cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The tensile properties of high oxide SAP containing helium and tritium

Abstract Up to 1700 appm each of 4 He and 3 H were created in SAP alloys (sintered aluminum product) of 17–25 wt % oxide by doping the alloys with 6 Li and irradiating in a thermal reactor at ambient temperature. To simulate the distribution of these gases at a proposed fusion reactor firstwall operating temperature of about 670 K, the irradiated SAP was annealed for 1000 h in the range 573 to 773 K (0.61 to 0.83 T m ). Immersion density measurements indicated no discernible swelling from the gases, some of which was shown to be trapped in tiny bubbles at the Al 2 O 3 -Al interfaces. Tensile tests performed in the temperature range 310 to 773 K revealed no significant effects of the gases on strength, ductility or fracture mode. However, the ductility in the unirradiated condition was low (less than 0.51 at 673 K). These data suggest that although a fine distribution of stable second-phase particles in first-wall alloys might provide a means of ameliorating gas swelling and embrittlement, there may be a high cost in terms of fabrication problems and original ductility.
Environmental factors affecting toluene degradation in ground water at a hazardous waste site

The microbial ecology of pristine and contaminated ground water at a chemical waste disposal site was investigated. Recently, it was determined that ground water downslope from the disposal site contained elevated levels of toxic pollutants, including benzene, toluene, xylene and methylene chloride, as well as iron and manganese. Microbial mineralization and uptake of radiolabeled glucose and amino acids indicated a metabolically active microflora in both pristine (upslope from the contamination) and contaminated groundwater samples collected from monitoring wells at the site. However, microbial uptake and mineralization of glucose and amino acids were up to fourfold slower in the contaminated well water than in the control well. Rates of mineralization and uptake of toluene were easily measurable in water from the contaminated well but were negligible in water from the pristine well, suggesting that the subsurface microflora in the contaminated region had adapted to degrade toluene. Additions of the inorganic nutrients N, K and P enhanced toluene mineralization in water from the contaminated well, with the addition of K and P enhancing mineralization twofold. The addition of these inorganic nutrients, therefore, presents an opportunity for biorestoration of the site. An increase in the incubation temperature also enhanced toluene mineralization; however, manipulations of pH and dissolved oxygen concentration had no measurable effects.
Some additional species of Ceratostomella in the United States.

(1942). Some Additional Species of Ceratostomella in the United States. Mycologia: Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 650-662.
Correlations among neural cell adhesion molecule, nerve growth factor, and its receptors, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, and p75NGFR, in perineural invasion by basal cell and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas

BACKGROUND. Neural cell adhesion molecule; nerve growth factor; and its receptors TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, and p75 NGFR regulate unique survival pathways in the cells of different noncutaneous malignancies exhibiting a perineural invasive phenotype. Their expression is currently unknown in basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma exhibiting perineural invasion. OBJECTIVE. The objective was to evaluate neural cell adhesion molecule, nerve growth factor, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, and p75 NGFR expression when perineural invasion occurs in basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS. Four basal cell carcinomas and five cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas that were perineural invasion-positive and four basal cell carcinomas and three cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas that were perineural invasion-negative were evaluated for the expression of neural cell adhesion molecule, nerve growth factor, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, and p75 NGFR by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS. For neural cell adhesion molecule, six of eight basal cell carcinomas and two of eight cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas stained positive. For nerve growth factor, seven of nine perineural invasion-positive and six of seven perineural invasion-negative tumors stained moderately or greater. For TrkA, B, and C, the perineural invasion-positive cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas generally stained darker than the perineural invasion-negative cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. For p75 NGFR , four of five perineural invasion-positive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma stain patterns indicated that p75 NGFR expression was higher perineurally than elsewhere in the tumor. CONCLUSION. In basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, the presence of neural cell adhesion molecule may determine tumor aggression and increased levels of nerve growth factor and TrkA, B, and C may reflect unique survival pathways. Higher levels of expression of Trk receptors in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells may predict perineural invasion and the increased p75 NGFR expression found in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma perineurally may allow p75 NGFR immunohistochemical staining to be used for detecting sites of perineural invasion.
Functional Amblyopia Associated with Organic Ocular Disease

Thirteen patients who had functional amblyopia associated either causally or coincidentally with organic ocular abnormalities still responded to conventional amblyopia therapy. The presence of separation difficulty or improvement in visual acuity with a neutral density filter helps predict the presence of functional amblyopia in patients with organic abnormalities.
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in PtoCesA7 and their association with growth and wood properties in Populus tomentosa

