cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anaerobic Metabolism in Tidal Freshwater Wetlands: II. Effects of Plant Removal on Archaeal Microbial Communities

The interaction of plant and microbial communi- ties are known to influence the dynamics of methane emis- sion in wetlands. Plant manipulations were conducted in an organic rich (JB-organic) and a mineral rich (JB-mineral) site in a tidal freshwater wetland to determine if plant removal impacted archaeal populations. In concert, a suite of process-based measurements also determined the effects of plant removal on rates of methanogenesis and Fe- reduction. The microbial populations were analyzed with clone libraries of the SSU ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene from selected plots, and terminal restriction length polymor- phism (tRFLP) of the SSU rRNA and the methyl-coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) gene. Overall, methanogenesis domi- nated anaerobic carbon mineralization at both sites during the most active growing season. A total of 114 SSU rRNA clones from four different plots revealed a diversity of Euryarchaeota including representatives of the Methanomi- crobiales, Methanosarcinales and Thermoplasmatales. The clone libraries were dominated by the Thaumarchaeota, accounting for 65 % of clones, although their diversity was low. A total of 112 tRFLP profiles were generated from 56 samples from 25 subplots; the patterns for both SSU rRNA and mcrA showed little variation between sites, either with plant treatment or with the growing season. Overall these results suggest that wetland soil archaeal populations were resilient to changes in the associated surface plant communities. The work also revealed the presence of novel, mesophilic Thaumarchaeota of unknown metabolic function.
Surgical treatment of dysthyroid orbitopathy

Abstract Objectives Orbital decompression for dysthyroid orbitopathy may be performed by open or transnasal endoscopic approaches; however, criteria for the selection of the appropriate surgical technique have not been well-defined. Our goal was to compare the surgical outcomes of orbital decompression techniques employed by the otolaryngology and ophthalmology services at a single institution, so as to clarify the indications and develop a rationale for optimal management. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting Tertiary care academic medical center. Subjects and Methods Orbital decompressions on 112 orbits of 69 patients from 2001 to 2008 at a tertiary care academic medical center. Results The majority (83%) of orbital decompressions were performed primarily for proptosis, whereas the remainder was indicated for dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Maximum reduction of proptosis was achieved with an endoscopic medial and inferior orbital wall decompression combined with a lateral orbitotomy with fat removal. The average reduction in proptosis was 7.4 mm ± 2.3 mm (primary surgery for proptosis). The endoscopic approach alone provided the least average proptosis reduction but was highly successful in the treatment of dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Conclusions A three-wall decompression using a combined endoscopic and external approach provides the greatest amount of decompression. The endoscopic approach as a single modality is best suited for patients with mild proptosis and for patients with dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Cooperation between otolaryngology and ophthalmology achieves the best care for patients with thyroid eye disease who require surgical treatment.
Modified stable Euler-number algorithm implementation for real-time image binarization

The stable Euler-number-based image binarization has been shown to give excellent visual results for images containing high amount of image noise. Being computationally expensive, its applications are limited mostly to general-purpose processors and in application specific integrated circuits. In this paper a modified stable Euler-number-based algorithm for image binarization is proposed and its real-time hardware implementation in a Field Programmable Gate Array with a pipelined architecture is presented. The proposed modifications to the algorithm facilitate hardware implementation. The end result is a design that out-performs known software implementations. The amount of noisy pixels introduced during the binarization process is also minimized. Despite the stable Euler-number-based image binarization being computationally expensive, our simulations show that the proposed architecture gives accurate results and this in real time and without consuming all chip resources.
Synthesis and Properties of Novel Isomeric Regular Polysiloxanes That Contain Both Si-H and RSiO3/2(T) Units: Poly(1-hydrido-1-trimethylsiloxytetramethyltrisiloxane) and Poly(1-dimethylsiloxypentamethyltrisiloxane)

Poly(1-dimethylsiloxypentamethyltrisiloxane) (II) has been prepared by anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) of 1-dimethylsiloxypentamethylcyclotrisiloxane (I) catalyzed by butyllithium and HMPA. The isomeric polysiloxane, poly(1-hydrido-1-trimethylsiloxytetramethyltrisiloxane) (IV), has been prepared by AROP of 1-hydrido-1-trimethylsiloxytetramethylcyclotrisiloxane (III) catalyzed by dilithiodiphenylsilanediolate. These are the first regular polysiloxanes that contain both Si−H and T groups. The polymers have been characterized by 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR as well as by IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Their molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) has been determined by GPC versus monodisperse polystyrene standards. Mn has also been determined by 1H NMR end group analysis. The highly regular microstructures of these linear polysiloxanes has been determined by 29Si NMR spectroscopy. Every third siloxane unit in these polymers is a RSiO3/2 (T) group. Both copolymers contain reactive Si−H groups that ...
Vanadium oxides thin films grown on rutile TiO2(110)-(1×1) and (1×2) surfaces

