cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infusion of Four Long-chain Fatty Acid Mixtures into the Abomasum of Lactating Dairy Cows

Five Holstein cows were utilized in a Latin square design to determine the effects of postruminal profile of fatty acids on DMI, milk yield and composition, nutrient digestibilities, and metabolites in blood. Treatments were abomasal infusions of 1) control, 169 to 180 g/d of meat solubles; 2) control plus 450 g/d of mostly saturated fatty acids; 3) canola fatty acids; 4) soybean fatty acids; or 5) sunflower fatty acids. Infusion of fatty acids decreased intakes of DM, CP, and gross energy; yields of milk, FCM, SNF, total solids, CP, NPN, true protein, whey protein, and casein; and percentages of SNF, CP, NPN, true protein, and casein in milk. Cows infused with mostly saturated fatty acids consumed more CP and digestible energy; yielded more milk, FCM, fat, SNF, total solids, CP, true protein, and casein; and had greater percentages of SNF and total solids in milk than cows infused with unsaturated fatty acids. Milk fatty acids reflected the profile of the infused fatty acid mixture. Ruminal characteristics and apparent digestibilities of DM, NDF, energy, and fatty acids generally were not different among treatments. The profile of fatty acids reaching the small intestine may influence responses when supplemental fats are fed to lactating dairy cows.
X-ray absorption near edge structures in cobalt oxides

Theoretical studies have been made of K-edge x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) of Co in CoO, Co(OH){sub 2}, CoTiO{sub 3}, Co{sub 3}O{sub 4}, and CoAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}. Correlations of experimental near edge features with site symmetry, local geometry, local electronic structure, i.e, atomic configuration, charge transfer, and backscattering from neighboring atomic potentials are interpreted. The self-consistent Discrete Variational X{sub {alpha}} Method (DV-X{sub {alpha}}) within an embedded cluster technique has been used to generate the crystal potential. A multiple scattering (MS) approach is then used to solve for the final state wave function. The ground state DV wave functions are analyzed in terms of the projected density of states, whereas the final state MS continuum wave functions are analyzed through the concept of photolectron trapping time. {copyright} {ital 1996 Materials Research Society.}
Delafield's Hematoxylin and Safranin for Staining Meristematic Tissues

The following technic is suggested for staining permanent preparations of meristematic tissues: Prepare and mount the sections by the usual paraffin method. From water, stain them 2–10 minutes in a solution made by adding 2–4 cc. of Delafield's hematoxylin to a Coplin jar full of tap water. As staining is progressive, the sections should be examined from time to time with a microscope. When the cell walls have become a deep purple, transfer the preparations, thru the usual series, to a mixture of xylol-absolute-alcohol in equal parts, and from this to a counterstain made by adding 4–6 cc. of a saturated solution of safranin in absolute alcohol to a Coplin jar full of xylol (75%) with absolute alcohol (25%). This stains the nuclei. Leave the sections in the counterstain at least 2 hours and then rinse them in xylol-absolute-alcohol (1:1) to remove excess safranin. Transfer them to pure xylol and then mount them in neutral balsam.
A thermodynamic approach to the systematic elucidation of unique reaction routes in catalytic reactions

The directness (uniqueness) of both reaction routes (mechanisms) and overall reactions is deduced from chemical thermodynamics. Namely, starting from general thermodynamic relations, the basic kinetic equation is shown to be identically transformed so as to be decomposable into a sum of contributions originating from a finite and unique set of reactions called response reactions (RERs). For a general chemical reaction system involving terminal species (reactants and products) and intermediates, the basic kinetic equation may be further partitioned into contributions coming from RERs involving only terminal species and those RERs involving at least one intermediate. When the intermediate are assumed to obey the quasi-steady state approximation, the contributions coming from the RERs involving at least one intermediate vanish. As a result, the basic kinetic equation may be presented as a sum of contributions coming from RERs involving only terminal species, i.e., overall RERs. This approach is shown to provide an adequate physicochemical basis of mechanisms and overall reactions as well as an effective algorithm of their enumeration.
Improved calculations of Kapitza resistance: Combined effects of phonon attenuation and impedance matching on Kapitza resistance

We calculate the Kapitza resistance ${R}_{K}(T)$ for a Cu-${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ interface using the acoustic mismatch theory of Khalatnikov and of Mazo and Onsager. Included in the calculation are the effects of: phonon attenuation in the Cu as well as impedance matching due to the increased He density near the interface. We calculate ${R}_{K}(T)$ for several values of attenuation in the Cu; detailed calculations are displayed for the case of equal attenuations for longitudinal and transverse waves in the solid. Also considered are different attenuation profiles in the Cu. We use a density profile calculated from compressibility data and the Van der Waals attractive force between He and the Cu substrate. Our model includes the effects of a solid layer of He at the Cu surface, i.e., in such a He layer both longitudinal and transverse waves are allowed. Included in our calculations are the effects of different density profiles for the He. The calculations indicate that for suitable choices of the physical parameters, the theoretical results for ${R}_{K}(T)$ agree in magnitude as well as $T$ dependence with the experimental data. Unfortunately, the important physical properties have not yet been experimentally determined and definitive test of this theory must await such data.
Description of a homogeneous electron gas with simple functionals of the one-particle density matrix

