cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antioxidative Activities of Fractions Obtained from Brewed Coffee

The antioxidative activity of column chromatographic fractions obtained from brewed coffee was investigated to find antioxidants and to assess the benefit of coffee drinking. The dichloromethane extract inhibited hexanal oxidation by 100 and 50% for 15 days and 30 days, respectively, at the level of 5 μg/mL. A GC/MS analysis of fractions, which exhibited oxidative activity, revealed the presence of antioxidative heterocyclic compounds including furans, pyrroles, and maltol. The residual aqueous solution exhibited slight antioxidative activity. The inhibitory activity (%) of the seven fractions from an aqueous solution toward malonaldehde formation from lipid oxidation ranged from 10 to 90 at a level of 300 μg/mL. The results indicate that brewed coffee contains many antioxidants and consumption of antioxidant-rich brewed coffee may inhibit diseases caused by oxidative damages. Keywords: Antioxidants; brewed coffee; coffee volatiles; heterocyclic compounds
Axial Flow Measurements in Trailing Vortices

A scanning laser Doppler velocimeter was used to measure the axial velocity defect in the cores of trailing vortices behind a lifting airfoil of rectangular planform. Data were obtained at several different angles of attack and downstream distances ranging from 30 to 1000 chord lengths. The test was designed to obtain continuous data from the near field into the far field while removing uncertainties associated with the interpretation of data obtained by the hydrogen bubble technique. The measured velocities of V sub x/U sub infinity are compared with those predicted. The agreement is remarkably good over the entire range of downstream distances, which supports the credibility of calculating axial velocities using the results of Moore and Saffman (1973).
Embryonic hematopoiesis in mice and humans

Aim: The aim of this report is to review briefly the ontogeny of hematopoiesis in mice and humans and to discuss recent evidence for an intraembryonic source of hematopoietic stem cells. Methods: The hematopoiesis overview summarizes information present in the PubMed online database and from experiments conducted in our laboratories. Results: The major sites of hematopoiesis change throughout development in mice and humans. Recent evidence suggests that hematopoietic cells may emerge from mesoderm precursors within the embryo as well as in the yolk sac. Conclusion: The ontogeny of hematopoiesis is similar in mice and humans. The murine system is a useful model to study the earliest events involved in forming hematopoietic stem cells.
Modeling photovoltaic diffusion: an analysis of geospatial datasets

This study combines address-level residential photovoltaic (PV) adoption trends in California with several types of geospatial information—population demographics, housing characteristics, foreclosure rates, solar irradiance, vehicle ownership preferences, and others—to identify which subsets of geospatial information are the best predictors of historical PV adoption. Number of rooms, heating source and house age were key variables that had not been previously explored in the literature, but are consistent with the expected profile of a PV adopter. The strong relationship provided by foreclosure indicators and mortgage status have less of an intuitive connection to PV adoption, but may be highly correlated with characteristics inherent in PV adopters. Next, we explore how these predictive factors and model performance varies between different Investor Owned Utility (IOU) regions in California, and at different spatial scales. Results suggest that models trained with small subsets of geospatial information (five to eight variables) may provide similar explanatory power as models using hundreds of geospatial variables. Further, the predictive performance of models generally decreases at higher resolution, i.e., below ZIP code level since several geospatial variables with coarse native resolution become less useful for representing high resolution variations in PV adoption trends. However, for California we find that model performance improves if parameters are trained at the regional IOU level rather than the state-wide level. We also find that models trained within one IOU region are generally representative for other IOU regions in CA, suggesting that a model trained with data from one state may be applicable in another state.
The purification, N-terminal amino acid sequence and some other properties of an αM-subunit of legumin from the pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Abstract An αM-subunit of legumin from Pisum sativum has been purified from a genotype which showed no αM-subunit heterogeneity on two-dimensional isofocusing/electrophoresis gels. N-terminal sequence analysis of the subunit showed it to be homologous to the acidic subunits of glycinin, from Glycine max, and particularly similar to glycinin subunit A2. Amino acid analysis showed the αM-subunit to contain three cysteine and three methionine residues per subunit, plus 14 lysine and 39 arginine. Fewer than the expected number of tryptic peptides from the αM-subunit were resolved by two-dimensional peptide mapping, but the expected number could be detected by peptide mapping of αM-subunits which had been hydrolysed with the arginine-specific protease from mouse submaxillary gland.
Survey of patients with age-related macular degeneration: knowledge and adherence to recommendations.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the patient’s understanding of the importance and adherence to the various lifestyle and Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) supplement recommendations for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Patients with AMD treated at the vitreoretinal service clinic. Methods Telephone questionnaire survey was administered to assess knowledge and adherence to various recommendations made to patients with AMD about lifestyle and AREDS supplements in this single-institution study. Results Among 92 patients with AMD contacted, dietary modification, exercise and weight reduction, smoking cessation, and AREDS supplementation recommendations were recalled by 47 (51%), 21 (23%), 5 (5%), and 90 (98%) patients, respectively. The necessity of making these interventions was believed by 29 (62%), 16 (76%), 4 (80%), and 67 (74%) patients, respectively. Patient adherence to dietary modification was 81%, to exercise and weight reduction was 76%, to smoking cessation was 0%, and to AREDS supplementation was 88% (71% on correct dose). Financially, 29% of the patients noted a mean increase of $88 per month in expenditure because of making dietary modifications, but most reported such as justified; 61% noted a mean increase of $25 per month in expenditure from consumption of AREDS supplements, and most (96%) believed this was justified. Conclusions Patients with AMD recalled recommendations for AREDS supplementation more often than other lifestyle changes but generally felt recommendations were necessary and affordable. Adherence to smoking cessation recommendation was poor (0%), but to other recommendations was good.
NICE guideline: feverish illness in children—assessment and initial management in children younger than 5 years

