cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The multiple mini-interview for emergency medicine resident selection

Abstract Background The Multiple Mini-Interview (MMI) uses multiple, short-structured contacts to evaluate communication and professionalism. It predicts medical school success better than the traditional interview and application. Its acceptability and utility in emergency medicine (EM) residency selection are unknown. Objective We theorized that participants would judge the MMI equal to a traditional unstructured interview and it would provide new information for candidate assessment. Methods Seventy-one interns from 3 programs in the first month of training completed an eight-station MMI focused on EM topics. Pre- and post-surveys assessed reactions. MMI scores were compared with application data. Results EM grades correlated with MMI performance ( F [1, 66] = 4.18; p p p Conclusions Although the MMI alone was viewed less favorably than a traditional interview, participants were receptive to a mixed-methods interview. The MMI does correlate with performance on the EM clerkship and therefore can measure important abilities for EM success. Future work will determine whether MMI performance predicts residency performance.
Menopausal Hormonal Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women. Older observational studies suggested a significant protective effect of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) for coronary heart disease (CHD) when prescribed for women at the onset of menopause; and this also translated into a significant reduction in mortality as well. Multiple mechanisms have been found to support these findings. Various secondary prevention trials and the use of hormones in older women have shown negative findings and a trend for more coronary events in these women with atherosclerotic plaque. Data from the Women’s Health Initiative in younger women confirm the data in the observational studies showing a protective effect on CHD and mortality for conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) alone, whereas the data with CEE and medroxyprogesterone acetate do not show as positive an effect. Recent trials testing the “timing” hypothesis also have confirmed these data for benefit in younger women, but not in older women. Because prevention of diseases after menopause should be a major goal of providers of health care for women, the consideration of using MHT, particularly the use of estrogen, may once again be considered as part of this prevention strategy.
Computational methods for conformational analysis of unsymmetrical 1,3‐diamines: 3‐aminotropanes

A comparative study has been performed to evaluate the ability of a range of computational theories to predict the relative basicity and the conformations of diamine systems. Specifically, molecular mechanics (MM3), semiempirical (AM1), and ab initio (Hartree–Fock) methods have been used in the conformational analyses of unprotonated, monoprotonated, and diprotonated 3-aminotropanes, a pair of isomeric 1,3-diamines. Use of the molecular mechanics force field, with the recently determined parameter set for protonated amines, affords results that are in agreement with experimental data, when corrected for water solvent (by setting the dielectric constant to 80). Ab initio and semiempirical calculations, in contrast, give inconsistent and incorrect results. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 20: 1371–1378, 1999
Responses of Flight Nurses to Catastrophic Events

itiusi'CMstsiiS ()Fi Li(jiiTr]snLni!SE:s ix) (i/iTALSTRjcwpirrczisT/iasri's By GeneL. Olsen, BSN, RN, CFRN, EMT-P The purpose of this study was to examine for the presence of symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of flight nurses. Also examined were the coping mechanisms used by the sample to ameliorate the stressors associated with performing the role of the flight nurse, as well as the relationship between the symptoms and the coping mechanisms identified by the sample. Data were collected by questionnaires sent to a randomly selected national sample of 350 flight nurses who belong to the Air and Surface Transport Nurses Association. Of the 101 participants, intrusion was found to be most frequently exhibited symptom with 20.8% of the respondents indicating they had experienced this in a moderate to extreme amount. Symptoms of avoidance and hyperarousal were also present in the sample, but to lesser extents. Planful problem solving, seeking social support, and positive reappraisal were the most frequently used coping strategies in the sample. A significant relationship was found between escape-avoidance and the presence of PTSD symptoms. The findings of this study suggest that flight nurses are experiencing some of the symptoms associated with the development of PTSD, but not at an alarming rate. The
Effect of Progesterone on DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis of Deciduoma Cell Fractions Separated by Velocity Sedimentation

Velocity sedimentation at unit gravitywas used to fractionate collagenase-dispersed deciduoma cells of rats so that the effect of progesterone on the synthetic activity of specific populations of deciduomal cellscould be examined. Separation of cellsby sizeusing velocitysedimentation yielded cell fractions with 2n-8n content of DNA/cell reflecting the endomitosis characteristic of stromal cell differentiation. Smaller cells containing 2n-4n DNA synthesized DNA early in decidualization whereas the DNA synthesis of cells containing 4n-6n DNA predominated on Day 8 of pseudopregnancy. A largefractionof deciduomal cellswhich synthesized DNA during the initial stages of decidualization did not then proceed to synthesize DNA later with the development of polyploidy. Progesterone maintained rates of DNA and RNA synthesis in polyploid deciduomat cells containing 4n-8n DNA. Rates of protein synthesis, however, were maintained by progesterone in smaller cells containing 2n-4n DNA. Increased rates of synthesis of specific deciduomal proteins in response to progesterone treatment were not detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.These studiesindicatethat progesterone maintains the syntheticactivity of specific populations of deciduomal cells during decidualization.
Capacity of fertilized ova from mature and middle-aged rats to undergo preimplantation development in vitro.