Abstract Vanadium oxides on rutile TiO 2 (110)-(1×1) and (1×2) surfaces have been prepared under ultrahigh vacuum conditions by evaporation of vanadium in background O 2 and characterized by various vacuum surface analytical techniques. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) including core-level and X-ray-induced valence band, indicate the formation of V 2 O 3 on both substrates at vanadia coverages greater than one monolayer equivalent (MLE). The dispersion of vanadia is higher on the (1×2) surface than on the (1×1) surface. At lower coverages 3+ and V 4+ .
A novel way of functional retraining of cervical motor control in a water polo player with combined cervicogenic and tension type headaches.

This case report introduces an innovative and novel way of functionally retraining the sport specific cervical function in a 13-year-old elite water polo player with a combined tension type headache and cervicogenic headache. After an evidence based assessment and manipulative physical therapy management regime, consisting of manual mobilization and exercise focused on retraining the deep cervical flexors and sub-occipital extensors, the patient was left with persistent residual complaints inhibiting competitive level sport participation. Re-assessment and subsequent retraining of a specific provocative functional task was facilitated by using the Cervical Trainer™. Using a wireless sensor worn on the head, this device registers three-dimensional movement and displays this on a computer screen, providing direct feedback on movement performance. After a 6-week period of training sessions, the residual complaints subsided and her score on the Headache Impact Test-6 questionnaire improved from 51 to 36 signi...
Disparities in psychological distress across education and sex: a longitudinal analysis of their persistence within a cohort over 19 years.

Purpose Disparities in psychological distress across socioeconomic status and sex persist throughout adulthood as cohorts age. In this study, we investigate the extent to which this persistence represents either (i) a single set of individuals who at the start of adulthood show distress that is chronic and long lasting or (ii) different sets of individuals that have a staggered onset of short-term distress throughout adulthood. Methods We use path analysis on data from the National Child Development Study, a longitudinal cohort study that assessed psychological distress at ages 23, 33, and 42 years. Results About 80% of distress disparities at age 42 result from chronic distress that was present in a single set of individuals at least 19 years earlier at the beginning of adulthood. Conclusions These results support a targeted approach to the reduction of distress disparities that focuses on young adults with high levels of distress and seeks to improve their long-term mental health.
Phase behavior of fluoroether-functional amphiphiles in supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract The observed low solubility of hydrophilic compounds in non-polar C02 can limit applications of supercritical-fluid technology in some high growth industries, such as biotechnology. Reverse micelle formation offers a means to overcome low solubility of hydrophilic compounds in carbon dioxide, yet commercially-available ionic surfactants exhibit relatively poor solubility in C02 at moderate pressures. Synthesis of amphiphiles containing functional groups which are known to interact favorably, in a thermodynamic sense, with carbon dioxide offers a potential solution to this problem. Our results with fluoroether-functional amphiphiles show this to be a valid premise. Apparently, there are several competing effects that determine the solubility of these materials in carbon dioxide: increasing molecular weight tends to drive the cloud-point curve to higher pressures, yet, addition of C0 2 -philic fluoroether groups and branching of the C0 2 -philic tails works to depress the cloud-point curve to lower pressures. Further, increasing the polarity of the polar head group induces the cloud-point curve to move to higher pressures. Finally, we have shown that fluoroether-functional amphiphiles permit extraction of thymol blue from aqueous solution into carbon dioxide.
GENERALIZED SPACES OF GENERAL RELATIVITY, II.

1. This paper is a revision of the paper with the same title which was published a year ago. The paper deals with a space of four dimensions V4 of coordinates xi as i takes the values 1 to 4. The geometry of the space is based upon the asymmetric functions gij and the asymmetric coefficients of connection Prk and upon the Einsteinm equation2 gij,k = gih kj + ghj ri. (1) Here, gi,k denotes the derivative of gij with respect to xk and each of the terrms on the right stands for the sum of terms as h takes the values 1 to 4. Throughout this paper, a quantity followed by a comma and index denotes the derivative of the quantity with respect to x with this index. Also, when there is a repeated upper and lower index, the one term stands for the sum of terms as that index takes the values 1 to 4, as for example h in equation (1). Write equation (1) in the form gij,k + gij,k = (g9 + gh)(rj - rjh ) + (gjh - gjh) (rp + rk), - - - v ~ v w v v i where gij and gij are the symmetric and skew-symmetric parts of gij, and Frj and Fjk: are the symmetric and skew-symmetric parts of Frj. This type of notation is used throughout this paper. When i and j are interchanged in the above equation, the resulting equation is
Should I Stay or Should I Go?: Transformation of Time-Discounted Rewards in Orbitofrontal Cortex and Associated Brain Circuits

Animals prefer a small, immediate reward over a larger delayed reward (time discounting). Lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) can either increase or decrease the breakpoint at which animals abandon the large delayed reward for the more immediate reward as the delay becomes longer. Here we argue that the varied effects of OFC lesions on delayed discounting reflect two different patterns of activity in OFC; one that bridges the gap between a response and an outcome and another that discounts delayed reward. These signals appear to reflect the spatial location of the reward and/or the action taken to obtain it, and are encoded independently from representations of absolute value. We suggest a dual role for output from OFC in both discounting delayed reward, while at the same time supporting new learning for them.
Colonization of mechanical ventilation bags during use.

