cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER WITH INFLUENZAL VIRUSES : II. THE EFFECTS OF ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN IN NORMAL AND VIRUS-TOLERANT RECIPIENTS

Observations have been made on the fever-inducing properties of an endogenous pyrogen found in the circulation of rabbits after the intravenous inoculation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). When endogenous pyrogen was given to a normal recipient, a biphasic fever was produced which simulated that seen with bacterial endotoxins. With the use of a technique of serial passive transfer, it has been shown that the "double-humped" response results from two separate actions of the injected pyrogen. The first of these appears to be a direct stimulation of the thermoregulatory centers. The second involves the release of further endogenous pyrogen in the normal recipient to cause, in turn, the second fever peak. Since the injection of endogenous pyrogen did not produce a significant change in the number of circulating leukocytes, it is inferred that this substance is different from either bacterial or tissue polysaccharides. In rabbits rendered tolerant by a previous injection of virus the second fever peak failed to appear and the response to endogenous pyrogen was monophasic. Evidence indicates that the absence of a second fever peak in the tolerant recipient was not due to rise in temperature on the preceding day of virus injection or to the development of either serum inhibitors or tolerance to virus itself. It is postulated that prior mobilization of endogenous pyrogen by virus may have modified the ability of the tolerant recipient to liberate further amounts of this substance in response to an injection of endogenous pyrogen.
Constructivisms and Relativisms: A Shopper’s Guide

Diverse forms of constructivism can be found in the literature today. They exhibit a commonality regarding certain classical positions that they oppose - a unity in their negative identities - but a sometimes wild multiplicity and incompatibility regarding the positive proposals that they put forward. In particular, some constructivisms propose an epistemological idealism, with a concomitant relativism, while others are explicitly opposed to such positions, and move in multifarious different directions. This is a potentially confusing situation, and has resulted in some critics branding all constructivisms with the charge of relativism, and throwing out the baby with the bath water. In addition, since the epistemological foundations of even non-relativist constructivisms are not as familiar as the classical positions, there is a risk of mis-interpretation of constructivisms and their consequences, even by some who endorse them, not to mention those who criticize. Because I urge that some version of constructivism is an epistemological necessity, this situation strikes me as seriously unfortunate for philosophy, and potentially dangerous for the practice of education.
A trust-based approach against IP-spoofing attacks

IP-spoofing attacks remain one of the most damaging attacks in which an attacker replaces the original source IP address with a new one. Using the existing attacking tools to launch IP spoofing attacks, an attacker can now easily compromise access routers and not only the end-hosts. In this paper, we propose a trust-based approach using a Bayesian inference model that evaluates the trustworthiness of an access router with regards to forwarding packets without modifying their source IP address. The trust values for the access routers is computed by a judge router that samples all traffic being forwarded by the access routers. The simulation results show that our approach effectively detects malicious access routers. The results also show that our approach has a low impact on the network performance when no attack is present, and that it introduces little overhead traffic.
Compensated simulated annealing vs. dynamic programming used for boundary detection in intracoronary ultrasound

Intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) is a valuable tool in the study of coronary artery disease. Accurate and robust methods using real-time automated boundary detection algorithms are needed to quantify lumen and intimal-medial areas. The authors' approach transforms ICUS boundary detection into a recirculant multilayer graph problem with local minima. Dynamic programming (DP) and simulated annealing (SA) are two fundamentally different approaches to this optimization problem which are known to converge to the global minimum. However, time to convergence for SA is impractical. The authors compare a new optimized implementation of SA called compensated simulated annealing with DP. >
Editorial: Coactivators and Corepressors: What’s in a Name?

Nuclear receptor coregulators are molecules required for efficient function of nuclear receptors. The field of nuclear receptor coregulators has experienced remarkably rapid growth since its inception in the mid-1990s. With this growth has emerged a complex and often redundant nomenclature, which, although relatively familiar to those within the immediate field, has the potential to generate confusion as coactivators and corepressors come under increasing scrutiny in other, less familiar disciplines. We discuss this issue with reference to some specific examples and proffer some guidelines to the community for identifying these molecules.
Aberrant default mode network in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment using resting-state functional MRI

Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is a syndrome associated with faster memory decline than normal aging and frequently represents the prodromal phase of Alzheimer's disease. When a person is not actively engaged in a goal-directed task, spontaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals can reveal functionally connected brain networks, including the so-called default mode network (DMN). To date, only a few studies have investigated DMN functions in aMCI populations. In this study, group-independent component analysis was conducted for resting-state fMRI data, with slices acquired perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocampus, from eight subjects with aMCI and eight normal control subjects. Subjects with aMCI showed an increased DMN activity in middle cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex and left inferior parietal cortex compared to the normal control group. Decreased DMN activity for the aMCI group compared to the normal control group was noted in lateral prefrontal cortex, left medial temporal lobe (MTL), left medial temporal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex/retrosplenial cortex/precuneus and right angular gyrus. Although MTL volume difference between the two groups was not statistically significant, a decreased activity in left MTL was observed for the aMCI group. Positive correlations between the DMN activity and memory scores were noted for left lateral prefrontal cortex, left medial temporal gyrus and right angular gyrus. These findings support the premise that alterations of the DMN occur in aMCI and may indicate deficiencies in functional, intrinsic brain architecture that correlate with memory function, even before significant MTL atrophy is detectable by structural MRI.
Cerebral protection for aortic arch surgery: hybrid approach.

