cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Helicities of the Three Neutrinos

In my later years, I felt more and more compelled to illustrate the power of “Mind over Matter,” i.e., the intellectual content of Experimental Physics, by describing in some detail certain experiments whose conceptions involve a particularly high degree of ingenuity. I can think of no better examples than those provided by the direct determinations of the helicities of the three neutrinos, i.e., of ve, vμ and vτ, and I hope that this topic may be appropriate for an International Conference on the History of Original Ideas.
Aristotelians, Platonists, and the Missing Ockhamists: Philosophical Liberty in Pre-Reformation Italy*

Sherlock Holmes Once Solved A mystery because a dog did not bark. Similarly, to understand the relatively wide freedom enjoyed by philosophers in pre-Reformation Italy, we have to understand as much what was there as what was not. The absent Ockhamists are critical to the tale. But more central are the Aristotelians, and, more specifically, Aristotelians of an Averroistic stamp, who were unquestionably there. Despite their doctrine of the unicity of the intellect, their consequent rejection of personal immortality as philosophically tenable, their denial of creation, and their determination to divorce philosophical discourse from the requirements of faith which provoked several condemnations at Paris and Oxford in the later thirteenth century, Averroists thrived in Renaissance Italy.
Performance of Broiler Breeders on Different Feeding Systems

Two experiments were conducted in which broiler breeders were fed either at 0800, 1300, 1600 hr, ad libitum, or at 1300 hr followed by a calcium-phosphorus (Ca-P) supplement 3 hr later. The Ca-P supplement was 10.6 g/bird/day of pellets containing 5.2% P and 21.0% Ca. Experiment 1 was conducted with 64-week-old hens from July 27 to August 23. Experiment 2 was conducted with 32-week-old hens from November 5 to January 27. The birds that were fed at 1300 hr followed by Ca-P pellets at 1600 hr and those fed at 1600 hr laid eggs with higher specific gravity than did the birds fed at 0800 hr, 1300 hr, or ad libitum. The ad libitum-fed birds laid eggs with the lowest specific gravity. There were no significant differences in fertility or hatchability of fertile eggs attributed to different feeding times, although ad libitum-fed birds had lower fertility and hatchability. However, egg production was significantly higher for hens fed at 1300 hr with Ca-P pellets at 1600 hr than for birds fed ad libitum in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, ad libitum-fed birds had significantly higher egg production than birds fed at 1300 hr. However, there were no significant differences in egg production among birds fed at different times.
Land Cover Pattern and Road Types in Lop Buri Province, Thailand, 1989–2006

Road development leads to several benefits to a region, such as accessibility for people and resources to market areas, farmland, forests, and residential areas. Such a development has an important role in the economic and social development of a nation. Road network development fosters economic growth by providing a means of transportation for people and goods. Although the development of roads brings an overall benefit to society by improving overall connectivity, its impact on land cover is less well understood. This study aims to determine the relationships between road types and land cover in Lop Buri Province, Thailand. The research questions are (1) what is the pattern of land cover associated with different road types? and (2) what is the pattern of change in terms of land cover distribution within a road type? The analysis relies on descriptive statistics and the use of GIS and remote sensing technology. The study concludes that with the improvement of the road network development that aimed to improve social and economic development over the past two decades, the distribution of land cover along these types of roads has changed over time. The loss of forest and increase in upland crops has led to changes in local climate and local hydrology as well as the loss of biodiversity.
The Application of Zonyl~ MP1500 Polytetrafluoroethylene Fine Powder to Fluoroelastomer

The influence of Zonyl MP1500 polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) fine powder on the properties of fluoroelastomer(FKM) was studied,such as physical properties,low temperature property,abration property and thermal stability.The glass transition temperature and crystalline transition temperature of FKM and FKM/PTFE were investigated by using differential scanning calorimeter(DSC).The thermal degradation behaviors of FKM and FKM/PTFE were analyzed by using thermogravimetry(TGA).The interfacial adhesion between PTFE and the matrix and the dispersion of PTFE were analyzed by using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis(DMTA) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results showed that SRF774 carbon black could be replaced by Zonyl MP1500 PTFE fine powder in part.The tensile strength,the elongation,the tear strength,and the volume abration resistance were greatly improved by the addition of PTFE fine powder.The compression set became worse with the addition of PTFE.The low temperature brittleness was improved because of the enhanced tensile strength,but the temperature retraction TR10 value was higher than before.The TG results suggested that the thermal stability of FKM/PTFE/SRF774 was little worse than the FKM/SRF774 blends,the FKM/PTFE/SRF774 had the thermal weigh loss peak of FKM at 452℃,and the thermal weigh loss peak of PTFE at 551℃.
Application of Movable Sieve Jig in Baiyan Coal Preparation Plant

