cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Crossing Number of Cm X Cn: A Reluctant Induction

"Even a fool," remarked Paul Erdo's in one of his many lectures, "can ask questions that the wisest man cannot answer." This statement is true for many areas of mathematics-perhaps nowhere more than in graph theory. The four-color theorem, proved more than a century after it was proposed, illustrates Erdo's's point. Another example is Turan's "Brick Factory" Problem. Although it was thought for some years to have been solved, flaws in the proof were discovered nearly twenty years later, and it remains open today. In this article, we explore another combinatorial problem, one that is simple to state and would seem to be provable by induction, but that has been found to be tantalizingly difficult. It is a crossing number problem that can be stated roughly as follows: For a rectangular grid on a torus, is there a planar drawing of this graph that has fewer crossings than the one shown in FIGURE 1? Attempts to solve this
Substratspezifische Analyse von Aminosäuren mit Sensoren für d/l-Cystein: umfassende stereochemische Untersuchungen in wässriger Lösung

Das Auftreten von d-Aminosauren in Saugern und im Menschen ist von groser Bedeutung fur die Lebenswissenschaften. d/l-Aminosauremischungen spielen eine Schlusselrolle bei der menschlichen Physiologie und Pathologie; daher ist die Einfuhrung kunstlicher Rezeptoren fur die Echtzeitquantifizierung der Konzentration und des d/l-Verhaltnisses von Aminosauren vielversprechend fur das Studium biologischer Prozesse und die Diagnose sowie Behandlung von Krankheiten. Die hier vorgestellte Detektionsmethode ist kompatibel mit wassrigen Losungen und ermoglicht die rasche Bestimmung der absoluten Konfiguration, des ee-Werts und der Gesamtmenge von Cystein bei mikromolaren Konzentrationen. Die Methode beruht auf schnellen UV- und CD-Messungen, die akkurate stereochemische Informationen mit Proben uber einen weiten Konzentrationsbereich und mit stark unterschiedlichen d/l-Cysteinverhaltnissen in simulierten Korperflussigkeiten liefern. Konkurrenzexperimente zeigen, dass andere Aminosauren und Biothiole die gezielte Cysteinanalyse nicht storen.
Method to remove photoreceptors from whole mount retina in vitro.

Patch clamp recordings of neurons in the inner nuclear layer of the retina are difficult to conduct in a whole mount retina preparation because surrounding neurons block the path of the patch pipette. Vertical slice preparations or dissociated retinal cells provide access to bipolar cells at the cost of severing the lateral connection between neurons. We have developed a technique to remove photoreceptors from the rodent retina that exposes inner nuclear layer neurons, allowing access for patch clamp recording. Repeated application to and removal of filter paper from the photoreceptor side of an isolated retina effectively and efficiently removes photoreceptor cells and, in degenerate retina, hypertrophied Muller cell end feet. Live-dead assays applied to neurons remaining after photoreceptor removal demonstrated mostly viable cells. Patch clamp recordings from bipolar cells reveal responses similar to those recorded in traditional slice and dissociated cell preparations. An advantage of the photoreceptor peel technique is that it exposes inner retinal neurons in a whole mount retina preparation for investigation of signal processing. A disadvantage is that photoreceptor removal alters input to remaining retinal neurons. The technique may be useful for investigations of extracellular electrical stimulation, photoreceptor DNA analysis, and nonpharmacological removal of light input.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study reports a method for removing photoreceptors from rodent whole mount retina while preserving the architecture of the inner retina. The method enables easier access to the inner retina for studies of neural processing, such as by patch clamp recording.
Sub-Saharan Political and Economic Structures and the NIEO

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses sub-Saharan political and economic structures and the New International Economic Order (NIEO). When considering the political and socio-economic development of Africa south of the Sahara, there has been a marked tendency to see the colonial period of African history as the starting point of the development of the continent. This has obscured the fact that pre-colonial Africa had a long indigenous history of development as witnessed by the historical existence of the great trading kingdoms of the Sahara in the East and of Ghana and Mali in the West. Present-day African leadership is faced with the unique situation of being in a position to completely reconstruct new post-colonial societies based on autonomous political and socio-economic systems and replace the imported and apparently inadequate structures that were part of its colonial heritage. The success of these countries in implementing the strategies of NIEO will depend, to a large extent, on their success in achieving new institutional stability and in fashioning more effective indigenous structures of political and economic life, based on their traditional patterns of development and their cultural heritage.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders in the PICU Population.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), affecting 11% of children and adolescents, increases risk for injury and may predispose children to illness. However, the prevalence of ADHD and oth...
Parathyroidectomy in the Management of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism develops in CKD due to a combination of vitamin D deficiency, hypocalcemia, and hyperphosphatemia, and it exists in nearly all patients at the time of dialysis initiation. There is insufficient data on whether to prefer vitamin D analogs compared with calcimimetics, but the available evidence suggests advantages with combination therapy. Calcium derangements, patient adherence, side effects, and cost limit the use of these agents. When parathyroid hormone level persists >800 pg/ml for >6 months, despite exhaustive medical interventions, monoclonal proliferation with nodular hyperplasia is likely present along with decreased expression of vitamin D and calcium-sensing receptors. Hence, surgical parathyroidectomy should be considered, especially if concomitant disorders exist, such as persistent hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia, tissue or vascular calcification including calciphylaxis, and/or worsening osteodystrophy. Parathyroidectomy is associated with 15%–57% greater survival in patients on dialysis, and it also improves hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, tissue calcification, bone mineral density, and health-related quality of life. The parathyroidectomy rate in the United States declined to approximately seven per 1000 dialysis patient-years between 2002 and 2011 despite an increase in average parathyroid hormone levels, reflecting calcimimetics introduction and uncertainty regarding optimal parathyroid hormone targets. Hospitalization rates are 39% higher in the first postoperative year. Hungry bone syndrome occurs in approximately 25% of patients on dialysis, and profound hypocalcemia requires high doses of oral and intravenous calcium along with calcitriol supplementation. Total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation carries a higher risk of permanent hypocalcemia, whereas risk of hyperparathyroidism recurrence is higher with subtotal parathyroidectomy. Given favorable long-term outcomes from observational parathyroidectomy cohorts, despite surgical risk and postoperative challenges, it is reasonable to consider parathyroidectomy in more patients with medically refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Therapeutics incorporating blood constituents

