cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RUMINANT NUTRITION SYMPOSIUM: Productivity, digestion, and health responses to hindgut acidosis in ruminants

Microbial fermentation of carbohy- drates in the hindgut of dairy cattle is responsible for 5 to 10% of total-tract carbohydrate digestion. When dietary, animal, or environmental factors contribute to abnormal, excessive flow of fermentable carbohydrates from the small intestine, hindgut acidosis can occur. Hindgut acidosis is characterized by increased rates of production of short-chain fatty acids including lactic acid, decreased digesta pH, and damage to gut epithe- lium as evidenced by the appearance of mucin casts in feces. Hindgut acidosis is more likely to occur in high-producing animals fed diets with relatively greater proportions of grains and lesser proportions of forage. In these animals, ruminal acidosis and poor selective retention of fermentable carbohydrates by the rumen will increase carbohydrate flow to the hindgut. In more severe situations, hindgut acidosis is characterized by an inflammatory response; the resulting breach of the barrier between animal and digesta may contribute to laminitis and other disorders. In a research setting, effects of increased hindgut fermentation have been evaluated using pulse-dose or continuous abomasal infusions of varying amounts of fermentable carbohy- drates. Continuous small-dose abomasal infusions of 1 kg/d of pectin or fructans into lactating cows resulted in decreased diet digestibility and decreased milk fat percentage without affecting fecal pH or VFA concen- trations. The decreased diet digestibility likely resulted from increased bulk in the digestive tract or from in- creased digesta passage rate, reducing exposure of the digesta to intestinal enzymes and epithelial absorptive surfaces. The same mechanism is proposed to explain the decreased milk fat percentage because only milk concentrations of long-chain fatty acids were decreased. Pulse-dose abomasal fructan infusions (1 g/kg of BW) into steers resulted in watery feces, decreased fecal pH, and increased fecal VFA concentrations, without caus- ing an inflammatory response. Daily 12-h abomasal in- fusions of a large dose of starch (~4 kg/d) have also induced hindgut acidosis as indicated by decreased fe- cal pH and watery feces. On the farm, watery or foamy feces or presence of mucin casts in feces may indicate hindgut acidosis. In summary, hindgut acidosis occurs because of relatively high rates of large intestinal fer- mentation, likely due to digestive dysfunction in other parts of the gut. A better understanding of the relation- ship of this disorder to other animal health disorders is needed.
Frontal lobe functions and dysfunctions

Frontal lobe syndromes with personality change are well known for about 150 years but mysteries of their underlying anatomophysiological mechanisms have started to unfold in recent years. The frontal lobe accommodates an extension of the primary motor (precentral) cortex, the premotor region and the interhemispherically located supplementary motor region, both of them forming area 6 and its subdivisions. The anterior and inferior frontal structures (and also the eye field, area 8) belong to the prefrontal region. The prefrontal cortex is also involved in motor action: in its initiation, planning, designing and sequencing rather than its mere execution. This requires drive and initiative to move, their deficits resulting in moderate to extreme apathy. Forces of motivation are likely to be mediated via the fronto-orbital cortex (known as an extension of the temporo-limbic system) which also exerts inhibitory influences on prefrontal functioning, and disinhibitory frontal lobe syndromes (from tactlessness to aggression) are the result of frontobasal impairment. A special form of frontal-motor cortex disconnection may occur in childhood: in the rare Rett syndrome and, with limitation to the prefrontal cortex, in the common Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The initiation of movement is based upon the constant influx of afferent-sensory messages from posterior cerebral regions and strong mesiodorsal thalamic connections, providing information for each following initiatory prefrontal motor impulse which depends on such information from the past moment. This "Working Memory" appears to be the keystone of mental and motor prefrontal function. Becoming unnecessary in the next moments, the afferent signals undergo immediate extinction due to inhibitory fronto-orbital impulses. It is assumed that the classical absence attack with generalized spike-waves of frontal onset causes a "suspension of the working memory" and thus permits immediate postictal recuperation of frontal functions. The gap between afferent and efferent signals in the working memory is likely to permit neurocognitive-processes and, in Homo sapiens, a widened gap is thought to provide a basis for reflection and cogitation uniquely human properties.
Emergency department resuscitative thoracotomy for nontorso injuries.