The momentum distributions of a homogeneous electron gas, arising from a simple one-matrix functional for the electron-electron repulsion energy that generalizes the Hartree-Fock and Goedecker-Umrigar approximations, are analyzed in detail. Their properties are found to depend strongly on the exponent \ensuremath{\beta} that enters the functional. Smooth momentum distributions that, together with the corresponding energies per particle, exhibit simple scaling behavior with respect to the electron density \ensuremath{\rho}, are obtained only for $\frac{4}{5}l\ensuremath{\beta}l\frac{4}{3}$ and $\ensuremath{\rho}l~{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{crit}}(\ensuremath{\beta}).$
Analysis of Rifapentine for Preventive Therapy in the Cornell Mouse Model of Latent Tuberculosis

Rifapentine is a long-acting rifamycin which may be useful for intermittent drug therapy against tuberculosis. In this study we measured the efficacies of rifapentine-containing intermittent drug regimens for preventive therapy using the Cornell mouse model of latent tuberculosis. We infected groups of mice intravenously with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and then treated them with isoniazid and pyrazinamide for 12 weeks according to the Cornell latency development protocol. After a 4-week interval of no treatment, experimental preventive therapy was administered by esophageal gavage for 12 or 18 weeks. After equilibration and dexamethasone amplification treatment, mouse organs were analyzed by quantitative colony counts to measure the effectiveness of therapy. Our results showed that once-weekly isoniazid plus rifapentine combination therapy for 18 weeks was an effective preventive regimen with sterilizing potency and bacillary load reduction comparable to those of daily isoniazid therapy for 18 weeks. Monotherapy with rifapentine weekly or fortnightly or with rifampin twice weekly for up to 18 weeks did not offer advantages in reducing bacillary load or in sterilizing organs compared to the effects of a placebo. These results with the Cornell mouse model indicate that once-weekly, short-course preventive therapy with isoniazid plus rifapentine is effective and may warrant investigation in humans with latent tuberculosis infection.
Dreaming, waking conscious experience, and the resting brain: report of subjective experience as a tool in the cognitive neurosciences

Even when we are ostensibly doing “nothing”—as during states of rest, sleep, and reverie—the brain continues to process information. In resting wakefulness, the mind generates thoughts, plans for the future, and imagines fictitious scenarios. In sleep, when the demands of sensory input are reduced, our experience turns to the thoughts and images we call “dreaming.” Far from being a meaningless distraction, the content of these subjective experiences provides an important and unique source of information about the activities of the resting mind and brain. In both wakefulness and sleep, spontaneous experience combines recent and remote memory fragments into novel scenarios. These conscious experiences may reflect the consolidation of recent memory into long-term storage, an adaptive process that functions to extract general knowledge about the world and adaptively respond to future events. Recent examples from psychology and neuroscience demonstrate that the use of subjective report can provide clues to the function(s) of rest and sleep.
A novel multi-DOF precision positioning methodology using two-axis Hall-effect sensors

A novel sensing methodology using two-axis Hall-effect sensors is proposed, where the absolute positioning of a device atop any magnet matrix is possible. This methodology has the capability of micrometer-order positioning resolution as well as unrestricted translational and rotational range in planar 3-DOF (degree-of-freedom) motions, with potential capability of measuring all 6-DOF motions. This paper presents the methodology and preliminary experimental results of 3-DOF planar motion measurements atop a Halbach magnet matrix using two sets of two-axis Hall-effect sensors. This methodology uses the Gaussian least squares differential correction (GLSDC) algorithm to estimate the relative position and orientation from the Hall-effect sensor measurements. The sensor and its algorithm are implemented to a magnetic levitation (maglev) stage positioned atop a Halbach magnet matrix. Preliminary experimental results show its position resolution capability of less than 10 /spl mu/m and position accuracy of less than 1.4 mm. Controllers were designed to close the control loop for the translational motion using the GLSDC outputs at a sampling frequency of 800 Hz on a Pentek 4284 digital signal processor (DSP). Calibration was done by comparing the laser interferometers' and the Hall-effect sensors' outputs to improve the positioning accuracy. The results exhibit good repeatability.
A suppression hierarchy among competing motor programs drives sequential grooming in Drosophila

