cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Step and steady shear responses of nearly monodisperse highly entangled 1,4-polybutadiene solutions

Nonlinear relaxation dynamics of highly entangled solutions of high molecular weight 1,4-polybutadiene (PB) in a PB oligomer are studied in steady shear and step shear flows. Polymer entanglement densities vary in the range 14≤N/N e(φ)≤84, allowing systematic investigation of entanglement effects on nonlinear rheological response. In agreement with previous steady shear studies using well entangled polystyrene solutions, a flow regime is found where both the steady-state shear stress and first normal stress difference remain constant or increase quite slowly with shear rate, leading to a plateau in the steady-state orientation angle. The magnitude of the average orientation angle in the plateau range is in accordance with predictions of a recent theory by Islam and Archer (2001). In step shear, the nonlinear relaxation modulus G(t,γ) is approximately factorable into time-dependent G(t) and strain-dependent h(γ) functions only at long times, t>λ k , where λ k ≈O(τ d 0). This finding is consistent with earlier observations for entangled polystyrene solutions; however the complex crossing pattern in G(t,γ)h –1(γ) that precede factorability in the latter materials is not observed. For all but the most entangled sample, apparent shear damping functions h (γ,t)=(G(t,γ))/(G(t)) immediately following imposition of shear are in nearly quantitative accord with the damping function h DEIA predicted by Doi-Edwards theory.
Methods of Determining the Temperature Dependence of Primary Creep

The service life of high-temperature composites and reinforcement fibers can be limited by creep, therefore it is desirable to understand the relationships between the creep strain and external variables. Due to load sharing between constituents or internal microstructural changes, a steady-state creep rate is never observed in some materials. Usually in these materials the creep rate decreases with increasing time. This is known as primary creep. Determination of the temperature dependence during primary creep is complicated by its dependence on time and/or strain. The suitability of various methods of analyzing primary creep data has not been addressed in detail before. In this paper, three methods of determining the temperature dependence during primary creep are compared: the Arrhenius, the cross-cut, and the Sherby-Dorn methods. The methods are applied to creep data for silicon carbide fibers intended as reinforcements in high-temperature ceramic or metal matrix composites. The sensitivity of each method to measurement resolution and the capability of the creep laws associated with each method for predicting measured creep behavior are evaluated. The reliability of the computer software fitting routine is independently confirmed. The Sherby-Dorn and cross-cut methods are mathematically similar but the Sherby-Dorn method does not involve an arbitrary selection of experimental conditions, is less cumbersome to apply to large amounts of data, and uses a broader range of the available data.
3 Thermodynamics Fundamentals

This chapter reviews the first and second laws of thermodynamics and their implications in mechanical engineering. It reviews the analytical aspects (the formulas) of engineering thermodynamics primarily in terms of the behavior of a pure substance, as would be the case of the working fluid in a heat engine or in a refrigeration machine. The analytical forms of the first and second laws of thermodynamics contain properties such as internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy, which cannot be measured directly. The values of these properties are derived from measurements that can be carried out in the laboratory (e.g., pressure, volume, temperature, specific heat); the formulas connecting the derived properties to the measurable properties. It contains a summary of the equations obtained by applying the first and second laws of thermodynamics to the components encountered in most engineering systems, such as power cycles and refrigeration cycles. Keywords: enthalpy; entropy; internal energy; laws of thermodynamics; thermodynamics fundamentals
Evaluating Pediatric Cochlear Implant Users' Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval Strategies in Verbal Working Memory

Purpose The current study adopts a systematic approach to the examination of working memory components in pediatric cochlear implant (CI) users by separately assessing contributions of encoding, st...
PROGRESSIVE ELBOW MRI ABNORMALITIES IN LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL PLAYERS ARE COMMON: A 3-YEAR LONGITUDINAL EVALUATION:

BackgroundSignificant effort has been made by multiple organizations including Little League Baseball, USA Baseball, Major League Baseball, and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons to minim...
The Science of Deliciousness

There is no point developing healthier and more sustainable foods if nobody eats them. This chapter focuses on the cutting-edge science underpinning the design of foods that look, smell, taste, feel, and sound delicious. This requires an understanding of how our five senses are used to perceive foods, as well as how our brains integrate and process this information. The physics and chemistry of food beauty are presented. The physiological basis of the appearance, flavor, and texture of foods is discussed, as well as the importance of sociopsychology factors. Our appreciation of a food depends not only on the food itself but also on the nature of its environment, as well as our cultural expectations. The importance of aroma (smell), taste (salty, savory, sweet, sour, and bitter), trigeminal (hot, cool, fizzy), and mouthfeel (creamy, crunchy, crispy) sensations during eating are highlighted. Recent developments in the utilization of virtual reality to enhance our dining experiences are presented. Perhaps we will eat a virtual meal on a spaceship or Medieval banquet without leaving our homes. The chapter ends by describing the exciting research being carried out to develop robots to test our foods, which use computer vision, electronic noses, mechanical mouths, microphone ears, machine touch, and artificial brains.
Cluster Analysis of Micronutrients in Raw and Minimally Processed Plant Foods (P24-049-19)

