cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy after previous mastectomy.

Background Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is the standard of care for axillary staging in breast cancer, but many clinical scenarios questioning the validity of SLN biopsy remain. Here we describe our experience with reoperative-SLN (re-SLN) biopsy after previous mastectomy. Study Design Review of the SLN database from September 1996 to December 2007 yielded 20 procedures done in the setting of previous mastectomy. SLN biopsy was performed using radioisotope with or without blue dye injection superior to the mastectomy incision, in the skin flap in all patients. In 17 of 20 patients (85%), re-SLN biopsy was performed for local or regional recurrence after mastectomy. Results Re-SLN biopsy was successful in 13 of 20 patients (65%) after previous mastectomy. Of the 13 patients, 2 had positive re-SLN, and completion axillary dissection was performed, with 1 having additional positive nodes. In the 11 patients with negative re-SLN, 2 patients underwent completion axillary dissection demonstrating additional negative nodes. One patient with a negative re-SLN experienced chest wall recurrence combined with axillary recurrence 11 months after re-SLN biopsy. All others remained free of local or axillary recurrence. Re-SLN biopsy was unsuccessful in 7 of 20 patients (35%). In three of seven patients, axillary dissection was performed, yielding positive nodes in two of the three. The remaining four of seven patients all had previous modified radical mastectomy, so underwent no additional axillary surgery. Conclusions In this small series, re-SLN was successful after previous mastectomy, and this procedure may play some role when axillary staging is warranted after mastectomy.
Some practical problems in implementing a certain sieve estimator of the gaussian mean function

Two problems in the practical implementation of a certain sieve estimator of the Gaussian process mean are discussed and illustrated via Monte Carlo experiments. The problems are: (1) introduction of extra error due to the necessity of estimating certain stochastic integrals; (2) the value of the sieve index.
Complications of tuberculosis.

Purpose of reviewDiagnosis and management of tuberculosis (TB) remains challenging and complex because of the heterogeneity of disease presentations. Despite effective treatment, TB disease can lead to significant short-and long-term health consequences. We review potential acute and chronic complic
The CdS/Cu2 solar cell

Abstract The CdS/Cu 2 solar cell is described, the physics of its operation is analyzed, and its performance is reviewed. Special attention is given to recent progress in its development and probable limitations.
Cholesterol metabolism in human cancer cells in monolayer culture. V. The effect of progesterone on the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity by low density lipoprotein.

The effect of progesterone on the regulation of 3- hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase activity by low density lipoprotein (LDL) was studied in eight gynecological cancer cell lines maintained in monolayer culture. In the absence of LDL and progesterone, the specific activity of HMG CoA reductase varied widely from one cell line to another (range, 200–2500 pmol mg microsomal protein−1 min−1). As in noncancerous cells, LDL suppressed the activity of HMG CoA reductase in all cell lines. Progesterone (40 JUM) attenuated or abolished the decrease in specific enzyme activity normally brought about by LDL. Progesterone, in the absence of LDL, stimulated HMG CoA reductase activity in some of these cell lines. Other steroids (cortisol and estradiol) had no effect on the specific activity of HMG CoA reductase. The mechanism by which progesterone stimulates HMG CoA reductase activity is not clear, but since progesterone receptors were not detectable in these cells a mechanism independent of the ...
Variable wavelength, variable angle ellipsometry including a sensitivities correlation test

Abstract Combining simultaneously both variable wavelength and variable angle of incidence to assess solutions of the optical parameters of a system, a procedure is developed which provides more information on the optical parameters than methods where either the wavelength or the angle of incidence is held constant. This results in a reduction in the interdependence of the optical parameters, and provides for more acceptable solutions. For a film on a substrate structure, if one knows the substrate optical parameters, the thickness and optical properties of the film can be characterized at each wavelength without the need for (a) a dispersion equation, (b) an independent measurement of the thickness or (c) any special requirements on the substrate optical properties. For a nearly transparent film on an absorbing substrate, all four parameters of the three-medium model (the substrate and film refractive indices, substrate extinction coefficient and film thickness) can be determined. If in addition one uses a dispersion relation for the refractive index in a very weakly absorbing film, the optical properties of an absorbing substrate and the film can be determined unambiguously. As a second major feature of this paper we show that the sensitivity correlation matrix, as well as the traditional parameter correlation matrix, should be calculated if one is to determine the independence of ellipsometric parameter solutions. An SiO2 film on silicon is used for illustration, but of course the analysis is recommended for more complicated materials systems.
MICROMEGAKARYOCYTOSIS AND HEREDITARY THROMBOCYTOPENIA

Two sibs (BS and RS) and a first cousin (BT) have been followed for several years for easy bruising, epistaxis, and low platelet counts (BS and RS 12-30,000, BT 30-60,000). BT has an unaffected sibling. Chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) was suspected but the number of raegakaryocytes (megas) seemed decreased. Splenectomy in BT led to a transient rise in platelets (max 90,000) before falling to, and remaining at, pre-operatlve levels. Pre-existing (BS, RS, and 4 normal children) and fresh (BT) marrow samples were Feulgen stained and examined for number, size, ploidy, and maturation (N=300 cells). With Feulgen staining, mega numbers were increased (2x) compared to controls. The mean mega diameter in all three patients was decreased (19 μm vs 26 μ m control). Also, the patients' megas were lower in ploidy. Maturation appeared retarded (Feulgen) but seemed to have an approximate normal distribution with Wright stain. Since mega size is related to levels of ploidy and maturation, the defect in these patients may be due to inadequate ploidization. Actual mega numbers may be increased though micromegakaryocytes may be missed on routine bone marrow smear. This family represents a form of thrombocytopenia that could be confused with chronic ITP and which will probably not respond to splenectomy.
Monolayer structure of phenoxy species on Cu(110): an STM study

