cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fortran for the Texas Instruments ASC system

The ASC Fortran compiler and the methods of optimizing the execution times of compiled programs are described. Language extensions and compiler organization are briefly outlined. Traditional scalar optimization techniques and techniques to detect and generate vector operations from ANS standard Fortran source code are discussed. Emphasis is placed on optimal generation of vector operations and parallel processing. The vector and parallel processing techniques described here are applicable to a wide variety of vector or parallel processing machines. Numerous examples are discussed to demonstrate many of the capabilities and features of the compiler.
Core Electron Heating in Solar Wind Reconnection Exhausts

We present observational evidence of core electron heating in solar wind reconnection exhausts. We show two example events, one which shows clear heating of the core electrons within the exhaust, and one which demonstrates no heating. The event with heating occurred during a period of high inflow Alfven speed (V AL ), while the event with no heating had a low V AL . This agrees with the results of a recent study of magnetopause exhausts, and suggests that similar core electron heating can occur in both symmetric (solar wind) and asymmetric (magnetopause) exhausts.
Advanced High=Power Arc Heaters for Simulating Entries into the Atmospheres of the Outer Planets

High enthalpy electric arc plasma jet heaters for simulating entries in hydrogen rich Jovian atmosphere
DuPont analysis of an IT-enabled competitive advantage

Abstract Recent research has shown that if used effectively, information technology (IT) can provide companies with superior performance relative to their direct competitors [MIS Q 24 (2000) 169; Inf Manage 38 (2000) 103]. The most common benefits from the successful use of IT are in increased profitability or efficiency. Return on assets (ROA) decomposition (DuPont analysis) allows financial statement users to examine where this IT-enabled competitive advantage shows up in accounting performance measures, whether in profitability, efficiency or both. Using a matched pair design, comparing companies with an IT-enabled competitive advantage to their direct competitors, we find that successful use of IT pays off in a combination of increased profitability and efficiency. This is different from a competitive advantage that is not IT-enabled, where the only performance advantage is in profitability. All data used in tests are available from public sources.
Management of esophageal coins.

Purpose of review Coins are the most commonly ingested foreign body encountered in the pediatric population. Coins that are in the esophagus and are causing symptoms (cough, stridor, respiratory distress, drooling or pain) are managed with immediate removal via various methods. Asymptomatic coins have been a perplexing problem to the clinician for decades, with some advocating for immediate removal while others are proponents of "watchful waiting". Recent findings This article will provide a review of the current literature on management options for symptomatic and asymptomatic esophageal coins. The article will discuss clinical decision-making strategies for the diagnosis of the unwitnessed ingestion, as well as diagnostic studies, such as plain radiographs, as well as novel modalities, such as metal detectors. Discussion of the anatomic issues related to esophageal foreign bodies will be addressed. Treatment options for asymptomatic patients will be reviewed utilizing data from retrospective studies as well as a prospective randomized trial. Summary In the symptomatic patient with an esophageal coin, immediate removal via endoscopy is recommended. For the asymptomatic patient with an esophageal coin, current data support expectant management for a period of 12-24 h with the hope of spontaneous passage and avoidance of general anesthesia and surgical procedure.
A notion of cross-perfect bipartite graphs

In this note, we consider four quantities defined on a bipartite graph B: the cross-chromatic index χ*(B), the biclique number w*(B), the cross-free matching number m*(B) and the biclique edge covering number β*(B). We mention several applications of these numbers and define a notion of cross-perfect bipartite graphs. A duality between these numbers for the class of cross-perfect graphs is examined.
A Global Traveling Wave on Venus

The dominant large-scale pattern in the clouds of Venus has been described as a 'Y' or 'Psi' and tentatively identified by earlier workers as a Kelvin wave. A detailed calculation of linear wave modes in the Venus atmosphere verifies this identification. Cloud feedback by infrared heating fluctuations is a plausible excitation mechanism. Modulation of the large-scale pattern by the wave is a possible explanation for the Y. Momentum transfer by the wave could contribute to sustaining the general circulation.
FUNDAMENTALS, PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY OF III-V COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS

Recent developments in the physics and technology of III-V compound heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) are reviewed. The technologies discussed are AlGaAs/GaAs, GaInP/GaAs, InP/InGaAs, and AlInAs/InGaAs based heterostructures. WIth current gain cut off frequencies over 100 GHz and maximum oscillation frequencies of about 200 GHz, the III-V compound semiconductor based HBTs have advanced to the point of commercialization. These developments also had the fortuitous effect of providing impetus and theoretical base to advance Si based HBT technologies, such as SiGe HBTs, to advance also. Recent SiGe HBTs, taking advantage of advanced Si processing technologies, have also recorded performances in excess of 100 GHz with applications envisioned in high speed analog-digital converters. While there remain some voids in the fundamental understanding of HBTs, the state-of-the-art of the GaAs HBT technology, concerning reproducibility and reliability, is at a point where problems related to production are at the forefront. The next few years are going to prove interesting with each technology recording improved performance.
Fault-tolerant quantum computation with asymmetric Bacon-Shor codes

