cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remark on Algorithm 897: VTDIRECT95: Serial and Parallel Codes for the Global Optimization Algorithm DIRECT

VTDIRECT95 is a Fortran 95 implementation of D. R. Jones' deterministic global optimization algorithm called DIRECT, which is widely used in multidisciplinary engineering design, biological science, and physical science applications. The package includes both a serial code and a data-distributed massively parallel code for different problem scales and optimization (exploration vs. exploitation) goals. Dynamic data structures are used to organize local data, handle unpredictable memory requirements, reduce the memory usage, and share the data across multiple processors. The parallel code employs a multilevel functional and data parallelism to boost concurrency and mitigate the data dependency, thus improving the load balancing and scalability. In addition, checkpointing features are integrated into both versions to provide fault tolerance and hot restarts. Important algorithm modifications and design considerations are discussed regarding data structures, parallel schemes, error handling, and portability. Using several benchmark functions and real-world applications, the software is evaluated on different systems in terms of optimization effectiveness, data structure efficiency, parallel performance, and checkpointing overhead. The package organization and usage are also described in detail.
Movement and Distribution of Smallmouth Bass in the Middle Snake River

Abstract The movement and distribution of smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieui, were studied in the Snake River, a large western river, prior to impoundment. A tag and recovery program was designed to assess interpool movement. Smallmouth bass were collected by angling and electrofishing. Primacord, a detonating fuse, was used to assess distribution during late fall and winter. Underwater observations were made with SCUBA apparatus. Bass behavior was studied in the laboratory and dealt principally with temperature effects, light intensity and substrate. Only 8% of the tagged fish recaptured were taken by anglers; the remaining 92% were taken by electrofishing. Ninety-nine (76%) of the recovered fish free at least 7 days were found in the same pool or defined location in which they were tagged, while 22 of the 31 fish recovered outside the pool in which they were marked had moved less than 1200 m (1,312 yds). A few moved several kilometers upstream or downstream from the release point. There was no signi...
Synthesis of reactive diluents for cationic cycloaliphatic epoxide UV coatings

Abstract Reactive diluents for cationic cycloaliphatic epoxide UV coatings were synthesized using caprolactone polyols and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The structures of the TEOS functionalized polyols were characterized using IR, 1 H-NMR, 29 Si-NMR, and ESI-FTMS spectroscopy. The resulting siloxane functionalized polyols were used to formulate cationic UV coatings with 3, 4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3, 4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate (a cycloaliphatic diepoxide). The crosslinking reactions were monitored using IR and 29 Si-NMR spectroscopy. The cured films were evaluated in terms of tensile properties and glass transition temperature. The resultant coatings showed greater tensile modulus, lower elongation, and higher glass transition temperature. In addition, the siloxane functionalized polyols also effectively reduced the viscosity of the coatings formulations. Based on the curing behaviors and spectroscopic data, possible crosslinking reaction(s) were postulated.
Thermal decay kinetics of radical pairs in irradiated solids

Abstract The thermal decay kinetics of radical pairs in gamma-irradiated polycrystalline di- p -tolyl carbonate and in single crystal N -hydroxyurea have been studied. In both systems careful techniques are worked out to separate the overlapping spectra of the isolated radical and radical pair so that the kinetics of each can be individually studied. In the di- p -tolyl carbonate system the radical pairs decay exclusively by reaction together in a first-order process characterized by an activation energy of 35 kJ mol −1 . In the N -hydroxyurea system the radical pairs decay exclusively apart to form isolated radicals. Quantitative correlation of the radical pair decay with isolated radical growth is demonstrated. The concurrent processes occur with a rate constant of k = 9·5 × 10 −5 s − at 235 K. Although we have a precisely known inhomogeneous spatial distribution in these two systems, it is noted that only first-order decay kinetics are observed.
Evidence for the Presence in Tobacco Leaves of Multiple Enzymes for the Oxidation of Glycolate and Glyoxylate

The enzymic oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate and glyoxylate to oxalate by preparations purified from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var Havana Seed) leaves was studied. The Km values for glycolate and glyoxylate were 0.26 and 1.0 millimolar, respectively. The ratio of glycolate to glyoxylate oxidation was 3 to 4 in crude extracts but decreased to 1.2 to 1.5 on purification by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and chromatography on agarose A-15 and hydroxylapatite. This level of glyoxylate oxidation activity was higher than that previously found for glycolate oxidase (EC 1.1.3.1). The ratio of the two activities was changed by reaction with the substrate analog 2-hydroxy-3-butynoate (HBA) which at all concentrations inhibited glyoxylate oxidation to a greater extent than glycolate oxidation. The ratio of the two activities could also be altered by changing the O2 concentration. Glycolate oxidation increased 3.6-fold when the O2 atmosphere was increased from 21 to 100%, whereas glyoxylate oxidation increased only 1.6-fold under the same conditions. These changes in ratio during purification, on inhibition by HBA, and under varying O2 concentrations imply that tobacco leaves contain at least two enzymes capable of oxidizing glycolate and glyoxylate.
The ear and hearing in the frog, Rana pipiens.

