cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survival Benefit of Maximal Resection for Glioblastoma Reoperation in the Temozolomide Era: A Meta-Analysis.

Background Although reoperation likely confers survival benefit for glioblastoma, whether the extent of resection (EOR) of the reoperation affects survival outcome has yet to be thoroughly evaluated in the current temozolomide (TMZ) era. The aim of this meta-analysis was to pool the current literature and evaluate the prognostic significance of reoperation EOR for glioblastoma recurrence in the current TMZ era. Methods Searches of 7 electronic databases from inception to January 2019 were conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. There were 1203 articles identified for screening. Prognostic hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS) derived from multivariate regression analysis were analyzed using meta-analysis of proportions. Results Nine individual studies satisfied all selection criteria, describing survival in 1507 patients with glioblastoma, including 1335 reoperations for recurrence (89%). When studies incorporated the EOR of index surgery into their analysis, maximal resection at reoperation was significantly prognostic for longer OS (HR, 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43–0.79; I2 = 0%; P heterogeneity Conclusions In the current TMZ era, when reoperation is feasible for recurrent glioblastoma, maximal safe resection appears to confer a significant OS benefit based on the current literature. This benefit is most pronounced with radiographic GTR, and likely irrespective of EOR at index surgery.
Toward Defect-Free Additive Fabricating of Flexible and Hybrid Electronics: Physics-Based Computational Modeling and Control of Aerosol Jet Printing

Aerosol jet printing (AJP) is a direct-write, additive manufacturing technique, which has emerged as the process of choice for the fabrication of a broad spectrum of electronics – such as, interconnects, sensors, transistors, electrodes, and antennae – toward consistent and uniform manufacture of flexible and hybrid electronic devices. The AJP has paved the way for rapid high-resolution device fabrication; it accommodates a wide range of ink viscosity and allows for material deposition with high placement accuracy, edge definition, and adhesion on non-planer surfaces. Despite the unique advantages and engendered strategic applications, the AJP process is intrinsically unstable and complex, prone to non-linear gradual drifts, which stem from process, machine, and metrical interactions. Consequently, real-time process monitoring and control, corroborated with physical models, is a burgeoning need.
Cervical spinal 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors are both necessary for moderate acute intermittent hypoxia-induced phrenic long-term facilitation

Moderate acute intermittent hypoxia (mAIH) triggers a persistent enhancement in phrenic motor output, an effect termed phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF). mAIH-induced pLTF is blocked by cervica...
Organizational Identity Formation in Alternative Organizations: A Study of Three Benefit Corporations:

The benefit corporation (BC) in the United States is a new type of corporation legally required to generate profit for its shareholders and to pursue public benefit. BCs explicitly work to balance ...
Facial Sensory Restoration After Trigeminal Sensory Rhizotomy by Collateral Sprouting From the Occipital Nerves.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE Lesioning procedures are effective for trigeminal neuralgia (TN), but late pain recurrence associated with sensory recovery is common. We report a case of recurrence of type 1A TN and recovery of facial sensory function after trigeminal rhizotomy associated with collateral sprouting from upper cervical spinal nerves. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 41-yr-old woman presented 2 yr after open left trigeminal sensory rhizotomy for TN with pain-free anesthesia in the entire left trigeminal nerve distribution. Over 18 mo, she developed gradual recovery of facial sensation migrating anteromedially from the occipital region, eventually extending to the midpupillary line across the distribution of all trigeminal nerve branches. She reported recurrence of her triggered lancinating TN pain isolated to the area of recovered sensation with no pain in anesthetic areas. Nerve ultrasound demonstrated enlargement of ipsilateral greater and lesser occipital nerves, and occipital nerve block restored facial anesthesia and resolved her pain, indicating that recovered facial sensation was provided exclusively by the upper cervical spinal nerves. She underwent C2/C3 ganglionectomy, and ganglia were observed to be hypertrophic. Postoperatively, trigeminal anesthesia was restored with complete resolution of pain that persisted at 12-mo follow-up. CONCLUSION This is the first documented case of a spinal nerve innervating a cranial dermatome by collateral sprouting after cranial nerve injury. The fact that typical TN pain can occur even when sensation is mediated by spinal nerves suggests that the disorder can be centrally mediated and late failure after lesioning procedures may result from maladaptive reinnervation.
William S. Brown's “SOM: The Formative Years” (1983):: A New History of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill

