cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages

Leaf pigment content can provide valuable insight into the physiological performance of leaves. Measurement of spectral reflectance provides a fast, nondestructive method for pigment estimation. A large number of spectral indices have been developed for estimation of leaf pigment content. However, in most cases these indices have been tested for only one or at most a few related species and thus it is not clear whether they can be applied across species with varying leaf structural characteristics. Our objective in this study was to develop spectral indices for prediction of leaf pigment content that are relatively insensitive to species and leaf structure variation and thus could be applied in larger scale remote-sensing studies without extensive calibration. We also quantified the degree of spectral interference between pigments when multiple pigments occur within the same leaf tissue. We found that previously published spectral indices provided relatively poor correlations with leaf chlorophyll content when applied across a wide range of species and plant functional types. Leaf surface reflectance appeared to be the most important factor in this variation. By developing a new spectral index that reduces the effect of differences in leaf surface reflectance, we were able to significantly improve the correlations with chlorophyll content. We also found that an index based on the first derivative of reflectance in the red edge region was insensitive to leaf structural variation. The presence of other pigments did not significantly affect estimation of chlorophyll from spectral reflectance. Previously published carotenoid and anthocyanin indices performed poorly across the whole data set. However, we found that the photochemical reflectance index (PRI, originally developed for estimation of xanthophyll cycle pigment changes) was related to carotenoid/chlorophyll ratios in green leaves. This result has important implications for the interpretation of PRI measured at both large and small scales. Our results demonstrate that spectral indices can be applied across species with widely varying leaf structure without the necessity for extensive calibration for each species. This opens up new possibilities for assessment of vegetation health in heterogeneous natural environments. D 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Preparation of 9,9-dimethoxytetracyclo[8.5.0.02,8.07,11]pentadeca-3,5,12,14,-tetraene and conversion to hexacyclo[8.5.1.14,7.05,14.06,12.011,15.016,17]heptadeca-2,8-diene-13-one using a domino Diels-Alder reaction

Abstract The easily prepared bishomosecoheptaprismane ring system of 1 was converted to the tetracyclo[8.5.0.0 2,8 .0 7,11 ]pentadeca-3,5,12,14-tetraene ring system of 10 using a photochemical decarbonylation/fragmentation reaction as the key step. The closely held face-to-face butadiene units in 10 undergo [4+4]cycloaddition under photochemical conditions and participate in domino Diels-Alder reactions with maleic anhydride and dicyanoacetylene. The maleic anhydride domino Diels-Alder adduct 18 was converted to the previously unreported hexacyclo[8.5.1.1 4,7 .0 5,14 .0 6,16 .0 11,15 .0 16,17 ]heptadecane ring system embodied in 19 . A single crystal X-ray analysis of 20 , one member of this new ring system, is reported and the results are compared with ab initio molecular orbital calculations.
A modified technique for emergency mobilization following intermaxillary fixation

Abstract There are indications for emergency mobilization in patients with fractures treated by immobilization of the jaws. A technique for rapid mobilization, which also allows for easy refixation, has been described, and a case in which this technique was used in an epileptic patient has been presented.
LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION IN NORFOLK. I. TREES IN THE LANDSCAPE OF NORFOLK—PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

SUMMARY Being largely flat and low-lying, trees, hedges and small woodlands are of particular importance to the Norfolk landscape. The present state of the county's tree cover and the efforts made by the Forestry and Landscape Team of Norfolk County Planning Department to ensure the perpetuation of this important resource are described. Following a survey of farmland trees undertaken in 1975, it was predicted that by the year 2000 the farmland tree population would fall by about one third. The County Council's amenity tree planting programme, aimed at reversing this trend, is described, stress being placed on the importance of advice and grant-aid. To date the County Council has assisted the planting of about 650,000 trees and shrubs on more than 3,000 sites throughout Norfolk. The series of Strategic Landscape Improvement Projects, whereby all landowners within defined areas are approached to participate in the amenity tree planting programme, is argued to be an important feature of the County Planning D...
On the Origin of Quasar Absorption Lines

Many predictions have been made on the basis of the cosmological hypothesis for the origin of quasar absorption liens. The observational evidence relating to these predictions is summarized. It appears likely that many of the observed absorption lines originate in material that is separated from the emitting quasar by cosmological distances. Two special problems are briefly discussed: the interpretation of redshift splittings and the origin of absorption redshifts larger than their associated emission redshifts.
Web services integration on the fly for service-oriented computing and simulation

