cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial Discrimination and White Matter Microstructure in Trauma-Exposed Black Women.

Background Experiences of racial discrimination are linked to a range of negative brain health outcomes, but little is known about how these experiences impact neural architecture, including white matter microstructure, which may partially mediate these outcomes. Our goal was to examine associations between racially discriminatory experiences and white matter structural integrity in a sample of Black American women. Methods We recruited 116 Black American women as part of a long-standing study of trauma. Participants completed assessments of racial discrimination, trauma exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder and underwent diffusion tensor imaging. Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity values were extracted from major white matter tracts throughout the brain. Results Experiences of racial discrimination were associated with significantly lower fractional anisotropy in multiple white matter tracts, including the corpus callosum, cingulum, and superior longitudinal fasciculus (ps Conclusions These findings suggest that experiences of racial discrimination are independently related to decrements in white matter microarchitecture throughout the brain. In individuals who have experienced other types of adversity, racial discrimination clearly has additive and distinctive deleterious effects on white matter structure. Our findings suggest a pathway through which racial discrimination can contribute to brain health disparities in Black Americans; the deleterious contributions of racial discrimination on the microstructure of major white matter pathways may increase vulnerability for the development of neurodegenerative disorders as well as the development of mental health problems.
Towards Better Understanding Maker Ecosystems

This paper presents early work towards the development of a set of lenses for analyzing Maker ecosystems. By ecosystems, we mean the combination of hardware offered and web-presence that teaches/sells/builds community around that hardware, as well as the community of makers themselves. We analyzed 35 ecosystems, including well-known larger ones, as well as smaller, specialized environments. We present a set of key factors for consideration by anyone intending to use an ecosystem for a particular population or need in research, along with a set of examples of how these lenses can be applied for analysis. Key factors include: whether the ecosystem is open or closed, how they present onboarding materials that help users learn the platform, whether there is a growth path that supports continued learning and development, what they require or expect from users to participate, and the avenues of community development available for makers to share their work and knowledge.
The causal response of avian communities to suburban development: a quasi-experimental, longitudinal study

Correlations between urbanization and biodiversity are well known, but the causes driving such associations are lacking. We used a long-term, quasi-experimental approach to study the responses of avian communities to suburban and exurban development around Seattle, WA, USA. We measured indices of bird abundance, reproduction, and survival for 12 years at many locations, including 5 forest ‘reserves,’ 10 existing ‘developments,’ and 11 ‘changing’ sites where ongoing development converted forests to single-family residential neighborhoods. In the first few years of clearing, building, and occupation of new neighborhoods by humans avian communities shifted from those typical of second-growth forest to those more characteristic of developments. During this time avian diversity increased and numerical dominance by abundant birds declined. Species that adapted and exploited development reproduced more successfully there than did forest-dependent species that avoided development. Adults of species that thrived in developments attained equal annual survival across reserved to developed landscapes, while species that avoided neighborhoods tended to survive poorly outside of reserves. The humans living in our study areas frequently fed birds and provided nest boxes. These actions were positively correlated with increases in secondary cavity nesting and seed eating birds. Humans also maintained outdoor cats and 11 % of humans both fed birds and let their cats outside. These actions were negatively correlated with the abundance of birds regularly using feeders. We suggest that a key management goal in urban ecosystems is the maintenance of avian diversity because a diverse avifauna engages a diversity of humans.
3-Aminobenzamide Enhances X-Ray Induction of Chromosome Aberrations in Down Syndrome Lymphocytes

The presence of strand breaks in cellular DNA induces the activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, which catalyzes the formation of poly(ADP- ribose) from units of NAD+ (1). Overall, the function of poly(ADP-ribose) is not well understood. However, studies with inhibitors of the polymerase have been useful in determining some aspects of the polymer’s function. For example, 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme. When used in combination with alkylating agents or X-rays it has been shown to delay DNA strand rejoining (2) and to increase the incidence of (a) cell transformation (3), (b) cytotoxicity (4), (c) sister chromatid exchanges (5), and (d) chromosome abberations (5). These findings suggest that poly(ADP-ribose) may play a role in DNA repair (5, 6).
On link layer policies of data forwarding over wireless relays

For wireless/mobile ad hoc networks, researchers have developed many routing protocols. A typical problem setting is such that a packet of data is routed from a source to a destination without a prior knowledge of any existing route. To deal with unknown existing route, local flooding is required for each hop of the packet. Such an approach is appropriate for establishing a new route or forwarding infrequent data packets. However, for large volume data transmissions, the above approach is very inefficient. We believe that for many applications, mobile ad hoc networks must allow large volume data transmissions (in many separate packets) within a short period of time. For such applications, data forwarding policy should be based on a pre-established route. However, to combat random fluctuations of link qualities between nodes in dynamic environment, data forwarding policy should also exploit the spatial diversity of distributed nodes in a given route. It is from this perspective that we propose and analyze a one-to-many (1/M) data forwarding policy where each packet transmitted from a node is destined to multiple receiving nodes, and the node that receives the packet successfully and has the highest ranking becomes the next transmitting node. All nodes involved belong to a pre-established route, but the dynamic nature of each transmitting node of a packet makes the 1/M policy superior to the conventional one-to-one (1/1) policy for networks where transmission power dominates processing power
The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Social Work Education and Practice: A Survey of Student Views and Experiences.

