cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinically Relevant Elbow Anatomy and Surgical Approaches

The elbow is primarily a ginglymus or hinge joint but consists of three bony articulations including ulnohumeral, radiocapitellar and radioulnar motions. In elbow extension, contributions to valgus stability remain fairly constant that includes the bone architecture, anterior capsule, and medial ulnar collateral ligament. However, with increased flexion, the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) becomes the primary contributor to valgus stability. There is controversy as to the exact role and contribution of the flexor-pronator mass to the dynamic valgus stability of the elbow; however, most authors agree that the major dynamic contributors are the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) or flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) musculature. The palmaris longus (PL) tendon is the most commonly used graft for UCL reconstruction, but it is absent in up to 15 % of the population. Gracillis autograft can serve as an alternative graft choice in the subset of patients without PL tendon. Patients are positioned supine with an arm tourniquet. Elbow arthroscopy is performed first to evaluate and treat intra-articular lesions. Confirmation of valgus instability is done by an arthroscopic stress test. With the scope in the anterolateral (AL) portal, valgus stress is applied to the elbow and an opening of > 2 mm between the humerus and ulna is considered a positive sign. Medial approach to the elbow is then performed through an incision centered over the medial epicondyle and extended down past the sublime tubercle . Identification of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve is crucial for preventing injury and neuroma formation. A muscle-splitting approach is done between the raphe of the flexor mass and the flexor crapi ulnaris muscle in the safe zone, which is defined as the medial epicondyle to a region 1 cm distal to the sublime tubercle. The medial UCL is identified under the FCU and a longitudinal split is made between the torn fibers. The sublime tubercle is exposed, and two small homans are placed above and below the tubercle to assist in the exposure. Bone tunnels are drilled perpendicular to each other around the tubercle for the passage of the graft. Exposure of the medial epicondyle is done with a periosteal elevator and a longitudinal bone tunnel is drilled with a burr in line with the epicondyle. See the subsequent sections on graft tensioning and fixation.
T Lymphocyte/Eosinophil Interactions in Atopic Asthma: Critical Role for Interleukin-5

Asthma is characterized by infiltration of the bronchial mucosa with large numbers of activated eosinophils and the presence of elevated concentrations of eosinophil-derived proteins such as major basic protein (Wardlaw et al. 1988) and the eosinophil cationic protein (De Monchy et al. 1985). The degree of the eosinophilia has been shown to correlate with the severity of airways hyperresponsiveness (Wardlaw et al. 1988, Durham et al. 1985). In a primate model of asthma, inhibition of the eosinophilic response to allergen substantially blocked the development of airways hyperresponsiveness (Wegner et al. 1990). Eosinophil-derived mediators have potential for producing many of the pathological features of asthma. For example, epithelial shedding might possibly occur through the cytotoxic effects of secreted eosinophil granule proteins (Gleich et al. 1979) and mucus hypersecretion and bronchoconstriction possibly through the release of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and leukotriene C4 (Holgate et al. 1989). Recent studies have also suggested a role for T lymphocytes in asthma. T lymphocyte infiltration is a feature of the late-phase response to allergen in atopic individuals in both the skin (Frew and Kay 1988) and lung (Metzger et al. 1987).
CRANIOFACIAL TISSUE BIOENGINEERING AND REGENERATION BY ENDOGENOUS STEM CELLS

refers to the recruitment of endogenous cells, including stem andprogenitor cells, into a wound. Homing can be local and/or systemic. Whereas cellhoming via circulation has contributed a great deal to the knowledge of pathogenesisof diverse diseases, including infections and tumor metastasis, we understand little ofhow to immobilize and direct cell homing in tissue regeneration. Stem and progenitorcells are highlighted to demonstrate their migration, lineage commitment, and potentialroles in wound healing.
AN EXAMINATION OF SEQUENTIAL AND SIMULTANEOUS BEHAVIOR CHANGE WITHIN TWO MULTIPLE HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE CONDITIONS

Research on the simultaneous treatment of multiple health risk behaviors has grown in recent years in the field of multiple health behavior change. Yet there is little research on how people change behaviors that are treated simultaneously. To help predict behavior change, and, thus, to prevent chronic illness on a population level, it is necessary to advance understanding of the patterns of behavior change. The present study examined participants with multiple health risk behaviors who have changed pairs of behaviors over time. Data were analyzed from four randomized controlled trials using Transtheoretical Model (TTM) tailored interventions and comparison groups (N = 1,277 weight management study; N = 9,461 cancer prevention study). Patterns of sequential (one behavior in a pair changed in a particular period, followed by the other) and simultaneous (both behaviors in a pair changed in the same time period and sustained that change) behavior change across four time points (baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months) were identified for each behavior pair. Ten different patterns of change were found and cohered into three distinct groupings of change: (1) overall simultaneous vs. sequential patterns, (2) simultaneous versus sequential patterns during the first phase of the study (first 12 months) and the second phase (12-24 months) of the study, and (3) simultaneous versus sequential patterns for those who recycled behaviors during the course of the study (over a 24 month time period). A series of chi-square analyses were conducted to examine differences between treatment and control group participants, participants with homogeneous and heterogeneous behaviors, and participants in different Stages of Change across each behavior pair within the three distinct groupings. Results are presented regarding the proportions of individuals who changed both behaviors in a pair sequentially or simultaneously, whether treatment and control groups followed different patterns of change, whether dissimilar behavior pairs (i.e., smoking, sun, diet) follow different patterns of change than similar behaviors (i.e., physical activity, diet, and emotional eating), and whether baseline Stage of Change impacts behavior change patterns. The findings provide a new window into the process of behavior change, illuminating a new way in which to understand the underlying mechanisms of behavior change. The discovery that the majority of behavior change is sequential rather than simultaneous advances the field of multiple health behavior change in a novel way; even when behaviors are treated simultaneously they are more likely to change sequentially.
Dynamic modes of nanoparticle motion during nanoprobe-based manipulation

