lakes. In order to determine the potential for ecological interactions between these species, we examined the activity, aggression, and habitat use of round gobies and ruffe in single species and mixed species laboratory experiments. Trials included conditions in which food was concentrated (in light or darkness) or scattered. Results showed that ruffe were more active than gobies, particularly when food was scattered. Activity of both species was significantly lower during darkness. Round gobies were significantly more aggressive than ruffe, and total aggression was lower in mixed species trials. Habitat use by ruffe and round gobies overlapped considerably, but we observed significant differences between species in their use of specific habitats that depended on experimental conditions. Overall, ruffe used open habitats more often than did round gobies, primarily when food was scattered. Round gobies used rocks significantly more frequently than did ruffe, but their use of rock habitat decreased during dark conditions. Ruffe were found more often in plant habitats and less often near the wall of the pool in trials during daylight with concentrated food. Activity and habitat use of ruffe and round goby did not significantly differ between single and mixed species trials. Overall, we found little evidence for negative ecological interactions between ruffe and round goby in these laboratory experiments.
Evaluation of left ventricular performance in infants and children using radionuclide angiography.

Eight quantitative first-pass (FP) radionuclide angiograms were performed in six children with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction without associated LV outflow obstruction and one infant with obstructive cardiomyopathy (CM) to define regional and global LV function. All patients (3 months to 15 years) had clinical findings of congestive heart failure. Echocardiographic evaluation was performed within 24 hours of the FP study.
Squirrel monkey rail test. A design for testing dynamic equilibrium.

The squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) rail test, which is based on the avoidance conditioning method, is designed to detect the disequilibrium that is exhibited by change in locomotor performance. The present procedure makes it possible to obtain quantitative and comparable data, and to compare compensation patterns after selective ablation of different parts of the vestibular system in subhuman primates. The representative data from several different groups (unilateral labyrinthectomy, unilateral utricular nerve section, unilateral saccular macula destruction, and unilateral stapedectomy) were presented to compare the effect of each surgical procedure upon the performance of squirrel monkey rail tests.Le test de rail avec les Saimiri sciureus (squirrel monkeys), base stir la methode de conditionnement pour action d'eviter, est designe a decouvrir le desequilibre qui se montre en changeant l'action locomotrice. Avec le procede actuel il est possible d'obtenir des donnees quantitatives et comparables et d...
Reproductive plasticity in Polistes paper wasp workers and the evolutionary origins of sociality

Regulatory pathways in solitary species provide the raw materials for the evolution of sociality. Therefore, comparing the mechanisms that mediate reproductive plasticity in social species and their solitary ancestors can provide insight into the evolutionary origin of sociality. In many solitary insects, the effect of juvenile hormone (JH) on fertility is mediated through the fat body; individuals in good physical condition show a stronger fertility response to JH than individuals in poor physical condition. Here, we test whether a similar, condition-dependent JH response mediates fertility in workers of the primitively eusocial Polistes dominulus wasps. We test how body weight, JH, and adult nutrition influence worker ovarian development. Both JH-treatment and adult nutrition dramatically increased ovarian development. Body weight also influenced ovarian development, as large workers developed more eggs than smaller workers. Body weight and fat are strongly linked in P. dominulus workers, so these results suggest that the fat-dependent JH responsiveness common in solitary insects is conserved in social wasps. The simple, ancestral relationship between reproductive investment and physical condition may facilitate cooperation by allowing workers to adaptively allocate energy into reproduction based on their probability of successfully becoming a queen.
Structurally Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles as Transmembrane Delivery Vehicle in Human Cancer Cells

A structurally ordered, CMK-1 type mesoporous carbon nanoparticle (MCN) material was successfully synthesized by using a MCM-48 type mesoporous silica nanoparticle as template. The structure of MCN was analyzed by a series of different techniques, including the scanning and transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and N2 sorption analysis. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been reported prior to our investigation on the utilization of these structurally ordered mesoporous carbon nanoparticles for the delivery of membrane impermeable chemical agents inside of eukaryotic cells. The cellular uptake efficiency and biocompatibility of MCN with human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) were investigated. Our results show that the inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of MCN is very high (>50 microg/mL per million cells) indicating that MCN is fairly biocompatible in vitro. Also, a membrane impermeable fluorescence dye, Fura-2, was loaded to the mesoporous matrix of MCN. We demonstrated that the MCN material could indeed serve as a transmembrane carrier for delivering Fura-2 through the cell membrane to release these molecules inside of live HeLa cells. We envision that further developments of this MCN material will lead to a new generation of nanodevices for transmembrane delivery and intracellular release applications.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of disubstituted benzamides as a novel class of antimalarial agents.

