cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GaN HEMT based 250W CCM photovoltaic micro-inverter

The high speed, conductivity, and voltage blocking capability of the GaN HEMT facilitates higher efficiency, and smaller size of switched mode power supply designs. Characteristics such as these are important in the solar energy field, in which every extra Watt of harvestable power is extremely valuable. In this paper, the design and experimental results of a 250W 240VAC photo-voltaic micro-inverter utilizing commercially available enhancement-mode GaN HEMTs are presented. The design philosophy is centered on leveraging the advantages of GaN while applying analytics to maximizing efficiency and minimizing device stress. To that end, the nuances of employing GaN devices with respect to parasitic resonance, layout dependent performance, and thermal considerations are also presented for the purpose of executing a robust design.
Epitaxial Electrochemical Growth

The sections in this article are Introduction Design Approaches for Epitaxial Organic Films The Advantages of Electrochemistry and Atomic Force Microscopy Atomic Force Microscopy in Electrochemical Cells Real-time Visualization of Electrochemical Growth Growth of Molecular Overlayers Electrochemical Annealing of Organic Overlayers Rules of Epitaxy for Organic Films Epitaxial Nucleation of an Overlayer Definitions of Epitaxy Lattice Modeling and Prediction of Epitaxy Nucleation of Molecular Films Related Articles
On the structure and accuracy of programmed burn

Accurate computation of the evolution of a (typically curved) detonation front in a complex geometry, and of the state behind it, is a practical problem in the design of devices that use high-energy explosives. Direct numerical simulations are infeasible: accuracy demands high resolution of the smallest scale (the reaction zone), which is typically several orders of magnitude smaller than the device scale. Programmed burn is an engineering alternative that has been shown to produce acceptable results at a fraction of the cost. The underlying algorithm prescribes the trajectory of the detonation front a priori and replaces the actual reaction zone by a mock up that is a few computational cells thick and in which the reaction rate is taken to be a constant. The state of the explosive at the end of the reaction zone is thereby computed at a relatively modest cost, and the bulk of the computational effort is reserved for the region behind the reaction zone wherein the products of detonation perform useful wor...
Chekhov, Tolstoy and the Illustrated Press in the 1890S

ABSTRACTThis article demonstrates how Anton Chekhov and Leo Tolstoy addressed an expanded reading public with new interests in the 1890s. It focuses on Chekhov's serialized book-length study The Island of Sakhalin (1893–4) and Tolstoy's last big novel, Resurrection (1899), which was also serialized. To reach an expanding diverse audience Tolstoy simplified his vocabulary, used a mono-dimensional plot and avoided subplots, foreign words and subtle shifts that could deflect the reader's attention. Chekhov also adapted his literary practice, adopting a unique documentary style, putting himself in the text. Each author engaged in a conversation about nationality, ethnicity and empire, issues of fundamental import to their readers and their society more broadly. Speaking about life and death, sin and redemption, good and evil, and about the common humanity of the most downtrodden of Russian citizens, men and women, Chekhov and Tolstoy addressed their contemporaries with fresh and timely words about pressing is...
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha is a critical mediator of hypoxia induced apoptosis in cardiac H9c2 and kidney epithelial HK-2 cells

Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that functions to maintain cellular homeostasis in response to hypoxia. There is evidence that HIF-1 can also trigger apoptosis, possibly when cellular responses are inadequate to meet energy demands under hypoxic conditions. Cardiac derived H9c2 and renal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells expressing either the wild type oxygen regulated subunit of HIF-1 (pcDNA3-Hif-1α) or a dominant negative version that lacked both DNA binding and transactivation domains (pcDNA3-DN-Hif-1α), were maintained in culture and exposed to hypoxia. An RNA interference approach was also employed to selectively knockdown expression of Hif-1α. Apoptosis was analyzed in both H9c2 and HK-2 cells by Hoechst and TUNEL staining, caspase 3 activity assays and activation of pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family member Bax. Overexpression of pcDNA3-DN-Hif-1α led to a significant reduction in hypoxia -induced apoptosis (17 ± 2%, P < 0.01) in H9c2 cells compared to both control-transfected and wild type Hif-1α transfected cells. Moreover, selective ablation of HIF-1α protein expression by RNA interference in H9c2 cells led to 55% reduction of caspase 3 activity and 46% reduction in the number of apoptotic cells as determined by Hoechst 33258 staining, after hypoxia. Finally, upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein, Bax, was found in H9c2 cells overexpressing full-length pcDNA3-HA-HIF-1α exposed to hypoxia. In HK-2 cells overexpression of wild-type Hif-1α led to a two-fold increase in Hif-1α levels during hypoxia. This resulted in a 3.4-fold increase in apoptotic cells and a concomitant increase in caspase 3 activity during hypoxia when compared to vector transfected control cells. HIF-1α also induced upregulation of Bax in HK-2 cells. In addition, introduction of dominant negative Hif-1α constructs in both H9c2 and HK-2 -cells led to decreased active Bax expression. These data demonstrate that HIF-1α is an important component of the apoptotic signaling machinery in the two cell types.
Photobiotechnology: Application of photosynthesis to the production of renewable fuels and chemicals

