cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Hand Dominance on the Response to a Constraint-Induced Therapy Program Following Stroke

Background. Following stroke it is common to exhibit deficits in mobility of the upper extremity. Constraint-induced therapy (CIT) is a rehabilitation technique used to promote use of the more affected hand via constraint of the less affected hand. One factor that could impact the outcome following CIT is hand dominance. Years of preferred use of one hand may give individuals with the dominant hand affected by stroke an advantage in improving the mobility of the more affected hand compared to those individuals with the nondominant hand affected by stroke. In addition, the diminished use of the less affected hand during CIT may also create changes. Objective. Our goal was to better understand how hand dominance may influence the response to a CIT program both cortically and behaviorally in both the more affected hand and less affected constrained hand. Methods. A repeated measures design with a double baseline was used to assess changes in clinical tests and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in ...
Audience Effects In Consumption

Consider how your consumption would change if you were stranded on a deserted island. Isolation would eliminate all social influences on your consumption decisions, even for the same choice set. You might decide not to consume cosmetics, curtains, or neckties, and pay less attention to the style or color of your clothes, car, or furniture. These choices might not matter as much to you anymore, for you would not have to consider the reactions of other individuals to your consumption. Similarly, isolation would also eliminate social influences on your speech. Absent an audience, your choice of words would not be subject to the judgments of others.
Self-Focus, Helping Request Salience, Felt Responsibility, and Helping Behavior

The present study represents a further investigation of the apparently complex relationship between self-focus and helping behavior. We propose that the relationship between self-focus and helping is mediated by felt responsibility. Increasing self-focus will increase helping behavior provided that it also leads to increased felt responsibility for the distressed other. We also suggest that salience of the helping request, in part, determines whether or not increased self-focus leads to increased felt responsibility and, thus, helping. Specifically, we predicted that under conditions of high helping request salience, increasing self-focus should lead to increased felt responsibility for the welfare of the distressed other and, thus, willingness to help. Under conditions of low helping request salience, increasing self-focus should not lead to increased felt responsibility or helping. The data supported our predictions. Implications of these findings for recent research (Rogers, Miller, Mayer, & Duval, 198...
Postscript: is there money in credit?

The analytical and empirical shift from the study of the kinds of consumption facilitated by credit, to the processes and performances in consuming credit itself, opens up an array of questions for the social study of money and markets. Consuming credit relies on infrastructures of credit's creation and transmission, which in turn leave data trails in their wake. Both the infrastructures and the data suggest new business models and pose challenges to social studies of financialization because of their decidedly non-market characteristics. Credit may be less about money, and may function less as money, than as a means to other ends of fee generation and data mining.
Fatigue-crack growth of small cracks in a directionally-solidified nickel aluminide with molybdenum additions

In recent years, aluminide intermetallic compounds, such as NiAl and TiAl, have been contemplated for potential high-temperature structural use in aero-engine applications as possible replacement for the nickel-base superalloys. However, like many intermetallics, its application is severely compromised by its very low ductility and toughness properties at ambient temperatures; moreover, NiAl displays lower strength at elevated temperatures. Accordingly, much alloy design and microstructure research on NiAl has been focused on attempts to improve the low-temperature ductility, fracture toughness and high-temperature strength of this intermetallic. However, despite progress in the toughening of NiAl-based materials under monotonic loading, nothing is known about their fatigue-crack growth properties under cyclic loads. This is important since it is known from studies on other ductile-phase toughened intermetallics ({gamma}-TiAl, Nb{sub 3}Al, MoSi{sub 2}) that extrinsic toughening (crack-tip shielding) mechanisms such as crack bridging are far less potent, and indeed degrade substantially, under cyclic loading due to premature fatigue failure of the ductile phase. Moreover, for many engine applications such as turbine blades, it is the fatigue properties of small flaws (typically below {approximately} 500 {micro}m in size), especially at near-threshold stress intensities, that are limiting with respect to lifetime considerations. Accordingly, it is the objective of themore » current note to present the first results on the fatigue behavior of NiAl aligned-eutectic composites. Specifically, the near-threshold fatigue-crack propagation properties of physically-small (< 400 {micro}m) surface cracks in one such alloy, namely a DS NiAl-9Mo (at.%), are examined as a function of the load ratio, with the objective of discerning the salient mechanisms affecting crack-growth behavior.« less
CSF removal in infantile posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus results in significant improvement in cerebral hemodynamics

