cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Message from the SUN on 28th August 1859

The great 1859 spectral auroral event affecting the Earth which also showed the link between the magnetic effect and the electrical effect is explained as the ‘Message from the SUN 28th August 1859'. The Northern and Southern Lights are caused by the solar IMF. Gill’s Electronic Theory of Magnetism 1964 shows how the solar IMF on approaching the magnetosphere of the Earth splits into its negative and positive electric energy components which head for the opposite magnetic poles of the Earth to cause the equally bright Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis. Why these Northern and Southern lights do not reach all the way to the magnetic poles of the Earth and why they are brighter on the night side will be explained with illustrations. Kristian Birkeland’s 1900-1916 ‘terrella’ experiments are further explained. The solar source of the essential electrical seeding of the magnetic poles of the Earth for the functioning of the geomagnetic dynamo of the Earth to create its magnetosphere is shown. Some applications to harness this solar electrical energy reaching the Earth are presented and dot product equations are presented to support these applications without any need of Henrik Lorentz’s 1893 cross products. Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism 1964 explains all the above and should replace Maxwell’s pre-existing dipole theory of magnetism 1873.
Common and unique inhibitory control signatures of action-stopping and attentional capture suggest that actions are stopped in two stages.

The ability to stop an already initiated action is paramount to adaptive behavior. Much scientific debate in the field of human action-stopping currently focuses on two interrelated questions. First: Which cognitive and neural processes uniquely underpin the implementation of inhibitory control when actions are stopped after explicit stop-signals, and which processes are instead commonly evoked by all salient signals, even those that do not require stopping? Second: Why do purported (neuro)physiological signatures of inhibition occur at two different latencies after stop-signals? Here, we address both questions via two pre-registered experiments that combined measurements of cortico-spinal excitability (CSE), electromyography (EMG), and whole-scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Adult human subjects performed a stop-signal task that also contained ‘ignore’ signals – equally salient signals that did not require stopping but rather completion of the Go response. We found that both stop- and ignore-signals produced equal amounts of early-latency inhibition of CSE and EMG, which took place ∼150ms following both signals. Multi-variate pattern analysis of the whole-scalp EEG data further corroborated that this early processing stage was shared between stop- and ignore-signals, as neural activity following the two signals could not be decoded from each other until a later time period. In this later period, unique activity related to stop-signals emerged at fronto-central scalp sites, reflecting an increased stop-signal P3. These findings suggest a two-step model of action-stopping, according to which an initial, universal inhibitory response to the saliency of the stop-signal is followed by a slower process that is unique to outright stopping. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Humans often have to stop their ongoing actions when indicated by environmental stimuli (stop-signals). Successful action-stopping requires both the ability to detect these salient stop-signals and to subsequently inhibit ongoing motor programs. Because of this tight entanglement of attentional control and motor inhibition, identifying unique neurophysiological signatures of action-stopping is difficult. Indeed, we report that recently proposed early-latency signatures of motor inhibition during action-stopping are also found after salient signals that do not require stopping. However, using multi-variate pattern analysis of scalp-recorded neural data, we also identified subsequent neural activity that uniquely distinguished action-stopping from saliency detection. These results suggest that actions are stopped in two stages; the first common to all salient events, and the second unique to action-stopping.
Combining Forecasts with Many Predictors

We discuss how we form a combined forecast in data rich environment where there are many predictors or many forecasts. It is often necessary to use reduced-dimension speci cations that can span a large number of predictors or forecasts. The use of factor models and principal component estimation has been advocated for forecasting in the presence of many predictors. We decompose the space spanned by many predictors using principal components. Or we can project the forecast target to many subspaces spanned by the predictors, then obtain many arti cially generated forecasts, and then combine those forecasts generated from the subspaces. Finally, we discuss some issues in forecast combination for quantile forecasts, density forecasts, interval forecasts, and binary forecasts. Key Words: Combining forecasts, Data rich environment, Many predictors, Many forecasts, Forecast combination weights, Principal components. JEL Classi cation: C5, E4, G1. Department of Economics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0427, U.S.A. Phone: +1 (951) 827-1509. E-mail: taelee@ucr.edu.
Full Groups and Orbit Equivalence in Cantor Dynamics

In this note we consider dynamical systems $(X,G)$ on a Cantor set $X$ satisfying some mild technical conditions. The considered class includes, in particular, minimal and transitive aperiodic systems. We prove that two such systems $(X_1,G_1)$ and $(X_2,G_2)$ are orbit equivalent if and only if their full groups are isomorphic as abstract groups. This result is a topological version of the well-known Dye's theorem established originally for ergodic measure-preserving actions.
mTOR regulates the invasive properties of synovial fibroblasts in rheumatoid arthritis.