This study investigated 208 students from two schools of social work on their views and experiences with religion and spirituality in education and practice. Results revealed a generally favorable stance toward the role of religion and spirituality in social work practice and relatively high endorsement and utilization of spiritually oriented interventions with clients. These findings are striking given that the majority of respondents reported little exposure to content on religion and spirituality in their educational program, thus raising concern about potential harm to clients. Results from the study are compared with previous research on social work practitioners and faculty, and implications for social work education are presented.
Race, Poverty, and the Law

T HE PROUDEST BOAST of American lawyers is that all men stand equal before the law. The boast is a noble and useful one even if it isn't quite borne out by the facts. Too much of that equality is of the kind described by Anatole France when he said that the laws of his country were fair: They forbade both rich men and poor men from sleeping under bridges on rainy nights. Recent events in the South have brought the realization that all men aren't equal before the law in some southern courtrooms and have occasioned soul searching to find out whether persons of differing economic circumstances are always equal before the law. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, former Attorney General, insists that the "poor man looks upon the law as an enemy .... For him the law is always taking something away."' Nicholas deB. Katzenbach, present Attorney General, puts it that, "To us, laws and regulations are protections and guides, established for our benefit, and for us to use. But to the poor, they are a hostile maze, established as harassment, at all costs to be avoided."2 Racial identity, particularly for Negroes, has always been as troublesome a factor as poverty in the quest for equality before the law. Most Negroes, the overwhelming majority, are poor. The poor Negro has trouble on his hands when he seeks to surmount the twin obstacles of race and poverty and attain that equality guaranteed alike by federal and state constitutions and ingrained in American hopes. One of the biggest obstacles to a frank national confrontation of this problem is the general American reluctance to admit that the original Constitution condoned and permitted discrimination against Negroes and that there was a great leeway for racial discrimination under late nineteenthand early twentieth-century construction of the Civil War amendments. Racial inequality before the law affects all Negroes, no matter what their economic status or station in life. Jim Crow laws catch the affluent as well as the impoverished Negro in their nets. To complicate the matter, few persons believe that the Negro is entitled to full equality. Working class suburban cities and towns voted against a 1964 Fair Housing law in Los Angeles County, California in about the same proportion as middle-class and upper middle-class suburbs.3 An analysis of a
The Selective Incorporation of Foreign Legal Systems to Promote Nepal as an International Financial Services Center

This paper, which is to be published in a slightly altered form in a forthcoming Oxford University Press symposium volume on Regulatory Reform, addresses a problem confronting many developing countries: How should a country draw on foreign legal systems to develop its own system of financial regulation. Although addressed to a specific problem confronting the Kingdom of Nepal ? developing a regulatory structure that will encourage foreign financial firms to establish international operations in Nepal ? the paper presents a general framework for analyzing the utilization of foreign legal models for regulatory reform, and then advocates a particular reform strategy for Nepal: the selective incorporation of foreign legal systems into Nepalese law. Under the proposed system of selective incorporation, Nepal would first determine which foreign regulatory systems are sufficiently well-developed and well-administered to oversee foreign firms establishing international financial service operations in Nepal. Firms located in any of these selected jurisdictions could then apply to establish operations in Nepal without having to meet any additional Nepalese regulatory requirements, provided those applicant firms agreed to conduct their Nepalese operations in accordance with their home country?s regulatory requirements and to submit their Nepalese operations to home country supervision. So, for example, a British bank might establish operations in Nepal and be supervised under the law of England, whereas a Swiss bank with Nepalese operations might comply with Swiss law. In this way, selected foreign legal regimes would be incorporated into Nepalese law. After exploring the surprisingly large number of precedents for selective incorporation, this paper considers the advantages and disadvantages of this approach to regulatory reform for both Nepal and foreign financial firms. The paper then considers a number of possible objections to this approach, including the potential for inadequate supervision of Nepalese operations, the implications of the approach for countries whose laws are incorporated into Nepalese law, and the ramifications of the approach for the political economy of Nepal.
Dynamical Systems and Statistical Mechanics: Lyapunov Exponents and Transport Coefficients

