cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein Kinase C Involvement in Interleukin-6 Production by Parathyroid Hormone and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in UMR-106 Osteoblastic Cells

The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is increased in bone and bone cells by several resorptive stimuli, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The current studies were designed to determine the contribution of the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway to the effects of these three agents to increase IL-6 in UMR-106 rat osteoblastic cells. Cells were pretreated with vehicle (dimethylsulf-oxide [DMSO]) or the phorbol ester, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB; 300 nM) for 48 h to down-regulate phorbol-sensitive PKC isozymes. Either PTH (0.1–10 nM), IL-1β (0.1–10 nM), or TNF-α (5 nM and 10 nM) was then added for 24 h in the continued presence of vehicle or PDB. PKC isozymes were visualized by Western immunoblotting and IL-6 was determined by bioassay. PDB pretreatment caused a partial down-regulation of the conventional α-PKC and βI-PKC isozymes and complete down-regulation of the novel δ-isoenzyme and ϵ-isozymes but it had no effect on the atypical Ξ-PKC isozyme. PDB pretreatment reduced IL-6 responses to 5 nM and 10 nM PTH by 61% and 33%, respectively, reduced IL-6 responses to 5nM and 10 nM TNF-α by 54% and 42%, respectively, and failed to inhibit the IL-6 responses to 0.1–10 nM IL-1β. The PDB pretreatment protocol significantly enhanced PTH-stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production. The PKC inhibitor calphostin C also decreased IL-6 responses to PTH. Thus, in this osteoblast cell line, the PKC pathway is an important component of the signaling pathway for the IL-6 production stimulated by PTH and TNF-α but not that from IL-1β. (J Bone Miner Res 2000;15:885–893)
BladeCenter T system for the telecommunications industry

This paper describes the IBM eServerTM BladeCenter® T system, an extension of the BladeCenter platform designed for the specific and rigorous requirements of the telecommunications industry, such as compliance with Telcordia Technologies Network Equipment-Building Standards (NEBSTM) specifications. The Telcordia NEBS documents and the analogous documents written for the European marketplace by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute define the range of environmental and electrical parameters presented by this market segment. A key characteristic of the telecommunications industry is its focus on the availability and redundancy of the equipment used to provide service to its customers. These requirements imposed significant design changes on the BladeCenter platform and software, while maintaining a solution compatible with the original BladeCenter architecture. This paper provides details of the design changes that were made in the areas of hardware, software, systems management, and integration, and concludes with examples and a discussion of customer solutions with the BladeCenter T system.
Limited native plant regeneration in novel, exotic-dominated forests on Hawai’i

Abstract Ecological invasions are a major driver of global environmental change. When invasions are frequent and prolonged, exotic species can become dominant and ultimately create novel ecosystem types. These ecosystems are now widespread globally. Recent evidence from Puerto Rico suggests that exotic-dominated forests can provide suitable regeneration sites for native species and promote native species abundance, but this pattern has been little explored elsewhere. We surveyed 46 sites in Hawai’i to determine whether native species occurred in the understories of exotic-dominated forests. Native trees smaller than 10 cm in diameter were absent in 28 of the 46 sites and rare in the others. Natives were never the dominant understory species; in fact, they accounted for less than 10% of understory basal area at all but six sites, and less than 4% on average. Sites with native species in the understory tended to be on young lava substrate lacking human disturbance, and were mostly located close to intact, native-dominated forest stands. Even where we found some native species, however, most were survivors of past exotic encroachment into native forest, rather than products of active recolonization by native species. In contrast with successional trajectories in Puerto Rico, Hawaii's exotic-dominated forests can emerge, via invasion, without human disturbance and native Hawaiian plants are largely unable to colonize them once they appear. We suggest that a wide diversity of growth strategies among the exotic species on Hawai’i may limit the opportunities for native plants to colonize exotic-dominated forests.
Aspirated and ingested teeth in children

Three cases of aspirated and ingested teeth in older children are reported. Awareness of this eventuality following trauma, particularly of the maxillo-facial region, is emphasized. Special attention should be directed to the alveolar region in examining the skull radiographs. If teeth are missing, radiographs of the chest and abdomen should be routinely taken.
Conformational transitions of soybean trypsin inhibitor incited by alkyl sulfates of various hydrophobic chain length