Motor sequences are formed through the serial execution of different movements, but how nervous systems implement this process remains largely unknown. We determined the organizational principles governing how dirty fruit flies groom their bodies with sequential movements. Using genetically targeted activation of neural subsets, we drove distinct motor programs that clean individual body parts. This enabled competition experiments revealing that the motor programs are organized into a suppression hierarchy; motor programs that occur first suppress those that occur later. Cleaning one body part reduces the sensory drive to its motor program, which relieves suppression of the next movement, allowing the grooming sequence to progress down the hierarchy. A model featuring independently evoked cleaning movements activated in parallel, but selected serially through hierarchical suppression, was successful in reproducing the grooming sequence. This provides the first example of an innate motor sequence implemented by the prevailing model for generating human action sequences.
Constructed Sand Dunes on the Developed Barrier-Spit Portion of Dauphin Island, Alabama (U.S.A)

Abstract In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina segmented Dauphin Island into Dauphin Island East and Dauphin Island West. Prior to this event, the island was a 23-km-long microtidal composite barrier island located in the northern Gulf of Mexico approximately 8.0 km offshore from southwestern Alabama (U.S.A.). The eastern portion of Dauphin Island was morphologically a barrier island, and it experienced gulf-facing beach erosion at several isolated hot spots. The western portion of Dauphin Island was an elongated barrier spit with little topographic relief, and it experienced gulf-facing beach erosion and occasional washover due to elevated tides and storm waves. The protection and preservation of the residential property on the barrier-spit portion of the island has been a priority for the incorporated Town of Dauphin Island since the late 1970s. On two separate occasions the Town of Dauphin Island combined funds with those provided by the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency and contracted the U.S. Army...
Effects of testosterone supplementation on cognitive functioning in aging men: A systematic review

recorded with 21 scalp electrodes, in which local impairment of synapticneuronal function is estimated through reduction of the smoothness. Since a positive efficacy of art therapy (AT) against dementia has already been confirmed, the effect of RT was compared with AT. Patients played with Paro in 20min and then received 2-hour AT. Throughout this process EEG signals were recorded three times each for 5 min in rest state with closed eyes: before and after RT and after AT. DIMENSION analysis categorizes subject’s state into the normal, sub-normal and impaired regions. Conclusions: (i) RT in 20 minutes brought eight patients from the impaired region into the sub-normal or normal region; the following AT showed no further improvement; (ii) four patients originally in the impaired region showed no effect in RT but the following AT resulted in a little improvement; (iii) a patient was brought up half way and AT did it into the normal region. Conclusively RT can practically be an alternate to AT. Optimization of the robot design is expected.
Assessment of Transport Mechanisms Underlying the Bicoid Morphogen Gradient

Morphogen gradients dictate the spatial patterning of multicellular organisms and are established via transport mechanisms. One of the best-characterized morphogens, Bicoid, acts as a polarity determinant in the Drosophila embryo through spatial–temporal control of gap gene expression. The prevailing model for establishment of the gradient has been localized anterior translation, subsequent diffusion, and spatially uniform degradation, consistent with the observed exponential anterior-posterior decay. However, a recent direct measurement of the Bicoid diffusion coefficient via fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) resulted in a surprisingly low estimate, which challenged the prevailing model and led to more complicated active transport models. Here, we reassessed this conclusion using a detailed computational model of the FRAP experiment and analysis. In our model, we found disagreement between the input diffusion coefficient and the resulting estimated diffusion coefficient, as measured by previous methods. By using the model to reproduce the original data, we estimate that Bicoid’s mitotic diffusion coefficient is 3-fold larger than the originally reported value. Thus, the long-standing diffusive transport model still holds.
Goethite dispersibility in solutions of variable ionic strength and soluble organic matter content

The degree of flocculation of aqueous suspensions of microcrystalline goethite was measured in salts of monovalent, divalent and trivalent cations at pH 6.0-6.5 over a range of ionic strengths using light scattering measurements at 650 nm. Varying concentrations of soluble humic material as well as the organic ligands, salicylate and citrate, were tested for their effect on flocculation. It was found that KC1 and NaC1 induced flocculation at lower ionic strength than CaCI~, while A1C13 favored dispersion at all ionic strengths tested. The simple organic ligands promoted flocculation at low concentration, with citrate having a more pronounced effect than salicylate. At higher concentrations, these ligands reversed their effect, inducing a more dispersed state of the oxide. The organic ligand effect on dispersibility was modified by the particular metal cation present, with Ca 2+ being more conducive to flocculation than K +. Soluble humic materials affected goethite flocculation in a qualitatively similar way to that of the simple organic ligands, that is low concentrations favored flocculation while high concentrations induced dis- persion. This dispersing effect was partially suppressed by the presence of Ca 2+, and completely sup- pressed by A13+. Thus, soluble humic substances at relatively high concentrations appear to have a marked dispersing effect on goetfiite in the absence of polyvalent cations, and a strongly flocculating effect in their presence. The results can be explained qualitatively by a simple oxide surface charge model, in which chemi- sorption of multivalent cations or organic ligands alters the surface charge. Reactions that increase the magnitude of positive or negative surface charge favor dispersion, while those that reduce the magnitude of charge favor flocculation.
Assessment of NPP VIIRS ocean color data products: hope and risk

For several years, the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) NPP VIIRS Ocean Science Team (VOST) provided substantial scientific input to the NPP project regarding the use of Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) to create science quality ocean color data products. This work has culminated into an assessment of the NPP project and the VIIRS instrument's capability to produce science quality Ocean Color data products. The VOST concluded that many characteristics were similar to earlier instruments, including SeaWiFS or MODIS Aqua. Though instrument performance and calibration risks do exist, it was concluded that programmatic and algorithm issues dominate concerns. Keywords: NPP, VIIRS, Ocean Color, satellite remote sensing, climate data record.
Sports on Traditional and Newer Digital Media: Is There Really a Fight for Fans?

