cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy loss, range, path length, time-of-flight, straggling, multiple scattering, and nuclear interaction probability: In two parts. Part 1. For 63 compounds Part 2. For elements 1 ⩽ Z ⩽ 92

Extensive tables have been prepared of the mean energy loss, pathlength, range, multiple scattering, pathlength straggling, time-of-flight, and nonelastic collision probability for protons of energy from 1 keV through 10 GeV in all elements having atomic number from 1 through 92, and in many compounds and mixtures. Emphasis has been placed on obtaining accurate results, particularly in the difficult low-energy and high-atomic-number regions. The accuracies of all proton range-energy parameters are tabulated. The energy loss below 20 keV was found by normalizing theoretical expressions for the ionization, excitation, and nuclear contributions to known values at 20 keV. The energy loss between 20 keV and 1.0 MeV was obtained by statistically evaluating the accuracy of the available experimental information and then performing least-squares curve fits. Above 1.0 MeV, the Bethe equation with all necessary corrections was used. New values of the adjusted ionization potentials were determined by least-squares-fitting the Bethe equation to all available energy-loss data. The polarization effect was calculated in detail for each material. Path-lengths were calculated by integrating the reciprocal of the energy losses. Ranges were obtained by use of multiple Coulomb scattering theory. The straggling calculations include electronic, elastic nuclear, and charge exchange effects. The literature search was completed in June 1979. Keys for the references used for each element are collected in Table 12. A comparison of the calculational methods used here and in other recent proton range-energy tables is presented in Table 14.
Transport and erosional processes in the Taurus-Littrow Valley -- Inferences from neutron fluences in surface soils

Isotopic abundances of Gd and Sm have been measured in 15 surface soils from the Apollo 17 site in the Taurus-Littrow Valley. Generally the fluences at this site are similar to fluences measured in surface soils from other sites. Fluences calculated from the isotopic shifts directly reflect the origin of the soils. Materials with very low fluences are from the ejecta blankets of fresh deep craters. Soils composed predominantly of comminuted basalt, other than the ejecta from deep craters, have fluences that are distinctly lower than soils which contain significant proportions of highland materials. Differences in the chemical composition of the irradiated material can account for differences in measured fluence in basaltic soils from the valley floor and highland soils from the South Massif. To permit a direct comparison of the irradiation history of materials with different chemical compositions, we have calculated "normalized" fluences, i.e., the neutron fluence which the sample would have if it had been irradiated in a standard chemical composition. The similarity of the resulting normalized fluences indicates similar regolith residence times for these two types of materials. Higher than average normalized fluences in soils containing a constituent from the North Massif may reflect erosion and/or burial rates on the slopes of the massif that are less than the average burial rate of all the soils that have been sampled. A correlation between fluence and distance from the bottom of the North Massif suggests the erosional processes deposit highland soils from near the surface far into the valley, while materials of deeper origin are deposited close to the bottom of the massif.
Rice molecular map

Rice is ideally suited to genetic and molecular studies. Some of its positive features include a small nuclear genome (450 Mb), diploidy (2n = 2x = 24) and the ability to be transformed by exogenous DNA (Uchimaya et al. 1986; Arumuganathan and Earle 1991). Moreover, because of its importance as a crop species, scientists have been identifying and studying the genetic basis of morphological and physiological mutants for nearly a century.
Using the "placeholder" concept to reduce genetic introgression of an endangered carnivore

article i nfo One of the most endangered species is the red wolf, Canis rufus. Reintroduction of the red wolf began in 1987, but in 1993 hybridization between coyotes (Canis latrans) and wolves was documented. To reduce genetic introgres- sion, coyotes and coyote-wolfhybrids were captured, sterilized, and releasedas "placeholders". Placeholders held territories until either displaced or killed by a wolf, or management personnel removed them before releasing a wolf. We evaluated the placeholder concept by examining the number of animals sterilized and released, likeli- hood of displacement by a wolf, factors influencing displacements, territory fidelity of placeholders, and survival rates and causes of mortality of placeholders and wolves. Of the 182 placeholders, 125 were coyotes and 57 were hybrids. From 1999 to 2013, 51 placeholders were displaced or killed by wolves, and 16 were removed by management personnel. Thus, 37% of the placeholders were displaced leading to occupancy by a wolf. Most dis- placements occurred in winter (43%) and were always by the same sex. Males were more likely to be displaced than females. Home range characteristics influencing the probability of displacement included home-range size (i.e., more placeholders displaced from larger home ranges) and road density (i.e., more placeholders displaced from home ranges with lower road density). Annual survival of placeholders was higher than wolves in 12 of 14 years, with cause-specific mortality similar among wolves and placeholders. Placeholders provided territories for wolves to colonize, yet reduced the production of hybrid litters, thereby limiting genetic introgression to b4% coyote ancestry in the wolf population. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Effective CO oxidation on endohedral gold-cage nanoclusters

