cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promotion of Breastfeeding by a Multidisciplinary Task Force in a Pediatric Hospital

Abstract With the national initiative to increase breastfeeding rates and the growing evidence that breast milk is the preferred feeding for infants, our hospital sponsored the University of California at Los Angeles Lactation Educator course in 1995. The hospital does not employ a board certified lactation consultant; the course enabled 6 dietitians and 3 nurses to receive additional training and certification. This core group of people began to meet along with a nurse from Educational Services, to work on activities related to breastfeeding. The task force has grown to about 20 members. In August each year posters have been placed in public areas for World Breastfeeding Week, as well as table tents in the cafeteria. Also in 1997 a laminated index card was developed, especially for pediatric residents. This card outlines successful breastfeeding, location of rooms for pumping, and phone numbers for resource people. Data on use of the pumping rooms has been collected on an ongoing basis for about 3 years. This data plus efforts by key people in these areas has made it possible to increase from 3 to 6 areas for pumping. Members of this group have defined items to be available in each room, along with a classic pump. In late 1997 an unused shower room was also designated for pumping. Use of this room, primarily by staff, has gone from 77 times in February 1998 to 95 times in March. In 1997 this group also presented a segment of the required one-day, annual education for all nursing staff. Group members will present Nursing Grand Rounds in August 1998. Evaluation tools include post test questions from the inservice training, data on room use, and comments from families and staff, which have been more positive than even expected.
Characterization of canine T-lymphocyte subpopulations: The detection of Tμ and Tγ lymphocytes with homologous and heterologous immunoglobulins and the requirements for Fc receptor expression

Abstract Erythrocyte antibody (EA) rosette techniques employing sheep red blood cells sensitized with canine (homologous) and rabbit (heterologous) IgM and IgG antibodies were used to determine the number of cells with Fc receptors for IgM (Tμ) and IgG (Tγ) among T lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood and lymph nodes of dogs. The percentages of Tμ and Tγ lymphocytes detected were found to be independent of the species origin of sensitizing antibody. Among peripheral blood T lymphocytes there were 53.0 ± 2.7% Tμ cells and 18.4 ± 3.6% Tγ cells. T lymphocytes obtained from lymph nodes were 62.1 ± 5.4% Tγ and 15.7 ± 2.6% Tγ. The number of Tμ cells detected increased from 20.0% when freshly isolated to 49.1 ± 4.1% after in vitro culture for 2–16 hr. The expression of the Fc-μ receptor in culture was inhibited by cycloheximide, demonstrating a requirement for active protein synthesis. In contrast, the number of Tγ lymphocytes detected did not vary between freshly isolated cells and those which had been cultured for 16 hr. Expression of the Fc-γ receptor during this time period was not inhibited by cycloheximide.
Orientation relationships between complex low symmetry oxides: Geometric criteria and interface structure for yttrium aluminate eutectics

Abstract Solidified eutectics of yttrium–aluminum perovskite (YAP)–yttrium–aluminum monoclinic (YAM) and YAM–yttria were observed by transmission electron microscopy and by optical microscopy. Orientation relationships (ORs), interphase boundary orientations and some boundary structures were determined and compared to those predicted by various geometric criteria. Six ORs were found in YAP–YAM and two were found in YAM–yttria. Near-coincidence site lattices (NCSLs) were calculated for each eutectic. OR predictions based on NCSL energy minimization were compared to NCSLs for the observed ORs. Predictions by symmetry overlap criteria and the edge-to-edge model were also compared to observations. All common ORs had coincident low-index real-space lattice vectors that were consistent with predictions of the edge-to-edge model. Three of these ORs had matching planes cozonal with the coincident real-space directions that were consistent with the edge-to-edge model. Issues with application of geometric criteria to interphase boundaries between complex, low symmetry materials are discussed.
Nucleotide sequence of yeast LEU2 shows 5'-noncoding region has sequences cognate to leucine

Abstract The LEU2 structural gene and its regulatory sequences were isolated on a 2200 bp Xho I-Sal I fragment. Sequencing of the 5′-noncoding region showed that at −151 there is an open reading frame of 23 codons of which six are for leucine. The leucine codon usage in this reading frame follows exactly that of other yeast genes. At the carboxyterminal end and immediately after the peptide reading frame, a 14 bp hairpin (followed by a T-rich segment) can form in the putative mRNA; this arrangement closely resembles an RNA polymerase terminator. These and other features suggest a model for regulation. Preceding this is a gene (which starts at −463) for tRNA 3 Leu , the major tRNA Leu isoacceptor. RNA polymerase III transcription start and termination signals flank 5′ and 3′ ends, respectively, of the structural gene. The features noted above are in the same DNA strand that codes for the LEU2 gene product.
Prognostic factors in patients with subdiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease

Between April 1969 and December 1980, 329 patients with pathologically staged IA-IIB Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. Twenty-five (7.6 per cent) of these patients presented with inguinal-femoral or superficial iliac adenopathy and had disease limited to below the diaphragm. In addition 11 patients presented with intra-abdominal masses and Hodgkin's disease was diagnosed on laparotomy. The median age, histologic subtypes, and actuarial relapse free and overall survival of patients with peripheral adenopathy limited to below the diaphragm were similar to patients with supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease. Patients with disease limited to the pelvic or inguinal-femoral nodes were treated with pelvic and para-aortic irradiation alone. Staging laparotomy identified those patients with para-aortic or splenic involvement and these patients were treated with total nodal irradiation or combined modality treatment. The small group of patients who presented with intra-abdominal disease without peripheral adenopathy was older, had a predominance of lymphocyte depleted histology, and had a worse prognosis than the other patients described.
Multiple ion isolation applications in FT-ICR MS: exact-mass MSn internal calibration and purification/interrogation of protein-drug complexes.

Two new applications using multiple ion isolations in the cell of a Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source are described. A procedure that uses multiple ion isolations of an analyte and calibrants for internal calibration at each stage in a MSn experiment, under high-resolution exact-mass conditions, for structural characterization/elucidation of angiotensin I and rapamycin is illustrated. Fragment ion mass accuracies <1.0 ppm are demonstrated and routinely achieved. Purification of a mixture is illustrated by isolating multiple charge states of a protein−drug complex from residual protein for further MSn studies to elucidate the site of covalent drug bonding using IRMPD for a mixture of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) protein and EGFr−drug complex. The procedure developed for multiple ion isolations is referred to as multi-CHEF, multiple correlated harmonic excitation fields, in which tailored waveforms are used to notch out mul...
Geologic evolution of the Martian dichotomy in the Ismenius area of Mars and implications for plains magnetization

[1] The origin of the Martian dichotomy, which divides highlands from lowlands, is unknown. We examine a section of the dichotomy (50–90E) defined by steep scarps and normal faults. Stratigraphy and age relationships preclude the formation of the 2.5 km high boundary via erosion. The abrupt disappearance of topographic knobs ∼300–500 km to the northeast is interpreted as a buried fault. Alignment of the buried fault with grabens, stratigraphy, and age determinations using crater counts indicate that the lowland bench is down faulted highlands crust. The estimated local strain (3.5%) and fault pattern are broadly consistent with gravitational relaxation of a plateau boundary. Magnetic and gravity anomalies occur on either side of the buried fault. Admittance analysis indicates isostatic compensation. Although nonunique, a model with a 10 km thick intracrustal block under the lowland bench, a 20 km thick block under the plains, and an excess density of 200 kg/m3 provides a good fit to the isostatic anomaly. A good fit to a profile of the magnetic field perpendicular to the dichotomy is produced using uniformly polarized intracrustal blocks 10–20 km thick, an intensity of 6 Am/m, a field inclination of −30°, and gaps aligned with the isostatic anomalies. One interpretation is that high-density intrusions demagnetized the crust after dynamo cessation and that low-lying magnetized areas could be down faulted highlands crust. Another model (inclination of 30°) has magnetized crust beneath the isostatic anomalies, separated by gaps. The gaps could result from hydrothermal alteration of the crust along fault zones.
The role of disparities and socioeconomic factors in access to kidney transplantation and its outcome

ABSTRACTBackground: Research focused on identifying vulnerable populations and revealing specific risk factors for barriers along the pathway from ESRD to kidney transplantation has been mostly descriptive and the causes of existing disparities remain unclear. However, several socio-economic factors that are associated with the access to and the outcome of the kidney transplantation have been identified. Summary: While the presence of racial, gender, and geographic disparities is noted, we were interested mostly to describe potential socio-economic factors associated with and possibly responsible for the presence of such disparities. In this review we focused on five factors: education level, employment status, income, presence of substance addiction or abuse, and marital status. We describe the new method to quantify patients' socio-economic status and identify the group of high risk in terms of the transplant outcome, easily calculated social adaptability index, previously associated with clinical outco...
Complementary Expression of Two Plastid-Localized ς-Like Factors in Maize

The eubacterial-like RNA polymerase of plastids is composed of organelle-encoded core subunits and nuclear-encoded ς-factors. Families of ς-like factors (SLFs) have been identified in several plants, including maize (Zea mays) and Arabidopsis. In vitro import assays determined that at least two of the maize ς-like proteins have functional chloroplast transit peptides and thus are likely candidates for chloroplast transcriptional regulators. However, the roles of individual SLFs in chloroplast transcription remain to be determined. We have raised antibodies against the unique amino-terminal domains of two maize SLFs, ZmSig1 and ZmSig3, and have used these specific probes to examine the accumulation of each protein in different maize tissues and during chloroplast development. The expression of ZmSig1 is tissue specific and parallels the light-activated chloroplast development program in maize seedling leaves. Its accumulation in mature chloroplasts however, is not affected by subsequent changes in the light regime. It is interesting that the expression profile of ZmSig3 is complementary to that of ZmSig1. It accumulates in non-green tissues, including roots, etiolated seedling leaves, and the basal region of greening seedling leaves. The nonoverlapping expression patterns of these two plastid-localized SLFs suggest that they may direct differential expression of plastid genes during chloroplast development.
Human factors in telemanipulation: perspectives from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory experience

