cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cisplatin-based chemoresistance resulted from enhanced DNA repair in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 1490 Chemotherapy plays an important role in the neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting and management of advanced and metastatic disease for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Cisplatin is one of the most potent and useful antitumor agents for the treatment of HNSCC to date. The development of Cisplatin resistance is a major factor responsible for the failure of Cisplatin chemotherapy. A protein complex made up of hMre11, hRad50 and Nbs1 (MRN) has been shown to be a critical component of the cellular response to the repair of DNA double-strand break (DSB). The present study investigated the molecular mechanism of Cisplatin-induced tumor cell resistant and explored whether enhanced DNA DSB repair could be a primary cause for development of resistance in tumor cells to cisplatin, which induces crosslinks and DNA DSBs. Two human HNSCC cell lines, JHU006 and JHU020, were used for this study. JHU006 cell line has been characterized as a Cisplatin-resistant cell line, whereas JHU020 demonstrates sensitive to Cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The cell viability was evaluated. Western blot, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), and real-time quantitative-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) were performed. The formation of an MRN complex in both cell lines was confirmed by Western blot and co-IP studies in both cell lines. However, a significantly increased expression level of MRN was found in the JHU006 cell line treated with Cisplatin when compared with JHU020 cell line. The increase in MRN expression level corresponds to the level of cytotoxicity in Cisplatin-resistant JHU006 cell line and suggests that Cisplatin-induced tumor cell resistant occurs through enhance DNA DSB repair. Our study further suggests that the interruption the MRN complex may block DNA DSB repair and therefore sensitize chemoresistant cells in Cisplatin-based chemotherapy for the treatment of human HNSCC.
Consent Searches Following Routine Traffic Stops: The Troubled Jurisprudence of a Doomed Drug Interdiction Technique

The author creates a fictional statute loosely based on similar "implied consent" statutes involving testing vehicle drivers for blood/alcohol content. He concludes that the statute runs afoul of our most basic view of what the Fourth Amendment is designed to protect. He indicates that most law enforcement officers use certain "drug interdiction" techniques aimed at yielding the consent needed to search a stopped vehicle. The author describes these throughout the article as "routine traffic stop turned consent search" or "RTS>CS."He articulates the problem created by the routine traffic stop turned consent search as one of furthering drug interdiction methods in the name of promoting the "war on drugs." He notes that the vast majority of these motorists are innocent of any wrongdoing beyond the traffic offense that provided the initial excuse for the stop.The author begins the article by examining how U. S. Supreme Court rulings affect the RTS>CS, focusing on Ohio v. Robinette, and the Court’s avoidance of the "free to leave" issue in the RTS>CS setting. He then examines factors that lead inescapably to the conclusion that the RTS>CS is a drug interdiction technique. He concludes that such stops are a Fourth Amendment problem of major national proportions, and are in drastic need of remedial measures across the country. He then reviews the case law of eight states which have recognized the coercion problem in the routine traffic stop turned consent search and examines and categorizes three remedial approaches to the problem fashioned in those jurisdictions. In Section V, the author suggests a model for possible adoption by other states, and he concludes by observing that the described state court experiences with the RTS>CS sound the death knell for this notorious and intrusive drug interdiction technique.
Improved estimates of seismic curvature and flexure based on 3D surface rotation in the presence of structure dip

ABSTRACTFracture characterization is critical to reliable prediction of fractured reservoirs. Fractures formed by folding and/or shearing of reservoir formations, can be detected using seismic curvature and flexure analysis. Previous curvature and flexure analysis methods often have limitations in accuracy and efficiency in the presence of structural dip. We have developed new algorithms for volumetric curvature and flexure analysis based on 3D surface rotation using the local reflector dip to improve the accuracy and efficiency for curvature and flexure analysis in structurally complex settings. Among the various measures of curvature and flexure in 3D space, we have focused on signed maximum curvature and flexure that are considered to be most effective for predicting intensity and orientation of faults and fractures in fractured reservoirs. The application of the algorithms to a 3D seismic survey from Teapot Dome (Wyoming) demonstrated that the new methods help resolve subtle structural details that ar...
Comatricha Orthotricha, a New Species of Myxomycete

(1975). Comatricha Orthotricha, a New Species of Myxomycete. Mycologia: Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 413-417.
Recommendations for the safe administration of donepezil

# {#article-title-2} Safe administration of a medicine depends on individual differences in tolerance and appropriate, consistent instructions from the physician, pharmacist, and package directions. When patients receive written and oral dosing directions that disregard individual differences and are inconsistent, the therapeutic benefits of the medication may be reduced and adverse effects may result. A specific example occurs with the written and oral directions to patients (and caregivers) for the administration of donepezil. The Aricept Patient Package Insert (paper) under the section “How should the patient take ARICEPT?” instructs as follows: “Give ARICEPT one time each day. ARICEPT can be taken with or without food.”1 In the same package, the second larger insert reads: “Full Prescribing Information, 2) Dosage and Administration”: “ARICEPT should be taken in the …
Sustainable Polymers: Opportunities for the Next Decade

