cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary evaluation of a genitourinary skills training curriculum for medical students

Purpose: Basic urology training in medical school is considered important for many medical and surgical disciplines. We developed a 2-day intensive genitourinary skills training curriculum for medical students beginning their clinical clerkship training years and evaluated the initial experience with this program.Materials and Methods: All 94 third-year medical students at the University of California, Irvine were required to participate in a 5.5-hour genitourinary examination skills training program. The teaching course included 1.5 hours of didactic lecture and video presentation with questions and answers, followed by 5, 45-minute hands-on stations including male Foley catheter placement, female Foley catheter placement, testicular examination and digital rectal examination training with a standardized patient, virtual reality cystourethroscopy and, lastly, a urologist led tutorial of abnormal genitourinary findings. The students completed questionnaires before and after the course concerning their exp...
High-resolution computed tomography of refractive index distribution by transillumination low-coherence interferometry.

We present a method to image refractive index distribution within a sample across 8 mm dimension with high spatial resolution by a transmission low-coherence interferometer. The relative strong forward-scattering light is collected, from which the parallel projections of refractive indices within the sample are obtained. A convolution backprojection algorithm is used to transform the projection data set recorded at sufficient angular views into the spatial distribution of refractive indices within the sample. We experimentally demonstrate this method by imaging a phantom. We show that this method can achieve a precision of 0.01 in determining the refractive index and a spatial resolution of 40 μm.
Giving Off a Rosy Glow: The Manipulation of an Optimistic Orientation

Research on generalized optimism has been primarily correlational in nature. The authors attempted to experimentally manipulate optimism separately from several related constructs (i.e., mood and self-esteem). They examined 2 different optimism manipulations. For the 1st one, participants generated thoughts about positive future events to induce an optimistic orientation. For the 2nd one, the authors exposed participants to an optimism-priming task. Both manipulations produced modest increases on a dispositional optimism measure and a situational optimism measure, compared with a control group. The momentary increases appeared particular to the optimism construct because the authors did not find similar increases on measures of mood and self-esteem. The authors provide preliminary evidence that generalized optimism can be validly and discriminantly manipulated.
Comparison of symmetric and asymmetric laser diodes for communication system

Nonlinear characteristics of laser diodes have very significant impact on applicability of high-speed fiberoptical communication systems. Large-signal modulation dynamics of laser diodes with (asymmetric) and without (symmetric) back facet reflective coating are theoretically and experimentally presented. Comparison of asymmetric and symmetric lasers in terms of harmonics and two-tone intermodulation distortion indicates that the former is best for data transmission whereas the latter is best suited for distribution of frequency reference, which is used for optical injection locking of oscillators.
Prediction of Stability in Pharmaceutical Preparations X: Alkaline hydrolysis of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate

The hydrolysis of hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate above pH 8 has been studied by constant pH derations in aqueous solution and appears to involve specific hydroxyl ion catalyzed hydrolysis as the only significant reaction pathway. The apparent heat of activation for specific hydroxyl ion catalyzed hydrolysis when corrected for the heat of ionization of water is unusually low for hemisuccinate esters, 7.0 Kcal./mole. This implicates the configuration and structure of the steroid side chain in the facile hydrolysis of 21-steroid esters. The stability of hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate at storage and physiological conditions is predicted.
A reformulation of the foundations of welfare economics

Neoclassical welfare economics takes an outcome-oriented approach that uses Pareto optimality as its benchmark for welfare maximization. When one looks at the remarkable improvements in economic welfare that have characterized market economies, most of those improvements in welfare have been due to economic progress that has introduced new and improved goods and services into the economy, and innovations in production methods that have brought costs down, leading to higher real incomes. Pareto optimality is only peripherally related to actual economic welfare, and no economist would argue that people are materially better off today than a century ago because the economy is closer to Pareto optimality. After analyzing the actual factors that lead to improvements in welfare, this paper suggests a reformulation of the foundations of welfare economics to replace the almost irrelevant outcome-oriented concept of Pareto optimality as the benchmark for evaluating welfare with a process-oriented benchmark based on factors that generate economic progress. The paper then explores some implications of this reformulation.
Synthesis of a Hybrid Peptide with Both α- and β-Amino Acid Residues: Toward a New β-Sheet Nucleator

Abstract A hybrid peptide was synthesized from a pentameric β-peptide (5) with two strands of a dimeric natural peptide ( l -Val- l -Leu) attached to β-amino acid residues 1 and 4. The trifluoroacetate (7) of the hybrid peptide 6 was readily soluble in a variety of organic solvents indicating an ordered structure. All nine amide NH protons are separated between 7.4 and 8.8 ppm in CDCl3 containing 5% DMSO(-d6). The downfield shift of the amide NH protons is an indication that hydrogen bonds are present. The CD spectrum of 7 in methanol is consistent with a β-sheet structure.
Historical perspectives of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery: Frank B. Berry (1892-1976).