The invasive properties of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) correlate with radiographic and histologic damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and pristane-induced arthritis (PIA). We previously determined that highly invasive FLS obtained from PIA-susceptible DA (blood type D, Agouti) rats have increased expression of genes associated with invasive cancers, including Villin-2/ezrin. Villin-2/ezrin mediates invasion via mTOR. In the present study we used the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin to assess the role of the ezrinmTOR pathway on the invasive properties of FLS. FLS were isolated from synovial tissues from arthritic DA rats, and from RA patients. FLS were treated with rapamycin or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 24 h and then studied in a Matrigel-invasion assay. Supernatants were assayed for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and cell lysates were used for quantification of mTOR, p70S6K1, 4EBP1 and FAK, as well as their respective phosphorylated subsets. Actin filament and FAK localization were determined by immunofluorescence. Rapamycin decreased FLS invasion in DA and RA tissues by 93% and 82%, respectively. Rapamycin treatment reduced the phosphorylation of mTOR and its substrates, p70S6K1 and 4EBP1, confirming mTOR inhibition. In conclusion, rapamycin prevented actin reorganization in both DA and RA FLS, and inhibited the directional formation of lamellipodia. Phosphorylation of the lamellipodia marker FAK was also reduced by rapamycin. MMPs were not significantly affected by rapamycin. Rapamycin significantly reduced RA and DA rat FLS invasion via the suppression of the mTOR signaling pathway. This discovery suggests that rapamycin could have a role in RA therapy aimed at reducing the articular damage and erosive changes mediated by FLS.
Texting, textese and literacy abilities: a naturalistic study

In this study, we examined texting behaviours, text message characteristics (textese) of actual sent text messages and the relationships between texting, textese and literacy abilities in a sample of 183 American undergraduates. As compared to previous naturalistic and experimental studies with English-speaking adults, both texting frequency and textism density (proportion of textese) were greater, but category density analyses were similar to a recent experimental study with undergraduates. Interestingly, whilst overall textism density was negatively related to reading and spelling, some textism categories (e.g., omitted apostrophes) were negatively related to literacy skills, while others (e.g., accent stylisation) were positively related to literacy skills. The use of predictive texting was a moderator in this relationship. Our results may help explain the discordant findings between children and adults with regard to textese use and literacy skills, and also highlight the importance of conducting analyses of category density and predictive texting in studies of texting and literacy.
Enzymes that push DNA around

DNA topoisomerases are proteins that regulate DNA topology in cells through selective cycles of DNA cleavage, manipulation, and religation. Two papers describe an ensemble of different protein conformations and nucleotide–protein complexes of Escherichia coli topoisomerase. These results lead to new insights about how this enzyme recognizes DNA and catalyzes supercoil relaxation.
A Framework for Dynamical Intention in Hybrid Navigating Agents

As a foundation for goal-directed behavior, the reactive and deliberative systems of a hybrid agent can share a single, unifying representation of intention. In this paper, we present a framework for incorporating dynamical intention into hybrid agents, based on ideas from spreading activation models and belief-desire-intention (BDI ) models. In this framework, intentions and other cognitive elements are represented as continuously varying quantities, employed by both sub-deliberative and deliberative processes: On the reactive level, representations support some real-time responsive task re-sequencing; on the deliberative level, representations support common logical reasoning. Because cognitive representations are shared across both levels, inter-level integration is straightforward. Furthermore, dynamical intention is demonstrably consistent with philosophical observations that inform conventional BDI models, so dynamical intentions function as conventional intentions. After describing our framework, we briefly summarize simple demonstrations of our approach, suggesting that dynamical intention-guided intelligence can potentially extend benefits of reactivity without compromising advantages of deliberation in a hybrid agent.
Ungerboeck DPSK codes do not shape the signal spectrum

We consider the power spectrum of trellis codes in conjunction with a differential encoder. We present a closed form expression for the power spectrum of PSK trellis codes that are subjected to differential encoding. Using this expression, we show that when the trellis code in question is defined by the Ungerboeck rules, the power spectrum of the resulting differentially encoded sequence is a constant ; in other words, Ungerboeck DPSK codes do not shape the signal spectrum.
Economic dispatch with piecewise linear incremental function and line loss

This paper proposes a method for calculating the economic generation dispatch for generating units with a piecewise linear incremental cost function, at the same time considering total power loss in transmission lines. The sorted table method is presented to treat the piecewise linear function. For considering the power loss, power loss function and penalty factor are developed to couple with the cost function. Finally lambda iteration method is used to obtain the optimal solution of the economic dispatch problem. The presented method has been tested using a 6 bus system and the solution is given.
Evaluation of the In vitro Anti-hyperglycemic Effect of Cinnamomum cassia Derived Phenolic Phytochemicals, via Carbohydrate Hydrolyzing Enzyme Inhibition

Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon) proanthocyanidins (PACs) are believed to have anti-hyperglycemic potential via stimulation of insulin sensitivity. The present study investigates the carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme inhibition of cinnamon PACs. Five grams of cinnamon bark powder were extracted in 100 mL acetone solution (CAE) (acetone: water: hydrochloric acid, 70:29.9:0.01) for 2 h at room temperature and in 100 mL deionized water for 30 min at 90 °C (CWE). PACs were purified from CAE using LH-20 (CAE-PAC) to be further evaluated. PAC contents were evaluated by 4-Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC) assay and yielded 795, 177 and 123 mg/g, for CAE-PAC, CAE and CWE respectively. The total phenolic contents of CAE and CWE were determined to be 152 and 134 mg/g respectively. All extracts were adjusted to the same PAC content (180, 90, 45 and 20 μg) and the inhibitory activity against rat α-glucosidase was determined. The CAE-PAC fraction had very low rat α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, CAE had the highest (IC50 0.474 mg/mL total phenolic (TP) basis) followed by CWE (IC50 0.697 mg/mL TP basis). The specific maltase and sucrase inhibitory activities were determined and CAE (IC50 0.38 and 0.10 mg/mL TP basis) had higher inhibition than CWE (IC50 0.74 and 0.37 mg/mL TP basis). Results suggest that the observed bioactivity is not PAC dependent and that CAE has a higher anti-hyperglycemic potential than CWE via inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes.
Evidence for non-equilibrium dynamics in viral DNA packaging fromoptical tweezers measurements

In many viruses molecular motors generate large forces to package DNA to high densities. The dynamics and energetics of this process is a subject of wide debate and is of interest as a model for studying confined polymer physics in general. Here we present preliminary results showing that DNA in bacteriophage phi29 undergoes nonequilibrium conformational dynamics during packaging with a relaxation time >60,000x longer than for free DNA and >3000x longer than reported for DNA confined in nanochannels. Nonequilibrium dynamics significantly increases the load on the motor, causes heterogeneity in the rates of packaging, and causes frequent pausing in motor translocation.
Simple method for enhancing the performance of lossy plus lossless image compression schemes

Lossy plus lossless techniques for image compression split an image into a low-bit-rate lossy representation and a residual that represents the difference between this low-rate lossy image and the originaL Conventional schemes encode the lossy image and its lossless residual in an independent manner. We show that making use of the lossy image to encode the residual can lead to significant savings in bit rate. Further, the complexity increase to attain these savings is minimaL The savings are achieved by capturing the inherent structure of the image in the form of a noncausal prediction model that we call a prediction tree. This prediction model is then used to transmit the lossless residuaL Simulation results show that a reduction of 0.5 to 1.0 bit/pixel can be achieved in bit rates compared to the conventional approach of independently encoding the residuaL
Community Ecology of the Middle Ordovician Black River Group of New York State

The faunas of the Black River Group were studied within an inferred environmental framework in eight stratigraphic sections in northwestern New York State. The group was deposited in seven nearshore carbonate environments, and the lithologic record of each environment contains a distinctive fossil assemblage. These assemblages represent seven organic communities which are given the names of their environments of occurrence. The supratidal flat community was dominated by blue-green algal mats. Burrowing suspension feeders now represented only by trace fossils were dominant in the intertidal flat community. Blue-green algal mats also dominated the subtidal marine pond community. The most important elements in the subtidal channel community were two burrowing deposit feeders, and blue-green algae coating bioclastic grains. The wave-baffle community was dominated by colonies of Tetradium (coral) which formed a current and wave baffle. The baffle margin community was very diverse, but was dominated by byssate molluscan bivalves (Cyrtodonta) and browsing snails (Loxoplocus). The codiacean green alga Hedstroemia was the most abundant element of the level-bottom marine community, but the assemblage is a diverse one. When these reconstructed communities are analyzed with respect to relations with physical environmental variables and trophic (feeding) structure, they are found to be analogous to Holocene marine communities. For example: (1) community diversity increased offshore with decreasing environmental stresses, (2) the infaunal habit was particularly adaptive for life in nearshore, high-stress environments, (3) the proportion of deposit feeders in a community depended on sediment organic content, (4) the proportion of suspension feeders depended on water exchange rate, (5) the communities show a distribution of dominant members among several feeding categories, and (6) each feeding category is dominated by one species. Although the analogy between Holocene and ancient communities is not unexpected, it is demonstrated quantitatively here.
Interview With Dr Joseph Murray

The Editors asked Dr Delmonico to interview Dr Joseph Murray, winner of the Nobel prize in Medicine 1990 for performing the first successful renal transplant, to record recollections of the issues of the 1950s, when clinical transplantation was born, on Dr Murray's medical career in transplantation, and on some contemporary issues.
Single Crystalline GaN Tiles Grown on Si (111) Substrates by Confined Lateral Guided Growth to Eliminate Wafer Bowing

