cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Latent errors and adverse organizational consequences: a conceptualization

Summary We develop the concept of latent errors—uncorrected deviations from procedures and policiesthat have no direct adverse consequences—and examine the complex relationships betweenorganizational antecedents, latent errors, and adverse consequences. Latent errors, with vary-ing levels of frequency, are present in all organizations whereas extreme adverse outcomes arerare. Thus, all organizations become potential objects of study in research on errors. Latenterrors enable the design of exantestudies of errors that avoid sampling on the dependent vari-able. The basic elements of our framework focus on two critical linkages. First is the role ofantecedent factors such as incentives and goals in contributing to the presence of latent errors.Second, we explore how positive and negative feedback systems and external triggers link anacceleration of latent errors with adverse organizational outcomes. We also discuss how var-iations in context (e.g., whether work activities are co-located or distributed) may affect thesefactors. Implications for research on high-reliability organizations are discussed. Copyright #2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Throughput Maximization and Interference Avoidance in Cognitive Radios

A crucial task for a network of cognitive radios is to detect occupied frequency bands, to protect transmissions of primary users, and to identify spectrum holes to maximize the utilization of wasted resources. This paper is motivated by the need to account for challenging constraints that naturally arise in such applications such as channel model uncertainties and demanding sensitivity constraints of the sensing devices. We propose false discovery rate (FDR) based cooperative strategies to sense the occupancy of the spectrum. The strategies we propose could either be used to maximize bandwidth utilization or to provide guarantees on incurred interference levels. The proposed strategies are robust to significant uncertainties such as lack of CSI, fading and shadowing effects. The key idea of the paper is that the twin objectives of bandwidth utilization and interference control can significantly benefit from group testing across all channels in contrast to conventionally employed channel-by-channel detection strategy. Furthermore, it is shown that the cooperative sensing strategy significantly reduces sensitivity requirements. We quantify the effect of channel occupancy rate on the required cooperation degree for achieving a guaranteed level of primary user protection.
Exploring Alternative Approaches for Presenting Evaluation Results

Evaluators have an obligation to present clearly the results of their evaluative efforts. Traditionally, such presentations showcase formal written and oral reports, with dispassionate language and graphs, tables, quotes, and vignettes. These traditional forms do not reach all audiences nor are they likely to include the most powerful presentation possibilities. In this article, we share our use of alternative presentation formats, undertaken to increase the utility, appeal, and salience of our work. We offer a conceptual rationale for the use of “alternative representational forms” and describe the context for our use of alternative formats, which involved evaluations of various science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) educational programs. We present four examples, featuring visual display, performance, multiple program theories, and poetry. The article concludes with reflections on the future of alternative presentation approaches.
Numerical Simulation of Boundary Conditions and the Onset of Instability in Natural Convection due to Protruding Thermal Sources in an Open Rectangular Channel

ABSTRACT Two-dimensional natural-convection heat transfer to air from multiple identical protruding heat sources, which simulate electronic components, located in a horizontal channel which is open on both sides, has been studied numerically. Of particular interest is the accurate simulation of realistic boundary conditions in such a channel. The effects of source temperatures, channel dimensions, openings, boundary conditions, and source locations on the heat transfer from and flow above the protruding sources are investigated, and the onset of instability is studied. The results indicate that the channel dimensions and the presence of openings have significant effects on the fluid flow. However, their effects on heat transfer are found to be relatively small. The increase in channel height is seen to lead to a less stable flow and, consequently, a decrease in the critical Grashof number. Numerical simulation of the flow at the openings is investigated and found to be crucial to an accurate modeling of t...
Effect of Hole Trapping on the Microscopic Structure of Oxygen Vacancy Sites in a-SiO2

To develop an improved fundamental understanding of the microscopic effects of hole trapping by oxygen vacancy sites (VO) in amorphous a-SiO2, we have performed ab initio Hartree−Fock calculations ...
EFFECT OF PRESSURIZED SOLVENTS ON ETHANOL PRODUCTION BY THE THERMOPHILIC BACTERIUM CLOSTRIDIUM THERMOCELLUM

Abstract Inhibition of microbial metabolism due to the presence of metabolic products leads to reduced yields in some fermentation processes. In-situ extraction of inhibitory fermentation products is one method to increase the product yield. Solvent compatibility with the microorganism is an important criterion in the selection of extractant solvents. Although supercritical CO 2 has been investigated for the post-fermentation extraction of metabolic products, it has generally been rejected for in-situ extraction due to its inhibition of the metabolism of numerous microorganisms. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of dense gases and supercritical fluids (nitrogen, CO 2 , and ethane) on the carbohydrate consumption and ethanol formation by a model organism, Clostridium thermocellum , a fibrolytic thermophilic bacterium. Non-growing cells capable of metabolism were incubated at 60°C with cellobiose as a substrate in the presence of the three pressurized fluids. The fermentation broth was sampled with time for residual cellobiose and ethanol concentration. The rate and extent of ethanol production were similar in cell suspensions maintained at atmospheric pressure under nitrogen (conventional method) and at 6.9 MPa under nitrogen. Ethane at 6.9 MPa reduced the extent of ethanol production by less than 20% relative to the atmospheric control, whereas CO 2 at the same pressure reduced ethanol formation by more than 80%. These results suggest that pressurized hydrocarbons may have benefits over supercritical CO 2 for the in-situ recovery of volatile fermentation products.
A fast chopper for programmed population of the longitudinal phase space of the AGS

