cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the failure modes in a reduced parts converter for switched reluctance drives

Reduced part bipolar converters (RPBC) for switched reluctance machines (SRM) allow for bipolar current paths to exist at a minimal part count. The purpose of removing the natural asymmetrical magnetic patterns (common in conventional converter topologies) is identical to other bipolar converters, but the RPBC has a slightly different functionality, less robustness, and a part reduction stipulation. Emphasis on fault tolerance will further identify where this RPBC stands in comparison to conventional converters. This work succeeds previous efforts that analyze the RPBC in comparison to an asymmetric bridge bipolar converter (ABBC), particularly concerning a 4 phase 8/6 SRM. Thus the new focus is to analyze specific fault scenarios in the diodes and switches of the RPBC, reporting on the operability, cause and effect, and the performance of each faulted state under continued operation.
Numerical studies of the steady-state equations for a Hodgkin-Huxley model: Parts I, II, and III

Abstract It was found in a prior article [1] that effects of line inductance and capacitance could be included in the Hodgkin-Huxley [2] model for development and propagation of voltage impulses on nerve fibers without increasing the number of parameters utilized. It was shown that from a-15-mV square or sawtoothed wave impulse applied at a cut end of the axon, a-100-mV “steady-state” wave developed. The wave agreed well with those obtained from former computations by other methods, but the sensitivity to propagation rate was removed. The steady state that developed at some distance from the cut end was found to satisfy the wave equation, and this fact, together with the original partial differential system, gives rise to four first-order ordinary differential equations describing the steady state, one of which replaces a second-order equation utilized by Hodgkin and Huxley. We present here numerical studies of these equations in three parts: Part I, some parameter sensitivities; Part II, the role of conductance changes in repetitive firings; and Part III, the steady-state equations applied to local stimulation phenomena.
Police Crime and Less-Than-Lethal Coercive Force: A Description of the Criminal Misuse of TASERs:

This study explores and describes the nature and character of cases involving the criminal misuse of TASERs by police officers through a content analysis of newspaper articles. The news-based content analysis identified 24 police officers who were arrested for crimes involving inappropriate use of TASERs over a 65-month period from January 2005 to May 2010. Data on these cases are presented in terms of: (a) the arrested officer, (b) victim characteristics, and (c) the situational context of these events. The news-based content analyses were used to identify and describe some factors that were common among these events, especially with regard to the actions and motivations of the arrested officers and how the situational context appeared to influence the criminal misconduct of officers. The findings indicate that the cases examined did not involve much, if any, situational risk to the officer. The criminal misuse of TASERs seems more likely to involve suspects who are already handcuffed, or even citizens w...
Differential Effects of Long-Chain (Sphingoid) Bases on the Monocytic Differentiation of Human Leukemia (HL-60) Cells Induced by Phorbol Esters, 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, or Ganglioside GM3

Conditions were developed to prolong the ability of sphinganine, a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C, to block the phorbol ester-induced adherence of HL-60 cells beyond 24 h. The loss of inhibition after this time seen previously (A. H. Merrill, Jr., A. M. Sereni, V. L. Stevens, Y. A. Hannun, R. M. Bell, and J. M. Kinkade, Jr., J. Biol. Chem., 261: 12610–12615, 1986), which appeared to be due to metabolism of this long-chain base, was overcome by supplying sphinganine daily. After 4 days, phorbol myristate acetate-induced adherence was inhibited approximately 50% by sphinganine. Sphinganine significantly decreased the expression of nonspecific esterase induced by phorbol myristate acetate in the nonadherent cells, indicating that other aspects of maturation besides adherence were blocked. The effects of daily sphinganine treatments on the monocytic differentiation induced by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or ganglioside GM3 were also investigated. The increases in nonspecific esterase expression, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, and morphological maturation caused by either agent were unaffected by the long-chain base. In addition, the changes in several cell surface antigens caused by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were unaltered by sphinganine. Although phorbol esters, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and ganglioside GM3 all induce the maturation of HL-60 cells along the monocytic lineage, the finding that sphinganine only affected the differentiation initiated by phorbol esters, in which protein kinase C clearly is a major regulator, suggests that this enzyme does not play a major role in these other pathways of differentiation.
Texture features for browsing and retrieval of image data

Image content based retrieval is emerging as an important research area with application to digital libraries and multimedia databases. The focus of this paper is on the image processing aspects and in particular using texture information for browsing and retrieval of large image data. We propose the use of Gabor wavelet features for texture analysis and provide a comprehensive experimental evaluation. Comparisons with other multiresolution texture features using the Brodatz texture database indicate that the Gabor features provide the best pattern retrieval accuracy. An application to browsing large air photos is illustrated.
Corrosion of Epoxy-Coated Rebar in Marine Bridges—Part 2: Corrosion in Cracked Concrete