The field of sustainable polymers is growing and evolving at unprecedented rates. Researchers are increasingly concerned with the feedstock origins and the degradation behavior of, especially, large-scale commodity packaging plastics. A perspective is offered here for the design of sustainable polymers, specifically addressing opportunities for monomer development and polymer degradation. Key concepts include: water degradability instead of biodegradability; incorporation of novel main-chain functionality, such as acetals; utilization of lignin-based aromatics; and direct polymerization of biogenic C1 feedstocks.
Effect of Muscular Fatigue on Histamine-Provoked Ulcer with Observations on Gastric Secretion

Conclusion1. Muscular fatigue in dogs abets the occurrence of the ulcer produced by chronic histamine stimulation.2. Muscular fatigue in the dog depresses the output of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice from Heidenhain pouches both under basal conditions and after an artificial stimulation (aqueous histamine) due principally to a reduction in the volume of juice secreted.
Share the wealth: Creative Commons licenses for library learning objects

Katie Fortney, Cody Hennesy, and Deborah Murphy Share the wealth Creative Commons licenses for library learning objects E fficiency, openness, sharing, and value: these are the bywords driving higher education today, as evidenced by academia’s increasing focus on online instruction meth- ods ranging from course management sites to MOOCs. Academic libraries are no excep- tion, and we continue to face new questions about how we can make our online instruc- tional tools more useful and accessible. To that end, the University of California (UC) Libraries Heads of Public Services (HOPS) recently charged a taskforce to establish recommendations for assigning clear reuse permissions to UC Libraries’ learning ob- jects; specifically, should the libraries adopt Creative Commons (CC) licenses, and if so, which one(s)? In order to make informed recom- mendations, the HOPS taskforce compiled information on: • the types of works that would be considered learning objects, and therefore covered by this recommendation, and what their chief purposes were; • what practices UC libraries and peer institutions had adopted around reuse poli- cies for similar objects; and • what options—specifically, which CC license terms—were available and what were the implications of their implementa- tion at individual libraries and UC-wide. Library learning objects Library learning objects potentially encom- passes a broad range of works. For our C&RL News July/August 2014 purposes, we considered the term to include any work published online by a library. 1 Examples might include tutorials, text from a LibGuide, or a page on how to write an annotated bibliography. Creators of these works often look at examples from other libraries before and during the writing of their own materials, and sometimes adapt them for reuse at their own institution. Creative Commons license considerations Creative Commons 2 is a global nonprofit organization that provides a set of standard licenses to enable and enhance sharing and reuse of creative works. 3 Users choosing a CC license can select from these terms: • Attribution (BY): You let others copy, distribute, and display your copyrighted work, but only if they give you appropriate credit. All Creative Commons licenses have this requirement, which does not exist in- dependently in US copyright law. • Noncommercial (NC): You let others copy, distribute, and display (and possibly adapt) your work but for noncommercial purposes only. Katie Fortney is copyright policy and education officer at California Digital Library, e-mail: katie.fortney@ucop. edu, Cody Hennesy is e-learning librarian at University of California-Berkeley, e-mail: chennesy@berkeley.edu, and Deborah Murphy is digital services librarian at University of California-Santa Cruz, e-mail: damurphy@ ucsc.edu © 2014 Katie Fortney, Cody Hennesy, and Deborah Murphy
Arctic Sunrise (Netherlands v. Russia); In re arctic sunrise (Netherlands v. Russia)

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea tribunals' provisional measures and merits decisions concerning seizure of vessel on high seas and detention of its crew under the Convention
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung and Bronchus

Small cell carcinomas have cellular characteristics that suggest a relationship to neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumors. The appearance of this malignancy is as strongly associated with cigarette smoking as is squamous carcinoma. Small cell carcinoma has also been linked to radon, and to other forms of radiation exposure, and to certain chemicals encountered in the workplace, such as the chloromethyl ethers. This form of lung cancer, like other forms, is twice as common among men and less common in Utah than in Los Angeles County or other regions of the country. Risk begins to increase in middle age, and among women, whites are clearly at the highest risk, in contrast with squamous carcinoma. Among men, whites and African-Americans share the highest risk position. Middle class residents of Los Angeles, especially men, appear to be at higher risk than those of either upper or lower class. Incidence has decreased over the last decades of the period in the county as a whole, to a greater extent among men than among women.
Role of Tau, a microtubule associated protein, in Drosophila photoreceptor morphogenesis.