Total aortic arch replacement (TAAR) has been fraught with technical challenges throughout its history. The advent of the open elephant trunk technique represented a significant advance in TAAR by obviating the need for cross-clamping native descending aorta and preventing resulting hemorrhage. This 2-stage technique improved outcomes significantly, but still subjected the patient to requisite periods of hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) as well as a second open operation with significant morbidity and mortality.1,2 The transition from an open, 2-stage, elephant trunk procedure to a single hybrid procedure with second-stage thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) eliminated the need for a second open procedure, but periods of HCA were still required to complete the distal elephant trunk anastomosis.3,4 In arresting circulation, one does not allow washout of metabolic waste from ischemic neuronal tissues, which, in turn, can lead to temporary or permanent neurologic injury. Various techniques of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, topical cooling of the head, and other neuroprotective measures have been demonstrated to increase the “safe time” for HCA,5,6 but the basic interruption of cerebral blood flow still, in our opinion, makes this technique less than ideal for neuroprotection. Therefore, we prefer selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (SACP), and maintaining SACP throughout arch repair was one of our goals in designing this hybrid technique. The other goals of this technique were to eliminate the need for a second open operation; to maintain compatibility with root procedures that are often required, such as “bioroots” or valve-sparing root procedures; to simplify the TEVAR approach for second-stage repair; and to
Acute Alcohol Intoxication Impairs the Hematopoietic Precursor Cell Response to Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Background Alcohol abuse is associated with an increased incidence and severity of pneumonia. In both the general population and in individuals consuming excess alcohol, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent lung infection pathogen. Alcoholic patients with pneumonia frequently present with granulocytopenia, which is predictive of increased mortality. The mechanisms underlying this impaired granulopoietic response to pneumococcal pneumonia have yet to be elucidated.
Massive dolomitization of a late Miocene carbonate platform: a case of mixed evaporative brines with meteoric water, Nijar, Spain

Late Miocene platform carbonates from Nijar, Spain, have been extensively dolomitized. Limestones are present in the most landward parts of the platform, in stratigraphically lower units and topographically highest outcrops, suggesting that dolomitizing fluids were derived from the adjacent Nijar Basin. The dolomite crystals range from <10 to ≈100 μm existing as both replacements and cements. Na, Cl and SO4 concentrations in the dolomites range from 200 to 1700 p.p.m., 250–650 p.p.m., and 600–7000 p.p.m., respectively, comparable with other Tertiary and modern brine dolomite values, and also overlapping values from mixing-zone dolomites. Sr concentrations range between 50 and 300 p.p.m., and the molar Sr/Ca ratios of dolomitizing fluids are estimated to range between 7× seawater brine to freshwater ratios. The δ18O and δ13C of the dolomites range from −1·0 to +4·2‰ PDB, and −4·0 to +2·0‰ PDB, respectively. 87Sr/86Sr values (0·70899–0·70928) of the dolomites range from late Miocene seawater to values greater than modern seawater. Mixtures of freshwater with seawater and evaporative brines probably precipitated the Nijar dolomites. Modelled covariations of molar Sr/Ca vs. δ18O and Na/Ca vs. δ18O from these mixtures are consistent with those of the proposed Nijar dolomitizing fluids. Complete or partial dolomite recrystallization is ruled out by well preserved CL zoning, nonstoichiometry and quantitative water–rock interaction modelling of covariations of Na vs. Sr and δ18O vs. δ13C. The possibility of multiple dolomitization events induced by evaporative brines, seawater and freshwater, respectively, is consistent with mineral-mineral mixing modelling. The basin-derived dolomitizing brines probably mixed with freshwater in the Nijar Basin or mixed with fresh groundwater in the platform, and were genetically related either to deposition of the Yesares gypsum or the Feos gypsum. Dolomitization occurred during either the middle Messinian or the early upper Messinian. Nijar dolomitization models may be applicable to dolomitization of other late Miocene platform carbonates of the western Mediterranean. Moreover, the Nijar models may offer an analogue for more ancient evaporite-absent platform carbonates fringing evaporite basins.
Influence of Prostatic Edema on 131Cs Permanent Prostate Seed Implants: A Dosimetric and Radiobiological Study

