cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unilateral extension of a two-dimensional shear crack under the influence of cohesive forces

Received 1980 November 4; in original form 1980 April 3 Summary. We consider the problem of the unilateral extension of a twodimensional anti-plane crack that initiates spontaneously at a point. The crack extends under the influence of cohesive resistance at the edge and dynamical friction along the crack walls. The stresses in the region beyond the edge of the crack are approximated so that they are exactly equal to the cohesive stresses near the edge of the crack, and are zero on the wavefront. An exact method of solving such problems is also given and can be used to determine the validity of the approximation. We find that the crack will not grow if the cohesion exceeds some critical value; this is consistent with an earlier result obtained by Knopoff, Mouton & Burridge for a similar onedimensional model of crack propagation. The problems of dynamical fracture history are relevant to the construction of models of the earthquake source. From such models, one hopes to find correlations between the physical parameters giving the history of a fracture and the properties of the seismic signal radiated to near and/or distant seismographic stations. In this paper we study problems of crack rupture histories for those cases of two-dimensional cracks in which the rupture is influenced by cohesive forces at the crack tips; we wish to see if the conclusions derived for one-dimensional cases apply in the two-dimensional cases as well. Problems of the dynamics of crack formation and healing are inherently non-linear in character: they are a form of the Stefan problem, which is that of linear partial differential equations with macroscopically moving boundaries. Other than purely numerical solutions, most progress in attempts to derive analytical solutions to problems of the Stefan type has been from the use of Green’s function methods. This paper is no exception in this regard; we carry on in the tradition of the use of Green’s functions to derive integral expressions for the relevant quantities. Our progress on the analysis of dynamical crack histories derives from the work of Burridge & Halliday (1971), which is itself derivative from an earlier contribution by Kostrov (1966). Burridge & Halliday have analysed the problem of the growth and shrinkage of a two-dimensional, anti-plane strain, shear crack under the influence of dynamical
Features of fascicular block imposed upon existing right bundle branch block in the dog and baboon

To delineate in the presence of right bundle branch block the electrocardiographic features of either left anterior fascicular block or left posterior fascicular block, these lesions were produced experimentally in six dog and six baboon hearts using a small knife for right bundle branch block, then a ligature for either left anterior fascicular or left posterior fascicular block. After each resultant conduction defect was proved with epicardial mapping of respective excitation delays, the effects of such blocks on the electrocardiogram and the vectorcardiogram were observed. Corresponding anatomic lesions were confirmed at autopsy. Right bundle branch block alone caused a right-anterior-superior shift of the mean QRS axis that was more pronounced in the dog than in the baboon. Left anterior fascicular block then resulted in extreme left axis deviation in both species. Left posterior fascicular block did not cause further right axis deviation but shifted the mean frontal QRS axis counterclockwise, still superior in the dog but quite inferior in the baboon. QRS duration after right bundle branch block alone was prolonged more in the dog than in the baboon. After fascicular block, further prolongation was greatest in the baboon to quite comparable final values. In both species, the addition of left anterior fascicular block widened the QRS complex more than the addition of left posterior fascicular block. In the electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram, left anterior fascicular block tended to enhance, and left posterior fascicular block to mask, the aberrancy associated with right bundle branch block alone, especially in the primate.
A fast and efficient processor allocation scheme for mesh-connected multicomputers

Efficient processor allocation is crucial for obtaining high performance in space-shared parallel computers. A good processor allocation algorithm should find available processors for incoming jobs, if they exist, with minimum overhead. In this paper, we propose such a fast and efficient processor allocation scheme for mesh-connected multicomputers. By using simple coordinate calculation and spatial subtraction, the proposed scheme reduces the search space drastically and, hence, can locate a free submesh very quickly. The algorithm is implemented efficiently using a stack and therefore is called the stack-based allocation (SBA) algorithm. Extensive simulation reveals that our scheme incurs much less allocation overhead than all of the existing allocation algorithms, while delivering competitive performance.
Scheduling job operations in an automatic assembly line

The problem of scheduling job operations in an automatic assembly line used for manufacturing a small to medium volume of mixed workparts is addressed. An assembly line model is discussed. This model differs from the classical flow shop model in the following three aspects: there are no buffers at machine stations; constraints associated with the material transport system are included; and, for each batch of production, workparts are distinguished in groups, rather than individually. An optimal algorithm that requires very little computation is derived first by minimizing the total finish time for two machine assembly lines. This result is then generalized to the problem of scheduling an assembly line with m>2 machines processing single-operation jobs. In order to reduce the computational complexity of the latter problem, heuristic algorithms are proposed and shown to work quite well for all the cases considered. A heuristic solution to the problem of scheduling an assembly line with m>2 machines processing multioperation jobs is discussed. >
Survival and Cause-specific Mortality of Adult Coyotes (Canis latrans) in Central Mississippi

