cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing the effectiveness of sexual communication disruption in the oriental fruit moth (Grapholitha molesta) using different combinations and dosages of its pheromone blend.

The relative efficacy of disruptant blends comprised of different combinations of the Oriental fruit moth's pheromone components was determined in field tests. Disruption was evaluated by comparing male moth catch at synthetic and female-baited traps in disruptant and non-treatment areas. Three atmospheric dosages of a 8-dodecenyl acetate (93.5%Z∶6.5%E) blend, representing two successive 10-fold decreases in concentration (2.5 × 10−2 g/hectare/day to 2.5 × 10−4 g/hectare/day) were tested alone and in combination with an additional percentage of (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol. Male moth orientation to traps was eliminated in plots exposed to the two highest binary acetate dosages. However, significantly more males were captured in synthetic-baited traps in the lowest acetate-alone treatment, indicating a diminution of disruption efficiency. In contrast, inclusion of (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol in the disruptant blend effected essentially complete disruption of orientation at all concentrations tested. Mating success ofG. molesta pairs confined in small cages apparently was not affected by the presence of relatively high concentrations of the binary acetate and the acetate-alcohol blends. This suggests that habituation and/or adaptation of male response, at least for comparatively “close-range” behaviors, did not occur.
Sovereignty, mobility, and political cartographies in Late Bronze Age southern Caucasia

Abstract This article draws on archaeological data from Late Bronze Age (LBA, ca. 1550–1150 BC) fortress, shrine, cemetery, and residential sites in Armenia to challenge long-held assumptions about the potential for mobile-pastoral groups to develop and sustain complex polities. The past two decades of research by Project ArAGATS (the Armenian–American collaboration for the Archaeology and Geography of Ancient Transcaucasian Societies) has demonstrated that LBA sovereignty emerged not through the sociopolitical coalescence of settled farming villages, but through the actions of hierarchically organized, mobile pastoralists. Post-processual archaeology helped focus discussions of ancient political life on the contingent nature of authority and the processes through which competing factions and stakeholders achieve political association. However, centuries of interpretive marginalization of nomadic peoples combined with deterministic notions regarding subsistence and settlement practices of mobile pastoralists have, until recently, hindered a broader anthropological consideration of the potential pathways to sovereignty available to more mobile societies. Drawing on a range of datasets from LBA fortresses, shrines, cemeteries, and ephemeral residential complexes, our study examines the essential factors contributing to the emergence and maintenance of complex polities among mobile pastoralists in the southern Caucasus, societies that were intimately associated—politically, economically, and ritually—with hill-top fortresses. This study of political association in LBA Armenia sheds light on the internal politics of nomadic communities and offers a unique opportunity to bring the South Caucasus into the comparitive study of ancient complex polities.
The Construction of Marketing-Distribution Integrated System

With the development of economy, the acceleration of urbanization and the promotion of living standards, power users have put forward higher requirement of the power quality and reliability. The traditional methods of management can not satisfy the demands of users. Therefore, the power supply enterprises need to make use of the advanced technology to improve the technological and automation level. The marketing-distribution integrated system which takes the GIS platform as the basis, the users’ demands as the orientation, is comprehensive and cross-business application system. It can improve the level of management obviously. This paper proposes the construction aims, construction principles, the frame of information platform and application platform which are critical for the integration system.
Broadband electro-optical modulator based on transparent conducting oxide

We report a broadband electro-optical (EO) modulator based on tunable plasmonic metamaterial. Transparent conducting oxides provide an excellent active plasmonic material for optoelectronic applications. By utilizing our indium-tin-oxide- (ITO) based multilayer structure, light absorption of the active ITO layer can be electrically modulated over a large spectrum range. Based on the attenuated total reflectance configuration, bias polarity-dependent modulation up to 37% has been experimentally demonstrated. This EO modulator has advantages of simple design, easy fabrication, compact size, broadband performance, large modulation depth, as well as compatibility with existing silicon photonics platforms.
Observations of coherent structures from a scanning lidar over an irrigated orchard

Abstract The exchange of mass and energy is a turbulent process that often occurs in coherent periods of time and in discrete regions of space. Prior to the development of volume imaging lidars, the study of coherent structures in the atmosphere was limited, for the most part, to time-series analysis of point-instrument data. This paper describes the use of the Los Alamos National Laboratories scanning Raman lidar to observe both temporal and spatial coherent structures, such as plume and ramp-like features, that developed over a Green Ash orchard. Most of the ramp structures identified from lidar data were between 20 and 30 m in size and had transit lifetimes of between 20 and 30 s. The validity of these results was confirmed by comparison with previously collected point-instrument data. An analysis of the multi-dimensional lidar images was also able to relate discrete spatial features, such as plumes to ramp patterns, found at the base of plumes in both the temporal and spatial domains. A further finding supports the concept that ramp development is a function of shear-scale and roughness length. The lidar represents a new tool to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the turbulent exchange process.
Modulation of oligodendrocyte generation during a critical temporal window after NG2 cell division