In this paper, dynamic behavior of nanoparticle motion during nanoprobe-based manipulation is investigated. Pushing, pulling or picking manipulation of the particles results in different behavior of rolling, sliding, sticking, or rotation. For a given point of contact of the nanoprobe tip on the particle, nanoprobe load magnitude and direction and critical frictional forces are obtained in all possible operation modes. Friction models in this paper considered both the normal and adhesion forces that are more general comparing to other papers. Pull-off forces in JKR model determine whether critical conditions are gained. Furthermore, developed mode diagrams, caused by the probe loading, indicate the possible dynamic behavior of nanoparticles. This would benefit us on tribological characterization of materials.
Using solid state drives as a mid-tier cache in enterprise database OLTP applications

When originally introduced, flash based solid state drives (SSD) exhibited a very high random read throughput with low sub-millisecond latencies. However, in addition to their steep prices, SSDs suffered from slow write rates and reliability concerns related to cell wear. For these reasons, they were relegated to a niche status in the consumer and personal computer market. Since then, several architectural enhancements have been introduced that led to a substantial increase in random write operations as well as a reasonable improvement in reliability. From a purely performance point of view, these high I/O rates and improved reliability make the SSDs an ideal choice for enterprise On-Line Transaction Processing (OLTP) applications. However, from a price/performance point of view, the case for SSDs may not be clear. Enterprise class SSD Price/GB, continues to be at least 10x higher than conventional magnetic hard disk drives (HDD) despite considerable drop in Flash chip prices. We show that a complete replacement of traditional HDDs with SSDs is not cost effective. Further, we demonstrate that the most cost efficient use of SSDs for OLTP workloads is as an intermediate persistent cache that sits between conventional HDDs and memory, thus forming a three-level memory hierarchy. We also discuss two implementations of such cache: hardware or software. For the software approach, we discuss our implementation of such a cache in an inhouse database system. We also describe off-the shelf hardware solutions. We will develop a Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) model for All-SSD and All-HDD configurations. We will also come up with a modified OLTP benchmark that can scale IO density to validate this model. We will also show how such SSD cache implementations could increase the performance of OLTP applications while reducing the overall system cost.
All your data: the Oracle extensibility architecture

Publisher Summary The new Internet computing environment has brought new kinds of data to a huge number of users across the globe. Multimedia data types such as images, maps, video clips, and audio clips were once rarely seen outside specialty software. An increasingly large number of database applications demand content-rich data types and associated content-specific business logic. Oracle8i gives application developers greater control over user-defined data types by providing control over the manner in which the server stores, retrieves, or interprets this data. The Oracle8i database contains a series of database extensibility services that enable the packaging and integration of content-rich domain types and behavior into server-based managed components. There is a need for indexing of complex data types and for specialized indexing techniques. Oracle's solution is to build an extensible server that provides the application developer with the ability to define new index types. The extensibility services and interfaces available in Oracle8i are used by Oracle to create some commonly useful data cartridges. This chapter discusses the implementations of these data cartridges while focusing on the extensibility architecture and its benefits.
Adherence of Streptococcus mutans on lithium disilicate porcelain specimens.

Abstract Statement of problem Streptococcus mutans can adhere at restored tooth margins to cause recurrent caries. Limited information about surface quality and bacterial adherence is available for lithium disilicate ceramic materials. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate how bacterial adherence is influenced by commercially available preparations of lithium disilicate ceramic materials. Material and methods Seventeen rectangular specimens (10×10×4 mm) were fabricated for each type of lithium disilicate material: pressed (Press), milled (CAD), fluorapatite layered (ZirPress/Ceram), and glazed (Ceram Glaze). The surface roughness of each specimen was assessed before incubation with wild-type S mutans for 48 hours at 37°C with Brain Heart Infusion broth media under anaerobic conditions. Adherent bacteria were sonicated, diluted, and plated in triplicate for quantification using the plate count method to assay for colony forming units (CFUs) as an indication of bacterial viability. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test (α=.05). The Pearson r was used to evaluate the correlation between surface roughness and adherence. Results The surface roughness of Ceram Glaze (1.32 ±0.19 μm) was significantly the highest, followed by ZirPress/Ceram (0.71 ±0.09 μm), which was significantly rougher than the Press (0.11 ±0.02 μm) and CAD (0.10 ±0.02 μm) groups, which were not significantly different from each other. (F=513.898, P S mutans were also significantly the highest for Ceram Glaze (61.82 ±13.76), followed by ZirPress/Ceram (28.53 ±2.40), which had significantly higher adherence than CAD (12.86 ±1.70) and Press (6.62 ±2.74), which were not significantly different from each other. (F= 201.721, P P Conclusions The surface roughness of differently prepared lithium disilicate ceramic restorations is closely related to the adherence of S mutans .
Numerical simulation of confined unsteady aerodynamical flows

