cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Satellite Passive Sensing of the Marine Atmosphere Associated With Cold-Air Mesoscale Cyclones

Contemporary research into extratropical cloud systems optimizes the increase in resolution of visible (VIS) and thermal infra-red (IR) sensors, and the ability to retrieve wind and atmospheric moisture variables at mesoscales using microwave radiometry. These passively-acquired remote sensing data are used to develop synoptic climatological (conceptual and simple statistical) ‘models’ of mesoscale cyclones in cold-air outbreaks (mesocyclones, ‘polar lows’) occurring over the otherwise data-void southern oceans. Mesocyclones present a limitation to successful weather forecasting for New Zealand and coastal Chile, southern Australia and South Africa, during the cold season. The synoptic climatological analyses show that: 1) the patterns of mesocyclone cloud vortex origins, movement and dissipation (‘mesocyclone regimes’), exhibit spatial dependence and have associations with upper-ocean conditions; 2) mesocyclone ‘outbreaks’ are embedded within characteristic larger-scale anomaly fields of tropospheric pressure, height, and layer thickness (mean temperature); and 3) composite (statistical average) models of cloud system structure based on the microwave retrievals of marine weather reveal mesocyclones to be relatively dry in comparison with synoptic cyclones, yet very windy. These analyses should permit the development of methods to better predict these important cold-season storms over southern middle latitudes, and a fuller assessment of their significance for the larger hydroclimatic system.
Possible influence of atmospheric transport on the total mercury content of southeastern Atlantic Continental Shelf surface waters

Abstract The mercury content of southeastern Atlantic Continental Shelf surface waters varies seasonally, apparently in response to wind conditions. Following periods of predominantly westerly winds, concentrations are higher in surface waters than following periods of easterly winds. Mercury in atmospheric samples collected over the continental shelf support the conclusion that atmospheric transport from the continental United States may be responsible for the variations.
Sentinel node micrometastasis in breast carcinoma may not be an indication for complete axillary dissection

The decision whether to proceed with complete axillary node dissection based on sentinel node status is clear for patients with negative or macrometastatic disease. However, the course of action based on sentinel node micrometastasis remains controversial. We reviewed 358 cases from 6/1999 to 7/2003. All sentinel nodes were evaluated at three levels by frozen section, touch preparation, and scrape preparation. Micrometastasis was defined as tumor deposits between 0.2 and 2 mm. Size, grade, and lymphvascular invasion of the primary tumor, as well as number, status, size of metastatic disease, and presence of extranodal capsular extension of sentinel and nonsentinel nodes were recorded. Of the 358 cases, 89 had positive sentinel nodes, 29 of which represented micrometastases. Only one (3%) of the 29 cases contained a nonsentinel node with macrometastasis. In 60 of the 89 cases sentinel nodes contained macrometastases. Of these, 38 cases (63%) had metastatic tumor in nonsentinel nodes. Intraoperative consult was performed in 53 of the 89 cases with positive sentinel nodes. Only 1 of the 19 (5%) intraoperative consult cases with micrometastatic sentinel nodes had positive nonsentinel nodes, while 21 of 34 (62%) of macrometastatic sentinel nodes at intraoperative consult had tumor in nonsentinel nodes. No single variable studied discriminated between micro- vs macrometastatic disease. At intraoperative consult, macrometastatic disease was present in all three diagnostic preparations, while diagnostic material in micrometastatic sentinel nodes was usually present in only one modality. This analysis suggests that the risk of finding tumor in nonsentinel nodes differs significantly between cases with micro (3%)- vs macro (63%)-metastatic disease in sentinel nodes. This holds true for cases assessed by intraoperative consult. Considering the known morbidity of complete axillary dissection, assessments of risk vs benefit of undertaking this procedure should be performed on a case-by-case basis in patients with sentinel node micrometastases.
Structure, stability and function of RNA pseudoknots involved in stimulating ribosomal frameshifting

Programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting has become the subject of increasing interest over the last several years, due in part to the ubiquitous nature of this translational recoding mechanism in pathogenic animal and plant viruses. All cis-acting frameshift signals encoded in mRNAs are minimally composed of two functional elements: a heptanucleotide "slippery sequence" conforming to the general form X XXY YYZ, followed by an RNA structural element, usually an H-type RNA pseudoknot, positioned an optimal number of nucleotides (5 to 9) downstream. The slippery sequence itself promotes a low level ( approximately 1 %) of frameshifting; however, downstream pseudoknots stimulate this process significantly, in some cases up to 30 to 50 %. Although the precise molecular mechanism of stimulation of frameshifting remains poorly understood, significant advances have been made in our knowledge of the three-dimensional structures, thermodynamics of folding, and functional determinants of stimulatory RNA pseudoknots derived from the study of several well-characterized frameshift signals. These studies are summarized here and provide new insights into the structural requirements and mechanism of programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting.
A brief history of positron emission tomography (PET)

The development of positron emission tomography (PET) illustrates how advances in basic science translates into benefits for human beings. In 1930 Ernest Lawrence and co-workers conceived of the cyclotron. By 1938 Lawrence, Livingston, et al had designed a "medical cyclotron." The subsequent production of C-11, N-13, O-15, and F-18 found many uses in medical and physiologic research. The introduction of F-18 deoxyglucose represents another major step toward practical clinical use of positron-emitting tracers. We have now achieved the transition from the postulation of the existence of positrons to their use in a wide variety of diseases.
The acute asthmatic in the emergency department: the decision to admit or discharge.