Cellulose synthase (CesA) genes encode the enzymes that synthesize cellulose; therefore, CesAs play central roles in plant development and affect the yield and quality of wood, essential properties for industrial applications of plant biomass. To effectively manipulate wood biosynthesis in trees and improve wood quality, we thus require a better understanding of the natural variation in CesAs. Association studies have emerged as a powerful tool for identification of variation associated with quantitative traits. Here, we used a candidate gene-based association mapping approach to identify PtoCesA7 allelic variants that associate with growth and wood quality traits in Populus tomentosa. We isolated a full-length PtoCesA7 cDNA and observed high PtoCesA7 expression in xylem, consistent with the xylem-specific expression of CesA7. Nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in PtoCesA7, sampled from the P. tomentosa natural distribution, revealed that PtoCesA7 harbors high nucleotide diversity (π T = 0.0091) and low LD (r 2 ≥ 0.1, within 800 bp). By association analysis, we identified seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (false discovery rate Q < 0.10) and 12 haplotypes (Q < 0.10) that associated with growth and wood properties, explaining 3.62–10.59 % of the phenotypic variance. We also validated 9 of the 10 significant marker–trait associations in at least one of three smaller subsets (climatic regions) or in a linkage-mapping population. Thus, our study identified functional PtoCesA7 allelic variants associated with growth and wood quality traits, giving new insights into genes affecting wood quality and quantity. From an applied perspective, the SNPs revealed in this study have potential applications in marker-assisted breeding.
Ferromagnetic Anisotropy in Cubic Crystals

A re-evaluation has been made of Van Vleck's second-order perturbation theory of dipolar-type anisotropy in cubic ferromagnets. In the low-temperature limit of strong correlation between the direction of neighbor spins, the first anisotropy constant ${K}_{1}$ varies as the 10th power of the magnetization. The theory is somewhat analogous to a previous treatment of quadrupolar-type anisotropy in the strong-correlation limit. In both cases, the results are in agreement with the Akulov-Zener classical theory. For the dipolar case, complete agreement is also established between the Dyson-type spin-wave analysis of Charap and Weiss and the Holstein-Primakoff approach. Higher order terms in the latter are shown to lead to the Charap-Weiss correction from exchange interaction between spin waves, and this correction is extended to $Sg\frac{1}{2}$. Essentially the same correction is obtained very easily from a simple modification of the Van Vleck formalism to take careful account of the average energy involved in simultaneous reversal of neighbor spins. It is shown that spin-wave theory, in agreement with classical theory, predicts identical values of dipolar-type anisotropy whether measured statically in a torque experiment or dynamically in a microwave resonance experiment.
Direct Coupling of Solar Cell Arrays to Electric Power Networks

Results of the investigation of the performance of solar cells when directly coupled to a conventional three-phase power network are presented. This approach dissociates the electricity production problem from the electric energy storage problem. Extensive studies of the required power inverter are performed. Preliminary simulation results indicate that ac power outputs of better than 90 percent of the optimum cell power output can be easily achieved by means of a suitably controlled inverter, thereby justify
Incidence of Secondary Cancer Development After High-Dose Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy and Image-Guided Brachytherapy for the Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer

Purpose To report the incidence and excess risk of second malignancy (SM) development compared with the general population after external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and brachytherapy to treat prostate cancer. Methods and Materials Between 1998 and 2001, 1,310 patients with localized prostate cancer were treated with EBRT ( n = 897) or brachytherapy ( n = 413). We compared the incidence of SMs in our patients with that of the general population extracted from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data set combined with the 2000 census data. Results The 10-year likelihood of SM development was 25% after EBRT and 15% after brachytherapy ( p = .02). The corresponding 10-year likelihood for in-field SM development in these groups was 4.9% and 1.6% ( p = .24). Multivariate analysis showed that EBRT vs. brachytherapy and older age were the only significant predictors for the development of all SMs ( p = .037 and p = .030), with a trend for older patients to develop a SM. The increased incidence of SM for EBRT patients was explained by the greater incidence of skin cancer outside the radiation field compared with that after brachytherapy (10.6% and 3.3%, respectively, p = .004). For the EBRT group, the 5- and 10-year mortality rate was 1.96% and 5.1% from out-of field cancer, respectively; for in-field SM, the corresponding mortality rates were 0.1% and 0.7%. Among the brachytherapy group, the 5- and 10-year mortality rate related to out-of field SM was 0.8% and 2.7%, respectively. Our observed SM rates after prostate RT were not significantly different from the cancer incidence rates in the general population. Conclusions Using modern sophisticated treatment techniques, we report low rates of in-field bladder and rectal SM risks after prostate cancer RT. Furthermore, the likelihood of mortality secondary to a SM was unusual. The greater rate of SM observed with EBRT vs. brachytherapy was related to a small, but significantly increased, number of skin cancers in the EBRT patients compared with that of the general population.
The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR 141716A reverses the antiemetic and motor depressant actions of WIN 55, 212-2

