cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Harnessing nanotechnology to expand the toolbox of chemical biology

Although nanotechnology often addresses biomedical needs, nanoscale tools can also facilitate broad biological discovery. Nanoscale delivery, imaging, biosensing, and bioreactor technologies may address unmet questions at the interface between chemistry and biology. Currently, many chemical biologists do not include nanomaterials in their toolbox, and few investigators develop nanomaterials in the context of chemical tools to answer biological questions. We reason that the two fields are ripe with opportunity for greater synergy. Nanotechnologies can expand the utility of chemical tools in the hands of chemical biologists, for example, through controlled delivery of reactive and/or toxic compounds or signal-binding events of small molecules in living systems. Conversely, chemical biologists can work with nanotechnologists to address challenging biological questions that are inaccessible to both communities. This Perspective aims to introduce the chemical biology community to nanotechnologies that may expand their methodologies while inspiring nanotechnologists to address questions relevant to chemical biology.
Personality shifts are inconsistent across two rapid range expansions of a non-native spider

Successful biological invasions are characterized by the spread of a population across a landscape. Range expansion conditions can favour different phenotypes at the leading edges of the range compared to those at the core. Although Cyrtophora citricola is a non-native spider species that was documented in Florida, U.S.A. almost two decades ago, the status of its populations remains unstudied. We report two populations that have spread northward along both eastern and western coasts from a putative common origin. We asked whether the leading edges of these two range expansions are composed of different personality types compared to the original core and whether core-to-edge patterns in personality are consistent between the two replicate populations. More voracious, more exploratory and bolder spiders were predicted to occupy the leading edge, because these personality types are assumed to be associated with dispersive, successful colonizers in novel environments. While leading-edge spiders were indeed faster to respond and attack prey stimuli and active longer in novel environments compared to spiders from the core, the two populations diverged in boldness. On average, western spiders were less bold and exploratory towards newer colonization sites, whereas eastern spiders were bolder at newer sites. The divergence in exploratory behaviour and boldness between these populations highlights the difficulties in generalizing how traits may become assorted across an expanding range and stress the importance of using replicate populations when possible. These results suggest that range level processes can be inconsistent and highlight the importance of investigating how the strength of local adaptation may swamp processes such as spatial sorting.
Race/ethnic difference in trabecular bone score in midlife women: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).

There was no difference in Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) comparing White and Black women after adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and diabetes status. Japanese women had lower TBS than White women. Our results diverge from established differences in fracture rates by race/ethnicity. The TBS was developed as an indirect measure of vertebral bone microarchitecture derived from texture analysis of lumbar spine DXA scans. There is little information on race/ethnic differences in TBS. We compared TBS in 656 White, 492 Black, and 268 Japanese pre- and early perimenopausal women. We used a beta version of TBS that accounts for tissue thickness using DXA measured soft tissue thickness rather than BMI. The relation between BMI and tissue thickness corrected TBS differed by BMI; we used a three-segment linear spline to adjust for BMI. The women were, on average, 46.5 years of age; 50% were premenopausal. In BMI and diabetes adjusted models, there was no difference in TBS between White and Black women. TBS was modestly (2%) lower in the Japanese women compared to White women, p = 0.04. In a sensitivity analysis, restricting the analysis to those with BMI 24–31 kg/m2, results were similar. TBS was similar in Black and White women after accounting for tissue thickness and adjusting for BMI, diabetes, and other covariates. The Japanese women had modestly lower TBS. These results diverge from established race/ethnic differences in fracture rates and areal bone mineral density, underscoring the need for further studies.
Decolonize This Art History: Imagining a Decolonial Art History Programme at Kalamazoo College.

This article presents a case study of a decolonized curriculum development in the Art History programme at the small liberal arts institution Kalamazoo College (Michigan, USA). It discusses the curriculum plan, methods for learning, assessment and potential applications for this approach beyond the case study. Paying attention to questions about the origins of art history, and its long-established methods and canon within the Western academy, this article proposes that any approach to decolonizing an art history curriculum must take into account the frameworks and methods of the knowledge systems it employs, must continually assess, reflect and hold accountable those who participate in its implementation and maintenance, and, importantly, must recognize that decolonization work is a necessarily messy and ongoing process.
cut, tuck, and paste: repurposing mass-produced imagery at buddhist shrines in ladakh, india

This article documents and analyzes the ways in which mass-produced imagery, frequently intended for secular functions, is creatively repurposed at Buddhist shrines in Ladakh, India. I argue that t...
Perovskite detectors for x-ray imaging and gamma spectroscopy: overview and current state-of-the-art