SUMMARY Cell polarity genes have important functions in photoreceptor morphogenesis. Based on recent discovery of stabilized microtubule cytoskeleton in developing photoreceptors and its role in photoreceptor cell polarity, microtubule associated proteins might have important roles in controlling cell polarity proteins' localizations in developing photoreceptors. Here, Tau, a microtubule associated protein, was analyzed to find its potential role in photoreceptor cell polarity. Tau co-localizes with acetylated/stabilized microtubules in developing pupal photoreceptors. Although it is known that tau mutant photoreceptor has no defects in early eye differentiation and development, it shows dramatic disruptions of cell polarity proteins, adherens junctions, and the stable microtubules in developing pupal photoreceptors. This role of Tau in cell polarity proteins' localization in photoreceptor cells during the photoreceptor morphogenesis was further supported by Tau's overexpression studies. Tau overexpression caused dramatic expansions of apical membrane domains where the polarity proteins localize in the developing pupal photoreceptors. It is also found that Tau's role in photoreceptor cell polarity depends on Par-1 kinase. Furthermore, a strong genetic interaction between tau and crumbs was found. It is found that Tau has a crucial role in cell polarity protein localization during pupal photoreceptor morphogenesis stage, but not in early eye development including eye cell differentiation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Radiofrequency spectroscopy of the 5 S 1 2 2 state of Na 23 : Hyperfine-structure measurement

We have measured the hyperfine structure of the $5^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state of $^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ by radiofrequency spectroscopy. We find the magnetic dipole coupling constant to be $A=77.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$ MHz.
On definitions of bandwidth and response time

Centroidal definitions of bandwidth W and response time T of a linear system are proposed. These are easily calculated by solution of Lyapunov equations, and agree quite well with intuitive definitions for low order systems, as demonstrated by several examples.
Whither I-O Psychology and Legislative Restrictions?

We think that before reading our reactions to the focal article, readers should be aware of the history of the Licensure of Consulting and I-O Psychologists (LCIOP) Joint Task Force. The Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB) initiated the LCIOP, and the objectives of the task force were developed without input from Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP). In June 2013, Don Crowder informed Mark Nagy (SIOP Chair of State Affairs) that the ASPPB approved the establishment of a joint task force related to licensure of consulting and industrial and organizational (I-O) psychologists. The membership composition of the task force was determined by ASPPB, and SIOP was allotted one member. By including a member of SIOP, ASPPB can describe the task force as a cooperative effort and SIOP ostensibly has the opportunity to help shape recommendations made with regard to the licensure of I-O psychologists. Don Crowder now serves as the president of ASPPB. In Crowder's October 2016 ASPPB meeting address, he encouraged jurisdictions to review their statutes, and, if permitted, require licensure for both health service providers (HSPs) and general applied psychologists (GAPs).
Stereotypic Behaviors of the Barking Deer in Nepal

Observations on barking deer (Muntiacus muntjac) in Nepal suggest this solitary forest dweller may be the most communicative of all deer. A total of 147 h of visual observations on 9 captive and 110 wild barking deer were recorded. Thirteen stereotypic vocalizations are described including the alarm bark, distress call, displacement whine, moan, alarm wheeze, Castanet, submissive squeak, scream, grooming whine, bleat, nursing whine, maternal squeak, and pursuit call. Natives report another call, the rut call, is also given. Visual and olfactory stimuli are likewise very prominent. Antagonistic behaviors include side-saddling, foot-stomping, head bobbing, antler pointing, canine exposure, flaring of pre-orbital glands, scent marking with frontal glands, chasing, butting, and biting. Submissive behavior include grazing and crouching with head lowered and chin resting on the ground. Head bobbing was also used by females to call fawns. Conspecific and sexual interactions included allogrooming, stretching postures, and flehmen responses. Scent marking and use of dung piles were important social behaviors.
Homelessness and Behavioral Health in the New Century

The existence of behavioral health problems among contemporary homeless populations has led to the creation of an enormous body of knowledge and experience in service built over 3 decades. And importantly, work with people who are homeless has also offered important contributions to mainstream mental health and chemical dependency services. For these reasons it is appropriate to periodically assess the status of services for people with homelessness. This chapter outlines the current landscape of services, considers intertwining trends in behavioral health care, suggests a model to help direct workers as they practice and employ techniques to solve homelessness on an individual level, and offers useful interventions, both evidence-based and promising.
SOCS1 S-Nitrosation in the nucleus is a switch of macrophage polarization and function