Acute asthma is a common serious illness presented to emergency departments. Approximately 10 to 15% of the patients who present with acute asthma will require admission to the hospital.‘-3 The criteria for admission listed in Table 1 are primary and straightforward reasons to readily admit patients with acute asthma. Spirometric criteria reflecting airway flow rates below which acute asthmatics are admitted have also been developed (Table 2) from the experiences at many different centers. In the diagnosis of acute asthma. these airway flow rates are direct measurements of bronchial narrowing and severity of disease. As being “asymptomatic and wheeze-free” correlates poorly with FEV,, 25% of patients discharged on the basis of these clinical findings alone relapse within ten days of the emergency department visit.’ Therefore, “adequate” flow rates are important criteria in the decision to discharge an acute asthmatic patient from the emergency department. These spirometric criteria are based on a patient’s flow rates upon presentation, following various therapeutic modalities and time periods, and on discharge from the emergency department (Table 2). All spirometric criteria reflect at least a 75%-and most a 90% or greater-probability that the patient will require hospital admission or experience relapse within ten days after the emergency department visit. The best criteria are based on optimum flow rates at the time the tiecision is made to admit or discharge the patient: peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) > 300 limin, FEV, > 1.6 1, or flow rates > 40% of those predicted are acceptable criteria for discharge. Obviously, a patient may not have improved sufficiently for discharge from the emergency department after four hours, but he may be ready after 12 hours. Yet, no criteria have been developed noting how much of a change in PEFR or FEV, per hour is acceptable for discharge from the emergency department, and some patients show no improvement, despite optimal therapy.
A new way to conserve total energy for Eulerian hydrodynamic simulations with self-gravity

Abstract We propose a new method to conserve the total energy to round-off error in grid-based codes for hydrodynamic simulations with self-gravity. A formula for the energy flux due to the work done by the self-gravitational force is given, so the change in total energy can be written in conservative form. Numerical experiments with the code Athena show that the total energy is indeed conserved with our new algorithm and the new algorithm is second order accurate. We have performed a set of tests that show the numerical errors in the traditional, non-conservative algorithm can affect the dynamics of the system. The new algorithm only requires one extra solution of the Poisson equation, as compared to the traditional algorithm which includes self-gravity as a source term. If the Poisson solver takes a negligible fraction of the total simulation time, such as when FFTs are used, the new algorithm is almost as efficient as the original method. This new algorithm is useful in Eulerian hydrodynamic simulations with self-gravity, especially when results are sensitive to small energy errors, as for radiation pressure dominated flow.
Langerhans cell sarcoma arising from chronic lymphocytic lymphoma/small lymphocytic leukemia: lineage analysis and braf v600e mutation study

Background: The phenomenon that histiocytic/dendritic cell sarcomas may be transformed from lymphoproliferative diseases is dubbed 'transdifferentiation'. Langerhans cell sarcoma (LCS) transdifferentiated from chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small cell lymphoma (CLL/SLL) is extremely rare. The underlying mechanisms of LCS tumorogenesis and its transdifferentiation from CLL/SLL are largely unknown. Aims: the authors strive to further characterize LCS, to understand the potential molecular changes in LCS and the underlying mechanisms of CLL/SLL transformation to LCS. Materials and Methods: a progressively enlarging right inguinal lymph node from a 68-year-old female patient with a history of CLL was biopsied and submitted for flow cytometry analysis, routine hematoxylin, and eosin (H and E) stain and immunohistochemical study. Furthermore, clonality study (fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with a CLL panel probes) and BRAF V600E mutation study (pyrosequencing and immunostain) were performed. Results: two different neoplasms, LCS and CLL/SLL, were discovered to occur simultaneously in the same lymph node. These two entities were shown to be clonally related. More importantly, for the first time, BRAF V600E mutation was detected in LCS. Conclusions: LCS can be transdifferentiated from CLL/SLL and BRAF V600E mutation may provide the foundation for alternative therapy of LCS.
TEPETATE IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO

ABSTRACT One of the dominant surface materials in the Valley of Mexico is called tepetate, a term which sometimes is used simply as a synonym for caliche. The semantic confusion is traced to the Aztec taxonomic system of earth materials in which consistence rather than color is a primary attribute. Thus, a variety of earth materials may be termed tepetate. As a construction material, tepetate has played a major role in the development of modern Mexico. Tepetate is also marginal agricultural land cultivated under population pressure in the absence of better available land. The associated technology seems to have been developed during pre-Conquest times under similar conditions of population pressure, after tepetate was exposed at the surface through previous misuse of land.
Synchronization of L5178Y cells by successive treatment with excess thymidine and colcemid

