cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What’s in a label? The EU as ‘administrative’ and ‘constitutional’

How shall we ‘come to terms’ with the complex reality of governance in the European Union? If we regard this challenge in strictly legal terms and, more importantly, give the pronouncements of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and sympathetic legal commentators the dispositive role in our determination, then the response is clear: The EU is a ‘constitutional’ level of governance in its own right, with the EU treaties serving as a ‘constitutional charter of a Community based on the rule of law’. There is another sense of ‘coming to terms’, however, that is less ECJ-centric. It looks beyond the nominal and legal and moves into the sociological and historical domains. It recognizes that ‘coming to terms’ must focus on the core disconnect at the heart of European integration, in which regulatory power has undoubtedly shifted to the supranational level but the EU lacks autonomous democratic and constitutional legitimacy to support the exercise of that power in its own right. The EU legal order clearly enjoys a legal, technocratic and functional legitimacy sufficient to support autonomous regulatory power of a uniquely powerful supranational type. The problem with the nominal constitutionalism of the ECJ and legal commentators, however, is that it proceeds ‘as if’ the EU possesses robust democratic and constitution legitimacy in its own right, in defiance of the EU’s actual socio-historical character. Two features of EU public law — nationally grounded resource mobilization and nationally mediated legitimacy — point strongly to the EU’s character as ultimately derivative, delegated, and ‘administrative’, operating as a regulatory ‘agent’ of democratic and constitutional ‘principals’ who remain largely national. These features of EU governance focus our attention on what we can call ‘the power-legitimacy nexus’; that is, the linkage between the nature of the legitimacy enjoyed by a legal or political order (legal, technocratic, functional, or robustly democratic and constitutional) and the scope of power that the legal order can then successfully exercise. Using a comparative administrative law perspective, this chapter argues that several judicial doctrines of the ECJ — relating to ‘legal basis’, ‘subsidiarity’ and ‘supremacy’, among others — should be reformed to bring them more fully into line with the EU’s actual socio-historical character as an instance of supranational administrative governance. Rather than indulging in an ‘as if’ constitutionalism as the ECJ has done, the public law of European integration should confront the EU as it actually is. In ‘coming to terms’ with *this* reality, we must do more than simply label it; rather, we must also understand how European law, both national and supranational, should evolve to accommodate its underlying socio-historical disconnect and the contradictions it raises.
What role for the bioeconomy in an electrified transportation sector

The growth of the bioeconomy has recently been slowed by over production of petroleum and natural gas from unconventional domestic reserves, which has reduced demand for biofuels. In the longer term, liquid transportation fuels, both petroleum- and bio-based, are threatened by electrification of the transportation sector, which will benefit from the use of low-cost natural gas to generate electricity for battery electric vehicles. Low-cost natural gas in the USA is attractive for other applications as well, including the production of certain petrochemicals. On the other hand, natural gas is not suitable for producing many high molecular weight petrochemicals. Cost-competitive biorenewable versions of these products will need to be commercialized if petroleum is to be displaced without causing substantial economic distortions. This article reviews the available bio-based pathways and the current state of research on their technical and, where available, economic feasibility. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ANGPTL8 requires ANGPTL3 to inhibit lipoprotein lipase and plasma triglyceride clearance

Angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL)3 and ANGPTL8 are secreted proteins and inhibitors of LPL-mediated plasma triglyceride (TG) clearance. It is unclear how these two ANGPTL proteins interact to regulate LPL activity. ANGPTL3 inhibits LPL activity and increases serum TG independent of ANGPTL8. These effects are reversed with an ANGPTL3 blocking antibody. Here, we show that ANGPTL8, although it possesses a functional inhibitory motif, is inactive by itself and requires ANGPTL3 expression to inhibit LPL and increase plasma TG. Using a mutated form of ANGPTL3 that lacks LPL inhibitory activity, we demonstrate that ANGPTL3 activity is not required for its ability to activate ANGPTL8. Moreover, coexpression of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8 leads to a far more efficacious increase in TG in mice than ANGPTL3 alone, suggesting the major inhibitory activity of this complex derives from ANGPTL8. An antibody to the C terminus of ANGPTL8 reversed LPL inhibition by ANGPTL8 in the presence of ANGPTL3. The antibody did not disrupt the ANGPTL8:ANGPTL3 complex, but came in close proximity to the LPL inhibitory motif in the N terminus of ANGPTL8. Collectively, these data show that ANGPTL8 has a functional LPL inhibitory motif, but only inhibits LPL and increases plasma TG levels in mice in the presence of ANGPTL3.
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis in supercritical Co2 – Inhibition of Co2 selectivity for enhanced hydrocarbon production