Macrophages play a critical role in inflammation initiation, progression and resolution due to their capacity to assume both pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes. The molecular mechanisms that regulate these transitions are of great clinical interest but remain poorly understood. We discovered that suppressor of cytokine signaling-1, an enzyme that targets and degrades RelA, is susceptible to S-nitrosation on cisteines 147 and 179 specifically in the nucleus. Nitrosation in the nucleus is effected by nitric oxide synthase-1 (NOS1) in macrophages. Nitrosation of SOCS1 prevents its interaction with RelA, and the formation of the pro-inflammatory p65-p50 NFkB heterodimer. In NOS1 knockout macrophages, SOCS1 is not nitrosated upon activation of the inflammatory response leading to rapid degradation of RelA/p65 with the accumulation of p50. Accumulation of p50 promotes homodimerization (p50-p50) leading to anti-inflammatory gene transcription. Interestingly, transplantation of NOS1 knockout bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) into the inflammation prone lungs of SOCS1fl/fl.LysMCre mice is protective against LPS-induced tissue injury. In addition, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine production in these lungs are markedly reduced after LPS challenge suggesting NOS1KO BMDM have the capacity to suppress pro-inflammatory immune polarization and associated tissue injury in a model of chronic inflammatory lung disease. Overall our results indicate that SOCS1 acts as a switch between pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization regulated by NOS1-mediated nitrosation.
Ecdysteroid Action in Imaginai Discs of Drosophila Melanogaster

ABSTRACT The ecdysteroids of insects are interesting as all-purpose steroid hormones, acting throughout the life cycle including at molting and metamorphosis. Efforts to study the molecular mechanism of ecdysteroid action have been limited by the difficulty of obtaining both sufficient quantities of homogenous target tissue and a tritiated hormone or hormone analog of sufficiently high specific activity. A useful model system has been mass-isolated imaginai discs from Drosophila melanogaster which respond to physiological concentrations of hormone in vitro by undergoing morphogenesis and synthesizing the pupal cuticle. Using (3H)20-hydroxyecdysone, the hormone detection system in imaginai discs was identified and partially characterized. With (3H)ponasterone A, a more active ecdysteroid, it has been possible to identify ecdysteroid receptors involved in the hormone response. While insect and vertebrate steroids appear to have similar modes of action, an interesting preliminary result is that the unbound ecdysteroid receptors are apparently associated with the nuclear fraction of late third instar larval imaginai discs.
3D Graphene as an Unconventional Support Material for Ionic Liquid Membranes: Computational Insights into Gas Separations

Three-dimensional graphene (3DGr) is explored as an unconventional support material for supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs) in gas separations. Herein, molecular dynamics/grand canonical Monte...
The Met and the COVID crisis

On the morning of Thursday, 12 March, the director and president of The Metropolitan Museum called an impromptu meeting with the heads of the various departments. This was followed up by an all-sta...
Hypoxia-driven secretion of extracellular matrix proteins in the exosomes reflects the asymptomatic pathology of rotator cuff tendinopathies.

The major hallmark of rotator cuff tendinopathies (RCT) is the disorganization of the tendon extracellular matrix (ECM), which is due to a decrease in the ratio of collagen I to collagen III. In ad...
Forward Flux Sampling of Polymer Desorption Paths from a Solid Surface into Dilute Solution.

We compute desorption rates for isolated polymers adsorbed to a solid wall with a rare event sampling technique called multilevel splitting, also known as forward flux sampling. We interpret computed rates with theories based on the conjecture that the product tdesDRg2 of the desorption time tdes and diffusivity D divided by squared radius of gyration Rg scales with exp(h/Rg) where h is the equilibrium ratio of adsorbed surface concentration of polymer Γ to bulk concentration of polymer c. As the polymer–wall interaction energy is increased, the slope of lntdesDRg2 vs. NVMFkBT nearly approaches unity, as expected for strongly-adsorbing chains, where N is the degree of polymerization and VMF is the height-averaged monomer–wall interaction energy for a strongly adsorbed chain. However, we also find that this scaling law is only accurate when adsorption strength per monomer exceeds a threshold value on the order of 0.3–0.5 kBT for a freely jointed chain without or with excluded volume effects. Below the critical value, we observe that tdesDRg2 becomes nearly constant with N, so that tdes∝Nα, with α≈2. This suggests a crossover from “strong” detachment-controlled to a “weak” diffusion-controlled desorption rate as VMF/kBT drops below some threshold. These results may partially explain experimental data, that in some cases show “strong” exponential dependence of desorption time on chain length, while in others a “weak” power-law dependence is found. However, in the “strong” adsorption case, our results suggest much longer desorption times than those measured, while the reverse is true in the weak adsorption limit. We discuss possible reasons for these discrepancies.
Associations Between SUD in the Family, PFC Functioning, and Codependency: Importance of Family Member Recovery