A fast beam chopper has been built that can produce an arbitrary pulse program of the 200-MeV H/sup -/ beam for synchronous injection into moving RF buckets in the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS). The chopper will eliminate RF capture losses and can be used to tailor the initial distribution in longitudinal phase space by varying the pulse parameters, width and phase, on a bunch-by-bunch time scale during multiturn injection. The chopper also serves as a studies tool, because it can provide controllable beam intensity with fixed longitudinal emittance (or conversely) and/or missing bunches. It is an electrostatic deflection device with 15 pairs of plates located above and below the 35-keV H/sup -/ beam between the ion source and the RFQ (radio-frequency quadrupole) preinjector. The plates are spaced 26-mm apart in the beam direction and connected as a slow-wave structure by coaxial cables. They are driven to +or-760 V by DC-coupled pulse generators. Beam current rise and fall times are less than 10 ns. >
Tracking of Vessels in Intra-Operative Microscope Video Sequences for Cortical Displacement Estimation

This article presents a method designed to automatically track cortical vessels in intra-operative microscope video sequences. The main application of this method is the estimation of cortical displacement that occurs during tumor resection procedures. The method works in three steps. First, models of vessels selected in the first frame of the sequence are built. These models are then used to track vessels across frames in the video sequence. Finally, displacements estimated using the vessels are extrapolated to the entire image. The method has been tested retrospectively on images simulating large displacement, tumor resection, and partial occlusion by surgical instruments and on 21 video sequences comprising several thousand frames acquired from three patients. Qualitative results show that the method is accurate, robust to the appearance and disappearance of surgical instruments, and capable of dealing with large differences in images caused by resection. Quantitative results show a mean vessel tracking error (VTE) of 2.4 pixels (0.3 or 0.6 mm, depending on the spatial resolution of the images) and an average target registration error (TRE) of 3.3 pixels (0.4 or 0.8 mm).
The Critical Sociology of Race and Sport: The First Fifty Years

This review surveys the sociological work on race and sport over the past 50 years. It begins by outlining the importance of C.L.R. James's book Beyond a Boundary as a foundational text for the critical sociology of race and sport. Two paradigms of research on race and sport are sketched: the critical and the functionalist-evolutionary. The article then reviews the major contributions to the study of race and sport from three areas, namely mainstream American sociology, the sociology of race, and the sociology of sport, focusing primarily on the research published since 2000. The article concludes by looking at future directions of work in the field, suggesting that although sport remains marginal to mainstream American sociology and the insights of scholars such as James remain overlooked, the best work on race and sport will continue to emerge from the subfield of sport studies.
Influence of Fluorocarbon and Hydrocarbon Acyl Groups at the Surface of Bovine Carbonic Anhydrase II on the Kinetics of Denaturation by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

This paper examines the influence of acylation of the Lys-e-NH(3)(+) groups of bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA, EC 4.2.1.1) to Lys-e-NHCOR (R = -CH(3), -CH(2)CH(3), and -CH(CH(3))(2), -CF(3)) on the rate of denaturation of this protein in buffer containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Analysis of the rates suggested separate effects due to electrostatic charge and hydrophobic interactions. Rates of denaturation (k(Ac,n)) of each series of acylated derivatives depended on the number of acylations (n). Plots of log k(Ac,n) vs n followed U-shaped curves. Within each series of derivatives, rates of denaturation decreased as n increased to ∼7; this decrease was compatible with increasingly unfavorable electrostatic interactions between SDS and protein. In this range of n, rates of denaturation also depended on the choice of the acyl group as n increased to ∼7, in a manner compatible with favorable hydrophobic interactions between SDS and the -NHCOR groups. As n increased in the range 7 < n < 14, however, rates of denaturation stayed approximately constant; analysis suggested that these rates were compatible with an increasingly important contribution to denaturation that depended both on the net negative charge of the protein and on the hydrophobicity of the R group. The mechanism of denaturation thus seems to change with the extent of acylation of the protein. For derivatives with the same net electrostatic charge, rates of denaturation increased with the acyl group (by a factor of ∼3 for n ∼ 14) in the order CH(3)CONH- < CH(3)CH(2)CONH- < (CH(3))(2)CHCONH- < CF(3)CONH-. These results suggested that the hydrophobicity of CF(3)CONH- is slightly greater (by a factor of <2) than that of RHCONH- with similar surface area.
Cultural Materialism and the Problem of Probabilities