Abstract Blood deficiency and dysfunctionality can result in adverse events, which can primarily be treated by transfusion of blood or the re-introduction of properly functioning sub-components. Blood constituents can be engineered on the sub-cellular (i.e., DNA recombinant technology) and cellular level (i.e., cellular hitchhiking for drug delivery) for supplementing and enhancing therapeutic efficacy, in addition to rectifying dysfunctioning mechanisms (i.e., clotting). Herein, we report the progress of blood-based therapeutics, with an emphasis on recent applications of blood transfusion, blood cell-based therapies and biomimetic carriers. Clinically translated technologies and commercial products of blood-based therapeutics are subsequently highlighted and perspectives on challenges and future prospects are discussed. Statement of significance Blood-based therapeutics is a burgeoning field and has advanced considerably in recent years. Blood and its constituents, with and without modification (i.e., combinatorial), have been utilized in a broad spectrum of pre-clinical and clinically-translated treatments. This review article summarizes the most up-to-date progress of blood-based therapeutics in the following contexts: synthetic blood substitutes, acellular/non-recombinant therapies, cell-based therapies, and therapeutic sub-components. The article subsequently discusses clinically-translated technologies and future prospects thereof.
Thinking Together as One: Freire's Rewriting of Husserl

When articulating the foundational concept of dialogic pedagogy, Paulo Freire describes critical consciousness as a co-intentional experience. He writes that teachers and students who “co-intent on reality, are both Subjects, not only in the task of unveiling that reality, and thereby coming to know it critically, but in the task of re-creating that knowledge. As they attain this knowledge of reality through common reflection and action, they discover themselves as its permanent recreators” (PO, 51). By describing critical consciousness as a co-intentional experience Freire is appropriating the philosophic language of Edmund Husserl in a particular, if not peculiar, manner. His use of Husserl’s category appears unusual because, in his own work, Freire maintains that critical consciousness emerges from a dialogic experience, from an encounter between people. Yet, for Husserl, as I will show, intentionality is, first and foremost, the experience of a singular ego constructing meaning in the world. Indeed, in his principle work, Ideas, Husserl’s phenomenology emerges from what he calls Cartesian meditations. Does Freire’s category of co-intentionality correspond to Husserl’s qualification of the ego-subject’s intentionality? How, if at all, does Freire’s diverge from Husserl, and what are the consequences?
Nearby College Enrollment and Geographical Skills Mismatch: (Re)conceptualizing Student Out-Migration in the American Higher Education System

Student out-migration is a well-studied topic covering more than 40 years of research. This literature has typically equated student out-migration to out-of-state enrollment and has classified all ...
Further investigation into the quality of teachers' noticing expertise: A proposed framework for evaluating teachers' models of students' mathematical thinking

Because teachers cannot directly access the processes by which students construct their mathematical knowledge, Teacher Noticing, an activity that involves observing students’ work, interpreting students’ mathematical thinking about a task based on their remarks or actions, and responding to their thinking, is important to grasp students’ mathematical understanding. A possible way for teachers to develop noticing expertise is to engage in a situation focused on student thinking such as clinical interviews. However, noticing students’ thinking productively through clinical interviews remains a challenge, especially for pre-service teachers, not only because it requires a broad range of knowledge but also because of the absence of a framework to inform and evaluate the process. This paper addresses the development of such a framework for evaluating the quality of pre-service teachers’ noticing expertise in a context where students’ thinking is emphasized by removing normal classroom interruptions. It then demonstrates how the framework can be used for this purpose through three empirical examples of pre-service teachers who engaged in an intervention that involved conducting clinical interviews and analyzing students’ mathematical thinking by watching video-recordings of their clinical interviews.
Nephrocolic Fistula: A Complication of Percutaneou Nephrostolithotomy