A system of algorithms is presented for the computer simulation of confined unsteady flows of a compressible fluid. The methods are valid for a wide range of time scales and are applied to simulate wind tunnel acoustics, flow over a ramp and flow past aircraft cavities.
Activity in the fusiform face area supports expert perception in radiologists, and does not depend upon holistic processing of images

Training in radiology dramatically changes observers' ability to process images, but the neural bases of this visual expertise remain unexplored. Prior imaging work has suggested that the fusiform face area (FFA), normally selectively responsive to faces, becomes responsive to images in observers' area of expertise. The FFA has been hypothesized to be important for "holistic" processing that integrates information across the entire image. Here, we report a cross-sectional study of radiologists that used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure neural activity in first-year radiology residents, fourth-year radiology residents, and practicing radiologists as they detected abnormalities in chest radiographs. Across subjects, activity in the FFA correlated with visual expertise, measured as behavioral performance during scanning. To test whether processing in the FFA was holistic, we measured its responses both to intact radiographs and radiographs that had been divided into 25 square pieces whose locations were scrambled. Activity in the FFA was equal in magnitude for intact and scrambled images, and responses to both kinds of stimuli correlated reliably with expertise. These results suggest that the FFA is one of the cortical regions that provides the basis of expertise in radiology, but that its contribution is not holistic processing of images.
2D IR analyses of rate processes in lipid–antibiotic monomolecular films

Abstract Polarization modulation infrared reflection spectra of a 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidic acid (DPPA) monolayer on a subphase containing 5 mM tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) were collected under varying surface pressures at the air–water interface. Statistical correlation spectroscopy using 2D IR, βν and kν correlation analyses were performed on these spectra to gain a better understanding of the surface pressure-induced effects on the interaction between the phospholipid and antibiotic. Conventional 2D IR correlation maps revealed strong correlation behavior between the vibrational modes of the lipid and antibiotic. βν correlation plots provided information about the relative rates of occurrence of the coupled responses noted in the conventional 2D IR plots. These calculations indicated that molecular reorientation occurs at lower surface pressures for the modes in Ring A than for the modes in Ring C. A new model-dependent two-dimensional correlation method, exponential kν correlation analysis, confirmed the results from the previous correlation methods and confirmed that the lipid–antibiotic interactions occurred in a bimodal fashion, depending upon surface pressure. The conclusions of the correlation analysis of the surface-pressure induced changes in the DPPA–TC monolayer system lead to the following model for lipid–antibiotic interaction. Initial interaction between the tetracycline molecule and the DPPA molecule occurs at low surface pressures primarily between Ring A of the tetracycline molecule and the lipid headgroup region. However, with increasing surface pressure, the mode of interaction changes, and the strongest interaction at high surface pressures occurs between Ring C of tetracycline and the DPPA headgroup.
Breakage and binding of DNA by reaction products of hypochlorous acid with aniline, 1-naphthylamine, or 1-naphthol.

Abstract Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a chemically reactive oxidant and a potent microbicidal agent that is synthesized in phagosomes of inflammatory neutrophils and released into extracellular spaces. Besides reducing pathogenicity by reacting with phagocytized infectious agents, HOCl may damage tissues and yield toxic products upon reaction with various other molecules, including xenobiotics. As model xenobiotics, the substituted aryl compounds aniline, 1-naphthylamine, and 1-naphthol (1-NOH) were investigated herein for their potential to react with HOCl and be transformed into genotoxic products. The compounds were first exposed to HOCl (25–150 μ m ) in phosphate buffer and afterward used to treat human fibroblasts or purified DNA. DNA single-strand breaks in cells and the binding of HOCl-reacted 1-[14C]NOH to purified DNA were assessed by DNA alkaline elution and scintillation spectrometry, respectively. It was found that neither HOCl nor compounds alone could break cellular DNA. But HOCl-reacted compounds produced up to 400 rat equivalents of DNA breaks. HOCl reaction products of aniline and the model bicyclic aryl compounds differed in their DNA-breaking characteristics. HOCl-reacted 1-[14C]NOH was stable and bound to DNA at up to 124 pmol/mg DNA. Sodium thiosulfate, glutathione, and taurine inhibited the transformation reactions; but only the former two blocked binding of HOCl-reacted 1-NOH to DNA. Ultraviolet spectra showed that HOCl reacted rapidly (
Development of a high-growth rate 3C-SiC on Si CVD process

