cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal sensor placement in decentralized control systems

The problem of sensor placement for decentralized discrete systems is considered, A design technique is proposed by which the performance of decentralized regulators can be improved by optimizing the constrained observation matrices. Necessary conditions of optimality are derived.
[Comparison of the effects of an exercise program in non-obese and obese women].

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of an exercise program on physical fitness, obesity indices, and blood lipids in cases of non-obese and obese women. Method: Data was collected from May, 2006 to November, 2006 in a public health center. All Subjects(37 women) participated in an exercise program that consisted of Latin dance, muscular strength training, and dumbbell exercises. Thirty-seven women were divided into two groups(16 non-obese women and 21 obese women) by %body fat. After 8 weeks, the effects of treatment were compared between pre-test and post-test in each group. Results: Physical fitness(abdominal muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, agility, balance) was significantly different between the pre-test and post-test in the non-obese and obese group. Obesity indices(body weight, BMI) was significantly different in obese women after the 8-week exercise program. There was no decrease of blood lipids in either group. Conclusion: These findings indicate that an exercise program could be an effective nursing intervention to increase physical fitness in non-obese and obese women and to decrease obesity indices(body weight, BMI) in obese women.
Regulation’s Effect on Experimentation in Retail Electricity Markets

In this paper prepared for the Miller Upton Forum on the Wealth and Well-Being of Nations, Kiesling asks why in this digital age the basic technology supporting the production and distribution of electric power has changed so little since the industry’s birth in the early twentieth century. She points out that one of the fundamental advantages of polycentric orders is that they favor learning and innovation through continuous experimentation. Monocentric orders, on the other hand, tend to stifle innovation and experimentation. Kiesling argues that a monocentric regulatory paradigm — one that was ostensibly designed to make the electric power industry more efficient — has in fact created institutional barriers that have stymied technological growth in the industry.
Attenuation in rats of impairments of memory by scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, by mecamylamine, a nicotinic receptor antagonist

Scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist, impairs learning and memory for many tasks, supporting an important role for the cholinergic system in these cognitive functions. The findings are most often interpreted to indicate that a decrease in postsynaptic muscarinic receptor activation mediates the memory impairments. However, scopolamine also results in increased release of acetylcholine in the brain as a result of blocking presynaptic muscarinic receptors. The present experiments assess whether scopolamine-induced increases in acetylcholine release may impair memory by overstimulating postsynaptic cholinergic nicotinic receptors, i.e., by reaching the high end of a nicotinic receptor activation inverted-U dose-response function. Rats tested in a spontaneous alternation task showed dose-dependent working memory deficits with systemic injections of mecamylamine and scopolamine. When an amnestic dose of scopolamine (0.15 mg/kg) was co-administered with a subamnestic dose of mecamylamine (0.25 mg/kg), this dose of mecamylamine significantly attenuated the scopolamine-induced memory impairments. We next assessed the levels of acetylcholine release in the hippocampus in the presence of scopolamine and mecamylamine. Mecamylamine injections resulted in decreased release of acetylcholine, while scopolamine administration caused a large increase in acetylcholine release. These findings indicate that a nicotinic antagonist can attenuate impairments in memory produced by a muscarinic antagonist. The nicotinic antagonist may block excessive activation of nicotinic receptors postsynaptically or attenuate increases in acetylcholine release presynaptically. Either effect of a nicotinic antagonist—to decrease scopolamine-induced increases in acetylcholine output or to decrease postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor activation—may mediate the negative effects on memory of muscarinic antagonists.
The Subtle Symbiosis: Rare Books and Manuscripts at Mills College

Presentation de la gestion des fonds de livres et de manuscrits a la bibliotheque universitaire du Mills College (Etats-Unis)
Hackers Portfolio And Its Impact On Society

Currently, a hacker is defined as aperson using computers to explore a network to which he or she did not belong. Hackers find new ways to harass people,defraud corporations, steal information and maybe even destroy valuable information by infiltrating private and non-private organizations.According to recent research, bad hackers make up only a small minority of thehacker community. In today’s society, we depend on more technology than everand that increases the likelihood of hackers having more control overcyberspace. Hackerswork by collecting information on the intended target, figuring out the bestplan of attack and then exploiting vulnerabilities in the system. Programs suchas Trojan horses and Flame viruses are designed and usedby hackers to get access to computer networks. This paper described how hackerbehavior is aimed at information security and what measures are being taken tocombat them.
Staged Self-Assembly of Colloidal Metastructures