Abstract We examined survival and cause-specific mortality of 37 adult coyotes using radio telemetry in central Mississippi during 1993–1997. Annual survival did not differ between sexes or across years, but did among seasons. Mean survival probabilities (sexes combined) were greater during pup-rearing (0.98) than breeding (0.84) or winter (0.89). Harvest by sport hunters was the most prevalent of known mortalities. Our findings indicate that southeastern coyotes have greater survival probabilities than populations in other regions due to lower harvest levels.
Effects of practice with and without knowledge of results on jitter and shimmer levels in normally speaking women

The effects of practice on jitter and shimmer were assessed in two groups of normally speaking women. Subjects in both groups sustained trials of /a/ as steadily as possible during a baseline session, two practice sessions, and a transfer session. Subjects in one group received visual and verbal feedback during the practice sessions. Subjects in the other group received no feedback. Shimmer means remained essentially stable over the four sessions for both groups, and no differences were apparent between the groups. Jitter values were significantly different between sessions for both groups, and between the two groups for the practice sessions. These results are consistent with findings from manual performance and retention tasks. The present findings also support a recently developed neurologic model of jitter.
Larval transport and retention of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, in the coastal zone of the Florida Keys, USA

The spiny lobster Panulirus argus is of ecological and commercial importance in the South Florida coast of the continental USA and throughout the Intra-Americas Sea. Essential spiny lobster habitat in South Florida is primarily located in the Florida Keys coastal zone (including the Dry Tortugas), where the dynamic regional circulation coupled with the long planktonic larval duration (6–12 months) of P. argus raises questions of larval retention and recruitment. Locally spawned phyllosomata entrained in the Florida Current are likely to be expatriated out of the Straits of Florida, which implies that the local spiny lobster population is sustained by the transport of larval recruits from upstream locations. We examined the physical processes that may influence recruitment. Transport processes in the Keys coastal zone are spatially variable. Observed and modelled data suggest that the upper Keys is a point of onshore larval transport via the inshore meandering of the Florida Current, and the lower Keys to Dry Tortugas region apoint of retention through wind-driven onshore/countercurrents and eddy recirculation. Eddies that propagate between the Dry Tortugas and the lower Keys facilitate the exchange of larvae between the Florida Current and the coastal zone. Northerly wind events associated with cold fronts can enhance recirculation of larvae in the upper Keys. The association of older larvae with the Florida Current front supports the hypothesis that spiny lobster larval recruits come from upstream sources in the Caribbean.
Sexual Behavior, Sexual Attraction, and Sexual Identity in the United States: Data From the 2006-2008 National Survey of Family Growth

Objective—This report presents national estimates of several measures of sexual behavior, sexual attraction, and sexual identity among males and females aged 15–44 years in the United States, based on the 2006–2008 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). These data are relevant to demographic and public health concerns, including fertility and sexually transmitted infections among teenagers and adults. Data from the 2006–2008 NSFG are compared with data from the 2002 NSFG and other national surveys. Methods—Data for 2006–2008 were collected through in-person interviews with a national sample of 13,495 males and females in the household population of the United States. The measures presented in this report were collected using audio computer-assisted self interviewing (ACASI), in which the respondent enters his or her own answers into the computer without telling them to an interviewer. The overall response rate for the 2006–2008 NSFG was 75%. Results—Sexual behaviors among males and females aged 15–44 based on the 2006–2008 NSFG were generally similar to those reported based on the 2002 NSFG. Among adults aged 25–44, about 98% of women and 97% of men ever had vaginal intercourse, 89% of women and 90% of men ever had oral sex with an opposite-sex partner, and 36% of women and 44% of men ever had anal sex with an opposite-sex partner. Twice as many women aged 25–44 (12%) reported any same-sex contact in their lifetimes compared with men (5.8%). Among teenagers aged 15–19, 7% of females and 9% of males have had oral sex with an opposite-sex partner, but no vaginal intercourse. Sexual attraction and identity correlates closely but not completely with reports of sexual behavior. Sexual behaviors, attraction, and identity vary by age, marital or cohabiting status, education, and race and Hispanic origin.
Liquefaction Mitigation Using Bentonite Suspensions

AbstractOttawa sand specimens premixed with 0, 3, and 5% bentonite by dry mass of sand were tested under undrained static and cyclic loading to investigate the effects of bentonite on the static and cyclic shear strength of the sand. The results show that allowing the bentonite to hydrate within the sand pore space increases the cyclic resistance of the sand. For the same skeleton relative density and cyclic stress ratio, cyclic tests on specimens with sufficient hydration times showed a significant increase in the number of cycles required for liquefaction compared with clean sand. When the specimens were allowed an extended postconsolidation aging period, the cyclic resistance increased further. Resonant column and cyclic triaxial tests showed that this is a result of the delay in the generation of excess pore pressure in the presence of the bentonite suspension in the pore space. The improvement in cyclic behavior does not occur at the expense of the static resistance of the soil under working loads be...
Identifying potential evolutionary consequences of climate-driven phenological shifts