Abstract Background: Colonization of patients' mechanical ventilation bags was examined to evaluate two criteria (days in use and appearance) for replacing the disposable adapter that interfaces with the patient. Methods: Adapters used 1 to 2, 3 to 4 and 6 to 7 days formed groups 1, II, and III, respectively ( n = 29 to 67 per group). Another group (IA) contained 33 adapters used 1 to 2 days from patients intubated at least 7 days. Appearance of adapters was noted and adapters were swab cultured on nonselective medium. Results: Analysis of variance indicated a difference in log colony-forming units per adapter between groups I and II ( p = 0.032), but colony-forming units per adapter varied widely. Group III had a lower mean colony-forming unit count than group II. Groups I and II differed in variables other than days of use, but these confounding variables were eliminated by substituting group IA for group I. When adapter appearance versus colonization was examined by χ 2 test, a significant difference was found between adapters that looked "clean" and those with precipitate or with mucus or blood. Conclusions: For the subjects studied, colonization of adapters increased significantly between 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 days of use but varied widely. Appearance may be more useful than days in use as a criterion for changing adapters.
The phospholipid composition of Bradyrhizobium spp.

The phospholipid composition of two strains ofBradyrhizobium is reported. In contrast to previous studies [Bunn CR, Elkan GH (1970) Can J Microbiol 17:291–295; and Gerson T, Patel JJ (1975) Appl Microbiol 30:193–198], we determined that phosphatidylglycerol is a major phospholipid within this bacterial genus. Furthermore, neither phosphatidylserine nor phosphatidylinositol was detected within lipid extracts derived from these bacteria. In addition to phosphatidylglycerol, other major phospholipids ofBradyrhizobium were shown to include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and cardiolipin. Possible explanations for the discrepancies between the present study and those of previous investigations are discussed.
Multiseason evaluation of the MM5, COAMPS and WRF over southeast United States

Three models, MM5, COAMPS, and WRF, have been applied for the warm season in 2003 and the cool season in 2003–2004 to evaluate their performances. All models run over the same domain area covering the north Gulf Mexico and southeastern United States (US) region with the same spatial resolution of 27 km. It was found that the temporal variations of the mean error distribution and strength at 24 and 36 h were rather weak for surface temperature, sea level pressure, and surface wind speed for all models. A warm bias in surface temperature forecasts dominated over land during the warm season, whereas a cool bias existed during the cool season. The MM5 and WRF produced negative biases of sea level pressure during the warm season and positive biases during the cool season while the COAMPS yielded a similar distribution of sea level pressure biases during both seasons. During both seasons, similar surface wind speed biases produced by each model included a high wind speed forecast over most areas by MM5 while the COAMPS and WRF yielded weak surface winds over the western Plains and stronger surface winds over the eastern Plains. Root-mean-squared errors revealed that the forecast of surface temperature, sea level pressure, and surface wind speed were degraded with the increase of forecast time. For rainfall evaluation, it was found that the MM5 underpredicted seasonal precipitation while the COAMPS and WRF overpredicted. The bias scores revealed that the MM5 yielded an underprediction of the coverage of precipitation areas, especially for heavier rainfall events. The MM5 presented the lower threat score at lighter rainfall events compared to the COAMPS and WRF. For moderate and heavier thresholds, all models lacked forecast accuracy. The WRF accuracy in predicting precipitation was heavily dependent upon the performance of the selected cumulus parameterization scheme. Use of the Grell–Devenyi and Bette–Miller–Janjic schemes helps suppress precipitation overprediction.
EFFECTS OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY UPON THE BLOOD PICTURE OF THE RAT

THE IHITLAX REPORT of Houssay and his coworkers (I) on anemia following hypophysectomy in the rabbit, together with Cushing‚s description (2) of an erythremia as part of the basophilic syndrome, stimulated a number of experimental investigations into the effects of pituitary disturbances on the blood picture (3, 4, 5). In earlier work a hematological significance has been attributed to the thyroid (6–10) and the adrenal cortex (I1, I2, I3), while more recently the importance of the anterior pituitary has been emphasised. Meyer, Stewart, Thewlis and Rusch (I4) concluded that hypophyses tomy in rats resulted in an anemia. Flaks, Himmel and Zlotnick (I5) reported a thermostable anterior pituitary fraction which stimulated erythrocyte prcduction in rats. Overbeek (4) failed to find any anemia in rats after hypophysectomy. Overbeek and Querido (16), however, described a decrease in numbers of erythrogenic elements in the bone marrow of hypophysectomized rats.
Luther's Mother Margarethe