Rational intervention in infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) would be facilitated greatly by bedside measure of impaired cerebral perfusion, as there is substantial evidence that impaired perfusion and oxidative metabolism contribute to irreversible brain injury in hydrocephalus. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measures changes in the cerebral concentration of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin and oxidized cytochrome oxidase at the bedside of infants continuously and noninvasively. The total hemoglobin and the hemoglobin difference signal are derived from the sum and difference, respectively, of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. Changes in total hemoglobin reflect changes in cerebral blood volume; our previous work has shown that changes in hemoglobin difference signal reflect changes in cerebral blood flow. We hypothesized that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) removal in infants with PHH would result in significant increases in cerebral perfusion, cerebral blood volume, and oxidative metabolism, as measured by NIRS. Continuous NIRS recordings were performed during CSF removal on 16 infants with PHH. There was a statistically significant increase in oxygenated hemoglobin (p < 0.001), total hemoglobin (p = 0.001), and hemoglobin difference signal (p = 0.006), but not oxidized cytochrome oxidase, accompanying CSF removal. There was no significant correlation between either the volume of CSF removed (in milliliters per kilogram body weight) or the opening pressure and the change in any of the measured or calculated NIRS signals. These findings demonstrate the pronounced effect of CSF removal on cerebral perfusion in infants with PHH. NIRS may be a useful technique to detect impending cerebral ischemia in such infants and thereby provide a means to guide the rational management of PHH.
Uniform strategies: the CADE-11 theorem proving contest

At CADE-10 Ross Overbeek proposed a two-part contest to stimulate and reward work in automated theorem proving. The first part consists of seven theorems to be proved with resolution, and the second part of equational theorems. Our theorem proversOtter and its parallel childRoo proved all of the resolution theorems and half of the equational theorems. This paper represents a family of entries in the contest.
Anticarcinogenic activity of quinacrine in the rat mammary gland.

Mammary carcinogenesis studies were conducted to determine the chemopreventive activity of quinacrine, an antimalarial drug which suppresses the production of arachidonic acid from phospholipid through inhibition of phospholipase A2. Beginning 1 week after a single i.v. dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a semi-purified diet supplemented with 0 or 75 mg quinacrine/kg diet. Quinacrine reduced cancer incidence and carcinoma multiplicity in rats administered 20 mg MNU/kg body wt, but had no inhibitory activity in rats treated with 50 mg MNU/kg. These data suggest that pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism in addition to cyclooxygenase present useful targets for mammary cancer chemoprevention. However, the chemopreventive activity of quinacrine may be limited by toxicity.
N′,O,O′‐triacetyl‐N‐caffeoylputrescine: A new synthesis and mass spectrometry

Some puzzling features of a published mass spectrum of the title compound have been clarified by mass spectrometric study of a specimen prepared by a new route, by coupling O,O′-diacetylcaffeoyl chloride with N-monoacetylputrescine.
Unusual Oxidative Chemistry ofN ω-Hydroxyarginine and N-Hydroxyguanidine Catalyzed at an Engineered Cavity in a Heme Peroxidase

Heme enzymes are capable of catalyzing a range of oxidative chemistry with high specificity, depending on the surrounding protein environment. We describe here a reaction catalyzed by a mutant of cytochrome c peroxidase, which is similar but distinct from those catalyzed by nitric-oxide synthase. In the R48A mutant, an expanded water-filled cavity was created above the distal heme face. N-hydroxyguanidine (NHG) but not guanidine was shown to bind in the cavity with K(d) = 8.5 mM, and coordinate to the heme to give a low spin state. Reaction of R48A with peroxide produced a Fe(IV)=O/Trp(.+) center capable of oxidizing either NHG or N(omega)-hydroxyarginine (NHA), but not arginine or guanidine, by a multi-turnover catalytic process. Oxidation of either NHG or NHA by R48A did not result in the accumulation of NO, NO(2)(-), NO(3)(-), urea, or citrulline, but instead afforded a yellow product with absorption maxima of 257 and 400 nm. Mass spectrometry of the derivatized NHA products identified the yellow species as N-nitrosoarginine. We suggest that a nitrosylating agent, possibly derived from HNO, is produced by the oxidation of one molecule of substrate. This then reacts with a second substrate molecule to form the observed N-nitroso products. This complex chemistry illustrates how the active sites of enzymes such as nitric-oxide synthase may serve to prevent alternative reactions from occurring, in addition to enabling those desired.
The Problem of Narrative Coherence

A growing number of psychological theorists, researchers, and therapists agree that people create meaningful selves through the individual and social construction of coherent life stories. But what is a coherent story? And are good life stories always coherent? This article addresses the problem of narrative coherence by considering the propositions that coherent life stories (1) provide convincing causal explanations for the self, (2) reflect the richness of lived experience, and (3) advance socially-valued living action. Like all stories, life stories exist to be told or performed in social contexts. Most criteria for coherence, therefore, reflect the culture within which the story is told and the life is lived.
The molecular structure and magnetic properties of the dimeric N,N'-ethylenebis (salicylamine) Fe(III)-μ-methoxo-N,N'-ethylene(o-hydroxylphenylglycine) salicylamine Fe(III): a complex with a μ-monodentate acetato bridge