Pasternak, Burton 1976 Introduction to Kinship and Social Organization. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Simons, Suzanne Lee 1969a The Cultural and Social Survival of a Pueblo Indian Community. In Minorities and Politics, H. J. Tobias and C. E. Woodhouse, eds. pp. 85-112. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 1969b Sandia Pueblo: Persistence and Change in a New Mexico Indian Community: Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Albuquerque: Univeristy of New Mexico. Sturtevant, William C., and Alfonso Ortiz 1979 Preface. In Southwest: Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 9. Alfonso Ortiz, ed. pp. xiii-xvi. William Sturtevant, gen. ed. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
Prevalence of Eustrongylides ignotus in Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) in Florida: Historical and Regional Comparisons

We examined mosquitofish. (Gambusia holbrooki) caught between January 1990 and December 1991 from 24 sites in northern Florida (USA), and preserved specimens collected from 32 sites throughout Florida between 1930 and 1978, for presence of the larval nematode Eustrongylides ignotus. We found 10 (42%) of the 24 recently-sampled sites in northern and central Florida had at least one larval nematode present in the fish; combining these data with results of previous work, 11 (15%) of 75 recently sampled sites throughout Florida had at least one nematode. By comparison, in the museum collections fish from only one (3%) of the 32 sites had the nematode, and none in northern Florida.
Two New Chinese GLIPIDIOMORPHA Franciscolo (Coleoptera: Mordellidae) and a Key to Mainland Species

Abstract Glipidiomorpha atraterga, new species, and G. rufiterga new species (Mordellidae) are described based on specimens from Yunnan Province, China. The former also occurs in Hong Kong. The two species are compared and keyed with three other mainland Chinese species. Glipidiomorpha alboscutellata (Kono) new combination, from Taiwan, is transferred from Glipa LeConte. The genus now contains 18 species worldwide that are markedly disjunct in distribution.
A call to arms against an enemy yet unknown

In the article, ‘‘Unexpected readmission after lung cancer surgery: A benign event?’’ in this issue of the Journal, Puri and colleagues 1 seek to identify risk factors for readmission after lung cancer surgery using data from the National Cancer Data Base, which is jointly sponsored by the American College of Surgeons and the American Cancer Society. The incidence, potential predictors, and implications of unanticipated early postoperative readmission after lung resection for non–small cell lung cancer were examined in 129,893 patients; 5624 (4.3%) had unanticipated early readmission (ie, within 30 days of resection) after initial discharge. After controlling for potential confounders, the data show that increasing age, increasing Charlson-Deyocomorbidityscore,exposuretopreoperative radiation, pneumonectomy (vs sublobar resection), larger tumor size, and longer length of hospital stay at the index operation are all risk factorsfor readmission. Protectivefactors identified included higher annual income (>$35,000) and treatment in an academic center. Patients who are readmitted have increased rates of 30- and 90-day mortality and worse overall survival compared with propensity-score matched patients who were not readmitted. Puri and colleagues have accomplished a timely analysis of a topic of extreme importance to thoracic surgeons in an era where reimbursement is being tied to quality metrics that include unexpected readmission. The strengths of the study include the very large number of patients and events available for the analysis and the use of propensity-score matching to balance the baseline characteristics of the patients. The study is consistent with the published literature on the topic: Using data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare registry (2006-2011),
Crystal structure of di-μ-hydroxido-κ4O:O-bis[bis(acetyl­acetonato-κ2O,O′)cobalt(III)]

The dinuclear title complex, [Co2(C5H7O2)4(μ-OH)2] or [Co(acac)2(μ-OH)]2, where acac is acetyl­acetonate, is centrosymmetric with half of the mol­ecule per asymmetric unit. The mol­ecular structure is a dimer of octa­hedrally coordinated CoIII atoms with four O atoms from two chelating acac ligands and two O atoms from bridging hydroxide ligands. The crystal packing features weak C—H⋯O inter­actions between neighboring mol­ecules, leading to the formation of chains normal to the ac plane. The hydroxide H atoms are not involved in hydrogen bonding because of the bulky acac ligands. This is the first crystal structure reported of a dimeric transition metal bis-acac complex with OH− as the bridging group.
Hot Electron-Based Near-Infrared Photodetection Using Bilayer MoS2.

