cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changing perceptions of computer science and computational thinking among high school teachers

Interest in specific college majors begins in high school. The influence of high school math and science teachers is important, both for high school preparation of future computer science undergraduates, and for the understanding and interest in prospective majors high school teachers can encourage in their students. With the simultaneous decline in high school computer science curriculum offerings and undergraduate majors in computer science, an effort has been made to update the perception of computer science and computational thinking among high school teachers by hosting local non-residential summer workshops for high school teachers and their students. Pre- and post- workshop surveys show that the summer workshops have changed the perceptions high school teachers had regarding careers in computer science, resulting in a 50% increase in the likelihood that a high school teacher would recommend computer science, computational science, or information technology to their students as a career. By changing teacher perceptions of computer science and computational thinking, high school teachers are more likely to include computer science as one of the college majors suggested to their students.
The Commercialization of Open Source Software: Do Property Rights Still Matter?

A major shift toward open source software is underway as companies are more critically evaluating the cost effectiveness of their IT investments, seeing the benefits of collaborative development, and looking for ways to avoid vendor lock-in. At the same time, academics and industry visionaries are criticizing the use of a traditional appropriation mechanism for innovation - the patent - by bemoaning the decisions of U.S. and foreign governments to permit software patents, the rising numbers of patents on software-related innovations (the so-called arms race build-up), and the cost and frequency of patent litigation in the software industry. The critics generally have applauded the shift towards open source, albeit for somewhat varying reasons. This paper responds to those trends by analyzing the role of property rights in the open source development model, with a particular focus on the effectiveness of the appropriation mechanisms that the open source model uses in lieu of intellectual property rights. I make two main points. First, I argue that open source's commercial success is intertwined with its incorporation into traditional commercial value chains. What that means is that open source cannot continue to grow in commercial importance without the property rights that are necessary for profit at other points of the value chain. Second, I argue that despite open source's distributed development process, open source in the real world is likely to support an increasing concentration in the software industry. The reason is that the proprietary firms best situated to exploit commercial interactions with open source will be large firms, particularly large service firms. Smaller firms will be less successful as services firms, and far less successful at exploiting the value-chain interactions that have driven commercial open source.
C-Myc and AMPK control cellular energy levels by cooperatively regulating mitochondrial structure and function

The c-Myc (Myc) oncoprotein and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulate glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (Oxphos) although often for different purposes. Because Myc over-expression depletes ATP with the resultant activation of AMPK, we explored the potential co-dependency of and cross-talk between these proteins by comparing the consequences of acute Myc induction in ampk+/+ (WT) and ampk-/- (KO) murine embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). KO MEFs showed a higher basal rate of glycolysis than WT MEFs and an appropriate increase in response to activation of a Myc-estrogen receptor (MycER) fusion protein. However, KO MEFs had a diminished ability to increase Oxphos, mitochondrial mass and reactive oxygen species in response to MycER activation. Other differences between WT and KO MEFs, either in the basal state or following MycER induction, included abnormalities in electron transport chain function, levels of TCA cycle-related oxidoreductases and cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox states. Transcriptional profiling of pathways pertinent to glycolysis, Oxphos and mitochondrial structure and function also uncovered significant differences between WT and KO MEFs and their response to MycER activation. Finally, an unbiased mass-spectrometry (MS)-based survey capable of quantifying ~40% of all mitochondrial proteins, showed about 15% of them to be AMPK- and/or Myc-dependent in their steady state. Significant differences in the activities of the rate-limiting enzymes pyruvate kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase, which dictate pyruvate and acetyl coenzyme A abundance, were also differentially responsive to Myc and AMPK and could account for some of the differences in basal metabolite levels that were also detected by MS. Thus, Myc and AMPK are highly co-dependent and appear to engage in significant cross-talk across numerous pathways which support metabolic and ATP-generating functions.
L’état des métropoles : évaluation du changement dans les villes mondiales

De quelle facon les grandes metropoles se sont-elles transformees au cours des vingt dernieres annees ? Leur population et leur economie se sont-elles ameliorees, deteriorees ou sont-elles demeurees stables ? Ces societes se sont-elles centralisees ou decentralisees ? Ont-elles obtenu un statut d’instance de gouvernance ou sont-elles demeurees des entites politiquement incompletes ? Nous tentons de repondre a ces questions en examinant plus de 120 villes et en presentant des tendances de base. Les metropoles abondent en Amerique du Nord, en Europe occidentale et orientale, au Japon, en Amerique latine et en Afrique subsaharienne. Nous examinons egalement la « hierarchie mondiale » des metropoles en evaluant les changements de categories nominales des villes mondiales. Ces changements sont aussi compares a l’evolution du developpement humain sur le plan national. D’une certaine facon, une telle etude sonde les liens possibles entre la mondialisation et ses consequences sur le developpement des villes mondiales. Nous constatons que les villes de toutes les regions du monde developpe sont passees d’un statut politico-socio-economique a un autre, d’ou le choix du titre de notre article.
Discretionary managerial behaviour effects of savings and loan conversions: competitive implications for the industry in a deregulated environment

