cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to stochastic error correction methods

We propose a method for eliminating the truncation error associated with any subspace diagonalization calculation. The new method, called stochastic error correction, uses Monte Carlo sampling to compute the contribution of the remaining basis vectors not included in the initial diagonalization. The method is part of a new approach to computational quantum physics which combines both diagonalization and Monte Carlo techniques.
Astrobiological effects of F, G, K and M main-sequence stars

We focus on the astrobiological effects of photospheric radiation produced by main- sequence stars of spectral types F, G, K, and M. The photospheric radiation is represented by using realistic spectra, taking into account millions or hundred of millions of lines for atoms and molecules. DNA is taken as a proxy for carbon-based macromolecules, assumed to be the chemical centerpiece of extraterrestrial life forms. Emphasis is placed on the investigation of the radiative environment in conservative as well as generalized habitable zones.
Asymptotic level density in heterotic string theory and rotating black holes

Abstract We calculate the density of states with given mass and spin in string theory and obtain asymptotic formulas. We also compute the tree-level magnetic dipole moments of arbitrary physical states in the heterotic string theory. These results are then applied to study whether fundamental strings can consistently describe the microphysics of the black hole horizon in the case of a general classical solution characterized by mass, charge and angular momentum.
Nuclear and muon hyperfine techniques in the study of heavy-fermion superconductors

Nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation, and the related techniques of muon spin rotation and relaxation, have been used to study local spin polarization and quasiparticle excitations in the heavy-fermion superconductors CeCu2Si2, pure and thoriated UBe13, and UPt3. Measurements of nuclear and positive muon Knight shifts, linewidths, and spinlattice relaxation rates give some hints as to the nature of Cooper pairing in these exotic materials.
Environmental scanning electron microscopy ESEM and nanoindentation investigation of the crack tip process zone in marble

This study explores the interaction between crack initiation and nanomechanical properties in the crack-tip fracture process zone of Carrara marble. Specimens with preexisting cracks were loaded in a uniaxial testing machine until the process zone appeared at the tips of the preexisting cracks. ESEM analysis reveals an increase in microcrack density in the process zone with increased loading of the specimen. Nanoindentation testing comprised of lines and grids of single nanoindentations located both near and far from the process zone shows a decrease in both indentation modulus and indentation hardness near grain boundaries in intact material, and with closeness to the process zone. Ultimately, the study confirms that the crack-tip process zone manifests itself as an area of reduced indentation hardness and indentation modulus in marble.
7 tips to improve your professional etiquette.

Etiquette is more than just please and thank-you. Knowing how to present yourself in a professional manner helps you stand out and increases your chances for career success.
Storage allocation under processor sharing I: exact solutions and asymptotics

We consider a processor-sharing storage allocation model, which has m primary holding spaces and infinitely many secondary ones, and a single processor servicing the stored items (customers). An arriving customer takes a primary space, if one is available. We define the traffic intensity ? to be ?/μ where ? is the customers' arrival rate and μ is the service rate of the processor. We study the joint probability distribution of the numbers of occupied primary and secondary spaces. For 0<?<1, we obtain the exact solutions for m=1 and m=2. For arbitrary m we study the problem in the asymptotic limit ??1 with m fixed. We also give the tail of the distribution for a fixed ?<1 and any m.
Synthesis of Highly Enantioenriched 3,4-Dihydroquinolin-2-ones by 6-Exo-trig Radical Cyclizations of Axially Chiral α-Halo-ortho-alkenyl Anilides

Radical cyclizations (Bu(3)SnH, Et(3)B/air, rt) of racemic alpha-halo-ortho-alkenyl anilides provide 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-ones in high yield. Cyclizations of enantioenriched precursors occur in similarly high yields and with transfer of axial chirality to the new stereocenter of the products with exceptionally high fidelity (often >95%). Single and tandem cyclizations of alpha-halo-ortho-alkenyl anilides bearing an additional substituent on the alpha-carbon occur with high chirality transfer and high diastereoselectivity. Straightforward models are proposed to interpret both the chirality transfer and diastereoselectivity aspects. These first examples of an approach for axial chiral transfer from a reactive species in the amide to an acceptor suggest broad potential for extension both within and beyond radical reactions.
Experimental evidence for interactions between anions and electron-deficient aromatic rings

