cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interdependency in immigrant mother–daughter relationships

Abstract Intergenerational interdependency involves coinvolvement in each other's life, including the care and concern that one generation expresses for the other, the root of the care and concern, and how each generation embodies the care and concern. Three factors may influence interdependency between immigrant mothers and their adult daughters: social geography, interdependency expectations, and life events. Twenty-two immigrant mothers and adult daughters participated in an in-depth individual interview about social geography, interdependency expectations, and life events in their mother–daughter relationship. Eight mothers and daughters participated in a second in-depth individual interview about the same topics, a year later. Analyses of the data from the two data collection periods showed that social geography promoted interdependency, interdependency expectations shaped actual interdependency patterns, and life events, such as motherhood for daughters and spousal separation, altered interdependency patterns. The participants in this study expressed general satisfaction with the degree of involvement in each other's life.
Sagittal sinus thrombosis in the nephrotic syndrome.

Relatively little published information is available regarding trichophagia and trichobezoars. DeBakey and Oschner 1 noted that 90% of patients with bezoar were female and that the peak ages were 10 to 19 years? Many of the patients were anemic and one child in their series had a hematocrit as low as 15% at the time of presentation. Hurwitz and McAlenney reported two cases of trichobezoar in children? One girl presented at 12 years of age with a hemoglobin concentration of 7.5 gm/dl. Her diet for the previous two years consisted of 5 to 6 quarts of milk daily, and the stool guaiac test was negative. After surgical removal of the bezoar and treatment with iron, her hemoglobin returned to normal and the trichotillomania and trichophagia ceased. Current textbooks or reviews recommend that therapy for trichotillomania with or without trichophagia be directed toward identifying and resolving serious underlying emotional problems? -~ Accordingly, Patient 1 was initially referred for psychiatric treatment. In retrospect, her condition might have improved if iron deficiency had been considered as an etiologic factor. The association of pica-an unusual craving for nonfood items-and iron deficiency has recently been exten
Effect of Sentence Length on the Production of Linguistic Stress by Left- and Right-Hemisphere-Damaged Patients

Abstract An acoustical/perceptual study of phonemic stress (e.g., HOTdog vs. hot DOG) was conducted to evaluate the effect of sentence length on stress production after brain damage. Productions of phonemic stress pairs were elicited in sentence contexts of increasing length from eight left-hemisphere-damaged nonfluent (LHD-NFL), fluent LHD-FL), right-hemisphere-damaged (RHD), and normal speakers ( n = 32). Tape recordings of subjects' productions were presented to naive listeners for perceptual identification of stress placement. Acoustic analysis focused on fundamental frequency, duration, and intensity of the initial and final syllables as well as pause duration between syllables. Perceptual tests indicated that regardless of sentence length, all brain-damaged groups exhibited an impairment in the production of linguistic stress when compared to normals. The LHD-NFL group experienced the greatest difficulty in signaling stress contrasts, followed in order by the LHD-FL and RHD groups. In medium-length sentences, the LHD-FL group's performance was degraded by comparison to short-length sentences. Acoustic analysis showed that pause duration was the strongest predictor of phonemic stress for all groups. Acoustic profiles of the RHD group were similar qualitatively to those of normals, but differed quantitatively in terms of magnitude of effect associated with shifts in stress patterns. Findings are brought to bear on the nature of the stress production deficit after unilateral brain damage, the role of the right hemisphere in linguistic prosody, and the concept of “subtle phonetic deficit” in fluent aphasia.
Full wave solution of dielectric loaded waveguides and shielded microstrips utilizing finite difference and the conjugate gradient method

Dynamic analysis of waveguide structures containing dielectric and metal strips is presented. The analysis utilizes a finite difference frequency domain procedure to reduce the problem to a symmetric matrix eigenvalue problem. Since the matrix is also sparse, the eigenvalue problem can be solved quickly and efficiently using the conjugate gradient method resulting in considerable savings in computer storage and time. Comparison is made with the analytical solution for the loaded dielectric waveguide case. For the microstrip case, we get both waveguide modes and quasi-TEM modes. The quasi-TEM modes in the limit of zero frequency are checked with the static analysis which also uses finite difference. Some of the quasi-TEM modes are spurious. This article describes their origin and discusses how to eliminate them. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the principles.
Electromotive Effects in Glass‐Salt Pairs

Liquid and solid metallic salts in contact with glass hare been found to produce a potential drop across the glass-salt interface which decays with time. A qualitative explanation of this phenomenon is offered in terms of the glass structure with relation to the adsorption and polarizability of the salt ions at the interface.
Adaptive Regression Testing Strategy: An Empirical Study