Personnel at the Robotics and Process Systems Division (RPSD) of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory have extensive experience designing, building, and operating teleoperators for a variety of settings, including space, battlefields, nuclear fuel reprocessing plants, and hazardous waste retrieval. In the course of the last decade and a half, the RPSD designed, built, and operated 4 telemanipulators (M-2, ASM, LTM, CESAR arm) and operated another half dozen (M-8, Model 50, TOS SM-229, RM-10, PaR 5000, BilArm 83A). During this period, human factors professionals have been closely integrated with RPSD design teams, investigating telemanipulator feedback and feed forward, designing cockpits and control rooms, training users and designers, and helping to develop performance specifications for telemanipulators. This paper presents a brief review of this and other work, with an aim towards providing perspectives on some of the human factors aspects of telemanipulation.
Application of magnetically-broadened hydrogenic line profiles to computational modeling of a plasma experiment

Abstract Magnetically-broadened hydrogenic line profiles are used, in conjunction with a non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) code, to model an optically thick phenomenon in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak fusion experiment. The line profiles, including magnetic field effects as well as Doppler and Stark broadening, have been calculated using Beline and are used in Cretin, a multi-dimensional NLTE radiation transfer code, to study the influence of a magnetic field on emergent spectrum. A midplane Alcator C-Mod multifaceted axisymmetric radiation from the edge (MARFE), in which the magnetic field strength was changed dynamically from 5.4 T down to 2.7 T , is simulated and compared with experimental data. Assuming hydrodynamic and radiative equilibrium, MARFE simulations are performed in one-dimension with fixed plasma density and temperature profiles. Magnetic broadening effects on the brightness of optically thick Lyman series lines are quantified.
Quantifying the Potential of Program Analysis Peripherals

Tools such as multi-threaded data race detectors, memory bounds checkers, dynamic type analyzers, data flight recorders, and various performance profilers are becoming increasingly vital aids to software developers. Rather than performing all the instrumentation and analysis on the main processor, we exploit the fact that increasingly high-throughput board level interconnect is available on many systems, a fact we use to offload analysis to an off-chip accelerator. We characterize the potential of such a system to both accelerate existing software development tools and enable a new class of heavyweight tools. There are many non-trivial technical issues in taking such an approach that may not appear in simulation, and to flush them out we have developed a prototype system that maps a DMA based analysis engine, sitting on a PCI-mounted FPGA, into the Valgrind instrumentation framework. With our novel instrumentation methods, we demonstrate that program analysis speedups of 29% to 440% could be achieved today with strictly off-the-shelf components on some of the state-of-the-art tools, and we carefully quantify the bottlenecks to illuminate several new opportunities for further architectural innovation.
Understanding CHOKe: throughput and spatial characteristics

A recently proposed active queue management, CHOKe, is stateless, simple to implement, yet surprisingly effective in protecting TCP from UDP flows. We present an equilibrium model of TCP/CHOKe. We prove that, provided the number of TCP flows is large, the UDP bandwidth share peaks at (e+1)/sup -1/=0.269 when UDP input rate is slightly larger than link capacity, and drops to zero as UDP input rate tends to infinity. We clarify the spatial characteristics of the leaky buffer under CHOKe that produce this throughput behavior. Specifically, we prove that, as UDP input rate increases, even though the total number of UDP packets in the queue increases, their spatial distribution becomes more and more concentrated near the tail of the queue, and drops rapidly to zero toward the head of the queue. In stark contrast to a nonleaky FIFO buffer where UDP bandwidth shares would approach 1 as its input rate increases without bound, under CHOKe, UDP simultaneously maintains a large number of packets in the queue and receives a vanishingly small bandwidth share, the mechanism through which CHOKe protects TCP flows.
Fast incremental netlist compilation of hierarchical schematics

Fast incremental techniques for maintaining and quickly updating the net list underlying a hierarchical schematic design are presented. For most user modifications the net list can be incrementally updated in a fraction of the time required using batch compilation techniques, often with no perceivable delay to the user. As a side result, the incremental net list compiler yields a list of affected electrical nodes that can be used to guide an incremental simulator which resimulates only the affected region of the circuit. >
Overexpression of the Xenopus tight-junction protein claudin causes randomization of the left-right body axis.