Purpose To study the influence of prostatic edema on postimplant physical and radiobiological parameters using 131 Cs permanent prostate seed implants. Methods and Materials Thirty-one patients with early prostate cancer who underwent 131 Cs permanent seed implantation were evaluated. Dose-volume histograms were generated for each set of prostate volumes obtained at preimplantation and postimplantion days 0, 14, and 28 to compute quality indices (QIs) and fractional doses at level x (FD x ). A set of equations for QI, FD x , and biologically effective doses at dose level D x (BED x ) were defined to account for edema changes with time after implant. Results There were statistically significant differences found between QIs of pre- and postimplant plans at day 0, except for the overdose index (ODI). QIs correlated with postimplant time, and FD x was found to increase with increasing postimplant time. With the effect of edema, BED at different dose levels showed less improvement due to the short half-life of 131 Cs, which delivers about 85% of the prescribed dose before the prostate reaches its original volume due to dissipation of edema. Conclusions Results of the study show that QIs, FD x , and BEDs at the level of D x changed from preneedle plans to postimplant plans and have statistically significant differences ( p p = 0.106), which suggests that at the time of 131 C seed implantation, the effect of edema must be accounted for when defining the seed positions, to avoid the possibility of poor dosimetric and radiobiologic results for 131 Cs seed implants.
Intestinal mucosal epithelium: the barrier to sepsis

The intestinal epithelium provides a critical barrier to pathogens and their toxins within the intestinal lumen. The epithelium is capable of directly interacting with intestinal pathogens such as Salmonella species, resulting in a release of cytokines beneath the epithelium that likely play a role in sepsis. More directly, the epithelium expresses Toll-like receptors so that it can directly respond to luminal lipopolysaccharide. Breaching of the epithelial barrier is likely the principal cause of sepsis in patients with compromised intestinal circulation. However, a number of reparative mechanisms have developed to rapidly repair epithelial defects, including epithelial migration (restitution) and closure of injured tight junctions. Therefore, barrier function and prevention of sepsis are related to the ability of the epithelium to react in an appropriate manner to luminal bacteria, prevent passage of bacteria across the barrier, and rapidly repair the barrier when it is damaged.
Robust unambiguous parametrization of the essential manifold

Analytic manifolds were recently used for motion averaging, segmentation and robust estimation. Here we consider the epipolar constraint for calibrated cameras, which is the most general motion model for calibrated cameras and is encoded by the essential matrix. The set of all essential matrices forms the essential manifold. We provide a theoretical characterization of the geometry of the essential manifold and develop a parametrization which associates each essential matrix with a unique point on the manifold. Our work provides a more complete theoretical analysis of the essential manifold than previous work in this direction. We show the results of using this parametrization with real data sets, while previous work concentrated on theoretical analysis with synthetic data.
Hedgehog-GLI Pathway in Medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant brain tumor in children, arises in the cerebellum. Aberrant activation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway has been unambiguously tied to the etiology of one subtype of the disease. Although the majority of tumors arise through somatic mutations, familial predisposition to MB is well known to occur in association with germline mutations of the SHH receptor patched (PTCH) in patients with Gorlin’s syndrome. In Journal of Clinical Oncology, Brugieres et al report their investigation of the incidence of germline mutations in suppressor of fused (SUFU), a repressor in the SHH pathway, in a cohort of 131 patients with MB. They discovered germline SUFU mutations in eight of these patients, most commonly in infants. Developmentally important signaling pathways are frequently recapitulated in cancer, and SHH-driven MB is one such classic example. As germline mutations in SUFU deregulate SHH signaling and potentially other signaling pathways, understanding how the SUFU mutations lead to oncogenic transformation is a useful tool to gain insight into all SHH-driven MB. The cerebellum begins to form early on in embryonic development but does not fully mature until a few months after birth. This prolonged maturation makes the cerebellum especially vulnerable to developmental abnormalities and cancer. SHH is secreted by the Purkinje neurons that are present underneath the external granular layer of the developing cerebellum. SHH drives proliferation of granule neuron precursors to orchestrate cerebellar patterning and dictate the size of the organ. It is not surprising that deregulated hyperactive SHH signaling in granule neuron precursors during cerebellar development is a primary event during MB pathogenesis. The ability of SHH to control cerebellar patterning originated from its anterior/posterior patterning, induction of polarity, and
A survey of parental satisfaction during parent present induction of anaesthesia for children undergoing cardiovascular surgery.

