cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Conductivity of Li and Na by a Modification of the Forbes Bar Method

The bar method of Forbes was modified as follows. The metal rod, centered in a large test tube, was placed in a constant temperature bath and heated by a coil at the upper end. Convection in the tube was stopped by cardboard disks through which the rod was threaded and which were spaced at short intervals along the rod. Temperature gradient was determined by thermo-junctions spaced along the rod. Cooling curves were obtained on smaller lengths of the rod similarly mounted. With mean temperature not exceeding 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} above bath temperature accurate values of $k$ were obtained.Lithium shows a linear increase in $k$ from 0.15 at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 0.20 at -200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, thereafter rising sharply to 1.00 at -246\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Above 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C a minimum occurs at +40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and an increase thereafter to 0.17 at +140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Sodium shows a linear increase from 0.28 at -40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 0.40 at -240\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Above -40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C an increase occurs to 0.34 at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and thereafter a decrease to 0.28 at +65\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The breaks in these lines correspond to breaks previously reported in electrical resistance and thermo-electric power lines for these metals.Electrical conductivity of Li and Na. To test the Wiedemann-Franz-Lorentz law the resistances of wires of lithium and sodium were measured at temperatures of ice, liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. The "constant" $\frac{k}{\ensuremath{\sigma}T}$ of the Wiedemann-Franz law was found to have at the higher temperatures the value predicted by the Lorentz theory, and to diminish steadily with temperature in accord with more modern theory.Specific heats of Li and Na. The specific heats of Li and Na were calculated by a comparison of cooling curves. The values found are in agreement with the best previous measurements and are extended to liquid hydrogen temperatures. At the higher temperatures the atomic heats of both metals exceed the Dulong and Petit maximum. It is suggested that this excess is latent heat of crystallization. At the lower temperatures the results do not show agreement with the Debye specific heat equation.
Combustion intensity and distribution relation to noise generation

Experiments with several different flame holder geometries were conducted to investigate the degree to which combustion roughness can be altered by altering the flame intensity and flame distribution in a ducted combustion system. The effect of admitting primary air through a plane-slotted or a slotted-swirl vane flame holder was compared and the combustion roughness and noise was contrasted with that obtained with a closed front-end perforated can. The slotted front-end burners produced much smoother burning and less noise than the closed front-end can. No advantage was apparent with swirl vs nonswirl when approximately the same inlet flow distribution was maintained. Preheated inlet air provided somewhat smoother combustion as compared with ambient temperature air. The combustion roughness with methyl alcohol was briefly compared with that of isooctane; indications are that it burns more smoothly, but more detailed studies are needed to substantiate these indications.
Mechanistic Studies of Diastereomeric Nickel(II) N-Glycoside Complexes Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Ni(II) N-glycoside complexes of four diastereomeric monosaccharides were synthesized and analyzed by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry. The average kinetic energy release (KER) associated with the formation of a C2H4O2 neutral loss was indicative of stereochemical differences in the coordinated monosaccharide. Isotopic labeling studies and various linked scanning techniques were undertaken, suggesting multiple dissociation pathways from different reacting configurations, leading to the formation of isomeric [M-C2H4O2] product ions. Additionally, computational studies predict the presence of large structural differences between complexes possessing axial or equatorial C-2 substituents.
Existentially closed structures and Jensen’s principle

AssumeV=L, or even ◊ M 1, there is no uncountable locally finite group which can be embedded in every uncountable universal locally finite group. Similar results hold for existentially closed groups and division rings.
Tuition fee policies in a comparative perspective: Theoretical and political rationales

As governments are increasingly turning to cost sharing in order to meet the growing demand for, and decreasing government investment in, public higher education, the choice among different tuition fee policies becomes of great importance. Tuition fee policies and the financial assistance policies that accompany them are critical both for the very considerable revenue at stake and for the potential impact on higher education accessibility and the implications for equity and social justice. This paper looks at tuition fees in an international comparative perspective in the context of this rich mixture of finance, ideology and politics.
Electrophysiologic and anatomic correlates of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias in a model of chronic myocardial infarction.

Ten healthy adult mongrel dogs were subjected to two stage occlusions of the mid or distal left anterior descending coronary artery modified by a reperfusion stage. In 9 of 10 animals studied at 3 or more days after coronary occlusion, sustained reentrant ventricular tachyarrhythmias could be reproducibly initiated or terminated, or both, using routine methods of programmed electric stimulation. Plunge electrodes were inserted at multiple subepicardial, intramyocardial and subendocardial sites from areas of normal and infarcted myocardium to evaluate electrophysiologic properties of excitability and refractoriness. With use of constant current unipolar cathodal stimulation, strength-interval curves were measured at these sites and correlated with regional histopathologic findings. In this model, infarcts were mottled, with close interspersing of normal and abnormal myocardium. Although excitability thresholds and refractoriness tended to increase within areas of infarction, marked disparities in excitability thresholds, effective and relative refractory periods and duration of relative refractory periods (relative minus effective refractory period) were observed within areas of infarction at sites only 1 to 2 mm apart anatomically. This milieu of anatomic and electrophysiologic heterogeneity is apparently sufficient to predispose to the initiation of sustained reentrant ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
Evaporative Cooling Performance of a Brazed Microporous Coating on an Aluminum Surface