Abstract The dibenzopyran cannabinoids (delta-9 (Δ 9 )-tetrahydrocannabinol and nabilone) are clinically used to suppress nausea and vomiting produced by chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin. The purpose of this investigation was to investigate the antiemetic potential of the aminoalkylindole cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55, 212-2 [ R (+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(morpholinyl) methyl] pyrolol [1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-yl]-(1-naphthalenyl) methanone mesylate] against cisplatin-induced vomiting. Different doses of WIN 55, 212-2 (0, 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced both the frequency of cisplatin (20 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced emesis (ID 50 =0.5 mg/kg) as well as the percentage of shrews vomiting (ID 50 =1.2 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. Significant reductions in emesis frequency occurred from 2.5 mg/kg dose of WIN 55, 212-2, whereas significant total protection from vomiting was afforded at its 5 mg/kg dose. The antiemetic actions of a 5-mg/kg dose of WIN 55, 212-2 against cisplatin (20 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced vomiting were reversed by nonemetic subcutaneous doses (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) of the cannabinoid CB 1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist SR 141716A [ N -piperidino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methylpyrazole-3-carboxamide] (ID 50 =0.27 and 0.47 mg/kg, respectively) but not by a 5-mg/kg dose of the cannabinoid CB 2 receptor antagonist SR 144528 [ N -[(1 S )-endo-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-2-yl]5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methybenzyl) pyrazole-3-carboxamide]. The effects of the cited doses of WIN 55, 212-2 were also investigated on several motor parameters (spontaneous locomotor activity, duration of movement and rearing frequency). Significant reductions in motor parameters were only observed at its highest tested dose (ID 50 =1.97, 2.75 and 2.8 mg/kg; respectively). SR 141716A (0, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg) also reversed the motor suppressant effects of a 5-mg/kg dose of WIN 55, 212-2 (ID 50 =0.39, 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, respectively) and significant reversals were seen from its 0.5 and 1 mg/kg doses. These results suggest that WIN 55, 212-2 reduces both emesis and indeces of locomotion via the stimulation of cannabinoid CB 1 receptors. However, cannabinoid CB 1 receptors in different loci are most likely responsible for the antiemetic and motor suppressive effects of WIN 55, 212-2 since reduction in the frequency of vomiting occurred at lower doses relative to its sedative actions.
Microbial reductions of the sesquiterpene quadrone

Abstract One hundred microorganisms have been screened for their abilities to selectively modify the structure of the sesquiterpene lactone known as quadrone. The only products obtained were those formed when the 4-ketone functional group was reduced to the stereoisometric 4-quadronols. Quadrone alcohol isomers of ( S ) or ( R ) absolute configurations were identified by proton and carbon n.m.r., and high performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) was used to separate and quantitate these compounds in extracts of fermentations. Microorganisms were categorized according to their abilities to achieve Re - or Si -face carbonyl reduction to yield ( S )- or ( R )-alcohol isomers by h.p.l.c. Three groups of microorganisms were identified: those yielding only the ( R )-alcohol isomer; those yielding only the ( S )-alcohol isomer; and those providing mixtures of the two alcohol isomers. With quadrone as substrate, Mucor and Curvularia spp. may contain either Re- or Si- face reductases. The selection of microorganisms for their abilities to achieve enantiospecific reductions of ketones to alcohol products is discussed.
Mother-young relationships in captive ungulates: behavioral changes over time

Ungulates are frequently classified into two groups: the “followers”, in which young initially stay close to their mother and the “hiders”, in which young remain at some distance from their mother, often concealed in vegetation. To examine differences in mother-young behavior between the follower and hider groups and among species within these groups, we studied 63 mother-young pairs, representing 22 ungulate species, for 7 weeks after birth of the young. The follower group had consistently higher scores than the hider group on measures of mother-young association, and lower scores on the percentage of time the young spent lying; however, there was considerable variation within each group. In follower species, two measures of mother and young association decreased over time. In hiders, contact between mother and young did not increase over time although the distance between them, while both were lying, decreased. This reduction in the resting distance between mother and young did not always coincide with other changes possibly indicative of the end of the hiding period. The amount of time young hiders spent lying decreased over time.
Agmatine: a novel endogenous vasodilator substance.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of agmatine, an endogenous clonidine-displacing substance (CDS), on systemic hemodynamics in the anesthetized rat. Bolus intravenous (i.v.) injections of agmatine decreased systemic arterial pressure (SAP) and systemic vascular resistance in a dose-dependent manner. The development of acute tachyphylaxis to the systemic vasodepressor response to agmatine did not induce cross-tachyphylaxis to the systemic vasodepressor responses to bradykinin, isoproterenol and nitroglycerin. The present data demonstrate agmatine, as a CDS and agonist for imidazoline (I) receptors, possesses marked systemic vasodilator activity in the rat. The present data suggest that activation of I receptors may represent a novel mechanism of vasodilation in vivo.
Using Remote Sensing and Geospatial Technology for Climate Change Education

ABSTRACT This curriculum and instruction paper describes initial implementation and evaluation of remote-sensing exercises designed to promote post-secondary climate literacy in the geosciences. Tutorials developed by the first author engaged students in the analysis of climate change data obtained from NASA satellite missions, including the LANDSAT, MODIS, ASTER, SSMIS, AIRS and GRACE instruments. The tutorials incorporated image processing technology through software such as ESRI's ArcGIS and ERDAS Imagine. The relative emphasis on the technological tools versus the application to improving knowledge about climate change was adjusted across implementation in three geography courses. The adjustment of the relative emphasis placed on four primary teaching and learning objectives provides a framework for considering adaptation of the exercises across the educational spectrum. For example, activities are already being designed to expand to secondary school and general elective undergraduate geography course...
Rebuttal From Dr McCunney

