cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunofluorescent studies of human chromosomes with antibodies against phosphorylated H1 histone

One of the prominent cell cycle-related modifications of histone proteins whose function remains unresolved is the phosphorylation of linker histone H1. In this work we have used indirect immunofluorescence on human cells with antibodies that are specific for phosphorylated histone H1 to examine the cellular distribution and chromosome association patterns of this protein. With confocal microscopy on whole cells, strong immunofluorescence was seen in association with mitotic chromosomes as well as a prominent punctate pattern of labeling throughout the mitotic cell, whereas interphase cells showed very little, if any, specific fluorescence. Multiple patterns of fluorescence distribution were detected with metaphase chromosomes, ranging from apparent tight colocalization with the DNA to expanded ”puffy” mitotic figures to an amorphous network of staining. It was also shown that the ability to label chromosomes could vary drastically with different fixation procedures, adding further complications to interpretation of the potentially complex role of phosphorylated histone H1 in chromatin condensation or decondensation.
The contemporary practice of state recognition: Kosovo, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and their aftermath

This paper assesses state recognition, the practice historically employed to regulate membership in international society, since the United States–led recognition of Kosovo and the Russian-led recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Its main goal is to succinctly examine the question of whether these two controversial episodes have signaled change in the existing norms of recognition of new states. The paper argues that there is not enough evidence for the claims of some observers and governments that unilateral secession is, as such, becoming legitimate internationally. The leading recognizing powers took great care in all three cases to reject the applicability of their decision to other situations of unilateral secession, and they have since approached those other situations as if no acknowledgment of the three territories had taken place. Nevertheless, there can be little doubt that the deeply contested nature of these cases has introduced confusion and uncertainty into the practice and that this h...
Spontaneous Layer-Pseudospin Domain Walls in Bilayer Graphene

Bilayer graphene is susceptible to a family of unusual broken symmetry states with spin and valley dependent layer polarization. We report on a microscopic study of the domain walls in these systems, demonstrating that they have interesting microscopic structure related to the topological character of the ordered states. We use our results to show that the metal-insulator transition temperature in bilayer graphene is reduced from mean-field estimates by thermal excitation of domain walls.
Genetic responses to free radicals. Homeostasis and gene control.

: Gene regulation mechanisms have evolved allowing cells to fine-tune the level of “endogenous” oxidative stress and to cope with increased free radicals from external sources. Levels of H2O2 are tightly controlled in E. coli by OxyR, which is activated by H2O2 to increase scavenging activities and limit H2O2 generation by the respiratory chain. Sub-micromolar levels of H2O2 are maintained in mammalian tissues, though the regulatory systems that govern this control are unknown. Excess superoxide triggers the soxRS system in E. coli, which is controlled by the oxidant-sensitive iron-sulfur centers of the SoxR protein. Nitric oxide activates SoxR by a different modification of the iron-sulfur centers. The soxRS regulon mobilizes diverse functions to scavenge free radicals and repair oxidative damage in macromolecules, and other mechanisms that exclude many environmental agents from the cell. Mammalian cells also sense and respond to sub-toxic levels of nitric oxide, activating expression of heme oxygenase 1 through stabilization of its mRNA. These inductions give rise to adaptive resistance to nitric oxide in neuronal and other cell types.
Quantitative estimation of bioclimatic parameters from presence/absence vegetation data in North America by the modern analog technique

Abstract The method of modern analogs is widely used to obtain estimates of past climatic conditions from paleobiological assemblages, and despite its frequent use, this method involved so-far untested assumptions. We applied four analog approaches to a continental-scale set of bioclimatic and plant-distribution presence/absence data for North America to assess how well this method works under near-optimal modern conditions. For each point on the grid, we calculated the similarity between its vegetation assemblage and those of all other points on the grid (excluding nearby points). The climate of the points with the most similar vegetation was used to estimate the climate at the target grid point. Estimates based the use of the Jaccard similarity coefficient had smaller errors than those based on the use of a new similarity coefficient, although the latter may be more robust because it does not assume that the “fossil” assemblage is complete. The results of these analyses indicate that presence/absence vegetation assemblages provide a valid basis for estimating bioclimates on the continental scale. However, the accuracy of the estimates is strongly tied to the number of species in the target assemblage, and the analog method is necessarily constrained to produce estimates that fall within the range of observed values. We applied the four modern analog approaches and the mutual overlap (or “mutual climatic range”) method to estimate bioclimatic conditions represented by the plant macrofossil assemblage from a packrat midden of Last Glacial Maximum age from southern Nevada. In general, the estimation approaches produced similar results in regard to moisture conditions, but there was a greater range of estimates for growing-degree days. Despite its limitations, the modern analog technique can provide paleoclimatic reconstructions that serve as the starting point to the interpretation of past climatic conditions.
Galileo Probe delivery and Orbiter approach orbit determination