The effect of an aluminum microporous coating on evaporative cooling performance of water was studied. The coating consisted of aluminum powder brazed to a flat aluminum substrate. Coatings of average thicknesses of 175 μm, 270 μm, 900 μm, and of average aluminum particle sizes of 27 μm, 70 μm and 114 μm were tested. A hot water treatment of the coating insured repeatability of thermal performance. Wickability was measured and compared to Washburn’s equation for capillary flow. Evaporative cooling tests were then performed on coated and plain surfaces. The test surfaces were uniformly heated while kept vertically dipped in an isothermal pool of water. All microporous coatings increased evaporative heat transfer relative to that of the plain surface by their ability to wick fluid to the entire heated area. With particle size increase from 27 μm to 70 μm both the wickability and heat transfer were significantly increased, but no further significant gains in either were obtained with increase to 114 μm. The maximum heat transfer coefficient was increased ∼11 times and the temperature limit (dry-out) heat flux increased ∼10 times with the two larger particle sizes (70 μm and 114 μm). The heat transfer coefficient and dry-out heat flux similarly increased with thickness increase.© 2012 ASME
Plasmon Resonance Hybridization in Self-Assembled Copper Nanoparticle Clusters: Efficient and Precise Localization of Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) Sensing Based on Fano Resonances:

In this work, we have investigated the hybridization of plasmon resonance modes in completely copper (Cu)-based subwavelength nanoparticle clusters from simple symmetric dimers to complex asymmetric self-assembled structures. The quality of apparent bonding and antibonding plasmon resonance modes for all of the clusters has been studied, and we examined the spectral response of each one of the proposed configurations numerically using the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method. The effect of the geometric sizes of nanoparticles used and substrate refractive index on the cross-sectional profiles of each of the studied structures has been calculated and drawn. We proved that Fano-like resonance can be formed in Cu-based heptamer clusters as in analogous noble metallic particles (e.g., Au and Ag) by determining the coupling strength and interference between sub-radiant and super-radiant resonance modes. Employing certain Cu nanodiscs in designing an octamer structure, we measured the quality of the Fano dip formation along the scattering diagram. Accurate tuning of the geometric sizes for the Cu-based octamer yields an opportunity to observe isotropic, deep, and narrow Fano minima along the scattering profile that are in comparable condition with the response of other plasmonic metallic substances. Immersing investigated final Cu-based octamer in various liquids with different refractive indices, we determined the sensing accuracy of the cluster based on the performance of the Fano dip. Plotting a linear diagram of plasmon energy differences over the refractive index variations as a figure of merit (FoM), which we have quantified as 13.25. With this method, the precision of the completely Cu-based octamer is verified numerically using the FDTD tool. This study paves the way toward the use of Cu as an efficient, low-cost, and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible plasmonic material with optical properties that are similar to analogous plasmonic substances.
What is it like to be a group

Consequentialist and Kantian theories differ over the ethical relevance of consequences of actions. I investigate how they might differ too over the relevance of what actions are consequence of. Focusing on the case of group action and collective responsibility, I argue that there's a kind of analog to the problem of aggregating the value of consequences—about aggregating responsibility with respect to the roles of cooperating agents—that Kantian theories will not confront and consequentialist theories will. The issue provides a useful way to characterize a deep difference between Kantian and consequentialist theories and points, ironically, toward a way of making those views compatible.
The Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation and Conduction Abnormalities in Chagas' Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Background/objectives Chagas' disease (CD) has been associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) and electrocardiographic (ECG) conduction defects. However, prior studies have shown conflicting results. We performed a meta-analysis comparing the prevalence of AF and conduction abnormalities between CD and non-CD patients. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, and Latin American databases were searched for studies that directly compared the prevalence of AF and conduction defects in CD and non-CD patients. Odds ratios (OR) were computed using random-effects model due to anticipated heterogeneity. We further performed subanalyses limited to studies that included only patients with cardiomyopathy. Results A total of 17,238 patients from 30 studies were included, of whom 6,840 (40%) had a positive serology for CD. In the pooled data, AF was significantly more prevalent in the CD group (OR 1.62; 95%CI 1.21-2.15; P = 0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between groups when the analysis included only patients with cardiomyopathy (OR 1.21; 95%CI 0.97-1.50; P = 0.08) or heart failure (OR 1.09; 95%CI 0.81-1.47; P = 0.55). The combination of right bundle branch block (RBBB) and left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) had the highest OR for increased prevalence in patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy compared to non-CD etiologies (OR 5.31; 95%CI 1.23-22.86; P = 0.03). Conclusions Our meta-analysis suggests that the prevalence of AF in patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy is not significantly different from non-CD cardiomyopathies. The pattern of RBBB and LAFB in patients with cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology and epidemiologic risk factors should raise the possibility of CD and prompt specific diagnostic testing.
Computing Permutation Encodings