Ab initio calculations are performed to study the CO oxidation on six endohedral gold-cage clusters (W@Au12, Nb@Au13, Zr@Au14, Sc@Au15, Ca@Au16, and Na@Au17). The calculations suggest that three clusters (Nb@Au13, Zr@Au14, and Sc@Au15) can be very effective nanocatalysts. The reaction energy barriers are lower than those associated with either bare gold clusters or gold surfaces and are comparable to those associated with the support Au clusters. The effective CO oxidation can be attributed to the charge transfer from the dopant to the gold cage, the low coordination number for gold atoms on the cages, as well as the fluxionality of the cage.
Irrigation and cultivar effect on flax fiber and seed yield in the Southeast USA

Abstract Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a potential winter crop for the Southeast USA that can be grown for both seed and fiber. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of irrigation on flax straw, fiber, and seed yield of fiber-type and seed-type cultivars at different flax growth stages. The study was conducted during the winter growing seasons of 2010/2011, 2011/2012, and 2012/2013 near Florence, SC. Four fiber-type cultivars and one seed-type cultivar were grown with and without irrigation for two years. The four fiber-types were evaluated for straw and fiber yield in the third year. Soil water was monitored to trigger irrigations. Irrigation was applied before all four harvests in 2010/2011, before only the last harvest in 2011/2012, and was not applied in 2012/2013. Straw harvests were made at the onset of flowering, 10 days past the onset of flowering, 20 days past the onset of flowering, and when seeds were mature. Seed harvests were made at the end of the 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 growing seasons. In 2010/2011, plots had to be replanted in February so crop development was delayed. Irrigation increased straw yield at the last three harvests in that year. In the other two years, when planting occurred at normal times in the fall, irrigation did not influence straw or fiber yield. Irrigation had no significant effect on seed yield. The fiber-type cultivars did not differ for straw or fiber yield. At the onset of flowering harvest, the seed-type cultivar had similar fiber content to the fiber-type cultivars. The fiber-type cultivars had higher fiber content in later harvests. The results support previous research in that fiber-type cultivars appear viable for production as fiber winter crops in the region. The results also suggest that high straw yielding seed-type cultivars could be used, especially in systems with early straw harvests.
A Window on Surface Explosions: Tartaric Acid on Cu(110)

Autocatalytic reaction mechanisms are observed in a range of important chemical processes including catalysis, radical-mediated explosions, and biosynthesis. Because of their complexity, the microscopic details of autocatalytic reaction mechanisms have been difficult to study on surfaces and heterogeneous catalysts. Autocatalytic decomposition reactions of S,S- and R,R-tartaric acid (TA) adsorbed on Cu(110) offer molecular-level insight into aspects of these processes, which until now, were largely a matter of speculation. The decomposition of TA/Cu(110) is initiated by a slow, irreversible process that forms vacancies in the adsorbed TA layer, followed by a vacancy-mediated, explosive decomposition process that yields CO2 and small hydrocarbon products. Initiation of the explosive decomposition of TA/Cu(110) has been studied by measurement of the reaction kinetics, time-resolved low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and time-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Initiation results in a decrease...
Applications of synchronization coverage

Coverage analysis is a useful testing technology. However, some coverage models are more acceptable to the industry than others. In the field of testing multi-threaded applications, there is a need for a coverage model that can be used to evaluate tests for concurrent completeness and to find new testing requirements. We present a new coverage model: synchronization coverage. This model is simple to understand and the action items generated by each uncovered task are clear to testers and developers. We propose that synchronization coverage could, and should, become one of the more commonly used coverage models.
Longitudinal modeling of infectious disease

When individuals in a community develop an infectious disease, it may quickly spread through personal contacts. Modeling the progression of such a disease is equivalent to modeling a branching process in which an infected person may infect others in a small time interval. It is also possible for some immigrants to enter the community with the disease and thus contribute to an increase in the number of infections. There exist various modeling approaches for dealing with this type of infectious disease data collected over a long period of time. However, there are certain infectious diseases which require very quick remedy by health professionals to prevent it from spreading further due to the dangerous nature of the disease. Such interventions require an understanding of the pattern of the disease in a short period of time. As a result, the spread of such infectious diseases only occur over a short period of time. The modeling of this type of infections that last only for a short period of time across several communities or countries is not, however, adequately discussed in the literature. In this paper, we develop a branching process with immigration to model this type of infectious disease data collected over a short period of time and provide consistent estimates of the parameters involved in the proposed model. We note that the model and inferences exploited in this paper are also applicable to infectious disease data obtained over a long period of time. We discuss a generalization of the proposed model under the assumption that the data may be affected by unobservable random community effects.
SOME ENDOCRINE ASPECTS OF THE THYMUS GLAND