Abstract It has been generally observed that the fraction of the carbon in coal reporting as non methane hydrocarbons during coal to liquid (CTL) fuels process employing gasification and Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) using Fe based catalysts is less than 17% while theoretical limit for a CTL is around 52%. The use of supercritical CO2 as a solvent for FTS is shown to increase the reaction rates, suppress CO2 selectivity, reduce CH4 selectivity and thereby increase chain growth and improve the heat transfer and wax dissolution characteristics to increase catalyst longevity. This paper presents the results from proof of concept studies on FT synthesis in supercritical CO2 from syngas (H2:CO ∼1:1) typically produced from coal gasification and using a Fe-Zn-K/γ-alumina catalyst. Experiments were conducted with syngas alone, syngas diluted with N2 and syngas diluted with CO2. The high pressures improved the conversions and reduced the CO2 emissions. The dilution with N2 somewhat improved the CO conversions and CO2 emissions. However, CH4 emissions were found to increase. When diluted with CO2 and experiments conducted at pressures above the critical pressure, the data show, both, an overall shift in the product distribution towards higher hydrocarbons and reduction in the parasitic loss of carbon efficiency due to carbon dioxide formation along with significant improvement in the conversion rates. The use of the supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) inhibited methane and converted some of the CO2.
Organisation und Management in italienischen Unternehmen der Modeindustrie

Durch das Forschungsdesign wurde die Planung der Untersuchung konzipiert. Die Untersuchungsform wurde festgelegt, um im Rahmen der vorhandenen Ressourcen die Fragestellung der Untersuchung beantworten zu konnen (vgl. Flick 2007, S.172).
Safe Markov Chains for ON/OFF Density Control With Observed Transitions

This paper presents a convex optimization approach to control the density distribution of autonomous mobile agents (single or multiple) in a stochastic environment with two control modes: ON and OFF. The main new characteristic distinguishing this model from standard Markov decision models is the existence of the ON control mode and its observed actions. During the ON mode, the instantaneous outcome of one of the actions of the ON mode is measured and a decision is made to whether this action is taken or not based on this new observation. If this action is not taken, the OFF mode is activated where a transition occurs based on a predetermined set of transitional probabilities, without making any additional observations. In this decision-making model, an agent acts autonomously according to an ON/OFF decision policy, and the discrete probability distribution for the agent's state evolves according to a discrete-time Markov chain that is a linear function of the stochastic environment and the ON/OFF decision policy. The relevant policy synthesis is formulated as a convex optimization problem where safety and convergence constraints are imposed on the resulting Markov matrix.
Primary thymic adenocarcinomas: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 16 cases with emphasis on the morphological spectrum of differentiation

Sixteen cases of primary thymic adenocarcinoma are presented. The patients are 9 men and 7 women between the ages of 22 and 68 years (average, 45 years) who presented with non-specific symptoms including cough, chest pain, and dyspnea. Diagnostic imaging revealed the presence of an anterior mediastinal mass, which was surgically removed in all of the patients. Histologically, none of the tumors was encapsulated and showed different growth patterns including mucinous, non-mucinous, and papillary features. The majority of cases showed mixed growth pattern, and the tumor was limited to the mediastinum with only a few cases extending to lymph nodes or pericardium. In two cases, the adenocarcinoma was associated with a thymoma. Immunohistochemical stains were performed, and their positive staining varied depending on the histology of the tumors, showing positive staining in some cases for keratin 7, keratin 20, CEA, CD5, CD117, and CDX-2. PAX8 and TTF-1 were negative in all the tumors. Follow-up information was obtained in 10 patients over a period of 1 to 12 years, indicating that three patients had died within a period of 14 months, one with brain metastasis, while seven patients have remained alive without recurrence. The cases herein described span the spectrum of thymic epithelial tumors and highlight the importance of recognizing this particular type of carcinoma, as it may follow a different outcome and require different treatment options.
Siwalik Fossil Tree Shrews

Fossils directly contribute to the construction of phylogenies in two ways. They provide additional samples (usually taxa) which are used in biological comparisons, so far as the completeness of the fossil material warrants, in order to determine morphocline polarity; that is, in forming a hypothesis of primitive and derived character states. In addition, fossils provide a temporal frame of reference (see Luckett, this volume) which makes the phylogeny more complete and practical in terms of geological applications. Although geologic age is not a biological attribute of a taxon, it follows that for a lineage with a reasonably complete fossil record, older taxa often (but not always) are on average more primitive than younger taxa, simply because ancestors must occur before descendants. Therefore, a sequence of fossils may reflect ancestor-descendant relationships, even if the fossils in hand are not themselves the actual ancestors or descendants.
Incoherent clocking in coherent radio interferometers

Radio interferometer arrays are instruments requiring real-time synchronisation of all array elements to capture and align the observed source wavefront prior to further processing such as correlation and/or beamforming. One method is to deliver a frequency, from a common central local oscillator (LO), using a round-trip phase-stable distribution system such that each element has its own phase-stable copy of the clock with required real-time fidelity for down-conversion and digitisation. The method described here involves equipping each array element with its own independent ‘eLO’ and sending a ‘tracer’ of it to a central site, where the difference between the elements’ eLOs and the central ‘cLO’ is measured. The digitised data from each element is corrected at the central site according to the measurement, before correlation/beamforming. The advantage of this method is that only a ‘trace’ of eLO, needed to measure the rate of change of eLO relative to cLO integrated over a measurement interval, needs to be conveyed over this tracer link, rather than the frequency itself, thereby requiring lower link temporal fidelity and bandwidth.
Effects of Dose Reduction on Diagnostic Image Quality of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography in Children Using a Third-Generation Dual-Source Computed Tomography Scanner

