cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using cosmogenic nuclides to quantify pebble abrasion in rivers

Sediment transport drives channel erosion and shaping of rivers, so understanding sediment dynamics is a key factor in understanding landscape evolution. Rates of river bedrock erosion depend on the properties of sediment transport, including the grain size distribution of transported sediment and the speed at which sediment moves. However, scientists' knowledge of sediment transport in rivers over long time periods or long distances is limited because there are few methods of observing grain transport over long distances or time scales. Carretier and Regard show that the concentrations of cosmogenic radionuclides in pebbles vary during river transport.
Screening for the mitochondrial DNA A3243G mutation in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Since recent studies demonstrated the occurrence of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation A3243G in patients with adult-onset diabetes, an investigation was undertaken to determine the frequency of this mutation in a pediatric population with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of 270 pediatric patients with IDDM. The presence of the mtDNA A3243G mutation was screened for by minisequencing and mutation-specific Apal endonuclease restriction after polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of mtDNA. The A3243G mtDNA mutation was not found in any IDDM patients examined. This mutation is uncommon in children with IDDM from various ethnic and racial groups. Therefore, the contribution of the mutation to the pathogenesis of IDDM, if any, is minimal.
Persistent and injury-induced neurogenesis in the vertebrate retina

The brains of all vertebrates are persistently neurogenic. However, this is not true for the neural retinas. Only three extant classes of vertebrates show significant posthatch/postnatal retinal neurogenesis: amphibians, birds and fish. The retinas of these animals contain an annulus of progenitors at the margin, from which differentiated neurons emerge. In posthatch amphibians and fish the vast majority of the adult retina is added from the margin and neurogenesis is lifelong, whereas in posthatch birds neurogenesis is limited. Unique to fish, rod photoreceptors are added in situ from stem cells within the mature retina. Strikingly, for each class of animal retinal lesions stimulate neuronal regeneration, however the cellular source differs for each: the retinal pigmented epithelium in amphibians and embryonic birds, Muller glia in posthatch birds and intrinsic stem cells in fish. The molecular events surrounding injury-induced neuronal regeneration are beginning to be identified.
Fault localization controlled by fluid infiltration into mylonites: Formation and strength of low‐angle normal faults in the midcrustal brittle‐plastic transition

[1] Minidetachments (MDs) found in the uppermost footwall of the Whipple low-angle normal fault record physical and chemical conditions of LANF formation and early history. MDs are subparallel to the Whipple LANF and mimic features of that fault on a small scale. Principal slip surfaces and R1 Riedel shear fractures parallel C and C′ planes, respectively, in adjacent mylonites. Thus, MDs likely formed subparallel to planes of maximum shear stress and were not severely misoriented during initial rupture of intact rock. Damage zones contain secondary epidote, titanite, chlorite, calcite, and felspars. Breccias record volume gains via enrichment in all elements relative to immobile Fe-Ti-Zr-P, and ultracataclasites record volume losses. Epidote and titanite are locally porphyroclastic in mylonites; cataclasites contain both old shattered fragments and new euhedral grains of these minerals. Pseudosections constrain alteration, the end of mylonitization, and cataclasis to T = 380–420°C. Fluid inclusions with 17–20 wt% CaCl2 were entrapped at 270–290, 170–200, and 80–130 MPa, consistent with a drop from lithostatic toward hydrostatic Pfluid at ∼9.5 km depth. MDs thus record (1) infiltration of reactive fluids into a mid-crustal shear zone; (2) reaction strengthening at the locus of maximum infiltration and sealing; (3) brittle fault slip triggered by fluid overpressure; and (4) permanent embrittlement following reduction of Pfluid. The brittle-plastic transition and crustal strength maximum were strongly modified by fluid- and reaction-driven mineralogical changes. At any given point in space or time, this “transition” may thus be very thin, corresponding to the thickness of the altered zones surrounding nascent LANFs.
Polarization spectroscopy of single CdSe quantum rods

Excitation and emission spectra of CdSe single quantum rods with aspect ratios of 2 and 4 were investigated by far-field microscopic technique. Typical spectral linewidths of the rods are less than 60 meV at room temperature. Both excitation and emission of the single rods exhibit strong polarization dependence, indicating that dipole moment exists along the long axis of the rods, e.g., the unique axis c of the wurtzite structure.
Blockade of central GLP-1 receptors prevents CART-induced hypophagia and brain c-Fos expression

Central administration of both CART and GLP-1 reduces feeding and increases c-Fos in brain areas associated with food intake. To determine whether aspects of CART's effects were mediated through GLP-1's action, we examined whether the GLP-1 receptor antagonist des-His1-Glu9-exendin-4 (EX) blocked CART-induced feeding inhibition, and c-Fos activation. An i.c.v. dose of 100 microg EX blocked the feeding inhibitory action of 1 microg of CART i.c.v. and prevented CART-induced c-Fos expression at multiple hindbrain and hypothalamic sites. These data suggest that i.c.v. CART administration activates a central release of GLP-1 to inhibit feeding and produce widespread neural activation.
Variation of the electorate: Veto and purge