In studies of the mouse thymus, lymphocyte mitoses are seen to be most frequent in the thymus cortex. There is evidence from thymic grafts that a hypothetical factor, thymopoietin, may stimulate mitosis of thymic lymphocytes. It is a factor which is postulated to act in conjunction with the PAS-positive mesenchymal reticular cells and epithelial reticular cells of the cortex. The thymus medulla is necessary for the integrity of thymic grafts, and may also elaborate a secretion for maintaining the cellular functions of the gland. Thymectomy has been used as a gauge for judging normal thymic function and results, in the mouse, in lymphopenia, degeneration of spleen and lymph nodes, delayed rejection of skin allografts, reduced ability of spleen cells to mount the graft versus host reaction, and reduced primary immune response to certain antigens. Correction of these deficiencies offers a means of evaluating various thymic extracts and grafts. Lymphocytosis-stimulating hormone (LSH) is known to maintain the peripheral lymphoid organs and cause lymphocytosis in the thymectomized animal. Diffusion chamber studies of thymic grafts also show restored lymphoid tissue by a cell-free factor (CIF). These two factors may be the same and probably represent the basis of the highly purified lymphocyte-stimulating proteins, LSHr and LSHh, which restore the L/P ratio in thymectomized animals and may stimulate lymphopoiesis in spleen and lymph nodes. LSHr, unlike LSHh, increases the total lymphocyte count. LSHr has been found to increase the humoral antibody response in neonatal mice both by the PFC technique and by direct hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes. Homeostatic thymic hormone (HTH) is a thymic extract of small molecular weight and contains nucleic acid. In the thymectomized guinea pig it has been found to maintain normal levels of lymphocytes in the blood, spleen and lymph nodes, to restore antibody titers to typhoid H antigen and to restore the toxic allergic reaction. Thymic humoral factor (THF) is of smaller molecular weight (less than 1,000) and probably is not a protein. It also enhances lymphoid proliferation in neonatally thymectomized mice. There is evidence that THF participates in humoral antibody formation because it stimulates PFC formation from neonatally thymectomized mice after inoculation with sheep erythrocytes. Its effects on cell-mediated immunity are seen from findings that injection of THF restores the ability of thymectomized mice to reject skin allografts. THF enables spleen cells from thymectomized or neonatal animals to mount the graft versus host reaction, and causes maturation of bone marrow cells and spleen or lymph node cells so that they can participate in the graft versus host reaction. It has been reported to stimulate lymphocytes to kill isogeneic tumor cells in vitro. Thymosin is protein extracted from the thymus. It has been found to alleviate leukopenia slightly and provide some improvement in lymphoid histology in thymectomized mice...
Effect of Mask Dead Space and Occlusion of Mask Holes on Delivery of Nebulized Albuterol

BACKGROUND: Infants and children with respiratory conditions are often prescribed bronchodilators. Face masks are used to facilitate the administration of nebulized therapy in patients unable to use a mouthpiece. Masks incorporate holes into their design, and their occlusion during aerosol delivery has been a common practice. Masks are available in different sizes and different dead volumes. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of different degrees of occlusion of the mask holes and different mask dead space on the amount of nebulized albuterol available at the mouth opening in a model of a spontaneously breathing child. METHODS: A breathing simulator mimicking infant (tidal volume [VT] = 50 mL, breathing frequency = 30 breaths/min, inspiratory-expiratory ratio [I:E] = 1:3), child (VT = 155 mL, breathing frequency = 25 breaths/min, I:E = 1:2), and adult (VT = 500 mL, breathing frequency = 15 breaths/min, I:E = 1:2) breathing patterns was connected to a collection filter hidden behind a face plate. A pediatric size mask and an adult size mask connected to a continuous output jet nebulizer were sealed to the face plate. Three nebulizers were loaded with albuterol sulfate (2.5 mg/3 mL) and operated with 6 L/min compressed air for 5 min. Experiments were repeated with different degrees of occlusion (0%, 50%, and 90%). Albuterol was extracted from the filter and measured with a spectrophotometer at 276 nm. RESULTS: Occlusion of the holes in the large mask did not increase the amount of albuterol in any of the breathing patterns. The amount of albuterol captured at the mouth opening did not change when the small mask was switched to the large mask, except with the breathing pattern of a child, and when the holes in the mask were 50% occluded ( P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Neither decreasing the dead space of the mask nor occluding the mask holes increased the amount of nebulized albuterol captured at the mouth opening.
Solving Volterra Integral Equations with ODE Codes

Application des methodes de resolution des equations differentielles a quelques equations integrales de Volterra
Retinal projections in the chain pickerel (Esox niger Lesueur)