This study aims to determine groups of unprocessed plant-based foods that have similar micronutrient profiles. Raw and minimally processed plant foods (fruits, fruit juices, vegetables, nuts and seeds, legumes, cereal grains and pasta) were identified from the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy (2018). A dataset of concentrations of selected micronutrients per 100 g of the food was prepared. These micronutrients included calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folate. The micronutrient concentrations were standardized ranging from 0 to 1, and analyzed using hierarchical clustering analysis (Ward's method). Squared euclidean distance was used for dissimilarity measure, and agglomeration schedule was used for determine the optimal clusters. Dendograms were plotted to visualize the clusters. The selected foods can be grouped into 4 clusters according to the result of agglomeration schedule. Dendrogram showed that cluster 1 (44 foods) contained 26 grains like cornmeal, rice and sorghum, 11 nut and seeds like walnuts and almond, 4 legumes and 3 vegetables. Cluster 2 (293 foods) was mainly fresh fruits and vegetables (277 foods), 9 grains like degermed cornmeal, 5 nuts and 2 legumes. Cluster 3 were 28 legumes. Cluster 4 (36 foods) contained 16 dried vegetables like dehydrated carrot and dried onions, 9 nuts, 8 legumes and 3 grains. Each cluster had distinct micronutrient profiles. On a 100 g basis, cluster 4 had almost the highest levels of all nutrients except vitamin D and B-12. Cluster 1 and 3 were rich in P, K, Zn, thiamin and cluster, but cluster 1 also had high amount of Fe and folate. Cluster 2 had the highest amount of vitamin D. The cluster analysis on micronutrients of raw and minimally processed foods provides an alternate means to group foods based on nutrients. These results help identify foods of similar nutrients and can provide information to support dietetic practice and patient education for improving dietary quality and variety. USDA National Nutrient Databank for Food Composition (8040–52,000-064–00D).
Integrating memory-mapping and N-dimensional hash function for fast and efficient grid-based climate data query

Database systems are pervasive components in the current big data era. However, efficiently managing and querying grid-based or array-based multidimensional climate data are still beyond the capabi...
First-principles computation of diffusional Mg isotope fractionation in silicate melts

Abstract Diffusional isotope fractionation occurs in geochemical processes (such as magma mixing, bubble growth, and crystal growth), even at magmatic temperatures. Isotopic mass dependence of diffusion is commonly expressed as D i D j = m j m i β , where D i and D j are diffusion coefficients of two isotopes whose masses are m i and m j . How the dimensionless empirical parameter β depends on temperature, pressure, and composition remains poorly constrained. Here, we conducted a series of first-principles molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate the β factor of Mg isotopes in MgSiO3 and Mg2SiO4 melts using pseudo-isotope method. In particular, we considered interactions between Mg isotopes by simultaneously putting pseudo-mass and normal-mass Mg atoms in a simulation supercell. The calculated β for Mg isotopes decreases linearly with decreasing temperature at zero pressure, from 0.158 ± 0.004 at 4000 K to 0.121 ± 0.017 at 2200 K for MgSiO3 melt and from 0.150 ± 0.004 at 4000 K to 0.101 ± 0.012 at 2200 K for Mg2SiO4 melt. Moreover, our simulations of compressed Mg2SiO4 melt along the 3000 K isotherm show that the β value decreases linearly from 0.130 ± 0.006 at 0 GPa to 0.060 ± 0.011 at 17 GPa. Based on our diffusivity results, the empirically established positive correlation between β and solvent-normalized diffusivity (Di/DSi) seems to be applicable only at constant temperatures or in narrow temperature ranges. Analysis of atomistic mechanisms suggests that the calculated β values are inversely correlated with force constants of Mg at a given temperature or pressure. Good agreement between our first principles results with available experimental data suggests that interactions between isotopes of major elements must be considered in calculating β for major elements in silicate melts. Also, we discuss diffusion-controlled crystal growth by considering our calculated β values.
Measuring testing as a distributed component of the software life cycle

We study software testing as a distributed component of the software life cycle, developing a technique for estimating testing validity. The goal of this paper is to build measures for testing result estimation, to find how tested properties influence software quality, and to develop means (methodology and algorithms) to achieve better results in testing. To achieve these goals, we suggest using system approach to testing developed in this paper and introduce a system of test efficiency measures, as well as discuss a methodology of how to use these measures. Properties of test efficiency measures oriented at the software engineering domain are studied. We also show (Proposition 1, Theorem 1 and their Corollaries) how logic can increase testing efficiency.
Environment-Dependent Tribological Properties of Bulk Metallic Glasses

