cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRANSPORTATION POLICY STRATEGIES FOR IOWA TO ADVANCE THE QUALITY OF LIFE

Building on the policy directions advanced in the publication "Policy Strategies for Iowa in Making Major Road Investments", this report defines each policy issue and discusses how transportation can play a role in addressing it. Perspectives from several focus group meetings conducted in nine communities in Iowa are discussed. The report also examines available data pertaining to the issues. Finally, the report presents several specific recommendations dealing with issues on economic development, safety, choice of transportation modes, and financing transportation in the future. The recommendations are directed at proving the Iowa Transportation Commission with the best possible insights to be used in making investment decisions that will impact the quality of life in Iowa in future years.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE USE OF ACADEMIC ACCOMMODATIONS AND SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM COMPLETION OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILTIES AT COMMUNITY COLLEGES

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE USE OF ACADEMIC ACCOMMODATIONS AND SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM COMPLETION OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILTIES AT COMMUNITY COLLEGES By Mark A. Richardson A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D.in Education at Virginia Commonwealth University. Director: Dr. Colleen Thoma, Professor, School of Education The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the use of academic accommodations and successful program completion of students with disabilities enrolled in two campuses of a community college. Current and past research has focused on the role, faculty perception and student satisfaction of Disability Support Services (DSS) at postsecondary institutions. However, evidence that the use of academic accommodations actually aids in the successful program completion rate of post secondary students with disabilities does not exist. A causal-comparative research method was used to examine secondary data provided by the Office of Student Accommodations located at two community college campuses to determine whether a relationship exists between successful program completion and use of academic accommodations, disability category, academic program and academic campus setting. This study also examined whether the use of academic accommodations varied by disability category, academic campus setting, academic program and successful program completion. Results indicated that users and non-users of academic accommodations are both highly successful in completing their programs. Some differences were found in use of academic accommodations related to student disability and college campus (urban versus suburban) but not in relation to academic program. Results of this study and the impact of these findings are discussed.
Vortex Frequency and Flow Pattern in the Wake of Two Parallel Cylinders at Varied Spacing Normal to an Air Stream

The frequency of vortex formations in the flow about a pair of parallel cylinders, at various separations, is investigated with the hot wire anemometer. A resume of the literature on vortex frequencies is given with a view to relate the studies of obstacles of diverse shapes to the present case. The law of dynamical similitude is developed for individual solids, for the efflux through a rectangular orifice, for secondary eddies, and for the two-cylinder system. When two cylinders are separated by a gap just smaller than the diameter, instability occurs. At larger gaps the cylinders behave like independent bodies. As the gap is decreased, the main sequence of frequencies (probably generated on the outer sides of the cylinders) changes from a value corresponding to a single cylinder, of diameter d, to a value associated with a solid body of breadth equal 2d (at zero gap). A minimum frequency is reached at G/d =* 1 /n , where G is the gap distance. For gaps smaller than the critical, a formula is given to represent the main sequence: fd/U = 0.09 + ! l(G/d) y5]/[(£/<*) + 2 ] p where / is the frequency and U is the velocity. The picture is complicated by vortexes generated within the gap. At spacings less than one-half diameter, a low gap frequency is found. Between one-half and one diameter a high gap frequency is present, decreasing to the independent cylinder value at the critical spacing G/d = 1. In addition, doubled frequencies of the main sequence are also found, generally on the centerline of the wake, attributed to overlapping vortexes from the external sides of the cylinders. For all values of the gap, the dimensionless parameter fd/U is shown to be independent of Reynolds numbers greater than 15,000. Below this value, fd/U rises a t first and then drops sharply, the maximum apparently depending on the gap. The velocity distribution in the wake was obtained by traversing with a pitot static.tube. In a plane four diameters downstream from the center of the system, it was found that the wakes of both cylinders are mixed for gaps below the critical and separate for larger gaps. At G/d less than about one-half, the central pressure drop is great enough to cause the flow to reverse.
SAT: spatial awareness from textual input

Recent events (WTC attacks, Southeast Asia Tsunamis, Hurricane Katrina, London bombings) have illustrated the need for accurate and timely situational awareness tools in emergency response. Developing effective situational awareness (SA) systems has the potential to radically improve decision support in crises by improving the accuracy and reliability of the information available to the decision-makers. In an evolving crisis, raw situational information comes from a variety of sources in the form of situational reports, live radio transcripts, sensor data, video streams. Much of the data resides (or can be converted) in the form of free text, from which events of interest are extracted. Spatial or location information is one of the fundamental attributes of the events, and is useful for a variety of situational awareness (SA) tasks.
Retirement Facilitators: Policy Considerations For Increasing The Role Of The States In Assisting With Retirement Savings

