cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fractal Dynamics of Polarized Bioelectrodes

This study is concerned with mathematical modelling of the fundamental relationship which exists between the current density and the overpotential across the metalsolution interface in the linear range using methods of system theory enhanced by ‘fractal’ concepts. A primer for both 1/f-type scaling and ‘anomalous’ relaxation/dispersion concepts is provided, followed by a brief review of the research history pertinent to the metal electrode polarization dynamics. Next, the ‘fractal relaxation systems’ approach is introduced to characterize, systems which attenuate with a fractional power-low dependence on frequency through a ‘scaling exponent’. The ‘singularity structure’ which is a scaling, rational system function is proposed to expand fractal systems in terms of basic subsystems individually representing elementary exponential relaxations and collectively exhibiting scaling properties. We stress that the ‘singularity structure’ carries scaling information identical to the conventional ‘distribution of relaxation times’ function. ‘Structure scale’ and ‘view scale’ concepts are presented in the due course to streamline the analysis of scaling phenomena in general and the polarization impedance in particular. System theory-wise, the notable result is that the fractional power function attenuation, or equivalently, the logarithmic nature of the distribution function translates into the ‘self-similar’ pattern replication of the system singularities in the s-plane. The singularity arrangement is governed by a recursive rule solely based on the knowledge of the fractional power factor or the scaling exponent.
Prediction of overpressure required for seal integrity during sterilization of semirigid food and drug packages

Heat processing semi-rigid packages with a steam/air mixture requires an overpressure to ensure seal integrity. A method was developed to calculate the overpressure needed to ensure seal integrity, during thermal processing, of semi-rigid packages that contain a liquid food or drug. An equation was derived relating total retort pressure (steam and air) required during sterilization to retort temperature, product water activity and tensile seal stress at the sterilization temperature. The proposed method was tested, under commercial sterilization conditions (123–127°C for 30min), with individual packages containing a dilute saline solution. The method was found useful for predicting the total retort pressure (steam and air overpressure) needed to ensure seal integrity and to prevent leakage of packages.
Osteogenic sarcoma of the tongue

A 45-year-old woman had a mass in the left side of the tongue. Histologic examination of the tumor revealed it to be an extraskeletal osteogenic sarcoma. Pulmonary metastases were seen on admission. The patient had a rapid downhill course and died. Extraskeletal osteogenic sarcomas are well-recognized albeit rare neoplasms. In a search of the literature we were unable to find a single case arising in the tongue. The electron microscopic findings are also presented.
Plant architecture influences growth and yield response of upland cotton to population density

Abstract Plant architectural characteristics directly affect inter-plant interactions and cotton crop management. Field studies were conducted in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center to investigate the influence of plant architecture on the crop growth, biomass partitioning, and lint yield response of upland cotton to population density under irrigated desert conditions. Two cotton varieties of contrasting architecture, a tall stature columnar type, Delta and Pine 164B2RF (DP164), and a short stature bush type, Stoneville 4498B2F (ST4498), were evaluated under three plant population densities: low density (LD, 57,300–66,500 plants ha−1), medium density (MD, 77,300–109,800 plants ha−1), and high density (HD, 126,700–146,000 plants ha−1). While high population densities significantly increased plant height of both varieties at early growth stages, plant height at late growth stages were not significantly different. High plant population reduced main stem node number of both varieties. However, the effect was more pronounced with ST4498 where the HD treatment had 2.9 and 2.5 nodes less than the LD treatments in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Plant population affected the height to node ratio of DP164 more than ST4498. The taller, columnar type DP164 partitioned more biomass into stems than the bush type ST4498 at all three plant populations. The LD treatment significantly reduced cotton growth and yield of DP164 in 2010. This study suggests the existence of differences in responses to plant population density among upland cotton varieties, attributable to canopy architecture. Additionally, results indicate that shorter bush type varieties might have higher growth plasticity and thus accommodate a broader range of plant densities than taller stature columnar type varieties.
Internal Mammary Artery versus Saphenous Vein Graft to the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery: Prospective Randomized Study with 10-Year Follow-up

In 1975, 80 patients undergoing revascularization were prospectively randomized to receive either a greater saphenous vein (SV) graft (41 patients, Group 1) or a left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft (39 patients, Group 2) to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). All patients were completely revascularized. The average number of grafts per patient in both groups was 3.2. Patients were followed 10 years; follow-up was 97.5% complete. Group 1 and Group 2 were compared in regard to mortality, treadmill response, myocardial infarction, reoperation, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and return to work. Mortality in Group 1 was 17.9% versus 7.7% in Group 2 (p less than 0.05). Treadmill studies were positive in 17 Group 1 patients and 7 Group 2 patients (p less than 0.05). Myocardial infarctions occurred in 8 patients in Group 1 versus 3 in Group 2. The number of reoperations was 2 in Group 1 versus 1 in Group 2. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was performed in 3 patients in Group 1 and 2 in Group 2. Repeat studies revealed 76.3% patency of the SV graft to the LAD (Group 1) and 94.6% patency of the LIMA graft to the LAD (Group 2). Cardiac-related mortality in Group 1 was 12.8% at 10 years (5 patients) versus 7.7% in Group 2 (3 patients). Based on this study, the IMA is a superior conduit for bypass to the LAD.
Endothelial cell myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) regulates TNFα‐induced NFκB activity

Tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha-) generates both apoptotic and survival signals with endothelial cell (EC) survival dependent on nuclear factor kappa-B (NFkappaB) activation, a regulator of anti-apoptotic genes. We previously demonstrated that increased EC contractility, rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, and increased myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation occurs as a consequence of TNFalpha-induced activation of EC MLC kinase (EC MLCK) and is required for bovine lung EC apoptosis. As the association between MLCK and pro-survival signals such as NFkappaB activation is unknown, we studied the role of MLCK in the regulation of NFkappaB-dependent transactivation in bovine pulmonary artery EC. Both TNFalpha-induced increase in NFkappaB dependent transactivation measured by NFkappaB luciferase reporter assay (approximately fivefold) and nuclear translocation of NFkappaB were significantly inhibited by MLCK-selective inhibitors, KT5926 (60% inhibition of luciferase activity) and ML7 (50% decrease). Furthermore, our data revealed that inhibition of MLCK attenuated the TNFalpha-induced IkappaB phosphorylation, translocation of p65, NFkappaB-DNA binding, and NFkappaB transcriptional activity. Molecular approaches to either reduce EC MLCK expression (AdV EC MLCK antisense construct) or to reduce kinase activity (kinase-dead EC MLCK ATPdel mutant) produced similar attenuation of the TNFalpha-induced NFkappaB response. In contrast, a constitutively active MLCK mutant (EC MLCK1745) enhanced TNFalpha-induced luciferase activity. Together, these novel observations indicate that TNFalpha-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement driven by MLCK activity is necessary for TNFalpha-dependent NFkappaB activation and amplification of pro-survival signals.
Imaging techniques in neuro-oncology

Objectives To review neuroimaging techniques used in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with brain tumors as well as promising new technology. Data sources Published articles and reference books. Conclusion The primary method used in the initial diagnosis, monitoring of response, and determination of progression in neuro-oncology is neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging. New techniques, such as spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging allow the clinician to look at the metabolic make-up of the tumor in addition to the size and amount of enhancement. These techniques will allow for better understanding of the occurrence of changes in the tumor with therapy and hold the promise of earlier diagnosis of progression and response. Implications for nursing practice Understanding the application of current neuroimaging techniques is essential for the oncology nurse caring for brain tumor patients to provide education and assist with interpretation of results.
Fluorescence spectroscopy reveals ubiquitous presence of oxidized and reduced quinones in dissolved organic matter.

Excitation−emission matrixes (EEMs) of 379 dissolved organic matter (DOM) samples from diverse aquatic environments were modeled by parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Thirteen components likely representing groups of similarly fluorescing moieties were found to explain the variation in this data set. Seven of the thirteen components were identified as quinone-like based on comparison of their excitation and emission spectra to spectra of model quinones. These quinone-like fluorophores were found to vary in redox state and degree of conjugation. Two components were identified as amino acid-like based on comparison to tyrosine and tryptophan fluorescence spectra. The other four components are not yet associated with any class of molecules. The quinone-like fluorophores account for about 50% of the fluorescence for every sample analyzed, showing that quinone-like fluorophores are an important and ubiquitous fluorescing moiety and in natural waters. Further, the distribution of the quinone-like fluorophores ...
International codes of conduct: An analysis of ethical reasoning

Four international codes of conduct (those of the International Chamber of Commerce, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the International Labor Organization, and the United Nations Commission on Transnational Corporations) are analyzed to determine the ethical bases of the behaviors they prescribe for multinational enterprises (MNEs). Although the four codes emphasize different aspects of business behavior, there is substantial agreement regarding many of the moral duties of MNEs. It is suggested that MNEs are morally bound to recognize the codes and to take them into account when engaging in international business.
Morphology of Superior Colliculus- and Middle Temporal Area-Projecting Neurons in Primate Primary Visual Cortex

