cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bidirectional Universal Converter Transformer Design for Electric Vehicle Onboard Charging

This paper highlights the design aspects of the universal converter transformer as part of an effort done to use the universal converter for onboard charging applications for electric vehicles. Today's requirements of onboard charging ask for bidirectional follow capabilities and an ability to interface with various power grid types (single-phase, three-phase three- wires, and three-phase four-wire, etc.). Such requirements increase the difficulty of designing the transformer due to the high input to output voltage gain range of the DC-DC converter. The universal converter uses a dual active bridge that maintains consistent performance across all the operating regions. This paper provides the necessary steps of building the transformer and shows the experimental results to assess the proposed design method.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Associated With Intravitreal Bevacizumab Injections for Retinopathy of Prematurity.

BACKGROUND Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a common disorder among premature infants associated with significant morbidity. The current standard of care includes laser ablation therapy when needed. While intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injections have emerged as a new therapy for ROP, so have concerns about the systemic effects of the bevacizumab (Avastin), specifically on neurodevelopmental outcomes. PURPOSE To review the current literature on the impact of IVB on neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates with ROP to inform nurses' knowledge and practice. METHODS A literature search was performed in the PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase databases. Eleven primary studies examining neurodevelopmental outcomes related to IVB were identified and reviewed. RESULTS Limitations of current studies, including small sample sizes, retrospective analysis subject to selection bias, and confounding factors such as sedation/anesthesia exposure, prevent robust conclusions from being drawn. However, there is not currently any clear evidence of negative neurodevelopmental impacts associated with IVB despite a sound theoretical basis for concern. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Nurses should include all known and potential risks and benefits when counseling families and developing individualized plans of care for their neonatal patients with ROP. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH Well-designed, prospective studies examining neurodevelopmental outcomes at later time points are needed to conclusively support or disprove results of IVB therapy for ROP in the context of potential adverse effects.
Accuracy of Blood Electrolyte Measurements Taken with a Portable Measuring Device (PalmLab™) Compared to Standard Laboratory Procedures

Large animal practitioners frequently must make treatment decisions without accurate knowledge of their patients' exact blood electrolyte status. The PalmLab™ device was specifically developed for veterinary practice. This trial was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of measurements of the major blood electrolytes of interest in dairy practice (Ca, Mg, K, P) as measured by the PalmLab™, compared to results obtained from standard laboratory procedures performed by the Cornell University Clinical Pathology Laboratory.
The Abbaco Curriculum in Colonial Schools in North America Before 1776

This chapter examines the extent to which arithmetic curricula in schools in North America before 1776 were concerned with calculations and problems involving money and weights and measures. Analyses of chapters in arithmetic textbooks (deemed to be “author-intended curricula”) and handwritten entries in students’ cyphering books (regarded as evidence of “teacher-implemented arithmetic curricula”) reveal that tasks related to money and to weights and measures permeated what historians have called the abbaco curriculum. That curriculum influenced the way the content of arithmetic was structured and sequenced in education institutions below the college level. The analyses also reveal that although money tasks and weights and measures tasks provided the principal emphases in school arithmetic, many students merely applied rules and methods which they did not understand.
For the Sake of the Argument: Ramsey Test Conditionals, Inductive Inference and Nonmonotonic Reasoning

This book by one of the world's foremost philosophers in the fields of epistemology and logic offers an account of suppositional reasoning relevant to practical deliberation, explanation, prediction and hypothesis testing. Suppositions made 'for the sake of argument' sometimes conflict with our beliefs, and when they do, some beliefs are rejected and others retained. Thanks to such belief contravention, adding content to a supposition can undermine conclusions reached without it. Subversion can also arise because suppositional reasoning is ampliative. These two types of nonmonotonic logic are the focus of this book. A detailed comparison of nonmonotonicity appropriate to both belief contravening and ampliative suppositional reasoning reveals important differences that have been overlooked.
Dissociation and Activation of Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-dependent and Guanosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-dependent Protein Kinases by Cyclic Nucleotides and by Substrate Proteins