Abstract The method of synchronization of mouse lymphoma cell line, L5178Y, in suspension culture has been established by applying one treatment with excess thymidine, followed by one treatment with colcemid all in one generation. The degree of synchrony achieved by this method was found to be as good as those of other synchronization methods in other cell lines.
Peak-Load Pricing in Postal Services

The peak-load pricing problem for postal service is addressed in practice primarily by means of service differentiation according to class of mail. The authors demonstrate that lower priority mail at peak times helps to ameliorate, but does not eliminate, the peak-load problem. They derive welfare-optimal, service differentiated prices under peak-load conditions for a diverse mail-processing technology. The authors show the relationship between this class of problems and the traditional natural monopoly peak-load literature. The paper discusses the implications of the theory for U.K. and U.S. postal service practice and policy. Copyright 1990 by Royal Economic Society.
New approaches for measurement of platelet reactivity

In a highly interesting, intricate, and novel paper in this issue of Blood , Fung and colleagues have extended their previous pioneering studies and now reveal that molecules such as ATP can promote platelet activation through the P2X1 receptor.[1][1] This adds to the known mechanisms of how the
The utility of magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating peripheral nerve disorders

The evaluation of peripheral nerve injuries has traditionally relied primarily on information gained from the clinical history, physical examination, and electrodiagnostic testing. Taken together, all of this clinical and diagnostic information often allows one to determine the location and severity of the underlying peripheral nerve problem. However, it may not be sufficient in diagnosing a focal entrapment neuropathy superimposed upon a more generalized peripheral neuropathy; localizing a focal lesion along a long segment of nerve which may be difficult to assess accurately with electrodiagnostic studies; distinguishing early between an axonotmetic grade of injury, which can recover through axonal regeneration, and a neurotmetic grade which cannot and therefore may benefit from a surgical exploration and repair procedure; and noninvasively diagnosing and determining the surgical resectability of peripheral nerve mass lesions such as tumors. The goal of this review is to illustrate how standard and evolving magnetic resonance imaging techniques can provide additional information in dealing with some of these problems.
A simple hydrogenase-linked assay for ferredoxin and flavodoxin.

Abstract Ferredoxin or flavodoxin mediates electron flow from H2-hydrogenase to metronidazole[1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole] to cause the reduction of the latter compound. The reduction of metronidazole in solution is irreversible because the reduced compound further decomposes. Since metronidazole loses its absorption peak at 320 nm upon reduction, the rate of reduction can be monitored spectrophotometrically. When a solution of metronidazole at 0.1 to 0.5 m m is supplemented with ferredoxin- andflavodoxin-free hydrogenase and placed under H2, the rate of metronidazole reduction is proportional to the amount of ferredoxin or flavodoxin added. This forms the basis for an assay that can measure 10 to 1000 ng of ferredoxin or 100–1000 ng of flavodoxin/ml of assay mixture.
Surface grafting of cobalt complexes on polymeric supports: Evidence for site isolation and applications to reversible dioxygen binding

Imprinted polymers were synthesized using the surface-grafting technique with [Co(III)1(vpy)(dmap)]PF6 {1, bis[2-hydroxy-4-(4-vinylbenzyloxy)benzaldehyde]ethylene-diimine; vpy: 4-vinylpyridine; dmap: N,N′-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine} as the template. The metallated sites were probed using spectroscopic techniques including UV–vis, Fourier transform infrared, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies to investigate the site architecture and isolation of the immobilized sites in the surface-grafted polymers. EPR studies showed a distribution of four and five coordinated sites similar to the bulk copolymers, and the surface-grafted polymer showed reversible binding to dioxygen in multiple cycles. Both results indicated site isolation in the surface-grafted polymers analogous to the bulk polymers. Although the dioxygen binding in surface-grafted polymers is reversible, the spin density decreases to 50% in the third cycle as opposed to bulk copolymers. This indicates that the sites are more heterogeneous and more exposed to the environment than the analogous sites in bulk copolymers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 888–897, 2001
Dynamic optimal taxation, rational expectations and optimal control

Within a rational expectations framework, policy has effect if it alters relative prices and policy evaluations are exercises in modern public finance theory. The time inconsistency of an optimal taxation plan precludes the use of standard control theory for its determination. In this article recursive methods are developed that overcome this difficulty. The technique is novel in that the constraint set as well as the value function are determined recursively. Even though there is little hope of the optimal plan being implemented - because of its time inconsistency - we think the exercise is of more than pedagogical interest. The optimal plan's return is a benchmark with which to compare the time consistent solution under alternative institutional constraints which society might choose to impose upon itself.
The isolation and chemistry of niobium and tantalum dimethylamides containing mono- and di-aryloxide ancillary ligands