Abstract Malaria is a devastating world health problem. Using a compound library screening approach, we identified a novel series of disubstituted benzamide compounds with significant activity against malaria strains 3D7 and K1. These compounds represent a new antimalarial molecular scaffold exemplified by compound 1, which demonstrated EC50 values of 60 and 430 nM against strains 3D7 and K1, respectively. Herein we report our findings on the efficient synthesis, structure–activity relationships, and biological activity of this new class of antimalarial agents.
Bit by bit error rate performance of land mobile satellite system (LMSS) under fading channel using QPSK/MSK

Aspects of error performance of the land mobile satellite system (LMSS) using QPSK (quaternary phase-shift keying) and MSK (minimum shift keying) under fading channel conditions have been studied. In contrast to the sole use of average bit-error rate (BER) as a performance measure, bit-by-bit-error rates are calculated for the sequence of transmitted data under various fading conditions by computer simulation. For this purpose, various measured data from field experiments are collected and processed to yield the scaled version of fade amplitudes and phases for several data transmission cycles. Under the condition of a moving vehicle at a speed of 55 m.p.h. at 850-MHz transmission, a series of 256-b data streams at the rate of 2.4 kb/s are simulated using coherent QPSK and MSK. A total of 203.2 wavelength fade data is used to give actual fading effects. Results show that bit-by-bit error under fast varying fade can predict the exact location of error bits among the sequence of transmitted data, which cannot be done by using average BER. >
Host selection patterns of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) at wetlands near the Salton Sea, Coachella Valley, California, 1998-2002.

The bloodmeal hosts used by Culex tarsalis Coquillett collected along the Salton Sea in Coachella Valley, CA, during 1998–2002 were identified using sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene identified from Barcode of Life database. Overall, 265 (83.3%) of 318 bloodmeals were identified, of which 76.6% fed on birds, 18.1% on mammals, and 5.3% on reptiles. Forty-seven different hosts were identified, none of which comprised >12.5% of the total. Although Cx. tarsalis exhibits specific host-seeking flight patterns, bloodmeals seemed to be acquired opportunistically, thereby limiting potential arbovirus transmission efficiency in species-rich environments.
Effect of enteral glutamine or glycine on whole-body nitrogen kinetics in very-low-birth-weight infants

Background: Glutamine is a critical amino acid for the metabolism of enterocytes, lymphocytes, and other proliferating cells. Although supplementation with glutamine has been suggested for growing infants, its effect on protein metabolism has not been examined. Objective: The objective was to examine the effect of enteral glutamine or glycine on whole-body kinetics of glutamine, phenylalanine, leucine, and urea in preterm infants. Design: Infants at 32 wk of gestation were given formula supplemented with either glutamine (0. 6g·k g 1 ·d 1 ; n 9) or isonitrogenous amounts of glycine (n 9) for 5 d. Eight infants fed unsupplemented formula served as control subjects. Glutamine, phenylalanine, leucine nitrogen flux, leucine carbon flux, and urea kinetics were quantified during a basal fasting period and in response to nutrient intake. Results: Growing preterm infants had a high weight-specific rate of appearance of glutamine, phenylalanine, and leucine nitrogen flux. When compared with the control treatment, enteral glutamine resulted in a high rate of urea synthesis, no change in the plasma glutamine concentration, and no change in the rate of appearance of glutamine. Glycine supplementation resulted in similar changes in nitrogen metabolism, but the magnitude of change was less than that in the glutamine group. In the nonsupplemented infants, the rate of appearance of leucine nitrogen flux was negatively correlated ( 0.72) with urea synthesis. In contrast, the correlation ( 0.75) was positive in the glutamine group. Conclusion: Enterally administered glutamine in growing preterm infants is entirely metabolized in the gut and does not have a discernable effect on whole-body protein and nitrogen kinetics. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:402–9.
Autocatalytic mutarotation of D-glucose in pyridine

