cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MEKC-LIF of γ-amino butyric acid in microdialysate: Systematic optimization of the separation conditions by factorial analysis

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography allows the efficient separation of biogenic amines and amino acids in biological samples. Analytes of interest, sample composition, and sample matrix may vary between studies, which necessitates optimization of separations to meet the requirements and conditions of an experiment. Factorial analysis is an efficient tool to accomplish this type of optimization involving multiple interacting factors. The present study describes an optimization procedure for separation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA utilizing capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection. Standards labeled with the flourogenic reagent 3-(2-furoyl)quinoline-2 carboxaldehyde were separated with varying concentrations of borate buffer, beta-cyclodextrin, sodium dodecyl sulfate and pH. The optimized separation method had a correlation coefficient between concentration of GABA and fluorescent signal of 0.98, and was linear in the desired concentration range of 25 nM-10 microM. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and taurine were also quantified using this separation. When applied to microdialysate collected from the region of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, this separation was able to measure daily variations in GABA levels. The factorial design experiment has proven to be a useful tool, allowing adjustments in the separation of neurotransmitters based on individual requirements.
Compression and rotation resistant watermark using a circular chirp structure

Digital watermarks for images can be made relatively robust to luminance and chrominance changes. More challenging problems are geometric or combined intensity/geometric attacks. In this work we use an additive watermarking model, commonly used in spread spectrum, using a new spreading function. The spreading function is a 2D circular chirp that can simultaneously resist JPEG compression and image rotation. Circular chirp is derived from a block chirp by polar mapping. The resistance to compression is achieved by the available tuning parameters of a block chirp. Tuning parameters include the chirp's initial frequency and chirp rate. These two parameters can be used to perform spectral shaping to avoid JPEG compression effects. Rotational invariance is achieved by mapping the block chirp to a ring whose inner and outer diameters are selectable. The watermark is added in spatial domain but detection is performed in polar domain where rotation translates to translation.
Assessment of Chemically Separated Carbon Nanotubes for Nanoelectronics

It remains an elusive goal to obtain high performance single-walled carbon-nanotube (SWNT) electronics such as field effect transistors (FETs) composed of single- or few-chirality SWNTs, due to broad distributions in as-grown materials. Much progress has been made by various separation approaches to obtain materials enriched in metal or semiconducting nanotubes or even in single chiralties. However, research in validating SWNT separations by electrical transport measurements and building functional electronic devices has been scarce. Here, we performed length, diameter, and chirality separation of DNA functionalized HiPco SWNTs by chromatography methods, and we characterized the chiralities by photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy, optical absorption spectroscopy, and electrical transport measurements. The use of these combined methods provided deeper insight to the degree of separation than either technique alone. Separation of SWNTs by chirality and diameter occurred at varying degrees that decreased with increasing tube diameter. This calls for new separation methods capable of metallicity or chirality separation of large diameter SWNTs (in the approximately 1.5 nm range) needed for high performance nanoelectronics. With most of the separated fractions enriched in semiconducting SWNTs, nanotubes placed in parallel in short-channel (approximately 200 nm) electrical devices fail to produce FETs with high on/off switching, indicating incomplete elimination of metallic species. In rare cases with a certain separated SWNT fraction, we were able to fabricate FET devices composed of small-diameter, chemically separated SWNTs in parallel, with high on-/off-current (I(on)/I(off)) ratios up to 105 owing to semiconducting SWNTs with only a few (n,m) chiralities in the fraction. This was the first time that chemically separated SWNTs were used for short channel, all-semiconducting SWNT electronics dominant by just a few (n,m)'s. Nevertheless, the results suggest that much improved chemical separation methods are needed to produce nanotube electronics at a large scale.
The gait of children with spastic diplegia—Practical importance of higher frequency resolution in kinematic and kinetic measurements

Gait in children and adults with spastic diplegia is characterized by gross abnormalities, including tendencies for forefoot loading, increased hip and knee flexion during stance phase, internal rotation of the whole legs at the hip joints and a reduced functional range of motion of all the major joints of the lower extremities. These are due to the lowered threshold of the muscle stretch reflex which defines the phenomenon of spasticity, to concommittant cocontractions of multiple and normally antagonistic muscle groups, as well as to muscular contractures. Together, these symptoms lead to varying degrees of stiffness of the musculo-skeletal system. Reflex contractions of spastic muscles depend on the speed of passive stretching which is particularly high at the beginning and end of stance phase.
Research Note: How Accurate are Arrestees' Self-Reports of Their Criminal Justice Histories?:

This research note addresses the accuracy of arrestees' self-reports of contacts with the criminal justice system as a means of exploring the relative importance of various sources of inaccurate re...
Evaluation of a model of visual-vestibular interaction