A brief survey is given of the derivation of an expression for the shear viscosity coefficient of a fluid in a nonequilibrium stationary state in terms of its maximal Lyapunov exponents. This is done by considering the fluid as a dynamical system in its multidimensional phase space. A numerical test of this expression, in which the Conjugate Pairing Rule is used, is presented.
Dengue Virus-Reactive CD8+ T Cells Display Quantitative and Qualitative Differences in Their Response to Variant Epitopes of Heterologous Viral Serotypes

Reactivation of serotype cross-reactive CD8+ memory T lymphocytes is thought to contribute to the immunopathogenesis of dengue disease during secondary infection by a heterologous serotype. Using cytokine flow cytometry, we have defined four novel HLA-A*02-restricted dengue viral epitopes recognized by up to 1.5% of circulating CD8+ T cells in four donors after primary vaccination. All four donors had the highest cytokine response to the epitope NS4b 2353. We also studied the effect of sequence differences in heterologous dengue serotypes on dengue-reactive CD8+ memory T cell cytokine and proliferative responses. The D3 variant of a different NS4b epitope 2423 and the D2 variant of the NS4a epitope 2148 induced the largest cytokine response, compared with their respective heterologous sequences in all donors regardless of the primary vaccination serotype. Stimulation with variant peptides also altered the relative frequencies of the various subsets of cells that expressed IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, MIP-1beta, and combinations of these cytokines. These results indicate that the prior infection history of the individual as well as the serotypes of the primary and heterologous secondary viruses influence the nature of the secondary response. These differences in the effector functions of serotype cross-reactive memory T cells induced by heterologous variant epitopes, which are both quantitative and qualitative, may contribute to the clinical outcome of secondary dengue infection.
Learning spatial event models from multiple-camera perspectives

Intelligent, interactive environments promise to drastically change our everyday lives by connecting computation to the ordinary, human-level events happening in the real world. This paper describes a new model for tracking people in a room through a multi-camera vision system that learns to combine event predictions from multiple video streams. The system is intended to locate and track people in the room, determine their postures, and obtain images of their faces and upper bodies suitable for use during teleconferencing. This paper describes the design and architecture of the vision system and its use in Hal, the most recently constructed interactive space in the authors' Intelligent Room project.
Proportional reduction of urine supersaturation during nephrolithiasis treatment.

Purpose: During metabolic stone therapy, urine supersaturation decreases in proportion to pretreatment levels. We gauge the quantitative contribution of regression to the mean for reducing urine supersaturation from high pretreatment to lower values during therapy.Materials and Methods: The 24-hour urine supersaturations for calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid were measured on 2 pretreatment and at least 1 treatment 24-hour collection for each of the 2,667 patients in 2 networks and at a university based specialty clinic. Changes in supersaturation between the first and second pretreatment collections were an estimate of random change and compared to therapeutic changes.Results: Supersaturations decreased between the first and second pretreatment collections, proportional to the supersaturation in the first collection. However, the magnitude of this effect was minor compared to therapeutic changes. Also, mean change between pretreatment collections was 0, whereas mean change with therapy was ...
Incentives in government contracts

Abstract This paper is concerned with the structure of compensation schemes that a government might employ when contracting with a private firm. We characterize the class of all compensation schemes that induce contracting firms to share their inside information with the government.
Affinity gel interactions of alcohol and polyol dehydrogenases : anomalous behaviour and structural correlations

Abstract The initial interaction of horse and sheep liver polyol (sorbitol) dehydrogenase ( l -iditol:NAD 2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.14) with the affinity gel Blue Sepharose CL-6B is anomalous and shown to be driven by an increase in entropy. In all other affinity gel interactions examined using polyol dehydrogenase with AGAMP and AGNAD and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) with these three gels, an increase in temperature facilitated release of enzyme from the gel to the mobile phase. A more extensive evaluation of polyol dehydrogenase—Blue Sepharose CL-6B points to a spectrum of forces whose individual contributions to complex formation are subject to manipulation by a change in time, temperature and/or solvent. These results can be explained by the two-stage thermodynamic model of protein—ligand association proposed by P. D. Ross and S. Subramanian [Biochemistry, 20 (1981) 3096]. Comparisons based on hydropathy plots with secondary and tertiary [J. Jeffery and H. Jornvall, Adv. Enzymol., 61 (1988) 47] structure alignments of polyol dehydrogenase fitted to alcohol dehydrogenase were used to reveal major differences at residues 271, 47 and 202 which could account for the disparate thermal behaviour of these enzymes on Blue Sepharose CL-6B.
On the temperature dependence of the Debye-Waller factor in Nb3Sn