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) retain their proliferative/differentiation capacity throughout life. This study uses in vivo and ex vivo imaging to show a specific temporal window between OPC division and oligodendrocyte differentiation in the postnatal mouse brain that is modulated by the microenvironment. The latency between OPC division and differentiation is shortened by myelin damage, while sensory deprivation reduces the survival of divided OPCs undergoing differentiation.
Designing specification languages for process control systems: lessons learned and steps to the future

Previously, we defined a blackbox formal system modeling language called RSML (Requirements State Machine Language). The language was developed over several years while specifying the system requirements for a collision avoidance system for commercial passenger aircraft. During the language development, we received continual feedback and evaluation by FAA employees and industry representatives, which helped us to produce a specification language that is easily learned and used by application experts.Since the completion of the RSML project, we have continued our research on specification languages. This research is part of a larger effort to investigate the more general problem of providing tools to assist in developing embedded systems. Our latest experimental toolset is called SpecTRM (Specification Tools and Requirements Methodology), and the formal specification language is SpecTRM-RL (SpecTRM Requirements Language).This paper describes what we have learned from our use of RSML and how those lessons were applied to the design of SpecTRM-RL. We discuss our goals for SpecTRM-RL and the design features that support each of these goals.
Similarity Information versus Relational Information: Differences in the Time Course of Retrieval.

Abstract Two experiments are reported that examine the time course of retrieval in a sentence matching procedure. Subjects learned lists of active and passive sentences and were tested with sentences in active or passive, correct or incorrect versions; for example, if “John hit Bill” was a studied sentence, “Bill hit John” would be an incorrect active test sentence. A response signal procedure was used so that accuracy could be measured as a function of time. The data show that sentences containing words from studied sentences are discriminable early in processing from sentences containing all new words, but discrimination of correct from incorrect versions of studied sentences occurs only later in processing (after 600–700 ms). These results demonstrate that different kinds of information are available at different points during the time course of retrieval and so suggest that modifications are required of models that provide only a unitary value for the amount of match between a test probe and information in memory. Early in processing, the growth of accuracy can be explained by a simple model that assumes independent contributions to total amount of match for each of the content words of a sentence, but this independent processing model cannot account for discrimination later in processing. Several, more general, memory models are examined with respect to their abilities to produce independent item information early in processing and relational information later in processing.
Looking for Angels: Knowing Adolescents by Engaging With Their Multimodal Literacy Practices

The ways teachers and students, particularly adolescents, come to know one another can be tricky terrain to navigate, particularly in the climate of increased measurement and evaluation. When young people's literacies inside institutional walls are confined to measurable outcomes, precious opportunities to better understand these youths' complex and multifaceted lives are lost. The author discusses the possibilities for teaching, learning, and knowing when classroom practices reflect that literacies are multimodal. This article has implications for literacy pedagogy across grade levels and contexts.
Faculty salary equity: Issues and options

How do you develop a salary equity analysis procedure that will help identify whether or not your institution has a reasonably equitable and legally defensible salary structure? This paper presents a multiphase approach to identify and correct salary inequities based on gender. The major steps are to (1) determine if a problem situation exists by using a conceptually sound, objective procedure that does a legal and effective job of explaining faculty salaries; (2) develop feasible adjustment strategies if inequities exist that solve or improve the situation; (3) implement the correction and establish a monitoring process that is consistent with the culture and values of the institution. Involving and educating key university personnel in the selection of models and strategies is critical to acceptance and validation of the process and to minimizing negative reaction internal or external to the campus. This paper is designed to be helpful to administrators and researchers who need to make informed choices about salary equity models and implementation strategies.
Emission Spectroscopic Properties of the Red Form of Dichloro(2,2‘-bipyridine)platinum(II). Role of Intermolecular Stacking Interactions

The structure of the red form of Pt(bpy)Cl_2 (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine) has been studied by variable-temperature X-ray crystallography. The stack of square-planar Pt(bpy)Cl_2 units in the linear-chain material contracts with decreasing temperature; in the interval between 294 and 20 K, the platinum−platinum distance shortens from 3.449(1) to 3.370(2) A. Both absorption and emission spectra of the red compound depend strikingly on temperature; as previously found for tetracyanoplatinate salts, the emission maximum red-shifts as the temperature drops (613 nm at 300 K; 651 nm at 10 K), with the peak energy decreasing linearly with the inverse cube of the metal−metal separation.
Arithmetic and other operations on Dempster-Shafer structures

Abstract We show how variables whose values are represented by Dempster-Shafer structures can be combined under arithmetic operations such as addition. We then generalize this procedure to allow for the combination of these types of variables under more general operations. We note that Dempster's rule is a special case of this situation under the intersection operation.
Photo-Ionization in the Soft X-Ray Range: Angular Distributions of Photoelectrons and Interpretation in Terms of Subshell Structure