Horizontal eye movements were recorded in normal subjects during tests of visual-vestibular interaction. The vestibular stimulation consisted of a step of angular velocity about the vertical axis. The optokinetic simulation consisted of full-field visual rotations at 0 degrees and +or-40 degrees /s with respect to the head. The responses were simulated using a simple model of visual-vestibular interaction. The model predictions suggest that a limit on the retinal error velocity can describe some of the experimental observations. >
A measurement-based approach to designing fault-tolerant controllers for multivariable systems

This paper presents new methodologies to design a set of controllers such that every controller in the set preserves closed-loop stability of a given multivariable plant under prescribed loop failures. The proposed approaches differ from existing techniques in two ways: First, our methods are strictly based on frequency response data of the plant that can be easily measured by experiments. No mathematical models or system identification processes are used. Second, while most control design methods find one controller, we design a set of controllers satisfying the control objective. Two approaches are presented with examples illustrating the respective advantages. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated Service Adaptation

With more automation in inter-organizational supply chains and proliferation of Web services technology, the need for organizations to link their business services and processes is becoming increasingly important. In some cases, we need adapter to reconcile the communication incompatibilities between two processes. My thesis proposes a new framework for integrated service adaptation. For the control flow adaptation, we propose a structural analysis of patterns which we show is more efficient than existing approaches. Furthermore, we propose an algorithm based message pair analysis and integer programming to create an optimal adapter. For message adaptation, we identify a set of extendible message adaptation patterns to solve typical message mismatches. In addition we give an algorithm for generating new message adapter on the fly so as to integrate control flow considerations into message adaptation. Finally we show another algorithm to integrate individual message adaptation patterns with control flow adapters to create a complete adapter for two processes. We implement all these algorithms in a Java-based prototype system and show the advantages of our methods by performance experiments.
Mapping potential foodsheds in New York State by food group: An approach for prioritizing which foods to grow locally

Public interest in local food continues to grow, but few analyses have examined the capacity for the US population to be supplied through local and regional food systems. This paper extends earlier work that demonstrated a method for mapping potential foodsheds and estimating the potential for New York to meet the food needs of the state's population centers. It provides a methodology for addressing the question, ‘If land is limited, which foods should be grown locally?’ A spatial model was developed to allocate the available agricultural land of New York State (NYS) to meet in-state food needs for six distinct food groups (grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy, meat and eggs) across the eight largest population centers. An optimization routine was used to allocate land to maximize economic land use value (LUV). Eleven scenarios were examined, ranging from a baseline level of consumption of New York produced foods to a 100% local diet. Across the 11 scenarios, the amount of food supplied, the LUV attained, and the area of land allocated increased as the ‘willingness’ to consume local products increased. This approach dictated that land was preferentially devoted to higher-value food groups relative to lower-value groups, and no scenario used all available land. Under the 100% local scenario, 69% of total food needs (on a fresh weight basis) were supplied in-state with an average food distance of 238 km. This scenario provided food from only four of the six groups, namely, dairy, eggs, fruit and vegetables. These results suggest that a much larger proportion of total food needs (on a weight basis) might be provided from in-state production than was found in previous work. LUV serves as a compelling optimization function, and future work should investigate the degree to which maximizing returns to land complements or conflicts with social and environmental goals of local and regional food systems.
Intradermal Anti‐Loxosceles Fab Fragments Attenuate Dermonecrotic Arachnidism

Objective: Bites from the brown recluse spider and other arachnids from the genus Loxosceles frequently induce necrotic skin lesions that can be recalcitrant to treatment and disfiguring. The au- thors used a rabbit model of dermonecrotic arach- nidism to address the therapeutic efficacy of intra- dermal (id) polyclonal anti-Loxosceles Fab fragments (aLoxd Fab) raised against Loxosceles deserta spider venom. Methods: Fab fragments were prepared by papain digestion and affinity chromatography from the IgG fraction of L. deserta antivenom raised in rab- bits. Eighteen inbred New Zealand white rabbits were assigned to six groups of three. The rabbits re- ceived L. deserta venom (3 mg, id) injections into each flank. Cohorts of rabbits received single id injections (at one venom site/rabbit) of 30 mg aLoxd Fab at dif- ferent times (T = 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours) after venom injection. In each rabbit the opposite flank was left untreated. As an additional control, one group of rabbits (T = 0) received nonspecific Fab (30 mg, id) in the opposite flank. Dermal lesions were quantified as a function of time through the use of a series of digital photographs and imaging software. In addition, my- eloperoxidase (MPO) activity, a measure of neutrophil accumulation, was determined in lesion biopsies. Le- sion areas and MPO activities were analyzed by re- peated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Re- sults: Lesion areas and MPO activity were markedly reduced when aLoxd Fab was administered very early after venom injections. As the interval between venom inoculation and antivenom treatment in- creased, the therapeutic benefit of aLoxd Fab de- creased. The final time tested that demonstrated therapeutic efficacy of aLoxd Fab was T = 4 hours. Lesion attenuation was no longer apparent when aLoxd Fab was given 8 hours post inoculation. Con- clusions: Intradermal administration of aLoxd Fab attenuates Loxosceles-induced dermonecrotic lesion formation when given up to 4 hours after venom
Thermal Grooving of MgO and Al2O3