Sustained hydrogen photoevolution fromChlamydomonas reinhardtii and C.moewusii was measured under an anoxic, CO2-containing atmosphere. It has been discovered that light intensity-and temperature influence the partitioning of reductant between the hydrogen photoevolution pathway and the Calvin cycle. Under low incident light intensity (1-3 Wm-2) or low temperature (≈ 0‡C), the flow of photosynthetic reductant to the Calvin cycle was reduced, and reductant was partitioned to the hydrogen pathway as evidenced by sustained H2 photoevolution. Under saturating light (25 W m-2) and moderate temperature (20 ± 5‡C), the Calvin cycle became the absolute sink for reductant with the exception of a burst of H2 occurring at light on. A novel photobiophysical phenomenon was observed in isolated spinach chloroplasts that were metalized by precipitating colloidal platinum onto the surface of the thylakoid membranes. A two-point irradiation and detection system was constructed in which a continuous beam helium-neon laser (λ = 632.8nm) was used to irradiate the platinized chloroplasts at varying perpendicular distances from a single linear platinum electrode in pressure contact with the platinized chloroplasts. No external voltage bias was applied to the system. The key objective of the experiments reported in this report was to measure the relative photoconductivity of the chloroplast-metal composite matrix.
Harnessing the regulatory feedback to T cells to enhance antitumor immune responses

Regulatory T cells (Treg) normally serve as a major checkpoint that restrains immune response to self and chronic foreign antigens. It is therefore of no surprise that these cells might serve as an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Current strategy involves not only the elimination of regulatory T cells, but also converting the suppressive Treg into helper Treg. Understanding the development and effector function of Treg might not only provide clues as to whether cancer antigens are preferentially targeted by Treg, but more importantly, might offer new approaches to enhance T-cell-mediated cancer immunity.
Mobile apparatus for rapid cooling of a caged animal

Abstract A mobile apparatus for rapid cooling of a laboratory animal such as the caged rat or cat or a monkey confined to a primate restraining chair is described. Air is circulated through convoluted copper heat exchangers immersed in a mixture of ethanol and solid CO 2 with a temperature of −60° ± 5°C. The cooled air is then blown into the animal's cage or chamber. The ambient temperature in the chamber of a primate restraining chair can be lowered from 25–26°C to 4°C within 2 to 4 min. When this cooling apparatus is coupled to a temperature controller, the temperature inside the animal's chamber can be maintained easily and accurately at a low level for an extended period of time. Applications for studies of physiological and behavioral thermoregulation are discussed.
The effects of negative reinforcement for irritable aggression on resident‐intruder behavior

This experiment demonstrated that rats trained to display elevated levels of shock-induced aggression in a negative reinforcement paradigm displayed more boxing behavior than yoked control groups in a later test in which intruder rats were placed in the home cage of resident rats. Resident or intruder status did not affect the influence of the negative reinforcement procedure on the observed resident-intruder behavior of trained animals; however, naive intruders paired with trained residents displayed increased defensive behavior, suggesting that negative reinforcement for shock-induced aggression affected the behavior of these residents.
Quantification of creative kinase isoenzymes by a radioimmunoassay

It is not known whether loss of enzyme activity from the circulation is due to denaturation, inactivation or removal of intact enzyme molecules. This is in part due to the lack of an assay to measure enzyme protein concentration since available assays measure only enzyme activity. Radioimmunoassays for plasma enzymes and isoenzymes have not been possible because of oxidation in radioactive labelling by conventional methods and the problem of subunit dissociation. In the present study, antibodies specific to the B and M subunits of creatine kinase isoenzymes were obtained by immunization of rabbits with canine BB and MM creatine kinase. Anitgens (MM and BB) were radioactively labelled with 125I by acylation, avoiding the problem of oxidation and subunit stabilized by mercaptoethanol (0.020 m) and Trisbuffer (1.6 m). A radioimmunoassay capable of detecting picogram amounts of CK isoenzymes was developed which measures the concentration of enzyme protein rather than activity. The method was shown to provide a sensitive quantitative method for analysis of plasma CK isoenzymes in dogs after myocardial infarction produced by coronary occlusion. This technique may provide a prototype for the development of radioimmunoassays for other plasma isoenzymes and should help to elucidate the nature of the disappearance of isoenzymes from the circulation.
Regulation of liver glucose-6-P dehydrogenase levels in female rats.