Abstract The monolayer structure of phenoxy species (PhO) on a metal surface has been studied for the first time with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The phenoxy species was produced by exposing the Cu(110) surface to phenol at room temperature. The monolayer exhibits a c(4 × 2) LEED pattern; however, molecular resolution STM imaging of the monolayer reveals three types of overlayer structures: (1) a densely packed c(4 × 2) or 4002 structure with a coverage of 0.25 PhO per surface copper atom, (2) more densely packed phenoxy chains separating the c(4 × 2) regions with a local coverage of 0.33 PhO per Cu, and (3) a distorted c(4 × 2) or 4102 structure consisting of phenoxy chains. Structural models are proposed for each case based on the real dimensions measured with STM. These structures exhibit a constant binding site for the phenoxy species with different orientations (from nearly parallel to almost normal) with respect to the surface plane. The “15°–20° tilts” measured by other techniques on Pd(110) and Ni(110) may be affected by the sum of different structures.
Electromagnetic fields radiated from a lightning return stroke - Application of an exact solution to Maxwell's equations

A solution is presented for the electromagnetic fields radiated by an arbitrarily oriented current filament over a conducting ground plane in the case where the current propagates along the filament at the speed of light, and this solution is interpreted in terms of radiation from lightning return strokes. The solution is exact in the fullest sense; no mathematical approximations are made, and the governing differential equations and boundary conditions are satisfied. The solution has the additional attribute of being specified in closed form in terms of elementary functions. This solution is discussed from the point of view of deducing lightning current wave forms from measurements of the electromagnetic fields and understanding the effects of channel tortuosity on the radiated fields. In addition, it is compared with two approximate solutions, the traditional moment approximation and the Fraunhofer approximation, and a set of criteria describing their applicability are presented and interpreted.
Organizational characteristics and the quality of surgical care

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Public recognition of wide variations in surgical outcomes has prompted numerous efforts aimed at measuring and improving quality. Given that many of the most prominent efforts focus on organizational factors, this paper reviews the growing body of evidence underlying these initiatives. RECENT FINDINGS: Physician, nurse, and pharmacist staffing are strongly related to outcomes for critically ill surgical patients. New technologic innovation, particularly computerized physician order entry, has the potential to markedly reduce medical errors in this population. Creating an infrastructure for the measurement and improvement of surgical quality also shows significant promise for improving outcomes. SUMMARY: Several organizational characteristics are strongly related outcomes for critically ill surgical patients. Increasing the number of surgical patients receiving care in hospitals adhering to these organizational practices would save many lives each year.
APPOINTMENT KEEPING BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENTS: IMPACT OF PATIENT PERCEIVED OUTCOMES ON COMPLIANCE WITH FOLLOW-UP APPOINTMENTS

APPOINTMENT KEEPING BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENTS: IMPACT OF PATIENT PERCEIVED OUTCOMES ON COMPLIANCE WITH FOLLOW-UP APPOINTMENTS
Insulin resistance syndrome and Alzheimer disease: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic implications.

Insulin plays a key role in cognition and other aspects of normal brain function. Insulin resistance induces chronic peripheral insulin elevations, reduces insulin activity, and reduces brain insulin levels. The insulin resistance syndrome and associated conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus a
Rapid increase of scrub typhus: an epidemiology and spatial-temporal cluster analysis in Guangzhou City, Southern China, 2006-2012.

Background Scrub typhus has been increasingly reported in Southern China, and public health authorities are concerned about its increased incidence. Additionally, little evidence is available on the epidemiology of scrub typhus in Southern China. This study aims to analyze the epidemiological and geographic features of ST in Guangzhou City, Southern China, to guide the future prevention efforts. Methods Scrub typhus surveillance data in Guangzhou City during 2006–2012 were obtained from the Chinese National Communicable Disease Surveillance Network. We first conducted a descriptive analysis to analyze the epidemiological features of scrub typhus. Then we used space-time scan statistic based on a discrete Poisson model to detect and evaluate high-risk spatial-temporal clusters of scrub typhus. Results There were 4,001 cases of scrub typhus in Guangzhou City during the study period. The incidence of scrub typhus increased from 3.29 per 100,000 in 2006 to 9.85 per 100,000 in 2012. A summer peak was observed in June and July with a second peak in September and October except year 2009 and 2011. The majority of the cases (71.4%) were among persons aged ≥40 years, and female incidence was higher than male incidence in persons ≥50 years. In the space-time analysis, high-risk clusters were concentrated in rural areas in Guangzhou City. Over the past 7 years, Haizhu District, an urban area, was found to be a high-risk cluster for the first time in 2012. Conclusion The resurgence of scrub typhus epidemics in Guangzhou population in 2012 necessitates more effective measures for minimizing future epidemics. Consideration of high-risk population and historical spatial-temporal clusters may help prevent scrub typhus. The risk of scrub typhus in urban areas should not be neglected and needs more attention from public health authorities.
The role of the fat body, midgut and ovary in vitellogenin production and vitellogenesis in the female tick, Dermacentor variabilis.