In the paradigm social choice problem, there is a fixed set of alternatives and a fixed set of voters. This essay considers variations of the electorate when some subset of voters has a special voice on some subset of alternatives. We formalized such a situation by means of the veto function. We focus on stable veto functions, exhibit a stable liberal social choice function and promotion mechanism, and investigate a notion of stability for groups whose membership itself is the social state.
HADRO-PRODUCTION OF SCALAR LEPTOQUARKS

We examine the single and pair production of scalar leptoquarks (S) in pp and collisions. The signals and backgrounds for leptoquark production are discussed. We find that the discovery limits for pair production are MS≃40 GeV at the CERN collider, 120 GeV at the Tevatron, and 1.7 TeV at the proposed SSC. The limits in the case of single S production are found to be model dependent.
An expanded model for predicting surface coal mine drill respirable dust emissions

Overexposure to airborne respirable crystalline silica dust can cause disabling or fatal respiratory disease, and mine worker exposure to silica dust continues to be an ongoing occupational health concern. Exposures of surface coal mine rock drillers to respirable crystalline silica are of particular concern. On surface coal mine drills, bailing air flushes the cuttings out of the drill hole. Conveyor belting material is typically used to fabricate a shroud around the drill deck in an effort to contain the drill dust so that it can be captured by a collector. Dust leakage from the drill shroud is usually the worst dust source problem on most drills. The focus of this work is drill shroud dust leakage and the relationships of various drill parameters on this leakage. Experimental data were obtained and used in combination with dimensional analysis to establish these relationships. In general, it is found that airborne respirable dust (ARD) concentrations vary in a direct relationship with shroud leakage ar...
DESIGN STUDY OF A FISSION-ELECTRIC CELL REACTOR.

Abstract The fission-electric cell-reactor concept involves the direct utilization of the energy of fission fragments by allowing those charged particles to do work against an electric potential. Analyses have been made of the efficiency obtainable indicating that reasonably high efficiency can result for very-thin fuel layers and high voltages. For space applications the restrictions of size and weight must be added to the criticality condition, to assess the feasibility of the system. The analytic techniques used in a design and optimization study of a fission-electric cell reactor are described and a discussion of the results is presented.
Induction of annulate lamellae by α-difluoromethylornithine in P3J, a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line

Annulate lamellae form in P3J, a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line, treated with α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of polyamine synthesis. DFMO (50–100 μg/ml) prevents proliferation although cells remain viable. Upon exposure to DFMO, lamellae with a few pores form within 2–3 days and well-developed stacks of annulate lamellae in 5–6 days. Formation of annulate lamellae involves the addition of electron-dense fibrous material to cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum while the latter are in close association with the Golgi complex. Addition of the polyamine putrescine to DFMO-treated cells reverses the inhibition of cell proliferation caused by DFMO. Following recovery from DFMO treatment, P3J cells appear similar to untreated ones in that they do not possess stacks of annulate lamellae.
On the average communication complexity of asynchronous distributed algorithms

We study the communication complexity of asynchronous distributed algorithms. Such algorithms can generate excessively many messages in the worst case. Nevertheless, we show that, under certain probabilistic assumptions, the expected number of messages generated per time unit is bounded by a polynomial function of the number of processors under a very general model of distributed computation. Furthermore, for constant-degree processor graphs, the expected number of generated messages is only O(nT), where n is the number of processors and T is the running time. We conclude that (under our model) any asynchronous algorithm with good time complexity will also have good communication complexity, on the average.
"Because somebody cared about me. That's how it changed things": homeless, chronically ill patients' perspectives on case management.

Background: Case management programs for chronically ill, homeless people improve health and resource utilization by linking patients with case managers focused on improving management of medical and psychosocial problems. Little is known about participant
Wettability Evaluation of the Unayzah Reservoir in Central Saudi Arabia