A permutation can be encoded in several different ways. This paper discusses some relations among some encodings and how one can be computed from others. The paper shows a short proof of an existing efficient algorithm for encoding a permutation and presents two new efficient algorithms. One of the new algorithms is constructed as the inverse of an existing algorithm for decoding, making it the first efficient permutation encoding algorithm obtained in that way.
To Have and To Hold:The Influence of Haptic Information on Product Judgments

Abstract Haptic information, or information attained through touch by the hands, is important for the evaluation of products that vary in terms of material properties related to texture, hardness, temperature, and weight. The authors develop and propose a conceptual framework to illustrate that salience of haptic information differs significantly across products, consumers, and situations. The authors use two experiments to assess how these factors interact to impair or enhance the acquisition and use of haptic information. Barriers to touch, such as a retail display case, can inhibit the use of haptic information and consequently decrease confidence in product evaluations and increase the frustration level of consumers who are more motivated to touch products. In addition, written descriptions and visual depictions of products can partially enhance acquisition of certain types of touch information. The authors synthesize the results of these studies and discuss implications for the effect of haptic infor...
International stratification and Third World military industries

Weapons production is increasing in the Third World, affecting the structure of the world arms transfer system. The quantitative and qualitative capabilities of Third World industries imply that the number of less developed countries (LDCs) producing major weapons will not increase dramatically in the future; that LDC defense production will remain a small fraction of the world's arms trade; and that military industries in the Third World will concentrate on defense items that are older and less complicated than technologies manufactured in the developed world. Various socioeconomic factors might explain the reasons for the disparities among arms producers. Factors of scale, particularly the existence of a large military to provide an adequate internal market, combined with financial resources and technically trained personnel to support the necessary industrial infrastructure, determine a state's comparative military-industrial capabilities. The inherent constraints of size and infrastructure will create a hierarchically stru tured world arms trade and production system as the military industries of states grow.
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and their geoeffectiveness

The Sun's activity drives the variability of geospace (i.e., near-Earth environment). Observations show that the ejection of plasma from the Sun, called coronal mass ejections (CMEs), are the major cause of geomagnetic storms. This global-scale solar dynamical feature of coronal mass ejection was discovered almost three decades ago by the use of space-borne coronagraphs (OSO-7, Skylab/ATM and P78-1). Significant progress has been made in understanding the physical nature of the CMEs. Observations show that these global-scale CMEs have size in the order of a solar radius (/spl sim/6.7/spl times/10/sup 5/ km) near the Sun, and each event involves a mass of about 10/sup 15/ g and an energy comparable to that of a large flare on the order of 10/sup 32/ ergs. The radial propagation speeds of CMEs have a wide range from tens to thousands of kilometers per second. Thus, the transit time to near Earth's environment [i.e., 1 AU (astronomical unit)] can be as fast as 40 hours to 100 hours. The typical transit time for geoeffective events is /spl sim/60-80 h. This paper consists of two parts: 1) A summary of the observed CMEs from Skylab to the present SOHO will be presented. Special attention will be made to SOHO/LASCO/EIT observations and their characteristics leading to a geoeffective CME. 2) The chronological development of theory and models to interpret the physical nature of this fascinating phenomenon will be reviewed. Finally, an example will be presented to illustrate the geoeffectiveness of the CMEs by using both observation and model.
Comparative study of frequency domain filtered-x LMS algorithms applied to vehicle powertrain noise control

Currently, passive noise control treatment is widely applied to treat vehicle powertrain noise. However, passive noise control technology is often not effective in the low frequency range where the response is typically the most dominant component. With the rapid development of digital signal processing, active noise control (ANC) can be a feasible alternative. In this study, an enhanced frequency domain filtered-x least mean square (FXLMS) algorithm is proposed as the basis of an active control system for treating powertrain interior noise. Compared to the time domain algorithms, the approach can save computing time especially for long controller's filter length. Furthermore, unlike traditional ANC techniques for suppressing response, the proposed frequency domain FXLMS algorithm is targeted at tuning vehicle interior response in order to achieve a desirable sound quality. Several frequency domain algorithms are studied numerically by applying the analysis to treat vehicle interior noise recorded from an actual vehicle.
T cell synapse assembly: proteins, motors and the underlying cell biology