Background Resuscitative thoracotomy performed in the emergency department (EDT) continues to have clear indications in patients sustaining trauma to the torso, particularly penetrating injuries. However, adjunctive use of aortic cross-clamping during EDT for hemorrhagic shock also may be useful in the acute resuscitation of patient with nontorso injuries (NTI). We questioned the utility of EDT in patients with nontorso trauma. Methods Patients undergoing EDT have been prospectively followed since 1977 at our regional level I trauma center. Results During the 26-year study period, 959 patients underwent EDT; 27 (3%) of these patients underwent EDT for penetrating NTI. Three (11%) of these patients survived to leave the hospital, with only 1 patient sustaining mild neurologic deficit. The mechanism of injury in the survivors was stab wound to the neck (1), gunshot wound to the neck (1), and extremity vascular injury (1). All survivors of EDT for NTI underwent prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and successful endotracheal intubation in the field. There were no survivors of EDT for penetrating injury to the head. Conclusions Resuscitative EDT with aortic cross-clamping is a potential adjunct in the acute resuscitation of NTI involving penetrating neck or extremity vascular injuries.
Turbulence-radiation interactions in large-eddy simulations of luminous and nonluminous nonpremixed flames

Abstract Turbulence-radiation interactions (TRI) are explored in large-eddy simulations (LES) of luminous and nonluminous nonpremixed jet flames. The simulations feature a transported filtered density function (FDF) method for subfilter-scale fluctuations in composition and temperature, and a fully coupled photon Monte Carlo (PMC) method for radiative transfer with line-by-line (LBL) spectral resolution. The model is exercised to isolate and quantify individual contributions to TRI for conditions that range from small optically thin flames to relatively large optically thick flames, including spectral molecular gas radiation and broadband soot radiation. The results provide new physical insight into TRI and guidance for modeling. In all cases, emission TRI are responsible for a significant fraction of the radiative emission, and that fraction increases with increasing optical thickness. For simulations where 84% of the turbulence kinetic energy is resolved, contributions of subfilter-scale fluctuations to emission TRI exceed those of resolved-scale fluctuations. The largest contributions to emission TRI are the absorption coefficient–temperature correlation and the temperature self-correlation. Absorption TRI are evident only for relatively high optical thicknesses. In all cases, the contributions of subfilter-scale fluctuations to absorption TRI are negligible.
Pulse Propagation And Dispersion In Arbitrary Optical Fibers

We have developed a general treatment of light propagation and dispersion in arbitrary refractive index profile optical fibers. The method is based on the accurate numerical solution of the scalar wave equation by a combination of operator splitting and Fourier transform techniques. The Fourier representation of the propagating beam allows a dual description of the electric field in both (x,y) and transverse wavenumber space. This dual description affords a precise characterization of such propagation properties as spatial beam confinement, angular confinement (numerical aperture) and losses, all as a function of propagation distance z. In addition, Fourier transformation of the field autocorrelation function with respect to z yields the complete power spectrum containing trapped, "leaky," and radiation modes. The trapped modes appear as distinct spectral lines whose position (modal wavenumber) and amplitude (modal weight) are the ingredients needed to characterize the dispersion of the light pulse. The numerical tools developed allow a general characterization of realistic refractive index profiles including, e.g., losses and fiber bends as appropriate. The method has been applied to a fiber having a square law refractive index profile with a central dip. The cladding was surrounded with a strong absorber so that leaky modes would be rapidly attenuated. The central dip is found to profoundly alter the mode spectrum, principally by removing some of the degeneracy of the square law modes. In addition, the spread of modal group delays is increased by nearly two orders of magnitude, leading to much less favorable dispersive properties.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Immune Derangements in Patients with Myelofibrosis: The Role of Treg, Th17, and sIL2Rα

Myelofibrosis (MF), including primary myelofibrosis, post-essential thrombocythemia MF, and post-polycythemia vera MF, has been reported to be associated with autoimmune phenomena. IMiDs have been reported to be effective in some patients with MF, presumably for their immune-modulator effects. We therefore sought to elucidate the immune derangements in patients with MF. We found no differences in T regulatory cells (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells in MF patients and normal healthy controls. However, we found significantly elevated soluble interleukin 2 alpha (sIL2Rα) in MF patients compared to those with other myeloproliferative neoplasm diseases and normal healthy controls. Our studies with MF patients further revealed that Treg cells were the predominant cells producing sIL2Rα. sIL2Rα and IL2 complex induced the formation of Treg cells but not the formation of Th1 or Th17 cells. sIL2Rα induced CD8+ T cell proliferation in the presence of Treg cells. Monocytes or neutrophils had no effect on the production of sIL2Rα by Treg cells. Furthermore, we found plasma sIL2Rα levels were correlated to the auto-immune serology in MPN patients and ruxolitinib significantly inhibits the sIL2Rα production by the Treg cells in MF patients which may explain the effects of ruxolitinib on the relief of constitutional symptoms. All these findings suggest that sIL2Rα likely plays a significant role in autoimmune phenomena seen in patients with MF. Further studies of immune derangement may elucidate the mechanism of IMiD, and exploration of immune modulators may prove to be important for treating myelofibrosis.
LARGE-SCALE PHOTOSPHERIC MAGNETIC FIELD: THE DIFFUSION OF ACTIVE REGION FIELDS.