The configuration of the Galileo mission, in which the Probe and Orbiter are joined as a single spacecraft (until five months before Jupiter encounter, when the Probe will be released into the atmosphere for the Io flyby) is discussed, together with the major mission objectives, and the aspects of the trajectory. Special attention is given to the descriptions of the orbit determination process, error source assumptions (based on the Voyager experience at Jupiter), and data assumptions. The orbit determination results for the interplanetary and Jupiter approach phases of the mission for the previously planned launch in 1986 are presented, together with the preliminary results of navigation studies of the current mission scheduled for a launch for late 1989.
SUMMARY AND APPRAISAL OF SELF-SUSTAINING MECHANISMS IV*

In this paper we review and try to synthesize 6 papers on self-sustaini ng mechanisms of wall turbulence. The authors of these papers propose various models of the nearwall turbulence dynamics, including stochastic models, models based on truncations of eigenfunction expansions and conceptual models. It is noted that the conceptual models, which describe the structural features of the near-wall turbulence and the dynamic mechanisms that produce them, provide a remarkably consistent picture of near-wall turbulence. While these conceptual models need further testing, they are very promising. More quantitative models that might be useful for LES wall models or design of control schemes, seem less well established. But, there are certainly promising approaches, and one hopes that the recent progress on conceptual models will lead to progress on more quantitative models as well.
Photoinactivation of Hepatitis A Virus by Synthetic Porphyrins

Porphyrins are photosensitizers and may be applicable in situations where viral inactivation is required, as for in vitro inactivation of nonenveloped viruses in blood components or in other aqueous media. No study has examined the efficacy of porphyrin inactivation on human pathogens such as hepatitis A virus (HAV) in plasma or other liquids. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of synthetic porphyrins on HAV in porphyrin-containing human plasma and phosphate-buffered saline exposed to long-wavelength (365 nm) UV light. Inactivation of bacteriophage MS2 (MS2) also was determined in some trials. Solutions containing cationic, anionic or amphiphilic porphyrins irradiated with an average light dose of 4.3 J/cm(2) for 90 min resulted in >3 log(10) (>99.9%) to >4 log(10) (>99.99%) inactivation of both HAV and MS2. Viral inactivation may have been greater than observed because the limits of detection of the assay had been reached. Under ambient lighting conditions, none of the porphyrins was mutagenic in the Ames assay and only the congener with the longest chain-length, tetrakis (N-[n-hexadecyl]-4-pyridiniumyl) porphyrin, was appreciably toxic to mammalian cells. Disinfection by photoactivated synthetic porphyrins therefore can offer an effective and relatively safe approach to removal of nonenveloped viruses from aqueous media.
AN ESSAY ON THE PURE THEORY OF COMMODITY MONEY

CLASSICAL authors like J. S. Mill (1848) and early neoclassical authors like W. S. Jevons (1875, 1884), L. Walras (1874, 1886) or A. Marshall (1871, 1887, 1899, 1923) premised monetary theory on an endogenously-supplied commodity money produced under free competition. This essay views their problem in modern dress, eschewing any attempt at exegesis or criticism of their writings. A clearer appreciation of the conceptual issues certainly assists understanding of nineteenth century monetary thought and phenomena. But it also illumines matters of perennial interest for monetary theory and proposals for monetary reform. Commodity money has been involved in several modern discussions, such as Friedman (1949), Buchanan (1962), Burstein (1963, pp. 97-100), Pesek and Saving (1967), Johnson (1967, 1969), Niehans (1969), Chen (1972), Fischer (1972), Luke (1975), all dealing with fundamental monetary issues, and a general treatment seems desirable. The subsequent analysis attempts to establish a framework within which the logical implications of a simple commodity currency can be explored rather than on normative issues as to the practicability, desirability and optimal design of a commodity-currency or commodity-reserve scheme. For fuller consideration of such issues see particularly Friedman (1949), Graham (1962), Johnson (1967) and Barro (1979). The discussion must also be sharply distinguished from recent treatments of the competitive production of bank money by Klein (1974), Gramm (1975) and others. Section I constructs a simple macroeconomic model, incorporating the production of commodity money into an otherwise-orthodox setting, with given factor supplies and demand conditions. The properties of this model are explored in Section Il, while Section III contrasts the use of commodity money with the use of fiat money. It is shown, contrary to common belief, that commodity-money production might lower economic activity and prices for a given money stock, or make them more sensitive to exogeneous disturbance. Section IV develops a limiting partial-equilibrium approach, which is used to explore the implications of previously omitted nonmonetary uses for the monetary commodity and a distributed-lag response of its production. Brief concluding remarks are in Section V. The more involved proofs are relegated to Appendices.
Efficient algorithms for fast IR drop analysis exploiting locality

Closed-form expressions and related algorithms for fast power grid analysis are proposed in this paper. Four algorithms to determine the IR voltage drop at an arbitrary node are described when voltage supplies and current loads are non-uniformly distributed throughout a power grid. Two techniques are used to determine the effective impedance in a non-uniform and semi-uniform power grid. An effective resistance model is proposed for semi-uniform power grids. The principle of spatial locality is exploited to accelerate the proposed power grid analysis process. Since no iterations are required for the proposed IR drop analysis, the proposed algorithms are over 60 and two times faster for smaller power grids composed of less than five million nodes and over 175 and three times faster for larger power grids composed of more than 25million nodes as compared to, respectively, the random walk and second order iterative methods. The proposed method exhibits less than 0.3% error.
Fluoroscopic placement of double-pigtail ureteral stents.