The macroscale friction and wear properties of the Zr44Cu10Ni10Ti11Be25 metallic glass were investigated as a function of environmental oxygen concentration and contact force. We found remarkably low and predictable friction when both oxidation and frictional heating (that can lead to thermomechanically-driven crystallization) were supressed. Conversely, oxidation and the formation of a mixed metal-oxide layer was shown to increase the friction coefficient while significantly reducing wear rates. Depending on conditions, the wear rates ranged from values comparable to highly wear-resistant materials like polymer and 2D solid lubricant nanocomposites to those that are found with soft, pure, high-wear metals. These results reveal that the competition between material removal and the deformation-induced mixing of oxide particles can dramatically reduce wear rates, suggesting opportunities for optimization of tribological performance.
Over the River and through the Woods: The Role of Distance in Participation in Rural School Choice

Although there exists a large body of literature concerning the impacts of school choice policies, few studies focus on the choices of rural students. Using a unique dataset that includes administr...
Digital tools for prevention and treatment of depression: lessons from the Institute for International Internet Interventions for Health

espanolExisten evidencias importantes que demuestran que los episodios depresivos mayores pueden prevenirse y tratarse eficazmente con intervenciones psicologicas administradas tanto por profesionales como por no profesionales debidamente capacitados. Tambien hay evidencia de que la depresion se puede prevenir y tratar mediante intervenciones digitales de autoayuda tales como paginas web y aplicaciones y que su eficacia aumenta si estas intervenciones son apoyadas por guias o coaches. En este comentario describimos enfoques digitales para la depresion desarrollados y probados en todo el mundo por el Instituto de Intervenciones Internacionales en Salud por Internet de la Universidad de Palo Alto. Recomendamos la creacion de apotecarias digitales para aumentar el acceso a las intervenciones: 1) capacitando a mas proveedores de ayuda y 2) desarrollando herramientas que estos puedan utilizar para mejorar la eficacia de estas intervenciones y para proporcionar acceso a intervenciones de autoayuda que puedan ser utilizadas directamente por cualquier persona con 3) guias o coaches con el objetivo de reducir el abandono o 4) como intervenciones totalmente automatizadas. EnglishThere is now substantial evidence that major depressive episodes can be prevented and treated effectively with psychological interventions administered by trained lay and professional providers. There is also evidence that depression can be prevented and treated using self-help digital interventions such as websites and apps, and that their effectiveness increases if these interventions are supported by guides or coaches. In this commentary we describe digital approaches for depression developed and tested across the world by Palo Alto University’s Institute for International Internet Interventions for Health. We recommend the creation of digital apothecaries to increase access to in-person interventions by 1) training more providers, and 2) developing tools providers can use to enhance the effectiveness of these interventions, and to provide access to self-help interventions that can be used directly by anyone with 3) either guides or coaches to reduce dropout, or 4) as fully automated interventions.
Parent and Therapist Perceptions of Sensory Based Strategies Used by Occupational Therapists in Family-Centered Early Intervention Practice

PARENT AND THERAPIST PERCEPTIONS OF SENSORY BASED STRATEGIES USED BY OCCUPATIONAL THERAPISTS IN FAMILY-CENTERED EARLY INTERVENTION PRACTICE By Juliet B. Copeland A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Occupational Therapy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Director: Dr. Dianne Simons Assistant Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy A qualitative approach was used to explore perceptions of parents and therapists in early intervention regarding sensory diets and their efficacy, particularly their goodness of fit within family routines and occupations. Open-ended interviews were conducted with therapist and parent participants and analysis of the data resulted in a model depicting how sensory diets became a “way of life” for families. The Sensory Diet “Way of Life” Model revealed seven themes that illustrated how occupational therapists in early intervention establish a “partnership” with parents to address a child’s needs. Once this “partnership” is established, knowledge is transferred to parents who then transform their “vision” of their child and are empowered to generalize knowledge of sensory processing and sensory diets to ever enlarging environments. Ultimately, the sensory diet became a “way of life” for these families. Implications for the field of occupational therapy were given following the presentation of the model.
Leachate Electrical Conductivity and pH for Ten Foliage Plants

Abstract Most foliage plant varieties tested produce salable plants when fertilized with a wide range of rates. About 5 grams 19N-2.6P-10K (19-6-12) per 15 cm pot per 3 months resulted in best Dracaena fragrans ‘Massangeana’, Nephrolepis exaltata ‘Compacta’, and Philodendron s. oxycardium. No more than 2.4 grams per pot appears best for Chamaedorea elegans. Aglaonema ‘Silver Queen’, Aphelandra squarrosa ‘Dania’, Codiaeum variegatum ‘Banana’, Spathiphyllum ‘Petite’, Dieffenbachia maculata ‘Camille’ and Epipremnum aureum ‘Marble Queen’ grew best at about 10 grams per pot per 3 mos. Only P. s. oxycardium and C. elegans had a narrow requirement for fertilization levels. Electrical conductivity (EC) of leachate obtained from pots of best quality plants had a very wide range indicating leachate EC is a poor indicator for production of quality plants.
Social And Ecologic Implications of Proposals For Out-of-Basin River Diversions