In a net-centric environment, data, tools and people operate in a distributed network. We explore a generic, flexible, scalable, usable and intelligent web services architecture framework that enables sharing and integration of web services on the fly. As an example application, the envisioned Web Service Architecture Intelligent Framework (WSAIF) is applied to the Modeling, Virtual Environments and Simulation (MOVES) domain. This paper elaborates on the design and implementation of web services for the Scenario Authoring and Visualization for Advanced Graphical Environments (SAVAGE) web-based graphics models and discusses the deployment and test results of those services. The study and comparison of various modeling techniques that enable integration, orchestration and adaptation of composable web services is mentioned. The modeling techniques are essential to and will eventually be used in WSAIF Orchestrator and Adaptor components. The paper further explains how WSAIF software agents and modeling data enable web services integration on the fly. The paper concludes with recommendations for future work.
Electronic Resource Management Systems (ERMS) Review

This column provides a status update of electronic resource management systems (ERMS) in addition to librarian comments concerning benefits, challenges and wish lists for ERM tools. Nine company/organization profiles are provided based on survey responses: the CUFTS ERM (an open source ERMS developed by Simon Frasier University), EBSCO’s ERM Essentials™, Ex Libris’ Verde, Colorado Alliance’s Gold Rush, HARRASSOWITZ’s HERMIS, Innovative ERM, Serials Solutions 360 Resource Manager, SwetsWise eSource Manager and TDNet Open ERAM. Each profile describes availability, development, use of standards, compatibility, functionality and distinguishing features.
Isolation and Distribution of Phosphoglycolate Phosphatase.

A phosphatase specific for P-glycolate5 was purified from extracts of tobacco leaves until no other phosphatase activity could be demonstrated in the preparation (10). Other plants have now been examined for the presence of this phosphatase. A new isolation procedure for the enzyme was developed because the (NH,)2SO4 fractionation procedure, which was used with tobacco leaf extracts, inactivated the enzyme when applied with most other tissue. The enzyme has been found in green leaves but not in roots or etiolated leaves. P-glycolate phosphatase is of interest because Pglycolate and glycolate are labeled rapidly during photosynthesis with C1402 (1, 2,3, 11). Also glycolate rapidly appears outside of isolated chloroplasts during photosynthesis (3), and thus the phosphatase may be a part of a chloroplast permease system. If this were possible then the phosphatase should be either a part of the chloroplast or closely associated with the chloroplast in vivo. Data will be presented with isolated chloroplast which support these suggestions.
Prevention of Coccidiosis in Bobwhites by Medication

The efficacy of amprolium, monensin, and salinomycin in preventing coccidiosis in bobwhite quail was studied using a mixed inoculum of equal numbers of Eimeria dispersa and E. lettyae. A total dosage per quail of 10(6) sporulated oocysts was chosen because this dosage gave a good (77%) depression of weight gain from Day 18 to Day 24. Levels of .008% monensin or .0055% salinomycin were the most effective for prevention of coccidiosis as evaluated by body weight gains. These levels significantly reduced parasite numbers in the duodenum with monensin administration and in both the duodenum and ileum with salinomycin administration. Monensin reduced parasite numbers in the illeum significantly in one experiment and in a second. Amprolium was ineffective for prevention of coccidiosis, as evaluated by body weight gains. Amprolium was also ineffective in consistently reducing parasite numbers in the duodenum and ileum. Both monensin and salinomycin had a reasonable safety margin in quail. Levels of monensin of .016%, twice the proposed level, significantly reduced body weight at 14 days of age compared with unmedicated controls or quail given .008% monensin. By 28 days, however, this effect was no longer significant. Levels of salinomycin at the proposed level of .0055% significantly reduced body weight at 14 days of age compared with unmedicated controls. By 28 days, however, this effect was no longer significant in quail given .0055% or .00825% salinomycin, although in quail fed .011% salinomycin body weights remained significantly lower (16.5%) at that date. There were no detectable monensin residues in the liver of quail fed a ration containing .008% monensin for 8 wk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
STAINING AND ACID PHOSPHATASE REACTIONS OF SPHEROSOMES IN PLANT TISSUE CULTURE CELLS

A B S T R A C T Spherosomes in plant t.issue culture cells from normal sunflower stems and suniflower clown gall tumors reacted similarly to several nonfluorescent and fluorescent lipid dyes. Sudan IA/ and black B were good selective spherosome stains. The lipid fluorochromes, Nile blue and 3, 4-benzpyrene were excellent selective spherosome stains and visualized the smallest particles more readily than did Sudan IV. Spherosomes could not be seen in tissues stained with Sudan I' or 3, 4-benzpyrene after ether-alcohol extraction. Acid phosphatase was detected on the spherosomes in both normal and tumor tissues usiing the lead sulfide precipitatioin and the post-iiicubation coupling procedures.
Substantia nigra unit responses to trigeminal sensory stimulation