Under the Depository Institution Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 (DIDMC) regulatory obstructions that once limited portfolio imbricaion among financial intermediaries have been removed. The resulting brisk competition has caused financial intermediaries to restructure their portfolios altering traditional risk–return relationships. A corresponding need for capital restructuring is implied. If risk and capital structure are related, minimum equity financial intermediaries may find it necessary to adjust their capital structures as portfolio risk increases. The present research investigates the managerial behaviour implications for the thrift industry as it attempts to strengthen its capital structure with equity infusions from conversions.
Ultrasonic attenuation near the cholesteric → smectic A transition

Abstract Ultrasonic attenuation at 2 MHz has been measured through the cholesteric → smectic A transition in cholestryl nonanoate. Very near the transition, 0.1
Implementing an Outcomes Model in the Participatory Evaluation of Community Initiatives

Abstract Community-based organizations (CBOs) face a number of challenges in conducting evaluations of their initiatives. This paper illustrates some of the processes and challenges that arose in our efforts to collaborate with eight CBOs to implement an outcomes model adapted from the United Way model (1996) to evaluate their initiatives using a participatory approach. The outcomes model emphasizes the link between program goals, activities, outputs (process evaluation) and outcomes. An empowerment and participatory approach to evaluation emphasizes self-determination and evaluation skills building. We illustrate challenges and alternative solutions as we implemented our evaluation process comprising five phases: developing the partnership and planning the evaluation; developing an outcomes logic model; identifying the methodology and data collection strategies; interpreting and reporting findings; and utilization of findings. Overall, our collective experience indicates that despite some challenges, sta...
A FORM OF AERODYNAMIC ADMITTANCE FOR USE IN BRIDGE AEROELASTIC ANALYSIS

This paper returns to, and addresses, the question of identifying the nature of aerodynamic admittance in relation to extended-span bridges in wind. Theoretical formulations for the sectional aerodynamic forces acting upon the deck girder of a long-span bridge have conventionally been composed of the sum of two kinds of terms: aeroelastic terms and buffeting terms. The former employ frequency-dependent coefficients (“flutter derivatives”) associated with sinusoidal displacements of the structure, while the latter have typically been expressed in quasi-static terms with fixed lift, drag and moment coefficients. This inconsistency of formulation has required that at some point the buffeting terms, functions of gust velocity, be adjusted to a more compatible form through the introduction of the so-called aerodynamic admittance factors that are frequency-dependent. The present paper identifies a form of these several section-force factors as functions of the flutter derivatives themselves.
Equation Solving in Conditional AC-Theories

Conditional Equational Programming is an elegant way to uniformly integrate important features of functional and logic programming. Efficient methods for equation solving are thus of great importance. In this paper, we formulate, and prove sound and complete, an equation solving procedure based on transformation rules. This method achieves a top-down, goal-directed strategy based on decomposition and restructuring, while preserving the advantages of both basic narrowing and normal narrowing. Another new feature, introduced in this paper, is the extension of equation solving to theories with defined functions that are associative and commutative, without using the costly AC-unification operation. This method has been implemented within SUTRA, a theorem proving and equational programming environment based on rewrite techniques and completion.
Popliteal cysts in children.

1 Twenty-six popliteal cysts arising in persons under 20 years of age have been excised. 2 In no case was the cyst found to communicate with the knee-joint. 3 Preoperative radiographs in 10 cases confirmed the absence of such a communication. 4 Popliteal cysts in children are congenital bursae and not synovial herniations from the joint. 5 The apparent disappearance of such cysts on flexing the knee is due to the displacement of the bursa to the medial aspect of the knee and not to the displacement of the fluid contents into the joint.
Autonomic nervous system activity and the spontaneous initiation of ventricular tachycardia

AbstractObjectives. We hypothesized that neurohormonal activity contributes to the initiation of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) as reflected in indices of heart rate variability (HRV).Backg...
Comparison of site-specific densities of states of Ga and As in cleaved and sputtered GaAs(110) by means of Auger line shapes

Abstract Site-specific densities of states for the Ga and As sites in GaAs(110) are derived from the M 1 M 4,5 V Auger lines and compared for the cleaved and sputtered surfaces. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and LEED results for these surfaces are also presented. The results are interpreted in terms of a structure for the sputtered surface that consists of a two-phase mixture of Ga and disordered GaAs.
Adherence to surgical care improvement project measures and post-operative surgical site infections.