Recently, there has been much interest in the extraction of hot electrons generated from surface plasmon decay, as this process can be used to achieve additional bandwidth for both photodetectors and photovoltaics. Hot electrons are typically injected into semiconductors over a Schottky barrier between the metal and semiconductor, enabling generation of photocurrent with below bandgap photon illumination. As a two-dimensional semiconductor single and few layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been demonstrated to exhibit internal photogain and therefore becomes an attractive hot electron acceptor. Here, we investigate hot electron-based photodetection in a device consisting of bilayer MoS2 integrated with a plasmonic antenna array. We demonstrate sub-bandgap photocurrent originating from the injection of hot electrons into MoS2 as well as photoamplification that yields a photogain of 105. The large photogain results in a photoresponsivity of 5.2 A/W at 1070 nm, which is far above similar silicon-based hot ...
Using Identity Processes to Understand Persistent Inequality in Parenting

Despite growing acceptance of a “new fatherhood” urging fathers to be engaged in family life, men’s relative contributions to housework and child care have remained largely stagnant over the past twenty years. Using data from in-depth interviews, we describe how identity processes may contribute to this persistent inequality in parenting. We propose that the specificity of men’s identity standards for the father role is related to role-relevant behavior, and that the vague expectations many associate with “new fatherhood” both contribute to and result from men’s underinvolvement. Consistent with this proposal, we find that while all fathers face difficulty living up to expectations of “new fatherhood,” those with vague identity standards contribute less to carework and are less committed to the father identity, in part because they are less likely to experience self-discrepancy. We outline the implications of our results for future research in identity theory and for understanding inequality in households.
The implications of mid-latitude climate extremes for North American migratory bird populations

Mid-latitude climate extremes are projected to increase in frequency under global climate change. How this may affect migratory bird populations is not well understood. The mid-latitudes of North America experienced an extreme warming event during March 2012 that advanced the spring phenology of ecological productivity, resulting in lower levels of productivity during the summer. Here, we test the predictions that: (1) short-distance migratory birds, due to geographic proximity and more flexible migratory behavior, should advance their spring migration phenology; and (2) breeding populations, due to lower summer productivity, should have reduced occurrences. We used occurrence data for 353 bird species from the eBird database to calculate weekly occurrence anomalies for 2012 relative to the 2010–2014 average. We identified species having unusually large positive occurrence anomalies during March 2012 and species having unusually large negative occurrence anomalies during July–August 2012. For each category, we summarized migration strategies, geographic distributions, and annual associations with temperature and ecological productivity. Short-distance migrants whose winter and breeding ranges intersect the mid-latitudes advanced their spring migration phenology during March (n = 21). Long-distance migrants whose winter and breeding distributions were weakly associated with the mid-latitudes had lower occurrences during the summer (n = 32). Five species were shared between the two categories. Within species’ winter ranges, temperature and ecological productivity were higher than expected during March; within species’ breeding ranges, ecological productivity was lower than expected during the summer. These differences were strongest for the 21 short-distance migrants. Following our expectations, mid-latitude climate extremes and associated ecological consequences broadly affected avian migration and breeding activities within the region. Our findings suggest short-distance migrants are more flexible and resilient, whereas populations of long-distance migrants are at a distinct disadvantage, which may intensify if the frequency of these events increases.
TERRITORIAL EXCLUSION BY A LONG-DISTANCE MIGRANT WARBLER IN JAMAICA: A REMOVAL EXPERIMENT WITH AMERICAN REDSTARTS (SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA)

To test whether male American Redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla) excluded conspe- cifics from selected habitats on their wintering grounds, we removed territorial individuals from four replicate sites in two different habitats in Jamaica, West Indies, and recorded territory shifts and new colonizations of the vacated areas. In total, 12 American Redstarts (nine after-hatch-year (AHY) or older males, two yearling (HY) males, and one female) were removed, and their vacated territories were re-occupied by 18 neighboring or newly-ap- pearing redstarts (five AHY males, four HY males and nine females). The re-occupation of the vacated areas supports the hypothesis that territoriality in this species acts to exclude conspecifics from certain winter habitat, and shows that American Redstarts compete with conspecifics for habitat in their winter grounds. Moreover, a statistically significant shift in sex composition following removal indicates that AHY males excluded females from mutually acceptable habitats. Such behavioral dominance, if confirmed, could help account for sexual habitat segregation during winter, and could result in differential winter survival rates between the sexes, thereby influencing population structure and regulation in this long- distance migrant. Received 10 August 1992, accepted 15 December 1992.
Rapidly photo-cross-linkable chitosan hydrogel for peripheral neurosurgeries.