Climate change is shifting the phenology of many species throughout the world. While the interspecific consequences of these phenological shifts have been well documented, the intraspecific shifts and their resultant evolutionary consequences remain relatively unexplored. Here, we present a conceptual framework and overview of how phenological shifts within species can drive evolutionary change. We suggest that because the impacts of climate change are likely to vary across the range of a species and differentially impact individuals, phenological shifts may often be highly variable both within and among populations. Together these changes have the potential to alter existing patterns of gene flow and influence evolutionary trajectories by increasing phenological isolation and connectivity. Recent research examining the response of species to contemporary climate change suggests that both phenological isolation and connectivity may be likely responses to future climate change. However, recent studies also show mixed results on whether adaptive responses to climate change are likely to occur, as some populations have already shown adaptive responses to changing climate, while others have not despite fitness costs. While predicting the exact consequences of intraspecific phenological shifts may be difficult, identifying the evolutionary implications of these shifts will allow a better understanding of the effects of future climate change on species persistence and adaptation.
Bringing Collaboration Into The Market Paradigm

ABSTRACT: The market competition paradigm assumes that health plans will compete on many factors, including quality of care. Unfortunately, for many reasons health plans have not made a substantial effort to distinguish themselves on quality. The antitrust laws that are designed to protect competition allow selective collaboration among competitors for various purposes, including quality improvement. Within antitrust constraints, specific opportunities exist for competing health plans to collaborate to improve quality. Their success will depend on purchasers' ability to demand such collaborative efforts as part of their overall purchasing strategy.
Two Modes of Change of the Distribution of Rain

AbstractThe frequency and intensity of rainfall determine its character and may change with climate. A methodology for characterizing the frequency and amount of rainfall as functions of the rain rate is developed. Two modes of response are defined, one in which the distribution of rainfall increases in equal fraction at all rain rates and one in which the rainfall shifts to higher or lower rain rates without a change in mean rainfall.This description of change is applied to the tropical distribution of daily rainfall over ENSO phases in models and observations. The description fits observations and most models well, although some models also have an extreme mode in which the frequency increases at extremely high rain rates. The multimodel mean from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) agrees with observations in showing a very large shift of 14%–15% K−1, indicating large increases in the heaviest rain rates associated with El Nino. Models with an extreme mode response to global wa...
The value of forest biotechnology: a cost modelling study with loblolly pine and kraft linerboard in the southeastern USA

Commercialisation of biological technologies for forest tree species is driven by the promise of dramatically lower raw material costs, maximal processing efficiencies, minimal environmental impacts and improved product performances. The economic value of such biotechnological changes to wood property traits in forest trees have not been well quantified due to the complexity of producing wood and paper products. As a case study, we used multidimensional cash flow modelling of a loblolly pine plantation and an integrated kraft pulp and linerboard mill to quantify the potential value of trees with improved growth and wood properties. The greatest increases in profit were estimated for higher fibre tensile strength followed by increased specific gravity while higher cellulose to lignin ratio and growth showed similar potentials. These results strongly support the forest industry goal of using biotechnology methods to improve the growth and wood properties of trees grown for paper products.
Climate-related genetic variation in drought-resistance of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

There is a general assumption that intraspecific populations originating from relatively arid climates will be better adapted to cope with the expected increase in drought from climate change. For ecologically and economically important species, more comprehensive, genecological studies that utilize large distributions of populations and direct measures of traits associated with drought-resistance are needed to empirically support this assumption because of the implications for the natural or assisted regeneration of species. We conducted a space-for-time substitution, common garden experiment with 35 populations of coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) growing at three test sites with distinct summer temperature and precipitation (referred to as 'cool/moist', 'moderate', or 'warm/dry') to test the hypotheses that (i) there is large genetic variation among populations and regions in traits associated with drought-resistance, (ii) the patterns of genetic variation are related to the native source-climate of each population, in particular with summer temperature and precipitation, (iii) the differences among populations and relationships with climate are stronger at the warm/dry test site owing to greater expression of drought-resistance traits (i.e., a genotype × environment interaction). During midsummer 2012, we measured the rate of water loss after stomatal closure (transpiration(min)), water deficit (% below turgid saturation), and specific leaf area (SLA, cm(2) g(-1)) on new growth of sapling branches. There was significant genetic variation in all plant traits, with populations originating from warmer and drier climates having greater drought-resistance (i.e., lower transpiration(min), water deficit and SLA), but these trends were most clearly expressed only at the warm/dry test site. Contrary to expectations, populations from cooler climates also had greater drought-resistance across all test sites. Multiple regression analysis indicated that Douglas-fir populations from regions with relatively cool winters and arid summers may be most adapted to cope with drought conditions that are expected in the future.
Designing New Media Education Research: The Materiality of Data, Representation, and Dissemination

