cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mu opioid receptor-like sequences are present throughout vertebrate evolution

The sequence of the mu opioid receptor is highly conserved among human, rat, and mouse. In order to gain insights into the evolution of the mu opioid receptor, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to screen genomic DNA from a number of different species using degenerate oligonucleotides which recognize a highly conserved region. DNA was assayed from representative species of both the protostome and deuterostome branches of the metazoan phylogenetic tree. Mu opioid receptor-like sequences were found in all vertebrate species that were analyzed. These species included bovine, chicken, bullfrog, striped bass, thresher shark, and Pacific hagfish. However, no mu opioid receptor-like sequences were detected from protostomes or from any invertebrates. The PCR results demonstrate that the region of the mu opioid receptor gene between the first intracellular loop and the third transmembrane domain (TM3) has been highly conserved during evolution and that mu opioid receptor-like sequences are present in the earliest stages of vertebrate evolution. Additional opioid receptor-like sequence was obtained from mRNA isolated from Pacific hagfish brain using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The sequence of the Pacific hagfish was most homologous with the human mu opioid receptor (72% at the amino acid level between intracellular loop 1 and transmembrane domain 6) although over the same region high homology was also observed with the delta opioid receptor (69%), the kappa receptor (63%), and opioid receptor-like (ORLI) (59%). The hag-fish sequence showed low conservation with the mammalian opioid receptors in the first and second extracellular loops but high conservation in the transmembrane and intracellular domains.
The Influence of Breed and/or Strain on the Fatty Acid Composition of Egg Lipids

Abstract THE iodine number of egg lipid was shown to vary significantly between various breeds and/or strains of poultry (Edwards et al., 1960). Since iodine number of fat is an indication of the unsaturation of fatty acids, it was reasonable to expect that some differences in fatty acid composition of egg fatty acids occurred between various breeds and/or strains. The purpose of the experiment reported in this communication was (1) to determine if the composition of eggs differs between strains, (2) to determine the magnitude of any between strain differences that exist and (3) to determine if differences exist between hens from the same breed, with respect to fatty acid composition of egg lipids. EXPERIMENTAL Five strains of chickens housed in individual cages at the Southern Regional Poultry Genetics Laboratory at the University of Georgia were chosen for this study. The hens were fed a commercial laying mash. They were fed…
Curing characteristics of a composite. Part 2: The effect of curing configuration on depth and distribution of cure

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to examine the effect different configurations of curing would have on the depth and distribution of the cure within each configuration, for a specific resin-based composite (RBC). Methods RBC was cured in a variety of configurations, consisting of 6 mm molds of three different colors; large molds that simulated the condition of no mold at all; and 3–6 mm diameter molds to check the effect of size. All specimens were cured for 20 s with a quartz-halogen lamp and were allowed to cure for 24 h in the dark. Transmission measurements were made for these same configurations. Knoop hardness measurements were made across the central plane of some configurations to determine the distribution of curing. Results Depths of cure and distribution of curing were significantly affected by changes in configuration. Under the configuration of no mold, the cure extended well beyond the periphery of the light guide due to scattering of the light. When a mold was used, a pronounced effect by the walls resulted in decreased hardness as the mold wall was approached, and the severity of this effect was dependent on the color of the mold. It is believed that this is due to absorption/reflection characteristics of light by the walls, with the white molds showing the least effect. Reducing the diameter of the molds resulted in significant decreases in depth of cure, which are attributed to light absorption by the walls that limits the penetration of light during the curing procedure. Significance Configuration of curing has a significant effect on the depth of cure, but also significantly reduces the cure near the mold wall. This can have clinical ramifications for the cure along a stainless steel matrix band for Class II restorations, and for test procedures in general, where there is no standardization regarding configuration or where measurements are made on specimens.
The protective value of social capital against teen pregnancy: a state-level analysis.

Abstract Purpose To investigate whether social capital may explain differences in teen pregnancy rates in the contiguous United States. Method State-level correlational analyses were conducted. Predictor variables included social capital, income inequality, and poverty. Main Outcome Measure State-level rates of pregnancy for girls 15–19 years old. Results In bivariate analyses, social capital was inversely correlated with teen pregnancy rates. The obtained correlation was strong (r = −.78) and achieved significance ( p p = .017). Social capital was nonetheless a much stronger multivariate predictor of teen pregnancy rates (producing a Beta value of −.672). Conclusion Findings from this state-level analysis suggest that social capital may explain differences between states with respect to teen pregnancy rates. Thus, social capital may play an important role in the prevention of teen pregnancy. This initial finding warrants subsequent empirical investigations designed to identify strategies that can be employed to foster the creation of social capital in communities and entire states.
Instruction fetch techniques using program equivalence

