cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radio transmitters bias estimation of movements and survival

During 1987 and 1988, we tested the hypotheses that radio transmitter size (14 vs. 18-22 g) and signal strength (1-stage vs. 2-stage) had no effect on estimates of survival, movement, or home range of 54 female greater prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus cupido). Birds (n=33) wearing heavier 2-stage solar transmitters, with twice the reflective surface, had lower (P=0.08) estimated annual survival than birds (n=21) wearing the lighter transmitter. In 2 of 3 seasons, estimates of daily movements, within-day movements, and seasonal ranges were larger (P<0.09) for birds equipped with the more powerful 2-stage transmitters. Differences in estimated movements and home range did not represent true differences because long distance movements were more likely to be detected for birds wearing 2-stage units than for those equipped with 1-stage transmitters
GLUTAMIC OXALACETIC TRANSAMINASE ISOENZYMES IN HUMAN MYOPATHIES.

SummaryGOT isoenzymes of sera and muscle tissue from normal subjects and those with various myopathies have been analyzed by agar gel electrophoresis. Serum was found to contain only one fraction (GOT I) whereas muscle and other tissues contained variable amounts of 2 fractions (GOT I and II). The serum from persons with muscular dystrophy contained only an increased activity of GOT I fraction. Since this fraction is derived from the soluble sarcoplasm of muscle it implies that the mitochondrial fraction (GOT II) is retained and that mitochondria are not undergoing rapid breakdown in the myopathies. The proportional distribution of the 2 GOT isoenzymes in skeletal muscle tissue is unchanged in subjects with childhood muscular dystrophy and in other myopathies. GOT shows no difference in its pattern in skeletal muscle from different sites and only minor variations in certain other organs such as heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney.
The Impact of AMI on the Future Power System

As an important component of the smart grid,the advanced metering infrastructure(AMI)will trigger profound changes in the future power system.In this paper,the definition,functions and some issues closely related to AMI,such as the electricity pricing mechanism,renewable sources of energy generation and consumer energy storage devices,are studied.The influence of AMI on future power system is discussed and the AMI and customer power information gathering system are compared.Finally,suggestions are made for research on and construction of AMI in China.
SU-G-TeP4-09: Development of a Plan Data Aggregator for Time Efficient Physics Second-Checks of Machine Parameters for External Beam Treatment Plans

Purpose: Physics second-checks for external beam radiation therapy are performed, in-part, to verify that the machine parameters in the Record-and-Verify (R&V) system that will ultimately be sent to the LINAC exactly match the values initially calculated by the Treatment Planning System (TPS). While performing the second-check, a large portion of the physicists’ time is spent navigating and arranging display windows to locate and compare the relevant numerical values (MLC position, collimator rotation, field size, MU, etc.). Here, we describe the development of a software tool that guides the physicist by aggregating and succinctly displaying machine parameter data relevant to the physics second-check process. Methods: A data retrieval software tool was developed using Python to aggregate data and generate a list of machine parameters that are commonly verified during the physics second-check process. This software tool imported values from (i) the TPS RT Plan DICOM file and (ii) the MOSAIQ (R&V) Structured Query Language (SQL) database. The machine parameters aggregated for this study included: MLC positions, X&Y jaw positions, collimator rotation, gantry rotation, MU, dose rate, wedges and accessories, cumulative dose, energy, machine name, couch angle, and more. Results: A GUI interface was developed to generate a side-by-side display of the aggregated machine parameter values for each field, and presented to the physicist for direct visual comparison. This software tool was tested for 3D conformal, static IMRT, sliding window IMRT, and VMAT treatment plans. Conclusion: This software tool facilitated the data collection process needed in order for the physicist to conduct a second-check, thus yielding an optimized second-check workflow that was both more user friendly and time-efficient. Utilizing this software tool, the physicist was able to spend less time searching through the TPS PDF plan document and the R&V system and focus the second-check efforts on assessing the patient-specific plan-quality.
Immunomodulators in the Treatment of Nasal Polyposis

The inflammatory mechanisms that contribute to chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) are complex. In the past, medical options for treating CRSwNP have been limited. Emerging classes of immunomodulators such as omalizumab, anti-leukotrienes, anti-IL-4, anti-IL-5, and recognition of the modulating effects of macrolides have shown promising results in the treatment of CRSwNP. Ultimately, large randomized controlled trials are necessary to establish the efficacy of these medications but for now, the area of medical immunomodulators remains an exciting frontier.
Genetic Vulnerability and Crop Loss: The Case for Research on Underutilized and Alternative Crops