Abstract The mutarotation of α- and β- d -glucose in dry pyridine was followed gas chromatographically. Kinetic treatment of the data for a wide range of concentrations of D -glucose showed the reaction to be first-order in the starting anomer with a unimolecular dependence on the total concentration of D -glucose. Thus, rotation of D -glucose in dry pyridine appears to be autocatalytic, and a sterically acceptable mechanism for the reaction is a modification of the mechanism of Swain and Brown. Specific rotations of the D -glucopyranose anomers in dry pyridine were calculated to be +152° for α- D -glucopyranose and +11° for β- D -glucopyranose. At equilibrium, [α] spD  +72°, and the distribution of α- and β- D -glucopyranose is 43% and 57%, respectively.
On the Psychodynamics of Organizational Totalitarianism

A theory of organizational totalitarianism is developed, based on Freud's concept of narcissism and his theory of the "ego ideal" (1921/ 1955, 191411957) Klein's (1948) theory of "splitting" and Shorris' (1981) thinking concerning the totalitarian aspects of the corporation. The idea of a perfect organization, referred to here as the "organization ideal," is a symbol that represents the return to narcissism-to being the center of a loving world. Since the return to narcissism is impossible, committed participants in the totalitarian organization maintain a belief in the organization ideal by believing that its attainment is achieved by progress through the organization's hierarchy. This requires commitment to the belief that individuals more advanced in the hierarchy represent the organization ideal. This turns organizational process into the living out of the narcissistic fantasies of those in power. Consequences of this are passivity and slavishness, shamefulness, cynicism, loneliness and the loss of th...
The evolving clinical profile of abatacept (CTLA4–Ig): a novel co-stimulatory modulator for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Abatacept (CTLA4–Ig) is a novel fusion protein designed to modulate the T cell co-stimulatory signal mediated through the CD28–CD80/86 pathway. Clinical trials have provided preliminary evidence of the efficacy of this compound in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. This review describes the molecular and biologic bases for the use of abatacept in rheumatoid arthritis and summarizes the current clinical data on its safety and effectiveness in this disease.
Approaches to understanding high temperature superconductivity

This paper reports that the scientific history of superconductivity tells a fascinating story of how a series of experimental observations, theoretical conjectures and confrontation of theory with experiment went through a sequence of refinements until ultimately in 1957, nearly a half century after the discovery of superconductivity, a microscopic theory was set down. This pairing theory, while initially questioned, soon became accepted as a complete and detailed theory of the superconducting phase of so-called low temperature superconductors, namely metals whose superconducting transition temperatures fall in the range of approximately 0.1 to 23{degrees} K. The theory was so successful in explaining the observed phenomena as well as predicting new phenomena, such as the celebrated effects, that a tyranny of theory set in leading to the view that if an experiment agrees with the pairing theory, so what, and if it did not, the experiment was almost certainly wrong. This point of view squelched fundamental research in the field and most theorists moved on the more promising endeavors, while experimentalists found it quite difficult to secure funding for research in this field.
Disorders of Swallowing: Palliative Care

This article defines palliative care for swallowing disorders as treatment for severe and chronic dysphagia or intractable aspiration when the recovery of normal swallowing is not anticipated and attempts to restore normal swallowing have been unsuccessful. Palliative treatment for dysphagia is not only for the dying patient because patients with difficulty swallowing can live for a long time. Palliative care for dysphagia is aimed at maximizing swallowing function, maintaining pulmonary health, and supporting healthy nutrition despite the impaired ability to swallow. When despite all attempts at intervention a patient becomes totally unable to swallow, the goal of therapy changes toward finding ways to provide adequate nutrition for the patient.
Therapeutic potential of H(3)-receptor agonists in myocardial infarction.

Sympathetic over-activity accompanied by excessive noradrenaline (NA) release within the heart is a recognised cause of dysfunction in myocardial ischaemia. Myocardial infarction is often accompanied by arrhythmias with high morbidity and mortality. Indeed, NA enhances intracellular Ca2+by increasing its influx through voltage-dependent channels, mobilising it from intracellular stores and favouring its inward transport by Na+/Ca2+ exchange. Ca2+ overload eventually results in dysrhythmia and uncoordinated myocyte contraction. Moreover, NA increases metabolic demand. In concert with other contributing factors, this will aggravate the primary ischaemia and initiate a vicious cycle that can culminate in myocardial damage and heart failure. Therefore, reduction of NA release from cardiac sympathetic nerves is an important protective measure. Adrenergic nerves possess inhibitory receptors, such as 2-adrenoceptors, adenosine A1-receptors and histamine H3-receptors (H3R). In myocardial infarction, NA is release...
Serotypes of Australian environmental and clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans

Serotype data from 460 Australian clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans yielded 167 isolates of serotype A, 274 isolates of serotype B, two isolates of serotype D and no serotype C isolates, while 17 isolates were classified as untypable. These results show a similar pattern to other global data for serotypes A and B, and further highlight the low frequency of serotypes C and D.
Operational Planning: The Integration Of Programming and Budgeting

Two distinct and sequential processes of programming and budgeting are recommended in the current literature and have been widely adopted in practice as means for translating corporate strategy into action plans and financial statements. We suggest that this distinction results from debatable interpretations of a seminal conceptual framework of planning and control, and represents inefficient and less effective practice compared to our proposed alternative.
Stabilized laser for long base-line interferometry

A helium--neon laser is described which employs an easily-replacable Melles Griot plasma tube, and stable operation is achieved in its use in an optical interferometer. (AIP)
A Device for Generating Singly Charged Particles in the 0.1-1.0-μm Diameter Range

In this paper an aerosol charger that largely avoids the production of multiply charged particles in the 0.1–1.0 μm diameter range is described. The input aerosol is first passed through an electrostatic condenser to remove all charged particles and ions. The remaining neutral aerosol then flows into a 23-cm-long, 2.1-cm inner diameter cylindrical tube; the inner surface of this tube is uniformly coated with 0.09 μCi63 Ni, a 0.067 MeV β-emitter with a half-life of 92 years. At typical airflow rates of 0.2–1.0 lpm, this low-activity source of ionizing radiation produces bipolar ion concentrations ranging from 1 × 104 to 9 × 104 ion/cm3, which is much lower than levels required to bring the aerosol to Boltzmann charge equilibrium. At a flow rate of 1.0 lpm, particles smaller than about 1.0 μm typically interact with no more than one ion en route through the charger. Therefore, particles at the charger exit are mostly either neutral or singly charged. Charge distributions of initially-neutral mono-disperse p...
(496) Percutaneous rupture and aspiration of lumbar intra-facet cysts: a case report

Synovial cysts arising from the lumbar spine facet joints are most commonly seen in the setting of degenerative spondylosis. These cysts are often termed juxta-facet cysts since they are located beside the facet joint and only exhibit a communicating pathway with the joint itself. There may be a small amount of fluid within the facet joint but the majority of the fluid lies within the cyst. Treatment options include surgical resection and percutaneous rupture. Percutaneous rupture of lumbar facet cysts is most commonly performed indirectly through the facet joint by use of CT guidance or fluoroscopy. We present a unique case that describes the percutaneous rupture and aspiration of lumbar facet cysts located entirely in the joint itself (intra-facet cysts) using fluoroscopy. A 52-year-old female presented with a one-year history of axial low back pain worse when lying down. The pain radiated to her bilateral buttocks but she denied parasthesias. She had already tried oral anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, and opioid medications with no improvement in her pain. Lumbar spine MRI revealed large bilateral intra-facet cysts at L4-L5 with a grade 2 spondylolisthesis at L4-L5. The patient was seen by a spine surgeon who recommended conservative treatment with no surgical intervention at that time. After surgical consultation, the decisionwasmade to perform percutaneous rupture and aspiration of the bilateral intra-facet cysts at L4-L5 followed by intra-articular facet steroid injections under fluoroscopy. One milliliter of synovial fluid was aspirated from each of her facet joints using a 22-guage needle with no complications. Following the procedure, the patient reported an 80% decrease in her pain score. Although juxta-facet cysts are the most common presentation of lumbar spine synovial cysts, intra-facet cysts may also occur and can be successfully treated with percutaenous rupture and aspiration under fluoroscopy.
A microfluorometer for measuring diffusion of fluorophores across the cornea

A microscope has been modified to make a confocal spatially scanning fluorometer so that the concentration profile of a fluorophore across an isolated cornea can be measured. A slit of light is focused through one half of the objective to excite fluorescence. A confocal slit is placed at the image-plane of the microscope to collect the fluorescent light from the tissue which passes through the other half of the objective. The fluorescent light falls on to the cathode of a photomultiplier whose output is amplified by a lock-in amplifier. Scanning across the cornea is achieved by a stepper motor coupled to the fine focus of the microscope. The performance of the instrument has been assessed by studying the transport of fluorescein, carboxyfluorescein, and rhodamine B through intact rabbit corneas. A depth resolution of about 10 mu m has been achieved with a 40*objective. This resolution is sufficient to determine concentration gradients in the epithelium as well as the stroma and to partially resolve the endothelium. The potential errors in the technique are discussed. >
Pulmonary kinematics from tagged hyperpolarized helium-3 MRI.