This study presents Xenopus claudin (Xcla), a tight-junction protein that is abundantly expressed in eggs and neuroectodermal precursors during early development. It was isolated via a differential screen for mRNAs enriched in microsomes in the Xenopus blastula. The Xcla protein contains four transmembrane domains and a carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic region with a putative PDZ-binding site. We show that this PDZ-binding site of Xcla is critical for its correct localization on the cell membrane and that a truncated form leads to delocalization of the tight-junction protein ZO-1. Overexpression of Xcla causes changes in the cell adhesion properties of blastomeres and leads to visceral situs randomization. The results suggest that left‐right axial patterning is very sensitive to changes in regulation of cell‐ cell interactions and implicate a tight-junction protein in the determination of left‐right asymmetry. © 2001 Academic Press
Accelerating iterators in optimizing AST interpreters

Generators offer an elegant way to express iterators. However, their performance has always been their Achilles heel and has prevented widespread adoption. We present techniques to efficiently implement and optimize generators. We have implemented our optimizations in ZipPy, a modern, light-weight AST interpreter based Python 3 implementation targeting the Java virtual machine. Our implementation builds on a framework that optimizes AST interpreters using just-in-time compilation. In such a system, it is crucial that AST optimizations do not prevent subsequent optimizations. Our system was carefully designed to avoid this problem. We report an average speedup of 3.58x for generator-bound programs. As a result, using generators no longer has downsides and programmers are free to enjoy their upsides.
Lack of a common or characteristic cytogenetic anomaly in solitary fibrous tumor

Solitary fibrous tumor is a mesenchymal tumor that was initially described as a pleural-based lesion, but later was discovered in many other locations. The light-microscopic appearance of solitary fibrous tumor may overlap with other diagnostic entities; however, consistent tumor cell CD34 immunoreactivity is useful in establishing the diagnosis. Limited data suggest that solitary fibrous tumors are karyotypically diverse, and no common or characteristic anomaly has yet emerged for this entity. Cytogenetic analysis of two solitary fibrous tumors, one peritoneal and the other arising in the liver, revealed predominantly structural abnormalities in the former and numerical imbalances in the latter. Clonal karyotypic abnormalities were lacking in three additional solitary fibrous tumors.
Can gravitation have a finite range

No acceptable tensor gravitational theory with arbitrarily long but finite range exists. In linear approximation, the infinite-range limit is a scalar-tensor mixture implying an effective matter-matter coupling different from the strictly infinite-range prediction and contradicted by experiment. Compensation of the scalar requires the admixture of a ghost scalar coupling. In the massive version of the full Einstein theory, (a) there are necessarily six rather than the five tensor degrees of freedom, (b) the energy has no lower bound, (c) the infinite-range limit seems not to exist at all, and (d) lowest-order forces are the same as in the massive linearized theory.
Effectiveness of Chlorine Dispensers in Emergencies: Case Study Results from Haiti, Sierra Leone, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Senegal

Dispensers are a source-based water quality intervention with promising uptake results in development contexts. Dispenser programs include a tank of chlorine with a dosing valve that is installed next to a water source, a local Promoter who conducts community education and refills the Dispenser, and chlorine refills. In collaboration with response organizations, we assessed the effectiveness of Dispensers in four emergency situations. In the three initial and four sustained response phase evaluations, 70 Dispenser sites were visited, 2057 household surveys were conducted, and 1676 water samples were analyzed. Across the evaluations, reported Dispenser use ranged from 9 to 97%, confirmed Dispenser use (as measured by free chlorine residual) ranged from 5 to 87%, and effective use (as measured by improvement in household water quality to meet international standards) ranged from 0 to 81%. More effective Dispenser interventions installed Dispensers at point-sources, maintained a high-quality chlorine solution manufacturing and distribution chain, maintained Dispenser hardware, integrated Dispensers projects within larger water programs, remunerated Promoters, had experienced project staff, worked with local partners to implement the project, conducted ongoing monitoring, and had a project sustainability plan. Our results indicate that Dispensers can be, but are not always, an appropriate strategy to reduce the risk of waterborne diseases in emergencies.
Unit Shearing Events in Plasticity of Amorphous Silicon

Plasticity in amorphous silicon (a-Si) as modeled by the Stillinger-Weber (SW) potential was investigated using structure relaxation by potential energy minimization. Irreversible stress drops in the observed mechanical response are the source of plastic deformation in this model directionally bonded material. Every such stress drop was found to be accompanied by atomic rearrangements that give evidence of the existence of unit inelastic shearing events that are characteristic of a-Si and account for plasticity in this material.
Dynamic Film Composition Transition Phenomena in the Copper Oxide Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) Studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem)