AbstractPercutaneous nephrostolithotomy has proved to be a safe and effective approach to the management of upper tract calculi, which is associated with a low rate of significant complications. Bowel perforation is an unusual complication of this technique. We report a case of a nephrocolic fistula following percutaneous nephrostolithotomy, and discuss the diagnosis and management of this rare complication.
High-Dose Methotrexate With Folinic Acid in the Treatment of Advanced Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Including CNS Involvement

High-dose methotrexate with folinic acid (MTX/FA) was evaluated in 20 patients (16 previously treated) with advanced non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). All had unfavorable diffuse histology (poorly differentiated lymphocytic, 13; histiocytic, 6; undifferentiated, 1). The dose schedule range was 1-7.5 g/sq m administered every 1-3 wk with hydration and urinary alkalinization. Of the 20 patients, 12 (60%) had an objective response, including 4 (20%) complete responses (CR), with a median CR duration of 4.5” mo and a median partial responseduration of 1.5 mo. Six patients had central nervous system (CNS) involvement and 5 of these responded; 3 had complete disappearance of CNS disease, with 1 of these remaining in remission 14�’ mo after MTX/FA. A median of 7 courses per patient (range 3-20) was administered, with untoward reactions independent of the dose of MTX. At least one type of toxicity occurred in 19 of 156 (12%) courses, but no drugrelated deaths occurred. As with other agents, use of high-dose MTX/FA as a single agent in refractory disease has been
Lexical choices and aesthetic success: A computer content analysis of 154 Shakespeare sonnets

A research paradigm is suggested that combines the perspectives of the humanistic scholar and the behavioral scientist: After differentiating the popularity of actual aesthetic products using archival indices and then subjecting these compositions to objective computer content analyses, further statistical treatment may divulge the intrinsic properties responsible for differences in impact. This approach is illustrated by an analysis of the 154 sonnets attributed to William Shakespeare. Each sonnet was partitioned into four consecutive units (three quatrains and a couplet), and then a computer gauged how the number of words, different words, unique words, primary process imagery, and secondary process imagery changed within each sonnet. Taking advantage of a previous objective measure of the relative aesthetic merit of the sonnets, and implementing a statistical search for interaction effects, it was demonstrated that Shakespeare's lexical choices adopt a discernible pattern in the highly popular creations that is not found in the more obscure poems. Perhaps the most fascinating aspect of this pattern shift is the distinct manner in which the poet modifies his vocabulary when composing the concluding couplet in his best sonnets.
Mineral Surface-Specific Differences in the Adsorption and Enzymatic Removal of Surfactant and Their Correlation with Cytotoxicity

Respirable quartz dust and a kaolin clay dust have been found to be of comparable cytotoxic potential in vitro on a specific surface area basis (Wallace, et al,1985), despite the distinctly different potentials of quartz and clay for causing pneumoconiosis or pulmonary fibrosis (Sheers, 1984). A respired particle depositing in a respiratory bronchiole or alveolus will contact a pulmonary surfactant hypophase, of which a primary component is diacyl glycerophosphorylcholine, or diacyl lecithin (DPL) (Clements, et al, 1970). Several studies have found that adsorption of such surfactant suppresses in vitro cytotoxic effects of quartz dust (Marks, 1957). Subsequent phagocytosis and digestion by a macrophage may remove the coating, restoring cytotoxic potential and initiating disease processes (Her, 1979). Adsorption of dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL) from emulsion in physiologic saline by respirable sized quartz dust and kaolin dusts, and consequent diminution of the dusts’ hemolytic and macrophage cytotoxic potential have been reported (Wallace, et al, 1985). This report presents additional data on the cell-free in vitro phospholipase A2 enzymatic digestion of dipalmitoyl lecithin adsorbed on a quartz and a kaolin respirable sized dust (Wallace, et al, 1988) to investigate mineral specific differences in the rates of digestion and of consequent restoration of dust membranolytic potential.
The Structure of Melanoregulin Reveals a Role for Cholesterol Recognition in the Protein's Ability to Promote Dynein Function.

Summary Melanoregulin (Mreg) is a small, highly charged, multiply palmitoylated protein present on the membrane of melanosomes. Mreg is implicated in the transfer of melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes, and in promoting the microtubule minus end-directed transport of these organelles. The possible molecular function of Mreg was identified by solving its structure using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Mreg contains six α helices forming a fishhook-like fold in which positive and negative charges occupy opposite sides of the protein's surface and sandwich a putative, cholesterol recognition sequence (CRAC motif). Mreg containing a point mutation within its CRAC motif still targets to late endosomes/lysosomes, but no longer promotes their microtubule minus end-directed transport. Moreover, wild-type Mreg does not promote the microtubule minus end-directed transport of late endosomes/lysosomes in cells transiently depleted of cholesterol. Finally, reversing the charge of three clustered acidic residues partially inhibits Mreg's ability to drive these organelles to microtubule minus ends.
Self-regulatory biofeedback training: an intervention to reduce school burnout and improve cardiac functioning in college students.