The salt complex [Me2NH2][Ta(NMe2)2Cl4] 4 has been isolated from the reaction of [Ta2Cl10] with Me2NH and the anion shown to contain mutually cis-dimethylamido ligands. 4 reacts with Me2NH and pyridine to produce the neutral adducts mer,cis-[Ta(NMe2)2Cl3(HNMe2)] 1 (known compound) and [Ta(NMe2)2Cl3(py)] 5. The solid state structure of [Ta(NMe2)2Cl3(py-4Ph)] 7 shows a mer,cis arrangement of Cl and NMe2 groups. The addition of 2,3,5,6-tetraphenyl- or 2,6-di-isopropyl-phenol (2 equiv) to solutions of 1 in benzene was found to produce a mixture of two isomers each containing a residual Ta–NMe2 and Ta–NHMe2 group. These were formulated as [Ta(OAr)2Cl2(NMe2)(NHMe2)] with the coordinated amine trans to the Ta–NMe2 group and aryloxide ligands either mutually cis or trans. The cis isomer was found to thermally convert to the trans form. The trans isomers [M(OAr)2Cl2(NMe2)(NHMe2)] (M = Ta, OAr = 2,3,5,6-tetraphenyl- or 2,6-di-isopropyl-phenoxide; M = Nb, OAr = 2,3,5,6-tetraphenylphenoxide) are obtained in high yield by treatment of the corresponding tri(chlorides) [M(OAr)2Cl3] with excess Me2NH. The isomorphous/isostructural compounds [M(OC6HPh4-2,3,5,6)2Cl2(NMe2)(py)] (M = Nb, Ta) were structurally characterized and shown to contain the pyridine ligand trans to the Ta–NMe2 group with mutually trans aryloxides. Addition of 2,2′-methylenebis(6-phenylphenol) {(HOC6H3Ph)2CH2} to 1 resulted in formation of the compound [Ta{(OC6H3Ph)2CH2}Cl2(NMe2)(HNMe2)] 15. The solid state structure of 15 shows the nitrogen atoms to be mutually trans with cis aryloxide oxygen atoms. The eight-membered dioxametallacycle ring is puckered with the methylene bridge folded up towards the Ta–NMe2 group. The reaction pathways leading to these products are discussed.
Genetic basis of the phenylthiocarbamide polymorphism

Etude statistique de la distribution des seuils de perception gustative et du determinisme genetique des gouteurs et des non-gouteurs chez des sujets humains en reponse a la phenylthiocarbamide
Gabapentin in childhood epilepsy: a prospective evaluation of efficacy and safety.

Abstract Purpose : To evaluate the efficacy and safety of gabapentin (GBP) in partial epilepsy in children. Methods : We performed a prospective open label add-on study in 52 children and adolescents (age 1.8–17.5 years, mean 11.1 years) with refractory partial seizures. Gabapentin was added to one other baseline drug and the efficacy was rated according to seizure type and frequency. Results : The GBP dose ranged from 26 to 78 mg/kg per day (mean 52 mg/kg per day) and was well tolerated in most patients. The seizure frequency remained unchanged in 34 patients (65%). We saw a provocation of seizures in three children (6%). Initially 15 patients (29%) benefited from GBP: five (10%) with a seizure reduction of 50–74%, seven (13%) with a reduction of 75–99% and three (6%) became seizure free. All but three experienced a development of tolerance within the next weeks to months. Conclusions : Although gabapentin seems also to be safe in children, the efficacy in refractory partial seizures was disappointing.
Intrinsic stress of eutectic Au/Sn die attachment and effect on mode-matched MEMS gyroscopes

We report on the intrinsic stress imparted to MEMS gyroscopes and the effects on frequency mismatch due to high-temperature die attachment processes, such as eutectic Au/Sn solder. The resonant frequencies of a number of symmetric MEMS gyroscopes are characterized before and after die attachment, along with X-ray imaging to observe the random solder reflow that occurred during attachment. Frequency shift is observed and compared to the die attachment area, with an 87 percent correlation to the length of the solder reflow. A model of the phenomena is presented with less than 0.1 percent agreement to the experimental results, indicating an optimal die attachment for the minimization of stress-induced frequency changes.
Dynamics of a Flexible Passive Space Array

A passive space communicator in synchronous orbit will consist of small aluminum beads chained together and aligned vertically by the Earth's gravity gradient. The analysis for small deviations from vertical uses a continuous-chain model, and pitch and roll frequencies and mode shapes are described with and without the attachment of substantial end masses. An end mass with appreciable moment of inertia can provide effective damping of the lowest-order, otherwise rigid and undamped, modes. The distortion of the chain by solar radiation pressure is estimated, assuming undesirable variations in the mass-to-area ratio of beads and end masses.
INTERSTITIAL-CELL TUMOR OF THE TESTIS WITH GYNECOMASTIA

An interstitial-cell tumor of the testis with estrogen activity is reported. Evidence for estrogen secretion was based on clinical grounds as well as on a study of steroid excretion. The function of both the tubular and the endocrine apparatus of the testis was apparently suppressed as a result of the production of estrogen by the tumor. There was a return to normal function after removal of the tumor. The literature on the subject is reviewed and discussed.
Institutional Mobility and Mutation in the Global Capitalist System: A Neo-Polanyian Analysis of a Transnational Cotton Standards War, 1870–1945:

This paper explores the dynamics of institutional change in periods of instability in the global capitalist system. Two recent bodies of literature—actor-centered institutionalism and the ‘policy m...
The generalized centroid shift method for lifetime measurements in heavy ion reactions

Abstract An application of the generalized centroid shift method for lifetime measurements in the nano-second and subnanosecond region in HI reactions on the Rutgers tandem is described. Depayed γγ-coincidence measurements using plastic scintillators (start) and a germanium detector (stop) are discussed. Details of the analysis including treatment of the time background (random coincidences) and the choice of range of analysis of the time distributions are considered. As illustrations, lifetime measurements performed in (HI, xpyn) reactions are presented: T 1 2 (3679 keV in 106 Cd )=0.7±0.2 ns , T 1 2 (3508 keV in 106 Cd )=1.2±0.4 ns , T 1 2 (1256 keV in 109 Sn )=2.0±0.3 ns and T 1 2 (3177 keV in 100 Pd )=0.9±0.2 ns .
EUVL Alternating Phase Shift Mask Imaging Evaluation

In this study, the known optical alternating phase shift mask (APSM) issues, such as imaging imbalance, phase error, and EUVL APSM fabrication specific issues are explored in the case of extreme ultra-violet lithograph (EUVL). EUVL APSM fabrication starts with a phase step in the substrate followed by Mo/Si multi-layer (ML) deposition. This phase step can be created either by directly etching the step into the substrate or by depositing a thin film layer and then patterning the thin film layer. The advantage of depositing thin film layer is that the step control can be obtained via thin film deposition thickness control and the thin film high etch selectivity to the substrate. The first few orders of phase steps, which is determined by [λ/(4cosθ)](2m+1), with m=0, 1, 2, -, are viable in EUVL APSM fabrication. The smallest phase step needed to induce a 180-degree phase shift is λ/(4conθ), or 3.37nm, for λ=13.4nm. In most of cases, the thin film quality or smoothness increases as the film thickness increases. In other word, using the minimum step may not be ideal from process point of view. In the simulation, EUVL APSM with different phase step heights [all yield net 180-degreee phase difference in the adjacent regions (ignore the multiples of 360 degrees)] was evaluated. It is found that image imbalance effect in EUVL using APSM is relatively small and is negligible for the smallest step. As the step heights increase, the image imbalance effect also increases. In the case of step height of 23.58nm, which corresponding m=3, image imbalance induced space difference in the zero and 180 degree phase regions is about 1.5nm for the 25nm periodic lines. As the pitch increases, the imaging imbalance effect diminishes.
Bloc Concentration and the Balance of Power The European Major Powers, 1824-1914

This article argues that a better trace of the operation of a balance of power system can be obtained if two dimensions, alliances and capabilities, are combined into a single measure of bloc concentration. After reviewing the basic features of a balance of power system to show why this is the case, such an index is constructed. Several patterns of bloc concentration consistent with the operation of a balance of power system are derived and examined, using data for the European major powers from 1824 through 1914, and for all the major powers from 1919 through 1965. The findings are consistent with the existence of a balance of power system in the earlier era and with a form of balancing behavior in the post-World War I era.
A Myelin Proteolipid Protein-LacZ Fusion Protein Is Developmentally Regulated and Targeted to the Myelin Membrane in Transgenic Mice

Transgenic mice were generated with a fusion gene carrying a portion of the murine myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) gene, including the first intron, fused to the E. coli LacZ gene. Three transgenic lines were derived and all lines expressed the transgene in central nervous system white matter as measured by a histochemical assay for the detection of beta-galactosidase activity. PLP-LacZ transgene expression was regulated in both a spatial and temporal manner, consistent with endogenous PLP expression. Moreover, the transgene was expressed specifically in oligodendrocytes from primary mixed glial cultures prepared from transgenic mouse brains and appeared to be developmentally regulated in vitro as well. Transgene expression occurred in embryos, presumably in pre- or nonmyelinating cells, rather extensively throughout the peripheral nervous system and within very discrete regions of the central nervous system. Surprisingly, beta-galactosidase activity was localized predominantly in the myelin in these transgenic animals, suggesting that the NH2-terminal 13 amino acids of PLP, which were present in the PLP-LacZ gene product, were sufficient to target the protein to the myelin membrane. Thus, the first half of the PLP gene contains sequences sufficient to direct both spatial and temporal gene regulation and to encode amino acids important in targeting the protein to the myelin membrane.
Galvanomagnetic properties of vanadium carbide

Measurements of the magnetoresistance of vanadium carbide have been made as a function of carbon concentration and temperature. For well-ordered samples the results for ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{1111}$, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{1122}$, and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{1212}$ are analyzed along with previously taken data for the Hall effect and electrical resistivity. The measurements indicate that an appropriate electronic band structure must include at least two anisotropic (nonspherical) bands for carriers of opposite sign. Comparisons are made to density-of-states data derived from specific-heat measurements and band-structure calculations.
Petrology of flecked gneisses in the northern Wet Mountains, Fremont County, Colorado