We demonstrate sequential assembly of chemically patchy colloids such that their valence differs from stage to stage to produce hierarchical structures. For proof of concept, we employ ACB triblock spheres suspended in water, with the C middle band electrostatically repulsive. In the first assembly stage, only A–A hydrophobic attraction contributes, and discrete clusters form. They can be stored, but subsequently activated to allow B–B attractions, leading to higher-order assembly of clusters with one another. The growth dynamics, observed at a single particle level by fluorescence optical microscopy, obey the kinetics of stepwise polymerization, forming chains, pores, and networks. Between linked clusters, we identify three possible bond geometries, linear, triangular, and square, by an argument that is generalizable to other patchy colloid systems. This staged assembly strategy offers a promising route to fabricate colloidal assemblies bearing multiple levels of structural and functional complexity.
Calculation of Incompressible and Compressible Laminar Flows for Undergraduates

*Teaching undergraduates viscous flows presents the instructor with a challenge due to the computational skills of the students. Some of them have had a course in computer programming while others may have only had experience using computer software. This paper has two goals. First, to provide information to students that can be used to calculate viscous flows using a spread sheet like Excel. These programs are easy to use and students can access them on their own computer without importing special software. An example is provided for calculating the incompressible flow over a flat plate using the Blasius equation. The second goal is to develop a new similarity variable that allows compressible viscous flows to be reduced to a form that does not contain derivatives of density and viscosity in the governing equations. The new variable fell out naturally for a transformed y- coordinate to determine new analytic solutions for compressible Couette flow and compressible flow over a plane with uniform suction on it. A new transformed similarity variable was determined for boundary layers and demonstrated for compressible flow over a flat plate. Both goals were achieved and make ideal examples for undergraduate students using a spreadsheet.
Topical treatment of cutaneous vaccinia virus infections in immunosuppressed hairless mice with selected antiviral substances.

Background:Certain nucleoside, nucleotide and pyrophosphate analogues may be useful for treating severe complications arising as a result of virus dissemination following smallpox (live vaccinia virus) vaccinations, especially in immunocompromised individuals. We used an immunosuppressed hairless mouse model to study the effects of 10 antiviral agents on progressive vaccinia infections.Methods:Hairless mice were immunosuppressed by treatment with cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) every 4 days starting 1 day prior to vaccinia virus (WR strain) infection of wounded skin. Topical treatments with antiviral agents were applied twice a day for 7 days starting 5 days after virus exposure.Results:Topical 1% cidofovir cream treatment was effective in significantly reducing primary lesion severity and decreasing the number of satellite lesions. Topical 1% cyclic HPMPC and 1% phosphonoacetic acid were not quite as active as cidofovir. Ribavirin (5%) treatment reduced lesion severity and diminished the numbers of satellit...
Research on Active Power Quality Conditioner for Improving Power Quality of Microgrid

To improve power quality of microgrid and reduce the influence of connecting with microgrid on power quality of low voltage distribution network,it is proposed to connect a shunt active power quality conditioner(APQC) between the AC bus of microgrid and the point of common coupling(PCC) of low voltage distribution network.A synchronous phase-locking method based on instant reactive power theory is put forward to accurately detect the positive-sequence fundamental frequency voltage component at PCC and then obtain the phase of the component.The reference current is calculated by the control strategy of compensation current to control APQC that compensates both harmonic currents and reactive current in real-time mode.Although the three-phase loads are unbalanced,the proposed method can make the three-phase line currents at PCC sinusoidal and balanced,thus the three-phase voltages at PCC can be balanced.Results of simulation based on Matlab/Simulink show that the proposed synchronous phase-locking method and control strategy for compensation current are effective.
Recombinant Protein Production in Plants: Challenges and Solutions

In a recent presentation at the 2010 International Association for Plant Biotechnology meeting, Dr. Richard Flavell (Ceres, Malibu, CA, USA) motivated the plant community to act quickly and with purpose to move a multitude of traits into crop plants to improve their productivity. Current progress toward understanding of plants is too slow and will not achieve our communal goal of doubling agricultural productivity by 2050. Major breakthroughs are necessary! Thus, high-throughput methods that couple gene identification and phenotype observations are required to put potential products into the hands of plant breeders to make varieties with good agronomic characteristics that will be approved by the regulatory agencies. These first improved crops must be on the market in the next 10 years, according to Flavell, in order to begin to meet our doubled productivity goals in 30 years. Because it takes approximately 10 years to produce a characterized variety from an identified gene and move it through product development and regulatory approval, we must begin now. Presumably, by employing the techniques in the following -chapters, we can do that.
Analyses of Plant UDP-Dependent Glycosyltransferases to Identify Their Volatile Substrates Using Recombinant Proteins

Glycosylation is one of major modifications for plant secondary metabolites. In the case of volatile compounds, glycosylation makes them nonvolatile and odorless. Identification of UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases responsible for volatile glycosylation is essential to understand the regulatory mechanism of volatile release from plant tissues. Here, we describe an efficient protocol to find possible combinations of volatiles/glycosyltransferases using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) enzymes expressed in Escherichia coli. The presented method requires a basic gas chromatography system and conventional laboratory tools.
Rural Shop-Based Health Program Planning: a Formative Research Approach Among Owners