With the detrimental relationship between school burnout and physiological and cognitive functioning now well documented, interventions to ameliorate school burnout symptomology are needed. This st...
The Inevitable Labor and Environmental Crises and the Need for a New Economic System

Capitalism is economically stable only if new investment creates jobs at least as fast as efficiency eliminates them, and physically sustainable only if sufficient material sources and pollution si...
On the discounting of cannabis and money: Sensitivity to magnitude vs. delay.

Abstract Background While using most drugs of abuse is associated with higher than control rates of delay discounting, cannabis use may be the exception. As such, between-commodity differences in delay discounting (i.e., money vs. cannabis) have not been thoroughly examined. We examined these between-commodity differences using modern analytic techniques to disentangle effects of subjects’ sensitivity to magnitude and delay as potential drivers of any obtained delay discounting rate differences. Method ; Fifty-eight college students (n = 33 cannabis users, n = 25 non-users) completed a monetary delay discounting task – with the cannabis users completing the cannabis problems questionnaire as well a delay discounting of cannabis task- in an on-campus laboratory. Results Responding between groups differed on the cannabis problems questionnaire, but not on delay discounting of monetary outcomes. Cannabis users, however, discounted cannabis at higher rates than money. Multilevel logistic regression revealed that these between-commodity delay discounting differences were due to subjects’ differential sensitivity to the magnitude of these two commodities, rather than sensitivity to delay to receiving these commodities. Conclusions Although differences in delay discounting rate were not obtained between students that did and did not use cannabis, cannabis users did discount cannabis at higher rates than they did money - suggesting considerable generality of the between commodity differences in delay discounting obtained elsewhere. The current between-commodity delay discounting differences appear to be driven by differential sensitivity to the reinforcer magnitudes presented in each task – a finding that awaits replication across other comparisons before statements about generality can be made.
Influence of electrostatic forces on the association kinetics and conformational ensemble of an intrinsically disordered protein

Recent work has revealed that the association of a disordered region of a protein with a folded binding partner can occur as rapidly as association between two folded proteins. This is the case for the phosphatase calcineurin (CaN) and its association with its activator calmodulin. Calmodulin binds to the intrinsically disordered regulatory domain of CaN. Previous studies have shown that electrostatic steering can accelerate the binding of folded proteins with disordered ligands. Given that electrostatic forces are strong determinants of disordered protein ensembles, the relationship between electrostatics, conformational ensembles, and quaternary interactions is unclear. Here, we employ experimental approaches to explore the impact of electrostatic interactions on the association of calmodulin with the disordered regulatory region of CaN. We find that estimated association rate constants of calmodulin with our chosen calmodulin-substrates are within the diffusion-limited regime. The association rates are dependent on the ionic strength, indicating that favorable electrostatic forces increase the rate of association. Further, we show that charged amino acids outside the calmodulin-binding site modulate the binding rate. Conformational ensembles obtained from computer simulations suggest that electrostatic interactions within the regulatory domain might bias the conformational ensemble such that the calmodulin binding region is readily accessible. Given the prevalence of charged residues in disordered protein chains, our findings are likely relevant to many protein-protein interactions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Pulmonary Emergencies in Oncology

Most obstructing neoplasms of the upper airway are squamous-cell carcinomas, primarily carcinomas of the larynx. Carcinomas of the tongue, tonsils, and trachea may also produce upper airway obstruction. Men are much more commonly affected by laryngeal carcinoma than women, in the ratio of 8:1, and it is well known that heavy smokers and alcoholics are more susceptible to upper airway neoplasms. Individuals with hoarseness lasting longer than 3 weeks, vocal cord paralysis, or a lump in the neck should be evaluated carefully for evidence of upper airway obstruction.
Adaptive Bandwidth Management for Entanglement Distribution in a Fully-Connected Fiber-Optic Network

By using wavelength-selective switches to flexibly allocate source bandwidth across multiple users for entanglement distribution over a fiber-optic network, we accommodate both channels with disparate losses and requests for differentiated service.
ON RATIONALLY ERGODIC AND RATIONALLY WEAKLY MIXING RANK-ONE TRANSFORMATIONS

We study the notions of weak rational ergodicity and ra- tional weak mixing as defined by Jon Aaronson. We prove that various families of infinite measure-preserving rank-one transformations possess (or do not posses) these properties, and consider their relation to other notions of mixing in infinite measure. 1. Definitions and Preliminaries Let (X,B,m) be a standard Borel measure space with a �-finite nonatomic measure m. In most cases, we will assume that m is infinite. A trans- formation T : X → X is measurable if T −1 A ∈ B for all A ∈ B. A measurable transformation T is measure-preserving if m(A) = m(T −1 A) for all A ∈ B. We say that T is ergodic if every T-invariant set (i.e, T −1 A = A mod m) is null (m(A) = 0) or full (m(X \ A) = 0). We say that T is conservative if for every measurable set A of positive measure, there exists a positive integer n such that m(A ∩ T −n A) > 0. It follows that T is conservative and ergodic if and only if for every set A of positive measure, S ∞ n=0 T −n A = X mod m. An invertible measurable transformation is a measurable transformation whose inverse is also measurable. Through- out this paper, we will assume that T is an invertible, conservative ergodic, measure-preserving transformation on (X,B,m), and we will typically use the forward images T n A instead of T −n A.
Lung adenocarcinoma with metastasis to the vitreous – A case report and review of literature