journal.publications.chestnet.org radiocontaminated buildings, 1983-2002 . Int J Radiat Biol . 2006 ; 82 ( 12 ): 849 858 . 14. Cuttler JM . Leukemia incidence of 96,000 Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors is compelling evidence that the LNT model is wrong: Edward Calabrese’s papers “Origin of the linear no threshold (LNT) dose-response concept” (Arch Toxicol (2013) 87:1621-1633) and “How the US National Academy of Sciences misled the world community on cancer risk assessment: new fi ndings challenge historical foundations of the linear dose response” (Arch Toxicol (2013) 87:2063-2081) . Arch Toxicol . 2014 ; 88 ( 3 ): 847 848 . 15. Kostyuchenko VA , Krestinina LY . Long-term irradiation eff ects in the population evacuated from the east-Urals radioactive trace area . Sci Total Environ . 1994 ; 142 ( 1-2 ): 119 125 . 16. Miller AB , Howe GR , Sherman GJ , et al . Mortality from breast cancer aft er irradiation during fl uoroscopic examinations in patients being treated for tuberculosis . N Engl J Med . 1989 ; 321 ( 19 ): 1285 1289 . 17. Pollycove M . Radiobiological basis of low-dose irradiation in prevention and therapy of cancer . Dose Response . 2007 ; 5 ( 1 ): 26 38 . 18. Denton GRW , Namazi S . Indoor radon levels and lung cancer inci dence on Guam . Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2013 ; 18 : 157 166 . 19. Sanders CL . Radiation Hormesis and the Linear-No-Th reshold Assumption . Heidelberg, Germany : Springer ; 2010 : 43 44 . 20. Brody AS , Guillerman RP . Don’t let radiation scare trump patient care: 10 ways you can harm your patients by fear of radiationinduced cancer from diagnostic imaging . Th orax . 2014 ; 69 ( 8 ): 782 784 . 21. Goenka AH , Herts BR , Obuchowski NA , et al . Eff ect of reduced radiation exposure and iterative reconstruction on detection of low-contrast low-attenuation lesions in an anthropomorphic liver phantom: an 18-reader study . Radiology . 2014 ; 272 ( 1 ): 154 163 .
One‐sided comparisons for treatments with a control

Distribution theory for likelihood-ratio statistics for the comparison of several treatments with a control is discussed. These test statistics account for prior information that the treatments are at least as effective as the control. It is assumed that the sample sizes on the treatments are (approximately) equal and the sample size on the control is at least as large. Normal means are compared under the assumption of a common variance, either known or unknown. The analogous problems for proportions as well as rank tests are mentioned, and the results of a power study comparing a one-sided t-test, the likelihood-ratio test, and Dunnetťs one-sided test are presented. Cet article concerne les distributions de statistiques obtenues a partir du quotient de vraisemblance pour la comparison de plusieurs traitements par rapport a un echantillon temoin. Ces statistiques tiennent compte ďinformation preliminaire a l'effet que les traitements seraient tout au moins aussi efficaces que le placebo temoin. On suppose que les tailles des echantillons correspondant aux traitements sont (approximativement) egales et qu'elles sont inferieures a celle de l'echantillon temoin. L'objectif poursuivi est celui de comparer les moyennes de populations normales sous ccrtaines restrictions ďordre et sous l'hypothese que les variances des populations (connues ou inconnues) sont egales. Les auteurs se servent des techniques de Monte-Carlo pour comparer de facon empirique les fonctions de puissance des tests de Student, de Dunnett et du quotient de vraisemblance. Les problemes analogues concernant la comparaison de rangs ou de proportions sont egalement mentionnes.
Prevention of smoking-related deaths in the United States.

Abstract Background Tobacco is the leading cause of death in the United States. The majority of people who smoke begin before age 18. Objective Determine the number of smoking-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost (YPLL) in adults that might be saved through interventions to reduce smoking prevalence among children and adolescents. Methods Calculation of the smoking-attributable mortality and years of potential life lost by age 85 among the cohort of people aged 18 in 2000. Results By age 85, there would be 127,670 smoking-attributable deaths among women and 284,502 deaths among men, for a total 412,172 smoking-attributable deaths in the United States among the cohort of 3,964,704 people aged 18 years alive in 2000. Through large-scale multimedia campaigns and a $1 increase in the price per pack of cigarettes, smoking prevalence could be reduced by 26% and would result in an annual savings of 108,466 lives and 1.6 million YPLL. Conclusions Interventions to decrease smoking prevalence among children and adolescents can have large effects on adult mortality.
Extensive measurement and ratio functions

Extensive measurement theory is developed in terms of theratio of two elements of an arbitrary (not necessarily Archimedean) extensive structure; thisextensive ratio space is a special case of a more general structure called aratio space. Ratio spaces possess a natural family of numerical scales (r-scales) which are definable in non-representational terms; ther-scales for an extensive ratio space thus constitute a family of numerical scales (extensive r-scales) for extensive structures which are defined in a non-representational manner. This is interpreted as involving arelational theory of quantity which contrasts in certain respects with thequalitative theory of quantity implicit in standard representational extensive measurement theory. The representational properties of extensiver-scales are investigated, and found to coincide withweak extensive measurement in the sense of Holman. This provides support for the thesis (developed in a separate paper) that weak extensive measurement is a more natural model of actual physical extensive scales than is the standard model using strong extensive measurement. Finally, the present apparatus is applied to slightly simplify the existing necessary and sufficient conditions for strong extensive measurement.
Magnetization Reversal In SmCo/sub 5/ Nanoparticles

