cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Porous Implants Modulate Healing and Induce Shifts in Local Macrophage Polarization in the Foreign Body Reaction

The foreign body reaction (FBR) to implanted materials is of critical importance when medical devices require biological integration and vascularization to support their proper function (e.g., transcutaneous devices, implanted drug delivery systems, tissue replacements, and sensors). One class of materials that improves FBR outcomes is made by sphere-templating, resulting in porous structures with uniform, interconnected 34 μm pores. With these materials we observe reduced fibrosis and increased vascularization. We hypothesized that improved healing is a result of a shift in macrophage polarization, often measured as the ratio of M1 pro-inflammatory cells to M2 pro-healing cells. In this study, macrophage polarity of 34 μm porous implants was compared to non-porous and 160 μm porous implants in subcutaneous mouse tissue. Immunohistochemistry revealed that macrophages in implant pores displayed a shift towards an M1 phenotype compared to externalized cells. Macrophages in 34 μm porous implants had up to 63% greater expression of M1 markers and up to 85% reduction in M2 marker expression (p < 0.05). Macrophages immediately outside the porous structure, in contrast, showed a significant enrichment in M2 phenotypic cells. This study supports a role for macrophage polarization in driving the FBR to implanted materials.
State-dependent importance sampling for rare-event simulation: An overview and recent advances

Abstract This paper surveys recent techniques that have been developed for rare-event analysis of stochastic systems via simulation. We review standard (state-independent) techniques that take advantage of large deviations results for the design of efficient importance sampling estimators. Classical examples and counter-examples are discussed to illustrate the reach and limitations of the state-independent approach. Then we move to state-dependent techniques. These techniques can be applied to both light and heavy-tailed systems and are based on subsolutions (see e.g. Dupuis and Wang (2004) [5] , Dupuis and Wang (2007) [6] , Dupuis and Wang (2009) [80] , Dupuis et al. (2007) [7] ) and Lyapunov bounds (Blanchet and Glynn (2008) [9] , Blanchet et al. (2007) [11] , Blanchet (2009) [12] ). We briefly review the ideas behind these techniques, and provide several examples in which they are applicable.
A typical Retinitis in Patients With the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

We examined three patients with AIDS who had large, sharply demarcated areas of thinned retina consistent with inactive cytomegalovirus retinitis and who were not treated with ganciclovir. These lesions appeared identical to clinically inactive areas of cytomegalovirus retinitis after effective antiviral treatment. All patients were receiving azidothymidine or ribavirin, or both, which have activity against the human immunodeficiency virus and which may improve immune function. All patients also received oral acyclovir at doses ineffective against cytomegalovirus retinitis.
Generation of tsunamis by a slowly spreading uplift of the sea floor

Generation of tsunamis by slow submarine processes (faulting, slumps or slides) is investigated, in search for possible amplification mechanisms resulting from lateral spreading of the sea floor uplift. A linearized solution for constant water depth is derived by transform methods (Laplace in time and Fourier in space), for sea floor uplift represented by a sliding Heaviside step function (i.e. a simplified Haskell source model, with zero rise time). The model is used to study the tsunami amplitude amplification (wave amplitude normalized by the final sea floor uplift) as a function of the model parameters. The results show that, above the source, the amplification is larger for larger uplifted area and for smaller water depth, and is the largest in the direction of uplift spreading, for velocity of spreading comparable to the long period tsunami velocity. Near the source, this amplification could be one order of magnitude. This amplification mechanism seen in the near-field is a form of wave focusing, and is manifested by a high frequency pulse, with amplitude attenuating with distance due to dispersion and geometric spreading. In the far-field, the linear theory predicts maximum amplification equal to one, as predicted by point source models. An analogy between this form of focusing and resonance of a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator, and near-field radiation patterns are discussed. The magnitudes, seismic movements and source durations of selected earthquakes which generated tsunamis are cited in search of conditions which could lead to slow rupture and unusually large near-field amplification.
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD CATHODE CARBON-NANOTUBE-MATRIX FIELD EMITTERS

The attributes of electron field emission from disordered matrix arrays of carbon nanotubes are studied and found to be quite reproducible in spite of the disorder, density, and quality variations from sample to sample. At low applied electric fields, the electron field emission current-voltage characteristics qualitatively follow conventional Fowler-Nordheim behavior up to a critical current density. However, the current rise at low applied fields is anomalously steep, suggesting that the Fowler-Nordheim model is not sufficient to quantitatively characterize the emission. In the high-field region, the emission characteristics have a more complex behavior. In that regime, the instantaneous field emission is reminiscent of the low-field behavior, but discrete switching events lead to an overall current suppression. We attribute the sudden and well-defined onset of the switching events to interactions between neighboring nanotube tips. By correlating the switching behavior to the current-voltage characteristics, we rule out other physical processes that cause similar effects.
Effect of Various Factors on the Utilization of Nitrogen and Iron By Spirodela Polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.