Abstract Polyclonal antibodies directed against D. variabilis vitellin were utilized for immunocytochemistry at the ultrastructural level. We localized vitelligenin (Vg) in rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, secretory granules and secreted products of fat body trophocytes and midgut vitellogenic cells from feeding and ovipositing females. Vg was localized in the oocyte Golgi bodies and in the yolk bodies of both feeding and ovipositing females. Uptake of exogenous Vg was indicated by the presence of immunospecific gold probe in coated pits and coated vesicles at the apical plasma membrane of oocytes from females in rapid engorgement and oviposition. In unmated females little detectable evidence of Vg uptake by developing oocytes suggests that mating and host detachment signal the beginning of vitellogenesis. We conclude that fat body trophocytes, midgut vitellogenic cells and oocytes are involved in the synthesis and/or processing of Vg and that feeding is the signal associated with the initiation of Vg synthesis and/or processing.
Image enhancement using optical symbolic substitution

Rotation-invariant image sharpening schemes based on Roberts operators, difference operators, Laplacian, and high-frequency emphasis are realized using optical symbolic substitution. Symbolic systems based on both optical content-addressable memory and phase-only holograms are considered for these image enhancement schemes.
Patterns of expression, membrane localization, and effects of ectopic expression suggest a function for MS4a4B, a CD20 homolog in Th1 T cells.

The membrane-spanning 4A (MS4A) family of proteins includes CD20, FceRIβ, and HTm4, whose genes are grouped in a chromosomal location that is associated with increased susceptibility to allergy and atopic asthma. One family member, Chandra/MS4a4B, was reported to be expressed in T helper 1 (Th1) T cells but not Th2 T cells. In the present study, Ms4a4b was isolated in a screen of genes differentially expressed during thymocyte development. MS4a4B was detected in immature CD4-CD8-CD44+CD25- thymocytes, turned off during further stages of thymocyte development and reexpressed in mature single-positive thymocytes. MS4a4B expression was found in naive CD8+ and CD4+ peripheral T cells and natural killer (NK) cells but not in B cells. MS4a4B is expressed at the cell surface with its C-terminus located in the cytoplasm. When expressed in a T-cell hybridoma by retroviral vector, MS4a4B protein constitutively associated with lipid raft microdomains, whereas in primary T cells endogenous MS4a4B protein became enriched in rafts after T-cell activation. Overexpression of MS4a4B in primary CD4+ T-cell blasts enhanced T-cell receptor (TCR)-induced Th1 cytokine production. These results suggest that MS4a4B expression is tightly regulated during T-cell development and that MS4a4B expression promotes Th1 function and/or differentiation. (Blood. 2006;107:2400-2408)
EFFECT OF HYPEROXYGENATION ON TISSUE pO2 AND ITS EFFECT ON RADIOTHERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF ORTHOTOPIC F98 GLIOMAS

Purpose Lack of methods for repeated assessment of tumor pO 2 limits the ability to test and optimize hypoxia-modifying procedures being developed for clinical applications. We report repeated measurements of orthotopic F98 tumor pO 2 and relate this to the effect of carbogen inhalation on tumor growth when combined with hypofractionated radiotherapy. Methods and Materials Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry was used for repeated measurements of tumor and contralateral brain pO 2 in rats during 30% O 2 and carbogen inhalation for 5 consecutive days. The T 1 -enhanced volumes and diffusion coefficients of the tumors were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The tumors were irradiated with 9.3 Gy x 4 fractions in rats breathing 30% O 2 or carbogen to determine the effect on tumor growth. Results The pretreatment F98 tumor pO 2 varied between 8 and 16 mmHg, while the contralateral brain had 41 to 45 mmHg pO 2 during repeated measurements. Carbogen breathing led to a significant increase in tumor and contralateral brain pO 2 ; however, this effect declined over days. Irradiation of the tumors in rats breathing carbogen resulted in a significant decrease in tumor growth and an increase in the diffusion coefficient measured by MRI. Conclusions The results provide quantitative measurements of the effect of carbogen inhalation on intracerebral tumor pO 2 and its effect on therapeutic outcome. Such direct repeated pO 2 measurements by EPR oximetry can provide temporal information that could be used to improve therapeutic outcome by scheduling doses at times of improved tumor oxygenation. EPR oximetry is currently being tested for clinical applications.
Use of fiber and fuzz mutants to detect QTL for yield components, seed, and fiber traits of upland cotton