Flecks consisting of centimetre-sized quartz-K-feldspar-plagioclase segregations with cores of magnetite and/or hornblende occur locally in discrete zones within sillimanite-grade, migmatitic biotite gneiss and amphibolite in the Wet Mountains, south-central Colorado. The close field association of flecked gneisses with migmatites in this and other reported occurrences suggests a genetic relationship. This study evaluates the possibility that flecks formed by anatexis of the host rocks. Peak metamorphic conditions are estimated as 600-700 °C and 3-5 kbar from biotite-garnet-plagioclase-sillimanite equilibria, using garnet-core compositions. Plagioclase-K-feldspar and magnetite-ilmenite equilibria give apparent retrograde temperatures of 500-550°C. Although the metamorphic conditions may have permitted anatexis in the gneisses, the flecks show no tendency to cluster at a minimum melt field on a plot of An- Ab-Or-Q, and the REE patterns of separated flecks do not show the LREE enrichment relative to the matrix which would be expected in partial melting. It is suggested that the flecks formed by metamorphic segregation during diffusion- controlled dehydration reactions of biotite or hornblende. Mass-balance calculations indicate significant transport of Fe, Mg, and Ca between flecks and matrix; Si and A1 are constant; Na and K show slight and inconsistent changes.
Electron spin echo modulation analysis of photoproduced radical cation locations in micelles and vesicles

Abstract The electron spin echo modulation method provides a technique to measure very weak dipolar hyperfine interactions between a paramagnetic species and surrounding magnetic nuclei about 0.25–0.6 nm distant from the paramagnetic center. This technique is used to measure the surroundings of the photoproduced paramagnetic radical cations in micellar and vesicular structures in order to determine the structural constraints that optimize and control the charge separation process of molecules embedded in such organized molecular media. This control can then be related to methods for potential storage of light energy.
Subproblem analysis of discrimination shift learning in the rat

Rats were given reversal and extradimensional shifts in a simultaneous discrimination under three conditions designed to vary the likelihood that Ss process the constituent stimulus pairs (two) as instances of a single problem. Condition I involved conventional training whereby the stimulus pairs were presented successively in random order. Condition II was the same as I except that S responded to the two pairs in temporally and spatially defined runs. In Condition III, the pairs were presented as in II but S was reinforced throughout training only if there had been correct choice to both pairs in the run. Analysis of learning on the individual stimulus pairs during shifts indicated that under all conditions, Ss learned the pairs as independent subproblems.
Discourse Structure and Rhetorical Elaboration in Mocho Personal Narrative

Two versions of a Mocho (Mayan) personal narrative about killing a large snake are subjected to close comparative analysis. The greater rhetorical elegance of one is the sum of a series of modest elaborations and strategic revisions at various levels, from lexical to episodic, rather than the result of large-scale revisions in discourse structure. Repetition makes a substantial contribution to the aesthetic power of the elaborated version. The goal of the revisions is shown to be associated with issues of personal agency and heightened narrator participation.
China's “Color Revolution” Is Red

Do China's mandarins have anything to fear from the winds of freedom that have blown away Arab autocrats? The short answer is no—for now. The Chinese government has performed for its people, lifting hundreds of millions out of poverty during the same length of time Hosni Mubarak reigned in Egypt. Though many in the West would like to think so, it is not likely that the rising middle class in China will one day also fill Tiananmen Square in protest. In the immediate future, the chaos and economic drift that will now engulf the liberated Middle East will remind them again that China was right not to go down the path of Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika in Russia. And it is not as if they will have a chance. The authorities are determined never to allow any two people who vent virtually on the Net to meet in the street. In this section, we discuss the impact of the Arab revolt—and lack of it—on China's system of governance.
On the connected components of the space of line transversals to a family of convex sets

Let ? be the space of line transversals to a finite family of pairwise disjoint compact convex sets in ?3. We prove that each connected component of ? can itself be represented as the space of transversals to some finite family of pairwise disjoint compact convex sets.
Effects of sex guilt and sexual arousal on the retention of birth control information.

A study was conducted with 28 male and 28 female university students to investigate the relationship between sex guilt sexual arousal and the ability to retain sex education information. The results support the hypothesis that high-sex-guilt subjects have more difficulty retaining lecture information than low-sex-guilt subjects due to the anxiety generated by exposure to birth control information. Sexually stimulated subjects retained less of the lecture information than nonaroused subjects. Females because birth control is a more interesting subject to them were able to retain the lecture better than males. The study points out the necessity for considering personality variable when planning sex education programs.
Synthesis of β-1,3-glucan microfibrils by a cell-free extract from Phytophthora cinnamomi