We develop a scheme for fault-tolerant quantum computation based on asymmetric Bacon-Shor codes, which works effectively against highly biased noise dominated by dephasing. We find the optimal Bacon-Shor block size as a function of the noise strength and the noise bias, and estimate the logical error rate and overhead cost achieved by this optimal code. Our fault-tolerant gadgets, based on gate teleportation, are well suited for hardware platforms with geometrically local gates in two dimensions.
A Curious History of Sunspot Penumbrae

Daily records of sunspot group areas compiled by the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, from May of 1874 through 1976 indicate a curious history for the penumbral areas of the smaller sunspot groups. On average, the ratio of penumbral area to umbral area in a sunspot group increases from 5 to 6 as the total sunspot group area increases from 100 to 2000 μHem (a μHem is 10−6 the area of a solar hemisphere). This relationship does not vary substantially with sunspot group latitude or with the phase of the sunspot cycle. However, for the sunspot groups with total areas < 100 μHem, this ratio changes dramatically and systematically through this historical record. The ratio for these smallest sunspots is near 5.5 from 1874 to 1900. After a rapid rise to more than 7 in 1905, it drops smoothly to less than 3 by 1930 and then rises smoothly back to more than 7 in 1961. It then returns to near 5.5 from 1965 to 1976. The smooth variation from 1905 to 1961 shows no indication of any step-like changes that might be attributed to changes in equipment or personnel. The overall level of solar activity was increasing monotonically during this time period when the penumbra-to-umbra area ratio dropped to less than half its peak value and then returned. If this history can be confirmed by other observations (e.g. Mt. Wilson or Kodaikanal), it may impact our understanding of penumbra formation, our dynamo models, and our estimates of historical changes in the solar irradiance.
Solar Battery Chargers for NiMH Batteries

This paper proposes new solar battery chargers for NiMH batteries. First, it is shown that existing charge-control methods can fail when charging by solar arrays in changing environmental conditions. This article discusses the reasons for the failure and introduces new voltage and temperature-based charge- control techniques. To increase charge speed, a maximum power point tracker is also implemented within the micro-controller of the proposed charger.
Feedback control of optical beam spatial profiles using thermal lensing

A method for active control of the spatial profile of a laser beam using adaptive thermal lensing is described. A segmented electrical heater was used to generate thermal gradients across a transmissive optical element, resulting in a controllable thermal lens. The segmented heater also allows the generation of cylindrical lenses, and provides the capability to steer the beam in both horizontal and vertical planes. Using this device as an actuator, a feedback control loop was developed to stabilize the beam size and position.
Spectral characteristics of semiconductor lasers with optical feedback

Optical feedback-induced changes in the output spectra of several GaAlAs lasers operating at 0.83 μm are described. The feedback radiation obtained from a mirror 60 cm away from the laser is controlled in intensity and phase. Spectral line narrowing or broadening is observed in each laser depending on the feedback conditions. Minimum linewidths observed with feedback are less than 100 kHz. Improved wavelength stability is also obtained with optical feedback resulting in 15 dB less phase noise. An analytical model for the three-mirror cavity is developed to explain these observations.
Nucleophilic addition to 2,3-pyridyne and synthesis of benzonaphthyridinones

A study of the nucleophilic addition of amines to 2,3-pyridyne has been carried out. 2-Aminopyridines have been generated exclusively. A series of benzonaphthyridinones have been synthesized by reacting 2,3-pyridyne and o-aminobenzoates.
Nonlinearity of matrix groups

Answering a question of G. Yu, we show that the group EL3(ℤ 〈 x, y 〉) is not linear over any field. We also prove that for every unitary associative ring R, the group ELk(R) (k ≥ 3) is linear over ℂ if and only if R has a finite index ideal that is linear over ℂ.
State abortion rates. The impact of policies, providers, politics, demographics, and economic environment.

Abstract This paper uses data on abortion rates by state from 1974–1988 to estimate two-stage least squares models with fixed state and year effects. Restrictions on Medicaid funding for abortion are correlated with lower abortion rates in-state and higher rates among nearby states. A maximal estimate suggests that 19–25% of the abortions among low-income women that are publicly funded do not take place after funding is eliminated. Parental notification laws for teen abortions do not significantly affect aggregate abortion rates. A larger number of abortion providers in a state increases the abortion rate, primarily through inducing cross-state travel.
Portfolio selection with mental accounts and background risk