Abstract The influence of trigeminal sensory stimulation on substantia nigra units was investigated in cats anesthetized with chloralose. Low-intensity electrical stimulation was applied to primary sensory afferents (inferior dental nerve, trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus), and a high proportion of substantia nigra units showed evoked changes in activity. Responses were typically excitatory. Peripheral receptive fields were assessed by applying natural mechanosensory and also electrical stimulation to the face, perioral, and intraoral tissue. Substantia nigra units responded to light tactile stimuli; the majority of the receptive fields were bilateral, and all subsumed at least two branches of the trigeminal nerve. Latency considerations suggest that these sensory responses were not conveyed via striatonigral connections. The findings have implications in relation to the role of the basal ganglia, in general, in oropharyngeal sensorimotor processes.
Phonon Scattering and Velocity Considerations in the Minimum Phonon Thermal Conductivity of Layered Solids above the Plateau

The minimum thermal conductivity of amorphous solids is investigated by implementing Einstein's original assumption of scattering at every lattice point within the framework of nonlocalized coupled oscillators. By separating the phase velocity and group velocity, thermal conductivity predictions agree well with experimental results indicating that it is necessary to account for both energy transport via hopping of localized modes (fractons) as well propagation of nonlocalized modes (phonons). The further reduction of thermal conductivity in layered structures is then examined by considering the scattering rates by atoms with a different binding force within the context of these minimum conductivity models.
Subsurface drainage volume reduction with drainage water management: Case studies in Ohio, USA

Drainage water management (DWM) is promoted as an agricultural best management practice that reduces subsurface drainage volume and thereby the transport of soluble nutrients to streams. This study was conducted on private crop fields to quantify the effect of managed subsurface drainage on daily subsurface drainage volume, in poorly drained and somewhat poorly drained soils of northwest Ohio. A paired zone approach was used where a part of each field was conventional free draining and the other part was under drainage water management. At each site, comparison of median daily subsurface drainage volume from the two zones indicated that drainage water management was effective at reducing daily subsurface drainage volume. A linear mixed model procedure was applied to determine the percent reduction in daily subsurface drainage volume as a result of drainage water management. Using the paired dataset at each site, the model predicted the total daily subsurface drainage volume from the managed zone as a function of the observed total daily subsurface drainage volume from the conventional zone. The percent reduction of daily subsurface drainage volume varied from 40% to 100% depending on site. While the magnitude of the reduction of the daily subsurface drainage volume is site specific, the general expectation is that if DWM is instituted broadly and appropriately in northwest Ohio, mean daily subsurface drainage volume would lessen on an annual basis. Such reduction may eventually translate into a reduction in nutrient loads exported from farm fields.
An integral treatment of combined body force and forced convection in laminar film condensation

Abstract Solution of the problem of laminar film condensation with both a gravitational type body force and a moving vapor cocurrent and parallel to the surface is presented in this paper. The solution assumes that the inertia terms of the liquid film have negligible effect, and that the temperature distribution across the film is linear. Results of the solution are presented for the case of Freon 113 and compared with experimental results. It is demonstrated, where both the body force and vapor velocity are significant, that errors of up to 17 per cent in the heat transfer can easily result from neglecting one or the other of these terms.
Line energy, line tension and drop size

Abstract The relation between drop radius, r , the force to move the three phase contact line and the advancing and receding contact angles θ A and θ R is studied. To keep the line energy (energy per 2π r , also named line tension) independent of r , the modified Young equation predicts that the advancing and receding contact angles, θ A and θ R , change considerably with r . As shown by many investigators, θ A and θ R change negligibly, if at all, with r . We quantify recent evidences showing that the line energy is a function of the Laplace pressure and show that this way the modified Young equation is correct and still θ A and θ R should hardly change with r . According to our model, the small surface deformation associated with the unsatisfied normal component of the Young equation results in higher intermolecular interactions at the three phase contact line which corresponds to a higher retention force. This time increasing effect is supported by recent experiments.
An athletic adolescent girl with proteinuria and hypertension

An 18-year-old athletic adolescent presents with hypertension found during a routine screening. Her prior history includes familial hyperlipidemia. Hypertension in the adolescent is classified based on percentiles for age, sex, and height. The most common secondary cause of hypertension in the pediatric and adolescent patient is renal disease. This patient was found to have nephrotic syndrome and because of her age, a renal biopsy was required to make the diagnosis and to direct subsequent treatment plans. She was diagnosed with C3 glomerulopathy, which is the result of dysregulation and uncontrolled activation of the alternative complement pathway; new therapies are emerging for this disease. In this case, we review the diagnosis and initial assessment of hypertension in the pediatric patient, and the causes of nephrotic syndrome with a focus on C3 glomerulopathy.
Material Objects in Social Worlds

This article strongly argues the priority of symbolic, especially discursive, action over the material order in the genesis of social things. What turns a piece of stuff into a social object is its...
Small-Amplitude Wave Behavior in One-Dimensional Granular Solids

The dynamic behavior of granular solids is considered in the context of a one-dimensional, linearized theory. Uniqueness of solutions for unbounded domains is established and two wave propagation problems are solved. In particular, the dispersion relations for small-amplitude sinusoidal progressive waves are obtained and the evolution of small-amplitude shock waves is exhibited.
Demographic disparities among children with frequent ear infections in the United States