Perovskites are a family of semiconductor materials with molecular formula ABX3 [where A+ = Cesium (Cs), methylammonium (MA or CH3NH3) or formamidinium (FA or CH(NH2)2), B-site is metal, and X− = chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) or iodine (I)] that have recently seen a surged interest for X-ray and gamma-ray detection. The all inorganic version, CsPbBr3, grown by high temperature melt method has been demonstrated with an impressive gamma-ray energy resolution of 1.4%@662 keV, while the solution grown CsPbBr3 showed the best achievable resolution of 5.5% at the same energy from a 137Cs source. This paper gives an overview of the development of perovskite in both X-ray detection and gamma spectroscopy, including the most recent advancement with perovskite single crystal grown by low temperature inverse temperature method for solid-state X-ray detector. The crystal shows a decent long carrier diffusion length that is ideal for charge collection, while their mobilities are still not on par with CdZnTe. We also reported our most recent development on clarifying the concepts around X-ray detection limits. The X-ray sensitivity and the lowest detectable dose rate (i.e., X-ray detection limits) of several MAPbI3 detectors made of single crystal were experimentally measured. The best achieved X-ray sensitivity is ~2.5E4 μC/Gyair/cm2 under 15.4 V/mm, which is comparable to the current state-of-the-art MAPbI3 based X-ray detectors (~ 2.3E4 μC/Gyair/cm2 under 4.2 V/mm for GAMAPbI3 (GA=guanidinium) single crystal detector). The best achieved lowest detectable X-ray dose rate for the same MAPbI3 detector is ~61 nGyair/s under 15.4 V/mm, and decreased to ~24 nGyair/s under 3.8 V/mm. The good performance of the MAPbI3 detectors further proves their great potential as the next generation low-cost X-ray detector.
Perceived warmth and competence in crowdfunding: Which matters more and for whom?

Abstract Despite the importance of warmth and competence for social evaluation processes, we do not have a clear understanding of their relevance in entrepreneurial resource acquisition contexts. We examine the effects of cursory impressions of 350 Kickstarter crowdfunding entrepreneurs’ warmth and competence on the performance of their campaigns. Drawing from the stereotype content model and expectancy violation theory, we propose and find support for a model in which different forms of trust mediate the relationships between warmth and competence and crowdfunding performance, with the strength of these pathways differing as a function of entrepreneur gender. Specifically, we show that the crowdfunding performance of women entrepreneurs is uniquely benefited by perceptions of competence and the cognition-based trust that ensues, relative to the performance of men entrepreneurs.
The Robust Federation: Principles of Design

The Robust Federation offers a comprehensive approach to the study of federalism. Jenna Bednar demonstrates how complementary institutions maintain and adjust the distribution of authority between national and state governments. These authority boundaries matter - for defense, economic growth, and adequate political representation - and must be defended from opportunistic transgression. From Montesquieu to Madison, the legacy of early institutional analysis focuses attention on the value of competition between institutions, such as the policy moderation produced through separated powers. Bednar offers a reciprocal theory: in an effective constitutional system, institutions complement one another; each makes the others more powerful. Diverse but complementary safeguards - including the courts, political parties, and the people - cover different transgressions, punish to different extents, and fail under different circumstances. The analysis moves beyond equilibrium conceptions and explains how the rules that allocate authority are not fixed but shift gradually. Bednar's rich theoretical characterization of complementary institutions provides the first holistic account of federal robustness.
A Review of Friction Ridge Skin

This book belongs in the “must have” category. It attemptS to address the subject of personal identification based on fingerprints, palmprints, and soleprints. It covers the taking of prints, the rudiments of classification, the documentation of prints (-latent and otherwise) by photography, and the comparison of prints. Mr. Cowger writes well, and the chapters on the taking of prints, photography, and classification are clear and succinct. The photographic illustrations accompanying these sections are particularly apt and obviously have been selected with great care. Still, there is little in these sections that is particularly novel, or that has not been addressed in a more expanded form in other standard texts. The principal virtues of this text lie elsewhere.
The effect of relaxin on the excretion of diodrast in the castrate hysterectomized rabbit.

Abstract 1. 1. Intravenous pyelograms were taken of rabbits prior to and after hysterectomy and castration, after ethinyl estradiol administration, and following estradiol and relaxin administration. 2. 2. Intravenous pyelograms were taken of a pregnant rabbit on the twentysecond day of gestation. 3. 3. The pyelograms taken after relaxin administration demonstrated delay in complete filling of the ureters and appearance of the dye in the bladder comparable to that seen in the pregnant rabbit. 4. 4. This delay in ureteral and bladder filling is due, we believe, to atonicity of the ureteral musculature caused by estradiol relaxin therapy.
Engineers without Borders at Montana State University: Student-Led Engagement and Transnational Collaboration.

The Montana State University student chapter of Engineers Without Borders USA is a student-managed partnership with the people of Khwisero, Kenya. The primary mission, to bring potable water and clean sanitation facilities to 61 primary schools and the surrounding communities of Khwisero, necessitates a long-term commitment to collaboration and cultural exchange. Engineers Without Borders has helped transform views regarding engaged scholarship at Montana State University. Students and faculty members are collectively advancing interdisciplinary, service-learning, and global action initiatives across the campus. This article describes the growth, organizational principles, and goals of Engineers Without Borders at Montana State University.
The t(2;5) Chromosomal Translocation Is Not a Common Feature of Primary Cutaneous CD30+ Lymphoproliferative Disorders: Comparison With Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma of Nodal Origin