Abstract Das et al. (2010) develop a model where an investor divides his or her wealth among mental accounts with motives such as retirement and bequest. Nevertheless, the investor ends up selecting portfolios within mental accounts and an aggregate portfolio that lie on the mean–variance frontier. Importantly, they assume that the investor only faces portfolio risk. In practice, however, many individuals also face background risk. Accordingly, our paper expands upon theirs by considering the case where the investor faces background risk. Our contribution is threefold. First, we provide an analytical characterization of the existence and composition of the optimal portfolios within accounts and the aggregate portfolio. Second, we show that these portfolios lie away from the mean–variance frontier under fairly general conditions. Third, we find that the composition and location of such portfolios can differ notably from those of portfolios on the mean–variance frontier.
Explaining why the u and d quark masses are similar

Abstract An approach is suggested for modeling quark and lepton masses and mixing in the context of grand unified theories that explains the curious fact that m u ∼ m d even though m t ⪢ m b . The structure of the quark mass matrices is such as to allow a non-Peccei–Quinn solution of the Strong CP Problem.
Galaxy formation in an intergalactic medium dominated by explosions

The evolution of galaxies in an intergalactic medium dominated by explosions of star systems is considered analogously to star formation by nonlinearly interacting processes in the interstellar medium. Conditions for the existence of a hydrodynamic instability by which galaxy formation leads to more galaxy formation due to the propagation of the energy released at the death of massive stars are examined, and it is shown that such an explosive amplification is possible at redshifts less than about 5 and stellar system masses between 10 to the 8th and 10 to the 12th solar masses. Explosions before a redshift of about 5 are found to lead primarily to the formation of massive stars rather than galaxies, while those at a redshift close to 5 will result in objects of normal galactic scale. The model also predicts a dusty interstellar medium preventing the detection of objects of redshift greater than 3, numbers and luminosities of protogalaxies comparable to present observations, unvirialized groups of galaxies lying on two-dimensional surfaces, and a significant number of black holes in the mass range 1000-10,000 solar masses.
The composition and origin of metal in howardites

Abstract Howardites can be divided into two main groups, Ni-rich (>350ppm Ni) and Ni-poor ( Petersburg differs from other howardites in several ways. The metal in primary clasts has a unique Ni Co ratio of about 40, which indicates derivation from a different reservoir from other howardite primary clasts. The metal in the matrix consists of large grains intergrown with silicates with compositions clustering tightly at 3.3% Ni, 0.2% Co. This is interpreted as equilibration, possibly as the result of deeper burial for Petersburg than for other howardites.
Novel electronic effects of remote substituents on the oxazaborolidine-catalyzed enantioselective reduction of ketones

Summary A new class of highly enantiotelective oxazaborohdine-catalyzed reductions of achiral ketones is reported which depends on stereoelectronic effects involving p-substituted non-planar aromatic ketones, or π-coordinated transition-metal containing ketones, or strained ring ketones, as exemplified in Table 1. The discovery of these reactions was guided by the transition-state model 1, for which they provide experimental support. Because high enantioselectivities (> 30 :1) are achievable, these reductions define an excellent method for the synthesis of, for example, chiral benzhydrols, chiral propargylic, or chiral allylic alcohols. Lower enantioselectivities observed with CH2Cl2 as solvent, relative to toluene as solvent, are consistent with the transition-state model 1 and indicate that CH2Cl2 hydrogen bonds to the donor groups in the π-electron-rich carbonyl substituent (rl in 1 therein-diminishing electron supply.
Intramolecular arylation of benzimidazoles via Pd(II)/Cu(I) catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling

Electron poor benzimidazole substrates were arylated via an intramolecular cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction. These CDC reactions were catalyzed by a Pd(II)/Cu(I) catalyst system, capable of producing moderate yields on a large library of substrates. The substrate scope consisted of tethered arene-benzimidazoles that upon coupling, produced a fused polycyclic motif.
Riemann–Roch and Abel–Jacobi theory on a finite graph

Abstract It is well known that a finite graph can be viewed, in many respects, as a discrete analogue of a Riemann surface. In this paper, we pursue this analogy further in the context of linear equivalence of divisors. In particular, we formulate and prove a graph-theoretic analogue of the classical Riemann–Roch theorem. We also prove several results, analogous to classical facts about Riemann surfaces, concerning the Abel–Jacobi map from a graph to its Jacobian. As an application of our results, we characterize the existence or non-existence of a winning strategy for a certain chip-firing game played on the vertices of a graph.
Depletion of dendritic cells enhances susceptibility to cell-free infection of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 in CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mice