Restoring continuity to severed peripheral nerves is crucial to regeneration and enables functional recovery. However, the two most common agents for coaptation, sutures and fibrin glues, have drawbacks such as inflammation, pathogenesis, and dehiscence. Chitosan-based adhesives are a promising alternative, reported to have good cytocompatibility and favorable immunogenicity. A photo-cross-linkable hydrogel based on chitosan is proposed as a new adhesive for peripheral nerve anastomosis. Two Az-chitosans were synthesized by conjugating 4-azidobenzoic acid with low (LMW, 15 kDa) and high (HMW, 50−190 kDa) molecular weight chitosans. These solutions formed a hydrogel in less than 1 min under UV light. The LMW Az-chitosan was more tightly cross-linked than the HMW variant, undergoing significantly less swelling and possessing a higher rheological storage modulus, and both Az-chitosan gels were stiffer than commercial fibrin glue. Severed nerves repaired by Az-chitosan adhesives tolerated longitudinal forces ...
Inverse Density Segregation in a Vertically Vibrated Particle Bed

The purpose of this work is to clarify the density segregation of binary particle mixtures due to vertical vibration. The bed, a mixture of glass and lead particles, is vertically vibrated under less than 120Hz. It is found that an inverse density segregation, where the heavier component comes upward, is observed after a homogeneous convection with increasing displacement amplitude. The mixing-segregation map for the vibrating parameter is made. It is also found that there is a critical velocity amplitude AVC=0.1m/s for the transition from mixing to separation.
Epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in Shaoxing city in 2009

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) in Shaoxing city in 2009,and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of HFMD.Methods All the cases of HFMD in Shaoxing city in 2009 were analyzed from China information system of disease control and prevention.The pathogen of enteocvirns was identified by reverse transcriptase PCR after cellular segregation combine.ResultsA total of 4710 HFMD cases were reported in Shaoxing city in 2009,and the reported incidence rate was 98.5/100 000.The cases occurred every month,with a peak occurrence from May to June.Of 4710 cases,the median age of cases was 3 years(range from 2 months to 42 years) and 61.9% were males.85.9%(4048/4710)cases were less than 4 years old.The predominant occupational group of the cases was scattered among children(64.2%),followed by preschool children(33.0%) and pupils(2.6%).Among 78 confirmed cases,infection of EV71 and Cox A16 accounted for 12.8%(10/78)and 57.7%(45/78)respectively.Conclussion The peak occurrence of HFMD is from May to June in Shaoxing city in 2009,and the majority of pathogens is Cox A16.
Distribution of myosin heavy chain isoforms in muscular dystrophy: Insights into disease pathology

Myosin heavy chain isoforms are an important component defining fiber type specific properties in skeletal muscle, such as oxidative versus glycolytic metabolism, rate of contraction, and fatigability. While the molecular mechanisms that underlie specification of the different fiber types are becoming clearer, how this programming becomes disrupted in muscular dystrophy and the functional consequences of fiber type changes in disease are not fully resolved. Fiber type changes in disease, with specific focus on muscular dystrophies caused by defects in the dystrophin glycoprotein complex, are discussed.
Descriptive Analysis of the 2014 Race-Based Healthcare Disparities Measurement Literature.

There are more than 500 articles in the 2014 race-based healthcare disparities literature across a broad array of diseases and outcomes. However, unlike many other forms of research (e.g., clinical trials and systematic reviews), there are no required reporting guidelines when submitting results of disparities studies to journals. This study describes the race-based healthcare disparities measurement literature in terms of study design, journal characteristics, generation of health disparities research, type of disparity measure used, and adherence to disparities measurement guidelines. We searched three databases of peer-reviewed literature, PubMed, Ovid Medline, and JSTOR, for English language articles published in 2014 on racial/ethnic healthcare disparities. Studies must have quantitatively measured the difference in health outcomes between two racial/ethnic groups in order to be included. Our final sample included 266 studies from 167 medical and public health journals. Only 7 % (n = 19) of articles reported both an absolute and relative measure of disparity; the majority of studies (64 %, n = 171) reported only a relative measure of effect. Most studies were published in clinical journals (74 %, n = 198), used secondary data (86 %, n = 229), and calculated black-white disparities (82 %, n = 218). The most common condition studied was cancer (25 %, n = 67), followed by a surgical procedure (18 %, n = 48). On average, articles in the sample only met 61 % of the applicable guidelines on reporting of disparities. To be able to synthesize findings in the racial disparities literature (meta-analysis), there is a need for the use of consistent methods for quantifying disparities and reporting in the literature. A more consistent battery of measures and consistent reporting across studies may help speed our understanding of the origins and development of solutions to address healthcare disparities. Despite guidelines for best practices in reporting disparities, there is a lack of adherence in the current literature.
Detection capabilities: some historical footnotes

Part I Summary of relevant topics from 1923 to present—including: Currie (Anal Chem 40:586–593, 1968) detection concepts & capabilities; International detection & uncertainty standards; Failure of classical 14C dating and birth of new scientific disciplines; Exploratory nuclear data analysis of 85Kr monitors found coincident with the collapse of the Iron Curtain (1989); Faulty statistics proved responsible for mistaken assertions that Currie’s L C yields excessive false positives; Low-level counting and AMS for atmospheric 37Ar and µmolar fossil/biomass carbon in the environment; Erroneous assumption that our low-level background is a Poisson Process, linked to ~8 % spurious anticoincidence events. Part II Exact treatment of bivariate Poisson data—solved in 1930s by Przyborowski and Wilenski, Krakow University, for detecting extreme trace amounts of a malicious contaminant (dodder) in high purity seed standards. We adapted their treatment to detection capabilities in ultra-low-level nuclear counting. The timing of their work had great historical significance, marking the start of World War II, with the invasion of Poland (1939).
Rift Valley Fever