African American barbershops and beauty salons are settings that have been identified as a significant and culturally relevant venue to reach minority populations for health promotion activities. By being located in almost every town in the USA, this setting is a viable means to promote healthy lifestyles among African Americans. The purpose of this formative research project was to assess African American barbershop and beauty salon owners' perceptions of providing health promotion programming in their shops, as well as to obtain information on health topics of interest and strategies for implementation. Interviewees were recruited using snowballing among clientele and owner referrals, between November 2014 and August 2015. A total of 20 barbershop and salon owners, across 11 counties in eastern North Carolina, completed face-to-face interviews. Responses were stratified by barbershops and beauty salons. Across both groups, all owners stated it would be a good idea to have health programs/interventions within the shop setting. Most noted topics of interest included diet and nutrition, hypertension, and (wo)men's reproductive health. When asked further about these desired topics, both benefits and relevance to customers and the African American community were the reasons for their selections. In addition, across barbershops and salons, 90 % of owners stated interest in having a program implemented in their shop. This information will be used to guide the development of shop-based interventions, with the aid of a community advisory board composed of shop owners, individual barbers and stylists and customers.
Tools for Thought: Some Comments on the Analysis of Puebloan Chipped Stone Assemblages

ABSTRACTUsing chipped stone assemblages from five Puebloan sites located in central Arizona, an analysis of both tools and waste materials was recently undertaken as part of the Arizona Public Service Cholla Project. Based on this study we suggest that much of the use of chipped stone was opportunistic and that few formal tool types exist. Viewing data from other assemblages this pattern appears confirmed for much of the Puebloan Southwest. The investigation of entire chipped stone assemblages is, therefore, a necessary and informative procedure.
Assessing North American multimodel ensemble (NMME) seasonal forecast skill to assist in the early warning of anomalous hydrometeorological events over East Africa

The skill of North American multimodel ensemble (NMME) seasonal forecasts in East Africa (EA), which encompasses one of the most food and water insecure areas of the world, is evaluated using deterministic, categorical, and probabilistic evaluation methods. The skill is estimated for all three primary growing seasons: March–May (MAM), July–September (JAS), and October–December (OND). It is found that the precipitation forecast skill in this region is generally limited and statistically significant over only a small part of the domain. In the case of MAM (JAS) [OND] season it exceeds the skill of climatological forecasts in parts of equatorial EA (Northern Ethiopia) [equatorial EA] for up to 2 (5) [5] months lead. Temperature forecast skill is generally much higher than precipitation forecast skill (in terms of deterministic and probabilistic skill scores) and statistically significant over a majority of the region. Over the region as a whole, temperature forecasts also exhibit greater reliability than the precipitation forecasts. The NMME ensemble forecasts are found to be more skillful and reliable than the forecast from any individual model. The results also demonstrate that for some seasons (e.g. JAS), the predictability of precipitation signals varies and is higher during certain climate events (e.g. ENSO). Finally, potential room for improvement in forecast skill is identified in some models by comparing homogeneous predictability in individual NMME models with their respective forecast skill.
Compensatory Analysis and Strategies for Balance in Individuals with Visual Impairments

This study analyzed various components and compensatory strategies of balance in individuals with visual impairments. It found that people with visual impairments use different strategies to mainta...
Understanding St. Louis’ Love for Hoosier

While the American English demonym hoosier refers to Indiana residents, it means “poor, rural, white trash” in St. Louis, Missouri. This paper uses discourse analysis of several texts across a range of registers and formalities to explore why its use persists despite less-localized alternatives (redneck, etc.) and why it has become enregistered as a feature of the local dialect. Findings show hoosier is used to police the behavior of the target. Unlike similar slurs, its use requires knowledge of St. Louis’ social geography. Hoosier allows speakers to demonstrate localness while positioning themselves and St. Louis as cosmopolitan compared to the derided target. As such, hoosier asserts positive values for St. Louisans who use it.
Association between change in brain gray matter volume, cognition, and depression severity: Pre- and post- antidepressant pharmacotherapy for late-life depression

Late-life depression (LLD) is associated with cognitive impairments and reduced gray matter volume (GMV); however the mechanisms underlying this association are not well understood. The goal of this study was to characterize changes in depression severity, cognitive function, and brain structure associated with pharmacologic antidepressant treatment for LLD. We administered a detailed neurocognitive battery and conducted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on 26 individuals with LLD, pre-/post-a 12-week treatment trial with venlafaxine. After calculating changes in cognitive performance, GMV, and depression severity, we calculated Pearson's correlations, performed permutation testing, and false discovery rate correction. We found that loss of GMV over 12 weeks in the superior orbital frontal gyrus was associated with less improvement in depression severity and that increased GMV in the same was associated with greater improvement in depression severity. We detected no associations between changes in cognitive performance and improvements in either depressive symptoms or changes in GMV.
Comparison of strength and durability characteristics of a geopolymer produced from fly ash, ground glass fiber and glass powder