The current historical moment is marked by the gradual transition from a print culture to a digital new media culture, and this shift carries material effects for how education research contexts are perceived and represented. This discussion uses the concept of materiality to demonstrate how the conceptualization of inquiry through digital representations can be theorized through the histories and discourses of multiple media, computer technologies, research methodologies, epistemological positions, new literacies, and current social and cultural contexts to highlight emerging concerns in education research. Paying attention to the design of materiality encourages scholars to reflect on how inscription technologies influence the ways in which research is conducted and communicated.
Lensfree polarization microscopy on a chip using incoherent digital holography

We demonstrate an on-chip polarization microscope based on incoherent lensfree holography. Placed between two polarizers, a birefringent sample creates in-line holograms that can be digitally reconstructed to create lensfree polarization images over a large field-of-view.
Spatially Distinct Neutrophil Responses within the Inflammatory Lesions of Pneumonic Plague

ABSTRACT During pneumonic plague, the bacterium Yersinia pestis elicits the development of inflammatory lung lesions that continue to expand throughout infection. This lesion development and persistence are poorly understood. Here, we examine spatially distinct regions of lung lesions using laser capture microdissection and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis to identify transcriptional differences between lesion microenvironments. We show that cellular pathways involved in leukocyte migration and apoptosis are downregulated in the center of lung lesions compared to the periphery. Probing for the bacterial factor(s) important for the alteration in neutrophil survival, we show both in vitro and in vivo that Y. pestis increases neutrophil survival in a manner that is dependent on the type III secretion system effector YopM. This research explores the complexity of spatially distinct host-microbe interactions and emphasizes the importance of cell relevance in assays in order to fully understand Y. pestis virulence. IMPORTANCE Yersinia pestis is a high-priority pathogen and continues to cause outbreaks worldwide. The ability of Y. pestis to be transmitted via respiratory droplets and its history of weaponization has led to its classification as a select agent most likely to be used as a biological weapon. Unrestricted bacterial growth during the initial preinflammatory phase primes patients to be infectious once disease symptoms begin in the proinflammatory phase, and the rapid disease progression can lead to death before Y. pestis infection can be diagnosed and treated. Using in vivo analyses and focusing on relevant cell types during pneumonic plague infection, we can identify host pathways that may be manipulated to extend the treatment window for pneumonic plague patients.
Postwar Agricultural Credit Problems and Suggested Adjustments

TWO assumptions must be made regarding postwar land ownership and agricultural tenure if any discussion of credit needs in that period will be most meaningful. They are: (1) Fee simple ownership of land will continue to be the predominant type of ownership, and (2) Owner-operation will continue to be the predominant pattern of tenure. The assumption of continued fee simple ownership, as the predominant pattern, does not imply the same unrestricted freedom in the use of privately owned land which our forebears knew in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; it is recognized that various restraints upon the use of private land will persist which have developed since a conservation conscious nation became aware of the social value of wise land use. Indeed, such restraints will probably increase in number and scope. However, they need not, and probable will not, interfere with the basic right of a fee simple owner to transfer title to whomever and in whatever manner he chooses. Nor will such restraints on land use seriously affect the utilization of credit to implement the transfer of land ownership. On the other hand, they may necessitate modifications in the extension of credit for production. The second assumption-namely, that owner-operation will continue as the predominant pattern of tenure-implies neither increase nor decrease from present levels of tenancy. A minimum amount of tenancy is desirable and necessary as a step on the road to owner-operation. In this paper separate treatment will be accorded a number of facets of the post-war agricultural credit problem. The discussion will be neither exhaustive nor definitive, but will serve chiefly to raise issues which should be resolved if future credit needs of agriculture are to be served soundly and efficiently.
The Psychiatric Interview

Sullivan has called his therapeutic procedures “participant observation.” Unfortunately, most psychiatrists have been unable to “explain” this, even when they have an intuitive grasp of its meaning. In order to understand the meaning of participation one must have an understanding of transaction, which is radically different from interaction, whose meaning in psychiatry is quite imprecise. Dewey and Bentley (1949) will be paraphrased in order to clarify some of the following conceptions.
Thermoresponsive Semicrystalline Poly(ε-caprolactone) Networks: Exploiting Cross-linking with Cinnamoyl Moieties to Design Polymers with Tunable Shape Memory