Methods: To assess parental reaction and possible complications of parent present induction (PPI) for children undergoing cardiovascular surgery, the parents of 183 patients were provided with a questionnaire to complete after they had participated in PPI. Questions included: prior experience with PPI, which member of the staff initiated the plan for PPI, parental role in the process, how prepared parents felt, and overall satisfaction. Results: PPI was successfully performed in the 183 patients surveyed. No parent was asked to leave the operating room because of respiratory or haemodynamic complications; 77.6% of the parents had no prior experience with PPI; however, 91.8% were aware of their role in the operating room, 94.5% were aware how their child would be anaesthetized and 96.7% felt prepared for their role and believed that this was a positive experience for themselves and their child. Conclusions: This prospective survey demonstrated a high level of parental acceptance and satisfaction for PPI in children undergoing cardiovascular surgery, with a low incidence of untoward events, despite the underlying congenital heart disease. Further work is necessary to objectively characterize anxiety levels associated with induction of anaesthesia in this group of patients and parents.
Michael Servetus: unorthodox theologian, meticulous cartographer, and innovative anatomist.

From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (D.P.S.), and the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (M.A.S., R.A.K.). M iguel (Michael) Servetus (15111553) was a gifted anatomist who had the misfortune to be an independent thinker and theological gadfly during a polarized and religiously intolerant age. His heterodox belief that the Christian doctrine of the Trinity lacked a basis in the Holye Scripturesda doctrine that had been considered orthodox dogma by the Church since the Council of Nicea in 325eADdinfuriated many of the chief religious figures of the 16th century and ultimately proved to be Servetus’ undoing. Servetus was one of a few Renaissance thinkers who managed to draw the ire of both the Catholic Inquisition and Protestant Reformers. Servetuswas born near Villanueva, Spain, in either 1509 or 1511. Little is known of his early life, but by the age of 15, he had attached himself to a prominent Franciscan monk and, in 1528, attended the University of Toulouse under the monk’s patronage. At the University, he read the Bible for the first time and was apparently surprised to find no direct mention of the Trinity. He grew increasingly critical of the establishedChurch, rejected hismaster during a sojourn to Italy in 1530, and joined Protestant groups in Basel and Strasbourg. Servetus published De Trinitatis erroribus (On the Errors of the Trinity) in 1531. It is not clear what sort of reception he expected for his views. In any event, not only were Reformation leaders critical, he was summoned by the Inquisition in 1532. He fled to Paris to escape the Inquisition, where he studied mathematics and also briefly read medicine. Working under an assumed name, he next moved to Lyon, where he made a living correcting contemporary editions of ptolemaic maps for publication by the Treschel firm; these cartographic works are now rare and highly valued by collectors. From 1536 to 1538, Servetus returned to the University of Paris to study medicine again,
High pt measurements from PHENIX.

Abstract We present recent high transverse momentum measurements by the PHENIX experiment for Au+Au and p+p collisions at S N N = 200 GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). We show particle spectra for neutral pions and charged hadrons, define and show the nuclear modification factor, and discuss particle composition. By means of the nuclear modification factor, we observe a suppression factor of 5–6 for neutral pions and 3–4 for charged hadrons in central collisions at high pT. We find that the ratio of π0 to (h+ + h−)/2 remains nearly constant at ∼ 0.5 for pT = 2 − 9GeV/c. Finally we present strong evidence for the observation of jets in Au+Au collisions.
Deactivation of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated rhodopsin by arrestin splice variants.

Arrestins constitute a family of small cytoplasmic proteins that mediate deactivation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are known to be essential for cascade inactivation and receptor desensitization. Alternative splicing produces an array of arrestin gene products that have widely different specificities for their cognate receptors in vitro , but the differential functions of these splice variants in vivo are essentially unknown. Bovine rod photoreceptors express two splice variants of visual arrestin (p44 and p48) that display different affinities for the GPCR rhodopsin. To determine the functions of these splice variants in intact cells, we expressed a transgene encoding either a truncated form of murine arrestin (mArr1–369, or m44) or the long (p48) isoform in mouse rods lacking endogenous arrestin (Arr–/–). Morphological analysis showed that expression of either variant attenuated the light-induced degeneration that is thought to result from excessive cascade activity in Arr–/–rods. Suction electrode recordings from individual rods indicated that the expression of either m44 or p48 splice variants could restore normal kinetics to Arr–/– dim flash responses, indicating that both isoforms can bind to and quench phosphorylated rhodopsin rapidly. To our surprise, only the full-length variant was able to alter the kinetics of responses in rods lacking both arrestin and rhodopsin kinase, indicating that p48 can also quench the activity of nonphosphorylated rhodopsin.
Background Correction Device for Enhanced Element-Selective Gas Chromatographic Detection by Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