The ability of ova collected from mated middle-aged rats (9–10 months of age) to undergo preimplantation development in vitro was compared to that of younger controls (3–4 months of age). The majority of ova from young rats underwent at least one cleavage division for every 24 h of the 96 h culture period. Seventy-two percent reached the morula/blastocyst stage at the termination of the culture. Aged ova had a reduced capacity to undergo preimplantation development in vitro with the number of fragmented and/or degenerated ova increasing after each day in culture. At the end of the culture period, 81.6% of the ova had degenerated. It is concluded that middle-aged rats ovulate defective ova and that these defective ova account, in part, for the preimplantation losses that characterize middle-aged rats.
Enhancing cosmesis in laparoscopic colon and rectal surgery.

PURPOSE: The only unanimously accepted advantage of laparoscopic colon and rectal surgery, at present, is cosmesis. Techniques to enhance cosmesis in laparoscopic surgery are presented. METHOD: Careful and meticulous placement of laparoscopic ports and incisions enhance the cosmetic effect of the procedure. Determination of port sites is aided, in part, by preoperative assessment of natural skin folds and creases by a stomatherapist. Intraoperative techniques include placement of ports directly through the umbilicus, previous incisions, and natural skin folds and creases. RESULTS: These techniques have been practiced with no complications or added morbidity. Safety and good access during the procedure is not compromised. The cosmetic effect in laparoscopic surgery is enhanced. CONCLUSION: Techniques to enhance cosmesis in laparoscopic surgery can be practiced safely and efficiently. Surgeons should make an effort to focus on this benefit, when possible.
Increased production and recovery of secreted foreign proteins from plant cell cultures using an affinity chromatography bioreactor

Although plant cell cultures can be used to produce a variety of proteins, the instability and degradation of secreted proteins hinders product recovery from culture medium. To solve this problem, an affinity chromatography bioreactor (ACBR) scheme was developed for the simultaneous production and purification of foreign proteins from genetically modified plant suspension cultures. Two model products, the heavy chain of a mouse monoclonal antibody (HC MAb) and 6-his tagged human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), were produced in a modified shake flask and separated using protein G and iminodiacetic acid metal affinity resins, respectively. Results showed that the ACBR scheme increased the production of HC MAb by as much as eight-fold and GM-CSF by more than two-fold compared with batch yields. Product recovery was optimized by varying the aeration method, flow rate, pH, and resin type for the experimental system. These results suggest that in situ protein removal from plant cell media using the ACBR strategy can isolate the product from degrading influences and remove the protein from product inhibition pathways.
Increasing infiltration and activation of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes after eliminating immune suppressive granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells with low doses of interferon gamma plus tumor necrosis factor alpha.

By secreting granulocyte/macrophage colonystimulating factor (GM-CSF), metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC-LN7) tumors induce the appearance of myelopoiesis-associated immune-suppressor cells that resemble granulocytic-macrophage (GM) progenitor cells. The presence of these GM-suppressor cells in mice bearing LLC-LN7 tumors was associated with a reduced capacity of splenic T cells to proliferate in response to interleukin-2 (IL-2). Administration of low doses of 100 U interferon γ (IFNγ) plus 10 U tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) to the tumor bearers, a combination treatment that we previously showed to diminish the presence of GM-suppressor cells synergistically, restored proliferative responsiveness of the splenic T cells to IL-2. These LLC-LN7-bearing mice were also examined for whether cells that phenotypically resemble GM-progenitor cells (ER-MP12+ cells) infiltrate the tumor mass. ER-MP12+ cells composed approximately 10% of the cells isolated from dissociated tumors of mice that had been treated with placebo or with either IFNγ or TNFα alone, but IFNγ/TNFα therapy markedly reduced the number of tumor-infiltrating ER-MP12+ suppressor cells. The IFNγ/TNFα treatment to eliminate GM-suppressor cells and restore T cell responsiveness to IL-2 was next coupled with low dose IL-2 therapy (100 U twice daily). Addition of IL-2 to the treatment regimen did not significantly influence the effectiveness of the IFNγ/TNFα treatment in eliminating GM-suppressor cells from the LLC-LN7 tumor mass. However, inclusion of IL-2 with the IFNγ/TNFα treatment regimen enhanced the CD8+, but not the CD4+, cell content within the tumor, and diminished the number of metastatic lung nodules within the mice. When these tumors were excised, dissociated, and bulk-cultured with a low dose of IL-2, an increased level of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity was generated in the TIL cultures from mice that had received IFNγ/TNFα plus IL-2 treatments. A lesser but detectable level of CTL activity was generated in TIL cultures from mice that were treated with only IFNγ/TNFα, while no CTL activity was generated in tumor cultures from mice receiving only placebo or low-dose IL-2. These results suggest the effectiveness of IFNγ plus TNFα therapy in restoring IL-2 responsiveness in mice bearing GM-suppressor cell-inducing tumors and at enhancing both the intratumoral CD8+ cell content and the generation of CTL activity in bulk cultures of these tumors.
Landward Movement of Carbonate Mud: New Model for Regressive Cycles in Carbonates: ABSTRACT

