cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-bit Quantization Capacity of Binary-input Continuous-output Channels.

We consider a channel with discrete binary input X that is corrupted by a given continuous noise to produce a continuous-valued output Y. A quantizer is then used to quantize the continuous-valued output Y to the final binary output Z. The goal is to design an optimal quantizer Q* and also find the optimal input distribution p*(X) that maximizes the mutual information I(X; Z) between the binary input and the binary quantized output. A linear time complexity searching procedure is proposed. Based on the properties of the optimal quantizer and the optimal input distribution, we reduced the searching range that results in a faster implementation algorithm. Both theoretical and numerical results are provided to illustrate our method.
Increasing Comfort with Sensory Processing Difficulties in the Prehospital Setting: Pre-Post Study of Education and Sensory Tools in EMS Providers.

OBJECTIVES Interfacing with patients with sensory processing difficulties is challenging to healthcare providers and even more problematic for emergency medical services (EMS) personnel in the acute care setting. Sensory training may be an effective nonpharmacologic method to deal with these patient populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether an educational session and placement sensory tools would improve the comfort of EMS providers in the prehospital setting. METHODS EMS providers from two agencies in the Alabama Gulf EMS System were selected for this study. Preeducation questionnaires were administered to EMS providers to assess their frequency and comfort level in taking care of patients with sensory processing difficulties. The educational session included a video presentation of various topics related to sensory processing difficulties and education on sensory tools. Posteducation questionnaires were administered to EMS providers 3 months posteducational session to assess the use of sensory tools and their comfort in patient care. Comfort level was assessed on a Likert scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being not comfortable at all and 10 being extremely comfortable. We performed descriptive statistics and the nonparametric Wilcoxon signed rank test to compare medians. RESULTS A total of 177 of 225 (78.6%) EMS providers completed the preeducation questionnaire. In the preeducation period, 159 (89.8%) EMS providers transported patients with sensory processing difficulties. The preeducation median comfort level was 7.5 (range 1-10). At postsurvey, 135 of 177 (76.3%) EMS providers received educational training; 37 (27.4%) used the sensory tools within the previous 3 months. The posteducation median comfort level was 8 (range 3-10). Pre- and post median comfort levels were significantly different using the Wilcoxon signed rank test (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Sensory training can be an effective method for EMS providers to increase comfort levels in taking care of patients with sensory difficulties. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to confirm/refute these findings.
Accelerating Scientific Computing in the Post-Moore’s Era

Novel uses of graphical processing units for accelerated computation revolutionized the field of high-performance scientific computing by providing specialized workflows tailored to algorithmic requirements. As the era of Moore’s law draws to a close, many new non–von Neumann processors are emerging as potential computational accelerators, including those based on the principles of neuromorphic computing, tensor algebra, and quantum information. While development of these new processors is continuing to mature, the potential impact on accelerated computing is anticipated to be profound. We discuss how different processing models can advance computing in key scientific paradigms: machine learning and constraint satisfaction. Significantly, each of these new processor types utilizes a fundamentally different model of computation, and this raises questions about how to best use such processors in the design and implementation of applications. While many processors are being developed with a specific domain target, the ubiquity of spin-glass models and neural networks provides an avenue for multi-functional applications. This also hints at the infrastructure needed to integrate next-generation processing units into future high-performance computing systems.
Implementing a Web-Based Cognitive Defusion Program to Target Negative Self-Referential Thoughts in College Students: A Pilot Study

Abstract Cognitive defusion may enhance healthy coping with negative self-referential thoughts amongst college students. However, research is needed to examine how to effectively introduce and teach defusion to this population. The current pilot study tested the usability of and satisfaction with the D-FUSE program, a single-session, web-based program for a mixed sample of undergraduates and its effectiveness in producing improvements in cognitive defusion and self-criticism. In an undergraduate sample (N = 141), the D-FUSE program was found to be usable and satisfactory. Program engagement rendered significant reductions in the believability of and emotional discomfort produced by negative self-referential thoughts. Further improvements to program development and administration are considered.
Plant colonization of a restored wetland in northern Kentucky: Contribution of seeding vs. natural sourcesa