Abstract Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is unequivocally morbid and costly. The estimated 300,000 SSIs annually in the United States represent the second most common infection among surgical patients, prolong hospitalization by 7–10 days, and have an estimated annual incremental cost of $1 billion. The mortality rate associated with SSI is 3%, with about three quarters of deaths being attributable directly to the infection. Prevention is possible for the most part, and concerted effort has been made to limit these infections, arguably to little effect. Methods: Review of pertinent English-language literature. Results: Numerous risk factors for SSI and tactics for prevention have been described, but efforts to bundle these tactics into an effective, comprehensive prevention program have been disappointing. Numerous studies now demonstrate that the Surgical Care Improvement Program (SCIP), which focused on process improvement rather than outcomes, has been ineffective despite governmental support...
Ventricular Echoes Evidence For Dissociation Of Conduction and Reentry Within the Av Node

These experiments were designed to examine further the concept of a dual pathway for AV transmission in the heart, and to determine whether or not the atrium is a necessary link in the reentry pathway used for a ventricular echo. Studies were performed on anesthetized and awake dogs with recording electrodes implanted on the atrium, bundle of His, and right ventricle. When paired stimuli (V 1 V 2 ) were applied to the ventricle with an appropriate delay, the second stimulated beat was followed by a nonstimulated ventricular echo. The echo response was of supraventricular origin. During paired stimulation with echoes, stimulation of the atrium prior to arrival of the retrograde response to V 2 produced a propagated ventricular beat in advance of the expected echo. Stimulation of the atrium immediately after an echo was associated with apparent supernormal AV conduction. These observations support the conclusion that the AV node can be dissociated functionally into at least two pathways. It was possible to render the atrium refractory without abolishing the echo. This finding indicates that the atrium per se does not participate in the reentry path used for ventricular echo.
Semigroup structures for families of functions, III

Let Fx and Fy denote families of subsets of the nonempty sets X and Y respectively and let be a function mapping Y onto X with the property that [H] ∈ Fx for each H∈Fy. Then the family l of all functions mapping X into Y such that [H] ∈Fy for each H ∈Fx is a semigroup if the product g of two such functions and g is defined by g = o o g (i.e., (Fg)(x) = (f(g(x))) for each x in X). With some restrictions on the families Fx and Fy and the function , these are the semigroups mentioned in the title and are the objects of investigation in this paper. The restrictions on fxfy and are sufficiently mild so that the semigroups considered here include such semigroups of functions on topological spaces as semi- groups of closed functions, semigroups of connected functions, etc.
Infrared spectrum of strontium hydroxyapatite

Es wird uber eine Methode berichtet, die es erlaubt, Apatide zu unterscheiden, in denen anstelle des Calciums Strontium eingetreten ist.
Borrelia burgdorferi oxidative stress regulator BosR directly represses lipoproteins primarily expressed in the tick during mammalian infection.

Summary Differential gene expression is a key strategy adopted by the Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi, for adaptation and survival in the mammalian host and the tick vector. Many B. burgdorferi surface lipoproteins fall into two distinct groups according to their expression patterns: one group primarily expressed in the tick and the other group primarily expressed in the mammal. Here, we show that the Fur homologue in this bacterium, also known as Borrelia oxidative stress regulator (BosR), is required for repression of outer surface protein A (OspA) and OspD in the mammal. Furthermore, BosR binds directly to sequences upstream of the ospAB operon and the ospD gene through recognition of palindromic motifs similar to those recognized by other Fur homologues but with a 1 bp variation in the spacer length. Putative BosR binding sites have been identified upstream of 156 B. burgdorferi genes. Some of these genes share the same expression pattern as ospA and ospD. Most notably, 12 (67%) of the 18 genes previously identified in a genome-wide microarray study to be most significantly repressed in the mammal are among the putative BosR regulon. These data indicate that BosR may directly repress transcription of many genes that are downregulated in the mammal.
Igneous phenocrystic origin of K-feldspar megacrysts in granitic rocks from the Sierra Nevada batholith