This research detected QTL or molecular markers associated with yield, fiber, and seed traits within multiple fuzz and fiber loci genetic backgrounds. Two F2 populations from crosses of MD17, a fuzzless-lintless line containing three fuzzless loci, N1, n2 and a postulated n3, with line 181, fuzzless-linted and with FM966, a fuzzy-linted cultivar, were used. QTL explaining 68.3 (population with FM966) to 87.1% (population with 181) of the phenotypic variation for lint percentage and 62.8% (population with 181) for lint index were detected in the vicinity of BNL3482-138 on chromosome 26. Single marker regression analyses indicated STV79-108, on the long arm of chromosome 12 had significant association with lint percentage (R2 26.7%), lint index (R2 30.6%), embryo protein percentage (R2 15.4%) and micronaire (R2 20.0%). Two-locus epistatic interactions were also observed. Results from this research will facilitate further understanding the complex mechanisms of yield, fiber, and seed traits of cotton.
Ideal isolated levocardia

Abstract Levocardia with situs inversus, a rare congenital disorder, is usually associated with severe cyanotic congenital heart disease. Review of the literature reveals reports of over 160 cases, in only 9 of which were the hearts presumably normal; and this presumption was proved clinically in only 1 patient. The case presentation here recorded concerns an individual in whom cardiac catheterization, cineangiocardiography, and radiologic studies of the abdominal viscera demonstrated a hemodynamically normal, left-sided heart associated with partial situs inversus viscerum. Normal spatial arrangements of the heart chambers and the great vessels were also verified in what is thought to represent a very rare example of ideal isolated levocardia in a 16-year-old Negro girl who is living and well. A comprehensive bibliography on this unusual group of congenital malformations in man has been assembled.
Synthesis of some benzimidazole‐ and benzothiazole‐derived ligand systems and their precursory diacids

Procedures are described for the preparation of various bidentate and linear tetradentate benzimidazoles and benzothiazoles incorporating units such as pyridyl and thioether, and for the preparation of certain thioether dicarboxylic acids precursory to them. Condensations of ortho-functinal anilines with carboxylic acids were carried out in polyphosphoric acid or refluxing HCl solution. Syntheses are reported for: [HO2C(CH2)2S(CH2)2]2X (X = O, S), 1,9-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)-2,5,8-trithianonane, 1,11-bis(N-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)-3,6,9-trithiaundecane, 1,11-bis(2-benzimidazol-2-yl)-6-oxo-3,9-dithiaundecane, 2-(2-pyridyl)benzothiazole, 2,6-bis(benzothiazol-2-yl)pyridine, 2-(2-pyridyl)-N-methylbenzimidazole, 2-(2-pyridylmethyl)benzimidazole and 2-(N-methyl-2-piperidyl)benzimidazole. The compounds were characterized, where appropriate, by their mass, uv and 1H-nmr spectra.
Writing the train: Imperial visions, masculinity and nationalism in the work of French writers in the last third of the nineteenth century

This article examines the responses of the Medan group of French writers – adherents to the aesthetics of the naturalist novel centered around Gustave Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Guyde Maupassant, and Emile Zola – to railway construction as a component of the project of nationalism. Existing scholarship, and Eugen Weber in particular, have emphasized how the French educated elite welcomed the creation of a united railway network, considering it essential for the spread of Republican and modern values. However, in defining railway construction as a Republican project, the intellectuals had to compete with the legacy of the Second Empire, which itself had sought to turn the modernization of transport into a sacred symbol of its civilizing mission. Because of the attachment of imperial symbolism to the railway, Flaubert, Goncourt, Maupassant and Zola doubted the benefits of railroads as the agent of civilizing mission. In his Labete humaine (1890), which portrays the life of railway station employees in Le Havre during the late 1860s, Zola underlined that economic modernization and fast transportation did not succeed in disseminating refined culture and civility among the French. The positive aspects of modern technology had failed to compete with the corruption of morality provoked by the politicians of the Second Empire. These same authors, however, recognized that detailed knowledge of modern technological phenomena would become the essence of a modern masculinity, and redefined an emotional attachment to the symbols of this technology (including the railway) as a part of the subjectivities of the modern Frenchman.
Epidemiology of lower extremity injuries among U.S. high school athletes.

Objectives Despite the health benefits of organized sports, high school athletes are at risk for lower extremity sports-related injuries (LESRIs). The authors documented the epidemiology of LESRIs among U.S. high school athletes. Methods Via two-stage sampling, 100 U.S. high schools were randomly selected. During the 2005 school year, LESRIs in nine sports were reported: boys' baseball, football, and wrestling; girls' softball and volleyball; and boys' and girls' basketball and soccer. The authors calculated rates as the ratio of LESRIs to the number of athlete exposures. National estimates were generated by assigning injuries a sample weight based on the inverse probability of the school's selection into the study. Results Among high school athletes in 2005, 2,298 of 4,350 injuries (52.8%) were LESRIs. This represents an estimated 807,222 LESRIs in U.S. high school athletes in nine sports (1.33/1,000 athlete exposures). Football had the highest LESRI rate for boys (2.01/1,000) and soccer the highest for girls (1.59/1,000). Leading diagnoses were sprains (50%), strains (17%), contusions (12%), and fractures (5%). The ankle (40%), knee (25%), and thigh (14%) were most frequently injured. Fractures occurred most often in the ankle (42%), lower leg (29%), or foot (18%). Girls with ligamentous knee injuries required surgery twice as often as boys (67% vs. 35%; p Language: en
Heart rate variability in healthy newborn infants