Improved histological procedures have revealed in some detail the form and structure of auditory receptor organs in the frog. These organs, the papilla amphibiorum and papilla basilaris, are located in extensions of the saccular cavity, and lie in a path of vibratory fluid motion beginning at the columellar footplate and extending in a continuous circuit through the perilymph spaces and the round window back to the middle ear region. These organs exhibit great uniformity, and for the amphibian papilla there is a high degree of complexity in the tectorial structures that overlay the ciliated ends of the hair cells. In both papillae a “sensing membrane,” which is a derivative of the tectorial body, lies in the path of fluid flow and aids in the stimulation process. The mode of stimulation of the hair cells in the amphibian ear is peculiar, and in principle is the reverse of the familiar one of reptiles, birds, and mammals.
A conductometric method for measuring micromolar quantities of carbon dioxide.

A conductometric method for measuring small amounts of CO2 is described. It can be applied to monitoring CO2 contained in a steady gas stream or to measuring CO2 in known small volumes of gas. Measurements of 0.01–0.6 μmole of CO2 have been made with standard deviations of ±0.002–0.008 μmole. As little as 0.002 μmole of CO2 has been detected.
Estimating selenium removal by sedimentation from the Great Salt Lake, Utah

Abstract The mass of Se deposited annually to sediment in the Great Salt Lake (GSL) was estimated to determine the significance of sedimentation as a permanent Se removal mechanism. Lake sediment cores were used to qualitatively delineate sedimentation regions (very high to very low), estimate mass accumulation rates (MARs) and determine sediment Se concentrations. Sedimentation regions were defined by comparison of isopach contours of Holocene sediment thicknesses to linear sedimentation rates determined via analysis of 210 Pb, 226 Ra, 7 Be and 137 Cs activity in 20 short cores ( 10 cm). These MARs in the upper 1–2 cm of each long core ranged from 0.019 to 0.105 g sed /cm 2 /a. Surface sediment Se concentrations in the upper 1 or 2 cm of each long core ranged from 0.79 to 2.47 mg/kg. Representative MARs and Se concentrations were used to develop mean annual Se removal by sedimentation in the corresponding sedimentation region. The spatially integrated Se sedimentation rate was estimated to be 624 kg/a within a range of uncertainty between 285 and 960 kg/a. Comparison to annual Se loading and other potential removal processes suggests burial by sedimentation is not the primary removal process for Se from the GSL.
Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis and Multilocus Sequence Typing Reveal Genetic Relationships among Clostridium difficile Isolates Genotyped by Restriction Endonuclease Analysis

Numbers of Clostridium difficile infections have increased worldwide in the past decade. While infection with C. difficile remains predominantly a health care-associated infection, there may also be an increased incidence of community-associated infections. C. difficile strains of public health significance continue to emerge, and reliable genotyping methods for epidemiological investigations and global surveillance of C. difficile are required. In this study, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) were performed on a set of 157 spatially and temporally diverse C. difficile isolates that had been previously genotyped by restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) to determine the concordance among these genotyping methods. In addition, sequence analysis of the tcdC genotype was performed to investigate the association of allelic variants with epidemic C. difficile isolates. Overall, the MLST and MLVA data were concordant with REA genotyping data. MLST was less discriminatory than either MLVA or REA, yet this method established C. difficile genetic lineage. MLVA was highly discriminatory and demonstrated relationships among the MLST genetic lineages and REA genotypes that were previously unrecognized. Several tcdC genotypes were specific to epidemic clones, highlighting the possible importance of toxin misregulation in C. difficile disease pathogenesis. This study demonstrates that a combination of MLST and MLVA may prove useful for the investigation and surveillance of emergent C. difficile clones of global public health concern.
The substrates for self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and medial prefrontal cortex: A comparison of strength-duration characteristics

The directly activated substrates for self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) were described by comparing their strength-duration characteristics. The current required to maintain a half-maximal rate of lever pressing was traded off against the pulse duration while all other stimulation parameters were kept constant. In this manner, cathodal strength-duration curves were obtained at four LH and eight MPFC sites; anodal curves were obtained at two of the LH and six of the MPFC sites. In general, the cathodal LH curves had lower rheobases than the cathodal MPFC curves and continued to descend after the MPFC curves had levelled off. At short pulse durations, the anodal curves lay above the cathodal curves, a finding more pronounced in the LH data. The two sets of curves converged at the longer pulse durations. The differences in the strength-duration curves are consistent with the notion that different directly stimulated neurons are responsible for the rewarding effects of LH and MPFC stimulation. Anatomical and physiological properties that could account for these differences are discussed.
The influence of corticosterone and glucagon on metabolic recovery from exhaustive exercise in the desert iguana Dipsosaurus dorsalis.