Primary cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs), including lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP), anaplastic and nonanaplastic CD30+ large- cell lymphoma, and borderline cases, comprise a clinical and histologic spectrum. Primary cutaneous and primary nodal CD30+ anaplastic large- cell lymphomas (ALCLs) are distinct clinical entities that have identical morphologic features but differ in age of onset, immunophenotype, and prognosis. It can be difficult to distinguish primary cutaneous from nodal ALCLs that secondarily involve the skin, which is important because these diseases differ significantly in response to treatment and clinical outcome. The t(2;5) chromosomal translocation is highly associated with primary CD30+ ALCL of nodal origin. The possible occurrence of t(2;5) in primary cutaneous CD30+ LPDs has not been studied extensively, and it remains to be determined if expression of this translocation can be used to distinguish primary cutaneous ALCL from nodal ALCL that secondarily involves the skin. To address these issues, we studied 43 cases of cutaneous and nodal CD30+ LPDs using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or immunohistochemistry. We found no evidence for the t(2; 5) translocation in 14 cases of primary cutaneous CD30+ LPDs, which included 10 cases of LyP, three cases of primary cutaneous CD30+ ALCL, and one borderline case. These findings were in marked contrast to CD30+ ALCL of nodal origin, in which 19 of 29 (66%) cases were positive for t(2;5), including all five cases with secondary skin involvement. Our results support the hypothesis that (1) primary cutaneous CD30+ LPDs (including LyP) and primary nodal ALCL are distinct diseases that differ in clinical behavior and pathogenesis and (2) differential expression of t(2;5) can help to distinguish between primary cutaneous CD30+ LPDs and ALCL of nodal origin.
Second shifts and political awakenings: Divorce and the political socialization of middle-aged women

Abstract Links between personal life events (e.g., divorce) and political socialization have been understudied, particularly in midlife populations. This study examined a longitudinal sample of 98 female graduates from the University of Michigan class of 1967. Participants were divided into two groups: divorced (N= 27) and married (N= 71). T-tests and Chi-Square analyses were used to examine differences between groups for political orientation, power discontent, system blame, feminist identity, common fate, social responsibility, and political participation. Results showed that divorced women, when compared with married women, had a more liberal/radical political orientation, more system blame for gender, active commitment to feminist identity, and a sense of common fate with other women. No significant differences were found for measures of past or current political involvement. Implications for normative life events to restructure political viewpoints and attitudes are discussed.
Microbialites of the Neoproterozoic Beck Spring Dolomite, Southern California

Ancient microbialites reflect interactions between microbial communities and environmental conditions. However, evaluating the relative roles of microbial community processes and environmental influences on microbialite morphology and internal fabric in the rock record can be challenging. The Neoproterozoic Beck Spring Dolomite preserves diverse microbialites, and thus provides an opportunity to explore the factors that influenced microbialite development locally. Stromatolitic, thrombolitic and composite microbialites are abundant in subtidal to upper intertidal carbonates in the Beck Spring Dolomite. Thrombolitic and composite microbialites have not been recognized previously in this unit, but compose much of the newly defined thrombolitic member. Stratigraphic relationships demonstrate that these three types of microbialites formed in close spatial and temporal association in subtidal to intertidal environments. The relative proportions and distributions of stromatolitic and thrombolitic microbialites vary with depositional environment; stromatolitic microbialites dominate in deeper intertidal to subtidal facies, whereas thrombolitic textures are more abundant in upper intertidal facies. Composite microbialites, composed of intermingled clotted and laminated textures, formed in all environments but are most abundant in intertidal facies. The broad environmental distribution of stromatolitic, thrombolitic and composite microbialites and the intermingling of textures suggest that laminated and clotted textures reflect diverse microbial community morphologies rather than environmental variations. Furthermore, the ca 750 Ma age of thrombolitic microbialites in the Beck Spring Dolomite requires that they formed without the influence of calcimicrobes or metazoans colonizing and grazing the microbial mat surface. Thus, these thrombolites provide further evidence that the biostratigraphic distribution of thrombolites cannot be uniquely attributed to evolution of calcifying and grazing organisms in the earliest Cambrian, and that older microbial communities were capable of producing clotted textures.
Improvement of the sodiation/de-sodiation stability of Sn(C) by electrochemically inactive Na2Se

Tin forms a series of sodium alloys, some with a large change in volume, sufficient to fracture the sodiated/de-sodiated tin electrodes. In a series of Sn/C and Sn/Se/C electrodes, made similarly by ball milling the elements, the sodiation/de-sodiation cycling stability in the 0.01–1.00 V vs. Na+/Na voltage window, in which the initially formed Na2Se is electrochemically inactive, is best at an Sn : Se atomic ratio of 9 : 2. At this ratio the retained capacity is ∼300 mA h g−1 after 150 cycles at 0.17 A g−1 rate versus only 70 mA h g−1 in the absence of Na2Se. The improvement is attributed to prevention of crystallization of the Na–Sn alloys by the Na2Se.
IL-6 and its receptors in coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction

Biomarkers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R), and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) have been reported to be elevated in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between these markers during AMI, as well as their relationship to clinical parameters in an effort to discern their predictive potential in cardiac events. Serum was collected from 73 patients with; AMI, stable coronary artery disease (CAD), and controls during cardiac catheterization. Biomarker levels were determined and correlated with clinical data. IL-6 (11.75pg/ml, P<0.05) and sIL-6R (41,340pg/ml, P=0.05) were elevated in AMI compared with CAD and controls. At presentation, hsCRP was elevated in AMI patients (4.69mg/L) compared to controls (2.69mg/L, P<0.05); however, there was a significant decrease in hsCRP between AMI (4.69mg/L) and CAD patients (7.4mg/L, P<0.05). After 24h post-AMI hsCRP levels were increased compared to stable CAD (60.46mg/L, P<0.05) and were preceded by increased IL-6 at presentation. Soluble Gp130 (sGp130) showed no significant change between AMI, CAD, and control patients. However, sGp130 positively correlated with peak troponin in AMI (R=0.587, P<0.01), and negatively correlated with previous AMI (R=-0.382, P<0.05). Circulating monocyte mRNA expression isolated from selected AMI patients showed an increase in IL-6 mRNA (5.28-fold, P<0.01) and a decrease in both IL-6R (0.374-fold, P<0.01) and sGp130 mRNA (0.38-fold, P<0.01) as compared to CAD and controls. Results demonstrate that IL-6 and sIL-6R are associated with AMI and cardiac injury. These data support the hypothesis that trans-IL-6 receptor binding may alter intracellular signaling, and blocking of IL-6 receptor binding may be pathogenic in AMI. These data may be predictive of mechanism(s) by which plaques become unstable and rupture.
MEDICAL AUXILIARIES AND THE NEGOTIATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN COLONIAL NORTH-WESTERN TANZANIA

This article investigates the development and employment of African medical auxiliaries during the German campaign against sleeping sickness in colonial north-western Tanzania. A case study from the kingdom of Kiziba demonstrates how widespread illness and colonial public health interventions intersected with broader political and social change in the early twentieth century. Ziba auxiliaries known as gland-feelers operated within overlapping social and occupational contexts as colonial intermediaries, royal emissaries, and familiar local men. The changing fortunes of the campaign and its auxiliaries illustrate how new public health interventions became a means for the kingdom's population to engage with or avoid both royal and colonial power.
Effect of maleic hydrazide on photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and senescence of burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Abstract Maleic hydrazide (MH), a systematic agent used for control of axillary growth (suckers) in tobacco production, has been shown to alter cured-leaf quality and increase yield compared to manual sucker control. The objective of this study was to determine how MH, applied at rates ranging from zero (manual sucker control) to four times the usual commercial rate of 3.36 kg ha−1, influenced the carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER), carbohydrate metabolism, and senescence of upper-canopy leaves. Leaves treated with various MH rates had residue levels ranging from zero to over 600 μg g−1. Leaf area was decreased and specific leaf weight was increased by increasing MH rates. Oven-dried leaf weight, however, was similar for all treatments. CER was markedly decreased 2 weeks after applying MH rates above 1.68 kg ha−1. Chlorophyll concentration was also decreased by MH application, but not as rapidly or to the same extent as observed for CER. Sucrose and starch levels were significantly increased within 2 weeks after applying MH. As with CER, MH effects on sucrose and starch accumulation were maximum at 3.36 kg ha−1 MH with no further change at higher rates. Activities of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG) pyrophosphorylase were not affected by any MH treatment. The results indicated that the increased sucrose and starch accumulation was due to decreased translocation of assimilate and not to increased photosynthesis. Because MH did not markedly alter total plant dry matter accumulation, MH-induced decreases in CER and chlorophyll were possibly compensated for by leaves lower in the canopy. This conclusion was supported by the lack of effect of MH on starch and sucrose accumulation and chlorophyll concentration of leaves in the middle of the canopy. While MH did inhibit photosynthesis of upper-canopy leaves, the results indicated that, in general, plant senescence was not markedly affected.
Live photo mosaic with a group of wireless image sensors

Photo tourism [5] is a platform that allows users to transform unstructured online digital photos into a 3D experience. Nowadays, image sensors are being extensively used to allow images to be taken automatically and remotely, which facilitates the opportunity for live update of photo mosaics. In this paper, we present a novel framework for live photo mosaic with a group of wireless image sensor nodes, where the image data aggregation is accomplished in an efficient and distributed way. Essentially, we propose to conduct clustering and data compression at wireless sensor network level while conserving the completeness of the feature point information [3] for reconstruction. Toward the realization of the whole system, we have built image sensor prototypes with commodity cameras. We have also conducted preliminary experiments with our wireless image sensor prototypes.
Al Furqān Islamic Heritage Foundation: Its Goal, Scope and Achievements

Depuis 1989, la Fondation Al Furqan pour le Patrimoine islamique a cherche a ameliorer l'acces a la localisation et aux contenus des manuscrits islamiques, ou qu'ils soient. Ce travail s'est acheve par la publication d'un Reperloire couvrant 105 pays. Les listes manuscrites de 22 pays d'Afrique furent selectionnes en premier, car leurs collections sont particulierement en danger. Ces listes sont arrivees du Kenya, du Mali et des Iles des Comores et le recensement avance au Mali, en Mauritanic et au Nigeria. Les catalogues de Lituanie et Lettonie sont termines et commandes dans le Tatarstan et en Belarus
Observationally cooperative multithreading