The confluence of global climate change and population growth has brought to greater focus the question of how to satisfy future demand for food and fiber necessary to sustain current standards of living. Inevitably, agriculture will be called upon to do more at a time when established crops and cropping systems must confront new environmental and socio-economic challenges. Current efforts to preserve and characterize crop wild relatives and other genetic resources that could help crops meet future biotic and abiotic challenges are a direct response to the question. This chapter not only reiterates the importance of in situ and ex situ genetic conservation, it draws attention to the urgent need for investment in research on underutilized and alternative crops. The urgency relates directly to the fact that most of these crops are found in global biodiversity hotspots that are currently undergoing rapid environmental and socio-economic change.
Correction for a Wide Range of Sediments

The Extended Biot (EB) model for sandy seabeds is improved with the aid of the Revil, Glover, Pezard, and Zamora (RGPZ) model. The RGPZ model provides a direct link between the mean grain diameter and porosity, which is the primary means of sediment classification, and the input parameters of the EB model. The difficult-to-measure parameters, such as permeability, pore size, and tortuosity, are replaced by relationships based on mean grain size, porosity, and a couple of well-bounded dimensionless parameters: cementation exponent and pore shape parameter. The combined RGPZ and EB (REB) model is extended to silts and clays. Regarding the frame moduli, one modification to the model was necessary. In the EB model, the relationship between grain-contact stiffnesses at the microscopic scale and the macroscopic frame moduli was based on a model of randomly packed spheres. A heuristic correction, based on porosity, was necessary to fit the observed relationships in silts and clays, which tend to have a flocculated structure, which is very different from randomly packed spheres. The corrected REB model (CREB) is able to model the wave speeds and absorptions of mono-sized, unconsolidated, and uncompacted sediments across the Wentworth scale, from pebbles through various grades of sands and silts to clays.
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Class I Guidelines for the Treatment of Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk: Implications for US Hispanics/Latinos Based on Findings From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).

Background The prevalence estimates of statin eligibility among Hispanic/Latinos living in the United States under the new 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) cholesterol treatment guidelines are not known. Methods and Results We estimated prevalence of statin eligibility under 2013 ACC/AHA and 3rd National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP/ATP III) guidelines among Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (n=16 415; mean age 41 years, 40% males) by using sampling weights calibrated to the 2010 US census. We examined the characteristics of Hispanic/Latinos treated and not treated with statins under both guidelines. We also redetermined the statin‐therapy eligibility by using black risk estimates for Dominicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and Central Americans. Compared with NCEP/ATP III guidelines, statin eligibility increased from 15.9% (95% CI 15.0–16.7%) to 26.9% (95% CI 25.7–28.0%) under the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. This was mainly driven by the ≥7.5% atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk criteria (prevalence 13.9% [95% CI 13.0–14.7%]). Of the participants eligible for statin eligibility under NCEP/ATP III and ACC/AHA guidelines, only 28.2% (95% CI 26.3–30.0%) and 20.6% (95% CI 19.4–21.9%) were taking statins, respectively. Statin‐eligible participants who were not taking statins had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors compared with statin‐eligible participants who were taking statins. There was no significant increase in statin eligibility when atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk was calculated by using black estimates instead of recommended white estimates (increase by 1.4%, P =0.12) for Hispanic/Latinos. Conclusions The eligibility of statin therapy increased consistently across all Hispanic/Latinos subgroups under the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines and therefore will potentially increase the number of undertreated Hispanic/Latinos in the United States.
Creating Conditions for Patients' Values to Emerge in Clinical Conversations: Perspectives of Health Care Team Members

Eliciting, understanding, and honoring patients' values--the things most important to them in daily life--is a cornerstone of patient-centered care. However, this rarely occurs explicitly as a routine part of clinical practice. This is particularly problematic for individuals with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) because they face difficult choices about how to balance competing demands for self-care in accordance with their values. In this study, we sought to inform the design of interventions to support conversations about patient values between patients with MCC and their health care providers. We conducted a field study that included observations of 21 clinic visits for patients who have MCC, and interviews with 16 care team members involved in those visits. This paper contributes a practice-based account of ways in which providers engage with patient values, and discusses how future work in interactive systems design might extend and enrich these engagements.
A randomized trial of motivational interviewing and facilitated contraceptive access to prevent rapid repeat pregnancy among adolescent mothers.