The problem of determining the individual subshell contributions in atomic photoabsorption is discussed. The general form of the angular distribution of photoelectrons in the soft x-ray range for polarized and unpolarized incident photons is considered. Calculations of the subshell contributions within a central-field model and the angular distribution of electrons from these contributions for photoabsorption in Kr in the energy range 200-1500 eV are presented and found to show good agreement with the experimental results of the preceding paper.
Simple, Inexpensive Device for Feeding Cattle and Sheep at Preset Time Intervals

An inexpensive and mechanically simple apparatus for feeding cattle and sheep at frequent intervals is described. The devices operate on a rotary turnable principle and utilize feed containers which open and close automatically by gravity. The system is reliable and versatile enough to allow modification for many experimental feeding situations.
The Role of Calcium in the Pathogenesis of Gallstones: Ca++ Electrode Studies of Model Bile Salt Solutions and Other Biologic Systems†

Calcium is present in all pigment gallstones as a salt of one or more of the anions in bile which are most readily precipitable by calcium: (i) carbonate; (ii) bilirubinate; (iii) phosphate, and (iv) “palmitate”. We term these “calcium-sensitive” anions. In addition, since cholesterol stones have been found to contain pigment stone centers, we postulate that calcium precipitation in bile is a critical event in the initiation of cholesterol gallstones, so that the latter should be considered a two-stage process: (i) precipitation of calcium salts to form a nidus, and (ii) precipitation of cholesterol from its supersaturated state on this nidus. Any measure which will reduce free [Ca++] in bile will reduce calcium lithogenicity; possible ways to reduce [Ca++] in bile are presented. One way is to increase Ca++ binding by normal biliary constituents; we have recently pointed out that bile salts are important buffers for Ca++ in bile by virtue of binding to both free and micellar bile salts. Here, we consider some of our Ca++ electrode studies of taurocholate, glycocholate, serum albumin, and simple molecules having terminal carboxyl (COO−) or sulfonic (SO−3) ions. A brief history of the development of the Ca++ electrode is given, along with theoretical considerations of ionic activities and techniques of electrode measurements. From the various studies, a unifying hypothesis is proposed for the structural requirements of Ca++−binding to proteins (albumin) and free monomeric bile salts. For proteins, unconjugated bile salts and glycine-conjugated bile salts, it is proposed that Ca++ binding involves a reversible ion-exchange “site” in which a Ca++ ion is interposed between carboxyl (CO0− ) and hydroxyl (OH) groups. For taurine-conjugated bile salts, this “site” is proposed to involve the interposition of a Ca++ ion between the side-chain SO−3 and cholanic ring OH groups. These studies are a first step toward modulation of Ca++ activity in bile.
Can we identify a benevolent hegemon

Analysts frequently assess the underlying character of the state with the largest concentration of material capabilities in the system—the hegemon. Scholars typically differentiate a hegemon that is benevolent from one that is predatory. In the current era, many have wondered about how to best characterise the United States. Scholars became particularly interested in this question during the George W Bush administration and reached strikingly different answers. This article aims to provide greater clarity regarding how we reach a judgment about the underlying character of a hegemon, in general, and the United States, in particular. The first section analyses the policies that the hegemon adopts towards the global economic system. The second section considers the hegemon's policies in the security realm, focusing on the key issue of how unilateralism should be conceptualised. The final section discusses the potential significance the ‘hegemonic reference point’—that is, the comparison that is made between ...
Term Paper Counseling: A Unique Way of Collection Development

Let me begin by quoting an undergraduate student who recently visited the Term Paper Counseling Desk at the University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign.
WHY ARE THERE DEMOCRACIES? A PRINCIPAL AGENT ANSWER*

Many organizations operate by majority rule. Why? I consider elections as ways to aggregate information rather than ways to reconcile preferences. This is a principal-agent problem with many principals. Only mechanisms that minimize the weighted sum of type 1 errors (neglecting a deserving agent) and type 2 errors (rewarding an undeserving agent) can escape manipulation. Majority rule uniquely minimizes the sum of errors. Thus majority rule is a very good way to aggregate information.
Alteration of hepatic carboxylesterase activity by soman: inhibition in vitro and enhancement in vivo.