DC demagnetization and magnetic viscosity measurements were made on SmCo/sub 5/ nanoparticles prepared by ball milling. The field dependence of the magnetic viscosity and irreversible susceptibility, /spl chi//sub irr/, were found to be identical. With appropriate normalization, /spl chi//sub irr/(H) for different temperatures scales to a universal function of the reduced magnetic field, H/H/sub c/.
Getting a Foot in the Electronic Door: The Process of Reading or Deleting Electronic Mail.

For researchers, a key issue in developing electronic mail as a survey method is to understand what factors are at play as a potential respondent chooses to open or delete a mail message. This research investigated the process by which individuals make decisions about opening and reading versus deleting electronic mail and also assessed attitudes toward electronic mail surveys. The sample received an electronic mail message followed by a telephone interview. Results indicated that individuals delete mail when the subject line does not interest them or when they do not recognize the name of the individual sending the e-mail. Those interviewed reacted favorably to e-mail surveys for scientific research despite issues of anonymity. However, respondents overwhelmingly described a dislike for commercially based electronic mail surveys.
ADDITIVITY SCHEMES IN CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS: CONCEPT AND DEMONSTRATION

Additivity schemes are of fundamental importance in molecular modeling. It is the goal of an additivity scheme to predict the value of parameter for a complex system based on the knowledge of the respective parameters for prototypical systems. The commonly employed method is based on the identification of energy factors, the quantification of these energy factors, and the evaluation of trial functions that depend on these factors. We describe a non-iterative method to derive energy factor expressions. While energy factors occur in the derivation of the energy factor expressions, the values of the energy factors are not determined and they are expressed instead as series of the known parameters of the minimal set of prototypes. The non-iterative energy factor analysis is illustrated by application to conformational preference energies for a series of spiro(THF)cyclohexanes for which the results of a traditional analysis are available. We demonstrate that the contributions to the conformational preference energy are additive, clarify the precise meaning of the terms "gauche interaction" and "1,3-interaction", and state a more general hypothesis that provides opportunities for testing by future experimental and computational studies.
Demonstrating high symmetric single-mode single-photon heralding efficiency in spontaneous parametric downconversion

We demonstrate a symmetric, single-spatial mode, single-photon heralding efficiency of 84% for a type-II spontaneous parametric downconversion process. High efficiency, single-spatial mode collection is key to enabling many quantum information processing and quantum metrology applications.
Revisiting roaming trajectories in ketene isomerization at higher dimensionality

Roaming dynamics have been observed in a three-dimensional model of the ketene isomerization reaction. The roaming trajectories sample the region between the outer potential barriers closest to the respective ketene isomers and involve turning points along the reaction coordinate in a polar representation. These roaming trajectories avoid the intrinsic reaction coordinate and the intermediates to which it is associated. Thus, one-dimensional transition state theory (TST) is generally insufficient as has been confirmed through an analysis of the reactive flux along the dividing surface (DS). A global representation of the DS, however, leads to accurate TST rate constants. The exact and TST microcanonical rates of isomerization have been obtained for the three-dimensional model and compare well to experiment. The global DS is therefore particularly important for obtaining rates in reactions that exhibit roaming. This work thus confirms the findings of our previous two-dimensional treatment of ketene isomerization (Ulusoy et al. in J. Phys. Chem. A 117:7553–7560, 2013).
The ontogeny of growth hormone sensitivity.

For many years it was believed that the growth hormone (GH) axis does not play a role in growth before birth or during the first year after birth. More recently, however, studies of genetic disorders of growth have led to developments in our understanding of the onset of GH sensitivity and the relationships between the maternal and fetal GH axes. Many children whose GH deficiency (GHD) is diagnosed in late childhood have a good rate of growth in their first year of life. This can be explained when one considers the differences between pituitary and hypothalamic GHD. Many children in whom GHD is diagnosed later in childhood have hypothalamic GHD, which may be masked in the first year of life by a relative lack of somatostatin secretion. Genetic defects in the GH axis lead to a slight degree of growth retardation at birth, consistent with growth impairment in the third trimester only. Conversely, a boy with a deletion in the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) gene showed severe growth retardation at birth, indicating a role for IGF-I during the second and third trimesters. From these results, there are two possible models for the relationship between IGF-I production and other components of the maternal–fetal GH axis: independence of the IGF-I axis from somatotropic influences during the second trimester or, alternatively, redundancy of somatotropic hormones and their receptors. From reports of individuals with naturally occurring mutations that eliminate contributors to the GH axis, redundancy does indeed appear to be a feature of the maternal–fetal GH axis, with GH sensitivity arising around mid-gestation.
A Call for a Truce