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline for feverish illness in children (assessment and initial management in children younger than 5 years) was partially updated in May 2013.1 Not all sections were reviewed, but the following were: the signs and symptoms of serious illness; the predictive value of tachycardia; the use of inflammatory markers; and the role of paracetamol and ibuprofen. The aim of the guideline is to optimise the management of young children with fever, and in particular to guide health professionals to recognise the signs of serious infection. The update made new recommendations based on current evidence. This guideline was developed by the National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health. They worked with the Guideline Development Group to review the evidence and write the recommendations. It is linked to other NICE guidance on Bacterial meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia and Urinary tract infection in children. 2–4 The previous NICE guideline on feverish illness in children was published in May 2007.
Unsupervised fuzzy segmentation of 3D magnetic resonance brain images

Unsupervised fuzzy methods are proposed for segmentation of 3D Magnetic Resonance images of the brain. Fuzzy c-means (FCM) has shown promising results for segmentation of single slices. FCM has been investigated for volume segmentations, both by combining results of single slices and by segmenting the full volume. Different strategies and initializations have been tried. In particular, two approaches have been used: (1) a method by which, iteratively, the furthest sample is split off to form a new cluster center, and (2) the traditional FCM in which the membership grade matrix is initialized in some way. Results have been compared with volume segmentations by k-means and with two supervised methods, k-nearest neighbors and region growing. Results of individual segmentations are presented as well as comparisons on the application of the different methods to a number of tumor patient data sets.
Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) preference and behavioral response to animated images of conspecifics altered in their color, aspect ratio, and swimming depth

Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) is an example of a freshwater fish species whose remarkable diffusion outside its native range has led to it being placed on the list of the world’s hundred worst invasive alien species (International Union for Conservation of Nature). Here, we investigate mosquitofish shoaling tendency using a dichotomous choice test in which computer-animated images of their conspecifics are altered in color, aspect ratio, and swimming level in the water column. Pairs of virtual stimuli are systematically presented to focal subjects to evaluate their attractiveness and the effect on fish behavior. Mosquitofish respond differentially to some of these stimuli showing preference for conspecifics with enhanced yellow pigmentation while exhibiting highly varying locomotory patterns. Our results suggest that computer-animated images can be used to understand the factors that regulate the social dynamics of shoals of Gambusia affinis. Such knowledge may inform the design of control plans and open new avenues in conservation and protection of endangered animal species.
Some Estimates of the Kobayashi Metric in the Normal Direction

In this paper, we study the behavior of the Kobayashi metric in the normal direction near a Levi-pseudoconvex boundary point of a smoothly bounded domain without assuming global pseudoconvexity. As a corollary, we obtain a characterization of pseudoconvexity by the rate of the growth of the Kobayashi metric in the normal direction.
A variable diffusivity shrinking‐core model and its application to the direct sulfation of limestone

A variable diffusivity shrinking-core model that allows for temporal and spatial variation of the effective diffusivity in the solid product layer was developed in this study. The model was used to analyze a set of experimental data for the direct sulfation of three limestones (that is, their reaction with SO2 under noncalcining conditions), and a parameter estimation procedure was formulated for extracting the effective diffusivity as a distributed parameter from the experimental conversion vs. time curves. Very strong effects of temperature, concentration, and depth in the product layer on the effective diffusivity were revealed by the analysis. On the basis of the obtained results, it was concluded that despite being essentially nonporous, uncalcined limestones can react with SO, under noncalcining conditions at rates comparable to those of calcined samples because they present much lower resistance for diffusion of SO2 through the product layer than the latter. On a mis au point dans cette etude un modele de retrecissement du noyau a diffusivite variable qui permet une variation temporelle et spatiale de la diffusivit.5 effective dans la couche des solides. On a utilise ce modele pour analyser une serie de donnees exprimentales pour la sulfatation directe de trois calcaires (c'est-a-dire leur reaction avec le SO, dans des conditions de non-calcination), et une procedure d'estimation des parametres a ete formulee pour extraire la diffusivite effective comme parametre distribue de la conversion experimentale en fonction des courbes de temps. L'analyse montre que la temperature, la concentration et la profondeur de la couche de produits influent fortement sur la diffusivite effective. A partir des resultats obtenus, on a conch que bien qu'ils soient essentiellement non poreux, les calcaires non calcines peuvent reagir au SO2 dans des conditions de non-calcination a des vitesses comparables & celles des echantillons calcines, car ils presentent une resistance beaucoup plus faible a la diffusion du SO, dans la couche de produits que les echantillons calcines.
Statistical mechanics of vacancy and interstitial strings in hexagonal columnar crystals