1. Hydrolysis of the drug esters procaine, chloramphenicol succinate, and prednisolone succinate was studied. Addition of soman to guinea pig liver microsomes caused a dose-dependent inhibition of hydrolysis of all three substrates; at the highest soman concentration (1μM), ester hydrolysis was totally abolished.2. Ester hydrolysis was also measured in liver microsomes from guinea pigs pretreated with soman at a low dose (10% of LD50) or at a high dose (90% of LD50) either 1 h or 12 h before killing. Plasma-cholinesterase activity was decreased in all pretreated animals. Liver carboxylesterase activity, measured with the three drug substrates and by hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate was increased by all pretreatments.3. This enhancing effect varies with the substrate and increases with dose of soman. The 12 h pretreatment produced a greater increase in activity than did the 1 h pretreatment.4. These studies indicate that soman is a potent inhibitor of carboxylesterase activity in vitro but increases the...
Depression and physical illness among elderly general medical clinic patients

In this study we conducted a resurvey at 33 months of elderly general medical clinic outpatients previously classified as depressed or not using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Resurvey results and review of medical records permitted characterization of the point prevalences of depression at the time of the initial and follow-up surveys, and identification of physical illness factors associated with depression. The point prevalences of depression were approximately equal (20%), although only about 10% were depressed at both occasions. Among the initially nondepressed, the number of new physical diagnoses during follow-up was the best predictor of depression at retest. Other factors associated with depression at one or both occasions were: alcohol abuse, obstructive pulmonary disease, and a relatively greater number of medical diagnoses. Thus, among elderly outpatients, depression appears common with roughly equal rates of remission and incidence; also, new medical illness may precipitate depression.
The Influence of Alcohol Abuse History on the Differential, Longitudinal Patterns of Mental and Physical Quality of Life Following Liver Transplantation

This prospective, longitudinal study investigated change in physical and mental health quality of life (QoL) in a sample of 65 end-stage liver disease patients before and after liver transplantation. Physical and mental health QoL were assessed using the SF-36 Physical Health Summary and Mental Health Summary, respectively. Baseline data were collected prior to transplant and follow-up data were collected at 1 and 6 months after transplantation. Repeated-measures analysis of variance results indicate that physical QoL did not improve significantly between baseline and 1-month follow-up (F = .031, P = .860) but did between 1- and 6-month follow-up (F = 20.873, P < .001). Significant between-subject effects suggested attenuated improvement for patients with alcohol abuse histories (F = 6.213, P = .017). Physical QoL did not improve between 1- and 6-month follow-up for patients with alcohol abuse history (t((13)) = -1.074, P = .112). By contrast, mental health QoL improved significantly between baseline and 1-month follow-up (F = 13.840, P < .001), but not between 1- and 6-month follow-up (F = .750, P = .391). No significant differences were found on the Mental Health Summary index based on alcohol abuse history for either time period. Post hoc multivariate analysis of variance results suggested worse functioning (F = 2.674, P = .013) for individuals with alcohol abuse history on SF-36 Physical Functioning (F = 5.55, P = .021), Body Pain (F = 13.578, P < .001), Vitality (F = 4.337, P = .040), and Social Functioning (F = 10.50, P = .002) subscales. For liver transplant patients, improvements in psychosocial functioning and QoL precede improvements in physical QoL. Attenuated physical QoL improvements for patients with alcohol abuse histories are related to greater pain and physical deficits.
Presbyter takes Knight

Purpose – The purpose of this editorial is to explore the usefulness of distinguishing between “risk” and “Knightian uncertainty.”Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a representative, insurance‐based model of Knightian uncertainty arising out of potential major structural changes (without historical precedent) in liability claim settlements. It then considers whether or not formal statistical forecasting and decision making are possible in this context.Findings – For real‐world settings, it is found that a Bayesian statistical framework is sufficiently comprehensive to permit forecasting and decision making in the presence of Knightian uncertainty. The paper then shows that the Bayesian approach fails only if the sample space underlying the potential structural change is truly nonmeasurable.Originality/value – It is argued that, under a Bayesian worldview, the distinction between risk and uncertainty is necessary only in highly abstract epistemological modeling.
A flexible approach to part type selection in flexible flow systems using part mix ratios

The short-term production planning function for setting up a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) prior to production should be developed so as to interact well with the operation of the system over time. During FMS operation, planning for system set-up has to be performed somewhat periodically, for example, when the part mix is changed, or when the production requirements are finished for some part types, or when a machine breaks down. Since all cutting tools required for all part types that need to be machined cannot usually fit in the machines' limited capacity tool magazines, decisions need to be made concerning which part types will be produced next. This paper suggests a more flexible approach than is typical for short-term production planning. The differences between the proposed flexible approach and previous approaches taken in the literature and in industry to solve these problems are provided. A description of when either a batching or a flexible approach is appropriate is provided. An existing ...
Suicidal preoccupation and dysthymia in college students.