Let me start autobiographically as well. Leo Marx's The Machine in the Garden had a profound influence on me in graduate school, along with Raymond Williams's The Country and the City; together, they got me to think about the machine and the city more than the country and the garden, and to ask why realistic fiction that depicted urbanization and industrialization in the US seemed somehow un-American in the critical tradition. Since then I have rediscovered
Soil lead levels in a small town environment: a case study from Mt Pleasant, Michigan

Abstract Few studies are made on the potential soil Pb burden for a small city in rural environment. Data obtained by atomic absorption spectrophotometry suggest a somewhat weak significant positive relationship (r = 0·27) between increased traffic volume and roadside soil Pb content. Median soil Pb levels along the most heavily travelled roads are 320 μg g −1 while background concentrations are 200 μg g −1 . No significant relationship is found between predominant wind direction and soil Pb content. Zones where cars idle have only slightly elevated Pb levels. Older homes have soil Pb values exceeding 1000 μg g −1 ; a significant positive relationship (r = 0·59) exists between increasing soil Pb and home age. Schools, which are mainly located away from heavily travelled roads and typically of brick construction, have soil Pb concentrations at background levels. In general, the small city Pb burden is lower than in major urban areas. However, soils around older homes and in special locales, such as salvage yards, have Pb levels comparable to major urban areas.
Differential effects of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids on cytochrome 17α-hydroxylase (P-45017α) and cytochrome P-450 side-chain cleavage (P-450scc) messenger ribonucleic acid in the sheep placenta

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to determine differential effects of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids on cytochrome 17α-hydroxylase and cytochrome P-450 side-chain cleavage messenger ribonucleic acid in the sheep placenta and to determine whether feed-forward effects during labor are involved in further inducing placental cytochrome 17α-hydroxylase. Study Design: Sheep underwent placement of myometrial electromyogram electrodes while they were under general anesthesia at 117 days' gestation. At 125 days' gestation either saline solution (early control animals not in labor, n=5), 0.48 mg betamethasone during 48 hours (n = 7), 0.48 mg dexamethasone during 48 hours (n = 7), or 55 mg cortisol during a maximum of 96 hours (n = 4) was directly administered intravenously to the fetus. Necropsies were performed at 127 to 129 days' gestation. We also studied 6 ewes in spontaneous term labor at 143-147 days' gestation, 6 term control animals not in labor at 140 to 147 days' gestation, and 6 sheep in which myometrial activity was inhibited by intravenous infusion to the ewe of the selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor nimesulide 9 hours after the onset of labor beginning at 147 to 148 days' gestation. Total fetal placental ribonucleic acid was analyzed by Northern blot with complementary deoxyribonucleic acid probes for cytochrome 17α-hydroxylase, cytochrome P-450 side-chain cleavage, and 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid to correct for loading. Results: Placental cytochrome 17α-hydroxylase messenger ribonucleic acid was detectable neither in term control animals not in labor nor in early control animals not in labor. Placental cytochrome 17α-hydroxylase messenger ribonucleic acid was induced in spontaneous term labor and all cortisol-infused sheep in labor with respect to term control animals not in labor and early control animals not in labor ( P 140 days' gestation) or glucocorticoid-induced premature labor and spontaneous term labor. Conclusions: (1) In sheep the expression of placental cytochrome 17α-hydroxylase is tightly associated with spontaneous term labor, and active synthesis of placental cytochrome 17α-hydroxylase is required during the progression of labor. (2) Cortisol is a more potent stimulator of placental cytochrome 17α-hydroxylase messenger ribonucleic acid in sheep than are synthetic glucocorticoids. (3) Betamethasone has a greater effect in inducing labor in sheep than does dexamethasone, possibly mediated through placental cytochrome 17α-hydroxylase. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1215-21.)
Viscous fingering as a first step toward understanding dendrites

Abstract The development of viscous fingering patterns has been observed for Hele-Shaw flows with both planar and circular initial interfaces. These flows have close formal connection with dendritic growth. Local curvature as a function of interfacial arclength has been extracted for all cases and modal analyses have been performed on these curvature functions. A crude measure of the content of the modal analyses comes from the behavior of the average wavenumber, k , which at first increases during an initial ramifying flow period and then decreases with time as the pattern coarsens in the quiet regions behind the advancing fingers faster than it ramifies at the front.
Uridine labeling of human lymphocytes: differential uptake by T and B cells.