HTLV-1 is associated with two immunologically distinct diseases: HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and adult T cell leukemia. The genesis of these diseases is believed to be associated with the route (mucosa versus blood) and mode (cell-free versus cell-associated) of primary infection as well as the modulation of dendritic cell (DC) functions. To explore the role of DCs during early HTLV-1 infection in vivo, we used a chimeric HTLV-1 with a replaced envelope gene from Moloney murine leukemia virus to allow HTLV-1 to fuse with murine cells, which are generally not susceptible to infection with human retroviruses. We also used a CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mouse model system that permits conditional transient depletion of CD11c(+) DCs. We infected these transgenic mice with HTLV-1 using both cell-free and cell-associated infection routes in the absence and presence of DCs. The ablation of DCs led to an enhanced susceptibility to infection with cell-free but not cell-associated HTLV-1 in both CD4 and non-CD4 fractions, as measured by the proviral load. Infection with cell-free virus in the absence of DCs was also found to have increased levels of Tax mRNA in the non-CD4 fraction. Moreover, depletion of DCs significantly dampened the cellular immune response against both cell-free and cell-associated virus. These results uniquely differentiate the involvement of DCs in early cell-free versus late cell-associated infection of HTLV-1 and highlight a significant aspect of viral immunopathogenesis related to the progression of adult T cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis after the initial infection.
Structural Reform and Firm Exports

We analyze the impact of structural reform on firm exports. We argue that structural reform generates new opportunities and reduces transaction costs, inducing firms to improve their efficiency and competitiveness to international levels, therefore, helping them to export. However, we propose that not all companies benefit equally, because firms differ in how structural reform affects their competitiveness. We argue that subsidiaries of foreign firms are the main beneficiaries of structural reform, followed by domestic private firms, and finally by domestic state-owned firms. We test these arguments on a sample of the largest companies in Latin America for the period 1990–2005. We find that structural reform induces firms to export. Furthermore, it has the highest positive impact on the exports of subsidiaries of foreign firms, followed by those of domestic private firms. Surprisingly, we find that structural reform has a negative impact on the exports of domestic state-owned firms. The paper contributes to a better understanding of how changes in institutions affect firm behavior by explaining the mechanisms that link structural reform to firm exports and how these vary across firms. Moreover, by indicating that not only foreign but also domestic private firms benefit from structural reform, it counters the arguments of detractors of globalization who claim that foreign firms are the sole beneficiaries of structural reform. The paper also highlights the need to discuss who benefits from structural reform rather than whether structural reform is beneficial or detrimental.
To fight or not to fight? That is the question

Abstract Models with private information held by one side have been used to explain Pareto-inefficient conflicts such as wars and strikes. In this model, where both sides have private information, two sides must agree to divide a fixed surplus or engage in a conflict to enforce their demands. The private information is that each side knows which of two relative strength levels it will have in the conflict. The Nash equilibrium for each possible value of the parameters — the size of the surplus, its no-conflict division, the costs of fighting, and each side's probabilities of being strong or weak — is derived. The effect of information on the nature of conflict is examined. Two special cases are analyzed: total war, where conflict costs exceed possible gains, and situations where preparation costs exceed direct conflict costs. Both local and global comparative statics with respect to parameter changes are reported.
Transonic shock interaction with a tangentially injected turbulent boundary layer

Abstract : A non-asymptotic triple deck theory of transonic shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction is described which takes into account the influence of upstream tangential injection on a curved wall. In addition to Reynolds number and the shock strength, the theory is parameterized by arbitrary values of the incoming boundary layer shape factor, wall jet maximum velocity ratio and the nondimensional height of this ratio; results of a comprehensive parametric study are then presented. It is shown that the wall jet effects significantly reduce both the streamwise scale and displacement thickening of the interaction zone. While increasing the upstream and downstream skin friction levels, these effects also reduce the minimum interactive Cf and thus hasten the onset of incipient separation at the shock foot.
Chemical and biological characterization of a series of water soluble 1,2-diaminocyclohexane platinum(II) complexes

Abstract A series of water soluble 1,2-diaminocyclohexane platinum(II) complexes have been synthesized and analyzed for their mode of ligand coordination and biological activity. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo screening tests indicate that these complexes have excellent antitumor activity and ere not cross-resistant with DDP. These results suggest that this series of platinum complexes warrant further study for eventual introduction into clinical studies.
Caspase-2-Mediated Cleavage of Mdm2 Creates a p53-Induced Positive Feedback Loop

Caspase-2 is an evolutionarily conserved caspase, yet its biological function and cleavage targets are poorly understood. Caspase-2 is activated by the p53 target gene product PIDD (also known as LRDD) in a complex called the Caspase-2-PIDDosome. We show that PIDD expression promotes growth arrest and chemotherapy resistance by a mechanism that depends on Caspase-2 and wild-type p53. PIDD-induced Caspase-2 directly cleaves the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2 at Asp 367, leading to loss of the C-terminal RING domain responsible for p53 ubiquitination. As a consequence, N-terminally truncated Mdm2 binds p53 and promotes its stability. Upon DNA damage, p53 induction of the Caspase-2-PIDDosome creates a positive feedback loop that inhibits Mdm2 and reinforces p53 stability and activity, contributing to cell survival and drug resistance. These data establish Mdm2 as a cleavage target of Caspase-2 and provide insight into a mechanism of Mdm2 inhibition that impacts p53 dynamics upon genotoxic stress.
“I’ve Got Better Things to Worry About”: Police Perceptions of Graffiti and Street Art in a Large Mid-Atlantic City