Repeated regressive cycles are characteristic of the Paleozoic shallow-water carbonates of North America; similar cycles are present, although less abundant, in Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata worldwide. Several of these cyclic carbonates contain major hydrocarbon reservoirs: Permian, Central Basin platform; Mississippian, Saskatchewan; Ordovician and Silurian, Montana. Studies of comparable recent deposits in Florida, the Bahamas, and the Persian Gulf suggest an alternative to the accepted tectonic explanation of these cycles. The Florida Bay lagoon and the tidal flats of the Bahamas and Persian Gulf are traps for fine sediment produced on the large adjacent open platforms or shelves. The extensive source areas produce carbonate mud by precipitation and by the disintegration of organic skeletons. The carbonate mud moves shoreward by wind-driven, tidal or estuarinelike circulation, and deposition is accelerated and stabilized by marine plants and animals. Because the open marine source areas are many times larger than the nearshore traps, seaward progradation of the wedge of sediments is inevitable. This seaward progradation gives a regressive cycle from open marine shelf or platform to supratidal flat. As the shoreline progrades seaward the size of the open marine source area decreases; eventually reduced production of mud no longer exceeds slow continuous subsidence and a new transgression begins. When the source area expands so that production again exceeds subsidence a new regressive cycle starts. The seaward progradation suggested by this model should be observable in ancient deposits. End_of_Article - Last_Page 340------------
Plant Development Makes Strides in Vermont

Plants are an excellent system for studying developmental biology. Depending on the species, they can be easily transformed and mutagenized, undergo grafts, tolerate changes in chromosome number, and provide fertile offspring after wide species crosses. Most importantly, they are perpetually embryonic, and thus development unfolds throughout the life of a plant. At a recent FASEB meeting, scientists shared their discoveries about plant development, covering topics that ranged from the evolution of form to cellular differentiation. The meeting demonstrated that the genetic and cellular basis of plant development is currently an exciting and growing field of research.
Schwarz's Lemma for n-Ports

Abstract The scalar versions of Schwarz's Lemma have been extensively employed in the classical development of the synthesis of lumped RLC driving-point impedance function. A vector space generalization of Schwarz's Lemma, particularly suitable for application to linear passive n-port impedance functions, is derived in this paper. The concept of power dominant networks is introduced and a number of power inequalities derived.
Postharvest water requirements of peppermint

Abstract Peppermint (Mentha piperita var.) is a perennial field crop that is commonly irrigated following harvest to promote fall regrowth. A field study was conducted to measure the consumptive use of peppermint in the postharvest period and to develop crop coefficients used to predict evapotranspiration rates. The soil water balance was measured on two fields with a neutron probe during an 80 day period from July 29, 1997 to October 17, 1997. Over the 49 days following harvest, a total consumptive use of 96 mm was measured. Average basal crop coefficients increased from approximately zero to 0.36 within 35 days following harvest.
Quantifying Effectiveness of Cathodic Protection in Water Mains: Theory

Cathodic protection is a viable measure to extend the residual life of water mains and thus defer capital investments in their rehabilitation and renewal. The effectiveness of cathodic protection varies with the unique set of conditions under which it is applied, and it is difficult to confirm or validate whether its application can be considered successful. Therefore, the reported success histories have been largely anecdotal and most often based on the reduction of water main breaks using cathodic protection. This paper describes methodologies and associated models to quantify and assess the performance of cathodic protection programs implemented by water utilities. The effectiveness of cathodic protection programs applied under various conditions can be determined and weighed against their costs in order to maximize the benefit from their implementation. These proposed methodologies and models should assist water utilities to optimize the implementation and scheduling of future cathodic protection programs. A companion paper, Quantifying Effectiveness of Cathodic Protection in Water Mains: Case Studies, describes the application of proposed models to assess the impact of cathodic protection programs.
Alkali metal cation effects on hydrogen uptake and binding in metal-organic frameworks.