Despite their important ecosystem services, most wetlands in Kentucky and the surrounding region have been lost. Many restoration attempts have occurred, but the success of seeding or planting, which is often done after restoration, is unclear. To our knowledge, seeding success relative to other propagule inputs has never been quantified. We measured the restoration success of a four-year-old emergent open-canopy wetland, with seven adjacent ponds near the banks of the Ohio River in Kentucky. Potential restoration plant origins include (a) from the seedbank and surrounding area, (b) a native seed mix designed for upland and wetland restorations, and (c) from the onsite prerestoration wetland. We tested the hypotheses that elevation and distance from an established wetland pond are driving factors to establish species that dominate the wetland vegetative cover. Plant cover and relative elevation were determined in 78 1-m2 plots. Although most species (73%) came either from seedbank or offsite sources, the remainder appear to have come from seeding (14–16%) and the prerestoration wetland (11–14%), and the latter two sources accounted for almost 50% of the total cover at the site. Ordination supported the hypotheses that distance from the prerestoration pond and relative elevation were the two most important factors determining patterns of plant cover. Despite its modest contribution to plant diversity, the prerestoration pond had an important effect on plant patterns. While the site falls into Kentucky Wetland Rapid Assessment (KY-WRAM) Category 1 (most disturbed), prevalence index (PI) scores, which are based on species wetland classifications, appear to be similar to or higher than those of other created wetlands in the United States.
Graphene-based 2D constructs for enhanced fibroblast support

Complex skin wounds have always been a significant health and economic problem worldwide due to their elusive and sometimes poor or non-healing conditions. If not well-treated, such wounds may lead to amputation, infections, cancer, or even death. Thus, there is a need to efficiently generate multifunctional skin grafts that address a wide range of skin conditions, including non-healing wounds, and enable the regeneration of new skin tissue. Here, we propose studying pristine graphene and two of its oxygen-functionalized derivatives-high and low-oxygen graphene films-as potential substrates for skin cell proliferation and differentiation. Using BJ cells (human foreskin-derived fibroblasts) to represent basic skin cells, we show that the changes in surface properties of pristine graphene due to oxygen functionalization do not seem to statistically impact the normal proliferation and maturation of skin cells. Our results indicate that the pristine and oxidized graphenes presented relatively low cytotoxicity to BJ fibroblasts and, in fact, support their growth and bioactivity. Therefore, these graphene films could potentially be integrated into more complex skin regenerative systems to support skin regeneration. Because graphene's surface can be relatively easily functionalized with various chemical groups, this finding presents a major opportunity for the development of various composite materials that can act as active components in regenerative applications such as skin regeneration.
Hereditary Endometrial Cancers

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecological cancer in the developed world. Three to 5% of these cancers are inherited; however, only a minority of women suspected to have a familial endometrial cancer have an identifiable syndrome. Familial cancer syndromes that cause an increased risk of EC are Lynch and Cowden syndromes, Lynch syndrome being the most common. It contributes to almost 5% of all endometrial cancers. Continuing research has shown germline mutations in POL genes (POLD1 and POLE) and certain genetic polymorphisms called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) increasing the risk of familial endometrial cancers. Several studies have described the risk of endometrial cancer in women with BRCA1/2 mutations. We will discuss the abovementioned inheritable causes along with the screening and preventive measures available for the families affected with these syndromes.
Fumarate hydratase as a therapeutic target in renal cancer.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogeneous group of cancers that can occur sporadically or as a manifestation of various inherited syndromes. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (...
A modern history of European cities, 1815 to present: by Rosemary Wakeman, London, Bloomsbury, 2020, 382 pp., £75 (paperback), ISBN 1350017655

A Modern History of European Cities is an ambitious work, moving across the European continent in considering cities and towns, big and small – from London to Ljubljana – from the end of the Napole...
Wideband Hybrid Monolithic Lithium Niobate Acoustic Filter in the K -Band

This article presents the design approach and the first demonstration of a wideband hybrid monolithic acoustic filter in the ${K}$ -band, which exceeds the limitation of electromechanical coupling on the fractional bandwidth (FBW) of acoustic filters. The hybrid filter utilizes the codesign of electromagnetic (EM) and acoustic to attain wide bandwidth while keeping the advantages of small sizes and high ${Q}$ in the acoustic domain. The performance trade space and design flow of the hybrid filter are also presented in this article, which allows this technology to be applied for filters with different center frequencies and FBWs. The hybrid filter is simulated by hybridizing the EM and acoustic finite element analysis, which are carried out separately and combined at a system level. The fabricated filter built with resonators having an electromechanical coupling of 0.7% based on the seventh-order antisymmetric Lamb wave mode (A7) has a 3-dB FBW of 2.4% at 19 GHz and a compact footprint of 1.4 mm2.
Isolated vs. Common Envelope Dynamos in Planetary Nebula Progenitors

The origin, evolution and role of magnetic fields in the production and shaping of proto-planetary and planetary nebulae (PPNe, PNe) is a subject of active research. Most PNe and PPNe are axisymmetric with many exhibiting highly collimated outflows, however, it is important to understand whether such structures can be generated by isolated stars or require the presence of a binary companion. Toward this end we study a dynamical, large-scale alpha-Omega interface dynamo operating in a 3.0 M_sun Asymptotic Giant Branch star (AGB) in both an isolated setting and one in which a low-mass companion is embedded inside the envelope. The back reaction of the fields on the shear is included and differential rotation and rotation deplete via turbulent dissipation and Poynting flux. For the isolated star, the shear must be resupplied in order to sufficiently sustain the dynamo. Furthermore, we investigate the energy requirements that convection must satisfy to accomplish this by analogy to the sun. For the common envelope case, a robust dynamo results, unbinding the envelope under a broad range of conditions. Two qualitatively different types of explosion may arise: (i) magnetically dominated, possibly resulting in collimated bipolar outflows and (ii) thermally induced from turbulent dissipation, possibly resulting in quasi-spherical outflows. A range of models is presented for a variety of companion masses.
LGR4: Not Just for Wnt Anymore?

Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein–coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) is best known for its role in regulating the ability of cells to respond to Wnt ligands. In this well-known role, LGR4 serves as a receptor for R-spondins and forms a complex with the ubiquitin E3 ligases ring finger protein 43 (RNF43) and zinc and ring finger 3 (ZNRF3). RNF43 and ZNRF3 ubiquitinate Frizzleds (FZD), which are a family of ten WNT receptors. This ubiquitination decreases FZD receptor levels on the cell surface, reducing Wnt ligands9 ability to activate signaling. While there were some previous indications of Wnt-independent functions of LGR4, this WNT-centric view has remained predominant. In this issue of Cancer Research, Yue and colleagues report that LGR4 also functions to regulate signaling through the EGF receptor. This work was stimulated by observing that while high levels of LGR4 expression in breast tumors correlated with poor patient outcomes, LGR4 levels did not correlate with a well-established Wnt-associated gene signature in these same patients. In contrast, high levels of Lgr4 expression strongly correlated with EGFR signaling. Reducing Lgr4 expression also inhibited signaling through the EGFR, potentially via regulation of the Casitas B-lineage lymphoma ubiquitin E3 ligase. Consistent with this model, LGR4 could be coimmunoprecipitated with a complex that contained EGFR and was capable of inhibiting EGFR ubiquitination. The implications of this work and how it challenges our understanding of the contributions of Wnt signaling and EGFR signaling in cancer are discussed as our several interesting future directions. See related article by Yue et al., p. 4441
The Guidance Functions and Possibilities of Physical Education

(1949). The Guidance Functions and Possibilities of Physical Education. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 238-288.
Habitat for Humanity freshman design and build experience

The University of South Carolina has developed a new course that not only tackles the issue of retention from a student study skills point of view, but introduces the students to the world of engineering through a freshman design and build experience. The new course weaves together student success strategies, teamwork, and community service, by leading students through a Habitat for Humanity design project. The aim of the course is to excite freshman engineering students about the field of engineering by having them experience first hand what engineers do-design, create, build, and deliver solutions-while producing a design artifact that contributes to the local community. The paper illustrates how establishing a partnership with a local chapter of Habitat for Humanity (HFH) can provide a number of worthwhile design projects that freshman can easily tackle. The paper describes the successful implementation of constructing seven utility-tool-sheds for completed Habitat for Humanity homes. The team building process, the establishment of a freshman design and build shop, a spirited design competition, and the logistics of organizing such a project for 246 freshman engineering students are all described. The paper tells the story of how sixty teams participated in the project, and how the sheds were built on campus in a modular fashion, and then transported out to the Habitat site in an attempt to erect all sheds in a single hour. The paper then closes by suggesting other Habitat for Humanity projects involving playground equipment and pedestrian bridges that are planned for the future.
Ideas Have Consequences: Why Research Matters for Excellent Teaching

A teacher stretched between teaching and research inevitably finds it tough to do both. Is pursuing research really consistent with student-centered teaching? Some critics of the academy advocate the abandonment of research for the single-minded pursuit of teaching. These critics say that research is unreadable, that it has no relevance to realistic problems, that research bores students, that alumni and recruiters don't care whether students master research, and that scholarly ideas have had no impact on practical affairs. The critics often advocate a return to basics, which means focusing most of the faculty time on teaching rather than research, on tools rather than concepts, and on practice rather than theory. It is not clear what problems these remedies are meant to solve, but if improving student wisdom and learning is their aim, the abandonment of research as a discipline in the teacher's life is the wrong way to go. This column discusses why.
Characterization of a Human Macroglobulin III. THE PRODUCTS OF TRYPTIC DIGESTION

Abstract A human Waldenstrom macroglobulin (γM) and its subunits (γMs) were subjected to tryptic hydrolysis. A fragment was isolated which was relatively stable to further tryptic attack. It had a molecular weight of ∼47,000, contained a single interchain disulfide bond, and both heavy (µ) chain and light (κ) chain antigenic determinants. After reduction, the latter were separable by Sephadex chromatography in 1 n propionic acid. A second fragment with a molecular weight of 114,000 was isolated and appeared to be a dimer consisting of two fragments, somewhat larger than the above, linked by way of the µ chain pieces by a single disulfide bond. The similarity of these fragments to those obtainable by enzymatic digestion of 7 S γ2-globulin immunoglobulins was documented, and it is suggested that they be called Fabµ and F(ab')2µ, respectively. It is proposed on the basis of these studies that human macroglobulin molecules have potentially 10 antibody combining sites.
Uncertainty and the Search for Truth at Trial: Defining Prosecutorial 'Objectivity' in German Sexual Assault Cases