Abstract The extent of corrosion of epoxy-coated rebar (ECR) in marine bridges was found to be generally correlated with concrete chloride diffusivity, DApp, with significant corrosion observed for bridges with DApp values reaching up to ∼10−7 cm2/s but not for sound concrete locations in bridges with DApp approaching the order of 10−9 cm2/s. However, significant ECR corrosion was observed in several preexisting cracked concrete locations of a low DApp bridge after only ∼15 years of service. Well-manifested, enhanced chloride and moisture penetration took place through the preexisting cracks of this bridge. The corrosion products in that case were solid and grew underneath the epoxy coating and had a composition consistent with that of chloride-substituted Akaganeite (β-FeO[OH]). Laboratory experiments showed that oxygen presence was not necessary for the formation of similar corrosion products, suggesting that corrosion damage could develop even with thin, moisture-filled cracks that would restrict oxyge...
Tillage and seasonal emissions of CO2, N2O and NO across a seed bed and at the field scale in a Mediterranean climate

Whereas the contribution of agriculture to the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is well known, especially of NOx gases following the application of N-fertilizer additions, quantitative estimates across fields remain uncertain. Here, we quantified CO2 ,N 2O, and NO emissions from an irrigated field under standard tillage and in a field recently converted (� 5 years) to minimum tillage in Yolo County, California, under a Mediterranean climate. We focused on the spatiotemporal variation of GHG emissions among positions across a seed bed and at the field scale. Seasonal CO2 and N2O fluxes ranged from 4.6 to 52.4 kg C ha � 1 day � 1 and 0 to 23.7 g N ha � 1 day � 1 , respectively. There was a significant seasonal pattern of CO2 emissions as a function of crop growth, while the level of CO2 flux rates varied annually by crop type and the previous year’s soil C inputs. The seasonal N2O emissions coincided with N fertilization placement and irrigation events. With the exception of immediately after N fertilizing, NO emissions were on average 2–33 times lower than N2O emissions. Whereas gross effects of tillage and position in the seed bed on CO2 and N2O emissions were not significant, the emissions were significantly different in a specific seed bed position because of an interaction between tillage and position in the seed bed. For example, N2O fluxes in the side dress position were significantly greater than fluxes from other seed bed positions, and were further accentuated by a significant tillage effect. At the field scale, soil-water content and temperature were generally related to both optimum CO2 and N2O emissions, but the relationships were highly variable. The results suggest that position-specific variations and interaction with tillage should be accounted for to improve the estimates of GHG emissions from irrigated soils.
Whither post-Mao Chinese global policy?

The new politics of modernization in post-Mao China raises a variety of intriguing questions to ask and hypotheses to test in international relations research. This paper examines the normative and policy changes brought about by the impetus of the modernization drive at home and how these changes have affected Chinese foreign policy in general and Chinese global policy in particular. In pursuit of this line of inquiry, the institutional setting of international organizations, especially those concerned with global political, military, developmental, and functional issues, is chosen as a testing ground of Chinese global policy. The scope of the paper is largely limited to the Chinese global policy of the post-Mao period of 1977 - 1980. The paper attempts a normative-behavioral analysis concentrating on global geopolitical, developmental, and functional domains. By way of conclusion, the paper broadly assesses the implications of post-Mao Chinese global policy for the Third World's elusive pursuit of a new world order.
Secretion and biological actions of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in two human tumor-derived cell lines in vitro.

The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II are present in extracellular fluids associated with specific binding proteins (IGFBPs) that can modify their biologic actions. These studies were undertaken to determine which forms of IGFBP are secreted by endometrial carcinoma (HEC-1B) and breast carcinoma (MDA-231) cells, to characterize variables that control IGFBP secretion, and to study the effect of IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 on IGF-I stimulated cell proliferation. Secreted IGFBPs were identified by ligand blotting and IGFBP-1 was quantified using a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA). MDA-231 cell conditioned media (CM) contained four (43,000, 39,000, 30,000 and 24,000 Mr) forms of IGFBP, and HEC-1B cell CM contained three forms (39,000, 34,000 and 30,000 Mr). Immunoblotting showed that the 30,000 Mr form secreted by both cell types was IGFBP-1. Likewise the 34,000 Mr band in HEC-1B media reacted with IGFBP-2 antiserum and the 39,000 and 43,000 Mr bands reacted with IGFBP-3 antiserum. IGF-I stimulated the secretion of IGFBP-3 from both cell types and IGFBP-2 from HEC-1B cells but either decreased or caused no change in secretion of IGFBP-1 and a 24,000 Mr form. In contrast, insulin inhibited the secretion of IGFBP-1 but increased the secretion of the 24,000 Mr form. Compounds that elevate intracellular cAMP levels increased the secretion of IGFBP-3, IGFBP-1, and the 24,000 Mr form from both MDA-231 and HEC-1B cells. When sparse cultures of MDA-231 cells were used, addition of IGF-I caused a 24% increase in cell number after 48 hr. This mitogenic response was enhanced by the presence of recombinant human IGFBP-1 (45% increase in cell number, P < 0.001). Bovine IGFBP-2 did not potentiate IGF-I stimulated cell proliferation. These findings show that two tumor cell lines secrete distinct forms of IGFBPs and that there is differential regulation of IGFBP secretion. At least one form secreted by both tumors may act as a positive autocrine modulator of IGF-l's growth stimulating actions.
Vulnerability of Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii Wats.) individuals to xylem cavitation.