When software systems evolve, different amounts and types of code modifications can be involved in different versions. These factors can affect the costs and benefits of regression testing techniques in different ways, and thus, there may be no single regression testing technique that is the most cost-effective technique to use on every version. To date, many regression testing techniques have been proposed, but no research has been done on the problem of helping practitioners systematically choose appropriate techniques on new versions as systems evolve. To address this problem, we propose adaptive regression testing (ART) strategies that attempt to identify the regression testing techniques that will be the most cost-effective for each regression testing session considering organization's situations and testing environment. To assess our approach, we conducted an experiment focusing on test case prioritization techniques. Our results show that prioritization techniques selected by our approach can be more cost-effective than those used by the control approaches.
The pressure coefficient of the shear modulus of V3Si

Abstract The temperature dependence of the pressure coefficient of the shear modulus c s = ( c 11 − c 12 ) 2 has been calculated from the linear chain model by including interband charge transfer under pressure. For a suitable choice of the charge transfer parameter it is possible to obtain semiquantitative agreement with the experimental data for transforming V3Si, but not for nontransforming V3Si. This suggests that transforming crystals correspond more closely to the ideal of the linear chain model, and that the quantitatively and qualitatively different behavior of nontransforming crystals arises from crystal imperfections.
Fermilab Energy Doubler Magnets-Magnetostatics

Magnetic field computations have been performed for the three-inch circular aperture doubler magnets in the warm iron geometry. Locations for rectangular conductors along circular arcs have been found such that, in the absence of the construction errors, the sextupole and decapole terms have been removed from the dipole. For the quadrupole suitable locations for the conductors have been found that remove the duodecapole term. Field quality, longitudinally integrated fields, construction errors, forces, energy content, and eddy current heating under cycled conditions will be discussed for a 45 kG dipole and a 20 kG/inch quadrupole.
STEADY LAMINAR FLOW IN TWO SUCCESSIVE BIFURCATIONS

Abstract The steady-state vorticity transport equation was solved numerically for inspiratory flow in two-dimensional models of two successive bifurcations. Streamlines and velocity distributions were obtained for Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 to 800. For both symmetric and asymmetric airway models, the calculated axial velocity profiles in the parent channels of the second bifurcations are asymmetric.
Genetic control of feeding preference in the herbivorous amphipod Ampithoe longimana

The feeding preferences of individuals within a single species of marine consumer can differ because of variation in ontogeny, physiological state and environmental conditions; yet genetic variation can also play a central (largely undescribed) role. This study describes the nature of the genetic inheritance of feeding preference in the herbivorous amphipod Ampithoe longimana. Two populations known to have strong feeding preference for the chemically rich seaweed Dictyota menstrualis (from North Carolina, USA) were crossed to an F 2 generation with 2 populations known to have lower preference for the seaweed (i.e. from Connecticut and Massachusetts), and all parental and hybrid lines were assayed for their feeding preferences. F 1 hybrids of A. longimana populations with high and low D. menstrualis preference displayed preferences intermediate to both parental lines, and there were no persistent differences among sexes in the inheritance of D. menstrualis preference in the F 1 or F 2 generations. These results suggest that feeding preference for D. menstrualis is likely a polygenic trait inherited in a largely additive manner on autosomes. The presence of substantial polygenic control of feeding preference among this and perhaps other marine consumers suggests that the genetic potential for local adaptation of this trait may be more common than currently appreciated.
Earth science: An inner core slip-sliding away.

An ingenious proposal holds that Earth's inner core is solidifying in the western hemisphere and melting in the east. The process is consequent on, and reinforces, its easterly slippage — or translation.
c-Maf and you won’t see fat

Osteoporosis is a common, age-related bone disease that results from an imbalance between the processes of bone formation and bone resorption, resulting in reduced bone mass and increased risk of fracture. Mesenchymal stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into osteoblastic and adipogenic lineages; recent research suggests that the switch between these two fates may be key to the decreased bone density that occurs with aging. In this issue, Nishikawa et al. demonstrate that the basic leucine-zipper transcription factor Maf (also known as c-Maf) is central to osteoblast lineage commitment. In addition, they find that increased oxidative stress - as occurs with aging - decreases Maf expression. This work advances understanding of the transcriptional regulation of cell fate decisions and may help direct the development of new therapies to fight age-related bone loss.
Visual Detection and Recognition of Fluorescent Color Targets Versus Nonfluorescent Color Targets as a Function of Peripheral Viewing Angle and Target Size

Daytime conspicuity of targets with fluorescent and nonfluorescent backgrounds as a function of the peripheral angle and the target size was investigated in the field. The resulting peripheral detection and recognition data may prove relevant to, for example, a bicyclist or a pedestrian approaching a driver at an intersection from a side street, or to a construction worker approaching a driver in a road construction site. Two groups of nine young, healthy subjects were used. White, blue, green, red, fluorescent red, fluorescent yellow-green, yellow, fluorescent yellow, orange, and fluorescent orange were presented at peripheral angles to the right of the line of sight. The targets were presented at a radial distance of 30 m (100 ft) from the front bumper of the car at the selected peripheral angle. The subjects were seated in a stationary car and the targets were visible for 2 sec. Each subject provided a total of 180 observations. The results of this study indicate that the fluorescent color targets (esp...
On the dynamic stiffness of circular ring footings on an elastic stratum