In adults and older children, heart rate variability (HRV) is frequently used to study autonomic function noninvasively. Normal values of HRV in newborn infants, however, are not widely available. This problem may be partially attributed to the lack of standardization of different methods. This study assessed HRV in normal newborn infants using 24-hour Holter monitoring. From 1997 to 2000, we prospectively evaluated frequency- (spectral analysis), geometric-, and time-domain indexes of HRV in normal term infants. Ninety-six asymptomatic infants who were or = 0.85, p <0.0001) was noted among the 3 vagal tone dependent parameters, such as high-frequency power (frequency domain), r-MSSD, and s-NN50 (time domain). Our study supports the use of vagal dependent time-domain parameters like r-MSSD and sNN50 as surrogates for high-frequency power in newborns. Because the data are reported as means +/- SD, medians, and 5th and 95th percentiles, their use facilitates the study of parasympathetic and sympathetic activity in comparable populations.
On Mating and the "Copulation Burrows" of Crabs of the Genus Ocypode (Decapoda, Brachyura)1)

[Die Arbeit von Linsenmair (1965, 1967) deutet darauf hin, das die Mannchen von Ocypode saratan eine spezielle Hohle fur Werbung und Kopulation errichten. Dieser Befund veranlaste eine Uberprufung der Hohlen der weitverbreiteten indopazifischen Art O. ceratophthalmus, in welcher dieses Phanomen bisher als nicht zutreffend angesehen worden war. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, das geschlechtsreife Mannchen in der Tat leicht unterscheidbare Hohlen bauen, die offensichtlich identisch sind mit den von Linsenmair beschriebenen. Einige fruhere Misinterpretationen des Verhaltens dieser Art, die zuruckgehen auf eine falsche Auffassung uber die Natur der Kopulationshohlen, wurden berichtigt. Kopulation wurde bisher noch nicht in der Gattung Ocypode beobachtet. Sie wird hier erstmals fur zwei Arten aus der Neuen Welt beschrieben., Die Arbeit von Linsenmair (1965, 1967) deutet darauf hin, das die Mannchen von Ocypode saratan eine spezielle Hohle fur Werbung und Kopulation errichten. Dieser Befund veranlaste eine Uberprufung der Hohlen der weitverbreiteten indopazifischen Art O. ceratophthalmus, in welcher dieses Phanomen bisher als nicht zutreffend angesehen worden war. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, das geschlechtsreife Mannchen in der Tat leicht unterscheidbare Hohlen bauen, die offensichtlich identisch sind mit den von Linsenmair beschriebenen. Einige fruhere Misinterpretationen des Verhaltens dieser Art, die zuruckgehen auf eine falsche Auffassung uber die Natur der Kopulationshohlen, wurden berichtigt. Kopulation wurde bisher noch nicht in der Gattung Ocypode beobachtet. Sie wird hier erstmals fur zwei Arten aus der Neuen Welt beschrieben.]
Operating system support for planetary-scale network services

PlanetLab is a geographically distributed overlay network designed to support the deployment and evaluation of planetary-scale network services. Two high-level goals shape its design. First, to enable a large research community to share the infrastructure, PlanetLab provides distributed virtualization, whereby each service runs in an isolated slice of PlanetLab's global resources. Second, to support competition among multiple network services, PlanetLab decouples the operating system running on each node from the network-wide services that define PlanetLab, a principle referred to as unbundled management. This paper describes how Planet-Lab realizes the goals of distributed virtualization and unbundled management, with a focus on the OS running on each node.
Glutamine metabolism in uricotelic species: variation in skeletal muscle glutamine synthetase, glutaminase, glutamine levels and rates of protein synthesis

High intracellular glutamine levels have been implicated in promoting net protein synthesis and accretion in mammalian skeletal muscle. Little is known regarding glutamine metabolism in uricotelic species but chicken breast muscle exhibits high rates of protein accretion and would be predicted to maintain high glutamine levels. However, chicken breast muscle expresses high glutaminase activity and here we report that chicken breast muscle also expresses low glutamine synthetase activity (0.07+/-0.01 U/g) when compared to leg muscle (0.50+/-0.04 U/g). Free glutamine levels were 1.38+/-0.09 and 9.69+/-0.12 nmol/mg wet weight in breast and leg muscles of fed chickens, respectively. Glutamine levels were also lower in dove breast muscle (4.82+/-0.35 nmol/mg wet weight) when compared to leg muscle (16.2+/-1.0 nmol/mg wet weight) and much lower (1.80+/-0.46 nmol/mg wet weight) in lizard leg muscle. In fed chickens, rates of fractional protein synthesis were higher in leg than in breast muscle, and starvation (48 h) resulted in a decrease in both glutamine content and rate of protein synthesis in leg muscle. Thus, although tissue-specific glutamine metabolism in uricotelic species differs markedly from that in ureotelic animals, differences in rates of skeletal muscle protein synthesis are associated with corresponding differences in intramuscular glutamine content.
Preoperative and postoperative use of nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs in cataract surgery

