cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A HAMILTONIAN FOR QUANTUM COPYING

Abstract We derive an explicit Hamiltonian for copying the basis up and down states of a quantum two-state system - a qubit - onto n “copy” qubits (n ≥ 1) initially all prepared in the down state. In terms of spin components, for spin - 1 2 particle spin states, the resulting Hamiltonian involves n- and (n + 1)-spin interactions. The case n = 1 also corresponds to a quantum-computing controlled-NOT gate.
Pituitary Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Normal Human Volunteers: Occult Adenomas in the General Population

Objective: To determine the prevalence of focal lesions of the pituitary gland that suggest the presence of a pituitary adenoma in asymptomatic persons. Design: 100 normal volunteers (70 women, 30 ...
Software merge: Models and methods for combining changes to programs

We outline a model for programs and data and present a formal definition of an ideal change merging operation. This model is used to develop a new semantically based method for combining changes to programs. We also evaluate the appropriateness of the change merging operation and examine some circumstances where the specifications of a program as well as the implementations can be used to guide the change merging process in cases where the implementations conflict but the specifications do not.
An improved procedure for the asymmetric aldol reaction of the titanium enolate of an N3-propionyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,4-oxadiazin-2-one

Abstract The direct formation of the titanium enolate of N 3 -propionyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2 H -1,3,4-oxadiazin-2-one has been achieved through complexation with titanium tetrachloride at 25°C, followed by deprotonation with triethylamine (−78 to 25°C). The preformed titanium enolate has been reacted with D 2 O/DCl to afford deuterated derivative 6 and also reacted with a series of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes affording aldol adducts 4a – f with crude diastereoselectivities ranging from 8:1 to 38:1.
Improved photoelectrochemical performance of Ti-doped α-Fe2O3 thin films by surface modification with fluoride

CoF(3) aqueous solution was used to modify the surface of Ti-doped iron oxide thin film photoanodes to negatively shift the flat-band potential and allow photogenerated electrons to directly reduce water to hydrogen without an external bias; the zero bias performance was further improved by the use of glucose (a biomass analog) to bypass the relatively slow oxygen evolution reaction to provide a source of electrons to rapidly consume photogenerated holes.
NSCL-Ongoing activities and future perspectives

Abstract Michigan State University’s NSCL (National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory) is funded by the US National Science Foundation to operate the premier rare isotope user facility in the US. Beams of rare isotopes at NSCL are produced via projectile fragmentation or fission and separated in-flight. The current NSCL facility capabilities and main research directions will be outlined. The laboratory is currently expanding its capabilities by building an efficient gas-stopping and reacceleration capability initially up to 3.2 MeV per nucleon. For the longer term future, NSCL is proposing to replace the existing superconducting cyclotrons with a high-intensity, 200 MeV per nucleon superconducting heavy-ion linac.
An efficient asymmetric synthesis of 1-acyl-2-alkyl-1,2-dihydropyridines

Two efficient chiral auxiliary mediated asymmetric syntheses of synthetically useful 1-acyl-2-alkyl-1,2-dihydropyridines are described.
Simulation Gaming: The Confluence of Quantitative and Behavioral Theory

In this article the authors examine the effectiveness of simulation gaming in business education. They discuss previous research that has indicated that business students have not been properly prepared for the real world dimensions of their careers. In this paper they propose that simulation gaming has begun to combat this problem by allowing students to face the real world situations they can expect to encounter after school. They assert that gaming has the ability to prepare students for the environment of uncertainty that exists in real organizations. By gaining experience with techniques such as managing both people and products students can better equip themselves for the decisions they will face as managers.
Blending Modified Gaussian Closure and Non-Gaussian Reduced Subspace Methods for Turbulent Dynamical Systems

Turbulent dynamical systems are characterized by persistent instabilities which are balanced by nonlinear dynamics that continuously transfer energy to the stable modes. To model this complex statistical equilibrium in the context of uncertainty quantification all dynamical components (unstable modes, nonlinear energy transfers, and stable modes) are equally crucial. Thus, order-reduction methods present important limitations. On the other hand uncertainty quantification methods based on the tuning of the non-linear energy fluxes using steady-state information (such as the modified quasilinear Gaussian (MQG) closure) may present discrepancies in extreme excitation scenarios. In this paper we derive a blended framework that links inexpensive second-order uncertainty quantification schemes that model the full space (such as MQG) with high order statistical models in specific reduced-order subspaces. The coupling occurs in the energy transfer level by (i) correcting the nonlinear energy fluxes in the full space using reduced subspace statistics, and (ii) by modifying the reduced-order equations in the subspace using information from the full space model. The results are illustrated in two strongly unstable systems under extreme excitations. The blended method allows for the correct prediction of the second-order statistics in the full space and also the correct modeling of the higher-order statistics in reduced-order subspaces.
Developments in Nanostructured Cathode Materials for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Nanostructured materials lie at the heart of fundamental advances in efficient energy storage and/or conversion, in which surface processes and transport kinetics play determining roles. This Review describes some recent developments in the synthesis and characterization of nanostructured cathode materials, including lithium transition metal oxides, vanadium oxides, manganese oxides, lithium phosphates, and various nanostructured composites. The major goal of this Review is to highlight some new progress in using these nanostructured materials as cathodes to develop lithium batteries with high energy density, high rate capability, and excellent cycling stability resulting from their huge surface area, short distance for mass and charge transport, and freedom for volume change in nanostructured materials.
Initial Growth and Interface Structure of CdTe Thin Films Grown by MBE on 4° Miscut Si Substrates