Abstract We have prepared and characterized a dimeric complex of the formula Fe 2 L(OCH 3 )L′·solvent where L = N,N′ -ethylenebis(salicylamine) and L′ = N,N′ -ethylene( o -hydroxylphenylglycine)salicylamine. Crystals of the methanol solvate were found to be orthorhombic, space group P 2 nb , with a = 13.748 (5), b = 22.426(9), c = 11.762(6) A and d calc = 1.41 g/cm 3 . Least squares refinement of 966 reflections gave a final R factor of 0.066. The structure shows that the two iron atoms are coordinated to two different ligands and are bridged by a methoxide ion and a μ-monodentate acetate oxygen from the pendant arm of L′. The magnetic susceptibility was measured over the range 2–300 K and gave a spin coupling constant J = −8.3 cm −1 . The significance of acetate bridges to the exchange coupling pathway is discussed.
The Cross-Out Technique as a Method in Public Opinion Analysis

(1940). The Cross-Out Technique as a Method in Public Opinion Analysis. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 79-90.
FMIT Alignment Cart

The Fusion Materials Irradiation Test (FMIT) Facility alignment cart must perform several functions. It must serve as a fixture to receive the drift-tube girder assembly when it is removed from the linac tank. It must transport the girder assembly from the linac vault to the area where alignment or disassembly is to take place. It must serve as a disassembly fixture to hold the girder while individual drift tubes are removed for repair. It must align the drift tube bores in a straight line parallel to the girder, using an optical system. These functions must be performed without violating any clearances found within the building. The bore tubes of the drift tubes will be irradiated, and shielding will be included in the system for easier maintenance.
Effects of withdrawal from chronic escalating-dose binge cocaine on conditioned place preference to cocaine and striatal preproenkephalin mRNA in C57BL/6J mice.

Abstract Relapse is a serious problem for the effective treatment of cocaine addiction. Rationale Examining cocaine re-exposure-induced behavioral and neurobiological alterations following chronic escalating-dose binge cocaine administration and withdrawal may provide insight into the neurobiological basis of cocaine relapse. Objectives Our goal was to determine how exposure to chronic escalating-dose cocaine affects development of subsequent cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and changes in endogenous opioid systems. Methods Mice were injected with either escalating-dose binge cocaine (15–30 mg/kg/injection × 3/day) or saline for 14-days and conditioned with 15 mg/kg of cocaine or saline (once per day for 10-days), starting either 1 or 14-days after the last day of binge injections. Results Mice exposed to chronic escalating cocaine did not develop CPP to cocaine when conditioning commenced on the first day of withdrawal (CPP test on day 10 of withdrawal). By contrast, mice did develop CPP to cocaine when conditioning started on the 14th day of withdrawal (CPP test on day 24 of withdrawal). Furthermore, preproenkephalin ( Penk ) mRNA levels in caudate putamen were significantly higher in mice that received 14-day withdrawal from escalating-dose binge cocaine before the CPP procedure (tested 24 days post-binge) than those that received 1-day withdrawal (tested 10 days post-binge). Conclusions The rewarding effect of cocaine was blunted in early withdrawal from chronic escalating exposure, but recovered in more prolonged withdrawal. Time-dependent elevations in Penk mRNA levels may be part of the underlying mechanisms of this effect.
Carbon Dioxide-Induced Anesthesia Results in a Rapid Increase in Plasma Levels of Vasopressin

Brief anesthesia, such as after exposure to high levels of carbon dioxide, prior to decapitation is considered a more humane alternative for the euthanasia of rodents, compared with use of decapitation alone. Studies of the levels of certain stress hormones in plasma such as corticosterone and ACTH have supported the use of this method of euthanasia in endocrinological and molecular studies. In the current study, rats were briefly exposed to a chamber filled with carbon dioxide until recumbent (20–25 sec), immediately killed via decapitation, and trunk blood collected; findings were compared with rats killed via decapitation with no exposure to carbon dioxide. RIAs were used to measure arginine vasopressin (AVP) and ACTH immunoreactivity (ir) in plasma. Whereas ACTH-ir levels remained steady after brief exposure to carbon dioxide (in accordance with results of other investigators), AVP-ir levels were increased by more than an order of magnitude. These results were confirmed by quantitative capillary-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, indicating this observation of rapid increase in plasma AVP-ir levels is not due to nonspecific recognition by the antibody used in the RIA. Likewise, using capillary-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we observed a rapid increase in plasma oxytocin levels after carbon dioxide exposure. These surprising findings have important implications for the design and interpretation of studies involving brief carbon dioxide exposure prior to decapitation as well as those with euthanasia resulting from carbon dioxide-induced asphyxiation.
RNA-Seq Characterization of Spinal Cord Injury Transcriptome in Acute/Subacute Phases: A Resource for Understanding the Pathology at the Systems Level