A tantalizing feature of the 'immunological synapse' is the segregation of transmembrane proteins into activating clusters and their underlying signalosomes. The mechanisms by which transmembrane proteins are initially recruited to and then stably segregated at the synapse remains an outstanding question in the field; and one likely to reveal key modes of signaling regulation. Ongoing real-time imaging approaches and a refocusing of efforts upon understanding the basic cell biology of T cells have all contributed to a developing model of T cell behavior; elementary TCR-derived signaling quickly feeds back into the basic cellular programs controlling cell shape, adhesiveness, motility, as well as some poorly understood aspects of membrane fluidity and segregation. It is increasingly clear that the mechanisms for control at this level are shared between T cells and other cell types and may not be revealed in differential genomic screening. To this end, imaging-based genetic screens are now coming online to aid in identifying the ubiquitous proteins that function at polarized signaling surfaces.
The Effects of World Capitalist Economy on Urbanization in Egypt, 1800–1970

This research paper provides an historical analysis of urbanization in Egypt and its relationships to her incorporation into the world capitalist economy during the last two centuries. My major concern is to discover more about the following issues: (1) the historical reasons for the structural disjunction of the peasant population from rural areas; and (2) the dynamics of rural–urban migration and the problem of overconcentration of population in a few major urban centers.
YUCCA MOUNTAIN: Earth-Science Issues at a Geologic Repository for High-Level Nuclear Waste

▪ Abstract The nation has over 40,000 metric tonnes (MT) of nuclear waste destined for disposal in a geologic repository at Yucca Mountain. In this review, we highlight some of the important geoscience issues associated with the project and place them in the context of the process by which a final decision on Yucca Mountain will be made. The issues include understanding how water could infiltrate the repository, corrode the canisters, dissolve the waste, and transport it to the biosphere during a 10,000-year compliance period in a region, the Basin and Range province, that is known for seismic and volcanic activity. Although the site is considered to be “dry,” a considerable amount of water is present as pore waters and as structural water in zeolites. The geochemical environment is oxidizing, and the present repository design will maintain temperatures at greater than 100°C for thousands of years. Geoscientists in this project are challenged to make unprecedented predictions about coupled thermal, hydrol...
A 50-year audit of published peer-reviewed literature on pit and fissure sealants, 1962–2011

Abstract Objective. Pit and fissure sealants have been used for many decades to prevent the initiation of caries on susceptible tooth surfaces. The purpose of this study was to analyze the peer-reviewed published scientific literature on pit and fissure sealants over the last 50 years. Materials and methods. On the PubMed database, all publications on pit and fissure sealants from 1962–2011 were extracted using the search phrase [(pit OR fissure) AND (sealant OR sealants OR adhesive)]. Details of all retrievals were individually entered into SPSS for analysis. Results. A total of 2829 publications were found. The mean number of authors was 2.73 ± 1.90 (range = 1–23). Although single-authorship was the modal group with 32.1%, it had a sustained decrease from 75.0% for 1962–1971 to 17.6% for 2002–2011. On the contrary, publications with three or more authors increased from 8.3% to 47.3% during the same period. Human studies accounted for 88.6% and clinical trial was 11.9%, followed by reviews at 10.2% and r...
A mechanism for early piagetian learning

I propose a mechanism to model aspects of Piagetian development in infants. The mechanism combines a powerful empirical learning technique with an unusual facility for constructing novel elements of representation-- elements designating states that are not mere logical combinations of other represented states. I sketch how this mechanism might recapitulate the infant's gradual recognition that there exist physical objects that persist even when the infant does not perceive them. I also report results of a preliminary, partial implementation.
Partial discharge detection on cast resin power transformer

Partial discharge test is an efficient technique for the detection of early failure of high voltage apparatus. Depend on application, acoustic, optical and electrical methods may be utilized. For electrical detection, UHF method is widely used to PD measurements. With regard to the noise issue, it is the more sensitive than other methods. However, the UHF antenna often install at the specific location near the device under test (DUT). It is difficult to detect the partial discharge everywhere with same sensitivity. Also, the lower frequency PD signal such as high frequency (HF: 0.3-30 MHz) is not easy to measure using UHF antenna. In this study, we design wide bandwidth coils to detect radiating frequency (RF) from partial discharge. Three identical RF coils with equal turns are installed near the surfaces of the cast resin power transformer. It is found the partial discharge occur at the peaks and valleys of 60 Hz sine wave. From the occurrence of the partial discharge induced on the coils and the sequence of R-S-T phase voltage, the location of the partial discharge can be identified.
Experimental investigation of the temperature dependence of InAs-AlSb-GaSb Resonant Interband tunnel diodes