As a corporate entity, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill is not easy to understand.1 Founded by brothers-in-law Louis Skidmore (1897–1962) and Nathaniel A. Owings (1903–84), the firm grew quickly, opening its first office in Chicago in 1936, a second in New York in 1937, and a third in San Francisco in 1947. Offices were opened thereafter in Portland, Oregon (1951; closed in 1990), Washington, D.C. (1967), Boston (1971; closed in 1985), Los Angeles (1974), Houston (1976; closed in 1988), Denver (1977; closed in 1987), and London (1986). Today SOM is also represented in China, India, and the Middle East. Although the Chicago office is conventionally considered the firm's home base, each location has its own designers and production specialists and keeps its own records. SOM is big: over the span of eighty years its tens of thousands of employees have built between twelve thousand and fifteen thousand buildings—no one knows the exact total. And SOM has not helped clarify its own story. Owings called the firm “a modern ‘Gothic Builders Guild,’” emphasizing anonymity and collectivity, and although published collections of its most notable buildings (representing a fraction of SOM's total output) appear every few years, these publications never mention either the specific office or the names of the responsible design partners.2 Over time, critics and scholars have identified those responsible for the firm's most important buildings. In 1973, Owings published an autobiography/company history, in which he linked SOM's main designers to their buildings.3 Gordon Bunshaft (1909–90), the design leader in the New York office, was the subject of a fine book by historian Carol Krinsky; meanwhile, SOM partners Bruce Graham (1925–2010) and Myron Goldsmith (1918–96) presented “their” works in monograph volumes.4 Filling in significant details, the Art Institute of Chicago has recorded oral histories with the better-known …
mir-71 mediates age-dependent opposing contributions of the stress activated kinase KGB-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans

Studying the evolutionary processes that shaped aging offers a path for understanding the causes of aging. The Antagonistic Pleiotropy theory for the evolution of aging proposes that the inverse correlation between natural selection strength and aging allows positive selection of gene variants with early-life beneficial contributions to fitness in spite of detrimental late-life consequences. However, mechanistic understanding of how this principle manifests in aging is still lacking. We previously identified antagonistic pleiotropy in the function of the Caenorhabditis elegans JNK homolog KGB-1, which provided stress protection in developing larvae, but sensitized adults to stress and shortened their lifespan. To a large extent, KGB-19s contributions depended on age-dependent and opposing regulation of the stress transcription factor DAF-16, but the underlying mechanisms remained unknown. Here we describe a role for the microRNA mir-71 in mediating effects of KGB-1 on DAF-16 and on downstream phenotypes. Fluorescent imaging along with genetic and survival analyses revealed age-dependent regulation of mir-71 expression by KGB-1 – upregulation in larvae, but downregulation in adults, and showed that mir-71 was required both for late-life effects of KGB-1 (infection sensitivity and shortened lifespan), as well as for early life resistance to cadmium. While mir-71 disruption did not compromise development under protein folding stress (known to depend on KGB-1), disruption of the argonaute gene alg-1, a central component of the microRNA machinery, did. These results suggest that microRNAs play a role in mediating age-dependent antagonistic contributions of KGB-1 to survival, with mir-71 playing a central role and additional microRNAs contributing redundantly.
Gout is associated with an increased risk for incident heart failure among older adults: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study

Gout has been associated with a higher risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in some prior studies. Few studies have assessed the association of gout with incident heart failure (HF). We analyzed data from 5713 black and white men and women ≥ 65.5 years of age in the population-based REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study who had Medicare coverage without a history of HF, CHD, or stroke at baseline between 2003 and 2007. Gout was defined by ≥ 1 hospitalization or ≥ 2 outpatient visits with a diagnosis code for gout in Medicare claims prior to each participant’s baseline study examination. REGARDS study participants were followed for HF hospitalization, CHD, stroke, and all-cause mortality as separate outcomes through December 31, 2016. Analyses were replicated in a random sample of 839,059 patients ≥ 65.5 years of age with Medicare coverage between January 1, 2008, and June 30, 2015, who were followed through December 31, 2017. Among REGARDS study participants included in the current analysis, the mean age at baseline was 72.6 years, 44.9% were men, 31.4% were black, and 3.3% had gout. Over a median follow-up of 10.0 years, incidence rates per 1000 person-years among participants with and without gout were 13.1 and 4.4 for HF hospitalization, 16.0 and 9.3 for CHD, 9.3 and 8.2 for stroke, and 55.0 and 37.1 for all-cause mortality, respectively. After multivariable adjustment for sociodemographic variables and cardiovascular risk factors, hazard ratios (95% CI) comparing participants with versus without gout were 1.97 (1.22, 3.19) for HF hospitalization, 1.21 (0.79, 1.84) for CHD, 0.83 (0.48, 1.43) for stroke, and 1.08 (0.86, 1.35) for all-cause mortality. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio for HF hospitalization with reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction among participants with versus without gout was 1.77 (95% CI 0.83, 3.79) and 2.32 (95% CI 1.12, 4.79), respectively. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio for heart failure hospitalization associated with gout among the 839,059 Medicare beneficiaries was 1.32 (95% CI 1.25, 1.39). Among older adults, gout was associated with an increased risk for incident HF but not for incident CHD, incident stroke, or all-cause mortality.
The effect of two composite placement techniques on fracture resistance of MOD restorations with various resin composites.