In this essay, we examine a series of platform, content, reception, and lifestyle factors likely to shape sports fans’ use of traditional and newer digital media. Because of signal fidelity, screen size, presence, and the rights to air top-tier sports events, television is likely to remain the medium of choice for fans ready to watch live sports. Fans will use newer media, with their interactive options and affordance of agency to supplement and enhance their viewing experience. Although traditional and newer media are competing for fan attention and advertising dollars, use of these media for live sports is not a zero-sum game. This may not be the case for sports journalism and related programming about sports where, over time, fans may turn to newer media at the expense of the old.
The photoinduced metallo-organic decomposition process: a novel technique for dielectric thin-film growth

A novel photoinduced metallo-organic decomposition (PIMOD) process has been developed for growing high-quality lithium niobate films on silicon or sapphire substrates. Crack- and interdiffusion-free films have been grown by the PIMOD process at a lower temperature for a shorter processing time than those required for the conventional MOD process. The electrical, optical, and electrooptical properties of the PIMOD-derived films are reported. >
Angiopoietin 1 prevents retinal detachment in an aggressive model of proliferative retinopathy, but has no effect on established neovascularization

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a central role in vasoproliferative diseases in the retina, however, other gene products modulate its effects. The angiopoietins are particularly important in this regard. Angiopoietin 2 (Ang2) collaborates with VEGF to stimulate neovascularization (NV) in some situations, but in other situations causes regression of NV. Ang2 also causes a transient increase in vascular density during retinal vascular development. In this study, we sought to determine if Ang1 has similar activities. The effects of Ang1 were tested in double transgenic mice with inducible expression of Ang1. Increased expression of Ang1 in the retina during retinal vascular development did not cause a detectable alteration in vascular density. Also, unlike Ang2, increased expression of Ang1 had no effect on established retinal or choroidal NV. However, when Ang1 expression was initiated simultaneously with that of VEGF, it strongly suppressed VEGF-induced NV and prevented retinal detachment. These data indicate that the timing of Ang1 expression is a critical determinate of its effects on VEGF-induced NV in the retina; it effectively blocks the initiation and progression of NV, but cannot reverse established NV or reduce leakage from NV. These data suggest that increased expression of Ang1 may be a good strategy for prophylaxis of retinal NV, but is unlikely to be effective as monotherapy of established NV.
Re-rupture rate of primarily repaired distal biceps tendon injuries.

Background Distal biceps tendon rupture is a common injury, and primary repair results in excellent return of function and strength. Complications resulting from distal biceps tendon repairs are well reported, but the incidence of re-ruptures has never been investigated. Methods A search of the Mayo Clinic's Medical/Surgical Index was performed, and all distal biceps tendon repairs from January 1981 through May 2009 were identified. All patients who completed 12 months or more of follow-up were included. All charts were reviewed and patients contacted as necessary to identify a re-rupture. We also investigated the situation causing the re-rupture. Results We identified a total of 190 distal biceps tendon ruptures that underwent repair and met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the 190 repairs, 172 (90.5%) were performed by the Mayo modification of the Boyd-Anderson 2-incision technique. Bilateral ruptures occurred in 13 patients (7.3%). Six primary ruptures (3.2%) occurred in women, 4 of the 6 being partial ruptures. Partial ruptures were found to be statistically more common than complete ruptures in women ( P = .05). We identified 3 re-ruptures (1.5%), all occurring within 3 weeks of the index surgery. Conclusion The re-rupture rate after primary repair of the distal biceps tendon is low at 1.5% and occurs within 3 weeks of index repair. This appears to be due to patient compliance and excessive force placed on repairs. We also found the incidence of women who sustain a distal biceps tendon tear to be 3.2%, with partial tears being statistically more common than complete ruptures.
CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Activation Dose-Dependently Modulates Neuronal Activity within Caudal but not Rostral Song Control Regions of Adult Zebra Finch Telencephalon