A proposal to divert stream flow out of the basin of origin is not normally greeted with wholehearted enthusiasm by the population of the basin. Opposition to such diversion, which represents an historic determinant of regional growth in western United States, is increasing even in the water-rich New England area. Here, the water resources planner has in recent years encountered strong contention in his efforts to transfer water our-of-basin. It has become clear that the justification for such transfer must be unassailable, and that the water rights and future requirements of the basin population must be carefully considered and protected in the water transfer transaction. The planning process, once considered an essentially engineering enterprise, has in consequence become exceedingly complex and, for the engineer, a challenging, multidimensional planning operation. Presented is an illuminating case study of this type of interbasin water transfer problem, the proposal to divert floodwaters from the Connecticut River at Northfield, MA, to Quabbin Reservoir, the major source of drinking water for Boston.
Effects of routine oral iron supplementation with or without folic acid for women during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND It has been suggested that routine intake of supplements containing iron or combination of iron and folic acid during pregnancy improves maternal health and pregnancy outcomes. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of routine antenatal daily or intermittent iron supplementation with or without folic acid during pregnancy on the health of mothers and newborns. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (June 2005). Additionally, we contacted relevant organizations for the identification of ongoing and unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised or quasi-randomised trials evaluating the effect of routine supplementation with iron or combination of iron and folic acid during pregnancy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We assessed trials for methodological quality using the standard Cochrane criteria. Two authors independently assessed the trials for inclusion and one author extracted data. We collected information on randomisation method, allocation concealment, blinding and loss to follow up. The primary outcomes included maternal and infant clinical and laboratory outcomes. MAIN RESULTS Forty trials, involving 12706 women, were included in the review. Overall, the results showed significant heterogeneity across most prespecified outcomes. Heterogeneity could not be explained by standard sensitivity analyses including quality assessment; therefore, all results were analysed assuming random-effects. Very limited information related to clinical maternal and infant outcomes was available in the included trials. The data suggest that daily antenatal iron supplementation increases haemoglobin levels in maternal blood both antenatally and postnatally. It is difficult to quantify this increase due to significant heterogeneity between the studies. Women who receive daily antenatal iron supplementation are less likely to have iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anaemia at term as defined by current cut-off values. Side-effects and haemoconcentration are more common in women who receive daily iron supplementation. No differences were evident between daily and weekly supplementation with regards to gestational anaemia; haemoconcentration during pregnancy appears less frequent with the weekly regimen. The clinical significance of hemoconcentration defined as haemoglobin greater than 130 g/L remains uncertain. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Further studies are needed to assess the effects of routine antenatal supplementation with iron or a combination of iron and folic acid on clinically important maternal and infant outcomes.
Dark rearing alters the normal development of spatiotemporal response properties but not of contrast detection threshold in mouse retinal ganglion cells.

The mouse visual system is immature when the eyes open two weeks after birth. As in other mammals, some of the maturation that occurs in the subsequent weeks is known to depend on visual experience. Development of the retina, which as the first stage of vision provides the visual information to the brain, also depends on light-driven activity for proper development but has been less well studied than visual cortical development. The critical properties for retinal encoding of images include detection of contrast and responsiveness to the broad range of temporal stimulus frequencies present in natural stimuli. Here we show that contrast detection threshold and temporal frequency response characteristics of ON and OFF retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which are poor at eye opening, subsequently undergo maturation, improving RGC performance. Further, we find that depriving mice of visual experience from before birth by rearing them in the dark causes ON and OFF RGCs to have smaller receptive field centers but does not affect their contrast detection threshold development. The modest developmental increase in temporal frequency responsiveness of RGCs in mice reared on a normal light cycle was inhibited by dark rearing only in ON but not OFF RGCs. Thus, these RGC response characteristics are in many ways unaffected by the experience-dependent changes to synaptic and spontaneous activity known to occur in the mouse retina in the two weeks after eye opening, but specific differences are apparent in the ON vs. OFF RGC populations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 692–706, 2014
An Õ( n 3/14 )-coloring algorithm for 3-colorable graphs

Abstract We show how the results of Karger, Motwani, and Sudan (1994) and Blum (1994) can be combined in a natural manner to yield a polynomial-time algorithm for O (n 3 14 )- coloring any n-node 3-colorable graph. This improves on the previous best bound of O (n 1 4 ) colors (Karger et al., 1994).
Body mass index and obesity in adolescents in a psychiatric medium secure service