Abstract In the present study the anomalous temperature dependence of the Debye-Waller factor observed in Nb 3 Sn compound is explained as due to anisotropic atomic vibration along the normal and parallel direction to the c -axis of the unit cell. The calculations led to the conclusion that there are two modes of softening. One is temperature independent and is along the c -axis. The other mode is normal to the c -axis and has a temperature dependent character.
Issues and Challenges of an Inductive Learning Algorithm for Self-Healing Applications

Day-to-day maintenance of software systems is a grand challenge due to the fact that the runtime environment changes continuously and the application can behave completely differently because of that. Users of such systems want to run their application and do not want to worry about the mundane task of system management in the face of a failure. If such management scenarios come into existence, the user wants the runtime environment to handle those situations autonomically. The user is more concerned with timely execution of their computation and production of intended results. Without expert technical help, average users have extreme difficulty managing such failure scenarios. This paper investigates the usability of explanation based learning algorithm with inductive rules to provide adaptive management of user application in the face of faults. A distributed algorithm is proposed that collects runtime program traces and signatures and combines all distributed copies to derive the domain knowledge for the learning algorithm.
Characteristics and potential applications of GaAs1-xPx MIS structures

Abstract The characteristics of aluminumSi 3 N 4 GaAsP MIS capacitors are reported. High frequency C - V , and surface electroluminescence experiments have been conducted. It has been found that the generation rate of minority carriers in the surface space charge region is very low and the efficiency of the surface electroluminescence is high. Application of the MIS structures in displays based on surface electroluminescence is proposed and discussed.
Quantum Corrections to Time Correlation Functions

The first quantum correction to a time correlation function is obtained by expanding the quantum‐mechanical correlation function in powers of Planck's constant. Quantum corrections to time correlation functions are of interest because they may be used to obtain quantum corrections to transport properties. An application of the formalism to nuclear spin‐lattice relaxation is included. A formal expression is obtained for the first quantum correction to the lattice time correlation functions. The effect of this correction on the relaxation time is indicated. The possibility of using the first quantum correction to calculate isotope effects on transport properties is discussed.
Forest Development, Wood Jams, and Restoration of Floodplain Rivers in the Puget Lowland, Washington

Historically in Puget Lowland rivers, wood jams were integral to maintaining an anastomosing channel pattern and a dynamic channel-floodplain connection; they also created deep pools. In the late 1800s, wood was removed from most rivers, rivers were isolated from their floodplains, and riparian forests were cut down, limiting wood recruitment. An exception to this history is an 11-km-long reach of the Nisqually River, which has natural banks and channel pattern and a mature floodplain forest. We use field and archival data from the Nisqually River to explore questions relevant to restoring large rivers in the Pacific Northwest and other forested temperate regions. In particular, we focus on the relation between recovery of in-channel wood accumulations and valley bottom forest conditions and explore implications for river restoration strategies. We find that restoring large rivers depends on establishing riparian forests that can provide wood large enough to function as key pieces in jams. Although the frequency of large trees in the Nisqually valley bottom in 2000 is comparable with that of 1873 land surveys, many formerly more abundant Thuja plicata (western red cedar) were cut down in the late 1800s, and now hardwoods, including Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) and Acer macrophyllum (bigleaf maple), are also abundant. Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir) and fast-growing P. trichocarpa commonly form key pieces that stabilize jams, suggesting that reforested floodplains can develop naturally recruited wood jams within 50 to 100 years, faster than generally assumed. Based on the dynamic between riparian forests, wood recruitment, and wood jams in the Nisqually River, we propose a planning framework for restoring self-sustaining dynamic river morphology and habitat to forested floodplain rivers.
Expression of rat thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) gene in TRH-producing tissues of transgenic mice requires sequences located in exon 1.

TRH, an amidated tripeptide secreted by certain hypothalamic neurons, is a principal regulator of TSH secretion and thyroid hormone release. TRH is also produced by other neurons in the central nervous system, where it appears to function as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter, and by certain endocrine cells, where it may act as an autocrine or paracrine factor. The genomic organization of the rat TRH (rTRH) gene is well understood; however, the domains of the rTRH gene that regulate expression are less well characterized. We observed that the region between −47 and +6 of the rTRH gene (relative to the transcription start site at +1) was active in CA-77 cells, a medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line model of TRH production, but was not active in transgenic mice. Inclusion of most of exon 1 (84 out of 103 bp; −47 to+ 84) increased promoter activity in CA-77 cells and was active in transgenic mice, principally in tissues that normally express the TRH gene. Further lengthening of the 5′ end to −243, −547, o...
Vitellogenin concentrations in the haemolymph and ovaries of Ixodes scapularis ticks during vitellogenesis.