In this report, the impact of deposition temperature variation on the evolution of film morphology and microstructure was studied. In the copper oxide metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) process, a temperature gradient was created on the substrate surface. By using a specific design of the heating susceptor, the local temperature of the leading edge (upstream) on the substrate surface was maintained at 70°C lower than the temperature of the ending (downstream) edge. The evolution of local composition and microstructure in deposited films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and SEM. From XPS and XRD results, Cu2O rich phase was deposited at the low temperature area, while CuO rich phase was deposited at the high temperature area. These two areas were divided by a phase intermixing (transition) zone of 40-100 ums wide. The temperature of this abrupt Cu2O-≥CuO deposition product transition was determined to be 390°C -400°C. As indicated by SEM results, the low temperature favorite Cu2O continuous phase, collapsed into coarse grains (with the scale of 10 urn) first, then became fine grains among channels of CuO phase, and finally diminished into the high temperature favorite CuO continuous phase. Spatially resolved XPS results also indicated that the film composition changed abruptly through the transition zone. A nucleation-growth competition mechanism, between the Cu2O rich phase and the CuO rich phase, was suggested to occur in this zone. In this model, this dynamic deposition product transition is interpreted by the temperature dependency of nucleation rates for the specific CuO phase or Cu2O phase.
Regulation of hepatic LDL metabolism in the guinea pig by dietary fat and cholesterol.

Studies were carried out to determine the indepen- dent and interactive effects of dietary fat and cholesterol on the regulation of hepatic apoB/E receptor expression and its rela- tionship to hepatic cholesterol concentrations and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle characteristics. Guinea pigs were fed 15% (w/w) .fat diets (lard, olive oil, or corn oil) with cholesterol levels corresponding to absorbed intakes of 6 (basal), 50, 100, or 200% endogenous cholesterol synthesis. Guinea pigs main- tained stable plasma cholesterol levels until cholesterol intake equaled or exceeded endogenous synthesis (P corn oil, with olive oil being intermediate (P < 0.05). Hepatic membrane apoB/E receptor number (Bmu) decreased as dietary cholesterol increased (P < 0.001) without an independent effect of dietary fat saturation. B,,, values were significantly correlated with plasma LDL cholesterol levels (r = -0.632), and with hepatic free (7 = 0.527) and esterified cholesterol (Y = -0.512) concentrations, which were both in- creased with dietary cholesterol (P < 0.001). significant interac- tions between dietary fat type and cholesterol mediated the ex- tent of hepatic free and esterified cholesterol accumulation. Dietary fat and cholesterol interactions also contributed to changes in LDL particle composition and peak density. a The results of these studies do not support the thesis that dietary cholesterol-mediated suppression of apoB/E receptor expression is ameliorated by intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Dietary fat type and cholesterol amount interactively affect hepatic cholesterol concentrations and LDL composition and size, which in part determine plasma LDL cholesterol levels.-Lin, E. C. K., M. L. Fernandez, M. A. Tosca, and D. J. McNamara. Regulation of hepatic LDL metabolism in the guinea pig by dietary fat and cholesterol. J Lipid Res. 1994. 35: 446-457.
NOTES ON DIANTHIDIUM SIMILE (CRESSON) (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE) IN MICHIGAN

Dianthidium simile (Cresson) is a small ground-nesting megachilid bee restricted to sandy areas in Michigan, often bordering lakeshores. Females dig their nests in sand, at the base of dried clumps of grass. Nests are small clusters of cells, formed from conifer resin and sand grains, with each 1-1.5 cm in length by 8.5 mm in diameter. Collection records and field observations indicate a flight period from late June to early September. This is the first report on the behavior of this species.
A population of deletion mutants and an integrated mapping and exome-seq pipeline for gene discovery in maize

To better understand maize endosperm filling and maturation, we used γ-irradiation of the B73 maize reference line to generate mutants with opaque endosperm and reduced kernel fill phenotypes, and created a population of 1788 lines including 39 Mo17 × F2s showing stable, segregating, and viable kernel phenotypes. For molecular characterization of the mutants, we developed a novel functional genomics platform that combined bulked segregant RNA and exome sequencing (BSREx-seq) to map causative mutations and identify candidate genes within mapping intervals. To exemplify the utility of the mutants and provide proof-of-concept for the bioinformatics platform, we present detailed characterization of line 937, an opaque mutant harboring a 6203 bp in-frame deletion covering six exons within the Opaque-1 gene. In addition, we describe mutant line 146 which contains a 4.8 kb intragene deletion within the Sugary-1 gene and line 916 in which an 8.6 kb deletion knocks out a Cyclin A2 gene. The publically available algorithm developed in this work improves the identification of causative deletions and its corresponding gaps within mapping peaks. This study demonstrates the utility of γ-irradiation for forward genetics in large nondense genomes such as maize since deletions often affect single genes. Furthermore, we show how this classical mutagenesis method becomes applicable for functional genomics when combined with state-of-the-art genomics tools.
Knife-edge scanning microscopy for in silico study of cerebral blood flow: From biological imaging data to flow simulations

Knife-edge scanning microscopy provides the capability to image whole-brain cerebral microvasculature of small organisms, such as mice, at sub-micron resolution, providing a feasible foundation for the reconstruction of circulatory pathways from the systemic to cellular scale. In this paper, we illustrate the feasibility of using this data to model cerebral blood flow using numerical simulations. Starting with a small vascular element in microcirculation of interest, we present its segmentation from the imaging-data volume, construction of its triangular surface mesh, assembly of its tetrahedral volumetric mesh from the surface, and then conclude with Stokes flow simulation of plasma through the microvascular vessel.
Landmark classification in large-scale image collections