Background Most interventions designed to reduce teen pregnancy rates have not focused on pregnant and/or parenting adolescents. Therefore, a large randomized controlled trial was conducted regarding a motivational interviewing program entitled Teen Options to Prevent Pregnancy in a low-income sample of adolescent mothers. This program recommended monthly sessions between a participant and a registered nurse over 18 months. This program also featured facilitated birth control access through transportation assistance and a part-time contraceptive clinic. Objective The impact of this program on rapid repeat pregnancies at 18 months after enrollment was evaluated. Study Design Five hundred ninety-eight adolescent females were enrolled from 7 obstetrics-gynecology clinics and 5 postpartum units of a large hospital system in a Midwestern city. Each participant was enrolled at least 28 weeks pregnant or less than 9 weeks postpartum. Each participant was randomized to either the Teen Options to Prevent Pregnancy intervention or a usual-care control condition. Intervention participants averaged 4.5 hours of assistance. Participants were contacted by blinded research staff at 6 and 18 months to complete self-report surveys. Differences in outcomes between the intervention and control groups were assessed using ordinary least-squares regression. Results There was an 18.1% absolute reduction in self-reported repeat pregnancy in the intervention group relative to the control group (20.5% vs 38.6%%; P P = .002). There was no evidence of harmful effects of the intervention on sexual risk behaviors, such as having sexual intercourse without a condom or greater number of partners. Conclusion The Teen Options to Prevent Pregnancy program represents one of the few evidence-based interventions to reduce rapid repeat teen pregnancy. This relatively brief intervention may be a viable alternative to more time-intensive programs that adolescent mothers may be unable or unwilling to receive.
The Role of Athletic Trainers in Preventing and Managing Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis in Physically Active Populations: a Consensus Statement of the Athletic Trainers' Osteoarthritis Consortiuma

Objective: To provide athletic trainers with a fundamental understanding of the pathogenesis and risk factors associated with the development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) as well as the best current recommendations for preventing and managing this condition. Background: Posttraumatic osteoarthritis, or osteoarthritis that develops secondary to joint injury, accounts for approximately 5.5 million US cases annually. A young athlete with a joint injury is at high risk for PTOA before the age of 40, which could lead to the patient living more than half of his or her life with a painful and disabling disorder. Given our frequent contact with physically active people who often sustain traumatic joint injuries, athletic trainers are in a unique position to help prevent and manage PTOA. We can, therefore, regularly monitor joint health in at-risk patients and implement early therapies as necessary. Recommendations: The recommendations for preventing and managing PTOA are based on the best available e...
H-type DC breaker tests to moderate power

A DC breaker/fault simulator platform was constructed and employed to test the H-Type DC breaker concept to moderate power levels. Successful breaking of MVDC power by the H-breaker circuit was demonstrated to 300A with conduction of continuous currents to 20A and some test voltages to 850 V. The H-breaker circuit is comprised of scalable passive components and an SCR (thyristor) switch. Component values were chosen to be compatible with moderate power levels. Reliable breaking action was demonstrated to occur within very rapid times scales under 10 microsecond.
Data driven stochastic approximation for change detection

Online change detection has many applications, ranging from finance and manufacturing, to security and computer vision. Designing a change detector for use in a given domain can be very time consuming, and model-based algorithms often require knowledge of the underlying stochastic model. To address these issues, in this work we explore a supervised learning approach to a change detector. We implement a gradient based procedure to find the optimal parameters for a change detector. We demonstrate the methodology on both synthetic and real world data for classifying 3D laser range image data in real-time.
Widespread transcriptional pausing and elongation control at enhancers

Regulation by gene-distal enhancers is critical for cell type-specific and condition-specific patterns of gene expression. Thus, to understand the basis of gene activity in a given cell type or tissue, we must identify the precise locations of enhancers and functionally characterize their behaviors. Here, we demonstrate that transcription is a nearly universal feature of enhancers in Drosophila and mammalian cells and that nascent RNA sequencing strategies are optimal for identification of both enhancers and superenhancers. We dissect the mechanisms governing enhancer transcription and discover remarkable similarities to transcription at protein-coding genes. We show that RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) undergoes regulated pausing and release at enhancers. However, as compared with mRNA genes, RNAPII at enhancers is less stable and more prone to early termination. Furthermore, we found that the level of histone H3 Lys4 (H3K4) methylation at enhancers corresponds to transcriptional activity such that highly active enhancers display H3K4 trimethylation rather than the H3K4 monomethylation considered a hallmark of enhancers. Finally, our work provides insights into the unique characteristics of superenhancers, which stimulate high-level gene expression through rapid pause release; interestingly, this property renders associated genes resistant to the loss of factors that stabilize paused RNAPII.
Adverse Effects of Delayed Transplant Listing Among Patients With Implantable Left Ventricular Assist Devices.