The temperature dependence of the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of InAs-AlSb-GaSb resonant interband tunnel diodes (RITDs) has been investigated from 223 to 423 K. Several device structures were examined, with tunnel barrier thicknesses from 0.6 to 2.0 nm. For all barrier thicknesses, the peak current density (J/sub p/) decreases slightly as the temperature is increased, while the valley current density (J/sub v/) increases with temperature. We found that the temperature rate of change for the peak current density with temperature (/spl part/J/sub p///spl part/T) is nearly independent of barrier thickness, while J/sub v/ increases more rapidly for devices with thicker barriers. In addition, the peak voltage (V/sub p/) was found to be independent of temperature, regardless of barrier thickness. However, the valley voltage (V/sub v/) was observed to decrease with increasing temperature, with more rapid changes observed for RITDs with thicker barriers. Comparison of the temperature performance of RITDs with different barrier thicknesses shows that devices with thinner barriers have I-V characteristics that are less sensitive to temperature, as well as having larger peak and valley current density and voltage for the temperature range from 223 to 423 K. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the temperature dependence of the device characteristics of Sb-based RITDs as a function of barrier width.
Application of STD to latch-power estimation

In this paper, we use the recently developed static transition diagram technique to derive analytical formulas expressing latch power in terms of true and spurious switching activities at the data input. These formulas are verified through analog simulation and applied to a number of commonly used latch designs. The derived model will allow designers to substitute parameters of true and spurious switching activities into analytical formulas for quickly obtaining accurate latch power and then select latches which have the best power-dissipation characteristics for those parameter values.
Controlling promoter strength and regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using synthetic hybrid promoters

A dynamic range of well-controlled constitutive and tunable promoters are essential for metabolic engineering and synthetic biology applications in all host organisms. Here, we apply a synthetic hybrid promoter approach for the creation of strong promoter libraries in the model yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Synthetic hybrid promoters are composed of two modular components-the enhancer element, consisting of tandem repeats or combinations of upstream activation sequences (UAS), and the core promoter element. We demonstrate the utility of this approach with three main case studies. First, we establish a dynamic range of constitutive promoters and in doing so expand transcriptional capacity of the strongest constitutive yeast promoter, P(GPD) , by 2.5-fold in terms of mRNA levels. Second, we demonstrate the capacity to impart synthetic regulation through a hybrid promoter approach by adding galactose activation and removing glucose repression. Third, we establish a collection of galactose-inducible hybrid promoters that span a nearly 50-fold dynamic range of galactose-induced expression levels and increase the transcriptional capacity of the Gal1 promoter by 15%. These results demonstrate that promoters in S. cerevisiae, and potentially all yeast, are enhancer limited and a synthetic hybrid promoter approach can expand, enhance, and control promoter activity.
Current strategies to minimize hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury by targeting reactive oxygen species

Ischemia–reperfusion is a major component of injury in vascular occlusion both during liver surgery and during liver transplantation. The pathophysiology of hepatic ischemia–reperfusion includes a number of mechanisms including oxidant stress that contribute to various degrees to the overall organ damage. A large volume of recent research has focused on the use of antioxidants to ameliorate this injury, although results in experimental models have not translated well to the clinic. This review focuses on critical sources and mediators of oxidative stress during hepatic ischemia–reperfusion, the status of current antioxidant interventions, and emerging mechanisms of protection by preconditioning. While recent advances in regulation of antioxidant systems by Nrf2 provide interesting new potential therapeutic targets, an increased focus must be placed on more in-depth mechanistic investigations in hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury and translational research in order to refine current strategies in disease management.
Temperature and pressure dependence of liquid viscosity

Statistical thermodynamics theory, based on the cell/hole model, provides an excellent description of liquid properties in the full range of reduced variables . In addition, the theory provides the occupied site fraction y as a function of these reduced variables. This paper examines the relation between the temperature and pressure dependent liquid viscosity and the parameter y. Properties of n-paraffins are discussed. Une theorie de thermodynamique statistique, basee sur le modele cellule-trou, fournit une excellente description des proprietes des liquides pour tout le domaine des variables reduites . Cette theorie donne de plus la fraction “y” des sites occupes en fonction de ces variables reduites. On etudie, dans le present travail, la relation entre la viscosite d'un liquide, fonction de la temperature et de la pression, et le parametre y. On discute les proprietes des paraffines normales.
Synthesis of phosphorothioate-methylphosphonate oligonucleotide co-polymers

We describe the synthesis and characterization of novel phosphorothioate-methylphosphonate backbone-modified oligodeoxynucleotide co-polymers. These may have potential use as antisense constructs.
Effectiveness of long-acting injectable antipsychotics: a clinical perspective.