Purpose: Double-pigtail ureteral stent is placed cystoscopically after ureteroscopy. We describe a technique for fluoroscopic placement of ureteral stents and demonstrate its use in a non-randomized prospective study. Materials and methods: Double-pigtail stents were placed either fluoroscopically or cystoscopically in 121 consecutive patients. In the fluoroscopic method, the stent was placed over a guide wire using a stent pusher without the use of cystoscopy. Conversely, stents were placed through the working channel of the cystoscope under vision. The procedure, stent length, width, type, method, ureteral dilation, and use of a retrieval string were noted. Results: A wide range of stent sizes were used. The success with fluoroscopic placement of
Airway smooth muscle as a target of asthma therapy: history and new directions

Ultimately, asthma is a disease characterized by constriction of airway smooth muscle (ASM). The earliest approach to the treatment of asthma comprised the use of xanthines and anti-cholinergics with the later introduction of anti-histamines and anti-leukotrienes. Agents directed at ion channels on the smooth muscle membrane (Ca2+ channel blockers, K+ channel openers) have been tried and found to be ineffective. Functional antagonists, which modulate intracellular signalling pathways within the smooth muscle (β-agonists and phosphodiesterase inhibitors), have been used for decades with success, but are not universally effective and patients continue to suffer with exacerbations of asthma using these drugs. During the past several decades, research energies have been directed into developing therapies to treat airway inflammation, but there have been no substantial advances in asthma therapies targeting the ASM. In this manuscript, excitation-contraction coupling in ASM is addressed, highlighting the current treatment of asthma while proposing several new directions that may prove helpful in the management of this disease.
Presidential Control of Independent Regulatory Commissions through Appointment: The Case of the ICC

Presidents have been found to have influence over the decisions of a number of independent regulatory commissions, but research has left unanswered the question of the mechanism of impact. In this article, the impact of appointment is studied on the ICC from 1955 to 1974. No presidential influence through appointment was detected. This lack of impact was speculated to be caused by the lack of fit between the cases that the ICC deals with and the issue positions of the parties. What may look like presidential impact on other commissions may only be the shared attitudes of presidents and commissioners on commissions that deal with partisan related issues.
Threatened fishes of the world : Percina rex (Jordan and Evermann 1889) (Percidae)

Common name: Roanoke logperch. Conservationstatus: Endangered (USA Endangered Species Act).Identification: Bulbous snout, eight to 11 lateralblotches, dorsal scrawling, orange streak on first dorsalfin especially vivid in mature males (Jenkins andBurkhead 1994). Maximum total length 165 mm (JR,unpublished data). Drawing by Michael J. Pinder.Distribution: Primarily Virginia, USA. Larger streamsin upper-Roanoke, Smith, Pigg, Otter, and Nottowayriver systems and Goose Creek (Lahey and Angermeier2006; Rosenberger 2007); populations separated bylarge reservoirs. Single North Carolina specimen fromDan River near Eden (D. Coughlan, Duke Energy,personal communication). Abundance: Uncommon torare; can vary considerably over time and space(Roberts and Angermeier 2007). Effective populationsizes largest in upper Roanoke and upper Smith rivers(Roberts et al. 2007). Habitat and ecology: Benthic;avoids heavily-silted microhabitats (Jenkins andBurkhead 1994; Rosenberger and Angermeier 2003).Overturnssubstratewithsnouttofeedonbenthicinsects(Burkhead 1983). Adults inhabit swift, gravelly rifflesto slow, sandy pools. Age—0 often in mixed-speciesschools in shallow, sand–gravel margins (Rosenbergerand Angermeier 2003; Roberts and Angermeier 2007).Adults exhibit microhabitat fidelity within riffles,occasionally undertaking reach-scale migrations(>2 km; Burkhead 1983;Robertsetal.2008).Maximum age 6.5 years (Burkhead 1983). Reproduc-tion: Matures at 2–3 years. Spawns April–May in deepruns; eggs (180–640) buried in gravel (Jenkins andBurkhead 1994). Threats: Siltation and hydrologicalteration from urbanization (Roanoke, Pigg, andOtter), channelization (upper Roanoke), water with-drawal, siltation from agriculture and forestry (Notto-way), accidental spills, and disrupted gene flow andhabitat loss from reservoir construction (all popula-tions; George and Mayden 2003; Roberts et al. 2007;Rosenberger 2007). Recommendations:Progressto-wards recovery plan (Moser 1992)recentlyreviewed(Rosenberger 2007). Watershed-level, coordinatedefforts needed to inventory threats, minimize siltation,prevent spills, and enhance population connectivity.Additional distributional surveys needed in Dan,Meherrin, and middle-Roanoke systems.
Advancing Womanist Identity Development Where We Are and Where We Need to Go