Purpose—To propose and test the feasibility of a novel method for quantifying 3-D regional pulmonary kinematics from hyperpolarized helium-3 tagged MRI in human subjects using a tailored image processing pipeline and a recently developed nonrigid registration framework. Materials and Methods—Following image acquisition, inspiratory and expiratory tagged helium-3 MR images were preprocessed using various image filtering techniques to enhance the tag surfaces. Segmentation of the three orthogonal sets of tag planes in each lung produced distinct point-set representations of the tag surfaces. Using these labeled point-sets, deformation fields and corresponding strain maps were obtained via nonrigid point-set registration. Kinematic analysis was performed on three volunteers. Results—Tag lines in inspiratory and expiratory images were co-registered producing a continuous 3-D correspondence mapping. Average displacement and directional strains were calculated in three subjects in the inferior, mid, and superior portions of the right and left lungs. As expected, the predominant direction of displacements with expiration is from inferior to superior. Conclusion—Kinematic quantitation of pulmonary motion using tagged helium-3 MRI is feasible using the applied image preprocessing filtering techniques and nonrigid point-set registration. Potential benefits from regional pulmonary kinematic quantitation include the facilitation of diagnosis and local assessment of disease progression.
Small Peptides against the Mutant SOD1/Bcl-2 Toxic Mitochondrial Complex Restore Mitochondrial Function and Cell Viability in Mutant SOD1-Mediated ALS

Mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in 20% of familial cases (fALS). Mitochondria are one of the targets of mutant SOD1 (mutSOD1) toxicity. We previously demonstrated that at the mitochondria, mutSOD1 forms a toxic complex with Bcl-2, which is then converted into a toxic protein via a structural rearrangement that exposes its toxic BH3 domain (Pedrini et al., 2010). Here we now show that formation of this toxic complex with Bcl-2 is the primary event in mutSOD1-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, inhibiting mitochondrial permeability to ADP and inducing mitochondrial hyperpolarization. In mutSOD1-G93A cells and mice, the newly exposed BH3 domain in Bcl-2 alters the normal interaction between Bcl-2 and VDAC1 thus reducing permeability of the outer mitochondrial membrane. In motor neuronal cells, the mutSOD1/Bcl-2 complex causes mitochondrial hyperpolarization leading to cell loss. Small SOD1-like therapeutic peptides that specifically block formation of the mutSOD1/Bcl-2 complex, recover both aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction: they prevent mitochondrial hyperpolarization and cell loss as well as restore ADP permeability in mitochondria of symptomatic mutSOD1-G93A mice.
Postsurgical management strategies in patients with skull base chondrosarcomas.

SUMMARY Chondrosarcomas of the skull base are rare, slow-growing tumors that are often lethal and remain a management quandary. A systematic review was performed to understand postsurgical management options for patients with these tumors. The current standard of care includes surgical resection followed by either adjuvant radiation therapy and/or early radiosurgery. The role of chemotherapy has been limited, but remains under investigation. Overall survival and progression-free survival range between 70 and 100% at 5 years when multimodality approaches are used. Overall survival may be greater for patients who have a shorter interval (<6 months) between diagnosis and radiosurgery, an older age, and either a single or no prior resection. Progression-free survival may be increased for patients older than 40 years of age, who have not had prior radiation therapy, and for those with smaller tumors that do not compress the brainstem.
Circulating Adropin Concentrations in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Potential Relevance to Endothelial Function

Objective To test the hypothesis that concentrations of adropin, a recently discovered peptide that displays important metabolic and cardiovascular functions, are lower in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), especially when associated with endothelial dysfunction. Study design Age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched children (mean age, 7.2 ± 1.4 years) were included into 1 of 3 groups based on the presence of OSA in an overnight sleep study, and on the time to postocclusive maximal reperfusion (T max >45 seconds) with a modified hyperemic test. Plasma adropin concentrations were assayed using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results Among controls, the mean morning adropin concentration was 7.4 ng/mL (95% CI, 5.2-16.3 ng/mL). Children with OSA and abnormal endothelial function (EF) (OSA + /EF + group) had significantly lower adropin concentrations (2.7 ± 1.1 ng/mL; n=35) compared with matched controls (7.6 ± 1.4 ng/mL; n=35; P + /EF − group; 5.8 ± 1.5 ng/mL; n=47; P z -score, obstructive apnea-hypopnea index, or nadir oxygen saturation. Mean adropin concentration measured after adenotonsillectomy in a subset of children with OSA (n = 22) showed an increase in the OSA + /EF + group (from 2.5 ± 1.4 to 6.4 ± 1.9 ng/mL; n=14; P + EF − group (from 5.7 ± 1.3 to 6.4 ± 1.1 ng/mL; n=8; P > .05). Conclusion Plasma adropin concentrations are reduced in pediatric OSA when endothelial dysfunction is present, and return to within normal values after adenotonsillectomy. Assessment of circulating adropin concentrations may provide a reliable indicator of vascular injury in the context of OSA in children.
Looks Like 10 Miles of Bad Road Cheating, Gaming, Mistrust, and an Interim Principal in an Urban Texas High School