Aimming at raw coal characteristics of Baiyan coal preparation plant,songzao coal electricity company,movable sieve separation technology is used for lump coal separation,give full play to the unique performance of moving sieve jig,simplifies the coal preparation process,and obtain good separation indexes.
Genetic Characterization of TypeII Vaccine Mutant Polioviruses Isolated from Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) Cases

The genetic characterization of vaccine mutant polioviruses isolated from AFP cases in China was analyzed for the purposes of offering scientific basis for the strategy of OPV/IPV administration and maintaining the polio-free status in China, as well as the polio eradication in the world. Based on the results of intratypic differential (ITD) test of all the vaccine-associated polioviruses isolated from AFP cases in 2000-2001, the complete genome of 5 isolates (3 from Guizhou Province, 2 from Shandong Province) were sequenced to analyze the homology of nucleotide and amino acid sequences.Three isolates from Guizhou Province had completely the same nucleotide sequences, but recombined with SabinⅢ in 3A region (nt5343-5353). Compared with Sabin strains, 19 nucleotide substitutions were found, 10 in typeⅡ region (4 of them in VP1 region)and 9 in typeⅢ region. The homology of nucleotide and amino acid sequences in VP1 region were 99.56% and 99.34% respectively as compared with that of SabinⅡ. Two isolates from Shandong Province had no recombination and shared 16 nucleotide substitutions, seven and four nucleotide substitutions were found in their VP1 region respectively as compared with that of SabinⅡ, and the homology of nucleotide and amino acid sequences were 99.22%-99.56% and 99.0%-99.67% respectively. Nucleotide substitutions were found at two important attenuation sites (nt481 and nt2909) in each of these 5 isolates. These 5 isolates were isolated from two transmission lineages, but they shared 3 nucleotide substitutions (nt481, nt2 909 and nt2 992), which were not in recombination region. The co-action of these 3 substitutions may influence viral transmissibility. No evidence indicated that intertypic recombination of vaccine mutant polioviruses may enhance the viral neurovirulence and transmissibility.
The American Way and Its Double in The Crying of Lot 49

Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49 presents itself as in many ways a detective story, a fact not lost on its critics. Tony Tanner, for example, singles out the Southern California variety, especially those by Ross Macdonald. In a standard Macdonald plot a crime in the very recent past is shown to have been engendered by conflicts a generation old: the past has been, in many if not most of Macdonald's books, a prologue. Similarly, Oedipa Maas, Pynchon's protagonist, searches for the solution to a crime and discovers that it leads not only to herself (one register of her filiation to Sophocles's Oedipus) but also backward to the past generations that have spawned both her and the culprits (another register of that filiation). Lot 49 also presents itself as an anatomy of postwar American consumer society and the legacy it inherits. It has been frequently noted (by more than one critic and by more than one cheated and sullen undergraduate reader) how the novel fails to deliver on the promise implied by the detective story format. However, it is partly through its very failure in this respect that it delivers on the second aspect of its agenda: that of describing the land inherited by Oedipa and her kind. To show how such failure aids such success is my purpose here. To do this requires a detour from the narrative--brief but important--the better to return to the world from which Oedipa sets forth on her quest. This world, never far from the foreground of Oedipa's journey, is of course itself a bellwether of postwar American middle-class culture as a whole: that of the media-soaked Mecca of consumerism that is California.
Repeatability and reproducibility of optic nerve head perfusion measurements using optical coherence tomography angiography

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has increasingly become a clinically useful technique in ophthalmic imaging. We evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of blood perfusion in the optic nerve head (ONH) measured using optical microangiography (OMAG)-based OCTA. Ten eyes from 10 healthy volunteers are recruited and scanned three times with a 68-kHz Cirrus HD-OCT 5000-based OMAG prototype system (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, California) centered at the ONH involving two separate visits within six weeks. Vascular images are generated with OMAG processing by detecting the differences in OCT signals between consecutive B-scans acquired at the same retina location. ONH perfusion is quantified as flux, vessel area density, and normalized flux within the ONH for the prelaminar, lamina cribrosa, and the full ONH. Coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) are used to evaluate intravisit and intervisit repeatability, and interobserver reproducibility. ONH perfusion measurements show high repeatability [CV≤3.7% (intravisit) and ≤5.2% (intervisit)] and interobserver reproducibility (ICC≤0.966) in all three layers by three metrics. OCTA provides a noninvasive method to visualize and quantify ONH perfusion in human eyes with excellent repeatability and reproducibility, which may add additional insight into ONH perfusion in clinical practice.
Corneal opacities in a man with chronic kidney disease

Effects of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency include coronary artery disease, renal disease, and corneal opacity.
Carbonic Anhydrase Kinetics and Molecular Function