Strength and durability characteristics of geopolymers produced using three precursors, consisting of fly ash, Ground Glass Fiber (GGF), and glass-powder were studied. Combinations of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were used as the activator solutions, and the effect of different sodium and silica content of the activators on the workability and compressive strength of geopolymers was investigated. The parameters used in this study were the mass ratio of Na2O-to-binder (for sodium content), and SiO2-to-Na2O of the activator (for silica content). Geopolymer mixtures that achieved the highest compressive strength from each precursor were assessed for their resistance to alkali-silica reaction and compared against the performance of portland cement mixtures. Test results revealed that GGF and fly ash-based geopolymers performed better than glass-powder-based geopolymer mixtures. The resistance of GGF-based and fly ash-based geopolymers to alkali-silica reaction was superior to that of portland cement mixtures, while glass-powder-based geopolymer showed inferior performance.
Mulk Raj Anand and Realism

This paper attempts to discuss Mulk Raj Anand's conception of realism in the light of the larger discussion of the forms of realisms and the thirties literary movement, modernism, postmodernism and...
Effect of the Affordable Care Act on Breastfeeding Outcomes

Objectives. To assess how the 2012 Affordable Care Act (ACA) policy change, which required most private health insurance plans to cover lactation-support services and breastfeeding equipment (without cost-sharing), affected breastfeeding outcomes.Methods. We used a regression-adjusted difference-in-differences approach with cross-sectional observational data from the US National Immunization Survey from 2008 to 2014 to estimate the effect of the ACA policy change on breastfeeding outcomes, including initiation, duration, and age at first formula feeding. The sample included children aged 19 to 23 months covered by private health insurance or Medicaid.Results. The ACA policy change was associated with an increase in breastfeeding duration by 10% (0.57 months; P = .007) and duration of exclusive breastfeeding by 21% (0.74 months; P = .001) among the eligible population. Results indicate no significant effects on breastfeeding initiation and age at first formula feeding.Conclusions. Reducing barriers to rece...
Examining relationships between home-based shared book reading practices and children’s language/literacy skills at kindergarten entry

ABSTRACTAt start-up of a book distribution programme (Dolly Parton’s Imagination Library) in a southeastern United States community, we examined baseline relationships between at-home shared book r...
Chemokines: Critical Regulators of Memory T Cell Development, Maintenance, and Function.

Memory T cells are central to orchestrating antigen-specific recall responses in vivo. Compared to naive T cells, memory T cells respond more quickly to cognate peptide:MHC with a shorter lag time for entering the cell cycle and exerting effector functions. However, it is now well established that this enhanced responsiveness is not the only mechanism whereby memory T cells are better equipped than naive T cells to rapidly and robustly induce inflammation. In contrast to naive T cells, memory T cells are composed of distinct subsets with unique trafficking patterns and localizations. Tissue-resident memory T cells persist in previously inflamed tissue and function as first responders to cognate antigen reexposure. In addition, a heterogeneous group of circulating memory T cells augment inflammation by either rapidly migrating to inflamed tissue or responding to cognate antigen within secondary lymphoid organs and producing additional effector T cells. Defining the mechanisms regulating T cell positioning and trafficking and how this influences the development, maintenance, and function of memory T cell subsets is essential to improving vaccine design as well as treatment of immune-mediated diseases. In this chapter, we will review our current knowledge of how chemokines, critical regulators of cell positioning and migration, govern memory T cell biology in vivo. In addition, we discuss areas of uncertainty and future directions for further delineating how T cell localization influences memory T cell biology.
Genetic and Molecular Basis of Arrhythmias

In recent years, the identification of gene defects in a vast array of monogenic disorders has revolutionized our understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying many disease processes. Mutations in cardiac ion channels have been identified as the basis of a wide range of inherited arrhythmia syndromes, including the long QT syndrome (LQTS), catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), Brugada syndrome, short QT syndrome (SQTS), Andersen–Tawil syndrome (ATS), progressive cardiac conduction disease, familial atrial fibrillation (AF), and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (VF). More recently, it has been observed that not only transmembrane cardiac ion channels cause cardiac arrhythmias, but also intracellular channel and non-ion conduction proteins that may be pathophysiologically linked to inherited arrhythmias. The identification of genes underlying the inherited arrhythmia syndromes has greatly contributed to our understanding of the substrates for arrhythmia development. Although the fundamental pathogenic mechanisms responsible for many inherited arrhythmia syndromes have been partially elucidated, it is apparent that there is marked clinical and genetic heterogeneity, i.e., several genes and allelic variants can be responsible for disease pathogenesis. Hundreds of disease-causing or contributing mutations at the single nucleotide level have been identified in nearly 20 channelopathy-susceptibility genes: 12 LQTS genes; 3 SQTS genes, 3 CPVT genes, and 6 susceptibility genes associated with the Brugada syndrome. Most represent primary pathogenic disease-causing mutations only identified in disease cohorts, but others represent common or rare polymorphisms identified not only in disease but also in health that might confer an increased risk for arrhythmias under certain settings.
Potential contributions of management science to expert information systems in schools