Abstract Two adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-dependent protein kinases, with sedimentation coefficients of 5.4 S (mol wt 84,000) and 7.7 S (mol wt 140,000), respectively, have been purified from bovine brain. Each enzyme migrated as a single band at three different pH values on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The enzymes had similar properties. Catalytic subunits of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases from bovine brain, and of cyclic AMP-dependent and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP)-dependent protein kinases from lobster muscle were prepared by means of Enzite CM-cellulose-protamine affinity chromatography, and their properties were studied. The catalytic subunits of the two bovine brain enzymes and of the lobster muscle cyclic GMP-dependent enzyme each had a sedimentation coefficient of 3.6 S (mol wt 40,000), whereas that of the lobster muscle cyclic AMP-dependent enzyme sedimented at 4.5 S (mol wt 60,000). These results agree with kinetic studies, indicating that cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases of arthropods have certain similarities to cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases of vertebrates. Histone and cyclic AMP caused the dissociation of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase from lobster muscle (5.7 S; mol wt 90,000) and those from bovine brain into subunits; histone and cyclic GMP caused the dissociation of the lobster muscle cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (7.7 S; mol wt 140,000) into subunits. The dissociation of the enzymes by histone was accompanied by a concomitant increase in cyclic nucleotide-independent activity. Iso-electric points of catalytic and regulatory subunits of the 7.7 S component of the brain enzyme were about pH 7.8 and 3.8, respectively. Addition of isolated regulatory subunit, derived from bovine brain cyclic AMP-dependent enzyme, inhibited the activity of catalytic subunits obtained from bovine brain enzymes. Interestingly, the regulatory subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent enzyme from mammalian brain also inhibited the activity of the catalytic subunit prepared from the lobster muscle cyclic GMP-dependent enzyme, converting it into a cyclic AMP-dependent form. Thus, an interaction between catalytic and regulatory subunits occurred, although the subunits were from different tissues, different phyla, and different classes (with respect to cyclic nucleotide specificity) of protein kinase.
Hand Strength, Handwriting, and Functional Skills in Children With Autism.

Objective To establish hand strength development trends in children with autism and to investigate correlations between grip and pinch strength, components of handwriting, and functional activities in children with and without autism. Method Fifty-one children were divided into two groups: typically developing children and children on the autism spectrum. Each child completed testing for pinch and grip strength, handwriting legibility, pencil control, and independence in functional activities. Results The children with autism followed the same strength development trends as the typically developing children. Grip strength correlated with pencil control in both groups and with handwriting legibility in the typically developing children but not in the children with autism. Grip and pinch strength correlated with independence with functional activities in both groups. Conclusion This study provides evidence that grip and pinch strength are important components in developing pencil control, handwriting legibility, and independence with functional fine motor tasks.
Hillbilly: A Cultural History of an American Icon

Hillbilly: A Cultural History of an American Icon. By Anthony Harkins. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Pp. xii, 324. Introduction, illustrations, epilogue, postscript, notes, bibliography, indices. $35.00.) In the pantheon of American regional icons, none slouches more prominently than the hillbilly. Whether rustic and independent and conscientiously anti-modern or, more often, drunken and slovenly and dangerous, this poor-white character has been a staple of American popular culture and humor for almost two centuries. In this interesting and entertaining book, historian Anthony Harkins traces the development and history of the hillbilly icon and analyzes its place within the American pop-cultural landscape. According to Harkins, the "hillbilly has . . . served at times of national soul-searching and throughout the twentieth century as a continually negotiated mythic space through which modern Americans have attempted to define themselves and their national identity and to reconcile the past and the present" (p. 4). While that may be overblown (no well-meaning academic wants to run the risk of selling his topic short), this is certainly a valuable study that explores a variety of nuances, from meanings of whiteness to the political and cultural backdrops of social constructs. Harkins finds the roots of the hillbilly stereotype in the early eighteenth-century observations of colonial backcountry dwellers penned by William Byrd. But it would be another century before early candidates for hillbillyhood began to emerge in popular literature through the stories of rustic, New England Yankee types and in the characters created by "southwestern humorists." (Arkansas readers may be disappointed here that C. F. M. Noland and his Pete Whetstone receive nothing more than a single mention.) A growing number of fictional, and "non-fictional," accounts of life in the southern mountains in the late nineteenth century-many of them focusing on feuding and moonshining-contributed a sense of foreboding "otherness" to the developing image. Nevertheless, even in 1900, the year in which the term "hillbilly" first appeared in print, there was still no single, "nationally recognized iconographie stereotype of southern mountain folk" (p. 21). In the years before World War II, not one but two popular images of the hillbilly would parade across the American stage. The dozens of mountaineer motion pictures of the early twentieth century tended to perpetuate the violent and threatening images of southern highland folk, while the success of country, or hillbilly, music in the 1920s and 1930s promoted a more innocuous yet in many ways equally negative stereotype-the image of the unpretentious, comical rube. Harkins points out that this dualism has been a key component of the hillbilly icon and that the semantic malleability of the term hillbilly has been crucial to its widespread use-and to its eventual cooptation by the very people it was originally meant to slander. …
An Approximate Riemann Solver for Magnetohydrodynamics

An approximate Riemann solver is developed for the governing equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The Riemann solver has an eight-wave structure, where seven of the waves are those used in previous work on upwind schemes for MHD, and the eighth wave is related to the divergence of the magnetic field. The structure of the eighth wave is not immediately obvious from the governing equations as they are usually written, but arises from a modification of the equations that is presented in this paper. The addition of the eighth wave allows multi-dimensional MHD problems to be solved without the use of staggered grids or a projection scheme, one or the other of which was necessary in previous work on upwind schemes for MHD. A test problem made up of a shock tube with rotated initial conditions is solved to show that the two-dimensional code yields answers consistent with the one-dimensional methods developed previously.
Penile Straightening With Tunica Albuginea Plication Procedure