Layers 5 and 6 of primate primary visual cortex (V1) harbor morphologically diverse cell groups that have corticocortical and corticosubcortical projections. Layer 6 middle temporal area (MT)-projecting neurons are particularly interesting, as they are the only deep-layer cortical neurons that provide both corticocortical feedforward inputs (to area MT) and corticosubcortical feedback projections (to superior colliculus [SC]) (Fries et al. [1985] Exp Brain Res 58:613-616). However, due to limitations in anatomical tracing techniques, little is known about the detailed morphologies of these cells. We therefore applied a genetically modified rabies virus as a retrograde tracer to fill the dendrites of projection neurons with green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Wickersham et al. [2007] Nat Methods 4:47-49). We injected virus into SC or area MT of macaque monkeys and examined labeled cells in V1. Two-thirds of labeled neurons following SC injections were found in layer 5, consisting of "tall-tufted" and "nontufted" cells; the remaining cells were layer 6 "nontufted." Area MT injections labeled neurons in layers 4B and 6, as previously described (Shipp and Zeki [1989] Eur J Neurosci 1:309-332). The layer 6 neurons projecting to MT were remarkably similar to the layer 6 SC-projecting neurons. In contrast to the dense and focused dendritic arbors of layer 5 "tall-tufted" pyramids, all "nontufted" cells had sparse, but unusually long basal dendrites. The nontufted cells closely resemble Meynert cells (le Gros Clark [1942] J Anat 76:369-376; Winfield et al. [1983] Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 217:129-139), but the full in vivo reconstructions presented here show that their basal dendrites can extend much further (up to 1.2 mm) and are less asymmetric than inferred from Golgi reconstructions.
Vortex nucleation in superfluid 4He.

We have determined the features of a universal energy barrier which mediates the thermal nucleation of quantized vortices. The barrier is deduced from measurements of the intrinsic phase slip critical velocity using both dc flow and single phase slip experiments. It appears that at a given temperature a single curve can predict the outcome of all intrinsic vortex nucleation experiments for flow through small apertures.
Factors associated with mortality after widowhood.

A non-concurrent prospective study in Washington County, Maryland identified 4,032 (1,204 male, 2,828 female) White persons aged 18 and over who were enumerated in a 1963 non-official census and who became widowed between 1963 and 1974, and an equal number of married persons, each matched to a widowed as to race, sex, year of birth and geography of residence. All were followed to 1975, the date of a second census. Mortality rates based on person-years at risk were about the same for widowed as for married females, but significantly higher for male widowed than male married, even after adjustment for a number of demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables. Mortality rates among widowed males who remarried were very much lower than among those who did not remarry, but no significant difference was observable among widowed females who did nor did not remarry. Multiple regression analysis also showed that, for both sexes and independently of other factors, moving into a nursing home or other chronic ...
Graze: A model of selective grazing by beef animals

Abstract A dynamic simulation model has been developed that relates beef animal performance to environment, management practices and selective grazing of pastures. Daily measures of pasture quality and availability are maintained. Measures of the animal's physiological weight and age are computed at 15-min intervals or less, and body composition, efficiency of growth and feed utilization are determined. Rotational grazing may be evaluated with animal movement being based on time of grazing and/or availability of dry matter. During a simulated day, each pasture may be further divided into a variable number of subareas that reflect herbage quality and mass (kg ha −1 ) differences associated with selective grazing. The number and size of the subareas vary with environment and forage removal, and reflect conceptual, rather than distinct physical, boundaries within the pasture.
Left ventricular flow analysis: Recent advances in numerical methods and applications in cardiac ultrasound

The left ventricle (LV) pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body through systemic circulation. The efficiency of such a pumping function is dependent on blood flow within the LV chamber. It is therefore crucial to accurately characterize LV hemodynamics. Improved understanding of LV hemodynamics is expected to provide important clinical diagnostic and prognostic information. We review the recent advances in numerical and experimental methods for characterizing LV flows and focus on analysis of intraventricular flow fields by echocardiographic particle image velocimetry (echo-PIV), due to its potential for broad and practical utility. Future research directions to advance patient-specific LV simulations include development of methods capable of resolving heart valves, higher temporal resolution, automated generation of three-dimensional (3D) geometry, and incorporating actual flow measurements into the numerical solution of the 3D cardiovascular fluid dynamics.
Short-Term and Long-Term Collaboration Benefits on Individual Recall in Younger and Older Adults

A recent study of younger adults suggests that, compared to repeated individual recall trials, repeated collaborative recall trials produce better individual recall after a short delay (Blumen & Rajaram, 2008). Our study was designed to determine if such collaboration benefits would remain after a one-week delay, in both younger and older adults. Sixty younger (M age = 24.60) and 60 older (M age = 67.35) adults studied a list of words and then completed either two collaborative recall trials followed by two individual recall trials, or four individual recall trials. A five-min delay was inserted between the first three recall trials. The fourth recall trial was administered 1 week later. Collaborative recall was completed in groups of three individuals working together. Both younger and older adults benefitted from repeated collaborative recall trials to a greater extent than repeated individual recall trials, and such collaboration benefits remained after a one-week delay. This is the first demonstration of collaboration benefits on later individual recall at delays as long as 1 week, in both younger and older adults. Findings are discussed within the context of the negative effects of collaboration associated with group memory (collaborative inhibition) and the positive effects of collaboration associated with later individual memory (collaboration benefits).
Malignant hyperthermia: Effects of halothane on the surface membrane