Scholars have called for increased attention to within-group variability in models and measures of identity development. As a step toward responding to these calls, the current review focuses on the womanist identity development model as a model of gender-related identity development that has been argued to be applicable to women across racial/ethnic, class, and other groups. The review provides an introduction to the womanist identity development model and its operationalization, critically analyzes literature on the model and its measurement, and explores directions for further development of womanist identity development theory and research.
Electronic Measurements of Single-Molecule Catalysis by cAMP- Dependent Protein Kinase A

Single-molecule studies of enzymes open a window into their dynamics and kinetics. A single molecule of the catalytic domain of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) was attached to a single-walled carbon nanotube device for long-duration monitoring. The electronic recording clearly resolves substrate binding, ATP binding, and cooperative formation of PKA’s catalytically functional, ternary complex. Using recordings of a single PKA molecule extending over 10 min and tens of thousands of binding events, we determine the full transition probability matrix and conversion rates governing formation of the apo, intermediate, and closed enzyme configurations. We also observe kinetic rates varying over 2 orders of magnitude from one second to another. Anti-correlation of the on and off rates for PKA binding to the peptide substrate, but not ATP, demonstrates that regulation of enzyme activity results from altering the stability of the PKA–substrate complex, not its binding to ATP. The results depict a highly dyna...
Prevalence, Incidence, and Persistence or Recurrence of Trichomoniasis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)–Positive Women and among HIV-Negative Women at High Risk for HIV Infection

Trichomoniasis has been implicated in the acquisition and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The prevalence, incidence, and persistence or recurrence of trichomoniasis were assessed among HIV-positive women and among HIV-negative women at high risk for HIV infection. A total of 871 HIV-seropositive women and 439 HIV-seronegative women enrolled in the HIV Epidemiology Study (HERS) were seen biannually. The prevalence of trichomoniasis was 9.4%-29.5% among HIV-seropositive women and 8.2%-23.4% among HIV-seronegative women. Prevalence decreased over time, did not vary according to HIV status or CD4 cell count, and was higher among women who reported crack use (P = .02) or cigarette use (P = .02), women who had bacterial vaginosis (P = .02), and those who were black (compared with white women, P<.001). There were no differences, according to HIV status or CD4 cell count, in the adjusted incidence, unadjusted incidence, or persistence or recurrence of trichomoniasis. HIV infection does not make a woman more likely to have prevalent, incident, or persistent or recurrent trichomoniasis.
ETD Outperforms CID and HCD in the Analysis of the Ubiquitylated Proteome

Comprehensive analysis of the ubiquitylome is a prerequisite to fully understand the regulatory role of ubiquitylation. However, the impact of key mass spectrometry parameters on ubiquitylome analyses has not been fully explored. In this study, we show that using electron transfer dissociation (ETD) fragmentation, either exclusively or as part of a decision tree method, leads to ca. 2-fold increase in ubiquitylation site identifications in K-e-GG peptide-enriched samples over traditional collisional-induced dissociation (CID) or higher-energy collision dissociation (HCD) methods. Precursor ions were predominantly observed as 3+ charged species or higher and in a mass range 300–1200 m/z. N-ethylmaleimide was used as an alkylating agent to reduce false positive identifications resulting from overalkylation with halo-acetamides. These results demonstrate that the application of ETD fragmentation, in addition to narrowing the mass range and using N-ethylmaleimide yields more high-confidence ubiquitylation site identification than conventional CID and HCD analysis.
Cisplatin Plus Sodium Arsenite and Hyperthermia Induces Pseudo-G1 Associated Apoptotic Cell Death in Ovarian Cancer Cells

