cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of a Nurse-Driven Urinary Catheter Removal Protocol in a Hospital Setting.

Purpose/aims The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of a nurse-driven catheter removal protocol among nurses in a hospital setting. Design A mixed-methods design was used. A modified version of the Abbreviated Acceptability Rating Profile was used in this study, along with 3 open-ended questions. Methods Staff nurses assigned to care for nonpregnant, cognitively intact adults with a short-term Foley catheter were asked to apply a nurse-driven catheter removal protocol on the enrolled patient every 12 hours. They were asked to complete a modified version of the Abbreviated Acceptability Rating Profile and open-ended questionnaire each time they used the protocol. Results A total of 13 questionnaires were completed (52% completion rate). Nurses reported that the nurse-driven catheter removal protocol was highly acceptable in intensive care units and intermediate care units, but not in medical-surgical units. Nurses felt that the protocol should be effective in preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infection, that they would be willing to use the protocol with their loved ones, and that overall, the protocol was helpful for their patient. However, they did not feel that their patient's risk for catheter-associated urinary tract infection was high enough to warrant using the protocol. Barriers to using the protocol as planned included encrustation, inconvenient times of day, unawareness, and a desire to follow orders and current institutional policies. Conclusion Findings from this study generally support the acceptability of the nurse-driven catheter removal protocol, particularly in higher-acuity units. Recommendations are provided to help clinical nurse specialists support adherence to these protocols.
COVID-19 risk perceptions of social interaction and essential activities and inequity in the United States: Results from a nationally representative survey

IntroductionSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) related diagnoses, hospitalizations, and deaths have disproportionately affected disadvantaged communities across the United States. Few studies have sought to understand how risk perceptions related to social interaction and essential activities during the COVID-19 pandemic vary by sociodemographic factors, information that could inform targeted interventions to reduce inequities in access to care and information. MethodsWe conducted a nationally representative online survey of 1,592 adults in the United States to understand risk perceptions related to transmission of COVID-19 for various social and essential activities. We assessed relationships for each activity, after weighting to adjust for the survey design, using bivariate comparisons and multivariable logistic regression modeling, between responses of safe and unsafe, and participant characteristics, including age, gender, race, education, income, and political affiliation. ResultsHalf of participants were younger than 45 years (n=844, 53.0%), female (n=800, 50.3%), and White/Caucasian (n=685, 43.0%), Black/African American (n=410, 25.8%), or Hispanic/Latino (n=382, 24.0%). Risk perceptions of unsafe for 13 activities ranged from 29.2% to 73.5%. Large gatherings, indoor dining, and visits with elderly relatives had the highest proportion of unsafe responses (>58%) while activities outdoor, visiting the doctor or dentist, and going to the grocery store had the lowest (<36%). Older respondents were more likely to view social gatherings and indoor activities as unsafe, yet more likely to view activities such as going to the grocery store, participating in outdoor activities, visiting elderly relatives, and visiting the doctor or emergency room as safe. Compared to White/Caucasian respondents, Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino respondents were more likely to view activities such as dining and visiting friends outdoor as unsafe. Generally, men vs. women, Republicans vs. Democrats and independents, and individuals with higher vs. lower income were more likely to view activities as safe. ConclusionsThese findings suggest the importance of sociodemographic differences in risk perception, health behaviors, and access to information and health care when implementing efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research should address how evidence-based interventions can be tailored considering these differences with a goal of increased health equity in the pandemic response.
Variational properties of auxiliary density functionals

The evolution of variational Coulomb fitting from a purely practical scheme to reduce computational burden to a formal variant of Hohenberg–Kohn–Sham density functional theory (auxiliary density functional theory, ADFT) is discussed. After a summary of the historical evolution, an analysis of its connection with the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem is given, some implications for the Euler equation and for time-dependent DFT are given and some implications for the deMon2k code delineated.
All-organic flexible ferroelectret nanogenerator for wearable electronics

Piezoelectric nanogenerators used for energy harvesting in wearable electronics require flexibility, durability, and skin compatibility. Previous work has identified expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) as a potential candidate. A ferroelectret film was prepared by laminating ePTFE membranes and two fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) films using hot pressing, and injecting charges through corona discharge process. Using conductive fabric containing poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as electrodes, an all-organic nanogenerator was obtained. The open- circuit voltage and short-circuit current were measured to characterize the piezoelectric response. The short-circuit current was found to be approximately 50 nA for one layer of ePTFE membrane (15 × 15 mm2) under light pressure from one finger, and no increase in current and voltage was found from additional ePTFE layers. The polarizability and charges stability of the FEP/ePTFE/FEP film were also evaluated. The flexible ferroelectret nanogenerator can be embedded into clothes or insole and is expected to power continuously future wearable electronics system.
Seipin: harvesting fat and keeping adipocytes healthy.