CB1 cannabinoid receptors are distinctly expressed at high density within several regions of zebra finch telencephalon, including those known to be involved in song learning (lMAN and Area X) and production (HVC and RA) because (1) exposure to cannabinoid agonists during developmental periods of auditory and sensory-motor song learning alters song patterns produced later in adulthood and (2) densities of song region expression of CB1 waxes and wanes during song learning. It is becoming clear that CB1-receptor-mediated signaling is important to normal processes of vocal development. To better understand the mechanisms involved in cannabinoid modulation of vocal behavior, we have investigated the dose–response relationship between systemic cannabinoid exposure and changes in neuronal activity (as indicated by expression of the transcription factor, c-Fos) within telencephalic brain regions, with established involvement in song learning and/or control. In adults, we have found that low doses (0.1 mg/kg) of the cannabinoid agonist WIN-55212-2 decrease neuronal activity (as indicated by densities of c-fos-expressing nuclei) within vocal motor regions of caudal telencephalon (HVC and RA) while higher doses (3 mg/kg) stimulate activity. Both effects were reversed by pretreatment with the CB1-selective antagonist rimonabant. Interestingly, no effects of cannabinoid treatment were observed within the rostral song regions lMAN and Area X, despite distinct and dense CB1 receptor expression within these areas. Overall, our results demonstrate that, depending on dosage, CB1 agonism can both inhibit and stimulate neuronal activity within brain regions controlling adult vocal motor output, implicating involvement of multiple CB1-sensitive neuronal circuits.
Extremal trajectories for bounded velocity differential drive robots

This paper applies Pontryagin's maximum principle to the time optimal control of differential drive mobile robots with velocity bounds. The maximum principle gives necessary conditions for time optimality. Extremal trajectories are those which satisfy these conditions, and are thus a superset of the time optimal trajectories. This paper derives a compact geometrical structure for extremal trajectories and shows that extremal trajectories are always composed of rotations about the robot center and straight line motions. Further necessary conditions are obtained.
Renal dopamine D1 receptor dysfunction is acquired and not inherited in obese Zucker rats

In essential hypertension, the defect in renal dopamine (DA) D1 receptor function is intrinsic to proximal tubules as this phenomenon is also seen in primary proximal tubule cultures from spontaneo...
Issues in Reconstructing Earlier African‐American English

Despite intense scrutiny over the past several decades, there remain a number of unresolved issues in the reconstruction of the historical development of African-American Vernacular English (AAVE). These issues concern the reliability of written texts representing earlier AAVE, the representativeness of the spoken data from ex-slave recordings and remnant transplant communities, the delimitation of the sociohistorical context of earlier AAVE development, the nature of inter- and intra-community variation in earlier AAVE, and the principles for identifying donor sources for AAVE structures. Evidence from representative written sources is compared, along with spoken language data from a long-term, bi-racial remnant community in coastal North Carolina. The spoken language data demonstrate that earlier AAVE was affected both by its original contact history and the localized varieties spoken by European American cohort communities. Furthermore, data indicate that there was considerable intra-community as well as inter-community language variation among earlier African Americans. The analysis shows that sociolinguists need to reconstruct the historical development of AAVE in a way that is consistent with the sociohistorical and demographic circumstances of early African Americans; faithful to an understanding of contact linguistics, independent language development, and dialect diffusion; and sensitive to the local sociolinguistic situations that have contextualized different groups of individual African Americans within these communities.
ON SPECTRAL CONTROL OF PIGMENTATION IN ANACYSTIS NIDULANS (CYANOPHYCEAE)1,2

Growth of Anacystis nidulans (Richt.) Drouet & Daily in wavelengths of light predominantly absorbed by chlorophyll a causes a dramatic lowering in chlorophyll content and in the chlorophylllphycocyanin ratio. A limit to the effect is reached in far red (680 nm) light where the ratio chlorophylllphycobilinogen falls to 650 nm)filters; it gave the same extreme pigment ratio together with a high specific growth rate of 2.5 day-1. Compared with normally pigmented cells there are three features which accompany the low-chlorophyll condition of far red light. At 677 nm relative quantum efficiency increases but action decreases. Synthesis of total pigment and total cell material in far red light also decreases. These observations suggest that the low chlorophyll response to far red light reflects an incompetence rather than an adaptation.
Role of Small RNAs in Establishing Chromosomal Architecture in Drosophila

The role of small RNA silencing is well established for its action in post-transcriptional activity as a defense against viruses and as an experimental tool. However, evidence from many organisms indicates a role of small RNAs in establishing chromatin domains in the nucleus. Here, the role of RNA silencing components in chromatin modifications in Drosophila is reviewed. Mutations in genes involved with the production of both short interfering RNA (siRNA) and piwi interacting RNA (piRNA) affect the chromatin configuration involved with transgene silencing, pairing sensitive silencing, heterochromatin, centomeres and telomeres. The small RNA pathways are also involved with the integrity of chromatin insulators and the nucleolus.
The Discriminatory Application of Substantive Due Process: A Tale of Two Vehicles