This paper investigates the impact of socioeconomics within states with regard to retirement income using the numbers of OASDI Social Security beneficiaries from the Social Security Administration, data on annuity premium levels from the American Council of Life Insurers, and state-level U.S. Census demographic data. In light of the beginning of the wave of baby-boomer retirements, changing economic conditions, and increased life expectancy, this is timely research. Findings from this study support previous research based on national survey data and indicate that specific demographics may have a significant impact on financial preparedness. Given the varied nature of the demographic compositions within the individual states, this may have implications for policy development involving an increased role for the states in the retirement savings arena.
Fibrosarcoma of the mandible: Report of a case

Abstract The treatment and course of a fibrosarcoma of the mandible are described. The initial diagnosis of benign tumor encouraged conservative treatment. Recurrence and subsequent re-examination of original slides demonstrated the presence of fibrosarcoma requiring radical exision.
Distributed Control System Development for FlexRay-based Systems

FlexRay is a new communication subsystem for future in-vehicle controls. There is a lack of mature model-based development methodologies to build complex FlexRay-based systems. In this paper we describe an end-to-end model-based development process for building a complex FlexRay-based distributed control system. We describe this in the context of safety critical x-by-wire systems for a realistic automotive application. This involves: control system modeling, functional simulation, and distributed software development. We first describe the process of functional and physical architecture design. Next we discuss the software development process dealing with software to hardware allocation, as well as scheduling of software and communication tasks on a time-triggered communication bus under stringent practical restrictions. We conclude by considering the integration issues relating to joint OEM/supplier development of distributed control systems. The above experience has been obtained during the model-based development of a FlexRay-based control system for a vehicle, which features by-wire steering, braking and propulsion.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor regulates phosphatidylcholine phospholipase D in canine brain.

Abstract The hydrolytic activity of phosphatidylcholine phospholipase D in the synaptosomes from canine brain was examined using a radiochemical assay with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoryl[3H]choline as the exogenous substrate. The involvement of G protein(s) in regulation of this enzyme was demonstrated by a 2- to 3-fold stimulation of the basal activity (4.81 +/- 0.44 nmol choline released/mg protein/h) with guanosine 5'-(3-O-thiol)triphosphate (GTP gamma S), guanyl-5'-yl-(beta, gamma-methylene)diphosphonate, aluminum fluoride, or cholera toxin. The stimulation of phospholipase D hydrolytic activity by GTP gamma S was inhibited by 2 mM guanosine 5'-(2-O-thiol)diphosphate. GTP gamma S at the maximum stimulatory concentration (10 microM) had an additive effect on the maximum cholera toxin stimulation of phospholipase D activity. However, the reverse was not true, thus indicating the possibility that more than one G protein may be involved. Furthermore, cholinergic agonists, including acetylcholine, carbachol, and muscarine, were able to increase the phospholipase D hydrolytic activity at low but not maximally stimulatory concentrations of guanine nucleotide. These cholinergic stimulations were antagonized by atropine, a muscarinic blocker. In addition, O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, a protein kinase C activator, was able to stimulate the hydrolytic activity of phospholipase D more than 300% in the presence of 0.2 microM GTP gamma S. However, in the absence of GTP gamma S, stimulation was less than 60%. Our results not only indicate that the receptor-G protein-regulated phospholipase D may be directly responsible for the rapid accumulation of choline and phosphatidic acid in the central nervous system but also reveal that muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-G protein-regulated phospholipase D is a novel signal transduction process coupling the neuronal muscarinic receptor to cellular responses.
Bahá'í Faith

The Bah a ’ i religion had established ethical and social principles for the ennobling of individuals and the ordering of societies well before “ social justice ” emerged as a dominant value in modern democracies. Indeed, the Bah a ’ i Faith claims to be a religion “ endowed with a system of law, precept, and institutions capable of bringing into existence a global commonwealth ordered by principles of social justice ” (Bah a ’ i World Centre, 1993 : 107). In the Bah a ’ i hierarchy of moral values, social justice ranks as a central and guiding principle. The distinctively pragmatic Bah a ’ i approach is to promote social justice through coordinated initiatives of “ social action. ” Bah a ’ i s generally prefer to speak of “ social action ” rather than “ social justice ” because they view the former as proactive and the latter as reactive. Social action, as they speak of it, anticipates social issues and addresses them prospectively; social justice aims at remediating injustices that have already occurred. Seen in this light, engaging in social action could be expected to reduce the need to redress social injustices. If “ social justice ” is conceived broadly (i.e., not simply as remedial or corrective), then “ social action ” is the name that Bah a ’ i s use to articulate a proactive model for achieving social justice. This proactive orientation to social justice involves acting on the basis of a vision and core values to reorder society by means of a multifaceted, systematic, and progressive plan of social engagement: multifaceted in that it involves undertaking different kinds of initiatives and projects simultaneously around the world; systematic in that it involves coordinating complementary initiatives and programs; and progressive in that it extends successful local and regional initiatives to communities around the globe. The centrality of justice in Bah a ’ i thought is evident in the declarations of the religion ’ s early leaders. Its founder, Bah a ’ u ’ ll a h (1817 – 1892), elevated justice by linking it in several ways to God and by citing its practical utility: “ The best beloved of all things in My sight is Justice . . . turn not away therefrom if thou desirest Me, and neglect it
mTORC1-Induced HK1-Dependent Glycolysis Regulates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates activation of immune cells and cellular energy metabolism. Although glycolysis has been linked to immune functions, the mechanisms by which glycolysis regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that mTORC1-induced glycolysis provides an essential mechanism for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, we demonstrate that hexokinase 1 (HK1)-dependent glycolysis, under the regulation of mTORC1, represents a critical metabolic pathway for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Downregulation of glycolysis by inhibition of Raptor/mTORC1 or HK1 suppressed both pro-IL-1β maturation and caspase-1 activation in macrophages in response to LPS and ATP. These results suggest that upregulation of HK1-dependent glycolysis by mTORC1 regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
Indirect determination of the blood pressure in the dental pulp.