According to German legal scholar, Claus Roxin, German prosecutors are the 'most objective civil servants' in the world. Roxin’s assessment of German prosecution practice reflects the conviction of many German legal scholars that prosecutors in Germany’s inquisitorial system function as second judges dedicated to finding the objective “truth.” In this paper I investigate how prosecutors “translate” the normative duty of objectivity enshrined in the German penal code into observable practices on the ground. I examine prosecutorial decision-making in three sexual assault trials. Sexual assault cases pose unique challenges to prosecutors as well as to the definition of objectivity. Because the crime typically occurs in private, the search for truth often focuses on the testimony of the victim and the suspect. In cases in which the physical evidence is inconclusive and the defendant claims that the victim consented, the focus of the fact finder’s inquiry is often directed at the victim’s credibility. Drawing on transcript and interview data, I propose three models or “faces” of prosecutorial “objectivity.” Surprisingly, despite the fact that judges structure the presentation of evidence in German trials, prosecutors play a critical role in “interpreting” the facts presented at trial. In each of the cases examined in this paper, the face of objectivity is constructed through a relational process that unfolds between the presiding judge and the trail prosecutor. Although many legal scholars maintain that penal code sharply circumscribes prosecutorial discretion in major crime cases in Germany, my research demonstrates that a wide variation exists in the way that individual prosecutors interpret their duty to view the evidence objectively.
Multiple mechanisms of male-specific gene expression: lessons from the mouse sex-limited protein (Slp) gene.

Publisher Summary Examination of the mouse Slp gene is a paradigm of the value of multipronged approaches for analyzing a biological system. Because of the readily assayable phenotype and the variety of existing regulatory mutations, this system reveals mechanisms of steroid hormone regulation. The cis -acting mutations in Slp regulation led to novel observations of multigene family evolution. The proviral sequences demonstrate complexity in androgen-specific response, which is dependent on the context of the cell and the array of receptor and nonreceptor binding sites in the enhancer. The rsl mutant, however, most reveals the insights that can come from molecular dissection of a phenotype and stresses the importance of negative gene regulation. Two completely different mechanisms attain male-specific expression of the same gene in different tissues. One relies on direct action of androgen and its receptor at the target gene's promoter. The other relies on indirect androgen regulation of a secondary hormonal inducer whose sex-specific action is greatly accentuated by sex-independent repression of the target genes.
The 'Imponderable Bloom': Reconsidering the Role of Technology in Education

As educators, we must find ways to incorporate critical theory into courses as a means to counterbalance the onslaught of advertising rhetoric extolling the supposed virtues of instructional technologies. While I am an avid user and ardent supporter of instructional technology, I am concerned that my graduate students are unaware of the potential negative consequences of adopting a new technology without a critical assessment of its worth and usefulness.
The concept of consciousness

The key to the problem of consciousness depends on the obvious fact that ascriptions of consciousness are introduced in significantly different, but conceptually related, ways with respect to human persons and creatures of nonhuman species or infants at phases of development antecedent to their functioning as fully competent persons. The pivotal fact, however, is a naive and simple one: among persons, that is, among ourselves, consciousness is introduced with the admission or recognition of a reporting role shared and understood by the members of a linguistic community. The very diffiiculty one has in sta ting this fact in a nonquestionbegging way testifiesies to its fundamental importance. On the other hand, consciousness is introduced in speaking of creatures that lack language, by way of an observer’s attempt to explain satisfactorily the behavior and development they exhibit. Consciousness, therefore, is a theoretical posit of some sort with regard to creatures other than human and with regard to the infant phases of human life prior to the development of linguistic ability and the appearance of actual linguistic performance. It serves an explanatory role with regard to fully human persons as well. But it cannot be introduced in a merely explanatory way, because the very effort to explain and understand the sense in which we are conscious entails our being such.
Selection and the unification of science

Selection in behavior analysis fits the criteria of replication, variation and interaction proposed by the authors except for information under replication. If information requires physical structure, behavior analysis does not fit that model because functional analysis may provide parallels between behavior, neurology, and biochemistry but not sequencing. The three sciences are not unified by the model but another is available.
ANALYSIS OF REACTOR OSCILLATIONS FOR COEFFICIENTS OF REACTIVITY