Penile straightening for Peyronie’s disease may be accomplished through a variety of approaches. For the man with satisfactory rigidity for coitus but deformity that interferes with intromission, there are two main approaches: tunica plication and grafting techniques. According to previously published surgical algorithms, tunica plication appears to be the optimum technique for the man with curvature less than 60° without narrowing resulting in a hinge effect. This chapter describes the tunica albuginea plication procedure with which I have had excellent results with respect to correcting the deformity, preservation of sexual function, and predictable penile shortening depending on the direction and degree of curvature.
Development of a neuroinference engine for ADSL modem applications in telecommunications using an ANN with fast computational ability

Abstract Artificial neural networks (ANNs) can be attractive means to achieve smart management efforts in modern telecommunications. Proposed in this paper, is an ANN with fast computational abilities compatible for almost real-time efforts as needed in allocating subschannels to the incoming down-stream of information in the so-called asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) modems. The neuroinference engine facilitated in the proposed ADSL modem is a feedforward, backpropagation-based ANN in which the training and prediction phases are carried out in the entropy (information-theoretic) plane. The ANN is trained by means of an algorithm so as to judiciously allocate the incoming down-stream of data (at the modem) into subchannels of the physical media (on the subscriber access side). The underlying training performed on the ANN enables recognizing the input pattern of the data flow rate (at the ADSL modem) and matching it with the output pattern of access-line subchannel capacity specified by the signal-to-noise characteristics of the physical media. Simulated results are presented and discussed.
Some Comments on Designs for Cox's Mixture Polynomial

Designs are suggested for estimating the restricted parameters in Cox's mixture polynomial. The variances of the restricted estimates of the parameters are minimum when using the simplex-lattice designs suggested by Scheffe The precision of the estimates, in terms of their variances, as affected by the location of the design points as well as the location of the standard mixture s is also discussed. It is shown for the vertex design centered at s that if s is positioned on the axis of an individual component, the closer s lies to the vertex of the simplex representing the individual component, the more precise will be the parameter estimates associated with the individual component relative to the other components. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the difference in the interpretations given to the parameter estimates associated with the Cox polynomial and the Scheffe polynomial.
Distinctive Feature Codes in the Short-Term Memory of Children.

Abstract The present studies investigated the use of distinctive feature codes in shortterm memory tasks by young, school-aged children. Each child was presented with 30 lists of consonant-vowel (CV) syllables for recall. In each list, the initial consonants were different, being drawn from the set of six English stop consonants. The data of interest were the errors in recall, which were not random as would be the case had the encoding unit been the entire consonantal phone. Rather the errors had distinctive features in common with the presented sound. Thus, children encode the consonantal phones into sets of unique features which are recalled independently at times.
PARTISN results for the OECD/NEA 3-D extension C5G7 MOX benchmark

Abstract We have participated in the Expert Group on 3-D Radiation Transport Benchmarks' 3-D Extension C5G7 MOX problems using the discrete ordinate transport code PARTISN. The computational mesh was created using the FRAC-IN-THE-BOX code, which produces a volume fraction Cartesian mesh from combinatorial geometry descriptions. k eff eigenvalues, maximum pin powers, and average fuel assembly powers are reported and compared to an MCNP™ (MCNP is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California, Los Alamos National Laboratory) reference solution. We also present a two-dimensional mesh convergence study examining the affects of using volume fractions to approximate the water–pin cell interface. It is noted that the previous PARTISN results provided to the OECD/NEA Expert Group on 3-D Radiation Benchmarks contained a cross-section error, and therefore should be disregarded.
Bispecific T-cells Expressing Polyclonal Repertoire of Endogenous γδ T-cell Receptors and Introduced CD19-specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor

Even though other γδ T-cell subsets exhibit antitumor activity, adoptive transfer of γδ Tcells is currently limited to one subset (expressing Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell receptor (TCR)) due to dependence on aminobisphosphonates as the only clinically appealing reagent for propagating γδ T cells. Therefore, we developed an approach to propagate polyclonal γδ T cells and rendered them bispecific through expression of a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were electroporated with Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon and transposase to enforce expression of CAR in multiple γδ T-cell subsets. CAR+γδ T cells were expanded on CD19+ artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPC), which resulted in >109 CAR+γδ T cells from <106 total cells. Digital multiplex assay detected TCR mRNA coding for Vδ1, Vδ2, and Vδ3 with Vγ2, Vγ7, Vγ8, Vγ9, and Vγ10 alleles. Polyclonal CAR+γδ T cells were functional when TCRγδ and CAR were stimulated and displayed enhanced killing of CD19+ tumor cell lines compared with CARnegγδ T cells. CD19+ leukemia xenografts in mice were reduced with CAR+γδ T cells compared with control mice. Since CAR, SB, and aAPC have been adapted for human application, clinical trials can now focus on the therapeutic potential of polyclonal γδ T cells.
The ontogeny of long-term memory over the first year-and-a-half of life