Abstract Objective The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the effect of two restorative placement techniques, centripetal incremental technique (CIT) and bulk-fill technique (BT) on the fracture resistance of Class II MOD restorations with various resin composites in molar teeth. Materials and methods Fifty-six extracted, caries free third molars were prepared with MOD preparations and restored with resin composites. The specimens were divided into two groups by placement technique, centripetal incremental technique (CIT) and bulk-fill technique (BT). Each group was subdivided into four groups according to resin composite: hybrid (Aelite LS), nano-hybrid (Virtuoso Universal), bulk fill (Filtek One Bulk Fill) and the micro-hybrid (Herculite XRV) as the control. Results Two-way analysis of variance test (ANOVA) followed by the multiple comparison procedure, Student-Newman-Keuls Method showed no a statistically significant difference between placement techniques and fracture resistance of Class II resin composite restorations (P > 0.05). Herculite XRV resisted a significantly higher load before fracture than the other three materials at a 0.05 level of significance, while Virtuoso Universal scored the lowest load. Conclusions There was no significant effect of the two placement techniques on the fracture resistance of Class II resin composite restorations Clinical significance Resin composite restorations in Class II MODs using a simplified bulk fill placement technique showed no significant difference in fracture resistance with the centripetal technique in molar teeth.
How Do Pilots and Controllers Manage Routine Contingencies During RNAV Arrivals

Traditional approaches to risk and safety management have focused on collection and analysis of data describing unwanted outcomes, such as accidents and incidents. These approaches are ill-equipped to enable learning from events in which procedural non-adherences do not result in reported undesired outcomes, nor to explore whether these non-adherences may, in fact, reflect desired behaviors. This study investigated how operators responded to expected and unexpected disturbances during RNAV arrivals into Charlotte Douglas International Airport. Pilots from mainline and regional airlines and terminal radar approach control air traffic controllers were interviewed with regard to how they anticipate, monitor for, respond to, and learn from these routine disturbances. In addition, event reports submitted to NASA’s Aviation Safety Reporting System were also examined. Results of these analyses were used to identify behaviors and strategies that support the everyday resilient performance.
Testing the effect of specific orders to provide oral liquid nutritional supplements to nursing home residents: a quality improvement project.

Objectives: To improve nursing home (NH) staff delivery of oral liquid nutritional supplements between meals to residents with a history of weight loss.Design: Pre-Post intervention study.Setting: Two skilled nursing homes.Participants: Eighteen long term care residents.Intervention: At baseline all participants had a non-specific physician’s order to receive a nutritional supplement. The intervention consisted of specifying the physician’s order as follows: “Give 4 oz high protein supplement at 10am, 2pm, and 7pm”.Measurements: Research staff conducted direct observations for two days during and between meals for a total of 4 days, or 12 possible observation periods per participant before and one week following the intervention. Research staff documented NH staff delivery of snacks (including high protein supplements) and amount consumed (fluid ounces) for the high protein supplements using a standardized protocol during each observation period.Results: Before the specific order was written participants were offered any type of snack an average of 1.82 times per day and a high protein supplement 0.59 times per day. After the specific order was written participants were offered any type of snack an average of 1.59 times per day and a high protein supplement 0.91 times per day. There were no statistically significant differences in the average number of times snacks or supplements were offered before and after the specific order was written. The proportion of snacks offered that were high protein supplements did increase after the specific order was written (p<0.001). When a high protein supplement was provided, most residents consumed 100% of it.Conclusions: Oral liquid nutritional supplements were not provided consistent with orders in NH practice. The specificity of the order related to type of supplement and time of delivery did not influence when and how often supplements are provided to residents but it did influence the type of nutritional supplement offered.
The Impact of Marital Status on Job Finding: A Field Experiment in the Chinese Labor Market

This paper studies the impact of marital status on job finding in China using the correspondence methodology. Fictitious CVs are sent to job advertisements through an online job board website, focusing on financial and accounting jobs, and the callback rate is measured. We vary the gender and marital status on otherwise identical CVs. The previous literature suggests that being married has a negative impact on the labor market outcomes of females, but a positive impact for males. In contrast, for the Chinese labor market, we do not find a significant effect of marital status on job finding for either gender.
PSMA- and GRPR-targeted PET: Results from 50 Patients with Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer

Rationale: Novel radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET) are evaluated for the diagnosis of biochemically recurrent prostate cancer (BCR PC). Here, we compare the gastrin releasing peptide receptors (GRPR) - targeting 68Ga-RM2 with the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) – targeting 68Ga-PSMA11 and 18F-DCFPyL. Methods: Fifty patients had both 68Ga-RM2 PET/MRI and 68Ga-PSMA11 PET/CT (n = 23) or 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT (n = 27) at an interval ranging from 1 to 60 days (mean±SD: 15.8±17.7). Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) were collected for all lesions. Results: RM2 PET was positive in 35 and negative in 15 of the 50 patients. PSMA PET was positive in 37 and negative in 13 of the 50 patients. Both scans detected 70 lesions in 32 patients. Forty-three lesions in 18 patients were identified only on one scan: 68Ga-RM2 detected 7 more lesions in 4 patients, while PSMA detected 36 more lesions in 13 patients. Conclusion:68Ga-RM2 remains a valuable radiopharmaceutical even when compared with the more widely used 68Ga-PSMA11/18F-DCFPyL in the evaluation of BCR PC. Larger studies are needed to verify that identifying patients for whom these two classes of radiopharmaceuticals are complementary may ultimately allow for personalized medicine.
Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons mediate distinct neurodevelopmental phenotypes of STXBP1 encephalopathy