Families are relational systems that influence and are influenced by the development of a substance use disorder (SUD). An SUD in the family is associated with shifts in a family’s power dynamics, rules, roles, and structure—among other adaptations—that negatively impact family member health and well-being. More attention on family members of individuals with SUD is needed to better understand how they are impacted by an SUD and how they can support their loved one in recovery, while also recovering themselves. Historically, family systems research on SUD has emphasized the behavioral constructs of codependency, enabling behaviors and personality characteristics as behavioral antecedents of how family members are impacted; only recently has research emerged that explores the physiological brain structure and function associated with impacted family members. This chapter reflects upon two studies that examined prefrontal cortex (PFC) functioning of family members as it relates to emotional cues of their loved one with an SUD. The PFC is the brain region associated with information processing, decision-making, and goal-oriented behavior and is therefore important as family members engage with their loved one with an SUD. This work supported altered PFC functioning in family members in response to cues of their loved -one with an SUD, and that PFC activation in response to such cues is associated with reported behavior of codependency. Overall, the literature reviewed and the studies discussed in this chapter demonstrate the importance of continued attention, research, and resources directed toward family members that can positively influence family members and family recovery.
Effects of slicing parameters on measured fill density for 3D printing of precision cylindrical constructs using Slic3r

The goal of this research is to develop and verify an algorithm to predict the fill density of 3D printed cylindrical constructs as a function of critical slicing parameters. Open-source 3D printing is being applied to the pharmaceutical and biomedical domains where characteristics including drug release rate and compressive strength depend on fill density. Understanding how slicing parameters affect fill density in the printed construct is important to appropriately tailor these characteristics. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between slicing fill density (SFD), extrusion width (EW), layer height (LH), construct diameter and measured fill density (MFD). The developed algorithm provides novel insight into the effects of interconnects and rasters on the distribution of intra-matrix material. We analyze 27 combinations involving 3 levels of EW (0.40, 0.44, 0.48 mm), SFD (15, 25, 35%) and LH (0.15, 0.20, 0.25 mm). The SFD is smaller than and deviates from MFD with a maximum error of 18.62% and from predicted fill density (PFD) with a maximum error of 19.50% compared to the maximum error of 4.30% between PFD and MFD. The predicted interconnect contribution and error reduce with increasing SFD and cylinder diameter but are more prominent at lower values. Our work highlights the perils of employing open-source 3D printing without a sound understanding of the underlying parametric relationships. The proposed predictive model could be used in conjunction with Slic3r, an open-source slicing software, to predict fill density to a reasonable degree of accuracy (less than 5% error) for relatively smaller cylindrical constructs.
Assessment of occupational personal sound exposures for music instructors

Daily activities performed by music instructors generate high sound levels that could potentially lead to overexposure. Adverse outcomes associated with high-exposure to sound, such as hearing loss...
Switching Costs, Network Effects, and Networking Equipment: Compatibility and Vendor Choice in the Market for LAN Equipment

This paper examines the importance of compatibility on buyer behavior in the market for LAN equipment over the period 1996 through 1998. I provide evidence that switching costs drive firm establishments to purchase LAN equipment from incumbent vendors. Because LAN equipment is a networked good, incumbency affects vendor choice both when it occurs at the same establishment and/or at other establishments within the same firm. Moreover, compatibility across different product lines within the same vendor also influences vendor choice. This manifests itself in a buyer tendency to purchase routers and switches from the same vendor. These propositions are explored in data on purchases of LAN equipment utilizing open standards such as the Ethernet networking protocol, and represent the first econometric measurement of compatibility effects within products utilizing open standards. These findings show that there are strong economic incentives to offer broad product lines, and provide some rationale for the acquisition strategies of major vendors.
Evaluating change in user error when using ruggedized handheld devices

The increasing number of handheld mobile devices used today and the increasing dependency on them in the workplace makes understanding how users interact with these devices critical. This study seeks to understand how user error changes based on user age as well as input content type on ruggedized handheld devices. Participants completed data entry tasks of word and character input on two different devices, a physical keypad and touchscreen device. The number of errors and types of error, corrected and permanent were collected for each participant. Based on results on the study, touchscreen devices proved to be the optimal ruggedized handheld device to minimize user error.
Early Cold War Spies: The Espionage Trials that Shaped American Politics

Communism was never a popular ideology in America, but the vehemence of American anticommunism varied from passive disdain in the 1920s to fervent hostility in the early years of the Cold War. Nothing so stimulated the white hot anticommunism of the late 1940s and 1950s more than a series of spy trials that revealed that American Communists had co-operated with Soviet espionage against the United States and had assisted in stealing the technical secrets of the atomic bomb as well as penetrating the US State Department, the Treasury Department, and the White House itself. This book, first published in 2006, reviews the major spy cases of the early Cold War (Hiss-Chambers, Rosenberg, Bentley, Gouzenko, Coplon, Amerasia and others) and the often-frustrating clashes between the exacting rules of the American criminal justice system and the requirements of effective counter-espionage.
Channel Routing by Finite Difference Method

A finite difference model that can be easily incorporated into a watershed model is presented for flood routing through natural stream channels. The advantages of the method lie not only in its simplicity but also in the ease with which channel data can be determined from topographic maps. The required input on discharge-flow area relationship can be computed by Manning’s formula or obtained directly from the water surface profile computer programs. Both the linear and nonlinear methods of channel routing are described. It was found that linear routing is unconditionally stable and yields good results if the time increment is kept sufficiently small. The use of smaller time increments not only reduces the discrepancy between linear and nonlinear routings but also gives more consistent results when different input data are used to characterize the discharge-flow area relationship. The method was incorporated into MOPSET, a self-calibrating Kentucky Watershed Model, and found to be satisfactory.
Mutual Aid in the Classroom: An Instructional Technology Application.