Abstract 1. 1. Gender differences in the dietary regulation of rat liver glucose-6-P dehydrogenase activity, synthesis and mRNA levels were examined. 2. 2. As expected, in normal rats fed a standard chow diet, females have higher G6PD activity than males because they have more G6PD mRNA and therefore a higher rate of G6PD synthesis. 3. 3. In contrast, the decreased dietary induction in female rats is due to a more rapid rate of G6PD degradation rather than a decrease in G6PD mRNA or synthesis.
On the Relationship Between Attitude Involvement and Attitude Accessibility: Toward a Cognitive-Motivational Model of Political Information Processing

A model of the relationship between attitude involvement and attitude accessibilitywas developed and tested. The model specifies that attitude involvement leads to selective(biased) issue-related information-gathering strategies, which in turn produce extreme andunivalent (unambivalent) attitudes. Finally, attitudes associated with univalent and extremeunderlying structures should occasion relatively little decision conflict and thus should be highlyaccessible. Questionnaire response data gathered in a national telephone survey and from twosamples of undergraduates revealed that both attitude extremity and attitude ambivalence onselected political issues mediated the relationship between attitude involvement and attitudeaccessibility. Some findings indicated that selective processing mediated the relationshipbetween attitude involvement and attitude extremity and ambivalence. Discussion focuses on theprocesses linking involvement to accessibility, the factors that moderate theambivalence-accessibility relationship, and the relevance of the model to media-based primingeffects and tothe nature of public opinion and the survey response.
Slave Labor and Chocolate in Brazil: The Culture of Cacao Plantations in Amazonia and Bahia (17th–19th Centuries) 1

This article will explore the origins of commercial cacao production in Brazil, specifically as it is linked inseparably to compelled human labor—first of Native Americans employed in the Amazon rainforest and later of Africans imported for regimented plantation fieldwork in Bahia state. Coerced or enslaved labor, both Native American and African, produced almost all the cacao exported from Brazil until the latter quarter of the 19th century. Although never used on the same scale as that employed on sugar and tobacco plantations, slave labor would play an important role in the creation of Brazil's cacao fortunes until the implementation of the abolitionist “Golden Law” in 1888. Even after chattel slavery's de jure demise, exploited and coercive labor practices remained common on Brazil's cacao plantations. This article will consider such topics as: working conditions of slaves and exploited laborers on cacao plantations in Brazil; the chronology, volume, and impact of the slave trade into Brazil; producti...
Euclidean Information Theory

Many problems in information theory involve optimizing the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between probability distributions. Since KL divergence is difficult to analyze, these optimizations are often intractable. We simplify these problems by assuming the distributions of interest to be close to each other. Under this assumption, the KL divergence behaves like a squared Euclidean distance. With this simplification, we solve the open problem of broadcasting with degraded message sets, as a canonical example of network information theory problems.
Capacitance measurements of a quantized two-dimensional electron gas in the regime of the quantum Hall effect.

We report measurements and a self-consistent theory of the capacitance oscillations in a two-dimensional electron gas in the quantum-Hall-effect regime. The capacitance shows very strong structure which can be quantitatively explained as a function of temperature and frequency via the modulation of the conductivity of the inversion layer, without explicit reference to the density of states, except through the conductivity. When the Fermi level is in the localized portion of the density of states between the Landau levels (quantum Hall effect), the conductivity decreases rapidly and is difficult to measure; the capacitance signals, however, persist as the conductivity falls by many orders of magnitude. A new theoretical model of this resistive-capacitive, two-dimensional layer was developed which successfully accounts for the predominant features of the data and allows extraction of conductivity information from the capacitance measurements. Although previously the capacitance was thought to provide a mechanism for directly determining the density of states, this is shown not to be possible. Using the model to extract the conductivity, the temperature dependence of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{xx}}$ was found to be activated, i.e., ln\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\sim}1/T, in agreement with other measurements. No appreciable frequency dependence of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{xx}}$ was found over a two-decade range of frequency.
Zaire for Jesus: Ford Philpot’s Evangelical Crusades in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1966-1978

Abstract This essay explores how Congolese Protestants developed a partnership with Kentucky-born Methodist evangelist Ford Philpot from 1966 to 1978. Philpot’s revival tours allowed Congolese clergy to negotiate as equals with U.S. Protestants, marking a major change from the dominant role of missionaries prior to independence in 1960. During and after Philpot’s crusades Congolese Protestants wrote Philpot about their spiritual views and their troubles in Mobutu’s Zaire. Instead of being merely passive followers of Philpot’s evangelical and charismatic preaching, Congolese sought to use him as a source of financial patronage as well as spiritual support. This essay questions common assumptions regarding U.S.-Congolese ties under Mobutu, and investigates how the rise of evangelical Christianity in postcolonial Africa was clearly shaped by cold war concerns as well as anxieties over national identity and the rise of African dictatorships.
High-resolution cytogenetic analysis of L5178Y TK+/− 3.7.2C cells: variation in chromosome 11 breakpoints among small-colony TJ−/− mutants