This research documents the development of long-term memory in human infants from 2 months through the end of the first year-and-a-half of life. In the initial study phase, we trained 6- to 18-month-old human infants in an operant task and tested them after increasing delays until they exhibited no retention for 2 successive weeks. In the second phase, their data were combined with data previously obtained from 2- to 6-month-olds in an equivalent task. The resulting function revealed that the duration of retention increases monotonically between 2 and 18 months of age. This increase was not due to age differences in original learning. This is the first systematic analysis of the course of long-term memory across an extended period of infant development that is based on standardized parameters of training and testing. It provides a reference function against which measures of retention from infants of different ages that are obtained in different memory tasks with different parameters can be meaningfully compared. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 32: 69–89, 1998
Modeling and Forecasting Vehicular Traffic Flow as a Seasonal ARIMA Process: Theoretical Basis and Empirical Results

This article presents the theoretical basis for modeling univariate traffic condition data streams as seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average processes. This foundation rests on the Wold decomposition theorem and on the assertion that a one-week lagged first seasonal difference applied to discrete interval traffic condition data will yield a weakly stationary transformation. Moreover, empirical results using actual intelligent transportation system data are presented and found to be consistent with the theoretical hypothesis. Conclusions are given on the implications of these assertions and findings relative to ongoing intelligent transportation systems research, deployment, and operations.
The lifetime and energy of the 2Πg shape resonance of N2 adsorbed on Ag(111) : the role of the substrate electronic structure

Abstract Using the 2 Π g resonance of N 2 adsorbed on Ag(111) as a test case, we explore the influence of the substrate electronic states upon the calculated resonance behavior of an adsorbed molecule. The calculation of the resonance lifetime and energy is performed by a recently developed layer KKR calculation in which the substrate scattering is fully incorporated. This approach allows the effect of the substrate electronic states to be included or neglected, thus permitting a quantitative estimate the influence of substrate scattering upon resonance formation in adsorbed molecules. For the 2 Π g (2.3 eV) shape resonance of N 2 physisorbed on Ag(111), the screening of the negative ion state by the metallic substrate is found to be the primary cause of the observed lifetime reduction and energy shift relative to the free molecule. However, the effect of screening rapidly diminishes as the resonance energy is increased, and the scattering of the trapped electron among the substrate atoms becomes important in determining the resonance lifetime. In contrast to previous theoretical studies based upon the empty crystal approximation, we demonstrate that the lifetime of a molecular negative ion can be increased upon adsorption. The implications of these results for the accuracy of prior models of resonance behavior are discussed.
Evidence for differential pollen preservation in late quaternary sediments in Minnesota

Abstract The state of preservation of fossil pollen grains in a variety of sediment types can be described by observing the proportions of grains in each of six preservation classes: (1) corroded, (2) degraded, (3) crumpled and exine thinned, (4) crumpled but exine normal, (5) broken, and (6) well-preserved. The numbers of indeterminable grains in each of these categories, plus a class for concealed grains, give a valuable indication of the reliability of pollen-grain counts. Counts of identifiable grains in each of the classes, moreover, reveal significant variation in the preservation both of different taxa in the same sample and the same taxon in different samples. In Late Glacial and Early Postglacial sediment from a lake in Minnesota, the mode of preservation is correlated with lithology. Degraded pollen grains are common in silt, crumpled pollen grains are dominant in algal copropel, and corroded pollen grains predominate in moss peat. Populus pollen is relatively well preserved in samples in which many other types (Alnus, Betula, Ulmus, Fraximus) are highly corroded. In other samples, Populus, Ulmus, and Gramineae pollen grains are badly crumpled but other types are well preserved. The data suggest that Populus pollen grains disappear from sediments through a progressive thinning and crumpling of the exine, rather than through fragmentation or corrosion of the grains.
Field ionization and forced autoionization of Li 2

Bound ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$ states of principal quantum number n=12--14 converging to v=2 and 3 levels of the ground state of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$${\mathrm{}}^{+}$ can be ionized by fields of \ensuremath{\sim}200 V/cm, 2 orders of magnitude less than expected for direct field ionization of these levels. The result is shown to be due to forced autoionization. The field depresses the ionization limit of the series converging to the lowest rotational-vibrational ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$${\mathrm{}}^{+}$ levels, and the n=12--14 levels in question autoionize to the Stark-induced continuum.
Democracy's Effect on Economic Growth: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis, 1951-1980*