Growth rates from 10 to 38 μm/h were achieved for heteroepitaxial 3C-SiC on Si (100) substrates by using the propane-silane-hydrogen gas chemistry with HCl as a growth additive. A low-pressure horizontal hot-wall CVD reactor was employed to perform the deposition. The growth rate dependences on silane mole fraction, the process pressure and the growth time were determined experimentally. The growth rate dependence on silane mole fraction was found to follow a linear relationship. The 3C-SiC films were characterized by Normaski Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy and X-ray Diffraction. The X-ray rocking curve taken on the (002) diffraction plane displayed a FWHM of 360 arcsec which indicates that the films are monocrystalline.
Thin-film processing of high-T c superconductors

This review of high-T c superconducting thin-film processing focuses on the developments in thin-film deposition technologies since 1987. The common deposition processes are described with reference to their effects on superconductor film performance. A comparative evaluation of the potential of the technologies is also given. The development of multilayers and heterostructures is an important requirement for future device applications and is also described. The latest results of the deposition of novel superconducting materials and deposition on uncommon substrates are discussed. The outlook on some imminent topics of future development in process technologies for high-T c superconducting thin films is discussed.
Quantitative wavelength analysis and image classification for intraoperative cancer diagnosis with hyperspectral imaging

Complete surgical removal of tumor tissue is essential for postoperative prognosis after surgery. Intraoperative tumor imaging and visualization are an important step in aiding surgeons to evaluate and resect tumor tissue in real time, thus enabling more complete resection of diseased tissue and better conservation of healthy tissue. As an emerging modality, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) holds great potential for comprehensive and objective intraoperative cancer assessment. In this paper, we explored the possibility of intraoperative tumor detection and visualization during surgery using HSI in the wavelength range of 450 nm - 900 nm in an animal experiment. We proposed a new algorithm for glare removal and cancer detection on surgical hyperspectral images, and detected the tumor margins in five mice with an average sensitivity and specificity of 94.4% and 98.3%, respectively. The hyperspectral imaging and quantification method have the potential to provide an innovative tool for image-guided surgery.
Crystal growth of the solid electrolyte (C5H5NH)2Cu5Br7 from the melt

Abstract The solid electrolyte pyridinium cuprous bromide, (C 5 H 5 NH) 2 Cu 5 Br 7 , has been found to melt incongruently with no appreciable degradation of the organic component. Single crystals in sizes up to 6 mm in diameter and 25 mm long have been grown by the Bridgman technique from a melt containing excess pyridinium bromide. The fastest drop rate at which reasonable quality growrh could be maintained was 0.4 mm/h. Two phenomena were observed: (1) the recrystallization into a single crystal of a polycrystalline aggregate layer on the surface of the single crystal; (2) the periodic deposition of small crystals of another phase within a single crystal near the end of the growth field.
Developing A Journal Club That Impacts Practice

Journal clubs are regular meetings of colleagues to critique current research publications and evaluate clinical utility. Although physicians have used journal clubs for many years, nurses started using them only recently. Nurses who specialize in gastroenterology and hepatology at our Veterans Affa
Linear response theory and the universal nature of the magnetic excitation spectrum of the cuprates.

Linear response theory, commonly known as the random-phase approximation (RPA), predicts a rich magnetic excitation spectrum for d-wave superconductors. Many of the features predicted by such calculations appear to be reflected in inelastic neutron-scattering data of the cuprates. In this paper, I will present results from RPA calculations whose input is based on angle-resolved photoemission data, and discuss possible relevance to inelastic neutron-scattering data of La{sub 2-x}Sr{sub x}CuO{sub 4} (LSCO), YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 6+x} (YBCO), and Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8+x} (Bi2212) in their superconducting and nonsuperconducting phases. In particular, the question of the universality of the magnetic excitation spectrum will be addressed.
Clinical Experience with a Human Thyroid Cell Bioassary for Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobin *

A sensitive, specific, and practical bioassay for thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) is now available for clinical use. Fifty-seven of 61 patients with untreated hyperthyroid Graves’ disease were TSI positive (sensitivity, 93%). TSI was undetectable in all normal subjects and in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (without concurrent Graves’ ophthalmopathy), nontoxic goiter, and toxic nodular goiter (specificity, 100%). The prevalence of TSI in serum declined after therapy, particularly during methimazole or propylthiouracil treatment. TSI correlated well with relapse or remission after antithyroid drug therapy. All 12 patients who were TSI negative at the time of discontinuing antithyroid drug therapy remained in remission (average follow-up of 10 months). TSI values in Graves’ disease correlated better with thyroid dysfunction than with ophthalmopathy. Prenatal TSI activity tended to be higher in mothers of infants who developed neonatal Graves’ disease than in atrisk mothers who delivered norma...
Mass-Splitting Theorem for Non-Unitary Group Representations

It is shown that a rigorous theorem on the impossibility of obtaining a stable hadron mass spectrum from unitary representations of Lie groups due to Jost and Segal can be generalized to the case of (nonuniformly) bounded group representations. The only link with unitarity that need be retained is the assumption that the mass-squared operator is self-adjoint.
EFFECT OF DIMETRIDAZOLE ON GROWTH OF NEUROSPORA SITOPHILA AND LACTOBACILLUS CASEI.