Embolism, the blockage of water transport in the xylem by air, is an important consequence of low water availability for all plant species. Riparian plants, since they typically experience mesic conditions, are not water stress tolerant and hence are vulnerable to xylem cavitation, the formation of emboli. We have constructed a composite vulnerability curve for Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood); assessed native state embolism, critical xylem pressure potential (Ψ cav ), and safety margin; and determined predawn and midday leaf water potential (Ψ L ) within a central New Mexico cottonwood population. Our results indicate (1) that this population of P. fremontii is extremely vulnerable to cavitation, with complete xylem blockage occurring at -2.25 MPa, and (2) that native state embolism is between 19% and 42%. Ψ cav was determined to be -1.36 MPa. Measurements of predawn Ψ L were typically near -0.5 MPa while midday Ψ L values averaged -1.7 MPa. Estimates of midday xylem pressure potential (Ψ px ) were -1.1 MPa. These values suggest that these individuals maintain small safety margins (0.26 MPa) between Ψ px and Ψ cav . This small safety margin may be detrimental under increased variation in water availability caused by anthropogenic alteration of river systems.
Modal logic and game theory: two alternative approaches

Two views of game theory are discussed: (1) game theory as a description of the behavior of rational individuals who recognize each other’s reationality and reasoning abilities, and (2) game theory as an internally consistent recommendation to individuals on how to act in interactive situations. It is shown that the same mathematical tool, namely modal logic, can be used to explicitly model both views. Game theory can be thought of as being composed of two separate modules. The first module consists of a formal language for the description of interactive situations, that is, situations where several individuals take actions that affect each other. This language provides alternative descriptions, from the more detailed one of extensive forms to the more condensed notions of strategic form and coalitional form. The language of game theory has proved to be useful in such diverse fields as economics, political science, military science, evolutionary biology, computer science, mathematical logic, experimental psychology, sociology and social philosophy. The unifying role of the game-theoretic language has been a major achievement in itself. The second module is represented by the collection of solution concepts. Each solution concept associates with every game in a given class an outcome or set of outcomes. Most of the debate in game theory has centered on this module, in particular on the rationale for, and interpretation of, various solution concepts. From a broader point of view, the issue of debate is what the role and aims of game theory are (or should be). In this respect one can distinguish at least four different views of game theory: 1. Game theory as a description of how rational individuals behave: Briefly put, game and economic theory are concerned with the interactive behavior of Homo rationalis ‐ rational man. Homo rationalis is the species that always acts both purposefully and logically, has well-defined goals, is motivated solely by the desire to approach these goals as closely as possible, and has the calculating ability required to do so. (Aumann, 1985, p. 35)
Evolution of Reflexive and Muscular Mechanical Properties in Stroke-Induced Spasticity

We studied the natural history of reflexive and mechanical properties in hemiparetic spastic stroke subjects. System identification techniques were used to characterize the mechanical abnormalities of the elbow joint and to identify the contribution of intrinsic and reflex stiffness to these abnormalities over one year post-injury. Modulation of intrinsic and reflex stiffness of the elbow joint was studied by applying PRBS perturbations to the elbow at different joint angles at five intervals following stroke. We found that both reflex and intrinsic stiffness were larger in the stroke than in the control arms. They were also strongly position dependent; they both increased with increasing elbow extension but reflex stiffness declined at full extension in some subjects. This position dependency was consistent during stroke recovery. Both intrinsic and reflex abnormally increased over time after stroke. These findings help give a better understanding of the origins of mechanical abnormalities associated with spasticity and document the time course of these abnormalities during stroke recovery
Channel change and flooding, Skokomish River, Washington