Lemna major plants were grown in sterile culture solutions under conditions of constant temperature and illumination. The uptake of nitrogen as guanidine, urea, ammonium, and nitrate was studied under various conditions of pH and concentration of nitrogen. The effect of iron and citric acid on the uptake of ammonium and nitrate under various conditions of pH and various molar ratios of citric acid to iron was also studied. The effectiveness of any form of nitrogen in promoting growth is influenced primarily by concentration. Nitrate was a more effective source of nitrogen than any other form of nitrogen studied over a greater range of concentrations. A citric acid to iron ratio of greater than 1 to 1 maintained all the iron in solution, even in basic solutions. The optimum total concentration of iron was 2 ppm. The best growth took place in the basic solutions, and the poorest growth in the acidic solutions. 27 references, 5 tables.
Development of α2u-Globulin Nephropathy and Adrenal Medullary Pheochromocytomas in Male Rats Following Exposure to Stoddard Solvent IIC

Stoddard solvent IIC is widely used as a solvent in paints and varnishes, and for dry cleaning and other grease removal applications. Because concern exists regarding the long-term effects of occupational exposure in industrial settings, the toxicity and carcinogenicity of Stoddard solvent IIC were evaluated in male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Rats and mice were exposed to 0, 138, 275, 550, 1100, or 2200 mg/m3 Stoddard solvent IIC by whole-body inhalation for 3 mo, and to 0, 138 (male rats), 550, 1100, or 2200 (female rats and male and female mice) mg/m3 for 2 yr. The kidney, liver, and adrenal medulla were targets of Stoddard solvent IIC toxicity in rats. After 3 mo of exposure, male rats developed lesions characteristic of α2u-globulin nephropathy. Male and female rats displayed increased liver weights and/or clinical pathology changes suggestive of hepatic injury, although no accompanying histopathologic changes were observed. After 2 yr, increased incidences of adrenal medullary pheochromo...
Brillouin scattering and elastic moduli of silver thiogallate (AgGaS2)

The room-temperature elastic moduli ${c}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ of AgGa${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ have been determined using laser Brillouin scattering. This is the first determination of these moduli for any of the ternary compounds which crystallize with the chalcopyrite structure. From the Brillouin shifts the following values for the elastic moduli were obtained: ${c}_{11}=8.79\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$, ${c}_{33}=7.58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$, ${c}_{44}=2.41\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$, ${c}_{66}=3.08\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$, ${c}_{12}=5.84\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$, and ${c}_{13}=5.92\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$, in units of ${10}^{11}$ dyn/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
In vivo measurement of erythrocyte velocity and retinal blood flow using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy

In vivo measurement of retinal blood flow is obtained by measuring the blood velocity of erythrocytes and lumen diameters of the blood vessels using an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Erythrocyte velocity is measured by tracking erythrocytes moving across a horizontal scanning line. This approach provides high temporal bandwidth measurements, allowing the fluctuation of blood flow during cardiac cycles to be measured. The technique is most applicable to medium-sized blood vessels.
Immunohistochemical localization of monoamine oxidase-B in the cat brain: clues to understanding N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) toxicity.

The immunohistochemical localization of monoamine oxidase-B in normal cat brain was examined. The enzyme was localized in both neural and nonneural elements of the cat brain. Neurons in the hypothalamus (lateral, dorsal, ventromedial, dorsomedial, and supraoptic nuclei), raphe system, dorsal tegmental nucleus, locus ceruleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, dorsal parabrachial region, and central tegmental field were positive. No substantia nigra pars compacta, retrorubral, or ventral tegmental neurons stained positively. Glial cells (astrocytes) stained positively for monoamine oxidase-B in many regions of the central nervous system, however, there was a significantly greater number of monoamine oxidase-B-positive glial cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta than in other adjacent dopaminergic regions. Because nigra compacta neurons are specifically damaged by the neurotoxin MPTP and because the toxicity of the drug is expressed only in the presence of monoamine oxidase-B, it is possible that the preferential loss of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons in the cat brain may be related to the regional and cellular localization of monoamine oxidase-B.
Metaheuristics for the Integrated Machine Allocation and Layout Problem

The Integrated Machine Allocation and Layout Problem (IMALP) is the problem of assigning a set of machines (including machine replicas) to locations while assigning product flows to machines such that Material Handling Cost is minimised. A new mathematical formulation, a Tabu Search (TS) heuristic, and a Memetic Algorithm (MA) are presented for the IMALP. The algorithms were evaluated using a set of test problems available in the literature. TS and the MA obtained equal or better solutions for the dataset than previous techniques presented in the literature. More specifically, TS obtained better solutions in 47% of the instances, and MA improved the best known solution in 52.4% of the cases. As a result, MA out-performed TS with respect to solution quality and computation time.
Vadose zone controls on weathering intensity and depth: Observations from grussic saprolites