Objectives/Hypothesis: To evaluate current racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in the prevalence of frequent ear infections (FEI) among children in the United States. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The National Health Interview Survey (years 1997 to 2006) was utilized to evaluate children who were reported by their parent/guardian to have “3 or more ear infections during the past 12 months.” Demographic variables evaluated included age, sex, race/ethnicity, income level, and insurance status. Multivariate analyses determined the influence of demographic variables on the prevalence of FEI in children. Results: Among an annualized population of 72.6 million children (average age, 8.55 ± 0.19 years), 4.65 ± 0.07 million children (6.6 ± 0.1%) reported FEI. FEI was more commonly reported in white (7.0 ± 0.1%) and Hispanic (6.2 ± 0.2%) than in black (5.0 ± 0.2%) and other race/ethnic groups (4.5 ± 0.3%, P < .001). A larger portion of children in households below the poverty level reported FEI (8.0 ± 0.3%, P < .001). Of children with no health insurance 5.4 ± 0.3% had FEI. On multivariate analysis, black, Hispanic and other race/ethnic group had decreased odds ratio for FEI relative to white children (odds ratios: 0.63, 0.76, and 0.60, respectively, all P < .001). Income below poverty level also predicted FEI (odds ratio, 1.322, P < .001), whereas lack of insurance coverage did not (P = .181). Conclusions: Despite increasing awareness, there are still notable racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities among children with FEI. Further efforts to eliminate these disparities and improve the care of children with FEI are needed. Laryngoscope, 2010
Aristotle's Natural Kinds

In 'Aristotle and the Finitude of Natural Kinds',1 I argued against the view of James Franklin2 that Aristotle's natural kinds form a continuous or dense series. I argued that this would involve an infinity of natural kinds and that Aristotle denies any actual infinity. I also argued that Aristotle would not tolerate an infinite series of natural kinds composed of both actual and potential kinds. Actual kinds have actual instances; potential kinds are merely possible kinds, which have no actual instances. I argued that natural kinds are actual or real for Aristotle and that their reality depends on their having actual instances. In 'Species in Aristotle',3 Franklin seems to concede that natural kinds do not form an infinite series of actual kinds. He finds plausible, however, the suggestion that natural kinds form an infinite series of actual and potential kinds. He points out that Aristotle holds that quantities such as length are continuous and infinitely divisible, even if only potentially infinitely divisible, since they can never actually be so divided. There would be no actual infinity of lengths, but none the less they would form a dense series; it is just that some lengths are instantiated by actual objects and others are not. Why could not, suggests Franklin, an analogous situation hold for natural kinds? If Aristotle countenances the continuity of length, even though not every length can be actually instantiated, then he could countenance a continuity of natural kinds, dense and infinite, in which some kinds are instantiated and others are not. What relevant differences could there be between
Enhanced dielectric tunability in barium titanate thin films with boron additions

Boron incorporation in 650 nm thick polycrystalline BaTiO3 films results in grain growth and dramatic dielectric response improvements. For levels between 0% and 3%, average grain size is increased from 150 to 200 nm and the maximum permittivity values are nearly doubled, with tunabilities increased to greater than 90% while maintaining high field loss tangents below 0.03. These results demonstrate a pathway for microstructure engineering and property optimization in refractory electroceramic oxide thin films without increasing the thermal budget.
Binding and neutralization efficiencies of monoclonal antibodies, Fab fragments, and scFv specific for L1 epitopes on the capsid of infectious HPV particles

We compared the neutralization abilities of individual monoclonal antibodies (MAb) of two large panels reactive with L1 epitopes of HPV-11 or HPV-16. Binding titers were compared using both L1-only VLPs and L1/L2 pseudovirions. While the VLPs were antigenically similar to the pseudovirions, clear differences in the surface exposure of some epitopes were evident with the HPV-16 particles. To determine whether all antibody binding events are equivalent in their neutralizing effect on infectious HPV virions or pseudovirions, the binding and neutralization titers for individual MAbs were used to calculate the relative neutralization efficiency for each antibody. HPV neutralization was achieved by all MAbs capable of strong binding to either linear or conformation-sensitive epitopes on pseudovirus particles. Our data suggest, however, that some L1 epitopes may be more neutralization-sensitive than other surface epitopes, in that successful infection can be blocked by varying degrees of epitope saturation. Additionally, the effective neutralization of virions by several monovalent Fab fragments and single-chain variable fragments (scFv) demonstrates that viral neutralization does not require HPV particle aggregation or L1 crosslinking. Identification of capsid protein structures rich in neutralization-sensitive epitopes may aid in the development of improved recombinant vaccines capable of eliciting effective and long-term antibody-mediated protection against multiple HPV types.
Optimising vehicle positioning systems on automatic railways-a case study