Observationally Cooperative Multithreading (OCM) is a new approach to shared-memory parallelism. It addresses a key problem of mainstream concurrency control mechanisms - they can be prohibitively hard to reason about and debug. Programmers using OCM simply write code as if they were using the cooperative multithreading model (CM) for uniprocessors. The underlying OCM implementation then optimizes execution - running threads in parallel when possible - in such a way that the results are consistent with CM. In addition to providing easier reasoning and debugging, OCM is also highly adaptable in terms of its underlying concurrency-control mechanism. Programmers using OCM have the capability to take a finished program and choose the strategy (e.g., locks or transactions) that provides optimal performance.
Hyperoxia causes an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity in adult and fetal rat type II pneumocytes.

It is well known that exposure to hyperoxia results in lung inflammation and damage, which leads to the development of chronic lung disease. Previous studies have shown increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (AOE) in lung tissue from animals exposed to hyperoxia. We propose the hypothesis that the fetal type II pneumocytes (TIIP) would be resistant to oxygen toxicity by virtue of increasing AOE activity on exposure to hyperoxia. The aim of this study was to measure the activities of catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD) in cultures of adult and fetal rat TIIP exposed to 95% oxygen for 24 h. Control cells were incubated in room air. Hyperoxia exposure resulted in 53.4 ± 1.2% of control viability (mean ± S.E.M.; p= 0.001) in the adult TIIP with a significant threefold increase in the activities of all the AOE. The fetal TIIP were more resistant to hyperoxia (99.4 ± 6.1% of control viability). However, in the fetal TIIP, only SOD and GPX levels were significantly increased (fourfold and 2.3--fold, respectively) compared with fetal controls. We conclude that fetal TIIP are more resistant to hyperoxia than adult TIIP in terms of viability; other protective antioxidant factors might account for the better survival of fetal TIIP in hyperoxia.
Nanotexture Optimization by Oxygen Plasma of Mesoporous Silica Thin Film for Enrichment of Low Molecular Weight Peptides Captured from Human Serum.

The optimization of mesoporous silica thin films by nanotexturing using oxygen plasma versus thermal oxidation was investigated. Calcination in oxygen plasma provides superior control over pore formation with regard to the pore surface and higher fidelity to the structure of the polymer template. The resulting porous film offers an ideal substrate for the selective partitioning of peptides from complex mixtures. The improved chemico-physical characteristics of porous thin films (pore size distribution, nanostructure, surface properties and pore connectivity) were systematically characterized with XRD, Ellipsometry, FTIR, TEM and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm. The enrichment of low molecular weight proteins captured from human serum on mesoporous silica thin films fabricated by both methodologies was investigated by comparison of their MALDI-TOF MS profiles. This novel on-chip fractionation technology offers advantages in recovering the low molecular weight peptides from human serum, which has been recognized as an informative resource for early diagnosis of cancer and other diseases.
Electromagnetic compatibility of pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators exposed to RFID readers

A test method was adapted to test the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) between active implantable cardiac devices and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) readers. A total of 18 pacemakers and 19 Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators (ICDs) from five of the leading pacemaker and ICD manufacturers were tested for immunity to Radio Frequency (RF) emissions generated by seven RFID readers. The seven RFID readers came from five manufacturers and operated at one of the following frequencies: 134 kHz, 13.56 MHz or 915 MHz. The pacemaker (or ICD) was placed in a saline bath filled with 0.18% saline solution. The output signal of the implantable device was observed on an oscilloscope during exposure to electromagnetic fields from the RFID readers. Any change in output signal was noted as a reaction from the pacemaker (or ICD). Reactions ranged from non-clinically significant events to the potentially harmful inappropriate tachyarrhythmia detection and delivery of therapy or complete inhibition of cardiac pacing.
Synthesis and MMA polymerization of chiral ansa-zirconocene ester enolate complexes with C2- and Cs-ligation

Abstract A series of chiral ansa-zirconocene ester enolate complexes incorporating C2- or Cs-symmetric ligands, including neutral rac-(EBI)ZrCl[OC(OiPr) CMe2] (1), rac-(EBI)Zr(OTf)[OC(OiPr) CMe2] (2), rac-(EBI)Zr(OTf)[OC(OMe) C(Me)CH2C(Me2)C(OiPr) O] (3), [Me2C(Cp)(Flu)]ZrMe[OC(OiPr) CMe2] (4), and cationic [Me2C(Cp)(Flu)]Zr+(THF)[OC(OiPr) CMe2][MeB(C6F5)3]− (5), have been synthesized. Within the neutral C2-ligated zirconocene ester enolate series, the chloride derivative 1 is inactive toward any methyl methacrylate (MMA) additions, the methyl derivative rac-(EBI)ZrMe[OC(OiPr) CMe2] adds cleanly only 1 equiv. of MMA, and the triflate derivative 2 can add either 1 equiv. of MMA to form the single-MMA-addition product 3 or multiple equivalents of MMA to form P(MMA). Unlike the Cs-ligated methyl cation [Me2C(Cp)(Flu)ZrMe]+, which is inactive for MMA polymerization under various conditions, the Cs-ligated ester enolate cation 5 is moderately active for polymerization of MMA and N,N-dimethylacrylamide at ambient temperature; the resulting P(MMA) has a high molecular weight of Mn = 388 000 Da but a low syndiotacticity of [rr] = 64%, and the polymerization conforms to a chain-end control mechanism.
College mental health since the early twentieth century