This essay compares the substantive due process analysis in two cases the Court rendered last term: Bennis v. Michigan, 58 Cr.L. 2059 (3/4/96) and BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 1996 WL 262429 (5/20/96). In Bennis, the Court held that the Due Process Clause was not offended by the state's confiscation of property from an innocent owner who had committed no wrongful act, while in Gore the Court held that the same clause was offended by a grossly excessive monetary award against a property owner who had committed an intentionally wrongful act. I first attempt to explain the result in Bennis by employing various criminal and civil law doctrines, and then attempt to harmonize Bennis with Gore. Failing at both, I ultimately conclude that Bennis is simply wrong and that the two cases are irreconcilable. They stand as stark examples of the Court's continuing inability to agree on the existence and contours of substantive due process, to develop a test with distinguishes between remedial and punitive sanctions, and to apply legal doctrines rigorously when this may limit legislative sanctions imposed upon those convicted of crimes and their associates.
Calcium (45Ca2+) absorption inhibition by aluminum (AL3+) in sorghum roots

Abstract Calcium (45Ca2+) absorption by roots of four sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cultivais decreased as aluminum (Al3+) concentration (0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mM) increased. The data fit a logarithmic curve. Cultivars were Funk GS22DR, GP‐10, SC574, and SC283. When plotted as percentages of the respective untreated test, the curves of the four cultivars were identical. Previously published ion carrier and ion channel inhibitor studies showed genetic differences in response to ion carrier and ion channel inhibitors. Uniformity of cultivar response to Al3+ shows that the Al3+ response was on the exterior side of the plasma membrane. Disruption of the Ca2+ mediated second messenger and metabolic control system by Al3+ would constitute a major Al3+ toxicity sensitivity system.
The Janus-faced court of naturalisation: marriage and kinship in naturalisation litigation in South Korea

ABSTRACTMigration scholars have noted the growing role of the courts in expanding migrants’ rights. Drawing from naturalisation litigation in South Korea for case studies, this article investigates the role of the court in determining national membership. Three main findings are presented based upon an analysis of 105 marriage-based and 36 kinship-based litigations filed against the Ministry of Justice in the Seoul Administrative Court. First, the Court adopts a more liberal interpretation of ‘true intention to marry’ than the Ministry, granting citizenship to those who convincingly perform their roles as dutiful wives. Second, the Court plays a more active role in kinship-based than marriage-based naturalisation, challenging the Ministry's too-narrow interpretation of the requirements. Overall, however, the Court shows strong judicial deference to the Ministry and plays a passive role in advocating for the rights of migrants. The Korean case highlights the need to revisit the tendency to view immigration...
Impact of consensus statements and reimbursement on vena cava filter utilization

Objective Pulmonary embolism is the third most common cause of death in hospitalized patients. Vena cava filters (VCFs) are indicated in patients with venous thromboembolism with a contraindication to anticoagulation. Prophylactic indications are still controversial. However, the utilization of VCFs during the past 15 years may have been affected by societal recommendations and reimbursement rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of societal guidelines and reimbursement on national trends in VCF placement from 1998 to 2012. Methods The National Inpatient Sample was used to identify patients who underwent VCF placement between 1998 and 2012. VCF placement yearly rates were evaluated. Societal guidelines and consensus statements were identified using a PubMed search. Reimbursement rates for VCF were determined on the basis of published Medicare reports. Statistical analysis was completed using descriptive statistics, Fisher exact test, and trend analysis using the Mann-Kendall test and considered significant for P Results The use of VCFs increased 350% between January 1998 and January 2008. Consensus statements in favor of VCFs published by the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (July 2002) and the Society of Interventional Radiology (March 2006) were temporally associated with a significant 138% and 122% increase in the use of VCFs, respectively ( P = .014 and P = .023, respectively). The American College of Chest Physicians guidelines (February 2008 and 2012) discouraging the use of VCFs were preceded by an initial stabilization in the use of VCFs between 2008 and 2012, followed by a 16% decrease in use starting in March 2012 ( P = .38). Changes in Medicare reimbursement were not followed by a change in VCF implantation rates. Conclusions There is a temporal association between the societal guidelines' recommendations regarding VCF placement and the actual rates of insertion. More uniform consensus statements from multiple societies along with the use of level I evidence may be required to lead to a definitive change in practice.
Binding enthalpy calculations for a neutral host-guest pair yield widely divergent salt effects across water models.