The retinal projections inEsox niger, as determined with the aid of a modified cobalt-lysine method, are considerably more extensive in the diencephalon and pretectum than in other teleost fishes so far examined. Although most retinal axons terminate contralaterally, rare fibers can be traced to the same aggregates ipsilaterally. The retinohypothalamic projection appears larger than hitherto reported in teleosts, and the dorsomedial optic tract issues fibers to a series of cell clusters extending from the rostral thalamus to mid-torus levels. A retinal projection to a presumed ventrolateral optic nucleus (VLO) is described for the first time in a teleost. Other targets of retinal fibers include the nucleus geniculatus lateralis ipse of Meader (GLI), the pretectal nucleus (P), the cortical nucleus and a well-developed ventromedial optic nucleus (VMO). The projection to the optic tectum is principally to the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale (SFGS) and stratum marginale (SM), but a considerable number of axons also course through the stratum album centrale (SAC) before terminating there or piercing the stratum griseum centrale (SGC) and terminating in SFGS. Rare terminal arborizations of retinal fibers were also observed in stratum griseum centrale (SGS) and in the stratum griseum periventriculare (SGC) in restricted portions of the tectum. Because of the relatively large size of the visual structures inE. niger it is a potentially useful model for future experimental studies on the visual system.
Exploiting temporal coherence for incremental all-frequency relighting

Precomputed radiance transfer (PRT) enables all-frequency relighting with complex illumination, materials and shadows. To achieve real-time performance, PRT exploits angular coherence in the illumination, and spatial coherence in the light transport. Temporal coherence of the lighting from frame to frame is an important, but unexplored additional form of coherence for PRT. In this paper, we develop incremental methods for approximating the differences in lighting between consecutive frames. We analyze the lighting wavelet decomposition over typical motion sequences, and observe differing degrees of temporal coherence across levels of the wavelet hierarchy. To address this, our algorithm treats each level separately, adapting to available coherence. The proposed method is orthogonal to other forms of coherence, and can be added to almost any all-frequency PRT algorithm with minimal implementation, computation or memory overhead. We demonstrate our technique within existing codes for nonlinear wavelet approximation, changing view with BRDF factorization, and clustered PCA. Exploiting temporal coherence of dynamic lighting yields a 3×-4× performance improvement, e.g., all-frequency effects are achieved with 30 wavelet coefficients per frame for the lighting, about the same as low-frequency spherical harmonic methods. Distinctly, our algorithm smoothly converges to the exact result within a few frames of the lighting becoming static.
Gene duplication as a means for altering H+/ATP ratios during the evolution of Fo F1 ATPases and synthases

In the evolution of the FoF1 family of proton-translocating membrane complexes, two reversals in function appear to have occurred, first changing it from an ATPase to an ATP synthase and then back again to an ATPase. Here we suggest that with each change in function, the ratio of protons transported per ATP hydrolyzed or synthesized (H+/ATP) was altered in order for the complex to better adapt to its new role. We propose that this was accomplished by gene duplication with partial loss in the number of functional catalytic sites (to increase H+/ATP) or functional proton channels (to decrease H+/ATP). This method of changing the H+/ATP ratio preserved overall structural features of the complex essential to energy coupling.
Ego functioning in old age: early adult life antecedents.

Do aspects of intelligence, health, socioeconomic status, personality, and family relations in young adulthood relate to adaptability in old age? Correlations are reported between three alternative measures of old age adaptability (coping, defense, and disorganization) and measures in five areas of status and behavior in young adulthood (representing a 40 year longitudinal analysis). Coping ability in old age is most associated with variations in intellectual capacity and socioeconomic status, especially for women. Ego disorganization in old age is most related to variations in socioeconomic status and family relations in young adulthood. The data suggest that adaptability in old age is associated with environments and behaviors early along the adult life course but that the strength of over-time connection varies according to the sex of the subject, the model of old age adaptability used, and the aspects of status and behavior considered in young adulthood.
Excitation of the common inhibitory motor neuron: A possible role in the startle reflex of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana

The responses of the widespread common inhibitory motor neuron (CI) to tactile stimulation of the cercus and the abdomen and electrical stimulation of the cercal nerve and the abdominal connectives are investigated. Tactile stimulation produces high frequency (greater than 500 impulses/s) spike discharge in CI with the onset of CI activity preceding the discharge of the excitatory motor neurons. Electrical stimulation of the connectives demonstrates a monosynaptic connection between at least one intermediate sized fiber (conduction velocity =3.7 m/s) in the abdominal connective and the ipsilateral CIs in the meso-and metathoracic ganglia. Electrical stimulation of the cercal nerve suggests a disynaptic path from cercal nerve to CI. Arguments are presented for a cercal afferent-to-CI reflex and the possible functional role of early excitation of CI is discussed.
The Underemployed as a Source of Strategic Human Capital for Competitive Advantage

Many organizations hold the traditional view that due to the potential of higher job dissatisfaction and employee turnover rates, hiring overqualified job candidates is risky. Instead, this paper uses Human Capital and Resource Based theories to propose that hiring overqualified job candidates from the overall underemployment labor pool adds to an organization’s human capital depth. This additional human capital depth helps organizations strengthen their intellectual capital, social capital, and organizational agility. Subsequently, these additional organizational capabilities are proposed to improve firm performance, and over time, build competitive advantage. Thus, our model makes reference to deployment of the underemployed as an underutilized source of strategic human capital. Finally, the implications of our proposed conceptualization and directions for future research are discussed.
Response to Comments on “Energy Uptake and Allocation During Ontogeny”