Seipin is a key protein in the assembly of cytoplasmic lipid droplets (cLDs) and their maintenance at endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–LD junctions; the absence of seipin results in generalized lipodystrophy. How seipin mediates LD dynamics and prevents lipodystrophy are not well understood. New evidence suggests that seipin attracts triglyceride monomers from the ER to sites of droplet formation. By contrast, seipin may not be directly involved in the assembly of nuclear LDs and may actually suppress their formation at a distance. Seipin promotes adipogenesis, but lipodystrophy may also involve postadipogenic effects. We hypothesize that among these are a cycle of runaway lipolysis and lipotoxicity caused by aberrant LDs, resulting in a depletion of fat stores and a failure of adipose and other cells to thrive.
Creating and sustaining representations of academic language: Curricularization and language ideologies in second grade

Abstract Curricularization renders language into an assessable form comprised of discrete skills (Valdes, 2015, 2017, 2018), creating and sustaining language ideologies of academic language. Drawing on a year-long linguistic ethnographic study of a second-grade bilingual classroom in Philadelphia, USA, this paper presents two cases of how a teacher negotiates and recontextualizes products of curricularization originating from diverse sources of planning materials, both official and unofficial. Specifically, I examine how curricularized models of inferencing and asking questions—two practices framed as academic language skills—impacted this classroom teacher and her students. These skills were represented alongside assessment practices that presuppose students as potentially incapable of targeted skills, as well as more widely circulating raciolinguistic ideologies that presupposed racialized students as linguistically deficient (Flores & Rosa, 2015). Ultimately, understanding curricularization as it unfolds through work by diversely situated actors (teachers, curriculum directors, students, etc.) helps us recognize multiple potential sites of change toward more just schooling.
Identification of Fine-Grained Location Mentions in Crisis Tweets.

Identification of fine-grained location mentions in crisis tweets is central in transforming situational awareness information extracted from social media into actionable information. Most prior works have focused on identifying generic locations, without considering their specific types. To facilitate progress on the fine-grained location identification task, we assemble two tweet crisis datasets and manually annotate them with specific location types. The first dataset contains tweets from a mixed set of crisis events, while the second dataset contains tweets from the global COVID-19 pandemic. We investigate the performance of state-of-the-art deep learning models for sequence tagging on these datasets, in both in-domain and cross-domain settings.
Ghana's Concert Party Theatre

Preliminary Table of Contents: Acknowledgments Note on Orthography 1. Introduction 2. Reading Blackface in West Africa: Wonders Taken for Signs 3. "The Rowdy Lot Created the Usual Disturbance": Concerts and Emergent Publics, 1895-1927 4. "Ohia Ma Adwennwen," or "Use Your Gumption!": The Pragmatics of Performance, 1927- 1945 5. Improvising Popular Traveling Theatre: The Poetics of Invention 6. "This is Actually a Good Interpretation of Modern Civilization": Staging the Social Imaginary, 1946-1966 Notes Bibliography
Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Conjugated to Polyethylene Glycol Increases Endothelial Enzyme Activity and Oxidant Resistance

Covalent conjugation of superoxide dismutase and catalase with polyethylene glycol (PEG) increases the circulatory half-lives of these enzymes from less than 10 min to 40 h, reduces immunogenicity, and decreases sensitivity to proteolysis. Because PEG has surface active properties and can induce cell fusion, we hypothesized that PEG conjugation could enhance cell binding and association of normally membrane-impermeable enzymes. Incubation of cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells with 125I-PEG-catalase or 125I-PEG-superoxide dismutase produced a linear, concentration-dependent increase in cellular enzyme activity and radioactivity. Fluorescently labeled PEG-superoxide dismutase incubated with endothelial cells showed a vesicular localization. Mechanical injury to cell monolayers, which is known to stimulate endocytosis, further increased the uptake of fluorescent PEG-superoxide dismutase. Endothelial cell cultures incubated with PEG-superoxide dismutase and PEG-catalase for 24 h and then extensively washed were protected from the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species derived from exogenous xanthine oxidase as judged by two criteria: decreased release of intracellular 51Cr-labeled proteins and free radical-induced changes in membrane fluidity, measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of endothelial membrane proteins covalently labeled with 4-maleimido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxyl. Addition of PEG and PEG-conjugated enzymes perturbed the spin-label binding environment, indicative of producing an increase in plasma membrane fluidity. Thus, PEG conjugation to superoxide dismutase and catalase enhances cell association of these enzymes in a manner which increases cellular enzyme activities and provides prolonged protection from partially reduced oxygen species.
Practical Application of Selected Motor Learning Research.