Abstract The skeletal muscles of ectothermic vertebrates possess an elevated glyconeogenic capacity that is responsible for a major portion of lactate removal and glycogen resynthesis following exercise. In lizards, changes in plasma hormone levels and the influence of differing hormone levels on muscle metabolism postexercise are poorly understood. We measured the effects of 5 min of exhaustive exercise on plasma levels of glucagon and corticosterone in the desert iguana Dipsosaurus dorsalis. We also determined the extent to which these hormones influence, or are influenced by, postexercise plasma lactate concentrations postexercise. Exercise resulted in the accumulation of 20 m M blood lactate, while plasma glucose levels remained stable throughout 90 min of recovery. Plasma glucagon was elevated sevenfold during 5 min of exercise and returned to resting levels within 45 min of recovery. Glucagon stimulated lactate incorporation into glycogen in isolated red muscle fiber bundles. Plasma corticosterone was also elevated to three times normal resting values, but only after 45 min of recovery. Blocking corticosterone elevation with metyrapone did not alter the kinetics of plasma lactate removal. In lizards, the dramatic rise in plasma glucagon occurs at the same time as previously reported elevated skeletal muscle glyconeogenesis and elevated glucagon stimulates lactate removal in vitro, strongly suggesting a role for glucagon in postexercise skeletal muscle metabolism.
ADP plays an important role in mediating platelet aggregation and cyclic flow variations in vivo in stenosed and endothelium-injured canine coronary arteries.

The goal of this study was to test the hypotheses that endogenous ADP plays an important role in vivo in mediating platelet aggregation and cyclic coronary artery blood flow variations (CFVs) in stenosed and endothelium-injured coronary arteries in an experimental canine model. Anesthetized animals were studied and coronary blood flow velocities monitored by a pulsed Doppler flow probe positioned around the left anterior descending coronary artery. CFVs were established by an external constrictor positioned at sites with injured endothelium. Apyrase, an ADP-removing enzyme, was infused into the left anterior descending coronary artery (0.3-1.8 units/min) 30 minutes or 2 hours after the establishment of CFVs. Complete abolition of CFVs was achieved in 81% (13/16) of dogs with 30-minute CFVs and in 83% (five of six) of dogs with 2-hour CFVs. In other dogs, a potent inhibitor of ADP-induced platelet aggregation, clopidogrel, was administered as a 10 mg/kg i.v. bolus and a 2.5 mg/kg/hr infusion 30 minutes and 3 hours after the establishment of CFVs. This treatment resulted in complete abolition of CFVs in 14 dogs (100%) with either 30-minute or 3-hour CFVs. Epinephrine was infused into some dogs after CFVs had ceased as a result of either apyrase or clopidogrel administration and into some dogs in whom SQ29548, a thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist, had been given when apyrase failed to abolish CFVs. Epinephrine restored CFVs in all dogs treated with apyrase alone, 67% (four of six) of dogs treated with the combination of apyrase and SQ29548, and 29% (two of seven) of dogs treated with clopidogrel. The plasma epinephrine levels required for CFV restoration were 20 times higher than baseline values in dogs receiving apyrase alone, 100 times higher when a combination of apyrase and SQ29548 had been given, and more than 5,000 times higher in dogs receiving clopidogrel. In vitro studies showed that apyrase only inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation, whereas clopidogrel not only inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation, but also reduced platelet aggregation induced by the thromboxane mimetic U46619 and serotonin. These data suggest that 1) ADP is an important mediator of platelet aggregation and CFVs in vivo and 2) combined inhibition of thromboxane A2 and ADP's effects provides marked protection against CFVs in experimentally stenosed and endothelium-injured canine coronary arteries. These data and our previous observations are consistent with the possibility that specific antagonists of thromboxane A2, serotonin, and ADP, alone and together, may provide substantial protection against platelet aggregation leading to CFVs at sites of endothelial injury and coronary artery stenosis.
Differential cellular expression of LIGHT and its receptors in early gestation human placentas.

Abstract LIGHT (homologous to l ymphotoxins, exhibits i nducible expression, competes with herpes simplex virus g lycoprotein D for HVEM, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes) is an apoptosis-inducing member of the tumor necrosis factor family of ligands. Messenger RNAs encoding LIGHT and its receptors, lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR), decoy receptor-3 (DcR3) and herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), are present in first trimester and term placentas. Proteins have been localized to specific cells in term but not earlier gestation placentas. Here, we have studied LIGHT and its receptors in early (6–7 weeks) and early-to-middle (8–13 weeks) gestation using immunohistology. Notable cell-specific, gestation-related features were identified. LIGHT and two of its receptors, a membrane-bound receptor that mediates apoptosis (LTβR) and a soluble receptor that interferes with LIGHT signaling (DcR3), were present in syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast cells in all samples but were detected in placental stromal cells only at week 8 and thereafter. HVEM, a membrane-bound receptor that protects against apoptosis, was expressed only on syncytiotrophoblast. These observations suggest that the LIGHT system may regulate early to middle stages of placental development via cell-specific, temporally programmed expression of the ligand and its receptors, and may also assist in preserving placental immune privilege.
Some Recommendations for Improving Measurement Validation in Social Work Research