Abstract Background The timing of transplant listing after implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) remains uncertain, given high device complication rates and apparent stability of some LVAD-supported patients. This investigation quantifies the effect of delayed transplant listing and transplantation rates on medium-term survival and LVAD complications. Methods and Results A Markov model was used to simulate the effects of delaying initial transplant listing after LVAD implantation. Modeled parameters were derived from the Standard Transplant Analysis and Research file. When transplant listing was delayed and 5-year results were examined, fewer persons underwent transplantation (53% in base model vs 51% in 180-day-delay model) and the fraction of deaths while waiting increased (17% in base model vs 21% in 180-day delay model). Life expectancy changed minimally from the base model (3.50 y) when initial listing was delayed by 180 days (3.51 y). Conclusions Delaying initial transplant listing increased the likelihood of death while waiting for a transplant and decreased the likelihood of transplantation. In aggregate, life expectancy was unchanged by delays in listing. This study suggests that delaying transplant listing with the expectation of providing additional life expectancy is not likely with current LVAD technology.
The role of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in the integration of respiratory and cardiovascular functions

In order to assess the role of GABA and glutamate in the ventrolateral medulla on vasomotor and respiratory responses, bicuculline (BIC), a GABA receptor antagonist, and kynurenic acid (KYN), a glutamate receptor antagonist, were microinjected into the rostroventrolateral (RVL) and caudoventro-lateral medulla (CVL) while recording blood pressure (BP) and phrenic nerve activity (PNA). Experiments were carried out in urethane-anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated male Sprague-Dawley rats with carotid sinus nerves and vagi sectioned. Following microinjection of BIC (1 and 5 nmol) into the RVL, BP rose without any significant changes in either PNA or the PNA response to increased inspired CO2 (5% CO2 in 95% O2). When a similar dose of BIC was injected into the CVL, BP fell but PNA and the PNA response to CO2 were again unaltered. Microinjection of KYN (5 and 10 nmol) in the RVL, on the other hand, did not alter either BP or PNA. When KYN was microinjected into the CVL, however, BP increased while both PNA and the PNA response to higher CO2 were strongly depressed. These results suggest that in the RVL and CVL regions, GABA may be essential for the regulation of vasomotor tone, but not for the respiratory drive. In contrast, in the CVL region, glutamate may be involved in the mediation of both the vasomotor and respiratory drive and thus the CVL may be one of the sites where vasomotor and respiratory responses are integrated.
Isolation and Characterization of Genes Differentially Expressed in Early Drosophila Embryogenesis

Important events of Drosophila embryogenesis are compressed into a remarkably short period: in the first 3.5 hours after fertilization, rapid nuclear multiplication, cellularization, activation of transcription, and the determination of much of the basic pattern of the larva and adult occur. In this chapter we review the evidence that only a relatively small number of genes are involved in controlling these processes, and that of such genes, those transcribed as part of the maternal program may provide qualitatively different information than those transcribed as part of the zygotic program. Reasoning that genes which play a major role in events specific to early embryogenesis should be expressed differentially during this time period, we have used recombinant DNA techniques to isolate members of two such classes of genes. One class encodes mRNAs which are part of the maternal population, but which disappear rapidly during embryogenesis; the other encodes mRNAs whose expression is primarily zygotic, reaching a peak at the blastoderm or late gastrula stage. We expect that genetic and biochemical analyses of these cloned sequences will provide insight into events specific to early embryogenesis.
Psyche and System: On Progress in the Integration of Individual Psychotherapy and Family Psychotherapy

This article addresses the frequency with which the same group of patients utilizes individual and family therapies, and at the same time do not constitute actual integration. The conditions under which such serial or concurrent utilization of the two forms of psychotherapy may be considered to be integrative are discussed.
The Reliability Issue in Data Mining: The Case of Computer-Aided Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Almost any use of a data mining and knowledge discovery method on a data set requires some discussion on the accuracy of the extracted model on some test data. This accuracy can be a general description of how well the extracted model classifies test data. Some studies split this accuracy rate into two rates: the false-positive and false-negative rates. This distinction might be more appropriate for most real-life applications. For instance, it is one thing to wrongly diagnose a benign tumor as malignant than the other way around. Related are some of the discussions in Sections 1.3.4, 4.5, and 11.6.
Experience with Resin Hemoperfusion

In 1948 Muirhead and Reid introduced the concept of a “resin artificial kidney” using anion (Deacidite) and cation (Amberlite IR-100H) exchange resins to remove urea from the blood of uremic dogs by hemoperfusion (1). The resin capacity for urea and creatinine was quite limited and more effective adsorptive spectra are offered by charcoal adsorbents for uremic retention products.
Near-field mean flow dynamics of a cylindrical canopy patch suspended in deep water

The time-averaged flow dynamics of a suspended cylindrical canopy patch with a bulk diameter of , its partition into flow diversion around and beneath the patch shows a non-monotonic dependence. The spatial extents of the wake, the flow-diversion dynamics and the bulk drag coefficients of the patch jointly reveal the fundamental differences of flow responses between suspended porous patches and their solid counterparts.
Implications of Economic Decision Making to the Project Manager