(1979). Practical Application of Selected Motor Learning Research. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 50, No. 7, pp. 78-80.
Circadian rhythms in stomatal responsiveness to red and blue light

Stomata of many plants have circadian rhythms in responsiveness to environmental cues as well as circadian rhythms in aperture. Stomatal responses to red light and blue light are mediated by photosynthetic photoreceptors; responses to blue light are additionally controlled by a specific blue-light photoreceptor. This paper describes circadian rhythmic aspects of stomatal responsiveness to red and blue light in Vicia faba. Plants were exposed to a repeated light:dark regime of 1.5:2.5 h for a total of 48 h, and because the plants could not entrain to this short light:dark cycle, circadian rhythms were able to "free run" as if in continuous light. The rhythm in the stomatal conductance established during the 1.5-h light periods was caused both by a rhythm in sensitivity to light and by a rhythm in the stomatal conductance established during the preceding 2.5-h dark periods. Both rhythms peaked during the middle of the subjective day. Although the stomatal response to blue light is greater than the response to red light at all times of day, there was no discernible difference in period, phase, or amplitude of the rhythm in sensitivity to the two light qualities. We observed no circadian rhythmicity in net carbon assimilation with the 1.5:2.5 h light regime for either red or blue light. In continuous white light, small rhythmic changes in photosynthetic assimilation were observed, but at relatively high light levels, and these appeared to be attributable largely to changes in internal CO2 availability governed by stomatal conductance.
Electrochemical Activation of Cytochrome P450

This chapter reviews the efforts to develop catalytically competent P450 systems in which a simple electrode replaces NAD(P)H, and in some instances native reductase proteins, in the catalytic cycle. Notably, in evaluating the successes of P450 electrocatalytic methods, there is an important distinction to be made between mammalian and bacterial systems. While some mention of notable mammalian P450 electrocatalytic systems is made, the chapter focuses primarily on bacterial systems and specifically on the NADPH dependent flavocytochrome P450 from Bacillus megaterium (BM3). Harnessing P450 activity for in vitro applications may be most simply accomplished with electrochemical systems utilizing soluble mediators. Protein–surfactant film voltammetry has been widely used for studying the redox chemistry of P450s. Another striking aspect of P450 electrochemistry in surfactant films is the dramatic shift of the Fe^(III/II) couple to positive potentials. Finally, mediated electrochemical P450 systems are perhaps the best bets for large‐scale biocatalysis.
Under-sampled functional MRI using low-rank plus sparse matrix decomposition

High spatial resolution in functional magnetic resonance imaging improves its sensitivity to brain activation signals by reducing partial volume effects. However, the long acquisition times required for high spatial resolution limit the temporal resolution in fMRI studies. Consequently, the low temporal sampling bandwidth leads to increase in physiological noise and poor modeling of the functional activation dynamics. Thus, fast techniques capable of recovering fMRI time-series from under-sampled data are desirable to improve the sensitivity and specificity of fMRI for functional brain mapping. This paper presents an under-sampled fMRI recovery using low-rank plus sparse matrix decomposition signal model. This model is suited for blocked or slow event-related fMRI studies, where the low-rank matrix captures the temporally static T* 2 -weighted image patterns and, the sparse matrix captures the pseudo-periodic brain activation signal. The preliminary results of under-sampled recovery on in-vivo fMRI data show recovery of BOLD activation in human superior colliculus with contrast-to-noise ratio ≥ 4.4 (85% of reference) up to acceleration factors of 3.
FIELD PERFORMANCE OF THE INTOXILYZER 5000: A COMPARISON OF BLOOD- AND BREATH-ALCOHOL RESULTS IN WISCONSIN DRIVERS

Intoxilyzer 5000 and blood-alcohol results from drivers arrested for operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated and for related offenses were compared during a two-year period. Three hundred and ninety-five pairs of results were studied. The breath- and blood-alcohol specimens in this study were collected within 1 h of each other. The mean blood-alcohol concentration obtained was 0.180 g/dL, with a range from zero to 0.338 g/dL. By comparison, the mean Intoxilyzer 5000 result was 0.16 g/210 L with a range from zero to 0.32 g/210 L. Compared with the blood-alcohol result, Intoxilyzer 5000 results were lower by more than 0.01 g/210 L 67% of the time, within 0.01 g/210 L 31% of the time, and higher by more than 0.01 g/210 L 2% of the time.
A multi-layered and kill-chain based security analysis framework for cyber-physical systems

This paper introduces a novel framework for understanding cyber attacks and the related risks to cyber-physical systems. The framework consists of two elements, a three-layered logical model and reference architecture for cyber-physical systems, and a meta-model of cyber-physical system attacks that is referred to as the cyber-physical system kill-chain. The layered reference architecture provides a systematic basis for studying how the causal chain associated with cyber perturbations can be traced all the way to physical perturbations. The cyber-physical system kill-chain describes the progressive stages of attacks to illuminate the steps required for an attacker to launch a successful attack against a cyber-physical system. The proposed framework offers a novel approach for comprehensively studying the elements of cyber-physical system attacks, including the attacker objectives, cyber exploitation, control-theoretic properties and physical system properties. The framework is evaluated using a simulated unmanned aerial system and the results of the evaluation are discussed. The longer-term goal is to use the framework as a means to deduce cyber-physical system security properties and to enumerate the principles for designing systems that are resilient to cyber attacks.
Real-time measurement for fast cycle time