High-purity polycrystalline MgO and Al2O3 were thermally grooved at 1500° and 1600°C. Accurate techniques were developed for following the growth of a single groove. For high-purity samples growth kinetics were essentially similar to those reported in the literature but were determined to be controlled by volume diffusion. Specimens for thermal grooving were prepared from Al2O3 to which transition metal oxides (Fe2O39, MnO, and TiO2), which are known to accelerate shrinkage and sintering of Al2O3 powder compacts, had been added; the rate of groove growth was increased remarkably by minor amounts of these additives. Control of partial pressure indicated that Fe2+ and Ti4+ are the species active in promoting groove growth. Substantial evidence was found for volume diffusion as the mechanism controlling groove formation.
Bacterial vaginosis is a strong predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection

To evaluate whether bacterial vaginosis predicts the acquisition of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), we studied 255 nonpregnant female subjects aged 15-30 who reported recent sexual contact with a male partner in whom either gonococcal or chlamydial urethritis or nongonococcal urethritis was diagnosed. Compared to subjects with normal vaginal flora, subjects with bacterial vaginosis were more likely to test positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (odds ratio [OR], 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-9.7) and Chlamydia trachomatis (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.5-7.8). Subjects colonized vaginally by hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli were less likely to receive a diagnosis of chlamydial infection or gonorrhea than subjects without such lactobacilli. Bacterial vaginosis was a strong predictor of gonorrhea and chlamydial infection among subjects who reported recent exposure to a male partner with urethritis. These data support the importance of vaginal flora in the defense against STD acquisition.
Prehistoric Evidence for Pawnee Cosmology

Murdock, George Peter 1967 Ethnographic Atlas. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Ottenheimer, Martin 1984 Some Problems and Prospects in Residence and Marriage. American Anthropologist 86:351-358. 1985 Modeling Systems in Kinship. Microcomputer programs in Microsoft BASIC for the IBM-PC and compatibles. Manhattan: Interculture. Pasternak, Burton 1976 Introduction to Kinship and Social Organization. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Pastner, Carroll McC. 1978 The Status of Women and Property on a Baluchistan Oasis in Pakistan. In Women in the Muslim World. Lois Beck and Nikki Keddie, eds. Pp. 434-450. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1981 The Negoti tion of Bilateral Endoamy in the Middle Eastern Context: The Zikri Baluch Example. Journal of Anthropological Research 37:305-318. Randolph, Richard R., and Allan D. Coult 1968 A Computer Analysis of Bedouin Marriage. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 24:83-99. Rosen, Lawrence 1978 The Negotiation of Reality: MaleFemale Relations in Sefrou, Morocco. In Women in the Muslim World. Lois Beck and Nikki Keddie, eds. Pp. 561-584. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Polygon Area Decomposition for Multiple-Robot Workspace Division

A new polygon decomposition problem, the anchored area partition problem, which has applications to a multiple-robot terrain-covering problem is presented. This problem concerns dividing a given polygon P into n polygonal pieces, each of a specified area and each containing a certain point (site) on its boundary or in its interior. First the algorithm for the case when P is convex and contains no holes is presented. Then the generalized version that handles nonconvex and nonsimply connected polygons is presented. The algorithm uses sweep-line and divide-and-conquer techniques to construct the polygon partition. The input polygon P is assumed to have been divided into a set of p convex pieces (p = 1 when P is convex), which can be done in O(vPloglog vP) time, where vP is the number of vertices of P and p = O(vP), using algorithms presented elsewhere in the literature. Assuming this convex decomposition, the running time of the algorithm presented here is O(pn2+vn), where v is the sum of the number of vertices of the convex pieces.
Evaluating regular expression matching engines on network and general purpose processors

In recent years we have witnessed a proliferation of data structure and algorithm proposals for efficient deep packet inspection on memory based architectures. In parallel, we have observed an increasing interest in network processors as target architectures for high performance networking applications.In this paper we explore design alternatives in the implementation of regular expression matching architectures on network processors (NPs) and general purpose processors (GPPs). Specifically, we present a performance evaluation on an Intel IXP2800 NP, on an Intel Xeon GPP and on a multiprocessor system consisting of four AMD Opteron 850 cores. Our study shows how to exploit the Intel IXP2800 architectural features in order to maximize system throughput, identifies and evaluates algorithmic and architectural trade-offs and limitations, and highlights how the presence of caches affects the overall performances. We provide an implementation of our NP designs within the Open Network Laboratory (http://www.onl.wustl.edu).
The Measurement of Clinical Psychology Training Programs