The importance of constructs and their validation in social work research is asserted. A taxonomy of validity types is offered, drawing from a psychometric and research literature that has evolved over the last four decades. Special emphasis is given to the role of construct validity in social work research, and recent advances in the assessment of construct validity are discussed. Selected textbooks, sourcebooks, and journal articles used and written by social workers are reviewed to show that measurement validity is often incompletely or inaccurately discussed and applied. Recommendations are made for communicating about and applying validation principles.
SPIDER and the boundary curvature method: simulating the solidification of foundry castings

Abstract In order to reduce the lead time and cost of new products, process simulation has become increasingly popular in recent years. This is especially true in metal casting. A method has been developed which dramatically reduces the computational costs involved with the solution of the solidification problem in foundry castings. The software interfaces with an existing commercial finite element package and eliminates most of the finite element mesh by applying a boundary condition on the surface of the casting. This fully automated process involves computing a piecewise representation of the local geometry for each element on the casting's surface and reference to a precomputed library of heat flow solutions for simple geometries.
The effect of copolymerized 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid on erosion rates of poly(ortho esters) and its use in the delivery of levonorgestrel

Abstract Erosion, rates of poly(ortho esters) can be usefully accelerated by the copolymerization of 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid into the copolymer. This accelerating effect can be enhanced by using a hydrophilic diol such as triethylene glycol as one of the monomers. By using a combination of 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid and triethylene glycol precise control over erosion rate of the polymer can be achieved by small variations in the amount of 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid used. This technique has been used to develop levonorgestrel-containing devices.
Perspective Consciousness and Cultural Relevancy: Partnership Considerations for the Re-Conceptualization of Music Teacher Preparation

Strong school-university partnerships yield effective music teachers. However, music teacher preparation curriculum has undergone little reform over the years, resulting in a homogeneous P–12 curriculum. Encouraging preservice music teachers to consider cultural and pedagogical differences holds promise for changing music teacher preparation and preservice music teachers’ views regarding content and contextually relevant practice. In this article, an international collaborative course is presented as one model to help preservice teachers confront previously held attitudes regarding music education, develop flexible cultural competency, and become more open to curricular innovation. Recommendations for policy that would enact an international partnership agenda for music teacher preparation to meet these aims are provided.
Active tilting of the United States midcontinent: Geodetic and geomorphic evidence

In the midcontinent there is a remarkable correlation between the tilt rates measured by geodetic releveling and the downstream change in sinuosity of adjacent rivers. The correlation indicates that measured tilts with rates reaching 10−7 rad yr−1 and that extend for 15 to 50 km represent real crustal movements and not errors or near-surface effects. The tilting has probably continued for less than 1,500 yr and may involve oscillatory movements of crustal blocks.
“Swapping” Families: Serial Parenting and Economic Support for Children

The claim that fathers ‘‘swap’’ families when they form new ones—that is, they shift allegiances from nonresident children to new residential children (e.g., Furstenberg, 1995)—has not been directly evaluated empirically. Drawing on data from the two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households, we test Furstenberg’s argument in terms of child-support transfers to nonresidential children, and we also test an elaboration of his approach that distinguishes between resident biological children and stepchildren. Using staticscore models, our findings indicate that fathers do swap families but only when the trade-off is between new biological children living inside fathers’ households and existing biological children living outside fathers’ households. Even though our analytic sample is small, our findings have important implications for child well-being, childsupport policy, and the meaning of fatherhood. From the perspective of children, families are increasingly likely to be spread across more than one household, with one biological parent, typically the father, living in a separate household. In
Do ethnic disparities extend to subspecialty diabetes care