The conformational transitions of soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) were studied in the presence of sodium octyl, decyl, dodecyl, and tetradecyl sulfates by means of circular dichroism (CD) measurement. Sufficiently high concentrations of the alkyl sulfates induced the formation of CD bands indicative of the α-helical and β-structures. The CD bands in the near ultraviolet zone were strongly reduced. The logarithm of moles alkyl sulfate per mole protein, that produced 50% of the transition corresponding to the CD bands at 220 nm, decreased linearly with the increasing numbers of CH2 groups in the alkyl radical. The mole ratios of the alkyl sulfate needed to dislocate the aromatic side chains (CD e.g. at 294 and 275 nm) were lower than those affecting the polypeptide backbone, and they decreased strongly with the increasing chain length of the alkyl chain of the sodium alkyl sulfate. The results indicate that the three-dimensional structure of the macromolecule of STI is stabilized chiefly by hydrophobic interactions. Veranderungen der Konformation des Trypsin-Inhibitors (STI) (aus Sojabohnen) wurden in Gegenwart von Natriumoctyl-, -decyl-, -dodecyl- und -tetradecylsulfat mit der Methode des Cirkulardichroismus (CD) untersucht. Durch ausreichend hohe Konzentrationen der Alkylsulfate wurde das Erscheinen von CD-Banden hervorgerufen, die auf das Entstehen von α-Helix und β-Struktur hinweisen. Die CD-Banden im nahen Ultraviolett wurden stark reduziert. Der Logarithmus des Molverhaltnisses Alkylsulfat/Protein, das 50% des 220 nm Ubergangs hervorruft, verminderte sich linear mit wachsender Zahl der CH2-Gruppen in dem Alkylrest. Die Molverhaltnisse Alkylsulfat/STI, die zum Verschieben der aromatischen Seitenketten notig waren (z. B. CD bei 294 und 275 nm) waren niedriger als jene, die die Polypeptidhauptkette beeinflusten und sie erniedrigten sich stark mit wachsender Lange der Alkylgruppe des Natriumalkylsulfats. Die Resultate weisen darauf hin, das die dreidimensionale Struktur des STI hauptsachlich durch hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen stabilisiert wird.
Role of Long-Range Protein Dynamics in Different Thymidylate Synthase Catalyzed Reactions

Recent studies of Escherichia coli thymidylate synthase (ecTSase) showed that a highly conserved residue, Y209, that is located 8 A away from the reaction site, plays a key role in the protein’s dynamics. Those crystallographic studies indicated that Y209W mutant is a structurally identical but dynamically altered relative to the wild type (WT) enzyme, and that its turnover catalytic rate governed by a slow hydride-transfer has been affected. The most challenging test of an examination of a fast chemical conversion that precedes the rate-limiting step has been achieved here. The physical nature of both fast and slow C-H bond activations have been compared between the WT and mutant by means of observed and intrinsic kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) and their temperature dependence. The findings indicate that the proton abstraction step has not been altered as much as the hydride transfer step. Additionally, the comparison indicated that other kinetic steps in the TSase catalyzed reaction were substantially affected, including the order of the substrate binding. Enigmatically, although Y209 is H-bonded to 3'-OH of 2'-deoxyuridine-5'-mono­phosphate (dUMP), its altered dynamics is more pronounced on the binding of the remote cofactor, (6R)-N5,N10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (CH2H4folate), revealing the importance of long-range dynamics of the enzymatic complex and its catalytic function.
Temperament and character as schizophrenia-related endophenotypes in non-psychotic siblings

Abstract Background Quantitative endophenotypes are needed to better understand the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The psychobiological model of temperament and character suggests that personality traits are heritable and regulated by brain systems influencing schizophrenia susceptibility. Thus, measures of temperament and character may serve as schizophrenia-related endophenotypes in individuals with schizophrenia and their non-psychotic siblings. Methods Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 35), their non-psychotic siblings (n = 34), controls (n = 63), and their siblings (n = 56) participated in a study of the clinical, neurocognitive and neuromorphological characteristics of schizophrenia. A mixed-model approach assessed group differences on the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Neurocognitive deficits and psychopathology were correlated with the TCI. Configurations of TCI domains were examined using a generalized linear model. Results Individuals with schizophrenia and their non-psychotic siblings had higher harm avoidance than controls and their siblings. Individuals with schizophrenia had lower self-directedness and cooperativeness, and higher self-transcendence than their non-psychotic siblings, controls, and the siblings of controls. Neurocognition was not related to temperament and character in individuals with schizophrenia or either control group. In non-psychotic siblings, self-directedness and cooperativeness were correlated with working memory and crystallized IQ. Conclusion Evidence supports harm avoidance as a schizophrenia-related endophenotype. An increased risk of schizophrenia may be associated with asociality (configured as high harm avoidance and low reward dependence), schizotypy (configured as low self-directedness, low cooperativeness, and high self-transcendence), and neurocognitive deficits (poor executive functioning, working/episodic memory, attention, and low IQ). The non-psychotic siblings demonstrated features of a mature character profile including strong crystallized IQ, which may confer protection against psychopathology.
Transparent electrodes based on two-dimensional Ag nanogrids and double one-dimensional Ag nanogratings for organic photovoltaics