Hard! et al. (this issue) present a survey of programs as to their success at producing members of faculties of clinical training programs. The survey has many strong points and does this task well, although there are several methodological problems inherent in the approach. However, they also give unwarranted credibility to a norm-referenced approach to measurement and elevate inadequate prior works by including them as criterion measures. Clinical training is multifaceted, and it is unlikely that any single list ever could capture the extent of variability in programs of equal but differing sources of excellence.
Neuroanatomy of the human visual system: Part II Retinal projections to the superior colliculus and pulvinar

Experimental animal investigations have shown the superior colliculus (SC) to be a primary visual nucleus of great significance for visual function. Despite this evidence, the SC has been largely disregarded as a primary visual nucleus in man. Most reports of total cortical blindness in humans described a loss of all visual responses. Several reports, however, demonstrated that a small, but significant, residual visual function remains in patients with cortical lesions. Such clinical evidence suggests the existence of multiple retinofugal pathways.Direct histological examination of the human visual system awaited the development of a technique applicable to postmortem brain tissue. Using the PPD method, we have demonstrated retinofugal projections to both the SC and the pulvinar.
Improved determination of the fine structure constant based on the electron g-2 and muonium hyperfine structure

Preliminary results of two accurate determinations of the fine structure constant /spl alpha/ based on quantum electrodynamics are reported. One is obtained from an improved evaluation of the sixth-order and eighth-order radiative corrections to the electron anomalous magnetic moment a/sub e/. This leads to the most accurate value of /spl alpha/ obtained thus far, with an uncertainty of about 0.005 part per million (ppm). The other is the outcome of an evaluation of the complete /spl alpha//sup 2/(Z/spl alpha/) contribution and the leading /spl alpha//sup 4/ and /spl alpha//sup 3/(m/sub e//m/sub /spl mu//) contributions to the hyperfine structure of the muonium ground state. This gives a value of /spl alpha/ with an uncertainty of 0.134 ppm. These results also lead to the most accurate determination of the muon mass. >
Perspectives on Work-Family Conflict in Sport: An Integrated Approach

The overall literature concerning work-family conflict is growing rapidly, but has failed to incorporate multiple theoretical levels. Instead, researchers have examined the construct from either an individual, structural, or social relations perspective. Investigation of work-family conflict by integrating multiple theoretical levels provides valuable insights regarding the processes and products of work-family conflict, as well as the larger structural and social meanings behind work, family and their interface. Further, sport offers an ideal context for the study of work-family conflict due to the long, non-traditional work hours and significant travel. This article reviews three commonly used theoretical approaches to the study of work-family conflict—individual, structural, and social relations. It then demonstrates within a sport context how the three approaches can be integrated both from a top-down and a bottom-up perspective to better understand the causes, consequences, and interpretation of work-family conflict as an individual experience bounded by and shaped in organisational and social realities.
Economic Modeling and Epidemiology

Having provided an introduction to some basic epidemiological modeling, I next present some basic economic principles that result from these models. Namely, I want to discuss how the economic concepts of positive and negative externalities as well as marginal changes can be used to better understand public health policy. I begin by introducing the economic concept of utility that the reader may have seen in an introductory economics course and the concept of a value function which calculates the utility of an individual being in a particular category or state of interest. I then show how this formulation can be used to state externalities and inform decision making at both an individual and public level.
Root Phenes for Enhanced Soil Exploration and Phosphorus Acquisition: Tools for Future Crops

Plant growth in the vast majority of terrestrial ecosystems is limited by low phosphorus availability. Over 70% of all terrestrial biomass occurs in low-phosphorus soils, including over half of agricultural land ([Fig. 1][1]). Phosphorus availability is declining in many systems because of soil
Poster 125: Health-related quality of life in childhood cerebral palsy.1