Abstract An investigation of vadose zone weathering processes has been undertaken on grussic saprolites developed on Californian granitoids. Preliminary results indicate strong climatic control, through infiltration, on the depth and intensity of weathering. At sites with higher infiltration, the vadose zone is comprehensively altered to grussic saprolite and saprock. Conversely, lower infiltration sites display only thin grussic saprolites, strongly influenced by rock texture. Both vadose zone and weathering depth appear to be governed by local base level, and vadose zone hydrology exerts a fundamental control on the effective operation and relative dominance of the key weathering reactions. In zones of matrix permeability, oxidation of biotite comprehensively disaggregates the rock but results in little mass loss and clay mineral formation. Conversely, the higher transient flow rates that characterize zones of fracture permeability result in plagioclase hydrolysis, significant mass losses and accompanying clay mineral formation. A variable hydrological regime may also contribute to high partial pressures of O 2 in vadose zone pore waters and pore spaces, thereby enhancing the oxidative environment and further predisposing grussic saprolite formation.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Two Schiff Bases of 2-(Methylthio)aniline with Halogenated Salicylaldehydes

The crystal structures of the new compounds 5-bromo-N-[2-(methylthio)-phenyl]salicylaldimine (1), and 3,5-dichloro-N-[2-(methylthio)phenyl]salicylaldimine (2) were obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 14.1479(14) A, b = 5.3058(3) A, c = 19.104(3) A; β = 106.218(10)°; and Z = 4. Compound 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$ P\bar{1} $$ with a = 11.2249(10) A, b = 13.863(2) A, c = 13.9055(9) A; and α = 99.378(15)°, β = 102.866(7)°, γ = 91.375(11)°; and Z = 6. Details of the synthesis, structures, and spectroscopic properties of the new compounds are discussed. The synthesis, spectral properties, and X-ray crystal structures of two new thioether Schiff base ligands are reported.
ENDOCHRONIC INELASTICITY AND INCREMENTAL PLASTICITY

Abstract Endochronic and non-associated plastic formulations are compared by introducing an “inelastic stiffness locus”, defined as the locus of all strain increments in the strain space which give the same magnitude of inelastic strain increments. For classical plasticity the locus is a straight line, while for endochronic formulations it is a circle, sphere or a quadratic surface (ellipsoid). Similarly to vertex hardening models and the deformation theory of plasticity, endochronic theory gives inelastic strain for strain increments tangential to the current loading surface, while plasticity gives perfectly elastic response. However, in contrast to vertex hardening, the endochronic inelastic strain for tangential strain increments is normal to the loading surface. Consequently, endochronic theory is stiffer than vertex hardening for this loading direction and is less prone to indicate instability. However, it is softer than plasticity. Among all possible constitutive relations, plasticity (without yield vertex) is least prone to indicate material instability, and so it is the least safe model to assume if test data are inconclusive as far as the type of constitution law is concerned. Tangential linearization of the endochronic inelasticity is presented. The tensor of tangential moduli, with all of its components, depends continuously on the strain increment direction in the strain space. Endochronic analogs of the loading surface and of kinematic and isotropic hardening rules are indicated, and stress-induced anisotropy of the quadratic form defining intrinsic time increments is formulated. It is shown that for proportional loading an endochronic formulation can be readily converted to an equivalent plasticity formulation. The fracturing material theory in which the loading function depends on strain rather than stress is also analyzed and it is shown that its inelastic stiffness locus is similar as for plasticity. Implications for material instability, and especially for stability of the response to pulsating loads of small amplitude, are discussed. By contrast to plasticity, but similarly to viscoplasticity, the endochronic inelasticity violates Liapunov-type stability conditions, but it meets a proper continuity condition. Refinements to satisfy both are possible, but questionable if one deals with materials such as geological materials, which are unstable or exhibit strain softening. Introducing unloading and reloading criteria and a certain type of kinematic hardening, the endochronic formulation may be refined so as to model cyclic strain accumulation yet satisfy Drucker's postulate for the hysteresis loops.
Minimal femoral cortical thickness necessary to prevent perforation by ultrasonic tools in joint revision surgery

Ultrasonic tools are effective in removing cement in revision surgery and almost eliminate perforation of the femoral shaft, a dangerous complication associated with cement removal using drills, chisels, osteotomes, and other tools. Clinically, the ultrasonic tool used to remove cement could not be passed through a relatively normal femoral cortex; however, a perforation occurred in a patient with a femoral cortex less than 1 mm thick. The purpose of this study was to determine how thin the femoral cortex can be and yet allow the safe use of ultrasonic tools to remove cement without the risk of perforation. A cement mantle was constructed in the intramedullary canal of human cadaver femurs. Each specimen was mounted on a jig, which was then fastened to a Materials Testing System (Minneapolis, MN). The average load generated across the cortex by the ultrasonic tools while removing cement was measured. Loads of varying magnitudes were then applied by the ultrasonic tools to femoral cortices of varying thickness. When the cortex measured 3 mm thick, perforation did not occur. When the cortex measured 2 mm, perforation was possible but required loads three to six times greater than those normally used to remove cement.
Tuning posture to body load: decreases in load produce discrete sensory signals in the legs of freely standing cockroaches