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disease without effective treatment. To generate a comprehensive view of the mechanisms involved in SCI pathology, we applied RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology to characterize the temporal changes in global gene expression after contusive SCI in mice. We sequenced tissue samples from acute and subacute phases (2 days and 7 days after injury) and systematically characterized the transcriptomes with the goal of identifying pathways and genes critical in SCI pathology. The top enriched functional categories include “inflammation response,” “neurological disease,” “cell death and survival” and “nervous system development.” The top enriched pathways include LXR/RXR Activation and Atherosclerosis Signaling, etc. Furthermore, we developed a systems-based analysis framework in order to identify key determinants in the global gene networks of the acute and sub-acute phases. Some candidate genes that we identified have been shown to play important roles in SCI, which demonstrates the validity of our approach. There are also many genes whose functions in SCI have not been well studied and can be further investigated by future experiments. We have also incorporated pharmacogenomic information into our analyses. Among the genes identified, the ones with existing drug information can be readily tested in SCI animal models. Therefore, in this study we have described an example of how global gene profiling can be translated to identifying genes of interest for functional tests in the future and generating new hypotheses. Additionally, the RNA-Seq enables splicing isoform identification and the estimation of expression levels, thus providing useful information for increasing the specificity of drug design and reducing potential side effect. In summary, these results provide a valuable reference data resource for a better understanding of the SCI process in the acute and sub-acute phases.
Ribosome assembly inSalmonella typhimurium 7136 during recovery from heat shock

Abstract Sublethal heat shock of Salmonella typhimurium cells (60 min at 48°C, in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7·2 containing 50 mm EDTA) caused ribosome damage resulting in the formation of a 70S aggregate. This aggregate, lacking 16S ribosomal RNA, was formed by the non-specific binding of 30S ribosomal proteins to the 50S subunit. Several ribosomal proteins were present in reduced amounts on heat damaged ribosomes and in heat shocked cells. Protein synthesis, inhibited by puromycin during cell recovery from heat shock, was required for ribosomal subunit and ribosomal RNA maturation. Ribosomal proteins, preferentially synthesized during cell recovery, were used to reconstruct the damaged ribosome. Ribosomal proteins which had dissociated from the damaged ribosome following heat shock did not fully participate in ribosome repair.
Management of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in the Premature Infant: Indomethacin versus Ligation

A previous report from our institution analyzed the results of pharmacological (indomethacin) closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in 82 neonates. Closure was achieved in 54 patients. However, gastrointestinal complications occurred in 21, necrotizing enterocolitis in 13, and focal perforation in 8. Overall mortality in the indomethacin group was 40%. This paper compares the results of that pharmacological experience with our subsequent surgical experience with 86 low-birth-weight neonates for whom gestational age, size, illness, and mode of diagnosis were comparable. Mean weight at operation for this study was 1.1 kg; mean gestational age was 29.1 weeks. All infants required endotracheal-assisted ventilation for severe radiographic and clinical hyaline membrane disease. Range-gated Doppler study, retrograde flush aortography, and echocardiographic measurement of the ratio between the left atrium and the aortic root were used to confirm the diagnosis of PDA. Ligation was done in the neonatal intensive care unit using local anesthesia supplemented with morphine. Ventilation was controlled by an inhalation therapist; drug and blood administration were controlled by the infant's nurse. Surgical ligation was employed in all infants except for 7 in whom hemoclip ductal closure was chosen because of extreme instability, coagulopathy, or ductal perforation. There were no operative deaths. Surgical morbidity included ductal perforation (2 patients), wound infection (1), and phrenic nerve injury (1). Necrotizing enterocolitis occurred in 9 patients. The overall mortality was 17%. Patients with preoperative pneumo-thorax had a 32% overall mortality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hormonal regulation of sympathetic neuron development. The effects of neonatal castration

Abstract The effects of neonatal castration on neuronal ontogeny were examined in peripheral sympathetic ganglia in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Tyrosine hydroxylase (T-OH) activity, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis and a marker of noradrenergic maturation, was examined in the hypogastric (HG) and superior cervical ganglion (SCG). Initial studies characterized the normal development of T-OH activity in HG ganglia. Neonatal castration at 10–11 days of age prevented the normal ontogeny of HG T-OH activity: T-OH activity failed to develop normally and was 17% of sham-operated littermate controls when examined at 8 weeks of age, and less than 5% when studied 10 weeks after surgery. In contrast to the effects in HG, there was no change in enzyme activity in the SCG. Replacement therapy with testosterone decanoate completely reversed the developmental alteration in enzyme activity. These observations suggest that hormonal factors modulate noradrenergic ontogeny in peripheral sympathetic ganglia but these effects appear restricted to ganglia whose targets include hormonally dependent sex organs.
A Shuffle-Exchange Network with Simplified Control

In this paper, a control mechanism for a shuffle-exchange interconnection network of N cells is proposed. With this network it is possible to realize some important permutations in log 2 N shuffle-exchange steps. In the control mechanism presented, the control variables at step k are determined by a Boolean operation of the control variables at step k ?1. The Boolean operation is very simple so that little additional hardware is required for this computation. This control scheme requires only one bit per cell instead of a destination tag of log 2 N bits required by a control mechanism presented previously. The network can be used for the interconnection of memory modules and processors in an array computer, and for the accessing of blocks of consecutive data in large dynamic memories. It is also shown that the shuffle-exchange interconnection network permits the efficient partitioning of an array computer into subarrays to allow for the simultaneous computation of several identical problems.
Interaction parameter calculations from contact angle data

Abstract Application of the Girifalco-Good-Young equation to measurements of liquid/solid contact angles on various substrates, leads to the surprising conclusion that the interaction parameter Φ is near unity for most liquids. The exceptions appear to be small polar molecules, e.g., water, glycerol, and methylene iodide. The implications of this finding are examined.
A comprehensive treatment rationale combining prosthodontics and periodontics.