The purpose of the study is to examine the use of instructional technology in creating a mutual aid environment in the classroom. By developing and exploring Internet-based exercises designed to promote interaction in a distance education environment, the authors tested the hypothesis that instructional technology offers opportunities to promote mutual aid among students. This article describes these exercises and presents the results of a student survey about the application of mutual aid in distance education.
Teaching in the Outpatient Clinic: Practical Tips

One of the strengths of ambulatory education is the opportunity for learners to interact with patients and for teachers to model what they enjoy most about medicine without the intervening technology common to hospital wards. When medical students from the graduating class of 1990 were asked in a national survey what would make the specially of internal medicine more attractive as a career, the most common suggestion was to increase the ambulatory experience and the connections with patients that such an experience provides.
Solid-State Effects on NMR Chemical Shifts

This review presents first a qualitative description of the changes observed in the measured chemical shifts in solid state when compared with those obtained in solution. This qualitative description of the intermolecular interactions that affect the chemical shifts is followed by a comprehensive description of the theoretical methods available to analyze the solid-state effects on the chemical shifts. There are numerous examples of solid-state effects in the literature; here we have selected some of the most notable ones, which are presented as case studies. These case studies are classified by nuclei and by the dominant interaction that defines the solid-state effects. Examples are presented for 13 C, 15/14 N, 1 H, 17 O, 31 P, and 19 F. In addition to the effects discussed for chemical shifts the review also presents examples of the solid-state effects on the quadrupolar constants in the case of non 1/2 spin nuclei.
RoboFlag games using systems based, hierarchical control

A hierarchical control approach to semi-autonomous systems is presented in the context of RoboFlag, an experimental testbed. The proposed hierarchy includes research at several levels, including estimation and path planning, strategic and resource planning, and operator interface and decision making. The approach is unique in its use of formal techniques at the lower levels of the hierarchy, optimized/randomized techniques at the higher levels, each with appropriate information fusion and requirements up the hierarchy. Specific plays are developed as a function of the baseline technologies. An overview of the approach, specific technologies developed for plays, and demonstration on the RoboFlag game are presented.
Co-Occurring Traumatic Brain Injury, PTSD Symptoms, and Alcohol Use in Veterans

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been identified as a significant health problem among veterans. Recent research demonstrates the potential interaction and magnification of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) in veterans with a history of TBI; however, there is very limited research on the co-occurrence of the three conditions. Veterans (N = 115) with comorbid PTSD and SUD completed a baseline assessment for enrollment into a larger treatment study. As part of that assessment, participants completed a TBI screener as well as self-report measures for pain and physical health, affective symptoms, and substance use. Almost half of the sample (48 %) endorsed a history of a previous head trauma with loss of consciousness (LOC). Participants with and without head trauma with LOC were compared across various measures of functioning. Increased severity of physical health complaints and affective symptoms were reported by the TBI group compared to controls. However, the increases in affective symptoms were relatively small. No group differences were observed for alcohol use. Together, the findings suggest that treatment-seeking veterans with a history of head trauma with LOC may present with roughly equivalent symptoms of PTSD and SUD to those without said history.
Achievements and prospects for parallel computing

Parallel computing works for the majority of large-scale computations. The development of parallel hardware designs has been largely transferred to industry, while universities continue major research efforts Into better software environments. We describe a classification of problems and how different software models are needed for portable user-friendly, high-performance Implementations on parallel machines. The education of a new generation of computational scientists will be a major challenge to our universities.
The nature of the bonding of Li+ to H2O and NH3; A3 initio studies

Abstract Ab initio wavefunctions have been calculated for the complex of Li + with NH 3 and H 2 O in order to better characterize the nature of the bonding. Hartree—Fock and generalized valence bond calculations were performed using a double zeta basis plus polarization functions. The binding energies obtained at the GVB level are D e (Li + — NH 3 ) = 40.4 kcal/mol and D e (Li + − H 2 O) = 37.6 kcal/mol, in reasonable agreement with experimental values. Model calculations indicate that the Li + − base bond is basically electrostatic. Small basis sets were found to lead to D e as large as 75 kcal/mol for Li + — NH 3 , a significant overestimation. Repulsions due to the Li + core are responsible for keeping the Li + too far away for significant relaxation effects.
Circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure in the rat