Temperature coefficients in large reactors can be obtained from the transient response of the flux to oscillations of control rods. A method is described with which the coefficients can be measured under full operating conditions and without special instrumentation or access to the pile. Thus, the technique is particularly useful in measuring the dependence of the coefficients upon hydraulic conditions, power level, and fuel exposure. The waveform of the perturbing oscillation of reactivity is trapezoidal so that the regular reactor control system can be used. In large reactors the flux shape changes during the portion of the cycle when the control rods are moving, but only the magnitude of the flux changes significantly while the control rods are stationary. The flux response during this latter portion of the cycle is analyzed for the temperature coefficients. The pile kinetics equations, coupled with equations for the temperatures of fuel, coolant, and moderator, are solved for the flux during the imposed oscillation. The temperature coefficients and their delay times are found by fitting computed fluxes to the observed flux. (auth)
Developmental Epistemology and Implications for Methodology

This chapter outlines the axiomatic bases for developmental science and briefly reviews its historical origins. It sets up the criterion of consistency—if development is conceptualized as a process it has to be investigated as such—rather than relying on standard nondevelopmental outcome “measures” to govern the empirical part of the knowledge construction effort. Development is conceptualized as qualitative transformation of psychological, social, and psychological structures—that emerge and are maintained through person and environment relations. Methodological innovations that are emphasized include: systemic causality, primacy of single-case longitudinal investigations over cross-sectional aggregation of data for large samples, and the focus on qualitative transformation of structures. The chapter also outlines the implications of the Method of Double Stimulation (introduced by Lev Vygotsky) for the study of development. Developmental science is organism-centered—in the human case that entails assuming a person-centered life-course perspective. Contemporary cultural psychology leads to leaving mono-culturally relevant discourses about children far behind and moving towards constructing a general – yet context-sensitive—science of development. Keywords: culture; epigenesist; genetic logic; idiographic science; methodology
Novel chemical and biological sensors for monitoring and control of food processing operations

Abstract Chemical and biological sensors can provide the high selectivity and sensitivity desired for rapid composition monitoring of various food components during processing. These sensing techniques, identified and categorized from interdisciplinary literature, have been consolidated for the first time in the context of unique process monitoring and control needs of the food industry. Physical, chemical, and biological concepts behind the ion-selective field effect transistor, enzyme field effect transistor, enzyme electrode, and fiber-optic biosensor are discussed. Food processing applications of these techniques are explored.
The Demand for Excess Reserves

This paper provides an estimate of the demand for excess reserves in the United States. It finds that excess reserves are negatively related to the Federal funds rate and positively related to transactions deposits. It also finds that clearing needs significantly affect the demand for reserves with increases in excess reserves coming in response to lower required reserve balances and higher clearing volume. Some implications for monetary policy are discussed. The demand for excess reserves is at the center of a number of issues in monetary economics. While at one time it was featured primarily in the calculation of money multipliers, more recently it has figured in Federal Reserve policy through its connection to the targeting of the Federal funds rate. Each week, the open market desk is obligated to forecast the demand for reserves, including the demand for excess reserves, to determine the amount of reserves to supply through open market operations. This shift in the role of excess reserves is reflected worldwide; a number of countries have abandoned reserve requirements altogether, and the entire connection between monetary policy and the economy is through the demand for "excess" reserves. This paper looks at recent data on excess reserves in the United States to determine the sensitivity of demand to changes in interest rates and other variables affecting the willingness to hold reserves. The standard approach to modeling the demand for excess reserves is to treat it as part of a bank's liquidity management decision. Banks want to hold reserves to avoid overdraft or reserve deficiency penalties on their account at the central bank when facing uncertain flows of funds. This general model of the precautionary demand for reserves was given by Poole (1968). Two basic propositions fall out of this approach. The first is that the quantity of excess reserves demanded should vary inversely with short-term interest rates, which are the opportunity cost of holding reserves, assuming that excess reserves pay no interest. The second proposition is that since excess reserves are providing a buffer against uncertainty about reserve balances, demand should increase with uncertainty. The textbook model of excess reserve demand assumes that this uncertainty increases proportionately with the level of transactions deposits. This paper finds support for both of these propositions. In recent years, excess reserves have increased with the growth in transactions deposits and were negatively related to interest rates, decreasing roughly $120 million for each percentage-point increase in the Federal funds rate. The role of excess reserves in monetary policy depends on the particular operational strategy adopted by the central bank. The approach in the United States shifted in 1982, when the
Schumpeter and the Political Economy of International Change

The article attempts to reassess the world economy with an eye to understanding what is automatic about it and thus beyond the control of national economies. Towards that end, Schumpeterian analysis is applied in an effort to illustrate how changes occur and how such changes affect discrete units or subsets of international capitalism. The discussion suggests that firms with leadership roles in national economies may bring those economies down with them if they lose their position in the world economy. It also suggests that the international economy may provide firms with a more flexible climate which in turn may prolong their effective lives. The major policy implication for governments is that such institutions may no longer have it within their preserves to control economic activities spawned in the international arena.
On the Measurement of Corporate Social Responsibility: Self-Reported Disclosures as a Method of Measuring Corporate Social Involvement