Performing coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) using third-generation dual source computed tomography (3G-DSCT) scanners results in radiation dose reduction without sacrificing image quality in adults. The largest dose reductions have been reported with prospectively gated, high-pitch imaging. However, there are limited data to determine if these benefits extend to pediatric patients. We evaluated image quality and radiation dose range of CCTA performed in children using a 3G-DSCT scanner. A retrospective review of 44 children (median age 10years, range 0.6 to 17) who underwent imaging to evaluate coronary artery origins (n = 27), Kawasaki disease (n = 12) or other coronary abnormalities (n = 5) were performed. General anesthesia was used in 9/44 (20%) patients and a β blocker was administered in 19/44 (43%). Prospectively gated high-pitch scanning was most frequently used (n = 24). Other techniques used included prospectively-gated “step and shoot” (n = 14), retrospectively gated (n = 2) and nongated high-pitch scan (n = 4). Median effective radiation doses were lowest for prospectively gated high-pitch scans (0.5mSv, range 0.4 to 0.7). Overall coronary artery image quality grade (1—excellent and 4—nondiagnostic) was acceptable for all electrocardiography-gated techniques, with no significant differences between high-pitch and “step-and-shoot” scan types (median 1, range 1 to 3 vs median 1, range 1 to 4, p = 0.22). Image quality grade was diagnostic (1 to 3) for all proximal coronary segments but rare distal segments were nondiagnostic (0.8% segments for gated high-pitch scan). In conclusion, CCTA can be performed in children using 3G-DSCT scanners withacceptable image quality. Prospectively gated high-pitch scans deliver the lowest radiation dose without reduction in image quality compared with conventional scan techniques.
STOCHASTIC MULTILEVEL INTERCONNECT MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION

Clock frequency, power consumption, and chip size are largely determined by the wiring requirements of a VLSI system [1, 2, 3]. It is, therefore, imperative to gain thorough understanding of wiring requirements for present and projected gigascale integrated (GSI) systems. It has been shown that optimized logic networks have certain collective properties that can be described with Rent’s Rule. Using this well-established empirical relationship as a starting point, a wire length distribution is rigorously derived to enable first order estimation of the local, semi-global, and global wiring requirements for GSI random logic networks. Applications to critical path modeling, power dissipation modeling, and die size estimation are explored. Finally, this chapter will conclude with an n-tier multilevel interconnect optimization that uses these models to help guide the design of advanced multilevel interconnect architectures for gigascale integration (GSI).
The Article 2B Debate and the Sociology of the Information Age

The economic institutions and practices that Article 2B seeks to regulate-electronic commerce, knowledge management, and information markets-are changing faster than the tools and concepts that policy makers are using to frame the debate. By describing and analyzing research relating to the nature of "information" and the components of the "digital economy," this Article suggests a new conceptual ground and common language for regulation of these new social and economic structures. In this way, this Article seeks to encourage a dialogue between the legal community, policy makers, modem industry, and social scientists. Two elements are crucial to the formation of a productive interdisciplinary encounter. First, it is important that the participants in the Article 2B debate recognize that digital information is not simply a new kind of intellectual property that is difficult to regulate because easily copied. Rather, it is also a new kind of economic capital, and an emerging medium for innovative corporate, political, and cultural behavior. Second, the "digital economy" itself is not just a new economic market, just as surely as the Internet is not merely a new distribution channel. Instead, digital technology is transforming the nature and function of the corporation and every sector of the economy. In order to effectively and efficiently regulate the economic structures that digital information technology makes possible, the participants in the Article 2B debate need to recognize that the use of such technology has social as well as economic repercussions.
Regional trend detection of Turkish river flows

This paper applies a procedure that identifies trends in hydrologic variables. The procedure utilizes the regional Mann–Kendall non-parametric test with and without both serial and cross-correlation to detect trends. The research investigates 15 streamflow variables including annual minimum, mean, maximum and monthly streamflows for a network of 75 streamflow gauging stations in seven geographical regions of Turkey. A considerable difference was obtained in the assessment of results with and without consideration of serial and cross correlation which might be due to a higher number of serial and cross-correlations among the sites in the geographical regions. Therefore, a quite different interpretation of these trend analyses would have been achieved if the temporal and spatial correlation of the streamflow series within the regions had been ignored. The application of the regional trend detection technique with both considerations has also resulted in the identification of significant decreasing trends in the Marmara, Aegean, Mediterranean and Central Anatolia regions. However, almost no evidence of significant change was observed with a general downward direction in the rest of the country. Besides, there are differences in the geographical regions of significant trends in the fifteen streamflow variables considered which implies that impacts on streamflows are not spatially uniform.
Comparison of native and transplant kidney biopsies: diagnostic yield and complications.