Frank Brown Berry (Figure 1), the 31st president of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS), was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts, on May 13, 1892. He was the third son of John King Berry, a lawyer, and Ellen Mary Brown. He attended Roxbury Latin School, a preparatory school for boys, where he was editor of the school newspaper, The Tripod, and learned Latin, the so-called universal language of medicine. After his graduation from Roxbury Latin, he spent 6 months working as a ranch hand in Bitterroot Valley, Montana, and then returned east to attend Harvard College. There he majored in government, history, and economics. Although Berry knew from a young age that he was interested in medicine, he sought a broad education and eagerly took courses in areas disparate from medicine. In 1914, he graduated from Harvard College and matriculated at Harvard Medical School. In describing his family and upbringing, Berry stated, ‘‘Wewere not a medical family,’’ yet his interest in surgery developed at an early age. In his memoirs, he recalled, ‘‘I knew I had always wanted to be a doctor and probably a surgeon from the age of seven, when one day at home our laundress cut her finger, and I rushed downstairs to see what it was all about, and then and there made my decision that I wanted to go into medicine.’’ At Harvard Medical School, he particularly enjoyed the first-year course in gross anatomy andwas asked to be a prosector for the course in his second year. He studied physiology under Dr Walter Cannon and surgery under Dr Harvey Cushing. Berry was interested in research, and after his first year of medical school he worked as a research assistant to Dr Walter Boothby, an anesthesiologist at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. Dr Boothby was doing research on the physiology of respiration. With Berry, he performed experiments studying the effects of vagal resection on respiration in dogs. This work was published in 1915 in the American Journal of Physiology, and the research and mentorship of Dr Boothby would play a pivotal role in shaping Berry’s interest in the physiology of the lungs and mediastinum.
Dispersion and solution by fluids near the critical region

The capacity of volatile liquids to disperse powders or colloids or to form a water-in-oil emulsion was found to decrease as the critical temperature was approached. The phenomena are related to decreased interaction between the volatile component and the less volatile one as the density of the former decreases. The mixing of some high-pressure fluids with less volatile liquids has been studied by observing light reflected from the upper aspect of the interface. This reflection disappears at a sharply defined temperature, pressure and composition. A temperature (60°c) at which the pressure required to produce mixing is a minimum (10-0 N/mm2) occurs in the ethane-bromoform system; the use of such points as fixed points on the pressure scale is suggested.
Metastable Pitting Corrosion of Aluminum, Al-Cu, and Al-Si Thin Films in Dilute HF Solutions and its Relevancy to the Processing of Integrated Circuit Interconnections

We have investigated the pitting corrosion of Al, Al-Cu, and Al-Si thin films in dilute hydrofluoric acid solution. Additions of Cu and, to a lesser extent, Si cause an increase in open circuit potentials (OCP), pit densities and pit sizes as compared to pure Al. Pits in Al-Cu alloys are associated with Cu depleted grain boundaries which are galvanically coupled to adjacent θ-phase precipitates. Pits formed in Al-Si alloys are associated with the Al matrix which is galvanically coupled to Si nodules. θ-Al2Cu has different electrochemical characteristics than Al even though both maintain a thin Al surface oxide. θ-Al2Cu has a more positive OCP, above the average pit repassivation potential for pure Al. Since θ-Al2Cu supports cathodic reactions at enhanced rates compared to pure Al, its presence raises the potential of the adjacent pure Al grain boundary to values near its average breakdown potential and above its average repassivation potential. Metastable pitting is thus promoted.
Bombesin and somatostatin related peptides: effects on oxygen consumption.

Abstract Bombesin and the somatostatin analog, desAA1,2,4,5,12,13-[spd-Trp8]-somatostatin (ODT8-SS), act within the central nervous system to alter animals' oxygen consumption (VO2) in a manner consistent with the observed effects of these peptides on temperature regulation. Bombesin given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) to rats at cold ambient temperatures prevents elevation ofVO2 but does not lowerVO2 below the values observed at thermoneutrality. ODT8-SS given i.c.v. increasesVO2 of animals at an ambient temperature of 20°C and prevents bombesin inhibition ofVO2 at low ambient temperatures. Thus, bombesin-inhibitsVO2 induced by cold and results in hypothermia, ODT8-SS prevents bombesin-induced inhibition ofVO2 and bombesin-induced hypothermia and, ODT8-SS increasesVO2 and produces hyperthermia in animals at thermoneutral temperatures.
Properties of Self-Consolidating Concrete Made with High Volumes of Supplementary Cementitious Materials

This paper presents an extensive experimental study to develop a high-performance self-consolidating concrete containing high volumes of supplementary cementitious materials. A total of 20 concrete mixtures were developed and tested. Mixtures were designed to have up to 70% of portland cement replaced by cementitious materials such as class C and class F fly ash, slag, and silica fume. The properties of fresh concrete mixtures such as flowability, deformability, filling capacity, air content, and resistance to segregation were evaluated. Other properties such as permeability, unrestrained shrinkage, tensile strength, and compressive strength at various ages were also investigated. A critical analysis of the results obtained shows that a high-performance self-consolidating concrete can be developed using binary, ternary, or quaternary binders with up to 70% of cement replaced by fly ash, slag, and/or silica fume. Properties of such concrete mixtures are similar and sometimes superior to those of the control mixture made with 100% portland cement.
The effect of various pulmonary artery anastomoses on the hemodynamics of the hilar stripped lung.