Circular ring footings on an elastic stratum are considered. The static and dynamic stiffnesses are calculated using an efficient numerical technique. The results indicate that the static torsional and rocking stiffnesses of a ring footing do not deviate significantly from the corresponding stiffness of the circular footing for values of the inner-radius-to-outer-radius ratio up to about 0.75. The static horizontal and vertical stiffnesses change considerably only for values of this ratio greater than about 0.60. The change in the stiffness and damping coefficients is small for values of the ratio between 0 and 0.5.
Synthesis and characterization of the human elastin W4 sequence

Following the nomenclature of Sandberg, the W4 sequence of human elastin, [sequence: see text], has been synthesized by solid-phase methods and characterized by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, amino-acid analysis, mass spectra and elemental analysis. This sequence was then polymerized to greater than 50 kDa as determined by retention in 50 kDa molecular weight cut-off dialysis tubing. It has been successfully cross-linked by gamma-irradiation (20 Mrad) to form an elastomeric matrix, designated as X20-poly(W4). Physical characterizations such as stress/strain, thermolelasticity, acid-base titration and inverse temperature transition studies have been carried out on this elastomer, which is homologous to the striking, poly(VPGVG), W4 sequence of bovine and porcine elastins. These results are compared with previous results on the polypentapeptide of elastin, (VPGVG)n, and it has been demonstrated that X20-poly(W4) also is a dominantly entropic elastomer. Finally, the working model for the structure of this human elastin sequence was derived computationally using molecular mechanics and dynamics calculations. Thus the human W4 sequence appears to be structurally and functionally equivalent to the bovine and porcine W4 sequences in spite of the less regular repeating pentamer sequence.
Data analysis and the connectivity of random graphs

Abstract This paper presents empirical information on the adequacy of an asymptotic approximation developed by Erdos and Renyi dealing with the minimum number of lines needed to connect a random graph. It is shown that the approximation is poor for several data analysis applications of the result previously published in the behavioral sciences.
Demiarcs, Creaons and Genons

Abstract Useful insights into the representation of natural systems can be gained by decomposing directed graphs (digraphs) into elementary components. Arcs of digraphs can be split into male demiarcs (outarcs) which leave vertices and female demiarcs (inarcs) which enter demiarcs. Likewise, a vertex can be split into an input perceiving side called the creaon and an output generating side called the genon. Digraphs can be regarded as being hierarchically organized because each vertex in a level-1 digraph can be expanded into a level-2 digraph. In general, each vertex of a level- i digraph can be expanded into a level-( i +1) digraph. Arcs of a level- i digraph can be regarded as bundles of level-( i + 1) arcs which are split at the vertex boundary. These elementary graphical components are shown to be useful for depicting input-output systems such as organisms, ecosystems and societies.
An ab initio study of the in-plane harmonic force field and frequencies of cis- and trans-glyoxal

Abstract The in-plane harmonic force fields of trans - and cis -glyoxal are computed ab initio using a (7,3) basis set contracted to 〈5,3〉. With the trans conformer comparison with experiment is made for both force constants and the derived vibrational frequencies. No such comparison can be made in the case of the cis conformer because only a few assignments of experimental vibrational frequencies have been made, and the calculations thus serve to predict values for the in-plane fundamentals.
The role of magnesium and potassium ions in the molecular mechanism of ribosome assembly: hydrodynamic, conformational, and thermal stability studies of 16 S RNA from Escherichia coli ribosomes.

In an attempt to understand the role of magnesium ion in ribosome assembly in vitro, the hydrodynamic shape, conformation, and thermal stability of ribosomal 16 S RNA were studied systematically as a function of Mg2+ concentration by sedimentation velocity, intrinsic viscosity, circular dichroism, and difference ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. These results were then compared with the corresponding parameters obtained for 16 S RNA under the optimal conditions of reconstitution, i.e., at 37 degrees C, 20 mM Mg2+, an ionic strength equal to 0.37, and pH 7.8 [S. H. Allen, and K.-P. Wong (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8759-8766]. When the 360 mM KCl required for reconstitution of 30 S ribosomes is added to the medium, only subtle conformational changes are observed, consistent with the destabilization of the conformation, thus making the RNA molecule more "open" and accessible to protein binding. However, when the concentration of Mg2+ is lowered from 20 to 1 mM, the hydrodynamic parameters indicate that the 16 S RNA is partially unfolded, while thermal denaturation studies suggest that the amount of base-stacking and base-pairing is not concomitantly altered. Further removal of the Mg2+ by dialysis against a pH 7.8 buffer containing no Mg2+ results in a drastic decrease of secondary structure and indicates that the Mg2+ is required for maintenance of the pairing, stacking, and stability of the nucleotide bases, in addition to the long range interactions which result in a compact structure. The results suggest that the 20 mM Mg2+ is required for the 16 S RNA molecules to assume the proper secondary and tertiary structure containing the protein-binding sites, while the high K+ concentration (360 mM KCl) is needed for "loosening up" the RNA, making the protein binding sites more accessible to the ribosomal proteins for molecular recognition and binding as well as for the conformational changes that occur during ribosome assembly.
Wind-driven currents in a sea with a variable eddy viscosity calculated via a Sinc-Galerkin technique