Our extended ontogenetic growth model is a theoretical model based on conservation of energy and general biological mechanisms underlying ontogenetic growth. We do not believe that the comments of Makarieva et al . and Sousa et al . expose substantive problems with our model. Nevertheless, they raise interesting, still unresolved questions and point to philosophical differences about the role of theory and of simple, general models as opposed to complicated, specific models.
Multiple intensive care unit outbreak of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subspecies anitratus respiratory infection and colonization associated with contaminated, reusable ventilator circuits and resuscitation bags.

Purpose Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subspecies anitratus ( A. anitratus ) can cause nosocomially and community acquired pneumonia. Source identification of the organism is often difficult. An outbreak of respiratory infection and colonization with A. anitratus affecting 93 ventilated patients in all six of a hospital's intensive care units (ICUs) over 10 months is described. Patients and methods In April 1984, the infection control staff started to review positive culture results from all patients in all ICUs. At this point, information on significant isolates was recorded by patient, site, date, genus and species, and antimicrobial susceptibility. During the month of August 1984, an increased number of A. anitratus isolates from sputum began to be detected. Information was expanded to include the date of hospital admission, ICU admission, intubation, and extubation; the dates and types of all surgical procedures; the results and dates of all prior sputum cultures; and the use of nebulized bronchodilator medications. Monthly numbers of cases were compared for four months prior to the outbreak, during the outbreak, and for seven months after the outbreak. Plasmid DNA from isolates was prepared, electrophoresed, and visualized. Isolates were designated according to the molecular weights of visualized plasmids. Results Barrier precautions and improved staff handwashing did not diminish the frequency of new cases. When pasteurized, reusable ventilator circuits and resuscitation bags were cultured for the possibility of low-level contamination, 18 percent were positive for A. anitratus . Terminal ethylene oxide sterilization of these devices was associated with prompt control of the outbreak. Plasmid DNA analysis of isolates from patients involved hi the outbreak, contaminated devices, and the hands of personnel responsible for device disinfection revealed two predominant plasmid profiles. After outbreak control, isolates with these profiles were found much less frequently in patient specimens. Conclusion Contaminated, reusable ventilator support equipment may be a leading cause for the extent of A anitratus in the sputum of intubated patients. This problem is potentially correctable by the use of terminal etyhlene oxide-sterilization of reusable ventilator circuits and resuscitation bags.
Collagen subtypes in human vocal folds.

Objectives:The collagen subtypes in human vocal folds are of particular interest, because each collagen subtype has different features that make it uniquely suited for performing specific tissue tasks and each collagen subtype can affect the tissue properties of the vocal fold lamina propria.Methods:Human vocal folds from 5 autopsy cases (less than 65 years old) were examined by immunohistochemistry for collagen types I, III, IV, and V and elastin.Results:Collagen type III was distributed throughout the whole lamina propria. Type I was found just beneath the basal membrane, in the deep layer of the lamina propria and in the anterior and posterior maculae flavae. Types IV and V were present in the epithelial and endothelial basal membrane. Three-dimensional images from thick specimens reconstructed with confocal microscopy showed 2 distinct patterns: type III fibers were wavy, collagenous fibers, as previously observed in the vocal folds, and type I fibers were thinner than type III fibers. These results s...
T cells localized to the androgen-deprived prostate are TH1 and TH17 biased.

BACKGROUND T cells infiltrate the prostates of prostate cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant androgen deprivation. These prostate-infiltrating T cells have an oligoclonal phenotype, suggesting the development of an antigen-specific T-cell response. We hypothesized that androgen deprivation might elicit a prostate tissue-specific T-cell response that could potentially be combined with other immune-active therapies, and consequently sought to investigate the nature and timing of this T-cell response following castration.
Catalysts to creating representational tools and the benefits for learning

Thirty-two undergraduates and six graduate students participated in a medical diagnosis task. They received a set of reference cases and diagnosed new patient cases by ordering and considering the results of medical tests. Half of the participants faced a memory burden as they worked on an initial set of ten new patient diagnoses. Paticipants then taught a confederate how to perform diagnoses. Finally, two new diseases were introduced, and participants diagnosed five new patients. participants were allowed to take notes throughout the study. Both the memory burden and the teaching demand led participants to create external repersentations. Representations used for initial diagnosis, but not for teaching, carried over into the final diagnosis set. Results show that creating a representation was initially inefficient, but led to better proformance amd learning when participants were asked to adapt to new diseases. Also, a much greater proportion of graduate students than undergraduates created representations.
Teaching undergraduates at the interface of chemistry and biology: challenges and opportunities.