Summary form only given. The most challenging overall goal of the Microelectronics Manufacturing Science and Technology (MMST) Program was the demonstration of 3-day cycle time for manufacturing double-level-metal 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS circuits. Achievement of this goal was enabled by development of: (1) a 100% single-wafer processing facility and (2) a substantial implementation of real-time process and factory control. In this paper, we focus on the relationship between cycle time and real-time control.
Adult children of alcoholics: narcissism, shame, and the differential effects of paternal and maternal alcoholism

Recent clinical and research literature has suggested that having one or both parents alcoholic leads to higher levels of character pathology (Baker and Williamson 1989; Benson and Heller 1987; Berkowitz and Perkins 1988; Brown 1988; Hibbard 1987, 1989; Parker and Harford 1988; Plescia-Pikus et al. 1988; Soyster 1984; Wood 1987) than is normal for nonclinical adults. Only Berkowitz and Perkins (1988) have looked at what difference it may make as to which parent is identified as alcoholic.
Direct Extracellular Contact between Integrin α3β1 and TM4SF Protein CD151

Previously we established that the α3β1 integrin shows stable, specific, and stoichiometric association with the TM4SF (tetraspannin) protein CD151. Here we used a membrane impermeable cross-linking agent to show a direct association between extracellular domains of α3β1 and CD151. The α3β1−CD151 association site was then mapped using chimeric α6/α3 integrins and CD151/NAG2 TM4SF proteins. Complex formation required an extracellular α3 site (amino acids (aa) 570–705) not previously known to be involved in specific integrin contacts with other proteins and a region (aa 186–217) within the large extracellular loop of CD151. Notably, the anti-CD151 monoclonal antibody TS151r binding epitope, previously implicated in α3 integrin association, was mapped to the same region of CD151 (aa 186–217). Finally, we demonstrated that both NH2- and COOH-terminal domains of CD151 are located on the inside of the plasma membrane, thus confirming a long suspected model of TM4SF protein topology.
Hemorrhage detected using MR imaging in the setting of acute stroke: an in vivo model.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The treatment algorithm for acute cerebrovascular accidents has traditionally sorted these accidents as either hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic, and MR imaging, with its ability to allow expeditious assessment of vascular substrates and regional blood volume, is well suited for this purpose. Our purpose was to delineate the accuracy of MR imaging in acute, hemorrhagic forms of stroke during the time frame considered beneficial for intervention in an animal model. METHODS: Eighteen dogs with small, iatrogenic parenchymal, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), or both were serially scanned over the initial 6-hour postictal period. Confirmatory pathologic specimens and 3-hour postictal CT scans were obtained in all animals. The MR and CT studies were then interpreted in a blinded fashion by two neuroradiologists for the presence of hemorrhage. The results were subjected to receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: MR imaging depicted acute parenchymal hemorrhage and SAH with a high degree of accuracy at 1.5 T. This finding was independent of each of the time points studied during the 6-hour window. For SAH, the MR accuracy for reader 1 was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.76–0.97); for reader 2, accuracy was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.71–0.99). The CT accuracy for the two readers was 0.42 (95% CI, 0.26–0.58) and 0.66 95% CI, 0.43–0.89), respectively. Fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery images improved the conspicuity of SAH on MR images and, along with spin-density–weighted spin-echo sequences, helped to establish the hemorrhagic nature. For parenchymal hemorrhage, the MR accuracy for reader 1 was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.81–0.99); for reader 2, accuracy was 0.93 (95% CI, 0.84–1.00). With CT, the accuracy of reader 1 was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.85–0.97) whereas for reader 2 accuracy was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.69–0.83). Parenchymal hemorrhage detection and diagnosis was best with T2*-weighted gradient-echo images. CONCLUSION: MR imaging with appropriately selected sequences appears able to provide information regarding the presence (or absence) of hemorrhage in an acute stroke model requisite to the initiation of treatment.
In vivo effects of drilling fluid on a stereotyped neuronal burst in the gastropod mollusc,Aplysia

Neurotoxicological effects from a marine pollutant, drilling fluid (DF), were examined in the marine molluscAplysia californica by means ofin vivo extracellular recording procedures. Experimental animals received 10 ml of 10 ppt drilling fluid into the body cavity via cannulated injection; control animals received 10 ml of saline isotonic to the hemolymph.In vivo siphon nerve activity was compared before vs after injection and between experimental vs control animals. DF 1) increased the level of background spontaneous activity, 2) increased the frequency of occurrence of a neuronal event, referred to as Interneuron II (INT II) or respiratory pumping, and 3) changed the neuronal burst pattern associated with the INT II. The DFinduced alteration of the INT II burst pattern preceded the first detectable behavioral modification by 24 hours. Thus,in vivo neuronal monitoring offers a sensitive method for determining toxicological parameters of chemical agents.
The analysis of blood iron.