Background The safety and adequacy are established for the native percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) but no prospective studies exist that directly compare these with transplant PRB. Methods From 1995 to 2015, 1705 adults underwent percutaneous native [native renal biopsy (NRB)] or transplant renal biopsy (TRB) by the Nephrology service. Real-time ultrasound and automated biopsy needles (NRB, 14 or 16 gauge; TRB, 16 gauge) were used. Patients were observed for 24 h (NRB) or 8 h (TRB) post-procedure. Adequacy was defined as tissue required for diagnosis plus glomerular yield. Complications were defined as those resulting in the need for an intervention, such as surgery, interventional radiologic procedure, readmission, blood transfusion and death. Data were collected prospectively in all biopsies. Results At the time of biopsy, NRB patients were younger (mean ± SD, 47 ± 17 versus 50 ± 14 years, P 99% of NRB and TRB (P = 0.71). Compared with TRB, NRB had a greater drop in Hgb after the biopsy (0.97 ± 1.1 versus 0.73 ± 1.3 g/dL, P < 0.0001), a higher complication rate (6.5 versus 3.9%, P = 0.02) and higher transfusion rate (5.2 versus 3.3%, P = 0.045). There was one death in each group attributed to the biopsy. Conclusions Although death is equally rare, the complication rate is higher in NRB compared with TRB despite TRB having more of the traditional risk factors for bleeding. Differences in technique, operator (fellow or attending) or needle gauge may explain this variability.
Racial discrimination, educational attainment, and biological dysregulation among midlife African American women.

Abstract Objective To examine the association between self-reported racial discrimination and allostatic load, and whether the association differs by socioeconomic position. Methods We recruited a purposive cross-section of midlife (ages 30–50) African American women residing in four San Francisco Bay area counties (n = 208). Racial discrimination was measured using the Experience of Discrimination scale. Allostatic load was measured as a composite of 15 biomarkers assessing cardiometabolic, neuroendocrine, and inflammatory activity. We calculated four composite measures of allostatic load and three system-specific measures of biological dysregulation. Multivariable regression was used to examine associations, while adjusting for relevant confounders. Results In the high education group, reporting low (b = −1.09, P = .02, 95% CI = −1.99, −0.18) and very high (b = −1.88, P = .003, 95% CI = −3.11, −0.65) discrimination was associated with lower allostatic load (reference=moderate). Among those with lower education, reporting low (b = 2.05, P = .008, 95% CI = 0.55,3.56) discrimination was associated with higher allostatic load. Similar but less consistent associations were found for poverty status. Associations were similar for cardiometabolic functioning, but not for neuroendocrine or inflammatory activity. Conclusions Racial discrimination may be an important predictor of cumulative physiologic dysregulation. Factors associated with educational attainment may mitigate this association for African American women and other groups experiencing chronic social stress.
Legal and Ethical Implications of Website Accessibility.

This article argues that business and professional communication practitioners, instructors, and students, besides becoming better informed about the legal context of website accessibility, should ...
Electrode–Electrolyte Interface Impedance Characterization of Ultra-Miniaturized Microelectrode Arrays Over Materials and Geometries for Sub-Cellular and Cellular Sensing and Stimulation

Electrochemical interfaces with low-impedance, high biocompatibility, and long-term stability are of paramount importance for microelectrode arrays (MEAs), that are widely used in numerous cellular sensing/stimulation applications, e.g., brain interface, electroceuticals, neuroprosthetics, drug discovery, chemical screening, and fundamental biological research. It is becoming increasingly critical since sensing/actuations at sub-cellular resolution necessitate ultra-miniaturized electrodes, which exhibit exacerbated electrochemical interfaces, especially on interfacial impedance. This paper reports the first comprehensive characterization and interfacial electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the ultra-miniaturized electrodes for different electrode sizes ( $\textsf {8}\times \textsf {8}\,\,\mu \textsf {m}^{\textsf {2}}$ , $\textsf {16}\times \textsf {16}\,\,\mu \textsf {m}^{\textsf {2}}$ , and $\textsf {32}\times \textsf {32}\,\,\mu \textsf {m}^{\textsf {2}}$ ) and a wide material collection (Au, Pt, TiN, and ITO). Equivalent electrochemical interfacial circuit models with interface capacitance, charge transfer resistance, and solution resistance are obtained for all the electrode designs based on their EIS measurements. The results can potentially guide the designs of ultra-miniaturized MEAs for future bioelectronics systems.
Collaborative ductile rupture mechanisms of high-purity copper identified by in situ X-ray computed tomography