Columnar crystals contain defects in the form of vacancy-interstitial loops or strings of vacancies and interstitials bounded by column ``heads'' and ``tails.'' These defect strings are oriented by the columnar lattice and can change size and shape by movement of the ends and by forming kinks along the length. Hence an analysis in terms of directed living polymers [S. A. Safran, Statistical Thermodynamics of Surfaces, Interfaces, and Membranes (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1994), Sec. 8] is appropriate to study their size and shape distribution, volume fraction, etc. If the entropy of transverse fluctuations overcomes the string line tension in the crystalline phase, a string proliferation transition occurs, leading to a supersolid phase [E. Frey, D. R. Nelson, and D. S. Fisher, Phys. Rev. B 49, 9723 (1994); see also J. Prost, Liq. Cryst. 8, 123 (1990)]. We estimate the wandering entropy and examine the behavior in the transition regime. We also calculate numerically the line tension of various species of vacancies and interstitials in a triangular lattice for power-law potentials as well as for a modified Bessel function interaction between columns such as occurs in the case of flux lines in type-II superconductors or long polyelectrolytes in an ionic solution. We find that the centered interstitial is the lowest-energy defect for a very wide range of interactions; the symmetric vacancy is preferred only for extremely short interaction ranges.
Mutant Hras(G12V) and Kras(G12D) have overlapping, but non-identical effects on hepatocyte growth and transformation frequency in transgenic mice.

Background Mouse hepatocarcinogenesis is associated with mutations in Hras, but infrequently in Kras. The effect on carcinogenesis of developmental age at the time of ras mutation remains unknown. Aim We sought to compare quantitatively the effects of expressing mutant H- or Kras genes in fetal vs. adult mouse liver. Methods We established an inducible system of gene expression in mouse liver to define disease pathogenesis associated with activation of oncogene expression. Results Diffuse expression of either oncogene in fetal or adult hepatocytes caused hepatomegaly. For mutant HrasG12V, this phenotype was almost fully reversible and accompanied by apoptosis, indicating that maintenance of hepatomegaly requires continuous HrasG12V expression. We also examined the effect of ras expression on growth of transplanted hepatocytes in an in vivo system that allows us to quantify hepatocyte growth effects in both permissive and restrictive hepatic growth environments. Mutant KrasG12D had no effect on hepatocyte growth in this system. In contrast, HrasG12V induced increased hepatocyte focus growth in quiescent liver, the hallmark of a cell autonomous growth stimulus. HrasG12V also increased the fraction of donor hepatocyte foci that displayed extreme growth, a characteristic of preneoplastic lesions. Conclusions The primary effect of diffuse, whole-liver expression of either mutant ras gene in fetal or adult mouse liver is diffuse and progressive hepatic growth. HrasG12V mutation influences hepatocarcinogenesis by conferring cell autonomous growth potential upon foci of expressing cells and by increasing the risk of neoplastic progression. KrasG12D does not share these latter carcinogenic effects in mouse liver.
Relation of Vitamin D Level to Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Adults

Low cardiorespiratory fitness and low serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25[OH]D) levels are associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, but whether low 25(OH)D is independently associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy adults is not known. We examined 25(OH)D levels and fitness in 200 healthy adults participating in a double-blind clinical trial investigating statins and muscle performance (STOMP study). Maximal aerobic exercise capacity (Vo₂(max)) was measured using metabolic gas analysis during graded treadmill exercise to exhaustion. 25(OH)D was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Daily physical activity was assessed using the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was positively related to Vo₂(max) (r = 0.29, p = 0.0001), even after adjusting for relevant predictors (e.g., age, gender, and body mass index). There was also a significant interaction between 25(OH)D level and self-reported hours of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA; p < 0.02). With each SD increase in 25(OH)D, Vo₂(max) increased by 2.6 ml/kg/min (p = 0.0001) when MVPA was low (16 hours/week) and 1.6 ml/kg/min (p <0.0004) when MVPA was moderate (35 hours/week) but only 0.01 ml/kg/min (p = 0.9) when MVPA was high (64 hours/week). In conclusion, serum 25(OH)D levels predict Vo₂(max) in adults; the effect is greatest in those with low levels of physical activity.
LogGOPSim: simulating large-scale applications in the LogGOPS model