To define the characteristics of the diurnal variation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes of awake rats, ten male brown Norway rats were entrained to a 12-hour light:12-hour dark (12L:12D) lighting schedule and were conditioned to IOP measurement with the TonoPen XL tonometer while awake, using only 0.5% proparacaine HCl anesthesia. The IOP measurements were performed in 4 experiments: Preliminary-IOP was measured at 6-hour intervals in both eyes of each animal, to determine correlation between right and left eyes; Light:Dark-lighting remained the same as in the preliminary experiment, but the measurement schedule was altered so that measurements were obtained at 4-hour intervals in alternating eyes, over two 24-hour light cycles; Dark:Dark-animals were placed in constant dark (0L:24D) and, after 72 h, measurements were obtained at 4-hour intervals in alternating eyes. Animals were then re-entrained to the previous 12L:12D schedule for 7 days, after which they were returned to constant dark and the experiment was repeated; and Dark:Light-animals were entrained to a reversed light:dark cycle (12D:12L) for 28 days, after which measurements were obtained in the same fashion as in the Light:Dark experiment. Close agreement was found between right- and left-eye IOPs. Animals on a 12L:12D schedule exhibited lowest IOP while the lights were on (19.3 +/- 1.9 mm Hg), and highest (31.3 +/- 1.3 mm Hg) while the lights were off. Pressure changes anticipated the change from light to dark and dark to light. This pattern persisted in constant dark, and was reversed when the cycle was changed to 12D:12L. Brown Norway rats possess a regular rhythm of IOP that is entrained by the cycle of light and dark, and persistence of this rhythm in constant dark establishes it as a circadian rhythm. Furthermore, our results indicate that reliable and physiologically meaningful IOP measurements can be obtained in awake rats using the TonoPen XL tonometer.
UV-femtosecond laser ablation-ICP-MS for analysis of alloy samples

Femtosecond and nanosecond laser ablation was studied for the analysis of alloy samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Two series of alloy standards from the National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST) were used to establish calibration graphs (NIST 625-629 and NIST 1737-1741). The quality of calibration (correlation coefficient, sensitivity and confidence intervals) was compared for ablation with the 266 nm wavelength from each laser. Accuracy and precision were established from these calibration graphs by determining the lead (208Pb) concentration when two of the standards were used as unknown samples (NIST 627 and 1738). Absolute quantitative measurements were obtained without using internal standards. A comparison between the calibration graphs established with the two series of standards individually and combined was performed. The use of the two series of standards combined increased the linear dynamic range of concentration as well as the accuracy and precision of analysis. Improved performance was measured using femtosecond laser pulses.
Fault movement (afterslip) following the Guatemala earthquake of February 4, 1976

Field studies of surface faulting associated with the Guatemala earthquake of February 4, 1976, have documented the occurrence of afterslip at seven locations along the 230 km of surface rupture. The total displacement across the fault as measured in April 1976 averaged 110 cm. Displacement at one location increased from 60 cm on February 8, 1976, to 91 cm on October 6, 1977. Afterslip time histories determined at three sites show the afterslip to be proportional to the logarithm of time since the earthquake, and that the rate of afterslip is inversely related to the amount of displacement at a site. The regular variation in total slip and afterslip along about 50 km of the fault trace suggests that the afterslip is not controlled by local, near-surface geologic factors such as alluvial cover.
Mineral Identification from Orbit: Initial Results from the Shuttle Multispectral Infrared Radiometer

A shuttle-borne radiometer containing ten channels in the reflective infrared has demonstrated that direct identification of carbonates and hydroxyl-bearing minerals is possible by remote measurement from Earth orbit.
Direct observation of population inversion between Al+11 levels in a laser-produced plasma

Abstract Measured X-ray intensities of the resonance line series of Al +11 in a laser-produced plasma shows population inversion between the n = 4,5 levels and the n =3 level at a plasma density N e ∼10 20 cm -3 . The cooling of the expanding plasma leading to inversion is enhanced by a special target configuration. The gain coefficient in the 4 → 3 transition at 129.7 A is estimated to be ∼ 10 cm -1 , using both measured line intensities and numerical simulation.
Time-resolved XANES investigation of CuO/ZnO in the oxidative methanol reforming reaction