We studied the electrical properties of intact muscle fibers from normal and malignant hyperthermia-susceptible (MHS) pigs. Resting membrane potentials, action potentials, and current-voltage relationships were measured with and without the presence of halothane. There were no changes in the resting potentials or the specific membrane conductances at any concentration of halothane in either the normal or MHS fibers. The current-voltage relationships of normal and MHS fibers did not differ. Contractures were observed in MHS muscle when the concentration of halothane was greater than or equal to 0.8%. These halothane-induced contractures were not associated with depolarization of the surface membrane. Contractures were not observed in normal muscle even at concentrations of 6.0% halothane. In contrast, halothane altered the shape of the action potentials of both MHS and normal fibers. However, these changes were significantly greater in MHS fibers, occurred at much lower concentrations, and were partially prevented by preincubation in 10 microM dantrolene.
Analysis of protein hydration in ultrahigh-resolution structures of the SRP GTPase Ffh

Two new structures of the SRP GTPase Ffh have been determined at 1.1 A resolution and provide the basis for comparative examination of the extensive water structure of the apo conformation of these GTPases. A set of well defined water-binding positions have been identified in the active site of the two-domain ;NG' GTPase, as well as at two functionally important interfaces. The water hydrogen-bonding network accommodates alternate conformations of the protein side chains by undergoing local rearrangements and, in one case, illustrates binding of a solute molecule within the active site by displacement of water molecules without further disruption of the water-interaction network. A subset of the water positions are well defined in several lower resolution structures, including those of different nucleotide-binding states; these appear to function in maintaining the protein structure. Consistent arrangements of surface water between three different ultrahigh-resolution structures provide a framework for beginning to understand how local water structure contributes to protein-ligand and protein-protein binding in the SRP GTPases.
Contemporary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Outcomes: Does Technique Really Matter?

Significant advances have been made in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgical technique. Further progress is being made to improve our ability to replicate anatomy with minimally invasive techniques. Presently, wide intersurgeon variation exists regarding several crucial aspects of the procedure, suggesting that the optimal technique continues to evolve. After reviewing the history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgical technique and the surgical anatomy, this manuscript outlines the various debated topics in the literature surrounding the method for drilling the femoral tunnel (outside-in vs transtibial vs anteromedial), graft selection and method of fixation as it applies to surgical technique, number of bundles reconstructed (single vs double), and surgical approach (incision vs all-inside). For each, the best available clinical evidence is reviewed to determine advantages and disadvantages. Patient factors that may indicate the use of a certain technique and special considerations such as reconstruction in the skeletally immature are discussed.
INHIBITION OF PEPTIC DIGESTION OF SERUM ALBUMIN BY FATTY ACIDS.

Abstract At pH 5.4 “fatty-acid-free” BSA is digested about 50% more rapidly by pepsin than is BSA. Digestion of both is strongly inhibited either by transient exposure of the substrate to sodium caprylate-caprylic acid prior to mixing with pepsin or by addition of sodium caprylate-caprylic acid to the digestion mixture at a constant total electrolyte concentration. The latter inhibition occurs at all pertinent pH values. Apparently, binding of fatty acids by serum albumin causes a conformational rearrangement resulting in refractoriness to peptic hydrolysis. These results provide additional evidence for the specificity of the complex between pepsin and BSA observed previously by moving-boundary electrophoresis.
Glyceryl ethers in insects: identification of alkyl and alk-1-enyl glyceryl ether phospholipids.

Alkyl and alk-1-enyl glyceryl ethers have been identified in the phospholipids of three insect species, the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens), and the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis). Glyceryl ethers were not detected in the neutral lipids. The ethers were found in the phospholipid fraction of whole insects and in isolated fat body tissue. The ether content varied among the three insect species, and fluctuated during various developmental stages. Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of the alkyl glyceryl ethers and aldehydes derived from the alk-1-enyl glyceryl ethers of the cockroach and budworm whowed striking differences in chain length. However, the hydrocarbon side-chain of the two ether fractions were similar in length for each species. Preliminary evidence indicates that 1-14C-acetate can be incorporated into alkyl ethers but not into alk-1-enyl ethers ofHeliothis pupae.
The early Rhuddanian survival interval in the Lower Silurian of the Oslo Region: A third pulse of the end-Ordovician extinction