What do we know about Luther's mother?According to the biographers, very little. We have “only a very shadowy conception,” Heinrich Boehmer says, in spite of Spalatin's remark that Martin was her “spit and image.” Even Erik Erikson, who is quite ready to offer clinical extrapolations from scant evidence, admits that a “big gap exists here, which only conjecture could fill.”
Experimental predictions for the normal state of electron-doped high-temperature superconductors

Abstract The discovery of n-type high-temperature superconductors implies an electron-hole symmetry that is missing in two-band descriptions of the copper oxides. At the same time, several peculiar differences between the new electron-carriers and the older hole-carriers cannot be explained within the Cu-based single-band Hubbard model. It is shown that these differences are expected within a dopant-induced valence transition mechanism proposed earlier, in which a first-order valence transition accompanies the antiferromagnetic-superconductor transition in the copper oxides. Based on this theoretical mechanism, a large number of explicit testable experimental predictions are made for the normal state of Nd(Ce)CuO.
Boundary defects, and atomistic aspects of boundary sliding and diffusional creep

Abstract The paper describes behavior of atoms in a grain or phase boundary when the boundary slides (when the crystals which meet at the boundary suffer a relative shear displacement parallel to the boundary plane) and during diffusional creep (when the crystals which meet at the boundary suffer both a normal and a shear translation). Boundary defects are involved. They are dislocations, with Burgers' vectors which need not be lattice vectors of either crystal. If they are sufficiently numerous and mobile, the rate of sliding and diffusional creep is given by the classical, continuum models. But if their density is low, or their motion is hindered, the rate of sliding and of creep is less than that predicted by the classical treatments. Equations for sliding and creep rates are developed.
Endoscopic subsurface imaging in tissues

The objective of this work is to develop endoscopic subsurface optical imaging technology that will be able to image different tissue components located underneath the surface of the tissue at an imaging depth of up to 1 centimeter. This effort is based on the utilization of existing technology and components developed for medical endoscopes with the incorporation of the appropriate modifications to implement the spectral and polarization difference imaging technique. This subsurface imaging technique employs polarization and spectral light discrimination in combination with image processing to remove a large portion of the image information from the outer layers of the tissue which leads to enhancement of the contrast and image quality of subsurface tissue structures.
Noninvasive Optical, Electrical, and Acoustic Methods of Total Hemoglobin Determination

Background: Anemia is an underdiagnosed, significant public health concern afflicting >2 billion people worldwide. The detrimental effects of tissue oxygen deficiency on the cardiovascular system and concurrent appearance of anemia with numerous high-risk disorders highlight the importance of clinical screening. Currently there is no universally accepted, clinically applicable, noninvasive hemoglobin/hematocrit screening tool. The need for such a device has prompted an investigation into a breadth of techniques. Methods: A synopsis of the literature and current directions of research in noninvasive total hemoglobin measurement was collected. Contributions highlighted in this review are limited to those studies conducted with a clinical aspect, and most include in vivo patient studies. Results: The review of potential techniques presented here includes optoacoustic spectroscopy, spectrophotometric imaging, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, transcutaneous illumination, electrical admittance plethysmography, and photoplethysmography. The technological performance, relative benefits of each approach, potential instrumentation design considerations, and future directions are discussed in each subcategory. Conclusions: Many techniques reviewed here have shown excellent accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in measuring hemoglobin/hematocrit, thus in the near future a new clinically viable tool for noninvasive hemoglobin/hematocrit monitoring will likely be widely used for patient care. Limiting factors in clinical adoption will likely involve technology integration into the current standard of care in each field routinely dealing with anemia.
An MCell model of calcium dynamics and frequency-dependence of calmodulin activation in dendritic spines

Abstract Pairing action potentials in synaptically coupled cortical pyramidal cells induces LTP in a frequency-dependent manner (H. Markram et al., Science 275 (1997) 213). Using MCell, which simulated the 3D geometry of the spine and the diffusion and binding of Ca 2+ , we show that pairing five EPSPs and back-propagating action potentials results in a Ca 2+ influx into a model dendritic spine that is largely frequency independent but leads to a frequency-dependent activation of postsynaptic calmodulin. Furthermore, we show how altering the availability of calmodulin and the calcium-binding capacity can alter the efficacy and potency of the frequency-response curve. The model shows how the cell can regulate its plasticity by buffering Ca 2+ signals.
Empirical Design Methods for Geosynthetic-Reinforced Low-Volume Roads