The large-scale photospheric magnetic field has been computed by allowing observed active region fields to diffuse and to be sheared by differential rotation in accordance with the Leighton (1969) magnetokinematic model of the solar cycle. The differential rotation of the computed field patterns as determined by autocorrelation curves is similar to that of the observed photospheric field, and poleward of 20° latitude both are significantly different from the differential rotation of the long-lived sunspots (Newton and Nunn, 1951) used as an input into the computations.
Effects of Microstructural Instability on the Creep Behavior of Si‐C‐O (Nicalon) Fibers in Argon

Tensile creep tests of single Si-C-O fibers (Nicalon, Nippon Carbon Co., Tokyo, Japan) were conducted in argon at 1300°C and 300 to 700 MPa. Fibers exhibited only primary creep, where the creep strain ɛ and creep time t could be empirically fitted by ɛ= (1/β) ln (1 +βɛ0t). The fiber deformation was described by a rheological model for the viscous flow of a concentrated suspension. Under the test conditions, the microstructure of Nicalon was unstable, resulting in weight loss and SiC grain growth. This instability was attributed to the decomposition of the amorphous SiCxOy phase in the fiber, forming SiC and CO as products. As a result, the viscosity of the fiber increased because of an increase in the SiC volume fraction. The continuous increase in viscosity caused a continuously decreasing creep rate, which made steady-state creep impossible under these conditions. Because of the instability in the microstructure, the chemical environment was found to have a profound influence on the mechanical properties of Nicalon at elevated temperatures.
Conceptions of risk in the lives of club drug-using youth

This paper describes current patterns of club drug use and local conceptions of risk among New York City area youth. The data is drawn from a NIDA-funded ethnographic study of club drug initiation among “Bridge and Tunnel” youth. The paper entails an examination of the harmony and discontinuity between folk models of risk within this population and professional models of risk. The author explores how club drug-using youth conceive of risks related to club drug use, specifically ecstasy, and how such conceptions compare and contrast with current professional models of risk. These conceptions of risk are crucial to understand, as they form an informal logic by which club drug practices are guided. Ultimately, the author examines how the relationship between folk models and professional models might inform health promotion efforts targeting youth.
Scanning tunneling microscopy of in situ cleaved and hydrogen passivated Si(110) cross-sectional surfaces

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is used to study the preparation of Si(110) cross-sectional surfaces. Atomically flat Si(110) cleavage faces with typical terrace widths of 20 nm are achieved in ultrahigh vacuum by partial pre-cleaving ex situ. The initially disordered surfaces are found to order upon annealing and the observed reconstructions are discussed. Passivation of electronic surface states in the band gap is performed by atomic-hydrogen exposure and characterized by STM conductance imaging and spectroscopy. Cross-sectional imaging and spectroscopy of Si(001) p n doping superlattices is demonstrated, and a comparison is made between results from in situ prepared surfaces and those from ex situ cleaved and HF-dipped samples.
Hemophagocytic syndrome in dogs: 24 cases (1996-2005).

Objective—To determine the frequency, potential causes, and clinical and clinicopathologic features of hemophagocytic syndrome in dogs. Design—Retrospective study. Animals—24 client-owned dogs. Procedures—Records for dogs in which diagnostic bone marrow specimens (including an aspiration smear and core biopsy material) were obtained from 1996 to 2005 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were presence of bicytopenia or pancytopenia in the blood and > 2% hemophagocytic macrophages in the bone marrow aspirate. Results—Of 617 bone marrow specimens evaluated, evidence of hemophagocytic syndrome was detected in 24 (3.9%). The Tibetan Terrier breed was overrepresented among dogs with hemophagocytic syndrome. Clinical signs associated with hemophagocytic syndrome included fever, icterus, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and diarrhea. Hemophagocytic syndrome was associated with immune-mediated, infectious, and neoplastic-myelodysplastic conditions and also occurred as an idiopathic condition. Overall, dogs with infection-...
Complete design analysis of a continuous sterilizer for fermentation media containing suspended solids

An improved mathematical model was developed to design a continuous sterilizer for liquid fermentation media containing suspended solids. Unsteady-state energy balances were used to determine the temperature distribution in the liquid medium and in the solid particles as a function of time and position within the particle, as the medium flows through the sterilizer. Such temperature profiles were used to determine the level of microbial reduction achieved by each component of the sterilizer and by the entire sterilization process. A considerable difference exists between the temperature in the particle core and in the surrounding liquid. This has a significant impact on the degree of sterility achieved by the process. The level of microbial reduction in the particles was found to be tens and or even hundreds of order of magnitude lower than the corresponding level achieved in the liquid. The role of the particle material on the degree of sterilization was also investigated. Solid materials typically found in fermentation media, such as wood or flour clumps were found to offer considerable resistance to the sterilization of the organisms lodged inside them.
The application of oxidative chemical vapor deposited (oCVD) PEDOT to textured and non-planar photovoltaic device geometries for enhanced light trapping