Abstract Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death, and some patients can present with advanced metastatic disease mostly involving the brain, bones, liver, or adrenal glands. Eye is an extremely rare site of metastasis. We present a case of a patient with NSCLC with rare vitreal metastasis. A 70-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with hypertensive crisis and on further imaging, was found to have a 4.5 cm spiculated nodule in the upper lobe of the right lung. Outpatient bronchoscopy and biopsy confirmed lung adenocarcinoma and she underwent right upper lobe wedge resection and mediastinal lymph node dissection. The surgical staging for the cancer was pT1a pN0, placing her in stage IA. The cells from the tumor were positive for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations: G719X and S768I. Unfortunately, six months later, she started to experience decreased visual acuity and floaters. Vitrectomy was done, and cytology showed atypical cells concerning for malignancy. These malignant cells were also positive for the same mutations as the lung adenocarcinoma. She was then treated with EGFR inhibitor afatinib to prevent relapse. She currently remains asymptomatic.
Differential expression of urinary volatile organic compounds by sex, male reproductive status, and pairing status in the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is an induced ovulator. Though the mechanism of ovulation induction remains unknown, it is suspected to be urinary chemical signals excreted by males. This study assessed volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in weekly urine samples across 5 months from 13 maned wolves (6 intact males, 1 neutered male, 6 females) with the goal of identifying VOCs that are differentially expressed across sex, reproductive status, and pairing status. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to extract and separate VOCs that were identified via spectral matching with authentic standards, with spectral libraries, or with new software that further matches molecular fragment structures with mass spectral peaks. Two VOCs were present across all 317 urine samples: 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine and 2-methyl-6-(1-propenyl)-pyrazine. Fifteen VOCs differed significantly (Adj. P 2.0) between intact males and females. Using partial least squares-discriminant analysis, the compounds with the highest importance to the sex classification were delta-decalactone, delta-dodecalactone, and bis(prenyl) sulfide. Sixty-two VOCs differed between intact males and the neutered male. Important classifier compounds were 3-ethyl 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, 2-methyl-6-(1-propenyl)-pyrazine, and tetrahydro-2-isopentyl-5-propyl furan. Several VOCs established as important here have been implicated in reproductive communication in other mammals. This study is the most robust examination of differential expression in the maned wolf thus far and provides the most comprehensive analysis of maned wolf urinary VOCs to date, increasing the sample size substantially over previous chemical communication studies in this species. New data analysis software allowed for the identification of compounds in the hormone-producing mevalonate pathway which were previously unreported in maned wolf urine. Several putative semiochemicals were identified as good candidates for behavioral bioassays to determine their role in maned wolf reproduction, and specifically in ovulation induction.
Christianity and mental illness stigma: critical and constructive perspectives on blame and social distancing

Despite tendencies among some Christians to ostracize people with mental illness, the Christian emphasis on love for one’s neighbor discourages such stigma. This article reviewed the empirical rese...
Generating univariate and multivariate nonnormal data

Because the assumption of normality is common in statistics, the robustness of statistical procedures to the violation of the normality assumption is often of interest. When one examines the impact of the violation of the normality assumption, it is important to simulate data from a nonnormal distribution with varying degrees of skewness and kurtosis. Fleishman (1978, Psychometrika 43: 521–532) developed a method to simulate data from a univariate distribution with specific values for the skewness and kurtosis. Vale and Maurelli (1983, Psychometrika 48: 465–471) extended Fleishman’s method to simulate data from a multivariate nonnormal distribution. In this article, I briefly introduce these two methods and present two new commands, rnonnormal and rmvnonnormal, for simulating data from the univariate and multivariate nonnormal distributions.
Physiological mechanisms and therapeutic potential of bone mechanosensing

Skeletal loading is an important physiological regulator of bone mass. Theoretically, mechanical forces or administration of drugs that activate bone mechanosensors would be a novel treatment for osteoporotic disorders, particularly age-related osteoporosis and other bone loss caused by skeletal unloading. Uncertainty regarding the identity of the molecular targets that sense and transduce mechanical forces in bone, however, has limited the therapeutic exploitation of mechanosesning pathways to control bone mass. Recently, two evolutionally conserved mechanosensing pathways have been shown to function as "physical environment" sensors in cells of the osteoblasts lineage. Indeed, polycystin-1 (Pkd1, or PC1) and polycystin-2 (Pkd2, or PC2' or TRPP2), which form a flow sensing receptor channel complex, and TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif, or WWTR1), which responds to the extracellular matrix microenvironment act in concert to reciprocally regulate osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis through co-activating Runx2 and a co-repressing PPARγ activities. Interactions of polycystins and TAZ with other putative mechanosensing mechanism, such as primary cilia, integrins and hemichannels, may create multifaceted mechanosensing networks in bone. Moreover, modulation of polycystins and TAZ interactions identify novel molecular targets to develop small molecules that mimic the effects of mechanical loading on bone.
PROFESSIONS AND BUSINESSES Physicians, Physician's Assistants, and Respiratory Care: Require Out-of-State Physicians Who Provide Patient Care in Georgia Via Telemedicine to Hold Georgia License