The personal and societal costs of schizophrenia spectrum disorders are immense. Affected individuals may experience positive, negative and mood symptoms; medical and substance use comorbidities; and cognitive impairment that significantly impair social and occupational functioning. Globally, schizophrenia is a leading cause of years lost to disability, with a particularly large burden among adolescents and young adults.1 Treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders aims at improved functioning and recovery across the lifespan, but symptom reduction and relapse prevention are important interim goals. Although antipsychotic medications reduce psychotic symptoms and greatly decrease the risk of relapse, their effectiveness in real-world practice is decreased by non-adherence.2 A meta-analysis of studies that used trained personnel to measure antipsychotic medication adherence found that not ‘regularly taking medications as prescribed’ is prevalent in an average of 41% of participants across 10 studies.3 Despite this high prevalence, providers are often unaware of this issue and generally overestimate medication adherence in their patients.4 Long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations of antipsychotic medications were developed to improve adherence. The first LAIs, fluphenazine enanthate and decanoate, were introduced in 1966 in the context of large-scale deinstitutionalisation of patients with serious mental illnesses and the consequent need for effective community-based treatment. Numerous LAI antipsychotics have been developed and marketed in the meantime. Table 1 lists the LAI antipsychotic medications currently available in the USA and the UK.5 ,6 View this table: Table 1 Long-acting antipsychotic injectable medications available in the USA and the UK5 ,6 LAIs reduce the frequency at which a patient has to decide whether to take medication. Rather than deciding to take a medication once or twice daily, the patient must only decide to have an injection administered once or twice monthly. Pharmacokinetically, LAIs provide a more stable steady-state concentration of medication in the blood compared with daily oral …
Applying corn condensed distillers solubles to hay windrows before baling: Effects on bale temperature, nutrient composition, and growing steer-calf performance1

ABSTRACT Three experiments were conducted to evaluate an alternative method of storing and feeding liquid ethanol coproducts while improving hay bale nutrient quality. In Exp. 1 and 2, corn condensed distillers solubles (CCDS) were applied to native grass windrows producing large, round bales. Inclusion levels (percentage of bale weight, DM) equaled 0 or 20% (Exp. 1) and 0, 16, or 32% (Exp. 2). Level did not affect internal temperature or DM, and 20% CCDS bales had increased (P
Time-dependent queues

We are now prepared to analyze in more detail the time-dependent stochastic behavior of certain elementary queueing systems previously described in Chapter 2 via deterministic approximations, particularly the properties of a queue with one customer type and a single server during a rush hour (time-dependent arrival rate) and of a queue with pulsed service (or other time-dependent service rate).
Fractal dimensions of shale

Abstract High-resolution images provide detailed information about pores whose characteristic sizes are usually on the order of few nanometers to micrometers in shales, but it remains challenging to relate the acquired information to the transport properties of a sample whose size is usually on the order of centimeters. It is not yet possible to determine the effective connectivity of the pore space at the core scale (∼1 cm) from high-resolution images. With this in mind, we analyze drainage experiments conducted on cores to interpret the topology of the connected path of the pore space at the core scale. Our study for different shales shows that the distance traveled inside the pore space—the length of the pore space—by the nonwetting phase at each capillary pressure is a fractal, unlike the pore volume, which is not necessarily a fractal. We determine the fractal dimensions for different shales and present two fractal models. This study can have major implications for understanding hydrocarbon transport in shales.
Gewinn- und Leistungssteigerung bei der Serienfertigung

In den bisherigen Ausfuhrungen sind die Einzel- und die Massenfertigung in bezug auf die Kapazitatsausnutzung und die Einzelfertigung hinsichtlich des Produktionsflusses behandelt worden. Im letzteren Fall wurde auf das Fliesen der Produktion, das sich mit Darstellungsmodellen untersuchen last, ausfuhrlich eingegangen. Es wurde gezeigt, das eine Gewinn- oder Leistungssteigerung mit dem Fliesen der Fertigung und der damit zusammenhangenden Kapazitatsausnutzung eng verbunden ist. Solange es dem Betrieb gelingt, durch ein Fliesband oder sonstige Massenherstellungsmethoden, die fur eine kontinuierliche Fertigung sorgen, ein gewisses Fliesen der Produktion zu erreichen, ohne aber die Gesamtheit der maschinellen Anlagen zu lange oder zu oft stillegen zu mussen oder teure Fertigerzeugnisselager zu halten, wird die Gewinnerzielung kaum gefahrdet sein. Wenn aber Nachfrage und Angebot sich nicht das Gleichgewicht halten, entsteht ein Problem, das der Massenherstellungsbetrieb nur durch Serienfertigung oder Reihenfertigung losen kann, d. h. der Betrieb mus eine Produktionsstrase aufstellen, die fur verschiedene Produkte angewendet werden kann. Die Umstellung ist zwar kostspielig, die bessere Kapazitatsausnutzung kompensiert dies aber.
Algorithmic Geographies: Big Data, Algorithmic Uncertainty, and the Production of Geographic Knowledge