This feature article summarizes our research aimed at using electron-deficient aromatic rings to bind anions in the context of complementary research in this active field. Particular attention is paid to the different types of interactions exhibited between anions and electron-deficient arenes in solution. The 120+ references cited in this article underscore the flurry of recent activity by numerous researchers in this field, which was relatively nascent when our efforts began in 2005. While the interaction of anions with electron-deficient aromatic rings has recently garnered much attention by supramolecular chemists, the observation of these interactions is not a recent discovery. Therefore, we begin with a historical perspective on early examples of anions interacting with electron-deficient arenes. An introduction to recent (and not so recent) computational investigations concerning anions and electron-deficient aromatic rings as well as a brief structural survey of crystalline examples of this interaction are provided. Finally, the limited solution-based observations of anions interacting with electron-deficient aromatic rings are summarized to introduce our current investigations in this area. We highlight three different systems from our lab where anion–arene interactions have been investigated. First, we show that tandem hydrogen bonds and anion–arene interactions augment halide binding in solution. Second, a crystallographic and computational study highlights the multiple types of interactions possible between anions and electron-deficient arenes. Third, we summarize the first example of a class of designed receptors that emphasize the different types of anion–arene interactions possible in solution.
Relationship of seizure duration to antidepressant efficacy in electroconvulsive therapy

Background. A relationship between the anticonvulsant and antidepressant properties of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been hypothesized. The goal of this study was to see whether the anticonvulsant effects of ECT could be measured in a clinical setting and whether there was any relationship between the anticonvulsant effects of ECT and the antidepressant response to it.Methods. We examined the temporal relationship between change in seizure duration (as an index of anticonvulsant activity) and improvement in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores in a retrospective sample of 114 depressed patients who received 145 courses of ECT. A linear mixed effects model was utilized for analysis so that the repeated measures nature of the data could be taken into account.Results. Both seizure duration and depression scores decreased significantly through the course of ECT. However, no evidence was found for a relationship between decrease in seizure duration and clinical improvement as measured by Hamilton ratings.Conclusions. The process underlying the reduction in seizure duration through a course of ECT may not be related to antidepressant efficacy.
Reconstruction of linearly parameterized models from single images with a camera of unknown focal length

This paper deals with the problem of recovering the dimensions of an object and its pose from a single image acquired with a camera of unknown focal length. It is assumed that the object in question can be modeled as a polyhedron where the coordinates of the vertices can be expressed as a linear function of a dimension vector. The reconstruction program takes as input, a set of correspondences between features in the model and features in the image. From this information, the program determines an appropriate projection model for the camera, the dimensions of the object, its pose relative to the camera and, in the case of perspective projection, the focal length of the camera. This paper describes how the reconstruction problem can be framed as an optimization over a compact set with low dimension (no more than four). This optimization problem can be solved efficiently by coupling standard nonlinear optimization techniques with a multistart method. The result is an efficient, reliable solution system that does not require initial estimates for any of the parameters being estimated.
A categorification of the Temperley-Lieb algebra and Schur quotients of U(sl(2)) via projective and Zuckerman functors

Author(s): Bernstein, Joseph; Frenkel, Igor; Khovanov, Mikhail | Abstract: We identify the Grothendieck group of certain direct sum of singular blocks of the highest weight category for sl(n) with the n-th tensor power of the fundamental (two-dimensional) sl(2)-module. The action of U(sl(2)) is given by projective functors and the commuting action of the Temperley-Lieb algebra by Zuckerman functors. Indecomposable projective functors correspond to Lusztig canonical basis in U(sl(2)). In the dual realization the n-th tensor power of the fundamental representation is identified with a direct sum of parabolic blocks of the highest weight category. Translation across the wall functors act as generators of the Temperley-Lieb algebra while Zuckerman functors act as generators of U(sl(2)).
Type-safe method inlining

In a typed language such as Java, inlining of virtual methods does not always preserve typability. The best known solution to this problem is to insert type casts, which may hurt performance. This paper presents a solution that never hurts performance. The solution is based on a transformation that modifies static type annotations and changes some virtual calls into static calls, which can then be safely inlined. The transformation is parametrised by a flow analysis, and for any analysis that satisfies certain conditions, the transformation is correct and idempotent. The paper presents the transformation, the conditions on the flow analysis, and proves the correctness properties in the context of a variant of Featherweight Java.
Accounting for Diffuse Layer Ions in Triple-Layer Models

The triple-layer model is one of the most widely used surface complexation models for adsorption on mineral surfaces. In current implementations, the accounting of ions in the diffuse layer may be neglected, resulting in a charge imbalance in the modeled solution as well as errors in mass balance, particularly in low ionic strength solutions when mineral-specific surface area is large. This paper introduces an internally consistent scheme for modeling diffuse layer ions in the triple-layer model. Model calculations illustrate the difference between the proposed and previous implementations using an idealized example. The guarantee of charge balance on both sides of the interface assures that pH is accurately modeled. This may be important in reactive transport simulations, such as modeling adsorption in low ionic strength variable charge soil solutions.
Inverter-Induction Motor Drive for Transit Cars

The advent of large power semiconductors has made it possible to apply inverters and ac motors to traction applications. Either synchronous or induction motors and several types of power converters can be considered. The induction motor and the pulsewidth modulated (PWM) inverter are selected as favorable for application to a transit car drive. A general method of sizing the PWM inverter and induction motor in terms of the car performance requirements is out-lined. This method results in a minimum size inverter and allows optimization of system weight and cost. A discussion of wheel size effects and the optimization of regenerated energy is included.
The deep-ocean heat uptake in transient climate change