A novel concept termed confined lateral guided growth (CLGG) has been demonstrated to prepare single crystalline GaN microtiles with a goal to create high crystalline quality and strain-free GaN on large-sized Si (111) substrates. Uniform array of hexagonal GaN tiles has been created with a diameter of larger than 30 μm for each tile. As revealed by the surface pits density of around 2 × 108 cm−2, the density of dislocations in these GaN tiles has been significantly reduced compared with that obtained typically from a GaN heteroepitaxy on Si (111). The strain in GaN tiles has been dramatically reduced to nearly zero. This approach offers a route to eliminate wafer-bowing for growing high crystalline quality GaN on Si, especially when the substrate size scales to 12 in and beyond. The growth behavior and mechanism within these confined growth masks are investigated by both finite element modeling and experimental studying, indicating that CLGG is dominated by gas phase diffusion.
Foolproof Design Management Education

From the standpoint of a brand expert, Efstathios Kefallonitis gives a broadbrush sketch of approaches to teaching around the globe. Then, building on this evaluation, he goes on to identify education challenges and suggests a model involving advice and support, instruction, and knowledge as pathways for reconciling the differences between design management theory and practice.
Pursuing a question: Reinitiating IRE sequences as a method of instruction

Abstract When an instructor initiates an Initiation-Response-Evaluation (IRE) instructional sequence, problems may become evident in the recipients’ response to those questions that suggest the source of the trouble may be with how recipients understand the instructor's question rather than the adequacy of the response. One strategy for attending to this problem is for the instructor to pursue a correct response by withholding explicit evaluation in the third slot of the IRE sequence and instead producing a revised version of the sequence-initiating question. Question revision or correction on the part of the instructor affords recipients the opportunity to produce revised responses as evidence that they also properly ‘understand’ what made the revised query relevant in the first place. In our analysis, we show that this strategy of pursuing a correct response by offering successive corrections/revisions of an IRE-initiating query treats understanding as the “convergence between the ‘doers’ of an action or bit of conduct and its recipients, as coproducers of an increment of interactional and social reality” ( Schegloff, 1992 : 1299).
A diagnostic test generation system and a coverage metric

A diagnostic automatic test pattern generation (DATPG) system is constructed by adding new algorithmic capabilities to conventional ATPG and fault simulation programs. The system generates tests to distinguish between fault pairs through different output responses. Given a fault pair, by modifying circuit netlist a new single fault is modeled and targeted for detection by a conventional ATPG. The test distinguishes the given fault pair. In the fault simulator faults are partitioned into different groups according to their output responses. Thus, fault pairs that a simulated vector can distinguish between are split among separate groups. Faults that form single-fault groups are dropped from further simulation. Using a proposed diagnostic coverage (DC) metric, we observe improved DC in most benchmark circuits. Cases of low DC have helped identify new open problems.
Synthesis of cyclic dinucleotides by an H-phosphonate method in solution

Abstract We report synthesis of each of the ten cyclic 2′-deoxyribodinucleotides by a solution-phase H-phosphonate method. The cyclic dimers have been characterized by 31P NMR, MS, UV, and enzymatic degradation.
The effect of oxygen, phosphoenolpyruvate and pH on the release of calcium from chondrocyte mitochondria

Abstract Chondrocyte mitochondria were isolated from the epiphyseal growth plate of the chick and calcium release was measured at an oxygen tension corresponding to the pO 2 of the most hypoxic region of the plate. At this oxygen tension no significant release of calcium was observed. Since this result suggested that low oxygen tension had no direct effect on mitochondria calcium efflux, an indirect effect via glycolytic intermediates was explored. There was no release of calcium when mitochondria were incubated with 1,2-diphosphoglycerate, 3-phosphor glycerate, or lactate. However, in the absence of added ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) caused inhibition of calcium uptake and release of more than 50% of endogeneous calcium; this effect was maximal in the presence of a NAD-linked substrate. Analysis of PEP levels in the growth plate showed that the highest quantity was present in the most hypoxic zone. As a low oxygen tension would stimulate glycolysis, the effects of pH on calcium transport were also studied. It was found that at a low pH (4.0–6.5) there was release of mitochondrial calcium. The findings from this investigation suggest that the hypoxic conditions at the calcification front stimulate glycolysis. This results in an increase in PEP, a decrease in ATP and a drop in cytosolic pH. In concert, these factors induce calcium release from chondrocyte mitochondria.
Simplified Preparation via Streptavidin of Antisense Oligomers/Carriers Nanoparticles Showing Improved Cellular Delivery in Culture