Abstract The competition between ductile rupture mechanisms in high-purity Cu and other metals is sensitive to the material composition and loading conditions, and subtle changes in the metal purity can lead to failure either by void coalescence or Orowan Alternating Slip (OAS). In situ X-ray computed tomography tensile tests on 99.999% purity Cu wires have revealed that the rupture process involves a sequence of damage events including shear localization; growth of micron-sized voids; and coalescence of microvoids into a central cavity prior to the catastrophic enlargement of the coalesced void via OAS. This analysis has shown that failure occurs in a collaborative rather than strictly competitive manner. In particular, strain localization along the shear band enhanced void nucleation and drove the primary coalescence event, and the size of the resulting cavity and consumption of voids ensured a transition to the OAS mechanism rather than continued void coalescence. Additionally, the tomograms identified examples of void coalescence and OAS growth of individual voids at all stages of the failure process, suggesting that the transition between the different mechanisms was sensitive to local damage features, and could be swayed by collaboration with other damage mechanisms. The competition between the different damage mechanisms is discussed in context of the material composition, the local damage history, and collaboration between the mechanisms.
“Context collapse” on a small island: Using Goffman’s dissertation fieldwork to think about online communication

Abstract Commentators and analysts in new media studies have taken inspiration from Goffman’s ‘dramaturgical’ approach to interaction as performance, as well as his concepts of ‘face’ and ‘impression management’. Goffman is specifically invoked in discussions of a particular source of interactional trouble that is seen as generated in and by the structure of mediated communication in digital spaces: so-called “context collapse.” Context collapse represents “a crisis of self-presentation” (Wesch, 2008) that is brought about by the ability of digital platforms like Twitter and Facebook to “flatten multiple audiences into one” (Marwick & boyd, 2010, p. 9). Returning to Goffman’s unpublished PhD dissertation (Goffman, 1953) – based on fieldwork on the remote island of Unst in the Shetlands – presents an opportunity to understand more fully both the online phenomenon of “context collapse” and the promise and limitations of Goffman’s work for the study of interaction in digital environments.
China Since Tiananmen: Deng moves to revive reform

B y late 1990, Deng seemed visibly distraught by China's situation and his own inability to reassert his leadership. There were moments of small progress. For instance, in November he met with Jiang Zemin and Yang Shangkun before their trip to Shenzhen to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the SEZs' (Special Enterprise Zones') founding. This meeting no doubt accounts for Jiang's high evaluation of the zones at the meeting late that month. Then, on the eve of the Seventh Plenum in late December, Deng gave a short speech to several leaders emphasizing that planning and markets are not the distinguishing characteristics of socialism and capitalism, respectively. “Don't think that engaging in a little market economy is [taking] the capitalist road; it is not like that,” Deng told his colleagues. He also urged his colleagues to be bolder and to take some risks. These remarks evidently caused Jiang Zemin to revise his speech to the Seventh Plenum to declare that it was necessary to persist unswervingly in reform and opening up. One report indicates that Jiang made the opening remarks to the plenum – but, if so, they have not been publicized; his closing remarks do contain a section called “firmly persist in reform and enlarge the scope of opening up.” Such verbal reaffirmations of Dengist policy, however, did not amount to a resurrection of Deng's reform line.
Molecular Rotors in Viscous Fluids: A Numerical Analysis Aid by GPU Computing.

Molecular rotors are microscopic structures composed of two coupled parts that can rotate mutually. They have promising applications in viscosity measurement and flow detection in micro-sized and complex geometries. We propose a model for studying molecular rotors as classical systems moving in viscous environments, subjected to internal interactions and stochastic forces. Our model is expressed as a set of non-linear stochastic Langevin equations that are solved numerically using a Brownian Dynamics procedure. Attention is focused on the calculation of the two-time correlation function of the internal angular variable. For small internal forces, this correlation turns out to have a very slow time decay and its correct estimation requires long numerical experiments. We propose a CUDA implementation for a computer cluster with TESLA GPUs that calculates angular correlation functions in parallel. The implementation reduces the used computational time considerably in comparison with the one consumed by a usual serial scheme. It allows for the simulation of massive molecular rotors ensembles from which reliable results can be obtained. It is discussed how the GPU implementation can be improved in modern GPUs architectures.
Patty Hearst and the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA): an examination through differential association theory

This paper applies Differential Association Theory to Patty Hearst’s involvement with the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), a domestic terrorist group active in the 1970s. Developed by Edwin Suther...
Translations in Time

This text is a modified excerpt from YEAR 1, a project in the reconfiguration of knowledge (as well as a book forthcoming from MIT Press in 2021). The focus is on the first century that starts the ...
Trochlear dysplasia influences patellotrochlear index when measuring patella alta

Objectives:Patella alta is a risk factor for patellar instability and its recurrence after treatment. The patellotrochlear index (PTI) is a measurement used to quantify patella alta, describing pat...
Maize in Andean Food and Culture: Interdisciplinary Approaches