Abstract In organic photovoltaics (OPVs), active layer thicknesses are limited by exciton diffusion length. Thus, non-planar surfaces and device architectures are desired for enhancing the light absorption in OPVs. The oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) process enables the formation of conformal films of conducting polymers on complex surface structures. oCVD poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is demonstrated to be compatible with a wide range of nano- to macro-scale textured and non-planar architectures that have been demonstrated to enhance light absorption in photovoltaics by various mechanisms of light trapping, such as lengthening optical pathways and taking advantage of reflective light bouncing. Here, conformal oCVD (PEDOT) layers are demonstrated over submicron features including submicron nanowedges and nanocones (with 70–100 nm groove depth and 100 nm pitch) and square gratings (50–350 nm groove depth and 139–833.3 nm pitch). In contrast, solution-applied PEDOT:PSS exhibits blanketing, thinning at the top of the features, and welling up of material in the bottom of the features, thus failing to conformally coat the complex surfaces. The application of oCVD PEDOT to macro-scale 3D OPV architectures was also explored. Enhanced active layer absorbance is shown using tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) as the absorbing layer over the PEDOT.
Propagation of the shock wave generated from excimer laser heating of aluminum targets in comparison with ideal blast wave theory

Abstract Propagation of the shock wave generated during pulsed laser heating of aluminum targets was measured utilizing a probe beam deflection technique. The transit time of the laser-generated shock wave was compared with that predicted from the Sedov–Taylor solution for an ideal spherical blast wave. It was found that the most important parameters for the laser-generated shock wave to be consistent with the theoretically predicted propagation are the ambient pressure and the laser beam spot size. The prediction for laser energy conversion into the laser-induced vapor flow using the Sedov–Taylor solution overestimated the energy coupling efficiency, indicating a difference between a laser-induced gas-dynamic flow and an ideal blast wave.
Alumina and titania overlayers on rhodium: A comparison of the chemisorption catalytic properties

Abstract The effects of submonolayer deposits AlOx on the adsorption and hydrogenation of CO on a Rh foil have been investigated and compared with the earlier studied effects of TiOx deposits. AlOx is found to suppress CO chemisorption in direct proportion to AlOx coverage without affecting the energy of adsorption, indicating that the only function of AlOx is site blockage. CO hydrogenation activity of Rh decreases in proportion to AlOx coverage, but no change is observed in product selectivity or rate parameters for methane synthesis. By contrast, TiOx suppresses CO chemisorption to an extent greater than that expected for simple site blockage. With increasing TiOx coverage, the CO hydrogenation activity of Rh passes through a maximum at θTiOx = 0.15 ML. The rate parameters for methane synthesis are affected by TiOx coverage: relative to clean Rh, the activation energy is lower and the partial dependences on H2 and CO are both larger. The unusual effects of TiOx are attributed to the formation of Ti3+ cationic centers at the perimeter of TiOx islands present on the Rh surface.
Histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Abstract This report describes the experience with disseminated histoplasmosis in seven of 15 patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) diagnosed in Indianapolis since 1981. Three were homosexual, two were Intravenous drug addicts, one was the spouse of another patient with AIDS and disseminated histoplasmosis, and the seventh was a hemophiliac. Six had associated infections: candidiasis in three, Pneumocystis carinll pneumonia, recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex infection, and disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection In two each, and disseminated Infection with an unidentified mycobacterium in one. Clinical diseases suggested sepsis in four. Histoplasma fungemia occurred In five, but the diagnosis was established first by visualization of organisms In blood or bone marrow In three. Results of Histoplasma serologic tests were positive In each. Three died before receiving 50 mg of amphotericin B, three had prompt Improvement with amphotericin B, and one was treated with ketoconazole to prevent dissemination. However, two of the three patients treated with amphotericin B had relapses after a 35 mg/kg course, and the third died within a month following therapy. Disseminated histoplasmosis is a major opportunistic infection In patients with AIDS from endemic areas. AIDS should be strongly considered in otherwise healthy persons with disseminated histoplasmosis, especially if risk factors for AIDS are present. Amphotericin B is not curative in these patients.
Sit-to-Stand Measurement for In-Home Monitoring Using Voxel Analysis

We present algorithms to segment the activities of sitting and standing, and identify the regions of sit-to-stand (STS) transitions in a given image sequence. As a means of fall risk assessment, we propose methods to measure STS time using the 3-D modeling of a human body in voxel space as well as ellipse fitting algorithms and image features to capture orientation of the body. The proposed algorithms were tested on ten older adults with ages ranging from 83 to 97. Two techniques in combination yielded the best results, namely the voxel height in conjunction with the ellipse fit. Accurate STS time was computed on various STSs and verified using a marker-based motion capture system. This application can be used as part of a continuous video monitoring system in the homes of older adults and can provide valuable information to help detect fall risk and enable early interventions.
Microsystems engineering from nano to micro and macro