Detailed kinetic and mechanistic studies of the zinc metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) became possible only after the discovery of its existence in the form of two distinct though homologous erythrocyte isozymes, CA I and CA II. For a comprehensive early review of the structure and function of CA, see reference 72. Studies in the last decade have led to the discovery of the low-specific-activity CA III in skeletal muscle that has now been kinetically investigated. Other CA isozymes (IV–VII) have now also been identified102 but have not been sufficiently characterized by kinetics to cover here.
Binding thermodynamics of Diclofenac and Naproxen with human and bovine serum albumins: A calorimetric and spectroscopic study

Abstract Serum albumins are ubiquitous proteins able to bind a variety of exogenous and endogenous ligands including hydrophobic pharmaceuticals. Most drugs bind to two very active binding regions located within sub-domains IIA and IIIA of the protein, also known as Sudlow’s sites. The drug binding mode of serum albumin provides important pharmacological information and influences drug solubility, efficacy, biological distribution, and excretion. Here, the binding thermodynamics of Diclofenac and Naproxen, two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to bovine and human serum albumins (BSA and HSA, respectively) were studied by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), fluorescence spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The ITC data show that the binding affinity (K) of Diclofenac to BSA and HSA is on the order of 104 M−1 with a binding stoichiometry (n) of 2 drug molecules per protein. Naproxen binding to the two proteins exhibits a different profile with K and n values on the order of 106 M−1 and 0.75 for BSA, and 105 M−1 and 3 for HSA, respectively. The binding of the two drugs to HSA is found to be both enthalpically and entropically favored suggesting the formation of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals hydrophobic effects. Binding of the two drugs to BSA is only enthalpically favored with an unfavorable entropy term. Significant enthalpy–entropy compensation phenomena were reported for Diclofenac and Naproxen binding to BSA but not to HSA. Fluorescence quenching data between Diclofenac and the two proteins suggest static collisions and the formation of ground-state protein-drug complexes. The DSC data corroborate the ITC findings and show multiple sequential unfolding events and a strong drug stabilization effect at high drug to protein ratios. Overall, the calorimetric and spectroscopic data provided insights into the nature of these protein-drugs interactions and might offer useful information in future drug discovery studies.
Frequency: The Overlooked Resistance Training Variable for Inducing Muscle Hypertrophy?

The principle of progressive overload must be adhered to for individuals to continually increase muscle size with resistance training. While the majority of trained individuals adhere to this principle by increasing the number of sets performed per exercise session, this does not appear to be an effective method for increasing muscle size once a given threshold is surpassed. Opposite the numerous studies examining differences in training loads and sets of exercise performed, a few studies have assessed the importance of training frequency with respect to muscle growth, none of which have tested very high frequencies of training (e.g., 7 days a week). The lack of studies examining such frequencies may be related to the American College of Sports Medicine recommendation that trained individuals use split routines allowing at least 48 h of rest between exercises that stress the same muscle groups. Given the attenuated muscle protein synthetic response to resistance exercise present in trained individuals, it can be hypothesized that increasing the training frequency would allow for more frequent elevations in muscle protein synthesis and more time spent in a positive net protein balance. We hypothesize that increasing the training frequency, as opposed to the training load or sets performed, may be a more appropriate strategy for trained individuals to progress a resistance exercise program aimed at increasing muscle size.
Mutations in the RNA Component of Telomerase, TERC, in Children with Aplastic Anemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome: An NMDP Study.

Mutations in TERC, the RNA component of telomerase, result in autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita (DC), a rare bone marrow failure syndrome. DC is clinically heterogeneous and TERC mutations have been detected in a subset of patients previously diagnosed with idiopathic aplastic anemia (AA) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Unrecognized TERC mutations are clinically relevant as patients with DC respond poorly to immunotherapy and have an increased risk of complications following conventional conditioning for stem cell transplant (SCT). We aimed to determine the frequency of TERC mutations in pediatric patients with AA and MDS who require a SCT. We obtained 315 blood or bone marrow samples from the National Donor Marrow Program Registry from children under age 18 with bone marrow failure who underwent an unrelated stem cell transplant. We screened these samples for mutations in the TERC gene using direct DNA sequencing. To exclude polymorphisms, we also screened 537 racially diverse healthy controls. The study group was composed of patients with MDS (n=151), AA (n=123), and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) (n=41), which may be difficult to distinguish from MDS. The mean age at the time of transplant was 9 years. We found sequence alterations in the promoter region of TERC in 2 patients. A 2 base pair deletion (-240delCT) was identified in a 4 year-old child with MDS and a 1 year-old child with JMML was found to have a point mutation (-99C→G), which was identified previously in an 18 year-old patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and is known to affect the Sp1 binding site. The pathogenicity of this mutation is unclear. In summary, our findings suggest that screening for TERC gene mutations is unlikely to diagnose occult DC in children with severe bone marrow failure who require a stem cell transplant but have no clinical features or history to suggest a familial bone marrow failure syndrome.
The Diverse Roles of Microglia in the Neurodegenerative Aspects of Central Nervous System (CNS) Autoimmunity

Autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) involve inflammatory components and result in neurodegenerative processes. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the CNS, are the first responders after insults to the CNS and comprise a major link between the inflammation and neurodegeneration. Here, we will focus on the roles of microglia in two autoimmune diseases: the prevalent condition of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the much rarer Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE). Although there is an abundance of evidence that microglia actively contribute to neuronal damage in pathological states such as MS and RE, there is also evidence of important reparative functions. As current research supports a more complex and diverse array of functions and phenotypes that microglia can assume, it is an especially interesting time to examine what is known about both the damaging and restorative roles that microglia can play in the inflammatory CNS setting. We will also discuss the pharmacological approaches to modulating microglia towards a more neuroprotective state.
Scaling Impact: Exploring a New Dimension of Growth Orientation in Social Ventures

Organizational growth is vital for new ventures to compete for critical resources. The current literature on growth does not reflect the fact that new ventures, in particular hybrid organizations s...
Ultraslow backward propagating hybrid hyperbolic phonon polariton waveguide mode characterization

Numerical analysis indicating mode splitting and ultraslow backward propagation in a hybrid hyperbolic phonon polariton waveguide are presented.
The Farm, the Farmer, and Labor Supply

Rapid agricultural growth with all its benefits is possible because of the potential for the small commercial farmer to change from low-productivity underutilization of resources in traditional agriculture to high-productivity greater use of resources in a modernizing agriculture. The conditions of traditional agriculture provide the base for modernization, influencing how it proceeds, and its impact. Of particular importance are the labor/leisure choices of the small commercial farmer, how they differ considerably and among farms, and how that provides the basis for quite different outcomes in a variety of situations. Discussion of policies for increasing production in traditional agriculture explains why continuous rapid growth does not occur in traditional agriculture.
Parasite control strategies used by equine owners in the United States: A national survey

Abstract The widespread occurrence of anthelmintic resistance in equine parasites across the world has led to recommendations of fecal egg count-based parasite programs to reduce treatment intensity and thereby delay further development of resistance as much as possible. The most recent study describing equine parasite control in the United States was conducted 20 years ago, and little is known about current strategies employed. This study was part of the National Animal Health Monitoring Systems (NAHMS) Equine 2015 Study, and aimed to describe equine parasite control strategies in the U.S. and evaluate to which extent respondents were in compliance with current guidelines. The study was carried out in 28 states, representing 70.9% of all equine operations with at least five equids present. Two questionnaires were administered, either by mail or delivered in person by veterinary medical officers. Participants provided specific details of their operation and were asked questions about strategies for anthelmintic therapy and diagnostic testing. A total of 380 operations provided data regarding their parasite control practices. Most respondents dewormed 2–3 times a year with ivermectin being the most commonly used anthelmintic. About 22% of respondents used fecal egg counts (FEC) in some form, with less than 10% using them on a regular basis. Less than 5% made use of fecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT). These results suggest little change since the last nationwide survey was conducted in 1998, as the majority of respondents did not report using FECs. This is in stark contrast to recent European surveys, where 50–60% of respondents were using FECs routinely. However, the anthelmintic treatment intensity appears to have been lowered compared to 1998. Taken together, these results suggest a continuing need for education and outreach regarding sustainable parasite control.
Influence of induction chemotherapy in trimodality therapy-eligible oesophageal cancer patients: secondary analysis of a randomised trial

A randomised phase 2 trial of trimodality with or without induction chemotherapy (IC) in oesophageal cancer (EC) patients showed no advantage in overall survival (OS) or pathologic complete response rate. To identify subsets that might benefit from IC, a secondary analysis was done. The trial had accrued 126 patients (NCT 00525915). Recursive partitioning and proportional hazards regression with interactions were performed. The median follow-up of surviving patients was 6.7 years and the median OS duration was 3.8 years (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.6-5.8 years). OS was associated with tumour length (P=0.03), cT (P=0.02), cN (P=0.04), clinical stage (P=0.01), and tumour grade (P<0.001). The effect of IC differed according to tumour grade. Among patients with well or moderately differentiated (WMD) ECs (n=59), the 5-year survival rate was 74% with IC and 50% without IC, P=0.001. IC had no effect on OS of patients with poorly differentiated (PD) ECs (31% and 28%, respectively; interaction, P=0.04; IC, P=0.03). In the multivariate reduced model, WMD with IC was an independent prognosticator for better OS (HR=0.41, 95% CI, 0.25-0.67; P=<0.001). The following four EC phenotypes emerged for OS: (1) very high risk (PD, cN2/N3), (2) high risk (PD, cN0/N1, stage cIII), (3) moderate risk (PD, cN0/N1, stage cI/II or WMD without IC), and (4) low risk (WMD with IC). The 5-year survival rates were 11%, 27%, 48%, and 74%, respectively (P<0.001). Our data show that IC significantly prolonged OS of WMD EC patients who undergo trimodality; prospective evaluation is needed.
The Chromatin Remodeler Isw1 Prevents CAG Repeat Expansions During Transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