This paper discusses potential techniques for the dynamic generation of instructions in the instruction fetch unit of a processor. The chief advantage is the increased effective bandwidth in transfer of compressed program information from memory to the processor unit, which allows higher processor speed for a given memory access rate. The method is independent of cache memory techniques, although aimed at the same problem, and could be combined with use of a cache memory to obtain still more speedup of processor execution. The paper is largely at a conceptual level; work is planned to obtain data to facilitate design and simulation of a prototype machine.
Multiscale image fusion using an adaptive similarity-based sensor weighting scheme and human visual system-inspired contrast measure

The goal of image fusion is to combine multiple source images obtained using different capture techniques into a single image to provide an effective contextual enhancement of a scene for human or machine perception. In practice, considerable value can be gained in the fusion of images that are dissimilar or complementary in nature. However, in such cases, global weighting schemes may not sufficiently weigh the contribution of the pertinent information of the source images, while existing adaptive schemes calculate weights based on the relative amounts of salient features, which can cause severe artifacting or inadequate local luminance in the fusion result. Accordingly, a new multiscale image fusion algorithm is proposed. The approximation coefficient fusion rule of the algorithm is based on a novel similarity based weighting scheme capable of providing improved fusion results when the input source images are either similar or dissimilar to each other. Moreover, the algorithm employs a new detail coefficient fusion rule integrating a parametric multiscale contrast measure. The parametric nature of the contrast measure allows the degree to which psychophysical laws of human vision hold to be tuned based on image-dependent characteristics. Experimental results illustrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm qualitatively and quantitatively.
Retention of Metal-Ceramic Crowns With Contemporary Dental Cements

ABSTRACT Background New types of crown and bridge cement are in use by practitioners, and independent studies are needed to assess their effectiveness. The authors conducted a study in three parts (study A, study B, and study C) and to determine how well these new cements retain metal-ceramic crowns. Methods The authors prepared teeth with a 20-degree taper and a 4-millimeter length. They cast high-noble metal-ceramic copings, then fitted and cemented them with a force of 196 newtons. The types of cements they used were zinc phosphate, resin-modified glass ionomer, conventional resin and self-adhesive modified resin. They thermally cycled the cemented copings, then removed them. They recorded the removal force and calculated the stress of dislodgment by using the surface area of each preparation. They used a single-factor analysis of variance to analyze the data (α = .05). Results The mean stresses necessary to remove crowns, in megapascals, were 8.0 for RelyX Luting (3M ESPE, St. Paul, Minn.), 7.3 for RelyX Unicem (3M ESPE), 5.7 for Panavia F (Kuraray America, New York) and 4.0 for Fuji Plus (GC America, Alsip, Ill.) in study A; 8.1 for RelyX Luting, 2.6 for RelyX Luting Plus (3M ESPE) and 2.8 for Fuji CEM (GC America) in study B; and 4.9 for Maxcem (Kerr, Orange, Calif.), 4.0 for BisCem (Bisco, Schaumburg, Ill.), 3.7 for RelyX Unicem Clicker (3M ESPE), 2.9 for iCEM (Heraeus Kulzer, Armonk, N.Y.) and 2.3 for Fleck's Zinc Cement (Keystone Industries, Cherry Hill, N.J.) in study C. Conclusions Powder-liquid versions of new cements were significantly more retentive than were paste-paste versions of the same cements. The mean value of crown removal stress for the new self-adhesive modified-resin cements varied appreciably among the four cements tested. All cements retained castings as well as or better than did zinc phosphate cement. Clinical Implications Powder-liquid versions of cements, although less convenient to mix, may be a better clinical choice when crown retention is an issue. All cements tested will retain castings adequately on ideal preparations because the corresponding removal stresses are comparable with or higher than those associated with zinc phosphate. Powder-liquid resin-modified glass ionomer cement, selected self-adhesive modified-resin cements and conventional resin cements provide additional retention when desired.
Bureaucratic responses to antibureaucratic administrations: Federal Employee Reaction to the Reagan Election

At present we have no clear understanding of if and how bureaucrats respond to the election of antibureaucratic presidents such as Eisenhower, Nixon, and Reagan. This article goes beyond existing speculation and anecdote by developing a general model of bureaucratic responses to dissatisfaction and applying that model to the problem of antibureaucratic administration transition. Hypotheses developed from the model are tested with data from the 1979 and 1980 Federal Employee Attitude Surveys. In general, the prospect of antibureaucratic constraints expected with the inauguration of Ronald Reagan led to a number of perverse responses from bureaucrats.
A dynamical model for vehicle routing in a two-way PRT network

Abstract The problem of routing automatically-controlled and guided vehicles through a closed two-way personal rapid transit network is studied. Because of fluctuating passenger demands, a dynamical model is needed to describe the concentration of vehicles in the different network sections. Such a model is derived in this paper. The binary decision to be made at each divert junction is treated as a control variable in the system model. Using a suboptimal strategy to minimize the maximum congestion in the network sections served, the decision is made in a feedback manner based on the average concentrations in the sections. The model was used to study the transient behavior of flows and concentrations in a simulation of a specific closed two-way PRT network. Some results are presented for this example.
Automated Lightning Flash Detection in Nighttime Visible Satellite Data