Abstract Since the finding that the mouse lymphoma L5178 TK +/− → TK −/− forward mutational assay system can detect and distinguish a range of genetic lesions, including large chromosomal aberrations and smaller, perhaps point mutational events, the chromosomal of these lesions at the highest possible level of band resolution has become increasingly important. We have developed an acridine orange/colcemid/hypotonic treatment for TK −/− mutants to provide high-resolution chromosomes with ocer 500 G-bands for breakpoint analysis. Using such high-resolution procedures, we find that independently induced small-colony mutants show rearrangements in the distal portion of chromosoem 11, with breakpoints occuring between bands B3 and E1.2. This finding of a range of chromosomal breakpoints in different TK −/− mutants complements recent molecular analysis of mutants and is consistent with the hypothesis that chromosomal lesions in small-colony mutants may affect a large portion of the genome in the vicinity of the tk-1 gene.
Cognitive Tuning Effects of Anticipating Communication On Thought About An Interpersonal Conflict

Anticipating communication is argued to have cognitive tuning effects such that individuals think descriptively and entertain a greater variety of thoughts when they anticipate receiving information, but think valuatively and avoid information searches when they perceive they will primarily convey rather than receive information in a forthcoming interaction. Reported thoughts about conflicts experienced by college students in roommate relationships were examined under three experimental conditions: (a) no anticipated communication, (b) anticipated communication with the roommate, and (c) anticipated communication with a friend other than the roommate. Results supported the hypothesized cognitive tuning effects of anticipating communication; however, the magnitude of these effects were not dependent on the anticipated communication partner as predicted.
Charge ordering and self-assembled nanostructures in a fcc Coulomb lattice gas

The compositional ordering of Ag, Pb, Sb, Te ions in ${(\mathrm{Ag}\mathrm{Sb}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2})}_{x}{(\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Te})}_{2(1\ensuremath{-}x)}$ systems possessing a NaCl structure is studied using a Coulomb lattice gas (CLG) model on a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice and Monte Carlo simulations. Our results show different possible microstructural orderings. Ordered superlattice structures formed out of $\mathrm{Ag}\mathrm{Sb}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$ layers separated by ${\mathrm{Pb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$ layers are observed for a large range of $x$ values. For $x=0.5$, we see an array of tubular structures formed by $\mathrm{Ag}\mathrm{Sb}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{Pb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$ blocks. For $x=1$, $\mathrm{Ag}\mathrm{Sb}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$ has a body-centered tetragonal (bct) structure which is in agreement with previous Monte Carlo simulation results for restricted primitive model (RPM) at closed packed density. The phase diagram of this frustrated CLG system is discussed.
Worldwide Distribution of Earthquakes

A COMPILATION by Barazangi and Dorman1 of the worldwide epicentres of earthquakes reported by the US Coast and Geodetic Survey for the years 1961 to 1967 strikingly demonstrates the limited extent of seismically active areas. Almost all earthquakes occur in very narrow bands along oceanic ridges and transform faults, along continental transcurrent faults, or in broader zones below and behind island arcs. The depth distribution of earthquakes is also very limited. Almost all seismic energy is released in the crust2. Intermediate and deep focus earthquakes occur almost without exception in narrow planar zones which dip at angles of about 45° below island arcs2,3. Apart from minor seismicity associated with volcanic activity, seismic activity decreases to a very low level at quite shallow depths in all other regions. In California, for example, no earthquakes have been observed below about 15–20 km. This remarkably non-uniform geographical distribution implies that the occurrence of earthquakes requires very special conditions. It is the purpose of this communication to suggest that a necessary condition is the presence of relatively acidic rock.
A Brief History of Ghosts: Commentary on Paper by Laurel Moldawsky Silber

Since Dr. Moldawsky Silber's paper aptly uses the concept to exemplify how the undigested past can cause psychopathology in the present, I decided to review the long, rich history of ghosts. As humans have always been drawn to images that allow them to represent and disown unwanted thoughts and feelings, ghosts have served to represent how unfinished family business in the past can cause problems in the present. I view such ghosts as existing in transitional space where they are able to move nimbly back and forth between the internal and external, depending on the person's capacity to avow and tolerate painful feelings. While Dr. Moldawsky Silber's cases describe how multigenerational work can stop the transmission of unwanted experience, I suggest that perhaps all successful therapeutic action must involve the detoxification of noxious, disavowed experience. I present a case example where a patient, despite all his efforts to protect his young son from the fate that had befallen his father, is in the pro...
Parallel scanning probe arrays: their applications

Since the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) 1 and the atomic force microscope (AFM) 2 , the field of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) instruments has grown steadily and has had a profound influence in materials research, chemistry, biology, nanotechnology, and electronics 3 , 4 . Today, scanning probe instruments are used for metrology, characterization 5 , detection 6 , manipulation 7 , patterning 8 , 9 , and material modification. A wide range of scanning probe applications are available, taking advantage of various modes of tip–substrate interactions, including force, optics 10 , 11 , electrochemistry 12 , electromagnetics, electrostatics, thermal and mass transfer 13 , 14 , and vibration 15 , 16 .
Anomalous origin of the circumflex coronary artery in association with the right superior septal artery