Irfani (1978) found that Iranian students who had thought about suicide obtained higher psychoticism, neuroticism, and introversion scores than those who had not thought of suicide. Mehryat, et a/. (1977) replicated the differences in psychoticism and neuroticism. The present study sought to replicate these results in a sampIe of 76 male and 98 female college students enrolled in college courses (M,, = 23.2 yr., SD = 7.0) who were asked about prior suicidal involvement and given the Eysenck Personality Test (Eysendc & Eysenck, 1968). For the group the mean scores were on psychoticism 2.4 (SD = 2.1), on neuroticism 8.6 (SD = 4.2), and on extraversion 13.1 (SD = 3.9). Overall, those students who had previously thought about suicide (a = 85) obtained higher psychoticism scores (Pearson r = 0.36, P < .001), neuroticism scores (r = 0.52, P < .001), and introversion scores (T = 0.13, $ < .05). Students who had threatened suicide in the past (n = 25) also obtained higher psychoticism and neuroticism scores (rs = 0.28 and 0.29, P < .001), but not introversion scores (r = 0.08). Students who had previously attempted suicide (n = 9) obtained higher introversion scores (r = -0.15, p < .05) but nor higher psychoticism or neuroticism scores (7s = 0.09 and O.11), but the sample size was quite small for the attempters. The present analysis then replicates the earlier ones in finding that suicidal involvement in college students is associated with psychoticism, neuroticism, and introversion.
Pressure Dependence of Superconductivity in Single-Phase K3C60

The superconducting compound K(3)C(60) (with transition temperature T(c) = 19.3 kelvin at ambient pressure), formed as a single phase by reaction of alkali vapor with solids of the icosahedral C(60) molecule (buckminsterfullerene), shows a very large decrease of T(c) with increasing pressure. Susceptibility measurements on sintered pellets showing bulk superconductivity are reported up to 21 kilobars of pressure, where T(c) is already less than 8 kelvin. The results are consistent with a piling up of the density of states at the Fermi level.
Charge injection in doped organic semiconductors

The influence of doping on the process of charge injection from a metal electrode into a model organic semiconductor is investigated. The contact resistance, which is the relevant figure-of-merit, is found to decrease dramatically upon doping beyond what is expected from theory and seen in crystalline semiconductors. This phenomenon is understood in terms of broadening of the transport manifold in the organic semiconductor, induced by the dopants.
Myosin flares and actin leptomeres as myofibril assembly/disassembly intermediates in sonic muscle fibers

The sonic muscle of type 1 male midshipman fish produces loud and enduring mating calls. Each sonic muscle fiber contains a tubular contractile apparatus with radially arranged myofibrillar plates encased in a desmin-rich cytoskeleton that is anchored to broad Z bands (~1.2 μm wide). Immunomicroscopy has revealed patches of myosin-rich “flares” emanating from the contractile tubes into the peripheral sarcoplasm along the length of the fibers. These flares contain swirls of thick filaments devoid of associated thin filaments. In other regions of the sarcoplasm at the inner surface of the sarcolemma and near Z bands, abundant ladder-like leptomeres occur with rungs every 160 nm. Leptomeres consist of dense arrays of filaments (~4 nm) with a structure that resembles myofibrillar Z band structure. We propose that flares and leptomeres are distinct filamentous arrays representing site-specific processing of myofibrillar components during the assembly and disassembly of the sarcomere. Recent reports that myosin assembles into filamentous aggregates before incorporating into the A band in the skeletal muscles of vertebrates and Caenorhabditis elegans suggest that sonic fibers utilize a similar pathway. Thus, sonic muscle fibers, with their tubular design and abundant sarcoplasmic space, may provide an attractive muscle model to identify myofibrillar intermediates by structural and molecular techniques.
An algorithm for the solution of a third‐order eigenvalue problem

A simple, rapidly convergent procedure is described for solving a third-order symmetric eigenvalue problem Au = λ Bu typically arising in vibration analysis. The eigenvalue problem is represented in terms of its variational dual, the Rayleigh quotient, and the eigenosolution is obtained through a topographical search for points of quotient stationarity. The associated computer routine is compact and can easily be incorporated within the calling program. Degenerate eigensolutions cause no difficulty. An example FORTRAN routine is given.
Microbial diversity in Cenozoic sediments recovered from the Lomonosov Ridge in the Central Arctic Basin

The current understanding of microbes inhabiting deeply buried marine sediments is based largely on samples collected from continental shelves in tropical and temperate latitudes. The geographical range of marine subsurface coring was expanded during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Arctic Coring Expedition (IODP ACEX). This expedition to the ice-covered central Arctic Ocean successfully cored the entire 428 m sediment stack on the Lomonosov Ridge during August and September 2004. The recovered cores vary from siliciclastic sediment low in organic carbon ( 200 m below sea floor) sulfate reduction zone. The diversity of microbes within each zone was assessed using 16S rRNA phylogenetic markers. Bacterial 16S rRNA genes were successfully amplified from each of the biogeochemical zones, while archaea was only amplified from the deep sulfate reduction zone. The microbial communities at each zone are phylogenetically different and are most closely related to those from other deep subsurface environments.
A shared frequency set between the historical mid-latitude aurora records and the global surface temperature