Study of four K-feldspar megacrystic granitic plutons and related dikes in the Sierra Nevada composite batholith indicates that the megacrysts are phenocrysts that grew in contact with granitic melt. Growth to megacrystic sizes was due to repeated replenishment of the magma bodies by fresh granitic melt that maintained temperatures above the solidus for extended time periods and that provided components necessary for K-feldspar growth. These intrusions cooled 89–83 Ma, are the youngest in the range, and represent the culminating magmatic phase of the Sierra Nevada batholith. They are the granodiorite of Topaz Lake, the Cathedral Peak Granodiorite, the Mono Creek Granite, the Whitney Granodiorite, the Johnson Granite Porphyry, and the Golden Bear Dike. Megacrysts in these igneous bodies attain 4–10 cm in length. All have sawtooth oscillatory zoning marked by varying concentration of BaO ranging generally from 3.5 to 0.5 wt%. Some of the more pronounced zones begin with resorption and channeling of the underlying zone. Layers of mineral inclusions, principally plagioclase, but also biotite, quartz, hornblende, titanite, and accessory minerals, are parallel to the BaO-delineated zones, are sorted by size along the boundaries, and have their long axes preferentially aligned parallel to the boundaries. These features indicate that the K-feldspar megacrysts grew while surrounded by melt, allowing the inclusion minerals to periodically attach themselves to the faces of the growing crystals. The temperature of growth of titanite included within the K-feldspar megacrysts is estimated by use of a Zr-in-titanite geothermometer. Megacryst-hosted titanite grains all yield temperatures typical of felsic magmas, mainly 735–760 °C. Titanite grains in the granodiorite hosts marginal to the megacrysts range to lower growth temperatures, in some instances into the subsolidus. The limited range and igneous values of growth temperatures for megacryst-hosted titanite grains support the interpretation that the megacrysts formed as igneous sanidine phenocrysts, that intrusion temperatures varied by only small amounts while the megacrysts grew, and that megacryst growth ceased before the intrusions cooled below the solidus. Individual Ba-enriched zones were apparently formed by repeated surges of new, hotter granitic melt that replenished these large magma chambers. Each recharge of hot magma offset cooling, maintained the partially molten or mushy character of the chamber, stirred up crystals, and induced convective currents that lofted, settling megacrysts back up into the chamber. Because of repeated reheating of the magma chamber and prolonged maintenance of the melt, this process apparently continued long enough to provide the ideal environment for the growth of these extraordinarily large K-feldspar phenocrysts.
Enhanced Diffusion Due to Swimming Bacteria

The effect of bacterial motion of the diffusion of a high molecular weight molecule is studied by observing the mixing of two streams of fluid in a micro-fabricated flow cell. The presence of Escherichia coli (E.coli) in one of the streams results in an increase in the effective diffusion coefficient of Dextran, which rises linearly with the concentration of bacteria from a baseline value of 2 × 10−7 cm2 /s to 8 × 10−7 cm2 /s at a concentration of 2.1 × 109 /ml (approximately 0.5 % by volume). The diffusion process is also observed to undergo a change from standard “Fickian” diffusion to a superdiffusive behavior in which the diffusion exponent rises from 0.5 to 0.55 as the concentration of bacteria rises from 0 to 2.1 × 109 /ml.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Considerations of Additional Stressors and Developmental Issues for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender College Students

Abstract At some point every college freshman asks “Am I okay?” or “Am I normal?” Helping students answer this question is a familiar part of college counseling. However, this task becomes more complicated when students who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender (GLBT), or questioning their sexuality seek counseling. The universal issues which all college students encounter are compounded by struggles with developing a positive gender identity and coping with prejudice. This article explores some of the unique issues GLBT students face during their college experience and provides suggestions for helping them transition to and thrive in the college milieu.
Methane-intercalated C 60 : Preparation, orientational ordering, and structure

The orientational ordering temperature for methane-intercalated ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ is greatly depressed from $\ensuremath{\sim}260\mathrm{K}$ in pure ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ to $\ensuremath{\sim}241$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}235\mathrm{K}$ in the stable compounds ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}{\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}{\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{D}}_{4},$ respectively. ${}^{13}\mathrm{C}$ NMR shows that the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ molecules have ordered near 200 K while ${}^{2}\mathrm{H}$ NMR shows that the ${\mathrm{CD}}_{4}$ continues to be completely unoriented and freely rotating. The Rietveld refinement of the structures of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}{\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ at 15, 200, and 296 K using time-of-flight neutron powder data as well as least-squares refinement of $\mathrm{Mo}{\ensuremath{-}K}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ x-ray data on ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}{\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ single crystals are consistent with such rotational disorder.
Energy, Enthusiasm, Cooperation, and Commitment Characterize NUFO Annual Meeting

On June 27–29, 2011, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory hosted more than 100 attendees for the National User Facility Organization (NUFO) annual meeting. The participants explored a range of topics that users of science facilities—such as the synchrotron light sources—encounter as experimentalists. The topics included facility best practices, various ways of educating the public and government about the user facilities' role in advancing scientific discovery, and how to make communication with universities and other organizations representing users, user facilities, and science in general most effective.
The Sexual Practices of Asian and Pacific Islander High School Students

Abstract Purpose: To describe the sexual behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of Asian and Pacific Islander California high school students and to compare them to other racial/ethnic groups. Methods: Data were collected from an anonymous self-administered survey of 2026 ninth to 12th graders in a Los Angeles County school district; 186 of the respondents described themselves as Asian and Pacific Islander. The survey was conducted in April 1992. Results: A higher percentage of Asian and Pacific Islander adolescents (73%) compared with African-American (28%, p p p p Conclusions: Asian and Pacific Islander high school students in one California school district appear to be at lower sexual risk than other racial/ethnic groups. However, a large minority are engaging in activities that can transmit disease and lead to unwanted pregnancy. Therefore, current efforts to develop culturally sensitive clinical and community-based approaches to sexual risk prevention should include Asians and Pacific Islanders.
Decaying signals: will understanding bacterial-plant communications lead to control of soft rot?