Abstract Heterozygous pathogenic variants in syntaxin-binding protein 1 (STXBP1, also known as MUNC18-1) cause STXBP1 encephalopathy and are among the most frequent causes of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies and intellectual disabilities. STXBP1 is an essential protein for presynaptic neurotransmitter release, and its haploinsufficiency impairs glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. However, the mechanism underlying the broad spectrum of neurological phenotypes is poorly understood. Here we show that glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons mediate distinct disease features with few overlaps. Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons-specific Stxbp1 haploinsufficient mice exhibit different subsets of the cognitive and seizure phenotypes observed in the constitutive Stxbp1 haploinsufficient mice. Developmental delay and most of the motor and psychiatric phenotypes are only recapitulated by GABAergic Stxbp1 haploinsufficiency. Thus, the contrasting roles of excitatory and inhibitory signaling in STXBP1 encephalopathy identify GABAergic dysfunction as a main disease mechanism and reveal the possibility to selectively modulate disease phenotypes by targeting specific neurotransmitter systems.
Development and assessment of a low-health-literacy, pictographic adrenal insufficiency action plan.

Objectives Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is an overall rare disorder characterized by the chronic need for pharmacotherapy to prevent threat to life. The Pediatric Endocrine Society has recommended the use of clinical action tools to improve patient education and help guide acute management of AI. We aimed to develop and assess an easy-to-use, patient-friendly, evidence-based, personalized pictogram-based adrenal insufficiency action plan (AIAP) to aid in the management of AI in children. Methods Patients/caregivers (P/Cs) responded to surveys which measured the concepts of transparency, translucency, and recall in order to assess the pictograms. Readability was assessed using six formulas to generate a composite readability score. Quality was graded by P/Cs using the Consumer Information Rating Form (CIRF) (>80% rating considered acceptable). Understandability and actionability was assessed by medical librarians using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool-Printable (PEMAT-P) (>80% rating was acceptable). Suitability was evaluated by clinicians using the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) instrument (>70% rating considered superior). Results All pictograms met criteria for inclusion in the AIAP. Composite readability score=5.4 was consistent with a fifth-grade level. P/Cs (n=120) judged the AIAP to be of high quality with CIRF rating=85.2%. Three medical librarians rated the AIAP to have 100% understandability and 100% actionability. Thirty-three clinicians completing the SAM generated a suitability rating of 90.0%. Conclusions The AIAP visually highlights individualized care plan components to facilitate optimized preventative and acute AI care. Further investigation will determine if AIAP improves clinical outcomes for patients with AI.
Dietary and Hormonal Effects on Adenosine Triphosphate:Adenosine Monophosphate Phosphotransferase Activity in Rat Liver

Abstract Adenylate kinase activity was measured in rat tissues by a spectrophotometric procedure in which ADP formation from ATP and AMP was coupled with pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate, and lactate dehydrogenase to oxidation of NADH. Activity, at 135 µmoles per min per g of tissue, was extremely high in the supernatant fraction from rat liver obtained by centrifugation of 0.25 m sucrose homogenate at 100,000 x g and was much lower in the mitochondria, at 13 units per g. No activity was found in the microsomes or nuclei. Both supernatant and mitochondrial fractions were nearly as active with other nucleoside monophosphates as cosubstrates as with AMP, but were much less active with other nucleoside triphosphates than with ATP. Apparent Km values for both supernatant and mitochondrial enzymes were 0.3 mm for MgATP and 0.03 mm for AMP. A 48-hour fast increased the liver supernatant enzyme activity to 374 units per g, and this was lowered strikingly in 24 hours, to about 40 units per g, by feeding a high glucose diet. The high fasting level was lowered only slightly by feeding a high fat or a high protein diet. In fed alloxandiabetic rats, activity was about as high as in fasted normal rats, and it was lowered by insulin treatment to levels found in normal fed rats. Activities were somewhat lower in adrenalectomized rats, and the effects of fasting and glucose feeding were not as pronounced as they were in normal rats. The mitochondrial enzyme activity remained essentially unaffected by dietary and hormonal alterations.
Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors

The sections in this article are Introduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Targeting Mechanisms Passive versus Active Targeting Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles Ligand-directed Targeting of Iron Oxides Cell Tracking of Iron Oxides Paramagnetic Nanoparticles Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles Liposomes Fullerenes Nanotubes Dendrimers Quantum Dots Polymer Nanoparticles Conclusion
Protecting user data in ubiquitous computing: towards trustworthy environments