The presence of anomalous coronary arteries is observed infrequently during routine coronary angiography. However, their identification is crucial to the management of the patient with associated coronary artery disease. A case is described in which concomitant anomalous origin of the circumflex coronary artery from the right coronary artery, and a right superior septal coronary artery with a separate ostium occurred in association with severe three-vessel coronary artery disease requiring bypass graft surgery. Clues to the presence of the anomalous vessels were (1) their visualization during left ventriculography and (2) their presence or absence during injection of the normally originating vessels. This particular association of anomalous vessels was previously unreported.
Neutrophil-generated Free Radicals: Possible Mechanisms of Injury in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

The acute lung injury resulting from adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is thought to be largely mediated by activated neutrophils. Because activated neutrophils produce the superoxide radical, which is both bactericidal and cytotoxic to host cells, this oxygen-derived free radical is likely responsible for at least part of the neutrophil-mediated lung injury. In a rat model of ARDS resulting from intratracheal instillation of interleukin-1, recombinant human manganous superoxide dismutase significantly decreased lung leak. One detrimental action of proteases released by adherent neutrophils may be the degradation of extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD), which normally binds to the heparan sulfate on the surface of the endothelium. We found that rabbit ECSOD incubated with either trypsin or activated neutrophils loses affinity for heparin. Furthermore, soluble ECSOD is elevated in the serum of patients with ARDS, consistent with this hypothesis. ? Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 10):57-60 (1994)
Increased phosphotyrosine content and inhibition of proliferation in EGF-treated A431 cells.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), which binds to specific high-affinity cell-surface receptors, stimulates replication of a number of cell types1,2. In vitro EGF stimulates a membrane-associated protein kinase which catalyses phosphorylation of the EGF receptor at tyrosine residues3,4. The transforming proteins of several RNA tumour viruses are protein kinases which also specifically catalyse phosphorylation at tyrosine residues5–10. An elevated level of phosphotyrosine is found in cells transformed by Rous sarcoma, Fujinami sarcoma, PRCII, Y73, Snyder–Theilin and Gardner–Armstrong feline sarcoma and Abelson murine leukaemia viruses5,10–12. At least four of these viruses, which encode distinct protein kinases, catalyse phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the same cellular substrate proteins13. In vitro EGF-stimulated protein kinase catalyses the phosphorylation of anti-p60src heavy chains, suggesting that this enzyme recognizes similar substrate determinants to p60src (refs 14,15). Here we demonstrate that EGF treatment of A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells increases phosphotyrosine content, indicating that EGF stimulates tyro sine-specific protein kinase activity in vivo as well as in vitro. In contrast to Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) transformation, EGF inhibits replication of A431 cells. This inhibition by EGF is influenced by both cell density and tissue culture substratum.
Reply to Baillargeon, Aslin, and Munakata

Our thematic collection relates to the nature of young infants’ representation in specific situations involving occluded objects. Piaget (1954) concluded that the infant has no representations at this age. Most now agree that conclusion was unwarranted, but researchers differ as to what, if any, representations exist of occluded objects (Baillargeon, 1993, 1995; Bogartz, Shinskey, & Speaker, 1997; Haith, 1988; Leslie, Xu, Tremoulet, & Scholl, 1998; Meltzoff & Moore, 1998). Obviously, issues concerning the nature of infant representation must be decided experimentally. It is therefore important to know how much confidence can INFANCY, 1(4), 479–490 Copyright © 2000, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Predator size and the suitability of a common prey

Although a predator's mass should influence the suitability of its prey, this subject has received little direct attention. We studied the capture and processing of an abundant syrphid fly Toxomerus marginatus (c. 4 mg) by 0.6- to 40-mg juvenile crab spiders Misumena vatia (Thomisidae) to determine how profitability, relative profitability (profitability/predator mass), overall gain in mass, and relative gain in mass differed with predator mass, and whether foraging changed concurrently. In multi-prey experiments, the smallest successful spiders (0.6-3.0 mg) extracted less mass from flies, and did so more slowly, than large spiders. This gain was proportionately similar to that of 10- to 40-mg spiders with access to many Toxomerus. However, many small spiders failed to capture flies. When we gave spiders only a single Toxomerus, the smallest ones again extracted mass more slowly than the large ones and increased in mass less than the large ones, but increased in mass proportionately more than large ones. Relative gain in mass from a single prey decreased with increasing spider mass. Spiders larger than 10 mg all extracted similar amounts of mass from a single Toxomerus at similar rates, but varied in time spent between captures. Thus, Toxomerus changes with spider mass from a large, hard-to-capture bonanza to a small, easy-to-capture item of low per capita value. However, Toxomerus is common enough that large spiders can capture it en masse, thereby compensating for its decline in per capita value.
Transnasal endoscopic management of frontal mucoceles