Abstract 1. 1. Periodontally involved dentitions requiring restorative therapy can be diagnosed and treated on a predictable basis. A team effort is required so that maximum control of total therapy can be maintained. 2. 2. Definitive periodontal and prosthodontic measures can be evaluated, and based upon biologically and mechanically sound objectives, a rationale for treatment can be made. 3. 3. Complete elimination of local irritants and pocket formation is a periodontal objective. 4. 4. Biologic contours and a precision occlusion, in harmony with determinants of mandibular motion and within the physiologic limitations of the patient, are prosthodontic objectives. 5. 5. Maintenance of the integrity of the periodontal supportive apparatus is the ultimate goal of combined periodontal prosthodontic therapy.
Water quality before and after deep tunnel operation in milwaukee, wisconsin

Abstract The mitigative effects of the deep tunnel for temporary storage of storm water and sewage, on the water quality of the Milwaukee, Menomonee, and Kinnickinnic Rivers are investigated. The analysis is based on data from the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District's overflow and surface-water quality monitoring program. Statistical analysis of water quality parameters (BOD, phosphorus, suspended solid, fecal coliform counts, zinc, and chloride) in the three rivers indicates that Menomonee River benefits the most from the deep tunnel. Fecal coliform counts inside the CSO area, and to a certain extent BOD and zinc levels, exhibit the most significant decline after 1994 when the tunnel came on line. These conclusions are based on t-test comparisons of regional averages incorporating spatial and temporal correlations from 1991 to 1993 and 1994 to 1997. The results from t-tests are complemented and confirmed with results from Mann–Kendall tests for trend. Suspended solids and chloride do not decrease after 1994.
Derivatives of the Triazoloquinazoline Adenosine Antagonist (CGS15943) Are Selective for the Human A3 Receptor Subtype

The adenosine antagonist 9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-amine (CGS15943) binds to human A3 receptors with high affinity (Ki = 14 nM), while it lacks affinity at rat A3 rec...
A behavioral approach to reducing fires in public housing

In an effort to reduce the fire incidence among the 19,000 low-income residents of the Memphis Housing Authority (MHA), a 35-minute fire-safety training program was developed and presented to every new head-of-household during his or her initial orientation session. The content of the program was determined through an analysis of nine years of MHA fire incidents and their causes, as well as discussions with residents about the context in which risky fire behaviors occur and training approaches that might be effective. The program also contained a component where trainees made a formal, written commitment to engage in self-selected fire-safety behaviors. Data on fire incidence after 15 months indicated that the 2,340 residents who received the training were almost five times less likely to experience a fire than untrained residents. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isotopic Approach to Determining the Fate of Ammonium Regenerated from Sediments in a Eutrophic Sub-estuary of Waquoit Bay, MA

We measured fluxes of NH 4 + and NO 3 − and δ15N of NH 4 + , sediment, and porewater NH 4 + from incubated sediment cores along a nitrate gradient and in different seasons from Childs River, MA. NH 4 + flux was low at the downstream site with the lowest concentration of organic matter (high salinity) but otherwise did not differ along the estuary. The δ15N of regenerated NH 4 + ranged from +6.1‰ to +15.3‰ but did not vary significantly with season or salinity; the mean for the entire estuary was +10.4 ± 0.5‰. Based on differences between the δ15N of regenerated NH 4 + and sediment, and expected isotopic fractionation due to remineralization, we concluded that nitrification occurred after remineralization of NH 4 + . Differences between the δ15N of regenerated NH 4 + and the δ15N of porewater NH 4 + provided further evidence of nitrification. We estimated that 11% to 48% of remineralized NH 4 + underwent coupled nitrification–denitrification before release into the water column. In spite of losses to denitrification, NH 4 + flux released 1.4 mol N m−2 year−1 to the water column and could provide 42% of phytoplankton nitrogen requirements.
Neurologic Substrates of Motor Speech Disorders

A good clinical understanding of the neurologic substrates of neurologic communicative disorders is important both to diagnosis and treatment. This article briefly reviews neurologic substrates for...
Effects of target-field luminance, interstimulus interval, and target-mask separation on extent of visual backward masking

Three variables—target field luminance, interstimulus interval, and spatial separation of target and mask—were found to have significant effects on backward masking, in accord with predications from a model developed by Purcell, Stewart, & Dember (1968). Quantitative differences between the results of the present and the earlier (1968) study were attributed to a masking-by-flashes effect in the earlier study or, when considered in terms of receptive fields, to the involvement of different-sized receptive fields resulting from the difference in the size of the targets employed in the two studies. Further, the results of the present study provide an estimate of the radius of the inhibitory region for the detection system that is in close accord with such estimates from experiments using quite different procedures.
OUTREACH TO PRECOLLEGIATE AMERICAN HISTORY TEACHERS: THE UTILITY OF HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY THEMES *