AbstractThe Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) nighttime visible channel was designed to detect earth–atmosphere features under conditions of low illumination (e.g., near the solar terminator or via moonlight reflection). However, this sensor also detects visible light emissions from various terrestrial sources (both natural and anthropogenic), including lightning-illuminated thunderstorm tops. This research presents an automated technique for objectively identifying and enhancing the bright steaks associated with lightning flashes, even in the presence of lunar illumination, derived from OLS imagery. A line-directional filter is applied to the data in order to identify lightning strike features and an associated false color imagery product enhances this information while minimizing false alarms. Comparisons of this satellite product to U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) data in one case as well as to a lightning mapping array (LMA) in another c...
The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) Scientific Data Analysis System (SDAS) Sky Flux Subsystem

The IRAS telescope instrument will survey the entire infrared sky in four wavelength bands over a period of one year. Although this device is inherently non-imaging, various calibrated and geometrically controlled imaging products are created, suitable for qualitative and quantitative scientific interpretation. The Image Processing Laboratory of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory was responsible for the design, development and application of the software required to produce these imaging products.
Vibration Characteristics of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Embedded in Elastic Media by a Nonlocal Elastic Shell Model

In this paper, the vibrational behavior of the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) embedded in elastic media is investigated by a nonlocal shell model. The nonlocal shell model is formulated by considering the small length scales effects, the interaction of van der Waals forces between two adjacent tubes and the reaction from the surrounding media, and a set of governing equations of motion for the MWCNTs are accordingly derived. In contrast to the beam models in the literature, which would only predict the resonant frequencies of bending vibrational modes by taking the MWCNT as a whole beam, the current shell model can find the resonant frequencies of three modes being classified as radial, axial, and circumferential for each nanotube of a MWCNT. Big influences from the small length scales and the van der Waals' forces are observed. Among these, noteworthy is the reduction in the radial frequencies due to the van der Waals' force interaction between two adjacent nanotubes. The numerical results also show that when the spring constant k 0 of the surrounding elastic medium reaches a certain value, the lowest resonant frequency of the double walled carbon nanotube drops dramatically.
Periodic increases in enzyme activity in synchronized cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract During synchronized growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii on a 12-h light-12-h dark cycle, net protein synthesis occurs approximately linearly in the light period but no appreciable increase is observed during the dark period of growth. Increases in activity of alanine dehydrogenase ( l -alanine:NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.4.1.1), glutamate dehydrogenase ( l -glutamate:NAD(P) oxidoreductase, EC 1.4.1.3), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (orthophosphate:oxaloacetate carboxylyase (phosphorylating), EC 4.1.1.31), aspartate carbamoyltransferase (carbamoylphosphate: l -aspartate carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2) and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (carbamoylphosphate: l -ornithine carbamoyl transferase, EC 2.1.3.3) occur within characteristic periods of time during the life cycle of the cell. The activity of alanine dehydrogenase and aspartate carbamoyltransferase increases primarily in the light period, whereas the activity of the other three enzymes increases during the dark period of growth.
The potential for lower extermity revascularization without contrast arteriography: Experience with magnetic resonance angiography

Abstract Purpose: We report an initial experience with 24 patients studied between March 1990 and April 1992 with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) for lower extremity occlusive disease. Methods: All patients underwent vascular intervention with either balloon angioplasty or bypass grafting, and in six patients this intervention was based on MRA findings alone. Eighteen patients were studied with both MRA and contrast arteriography, and there was observed agreement between the two studies in 98% of all arterial segments examined. Results: Agreement between MRA and contrast arteriography was uniform for arterial segments below the inguinal ligament. Intraoperative findings and favorable early results of seven bypass grafts performed in six patients after MRA alone suggested this was a valid approach for patients at prohibitive risk of complications from contrast arteriography. Conclusions: Magnetic resonance angiography is accurate in demonstrating relevant anatomy in peripheral arterial occlusive disease and in selected patients may eliminate the need for contrast arteriography before lower extremity revascularization. (J V ASC S URG 1993;17:1050-7.)
Dissolved silicon in the Yaquina Estuary, Oregon

Abstract The longitudinal distribution of dissolved silicon in the Yaquina Estuary is described in surface and bottom waters. Non-conservative behaviour is a function of high insolation and low runoff; residence time is the primary controlling factor.
Ordered Sets that are Reconstructible from Two Cards and the Number of Comparabilities

This paper proves that, if there is an ordered set P that is not reconstructible, then each of its two-point-deleted subsets must be isomorphic to another one, or, it must violate a condition that is related to, but weaker than, rigidity. The conditions are inspired by an argument by Bollobas and they provide a connection between positive reconstruction results and partial counterexamples that was, so far, nonexistent in order reconstruction.
Scene Matching Using Edge Direction Histograms