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a severe veterinary disease of livestock that also causes moderate to severe illness in people. The life cycle of RVF is complex and involves mosquitoes, livestock, people, and the environment. RVF virus is transmitted from either mosquitoes or farm animals to humans, but is generally not transmitted from person to person. People can develop different diseases after infection, including febrile illness, ocular disease, hemorrhagic fever, or encephalitis. There is a significant risk for emergence of RVF into new locations, which would affect human health and livestock industries.
Measuring the Correlation Between Emergency Medicine Resident and Attending Physician Patient Satisfaction Scores Using Press Ganey.

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between emergency medicine (EM) resident and attending physician patient satisfaction scores. Methods We added four resident questions to the standard Press Ganey survey used at a large, urban, university hospital with a PGY-1 to -4 EM residency. The resident questions were identical to the traditional attending questions. Press Ganey distributed the modified survey to a random sample of 30% of discharged patients. We assessed the correlation between resident and attending top-box Press Ganey scores using Pearson's coefficients. Two-tailed two-sample comparisons of proportions were used to compare top-box responses between residents and attendings. Results From September 1, 2012, to August 31, 2015, a total of 66,216 patients received surveys, and 7,968 responded, resulting in a 12.03% response rate, similar to Press Ganey survey response rate at comparable peer institutions. Patients were able to discriminate between residents and attendings; however, 751 surveys did not contain responses for residents, resulting in a total number of 6,957. All 64 of the EM residents had a minimum of 5 or more surveys returned. There was a high degree of correlation between resident and attending top-box scores with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.75 to 0.80. However, the proportion of top-box scores was consistently higher for residents (p < 0.05). Conclusions There is a high degree of correlation between resident and attending top-box scores on Press Ganey surveys, with residents scoring slightly higher than attendings. The addition of resident questions to the standard Press Ganey survey does not appear to decrease overall attending scores.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A DIFFUSION TUBE HYDROGEN DETECTOR IN A DYNAMIC SODIUM SYSTEM.

Monitoring of hydrogen in liquid sodium with a diffusion tube type hydrogen detector has recently become of interest in the liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) development program. The presen...
Markers of gut dysfunction do not explain low rifampicin bioavailability in HIV-associated TB.

Background Rifampicin is the key drug responsible for sterilizing activities in the first-line TB treatment regimen. Damage to the gut during acute and chronic HIV infection may inhibit drug absorptive capacity. We sought to test the hypothesis that markers of intestinal damage, bacterial translocation and systemic immune activation would relate to rifampicin bioavailability among HIV/TB patients. Patients and methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of rifampicin pharmacokinetics in HIV/TB patients in Gaborone, Botswana. We performed two intensively sampled pharmacokinetic visits, before and after ART initiation. Non-linear mixed-effects modelling was performed to determine whether variability in markers of gut damage, microbial translocation or systemic immune activation contributed to variability in rifampicin bioavailability before and after the initiation of ART. Results We enrolled 40 HIV/TB patients in the first pharmacokinetic visit and 24 patients returned for the second pharmacokinetic visit after initiating ART. Low rifampicin exposure, as defined by the maximum serum concentration, was observed in 40% of patients prior to initiating ART and 46% of patients after initiating ART. In the non-linear mixed-effects model, we did not observe significant covariate effects of markers of gut damage, microbial translocation or immune activation on rifampicin bioavailability before and after ART initiation. Discussion Markers of intestinal damage, microbial translocation and systemic immune activation did not explain variability in rifampicin bioavailability. The a priori identification of HIV/TB patients at risk for low rifampicin concentrations remains a challenge, supporting a role for therapeutic drug monitoring during HIV/TB therapy.
Abstract 209: NAD(P)H Oxidase-Derived Superoxide Contributes to Impaired Cutaneous Microvascular Function in Chronic Kidney Disease