Objective Carriers are increasingly now viewed as helpful or even essential to improve cellular uptake in connection with antisense tumor targeting and other applications requiring transmembrane delivery of oligomers. Evaluation of many of the large number of available and potentially useful carriers is limited only by the complexities of preparing the oligomer/carriers by covalent conjugation. However, using streptavidin as a linker between biotinylated carriers and biotinylated antisense oligomers would require only simple mixing for preparation. The goal of this study was to evaluate the preparation and cell accumulation in culture of carrier/streptavidin nanoparticle of an antisense phosphorodiamide morpholino (MORF) oligomer. Methods The model carriers were cholesterol, a 10 mer HIV-tat peptide, and a 10 mer polyarginine, each having been reported elsewhere to improve cellular delivery of oligomers. The model antisense oligomer was the 25 mer MORF targeting the survivin mRNA. The accumulations of the antisense MORF/carrier nanoparticle were compared to the sense MORF/carrier, to the carrier-free nanoparticles, and to the naked antisense MORF in the survivin-expressing MCF-7 cells. The MORFs and peptides were purchased biotinylated, while the cholesterol was biotinylated in-house. In all cases, the 99mTc radiolabel was placed on the oligomers. Cell studies were performed at low nM concentration as required for antisense imaging applications and at 37 degrees C primarily in 1% FBS. Results Each radiolabeled oligomer/streptavidin/carrier nanoparticle was successfully prepared by careful mixing at a 1:1 molar ratio. As evidence of carrier participation, the radiolabeled MORF showed increased accumulation in cells when incubated as the nanoparticle compared to the carrier-free nanoparticle and by as much as a factor of 11. Accumulation of the antisense MORF/streptavidin/tat nanoparticle was significantly higher than the sense MORF/streptavidin/tat nanoparticle as evidence of specific antisense targeting. Conclusions The preparation of oligomer/carrier nanoparticles was greatly simplified over covalent conjugations by using streptavidin as a linker. Furthermore, our results suggest that the addition of streptavidin did not interfere with the cellular delivery function of the tat, polyarginine, or cholesterol carriers nor with the specific antisense mRNA binding function of the MORF oligomer.
Opinions of attorneys and law enforcement personnel on the accuracy of eyewitness identifications.

A survey was conducted to obtain the opinions of attorneys and law enforcement personnel regarding several important aspects of eyewitness evidence: (1) legal procedures concerning eyewitness evidence; (2) estimated frequency of mistaken eyewitness identification; (3) the effects of certain witness/ suspect characteristics on identification accuracy; (4) the amount of emphasis placed on eyewitness evidence by judges and juries; (5) the relationship between a witness' identification accuracy and certainty; and (6) the effect of stress and arousal on identification accuracy. The questionnaire was sent to a sample of defense and prosecuting attorneys in each of Florida's 20 Judicial Circuits, to each of the 67 county Sheriff's Departments in Florida, and to 100 randomly sampled Police Departments in Florida. Prosecuting attorneys and law enforcement officers indicated that they regard eyewitness identification as relatively accurate and that judges and juries appropriately emphasize its importance. Defense attorneys, on the other hand, felt that eyewitness identifications are often inaccurate and are overemphasized by triers of fact. The implications of these findings for the criminal justice system and their possible applications within the legal system are discussed.
A cytochemical analysis of the functional interrelations of various cell structures in Arvelius albopunctatus (de geer)

Abstract 1. 1. The functional interrelations of nucleus, nucleolus and cytoplasm have been studied cytochemically in material which is peculiarly favorable for such an analysis. The different lobes of the testis of Arvelius albopunctatus — a hemipteran insect — carry spermatocyte and spermatid cells which differ regularly in size but are otherwise normal in their meiotic processes. Thus two of the lobes are characterized by very large cells, three by normal-sized cells, and one by small cells. In these the protein, DNA and RNA content (in arbitrary units) of the nucleus, nucleolus and cytoplasm were correlated with the volume of these cell structures with the following results: 2. 2. The Nucleus: The nuclear volumes of the three sizes of spermatocytes were 200, 400 and 1,600 cubic microns, constituting members of a geometrical series. The increase of total proteins in these various nuclei corresponds to the increase in their volumes, while the DNA was approximately the same in all of them. The nuclear volumes of the spermatids (immediately after nuclear membrane formation) is exactly one-fourth and one-sixteenth of spermatocyte nuclei in the confused stage, depending on whether they derived from a normal or large spermatocyte. Similarly, spermatid nuclei of the normal cell lobe carry one-fourth of the proteins and DNA that are present in spermatocyte nuclei prior to the two meiotic divisions in that lobe. 3. 3. The Nucleolus: The volume of the nucleolus in the large spermatocytes is about four times that of the nucleolus in a normal spermatocyte. The total protein and RNA of such a large nucleolus is proportionally increased whereas the amount of DNA of the nucleus remains unaltered. 4. 4. The Cytoplasm: The ratios of the volumes of the cytoplasm in the three different sizes of spermatocytes have approximately the same order of magnitude as the ratios of nuclear volumes. The increase in the amount of cytoplasm in the normal and large cells over the small cells is accompanied by a rise of proteins and RNA in the cytoplasm. 5. 5. These cytochemical data as well as the cytological analysis lead to the conclusion that in Arvelius the increase in the volumes of the nucleus, nucleolus and cytoplasm, as seen in the normal and large cells as compared with the small cells, represents a true growth. In contrast to these changes in the amounts of proteins and RNA is the quantity of DNA which remains unaltered in the different sizes of nuclei and cells. The findings imply that protein and DNA synthesis can proceed independently of each other, whereas the synthesis of RNA and proteins are closely linked.
The rate of interest in a stationary economy