Unayzah Formation in Central Saudi Arabia is an important source of light (48-52 API gravity) sulfur frees (0.02-0.07%) crude oil (Arabian Super Light). In 1989, the first oil discovery was made at Hawtah. Subsequently, a number of other oil discoveries were made at various fields (Umm Jurf, Ghinah, Nuayyim, Hazmiyah, etc.). Oil production from Central Saudi Arabia fields started in August 1994. As part of special core analysis program to support reservoir management in development of these fields, intensive SCAL studies were completed and crucial data required for field simulation were provided to proponents. This paper summarizes the results of a set of consistent methods used in determining wettability of Unayzah reservoir. Both quantitative methods (Amott, USBM, and contact angle) and qualitative method (oil/water relative permeability) were used to evaluate the variation of wettability in Central Saudi Arabia fields. In this work, direct wettability tests were carried out on a large number of native core plugs from Unayzah reservoir. Moreover, several waterflood tests were conducted at reservoir conditions on composite cores using recombined reservoir fluids. Data from relative permeability curves were used for comparison with wettability results obtained from direct wettability tests. Amott and USBM wettability indices indicated that Unayzah reservoir core material represented a range of wettabilities, but tended towards neutral to slightly to strongly waterwet. Contact angle results for rock material recovered from Unayzah reservoir showed water-wet characteristics for both oil-brine/rock system and oil-brine/quartz system. Moreover, the values of wettability indices are in agreement with relative permeability results which reflect a behavior of water-wet core material based on Craig’s rule of thumb. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Saudi Aramco has an interest in several central area fields that produce from Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian Unayzah reservoir. The Unayzah formation is a heterogeneous, friable, and fluvial to eolian clastic rock which contains detrital clays. Oil production from Central Saudi Arabia fields started in August 1994. As part of special core analysis program to support reservoir management in development of these fields, intensive SCAL studies were completed and crucial data required for field simulation were provided to proponents.
Future demand for air traffic services

Forecasts of the demand for air transportation indicate continued growth in that demand throughout the next 25 years. This paper translates those demand forecasts into measures of air traffic activity--flights, airport operations, and numbers of aircraft airborne at peak periods. Total air traffic activity in this country is projected to increase four-fold between 1968 and 1995. Most aircraft flying in the 1990's are expected to be provided some sort of control service; to serve these users, the capacity of the en route instrument flight-rules system may need to be increased by a factor of about eight. Providing air traffic control services to local and itinerant flights operating to and from all airports within approximately a 30-mile radius of a major terminal might increase tower (or computer) control loads to 10 or 15 times today's peaks.
Thyroxine-induced supersensitivity to histamine and norepinephrine activation of cardiac phosphorylasea

Abstract The interaction between thyroid hormone and the adrenergic amines on the activation of the cardiac enzyme glycogen phosphorylase has been well documented ( Frazer et al. 1969; , Hess and Shanfeld 1965; , Hornbrook and Brody 1963; Hornbrook et al. 1965; , McNeill 1969 , McNeill and Brody 1968) . The mechanism of the enhancement is not understood but it does not involve blockade of catecholamine uptake ( McNeill and Brody 1968) , cyclic AMP formation ( Frazer et al. 1969; McNeill and Brody 1968) , adenyl cyclase stimulation or sensitization ( McNeill et al. 1969) , or phosphodiesterase inhibition ( Levey and Epstein 1968; ,McNeill et al. 1971). An increase in the activity of phosphorylase b kinase may, however, be a factor in the enhancement of adrenergic amine-induced activation of phosphorylase by thyroid hormone Frazer et al. 1969; . It is also not known whether the enhancement of drug-induced enzyme activation by thyroid hormone is specific for the adrenergic amines. This is probably due to the lack of non-adrenergic agonists capable of stimulating the enzyme. It has been demonstrated that histamine will increase the activity of cardiac phosphorylase (McNeill and Schulze, in press; Muschek and McNeill 1971 a and b; Poch and Kukovetz 1967). Therefore the present study was undertaken to investigate the interaction between thyroid hormone and histamine on guinea pig cardiac phosphorylase a . The results indicate that thyroid hormone can enhance both histamine and norepinephrine-induced activation of cardiac phosphorylase a . Possible mechanisms of this interaction are discussed.
A two-way street: reciprocal regulation of metabolism and signalling

It is becoming increasingly clear that cellular signalling and metabolism are not just separate entities but rather are tightly linked. Although nutrient metabolism is known to be regulated by signal transduction, an emerging paradigm is that signalling and transcriptional networks can be modulated by nutrient-sensitive protein modifications, such as acetylation and glycosylation, which depend on the availability of acetyl-CoA and sugar donors such as UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), respectively. The integration of metabolic and signalling cues allows cells to modulate activities such as metabolism, cell survival and proliferation according to their intracellular metabolic resources.
INTRAPERSONAL VARIABILITY AND MODEL GOODNESS-OF-FIT

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of day-to-day variability in individuals' travel behavior on the goodness-of-fit of travel demand models estimated with conventional cross-sectional data sets. In particular, this paper examines the effect of day-to-day variability on the goodness-of-fit of least squares regression models of person trip generation. The analytic results show that the conventional R-square goodness-of-fit measure for least squares regression models estimated with cross-sectional data is dependent upon two factors. The first factor is the proportion of the between-person variability that is accounted for by the explanatory variables in the model. The second factor is the proportion of the total variability in the dependent variable that is due to between-person variability. One week activity diary data are used to estimate the relative magnitude of the intrapersonal and interpersonal variability components for a variety of measures of trip-making. This analysis shows that intrapersonal variability may comprise a substantial proportion of the total variability, although the relative magnitude of the intrapersonal variability component varies with trip purpose and across population segments. Generally, however, intrapersonal variability is found to have a considerable effect on the apparent goodness-of-fit of person level trip generation models estimated with cross-sectional data. The paper also illustrates that recognizing the effect of intrapersonal variability on model goodness-of-fit may be useful in interpreting and evaluating model estimation and model transferability results.
Presence of platelet-activating factor in squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) spermatozoa : Seasonal differences