The deep-ocean heat uptake (DOHU) in transient climate changes is studied using an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) and its adjoint. The model configuration consists of idealized Pacific and Atlantic basins. The model is forced with the anomalies of surface heat and freshwater fluxes from a global warming scenario with a coupled model using the same ocean configuration. In the global warming scenario, CO 2 concentration increases 1% yr21. The heat uptake calculated from the coupled model and from the adjoint are virtually identical, showing that the heat uptake by the OGCM is a linear process. After 70 yr the ocean heat uptake is almost evenly distributed within the layers above 200 m, between 200 and 700 m, and below 700 m (about 20 3 1022 J in each). The effect of anomalous surface freshwater flux on the DOHU is negligible. Analysis of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP-2) data for the same global warming scenario shows that qualitatively similar results apply to coupled atmosphere‐ocean GCMs. The penetration of surface heat flux to the deep ocean in the OGCM occurs mainly in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean, since both the sensitivity of DOHU to the surface heat flux and the magnitude of anomalous surface heat flux are large in these two regions. The DOHU relies on the reduction of convection and Gent‐ McWilliams‐Redi mixing in the North Atlantic, and the reduction of Gent‐McWilliams‐Redi mixing in the Southern Ocean.
Binary choice models and corporate takeover

Abstract This paper utilizes four different classification procedures (binary choice models) and compares their ability to predict corporate takeovers. Specifically, the paper develops logit, probit, discriminant, and recursive partitioning, models to predict which firms will be taken over. The original classification accuracy and the validation test results indicate that the recursive partitioning model outperforms the other models (although its accuracy drops significantly in the validation test). The results also indicate the difficulty in predicting corporate takeovers.
Synthesis of Stereodefined β,γ-Unsaturated Ketones via Hydroboration of 1-Bromo-3-en-1-ynes

Abstract Sequential hydroboration-oxidation of (E)- and (Z)-1-bromoenynes provides convenient access to (E)- and (Z)-β,γ-unsaturated ketones, respectively.
An integrated productivity, training, and performance planning/appraisal framework

Improving the productivity of computer personnel requires an integrated view of the factors which promote effective and efficient work. Motivation, training, performance planning, and productivity are so closely interrelated that to attack them individually results in initiatives which often conflict with one another and lead to confusion of ends by professional personnel. Successful integration of these factors results in a management style and organizational form that supports the accomplishments of productive work.The framework identifies five major areas contributing to performance and behavior: personal effort, knowledge and skills, attitudes and values, environment, health, and sense of direction. These areas define the impact of training, personal development, management style, project control, performance planning, and job/goal direction-setting on performance and behavior.The framework also identifies five outcomes of work performance and behavior: rewards, costs, appraisal, equity, and satisfaction. The roles played by reward strategies, appraisal techniques tied to performance planning, and personal job costs to the worker are placed in a unified concept.The framework provides a view of how to make these factors work together to improve productivity.Data processing personnel career development implies the exercising of a specific plan within a structured environment. Career development should allow an individual to start as a programmer trainee or anywhere in the hierarchy of the group and progress to appropriate levels of responsibility, authority, and pay that are commensurate with the individual's abilities and desires.Career development is "GOOD BUSINESS" for the company and for the individual, as it provides for the development and optimal use of existing potential. It can provide significant contributions to productivity improvement and at the same time reduce retention problems. If a career development program is to work, it must be pragmatic. First, it has to be developed and implemented within the environment of each individual company. Second, it has to have sufficient flexibility to allow for the specific career requirements of each individual. This "tall order" has been met with varying degrees of success.This case study is intended to provide one example of how career development can and does work for the Missouri Pacific Railroad computer professional.
RIGIDITY OF GRADIENT RICCI SOLITONS

We define a gradient Ricci soliton to be rigid if it is a flat bundle N ×GRk where N is Einstein. It is known that not all gradient solitons are rigid. Here we offer several natural conditions on the curvature that characterize rigid gradient solitons. Other related results on rigidity of Ricci solitons are also explained in the last section.
Bartlett's discovery of noble gas fluorides, a milestone in chemical history.