We introduce LogGOPSim---a fast simulation framework for parallel algorithms at large-scale. LogGOPSim utilizes a slightly extended version of the well-known LogGPS model in combination with full MPI message matching semantics and detailed simulation of collective operations. In addition, it enables simulation in the traditional LogP, LogGP, and LogGPS models. Its simple and fast single-queue design computes more than 1 million events per second on a single processor and enables large-scale simulations of more than 8 million processes. LogGOPSim also supports the simulation of full MPI applications by reading and simulating MPI profiling traces. We analyze the accuracy and the performance of the simulation and propose a simple extrapolation scheme for parallel applications. Our scheme extrapolates collective operations with high accuracy by rebuilding the communication pattern. Point-to-point operation patterns can be copied in the extrapolation and thus retain the main characteristics of scalable parallel applications.
Relationship Between Relative Risk of Developing Breast Cancer and Absolute Risk in a Population of Rural, Older African American Women

Relative risks computed from known breast cancer risk factors can be used to quantitate a woman's individual risk of developing breast cancer. However, among older women the absolute risk of developing breast cancer over a specified time interval may be more useful in risk-benefit counseling. The objective of this investigation is to characterize the relationships between relative risks and absolute risks of breast cancer among a population of rural, older African American women. Among 224 African American women aged 50-91 years, relative risks were computed from historical information on age at menarche, number of previous biopsies, age at first birth, and number of first-degree relatives with breast cancer. These estimates, combined with the woman's current age, average remaining life expectancy, age-specific mortality, and breast cancer incidence rates, were used to estimate lifetime probabilities of developing breast cancer. Most women in the cohort (72.8%) had weak relative risks of 1.01-1.5 and only 3.5% of the women had relative risks of greater than 3.0. The majority of the women (87.5%) had lifetime probabilities of developing breast cancer that were less than 5%. Although there is a marked increase in age-specific breast cancer incidence with age, the probability of developing breast cancer in this population is low, primarily due to the low relative risks and the effects of competing mortality at older ages. Screening mammography should be directed toward women with high risks who are not receiving regular screening mammograms.
Laughter as Gesture: Hilarity and the Anti-Sublime

Why should laughter not possess “meaning”just like other forms of human articulation? It does use the same organs as speech: face, mouth, voice, diaphragm, breath, and so on. Yet the enigma and exasperation of laughter arise from the impossibility of parsing risible meaning. In short, laughter disturbs precisely by its ambiguity, its ability to send a meaningless message. It raises the issue of cognition but then veers off into (non-rational) bodily expression: in short laughter-as-gesture. If Kant first noted this dynamic, it was Schopenhauer, following Jean Paul, who reflected most deeply on it. Max Kommerell's groundbreaking book on Jean Paul (1933), recognizing the originality of these thinkers, conceptualized Gebarde“gesture”as a means of expressing the ego through the body without recourse to language (Ichgefuhl). Laughter is one of the most complex manifestations of Ichgefuhl. This insight extends key aspects of insights Nietzsche formulated in Also sprach Zarathustra.All of these meditations postulate variations on the bodily grotesque as a non-conceptual meeting of corporeal being with an unmasked and chaotic world.
Modifications in food intake and energy metabolism in rats as a function of chronic naltrexone infusions.

The effects of chronic naltrexone infusions on food intake and energy balance were examined in male rats. Animals were fed either Purina Chow, or chow plus a 32% sucrose solution. After one week of being maintained on these diets, animals were implanted (intrascapularly) with osmotic minipumps infussing either 200 μg/kg/hr naltrexone hydrochloride or saline. Sucrose + chow-fed animals exhibited increased O2 consumption, increased CO2 roduction and an elavation in the respiratory quotient (RQ) relative to chow-fed controls. When infused with naltrexone, sucrose + chow-fed animals decreased food intake and body weight gain. While chow-fed animals also suppressed food intake and body weight gain, these decreases were not as great as those observed in sucrose + chow-fed animals. As a function of naltrexone administration, both chow-fed and sucrose + chow-fed animals altered their metabolism as reflected by decreased RQ and adiposity as determined by skinfold measurements. In addition, sucrose feeding led to a hyperthermia which was reversed by naltrexone infusions. Thus, chronic naltrexone administration depressed appetite, reduced energy production and induced hypothermia in rats. As naltrexone is thought to block the endogenous opioid system, this suggests that the endorphins are involved in the regulation of food intake and thermogenesis.
New evidence for geologically instantaneous emplacement of earliest Jurassic Central Atlantic magmatic province basalts on the North American margin