CAG/CTG trinucleotide repeats are unstable sequences that are difficult to replicate, repair, and transcribe due to their structure-forming nature. CAG repeats strongly position nucleosomes; however, little is known about the chromatin remodeling needed to prevent repeat instability. In a Saccharomyces cerevisiae model system with CAG repeats carried on a YAC, we discovered that the chromatin remodeler Isw1 is required to prevent CAG repeat expansions during transcription. CAG repeat expansions in the absence of Isw1 were dependent on both transcription-coupled repair (TCR) and base-excision repair (BER). Furthermore, isw1∆ mutants are sensitive to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and exhibit synergistic MMS sensitivity when combined with BER or TCR pathway mutants. We conclude that CAG expansions in the isw1∆ mutant occur during a transcription-coupled excision repair process that involves both TCR and BER pathways. We observed increased RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) occupancy at the CAG repeat when transcription of the repeat was induced, but RNAPII binding did not change in isw1∆ mutants, ruling out a role for Isw1 remodeling in RNAPII progression. However, nucleosome occupancy over a transcribed CAG tract was altered in isw1∆ mutants. Based on the known role of Isw1 in the reestablishment of nucleosomal spacing after transcription, we suggest that a defect in this function allows DNA structures to form within repetitive DNA tracts, resulting in inappropriate excision repair and repeat-length changes. These results establish a new function for Isw1 in directly maintaining the chromatin structure at the CAG repeat, thereby limiting expansions that can occur during transcription-coupled excision repair.
OpenVIVO [Product Review]

According to the About VIVO page, “VIVO is member-supported, open source software and an ontology for representing scholarship” and “supports recording, editing, searching, browsing, and visualizing scholarly activity. VIVO encourages showcasing the scholarly record, research discovery, expert finding, network analysis,” and “assessment of research impact” ( http://vivoweb.org/info/about-vivo ).
Psychopharmacology of Aggression in Humans

This chapter reviews studies on the pharmacology of aggression published over the past two to three years. It is noteworthy that problems with aggressive behaviour span diagnostic categories and that it is essential to emphasize that aggression covers a wide range of behaviours, which in very basic ways, serve both individual and species survival. Consequently only maladaptive or pathological aggressive behaviour is an appropriate target for pharmacotherapy. Neurochemical studies in animals suggest that cholinergic and catecholaminergic mechanisms are involved in the induction and enhancement of predatory or instrumental aggression while serotonergic and gamma amino butyric acid-ergic mechanisms are inhibitory. In affective aggression, dopaminergic mechanisms are facilitatory while noradrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms are inhibitory. These findings have still not led to a completely rational anti-aggressive pharmacopeia.
Petrographic signatures of the Tell ‘Acharneh ceramics: a diachronic perspective

In this paper, I present the petrographic signatures of the Tell ‘Acharneh ceramic assemblage dating from the 3rd to the 1st millennia BCE. This full characterization of the Tell ‘Acharneh petrofab...
Considerations for Modeling Critical Heat Flux Behavior

During normal and accidental operations of a light water nuclear reactor, a wide range of thermal-hydraulic conditions may be encountered for which the critical heat flux (CHF) cannot be predicted by a single correlation. An encompassing model was developed for predicting the steady-state forced convective CHF for water over a wide range of thermal-hydraulic conditions. A CHF model is postulated using a conceptual CHF map to define possible CHF mechanisms for given thermal-hydraulic conditions. Existing steadystate CHF correlations, for which the primary CHF mechanism modeled can be identified, are then used in conjunction with the conceptual CHF map to construct a predictive CHF model. The CHF correlations used as the foundation of this model are the Westinghouse-3, the Biasi, and the Modified-Barnett correlations. These correlations allow coverage of a wide range of thermal-hydraulic conditions, provide favorable comparison with experimental data, and are commonly used in the nuclear industry. The parametric ranges covered by the resultant model are 0.3
Mining Weather Data Using Fuzzy Cluster Analysis

The need to analyze the vast quantities of weather data collected has led to the development of new data mining tools and techniques. Mining this data can produce new insights into weather, climatological and environmental trends that have both scientific and practical significance. This chapter discusses the challenges posed by weather databases and examines the use of fuzzy clustering for analyzing such data. It proposes the extension of the fuzzy K-Means clustering algorithm to account for the spatio-temporal nature of weather data. It introduces an unsupervised fuzzy clustering algorithm, based on the fuzzy KMeans and defines a cluster validity index which is used to determine an optimal number of clusters. These techniques are validated on weather data in the South Central US, and global climate data (sea level pressure). It is seen that the algorithm is able to identify and preserve interesting phenomena in the weather data.
Recovery, separation, and identification of organic pesticides from natural and potable waters.