SummaryDimetridazole has been shown to be toxic to turkeys(3), chickens(1), and chick embryos (4). It has also been shown to decrease certain physiologic values in chicks(4). The data presented here indicate that the drug inhibits growth of N. sitophila and L. casei and that it can be, to some extent, metabolized by L. casei.
Improvements in ethanol concentration and fermentor ethanol productivity in yeast fermentations using whole soy flour in batch, and continuous recycle systems

Ethanol concentrations and fermentor productivities were increased 20.2 and 15.5% at 90 and 95% recycle, respectively, when whole soy flour was added to the feed (2 g/l at 90% recycle, and 1 g/l at 95% recycle) of a continuous yeast fermentation system with recycle of cells and soy flour (soy flour concentrations were 2% at steady state in the fermentor) by UF membranes as compared to controls. The improvements were primarily due to increases in cell concentrations. Similar results were obtained for batch cultures.
Becoming the Parent of a GLB Son or Daughter

Recent research has documented the importance of parental reactions to disclosure for sexual minority youths (SMY) (e.g., Ryan, Huebner, Diaz, & Sanchez, 2009). The purpose of this study was to develop a deeper understanding of the parent perspective of the disclosure to family experience of SMY ages 14 to 21. In-depth interviews were conducted with eight parents in the United States who had experienced a child disclose their gay, lesbian, or bisexual (GLB) orientation to them. Constructivist grounded theory and symbolic interaction theory informed the methodology and data analysis for the project. Analysis revealed that the process of becoming the parent of a GLB son or daughter is an appropriate narrative to conceptualize the parental experience of the disclosure-to-family process. The findings highlight how disclosure introduces new roles into the existing family system, which affects the consideration and interpretation of the salience of particular identities, such as being the parent of a GLB son or...
Evaluation of multivariate visualizations: a case study of refinements and user experience

Multivariate visualization (MVV) aims to provide insight into complex data sets with many variables. The analyst's goal may be to understand how one variable interacts with another, to identify potential correlations between variables, or to understand patterns of a variable's behavior over the domain. Summary statistics and spatially abstracted plots of statistical measures or analyses are unlikely to yield insights into spatial patterns. Thus we focus our efforts on MVVs, which we hope will express key properties of the data within the original data domain. Further narrowing the problem space, we consider how these techniques may be applied to continuous data variables. One difficulty of MVVs is that the number of perceptual channels may be exceeded. We embarked on a series of evaluations of MVVs in an effort to understand the limitations of attributes that are used in MVVs. In a follow-up study to previously published results, we attempted to use our past results to inform refinements to the design of the MVVs and the study itself. Some changes improved performance, whereas others degraded performance. We report results from the follow-up study and a comparison of data collected from subjects who participated in both studies. On the positive end, we saw improved performance with Attribute Blocks, a MVV newly introduced to our on-going evaluation, relative to Dimensional Stacking, a technique we were examining previously. On the other hand, our refinement to Data-driven Spots resulted in greater errors on the task. Users' previous exposure to the MVVs enabled them to complete the task significantly faster (but not more accurately). Previous exposure also yielded lower ratings of subjective workload. We discuss these intuitive and counter-intuitive results and the implications for MVV design.
A Study of Nanoparticle-Enhanced Heat Transfer

The study of the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids, i.e. fluids that are suspensions of nanometer size particles, has gained significant attention in the search for new coolants that can effectively service a variety of needs ranging from the increasing heat transfer demands of ever smaller microelectronic devices to mitigating the effects of loss of coolant accidents in nuclear power plants. Experimental data has shown large increases in thermal conductivity and associated increases in the level of critical heat flux in nuclear reactors; however, in some cases the range of the applicability of the experimental results is uncertain and there is a lack of a theory by which this can be resolved. Complicating the theoretical description of heat transfer in nanofluids is the fact that fluids in the vicinity of the nanoparticles are a complex combination of phase transition, interfacial, and transport phenomena. This paper describes a study in which molecular dynamics simulations were used to enhance the understanding of the effect of nanoparticles on heat transfer. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulations presented here model a Lennard-Jones fluid in a channel where the walls are maintained at different temperatures. The heat flux is calculated for a variety of nanoparticle sizes and concentrations. The results are compared to experimental data in order to provide information that will more confidently bound the data and provide information that will guide the development of more comprehensive theories. We also anticipate that this work could contribute to the design of biosensors where suspended molecules are transported through micro- and nano-channels in the presence of heat transfer.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A grid generating algorithm for simulating a fluctuating water table boundary in heterogeneous unconfined aquifers