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs have unique properties that aid the cataract surgeon. In phacoemulsification surgery, patients routinely receive nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs along with their dilating drops to inhibit intraoperative miosis. After surgery, these drugs can control inflammation and inhibit the development of cystoid macular edema. We present two prospective randomized studies. In the first, diclofenac sodium was compared with prednisolone acetate for control of postoperative inflammation. In the second, diclofenac sodium was compared with flurbiprofen for inhibition of intraoperative miosis. Diclofenac sodium was found to be as effective as prednisolone acetate for control of postoperative inflammation and as effective as flurbiprofen for inhibition of intraoperative miosis. Thus, whereas in the past we used a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug before surgery for inhibition of intraoperative miosis and a steroid drop in the postoperative period to control postsurgical inflammation, we now have equal efficacy using the same drug in the entire perioperative period.
Characterizing and mitigating the wind resource-based uncertainty in farm performance

A farm planning strategy that simultaneously accounts for the key engineering design factors and addresses the uncertainties in a wind project can offer a powerful impetus to the development of wind energy. In this context, the resource itself is highly uncertain – wind conditions, including wind speed, wind direction, and air density, show strong temporal variations; in addition, the distribution of wind conditions varies significantly from year to year. The resulting ill-predictability of the annual distribution of wind conditions introduces significant uncertainties in the estimated resource potential or the predicted performance of the wind farm. In this paper, a new methodology is developed (i) to characterize the uncertainties in the annual distribution of wind conditions, and (ii) to model the propagation of uncertainties into the local wind power density (WPD) and into farm performance evaluation. Key measures of farm performance include annual energy production (AEP), cost of energy (COE), and pa...
Angiographic outcome of endovascular stroke therapy correlated with MR findings, infarct growth, and clinical outcome in the DEFUSE 2 trial

Background DEFUSE 2 demonstrated that patients with magnetic resonance imaging mismatch had a favorable clinical response to tissue reperfusion assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. This study reports the endovascular results and correlates angiographic reperfusion with clinical and imaging outcomes.
Needle tract recurrences after closed biopsy for sarcoma: Three cases and review of the literature

Background: Percutaneous closed needle biopsy of musculoskeletal neoplasms has gained in popularity. However, it remains controversial whether or not to resect the needle tract for fear of a local recurrence. A single published case report exists, noting the lone tract recurrence of an extremity skeletal osteosarcoma. Methods: We report on three additional individuals who demonstrated that tract local recurrences may occur after a closed needle biopsy for nonosteosarcoma, nonextremity sarcomas. For perspective, the world literature is reviewed to identify tract recurrences for other malignancies and the results of needle biopsy in musculoskeletal neoplasms. Results: Eighty-nine percent of needle tract local recurrences occur when carcinomas are subjected to biopsy, as reported in the literature. Forty-seven cases since 1950 are described representing essentially all tumor types. The nature of musculoskeletal neoplasms makes closed biopsy more difficult than for softer, more homogeneous, and easier to access neoplasms. Conclusions: Local recurrences of sarcoma may occur in closed needle biopsy tracts. Strong consideration should be given to open biopsy and tract resection.
Wavelet Selection for Bearing Defect Diagnosis

This paper introduces a quantitative measure based on the energy-to-Shannon entropy ratio for base wavelet selection in vibration signal analysis. The Gaussian-modulated sinusoidal signal and a realistic vibration signal measured from a ball bearing have been used to evaluate the effectiveness of the measure. Experimental results demonstrate that the wavelet selected using the developed measure is effective in diagnosing structural defects in the bearing and the method developed provides systematic guidance in wavelet selection.
Regulation of ultraviolet radiation induced cutaneous photoimmunosuppression by Toll-like receptor-4

UVB radiation is a potent immunosuppressive agent that inhibits cell-mediated immune responses. The mechanisms by which UVB radiation influences cell-mediated immune responses have been the subject of extensive investigation. However, the role of innate immunity on photoimmunological processes has received little attention. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) contributed to UV-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses. TLR4⁻/⁻ and wild type C57BL/6 (TLR4+/+) mice were subjected to a local UVB immunosuppression regimen consisting of 100 mJ/cm² UVB radiation followed by sensitization with the hapten DNFB. Wild type TLR4+/+ mice exhibited significant suppression of contact hypersensitivity response, whereas TLR4⁻/⁻ developed significantly less suppression. The suppression in wild type TLR4+/+ mice could be adoptively transferred to naive syngeneic recipients. Moreover, there were significantly fewer Foxp3 expressing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells in the draining lymph nodes of UV-irradiated TLR4⁻/⁻ mice than TLR4+/+ mice. When cytokine levels were compared in these two strains after UVB exposure, T-cells from TLR4+/+ mice produced higher levels of IL-10 and TGF-β and lower levels of IFN-γ and IL-17. Strategies to inhibit TLR4 may allow us to develop immunopreventive and immunotherapeutic approaches for management of UVB induced cutaneous immunosuppression.
Dynamic deformation of Seguam Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, 1993–2000: Implications for magmatic and hydrothermal processes