The utility of introducing historical geography topics into pre-college American history courses is explored through surveys of social studies teachers in New England and at a meeting of the National Council for Geographic Education (NCGE). Many history teachers claim to use geography in their courses, but use mostly map skills, place locations, and determinism. History teachers are interested in materials and workshops on historical geography themes, however, and sample, materials were well received by teachers in attendance at a national and a regional conference.
Removal of light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) by aquifer flushing

Abstract Column experiments were conducted to assess the removal of LNAPLs by aquifer flushing. The LNAPLs included toluene, benzene-toluene mixture, and jet fuel JP-4 in sand and soil columns. Dissolved LNAPL concentrations measured in the column effluent suggested three dissolution periods: the first period, with increasing dissolved effluent concentrations, corresponded to development of the mass transfer zone. The second period, with approximately constant dissolved effluent concentrations, indicated propagation of the mas transfer zone through the LNAPL region. The third period, with decreasing dissolved concentrations, indicated that the length of the LNAPL region was less than that of the mass transfer zone. The third period for all LNAPLs exhibited prolonged tailing and asymptotic concentration decrease to zero. This was attributed to decreasing interfacial areas and mass transfer limitations from within the LNAPL mass. Dissolved concentrations produced from a multicomponent LNAPL were lower than those from pure LNAPLs, as expected from thermodynamics. After 132 pore volumes, toluene removal in the single LNAPL experiment was 98.6%. After 53 pore volumes, benzene and toluene removal in the two LNAPL system was 94.6% and 88.3%, respectively. A simple procedure was used to estimate the volume of groundwater required to flush individual jet fuel components from the aquifer material, and the results were compared with the column experimental data.
Optical transmission and phase jitter measured in triangular-lattice photonic crystal waveguides

We present experimental measurements of transmission amplitude and phase in triangular-lattice photonic crystal waveguides using a phase-sensitive lock-in technique. We observed large phase jitter both at the onset and in the middle of the transmission band. We attribute this phase jitter to mode gap reflections and optical mode shifting.
Colonizing Inland Lakes: Consequences of YOY Fish Ingesting the Spiny Cladoceran (Bythotrephes cederstroemi)

Recently the exotic cladoceran Bythotrephes cederstroemi colonized inland lakes in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, facing warmer temperatures and greater exposure to smaller fish than in coastal waters of Lake Superior. However, the long caudal appendage (spine) of Bythotrephes protects it against young-of-the-year (YOY) fish predation. After experience, small fish (30-60 mm TL) develop aversion behavior, explaining why this prey item rarely occurs in their stomachs, despite ingestion of other prey species with core body lengths between 2-3 mm. Here we compare laboratory and field size-dependent feeding patterns for YOY of two common fish species (yellow perch, Perca flavescens; bluegills, Lepomis macrochirus) with field patterns from a typical bait-fish species (spottail shiner, Notropis hudsonius). Behavioral responses of bluegills indicate that deterrence is not a simple linear function of spine length, but that longer spines offer disproportionate protection, explaining why long spines are present at birth. Stomach contents of small perch (30–60 mm TL) confirm size-dependent avoidance, with only occasional consumption of Bythotrephes and rare puncture of stomach walls. However, examples of ingestion and frequent stomach puncture were found in the thinner-walled stomachs of spottail shiners. Out of 140 small fish collected when this species encountered high densities of Bythotrephes, 77 had Bythotrephes in stomachs or lower digestive tracts, and 50 (65%) had spines protruding through gut walls. Clearly, this bait-fish species is capable not only of ingesting large numbers of Bythotrephes, but of receiving injury in the process.
Parent-child relations: A child's acceptance by others, of others, and of self

A phenomenal approach was employed to assess children's attitudes of acceptance by other family members, acceptance of other family members, and acceptance of self. The sample consisted of 81 Caucasian males, 6 1/2 through 12 years of age; 35 were classified as normal, 35 as learning disordered, and 11 as emotionally disturbed. Children's attitudes of acceptance by and of other family members were measured by the Family Relations Test. Children's acceptance of self was measured by the Sense of Personal Worth Scale, California Test of Personality. Findings revealed significant differences in the emotionally disturbed and learning-disordered samples in certain attitude areas. Significant correlations were discovered in certain relationships examined within samples.
On data-limited and resource-limited processes

Abstract This paper analyzes the effect on performance when several active processes compete for limited processing resources. The principles discussed show that conclusions about the interactions among psychological processes must be made with caution, and some existing assumptions may be unwarranted. When two (or more) processes use the same resources at the same time, they may both interfere with one another, neither may interfere with the other, or one may interfere with a second without any interference from the second process to the first. The important principles are that a process can be limited in its performance either by limits in the amount of available processing resources (such as memory or processing effort) or by limits in the quality of the data available to it. Competition among processes can affect a resource-limited process, but not a data-limited one. If a process continually makes preliminary results available even before it has completed all its operations, then it is possible to compute performance-resource operating characteristics that show how processes interact. A number of experiments from the psychological literature are examined according to these processing principles, resulting in some new interpretations of interactions among competing psychological processes.
Grappling with the Literature of Education Research and Practice