Cisplatin is effective against solid tumors including ovarian cancer. However, inherent or acquired cisplatin resistance limits clinical success. We recently demonstrated that a combination of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) and hyperthermia sensitizes p53-expressing ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin by modulating DNA repair pathway and enhancing platinum accumulation. However, it is not understood how this combination therapy modulates cell cycle following platinum-DNA damage. The goal of the present study was to determine if NaAsO2 and hyperthermia alter cisplatin-induced G2 arrest and cause mitotic arrest and mitotic catastrophe. Human epithelial ovarian cancer cells (A2780 and A2780/CP70) were treated with cisplatin ± 20 μM NaAsO2 at 37 or 39°C for 1 h. Cisplatin ± NaAsO2 at 37 or 39°C caused cells to accumulate in G2/M compartment at 36 h after treatment. Western blot analysis of cyclin A and cyclin B suggested that combined NaAsO2, hyperthermia, and cisplatin induced mitotic arrest. However, we observed < 3% mitotic index and phosphorylation of histone H3 on serine 10 was undetectable. These results did not confirm mitotic arrest. BUBR1 (BUB1B) also was not phosphorylated, suggesting disrupted mitotic checkpoint. Postmitotic cells accumulated in pseudo-G1 as demonstrated by cyclin E stabilization, CDKN1A induction, and hypophosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. These cells also were positive for Annexin V binding indicating they were apoptotic. In summary, cisplatin plus NaAsO2 and hyperthermia induced pseudo-G1 associated apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells.
Single-Station Earthquake Characterization for Early Warning

We use data from 50 earthquakes in southern California to test the accuracy of event parameter determination using single seismic stations for the pur- pose of early warning. Earthquake magnitude, hypocentral distance, and backazimuth are all estimated using P-wave arrivals only. There is a wide range in the accuracy of event parameters determined by different seismic stations. One quarter of the stations produced magnitude estimates with errors less than 0.3 magnitude units, hypocentral distances within 15 km, and backazimuth calculations within 20. This accuracy is sufficient to provide useful early warning. Using P-wave arrivals is the most rapid method of delivering earthquake early warning and may permit a few seconds notice of impending ground motion even in the epicentral region. Our results show that networks using a P-wave detection approach for early warning can increase the accuracy of magnitude estimations by determining station-specific scaling rela- tions between the predominant period of the P wave and event magnitude and by utilizing stations with optimal relations. Further, because individual stations are able to deliver an accurate early warning, the option of utilizing the technology in regions that lack a dense seismic network but are in need of seismic hazard mitigation be- comes possible.
Elucidation of the interleukin-15 binding site on its alpha receptor by NMR.

The cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15) signals through the formation of a quaternary receptor complex composed of an IL-15-specific α receptor, together with β and γc receptors that are shared with interleukin-2 (IL-2). The initiating step in the formation of this signaling complex is the interaction between IL-15 and IL-15Rα, which is a single sushi domain bearing strong structural homology to one of the two sushi domains of IL-2Rα. The crystal structure of the IL2-Rα/IL-2 complex has been determined, however little is known about the analogous IL-15Rα/IL-15 binding interaction. Here we show that recombinant IL-15 can be overexpressed as a stable complex in the presence of its high affinity receptor, IL-15Rα. We find that this complex is 10-fold more active than IL-15 alone in stimulating proliferation and survival of memory phenotype CD8 T cells. To probe the ligand/receptor interface, we used solution NMR to map chemical shifts on 15N-labeled IL-15Rα in complex with unlabeled IL-15. Our results predict th...
Evolving Expectations of Dam Removal Outcomes: Downstream Geomorphic Effects Following Removal of a Small, Gravel‐Filled Dam1

Kibler, Kelly, Desiree Tullos, and Mathias Kondolf, 2011. Evolving Expectations of Dam Removal Outcomes: Downstream Geomorphic Effects Following Removal of a Small, Gravel-Filled Dam. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1-16. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00523.x Abstract: Dam removal is a promising river restoration technique, particularly for the vast number of rivers impounded by small dams that no longer fulfill their intended function. As the decommissioning of small dams becomes increasingly commonplace in the future, it is essential that decisions regarding how and when to remove these structures are informed by appropriate conceptual ideas outlining potential outcomes. To refine predictions, it is necessary to utilize information from ongoing dam removal monitoring to evolve predictive tools, including conceptual models. Following removal of the Brownsville Dam from the Calapooia River, Oregon, aquatic habitats directly below the dam became more heterogeneous over the short term, whereas changes further downstream were virtually undetectable. One year after dam removal, substrates of bars and riffles within 400 m downstream of the dam coarsened and a dominance of gravel and cobble sediments replaced previously hardpan substrate. New bars formed and existing bars grew such that bar area and volume increased substantially, and a pool-riffle structure formed where plane-bed glide formations had previously dominated. As the Brownsville Dam stored coarse rather than fine sediments, outcomes following removal differ from results of many prior dam removal studies. Therefore, we propose a refined conceptual model describing downstream geomorphic processes following small dam removal when upstream fill is dominated by coarse sediments.
Bradykinin Sequesters B2 Bradykinin Receptors and the Receptor-coupled Gα Subunits Gαq and Gαiin Caveolae in DDT1 MF-2 Smooth Muscle Cells