Abstract An indirect method for blood pressure measurement in the dental pulp has been devised. The hard structure of the tooth was used as a pressure cuff and a photoconductive unit as a pulse recorder. Fluid was injected slowly through a cavity preparation into the pulp chamber and the pressure in the pulp fluid was measured with a strain gauge transducer. When this pressure just exceeded the arterial systolic blood pressure, the vessels collapsed and cessation of arterial pulsation was monitored by the photoconductive detector. Pressures thus measured were taken to be equal to the systolic blood pressure of the arteries just as they enter the pulp. Pulp systolic arterial pressure varied directly with femoral systolic blood pressure when the latter was modified by haemorrhage and transfusion.
Mechanisms of Aqueous Corrosion of Aluminum at 100°C

Various alloys of Al, as well as superpurity Al material, have been tested in aqueous solutions at 100°C. Samples have been polarized cathodically and anodically to study the effect of cathodic and anodic reactions, respectively, on the corrosion behavior. Results are interpreted as showing that the alkalinity produced at the cathodes facilitates film breakdown in these places. Consequently, alloys containing cathodic constituents were attacked where these constituents were situated, while polycrystalline superpurity material was attacked in the grain boundaries. The influence of bulk pH and inhibitors is discussed in some detail.
A3: HCI Coding Guideline for Research Using Video Annotation to Assess Behavior of Nonverbal Subjects with Computer-Based Intervention

HCI studies assessing nonverbal individuals (especially those who do not communicate through traditional linguistic means: spoken, written, or sign) are a daunting undertaking. Without the use of directed tasks, interviews, questionnaires, or question-answer sessions, researchers must rely fully upon observation of behavior, and the categorization and quantification of the participant’s actions. This problem is compounded further by the lack of metrics to quantify the behavior of nonverbal subjects in computer-based intervention contexts. We present a set of dependent variables called A3 (pronounced A-Cubed) or Annotation for ASD Analysis, to assess the behavior of this demographic of users, specifically focusing on engagement and vocalization. This paper demonstrates how theory from multiple disciplines can be brought together to create a set of dependent variables, as well as demonstration of these variables, in an experimental context. Through an examination of the existing literature, and a detailed analysis of the current state of computer vision and speech detection, we present how computer automation may be integrated with the A3 guidelines to reduce coding time and potentially increase accuracy. We conclude by presenting how and where these variables can be used in multiple research areas and with varied target populations.
Solution and vapor phase complex formation in the zirconium tetrachloride-aluminum chloride system

Abstract Raman spectroscopy provides the first direct evidence that zirconium(IV) chloride forms complexes with aluminum chloride in both the liquid and vapor phases. The spectra are consistent with a structure in which the zirconium is in a 6-coordinate site with two bidentate AlCl 4 moieties. The spectra indicate that the complex begins to dissociate above 300°C yielding tetrahedral zirconium chloride molecules and aluminum chloride dimers. The zirconium tetrabromide-aluminum bromide system behaves similarly and in mixed zirconium tetrachloride-aluminum bromide systems halogen exchange occurs rapidly.
Continuous-wave self-pumped optical phase conjugation in atomic sodium vapor.

Self-pumped optical phase conjugation has been demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge in a resonant atomic system. This process was implemented by using a single cw pump beam to excite a sodium-vapor oscillator. The counterpropagating optical fields inside this oscillator then combine with the pump beam in an internal four-wave-mixing interaction to yield the phase conjugate of the incident (pump) beam.
Predictive value of fundus autofluorescence for development of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration

There is considerable interest in the effect of lipofuscin on retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) function and its role in retinal diseases. Lipofuscin granules accumulate with age in postmitotic RPE lysosomal compartments as phagocytic remnants of photoreceptor outer segment discs.1-5 Previous studies suggest that lipofuscin and its constituent A2E may exert toxic effects on normal RPE cellular processes.5-10 Lipofuscin granules also accumulate more rapidly in monogenic retinal disorders, such as Best disease and Stargardt disease, and complex degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD).11-14 However, the precise influence of these granules remains uncertain. Lipofuscin accumulation has been examined in vivo with fundus autofluorescence (FAF), by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Several studies demonstrate that hyperfluorescent FAF signals are reliable markers of lipofuscin in RPE cells.15-18 Abnormal lipofuscin accumulation occurs in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of legal blindness in developed countries.19 Visual loss is generally attributed to choroidal neovascularization and RPE detachment. However, geographic atrophy (GA) of RPE accounts for 12% to 21% of severe visual loss.20-23 Junctional zones of GA can demonstrate abnormal FAF patterns, indicating localized accumulation of lipofuscin.18 The importance of this phenomenon remains unclear. However, a previous study based on a small case series of three patients suggests that areas of increased FAF may precede development or enlargement of GA.24 The goal of this study is to determine whether lipofuscin accumulation, as measured by increased FAF, is a precursor of GA progression. This determination will be made by digitally analyzing serial FAF images in patients with GA and quantifying changes in junctional zone atrophy.
Effect of a supplemental plate on the stiffness of a type I external fixator.

Objective— To assess the effect of a supplemental plate on the stiffness of a six-pin unilateral external skeletal fixator. Study design— Mechanical testing performed on models. Methods— Wooden (birch) dowels were used to create five models of a fracture. A commercially available external fixation system was applied to the model with a uniform unilateral six-pin fixator design. The models were mechanically tested with and without a supplemental plate attached to the 2 clamps adjacent to the fracture gap. Testing was conducted in axial loading, medial to lateral bending, and cranial to caudal bending. Results— Results showed a 4.42–fold increase in stiffness in axial load, a 4.23–fold increase in stiffness in medial to lateral bending, and a 1.94-fold increase in stiffness in cranial to caudal bending with the addition of the plate. Conclusions— The addition of a supplemental plate increases the mechanical stiffness of unilateral fixators. This was especially true in axial load and medial to lateral bending. Clinical relevance— A supplemental plate can be used with unilateral fixators to increase stiffness of the fixator. Conversely, the plate can be removed to decrease stiffness without the removal of fixation pins.
Erratum to: Geometric models for the spectra of certain Gelfand pairs associated with Heisenberg groups

The paper contains an error which necessitates some revisions to the proof of our main result, Theorem 1.2. In fact, the polynomial functions Dα ∈ C[a∗] (α ∈ ), discussed in Section 2.2, need not, in general, be invariant under the little Weyl group W◦ as stated. One needs to introduce a “ -shift” (half the sum of the positive roots) to achieve W◦-invariance. Thismeans that although top( Dα) ∈ C[a∗]W◦ , the polynomial Dα itself need not lie in the image of the mapping ρ given in Eqs. 2.1 and 2.3. Thus, we cannot define polynomials Eα ∈ C[VR]K as in Definition 2.1 or obtain the related functions eL ∈ C(h∗V )K as claimed in Proposition 4.2. Lemma A.2 below provides a technical tool needed to revise the proof for Theorem 1.2. First, we require the following substitute for Lemma 2.7 from the paper. Lemma A.1 For a well-behaved multiplicity free action K :V and α, β ∈ one has
Extremalprobleme für eine Familie schlichter Funktionen

1. Einleitung Es sei B ein Punkt im Kreisring R={z: 0<ro<lzJ<l}, und b sei ein Punkt in der offenen Kreisscheibe D= {w: [w] < 1}. Wir betrachten die Klasse FB, b yon in R schlichten holomorphen Funktionen f, die den Bedingungen (i) Jf(z)t < 1 ftir z~R, ilimlf(z)lo,~ = 1, (ii) f(B)=b genfigen. Offensichtlich kann jede Funktion feFB, b analytisch in den Kreisring {z: ro<[z]<l/ro} fortgesetzt werden, und es gelten die Beziehungen
Titanium dioxide thin films for high temperature gas sensors

Abstract Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin film gas sensors were fabricated via the sol–gel method from a starting solution of titanium isopropoxide dissolved in methoxyethanol. Spin coating was used to deposit the sol on electroded aluminum oxide (Al2O3) substrates forming a film 1 μm thick. The influence of crystallization temperature and operating temperature on crystalline phase, grain size, electronic conduction activation energy, and gas sensing response toward carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4) was studied. Pure anatase phase was found with crystallization temperatures up to 800 °C, however, rutile began to form by 900 °C. Grain size increased with increasing calcination temperature. Activation energy was dependent on crystallite size and phase. Sensing response toward CO and CH4 was dependent on both calcination and operating temperatures. Films crystallized at 650 °C and operated at 450 °C showed the best selectivity toward CO.
Chemical exchange magnetic resonance imaging (CHEMI).