Biological systems are networks of structures at different physical scale hierarchies that operate at performance levels set by fundamental physical limits, under severe constraints of size, weight and energy resources. They are indeed, engineering marvels of heterogeneous integration and structural complexity. In this talk I begin first with an overview of emerging information technologies. I then proceed to describe work in my lab demonstrating how we are exploring the characteristics of the devices at the different physical scales, from nano to micro and macro to obtain useful functionality at the system level. I will describe microsystems for bio-sensing, polarization imaging and interferometric optical readout. Our systems incorporate silicon integrated circuits, electromechanical elements, active and passive micro-optical elements, as well as "soft" polymer and biological macromolecules. Looking ahead at the challenges that we face as we seek to synthesize such heterogeneous microsystems, Nature, is undoubtly, a good place to draw inspiration!
Life's a beach but you’re an ant, and other unwelcome news for the sociology of culture

Abstract The sociology of culture has happily been able to get by without any strict definitions of culture, but most of us seem to assume that culture is some sort of complex cognitive web (say of signs or symbols) that is largely shared across persons and mirrored in aspects of their interiority. I argue that this is unlikely, because of what we know about the limitations to our cognitive powers. I present a selective review of such results and make a few arguments for the implications regarding our understanding of culture.
Redirecting evaluation of interactive video: The case for complexity

Summary Six levels of evaluation activity have been defined within the context of interactive video projects. It should be noted that the multi-purpose, multimethod nature of these levels greatly expand the scope of evaluation as it is usually viewed in the context of the development and implementation of interactive video (or any other educational context). The author is currently conducting a series of reviews of evaluations of interactive videodisc education and training programs for The Videodisc Monitor (Reeves, 1988) , and has found that most evaluations have tended to concentrate on only one or at best two levels of evaluation (cf., May, 1984 ). The approach to evaluation recommended here involves selective implementation of a wider range of evaluation levels to derive a fuller measure of benefit from this most important activity. The six levels have the potential to enhance specific interactive video instructional programs, and moreover, to improve the overall process of designing and using interactive video. Computer modeling, as an evaluation strategy, is strongly advocated for further exploration. Any form of instruction involves numerous variables interacting with great complexity. As noted by Pagels (1988) , computer modeling can be used to distill that complexity down to a humanly manageable amount of information so that we can apply our intuition to it and see what is going in. (p. 41). At this time, this process of distillation is clearly more an art than a science, and traditionally trained experimental researchers and evaluators may experience considerable trauma in changing paradigms. Nonetheless, the poor record of previous efforts to advance instructional understanding demands that we try new ways.
Photochemically generated carotenoid radicals on Nafion film and silica gel: an EPR and ENDOR study

Abstract Carotenoid cation radicals have been observed at 120 K, by EPR and proton ENDOR measurements, to be formed upon 77 K photolysis of thin films of Nafion or silica gel coated with the carotenoids, β-carotene and canthaxanthin. The powder ENDOR spectra consist of resolvable lines due to couplings larger than 2.8 MHz but smaller than 17 MHz assigned to the methyl protons of the carotenoid cation radical and to an α-proton of the planar polyene chain.
Review: Combinations of clinical findings had moderate sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing the irritable bowel syndrome

Source Citation Ford AC, Talley NJ, Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJ, et al. Will the history and physical examination help establish that irritable bowel syndrome is causing this patient’s lower gastroint...
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SIGNAL‐VOID SIGN IN DOGS

The cerebrospinal fluid signal-void sign is an observable signal loss from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), especially on T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images. In people, this sign is attributed to rapid CSF flow or turbulence from arterial pulsations and occurs more frequently with reduced intracranial compliance. The purposes of this study were to describe the CSF signal-void sign, document whether a similar sign occurs in dogs and investigate associations between it and other conditions. The sample population consisted of 327 dogs admitted for neurocranium evaluation using a 0.2 T system. Review of the medical records and MR images was performed to characterize the presence and location of a CSF signal-void sign, ventricular size, syringomyelia, and other lesions. A CSF signal-void sign was detected in at least the mesencephalic aqueduct in 59/327 (18.0%) dogs, including some with no morphologic brain abnormality. The majority of these dogs (45/59% or 76%) weighed 15 kg, a CSF signal-void sign was seen with various conditions. In 137/327 (41.9%) dogs weighing < 15 kg, the presence of a CSF signal-void sign in the aqueduct (45 dogs) was associated with syringomyelia (P = 0.0468) and increased ventricular size (P = 0.0054): syringomyelia also was associated with increased ventricular size (P = 0.0009). In conclusion, a CSF signal-void sign was seen in dogs with various conditions. In small-breed dogs, a CSF signal-void sign in the aqueduct was associated with ventricular enlargement and syringomyelia.
157 Are Social Support and Coping Mediators of Quality of Life (QOL) Long-Term after Heart Transplantation (HT)?

sion Scale, Panas-X, HT Stressor Scale, Jalowiec Coping Scale, Social Support Index, and Assessment of Problems with the HT Regimen. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and Cox Proportional Hazard Modeling. Results: Overall, HT pts (n 555) were 78% male, 88% white, 79% married, 59% with a high school education, and mean age at HT 54 years. 10% (n 55) of pts died during the 5-10 year follow-up period. Variables that were significantly predictive of an increased risk of mortality in the multivariable model included: less education, being married, less satisfaction with socio-economic areas of life, NYHA class 3 or 4, cardiovascular and hematologic complications, more infections, and less compliance with the HT regimen. Conclusions: Demographic, QOL, and behavioral factors, as well as clinical factors, were associated with an increased risk of mortality from 5 to 10 years after HT. These factors have implications regarding pt selection and post HT recipient management, including self-care.
BAP1 deficiency causes loss of melanocytic cell identity in uveal melanoma.