Interdisciplinary evidence on Andean maize (Zea mays L.) consumption indicates that it was primarily consumed as a fermented intoxicant or maize beer (chicha). Its consumption with other food crops and meat was that it was commonly added to stews or as a side dish with meat and fish, unlike Mesoamerica maize was not processed in the Andes. Processing maize in an alkali solution, such as lime water [CaOH2], or wood ash and then cooking or steeping it before grinding it into flour (masa) with manos and metates and making it into tamales, tortillas etc., a process referred to as nixtamal, incrementally increased its nutritional value, and economic importance; however, this was not the case in the Andes. Nevertheless, maize played a central role in the rise of Andean civilizations and complexity primarily because of its roles in pre-Columbian Andean rituals and rites. Ethnohistoric accounts and ethnographic evidence are presented indicating that despite the fact the Spaniards preferred maize to other food staples, maize beer consumption was rejected because of its association and importance to traditional rituals, rites, and ethnic identity among indigenous Andeans. This research on maize also indicates the changes in preparation and consumption and associations with cuisines, rites, rituals, and rituals.
BET inhibitors synergize with anti-PD1 by rescuing TCF1+ progenitor exhausted CD8+ T cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Many AML patients exhibit hallmarks of immune exhaustion such as increased myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs), and exhausted/dysfunctional T cells. We developed an AML mouse model driven by FLT3-ITD and TET2 deficiency to evaluate the immune effects of small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). This mouse model recapitulated immune-related features in AML patients, such as increased myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Moreover, we found that CD8+ T cells derived from these mice exhibit a terminally exhausted phenotype (TEx PD1+, TIM3+, TCF1-), which have been shown to be refractory to ICB monotherapy. Here we show that SMIs targeting Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal (BET) proteins, in addition to targeting tumor-intrinsic factors, rescue T cell exhaustion and ICB resistance. Ex vivo treatment of splenocytes from these mice with BET inhibitors (BETi) reversed CD8+ T cell exhaustion by restoring proliferative capacity and expanding the more functional precursor exhausted T cells (TPEx: PD1+, TCF1+, TIM3-). This reversal is even more pronounced with BETi in combination with anti-PD1. Finally, we show that BETi synergizes with anti-PD1 in vivo, resulting in the reduction of circulating leukemia cells, enrichment of CD8+ T cells in the bone marrow and increased TPEx CD8+ T cells. In total, we employ an AML mouse model that is characterized by leukemia-induced immune exhaustion to show the potential efficacy of combining BETi and ICB therapy in the treatment of AML.
The impact of a child abuse guideline on differences between pediatric and community emergency departments in the evaluation of injuries.

Abstract Background Although child physical abuse is missed more frequently in community (CEDs) vs. pediatric emergency departments (PEDs), little information exists describing how evaluations of high-risk injuries differ between these settings. Objectives To determine differences in evaluations of infants for abuse between a PED and CEDs and whether a child abuse guideline reduced these differences. Participants and setting Infants presenting to one PED (n = 162) and three CEDs (n = 159) with 3 injury categories: 1) Injuries for which the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends skeletal survey (SS) testing (infants Methods We assessed differences in SS testing and child protective services (CPS) reporting between the PED and CEDs before and after implementation of a child abuse guideline. Results The median (IQR) age was 4 months (2–7). Before guideline implementation, infants with injuries in categories 1 and 2 had an increased odds of SS testing in the PED vs. the CEDs (Category 1: aOR 2.83, 95% CI: 1.01–8.10; Category 2: aOR 10.1, CI: 1.2–88.0) and CPS reporting (Category 1: aOR 7.96, CI: 2.3–26.7; Category 2: aOR 12.0, CI: 1.4–103.5). After guideline implementation, there were no statistically significant differences in testing and reporting for any injury category. Conclusions Implementation of a child abuse guideline minimized differences between a PED and CEDs in the evaluation of infants with injuries concerning for abuse.
Disintegration of Simulated Drinking Water Biofilms with Arrays of Microchannelplasmajets

Biofilms are ubiquitous in municipal drinking water distribution systems, and they present significant human health concerns because they often harbor pathogens. It has long been known that biofilms are able to serve as pathogen reservoirs by supplying nutrients and shielding pathogens from disinfectants. In particular, biofilms have been shown to capture and accumulate planktonic pathogens and subsequently release these species into air or a water flow stream by the detachment of biofilm material.
Exploring Unbalanced Growth in South Africa- Understanding the Sectoral Structure of the South African Economy