Endothelial dysfunction occurs in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in these patients. Oxidative stress has been shown to be a mechanism of vascular dysfunction in CKD. We utilized the cutaneous circulation to test the hypothesis that superoxide derived from NAD(P)H oxidase and xanthine oxidase impair nitric oxide (NO)-dependent cutaneous vasodilation patients with CKD. Twenty subjects, 10 stage 3 and 4 CKD patients (61±4 years; 5 male/5 female; eGFR: 39 ± 4 ml·min -1 ·1.73m -2 ) and 10 healthy controls (HC) (55±2 years; 4 male/6 female; eGFR: >60 ml·min -1 ·1.73m -2 ) were instrumented with 4 intradermal microdialysis fibers in the forearm for the local delivery of 1) Ringers solution (Control), 2) 10 μM Tempol to scavenge superoxide, 3) 100 μM apocynin to inhibit NAD(P)H oxidase, and 4) 10 μM allopurinol to inhibit xanthine oxidase. Red blood cell (RBC) flux was measured via laser Doppler flowmetry during standardized local heating (42°C). After the local heating response was established, 10 mM L-NAME was infused into all four sites to quantify the NO-dependent portion of the response. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as RBC flux/mean arterial pressure and all data are presented as a percentage of maximum CVC achieved during 28mM sodium nitroprusside infusion at 43°C. The plateau in cutaneous vasodilation was attenuated in CKD at the control site (CKD: 77±3 vs. HC: 88±3 %, p 0.05). These data suggest that NAD(P)H oxidase is a source of superoxide and contributes to microvascular dysfunction in CKD.
Relation of Residual Mitral Regurgitation Despite Elevated Mitral Gradients to Risk of Heart Failure Hospitalization After MitraClip Repair.

Achieving minimal residual mitral regurgitation (MR) after percutaneous MitraClip repair is limited by iatrogenic mitral stenosis. It is unknown whether allowing moderately elevated postprocedural mean mitral gradients (MMGs) to achieve
Ceteris non paribus: The intersectionality of gender, race, and region in the gender wage gap

Abstract The concept of the gender wage gap has received considerable attention in the literature, particularly in the U.S. context. Many analyses put forth various factors that explain the variation in wages across genders. However, we extend this knowledge to link the gender wage gap with the theoretical framework of intersectionality. Specifically, the current analysis focuses on the intersection between gender, race, and region to explain the variation in gender wage gap across the United States. Through difference in means tests as well as linear regression, we show that region has an independent effect on explaining the gap in pay between men and women. We employ data from the National Women's Law Center that quantifies the wage gap for each state for various racial groups. By employing this type of data, it allows us to move beyond the existence of the wage gap and analyze the effect of region as well as offer a test of the intersectionality argument. Findings show that region does play a role in the wage gap, even when accounting for economic and demographic characteristics of the state.
Mental Health Support and its Relationship to Linguistic Accommodation in Online Communities

Many online communities cater to the critical and unmet needs of individuals challenged with mental illnesses. Generally, communities engender characteristic linguistic practices, known as norms. Conformance to these norms, or linguistic accommodation, encourages social approval and acceptance. This paper investigates whether linguistic accommodation impacts a specific social feedback: the support received by an individual in an online mental health community. We first quantitatively derive two measures for each post in these communities: 1) the linguistic accommodation it exhibits, and 2) the level of support it receives. Thereafter, we build a statistical framework to examine the relationship between these measures. Although the extent to which accommodation is associated with support varies, we find a positive link between the two, consistent across 55 Reddit communities serving various psychological needs. We discuss how our work surfaces a tension in the functioning of these sensitive communities, and present design implications for improving their support provisioning mechanisms.
Ecosystem services and U.S. stormwater planning: An approach for improving urban stormwater decisions

Abstract Green stormwater infrastructure (GI) is gaining traction as a viable complement to traditional “gray” infrastructure in cities across the United States. As cities struggle with decisions to replace deteriorating stormwater infrastructure in the face of looming issues such as population growth and climate change, GI may offer a cost-effective, efficient, and sustainable approach. However, decision makers confront challenges when integrating GI within city plans, including uncertainties around GI capacity and maintenance, resistance to collaboration across city governance, increasingly inflexible financing, accounting practices that do not incorporate the multiple values of GI, and difficulties in incorporating ecological infrastructure into stormwater management. This paper presents an ecosystem services framework for assessing the context-specific needs of decision makers, while considering the strengths and limitations of GI use in urban stormwater management. We describe multiple dimensions of the planning system, identify points of intervention, and illustrate two applications of our framework – Durham, North Carolina and Portland, Oregon (USA). In these case studies, we apply our ecosystem services framework to explicitly consider tradeoffs to assist planning professionals who are considering implementation of GI. We conclude by offering a research agenda that explores opportunities for further evaluations of GI design, implementation, and maintenance in cities.
Time—Frequency Analysis of Brain Neurodynamics

The characteristics of neurodynamics of intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) at different frequency bands were investigated in a sample of two patients with epilepsy. The results indicate a tendency for the gamma, theta, and alpha frequency bands in EEG signals to have a higher dimensional complexity than the beta and gamma frequency bands. We also investigate the time–frequency component decomposition of EEG signals and observe very different perceptual complexity and a difference in evoked spectral responses, which could be a reflection of neuronal recruitment that triggers the epileptogenic process. The results of this study may provide insights to the brain network’s mechanism by which local and regional circuits can continuously form and reform with different regions functionally disconnected from other brain areas.
Growth in amplitude of the human cone electroretinogram with light adaptation.