Abstract Objective: To assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among children with cerebral palsy (CP). Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting: Tertiary care pediatric hospital outpatient services. Participants: 170 children with CP ages 3 to 18 years, who were stratified by severity of motor impairment using the Gross Motor Function Classification Score (GMFCS). Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure: Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) Parent-Form 50. Results: Participants had reduced physical functioning when compared with a normative population, but psychosocial functioning did not differ. The z scores for physical functioning, reflecting the number of standard deviations of variation from the normative population, were −2.70 for the total population, −1.06 for GMFCS level 1, −3.15 for GMFCS level 2, −3.37 for GMFCS level 3, −3.84 for GMFCS level 4, and −4.93 for GMFCS level 5. Role-physical z scores were >2 in GMFCS levels 2, 3, and 5 also. No other subscales, including behavior, bodily pain, general health, mental health, parent emotional impact, parent time impact, self-esteem, or emotional and behavioral role had z scores over 2, except role-emotional and behavioral in GMFCS level 5. Considerable variation existed in responses about physical activity limitations due to health problems. Parents frequently commented that their child was “healthy, but disabled” or “unable due to disability, but not due to health problems.” Conclusion: HRQOL of children with CP is less than that of the typical population, particularly due to physical problems. Children with CP show limitations in physical abilities (functional limitation) and limitations in social activities due to physical limitations (disability, societal limitation). Physical functioning domains of HRQOL demonstrate greater deficits as gross motor impairment of CP increases. Other domains of HRQOL are largely unaffected by CP. Some of the questions in the CHQ are confusing for parents due to a lack of differentiation between poor health and disability, illustrating a potential limitation.
Propagation of the cross-polarization component of Hermite-Gauss laser beams

Evolution of transverse intensity profiles for the dominant and cross-polarization components of linearly polarized Hermite-Gauss laser beams is studied experimentally as the beams propagate away from the waist.
First-Principles Calculations of Heusler Phase Precursors in the Atomic Short-Range Order of Disordered BCC Ternary Alloys

We apply our recently developed first-principles theory of atomic short-range order in disordered multicomponent alloys to CuAuZn2 and AgAuZn2, two alloys which display partially-ordered B2 phases as well as fully-ordered Heusler structures. The calculated Warren-Cowley pair correlation functions for both alloys peak at the special points 〈½ ½ ½〉 and 〈100〉, with the peak at 〈100〉 dominant. This is indicative of a tendency to B2 order at high temperatures, and a subsequent tendency to Heusler-type order at lower temperatures. An analysis in terms of effective interactions shows that the Au Zn interaction drives the 〈100〉 ordering tendency, while the Ag Au and Cu Au interactions contribute more to the 〈 ½ ½ ½〉ordering tendency - this effect is larger in CuAuZn2 and should lead to a slightly higher transition temperature for the B2 to Heusler transition in CuAuZn2 as compared to AgAuZn2.
On the Measurement of Judicial Ideology

ABSTRACTResearchers cannot assess the importance of ideology to judicial behavior without good measures of ideology, and great effort has been spent developing measures that are valid and precise. A few of these have become commonly used in studies of judicial behavior. An emphasis has naturally been placed on developing continuous measures of ideology, like those that exist for other institutions. There are, however, concerns with using continuous measures because they are built on two assumptions that may be untenable when examining judicial decision-making: that the level of precision assumed by these measures is capturing true ideological distinctions between judges, and that the effects of ideology as measures are uniform across levels. We examine these assumptions using different specifications of ideology finding that categorical measures are more valid and better depict the impact of ideology on judicial decision-making at the U.S. Courts of Appeals, but not the Supreme Court.
Encouraging Patient-Centered Care by Including Quality-of-Life Questions on Pre-Encounter Forms

PURPOSE Patient participation in clinical decision making improves outcomes, including quality of life (QOL), but the typical problem-oriented approach may impede consideration of functional goals. We wondered if patients could encourage primary care physicians to pay attention to their QOL goals by writing them on pre-encounter forms. METHODS We conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing the impact of 2 different pre-visit questionnaires on the content of patient-physician encounters in a family medicine practice at an academic medical center. Using investigator-blinded block randomization, we arranged for 8 faculty and 8 resident physicians to participate in 2 intervention and 2 control videotaped encounters each for a total of 64 encounters. The intervention questionnaire included questions about QOL goals and concerns, while the control questionnaire asked about symptoms. Videotapes were reviewed to determine whether the patients’ QOL goals were mentioned and whether they were used in decision making. We also scored encounters using Modified Flanders Interaction Analysis, which assesses and codifies patient and physician communication, and the Modified Carkhuff-Truax Scale, which measures empathy, attending, congruence, and positive regard. RESULTS Patients were able to record QOL goals and concerns, but QOL issues were mentioned in only 2 of the 64 encounters, once by a patient and once by a physician. In neither case was this information used in decision making. More empathy was expressed by physicians during control encounters (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Patients were able to articulate their QOL goals on paper, but that did not prime them or their physicians to alter the process or content of the clinical encounters. In fact, providing QOL information was associated with reduced physician empathy.
Status Report on Low-Gold-Content Alloys for Fixed Prostheses

Because of their savings in cost and comparable mechanical and handling properties, low-gold-content dental casting alloys will remain an attractive alternative to high-gold-content alloys. Certain compositions perform well in the corrosive oral environment; others do not. Accurate information on such performance is currently unavailable. Accurate prediction of tarnish and ocrrosion behavior awaits development and acceptance of reliable and valid performance tests. There is adequate evidence that not only the Ag, Cu, and Pd ratios are important for resistance to corrosion but also the addition of minor amounts of other elements may be important for adequate clinical performance.
Determining the Optimal Promotional Mix for Health Care Cost Containment Systems