This paper explores the reasons for the unbalanced growth structure of South Africa. While a number of emerging markets show a high proportion of value added and employment being generated by the service sector, South Africa is one of very few such economies that also show a strong decline in manufacturing. In this paper we begin by an extensive presentation of the evidence that details the structural changes in the economy that have led to this unusual economic structure. In what follows we provide an explanation of the observed changes that rests of four distinct structural forces in the economy. First, on the supply-side of the economy, we confirm the well-known fact of differential total factor productivity (TFP) growth across sectors. Combined with a price elasticity of demand that is below unity, this leads to a prediction of labour shedding in sectors that have high TFP growth, and labour absorption in sectors with low TFP growth. Second, on the demand-side of the economy, economic sectors also face a differential income elasticity of demand, with "old" sectors such as agriculture and mining falling below unity, "new" sectors particularly in services reporting elasticities above unity. With income growth, this leads to a restructuring of demand from primary and secondary sectors to the tertiary sectors of the economy. Finally, we also consider the structural implications of inefficiencies in the labour and output markets of the economy. Pricing of labour, the rate of return on employment, and the pricing power of producers in output markets are all considered. The combination of the supplyside, the demand-side, and the factor market forces allow for a successful four category typology of sectors. Type 1 sectors are high TFP growth, labour shedding, with output growth moderated by low income elasticity of demand. Examples are Manufacturing and Construction. Type 2 sectors are low TFP and output growth, but with labour absorption moderated by low rates of return on the cost of employing labour. Examples are Agriculture and Mining. Type 3 sectors are high TFP growth, labour shedding, and output growth accelerated by high income elasticity of demand. Examples are the Utilities, Trade and Communications sectors. Type 4 sectors are low TFP growth, labour absorbing, with output growth accelerated by high income elasticity of demand. Examples are provided by the Finance sectors.
Children in Focus a Review

(1954). Children in Focus a Review. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 24-24.
Keeping Faith with the Party: Communist Believers Return from the Gulag

Nanci Adler opens her book Keeping Faith with the Party by recounting a conversation that she had with narrator Zoria Serebriakova, a survivor of the Gulag: “Zoria passionately expressed her outrag...
Cargo-sharing through a policy of bilateralism

Historical data are studied to explore the latent effects of protectionism, especially cargo-sharing under a scenario of bilateralism. Movements in U.S. containerized waterborne trade during 1977 are highlighted as a basis for the study.
The Effect of Target Age on the Activation of Gender Stereotypes

Two studies investigated the impact of target age on gender stereotyping. Study 1 examined whether the attribution of gender-stereotypical traits to unfamiliar individuals varies as a function of target and participant age. Adults and children (ages 8–10 years) viewed photographs of men, women, boys, and girls and rated each pictured individual on the possession of masculine, feminine, and gender-neutral personality traits. Both adult and child participants showed evidence of gender stereotyping. The strongest level of stereotyping was seen when adults rated child targets. Adults were particularly unwilling to attribute feminine characteristics to males. Finally, participants of both ages viewed adult targets (regardless of sex) as more masculine and less feminine than child targets. Study 2 examined the generality of the latter finding. Adult participants rated traditionally masculine and feminine traits on the likelihood of possession by adults versus children. Confirming the results of Study 1, feminine traits were believed to be more childlike/less adultlike than were masculine traits. Implications for gender-role development, socialization, and measurement are discussed.
Opportunity and Sunk Costs

In the preceding chapter, it was noted how the view that capital is stored (or embedded) labor can lead to problems in interpreting depreciation and whether or not depreciation is a component of long-run marginal cost. In this chapter, we shall look at some related questions involving opportunity costs and sunk costs, especially as they relate to costing and pricing issues in the regulated industries. The focus for the discussion will be questions raised by Richard Emmerson in a paper in a late-1990s volume on marginal cost techniques in the telephone industry sponsored by the National Regulatory Research Institute.
HMESH: A VLSI Architecture for Parallel Processing

Enhancements to array processors in the form of broadcast buses have been proposed for improving the speeds of algorithms in linear algebra, image processing and computational geometry. In this paper, we consider certain practical issues in such arrays which include fewer processors connected to the broadcast buses and finite time, namely log N time for broadcasting data to N processors. We propose a modified broadcast bus VLSI architecture which consists of a √N × √N mesh connected structure and a hierarchy of broadcast buses in each row and in each column such that every bus has k PE's. That is, in any row or column, in the first level there are \(\frac{{\sqrt N }}{k}\)buses with groups of k PE's connected to each bus. One PE from each of this group is connected to second level of buses in a similar manner. This is recursively done until there are only k PE's left which are connected by a broadcast bus. With this architecture, maximum, minimum, or sum of N values can be found in O(log N), median row of a binary picture in O(log N), shortest distance between two points in O(log N). This architecture is well suited for parallel processing of applications in Linear Algebra, Image Processing, Computational Geometry and Numerical Computations. These restricted connections to buses reduces the I/O ports significantly, and therefore, is more suitable for VLSI implementation.
Expanding what is known of the anatomy of the spinal accessory nerve

The spinal accessory nerve (SAN) is classically considered a motor nerve innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Its anatomical relevance derives from the high prevalence of lesions following head and neck surgeries. As expected, trapezius weakness and atrophy are the most common findings; however, it is also commonly accompanied by pain and other sensory deficits that have no clear explanation, suggesting other functions. We have recently seen two patients presenting with an unrecognized sign, that is, subclavicular/pectoral asymmetry secondary to the SAN lesion. Retrospectively, we reviewed other patients with similar findings in our case series and in the literature. We discuss the anatomical connections of the SAN with the superficial cervical plexus and propose an explanation for this finding. Of the 41 patients in our series, we identified this sign in all who had preoperative photographs. New insights on the anatomy and connections of the SAN may account for the diversity of symptoms and signs presented following an operative intervention as well as the variability of its severity. Clin. Anat. 28:467–471, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Family Physicians’ Beliefs about Genetic Contributions to Racial/Ethnic and Gender Differences in Health and Clinical Decision-Making