The managers and owners of the organization do exist in an agent-principal relationship, whereby the former is expected by the latter to maximize their return. However, for managers to avoid conflict with their principals, they have been tasked with making critical decisions to ensure that the project is executed in accordance with the established plan. Decision-making is critical to the success of any project, and it is among the most important roles that a manager commits to. The manager has to lead and motivate the project management team and must be the source for the right equipment and materials. Also, the manager must create an environment conducive to the full realization of a project’s primary goals. Since a project is a temporary undertaking that is meant to achieve a specific agendum, it has to be executed in a manner that is fully cognizant of resource limitations. Therefore, the decisions that are made have to involve the effective allocation of resources to the various units of the project.
Calcineurin inhibitors augment endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition by enhancing proliferation in association with cytokine-mediated activation.

Calcineurin Inhibitors (CNIs) are routinely used for immunosuppression following solid organ transplantation. However, the prolonged use of these agents lead to organ fibrosis which limits their efficacy. CNIs induce TGFβ expression, which is reported to augment endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), but their role in this process is not known. In these studies, we find that the CNIs FK506 and cyclosporine (CsA) are potent to increase endothelial cell (EC) proliferation using established in vitro assays (P < 0.05). Furthermore, using phosphokinase arrays, we find that each CNI activates the MAPK and Akt/mTOR signaling pathways, and that pharmacological inhibition of each pathway targets CNI-induced proliferative responses (P < 0.001). EndMT was evaluated by FACS for N-cadherin and CD31 expression and by qPCR for the expression of α-smooth muscle actin, N-cadherin and Snail. We find that CNIs do not directly induce dedifferentiation, while TGFβ and hypoxia induce EndMT in small numbers of EC. In contrast, the treatment of EC with the inflammatory cytokine TNFα was potent to elicit an EndMT response, and its effects were most notably in EC following proliferation/doubling. Taken together, these observations suggest that CNIs elicit proliferative responses, which enhance EndMT in association with local inflammation. The clinical implications of these findings are that anti-proliferative therapeutics have high potential to target the initiation of this EndMT response.
Counseling Psychology and the Amelioration of Oppression: Translating Our Knowledge Into Actionψ

In the new millennium, counseling psychologists have answered the call to address oppression related to intersectional identities. We have played a major role in the development of practice guideli...
Nonstationary Teleconnection Between the Pacific Ocean and Arctic Sea Ice

Over the last 40 years observations show a teleconnection between summertime Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures and September Arctic sea ice extent. However, the short satellite observation record has made it difficult to further examine this relationship. Here, we use 30 fully coupled general circulation models (GCMs) participating in Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project to assess the ability of GCMs to simulate this teleconnection and analyze its stationarity over longer timescales. GCMs can temporarily simulate the teleconnection in continuous 40‐year segments but not over longer, centennial timescales. Each GCM exhibits considerable teleconnection variability on multidecadal timescales. Further analysis shows that the teleconnection depends on an equally nonstationary atmospheric bridge from the subequatorial Pacific Ocean to the upper Arctic troposphere. These findings indicate that the modulation of Arctic sea ice loss by subequatorial Pacific Ocean variability is not fixed in time, undermining the assumption of teleconnection stationarity as defined by the satellite record.
Higher Education in Prison: Thoughts on Building a Community of Scholarship and Practice

Since first publishing the Call for Papers for this volume (2017), we have spent more than two years “ruminating” with the twelve authors who have contributed to this project and many others in the higher education in prison community who have generously offered feedback, posed questions (and some challenges) and most notably, we express our gratitude to the instructors who have brought these readings into their classrooms, to incarcerated and non-incarcerated students, and rigorously engaged the ideas offered. In this final essay, we touch on three themes that we believe are relevant to the present moment and purpose of this volume and that are central to field building efforts: equity in higher education, the quality and “promise” of Pell grant restoration, and how and why we should foster a community of scholarship and practice.
Genomic Testing in the Management of Early-Stage Breast Cancer.