Background Uveal melanoma is a highly aggressive cancer with a strong propensity for metastasis, yet little is known about the biological mechanisms underlying this metastatic potential. We recently showed that most metastasizing uveal melanomas, which exhibit a class 2 gene expression profile, contain inactivating mutations in the tumor suppressor BAP1. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of BAP1 in uveal melanoma progression.
Neogene synvolcanic and syntectonic sedimentation in central Washington

Neogene drainage evolution and sedimentation in central Washington were controlled by extrusion of flood basalts, aggradation of volcanism-induced sedimentary sequences, and fold-belt deformation. Most Columbia River Basalt Group lavas accumulated between 17.0 and 13.5 Ma and repositioned streams to the margin of the Columbia Plateau. Lava-dammed lakes were not major contributors to the stratigraphic record; fluvial sedimentation in response to lowered gradients produced broad, flood-plain-dominated alluvial sequences. Distribution of basalts and the thickness and facies trends in intercalated sediments record growth of the Yakima fold belt throughout the middle Miocene to Pliocene. Adequate topographic relief to generate widespread basaltic gravel, however, lagged behind initial deformation by at least 10 m.y. because of burial of the slowly developing folds by high-frequency eruptions of large-volume basalt flows. Neogene uplift and incision of the Cascade Range are recorded by derivation of successively younger epiclastics from lower levels of the Cascade stratigraphic sequence. Episodes of dacitic volcanism in the Cascades produced widespread, monomictic sediments with abundant pyroclastic material. In proximal to medial positions, this detritus was deposited primarily by floods and debris flows.
Transmission of cultural values among Mexican-origin parents and their adolescent and emerging adult offspring.

The integration of the U.S. and Mexican culture is an important process associated with Mexican-origin youths’ adjustment and family dynamics. The current study examined the reciprocal associations in parents’ and two offspring’s cultural values (i.e., familism and respect) in 246 Mexican-origin families. Overall, mothers’ values were associated with increases in youths’ values five years later. In contrast, youths’ familism values were associated with increases in fathers’ familism values five years later. In addition, developmental differences emerged where parent-to-offspring effects were more consistent for youth transitioning from early to late adolescence than for youth transitioning from middle adolescence to emerging adulthood. Finally, moderation by immigrant-status revealed a youth-to-parent effect for mother-youth immigrant dyads, but not for dyads where youth were U.S.-raised. Our findings highlight the reciprocal nature of parent-youth value socialization and provide a nuanced understanding of these processes through the consideration of familism and respect values. As Mexican-origin youth represent a large and rapidly growing segment of the U.S. population, research that advances our understanding of how these youth develop values that foster family cohesion and support are crucial.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Has Multiple Mechanisms for Blocking Virus-Induced Interferon Production

In response to viral infection, host cells elicit a number of responses, including the expression of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β). In these cells, IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) undergoes a sequence of posttranslational modifications that allow it to act as a potent transcriptional coactivator of specific IFN genes, including IFN-β. We investigated the mechanisms by which herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) inhibits the production of IFN-β mediated by the IRF-3 signaling pathway. Here, we show that HSV-1 infection can block the accumulation of IFN-β triggered by Sendai virus (SeV) infection. Our results indicate that HSV-1 infection blocks the nuclear accumulation of activated IRF-3 but does not block the initial virus-induced phosphorylation of IRF-3. The former effect was at least partly mediated by increased turnover of IRF-3 in HSV-1-infected cells. Using mutant viruses, we determined that the immediate-early protein ICP0 was necessary for the inhibition of IRF-3 nuclear accumulation. Expression of ICP0 also had the ability to reduce IFN-β production induced by SeV infection. ICP0 has been shown previously to play a role in HSV-1 sensitivity to IFN and in the inhibition of antiviral gene production. However, we observed that an ICP0 mutant virus still retained the ability to inhibit the production of IFN-β. These results argue that HSV-1 has multiple mechanisms to inhibit the production of IFN-β, providing additional ways in which HSV-1 can block the IFN-mediated host response.
Golgi's dichromate-silver method. 3. Chromating fluids.