A two-channel optical device has been used to enhance the selectivity of sulfur detection based on emission from a radio-frequency helium plasma coupled to a gas chromatograph (GC). A wedge prism was used to split collimated emission from the plasma into two components with an angular separation of nine degrees. The two beams were then transmitted through a narrow-band interference filter at center wavelengths of 918.0 and 921.3 nm. Background radiation at 918.0 nm was scaled and subtracted from the combined signal and background radiation at 921.3 nm to give a net sulfur emission signal that was insensitive to the passage of sulfur-free species through the plasma. The performance of the device was characterized in use with a radio-frequency plasma attached to a comprehensive SFE/GC system as well as to a conventional capillary gas chromatograph. The detection limit and selectivity for the SFE/GC system were 17 pg s-1 and 23,000 respectively. The detection limit and selectivity for the conventional GC were 0.2 pg s-1 and 12,000, respectively.
Developmental Performance of the Milfoil Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Watermilfoils in Washington State

Abstract The milfoil weevil, Euhrychiopsis lecontei Dietz, is a North American herbivore associated with declines of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) in the United States. The weevil is a watermilfoil specialist and northern watermilfoil (M. sibiricum Komorov) is its native host plant. Previous studies have reported better developmental performance (egg to adult development) on Eurasian watermilfoil (exotic host) than on northern watermilfoil (native host). The reported difference in performance between host plants and the weevil’s occurrence in two distinct geographical regions in Washington State (eastern and western Washington) led us to conduct laboratory experiments to compare the developmental performance between weevil and host plant populations. No significant differences were detected in the egg to adult development time for eastern and western Washington weevils reared on Eurasian or northern watermilfoil from both regions. Regional differences, however, were found in egg to pupa...
Endoscopic localization of a duodenal wall tumor in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

A duodenal wall tumor causing the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was visualized during panendoscopy, and the tumor was excised at surgery. Duodenoscopy is indicated in all patients suspected of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome to assist in localization of those with a duodenal wall tumor. Conversely, a lesion noted in the duodenal wall should raise the diagnostic possibility of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Regulation of Thymidylate Synthetase Activity in Cultured Mammalian Cells

SUMMARY Changes in thymidylate synthetase specific activity in Don Chinese hamster cells grown in vitro have been examined during the culture cycle and after exposure of lag- and log-phase cultures to drugs which inhibit DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. During the culture cycle enzyme activity was low during lag phase, rose 6- to 8-fold before log phase, fluctuated between 5-5 and 9 nmol dTMP/h/10 7 cells during log phase, and declined to base level during stationary phase. Puromycin prevented all increases in enzyme specific activity and caused a decrease in enzyme activity when applied to log-phase cultures. Actinomycin D prevented the initial rise in enzyme activity if applied during early lag phase but caused a pronounced increase in enzyme activity above control levels when applied during log phase. High thymidine concentration (1 min) stopped cell division in log-phase cultures but did not alter the log-phase plateau level of thymidylate synthetase activity. Fluorodeoxyuridine stopped cell division and depressed enzyme activity to varying degrees depending upon its concentration, but at concentrations less than io~' M enzyme activity eventually returned to normal log-phase levels and cell division resumed if puromycin was not present. Methotrexate stopped cell division and caused a 3- to 4-fold increase in enzyme activity above control levels if puromycin was not present. This increase occurred in the presence of actinomycin D but was retarded by addition of thymidine when actinomycin D was not present. These experiments suggest that the regulation of thymidylate synthetase activity in log-phase cells is complex and may involve thymidine triphosphate.
Terrain Factors for Predicting Walking and Load Carriage Energy Costs: Review and Refinement

The ability to predict the energy cost of load carriage is important to various disciplines and applications including anthropology, exercise physiology, humanitarian aid, and dismounted military operations. Energy consumption in turn determines the physiological status of individuals and populations and their ability to function via internal heat production, hydration, fatigue, and caloric intake. Various parameters of the physical environment, including topographic relief and surface conditions impact those energy costs. To be comprehensive, predictive load carriage cost models must incorporate body mass, load, positive and negative grades, and adjustments for surface conditions. Models developed at the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) in the 1970s incorporated an adjustment for surface conditions, i.e. a terrain factor. However, the terrain factors were derived empirically from data for a relatively limited set of surface conditions or classes. Aside from efforts to apply the classification of terrain factors to a broader set of conditions, little work has been done on to improve terrain factors since the 1970s. This paper reviews the effect of terrain properties on locomotion, the development of terrain factors, and provides scientific improvements based on the parallel studies of vehicular trafficability at the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research Engineering Laboratory (CRREL).
Conflict Resolution in the Clinical Setting: A Story Beyond Bioethics Mediation