Greater attention towards genetics as a contributor to group health differences may lead to inappropriate use of race/ethnicity and gender as genetic heuristics and exacerbate health disparities. As part of a web-based survey, 1,035 family physicians (FPs) rated the contribution of genetics and environment to racial/ethnic and gender differences in health outcomes, and the importance of race/ethnicity and gender in their clinical decision-making. FPs attributed racial/ethnic and gender differences in health outcomes equally to environment and genetics. These beliefs were not associated with rated importance of race/ethnicity or gender in clinical decision-making. FPs appreciate the complexity of genetic and environmental influences on health differences by race/ethnicity and gender.
Mechanism of fine-tuning pH sensors in proprotein convertases: Identification of a pH-sensing histidine pair in the propeptide of proprotein convertase 1/3

The propeptides of proprotein convertases (PCs) regulate activation of cognate protease domains by sensing pH of their organellar compartments as they transit the secretory pathway. Earlier experimental work identified a conserved histidine-encoded pH sensor within the propeptide of the canonical PC, furin. To date, whether protonation of this conserved histidine is solely responsible for PC activation has remained unclear because of the observation that various PC paralogues are activated at different organellar pH values. To ascertain additional determinants of PC activation, we analyzed PC1/3, a paralogue of furin that is activated at a pH of ∼5.4. Using biophysical, biochemical, and cell-based methods, we mimicked the protonation status of various histidines within the propeptide of PC1/3 and examined how such alterations can modulate pH-dependent protease activation. Our results indicate that whereas the conserved histidine plays a crucial role in pH sensing and activation of this protease an additional histidine acts as a "gatekeeper" that fine-tunes the sensitivity of the PC1/3 propeptide to facilitate the release inhibition at higher proton concentrations when compared with furin. Coupled with earlier analyses that highlighted the enrichment of the amino acid histidine within propeptides of secreted eukaryotic proteases, our work elucidates how secreted proteases have evolved to exploit the pH of the secretory pathway by altering the spatial juxtaposition of titratable groups to regulate their activity in a spatiotemporal fashion.
Seek and Ye Shall Find: Subclonal Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Mutations

Bellini and colleagues demonstrate the importance of next-generation sequencing to uncover subclonal anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutations in neuroblastoma. Although the significance of these subclonal aberrations is not yet understood, deep sequencing could identify patients whose tumors may respond to ALK inhibitors.
Discussion of “On Accounting-Based Valuation Formulae” and “Expected EPS and EPS Growthas Determinants of Value”

This discussion evaluates the abnormal earnings growth valuation (AEG) Model of Ohlson and Juettner-Nauroth and, in similar vein to the Ohlson review paper at this conference, compares the Model to the residual income valuation (RIV) Model that has been the centerpiece of accounting-based valuation in recent years. The discussion begins with a statement of what one looks for in a practical valuation model. The innovations of the AEG Model, well stated by Ohlson, are acknowledged. A comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative approaches provides some qualification, however, and draws out the utility of a residual income valuation approach.
Crystal growth and properties of some alkali metal metavanadates

Abstract Single crystals of LiVO 3 , NaVO 3 , and KVO 3 were grown from stoichiometric melts by the Czochr?lski technique utilizing slow growth rates 0.5-2 mm/hr. X-ray investigation showed LiVO 3 is most probably monoclinic with a 0 = 9.524, b 0 = 8.406, c 0 = 5.874, and β = 93.33°; NaVO 3 monoclinic, with a 0 = 10.530, b 0 = 9.465, c 0 = 5.864, and β = 108.21°; and KVO 3 orthorhombic, a 0 = 5.70, b 0 = 10.82, c 0 = ?.22 Crystals were optically transparent from 0.4 to 5 microns. Several strong, narrow linewidth Raman modes were detected in each of the crystals. Stimulated Raman scattering was successfully obtained from all three samples.
X-Ray Diffraction Studies on Oriented Semi-Rigid Liquid Crystalline Polyesters

Abstract Four members of a family of thermotropic alkyl-substituted polyester based on two terephthalate units sandwiching a substituted hydroquinone as the mesogenic unit separated by a decamethylene flexible spacer have been examined using x-ray diffraction. Analyses of the x-ray diffraction patterns from oriented samples favour conformations close to the extended chain. A spacing of 0.42–0.44nm support face to face association of the mesogenic units but 00l reflections occur off the meridian indicating relative shear, both parallel and perpendicular to the chain axes, and giving rise to triclinic unit cells.