Abstract Herein we show that the historical records of mid-latitude auroras from 1700 to 1966 present oscillations with periods of about 9, 10–11, 20–21, 30 and 60 years. The same frequencies are found in proxy and instrumental global surface temperature records since 1650 and 1850, respectively, and in several planetary and solar records. We argue that the aurora records reveal a physical link between climate change and astronomical oscillations. Likely in addition to a Soli-Lunar tidal effect, there exists a planetary modulation of the heliosphere, of the cosmic ray flux reaching the Earth and/or of the electric properties of the ionosphere. The latter, in turn, has the potentiality of modulating the global cloud cover that ultimately drives the climate oscillations through albedo oscillations. In particular, a quasi-60-year large cycle is quite evident since 1650 in all climate and astronomical records herein studied, which also include a historical record of meteorite fall in China from 619 to 1943. These findings support the thesis that climate oscillations have an astronomical origin. We show that a harmonic constituent model based on the major astronomical frequencies revealed in the aurora records and deduced from the natural gravitational oscillations of the solar system is able to forecast with a reasonable accuracy the decadal and multidecadal temperature oscillations from 1950 to 2010 using the temperature data before 1950, and vice versa. The existence of a natural 60-year cyclical modulation of the global surface temperature induced by astronomical mechanisms, by alone, would imply that at least 60–70% of the warming observed since 1970 has been naturally induced. Moreover, the climate may stay approximately stable during the next decades because the 60-year cycle has entered in its cooling phase.
Fiducial-based targeting accuracy for external-beam radiotherapy.

The accuracy of fiducial-based alignment of external radiotherapy beams is analyzed. The study considers three basic computational methods to determine the target position—the exact closed-form solution for three fiducials, the solution via singular value decomposition for four or more fiducials, and the iterative solution for any number of fiducials—and assesses their accuracy, robustness, and efficiency. Particular attention is paid to inaccuracies arising from the variability of fiducial positions in soft tissue. In nearly every test case it is found that all three solution methods, when properly implemented, yield the same result for the target position, but that the method of singular value decomposition must be modified to distinguish rotations from reflections. When an accurate measure of the rotation of the target site is needed, four fiducials give much better results than three, while more than five fiducials gain little further improvement.
Implementation of Lean Tools and Methodologies in Design

Research efforts in lean design are usually focused on enabling lean manufacturing or managing the product development processes. Very few efforts, however, have been directed towards the design process itself. While the most successful lean applications started with the manufacturing process, due to its nature and the ability to identify the process wastes, the full impact of lean thinking can only be achieved when applied at the beginning of the product development process starting with early design phases. Considering that the first and most fundamental principle in lean thinking is to realize value from the customer’s perspective, it is essential that a lean product development process implementation assures the flow of this value throughout the process. This can only be accomplished when lean principles, tools, and methodologies are utilized in all phases from concept development in the design phase to manufacturing in the production phase.In this paper, the utilization of lean principles, tools, and methodologies during the design process is discussed. In addition, the adaptation of several lean tools and methodologies to assist in applying the lean principles throughout the different phases of the design process is demonstrated. To illustrate the concepts, adaptation process, and implementation some examples are presented.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Carboniferous through Jurassic paleomagnetic data and their bearing on rotation of the Colorado plateau

Small, yet systematic, differences between paleomagnetic poles derived from strata on the Colorado plateau and paleopoles determined from rocks on the North America craton have been interpreted to support the hypothesis of modest post-Late Cretaceous clockwise rotation of the plateau, as a quasi-rigid body, with respect to the craton. Using an iterative search for the best fit Euler pole and rotation angle, comparison of the best quality Late Carboniferous through Late Jurassic paleomagnetic poles from the Colorado plateau and the North America craton gives a cumulative rotation estimate (based on a rotation pole at 34°N, 105°W) of 7.4°±3.8° (95% confidence limits). A similar comparison using subsets of the cratonic database from localities in (1) northeast North America and (2) the craton platform interior give larger (8.8°±3.6°) and smaller (5.1°±3.8°) estimates, respectively, reflecting the fact that poles from localities in northeast North America, in particular those from Triassic rift basins, indicate a larger rotation (as concluded in direct pole to pole comparisons). The Euler pole, as determined by the paleomagnetic data only, can lie anywhere within a relatively large area that encompasses locations in the western United States previously proposed from geological observations. Paleomagnetic data and geologic observations, together or independently, do not support the hypothesis of a large Colorado plateau rotation (of 11° to 15°). If geologically reasonable, previous estimates of significant (>∼20 km) dextral slip along the eastern margin of the plateau require a position for the Euler pole east of the 105°W meridian.
Fisheye word cloud for temporal sentiment exploration