The human cone electroretinogram gradually increases in amplitude an average of 75% (range 23 to 157%) during light adaptation, over a period of approximately 20 min. This increase involves both the a- and b-wave components of this response, and both waves follow a similar time course, implying that the photoreceptors themselves are responsible for the effect. The phenomenon occurs with suprathreshold, but not with threshold, levels of stimulation, and the stronger the test light, the greater the effect. An increase in the intensity of the adapting light shortens the time course of the ERG response, measured as b-wave implicit time, but this occurs almost immediately, and the implicit time then remains constant during the slow increase in response amplitude. The stronger the background adapting light, the smaller is the ERG amplitude, but the percentage growth (or rate of recovery) is unchanged. This slow increase in amplitude is thought to reflect the redepolarization of the cones, after their initial hyperpolarization to an adapting field. It does not reflect the d.c. potential of the eye (the EOG). It is essential to control this phenomenon in any studies of the human cone ERG, in order to minimize variability.
Strategic Therapies for Ejaculatory Disorders and Erectile Dysfunction in the Infertile Man

Although ejaculatory disorders and erectile dysfunction (ED) are rare causes of male infertility, these conditions may challenge both the couples’ determination and physicians’ ingenuity. Dubin and Amelar reported that 2% of men presenting for infertility evaluation are diagnosed with ejaculatory dysfunction (1), many of which require specialized treatment (2,3). The spectrum of clinical presentations includes premature ejaculation, retarded ejaculation, anejaculation, and retrograde ejaculation. Premature ejaculation is the most common ejaculatory dysfunction, affecting up to 70% of normal men at some point in their active sexual life (2,3). ED, defined as the inability to attain or maintain penile erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse, is a global health problem with increasing recognition (4). Men who suffer from ED and infertility can be more difficult to treat than men who suffer from either condition alone.
The Use of Oxygen in the Delivery Room.

* Abbreviations: ci — : confidence interval GRADE — : Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation ILCOR — : International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation PICO — : population, intervention, comparator, and outcome RCT — : randomized controlled trial We hope to base our practice on the best evidence available. The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) is committed to a transparent process that allows its guideline developers as well as the subsequent guideline users to understand how the evidence base was created and how the evidence is valued. In 2015, the ILCOR adopted a process that would enable a near continuous review of resuscitation science by evaluating high-priority population, intervention, comparator, and outcome (PICO) questions.1 The process is ambitious. Knowledge synthesis units with expertise in searching scientific databases and performing systematic reviews and meta-analysis address broad PICO questions (questions that may be large and complicated or topics covering several PICO questions that can be grouped together and explored by using sensitivity or subgroup analyses). Potentially, such a systematic review will lead to a meta-analysis and a broader understanding of the available evidence. Importantly, the ILCOR has endorsed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.2 … Address correspondence to Roger F. Soll, MD, Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine Division, University of Vermont Medical Center, Smith 551, 111 Colchester Ave, Burlington, VT 05401. E-mail: roger.soll{at}uvmhealth.org
Community-dwelling adults with a history of falling report lower perceived postural stability during a foam eyes closed test than non-fallers

Perceived postural stability has been reported to decrease as sway area increases on firm surfaces. However, changes in perceived stability under increasingly challenging conditions (e.g., removal of sensory inputs) and the relationship with sway area are not well characterized. Moreover, whether perceived stability varies as a function of age or history of falls is unknown. Here we investigate how perceived postural stability is related to sway area and whether this relationship varies as a function of age and fall history while vision and proprioceptive information are manipulated. Sway area was measured in 427 participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging while standing with eyes open and eyes closed on the floor and a foam cushion. Participants rated their stability [0 (completely unstable) to 10 (completely stable)] after each condition, and reported whether they had fallen in the past year. Perceived stability was negatively associated with sway area (cm2) such that individuals who swayed more felt less stable across all conditions (β = − 0.53, p < 0.001). Perceived stability decreased with increasing age (β = − 0.019, p < 0.001), independent of sway area. Fallers had a greater decline in perceived stability across conditions (F = 2.76, p = 0.042) compared to non-fallers, independent of sway area. Perceived postural stability declined as sway area increased during a multisensory balance test. A history of falling negatively impacts perceived postural stability when vision and proprioception are simultaneously challenged. Perceived postural stability may provide additional information useful for identifying individuals at risk of falls.
Intercountry Adoption to the United States

Chapter 6 is the first of three chapters exploring intercountry adoptions (ICAs). Chapter 6 provides a background on the four waves of ICAs to the United States (U. S.) and posits the beginning of a fifth wave from Africa. Chapter 7 uses data from the Department of Immigration Services (INS), the Hague Convention, the U. S. Census International database, and the World Bank to analyze the current adoptive flows to the U. S. Chapter 8 continues this analysis of ICAs as migratory flows through global analyses of ICAs from the global south to the global north.