High-stakes accountability policies have brought about significant change in schools, but have also triggered instances of cheating and gaming at school and district levels. This undisguised case s...
Quantitative Analysis of Liver Protein Expression During Hibernation in the Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel

Mammals that enter deep hibernation experience extreme reductions in body temperature and in metabolic, respiratory, and heart rates for several weeks at a time. Survival of these extremes likely entails a highly regulated network of tissue- and time-specific gene expression patterns that remain largely unknown. To date, studies to identify differentially-expressed genes have employed a candidate gene approach or in a few cases broader unbiased screens at the RNA level. Here we use a proteomic approach to compare and identify differentially expressed liver proteins from two seasonal stages in the golden-mantled ground squirrel (summer and entrance into torpor) using two-dimensional gels followed by MS/MS. Eighty-four two-dimensional gel spots were found that quantitatively alter with the hibernation season, 68 of which gave unambiguous identifications based on similarity to sequences in the available mammalian database. Based on what is known of these proteins from prior research, they are involved in a variety of cellular processes including protein turnover, detoxification, purine biosynthesis, gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism and mobility, ketone body formation, cell structure, and redox balance. A number of the enzymes found to change seasonally are known to be either rate-limiting or first enzymes in a metabolic pathway, indicating key roles in metabolic control. Functional roles are proposed to explain the changes seen in protein levels and their potential influence on the phenotype of hibernation.
SEASONAL ACTIVITY, RELATIVE ABUNDANCE, AND SIZE-CLASS STRUCTURE OF THE AMERICAN ALLIGATOR (ALLIGATOR MISSISSIPPIENSIS) IN A HIGHLY DISTURBED INLAND LAKE

Abstract We monitored an inland population of American alligator (Alligator mississipiensis) in Lake Raven, Huntsville State Park, Walker County, Texas from September 2000 to August 2001. We found alligators exhibited year-round activity in Lake Raven, with the lowest occurrence of alligators in December and January. The greatest numbers of alligators were surveyed in June and September. However, in September, 47% of the observed individuals were hatchlings. Water temperature was a significant predictor of alligator activity over air temperature and explained 37% of the observed variation in seasonal activity. A population index estimated that Lake Raven supported 0.19 alligators per hectare, with most of these alligators being juveniles and in the size class of 0.6 to 0.9 m. We also found alligators used all regions of the perimeter of the lake and were observed mostly 5 m from the shoreline. Because there is limited information on inland alligator populations in Texas, this study offers information on t...
An Ecological Model for Counselor Pedagogy Incorporating Service Learning

This pilot study examined how one Graduate Counseling Program initiated improvements in counselor training pedagogy through incorporating a service-learning project with computer technology into an entry-level course for graduate students. The service learning experience was designed to advance university and community collaboration and teach students about social justice and advocacy in the field of mental health. Students were placed in several agencies that represented grossly underserved populations. A holistic approach incorporating both qualitative and quantitative procedures was utilized for the analysis of this study. The authors developed a non-standardized questionnaire containing specific questions pooled from the CACREP guidelines for counselor training.
What's Wrong with These Pleural Fluid Samples?