Decreases in load are important cues in the control of posture and walking. We recorded activities of the tibial campaniform sensilla, receptors that monitor forces as strains in the exoskeleton, in the middle legs of freely moving cockroaches. Small magnets were attached to the thorax and body load was changed by applying currents to a coil below the substrate. Body position was monitored by video recording. The tibial sensilla are organized into proximal and distal subgroups that have different response properties and reflex effects: proximal sensilla excite extensor motoneurons while distal receptors inhibit extensor firing. Sudden load decreases elicited bursts from distal sensilla, while increased load excited proximal receptors. The onset of sensory discharges closely approximated the time of peak velocity of body movement in both load decreases and increases. Firing of distal sensilla rapidly adapted to sustained unloading, while proximal sensilla discharged tonically to load increases. Load decreases of small amplitude or at low rates produced only inhibition of proximal activity while decrements of larger size or rate elicited distal firing. These response properties may provide discrete signals that either modulate excitatory extensor drive during small load variations or inhibit support prior to compensatory stepping or initiation of swing.
An efficient and scalable graph modeling approach for capturing information at different levels in next generation sequencing reads.

Background Next generation sequencing technologies have greatly advanced many research areas of the biomedical sciences through their capability to generate massive amounts of genetic information at unprecedented rates. The advent of next generation sequencing has led to the development of numerous computational tools to analyze and assemble the millions to billions of short sequencing reads produced by these technologies. While these tools filled an important gap, current approaches for storing, processing, and analyzing short read datasets generally have remained simple and lack the complexity needed to efficiently model the produced reads and assemble them correctly.
Vibrational spectra and structure of crystalline oxamic acid and sodium oxamate

Abstract Laser Raman and i.r. spectra of crystalline oxamic acid and its sodium salt have been investigated in the region 4000-40 cm −1 . Cyclic centrosymmetric dimeric structures involving the OH group in the acid and the NH 2 group in the sodium salt are proposed to explain the spectral features of these materials. Tentative vibrational assignments for the observed spectra are proposed based on a modified oriented gas model.
Lodoxamide tromethamine treatment for superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis

Purpose We studied the efficacy of topically applied lodoxamide tromethamine 0.1% in the treatment of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Methods Three patients with clinical findings of bilateral superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis were treated with topical lodoxamide tromethamine four times daily in both eyes. Results While the patients were taking lodoxamide tromethamine, symptoms and objective findings resolved. Conclusions Topically applied lodoxamide tromethamine 0.1% is useful in the treatment of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. There may be a role for mast cell stabilizers in the treatment of this disorder.
Advantages of positron emission tomography over computed tomography in mediastinal staging of non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Background. New treatment algorithms in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) involving preoperative chemotherapy require accurate clinical staging of the mediastinum. This study compares the accuracy of 2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-2-deoxy- d -glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) scanning with that of computed tomography (CT) scanning in the clinical staging of non-small cell lung cancer. Materials and methods. A retrospective review was performed on 52 patients with NSCLC who were evaluated with both CT and PET scans. All patients had their mediastinal lymph nodes sampled by mediastinoscopy or at the time of thoracotomy for pulmonary resection. Each imaging study was evaluated separately and correlated with histopathologic results. Results. For detecting mediastinal metastases the sensitivities of PET and CT scans were 67 and 50%, respectively; specificities were 91 and 65%, respectively; accuracies were 88 and 63%, respectively; positive predictive values were 50 and 16%, respectively; negative predictive values were 95 and 88%, respectively. PET scans were significantly better than CT scans at detecting mediastinal metastases (PET, 4/8; CT, 3/19) (P = 0.01). Conclusions. PET scanning is superior to CT scanning for clinical staging of the mediastinum in NSCLC. A more confident decision regarding stratification of patients into current treatment algorithms can be made when the decision is based on PET scanning rather than the current “gold standard” of CT scanning.
Modified aluminas as chromatographic supports for high-performance liquid chromatography

This review begins by describing the relevant properties of alumina as a support material for chemically bonded stationary phases in HPLC. The most common chemical modification processes are summarized as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method. In order to more fully understand the chemically modified alumina surface, some spectroscopic approaches are outlined for characterization of the bonded phases. Finally, a number of successful applications are described for a variety of chemically modified aluminas in order to illustrate their potential usefulness and to compare their chromatographic behavior to the more conventional silica-based materials.
Respiratory syncytial virus polypeptides: Their location in the virion