Abstract Systems investigated with NMR spectroscopy are sometimes heterogeneous with respect to chemical composition, rates of chemical exchange, and other properties influencing magnetic resonance parameters. A method was developed to spatially encode reaction kinetic information and produce NMR images sensitive to chemical exchange. A modified spin-echo pulse sequence was used to allow chemical shift-selective imaging and chemical exchange encoding. 1H and 31P images with microscopic resolution were obtained which yielded chemical exchange as a function of position. Chemical exchante images of the base-catalyzed proton exchange of acetylacetone and of the enzyme-catalyzed 31P transfer between PCr and ATP were obtained at 8.4 T in phantoms at 360 and 146 MHz, respectively. These images demonstrate a means of investigating kinetic heterogeneity and compartmentalization of reactions that are important in the study of both living and non-living systems.
Experimental results with cryogenically cooled, thin, silicon crystal x-ray monochromators on high-heat-flux beamlines

A novel, silicon crystal monochromator has been designed and tested for use on undulator and focused wiggler beamlines at third-generation synchrotron sources. The crystal utilizes a thin, partially transmitting diffracting element fabricated within a liquid-nitrogen cooled, monolithic block of silicon. This report summarizes the results from performance tests conducted at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) using a focused wiggler beam and at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) on an undulator beamline. These experiments indicate that a cryogenic crystal can handle the very high power and power density x-ray beams of modem synchrotrons with sub-arcsec thermal broadening of the rocking curve. The peak power density absorbed on the surface of the crystal at the ESRF exceeded go W/mm{sup 2} with an absorbed power of 166 W, this takes into account the spreading of the beam due to the Bragg angle of 11.4{degrees}. At the APS, the peak heat flux incident on the crystal was 1.5 W/mA/mm{sup 2} with a power of 6.1 W/mA for a 2.0 H x 2.5 V mm{sup 2} beam at an undulator gap of 11.1 mm and stored current up to 96 mA.
Satellite Observations of Natural and Anthropogenic Aerosol Effects on Clouds and Climate

Anthropogenic aerosols affect the climate system and the hydrological cycle. The net effect of aerosols is to cool the climate system, directly by reflecting sunlight to space, and indirectly by increasing the brightness and cover of clouds that in turn also reflect more sunlight to space. The uncertainty in the aerosol effect on climate is 5 times greater than that of the greenhouse gases. The reason for this is the short aerosol lifetime and chemical complexity, that makes it difficult to represent the global aerosol budget from surface or aircraft measurements. Satellites provide daily global information about the aerosol content, generating large statistics with excellent regional and global representation of the aerosol column concentration, and differentiating fine from coarse aerosol. Here we use observations performed with the MODIS instrument onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites to differentiate natural from anthropogenic aerosols, and to measure the aerosol effect on cloud properties and on the reflectivity of sunlight.
Modeling light transmission in silicon waveguides

We propose and experimentally validate a detailed model for silicon nanophotonic waveguides which predicts the full spectral distribution function of propagation statistics including the role of interfaces and roughness.
Newtonian cosmology with a varying gravitational constant

Newtonian cosmology is developed with the assumption that the gravitational constantG diminishes with time. The functional form adopted forG(t), a modification of a suggestion of Dirac, isG=A(k+t)−1, wheret is the age of the Universe and a small constantk is inserted to avoid a singularity in the two-body problem. IfR is the scale factor, normalized to unity at an epoch time τ, the differential equation is then\(R^2 \ddot R = - (4\pi /3)G(t)\rho _0\). Here ρ0 is the mean density at the epoch time. With the above form forG(t), the solution is reducible to quadratures.
New Directions in China's Agricultural Imports

Agricultural imports of the People's Republic of China rose sharply between 1977 and 1979. Grain imports increased to record levels, coarse grains appear to be emerging as a regular import item, China's traditional net export surplus of soybeans vanished, and imports of vegetable oils were substantial. Sugar imports were also well above historical averages and cotton imports reached a record high. This expansion of agricultural imports has been but a small part of a major increase in PRC foreign trade, an increase which has raised total trade in nominal terms by nearly 60% between 1976 and 1978, has seen a large program of complete plant and technology purchases, and has programmed substantial trade deficits for coming years, deficits that will be covered by a sizeable accumulation of foreign debt. The long-run implications for agricultural imports of developments in the past two years are by no means certain. On the one hand, demand developments in China suggest growing pressures to further increase agricultural imports. On the other hand, limitations on China's ability to export, growing debt repayment pressures during the eighties, and China's new seriousness about acceleration of the
Assessing the causes of anthropogenic methane emissions in comparative perspective, 1990-2005.