Objectives To describe common genomic tests being used clinically to assess prognosis and guide adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy decisions for early-stage breast cancer. Methods Case presentation and review of the literature. Results Hormone receptor-positive (HR-positive) breast cancers, which express the estrogen and/or progesterone receptor, account for the majority of breast cancers. Endocrine therapy can be highly effective for patients with these HR-positive tumors, and identification of HR-positive breast cancers that do not require the addition of chemotherapy is critical. Clinicopathological features of the breast cancer, including tumor size, nodal involvement, grading, and HR status, are insufficient in predicting the risk for recurrence or the need for chemotherapy. Furthermore, a portion of HR-positive breast cancers have an ongoing risk for late recurrence, and longer durations of endocrine therapy are being used to reduce this risk. Conclusion There is sufficient evidence for use of genomic testing in early-stage HR-positive breast cancer to aid in chemotherapy recommendations. Further confirmation of genomic assays for prediction of benefit from prolonged endocrine therapy is needed.
pH-sensitive biomaterials for cancer therapy and diagnosis

Abstract Recently developed pH-sensitive biomaterials responsive to tumor extracellular pH and/or late endosomal and lysosomal compartments serve for anticancer drug delivery and identifying the location of solid tumors. It also helps cytosolic delivery of macromolecular therapeutics as well as protection and sustained release of the same. The advances in pH-sensitive biomaterials and technical applications have been rich for the last a few decades and their in vivo utility has been noticeable. However, no translational activity has been apparent by far, except high feasibility of the visualization of tumor residues during debulking surgery by in situ tumor pH imaging. A variety of factors should be addressed before translation. The most urgent step is to develop appropriate tumor models that can bridge the gap between current rodent tumor models and clinical patients, thus improving the translational predictability. Current rodent models are not avoidable to prove new delivery technology; however, no models yield improved predictability.
Neuro Ophthalmology and Oculoplasty

A variety of conditions may present with symptoms and signs that overlap between the subspecialties of oculoplastics and neuro-ophthalmology. Ideally, co-management of these conditions will be possible but in reality, these subspecialties are under-represented around the world and thus, this may not be feasible. This chapter provides an overview of the most common overlapping conditions and attempts to emphasize the most critical clinical and therapeutic considerations.
Hypomagnesemia is associated with an increased risk of early clinical failure in patients with Burkitt lymphoma.

e20048Background: No literature exists regarding whether hypomagnesemia at the time of diagnosis in Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) is associated with inferior survival. Methods: Patients with new diagnosis ...
Containing Conflict? The Effect of the Intermodal Transport Revolution

How does trade affect the likelihood of conflict? This enduring question unifies the two major subfields of international relations. Yet despite extensive scholarship, there remains a lack of consensus. Inference has been handicapped by the reciprocal nature of trade and conflict. To address this difficulty, this paper studies the trade and conflict nexus in the wake of an important technological change—the introduction of shipping containers. It offers two main contributions. First, it uses the exogenous technological shock of containerization to identify the effect of trade on conflict. Perhaps surprisingly, trade gains induced by containerization substantially increase the incidence of conflict within country pairs. Second, it develops a new theoretical model to explain these novel findings. Bargaining breakdowns are exacerbated when the exact benefits of trade are uncertain and one side suspects the other’s gains are large relative to their own. This informational environment closely parallels that of a technological shock.
The phantom chorus: birdsong boosts human well-being in protected areas

Spending time in nature is known to benefit human health and well-being, but evidence is mixed as to whether biodiversity or perceptions of biodiversity contribute to these benefits. Perhaps more i...
Review of the Impact of Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on Rural Welfare in Ethiopia

This article reviews the empirical literature on the impact of the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on different welfare outcomes of rural households in Ethiopia. The main finding of the review is that the PSNP had in general positive impacts on some attributes. PSNP has been found to have positive impacts on the food security of households, increasing crop yield and households’ income. It has also been found to impact welfare in the form of improved health and school attendance, higher rates of insurance uptake, and improved cognitive skills in children. However, there is scant evidence on how much PSNP has protected or mitigated the possible deterioration in the purchasing power of beneficiaries after shocks such as drought and food price spikes. There is one exception to this literature gap, which showed that PSNP had a role in mitigating the adverse impact of inflation on the cognitive skills of children. In the face of declining land to labour ratio, increasing population, changing climate and environmental challenges, an important issue that needs to be addressed through research is the impact of PSNP on the longer-term perspective of agricultural transformation in Ethiopia. Furthermore, an implicit assumption in almost all major studies in the country in relation to social protection interventions such as PSNP is that, rural agricultural households can make a better livelihood within the framework of agriculture. A process of rural transformation requires engagement of households in side-line activities such as cottage industry, small scale manufacturing and services activities. Investigating the role of PSNP in this regard might be useful.
Collocation Runge–Kutta–Nyström methods for solving second-order initial value problems

A class of modified collocation Runge–Kutta–Nystrom (RKN) methods for solving second-order initial value problem y″=f(t,y,y′), y(t0)=y0, y′(t0)=y0′ has been formulated and studied in the paper. The...
PD-1highCXCR5-CD4+ Peripheral Helper T (Tph) cells Promote Tissue-Homing Plasmablasts in COVID-19