Organic pesticides have been reported in drinking, recreational, irrigational, fish, and shellfish waters of the United States wherefrom the evidence was obtained mostly from physiological responses of aquatic organisms. More recently, however, direct analyses by gas-liquid chromatography indicate that most surface waters and some ground waters contain trace amounts of organic pesticides. Consequently, these raw water supplies may have to be monitored in order to avoid adverse effects from their ultimate domestic use as drinking water. These treated waters would have to be monitored, therefore, in order to evaluate effectivenss of removal processes. Adverse effects may arise also from ancillary uses of potable waters; namely, irrigation of lawns and shrubs and filling of home aquaria.
Examining age-related differences in functional domain impairment following traumatic brain injury.

Objective To examine differences in the functional recovery trajectories between younger and older adults with mild-moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the first year postinjury as well as health-related quality of life. Design Observational cohort. Setting Level one trauma centre in the State of Washington. Participants Adults with mild-moderate TBI (N = 34; younger adults, n = 19, and older adults, n = 15). Interventions None. Main outcome measures Functional Status Examination (FSE) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL; SF-12v2). Results Older adults consistently showed significantly worse functional performance than younger adults following TBI in the following FSE domains: mobility, ability to travel, home maintenance and overall functional status. For both groups, preinjury physical health was significantly correlated with ability to travel and social integration at 12-month postinjury. Older participants' preinjury physical and mental health had significant and negative correlation with their functional status. Conclusions Our study provides insights and implications into adults' specific functional impairments following TBI, and which domains have persistent deficits. Implications for practice Early intervention and rehabilitation should focus on improving older adults' physical functioning and mobility. Our study may also inform future research and design of post-TBI interventions for older adults.
Impact of Time to Neonatal Transport on Outcomes of Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn.

Objective To assess effects of neonatal transport on transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) in outborn term neonates. Study Design This retrospective cohort study included 66 term neonates diagnosed with TTN and transported to the Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital neonatal intensive care unit between January 2003 and March 2018. A multivariate logistic regression analysis identified perinatal and neonatal transport factors associated with adverse short-term outcomes defined as mechanical ventilation >48 hours, continuous positive airway pressure >72 hours, pulmonary hemorrhage, and requirement for inhaled nitric oxide, thoracentesis, or surfactant replacement therapy. Results A lower gestational age (GA) (37.7 [37.2, 38.3] vs. 39.6 [37.8, 40.3] weeks, p = 0.002), longer time to neonatal transport (10.0 [4.3, 25.5] vs. 5.5 [2.7, 9.7] hours, p = 0.01), and higher respiratory rates during transport (70 [60, 85] vs. 60 [55, 78.8] breaths/min, p = 0.04) were significantly associated with adverse short-term outcomes. After adjusting for GA, sex, cesarean section, and time to neonatal transport, GA (odds ratio [OR], 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24–0.87) and time to neonatal transport (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01–1.13) were significantly associated with adverse outcomes. Conclusion Short-term adverse prognosis of TTN is strongly associated with a lower GA and longer time between birth and neonatal transport.
Isolation and characterization of abundantly-expressed cDNAs from the Harderian gland of the garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis: Colubridae).

Abstract The Harderian gland (HG) is an orbital structure whose proteinaceous secretions pass through the nasolacrimal duct to the vomeronasal organ (VNO). Though these three structures occur in many tetrapod vertebrates, the garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) is one of the few vertebrates in which the passage of the proteinaceous secretions have been experimentally shown. Secreted proteins from the HG may function as transporters for chemical signals to the VNO epithelium. To investigate the proteins being produced by the HG of the garter snake, cDNA libraries were constructed from HG mRNA, and several individual cDNAs were analyzed by sequencing, RT-qPCR, and PCR on genomic DNA. Two of the three cDNAs that were characterized are abundantly expressed only in the Harderian gland and contain putative signal sequences for secretion, which makes them candidates for transporter proteins secreted from the HG. One is a member of the large lipocalin family of proteins, based on its similarity to other members of that protein family. Many lipocalins are binding/carrier proteins for a variety of ligands. The other is a family of proteins, with five members identified so far, all of unknown structure and function and present in the garter snake genome but not in other squamate genomes.
Biologic, clinical, and sociodemographic predictors of multi-agent systemic therapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in people living with HIV: a population-based investigation in the state of Georgia.

We conducted a population-based study of biologic, clinical, and sociodemographic factors associated with receipt of multi-agent systemic therapy (MAST) by people living with HIV (PLWH) who were di...
Education and Learning Theory

At its inception, simulation-based learning is rooted in robust application of educational theory. This chapter provides an overview of theoretical considerations for educators in the health professions interested in using this experiential modality to enhance effectiveness of their educational sessions. In addition, this chapter covers approaches to defining learners’ needs, the influences of emotions and cognitive load, and principles of assessment to incorporate into any educational activity.
Temporally Coarse-Grained All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Achieved via Stochastic Padé Approximants.