How to cite this article Haw C. & Bailey S. (2012) Body mass index and obesity in adolescents in a psychiatric medium secure service. J Hum Nutr Diet.25, 167–171 Abstract Background: Obesity is more prevalent in adults with severe mental illness than in the general population. Little is known about the prevalence of obesity in mentally ill adolescents. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and its complications among inpatients in a psychiatric medium secure service for adolescents and young people. Methods: The study comprised a cross-sectional survey of routinely collected data, including body mass index (BMI) both currently and 3 months previously, serum cholesterol and psychotropic prescription data, as well as the number of patients known to have type II diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Results: Of the 95 patients studied, 33 (34.7%) were overweight and 45 (47.4%) were obese. Twenty-six (56.5%) females were obese, including seven who were morbidly obese. Nineteen (38.8%) males were obese, one of whom was morbidly obese. Prescription of antipsychotics was associated with obesity and the total percentage dose of antipsychotic correlated with BMI. Two patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus and two had hypertension. Seventeen patients had a serum cholesterol of over 5 mm. Conclusions: Being overweight and obesity were very common in the young people studied and appeared to be related to the prescription of antipsychotics. Interventions are needed to reduce unhealthy raised BMI and prevent the physical complications of obesity.
How SiGe evolved into a manufacturable semiconductor production process

Over the last 10+ years, silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) BiCMOS technology has matured from laboratory research efforts to become a 50/65 GHz f/sub T//f/sub max/ silicon-based 0.5 /spl mu/m BiCMOS production technology. This progress has extended silicon-based production technology into the multi-GHz and multi-Gbit/s range. This opens up an array of wireless and wired circuit and network applications and markets. SiGe circuits are now being designed in the same application space as GaAs MESFETs and HBTs, and offer the yield, cost, stability and manufacturing advantages associated with conventional silicon fabrication.
Cancer: The enemy of my enemy is my friend

Reactive oxygen species have been viewed as stress-inducing molecules that promote cancer initiation. But new evidence indicates that oxidative stress can be beneficial — inhibiting the spread of a cancer to other sites. See Article p.186 Although solid cancer cells such as melanoma cells readily enter the circulation system, they are not very efficient at forming metastases at sites away from the original tumour. Sean Morrison and colleagues show that human melanoma cells grown in mice experience high levels of oxidative stress in the bloodstream, such that few metastasizing cells survive to form tumours. The rare melanoma cells that do successfully metastasize undergo metabolic changes that increase their capacity to withstand this stress. Antioxidant treatments increase metastasis by human melanoma cells, while inhibiting antioxidant pathways has the opposite effect.
β-Lactamases: quality and resistance

Abstract β-Lactamase-mediated resistance to β-lactam antibiotics is a feature of great clinical significance. β-Lactamases are a diverse group of bacterial enzymes that vary in their abilities to hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics. β-Lactamases possess an active site containing either a serine moiety or a zinc atom; serine β-lactamases are currently of greater clinical prevalence. This review considers the molecular classification of β-lactamases, the structure of the serine β-lactamase active site and the mechanisms by which β-lactamase production may become derepressed. The spread of β-lactamases in the clinical setting and some important structural mutations that have extended the hydrolysis profiles of serine β-lactamases are also discussed.
Structure and Contingency: Evolutionary Processes in Life and Human Society

Structure and Contingency: Evolutionary Processes in Life and Human Society, John Bintliff. ed. New York; Leicester University Press. 1999. 153 pp.
Walking energy expenditure: A loaded approach to algorithm development

Sensor-based predictions for walking energy expenditure require sufficiently versatile algorithms to generalize to a variety of conditions. Here we test whether our height-weight-speed (HWS) model validated across speed under level conditions is similarly accurate for loaded walking. We hypothesized that increases in walking energy expenditure would be proportional to added load when resting metabolism was subtracted from gross walking metabolism. After subtracting resting metabolic rate, walking energy expenditure was found to increase in direct proportion to load at walking speeds of 0.6, 1.0, and 1.4 m·s−1. With load carriage treated as body weight, the predictive algorithms derived using the HWS model were similar for loaded and unloaded conditions. Determination of the direct relationship between load and energy expenditure for level walking provides insight which may be used to refine algorithms, such as the HWS model, for use in body sensors to monitor physiological status in the field.
Interactive effects of light, leaf temperature, CO2 and O2 on photosynthesis in soybean