Platelet-activating factor (1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl-choline) (PAF) is a potent signaling phospholipid which has pleiotropic biological properties in addition to platelet activation. PAF has been detected in the spermatozoa in a number of species. The concentration of PAF is inversely related to human spermatozoa quality. There are no reports on the presence of PAF in nonhuman primate spermatozoa. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to determine if PAF is present in the spermatozoa from the squirrel monkey (which is a seasonal breeder). A second objective was to determine if PAF levels change from the breeding to the nonbreeding season. Endogenous lipids were extracted from mature Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) spermatozoa and assayed for the presence of PAF by [125I] radioimmunoassay. PAF was detected in all samples assayed. PAF levels were significantly higher (P < 0.01) during the breeding season (mean: 3.58 ng/10(6) spermatozoa) than the nonbreeding season (mean: 0.76 ng/10(6) spermatozoa). The data demonstrate that PAF is present in squirrel monkey spermatozoa, with higher levels found during the breeding season. Additional studies are warranted to elucidate the role of PAF in spermatozoa function.
Distribution of ribosomal monomers and subunits in cell-free extracts of Acheta. Effect of isolation conditions

Abstract Analysis of the distribution of ribosomal subunits and monomers in Acheta domesticus post-mitochondrial preparations has shown that slight variations in isolation procedure can affect the quantity of subunits present and the dissociation behaviour of the monomers. The formations of monomers from subunits in the presence of K + and elevated levels of Mg 2+ , and the differential breakdown of polysomes to monosomes, appear to be the most important variables which can be influenced by the conditions existing at the time of cell breakage.
PREDICTORS OF ARRHYTHMIC EVENTS IN NONISCHEMIC DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY: A META-ANALYSIS

Patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NDCM) are at increased risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD). No definitive risk stratification test has been established. This study quantifies the performance of the major tests for risk stratification in NDCM. Prospective studies in NDCM were
Innervation of Capillaries by Local Neurons in the Cat Hypothalamus: A Light Microscopic Study with Horseradish Peroxidase

The protein tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used in an attempt to define the cell bodies of origin of “nonadrenergic” varicose axons which terminate on the walls of hypothalamic capillaries. Capillaries in this region are also known to receive direct axonal contacts from adrenergic neurons in the pontine locus ceruleus. Solutions of HRP were infused into the lateral ventricles of adult cats of either sex and permitted to circulate in the cerebrospinal fluid spaces for 10 min, 20 min, or 2 h. During these periods HRP entered the perivascular spaces around penetrating arterioles and spread into the surrounding extracellular spaces of the hypothalamus. Certain neurons in the periarteriolar neuropil were consistently labeled by the tracer after all three circulation periods. These cells, including all of their processes, could be visualized in detail. Most neurons, by contrast, did not accumulate HRP. The axons of some tracer-filled neurons terminated on the walls of capillaries in the immediate ...
Three-dimensional Garment Dressing Simulation

The garment dressing simulation is a process which transforms multiple two-dimensional garment patterns into a three-dimensional configuration that follows the surface of the human body and enables visualization of the draping effect of the garment. The dimensional stability of a garment pattern is an important constraint that needs to be imposed to ensure the created garment has a size complying with the original design of the pattern. In this paper, we used a mass-spring system to simulate the physical properties of the fabric and adaptive sewing forces to wrap the pattern around the human model to form a virtual garment. Combined with the collision detection and response routine, the strain control for maintaining the pattern size was implemented with velocity adjustments.
Modelagem por compartimentos para integrar e comunicar conhecimento em nutrição

Esta palestra tem o objetivo de apresentar e discutir metodologias utilizadas para modelar e integrar o conhecimento classico em nutricao animal, e o produzido por novas ciencias moleculares como nutrigenoma, proteoma e metaboloma. Estas ciencias e a bioinformatica estao ajudando a expandir rapidamente o conhecimento dos sistemas biologicos de interesse em nutricao animal. Na palestra discutirei como e importante dedicar parte de nosso tempo a integrar o conhecimento existente para esclarecer os problemas em pesquisa, utilizando as ferramentas mais adequadas para evitar duplicacao de pesquisas, que causam desperdicio de recursos humanos, economicos, e de tempo. A modelagem matematica por compartimentos utilizando programas de computador pode ser a melhor maneira de acumular estas informacoes, integrar diferentes descobertas, e comunicar o conhecimento atual dos sistemas, e do metabolismo de nutrientes as novas geracoes, e avancar na determinacao mais adequada das exigencias nutricionais.
Discovering how end-user programmers and their communities use public repositories: A study on Yahoo! Pipes ☆