Abstract Ordovician/Silurian boundary layers with Rhuddanian strata are exposed as a long, continuously fossiliferous sequence in the Solvik Formation in the Asker area, central Oslo Region, Norway. Brachiopods belonging to Benthic Assemblage 5 are preserved in the lower parts of the formation. This level is investigated for the presence of a survival interval after the last end-Ordovician extinction event. The criteria for a survival interval include taxa that are dwarfed, long ranging, eurytopic, often opportunistic, as well as assemblages that show low density and diversity. Four species, Isorthis prima , Leangella scissa , Dicoelosia osloensis and Eoplectodonta duplicata , were collected and measured. The three former were dwarfed compared to a younger Aeronian fauna belonging to the same Benthic Assemblage. Detailed investigations showed a statistically significant two-step reduction in size for all but D. osloensis . The first interval, immediately above the last end-Ordovician extinction event, displays dwarfed brachiopods, but diversity is high and the number of long-ranging and eurytopic species is low due to the presence of globally and locally “relict” Ordovician species. The second interval, the upper parts of lower Rhuddanian, shows all the characteristics of a survival interval in which the sizes are statistically significantly smaller than both those in the interval below and those in the Aeronian interval above. No lithological change within lower Rhuddanian strata could be linked to the pronounced reduction in size. The second step in size reduction may be related to global occurrence of anoxia in the deep oceans with a pulse of anoxic water pushed onto the shelf at that time. It is coeval with a short negative ∂ 13 C excursion found in some locales, signifying a brief period of global warming. The results suggest a protracted extinction event through parts of the early Rhuddanian and a third and final extinction event followed by a clear survival interval.
The workplace as a context for the socialization of youth

A number of respected social critics, including the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC), have recommended the earlier integration of adolescents into the workplace. The PSAC Panel on Youth (1973) claims that work settings provide opportunities for developing and exercising personal responsibility, taking responsibility for the welfare of others, and establishing more extensive instrumental and social relations with nonfamilial adults. This study of "naturally occurring" employment among high school students examines these claims about the nature of the workplace. Drawing on interview, questionnaire, and observational data, we argue that the PSAC's expectations are somewhat optimistic. With respect to personal responsibility taking, although many adolescent workers have opportunities for self-management and report performing assigned tasks dependably, very few report going "beyond the call of duty." With respect to social responsibility, workers experience only modest levels of task interdependence and centrality to a team effort; yet substantial numbers of adolescent workers feel that their work serves a socially useful purpose. Finally, with respect to intergenerational contact, the workplace fails to induce meaningful interaction with adults. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that if the workplace is to become a truly vital context for adolescent socialization, it needs to be designed more deliberately with such aims in mind.
Effect of CYP3A5 genotype on the extent of CYP3A inhibition by verapamil

Objectives To evaluate the effect of CYP3A5 genotype on the extent of CYP3A inhibition by verapamil (VER) and to examine the effect of VER on intestinal and hepatic CYP3A activity in vivo. Methods Healthy subjects were prescreened for the CYP3A5 genotypes and participated the study at the GCRC. MDZ was given i.v. (0.05 mg/kg over 30 min) and orally (4 mg) on consecutive days before and after a 7-day regimen of VER (SR, 240 mg qd). CYP3A5 genotypes were determined by the real-time PCR. Blood MDZ concentrations were determined by LC/MS. Results 18 subjects (4 CYP3A*1*1, 6 CYP3A*1*3 and 8 CYP3A**3) completed the study. The oral clearance (CLpo) of MDZ was decreased from 93.6±67.7 L/hr to 26.7±17.1 L/hr (p=0.03) and the systemic clearance (CLiv) was decreased from 24.4±9.1 L/hr to 16.8±10.3 L/hr (p=0.02) after VER treatment. The oral availability (F) (0.3±0.1 to 0.7±0.3, p=0.0002), hepatic F (0.7±0.1 to 0.8±0.1, p=0.02) and intestinal F (0.4±0.1 to 0.8±0.3, p=0.0002) were also significantly increased. There was a significant correlation between intestinal and oral F. Fold decreases in CLiv (1.9±0.5 vs 1.4±0.2, p=0.04) and CLpo (4.2±0.9 vs 3.1±1.1, p=0.049) were significantly greater in CYP3A*3 homozygous compared to CYP3A*1 carriers. No genotype-phenotype associations were found in basal and inhibited CLiv and CLpo. Conclusions These data indicate that the intestine is the major site of the interaction between MDZ and VER. The extent of interaction was less in individuals with at least one CYP3A*1 allele. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P3–P3; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.11.014
Understanding men's body image in the context of their romantic relationships.

This study examined men’s body image in the context of their romantic relationships. One hundred and four heterosexual romantic couples (N = 208 participants) completed measures assessing men’s body image, perceptions of men’s weight change, relationship length, and sexual intimacy. Men’s height and weight were also measured. Results indicate that men were more likely to be satisfied with their bodies when they perceived their partners to be, when their partners actually were satisfied with their bodies, and when they perceived themselves to have gained relatively little weight throughout the duration of their relationships. Analyses also revealed that men expressed greater body satisfaction when there was a relatively high degree of sexual intimacy in the relationship. Findings are discussed in terms of their contributions to researchers’ and practitioners’ understanding of men’s body satisfaction.
Estimation of the Mn2+ zero-field splitting parameter from a polycrystalline EPR spectrum