Rarely do ethics consults focus on genuine moral puzzlement in which people collectively wonder what is the right thing to do. Far more often, consults are about conflict. Each side knows quite well what is “right.” The problem is that the other side is too blind or stubborn to recognize it. And so the ethics consultant is called, perhaps in the hope that s/he will throw the weight of ethics toward one side and end the controversy so everyone can get on with other business. Perhaps the greater problem in these scenarios is that even if one side “wins” by gaining the power to dictate what happens next, the toxicity permeating the relationships often markedly worsens and other conflicts erupt, major and minor. Accordingly, where an ethics consultant cannot or should not declare an obvious winner on substantive grounds, the challenge often becomes largely procedural: how shall the situation be addressed in a way that acknowledges the legitimacy of diverse voices and strives to preserve, perhaps even to rebuild, the relationships on which good healthcare depends? At that point thoughtful negotiation and creative problem-solving are generally preferable to entrenched combat. This is the point at which “clinical-setting mediation” or other conflict management tools, such as coaching or facilitation, might be invoked. This article focuses on mediation. This paper broadens the conversation to encompass the conflict that permeates healthcare generally. Conflict resolution skills can readily address disputes and tensions throughout healthcare and, in the process, provide a kind of preventive ethics. Part I illustrates these broader conflict resolution opportunities by describing a recent mediation regarding a difficult discharge negotiation. Part II then outlines broader opportunities for conflict resolution across the spectrum of healthcare and describes several initiatives in that direction, particularly from the legal community. Finally, Part III discusses several ways in which clinical-setting mediation, as described in this article, differs significantly from bioethics mediation as it is often described in the literature, and offers a few suggestions for ethics committees interested in providing conflict resolution services.
Self-reported assessment of symptoms and self-care within a cohort of U.S. veterans during outpatient care for cancer.

Background This study was undertaken as part of a feasibility study of the use of a symptom checklist and self-care assessment of veterans receiving oncology outpatient treatment within the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs system. Objectives The study aimed to examine (a) symptom occurrence and severity as self-reported on the Therapy-Related Symptom Checklist (TRSC) by veterans at a cancer clinic, (b) symptom alleviation strategies and use of self-care, and (c) the relationship between symptom occurrence and severity and functional status and quality of life. Methods Veterans (N = 100) undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy participated in a cross-sectional study. Tools used, including TRSC, Symptom Alleviation. Findings Thirteen symptoms were reported by more than 35% of patients. Top-ranked symptoms by percentage occurrence and severity were feeling sluggish, taste changes, nausea, pain, constipation, loss of appetite, numbness of fingers and toes, difficulty sleeping, weight loss, hair loss, difficulty concentrating, shortness of breath, and decreased interest in sexual activity. Occurrence and severity of symptoms had significant negative correlations with functional status and with overall quality of life. Self-care (symptom alleviation) strategies that helped were medicines, diet and nutrition, and lifestyle change. Checklist use (TRSC) facilitated patient-report of symptoms during cancer treatments; self-care strategies helped relieve symptoms.
Outpatient autologous stem cell transplants for selected patients with myeloma: Morbidity, mortality, and duration of hospitalization

7104 Background: High-dose melphalan with autologous stem cell support improves survival for patients with myeloma but often requires prolonged inpatient hospitalization. Short hospitalization with...
History of Tools and Technologies in Mathematics Education

Although “technology” in mathematics education is often used exclusively to refer to electronic devices, it is important to recognize the longer and more varied history of tools in this field. We classify technology into two primary groups. General-purpose tools, of wide social importance, include the textbook, the blackboard, and the computer. Specialized technologies, sometimes found only in mathematics classrooms, include the slide rule, the protractor, and the cube root block. It is hoped that brief histories of these and other tools, although focused largely on the United States, will be usefully provocative for those with more global perspectives.
Further notes on the ‘Heraclidae’ of Euripides

15-16 φeύγομeν δ᾿ ἀλώμeνοι ἄλλην ἀπ᾿ ἄλληϲ ἐξορίζοντeϲ πόλιν The children of Heracles are roaming from city to city in search of refuge. But every city which at first admits them soon yields to the threats of their pursuer Eurystheus and sends them on their way. ‘We wander in exile,’ says Iolaus, ‘from city to city, ἐξορίζοντeϲ. But ἐξορίζeιν is a transitive verb, ‘send beyond the frontier, banish’ (LSJ), and so cannot, according to its normal use, have the Heraclidae as its subject. Normal use is illustrated by 257 ϲὺ δ᾿ ἐξόριζe κἆιτ᾿ ἐκeῖθeν ἄξομeν (‘you send them beyond the frontier and we shall take them from there’). LSJ create a special intransitive meaning for the present passage (‘c. acc. loci only … pass from one [city] to another’), just as they do for ὁρίζeιν in a passage which Elmsley and others have compared with ours, Med. 433 (‘pass between or through’), though the verb there has its ordinary meaning, as both Pearson (here) and Page (ad loc.) show.
Physical and Physiological Effects on the Response of Female Screwworms, Cochliomyia Hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), to Carrion Odors in an Olfactometer