[1] The most recent volcanic eruption on Seguam Island was detected in December 1992 and lasted until July or August of 1993. A series of radar interferograms, generated from imagery collected by the European Space Agency's ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites, are used here to map the spatial and temporal evolution of the deformation field from June of 1993 to September of 2000. This evolution consists of a coeruptive period of uplift surrounding the eruption; two posteruptive subsidence signals, centered within each of the two calderas on the island, each of which lasted for 4 years after the end of the eruption; and then uplift beneath the caldera on the eastern side of the island and the surrounding region from mid 1999 through the end of the time series in September 2000. The locations and magnitudes of the sources of the deformation are inferred from the interferometric synthetic aperture radar displacement data using an elastic half-space Earth model with multiple Mogi point sources and a Levenburg-Marquardt nonlinear inversion technique. This inference reveals that the sources of subsidence are located within the upper 2 km of the Earth's crust, while the sources of uplift are located below 2.5 km. The locations of dilatational sources are consistent with a model of the volcanic system where ascending magma accumulates below a density or structural boundary near 2.5–3 km depth. The subsidence signals are most likely associated with cooling of shallow magmatic bodies emplaced during the 1992–1993 eruption. However, the possibility that they indicate a combination of magma cooling and depressurization of a hydrothermal system cannot be ruled out using the geodetic data alone. Implications for the long-term evolution of the volcanic edifice are discussed.
Fissuring near the TAG active hydrothermal mound, 26°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Abstract Analysis of 12,000 electronic still camera images collected with the ARGO II vehicle near the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) active hydrothermal mound, 26°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has made possible the first quantitative in situ assessment of both fissure orientation and width within the median valley of a slow-spreading ridge. Fissures near the TAG mound are partially rubble-filled extensional fractures that cut lightly sedimented seafloor and in ∼1% of our observations host pillow lavas. Fissure widths range from 0.15 to 3.5 m, with a mean of 0.7 m, and do not vary systematically within the survey area. First-order estimates of crack depth, based on these width measurements and reasonable elastic moduli, indicate that fissures are restricted to depths 45° from the strike of the ridge axis. The formation of obliquely oriented fissures requires that the local least compressive stress direction varies (at least temporarily) from that predicted by the regional tectonic stress field associated with plate separation. This stress field reorientation may be facilitated by variations in the style of magma emplacement within the rift. The close spatial association of long-term hydrothermal activity, fissure-hosted lava flows, and faults and fissures trending oblique to the spreading axis suggests a causal relationship between the impact of dike intrusion and the maintenance of localized hydrothermal flow.
Divergent Cardiopulmonary Actions of Heme Oxygenase Enzymatic Products in Chronic Hypoxia

BACKGROUND Hypoxia and pressure-overload induce heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). HO-1(-/-) mice exposed to chronic hypoxia develop pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) with exaggerated right ventricular (RV) injury consisting of dilation, fibrosis, and mural thrombi. Our objective was to identify the HO-1 product(s) mediating RV protection from hypoxic injury in HO-1(-/-) mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS HO-1(-/-) mice were exposed to seven weeks of hypoxia and treated with inhaled CO or biliverdin injections. CO reduced right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and prevented hypoxic pulmonary arteriolar remodeling in both HO-1(-/-) and control mice. Biliverdin had no significant effect on arteriolar remodeling or RVSP in either genotype. Despite this, biliverdin prevented RV failure in the hypoxic HO-1(-/-) mice (0/14 manifested RV wall fibrosis or thrombus), while CO-treated HO-1(-/-) mice developed RV insults similar to untreated controls. In vitro, CO inhibited hypoxic VSMC proliferation and migration but did not prevent cardiomyocyte death from anoxia-reoxygenation (A-R). In contrast, bilirubin limited A-R-induced cardiomyocyte death but did not inhibit VSMC proliferation and migration. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE CO and bilirubin have distinct protective actions in the heart and pulmonary vasculature during chronic hypoxia. Moreover, reducing pulmonary vascular resistance may not prevent RV injury in hypoxia-induced PAH; supporting RV adaptation to hypoxia and preventing RV failure must be a therapeutic goal.
Metabolic responses to intracerebroventricular leptin and restricted feeding.

Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipocytes, which plays an important role in the control of food intake and metabolic processes. In the current study, a dose-dependent relationship was shown between a bolus intracerebroventricular rat recombinant leptin administration and reductions in food intake and body weight in Sprague-Dawley rats. During the 24 h postinjection period, food intake was decreased by 24, 26, and 52% with 0.625, 2.5, and 10 microg of leptin, respectively. Body weight was reduced by 2, 3, and 5% at 24 h after leptin administration at the doses of 0.156, 2.5, and 10 microg, respectively. Furthermore, indirect calorimetry demonstrated that five daily i.c.v. injections of leptin resulted in an increase in heat production per unit of metabolic body size and fat oxidation by approximately 10 and 48%, respectively. In contrast, food-restricted rats that consumed the equivalent amount of food as leptin-treated rats for 5 days decreased their energy expenditure by 10%. Food restriction was found to decrease respiratory quotient in a similar pattern as the leptin administration. When ad lib feeding was resumed, food-restricted rats quickly recovered their normal food intakes, body weights, and metabolism. Conversely, leptin treatment has prolonged effects on body weight resulting from different metabolic responses than food restriction. Leptin not only suppresses food intake, but also enhances energy expenditure to reduce fat depots.
Moon Model–An Offset Core

The lunar model proposed helps to account for the offset of the center of gravity from the center of the optical figure, the moments of inertia of the Moon, the 'mascons,' the localization of the maria basins on the near side of the Moon, the igneous nature of rocks, and the remanent magnetism. In the proposed model the Moon has a core whose center is offset from the center of the outside spheroid towards the earth. Such a core will be formed if the Moon were entirely molten at some time in its past, and on solidification was synchronous with the earth.
Examination of sustained gait speed during extended walking in individuals with chronic stroke.