A 55-year-old man with a history of pulmonary metastatic disease underwent thoracentesis for evaluation of a pleural effusion. The pH of the pleural fluid sample was measured using an ABL835 blood gas analyzer, which yielded a value of 7.37. As part of new instrument validation, the sample was immediately tested using an ABL90 analyzer, which …
Mapping the West: 1789-1900

Demonstrating considerable foresight, the early political leaders of the United States realized the importance of maps for an orderly development of the country. They established and defined the objectives of four federal mapping agencies: the General Land Office, the Army Corps of Topographical Engineers, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and the Geological Survey. The scope of the project provided tremendous challenges to the pioneer surveyors: The immensity of the area to be mapped, the difficulties and dangers in exploring an almost uninhabited wilderness, and the shortage of trained men and adequate instruments. The organization, methods, and accomplishments of these agencies—and the men who comprised them—are described.
Military Drill in the Public Schools

(1896). Military Drill in the Public Schools. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 1, No. 1-2, pp. 50-59.
Consumer Behavior in Colonial America

A necessary step in any assessment of early national economic growth is a characterization of market development before independence from Great Britain. Drawing up such a characterization, however, presents problems as at least two different pictures of the eighteenth-century economy are currently available. One depicts the intense involvement of early Americans in markets and overseas trade, while another equally powerful image suggests a colonial landscape of sleepy villages inhabited by farmers devoid of a profit orientation and almost entirely dependent upon their own households and neighborhood reciprocity for goods and services.
Sampling Technique for Monitoring Within Mound Distribution of the Red Imported Fire Ant

The within mound distribution of Solenopsis invicta Buren adults, eggs, larvae, and pupae can be assessed by extraction of soil cores. A metal drain pipe, 3.75 cm diam and 30 cm in length is inserted into various textural classes of soil with minimal soil compaction and maximum adherance. While taking the soil sample ca. 5 ml of methylchloroform (Southwest Trichem MC-96®) are poured in and around the core. The rapid fumigant action kills ants quickly so that their relative position in the mound can be determined upon laboratory examination of the soil core.
A Delayed Surgeon Is a Dismayed Surgeon

This case discusses a pharmacodynamic interaction between dexmedetomidine and nitrous oxide, resulting in decreased amplitude signals of somatosensory evoked potential measurements.
Investigation on Clinical Manifestations and Consulation of Patients with Hand-foot-mouth Disease in Baoshan District of Shanghai City

Objective To analyze the clinical symptoms and the factors influencing diagnoses of severe and general inpatients and mild outpatients with hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD),and to provide scientific evidences for prevention,control and management of HFMD.Methods Unified household survey questionnaires were used among the HFMD cases reported in Baoshan District in 2011.All patients’ main clinical symptoms and diagnostic situation were analyzed.Results Herpes and fever which occurred in 100% and 38.20% of the patients,were the main symptoms of HFMD.15.56% of the patients had the symptoms of lassitude,cough,vomiting and hand-foot-jitter.Compared with the mild and general inpatients,the severe patients had earlier and longer fever.And other symptoms and signs appeared on several days after disease onset,such as lassitude,vomiting,hand-foot-jitter,meningeal irritation with viral encephalitis.EV71 infection was the most common cause of the severe cases.Many patients with severe HFMD visited district-level or lower-level hospitals firstly(χ2=5.26,P0.05).The accurate diagnosis rate was higher in patients with mild HFMD than in severe HFMD patients(χ2=9.47,P0.05).Conclusions The severe HFMD cases were mainly caused by EV71.The patients with severe HFMD often have atypical early symptoms,which are easily misdiagnosed by district-level or lower-level hospitals.It is recommended that technical training on HFMD be carried out in doctors of basic-level hospital so as to improve their diagnostic abilities and identify the early signs of severe HFMD.
An Implementation Method for Fast Multicast

Various existing multicast protocols have the problem of relatively low real-time in some applications,nor do they well meet the requirements of information service domain such as IPTV,distance education and video conference,so an implementation method of protocol optimization needs to be considered.Making use of static characteristic of static multicast member and according to overlap feature of time domain multicast tree in some multicast applications,the method can decrease the delay of traditional multicast applications and achieve fast multicast..
Responsibility for Proving and Defining in Abstract Algebra Class.

There is considerable variety in inquiry-oriented instruction, but what is common is that students assume roles in mathematical activity that in a traditional, lecture-based class are either assumed by the teacher (or text) or are not visible at all in traditional math classrooms. This paper is a case study of the teaching of an inquiry-based undergraduate abstract algebra course. In particular, gives a theoretical account of the defining and proving processes. The study examines the intellectual responsibility for the processes of defining and proving that the professor devolved to the students. While the professor wanted the students to engage in all aspects of defining and proving, he was only successful at devolving responsibility for certain aspects and much more successful at devolving responsibility for proving than conjecturing or defining. This study suggests that even a well-intentioned instructor may not be able to devolve responsibility to students for some aspects of mathematical practice wit...
Serum immunoglobulin concentrations in patients with alcoholic liver disease.