Analysis of 45 years of cross-section data documents changes in channel width and bed elevation along the Skokomish River, Washington. The bed of the South Fork Skokomish incised over 1 m between 1940 and 1964, although both prior and subsequent to this period the mean bed elevation oscillated as much as 0.8 m with almost no cumulative change. In contrast, the mainstem Skokomish channel bed aggraded nearly 0.5 m between 1939 and 1944, oscillated at amplitudes up to 1 m with little net change from 1945 to 1964, and aggraded over 1.3 m between 1965 and 1997. In the late 1920s, prior to the onset of gaging station records, damming of the North Fork significantly reduced flow in the mainstem Skokomish. From the 1930s to the 1990s, peak discharge data for both the South Fork and the mainstem indicate no net increase in peak flows. Despite the reduced discharge from dam construction in the 1920s and no increase in peak flows during the following years, the frequency of overbank flooding in recent decades has increased on the floodplain of the mainstem. Systematic written descriptions and aerial photographs of the catchment from 1929 to 1992 document land use, including timber harvesting, road construction, and in-channel debris removal. The timing of changes in channel width and elevation imply that debris removal may have triggered periods of degradation and that near-channel and headwater land use potentially elevated the sediment supply to both reaches. Although direct land use causality is difficult to constrain, progressive reduction of channel conveyance in the mainstem as observed in USGS gage height trends does indicate that increased flooding on the mainstem Skokomish River resulted from aggradation, without an increase in peak discharges.
Syntactic segmentation and labeling of digitized pages from technical journals

A method for extracting alternating horizontal and vertical projection profiles are from nested sub-blocks of scanned page images of technical documents is discussed. The thresholded profile strings are parsed using the compiler utilities Lex and Yacc. The significant document components are demarcated and identified by the recursive application of block grammars. Backtracking for error recovery and branch and bound for maximum-area labeling are implemented with Unix Shell programs. Results of the segmentation and labeling process are stored in a labeled x-y tree. It is shown that families of technical documents that share the same layout conventions can be readily analyzed. Results from experiments in which more than 20 types of document entities were identified in sample pages from two journals are presented. >
MICROBIAL STABILIZATION OF INTERMEDIATE MOISTURE FOOD SURFACES I. CONTROL OF SURFACE PRESERVATIVE CONCENTRATION

Changing environmental conditions to which intermediate moisture foods (IMF's) are exposed during production, storage, distribution and use, are important microbial stability factors. Temperature changes result in local surface condensations leading to microbial outgrowth on the surface. An approach to improved surface stability using a high preservative surface concentration maintained by an impermeable edible food coating was developed. Permeability tests predicted that zein was an acceptable coating. Sorbic acid distribution experiments confirmed its barrier properties. Apparent diffusion coefficient was estimated between 3 and 7 × 10−9 cm2/s. These values were 150–300 times smaller than the value measured in the bulk of the IMF model food system used in this study, 10−6 cm2/s.
Frequency responsive services by wind generation resources in United States

Abstract United States’ Wind Vision report envisions wind energy to generate 20% and 35% of nation׳s electricity by 2030 and 2050 respectively. Taking in to account of the aforementioned vision, the electric power industry is promoting generation of wind power and integration into the US interconnection grids. Over the last decade, this fast growing grid connected wind power generation has raised several new technical, regulatory and economic concerns for grid operations and electricity markets. Therefore, it becomes essential to perform research study and determine possible solutions for the integration of high penetration levels of wind power with the power grid. This paper focuses on the grid integration issue associated with deteriorated frequency response of power system when significant levels of wind power generation is present in the total generation mix. A brief review of the recently introduced frequency response regulatory standards and requirements for wind power plants in United States is presented along with the turbine manufacturer׳s advanced grid technology upgrade options to maintain the power system reliability. This paper evaluates the provision of ancillary services such as Emulated Inertial Response (EIR) and Primary Frequency Response (PFR) by wind generation resources, and investigates the impact of different control architectures on frequency response metrics. Further, it discusses the costs, benefits and other economic impacts associated with the various frequency control techniques of wind power plants. Finally, guidelines and priorities for wind turbine manufacturers, generating entities, balancing authorities and regulators are provided to ensure the increased reliability without additional costs.
Acute corneal injuries. Classification and management.

The ultimate visual potential of the eye and the appearance of the cornea relate directly to the amount of time that elapses between injury and management. Since general surgeons are often the first to see such injuries, it is important that they become acquainted with the different types of corneal injuries, their causes and management.
TFEB and TFE3 are novel components of the integrated stress response

To reestablish homeostasis and mitigate stress, cells must activate a series of adaptive intracellular signaling pathways. The participation of the transcription factors TFEB and TFE3 in cellular adaptation to starvation is well established. Here, we show that TFEB and TFE3 also play an important role in the cellular response to ER stress. Treatment with ER stressors causes translocation of TFEB and TFE3 to the nucleus in a process that is dependent on PERK and calcineurin but not on mTORC1. Activated TFEB and TFE3 enhance cellular response to stress by inducing direct transcriptional upregulation of ATF4 and other UPR genes. Under conditions of prolonged ER stress, TFEB and TFE3 contribute to cell death, thus revealing an unexpected role for these proteins in controlling cell fate. This work evidences a broader role of TFEB and TFE3 in the cellular response to stress than previously anticipated and reveals an integrated cooperation between different cellular stress pathways.
INFLUENCE OF COMORBID CONDITIONS ON CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE SURGICAL OUTCOMES