CdTe thin films with thicknesses in the range of 60˜100 nm have been grown on miscut (001) Si surfaces under different precursors, such as Te and As, with one cycle annealing. The thin-film microstructure was studied in cross section using high-resolution electron microscopy. Atomicresolution images revealed several interesting features of the initial growth of the heteroepitaxial CdTe thin films. With As as the precursor, the films initially grew in three different orientation variants (commonly referred to as domains): (A) CdTe (111)//Si (001) with CdTe (1–10)//Si(110); (B) CdTe (111)//Si (001) with CdTe (11–2)//Si(110), and (C) CdTe (001) // Si (001) with CdTe (110) // Si (110). Each variant has demonstrated its own characteristic defects such as twinning, interface Lomer dislocations and {111} stacking faults. With the [001] growth direction, the CdTe film became defect-free by having about 13° tilt relative to Si [001] such that CdTe (1–11) and Si(−111) planes aligned sideways at the interface. With Te as the precursor, A- and B-type variants were mainly observed. The interfaces were sharper, especially for the A-type interface, but the film adhesion was weaker than when As was the precursor.
HOLOGRAPHIC INSPECTION OF TIRES

A method of non-destructively detecting internal anomalies or void areas in tires can be a valuable tool for tire structural analysis. Such a system has become commerically available. This system uses holographic interferometry in conjunction with vacuum stressing to non-destructively inspect tires for internal voids or anom alies. A holographic non-destructive testing (HNDT) system has been purchased by General Motors Proving Ground and has been utilized by the Tire and Wheel Engineering Laboratory for structural analysis of tires prior to, during, and after testing. The HNDT equipment is described and the process and utility of passenger car tire analysis explained.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Strains in thermally growing alumina films measured in-situ using synchrotron x-rays.

Strains in thermally grown oxides have been measured in-situ, as the oxides develop and evolve. Extensive data have been acquired from oxides grown in air at elevated temperatures on different model alloys that form Al2O3. Using synchrotron x-rays at the Advanced Photon Source (Beamline 12BM, Argonne National Laboratory), Debye-Scherrer diffraction patterns from the oxidizing specimen were recorded every 5 minutes during oxidation and subsequent cooling. The diffraction patterns were analyzed to determine strains in the oxides, as well as phase changes and the degree of texture. To study a specimen's response to stress perturbation, the oxidizing temperature was quickly cooled from 1100 to 950oC to impose a compressive thermal stress in the scale. This paper describes this new experimental approach and gives examples from oxidized β-NiAl, Fe-20Cr-10Al, Fe-28Al-5Cr and H2- annealed Fe-28Al-5Cr (all at. %) alloys to illustrate some current understanding of the development and relaxation of growth stresses in Al2O3.
The magnetic moments of the octet baryons in quenched chiral perturbation theory

Abstract We compute the magnetic moments of the octet baryons up to two orders in quenched chiral perturbation theory. In addition to the ∼ m q contributions that arise in QCD, there are lower-order contributions of the form M02logmq from loop diagrams involving hairpin interactions.
ELECTRON IMPACT DISSOCIATIVE IONIZATION OF NITROSYL CHLORIDE

Electron impact dissociative ionization of nitrosyl chloride (ClNO) has been studied at the electron beam energy of 200 eV. The dissociation channels of up to triply ionized ClNO are investigated by two- and three-dimensional covariance mapping methods. The absolute cross-sections for the different dissociation channels are measured. No stable ClNO+ or ClNO2+ ions are observed in the mass spectrum. The most possible pathway for the dissociation of ClNO+ is ClNO+ → NO+ + Cl. The total double ionization cross-section of ClNO is found to be 6.3% compared to the total single ionization cross-section. The main ion-pair dissociation channels for ClNO2+ are ClNO2+ → N+ + O++ Cl and ClNO2+ → NO+ + Cl+. The ClNO trications dissociate into either an ion pair or an ion triple, with comparable probabilities.
Catalytic enantioselective Conia-ene reaction.