In this paper the author claims that a mature expert information system within educational management must incorporate the contributions of management science completely within the information system and transparent to the user/manager. Only by such a complete incorporation can the manager have the benefit of sophisticated underlying mathematical models in the analysis of data without first having to become well-schooled in the mathematics or fully aware of the questions that need to be asked. The marriage between management science and expert systems can thus allow the manager to concentrate on the problems of pedagogy, knowing that the information system will “automatically” provide the information he/she needs to make good decisions.
Predict In-Hospital Code Blue Events using Monitor Alarms through Deep Learning Approach

Bedside monitors in hospital intensive care units (ICUs) are known to produce excessive false alarms that could desensitize caregivers, resulting in delayed or even missed clinical interventions to life-threatening events. Our previous studies proposed a framework aggregating information in monitor alarm data by mining frequent alarm combinations (i.e., SuperAlarm) that are predictive to clinical endpoints, such as code blue events, in an effort to address this critical issue. In the present pilot study, we hypothesize that sequential deep learning models, specifically long-short term memory (LSTM), could capture time-depend features in continuous alarm sequences preceding code blue events and these features may be predictive of these endpoints. LSTM models are trained from continuous alarm sequences in various window lengths preceding code blue events, and the preliminary results showed the best performance reached an AUC of 0.8549. With the selection of optimal cutoff threshold, the 2-hour window model achieved 85.75% sensitivity and 72.61% specificity, respectively.
Gauge-invariant rotor Hamiltonian from dual variables of 3D U (1 ) gauge theory

We present a tensor formulation for free compact electrodynamics in three Euclidean dimensions and use this formulation to construct a quantum Hamiltonian in the continuous-time limit. Gauge-invariance is maintained at every step and ultimately the gauge fields are integrated out, removing all initial gauge freedom. The resulting Hamiltonian can be written as a rotor model. The energy eigenvalues for this Hamiltonian are computed using the tensor renormalization group, and are compared with perturbation theory. We find good agreement between the calculations, demonstrating a smooth passage from the statistical lattice Lagrangian description to the quantum Hamiltonian description.
The Controlled, Large Online Social Experimentation Platform (CLOSE)

We present a new platform to do online, social influence experiments – the Controlled, Online Social Experimentation (CLOSE) system. We describe it’s development, potential uses and justification for use. The CLOSE platform can be used to do long term (weeks to months) experiments in which we can manipulate the interaction networks (within the experiment) of a diverse (drawn from Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT)) subject pool.
Perioperative Multimodal Pain Management: an Evidence-Based Update

The purpose of this article is to provide a concise review of recent updates and ongoing controversies in perioperative multimodal analgesia with a specific focus on systemic pharmacologic options. Acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and ketamine provide clear benefit for analgesia and opioid sparing, with wide safety margins at clinically relevant doses. Enthusiasm is waning for the use of gabapentinoids (gabapentin and pregabalin) and systemic alpha-2 agonists (clonidine and dexmedetomidine) due to small benefit and a potentially dangerous side effect profile (sedation). Lidocaine infusions may improve analgesia and reduce the risk of ileus, but current research quality is poor. Corticosteroids appear to improve pain control and spare opioids but, probably at greater doses than are typically used for nausea prophylaxis. There remains limited evidence for use of anticonvulsants, antidepressants, skeletal muscle relaxants, or cannabinoids but animal studies are promising, so more clinical trials are needed in humans. There is growing evidence for the routine use of non-pharmacologic pain management techniques like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and cognitive behavioral therapy. More high-quality clinical trials and systematic reviews are needed in several drug classes to assess the potential for benefit and risk of harm with respect to perioperative multimodal analgesia.
Is gatekeeper training enough for suicide prevention

While schools have the capacity to reach youth at-risk for suicide, there remains a gap between the number of youth with mental health issues and those who receive services. Accordingly, gatekeeper training programs, which teach community members signs of psychological distress and strategies to refer youth to mental health support, are often one component of suicide prevention. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of research about the efficacy of online gatekeeper training, which may provide the flexibility and accessibility needed for overburdened schools. This study sought to investigate whether Kognito, an online and easily accessible gatekeeper training, was related to changes in teachers’ suicide prevention beliefs, behavioral intentions, and behaviors (proportion of students approached and referred over time). Teachers significantly increased their beliefs (i.e., preparedness and self-efficacy) and behavioral intention (i.e., likelihood) to intervene with at-risk students. However, teachers did not change suicide intervention behaviors. Natural gatekeeper status (i.e., teachers approaching students at baseline) impacted number of referrals over time (in the opposite direction we predicted); however, natural gatekeeper status did not have an impact on proportion of students approached. Self-efficacy change, however, preceded change in proportion of students approached, but not referred. The findings, taken as a whole, indicate gatekeeper training alone appears insufficient to change suicide prevention behaviors, and accordingly, suicide prevention needs to employ a comprehensive approach.
The treatment of tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia.