Abstract Details are provided of how to estimate, without extensive computer simulations, the zero-field splitting parameter ( D ) of the Mn 2+ ion characterized by axial symmetry from forbidden-hyperfine doublet separations in the central sextet of the Mn 2+ EPR spectrum in a polycrystalline sample by the use of an analytic expression derived from the eigenvalues calculated to third order in perturbation.
Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on hepatic secretion of bile in human subjects

Abstract The effect of insulin and/or atropine on bile flow was studied in nine patients after cholecystectomy and T tube drainage of the common bile duct. A specially designed T tube made possible accurate and total collections of bile flow. The administration of insulin produced a choleresis which could be almost completely abolished by the simultaneous administration of atropine. This response is not caused by endogenous secretin or cholecystokinin. It is suggested that vagal denervation of the biliary tree may predispose to the development of cholelithiasis not only by causing stasis in the gallbladder but also by altering the flow of hepatic bile.
Law enforcement, the price of cocaine and cocaine use

In this paper I investigate the relationship between law enforcement and the price and use of cocaine. I merge data from the Drug Enforcement Administration's (DEA) STRIDE (System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence) and MTF (Monitoring the Future). In particular, I apply a variety of grouped data estimators and relate these estimators to instrumental variables techniques, quasi-experiments, and classical experimental design. I find no evidence that regional and time variation in DEA seizures of cocaine is helpful in explaining variation in either the demand or price of cocaine.
Oviposition and Survival of Bayberry Whitefly, Parabemisia myricae (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Lemons as a Function of Leaf Age

Under field conditions, the bayberry whitefly, Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana), strongly prefers to oviposition young (actively growing) foliar terminals over middle terminals (meristemetic growth ceased, leaves still soft and light green) and mature terminals (leaves hardened and dark green). Within young terminals, newly laid eggs were concentrated on the apical 5 to 6 cm where leaves were youngest. First instar whiteflies (crawlers) were experimentally placed on young, middle, and mature leaves, and 49, 35, and 0%, respectively, successfully developed to the adult stage.
[Comment on “Solar terrestrial relations”] There is no magnetosphere... nor is there a plasmasphere!

In a recent note to this journal, Dessler et al. [1985] urged us to use the name “space plasma physics” instead of “solar-terrestrial relations” for a number of good reasons. I would like to further urge the updating of certain space plasma physics terminology; not, in this case, because it may cause our discipline to become identified as being applied, nonglamorous, or dull, as suggested by Dessler et al., but because the terminology is inaccurate, which has other negative implications for our discipline.
Some developmental aspects of preferred adjective ordering

Developmental normative data on the preferred adjective ordering phenomenon are reported. The ages considered range from college age to 9 years of age. The results show that the ordering phenomenon is well established by the ninth year. The results also show that the variance of the scale values of the adjectives on the dimension of preferred order is greater for older Ss than for younger Ss.
Heterogeneous nucleation at macroscopic steps

Abstract Macroscopic steps on a substrate surface are known to affect condensation characteristics of a substance from its vapor. A simple model is presented, for the case of isotropic interfacial free energy, to explain the kinetics of nucleation on a macroscopic step in terms of capillarity theory. A critical contact angle θc is shown to exist above which a macroscopic step on a substrate will have no effect on nucleation. The model also predicts a contact angle of 45° below which the free energy barrier for nucleation at a step vanishes. Between 50° and θc nucleation occurs preferentially at steps. Such nucleation is thought to give rise to a characteristic decoration pattern in electron-microscope replicas of the substrate surface. Experiments in which cadmium and gold were condensed from the vapor onto cleaved sodium chloride and lithium fluoride crystals tend to support the theory. However one notes a reservation in regard to application of the present thermodynamic theory to these small nuclei which are of the order of only several atoms.
Olefin isomerization over an alumina-pillared fluoromica catalyst

Abstract In the recent past, research on pillared clays has centered on materials made from smectites, such as montmorillonite and hectorite. We have extended the range of pillared clay-like materials to micas, 2:1 layered silicates with higher layer charge density, by pillaring tetrasilicic fluoromica (NaMg2.5Si4O10F2) with aluminum chlorhydrate solution. The resultant microporous alumina pillared mica can be used as an acid catalyst to effect the isomerization of 2-methylpent-2-ene. Analysis of the activity of the pillared mica as well as its selectivity as compared to γ-alumina demonstrates that the pillared mica has a high concentration of moderately strong acid sites, with a relatively narrow acid strength site distribution.
Release of endogenous dopamine from electrically stimulated slices of rat striatum.