The majority of scholarly research on graffiti and street art has examined this phenomenon in terms of its distribution and the nature of the perpetrators. Rarely has the law enforcement response been investigated. To better understand this neglected aspect, the investigators constructed a survey that they administered to a sample of officers in a large Mid-Atlantic police department to determine their attitudes, in particular their perceptions, regarding graffiti, street art, and perpetrators of this behavior. The survey takes into consideration important police-related variables and situational factors to provide a portrait of officer perceptions. The major finding indicates that the shift and race of police officers might have an influence on their decisions to stop, question, and arrest suspects on graffiti and street art vandalism-related charges. This is consistent with other studies of police perceptions of illegal behavior.
Analysis of myoglobin adsorption to Cu(II)-IDA and Ni(II)-IDA functionalized Langmuir monolayers by grazing incidence neutron and X-ray techniques.

The adsorption of myoglobin to Langmuir monolayers of a metal-chelating lipid in crystalline phase was studied using neutron and X-ray reflectivity (NR and XR) and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD). In this system, adsorption is due to the interaction between chelated divalent copper or nickel ions and the histidine moieties at the outer surface of the protein. The binding interaction of histidine with the Ni−IDA complex is known to be much weaker than that with Cu−IDA. Adsorption was examined under conditions of constant surface area with an initial pressure of 40 mN/m. After ∼12 h little further change in reflectivity was detected, although the surface pressure continued to slowly increase. For chelated Cu2+ ions, the adsorbed layer structure in the final state was examined for bulk myoglobin concentrations of 0.10 and 10 μM. For the case of 10 μM, the final layer thickness was ∼43 A. This corresponds well to the two thicker dimensions of myoglobin in the native state (44 A × 44 A × 25 A) and s...
On Separating the Landowner’s Earned and Unearned Increment: A Georgist Rejoinder to F. A. Hayek

On a given site, some increments of rent or land value may reflect improvements by the owner, either to it or to adjacent sites he or she also owns. Because these increments cannot always be distinguished with precision from the value arising from natural features and/or from improvements due to communal efforts, F. A. Hayek dismissed the Georgist paradigm as fatally flawed. This paper disputes Hayek’s criticism on the following grounds: 1. As Professor Backhaus observed, the degree of certainty in measurement demanded by Hayek is more rigorous than that required in practice for enforceable tax assessment. 2. Under a Georgist-style system, landowners who improve their land would, in any case, get to keep much more of the fruits of their efforts than under any alternative public revenue system. 3. The distinction between value produced by the owner, on the one hand, and that produced by nature and society, on the other, remains authoritative as an ideal even if not perfectly realizable in practice; hence, there is a sense in which even the theoretical elegance of Georgism is not undercut by Hayek's criticism.
Catalytic Asymmetric Exo-Selective [C+NC+CC] Reaction

A catalytic asymmetric version of the exo-selective [C+NC+CC] reaction is reported. This multicomponent reaction utilizes a readily prepared achiral glycyl sultam as the "NC" component and commercially available catalyst components. The method can be applied to a variety of aldehydes ("C" component) and activated alkenes ("CC" component) to provide substituted pyrrolidines in good yields and high enantioselectivities. Of particular note is the ability to employ labile enolizable aldehydes (e.g., acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde) in this reaction.
Operator mixing and the BMN correspondence

In this note we update the discussion of the BMN correspondence and string interactions in [4] to incorporate the effects of operator mixing. We diagonalize the matrix of two point functions of single and double trace operators, and compute the eigen-operators and their anomalous dimensions to order g22λ'. Operators in different R symmetry multiplets remain degenerate at this order; we propose this is a consequence of supersymmetry. We also calculate the corresponding energy shifts in string theory, and find a discrepancy with field theory results, indicating possible new effects in light-cone string field theory.
A Multigrid Algorithm for Sampling Imaginary-Time Paths in Quantum Monte Carlo Simulations

We describe a novel simulation method that eliminates the slowing-down problem in the Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of imaginary-time path integrals near the continuum limit. This method combines a stochastic blocking procedure with the multigrid method to rapidly accelerate the sampling of paths in a quantum MC simulation, making its dynamics more ergodic. The effectiveness and efficiency of this method are demonstrated for several one-dimensional quantum systems and compared to other standard and accelerated methods.
Acute normovolemic hemodilution.