Abstract A procedure has been presented which makes possible the analysis of blood iron by three short and simple steps which include: ( a ) partial digestion of the material with a reagent which contains both oxidizing and protein-precipitating reagents, ( b ) filtering and washing into a buffer containing reducing agent and a color-complexing agent for the reduced form of iron, ( c ) and finally measuring spectrophotometrically the resulting chromophore which follows Beer's law over a wide range.
THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM GUAIACOLATES IN GUAIACOL

The data of the author and Uhlig, and new data, on the conductivity of sodium and of potassium guaiacolates in guaiacol at 25° have been computed with an improved conductance equation which is valid to somewhat higher concentrations than the equations formerly used. The new constants are, Λ0 = 9.0, K = 2.8 x 10–5 for sodium guaiacolate and Λ0 = 9.5, K = 3.4 x 10–5 for potassium guaiacolate.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Eggshell Changes in Raptorial and Fish-Eating Birds

Catastrophic declines of three raptorial species in the United States have been accompanied by decreases in eggshell thickness that began in 1947, have amounted to 19 percent or more, and were identical to phenomena reported in Britain. In 1967, shell thickness in herring gull eggs from five states decreased with increases in chlorinated hydrocarbon residues.
In intelligence and the ability to learn.

(1947). Intelligence and the Ability to Learn. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 27-43.
The power of Babel

Abstract In this paper, I seek to determine the extent to which a particular form of information—the published book review—is helpful in public policy discussion. In pursuing this question a number of reviews dealing with recent critiques of American education are analyzed. The works of Bloom, D’Souza, Moe et al.—studies funded by ideologically conservative foundations—offer a seemingly respectable underpinning for the efforts to eliminate all aspects of affirmative action in higher education, while installing “choice” in the lower grades. Thoughtful critiques of these jeremiad-like works are all but ignored by the mainstream media. The review sources themselves, conservative, liberal, and academic, do follow a predictable pattern. However, an analysis of the totality of reviews considered reveals a cacophony of voices, many as partisan as the authors under review. It is argued that the original works, in substance and tone, along with the secondary analysis available to the interested public are unlikely to promote a thoughtful “democratic-friendly” dialogue. To this extent, the public policy is likely to be ill-informed. Present funding sources available to many in the social sciences suggest that an improvement in this situation will not come easily.
Modeling the Obstacle Performance of Cable-Towed Vehicles

Abstract The forces required to pull wheeled vehicles over idealized terrain obstacles were studied. Scale models and computer simulations were used to evaluate the peak forces for single-axle vehicles equipped with rigid wheels and pneumatic tires. A scale model of a rimless spoke wheel was also tested. The results from the rigid wheel and pneumatic- tired simulations approximated those for the scale models. The rimless spoke wheel model required relatively high towing forces. The computer results indicated that towing forces could be reduced by a factor of three in some situations by using low pressure tires instead of rigid wheels. Even with low pressure tires, it is not possible to pull vehicles over obstacles larger than approximately 1/5 of the wheel diameter, if towing forces are not to exceed the vehicle weight.
Simultaneous optical and radar measurements of meteors using the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar

Coordinated Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) and imaging observations are examined in order to study the radar scattering signatures of optically visible meteors. Preliminary observations in 2006 revealed that optical meteors were detected by PFISR. A recent campaign in the winter of 2009, employed a radar mode optimized for meteor Doppler shifts. This paper presents a case study from 21 January 2009. Seven out of the 338 meteors observed with PFISR were also detected optically. Six out of those seven were detected by the side lobes of the radar and not the main beam. A positive correlation was found between the corrected backscattered radar power and the optical brightness of the meteors, as well as between optical brightness and absolute speed. Meteors originating in the east had higher speeds and more glancing incidence angles, while meteors originating in the north had lower speeds and more direct incidence angles.
Effects of intrastriatal injections of scopolamine on appetitive behavior

Abstract Direct application of the anticholinergic drug scopolamine to the corpus striatum of food-deprived rats reliably inhibited the intake of solid food as well as food-rewarded lever pressing. Water intake and operant responding for water rewards in water-deprived rats were not affected, suggesting that the drug treatment did not interfere with swallowing or with the animals' ability to lever press. The intake of a liquid diet by food-deprived rats was also not affected by intrastriatal scopolamine, suggesting that the observed suppression of food intake and food-rewarded instrumental behavior may not be related to a loss of food motivation per se.
Micro-mirror arrays for spectroscopic applications