ABSTRACT Objective It is unclear if disparities described in diabetes primary care extend to subspecialty diabetes care. This retrospective observational study examined disparities in diabetes outcomes in a subspecialty practice by assessing glycemic improvement in type 2 diabetes patients during the first year of enrollment. Methods Electronic data were gathered on 3,945 subjects. The outcome was the proportion of white and minority (Asian, black, and Hispanic) subjects achieving a hemoglobin A1C (A1C) level of ≤7% after the first year of care. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with odds of achieving A1C ≤7%. Results Minority patients had greater diabetes duration, more social disadvantages and missed appointments, and worse control at presentation than whites. The proportion of patients reaching target A1C rose from 37 to 52% among white patients and from 28 to 40% among minority patients. Significant differences between whites and minorities in the rates of patients reaching A1C ≤7% were found only among those with higher initial A1C (iA1C) levels (32% vs. 20.9%; P = .002 in third iA1C quartile, and 28.2% vs. 17.9%; P = .0003 in fourth iA1C quartile). The interaction between race/ethnicity and the top two iA1C quartiles remained significant in the fully adjusted model. Conclusion Reaching an A1C level of ≤7% depends strongly upon the glycemic level at initial presentation to specialty care, not race. However, minority patients with the highest baseline A1C levels do not improve to the same degree as white patients, and therefore should be targeted for more intensive diabetes care management. (Endocr Pract. 2013;19:431-438)
Casino gambling and workplace fraud: a cautionary tale for managers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine notable instances of fraud that have occurred in Southeastern Connecticut and surrounding areas since the development of two large casinos in that region.Design/methodology/approach – Fraud case histories and prosecutions in which the gambling actions of individuals provided the incentive or pressure for the fraud to occur are examined.Findings – A number of employees who work in business and government have stolen significant sums of money to support gambling activities. The cases are linked to the growth of casino gambling and an accompanying increase in pathological and problem gambling; which research indicates doubles within 50 miles of a casino. Consistent with prior research, most of the thefts were not discovered by auditors or management in a timely manner.Research limitations/implications – This paper examines the impact of fraud due to casino gambling in one region, further research will examine other regions. One limitation in the research proc...
Water quality monitoring using an automated portable fiber optic biosensor: RAPTOR

The RAPTOR is a portable, automated biosensor capable of performing rapid, ten-minute assays on a sample for four target analytes simultaneously. Samples are analyzed using a fluorescent sandwich immunoassay on the surface of short polystyrene optical probes with capture antibody adsorbed to the probe surface. Target analytes bound to the fiber by capture antibodies are detected with fluorescently labeled tracer antibodies, which are held in a separate reservoir. Since target recognition is a two-step process, selectivity is enhanced, and the optical probes can be reused up to forty times, or until a positive result is obtained. This greatly reduces the logistical burden for field operations. Numerous assays for toxins, such as SEB and ricin, and bacteria, such as Bacillus anthracis and Francisella tularensis, have been developed for the RAPTOR. An assay of particular interest for water quality monitoring and the screening of fruits and vegetables is detection of Giardia cysts. Giardia lamblia is a parasitic protozoan common in the developing world that causes severe intestinal infections. Thus, a simple field assay for screening water supplies would be highly useful. Such an assay has been developed using the RAPTOR. The detection limit for Giardia cysts was 5x104/ml for a 10-minute assay.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry Studies of the Inverse Temperature Transition of the Polypentapeptide of Elastin and Its Analogues

SYNOPSIS Differential scanning calorimetry studies have been carried out on the sequential polypeptide of elastin, ( L-Val '-~-Pro*-Gly~-~-Val~-Gly~)~, abbreviated as PPP, and its more hydrophobic analogues ( L-Leu '-~-Pro'-Gly~-~- Val~-Gly~ In, referred to as Leu'-PPP, and (LIle1-~-Pro2-Gly3-L-Va14-Gly"),, referred to as Ile '-PPP. Consistent with inverse temperature transitions, the temperatures of the transitions for which maximum heat absorption occurs are inversely proportional to the hydrophobicities of the polypentapeptides ( 31 "C for PPP, 16°C for Leu'-PPP, and 12°C for Ile'-PPP), and the endothermic heats of the transitions are small and increase with increasing hydrophobicity, i.e., 1.2, 2.9, and 3.0 kcal /mol pentamer for PPP, Leu'-PPP, and Ile '-PPP, respectively. Previous physical characterizations of the polypentapeptides have demonstrated the occurrence of an inverse temperature transition since increase in order, as the temperature is raised above that of the transition, has been repeatedly observed using different physical characterizations. Furthermore, the studies demonstrated identical conformations for PPP and Ile '-PPP above and below the transition. Both heats and temperatures of the transitions vary with hydrophobicity, but not in simple proportionality.
Antagonism of cyanide poisoning by chlorpromazine and sodium thiosulfate

Anti-cyanide action by sodium thiosulfate (ST) was enhanced by prior administration of chlorpromazine (CPZ). However, CPZ (alone) provided no protection against cyanide lethality. To investigate the possibility that CPZ enhances thiocyanate formation in ST-pretreated mice, the effects of CPZ on rhodanese activity and the time course of plasma thiocyanate concentrations were investigated. CPZ did not alter hepatic rhodanese kinetics nor did it enhance plasma thiocyanate concentrations in ST-pretreated mice. The effect of CPZ and ST on the time course of cytochrome oxidase inhibition and recovery, in vivo, was also investigated. At 4 mg KCN/kg, maximal inhibition of brain (40%) and heart (60%) cytochrome oxidase occurred 10 to 20 min post-challenge in control and CPZ-pretreated mice, while no inhibition occurred in ST- and CPZ/ST-pretreated mice. Twenty milligrams KCN/kg caused 100% lethality in control and CPZ-pretreated mice and 6/25 and 4/20 deaths were observed in ST- and CPZ/ST-pretreated mice, respectively. No significant inhibition of brain, heart, and liver cytochrome oxidase activities was observed in surviving ST- and CPZ/ST-pretreated mice challenged with 20 mg KCN/kg. Control and CPZ-pretreated mice died within 5 min of KCN challenge and had almost the same degree of inhibition of brain (35 and 29%, respectively) and heart (60 and 55%, respectively) cytochrome oxidase as did similarly pretreated mice 5 min after challenge with a nonlethal cyanide dose (4 mg/kg). Our results suggest that CPZ does not enhance the formation of thiocyanate in ST-pretreated mice. In addition, the similar degree of cytochrome oxidase inhibition noted after both lethal and nonlethal KCN treatments raises questions as to the ultimate target in cyanide-induced lethality.
MULTISPIN AXIS STRUCTURES FOR ANTIFERROMAGNETS