Traditional teaching in the United States has emphasized the need for complete removal of sinus mucocele lining to achieve a cure. Frontal sinus mucoceles differ from similar lesions of other sinuses in that the frontal outflow tract is usually narrower and less accessible for conventional intranasal surgery. A stenosed or atretic outflow tract may also be the cause of the mucocele. Surgeons have preferred obliterative procedures, which may include cranialization, collapse of the forehead soft tissues into the sinus, or the more cosmetically appealing osteoplastic flap procedure with obliteration. The disadvantages of osteoplastic flap procedure include higher morbidity and difficulties with postoperative radiographic imaging of the sinus. Recurrence rates vary. In cases of frontal mucoceles that expand intracranially, the osteoplastic flap procedure becomes more difficult, because the mucocele lining is adherent to, and may be inseparable from, the dura. Incomplete removal of the mucocele lining may result in recurrence, whereas aggressive removal may lead to dural injury and cerebrospinal fluid leak. In cases of a mucocele that expands both intracranially and anteriorly into the forehead soft tissue, the osteoplastic flap procedure may not be possible. Simple drainage and marsupialization of mucoceles has been performed by rhinologists in Europe with good res~lts.'~~~~~ With the introduction of endoscopic sinus surgical instruments and techniques, there has been a recent trend toward transnasal endoscopic management of frontal mucoceles with recurrence rates at or close to O%.2-4, 6, ', 'Or 12, 14, 16, l9
“Thomas Rhymer (A)” and the Tradition of Early Modern Feminist Theology

One sometimes has the experience of knowing two apparently unrelated bits of information—sometimes for years—until suddenly it occurs to one that they are in fact related and indeed illuminate each other in quite startling ways. I have had the good fortune to teach some of the Scots ballads for the last decade or so and have taught “Thomas Rhymer (A)” and ‘Tam Lin (A)” as exemplars of Scots Other World balladry. It is a truism (and the first piece of information) that the worldview of these ballads differs quite markedly from the medieval Catholic worldview that was current when these ballads may have originated and the Scots Presbyterian one that was the dominant ideology in the time and place when they were collected. Few ballad scholars would dispute this claim.
Supporting the Move From Welfare to Work: What Women Say

This article presents a focus group study of the perceptions of welfare participants in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, and Los Angeles County, California, of various aspects of welfare, subsidized child care, jobs with living wages, the counties' employment programs, and the participants' relationships with welfare workers. The results suggest that participants are not receiving the support they need to obtain and retain jobs that will lead to self-sustaining careers.
Multiple diffusion flames with rectangular symmetry

Abstract Analytical and numerical solutions are derived for two, three, and multiple adjacent diffusion flames with rectangular symmetry. For a single flame and arbitrary inlet velocities and diffusion coefficients, the approach of Penner and Sheman is applied in a modified form. Calculated flame shapes for various initial conditions are shown for one, two, and three adjacent diffusion flames.
Parameter-dependent multichannel Rydberg spectra

A variety of complex spectral features occurs in multichannel Rydberg systems when the ionization thresholds vary in a simple manner with a tunable parameter such as the magnetic-field strength. We develop an analytical description of these features, identifying the key dynamical quantities controlling the appearance of ``complex resonances'' and their evolution with the parameter. The analysis predicts a ubiquitous occurrence of states with vanishing autoionization width, and of multiple q reversals associated with perturbing configurations. This description can be used to interpret some features of the diamagnetic spectrum of lithium near the zero-field ionization threshold.
Disorders of puberty: a practical imaging approach.

The child presenting with abnormal pubertal development elicits great parental concern and presents a diagnostic challenge to the managing pediatrician. The appropriate workup of children with disorders of pubertal development relies heavily on the synthesis of history, physical examination, pertinent laboratory tests, and medical imaging. This review addresses female and male disturbances in pubertal development and includes isosexual and heterosexual precocious puberty and delayed development. Discussion is focussed on the tailored algorithmic approach to imaging: integrating clinical and laboratory information. Bone-age determination, ultrasonography, and MRI are emphasized as they relate to this complex and challenging clinical problem.
Disclosing interest expense in financial statements of firms that self‐construct assets: the effect on financial analysis of real estate investment trusts

Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 34 requires firms that develop or self-construct their own assets to capitalize related interest payments. As a result, the reported interest expense of self-constructing firms may be understated, and earnings per share overstated. This study compares key profitability ratios between Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) that actively self-construct properties with REITs that do not. It was found that self-constructing REITs will report significantly favourable profitability ratios as compared with REITs that invest in fully developed properties. Because many REITs do self-construct, explicit capitalized interest expense disclosure are recommended so that financial analysts can make appropriate comparisons. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Government borrowing and monetary accommodation

This paper re-examines the relationship between Treasury borrowing and monetary growth examined previously with annual data by Barro, Niskanen and Hamburger and Zwick. Our analysis, based on quarterly data, produces evidence of a positive and significant impact of total Treasury borrowing upon the growth of the monetary base for the 1954/I-1961/II and 1961/III-1974/IV periods but an insignificant coefficient for the Barro expenditure variable. When the coefficient instability during the 1961/III-1980/IV period is corrected by a dummy variable technique thy debt coefficient is positive and significant and remains stable for this two decade period.
Assessing Creativity With Divergent Thinking Tasks: Exploring the Reliability and Validity of New Subjective Scoring Methods