SUMMARY I Acute normovolemic hemodilution is a point of care method of autologous blood procurement. Acute hemodilution has several inherent advantages over preoperative autologous blood donation: it is inexpensive, does not require testing, and has none of the risks of administrative error or bacterial contamination related to stored blood. The clinical efficacy of acute hemodilution is increasingly apparent. This technique will also serve as a foundation for the use of emerging oxygen carrying solutions.
Topological quantum image analysis

A new approach to analyzing visual images is proposed, based on the idea of converting an optical image into a spatially varying pattern of polarized squeezed light, which is then used to produce a pattern of chiral edge currents in a thin film topological insulator. Thin films of Bi or Bi doped with Sb which are punctured with an array of sub-micron holes may be a way of realizing this kind of optical quantum information processing.
A density functional study of molecular oxygen adsorption and reaction barrier on Pu (100) surface

Oxygen molecule adsorptions on a Pu(100) surface have been studied in detail, using the generalized gradient approximation to density functional theory. Dissociative adsorption with a layer by layer alternate spin arrangement of the plutonium layer is found to be energetically more favorable compared to molecular adsorption. Hor2 approach on a bridge site without spin polarization was found to the highest chemisorbed site with an energy of 8.787 eV among all the cases studied. The second highest chemisorption energy of 8.236 eV, is the spin-polarized Hor2 or Ver approach at center site. Inclusion of spin polarization affects the chemisorption processes significantly, non-spin-polarized chemisorption energies being typically higher than the spin-polarized energies. We also find that the 5f electrons to be more localized in spin-polarized cases compared to the non-spin-polarized counterparts. The ionic part of O-Pu bonding plays a significant role, while the Pu 5f-O 2p hybridization was found to be rather week. Also, adsorptions of oxygen push the top of 5f band deeper away from the Fermi level, indicating further bonding by the 5f orbitals might be less probable. Except for the interstitial sites, the work functions increase due to adsorptions of oxygen.
Inheritance comes of age: applying nonmonotonic techniques to problems in industry

Abstract Nonmonotonic reasoning is virtually absent from industry and has been so since its inception; the result is that the field is becoming increasingly marginalized within AI. We argue that this is largely because researchers in the area focus exclusively on commonsense problems which are irrelevant to industry and because few efficient algorithms or tools have been developed. A sensible strategy is thus to focus on industry problems and to develop solutions within tractable subtheories of nonmonotonic logic. We examine an example of nonmonotonic reasoning in industry—inheritance of business rules in the medical insurance domain—and show how the paradigm of inheritance with exceptions can be extended to a broader and more powerful kind of nonmonotonic reasoning. This is done by introducing formula-augmented semantic networks (FANs), semantic networks which attach wellformed formulae to nodes. The problem of inheriting well-formed formulae within this structure is explored, and an algorithm is given and discussed. Finally we discuss the underlying lessons that can be generalized to other industry problems.
Affine Shuffles, Shuffles with Cuts, the Whitehouse Module, and Patience Sorting

Abstract Type A affine shuffles are compared with riffle shuffles followed by a cut. Although these probability measures on the symmetric group S n are different, they both satisfy a convolution property. Strong evidence is given that when the underlying parameter q satisfies gcd( n , q − 1) = 1, the induced measures on conjugacy classes of the symmetric group coincide. This gives rise to interesting combinatorics concerning the modular equidistribution by major index of permutations in a given conjugacy class and with a given number of cyclic descents. Using representation theoretic work on the Whitehouse module, a formula is obtained for the cycle structure of a riffle shuffle followed by a cut. It is proved that the use of cuts does not speed up the convergence rate of riffle shuffles to randomness. Generating functions for the first pile size in patience sorting from decks with repeated values are derived. This relates to random matrices.
Nonperturbative Two-Dimensional Quantum Gravity

We propose a nonperturbative definition of two-dimensional quantum gravity, based on a double-scaling limit of the random-matrix model. We derive an exact differential equation for the partition function of two-dimensional gravity coupled to conformal matter as a function of the string coupling constant that governs the genus expansion of two-dimensional surfaces, and discuss its properties and consequences. We also construct and discuss the correlation functions of an infinite set of local operators for spherical topology.
CAMPTOTHECIN AND TAXOL: DISCOVERY TO CLINIC

Camptothecin (CPT) is a pentacyclic alkaloid isolated from wood and bark of Camptotheca acuminata. Initially it was found to be highly active in a number of mouse in vivo cancer assays. Subsequently, CPT was found to uniquely inhibit an enzyme, topoisomerase I, which is involved in DNA replication. A number of CPT analogs are in advanced clinical trial, and two, Topotecan and CPT-11, have been approved for marketing by the FDA. taxol, a taxane alkaloid, was isolated from Taxus brevifolia. Taxol is a highly cytotoxic compound active in several mouse antitumor assays. It was subsequently found to uniquely inhibit tubulin, a protein involved in mitosis. After clinical evaluation, it has become the drug of choice for treatment of ovarian cancer.
On relative normal modes

Abstract We generalize the Weinstein-Moser theorem on the existence of nonlinear normal modes near an equilibrium in a Hamiltonian system to a theorem on the existence of relative periodic orbits near a relative equilibrium in a Hamiltonian system with continuous symmetries. In particular, we prove that under appropriate hypotheses there exist relative periodic orbits near relative equilibria even when these relative equilibria are singular points of the corresponding moment map, i.e. when the reduced spaces are singular.
Do All Linear Flexible Structures Have Convergent Second-Order Observers?