Abstract A stationary economy is represented by a neoclassical production possibility frontier in which the quantity of labor is fixed and the quantity of capital is endogenous. Because the production functions of firms are assumed to have special homotheticity, the frontier is a straight line, whose distance from the origin increases with the marginal propensity to save. In this model of a stationary economy, which incorporates a special assumption on the marginal propensity to consume out of wealth, the rate of interest depends only on the marginal propensity to save out of income and the life-span of capital equipment.
Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency and Stroke

Vertigo is the most common symptom of transient ischemia within the vertebrobasilar system. Episodes typically come on abruptly and last minutes. Although there are usually associated symptoms, isolated attacks of vertigo can occur. Vertigo is also a common symptom with brain stem and cerebellar strokes. Isolated cerebellar infarction can mimic peripheral vestibular disorders because vertigo and imbalance are the main symptoms with both disorders. Modern neuroimaging techniques have markedly improved diagnostic capabilities.
91 Counting the shots

Abstract PURPOSE: Because children in poverty continue to be significantly under-immunized, WIC clinics, which are now the single largest point of access to these children, are crucial to assuring protection by vaccination. Realizing that comprehensive assessment of the immunization history of every child attending a WIC clinic exceeds the capacity of most local WIC clinics, a 7-member inter-agency collaboration led by the USDA and the CDC has proposed a simplified method in which the doses received of a single vaccine—the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP) series—are treated as a proxy for the entire 4-antigen 4:3:1:3 series (4 doses of DTaP, 3 of polio, 1 of measles-mumps-rubella, 3 of H influenza b). Because research has not yet shown whether children's true immunization status can be assessed accurately in this way, we evaluated the validity of DTaP as a predictor of completion status for the universally recommended 4:3:1:3 series. METHODS: We analyzed 6,277 records of WIC-enrolled children from the National Immunization Survey 2000 to index parents' reports of completion status for DTaP as shown on the hand-held household record (Method 1); parents' report of completion status for all immunizations in the 4:3:1:3 series (Method 2) based on the hand-held record; and providers' report of completion status for the 4:3:1:3 series (child's “true” immunization status). The comparative sensitivity, specificity, and overall test efficiency with which assessments based on Method 1 versus those based on Method 2 matched the provider-reported true immunization status were the main outcome measures. RESULTS: Although assessments based on the household-recorded DTaP count alone were 9% less sensitive than those based on the household-reported entire 4:3:1:3 series (74% vs. 83%, respectively), they were 6% more specific (93% vs. 87%). Overall test efficiency for the two methods (88% vs. 86%) was not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Results will be discussed in terms of their implications for developing achievable health objectives for this vulnerable population through the WIC-Immunization partnership.
Study of the Stability of Passive Mode-Locked Lasers Using Numerical Simulation

Numerical simulation of semiconductor laser diodes has been performed and reported for at least a decade [1]. As the development of high bit rate communications has progressed, interest has grown in mode-locked operation of the laser diode. Recently numerical simulations of mode-locked operation have been carried out [2]-[3].
Tumor bed cyst formation after BCNU wafer implantation: report of two cases.

BACKGROUND Interstitial implantation of BCNU wafers is currently used to treat glioblastoma multiforme. Known complications of BCNU wafer implantation include abnormalities of wound healing (including CSF leak), edema formation, and intracranial infection. The purpose of this report is to alert neurosurgeons to an additional potential side effect: formation of a cystic mass within the implanted tumor bed. CASE PRESENTATIONS Two patients are described: a 54-year-old male, who presented with a large right parieto-occipital mass, and a 47-year-old woman with a large right frontal lobe tumor. Both tumors were found on initial craniotomy to be glioblastoma multiforme; both recurred rapidly despite radiation therapy. Patients were treated with a second craniotomy for tumor resection and placement of BCNU wafers. After implantation, the first patient did well for 6 weeks, then developed lethargy, headaches, and vomiting. CT scan showed a large cyst at the craniotomy site; this required reoperation for drainage. The second patient had a seizure, deterioration of mental status, and progressive hemiparesis 10 days after wafer implantation. CT scan again showed that a large cyst had formed in the area of the previous surgery; she also required reoperation. In each case, minimal tumor and no evidence of infection were found. Within a few more weeks, each patient succumbed to progressive disease. CONCLUSIONS The hypodense, roughly spherical cysts clearly demonstrated clinically significant mass effect, and required reoperation despite treatment with high-dose corticosteroids. Neurosurgeons should be alert to the possibility of tumor bed cyst formation in patients treated with interstitial BCNU wafers.
Therapeutic strategies to ameliorate lysosomal storage disorders – a focus on Gaucher disease