In this report, we show that the vasoactive peptide agonist bradykinin (BK) when bound to B2 BK receptors on DDT1 MF-2 smooth muscle cells promotes the recruitment and sequestration of the occupied receptors and the receptor-coupled G-protein α subunits Gαq and Gαi in caveolae. Association of ligand receptor complexes and Gα subunits with caveolae was indicated by their co-enrichment on density gradients with caveolin, a marker protein for caveolae. Caveolin and Gα subunits were monitored by immunoblotting, whereas receptors were monitored as ligand receptor complexes formed by labeling receptors with the agonist BK or the antagonist NPC17731 prior to cell disruption and caveolae enrichment. These complexes were detected with radioligand and by immunoblotting with BK antibodies. A direct interaction of Gα subunits with caveolin was also indicated by their co-immunoprecipitation. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the enriched caveolin, Gα subunits, and BK receptor complexes were present in structures of 0.1–0.2 μm. At 4 °C, BK and NPC17731 receptor complexes were detected in caveolae, and both complexes were sensitive to acid washing prior to cell disruption and caveolae enrichment. Elevation of the temperature to 37 °C increased the amount of BK receptor complexes in caveolae with a maximal response at 10 min (continuous labeling) or 20 min (single-round labeling), and the complexes became acid-resistant. These conditions also increased the amount of Gαq and Gαi in caveolae with a maximal response at 5–10 min. In contrast, the NPC17731 receptor complexes remained acid-sensitive and dissociated at this temperature, and antagonists did not increase the amount of Gα subunits in caveolae. These results show that some agonists that act through G-protein-coupled receptors promote the association of their receptors and receptor-coupled Gα subunits with caveolae.
Reaching minority, female and disadvantaged students

Adventures in Supercomputing (AiS) is an innovative educational outreach program to address the shortfall in human resources in science and engineering. The program has been funded since 1992 as part of the Department of Energy's High Performance Computing and Communications Program. Supercomputers are used both as a magnet to draw students into science and engineering and as an enabling tool to assist them to explore simulations based on mathematical or physical models. The program presently involves 69 high schools and 5 middle schools in five states: Alabama, Colorado, Iowa, New Mexico, and Tennessee. The primary goal of this program is to capture and cultivate the interest of minority, female and disadvantaged students in science, mathematics, and computing. By improving the teachers' computer expertise and scientific knowledge through intense training, teachers are able to reach out confidently to this target group of students. An environment to support computing education for both students and teachers is strengthened during the year through continued technical support. The paper discusses methods of encouraging minorities, women, and disadvantaged students to become involved in the Adventures in Supercomputing program. It shares achievements of this diverse school population over the past years as these students engage in long term computational science projects. It also shares the assessment results, showing the success of the program.
Predicting intentions to engage in cancer prevention and detection behaviors: Examining differences between Black and White adults

Reducing cancer-related mortality rates can be achieved by increasing cancer screening rates and by increasing the number of people who engage in healthy lifestyle behaviors. This study uses the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction (IM; Fishbein, 2000) to examine differences between Blacks and Whites in the US in the degree to which attitudes, perceived behavioral control (PBC) and normative pressure contribute to predicting intentions to engage in three cancer screening behaviors (mammogram, colonoscopy and PSA test) and three healthy lifestyle behaviors (controlling ones diet to lose weight, eating fruits and vegetables and exercising regularly). Prior research has demonstrated that these behaviors are effective at reducing incidence and mortality rates for some cancers. Results indicated that for Blacks intentions to engage in all behaviors were driven by PBC. Patterns were more varied for Whites and indicated that normative pressure was a particularly important determinant of screening intentions whereas attitudes were most strongly associated with dieting intentions. Results suggest that interventions targeting these behaviors should be tailored by behavior and by ethnicity.
A Forty-year Comparison of the Breeding Avifauna in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming

ABSTRACT Studies comparing historical data with modern surveys can provide important insights into avian population trends. In 1993–1995 I repeated a breeding bird survey completed by G. W. Salt in 1952 and 1954 in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. The composition of breeding birds on all transects were comparable during the four decades, with most species showing no discernable difference in relative abundance (60.7%; n = 54), although 45.6% (n = 41) showed strong annual variation in the 1990s. Long-distance migrants represented the greatest number of species present (52.8%; n = 47) and the largest proportion showing a decline (25.5%; n = 12). Resident species had the largest proportion showing an increase (31.8%; n = 7). One resident species (Clark's nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana) and one short distance migrant (red-naped sapsucker, Sphyrapicus nuchalis) showed a declining trend. American bitterns (Botaurus lentiginosus) may have disappeared from the sites surveyed in this study. Willow flycatcher ...
Biological Effects of Calorie Restriction: Implications for Modification of Human Aging