Dikes in the southeastern United States represent a major component of the Central Atlantic magmatic province and record kinematics of Pangean breakup near the critical, predrift junction of three major continental masses. Until now, the age of these dikes had not been determined with the same precision as those of Central Atlantic magmatic province basalts on other parts of the circum-Atlantic margin. Our new results for three dike samples from the South Carolina Piedmont yield plateau ages of 198.8 ± 2.2, 199.5 ± 1.8, and 199.7 ± 1.5 Ma. For comparison, we present new age determinations of the benchmark Watchung flows I and III of the Newark basin: 201.0 ± 2.1 and 198.8 ± 2.0 Ma, respectively. Collectively, these data suggest that basaltic volcanism responsible for the dikes, flows, and sills of eastern North America occurred within ∼1 m.y. of 200 Ma. The timing, brief duration, and extent of the Central Atlantic magmatism imply that it may have been causally related to Triassic-Jurassic mass extinctions. The distribution and timing of this magmatism and the absence of regional uplift or an identifiable hotspot track lead us to favor strong lithospheric control on the origin of the Central Atlantic magmatic province, consistent with the modern generation of plume incubation or edge-driven convection models.
Transcription of the immediate early genes of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169

Abstract Cloned sub-genomic fragments of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169 were used to analyse immediate-early (IE) transcription in virus-infected cells. Transcriptionally active regions of the HCMV genome were identified by hybridising cytoplasmic IE poly(A) + -RNA with dot blots and Southern transfers of restriction endonuclease digests of recombinant plasmids. The size, number and, in some cases, the orientation of transcription of IE RNA species were determined. The most abundant IE mRNA (IE-1.95) was mapped at 0.0764–0.0865 map units. The transcription of two middle abundant (1.7 and 2.15 kb) IE RNAs was initiated immediately downstream, and in the same orientation as the IE-1.95 gene. A second transcriptionally active area was identified at 0.593-0.619 map units. Three mRNA species (IE-1.75, IE-3.8 and IE-4.8) were derived from this region. Additional minor IE transcription was also observed from other regions of the HCMV genome. Hybrid-selected translation was used to identify the polypeptides encoded by the major IE RNA species.
Sampling Rate Evaluation Of NO2 Badge: (I) In Indoor Environments

The sampling rate of a nitrogen dioxide (NO2) passive sampling badge was evaluated in indoor environments including an unoccupied research house, residential houses, and an office. Measurements from the NO2 badges were compared with those of a chemiluminescent analyzer the EPA reference method, by placing them near to the sample inlet of the chemiluminescent analyzer In this study, we used a new sampling rate for the NO2 badge placed in indoor environments (an overall mass transfer coefficient of 0.10 cm/s) smaller than the rate previously reported for the badge when used outdoors. The new rate provides more accurate measurements of NO, concentrations in indoor environments. Indoor NO2 concentrations were also measured with the NO2 badges exposed to a constant wind velocity provided by a wind tunnel. Since the measurements of the badge with a constant wind velocity agreed well with the reference method, the badges could be assumed to be a secondary reference measurement. With the badges used as the secondary reference measurement, we developed a portable wind tunnel to evaluate a personal exposure measurement by the badge. The results are presented in Environment International (Lee et al., 1993). Precision of the badge measurements was as good as an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.9779. It was determined that placement of the badge should be at least 10 cm out from an indoor wall surface to avoid undersampling due to NO2 gradients near the surface.
Estimation of material properties in the equine metacarpus with use of quantitative computed tomography

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between data obtained from quantitative computed tomography and mechanical properties in the equine metacarpus, as measured in vitro in bone specimens. Three hundred and fifty-five bone specimens from the metacarpi of 10 horses were machined into right cylinders aligned with the long axis of the bone. A computed tomographic scan of the specimens, along with a Cann-Genant K2HPO4 calibration standard, was obtained. The specimens then were compressed to failure, and the elastic modulus, yield stress, yield strain, strain energy density at yield, ultimate stress, ultimate strain, and strain energy density at ultimate failure were calculated. The specimens were dried and ashed. Quantitative computed tomography-derived K2HPO4 equivalent density proved to be an excellent estimator (r2 > 0.9) of elastic modulus, yield stress, ultimate stress, wet density, dry density, and ash density; a moderately good estimator (0.4 < r2 < 0.9) of strain energy density at yield and at ultimate failure; and a poor estimator (r2 < 0.2) of yield strain and ultimate strain. It was concluded that the relationships between quantitative computed tomography data and mechanical properties of the equine metacarpus were strong enough to justify the use of these data in automated finite element modeling.
An empirical Bayesian approach for identifying differential coexpression in high-throughput experiments

A common goal of microarray and related high-throughput genomic experiments is to identify genes that vary across biological condition. Most often this is accomplished by identifying genes with changes in mean expression level, so called differentially expressed (DE) genes, and a number of effective methods for identifying DE genes have been developed. Although useful, these approaches do not accommodate other types of differential regulation. An important example concerns differential coexpression (DC). Investigations of this class of genes are hampered by the large cardinality of the space to be interrogated as well as by influential outliers. As a result, existing DC approaches are often underpowered, exceedingly prone to false discoveries, and/or computationally intractable for even a moderately large number of pairs. To address this, an empirical Bayesian approach for identifying DC gene pairs is developed. The approach provides a false discovery rate controlled list of significant DC gene pairs without sacrificing power. It is applicable within a single study as well as across multiple studies. Computations are greatly facilitated by a modification to the expectation-maximization algorithm and a procedural heuristic. Simulations suggest that the proposed approach outperforms existing methods in far less computational time; and case study results suggest that the approach will likely prove to be a useful complement to current DE methods in high-throughput genomic studies.
U.S. WOCE Meeting reports available