A scene matching approach which utilizes histograms of edge directions is presented. This approach is expected to have utility in matching imagery taken by different sensors and matching images taken at different times of the day or night. Examples of using this technique to match white hot to black hot FLIR imagery and match synthetic to FLIR imagery are shown.
A STUDY OF VIRAL GENOMES AND ANTIGENS IN BRAINS OF PATIENTS WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

The presence of viral nucleic acid sequences and antigens from a variety of conventional viruses in selected brain regions of cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD), diagnosed pathologically, was investigated using molecular hybridization and immunocytochemical techniques. Seven DNA and 4 RNA viruses were used as probes in 18 AD and 5 control brains. With Southern blot hybridization, no viral DNA sequences could be detected in the cerebral cortex. With dot blot hybridization, results were also negative, except for 2 cases, 1 a control brain, the other an AD brain, which gave a positive signal in the RNA extracted from the substantia innominata when c-DNA from measles virus was used as a probe. Four specific brain areas from each of 8 AD brains and 5 controls tested with viral probes (3 DNA and 5 RNA viruses), using immunocytochemical techniques for viral antigens, showed no positive reproducible specific reactions. These results, although negative, do not totally exclude the possibility that conventional viruses may play a role in the aetiology and pathogenesis of AD.
Increasing Returns and the Domain of Entrepreneurship Research

The domain definition of entrepreneurship research is “in play” as the Academy of Management Entrepreneurship Division prepares to submit a revision to its 1995 Domain Statement; and as “inclusive”...
A canonical space-time characterization of mobile wireless channels

A canonical space-time characterization of mobile wireless channels is introduced in terms of a fixed basis that is independent of the true channel parameters. The basis captures the essential degrees of freedom in the received signal using discrete multipath delays, Doppler shifts, and directions of arrival. This provides a robust representation of the propagation dynamics and dramatically reduces the number of channel parameters to be estimated. The resulting canonical space-time receivers deliver optimal performance at substantially reduced complexity compared to existing designs.
Sudden infant death syndrome, bedsharing, parental weight, and age at death.

Objective. To assess the role of parental bedsharing in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)-like deaths, this study examines the hypothesis that, compared with other SIDS cases, the age distribution of deaths associated with bedsharing should be lower in younger, less vigorous infants. Methods. For 84 SIDS cases in Cleveland, Ohio, 1992 to 1996, age at death, maternal weight, and other risk factors for SIDS were compared for cases grouped according to bedsharing status. Results. Mean ages at death were 9.1 weeks for 30 bedsharing and 12.7 for 54 nonbedsharing cases, counting 10 with missing information as nonbedsharing. Mean pregravid weights of bedsharing mothers exceeded those of nonbedsharing mothers (84.1 vs 67.0 kg). Mean ages at death for nonbedsharing infants, bedsharing infants of smaller mothers, and bedsharing infants of larger mothers were 12.7, 10.3, and 7.6 weeks, respectively. Large maternal size did not affect age at death in the absence of bedsharing. Conclusions. By demonstrating that among an urban population at high risk for SIDS, bedsharing is strongly associated with a younger age at death, independent of any other factors, this study provides evidence of a relationship between some SIDS-like deaths and parent-infant bedsharing, particularly if the parent is large.
Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnic Political Behavior in the Soviet Union

A plural society is defined as one which is ethnically diverse and whose ethnic divisions are politically relevant. Extant theories of politics in plural societies focus primarily on democratic political systems— that is, societies which, during some period of their recent political history, have been characterized by Western-style democratic political and governmental institutions. As a consequence, there has been little effort to formulate and apply analytical or theoretical frameworks which are specifically relevant to nondemocratic systems such as the Soviet Union. The principal objectives of this article are: (1) to augment, modify, and reformulate existing theoretical ideas on ethnic political behavior in plural societies so that their scope includes nondemocratic political systems; and (2) to assess the applicability of these ideas to the Soviet Union.
Efficient utilization of limited access archival storage in a time shared environment

The public storage in any time sharing system tends to continually grow. This necessitates the implementation of certain measures to maintain public storage. One of these possibilities is creation of an archival level of storage called "migrated" storage. Data that have not been referenced recently are moved or "migrated" to a less accessible level of external storage. Since these data are not accessed by the users directly, i.e., the data must be restored to public storage before being used, a certain variable length coding technique, viz., Huffman Coding, is used to compact and store these data. The ideas presented have been implemented on a version of TSS/360 Time Sharing System and are presently being used in a real environment. The overall compaction rate achieved was 3. 16 to 1. Further details on compaction rates and timings are also presented.
A Guide to Publishing Your First Book: Arranging the Right Book Contract