Abstract A series of experiments upon calves combining various types of anastomotic precedures on the pulmonary artery with hilar stripping of the left lung and contralateral pulmonary artery ligation are described. Hilar stripping alone combined with contralateral pulmonary artery ligation caused severe pulmonary hypertension and death in four of five animals. Division of the left pulmonary artery and reconstruction by an angioplastic procedure decreased the degree of pulmonary hypertension but had no effect on the animals' ability to survive. Reconstruction of the pulmonary artery with a metal cannula coated with a nonclotting surface also caused severe pulmonary hypertension and death of four of five calves operated upon. Histologic sections of the lungs of those animals dying in the immediate post-operative period were compatible with heart failure secondary to the pulmonary hypertension.
An overview of the genetics of psychotic mood disorders

This article presents a conceptual review of the genetic underpinnings of psychotic mood disorders. Both unipolar and bipolar forms of mood disorder sometimes feature psychotic symptoms. Some evidence from epidemiological research suggests that psychotic forms of mood disorder specifically might be heritable. Linkage studies of mood disorders in general have also provided some support for that notion, as have associated studies involving serotonin and dopamine genes and psychotic mood disorder. Some research suggests there might be a genetic connection between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, undermining the Kraepelinian dichotomous classification of the psychoses. Future research should continue to examine psychotic forms of mood disorder using both epidemiological and molecular approaches.
On multiple solutions to a low-spectrum model of oceanic current driven by the boundary force—The bimodality of the Kuroshio south of Japan

This low-spectrum model study on the multiple solutions to a nonlinear quasi-geostrophic oceanic current equation shows that they depend on the combination ofRo, Re, λ and e, that the bimodality of the Kuroshio depends strongly on the nonlinear effect represented byRo and λ, and that its occurrence probability is reduced by the dissipation represented byRe and e. The stability of solutions is discussed in detail with Hurwitz's theory.
Religious involvement and healthy lifestyles: Evidence from the survey of Texas adults

Background: Although research shows that religious involvement is associated with a wide range of individual health behaviors, it has yet to be determined whether the effect of religious involvement extends to an overall pattern of regular health practices that may constitute a lifestyle.Purpose: Building on prior research, we test whether religious individuals tend to engage in healthier lifestyles than individuals who are less religious.Methods: Using data collected from a statewide probability sample of 1,369 Texas adults, we estimate a series of ordinary least squares regression models to assess the net effect of religious involvement on overall healthy lifestyle scores.Results: The results of our study indicate that religious individuals do tend to engage in healthier lifestyles, and this pattern is similar for men and women and across race/ethnic groups. We also find some evidence to suggest that the association between religious involvement and healthy lifestyles may be less pronounced in old age.Conclusions: Assuming that religious involvement is associated with healthier lifestyles, additional research is needed to account for these patterns. Future studies should also consider whether healthy lifestyles may serve as a mechanism through which religious involvement might favor health and longevity.
Intracoronary β-Radiation Therapy Inhibits Recurrence of In-Stent Restenosis

Background —Intracoronary γ-radiation therapy reduces recurrent in-stent restenosis (ISR). This study, BETA WRIST (Washington Radiation for In-Stent restenosis Trial) was designed to examine the efficacy and safety of the β-emitter 90-yttrium for the prevention of recurrent ISR. Methods and Results —A total of 50 consecutive patients with ISR in native coronaries underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, laser angioplasty, rotational atherectomy, and/or stent implantation. Afterward, a segmented balloon catheter was positioned and automatically loaded with a 90-yttrium, 0.014-inch source wire that was 29 mm in length to deliver a dose of 20.6 Gy at 1.0 mm from the balloon surface. In 17 patients, manual stepping of the radiation catheter was necessary for lesions >25 mm in length. The radiation was delivered successfully to all patients, with a mean dwell time of 3.0±0.4 minutes. Fractionation of the dose due to ischemia was required in 11 patients. At 6 months, the binary angiographic restenosis rate was 22%, the target lesion revascularization rate was 26%, and the target vessel revascularization rate was 34%; all rates were significantly lower than those of the placebo group of γ-WRIST. Conclusions —β-Radiation with a 90-yttrium source used as adjunct therapy for patients with ISR results in a lower-than-expected rate of angiographic and clinical restenosis.
Using path analysis to examine adolescent suicide attempts, life satisfaction, and health risk behavior.

: This study determined if differences existed between four race/gender groups in regard to attempted suicide among a randomly selected, cross-sectional population of 4,565 public high school students in South Carolina. A modified Youth Risk Behavior Survey was designed to gather information on quality of life, life satisfaction, and six risk-behavior categories. Data first were analyzed using logistic regression analysis and subsequently analyzed using path analysis. Results suggest several independent variables (feelings of intimidation, alcohol and cocaine use, self-perceptions of mental health, self-perceptions of body weight, dieting practices, bulimic episodes, and physical and sexual abuse) were associated significantly (p < .01) with adolescent attempted suicide either directly or indirectly through mediating variables. Significant associations among risk behaviors, mediating variables, and self-reported attempted suicide varied across the four race/gender groups, indicating a need to further study differences noticed in each race/gender scheme. (J Sch Health. 2002;72(2):71–77)
Nucleotide sequences versus Markov models