The absence of a central database and use of specialized language hinder nonexperts in becoming familiar with the science teaching and learning literature and using it to inform their work. The cha...
Ternary transition metal germanides and arsenides

Abstract Crystallographic data are given for TiCrAs, TiMnAs, and TiFeAs with the Fe2P structure, VCoAs, VNiAs, MnCoAs, and ZrMnGe with the Co2P structure, and TiMnGe with the TiFeSi structure. Magnetic properties of MnCoAs and VCoAs are briefly described. A further discussion of metal-metal bonding in these and other NiAs-related structures is given.
An anatomical and electrophysiological study of the retina of the owl monkey, Aotes trivirgatus

Histological study of the retina of the owl monkey demonstrated two types of photoreceptors. The rods predominated and had characteristics of rods of other primates. The second type of receptor has been identified as a cone because (1) its inner segment was short and pyramidally shaped, (2) its outer segment was tapered and shorter than the rods, (3) it changed shape and size throughout the retina, and (4) it had different staining properties from the rods. Using the ERG as an index of retinal activity, the dark-adaptation and flicker fusion frequency curves were shown to be made up of a photopic and scotopic segment. The photopic and scotopic b-waves could be demonstrated during dark-adaptation.
Thermal characterization of the VBIC dielectrically isolated device

This paper presents thermal characterization of the dielectrically isolated bipolar junction transistor (DIBJT) with the vertical bipolar inter-company (VBIC) model. The VBIC model incorporates the thermal nodes of a transistor. Semiconductor devices are strongly influenced by the thermal effects. When the device is heated, it raises its local temperature which changes the device's intrinsic parameters. This paper shows the behavior of collector current, base current, thermal transconductances, and junction temperature versus temperature. It also shows several other temperature characteristics of a VBIC DIBJT device.
Interaction with Btn2p Is Required for Localization of Rsg1p: Btn2p-Mediated Changes in Arginine Uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Btn2p, a novel coiled-coil protein, is up-regulated in btn1Δ yeast strains, and this up-regulation is thought to contribute to maintaining a stable vacuolar pH in btn1Δ strains (D. A. Pearce, T. Ferea, S. A. Nosel, B. Das, and F. Sherman, Nat. Genet. 22:55-58, 1999). We now report that Btn2p interacts biochemically and functionally with Rsg1p, a down-regulator of the Can1p arginine and lysine permease. Rsg1p localizes to a distinct structure toward the cell periphery, and strains lacking Btn2p (btn2Δ strains) fail to correctly localize Rsg1p. btn2Δ strains, like rsg1Δ strains, are sensitive for growth in the presence of the arginine analog canavanine. Furthermore, btn2Δ strains, like rsg1Δ strains, demonstrate an elevated rate of uptake of [14C]arginine, which leads to increased intracellular levels of arginine. Overexpression of BTN2 results in a decreased rate of arginine uptake. Collectively, these results indicate that altered levels of Btn2p can modulate arginine uptake through localization of the Can1p-arginine permease regulatory protein, Rsg1p. Our original identification of Btn2p was that it is up-regulated in the btn1Δ strain which serves as a model for the lysosomal storage disorder Batten disease. Btn1p is a vacuolar/lysosomal membrane protein, and btn1Δ suppresses both the canavanine sensitivity and the elevated rate of uptake of arginine displayed by btn2Δ rsg1Δ strains. We conclude that Btn2p interacts with Rsg1p and modulates arginine uptake. Up-regulation of BTN2 expression in btn1Δ strains may facilitate either a direct or indirect effect on intracellular arginine levels.
A Conserved Sequence within the H2 Subunit of the Vaccinia Virus Entry/Fusion Complex Is Important for Interaction with the A28 Subunit and Infectivity

The recently described vaccinia virus entry/fusion complex (EFC) comprises at least eight polypeptides that are conserved in all poxviruses. Neither the structure of the complex nor the roles of individual subunits are known. Here we provide evidence for an interaction between the H2 and A28 subunits in the context of a virus infection as well as in uninfected cells transfected with plasmids expressing the corresponding genes. We focused on a highly conserved 21-amino acid-segment in H2 that is flanked by cysteine residues. The effect of amino acid substitutions within the 21-amino-acid segment was determined by an infectivity complementation assay using a conditional H2-null mutant of vaccinia virus. Mutations that had no, moderate, or large negative effects on complementation were found. The latter group included glutamic acid substitutions of leucine and individual glycines and alanine substitution of both glycines within a LGYSG sequence. Mutations with the most pronounced effect on infectivity disrupted the interaction of H2 with A28 to the greatest extent in both infected and uninfected cells. These data indicate that the LGYSG sequence is important for the interaction of H2 with A28 and suggest that this sequence is buried within the EFC complex.
Performance characteristics and results of a large‐scale screening program for viral hepatitis and risk factors associated with exposure to viral hepatitis B and C: Results of the National Hepatitis Screening Survey