Low-volume road managers are forced to focus their limited resources on higher-capacity infrastructure, with minimal funding for repairing, maintaining, or improving unpaved low-volume roads as a result. Insufficient funding requires road managers to consider the use of innovative stabilization and reinforcement materials to reduce operational costs and minimize maintenance requirements. Geosynthetic materials have been used for many years to improve the quality of low-volume roads in an effort to reduce the amount of aggregate required or to extend the service life of the pavement. The objective of this paper is to review the use of geotextiles and geogrids in unpaved roads, compare common design approaches, discuss advantages and limitations of current design methods, and seek directions for future research efforts to improve the implementation of geosynthetic technologies. This paper summarizes prior research activities to establish the historical performance of geosyntheticreinforced unpaved roads. On...
Seismoelectric measurements in a porous quartz-sand sample with anisotropic permeability

Seismoelectric coupling coefficients are difficult to predict theoretically because they depend on a large numbers of rock properties, including porosity, permeability, tortuosity, etc. The dependence of the coupling coefficient on rock properties such as permeability requires experimental data. In this study, we carry out a set of laboratory measurements to determine the dependence of seismoelectric coupling coefficient on permeability. We use both an artificial porous “sandstone” sample, with cracks, built using quartz-sand and Berea sandstone samples. The artificial sample is a cube with 39% porosity. Its permeability levels are anisotropic: 14.7 D, 13.8 D, and 8.3 D in the x-, y-, and z-directions, respectively. Seismoelectric measurements are performed in a water tank in the frequency range of 20 kHz–90 kHz. A piezoelectric P-wave source is used to generate an acoustic wave that propagates through the sample from the three different (x, y, and z) directions. The amplitudes of the seismoelectric signal induced by the acoustic waves vary with the direction. The highest signal is in the direction of the highest permeability, and the lowest signal is in the direction of the lowest permeability. Since the porosity of the sample is constant, the results directly show the dependence of seismoelectric coefficients on permeability. Seismoelectric measurements with natural rocks are performed using Berea sandstone 500 and 100 samples. Because the Berea samples are nearly isotropic in permeability, the amplitudes of the seismoelectric signals induced in the different directions are the same within the measurement error. Because the permeability of Berea 500 is higher than that of Berea 100, the amplitude of the seismoelectric signals induced in Berea 500 is higher than those in Berea 100. To determine the relative contributions of porosity and permeability on seismoelectric conversion, we carried out an analysis, using Pride(1994) formulation and Kozeny–Carman relationship; the normalized amplitudes of seismoelectric coupling coefficients in three directions are calculated and compared with the experimental results. The results show that the seismoelectric conversion is related to permeability in the frequency range of measurements. This is an encouraging result since it opens the possibility of determining the permeability of a formation from seismoelectric measurements.
Making Padilla Practical: Defense Counsel and Collateral Consequences at Guilty Plea

This essay, part of the 2010 Wiley A. Branton Symposium at Howard Law School, addresses some of the practicalities of making the Supreme Court's decision in Padilla v. Kentucky, 130 S. Ct. 1473 (2010) an operational reality. Padilla held that defense counsel have an ethical obligation to advise their clients of the possibility of deportation when pleading guilty. The inescapable logic of Padilla is that counsel's duty will extend to warning about other serious collateral consequences as well. Putting more demands on overburdened defense counsel raises a number of issues. First, how can public defenders, who are already challenged in providing basic representation add more to their duties? Second, how can defense counsel, who are not specialists in collateral consequences, be aware of the hundreds or thousands of potential collateral consequences which could apply in any given case? This essay proposes that the standards of competent representation should continue to develop even if they are not always met because of governmental funding choices. In addition, introducing collateral consequences into plea negotiation will sometimes facilitate a better disposition of the criminal case. Although Padilla means more work for defense attorneys, it also promises better outcomes for clients. The essay also makes some suggestions about ways of identifying the most common and most serious collateral consequences in each state, to simplify the process of advising clients.
Formulation of the point control problems in wave equation with boundary damping

The point control problem in a wave equation with the damping involving only the coupling of the displacement and the velocity at the boundary is considered. An adequate extension of the state space is defined. A characterization of the physically intrinsic spaces in the extended state space is given. >
Doing Housework, Redoing Gender: Queer Couples Negotiate the Household Division of Labor

Drawing on interviews with 30 queer participants who are currently cohabitating with a partner, we examine accounts of the negotiation of the household division of labor. We expand the scope of previous research to assess housework and child care practices among both sexual and gender minorities. We find that queer couples’ accounts of their arrangements are shaped by time availability and personal preferences as well as broader social context, such as labor force participation and citizenship. We suggest the division of domestic labor in these queer couples represents an opportunity for redoing gender through challenging normative gender roles and creating alternatives for how gender shapes social life.
Confirmation and Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) in Nebraska