Abstract There exist several peculiarities of nucleotide sequences that preclude their description by existing models and thus allow one to distinguish DNA sequences from random A, T, G, C-texts. This is a consequence of the inequality of words in nucleotide sequences: while the distribution of (most) words is consistent with Markov models of small orders, the distribution of certain words cannot be described by any model suggested to date. Markov models help in revealing the differences in statistical characteristics and predicting the modular structure of the genomes. In this connection, the question about the contribution of each l -tuple to the inhomogeneity of genetic text arises. We study stationary (i.e. relatively evenly distributed over a genome) vs non-stationary l -tuples (the distribution of these l -tuples cannot be described by a stationary Markov chain). The dinucleotide distributions for all “long” sequences from GenBank were analyzed and it was shown that non-stationary dinucleotides are closely associated with poly W and poly S tracts ( W denotes A or T, while S stands for G or C). This study establishes links between non-stationary l -tuples and DNA strand symmetry. The paper also considers a probabilistic approach partially suggested by a linguistic analogy, and describes another important feature of DNA sequences: anomalies in the distribution of words of poor nucleotide composition.
Aurothiolates Inhibit HIV-1 Infectivity by Gold(I) Ligand Exchange with a Component of the Virion Surface

Abstract Aurothioglucosa and aurothiomalate have anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro. Antiviral activity requires the formation of a reactive intermediate with a molar equivalent amount of a thiol ligand. This activates gold(I) ligand exchange between the reactive species bis(thiolato)gold(I) and acidic thiol groups exposed on the surface of proteins. Bis(thioglucose)gold(I) (bisAuTG) which is formed by the reaction of molar equivalent amounts of aurothioglucose and 1-thio-β- d -glucose completely protected MT-4 and CEM cells against HIV-1NL4-3-induced cytopathogenicity. Although bisAuTG is an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase in a cell-free assay, its antiviral effect is due to modification of a surface component of the virion. The HIV-1 strain NL4-3 is 200-fold more sensitive to inhibition of infectivity by bisAuTG than are the strains MN, RF, and SF-2. HIV-1NL4-3 has a unique cysteine residue close to the amino terminus of its gp41 envelope glycoprotein (residue 532 of gp160) which we hypothesize is the target of bisAuTG binding. Mutation of that residue alters HIV-1NL4-3 infectivity and dominantly suppresses virus assembly when coexpressed with the wild-type NL4-3 genome. We show that bisAuTG treatment releases gp120 from the surface of cells expressing wild-type HIV-1NL4-3 envelope glycoprotein, but it does not release gp120 if Cys532 is mutationally altered to Ala. Thus, the antiviral effect of bisAuTG on HIV-1NL4-3 is due to an effect on the association of gp120 with gp41.
The Greatest Generation Revisited: Conscientious Objectors and the “Good War”

More than 60 years after the end of Second World War, a strong, consistent metanarrative has evolved regarding the World War II generation. Heralding the special qualities of the World War II cohort's patriotism, tenacity, hard work, and sacrifice, journalist Tom Brokaw called it “the greatest generation any society has produced” (Brokaw 1998: xxx). Fighting in the war is seen as the defining moment of that generation. Left out of the narrative are the stories of those who refused to fight, conscientious objectors and war resisters who stood against the tide to oppose the “good war.” This article shares the wartime stories of three conscientious objectors who refused to fight in World War II. First, I briefly review the social and political context in which these individuals made the decision to resist. Then I share each man's story, focusing on the pre-war socialization that shaped their ideas about peace and war, the process of making the decision to resist, and the experience during the war. Finally, I...
Evidence supporting a circadian control of natural killer cell function

Natural killer (NK) cells participate in the immune response against infection and cancer. An emerging body of epidemiological data supports that circadian homeostasis may constitute a factor risk for cancer development. Physiological rhythms under circadian control persist in the absence of light entrainment and ultimately rely on a molecular clock. We have previously shown that NK cell cytolytic activity follows a daily rhythm and that NK cells enriched from light-entrained rats present 24-h oscillations of clock genes, cytolytic factors, and cytokines. To investigate whether these oscillations are under a genuine circadian control, we assessed the daily expression of clock genes (Per1, Per2, Clock, and Bmal1), a clock-controlled gene (Dbp), cytolytic factors (granzyme B and perforin), and cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) in NK cells enriched from rats maintained in constant darkness (DD). In addition, we investigated whether the disruption of the NK cell clock by RNA interference (RNAi) affects the expression of cytolytic factors and cytokines. Persistent 24-h oscillations were found in the expression levels of clock genes, cytolytic factors, and cytokines in NK cells enriched from DD rats. In addition, RNAi-mediated Per2 knockdown caused a significant decrease of granzyme B and perforin levels in the rat derived NK cell line RNK16. Taken together, these results provide evidence supporting that NK cell function is under circadian regulation.
ARTMAP-IC and medical diagnosis: instance counting and inconsistent cases

National Science Foundation (IRI 94-01659); Office of Naval Research (N00014-95-J-0409, N00014-95-0657)
Fluorination of the silicon dioxide surface during reactive ion and plasma etching in halocarbon plasmas