Visible and Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy finds use in a number of applications including security, biomedicine, military, materials science, and materials processing areas to name a few. Visible red and NIR ranges are particularly valuable for in vivo studies because photons in this range have very low potential energy and are hence usually considered noninvasive. Integrated spectrometers operating in the NIR spectral range can have high resolution and transmission, low cost, and can exhibit low noise depending on detection properties and light throughput. Optical and NIR spectrometers in this and other work have been shown to operate under normal environmental conditions (such as temperature, atmospheric gases, and humidity) and do not generally require vacuum operation. In this research, the “spectral analysis” sections of a micro-mirror based Reflective Adaptive Slit (RAS) with single InGaAs photodiode spectrometer has been studied and compared to a conventional InGaAs array detector based spectrometer. It should be noted that in both approach, either RAS with single photodiode or Conventional Array Detector (CAD) based spectrometry, the spectrometer system requires a dispersive element (prism or grating) or filter to separate the polychromatic light beam under analysis. If the system is a so called “active” system, a light source is also needed. In this work we test, model, and compare a Reflective Adaptive Slit micro-mirror based single element photodiode system to a commercial array detector based spectrometer. Within the context of the Reflective single photodiode micro-mirror Slit spectrometer, we are establishing a set of optical requirements to ideally cover a number of applications. In addition to experimental performance comparisons between the spectrometer approaches, we will report on the performance requirements and environmental issues for these NIR spectrometers.
COMMENT ON THRESHOLD KINEMATIC CONSTRAINTS AND CORRELATIONS OF HELICITY AMPLITUDES.

Previously derived threshold constraints on helicity amplitudes are simplified for high-spin cases, using a suggestion made by King and Kuo.
Development of a radioimmunoassay for 15-hete and its application to 15-hete production by reticulocytes☆

Mono-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETE's) are frequently the principal lipoxygenase-derived products in a number of cell types. This paper describes the development of a selective and sensitive radioimmunoassay procedure for 15-HETE, a metabolite which has previously been shown to be both an activator and inhibitor of leukotriene formation in various cells. Initially, rabbits were immunized with 15-HETE conjugated to bovine serum albumin. After seven months, the anti-plasma showed significant binding of tritiated 15-HETE (40– 45% binding with a 1:600 dilution of the anti-plasma) which was displaceable by cold 15-HETE. The sensitivity of the assay was approximately 20 pg. of 15-HETE. The anti-plasma exhibited very little (<1%) cross-reactivity with arachidonic acid, 5−, 8−, 9−, 11− and 12−HETE's, HHT, TXB2, PGE2 and 6-Keto-PGF1α. Significant cross-reactivity was observed with 5,15-diHETE (53%), 8, 15-diHETE (6.6%), and several other 15-hydroxy-eicosanoids. Rabbit reticulocytes have a very active 15S-lipoxygenase and converted arachidonic acid (final concentration 7 μM) principally to 15-HETE. Unstimulated reticulocytes were found to release negligible amounts of 15-HETE as determined by radio-immunoassay Treatment of these cells with the calcium ionophore A23187 (0.16 to 4.0 μg/ml) elicited a level of 15-HETE release (8 − 14 ng/ml) that was twenty to forty times less than obtained with exogenous arachidonic acid (2.5 μg/ml). The radioimmunoassay reported here may be useful for identifying factors which stimulate cellular release of 15-HETE and other 15-hydroxy-eicosanoids from endogenous arachidonic acid.
A probabilistic framework for unmanned aircraft systems collision detection and risk estimation

The airborne collision detection is a challenging problem due to inherent noise in onboard sensor(s), limited computational resources available for unmanned aircraft system and variability in intruder dynamics resulting in uncertainty in predicting intruder future trajectories. In this paper, we develop an innovative approach to quantify likely intruder trajectories and estimate the probability of collision risk for a pair of aircraft flying at the same altitude in close proximity. The proposed approach is formulated in a probabilistic framework building upon the uncorrelated encounter model (UEM) developed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory (LL) and the concept of forward reachable sets. The performance of proposed approach is evaluated using Monte Carlo based simulations where statistically relevant encounter scenarios are sampled from the MIT LL UEM.
Brief encounters: Tatham Mound and the evidence for Spanish and Native American confrontation

Skeletal trauma often has been utilized to examine facets of inter- and intragroup violence. Eighteen skeletal elements from Tatham Mound are considered in this study, which exhibit wounds similar to documented cases of trauma caused by edged metal weapons. Tatham Mound is a sixteenth century mortuary site in central Gulf Coast Florida and is located within the reconstructed zone of contact with the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses of skeletal elements are conducted in order to distinguish trauma due to edged metal weapons from other perimortem and post-mortem bone modification. The damage on elements from Tatham Mound is compared with documented cases of trauma from edged metal weapons as well as medieval European skeletal remains exhibiting trauma due to edged metal weapons. It is concluded that some of the observed cases are probably due to metal weapon wounds inflicted by the Spanish explorers.
A self-evaluation outline for beginning group counselors

Abstract A specific outline for the beginning group counselor can serve as a method for organizing and evaluating the ongoing group experience.
Cue Usage in Memory for Location When Orientation Is Fixed

In previous research, it was demonstrated that including one or three cues surrounding a circular field had no effect on spatial memory for dot locations when the field's orientation was fixed, but that there were very large effects when orientation varied across trials (Fitting, Wedell, & Allen, 2007). In four new experiments, we explored the use of external cues in the fixed orientation environment, using 0, 4, 8, or 24 cues and manipulating task difficulty. In Experiments 1-3, the angular bias data supported the use of four quadrant-based prototypes regardless of cue condition, but there were clear cue effects on radial prototype locations. Increasing the number of cues enhanced accuracy of spatial memory for targets closer to cues. In Experiment 4, we severely challenged memory by using multiple targets and a filled delay before estimation. Doing so demonstrated an effect of cues on the categorical structuring of memory. Collectively, findings indicate that when orientation is fixed, cues bolster fine-grain memory, but that they only alter the default categorical scheme when memory demands are high.
Dynamic Stabilization of Nuclear Receptor Ligand Binding Domains by Hormone or Corepressor Binding