Abstract An experimental system is described for measuring the release of endogenous dopamine from electrically stimualted slices of rat striatum. Striatal slices were field-stimulated by two high frequency trains (S1 and S2) applied 10, 30 or 60 min apart. The quantities of dopamine released by the two stimuli were compared from slices incubated with and without dopamine's precursor, l -tyrosine. Sustained release of dopamine evoked by the two stimuli was shown to require the inclusion of tyrosine (50 μM) in the superfusate.
Integration of literacy into speech-language therapy: a descriptive analysis of treatment practices.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the present study was: (a) to examine the extent to which speech-language therapy provided to children with language disorders in the schools targets code-based literacy skills (e.g., alphabet knowledge and phonological awareness) during business-as-usual treatment sessions, and (b) to determine whether literacy-focused therapy time was associated with factors specific to children and/or speech-language pathologists (SLPs). Method Participants were 151 kindergarten and first-grade children and 40 SLPs. Video-recorded therapy sessions were coded to determine the amount of time that addressed literacy. Assessments of children's literacy skills were administered as well as questionnaires regarding characteristics of SLPs (e.g., service delivery, professional development). Results Results showed that time spent addressing code-related literacy across therapy sessions was variable. Significant predictors included SLP years of experience, therapy location, and therapy session duration, such that children receiving services from SLPs with more years of experience, and/or who utilized the classroom for therapy, received more literacy-focused time. Additionally, children in longer therapy sessions received more therapy time on literacy skills. Conclusions There is considerable variability in the extent to which children received literacy-focused time in therapy; however, SLP-level factors predict time spent in literacy more than child-level factors. Further research is needed to understand the nature of literacy-focused therapy in the public schools. Learning outcomes: Readers will be able to: (a) define code-based literacy skills, (b) discuss the role that speech-language pathologists have in fostering children's literacy development, and (c) identify key factors that may currently influence the inclusion of literacy targets in school-based speech-language therapy.
Circumstances favoring jaw tumors in Burkitt's lymphoma

Abstract In Burkitt's lymphoma, dental structures may provide the route for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in saliva to penetrate the jaws, thereby promoting tumor formation. In children, EBV could enter tooth sockets exposed following deciduous tooth loss and thereby contact jaw marrow lymphocytes stimulating neoplastic transformation. Marrow contact by EBV probably also occurs through carious teeth. Jaw tumors are rare in adults because their jaw marrow is no longer hematopoietic and so lacks the lymphoid substrate for the virus. In adults, jaw marrow lymphocytosis, as accompanies infectious mononucleosis and perhaps malaria, or which could develop around the roots of carious teeth having chronic periapical infection, could provide the substrate for EBV. EBV could then contact the jaw marrow lymphocytes when teeth are extracted and so favor jaw tumor development. Therefore, prevention of dental caries might reduce jaw tumor prevalence in Burkitt's lymphoma except among children ages 6–13 whose jaw marrow would unavoidably become infected by salivary EBV when the latter is present at the time of deciduous tooth loss.
Carriers' pricing behaviors in the United States airline industry

This paper examines the pricing behaviors of United States air carriers in domestic markets. With quarterly observations in 2000 and 2005, we use a heteroskedasticity-adjusted Instrumental Variable technique to investigate the carriers’ pricing strategies. The results show differential pricing strategies practiced by United States air carriers. American, United, Continental, and Northwest Airlines have higher airfares than Delta and Southwest Airlines in 2005. In 2000, all the carriers, except Delta have the same relationships with airfares. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the carriers’ pricing strategies can vary under the same market condition, indicating that carriers’ managerial decisions may influence their airfares.
New Photometry for the Intermediate-Age Large Magellanic Cloud Globular Cluster NGC 2121 and the Nature of the LMC Age Gap*

We report new photometry for the cluster NGC 2121 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, which shows a prominent hydrogen core exhaustion gap at the turnoff and a descending subgiant branch reminiscent of Galactic open clusters. We achieve an excellent fit using the Girardi isochrones, finding an age of 3.2 ± 0.5 Gyr, with [Fe/H] = -0.6 ± 0.2. The isochrones fit the color and shape of the turnoff and subgiant branch so precisely that we can constrain the metallicity, as well as the age. The same isochrones also fit SL 663 and NGC 2155, although our photometry for these clusters has much larger errors. We find these clusters to be 0.8 Gyr younger and 0.4 dex more metal-rich than recently reported in the literature. Consequently, we argue that NGC 2121, NGC 2155, and SL 663 are not properly assigned to the age gap in the LMC, but instead are among the first clusters to be have formed in the relatively metal-rich, younger group of LMC clusters. We propose a new definition of the LMC age gap as extending from 3.2 to 13 Gyr, with ESO 121-SC03 still the only remaining candidate for membership in the age gap.
Current and emerging options in the management of venous thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common disease whose diagnosis is challenging. The best diagnostic approaches combine the patient’s pretest clinical probability of disease with D-dimer testing and/or diagnostic imaging. In light of several advantages, low-molecular-weight heparins are now recommended over unfractionated heparin for most patients with acute VTE. Newer anticoagulants such as the factor Xa inhibitor fondaparinux also show promise for acute VTE. For chronic management, the duration and intensity of warfarin therapy should be tailored to the individual patient.
Modification of Indium−Tin Oxide Electrodes with Thiophene Copolymer Thin Films: Optimizing Electron Transfer to Solution Probe Molecules