Abstract CuO/ZnO catalysts were examined by time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy during oxidative reforming of methanol. Under low oxygen conversion conditions, Cu2+ was the dominant copper species and combustion of methanol to carbon dioxide and water was the primary reaction. After complete oxygen conversion, Cu2+ was reduced to Cu0 while the principal activity of the catalyst shifted to steam reforming, where the dominant product was hydrogen. Cu+ was observed as a transient species in the reduction of Cu2+ to Cu0 and no activity was attributed to it. Increasing the oxygen partial pressure increased the rate of reduction of Cu2+. This observation was attributed to a heating effect associated with an enhancement of the combustion rate. Additional experiments showed that the catalyst could recover its original activity after a reduction/oxidation cycle.
Controlled Release Systems for DNA Delivery

Adapting controlled release technologies to the delivery of DNA has the potential to overcome extracellular barriers that limit gene therapy. Controlled release systems can enhance gene delivery and increase the extent and duration of transgene expression relative to more traditional delivery methods (e.g., injection). These systems typically deliver vectors locally, which can avoid distribution to distant tissues, decrease toxicity to nontarget cells, and reduce the immune response to the vector. Delivery vehicles for controlled release are fabricated from natural and synthetic polymers, which function either by releasing the vector into the local tissue environment or by maintaining the vector at the polymer surface. Vector release or binding is regulated by the effective affinity of the vector for the polymer, which depends upon the strength of molecular interactions. These interactions occur through nonspecific binding based on vector and polymer composition or through the incorporation of complementary binding sites (e.g., biotin-avidin). This review examines the delivery of nonviral and viral vectors from natural and synthetic polymers and presents opportunities for continuing developments to increase their applicability.
Cooperative spectrum sensing for cognitive radio with multiple secondary users

Spectrum sensing is a key component in cognitive radio networks, where secondary users are able to use the frequency bands when they sense that no primary users are using those bands. In this paper, we investigate an energy detector scheme used to deal with the issues related to spectrum sensing and interference avoidance for multinode cognitive radio networks. Then, an extensive analysis on cooperative diversity, which uses randomized space time codes (RSTC) over asynchronous dispersive channels, is discussed. Numerical results are provided in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed energy detector and randomization schemes.
Method for extracting commonsense knowledge

This paper presents a semiautomatic method for generating commonsense axioms. The method relies on three metarules that process a few commonsense rules referring to some concept properties. The proposed algorithm searches automatically in Extended WordNet for all concepts that have a given property and generates axioms linking those concepts with the seed commonsense rule. The results show that using 27 commonsense rules, the algorithm generated 2596 axioms of which 98% were validated by human. The generation of commonsense axioms is useful to many natural language applications that require reasoning.
The essence of the generalized Newton binomial theorem

Abstract Under the frame of the homotopy analysis method, Liao gives a generalized Newton binomial theorem and thinks it as a rational base of his theory. In the paper, we prove that the generalized Newton binomial theorem is essentially the usual Newton binomial expansion at another point. Our result uncovers the essence of generalized Newton binomial theorem as a key of the homotopy analysis method.
The domestic and international quest for economic equality: The interactional process

The historic interaction between domestic and international interpretations of the meaning of equality involves today's economic equality. The economic demands of the Third World countries on the advanced countries find support in the social developments which earlier had occurred in the latter. But these demands have also important domestic consequences, both in the advanced and Third World countries.
Theoretical and Methodological Implications of Language Experience and Vocabulary Skill: Priming of Strongly and Weakly Associated Words.

The effect of second language experience and vocabulary ability was investigated in a semantic priming experiment with weakly related English word pairs (e.g., city-grass). Participants made lexical decisions to targets preceded by unrelated or weakly related primes or to nonword targets preceded by words. Reliable priming was found for monolingual participants; participants who had acquired a second language showed either marginal or nonreliable effects. A similar pattern of results was found with the analysis of vocabulary ability. Only participants with the greater vocabulary ability showed a priming effect. Although previous research has shown that participants with a broad range of linguistic backgrounds demonstrate the typical semantic priming effect (e.g., green-grass) with strongly associated word pairs, weaker relationships seem to require an extensive contextual history for retrieval.
The Relationship Between Performance on the Mazes Subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R) and Speed of Solving Anagrams With Simple and Difficult Arrangements of Letter Order

From a total sample of 100 seventh grade students who had been given nine maze tests, two subgroups of the 30 highest-scoring and the 30 lowest-scoring subjects (the HSM and LSM groups) were formed. Within each of these two group 15 members were randomly assigned to an experimental condition involving exposure to a list of 10 5-letter anagrams with a simple letter order (SLO) arrangement, and the other 15 members to an experimental condition necessitating exposure to a list of 10 5-letter anagrams with a difficult letter order (DLO) arrangement. Each anagram required a single solution. In the resulting 2 x 2 factorial design the two-way analysis of vari ance revealed statistically significant differences in mean amount of time required to solve the anagrams relative to placement in the HSM or LSM group (p < .001) and with respect to exposure to the SLO or DLO anagram task (p < .001). No statistically reliable interaction effect was noted. About 18% of the variance in time scores for solution of anagrams w...