The growth of research at the chemistry-biology interface provides a unique opportunity to inspire undergraduate students to pursue careers in science and to educate science and nonscience students broadly in both chemical and biological sciences.
220 MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance study of the geometric disposition of the base pairs in the oxidized and reduced pyridine nucleotides.

Abstract Differential shielding of the symmetrically located C2H and C6H of the pyridine moiety by adenine indicates that the geometric disposition between the pyridine base and the D-ribofuranose ring is syn in α-DPN, β-DPN, β-DPNH, TPNH and the acetylpyridine analog of β-DPNH and anti in the acetylpyridine analogs of β-DPN and TPN. An anti-syn overlap, i . e. adenine is anti and pyridine is syn , is proposed for the stacked conformation of α-DPN, β-DPN, TPN, β-DPNH and the acetylpyridine analog of β-DPNH. An anti-anti overlap is proposed for the stacked conformation in the acetylpyridine analogs of β-DPN and TPN.
Long term dietary indole-3-carbinol inhibits diethylnitrosamine-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis in the infant mouse model

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a natural component from cruciferous vegetables, has been demonstrated to be a modulator of carcinogenesis in various animal models. Along with the promising perspectives of I3C as a possible chemopreventive agent for human breast cancer, some concerns have been raised regarding the tumor-promotional potency of this compound in other target organs. In this study we examined the hepatic tumor-modulatory properties of I3C fed to C57BL/6J mice, initiated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Infant male mice were initiated with 0, 2 or 5 mg/kg DEN (i.p. injection) at 15 days of age. Mice were weaned 9 days later and immediately put on AIN76A semipurified diet (with no antioxidants) containing 0 or 0.15% (1500 ppm) I3C. In addition, at the age of 2 months, one group of mice initiated with 2 mg/kg DEN was injected i.p. with a single dose (20 mg/kg) of 3,4,5,3′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB), to serve as a positive control group for promotion. Mice were sampled for hepatic tumors at the age of 6 or 8 months. Each sampled group contained 11–12 mice except the HCB group (nine animals). After 8 months, there was a statistically significant (P < 0.0005) inhibition of hepatocarcinogenesis observed for I3C-fed animals initiated with the high dose of DEN. A single injection of HCB at 2 months of age significantly (P = 0.0003) enhanced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice initiated with 2 mg/kg DEN. There was no statistically significant difference between groups sampled at 6 months of age. Our observations indicate that long term administration of I3C in the diet inhibits DEN-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis in the infant mouse model.
1386 PHOTOTHERAPY EFFECT ON INSENSIBLE WEIGHT LOSS IN HUMID ENVIRONMENTS

Several investigators have concluded that increases in insensible water loss (IWL) occur when phototherapy (ptx) is introduced during the care of infants in low humidity environments. Clinical observation of discrepancies between anticipated and actual IWL from babies receiving ptx in high humidity environments suggested a retrospective study of IWL in these low birth weight (LBW) infants under ptx. Twenty newborns, with birth weights 750-1500 g, were studied. All received ptx while housed in incubators controlled to maintain skin temperatures of 35.5-36.5°C. Environmental temperatures were stable and all incubators were set to deliver maximal (80-95%) humidity. IWL was estimated as [Δwt-(fluid administered-urinary output)]/kg/d. Each day of care was categorized as a day on or off ptx. The first and last days on ptx were compared with the nearest day fully off ptx. There was no statistical difference in either fluid or calories administered/kg/d when days on were compared to days off ptx. The median IWL on ptx was -15cc/kg/d, (range -111 to 90cc/kg/d) and off ptx -8cc/kg/d, (range -67 to 121cc/kg/d). The median difference (IWL on ptx)-(IWL off ptx) of -4cc/kg/d was insignificant (range -93 to 85cc/kg/d, p=.4). In fact, in 40% of cases, IWL off ptx was greater than IWL on ptx. The results indicate that in a high humidity environment IWL over a 24 hr period in a LBW infant is not predictably increased by ptx.
Sensitivities of array filters to variations in filter parameters

Abstract Multichannel filtering techniques have been extensively used in processing the recordings of an array of sensors for the purpose of attenuating undesired interfering signals. The sensitivities of the array reject response to filter parameters, which include the relative amplitudes and the time delays of the undesired signal with respect to the desired signal, are of particular importance in many practical applications. In this paper, the sensitivities of array filters are defined so that the absolutely optimum array filters (AOAF) and the optimum array filters (OAF) are quantitatively compared to the widely used delay-and-sum (DAS) method in robustness of their performance in cases of mismatching in these parameters. The effectiveness of the three methods in extracting a desired signal buried in a dominant coherent undesired noise in the cases of matching and mismatching between the actual signal parameters and those used in the filters are compared and illustrated in a simulation.
IsoformEx: isoform level gene expression estimation using weighted non-negative least squares from mRNA-Seq data

mRNA-Seq technology has revolutionized the field of transcriptomics for identification and quantification of gene transcripts not only at gene level but also at isoform level. Estimating the expression levels of transcript isoforms from mRNA-Seq data is a challenging problem due to the presence of constitutive exons.
Adhesive properties of ice