A biochemical model of C 3photosynthesis has been developed by G.D. Farquhar et al. (1980, Planta 149, 78–90) based on Michaelis-Menten kinetics of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase-oxygenase, with a potential RuBP limitation imposed via the Calvin cycle and rates of electron transport. The model presented here is slightly modified so that parameters may be estimated from whole-leaf gas-exchange measurements. Carbon-dioxide response curves of net photosynthesis obtained using soybean plants (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) at four partial pressures of oxygen and five leaf temperatures are presented, and a method for estimating the kinetic parameters of RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase, as manifested in vivo, is discussed. The kinetic parameters so obtained compare well with kinetic parameters obtained in vitro, and the model fits to the measured data give r 2values ranging from 0.87 to 0.98. In addition, equations developed by J.D. Tenhunen et al. (1976, Oecologia 26, 89–100, 101–109) to describe the light and temperature responses of measured CO2-saturated photosynthetic rates are applied to data collected on soybean. Combining these equations with those describing the kinetics of RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase allows one to model successfully the interactive effects of incident irradiance, leaf temperature, CO2 and O2 on whole-leaf photosynthesis. This analytical model may become a useful tool for plant ecologists interested in comparing photosynthetic responses of different C3 plants or of a single species grown in contrasting environments.
Cardiac output response to exercise in relation to metabolic demand in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Aims Exercise intolerance is a hallmark of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), yet its mechanisms remain unclear. The current study sought to determine whether increases in cardiac output (CO) during exercise are appropriately matched to metabolic demands in HFpEF. Methods and results Patients with HFpEF (n = 109) and controls (n = 73) exercised to volitional fatigue with simultaneous invasive (n = 96) or non-invasive (n = 86) haemodynamic assessment and expired gas analysis to determine oxygen consumption (VO2) during upright or supine exercise. At rest, HFpEF patients had higher LV filling pressures but similar heart rate, stroke volume, EF, and CO. During supine and upright exercise, HFpEF patients displayed lower peak VO2 coupled with blunted increases in heart rate, stroke volume, EF, and CO compared with controls. LV filling pressures increased dramatically in HFpEF patients, with secondary elevation in pulmonary artery pressures. Reduced peak VO2 in HFpEF patients was predominantly attributable to CO limitation, as the slope of the increase in CO relative to VO2 was 20% lower in HFpEF patients (5.9 ± 2.5 vs. 7.4 ± 2.6 L blood/L O2, P = 0.0005). While absolute increases in arterial–venous O2 difference with exercise were similar in HFpEF patients and controls, augmentation in arterial–venous O2 difference relative to VO2 was greater in HFpEF patients (8.9 ± 3.4 vs. 5.5 ± 2.0 min/dL, P < 0.0001). These differences were observed in the total cohort and when upright and supine exercise modalities were examined individually. Conclusion While diastolic dysfunction promotes congestion and pulmonary hypertension with stress in HFpEF, reduction in exercise capacity is predominantly related to inadequate CO relative to metabolic needs.
Fermi Surface of Calcium by the de Haas-van Alphen Effect

The de Haas-van Alphen effect of calcium has been studied by the torsion method in fields to 33 kG. The three periodicities of 3.05, 0.77, and 0.57 (${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$${\mathrm{G}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) that were observed had cyclotron masses of ${0.3}_{5}$, ${0.6}_{5}$, and ${0.6}_{5}{m}_{0}$, respectively, and imply areas of orbits that are in agreement with a Few-OPW model with small lattice potentials, ${V}_{200}={0.034}_{5}$ Ry and ${V}_{111}={0.01}_{4}$ Ry. The experimentally-determined cyclotron masses are nearly twice those given by the model.
Continuous Localized Orbital Corrections to Density Functional Theory: B3LYP-CLOC.

Our previous works have demonstrated the ability of our localized orbital correction (LOC) methodology to greatly improve the accuracy of various thermochemical properties at the stationary points of the density functional theory (DFT) reaction coordinate (RC). Herein, we extend this methodology from stationary points to the entire RC connecting any stationary points by developing continuous localized orbital corrections (CLOCs). We show that the resultant method, DFT-CLOC, is capable of producing RCs with far greater accuracy than uncorrected DFT and yet requires negligible computational cost beyond the uncorrected DFT calculations. Various post-Hartree−Fock (post-HF) reaction coordinate profiles were used, including a sigmatropic shift, Diels−Alder reaction, electrocyclization, carbon radical, and three hydrogen radical reactions to show that this method is robust across multiple reaction types of general interest.
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in children and young adults

We review the imaging findings of pediatric gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) using contemporary anatomic and molecular imaging techniques. A low index of suspicion can result in significant delays in diagnosis of pediatric GEP-NETs. A multimodality imaging approach, using both anatomic and functional imaging, is essential in the diagnosis, staging, and surveillance of these potentially malignant tumors.
Molecular basis for P-site inhibition of adenylyl cyclase

P-site inhibitors are adenosine and adenine nucleotide analogues that inhibit adenylyl cyclase, the effector enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic AMP from ATP. Some of these inhibitors may represent physiological regulators of adenylyl cyclase, and the most potent may ultimately serve as useful therapeutic agents. Described here are crystal structures of the catalytic core of adenylyl cyclase complexed with two such P-site inhibitors, 2‘-deoxyadenosine 3‘-monophosphate (2‘-d-3‘-AMP) and 2‘,5‘-dideoxyadenosine 3‘-triphosphate (2‘,5‘-dd-3‘-ATP). Both inhibitors bind in the active site yet exhibit non- or uncompetitive patterns of inhibition. While most P-site inhibitors require pyrophosphate (PPi) as a coinhibitor, 2‘,5‘-dd-3‘-ATP is a potent inhibitor by itself. The crystal structure reveals that this inhibitor exhibits two binding modes: one with the nucleoside moiety bound to the nucleoside binding pocket of the enzyme and the other with the β and γ phosphates bound to the pyrophosphate site of...
Does local topography control hypoxia on the eastern Texas–Louisiana shelf?