The lysosomal storage disorders encompass more than 40 distinct diseases, most of which are caused by the deficient activity of a lysosomal hydrolase leading to the progressive, intralysosomal accumulation of substrates such as sphingolipids, mucopolysaccharides, and oligosaccharides. Here, we primarily focus on Gaucher disease, one of the most prevalent lysosomal storage disorders, which is caused by an impaired activity of glucocerebrosidase, resulting in the accumulation of the glycosphingolipid glucosylceramide in the lysosomes. Enzyme replacement and substrate reduction therapies have proven effective for Gaucher disease cases without central nervous system involvement. We discuss the promise of chemical chaperone therapy to complement established therapeutic strategies for Gaucher disease. Chemical chaperones are small molecules that bind to the active site of glucocerebrosidase variants stabilizing their threedimensional structure in the endoplasmic reticulum, likely preventing their endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation and allowing their proper trafficking to the lysosome where they can degrade accumulated substrate to effectively ameliorate Gaucher disease.
π-Complexes from acyl cyanides and lithium dimethylcuprate(I)

Rapid injection of pyruvonitrile or benzoyl cyanide into solutions of Me2CuLi in THF-d8 at −100 °C gave complexes that were stable at this temperature. 1D NMR with multiply labelled substrates (13C/15N) and 2D NMR (1H/13C) identified them as the first cuprate–carbonyl π-complexes.
Stability of tethered proteins.

The stability of tethered globular proteins under denaturing conditions was interrogated with a hydrophobic surface, since conventional structural methods like circular dichroism (CD) and fluoresce...
Severe congenital actin related myopathy with myofibrillar myopathy features

Mutations in ACTA1 have been associated with different pathologic findings including nemaline myopathy, intranuclear rod myopathy, actin myopathy, cap myopathy, congenital fiber type disproportion, and core myopathy. Myofibrillar myopathies are morphologically distinct but genetically heterogeneous muscular dystrophies arising from mutations in Z-disk related proteins. We report a 26-month-old boy with significantly delayed motor development requiring mechanical ventilation and tube-feeding since birth. The muscle biopsy displayed typical features of myofibrillar myopathy with abnormal expression of multiple proteins. Whole exome sequencing revealed two-amino-acid duplication in ACTA1. In cell culture system, mutant actin was expressed at ~11% of wild-type, and mutant actin formed pleomorphic cytoplasmic aggregates whereas wild-type actin appeared in filamentous structures. We conclude that mutations in ACTA1 can cause pathologic features consistent with myofibrillar myopathy, and mutations in ACTA1 should be considered in patients with severe congenital hypotonia associated with muscle weakness and features of myofibrillar myopathy.
Titania Nanoparticle Suspension for Fabrication of Micrometer Feature Arrays via a Template-Assisted Approach

In this study, TiO2 nanoparticle suspensions are guided by templated molds to fabricate micrometer feature patterns and arrays. The effects of PEG with different molecular weights on suspension flowability and surface wettability between the PDMS molds and the TiO2 suspensions on pattern formation are investigated. PEG 400 is the most desirable dispersant. The suspensions have the best wetting on the mold surface with 3 wt% TX-100 addition. Micrometer feature arrays with feature sizes ranging from 750 nm to 1.5 μm are obtained. Fundamental understanding, regarding suspension flowability, wetting, and the ability to make different feature sizes and shapes, is discussed.
Multiple correlates of burnout in child care workers

The goal of this study was to examine, in consort, a variety of factors which have either been previously associated with burnout or which, for theoretical and empirical reasons, would be expected to be associated with burnout. Subjects included 188 child care workers from licensed child care centers in predominantly rural areas of Pennsylvania. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to assess the extent to which personality (neuroticism, extraversion), background characteristics (education/training, work experience), and perceptions of the work setting (work role conflict, work role ambiguity, organizational commitment, job satisfaction) were associated with three facets of burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment). The results indicate that neuroticism, work role conflict, and work role ambiguity were positively associated with higher levels of burnout as measured by all three facets. Higher levels of organizational commitment were significantly associated with less emotional exhaustion and greater personal accomplishment. Those reporting better supervisor and co-worker relations as well as more autonomy at work reported significantly lower levels of depersonalization. Those with more education/training and work experience reported significantly higher levels of personal accomplishment.
Dyslipidemia in Dialysis Patients