Abstract Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were labeled with [3H]uridine and separated into immunoglobulin (Ig)-positive-enriched and Ig-negative populations by rosetting and Ficoll sedimentation. The Ig-negative (T cell-rich) fraction was found to be more heavily labeled than the B cell-enriched population, in agreement with previous results in rats. Combined autoradiography and rosetting confirmed the differential uridine labeling of T and B cells. Incorporation of cytidine and adenosine by T and B cell-enriched populations showed similar but less dramatic differential labeling.
Counteraction by Naltrexone of Stress-Induced Inhibition of TSH Release: Role of Noradrenergic System

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of administering an opiate receptor antagonist, naltrexone (NALT) on the decline in pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) release induced by both acute and chronic stress, and to determine whether norepinephrine (NE) is involved in the mechanism by which opiate receptor blockade counteracts inhibition of TSH release during stress. Administration of NALT, a specific opiate receptor antagonist, significantly attenuated the decrease in plasma TSH observed after acute exposure to ether or restraint stress. The ability of NALT to prevent suppression of circulating TSH in ether-stressed rats was blocked by pharmacological suppression of NE activity induced by pretreatment with diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) or phenoxybenzamine (PB), both NE antagonists. In chronically stressed rats, thrice daily injections of NALT attenuated the sustained decline in circulating TSH, and resulted in a significant elevation in plasma TSH when compared with stressed, saline-treated animals. Pretreatment with DDC prior to NALT injection abolished this stimulatory effect of NALT. These observations indicate that opiate/receptor interaction is prerequisite for the decrease in circulating TSH release during both acute and chronic stress, and support the hypothesis that endogenous opioid peptides (EOPs) mediate the suppressive effect of stress on TSH release. The finding that uninterrupted NE function is necessary for NALT's action on TSH release during stress suggests that the suppressive effect of stress on TSH and its reversal by opiate antagonists involves alterations in hypothalamic NE activity.
Enthalpy of formation of Fe3Al2Si3O12 (almandine) by high temperature alkali borate solution calorimetry

Abstract A high-temperature solution calorimetric method suitable for thermochemical studies of anhydrous minerals containing Fe2+ ions has been developed. The method is based on an oxide melt solvent with 52 wt% LiBO2 and 48 wt% NaBO2 maintained at a temperature of 750°C. In a first application of this method the enthalpies of solution of synthetic almandine, fayalite, a mixture of fayalite plus quartz on FeSiO3 composition, and natural quartz were measured. For the reaction: the enthalpy change at 1023 K is −3.82 ± 0.87 kcal, based on fayalite, quartz, corundum and almandine, and −5.96 ± 0.90 kcal based on the fayalite plus quartz mixture, corundum, and almandine. These values lead to standard molar enthalpies of formation of almandine from the oxides at 1023 K of −14.10 ± 1.22 kcal and −16.24 ± 1.74 kcal, respectively. The measured enthalpy of formation of almandine is less negative by several kilocalories than values derived from analysis of the phase equilibrium work of Hsu (1968), but in closer agreement with the phase equilibrium study of O'Neill and Wood (1979) and similar to the phase equilibrium deduction of Froese (1973). The agreement of the present almandine enthalpy of formation with O'Neill and Wood (1979) and Froese (1973) suggests that almandine entropies at 298 K to be obtained from their studies, in the range 79–81 cal/K, are more nearly correct than the several estimates based on oxide sum and volume-entropy systematics, most of which are much lower.
Ageing, Solder Thickness and Solder Alloy Effects on Circuit Board Solderability

The paper presents the results of extensive studies on circuit board solderability comparing wetting balance and IPC test methods through performance in vapour phase and wave soldering operations. The effects on solderability of key parameters are examined and compared with storage times of one year, and accelerated ageing using damp heat, dry heat and steam oxygen. An evaluation is made of tin‐lead alloys from 40/60 to 70/30 in solder coating thicknesses from 0·1 to 1·0 mil.
Systematic variation of the strength and oscillation period of indirect magnetic exchange coupling through the 3d, 4d, and 5d transition metals.

We show that oscillatory indirect magnetic exchange coupling via transition metals sandwiched between ferromagnetic layers of Fe, Co, Ni, or Ni alloys is a general phenomeonon. Surprisingly, the oscillation period is approximately the same, \ensuremath{\simeq}10 \AA{}, in all the transition metals in which we observe coupling with the single exception of Cr, for which it is much longer. Furthermore, the exchange-coupling strength is found to increase systematically from the 5d to 4d to 3d metals and exponentially with increasing number of d electrons along each period.
Homogeneous polymer blend microparticles with a tunable refractive index

We show that homogeneous polymer blend microparticles can be prepared in situ from droplets of dilute solution of codissolved polymers. Provided that the droplet of solution is small enough <10 ?m, solvent evaporation is rapid enough to inhibit phase separation. Thus the polymers that are being mixed need not be miscible, which greatly enhances the applicability of the technique. From analysis of two-dimensional Fraunhofer diffraction (angular scattering) patterns, we show that both the real and the imaginary parts of the refractive index can be tuned by adjustment of the relative weight fractions of polymers in solution.
Cocaine modulates pathways for photic and nonphotic entrainment of the mammalian SCN circadian clock