A Pade approximant scheme for realizing the discrete-time evolution of the state of a many-atom system is introduced. This temporal coarse-graining scheme accounts for the underlying Newtonian physics and avoids the need for construction of spatially coarse-grained variables. Newtonian physics is incorporated through short molecular dynamics simulations at the beginning of each of the large coarse-grained timesteps. The balance between stochastic and coherent dynamics expressed by many-atom systems is captured via incorporation of the Ito formula into a Pade approximant for the time dependence of individual atom positions over large timesteps. Since the time for a many-atom system to express a characteristic ensemble of atomic velocity fluctuations is typically short relative to the characteristic time of large-scale atomic displacements, a computationally efficient and accurate temporal coarse-graining of the atom-resolved Newtonian dynamics is formulated, denoted all-atom Pade-Ito molecular dynamics (APIMD). Evolution of the system over a time step much longer than that required for standard molecular dynamics (MD) is achieved via incorporation of information from the short MD simulations into a Pade approximant extrapolation in time. The extrapolated atomic configuration is subjected to energy minimization and, when needed, thermal equilibration so as to avoid occasional unphysical close encounters deriving from the Pade approximant extrapolation and to represent configurations appropriate for the temperature of interest. APIMD is implemented and tested via comparison with traditional MD simulations of five phenomena: (1) pertussis toxin subunit deformation, (2) structural transition in a T = 1 capsid-like structure of HPV16 L1 protein, (3) coalescence of argon nanodroplets, and structural transitions in dialanine in (4) vacuum, and (5) water. Accuracy of APIMD is demonstrated using semimicroscopic descriptors (rmsd, radius of gyration, residue-residue contact maps, and densities) and the free energy. Significant computational acceleration relative to traditional molecular dynamics is illustrated.
Impact of Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor Modulation on Risky Decision-Making

ABSTRACT Recent changes in policy regarding cannabis in the U.S. have been accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of cannabis use and a reduction in the perceived harms associated with consumption. However, little is understood regarding the effects of cannabinoids on cognitive processes. Given that deficient risk-taking is commonly observed in individuals suffering from substance use disorders (SUDs), we assessed the impact of manipulating cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs; the primary target for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the brain) on punishment-based risk-taking using the risky decision-making task (RDT) in male Long-Evans rats. The RDT measures preference for small, safe rewards over large, risky rewards associated with an escalating chance of foot shock. Systemic bidirectional CB1R manipulation with a CB1R agonist, CB1R antagonist, and FAAH inhibitor (which increases overall endocannabinoid tone) did not alter overt risk-taking in the RDT. Interestingly, direct CB1R agonism, but not indirect CB1R stimulation or CB1R blockade, resulted in reduction in latency to make risky choices while not altering safe choice latency. Our findings suggest that CB1R activation expedites engagement in punishment based risk-taking without affecting overall preference for risky vs. safe options. This indicates that risk preference and rate of deliberation for risk-taking are influenced by distinct neural substrates, an important consideration for development of precise treatments targeting the aberrant risk-taking typical of SUD symptomology.
MORTALITY AT 30 DAYS FOLLOW UP IN NATIVE AORTIC REGURGITATION PATIENTS TREATED WITH TAVR: META-ANALYSIS OF 1,221 PROCEDURES

Though surgical aortic valve replacement [SAVR] is the present treatment of choice for patients with symptomatic aortic regurgitation [AR], transcatheter aortic valve replacement [TAVR] has been attempted in few patients and is considered an off- label use of TAVR. We performed a meta-analysis of
Chapter 10 – Resource Extraction

The snow leopard’s high mountain landscape is changing. Local human communities are growing in size, as are their populations of livestock and thus their grazing pressure. Competition with and disturbance of wild ungulates (snow leopard prey) is increasing, and hunting pressure – greatly amplified by radical improvements and increasing availability of firearms – has led to rapid decreases in wildlife populations. Meanwhile, efforts to find new resources, from timber to minerals, to electricity via hydropower have led to a push into this high-elevation landscape from below, as roads are constructed and industry gains a toehold in these mountains. The following chapters examine a suite of growing threats to snow leopard habitat, and thus to the cat itself. None of these threats are really new to Asia’s high mountains, but whether they are direct efforts at extraction (such as mining, clear-cutting, and even caterpillar fungus collection), or indirect effects related to these incursions into the mountains (such as the construction of roads, fences, and other linear infrastructure), all of them have been increasing in recent years to the point where their impact puts snow leopard populations at risk.
Hybrid Force-Moment Braking Pulse: A Haptic Illusion to Increase the Perceived Hardness of Virtual Surfaces