With the rise of photo-sharing websites such as Facebook and Flickr has come dramatic growth in the number of photographs online. Recent research in object recognition has used such sites as a source of image data, but the test images have been selected and labeled by hand, yielding relatively small validation sets. In this paper we study image classification on a much larger dataset of 30 million images, including nearly 2 million of which have been labeled into one of 500 categories. The dataset and categories are formed automatically from geotagged photos from Flickr, by looking for peaks in the spatial geotag distribution corresponding to frequently-photographed landmarks. We learn models for these landmarks with a multiclass support vector machine, using vector-quantized interest point descriptors as features. We also explore the non-visual information available on modern photo-sharing sites, showing that using textual tags and temporal constraints leads to significant improvements in classification rate. We find that in some cases image features alone yield comparable classification accuracy to using text tags as well as to the performance of human observers.
Oceanic Origins of Historical Southwest Asia Precipitation During the Boreal Cold Season

AbstractWhile a strong influence on cold season southwest Asia precipitation by Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) has been previously established, the scarcity of southwest Asia precipitation observations prior to 1960 renders the region’s long-term precipitation history largely unknown. Here a large ensemble of atmospheric model simulations forced by observed time-varying boundary conditions for 1901–2012 is used to examine the long-term sensitivity of November–April southwest Asia precipitation to Pacific SSTs. It is first established that the models are able to reproduce the key features of regional variability during the best-observed 1960–2005 period and then the pre-1960 variability is investigated using the model simulations.During the 1960–2005 period, both the mean precipitation and the two leading modes of precipitation variability during November–April are reasonably simulated by the atmospheric models, which include the previously identified relationships with El Nino–Southern Oscillatio...
Exploring Perceived Barriers to Medication Adherence and the Use of Mobile Technology in Underserved Patients With Chronic Conditions

Background and Objective:Evidence suggests that the prevalence of medication nonadherence is greater in medically underserved, low-income communities. There is paucity of qualitative data examining...
Advocating for Patient Care Literacy

The value of the arts and humanities in becoming an "educated" pharmacist is reviewed in this commentary. The term "patient care literacy" is defined as becoming a more humane pharmacist. This implies not only using heads but HARTSS (humanities, arts and social sciences) for developing the necessary skills. A conceptual framework for curricular reform that focuses on using the arts and humanities is proposed for advancing patient care literacy. Methods for enhancing use of arts and humanities for developing pharmacy graduates is specifically proposed. The need for more empiric research to demonstrate the value of the arts and humanities in developing a patient care literate professional is highlighted.
CNV Neurons Are Rare in Aged Human Neocortex

Megabase-scale somatic copy number variants (CNVs) alter allelic diversity in a subset of human neocortical neurons. Reported frequencies of CNV neurons range from ~5% of neurons in some individuals to greater than 30% in other individuals. Genome-wide and familial studies implicitly assume a constant brain genome when assessing the genetic risk architecture of neurological disease, thus it is critical to determine whether divergent reports of CNV neuron frequency reflect normal individual variation or technical differences between approaches. We generated a new dataset of over 800 human neurons from 5 neurotypical individuals and developed a computational approach that measures single cell library quality based on Bayesian Information Criterion and identifies integer-like variant segments from population-level statistics. A brain CNV atlas was assembled using our new dataset and published data from 10 additional neurotypical individuals. This atlas reveals that the frequency of neocortical CNV neurons varies widely among individuals, but that this variability is not readily accounted for by tissue quality or CNV detection approach. Rather, the age of the individual is anti-correlated with CNV neuron frequency. Fewer CNV neurons are observed in aged individuals than young individuals.
Mortality in Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap in the United States.

OBJECTIVES Asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap (ACO) is recognized increasingly as a distinct clinical entity and is associated with higher comorbidities compared with patients with asthma and COPD alone. Little is known about the leading causes of death related to ACO in the US general population, however. Our aim was to define the causes of mortality among patients with ACO compared with asthma and COPD in the US population. METHODS We examined questions using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III database linked to the National Death Index. The data from 4434 participants were stratified into 4 groups, those with asthma, COPD, ACO, and those without any obstructive lung disease. We examined baseline demographics and used multivariate logistic regression to model the impact of demographics, smoking, and self-reported, physician-diagnosed lung disease on mortality generating odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Among 4434 participants, 120 (2.7%), 340 (7.6%), and 126 (2.8%) participants self-reported diagnoses of asthma, COPD, and ACO syndrome, respectively. Patients with COPD were older (69.7 ± 10.9 years) than other groups. Cardiovascular disease, malignancy, and chronic lower respiratory disease were frequent causes of death. The mortality rates for cardiovascular disease and malignancy were not significantly different among respiratory disease categories. Deaths resulting from chronic respiratory disease were higher in the ACO group (OR 4.9, 95% CI 2.5-9.4) and the COPD group (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.5-5.4) when compared with those without obstructive lung disease (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Although cardiovascular- and malignancy-related deaths are common, a higher proportion of mortality in ACO and COPD is attributed to chronic lung disease.
The Compounding and Vulcanization of Rubber