As Prime Contractor for the Docklands Light Railway System Prime Contract, Booz-Allen and Hamilton (in joint venture with Brown and Root Projects Ltd.) was responsible for completing the design and upgrading of the new advanced signalling system, new vehicle fleet and implementing organisational change. This included the integration of the new advanced signalling system with the new vehicle fleet. As the DLR was an automatic railway system, the control and stopping accuracy of the vehicles was absolutely critical to the safe and reliable operation of the system. A major challenge for Booz-Allen was to optimise the on-board signalling control algorithm to stop the vehicles (at stations) reliably within a /spl plusmn/50 cm window for 99.99% of the time. An even more stringent safety target was to ensure that undetected errors in the train position control system could not accumulate so as to permit a train to stop and enable its doors beyond any station platform at a rate greater than 10/sup -9/ per hour. Booz-Allen implemented a detailed design and test programme to optimise the vehicle control algorithm. This paper discusses the process adopted, details the design issues associated with achieving safe station stops, and presents actual test data collected throughout the test and integration programme.
Evaluation of thermodynamic data for aluminum chloride hexahydrate and its dehydration

Abstract Thermodynamic data for aluminum chloride hexahydrate was evaluated from existing low temperature data and extrapolated for use at higher temperatures. Free energy minimization calculations were then used to study possible chemical systems for dehydration of aluminum chloride hexahydrate in attempts to find an efficient method for making electrochemical grade anhydrous aluminum chloride.
Development and application of a numerical model of kinetic and equilibrium microbiological and geochemical reactions (BIOKEMOD)

Abstract This paper presents the conceptual and mathematical development of the numerical model titled BIOKEMOD, and verification simulations performed using the model. BIOKEMOD is a general computer model for simulation of geochemical and microbiological reactions in batch aqueous solutions. BIOKEMOD may be coupled with hydrologic transport codes for simulation of chemically and biologically reactive transport. The chemical systems simulated may include any mixture of kinetic and equilibrium reactions. The pH, pe, and ionic strength may be specified or simulated. Chemical processes included are aqueous complexation, adsorption, ion-exchange and precipitation/dissolution. Microbiological reactions address growth of biomass and degradation of chemicals by microbial metabolism of substrates, nutrients, and electron acceptors. Inhibition or facilitation of growth due to the presence of specific chemicals and a lag period for microbial acclimation to new substrates may be simulated if significant in the system of interest. Chemical reactions controlled by equilibrium are solved using the law of mass action relating the thermodynamic equilibrium constant to the activities of the products and reactants. Kinetic chemical reactions are solved using reaction rate equations based on collision theory. Microbiologically mediated reactions for substrate removal and biomass growth are assumed to follow Monod kinetics modified for the potentially limiting effects of substrate, nutrient, and electron acceptor availability. BIOKEMOD solves the ordinary differential and algebraic equations of mixed geochemical and biogeochemical reactions using the Newton–Raphson method with full matrix pivoting. Simulations may be either steady state or transient. Input to the program includes the stoichiometry and parameters describing the relevant chemical and microbiological reactions, initial conditions, and sources/sinks for each chemical species. Output includes the chemical and biomass concentrations at desired times. BIOKEMOD has been coupled with a hydrologic transport code, HYDROGEOCHEM, to allow the simulation of coupled advective–dispersive transport and biogeochemical transformation of pollutants in groundwater. Three verification exercises are compared with analytical solutions to demonstrate the correctness of the code. Two validation simulations of batch laboratory systems are compared with the laboratory data to demonstrate the code's ability to replicate behavior observed in real systems, and two validation exercises simulating reactive transport are presented to demonstrate the code's performance in simulating mixed equilibrium and kinetic biogeochemical reactions coupled with hydrologic transport.
Targeted deletion of neurokinin-1 receptor expressing nucleus tractus solitarii neurons precludes somatosensory depression of arterial baroreceptor-heart rate reflex.

Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1-R) expressing neurons are densely distributed throughout the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). However, their fundamental role in arterial baroreflex function remains debated. Previously, our group has shown that activation of contraction-sensitive somatic afferents evoke substance P (SP) release in the NTS and resets the arterial baroreflex via activation of a GABAergic NTS circuit. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that modulation of arterial baroreflex function by somatic afferents is mediated by NK1-R dependent inhibition of barosensitive NTS circuits. In the present study, SP-conjugated saporin toxin (SP-SAP) was used to ablate NK1-R expressing NTS neurons. Contraction-sensitive somatic afferents were activated by electrically-evoked muscle contraction and the arterial baroreceptor–heart rate reflex was assessed by constructing reflex curves using a decerebrate, arterially-perfused preparation. Baseline baroreflex sensitivity was significantly attenuated in SP-SAP-treated rats compared with control rats receiving either unconjugated SAP or vehicle. Muscle contraction significantly attenuated baroslope in SAP and vehicle-treated animals and shifted the baroreflex curves to higher systemic pressure. In contrast, somatic afferent stimulation failed to alter baroslope or shift the baroreflex curves in SP-SAP-treated animals. Moreover, when reflex sensitivity was partially restored in SP-SAP animals, somatic stimulation failed to attenuate baroreflex bradycardia. In contrast, SP-SAP and somatic stimulation failed to blunt the reflex bradycardia evoked by the peripheral chemoreflex. Immunohistochemistry revealed that pretreatment with SP-SAP significantly reduced the number of NK1-R expressing neurons in the caudal NTS, while sparing NK1-R expressing neurons rostral to the injection site. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) expressing neurons at equivalent levels of the NTS. These findings indicate that immunolesioning of NK1-R expressing NTS neurons selectively abolishes the depressive effect of somatosensory input on arterial baroreceptor–heart rate reflex function.
A phase I trial of intravenous melphalan, paclitaxel, and cisplatin plus granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in patients with suboptimal advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma or peritoneal carcinoma.