Abstract Hypoxia of the northern Gulf of Mexico is a recurrent summer phenomenon that is principally driven by the combined effects of nutrient loading and stratification introduced onto the continental shelf mainly from effluents derived from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers. Spatially detailed observations along and across the continental shelf in the central and western areas of coastal Louisiana, where hypoxia is most frequent and severe, reveal that the spatial variability (horizontal and vertical) of dissolved oxygen concentration is closely linked to physical processes including the spatial geometry of local topographic features. The along shelf spatial variability of dissolved oxygen is estimated to have a principal wavelength of approximately 50 km that is phase-locked with the location of three shallow shoals along the coastline. Based on a comparison with the historical record, the area between these shoals coincides with areas of more frequent hypoxia. These results may have important implications for coastal management strategies by identifying physically controlled hotspots in the central and western Louisiana shelf where monitoring efforts can be most efficiently targeted.
Developmental Effects of Ionizing Radiation in Aedes Aegypti

All stages of Aedes aegypti were exposed to radiation in doses ranging from 500 to 32,000 r. A 10,000 cu Co-60 source, delivering approximately 125 r/min. was used to determine the radiosensitivity relating to egg hatch, growth and development, viability to adulthood, longevity, cell division, as well as fecundity and fertility in both sexes. Fully embryonated eggs exposed to 500 r resulted in retarded development of larvae hatching from them but proved to be more radioresistant than eggs undergoing embryonation. Prolonged developmental time was related to a decrease in mitotic rate. The greater sensitivity of the 1st 3 larval stages over embryonated eggs appeared to be due to mitotic activity in the larval stages and its absence in quiescent eggs. Damage on the whole was directly proportional to dose and indirectly proportional to the stage of development reached; e.g., adult longevity was decreased when young larvae were exposed to 500 r, and when pupae and adults received 8000 r or more. The reproductive systems of both sexes were highly sensitive but fecundity and fertility were not affected to the same extent in the two. While treatment in all stages retarded or completely inhibited gonadal development and function, a low dose of 500 r to females in the 1st instar initiated a statistically significant increase in egg fecundity. Female sterility was achieved with a lack of fecundity at exposures of 4000 r to pupae and adults. Male sterility was related to production of infertile sperm at exposures of 8000 r. Cytological studies of gonads in control and treated organisms provided evidence for the observed radiationinduced decrease in reproductive potential.
Effect of raloxifene on aortic elasticity in healthy postmenopausal women.

Background The effect of raloxifene on aortic elasticity in healthy postmenopausal women is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of raloxifene on aortic elasticity and cardiovascular structure and function in healthy postmenopausal women. Methods A randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed. Fourteen healthy postmenopausal women received treatment with raloxifene 60 mg daily and matching placebo for 8 weeks with an 8-week washout period in between the 2 treatment periods. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess ascending thoracic and abdominal aortic elasticity and cardiovascular structure and function (left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, and mass and mitral annular displacement) before and at the end of each treatment period. Results Administration of raloxifene had no significant effect on either heart rate or systemic blood pressure. Raloxifene treatment was associated with a small decrease of the ascending aorta wall thickness (pretreatment 2.4 ± 0.3 vs posttreatment 2.2 ± 0.2 mm, P = .01). Consequently, there was an increase in the Young's elastic modulus after raloxifene treatment at the ascending thoracic aorta but not the abdominal aorta. There were no significant differences in aortic compliance or any cardiac indexes after raloxifene treatment. Conclusions Raloxifene administration in healthy postmenopausal women over an 8-week period may decrease the aortic wall thickness but has no significant effects on aortic compliance or cardiac structure and function.
Calculation of compressible boundary layer flow about airfoils by a finite element/finite difference method

Preliminary results are presented of a finite element/finite difference method (semidiscrete Galerkin method) used to calculate compressible boundary layer flow about airfoils, in which the group finite element scheme is applied to the Dorodnitsyn formulation of the boundary layer equations. The semidiscrete Galerkin (SDG) method promises to be fast, accurate and computationally efficient. The SDG method can also be applied to any smoothly connected airfoil shape without modification and possesses the potential capability of calculating boundary layer solutions beyond flow separation. Results are presented for low speed laminar flow past a circular cylinder and past a NACA 0012 airfoil at zero angle of attack at a Mach number of 0.5. Also shown are results for compressible flow past a flat plate for a Mach number range of 0 to 10 and results for incompressible turbulent flow past a flat plate. All numerical solutions assume an attached boundary layer.
Supreme Court Impact On Compliance and Outcomes: Miranda and New York Times in the United States Courts of Appeals