Caloric restriction (CR), the consumption of fewer calories without malnutrition, and reduced insulin and/or IGFI intracellular signaling, can extend the lifespan and delay many deleterious age-related physiological changes in animals as phylogenetically diverse as nematodes and mice. The lifespan effects of CR are directly proportional to the duration and intensity of the regimen in rodents. Mice and flies can shift readily between the control and CR physiological states. In humans and nonhuman primates, CR produces nearly all of the physiologic, hematologic, hormonal, and biochemical changes produced in other animals. In humans, CR appears to provide protection from type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebral vascular diseases, immunological decline with age, malignancy, hepatotoxicity, liver fibrosis and failure, sarcopenia, systemic inflammation, and DNA damage. CR also reduces fat mass, including cardiovascular disease-related visceral fat mass, enhances muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, affords neuroprotection, and according to some retrospective epidemiological human studies, extends mean and maximum lifespan. Many of these benefits can be induced by relatively brief periods of CR in flies, rodents, monkeys and humans. In mice, CR rapidly induces powerful antineoplastic effects, even when initiated late in life. However, CR also has negative effects. In humans, these include loss of lean body mass and muscle strength, decreased VO2 max, decreased bone mineral density, reduced reproductive activity and libido in males.
Ethnographic Expertise as Visionary Catalyst of Collaboration

Recent developments in the scholarship of ethnography, combined with growing recognition of the value of collaboration in business, present industrial ethnography with the opportunity to exercise greater agency and leadership. This paper considers updates to theory and practice of ethnographic strategy, positionality, foresight, and design, observing that the combination of these developments is ideal preparation for such leadership and collaboration in a context of increasing complexity. Discussion of business orthodoxy and related critiques contextualizes the conversation. Atul Gawande's development of the surgical safety checklist provides a case study for showing how a deep ethnographic approach can apply the specific capabilities highlighted in this paper to foster collaboration and to understand and solve complex problems in a way that bridges “anthropological” and “design” ethnography. The paper ends with practical suggestions for advancing ethnographic leadership and agency. Additional key words: anthropology – bizdev – business philosophy –creativity – consulting – corporate – entrepreneur – fiction – future – leadership – organizational behavior – startup.
The organiser: a semantic desktop agent based on NEPOMUK

In this paper we introduce our NEPOMUK-based Semantic Desktop for the Windows platform. It uniquely features an integrative user interface concept which allows a user to focus on personal information management while relying on the Property Projection agent for semi-automated file management.
Haematogone hyperplasia in copper deficiency.

Copper deficiency is likely an underrecognized cause of anemia and neutropenia and may masquerade as a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). We report 2 cases of copper deficiency in which the diagnosis was suggested based on the characteristic morphologic findings, such as cytoplasmic vacuolization of erythroid and myeloid precursors and iron-containing plasma cells. It is interesting that both patients had hematogone hyperplasia. This phenomenon, largely absent in MDS, may aid in distinguishing nonclonal causes of cytopenias, such as copper deficiency, from MDS. It is of crucial importance to identify treatable causes of cytopenias when MDS is suspected. We recommend copper level assessment in patients suspected of having low-grade MDS, especially patients with neuropathy and normal results of cytogenetic studies.
kq representation in lattice dynamics

The $\mathrm{kq}$ representation is introduced into lattice dynamics. As in electron dynamics it turns out to be useful both conceptually and for calculational purposes. An integral effective-mass-like equation is derived. It is shown to reproduce the well-known results for localized impurities in lattice dynamics. Similarly the $\mathrm{kq}$ representation can be introduced into the description of magnons.
Light-Assisted, Templated Self-Assembly of Gold Nanoparticle Chains

We experimentally demonstrate the technique of light-assisted, templated self-assembly (LATS) to trap and assemble 200 nm diameter gold nanoparticles. We excite a guided-resonance mode of a photonic-crystal slab with 1.55 μm laser light to create an array of optical traps. Unlike our previous demonstration of LATS with polystyrene particles, we find that the interparticle interactions play a significant role in the resulting particle patterns. Despite a two-dimensionally periodic intensity profile in the slab, the particles form one-dimensional chains whose orientations can be controlled by the incident polarization of the light. The formation of chains can be understood in terms of a competition between the gradient force due to the excitation of the mode in the slab and optical binding between particles.
Unpacking intoxication, racialising disability

This article examines concepts whose strictly medical applications have only partly informed their widespread use and suggests that demonstrably shared logics motivate our thinking across domains in the interest of a politically just engagement. It considers exchanges between the culturally complex concepts of 'toxicity' and 'intoxication', assessing the racialised conditions of their animation in several geopolitically--and quite radically--distinct scenarios. First, the article sets the framework through considering the racial implications of impairment and disability language of 'non-toxic' finance capital in the contemporary US financial crisis. Shifting material foci from 'illiquid financial bodies' to opiates while insisting that neither is 'more' metaphorically toxic than the other, the article turns to address the role of opium and temporality in the interanimations of race and disability in two sites of 19th-century British empire: Langdon Down's clinic for idiocy, and China's retort on opium to Queen Victoria. The article concludes with a provocation that suggests yet another crossing of borders, that between researcher and researched: 'intoxicated method' is a hypothetical mode of approach that refuses idealised research positions by 'critically disabling' the idealised cognitive and conceptual lens of analysis.
Alliances and Wars Revisited: A Research Note