We have developed a novel assembly assay to examine structural changes in the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the thyroid hormone receptor (TR). Fragments including the first helix of the TR LBD interact only weakly with the remainder of the LBD in the absence of hormone, but this interaction is strongly enhanced by the addition of either hormone or the corepressor NCoR. Since neither the ligand nor the corepressor shows direct interaction with this helix, we propose that both exert their effects by stabilizing the overall structure of the LBD. Current models of activation of nuclear hormone receptors focus on a ligand-induced allosteric shift in the position of the C-terminal helix 12 that generates the coactivator binding site. Our results suggest that ligand binding also has more global effects that dynamically alter the structure of the receptor LBD.
Engineering of pyridine nucleotide specificity of nitrate reductase: mutagenesis of recombinant cytochrome b reductase fragment of Neurospora crassa NADPH:Nitrate reductase.

The cytochrome b reductase fragment of Neurospora crassa NADPH:nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.3) was overexpressed in Escherichia coli with a His-tag for purification after mutation of the NADPH binding site. The recombinant enzyme fragment was altered by site-directed mutagenesis guided by the three-dimensional structure of cytochrome b reductase fragment of corn NADH:nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1). Substitution of Asp for Ser920 (using residue numbering for holo-NADPH:nitrate reductase of N. crassa) greatly increased preference for NADH. This mutant had nearly the same NADH:ferricyanide reductase kcat as wild-type with NADPH. Substitutions for Arg921 had little influence on coenzyme specificity, while substitution of Ser or Gln for Arg932 did. The cytochrome b reductase mutant with greatest preference for NADH over NADPH was the doubly substituted form, Asp for Ser920/Ser for Arg932, but it had low activity and low affinity for coenzymes, which indicated a general loss of specificity in the binding site. Steady-state kinetic constants were determined for wild type and mutants with NADPH and NADH. Wild type had a specificity ratio of 1100, which was defined as the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for NADPH divided by catalytic efficiency for NADH, while Asp for Ser920 mutant had a ratio of 0.17. Thus, the specificity ratio was reversed by over 6000-fold by a single mutation. Preference for NADPH versus NADH is strongly influenced by presence/absence of a negatively charged amino acid side chain in the binding site for the 2' phosphate of NADPH in nitrate reductase, which may partially account for existence of bispecific NAD(P)H:nitrate reductases (EC 1.6.6.2).
Occurrence and Prevalence of Foliar Diseases on Blueberry in Georgia

Abstract Qualitative and quantitative information about the occurrence and prevalence of fungal species causing foliar diseases on blueberry in the southeastern United States is limited. To close t...
Hospitality Industry Smoking Bans and Child Endangerment

rationally argue infants and small children should be allowed to roam freely about cars when the latter are in use. Moreover, adult seatbelts are inade quate substitutes for car seats: seatbelts cannot prevent injuries to children they way they can for adults. Since the state has an obligation to protect those who cannot protect themselves, it has a moral duty to pass and enforce laws requiring children's guardians to use car seats. Of a somewhat more controversial nature is a legal requirement for adult seatbelt use. Even though seatbelts save lives in general, there are those who argue against states' intervention in their citizens' right to self determination. If a person autonomously chooses not to wear a seatbelt, and no one is unduly harmed by the act, then the person may omit wearing a seat belt. Acting in such a way is imprudent, but the right to self-determination is not limited to the prudent (Gorovitz, 186). In this particular argument, autonomy trumps governments' obligation to protect the populace's health. Others argue for the contrary position.
Single-Phase Motor-Torque Pulsations

This article gives results of a study of the vibrations of small single-phase induction motors, with a view to determining their causes and eliminating the noise which they produce. The possible sources of such vibrations were analyzed, and an experimental study was made in which the principal cause was definitely determined to be the double-frequency variation of the electromagnetic torque developed by the motor. This variation of torque is fairly obvious when it is considered that the power input to the motor is pulsating and the output is uniform, but it was found that the torque variation at no-load was also very pronounced, a fact which does not seem to have been previously described. A description of the experiments made, a theoretical analysis of the torque variations, and a comparison of test with calculated results are given.
Context-aware resource management in multi-inhabitant smart homes: A framework based on Nash H-learning