Abstract Glyphosate-resistant common waterhemp is a difficult-to-control annual broadleaf weed that has become a serious management challenge for growers in Nebraska and other states in the United States. The objectives of this study were to confirm glyphosate-resistant common waterhemp in Nebraska by quantifying level of resistance in a dose-response study, and to determine the sensitivity and efficacy of POST soybean herbicides for controlling suspected glyphosate-resistant common waterhemp biotypes. Seeds of suspected glyphosate-resistant common waterhemp biotypes were collected from seven eastern Nebraska counties. Greenhouse dose-response experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of common waterhemp biotypes to nine rates of glyphosate (0 to 16×). Common waterhemp biotypes were 3- to 39-fold resistant to glyphosate depending on the biotype being investigated and the susceptible biotype used for comparison. Results of the POST soybean herbicides efficacy experiment suggested that glyphosate-...
The risk of ‘going observationalist’: negotiating the hidden dilemmas of being an insider participant observer:

Based on a review of the literature and the author’s own experiences, this article develops a framework for understanding the hidden dilemmas of being an insider participant observer. A common assumption made about participant observation is that being an insider offers a distinct advantage in terms of accessing and understanding the culture. However, these advantages are not absolute and the insider must be aware of ethical and methodological dilemmas associated with entering the field, positioning and disclosure, shared relationships and disengagement. The article discusses these dilemmas and identifies issues that need more careful evaluation and analysis within the field of qualitative inquiry. The assumption that insiderness provides the researcher with greater access and deeper understanding is often true, but the degree of achieved insiderness is related to a number of critical factors that are determined by the circumstances of the moment.
Bernoulli Without Bayes: A Theory of Utility-Sophisticated Preferences under Ambiguity

A decision-maker is utility-sophisticated if he ranks acts according to their expected utility whenever such comparisons are meaningful. We characterize utility sophistication in cases in which probabilistic beliefs are not too imprecise, and show that in these cases utility-sophisticated preferences are completely determined by consequence utilities and event attitudes captured by preferences over bets. The Anscombe-Aumann framework as employed in the classical contributions of Schmeidler (1989) and Gilboa-Schmeidler (1989) can be viewed as an important special case. For the class of utility sophisticated preferences with sufficiently precise beliefs, we also propose a definition of revealed probabilistic beliefs that overcomes the limitations of existing definitions.
Publication bias in “Red, rank, and romance in women viewing men,” by Elliot et al. (2010).

Elliot et al. (2010) reported multiple experimental findings that the color red modified women's ratings of attractiveness, sexual desirability, and status of a photographed man. An analysis of the reported statistics of these studies indicates that the experiments lack sufficient power to support these claims. Given the power of the experiments, the probability that the observed 12 findings would all reject the null hypothesis is only .005. Thus, the proper interpretation of the findings is that the studies are contaminated with publication bias. Either some experiments with null findings were not reported or the reported experiments were run improperly in a way that inflated the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis. Because of the presence of publication bias, the findings in Elliot et al. (2010) should be considered nonscientific or anecdotal. It remains an open question whether the color red influences women's ratings of men's attributes.
The Role of the Professional Middle Class in the Mobilization of Palestinian Society: The Medical and Agricultural Committees

The political mobilization of Palestinians in the occupied territories in the 1980s was closely tied to the rise of a new elite and the marginalization of the traditional notable leadership. Such mobilization was necessary in order to overcome, at least in part, the class, kin, and regional cleavages that had long fragmented Palestinian society and that had been used by occupying powers to undermine collective national action. The mobilization of Palestinian society by a new elite was made possible by structural changes that had led to the peripheralization of the traditional elite. The three most important structural changes were the dramaticrise of wage labor after 1967, which transfigured a basically peasant society, extensive land confiscations, and the widespread availability of university education after 1972. Each of these developments helped to break traditional patron–client relations that had been the social base of the old elite and paved the way for the rise of a more extensive, better educated, more rural, and nonlanded elite which had gained cohesion in thePalestinian universities. In addition, these developments, and in particular the diminution of the Palestinian peasantry, meant that large segments of the population had, in effect, been cleaved from their social moorings and were, thus, more open for recruitment into new forms of social relations and organizations. It is to refer to these structural changes in Palestinian society that I use the term “social mobilization.”
Modeling the effects of timing parameters on virus propagation

In this paper, we investigate epidemiological models to reason about computer viral propagation. We extend the classical homogeneous models to incorporate two timing parameters: Infection delay and user vigilance. We show that these timing parameters greatly influence the propagation of viral epidemics, and that the explicit treatment of these parameters gives rise to a more realistic and accurate propagation model. We validate the new model with simulation analysis.
Invention and Innovation - Key to keeping Photovoltaic R&D in the United States