An enantioselective intramolecular Conia-ene reaction of β-dicarbonyl compounds and alkynes to afford methylene cyclopentanes is described. The reaction employs a DTBMSegphos-Pd(II)/Yb(III) dual catalyst system that allows for the asymmetric synthesis of all-carbon quaternary centers and generates a product containing an alkene that can be further manipulated.
The thorny path linking cellular senescence to organismal aging

Half a century is fast approaching since Hayflick and colleagues formally described the limited ability of normal human cells to proliferate in culture (Hayflick and Moorhead, 1961). This finding--that normal somatic cells, in contrast to cancer cells, cannot divide indefinitely--challenged the prevailing idea that cells from mortal multicellular organisms were intrinsically ''immortal'' (Carrell, 1912). It also spawned two hypotheses, essential elements of which persist today. The first held that the restricted proliferation of normal cells, now termed cellular senescence, suppresses cancer (Hayflick, 1965; Sager, 1991; Campisi, 2001). The second hypothesis, as explained in the article by Lorenzini et al., suggested that the limited proliferation of cells in culture recapitulated aspects of organismal aging (Hayflick, 1965; Martin, 1993). How well have these hypotheses weathered the ensuing decades? Before answering this question, we first consider current insights into the causes and consequences of cellular senescence. Like Lorenzini et al., we limit our discussion to mammals. We also focus on fibroblasts, the cell type studied by Lorenzini et al., but consider other types as well. We suggest that replicative capacity in culture is not a straightforward assessment, and that it correlates poorly with both longevity and body mass. We speculate this is due to the malleable and variable nature of replicative capacity, which renders it an indirect metric of qualitative and quantitative differences among cells to undergo senescence, a response that directly alters cellular phenotype and might indirectly alter tissue structure and function.
The impact of downward social information on contribution decisions

In this paper we study the effect of downward social information in contribution decisions to fund public goods. We describe the results of a field experiment run in conjunction with the fundraising campaigns of a public radio station. Renewing members are presented with social information (information about another donor’s contribution) which is either above or below their previous (last year’s) contribution. We find that respondents change their contribution in the direction of the social information; increasing their contribution when the social information is above their previous contribution, and decreasing their contribution when the social information is below. We hypothesize about the psychological motivations that may cause the results and test these hypotheses by comparing the relative size of the upward and downward shifts. These results improve our understanding of cooperation in public good provision and suggest differential costs and benefits to fundraisers in providing social information.
Variations in strength and slip rate along the san andreas fault system.

Convergence across the San Andreas fault (SAF) system is partitioned between strike-slip motion on the vertical SAF and oblique-slip motion on parallel dip-slip faults, as illustrated by the recent magnitude M s = 6.0 Palm Springs, M s = 6.7 Coalinga, and M s = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquakes. If the partitioning of slip minimizes the work done against friction, the direction of slip during these recent earthquakes depends primarily on fault dip and indicates that the normal stress coefficient and frictional coefficient (µ) vary among the faults. Additionally, accounting for the active dip-slip faults reduces estimates of fault slip rates along the vertical trace of the SAF by about 50 percent in the Loma Prieta and 100 percent in the North Palm Springs segments.
Numerical Model of Long-Lived Jovian Vortices

A nonlinear numerical model of long-lived Jovian vortices has been constructed. We assume that the measured zonal velocity profile ubar(y) extends into the adiabatic interior, but that the eddies and large oval structures are confined to a shallow stably stratified upper layer. Each vortex is stationary with respect to the shear flow ubar(y) at a critical latitude yc, that is close to the latitude of the vortex center, in agreement with observed flows on Jupiter. Our model differs from the solitary wave model of Maxworthy and Redekopp in that the stratification is not large in our model (the radius of deformation is less than the latitudinal scale of the shear flow), and therefore stationary linear wave solutions, neutral or amplified, do not exist. The solutions obtained are strongly nonlinear in contrast to the solitary wave solutions which are the weakly nonlinear extensions of ultralong linear waves. Both stable and unstable vortices are found in the numerical experiments. When two stable vortices collide, they merge after a short transient phase to form a larger stable vortex. This merging, rather than the non-interaction behavior predicted by the solitary wave theory, is more in agreement with observations of Jovian vortices. We suggest that the long-lived Jovian vortices maintain themselves against dissipation by adsorbing smaller vortices which are produced by convection.
Trajectory Clustering and an Application to Airspace Monitoring

This paper presents a framework aimed at monitoring the behavior of aircraft in a given airspace. Trajectories that constitute typical operations are determined and learned using data-driven methods. Standard procedures are used by air traffic controllers (ATCs) to guide aircraft, ensure the safety of the airspace, and maximize runway occupancy. Even though standard procedures are used by ATCs, control of the aircraft remains with the pilots, leading to large variability in the flight patterns observed. Two methods for identifying typical operations and their variability from recorded radar tracks are presented. This knowledge base is then used to monitor the conformance of current operations against operations previously identified as typical. A tool called AirTrajectoryMiner is presented, aiming at monitoring the instantaneous health of the airspace, in real time. The airspace is “healthy” when all aircraft are flying according to typical operations. A measure of complexity is introduced, measuring the conformance of current flight to typical flight patterns. When an aircraft does not conform, the complexity increases as more attention from ATC is required to ensure safe separation between aircraft.
Nonleptonic decays of K mesons revisited