Comorbid conditions often complicate the care of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). It is not known how comorbid conditions influence the outcomes for patients undergoing an operation for CHD. We queried the University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) database for patients less than 18
Taxonomic Studies in the Myxomycetes. IV. Protophysarum Phloiogenum, A New Genus and Species of Physaraceae

SUMMARY A new genus and species of Myxomycetes (order Physarales) is described. The organism, which has been maintained in laboratory culture for seven years, appears to form a link between the Echinosteliales and the Physarales, with closer affinities to the latter. Its known distribution is confined to the type locality (Boulder, Colo., U. S. A.) and it is known only from moist chamber culture of the bark of Ulmus americana. In general appearance it resembles Lamproderma, Comatricha, and Macbrideola but the subhypothallic development of its sporophore and its phaneroplasmodial assimilative stage preclude its inclusion in the Stemonitales. In May, 1965, one of us (CJA), while visiting in Boulder, Colorado, collected several pieces of bark from a living American elm tree (Ulmus americana L.) located just at the entrance of the Harvest House Motel. When placed in moist chambers (Gilbert and Martin, 1933) all these pieces of bark developed sporangia of a myxomycete which could not be placed in any known genus. Over a period of 7 yr the same organism has developed in moist chamber culture on six additional collections of bark-each consisting of several pieces-from the same tree and from two nearby elm trees, kindly sent by request to one or the other of us by various persons. Although through the years we have made bark cultures from hundreds of trees from many parts of the world, this unique species has not appeared on any substratum other than the bark from those three elm trees in Boulder. Attempts to put the organism in agar culture were immediately successful, and the life cycle was completed from spore to spore in 5 da.
STRENGTHENING AND TOUGHENING IN BASALT FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE

The dynamic mechanical properties of concrete reinforced with various volume fractions of basalt fiber were studied, and were compared with those of carbon fiber-reinforced concrete (CFRC). The details of an experiment using a 100-mm-diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus are presented. The tests reveal that the dynamic compressive strength and specific energy absorp- tion of fiber-reinforced concrete are strain rate-dependent, and the strain rate effect can be expressed by linear approximations. Rein- forcing fibers, distributed randomly within the matrix, can limit microcrack propagation and improve the dynamic mechanical proper- ties of concrete effectively. Strengthening and toughening in basalt fiber-reinforced concrete (BFRC) is more significant than that in CFRC. For BFRC, the optimum volume fraction of basalt fiber is 0.1%.
Recycling of the Factory Moat Water Resource in Baosteel' s Production

Iron and steel industry must take a road of clean production featuring low-energy consumption, low-material consumption and less emission if it wants to have a sustainable development. As Baosteel has reasonably planned its waste water resource, classified and controlled its water quality, increased and improved its pipeline networks, and developed its factory moat waste water as the secondary resource, which has helped Baosteel recycle its water resource better.
Disaster relief volunteerism: Evaluating cities' planning for the usage and management of spontaneous volunteers.

This exploratory study sought to observe the perceptions, usage, and planned management of spontaneous volunteers in disaster planning and response within various urban environments. The authors discuss the perceptions of spontaneous volunteerism in America, specifically the challenges of using spontaneous volunteers in disaster response activities. A content analysis of the 50 largest cities in the US Office of Emergency Management Web sites and a survey instrument administered to emergency managers in these 50 cities were used to explore various questions raised throughout the discussion of the literature. The authors found significant discrepancies between what is stated in the disaster plans of cities and what emergency managers claim is covered in their plans. Of the managers surveyed, only a handful mention spontaneous volunteers in their plans at all, and even fewer cities discuss them extensively. In addition, stated perceptions of the value of spontaneous volunteers may impact both how we plan for them and the value they provide .
Introduction: Shale Gas and the Future of Energy

This is the introduction to the first book systematically exploring the relationship between shale gas and sustainable development, Shale Gas and the Future of Energy: Law and Policy for Sustainability (Edward Elgar 2016). It describes the growing importance of unconventional shale gas and the evolution of sustainable development as a policy norm, and explains that there has been little analysis of the relationship between unconventional shale gas and sustainability. The introduction then summarizes twelve chapters by the contributing authors, who are not only lawyers and current and former policy makers, but also from public health, the social sciences, economics, and other disciplines. Each chapter addresses (1) what sustainability means for their particular topic, (2) what various governmental entities and private sector parties are doing to foster sustainability on this topic, and (3) recommendations for ways to foster sustainable practices in shale gas development. Their chapters cover five broad topics: public health and the environment; community; public participation, public information, and access to justice; governance; and energy and climate change. As the introduction explains, a final chapter synthesizes what all of these chapters, taken together, mean for the sustainability of shale gas.
A Framework of Channel Membership Involvement: Alienative, Calculative, and Moral Attitudinal Orientation