The enthusiasm produced by the introduction of antipsychotic medication in the 1950s gave way to a certain frustration in the 1970s and 1980s. Despite the development of a large number of new drugs, little progress was made in treatment because these new agents were, in essence, therapeutically equivalent. This lack of progress was perhaps also related to an emphasis on tardive dyskinesia in the 1970s, i.e., the preoccupation with a negative effect of treatment. The reverse is taking place today. Clozapine and the other atypical antipsychotics are associated in people's minds with fewer or absent extrapyramidal symptoms and less tardive dyskinesia than the older typical agents. As a result, a certain amount of complacency exists. Tardive dyskinesia not only may be painful and disfiguring, but it also predicts poor outcome in patients with schizophrenia. Although many treatments have been tried, none have proven completely efficacious. The best treatment for tardive dyskinesia and dystonia is prevention, which is a function of medication choice. Pharmacologic interventions for tardive dyskinesia include clozapine and the other atypical antipsychotics. If typical antipsychotics must be used, they should be started at the lowest possible levels. Studies of risperidone suggest that it, too, should be used at very low doses to minimize the risk of tardive dyskinesia. It is also possible that schizophrenic patients taking atypical antipsychotics may experience fewer spontaneous dyskinesias, although further study is warranted.
Solid Cylindrical Bar Torsion for Characterizing Shear Plastic Deformation and Failure

The method of thin-wall tube torsion to characterize metal’s shear response is well-known. Unfortunately, the thin wall tube specimen tends to buckle before reaching large shear deformation and failure. An alternative technique, which has rarely been considered, is Nadai’s surface stress method (Nadai, Theory of Flow and Fracture of Solids. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950). It derives shear stress-strain curve from the torque-twist relationship of a solid bar. Although the analysis is more complex due to nonlinear shear stress distribution along the radius, the deformation is stable through large shear deformation to failure.
Classifying Major Depressive Disorder Using fNIRS During Motor Rehabilitation

Major depressive disorder (MDD) has shown to negatively impact physical recovery in a variety of medical events (e.g., stroke and spinal cord injuries). Yet depression assessments, which are typically subjective in nature, are seldom considered to develop or guide rehabilitation strategies. The present study developed a predictive depression assessment technique using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) that can be rapidly integrated or performed concurrently with existing physical rehabilitation tasks. Thirty-one volunteers, including 14 adults clinically diagnosed with MDD and 17 healthy adults, participated in the study. Brain oxy-hemodynamic (HbO) responses were recorded using a 16-channel wearable continuous-wave fNIRS device while the volunteers performed the Grasp and Release Test in four 16-minute blocks. Ten features, extracted from HbO signals, from each channel served as inputs to XGBoost and Random Forest algorithms developed for each block and combination of successive blocks. Top 5 common features resulted in a classification accuracy of 92.6%, sensitivity of 84.8%, and specificity of 91.7% using the XGBoost classifier. This study identified mean HbO, full width half maximum and kurtosis, as specific neuromarkers, for predicting MDD across specific depression-related regions of interests (i.e., dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex). Our results suggest that a wearable fNIRS head probe monitoring specific brain regions, and limiting extraction to few features, can enable quick setup and rapid assessment of depression in patients. The overarching goal is to embed predictive neurotechnology during post-stroke and post-spinal-cord-injury rehabilitation sessions to monitor patients’ depression symptomology so as to actively guide decisions about motor therapies.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin Dechlorination is Differentially Enhanced by Dichlorobenzene Amendment in Passaic River, NJ Sediments

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) are a class of toxic organic compounds released by a number of industrial processes. Sediments of the Passaic River in New Jersey are contaminated by these compounds. To explore the ability of native organohalide respiring bacteria to dechlorinate PCDDs, we first enriched bacteria from sediments of the Passaic River on two organohalides, trichloroethene (TCE) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB). We then used these enriched sediment cultures and original, unamended sediment as the inocula in a secondary experiment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TeCDD), 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,3,4-TeCDD), and 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,7-DiCDD) as target organohalides. We observed dechlorination of 1,2,3,4-TeCDD by all inocula, although to different extents. We observed progressive dechlorination of 2,3,7,8-TeCDD only in bottles inoculated with the DCB enrichment culture, and dechlorination of 2,7-DiCDD almost exclusively in bottles inoculated with the original, unamended river sediment. Dechlorination of 1,2,3,4-TeCDD was more rapid than that of the other amended congeners. Phylotypes within the class Dehalococcoidia associated with organohalide dechlorination were differentially enriched in DCB versus TCE enrichment cultures, indicating that they may play a role in dechlorination of the PCDDs.
A Comparison of Readings from Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Ring Badges Worn in Different Positions