In a Ubiquitous Computing environment, sensors are actively collecting data, much of which can be very sensitive. Data will often be streaming at high rates (video and audio) and it must be dealt with in real-time. Protecting the privacy of users is of central importance. Dealing with these issues will be a central challenge for ubicomp for some time to come. Here we propose some simple design principles which address several of these issues. We illustrate them through the design of a smart room capture system we are building. The main design principle is “data discretion:” users should have access and control of data about them, and should be able to determine how it is used. We show how data discretion supports both personal and collaborative uses. In our implementation, the data discretion principle is enforced with cryptographic techniques. Unlike ACL based access control systems, our scheme embeds access rights of legitimate users within the data. An important property of the method is that it hides meta-information about data access: no user can determine who (else) has access to any given datum. Access information is sensitive because it discloses information about which and when users were in the room. We have implemented a prototype system in the smart room equipped with several cameras, and we give data throughput rates under various degrees of protection. Finally we describe ongoing work towards a trustworthy ubicomp environment whose discretion is realistically checkable.
Preparation of Some 8-Nitrotheophyllinates *

The 8-nitrotheophyllinates of aniline, amino-pyrine, diphenhydramine, atropine, and cocaine were prepared. The presence of two melting points with the aniline salt indicates its unstability. Attempts to prepare the 8-nitrotheophyllinate of antipyrine were unsuccessful.
Spectroscopic studies of cutaneous photosensitizing agents--XI. Photolysis of chlorpromazine metabolites: a spin-trapping study.

. The photochemistry of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and its metabolites, 7-hydroxychlorpromazine (7OHCPZ), desmethylchlorpromazine (DCPZ), didesmethylchlorpromazine (DDCPZ) and chlorpromazine sulfoxide (CPZSO) was studied by the spin trapping technique with 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane and 5,5-dimethyl-l-pyrroline-N-oxide. 7-Hydroxychlorpromazine generated hydroxyl radicals when excited at 330 nm under either anaerobic or aerobic conditions. 7-Hydroxychlorpromazine, DCPZ and DDCPZ all underwent dechlorination upon photoexcitation which was enhanced in the absence of air. Chlorpromazine sulfoxide did not undergo photodechlorination but instead generated a high yield of the hydroxyl radical. A comparison among CPZ and its derivatives shows that the yield of the photodechlorinated product is directly related to the degree of phototoxicity. This suggests photodechlorination is an important factor in the phototoxicity of CPZ and its metabolites.
The nonimmobilizer 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane does not affect thermoregulation in the rat.

Inhaled and other anesthetics profoundly affect the central nervous system, causing amnesia, immobility in the face of noxious stimulation, and depression of thermoregulation. Nonimmobilizers, inhaled compounds whose lipophilicity suggests that they should be anesthetics, do not produce immobility, but they do cause amnesia. Their effects on thermoregulation were the subject of the present study. We gave eight rats isoflurane on one occasion and the nonimmobilizer 2N (1,2-dichlorolhexafluorocyclobutane) on another. We measured the effect of various concentrations of each compound on thermoregulation provoked by body cooling. The specific outcome was increased metabolism, as reflected in increased output of carbon dioxide. Isoflurane decreased the temperature threshold for such increases and the maximum response intensity, doing so in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas 2N had a minimal or no effect at any concentration up to 0.9 minimum alveolar concentration (estimated from its lipophilicity). Thus, 2N may be a useful tool for studies of the mechanisms mediating the thermoregulatory depression produced by anesthetics: 2N should not affect such a mechanism. Unlike inhaled anesthetics, the nonimmobilizer 2N (1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane) minimally affects temperature regulation in rats. Thus, 2N may be useful in mechanistic studies of temperature regulation. Cellular and molecular sites that mediate the capacity of inhaled anesthetics to depress thermoregulation should be influenced by anesthetics but not by 2N.
Ruth St. Denis and India's dance renaissance

Between January 8 and May 9, 1926, as part of their eighteen-month tour of the Orient, the Denishawn Dance Company performed over one hundred dance concerts in India.' These performances by Ruth St. Denis, Ted Shawn, and eight dancers were not subsidized by any government, but basically were supported by the sale of tickets and occasionally by royal patrons, such as the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Maharaja Gaekwar of Baroda. The Denishawn dance concerts were presented in theatres in Calcutta, Bombay, Karachi, Quetta, Lahore, Cawnpore, Lucknow, Delhi, Jubbulpore, Allahabad, Secunderabad, and Madras. There is no question that the Denishawn tour in India was successful and popular since it was extended considerably beyond their expectations, and they returned to cities they had already visited. Rave notices from the local press are cited in Ruth St. Denis' autobiography and in Jane Sherman's extensive descriptions of the tour and Denishawn repertory, based on her diaries and recollections.2 Both Ted Shawn and Walter Terry stated that St. Denis' visit to India in 1926 with the Denishawn Company was catalytic: it rekindled interest and pride in India's now flourishing dance forms. Terry, for example, said that "Ruth St. Denis' non-authentic Indian dance helped reawaken the subcontinent's slumbering dance art and [was]
Analysis Issues in School-Based Health Promotion Studies