In 1962, Neil Bartlett published a terse note in Proc. Chem. Soc. eradicating the long held dogma that noble gases are inert and cannot form stable compounds. This historical discovery has revolutionized our views on chemistry and has given rise to thousands of papers on noble gas chemistry. The fact that his proposed reaction product “Xe+[PtF6]−” has eluded experimental detection for more than half a century and actually was a mixture of XeF+ and Xe2F3+ salts does not diminish the enormous impact of his discovery. A plausible explanation for the failures to observe “Xe+[PtF6]−” experimentally is presented.
Searching for stellar mass black holes in the solar neighborhood

We propose a search strategy for isolated stellar mass black holes in the solar neighborhood using information from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Accretion of the interstellar medium onto an isolated black hole is expected to result in a blended, thermal synchrotron spectrum, roughly flat from the optical to the far-infrared. We find that the Sloan Survey will be sensitive to isolated black holes in the range 1-100 M☉ out to a few hundred parsecs. We find that multiband photometry can distinguish black holes from field stars, with black holes having colors similar to QSOs. The holes may then be isolated from QSOs because they have a featureless spectrum with no emission lines. The Sloan Survey will likely find hundreds of objects that meet these criteria, and to reduce the number of candidates we suggest other selection criteria such as infrared observations and proper-motion measurements. If no black hole candidates are found in this survey, important limits can be placed on the local density of black holes and the halo fraction in black holes.
Evidence-based treatments of addiction

Both pharmacotherapy and behavioural treatment are required to relieve the symptoms of addictive disorders. This paper reviews the evidence for the benefits of pharmacotherapy and discusses mechanisms where possible. Animal models of addiction have led to some medications that are effective in reducing symptoms and improving function but they do not produce a cure. Addiction is a chronic disease that tends to recur when treatment is stopped; thus, long-term treatment is recommended.
An integral spline method for boundary layer equations

Abstract : An integral procedure using spline polynomials is described for the two dimensional boundary layer equations. This is a modified finite-element (MFE) formulation, wherein each term in the equations, rather than each independent variable, is approximated with a spline curve fit. Therefore, this is not a true finite-element or Galerkin method and the conventional spline relationships between functional and derivative values still apply. The only difference between the present integral formulation and our earlier differential collocation procedures is in the treatment of the governing differential equations. The differential methods are more suited to non-conservation equations; the present integral formulation is more desirable for conservation or divergence form of the equations. Boundary layer solutions using conventional second-order finite difference collocation, the second and fourth order Keller Box Scheme, and fourth order spline collocation or MFE methods are compared. Conservation and non-conservation forms are considered. Finally, the extension of the MFE formulation to three-coordinate parabolic systems and for the transonic small disturbance equations is briefly described. (Author)
THE IMPACT OF REGRET ON THE DEMAND FOR INSURANCE

We examine optimal insurance purchase decisions of individuals that exhibit behavior consistent with Regret Theory. Our model incorporates a utility function that assigns a disutility to outcomes that are ex post suboptimal, and predicts that individuals with regret-theoretical preferences adjust away from the extremes of full insurance and no insurance coverage. This prediction holds for both coinsurance and deductible contracts, and can explain the frequently observed preferences for low deductibles in markets for personal insurance.
The effect of political unrest on construction time for food grain warehouses in Bangladesh

A range of poorly understood factors affect actual construction time in the context of food sector projects in Bangladesh. One factor of particular interest is political unrest. The data for this study were obtained from a leading design and construction management company in Bangladesh. The sample size consisted of data for 104 food grain warehouse projects scattered all over the country. The effect of political unrest on construction time was analysed in conjunction with other known variables for actual construction time, such as increase in project cost and delay in procurement of construction materials. The effect of local political unrest on construction time was statistically significant even in the presence of project cost and procurement of materials variables. Political unrest could be included in prediction models used for finding out actual construction time of food grain warehouse projects in Bangladesh. Based on these findings, a prediction model for construction time for such projects is dev...
Drop deformation and breakup due to shock wave and steady disturbances

Abstract An experimental study of drop deformation properties induced by both shock wave and steady disturbances is described. Three test facilities were used, as follows: a shock tube facility for measurements of effects of shock wave disturbances on drops in gases, a 10 m high drop tube facility for measurements of effects of steady disturbances on drops in gases and a 1 m high drop tube facility for measurements of effects of steady disturbances on drops in liquids. Various dispersed and continuous phase gases and liquids were considered to provide dispersed/continuous phase density ratios of 1.15–12,000, Ohnesorge numbers of 0.0006–600, Weber numbers of 0.004–700 and Reynolds numbers of 0.03–16,000. At low Ohnesorge numbers (
Palladium-catalyzed reactions of vinyl bromides with disubstituted alkynes: a new synthesis of fulvenes

Abstract The palladium-catalyzed reaction of vinylic bromides with disubstituted acetylenes at 100°C in the presence of triethylamine produces penta- or hexa-substituted fulvenes in low to moderate yields. Reactions with 3-hexyne under the same conditions usually yield dialkylidenecyclopentenes as products, apparently by rearrangement of the expected fulvenes. Fulvenes formed from the reaction of disubstituted alkynes with Z-2-bromovinyl ethyl ether can be hydrolyzed to produce cyclopentadiene carboxaldehydes.
Volatility and persistence of simulated DSGE real exchange rates