Abstract A smart home aims at building intelligent automation with a goal to provide its inhabitants with maximum possible comfort, minimum resource consumption and thus reduced cost of home maintenance. ‘Context Awareness’ is perhaps the most salient feature of such an intelligent environment. An inhabitant’s mobility and activities play a significant role in defining his/her contexts in and around the home. Although there exists an optimal algorithm for location and activity tracking of a single inhabitant, the correlation and dependence between multiple inhabitants’ contexts within the same environment make the location and activity tracking more challenging. In this paper, we first prove that the optimal location prediction across multiple inhabitants in smart homes is an NP-hard problem. Next, to capture the correlation and interactions between different inhabitants’ movements (and hence activities), we develop a novel framework based on a game theoretic, Nash H -learning approach that attempts to minimize the joint location uncertainty of inhabitants. Our framework achieves a Nash equilibrium such that no inhabitant is given preference over others. This results in more accurate prediction of contexts and more adaptive control of automated devices, thus leading to a mobility-aware resource (say, energy) management scheme in multi-inhabitant smart homes. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework is capable of adaptively controlling a smart environment, significantly reduces energy consumption and enhances the comfort of the inhabitants.
An asymptotic method in asymmetric rotor theory

Abstract An asymptotic method developed in the theory of the Mathieu equation is adapted to the treatment of asymmetric rotor problems in the domain of high J and low K, i.e., in the domain characterized by the condition δJ(J + 1) n 2 ⪢ 1 , where δ = (B - C) (A - C) is a parameter of asymmetry, and, depending upon the symmetry type, n = K or K + 1. The method is essentially based on the observation that a differential equation of infinite order can be found which generates a matrix of infinite rank possessing elements identical with the elements of the finite asymmetric rotor matrix within the domain in which this matrix is defined. Methods developed in the theory of differential equations can thus be adapted to asymmetric rotor theory. The asymptotic method leads to expansions in terms of descending powers of [δJ(J + 1)] 1 2 and J(J + 1), and to explicit formulas for level energies, transition frequencies, etc. These formulas serve a twofold purpose: (1) They give a more direct insight into features characteristic for the high J-low K domain than numerical results alone. (2) They make possible a straightforward derivation of approximate numerical results in a domain where tabulated values are not available, and where conventional methods become rather laborious and time-consuming. For J = 40, for instance, 110, 96, and 112 of 820 tabulated values for the asymmetric rotor eigenvalues are reproduced by these formulas with errors less than 0.00005, 0.00050, 0.00500, etc. The degree of accuracy attained increases rapidly with increasing J. Substantial further improvement of the asymptotic formalism appears feasible.
Constraints on galaxy bias, matter density, and primordial non-Gaussianity from the PSCz galaxy redshift survey.

We compute the bispectrum for the IRAS $\mathrm{PSC}z$ catalog and find that the galaxy distribution displays the characteristic signature of gravity. Assuming Gaussian initial conditions, we obtain galaxy biasing parameters $1/{b}_{1}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1.20}_{\ensuremath{-}0.19}^{+0.18}$ and ${b}_{2}/{b}_{1}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}0.42\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.19$, with no sign of scale-dependent bias for $k\ensuremath{\le}0.3h{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. These results impose stringent constraints on non-Gaussian initial conditions. For dimensional scaling models with ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{N}^{2}$ statistics, we find $Ng49$, which implies a constraint on primordial skewness ${B}_{3}l0.35$.
The influence of split applications of complete fertilizer on the yield of Irish potatoes

It is evident from the data listed in tables 1 and 2 that the longer the fertilizer application was delayed after planting, within the limits used in this experiment, the lower the yield. This indicates that the response from the fertilizer applied after planting was not so great as from that applied at planting time. These data also tend to support the belief that there was very little foraging effect, under the experimental conditions, between the two rows of potatoes spaced three feet apart on the Wheeling sandy loam or the DeKalb silt loam soil, since the potato plants apparently made little use of the fertilizer placed eighteen inches away from the row.
Atmospheric trajectories and spring bird migration across the Gulf of Mexico

We examined the relationship between the longitude of peak arrival of trans-Gulf migrants on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico in spring and wind trajectories over the Gulf at three different altitudes (500, 1,500, and 2,500 m above ground level). We used data from 10 WSR-88D radars (weather surveillance radar-1988-Doppler) from Brownsville, Texas, to Key West, Florida, to record the time and longitude of peak arrival on the northern Gulf coast for four spring migrations (2001–2004). We used the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration Air Resources Laboratory HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model at the READY Web site to generate backward, 24-h atmospheric trajectories based on archived atmospheric data for each trans-Gulf flight. The trajectories began at the geographic location where radar indicated the greatest concentrations of arriving migrants. Although the longitude of peak arrival varied, peak densities of most trans-Gulf migrants arrived on the northern coast near longitude 95°W. Regression analyses showed that the relationship between the longitude of peak trans-Gulf arrival and the direction of atmospheric trajectory was significant but weak at the 500-m level, where few migrants occurred, and was insignificant for the 1,500- and 2,500-m altitudes, where migrant densities were greater. We conclude that winds aloft over the Gulf have little influence on the longitude of peak trans-Gulf arrival on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and we speculate that the arrival pattern may reflect the trans-Gulf migration pathways that evolved during the Last Glacial Maximum.