The optical and electrical properties of optically thin one-dimensional (1-D) Ag nanogratings and two-dimensional (2-D) Ag nanogrids are studied, and their use as transparent electrodes in organic photovoltaics is explored. A large broadband and polarization-insensitive optical absorption enhancement in the organic light-harvesting layers is theoretically and numerically demonstrated using either single-layer 2-D Ag nanogrids or two perpendicular 1-D Ag nanogratings, and is attributed to the excitation of surface plasmon resonances and plasmonic cavity modes. Total photon absorption enhancements of 150% and 200% are achieved for the optimized single-layer 2-D Ag nanogrids and double (top and bottom) perpendicular 1-D Ag nanogratings, respectively.
Methodologic and Statistical Considerations Regarding Use of Biomarkers of Nutritional Exposure in Epidemiology

In nutritional epidemiology, accurate quantification of nutritional exposure is critical. Even moderate flaws in measurement can lead to sizeable distortions in estimations of the effects of exposure. In many situations, this will lead to inaccurate direct estimation of exposure effects. In others, it will make it difficult to control for the confounding effects of nutritional exposure. Biomarkers offer important opportunities to advance research in nutritional epidemiology; their objectivity and potentially greater accuracy give them the potential to substantially lessen distortions that might result from imperfect measurements. Clearly, the accuracy of biomarkers as indicators of nutritional exposure is critical to their value. It is likely that establishing the accuracy of biomarkers will require some reference to self-reports, even if those reports are not as accurate as the biomarkers they are used to test. The goal of this paper is to describe aspects of accuracy-reproducibility, reliability and validity-as they apply to biomarkers in nutritional epidemiology.
Inspissated Bile Syndrome in a Neonate Treated With Cefotaxime Sonographic Aid to Diagnosis, Management, and Follow-up

Cholelithiasis in neonates is usually pigmentary and composed of calcium bilirubinate. 1,2 In children, cholelithisasis and inspissated bile or sludge are associated with prematurity, cystic fibrosis, hemolytic diseases, hemorrhage, congenital heart disease, starvation, total parenteral nutrition, infection, dehydration, ileal resection, abdominal surgery, congenital anomalies of the biliary tract, chronic liver disease, medications (ceftriaxone), and up to 43% of cases are idiopathic. 2,3 We report the case of a neonate who had recurrent cholestasis after being treated for sepsis with cefotaxime.
Child resistant pan-somatic all terrain vehicle (ATV) ignition system

The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is considering various means to reduce deaths and injuries among children caused by ATVs. The goal of this project was to use engineering controls to prevent children from starting an adult-sized ATV. This design effort explores the use of an ignition interlock system to prevent a child from starting an adult ATV. The Consumer Federation of America has petitioned the CPSC to make ATVs safer and to ban the sale of adult size ATVs for use by children under the age of 16 since it can create regulations to ensure that products are safe. The project team conceptualized five proof-of-concept designs for a child resistant ignition mechanism that is low-cost on a large scale, relatively easy for adults to operate, and would inhibit children from starting ATVs. The proposed design alternatives covered constraints including cognitive capability, anthropometric measurements and weight, and biometric attributes. The target age range of children to be limited by the ignition interlock design is ten years and younger. As children reach the ages of eleven and twelve they develop adult behaviors and abilities due to changes in the brain (e.g. formal operations); thus injuries will not be completely preventable as the age of the child increases. A Fault Tree Analysis and usability testing were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the design.
Risk Management by Colorado Dryland Wheat Farmers and the Elimination of the Disaster Assistance Program

The impacts of eliminating the Disaster Assistance Program and modifying the provisions of federal all-risk crop insurance are evaluated for a sample of eastern Colorado dryland wheat farmers. A stochastic simulation model and stochastic dominance techniques are used to identify changes in risk management strategies and to obtain approximate measures of welfare changes. The results indicate that all ten sample farmers were made worse off by this policy change, despite substantial subsidies in crop insurance premiums. Welfare losses were sizable, relative to expected net returns, and acreage covered by federal crop insurance did not increase appreciably.
Tylosin-resistant bacteria cultivated from agricultural soil

In this study we analyzed the numbers and types of cultivable tylosin-resistant bacteria from six agricultural soils that differed with respect to their association with subtherapeutic antibiotic use. The proportion of tylosin-resistant bacteria to the total number of bacteria cultivated was significantly higher (7.2-16.5%) at three sites affected by subtherapeutic antibiotic use compared to three sites unaffected by subtherapeutic antibiotic use (0.7-2.5%). We also detected differences in the types of cultivable tylosin-resistant bacteria. At a site affected by subtherapeutic antibiotic use, we detected tylosin-resistant bacteria from the alpha- and beta-subdivisions of Proteobacteria. In contrast, at a site unaffected by subtherapeutic use, we detected only Streptomyces-like (high-G+C Gram-positive) tylosin-resistant bacteria. Our results suggest a link between subtherapeutic use of antibiotics and the numbers and types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in nearby soil. However, other factors, such as soil type and temporal variation, may have also contributed to the differences observed.
Clinical benefits of remote ischemic preconditioning: new insights...and new questions.