Neutron diffraction intensities have been computed for antiferromagnetic spin arrangements in the rock-salt-type structure. If the spin directions in the unit cell occur at relative angles other than 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} or 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, the neutron scattering from powder specimens does not lead to a unique solution of the spin arrangement. A unique solution can be obtained from neutron scattering by a single-domain crystal. Neutron diffraction from crystals of nickel oxide shows that in all crystals examined, either the magnetic moments were parallel to more than one direction in the crystal, or antiferromagnetic domains were present. The results can be quantitatively accounted for by assuming the crystal consisted of domains with a common magnetic axis.
Self-Assembly Is Not the Only Reaction Possible between Alkyltrichlorosilanes and Surfaces: Monomolecular and Oligomeric Covalently Attached Layers of Dichloro- and Trichloroalkylsilanes on Silicon

Silicon-supported alkylsiloxane layers were prepared by reaction of alkylmethyldichlorosilanes and alkyltrichlorosilanes with silicon wafers under two conditions: (1) in the vapor phase and (2) in toluene in the presence of ethyldiisopropylamine. Covalent attachment of di- and trichlorosilanes to the surface of silicon/silicon oxide through SiS−O−Si bonds occurs for the amine-catalyzed reactions. This sets apart this reaction from the self-assembly process that occurs in the reaction between certain trichlorosilanes and hydrated silica with no amine present. The thickness of the layers formed from dichloro- and trichlorosilanes (as assessed by ellipsometry) is on the order of the single molecule sizes and increases gradually with alkyl chain length. The thickness values are considerably smaller (by a factor of ∼0.75) than the length of the fully stretched alkyl chain, which argues for disordered structures of the monolayers. Dynamic advancing and receding contact angles for water, methylene iodide, and h...
A treefrog's menu: Selection for an evening's meal

Spodoptera (Lepidoptera) and Chauliognathus (Coleoptera) larvae are the two prey most frequently consumed by Hyla cinerea in the field, whereas Musca (Diptera) is the most consistently preferred food item offered in laboratory experiments in which prey are equally available. Three genus-specific variables influence prey selection: (1) prey length, (2) activity patterns exhibited by prey, and (3) the proportion of time devoted by prey to specific behavior patterns. The quality of feeding stimuli (estimated in captures/h) vary within the behavioral repertoire of a prey genus as well as among different prey performing similar activities.
Lithium ion conducting membranes for lithium-air batteries

Abstract Materials design and synthesis is critical for reliable fabrication of stable and high-performance lithium-air batteries that are competitive with other energy delivery systems. Intensive research activities have focused on the development of efficient cathode catalysts and stable electrolytes in the past several years and many review articles are already available. This review aims on lithium ion conducting membranes that are barely studied although they are essentially indispensible for building batteries composed of aqueous electrolytes and batteries composed of non-aqueous electrolytes for long-term operation. In a typical lithium-air battery cell, a lithium ion conducting membrane is sandwiched between the lithium metal anode and the air cathode to prevent the lithium metal anode from reacting with poison species (e.g., water, oxygen, etc.) diffused from cathode to anode, leading to a significant increase in lifetime of the battery. A number of solid materials including polymer/polymer-ceramic composites, non-oxide inorganic compounds, perovskite-type oxides, garnet-type oxides, γ-Li3PO4 oxides, NASICON-type oxides, and single-crystalline silicon that exhibit good lithium-ion conductivity are comprehensively summarized and discussed in this review. Although only a few of NASICON-type oxides and single-crystalline silicon have been evaluated as the lithium ion conducting membranes in lithium-air battery cells, all of the solid materials summarized in this review and their possible derivative composites are also promising to be developed as lithium ion conducting membranes for lithium-air batteries. This review is also expected to be an advocate for research in lithium ion conducting membranes.
GridFOR: A Domain Specific Language for Parallel Grid-Based Applications

To ease the programming burden and to make parallel programs more maintainable, computational scientists and engineers currently have the options to use software libraries, templates, and general purpose language extensions to compose their application programs. These existing options, unfortunately, have considerable limitations with compatibility, expressive power and delivered performance. To address these issues, we design a domain specific language, GridFOR, for computational problems defined over regular geometric grids. This language allows the programmer to first implement an algorithm on simple data structures, as commonly illustrated in textbooks or papers. The programmer then specifies transformations to extend the algorithm for complex data structures required by the target applications. We build a compiler to automatically translate a GridFOR program to a parallel Fortran version with Message Passing Interface calls. Several optimization techniques are implemented in our compiler to enhance the program speed.
Protein binding in patients with late-life depression.