Using an FEM, it is shown that all linear flexible structures have convergent second-order observers, but that some are unnatural, involving a corrector term obtained from a filter.
Are female politicians more responsive to international crises

This article analyses bilateral foreign aid flows over the period 1973 to 2010 to investigate whether the gender composition of legislatures in donor nations affects the aid response to recipient country crises. Our findings suggest that donors with higher shares of women in office provide larger amounts of foreign aid in the wake of a disaster or war in a recipient nation. This response increases in size with the magnitude of the crisis and is especially pronounced for aid flows designated as disaster relief.
Static Properties of Nucleons in the Skyrme Model

Abstract We compute static properties of baryons in an SU(2) × SU(2) chiral theory (the Skyrme model) whose solitons can be interpreted as the baryons of QCD. Our results are generally within about 30% of experimental values. We also derive some relations that hold generally in soliton models of baryons, and therefore, serve as tests of the 1 N expansion.
Lattice QCD at finite isospin density and/or temperature

Abstract We simulate two-flavour lattice QCD with at a finite chemical potential μ I for isospin, and finite temperature. At small μ I , we determine the position of the crossover from hadronic matter to a quark-gluon plasma as a function of μ I . At larger μ I we observe the phase transition from the superfluid pion-condensed phase to a quark-gluon plasma, noting its change from second order to first order as μ I is increased. We also simulate two-flavour lattice QCD at zero quark mass, using an action which includes an additional 4-fermion interaction, at temperatures close to the chiral transition on N t = 8 lattices.
Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylations of Polynitrogen-Containing Aromatic Heterocycles

We report the palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA) reaction of a variety of nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycles, including pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, quinoxaline, and benzoimidazole derivatives. The mesityl ester, whose steric bulk prevents competitive deacylation of the electrophile from “hard” nucleophiles, is introduced as a new leaving group in allylic alkylation chemistry. In contrast to our previous studies of AAA reactions with pyridine-based substrates, no precomplexation with a Lewis acid is required before deprotonation with LiHMDS, underscoring the relative acidity of these electron-deficient nucleophiles.
Leaders and followers: emerging market fund behavior during tranquil and turbulent times

Abstract Recent episodes of capital market volatility and contagion have brought up many questions about the behavior of international investors. We address some of these questions, exploring the behavior of different types of emerging market equity funds with monthly data on individual country holdings. Consistent with the notion that fund behavior can largely be traced to redemptions by individual investors, we find that open-end funds withdraw more from vulnerable countries around crises than their closed-end counterparts. We show that open-end funds’ flows Granger-cause closed-end funds investments, possibly because the closed-end funds are forced to follow their more fickle open-end counterparts. Single-country fund flows precede those of global funds, suggesting an informational advantage of the former. The evidence does not support the notion that small funds are at a disadvantage in gathering country information.
Limits on modes of lithospheric heat transport on Venus from impact crater density

Based on the observed density of impact craters on the Venus surface obtained from Venera 15-16 radar images, a formalism to estimate the upper bounds on the contributions made to lithospheric heat transport by volcanism and lithospheric recycling is presented. The Venera 15-16 data, if representative of the entire planet, limit the average rate of volcanic resurfacing on Venus to less than 2 cu km/yr (corresponding to less than 1 percent of the global heat loss), and limit the rate of lithospheric recycling to less than 1.5 sq km/yr (and probably to less than 0.5 sq km/yr), corresponding to 25 percent (and to 9 percent) of the global heat loss. The present results indicate that heat loss at lithospheric levels in Venus is dominated by conduction.
Fixing Market Failures or Fixing Elections? Agricultural Credit in India

This paper integrates theories of political budget cycles with theories of tactical electoral redistribution to test for political capture in a novel way. Studying banks in India, I find that government-owned bank lending tracks the electoral cycle, with agricultural credit increasing by 5-10 percentage points in an election year. There is significant cross-sectional targeting, with large increases in districts in which the election is particularly close. This targeting does not occur in nonelection years or in private bank lending. I show capture is costly: elections affect loan repayment, and election-year credit booms do not measurably affect agricultural output. (JEL D72, 013, 017, Q14, Q18)
Theory of gated multicycle integration (GMCI) for repetitive imaging of focal plane array