Abstract We estimate nonfactorizable 1 N c contributions in the K→2π amplitudes using the approach proposed in our previous work. It is demonstrated that for the conventional (nonpenguin) operators these contributions are close in magnitude to factorizable 1 N c parts and have the opposite sign. Thus, an approximate rule of discarding 1 N c corrections in K→2πdecays is theoretically confirmed. As a result we find an extra suppression of the matrix element of 0 4 (δI = 3 2 ) and an extra enhancment of the matrix element of O 1 (δI = 1 2 ) . The parameter B describing K0− K 0 mixing is also discussed.
Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylic Substitution with Readily Accessible Carbonyl- and Acetal-Containing Vinylboron Reagents†

Catalytic enantioselective allylic substitution (EAS) reactions are of prominent utility in chemical synthesis.[i] Such transformations generate a stereogenic center adjacent to an alkene, which can be further functionalized to afford a range of other enantiomerically enriched molecules. Despite noteworthy advances, several issues remain unresolved in this area. Nearly all the existing protocols require nucleophilic metal-based reagents, which, while often the source of high reactivity, are not well suited when certain commonly occurring functional groups are present. Moreover, whereas significant focus has been placed on additions of alkyl groups,[i] reported examples of catalytic processes that lead to incorporation of aryl or heteroaryl,[ii] allyl,[iii] alkynyl[iv] or allenyl[v] moieties are markedly small in number.
Information bounds for Cox regression models with missing data

We derive information bounds for the regression parameters in Cox models when data are missing at random. These calculations are of interest for understanding the behavior of efficient estimation in case-cohort designs, a type of two-phase design often used in cohort studies. The derivations make use of key lemmas appearing in Robins, Rotnitzky and Zhao [J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 89 (1994) 846-866] and Robins, Hsieh and Newey [J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 57 (1995) 409-424], but in a form suited for our purposes here. We begin by summarizing the results of Robins, Rotnitzky and Zhao in a form that leads directly to the projection method which will be of use for our model of interest. We then proceed to derive new information bounds for the regression parameters of the Cox model with data Missing At Random (MAR). In the final section we exemplify our calculations with several models of interest in cohort studies, including an i.i.d. version of the classical case-cohort design of Prentice [Biometrika 73 (1986) 1-11] and Self and Prentice [Ann. Statist. 16 (1988) 64-81].
A primordial origin of the Laplace relation among the Galilean satellites.

Understanding the origin of the orbital resonances of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter will constrain the longevity of the extensive volcanism on Io, may explain a liquid ocean on Europa, and may guide studies of the dissipative properties of stars and Jupiter-like planets. The differential migration of the newly formed Galilean satellites due to interactions with a circumjovian disk can lead to the primordial formation of the Laplace relation n 1 – 3 n 2 + 2 n 3 = 0, where the n i are the mean orbital angular velocities of Io, Europa, and Ganymede, respectively. This contrasts with the formation of the resonances by differential expansion of the orbits from tidal torques from Jupiter.
Inconclusive rate in quantum key distribution

After summarizing a recent calculation of the maximum Renyi information loss (for fixed error and inconclusive rates) from a positive operator valued measure (POVM) quantum cryptographic receiver to a general unitary probe, I calculate the worst inconclusive rate for the legitimate receiver. Disturbed inconclusive rates are considered which are less, as well as greater, than the unperturbed inconclusive rate. I also demonstrate that for an optimized individual attack there is a minimum induced error rate which is fixed by the induced inconclusive rate.
Nontransparent boundaries in quantum field theory

Abstract In quantum field theory a boundary which is totally transparent to a noninteracting field φ ceases to be so when φ is coupled to a second field constrained by that boundary.
Computer graphics as a way of life

Abstract Civilization and its requisite overhead have neatly brought us away from real-time interactions. The high priests of technology use unwieldly systems to perpetuate cybercrud—the art of using computers to put things over on people † This mentality can be countered by bringing to people systems that are easily learned and used—‘habitable’ systems. ‘Habitability,’ ‡ then, is the quality of a system that makes it comfortable to learn and use. Computer graphics, especially in a media production environment, must be highly people-oriented. This paper attempts to develop the two essential components for a people-oriented computer system—habitability and environment, using the educational media production laboratory known as the Circle Graphics Habitat as the example.
Far-infrared and resonance raman spectroscopy and isotopic substitution studies of halogen-bridged platinum chain solids