Abstract Context End-user programmers are numerous, write software that matters to an increasingly large number of users, and face software engineering challenges that are similar to their professionals counterparts. Yet, we know little about how these end-user programmers create and share artifacts in repositories as part of a community. Objective This work aims to gain a better understanding of end-user programmer communities, the characteristics of artifacts in community repositories, and how authors evolve over time. Method An artifact-based analysis of 32,000 mashups from the Yahoo! Pipes repository was performed. The popularity, configurability, complexity, and diversity of the artifacts were measured. Additionally, for the most prolific authors, we explore their submission trends over time. Results Similar to other online communities, there is great deal of attrition but authors who persevere tend to improve over time, creating pipes that are more configurable, diverse, complex, and popular. We also discovered, however, that end-user programmers do not effectively reuse existing programs, submit pipes that are highly similar to others already in the repository, and in most cases do not have an awareness of the community or the richness of artifacts that exist in repositories. Conclusion There is a need for better end-user programmer support in several stages of the software lifecycle, including development, maintenance, search, and program understanding. Without such support, the community repositories will continue to be cluttered with highly-similar artifacts and authors may not be able to take full advantage of the community resources.
Abstract A54: miRNA profiling: prognostic markers in chemoprevention

Epidemiological data has demonstrated that colon cancer is disproportional in incidence and mortality between Caucasians and African Americans (AA). Whereas socioeconomic and dietary differences contribute to this disparity other underlying factors must be involved. For instance, the response to chemopreventive agents is different between these two populations. Since chemopreventive agents exert their effect through a molecular target, this disparity would suggest differences at the genetic level. Therefore, the generation and evaluation of chemopreventive agents that address the issue of chemoresistance is essential. As such, we have demonstrated that promising colon cancer chemopreventive agents, derivatives of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), inhibits colon cancer cell growth by inhibiting cell proliferation and enhancing cell killing. However, very little is known about the molecular targets in the cancer cell that are responsible for this effect. microRNAs (miRNAs), small (17-22 nt) regulatory RNAs, are known to control gene expression and translational repression or degradation, via specific sites at the 3’-UTR of its target mRNAs. The deletion or mutation of one particular miRNA could potentially lead to the progression of disease; specifically, cancer. Therefore, using total RNA isolated from tumors of xenographic mouse and colorectal cancer cells treated with NSAID derivatives, miRNA distribution patterns were determined. Protein lysates of the tumors and tissue culture cells were also examined for levels of transcriptional activating factors (i.e., NF-kB and p53). We demonstrate that derivatives of NSAIDs altered the synthesis or activity of multiple miRNA and transcriptional DNA-binding factors In vivo and In vitro. Of interest, our chemopreventive agents induced expression Levels of, among others, the tumor suppressor Let-7 miRNA family. In addition, this increase was directly related to the presence of a functional p53 gene product. Thus, a correlation of altered level of miRNA and the expression and/or activation of its target genes may assist us with ascertaining the association of miRNAs with poor clinical outcome. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):A54.
Reentrant ventricular arrhythmias in the late myocardial infarction period. 12. Spontaneous versus induced reentry and intramural versus epicardial circuits

One to 5 days after one-stage ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in dogs, reentrant excitation can be induced by programmed premature stimulation in the surviving electrophysiologically abnormal, thin epicardial layer overlying the infarct. In experiments in four dogs, reentrant excitation occurred “spontaneously” during a regular sinus or atria) rhythm. A tachycardia-dependent Wenckebach conduction sequence in a potentially reentrant pathway was the initiating mechanism for spontaneous reentrant tachycardias and was the basis for both manifest and concealed reentrant extrasystolic rhythms. In all dogs showing spontaneous reentry, reentrant excitation could also be induced by premature stimulation at cycle lengths much shorter than those associated with spontaneous reentry, and induced reentrant circuits were always different from those during spontaneous reentry. In two dogs, the reentrant circuit was located intramurally in close proximity to a patchy septal infarction. The study illustrates that irrespective of the anatomic localization of reentrant circuits (epicardial or intramural), their dimension (large or small) or their mechanism of initiation (programmed premature stimulation or “spontaneous”), reentrant excitation always occurred in a figure 8 configuration (or a modification thereof). The figure 8 model, rather than the ring model or the leading circle model, may be the common model of reentry in the mammalian heart.
High-intensity sweetener, energy and nutrient intakes of overweight women and men participating in a weight-loss program

Abstract Intakes of high-intensity sweeteners (HIS), energy and nutrients were evaluated in overweight women (n=20) and men (n=13) participating in a weight-loss program. At baseline, measurements were made of height, weight, consumption of food products containing HIS (using a food frequency questionnaire), and energy and nutrient intakes (using 4-day food diaries). Subjects were then randomly assigned to either a reduced-calorie/low-fat (RC/LF) diet or a RC/LF diet plus a walking program for a 16-week period. At the end of 16 weeks, measurements of height, weight, HIS and food intake were repeated. Intakes of energy and fat decreased significantly for both sexes. Women lost 7.3 kg (p
Capacity planning of private networks using DCS under multibusy-hour traffic