Soft rot pathogens cause significant losses worldwide in fruit and vegetable production during the growing season and after harvest. These pathogens engage in molecular interactions with their plant hosts via acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum sensing, pectin metabolites, phenolic acids, and auxin. The AHL-based interactions can be disrupted enzymatically or with chemical inhibitors, which in some cases, leads to disease control. Since the wisdom of disrupting AHL-based quorum sensing for control of an agricultural problem is questionable when this may be a useful target for control of human pathogens, development of other control mechanisms more specific to plant pathogens would be beneficial. The recent identification of plant-specific compounds used in plant–bacterial interactions, such as auxin, o-coumaric acid, t-cinnamaic acid, as well as analogs that inhibit pathways induced by these compounds, may lead to novel control mechanisms aimed specifically at managing plant-infecting bacteria.
On-Chip Network-Enabled Multicore Platforms Targeting Maximum Likelihood Phylogeny Reconstruction

In phylogenetic inference, which aims at finding a phylogenetic tree that best explains the evolutionary relationship among a given set of species, statistical estimation approaches such as maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference provide more accurate estimates than other nonstatistical approaches. However, the improved quality comes at a higher computational cost, as these approaches, even though heuristic driven, involve optimization over multidimensional real continuous space. The number of possible search trees in ML is at least exponential, thereby making runtimes on even modest-sized datasets to clock up to several million CPU hours. Evaluation of these trees, involving node-level likelihood vector computation and branch-length optimization, can be partitioned into tasks (or kernels), providing the application with the potential to benefit from hardware acceleration. The range of hardware acceleration architectures tried so far offer limited degree of fine-grain parallelism. Network-on-chip (NoC) is an emerging paradigm that can efficiently support integration of massive number of cores on a chip. In this paper, we explore the design and performance evaluation of 2-D and 3-D NoC architectures for RAxML, which is one of the most widely used ML software suites. Specifically, we implement the computation kernels of the top three functions consuming more than 85% of the total software runtime. Simulations show that through appropriate choice of NoC architecture, and novel core design, allocation and placement strategies, our NoC-based implementation can achieve individual function-level speedups of 390x to 847x, speed up the targeted kernels in excess of 6500x, and provide end-to-end runtime reductions up to 5x over state-of-the-art multithreaded software.
Uncertainties Associated with Combining Airborne and Ground-Based Doppler Radar Data

Abstract Observations with airborne Doppler radar can expand the area of coverage and extend the time a moving weather system can remain under observation. Also, additional analysis methods are possible with the increase in independent estimates of the wind field that can be provided by an airborne sampling system. However, the advantages of airborne Doppler sensing are constrained by the geometry in which the data are collected, as well as errors introduced by uncertainties in the sampling platform location and orientation. Finally, a longer time required to sample a region than is typical for ground-based radar results in increased uncertainties due to the field's evolution and advection during the sampling interval. Uncertainties related to geometry are examined for flight patterns which are for aircraft alone and for those which also utilize data from one and two ground-based radars. These illustrate the distribution and relative magnitude of uncertainty expected for each type of flight pattern and da...
Complexity and Shock Wave Geometries

In this paper we refine a conjecture relating the time-dependent size of an Einstein-Rosen bridge (ERB) to the computational complexity of the dual quantum state. Our refinement states that the complexity is proportional to the spatial volume of the ERB. More precisely, up to an ambiguous numerical coefficient, we propose that the complexity is the regularized volume of the largest codimension one surface crossing the bridge, divided by ${G}_{N}{l}_{\mathrm{AdS}}$. We test this conjecture against a wide variety of spherically symmetric shock wave geometries in different dimensions. We find detailed agreement.
FRAGMENTATIONS OF AR-40 AT 213-MEV/NUCLEON

Energy and isotope distributions were measured for peripheral reactions induced by $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$ at 213 MeV/nucleon. The data are consistent with the predictions of abrasion-ablation models. The influence of correlations in the nuclear ground state is discussed.
Cytoplasmic granules in luteal cells of pregnant and non-pregnant guinea pigs. A cytochemical study