The relationship between democracy and economic growth has concerned social scientists since the 17th century, but recent democracy movements make this question especially important today. Do poor countries face a cruel trade-off between democracy and growth? Do democracy and growth go together as a “win-win” proposition? Or is democracy irrelevant to growth? Using pooled annual time-series data from 1951–1980 for 106 countries, including 88 non-core countries, we explore long-term and short-term direct and indirect effects of democracy on growth. Little or no direct effect emerges, but positive indirect effects appear via two mechanisms: a marginally significant effect via investment and a robust effect via government expenditure. Democracy also has a robust non-linear effect on economic growth via social unrest, inhibiting growth under non-democratic regimes and furthering it in highly democratic ones. Combining these findings, we conclude that democracy does not significantly hamper economic growth, and under many circumstances slightly boosts it.
Two-dimensional Echocardiographic Automated Border Detection Accurately Reflects Changes in Left Ventricular Volume

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of on-line measurements of left ventricular cavity area generated by echocardiographic automated border detection to true volume measured by an intraventricular balloon in an isovolumically contracting isolated canine heart preparation. Seven excised dog hearts had placement of an intraventricular balloon and were perfused in an ex vivo apparatus. Left ventricular area data from the midventricular short-axis plane and pressure data were recorded on a computer through a customized hardware and software interface with the ultrasound system. Left ventricular volumes were varied from 5 ml to maximal values (30 to 40 ml) at 1- ' ' 'ter increments. Three increasing and decreasing volume ramps were analyzed on each of seven hearts for a total of 1260 simultaneous measurements. Linear regression analysis correlated mean automated border detection area with absolute volume from each preparation. A predominantly linear relationship was observed with an average correlation of r = 0.97 ( y = 0.16 x - 0.69, SEE=0.31 cm 2 , p 2 ) but did show a systematic cardiac cycle-related variability in one dog (28% change in area, maximum to muumum, over all volumes). In conclusion, the relationship between cross-sectional area and left ventricular volume was predominantly linear and varied little during isovolumic contractions in the normal canine left ventricle. Echocardiographic automated border detection appears to be a promising method to reflect changes in left ventricular volume.
Secondary sarcomas after radiotherapy for breast cancer: sustained risk and poor survival.

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy (RT) has been a risk factor for development of soft tissue sarcomas (STS). The objective of the current study was to quantify the risk of STS after RT and surgery for breast cancer (BCa), assess time trends, and compare long-term survival of patients with RT-associated and non–RT-associated angiosarcoma (AS) using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. METHODS: Women with BCa reported to SEER in 1973 to 2003 were included. Kaplan-Meier curves and proportional hazards models, reported as hazards ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), were used. Survival of patients who developed RT-associated AS was compared with that of patients with primary AS of the thorax and upper extremities. RESULTS: The cohort of 563,155 BCa patients was divided into 2 groups: those who received RT (37%) and those who received no RT. RT use increased with time (P <. 0001). A total of 948 patients developed STS 1 to 29 years after BCa diagnosis. RT patients had a higher incidence of all STS (31 vs 22 per 100,000 person-years; HR, 1.5 [95%CI, 1.3-1.8]), AS (HR, 7.6; 95% CI, 4.9-11.9), and malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFH) (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.6-3.9). RT remained a significant predictor after adjustment for covariates (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.7). Partial mastectomies (HR, 7.1; 95% CI, 3.2-16), RT (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.3), and lymph node dissections (HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3-5) were found to be independent risk factors for AS. The hazard of STS after RT peaked at 10 years, reaching the non-RT hazard at approximately 23 years. The 5-year survival for STS was 38%. There was no difference in survival noted between RT-induced and non–RT-induced AS. CONCLUSIONS: RT was found to increase the risk for STS, in particular AS and MFH. Patients who received RT for BCa should be followed closely for >20 years. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
On the response of the non-linear vibration absorber

Abstract The steady state vibrations of a non-linear dynamic vibration absorber are studied using the method of multiple scales, in conjunction with digital simulations. The main results are concerned with certain dynamic instabilities which can occur if the absorber is designed such that the desired operating frequency is approximately the mean of the two linearized natural frequencies of the system. A combination resonance can occur in this case, resulting in large amplitude almost-periodic vibrations. This motion destroys the effectiveness of the absorber and can coexist with the desired low-amplitude periodic response, which leads to initial condition dependent dynamics.
A study of Ag-sheathed tape

Pb was substituted for Bi in ((Bi, Pb)-2212) powders and Ag-sheathed tapes. The temperature and oxygen partial pressure ranges in which (Bi, Pb)-2212 is stable were determined. (Bi, Pb)-2212 is stable at low temperatures at low and partially decomposes at high temperature and high , forming and (Bi, Pb)-2212 with a lower Pb content. Tapes were melt processed and the phase assemblages in the Pb-doped melt are the same as for undoped 2212, except in 1 atm , where is also present in the melt. The grains of nonsuperconducting phases present in the Pb-doped melt grew to large size in 1 - 100% . The Pb content in the (Bi, Pb)-2212 that formed during melt processing was much lower than the overall Pb content in the tape. Melt-processed (Bi, Pb)-2212 tapes had heterogeneous, poorly aligned microstructures with low .
Semi-infinite array of cracks in a uniform stress field

Abstract The collinear semi-infinite array of periodically distributed cracks in a loaded infinite plane is considered. The formulation is based on consideration of the complex stress potentials. The numerical procedure allows one to obtain the resulting stress field or stress intensity factors with any prior specified accuracy. The formulation can be extended to any geometry of collinear crack interacting with semi-infinite crack array. The results demonstrate a significant edge effect in reducing local stress intensity factors.
Tel2p, a regulator of yeast telomeric length in vivo, binds to single-stranded telomeric DNA in vitro.