Our purpose was to evaluate whether the position of a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) crystal results in different exposure readings. Methods: Nine subjects wore 2 TLD badges (one facing inward, toward the palm, and one facing outward) for 2 mo. Both TLDs were worn on the middle finger of the dominant hand, with the inward-facing TLD placed at the bottom and the outward-facing TLD at the top. At the end of the first month, these TLDs were replaced with new ones for another month. Combined results from the badges for the 2 mo were recorded in millisieverts. A paired t test with 2-sample means was performed to compare the 2 positions in general nuclear medicine and PET/CT subjects, with an α of 0.05. Results: For all subjects and for the general nuclear medicine and PET/CT groups, mean exposure was greater for the inward-facing TLD. Conclusion: For a TLD worn on the dominant hand, extremity-exposure readings are maximized when the TLD faces inward.
Understanding the Trajectory of Japanese Capitalism

How can we understand the trajectory of Japanese capitalism? This Afterword situates Japan on a broad canvas stretching across both the region and the globe. East Asia’s regional dynamics figure pr...
A tissue engineering approach for repairing craniofacial volumetric muscle loss in a sheep following a 2, 4, and 6-month recovery

Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is the loss of skeletal muscle that results in significant and persistent impairment of function. The unique characteristics of craniofacial muscle compared trunk and limb skeletal muscle, including differences in gene expression, satellite cell phenotype, and regenerative capacity, suggest that VML injuries may affect craniofacial muscle more severely. However, despite these notable differences, there are currently no animal models of craniofacial VML. In a previous sheep hindlimb VML study, we showed that our lab’s tissue engineered skeletal muscle units (SMUs) were able to restore muscle force production to a level that was statistically indistinguishable from the uninjured contralateral muscle. Thus, the goals of this study were to: 1) develop a model of craniofacial VML in a large animal model and 2) to evaluate the efficacy of our SMUs in repairing a 30% VML in the ovine zygomaticus major muscle. Overall, there was no significant difference in functional recovery between the SMU-treated group and the unrepaired control. Despite the use of the same injury and repair model used in our previous study, results showed differences in pathophysiology between craniofacial and hindlimb VML. Specifically, the craniofacial model was affected by concomitant denervation and ischemia injuries that were not exhibited in the hindlimb model. While clinically realistic, the additional ischemia and denervation likely created an injury that was too severe for our SMUs to repair. This study highlights the importance of balancing the use of a clinically realistic model while also maintaining control over variables related to the severity of the injury. These variables include the volume of muscle removed, the location of the VML injury, and the geometry of the injury, as these affect both the muscle’s ability to self-regenerate as well as the probability of success of the treatment.
Serial Order, Representation of

The ability of an organism to monitor and maintain information about the nature of the world around them is a critical life function. Over the past several decades, a substantial body of evidence has been amassed that highlights the properties, functions, and neural substrates of serial order memory in both humans and nonhuman animal subjects. This article focuses on examining what is known about the neural basis of serial order memory and its dependence upon the prefrontal cortex.
X-Ray Variability and Period Determinations in the Eclipsing Polar DP Leonis

We present an analysis of our ROSAT position sensitive proportional counter (PSPC) observations on the eclipsing magnetic cataclysmic variable DP Leo. The soft X-ray spectrum is modeled by a blackbody of kT = 24.8(sup +2.6 sub -8.1) eV. Severe limits are placed upon the flux from any hard bremsstrahlung component. A strong soft X-ray excess, with respect to hard X-ray emission, is found. The soft X-ray blackbody luminosity is larger than both the cyclotron and bremsstrahlung luminosities. An upper limit of 500 pc is obtained for the system's distance based upon the X-ray absorption (N(sub H) less than 5 x 10(exp 19)/sq cm) and an estimate of 260(sup +150 sub -100) pc is determined from a published measurement of the secondary's flux. For the derived blackbody fit, the bolometric luminosity is found to be L(sub bb, bol) = 1.4(sup +7.1 sub -0.3) x 10(exp 31)(d/260 pc)(exp 2) ergs/s. Absorption by the accretion stream produces an intensity dip prior to each eclipse. Extreme variability in the shape of the light curve from eclipse to eclipse demonstrates that changes in the rate of accretion onto the white dwarf, the sizes of accretion filaments, or variations in the location or amount of absorbing matter in the system occur on timescales shorter than the orbital period (89.8 minutes). No evidence exists for accretion onto the stronger (59 MG) magnetic pole in the ROSAT data. A new ephemeris is presented for the eclipse of the white dwarf emission region by the secondary star and another is produced for the orbital conjunction of the two components. The rotation of the white dwarf is shown to be faster than the orbital period by (5.3 +/- 1.1) x 10(exp -3) s. The origin of the asynchronous rotation may be activity cycle included orbital period variations or oscillations of the white dwarf's main pole about an equilibirium position. The accretion stream is modeled assuming that disruption of the stream along magnetic field lines occurs close to the white dwarf. The ROSAT intensity dip is explained using this model and the results are shown to be consistent with contemporaneous optical observations.
FIR Scattering Measurements from Laboratory Plasmas