Objectives To determine if individuals with chronic stroke were able to sustain their peak gait speed during the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and to explore this sustainability across community ambulation potential subgroups. Design Prospective cross-sectional study. Setting University-based research laboratory, hospitals, and stroke support groups. Participants A sample of individuals with chronic stroke (N=48) completed a series of questionnaires and physical outcome measures, including gait mat assessment, during a single visit. Interventions Not applicable; 1-time cross-sectional data collection. Main outcome measures During the 6MWT, we measured peak gait speed and end gait speed to assess sustainability, along with beginning gait speed, total distance walked, and rating of perceived exertion. We also assessed maximum gait speed during the 10-meter walk test (10MWT). Finally, we examined these gait outcomes across the subgroups. Results During the 6MWT, peak gait speed declined from .89m/s (SD=.38) to an end speed of .82m/s (SD=.36), whereas perceived exertion increased from 7.7 (SD=2.6) to 11.8 (SD=3.6). This peak gait speed was slower than the 10MWT maximum speed of 1.06m/s (SD=.51), but faster than the 6MWT beginning speed of .81m/s (SD=.34). The unlimited community ambulator subgroup was the primary contributor to sustainability differences. Conclusions Predicting community ambulation potential based on the discrete gait speed from the 10MWT and endurance based on the average from the 6MWT might be incomplete if gait speed sustainability is not also assessed.
The effects of generation on item and order retention in immediate and delayed recall

Recent research has shown that generating words from fragments, relative to simply reading them, inhibits processing of order information. Nairne, Riegler, and Serra (1991) showed that this reduction in processing of order information leads to deficits in recall performance. In three experiments, we generally replicate Nairne et al.'s results and demonstrate that the deficit in recall for the generated items is dependent on the easy distractor task and the relatively short (30-sec) retention interval they used. When a difficult distractor task was used, generating produced a deficit in amount of order information processed, but actually facilitated recall when recall was delayed 80 sec. The results are consistent with the hypothesisthat generating words inhibits order processing, but they do not support the contention that the reduction in order pro~ cessing isresponsible for the deficit in recall that is sometimes observed for the generated items.
An Integrated Open-Cavity System for Magnetic Bead Manipulation

Superparamagnetic beads are increasingly used in biomedical assays to manipulate, transport, and maneuver biomaterials. We present a low-cost integrated system designed in bulk CMOS to manipulate and separate biomedical magnetic beads. The system consists of 8 × 8 coil-arrays suitable for single bead manipulation, or collaborative multi-bead manipulation, using pseudo-parallel executions. We demonstrate the flexibility of the design in terms of different coil sizes, DC current levels, and layout techniques. In one array module example, the size of a single coil is 30 μm × 30 μm and the full array occupies an area of 248 μm × 248 μm in 0.5 μm CMOS technology. The programmable DC current source supports 8 discrete levels up to 1.5 mA. The total power consumption of the entire module is 9 mW when running at full power.
Coronary flow reserve in patients with normal coronary angiograms

It has been estimated that 20% of patients who undergo coronary angiography for the evaluation of chest pain have angiographically normal coronary vessels with no other car• diac cause for their discomfort. Although the natural history of this patient group is favorable (1-3), the mechanisms responsible for the pain frequently remain mysterious. In the 1960s the explanations commonly given for this syn• drome were a noncardiac cause of the pain (for example, esophageal spasm) and an inadequate number of angio• graphic projections to exclude coronary obstructive lesions or coronary spasm. In addition, a psychogenic cause was suspected in many such patients. It is now generally agreed that these mechanisms are not responsible for causing chest pain in the majority of patients with angina and normal coronary vessels. Measuring the coronary reserve. In the past 5 to 10 years it has become increasingly evident that there are many disease states associated with decreased coronary reserve and angiographically normal coronary vessels. Ideally, coronary reserve should be assessed by measuring the min• imal coronary vascular resistance in each of the transmural layers of the left ventricular myocardium served by major coronary vessels (4). Because this cannot be accomplished in humans with available methods, a composite index of coronary reserve is usually obtained by measuring the dif• ference between resting and maximal coronary flow over all layers. In normal humans, the ratio between resting and maximal coronary flow is between 4 and 6 (5). Role of cardiac hypertrophy. Almost all causes of pathologic cardiac hypertrophy are associated with substan-
AB INITIO INVESTIGATION OF THE TEMPORARY ANION STATES OF SILANE AND THE LINEAR SILANES : (SINH2N+2), N = 2-5

The stabilization method is used in conjunction with Koopmans' theorem to calculate the energies of the unfilled molecular orbitals appropriate for describing the low-lying anion states of the linear silanes, SinH2n+2, with n=1–5. In agreement with earlier studies, the lowest energy unfilled molecular orbital for each member of the n⩾3 silanes is found to be largely SiH2 σ* in character.