We describe the modification of indium−tin oxide (ITO) electrodes via the chemisorption and electropolymerization of 6-{2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b]-1.4-dioxyn-2-yl methoxy}hexanoic acid (EDOTCA) and the electrochemical co-polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and EDOTCA to form ultrathin films that optimize electron-transfer rates to solution probe molecules. ITO electrodes were first activated using brief exposure to strong haloacids, to remove the top ∼8 nm of the electrode surface, followed by immediate immersion into a 50:50 EDOT/EDOTCA comonomer solution. Potential step electrodeposition for brief deposition times was used to grow copolymer films of thickness 10−100 nm. The composition of these copolymer films was characterized by solution depletion studies of the monomers and atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS)) of the product films. The spectroscopic data suggest ...
Orbital compression syndrome after orbital extravasation of X-ray contrast material.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the orbital compression syndrome after orbital extravasation of x-ray contrast material during catheterization of the left middle meningeal artery. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 61-year-old woman had profound loss of vision, pain, and proptosis of her left eye immediately after catheterization of the left middle meningeal artery. Computed tomography (CT) revealed that contrast material had extravasated into the orbit. Her symptoms improved with lateral canthotomy and cantholysis and resolved totally within 24 hours without the need for an orbital surgical procedure to remove the contrast material. CONCLUSION: This report describes an unusual cause of the orbital compression syndrome.
An Alternative to Developing Stores in Food Deserts: Can Changes in SNAP Benefits Make a Difference?

In the search for policies to reduce the effects of limited food access, little consideration has been given to how economic incentives could be used to make it easier for low-income families to access existing healthy food retailers. Using county-level, administrative data on redemption of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits by store type from May 2007 to May 2010, this paper investigates aggregate responses of SNAP participants to economic and policy changes. Results show that SNAP benefit increases, in general, are associated with a greater percentage of redemptions at superstores. However, other circumstances associated with the large increase in benefits enacted in April 2009 as a part of the stimulus bill reverse the positive effect. Estimates are stable across a number of specifications that also control for gas prices, store-type density, local unemployment and state policies. Results suggest that economic incentives deserve further consideration as an alternative to store development in food desert communities.
Possible Effect of Oil of Gaultheria in Diet of Mice Susceptible to Spontaneous Carcinoma of the Mammary Gland: V. Growth Rate and Certain Retrogressive Changes of Tumors after Onset of Malignancy

In a recent series of papers (1–4) data have been presented indicating that certain characteristics of malignancy may be influenced when true oil of gaultheria, or wintergreen, is administered to mice. It was demonstrated that the onset of spontaneous carcinoma of the mammary gland in susceptible mice could be delayed by this treatment (1). Further analysis (2) disclosed the fact that oil of gaultheria apparently had a cumulative effect in this respect, since, by comparison with controls, the experimental animals lagged behind in the incidence of carcinoma only after several weeks of treatment. It was also (3) demonstrated ( a ) that mice receiving daily small amounts of the natural oil of wintergreen lived longer than controls after the development of carcinoma of the mammary gland; ( b ) that the longer the oil of gaultheria diet was continued the longer was the period of survival after the development of carcinoma; and ( c ) that the earlier the age at which the animals were started on the diet, the longer they lived with their spontaneous tumors. From the fourth investigation (4), the conclusion was reached that the daily administration of the redistilled synthetic oil of wintergreen after the onset of cancer had no discernible effect on either the growth rate of the spontaneous tumors or the survival time of the mice. This conclusion contrasts sharply with those obtained with the natural oil, as indicated above.
At the Crossroads of Conspicuous and Concealable: What Race Categories Communicate about Sexual Orientation

We found that judgments of a perceptually ambiguous social category, sexual orientation, varied as a function of a perceptually obvious social category, race. Sexual orientation judgments tend to exploit a heuristic of gender inversion that often promotes accuracy. We predicted that an orthogonal social category that is itself gendered, race, would impact both sexual orientation categorizations and their accuracy. Importantly, overlaps in both the phenotypes and stereotypes associated with specific race and sex categories (e.g., the categories Black and Men and the categories Asian and Women) lead race categories to be decidedly gendered. Therefore, we reasoned that race categories would bias judgments of sexual orientation and their accuracy because of the inherent gendered nature. Indeed, both gay and straight perceivers in the United States were more likely to judge targets to be gay when target race was associated with gender-atypical stereotypes or phenotypes (e.g., Asian Men). Perceivers were also most accurate when judging the sexual orientation of the most strongly gender-stereotyped groups (i.e., Asian Women and Black Men), but least accurate when judging the sexual orientation of counter-stereotypical groups (i.e., Asian men and Black Women). Signal detection analyses confirmed that this pattern of accuracy was achieved because of heightened sensitivity to cues in groups who more naturally conform to gendered stereotypes (Asian Women and Black Men). Implications for social perception are discussed.