The vitellogenin and vitellin concentrations in the haemolymph and ovaries of Ixodes scapularis females were determined using a double sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The level of vitellogenin in the haemolymph began to increase just prior to tick detachment from the host and continued to increase until 2 days after detachment. There was a slight decrease in the vitellogenin level 4 days after detachment, but a second peak was observed approximately 5 days after oviposition. Subsequent to oviposition, the vitellogenin levels in the haemolymph quickly decreased. The concentration of vitellogenin in the haemolymph ranged from 1.55 to 11.48 μg μl-1 during the period after dropping from the host through oviposition. The concentration of vitellin in the ovaries began to increase as the female began rapid engorgement (0.03 mg per female) and declined after oviposition (0.1 mg per female).
The Maillard Reaction and its Inhibition by Sulfite

SUMMARY: Studies on a sulfited glucose/glycine system showed that rapid color development, due to the Maillard reaction, did not begin until “free” SO2 (i.e. sulfite/bisulfite ion) had almost disappeared from the system. At this time “free” SO2 was less than 5% of that added and 28% was present in reversible combination with, e.g., carbonyl compounds. These results are considered in relation to recently published hypotheses on the intermediates involved in the Maillard reaction and on its inhibition by sulfites.
Search engine support for software applications

Question-answering, computer-assisted language learning, text mining, and other software applications that use a full-search engine to find information in a large text corpus are becoming common. A software application may use metadata and text annotations to reduce the mismatch between the concept-based representations convenient for inference and the word-based representations typically used for text retrieval. Software applications may also be able to specify detailed requirements that retrieved passages must satisfy. This use of text search is very different than the ad-hoc, interactive search that information retrieval research typically studies. Search engine developers are beginning to respond by extending indexing and retrieval models developed for structured (e.g., XML) documents to support multiple representations of document content, text annotations, metadata, and relationships. These new requirements force developers to reconsider basic assumptions about index data structures and ranked retrieval models. How best to use these new capabilities is an open problem. Straightforward transformation of a detailed information need into a complex structured query can produce a query that is effective for exact-match retrieval, but a challenge for the retrieval model to use effectively for best-match retrieval. Bag-of-words retrieval is often disparaged, but its advantage is that it is robust: It works well even when desired documents do not exactly meet expectations. This talk discusses some of the problems encountered when extending a search engine to support queries posed by other software applications and structured documents with derived annotations
Hydrogen combustion during direct containment heating events

Abstract Direct containment heating (DCH) has the potential to cause short-term overpressure failure of the containment in a nuclear power plant that has experienced a core melt accident. This paper addresses the possible modes of hydrogen combustion in the dome region of a pressurized water reactor containment building during a DCH event. The combustion modes considered are: combustion of hot hydrogen jets, deflagrations, volumetric combustion, and mixing limited combustion. The limits for each combustion mode are defined and interpreted in the context of both experiment and reactor applications. With the exception of jet combustion, heat transfer to structures can significantly limit the contribution of hydrogen combustion to peak containment pressures on the DCH time scale. Implementation of these hydrogen combustion models into the two-cell equilibrium model is discussed.
Dissection of basis set superposition error at SCF and correlated levels: HF dimer

Abstract Orbitals normally assigned to H or F atoms within the context of the 6-31G ∗ or 6-31G ∗∗ basis sets are centered at several different positions in the vicinity of a HF molecule and the basis-set superposition error (BSSE) calculated as the energy lowering engendered in HF. For ghost orbitals of either H or F type, the outer valence shell is responsible for the bulk of the total BSSE at either the SCF or MP2 level. The contribution of polarization functions is highly sensitive to the value chosen for the orbital exponent; the BSSE varies from nearly negligible for large exponents (the typical result of energy-based optimization) to values larger than the valence-shell contribution for more diffuse functions. Similar observations apply to perturbations of the monomer dipole moment which give rise to one element of secondary BSSE.
A comparison of Salmonella enteritidis phage types from egg-associated outbreaks and implicated laying flocks.