This paper presents the findings of a state-wide study sponsored by a regional health-care cost containment company. The purpose of the study is to obtain data in order to develop a promotional strategy targeted toward the industrial market. Several alternative health-care cost containment product systems are evaluated. The various types of promotional strategy are ranked by the potential industrial buyer.
Particle Physics and Particular Persons: the Join Between Happenstance and Goodness in Hapgood

In a wonderfully evocative opening, Hapgood begins with a red dot moving about a map of London projected onto panels which fill the stage1 while we eavesdrop — by means of a voiceover — on British espionage agents who have a blue Peugeot under surveillance as it traverses a Byzantine labyrinth of London streets. Stoppard, who used screens to dazzlingly theatrical effect in Jumpers by filling the stage with the projection ‘in very big close-up’ of Dotty’s ‘dermatograph’,2 expands the map of London before our eyes in ever-increasing close-up. As the supersleuths home in on their human prey with deadly accuracy, we can see not only major thoroughfares but side streets, tiny lanes, and finally the outlines and floor plans of individual buildings. Thus, in one dazzling stroke, Hapgood combines spy technology with stage wizardry to transform the entire audience into espionage agents following an electronic bleep. By the time the first person comes through the doors of the bathhouse which forms the set for the first scene we know that agents have been following him all around London. Or at least we think they have been following him all around London. Amid the multiple wordless exits and entrances of that first scene the audience may or may not catch on to the fact that the first person through the door, identified only as ‘the Russian’, has an identical twin who also enters and exits during the course of that scene.
The Problem of Unity Amid Diversity

One of the chief practical obstacles to the development of social inquiry is the existing division of social phenomena into a number of compartmentalized and supposedly independent non-interacting fields. –John Dewey The social sciences today are divided. They are divided, first of all, among the separate disciplines – anthropology, economics, history, political science, psychology, and sociology. Although scholars occasionally cross these borders, such crossings are arduous and often problematic. It is no surprise that for the most part, anthropologists associate with other anthropologists, and economists with other economists. Whether sustained by methodological differences, organizational incentives, or simple inertia, members of the different scholarly tribes tend to stick to their own kind. The social sciences are divided, second, among subdisciplinary fields. The American Political Science Association recognizes thirty-four sections, the American Historical Association over one hundred, and the American Economics Association several hundred (depending on how one counts the affiliation categories). Similar divisions may be found in other disciplines. These cubbyholes define courses, jobs, conferences, journals, and scholarly activity generally. They are the de facto boundaries of most academic lives. The social sciences are divided, third, among those who are comfortable with statistical analysis and mathematical models, and those who prefer the time-honored expedient of natural language. This division, in evidence for well over a century, continues to provoke and offend. As the reader is no doubt aware, quantoids and qualtoids have developed different languages and different approaches to their topics.
Role of Immunocompetent Cells in Skin Sclerosis and Autoimmunity in Tight Skin Mice

Scleroderma is a connective tissue disease which affects the skin and internal organs. It is a complex and clinically heterogenous disease with three major clinical forms ranging from limited skin involvement (morphea) to diffuse skin sclerosis and severe internal organ involvement (progressive skin sclerosis, SSc) and CREST syndrome in which skin sclerosis is associated with calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal densitometry and telangiectasia. Although, the exact mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of SSc are not known, the following three major alterations might play a role in the pathogenesis: a) excessive deposition of collagen within the skin and internal organs. b) vascular lesions of capillaries and small arteries. c) autoimmune manifestations. (LeRoy, 1989) The autoimmune manifestations in scleroderma are characterized by the presence of autoantibodies as well as by abnormalities of cellular immune response.
Nontumor Prognostic Factors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its prognosis once developed varies across different patients. Since most HCC arise on a previously damaged liver, non-HCC factors have been shown to significantly impact patient outcome. Clinical-and pathology-based risk and prognostic predictors have been widely studied, but their performance is partially limited, especially in subjects not in the extreme of the risk profiles. Molecular prognostic indicators are expected to refine the predictions in patients with HCC although no molecular prognostic predictor has been yet formally recommended in clinical practice guidelines. However, predicted changes in the epidemiology of HCC and the rapid evolution of genomic technologies indicate that molecular-based predictors may soon be implemented in routine clinical conditions.
3D in utero quantification of T2* relaxation times in human fetal brain tissues for age optimized structural and functional MRI