Abstract We investigate the time series properties of both filtered and unfiltered real exchange rate series produced by DSGE models that feature local currency pricing, home bias, nontraded goods, and incomplete markets. Detrended series produced by several specifications approach the empirically observed volatility, although none of the models generates enough persistence. Conversely, several models produce unfiltered series that possess the same degree of persistence as the data, but none can match its volatility.
On the co-degree threshold for the Fano plane

Given a 3-graph H, let ex"2(n,H) denote the maximum value of the minimum co-degree of a 3-graph on n vertices which does not contain a copy of H. Let F denote the Fano plane, which is the 3-graph {axx^',ayy^',azz^',xyz^',xy^'z,x^'yz,x^'y^'z^'}. Mubayi (2005) [14] proved that ex"2(n,F)=(1/2+o(1))n and conjectured that ex"2(n,F)=@?n/2@? for sufficiently large n. Using a very sophisticated quasi-randomness argument, Keevash (2009) [7] proved Mubayi's conjecture. Here we give a simple proof of Mubayi's conjecture by using a class of 3-graphs that we call rings. We also determine the Turan density of the family of rings.
Platinum-catalyzed intramolecular asymmetric hydroarylation of unactivated alkenes with indoles.

A 1:1 mixture of the platinum bis(phosphine) complex [(S)-4]PtCl2 [(S)-4 = (S)-3,5-t-Bu-4-MeO-MeOBIPHEP] catalyzes the intramolecular asymmetric hydroarylation of 2-(4-pentenyl)indoles in moderate to good yield with up to 90% ee.
NOTIONS OF POSITIVITY AND THE OZSVÁTH–SZABÓ CONCORDANCE INVARIANT

In this paper we examine the relationship between various types of positivity for knots and the concordance invariant τ discovered by Ozsvath and Szabo and independently by Rasmussen. The main result shows that, for fibered knots, τ characterizes strong quasipositivity. This is quantified by the statement that for K fibered, τ(K) = g(K) if and only if K is strongly quasipositive. A corollary is that any knot admitting a lens space surgery or, more generally, an L-space surgery, is strongly quasipositive. In addition, we survey existing results regarding τ and forms of positivity and highlight several consequences concerning the types of knots which are (strongly) (quasi) positive.
Structure, NMR and other physical and photophysical properties of ruthenium(II) complexes containing the 3,3′-dicarboxyl-2,2′-bipyridine ligand

Abstract A series of compounds of the type [(bpy) 2 Ru(3,3′-XX-2,2′-bpy)] 2+ or [(dmb) 2 Ru(3,3′-XX-2,2′-bpy)] 2+ , where X is CH 2 OH, COOH, COOCH 3 , COOC 2 H 5 , and COOCH 2 C 6 H 5 and bpy and dmb are 2,2′-bipyridine and 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine, respectively, have been synthesized. [Ru(bpy) 2 ((COOCH 3 ) 2 bpy)](PF 6 ) 2 ·2CH 3 CN crystallized in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / c with a =15.347 (3), b =22.767 (4), c =12.971 (3) A, and Z =4. 1 H-NMR spectra were assigned. The proton on the carbon atom neighboring the nitrogen coordination site shifts upfield upon coordination to ruthenium(II). Electronic absorptions occur over the visible region from 550 to 400 nm, which are attributed to metal-to-ligand charge transfer and in the UV region from 250 to 350 nm, which are associated with intraligand processes. The absorbance in the visible region of the spectrum displays two components, Ru(dπ)→π*(bpy) and Ru(dπ)→π*((COOR) 2 bpy) for R=CH 3 , C 2 H 5 and CH 2 C 6 H 5 , in the other cases the Ru(dπ)→π* transitions to the three bipyridine ligands overlap. Reduction potentials attributed to the Ru(III/II) couple range from 1.22 V for the CH 2 OH derivative to 1.40 V versus SSCE for the COOC 2 H 5 derivative. Reductions attributed to the first reduction of the coordinated (3,3′-XX-2,2′-bpy) ligand occur over the range −0.88 to −1.36 V versus SSCE. Emission maxima at room temperature in acetonitrile range from 614 nm for the CH 2 OH derivative to 711 nm for the ester derivatives; their emission lifetimes at room temperature in acetonitrile vary from 940 to 258 ns, respectively.
Non-commutative Chern–Simons for the quantum Hall system and duality

Abstract The quantum Hall system is known to have two mutually dual Chern–Simons descriptions, one associated with the hydrodynamics of the electron fluid, and another associated with the statistics. Recently, Susskind has made the claim that the hydrodynamical Chern–Simons theory should be considered to have a non-commutative gauge symmetry. The statistical Chern–Simons theory has a perturbative momentum expansion. In this paper, we study this perturbation theory and show that the effective action, although commutative at leading order, is non-commutative. This conclusion is arrived at through a careful study of the three-point function of Chern–Simons gauge fields. The non-commutative gauge symmetry of this system is thus a quantum symmetry, which we show can only be fully realized through the inclusion of all orders in perturbation theory. We discuss the duality between the two non-commutative descriptions.
Does Seeing the Doctor More Often Keep You Out of the Hospital