As part of its mission to address issues of recruitment, retention, and integration of women and people of color in the profession, the APSA Task Force on Mentoring periodically publishes articles on some aspect of mentoring that will help political scientists move successfully through the profession. This brief symposium on “Publishing Your First Book” is just one such example of this initiative. For more information about the Task Force and its ongoing projects, contact Linda Lopez, APSA Director of Education and Professional Development Programs, at llopez@apsanet.org. Making a realistic assessment of your goals in publishing a book, and matching a publisher with the text and with your goals is the first step in bringing your research effort to completion. Social scientists write books hoping to influence an election, change the political debate, shift an academic focus, get tenure, or get a job. A good book, well-published, can help achieve some of these goals—but there are other ways to work toward them. Authors and publishers will be happiest, and readers best served, if authors take stock of the possible, and then market their books to publishers who are best suited to help with the goals they've chosen. Beyond writing the book, the author has three clear tasks: deciding on realistic goals for the book; executing due diligence in finding the right publishing house; and making the gist of the book accessible to an educated, but not necessarily expert, reader by writing a good proposal. Matching expectations to the book will help identify the most appropriate presses.
An open-loop nulling algorithm for optimal nulling resolution with a MBA anti-jam antenna

The authors present an open-loop hybrid algorithm, which combines the well-known power inversion algorithm and a gradient-based iterative algorithm. The hybrid algorithm is shown to perform better than the power inversion algorithm alone. Specifically, it is able to generate an optimal null width with a flat quiescent pattern and satisfactory edge of coverage gain over a 5% bandwidth. The comparisons are illustrated by computer simulations. >
Synthesis and hydrolytic stability of poly(oxyethylene-H-phosphonate)s

Poly(oxyethylene-H-phosphonate)s (POE-H-Ps), with different poly(oxyethylene) segment lengths, were synthesized via conventional two-stage polycondensation reaction of dimethyl-H-phosphonate and poly(ethylene glycols) (PEGs), with nominal molecular weights of 400, 600, and 1000 Da. The changes in the composition of the reaction mixtures during the polycondensation process were followed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and NMR. It was found that the three PEG fragments yield reproducibly POE-H-Ps with the following molecular weights: ∼3000 Da (PEG-400), ∼6000 Da (PEG-600), and ∼10,000 Da (PEG-1000) as measured by SEC, NMR, and VPO. The hydrolytic behavior of POE-H-Ps upon storage and in aqueous media with pH 3, 7.4, and 8 was studied for the first time by a combination of NMR and SEC. It was found that the long-term stability of the polymers in dry state depends on the length of the PEG fragments and decreased in the following order: POE-H-P(PEG-1000) > POE-H-P(PEG-600) > POE-H-P(PEG-400). The hydrolytic transformation of the polymers in aqueous media is affected mostly by the pH of the solution. The degradation products are PEG fragments containing phosphonate end groups—an important prerequisite for the usage of the POE-H-Ps as nontoxic drug delivery vehicles and in vivo precursors for PEGylated prodrugs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4130–4139, 2008
Thyroid vascular conductance: differential effects of elevated plasma thyrotropin (TSH) induced by treatment with thioamides or TSH-releasing hormone.

We have reported previously that thyroid gland blood flow, expressed as vascular conductance (C) per mass, is decreased at very low and increased at very high chronic plasma TSH concentrations, but is apparently unchanged over a broad range of plasma TSH concentrations encompassing normal levels. The aim of the present study was to examine the apparently very steep dose-response relationship between elevated plasma TSH and thyroid vascular C/mass. In the first series of experiments, endogenous plasma TSH concentrations were manipulated by treating male Sprague-Dawley rats (250–280 g) for 6 days as follows: 1) controls (0.5 ml saline/day, ip), 2) propylthiouracil injections (2.0 mg PTU/day, ip), 3) PTU plus partial thyroid hormone replacement (2.0 mg PTU/day and 0.3–0.9 μg T4 plus 0.075–0.225 μg T3/100 g ⋅ day via continuous sc infusion), or 4) TRH (9–1200 μg TRH/100 g ⋅ day via continuous iv infusion). The vascular C values of the thyroid gland, salivary gland, kidney, and pancreas were determined using t...
Political Parties in Mainland Malaya

Whatever impact the formation of Malaysia had on the areas involved, the merger, in 1963, of mainland Malaya with Singapore, Sarawak, and Sabah (North Borneo) — and the separation of Singapore in 1965 — has been a complication in the life of the political analyst in the midst of efforts to formulate generalizations about the country's political life. Obviously adjustments are being made in the whole range of political affairs as the various components of the enlarged federation are in the course of integration into a single operating political system. Yet, differences remain, and there is still much to be learned by considering the component parts as separate entities. Distortions will result from such a procedure, but as long as the researcher and his audience are alerted to the distortions, and no claim of completeness made, the built-in error need not be too misleading.
Steady-State Throughput and Scheduling Analysis of Multi-Cluster Tools for Semiconductor Manufacturing: A Decomposition Approach