Divergent thinking is central to the study of individual differences in creativity, but the traditional scoring systems (assigning points for infrequent responses and summing the points) face well-known problems. After critically reviewing past scoring methods, this article describes a new approach to assessing divergent thinking and appraises its reliability and validity. In our new Top 2 scoring method, participants complete a divergent thinking task and then circle the two responses that they think are their most creative responses. Raters then evaluate the responses on a 5-point scale. Regarding reliability, a generalizability analysis showed that subjective ratings of unusual-uses tasks and instances tasks yield dependable scores with only 2 or 3 raters. Regarding validity, a latent-variable study (n = 226) predicted divergent thinking from the Big Five factors and their higher-order traits (Plasticity and Stability). Over half of the variance in divergent thinking could be explained by dimensions of personality. The article presents instructions for measuring divergent thinking with the new method.
Gender-specific outcomes for sexually abused adolescents

This study examined the gender differences in outcomes related to school performance, suicidal involvement, disordered eating behaviors, sexual risk taking, substance use, and delinquent behaviors of male (n = 370) and female teenagers (n = 2,681) who self-reported a history of sexual abuse. It was found that female adolescents, by and large, engaged in internalizing behaviors and males in externalizing behaviors. Male adolescents were found to be at higher risk than females in poor school performance, delinquent activities, and sexual risk taking. Female adolescents, on the other hand, showed higher risk for suicidal ideation and behavior as well as disordered eating. Females showed more frequent use of alcohol. However, male adolescents exhibited more extreme use of alcohol and more frequent and extreme use of marijuana. Among index female adolescents, protective factors against adverse correlates included a higher emotional attachment to family, being religious or spiritual, presence of both parents at home, and a perception of overall health. Factors that augmented adverse correlates for them included a stressful school environment due to perceived high levels of substance use in and around school, worry of sexual abuse, maternal alcohol consumption, and physical abuse. For male adolescents, maternal education and parental concern appeared to be protective factors.
Comparisons of diisopropylfluorophosphate derivatives of chymotrypsin and chymotrypsinogen by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance

Abstract The nature of the differences in the active sites of α-chymotrypsin and chymotrypsinogen has been investigated by phosphorus-31 NMR studies of their diisopropylfluorophosphate derivatives. The phosphorus-31 resonance of the modified zymogen occurs 2 ppm upfield from that for the enzyme. An even greater separation is seen between diisopropylphosphoryl-neo-chymotrypsinogen and -α-chymotrypsin. A plausible interpretation of the chemical shift differences is based on the known structures for α-chymotrypsin, chymotrypsinogen and diisopropylphosphoryl-trypsin.
Giant lambl's excrescences of papillary muscle and aortic valve: echocardiography, angiographic, and pathologic findings

A 54-year-old female with rheumatic heart disease was found to have a mass in the left ventricle by echocardiography and angiography. Subsequently, giant Lambl's excrescences of papillary muscle and aortic valve were confirmed by operation and pathologic examination. Possible complication from cardiac catheterization could be avoided by the utilization of echocardiography prior to catheterization.
Chainwise Paired Comparisons

The pairwise comparison technique is a building block of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which has been popularly used for multicriteria decision analysis. This paper develops a shortcut technique in which only n paired comparisons forming a closed chain are needed for n decision elements. Together with the development of a simple and intuitive measure of (inconsistency, this technique derives the relative weights of decision elements via easy step-by-step calculations on a spreadsheet format. Its performance has been tested on Saaty's wealth of nations example. It is important to notice that ranking and weights yielded from this alternative technique are identical to Harker's incomplete pairwise comparison solution for the same chain orientation for the example tested.
Remote afterloading intraluminal brachytherapy in the treatment of rectal, rectosigmoid, and anal cancer: A feasibility study

Abstract From 1981 to 1986, 28 patients (27 evaluable) were treated with intraluminal brachytherapy (ILBT) using a remote afterloading technique for persistent or recurrent anal, rectal and rectosigmoid cancers. Eighty-nine percent underwent previous surgery for colorectal cancer. Seventy-seven percent of the patients received external beam irradiation (ERT) as a part of the present treatment. Intraluminal brachytherapy was given with a 2 cm diameter cylinder and the dose per fraction ranged from 440 cGy to 840 cGy at 0.5 cm from the surface of the cylinder. Follow-up ranged from I to 74 months with a median of 12 months. Patients were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 15 patients receiving elective ILBT; Group II: 13 patients with recurrent disease. Seventy-one percent of the patients in Group I and 39% of the patients in Group II achieved local control. The majority of patients tolerated treatment well with only transient reactions. However, three patients (11%) developed grade 3 (G3) complications requiring surgical intervention. Eight patients developed moderate complications—grade 2 (G 2 )—requiring only conservative treatment. This study has identified several factors which appear to influence the risk of developing complications with this combined treatment, using remote afterloading apparatus, among which are technique of previous external beam irradiation, treatment length, anatomical location, intraluminal brachytherapy fractionation, and total cumulative dose (ERT + ILBT). This experience suggests that intraluminal brachytherapy appears to be an acceptable form of treatment, as a boost to external beam radiation therapy, in the management of rectal and colorectal cancers.
Identification of a Fab interaction footprint site on an icosahedral virus by cryoelectron microscopy and X-ray crystallography