Abstract The authors engage prior research and theoretical orientations to assess some of the known causes of anthropogenic methane emissions in comparative international contexts. Like carbon dioxide emissions, methane emissions are a known contributor to climate change. Results of cross-national fixed effects panel regression analyses indicate that population size, economic development, the production of cereals, cattle, natural gas and oil, and a reliance on food exports all contribute to methane emissions from 1990 to 2005. Most notably, additional findings suggest that the magnitude of the effects of multiple predictors modestly decreased during the period of investigation, while the impact of other predictors remained very stable in magnitude. The authors conclude by considering the substantive implications of the results, the limitations of the study, and outline the next steps in this research agenda.
Student gain in reasoning ability as a function of teacher reasoning level and teaching style preference

This study examines the effect of teacher reasoning level (i.e., concrete versus formal) and teaching style preference (i.e., inquiry vs. expository) on improvement in student reasoning ability. A random sample of fourth and seventh grade teachers and their students were selected to participate over one school year. Students completed a reasoning test in the early fall and late spring. Teachers completed two instruments in the Spring, a reasoning test and a teaching style preference questionnaire. Students of concrete operational teachers showed greater gains in reasoning ability than students of formal operational teachers while students of inquiry teachers showed slightly greater gains than students of expository teachers. Possible explanations are discussed as are suggestions for future research.
ALCAPA: the role of myocardial viability studies in determining prognosis

Background ALCAPA is optimally treated by coronary artery reimplantation early in neonatal life. Delayed diagnosis, however, is not infrequent, because symptoms often do not manifest until about 3 months of age, coinciding with the physiological nadir in pulmonary vascular resistance. With delayed diagnosis, there is potential for coronary steal and irreversible myocardial injury, which worsens outcome.
Shedding light on brain function: the event-related optical signal

One of the basic goals of cognitive psychology is the analysis of the covert processes that occur between stimulus and response. In the past 20-30 years, the tools available to cognitive psychologists have been augmented by a number of imaging techniques for studying the 'brain in action' in a non-invasive manner. These techniques have their strength in either temporal or spatial information, but not both. We review here recent advances of a new approach, the event-related optical signal (EROS). This method allows measurements of the time course of neural activity in specific cortical structures, thus combining good spatial and temporal specificity. As an example, we show how EROS can be used to distinguish between serial and parallel models of information processing.
A numerical investigation of slanted convection and subsurface anticyclone generation in an Arctic baroclinic current system

[1] A nonhydrostatic three-dimensional numerical model is used to investigate convection along slanted isopycnal surfaces and subsurface anticyclone generation in a baroclinic jet system appropriate for the Beaufort Sea environment. The current is initially bounded to the left by a coastal wall and subsequently subject to surface friction exerted by sea ice and cooling at the sea surface. Despite spatially uniform cooling rates used in the model, convection favors limited areas with high cyclonic vorticity. In a meandering current system, rigorous convection occurs primarily in meander troughs where the current turns cyclonically. The cyclonic vorticity enhances convection, which in turn enhances cyclonic vorticity. The positive feedback mechanism, previously known in atmospheric literature as convective instability of the second kind, often strengthens convection and the consequent subsurface anticyclones by as much as 1 order of magnitude. Subsequent seaward detrainment in subsurface depths of interest moves anticyclones from the cyclonic side of the jet to the anticyclonic side. The subsurface anticyclones may be strengthened for the second time because of favorable changes of ambient vorticity. Thus downward convection along slanted isopycnal surfaces of a left-bounded baroclinic jet (similar to segments of the Beaufort Sea anticyclonic gyre) is an efficient way to produce subsurface anticylcones and propel them seaward afterward.
Party/Politics: Horizons in Black Political Thought

Party/Politics: Horizons in Black Political Thought. By Michael Hanchard. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. 352p. $35.00. “What does contemporary political and social theory look like when viewed from a vantage point of a black life-world?” (p. 8). Crucial though this question is—particularly at a moment when U.S. citizens are deeply divided across racial lines on a wide array of political issues—it remains largely neglected by political scientists. Michael Hanchard responds to this inattention by presenting a dazzling, learned tour of the contours of contemporary black political thought. Moving fluently from the local to the national to the hemispheric to the global and traversing disciplinary lines at the same time, Party/Politics has much to offer scholars in multiple fields, both within political science and beyond. At the risk of understating this larger contribution, this review will focus on the example it sets for the practice of political theory.
Scaling-variable distributions in high-energy inelastic neutrino interactions

We present measured distributions in the scaling variables $x$ and $y$ obtained from the reactions ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}({\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}})+\mathrm{nucleon}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+})+\mathrm{hadrons}$ at high energy. The $x$ distributions are consistent with scale invariance. The $x$ and $y$ distributions are used to perform the first test of charge-symmetry invariance in high-energy neutrino interactions, assuming the validity of scale invariance. A possible effective deviation from charge-symmetry invariance is observed, which could be the result of new particle production.
Combatting staff burn-out in a day care center: A case study

In a follow-up study on a research investigating the burnout syndrome in day care settings, the successful attempts of one day care center to combat burnout are presented. The status of the day care center prior to changes, the specific changes that were implemented, and the impact of those changes after six months are described in detail within the conceptual framework of the burnout research.
Silicon Surfaces as Electron Acceptors: Dative Bonding of Amines with Si(001) and Si(111) Surfaces