Abstract An apparatus has been constructed for the investigation of the adhesive strength of ice by shear experiments. For the system snow-ice/stainless steel, shear experiments yielded pure adhesive breaks down to a temperature of about −13°C., where a sharp transition to cohesive breaks took place. The adhesive strength for this system is a linear function of the temperature, and is independent of the cross-sectional area and height of specimens in the ranges investigated. The system ice/polystyrene gave pure adhesive breaks on shear. The adhesive strength was found to be a linear function of temperature down to a temperature of −15°C. and independent of cross-sectional area. Tensile experiments on the system ice/polystyrene yielded a linear relationship between adhesive strength and temperature in a range from −2 to −25.5°C. Cross-sectional area and rate of stress application had no effect on the adhesive strength in the ranges investigated. The system ice/polymethylmethacrylate showed a larger adhesive strength than the system ice/polystyrene. The experimental results are explained by the assumption of a liquidlike layer between ice and the solid interface. The thickness and consistency of this liquidlike layer are a function of temperature and the nature of the solid interface. The surface tension forces and frictional forces operative in the liquidlike layer are discussed.
A prospective cohort study of incident maintenance dialysis in children: an NAPRTC study.

Conclusion. These data demonstrate considerable variabilA prospective cohort study of incident maintenance dialysis in ity in patient management across pediatric centers. Prospective children: An NAPRTC Study. studies are needed to determine the optimum adequacy of care Background. Prior studies of dialysis practices and outcomes among children on dialysis and to identify populations at risk. have included children with varied duration of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This study evaluated dialysis characteristics, complications, practices, and outcomes in an incident pediatric cohort.
Subdiffusion-limited A+A reactions.

We consider the coagulation dynamics A+A{yields}A and A+A (r-equilibrium) A and the annihilation dynamics A+A{yields}0 for particles moving subdiffusively in one dimension. This scenario combines the ''anomalous kinetics'' and ''anomalous diffusion'' problems, each of which leads to interesting dynamics separately and to even more interesting dynamics in combination. Our analysis is based on the fractional diffusion equation.
Visualization of vapor formation regimes during capillary-fed boiling in sintered-powder heat pipe wicks

Abstract The current study investigates capillary-fed boiling of water from porous sintered powder wicks used in emerging high-effective-conductivity vapor chamber heat spreaders intended for management of hot spots with heat fluxes exceeding 500 W cm −2 . Characterization of 1 mm thick wicks composed of 100 μm sintered copper particles is performed in a test facility which replicates the capillary feeding conditions that occur in such devices. Boiling curves are obtained for a 5 mm × 5 mm heated input area, along with high-speed in-situ visualization of the evaporation/boiling processes. Understanding the vapor formation regimes is essential to predictive modeling of the observed characteristics. Schematic representations of such regimes along the boiling curves are presented for homogeneous and modified wick structures. In general, incipience of boiling in sintered-powder wicks reduces the effective thermal resistance and, for small heat input areas, does not cause liquid starvation due to a capillary limitation. The thermal performance enhancement provided by two different augmentation methods is quantified and explained in terms of the observed vapor formation characteristics. Patterns fabricated within the sintered powder create multi-scale wicks with regions of different pore size. These patterns reduce thermal resistance throughout the boiling regime by increasing the permeability to vapor exiting the wick, as confirmed by visualization of the preferential vapor venting from the surface. At the highest heat fluxes investigated prior to dryout, a thin liquid film is observed to form in the recessed patterned areas at the base of the wick. Integration of copper-coated carbon nanotubes on to the sintered powder reduces the required superheat for boiling incipience, thus reducing the overall thermal resistance at low heat fluxes. Evaporation and boiling regime heat transfer predictions from several available correlations are compared to the current results, and are shown to corroborate the conclusions regarding vapor permeability.
Sera from Cameroon recognize proteins of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from geographically diverse areas of the world

Immunological reactions of clinically-defined sera collected from 176 children and adults (3 to 63 years of age) living in malaria endemic regions of Cameroon were evaluated by ELISA, growth inhibition studies and immunoprecipitation assays using different parasite isolates from geographically diverse areas. The proportions of sera positive by ELISA and with positive growth inhibitory activity tended to increase with increased age. SDS-PAGE analyses of immunoprecipitates using [35S]methionine labelled parasite polypeptides revealed that a wide range of proteins was recognized by the sera. There were many similarities in the patterns of antigens immunoprecipitated in the different isolates, particularly when immune sera were used. Variability in response was more evident in sera collected from children. These findings suggest that strains may share components which generate protective immunity.
Singular value decomposition with systolic arrays