Here we our most recent results on the vibrational spectroscopy of the MX chain solids [Pt(en)[sub 2]][Pt(en)[sub 2]X[sub 2]](ClO[sub 4])[sub 4], (X=Cl, Br or I, and en = C[sub 2]H[sub 8]N[sub 2]), referred to as PtX. Isotopic substitutions are used to clarify the nature of various vibrational modes. For Raman spectroscopy, fundamental phonon frequencies are determined, when possible, by excitation far below the band edge using a Ti:Sapphire laser, thus avoiding defect production, while photo-induced defects are studied specifically after intentional production.
The Parker Magnetostatic Theorem

We demonstrate the Parker Magnetostatic Theorem in terms of a small neighborhood in solution space containing continuous force-free magnetic fields in small deviations from the uniform field. These fields are embedded in a perfectly conducting fluid bounded by a pair of rigid plates where each field is anchored, taking the plates perpendicular to the uniform field. Those force-free fields obtainable from the uniform field by continuous magnetic footpoint displacements at the plates have field topologies that are shown to be a restricted subset of the field topologies similarly created without imposing the force-free equilibrium condition. The theorem then follows from the deduction that a continuous nonequilibrium field with a topology not in that subset must find a force-free state containing tangential discontinuities.
Selenium dioxide-mediated synthesis of α-ketoamides from arylglyoxals and secondary amines

Abstract A facile and expeditious synthetic approach for the synthesis of α-ketoamides 3 is described. A series of α-ketoamides 3 was synthesized via reaction of selenium dioxide-mediated oxidative amidation between arylglyoxals 1 and secondary amines 2 , and accelerated with microwave irradiation. Our findings indicate that constrained amines, such as piperazine and piperidine exhibit higher conversions for this transformation. This reaction was explored by synthesizing a series of α-ketoamides 3 from various arylglyoxals 1 with cyclic and acyclic secondary amines 2 .
Heat transfer on a film-cooled rotating blade

Abstract A multi-block, three-dimensional Navier–Stokes code has been used to compute heat transfer coefficient on the blade, hub and shroud for a rotating high-pressure turbine blade with 172 film-cooling holes in eight rows. Film-cooling effectiveness is also computed on the adiabatic blade. Wilcox's k – ω model is used for modeling the turbulence. Of the eight rows of holes, three are staggered on the shower-head with compound-angled holes. The multi-block grid consists of 4818 elementary blocks which were merged into 280 super blocks. The viscous grid has nearly two million cells. Each hole-exit, in its true oval shape, has 80 cells within it so that coolant velocity, temperature, k and ω distributions can be specified at these hole-exits. For the given parameters, heat transfer coefficient on the cooled, isothermal blade is found to be high in the tip region, and in the leading edge region between the hub and blade mid-span. The effectiveness over the cooled, adiabatic blade is the lowest in these regions. Results for an uncooled blade are also shown, providing a direct comparison with those for the cooled blade. The heat transfer coefficient is much higher on the blade tip and shroud as compared to that on the hub for both the cooled and the uncooled cases. Effect of gridding the tip clearance gap vs. use of a tip clearance model, as well as the effect of different orientation of coolant ejection from shower-head holes is found to be small as far as the heat transfer coefficient or the adiabatic effectiveness on the blade surface is concerned.
A parallel architecture for high-speed data compression

Abstract Data compression is becoming an essential component of high-speed data datmunications and storage. Lossless data compression is when the decompressed data must be identical to the original. Textual substitution methods are among the most powerful approaches to lossless data compression, where repeated substrings are replaced by pointers into a dynamically changing dictionary of strings. We present a massively parallel architecture for textual substitution that is based on a systolic pipe of 3839 identical processing elements that forms what is essentially an associative memory for strings that can “learn” new strings on the basis of the text processed thus far. Key to the design of this architecture is the formulation of an inherently “top-down” serial learning strategy as a “bottom-up” parallel strategy. A custom VLSI chip for this architecture that operates at 320 million bits per second has been fabricated.
Study of the microstructure of silver films deposited by ion assisted deposition onto aluminum oxide substrates

Abstract Ion-assisted deposition (IAD) uses a beam of energetic ions to modify the microstructure, density, or other properties of thin films which are applied by vapor or sputter deposition. To understand the effects of ion bombardment on film growth we studied the film morphology and hardness of evaporated silver films that had been bombarded by argon ions during deposition. The fractured cross-sections of deposited films were examined by scanning electron microscopy and the film hardness was measured with an ultramicrohardness indenter. Substantial increases in film porosity and surface roughness were seen in the 1000 eV argon-ion bombarded specimens, compared to vapor-deposited specimens or to specimens bombarded with 300 or 150 eV ions. The IAD films generally had hardness values greater than that of evaporated films. Low hardness values were obtained for a porous 1000 eV IAD film; these are attributed to the presence of compressible pores. No argon was detected in the films.
Fluctuations of the Entropy Production in Anharmonic Chains

We prove the Gallavotti-Cohen fluctuation theorem for a model of heat conduction through a chain of anharmonic oscillators coupled to two Hamiltonian reservoirs at different temperatures.
The effect of thermal lensing during selective photothermolysis