By exploiting a unique health insurance benefit design, we provide novel evidence on the causal association between outpatient and inpatient care. Our results indicate that greater outpatient spending was associated with more hospital admissions: a $100 increase in outpatient spending was associated with a 1.9% increase in the probability of having an inpatient event and a 4.6% increase in inpatient spending among enrollees in our sample. Moreover, we present evidence that the increase in hospital admissions associated with greater outpatient spending was for conditions in which it is plausible to argue that the physician and patient could exercise discretion.
Universe generation from black hole interiors

We point out that scenarios in which the universe is born from the interior of a black hole may not posses many of the problems of the Standard Big-Bang (SBB) model. In particular we demonstrate that the horizon problem, flatness, and the structure formation problem might be solved naturally, not necessarily requiring a long period of cosmological inflation. The black hole information loss problem is also discussed. Our conclusions are completely independent of the details of general models.
Premium sex: Factors influencing the negotiated price of unprotected sex by female sex workers in Mexico.

This paper examines economic, sociocultural, and behavioral risk factors that influence the compensating price difference (premium paid) between sex with and without a condom for female sex workers (FSWs) in U.S.-Mexico border cities. Field data collected in Ciudad Juarez on the price of sex with and without a condom for the same FSW respondent allowed calculation of the price premium for unprotected sex based on these paired prices, holding unobservable characteristics constant. A Tobit model was used to identify the factors determining the price premium. Key predictors of a larger price premium for sex without a condom included: length of time as a FSW; number of male clients; and participation in HIV education. Key predictors of a decrease in the price premium for unprotected sex included: age; a bad financial situation; frequent alcohol consumption before or during sex; and frequent drug use before or during sex
Automatic design of logical networks

The frequent use of transcendental functions in digital computer programs has presented a basic problem in the design of real-time control systems. Since there are usually no single instructions to perform such functions as sine x, arc sine x, etc., two other techniques have been used.
A gradient bound for free boundary graphs

We prove an analogue for a one-phase free boundary problem of the classical gradient bound for solutions to the minimal surface equation. It follows, in particular, that every energy-minimizing free boundary that is a graph is also smooth. The method we use also leads to a new proof of the classical minimal surface gradient bound. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
International cross-listing and stock pricing efficiency: An empirical study

Abstract International cross-listing should subject stocks involved to ameliorated information environment in the host market, resulting in more information being revealed, fed back, and impounded into their prices at home and, thus, higher home-market pricing efficiency. Employing a simple non-parametric test, we present the first large-sample evidence for this hypothesis, and document that foreign cross-listings in the U.S. indeed enhance home-market stock pricing efficiency, net of marketwide efficiency shifts in the concurrent period. In addition, the efficiency benefit applies equally well regardless of home-market development status or cross-listing location. These findings should be of interest to both academics and practioners.
Holographic Dark Energy with Time Varying $n^2$ Parameter in Non-Flat Universe

We consider a holographic dark energy model, with a varying parameter, n, which evolves slowly with time. We obtain the differential equation describing evolution of the dark energy density parameter, Ω d , for the flat and non-flat FRW universes. The equation of state parameter in this generalized version of holographic dark energy depends on n.
Weil-étale cohomology over finite fields

We calculate the derived functors Rγ* for the base change γ from the Weil-etale site to the etale site for a variety over a finite field. For smooth and proper varieties, we apply this to express Tate’s conjecture and Lichtenbaum’s conjecture on special values of ζ-functions in terms of Weil-etale cohomology of the motivic complex ℤ(n).
The Bergman Shift Operator on Polynomial Lemniscates

We investigate the relationship between the Bergman shift operator and the support of the corresponding measure. We pay special attention to the situation when the measure of orthogonality is concentrated on a polynomial lemniscate. As an application of our new results, we obtain a ratio asymptotic result for a wide variety of measures supported on polynomial lemniscates.
Electrical control of optical plasmon resonance with graphene

Despite unique and fascinating capability in subwavelength optics, active control of optical plasmon resonance has been hampered by drastically weak optical response of free carriers at optical frequency. We demonstrate efficient control of optical plasmon resonance in gold nanorod with graphene by electrical gating.
Estimating the state of charge of a battery

This brief considers the state of charge (SOC) estimation problem for electrochemical batteries. Using an electric circuit model of the battery given in the literature, it is shown how the open-circuit voltage (which is directly related to the SOC) can be estimated based on the terminal voltage and current measurements provided there is sufficient variation in the battery current.
Clustering of main orthologs for multiple genomes.