The Sinc–Galerkin method is presented as a new and potentially useful extension of the spectral method in numerical oceanography. To describe and illustrate the technique, a Sinc–Galerkin procedure is used to infer the sensitivity of wind-driven sub-surface currents in coastal regions and semi-enclosed seas when the vertical eddy viscosity coefficient is represented as a continuously differentiable function of depth. Problems with exact solutions are used to explore the accuracy and exponential convergence of expansions using composite translated sinc functions as a basis set. To illustrate the essential idea, we describe applications of the Sinc–Galerkin technique to modifications of the Ekman wind-drift current problem. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of undernutrition in animal models of hyperactivity

Abstract The influence of neonatal growth retardation on subsequent spontaneous activity and activity following d-amphetamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was studied in CD-1 mice. Different growth rates were obtained by raising mice in litters of either 8 or 16 sucklings per lactating dam. The testing protocol was specifically designed to duplicate a procedure used to assess the influence of neonatal lead exposure on locomotor activity. At 35 to 37 days of age mice were individually tested for general locomotor activity and drug response. Developmental growth retardation influenced their pattern of habituation to the test apparatus and their locomotor response to emphetamine. It was concluded that growth retardation may partially account for behavioral effects previously attributed to the neurotoxic effects of viruses, 6-hydroxydopamine or inorganic lead.
Influence of strain differences in mice on the metabolism and toxicity of benzene

Abstract Chronic benzene exposure results in a progressive depression of bone marrow function and is thought to be caused by a metabolite of benzene ( Snyder and Kocsis, 1975 ; Goldstein and Laskin, 1977 ). Several reports concerning differences in xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity among inbred strains of mice prompted us to study benzene metabolism and toxicity in C57BL 6 and DBA 2 mice. DBA 2 mice were more susceptible to benzene than C57BL 6 mice. No differences in the total amount of urinary benzene metabolites produced were found between the strains; however, differences in the relative amounts of specific metabolites were noted. DBA 2 mice produced more phenylglucuronide but less ethereal sulfate conjugates than C57BL 6 mice. Hydrolysis of the urinary conjugates revealed that DBA 2 mice excreted more phenol, but less hydroquinone than C57BL 6 mice. Multiple dose studies revealed that the more resistant C57BL 6 mice contained less water soluble benzene metabolites in bone marrow, liver, kidney, blood, spleen, and lung than DBA 2 mice. C57BL 6 mice also contained less covalently bound metabolites in bone marrow, blood, spleen, and muscle than DBA 2 mice following multiple doses of benzene. Vmax values for UDPGA utilization in C57BL 6 mice were almost six times the Vmax values observed for DBA 2 mice. Furthermore, Vmax values for phenylsulfate formation in C57BL 6 mice were three times the Vmax values for DBA 2 mice. It was concluded that the difference in susceptibility to benzene between C57BL 6 and DBA 2 mice was not the result of a single factor, buth rather, the sum total of a number of metabolic events.
An investigation of inorganic antimony species and antimony associated with soil humic acid molar mass fractions in contaminated soils

The presence of antimony compounds is often suspected in the soil of apple orchards contaminated with lead arsenate pesticide and in the soil of shooting ranges. Nitric acid (1M) extractable Sb from the shooting range (8300 microg kg(-1)) and the apple orchard (69 microg kg(-1)) had considerably higher surface Sb levels than the control site (<1.5 microg kg(-1)), and Sb was confined to the top approximately 30 cm soil layer. Sb(V) was the principal species in the shooting range and the apple orchard surface soils. Size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS) analysis of humic acids isolated from the two contaminated soils demonstrated that Sb has complexed to humic acid molar mass fractions. The results also indicate that humic acids have the ability to arrest the mobility of Sb through soils and would be beneficial in converting Sb(III) to a less toxic species, Sb(V), in contaminated areas.
Cognitive task analysis of electric power system control center operations