The results of an integrated Monte Carlo and finite difference simulation of laser light propagation and heat transfer in the skin are reported. The study was performed to examine the effects of the change in refractive index that results during laser irradiation of tissue. When skin is irradiated with laser light its surface temperature rises dramatically. This results in a change in the refractive index of the tissue which has been shown in model systems to result in thermal lensing of the laser light. This paper reports on the development of a model to study the effect of thermal lensing on laser light propagation through skin as a function of beam geometry and incident irradiance. It was found that for high irradiance thermal lensing can result in a significant decrease in the predicted epidermal fluence, although it has only a small effect on overall beam penetration.
Entanglement Renormalization and Holography

We show how recent progress in real space renormalization group methods can be used to define a generalized notion of holography inspired by holographic dualities in quantum gravity. The generalization is based upon organizing information in a quantum state in terms of scale and defining a higher-dimensional geometry from this structure. While states with a finite correlation length typically give simple geometries, the state at a quantum critical point gives a discrete version of anti-de Sitter space. Some finite temperature quantum states include black hole-like objects. The gross features of equal time correlation functions are also reproduced.
Asca Observation of an X-Ray Shadow in the Galactic Plane

The diffuse X-ray background (DXB) emission near the Galactic plane (l,b approximately 25.6 degrees, 0.78 degrees) has been observed with ASCA (Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics). The observed region is toward a Galactic molecular cloud which was recently reported to cast a deep X-ray shadow in the 0.5 - 2.0 keV band DXB. The selection of this particular region is intended to provide a constraint on the spatial distribution of the DXB emission along the line of sight: i.e., the molecular cloud is optically thick at <2 keV and so the bulk of the observed soft X-rays must originate in the foreground of the cloud, which is at approximately 3 kpc from the Sun. In the 0.8 - 9.0 keV band, the observed spectrum is primarily from multiple components of thermal plasmas. We here report a detection of soft X-ray (0.5 - 2 keV) emission from an approximately 10(exp 7) K thermal plasma. Comparisons with the ROSAT (Roentgen Satellite) data suggest that this soft X-ray emission is absorbed by N(sub H) = 1 - 3 x 10(exp 21) cm(exp -2), which implies a path-length through the soft X-ray emitting regions of approximately less than 1 kpc from the Sun.
Highly efficient photochemical synthesis of the enediyne functionality via a Norrish type II reaction

Abstract A photochemical synthesis of enediynes utilizing the Norrish Type II reaction is described. The application of this strategy to the synthesis of cyclic and acyclic enediynes from readily available precursors is discussed.
Time-Variable Faraday Rotation Measures of 3C 273 and 3C 279

Multifrequency polarimetry with the Very Long Baseline Array confirms the previously reported time-varying Faraday rotation measure (RM) in the quasar 3C 279. Variability in the RM and electric vector position angle (EVPA) of the jet component (C4) is seen, making it an unreliable absolute EVPA calibrator. 3C 273 is also shown to vary its RM structure on 1.5 yr timescales. Variation in the RM properties of quasars may result from a Faraday screen that changes on timescales of a few years or from the motion of jet components that sample spatial variations in the screen. A new component emerging from the core of 3C 279 appears to be starting to sample such a spatial variation. Future monitoring of this component and its RM properties is suggested as a diagnostic of the narrow-line region in 3C 279. We also present a new method of EVPA calibration using the VLA Monitoring Program.
Quantitative Determination of Natural Rubber Hydrocarbon by Refractive Index Measurements

Abstract Rubbers from different sources vary considerably in rubber hydrocarbon content, from 70 per cent or less for some of the wild varieties to about 95 per cent for a good grade of plantation rubber. The quality of a rubber is measured to a great extent by the percentage of rubber hydrocarbon. A new procedure for the quantitative determination of this hydrocarbon has been developed, which involves the measurement of refractive index of a solution of a known weight of acetone-extracted rubber in a known weight of 1-bromonaphthalene. From the observed data and from other previously determined or known physical constants, such as the densities and refractive indexes of the rubber hydrocarbon and the solvent, the percentage of hydrocarbon in the original sample can be calculated. This new method gives results as good as, or better than, other existing methods, and is simpler and less time-consuming to perform.
The traffic statics problem in a road network

In this study we define and solve the traffic statics problem in an open diverge-merge network based on a multi-commodity kinematic wave model, whose entropy conditions are given by invariant junction flux functions derived from macroscopic merging and diverging rules. In this problem, we are interested in finding stationary states on all links when origin demands, destination supplies, and route choice proportions are constant. After discussing the properties of four types of stationary states on a road link and presenting stationary entropy conditions at both the merging and diverging junctions, we derive a system of algebraic equations as necessary conditions for all 16 combinations of stationary states on the two intermediate links. Under different network conditions in road capacities, route choice proportions, and merging priorities, we analytically show that the traffic statics problem always admits stationary solutions, which, however, may not be unique. In particular, such stationary solutions exist even under network conditions when an initially empty diverge-merge network can settle in persistent periodic oscillations after a long time. In the future, we will be interested in discussing the stability property of the stationary states and studying the traffic statics problem in general networks. Analytical insights from the simpler traffic statics problems would be helpful for understanding complex traffic dynamics in a road network.
Remote Control: The Rise of Electronic Cultural Policy:

Since the early 1990s, the United States has been formulating, executing, and imposing a form of “electronic cultural policy.” This phrase means two things: a state-generated setof policies to encourage or mandate design standards for electronic devices and dictate a particular set of cultural choices; and the cultural choices themselves, which have been embedded in the design and software of electronic goods. The goal of electronic cultural policy has been to encourage and enable “remote control,” shifting decisions over the use of content from the user to the vendor. The intended macro effects of such micro policies are antidemocratic. Their potential has created the possibility of a whole new set of forms of cultural domination by a handful of powerful global institutions. Yet so far, the actual consequences of these policies have been different from those intended, igniting activism and disobedience on a global scale.
On the Deterministic Code Capacity Region of an Arbitrarily Varying Multiple-Access Channel Under List Decoding

We study the capacity region CL of an arbitrarily varying multiple-access channel (AVMAC) for deterministic codes with decoding into a list of a fixed size L and for the average error probability criterion. Motivated by known results in the study of fixed size list decoding for a point-to-point arbitrarily varying channel, we define for every AVMAC whose capacity region for random codes has a nonempty interior, a nonnegative integer Ω called its symmetrizability. It is shown that for every L ≤ Ω, CL has an empty interior, and for every L ≥ (Ω+1)2, CL equals the nondegenerate capacity region of the AVMAC for random codes with a known single-letter characterization. For a binary AVMAC with a nondegenerate random code capacity region, it is shown that the symmetrizability is always finite.
Electromechanical characterization of a single active structural fiber lamina for multifunctional composites

Piezoelectric fiber composites (PFCs) are a new group of materials recently developed in order to overcome the fragile nature of monolithic piezoceramics. However, there are some practical limitations associated with these types of materials, namely the generally separate electrode makes them difficult to embed into composites and when imbedded the low tensile properties of the material and the abnormal geometry in comparison with traditional reinforcements lead to stress concentrations reducing the material's strength. To resolve the inadequacies of current PFCs, a novel active structural fiber (ASF) was developed that can be embedded in a composite material to perform sensing and actuation, in addition to providing load bearing functionality. The ASF combines the advantages of the high tensile modulus and strength of the traditional composite reinforcements as well as the sensing and actuation properties of piezoceramic materials. A micromechanics model based on the double inclusion approach and a finite element model were been developed to study the effective piezoelectric coupling coefficient of the ASF as well as the ASF lamina. In order to evaluate the performance of the ASF when embedded in a polymer matrix and validate the model's accuracy, single fiber lamina have been fabricated and characterized through testing with an atomic force microscope. The results of our testing demonstrate the accuracy of the model and show that ASF composites could lead to load bearing composites with electromechanical coupling greater than most pure piezoelectric materials.
Maximal Scheduling in Wireless Networks with Priorities

We consider a general class of low complexity distributed scheduling algorithms in wireless networks, prioritized maximal scheduling, which compute a maximal set of transmitting links in each time slot according to certain pre-specified static priorities. The proposed scheduling scheme has low complexity, and is easily amendable for distributed implementation, such as adjusting inter-frame space (IFS) parameters under the ubiquitous 802.11 protocols. We provide throughput guarantees on the proposed scheduling scheme, by proving tight lower bound on the stability region and scheduling efficiency associated with a fixed priority vector. We next propose an online low complexity priority assignment algorithm, which can stabilize any arrival rate that is in the union of the lower bound regions of all priorities. The throughput guarantees are proved by fluid limits, and therefore can be applied to very general stochastic arrival processes. Finally, the performance of the proposed prioritized maximal scheduling scheme is verified by simulation results.
Performance evaluation of direct access storage devices with a fixed head per track

Computer designers agree that the slow response of input and output devices is the most critical factor limiting the performance of a computer system. When a program requests an access to one of these devices, the request is put on a queue. The members of the queue are usually serviced on a first-come-first-served basis or on the basis of preassigned priorities. Devices with large capacity are able to store a number of data sets belonging to various programs in a multi-programming environment. This usually leads to a queue build-up for these devices, thereby creating a bottleneck in the system.
Review: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors reduce symptoms in premenstrual syndrome