An olfactometer bioassay was developed to study screwworm attractants in the laboratory. Maximum attractancy and activity in the olfactometer occurred at a wind speed of 1 m/s, a light intensity of 10.8 lx, a humidity of 50% RH, a temperature of 27°C, and an exposure period of 15 min. The attractant source was a 25% solution of spent larval rearing medium (vat Auid) applied at a volume of 0.1 cm3 to a watersaturated dental roll. Flies fed on meat or blood were less attracted to vat fluid. It was concluded that vat fluid produced a feeding attractant.
Randomized Controlled Trial of a Computerized Interactive Media-Based Problem Solving Treatment for Depression

This study evaluated the efficacy of an interactive media-based, computer-delivered depression treatment program (imbPST) compared to a no-treatment control condition (NTC) in a parallel-group, randomized, controlled trial conducted in an outpatient psychiatric research clinic. 45 adult participants with major depressive disorder or dysthymia were randomized to receive either 6 weekly sessions of imbPST or no treatment (No Treatment Control; NTC). The primary outcome measure was the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). There was a significant Group x Time interaction effect [F (1.73, 43)= 58.78; p<.001; η2=.58, Cohens d=1.94], such that the patients receiving imbPST had a significantly greater reduction in depressive symptoms compared to the patients in the NTC condition. Participants in the imbPST group improved their depression symptoms significantly from moderate (BDI-II=21.9±4.20) to mild levels of depression (BDI-II=17.9±4.0) after receiving 3 weekly sessions of imbPST (p<0.001), and progressed to still milder levels of depression after six weekly sessions (BDI-II=14.5±3.7, p<0.001). NTC participants showed no significant reduction in BDI-II scores (BDI-II=21.8±4.2 pre, BDI-II=21.5±5.2 post, N.S.). Additionally, 40% of the imbPST group showed a clinically significant and reliable change in depression levels while none of the NTC group met this criterion. imbPST participants rated the program highly usable on the system usability scale (SUS) after the first session (SUS Session 1=74.6±7.2) and usability scores increased significantly by the last session (SUS Session 6=85.4±5.6). We conclude that imbPST is an effective, engaging, and easily used depression treatment program that warrants further evaluation with heterogeneous depressed populations in a stand-alone, self-administered fashion.
Design and practice of environmental geotechnology issues on transmission lines foundation engineering

Nowadays,much more environmental protection consideration and technical countermeasures are put into the transmission lines foundation engineering.Based on the effects of environmental and geotechnical condition on transmission lines foundation engineering,and the effects of transmission lines tower foundation construction on the environment,the concept and the fundamental research topics about the environmental geotechnology issues in transmission lines foundation engineering are presented.From the seven aspects,i.e.geological evaluation,foundation type selection,design and optimum methods,construction,testing and inspection,environmental protection and conservation of soil and water,acceptance inspection,the design countermeasures for transmission lines foundation engineering in China,are described respectively.
Exploiting Chromatin Biology to Understand Immunology

The activation of immune responses relies on variations of a common rule where immune cells that are able to sense infections produce one set of cytokines to induce lymphocytes to produce another set of cytokines, which in turn activate the appropriate effector responses. This multitiered immune response is in fact a remarkable showcase of different ways the same genome can be used to facilitate cellular communications. Here, we review next-generation sequencing methods enabling us to map the differential usage of our genome in primary immune cells.
Audits of radiopharmaceutical formulations

A procedure for auditing radiopharmaceutical formulations is described. To meet FDA guidelines regarding the quality of radiopharmaceuticals, institutional radioactive drug research committees perform audits when such drugs are formulated away from an institutional pharmacy. All principal investigators who formulate drugs outside institutional pharmacies must pass these audits before they can obtain a radiopharmaceutical investigation permit. The audit team meets with the individual who performs the formulation at the site of drug preparation to verify that drug formulations meet identity, strength, quality, and purity standards; are uniform and reproducible; and are sterile and pyrogen free. This team must contain an expert knowledgeable in the preparation of radioactive drugs; a radiopharmacist is the most qualified person for this role. Problems that have been identified by audits include lack of sterility and apyrogenicity testing, formulations that are open to the laboratory environment, failure to use pharmaceutical-grade chemicals, inadequate quality control methods or records, inadequate training of the person preparing the drug, and improper unit dose preparation. Investigational radiopharmaceutical formulations, including nonradiolabeled drugs, must be audited before they are administered to humans. A properly trained pharmacist should be a member of the audit team.
Denervation inhibits early increase in Na(+)-H+ exchange after uninephrectomy but does not suppress hypertrophy