This article develops a corporate social involvement disclosure scale based on a content analysis of the annual reports of the Fortune 500 companies. Three results are shown: (1) the change over ti...
Call for Research on Bystander Intervention to Prevent Sexual Violence: The Role of Campus Environments

An important next step for the field is to determine what setting-level factors beyond the individual are critical to fostering campus environments that support pro-social, helpful bystander intervention action to prevent sexual violence. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide a research agenda to investigate key areas of the campus environment and their potential influence on bystander intervention. To create the research agenda, a number of steps were followed including: (1) systematically reviewing the larger bystander literature to identify key environmental areas, (2) assessing what research is available specific to college campuses and sexual assault in each of these areas, and (3) outlining future research to address each of these areas on college campuses and determine their applicability to sexual violence situations. Five main groups of factors were found to influence bystander intervention beyond the individual, group and situational levels, including: social norms, sense of community, pro-social modeling, policies, and the physical environment. Certain areas of research on environmental influences on bystander intervention are more developed such as social norms, with little research on areas such as policies and the physical environment. However, further research is needed in each of the identified five areas to help identify how college campuses can support bystander intervention.
Lung reperfusion injury in patients after balloon angioplasty for pulmonary artery stenosis.

Objectives To determine the incidence and degree of acute lung reperfusion injury (ARI) in patients undergoing balloon angioplasty of branch pulmonary artery stenosis and to evaluate the correlation and efficacy of an oxygenation index in confirming the clinical diagnosis. Design Retrospective, single-center observational study. Setting Cardiac catheterization laboratory at a tertiary care children’s hospital. Patients Patients with congenital heart disease undergoing pulmonary artery balloon angioplasty. Intervention Review of patient medical and catheterization records. Measurements and Main Results The records of all patients with biventricular physiology undergoing balloon angioplasty of branch pulmonary artery stenosis over a period of 2 years (12/2006-12/2008) were reviewed. Data collection included demographics, details of pulmonary artery intervention, right ventricle/femoral artery systolic pressure (RV/FA) ratio, and post-procedure recovery condition. Markers of ARI, including clinical, radiographic, and blood gas analysis, were examined. Criteria for ARI were based on the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) grading system, in which a PaO 2 /F I O 2 of 200 to 300 indicates ARI. The distribution of PaO 2 /F I O 2 after pulmonary artery intervention, the relation of clinical to laboratory manifestation of ARI, and the correlation among different oxygenation indices were examined. During the study period, 46 patients with congenital heart disease and branch pulmonary artery stenosis were identified. Patient age ranged from 2 months to 25 years (mean 6.2±6 years) and weight ranged from 5 to 86 kg (mean 23±18 kg). ARI was identified in 10 of 46 patients (22%) using clinical criteria and correlated with ISHLT gas exchange criteria. Analysis of RV/FA ratio before (0.82±0.34) and after (0.71±0.22) balloon angioplasty revealed statistically significant decrease (p 2 /F I O 2 ratio had a strong correlation with A-aDO 2 (r = 0.75) and SpO 2 /F I O 2 (r = 0.7) and a strong specificity (0.78) to identify patients with clinical ARI. Conclusion ARI often can occur after pulmonary artery interventions. The PaO 2 /F I O 2 is a valuable test for identifying patients at risk of developing ARI and can help guide the care of these patients in the postintervention period.
A stochastic Hopf bifurcation

Let {x t :t≧0} be the solution of a stochastic differential equation (SDE) in ℝ d which fixes 0, and let λ denote the Lyapunov exponent for the linear SDE obtained by linearizing the original SDE at 0. It is known that, under appropriate conditions, the sign of λ controls the stability/instability of 0 and the transience/recurrence of {x t :t≧0} on ℝ d \{0}. In particular if the coefficients in the SDE depend on some parameterz which is varied in such a way that the corresponding Lyapunov exponentλ z changes sign from negative to positive the (almost-surely) stable fixed point at 0 is replaced by an (almost-surely) unstable fixed point at 0 together with an attracting invariant probability measureμ z on ℝ d \{0}. In this paper we investigate the limiting behavior ofμ z asλ z converges to 0 from above. The main result is that the rescaled measures (1/λ z )μ z converge (in an appropriate weak sense) to a non-trivial σ-finite measure on ℝ d \{0}.
ON THE WEALTH EFFECTS OF THE SUPERVISORY GOODWILL CONTROVERSY