Slices of cat brains that had been fixed in 10% aqueous formalin for various periods from 2 days to over a year were subjected to different types of chromation prior to impregnation with silver nitrate. Acid solutions of Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Ni, Sr and Zn chromates were tested for usefulness as chromating agents. The chromates of Cd, Co, K, Sr and Zn were found to be best; Ca, Ce and Ni gave positive results, but Al, Ba, Cu and Fe were quite unsatisfactory. Acetic acid was somewhat preferable to formic as the acidifying agent. A formula consisting of potassium chromate, 5% aq., 100 ml. and glacial acetic acid 6–8 ml. was found to be similar in action to comparable mixtures that contained the chromate of Cd, Co, Sr or Zn. Brain slices chromated 24–48 hours in these acidified chromates and silvered in 0.75–1.0% silver nitrate for 12–24 hours at 37–40° C. gave at least three times as many good preparations as similar specimens chromated with plain potassium dichromate solution.
Collision avoidance in single-channel ad hoc networks using directional antennas

Three collision-avoidance protocols are analyzed that use omni-directional packet reception together with omni-directional transmissions, directional transmissions, or a combination of both. A simple model is introduced to analyze the performance of these collision avoidance protocols in multi-hop networks with arbitrary topologies. The numerical results of this analysis show that collision avoidance using a narrow antenna beamwidth for the transmission of all control and data packets achieves the highest throughput among the three collision avoidance schemes considered. Simulation experiments of the popular IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol and its variants based on directional transmissions and omni-directional packet reception validate the results predicted in the analysis. The results further show that narrow-beamwidth transmissions can also reduce the average delay experienced by nodes. It is concluded that the advantage of spatial reuse achieved by narrow-beamwidth transmissions outweighs that of conservative collision avoidance schemes featured by the omnidirectional transmission of some control packets. This is due to the fact that the latter requires far more stringent coordination of nodes with their neighbors and hidden terminals, which can lead to much more channel resource wasted due to nodes' excessive waiting time.
Simulation of transients caused by single-event upsets in combinational logic

A comprehensive technique for simulation of transients caused by single-event upsets (SEUs) in combinational logic circuits is described. Based upon linear RC models of gates, the proposed technique integrates a closed-form model for computation of the SEU-induced transient at the site of a particle strike with propagation models for the transients along a functionally sensitized path. A full set of simulation results indicate that on average, the models are accurate to within 10% of the results obtained using SPICE simulations (peak magnitude and duration about 0.5VDD) with over 1000times improvement in computational speed
Carbon-Nanotube Optoacoustic Lens for Focused Ultrasound Generation and High-Precision Targeted Therapy

We demonstrate a new optical approach to generate high-frequency (.15 MHz) and high-amplitude focused ultrasound, which can be used for non-invasive ultrasound therapy. A nano-composite film of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and elastomeric polymer is formed on concave lenses, and used as an efficient optoacoustic source due to the high optical absorption of the CNTs and rapid heat transfer to the polymer upon excitation by pulsed laser irradiation. The CNT-coated lenses can generate unprecedented optoacoustic pressures of .50 MPa in peak positive on a tight focal spot of 75 mm in lateral and 400 m mi n axial widths. This pressure amplitude is remarkably high in this frequency regime, producing pronounced shock effects and non-thermal pulsed cavitation at the focal zone. We demonstrate that the optoacoustic lens can be used for micro-scale ultrasonic fragmentation of solid materials and a single-cell surgery in terms of removing the cells from substrates and neighboring cells.
Portrayal of parallel applications for performance evaluation and prediction

Performance analysis and estimations play a central role in the design and development of parallel application software. In parallel environments, the performance related parameter space is much larger than that in the sequential case. As a result, simple "paper and pencil" type analysis is not always a viable option. Numerous efforts have gone into developing tools to help users understand the performance of their parallel applications. Typically these tools tend to be used at run-time or as post-processors. Performance data is gathered by monitoring the program execution and/or by collecting execution trace. These tools serve a useful purpose as performance tuning aids after an application has been parallelized. As such, these tools are not directly useful in designing and developing parallel applications. We introduce a new notion called performance portrayal of a parallel application program for performance specification. The portrayal captures the speed characteristics of the rate determining segments, the control flow, and dataflow of an application as well as the parameters of the parallel environment in which it is executed. The specification is expressed as a program in a Portrayal Specification Language (PSL), which we introduce. >
Compression, clustering, and pattern discovery in very high-dimensional discrete-attribute data sets

This paper presents an efficient framework for error-bounded compression of high-dimensional discrete-attribute data sets. Such data sets, which frequently arise in a wide variety of applications, pose some of the most significant challenges in data analysis. Subsampling and compression are two key technologies for analyzing these data sets. The proposed framework, PROXIMUS, provides a technique for reducing large data sets into a much smaller set of representative patterns, on which traditional (expensive) analysis algorithms can be applied with minimal loss of accuracy. We show desirable properties of PROXIMUS in terms of runtime, scalability to large data sets, and performance in terms of capability to represent data in a compact form and discovery and interpretation of interesting patterns. We also demonstrate sample applications of PROXIMUS in association rule mining and semantic classification of term-document matrices. Our experimental results on real data sets show that use of the compressed data for association rule mining provides excellent precision and recall values (above 90 percent) across a range of problem parameters while reducing the time required for analysis drastically. We also show excellent interpretability of the patterns discovered by PROXIMUS in the context of clustering and classification of terms and documents. In doing so, we establish PROXIMUS as a tool for both preprocessing data before applying computationally expensive algorithms and directly extracting correlated patterns.
Pain behaviors: Postsurgical responses of children and adolescents