Editor: Elizabeth Lunbeck, PhDCho Seung-Hui's shooting rampage at Virginia Tech in April 2007 and similar events at Louisiana Technical College and Northern Illinois University in early 2008 have p...
Software Engineering Education in the New Millennium - A View from Asia

Improving software engineering education in Asia is more urgent than ever. The sheer size of Indian and Chinese educational systems has been producing a very large number of computer professionals from these two most populous countries in the world. Some of the graduates are sufficiently trained to engage the "IT" career at a rather low level of the IT eco-system, namely programming, routine maintenance, system operation, and lowlevel software testing tasks. There are a sufficiently large number of software architects in India, but not in China. However, based on my observation, neither country has actually developed adequate and robust software engineering education and training programs that may have hindered the further progress of their software industries. In recent years some name brand companies, namely IBM, Microsoft, and the like, began training programs in India and China to train so-called software engineers. Nevertheless, such programs are vendor-based and product-specific thus would not be able to produce software engineers who can work independently from a product line offered by such vendor
Interactivity as self-expression: a field experiment with customization and blogging

A paradigmatic quality of interactive interfaces is that they allow users to express themselves, thereby converting message receivers into communication sources. We define this quality as Source Interactivity [26, 29], and test its effects on user experience with a field experiment (N=141) of a portal site featuring cosmetic customization, functional customization and blogging (active versus filter). In demonstrating the psychological influence of source-based interactivity on such outcomes as user engagement, sense of agency, sense of community, intrinsic motivation and attitudes toward the interface, we discuss how designers can use them for creating interactive tools for self-expression.
THE ROLE OF D1 AND D2 DOPAMINE RECEPTORS IN ORAL STEREOTYPY INDUCED BY DOPAMINERGIC STIMULATION OF THE VENTROLATERAL STRIATUM

Microinjection of amphetamine into the ventrolateral region of the striatum results in compulsive and intense oral stereotypies in the rat. Although these stereotyped behaviors are known to be a direct result of excessive stimulation of the striatal dopamine neurons, the relative roles of the D1 and D2 receptors in oral stereotypies are not clearly understood. It is reported here that microinjection of the selective D1 agonist, SKF 38393 (0, 0.3, 3.0, 30.0 micrograms in 0.5 microliters vehicle) into the ventrolateral striatum resulted in no observable changes in behavior during the 30-min test period. However, it was observed that intense self-biting emerged 3-4 h following injection. Examination of histology from these animals revealed extensive tissue damage and the delayed onset of biting was hypothesized to result from a neurotoxic effect of SKF 38393. Infusion of quinpirole (0, 0.3, 3.0, 30.0 micrograms in 0.5 microliter vehicle), a selective D2 agonist, resulted in a dose-dependent increase in orofacial behaviors such as licking, wood-chip eating, head-down sniffing and mouth movements. Intense oral stereotypies such as biting or gnawing were not observed following treatment with quinpirole. Infusion of the mixed agonist dopamine (0, 2.0, 10.0, 20.0 micrograms in 0.5 microliter vehicle) into the ventrolateral striatum was found to elicit intense oral stereotypy. This behavior consisted almost exclusively of self-biting similar to that observed following amphetamine microinjection into this region. Haloperidol, when given as either a systemic (0.2 mg/kg) or intra-ventrolateral striatum (2.5 micrograms/0.5 microliter) pretreatment, effectively blocked oral stereotypies induced by amphetamine microinjection into the ventrolateral striatum. Pretreatment with either the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0, 0.01, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) or the D2 antagonist raclopride (0, 0.05, 0.50, 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) antagonized amphetamine-induced oral stereotypy in a dose-dependent manner. These findings demonstrate that within the striatal site specifically implicated in oral behavior, concurrent stimulation of both receptor subtypes is necessary for the expression of intense oral stereotypies.
NOMOGRAPH FOR TETRACHORIC CORRELATION

(1949). Nomograph for tetrachoric correlation. Australian Journal of Psychology: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 43-47.
Immunofluorescence in dermatology.