The overall goal of this study was to synthesize semicrystalline poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) copolymer networks with stimuli-responsive shape memory behavior. Herein, we investigate the influence of a cinnamoyl moiety to design shape memory polymer networks with tunable transition temperatures. The effect of various copolymer architectures (random or ABA triblock), the molecular weight of the crystalline domains, PCL diol, (Mw 1250 or 2000 g mol–1) and its composition in the triblock (50 or 80 mol %) were also investigated. The polymer microstructures were confirmed by NMR, DSC, WAXS and UV–vis spectroscopic techniques. The thermal and mechanical properties and the cross-linking density of the networks were characterized by DSC, tensile testing and solvent swelling, respectively. Detailed thermomechanical investigations conducted using DMA showed that shape memory behavior was obtained only in the ABA triblock copolymers. The best shape memory fixity, Rf of ∼99% and shape recovery, Rr of ∼99% was obtained ...
Oxygen Poisoning in Insects

Pupae of Bracon hebetor, Grapholitha molesta, Anagasta kuhniella, Galleria mellonella, Prodenia eridania, Tenebrio molitor, and Epilachna varivestis showed arrestment of development and decreased oxygen consumption after exposure to oxygen at 75 pounds pressure; with P. eridania and G. mellonella such exposure for 5 minutes produced paralysis which was not reversible. Pupae of Drosophila melanogaster, Phormia regina, and Apis mellifera were not affected by exposure to oxygen, nor were larvae of B. hebetor, T. molitor, A. kuhniella, or P. regina. Pupae of T. molitor that matured as adults after exposure to oxygen at 30 pounds pressure apparently had difficulty in removing their pupal exuviae and their wings were abnormal.
Development of a Prediction Method for Jet Installation Noise: Reflection/Shielding

Aircraft noise has been a source of annoyance for communities near airports for decades, and noise regulations imposed by governments and airports have forced aircraft manufacturers to include noise as a key metric during design. Historically, much of the aircraft noise reduction has been achieved through increases in bypass ratio, but government and industry are increasingly investigating other avenues to reduce community noise. The primary approach is to place the engines above the airframe surfaces, expecting substantial noise reductions at observers on the ground through shielding, rather than attempting to reduce the level of the noise source itself. The prediction of jet installation noise during conceptual design is therefore very important to enable accurate predictions of the benefit obtained through installation effects. However, no basic prediction methods for reflection/shielding are commonly used which are appropriate for conceptual design but still can handle the distributed nature of jet noise. The available methods are even more limited with respect to other interactions between the jet and wing, such as scrubbing. This research lays the foundation for a prediction model for jet installation noise, starting with a first-order model for the prediction of the reflection/shielding of jet by a surface. Modelscale data has been obtained in the Anechoic Flight Simulation Facility at Georgia Tech Research Institute for a wide range of configurations and jet and tunnel velocities, enabling prediction for configurations beyond the conventional under-the-wing engine placement. The results presented in this paper identify the region in which reflection/shielding is the only acoustic installation effect and develop a methodology for a prediction method for shielding, supported by the data presented herein.
Anticipatory Adjustments during a Warning Interval: Cortical Negativity and Perceptual Sensitivity

Cortical negative afterwaves were recorded while subjects performed a warned signal detection task. Warning intervals of 500, 1200 and 1900 msec, and immediate and delayed responses were employed as experimental conditions. Detection sensitivity was best at the 1200 msec warning interval, which coincided with maximum cortical negativity. The response requirement manipulation had no effect on detection performance or brain wave amplitude. The results are interpreted as indicating an arousal based allocation of processing resources, indexed by cortical negativity.
On the Rotation of Physical Education Teaching Pattern in Colleges and Universities

In order to solve the problems in practicing common physical education teaching in colleges and universities, “the rotation of teaching" pattern is introduced here on the basis of common rules pedagogics and Physical Education. This teaching pattern aims at reducing the teaching pressure felt by teachers, developing students' interest in physical education, making compensations for the shortage of teaching necessities as well as improving the academic researches in teaching of common physical education. The traditional teaching pattern fails in these aspects, which serves as a foil to this relatively advanced one.
Crystalline coherence length effects on the thermal conductivity of MgO thin films

Phonon scattering in crystalline systems can be strongly dictated by a wide array of defects, many of which can be difficult to observe via standard microscopy techniques. We experimentally demonstrate that the phonon thermal conductivity of MgO thin films is proportional to the crystal’s coherence length, a property of a solid that quantifies the length scale associated with crystalline imperfections. Sputter-deposited films were prepared on (100)-oriented silicon and then annealed to vary the crystalline coherence, as characterized using x-ray diffraction line broadening. We find that the measured thermal conductivity of the MgO films varies proportionally with crystalline coherence length, which is ultimately limited by the grain size. The microstructural length scales associated with crystalline defects, such as small-angle tilt boundaries, dictate this crystalline coherence length, and our results demonstrate the role that this length scale has on the phonon thermal conductivity of thin films. Our results suggest that this crystalline coherence length scale provides a measure of the limiting phonon mean free path in crystalline solids, a quantity that is often difficult to measure and observe with more traditional imagining techniques.
The relationship between victim attitudes, training, and behaviors of sexual assault investigators