Several new reports of meetings related to U.S. planning for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) are now available from the U.S. Planning Office for WOCE, Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843. Robert Heinmiller (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.) has prepared reports of the Second and Third Density Profiler meetings, which were sponsored in part by the U.S. WOCE Science Steering Committee. The second meeting was held during the 1984 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif., in conjunction with a meeting of potential users of expendable conductivity, temperature, and depth instruments (CTD's). The third meeting was held May 30, 1985, in Baltimore, Md.
The Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act and Prospects for Economic Growth in Jamaica

Abstract In August 1983, the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act was signed into law by President Reagan. The purpose of the Act was to liberalize trade, to promote local investment, and to increase supplemental aid to developing countries. In this paper a model of one of the beneficiary countries (Jamaica) is built and growth rates of selected macroeconomic variables are estimated through 1990. The potential for positive economic growth in Jamaica is assessed. We conclude that an optimal program for Jamaica seems to be one of moderate growth in central bank credit combined with a small increase in exports.
Limitations in specular beam LEED analysis due to measurement of the scattering angle: Examples from a study of Cu(110)

The I–V profiles for specular LEED beams from a clean Cu(110) surface have been measured for three selected angles of incidence of the primary electron beam with respect to the crystal orientation. A comparison of experimental and calculated profiles indicates that the first interlayer spacing is contracted by 8 ± 3%, a value in reasonable agreement with the result obtained by a previous study of non-specular beams. However, this study demonstrates some inherent limitations of LEED analyses due to difficulties in the precise measurement of the alignment of the primary electron beam.
Surgical treatment of hallux valgus bunion

Abstract The deformity of hallux valgus can be satisfactorily corrected by releasing the adductor tension which is producing it. Such a procedure affords much quicker return to weight-bearing function than when the more radical procedures of bone resection or osteotomy are used.
A Rho Exchange Factor Mediates Thrombin and Gα12-induced Cytoskeletal Responses

Thrombin induces astrocytoma cell rounding through a Rho-dependent pathway (Majumdar, M., Seasholtz, T. M., Goldstein, D., de Lanerolle, P., and Brown, J. H. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 10099–10106). The involvement of the G12 family of G proteins and the role of specific Rho exchange factors in transducing signals from the thrombin receptor to Rho-dependent cytoskeletal responses was examined. Microinjection of cDNAs for activated Gα12or Gα13 induced cell rounding, and antibodies to Gα12 or Gα13 blocked the response to thrombin. In contrast, activation or inhibition of Gαqfunction had relatively little effect. The cytoskeletal response to Gα12 was inhibited by microinjection of C3 exoenzyme, indicating Rho dependence. Two Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), oncogenic lbc and p115, increased the percentage of rounded cells 4–5-fold, and this was inhibited by C3. Mutant GEFs lacking the Dbl homology (DH) domain required for exchange factor activity failed to induce cell rounding. However, the DH mutants of lbc and p115 were efficacious inhibitors of rounding induced by thrombin or Gα12. The effects of lbc were dependent on an intact pleckstrin homology domain, which may be required for appropriate targeting of the Rho-GEF. These findings identify the Gα12 protein family as transducers of thrombin signaling to the cytoskeleton and provide the first evidence that a Rho-GEF transduces signals between G protein-coupled receptors and Rho-mediated cytoskeletal responses.
Thermodynamic Characterization of the Complete Set of Sequence Symmetric Tandem Mismatches in RNA and an Improved Model for Predicting the Free Energy Contribution of Sequence Asymmetric Tandem Mismatches

Because of the availability of an abundance of RNA sequence information, the ability to rapidly and accurately predict the secondary structure of RNA from sequence is becoming increasingly important. A common method for predicting RNA secondary structure from sequence is free energy minimization. Therefore, accurate free energy contributions for every RNA secondary structure motif are necessary for accurate secondary structure predictions. Tandem mismatches are prevalent in naturally occurring sequences and are biologically important. A common method for predicting the stability of a sequence asymmetric tandem mismatch relies on the stabilities of the two corresponding sequence symmetric tandem mismatches [Mathews, D. H., Sabina, J., Zuker, M., and Turner, D. H. (1999) J. Mol. Biol. 288, 911-940]. To improve the prediction of sequence asymmetric tandem mismatches, the experimental thermodynamic parameters for the 22 previously unmeasured sequence symmetric tandem mismatches are reported. These new data, however, do not improve prediction of the free energy contributions of sequence asymmetric tandem mismatches. Therefore, a new model, independent of sequence symmetric tandem mismatch free energies, is proposed. This model consists of two penalties to account for destabilizing tandem mismatches, two bonuses to account for stabilizing tandem mismatches, and two penalties to account for A-U and G-U adjacent base pairs. This model improves the prediction of asymmetric tandem mismatch free energy contributions and is likely to improve the prediction of RNA secondary structure from sequence.
Design of a real-time inspection system for NDE of reactor vessels and piping components