In the 2 decades since the first report of the infarct-sparing effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), the concept has evolved from a provocative laboratory observation to the focus of multiple phase II clinical trials.1–4 Investigation of RIPC in patient populations has largely centered on the assessment of surrogate biomarkers of cardiac injury (ie, cardiac troponins and creatine kinase) after cardiac surgery, with emerging evidence of improvement in long-term clinical outcome.3–5 Moreover, with rare exceptions, previous clinical trials have not been designed to yield insight into the cellular mechanisms underlying the protection afforded by RIPC. Accordingly, the recent publication by Slagsvold et al6 provides multiple, novel contributions to our understanding of RIPC-induced cardioprotection: focusing on atrial myocardium, the authors report preservation of mitochondrial respiration and modified expression of microRNAs, together with an attenuation in the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients randomized to receive RIPC before coronary artery bypass graft surgery.6 Article, see p 851 The hallmark of myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury associated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery is the well-described increase in plasma concentration of cardiac enzymes during the initial 48 to 72 hours after release of the aortic clamp. Plasma levels of troponins or creatine kinase are not, however, the sole markers of cardiac damage. A substantial proportion of patients reportedly develop atrial fibrillation during the first 3 postoperative days, a complication associated with long-term adverse outcomes including increased mortality.7,8 Indeed, in 2010, a phase II multicenter trial was initiated to test the hypothesis that RIPC would reduce the incidence of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.8 Slagsvold et al,6 in their single-center study, found that 14% versus 50% of patients in the RIPC versus control groups developed atrial fibrillation during the …
Organizational Socialization of Physical Therapists

Organizational socialization is the process by which an individual becomes a member of an organization. It involves interaction between the employee and the organization during recruitment, hiring, and training and continues as the employee's role in the organization is defined and develops. The individual and the employee each have a set of expectations for the other; the extent to which these expectations are recognized, communicated, and combined in a mutually agreeable "psychological contract" can influence the eventual effectiveness, satisfaction, and longevity of the individual as an employee. The purpose of this article is to describe organizational socialization as it applies to the physical therapy setting. The author makes recommendations for management of the process.
Part 2 Pertinent Food Allergy Education in a Pediatric Ambulatory Care Setting with a Focus on Anaphylaxis

Management of food allergy on a daily basis is multifaceted, time consuming, costly, and becomes compounded when multiple food allergies are involved. Allergen avoidance methodologies, monitoring o...
Regulatory and Reimbursement Challenges for Molecular Imaging

Molecular imaging is being hailed as the next great advance for imaging. Since molecular imaging typically involves the use of specific imaging probes that are treated like drugs, they will require regulatory approval. As with any drug, molecular imaging probes and techniques will also require thorough assessment in clinical trials to show safety and efficacy. The timeline for the regulatory approval will be long and potentially problematic because of the mounting costs of obtaining final regulatory approval. The current article is a detailed review of the regulatory and reimbursement process that will be required for molecular imaging probes and techniques to become a widespread clinical reality. The role of molecular imaging in the therapeutic drug discovery process will also be reviewed, as this is where these exciting new techniques have the potential to revolutionize the drug discovery and development process and, it is hoped, make it less costly. [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-2-D-glucose positron emission tom...
Hph1p and Hph2p, novel components of calcineurin-mediated stress responses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Calcineurin is a Ca2+- and calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase that plays a key role in animal and yeast physiology. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, calcineurin is required for survival during several environmental stresses, including high concentrations of Na+, Li+, and Mn2+ ions and alkaline pH. One role of calcineurin under these conditions is to activate gene expression through its regulation of the Crz1p transcription factor. We have identified Hph1p as a novel substrate of calcineurin. HPH1 (YOR324C) and its homolog HPH2 (YAL028W) encode tail-anchored integral membrane proteins that interact with each other in the yeast two-hybrid assay and colocalize to the endoplasmic reticulum. Hph1p and Hph2p serve redundant roles in promoting growth under conditions of high salinity, alkaline pH, and cell wall stress. Calcineurin modifies the distribution of Hph1p within the endoplasmic reticulum and is required for full Hph1p activity in vivo. Furthermore, calcineurin directly dephosphorylates Hph1p and interacts with it through a sequence motif in Hph1p, PVIAVN. This motif is related to calcineurin docking sites in other substrates, such as NFAT and Crz1p, and is required for regulation of Hph1p by calcineurin. In contrast, Hph2p neither interacts with nor is dephosphorylated by calcineurin. Ca2+-induced Crz1p-mediated transcription is unaffected in hph1Δ hph2Δ mutants, and genetic analyses indicate that HPH1/HPH2 and CRZ1 act in distinct pathways downstream of calcineurin. Thus, Hph1p and Hph2p are components of a novel Ca2+- and calcineurin-regulated response required to promote growth under conditions of high Na+, alkaline pH, and cell wall stress.
The Effect of Dietary Levels of Calcium and Phosphorus on Performance and Retention of These Nutrients by Laying Hens