The bonding of the trimethylamine (TMA) and dimethylamine (DMA) with crystalline silicon surfaces has been investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and density-functional computational methods. XPS spectra show that TMA forms stable dative-bonded adducts on both Si(001) and Si(111) surfaces that are characterized by very high N(1s) binding energies of 402.2 eV on Si(001) and 402.4 eV on Si(111). The highly ionic nature of these adducts is further evidenced by comparison with other charge-transfer complexes and through computational chemistry studies. The ability to form these highly ionic charge-transfer complexes between TMA and silicon surfaces stems from the ability to delocalize the donated electron density between different types of chemically distinct atoms within the surface unit cells. Corresponding studies of DMA on Si(001) show only dissociative adsorption via cleavage of the N−H bond. These results show that the unique geometric structu...
On the implications of the classical ergodic theorems: analysis of developmental processes has to focus on intra-individual variation.

It is argued that general mathematical-statistical theorems imply that standard statistical analysis techniques of inter-individual variation are invalid to investigate developmental processes. Developmental processes have to be analyzed at the level of individual subjects, using time series data characterizing the patterns of intra-individual variation. It is shown that standard statistical techniques based on the analysis of inter-individual variation appear to be insensitive to the presence of arbitrary large degrees of inter-individual heterogeneity in the population. An important class of nonlinear epigenetic models of neural growth is described which can explain the occurrence of such heterogeneity in brain structures and behavior. Links with models of developmental instability are discussed. A simulation study based on a chaotic growth model illustrates the invalidity of standard analysis of inter-individual variation, whereas time series analysis of intra-individual variation is able to recover the true state of affairs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 60–69, 2008.
Handbook of prosocial education

The purpose of this two-volume handbook is to bring together a variety of school-based interventions and pedagogical approaches all aimed at enhancing prosocial behaviour in students under a single...
Influence of Drying Methods on Density and Porosity of Milk Powder Granules

Summary Gas and liquid displacement techniques were used to determine the true and apparent densities as well as the relative porosities of milk powder granules produced by various drying techniques. Using helium as the displacing gas, rapid penetration of conventional spray-dried, spray-dried foam and vacuum-dried foam particles was noted; all whole milk powders had true densities averaging 1.30 g/cm 3 . By this method, the measured true density of a commercial instantized skimmilk powder was 1.48 g/cm 3 . When hydrogen, nitrogen, decalin, or mercury was used as a displacing medium, data were obtained showing a wide variation in the porosity of particles produced by different drying techniques. It was concluded that conventional spray-dried material contained small amounts of occluded gas exchanged only with great difficulty, if at all. Spray-dried foam particles contain relatively large volumes of gas which can undergo exchange slowly and completely. The small quantities of trapped gas in vacuum foam-dried particles can undergo rapid and complete exchange.
Coalescence and Size Distribution Characteristics of Oil Droplets Attached on Flocs After Coagulation

The coalescence characteristics of oil droplets which are attached on flocs after coagulation is different from coalescence of droplets which are suspended in emulsions. The droplets attached on flocs are stationary and do not collide as those in emulsions. Objectives of this study were to investigate the change in size distribution of oil droplets that were attached on flocs after coagulation. The surface water–oil emulsion was prepared by mixing water, clay and ethyl benzene. Flocculation/coagulation experiments were conducted using standard jar test procedure and a polyelectrolyte. Microscopic images of flocs were taken at different times after the flocculation process and analyzed to characterize the changes in droplet size distribution as a result of coalescence and detachment of droplets from the flocs. Median droplet size increased during the first 40 h after the flocculation process and decreased after 45 h due to detachment of droplets from flocs. The number of droplets that were larger than 90 μm decreased over time. After 46 h, the flocs had very few oil droplets remaining attached and a significant fraction of the flocs settled to the bottom. Although the coalescence rate of oil droplets on flocs was slow, for oil–water separation applications, flocs should be removed from the solution as soon as possible to achieve higher separation efficiency of oil from the emulsion.
Function of a nontranscribed DNA strand site in transcription elongation

Abstract A prolonged pause in transcription elongation at positions +16 and +17 of the phage λ late gene operon has an important role in the modification of RNA polymerase by the λ gene Q transcription antiterminator. Mutations included in the transcription bubble of the paused transcription complex, particularly at +2 and +6, abolish pausing and the ability of Q protein to modify RNA polymerase. By transcribing heteroduplex templates made in vitro, we show that the sites identified by these mutations act through the nontranscribed strand of DNA. This result suggests unexpected regulatory functions of the nontranscribed DNA strand in transcription.
Alveolar plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 predicts ARDS in aspiration pneumonitis

Objective To test the hypothesis that alveolar plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) can identify patients with witnessed aspiration at risk for progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Automated computation of modified equations

Two ALTRAN programs for expanding a difference equations in a Taylor series are discussed. An application to the one-dimensional continuity equation is made.
Triphenylphosphonium-alloxan betaines