mg/m 2 . In the second stage of the study, the doses of cisplatin and melphalan were fixed at 75 mg/m 2 and the MTD level, respectively, and the dose of paclitaxel was escalated. The planned dose escalation levels of paclitaxel were 150 mg/m 2 , 175 mg/m 2 , 200 mg/m 2 , 225 mg/m 2 , and 250 mg/m 2 . G-CSF was administered for 12‐19 days with each cycle, and cycles were repeated every 4 weeks for a total of 6 cycles. Other end points included clinical or surgical response, progression free survival, and survival. RESULTS. Between January 1993 and May 1996, 34 women with untreated advanced stage epithelial ovarian carcinoma or primary peritoneal carcinoma were treated with 192 cycles of therapy. The MTD of melphalan was 10 mg/m 2 , with the dose-limiting toxicity being thrombocytopenia. Paclitaxel was escalated to a dose level of 200 mg/m 2 with a toxicity rate of , 33%. The clinical response rate was 80% in 29 patients with measurable disease. Of 11 patients who underwent second-look surgery, 5 (45%) had a surgical pathologic complete response. The median progression free survival was 16.8 months and the median survival was 32.8 months. CONCLUSIONS. The combination of intravenous melphalan, paclitaxel, and cisplatin was found to have acceptable toxicity and good activity. A Phase II study of this combination appears to be warranted. Cancer 1999;86:2291‐300. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
On the feasibility of low-speed aircraft maneuvers involving extreme angles of attack

“Supermaneuvers” are rapid dynamic motions of high-performance aircraft with angles of attack peaking near 90°. This paper studies the feasibility of such maneuvers from the standpoint of whether the required moments can be developed by aerodynamic controls and/or rotation of the engine thrust vector. Generic supermaneuvers are reconstructed, based on published examples of optimal point-mass trajectories. Euler’s equations of rigid-body motion, together with assumed values of geometric and inertial properties, are used to estimate the moment histories from kinematic data in the literature. After justifying the assumption of quasi-steady aerodynamics, published information on the relevant airloads is assembled and employed to estimate time histories of rolling, pitching and yawing moments needed from the controls. Three detailed examples are presented. Several conclusions are arrived at regarding feasibility, of which the most important is that thrust-vector control will be a necessary feature of aircraft designed to take advantage of these novel tactics.
Accounting for Population in an EKC for Water Pollution

This paper explores the role of population in empirical studies. While panel estimation should control for differences across countries as more populated countries should pollute more, more pollution may not lead to more pollution per capita. Two models are estimated each of which control for population in different ways. One model accounts for population by expressing BOD in per capita terms and the second model regresses BOD on population using the residual in the EKC regression. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) reveals the second model is preferred to the first model. In addition, although both models reveal an EKC, the turning points are vastly different. Future EKC studies can benefit by testing EKC models that control for population in different ways.
Variable-Temperature Solid-State NMR Studies of Bonded Liquid Crystal Stationary Phases for HPLC

The spin-spin relaxation time measured from the line width (T 2*) is used to study bonded phase dynamics of two liquid crystal materials in the solid state as a function of temperature. The motion of these two bonded phases is much more restricted than either C-18 or butyl phenyl bonded to the same substrate. Plots ofT 2* vs. 1/T indicate a structural transition of the bonded phase moiety for the two liquid crystal materials but no such change is seen for either C-18 or butyl phenyl over the same temperature range (243–353 K), suggesting a higher degree of association between adjacent bonded moieties for the two liquid crystal materials in comparison to the other two phases. The conclusions from solid-state NMR data coincide with results obtained in earlier chromatographic studies.
How Often Do States Study Each Other? Evidence of Policy Knowledge Diffusion