Abstract The first experiment utilized three levels of calcium (3.5, 4.5, and 5.5%) and three levels of available phosphorus (.24, .44, and .64%). The birds were 56 weeks old at the beginning of the experiment and were fed the experimental diets for 16 weeks. Egg production, egg weight, feed consumption, plasma calcium and phosphorus, egg shell quality, and tibia ash were not significantly affected by different dietary levels of calcium. Dietary levels of phosphorus did not have a significant effect on the aforementioned parameters, except that feed consumption and plasma level of phosphorus were significantly lower with the lowest level of dietary phosphorus. The absolute retention of calcium was increased but that of phosphorus decreased with increasing levels of calcium. Dietary levels of phosphorus did not significantly affect the absolute retention of calcium or phosphorus. The second experiment used four levels of calcium (3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5%). The birds were 42 weeks old at the beginning of the experiment and were fed the experimental diets for 20 weeks. Production parameters were not significantly affected by different dietary levels of calcium. The third experiment used three levels of calcium (3.5, 5.0, and 6.5%). Birds were 80 weeks old at the beginning of the experiment and were fed the experimental diets for 16 weeks. Egg production and egg weight were significantly lower with 6.5% than with lower levels of calcium. These experiments suggest that high dietary levels of calcium may affect the performance of old hens. Short duration of high calcium feeding does not seem to affect significantly the performance of younger hens. Absence of a significant interaction between calcium and phosphorus on production parameters indicates that calcium-phosphorus ratio is not as crucial in the laying hens as in the growing chicks.
Interactive influence of genre familiarity, star power, and critics' reviews in the cultural goods industry: The case of motion pictures

Academic research pertaining to the marketing of cultural products such as Broadway shows, books, music, and movies has identified a product’s genre (or type), star power, and critics’ reviews as important factors influencing the market performance of an individual product. Prior research, however, has not investigated the joint influences of these factors. The current study extends previous research by empirically investigating the managerially relevant interactive influences of these factors within the context of the motion-picture industry. For example, should producers of more familiar genre movies, such as dramas and comedies, feature popular, but expensive, stars? Real-world data from two distinct time periods are used to test the hypotheses. The findings are consistent across the two time periods and reveal that for more familiar genre movies, star power and the valence of critics’ reviews have less impact on the movie’s performance in the market. In contrast, for the less familiar genre movies, stronger (vs. weaker) star power and more (vs. less) positive reviews have positive influence on the market performance. Further, for movies with less star power, the valence of critics’ reviews has no impact on the performance. In contrast, for movies with greater star
Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes in older adolescents: parental support and self-management.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), parental support of adolescent self-management, and the relationship of parental autonomy support with disease self-management. Design and Methods Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were employed in a study conducted with 10 adolescents and their parents. Results Parents and adolescents lacked confidence to manage CFRD. Mothers' autonomy support was associated with adolescents' CFRD competence and cystic fibrosis self-care. Fathers' autonomy support was associated with mothers' reports of adolescent cystic fibrosis self-care. Practice Implications Education about CFRD management and support of adolescent autonomy in disease management is needed.
On Recursive Discrete Functional Expansion

New methods are given for the general recursive and ongoing calculation of discrete linear transforms. For any such transform of order n, each computational iteration updates the previous result to give the transform based upon the most recent n data points. Applications include Fourier, polynomial and Bessel transforms.
MECHANICS AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE SYNAPSID JAW.

Over the past decade or more, adductor jaw musculature has been reconstructed for a number of fossil vertebrate taxa. From these reconstructions, enlightening studies of jaw mechanics have been developed, including interpretations in totally extinct groups. In many such studies, the possible adaptive role of specific arrangements of adductor jaw musculature has been proposed based on their special mechanical properties. However, little attention has been given to the details of the mechanical transformations within evolving jaw systems. This paper concerns alterations in the mechanical operation of the jaw from primitive reptiles to early mammals. Changes in the external adductor musculature dominate the evolution of synapsid jaw musculature. In order to construct a mathematical model of these changes, we have made assumptions concerning the line of muscle action, area of muscle attachment, and general operation of the jaw system based mainly on the reconstructions and conclusions of Barghusen (1968, 1972) in a series of synapsid morphological stages. Olson (1961, p. 209) has divided early tetrapod jaw mechanics into two basic systems: (1) the kinetic inertial system, and (2) the static pressure system. Based on this analysis, he defined differences in feeding behavior among fossil types. That is, those animals possessing the kinetic inertial system depend upon large muscular forces imparted to the lower jaw when it is widely open. Once motion is initiated by these forces, the velocity and mass of the jaw is effective in feeding. Little muscular force, according to Olson, is imparted to the lower jaw when it is closed or nearly closed. In contrast, the static pressure system depends upon muscular forces applied to the jaw when it is in occlusal or near-occlusal position. Since the synapsid reptiles discussed in this paper appear to have a significant amount of their adductor jaw musculature arranged so that the closing force at the tooth row is maximized when the jaws are closed, the groups we are concerned with fall into Olson's static pressure system. However, it is probable that the functional and adaptive significance of the arrangement of adductor musculature in the groups considered here involves more than maximization of forces when the jaw is closed. Ostrom (1964) concluded that the development of a coronoid process (and/or depression of the jaw articulation) results in an increase in the length of the moment arm of the external jaw musculature. Thus, an increase in adductive force (torque) is achieved when the force applied to the coronoid process has a posterodorsal line of action and acts on the lower jaw at some angle less than 90 degrees. The evolutionary origin and further development of a coronoid process plays a dominant role in the evolution of the external adductor jaw musculature and its mechanical capabilities in the synapsid lineages examined here. We are interested, therefore, in defining the possible selection pressures responsible for the development and evolution of the synapsid coronoid process.
On the balance equations for chemically reacting mixtures