AbstractLiterature on procedural justice suggests crime victims respond to the quality of treatment received by the police. Investigators who utilize interview techniques that align with tenets of procedural justice may have better overall interactions with victims and elicit better quality investigative information from victims, highlighting the importance of providing sexual assault specific training to police officers and investigators. One barrier to improving interactions are the perceptions police officers have of sexual assault victims. Research is mixed regarding whether training can influence these perceptions, or if training can only change behaviors. However, research regarding sexual assault specific training is limited, particularly for investigators. This study builds upon the current literature by exploring the influence of the receipt of and perceived helpfulness of procedural justice-based training on subsequent utilization of interview techniques that are consistent with the procedural j...
Acoustic communication and navigation in the new Arctic — A model case for environmental adaptation

The particular sensitivity of the Arctic to climate change is well established, and the significance to undersea operations can be dramatic. As part of the recent ICEX16 US Navy Exercise in the Beaufort Sea, MIT deployed an autonomous underwater vehicle with a towed hydrophone array below the ice cover for assessing the climate induced changes to the undersea ambient noise environment. The safe underwater operation depended on navigation updates from the submarine tracking range being communicated to the vehicle for fusion with the onboard inertial navigation. However, the changes in the environment severely deteriorated the tracking performance compared to previous deployments. The reason was clearly associated with a previously observed neutrally bouyant layer of warm Pacific water persistently spreading throughout the Beaufort Sea, which severely alters the acoustic environment with dramatic effects for both long and short range acoustic sensing, communication and navigation. This paper describes the effects observed and discusses how robust acoustic connectivity in this environment makes it paramount that the manned or unmanned undersea platforms are capable of adapting to the environment for sensing, communication and navigation.
Historicizing as a Legal Trope of Jeopardy in Asylum Narratives and Expert Testimonies of Gender-Based Violence

Testimony submitted with asylum petitions is a vantage point for documenting and evaluating lived experiences in post-conflict societies. Asylum petitions are rich documentary archives tethered to discrete legal contexts, which shed light on analytical categories, constructed identities, and personal narratives of fear, trauma, and violence. Lawrance argues that expert testimony interpreting petitions pertaining to gender-based violence in the Upper Guinea region is structured by the trope of historicization, a rhetorical logic of categorization and persuasion emphasizing historicity. Emboldened by “historicizing” expert testimony, asylum-seekers move beyond the experiences causing flight and testify to future jeopardy. Lawrance shows how questions of future jeopardy shape narrative strategies, providing a window on the changing cultural and legal landscape of post-conflict societies in Upper Guinea.
On the uniform exponential stability of linear impulsive systems

This paper further investigates a type of exponential stability for linear impulsive systems that is uniform with respect to the set of impulse times. The point of departure is a Lie-algebraic analysis previously developed for linear impulsive systems initially motivated by existing stability conditions for linear switched systems. The aim of this paper is a refinement of previous results whereby sufficient conditions for uniform exponential stability are cast explicitly in terms the linear impulsive system data. These conditions directly support the construction of a constant-parameter quadratic Lyapunov function that demonstrates uniform exponential stability.
The Effect of Cancer and Its Treatment on Natural-Born Offspring

The literature describing the impact of cancer and its treatment on spermatogenesis, likelihood of natural conception, and discussion of potential congenital abnormalities as a result of DNA damage in sperm is discussed in this chapter.
Demand for Private and State-Provided Health Insurance in the 1910s: Evidence from California

This paper analyzes the demand for both private and state-provided health insurance in a historical context. In the case of private health insurance, I show that both health insurance and medical care were of limited use and that the relationship between income and health insurance and income and medical care was relatively weak, suggesting that money could buy little in the way of improvements in medical care. These results implied that there should be very little demand for state-provided health insurance and indeed there was not. Although the persuasiveness of interest groups such as doctors and to a lesser extend trade unions did contribute to the defeat of state-provided health insurance matter, none of the variables could explain such a resounding defeat. Evidence from newspaper editorials, advertisements, and articles suggested that the absence of consumer demand for health insurance together with concerns over the cost of state-provided health insurance defeated the measure. My findings are in contrast to those of other researchers who have emphasized the role of a politically powerful medical profession and of World War I.
Teaching Students to Apply Foundational Knowledge Through the Use of Vignettes