Etzioni’s (1961) alienative, calculative, and moral involvement to a dyadic relationship has received recent attention in marketing channel as well as organizational psychology. Yet, few attempts have been made to relate the construct systematically to channel member behavior, despite the potential theoretical and practical contribution to the area. This paper attempts to build a conceptual framework describing proposed relationships between Etzioni’s three types of channel membership involvement and their antecedents and outcome variables. While channel power model and bureaucratic structure represent antecedent variables for channel membership involvement, performance and membership turnover are included as outcomes. Propositions are generated based on a review of the literature.
Abrasive Tool Types

Grits and bonding systems have been introduced in the previous two chapters and their impact on technological, environmental, economic and social sustainability has been discussed. Yet not only the ingredients, but also the design and type of tools define sustainable grinding process performance.
Pedometer-Assessed Physical Activity Levels of Rural Appalachian Youth

The purposes of this investigation were to examine whether pedometer-assessed physical activity (PA) in Appalachian Ohio students differed by body mass index (BMI), school level (middle school vs. high school), and gender during school days and nonschool days and whether students met the recommended PA guidelines. Participants (N = 149) were recruited from four schools in rural southeastern Ohio. PA was assessed using a sealed pedometer with a moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) timer for 7 consecutive days. Univariate 2 . 2 . 2 ANOVAs showed boys and girls did not differ greatly in PA levels in middle school, but high school girls showed a much lower PA level than high school boys and middle school girls. ANOVAs also demonstrated BMI did not affect PA levels. The frequency data revealed that Appalachian Ohio youth showed relatively low PA regardless of BMI category, school level, and gender. However, the participants appeared to be more active during school days than nonschool days. Only 17% of participants met either one or both of the recommended steps per day and MVPA time per day, respectively, during school days. Behavioral interventions and policies are necessary to increase PA for youth in this region, especially high school girls.
Daily and Monthly Activity of Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) Near a Proposed Industrial Project in Coastal British Columbia

The Kitimat Liquefied Natural Gas (KLNG) Plant is proposed for construction adjacent to Bish Creek (Kitimat, British Columbia, Canada). Bish Creek is a corridor for brown bears (Ursus arctos), and 8 camera traps were deployed along the creek for 1442 trapping days in 2014 to determine baseline activity of brown bears. Brown bear activity varied across weeks, peaking particularly in July and September. Within a 24-h day, bears were commonly photographed during hours 5, 6, and 21 and uncommonly photographed during the 3 hours preceding noon and a 4-h period in the afternoon. However, the time of day that bears were photographed varied across seasons; bears were more commonly photographed during the day in July and at night in September. Understanding this change in activity across seasons will inform management of bear resources and human activities on-site to avoid human—bear interactions.
Cohesive element approach for dynamic crack propagation: Artificial compliance and mesh dependency

Abstract Zero thickness cohesive element approach for arbitrary crack propagation has a deficiency of introducing artificial compliance to the model, especially when cohesive elements are inserted into every element interfaces. For dynamic problems, the artificial compliance decreases the stress wave speed and makes the result less accurate. In this paper, the reason of the artificial compliance is examined, and the bilinear and exponential cohesive law are compared. The work shows that by choosing the right cohesive stiffness, element size and using bilinear cohesive law rather than exponential cohesive law, the artificial compliance issue can be limited to a negligible level without greatly increasing the computational time. Three numerical simulations are used to support the argument. The bilinear cohesive law also shows more robust behavior in terms of cyclic loading than exponential law, and a new cyclic loading formulation is proposed to help fix the discontinuity observed in exponential law. According to our finding, in order to limit the artificial compliance and computational time, large element size is recommended, however, in fracture problems, small element size around crack tip is essential to capture the cohesive zone behavior. To escape the dilemma, we modify the cohesive zone enlargement approach presented in the literature (Dugdale, 1960) and adopt it for arbitrary crack propagation. The modified methodology enlarges cohesive zone size by reducing the cohesive strength only around crack tips to allow more cohesive elements inside the cohesive zone. Two benchmark numerical simulations are carried out to verify the modified methodology.
3D Vertically Aligned CNT/Graphene Hybrids from Layer-by-Layer Transfer for Supercapacitors