Abstract Infections due to Salmonella enteritidis are increasing worldwide. In the United States, between 1985 and 1989, 78% of the S. enteritidis outbreaks in which a food vehicle was identified implicated a food containing raw or lightly cooked shell eggs. Under a US Department of Agriculture regulation published in 1990, eggs implicated in human food-borne S. enteritidis outbreaks were traced back to the source flock. The flock environment and the internal organs of a sample of hens were tested for S. enteritidis. We compared the S. enteritidis phage types of isolates from 18 human, egg-associated outbreaks and the 15 flocks implicated through traceback of these outbreaks. The predominant human outbreak phage type was recovered from the environment in 100% of implicated flocks and from the internal organs of hens in 88% of implicated flocks we tested. The results support the use of phage typing as a tool to identify flocks involved in human S. enteritidis outbreaks.
The KARPE Model for Differentiating Teaching and Learning with Technology

Since 1996, the K-A-RPE Model has served to differentiate teaching and learning of technology. It is offered here as an archetype for other institutions seeking to develop their own comprehensive technology program. Knowledge, Application, Research, Practice, and Evaluation (K-A-RPE) offer the necessary dichotomy among instructional technology programs for undergraduates, graduates, and doctoral candidates. Similar to other more well-known taxonomies, the K-A-RPE Model is progressive and assumes mastery and competency at previous levels. Readers are exposed to the ISTE technology standards for teachers as well as how particular institutions implement the set of competencies in their individual programs of study. By establishing how technology skills are addressed in higher education, readers will be able to transfer the KARPE Model to new initiatives at all levels of instructional technology education, business, and corporate as well as traditional education. At the outset, it should be made clear that the focus of this study is on the more restricted domain of instructional technology â€” the use of technology for teaching and learning.
Compact micromachined infrared bandpass filters for planetary spectroscopy.

The future needs of space based observational planetary and astronomy missions include low mass and small volume radiometric instruments that can operate in high radiation and low temperature environments. Here we focus on a central spectroscopic component, the bandpass filter. We model the bandpass response of the filters to target the wavelength of the resonance peaks at 20, 40, and 60 micrometers and report good agreement between the modeled and measured response. We present a technique of using common micromachining processes for semiconductor fabrication to make compact, free standing resonant metal mesh filter arrays with silicon support frames. The process can accommodate multiple detector array architectures and the silicon frame provides lightweight mechanical support with low form factor. We also present a conceptual hybridization of the filters with a detector array.
Growth of Single-Crystal Hexagonal Ferrites Containing Zn

Single crystals of Ba2Zn2Fe12O22(ZnY), BaZn2Fei6O27(ZnW), Ba3Zn2Fe24O41(ZnZ), Ba4Zn2Fe36O60 (ZnM2 Y), and Ba2Zn2Fe28O46(ZnM 2 S), as well as ZnFe2O4, have been grown using a Na2FeO4 flux by recrystallization from the melt in platinum crucibles. Crystallization of these compounds is considered within the quaternary subsystem Na2FeO4-Fe2O3-BaO-ZnO. The compositions investigated all lie on four different planes. Hexagonal crystals obtained from this system are characteristically black with highly reflecting natural faces and easy, almost perfect basal cleavage. Crystals up to 1/2 in. long and 1/8 in. thick have been grown. Ferrimagnetic resonance linewidth measurements made on single-crystal disks of (ZnY) at 9 kMc have given values as low as 18 oe.
Alteration of GABA transporter expression in the rat cerebral cortex following needle puncture and colchicine injection.

In the adult cerebral cortex, GABA transporters (GATs) are expressed by both neurons and astrocytes. GAT-1 immunoreactivity is found in axon terminals of GABAergic neurons and astrocytes, while GAT-3 immunolabeling occurs only in the latter. The present study was designed to determine whether the expression of GAT-1 and GAT-3 in the adult rat cerebrum changes after needle lesion and colchicine infusion. Following a needle puncture or a saline injection, immunolabeling for GAT-1 and GAT-3 was slightly increased in an area around the needle track. Not only was the neuropil labeling for both GATs increased, but also a few neuronal somata were found to be immunoreactive for GAT-1. Colchicine injections induced a striking increase in immunolabeling for both GATs in the neuropil in an area adjacent to the needle path and surrounding it. A homologous region of the contralateral hemisphere also showed a moderate increase of immunoreactivity in the neuropil for both GATs. Furthermore, this contralateral site showed many neuronal somata immunolabeled for GAT-1. These changes were mainly detected during the first 5 days following intracortical lesions. These results indicate that (1) the upregulation of GAT-1 and GAT-3 in cortical interneurons and astrocytes is caused by both mechanical and chemical factors associated with the injections; (2) increased GAT-1 and GAT-3 expression contralateral to the site of colchicine injection is mediated by transcellular signaling across the corpus callosum; and (3) the lesion-induced GAT expression may play a protective role by helping to balance excitatory and inhibitory neuronal activities.
Non-immune hydrops fetalis caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 in the setting of recurrent maternal infection