Purpose Maximization of the blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) contrast requires the echo time of the MR sequence to match the T2* value of the tissue of interest, which is expected to be higher in the fetal brain compared with the brain of a child or an adult. Methods T2* values of the cortical plate/cortical gray matter tissue in utero in healthy fetuses from mid-gestation onward (20–36 gestational weeks) were measured using 3D T2* maps calculated from 2D dual-echo T2*-weighted data corrected for between-slice motion and reconstructed in 1.0 mm3 isotropic resolution from a sequence of multiple time points, together with 1.0 mm3 isotropic resolution T2-weighted structural data. Results Mean T2* relaxation times of the cortical tissue were about twice as high as those reported previously in adults. In a supporting experiment applying single seed analysis, default mode and auditory networks appeared better localized and less noisy while using an echo time of 100 ms versus 43 ms. The results of the previous study reporting a trend for T2* values to decrease with fetal age were reproduced and extended to include cortical tissues and subjects in earlier gestation (20–26 gestational weeks). Conclusion The first measurement of T2* values in fetal cortical tissues suggested the appropriate echo time range for fetal BOLD fMRI protocol optimization to be 130–190 ms. Magn Reson Med, 2016. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Mixed-Domain Signal Processing

We argue that mixing domains within circuits and systems can result in new possibilities. We have presented several examples of mixed-domain systems. Internally time-varying (but externally time-invariant) circuits can be designed to consume only the minimum power needed for each task at hand. Several techniques have been presented for making this possible, while avoiding output transients. Internally nonlinear (but externally linear) digital filters make possible 1) keeping internal signal strength large, even for small-strength inputs and 2) maximizing signal-to-error ratio for a large range of input signals. Continuous-time DSP may offer certain advantages of digital technology without its drawbacks: 1) fully digital (noise immunity, programmability), 2) no sampling; thus no signal aliasing, 3) smaller in-band quantization error, and 4) power goes down with decreasing input activity. All of the principles discussed are at the early research stage; none has reached commercial feasibility. Thorough experimental validation and application of some of the principles presented are being pursued
Making the Best Better: 4-H Staffing Patterns and Trends in the Largest Professional Network in the Nation

The results from the National 4-H Headquarters’ survey of the 4-H workforce provides baseline data about 4-H staffing, structures in which 4-H professionals work, and salaries ranges as reported by state Extension 4-H directors. All 50 states responded to the survey and results are reported in eight areas: 1. profile of respondents; 2. current 4-H staffing structures; 3. staffing trends and changes since 1990; 4. academic degree requirements; 5. compensation levels; 6. academic and other preparation; 7. ideal staffing models; and 8. current and future challenges. The survey revealed that academic training of 4-H professionals and compensation for 4-H youth workers was higher compared to their counterparts in youth work elsewhere. While funding for 4-H positions has remained stable, there has been an increase in the use of para-professionals for program delivery.
135Xe measurements with a two-element CZT-based radioxenon detector for nuclear explosion monitoring

Measurement of elevated concentrations of xenon radioisotopes (131mXe, 133mXe, 133Xe and 135Xe) in the atmosphere has been shown to be a very powerful method for verifying whether or not a detected explosion is nuclear in nature. These isotopes are among the few with enough mobility and with half-lives long enough to make their detection at long distances realistic. Existing radioxenon detection systems used by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) suffer from problems such as complexity, need for high maintenance and memory effect. To study the response of CdZnTe (CZT) detectors to xenon radioisotopes and investigate whether it is capable of mitigating the aforementioned issues with the current radioxenon detection systems, a prototype detector utilizing two coplanar CZT detectors was built and tested at Oregon State University. The detection system measures xenon radioisotopes through beta-gamma coincidence technique by detecting coincidence events between the two detectors. In this paper, we introduce the detector design and report our measurement results with radioactive lab sources and 135Xe produced in the OSU TRIGA reactor. Minimum Detectable Concentration (MDC) for 135Xe was calculated to be 1.47 ± 0.05 mBq/m3.
Bone anatomy, physiology and adaptation to mechanical loading

Bone is a specialized connective tissue designed primarily to provide mechanical support. It also plays a vital role in maintaining mineral homeostasis and hematopoiesis. This chapter provides an overview of skeletal anatomy and physiology in relation to these various functions. Details are provided for the macro and microscopic structure of bone tissue and the processes of bone growth, modeling and remodeling. In addition, the mechanical role of bone and its response to situations of loading, disuse and overuse are discussed.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Primary Immunodeficiencies

Inflammatory bowel disease is most often a polygenic disorder with contributions from the intestinal microbiome, defects in barrier function, and dysregulated host responses to microbial stimulation. There is, however, increasing recognition of single gene defects that underlie a subset of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, particularly those with early-onset disease, and this review focuses on the primary immunodeficiencies associated with early-onset inflammatory bowel disease. The advent of next-generation sequencing has led to an improved recognition of single gene defects underlying some cases of inflammatory bowel disease. Among single gene defects, immune response genes are the most frequent category identified. This is also true of common genetic variants associated with inflammatory bowel disease, supporting a pivotal role for host responses in the pathogenesis. This review focuses on practical aspects related to diagnosis and management of children with inflammatory bowel disease who have underlying primary immunodeficiencies.
Associations between BMI Change and Cardiometabolic Risk in Retired Football Players.