The Act requires physicians who are located outside the State of Georgia, but provide patient care inside the state via telemedicine, to be licensed to practice medicine in Georgia. The Act carves out limited exceptions, including a consultation at the request of a Georgia-licensed physician or where the consultation is provided at no charge.
Optimal neural feedback control applied to a problem of economic growth in freight transport market

The evolution of a nation-wide freight transport market is a complex phenomenon that can be described by means of a "ad-hoc" developed dynamic model. This model depends on a set of control variables (i.e., the percentage of carbon tax on the fuel cost, the operational cost coverages, and growth rates of the various transportation modes) that can be chosen in a suitable way so as to minimize a given cost function (e.g., carbon emissions, public and private costs, fuel consumption, etc.). The problem has been addressed by searching for a feedback control law that can be approximated by means of the combination of both dynamic programming and neural networks. Preliminary simulation results with the afore-mentioned model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Determinants of staff job satisfaction of caregivers in two nursing homes in Pennsylvania

Job satisfaction is important for nursing home staff and nursing home management, as it is associated with absenteeism, turnover, and quality of care. However, we know little about factors associated with job satisfaction and dissatisfaction for nursing home workers. In this investigation, we use data from 251 caregivers (i.e., Registered Nurses, Licensed Practical Nurses, and Nurse Aides) to examine: job satisfaction scores of these caregivers and what characteristics of these caregivers are associated with job satisfaction. The data were collected from two nursing homes over a two and a half year period with five waves of data collection at six-month intervals. The Job Description Index was used to collect job satisfaction data. We find that, overall nursing home caregivers are satisfied with the work and coworkers, but are less satisfied with promotional opportunities, superiors, and compensation. From exploratory factor analysis three domains represented the data, pay, management, and work. Nurse aides appear particularly sensitive to the work domain. Of significance, we also find that caregivers who perceived the quality of care to be high have higher job satisfaction on all three domains than those who do not. These results may be important in guiding caregiver retention initiatives in nursing homes. The finding for quality may be especially important, and indicates that nursing homes that improve their quality may have a positive impact on job satisfaction of staff, and thereby reduce their turnover rates.
An Asset Allocation Sub-Puzzle

This paper documents a sub-puzzle in asset allocation. Canner, Mankiw and Weil (1997) point out that empirically the ratio of bond to stock holdings of a typical investor varies with her risk-averse attitude. This observation directly challenges the well-known mutual fund separation theorem of Tobin (1958) and Markowitz (1952). This paper reports additional evidence on investor's portfolio choice, finding that not only does the bonds to stocks ratio change, but within the stock portfolio, the ratio of high-risk stocks to low-risk stocks also changes with an investor's risk tolerance. This finding is important because most current literature attempts to solve the asset allocation puzzle by applying different interest rate models. Our finding shows that the puzzle involves more than just about interest rates, and needs a more fundamental examination from the perspective of an investors' risk attitude. Drawing on the loss aversion literature, we propose a general model that can solve both the Canner-Mankiw-Weil puzzle and the sub-puzzle. The key is that investors are loss averse and care about their expected worst-case returns. When an expected worst-return constraint is added to investors' utility maximization, the optimal ratio of low-risk to high-risk assets, be it bonds to stocks or low-risk stocks to high-risk stocks, changes with investors' risk attitudes.
Determining the Age of Jurisdiction for Adolescents: The Policy Debate

With interpretation of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, influence of Roper v. Simmons, and consideration of proposed N.C. House Bill 1414; a national debate continues regarding the age of jurisdiction for adolescents. Each day in the United States, more than 7,500 youth are confined in adult jails (CFYJ, 2007; Snyder & Sickmund, 1999). This article examines how the age of jurisdiction is currently decided and how youth are processed differently in the juvenile and the adult systems, with varied outcomes. Empirical evidence, implications, and policy recommendations are offered for policy practitioners to join this debate.
A Modest Employee of the Cinema vs The Big Garage

_Jean-Luc Godard Interviews_ David Sterritt, Editor Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1998 ISBN 1-57806-080-X Hb ISBN 1-57806-081-8 Pb 203 pp.
Homotopy gerstenhaber structure on deformation complex of a morphism