We report a case of non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in an infant whose mother had recurrent HSV-2 infection. In spite of prematurity, severe disseminated infection and hydrops, the infant survived and was neurologically intact. HSV-2-induced NIHF is extremely rare, particularly in the setting of recurrent maternal infection, and this case is, to our knowledge, the first report of a surviving infant. HSV-2 should be considered in the differential diagnosis of NIHF and early initiation of empiric acyclovir therapy is recommended in this setting, pending the results of virologic diagnostic tests.
The bituminous material in Arctic peat: implications for analyses of petroleum contamination

Abstract The concentration of a contaminant in soil may be quantified by one of many laboratory procedures. In the organic soils of Arctic Alaska, however, procedures intended to quantify a contaminant cannot always differentiate between organic molecules derived from the contamination and molecules derived from the natural organic material (NOM). Research was conducted to assess the impact of NOM on standard methods for quantifying the concentration of crude oil in organic soil. The fraction of organic material extractable in various solvents used for petroleum extraction was quantified, and ranged between 0.5 and 10% of soil NOM. Gravimetric, infrared spectroscopic and GC/MS methods were considered in terms of their ability to differentiate and separate petroleum compounds from NOM. Gravimetric and spectroscopic methods were neither able to separate nor differentiate between compounds from petroleum and NOM. Using GC/MS, compounds from NOM could be differentiated, but not separated from compounds derived from crude oil. Extractable compounds from NOM were identified as n-alkanes (C19C31), alcohols, aldehydes and ketones.
Reconstruction of Radiation-induced Injuries of the Lower Urinary Tract

This article presents an overview of reconstruction of lower urinary tract injury caused by radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Discussions include cause, patient evaluation, reconstructive techniques, and outcomes following repair.
Transient Modeling of Hyperfiltration Effects

Transient models are needed to analyze time-dependent problems like hyperfiltration associated with head differences across clay barriers. Hyperfiltration (solute-sieving) effects create an increased concentration of natural groundwater solutes outside the clay barrier due to the inward head gradient. The purpose of our model is to predict solute buildup and distribution during hyperfiltration providing a basis for time analysis of solute migration. Required input parameters for the model include membrane properties like reflection coefficient, hydraulic conductivity, and solute concentration on the high-pressure side of the membrane before the onset of steady state, solution flux, and the effluent concentration. Model verification is based on published experimental results. The transient hyperfiltration model presented herein may prove useful in elucidating clay membrane (hyperfiltration) effects in the subsurface, however the sole purpose of this paper is to develop a transient model of hyperfiltration effects and test it by using published experimental data.
3-D Contrast-Detail Analysis for Dedicated Emission Mammotomography

An observer based 3D contrast-detail study is performed in an effort to evaluate the limits of object detectability for a dedicated CZT-based SPECT mammotomography imaging system under various imaging conditions. A novel, geometric contrast-resolution phantom was developed that can be used for both positive ("hot") and negative contrasts ("cold"). The 3 cm long tillable tubes are arranged in six sectors having equal inner diameters ranging from 1 mm to 6 mm with plastic wall thicknesses of <0.25 mm, on a pitch of twice their inner diameters. Scans using simple circular trajectories are first obtained of the activity filled tubes in a uniform water filled cylinder, first with no background activity, and then varying the rod:background concentration ratios from 10:1 to 1:10. The rod phantom is then placed inside a non-uniformly shaped breast phantom and scans are again acquired using both simple and complex 3D trajectories for similarly varying contrasts. Scan times are adjusted to account for radioactive decay, and both low and high noise data is obtained. An iterative OSEM reconstruction algorithm is used to reconstruct the data. Images are evaluated by six independent readers, identifying smallest distinguishable rod for each concentration and experimental setup. Results indicate that, using the SPECT camera having 2.5 mm intrinsic pixels, the mean detectable size was ~3.1 mm at 10:1 ratio, degrading to ~5.5 mm with the 2.5:1 concentration ratio. Furthermore, there was little statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between cylinder vs. breast, simple vs. complex trajectories, or whether the rods appeared hot (10:1) or cold (1:10), indicating that data acquisition with the mammotomography system is quite robust.
Optical manipulation of silicon microparticles in biological environments

Manipulation of micron-scale silicon particles has been investigated with optical tweezers implemented using a two-dimensional scanning trap driven with acousto-optic modulators. Spheres of latex, Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), silica, and silver-coated PMMA have been utilized to calibrate transverse trapping forces. The goal of this work is to non-invasively manipulate 10-20 μm silicon-based devices in and around cells.
Pressure-dependent flow behavior of Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 bulk metallic glass