Cluster tools are widely used as semiconductor manufacturing equipment. While throughput analysis and scheduling of single-cluster tools have been well-studied, the corresponding research on multi-cluster tools is still at the early stage. This paper analyzes steady-state throughput and scheduling of multi-cluster tools. A decomposition method is utilized to reduce a multi-cluster tool problem to multiple single-cluster tool problems. Existing research on the throughput and scheduling results is then applied to each single-cluster tool. For an M-cluster tool, an O(M) throughput calculation and robot scheduling algorithm is presented. A chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) polisher is used as an example of the multi-cluster cluster tools to illustrate the proposed decomposition method and algorithms.
Evaluación de la langosta (Jasus frontalis) explotada en las islas Robinson Crusoe y Santa Clara del archipiélago de Juan Fernández (33º40'S-80º00'W)

The spiny rock lobster ( Jasus frontalis) stock exploited in the Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara islands of Juan Fernandez archipelago (33o40'S-80o00'W), is assessed and the exploitation state is analyzed. An analysis of cohort at size (ACT) model is adjusted to the fishery carried out in the 1996-97 season. The fishing mortality of the totally recruited groups (F cr ) are estimated in 0,63 for males and 0,81 for females, with a 50% of retention size of 94 to 96 for males and 96 for females. The lobsters mean biomass is estimated in 29 to 31 ton (46.663 and 50.355 individuals respectively) for males and in 39 to 42 ton (59.785 and 63.249 individuals respectively) for
A geometry of networks

This presentation will describe a coordinate geometry of networks and its applications to mobility, security, overlays and traffic management. Given a network graph, one can construct an abstract group and associate elements of the group with graph nodes to provide "coordinates". Much like Cartesian coordinates, a route may be simply computed from the coordinates of the source and destination. Given a metric of link "length" (e.g., delay, utilization), one may easily select shortest-distance routes. Furthermore, this route selection may vary for each source-destination stream, or even for each packet. For example, unlike current networks, one may pursue dispersion-routing where a stream of packets is routed over multiple paths to load-balance traffic. The coordinates geometry admits dynamic topology changes and may thus be used to support various forms of mobility, including mobile adhoc networks, or dynamic deployment of virtual-machines through cloud infrastructures. A given network may admit multiple independent geometry overlays. Each such overlay can serve as a VPN to protect access to respective nodes. Finally, geometry overlays may be flexibly layered over each other, permitting simple scalability, applications-specific-networks and flexible private networks.
Stochastic analysis of gene regulatory networks using finite state projections and singular perturbation

Considerable recent experimental evidence suggests that significant stochastic fluctuations are present in gene regulatory networks. The investigation of stochastic properties in genetic systems involves the formulation of a mathematical representation of molecular noise and devising efficient computational algorithms for computing the relevant statistics of the modeled processes. However, the complexity of gene regulatory networks poses serious computational difficulties and makes any quantitative prediction a difficult task. The recently proposed finite state projection (FSP) algorithm provides a promising approach to handling these problems, but thus far it has only been demonstrated for a certain class of problems. In this paper we show that the applicability of the finite projection approach can be enhanced by taking advantage of tools from the fields of modern control theory and dynamical systems. In particular, we present an approach that utilizes singular perturbation theory in conjunction with the Finite State Projection approach to improve the computation time and facilitate model reduction. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the resulting slow manifold FSP algorithm on a simple example arising in the cellular heat shock response mechanism.
Impact of a Feeding Log on Breastfeeding Duration and Exclusivity

Even with the gradual upward trends in breastfeeding initiation and duration, breastfeeding rates at 6 months continue to lag well behind the 50% target set for any breastfeeding and the 25% target set for exclusive breastfeeding by the Healthy People 2010 initiatives. Overall evidence is limited in identifying effective inter- ventions that promote breastfeeding duration and more research needs to be focused on specific nursing strategies and their effect on breastfeeding outcomes. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of a daily feeding log, guided by Bandura's social cognitive learning theory, on breast- feeding duration and exclusivity in primiparous mothers. The study used a randomized, controlled, two-group experimental design with a sample of 86 primiparous mothers. The experimental group completed a daily breastfeeding log for a minimum of 3 weeks and breast- feeding outcomes were examined over 6 months. The breastfeeding outcome variable was analyzed using sur- vival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression procedures. Subjects in the experimental group did not breastfeed significantly longer than the control group, however, a larger proportion of subjects in the experi- mental group reported full breastfeeding at 6 months as compared with subjects in the control group. Additional predictor variables were WIC enrollment, planned duration of breastfeeding, feeding frequency and feeding length at 1 week. The findings from the study suggest that the breastfeeding log may be a valuable tool in self-regulating breastfeeding and promoting a longer duration of full breastfeeding, but its acceptability may be impacted by socio-demographic variables.
Organic Molecular Crystals: Charge-Transfer Complexes