A cognitive task analysis of reliability coordinators in an electric power system control center was performed in conjunction with evaluation of three novel display solutions for line overload detection and correction. Eight experienced regional operations center operators participated in the study. The operators were shown two different geographic data view displays and a tabular, text-based tool, and interviewed as they solved three different transmission line overload problems using the different displays and tools. The operators were asked to think aloud as they performed the tasks. Their comments were recorded and transcribed, and used as a basis for the cognitive task analysis. The results indicated that although the operators liked the system data visualization approaches, they also placed high value on tabular presentation of text-based and numerical data. Visualization solutions should therefore be used to supplement existing displays and tools. This study also serves as an example of a participa...
Laparoscopic versus open live donor nephrectomy: outcomes analysis of 266 consecutive patients

Minimally invasive surgical techniques have become the preferred method for live donor nephrectomy (DN) in many centers. We compared our experience with laparoscopic and open DN in a single institution. Data for 266 consecutive live DNs were collected. Demographic, intraoperative, and postoperative data were compared. A total of 199 hand-assisted laparoscopic (HAL) DNs, 18 totally laparoscopic (TL), and 49 open DNs were performed. Laparoscopic DN was associated with a shorter operative time (p < 0.013), less blood loss (p < 0.0001), and shorter hospital stay (p < 0.0001) than open DN. Warm ischemia time was less for HAL versus TL DN (59.9 vs. 90.0 seconds; p < 0.0001). Compared with open DN, laparoscopic patients had fewer complications (p < 0.03), fewer wound infections (p < 0.004), less wound paresthesias (p < 0.0009), and fewer complaints of chronic incisional pain (p < 0.0001). Delayed graft function during the first 24 h postoperatively was significantly less for the laparoscopic DN versus the open cases (12.9% vs. 30.4%; p = 0.003), but the need for hemodialysis for the recipient was similar between groups (6.9% vs. 5%; p = not significant). Laparoscopic DN resulted in less blood loss, reduced operative time, and shorter hospital stay than open DN. Hand-assisted laparoscopic DN has the potential to decrease warm ischemia time for renal allografts. Donors managed laparoscopically had fewer complications, significantly less wound-related morbidity, and less delayed graft function than patients who underwent open DN.
A functional analysis of social grooming patterns through direct comparison with self-grooming in rhesus monkeys

Social grooming in primates is a complex behavior in which monkeys stroke, pick, or otherwise manipulate a companion’s body surface. While grooming has been associated with important social functions, researchers who have examined its physical characteristics, such as body site preferences, have focused on its role in skin care and ectoparasite removal. Whether the form of social grooming is constrained primarily by utilitarian or social functions was empirically tested by directly comparing this behavior with self-grooming, which was assumed to have primarily utilitarian functions. Predictions made concerning social grooming, based on a comparison with self-grooming, were tested by examining site preferences, duration of grooming (overall and to specific body sites), and method of grooming (stroking, picking, or a combination of the two) in rhesus monkeys. None of these predictions was verified. The physical characteristics of social grooming could not be predicted from the way an animal groomed itself. There was no relationship between site preferences in these two types of grooming. Animals groomed others for longer periods of time than they groomed themselves, both overall and when grooming specific sites. The methods these animals used differed markedly in self-and social grooming: they primarily picked at their own hair or skin but, when grooming others, varied their technique across sites, stroking the hair where it was thickest and picking where the hair was sparse. These results suggest that utilitarian functions are not the most important factors constraining the form of social grooming.
Self-consistent-screening calculation of surface-phonon dispersion curves at the (110) surface of aluminum.

We have calculated the dynamical matrix for an aluminum slab bounded by a pair of (110) surfaces using a self-consistent implementation of pseudopotential perturbation theory. The screening response of the conduction electrons to the field of the ions is obtained within the local-density approximation of density-functional theory. Both relaxed and unrelaxed geometries are treated. We present numerical results for the dispersion curves of surface phonons. Comparison is made with recent theoretical and experimental results.
Food of Mus Musculus, Peromyscus Maniculatus Bairdi and Peromyscus Leucopus in Vigo County, Indiana

The foods of 478 house mice, Mus musculus , 444 prairie deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi and 278 white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus , are analyzed by the habitat of each species and by season. The more important foods of the house mouse were Setaria seeds, lepidopterous larvae, corn, various weed seeds, various animal materials and cultivated crops (corn, wheat, soybeans and sorghum). Among the more important foods of Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi were lepidopterous larvae, wheat seeds, soybeans, weed seeds, animal materials and cultivated foods, especially wheat and soybeans. The more important foods of Peromyscus leucopus were various kinds of seeds, lepidopterous larvae and mast; cultivated foods were not important. Peromyscus leucopus differed in habitat, hence in food habits, from the other two species. Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi and Mus musculus occupied similar habitats and might be expected to eat similar foods; this was not always the case. Seeds of Setaria were heavily eaten by Mus but were usually much less important to P. m. bairdi . In soybean fields, soybeans were heavily eaten by P. m. bairdi but not by Mus ; in wheat fields, wheat seeds were much more heavily eaten by Mus than by P. m. bairdi . In cornfields, corn was much more important to Mus than to P. m. bairdi .
Comparison of the antibody produced by DNCB fed, sensitized and conventionally immunized strain 13 guinea pigs