An experimental study of the inelastic deformation of bulk metallic glass Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 under multiaxial compression using a confining sleeve technique is presented. In contrast to the catastrophic shear failure (brittle) in uniaxial compression, the metallic glass exhibited large inelastic deformation of more than 10% under confinement, demonstrating the nature of ductile deformation under constrained conditions in spite of the long-range disordered characteristic of the material. It was found that the metallic glass followed a pressure (p) dependent Tresca criterion τ = τ0 + βp, and the coefficient of the pressure dependence β was 0.17. Multiple parallel shear bands oriented at 45° to the loading direction were observed on the surfaces of the deformed specimens and were responsible for the overall inelastic deformation.
Disparate reactivity from isomeric {Me 2 C(CH 2 N CHpy) 2 } and {Me 2 C(CH NCH 2 py) 2 } chelates in iron complexation

Abstract Cyclizations of R2C(HC NCH2(2-py))2 (R2 = Me2, dmp(PM)2; R2 = –(CH2)4–, cpp(PM)2) to 4,4-dimethyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)pyrrolidin-3-amine and 3-(pyridin-2-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)-2-azaspiro-[4.4]-nonan-4-amine, respectively, were catalyzed by 10 mol% Fe{N(TMS)2}2(THF). A complex with the stoichiometry {Me2C(HC NCH2(2-py))(CHCNCH(2-py))}FeN(TMS)2 (2-N(TMS)2) was shown to be catalytically competent. In contrast, the isomer Me2C(CH2N CH(2-py)H)2 (dmp(PI)2) did not cyclize nor isomerize with Fe{N(TMS)2}2(THF), but generated {dmp(PI)2}FePMe3 (Fe-PMe3) when treated with (Me3P)3HFe(η2-PMe2CH2). Calculations of Fe-L (L = PMe3, CO) support the electronics suggested by the metrics of its crystal structure, which revealed the chelate to be {dmp(PI)2}2− ligated to Fe(II). Electrochemical and brief reactivity studies were consistent with redox activity occurring at the chelate ligand, while the iron likely remains Fe(II).
Shadow Enhancers Foster Robustness of Drosophila Gastrulation

Critical developmental control genes sometimes contain "shadow" enhancers that can be located in remote positions, including the introns of neighboring genes [1]. They nonetheless produce patterns of gene expression that are the same as or similar to those produced by more proximal primary enhancers. It was suggested that shadow enhancers help foster robustness in gene expression in response to environmental or genetic perturbations [2, 3]. We critically tested this hypothesis by employing a combination of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) recombineering and quantitative confocal imaging methods [2, 4]. Evidence is presented that the snail gene is regulated by a distal shadow enhancer located within a neighboring locus. Removal of the proximal primary enhancer does not significantly perturb snail function, including the repression of neurogenic genes and formation of the ventral furrow during gastrulation at normal temperatures. However, at elevated temperatures, there is sporadic loss of snail expression and coincident disruptions in gastrulation. Similar defects are observed at normal temperatures upon reductions in the levels of Dorsal, a key activator of snail expression (reviewed in [5]). These results suggest that shadow enhancers represent a novel mechanism of canalization whereby complex developmental processes "bring about one definite end-result regardless of minor variations in conditions" [6].
Acute respiratory infections in children: etiology and epidemiology.

Acute respiratory infections are the most common affliction of humans, and their tendency to occur with much greater frequency in children makes them especially important to the pediatrician. A host of microbial agents can cause acute respiratory infections but only a few are responsive to antimicrobial agents. Because of the paucity of definitive laboratory tools that allow the easy recognition of the cause of acute respiratory infections, it is important for the practicing pediatrician to have other methods that aid in the clinical management of children with these infections. It is the purpose of this review to discuss the etiology and epidemiology of acute respiratory infections with emphasis on how this knowledge can guide the clinician in their management. The groundwork for the major emphasis of the paper will be laid by suggesting a classification of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Causative agents will be enumerated and put into perspective. The major factors associated with the occurrence of acute respiratory infections will be discussed in some detail and several risk factors will be evaluated. It is important for the reader to understand that the field of acute respiratory tract infections is so extensive and complex that a complete discussion of the entire field is not possible in this review.
Oxygen/alkali oxidation of cellulose and model alcohols and the inhibition by iodide

Certain aspects of cellulose depolymerization by oxygen in alkali were investigated with model compounds. Oxidation of hydroxyl groups was studied using low molecular weight glycols and alcohols. Hydrogen peroxide was identified as the peroxidic intermediate observed during oxygen oxidations of carbohydrates. Oxidation of glucitol by either alkaline hydrogen peroxide or oxygen is autocatalytic with a discrete induction period. When hydrogen peroxide is initially present in the oxygen oxidation, the induction period is considerably reduced. In the presence of potassium iodide, the induction period is lengthened. Potassium iodide inhibits the depolymerization of cellulose by oxygen and alkali and, in the presence of magnesium ions, provides more stabilization than either alone. A mechanism to explain these results is proposed.