The telomeres of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae consist of a duplex region of TG1–3 repeats that acquire a single-stranded 3’ extension of the TG1–3 strand at the end of S-phase. The length of these repeats is kept within a defined range by regulators such as the TEL2-encoded protein (Tel2p). Here we show that Tel2p can specifically bind to single-stranded TG1–3. Tel2p binding produced several shifted bands; however, only the slowest migrating band contained Tel2p. Methylation protection and interference experiments as well as gel shift experiments using inosine-containing probes indicated that the faster migrating bands resulted from Tel2p-mediated formation of DNA secondary structures held together by G-G interactions. Tel2p bound to single-stranded substrates that were at least 19 bases in length and contained 14 bases of TG1–3, and also to double-stranded/single-stranded hybrid substrates with a 3’ TG1–3 overhang. Tel2p binding to a hybrid substrate with a 24 base single-stranded TG1–3 extension also produced a band characteristic of G-G-mediated secondary structures. These data suggest that Tel2p could regulate telomeric length by binding to the 3’ single-stranded TG1–3 extension present at yeast telomeres.
The adrenal cycle in men on different schedules of motor and mental activity

Der venose Plasmaspiegel von 17-Hydroxycorticosteroiden, als Mass der Nebennierenrindenaktivitat verwendet, wurde bei gesunden jungen Mannern mit Hilfe von Verweilkathetern in regelmassigen Abstanden bestimmt. Die Corticoidsekretion steigt und fallt circadisch-periodisch. Auch bei (durch EEG) kontrolliertem ungestortem Schlaf oder bei uber 48 h anhaltender korperlicher und geistiger Arbeit wird der Sekretionsrhythmus nicht gestort, durch die Daueraktivitat sogar verstarkt. Der circade Sekretionsrhythmus ist also weitgehend unabhangig vom Aktivitatsgrad des Organismus.
The Contributions of Education and Experience to Forecast Skill

Abstract An analysis of nine semesters of temperature and precipitation forecasts at the State University of New York at Albany has been conducted with the goal of investigating the dependence of forecasting skill on education and experience. The results show that forecast skill is largely determined by experience. The relative advantage of highly experienced forecasters is secured by virtue of the larger set of cases from which they may draw upon: given a set of forecast information (e.g., moisture, winds and cloud cover), such a forecaster is in a better position to maximize linear consistency between that information and the expected evolution of surface temperature and precipitation (given similar conditions, make a similar forecast) than someone with less forecasting experience. However, the experienced forecaster also gains substantially by recognizing those instances in which these linear relationships no longer apply and by forecasting accordingly. Such instances can often be recognized using simp...
Fish cell lines: Establishment and characterization of three new cell lines from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Three new cell lines were established from tissues of the grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella. Derived from the fin, snout, and swim bladder of two apparently healthy diploid fry, these cell lines have been designated GCF, GCS-2, and GCSB, respectively. The cells grew at temperatures between 24° and 36° C with optimal growth at 32° C and have been subcultured more than 50 times since their initiation in August 1986. Two of the lines remained diploid or pseudodiploid after 38 passages. The cells were tested for microbial contamination, and plating efficiencies were determined. The three cell lines were sensitive toRhabdovirus carpio (RVC), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), golden shiner virus (GSV), chum salmon virus (CSV), and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus serotype VR299 IPNV). They were refractory to channel catfish virus (CCV), channel catfish reovirus (CRV), chinook salmon paramyxovirus (CSP), and an Ab serotype of IPNV.
Investigation of the microcharacteristics of PM2.5 in residual oil fly ash by analytical transmission electron microscopy.