The identification of orthologous genes shared by multiple genomes is critical for both functional and evolutionary studies in comparative genomics. While it is usually done by sequence similarity search and reconciled tree construction in practice, recently a new combinatorial approach and high-throughput system MSOAR for ortholog identification between closely related genomes based on genome rearrangement and gene duplication has been proposed in Fu et al.1 MSOAR assumes that orthologous genes correspond to each other in the most parsimonious evolutionary scenario, minimizing the number of genome rearrangement and (postspeciation) gene duplication events. However, the parsimony approach used by MSOAR limits it to pairwise genome comparisons. In this paper, we extend MSOAR to multiple (closely related) genomes and propose an ortholog clustering method, called MultiMSOAR, to infer main orthologs in multiple genomes. As a preliminary experiment, we apply MultiMSOAR to rat, mouse, and human genomes, and val...
Pricing credit default swaps with option-implied volatility

Using the industry benchmark CreditGrades model to analyze credit default swap (CDS) spreads across a large number of companies during the 2007–09 credit crisis, the authors demonstrate that the performance of the model can be significantly improved by calibrating it with option-implied volatility rather than with historical volatility. Moreover, the advantage of using option-implied volatility is greater among companies with more volatile CDS spreads, more actively traded options, and lower credit ratings.
Strict self-assembly of discrete Sierpinski triangles

Winfree (1998) showed that discrete Sierpinski triangles can self-assemble in the Tile Assembly Model. A striking molecular realization of this self-assembly, using DNA tiles a few nanometers long and verifying the results by atomic-force microscopy, was achieved by Rothemund, Papadakis, and Winfree (2004). Precisely speaking, the above self-assemblies tile completely filled-in, two-dimensional regions of the plane, with labeled subsets of these tiles representing discrete Sierpinski triangles. This paper addresses the more challenging problem of the strict self-assembly of discrete Sierpinski triangles, i.e., the task of tiling a discrete Sierpinski triangle and nothing else. We first prove that the standard discrete Sierpinski triangle cannot strictly self-assemble in the Tile Assembly Model. We then define the fibered Sierpinski triangle, a discrete Sierpinski triangle with the same fractal dimension as the standard one but with thin fibers that can carry data, and show that the fibered Sierpinski triangle strictly self-assembles in the Tile Assembly Model. In contrast with the simple XOR algorithm of the earlier, non-strict self-assemblies, our strict self-assembly algorithm makes extensive, recursive use of optimal counters, coupled with measured delay and corner-turning operations. We verify our strict self-assembly using the local determinism method of Soloveichik and Winfree (2007).
Tacit Collusion and Capacity Withholding in Repeated Uniform Price Auctions

This paper contributes to the study of tacit collusion by analyzing inflnitely repeated multiunit uniform price auctions in a symmetric oligopoly with capacity constrained flrms. Under both the Market Clearing and Maximum Accepted Price rules of determining the uniform price, we show that when each flrm sets a price-quantity pair specifying the flrm’s minimum acceptable price and the maximum quantity the flrm is willing to sell at this price, there exists a range of discount factors for which the monopoly outcome with equal sharing is sustainable in the uniform price auction, but not in the corresponding discriminatory auction. Moreover, capacity withholding may be necessary to sustain this outcome. We extend these results to the case where flrms may set bids that are arbitrary step functions of price-quantity pairs with any flnite number of price steps. Surprisingly, under the Maximum Accepted Price rule, flrms need employ no more than two price steps to minimize the value of the discount factor above which the perfectly collusive outcome with equal sharing is sustainable on a stationary path. Under the Market Clearing Price rule, only one step is required. That is, within the class of step bidding functions with a flnite number of steps, maximal collusion is attained with simple price-quantity strategies exhibiting capacity withholding.
Decision networks and quasi-citizens: who deliberates, where?

This article argues that the focus on deliberative politics in a state polity reveals two often overlooked facts about where politics takes place and who is participating in it. Recognition of these facts suggests the polity is more adaptable to new situations than usually conceived and suggest unusual and demanding requirements for democracy. The article suggest considering two important elements of democratic politics: decision networks, and quasi-citizens. (1) Decision networks are composed of networks of stakeholders, experts and authoritative decision-makers. Deliberative democracy depends heavily on what happens in these ad hoc decision networks. (2) Quasi-citizens: the people whose interests and perspectives count in a democracy is not a single group defined by citizenship. Deliberation frequently involves non-citizens not just as objects of policy, but as individuals and groups whose interests and interactions have to be taken into account – that is, are represented – in the process of making law ...
One-Dimensional Continuous-Time Quantum Walks

We survey the equations of continuous-time quantum walks on simple one-dimensional lattices, which include the finite and infinite lines and the finite cycle, and compare them with the classical continuous-time Markov chains. The focus of our expository article is on analyzing these processes using the Laplace transform on the stochastic recurrences. The resulting time evolution equations, classical vs. quantum, are strikingly similar in form, although dissimilar in behavior. We also provide comparisons with analyses performed using spectral methods.
Rupture complexity of the Mw 8.3 sea of okhotsk earthquake: Rapid triggering of complementary earthquakes?