Solutions of electron donors (D) and acceptors (A) exhibit absorptions not associated with either individual molecule.(1) Mulliken(2) proposed that the new absorptions involve an electron transfer from D to A, as indicated by $${{\psi }_{complex}}\left( DA \right)\underrightarrow{h{{v}_{CT}}}{{\psi }_{complex}}\left( {{D}^{+}}{{A}^{-}} \right)$$ (1) Here hv CT is the charge-transfer (CT) excitation energy, and the CT band is explicitly associated with the molecular complex formed between a D and an A molecule. The nature of such DA complexes has been the subject of extensive experimental and theoretical studies.(3–5) The energetics of dimer formation; the geometry of the complex; the systematics of varying D, A, and solvents; and the nature of CT absorption have been explored. The CT excitation is greatly enhanced,(3,4,6) as suggested by Mulliken,(2) via small ad-mixtures of the excited singlet configuration 1|D+A−> into the ground state, |DA> However, the additional configuration-interaction stabilization due to this small admixture does not(6,7) usually dominate the binding energy or the geometry of the complex. As we will discuss in Section 2, the full quantum-mechanical treatment of a DA dimer thus requires explicit consideration of a variety of intermolecular forces.
Alternative Views of ICT & TIME: An Application of Scenario Analysis and Platform Theory

Innovations such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and different forms of wireless Internet are transforming the nature of e-Commerce. Traditional industries are being thrust into the Internet age as consumers force firms to adapt to their anywhere, anytime, any device (AWATAD) lifestyle. This shift increasingly relies on digital platforms to act the intermediaries that enable businesses to reach their customers. The current changes are dynamic and discontinuous as players from outside the traditional industry boundaries are changing the competitive landscape. This paper analyzes data from executives in the telecommunications, information, media and entertainment (TIME) industries, a sector undergoing substantial change. Using platform theory as an analytical lens, this paper applies Scenario Analysis to turn key uncertainties into illustrative futures that can guide managerial action. This paper provides practical guidance to TIME executives and demonstrates how the Scenario Analysis method enables researchers to communicate theory-based insights to practitioners in a relevant way.
Who Gets in? The Quest for Diversity after Grutter

On March 8, 2004, the University at Buffalo Law School hosted its annual Mitchell Lecture,1 a panel discussion entitled, "Who Gets In? The Quest for Diversity After Grutter." The Mitchell Committee decided to focus this year's lecture on innovative proposals to ensure diversity in law school admissions in light of the Supreme Court's ruling in Grutter v. Bollinger, which confirmed that race and ethnicity could be taken into consideration in admission decisions for diversity purposes. Noting that much of the debate about Grutter thus far has emphasized the decision's constitutionality or its implications for affirmative action, the Committee sought to have a different kind of conversation, one that explored new approaches to admissions that might aid law schools in admitting more diverse student bodies. To this end, the Committee invited five leading scholars, whose work, either analytical or empirical, could change or deepen understandings about the potential for and the obstacles to diversity in law school admissions post-Grutter. Their short presentations (each speaker had only twelve minutes to speak), which provoked a lively discussion, are presented in this edited transcript of the event together with selected excerpts from the question and answer period.
Immunology of spermatozoa and cervical mucus

Auto-immunization of the male and iso-immunization of the female with spermatozoal or testicular material can lead to a significant impairment of fertility. Interference of sperm antibodies with reproductive processes may occur by impairment of sperm migration through cervix, uterus and tubes and by blocking adherence of spermatozoa to the surface of the zona pellucida of the oocyte. A very important point to consider in this context is the immunological situation in the female genital tract which is a target organ for sex hormones. Observations in human and subhuman primates as well as in other mammalian species have shown that the levels of immunoglobulins and specific antibodies in secretions of the different compartments of the female reproductive tract are low compared to the serum in general and show typical cyclic changes under the influence of oestrogens and progesterone. Antibody levels appear to be especially low during the preovulatory period in cervical mucus and--according to observations in primates--in tubal fluid. Complement is present in borderline concentrations or not detectable. Data on levels of immunoglobulins or specific antibodies in endometrial fluid are scarce. However, their presence has been demonstrated. There are indications that a secretory immune system may be operational mainly in the cervical compartment of the female genital tract. Serum antibody levels do not reflect properly the immunological situation in secretions of the genital tract in most instances. This may be different in the male. Demonstrations of sperm antibodies in serum or even in genital secretions are not necessarily indicative of permanent sterility; the chances of conception may, however, be reduced. Antibody specificity, immunoglobulin class and quantitative relationships between spermatozoa and antibodies and hormonal influences have to be taken into consideration. Immunity to spermatozoa does not seem to be an all-or-nothing phenomenon and should be considered a relative rather than absolute cause of infertility.
The Simplest Model For Illustrating the Conic Sections

(1894). The Simplest Model For Illustrating the Conic Sections. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 1, No. 8, pp. 261-261.
Diffusion of Ge Along Grain Boundaries During Oxidation of Polycrystalline Silicon-Germanium Films