Drawing on examples from human mobility research, I argue in this article that the advent of big data has significantly increased the role of algorithms in mediating the geographic knowledge produc...
Measurement of TEV of 1000kV UHV gas insulated switchgear

The paper describes problems with EMC of monitoring instrument in 1000kV gas insulated switchgear (GIS), due to transient enclosure voltage (TEV) produced during disconnector switching. Measuring method of TEV has been studied, including the choice of a reference ground point, the discussing about unique of scalar potential difference, and the method to eliminate the impact of magnetic field. A measuring system was developed and the impact of the wire lead of voltage probe was discussed. The measurement was conducted at an UHV AC test base and the characteristics of TEV were obtained.
Glass Degradation in Performance Assessment Models

The interface with reactive transport models used in performance assessment calculations is described to identify aspects of the glass waste form degradation model important to long-term predictions. These are primarily the conditions that trigger the change from the residual rate to the Stage 3 rate and the values of those rates. Although the processes triggering the change and controlling the Stage 3 rate are not yet understood mechanistically, neither appears related to an intrinsic property of the glass. The sudden and usually significant increase in the glass dissolution rate suggests the processes that trigger the increase are different than the processes controlling glass dissolution prior to that change. Application of a simple expression that was derived for mineral transformation to represent the kinetics of coupled glass dissolution and secondary phase precipitation reactions is shown to be consistent with experimental observations of Stage 3 and useful for modeling long-term glass dissolution in a complex disposal environment.
Co-evolving CENP-A and CAL1 Domains Mediate Centromeric CENP-A Deposition across Drosophila Species

Centromeres mediate the conserved process of chromosome segregation, yet centromeric DNA and the centromeric histone, CENP-A, are rapidly evolving. The rapid evolution of Drosophila CENP-A loop 1 (L1) is thought to modulate the DNA-binding preferences of CENP-A to counteract centromere drive, the preferential transmission of chromosomes with expanded centromeric satellites. Consistent with this model, CENP-A from Drosophila bipectinata (bip) cannot localize to Drosophila melanogaster (mel) centromeres. We show that this result is due to the inability of the mel CENP-A chaperone, CAL1, to deposit bip CENP-A into chromatin. Co-expression of bip CENP-A and bip CAL1 in mel cells restores centromeric localization, and similar findings apply to other Drosophila species. We identify two co-evolving regions, CENP-A L1 and the CAL1 N terminus, as critical for lineage-specific CENP-A incorporation. Collectively, our data show that the rapid evolution of L1 modulates CAL1-mediated CENP-A assembly, suggesting an alternative mechanism for the suppression of centromere drive.
Gabrielle Petit: the death and life of a female spy in the First World War

Sophie de Schaepdrijver’s Gabrielle Petit: The Death and Life of a Female Spy in the First World War analyzes both the life and myth of the Belgian spy Gabrielle Petit. De Schaepdrijver combines a ...
Booking-optimization Algorithm of Elevator Group Control System

A attemperment policybooking optimization with several aims based on feature of elevator group control system is put forward in this paper according to relative reference A destinationbooking button is set in every floor The center computer can obtain information about the number of passengers in or out the elevator from floor monitor subsystem and passageway monitor subsystem Then evaluating function of every elevator is calculated basing on these data In the light of the result of calculation, a appropriate elevator will be selected to respond floorcalling
Sulfuration mechanism and failure prevention of thick film chip resistors

By means of the DC/DC module power failure analysis and resistors sulfide experiments,as well as SEM and EDS analysis,the sulfuration mechanism of thick film chip resistors was researched.The results show that there is porosity between the thick film chip resistor terminals and the second protection coating.Sulfide in the air enters into the inner electrode of the thick film chip resistors by sealing silicon glue adsorption and results that the silver material of inner electrode is sulfurized and silver sulfide of low conductivity is produced,so that the resistance of the resistors increases,even lead to open circuit.Combined with analysis of the DC/DC module power product,several measures of the prevention from resistors sulfuration are provided.
Based on Entropy Weight Method to the Mix-Cluster of Anti-Aircraft Ground Army TOPSIS Combat Deployment Scheme Optimization

The ground combat deployment is the mix-cluster of anti-aircraft ground army the carries out the key air defense task,in many of the selection of the optimum deployment scheme is an important and complex work.This paper calculated entropy weight of the original data,get with TOPSIS method for quantitative analysis,combined with the subjective capriciousness,reduce the decision and make battle plan decision-making more scientific and reasonable,through the scheme evaluation in used in the ranking method of approximation ideal solution,it is concluded that the optimization result is a higher dependability.
Hypertension induced by high salt intake in absence of volume retention in reduced renal mass rats

Reduction of renal mass (RRM) combined with a high-salt diet results in volume retention, a rise of cardiac output, and hypertension. The present studies were designed to determine whether preventi...
Effect of xenopsin on blood flow, hormone release, and acid secretion