Biological processes frequently require the formation of multi-protein or nucleoprotein complexes. Some of these complexes have been produced in homogeneous form, crystallized, and analysed at high resolution by X-ray crystallography (for example, see refs 1-3). Most, however, are too large or too unstable to crystallize. Individual components of such complexes can often be purified and analysed by crystallography. Here we report how the coordinated application of cryoelectron microscopy, three-dimensional image reconstruction, and X-ray crystallography provides a powerful approach to study large, unstable macromolecular complexes. Three-dimensional reconstructions of native cowpea mosaic virus (CMPV) and a complex of CPMV saturated with a Fab fragment of a monoclonal antibody against the virus have been determined at 23 A resolution from low-irradiation images of unstained, frozen-hydrated samples. Despite the nominal resolution of the complex, the physical footprint of the Fab on the capsid surface and the orientation and position of the Fab have been determined to within a few angstroms by fitting atomic models of CPMV4 and Fab (Kol)5 to reconstructed density maps.
Psychopathic Predators? Getting Specific about the Relation between Psychopathy and Violence.

Objective The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 1991, 2003) is often used to assess risk of violence, perhaps based on the assumption that it captures emotionally detached individuals who are driven to prey upon others. This study is designed to assess the relation between (a) core interpersonal and affective traits of psychopathy and impulsive antisociality on the one hand, and (b) the risk of future violence, and patterns of motivation for past violence, on the other.
On the Use of Input/Output Queries for Code Search

Context: Programmers frequently compose keyword queries as they use information search engines to look for source code. This syntactic approach to code search is often imprecise and results in wasted efforts looking through irrelevant results. Semantic code search approaches aim to address this weakness by formulating queries that specify behavior, rather than keywords. A recent approach uses input/output examples as queries that illustrate the behavior of desired code. The technical feasibility of this approach has been illustrated, yet the impact of the change in the query model has not been assessed. Objective: We explore the cost and accuracy of using input/output queries for code search from the perspective of the programmer, considering two programming languages, Yahoo! Pipes and SQL. Method: We perform a controlled user study with 109 participants from two groups, students and Mechanical Turk, to assess the cost and accuracy of using input/output search queries. Results: Our results show that programmers can compose input/output queries in the targeted domains with over 92% average accuracy and in less than two minutes. Conclusion: The use of input/output queries does not seem to limit the early promise of semantic searches that depend on it.
A Survey for Inward Motions in the Dense Gas around Young Stellar Clusters

We report the results of a spectroscopic search for inward motions of the dense gas around 19 young stellar clusters. Single point observations of CS(2-1) and N2H+(1-0) were made using the Haystack 37 m telescope at 21'' resolution, and CS(2-1) and C34S(2-1) maps were made using the FCRAO 14 m telescope at 50'' resolution. Strong, spatially extended CS self-absorption is seen in Mon OB1-D, IRAS 20050+2720, and Cepheus A, which indicates that these sources are good candidates for follow-up observations of kinematic structure. In Cepheus A, in particular, we identify a region that shows inward motions over a region 0.2 pc in extent, which suggests that models of core collapse should take into account the turbulent motions in these sources. We use the normalized velocity difference, δv=[v(thick)-v(thin)]/Δv(thin), between the optically thick (CS) and thin (N2H+ or C34S) lines to quantify the relative motions between the forward and central layers of dense gas. The average value of this velocity difference is not significantly different from zero for either data set, and there is no correlation with the source bolometric temperature as determined from IRAS flux measurements. Thus this cluster sample has no significant excess of sources with inward motions, unlike the samples of individual YSOs recently reported by Gregerson et al. and Mardones et al. The lower incidence of high absolute values of δv in our sample can be attributed to a lower optical depth in the CS line due to the greater distance, and therefore poorer linear resolution, of the sources here, and to the higher kinetic and excitation temperatures in these more massive, cluster forming environments.
ENSO Impact on the Space–Time Evolution of the Regional Asian Summer Monsoons

Abstract This study investigates how ENSO affects the space–time evolution of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) precipitation and synoptic variables on a 5-day resolution over the entire ASM area. Cyclostationary EOF and regression methods were used to investigate the detailed evolution features associated with ENSO during the prominent life cycle of the ASM (21 May–17 September). This ENSO mode is identified as the third largest component (next to the seasonal cycle and the intraseasonal oscillations with a 40–50-day period) of the ASM rainfall variation. The ENSO mode reveals that the individual regional monsoons over the ASM domain respond to ENSO in a complex manner. 1) Under the El Nino condition, the early monsoon stage over India, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indochina peninsula is characterized by rainfall deficit, along with a delayed monsoon onset by one or two pentads. This is the result of weakened diabatic heating over the Asian continent and meridional pressure gradient over the Indian Ocean, cau...