Conservation postulates for a chemically reacting mixture are introduced in which the mass, momentum and energy gained and lost by a given constituent due to chemical reaction are explicitly included. The resulting local forms of the balance equations are derived.
A survey on AIDS-related knowledge and behaviors among college students in Shenzhen

Objectives: To understand AIDS related knowledge and behaviors among college students in Shenzhen,and to evaluate the risk of AIDS infection so as to take effective intervention measures.Methods: Stratified cluster sampling was used to select 801 students from two colleges as survey subjects.Questionnaire were distributed to them,inquiring them about the AIDS basic knowledge,transmission paths,prevention measures and risk behaviors.Results: Ninety-five percent of surveyed college students knew about the three transmission paths of AIDS.15.6% of them reported to have sexual behaviors and 16.00% have used condoms in their first sexual behaviors.Conclusion: College students have possessed some AIDS Knowledge and prevention awareness,but their prevention measures are still insufficient.Measures should be taken to reinforce the sexual morality education for college students so as to enhance their self-discipline capabilities and to reduce the AIDS risk.
Effects of extract from Narcissus tazettavar. chinensis on proliferation and apoptosis of human multiple myeloma cell line ARH-77

Objective To study the effects of extract from Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis on proliferation and apoptosis of human multiple myeloma cell line ARH-77. Methods The survival rate of cells were tested by MTT assay when cells were affected by 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 μg/mL of the extract for 3 d. After being induced by 10 μg/mL of the extract for 3 d, apoptotic cells were observed with fluorescence stain; changes of he csll cycle were analyzed by Flow Cytometry; the number and shape of nucleolar organizer region (NOR) were tested by AgNOR assay and submicroscopic structure were observed by transmission electron microscope. Results The extract from N. tazetta var. chinensis could significantly inhibit the proliferation and reduce the survival rate of ARH-77 cells (P0.01), the IC_ 50 was 4.8 μg/mL. Typical apoptosis morphologic cells were seen, the rate of apoptosis cells were increased (P0.05), and the cell cycle was arrested at G_2/M phase (P0.01) in the experimental group; then the extract from N. tazetta var. chinensis could make the number of AgNOR (P0.001) decrease, the cell fusion in AgNOR (P0.01) accelerate, and the submicroscopic structures of cell change. Conclusion The extract from N. tazetta var. chinensis could obviously inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of ARH-77 cells.
“New Product Development Activity Among Manufacturers - a State-Wide Survey”

This paper summarizes the results of a grant awarded to a university. The implicit purpose of the grant was to measure the current status of in manufacturers in the State and to promote economic development efforts. A written questionnaire was mailed to a sample of 3000 manufacturers from a population of 1200.1. The findings of the study report on the manufacturers’ new product activities. Specifically, the paper reports on: 1) Manufacturers perceived drawbacks when introducing new products, 2) New product pre-marketing activities, as reported by manufactures, 3) Estimations on future new product sales volume, and; 4) Perceptions of the companies’ strengths and weaknesses during the product innovation process.
Philosophical Intuitions, Scientific Naturalism, and The Mathematico-Centric Predicament

[H]ow does mathematical language function? Does it relate the world in the same ways as the language of natural science? What happens when human beings come to understand mathematical theories? How does mathematics work in various kinds of applications? And so on. To answer these questions, [the scientific- naturalist philosopher of mathematics] must face many of the metaphysician’s concerns: do mathematical entities exist, and if so, what is the nature of that existence? Are mathematical claims true, and if so, how do humans come to know this? These are not detached, extra-scientific pseudo-questions, but straightforward components of our scientific study of human mathematical activity, itself part of our scientific investigation of the world around us.
Making the most of conflict: religion and political toleration