Atmospheric emissions from combustion of residual oils often consist of carbonaceous material and metal compounds, both of which are of concern for health and environmental issues. In this study, p...
Mesoporous Carbon Materials as Electrodes for Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor

Nanostructured carbon materials with a regular array and narrow size distribution of mesopores have been synthesized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory via the self-assembly of block copolymers as soft templates. One promising application for these materials is as electrodes for electrochemical double-layer capacitors. To evaluate the performance, electrodes were prepared by coating the precursor onto fibrous carbon paper, followed by curing and pyrolysis at 850 C. The resulting mesoporous carbon has a surface area of 310 m{sup 2}/g and an average pore size of 8.5 nm. Results from cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy experiments using a sulfuric acid electrolyte showed high specific capacitance values of up to 300 F/g. For comparison, a commercially available aerogel carbon coated paper was also examined.
Lot Sizes in Serial Manufacturing with Random Yields

In a job-shop manufacturing environment, consider a model in which the “job” is processed at several stages with random yields. Nondefective items move through the stages to supply a possibly random demand. At each stage there are linear costs of processing and work-in-process inventories and there are convex costs of end-item inventory. Decisions specify the lot sizes that are processed at the various stages. Easy computations specify a simply structured decision rule that minimizes the expected total cost.
Interaction of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF6 Protein with Single-Stranded DNA

ABSTRACT Kaposi9s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF6 is homologous to the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) ICP8 and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BALF2 proteins. Here, we describe its single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding properties. Based on previous findings with ICP8 and BALF2, a 60-amino-acid C-terminal deletion mutant of Orf6 was generated, and the protein was purified to explore the function of the C terminus in ssDNA binding. We showed that full-length ORF6 binds cooperatively to M13 ssDNA, disrupting its secondary structure and extending it to a length equivalent to that of duplex M13 DNA. The width of the ORF6-ssDNA filament is 9 nm, and a 7.3-nm repeat can be distinguished along the filament axis. Fluorescence polarization analysis revealed that the wild-type and C-terminal mutant ORF6 proteins bind equally well to short ssDNA substrates, with dissociation constant ( K d ) values of 2.2 × 10 −7 M and 1.5 × 10 −7 M, respectively. These values were confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) analysis, which also suggested that binding by the full-length protein may involve both monomers and small multimers. While no significant difference in affinities of binding between full-length ORF6 and the C-terminal deletion mutant were observed with the short DNAs, binding of the C-terminal mutant protein to M13 ssDNA showed a clear lack of cooperativity as seen by electron microscopy (EM). Incubation of a duplex DNA containing a long single-stranded tail with double-helical ORF6 protein filaments revealed that the ssDNA segment can be enveloped within the protein filament without disrupting the filament structure. IMPORTANCE This work describes the biochemical characterization of the single-stranded DNA binding protein of KSHV, ORF6, central to viral DNA replication in infected cells. A C-terminal deletion mutant protein was generated to aid in understanding the role of the C terminus in DNA binding. Here we analyze the binding of the wild-type and mutant proteins to short oligomeric and longer genomic ssDNA substrates. Although it is capable of interacting with the short substrates, the inability of mutant ORF6 to form oligomers in solution hindered it from fully covering the long genomic substrates. We previously showed that ORF6 forms long filaments in solution, and we showed here that these can absorb ssDNA without disruption of the filament structure. This work will provide an important basis for future studies by us and/or others.
A Bioinformatics Approach to the Structure, Function, and Evolution of the Nucleoprotein of the Order Mononegavirales

The goal of this Bioinformatic study is to investigate sequence conservation in relation to evolutionary function/structure of the nucleoprotein of the order Mononegavirales. In the combined analysis of 63 representative nucleoprotein (N) sequences from four viral families (Bornaviridae, Filoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Paramyxoviridae) we predict the regions of protein disorder, intra-residue contact and co-evolving residues. Correlations between location and conservation of predicted regions illustrate a strong division between families while high- lighting conservation within individual families. These results suggest the conserved regions among the nucleoproteins, specifically within Rhabdoviridae and Paramyxoviradae, but also generally among all members of the order, reflect an evolutionary advantage in maintaining these sites for the viral nucleoprotein as part of the transcription/replication machinery. Results indicate conservation for disorder in the C-terminus region of the representative proteins that is important for interacting with the phosphoprotein and the large subunit polymerase during transcription and replication. Additionally, the C-terminus region of the protein preceding the disordered region, is predicted to be important for interacting with the encapsidated genome. Portions of the N-terminus are responsible for N∶N stability and interactions identified by the presence or lack of co-evolving intra-protein contact predictions. The validation of these prediction results by current structural information illustrates the benefits of the Disorder, Intra-residue contact and Compensatory mutation Correlator (DisICC) pipeline as a method for quickly characterizing proteins and providing the most likely residues and regions necessary to target for disruption in viruses that have little structural information available.
An offline unstructured biogeochemical model (UBM) for complex estuarine and coastal environments