Abstract Microfibrils of β-1,3-glucan were assembled in vitro by a cell-free extract of Phytophthora cinnamomi which contained high levels of β-1,3-glucan synthetase. These levels were attained under growth conditions that repressed endogenous protease formation. The microfibrils were made entirely of β-1,3-linked residues and were thus different from native microfibrils.
Msx2 is a repressor of chondrogenic differentiation in migratory cranial neural crest cells

During early mouse embryogenesis, cranial neural crest cells (CNCC) emigrate from the posterior midbrain and rhombomeres 1 and 2 of the anterior hindbrain into the first branchial arch-derived maxillary and mandibular processes and there provide cell lineages for several phenotypes, including cartilage, bone, and tooth. Here, we report that Sox9 and Msx2 were coexpressed in a subpopulation of CNCC during their migration. Because Sox9 is a transactivator of chondrogenesis, and Msx genes can act as transcriptional repressors, we hypothesized that Sox9 expression indicates the determination of CNCC-derived chondrogenic cell lineage and that Msx2 represses chondrogenic differentiation until CNCC migration is completed within the mandibular processes. To test whether Msx2 represses chondrogenesis, we designed experiments to inhibit Msx2 function in migratory CNCC in primary cultures through the expression of loss-of-function Msx2 mutants. We showed that infection of migratory CNCC with adenovirus Msx2 mutants accelerated the rate and extent of chondrogenesis, as indicated by the expression level of type II collagen and aggrecan, and the amount of alcian blue staining. Adenovirus infections did not apparently interfere with CNCC proliferation or migration. These findings suggest that an important early event in craniofacial morphogenesis is a transient expression of both Sox9 and Msx2 during emigration into the forming mandibular processes followed by restricted expression of Sox9 within CNCC- derived chondroprogenitor cells. We conclude that Msx2 serves as a repressor of chondrogenic differentiation during CNCC migration. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Critical review of programmable media processor architectures

In the past several years, there has been a surge of new programmable mediaprocessors introduced to provide an alternative solution to ASICs and dedicated hardware circuitries in the multimedia PC and embedded consumer electronics markets. These processors attempt to combine the programmability of multimedia-enhanced general purpose processors with the performance and low cost of dedicated hardware. We have reviewed five current multimedia architectures and evaluated their strengths and weaknesses.
Bounds on element order in rings Zm with divisors of zero

If p is a prime, integer ring Z"p has exactly ((p)) generating elements @w, each of which has maximal index I"p(@w) = (p) = p - 1. But, if m = @P^R"J" "=" "1p^@a^J"J is composite, it is possible that Z"m does not possess a generating element, and the maximal index of an element is not easily discernible. Here, it is determined when, in the absence of a generating element, one can still with confidence place bounds on the maximal index. Such a bound is usually less than (m), and in some cases the bound is shown to be strict. Moreover, general information about existence or nonexistence of a generating element often can be predicted from the bound.
Differential Response of Protein Synthesis in Ehrlich Ascites Tumour Cells and Normal Thymocytes to 2,4-Dinitrophenol and Oligomycin

RECENT work with intact yeast1 and bacterial cells2 suggested that some step in protein synthesis requires energy in a form similar to or identical with the high energy intermediates of oxidative phosphorylation rather than ATP directly. We present here data which indicate that a similar energy form is used for some phase of protein synthesis by intact mammalian cells, such as the thymic lymphocyte. The same requirement, however, cannot be demonstrated for a highly undifferentiated neoplastic cell—the Ehrlich ascites tumour cell (ATC). This alteration in the way in which metabolic energy is usually coupled to protein synthesis may represent the loss of an important control mechanism for regulating protein synthesis in this tumour cell.
Analysis of the ‘Friction Factor Jump’ Phenomenon in Hole-Pattern Seals

Hole-pattern and honeycomb seals are used to replace labyrinth seals in turbomachinery that are experiencing vibration problems, such as high pressure gas compressors. Computer simulations used to investigate the stability of a rotordynamic system require information about the stiffness, damping, and added mass generated by bearings and seals. These codes typically use bulk flow models for the fluid flow inside the bearings and seals which require empirical information about how the friction factor and leakage rate vary with rotor speed and pressure drop across the seal. Historically, experimental facilities were constructed to provide empirical data which were then used in the rotordynamic models. Ha et al (1992) observed a sudden change in the flow rate and resulting friction factor in a honeycomb seal as the pressure differential across the seal increased. This ‘friction factor jump’ was attributed to the shear flow over a seal cavity changing from a dominant normal mode to a dominant feedback mode. This was confirmed through pressure spectra showing that indeed, the shear layer instability mode changed and the frequencies present compared to predicted values. A similar effect has recently been observed in hole-pattern seals operating at high pressures, 84 bar (1200 psi). However, the pressure fluctuation spectra did not confirm the same mode change observed by Ha. The friction factor changed a by factor of around three in this instance which can drastically change the stability of the rotating system. This high pressure flow has a higher Reynolds number due to the high pressures which may explain the difference. An experimental investigation has confirmed the presence of the “friction factor jump” and that there is a change in the pressure fluctuation spectra. Further experimental investigation coupled with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of the flow field have confirmed there is a change in the shear layer over the cavity but not the same as observed by Ha. Comparisons between the experimental and computational results are made along with an explanation of the flow phenomena.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Plantation Modernity: Gone with the Wind and Irish-Southern Culture