Polycrystalline silicon-germanium alloys with compositions between 5 and 30% Ge were wet oxidized in pyrogenic steam with TCA at 700°C. TEM showed that the columnar structure and grain size, ~500A, were independent of composition and did not change during oxidation. Both energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in a UHV STEM and RBS indicate that for low Ge containing films (≤20% Ge), Ge is rejected from the growing oxide, whereas for films with a greater Ge concentration, some Ge is incorporated in the oxide. In low Ge containing alloys, the average Ge profile was determined by RBS and the local Ge distribution was determined by EDS from the oxide interface to about 500A deep into the alloy. A Ge rich layer was observed at the oxide/poly-SiGe interface. The Ge concentration at the grain boundaries was found to be at least three times higher than that in the grains. The mean diffusion length of Ge along the grain boundaries, measured in cross-section by EDS, was about 300A, corresponding to an effective diffusivity of about 6×10−16 cm2/s. Analysis of RBS profiles yielded an average effective diffusivity of ~1.3×10−14 cm2/s. Both diffusivity values suggest that Ge rejected from the oxide growth front diffuses along grain boundaries since the bulk diffusivity of Ge in Si at 700°C is on the order of 10−22 cm2/s.
Optimal strategy of switching reasoning methods in fuzzy control

Fuzzy control is a methodology that transforms control rules (described by an expert in words of a natural language) into a precise control strategy. There exist several versions of this transformation. The main difference between these versions is in how they interpret logical connectives “and” and “or”, i.e., in other words, what reasoning method a version uses. Which of these versions should we choose? It turns out that on different stages of control, different reasoning methods lead to better control results. Therefore, a natural idea is not to fix a reasoning method once and forever, but to switch between different reasoning methods. In this chapter, we describe the optimal choice of the reasoning methods between which we switch.
Preparation and Quality Control of Compound Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Eye Drops

OBJECTIVE:To prepare compound ciprofloxacin hydrochloride eye drops and to establish its quality control method.METHODS:The content of ciprofloxacin was determined by UV-spectrophotometry and that of ribavirin was dete_ rmined by HPLC.RESULTS:The linear concentration ranges of ciprofloxacin and ribaviirin were19～56μg/ml(r=0.9995,n=5)and30～70μg/ml(r=0.9998,n=5),respectively,with average recovery at100.9%(RSD=0.83%,n=5)and99.66%(RSD=0.54%,n=5),respectively.CONCLUSION:The eye drops is simple in preparation technics,yet the quality is stable and controllable.
Analysis on the gap between WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and China's domestic policy

The paper first introduced the tobacco consumption and its aftermath in China,then elaborated the tobacco control strategies in WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.By comparing the gaps between China's control policy and the requirement of the international convention,that is,tobacco ban in public places and working place,assistance to smoking giving up,warning to tobacco harzard,ban on tobacco business advertisement/promotion/acid,raising tobacco taxes etc.,the paper attempted to discuss the main reasons of the gap deeply and gave some policy recommendations.
Clinician Perspectives on Treating Adolescents with Co-occurring Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Substance Use, and Other Problems

Clinicians (N = 138) who treat adolescents with co-occurring Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD), (PTSD+SUD) were surveyed about their attitudes and practice behaviors. Most providers were trained in PTSD treatment; fewer were trained in SUD or PTSD+SUD treatments. PTSD+SUD treatment was rated more difficult than treatment of other diagnoses. Providers typically addressed symptoms of PTSD and SUD separately and sequentially, rather than with integrated approaches. There was no consensus about which clinical strategies to use with adolescent PTSD+SUD. Continued treatment development, training, and dissemination efforts are needed to equip providers with resources to deliver effective treatments to adolescents with PTSD+SUD.
Introduction to Eukaryotic DNA Replication Initiation

Every time a cell divides, a copy of its genomic DNA has to be faithfully copied to generate new genomic DNA for the daughter cells. The process of DNA replication needs to be precisely regulated to ensure that replication of the genome is complete and accurate, but that re-replication does not occur. Errors in DNA replication can lead to genome instability and cancer. The process of replication initiation is of paramount importance, because once the cell is committed to replicate DNA, it is optimal to complete replication with minimal errors. Furthermore, agents that inhibit DNA replication initiation are now being targeted for cancer therapy. A great deal of progress has been made in understanding how DNA replication is initiated in eukaryotic cells in the past 10 years. This chapter introduces how the position of replication initiation, called the replication origin, is chosen. This chapter also introduces how replication initiation is integrated with the phases of the cell cycle, and how replication initiation is regulated in the case of damage to DNA. It is the cellular protein machinery that enables replication initiation to be activated and regulated. We now have an in-depth understanding of how cellular proteins work together to start DNA replication. A mechanistic description of DNA replication initiation is introduced in this chapter as well.