Secretory granules, which are released by exocytosis and are speculated to contain progesterone, have been described in luteal cells of sheep and other large domestic animals. These granules are small and densely staining. Gemmell and Stacy ('79) suggested that luteal cells of guinea pigs also contain secretory granules, although they could not document exocytosis of granule content at the fine structural level. For the present study, quantitative methods were used to reexamine the possibility that luteal cells of guinea pigs possess secretory granules. Ovaries of guinea pigs were fixed in situ by vascular perfusion at the time of maximum progesterone secretion, when such granules would be most abundant, as well as at other stages. Two types of granules that might be confused with secretory granules are microperoxisomes and lysosomes. Therefore, slices of perfusion-fixed corpora lutea were incubated for the fine structural localization of a peroximomal enzyme, catalase, or for the lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase (ACPase) and arylsulfatase. Other tissue was prepared for conventional electron microscopy. Granule types were classified on the basis of size, morphology, and enzyme content. Quantitation of granule types was carried out on both cytochemically reacted and conventionally prepared luteal tissue. More than 5500 microperoxisomes, 2800 lysosomes, and 1100 multivesicular bodies (MVBs) were tabulated. The results indicate that luteal cells of guinea pigs have three main types of granules: (1) Microperoxisomes, about 0.2μm in diameter and containing catalase; (2) lysosomes, about 0.5μm in diameter and positive for ACPase and arylsulfatase; and (3) MVBs, about 0.4μm in diameter and containing small vesicles. At the time of peak steroid secretion during pregnancy and the estrous cycle, the granule population in luteal cells of guinea pigs consists of 73–80% microperoxisomes, 13–17% lysosomes, and 7–l9% MVBs. These proportions are similar in tissue reacted for cytochemistry and tissue prepared by conventional means. Greater than 99% of the small 0.2–0.3μm diameter granules in guinea pig luteal cells are catalase reactive. This finding eliminates from further consideration most of the prime candidates for secretory granules in these cells. Finally, neither a sequential appearance of granules nor exocytosis of secretory product was detected. Our data thus argue against the suggestion that luteal cells of guinea pigs have secretory granules of the type observed in corpora lutea of large domestic animals.
Jump conditions for shock waves on the surface of a star

This article applies nonstandard analysis to derive jump conditions for one-dimensional, diverging, magnetogasdynamic shock waves emerging on the surface of a star. It is assumed that the shock thickness occurs on an infinitesimal interval and the jump functions for the flow parameters occur smoothly across this interval. Predistributions of the Heaviside function and the Dirac delta measure are used to model the flow variables across a shock wave. The equations of motion expressed in nonconservative form are then applied to derive unambiguous relationships between the jump functions for the flow parameters. It is shown here that the equations modeling a family of magnetogasdynamic shock waves yield products of generalized functions that may be analyzed consistently using nonstandard predistributions.
Characterization of lipid composition in stimulated human lymphocytes by 1H-NMR

Recent in vivo NMR studies have raised interest in the structural changes of cellular lipids during proliferative activity. We investigated the changes in plasma membrane lipid and total cell lipid during mitogenically-stimulated proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by extraction of lipids and assay by 500 MHz 1H-NMR. Resonances were assigned using one- and two-dimensional spectroscopic techniques, and signals unique to certain species of lipid were identified. Choline and ethanolamine-containing lipids, glycerophospholipid backbones, sphingolipids, cholesterol, plasmalogens and triacylglycerols were readily detected. Resolution of a number of lipid species was not possible, despite the use of high-resolution techniques. NMR values for proliferation-induced changes in the most easily determined parameters, namely the total cholesterol to total phospholipid molar ratio, and phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingolipid composition, were found to agree with traditional methods. Differences in phospholipid and fatty acid profiles were found between plasma membranes and total cell lipid for resting values and for response to mitogen.
Health services use and growth patterns among older siblings of infants with prenatal drug exposure

The health care use patterns, suspected maltreatment, and growth trajectories of siblings of infants with prenatal drug exposure were examined. Ninety-three siblings of drug-exposed infants were matched with patients from the same primary care clinic. The case patients were found to have significantly fewer health care contacts, more deficient immunizations, and more reports of suspected child maltreatment. Although they did not differ in birth weight, growth curve modeling found that case patients had lower weight gain trajectories. When drug-exposed infants are identified, nursing personnel are in a unique position to assist the siblings of those identified infants obtain needed medical care and services.
Optimal classification into groups: An approach for solving the taxonomy problem

Abstract Many problems which involve organizing data into homogeneous groups can be approached by defining a function for evaluating the amount of structure present in a given partition of the set of data, and then attempting to find that partition for which the function is optimized. In general, different functions are required for different types of problems. Two possible measures of structure are presented here, together with a discussion of the types of problems to which each applies. Also described is a general hill-climbing algorithm which can be used with any measure of structure to attempt to climb to the optimum partition. The algorithm does not require a numerical measure, but only a decision as to which of two partitions is more highly structured, or more valuable. Areas of application include biological taxonomy; isolation of disease syndromes in medicine; information retrieval; business applications such as “types” of sales offices, TV audiences, etc.; anthropology (categorization of civilizations); and sociology (categorization of tribes). An analysis of results on a set of botanical data, written by Dr Ghillean Prance of the New York Botanical Gardens, is included as an Appendix.
The influence of website dimensionality on customer experiences, perceptions and behavioral intentions: An exploration of 2D vs. 3D web design