In school-based research, usually the nature of the intervention or other practical factors indicate that assignment of treatment be done by school or classroom rather than by individual student. In this situation, randomization of schools (or classrooms) and analysis by school means (or classroom means) provide a firm statistical basis for internal validity of the study. When the number of schools available is small, this approach is not practicable, and therefore the investigator must be both more creative in developing solutions and more cautious in interpreting the results. This article provides a number of suggestions which the authors hope will assist the field in dealing with such circumstances. The authors stress that the best approach to assessing treatment effect is a well-designed, properly analyzed randomized experiment. The suggestions in this article attempt to indicate how one might make the most that one can from more limited data.
Immunolocalization of the G protein alpha subunit encoded by the GPA1 gene in Arabidopsis

Heterotrimeric GTP binding proteins (G proteins) are important signal transducers in lower eukaryotes and in animal cells. In plants, the occurrence of GTP binding proteins has been reported, but their biological function remains unclear. Two genes coding for G protein alpha subunits have been cloned: GPA1 in Arabidopsis and TGA1 in tomato. To gain some insights into the function of GPA1, we describe an extensive immunolocalization of GPalpha1, the gene product of GPA1, during Arabidopsis development. Our results show that the GPalpha1 is present through all stages of development and in all organs examined, with the exception of mature seeds. It is expressed in roots, floral stem, rosette leaves, cauline leaves, flowers, and seed pods. Interestingly, the level of GPalpha1 protein is higher in immature organs than in mature organs. GPalpha1 is present at a high level in the root meristem and elongation zone, in the shoot and floral meristems, and in the leaf primordium and floral organ (sepal, petal, stamen, and gynoecium) primordia. During flower development, dividing microspores, but not mature pollen, show high levels of GPalpha1. During pollination, GPalpha1 is present in the growing pollen tubes. The protein is also present in nectaries and developing ovules and, after fertilization, in developing embryos. In mature tissue, GPalpha1 is preferentially found in the vascular system but is also present in other cell types. The complexity of the GPalpha1 localization pattern suggests that GPalpha1 might be involved in different signaling pathways depending on the developmental stage.
Exposure to the water soluble fraction of crude oil or to naphthalenes alters breathing rates in Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis.

Alteration in breathing rate has been used to monitor the effects of pollutants on fishes. Particularly pertinent to the study described herein are the observations that the water soluble fractions (WSF) from Cook Inlet crude oil, Prudhoe Bay crude oil and No. 2 fuel oil increased the breathing rate of pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, fry. However, possible underlying neurological mechanisms for this response have not been identified. Pollutant-induced changes in a fish's breathing rate may indicate neurochemical imbalances in the brain. Exposure of the longnose killifish, Fundulus similis, to the WSF of petroleum resulted in accumulation of naphthalenes from this WSF in high levels in the brain. Various organic compounds have been found to ultimately produce reductions in the whole brain concentration of dopamine in fishes. In view of these effects of various pollutants on breathing rate and the brain dopamine level in fishes, experiments were performed to determine the effects of (a) the WSF of South Louisiana crude oil, (b) two of its most toxic components (naphthalene and 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene) and (c) the dopamine precursor, L-DOPA, on the breathing rate of Fundulus grandis. These experiments would not only reveal whether the WSF and naphthalenes affect the breathing rate but alsomore » whether it might be affected by the dopamine concentration in the fish.« less
The calculation of the statistical counting error for 222Rn scintillation counting

The calculation of the statistical counting error for alpha-scintillation counting of222Rn is complicated by the fact that two of the short-lived daughter products of222Rn are alpha emitters. All observed daughter-product counts attributable to parent decays that have already been detected must be excluded in the calculation of this error. An equation is derived which takes this into consideration.
Influence of spectral filters on growth and postharvest quality of potted miniature roses

Abstract The role of light quality on growth and postharvest characteristics of potted miniature roses (Rosa × hybrida cultiver ‘Meijikatar’) was evaluated using 6% CuSO4 and water (control) as spectral filters. The CuSO4 spectral filters reduced R and FR wavelengths and increased the R:FR, B:FR and B:R ratios (R = 600–700 nm; FR = 700–800 nm; B = 400–500 nm) and o of transmitted light compared with control filter. Light transmitted through the CuSO4 filter significantly reduced plant height and internode length and increased the number of lateral shoots compared with control plants. However, the degree of response varied with growing season. CuSO4 filters slightly accelerated flowering in early spring-grown plants but slightly delayed flowering in late spring and summer. Total number of flowers was not affected by spectral filter but plants grown under control filter had larger flowers than those grown under the CuSO4 filter. Light transmitted through CuSO4 filter reduced leaf sucrose and starch concentration by 40% and 65%, respectively. Leaf glucose and fructose concentrations were not affected by light quality. Postharvest quality of plants grown under CuSO4 and control filters was reduced and leaf yellowing increased as the shipping temperature increased. Light quality in the growing environment did not significantly reduce the overall appearance of plants shipped at 4°C or 15°C. However, plants grown under CuSO4 filter had slightly higher percentage of yellow leaves than the corresponding control plants after shipping at any temperature. Alteration of light quality in the greenhouse can be used to control height of rose plants but extended shipping at high temperatures could result in leaf yellowing possibly because of reduced carbohydrate status.
VISUALIZING DYNAMIC ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS

Visualization is an important component of modern computing. By animating the course of an algorithm’s temporal execution, many key features can be elucidated. We have developed a general framework, termed Call-Graph Caching (CGC), for automating the construction of many complex AI algorithms. By incorporating visualization into CGC interpreters, principled animations can be automatically displayed as AI computations unfold. (1) Systems that support the automatic animation of AI algorithms must address these three design issues: (2) How to represent AI data structures in a general, uniform way that leads to perspicuous animation and efficient redisplay. (3) How to coordinate the succession of graphical events. (4) How to partition AI graphs to provide for separate, uncluttered displays. CGC provides a natural and effective solution to all these concerns. (5) We describe the CGC method, including detailed examples, and motivate why CGC works well for animation. We discuss the CACHE system, our CGC environment for AI algorithm animation. We demonstrate the animation of several AI algorithms – RETE match, linear unification, arc consistency, chart parsing, and truth maintenance – all of which have been implemented in CACHE. Finally, we discuss the application of these methods to interactive interfaces for intelligent systems, using molecular genetics as an example domain.
Atmospheric Chemistry of Camphor

Rate constants have been measured at 296 ± 2 K for the gas-phase reactions of camphor with OH radicals, NO3 radicals, and O3. Using relative rate methods, the rate constants for the OH radical and NO3 radical reactions were (4.6 ± 1.2) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and <3 × 10−16 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively, where the indicated error in the OH radical reaction rate constant includes the estimated overall uncertainty in the rate constant for the reference compound. An upper limit to the rate constant for the O3 reaction of <7 × 10−20 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 was also determined. The dominant tropospheric loss process for camphor is calculated to be by reaction with the OH radical. Acetone was identified and quantified as a product of the OH radical reaction by gas chromatography, with a formation yield of 0.29 ± 0.04. In situ atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry (API-MS) analyses indicated the formation of additional products of molecular weight 166 (dicarbonyl), 182 (hydroxydicarbonyl), 186, 187, 213 (carbonyl-nitrate), 229 (hydroxycarbonyl-nitrate), and 243. A reaction mechanism leading to the formation of acetone is presented, as are pathways for the formation of several of the additional products observed by API-MS. © 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 56–63, 2001
Uncertainty Analysis of Centrifugal Compressor Aero-Performance Test Data: Effects of Correlated Systematic Error

This paper presents the continuation of the work performed during the development of an uncertainty analysis method for estimating error levels in data gathered during factory aero-performance acceptance tests of centrifugal compressors. The previous work incorporated the effects of the variation and uncertainty levels associated with every parameter used in the calculation of centrifugal compressor aero-thermal performance. The work discussed herein focuses on the effects of the variation and uncertainty levels associated with the key measured variables, which are the parameters identified as having the greatest effect on the uncertainty of the performance measurements. Also included in this work is an evaluation of the effects of the correlated bias uncertainty components associated with said key variables, as well as comments on how these effects can be harnessed to reduce the uncertainty of the test data. The evaluation is performed via parametric studies, which present the test uncertainty levels achievable as a function of different correlation levels between the systematic uncertainty components of the measured data. Two different methods are used for the analysis of data measured for several machines. The first method is based on the direct use of the Monte Carlo simulation technique combined with real gas equations of state. The second method employs uncertainty propagation equations and the methodology included in the ASME PTC-19.1(1998) test code. Both approaches use the polytropic compression model and equations for performance evaluation included in the ASME PTC 10 (1997) Power Test Code. Data gathered during an on-site acceptance test of a centrifugal gas compression package are used to illustrate the effects of the uncertainty in the knowledge of the gas composition handled by the compressor over the uncertainty levels that can be obtained with this type of tests.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Lifestyle and health status differ over time in long-term heart transplant recipients.

Objective—To describe differences in lifestyle and health status across 5 post-transplant periods.Methods—The sample consisted of 126 heart transplant recipients (87% men) grouped by time after transplantation: group 1, 12 to 24 months (n=13); group 2, 25 to 48 months (n=19); group 3, 49 to 72 months (n = 24); group 4, 72 to 96 months (n = 27); and group 5, ≥97 months (n = 43). Data were obtained using demographic and health status evaluation forms and the Lifestyle Profile-II, which measures physical activity, nutrition, health responsibility, interpersonal relationships, stress management, and spiritual growth.Results—Most often reported lifestyle attributes were spiritual growth and interpersonal relationships. Least often reported was physical activity. Pairwise comparisons revealed that groups 3 (χ2 = 16.4; SD = 4.8; P = .03) and 4 (χ2 = 16.6; SD = 5.8; P = .04) had lower physical activity than group 2 (χ2 = 21.3; SD = 5.2). Health status evaluation revealed that there were no group differences in sy...
Quantitating secretion rates of individual cells: Design of secretion assays