Abstract Surface sensitive spectroscopies were employed to investigate the surface modifications which occur on SiO 2 during actual reactive ion and plasma etching in CF 4 and CF 4 /O 2 plasmas. Photoemission and electron energy loss spectroscopies were used to characterize the composition and bonding in the modified layer. Core level photoemission measurements indicated a reaction layer 10–15 A thick with a mean composition of SiOF 2 . Photoemission and EELS studies of the valence bands identified several features due to SiF bonding. Comparisons with the SiO 2 valence bands and implications for bonding are discussed. Electron energy loss spectra were also used to determine if ion induced “defect” species formed during reactive etching persist in the reaction layer. A comparison of reactive ion etching samples with those exposed to plasma etching conditions (negligible ion bombardment) indicated that the ion bombarded surfaces exhibit a reduced level of fluorination during steady state etching. Low energy ion scattering was used to determine the composition of the outermost atomic layer. These measurements indicated a fluorine terminated surface with virtually no remaining surface oxygen.
Heterobimetallic Complexes of Rhenium and Zinc: Potential Catalysts for Homogeneous Syngas Conversion

6-(Diphenylphosphino)-2,2′-bipyridine (PNN) coordinates to rhenium carbonyls in both κ^1(P) and κ^2(N,N) modes; in the former, the free bpy moiety readily binds to zinc alkyls and halides. [Re(κ^1(P)-PNN)(CO)_5][OTf] reacts with dialkylzinc reagents to form [Re(κ^1(P)-PNN·ZnR)(CO)_4(μ_(2-)C(O)R)][OTf] (R = Me, Et, Bn), in which an alkyl group has been transferred to a carbonyl carbon and the resulting monoalkyl Zn is bound both to the bpy nitrogens and the acyl oxygen. ZnCl_2 binds readily to the bpy group in Re(κ^1(P)-PNN)(CO)_4Me, and the resulting adduct undergoes facile migratory insertion, assisted by the Lewis acidic pendent Zn, to yield Re(κ^1(P)-PNN·ZnCl)(μ_(2-)Cl)(CO)_3(μ_(2-)C(O)Me), in which one of the chlorides occupies the sixth coordination site on Re. Migratory insertion is inhibited by THF or other ethers that can coordinate to ZnCl_2. Migratory insertion is also observed for Re(κ1(P)-PNN)(CO)_4(CH_2Ph) but not for Re(κ^1(P)-PNN)(CO)_4(CH_2OCH_3); coordination of the methoxy oxygen to Zn appears to block its ability to coordinate to the carbonyl oxygen and facilitate migratory insertion. Intramolecular Lewis acid promoted hydride transfer from [(dmpe)_2PtH][PF_6] to a carbonyl in [Re(κ^1(P)-PNN)(CO)_5][OTf] results in formation of a Re–formyl species; additional hydride transfer leads to a novel Re–Zn-bonded product along with some formal dehyde.
An extension of the theory of resonances of biological cells: I. Effects of viscosity and compressibility

The effect of the compressibility and the viscosity of the medium on the resonance of biological cells is discussed mathematically. The resonant frequency is only slightly altered, but the motion is highly damped.
Intelligence and physical features of children of women with epilepsy.

The teratogenicity of maternal epilepsy has been attributed to several factors, including the antiepileptic drugs taken to prevent seizures during pregnancy, the occurrence of seizures during pregnancy, and the factors in the mother that caused her to have epilepsy. We have addressed the hypothesis that the children of women who have a history of epilepsy (seizure history), but who took no antiepileptic drugs (AED) and had no tonic-clonic seizures in pregnancy, have an increased risk of malformations and diminished intelligence. The frequency of cognitive dysfunction was determined in 57 seizure history and 57 matched control children aged 6–l6 years. The masked evaluation of the children included a physical and neurologic examination and testing with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and a systematic physical examination for the features of the fetal AED syndrome. The evaluation of both parents of each child included a test of reasoning (Ravens Progressive Matrix) and a physical examination. There were no differences between the two groups of children in either IQ scores or physical features; none of the seizure history children was judged to have the “anticonvulsant face” or digit hypoplasia. This study had 80% power to rule out a difference of seven or more IQ points between the two groups, based on a two-sided test at a 5% level of significance. Our confidence in concluding that there was no difference between seizure history and control infants was strengthened by the fact that no statistically significant differences were observed with respect to multiple outcomes, including eight related measures of intelligence. Thirty (53%) of the seizure history mothers resumed taking AED after the birth of the child we evaluated. Additional studies are needed to address the teratogenicity of the antiepileptic drugs as monotherapy. Teratology 61:196–202, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lunar dark‐haloed impact craters: Origin and implications for Early Mare volcanism

Spectral, thermal, radar, and photogeologic data were used to determine the composition and origin of lunar dark-haloed craters. Analyses of reflectance spectra (near-infrared) of dark-haloed craters on light plains indicate that in every instance these craters exposed mare basalts which had previously been covered by varying thicknesses of highlands debris. In the Schiller-Schickard region a relatively thick highlands unit was emplaced as a result of the Orientale impact event. The results of recent remote sensing photogeologic and lunar samples studies indicate that mare volcanism was a significant process during much of the pre-Imbrian epoch and may have been initiated as early as 4.2-4.3 Ga. The very early volcanic episodes contributed materials to the lunar surface which were later incorporated into the upper portion of the highlands crust by subsequent impact mixing. On the basis of the data it is concluded that current models of the extent and duration of mare volcanisms, as well as those involving the composition of thermal evolution of the lunar interior will have to be revised.
The significance of nonhuman objects for normal and schizophrenic children.