Abstract Using a procedure which yields approx 80% of the serum antibody detectable by precipitation, anti-DNP antibody was purified from strain 13 guinea pigs immunized with highly conjugated DNP-KLH in complete Freund's adjuvant. The antibody from the two experimental groups compared was obtained from animals either sensitized with DNCB or fed DNCB in oil before immunization with DNP-KLH. Primary structural analysis of the purified IgG2 anti-DNP antibody detected definite differences in the Hv1 and Hv3 regions of the antibodies from the two different groups. Nevertheless, the only Hv-containing peptide which consistently appeared to be composed of a high proportion of distinguishing variants was that containing Hv3. From the data it is clear that there are cells present in the B-lymphocyte pool of fed animals which generally dominate in the response when normal animals are immunized with DNP-KLH. It is also apparent that these cells both can and do respond, but that there is clearly incomplete dominance to the extent that 35–50% of the antibody product isolated appears to be representative of another major group (or groups) of cells.
Some chemical reaction engineering considerations in the synthesis of silicon nitride

Abstract Elucidating the intrinsic nitridation behavior of silicon powder requires global or compact effects to be separated from the nitridation of the individual grains. These effects arise due to the influence of adjacent particles as they react, which modify the macropore structure and subsequently alter the dif- fusivities of the reacting species. By careful of these factors acknowledgement of these factors during experimental de- sign, intrinsic rate data has been obtained. Individual silicon grains react following a sharp interface model, with an expanding Si3N4 product layer developing on the outer surface. The reaction propagates towards the center of the particle via nitrogen diffusion through the product layer, followed by reaction with the underlying, unreacted silicon core. Diffusion through the product layer was determined to be rate-limiting
Kant and the Pleasure of “Mere Reflection”

Abstract In the Critique of the Power of Judgment, Kant refers to the pleasure that we feel when judging that an object is beautiful as the pleasure of “mere reflection”. Yet Kant never makes explicit what exactly is the relationship between the activity of “mere reflection” and the feeling of pleasure. I discuss several contemporary accounts of the pleasure of taste and argue that none of them is fully accurate, since, in each case, they leave open the possibility that one can reflect without having a feeling of pleasure, and hence allow a possible skepticism of taste. I then present my own account, which can better explain why Kant thinks that when one reflects one must also have a feeling of pleasure. My view, which emphasizes the role of attention in Kant, depicts well what we do when we judge something to be beautiful. It can also suggest a way to explain the relation between judgments of taste and moral feeling, and begin to show how the faculty of feeling fills a gap in the system of our cognitive ...
Exploring the richness of collection-level subject metadata in three large-scale digital libraries

A growing number of digital libraries worldwide are now generating collection-level metadata to describe entire digital collections as integral wholes. This paper reports results of the study that used an in-depth comparative content analysis to assess free-text and controlled-vocabulary collection-level subject metadata in three large-scale digital libraries in the European Union and the USA. As observed by this study, the emerging best practices in creating collection-level subject metadata include: (a) describing collection's subject matter with mutually complementary values in controlled-vocabulary and free-text metadata; (b) encoding a variety of collection properties in free-text metadata, including both subject properties (topical, geographic and temporal coverage, and types/genres of objects) and non-subject information: title, size, provenance, collection development, copyright, audience, navigation and functionality, language of items in a digital collection, frequency of additions, institutions that host a collection or contribute to it, funding sources, item creators, importance, uniqueness and comprehensiveness of a digital collection.
Indoor robot gardening: design and implementation

This paper describes the architecture and implementation of a distributed autonomous gardening system with applications in urban/indoor precision agriculture. The garden is a mesh network of robots and plants. The gardening robots are mobile manipulators with an eye-in-hand camera. They are capable of locating plants in the garden, watering them, and locating and grasping fruit. The plants are potted cherry tomatoes enhanced with sensors and computation to monitor their well-being (e.g. soil humidity, state of fruits) and with networking to communicate servicing requests to the robots. By embedding sensing, computation, and communication into the pots, task allocation in the system is de-centrally coordinated, which makes the system scalable and robust against the failure of a centralized agent. We describe the architecture of this system and present experimental results for navigation, object recognition, and manipulation as well as challenges that lie ahead toward autonomous precision agriculture with multi-robot teams.
Assessing the validity of constraint sets in image restoration