This poster abstract presents a new word cloud technique, the Fisheye Word Cloud, for exploring time-series data in a focused+context approach to analyzing word data. Our design has two features: cursor-centric layout and word cloud generation on demand. We conducted a validation study to evaluate how our Fisheye Word Cloud influences user performance in comparison tasks of time-series data. Based on task completion time and a TLX-based Likert-style questionnaire, we found the Fisheye Word Cloud has faster task completion time and a better user satisfaction level than the alternative we reviewed.
Banning Smoking In Parks And On Beaches: Science, Policy, And The Politics Of Denormalization

Campaigns to limit tobacco use started in the 1970s and have led to bans on public smoking, which have been extended to parks and beaches. A review of state and local statutes shows that during 1993–2011, smoking was banned in 843 parks and on 150 beaches across the United States. Three justifications for these restrictions have been invoked: the risk of passive smoke to nonsmokers, the pollution caused by cigarette butts, and the long-term risks to children from seeing smoking in public. Our analysis of the evidence for these claims found it far from definitive and in some cases weak. What, then, accounts for the efforts to impose such bans? We conclude that the impetus is the imperative to denormalize smoking as part of a broader public health campaign to reduce tobacco-related illness and death. Although invoking limited evidence may prove effective in the short run, it is hazardous for public health policy makers, for whom public trust is essential.
A theoretical upper bound for IP-based floorplanning

Floorplan is a crucial estimation task in the modern layout design of systems on chips. The paper presents a novel theoretical upper bound for slicing floorplans with soft modules. We show that, given a set of soft modules of total area Atotal, maximum area A max , and shape flexibility r ≥ 2.25, there exists a slicing floorplan F of these modules such that Area (F)≤min { 1.131, (1+β) } Atotal, where $\beta = \sqrt{\frac{A_{\max}}{2rA_{\rm total}}}$. Our results ameliorate the existing best results.
Conflict and quitting in the Monday Nite Pool League.

Abstract Models of attitudes and emotional conflicts related to players quitting a recreational pool league, developed in an earlier study, are tested with follow‐up data collected 2 years after the original data were collected. The earlier study suggested that some players quit because of psychologically uncomfortable levels of approach‐avoidance and tension‐relief conflicts that derive from the social context in which the game is played and, to some extent, from the game itself A logistic regression analysis of the follow‐up data provides only weak support for the original specification of the model of quitting behavior. Fishbein and Ajzen's (1975) theory of reasoned action suggests a respecification of the model wherein the attitude‐behavior relation is mediated by behavioral intent. Logistic regression analysis indicates that intent to quit or remain in the league and quitting or continuing to play are related. The relation between attitudinal variables and intent to quit or remain in the league is al...
Pachytene pairing failure in corn in two inbred lines and their hybrid.

GENETICALLY determined “asynapsis” has been described many times in a variety of plants. Asynapsis has also been reported in nullisomic oats by HUSKINS and HEARNE (1933), in monosomic corn by MORGAN (1956), and in wheat carrying an extra rye chromosome by SADANAGA ( 1957). The term asynapsis has been applied to pairing failure observed mainly in the late meiotic prophase or metaphase. Although varying amounts of pairing failure have been noticed at pachytene in asynaptic material, detailed analysis of pairing behavior at this stage has been conspicuously absent, probably because of the usual difficulty of such a study. MAGUIRE (1960) found variable and usually terminal pachytene pairing failure followed by normal behavior at diakinesis and metaphase in disomic corn of advanced backcross to corn generations of a corn-Tripsacum hybrid. Statistically significant positive correlations were found in this latter study for relative chromosome length with frequency and extent of pairing failure, and significantly more failure was found in later stages of pachytene. It was suggested that the pairing failure observed might be due to irregular dissociation in a slightly unbalanced chromosome complement. Since pachytene pairing failure, most commonly but not exclusively involving the satellite arm of chromosome 6, is occasionally seen in corn stocks otherwise apparently normal, it was not known to what extent the backcross material described above might be considered unbalanced or abnormal. Also since a comparatively large amount of pairing failure was found in a region known to be heterozygous for a partially homologous Tripsacum segment, it was wondered whether the pairing failure, and the homology difference, of this region could be attributed in part at least to unusually extensive genetic heterozygosity. As a partial approach to these problems pachytene pairing failure was studied in two inbred lines and their hybrid. The results are reported in this paper. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Drying Mechanics of Gels

A model is presented for the stresses and strains that develop in a gel during drying. The driving force for shrinkage is assumed to be the interfacial energy, and the gel is considered to be viscoelastic. The liquid seeks to flow into the dry region of a gel in order to replace the solid-vapor interface with a solid-liquid interface having lower specific energy. This creates a “redistribution pressure” that causes the wet region to contract. The free contraction rate can be calculated by equating the decrease in surface energy with the energy dissipated in viscous flow as the gel contracts. The permeability of the gel to the liquid in the pores is especially important in the early stages of drying, and may control the contraction rate. The model allows quantitative predictions of contraction rate and stress during drying. In this paper, the model is applied to a plate drying from both sides.
Glioblastoma and Other Malignant Gliomas: A Clinical Review