The photovoltaic industry, like other technology-based industries, has undergone a massive migration out of the US. To ensure participation of US-based manufacturing companies in this important technology (and US-based R&D), we need innovation, not just invention.
Evaluation of the Performance of Randomized versus Fixed Time Schedules for Quality Control Procedures

Background: Although minimum regulatory standards exist for determining QC testing frequency, decisions regarding when and how to run QC samples are not standardized. Most QC testing strategies test control samples at fixed time intervals, often placing the samples in the same position on an instrument during subsequent QC events and leaving large gaps of time when control samples are never run, yet patient samples are being tested. Methods: Mathematical derivations and computer simulation were used to determine the expected waiting time between an out-of-control condition and the next scheduled QC test for various QC testing strategies that use fixed or random intervals between QC tests. Results: Scheduling QC tests at fixed intervals yields an average time between the occurrence of an out-of-control error condition and the next scheduled QC test that is equal to half of the fixed time interval. This performance was the best among the QC scheduling strategies investigated. Near-optimal performance, however, was achieved by randomly selecting time intervals between QC events centered on the desired expected interval length, a method that provides variation in QC testing times throughout the day. Conclusions: If the goal is to vary QC testing times throughout the day while maintaining the shortest expected length of time between error conditions and the next scheduled QC test, then a near-optimal QC scheduling strategy combines randomly selected time intervals centered on the desired length of time between QC events with fixed time intervals.
Hierarchical Feature Extraction for Efficient Design of Microfluidic Flow Patterns

Deep neural networks are being widely used for feature representation learning in diverse problem areas ranging from object recognition and speech recognition to robotic perception and human disease prediction. We demonstrate a novel, perhaps the first application of deep learning in mechanical design, specifically to learn complex microfluidic flow patterns in order to solve inverse problems in fluid mechanics. A recent discovery showed the ability to control the fluid deformations in a microfluidic channel by placing a sequence of pillars. This provides a fundamental tool for numerous material science, manufacturing and biological applications. However, designing pillar sequences for user-defined deformations is practically infeasible as the current process requires laborious and time-consuming design iterations in a very large, highly nonlinear design space that can have as large as 10 possibilities. We demonstrate that hierarchical feature extraction can potentially lead to a scalable design tool via learning semantic representations from a relatively small number of flow pattern examples. The paper compares the performances of pre-trained deep neural networks and deep convolutional neural networks as well as their learnt features. We show that a balanced training data generation process with respect to a metric on the output space improves the feature extraction performance. Overall, the deep learning based design process is shown to expedite the current state-of-the-art design approaches by more than 600 times.
A Model For Predicting Diastereoselectivity In Yeast Reductions

The preparation of chiral synthons by reduction of prochiral ketones catalysed by baker's yeast and the use of redesigned substrates for such reductions is reviewed. A working model for the diastereoselective reduction of α-substituted β-dicarbonyl compounds is discussed.
Glutamate Dehydrogenase: Structure, Regulation, and Its Role in Insulin Homeostasis

This chapter reviews the structure and allosteric regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). For decades, it was known that mammalian GDH was regulated by a wide array of metabolites, but the reason for such regulation was not at all clear. The demonstration that hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia (HHS) is caused by the loss of some of this regulation, for the first time, demonstrated that GDH regulation was essential for insulin homeostasis. Presented here are the atomic details for this complex network of allosteric regulation and how such information can lead to development of pharmaceutical agents that might not only be useful in treating HHS, but may also have utility as anticancer agents.
Universal and Particular Persons and Places

What kind of cosmopolitan identity is possible in a world of assertive particular identities? This paper explores universalism by means of a contrast with the failed aspirations of modernist architects to create a style that was valid everywhere, above history. It argues that the real shared identity in all persons and places is the temporal process of negotiating particular history amid the spacing and reflection that makes any identity possible. Social norms and structures exist in experience over time, which requires an ongoing unity of actively maintained by processes of individual synthesis and social reproduction. There are no pure factual particular identities, nor any pure, universal place or universal "we". The universal is not one identity among others; it is a component or moment within them. When that internal tension is socially recognized, there is more space for self-criticism, and for self-critical dialogue among different local identities. A cosmopolitan, then, takes into account more explicitly the universal component of the process of self-production within any identity.
Film Censorship in Argentina: 1958-1976

In this article, I trace the emergence and impact of legislation that regulated film in Argentina from 1957-1976—a tumultuous period given that military governments continually interrupted democratic administrations. Contrary to what has been long held that censorship began during the revolucion libertadora, I make the case that censorship legislation was first passed during the democratic government of Arturo Frondizi (term of office 1958-1962). This legislation prioritized the projection of a poster-image of the nation, the protection of Catholic values, and the promotion of shared national beliefs. This early legislation paved the way for the instauration of film censorship in 1968—as well as the regulations on censorship approved up until March 1976, when a new dictatorship took over—, but was met with antagonism from several different social actors at that time. Several resonant cases illustrate the dynamic censorship-freedom of expression that characterized the 1958-1976 period.
Assessing Relative Risk for the Failure Modes of a Bridge Scour Countermeasure