Chronic viral hepatitis frequently goes undetected until cirrhosis develops. Although the effect of interferon on the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in asymptomatic persons is unknown, treatment may modify the course of the infection, producing cures in some. In September 1992, screening for HBV and HCV was offered in 40 centers throughout the United States. Demographic features, potential risk factors, and symptoms were studied. Blood samples were obtained for the determination of serum alanine aminotransferase levels and for markers of HBV and HCV infection. Thirteen thousand nine hundred ninety seven subjects were screened. The prevalence of infection with HBV or HCV was 24.8% (HBV 17.8%; HCV 7.0%; and both 2.8%). Hepatitis B and C disease was present in 0.7% and 4.4% of the population, respectively. Risk factors for HBV and HCV infection were similar in: blood transfusions, hemodialysis, IV drug use, and sex with an IV drug user. For HBV infection, sex with multiple partners, increasing age, and birth in South East Asia or Africa were additional risk factors. The cost to find a case of HCV infection is less than the costs for finding many other treatable diseases. Screening for HBV, though more costly, is reasonably efficient, and simultaneous screening for HBV and HCV provides greater efficiency. It is practical to consider screening for HBV and HCV in the United States, particularly if any risk factor is present. Improved treatment strategies will make screening even more cost effective.
Coordinated search and track by multiple phased array radars

This paper addresses the search and track coordination problems of multiple shipboard radars. The proposed approach first exploits the physical characteristics of a single phased array radar to improve its effective capacity. Its effective capacity is abstracted by a closed-form equation called a schedulability envelope. Using the schedulability envelope for each radar, we deal with search and track coordination as a relative-load-balancing problem in a multiresource environment. The simulation results show that the proposed approach significantly improves the overall capacity of a multiship multiradar system.
Common mode EMI noise of AC-DC converters for low power applications

AC-DC converters for low power applications have their unique EMI characteristics compared to the converter for other applications. It has very high DM noise due to the DCM or CRM operation and results in a relatively high transformed CM noise caused by the unbalance of the noise propagation paths. This paper summarized the important unbalanced paths and proposed methods to limit the CM noise caused by these unbalances. They can be the guidelines for the converter and filter design process for achieving better EMI performance and smaller filter size of the converter at the very early design stage.
EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY: Development, Instrumentation, and Current Status

Currently, most symptomatic nonpassable upper urinary tract calculi in the United States are managed with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), making this remarkable, noninvasive technique one of the most commonly performed procedures by urologists in the United States. There are currently more than 400 lithotriptors in the United States, and with the adaptation of lithotripters to mobile systems, ESWL now is distributed widely in America, with virtually every hospital having access to ESWL services if it so desires. The widespread acceptance of ESWL by patients, providers, and payers is a testament to the advantages of lithotripsy over more invasive treatment options for urolithiasis. In this article, the author briefly reviews the early development of the lithotriptor, provides a detailed review of lithotriptors currently available, and gives an overview of present ESWL indications and techniques as well as a brief overview of the results produced by various lithotriptors.
Estimation of drag coefficient in James River Estuary using tidal velocity data from a vessel--towed ADCP

[1] A phase-matching method is introduced to calculate the bottom drag coefficient in tidal channels with significant lateral variation of depth. The method is based on the fact that the bottom friction in a tidal channel causes tidal velocity to have a phase difference across the channel. The calculation involves a few steps. First, the observed horizontal velocity components are analyzed to obtain the amplitude and phase of the velocity at the major tidal frequency. The phase of the longitudinal velocity is then fitted to a relationship derived from the linearized momentum balance. The drag coefficient is then calculated. This method is applicable to narrow (approximately a few kilometers wide) tidal channels without strong stratification and where the cross-channel variation of surface elevation is negligible compared to tidal amplitude. This analytic approach is easy to implement when appropriate observational data are available. It allows a spatial variation of the drag coefficient, and the resolution is only limited by that of the observations. The method is validated by identical twin experiments and applied to tidal velocity data, obtained in the James River Estuary, using an acoustic Doppler current profiler during spring tides and neap tides in October–November 1996. The obtained bottom drag coefficient ranged from 1.2 � 10 � 3 to 6.9 � 10 � 3 at different positions along two cross-channel transects each 4 km long and 2 to 14 m deep. The maximum drag coefficient is found in the shallowest water near the banks of the estuary, while the minimum values occur between 9 and 12 m in the center of the channel. The friction of the lateral boundary may have contributed to the apparent increase of the bottom friction on the banks. The transverse mean values of the drag coefficient ranges between 2.2 and 2.3 � 10 � 3 for the spring and neap tides, respectively. INDEX TERMS: 4594 Oceanography: Physical: Instruments and techniques; 4203 Oceanography: General: Analytical modeling; 4560 Oceanography: Physical: Surface waves and tides (1255); 4568 Oceanography: Physical: Turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes; KEYWORDS: drag coefficient, tides, analytic model