Importance Glioblastomas and malignant gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors, with an annual incidence of 5.26 per 100 000 population or 17 000 new diagnoses per year. These tumors are typically associated with a dismal prognosis and poor quality of life. Objective To review the clinical management of malignant gliomas, including genetic and environmental risk factors such as cell phones, diagnostic pitfalls, symptom management, specific antitumor therapy, and common complications. Evidence Review Search of PubMed references from January 2000 to May 2013 using the terms glioblastoma , glioma , malignant glioma , anaplastic astrocytoma , anaplastic oligodendroglioma , anaplastic oligoastrocytoma , and brain neoplasm . Articles were also identified through searches of the authors’ own files. Evidence was graded using the American Heart Association classification system. Findings Only radiation exposure and certain genetic syndromes are well-defined risk factors for malignant glioma. The treatment of newly diagnosed glioblastoma is based on radiotherapy combined with temozolomide. This approach doubles the 2-year survival rate to 27%, but overall prognosis remains poor. Bevacizumab is an emerging treatment alternative that deserves further study. Grade III tumors have been less well studied, and clinical trials to establish standards of care are ongoing. Patients with malignant gliomas experience frequent clinical complications, including thromboembolic events, seizures, fluctuations in neurologic symptoms, and adverse effects from corticosteroids and chemotherapies that require proper management and prophylaxis. Conclusions and Relevance Glioblastoma remains a difficult cancer to treat, although therapeutic options have been improving. Optimal management requires a multidisciplinary approach and knowledge of potential complications from both the disease and its treatment.
Language Independent Transliteration System Using Phrase-based SMT Approach on Substrings

Everyday the newswire introduce events from all over the world, highlighting new names of persons, locations and organizations with different origins. These names appear as Out of Vocabulary (OOV) words for Machine translation, cross lingual information retrieval, and many other NLP applications. One way to deal with OOV words is to transliterate the unknown words, that is, to render them in the orthography of the second language. We introduce a statistical approach for transliteration only using the bilingual resources released in the shared task and without any previous knowledge of the target languages. Mapping the Transliteration problem to the Machine Translation problem, we make use of the phrase based SMT approach and apply it on substrings of names. In the English to Russian task, we report ACC (Accuracy in top-1) of 0.545, Mean F-score of 0.917, and MRR (Mean Reciprocal Rank) of 0.596. Due to time constraints, we made a single experiment in the English to Chinese task, reporting ACC, Mean F-score, and MRR of 0.411, 0.737, and 0.464 respectively. Finally, it is worth mentioning that the system is language independent since the author is not aware of either languages used in the experiments.
Scalable expansion of multipotent adult progenitor cells as three‐dimensional cell aggregates

Many applications of stem cell technologies require a large quantity of cells for which scalable processes of cell expansion and differentiation are essential. Multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) are adult stem cells isolated from the bone marrow with extensive self-renewal and broad differentiation capabilities. MAPCs are typically cultured surface adherent (2D) and at low cell density, making the large surface required for cell expansion a hindrance for many applications. This study demonstrates that MAPCs can be cultivated as aggregates in an undifferentiated state for at least 16 days, as levels of a number of transcripts, including Oct4, remained similar, Oct4 protein was unchanged, and differentiation to neural progenitor, endothelial cell and hepatocyte like cells was retained. Cultivation of these aggregates in stirred bioreactor lead to a 70-fold expansion in 6 days with final cell densities of close to 10⁶/mL. Importantly, the MAPC aggregates recovered from stirred bioreactors could be differentiated to hepatocyte-like cells that expressed albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), and tyrosine amino transferase (TAT) transcripts and also secreted albumin and urea. This method of scalable expansion combined with differentiation of MAPCs can potentially be used for generating large numbers of MAPC and MAPC-derived differentiated cells.
Chasing the ghost: recovering empty categories in the Chinese Treebank

Empty categories represent an important source of information in syntactic parses annotated in the generative linguistic tradition, but empty category recovery has only started to receive serious attention until very recently, after substantial progress in statistical parsing. This paper describes a unified framework in recovering empty categories in the Chinese Tree-bank. Our results show that given skeletal gold standard parses, the empty categories can be detected with very high accuracy. We report very promising results for empty category recovery for automatic parses as well.
A Seedling Lethal Maize Mutant Lacking Functional Leaf Stomates

A seedling lethal maize mutant was isolated and found to lack functional stomates. The mutant is controlled by a single recessive gene based on segregation ratios in the F2 and F3 generations. Comparison of normal and mutant seedlings from 6-11 days after seedling emergence showed seedling dry weight, nonstructural carbohydrates, and total chlorophyll content was significantly less, and nitrate content significantly higher for the mutant than for normal seedlings. Mutant seedlings contained a higher water content than normal seedlings caused by the nonfunctional stomates that lack normal guard cells, causing a lack of transpiration.