Abstract Purified respiratory syncytial (RS) virus contains, in addition to the six to seven polypeptides previously reported ( S. Levine, 1977 , J. Virol. , 21 , 427–431), a large polypeptide (VPO), MW > 160,000. Treatment of purified virus with trypsin removes the major glycoproteins, VP1 and 2. Treatment of purified virus with 2% Triton X-100 in HBSS (equivalent to 0.15 M NaCl) solubilizes the glycoproteins VP1 and 2 and a nonglycosylated protein, VP5, MW 28,000, which suggests that VP5 is an M protein. Treatment with 2% Triton X-100 in 0.4 M NaCl solubilizes all the virion proteins except VPO and VP3, which are also not solubilized in 0.8 M NaCl. The results suggest that VP3, MW 44,000, is the major nucleocapsid protein, and that VPO is not a superficial contaminant of the virus preparation, but instead is closely associated with the nucleocapsid. Only VP3 is present in nucleocapsids isolated from RS virus-infected cells by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl.
Anisotropic magnetization in single crystal ErBa2Cu3O7-x

Abstract Low temperature measurements of the magnetic properties of single crystals of ErBa2Cu3O7-x are used to study the effect of crystal anisotropy on the superconductivity of this material. The crystals, with a Tc of 60 K, show marked anisotropy in magnetization versus applied magnetic field and in magnetization versus temperature, with superconductivity primarily occuring in the ab plane.
Managerial inventory formulations with stockout objectives and fiscal constraints

Most inventory formulations seek to minimize the sum of ordering costs, holding costs, and stockout costs: however, management often directs inventory policy by specifying a maximum investment level and/or a purchasing budget constraint. Within these limitations, they expect lower level managers to optimize some level of customer satisfaction, such as minimum stockouts or minimum shortages. The author has developed several cases of these “managerial” inventory formulations and has presented some computational results.
The Normal Modes of Vibration of a Body-Centered Cubic Lattice

An atomic model is set up for the purpose of finding the normal modes of vibration of a body-centered cubic lattice. A method is presented for selecting suitable atomic force constants from the macroscopic elastic properties of tungsten, which satisfy the isotropy condition but not the Cauchy relation. Actual solutions of the secular equation are then carried out under the assumption that each atom is affected by only its fourteen nearest neighbors. Numerical computations yield a frequency distribution characterized by two steep maxima. This is used in evaluating the specific heat and the intensity of reflection of x-rays as functions of temperature, and the results are compared with the Debye theory.
Fatigue testing of acrylic bone cements: Statistical concepts and proposed test methodology

In order to determine the fatigue behaviour of a material, a standard procedure and methodology must be proposed and validated. This article describes a standard test method and statistical analysis for describing the fatigue properties of acrylic bone cement. It is proposed that bone cement fatigue data can be subjected to probability of failure (P) analysis and the establishment of a distribution function describing the data. It is also proposed that an Olgive type curve can be used to describe the stress (S) vs. cycles to failure (N) data. These two data sets can then be combined to determine the P–S–N relationship which fully describes the fatigue characteristics of the material.
Concomitant Sildenafil and Nitrates for Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Heart Failure Could Be Safe

Concomitant Sildenafil and Nitrates for Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Heart Failure Could Be Safe Nirmanmoh Bhatia, Ziad Alnabki, Sameh Sayfo, Haree Vongooru, Emma Birks, Kelly C. McCants, Ihab Hamzeh; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
Characterization of the GADD45 response to ionizing radiation in WI-L2-NS cells, a p53 mutant cell line

We have previously reported that WI-L2-NS, a human lymphoblastoid cell line, has very high basal levels of GADD45 mRNA and protein in spite of a p53 mutation at amino acid 237. Regardless of the amount of Gadd45 in this cell line, no growth suppression activity was detected. We report here that in WI-L2-NS, the mutated p53 protein adopts predominantly a wild type (wt) conformation and binds to the p53 binding site in the GADD45 third intron. In this cell line, the already high levels of mutated p53 protein can be induced further by ionizing radiation (IR) but the response of the p53 downstream effector genes is altered. Induction of GADD45 and CIP1/WAF1 is reduced compared to p53 wt cell lines but is still substantially higher than the average fold induction obtained from 39 p53 mutant cell lines. Induction of the MDM2 gene was not detected in WI-L2-NS following IR. The induction pattern of the three p53 effector genes by the alkylating agent methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) was also attenuated in WI-L2-NS cells. In TK6 cells, a WI-L2-NS sister cell line having a p53 wt genotype, the induction of the p53 downstream effectors is normal, i.e. induced, both at the protein and the mRNA levels. These results indicate that the DNA binding activity of the mutated p53 protein in WI-L2-NS might be responsible, at least in part, for the high basal levels of GADD45 but can not mediate the full induction of the p53 downstream effector genes. The reason(s) for the inability of Gadd45 to suppress growth in this cell line remains however unknown.
The Environment and Problems in Selection for Disease Resistance in the Fowl

(1966). The Environment and Problems in Selection for Disease Resistance in the Fowl. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 299-315.
Cloning and chromosomal localization of the human A2b adenosine receptor gene (ADORA2B) and its pseudogene.