Due to increased pollutant loads and water use from coastal development and population growth, occurrences of low-dissolved oxygen and ''hypoxic zones'' have increased. Reports of fish kills and water quality impairment are also becoming more frequent in many coastal waters. Water quality managers and regulatory agencies rely on numerical modeling tools to quantify the relative contributions of anthropogenic and ''natural'' pollutant loads (nutrients and biochemical oxygen demand) on dissolved oxygen levels and use the results for remedial activities and source control. The ability to conduct season-long simulations with sufficient nearshore resolution is therefore a key requirement. Mesh flexibility and the ability to increase site specific resolution without disturbing the larger domain setup and calibration are critical. The objective of this effort was to develop a robust biogeochemical model suitable for simulation of water quality dynamics including dissolved oxygen in complex coastal environments with multiple tidal channels, tidal flats, and density-driven circulation using unstructured-grid formulation. This paper presents an offline unstructured biogeochemical model that uses the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) discretization of the study domain and the corresponding hydrodynamic solution to drive biogeochemical kinetics based on a water quality model CE-QUAL-ICM. In this paper, the linkage between selected hydrodynamic and water quality models is subjected to several scalar transport and biogeochemical module tests (plume transport and dilution, BOD/DO sag, and phytoplankton/nutrients reaction), and results are compared to their analytical solutions as part of model validation. A preliminary application of the biogeochemical model with a year-long simulation of Hood Canal basin in Puget Sound, USA, is presented as an example and a test of the tool in a real estuary setting. The model reproduced the dynamics and seasonal variations in the biogeochemical state variables and was used to test short-term wind-driven dynamics that could influence dissolved oxygen concentrations in Hood Canal.
Structure and Bonding of Palladium Oxos as Possible Intermediates in Metal−Carbon Oxy Insertion Reactions

Analysis of the electronic structure of PdO complexes is reported utilizing multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) theory. Models include hard (N) and soft (Cl) donors to mimic proposed Pd oxo intermediates. Calculations argue against formulation of a PdIV oxo intermediate as posited in earlier experimental studies of PdII-mediated oxy insertion: i.e., a square-pyramidal complex with a basal oxo ligand. However, low-energy structures with other coordination geometries (trigonal bipyramidal) and isomerism (basal O) were identified. The supporting ligand plays a role in stabilization of the PdO bond as indicated by calculations on the PdOCl2 fragment and LPdOCl2 (L = model diimine ligand).
Effects of Temperature and Anions on Titration Curves of Frog Muscle

Titration curves of frog muscle at 2 °C and 25 °C were determined in vivo. Lowered temperature decreases respiration without change of colloidal charge or of ion distribution as estimated from charge. Anions which are inhibitors or metabolites combine with muscle colloids, changing the distribution of other ainions and cations.
Shared Price Trends: Evidence From U.S. Cities and OECD Countries

How similar is the price behavior of different commodities? Of the same commodity in different areas? Using cointegration methods, we explore the degree of shared trends among prices within and across U.S. metropolitan areas, as well as within and across Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Within U.S. metropolitan areas, there are shared price trends among services, goods, and food, though not for rents. Across U.S. metropolitan areas, there appear to be empirically effective arbiiraging mechanisms for the prices of food, goods, and services. Within OECD nations, there do not appear to be shared price trends between commodities, which suggests that more independent factors affect prices at the national level than at the metropolitan level. Looking at single-commodity groups across these nations, we found hardly any examples of shared trends, which suggests that substantial impediments to the free flow of goods (or factors) persist among these nations. Our results argue ...
beta-Hydroxy-beta-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, cleavage and condensing enzymes in relation to cholesterol formation in rat liver.

Abstract Investigation of the intracellular localization of the principal enzymes involved in the formation and breakdown of β-hydroxy-β-methyl-glutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) in rat liver has shown that HMG CoA condensing and cleavage enzymes are both preponderantly in the mitochondria. HMG CoA reductase, which leads to the pathway of cholesterol synthesis, is in the microsomes, and is only one twentieth as active as the cleavage enzyme which leads to acetoacetate production. In spite of this unfavorable ratio, cholesterol synthesis does occur—possibly because a small amount of condensing enzyme and most or all of the reductase are in the microsomes which are low in cleavage activity. Stimulation of cholesterol synthesis by injection of Triton, or inhibition by fasting does not importantly alter the amount or distribution of the condensing and cleavage enzymes. However, a severe depression of reductase activity in fasting suggests that this may be a significant factor in the rate limitation of cholesterol synthesis in this condition.
Polyaniline: Electrochemistry and application to rechargeable batteries

Abstract The present study shows that: (1) reversible electrochemical oxidation of the leuucoemeraldine base form of polyaniline in the pH range ≈1 to ≈4 occurs initially with no deprotonation to give the emeraldine salt; continued oxidation occurs with spontaneous deprotonation to give the pernigraniline base and (2) a rechargeable battery employing the analytically pure emeraldine base form of polyaniline as the cathode can be constructed. This battery shows very promising features such as a capacity of ≈148 Ah/kg, an energy density of ≈340 Wh/kg, coulombic recovery > 98%, good recyclability and satisfactory stand life.
Spatio-temporal shaping of picosecond laser pulses

Spatio-temporal shaping of picosecond laser pulses is achieved by cascading a stack of birefringent crystals with a refractive optical system. An optical transport system delivers the beer-can-shaped pulses onto a photocathode located 9m away.