An algorithm is presented for generating finite element grids that can be used to calculate the position of a fluctuating water table and the formation of seepage faces within a heterogeneous unconfined aquifer. Our approach overcomes limitations with existing techniques by allowing the water table to rise or decline through hydrostratigraphic boundaries yet maintains numerical and conceptual accuracy with respect to hydrostratigraphic geometry. The algorithm involves (1) limited stretching or shrinking of elements along the water table if the change in the position of the water table is small with respect to the vertical grid spacing, and (2) the addition or removal of nodes and elements in the finite element mesh along the water table as the change becomes large with respect to the vertical grid spacing. This technique is applicable to any 2-D or 3-D finite element code that contains an automatic finite-element grid generator.
The effect of pH on the covalent complexes of thymidylate synthase

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of pH on the dissociation constants and binding ratios of covalent complexes of thymidylate synthases from Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus casei.
Initial activities of the ITER technical advisory committee

This paper describes the initial meetings of the TAC, at which they addressed the charges they were created to address, and in which they reviewed the `ITER Preliminary Design Report`, which was presented in eight sections to them by the Director and the Joint Central Team. The members reviewed and commented on these documents. This paper presents a brief assessment of some to their concerns and comments on the present status of the preliminary design documents.
Marginal and nested structural models using instrumental variables

The objective of many scientific studies is to evaluate the effect of a treatment on an outcome of interest ceteris paribus. Instrumental variables (IVs) serve as an experimental handle, independent of potential outcomes and potential treatment status and affecting potential outcomes only through potential treatment status. We propose marginal and nested structural models using IVs, in the spirit of marginal and nested structural models under no unmeasured confounding. A marginal structural IV model parameterizes the expectations of two potential outcomes under an active treatment and the null treatment respectively, for those in a covariate-specific subpopulation who would take the active treatment if the instrument were externally set to each specific level. A nested structural IV model parameterizes the difference between the two expectations after transformed by a link function and hence the average treatment effect on the treated at each instrument level. We develop IV outcome regression, IV propensi...
Pion condensation in the Walecka model.

We calculate the pion propagator in nuclear matter in a relativistic random-phase approximation to the Walecka model. We present results for the pion dimesic function for densities up to several times normal nuclear matter density. We do not observe pion condensation even in the absence of short-range correlations. Although we do observe strong pionic enhancements, these enhancements disappear at high enough nuclear density due to the strong density dependence of the effective nucleon mass ${\mathit{M}}^{\mathrm{*}}$. For a set of parameters that give a smoother behavior of ${\mathit{M}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ with density there is a lower critical density for pion condensation to set in. In contrast to nonrelativistic calculations, however, there is also an upper critical density at which the normal state is restored.
The Effects of Sediment Resuspension on Phosphorus Available for Algal Growth in a Shallow Subtropical Lake, Lake Okeechobee

ABSTRACT Algal bioassays were conducted to determine whether phosphorus available for algal growth was released during sediment resuspension in Lake Okeechobee. The bioassays included evaluations of resuspension of sediments at different times of the year. Treatments consisted of floc and surface sediment layers mixed with surface lake water, then filtered to remove all but soluble phosphorus. The presence of phosphorus available for algal growth was manifested as the growth responses of unialgal cultures of phosphorus-starved cyanobacteria isolated from Lake Okeechobee. Floc and sediment treatments caused different algal growth responses depending on the sampling dates. In two summer experiments, there was enhanced growth response of the algae in the surface water previously mixed with sediments and floc. This result contrasted with the winter experiments when algal yields were lower in surface water samples mixed with sediment or floc. The results support recent hypotheses that sediment resuspension in ...
Competitive displacement of wild-type phospholamban from the Ca2+-free cardiac calcium pump by phospholamban mutants with different binding affinities.

Abstract Phospholamban (PLB) regulates the cardiac Ca 2 + pump (SERCA2a). To test how different species of PLB mutants compete to interact with the Ca 2 + -free, E 2 conformation of SERCA2a, using the insect cell expression system, we examined how various exogenous PLB mutants regulated SER-20G-PLB, a chimeric WT-SERCA2a-Gly-WT-PLB construct, which retains a fully catalytic active Ca 2 + -pump and its intrinsically regulatory PLB-tether. Exogenous gain-of-function PLB mutants dominantly super-inhibited the WT-PLB-tethered SERCA2a. Further, in the Ca 2 + -free condition, co-expressed normal- or super-inhibitory PLB mutant with either engineered N30C or V49C residue cross-linked to Lys328 or V89C of SER-20G-PLB at the cytoplasmic or transmembrane domain, respectively, suggesting that these freely diffusing PLB mutants completely replaced the WT-PLB-tether and fit into the binding pocket previously occupied by WT-PLB. Micromolar Ca 2 + completely inhibited cross-linking, yielding a similar Ca 2 + -dependency regardless of the presence of the WT-PLB-tether. In contrast, the PLB mutant with the loss-of-function L31A mutation has decreased binding affinity for SERCA2a, thus cross-linking weakly to the WT-PLB-tethered SERCA2a, and only marginally affected the activity of SER-20G-PLB. Thus, there is a reversible equilibrium between different PLB mutants for binding to E 2, in which PLB mutants possessing higher binding affinity for SERCA2a produce a more stable E 2·PLB and lower Ca 2 + affinity.
Long-term response of refractory primary cold agglutinin disease to eculizumab therapy