We provide evidence on the potential wealth effects of the 1996 U.S. Supreme Court decision that the U.S. government had violated contractual obligations when, in 1989, it passed legislation prohibiting savings and loan associations from counting “supervisory goodwill” as capital. The Supreme Court decision produced large wealth gains for the savings and loan plaintiffs, as did prior court decisions in favor of these savings and loans. However, little evidence exists to suggest negative market responses to important events surrounding the 1989 legislation.
Reinventing fidelity: The transfer of social technology among settings

In an ideal world, effective programs would be disseminated on a large scale, but many obstacles block program diffusion. To date, little guidance has been provided by program designers on how to implement the program in different sites with different personnel and client populations. This article discusses the debate between the "fidelity camp" and the "reinvention camp" and suggests an approach that reconciles the two positions: fidelity should be maintained to the program's mechanism of operation; reinvention is permitted in implementation if the causal mechanism is preserved. Such an approach is essential for effective dissemination of preventive interventions that are successful in controlled trials.
The physical properties of linear and action-angle coordinates in classical and quantum mechanics

The quantum harmonic oscillator is described in terms of two basic sets of coordinates: linear coordinates x, px and angular coordinates eiφ, Pφ (action-angle variables). The angular “coordinate” eiφ is assumed unitary, the conjugate momentum pφ is assumed Hermitian, and eiφ and pφ are assumed to be a canonical pair. Two transformations are defined connecting the angular coordinates to the linear coordinates. It is found that x, px can be physical, i.e., Hermitian and canonical, only under constraints on the pφ eigenvalue spectrum. The conclusion is that eiφ can be a unitary operator. A parallel analysis of the classical harmonic oscillator is done with equivalent results.
X-ray Structures of the Signal Recognition Particle Receptor Reveal Targeting Cycle Intermediates.

The signal recognition particle (SRP) and its conjugate receptor (SR) mediate cotranslational targeting of a subclass of proteins destined for secretion to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in eukaryotes or to the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. Conserved active site residues in the GTPase domains of both SRP and SR mediate discrete conformational changes during formation and dissociation of the SRP.SR complex. Here, we describe structures of the prokaryotic SR, FtsY, as an apo protein and in two different complexes with a non-hydrolysable GTP analog (GMPPNP). These structures reveal intermediate conformations of FtsY containing GMPPNP and explain how the conserved active site residues position the nucleotide into a non-catalytic conformation. The basis for the lower specificity of binding of nucleotide in FtsY prior to heterodimerization with the SRP conjugate Ffh is also shown. We propose that these structural changes represent discrete conformational states assumed by FtsY during targeting complex formation and dissociation.
Ultrastructure of mitosis in Entosiphon sulcatum (Euglenida)

The ultrastructural features of cell division in the biflagellate, phagotrophic euglenoid, Entosiphon sulcatum, have been examined. Prophase is marked by the appearance of daughter feeding apparatuses and the emergence of two additional flagella. Pairs of flagella begin to migrate laterally along the surface of the elongating nucleus and remain lateral to the developing spindle poles. As the nucleolus elongates, it becomes dumbbell-shaped and the chromosomes move to the center of the nucleus, forming a loosely organized metaphase plate. Microtubules from opposing spindle poles attach to one of the pair of kinetochores found on each chromosome. The initial chromosome separation occurs during anaphase as the nucleus elongates. The length of the chromosomal microtubules does not decrease until late anaphase/early telophase. As the nucleus elongates, it forms a dumbbell-shaped structure. Most of the remaining microtubules are positioned in the interzone between the forming daughter nuclei. The interzonal spindle becomes somewhat constricted but remains intact until it is broken by the impinging cleavage furrow. Replication of the pellicular strips is not completed until late in cytokinesis.
The programming language SuperPascal

This paper defines SuperPascal—a secure programming language for publication of parallel scientific algorithms. SuperPascal extends a subset of IEEE Standard Pascal with deterministic statements for parallel processes and synchronous message communication. A parallel statement denotes parallel execution of a fixed number of statements. A forall statement denotes parallel execution of the same statement by a dynamic number of processes. Recursive procedures may be combined with parallel and forall statements to define recursive parallel processes. Parallel processes communicate by sending typed messages through channels created dynamically. SuperPascal omits ambiguous and insecure features of Pascal. Restrictions on the use of variables enable a single-pass compiler to check that parallel processes are disjoint, even if the processes use procedures with global variables.
Electronic Data Processing for the International Vocabulary of Terms used in Information Processing