Students seeking degrees in recreation, park resources and leisure services (RPRLS) need to learn how to apply their foundational knowledge to address issues in professional practice. This paper de...
Vicriviroc, a CCR5 receptor antagonist for the potential treatment of HIV infection.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy has revolutionized the care of patients with HIV infection, but treatment is often complicated by the development of antiretroviral resistance. CCR5 inhibitors are a novel class of antiretroviral agents that block the CCR5 receptor, thereby preventing HIV-1 recognition and entry into CD4+ macrophages and T-cells. Schering-Plough Corp is developing vicriviroc, a CCR5 inhibitor that has demonstrated good oral bioavailability, has a long half-life that allows once daily dosing, and is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 CYP3A4. In vitro and clinical data suggest that vicriviroc has excellent antiviral potency with minimal toxicity. Phase I and II clinical trials demonstrated promising efficacy results when vicriviroc is administered to patients infected with CCR5-tropic HIV-1. At the time of publication, phase III trials were ongoing or planned to investigate the efficacy and safety of vicriviroc in antiretroviral-naive and -experienced patients infected with HIV-1.
The Trial of I. Lewis 'Scooter' Libby

This paper presents a charted analysis of the evidence in the case in which I. Lewis Scooter Libby, Vice President Cheney's former chief of staff, was charged with perjury and making false statements to officials during their investigation to determine who disclosed the fact that Valerie Plame was a CIA agent. The authors applied a modern version of Wigmore's Chart Method of Analysis, using the protocol and symbols prescribed in ANALYSIS OF EVIDENCE (Cambridge University Press 2005) by Terence Anderson, William Twining, and Dave Schum. Based upon that analysis, the authors demonstrate that the jury verdict was correct on the counts on which it found Libby guilty on on the count on which they found him not guilty.
LEM domain proteins control the efficiency of adaptation through copy number variation

While loss of genome integrity is at the basis of numerous pathologies, including cancer, genome plasticity is necessary to adapt to a changing environment and thus is essential for long-term organismal success. Here we present data supporting a targeted mechanism that promotes adaptation to environmental stress by driving site-specific genome instability tied to transcriptional induction and the formation of RNA-DNA hybrids. Using an in vitro evolution assay we observe that the inner nuclear membrane LEM domain proteins Heh1 and Heh2 play antagonistic roles in inhibiting or promoting adaptation through copy number expansion, respectively, which is also reflected in their genetic interaction networks with genes responsible for transcription-dependent genome instability. Taken together, our data suggest the existence of a LEM domain protein-mediated mechanism by which an immediate transcriptional response to a changing environment drives targeted genome instability to promote increased variation on which selection can act to support long-term adaptation.
Achieving Strategic Digital Integration: Views From Experienced New York City Advertising Agency Professionals

The advertising agency environment is changing and requires agencies to deal with many communications opportunities in emerging platforms. Many concepts from IMC (e.g., the importance of data-drive...
Cancer Health Impact Program (CHIP): Identifying Social and Demographic Associations of mHealth Access and Cancer Screening Behaviors Among Brooklyn, New York, Residents

Background: The Bedford-Stuyvesant (BS) and Bushwick (BW) communities of central Brooklyn, New York, are located within the 50-mile core radius of Memorial Sloan Kettering9s main catchment area. Cancer is the second leading cause of death among the predominantly African American and Hispanic neighborhoods, with BS and BW having higher prostate cancer and colorectal mortality rates than New York City as a whole. There is significant opportunity to design cancer interventions that leverage the accessibility and acceptability of mobile health (mHealth) tools among the BS and BW communities. Methods: The Cancer Health Impact Program (CHIP) is a collaborative that was formed for this purpose. Through CHIP, we used a tablet-based, Health Information National Trends (HINTS)-based multimodality survey to collect and analyze social and demographic patterns of prostate cancer and colorectal cancer screening, as well as mHealth access, among BS and BW residents. Results: Among 783 participants, 77% reported having a smartphone, 40% reported access to a mobile health application, 17% reported blood stool kit testing, and 26% of men reported PSA test screening. Multivariable logistic regression models results demonstrated that participants who reported owning smartphones, but were unsure whether they had access to a health app, were also significantly more likely to report blood stool kit testing compared with participants without smartphones. In fully adjusted models, access to a health app was not significantly associated with PSA testing. Non-Hispanic white participants were 86% less likely to report blood stool kit testing when compared with non-Hispanic black participants [OR = 0.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02–0.49]. Participants with a prior history of cancer were three times more likely to report blood stool kit testing when compared with those without cancer history (OR = 3.18; 95% CI, 1.55–6.63). Conclusions: For blood stool kit testing, significant differences were observed by race/ethnicity, cancer history, age, and smartphone use; for PSA screening, only age was significant in fully adjusted models. Impact: Our results demonstrate that while access to smartphones and mobile health apps may be prevalent among minority communities, other social and demographic characteristics are more likely to influence screening behaviors.
Preparation of Aminomercapto Furanose Sugars from Dithiocarbamoyl Derivatives