AbstractWidely used failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) can be very effective in assessing the relative risks of the failure modes of a bridge scour countermeasure. In this study, an approach is developed for assessing the relative risks of failure modes of a bridge scour countermeasure overcoming the limitations of risk priority numbers (RPNs) associated with individual failure modes. Appropriate application of the RPNs is established by ensuring that high values of RPNs, indicating a relatively higher risk of failure, have higher severity and occurrence ratings compared with the low RPNs, indicating low risk. Replacement of the use of RPNs with risk priority codes (RPCs) enables engineers to prioritize the risks for any severity-occurrence pair using the same scale as the ratings, unlike the RPNs. Given the simplicity and effectiveness of this technique, RPCs are shown to be preferable for assessing and prioritizing the relative risks of the failure modes of a bridge scour countermeasure.
Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of the T1 Triplet Excited State of Oligothiophenes

The characterization of triplet excited states is essential for research on organic photovoltaics and singlet fission. We report resonance Raman spectra of two triplet oligothiophenes with n-alkyl substituents, a tetramer and hexamer. The spectra of the triplets are more complex than the ground state, and we find that density functional theory calculations are a useful starting point for characterizing the bands. The spectra of triplet tetrathiophene and hexathiophene differ significantly from one another. This observation is consistent with a T1 excitation that is delocalized over at least five rings in long oligomers. Bands in the 500–800 cm–1 region are greatly diminished for an aggregated sample of hexathiophene, likely caused by fast electronic dephasing. These experiments highlight the potential of resonance Raman spectroscopy to unequivocally detect and characterize triplets in thiophene materials. The vibrational spectra can also serve as rigorous standards for evaluating computational methods for...
Satiety from fat? Adverse effects of intestinal infusion of sodium oleate

To determine whether damage to the intestinal mucosa by oleic acid causes the suppression of food intake observed in response to intraintestinal infusion of the fatty acid, we measured lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, a marker for cell damage, in the intestinal lumen after intestinal infusion of fatty acid under conditions similar to those employed in studies of eating behavior. Infusions of 25 or 51 mM sodium oleate (neutralized oleic acid) markedly and rapidly increased LDH activity, whereas infusions of saline had little or no effect. Infusion of octanoate, which has been reported to be ineffective in reducing eating behavior, did not increase intestinal LDH activity relative to saline infusion. Similarly, infusion of ethyl oleate or free (nonneutralized) oleic acid neither increased luminal LDH activity nor suppressed food intake. Infusion of sodium oleate also produced a strong conditioned aversion to sucrose. The results strongly suggest that the suppression of food intake induced by intraintestinal infusion of sodium oleate is due to the injurious effects of this unphysiological form of the fatty acid.
Observations on Regional Differentials in Cooperative Organization

T HE farming people of the Southeast have availed themselves little of the technicways of cooperation. Put in another way, the cooperative movement has made only negligible progress in this region. In the year 1939, only one out of twelve farmers in the Southeast did any business through cooperatives.' In the Nation as a whole, more than one out of five, and in several regions, more than one out of three, farmers did business through cooperatives. A comparison of the regions is given in Table 1, and Table 2 gives a comparison of the States composing the Southeast. It is seen that the border States of Virginia and Kentucky, in this, as in so many other characteristics, vary from the pattern of the other Southeastern States, approaching more nearly the averages of contiguous areas. Florida also shows a marked variation. Eliminating statistics for these three States would reduce severely the average for the balance of the Southeast. The census presents no data on the nature of the transactions reported except to classify them as buying, selling, or service. Therefore, to gain any knowledge of the importance of the several crops in cooperative enterprise, it is necessary to rely on the statistics for membership in cooperatives as compiled by the Cooperative Research and Service Division of the Farm Credit Administration. Table 3 analyzes the total cooperative
Spinal cord gliomas.

Characteristics of spinal cord gliomas Spinal cord gliomas comprised 20% of intraspinal tumors of all types in a large surgical series (Table 1) [1]. These tumors share several characteristics with cerebral gliomas. Spinal gliomas use the same histopathological classi®cation as gliomas of the cerebral hemispheres, such as astrocytoma and ependymoma. Determination of tumor grade is useful in predicting clinical behavior [2]. Diffuse ®brillary astrocytomas of the spinal cord are in®ltrative, with signi®cant limitations for resectability, whereas pilocytic astrocytomas and ependymomas are well-circumscribed lesions.