A 2-fold interwoven metal-organic framework has been chemically reduced and doped with Li+, Na+, and K+. At low pressures and temperatures, the reduced and doped materials exhibit enhanced H2 uptake—up to 65% higher than for the neutral framework. Notably, at similar doping levels, H2 binding is strongest with Li+ and decreases as Li+ > Na+ > K+. However, the uptake increases in the opposite order. We attribute the behavior to structural changes accompanying framework reduction.
Percutaneous endourology: vascular complications

Bleeding may occur at any point during percutaneous nephrostomy tube placement or stone removal. Venous bleeding is readily manageable and is not a serious complication. Arterial bleeding secondary to AV fistula formation and pseudoaneurysm formation is a serious complication of percutaneous stone removal and demands emergency treatment. Patients should undergo areteriography with embolization of the peripheral vessel. The incidence of this problem is about 0.5%.
Average voltage as a measure of phase synchrony in the EEG

Abstract An indirect and less time consuming method to estimate synchrony ratios in EEGs from voltage is described. The relationship between the voltages of referential and simultaneous bipolar leads is used to develop a regression equation which allows the calculation of the synchrony ratio. A nomogram is constructed to simplify the procedure. For determining average voltage, we used a relatively inexpensive planimeter, as previously described. Any other method to find the average voltage with sufficient accuracy would be suitable too.
What is the canonical theory of assimilation

Throughout the past century, assimilation has been the hegemonic theory of ethnic group relations in sociology, and Robert E. Park is generally considered to be the key figure associated with the articulation of assimilation's canonical formulation. Based on a careful reading of Park's main essays on assimilation, this article argues that those who associate his position with the melting pot (with its assumption of the eradication of ethnic traits and ties), the race-relations cycle, or a straight-line process of incorporation misconstrue his views. This article is in part corrective and in part revisionist insofar as it is intended to indicate aspects of Park's theory that have particular relevance to current sociological efforts to understand the implications of assimilation in multiethnic liberal democracies. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of impurities in III/V semiconductors grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy

Abstract Many electrical and optical properties of III/V semiconductors are virtually totally controlled by the presence of impurities at the sub-part-per-million level. Thus the subject of impurities at very low concentrations, both intentionally and unintentionally present in the semiconductor, is of vital importance. This paper contains a brief review of the techniques, such as photoluminescence, Hall effect, and others, used for the identification and characterization of impurities in III/V semiconductors. The theory of impurity incorporation is then treated in some detail, including development of an understanding of the effects on growth parameters such as temperature, growth rate and V/III ratio on impurity distribution coefficients. The behavior of the common dopants used in organometallic vapor phase epitaxial (OMVPE) growth, Si, Zn, S, and Se, are then used to illustrate these fundamental concepts. Finally, the behavior of residual impurities in III/V semiconductors grown using OMVPE are analyzed.
Constraints on the BPS spectrum of N = 2, D = 4 theories with ADE flavor symmetry

BPS states of N = 2, D = 4 Super Yang-Mills theories with ADE flavor symmetry arise as junctions joining a D3-brane to a set of 7-branes defining the enhanced flavor algebra. We show that the familiar BPS spectrum of SU(2) theories with Nf ≤ 4 is simply given by the set of junctions whose self-intersection is bounded below as required by supersymmetry. This constraint, together with the relations between junction and weight lattices, is used to establish the appearance of arbitrarily large flavor representations for the case of Dn�5 and En symmetries. Such representations are required by consistency with decoupling down to smaller flavor symmetries.
Um exame dos modelos de redes de filas abertas aplicados a sistemas de manufatura discretos: parte II

Este artigo apresenta a segunda (e ultima) parte do nosso exame dos modelos de redes de filas abertas aplicados a sistemas de manufatura discretos. Nosso enfoque e em modelos de projeto e planejamento de job-shops. Na primeira parte (BITRAN & MORABITO, 1995b) revisamos metodos de decomposicao exatos e aproximados para modelos de avaliacao de desempenho em sistemas com multiplas classes de produtos e diversas estacoes de trabalho. Nesta segunda parte examinamos modelos de otimizacao de tres categorias de problemas: a primeira minimiza o investimento de capital de maneira a atingir uma medida de desempenho (estoque em processo ou leadtime), a segunda busca otimizar a medida de desempenho sujeito as restricoes de recursos, e a terceira explora resultados de pesquisas recentes com a reducao de complexidade mediante reprojeto da planta e da particao de produtos.
Management of the pancreatic stump following pancreaticoduodenectomy

Pancreaticoduodenectomy is the procedure of choice in patients with periampullary and pancreatic cancers. Dramatic improvements in morbidity and mortality rates following pancreaticoduodenectomy have been reported in the past 5 years. Consequently, the indications for pancreaticoduodenectomy are becoming more liberal, with some authors suggesting its use as a palliative procedure in pancreatic cancer and as definitive treatment for benign diseases such as chronic pancreatitis. Complications are frequently related to the pancreatic stump and can have a fatal outcome. Several methods of managing the pancreatic stump have been described, with variable results. Modifications of standard techniques have evolved over time in an effort to reduce the incidence of major complications. The results of these methods, the role of perioperative adjuncts and the long-term outcome of pancreaticoenteric anastomosis are reviewed.
The Ross Procedure: State of the Art 2011