An integer programming model and Lagrangian relaxation-based heuristic solution method is developed, to determine transmission capacity in private backbone networks using DCS's, such that multibusy-hour point-to-point circuit requirements can be met at low cost. It simultaneously determines capacity, routing and topology. Numerical results for T1 networks are shown. >
Anticipatory and post hoc cushioning strategies: Optimism and defensive pessimism in “risky” situations

The concept of cognitive strategies is proposed as a model for the process by which individuals cushion themselves against threats to self-esteem in “risky” situations. Two strategies are discussed. The first is defensive pessimism, an anticipatory strategy that involves setting defensively low expectations prior to entering a situation, so as to defend against loss of self-esteem in the event of failure. The second is an optimistic strategy, where expectations are high at the outset, and post hoc restructuring of the situation is done when the outcome is known. Expectations about performance on an anagram task were collected from prescreened optimistics and defensive pessimists. After completion of the task, subjects were given false failure or success feedback. A posttest measuring self-reported satisfaction, feelings of control, and performance evaluations was administered. As predicted, subjects selected for defensive pessimist attitudes expected to perform significantly worse than did those selected for optimistic attitudes, even though there was no difference in actual performance. Moreover, optimists demonstrated attributional egotism in claiming significantly more control over their performance in the success condition than in the failure condition. Pessimists did not show this pattern. The data provide evidence of post hoc cushioning efforts among optimists, whereas defensive pessimists seem to be cushioned by their initial structuring of the situation. It is argued that these strategies can be understood as motivated attempts to solve the “problem” of a “risky” situation.
Greenland Premier Calls for Balanced Development of Natural Resources

With Greenland confronting major environmental and economic challenges, Premier Aleqa Hammond has called for developing the nation's natural resources while protecting the environment and dealing with the challenges of climate change. Hammond addressed these issues during a 24 September forum on Greenland's natural resource development, held in Washington, D. C.
Early Pleistocene zapodid rodents from the Java Local Fauna of north-central South Dakota

ABSTRACT Zapodid rodents are described from the early Pleistocene Java Local Fauna, Walworth County, South Dakota. The fauna includes a new species of Zapus related to the extinct Z. sandersi. The fossil record of Zapus is briefly reviewed, and the M1s of Z. rinkeri and an undescribed species from the Wendell Fox Pasture Local Fauna are illustrated for the first time. Zapus trinotatus and Z. princeps probably represent a clade distinct from other Zapus species, but relationships among the remaining species are difficult to determine. Two additional zapodids represent new genera and species. One appears to be remotely related to the Pliocene Pliozapus or Protozapus and the other is a tiny, presumably carnivorous sicistine linked to Old World striped mice of the genus Sicista. This is the first record of a Pleistocene sicistine from North America.
Clinical correlates among 49 families with hemophilia A and factor VIII gene inversions.

Inversions between a gene A copy within intron 22 of the factor VIII gene and additional copies outside the factor VIII gene were found in 49 families with hemophilia A. Inversion patterns were that of recombination with a distal gene A copy in 34, a proximal copy in 14, and a third (variant) copy in one. Baseline factor VIII clotting activity levels were <1% of normal in 43 and 1% in 6. No inversion was detected in 61 other families whose affected members had ≤1% activity levels nor in 42 families with moderately severe hemophilia A and 2–5% baseline levels. Both high titer and low level alloantibody inhibitors were found in patients with or without an inversion. Of 13 high titer inhibitors, 8 were persistent and 1 of these patients had an inversion. Of 5 that responded to daily factor VIII infusions, 4 were in patients with gene inversions. Of the 49 families with an inversion, the occurrence of hemophilia was isolated in 30 and the mother was a carrier in the 25 in which additional family members were informative. In three of these families with isolated occurrence, the maternal grandmother was a carrier whereas in three others a de novo mutation occurred in the maternal grandfather's factor VIII gene. Screening for gene inversions in patients with severe (or “borderline” severe) hemophilia A provides a direct marker of the mutation in 45% of families. It is useful even if there is no living affected member and in predicting the likely severity of an infant in which there are no reliable baseline clotting activities, including 70% of families with isolated occurrences of hemophilia A. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Valgus Knee Alignment, Not Step Width or Toe-Out Cause Reduced Knee Adduction Moment in the Healthy Obese

Obesity is a strong risk factor for knee osteoarthritis (OA) [1], but the mechanism of OA initiation associated with obesity is not clear. Increases in ambulatory knee joint load due to obesity have been implicated as a cause of increased OA incidence, since an increased adduction moment has been associated with the severity and progression of medial compartment OA [2]. However, previous work has not consistently shown increases or decreases in the adduction moment in the obese. Step width and toe-out reduce the adduction moment [3] and are increased in the obese [4], suggesting that the adduction moment could also be reduced in the obese. Furthermore, obesity may be associated with knee malalignment, which may also alter the adduction moment. However, the cumulative effect of these gait alterations on the adduction moment is unclear, given the increased risk of medial knee OA in the obese. Understanding this interaction is important in understanding the link between obesity and knee OA.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Bifurcations to local and global modes in spatially developing flows.