There is scant data identifying the range and variety of pain behaviors associated with ongoing, short-term acute pain of older children and adolescents. The purposes of this study were to identify and record pain behaviors manifested by children and adolescents during the first 3 days after surgery and examine the relationship between behaviors and self-report of pain intensity. Data were collected from 37 multi-ethnic children and adolescents using the World Graphic Rating Scale for self-report of pain intensity and the Pediatric Pain Behavior List to record pain behaviors. The five most frequently observed behaviors were calm, maintaining one position, flexing limbs, eyes shut, and knees drawn up. All children reported pain on the first 2 days postsurgery. Many children who were lying in one position with a calm expression, at the same time, reported moderate to severe pain.
Doubly connected multi-dimensional regular topologies for MANs and LANs

The authors present a group of multidimensional regular topologies with two incoming and two outgoing link per node. The use of a mixed-radix numbering system in defining the network topology leads to many choices for the jump distance, which provides better performance when the total number of nodes is large. They introduce a performance parameter named spanning radius (SPR) which determines the addition traversal required to use all different choices when the number of choices exceeds two. The impact of the number of choices and its SPR on the network performance is also studied. The results show that a multidimensional network performs better in terms of diameter and reliability when the penalty of the extra link traversal is offset by the saving due to the additional jump distance choices used. >
A new circuit simplification method for error tolerant applications

Starting from a functional description or a gate level circuit, the goal of the multi-level logic optimization is to obtain a version of the circuit that implements the original function at a lower cost. For error tolerant applications — images, video, audio, graphics, and games — it is known that errors at the outputs are tolerable provided that their severities are within application-specified thresholds. In this paper, we perform application level analysis to show that significant errors at the circuit level are tolerable. Then we develop a multi-level logic synthesis algorithm for error tolerant applications that minimizes the cost of the circuit by exploiting the budget for approximations provided by error tolerance. We use circuit area as the cost metric and use a test generation algorithm to select faults that introduce errors of low severities but provide significant area reductions. Selected faults are injected to simplify the circuit for the experiments. Results show that our approach provides significant reductions in circuit area even for modest error tolerance budgets.
Assessing binocular interaction in amblyopia and its clinical feasibility.

Purpose: To measure binocular interaction in amblyopes using a rapid and patient-friendly computer-based method, and to test the feasibility of the assessment in the clinic. Methods: Binocular interaction was assessed in subjects with strabismic amblyopia (n=7), anisometropic amblyopia (n=6), strabismus without amblyopia (n=15) and normal vision (n=40). Binocular interaction was measured with a dichoptic phase matching task in which subjects matched the position of a binocular probe to the cyclopean perceived phase of a dichoptic pair of gratings whose contrast ratios were systematically varied. The resulting effective contrast ratio of the weak eye was taken as an indicator of interocular imbalance. Testing was performed in an ophthalmology clinic under 8 mins. We examined the relationships between our binocular interaction measure and standard clinical measures indicating abnormal binocularity such as interocular acuity difference and stereoacuity. The test-retest reliability of the testing method was also evaluated. Results: Compared to normally-sighted controls, amblyopes exhibited significantly reduced effective contrast (,20%) of the weak eye, suggesting a higher contrast requirement for the amblyopic eye compared to the fellow eye. We found that the effective contrast ratio of the weak eye covaried with standard clincal measures of binocular vision. Our results showed that there was a high correlation between the 1 st and 2 nd measurements (r=0.94, p,0.001) but without any significant bias between the two. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that abnormal binocular interaction can be reliably captured by measuring the effective contrast ratio of the weak eye and quantitative assessment of binocular interaction is a quick and simple test that can be performed in the clinic. We believe that reliable and timely assessment of deficits in a binocular interaction may improve detection and treatment of amblyopia.
Functional and performance analysis of time Petri nets

In time Petri nets (TPNs) firing a transition takes no time but the firing instant lies in a time domain. The firing time domain of a transition enabled in a marking depends on that marking transition and on the way that marking is reached. This type of dependency complicates the representation of the reachability and the analysis of TPNs. The authors present a methodology to transform the reachability set of a TPN into a set which could be used for both functional and performance analysis. >
Consequences Of Health Trends And Medical Innovation For The Future Elderly

ABSTRACT: Recent innovations in biomedicine seem poised to revolutionize medical practice. At the same time, disease and disability are increasing among younger populations. This paper considers ho...