The purpose of this paper is to review the current literature and practice of the Ross concept of using the autologous pulmonary valve to replace a diseased aortic valve. The potential advantages and disadvantages of these operations will be evaluated in the context of alternative options and relative risks. The different surgical techniques of subcoronary and full root methods will be discussed and important technical aspects reviewed. Long-term outcomes will be described to the extent these are available, including recent publications describing a survival advantage for the Ross. Brief discussions will be presented regarding hemodynamics, child-bearing, endocarditis, and the use of the Ross in pediatric patients as well as biological adaptability of the living pulmonary autograft.
Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon-binding proteins identified in several invertebrate marine species

Abstract The vertebrate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a cytosolic protein which binds halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD). In vertebrates, the AhR-ligand complex, in association with other proteins, binds specific DNA sequences and modifies the expression of a number of genes. Most of the toxic effects of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon exposure are mediated through this receptor. A similar receptor system has not yet been identified in invertebrates. The current study investigated whether proteins which specifically bind halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons were present in marine invertebrates. We used the photoaffinity TCDD-analog, 2- azido -3-[ 125 I] iodo -7,8- dibromodibenzo -p- dioxin ([ 125 I]N 3 Br 2 DpD), to detect the presence of cytosolic proteins which specifically bound this ligand. Specific binding was defined as labeling which could be competed off by an excess of unlabeled ligand. Eleven species of marine invertebrates were examined which represented six different phyla: Cnidaria, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata, and Echinodermata. Cytosols prepared from gill and gonad in the soft-shell clam ( Mya arenaria ), the eastern oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ), and hard-shell clam ( Mercenaria mercenaria ), as well as the hepatopancreas of the blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus ), contained proteins in the same size range (28–39 kDa) which were specifically labeled with the dioxin analog. No proteins of the size expected for vertebrate Ah receptors (95–146 kDa) were seen in any of the invertebrates. The biological function of these dioxin-binding proteins is not yet known.
Explaining Litigant Success in the High Court of Australia

The authors examine the influence of party capability theory while controlling for legal-structural and doctrinal changes in the High Court. Based on their analysis of cases from 1970 to 2003, several notable conclusions emerge. The most interesting determinant of litigant success in Australia involves a shift within the High Court from a mechanical form of jurisprudence to a doctrine of implied rights. Once the High Court announced Mabo, ‘one-shot’ litigants gained a significant advantage and were more likely to win. Additionally, the change to a doctrine of implied rights provided barristers with new opportunities to craft novel legal arguments. Consequently, their influence over decision outcomes increased. As barristers gained more experience and more successes, the likelihood of their clients winning increased substantially.
Partial proteolytic digestion of yeast hexokinase and its relation to multiple forms of the enzyme.

Abstract Tryptic digestion of crystalline yeast hexokinase in the presence of glucose converts the enzyme to a more acidic form so that it is eluted from DEAE-cellulose column only after addition of salt at pH 4.5. The conversion takes place with concomitant release of perchloric acid-soluble, ninhydrin-positive material but without loss of activity. However, the trypsin treated hexokinase is unstable and loses 50–60% of its activity rapidly upon incubation at pH 8.0. Unstable preparations which have similar characteristics are often found among highly purified crystalline preparations. This preparation is called “unstable preparation” to distinguish it from the trypsintreated hexokinase which has similar instability. Similarity of the characteristics of the trypsin-treated hexokinase to those of the “unstable preparation” suggests that the “unstable preparation” is produced by partial digestion of the hexokinase by yeast proteolytic enzymes during storage. Both trypsin-treated hexokinase and the “unstable preparation” have increased sensitivity to urea, showing that proteolytic digestion causes structural instability of the enzyme. The sensitivity of hexokinase to trypsin digestion is greatly increased, and glucose does not protect hexokinase when the enzyme is reversibly inactivated by p-chloromercuribenzoate. The loss of activity upon incubation of the “unstable preparation” at pH 8.0 is not accompanied by any release of amino acids. The absorption of the enzyme at 287 mμ decreases during this process. The loss of activity of either trypsin-treated enzyme or the “unstable preparation” is prevented by high concentrations of glucose. The inactivation is pH dependent, and very little loss of activity is observed at pH 6.0.
What Does Your Child Really Know? Supporting Teachers to Listen Closely to Our Children

Close listening and observation of children as an alternative assessment is a powerful approach that can help balance an emphasis on standardized measurement. The tool of Reggio-inspired documentation is described for families with suggestions on how to advocate and support teachers who want to tell a story about children's learning that highlights social language, collaboration, and problem solving and to serve as evidence in meeting required curriculum standards.
Coming to Terms with Secret Law