The exceptional electrical, optical, thermal and mechanical properties make graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) promising for a large variety of applications, including energy storage. In practice, it is higly important to translator these properties associated with the low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials into bulk materials/devices. Recent theoretical studies have proven that three-dimensional (3D) pillared architectures, consisting of parallel graphene layers intercalated by vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs) in between, possess desriable transport and mechanical properties in all dimensions while maintaining the excellent properties of their building blocks. However, it remains challenging to experimentally realize such 3D pillared graphene/VA-CNT hybrids. Here, tunable 3D pillared graphene/VA-CNT architectures are formed by chemical vapor deposition, and a template-free contact transfer process is presented, involving the hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions between graphene and VA-CNTs. The resultant 3D graphene/VA-CNT hybrids are demonstrated to be efficient electrode materials for supercapacitors with good performance. This newly-developed methodology holds great potential for fabricating various 3D architectures with many other materials for a wide range of multifunctional applications, including energy storage, electrical and thermal managements, and flexible electronics.
The Conduct of Life

Abstract No Abstract Available. *This is the second of four essays written for Orthodontists by Professor Wuerpel. The first, entitled Processes of thd Mind, appeared in the April, 1932 number of the Angle Orthodontist.
Measurement of extracellular (exofacial) versus intracellular protein thiols.

Abstract In recent years, the importance of compartmentalization in redox signaling has been realized. A number of specific thiol pools exist both inside and outside the cell, and these thiols are regulated via unique mechanisms and serve specific roles in cell signaling. This chapter covers some of the methodologies available for the interrogation of thiol status in various cellular compartments, with a focus on mitochondrial, cytosolic, and exofacial thiols. Finally, the relevance of these thiols to pathological disease states, in particular cancer, will be discussed. The chapters in the remainder of this volume more than adequately cover the diversity of thiol modifications, describing the specific biochemical nature of these reactions, ranging from S -nitrosation through glutathionylation, to oxidation and beyond. Therefore, this topic will not be further addressed here. Similarly, general methodological considerations are considered to have been dealt with in the remainder of this volume, including requirements for subdued lighting, avoidance of reducing agents and transition metals in media, and rapid sample preparation with adequate control over temperature and pH.
DNA Sequence Analysis of the Genetic Structure of Populations of Salmonella Enterica and Escherichia Coli

The goal of bacterial population genetics is to understand the factors that determine genetic structure and mediate evolutionary change in natural populations. This broad objective transcends the practical needs of microbiologists for methods of species identification and strain discrimination for epidemiological and other purposes, but the findings of population genetics research have important implications for several branches of medical microbiology (Selander and Musser, 1990), as well as for bacterial systematics.
Predicting Changes in Level of Abstraction in Tutor Responses to Students

We examine a corpus of reflective tutorial dialogues between human tutor and student after the student completed introductory physics problems, to predict when the tutor abstracted from the student’s preceding turn or when the tutor specialized from the student’s preceding turn. Tutor abstraction occurs when the tutor repeats a segment of the student’s turn using more general terms. Tutor specialization occurs when the tutor repeats a segment of the student’s turn using more concrete terms. We find that features extracted from the reflective dialogue context produce the most predictive models. Also, the tutor abstracts more often when the student shows signs of working at a very detailed level for awhile, and prompts for specification when the student’s responses are imprecise.
The Role of Anxiety-Relevant Transdiagnostic Factors in Comorbid Chronic Pain and Tobacco Cigarette Smoking

Despite the notable prevalence and comorbidity of tobacco cigarette dependence and chronic pain, relatively little is known about potential mechanisms of action. Research has emphasized the utility of identifying core underlying dimensions that reflect shared etiological processes, and it has been posited that anxiety-relevant transdiagnostic factors may be particularly important to understanding pain-smoking comorbidity. This review examined the empirical literature linking pain-related fear (fear of pain and activities that elicit pain), pain-related anxiety (anxious responses to pain), and anxiety sensitivity (degree to which the experience of anxiety is expected to have deleterious consequences) to both chronic pain and tobacco cigarette smoking. We then integrated this literature to inform a conceptual model explicating the function of anxiety-relevant transdiagnostic factors in pain-tobacco smoking comorbidity. Finally, we drew upon this conceptual model to highlight novel clinical implications and inform future research.
Celebrities, Signs, and Symbols: Engaging in Black Lives Matter Activism Through Body and Dress Practices

The #BlackLivesMatter (BLM) movement started in 2013 as a social media hashtag in response to the continued and disproportionate killings of unarmed Black people by police. We explored how historically celebrities have publicly supported the BLM movement through signs, symbols, and fashions. The numerous examples across time highlight different celebrities’ connection to and support of the movement. Body position, support through fashion, and historical reference were the different ways celebrities supported the movement. These celebrities have used their visibility in society to support and promote the BLM movement as they capture the attention of millions of people in the world. They have forced the public to listen, even if they do not want to, despite the critical attention and outcomes it may cause such as forever damaging their reputation for some viewers or losing their multi-million-dollar career.
An FDA/CDER perspective on nonclinical testing strategies: Classical toxicology approaches and new approach methodologies (NAMs)