Cross-validation is introduced as a technique for assessing the validity of constraints imposed on the image restoration process before the process has begun. Because the full cross-validation procedure is computationally burdensome, a modification is suggested that allows a more feasible implementation without substantially sacrificing the performance of the full procedure. Experimental results demonstrate the excellent performance of both the full and modified procedures. >
The relationship between age and healthcare expenditure among persons with diabetes mellitus

Few studies have examined how a person’s age is related to healthcare expenditure among individuals with chronic conditions. The authors reviewed and examined the association between age and healthcare expenditure among persons with diabetes. Crude healthcare expenditure increases with age. Excluding expenditure associated with long-term and home healthcare, medical costs per person peaks at ~ 80 years of age. For males, persons aged 19 – 34 years had the lowest per-person medical costs, but, for females, those aged 0 – 18 years had the lowest per-person medical cost. Healthcare expenditure associated with long-term care and home care increased exponentially beyond 65 years of age. There were considerable differences between sexes in terms of the association of age with healthcare expenditure. Age is not a cause for increased healthcare costs; it is the ageing process and the increased likelihood of morbidity and mortality that comes with increasing age that lead to an increase in costs. The three dominan...
The modeling of perfect sequencing flexibility in a scheduling environment

The concept of sequencing flexibility and its potential importance in such scheduling environments as those of manufacturing systems is reviewed. The statement of a particular manufacturing problem is provided, requiring that a simulation model be built for use in studying the system performance under conditions of perfect sequencing flexibility when the rule used to dispatch jobs to machines is FRS (fewest remaining steps). A workable approach to modeling perfect sequencing flexibility is then described. Finally, a GPSS/H model illustrating the implementation of this approach in the setting of the stated problem is presented. >
The relationship between innovation, knowledge, and performance in family and non-family firms: an analysis of SMEs

This study seeks to examine the relationship between innovation and knowledge in family versus non-family businesses with regard to performance. Data from 430 small and medium-sized enterprises were analyzed through hierarchical regression analysis, and innovation was found to be a significant factor in both family and non-family samples. However, knowledge in family firms was also found to be significant with innovation. Implications for theory and practice are discussed that may provide possible competitive advantage for small family firms.
Determinants of friction in soft elastohydrodynamic lubrication

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) protects soft tissues from damage and wear in many biological systems (e.g. synovial joints, cornea of the eye, and pleural surfaces of the lung and chest wall). Among studies of lubrication of deformable solids, few have examined the effects of external loads, geometry, and material properties on EHL of soft tissues. To examine these effects, we studied the tribology of soft tissues in a two-dimensional finite element simulation of a thin layer of fluid separating a sliding rigid surface from a soft asperity or bump with an initial sinusoidal shape. We computed the frictional force, deformation of the solid, and change in fluid thickness as functions of independent variables: sliding velocity, normal load, material properties, and bump amplitude and length. Double-logarithmic regression was used to determine the exponents of the scaling relationships of friction coefficient and minimum fluid thickness to the independent variables. The analysis showed that frictional shear force is strongly dependent on velocity, viscosity, and load, moderately dependent on bump length and elasticity, and only weakly dependent on the bump amplitude. The minimum fluid thickness is strongly dependent on velocity and viscosity, and changes moderately with load, elasticity, amplitude, and length. The shape of the bump has little effect. The results confirm that the shear-induced deformation of an initially symmetrical shape, including generalizations to other symmetrical geometries such as quadratic or piecewise linear bumps, leads to load-supporting behavior.
Fluency-Oriented Reading Instruction

This paper reports the results of a two-year project designed to reorganize basal reading instruction to stress fluent reading and automatic word recognition. The reorganized reading program had three components: a redesigned basal reading lesson that included repeated reading and partner reading, a choice reading period during the day, and a home reading program. Over two years of program implementation, students made significantly greater than expected growth in reading achievement in all 14 classes. All but two children who entered second grade reading at a primer level or higher (and half of those who did not) were reading at grade level or higher by the end of the year. Growth in fluency and accuracy appeared to be consistent over the whole year. Students' and teachers' attitudes toward the program were positive. In evaluating individual components, we found that self-selected partnerings seemed to work best and that children chose partners primarily out of friendship. Children tended to choose books...
Assessment methods for quality of life in cancer patients: the FACIT measurement system

The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) measurement system is a collection of 27 quality of life (QOL) scales, with several more in development, targeted at the management of chronic illnesses including cancer (FACT), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (FAHI), and multiple sclerosis (FAMS). The core FACIT scale (FACT-G) consists of a general questionnaire with 27 items related to four dimensions of health: physical, functional, social, and emotional well-being. There are also symptom- and treatment-specific scales as well as assessments for other areas of concern (e.g. spirituality and palliative care). Many of the questionnaires are available in over 30 languages. The validity, reliability, and the sensitivity to change in health status over time of the FACIT questionnaires have been well documented. Currently, the FACIT scales have been implemented in Phase II and III clinical trials and other cancer-related treatment evaluations. Future efforts in improving the FACIT measurement system include identification of items that are sensitive to specific patient populations, collection of data to establish national normative and bench mark scores, construction of a QOL item bank, and development of computerized adaptive testing programmes (CAT) to measure precisely a given concept based on ongoing responses.
Locomotor adaptations within the Cercopithecus genus: A multivariate approach