To determine the chromosomal localization of the human A{sub 2b} adenosine receptor, the corresponding genomic clone was isolated and used as a probe for fluorescence in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. Partial sequence analysis of the A{sub 2b} gene (ADORA2B) revealed an intron that interrupted the coding region corresponding to the second intracellular loop similar to that reported for A{sub 1} and A{sub 2a} adenosine receptor genes. A pseudogene for the A{sub 2b} receptor was also identified; it exhibited 79% identity to the A{sub 2b} adenosine receptor cDNA coding sequence and contained multiple deletions, point mutations, and frame shifts and two in-frame stops. These changes would result in the inability to encode a functional receptor. The genomic clones were utilized to localize the A{sub 2b} receptor to chromosome 17p12 and the A{sub 2b} pseudogene to chromosome 1q32. 15 refs., 1 fig.
Entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control of the leafminer,Liriomyza trifolii (Dipt.: Agromyzidae)

In the laboratory, mortality rates of the agromyzid leafminer larvae,Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), ranged from 48 to 98% by 20 strains and/or species of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes. In the greenhouse, abamectin provided superior control of larval leafminers, killing 100% of them as compared withSteinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) All strain (24 to 43% leafminer mortality) orS. carpocapsae Liriomyza-selected strain (8 to 44% leafminer mortality); the maximum relative humidity (r.h.) ranged between 81 and 91% and the minimum r.h. between 50 and 70%. In the foghouse under high r.h., the commercially available All strain and the Hawaiian isolate ofS. feltiae (Filipjev) MG-14 strain caused 69 and 67% mean mortality, respectively. There was a significant correlation (P 92% with a standard deviation of 65%. The major constraint against the use of nematodes against leafminers in the foliar environment is low r.h. The use of nematodes againstL. trifolii can be successful if the r.h. remains high and if nematodes enter leafmines before desiccation, and the nematodes should be integrated with chemical insecticides such as abamectin to manage pesticide resistance inL. trifolii.
Internal excitation in non-reactive molecular collissions: resonances in elastic scattering of atoms by diatomic molecules☆

Atomic collision with rigid rotor at subthreshold energies compared to theoretical predictions of resonance energies and several variational principles for phase shift
Stochastic dominant singular vectors method for variation-aware extraction

In this paper we present an efficient algorithm for variation-aware interconnect extraction. The problem we are addressing can be formulated mathematically as the solution of linear systems with matrix coefficients that are dependent on a set of random variables. Our algorithm is based on representing the solution vector as a summation of terms. Each term is a product of an unknown vector in the deterministic space and an unknown direction in the stochastic space. We then formulate a simple nonlinear optimization problem which uncovers sequentially the most relevant directions in the combined deterministic-stochastic space. The complexity of our algorithm scales with the sum (rather than the product) of the sizes of the deterministic and stochastic spaces, hence it is orders of magnitude more efficient than many of the available state of the art techniques. Finally, we validate our algorithm on a variety of on-chip and off-chip capacitance and inductance extraction problems, ranging from moderate to very large size, not feasible using any of the available state of the art techniques.
Design of a Solar Reactor to Split CO2 Via Isothermal Redox Cycling of Ceria

The design procedure for a 3 kWth prototype solar thermochemical reactor to implement isothermal redox cycling of ceria for CO2 splitting is presented. The reactor uses beds of mm-sized porous ceria particles contained in the annulus of concentric alumina tube assemblies that line the cylindrical wall of a solar cavity receiver. The porous particle beds provide high surface area for the heterogeneous reactions, rapid heat and mass transfer, and low pressure drop. Redox cycling is accomplished by alternating flows of inert sweep gas and CO2 through the bed. The gas flow rates and cycle step durations are selected by scaling the results from small-scale experiments. Thermal and thermo-mechanical models of the reactor and reactive element tubes are developed to predict the steady-state temperature and stress distributions for nominal operating conditions. The simulation results indicate that the target temperature of 1773K will be reached in the prototype reactor and that the Mohr-Coulomb static factor of safety is above two everywhere in the tubes, indicating that thermo-mechanical stresses in the tubes remain acceptably low.
Paleoclimate reconstruction using carbonate clumped isotope thermometry