We outline a possible scenario of successive bifurcations to local and global modes on a Ginzburg-Landau model with varying coefficients. It is shown that self-sustained resonances may appear via a Hopf bifurcation when the system exhibits a region of local absolute instability which is sufficiently large. Our findings are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations of spatially developing flows such as wakes and inhomogeneous jets.
Formylation of Secondary Amines with Dialkyl Acetals of Dimethylformamide

Abstract The product of the reaction of dialkyl acetals of N, N-dimethyl-formamide with desipramine has been found to be N-formyldesipramine, and not the N-ethyl derivative as reported earlier. Evidence for the structure was obtained from NMR, IR and mass spectra of the compound as well as comparison with N-formyl and N-ethyldesipramine prepared by alternate routes.
PLACING CHINA IN THE COLONIAL WORLD ORDER: TRAVELOGUES IN THE CHENBAO FUKAN, 1921-1926

AbstractHighlighting four themes in travelogues in an influential daily newspaper supplement in the 1920s, this article argues that Chinese travelers to the West and Japan at that time had mixed and conflicting impulses. Their observations of and reflections upon what they saw and experienced helped form and inform Chinese discourses of the time to construct or confirm, or sometimes destabilize, such notions as “the Chinese nation,” “national character,” “colonized people,” “civilization,” and “progress.” The discourse exhibited a Chinese internalization of the mega-narrative on modernity and Western superiority, even though alternative views were also voiced at times. What these travelogues signified was a Chinese subjectivity deeply conditioned by that historical moment. The said subjectivity cannot be easily categorized as colonial or anti-colonial or post-colonial consciousness, but rather an uneasy and ambiguous mixture of multiple, often conflicting, normative and cognitive subjectivities. The mixtu...
The complex language of chromatin regulation during transcription

An important development in understanding the influence of chromatin on gene regulation has been the finding that DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications lead to the recruitment of protein complexes that regulate transcription. Early interpretations of this phenomenon involved gene regulation reflecting predictive activating or repressing types of modification. However, further exploration reveals that transcription occurs against a backdrop of mixtures of complex modifications, which probably have several roles. Although such modifications were initially thought to be a simple code, a more likely model is of a sophisticated, nuanced chromatin 'language' in which different combinations of basic building blocks yield dynamic functional outcomes.
Beyond Guns, Germs, and Steel: European Expansion and Maritime Asia, 1400-1750

Why did Europeans rather than other Eurasians build the world’s first global empires, extending a measure of control, however fragile and contingent, over the oceans of the world? This article suggests that the best place to find an answer to the question is not in Europe but in Asia. Europeans were not alone in creating overseas empires in the early modern period, but the Asian counterparts to the Portuguese, Dutch, and English Empires are little known. Focusing on two of those Asian examples—the Ya’rubi Dynasty of Oman and the Zheng maritime empire of China—the author suggests that although European technology did confer an advantage on European mariners, it was not an insuperable advantage. Asian powers could adopt and adapt European cannons, ships, and nautical charts and beat the Europeans at their own game. Indeed, he suggests, this intra-Eurasian borrowing is a key process of history over the longue duree .
Organ of Corti Micromachine Enables Hair Bundles to Deform the Stiff Basilar Membrane

The organ of Corti (OC) is a highly organized structure in the mammalian cochlea that houses the sensory hair cells. It is believed that the OC functions to optimize force transmission from the outer hair cell (OHC) to the basilar membrane and the inner hair cell. Recent studies reveal that the OC cannot be considered as a rigid body and has a complex mode of deformation. We developed a 3-D finite element model of the OC to dissect its mechanics. Geometric and mechanical information was taken from the gerbil cochlea at 2 and 10 mm from the stapes, positions encoding high and low frequencies respectively, and in each case several hundred microns longitudinal extent was simulated. The model included all structurally significant components: OHCs, pillar cells, Deiters cells and reticular lamina. The model was validated by reproducing experimental results on point stiffness and longitudinal space constant measured at the basilar membrane and response to current steps through the OC. Deformation of the OC by two different active OHC forces (the OHC somatic force and the stereociliary-based force) was then simulated. A surprising result was that despite smaller magnitude, the stereociliary-based force (0.1and 0.7 nN at apex and base) was nearly as effective as the somatic force (10 nN) in displacing the basilar membrane. The results also suggested that for the active forces to work efficiently the radial stiffness of the tectorial membrane must be comparable to or greater than the hair bundle stiffness. Funded by NIH RO1 DC01362.
Mining very large databases