In the rubber industry, the problem of selecting the basic raw materials for the preparation of a specific commercial product usually is assigned to the compounder. Traditionally, the compounder has been a trained chemist or chemical engineer. This background is necessary since some of the processes involve complicated chemical reactions, of which vulcanization is the most important. In addition, chemical analysis of the raw materials and of the completed products may be required. Thus this knowledge is necessary in order to select the proper test methods.
Protein kinase C in cell growth and differentiation.

It has been shown that human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL601 and acute myeloblastic leukemia cell line KG-12 can be induced to terminally differentiate to macrophage-like cells by 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Because TPA is a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC) and the enzyme is the only known high affinity receptor for the tumor promoter3, it is likely that the TPA effects are PKC-dependent. TPA, however, is ineffective in inducing differentiation of a HL60 subline HL60BII4 and a KG-1 subline KG-1a5. The molecular mechanisms underlying the responsiveness or resistance to the differentiating effect of TPA remain unclear. The density and affinity of cell surface receptors for phorbol ester appear to be uninvolved, because there are no significant differences in the binding properties of phorbol ester between KG-1 and KG-1a cells6 or between HL60 and HL60BII cells4. The post-receptor events that occur after binding of TPA to the plasma membrane PKC, which might be distinct for the sublines, perhaps are critical in determining the sensitivity of cells to the differentiating effect of TPA. In this paper we summarize our recent studies on the PKC system in these and other cell lines as well as in developing nervous tissues, aiming to elucidate a role of PKC in cell growth and differentiation.
The Prevention of Sexual Disorders: An Overview

While human sexuality has long been the subject of intense interest, particularly in its prescriptive and prescriptive aspects, only in the past 100 years has it become an area of legitimate scientific inquiry. Prior to that time, interest in sexuality centered on sexual instincts and sexual deviations (Ellenberger, 1970), but the work of von Krafft-Ebing, Ellis, and Freud, the three major figures who dominated the study of sexuality at the turn of the century, set the stage for the systematic study of this most controversial area of human behavior and experience. Their pioneering example has continued to the present, and in the past 25 years there has been a rapid expansion in our knowledge and understanding of human sexual behavior, so much so that no single researcher can encompass the entire field. Major contributions to this progress have come from a variety of different sources and fields, each lending its own perspective to the vast range of sexual experience and its attendant disorders. This period has witnessed the investigation of the range of sexual behavior in our own culture (Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948; Kinsey, Pomeroy, Martin, & Gebhard, 1953) and of widely variant cultures (Ford & Beach, 1951; Marshall & Suggs, 1971), of the physiology of the human sexual response (Masters & Johnson, 1966), of new measures of sexual arousal (Zuckerman, 1971; Barlow, 1977; Hoon, Wincze, & Hoon, 1976), of biological contributions to gender identity (Money & Ehrhardt, 1972), and of gender identity formation (Money & Ehrhardt, 1972; Green & Money, 1969; Green, 1974), to name but a few of the most recent developments.
Estimation of plant health in a sorghum field infected with anthracnose using a fixed-wing unmanned aerial system

ABSTRACTDiseases cause enormous losses of yield and quality for crop producers worldwide. To meet future food demands, crops are bred for resistance to as many of these maladies as possible. One su...
Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Treatment for Overactive Bladder in a Racially Diverse Population.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate differences in prevalence, overactive bladder (OAB) risk factors, and OAB treatment in a diverse population of underrepresented racial/ethnic groups. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of women ≥ 18 years who had an OAB diagnosis code from June 1, 2013 to June 30, 2016. Women who had neurogenic bladder or pelvic cancer were excluded. OAB risk factors included age, body mass index, socioeconomic status, diabetes, and smoking. OAB treatment included consultation with a specialist, diagnostic testing, medication, and third-line therapy (neuromodulation or chemodennervation). ANOVA and Chi-square were used to compare continuous and categorical variables. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to examine the association between racial/ethnic groups and OAB management while controlling for risk factors. Results OAB prevalence was 4.41% (5407/122,606) and was highest in Hispanic women. Black and Hispanic women were significantly younger, had a higher median body mass index, higher rate of diabetes, and lower socioeconomic status compared to White women. There was no racial difference in OAB prescriptions. Black women were less likely to consult with a specialist in multivariable analysis. Conclusion OAB prevalence and presence of OAB risk factors was highest in Hispanic and Black women. Black women were less likely to consult with a specialist suggesting that Black women receive initial therapy from primary care physicians. Future studies will evaluate if racial differences in OAB treatment are due to patient preference or provider practices.
Violence in the Workplace—A Review with Recommendations