Although the policy diffusion literature comprises a large number of methodologically sophisticated papers, very little is known about basic issues such as how often states actually look at others’ policies, whose policies they look at, and when they look. We study policy research briefs prepared for legislators to focus on policy knowledge diffusion. We find that policy researchers frequently reported on others’ policies. We also find that factors such as innovativeness and proximity affect how often a state’s policies are studied. More generally, we find evidence of fairly sophisticated learning as policy makers looked at others’ policies in nuanced and varied ways. Our findings suggests that information about policies diffuses through systematic and targeted research during the policy-making process. This policy research disproportionately focuses on neighbors and states likely to have good policies, but it also uncovers ideas from less obvious states.
Cryptic coloration and mirrored sides as camouflage strategies in near-surface pelagic habitats: Implications for foraging and predator avoidance

Mirrored and colored surfaces are common adaptations for crypsis in pelagic habitats. Although highly successful when optimized for a particular situation, either may become less successful if it is then viewed in a different situation. In this study we examine the relative robustness of these two strategies by determining how visible an organism becomes when viewed under optical conditions different from those under which the camouflage is optimal. Underwater radiance distributions were calculated using inherent optical properties measured in coastal waters 80 km off the coast of New Hampshire. These radiance distributions were then used to calculate optimally cryptic diffuse and specular reflectance spectra as a function of depth, solar elevation, viewing angle, and azimuth. Then the visibilities of organisms cryptic in one situation viewed in a different situation were calculated, using the Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua, as the viewer. In contrast to benthic organisms, pelagic organisms cryptic under one set of optical conditions were quite visible under a different set, particularly when viewed from a different azimuth. The crypsis afforded by mirrored surfaces was generally more robust than that resulting from colored surfaces. However, because mirrored surfaces could never be perfectly cryptic when viewed in the azimuth of the sun, neither strategy clearly outperformed the other. In general, crypsis by colored or mirrored surfaces was not robust in nearsurface water, which may help explain both the predominance of transparent species in near-surface pelagic habitats and the vertical migration of many colored and mirrored species. The results also show that three common foraging strategies—circling, crepuscular activity, and driving prey toward the surface—all increase the visibility of cryptically colored or mirrored prey.
Fungistatic activity of freshly killed termite, Nasutitermes acajutlae, soldiers in the Caribbean.

Termites may have high exposure to both pathogenic and competitive fungal species. Previous studies have shown anti-fungal properties of the primary components (α-pinene and limonene) of Nasutitermes frontal glands that are present on soldiers. In this study, the termite Nasutitermes acajutlae (Isoptera: Termitidae) was used to examine if the growth of naturally occurring fungi was inhibited by soldiers, as compared to workers that do not have frontal glands. Soldiers and workers were killed, surface sterilized, and placed on nutrient agar either singly or in combinations with other termites. Time until appearance of fungus and growth of visible fungal colonies was determined. Fungus appeared significantly earlier in cultures with single workers than with single soldiers (P < 0.001). Once fungus appeared, there were no significant differences in growth rate. When worker and/or soldier fluids were combined in one culture, fungal growth appeared later in cultures containing soldiers; growth was significantly slower in colonies with 5 workers and 5 soldiers than in cultures with 5 workers alone; P < 0.001. Finally, growth appeared later in cultures with 5 soldiers than in cultures with one soldier, suggesting a dose-response. Fungi that grew from termites were mostly non-pathogenic, suggesting the anti-fungal properties of soldiers may inhibit both pathogens and competitors.
Evaluating the Structural Validity of Measures of Hierarchical Models: An Illustrative Example Using the Social Problem-Solving Inventory.

The usefulness of examining the structural validity of scores on multidimensional measures using nested hierarchical model comparisons was evaluated in two studies using the Social Problem-Solving Inventory (SPSI). In Study 1, the authors systematically explored the factor structure of the measure using hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis, contrasting the results with past research using more traditional approaches. In Study 2, the authors developed and validated a shorter version of the SPSI based on the most promising items identified in the first study. Results from Study 2, using an independent sample, confirmed the stability of the structure and offered construct-related validity evidence for the new scales. Taken together, the results suggest that the modest fit of the SPSI measurement model reported in past research is principally the result of the inclusion of psychometrically poor items rather than a problem with the conceptual model itself. Implications are discussed as related to the orga...
Conservation of the Original Z-Chromosome by Diverse Avian Species and Homology of the Z-linked Genes

As stated in Chapter 3, the class Aves as a whole and the reptilian order Squamata appear to belong to the same genome lineage. Together they constitute one uniform group with the similar DNA value. The common characteristic shared by birds, snakes, and lizards is the possession of microchromosomes. Furthermore, it has been shown that the female heterogamety of the ZZ/ZW-type operates in snakes as well as in birds. Cytological evidence presented below suggests that the Z-chromosome of this genome lineage is very ancient in its origin. It appears that the same primitive Z has persisted in its entirety not only in diverse avian species, but also in diverse ophidian species of today.
Imaging in Systems Biology