A dysregulated immune response against coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) plays a critical role in the outcome of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A significant increase in circulating plasmablasts is characteristic of COVID-19 though the underlying mechanisms and its prognostic implications are not known. Here, we demonstrate that in the acute phase of COVID-19, activated PD-1highCXCR5-CD4+ T cells, peripheral helper T cells, (Tph) are significantly increased and promote inflammatory tissue-homing plasmablasts in patients with stable but not severe COVID-19. Analysis of scRNA-seq data revealed that plasmablasts in stable patients express higher levels of tissue-homing receptors including CXCR3. The increased Tph cells exhibited "B cell help" signatures similar to that of circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) cells and promoted B cell differentiation in vitro. Compared with cTfh cells, Tph cells produced more IFN{gamma}, inducing tissue-homing chemokine receptors on plasmablasts. Finally, expansion of activated Tph cells was correlated with the frequency of CXCR3+ plasmablasts in the acute phase of patients with stable disease. Our results demonstrate a novel role for Tph cells in acute viral immunity by inducing ectopic, antibody secreting plasmablasts.
Media influence on humanitarian interventions: analysis of the Rohingya refugee crisis and international media coverage

In 2017, the long-festering discriminatory treatment to the Rohingyas in Myanmar, both in law and practice, resulted in the largest cross-border humanitarian crisis in Asia. During the 2016‑2017 Rohingya refugee crisis, the aerial shots of burnt villages and images of people trudging toward the horizon in search of refuge in neighboring nations dominated the Western media. However, for humanitarians, the question of whether the media helps with humanitarian crises remains complicated and unclear. This study examines the effects of media coverage on the Rohingya refugee crisis based on articles from two liberal, elite newspaper sources, The New York Times and The Guardian between 2010 and 2020. The study reveals that the attempts of international pressure to stop the crisis have increased through media coverage and political pressures; however, the number of Rohingya refugees fleeing Myanmar intensified due to worsening violence and human rights violations committed by the Myanmar army. Findings are discussed using the lens of cultural and ideological context. The study suggests that in Myanmar, where authoritarian military culture is pervasive, there is a limited influence of the international press on the state-sponsored ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya population and questions whether consistent international pressure could have changed the outcome.
Film Review: FIXED: The Science/Fiction of Human Enhancement

Filmmaker: Regan Brashear Reviewer: Amanda McLaughlin Production Company: New Day Films, Blooming Grove, NY Cost: $325, Educational DVD; $375, Institutional Streaming (3 years)
Alternative ways to evaluate a seasonal dynamical downscaling system

[1] The value added by dynamically downscaling using a regional climate model, compared to using only a global climate model, is explicitly unveiled by using nontraditional skill evaluation statistics. The conventional model evaluation methods, such as temporal correlation of seasonal average rainfall, cannot always demonstrate the value of dynamically downscaled data. One of our primary alternative metrics for evaluating downscaling methodologies is comparing crop yields simulated using the downscaled data, assuming nonirrigated conditions, to yields simulated using observations. Rainfed crops in the southeast United States are very sensitive to water stress. In fact, these crops are often more sensitive to periods of wet/dry spells than to seasonal rainfall totals. Thus, using crop models as a performance metric provides an alternative to simply evaluating the prediction/simulation of the seasonal mean of some particular meteorological variables and has more practical relevance. Furthermore, while the discovery of climate signals contributing to total summertime precipitation variability remains elusive, our results suggest that dynamical regional models may better simulate intraseasonal variability than simply the anomalies of the seasonal mean, which further justify their usefulness in application models.
Model‐Based Methods for Linkage Analysis

Abstract The lo garithm of an od ds ratio (LOD) score method originated in a seminal article by Newton Morton in 1955. The method is broadly concerned with issues of power and the posterior probability of linkage, ensuring that a reported linkage has a high probability of being a true linkage. In addition, the method is sequential so that pedigrees or LOD curves may be combined from published reports to pool data for analysis. This approach has been remarkably successful for 50 years in identifying disease genes for Mendelian disorders. After discussing these issues, we consider the situation for complex disorders where the maximum LOD score statistic shares some of the advantages of the traditional LOD score approach, but is limited by unknown power and the lack of sharing of the primary data needed to optimally combine analytic results. We may still learn from the LOD score method as we explore new methods in molecular biology and genetic analysis to utilize the complete human DNA sequence and the cataloging of all human genes.
Reparations and Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