Anthropomorphic relationships of normal and schizophrenic children to non-human objects are compared, and the theoretical implications of the data are explored. In schizophrenic children, anthropomorphism seems to be related to affective attachment to nonhuman objects, while in normal children this is not the case.
Resonant Frequency Does Not Predict High-Frequency Chest Compression Settings That Maximize Airflow or Volume

High-frequency chest compression (HFCC) is a therapy for cystic fibrosis (CF). We hypothesized that the resonant frequency (fres), as measured by impulse oscillometry, could be used to determine what HFCC vest settings produce maximal airflow or volume in pediatric CF patients. In 45 subjects, we studied: fres, HFCC vest frequencies that subjects used (fused), and the HFCC vest frequencies that generated the greatest volume (fvol) and airflow (fflow) changes as measured by pneumotachometer. Median fused for 32 subjects was 14 Hz (range, 6–30). The rank order of the three most common fused was 15 Hz (28%) and 12 Hz (21%); three frequencies tied for third: 10, 11, and 14 Hz (5% each). Median fres for 43 subjects was 20.30 Hz (range, 7.85–33.65). Nineteen subjects underwent vest-tuning to determine fvol and fflow. Median fvol was 8 Hz (range, 6–30). The rank order of the three most common fvol was: 8 Hz (42%), 6 Hz (32%), and 10 Hz (21%). Median fflow was 26 Hz (range, 8–30). The rank order of the three most common fflow was: 30 Hz (26%) and 28 Hz (21%); three frequencies tied for third: 8, 14, and 18 Hz (11% each). There was no correlation between fused and fflow (r2 = −0.12) or fvol (r2 = 0.031). There was no correlation between fres and fflow (r2 = 0.19) or fvol (r2 = 0.023). Multivariable analysis showed no independent variables were predictive of fflow or fvol. Vest-tuning may be required to optimize clinical utility of HFCC. Multiple HFCC frequencies may need to be used to incorporate fflow and fvol. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:604–609. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The nucleotide sequence of phenylalanine tRNA from the cytoplasm of Neurospora crassa

The phenylalanine tRNA from the cytoplasm of Neurospora crassa has been purified and sequenced. The sequence is: pGCGGGUUUAm2GCUCA (N) GDDGGGAGAGCm22GpsiCAGACmUGmAAYApsim5CUGAAGm7GDm5CGUGUGTpsiCGm1AUCCACACAAACCGCACCAOH. Both in the nature of modified nucleotides which are present in this tRNA and in the overall sequence, this tRNA resembles more closely phenylalanine tRNAs of eukaryotic cytoplasm than those of prokaryotes. The sequence of this tRNA differs from those of the corresponding tRNAs of wheat germ and yeast by only 6 and 7 nucleotides respectively out of 76 nucleotides.U
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase mRNA in rat hypothalamus and cerebellum

Using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we detected a single form of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) mRNA in hypothalamus and medulla/pons and two forms in cerebellum. These findings indicate that the PNMT gene is expressed in these brain areas and suggest that tissue specific splicing of PNMT mRNA may occur.
Experimental increase of neurofilament transport rate: decreases in neurofilament number and in axon diameter.

In 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD)-induced axonal neuropathy, the rate of neurofilament (NF) transport increases in optic axons. To test the prediction that increases in the rate of polymer transport in any one locality of the axon lead directly to a decrease in the number of NF in that locality, NF and microtubules (MT) were quantitatively analyzed in axonal cross sections. In 2,5-HD axons the number of NF was 38% of that in control axons while the number of MT was not significantly changed; it appears that the drug treatment decreases NF number in the proximal axon regions, most directly through an increase in rate of NF transport. In those regions, the cross-sectional areas of the 2,5-HD-treated axons were 45% smaller than those of control axons; although the axons had shrunk in diameter, they retained their normal cylindrical shapes as measured by the index of circularity. Reduced internal expansive forces in the axon, working in conjunction with the normal external compressive forces, appear to reduce the radius of the axon. Quantitative analyses demonstrated that the average and the maximum lateral spacings between NF-NF, NF-MT, and MT-MT were all 30% larger in 2,5-HD-treated axons than in control axons. This suggests that polymers are relatively free to move laterally away from one another and to fill the available, space within the axon. These observations are not consistent with models wherein 2,5-HD acts to crosslink the NF into an immobile network that can no longer advance within the axon. Instead, it appears more likely that 2,5-HD acts selectively on the interaction between some NF and the slow transport mechanism to increase the rate of NF transport.
Germany and the Axis Powers: From Coalition to Collapse – By Richard L. DiNardo