The application of the far infrared (FIR) region of the spectrum to plasma diagnostics has already provided significant improvements over existing systems in areas such as interferometric and faraday rotation measurements. However, the use of FIR sources in Thomson scattering measurements has only recently been employed [1, 2], CW FIR laser scattering provides a nonperturbing method of determining the ω and k spectra of the nonthermal density fluctuations existing in both laboratory and fusion plasmas. In addition, it offers distinct advantages over the existing Thomson scattering systems which employ either microwave or CO 2 laser radiation sources.
Awareness of Palliative Care, Hospice Care, and Advance Directives in a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Sample of California Adults.

Background:Numerous studies have documented multilevel racial inequalities in health care utilization, medical treatment, and quality of care in minority populations in the United States. Palliativ...
Rapid chemically selective 3D imaging in the mid-infrared

The emerging technique of mid-infrared optical coherence tomography (MIR-OCT) takes advantage of the reduced scattering of MIR light in various materials and devices, enabling tomographic imaging at deeper penetration depths. Because of challenges in MIR detection technology, the image acquisition time is, however, significantly longer than for tomographic imaging methods in the visible/near-infrared. Here we demonstrate an alternative approach to MIR tomography with high-speed imaging capabilities. Through femtosecond nondegenerate two-photon absorption of MIR light in a conventional Si-based CCD camera, we achieve wide-field, high-definition tomographic imaging with chemical selectivity of structured materials and biological samples in mere seconds.
Perception, Action, and Intrinsic Motivation in Infants’ Motor-Skill Development:

Perception, action, and intrinsic motivation play an essential role in early development, promoting the creation and refinement of new and more complex forms of behaviors as infants try a range of ...
The Purpose of Evil Was to Survive It: Black and Womanist Rejecting the Cross for Salvation:

Taking the Hagar story as the central biblical resource to address the particular plight of Black women—a plight that reckons with patriarchal and White supremacist forces that desire its enclosure...
Faster Heavy Ion Transport for Hzetrn

The deterministic particle transport code HZETRN was developed to enable fast and accurate space radiation transport through materials. As more complex transport solutions are implemented for neutrons, light ions (Z 2) transport algorithm in HZETRN is reviewed, and a simple modification is shown to provide an approximate 5x decrease in execution time for galactic cosmic ray transport. Convergence tests and other comparisons are carried out to verify that numerical accuracy is maintained in the new algorithm.
Chironomidae toxicity tests: Biological background and procedures

Toxicity tests must be based on an understanding of the test animal's life cycle. The first section of this report describes the biological information needed to develop toxicity test procedures. The second section describes three categories of toxicity test systems-short-exposure, partial life-cycle, and life-cycle exposures. Each researcher has developed a procedure to solve a particular problem. Therefore, it is impossible to provide specific recommendations for a general toxicity test. In practice, anyone using chironomids should establish a clear experimental objective and then select the test species. The required biological information and test procedure can then be obtained from the literature or developed by experimentation.
Genital tuberculosis in the female

Abstract 1. 1. Data are presented on 62 cases of proved genital tuberculosis admitted to the University of Michigan Hospital during the last 20 years, with follow-up studies on all cases. 2. 2. There were no clinical signs or symptoms pathognomonic of pelvic tuberculosis. 3. 3. Sixty per cent of the patients were in the childbearing age. 4. 4. Forty-three and one-half per cent of the married patients had not conceived. 5. 5. One-half of the patients (51.6 per cent) revealed no evidence of active extragenital tuberculosis. 6. 6. When operative treatment is indicated, all the genital organs including the cervix, should be removed if possible, even though the latter appears normal grossly. 7. 7. Wound complications (infection and fistulas) are much more common after incomplete operations. 8. 8. Seventy-four per cent of the patients in this series are alive an average of 10.5 years after their first admittance. 9. 9. Fifty-four per cent of the survivors claim good health, with no untoward symptoms.
Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem worldwide. In adults, motor vehicle accidents are a frequent cause with the elderly population more susceptible to accidental falls. The numbers of cases continue to increase each year and it is predicted that TBI will soon become the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide. This chapter discusses the classification of TBI, the various imaging modalities available for evaluation of TBI and the most common pathologies encountered in patients with TBI.