We derive a finite slip model for the 2013 M_w 8.3 Sea of Okhotsk Earthquake (Z = 610 km) by inverting calibrated teleseismic P waveforms. The inversion shows that the earthquake ruptured on a 10° dipping rectangular fault zone (140 km × 50 km) and evolved into a sequence of four large sub-events (E1–E4) with an average rupture speed of 4.0 km/s. The rupture process can be divided into two main stages. The first propagated south, rupturing sub-events E1, E2, and E4. The second stage (E3) originated near E2 with a delay of 12 s and ruptured northward, filling the slip gap between E1 and E2. This kinematic process produces an overall slip pattern similar to that observed in shallow swarms, except it occurs over a compressed time span of about 30 s and without many aftershocks, suggesting that sub-event triggering for deep events is significantly more efficient than for shallow events.
Contracts and Technology Adoption

We develop a tractable framework for the analysis of the relationship between contractual incompleteness, technological complementarities, and technology adoption. In our model, a firm chooses its technology and investment levels in contractible activities by suppliers of intermediate inputs. Suppliers then choose investments in noncontractible activities, anticipating payoffs from an ex post bargaining game. We show that greater contractual incompleteness leads to the adoption of less advanced technologies, and that the impact of contractual incompleteness is more pronounced when there is greater complementary among the intermediate inputs. We study a number of applications of the main framework and show that the mechanism proposed in the paper can generate sizable productivity differences across countries with different contracting institutions, and that differences in contracting institutions lead to endogenous comparative advantage differences. (JEL D86, O33)
Some experimentation on the tie-in of the human operator to the control loop of an airborne navigational digital computer system

One of the human operator's most important tasks in contemporary bombing and navigational systems is crosshair error correction or "tracking." Due to navigational or intelligence errors, the system's crosshairs may not fall on the target or other reference point. When the operator recognizes this error he sends correcting signals, by means of a hand control, to the computer which then corrects the display.
MIMD VERSUS SIMD COMPUTATION: EXPERIENCE WITH NON-NUMERIC PARALLEL ALGORITHMS∗ †

We focus on differences inherent in the design and implementation of non-numeric parallel algorithms on MIMD and SIMD architectures. We take as our prototypical examples time-space optimal merging and sorting routines. Our representative MIMD and SIMD machines are the Sequent Symmetry S81 and the Connection Machine CM-2, respectively. In addition to the contrast provided by their differing execution philosophies, this choice of machines allows us to compare results from both shared-memory and distributed-memory models. Unlike many numerical parallel algorithms, non-numeric parallel programs are rarely well structured with respect to inter-processor cooperation, memory access and communication patterns. This is particularly apparent when one must deal with delicate issues such as process synchronization in the MIMD model and coding variations in the SIMD model. Our experiences are highlighted with examples obtained during the process of MIMD to SIMD program transformation Unexpected events can occur when a...
Classes for fast maximum entropy training

Maximum entropy models are considered by many to be one of the most promising avenues of language modeling research. Unfortunately, long training times make maximum entropy research difficult. We present a speedup technique: we change the form of the model to use classes. Our speedup works by creating two maximum entropy models, the first of which predicts the class of each word, and the second of which predicts the word itself. This factoring of the model leads to fewer nonzero indicator functions, and faster normalization, achieving speedups of up to a factor of 35 over one of the best previous techniques. It also results in typically slightly lower perplexities. The same trick can be used to speed training of other machine learning techniques, e.g. neural networks, applied to any problem with a large number of outputs, such as language modeling.
Lower Bounds for the Minimax Risk Using $f$ -Divergences, and Applications

Lower bounds involving f-divergences between the underlying probability measures are proved for the minimax risk in estimation problems. Our proofs just use simple convexity facts. Special cases and straightforward corollaries of our bounds include well known inequalities for establishing minimax lower bounds such as Fano's inequality, Pinsker's inequality and inequalities based on global entropy conditions. Two applications are provided: a new minimax lower bound for the reconstruction of convex bodies from noisy support function measurements and a different proof of a recent minimax lower bound for the estimation of a covariance matrix.
Automatic abstraction in SMT-Based unbounded software model checking

Software model checkers based on under-approximations and SMT solvers are very successful at verifying safety (i.e., reachability) properties. They combine two key ideas --- (a) concreteness: a counterexample in an under-approximation is a counterexample in the original program as well, and (b) generalization: a proof of safety of an under-approximation, produced by an SMT solver, are generalizable to proofs of safety of the original program. In this paper, we present a combination of automatic abstraction with the under-approximation-driven framework. We explore two iterative approaches for obtaining and refining abstractions --- proof based and counterexample based --- and show how they can be combined into a unified algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of Proof-Based Abstraction, primarily used to verify hardware, to Software Verification. We have implemented a prototype of the framework using Z3, and evaluate it on many benchmarks from the Software Verification Competition. We show experimentally that our combination is quite effective on hard instances.