We investigated the effects of the neurotensin analogue xenopsin on regional blood flow, central hemodynamics, and stimulated acid secretion in awake conscious dogs. Organ blood flow, estimated using the radioactive microsphere technique, was significantly increased during the xenopsin infusion to the adrenals, pancreas, and ileum. There was no change in mean arterial pressure or cardiac output (measured by thermodilution). Along with changes in blood flow, there was a significant increase in the hormone output from the pancreas. These included rises in plasma pancreatic polypeptide, insulin, and glucagon. There also was a rise in plasma cortisol levels during the infusion. Substance P levels rose slowly but significantly during the xenospin infusion. There was no change in plasma gastrin levels. Xenopsin produced a significant inhibition of tetragastrin-stimulated gastric acid output. Thus, xenopsin appears to have region-specific influence on blood flow that correlates with region-specific hormonal secretion. In addition, xenopsin, like its mammalian analogue neurotensin, is an inhibitor of stimulated gastric acid secretion. A mammalian xenopsinlike peptide may well be involved in the modulation of gastrointestinal function.
Modeling the Epigenetic Chain Reaction Downstream of DNMT3A(R882H).

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Lu et al. use a mouse model of DNMT3AR882H/NRASG12D acute myeloid leukemia to define a cascade of chromatin changes that emanate from DNMT3A-bound enhancers to initiate disease. The authors also reveal a chemical strategy to interrupt this process.
“Where the Sidewalk Ends”: Sustainable Mobility in Atlanta's Cascade Community

Roughly one third of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions are travel-related, and much of these are from routine, short trips that can be controlled by individual consumers. Because of this, sustainability advocates encourage greater use of alternative transportation modes such as mass transit and non-motorized transport to help limit carbon dioxide emissions. However, the efficacy of such prescriptions is contingent upon the social and physical context of a given place, that is, how these recommendations are received or put into practice by the intended audiences. This case study of Atlanta, Georgia's mostly African American Cascade community examines the influence of the broader social context of consumption as social practice and the built environment as factors influencing decisions about sustainable mobility (i.e., mass transit use and neighborhood walking), both inside and outside of Cascade. Not surprisingly, lower income residents routinely use mass transit, while middle- and upper-income earners are reluctant users of Atlanta's mass transit system (MARTA). Lack of use by those with higher incomes is due mainly to the availability of personal automobiles and inefficiencies in system design attributable to a history of racial politics that restricts MARTA to just two of metropolitan Atlanta's twenty-eight counties. Neighborhood walkability is encumbered by the lack of sidewalk space for higher income individuals and fear of crime for those with lower incomes. The social practice of status signaling via automobile purchasing may also inhibit African Americans’ use of mass transit. [Climate Change; African American Communities; Atlanta, GA]
Comprehensive CT Imaging in Acute Chest Pain

Triple rule-out (TRO) CT simultaneously evaluates the coronary arteries, aorta and pulmonary arteries for the patient presenting with acute chest pain in the emergency department. Compared to dedicated coronary CT angiography (cCTA), TRO CT requires slightly more intravenous contrast and a higher radiation dose. Appropriate patient selection is essential. TRO CT is most appropriate for patients at low to intermediate risk for acute coronary syndrome and in whom alternative diagnoses, such as pulmonary embolism or acute aortic pathology, are being considered. Adequate patient selection, preparation, premedication, and monitoring ensure a high-quality diagnostic study. The major differences between TRO CT and dedicated cCTA are scan length and injection technique. Compared to cCTA, where images are obtained between the carina and diaphragm, TRO CT must include the entire thoracic aorta and the pulmonary arteries. Injection protocols are tailored to provide high levels of arterial enhancement in the left- (coronary arteries and aorta) and right-sided circulations (pulmonary arteries). Different strategies may be employed to limit radiation exposure, including electrocardiogram (ECG) tube current modulation and prospective ECG gating. When performed with careful attention to technique, TRO CT provides high-quality diagnostic opacification of the coronary arteries, aorta and pulmonary arteries equal to that of dedicated CT angiography. A negative study allows for the safe and rapid discharge from the emergency department and a reduction in subsequent testing.
The Roles of Animals for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract Animals play many roles in the lives of persons with ASD. For some persons with ASD, animals can provide strong social supports both as companions and as service animals. For others, animals may provide a unique catalyst for therapeutic success. Clinicians must appreciate that persons with ASD process information differently than others. These processing differences often have an impact on the way these individuals relate to others, including animals. For those clinicians who serve a population of children and adults with ASD, they may consider learning more about resources in their community that could help provide opportunities for AAI outside of the traditional therapeutic environment (e.g., equine therapy, service animals). They should also consider some of the guidelines for incorporating animals in their therapeutic regime as discussed in this chapter and throughout this volume.