Established companies have had decades to accumulate masses of data about their customers, suppliers, products and services, and employees. Data mining, also known as knowledge discovery in databases, gives organizations the tools to sift through these vast data stores to find the trends, patterns, and correlations that can guide strategic decision making. Traditionally, algorithms for data analysis assume that the input data contains relatively few records. Current databases however, are much too large to be held in main memory. To be efficient, the data mining techniques applied to very large databases must be highly scalable. An algorithm is said to be scalable if (given a fixed amount of main memory), its runtime increases linearly with the number of records in the input database. Recent work has focused on scaling data mining algorithms to very large data sets. The authors describe a broad range of algorithms that address three classical data mining problems: market basket analysis, clustering, and classification.
Editor’s Note: Symposium on the Effect of Economic Crises on Antitrust Policy

Viewed narrowly, there is little connection between antitrust policy and the 2008 financial crisis and its aftermath. Nonetheless, the severe crisis has prompted debate on a basic antitrust policy question: whether antitrust enforcement is a luxury that the country can ill afford during periods of deep economic recession. The origins of the crisis have also exposed serious regulatory and market failures that have touched off debate on several broader issues. For example, have these failures called into question popular assumptions underlying modern antitrust policy – that markets are robust, self-correcting and can adequately protect consumers with minimal government intervention? And, to the extent that the assumptions have been undermined, what effect would (or should) it have on antitrust policy? Should there be less reliance on microeconomics in contemporary antitrust analysis? Should antitrust policy become more regulatory? The authors in this Symposium provide diverse analyses of some of the antitrust issues that are implicated. This Editor’s Note introduces the Articles and also independently touches on some of the issues.
Robust Nondiagonal Controller Design for Uncertain Multivariable Regulating Systems

Presented in this paper is a robust controller design methodology for a class of uncertain, multivariable, regulating systems required to maintain a prespecified operating condition within hard time domain tolerances despite a vector of step disturbances. The design methodology is a frequency domain approach and is based on sequential loop design where a Gauss elimination technique facilitates the various design steps. The specific class of systems addressed are those which can be modeled as square, multivariable systems with parametric uncertainty. One restriction imposed is that the system and its inverse are stable for all plant parameter combinations. The key features of this design methodology include (i) the design of fully populated controller matrix, (ii) the ability to design for system integrity, and (iii) the direct enforcement of hard time domain tolerances through frequency domain amplitude inequalities.
Joint Channel Estimation and Decoding for MIMO Frequency Selective Fading Channels

A non-coherent multiple input multiple output (MIMO) coded communication system over frequency selective block fading channel is considered. A theoretical limit for the channel estimation error is established via a closed form derivation of the modified Cramer-Rao bound (MCRB), for the underlying channel model and equi-power signal constellations. Furthermore, a specific coded MIMO system with an appropriate iterative receiver is studied, and the mean square error (MSE) in the channel estimation with the proposed structure is demonstrated to asymptotically approach the derived theoretical limit.
PALSSE: A program to delineate linear secondary structural elements from protein structures

Background The majority of residues in protein structures are involved in the formation of α-helices and β-strands. These distinctive secondary structure patterns can be used to represent a protein for visual inspection and in vector-based protein structure comparison. Success of such structural comparison methods depends crucially on the accurate identification and delineation of secondary structure elements.
Is accounting for acute care beds enough? A proposal for measuring infection prevention personnel resources

There is still little known about how infection prevention (IP) staffing affects patient outcomes across the country. Current evaluations mainly focus on the ratio of IP resources to acute care beds (ACBs) and have not strongly correlated with patient outcomes. The scope of IP and the role of the infection preventionist in health care have expanded and changed dramatically since the Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC Project) recommended a 1 IP resource to 250 ACB ration in the 1980s. Without a universally accepted model for accounting for additional IP responsibilities, it is difficult to truly assess IP staffing needs. A previously suggested alternative staffing model was applied to acute care hospitals in our organization to determine its utility.
Supplemental Oxygen Causes Increased Signal Intensity in Subarachnoid Cerebrospinal Fluid on Brain FLAIR MR Images Obtained in Children during General Anesthesia

PURPOSE: To prospectively test the hypothesis that high levels of the fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio2) during general anesthesia cause subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hyperintensity during fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: At brain MR imaging during general anesthesia with propofol, two FLAIR sequences were performed in 20 children with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system grades of 3 or lower. The first FLAIR sequence was performed with the child breathing 100% oxygen; the second was performed with the child breathing 30% oxygen. CSF signal intensity was quantified on a three-point ordinal scale (0 = hypointense to brain parenchyma, 1 = isointense to brain parenchyma, 2 = hyperintense to brain parenchyma) by a pediatric neuroradiologist who was blinded to the Fio2 level. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine if CSF hyperintensity was correlated with Fio2. RESULTS: CSF hyperinten...