Abstract Progress in the development of a special-purpose system for use in a real-time in-service inspection system for reactor vessels and piping components is described in this report. An analysis of the synthetic aperture processing algorithm is presented and new methods of speedup are described. A number of special purpose processor architectures are presented and two of the more promising ones are described in detail and are compared and evaluated. Proposed specifications for an initial field inspection system are presented. A brief description of the capabilities of a laboratory prototype processor (to be fabricated) is given.
Government policy toward open source software: The puzzles of neutrality and competition

For a variety of policy reasons, governments throughout the world are now adopting different legislative and administrative strategies that support the development of FLOSS. Some governments have actually begun to procure FLOSS, whereas others have channeled public funds to large-scale FLOSS projects. This study demonstrates both the benefits and the risks of government policy favoring FLOSS from the perspective of economics, technology, and politics, and to further analyze whether these same policy goals can be achieved through government support of FLOSS. The most fundamental argument of the study is that, in lending its support to FLOSS, the difference between a government user and a business user is that the government should take into account society’s long-term interests, not merely its own interests as a consumer.
Development of a chip-to-chip optical interconnect system

We present the design and simulation of a high efficient optical chip-to-chip coupling structure. The position tolerance (3dB coupling efficiency) can be as large as 1.0 μm when the polymer waveguide diameter equals 6.0 μm.
Protection of imidazoles as their β-trimethylsilylethoxymethyl (SEM) derivatives

Abstract Monocyclic 4(5)-substituted imidazoles react with SEM-Cl to afford the corresponding N-SEH derivatives. These aminals readily metalate at C-2 with n -BuLi in THF at −78°C and react with various electrophiles. Deprotection may be achieved with either n -Bu4NF or aqueous HCl.
A study of designing a universal inductive charger for Electric Vehicles

Inductive charging for Electric Vehicles (EVs) applies high frequency alternating currents in the transmitter pad or coil to inductively transfer power through loosely coupled induction to the receiving coil in EVs. The emerging of multiple EVs calls for a universal charging system that can charge most EVs efficiently and safely in variable external environments. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of considerations for designing a universal inductive charger, including that in hardware design such as topology, charging pads and batteries, and transient information such as voltage/current, status, weather, faults. Different options are provided and compared, and the suggested solution is reached after the analysis.
Transverse mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotube crystals. Part I: determination of elastic moduli

Abstract Carbon nanotubes naturally tend to form crystals in the form of hexagonally packed bundles. An accurate determination of the effective mechanical properties of nanotube bundles is important in order to assess potential structural applications such as reinforcement in future composite material systems. Although the intratube axial stiffness is on the order of 1 TPa due to a strong network of carbon–carbon bonds, the intertube interactions are controlled by weaker, nonbonding van der Waals forces which are orders of magnitude less. A direct method for calculating effective material constants is implemented in the present study. The Lennard–Jones potential is used to model the nonbonding cohesive forces. A complete set of transverse moduli is obtained and shown to exhibit a transversely isotropic constitutive behavior. The predicted elastic constants obtained using the direct method are compared with available published results obtained from other methods.
Aligning Organizational Structure to the Market

As part of the overall configuration of the firm, structure plays a powerful role in creating a market-driven organization. The wrong structure can doom all other market-driven initiatives in the organization to failure. This article analyses the trade-offs between different organizational structures and highlights the ways in which many firms are adopting hybrid structures based around horizontal business processes backed up with deep functional strengths. In today’s context, this hybrid form involves fast decentralized decision-making using widely dispersed and shared information. The article also describes some of the ways in which information technology can enable firms to achieve greater market effectiveness without losing economic efficiency. The implications of the analysis for the role of the marketing function are considered in an Appendix.
Characterization of complex space-time optical fields

We consider interferometric techniques for capturing ultra-fast pulsed images. We analyze the signal-to-noise performance and information capacity of pulsed image detection systems and we briefly discuss the possibility of improving detection systems using spectral holographic image capture.
Non-coherent cooperative jammer for multi-platform applications

Cooperative coherent systems are well-known in radar and countermeasures communities where the transmitter and receiver antennas are co-located on the same platform; hence, the radio frequency (RF) sources are synchronized and the physical separation of coherent systems is limited or confined within the same platform. To improve the effectiveness of cooperative countermeasure systems, it is highly desired to significantly increase the physical separation between cooperative elements. In this paper, we study a non-coherent cooperative RF system where the cooperative elements are located on two separate platforms without hard-line connections to them. Hence, the cooperative signal exchange among multiple cooperative elements has to be transmitted via an RF link and the non-coherent cooperative system would allow the RF source to be located on a separate platform, thus increasing the physical separation. The two cooperative elements are operated with two separate local oscillators, which leads to large non-coherency between multiple platforms.
A combination pick and flute needle.