Context Depression has been identified as a risk factor and a prodrome of dementia. Common neurobiological mechanisms may underlie this clinical and phenomenologic overlap. Objective To examine and compare protein (amyloid and tau) binding in critical brain regions in patients diagnosed as having late-life major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy control individuals using 2-(1-{6-[(2-[ 18 F]fluoroethyl)(methyl)-amino]-2-naphthyl}ethylidene) malononitrile ([ 18 F]FDDNP) positron emission tomography. Design A cross-section neuroimaging study using positron emission tomography. Setting University of California, Los Angeles. Patients Our samples comprised 20 patients diagnosed as having MDD and 19 healthy control individuals of comparable age, sex, and educational level. Main Outcome Measure Relative distribution volume in regions of interest was used as the measure of [ 18 F]FDDNP binding in all study participants. Results When compared with controls, [ 18 F]FDDNP binding was significantly higher overall and in the posterior cingulate and lateral temporal regions in the MDD group. Conclusions These findings suggest that neuronal injury associated with higher protein load in critical brain regions might provide a mechanism in the pathophysiologic manifestation of MDD in late life and have implications for the therapeutics of depression in elderly individuals.
Interactive Simulation System

Simulation has gained significant importance as an analysis tool for construction operations over the past two decades. Since the development of CYCLONE by D.W. Halpin (1976), construction simulation has been improved along with computer technology. Although simulation is a powerful and effective tool in analyzing and improving construction operations, its usage in the construction industry has been limited. Construction simulation requires a user to have a thorough understanding of simulation methodology, which requires technical training and experience to grasp the knowledge needed for it. This research introduces the Interactive Simulation System, which provides an environment for users who are not familiar with running simulation programs. In order to improve the accessibility and the usability of construction simulation programs, the Interactive Simulation System adopts Internet technology and the standard model concept from MicroCYCLONE, which provides user-friendly input and output environments through World Wide Web.
Color Tunable π-Conjugated Polymers for Solar-Cell Applications: Engineering of Bandgap, Interface, and Charge Transport Properties

While power-conversion efficiency is an important metric for energy harvesting in polymer solar cells (PSCs), the aesthetics of the devices is also important in some special applications. To fabricate aesthetically pleasing PSCs, we have designed and synthesized a series of blue, blue-green, and green π -conjugated copolymers (P1, P2 , and P3) comprising electron-rich 3,4-dioxythiophenes (DOTs) and electron-deficient 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) as the donor-acceptor units. In this paper, we review the optical, electrochemical, morphological, and charge transport properties of these DOT-BTD copolymers, and demonstrate how the color of the polymers and the solar-cell performance can be controlled by the molecular design of the polymers. Using as an anode interlayer, the maximum Air-mass (AM) 1.5 power-conversion efficiency of [6,6]-phenyl-C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) blend solar cells based on these polymers is 3.2%.
The Succinated Proteome

The post-translational modifications (PTMs) of cysteine residues include oxidation, S-glutathionylation, S-nitrosylation, and succination, all of which modify protein function or turnover in response to a changing intracellular redox environment. Succination is a chemical modification of cysteine in proteins by the Krebs cycle intermediate, fumarate, yielding S-(2-succino)cysteine (2SC). Intracellular fumarate concentration and succination of proteins are increased by hyperpolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane, in concert with mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress in 3T3 adipocytes grown in high glucose medium and in adipose tissue in obesity and diabetes in mice. Increased succination of proteins is also detected in the kidney of a fumarase deficient conditional knock-out mouse which develops renal cysts. A wide range of proteins are subject to succination, including enzymes, adipokines, cytoskeletal proteins, and ER chaperones with functional cysteine residues. There is also some overlap between succinated and glutathionylated proteins, suggesting that the same low pKa thiols are targeted by both. Succination of adipocyte proteins in diabetes increases as a result of nutrient excess derived mitochondrial stress and this is inhibited by uncouplers, which discharge the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and relieve the electron transport chain. 2SC therefore serves as a biomarker of mitochondrial stress or dysfunction in chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer, and recent studies suggest that succination is a mechanistic link between mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative and ER stress, and cellular progression toward apoptosis. In this article, we review the history of the succinated proteome and the challenges associated with measuring this non-enzymatic PTM of proteins by proteomics approaches.
The Role of Chlorine in Stratospheric Chemistry

The chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are industrial chemicals used as solvents, refriger- ants, plastic foam blowing agents, etc. These compounds are eventually released to the environ- ment; they slowly drift into the stratosphere, where they decompose, initiating a catalytic proc- ess involving chlorine free radicals and leading to ozone destruction. The stratospheric ozone layer is important for the earth's energy budget, and it shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet radiation from the sun. very significant depletion of the ozone layer has been ob- served in the spring months over Antartica during the last 10-1 5 years. Laboratory experiments, model calculations and field measurements, which include several aircraft expeditions, have yielded a wealth of information which clearly points to the CFCs as the main cause of this depletion.
Erratum to “Pacing in children: Indications and techniques”

On page 28, column 1, the third sentence in the first paragraph should read: In right-handed patients, an incision is made parallel to and two finger breadths below the left clavicle. and the last sentence on the page should read: When possible, we attempt to position ventricular leads on the septum in order to avoid the thin right or, in the case of the Mustard/Senning patient, left ventricular apex, thus preventing diaphragmatic stimulation. On page 28, column 2, in the first paragraph, chromaxie should read chronaxie.
Science and Scientism in Huston Smith's Why Religion Matters

Huston Smith is justifiably critical of scientism, the belief that science is the only reliable path to truth. He holds that scientism and the materialism that accompanies it have led to a widespread denial of the transcendence expressed in traditional religious world-views. He argues that evolutionary theory should be seen as a product of scientism rather than of scientific evidence, citing authors who claim that the fossil record does not support the idea of continuous descent with modification from earlier life forms. I suggest that he has underestimated the cumulative weight of evidence from many independent fields of science supporting neo-Darwinism. I argue that methodological (but not philosophical) naturalism is a basic assumption of scientific inquiry. Proponents of intelligent design assume a fixed plan or blueprint, which is compatible with Smith's understanding of God's timeless vision. By contrast, almost all biologists and many theologians today envisage a dynamic and open-ended process rather than the realization of the unchanging forms in a preexisting plan.
Microarray analysis reveals distinctive signaling between the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens, and dorsal striatum

To identify distinct transcriptional patterns between the major subcortical dopamine targets commonly studied in addiction we studied differences in gene expression between the bed nucleus of the s...
Sputtering and Thermal Evaporation Studies of Lithiated ATJ Graphite

Sputtering yields and thermal evaporation fluxes of lithium and lithiated ATJ graphite are studied. Sputtering yields are measured for the ATJ graphite by lithium ion bombardment at 45° incidence, with 700-2000 eV accelerations. Typically, 4 × 1013 ions/(cm2 · s) flux of Li ion beam is obtained from LiCl powder in a Colutron ion source. Sputtered particles are collected by a quartz crystal microbalance to determine sputtering yields. The experiment is repeated after Li is evaporated onto the ATJ graphite target. Suppressed amounts of sputtered particles are observed after Li treatment. Deuterium (D) saturation treatment for lithiated graphite is also done to simulate actual divertor conditions. The sputtering yield after D saturation does not show distinct difference with nonsaturated samples. In addition, thermal evaporation fluxes of Li on stainless steel (SS) and intercalated Li in the ATJ graphite are measured. An interesting finding is that Li in graphite shows a magnitudeless evaporation flux than Li on SS for surface temperatures ranging from 250°C to 500°C.
The vortex-street wakes of vibrating cylinders

The strength (initial circulation) and spacing of vortices in the wake of a circular cylinder have been obtained for conditions under which the body undergoes lateral vibrations. The vibrations of the cylinder were at all times synchronized with those in the wake, thereby suppressing the natural Strouhal frequency in favour of a common synchronized or ‘locked-in’ frequency for the body-wake system. All experiments were performed at a Reynolds number of 144 or 190. An inverse relation between the initial circulation K and the length lF of the vortex formation region was obtained for cylinder oscillations of up to 50% of a diameter, at vibration frequencies both above and below the Strouhal shedding frequency. The initial circulation K of the vortices was increased by as much as 65%, at lF = 1·6 diameters, from the stationary-cylinder value of K corresponding to lF = 3·2d. An increase in the rate A of vorticity generation of 80% from the stationary-cylinder wake value was obtained with the cylinder vibrating at 30% of a diameter and 110% of the Strouhal frequency. Both flow-visualization and hot-wire results show that the lateral spacing of the vortex street decreases as the vibration amplitude of the cylinder is increased, but that the longitudinal vortex spacing is independent of changes in amplitude. The longitudinal spacing, however, varies inversely with the vibration frequency. The street approaches a single line of vortices of alternating sign as the amplitude of vibration approaches values near a full cylinder diameter, and secondary vortex formation at these large amplitudes is associated with the vanishing lateral spacing of the street. Observation of the wake has elucidated the mechanism of vortex formation; the entrainment processes in the formation region have been observed at small intervals over a cycle of the cylinder's motion.