Dissolved salts are a part of the physiological milieu and can significantly influence the kinetics and thermodynamics of various biomolecular processes, such as binding and catalysis; thus, it is important for molecular simulations to reliably describe their effects. The present study uses a simple, nonionized host–guest model system to study the sensitivity of computed binding enthalpies to the choice of water and salt models. Molecular dynamics simulations of a cucurbit[7]uril host with a neutral guest molecule show striking differences in the salt dependency of the binding enthalpy across four water models, TIP3P, SPC/E, TIP4P-Ew, and OPC, with additional sensitivity to the choice of parameters for sodium and chloride. In particular, although all of the models predict that binding will be less exothermic with increasing NaCl concentration, the strength of this effect varies by 7 kcal/mol across models. The differences appear to result primarily from differences in the number of sodium ions displaced f...
Agonistic Behavior in the House Finch. Part I: Annual Cycle and Display Patterns

The primary purpose of this study is to describe the agonistic behavior of the House Finch (Carpodacus mea these results will be reported elsewhere. Collias (1944) summarized the literature on aggressive behavior in vertebrates, and an overall review is not called for here. Probably the most conspicuous expression of aggressiveness in wild birds occurs in the course of territorial defense. Several recent reviews summarize the extensive literature on territory in passerine birds (Nice, 1937 ; Hinde, 1955; Tinbergen, 1957; Carpenter, 19.58). Another basic aspect of aggressive behavior is the formation of a social hierarchy or peck order. This was first described by Schjelderup-Ebbe in 1922 for chickens, and the extensive literature relating to their social behavior has been summarized by WoodGush (1955). Masure and Allee (1934) extended the study of social organization to pigeons and parakeets. Shoemaker (1939) described a peck order in small flocks of caged canaries. Since 1940, peck order has been described for several other passerine species, both as captives and in the wild. Odum (1941-1942) and Hamerstrom (1942) found a definite social hierarchy in flocks of wild Black-capped Chickadees (Parus atricaph Colquhoun (1942) describes a similar situation in wild Blue Tits (Parus caeruleus) ; Hinde (1952) includes data on social organization and on specific patterns of aggressive behavior for the Great Tit (Parus major) and other par’ids; Sabine (1949, 1959) found a well-established peck order in the Slate-colored Junco (Bunco hyemalis), Oregon Junco (Bunco oreganus), and Tree Sparrow (SpizeZZa arborea) ; Hinde (19551956) mentions peck order and aggressive elements in the courtship behavior of several fringillids; Tordoff (1954) studied the peck order of a small winter flock of captive Red Crossbills (Loxia cwvirostra), Nicolai (1956) of captive Bullfinches (Pyrrhula pyrrkula) , and Marler ( 1956) of captive and wild Chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs) . In addition, a series of recent papers in the field of comparative ethology too numerous to list here have dealt in part with the agonistic behavior of various species, particularly passerines.
Impact of Heparan Sulfate Binding on Transduction of Retina by Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors

UNLABELLED Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) currently are being developed to efficiently transduce the retina following noninvasive, intravitreal (Ivt) injection. However, a major barrier encountered by intravitreally delivered AAVs is the inner limiting membrane (ILM), a basement membrane rich in heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of HS binding on retinal transduction by Ivt-delivered AAVs. The heparin affinities of AAV2-based tyrosine-to-phenylalanine (Y-F) and threonine-to-valine (T-V) capsid mutants, designed to avoid proteasomal degradation during cellular trafficking, were established. In addition, the impact of grafting HS binding residues onto AAV1, AAV5, and AAV8(Y733F) as well as ablation of HS binding by AAV2-based vectors on retinal transduction was investigated. Finally, the potential relationship between thermal stability of AAV2-based capsids and Ivt-mediated transduction was explored. The results show that the Y-F and T-V AAV2 capsid mutants bind heparin but with slightly reduced affinity relative to that of AAV2. The grafting of HS binding increased Ivt transduction by AAV1 but not by AAV5 or AAV8(Y733F). The substitution of any canonical HS binding residues ablated Ivt-mediated transduction by AAV2-based vectors. However, these same HS variant vectors displayed efficient retinal transduction when delivered subretinally. Notably, a variant devoid of canonical HS binding residues, AAV2(4pMut)ΔHS, was remarkably efficient at transducing photoreceptors. The disparate AAV phenotypes indicate that HS binding, while critical for AAV2-based vectors, is not the sole determinant for transduction via the Ivt route. Finally, Y-F and T-V mutations alter capsid stability, with a potential relationship existing between stability and improvements in retinal transduction by Ivt injection. IMPORTANCE AAV has emerged as the vector of choice for gene delivery to the retina, with attention focused on developing vectors that can mediate transduction following noninvasive, intravitreal injection. HS binding has been postulated to play a role in intravitreally mediated transduction of retina. Our evaluation of the HS binding of AAV2-based variants and other AAV serotype vectors and the correlation of this property with transduction points to HS affinity as a factor controlling retinal transduction following Ivt delivery. However, HS binding is not the only requirement for improved Ivt-mediated transduction. We show that AAV2-based vectors lacking heparin binding transduce retina by subretinal injection and display a remarkable ability to transduce photoreceptors, indicating that other receptors are involved in this phenotype.
Special imaging casebook. Prune-belly syndrome with urachal diverticular calcification, posterior urethral valves, and patent utricle.