Suppose that it is true, as I have argued in the previous chapters, that religious believers in pluralist liberal democratic societies may not only consult their religious views when deliberating about or taking political action, but that they may do so independently of other, putatively public views, all without endangering the possibility of political legitimacy. Suppose further, if just to humor my argument, that this political mobilization of religion, ensconced within institutions designed to buttress them against modernity's pressures, is quite compatible with and sometimes even productive of political autonomy. Even if there are good reasons for thinking that religious beliefs do not threaten legitimacy or the capacity for autonomy, many liberal theorists rightly worry that those beliefs could and will have oppressive political consequences, in particular undermining liberalism's traditional protections for pluralism and diversity. In short, the worry goes, religion can still pose a significant problem for a regime of political toleration. You can hardly peruse a book on religion and politics – never mind liberal politics – without running into plenty of ominous rehearsals of how religion embodies, breeds, and institutionalizes intolerance. Distinctly intolerant religious views (to understate it pretty strongly) combined with political ambition to drive the destructive religious wars in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. When Islamic terrorists behead “infidels” in a bid to secure a theocratic umma , it is no slur to think them intolerant (and their intolerance deeply abhorrent).
Blockchain (Distributed Ledger Technology) Solves VAT Fraud

At the World Economic Forum more than 800 executive and technology experts were asked when they thought a particular “tipping point” would be reached – when would we see a government collect tax with blockchain? The agreed date was 2023 (on average). A full 73% of the respondents however, expected the tipping point to have been reached by 2025.This paper argues that the EU VAT will be an early adopter, if not the earliest adopter of blockchain. There are a number of reasons why. Blockchain will bring substantial efficiencies to VAT collection. It will reduce costs, and build critical inter-governmental trust relationships. Most importantly, blockchain will immediately end revenue losses well in excess of €50 to €60 billion per year in missing trader intra-community fraud (MTIC).Blockchain will also be essential for making the EU Commission’s April 2016 Action Plan on VAT work. Blockchain should be a critical part of the detailed legislative proposal (expected in 2017). This plan will bring in a “definitive VAT system” dealing with intra-EU cross-border trade, which will be based on taxation in the country of destination. This paper predicts that the EU will bring in the “definitive system” on the back of blockchain technology.Blockchain is a revolutionary improvement on any centralized data system. Tax administrations are inherently based upon centralized repositories of taxpayer data. They are prime candidates for the kinds of efficiency improvements that come through blockchain. This is particularly the case for transaction taxes, and even more so for a VAT fraud prevention application, like the Digital Invoice Customs Exchange (DICE), which relies on a real-time exchange of encrypted data.
Watt-level mm-wave digital polar transmitters using switching power amplifiers in SiGe HBT

A Watt-level mm-wave digital polar transmitter (DPT) architecture, supporting high speed complex modulation schemes with high average efficiency, implemented in a SiGe HBT process is discussed in this paper. Design and implementation details of several blocks used in this digital polar transmitter including high power, high efficiency mm-wave Class-E power amplifiers and high speed modulators are presented. Performance trade-offs of a Watt-level mm-wave digital polar transmitter implemented in SiGe HBT BiCMOS process vis-a-vis a CMOS SOI implementation is also discussed.
How breast cancer care is coordinated in hospitals serving predominantly minority women.

e17592 Background: Underuse of adjuvant breast cancer treatment results from system failures and occurs more commonly in minority women. We assessed organizational processes associated with care co...
B → πlν at three lattice spacings

The increasing accuracy of experimental results for the exclusive, semileptonic decay B → πlν requires a similarly accurate calculation of the hadronic matrix elements, to determine |Vub|. We present preliminary results for the form factors of the B to light meson decay mode. Using results from three lattices in the range 5.7 ≤ β ≤ 6.1 we study the dependence on the lattice spacing.
Membrane Noise Analysis

The fundamental units of excitability are membrane ionic channels. Excitation requires fast switches in membrane permeability, and these are effected by channels that are ion-selective and can be “gated” open and closed. A variety of experimental methods have contributed to establishing the present picture of discrete channels of molecular dimensions, each capable of carrying a rather high ion flux. In this chapter, we discuss an experimental method, membrane noise analysis, which allows one to estimate the ionic currents carried by individual channels. The reason gated ionic channels give rise to a special type of electrical noise is that channels can open and close at random under steadystate conditions. Because the ion flux through a single channel is relatively large, random channel transitions generate observable electrical current fluctuations. These characteristic current fluctuations, often called channel noise, can be distinguished from other types of electrical noise which may be generated in an excitable-cell preparation.
A transformative Outlook on the twenty-first century city: Patrick Geddes’ Outlook Tower revisited

Abstract As described in Cities in Evolution, Patrick Geddes’ Outlook Tower embodies an approach to urban planning that maintains currency in planning and design discourse today. Geddes' tower arranged the history of the city into a vertical array of exhibition spaces while offering a broadened perspective of the city's condition amidst the lateral spread of the region. In this interdisciplinary project, we speculate as to how the planning and design community might draw inspiration from Geddes' work to devise an Outlook for our own times, one that helps people appreciate the interrelated and rapidly evolving dynamics of climate change and urbanization and motivates them to work collaboratively toward positive future outcomes.
Analysis: Considering Instructional Content for Online Instruction

Instructional content is the last part of the second phase of analysis. During the instructional content analysis, the designer delineates the major steps and subordinate skills (subskills) that learners perform in order to reach the instructional goal. These steps and subskills are illustrated in a learning task map (LTM) containing a line that divides the new learning from required entry skills. The LTM facilitates the ordering and sequencing of steps and skills. Task items and their identified outcome level are entered into a table, known as the Task-Objective-Assessment Item Blueprint (TOAB). Later in the WBID Model, the TOAB is used as a tool to match objectives and assessment items with task items. The preliminary goal statement is then reviewed and changed as needed to create a final instructional goal. Findings from the entire analysis stage provide implications for online design, implementation, and evaluation.
Adding value in healthcare: understanding the whole denominator.