Cocaine abuse is highly disruptive to circadian physiological and behavioral rhythms. The present study was undertaken to determine whether such effects are manifest through actions on critical photic and nonphotic regulatory pathways in the master circadian clock of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Impairment of SCN photic signaling by systemic (intraperitoneal) cocaine injection was evidenced by strong (60%) attenuation of light-induced phase-delay shifts of circadian locomotor activity during the early night. A nonphotic action of cocaine was apparent from its induction of 1-h circadian phase-advance shifts at midday. The serotonin receptor antagonist, metergoline, blocked shifting by 80%, implicating a serotonergic mechanism. Reverse microdialysis perfusion of the SCN with cocaine at midday induced 3.7 h phase-advance shifts. Control perfusions with lidocaine and artificial cerebrospinal fluid had little shifting effect. In complementary in vitro experiments, photic-like phase-delay shifts of the SCN circadian neuronal activity rhythm induced by glutamate application to the SCN were completely blocked by cocaine. Cocaine treatment of SCN slices alone at subjective midday, but not the subjective night, induced 3-h phase-advance shifts. Lidocaine had no shifting effect. Cocaine-induced phase shifts were completely blocked by metergoline, but not by the dopamine receptor antagonist, fluphenazine. Finally, pretreatment of SCN slices for 2 h with a low concentration of serotonin agonist (to block subsequent serotonergic phase resetting) abolished cocaine-induced phase shifts at subjective midday. These results reveal multiple effects of cocaine on adult circadian clock regulation that are registered within the SCN and involve enhanced serotonergic transmission.
A review of cultural adaptations of screening tools for autism spectrum disorders

Screening children to determine risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders has become more common, although some question the advisability of such a strategy. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify autism screening tools that have been adapted for use in cultures different from that in which they were developed, evaluate the cultural adaptation process, report on the psychometric properties of the adapted instruments, and describe the implications for further research and clinical practice. A total of 21 articles met criteria for inclusion, reporting on the cultural adaptation of autism screening in 19 countries and in 10 languages. The cultural adaptation process was not always clearly outlined and often did not include the recommended guidelines. Cultural/linguistic modifications to the translated tools tended to increase with the rigor of the adaptation process. Differences between the psychometric properties of the original and adapted versions were common, indicating the need to obtain normative data on populations to increase the utility of the translated tool.
Introduction: rethinking labour and leisure

wi mawchin out di ole towards di new centri arm wid di new teknalagy wi gettin more an more producktivity some seh tings lookin‐up fi prasperity but if evrywan goin get a share dis time ole mentali...
Uniaxial Stress Engineering for High-Performance Ge NMOSFETs

Ge channel is one of the promising performance boosters for replacing Si channel in future complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. The uniaxial stress technology can further enhance the performance of Ge MOSFETs. In this paper, the uniaxial stress effect on Ge NMOSFETs was experimentally and theoretically investigated. The gate dielectric in the Ge NMOSFETs was fabricated by using the novel radical oxidation technique. The high quality of the gate dielectric allowed high vertical field mobility measurements. By applying mechanical uniaxial stress on the fabricated Ge NMOSFETs, the mobility enhancement was experimentally obtained. The physical mechanism of mobility enhancement under such strain indicates that the device performance of Ge NMOSFETs in the ballistic transport regime can achieve as much as 48% drive current gain beyond the 15 nm technology node.
Measurements and Analysis of Advanced Field Emission Cold Cathodes

We report the experimental study of field emission from cold cathodes having a raised ridge or knife-edge structure and analyses using a Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) model used to extract the cathode parameters. Local emission current measurements were done on a copper cathode, which was fabricated using electric discharge machining (EDM) and chemical etching yielding ridges of thickness 15 µm. Measurements of total cathode currents and lateral scans of the localized field emission current distribution with a 40-micron resolution are reported and analyzed.
In vitro study of lithium carbonate adsorption by activated charcoal.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is effectively adsorbed by activated charcoal (AC). Either 0 (control), 1.5, 3.0 or 9.0 grams of AC were added to Li2CO3 (300 mg) in distilled deionized water or simulated gastric fluid USP, filtered and and the filtrate analyzed for lithium by flame photometry.Adsorption of lithium was dependent on AC concentration and pH. In water, lithium was 14.7%, 26.5% and 40.4% adsorbed at AC:Li2CO3 ratios of 5:1, 10:1 and 30:1, respectively (p < 0.05). In simulated gastric fluid, there was no significant adsorption at any of the AC concentrations studied. Since simulated gastric fluid more closely resembles in vivo conditions, the efficacy of AC in lithium carbonate overdoses is questionable but in vivo studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Effects of perchlorate and other anions on thyroxine metabolism in the rat.

Effects of perchlorate and other anions on thyroxine metabolism were studied in the rat. When perchlorate was given to animals treated with methimazole and graded doses of thyroxine, the increase in serum PBI was markedly depressed. In thyroidectomized, thyroxine-maintained and perchlorate-fed animals, a significant decrease of serum PBI was also shown by radioisotopic technique and by chemical determination. The smallest amount of perchlorate necessary to reduce serum PBI was about 50 μmoles/g diet. Perrhenate depressed serum PBI at a lower concentration (25 μmoles/g diet) than perchlorate. Thiocyanate, chlorate and fluoborate slightly reduced serum PBI, but nitrate had no effect. In thyroidectomized and thyroxine-maintained animals, perchlorate produced an increase of urinary excretion of 131I-iodide after a single injection of 131I-thyroxine. Muscle uptake of 131I-thyroxine significantly increased in the presence of plasma obtained from perchlorate-fed animals. It is suggested that perchlorate and othe...