The allegation that the U.S. government is producing secret law has become increasingly common. This article evaluates this claim, examining the available evidence in all three federal branches. In particular, Congress’s governance of national security programs via classified addenda to legislative reports is here given the first focused scholarly treatment, including empirical analysis that shows references in Public Law to these classified documents spiking in recent years. Having determined that the secret law allegation is well founded in all three branches, the article argues that secret law is importantly different from secrecy generally: the constitutional norm against secret law is stronger than the constitutional norm against secret fact. Three normative options are constructed and compared: live with secret law as it exists, abolish it, or reform it. The article concludes by proposing rules of the road for governing secret law, starting with the cardinal rule of public law’s supremacy over secret law. Other principles and proposals posited here include an Anti-Kafka Principle (no criminal secret law), public notification of secret law’s creation, presumptive sunset and publication dates, and plurality of review within the government (including internal Executive Branch review, availability of all secret law to Congress, and presumptive access by a cadre of senior non-partisan lawyers in all three branches).
A transistor design for high f T at low currents

A design and processing technique allowing fabrication of devices with very small junction capacitances is presented. Emitter and base areas of the smallest device, called a microemitter, are reduced to about 3 µ 2and 12 µ 2, respectively, and a comparison is made with larger geometries fabricated on the same wafer. Ion implanted microemitter devices have f T = 4.8 GHz at currents as low as 100 µA and peak f T = 7.0 GHz and should allow a great improvement in the speed-power product of ECL circuits. Emitter injection appears to approach the behavior of a point source, and it is observed that the rate of f T falloff with current density is lower for the microemitter than for larger geometries. This effect may make these devices also useful as microwave transistors.
The Final Disintegration of the Habsburg Monarchy

Enormous as the problems of the Habsburg empire had become by 1914, war, for that matter even a victorious war, was unlikely to solve any of them; on the contrary, it was bound to make their solution even more improbable than before. When before approving the war against Serbia Count Istvan Tisza demanded assurances from Count Leopold von Berchtold that it would not lead to the incorporation of substantial numbers of Serbs into the Dual Monarchy, his demand should have raised doubts in sober minds about the practicability of war as a means of improving the stability and power of the Habsburg monarchy. Most of the Austrian policymakers believed that Austria-Hungary was forced to go to war in order to retain her reputation as a great power, but after Serbia had accepted practically all the demands of the Austrian ultimatum, Austria-Hungary could have been reasonably certain that it would emerge from the crisis sufficiently respected. A radical policy of prestige, such as that which the German government urged upon the Austrians during the July crisis, can, however, easily produce a neglect of reality.
Observations of atmospheric boundary layer temperature profiles with a small unmanned aerial vehicle

Small Unmanned Meteorological Observer (SUMO) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were used to observe atmospheric boundary layer temperature profiles in the vicinity of McMurdo Station, Antarctica during January and September 2012. The observations from four flight days are shown and exhibit a variety of boundary layer temperature profiles ranging from deep, well-mixed conditions to strong, shallow inversions. Repeat UAV profiles over short periods of time (tens of minutes to several hours) revealed rapid changes in boundary layer structure. The success of the SUMO flights described here demonstrates the potential for using small UAVs for Antarctic research.
Monopulse secondary surveillance radar azimuth error distribution analysis

Radar data collected from three different monopulse secondary surveillance radar (MSSR) types are analyzed to assess azimuth measurement error characteristics. Aircraft radar position reports are compared with Global Positioning System (GPS) position reports delivered by Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) for aircraft targets of opportunity. ADS-B positions are regarded as truth for error determination. The analysis procedure applies techniques developed to minimize timing discrepancy between ADS and radar position measurement systems to achieve best time registration and to minimize azimuth measurement bias for separate aircraft tracks in the population. Azimuth error probability distribution models that best fit the data are determined by a procedure that tests values for distribution parameters and maximizes the fit quality for Gaussian, double Gaussian, and Gauss-Laplace error distributions. The analysis found that azimuth errors for the general population of aircraft best fit a double Gaussian error distribution model. An analysis technique that removed the residual azimuth bias for individual aircraft tracks produced a result where the azimuth errors best fit a Gauss-Laplace error model. The double Gaussian result is representative of a surveillance system that applies techniques to generally remove azimuth and time bias. The Gauss-Laplace models a surveillance system that dynamically aligns and removes bias for individual aircraft.
Vangl2 cooperates with Rab11 and Myosin V to regulate apical constriction during vertebrate gastrulation