To observe events occurring in the microenvironment surrounding individual cells, a mathematical framework has been developed describing the behavior of a compound following its secretion by a single cell. This description is based on the diffusional and binding processes taking place in the vicinity of the cell surface. It allows prediction of the rate of capture and accumulation of a secreted compound around a single cell. This concept provides the basis for the design of two experimental assays for measuring single-cell secretion rates: (1) Cells are immobilized in hydrogel microbeads which contain capture sites for the secreted compound; and (2) artificial receptors are bound directly to the cell surface which are capable of binding molecules secreted by individual cells. This general methodology is developed in the specific case of the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae secreting a heterologous protein, but can be applied to any cell/secreted protein combination. Binding studies have shown that approximately 2 × 105 of these artificial receptors can be attached to the surface of a single yeast cell. At this surface density of a putative artificial receptor, it is predicted that single-cell secretion rates of 47 molecules/cell/sec of a 150 kDa protein can be detected. Simulations indicate that a microbead loaded with 5 × 106 capture antibodies will result in detection of secretion of this protein at rates as low as 4 molecules/cell/sec. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59: 214–226, 1998.
Stability of Straight Multipoles with Shear

Every scalar-pressure, perfectly conducting, two-dimensional equilibrium with three magnetic field components and an arbitrary pressure profile but no current in the ignorable direction is magnetohydrodynamically stable. The stability of these equilibria bears no visible relation to any magnetic well or average magnetic well criterion and is only partly ascribable to shear.
Open muscle biopsy

F ' ew diseases can be as disabling and debilitating as those that involve the skeletal muscles. These disorders can eventually strip patients of all freedom and independence, and more often than not result in an untimely death. Although a solid clinical diagnosis is of course crucial, histologic and biochemical verification is invaluable. Effective treatment depends on early and accurate diagnostic measures, of which muscle biopsy remains a mainstay. Indications
Regulatory governance in African telecommunications: Testing the resource curse hypothesis

This paper examines regulatory governance in the context of African telecommunications. Though there is already a substantial literature devoted to the regulatory practices in developing countries, it generally conceptualizes the quality of regulation as an exogenous policy variable that affects the performance of the telecommunications sector or treats it as a normative recommendation to improve performance. In this paper, the quality of governance is approached from a different perspective, investigating how it might be related to the structural economic characteristics of the developing country. It applies to telecommunications the theory known in development economics as the paradox of plenty or the resource curse, by which countries richly endowed with natural resources lag behind in the development of governance institutions. An inverse correlation is thus expected between natural resource dependence and the quality of regulatory governance, both generally in the economy and specifically in telecommunications. To measure regulatory governance, both previously-published general indices, as well as sector-specific telecommunications governance indices developed for this paper are used. These governance index values were then compared to several measures of natural resource dependency in 53 African countries. The results indicate that, while governance standards in the overall economy behaved as expected by theory, the sector-specific telecommunications governance did not. Several speculations are offered why telecommunications governance acted contrary to resource dependency theory.
THE APPLICATION OF INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS TO A STUDY OF PREHISTORIC STEATITE ARTIFACTS AND SOURCE MATERIALS

A study of the trace and minor element content of steatite artifacts from the Eastern United States has been carried out. Samples from both quarry and habitation sites ranging from New York to North Carolina have been analyzed through the use of instrumental neutron activation analysis. The most successful method of evaluating data has involved the study of a very coherent group of elements known as the Rare Earths. Geological processes cause fractionation of this group and it is this fractionation which is of use in terms of characterizing the source deposits of this material. Promising but less definitive results have been obtained with the elements scandium, chromium, cobalt and others. Sufficient variations have been found to be present in the source deposits of steatite in this area to enable differentiation, and the successful linking of samples from habitation sites to their quarry deposits has been achieved in some cases. This paper discusses the results of this study to date, the methods employed, and the potential value of this work in helping to reconstruct prehistoric trading systems.
Magnetotransport in Manganites and the Role of Quantal Phases: Theory and Experiment

While low-temperature Hall resisitivity ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2/3}(\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a},\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}{)}_{1/3}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ single crystals can be separated into ordinary (OHE) and anomalous (AHE) contributions, no such decomposition is possible near the Curie temperature ${T}_{c}$. Rather, the ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ data collapse to a single function of the reduced magnetization $m\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}M/{M}_{\mathrm{sat}}$, with an extremum at $\ensuremath{\approx}0.4m$. A new mechanism for the AHE in the inelastic hopping regime is identified that reproduces the scaling curve. An extension of Holstein's model for the hopping OHE, the mechanism arises from the combined effects of the double-exchange-induced quantal phase in triads of Mn ions and spin-orbit interactions.