Dear Editor,Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is an autoimmune hemolyticanemia where cold agglutinins (IgM antibodies) are respon-sible for triggering hemolysis. Primary CAD is character-ized by absence of associated autoimmune disease, under-lying infection, or malignancy [1]. Although treatment forlow-grade hemolysis is not needed, development of severehemolysis with clinical symptoms can occur. To date, treat-ment modalities for CAD have been limited to rituximaband alkylating agents [2–4].Here, we report the first case of refractory CAD withpolyclonal antibodies where a sustained long-term responseto eculizumab was observed. A 61-year-old womanpresented in October 2003 with jaundice, dyspnea, andfatigue. Laboratory results revealed: hemoglobin, 9.4 g/dL;reticulocyte count, 2.7 %; total bilirubin, 6.6 mg/dL; andlactate dehydrogenase, 681 IU/L. A strong cold agglutininwas identified at room temperature which dispersed withwarming to 37 °C. Direct Coombs test was positive forpolyspecific anti-serum for anti-C3d antibody indicatingIgM binding. The cold agglutination titer was 1:5,120.Immunofixation demonstrated clonal IgM immunoglobu-lins. Comprehensive work up for other viral, autoimmune,and neoplastic etiologies wasnegative.Thepatientwasdiagnosed with primary CAD and received one course ofrituximab in 2004 with no response. In December 2008, shedeveloped worsening hemolysis with transfusion depen-dence. She received steroids and emergent plasmapheresisfor two acute hemolytic episodes and was then treated withcyclosporine followed by chlorambucil with minimal effect.In June 2009, she initiated treatment with the terminalcomplement inhibitor, eculizumab, dosed at 600 mg onceweekly for 4 weeks followed by 900 mg every 2 weeks formaintenance. The degree of hemolysis (as measured by totalbilirubin and hemoglobin levels) and fatigue symptomsimproved dramatically with no noticeable side effects(Fig. 1). To date, the patient has remained transfusion inde-pendent on eculizumab for almost 4 years with evidence ofcontinuing chronic low-grade hemolysis despite a recentincrease in maintenance eculizumab dose to 1,200 mg every2 weeks.Primary CAD with polyclonal antibodies is a rare find-ing and may be associated with more refractory disease.Cold agglutinins trigger hemolysis via C3 complementleading to extravascular hemolysis [5]. Eculizumab(Soliris) is a terminal complement inhibitor antibody thatspecifically binds to the C5 complement protein, therebyinhibiting the formation of membrane attack complex andpreventing intravascular hemolysis in paroxysmal nocturnalhemoglobinuria. Although C5 activation is believed tohave only a minor role in CAD, Roth et al. previouslyreported the efficacy of eculizumab in a single patient withtransfusion-dependent refractory CAD associated withmonoclonal antibody and lasting up to 18 months [6, 7].Our report of sustained benefit following eculizumab ther-apy in polyclonal antibody-associated CAD for 43 monthsconfirms this response. Our observation also challenges thecurrent knowledge of pathogenesis in CAD, implicating a
Self-validating inferential sensors with application to air emission monitoring

Inferential sensors, or soft sensors, refer to a modeling approach to estimating hard-to-measure process variables from other easy-to-measure, on-line sensors. Since many sensors are used as input variables to estimate the output, the probability that one of the sensors fails increases significantly. In this paper, we propose a self-validating inferential sensor approach based on principal component analysis (PCA). The input sensors are validated using a fault identification and reconstruction approach proposed in Dunia et al. AIChE J. 1996, 42, 2797−2812. A principal component model is built for the input sensors for sensor validation, and the validated principal components are used to predict output variables using linear regression or neural networks. If a sensor fails, the sensor is identified and reconstructed with the best estimate from its correlation to other sensors. The principal components are also reconstructed accordingly for prediction. The number of principal components used in sensor valid...
A Right to Cybercounter Strikes: The Risks of Legalizing Hack Backs

The idea to legalize hacking back has gained traction in the last few years and has received several influential corporate and political proponents in the US and Europe. The growing frustration with repeated cyberattacks and a lack of effective law enforcement pushes for alternative ways to prevent future exploits. Countercyberattacks are currently illegal in most nations, because they constitute a cybercrime independent of the initial attack. Considering the legalization of cyber counterattacks raises a set of questions, including those linked to the underlying assumptions supporting the proposal to legalize countercyberattacks. Another line of questions deal with the embedded challenges to the role of the nation state. Privatized countercyberattacks could jeopardize the authority and legitimacy of the state. The combined questions raised by hacking back undermines the viability of the action itself, so hacking back is likely to be ineffective and to have a negative impact on the development of Internet governance and norms. This article is part of a special issue on IT security.
Science Defended, Science Defined: The Louisiana Creationism Case

On August 18, 1986, seventy-two Nobel laureates, seventeen state academies of science, and seven other scientific organizations submitted an amicus curiae brief to the Supreme Court of the United S...
Conventional diagnostic nomenclature versus multimodal assessment.