Carbonate clumped isotope thermometry is a relatively new paleotemperature proxy based on measurements of the degree of ordering of ^(13)C and ^(18)O into bonds with each other (making the ^(13)C^(18)O^(16)O_2^(−2) ion group) in lattices of carbonate minerals. This technique has several unusual properties that complement existing methods of paleoclimate reconstruction. Most importantly, it is based on a homogeneous isotope exchange equilibrium and thus constrains temperature independent of the isotopic composition of waters from which carbonates grew. This method also appears to be generally insensitive to ‘vital effects’ that compromise many other paleothermometers based on the chemical properties of biominerals or organic matter, at least for those organisms that have been subjected to systematic study to-date (corals and foraminifera); however, discrepancies among some calibrations, particularly at low temperatures, may point toward the existence of vital effects in mollusks and other organisms. This review discusses the principles and calibrations of the technique, its uses in combination with conventional stable isotope measurements to constrain the δ^(18)O of past waters, preservation of paleotemperatures in ancient materials, as well as current problems in our understanding of calibrations and interlaboratory data comparisons.
Consecutive scanning based obstacle detection and probabilistic navigation of a mobile robot

This paper presents the obstacle detection algorithm based on the consecutive range sensor scanning scheme and the probabilistic navigation for an mobile robot. For a known environment, a mobile robot scans the environment using the range sensor which can rotate 360/spl deg/. The environment is rebuilt using nodes of two adjacent walls, and an obstacle is detected by comparing characteristic points of both the known environment and the scanned data set. It is very useful for detecting the moving obstacle. By comparing two data sets, the movement of an obstacle is extracted. Furthermore, the consecutive scanning data set provides obstacle information in unknown environment. Geometric comparison between the two consecutive data sets is used to detect the obstacles and the algorithm is presented with both simulation and experimental results. After the obstacle information is extracted from the consecutive scanning, the path is rebuilt by checking the collision probability.
Effects of encapsulation elasticity on the stability of an encapsulated microbubble.

Abstract A model for gas transport from an encapsulated microbubble into the surrounding medium is developed and investigated incorporating the effects of encapsulation elasticity. Encapsulation elasticity stabilizes microbubbles against dissolution and explains the long shelf life of microbubble contrast agent. We consider air bubbles as well as bubbles containing perfluorocarbon gas. Analytical conditions between saturation level, surface tension and interfacial dilatational elasticity are determined for attaining non-zero equilibrium radius for these microbubbles. Numerical solution of the equation verifies the stability of the equilibrium radii. In an undersaturated medium all encapsulated bubbles dissolve. In a saturated medium, an encapsulated bubble is found to achieve a long-time stable radius when interfacial dilatational elasticity is larger than equilibrium surface tension. For bubbles with interfacial dilatational elasticity smaller than the equilibrium surface tension, stable bubble of non-zero radius can be achieved only when the saturation level is greater than a critical value. Even if they initially contain a gas other than air, bubbles that reach a stable radius finally become air bubbles. The model is applied to an octafluoropropane filled lipid-coated 2.5 μm bubble, which displayed a transient swelling due to air intake before reaching an equilibrium size. Effects of elasticity, shell permeability, initial mole fraction, initial radius and saturation level are investigated and discussed. Shell permeability and mole fraction do not affect the final equilibrium radius of the microbubble but affect the time scale and the transient dynamics. Similarly, the ratio of equilibrium radius to initial radius remains unaffected by the variation in initial radius.
Spectroscopic characterization of ion and electron populations in a solution-cathode glow discharge

The ion and electron populations of a glow discharge that uses an electrolytic solution as the cathode (an electrolyte-cathode discharge or ELCAD) were investigated. This paper presents the first determinations of electron number density, ionization temperature, and degrees of ionization in the ELCAD. Spectroscopic techniques were used to keep from perturbing the plasma, a range of conditions was explored, and two regions (the negative glow and the positive column) were observed. By using the Stark broadening of the hydrogen beta line, electron number densities near 8.5 × 1014 cm−3 for the negative glow and 2.5 × 1014 cm−3 for the positive column were found. From those results and measurements of the relative strengths of Mg neutral and ionic lines, ionization temperatures of 5000 K for the negative glow and 4600 K for the positive column were calculated. From these results, the degrees of ionization and norm temperatures were estimated for a variety of elements. Analytical implications of the study are discussed.
Sizing Stormwater Infiltration Structures

A design aid is presented for sizing stormwater infiltration structures. The proposed procedure is based on the hydrological storage equation for an infiltration structure coupled with the Green and Ampt infiltration equation. For the filling process, the two equations are solved simultaneously using a numerical method, and the results are presented in chart form. These charts are useful to determine the maximum water depth in an infiltration structure. For the emptying process, the governing equations are integrated analytically resulting in an algebraic equation that can be solved for the emptying time explicitly. A practical application is included to demonstrate the ease of the suggested procedure.
Robust finite-element solution of lossy and unbounded electromagnetic eigenvalue problems