I have developed a flute-pick for peeling preretinal membranes in the presence of surface or intravitreal hemorrhages.
Inactivation of urea-treated phage T4 by phosphatidylglycerol.

Abstract Urea-treated phage T4 infection of Escherichia coli B/4 spheroplasts is inhibited by spheroplast debris. Almost all the inhibitory activity is due to phosphatidylglycerol (PG), one of the three major phospholipids of the cell. Neither phosphatidylethanolamine nor cardiolipin, the other major phospholipids, show significant inhibitory activity. PG from both Salmonella and Staphylococcus inhibits infection to the same degree. It has no effect on normal T4 infection of E. coli B cells. Electron micrographs of urea-treated phage preparations indicate that phosphatidylglycerol causes about 50% of the phage particles to lose their DNA and also brings about significant clumping of phage particles. These findings indicate that PG might either play a role as the urea-treated phage receptor on the spheroplast surface or it might act as a trigger causing release of DNA from the phage.
Late results after fracture of the femoral head

The dislocation fracture of the femoral head is the result of high speed trauma. Most of the patients have additional injuries. The prognosis of this kind of fracture of the femoral head depends on the type of fracture, the additional injuries and the age of the patients. The diagnosis and the specific treatment are most important, since most of the patients with this injury are of a younger age. The reposition of the fracture has to be performed within 6 hours. In our opinion, this should be done by surgery if possible. For the operation some routine pelvic X-rays and a CT of the pelvis should be prepared. The therapy depends on the type of fracture. In patients with Type I and II fractures the broken head fragments should be refixed by only taking out small parts of bone which are not elementary for the pressure zone of the femoral head. Younger patients with Type III fractures should always receive the possibility of a screw fixation of the neck of femur, whereas total hip replacement should generally be achieved in the older patient. An exact reconstruction of the dorsal acetabulum must be performed in Pipkin Type IV fractures. The usual approach for Type I–III fractures is the ventrolateral Smith-Peterson and lateral Watson-Jones, for Type IV fractures, the dorsal Kocher-Langenbeck approach. We suggest indometacine as a prophylaxis for ossifications due to high tissue damage. Several scores for the evaluation and documentation of the outcome of this kind of fracture are useful: the clinical results according to Merle d'Aubigne, social status scored by the Karnofsky Index and X-ray results using Brooker and Helfet to classify the heterotopic ossification and post traumatic joint changes.
Capital complementarity, time-to-build, and the persistence of investment starts

Abstract This paper examines the explanatory power of the “time-to-build” propagation mechanism when the mechanism is modified to take into account capital complementarity. Since, in order to come “on line”, completed structures require equipment and large structures may require smaller complementary structures, the persistence of investment “starts” may be explainable in terms of such complemenrity. The hypothesis is made operational using finely-detailed U.S. Commerce department survey data. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that an important cause of “starts” persistence is the complementary relationship existing between various “orders” of capital.
Listeners' familiarity and perception of an idiosyncratic phonologic pattern.

Idiosyncratic production of [1] for target /i/ (for example, production of the word “less” for “yes”) was observed in a phonologically impaired preschooler. Recordings of his apparently homonymous productions of minimal pairs contrasting /j/ and /l/ were presented in random order to the child's mother and to five adult listeners who were unfamiliar with the child. No difference was seen across the listeners in their ability to identify target /l/ words. The child's mother, however, correctly identified /j/ targets more frequently than did unfamiliar listeners suggesting that familiarity enhances one's ability to decode idiosyncratic phonologic error patterns.
Resolution Measurements in Natural Water

Luminous line filaments were photographed at the Diamond Island (Lake Winnipesaukee) Station of the Visibility Laboratory at ranges up to 712 water-attenuation lengths. Image widths were 13 mrad or less at ranges from three to six attenuation lengths. It is concluded that optical transmission in natural surface waters may be considered to consist of separable scattered and unscattered light components, and signal processing may be used to alleviate the image deterioration caused by scattering in the water.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the New Image Force Microscopy Principle (Invited Paper)

A new technique in microscopy is demonstrated in which the domain of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is extended to optical spectroscopy at the nanometer scale. Molecular resonance of feature sizes down to the single molecular level were detected and imaged purely by mechanical detection of the force gradient between the interaction of the optically driven object molecular dipole and its mirror image in a Platinum coated scanning probe tip. We provide full experimental details including a basic theory for this new technique. The microscopy and spectroscopy technique is extendable to frequencies ranging from radio to infrared and the ultra violet.