Na(+)-H+ exchange in the rat proximal tubule luminal membrane increases approximately 30% within 15 min after the contralateral uninephrectomy. The present study was designed to test whether altered renal sympathetic nerve outflow to the remaining kidney is the underlying mechanism of increased antiport activity and whether suppression of Na(+)-H+ antiport activity by renal denervation inhibits renal hypertrophy in the remaining kidney after uninephrectomy. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: 1) sham operated, 2) uninephrectomized, 3) uninephrectomized with prior denervation of the remaining kidney, and 4) contralateral renal denervation. Na(+)-H+ antiport activity (brush-border vesicles), Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity (basolateral vesicles), and kidney weight were measured days 1-7. On days 1 and 7, Na(+)-H+ antiport activity and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activities were significantly greater in uninephrectomized rats. Denervation of the remaining kidney before contralateral uninephrectomy prevented the stimulation of the antiporter and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, but failed to inhibit renal hypertrophy by day 7. In separate experiments, contralateral renal denervation alone without removal of the kidney stimulated the Na(+)-H+ antiporter and Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity. Kidney weight, however, remained unchanged. The results demonstrate a dissociation between the activation of the Na(+)-H+ antiporter and induction of renal hypertrophy in vivo.
Osteoarthritis of the knee and hip: Practical nondrug steps to successful therapy

For patients with osteoarthritis, nonpharmacologic treatment can be an effective adjunct to drug therapy. Patient education is essential; both community-based and independent self-care programs are available. Weight loss can improve function and alleviate symptoms; however, it is more effective when dietary modification is accompanied by increased physical activity. Physical therapy, including home exercise, may involve range of motion exercises to prevent loss of motion and quadriceps strengthening to relieve pain and improve function. In occupational therapy, patients learn proper techniques for joint protection during activities of daily living. Participation in aerobic conditioning programs improves aerobic capocity and walking speed. Orthoses may relieve pain and enhance joint stability.
Multi-level Governance of Nanotechnology in Europe: Policy Variation in Germany, the UK, and the Netherlands

Within Europe, there has been the emergence of an EU-wide nanotechnology regulatory regime with regional authorities gaining greater decision-making power over a wide range of policy areas. However, despite the development of more comprehensive European nanotechnology policies, considerable variation remains in how member states implement these rules and regulations. In this article, we utilize a multi-level governance approach, to explore this seeming paradox in order to explain cross-national policy variation within a common European regulatory framework. This broader analytical approach allows us to account for the wide range of actors involved in European nanotechnology governance including, national governments, international organizations, research institutes, firms, and advocacy groups. Case study analysis of Germany, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands emphasizes how differences in domestic policy styles explain variation in the implementation of nanotechnology regulations across states. At the same time, the engagement of national governments with European and international regulatory efforts highlights the important role that states play in contributing to the development of a common nanotechnology regime in Europe.
Adapting sentiment lexicons to domain-specific social media texts

Social media has become the largest data source of public opinion. The application of sentiment analysis to social media texts has great potential, but faces great challenges because of domain heterogeneity. Sentiment orientation of words varies by content domain, but learning context-specific sentiment in social media domains continues to be a major challenge. The language domain poses another challenge since the language used in social media today differs significantly from that used in traditional media. To address these challenges, we propose a method to adapt existing sentiment lexicons for domain-specific sentiment classification using an unannotated corpus and a dictionary. We evaluate our method using two large developing corpora, containing 743,069 tweets related to the stock market and one million tweets related to political topics, respectively, and five existing sentiment lexicons as seeds and baselines. The results demonstrate the usefulness of our method, showing significant improvement in sentiment classification performance. We propose a method to adapt existing sentiment lexicons for domain-specific sentiment classification.The proposed method addresses challenges from both content domain and language domain.We evaluate our method using two large developing corpora and five existing sentiment lexicons as seeds and baselines.The evaluation results demonstrate the usefulness of our method.
A simple weighted scoring system to guide surgical decision-making in patients with parapneumonic pleural effusion.

Background: The selection of ideal candidates for surgical intervention among patients with parapneumonic pleural effusion remains challenging. In this retrospective study, we sought to identify the main predictors of surgical treatment and devise a simple scoring system to guide surgical decision-making. Method: Between 2005 and 2014, we identified 276 patients with parapneumonic pleural effusion. Patients in the training set (n=201) were divided into two groups according to their treatment modality (non-surgery vs. surgery). Using multivariable logistic regression analysis, we devised a scoring system to guide surgical decision-making. The score was subsequently validated in an independent set of 75 patients. Results: A white blood cell count >13,500/µL, pleuritic pain, loculations, and split pleura sign were identified as independent predictors of surgical treatment. A weighted score based on these factors was devised, as follows: white blood cell count >13,500/µL (one point), pleuritic pain (one point), loculations (two points), and split pleura sign (three points). A score >4 was associated with a surgical approach with a sensitivity of 93.4%, a specificity of 82.4%, and an area under curve (AUC) of 0.879 (95% confidence interval: 0.828−0.930). In the validation set, a sensitivity of 94.3% and a specificity of 79.6% were found (AUC=0.869). Conclusions: The proposed scoring system reliably identifies patients with parapneumonic pleural effusion who are candidates for surgery. Pending independent external validation, our score may inform the appropriate use of surgical interventions in this clinical setting.