Core planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins are well known to regulate polarity in Drosophila and vertebrate epithelia; however, their functions in vertebrate morphogenesis remain poorly understood. In this study, we describe a role for PCP signaling in the process of apical constriction during Xenopus gastrulation. The core PCP protein Vangl2 is detected at the apical surfaces of cells at the blastopore lip, and it functions during blastopore formation and closure. Further experiments show that Vangl2, as well as Daam1 and Rho-associated kinase (Rock), regulate apical constriction of bottle cells at the blastopore and ectopic constriction of ectoderm cells triggered by the actin-binding protein Shroom3. At the blastopore lip, Vangl2 is required for the apical accumulation of the recycling endosome marker Rab11. We also show that Rab11 and the associated motor protein Myosin V play essential roles in both endogenous and ectopic apical constriction, and might be involved in Vangl2 trafficking to the cell surface. Overexpression of Rab11 RNA was sufficient to partly restore normal blastopore formation in Vangl2-deficient embryos. These observations suggest that Vangl2 affects Rab11 to regulate apical constriction during blastopore formation.
Race and the Response of State Legislatures to Unauthorized Immigrants

Increasingly, state legislatures are enacting laws to regulate immigrant populations. What accounts for these responses to foreign-born residents? To explain legislative activity at the state level, the authors examine a variety of factors, including the size and growth of foreign-born and Hispanic local populations, economic well-being, crime rates, and conservative or liberal political ideology in state government and among the citizenry. The authors find that economic indicators, crime rates, and demographic changes have little explanatory value for legislation aimed at restrictions on immigrant populations. Rather, conservative citizen ideology appears to drive immigrant-related restrictionist state legislation. Meanwhile, proimmigrant laws are associated with larger Hispanic concentrations, growing foreign-born populations, and more liberal citizen and governmental orientations. These findings suggest that ideological framing is the most consistently important factor determining legislative responses...
State-Restrict MLC STT-RAM Designs for High-Reliable High-Performance Memory System

Multi-level Cell Spin-Transfer Torque Random Access Memory (MLC STT-RAM) is a promising nonvolatile memory technology for high-capacity and high-performance applications. However, the reliability concerns and the complicated access mechanism greatly hinder the application of MLC STT-RAM. In this work, we develop a holistic solution set, namely, state-restrict MLC STT-RAM (SR-MLC STT-RAM) to improve the data integrity and performance of MLC STT-RAM with the minimized information density degradation. Three techniques: state restriction (StatRes), error pattern removal (ErrPR), and ternary coding (TerCode) are proposed at circuit level to reduce the read and write errors of MLC STT-RAM cells. State pre-recovery (PreREC) technique is also developed at architecture level to improve the access performance of SR-MLC STT-RAM by eliminating unnecessary two-step write operations. Our simulations show that compared to conventional MLC STT-RAM, SR-MLC STT-RAM can enhance the write and read reliability of memory cells by 10--10000×, allowing the application of simple error correction code schemes. Compared to single-level-cell (SLC) STT-RAM, SR-MLC STT-RAM based cache design can boost the system performance by 6.2% on average by leveraging the increased cache capacity at the same area and the improved write latency.
Measurements and performance factor comparisons of magnetic materials at high frequency

The design of power magnetic components for operation at high frequency (HF, 3–30 MHz) has been hindered by a lack of magnetic material performance data and by the limited design theory in that frequency range. To address these deficiencies, we have measured and present core loss data for a variety of commercially available magnetic materials in the HF range. In addition, we extend the theory of performance factor for appropriate use in the HF design. Since magnetic materials suitable for HF applications tend to have low permeability, we also consider the impact of low permeability on design. We conclude that, with appropriate material selection and design, increased frequencies can continue to yield improved power density well into the HF regime.
Talk of the town [e-mail]

Despite the usual hum around emerging technologies like XML, MP3, and streaming video, the real workhorse of the Internet is still SMTP. And of course, riding that pony is e-mail, which has changed our lives perhaps even more profoundly, albeit less visibly, than the younger and more glitzy HTTP. Unfortunately, e-mail is often wielded more like a sword than a scalpel. As network and Web administrators, we're often called upon to do someone else's dirty work when it comes to implementing a new e-mail based service or product, and so keeping current on relevant technical and ethical issues is a good way to ensure sanity for everyone involved.
The distribution of attention across auditory input channels: an assessment using the human evoked potential.

In order to determine the extent to which distraction disrupts performance when attention is divided, the distribution of attention across five auditory input channels was assessed using the N1 component of the human auditory evoked potential. In addition, the possibility that methylphenidate (Ritalin) affects the distribution of attention across input channels was tested. Sixteen subjects performed a tone discrimination task under conditions of focused attention and divided attention, both with and without the presence of stimuli interposed between the points to be attended. The subjects performed in two sessions during which they received either methylphenidate (10 mg) or a placebo in a double-blind design. The results showed that the interposed stimuli were receiving some attention resulting in a disruption of performance. Methylphenidate did not affect the distribution of attention as reflected in the N1 wave. The data are interpreted as showing that: 1) distraction plays a major role in producing performance deficits observed with divided attention; and 2) methylphenidate does not appreciably affect the distribution of attention across input channels.
CONSTRUCTING AUTHOR AND AUTHORITY: GENERIC DISCOURSE IN CICERO’S DE LEGIBUS