The last ten years have seen a reexamination of Margaret Mitchell's depictions of Irish identity. While these readings tell us a great deal about how Mitchell depicts Irish immigration to the region, colonial history shows that the connections between Ireland and the American South go beyond the well-documented transatlantic mobility of the Irish diaspora. As such, a comparative perspective is necessary to fully understand that the novel's famous blending of Irish ethnicity and Southern history is part of a larger transnational phenomenon; although Gone with the Wind seems to be a defiantly local literary expression, it is in fact a product of the global socioeconomic and cultural matrix of what Clukey calls plantation modernity. In this essay, Clukey seeks to move past cultural similarities between Ireland and the South in order to establish the Anglo-Irish big house and the American plantation as contiguous colonial sites-and the big-house novel and plantation fiction as contiguous literary traditions. Plantation modernity helps us answer the question of why Mitchell's particular construction of Irish-Southern culture is so resilient-and to move beyond a recognition of the role reversal that occurs when the colonized become the colonizers-by delving further into the novel's ideological apparatus. Most crucially, a plantation framework that considers Irish and Southern histories illuminates the novel's construction of transnational white ethnic identity. The plantation allows us to think meaningfully about Gone with the Wind's relationship to plantation fiction from Ireland and the Caribbean in order to see it as a production of- rather than a retreat from-transatlantic modernity.
Chlorcyclizine N-demethylase activity in chick embryo hepatic cell culture☆

Abstract Hepatic cells from chick embryo levers were grown in primary monolayer cell cultures. Homogenates of the cells were shown to contain cytochrome P-450 and chlorcyclizine N -demethylase in vitro . The addition of allylisopropylacetamide and phenobarbital increased the chlorcyclizine N -demethylase activity and cytochrome P-450 content, and this stimulation was prevented by the addition of inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis.
Fast bregman divergence NMF using taylor expansion and coordinate descent

Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) provides a lower rank approximation of a matrix. Due to nonnegativity imposed on the factors, it gives a latent structure that is often more physically meaningful than other lower rank approximations such as singular value decomposition (SVD). Most of the algorithms proposed in literature for NMF have been based on minimizing the Frobenius norm. This is partly due to the fact that the minimization problem based on the Frobenius norm provides much more flexibility in algebraic manipulation than other divergences. In this paper we propose a fast NMF algorithm that is applicable to general Bregman divergences. Through Taylor series expansion of the Bregman divergences, we reveal a relationship between Bregman divergences and Euclidean distance. This key relationship provides a new direction for NMF algorithms with general Bregman divergences when combined with the scalar block coordinate descent method. The proposed algorithm generalizes several recently proposed methods for computation of NMF with Bregman divergences and is computationally faster than existing alternatives. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach with experiments conducted on artificial as well as real world data.
Clostridial myonecrosis: new insights in pathogenesis and management

Clostridial myonecrosis remains an important cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although traumatic gas gangrene can be readily diagnosed from clinical findings and widely available technologies, spontaneous gas gangrene is more insidious, and gynecologic infections due to Clostridium sordellii progress so rapidly that death often precedes diagnosis. In each case, extensive tissue destruction and the subsequent systemic manifestations are mediated directly and indirectly by potent bacterial exotoxins. The management triumvirate of timely diagnosis, thorough surgical removal of necrotic tissue, and treatment with antibiotics that inhibit toxin synthesis remains the gold standard of care. Yet, despite these measures, mortality remains 30% to 100% and survivors often must cope with life-altering amputations. Recent insights regarding the genetic regulation of toxin production, the molecular mechanisms of toxin-induced host cell dysfunction, and the roles of newly described toxins in pathogenesis suggest that novel prevention, diagnostic, and treatment modalities may be on the horizon for these devastating infections.
Impact of P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Intestinal Efflux Kinetics on Oral Bioavailability of P-Glycoprotein Substrates†

Studies of many P-glycoprotein (Pgp) substrates have demonstrated a significant effect of Pgp-mediated efflux on intestinal drug transport. However, most of these studies were designed to detect whether a particular drug is a Pgp substrate and thus were conducted at very low concentrations. We performed two simulations to evaluate the effect of Pgp-mediated efflux on oral drug absorption at various concentrations. In the first simulation, a steady-state model allowed us to predict whether the contribution of Pgp to oral drug absorption would be significant at clinically relevant concentrations. Our second simulation investigated the role of Pgp-mediated efflux in oral absorption with a dynamic compartmental absorption and transit model linked to a pharmacokinetic model. For high-solubility drugs, Pgp-mediated efflux altered the bioavailability only at drug concentrations corresponding to doses much lower than the usual clinical dose. The ratio of transporter-mediated transport to passive transport determined whether intestinal Pgp transporters would reduce the bioavailability of high-solubility drugs.