Systolic arrays for determining the singular value decomposition of a mxn, m n, matrix A of bandwidth w are presented. After A has been reduced to bidiagonal form B by means of Givens plane rotations, the singular values of B are computed by the Golub-Reinsch iteration. The products of plane rotations form the matrices of left and right singular vectors. Assuming each processor can compute or supply a plane rotation, O(wn) processors accomplish the reduction to bidiagonal form in O(np) steps, where p is the number of superdiagonals. A constant number of processors then determines each singular value in about 6n steps. The singular vectors are computed by rerouting the rotations through the arrays used for the reduction to bidiagonal form, or else along the way by employing another rectangular array of O(wm) processors.
A synthetic nonapeptide derived from the sequence of a platelet type I collagen receptor inhibits type I collagen-mediated platelet aggregation.

ABSTRACT: We have cloned the platelet receptor for type I collagen, but the structure-function of the receptor has not been completely established. The purpose of this investigation was to identify a collagen binding site(s) of the platelet receptor. Three peptides were synthesized chemically. Each peptide serves as an inhibitor of type I collagen-induced platelet aggregation, ATP release, platelet protein phosphorylation, and platelet adhesion to artificial matrices and aortic segments. We show that a nonapeptide specifically inhibits type I collagen-induced platelet aggregation and the release of ATP in a dose-dependent fashion. The peptide also inhibits the binding of radiolabeled α 1(I) chain to washed platelets, the adhesion of radiolabeled platelets to type I collagen-coated petri dishes, rabbit aortic segments, and platelet protein phosphorylation. Deletion of this peptide region of the cloned cDNA abolishes the inhibitory effect of the recombinant protein on type I collagen-induced platelet aggregation. These findings support the likelihood that the nonapeptide forms part of the binding site of the platelet receptor for type I collagen.
Practicing Anthropology and the Politics of Engagement: 2010 Year in Review

ABSTRACT In 2010, a rapidly growing body of public scholars continued to conduct engaged research that involved various forms of collaboration, advocacy, and activism. Practicing anthropologists are among the most powerful champions of engaged scholarship and are increasingly focused on tracing the concrete dimensions of public engagement. Practicing anthropologists in 2010 made a concerted effort to critically assess precisely what constitutes collaboration, engagement, activism, advocacy, and a host of similarly politicized but ambiguous terms. This self-reflection has probed the philosophical, political, and methodological dimensions of engagement and painted a rich and complex picture of practicing anthropology. In this article, I review those 2010 studies that are focused on critically defining an engaged anthropology and expanding it to rigorously four-field public scholarship with conscious and reflective politics.
Models of membrane resonance in pigeon semicircular canal type II hair cells

Pigeon vestibular semicircular canal type II hair cells often exhibit voltage oscillations following current steps that depolarize the cell membrane from its resting potential. Currents active around the resting membrane potential and most likely responsible for the observed resonant behavior are the Ca++-insensitive, inactivating potassium conductance I A (A-current) and delayed rectifier potassium conductance I K. Several equivalent circuits are considered as representative of the hair cell membrane behavior, sufficient to explain and quantitatively fit the observed voltage oscillations. In addition to the membrane capacitance and frequency-independent parallel conductance, a third parallel element whose admittance function is of second order is necessary to describe and accurately predict all of the experimentally obtained current and voltage responses. Even though most voltage oscillations could be fitted by an equivalent circuit in which the second order admittance term is overdamped (i.e., represents a type of current with two time constants, one of activation and the other of inactivation), the sharpest quality resonance obtained with small current steps (around 20 pA) from the resting potential could be satisfactorily fit only by an underdamped term.
Synchronous Waves of Failed Soft Sweeps in the Laboratory: Remarkably Rampant Clonal Interference of Alleles at a Single Locus

It has increasingly been recognized that adapting populations of microbes contain not one, but many lineages continually arising and competing at once. This process, termed “clonal interference,” alters the rate and dynamics of adaptation and biases winning mutations toward those with the largest selective effect. Here we uncovered a dramatic example of clonal interference between multiple similar mutations occurring at the same locus within replicate populations of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. Because these mutational events involved the transposition of an insertion sequence into a narrow window of a single gene, they were both readily detectable at low frequencies and could be distinguished due to differences in insertion sites. This allowed us to detect up to 17 beneficial alleles of this type coexisting in a single population. Despite conferring a large selective benefit, the majority of these alleles rose and then fell in frequency due to other lineages emerging that were more fit. By comparing allele-frequency dynamics to the trajectories of fitness gains by these populations, we estimated the fitness values of the genotypes that contained these mutations. Collectively across all populations, these alleles arose upon backgrounds with a wide range of fitness values. Within any single population, however, multiple alleles tended to rise and fall synchronously during a single wave of multiple genotypes with nearly identical fitness values. These results suggest that alleles of large benefit arose repeatedly in failed “soft sweeps” during narrow windows of adaptation due to the combined effects of epistasis and clonal interference.