Atticus: Lucus quidem ille et haec Arpinatium quercus agnoscitur, saepe a me lectus in Mario. Sin manet illa quercus, haec est profecto; etenim est sane uetus. Qvintus: Manet uero, Attice noster, et semper manebit. Sata est enim ingenio; nullius autem agricolae cultu stirps tam diuturna quam poetae uersu seminari potest. Atticus : Indeed I recognize that grove and this Arpinate oak, which I’ve often read about in the Marius. If that oak still stands, it must be this one; for old it certainly is. Quintus : Of course it stands, my dear Atticus, and it will always stand, for it has been planted in the imagination. Indeed no farmer’s cultivation can produce a plant as long-lasting as that which is sown by the verse of a poet. De legibus 1.1 The image of the Marian oak begins De legibus with almost postmodern abruptness. This is in part due to the absence of an authorial preface, such as the long statement of purpose partially preserved in De re publica 1.1–14, which leaves De legibus without a chronological or situational frame of reference. The result is that the treatise begins in a particularly Platonic fashion, as the contemplation of an object in the natural landscape proceeds into a discussion of its symbolic meaning, setting up the dichotomy between perception and reality, ficta and vera , the past and its memory.
Action Potential Duration Dispersion and Alternans in Simulated Heterogeneous Cardiac Tissue with a Structural Barrier

Structural barriers to wave propagation in cardiac tissue are associated with a decreased threshold for repo- larization alternans both experimentally and clinically. Using computer simulations, we investigated the effects of a structural barrier on the onset of spatially concordant and discordant alternans. We used two-dimensional tissue geometry with hetero- geneity in selected potassium conductances to mimic known apex-base gradients. Although we found that the actual onset of alternans was similar with and without the structural barrier, the increase in alternans magnitude with faster pacing was steeper with the barrier—giving the appearance of an earlier alternans onset in its presence. This is consistent with both experimental structural barrier findings and the clinical observation of T-wave alternans occurring at slower pacing rates in patients with structural heart disease. In ionically homogeneous tissue, discordant alternans induced by the presence of the structural barrier arose at intermediate pacing rates due to a source-sink mismatch behind the barrier. In heterogeneous tissue, discordant alternans occurred during fast pacing due to a barrier-induced decoupling of tissue with different restitution properties. Our results demonstrate a causal relationship between the presence of a structural barrier and increased alternans magnitude and action potential duration dispersion, which may contribute to why patients with structural heart disease are at higher risk for ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
Investigations into a theory of knowledge base revision: preliminary report

A fundamental problem in knowledge representation is how to revise knowledge when new, contradictory information is obtained. This paper formulates some desirable principles of knowledge revision, and investigates a new theory of knowledge revision that realizes these principles. This theory of revision can be explained at the knowledge level, in purely model-theoretic terms. A syntactic characterization of the proposed approach is also presented. We illustrate its application through examples and compare it with several other approaches.
IL-18 and Urinary NGAL Predict Dialysis and Graft Recovery after Kidney Transplantation

Current methods for predicting graft recovery after kidney transplantation are not reliable. We performed a prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study of deceased-donor kidney transplant patients to evaluate urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), IL-18, and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) as biomarkers for predicting dialysis within 1 wk of transplant and subsequent graft recovery. We collected serial urine samples for 3 d after transplant and analyzed levels of these putative biomarkers. We classified graft recovery as delayed graft function (DGF), slow graft function (SGF), or immediate graft function (IGF). Of the 91 patients in the cohort, 34 had DGF, 33 had SGF, and 24 had IGF. Median NGAL and IL-18 levels, but not KIM-1 levels, were statistically different among these three groups at all time points. ROC curve analysis suggested that the abilities of NGAL or IL-18 to predict dialysis within 1 wk were moderately accurate when measured on the first postoperative day, whereas the fall in serum creatinine (Scr) was not predictive. In multivariate analysis, elevated levels of NGAL or IL-18 predicted the need for dialysis after adjusting for recipient and donor age, cold ischemia time, urine output, and Scr. NGAL and IL-18 quantiles also predicted graft recovery up to 3 mo later. In summary, urinary NGAL and IL-18 are early, noninvasive, accurate predictors of both the need for dialysis within the first week of kidney transplantation and 3-mo recovery of graft function.
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS

This paper will focus on the problems of evaluating transportation projects in the context of the less-developed countries. Emphasis will be placed on highway projects, because these account for the bulk of transport investments in the developing parts of the world, railroad projects being largely limited to the modernization of existing facilities, and air transport and port projects, even when they are basically new, being of small magnitude relative to road investments.