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the preparation of aminomercapto furanose sugars from dithiocarbamoyl derivatives. The conversion of a 1,2-trans-aminoalcohol system in a sugar to a 1,2- cis -aminomercaptan system can be effected by means of an intramolecular displacement reaction employing the S -methyldithiocarbamoyl group. Such a complex neighboring group reaction has been used to convert methyl 3-amino-3-deoxy- α - d -altropyranoside to methyl 3-amino-3-deoxy-2- thio - α - d -allopyranoside hydrochloride. In a chilled (0°), stirred solution of 22.3 g (0.137 mole) of methyl 3-amino-3-deoxy- α - d -arabinofuranoside in 400 ml of anhydrous pyridine and 14.3 g (0.141mole) of anhydrous triethylamine, 11.2 g (0.146 mole) of carbon disulfide is added slowly while maintaining the temperature below 10°. The solution is stirred for 1 hour at 0°–5°, and then 20.1 g (0.141 mole) of iodomethane is added slowly while the temperature is kept below 10°. The mixture is stored at 5° for 24 hours and then poured with stirring into 1 liter of ice and water.
High Breakdown Voltage in RF AlN/GaN/AlN Quantum Well HEMTs

In evaluating GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) for high-power applications, it is crucial to consider the device-level breakdown characteristics. This letter replaces the conventional AlGaN barrier and common AlGaN backbarrier with unstrained AlN, and it assesses the breakdown voltage of AlN/GaN/AlN quantum well HEMTs for gate-drain spacings in the range of 0.27– $5.1~\mu \text{m}$ . The results are highlighted by a high breakdown voltage of 78 V for a gate-drain spacing of 390 nm, among the best reported for submicron-channel devices. In addition, small-signal RF measurements showed record performance for HEMTs on the AlN platform, with $\text {f}_{\text {t}}/\text {f}_{\text {max}} = {161}/{70}$ GHz. The cut-off frequency and corresponding drain bias are benchmarked against the state-of-the-art GaN HEMTs using the Johnson figure of merit, with measured devices highlighted by a JFoM value of 2.2 THz $\cdot $ V. These results illustrate the potential for AlN/GaN/AlN quantum well HEMTs as a future platform for high-power RF transistors.
Long-term outcomes in Juvenile Myositis patients.

Abstract Objective Juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (JIIM) are rare, chronic autoimmune muscle diseases of childhood, with the potential for significant morbidity. Data on long-term outcomes is limited. In this study we investigate correlations between clinical and demographic features with long-term outcomes in a referral population of adult patients with JIIM. Methods Forty-nine adults with JIIM were assessed at two referral centers between 1994 and 2016. Features of active disease and damage at a cross-sectional assessment were obtained. Regression modeling was used to examine factors associated with long-term outcomes, defined by the presence of calcinosis or a higher adjusted Myositis Damage Index (MDI) score. A multivariable model of MDI was constructed using factors that were statistically significant in bivariate models. Results At a median of 11.5 [IQR 4.5–18.9] years following diagnosis, median American College of Rheumatology (ACR) functional class was 2 [1.5–3.0], Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score was 0.4 out of 3.0 [0.0–1.0], and manual muscle testing (MMT) score was 229 out of 260 [212.6–256.8]. Median MDI score was 6.0 [3.5–8.9], with the most commonly damaged organ systems being cutaneous and musculoskeletal. Factors associated with an elevated MDI score were the presence of erythroderma and other cutaneous manifestations, disease duration, and ACR functional class. Calcinosis was present in 55% of patients. The strongest predictors of calcinosis were disease duration, periungual capillary changes, and younger age at diagnosis. Conclusion In a tertiary referral population, long-term functional outcomes of JIIM are generally favorable, with HAQ scores indicative of mild disability. Although most patients had mild disease activity and virtually all had significant disease damage, severe or systemic damage was rare. Certain clinical features are associated with long-term damage and calcinosis.
Examining the efficacy of bystander sexual violence interventions for first- year college students: a systematic review

Abstract Objective The purpose of the following systematic review was to determine the efficacy of bystander sexual violence, school-based educational interventions, aimed at first-year college students to reduce the occurrence of sexual violence on college campuses. Methods A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, CENTRAL, ERIC, and CINAHL Plus and Boolean search logic to extract articles from the databases. Only peer-reviewed journal articles published from 2010 to 2017 were considered. After applying inclusion criteria based on the study purpose, only seven articles remained in the review. Results Bystander intervention education is effective in increasing student's bystander confidence; however, these results were mixed. Studies in this review employed different educational programs and durations, and instrumentation to assess bystander behavior and confidence. Conclusion Bystander intervention education is effective in increasing bystander confidence among college students; however, confidence gained during bystander intervention education needs to be assessed.