(2000) Lancet 356, 1131. Dimmock PW, Wyatt KM, Jones PW, et al. . Efficacy of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review. . Sep 30; . : . –6 . [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] QUESTION: In women with severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS), are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) effective? Studies were identified by searching Medline (1966–99), EMBASE/Excerpta Medica (1988–98), PsycLIT (1974–97), CINAHL (1982–99), and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register database; scanning the reference lists of identified articles; and contacting the manufacturers of SSRIs. Studies were selected if they were randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trials investigating SSRIs in the management of PMS. Data were independently extracted in duplicate on study design, patient characteristics, drug type and dose, outcome measures (primary outcome measure was reduction in overall PMS symptoms), and side effects. 15 studies met the selection criteria and involved 904 women (570 allocated … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLancet%26rft.stitle%253DLancet%26rft.aulast%253DDimmock%26rft.auinit1%253DP.%2BW.%26rft.volume%253D356%26rft.issue%253D9236%26rft.spage%253D1131%26rft.epage%253D1136%26rft.atitle%253DEfficacy%2Bof%2Bselective%2Bserotonin-reuptake%2Binhibitors%2Bin%2Bpremenstrual%2Bsyndrome%253A%2Ba%2Bsystematic%2Breview.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252800%252902754-9%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11030291%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02754-9&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=11030291&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F6%2F3%2F75.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000089594300009&link_type=ISI
Homogeneity analysis using absolute deviations

Abstract Homogeneity analysis is a technique for making graphical representations of categorical multivariate data sets. Such data sets can also be represented by the adjacency matrix of a bipartite graph. Homogeneity analysis optimizes a weighted least-squares criterion and the optimal graph layout is computed by an alternating least squares algorithm. Heiser Comput. Statist. Data Anal. (1987) 337, looked at homogeneity analysis under a more robust to outliers criterion, namely a weighted least absolute deviations criterion. In this paper, we take an in-depth look at the mathematical structure of this problem and show that the graph drawings are created by reciprocal computation of multivariate medians. Several algorithms for computing the solution are investigated and applications to actual data suggest that the resulting p -dimensional drawings ( p ⩾2) are degenerate, in the sense that all object points are clustered in p +1 locations. We also examine some variations of the criterion used and conclude that the generate solutions observed are a consequence of the normalization constraint employed in this class of problems.
Motualevic acids A-F, antimicrobial acids from the sponge Siliquariaspongia sp.

Seven new antibacterials, motualevic acids A−F (1−6) and (4E)-(R)-antazirine (7), have been isolated from the marine sponge Siliquariaspongia sp. and their structures elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Motualevic acids A−D are the first glycyl conjugates of the ω-brominated lipid (E)-14,14-dibromotetradeca-2,13-dienoic acid, and motualevic acid F is the first long-chain 2H-azirine 2-carboxylic acid to be found in nature. Carboxylic acid-containing compounds 1 and 6 inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus at 1.2−10.9 μg/mL.
Randomized trial of geragogy-based medication instruction in the emergency department

Background Medication adherence by older adults who are discharged from the emergency department (ED) is an essential attribute of effective treatment. Researchers have demonstrated that delivery of well-structured instructions increases the knowledge of discharge regimens and increases adherence among ED populations. Objectives This study compared the level of medication knowledge of elderly ED patients receiving instruction by one of two teaching methods: the usual preprinted discharge instructions with handwritten medication information and individualized computer-generated discharge instructions designed within a geragogy framework. Method The geragogy intervention included large-print, easily readable, specific information ordered within the elderly memory schema. This schema consists of purpose, administration, and emergency information in that order. The Knowledge of Medication Subtest by Horn and Swain (1977) was administered by telephone 48 to 72 hours after discharge. Sixty patients (38 women, 22 men) with a mean age of 76 years were randomly assigned to groups and completed the study at three rural ED sites. Results Subjects in the geragogy-based intervention group demonstrated significantly more knowledge of medications than did subjects experiencing the usual discharge teaching method (t = 2.19, p = .016). Conclusions These findings suggest that a medication teaching intervention geared to the special needs of the elderly can be effective in increasing medication knowledge.
Hypervalent iodine oxidation of 5-keto acids and 4,6-diketo acids with [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene: Synthesis of keto-γ-lactones and diketo-δ-lactones

Hypervalent iodine oxidation of 5-ketoacids, using [hydroxy (tosyloxy) iodo] benzene in dichloromethane under refluxing conditions yielded keto-γ-lactones. Oxidation of 4,6-diketoacids with [hydroxy (tosyloxy)-iodo] benzene at room temperature afforded the corresponding diketo-δ-lactones
Legislative Behavior in the European Parliament

This article summarizes research on the analysis of roll call votes in the European Parliament since the European Parliament was elected by universal suffrage and draws lessons about legislative behavior in the European Parliament. The research shows that voting in the European Parliament occurs along supranational party lines and not along geographical lines. Party cohesion has increased with the powers of the European Parliament. This increased cohesion is the reflection of European party discipline based on cohesion of national party groups. Moreover, coalition frequency is related mostly to ideological closeness between party groups. (JEL codes: D72, F53, P 16)