Multivariate analysis as a technique for investigating locomotor differentiation among primates has proven its power and usefulness in many studies on various skeletal dimensions. In these analyses primate genera were distributed and sometimes clustered in a manner that was interpretable based on current knowledge of gross locomotor differences. In an effort to advance our understanding of arboreality and terrestriality in primates, the present research involves a careful look for the most subtle morphological differences in locomotor behavior. It is believed that by looking at such subtle shape differences an understanding of what it means morphologically for a primate to be either more or less arboreal may be achieved. The species within the primate genus Cercopithecus were analyzed. This genus includes species which may be placed along a habitat (ground-living to tree-dwelling) or activity spectrum. The different habitats or activity patterns clearly require slight variations in patterns of movement, which in turn may require subtle structural adaptations. Multivariate analyses of 67 postcranial variables on seven species within the genus allowed detection of slight degrees of morphological variation. However, when morphological differences are small, size variance among specimens may take on an inflated importance. A substantial amount of work was devoted to finding the least biased method of removing size variance from the variables while incorporating a discrete size variable into the study. Using these transformed skeletal variables, interspecific groupings were discovered. Much of this infrastructure is then related to differing locomotor behavior and provides an insight into the fine structure of primate locomotor adaptation in an arboreal habitat.
thoughts and comment

Childbirth educators have become so enthralled with a specific method of teaching, namely LaMaze, that the development of other kinds of preparation seems to have been suppressed. Yet it is the educator's responsibility to direct couples to classes that me most appropriate for them. Our goal should be a good birth experience for every couple, with or without anesthesia. Various kinds of prepared childbirth classes should be available and publicized in every community.
Slit proteins, potential endogenous modulators of inflammation

Recent studies suggest that molecules important for guiding neuronal migration and axon path-finding also play a role in modulating leukocyte chemotaxis. Neuronal migration and leukocyte chemotaxis may share some common regulatory mechanisms. Intracellular signal transduction mechanisms guiding neuronal migration and leukocyte chemotaxis are beginning to be elucidated. Studying molecular mechanisms modulating cell migration may provide new insights into understanding of endogenous inhibitors of inflammation.
Simulation of Multiturn Transverse Instabilities in Electron Storage Rings

Multiturn transverse beam instabilities place limitations on realizable beam currents in e+ e- storage rings. Such instabilities become particularly important as one considers future accelerators employing superconducting RF cavities. Higher order cavity modes (HOM) can couple to betatron and synchrobetatron harmonics and, unless sufficiently damped, will lead to instability. A code has been developed for computer simulation of the beam-HOM interaction. Results obtained agree well with experience. Of particular interest is the result that a realistic spread in synchrotron frequencies provides adequate Landau damping of quadrupole oscillations while not significantly affecting dipole behavior. The simulation predicts a quadrupole instability threshold above 1 Ampere for the Cornell elliptical superconducting cavity design placed in CESR.
SOME PROPRIOCEPTIVE INFLUENCES ON THE PERCEPTUAL REPRESENTATION OF BODY SHAPE AND ORIENTATION

Perception of the surface contour of the body is generally thought to depend on topographically organized neural maps of somatosensation in the thalamus and cortex. Recent neurophysiological studies indicate that these maps are potentially modifiable through alterations in their sensory input. We present evidence that the apparent shape and orientation of the body can be changed within seconds by using muscle vibration to generate proprioceptive misinformation about limb position. Depending on the position of the hands or feet in relation to the rest of the body and to the test chamber, it is possible to generate systematic perceptual distortions of the body and changes in the apparent orientation of the body. Some implications of these observations for the maintenance of an accurate body schema, for spatial orientation, and for the encoding of ocular position are described.
Childhood Obesity Policy Implications for African American Girls and a Nursing Ecological Model

In the United States there is a prevalence of obesity among ethnic groups, especially African American girls. The author in this column examines through an ecological lens selected American federal, state, and city policies and program interventions aimed at reducing obesity. Specifically, the eating behavior of African American girls is discussed as a population subset for which significant gaps are present in current obesity policy and implementation. Policy recommendations should include parents as research has shown a significant relationship in the eating behaviors of African American girls and their parents. Opportunities for nurses in practice and research to test the effectiveness of family and community level policy and program initiatives that address the ecological perspectives of the adolescent environment are discussed.