In 2012, more and more voices are calling on policymakers to encompass economic, social, and cultural rights—the economic violence that underlies many conflicts—under the banner of transitional justice. The critique of transitional justice as too “top-down,” too elite-driven, and too responsive to donor rather than local priorities merged with a sense that the emphasis on civil and political rights in transitional justice reflects the privilege those rights in Western rights discourse. While there is considerable support for the idea that transitional justice generally needs to grapple more centrally with economic, social, and cultural rights, it is not clear how reparations fit into that picture. This chapter briefly describes reparations programs and their potential contributions to protecting and ensuring economic, social, and cultural rights, with a focus on administrative reparations programs in the transitional context. This is followed by a look at how existing administrative reparations programs have dealt with rights like education, health, and housing in the context of “integral reparations” for other kinds of violations. Then, the chapter turns to efforts to deal directly with violations of economic, social, and cultural rights, especially arising from forced displacement and dispossession of land and property, using South Africa and Colombia as examples. Finally, it considers how reparations programs could more effectively deal with violations of socioeconomic rights, especially where these stem from systematic discrimination and exclusion.
Issues in the choice of a source for natural language generation

David D. McDonald* Brandeis University The most vexing question in natural language generation is 'what is the source'-- what do speakers start from when they begin to compose an utterance? Theories of generation in the literature differ markedly in their assumptions. A few start with an unanalyzed body of numerical data (e.g. Bourbeau et al. 1990; Kukich 1988). Most start with the structured objects that are used by a particular reasoning system or simulator and are cast in that system's representational formalism (e.g. Hovy 1990; Meteer 1992; R6sner 1988). A growing number of systems, largely focused on problems in machine translation or grammatical theory, take their input to be logical formulae based on lexical predicates (e.g. Wedekind 1988; Shieber et al. 1990). The lack of a consistent answer to the question of the generator's source has been at the heart of the problem of how to make research on generation intelligible and engaging for the rest of the computational linguistics community, and has complicated efforts to evaluate alternative treatments even for people in the field. Nevertheless, a source cannot be imposed by fiat. Differences in what information is assumed to be available, its relative decomposition when compared to the "packaging" available in the words or syntactic constructions of the language
Estimation with Quadratic Loss

It has long been customary to measure the adequacy of an estimator by the smallness of its mean squared error. The least squares estimators were studied by Gauss and by other authors later in the nineteenth century. A proof that the best unbiased estimator of a linear function of the means of a set of observed random variables is the least squares estimator was given by Markov [12], a modified version of whose proof is given by David and Neyman [4]. A slightly more general theorem is given by Aitken [1]. Fisher [5] indicated that for large samples the maximum likelihood estimator approximately minimizes the mean squared error when compared with other reasonable estimators. This paper will be concerned with optimum properties or failure of optimum properties of the natural estimator in certain special problems with the risk usually measured by the mean squared error or, in the case of several parameters, by a quadratic function of the estimators. We shall first mention some recent papers on this subject and then give some results, mostly unpublished, in greater detail.
Putative pathophysiological mechanisms in recurrent hemicrania from aortic dissection: a case report

Transient or permanent neurological symptoms occur in 17–40% of patients with aortic dissection. They can distract from or even mask the underlying life-threatening condition. We present the case of a young Caucasian man who consulted for recurrent episodes of stereotyped right-sided sudden-onset severe headache. Upon questioning, he also reported a dull chest pain. Clinical examination and brain magnetic resonance imaging were unremarkable. The concomitant presence of chest pain made us consider aortic dissection. Contrast-enhanced cervico-thoraco-abdominal computerized tomography revealed type A aortic dissection. The patient underwent surgical replacement of the ascending aorta and reported no further episode of headache thereafter. Differential diagnosis of headache in this case includes paroxysmal hemicrania, cluster headache, migraine, trigeminal neuralgia and short lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing. Failure to match diagnostic criteria for any of these primary headache disorders and the resolution of pain episodes following surgery led us to postulate that these new-onset hemicrania episodes were symptomatic of aortic dissection. We hypothesize that aortic wall ischemia could have activated the trigeminovascular system and thereby caused hemicranial pain. Such an effect might be mediated by two different pathways that can be referred to as anatomical and humoral. The humoral hypothesis would posit that ischemia results in synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators released from the aortic wall into the blood stream, such that they reach the central nervous system and directly stimulate specific receptors. The anatomical hypothesis would imply that pain signals generated by nociceptors in the aortic wall are transferred to the trigeminal ganglion via the cardiac plexus, the first cervical ganglion and the internal carotid nerve such that pain perception is referred to related cranio-cervical dermatomes. In cases of isolated headache that does not match key diagnostic criteria for a primary headache entity; a thorough review of systems should be performed to look for symptoms that may indicate symptomatic headache from potentially life-threatening conditions. Neurologists should consider aortic dissection in patients presenting with acute headache and chest pain. Further clinical or experimental studies are required to refute or validate the pathophysiological hypothesis discussed here.