Nonclinical testing of human pharmaceuticals is conducted to assess the safety of compounds to be studied in human clinical trials and for marketing of new drugs. Although there is no exact number and type of nonclinical studies required for safety assessments, as there is inherent flexibility for each new compound, the traditional approach is outlined in various FDA and ICH guidance documents and involves a combination of in vitro assays and whole animal testing methods. Recent advances in science have led to the emergence of numerous new approach methodologies (NAMs) for nonclinical testing that are currently being used in various aspects of drug development. Traditional nonclinical testing methods can predict clinical outcomes, although improvements in these methods that can increase predictivity of clinical outcomes are encouraged and needed. This paper discusses FDA/CDER's view on the opportunities and challenges of using NAMs in drug development especially for regulatory purposes, and also includes examples where NAMs are currently being used in nonclinical safety assessments and where they may supplement and/or enhance current testing methods. FDA/CDER also encourages communication with stakeholders regarding NAMs and is committed to exploring the use of NAMs to improve regulatory efficiency and potentially expedite drug development.
Anophthalmia: the expert’s guide to medical and surgical management: edited by Thomas E. Johnson, Cham, Switzerland, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2020, 306 pp., US$119.99 (hardcover), ISBN 978-3-030-29752-7

Thomas Johnson’s Anophthalmia provides an authoritative compilation for the expert and student alike regarding everything related to the anophthalmic socket. The book comprises 24 chapters that spa...
The association of prefrontal cortex response during a natural reward cue-reactivity paradigm, anhedonia, and demoralization in persons maintained on methadone.

Abstract Persons with opioid use disorder (OUD) often experience anhedonia and demoralization, yet there is relatively little research on the pathophysiology of anhedonia and demoralization in OUD treatment and recovery. In the current study, persons maintained on methadone (N = 29) underwent a natural reward-cue paradigm during functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging. Natural reward cues included highly palatable food, positive social interactions (e.g., a happy family at the dinner table), and emotional intimacy (e.g. couples embracing or kissing, but no erotic images). Participants also self-reported symptoms of anhedonia on the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHPS) and demoralization on the Demoralization Scale II (DS-II). Participants who reported clinically-significant anhedonia on the SHPS displayed decreased neural activity in the right prefrontal cortex (PFC) in response to natural reward cues (F(1,25) = 3.612, p = 0.027, ηp2 = 0.302). In linear regression models of positive social cues, decreased neural activity in the right VMPFC was associated with increased SHPS total score (F(1,27) = 7.131, R2 = 0.209, p = .013), and decreased neural activity in an area encompassing the right lateral VMPFC and DLPFC was associated with increased DS-II total score (F(1,27) = 10.641, R2 = 0.283, p = 0.003). This study provides initial evidence that the prefrontal cortex is involved in the pathophysiology of anhedonia and demoralization in persons in recovery from OUD. Anhedonia and demoralization are important treatment outcomes that should be queried along with a constellation of physical and mental health outcomes, to assess areas of needed improvement in methadone maintenance and other OUD treatment modalities.
Confirmatory factor and measurement invariance analyses of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire in sexual minority men and women.

Objective The present study aimed to investigate the factor structure of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) in a large sample of cisgender sexual minority men and women, and subsequently, to evaluate measurement invariance by gender. Method The sample consisted of 962 sexual minority adult men (n = 479) and women (n = 483) who completed online self-report surveys. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using two previously supported factor structures (Friborg et al.'s four-factor model and Grilo et al.'s brief three-factor model) as well as the original four-factor structure of the EDE-Q. Results Results indicated that the best fitting models were Friborg et al.'s four-factor model (CFI = .974, RMSEA = .098, SRMR = .0 70) and Grilo et al.'s brief three-factor model (CFI = .999, RMSEA = .049, SRMR = .017). The model fit of both factor structures were nearly identical when examined separately for men and women. The original four-factor structure could not be supported in this sample. Measurement invariance analyses further indicated that the best fitting models were invariant by gender in sexual minority individuals. Internal consistency was adequate for all subscales of Friborg et al.'s and Grilo et al.'s models. Discussion The present study provides support for the use of the EDE-Q in sexual minority men and women. Additionally, findings demonstrate that the EDE-Q performs similarly in sexual minority men and women. Future research is needed to further evaluate measurement invariance of the EDE-Q by sexual orientation, gender identity, and race.
Cultivated co-production: Sexual health, human rights, and the revision of the ICD:

STS scholars frequently have shown how science and sociopolitical arrangements are ‘co-produced’, typically tracing how scientific actors themselves keep ‘science’ and ‘politics’ far apart. Reveali...