Measurement of the concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM, and one of the subgroups of IgG, yG3, in the serum of 105 patients with alcoholism and liver disease of varying severity was performed by single diffusion against specific antisera in agar gel. The patients were divided into four groups on the basis of severity of liver disease. Mean serum immunoglobulin concentrations all increased progressively and significantly (P
Rewiring the solid tumor epigenome for cancer therapy.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Whereas tumorigenic processes have traditionally been attributed to gene amplification, deletion, or mutation, it is now clear that epigenetic changes represent an additional hallmark of cancer. This review explains the basic principles of epigenetic regulation and therapy, provides an overview of clinically approved drugs, introduces novel targets and compounds, and discusses the potential reasons behind treatment success and failure.Areas covered: We provide a brief introduction to the concept of epigenetic regulation in general and explain how epigenetic pathways are altered in cancer. Based on this, we go on to explore the rational behind epigenetic cancer therapy, provide an overview of clinical success and failure of specific drugs, describe novel pharmaceutical targets, review epigenetic combination treatment, and finally discuss biological concepts influencing treatment success.Expert commentary: Even though many early epigenetic therapy trials had disappointing results, less...
Abstract ED02-02: Interaction between genetics, epigenetics, and environment in cancer prevention

A recent convergence of genomic and epigenomic findings has brought the study of DNA methylation to the forefront of cancer research. In this session I will review our knowledge to date and suggest future directions for translational research and clinical applications in two key areas – (i) dietary methyl donors and DNA methylation in cancer prevention, (ii) allele-specific DNA methylation mapping as a tool for improving the yield of true-positive signals from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for cancer susceptibility. These topics will highlight the importance of cis- and trans-acting influences of the genetic background on epigenetic patterns and cancer susceptibility. References: 1. Kerkel K, Spadola A, Yuan E, Kosek J, Jiang L, Hod E, Li K, Murty VV, Schupf N, Vilain E, Morris M, Haghighi F, Tycko B (2008) Genomic surveys by methylation-sensitive SNP analysis identify sequence-dependent allele-specific DNA methylation. Nat Genet 40:904-908. PMID:18568024 2. Tycko B (2010). Allele-specific DNA methylation: beyond imprinting. Hum Mol Genet. 19:R210-220. 3. Gonda TA, Kim Y-I, Salas M, Gamble MV, Shibata W, Muthupalani S, Sohn K-J, Abram J, Fox JG, Wang TC, Tycko B (2012). Folic acid increases global DNA methylation and reduces inflammation to prevent Helicobacter-associated gastric cancer in mice. Gastroenterology. 142(4):824-833 PMID:22474448 4. Paliwal A, Temkin A, Kerkel K, Yale A, Yotova I , Drost N, Lax S, Nhan-Chang C-L, Powell C, Borczuk A, Aviv A, Wapner R, Chen X, Nagy P, Schork N, Do C, Torkamani A, Tycko B. (2013) Comparative anatomy of chromosomal domains with imprinted and non-imprinted allele-specific DNA methylation. PLoS Genet. 9(8):e1003622. Citation Format: Benjamin Tycko. Interaction between genetics, epigenetics, and environment in cancer prevention. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr ED02-02.
Cross-Sectional and Nuclear Imaging as Part of Emergency Workup

Oncologic emergencies are potentially life-threatening conditions in a cancer patient that have developed, directly or indirectly, as a result of malignant disease or as a complication of treatment. Examples of these complications include cerebral herniation, pulmonary embolism, superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome, bowel obstruction, and radiation-induced fibrosis. The improvement in imaging techniques over the past three decades has significantly impacted our understanding and management of oncologic disease. In addition, select oncologic emergencies demonstrate characteristic pathophysiology and imaging findings that contribute to making an accurate diagnosis and providing optimal patient care. The surgeon now relies heavily on diagnostics and imaging in addition to history and physical exam when evaluating a patient’s clinical picture. Given the multiple imaging techniques available, selection of the appropriate imaging modality on the basis of clinical history and findings as well as suspected diagnosis is crucial, as early diagnosis and initiation of treatment can have a significant influence on outcome. Moreover, the responsible radiologist must be aware of the principles of oncologic imaging for the accurate diagnosis of life-threatening diagnoses and timely treatment. This chapter presents a review of the current concepts of cross-sectional and nuclear imaging, and its potential to diagnose select oncologic surgical emergencies.