Abstract The accurate diagnosis of bullous and other immune diseases of the skin requires evaluation of clinical, histologic, and immunofluorescence findings. Immunofluorescence testing is invaluable in confirming a diagnosis that is suspected by clinical or histologic examination. This is especially true in subepidermal bullous diseases that often have overlap in the clinical and histologic findings. Direct immunofluorescence is performed on perilesional skin for patients with bullous diseases and lesional skin for patients with connective tissue diseases and vasculitis. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:803-22.) Learning objective: At the completion of this learning activity, participants should be familiar with the ideal method of obtaining immunofluorescence testing for the diagnosis of immune skin diseases and be aware of the value and limitations of immunofluorescence studies.
Effect of 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid on Protein Synthesis

The effects of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) on protein synthesis in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. ‘Astro’) hypocotyl and hook tissues were studied. Picloram (10-4M) was shown to have a stimulatory effect on 14C-1-DL-leucine uptake in hook but not hypocotyl tissues. Maximum leucine incorporation and maximum total protein concentration occurred in hook tissues treated with 10-4M picloram. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide (CH) and erythromycin (ERY) indicates that endogenous and picloram-stimulated protein synthesis is a function of the 80S cytoplasmic ribosomes rather than 70S chloroplast or mitochondria ribosomes.
Chronic anterior uveitis in children: clinical characteristics and complications.

Purpose To describe clinical features of chronic anterior uveitis in children at presentation to a referral center (baseline); to identify relationships between demographic, medical, and ophthalmic factors at baseline; and to determine baseline factors that predict new complications and vision loss during follow-up. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Studied were involved eyes of all children (age ≤16 years at disease onset) with chronic anterior uveitis who were examined by 1 clinician from 1993 through 2006. Cross-sectional analyses compared baseline findings. Relationships between potential risk factors and incident adverse events (new complications, vision loss) were studied by Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results There were 115 patients (200 eyes) who met inclusion criteria. Follow-up (n = 83 patients) ranged from 0.4 to 157.5 months (median, 23.5 months). There were numerous strong relationships between 8 defined complications at baseline in pairwise comparisons. Flare was the inflammatory sign most consistently associated with complications at baseline. Baseline factors that predicted new complications during follow-up included age ≤3 years, elevated cells, elevated flare, keratic precipitates, signs of intermediate uveitis, and papillitis (all P P Conclusion Chronic anterior uveitis in children is associated with various vision-threatening complications that occur in combinations. Complications develop early in the disease course. Patients with more severe disease at presentation are at increased risk of additional adverse events.
ON THE CURVING AND TWINING OF STEMS

Abstract Spatial and temporal patterns of curvature in seedling stems and an equation relating change of curvature to local growth rates are reviewed. Then twinning growth is analysed. In the basal two-thirds of the growth zone of Pharbitis nil , tissue elements elongate as they are displaced along a helical trajectory. The form of the plant is steady in a stationary reference frame. The stem of morning glory is therefore treated as a tube of radius ω/2 surrounding a generative helix, α. The position vector to points on or in the stem is given by p (s, ϖ, r) = α(s) + r( n cos ϖ + b sin ϖ) where s is arc length along α, r is distance from α ( s ), ϖ is measured in radians from the normal to α ( s ), and n and b are the unit normal and binormal to α ( s ). Lengths and displacement velocities of elements on or in the stem are calculated using the metric tensor for the curvilinear, non-orthogonal s , ϖ, r coordinate system. Then, a form of the strain rate tensor is used to compute elongation rates of line elements in the stem. The steady helical growth pattern can be produced with a growth rate distribution which is rather uniform through the cross-section. Tapered stems elongate slightly more rapidly on the side away from the support.
Sociodemographic Inequality in Early Literacy Development: The Role of Teacher Perceptual Accuracy

Previous research has established that student learning is influenced by how accurately teachers perceive student academic ability. But studies rarely investigate the degree to which inaccuracies in teacher perceptions exacerbate demographic inequality in academic ability. Using a sample of almost 14,000 children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort, we found that children whose literacy skills are overestimated by their teachers typically gain more literacy skills during kindergarten. Conversely, children whose skills are underestimated learn less. It is important to note that the skills of socioeconomically disadvantaged children are on average underestimated. As a result, inequalities in kindergarten literacy development stem in part from the links between teacher misperceptions and student background. We also explored the extent to which these relationships operate through practices associated with ability grouping. We found instructional grouping to be a weak facilitator o...
Bureaucrats and managers, peasants and pastoralists, imperialists and traders: Research on the Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods in Mesopotamia

In recent decades the Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods of the fourth millennium B. C. in Mesopotamia have been the subject of considerable research by scholars of the ancient Near East. Interests in and interpretations of these periods have focused on their credentials as early states, urban societies, and the immediate antecedents of Sumerian civilization. In this overview, I first present a brief historical background on the study of these periods, followed by a critical review of recent approaches that have had significant impacts on current directions of research and understanding of the fourth millennium. Finally, I suggest some research avenues currently being tentatively explored that may be especially appropriate for developing further our understandings of these periods.
Cerebral asymmetries: neuropsychological measurement and theoretical issues.