A perennial challenge when rendering a virtual surface with an impedance-type haptic interface is making the surface feel hard without destroying its realism, since simply increasing its stiffness can lead to instability. One way to increase the perceived hardness without increasing stiffness is to implement a braking pulse or other high-frequency haptic contact event. Traditionally, such events are implemented as a force along the surface normal, which may leave some of the actuators of the haptic device underutilized. We propose a hybrid force-moment braking pulse, which includes a nonrealistic rendered moment to exploit a haptic illusion. We describe how to implement such a hybrid force-moment braking pulse in general, considering the saturation of the haptic device's actuators. In a human-subject study, we find that a virtual surface rendered with these hybrid force-moment braking pulses is perceived as harder than the same virtual surface rendered with a traditional braking pulse, without harming the surface's realism, for the majority of users. The moment-based haptic illusion also has the potential to be superimposed on other types of haptic contact events to improve the perceived hardness.
Phytomorph Identification of the Codex Cruz-Badianus

The Codex Cruz-Badianus contains 185 phytomorphs separated into 13 chapters based on medical disorders, as explained in Chap. 1. Each image is labeled with its folio number followed by r (recto) or v (verso) and a number from 1 to 11 when there is more than one image per folio. Emmart (1940) reported only 184 illustrations, and we assume that folio 56v1 and 56v2 (two intertwined plants) were incorrectly listed as one illustration even though two Nahuatl names are attached. A letter from Eugene Tisserat to William Gates, dated July 26, 1933, listed charges for illustrations by his niece Marie-Therese Vuillemin for “185 flowers” (Gates 2000). A number of other folios (14v, 18v, 32r, 44r, 51v, 54r, 59r) contain superimposed images. The phytomorphs are those found in Emmart (1940), which were based on the Vuillemin illustrations.
COVID-19: An overview and a clinical update

The outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19, previously known as 2019 nCoV) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Wuhan City, China, has spread rapidly around the world. Most patients from the first cluster had an epidemiological connection to the Wuhan's Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. Available evidence has shown that SARS-CoV-2 can be easily transmitted from person to person through close contact and respiratory droplets, posing a substantial challenge to public health. At present, the research on SARS-CoV-2 is still in the primary stages. However, dexa-methasone and remdesivir are appeared to be promising medical therapies. Still, there is no definite specific treatment, and the mainstay of treatment is still focused on supportive therapies. Currently, over 150 vaccines are under investigation. It is necessary to understand the nature of the virus and its clinical characteristics in order to find effectively manage the disease. The knowledge about this virus is rapidly evolving, and clinicians must update themselves regularly. The present review comprehensively summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and management of COVID-19 based on the current evidence.
Intentional questioning to promote thinking and learning

Abstract Questioning is an important cognitive activity that enhances teaching and learning. The quality of the questions that teachers ask plays an important role in promoting or hindering students’ curiosity, thinking, and, consequently, their learning. Asking good questions is an art that requires the teacher’s creative intervention to facilitate learning. Questions create zones of proximal development when teachers are able to grasp their students’ prior knowledge, thinking, and inquiries to scaffold them to the next level. Moreover, effective questioning in teaching marks the difference between being a facilitator of learning opportunities or a consumer of someone else’s ideas. This study reports on a participatory action research project of a learning community of practice in a Reggio Emilia-inspired preschool where the teacher and research team found a way to implement an intentional teaching through questioning. By using documentation to reflect on the questions that the teacher formulated, the teacher became more thoughtful about her questions and learned how to formulate better questions. Furthermore, Harvard Project Zero’s Teaching for Understanding and Visible Thinking frameworks helped the teacher develop a better understanding of fostering an emergent curriculum within the Reggio Emilia philosophy. The experience helped the school build a strong identity and empower teachers to master their teaching with high-quality questions.
The Interpretation of Sequence Variants in Myeloid Neoplasms.

OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the challenges encountered during the interpretation of sequence variants detected by next-generation sequencing (NGS) in myeloid neoplasms, as well as the limitations of the technology with the goal of preventing the over- or undercalling of alterations that may have a significant effect on patient management. METHODS Review of the peer-reviewed literature on the interpretation, reporting, and technical challenges of NGS assays for myeloid neoplasms. RESULTS NGS has been integrated widely and rapidly into the standard evaluating of myeloid neoplasms. Review of the literature reveals that myeloid sequence variants are challenging to detect and interpret. Large insertions and guanine-cytosine-heavy areas prove technically challenging while frameshift and truncating alterations may be classified as variants of uncertain significance by tertiary analysis informatics pipelines due to their absence in the literature and databases. CONCLUSIONS The analysis and interpretation of NGS results in myeloid neoplasia are challenging due to the varied number of detectable gene alterations. Familiarity with the genomic landscape of myeloid malignancies and knowledge of the tools available for the interpretation of sequence variants are essential to facilitate translation into clinical and therapy decisions.
Local Physician Practice Migration and Changes in Practice Style

Much interest exists in identifying strategies for changing physician practice style as research demonstrates that many physicians practice in a way that is not aligned with the best available scie...