G∞ -structure is shown to exist on the deformation complex of a morphism of associative algebras. The main step of the construction is extension of a B∞ -algebra by an associative algebra. Actions of B∞ -algebras on associative and B∞ -algebras are analyzed, extensions of B∞ -algebras by associative and B∞ -algebras, that they act upon, are constructed. The resulting G∞ -algebra on the deformation complex of a morphism is shown to be quasi-isomorphic to the G∞ -algebra on deformation complex of the corresponding diagram algebra. L∞ -structure is described on the Hochschild complex of a morphism.
Poster abstract: A game theoretic approach to controller design for cyber-physical systems: Collision avoidance

A collision avoidance problem for the vehicle equipped with adaptive cruise control is considered in the context of hybrid systems with emphasis on safety verification.
SPECTROSCOPIC SIMULATION OF DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR LINES AND A LABORATORY MODEL FOR INTERSTELLAR CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS

The interstellar existence of dipyridyl magnesium tetrabenzporphin (I) is supported by the spectroscopic coincidence of laboratory generated and astronomically observed diffuse interstellar lines. A potential route for the synthesis of I in space from molecules which exist or are expected to exist there will be discussed.
Power dissipation in clocked quantum-dot cellular automata circuits

This paper reports on the dynamic behavior of power dissipation in a clocked QCA majority gate. A distributed clocking scheme is employed in the QCA array to form a "computation wave" which moves smoothly across the circuit. The quantum dynamical calculation is done with coherence vector formalism with dissipation incorporated so that we can see power flowing to the environment, and also to and from the clocking circuit
Effect of prostaglandin F2α — and gonadotropin releasing hormone-induced luteinizing hormone releases on ovulation and corpus luteum function of beef cows

Luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were measured in suckled beef cows treated during the postpartum period with prostaglandin F2α (5 mg Alfaprostol; PGF2α) and then gonadotropin releasing hormone (100 μg Cystorelin 30 h after PGF2α; GnRH). The objective was to determine if PGF2α would cause a release of LH in the absence of progesterone and affect the GnRH-induced LH release and ovulation (Experiment 1). LH concentrations increased (P < 0.05) after PGF2α treatment in both anestrous and cyclic cows but to a greater extent (P < 0.05) in anestrous cows. The GnRH-induced LH release and ovulation response in previously anestrous cows were greater (P < 0.05) when PGF2α was administered 30 h earlier. In Experiment 2, 49 beef cows received PGF2α (5 mg Alfaprostol) and GnRH (100 μg Cystorelin) 30 h later to determine if the profile of the preovulatory LH surge was associated with the occurrence of subnormal luteal phases in postpartum beef cows suckling calves. Cows that had normal luteal phases had a greater (P < 0.05) mean area under the GnRH-induced LH response curve and a greater (P < 0.05) mean GnRH-induced LH peak amplitude than cows that had subnormal luteal phases. In summary, results suggest that PGF2α may exert a fertility effect by causing a LH release independent of progesterone withdrawal; administration of PGF2α 30 h before GnRH elevated the GnRH-induced LH release and ovulation response. In addition, cows with subnormal luteal phases had GnRH-induced LH surges of less area and peak amplitude than cows with normal luteal phases.
Political Demands, Political Opportunities: Explaining the Differential Success of Left-Libertarian Parties

Using qualitative comparative analysis, we examine why left-libertarian parties, associated with environmental and other "new social movements," have been relatively successful in some western democracies but not others. We conceptualize the parties as products of new citizen demands on the one hand, and ofpolitical opportunity structures, which govern party supply, on the other. We show that supply-side factors, such as a strong left and the existence ofproportional representation, tend to work together to facilitate party innovation. A strong left appears more likely to downplay left-libertarian issues and push new-left activists to form separate parties, while proportional representation eases entry into the party system. Demand-side factors play a significant but lesser role. The theoretical and methodological strategies employed here have the potential to help political sociologists explain the variable success of other types ofparty
Biochemistry and Genetics of Citrate Utilization in Streptococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis

Abstract A review of current literature regards Streptococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis and its ability to utilize citrate to produce the flavor compound diacetyl. Plating media to isolate organisms capable of citrate utilization are reviewed, as are biochemical mechanisms of citrate utilization and diacetyl synthesis. In addition, historical aspects of the organism are discussed with particular emphasis on reports of instability of citrate utilization and its relevance to taxonomic classification of S. lactis ssp. diacetylactis . Finally, the relationship between plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid and citrate metabolism and future applications of genetic research are discussed. Because citrate permease activity appeared to be linked to a 5.5 megadalton (Mdal) plasmid in all strains of S. lactis ssp. diacetylactis examined, studies determined the relationship between the 5.5 Mdal plasmids. By restriction endonuclease digestion, evidence is provided that the 5.5 Mdal plasmids in all strains examined are identical.
Glucose and octanoate utilization by isolated adult rat heart cells.