An efficient algorithm is presented for the finite-element solution of electromagnetic eigenvalue problems associated with lossy and unbounded structures. The algorithm is based on the E/spl I.oarr/ - B/spl I.oarr/ formulation of the finite-element approximation of the electromagnetic equations. The special relationship between the vector bases used for the expansion of the electric field vector E/spl I.oarr/ and the magnetic flux density vector B/spl I.oarr/ is used to reduce the computational complexity of the proposed formulation. The occurrence of spurious DC modes is avoided through the careful selection of divergence-free initial vectors in the Lanczos-Arnoldi-based iterative schemes used by the proposed algorithm. The resultant algorithm is only marginally more expensive than standard finite-element-based algorithms used for electromagnetic eigenvalue problems involving lossless structures. Numerical experiments from the application of the proposed algorithm to the eigenvalue analysis of both lossless and lossy cavities are used to demonstrate its accuracy, computational efficiency, and robustness.
Pleural Effusion in Patients With Systemic Cholesterol Embolization

We evaluated two patients with systemic cholesterol embolization (SCE) associated with the development of pleural effusions. These two patients had evidence of atherosclerosis and presented with livedo reticularis, renal insufficiency, and gangrenous cutaneous changes as manifestations of their SCE. In both cases, closed pleural biopsies demonstrated acute inflammation of the parietal pleura. Our experience with these individuals and a review of the medical literature suggest that pleural injury from atheromatous embolization may occur. Physicians caring for patients with SCE should be aware of the possible association of pleural reactions with this process.
Hemostatic Derangement Produced by Rift Valley Fever Virus in Rhesus Monkeys

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an important cause of disease in animals and humans in sub-Saharan Africa. In a small percentage of human cases, the disease is complicated by hemorrhage, which often is associated with a fatal outcome. Inoculation of rhesus monkeys with the Zagazig Hospital strain of RVF virus produced a clinical picture similar to illness in humans. Ten of 17 monkeys developed clinical evidence of hemostatic impairment. When coagulation tests were performed, this group of monkeys had significant abnormalities, including evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation. These abnormalities were much less pronounced in the remaining seven monkeys-whose only sign of illness was transient fever-and, in general, they paralleled the level of viremia and the degree of elevation in levels of serum hepatic enzymes. Autopsy of the three monkeys with severe disease revealed hepatic necrosis.
Ethnography in social work practice and policy

Ethnography affords social workers a powerful and unique vehicle for obtaining an in-depth, contextualized understanding of clients’ perspectives and experiences necessary for effective social work...
Dielectric nonlinear transmission line

A parallel plate nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) was constructed. Periodic loading of nonlinear dielectric slabs provides the nonlinear capacitance and the gaps between provide linear inductive interconnects, this is essentially the same design used by Ikezi [1],[2]. The NLTL was modeled in a circuit simulation code using the experimentally measured form of the nonlinear capacitance. Dielectric loss included in the model as an equivalent series resistance derived from the measured loss tangent data affects the formation of RF oscillations. The diagnostics used on the experimental system are Bdots along the line and a current viewing resistor at the load. The diagnostics provide a measurement of the pulse evolution as it travels down the line. The waveforms from the experimental line qualitatively agree with the circuit model, showing no strong RF formation as a result of the loss.
Estimation of Type 3 Tobit models using symmetric trimming and pairwise comparisons

Abstract This paper considers estimation of the semiparametric Type 3 Tobit model. We construct two-step estimators that use the ideas of symmetric trimming and pairwise comparisons which have been proposed for the censored regression model by Powell (1986) and Honore and Powell (1994). The estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal under two identifying assumptions: conditional symmetry and independence between the errors and regressors. The ideas and techniques are also implementable in other selection models that are variations of the basic Type 3 Tobit model. We demonstrate this by applying the proposed method in estimating an empirical model considered by Udry (1994).
Energy, current, and success in defibrillation and cardioversion: clinical studies using an automated impedance-based method of energy adjustment

The purposes of this study were two. First, we wanted to evaluate in patients a technique for automated adjustment of selected energy for defibrillation or cardioversion based on transthoracic impedance. Second, we wanted to define the relationship of peak current and shock success in various arrhythmias. Applying a previously validated method of predicting transthoracic impedance in advance of any shock, we modified defibrillators to automatically double the operator-selected energy if the predicted impedance exceeded 70 omega. Success rates of shocks given for ventricular and atrial arrhythmias from these modified energy-adjusting defibrillators were compared with success rates for shocks given from standard defibrillators. We prospectively collected data on 347 patients who received a total of 1009 shocks. Low-energy (100 J) shocks given to high-impedance (greater than or equal to 70 omega) patients had a poor success rate; in such high-impedance patients significant improvement in shock success rate was achieved by the energy-adjusting defibrillators. For example, when 100 J shocks were selected for high-impedance patients in ventricular fibrillation the energy-adjusting defibrillators achieved a shock success rate of 75%, whereas standard defibrillators achieved a shock success rate of only 36% (p less than .01). Similar improvements were seen for ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. Thus, automated energy adjustment based on transthoracic impedance is a beneficial approach to defibrillation and cardioversion. For ventricular fibrillation, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter there was a clear relationship between peak current and shock success.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)