Alloxan and 1,3-dimethylalloxan react with triarylphosphines to generate zwitterionic adducts involving the phosphorus and the C-5 carbonyl oxygen atoms of alloxan. The adducts, unlike alloxan, did not induce permanent hyperglycemia but one analog did effect a transient rise in blood glucose.
Conservationism vs. preservationism: The “public interest” in the Hetch Hetchy controversy

The first national dispute between conservationists and preservationists occurred between 1901 and 1913 over the building of the Hetch Hetchy dam in Yosemite Park. Examination of the controversy not only reveals the character of the opponents' arguments, it also demonstrates the decisive role of their rival conceptions of the “public.”
EVOLUTION OF SECONDARY AND TWO‐YEAR COLLEGE TECH PREP PROGRAMS FROM THE ARTICULATION MOVEMENT

The federal funding of technical preparation/associate degree (TPAD) programs and local secondary/postsecondary consortia has pushed program articulation agreements to the forefront of vocational program development. A brief history of articulation is given, along with a description of the relationship of TPAD programs to articulation and definition of key terms used in the literature (advanced placement, advanced skills, and 2 + 2, and 2 + 2 + 2 articulation). The benefits of TPAD programs are listed, and recommendations are made with regard to the steps that must be taken to realize these benefits.
Activation of diverse pathways to apoptosis by 125IdUrd and γ‐photon exposure

Purpose: To delineate the mechanisms underlying induction of apoptosis in malignant cells irradiated by DNA‐incorporated iodine‐125 or γ‐photons.Materials and methods: Human tumor cells (RKO, LS174T, TE671, and MCF7) were irradiated by DNA‐incorporated 5‐[125I]iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (125IdUrd) or by γ‐photons. Clonogenic survival was determined by the colony‐forming assay. Caspase‐3 induction was measured with a fluorogenic substrate assay, and DNA fragmentation was determined by ligation‐mediated polymerase chain reaction. DNA arrays were used to assess the expression of the B‐cell lymphoma/leukaemia‐2 (Bcl‐2) family and related genes in RKO cells and in caspase‐3‐gene‐defective MCF7 cells.Results: After 125IdUrd or γ‐photon exposure, the highest induction of caspase‐3 was observed in the radiation‐sensitive cell lines (RKO and LS174T). DNA fragmentation was prominent in the radiosensitive cells and undetectable in TE671 (125IdUrd and γ‐photons) and MCF7 (125IdUrd only) cells. Exposure of RKO and MCF7 cell...
On the linear finite element approximation for two-point boundary value problems

In this paper, we present a modified Galerkin approximation for two-point boundary value problems of divergence type: −(ddx)(a(x)dudx) + c(x)u = f(x), 0 < x < 1. Then a linear finite element approximation of the fourth order at mesh nodes is obtained and proved. For the case that a(x) is singular, this method combined with a special finite element space (cf. Marchuk, 1982; Osborn, 1993) also gives us a fourth-order approximation at the mesh nodes. Some numerical comparisons for this method are given for a(x) being both smooth and singular.
Design of Amphiphilic Protein Maquettes: Controlling Assembly, Membrane Insertion, and Cofactor Interactions†

We have designed polypeptides combining selected lipophilic (LP) and hydrophilic (HP) sequences that assemble into amphiphilic (AP) α-helical bundles to reproduce key structure characteristics and functional elements of natural membrane proteins. The principal AP maquette (AP1) developed here joins 14 residues of a heme binding sequence from a structured diheme-four-α-helical bundle (HP1), with 24 residues of a membrane-spanning LP domain from the natural four-α-helical M2 channel of the influenza virus, through a flexible linking sequence (GGNG) to make a 42 amino acid peptide. The individual AP1 helices (without connecting loops) assemble in detergent into four-α-helical bundles as observed by analytical ultracentrifugation. The helices are oriented parallel as indicated by interactions typical of adjacent hemes. AP1 orients vectorially at nonpolar−polar interfaces and readily incorporates into phospholipid vesicles with >97% efficiency, although most probably without vectorial bias. Mono- and diheme−AP...
Effects of evening bright light exposure on melatonin, body temperature and sleep

Five male subjects were exposed to a single 2-h period of bright (2500 lux) or dim (<100 lux) light prior to sleep on two consecutive nights. The two conditions were repeated the following week in opposite order. Bright light significantly suppressed salivary melatonin and raised rectal temperature 0.3 degrees C (which remained elevated during the first 1.5 h of sleep), without affecting tympanic temperature. Bright light also increased REM latency, NREM period length, EEG spectral power in low frequency, 0.75-8 Hz and sigma, 12-14 Hz (sleep spindle) bandwidths during the first hour of sleep, and power of all frequency bands (0.5-32 Hz) within the first NREMP. Potentiation of EEG slow wave activity (0.5-4.0 Hz) by bright light persisted through the end of the second NREMP. The enhanced low-frequency power and delayed REM sleep after bright light exposure could represent a circadian phase-shift and/or the effect of an elevated rectal temperature, possibly mediated by the suppression of melatonin.