Special Imaging Casebook: Prune-Belly Syndrome With Urachal Diverticular Calcification, Posterior Urethral Valves, and Patent Utricle
Fluctuations of Lake Orta water levels: preliminary analyses

While the effects of past industrial pollution on the chemistry and biology of Lake Orta have been well documented, annual and seasonal fluctuations of lake levels have not yet been studied. Considering their potential impacts on both the ecosystem and on human safety, fluctuations in lake levels are an important aspect of limnological research. In the enormous catchment of Lake Maggiore, there are many rivers and lakes, and the amount of annual precipitation is both high and concentrated in spring and autumn. This has produced major flood events, most recently in November 2014. Flood events are also frequent on Lake Orta, occurring roughly triennially since 1917. The 1926, 1951, 1976 and 2014 floods were severe, with lake levels raised from 2.30 m to 3.46 m above the hydrometric zero. The most important event occurred in 1976, with a maximum level equal to 292.31 m asl and a return period of 147 years. In 2014 the lake level reached 291.89 m asl and its return period was 54 years. In this study, we defined trends and temporal fluctuations in Lake Orta water levels from 1917 to 2014, focusing on extremes. We report both annual maximum and seasonal variations of the lake water levels over this period. Both Mann-Kendall trend tests and simple linear regression were utilized to detect monotonic trends in annual and seasonal extremes, and logistic regression was used to detect trends in the number of flood events. Lake level decreased during winter and summer seasons, and a small but statistically non-significant positive trend was found in the number of flood events over the period. We provide estimations of return period for lake levels, a metric which could be used in planning lake flood protection measures.
Historical archaeology in East Africa: past practice and future directions

This forum article explores the major intellectual trajectories in the historical archaeology of Eastern Africa over the last sixty years. Two primary perspectives are identified in historical archaeology: one that emphasizes precolonial history and oral traditions with associated archaeology, and another that focuses mostly on the era of European contact with Africa. The latter is followed by most North American practice, to the point of excluding approaches that privilege the internal dynamics of African societies. African practice today has many hybrids using both approaches. Increasingly, precolonial historical archaeology is waning in the face of a dominant focus on the modern era, much like the trend in African history. New approaches that incorporate community participation are gaining favor, with positive examples of collaboration between historical archaeologists and communities members desiring to preserve and revitalize local histories.
Synthesis of Calcium(II) Amidinate Precursors for Atomic Layer Deposition through a Redox Reaction between Calcium and Amidines.

We have prepared two new Ca(II) amidinates, which comprise a new class of ALD precursors. The syntheses proceed by a direct reaction between Ca metal and the amidine ligands in the presence of ammonia. Bis(N,N'-diisopropylformamidinato)calcium(II) (1) and bis(N,N'-diisopropylacetamidinato)calcium(II) (2) adopt dimeric structures in solution and in the solid state. X-ray crystallography revealed asymmetry in one of the bridging ligands to afford the structure [(η(2) -L)Ca(μ-η(2) :η(2) -L)(μ-η(2) :η(1) -L)Ca(η(2) -L)]. These amidinate complexes showed unprecedentedly high volatility as compared to the widely employed and commercially available Ca(II) precursor, [Ca3 (tmhd)6 ]. In CaS ALD with 1 and H2 S, the ALD window was approximately two times wider and lower in temperature by about 150 °C than previously reported with [Ca3 (tmhd)6 ] and H2 S. Complexes 1 and 2, with their excellent volatility and thermal stability (up to at least 350 °C), are the first homoleptic Ca(II) amidinates suitable for use as ALD precursors.
Shadowing and coverage in poisson buildings

The Poisson building features a Poisson collection of random planes orthogonal to the axes of the 3-D Euclidean space. It divides the space into rectangular rooms of random sizes. The addition of wireless small cell base stations, deployed as Poisson point processes along the ceiling and corner lines of these rooms, provides a first stochastic geometric model representing in-building 3-D wireless networks. The main challenge for analyzing interference in such an environment is the fact that electromagnetic signals originating from different locations are blocked by common obstacles like walls and floors, which makes the path loss highly correlated in space. We propose a natural propagation model taking this phenomenon into account. We give analytical expressions for the interference field and its correlation within this framework. We illustrate the tractability of this model by providing analytical expressions for the spectral efficiency of the downlink in such indoor cellular networks and for D2D communications in such an environment. We combine the model and spatial simulations to show that classical 2-D and distance based attenuation models cannot be used in this context and to argue for the need of such 3-D models to assess the performance of this type of indoor communications.
Minimum Deterrence and International Security

To prevent an “overkill” scenario of a nuclear exchange between the two Cold War superpowers, this chapter analyses the concept of minimum deterrence, with its doctrinal and practical implications. According to this doctrine, there are levels of nuclear stockpiles far lower than those at present that would nevertheless deter the use of nuclear weapons by other states and not expose the state making reductions to a risk of being disarmed by an opponent’s first strike. Under the current circumstances, a strategy of minimum deterrence should be a central objective of both superpowers’ state policies.