Abstract First this paper reviews methodological issues in the study of right brain/left brain functions; and then discusses a model of integrated brain functioning. This integrated brain model has implications for schizophrenia and creativity. Measures of right and left brain functioning are: (1) Behavioral measures of lateralization; (2) neuropsychological test batteries; (3) tachistoscopic presentations; (4) dichotic listening tasks; (5) verbal and performance sub-tests of intelligence tests; (6) standardized measures of verbal and visual functions; (7) gaze as a measure of hemispheric dominance. Individual characteristics of these measures are explored. A theory of the integrated brain is presented which includes both hemispheres as part of an organized information processing system. Hypotheses are drawn from this model. The model suggests that schizophrenia is the disorganization of information processing between two hemispheres and between the cortex and sub-cortical regions. In contrast, creativity is the exchange of excitatory and inhibitory stimulation between both hemispheres. Complex problem solving and the ‘aha’ phenomena, are examples of integrated brain functioning. Research paradigms to test these hypotheses are discussed.
Renormalization group calculation of anomalous exponents for nonlinear diffusion.

We consider the heat equation with nonlinearity, ${\mathit{u}}_{\mathit{t}}$=${\mathit{u}}_{\mathit{x}\mathit{x}}$+\ensuremath{\epsilon}f(x,u,${\mathit{u}}_{\mathit{x}}$,${\mathit{u}}_{\mathit{x}\mathit{x}}$), where \ensuremath{\epsilon} is a small parameter. Using a renormalization group approach, we calculate that for large space and time, the solution is characterized by u(x,t)\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{t}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$${\mathit{u}}^{\mathrm{*}}$(${\mathit{xt}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$,1), where \ensuremath{\alpha} is a simple function of the powers of x, u, ${\mathit{u}}_{\mathit{x}}$, and ${\mathit{u}}_{\mathit{x}\mathit{x}}$ in f. The same approach can be used to calculate the exponent and coefficient for finite time blow-up of equations such as ${\mathit{u}}_{\mathit{t}}$=${\mathit{u}}_{\mathit{x}\mathit{x}}$+${\mathit{u}}^{\mathit{r}}$, where rg1. In both cases the calculations can be performed within the standards of asymptotic analysis. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Endoplasmic reticulum–endosome contact increases as endosomes traffic and mature

The endosomal pathway is responsible for plasma membrane cargo uptake, sorting, and, in many cases, lysosome targeting. Endosome maturation is complex, requiring proper spatiotemporal recruitment of factors that regulate the size, maturity, and positioning of endosomal compartments. In animal cells, it also requires trafficking of endosomes on microtubules. Recent work has revealed the presence of contact sites between some endosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Although these contact sites are believed to have multiple functions, the frequency, dynamics, and physical attributes of these contacts are poorly understood. Here we use high-resolution three-dimensional electron microscopy to reveal that ER tubules wrap around endosomes and find that both organelles contact microtubules at or near membrane contact sites. As endosomes traffic, they remain bound to the ER, which causes the tubular ER to rearrange its structure around dynamic endosomes at contact sites. Finally, as endosomes transition through steps of maturation, they become more tightly associated with the ER. The major implication of these results is that endosomes mature and traffic while coupled to the ER membrane rather than in isolation.
The Delights and Degrees of Passionate Sensibility: ‘Mental Fight’ in Ann Batten Cristall's Poetical Sketches

I: Introduction Ann Batten Cristall (c. 1769–1848) was born in Penzance, Cornwall, to a well-educated merchant’s daughter and a Scottish sea captain. At nineteen she became a schoolteacher in Lewisham and met Mary Wollstonecraft, who seems to have lent emotional and financial support to Ann and her brother Joshua (the famous British watercolorist). In all likelihood through the guidance of Wollstonecraft and the radical writer George Dyer, Cristall’s only known work, Poetical Sketches, was published by Joseph Johnson in 1795. Subscribers came from radical and dissenting circles and included John Aikin, Anna Barbauld, George Dyer, William Frend, Mary Hays and Mary and Everina Wollstonecraft. Contemporary reviews of the volume deplored its irregular versification while praising its imagination and originality. In 1796, Dyer recommended to the feminist Mary Hays that she and Cristall collaborate on a novel, in which Cristall would intersperse her poems. In 1797, Robert Southey told his publisher Joseph Cottle that he admired Cristall’s ‘genius’. In spite of her brief success, however, Ann drifted into obscurity after Poetical Sketches. Having probably never married, she died in Lewisham at the age of seventy-eight. Some few but excellent studies of Poetical Sketches have appeared since the recovery of Romantic-era women poets began in earnest in the 1990s. Critics usually discuss Cristall in one of three discursive contexts: as a poet of sensibility, as a destabilizer of gender norms and as a like-minded contemporary of William Blake. Jerome McGann argues that, as a poet of sensibility, Cristall emphasizes ‘the intellectual authority of feeling’, and for Christopher Nagle her poems blur any fixed distinctions between sensibility and Romanticism. According to Richard Sha, ‘Cristall calls into question the culture’s prevailing assumption that women were more prone than men to lose self-control’, while Jacqueline Labbe claims that Poetical Sketches represents a ‘self-conscious rejection of the path marked out for [female poets] by a patriarchal culture reliant on ordered and regular behavior’. A handful of other critics compare Cristall to Blake in terms of poetic style and content, while asserting her originality as an artist. Although calling Cristall a poet of sensibility, scholars generally have not examined to what extent and for what purpose the rhetorical climate of Poetical Sketches