Abstract As online retailers seek to attract customers through innovative electronic storefront designs, some are experimenting with three-dimensional (3D) websites. This study examines the influence of website dimensionality on cognitive absorption, perceived ease of use, and, indirectly, perceived website usefulness and intentions to buy online using the website. Findings indicate that shopping websites using 3D environments are associated with lower perceived ease of use and lower cognitive absorption, compared to traditional 2D websites. The effect of website dimensionality on cognitive absorption is moderated by user experience. The implications of the study for research and practice are discussed.
The Place of Computers in Medicine

To the computer specialist the thoughts of applying his technology to the determination and preservation of his own and society's health by computer is very attractive. To the physician the computer appears as a complex unknown. Depending on his computer-related, experience, it may be a threat or a tool.
A jumping Robertsonian translocation : a molecular and cytogenetic study

We report a patient with mosaicism for two different Robertsonian translocations, both involving chromosome 21. She carries an unbalanced cell line with an i(21q) and a balanced cell line with a rob(21q22q). She is phenotypically normal but has two children who inherited the i(21q) and have Down syndrome. We demonstrate that both abnormal chromosomes are dicentric and that the proband’s 21/21 rearrangement is an isochromosome formed from a maternally derived chromosome 21. We propose a model in which the i(21q) is the progenitor rearrangement in the proband, which subsequently participated in a nonreciprocal rearrangement characteristic of a jumping translocation. In addition, we review other cases of constitutional mosaicism involving jumping translocations.
Detection of Preshock Dense Circumstellar Material of SN 1978K

The supernova SN 1978K has been noted for its lack of emission lines broader than a few thousand kilometers per second since its discovery in 1990. Modeling of the radio spectrum of the peculiar SN 1978K indicates the existence of H II absorption along the line of sight. To determine the nature of this absorbing region, we have obtained a high-dispersion spectrum of SN 1978K at the wavelength range 6530-6610 A. The spectrum shows not only the moderately broad Hα emission of the supernova ejecta but also narrow nebular Hα and [N II] emission. The high [N II] λ6583/Hα ratio, 0.8-1.3, suggests that this radio-absorbing region is a stellar ejecta nebula. The expansion velocity and emission measure of the nebula are consistent with those seen in ejecta nebulae of luminous blue variables. Previous low-dispersion spectra have detected a strong [N II] λ5755 line, indicating an electron density of (3–12) × 10^5 cm^(-3). We argue that this stellar ejecta nebula is probably part of the preshock dense circumstellar envelope of SN 1978K. We further suggest that SN 1997ab may represent a young version of SN 1978K.
Traumatic diaphragmatic injury: Experience from a level I trauma center

Objective Traumatic diaphragmatic injuries (TDI) are uncommon but associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. We sought to analyze patients with TDI at a large trauma center and associated county coroner to identify characteristics predictive of increased mortality. Methods We queried a level I university trauma center and associated county coroner databases containing >20,000 patients to identify patients with ICD-9 diagnoses pertaining to TDI from January 1992 through May 2005. Once identified, hospital records, operative details, and autopsy reports were reviewed to determine injury characteristics, treatment provided, and outcome. Statistical analyses were performed using the Student t-test, chi-square analysis, analysis of variance, and multiple logistic regression. Results TDI were identified in 254 individuals. Two hundred (79%) survived to undergo operation. Of the 81 (32%) deaths, 33 (41%) occurred before arrival at the trauma center. Survivors were younger, had lesser injury severity scores (ISS), were more likely to be female, and had more bilateral injuries (P ≤ .002 all) than nonsurvivors. By multiple logistic regression analyses, increased age (odds ratio [OR], 1.044; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.015–1.074; P = .0029) and greater ISS (OR, 1.145; 95% CI, 1.103–1.188; P Conclusion Although TDI may indicate substantive trauma burden in any patient, those with greater ISS and advanced age are at the greatest risk of death.
Reanalysis and perspective in the heat--aggression debate.

B. J. Bushman, M. C. Wang, and C. A. Anderson (2005) argued that a reanalysis of E. G. Cohn and J. Rotton's (1997) Minneapolis data shows no inverted-U curvilinear relationship between temperature and aggression. Although B. J. Bushman et al.'s (2005) claim of no general inverted-U trend in the data might well be supported statistically, more careful examination of the subset of the data most likely to include the hottest temperatures in the study may offer at least some support for the inverted-U relationship. Aggregating data to describe a general trend minimizes the influence of outliers that may reflect alternative relationships, and such alternatives may be important practically and theoretically. (Abstract Adapted from Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2005. Copyright © 2005 by the American Psychological Association) Temperature Factors Heat Effects Aggression Causes Violence Causes Adult Aggression Adult Offender Adult Violence 08-05
Interactions of antitumor agents Ametantrone and Mitoxantrone (Novatrone) with double-stranded DNA.