Coalition warfare has always been difficult throughout history. Given the leaders of the Axis coalition in World War II, it would have been very easy to predict what happened. The coalition was har...
Education for Engineering Economics

The modern undergraduate educational program for engineers insures that the student will be prepared for many possible careers. Educational programs should provide an economic orientation and the opportunity for more advanced work. A graduate level economics course for engineers, which is offered in industry and is aimed at fulfilling the educational requirements for satisfactory performance as a power system engineer in America is described. The authors also present their views concerning the requirements for education in this area.
Implications of a 400 year tree ring based 13C/12C chronology

The significance of a 400 year (1550–1950 AD) 13C /12C chronology from a juniper from the Sinai Peninsula has been reassessed. A calibration of the isotope data covering the period 1740–1950 was carried out using the 13C/12C of CO2 trapped in ice cores and a carbon isotope fractionation model. The calibration indicated a surprising constancy of Ci/Ca (concentration of CO2 in the leaf intercellular space to that in the atmosphere) during this time period. Using this procedure of calibration, when the pre-1740 tree ring record was examined in terms of the 13C/12C of the atmospheric CO2, significant variations were indicated. These variations, comparable to that imposed by anthropogenic causes occurred between 1700 and 1850 AD. Obviously, such variations in the 13C/12C of atmospheric carbondioxide is unlikely, but rather these should reflect variations in the Ci/Ca ratio. Interestingly, the atmospheric 13C/12C variations deduced from this tree ring record parallels the 14C variations in the atmosphere during the same period. Since the 14C variations (at least prior to 1850 AD) have been linked to solar activities and by implication to climate, covariation between 13C/12C and 14C supports the hypothesis that the marked shifts in 13C/12C prior to 1850 resulted from a climate-induced perturbation in the Ci/Ca ratio. The combined calibration procedure and comparison with 14C provides a more useful approach to interpret 13C/12C time series in trees.
The role of growth hormone in stunted head growth after cranial irradiation.

ABSTRACT. The head sizes of 38 patients, growth hormone (GH) deficient following craniospinal (n=26) or cranial irradiation (n = 12), have been assessed before (n = 38) and on completion of GH therapy (n = 15) or at the end of a similar period of observation without GH (n = 7). These results were compared to the change in head size seen in idiopathic GH deficiency following GH therapy (n = 14). Before GH therapy, the latter had small heads [mean occipitofrontal circumference SD score (SDS) —1], which were relatively large compared to the height deficit [height SDS (CA) -4.7], and they exhibited catch-up growth with GH (Aoccipitofrontal circumference SDS + 0.7, final occipitofrontal circumference SDS -0.2). In contrast, over a similar period all patients, who previously had received cranial irradiation in the dosage range 2700-4750 centi-Geigy, irrespective of the radiation schedule or GH treatment, showed a decrease in occipitofrontal circumference SDS (mean Δ -0.9), a significant difference to the expected head growth of normal children over a similar period (p < 0.01). We have noted that restricted head growth occurs in the years following cranial irradiation and is unaffected by GH therapy. Earlier work has shown that cranial irradiation may impair intelligence. The exact relationship between intellectual impairment and stunted head growth remains to be determined.
A randomized trial of recruitment methods for older African American men in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial:

Background Incidence rates for many types of cancer are higher among African American men than in the general population, yet African American men are less likely to participate in cancer screening trials. This paper describes the outcomes of a randomized trial (the AAMEN Project) designed to recruit African American men aged 55–74 years to a prostate, lung and colorectal cancer screening trial.Methods The recruitment interventions address four types of barriers to clinical trial participation: sociocultural barriers, economic barriers, individual barriers and barriers inherent in study design. Subjects were randomized to a control group or one of three increasingly intensive intervention arms, which used different combinations of mail, phone and in person church-based recruitment.Results Of the 39 432 African American men residing in the geographically defined study population (southeastern Michigan and northern Ohio), 17 770 men (45%) could be contacted, and 12 400 (31% of 39 432) were found to be eligi...
Dynamics of gelatin ablation due to Free-Electron Laser irradiation

We have carried out simultaneous, time-dependent measurements of the free-electron-laser (FEL)-induced stress transients and ablation plume in gelatin, which serves as a model system for collagenous tissues. The Mark-III FEL is tunable in the mid-IR (2\char21{}10 \ensuremath{\mu}m) and produces macropulses of microsecond duration comprised of picosecond micropulses separated by 350 ps. The macropulse duration was shortened with a broadband, IR Pockels cell, producing pulse durations as short as 60 ns and energies in the range of 0.1\char21{}1 mJ. The IR beam was focused to a diameter of 112\char21{}210 \ensuremath{\mu}m, depending on the wavelength, and measurements were made at 3.0, 3.36, and 6.45 \ensuremath{\mu}m. For fluences below the ablation threshold, stress transients were measured and accounted for with a standard thermoelastic mechanism. Of particular interest were the measurements with fluences above the ablation threshold, where two classes of dynamics were observed. A cw HeNe beam monitors the plume: at 3.0 \ensuremath{\mu}m a single maximum of the 'shadow' is observed, while at 3.36 \ensuremath{\mu}m and 6.45 \ensuremath{\mu}m a second maximum also was resolved at later times. In addition, at 3.36 \ensuremath{\mu}m and 6.45 \ensuremath{\mu}m the duration of the momentum recoil is about twice as long as that observed for comparable exposure parameters at 3.0 \ensuremath{\mu}m.
Optimization approach to the design of frequency sampling filters