Workplace violence is a serious, growing and costly problem for American business and industry. In spite of the scope of the problem managers have been slow to respond, in fact appear to be in a state of denial. Profiles of both perpetuators and victims of workplace violence have been developed, but these profiles are so inclusive as to include almost everyone. Many causes have been recognized, most of which are related to stress. The courts offer only limited assistance; in fact, some laws limit tests and measures that might help identify violent employment candidates and employees. There are recommended courses of action intended to prevent workplace violence but little assurance that they can prevent it. Most of these approaches address the root causes of violence by focusing on stress.
Law, Religion and Human Rights: A Historical Protestant Perspective

The author discusses the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation as a human rights movement. The Reformation not only laid the groundwork for religious human rights but also created the platform for the more expansive conceptions of individual liberty that shaped the political de-velopment of the West. The continuing importance of the churches in the human rights movement is affirmed.
The development and testing of Navy jet fuel (JP-5) surrogates

Abstract In this study five naval jet fuel JP-5 surrogates were developed and tested in comparison to a nominal JP-5 fuel. Because the military uses jet fuel in diesel engines under varied circumstances, the JP-5 fuel surrogates were tested in both the Advanced Engine Technologies Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) and a Yanmar L100W Tier 4 engine. The surrogates were prepared from compounds that represent the classes of components found in JP-5: linear and branched alkanes, aromatic compounds, and cycloalkanes. Five different four-component surrogates containing n-dodecane, 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (iso-cetane), n-butylbenzene, and n-butylcyclohexane conformed to JP-5 military specifications for flash point, density, viscosity, hydrogen content, aromatic content, and distillation behavior and span a range of reactivities. The flash point of JP-5 is higher than commercial aviation fuel, therefore the surrogates were formulated with higher flashpoint components. The surrogates had very similar physical properties, which compared favorably to those of a base JP-5 fuel. The similar physical properties were chosen to minimize physical spray preparation differences in the various combustion rigs (IQT and Yanmar engine). This result was analyzed directly in the constant volume combustion chamber IQT, in which the analyzed physical delay times were very similar for all the fuels tested. The principle differences between the five surrogates were n-dodecane (high reactivity) and iso-cetane (low reactivity) concentrations, producing derived cetane numbers (DCN) from 34 to 52. Military jet fuel specifications do not limit the value of DCN, so these surrogates could represent qualified jet fuel. The lower cetane surrogates performed poorly in the Yanmar engine. This shows that a qualified jet fuel could fail to combust if used in an emergency diesel generator. One surrogate mixture (Mix-4, mole fractions of 0.25 n-dodecane, 0.20 iso-cetane, 0.15 n-butylbenzene, and 0.40 n-butylcyclohexane) had a DCN of 47, that matched the base JP-5 fuel (DCN = 46.4). In both the steady-state and cold-start engine testing, the Mix-4 surrogate and JP-5 showed very similar combustion behaviors. Thus, it is believed that Mix-4 will function as a strong surrogate for JP-5 performance in other diesel engines as well.
On the Policy Iteration Algorithm for Nondegenerate Controlled Diffusions Under the Ergodic Criterion

The subject of this chapter is the policy iteration algorithm for nondegenerate controlled diffusions. The results parallel the ones in Meyn (IEEE Trans Automat Control 42:1663–1680, 1997) for discrete-time controlled Markov chains. The model in (Meyn, IEEE Trans Automat Control 42:1663–1680, 1997) uses norm-like running costs, while we opt for the milder assumption of near-monotone costs. Also, instead of employing a blanket Lyapunov stability hypothesis, we provide a characterization of the region of attraction of the optimal control.
Alleles in metabolic and oxygen‐sensing genes are associated with antagonistic pleiotropic effects on life history traits and population fitness in an ecological model insect

Genes with opposing effects on fitness at different life stages are the mechanistic basis for evolutionary theories of aging and life history. Examples come from studies of mutations in model organisms, but there is little knowledge of genetic bases of life history tradeoffs in natural populations. Here, we test the hypothesis that alleles affecting oxygen sensing in Glanville fritillary butterflies have opposing effects on larval versus adult fitness-related traits. Intermediate-frequency alleles in Succinate dehydrogenase d, and to a lesser extent Hypoxia inducible factor 1α, are associated in larvae with variation in metabolic rate and activation of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway, which affects tracheal development and delivery of oxygen to adult flight muscles. A dominant Sdhd allele is likely to cause antagonistic pleiotropy for fitness through its opposing effects on larval metabolic and growth rate versus adult flight and dispersal, and may have additional effects arising from sensitivity to low-iron host plants. Prior results in Glanville fritillaries indicate that fitness of alleles in Sdhd and another antagonistically pleiotropic metabolic gene, Phosphoglucose isomerase, depend strongly on the size and distribution of host plant patches. Hence, these intermediate-frequency alleles are involved in ecoevolutionary dynamics involving life history tradeoffs.