Abstract Rat heart muscle cells continue to beat in the isolated state apparently independent of any innervation. The oxidation of 14 C-glucose to 14 CO 2 was linear for at least 60 minutes of incubation. The rate of glucose oxidation rose rapidly up to a medium glucose concentration of 2.5 mM and then plateaued. Lactate production reached a maximum at 5 mM glucose. Glucose uptake was linearly related to the concentration up to 40 mM. The addition of octanoate reduced, but did not eliminate, glucose oxidation. Octanoate utilization increased with increasing concentration and reached a maximum at 2 mM. The oxidation of octanoate was linearly related to the time of incubation for at least 90 minutes. The presence of glucose, at a concentration of 1.25 mM or higher, increase the oxidation of octanoate by the heart cells. The metabolic parameters measured with the isolated heart cells gave values comparable to those obtained with the perfused rat heart. Decreasing or increasing the concentration of sodium, potassium or magnesium did not effect the oxidation of either glucose or octanoate with the exception that when sodium was increased above 200 mM, a significant increase in glucose oxidation was observed. In contrast, the addition of calcium to a calcium free medium increased glucose oxidation, reaching a maximum at 0.2 mM calcium. The oxidation of octanoate reached a maximum at 0.2 mM and then decreased significantly with increasing calcium concentration. The metabolic activity appears to be independent of the concentration of sodium, potassium or magnesium. In contrast, the isolated heart cell is very sensitive to a change in calcium concentration.
A Short Enantioselective Pathway for the Synthesis of the Anti-Influenza Neuramidase Inhibitor Oseltamivir from 1,3-Butadiene and Acrylic Acid

A short synthetic pathway has been developed for the synthesis of oseltamivir (1) or the enantiomer (ent-1). The intermediates and conditions for this process are summarized in Scheme 1. The synthesis provides a number of advantages: (1) use of inexpensive and abundant starting materials; (2) complete enantio-, regio-, and diastereocontrol; (3) avoidance of explosive, azide-type intermediates; (4) good overall yield (ca. 30%, still not completely optimized); and (5) scalability.
Reinvention and Context: Freirean Approaches to Pedagogical Dialogue in Catholic, Jewish, and Public Schools

Paulo Freire proposed dialogic pedagogyas a multi-dimensional framework for education-based work in social justice. 1 His work has greatly influenced educational theory and practice based on dialogue, which involves six tenants of hope, love, faith, humility, mutual trust, and critical thinking. Although broadly cited and extensively written about on a descriptive level, few studies have explored the implementation of Freire's framework in classroom practices. This study investigates how beginning teachers in Catholic, Jewish, and urban public school settings implement and reinvent Freire's framework as a means to meet the needs of students. The results identify spirituality as a common theme across all schooling contexts and identify concrete ways teachers implement pedagogy based in social justice. The authors propose ways in which teachers' continuing personal and professional development can be supported through an approach that recognizes teaching as an expression of spiritual as well as social convi...
Variation of cost functions in integer programming

We study the problem of minimizingc · x subject toA · x =b. x ź 0 andx integral, for a fixed matrixA. Two cost functionsc andcź are considered equivalent if they give the same optimal solutions for eachb. We construct a polytopeSt(A) whose normal cones are the equivalence classes. Explicit inequality presentations of these cones are given by the reduced Grobner bases associated withA. The union of the reduced Grobner bases asc varies (called the universal Grobner basis) consists precisely of the edge directions ofSt(A). We present geometric algorithms for computingSt(A), the Graver basis, and the universal Grobner basis.
Autoionization and quasibound states of Li

The positions $E=\mathcal{E}+\ensuremath{\Delta}$ of the $^{1,3}({S}^{e}, {P}^{o}, {D}^{e})$ autoionizing states of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ below the $n=2$ threshold of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{++}$ have been calculated using the Feshbach projection-operator technique. The trial wave function is of Hylleraas type. Widths $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ and shifts $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ of these states have been calculated using the exchange approximation for the continuum functions. The calculated positions are generally lower than those obtained in previous calculations. Widths of most of the states have not previously been calculated. The positions are also compared with experimental results of Ziem, Bruch, and Stolterfoht and Bruch et al. Positions of the nonautoionizing (quasibound) $^{3}P^{e}$, $^{1,3}D^{o}$ states have also been calculated. The positions in all cases are lower than those obtained in previous calculations.
Fetal Anesthesia and Pain Management for Intrauterine Therapy

Anesthesia provision for fetal intervention differs from most other anesthetic situations insofar as anesthesiologists must care for 2 or more patients-each with potentially conflicting requirements. The first is the mother who can readily indicate discomforts, can be monitored directly, and to whom drugs may be administered directly and easily. For the fetus (or fetuses), nociception must be assumed or inferred indirectly, monitoring is limited at best, and drug administration is complicated and often indirect. Fetal and maternal hemodynamic stability must be assured; and a plan to resuscitate the fetus, should problems occur during the procedure, must be developed.
The Clinical Course of Acquired Complete Heart Block in Children with Acute Myocarditis

A case of biopsy-proven myocarditis in a 7-year-old complicated by advanced atrioventricular (AV) block prompted a review of the medical literature to determine the prognosis for recovery of AV conduction or need for pacemaker implantation. A total of 40 patients younger than 20 years of age were identified, with return of AV conduction within 7 days in 27 patients (67%), permanent pacing in 11 patients (28%) with persistent AV block, and death in 2 patients (5%).