series of studies in the past two decades, usually referred to as "judicial impact" studies, have vitiated the traditional assumption that lower courts automatically adopt and diffuse the constitutional interpretations announced by the Supreme Court. In fact, several scholars have concluded that these judicial impact studies suggest that constitutional rules as announced by the Supreme Court, often have little influence on the behavior of judges and other officials in the legal system (Baum 1978: 208; Wasby 1973: 1086). But there is reason to doubt that the judicial impact literature presents an accurate appraisal of the overall significance of Supreme Court interpretations of the Constitution for lower courts. Extant empirical research deals primarily with a highly biased sample of controversial civil liberties decisions, especially those of the Warren Court (Baum 1978). In effect, the studies to date may have been biased because they are limited to the small portion of the court's output for which the chances for significant impact were the smallest. Moreover, most research on judicial impact has examined the response of state courts because that is where scholars expected to find noncompliance. Much less attention has been given to the impact of the Supreme Court on the lower federal courts (Gruhl 1980: 504). This suggests that one should expect to find greater impact if federal court decisions, especially those dealing with economic issues or even less highly charged civil liberties decisions (e.g., libel cases) are examined. Baum (1978) also suggests that the impact of the Supreme Court should increase as the clarity of its opinions increase and should be greatest for courts which are most directly under the authority of the Supreme Court. Moreover, since reversal is a significant sanction for lower court judges, the probability of reversal may be expected to enhance impact. While all of Baum's observations on factors which are likely to affect impact appear plausible, none has received adequate empirical examination. Impact studies have also been handicapped by excessive attention to the relatively narrow and artificially dichotomous concept of compliance. Much of the literature on the impact of the Supreme Court on lower courts has dealt
Abstract B44: Combination treatments of SCLC with ABT-263 and Immunotoxins produces synergistic killing of ABT-263-resistant cells

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines are variably sensitive to the BH-3 only peptide mimetic, ABT-263. To determine their sensitivity to toxin-based reagents, we incubated four representative SCLC lines with a model Pseudomonas exotoxin-based immunotoxin directed to the transferrin receptor. Remarkably in 4-of-4 lines, there was little evidence of immunotoxin-mediated cytotoxicity despite near complete inhibition of protein synthesis. However, when combinations of ABT-263 and immunotoxin were added to the ABT-263-resistant cell lines (H196 and H69AR), there was synergistic killing as evidenced by increased activation of caspase 3/7, annexin V staining and loss of cell integrity. This synergy was also noted when the closely related compound ABT-737 was combined with the same immunotoxin. To establish that the synergy seen in tissue culture could also be achieved in vivo, H69AR cells were grown as tumors in nude mice and shown to be susceptible to the killing action of an immunotoxin-ABT combination but not to either agent alone. When immunotoxin-ABT combinations were added to ABT-263-sensitive lines (H146 and H889), killing was primarily due to the action of ABT-263. Our data support combination approaches for treating ABT-263-resistant SCLC with ABT-263 and a second agent that provides synergistic killing action.
Growing Up Behind Bars: An Ethnographic Study of Adolescent Inmates in a Cottage for Violent Offenders

Abstract The purpose of this study is to direct attention inside the walls of a juvenile correctional facility to closely examine the experiences and daily lives of adolescent inmates. The ethnographic data for this study were collected through participant-observation and extended interactions in a cottage for violent male offenders in one state's maximum-security training school. This paper examines the adjustments and survival strategies of young offenders as they adapt to life inside the institution. The boys in this study face a particularly tough adolescence as they come of age in a “society of captives” (Sykes, 1958) where each individual's manhood and sense of self is continually tested. This paper offers a view from the inside, giving voice to young inmates, elucidating their struggles, their issues and concerns. Adolescent inmates in the juvenile justice system are virtually always released back into the community in a matter of months or years; understanding the way they experience incarceration...
Beyond File Sharing–Commerce in Peer-to-Peer Networks: Surveying the Landscape

Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks have become ubiquitous due to their synonymous association with illicit file sharing. Although P2P networks offer the unique ability for users to work and share data directly with each other, they also have become a harbor for those illegally trading copyright-protected material. These concerns have led to a variety of court actions that have taken P2P technology itself to the verge of being declared illegal. This paper explores the developments in the P2P marketplace and investigates the hypothesis that commercial opportunities exist for this unique medium. Through a review of past and current research, legal issues, and existing and developing applications, the researcher explores the potential for P2P networks to facilitate legitimate, e-commerce-based applications.
Reducing risk of influenza for high-risk children

Evaluation of: Bundy DG, Strouse JJ, Casella JF, Miller MR: Burden of influenza-related hospitalizations among children with sickle cell disease. Pediatrics 125, 234–243 (2010). Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are particularly vulnerable to invasive bacterial infections. Influenza virus infection multiplies the risk by destroying physical barriers to penetration by bacteria that inhabit the respiratory tract and by further impairing the function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Bundy et al. have quantitated the risk of hospitalization of children with SCD with discharge diagnoses including influenza. They accessed the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases for California, Florida, Maryland and New York, USA, to find the cases for the epidemic years 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 and calculated rates for children with SCD, cystic fibrosis or neither. They found that the rates for children with SCD were approximately two-times higher than for those with cystic fibrosis, and 56-ti...