“Enhanced recovery pathways” (ERPs), often termed “enhanced recovery after surgery” (ERAS) protocols, are evidence-based, multimodal care pathways developed to facilitate patient recovery and minimize complications. This approach to patient care is not a new concept in cardiothoracic surgery.
Extracellular Vesicle Biology in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Tauopathy

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are physiological vesicles secreted from most eukaryotes and contain cargos of their cell of origin. EVs, and particularly a subset of EV known as exosomes, are emerging as key mediators of cell to cell communication and waste management for cells both during normal organismal function and in disease. In this review, we investigate the rapidly growing field of exosome biology, their biogenesis, cargo loading, and uptake by other cells. We particularly consider the role of exosomes in Alzheimer's disease, both as a pathogenic agent and as a disease biomarker. We also explore the emerging role of exosomes in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Finally, we highlight open questions in these fields and the possible use of exosomes as therapeutic targets and agents.
Use of Pocket-Sized Ultrasound Device in the Diagnosis of Shoulder Pathology.

Objective:Musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging is increasingly being used for static and dynamic imaging of tendons, muscles, ligaments, and bones. New, hand-held, pocket-sized ultrasounds are more portable and affordable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of pocket-sized ultra
An Evolving Continuum of Care for the Kidney Disease Patient Will Help the Transplant Center Patient Navigator

The article in this issue of the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology titled “Transplant center patient navigator and access to transplantation among high-risk population: A randomized, controlled trial” ([1][1]) represents a positive step in highlighting and overcoming
Spatial mutation patterns as markers of early colorectal tumor cell mobility.

A growing body of evidence suggests that a subset of human cancers grows as single clonal expansions. In such a nearly neutral evolution scenario, it is possible to infer the early ancestral tree of a full-grown tumor. We hypothesized that early tree reconstruction can provide insights into the mobility phenotypes of tumor cells during their first few cell divisions. We explored this hypothesis by means of a computational multiscale model of tumor expansion incorporating the glandular structure of colorectal tumors. After calibrating the model to multiregional and single gland data from 19 human colorectal tumors using approximate Bayesian computation, we examined the role of early tumor cell mobility in shaping the private mutation patterns of the final tumor. The simulations showed that early cell mixing in the first tumor gland can result in side-variegated patterns where the same private mutations could be detected on opposite tumor sides. In contrast, absence of early mixing led to nonvariegated, sectional mutation patterns. These results suggest that the patterns of detectable private mutations in colorectal tumors may be a marker of early cell movement and hence the invasive and metastatic potential of the tumor at the start of the growth. In alignment with our hypothesis, we found evidence of early abnormal cell movement in 9 of 15 invasive colorectal carcinomas (“born to be bad”), but in none of 4 benign adenomas. If validated with a larger dataset, the private mutation patterns may be used for outcome prediction among screen-detected lesions with unknown invasive potential.
Energetics of hydrogen and helium-vacancy complexes in bulk and near surfaces of tungsten: First-principles study

Understanding the interaction between hydrogen (H) and helium-vacancy (He-V) complexes in tungsten (W) is important for the development of plasma-facing materials in fusion reactors. H trapping by HexVy complexes in bulk W, as well as the H solution behavior and H trapping by HexV complexes near W(100), W(111), and W(110) surfaces, has been investigated by first-principles computer simulations using density function theory. The results show that the sequential H binding energies to HexV complexes in bulk W decrease with the increasing number of H and He. For the HexV2 complexes in bulk W, H prefers to trap at interstitial sites near the junction of the di-vacancy, where the H can minimize the isosurface of optimal charge density. The most stable interstitial sites for H below W surfaces are dependent on the surface orientation. Our calculations indicate that H atoms tend to prefer a depth of 0.3 nm below the W(100) and W(111) surfaces due to the surface reconstruction. The binding energy of H to a HeV complex near W surfaces has the most significant orientation dependence below the W(111) surface, followed by the W(100) and W(110) surfaces. Compared with the bulk value, the largest difference in the average binding energy of H to the stable HexV complexes at the three W surfaces is about 0.2 eV. Furthermore, the effect of surfaces on the H binding energy to HexV complexes can be ignored for depths greater than 0.65 nm.