ABSTRACTPurposeElevated rates of cardiometabolic diseases have been observed in former American football players. The current study sought to determine whether change in body mass index (ΔBMI) after retirement influences the prevalence of CHD, diabetes, or high blood pressure (HBP) in former profess
Pharmaceutical and biological products.

This chapter is a revision, update and rewrite of information contained in the chapters entitled ‘Edible meat by-products’ and ‘Medical and pharmaceutical uses of by-products’ in the book Animal By-Products Processing by Ockerman and Hansen (1988).
Responsive neurostimulation for treatment of pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy

Responsive neurostimulation for epilepsy involves an implanted device that delivers direct electrical brain stimulation in response to detection of incipient seizures. Responsive neurostimulation is a safe and effective treatment for adults with drug-resistant epilepsy, but although novel treatments are critically needed for younger patients, responsive neurostimulation is currently not approved for children with drug-resistant epilepsy. Here, we report a 16-year-old patient with seizures arising from eloquent cortex, who was successfully treated with responsive neurostimulation. This case highlights the potential utility of this therapy for pediatric patients and underscores the need for larger studies.
Average Energy of Interacting Particles for Thermonuclear Reactions

The average energy of the two interacting particles undergoing a thermonuclear reaction is given, and results are presented for selected thermonuclear reactions among the isotopes of hydrogen, helium, lithium, and boron. It is shown that the average energy is equal to 3kT when the relative reaction rate is a constant. This circumstance never occurs for charged-particle interactions because of the Coulomb barrier. The calculations show that the average energy is almost always >3kT, indicating both a depletion of the high-energy tail of the thermal distribution and an energy enhancement for the thermonuclear reaction products. For energy conservation, any model describing the kinematics of the reaction products for thermonuclear reactions should be consistent with the average total available energy, i.e., + Q.
Naval aviator with pituitary prolactin secreting microadenoma: case report and aeromedical concerns.

The potential complications of a large anterior pituitary tumor, including tumor mass effect and the effects of abnormal hormonal regulation, can result in sudden incapacitation and are potentially life threatening. Tumor mass effects include visual disturbances due to compression of the optic chiasm and altered hormonal secretion due to compromised portions of the normal anterior pituitary. Additionally, the tumor may outgrow its own blood supply causing infarction or hemorrhage. Bromocryptine is the primary medication used to treat prolactinomas. Potential side effects of bromocryptine include headaches, orthostatic hypotension, gastrointestinal effects, and psychosis. The effects of long standing untreated hyperprolactinemia are reduced testosterone, frequent headaches, and decreased bone density. This is the case report and discussion concerning a male naval helicopter pilot diagnosed with a relatively small pituitary microadenoma during an evaluation for primary infertility. Detailed discussion of aeromedical concerns, risks, and related cases is presented. This case was reviewed by a Special Board of Flight Surgeons at the Naval Aeromedical and Operational Institute resulting in the first U.S. Navy flight waiver for a patient with a microadenoma to continue on active flight status.
Epilogue and Prologue

If the authors of these lyrics are correct, then this chapter and the ageless efforts of enchanters, financial advisors, fortune tellers, magicians, oracles, witch doctors, and warlocks have all been exercises in futility. More importantly, the implications of such a shoulder-shrug attitude are enormous. Such a position runs counter to past and present views of education in the United States, which included the firm belief that what takes place in the future will be determined in part by the nature and the quality of what transpires in schools. There is probably general agreement that a goal, if not the goal, of formal education is to assist students in coming to understand themselves and the society in which they live and, thereby, increase the possibility that they can play a productive and satisfying part in society’s—and their—future. Such understanding will not cause us to know the future, but should provide the base for reasoned thoughts about, and shaping of, what is to come.
Near/far side asymmetry in the tidally heated Moon

Abstract Using viscoelastic mass spring model simulations to track heat distribution inside a tidally perturbed body, we measure the near/far side asymmetry of heating in the crust of a spin synchronous Moon in eccentric orbit about the Earth. With the young Moon within ≲8 Earth radii of the Earth, we find that tidal heating per unit area in a lunar crustal shell is asymmetric due to the octupole order moment in the Earth's tidal field and is 10 to 20% higher on its near side than on its far side. Tidal heating reduces the crustal basal heat flux and the rate of magma ocean crystallization. Assuming that the local crustal growth rate depends on the local basal heat flux and the distribution of tidal heating in latitude and longitude, a heat conductivity model illustrates that a moderately asymmetric and growing lunar crust could maintain its near/far side thickness asymmetry but only while the Moon is near the Earth.