Standard psychiatric diagnoses (e.g., DSM-III-R) are compared with multimodal assessment and problem identification (i.e., BASIC I.D. formulations. Two case comparisons are presented as an heuristic to illustrate the way in which the multimodal framework promotes diagnostic precision and enhances clinical decision-making.
A Series Pressure Drop Representation for Flow Through Orifice Tubes

A simple model is developed here to predict the pressure drop and discharge coefficient for incompressible flow through orifices with length-to-diameter ratio greater than zero (orifice tubes) over wide ranges of Reynolds number. The pressure drop for flow through orifice tubes is represented as two pressure drops in series; namely, a pressure drop for flow through a sharp-edged orifice in series with a pressure drop for developing flow in a straight length of tube. Both of these pressure drop terms are represented in the model using generally accepted correlations and experimental data for developing flows and sharp-edged orifice flow. We show agreement between this simple model and our numerical analysis of laminar orifice flow with length-to-diameter ratio up to 15 and for Reynolds number up to 150. Agreement is also shown between the series pressure drop representation and experimental data over wider ranges of Reynolds number. Not only is the present work useful as a design correlation for equipment relying on flow through orifice tubes but it helps to explain some of the difficulties that previous authors have encountered when comparing experimental observation and available theories.
S-nitrosothiol and nitric oxide reactivity at β-diketiminato zinc thiolates

Abstract The β-diketiminato zinc halide [Me2NN]ZnCl2Li(THF)3 (1) is prepared in 51% isolated yield by addition of the lithium β-diketiminate Li[Me2NN] to ZnCl2 in THF. Reaction of 1 with 2 equiv. of the thallium thiolate TlSCy provides {[Me2NN]Zn(μ-SCy)2Tl}2 (2), a TlSCy adduct of [Me2NN]ZnSCy, as colorless crystals in 51% yield. Reaction of 1 with 1 equiv. TlSR provides the dinuclear {[Me2NN]Zn(μ-SR)}2 (R = Cy (3), tBu (4)) which possess unsymmetrically bridging thiolate ligands with pairs of dissimilar Zn–S distances in the solid state (2.350(3) and 2.417(3) A for 3; 2.312(1) and 2.415(1) A for 4). Reaction of 1 with LiSCPh3 results in the mononuclear zinc thiolates [Me2NN]ZnSCPh3(THF) (5) and [Me2NN]ZnSCPh3 (6) with shorter, but similar Zn–SR distances of 2.225(2) and 2.214(1) A. Variable temperature 1H NMR studies of 3 and 4 in CDCl3 suggest that the aliphatic thiolates exist predominately as monomeric species in solution near room temperature, though at −50 °C two different β-diketiminato species are observed for 3. Thiolate exchange among 3, 4, and 6 also takes place on the NMR timescale near room temperature. Both 4 and 6 undergo transnitrosylation with CySNO in CDCl3 to give {[Me2NN]ZnSCy}2 (3) and the corresponding S-nitrosothiol tBuSNO or Ph3CSNO. Nitric oxide does not react with 4 or 6 under anaerobic conditions, but in the presence of O2, NO cleaves the zinc-thiolate bond of 4 to rapidly give tBuSNO. Similarly, anaerobic NO2 reacts with 4 to give tBuSNO providing insight into the active nitrogen oxide species capable of cleaving Zn–SR bonds.
Auxetic Drug-Eluting Stent Design

A cardiovascular stent is a cylindrical wire mesh structure that is permanently introduced into an artery during angioplasty (balloon dilatation) to act as a scaffold, thus preventing elastic recoil and/or sudden collapse of the damaged artery. While cardiovascular stents virtually eliminate elastic recoil and/or collapse of the artery, recognition of the stent as a foreign material triggers a human immune system response causing re-closure, or restenosis, of the artery. A recent advancement to counteract restenosis is to employ drug-eluting stents to locally deliver immunosuppressant and antiproliferative drugs.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Computational and analytical prediction of the elastic modulus and yield stress in particulate-reinforced metal matrix composites

In this work, three-dimensional finite-element analysis (FEA) simulations based on the representative volume element approach have been performed to determine the elastic modulus and yield stress of spherical particle-reinforced metal matrix composites. These simulations take into consideration of the degree of bonding between the matrix and the reinforcement. An analytical model has been developed using the FEA computations, and the results agree well with experimental findings reported in the literature for strongly bonded Al-2080/SiC and poorly bonded Al-2024/Al2O3 materials.
Cochise: Chiricahua Apache Chief

Cochise: Chiricahua Apache Chief. Edward R. Sweeny. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. xxiii + 501 pp. maps, photographs, notes, works cited, Index.