The basic hypothesis that is examined posits a relationship between the magnitude of alliance commitment and war in the international system. We begin by establishing a theoretical connection between alliance commitment and war. A discussion follows of methodological considerations relevant to the empirical examination of the basic hypothesis. We specify several alternative forms of the relationship between alliance commitment and war and empirically evaluate them. Variations of the regression model are used to examine annual data on the number of defense alliance commitments and interstate war dyads per nation in the international system between 1816 and 1965. No impressive statistical relationship between the variables is located once the underlying statistical assumptions are taken into account, and it is argued that the basic hypothesis should be tentatively rejected. We close with suggestions for future research.
Properties and Fracture Resistance of Thin Polycrystalline Aluminum Films on Sapphire Substrates

We employed nanoindentation, continuous microscratch testing, and high resolution TEM to determine the effect of structure on the properties and resistance to fracture of thin polycrystalline aluminum films deposited onto single crystal sapphire substrates at 25°C and 250°C. These films had a nominal thickness of 90 nm and a grain size of 160 nm. The elastic and plastic properties were similar for both films. The elastic moduli superimposed, increasing from bulk aluminum values at the surface to sapphire values at the interface. Hardness values also superimposed, but were constant through the film thickness at a value between aluminum and sapphire. In contrast, susceptibility to fracture varied markedly between the films with the 25°C film exhibiting abrupt failure along the film-substrate interface while the 250'C film gave no indication of fracture in the film, along the interface, or in the substrate under the conditions tested.
What is the frequency of an electron wave

Particle–wave duality is a central tenet of quantum physics, and an electron has wave-like properties. Introductory texts discuss the wavelength–momentum relationship , but do not discuss the frequency–energy relationship. This is curious since a wave is periodic both in space and time. The discussion in more advanced texts is not satisfactory either since two different expressions for the frequency are given based on the relativistic and non-relativistic expression for the electron energy. The relativistic expression yields the correct frequency, and we explain why the expression based on the Schrodinger equation gives the incorrect expression. We argue that the electron frequency should be discussed at the introductory level.
An Online Examination System Based on Cloud Computing

In order to solve the problem of wasting network resources caused by the dispersion,no communication with each other and unbalanced existing in online examination systems,a shared network examination system based on the service on demand and dynamic expansion capability of cloud computing technology was designed and implemented. By the deployment structure of Saa S model,with three-tier architecture of MVC,taking Java as a modeling language,using XFie,JSON,Web Service,DES and other technologies,and combining with the My SQL database,some functions were achieved such as data reception and distribution,authentication,online exam and exam results collection. The results show that the system improves the efficiency of resource utilization and examinations,ensures the fairness and impartiality of the examination,and helps businesses or educational institutions with less cost to complete the candidates geographically dispersed easily in real-time online jobs or exams.
The Surgical Treatment of Posterior Shoulder Instability

Operative procedures for recurrent posterior instability range from glenoid osteotomy, posterior bone block procedures, posterior capsular plication with biceps tenodesis to arthroscopic stabilization with a biodegradable tac. The best results and the most commonly reported procedure(s) involve the reattachment of any labral detachment and a posterior capsular plication via a posterior approach.
Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules in inflammation and metastasis.

Vascular endothelium is an active tissue. In response to various mediators, it expresses specific cell surface glycoproteins that support the binding and extravasation of blood leukocytes. These events are essential for host defense against pathogens and for repair of tissue damage. Unfortunately, it appears that a number of blood borne tumor cells may be able to use the same adhesive structures to facilitate their metastasis. The development of agents designed to block the adhesion of leukocytes (or tumor cells) to the vessel wall may prove valuable in the treatment of a variety of human disease processes, including adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), ischemic reperfusion injury, autoimmunity, and metastatic spread of cancer
"Don't just do something, stand there!": to teach or not to teach, that is the question--intravenous fluid resuscitation training for Combat Lifesavers.

Good Level I scientific evidence supporting the efficacy (decreased morbidity and mortality) of prehospital fluid administration by civilian Emergency Medical Services personnel is lacking. The efficacy of this procedure in the hands of army Combat Lifesavers is even less well substantiated. The purpose of this article is to look critically at the skill of intravenous fluid administration that is taught to army Combat Lifesavers and to consider whether or not the application of that skill is actually beneficial to the majority of patients who are recipients of this procedure. A method is described to assist medical educators in making decisions as to which skills should be taught to health care providers, and this method is loosely applied in the following discussion about whether Combat Lifesavers should receive training to start and administer in' travenous fluids. Good scientific studies, based on valid data, need to be performed to determine the efficacy of intravenous fluid administration and other combat medical skills.