Abstract Interactions of Mitoxantrone and Ametantrone with natural and synthetic nucleic acids in aqueous medium [0.15NaCl, 5 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine-ethanesulfonic acid (Hepes), pH 7.0, 25°] have been studied using computer-aided spectrophotometric techniques. Absorption spectra of the drugs in monomeric and dimeric form and their complexes with DNAs at low drug/phosphate ratios (D/P) have been established. The latter were red-shifted and had lower amplitude as compared with the spectra of the free ligand's monomer; the change is consistent with the already well-established intercalative mode of drug-nucleic acid interaction. Drug-DNA equilibria have been studied using the McGhee-von Hippel model of noncooperative ligand-polymer interaction, with the correction for dimerization of drugs. Although Mitoxantrone is two orders of magnitude more potent an antitumor drug than Ametantrone, the intrinsic association constants ( K i ) of both drugs were of similar magnitude. Also, no significant DNA-base specificity for either of the drugs (measured as K i value for various homopolymers) was observed. Therefore, no correlation was apparent between the intercalative mode of binding to DNA, regardless of base composition, and the pharmacological activity of these drugs. At higher D/P ratios, a secondary mode of binding was detected by both spectroscopy and light-scattering measurement. Homopolymer-pairs and polymers containing only dI and dC were especially susceptible to this secondary type of binding. The possibility that this secondary type of binding may be responsible for the antitumor properties of the drugs is considered.
A multidisciplinary approach to a better understanding of and therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The overall premise of this project is that COPD is a syndrome with considerable heterogeneity regarding the relative contributions of the mechanisms of airflow obstruction. Moreover, differing mechanisms underlying airflow obstruction will have different pathobiology, genetic determinants and responses to therapy and the grouping of all of these patients under the umbrella “COPD” therefore impedes future progress in research and therapy. The best progress will be made when groups of investigators from a variety of basic and clinical research disciplines work together to approach these issues.
Sugars stack up.

Sugar binding by a variety of biomolecules is generally assumed to rely on hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions. A new study shows that arene-carbohydrate interactions are enthalpically driven through nontraditional C-H···π type hydrogen bonds.
Design Criterion of Fatigue Analysis on Plastic Basis by ASME B&PV Code

The paper investigates the current rules for fatigue analysis on plastic basis of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. It addresses the question: When these rules are used for a vessel or component, is it designed with respect to crack initiation or failure? Using available fatigue test data, the question is answered for blunt double-notch plate specimens made of AISI 4340 steel. When the rules are applied to these specimens, it is found that they are designed with respect to the initiation of a crack of a certain length that decreases as the strain range increases. The plate specimens are not designed with respect to failure. It is concluded that for geometries that exhibit a strain range gradient away from the surface, the number of cycles allowed by the current rules includes the initiation phase but not the propagation phase of a fatigue crack. If this result is unsatisfactory, new rules have to be written.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Hyperphagia produced by knife cuts between the medial and lateral hypothalamus in the rat

Abstract A retractable wire knife was used to make transections between the ventromedial and lateral regions of the hypothalamus in the rat. Bilateral transections were produced in 5 rats with little or no damage to either nuclear area and resulted in hyperphagia and increased body weight. Another 5 rats suffered damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus in addition to the knife cuts. These rats showed a greater degree of hyperphagia and obesity. These results support the concept of dual hypothalamic feeding systems in the medial and lateral regions. Our data also suggest, however, that other neural or hormonal mechanisms may contribute to the hyperphagia-obesity syndrome.
A context switching streaming memory architecture to accelerate a neocortex model

A novel architecture to accelerate a neocortex inspired cognitive model is presented. The architecture utilizes a collection of context switchable processing elements (PEs). This enables time multiplexing of nodes in the model onto available PEs. A streaming memory system is designed to enable high-throughput computation and efficient use of memory resources. Several scheduling algorithms were examined to efficiently assign network nodes to the PEs. Multiple parallel FPGA-accelerated implementations were evaluated on a Cray XD1. Networks of varying complexity were tested and indicate that hardware acceleration can provide an average throughput gain of 184 times over equivalent parallel software implementations.
A comparative economic analysis of copper removal from water by ligand-modified micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration and by conventional solvent extraction

Abstract In ligand-modified micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (LM-MEUF), a surfactant and a ligand are added to an aqueous solution containing ions of like charge. The ligand forms a complex with the target ion of interest and becomes incorporated in the micelle. This solution is then treated by an ultrafiltration process with membrane pore sizes small enough to reject the micelles and their solubilized metal–ligand complex. Previous studies have demonstrated the technical feasibility of LM-MEUF with copper rejection exceeding 99% with no removal of calcium using several different ligands. The ability to regenerate the surfactant/ligand for reuse has also been shown. In this study, an economic analysis of LM-MEUF (with regeneration) for a 1×10 5 gal/day unit is reported. The effects of important parameters are investigated; including feed surfactant, ligand, and copper concentrations. The results from the sensitivity analysis are used to compare the cost of LM-MEUF for copper removal and recovery to the conventional copper solvent extraction process. The comparative economic analysis indicates a 17% higher capital and a 43% higher operating cost for LM-MEUF process compared to the solvent extraction process.