Many digital signal processing applications require linear phase filtering. For applications that require narrow-band linear phase filtering, frequency sampling filters can implement linear phase filters more efficiently than the commonly used direct convolution filter. In this paper, a technique is developed for designing linear phase frequency sampling filters. A frequency sampling filter approximates a desired frequency response by interpolating a frequency response through a set of frequency samples taken from the desired frequency response. Although the frequency response of a frequency sampling filter passes through the frequency samples, the frequency response may not be well behaved between the specific samples. Linear programming is commonly used to control the interpolation errors between frequency samples. The design method developed in this paper controls the interpolation errors between frequency samples by minimizing the mean square error between the desired and actual frequency responses in the stopband and passband. This design method describes the frequency sampling filter design problem as a constrained optimization problem which is solved using the Lagrange multiplier optimization method. This results in a set of linear equations which when solved determine the filter's coefficients.
The amino acid sequence of human cardiac troponin‐C

The amino acid sequence of human cardiac troponin-C (TN-C) has been rabbit cardiac TN-C. These results show that troponin-C is one of the Edman degradation. The sequence, which consists of 161 amino acid residues, is identical to that of the ox heart and as such is capable of binding three calcium ions. It differs at only one position from that of rabbit cardiac TN-C. These results show that troponin C is one of the most highly conserved proteins known.
Adjuvant chemotherapy dosing in low-income women: the impact of Hispanic ethnicity and patient self-efficacy

Unwarranted breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy dose reductions have been documented in black women, women of lower socioeconomic status, and those who are obese. No information on the quality of chemotherapy is available in Hispanic women. The purpose of this study was to characterize factors associated with first cycle chemotherapy dose selection in a multi-ethnic sample of low-income women receiving chemotherapy through the Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention Treatment Program (BCCPT) and to investigate the impact of Hispanic ethnicity and patient self-efficacy on adjuvant chemotherapy dose selection. Survey and chemotherapy information were obtained from consenting participants enrolled in the California BCCPT. Analyses identified clinical and non-clinical factors associated with first cycle chemotherapy doses less than 90 % of expected doses. Of 552 patients who received chemotherapy, 397 (72 %) were eligible for inclusion. First cycle dose reductions were given to 14 % of the sample. In multivariate analyses, increasing body mass index and non-academic treatment site were associated with doses below 90 % of the expected doses. No other clinical or non-clinical factors, including ethnicity, were associated with first cycle doses selection. In this universally low-income sample, we identified no association between Hispanic ethnicity and other non-clinical patient factors, including patient self-efficacy, in chemotherapy dose selection. As seen in other studies, obesity was associated with systematic dose limits. The guidelines on chemotherapy dose selection in the obese may help address such dose reductions. A greater understanding of the association between type of treatment site and dose selection is warranted. Overall, access to adequate health care allows the vast majority of low-income women with breast cancer to receive high-quality breast cancer chemotherapy.
Observation of Intracavity Electromagnetically Induced Transparency and Polariton Resonances in a Doppler-Broadened Medium

The transmission spectrum of three-level atoms in a vapor cell inside an optical cavity shows distinct peaks associated with atom-cavity polaritons in the system. We develop the theory of these resonances in a Doppler-broadened medium and present the results of experimental observations of these spectra in three-level $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-type rubidium atoms inside an optical ring cavity.
Opera and Absolutism in Restoration Italy, 1815¿1860

Opera played an important part in the lives of urban Italians during the decades that followed the fall of Napoleon's European empire and the restoration of the Italian legitimist rulers by the Congress of Vienna. To argue, however, that opera mattered because of its association with nationalism is to get the formula the wrong way around. Nationalists, as well as political authorities, wanted to harness opera to their cause because of its inherent social significance. The theater offered urban, educated Italians the opportunity to be entertained and to congregate lawfully in a public place. The fact that the theaters continued to draw regular audiences, regardless of censorship, would seem a sure indication that politics—at least not in the narrow, nationalist sense—was not the primary reason why opera mattered.
A comparison of the effects of chlordane and PCB on the growth, photosynthesis, and cell size of estuarine phytoplankton☆

Abstract Daily additions of 10μg chlordane (a chlorinated insecticide, C10H6Cl8) or 5 or 10μg Aroclor 1254 (polychlorinated biphenyls, PCB) to 1 litre of dialysis culture consisting of mixed species of estuarine phytoplankton, reduced algal growth rate and 14C-uptake per unit of chlorophyll a. Inhibition by chlordane lasted 24 to 48 h, and the community cell-size distribution was not substantially altered. PCB, however, caused longer-term effects, inhibiting the growth of phytoplankton larger than 8 μm in equivalent spherical diameter (i.e. large centric diatoms) more strongly than that of smaller forms (pennate diatoms and microflagellates), so that the community composition shifted in favour of small-size algae.