Gated multicycle integration (GMCI), a model of a directly gated readout circuit, is developed for repetitive imaging focal plane arrays (FPAs). The concept of GMCI is a combiner of gated integration (GI) and phase-sensitive integration (PSI). It differs from GI by its capability of background subtraction, and it differs from phase-sensitive integration by its duty cycle unlimited to 0.5. The operational modes of GMCI include the capacitive transimpedance amplifier (CTIA), GI, PSI (with background subtraction), multiple summation, multiple averaging, and some of their combinations. Through discussing the performance of one pixel, the analytical theory of GMCI provides the background limitations of gated and nongated FPAs.
Comments on black holes I: The possibility of complementarity

We comment on a recent paper of Almheiri, Marolf, Polchinski and Sully who argue against black hole complementarity based on the claim that an infalling observer ‘burns’ as he attempts to cross the horizon. We show that measurements made by an infalling observer outside the horizon are statistically identical for the cases of vacuum at the horizon and radiation emerging from a stretched horizon. This forces us to follow the dynamics all the way to the horizon, where we need to know the details of Planck-scale physics. We note that in string theory the fuzzball structure of microstates does not give any place to ‘continue through’ this Planck regime. AMPS argue that interactions near the horizon preclude traditional complementarity. But the conjecture of ‘fuzzball complementarity’ works in the opposite way: the infalling quantum is absorbed by the fuzzball surface, and it is the resulting dynamics that is conjectured to admit a complementary description.
P(RNCH2CH2)3N: An efficient promoter for the synthesis of 3-substituted coumarins

ABSTRACT The title compounds wherein R = Me or i-Pr function as efficient promoters for the formation of coumarins in good to excellent yields (80–95%) from salicylaldehydes and di-activated methylene compounds of the type R′CH2CO2Et (R′ = CO2Et, COMe, CN). Although the yields are not generally superior to those reported in the literature, our methodology is more convenient in that milder conditions and shorter reaction times are facilitated by the use of the aforementioned commercially available catalysts.
River flow changes related to land and water management practices across the conterminous United States.

The effects of land and water management practices (LWMP)—such as the construction of dams and roads—on river flows typically have been studied at the scale of single river watersheds or for a single type of LWMP. For the most part, assessments of the relative effects of multiple LWMP within many river watersheds across regional and national scales have been lacking. This study assesses flow alteration—quantified as deviation of several flow metrics from natural conditions—at 4196 gauged rivers affected by a variety of LWMP across the conterminous United States. The most widespread causes of flow changes among the LWMP considered were road density and dams. Agricultural development and wastewater discharges also were associated with flow changes in some regions. Dams generally reduced most attributes of flow, whereas road density, agriculture and wastewater discharges tended to be associated with increased flows compared to their natural condition.
Weakly Nonlinear Clustering for Arbitrary Expansion Histories

Bouchet et al. showed that in an open or closed universe with only pressureless matter, gravitational instability from Gaussian initial conditions induces a normalized skewness, S3≡δ3δ2−2, which has only a very weak dependence on the nonrelativistic matter density. Here we generalize this result to a plethora of models with various contributions to the total energy density, including nonrelativistic matter, a cosmological constant, and other forms of missing energy. Our numerical results show that the skewness (and bispectrum) depend only very weakly (2%) on the expansion history. Thus the skewness and bispectrum provide a robust test of gravitational instability from Gaussian initial conditions, independent of the underlying cosmological model.
SIMULATED EXTRAGALACTIC OBSERVATIONS WITH A CRYOGENIC IMAGING SPECTROPHOTOMETER

In this paper we explore the application of cryogenic imaging spectrophotometers. Prototypes of this new class of detector, such as superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs) and transition edge sensors (TESs), currently deliver low-resolution imaging spectrophotometry with high quantum efficiency (70%–100%) and no read noise over a wide bandpass in the visible to near-infrared. In order to demonstrate their utility and the differences in observing strategy needed to maximize their scientific return, we present simulated observations of a deep extragalactic field. Using a simple analytic technique, we can estimate both the galaxy redshift and spectral type more accurately than is possible with current broadband techniques. From our simulated observations and a subsequent discussion of the expected migration path for this new technology, we illustrate the power and promise of these devices.
The LEADER retrieval system

The LEADER system is a new service-oriented prototype designed to meet the retrieval needs of research scientists working within or in conjunction with the Center for the Information Sciences at Lehigh University. In the first part of this paper, we describe the major conceptual apparatus and principal design features of LEADER, while the second part contains a brief discussion of system implementation and user interaction.
Structure of stationary finite observation records of discrete-time stochastic linear systems

We discuss the structural features of finite observation records from discrete-time stationary Gaussian stochastic processes with rational power spectra. The processes may be viewed as arising from discrete-time linear systems excited by white noise or as autoregressive-moving average processes. The latter parametrization is chosen for convenience, and the existence of nontrivial sufficient statistics is studied. It is shown that only autoregressive processes have sufficient statistics whose dimension is less that the number of observations. Some connections with the theory of stochastic realization are described.