The vocabulary of terms used in information processing that has been prepared under the joint auspices of the International Federation for Information Processing and the International Computation Centre and which is about to be published has been described in the paper by Gould & Tootill (1965)f. The British contribution to this work was made through the glossary committee of The British Computer Society; the committee also took a major part of the responsibility for editing. As the work progressed it was realized that the lack of an up-to-date index, which could readily be modified as changes were incorporated, was holding up the work. It was not easy to follow the cross references and ensure compatibility, and even harder to check that the definitions did not form loops. An example of the latter is that it is too easy to define PROGRAM in terms of INSTRUCTIONS and INSTRUCTION in terms of PROGRAM. Since this was a data-processing committee it was clear that dataprocessing techniques should be used to overcome these difficulties. The program and computer used had to be such that the programming would not be difficult, the amount of labour required should be reasonable and the work had to be done on a computer readily available to at least one member of the committee. These restrictions arise from the fact that the committee was staffed by voluntary labour, as is the usual case with B.C.S. committees. The programs were successfully written for a scientific computer, Mercury, in a scientific language with little difficulty, and ran successfully. It was particularly interesting to find that techniques that would normally be considered to belong to the commercial field were readily programmed in a scientific language and successful object programs obtained in two or three weeks of spare-time work.
A genetic model for the evolution of the glycosphingolipids.

The glycosphingolipids have been found in many animal tissues, but the complexity of their molecular structure varies considerably among the different phyla. Relatively simple structures have been found in invertebrate species, while the most complex have been demonstrated in brain tissue of modern fishes and amphibians. The data on the phylogenetic distribution of the glycosphingolipids has been interpreted to indicate that a significant number of gene duplications, involving many different structural genes, may have occurred during a few specific periods of vertebrate evolution. The transition from invertebrate to jawless vertebrate, the divergence of rays and skates from true sharks, the advent of modern bony fishes and the transition from aquatic to terrestrial vertebrates, each could have been accompanied by duplications of genes involved in the synthesis and degradation of glycosphingolipids. The evolutionary study of such a multi-enzyme system may be one means to detect alterations in the genome as a whole. The apparent correspondence in time of these gene duplications involved in glycosphingolipid metabolism and periods of rapid vertebrate evolution which may have been accompanied by significant increases in the amount of cellular DNA suggests that such changes may have occurred via the mechanism of tetraploidization.
VHL and PTEN loss coordinate to promote mouse liver vascular lesions

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) inactivation develops a tumor syndrome characterized by highly vascularized tumors as a result of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) stabilization. The most common manifestation is the development of hemangioblastomas typically located in the central nervous system and other organs including the liver. PTEN (Phosphatase and tension homologue deleted on chromosome 10) inactivation also upregulates HIF-1alpha and may take part in promoting vascular lesions in tumors. The coordinate effect of loss of these tumor suppressors on HIF levels, and the subsequent effect on vascular lesion formation would elucidate the potential for mechanisms to modify HIF dosage supplementally and impact tumor phenotype. We therefore employed models of somatic conditional inactivation of Vhl, Pten, or both tumor suppressor genes in individual cells of the liver by Cre-loxP recombination to study the cooperativity of these two tumor suppressors in preventing tumor formation. Nine months after tumor suppressor inactivation, Vhl conditional deletion (Vhl (loxP/loxP)) mice showed no abnormalities, Pten conditional deletion (Pten (loxP/loxP)) mice developed liver steatosis and focal nodular expansion of hepatocytes containing lipid droplet and fat. Vhl and Pten conditional deletion (Vhl (loxP/loxP);Pten (loxP/loxP)) mice, however, developed multiple cavernous liver lesions reminiscent of hemangioblastoma. Liver hemangioblastomas in VHL disease may, therefore, require secondary mutation in addition to VHL loss of heterozygosity which is permissive for vascular lesion development or augments levels of HIF-1alpha.
Experiments on the dynamics and sedimentary products of glacier slip

Abstract Experimental work in glacial geomorphology is focused almost entirely on processes in the thin shear zone at the beds of sliding glaciers, where ice at its pressure–melting temperature moves over either rigid rock or deformable till. Experiments with rotary shear devices illuminate constitutive behavior there, central to the dynamics of fast-moving glaciers, and provide a foundation for interpreting the sedimentary record of glacier slip and associated sediment transport. Results from experiments designed to study ice sliding over a rigid wavy bed, shear deformation of till, and plowing of clasts across the surface of a till bed point to a common conclusion: drag at the bed can decrease with increasing slip velocity, thereby concentrating driving stress elsewhere and promoting rapid glacier flow. This rate-weakening behavior at glacier beds is in contrast to the viscous slip resistance assumed in ice-sheet models and most efforts to determine distributions of basal drag from glacier surface velocities. Ring-shear experiments in which various basal tills and more idealized materials are sheared to high strains provide quantitative insight into grain size evolution, mixing at contacts between basal tills, microstructure development, particle-fabric development, and development of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Preferred orientations of principal magnetic susceptibilities provide the most dependable and complete description of till shear patterns. When applied to basal tills of the geologic record, magnetic till fabrics measured along thick till sections and calibrated experimentally indicate that deformation of the bed by two lobes of the Laurentide ice sheet was shallow (