Dyslipidemia is a well-established traditional risk factor for cardiovascular events in the general population, particularly those with preexisting cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this population, reductions in total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are effective in reducing coronary artery events and mortality. Dyslipidemia is more common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is believed to contribute to the high prevalence of CVD in these patients. To date, the treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with CKD followed the guidelines recommended by the US National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) for the treatment of lipid abnormalities. These guidelines recommend that initiation of lipid-lowering therapy be based on LDL-C level and the projected 10-year risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). However, we now recognize that the relationship between serum cholesterol and CVD is more complex in patients with CKD, particularly those receiving maintenance hemodialysis. This has been demonstrated by the failure of three large randomized clinical trials to show a beneficial effect of lipid-lowering therapy in reducing mortality in dialysis patients despite significant reduction in LDL-C levels. These results have caused uncertainty among nephrologists about how best to manage dyslipidemia in their patients. In this review, the role of dyslipidemia as a risk factor for atherosclerosis in ESRD patients and the results of the 3 clinical trials and other studies, including their limitations will be discussed, and a schema for treating dyslipidemia in dialysis patients will be proposed.
Hydrogeochemistry of seasonal flow regimes in the Chena River, a subarctic watershed draining discontinuous permafrost in interior Alaska (USA)

Abstract Thawing of permafrost and a shift in the timing of major seasonal transitions (spring melt and fall freeze-up) are two anticipated effects of climate warming in northern regions. These fundamental changes in terrestrial ecosystems could have major ramifications for the timing and fluxes of carbon and nutrient exports from watersheds and the geochemical signatures of northern rivers. Discontinuous permafrost, which underlies watersheds in Interior Alaska (USA), is expected to degrade rapidly in response to climate warming and this will likely alter subsurface flows and flow paths, water residence times, water-soil, and water-rock interactions. This study of the Chena River in Interior Alaska was undertaken to quantify dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), major ion, strontium isotope, and stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope values during two year-long time series sampling periods. Our goal was to identify the hydrogeochemical signatures associated with the major seasonal flow regimes. Periods of increased discharge such as spring melt and major summer precipitation events yielded elevated DOC and TDN concentrations, diluted major ion concentrations, and shifted stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios from base flow toward precipitation values. During dry summer periods nutrient concentrations decreased and strontium isotope values were indicative of a higher proportion of silicate versus carbonate mineral dissolution. Winter base flow had a unique geochemical signal with a slight increase in TDN concentrations compared to typical summer conditions, and a lower proportion of silicate versus carbonate mineral dissolution. Since flow paths in subarctic watersheds can change dramatically over the course of a year we interpreted our results within the context of a schematic model for subsurface flow to identify how permafrost degradation might affect nutrient exports and hydrogeochemical patterns in these watersheds.
Temperature Dependent Thermal Resistances at GaN-Substrate Interfaces in GaN Composite Substrates

We report the temperature dependent thermal properties of two types of GaN composite substrates (GaN-SiC and GaN-Si) using picosecond time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR). The intrinsic thermal conductivity of the GaN buffer film decreases with increasing temperature, while the GaN-substrate thermal interface resistance (TIR) increases with increasing temperature. The strong temperature dependence of the GaN-substrate TIR suggests that microstructural defects within the AlN transition film and near its boundaries can be particularly important.
Effect of smoking on aging of photoprotected skin: evidence gathered using a new photonumeric scale.

Objectives To develop a reproducible photonumeric scale to assess photoprotected skin aging and to determine whether health and lifestyle factors, such as smoking, affect skin aging in photoprotected sites. Design Using standard photographs of participants' upper inner arms, we created a 9-point photonumeric scale. Three blinded reviewers used the scale to grade the photographs. Participants answered multiple lifestyle questions. Setting Academic outpatient dermatology clinic. Participants Eighty-two healthy men and women aged 22 to 91 years. Interventions A professional medical photographer took standardized photographs of each participant's upper inner arm. Participants answered standardized health and lifestyle questions. Main Outcome Measures (1) Interobserver agreement and reproducibility using the photonumeric scale and (2) health and lifestyle factors most predictive of the degree of aging in photoprotected skin. Results There was good blinded interobserver agreement as measured by the maximum range of disagreement scores for each participant (mean, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.76-1.06). Results were reproducible. We developed a multiple regression model showing that the best model for predicting the degree of aging in photoprotected skin includes 2 variables: age and packs of cigarettes smoked per day. Conclusions This photonumeric scale demonstrates good interobserver agreement and good reproducibility. Using this scale, the degree of aging in photoprotected skin was significantly correlated with patient age and a history of cigarette smoking. Additional studies are needed to continue garnering information regarding independent risk factors for aging of photoprotected skin.
Transversal Dirac families in Riemannian foliations

We describe a family of differential operators parametrized by the transversal vector potentials of a Riemannian foliation relative to the Clifford algebra of the foliation. This family is non-elliptic but in certain ways behaves like a standard Dirac family in the absolute case as a result of its elliptic-like regularity properties. The analytic and topological indices of this family are defined as elements of K-theory in the parameter space. We indicate how the cohomology of the parameter space is described via suitable maps to Fredholm operators. We outline the proof of a theorem of Vafa-Witten type on uniform bounds for the eigenvalues of this family using a spectral flow argument. A determinant operator is also defined with the appropriate zeta function regularization dependent on the codimension of the foliation. With respect to a generalized coupled Dirac-Yang-Mills system, we indicate how chiral anomalies are located relative to the foliation.