Most systems biology approaches involve determining the structure of biological circuits using genomewide "-omic" analyses. Yet imaging offers the unique advantage of watching biological circuits function over time at single-cell resolution in the intact animal. Here, we discuss the power of integrating imaging tools with more conventional -omic approaches to analyze the biological circuits of microorganisms, plants, and animals.
A novel image analysis method based on bayesian segmentation for event-related functional MRI

This paper presents the application of the expectation-maximization/maximization of the posterior marginals (EM/MPM) algorithm to signal detection for functional MRI (fMRI). On basis of assumptions for fMRI 3-D image data, a novel analysis method is proposed and applied to synthetic data and human brain data. Synthetic data analysis is conducted using two statistical noise models (white and autoregressive of order 1) and, for low contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) data, reveals better sensitivity and specificity for the new method than for the traditional General Linear Model (GLM) approach. When applied to human brain data, functional activation regions are found to be consistent with those obtained using the GLM approach.
Emergence of binocular functional properties in a monocular neural circuit

Sensory circuits frequently integrate converging inputs while maintaining precise functional relationships between them. For example, in mammals with stereopsis, neurons at the first stages of binocular visual processing show a close alignment of receptive-field properties for each eye. Still, basic questions about the global wiring mechanisms that enable this functional alignment remain unanswered, including whether the addition of a second retinal input to an otherwise monocular neural circuit is sufficient for the emergence of these binocular properties. We addressed this question by inducing a de novo binocular retinal projection to the larval zebrafish optic tectum and examining recipient neuronal populations using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging. Notably, neurons in rewired tecta were predominantly binocular and showed matching direction selectivity for each eye. We found that a model based on local inhibitory circuitry that computes direction selectivity using the topographic structure of both retinal inputs can account for the emergence of this binocular feature.
Winter climate change effects on soil C and N cycles in urban grasslands

Despite growing recognition of the role that cities have in global biogeochemical cycles, urban systems are among the least understood of all ecosystems. Urban grasslands are expanding rapidly along with urbanization, which is expected to increase at unprecedented rates in upcoming decades. The large and increasing area of urban grasslands and their impact on water and air quality justify the need for a better understanding of their biogeochemical cycles. There is also great uncertainty about the effect that climate change, especially changes in winter snow cover, will have on nutrient cycles in urban grasslands. We aimed to evaluate how reduced snow accumulation directly affects winter soil frost dynamics, and indirectly greenhouse gas fluxes and the processing of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) during the subsequent growing season in northern urban grasslands. Both artificial and natural snow reduction increased winter soil frost, affecting winter microbial C and N processing, accelerating C and N cycles and increasing soil : atmosphere greenhouse gas exchange during the subsequent growing season. With lower snow accumulations that are predicted with climate change, we found decreases in N retention in these ecosystems, and increases in N2 O and CO2 flux to the atmosphere, significantly increasing the global warming potential of urban grasslands. Our results suggest that the environmental impacts of these rapidly expanding ecosystems are likely to increase as climate change brings milder winters and more extensive soil frost.
Dendritic Cells Initiate Immune Control of Epstein-Barr Virus Transformation of B Lymphocytes In Vitro

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been analyzed with cells from EBV-seronegative blood donors in culture. The addition of dendritic cells (DCs) is essential to prime naive T cells that recognize EBV-latent antigens in enzyme-linked immunospot assays for interferon γ secretion and eradicate transformed B cells in regression assays. In contrast, DCs are not required to control the outgrowth of EBV-transformed B lymphocytes from seropositive donors. Enriched CD4+ and CD8+ T cells mediate regression of EBV-transformed cells in seronegative and seropositive donors, but the kinetics of T-dependent regression occurs with much greater speed with seropositives. EBV infection of DCs cannot be detected by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction with primers specific for mRNA for the EBNA1 U and K exons. Instead, DCs capture B cell debris and generate T cells specific for EBV latency antigens. We suggest that the cross-presentation of EBV-latent antigens from infected B cells by DCs is required for the initiation of EBV-specific immune control in vivo and that future EBV vaccine strategies should target viral antigens to DCs.
Psychotherapy and Traditional Healing for American Indians: Exploring the Prospects for Therapeutic Integration:

Multicultural advocates within professional psychology routinely call for “culturally competent” counseling interventions. Such advocates frequently cite and celebrate traditional healing practices as an important resource for developing novel integrative forms of psychotherapy that are distinctively tailored for diverse populations. Despite this interest, substantive descriptions of specific forms of traditional healing vis-a-vis psychotherapy have appeared infrequently in the psychology literature. This article explores the prospects for therapeutic integration between American Indian traditional healing and contemporary psychotherapy. Systematic elucidation of historical Gros Ventre healing tradition and Eduardo Duran’s (2006) culture-specific psychotherapy for American Indians affords nuanced comparison of distinctive therapeutic paradigms. Such comparison reveals significant convergences as well as divergences between these therapeutic traditions, rendering integration efforts and their evaluation ex...